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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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Technicai  and  Bibliographic  IMotes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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D 


□ 


n/ 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  do  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagee 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


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sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


n 

E 

n 
n 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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b 

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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


/ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


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to  the  generosity  of: 

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filmage. 


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shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


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la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

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1 

2 

3 

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6 

1 

CHraSTOPHER  COLUMBUS, 

From  :i  Copy  o/the  ( >Kiginitt  ii.'  Wifiiis. 


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THE  PEOPLE*! 


FROM  TH£  GROUP  AT  THE  CAPITOL  WASHINOTON 


NEW  YORK. 

iiif  le  ma 


; 


THE    PEOPLE'S 


HISTORY  OF  AMERICA, 


niOK  Tnn 


O^itrlicst  iiswkncs  to  i\t  |«stnt  ^^. 

CONTAININO: 

BELKNAP'S    BIOGRAPHIES    OF   THE    EARLY   nT«?nnAn.nT^T>o     r. 

BY  COMPETENT  AVRITER5   TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 

WJTH  A 

Copious  General  Index,  and  abounding  with  Notes,  Biographical  Sketches,  Etc. 

ro  wnicn  ahe  added 

UUHBAUD^S    HISTORY    OP    THE    INDIAN    WARS    IN    NEW    ENGLAND 

A^rD  THE  MORAL  ADVANCEMENT  OF  THS  PEOPLE." 

I1>LUSTRATED  WITH  TWENTY-FOUR  FULL-PAGE  ENGRAVINGS. 

1<'R0M  THE  MOST  CELEBRATED  PAINTINGS. 


NEW  YORK: 
PtJBLTSHED    BY   HENRY    S.   ALLEN, 

No.  8   HOWARD   STREET. 


18  7  4, 


Entered  nccoidimr  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  1874,  by 

HENRY  8.  ALLEN, 

In  (he  Ofllce  of  the  Librnriau  of  Congress,  at  Wasblngton,  D.  C 


TO 


THE    PEOPLE    OF    AMERICA, 


WHOSIl 


En-OUrS  IS-  the  GAUSR  op  POT.TTWAL  LTBKRTY  fllVE  A  TECVLTAli  CUARACTEli 
TO  TUE  MEVOIWS  OF  THE  VAST  VEXTUUr, 


AUD  DV   WUOM 


Tire  OHU.MS  OF  FIIKKDOM   INHHUITUD  FllOM  TIIU   OLD  WOULD  ItAVK  IJEKN  MAUK   TO 
DICVKLOl-  Jj-UUrrd  that  auk  a  ULEriiJIXO  TO  CIVILIZATION 


THIS   WORK, 

JIeCOI^DING     the     piAI^F^ATlVE     OF    THEII^    filSTORY. 

FROM  THE 

EARLTKST   TO   TIIR   LATEST   TIMKS. 

IS  FAITUFULLV 

^  Bcdicatod. 


PREFACE 


In  this  volume  wo  present  to  the  public  a  history  of  the  two  AmoiMcan  Contiiiont.s  fnnn  the  pens  of  our  iiUlcat  his- 
torians, coutinued  in  each  instance  by  competent  writL-ni  to  tlic  presc'nt.  time.  For  piirposcs  of  rofevcnce,  nnd  in  order  to 
render  the  design  as  complete  as  possible,  wo  have  prcHxed  to  tiio  portion  which  is  more  purely  historical,  the  excellent 
biographies  of  the  early  discoverers  which  were  written  by  the  accomplished  scholar  nnd  divine,  Dr.  IJelknnp.  The 
record  of  those  men  must  not  bo  forgotten.  For  the  early  history,  from  the  iirst  voyage  of  ( 'olmnbus,  through  the  stirring 
events  that  signalized  the  settlement  of  Central  nnd  South  America,  the  great  work  of  Dr.  Ilobertson  possesses  claims 
which  are  pre-eminent.  It  therefore  fitly  occupies  the  next  place,  but  with  an  additional  cha]jter,  wherein  are  traced  the 
gradual  development  of  the  several  South  American  Ilepublica,  and  the  formation  of  Brazil  into  a  separate  Empire. 
Wo  follow  the  chain  of  events  in  North  America  from  the  period  of  the  cai'ly  settlement,  down  to  that  of  the  English 
revolution  of  1G88,  aided  by  the  impartial  pen  of  Mr.  Cirahame ;  henceforth  relying  upon  a  nuniber  of  equally  accredited 
author'.cies  till  wo  reach  the  last  fourth  of  the  eighteenth  century.  At  this  eventful  point  in  our  history,  we  have  had 
recourse  to  the  lucid  narrative  that  has  come  to  us  from  the  pen  of  IMr.  Ramsay.  But  the  result  of  his  labors  extends 
only  to  1807.  For  subsequent  history  we  have  therefore  adopted  the  same  course  as  in  perfecting  the  continuation 
of  Dr.  Robertson's  work  on  South  America.  Rich  materials  lay  in  abundance  before  us  in  both  cases.  We  have  used 
the  best  means  at  our  disposal  to  gather  them  together,  and,  with  the  most  suitable  of  them,  to  produce  a  work  whi:;h 
shall  be  at  once  authentic  and  as  far  as  possible  complete. 

It  has  been  said,  that  ours  is  the  only  nation  which  has  no  nge  of  fable.  This  is  only  partly  true.  It  is  true  of  the 
United  States,  but  it  is  not  true  of  America.  The  history  of  that  time  which  preceded  the  great  discovery  by  Columbus 
IS  a  page  which  has  yet  to  be  written.  Perhaps  it  never  can  be  fully  written.  But  it  refers  to  an  ago  of  fable  than 
n-hich  no  part  of  the  world  offers  any  that  is  more  interesting,  or  probably  more  manellous.  AYe  cannot  lose  sight  of 
this,  for  we  are  treating  not  only  of  this  Republic  which  has  no  such  fabulous  epoch,  but  of  the  entire  American  conti- 
nent ;  and  our  work  begins,  at  the  moment  when  the  fabulous  portion  of  that  history  ends.  Our  aim  has  been  to  con- 
struct, npon  a  combined  chronological  and  geographical  basis,  a  narrative  of  all  the  leading  events  in  American  history, 
wherewith  to  secure  at  once  a  work  of  reference  upon  the  widest  scale,  and  at  the  same  time  a  volume  of  pleasant  inter, 
est  which  shall  bo  acceptable  to  the  people.  The  life  of  a  nation  should  mark  the  moral  and  intellectual  progress  of  its 
inhabitants ;  and  if  that  be  true,  the  story  is  one  which  surely  none  of  us  can  well  ailord  to  leave  unread. 


"( 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


CIIUISTOPIIKH  COLU.MIU:w.     PORTUAIT, 

(I'KIWICOS)  COLUMBUS  AMJ   TIIK  INDIAN  MAIDEN, 

LANDINO    OF  COLUMBUH, 

PIZARRO  MAKCHIN(f  ON  THE  CAPITAL  OF  THE  INCVS 

'  *  •  •  • 

COHTEZ   UKCEIVINO  MONTEZUMAM   PRESENTS 

'  '  •  •  •  . 

CABRAL   TAKING   POSSESSION  '  :;'  BRAZIL 

*  '  *  •  •  •  • 

ALJIAQRO  MARCIIINO  ON  CHILI, 

EMBARKATION  OF  THE   PILGRIM  FATHER.' , 

FIRST  LANDINO  OF  THE   PILGRIMS   '       1(120, 

GEORCiE   WASHINGTON.     PORTRAIT 

'  ■•••.. 

WILLIAM   PENN  RECEIVING  THE   CHARTKU  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  FROM  CHARLES  II., 
BATTLE  OF  BUNKER  HILL, 
WASHINGTON  AT  VALLEY  FORGE, 

*  *  •  •  • 

BATTLE   OF  BENNINGTON,  .  ,  .  _ 

SIGNING   OF  THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE,   JULY  4,   177U, 
AUTOGRAPHS  OP  THE  SIGNERS  OP  THE  DECLARATION   OF  INDEPENDENCE, 
PORTRAITS  OP  THE  EIGHTEEN  PRESIDENTS   OP  THE   UNITED  STATES, 
ATTACK   ON  FORT  SUMTER,  APRIL  13,  18C1, 

MARCHING  ON  RICHMOND, 

'  •  •  •  . 

IN  THE  TRENCHES  BEFORE   PETERSBURGH 

'  *  •  •  •  • 

BATTLE   OF  GETTYSBURG!!,   JULY  3,    18C3 
MONITORS  BOMBARDING  FORT  SUMTER,   APRIL  7,  18C3, 
THE  CHRISTIAN  COMMISSION   ON  THE  BATTLE  FIEIJ), 

A  SCENE  FROM  THE  INDIAN  WARS  IN  NEW  ENGLANT>-THE  LIVES  OP  FIFTEEN  PERSONS 
WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN,  PRESERVED  BY  THE  HEROISM  OP  A  YOUNG  WOMAN, 


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C  O  ]\  T  E  ]\  T  S. 


BIOGILIPHIES  OF  THE  EARLY  DISCOVEItEES. 


CHAPTER    I.  pAoB 

BiKOV :  nis  Discovery  of  Uelaiid  anil  (Irecnlnnd— An  Account  of  his 

Voyuge — Character  and  Appearance  of  the  Nativca      .        .        .        ,        1 

CHAPTER    II. 

Madoc  :  Ills  Supposed  Discovery  of  Aincricii— An  Account  of  his  Voyage 
Examined — Ihe  Improljability  of  the  Story 3 

CHAPTKR    III. 

Zeno  :  Ills  Kiink  and  Birlli— lie  Sails  on  a  Voyage  of  Discovery— Is  ovcr- 
talien  by  a  Storm— Arrives  at  Krisland— IHIlleuIties  with  the  Natives 
—His  Death— His  brother  Antonio  talies  the  Command      ...        3 

CHAPTER    IV. 

COLiTMnus :  His  nciisons  for  seeking  India  liy  Westerly  Route — Ills  Four 
Voyages,  and  the  Hardships  and  Ditheulties  he  underwent — He  is 
Shipwrecked  on  Janndca— Ills  Death  and  Character  ....        4 

CHAPTER    V. 

AMEnIcrs  Vesitciis:  Ills  Hhtli  and  Education — Ills  Sclcntiflc  Researches 
—His  First  Voyage  to  .America  and  Claims  as  a  Discoverer — The 
Naming  of  the  Continent .        .  

CHAPTER    VI. 

Jons  AND  Sebastian  Cabot  :  The  Commission  of  King  Ileurj-  VII.— 
Thev  Sail  on  a  Voyage  of  Discovery,  and  sight  Land- Description  of 
the  New  Country — IJeturn  to  England — Sebastian  starts  on  a  Second 
Voyage 

CHAPTER    VII. 

James  Caktier  :  Sails  on  a  Voyage  of  Discovery,  reaches  the  Island  of 
Newfoundland— Finds  Chafenr  Bay — His  Interview  with  the  Natives 
— Danacona,  the  Indian  Chief— His  Stratagem — Indian  Reception  of 
Cartier  ami  his  Companions — Character,  Habits,  and  Customs  of  the 
Indians- Further  Discoveries— The  Expedition  attacked  by  Disease — 
Carter  takes  Possession  of  the  Country — Returns  to  France  with  two 
of  the  Natives- A  Second  Voyage— Kind  Reception  by  the  Indians.. 

CHAPTER    VMI. 

FEBiiiNANno  DE  Soto  :  Lands  in  Florida— Advances  into  the  Interior— 
DlfllcullleswlththeNathes— Ills  Death 


10 


10 


11 


CHAPTER    IX. 

JlbMrniiEY  fiii.iiEUT:  Voyage  of  Master  Horc—Orcat  Sufferings  of  the 
Party— Seizure  of  French  Vessel- Sir  11.  (illbeit  receives  a  Com- 
mission from  (Jneeii  F.liz:ibeth— He  Sails,  and  is  overtaken  by  a  Storm 
— LamK  on  Newfonndlaml,  and  lakes  Possession  of  the  Island— Cor- 
dial lieecplioii  by  the  Natives- A  (Jovcrninent  Established— Ship- 
wreck and  Death      .        - 

CHAPTER    X. 

Sill  WAi.TKii  Uu-ridii  AM)  Sill  RiciiAiio  (iRi-Nvii.LE :  Raleigh  olitains 
a  CominlsRlon  from  IJiieen  Klizabeth,  and  sails  for  America- Ills  ar- 
rival at  Wococon— Sr.iniriniimeo,  the  Indian  Chief— Description  of 
an  Indian  Village— Kind  Reception  by  the  Nntlves- Return  to  Eng- 
land—Seeoiul  K:;pcditioii  under  Sir.  R".  (ircnvllle— Settlement  of  Vir- 
ginia—Death of  (iranganlmeo— Revenge  of  his  brother,  Wlnglna — 
His  Death- A  Third  Exiieililion- Progress  of  Virginia  and  Its  ulti- 
mate Desertion— Introduction  of  Tobacec  into  Europe— Anecdote  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh 


13 


14 


15 


CHAPTER    XI. 

Jou.\  DE  FicA  ;  Ills  Adventuies  and  Discoveries— The  Attempt  to  Pro- 
cure him  a  C'omiulsslon 

CIIAPTICR    XII. 

BAUTiiiii.oMrw  (l.issoi.i):  His  Arrival  in  Virgiid.i- Description  of  the 
Coasi-  -Visit  from  the  liulians- Aliaiulonment  of  the  Cidony  by  tlie 
English . 

CHAI'Ti',  U     XIII. 
JoUN  Smith;  Sketch  of  his  ('mvcr-lli'  joins  the  Austrian  Armv— Ills 
ICiieoiinter  «llli  I  lie  Tiiik:-     Is  mad.'  e  Prisoner,  ai;d  s  ilil  as  a  t-lavt»— 
Eseupes,  and  Returns  to  r.:i-lual -.Meets  (Jc  n(dil,  and  they  .udl  lo 


1« 


17 


America— Arrival  at  Virginia— Smith  Is  taken  Prisoner  by  the  In- 
dians, and  Condemned  to  Death — He  Is  Saved  by  Pocahoiitas  — His 
Release,  and  subsciiuent  Discoveries — He  is  made  President  of  Vir- 
ginia— Ills  Fame  among  the  Indians — Returns  to  England— The  His- 
tory of  Pocahoutus- Smith's  Literary  Works  and  Death     ...      17 

CHAPTER    XIV. 

De  Mo.nt?,  PouTiiiNcot'uT  AND  C'liAMi'i.AiN :  Do  Moiit'rt  Patent  for 
Acadia — His  Fort  at  St.  Crolv— Champlain  Navigates  the  St.  I.-aw- 
renee — liullds  a  Fort  at  Quebec — Discovers  the  Lake  that  bears  Ills 
Name — Surrcuders  Quebec  to  the  Eiiglluh— Ills  Character  and  Death      24 

CHAPTER    XV. 

Feiidinando  fionoE.s  and  John  Mason  :  Discovery  of  a  Plot  against 
Queen  Elizabeth— (lorgcs  Defends  himself  hetora  Parliiiment  — His 
Complaint  against  the  Dutch- Misfortunes  and  l)e:itli— Mason's 
Plantation  at  Piscataipia — Massachusetts  Established — Plans  for  In- 
dependence Suspected — Province  of  Maine — Tim  Form  of  (joveru- 
ment — Protected,  and  afterwards  Pnrcliased  by  Massachusetts  .        .      20 

C  II  A  P  T  E  R    XVI. 

IlENiiY  IlrDSON :  Sails  on  a  Vovagc  of  Discovery — Arrives  ot  Sandy 
Hook— Attempts  to  Sail  up  the  River- Ilostlllly  of  the  Natives— Re- 
turns tf)  Englaiij;! — His  Second  Voyage — Discovery  of  .Mcrmaitl — 
Hudson's  Arrangements  with  the  Dutch— His  .Misfortunes  and  Terri- 
ble end      30 

CHAPTER    XVII. 

Siu  Thomas  Smith  :  Charges  against  him— He  Resigns  the  Treaanrership 
of  tlie  Virginia  Company,  and  receives  a  (Irant  of  Land  to  the  Colony 
-Sir  Edwin  Sandys  appointed  his  Successor — Lotteries — Sujipiies 
obtained  by  their  nieaus  for  the  Colony SI 

CHAPTER    XVIII. 

Lord  Delaware,  Sir  Tiio.mas  Gates,  Sir  (Ieoroe  Somers,  Captain 
Newport,  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  Sir  F.  Wainman  :  Lord  Delaware 
arrives  in  Virginia — Builds  two  F'orts  on  the  James  River— Leaves 
Virginia  and  goes  to  tlie  Western  Islands— Settlement  of  Daniel  (ioo- 
kin  in  Virginia,  and  Removal  to  New  England— Sir  Thomas  Dale  ap- 
jiolntcd  (iovcrnor  of  Virginia— Outline  of  his  Character— Appoint- 
ment of  Sir  Thomas  (iates— Dispute  between  him  and  .\<lmiral  Soni- 
ors  on  a  Question  of  Precedence — Wreck  of  Somers  In  Bnrmuda— His 
Death,  Burial,  and  .Monument— First  Settlement  of  Now  York— .Ar- 
rival of  Sir  Fcrdlnaudo  Wainman  in  Virginia— His  Death— Death  ot 
Lord  Delaware 3A 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

Siu  Samuel  Aiioal  and  Sin  George  Yeaudlet  :  Argal's  Expedition 
to  Northern  Virginia,  and  his  Defeat  of  the  French  at  Mount  Dcsart 
—Takes  and  destroys  Port  .<oyal — Holds  a  Conference  witli  Blcu- 
court— Visits  the  Dutch  at  Ihe  "Hudson  River— The  Dutch  Governor 
Surrenders  to  him- His  Voyage  to  England- N  appointed  Deputj'- 
Governor  of  Virginia— His  severe  Discipline— Charged  ot  Peculation, 
and  Is  Superseded- But  Escapes  by  the  help  ot  Ihe  Karl  of  Warwick — 
Commands  an  Expedition  against  tlie  Algerinea,  and  Is  Knighted  by 
Khig  James— His  Character— Appointment  of  Sir  George  ieardlcy 
to  the  Governorship  of  Virginia- He  cneonmges  the  Cultivation  ot 
Tobacco— Attacks  the  Chiekahoinin,v  Indians— Vicissitudes  iu  hl8 
Career- His  Death .        .      B4 

CHAPTER    XX. 

Sir  FuANns  Wvat  :  Siiccecils  Yeardley  in  tht  Government  of  VlrglntA 
—Is  Deceived  by  the  Native.  Chiefs— Massacre  ot  the  Colonists— Ho 
opposes  the  change  of  Uovcinmeut  contemidated  by  the  Crown,  and 
returns  to  Ireland 


SO. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 


B^nTiioLOMEW  GosNoi.i),  Martin  Prino,  Bahtikilomew  Gilbert,  and 
George  Wey.moitu  :  (iosnold's  Voyage  to  Virginia — Ills  Interview 
and  Tniflle  with  the  Natives — Returns  to  Kngtainl— Accompanies, 
Johu  Smith  to  Virghiia— His  Death — Prlng  sails  for  North  Virginia— 
I)iseovers  Fox  l:-luiid— Enters  Massachusetts  Bay — Interview  with 
the  Niitives— Relui'iis  ti  England,  and  m/'tcs  a  Second  Voyage— GIU 
belt  ^alls  for  Virginia,  and  Is  killed  by  the  Natives— Wevmoutli's 
\"oy!ige  to  America  — He  Discovers  (Jeorge's  Island  and  Pentecost 
Harbour,  and  Kidnaps  some  of  the  Nathi.s  ....>,      33 

CHAPTER     XX n, 

Jonn  RovissoN  ;  Ilisi  liiilhaud  Fiily  H  story— Mlnbter  of  a  Dlss(.iitln({ 


A 


|.!'^ 


VIU 


CONTEXTS. 


CnnKroitiitlon— RcIIrIoiis  Perspontlons— ITe  removes  to  Amstcrdiim— 
Ills  Oltiniitntinn  wllli  KnlsriM""— '""  I'linri'li  coiiti'inplntcs  u  lii'- 
lUDViU — riiry  apply  to  tiio  Virginia  Conipiinv — Tlie  Hfrmon  licfori^ 
Koinoval,  ami  rartlii);  from  those  who  nailed  for  America — Ills  Dialh 

— Character  and  Posterity 4d 

i 
CHAPTEH    XXIII.  ! 

John  Cahver:  Appointed  Afjeiit  by  the  EiiRlish  Settlers  nt  I-eydeii— 
Superintends  arrangement*  for  Emigration— 1b  appointed  President 
of  tlu^  Company — ^^]^ke8  an  Kxenrsion  from  (Jape  Cod  in  8eareli  of  a 
Ilarhor — Latul*  on  Clarlv's  Island — Forms  a  Settlement  at  IMynionlh  ' 

— His  Interview  with  Mussassoit — His  Death,  Cliiiraeter,  and  iVtslcr- 
ity— Relics  in  the  Cabinet  of  tlic  Historical  Society      .        .        .        .      U 

CHAPTEU    XXIV. 

Wii.i.iAM  liUADPonn :    His  Hirth  and  Edueation— lieniovcs  to  An;sler- 
ilam— Aceompanies  Emiirrants  to  New  ICntfland— Lo^s  of  his  Wife- 
Is  chosen  (iovcrimr  of  New  Plynnnith— Indian  Conspinicii'S — Brad-  [ 
ford  adopts  Mcasnres  of  llefenee— Snrrenders  the  Patent  to  the  Col- 
otiy — His  Death,  Character,  and  Descendants 47 

CHAPTER    XXV. 

Wii.i.iAM  Brewster:  Honors  frinn  the  Dntch  tiovernment — llenioves 
to  Holland— Establishes  a  l'rintini;<)tllee— Crosses  to  America— Otll- 
c'iates  as  a  Preacher— Uis  Death  and  CIniraeler      ....  50 

CHAPTEK    XXVI. 

KonRHT  Ct'SiiMAN  :  Endi.irks  for  .\nn'i'i(a -Uetnrns  loEnirland— .Vrrival 
at  Plvinnuth — His  Lecture  on  iSeif-I.uve — His  Familv  C!)nie8  to  New 
EnL'lund ".        .        .        .Mi 


HISTORY    OF    SOUTH    AMICRICA. 


EdITOII's   PliiiFACK 

Altuoh's  Pheface 


I'AO  » 
.        M 


CIIAPTHR     XXXII. 

WII.I.IAM  Pfnn:  Ills  Hirth  and  Education- He  Tnivelu  to  Eranee,  and 
Visits  Ireland-  Aitaelies  lliniself  to  the  Society  of  Friends— I.s  .\r- 
rested  and  Discarded  by  His  Father— liccomcs  an  Itincrint  Preacher 
—  Is  Impriscinid  in  the  Towir  of  I.onilon  — Ills  Second  .lour- 
ney  to  Ireland— licconeiied  witli  Ilia  Father— He  Is  au'ain  Anwt^d 
and  Imprisoned  in  Ncwijate— Pleads  theCaupe  of  the  ^Jnllker.^  hi'fore 
Parliament— Heciivcs  a  Charter  of  Pcmisylvaida- Terms  <vf  h^etli,'- 
ment— Semis  a  Letter  to  the  Indians- Eiuliarka  with  a  NuiiiIkt  of 
(Quakers  for  AnuTii'a  —  Arrivi's  at  Newcastle  —  Fcninds  and  Nami's 
I'liiladididila- Is  Kl.ited  a  Fellow  of  thu  Itoyal  .Soeiety-lii .  Style  .,f 
Pri'.aehinj:- Di'parture  for  Kiinland— Ho  Piiblislies  li  Hunk  oil  tlie 
I.ilierly  (.f  Cniiscience— Is  8\i>ii..i.tcd  of  bcini{  Iiiindi'id  to  Kiiiu'  Wil- 
liam-li^'conies  Involved  ill  Debt— Sljfiis  t  New  Charter  — Again 
Visits  lOiifj'land— His  i:uibarru63mc;it3  and  Death         .... 

CHAPTER    XXXI II. 

Apit.nihx  to  tub  Biookai'iiiks  ;  Account  of  the  Natives  of  Now  Eu^'- 
land  .       ,       , 


r.ooK  I. 


CHAPTRR    XXVII. 

EDWAnn  WiNsi.ow  :  Ills  lilrtli  ami  Education — Travels  on  tlie  Continent 
of  Europe — Ucmoves  to  .■\iiieriea — Visits  Masaassoit— Keturns  to  Eni;- 
land — Sa'ls  ajjain  for  New  Piymcnitli,  whence  he  Is  airaln  Sent  to 
Encland  as  Aircnt— Ills  Cmnmittal  to  the  Fleet  Prison — Is  Hcleased, 
and  Heturns  to  New  England — Is  C'liosen  (loveruor.  and  then  luaile 
Commissioner  of  the  Inited  Colonies— Is  Sent  l)V  Cromwell  aijahiat 
the  Spaniards— Dies  on  the  Passaj;e  to  Janiaica — Ills  Posterity  . 

(MI  APT  Ell    XXVIII. 

Mil. EH  Standisii;  a  Soldiir  in  the  Netherlands— Embarks  for  .\nicrlei 
— C(Unpels  Corblt.iut  to  Submit  at  Swauzey — liis  Itcsolute  Polity 
towards  the  Iiidi;ius--His  Expedition  to  We'ssajnsset  and  Cajie  Anii 
— Mr.  Hubbard's  OiisiTvaf  ions  Hcspeetinc:  Hint- Ketarns  to  Kiiirlaud 
ns  Aircnt  for  the  ('oloiiy — His  Death  ami  Di-scendanls — Estimate  i>f 
His  Character — The  Policy  of  Scmlini^  Convicts  to  Vir^jlnia 

CHAPTER    XXIX. 

John  WiNTiinor;  First  (iovcrnor  of  Massaehnselta  :  His  Hirth  ami  An- 
cestry—His  Cliar;icter — Examinatiiin  of  His  Accounts — His  Dillieul- 
enlties  with  Mrs.  llulebinson  and  Her  Followers— His  Cnuduet  to- 
wards the  Church  at  Moston— ()pinii>ns  of  Demoeraev,  Liberty,  ami 
the  .Mau'islruev— I'eenuiary  Embarrassments  and  Fainiiv  AlllictioMs— 
His  Di'alli  aiid  I'oslerily— Tlie  Portrait  In  the  Senate  Chamber  (it 
Massachusetts 

CHAPTER    XXX. 

John  Wintiiuop.  F.  R.  S.,  Oovernor  of  Conneetieut— His  liirtli  and 
Educatiou— Removal  to  New  Eusrland— t)blains  a  Cliarler  Incorpo- 
raliii;,'  Comiei'ticnl  ami  New  ILnen— Is  Chos.'ii  (iovcrnor  of  tlie  Col- 
ony— Elected  I'Vllow  of  the  Royal  Society — Ills  Deatli 

CHAPTER    XXXI. 

CHOROE  Cai.veut,  Cecimis  Cai.veut  (Lords  Baltimore),  I.EoNAun  Cai.- 
vi:uT  :  liirtli  and  iviucatio!;  of  (leiriie  Calvert— He  Enters  the  Sit- 
viei>  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil --Is  made  Secretary  of  State,  ami  Rcri-iv,s  a 
Pensi<iu  from  Kiii'.'  James— Heeoiues  a  Roman  I'athuii,'— Is  Cn'alcd 
Paron  of  Haltimor.' —  Attein[its  «  Settlement  in  Ni'wfoundlaud  — 
Visits  Viriiiui  I— Receives  a  (irant  of  Territory  North  (rf  the  i'otcunae 
— His  Cli.n-aeter  and  Death— Cecil  iJecelves'a  Patent  of  Maryh.uul- 
Sctiies  tlie  Colonv  and  .Vppoinls  His  Brother  Leonard  lioveriior — 
Leonard  Calvert  PromoL^'S  Immj^^ratiou 


Pbooress  of  Navlcatlcm  amouf;  the  Ancients— View  of  their  niacoverics 
as  Preparatory  to  those  of  tlic  .Moderns— Imiierfcetlons  of  ..Sneient 
Navigation  and  (ieo^niiihy—  Docttlne  of  the  Z(nies— Further  Discov- 
eries Clieckeil  liy  the  Irruption  of  Barbarous  Nations— (ieoifniphieal 
KnowleilKc  still  Preserved  in  tlie  East  anioui;  the  Arabians— Kcvlvul 
of  Coininerceand  Navia:atlon  In  Europe— Eavimrcd  by  the  Crusades — 
Extended  liy  Travelli'r^  into  the  East -Promoted  by  the  Invcntiini 
of  tlie  Mariner's  Comiiass— First  Regular  Plan  of  Diseoverv  formed 
by  Portu:;al- State  of  that  Kingdom— Schemes  of  Prince' Henry — 
Early  Altemjits  Feeld(\— Progress  Moni;  the  Western  Coast  of  Africa 
—Holies  of  Discovcrini;  a  New  Route  to  the  East  Indies- Atleiupts 
to  Aceomplisli  this — Prosjiccts  of  Success 

P.OOK    II. 

BlilTIi  and  Education  of  Columbus— He  ae(|nires  Nav.il  Skill  in  the  Ser- 
vice of  Porliipii— Conceives  Hopes  of  reaeliiuK  the  East  Indies  liy 
holding;  a  Westerly  Course— His  System  Fouuded  on  the  Ideas  of  tiio 
Aneieuls  and  Kmiwiedite  of  their  Navi^ralion,  and  mi  tin;  Discoveries 
of  the  Porlaciiese— His  Ne^'otlations  Willi  Dilfcrcnt  Courts- (llista- 
elcs  wdiicli  he  hail  l<i  Surniouut  in  Spain —Voyai^c  of  Discovery — 
Diilicultics  and  Success— lid  urns  to  Spain— .\Bloiilslnncnt  there'  at 
the  Dl.-covcry  of  a  New  World — Pap.il  (irant — Second  Voyai^e — 
Coiiiny  Settled  — Further  Discoveries- War  with  the  Indians— First 
Tax  Imposed  upon  I'lii'm— Third  Vova^e — State  of  the  Spanish 
Colony— Emirs  in  the  First  System  of  Coloulziinr— V'ova!;i' of  the 
PortiiKiiese  to  the  East  Indies  b'y  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hope  --  Its  ElTeitH 
— Discoveries  inaile  by  Private  Adveulurcrs  In  the  New  World - 
Name  of  .Xinerica  uiveii  to  it— Mailiinalions  ii-.Minst  Columbus — He 
is  Dlsi;T.iced,  and  sei>'.  in  Cliaius  to  Europe — Ills  Fourth  N'oyage — 
Discoveries,  Disasters,  and  Death 

r.ooK  III. 

State  of  the  Colony  in  Hi  ipaulola— New  War  willi  the  Indians- CruoPy 
of  the  Spaniards— Fatal  liei,'ulalions  eonccriiinfr  Hie  Cciinlitlou  of 
llie  Imliaus— Diniiiiut  on  of  that  IVople— Discoveries  and  Settle- 
meniri — First  Col(in\  p  anted  on  the  <;nutinent — Conipicst  of  Cuba- 
Discovery  of  Florida— Discovery  of  the  South  Sea— (ircat  Expecta- 
tions and  Disappoiutiu.'nts — Controversy  about  the  Tivatinent  of  tlie 
luiliaus— t  oiltrary  Decisions— Zeal  of  liic  Fee  le-iaslics,  parlleiilarly 
of  Las  Casas — Sinnaihir  Proceedings  of  .Ximeiies— Nej^rocs  imporleil 
into  .Vinerica- Las  Casas'  Ideas  nf  a  .New  C(liiny--lle  is  Pcrniit'cd 
to  .\ltenipt  to  Carry  out  his  Sclu'pie,  and  is  I'usueccssfnl— Discover- 
ies towar.is  the  West— Yucatan— Camiicachy— New  Spain— Prepara- 
tions for  Invasion 

!!()()  Iv    IV. 

Amekioa  in  the  Fifteenth  Century- Its  Inhaliitnnis— Scenery,  etc. — 
Theories  eoucernliiu'  tlic  Early  Population— Condition  anil  Character 
of  the  Americans  — Hi;;lier  Civili/.atlnn  of  the  Me\icans  and  Peru- 
vians—Physical  and  Mental  Characteristics  nf  tiie  People— Their  Do- 
mestic Life — Polilic.il  Stale  and  Institutions— .System  of  War — t'uti- 
dilionof  the  Arts— Relighms  Belief  ami  Inatltntious—Ccneral  Cus- 
toms   


00 


IM)()  K    I  .\. 

i!i;i.  \Ti'-eis  nf  Spain  In  EuiMpe- F.llccls  oi"  tie  I'nllcy  of  Nii|inleon  ami 
I'l'  the  Wars  witli  En:;l  iiid  -  Tic  Spfioish  .\iiicricMii  Colonies  scekiiiK 
Iniicpendcnce- Their  Cltiiuate  Sueecos— Scpari'.tlon  of  Brazil  Into 


(i'J 


I'O 


03 


liOOK    V. 

The  Conquest  of  New  Spain  by  Cortcz 118 

HOOK    VI. 

Tnn  ('on»'iU(v<t  of  IVru  by  iMz;uT()— l>issnisiiniR  luul  Civil  Wiirs  of  tlio 

Simnlarilrt  In  that  Cimiitry— rheirl)ri;iin  itiul  Cunsoquuiices        .        .     i;u*) 

BOOK    VII. 

In.stititions  and  Manners  of  the  Mexicans  and  Peruvians  — Tlielr  Con- 
di.ion  compared  with  otli-'r  Anicrican  Slates— Oriirin  of  the  Mexi- 
cans—Their Progress  in  Civilizalion  —  (ieiiimi  of  llicir  Rciijjhm — 
The  Peruvian  Monarchy  — Its  i'niiey  Founded  on  Reliu'ion— Laws  of 
Properly— Public  Work's  ann.iis,'  the'  Peruvians— Paeille  ( liaiaelcr  nf 
the  I'en'ple— Oilier  Dominions  of  Spain  In  Aiucrli'a- Soiiora— (.'alifor- 
nia— Honduras  and  Yucatan— Chill— Tuemnau—Tierm  Flriuc— King- 
dom of  New  llrenada IM 

]?0()K    VIIT. 

Intekiou  riovermnent.  Commerce,  etc.,  of  the  Spanish  Colonips- I)p- 
popnlatinn  of  iViucriea— .^jianidi  Mode  of  Colonizatioii  --I'ctdcsias- 
lieii  Policy — Character  of  Ihe  Clerjrv — Progress  of  (  hrlstianity — 
.Mineral  Resources  of  the  Couutrv -.ilodc  of  Working;  the  Mine's — 
Other  Cnmiiiodilies  of  South  Au'icriea— Flfects  of  this  .New  Cnm- 
iiieree  on  Spain- Errors  in  Ihe  Spanish  Svslcm— Contraband 'I'radc 
—  Decline  of  Spain-  Policy  of  111,'  Itourbo'ii  Princes- Trade  hetwei'n 
New  Spain  anil  the  I'hillppiiie^  -lievenue  of  Spain  from  .Vmerica      .     l^id 


I 


{'OXTENTS. 


ix 


HERICA. 


.       (is 


their  niscovcricB 
tliiim  (if  Aiickiit 
-t'lirlluT  Discipv- 
i»— (ii'iijrniphliMl 
mbiiiim— Kcvlval 
i.Vllii't'ni-iiiiU's— 
ly  Mil!  Invi'iilliiii 
liscoviTv  fDriiifil 
I'rliicci'llintv  — 
I  t'imst  (if  AfrlcM 
ndics— Allcnipts 


Skill  In  tho  8cr- 
Kast  Inilli'S  liv 
till'  Mens  of  Ilia 
till!  Discdvcrii'u 
Cmirls — (M)slii- 
(if  l)it«0(ivi'ry — 
Oiiiu'iit  there  ut 
'eiMui  Voyiii^e — 
■■  Iiiilians— first 
if  thi'  .HpaiiiBli 
-Vdvai;!'  nf  the 
iMic-IlK  Klfei-tB 
New  Wiirld— 
t'liluiiihus — Ite 
ourth  Voyage— 


icliaiis— Cruol'y 

I'  I'nllilitioii    of 

ie«  an.l  Scltle- 
incsl  of fiilia- 
lireal  Hx|i.'cta- 
roatiiieiit  oniic 
e«,  parlieiihirly 
Jirois  iiiipiirled 
e  is  I'eriiiltied 
fill— Discover- 
paiii— I'lepara- 


01) 


i'O 


Cdierv,    etc.— 

and  Oharaeter 

and   I'lTii- 

-'i'lieir  l)o- 

f  War— Con- 

ieiier.il  Ciis- 


03 


lis 


Wars  of  the 


lliO 


■I'll, dr  Toil- 
llie  Mexi- 
H.-lij,'loii — 
II  ■  Laws  of 
liaiaeler  o£ 
a— Califor- 
'iMi'— Kliijf- 


IM 


loiiipH—Dp- 
1'eidenias- 
rlstiaiiilv— 
Mines- 
New  Colii- 
land  Trade 

1'  Ili-IWI'i'll 

lu'i-jea 


l.jj 


leoii  and 
fs  seekili/r 
irizil  Into 


an  Inilependeiit  Monnrehy- War  between  Spain  and  the  Kepulilles  of 
Chill  and  I'erii— The  War  au'alnst  I'aratriiay— Defeat  and  Dealli  of 
l.opez- Kevlew  of  the  Present  Condition  of  the  Soutli  Aineiieau 
tioiinlrlis- ConeliiBlon 170 

Notes  upon  the  History  ot  South  Aiuerlcii 180 


TIIE    IIISTOKY  OF    NOllTII    AMERICA. 


KiiiToii'a  PnErACE 

AlTIlOU's   I'llEFACE 


20« 

soy 


P.OOK    I. 


1 


0  H  A  V  T  !■:  11 

Cahot's  Vova;:e  and  Dlseovery  of  XewfoHiidland— Marilinie  Eiiterprl-ic 
Favored  liy  Queen  Kli/ahel'li- The  Slave  Tnide— Sir  Walter  Kalelgh's 
I'rojeets— Colony  in  North  Aiiieriea— First  F.xpeditlon-Tlie  Country 
iiained  Virginia— A  Colony  I'.staldished  at  Hoaiioke—Mlfortui.eH  of 
tin'  Coloui.-ts— Toliaeeo  Introdiieed  into  ICngland— The  Division  of 
North  Anie'ica  between  Two  Coinjiaiiies — Their  Charters— Code  of 
Laws — Arrival  of  Colonists  in  the  iJay  of  Chesapeake— ilanies  Tow  n 
Founded- -Hostility  of  tlie  Indians— IMstress  in  llii!  Colony — Captain 
Sinllli— His  F.ieeliou  to  tlie  I'resldeney— New  Charter— Lord  i)i.la- 
ware  appointed  tliiveriior— Smith's  Ueturii  to  Kiiglaiid 


210 


CHAPTEU    II. 

Is('UI!AsiN(i  Dillleulties  of  the  Colonists— The  Wise  Adniluistration  of 
Lord  Delaware — Sir  Thonias  Dale. — Martial  Law — (.'tiUivatlon  of  To- 
liaeeo—First  .\sseiiibly  of  Hepresentatlves  In  Viri^nia  — New  Consti- 
tution  for  the  (Colony— Dispute  between  the  Klni;  and  the  Colony — 
Indian  Coiisplraey  and  Xfassiiere  of  the  Colonists — Dissensions  of  the 
Loudon  Coiniiany — Dissolution  of  tlii!  Company — T'yriinnleal  (lovern- 
ment  of  Sir  .John  Harvey— Sir  W.  lierkelev  apjiointed  (fovernor — The 
Popular  Assembly  liestlired- Part  taken  liy  \  iriiiula  in  tlie  Hidiellion 
of  Cromwell— Uestrietious  lai  the  Trade  of  the  Colouv -Kevolt  of  the 
ColoulBts ".        ...    219 


O  11  APT  K  11    III. 

LMroi.irT  of  tbi!  Navigation  Aets— Diaeoiitent  and  Dlstrp8.s  in  the  Colony 
— Naturalizalion  of  .Miens— Indian  Hostilities— Haeon'a  Uebellloii — 
Hill  of  Allainder— Tlie  .\dmiiiistralioii  of  Colonel  .lelfreys— Dispute 
with  the  .\ssembiy— Lord  Ciiioepjier's  .Vdmlnistratiou-^Contiiiued 
Disalfeetion— Insurreetioii  and  I'linishinent  of  the  liebels— Arbitrary 
.Measures  of  the  (.'rowii— .lames  II.  Inenvises  the  Trade  of  the  Colo- 
iiisln- The  (ioveriiinenl  of  Lord  Klliiigliam— F.ll'eel  upon  the  Colo- 
nies of  the  iievoliiliou  of  lii.'-.s- Siat«>  of  Vii>;iiiia  at  this  Period- 
Population,  Laws,  and  Miiiuurs 


230 


HOOK   ]I. 

TiiF  Ni:w  Knoland  Si'ati:!«. 

CHAPTKH    I. 

The  Plynioulli  Company— Pophani  Kslablishes  a  Colony  at  Fort  Saint 
(ieori;e— SMlIi'riii!,'s  'of  the  Colonists— Captain  Smith's  Vovau'e  mid 
Survey  of  the  Country  — It  is  named  New  Kiu;laiiil  —  liiell'eetual 
Atl.iiipl  to  Coloniz"  it— lli.-torv  and  C'liaraetir  of  the  Piiritan.s— Hise 
of  the  Independenls — ,\  Coiii;rei,'atioii  retires  to  Ilollaiid  and  ulti- 
mately Kesolvei!  to  Settle  in  Amerie;i— Tiieir  Ne:;oli:ition  wllli  KiiiK 
.latiu's — They  Arrive  in  Ma^saehusetls  and  I'ouiid  New  PIvnioutli — 
Hardships  of  the  Coloui^t^— Their  Civil  Institnlions— Com'miinitv  of 
Properly- Sihin  Foumled— Charter  of  Ma.^saehusetls  Day  -Kuibark- 
ulion  of  a  New  Hand  of  Kniiu'rauts — Tlieir  Arrival  at  Salem— T'helr 
('onstitulioii- Two  Persons  Uanished  for  Sehism— lutoleranee  of  the 
Puritans 


f'HAPTKll 


I  I. 

ijliaml  to 


TuE  Charier  (lovermnent  transferred  from  I'.njiliind  to  Ma^saeluifetts — 
Contluueil  Kmii^ratioii — Fouudint;  of  Hostoii— DisfraiKdiisemeiit  of 
Dissenters— .John  Cotton,  his  Colleauiu's  and  Sueeessors — Williams' 
Sidiisni- He  Founds  Provhleiiee — .Arrival  of  Iliurh  IN-ters  and  Henry 
Vane  — A  Itepreseutative  .Assembly  -  Foiinihition  of  Coiineetieut  anil 
'New  Haven— War  Willi  the  Indians— Severities  Kxerel.<ed  liv  the 
Colonists— Mrs.  Ilulehiiison— Cuhinizatlon  of  liliode  Island,  Maine, 
lud  New  Ilaniiisliire— State  of  New  ICiighmd— Population,  .Miiiuiers, 
and  Laws 

CHAPTER    III. 

Fkdeiiai.  Union  of  the  New  F.iiu:laiid  Stales  — I'rovineial  Cinag,.  of 
Money— Inipeaehmeiit  and  Trial  of  (iovenior  Wintlirop-  .\rbitrary 
Proeeedlmr  au'alnst  Dissenters— .\ttenipts  to  Clvlli?.e  llie  'iidlans-- 
Indlan  Hlble  Printed  In  Massaehusetts— A  .Syimd  of  the  Niw  Fiif;- 
laiid  Churehes-  Cromwell's  .AilmlniHlration  Favourable  l:i  New  Kiii;- 
land— Perseeution  of  the  Anabaiillst.-r  in  Massaehie-elts— Conduet 
andSuirerlnaiof  thetjuakers— TheKesloratlonofthe  Kini; -Addresses 
of  llie  Colonists  to  Charles  II.— The  Deel.iration  of  Kiiihls- The 
Kinu's  Messaife  to  .Massiehusetls  — Hoyal  Ciiarler  of  Iiieorponilion 
to  Khole  I.d.iml,  Provideiiee,  Conneetleiil,  !ind  New  Haven 


ai;) 


'iTM 


PAS! 

OHAPTKn    IV. 

E.MIOIIATION  of  Ministers  to  New  Knijland  — A  Royal  Commission  — 
Dilfereuees  between  the  Cidonisls  and  the  KiiiK-^Cesslou  of  Aeadia 
to  the  Freneli  — Prosperilv  of  New  Knitland  — Conspiraev  of  tlii! 
Indians- Contlnnanee  of  I)lspules  with  the  Crown— Keliirlon  and 
.Morals  In  the  Celonv— Surrender  of  the  Charter  ilemanded  by  tin) 
Kin);— Writ  of  Quo  \Viirruiil(>  Issued— T'lie  Chiirter  luljudgud  to  be 
Forfeited .    3.")9 

CHAPTK'l    V. 

Death  of  Charles  IL— Its  Klleet  upon  the  Colony— Andrns  npjiolnted 
(iovenior  of  New  F^nniand— Siibniission  of  lih'ode  Island- Ccdonlal 
Poliey  of  Kim;- . lames— IntrlfTues  of  the  French  Provoke  the  Iloslill- 
tles  of  till!  Imlians — Insurreetion  at  liostou— Coniieelleiit  and  Kliodu 
Tshind  resume  their  Charters— William  and  .Mary  Proelalined— Con- 
quest of  Acadia  by  Sir  William  Phipps— Impeaehinent  of  (iovenior 
Andros— The  Klni;  refuses  to  Uestore  the  Aneient  Constitution  of 
Massaeliusetia— The  New  Charter — Witehcnift  in  New  Knulund  — 
Peace  of  Kyswlek— Moral  and  Political  Coudltloii  of  the  Colony        .    20(1 

I500K    III. 

Maryland— CImrter  obtained  by  Lord  Hiiltlniorc  from  Charles  I.— Ko- 
mnn  Catholic  KmlKratlon— 'I  reuty  with  the  Indians— First  Asseiubly 
in  Maryland — Karly  Iiitrodiietlon  of  Nct;ro  Slavery — War  with  tlio 
Indiaus—C'ley home's  KebelUon— KeliKious  Toleration  Kstablislied, 
afterwards  Abolished — F^stubllslimeiit  of  a.  Provincial  Mint— Pros- 
perous Condition  of  the  Colony  — Naturalization  Acts- Law  aKUinst 
Iniporliui;  Felons— Sepanitlon  iif  Delaware  from  Maryland— Iteiiort 
of  a  Popish  Plot  — .\  Protestant  AHSoelution  is  Formi'd- Fstablish- 
meiit  of  the  t;iiureli  of  Enjjland— Perseeution  of  the  Calholies — State 
of  tlie  Province- Maimers— Laws 277 

BOOK   IV. 

CHAPTEU    I. 

NoKTii  and  South  Carolina— Early  .\ltempts  of  the  French  and  Span- 
iards to  Colonize  this  Territory — Kind  Ciiarler  cranted  to  Lord  Clar- 
endon and  Others — Formation"  of  Albemarle  Settlciuent— Settlement 
of  Ashley  Ulver — Seeontl  Charter — T'be  Constitutions  of  Soutli  t'aro- 
lina — Einli;riillou  Thitber— John  I.oidvi!  created  a  Laiidi;nive — Hos- 
tilities with  the  Spaniards  in  Florida,  and  with  the  Indians— Culpep- 
per's Insurreellou  —  His  Trial  and  Aciiuittal  — Discord  auioii^  the 
Colonists 28.5 

CirAPTEll    11. 

Affaiiis  of  South  Carolina— Indian  War— Practice  of  KIdnappiiiK  Iii- 
dians- Eiiili;ralion  from  (ircat  Hrilain  and  Fraiiei!— Pirates  Enter- 
tained in  tin*  Colony — The  Navigation  Laws— Diseonti'ut  among  tlie 
Colonists— Naturalization  of  French  Hefiigccs  resisted— The  Fiiiida- 
nienliil  Constitutions  Abolished— Wise  Adiniuistratloii  of  Aribdale 
and  Ketiiru  of  Prosperity— Stjite  of  Hie  People— .Manners— Trade      .    'J'.lli 

BOOK    Y. 

CHAPTKU    I. 

New  Yoiii!- Hudson's  Vovau'c  of  Diseoverv- First  Settlement  of  the 
Dutch  at  Alban.v— The  ■province  granted  i)y  the  Statcs-ticiii'ral  to  the 
West  India  Codipany  of  Holland — The  Dutch  extend  their  Posses- 
sions into  Conneeticvit— Dis|mtes  with  New  lOngland— Settlenieut  of 
Delaware  by  the  Swedes— \S  ar  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians — 
.\lariii  of  the  Dutch  (iovenior — The  Province  L^raiitcd  to  the  Duke  of 
York — Is  Invaded  by  au  l''nglisli  I-'lcct  — SurrenderK-  (iovcrmiient  of 
Colonel  Niidiois— ll'ollar.d  cedes  New  York  to  ICngland— llci'aptiires 
It— Cedes  it  Again— .\  New  Charter  (Iranted- A  Free  Constltntlon 
given  to  the  Colony  by  the  Duke  of  York lUXI 

CHAPTKU    II. 

CoLi>M:r,  Donoan's  Aduiluislration— Tin'  Five  Indian  Nations- Thcdr 
Hostility  to  till'  Frencli— War— Diseoiilcni  at  .\i'W  York— ■i'lii'  Frcncdi 
burn  Schenectady- -.\riival  of  (io\eriior  Slaugiitcr  'I'rial  and  I^xi'cu- 
tion  of  Leisler— Wars  and  .Mutual  Cruelties  of  the  French  and  In- 
dians—(iovenior  Fictidicr's  .Administralion — Ceptaiii  Kidd— Trial  of 
ihiyard— Administration  of  Lord  Cornbury--St.ile  of  the  Colony  at 
tlieClos(!or  the  Seventeeiilh  Century »« 

r, ooK   VI. 

New  ,Ti-iisf.v  Sidd  by  the  Duke  of  York  to  lii'i-kclcy  and  Carteret  -Enil- 
gralioii  from  Long  Island  to  New  .lerscy — .Arrival  of  the  First  (Jov- 
ernor  and  Settlers  from  iMmland —Discontent  lu  the  Colony — Coti- 
iluct  of  thii  Diiki'  of  York-  Situation  of  tiic  (Quakers  In  Fnglauil— 
Tlieir  Emigration  to  New  Jersey — Henionstrance  of  the  (^uakera 
Leading  to  the  Kccognition  of  the  ludcpcndcm-e  of  the  Province — 
First  Assembly-  It.  Ilarchiy  a|ipoinlcd  (iovenior— Scolcli  Fniigratlon 
to  New  Jersey"- Surrender  of  the  Colou'al  Pa  but  to  the  Crown  -  t'oii- 
stltntlon  of  the  Provincial  (lovcrnmcnt  after  tiie  Keiinion  of  Eart 
and  West  New  Jersey— Slate  of  the  Cidouy 


lilO 


BOOK   VII. 

CHAPTKU    I. 

Pennsti.vania  ANf)  Dei. AWAKE— lUrtli  and  Character  of  William  Penn— 
He  Scdieils  a  (irant  of  Aincriean  Territory  riom  Cliarles  H.  Charter 
of  Pennsylvania  — Emlgnillou  of  (.jnakers  to  the  I'mvince  Letter 
fiMiii  Penn  to  the  Indiaus- (iriiiit  of  Delaware  to  Penn     Peiin's  lie- 


.^ 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

ecptlon  In  America— Numerous  Emli;ratlon — The  First  LeRlsliitivo 
AsBOUibly — Controversy  with  lioril  Uiiltiniore— Tronty  witli  the  In- 
dians—New Form  of  OOvonunent  Ailopted— I'liUadelplila  i'oiuidcd — 
Pcuu'3  Rotum  to  EuRland 323 

CHAPTER    II. 

Pesn  nt  tlio  Court  of  Jnmea  II. — Dissensions  among  the  Colonists — 
Tlieir  Dlsaj^reenicnts  with  Penn — He  appoints  Five  Commissioners— 
BeinR  Dissutisded  witii  them,  lio  nuikes  XIarkwell  Depnty-tiovernor 
—  Diuerenees  between  tlic  People  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania — 
Delaware  obtains  a  Separate  E.xeeutlve — Seliism  in  Pennsylvania — 
Penn  Deprived  of  his  Authority — Fleteher  ai)polnte(l  Governor — 
Peun's  Autlioritv  Restored — Opinions  of  the  Qualcers  eonecrnint^ 
Ne^ro  Slavery — Renewal  of  the  Disijutes  between  tlie  Two  States — 
Their  Union  Dissolved — Condition  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania  at 
tlio  close  of  the  Seventeenth  Century 330 

APPENDIX. 

State  and  Prospects  of  tho  North  American  Provinces  at  the  elosc  of 
the  Seventeenlii  Century— Opinions  of  the  Colonists  respecting  the 
Policy  of  Great  Britain S38 

Notes  to  tho  First  Part  of  the  Ilistory  of  North  America  ....    341 
CONT'NCATION  OF    TIIF,    IIlSTOKV   OF    NoUTlI   AjIEHICA    FltOM 

THE  Pekiod  of  the  Enolish  Eevolution  of  1088. 

CHAPTEU    I. 

Disputes  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey- Overthrow  of  the  Royal 
Government  in  New  Yorlc— Si'ttienumt  of  Peinisylviinia— New  Char- 
ter for  .Maasaehusctts— Restiir.itioM  of  the  (iovernnu'iit  in  New  Vcirk  j 
— War  w  ith  the  French  and  Indians — War  with  C.iiiada,  anil  w  illi  tlio  j 
Spanish  Colonies-         ..einent  of  the  Boundaries  between  -Massachu-  I 
Bctts  and  Conn  ,ucut— Yale  College 348; 

CHAPTER    II.  I 
Papeii  Money  in  Massachusetts— Inroads  of  the  Indians — Deputation  to  j 
the  French — Alterations  in  tlie  Cli.U'ier— Disputi-s  Ix'tween  tlie  Ex- 
ecutive and  tlie  Lc!;islature— Adjnstnieiit  of  tlie  Bonndnry  Disputes 
between   New  York  and   New  Jersey — Controversy  Iietvveen    New  ] 
York  and  Canada — Prosperity  of  tiie  Nortiieni  Colonies — Protced- 
ini;s  in  Candlna — Settlement  of  Yamasce  Territory— Seltleiiient  of 
Georgia — (Jnarrcl  with  tlie  Spaniards — Attack  uiioii'  St.  Augustine- 
Abortive  Attempt  upon  Georgia .    oSO  . 

C  H  A  P  T  E  R    II  [ . 

War  between  France  and  England— Tlie  Attack  and  Surrender  of  Lonis- 
burg— D'Anville's  Expedition— .\bortive  Attempt  upon  Nova  Seotia 
— Peace — Paper  Money — Discovery  of  Louisiana  and  i  ounding  of  Now  I 

Orleans— Tlie  Rupture  lietween  tlie  Englisli  and  French  Colonies- 
Capture  of  Nova  Si'otia  —  Expeditions  a,::ainst  Crown  Point  ami 
Niagara  —  Capture  of  Oswego  —  I'nsncccssful  -\ttack  upon  Ticon- 
deroga — Details  of  tlie  Several  Campaigns — (.'aptnre  of  tiuebcc  by 
the  English,  and  the  Death  of  Wolfe — Surrender  of  New  France — 
General  Peace S-'iS 


CHAPTER    IV. 

HlSTOilT  of  the  Colonics  from  the  Peace  of  Paris,  lT(i:),  to  1774 


Petition  to  the 
K'vg— General  Washington  made  Commander -in- Chicf-Transae- 
tions  in  Massachusetts 


TicoNniJiiooA  Taken 
ulsta  . 


CHAPTER    X. 

-Canada  Invaded — Varied  Fortunes  of  the  Colo- 


C  H  A  P  T  E  R 

TiUNSACTioss  In  Virginia— The  ( iirolinas- 
AfTalrs  In  Ihe  CohinieB  in  1775  — I'mci 
Kvueuatlou  of  Boston      .... 


XI. 

(ienrgia-  (iencral  State  i 
edlngs  111  MassacliusctlB- 


33'J 


CHAPTER    V. 

Pkocei;diso!'  of  the  British  Pariianient  in  Coiiscipieuee  of  tlie  Destruc- 
tion of  Tea  by  tlie  Bostoulans •    3118 

CHAPTER    VI. 

PKOCHErvisos  in  the  Cidoniea- The  Congress  at  Philadelphia— Resolu- 
tions agreed  upon 370 

CHAPTER    VII. 

Proceedinob  in  Great  Britain  in  Response  to  the  Action  of  the  Colonies    370 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

CoNSEQfENCES  In  America  of  the  Action  takiii  in  Great  Britain— Com- 
mencement of  Hostilities — \  Day  of  Fasting  and  Ilnmiliution  Ap- 
pointed—Tjaudlng  of  Britisli  Troops  at  Boston— Battle  of  Dunker'a 
llIU  and  Gallant  Retreat  of  tile  Americans 380 

CHAPTER    IX. 

Meetiso  of  the  Second  Congress— An  Army  Organized 


384 


3S7 


310 


CHAPTKR    XII. 

PnoCEEDiNO.s  In  Parliament- OperatliMiH  in  South  Carolina— New  York 
and  New  Jersey— Dr.  Franklin— .V  British  Fleet  on  tho  Hudson— 
Complaints  against  Washington  — Details  of  the  War  — Sickness 
nnionj'  the  .\ineriean  Troops— Tlie  Americans  Driven  out  of  Can- 
ada-Conquest of  New  York  by  tlio  British— End  of  the  Campaign 

of  1770 :     . 


300 


HISTORY  OF  TIIE  UNITED   STATES. 

CHAPTER    I. 

Of  Independence— State  CcMistitnlion  and  the  Confederation— Lee's  AIo- 
tion  in  Congress — The  Act  of  Independence — Tlie  Council  of  Cen- 
sors In  Pennsylvania 400 

CHAPTER    II. 

Tub  Campaign  of  1777  in  the  Middle  States— The  Slieech  of  Jolin  Qiiiney 
Adams  on  Lafayette- Successes  of  tho  British  under  Sir  W.  Howe— 
Aiucrican  Privateers 411 

CHAPTER    III. 

TuE  Northern  Campaign  of  1777— Movements  about  Lake  Champhiin— 
Memoir  of  (icncrai  Starke — Tlie  (.'ondnet  of  (ieneral  .Arnold — .Me- 
moir of  Horatio  Gates — The  Conveiitiou  with  (iener.ii  liurgoyno        .    -i'M 

CHAPTER    IV. 

jVlliance  iielween  France  and  tlie  United  States — Cumiiaigu  of  1778- 
Notice  of  Bciijainiu  Franklin 434 

CHAPTER    V. 

TnE  Campaign  of  1778  Continucil— Memoir  of  General  Charles  Lee— 
Expedition  against  East  Florida— Notice  of  Captain  Bhldle — The 
War  at  Sea 441 

CHAPTER    VI. 

Campaion  of  nrtl- Memoir  of  Major-Gcncral  I'ntnani— Warlike  Maiii- 
f(!sto  ]:y  the  Sjiaiiish  Ambassador  against  Great  Britain — The  Con 
test  in  tlie  South 447 

CHAPTER    VII. 

Op  Continental  Paper  Currency 4.53 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

The  Indians— F.xpeditioiis  into  tiicir  Country— The  Troubles  of  AVyo- 

mlng— Horrors  of  the  ^\■ar LM 

CHAPTER    IX. 

CAMPAroN  of  17sn  hi  the  South— -Vttaek  upon  Charleston — Surrender  of 

the  Army  of  Defence- Defeat  of  the  American  xVrmy  near  Camden    .    4.57 

CHAPTER    X. 

C.iMPAION'  of  1780  in  the  Nortiieni  States— Misfortunes  of  tlic  Colonists- 
Memoir  of  .Major  .\ndri — Barbaritv  Cliargcd  against  the  Americans 
for  his  Execution     .        .        .        ."       .        .     ' -103 

CHAPTER    XI. 

FoilEKiN  AfTairs  in  Connection  with  tlie  Anicricaii  Revolnllon— Abortive 
Plans  of  tlic  French  and  .^poiiardi — Diilch  Assistance  to  the  ,\iiicri- 
cans— Attack  upon  St.  Euslatia  liy  tlie  Uritish — Its  Couseipicnecs     .     408 

CHAPTKR    XII. 

Revot.t  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey — Distresses  of  tlie  American 

Armies— Arnold's  Invasion  of  Virginia 470 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

C'AsrPAinv  of  1781 — Operations  in  the  'I'wo  Caroiinas  and  Georgia — Con- 
duct of  (ieneral  Morgan — Escape  of  General  Greene  Into  Virgliii.i 
—His  Defeat  by  Lord  Coruwallis— Tlie  Battle  of  Eutaw  I'liial  In  South 
Carolina    .        .        - 4?2 

CHAPTKR    XIV. 

Operations  In  Virginia — Tlie  Importance  of  French  Assistance  to  the 
Cause  of  the  Colonists  —  The  liivesliturc  of  Vorktowii  —  Capitula- 
tion of  Corinvaiiis— Congressional  Honours  to  Washington  and  the 
French  tieiierals       . 478 

CHAPTEU    XV. 

The  Treatment  of  Prisoners  and  Distresses  of  tlie  Inhabitants         .        .    484 

CHAPTER    XVI. 

Campaign  of  i78J — Foreign  Events  and  Negotiations— Peace    .        .        .    480 

C  II  .V  P  T  I',  U    X  V  I  T  . 

State  of  Parties— The  Quaker^  avcre  lo  Independence  -EfTevIs  of  Ihe 
War  U|)on  the  .Manners  of  the  I'enpli'  -.\dvaiitagcs  and  Disaiivan- 
tages  of  tho  Kevolntioii 4',K) 


CONTENTS, 


xi 


390 


400 


if  JoIiiiQuiiicy 
iir  W.  Howe— 

.    411 


B  ChainpUiin — 
1  Anidld— -Mc- 
Hiirgoyiii",        .     IM 


447 
.     IM 


-Surrpiiiler  of 
L'anuU'ii    .    457 


>  Colonists  — 
;  Ann'ikans 

.    403 


OH— Aliorlivi' 
till.'  Aim'Vi- 


lie  AiiieriiMn 

.     470 


4?2 

.  478 
.  484 
.     4Mrt 


•(•I'l.of  llic 
Disnflviiii- 


CHAPTEU    XVIII. 

Disc'HAKOR  of  tlic  Unitcil  Sttttca  Army— Evacuation  of  Now  York- Uc- 
siirnatlon  of  Wiisiiinfrton— Arrangetncnts  for  Disposing  of  the  Wcst- 
irii  Tcrritoiy— I'lililic  Diatrcsa — Kuiluie  <if  the  Articlis  of  Confedera- 
tion—(Joiivuntion  for  SeeurinfT  Aniemlments — The  New  Constitution 
— Wanhiugton  Elected  to  the  PrcBideney— An  Addreea  to  the  Tcoplc 

CHAPTEU    XIX. 

AVAaiiiNOTON's  Admlnistnitlon— Distress  of  the  People — The  President's 
Address  to  the  Senate  and  House  of  Kcprcsontatives — Policy  of  Spain 
— Ketlrcmeut  of  Wasiilngton •        . 

CHAPTER    XX. 

The  /''  i'inlstration  of  John  Adams  and  Jefferson— Adams's  Address  to 
Coi.gri'ss- Hemoval  of  the  Seat  of  Government  to  tlie  District  of 
Coliiml'ia— JelTerson's  Address  to  Consross — P(diey  of  the  United 
States  in  Algeria — Convention  with  the  Delaware  Indians  . 

CHAPTER    XXI. 

Administhation  of  Madison— Intercourse  with  France  and  England 
Prirhiliitod— War  i)e(lared  against  (ireat  Britain 

test-Tlie  Treaty  of  tihent- 

Address  to  Congress 


493 


49.5 


500 


Details  of  the  Con- 
iVbortlve  liesult  of  the  War— Madison's 


CHAPTER    XXII. 

ADMiNisTHATroxa  of  Monroe,  John  Qulney  Adams,  and  Part  of  that  of 
Andrew  Jackson — Monroe's  Address  to  Congress — Progress  of  the 
Country — Departure  of  Lafayette — Treaties  witii  the  Indians,  and 
witli  the  Kcpnlilie  of  Coloinhlu — The  Proelamation  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son upou  tiic  Constitution  In  Regard  to  State  Klglita  .... 

CHAPTER    XXIII. 

Admisistiiatiox  of  Van  Buren — Comnierrial  Panic— Canadian  Rebellion 
— Convention  between  the  United  States  and  Texas    .... 


507 


514 


533 


CHAPTER 

Administbatiox  of  Harrison 


XXIV. 


536 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

ADMisisTnATiON  Of  Tyler— The  Ashhurton  Treaty     . 


536 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

Apministration  of  Polk— Tlie  Admission  of  Texas  Into  the  Union— 
Oppiisition  of  Mexico— Instructions  to  (ieneral  Taylor— War— Battle 
(It  Bneiia  Vista— Battle  of  Saerami'nto- Proceedings  in  California- 
Advance  of  (ieneral  Scott  towards  the  Capital  of  Mexico— Capture  of 
General  Valencia— Discovery  of  Gold  In  California      .... 

CHAPTER    XXVII. 

AuMiNisTnATiON  of  Taylor — Slavery  Discussed  In  Congress— Calhoun's 
Address  to  the  Soutli— The  Expedition  of  Lopez  to  Cuba  . 

CHAPTER    XXVIII. 

Administhation  of  Fillmore 


538 


549 


550 


490 


CHAPTER    XXIX. 

AiiMiNisTBATioN  of  Pierce- Treaty  with  Jrexleci— Commercial  Recipro- 
city Treaty  lictween  the  United  Stales  and  Great  Britain— Expedition 
to  Japan — Treaty  with  Russia— Destnietion  of  Greytowu  by  a  United 
States  Siiip  of  War 550 

CHAPTER    XXX. 

Admisistkation  of  Bnclianan— Condilion  of  Kansas— Decision  In  the 
Drcd  Seott  Case— Admission  of  Minnesota— Tiie  Crime,  Arrest,  and 
Kxecutioii  of  Jolin  Hniwn— Kleetiuii  of  Aliraliain  l.lneolii— I'lie  Presi- 
dent's Message  in  Favor  of  Ainendiiig  Mie  Constilutlon— The  Seces- 
sion Movement— Tile  Shir  nfl/ir  IVVs/  Fired  upon— Seizure  of  Govern- 
nient  Forts  and  Arsenals  liy  tlie  Soutiiern  States— Organization  of 
Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Dakota 553 

CHAPTER    XXXI. 

ADMiN'isTnATiON  of  Llncolii  — The  Caliinet  of  President  Davis  In  the 
Soutli— Preparations  for  Active  Prosiiiition  of  tlie  Civil  War— At- 
tack upon  Fort  Sumter- Proclamation  CaHiiig  Out  the  Militia— 
Blockade  of  tlie  Southern  I'orts — T'hc  Cause  of  Seee.-slon  Advancing 
—Seizure  of  IIar|ier's  Ferry— Batde  and  Retreat  at  Bull  Run— Evacu- 
ation of  Springlicld- Escape  of  the  .VienHiin/i— The  War  at  Sea — 
Siipercesslon  of  Ociicr.d  Seolt— Tlic  Army  of  the  Potomac— Failures 
and  Successes  of  tlic  Union  Armies— Capture  of  Fort  Donnolson — 
Attack  on  New  Orleans- Caiitun^  of  the  City— Inaction  of  MeCleilan 
—Retreat  Across  the  Chiekahomlny— Battle  and  Retreat  from  Mcehan- 
lesvlile— Failure  of  MeClelian  to  Capture  Richmond- Misfortunes 
of  General  Pope— Advance  to  Antietam— Bloody  and  Indeeislvc  Bat- 
tic— Withdrawal  of  General  I.ce  Across  the  Potomac- Kievatiim  of 
General  Ilalleck— Battle  at  Corinth— The  President's  rroelamation 
of  Freedom— Battle  at  Stone  River— General  Gnuit  assumes  Clilet 
Coinmand  of  the  Union  Forces — Operations  at  Grand  Gulf- Invcst- 
ment  and  Surrender  of  Vicl^sbnrg- Unsueeessfnl  Attack  upon  Port 
Hudson— Attack  upon  Sabine  Citj'- General  lliirnside  assumes  Com- 
mand f  f  tlie  Army  of  the  Potomac — Strategy  of  General  Lee- Battlo 
of  Frei  .^rlcksluirg— Hooker  succeeds  Burnslde— Confederate  IMsas- 
ter  at  Ciianceiiorsville— Hooker  BUiierseded  liy  General  Meade— Hat- 
tic  of  Geltyslnirg— Severe  Losses  on  botli  Sides— Siicccssrul  Riiids 
of  General"  Morgan— Advance  of  Roseerans  towards  (.'batlanooga — 
Battle  of  C'liickaumiira— Capture  of  Port  Uoval— Attack  im  Fort 
W:igiier-(iir.r  of  Mi'dialioii  by  tlie  Eiiipi'ror 'of  the  Freneli  I'ro- 
cced'iiga  of  the  C mfederate  Coiigres.1— Inauguration  of  a  Free  State 


Government  for  I,oulslana— Advance  of  General  Sherman's  Troops 
up  the  Rod  River— Buttle  of  Pleasant  IIlll— Proceedings  at  tho  WIl- 
demoss— Sheridan's  Expedition  to  Cut  off  Lee's  Coinmunleutlon  with 
Richmond— Battle  at  Cold  Harlior— End  of  the  Campaign  of  1804 — 
Review  of  the  War  In  Western  and  Northern  Virginia- Growth  of 
the  National  Debt— Attempts  to  Negotiate  a  Peace- Skill  of  the  Con- 
federates In  Building  Iron-clada  and  Constructing  Torpedoes— Sher- 
man's March  from  Atlanta — Attack  upon  Savannah  —  Expeditions 
against  Fort  Fisher — Demonstrations  against  Alabama  —  General 
Canby'a  Movement  against  Mobile— The  Campaign  of  1804-05  In  Vir- 
ginia— Tho  Conllict  iibout  Hatcher's  Run— Correspondence  between 
Lee  and  Grant — Meeting  of  the  Two  Conimandcra  at  McLean's  Farm 
Houae— Surrender  of  the  Confederate  General— Fliglit  of  President 
Davis — Tho  Laat  Conllict— Assassinatiou  of  President  Lincoln — At- 
tempt to  Murder  Mr.  Seward — Burial  of  Lincoln  —  Losses  of  the 
Armies  Estlmat.'l — Review  of  the  Union  Annies         .        .        .        . 


655 


CHAPTER    XXXII. 

Administuation  of  Andrew  Johnson  —  Proelamation  Concerning  tho 
South— Equal  Rights  for  Whites  and  Blacks- The  Test  Oath  Bill— 
Ameiidnient  of  the  Constitution- Conduct  of  Mr.  Seward  against  tho 
Einpeiorot  Mexico— Canada  Refuses  Mr.  Seward's  Demands — Pol- 
ley  of  the  President  on  tlie  Question  of  Civil  Rights  —  Convention 
of  tho  National  Union  Cluh  at  Phlladelpliia— Political  Quarrels— 
Irisli  American  Raid  upon  Canada — The  Fourteenth  Amendment — 
Proclamations  Regarding  Texas  and  tlie  Political  Rights  of  the  South 
—  Negotiations  for  the  Settlement  of  the  Alabama  Claims  —  Tho 
Mexican  Dillieulty  —  Impeaelimeut  of  the  President — Tho  Fifteenth 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution 599 

CHAPTER    XXXIII. 

Administration  of  Grant — Virginia.  Texas,  and  Mississippi- Congress 
Refuses  to  Acknowledge  a  Supreme  Being — Finances  of  the  Country 
— Panama  Ship  Canal— Progress  of  Reorganizing  tho  Soutli- Labor 
Movements  —  Proclamation  Relative  to  the  Franco-German  W"ar  — 
Revocati(m  of  Sliipjdng  Lleeufca  by  Canada — The  Alabama  Claims 
Again— Patrons  of  Ilualiandry — Seizure  of  the  ViiyiiUiis — Labor  Klots 
— Financial  Discussions  In  Congress 603 

CHAPTER    XXXIV. 

Genekal  Summary— Education,  Commerce,  ami  Navigation — Agrlcul- 
cidture  —  .Mannfaetures  —  Cotton,  Mining,  Railroads,  and  Canals  — 
Immigration— Population— Religion— i'elegraplis  — Postal  Service — 
Ncwsiiapcrs— Gold— The  Public  Debt 609 


NARRATIVE  OF  THE   INDIAN  WARS  IN 
NEW   ENGLAND. 


Preface 


633 


CHAPTER    I. 


iNTRODrcTioN- First  Settlement  of  New  England— Conference  and  Con- 
cluaion  of  Peace  with  the  Indians— Treaeherj'  of  the  Pequods— Fight 
witii  the  Colonists  In  lli:!0— Visit  of  Mlantonimo,  Sachem  of  tlie  Nar- 
ragansetts,  to  Boston- Captain  Mason's  Report  of  an  Attack  on  Mi- 
antonimo— Final  Is^-uc  of  the  Pcquod  War— Massassolt's  League  with 
the  English  at  Plymouth- Covenunt  of  Philip,  Chief  Sachem  of  Pa- 
kanoket— Renewed  Treaelierics  and  Breacii  of  Treaty  Engagements 
— New  Agreement  with  tlie  Narragansetts— Hostages  given  for  tlielr 
Good  Behaviour— Occupation  of  tlie  Plvmoutli  Forces — P^xpedition 
to  the  Indian  Settlements  on  the  Merr'imac — Perlidy  of  the  Nipnet 
Indians— .\lllaneo  with  the  Peqiiods- Incidents  in  the  War— Mur- 
ders fif  Women  and  Children— Desperate  C'onlilet  witli  tlie  Narra- 
ganselt*- SulTeringa  of  the  Colonists  and  their  Allies— Destruction  of 
Lancaster— Attack  on  Groton  and  Other  Places— Amnesly  olTered  liy 
Proclamations  at  Boston— Peraistence  of  Philip  in  the  War— Sulter- 
Inga  from  Drought— Great  Fire  at  Boston 

CHAPTER    II. 

The  War  from  Piseatacpia  to  Pemmaquid— Causes  of  the  Disturbauco — 

Barbarous  Conduct  at  Oyster  Bay  —  Att.ack  upon  the  Colonists  at 

Salmon  Falls — Remarknlife  Kscape  of  Antiiony  Bracket  and  ills  Wife 

— Indian  Suriirises  of  the  Settlcra— History  of  Fruiieis  Card— Jcdin 

'aino 


023 


601 


KING    PHILIP'S  WAR. 


To  tue  Reader 


680 


i  CHAPTER    I. 

SETTi.FMrNT  of  Mr.  Church— His  Ditllenlties  with  the  Natives— Assault 
I  upon  the  Settlement— Indian  Prisoners  Sold  as  Slaves — Strategy  of 
I  tlio  King— Comniiasion  to  Captain  Cliureh— Intcrcating  Details  ol 
j  tlie  War — Sucecsscs  against  the  Eiu'iuy 681 

j  CHAPTER  II. 
The  History  Coutlnned— Tho  Council  of  War  to  Captain  Chnrch— 
Geneial  Instructions— The  First  Kxpedltioii  East— Captain  Church's 
Report  to  the  Governor  and  Council  of  .Maasachusetls— The  Second 
Expedition— Ollleial  Reports— The  Third  Kxpedition— OIHcial  Docu. 
menis  and  Reports— The  Fourth  Expedition  I'roeecdinga  of  .Major 
Cliureh- The  Fiflli  and  La  t  F.xpcdition— Ollldal  Letlcrs  and  In- 
strnetions— Details  of  the  Expedition 698 


'11 


BIOGRAPHIES 


OF  THE 


EARLY     DISCOVERERS 


1  y  J  K  U  E  M  V   U  K  I.  K  N  A  P  ,    I).  D 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  editor  oT  this  work  hcliovos  tlmt  a  people  wlio  liave  patronised  tlioso  publications  wliicli  treat  of  otiicr  countries,  would  readily  cu- 
courapc  one  tliat  was  altosrollier  devoted  to  our  own  country.  We  have  general  and  partirulii  histories,  many  of  tlieni  ai)ouudinj;  in  ex- 
cellent matter  ;  but  as  yet  wc  have  no  booli  of  reference  on  subjects  relating  eiitirely  to  America.  Almon  pultlislicd  in  England  during 
the  revolutionary  war  his  "  Ri;MKMnR.v.\cKn,"  a  collection  of  facts  in  regard  to  that  conflict,  remarkable  for  candor  and  correctness  ;  but 
this  is  out  of  print.  The  next  hook  of  reference  is  Nii.F.s'  Rkcistkr:  the  public  are  much  indebted  to  this  indefatigable  and  able  editor 
fjr  ids  iiistorical  treasures,  wliidi  are  truly  great ;  but  his  |)(!riodical,  on  account  of  the  expense,  cannot  circulate  so  generally  as  to  dif- 
fuse the  intelligence  tliat  it  contains  among  all  classes  ;  and  he  has  not,  from  the  pressure  of  passing  events,  gone  uuicli  into  our  early  an- 
nals. The  intention  of  the  editor  of  tliis  work  is  plainly  this — to  search,  with  competent  assistance,  the  records  of  the  discovery  and  set- 
tlement of  this  country,  and  to  give  in  a  cheap  but  handsome  form  the  rich  materials  that  are  to  be  found  scattered  throughout  the  United 
States.  lie  will  commence  his  labors  with  the  lives  of  the  early  adventurers  wlio  explored  unknown  countries,  and  particularly  this. — 
Tiiere  is  a  direct  connexion  between  them,  if  some  only  prepared  the  way  for  others.  We  tbcroforo  shall  present  the  whole  chain  of 
events  which  have  operated  in  any  way  to  our  existence  and  welfare  as  a  people.  Chronology  has  been  called  the  eye  of  history,  and  we 
shall  bo  careful  to  give  correct  dates  for  all  the  incidents  wo  enumerate.  Going  back  to  the  fountains  of  our  history,  wo  shall  follow  the 
Etrcams  to  the  piesent  time,  in  order  that  our  readers  may  have  a  panoramic  view,  as  it  were,  of  all  that  regards  our  origin,  progress,  and 
present  situation.  Our  distinguished  minds  in  everj'  age  of  our  history  shall  not  be  forgotten,  and,  when  practicable,  somes  of  their  men- 
tal efl()rts  shall  be  furnished  the  reader.  The  reader  need  not  fear  that  the  subject  will  be  soon  exhausted  ;  for  Time,  who  destroys  all 
thiuL's  else,  makes  new  matter  for  the  historian,  not  only  in  the  birth  of  events,  but  in  opening  the  long  hidden  mines  of  knowledge.  The 
writer  from  whose  works  these  biocraphies  were  taken,  deserves  the  title  of  the /flMcr  (i/,'J;HC(ir«« /i(!,7on/.  lie  was  a  man  of  genius,  ii 
scholar  of  extensive  erudition,  a  divine  of  a  holy  life,  and  a  lover  of  his  country,  lie  estal)lished  a  historical  society,  and  produced  several 
historical  works.  He  wrote  with  a  more  polished  pen  than  his  cotemporaries,  and  showed  them  the  worth  of  historical  knowledge,  and  at 
the  same  time  gave  tliem  an  example  of  the  manner  in  which  history  should  be  written.  The  name  of  Jeremy  Belknap,  D.  D.,  is  sponsor 
for  all  that  lias  been  said,  and  more.  This  creat  historian  did  not  live  to  fill  up  his  outline,  which  embraced  "adventurers,  statesmen, 
philosophers,  divines,  warriors,  authors,  and  other  remarkable  characters,  comprehending  a  recital  of  the  events  connected  with  their  lives 
and  actions  ;"  what  has  been  done,  is  well  done — and  we  shall  sup|)ly  a  portion  of  the  deficiency  from  other  sources.  In  fine,  we  shall  use 
every  exertion  to  make  the  work,  if  encourasrenuMit  is  given  to  the  undertakinsr,  a  valuable  collection  of  American  history,  biogrnpliv,  elo- 
quence, polite  literature,  science,  and  statistics — interspersed  with  anecdotes  of  olden  lime,  and  of  reviilutionary  days,  to  amuse  as  well  as 
to  instriu't  the  reader.  In  our  history  we  shall  comedown  to  the  present  time  without  a  particle  of  party  spirit,  and  strive  to  give  a  true 
record  of  events  as  they  have  or  may  occur.  There  is  an  advantage  in  many  respects  in  this  method  of  presenting  history  and  polite  lit- 
erature to  the  pulilic,  as  weiiave  au  opportunity  of  being  optimists,  and  selertini;  that  which  will  make  the  strongest  impression  on  the  mind  of 
the  rea.ier.  There  are  epochs  in  our  history  which  have  not  often  been  distinctly  marked  by  writers.  We  shall  endeavor  to  point  them  out. 
There  is  a  philosophy  of  history  which  sliould  be  studied  while  wt;  are  endeavoring  to  fix  the  facts  in  our  nu-mory.  Cause  and  elTect  have 
iie  same  connexion  in  tlie  growth  of  a  nation  as  in  that  of  a  blade  of  grass,  and  are  much  more  clearly  open  to  our  investigation. 


BIRON. 

BlBON,  a  native  of  Norway— His  (li-irnvprv  nf  Irrlanil  nntl 
OrpoiilsnU-An  nrr.ounl  nf  liis  voyas,'*' — Characlfr  und  op- 
Iiparancocf  tlic  rmlivps. 

Tn«  anricnl  inlnliilants  of  Norwav  onil  Denmark, 
roileclivplv  taknn,  were  distiiiuiiislict!  liy  tiio  name  of 
iVoriJKin.f.  Tlieir  silnation  ncir  the  roast  of  llic  sra.  nml 
llie  uvlvantagts  wliidi  that  eleinent  presented  to  llicm 

2 


bryonJ  al!  which  they  could  ciprct.  from  a  rongh  soil, 
in  a  coUI  climate,  led  them  at  en  early  period  to  the 
srienro  and  practice  of  nnviyation.  'I'hoy  built  their 
vpsmlrt  with  the  hcst  of  oak,  and  constnioted  tlicrn  in 
5urh  a  m.inner  as  to  rnrounter  the  storms  and  billows 
of  iho  northern  ocean.  Tbev  covert. d  ihcin  with  decks 
ntid  fiirni-hed  them  with  Iiit.di  forecastles  and  Hlcrna. 
They  :nadu  urc  of  sads  as  well  as  oars,  and  bad  learn- 


ed to  trim  their  sails  to  the  wind,  in  almost  any  diroc- 
tion.  In  tliese  arts,  of  building  siii))s  and  of  navi^itinn, 
liioy  were  Huporior  to  the  people  horderinf,'  ontho  Me- 
diterranean sea,  who  depended  rhielly  on  their  onrfl 
and  used  sails  only  with  a  fair  wird. 

About  the  end  of  the  ei'^hlb  and  be^inninjp  ©f  tho 
ninth  centurv.  the  Normans  made  themRelvrs  fRniou:4 
by  their  predatory  excursions.  Kngland,  Scoltiuid,  lio- 


am 


I 


AMERICA  N    11  I  ST  OK  Y. 


I    !: 


land,  tho  Orkney  and  Slicttand  istandn,  wpre  objcclBof 
their  depredutior.A  ;  and  in  onu  uf  (iK-ir  |nmti(-al  vx\k'- 
ditiuiis,  A.  I).  H<U,  (liuy  diHcDvcred  an  inlund,  v%liuh 
from  its  lofty  nmtintiiirts,  covcrtd  with  ico  unil  snuvv, 
obtained  iliti  nuiiie  of  Iceland.  In  a  few  ycarrt  ultcr 
they  planted  a  colony  tlit*re,  vvliicli  wiis  cnniinuully  auij- 
inentcd  by  ini^ratlons  I'runi  llie  noi;^lil)orin<r  ctiuntru'^. 
Wilhin  llic  8|)ftcc  of  thirty  years  HSU,  u  new  country  hi- 
tUBle  to  tilt)  weat,  was  discovered,  at.J  from  us  verdnro 
during  the  suininer  months,  received  the  name  of  ii'ccn- 
iand.  This  was  deemed  so  importunl  un  ucquisition, 
that,  under  tho  condncl  of  Kkic  Kauhk  or  Red  Hkau,  a 
Danish  chief,  it  was  noon  peopled. 

Tho  cin. grants  to  thi'«e  new  regions  were  still  in- 
flamed w^tli  tlio  passion  for  adventure  and  discovery. 
An  Icelander  of  tho  name  Heiuolk  and  hissun  Bikon* 
made  I  voyago  every  year  to  diirerent  countries  for  the 
aakcot  iradie.  About  the  beginning  of  the  Hlh  cen- 
tury lOUl.  their  ships  were  separated  hy  a  storm. 
When  IJiron  arrived  in  Norway,  he  heard  tliat  liia  fa- 
ther wai  {{ono  to  GreiMdand,  and  he  vosulvcd  to  follow 
him :  Uit  another  storm  drove  him  to  tho  soulhwest, 
where  h«  discovered  a  Hat  country,  free  from  rocks, 
but  c'jvorcd  with  thick  woods,  and  an  island  near  the 
roast. 

He  madn  no  longer  slay  at  either  of  these  places 
than  till  the  storm  abated  ;  when  by  a  northeast  course 
he  hasted  to  Greenland.  Tlie  discovery  was  no  sooner 
known  there,  than  Lkik  (he  son  ol  Kitic,  who,  tike  his 
father,  had  a  strong  de^iire  to  acquire  gtoiy  by  adven- 
tures, equipped  a  vessel,  carrying  twenty-five  men  ; 
aiid  taking  Uiron  for  his  pilot,  sailed  in  1UU2,  in  search 
of  the  new  country. 

His  course  was  southwest.  On  the  first  land  which 
he  saw,  he  found  nothing  but  flat  ro'.-ks  and  ice,  with- 
out any  verdure.  He  therelbre  gave  it  the  name  of 
Hcllcland,  which  sijxnilies  rocky.  Afterwords  he  caine 
to  a  level  slioie,  without  any  rocks,  but  overgrown  with 
woods,  and  the  sand  was  remarkably  white  This  he 
named  Marklund  or  woody.  Two  days  after,  he  saw 
land  a^ain,  and  an  island  lying  before  the  norlhern 
coast  of  it.  Hero  he  tirst  landed  :  and  thence  sailing 
westward,  round  a  point  of  land,  found  a  creek  or  ri- 
ver into  which  the  ship  entered. 

On  the  banks  of  this  river,  were  bushes  bearing 
swe.ct  berries  ;  tho  air  was  mild,  the  soil  fertile,  and  the 
fiver  well  stored  with  fish  anions;  which  were  very  fine 
ftalmon.  At  the  head  of  this  riv<  r  was  a  lake,  on 
the  shore  of  which  they  resolved  ;■)  pass  the  winter, 
and  erectfd  liuis  for  their  accommodation.  One  of 
their  company,  a  (leriaan  named  'lyrker  having  strag- 
gled into  thu  woods,  touiid  ^'rapcs  ;  trom  winch  he 
told  them,  that  in  his  couniry,  they  made  wnic. 
From  this  nrcumstanco,  Leif  the  commander  of  the 
party,  called  the  place  Winiand  dat  (judc,  tlie  Good 
Wine  Country. 

An  intercourse  being  tlius  opened  between  Green- 
land and  Winiand,  several  voya;:es  were  made,  and 
the  new  country  was  further  explored.  Many  islands 
were  found  near  the  coopI,  but  not  a  human  creature 
was  seen  till  thu  'Jiird  duinmer,  llKtl,  wiien  three  boats 
constructed  with  ribs  of  bone,  fastened  with  thongs  or 
twig«  and  covered  with  skins,  each  boat  containing 
three  nien,  made  their  appearance.  Truin  the  diminu- 
tive size  of  these  people,  the  Normans  deiiominalid 
them  ScTiLhui^s*  and  inhumanly  kilhrd  them  all  but 
one  ;  wltu  escaped  and  collected  a  large  niimher  of  Ins 
countrymen,  to  make  an  uttack  o\\  tlieir  invaders.  Thu 
Nonnans  defended  their  ships  with  so  much  spirit  tliat 
the  assailant!?  were  uhligod  to  retire. 

After  this,  a  colony  ot  Normans  went  and  bettled 
tt  Winiand,  carrying  on  a  barter  trade  with  the  Mcrx'- 
lings  for  furs  ;  but  a  controversy  arose  in  the  colony, 
which  induced  some  to  return  tu  Greenland.  'I'he 
Others  dispersed  and  nux.  d  among  the  Scrielings. 

In  the  next  century,  li21,  Eric,  bishop  of  fireen- 
land,  went  to  Winiand,  wi  h  a  benevolent  design  to  re- 
cover and  convert  hiscoumrymen  who  had  dt-generated 
into  savages.  This  prelate  never  returned  to  Greenland  ; 
nor  was  any  thing  more  lit>ard  of  Winiand,  for  several 
centuries. 

This  account  of  the  discovery  of  Winiand  is  tsken 
from  Pontoppidan's  History  of  Norway,  Crantz's 
History  of  Greenland,  and  ^  late  History  of  Northern 
Voyages,  by  Dr.  John  Kcmhold  Forster.  The  facts 
are  said  to  have  been  collected  from  a  "  great  num- 
ber of  Icelandic  Manuscripts  by  Thormond  Thor- 
foeus,  Adam  von   Bremen,  Arngrim  Jonas  and  many 


*  His  name  is  sj)i.-lled  by  dinureiit  auUiuru  Jiiron,  Biom,  Hi 
irm,  and  iliacrn. 
I  Cut  MJCka,  chips— dwarfs 


other  writers,  bo  that  it  in  hardly  posHiblit  to  entertain 
the  least  doubt  conccmmg  the  uulhenticity  of  the  re- 
lation. 

l*onloppidan  says  **  that  they  could  see  the  sun  full 
six  hours  in  tho  shortrMt  day  ;  but  Crantz  tells  us  that 
*'  the  sun  ro^e  on  the  ^llllrtecl  day  at  <  ighl  of  the  clock," 
and  I'orsur  that  "  the  sun  was  eight  hours  a!M)\e  the 
horizon,*'  from  which  he  cuncludeH  that  Winiand  must 
be  found  in  the  'lUlli  degree  of  nortlu  rn  latitude  ;  and 
from  Its  being  in  a  sonlhwestcrly  direction  from  (ireen- 
laiid,  he  supposes  that  it  is  either  a  part  of  Newfound- 
land or  come  place  on  the  northcin  euast  of  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  ;  but  whether  grapes  are  found  in  eiilier 
of  those  countries  he  cannot  say.  However,  he  seems 
so  fully  persuaded  ol  the  facts,  that  he  gives  it  as  his 
opinion,  that  the  Normans  were,  strictly  speaking,  the 
lirst  discoverers  of  America,  nearly  five  centuries  before 
Columbus. 

From  a  careful  perusal  of  the  first  accounts  of  New- 
foundland, preserved  by  those  painful  colleclorH  Hak- 
luyi  and  I*urchas,  and  of  other  memoirs  respecting  that 
island  and  the  coast  of  Labrador  ;  and  from  inspecting 
the  most  approved  maps  of  those  regions,  particularly 
one  in  the  American  Atlas,  delineated  agreeably  to  the 
actual  surveys  of  (he  late  celebrated  navigator,  Caj)t. 
James  Cook,  the  following  observations  occur. 

On  the  N.  K.  part  of  Newfoundland,  which  is  most 
directly  accessible  fiom  Greenland,  tliere  is  a  lung 
range  of  coast,  in  \\hich  are  two  bavs,  the  one  callid 
Ciander  bay,  and  tho  other  the  Hay  of  Lxploiis.  lie- 
fore  the  mouth  of  the  former,  among  nianv  smaller, 
there  lies  one  large  island,  called  Fogo  ;  and  iiehire  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  another  called  the  New  World. 
Filher  of  these  will  sulliciently  answer  to  the  situation 
described  in  the  account  of  Uiron's  second  voyage. 
Into  eacit  of  tliese  bays,  runs  a  river,  which  has  Us 
head  in  a  lake,  and  both  these  laked  lie  in  the  4Uth  de- 
gree of  north  latitude. 

The  earliest  accounts  of  Newfoundland  after  its 
discovery  and  the  establishment  of  a  tisliery  on  its 
co:ist,  have  respect  cinetly  to  the  lands  about  Trinity 
and  (.'onceiition  Hays,  between  the  parallels  of  'id 
and  'ly"^.  These  laiiils  are  represented  as  producing 
straw lieiries,  whortlel:erne8,  raspberries,  pears,  wild 
clurries,  and  liazel  nuis,  in  very  great  plenty.  The 
rivers  are  said  tu  have  been  wt  II  stored  with  salmon 
and  trout.  The  natives,  who  inhabited  a  bay  lying 
to  the  northward  of  Trinity,  and  came  occasiunally  thi- 
ther in  their  canoes,  are  descnticd  as  broad  linasted 
and  upright,  with  black  eyes,  and  without  biards  :  the 
hair  on  tiieir  heads  was  of  dill'crent  colours  ;  some  had 
tiliick,  some  brown,  and  others  yt?llo^v.  in  lUm  variety 
tiny  dilfered  from  the  other  savages  ofNorth  America, 
who  have  uniformly  black  hair,  unless  it  be  grown  gray 
Willi  age. 

The  climate  is  represented  as  more  mild  in  the  win- 
ter than  that  of  England  ;  but  much  lv.  ler  in  the 
spring,  by  reason  of  the  vast  i^l.inds  of  ice,  which  are 
driven  into  the  bays  or  grounded  on  the  batiks. 

On  ihe  noriheaslern  coast  of  Laluailor,  helwcen  the 
latitudes  of  53  and  .'^ti^,  are  many  excellent  harbors 
and  islands.  The  seas  are  full  of  cud,  the  rivers 
abound  with  salmon  ;  and  the  climate  is  said  to  be 
more  iniid  than  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Nothing  IS  said  in  any  uf  these  accounts  uf  vines 
or  grapes,  excepting  that  some  which  were  hruught 
from  England  had  thriven  well.  If  any  evidence  can 
be  drawn  Irom  the  comparison  between  llie  countries  uf 
Newfound'and  and  New'-Englaiul  it  may  be  observed 
that  all  the  abuve  menliuned  Iruits  and  berries  arc 
found  m  the  norihern  and  eastern  parts  of  New-Eng- 
land as  far  as  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  latitudes  uf  44 
and  45*"  ;  and  that  grajtus  {vttis  valpma,  vitts  val- 
/nuscUy)  are  known  to  gr.vv  wherever  these  iruits  are 
I'ound. 

Du  Moots  in  bis  vo'  ^e  to  Acadia,  in  16U8,  speaks 
of  grapes  in  several  p. aces  ;  and  they  were  in  such 
pleiily  on  the  isle  of  Orleans  in  lat.  4?'''  that  it  was  tirst 
ailed  the  island  oi  Uuechus.^  Tliough  there  is  no  direct 
and  positive  teslimuny  oi  grapes  in  tlie  inland  of  New* 
luundland,  it  is  by  no  means  tube  concluded  that  there 
were  none.  Nor  is  it  improbable  that  grapes,  though 
once  found  there,  inigiit  liavc  been  so  scanx',  as  not  tu 
merit  notice,  in  such  general  descriptions,  as  were 
given  by  the  lirst  English  adventurers. 

The  distance  between  Greenland  and  Newfoundland 
is  not  greater  than  between  Iceland  and  Norway  ;  and 
there  could  be  no  more  ditliculty  in  navigating  the  west- 


I  ern  than  tho  raslem  \ATta  of  the  norlhctn  occon,  with 

I  such  vessi'ls  as  were  then  in  use,  nnJ  ty  such  seatnoD 
!  ay  the  Normans  are  said   to  have  been;  though  they 
knew  nulhing  of  the  magiielic  needle. 

I'pon  the  whole,  ihouLih  we  can  come  to  no  pOMitive 
conclusion  in  a  (pn  stiun  of  such  remote  antiiiuity  ; 
yet  iht  re  are  many  cirenmslanees  to  confirm,  and  none 
to  disprove  the  relation  given  of  the  voyages  of  Uiron. 
Unt  if  It  be  allowed  (hat  he  is  entitled  to  the  honour  of 
having  discovered  Ainerira  before  ("olumbus,  yel  thia 
discovery  cannot  in  the  le-isl  deinict  irom  the  merit  cf 
that  celebrated  navigator.  Fur  tin  re  is  no  reason  to 
suppose  that  Cniuinbus  had  any  knowledge  uf  the  Nor* 
man  ducovcries  ;  which  long  belure  his  time  were  for* 
gotten,  and  would  perhaps  never  have  been  recollected 
il  he  had  not  by  the  astonishing  exertions*  of  his  genius 
and  Ills  pcrseverin'g  industry,  elVected  a  discovery  o! 
this  conlineiit,  in  a  climale  more  friendly  to  the  views 
of  eonimeicial  adventurers. 

Even  (iretnland  itself,  in  iho  fifteenth  century,  wni 
known  to  the  Dam  s  and  Normans  only  by  the  name  of 
lust  Greenland  ;  and  they  did  not  recover  their  know- 
ledge of  it,  till  after  the  English  had  ascertained  lis  ex- 
istence by  their  voyages  to  discover  a  norlhwesl  pass- 
age to  the  Facilic  Ocean,  and  the  Dutch  had  coasted  it 
in  pursuing  uf  whales. 

M  A  D  O  C  . 

MxDoe,  TriiicR  uf  WaU's— lli.i  fuppnsiMl  tli.^cnvcry  of  Auiccli'a 
—All  jtL'Cimiil  of  liis  Vtiyai-M!  tr.xaimncd — The  inipMibalfilil/ 
(if  liirt  hiippiiscililiM  iivi-r)  bIiiiwh. 

Tins  person  is  supposed  to  have  discDvcred  Ameri- 
ca, and  bruught  a  cohmy  of  his  countrymen  hither,  be- 
hire  the  discovery  niiide  by  (.'uhimbus.  The  story  of 
his  emigration  Irom  Wales  is  thus  related  by  Ilakluyt, 
who.^e  tiook  wasfir.->t  published  m  1581>,  and  u  secuni 
edition  of  it  m  10(10. 

"The  voyage  of  Madoc,  (he  son  of  Owen  Gwyn- 
neih,  prince  of  Nurlli  Wales,  to  the  West  Indies  m 
the  year  lIiO,  taken  out  uf  the  History  of  Wales, 
lately  published  by  M.  David  I'owel,  Doctor  of  Divi- 
nitie."' 

''After  the  dtath  of  Owen  Gwynneth,  hi-  sons  fell 
at  deb.ite  who  .-iuiuld  luherit  alter  him.  Fur  the  eldest 
suit  born  in  in-iiiiniuny,  Edwanlur  lorwirih  Drwydion, 
was  couiile<i  iiimieet  to  govern,  because  ul  tin:  maiiiie 
upon  his  face,  and  lluwel,  that  took  upon  Inm  Bi\ 
the  riili',  was  a  ba.se  son  begotten  of  an  Irish  woman. 
'I'lierel'ore,  David  gathered  all  the  power  he  could  and 
cainr  against  llowel,  and  tigliling  with  hiin,  slew  him  ; 
and  alltrward  enjoyid  ijUiL-tly  ihe  whclu  land  of  North 
^^  ale:<,  until  hs  lirotlier  lurwerth's  sun  came  to  age. 

"  Maiuk-,  another  ut  Ow  en  (iwynnetii  Ins  suns  telt  the 
bnd  in  contentiuu  between  his  bietliren,  and  prepared 
certain  ships  with  iiKMi  and  nuinitiun,  and  sought  adven- 
tures by  sea.  sailing  irmt,  and  leaving  the  coast  ol  Ire- 
land su  far  norlh  thai  he  eaine  to  aland  unk:iown,  where 
he  saw  many  si  range  things. 

'•  This  hi:id  must  needs  be  some  part  of  that  country 
of  whicli  thu  Spaniards  atlirni  themselves  to  be  the  first 
(indeis  since  llanno's  lime.  ["For  by  reason  and  order 
of  eosriiographie,  this  lanil  to  the  wiiich  Madoc  came, 
must  ni:cd»  be  some  part  of  Nova  llispania  or  Florida.] 
Whereiipun  it  is  manliest  that  that  couniry  was  long 
[behirej  by  Hritains  discovered,  aioro  [either]  Colum- 
bus [ur  Americus  \  espuiiusj  led  any  Spaniards 
tiiilher. 

"  Of  the  voyage  and  return  of  that  Madoc  there  be 
manv  fables  i^.'igued,  as  the  common  people  do  use,  in 
distance  of  place  and  length  uf  lime,  rather  to  augment 
than  dnuniisli,  bill  sure  if  ts  t/iu(  llurc  he  was.  And  lif- 
ter he  had  returned  home  and  declared  the  pleasant 
and  truitfiil  countries  ihat  he  iiad  seen  withuut  iiihabi 
laijts  ;  and  upon  llie  cuntrary  pari,  tur  what  wild  and 
barren  (^.ound  his  brethrin  and  nephews  did  murthcr 
one  anoiher,  he  prepared  a  number  uf  ships  and  got 
with  luin  such  men  and  women  as  were  desiruus  to 
live  in  (lUietnctiS  ;  und  taking  leave  of  his  friends,  took 
hid  journey  thitherwards  again. 

"  Therelbre  it  is  to  be  presupposed,  th&t  he  and  his 
pcojde  inhabited  part  of  those  countries  ;  for  it  appcur- 
elh,  by  Francis  Lopez  dc  (ioinara,  that  in  Acuzamd, 
and  other  places,  the  people  iionored  the  cross.  Whero- 
by  it  may  he  gathered,  that  Christians  had  been  thcro 
before  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards.  But  because  this 
peojilc  were  not  many,  they  followed  the  vxannera  qI 
the  land  they  came  to,  and  used  the  lani^uage  the/ 
found  there. 


■•viS 


:»* 


1 


Il  i-^  alHd  :>ai>l   lliiU  Mr.   Kills  inrt  with  tlit:  vine  abnul  the 
EiiL'li.shricitk'iiieiitK  ill  lluils'iit'd  liny,  and  cuiiipar*;.-*  (he  I'ritit  ti 

il  tu  the  currants  uf  llie  ievant-  Morae's  Un.  Ueu.  rul-  i.  y,  64. 


♦  Til.'  wnnls  itiiidtleii  in  climirhita  [  ]  are  cimitled  io  ib^ 
iecuiid  eitiiiuii  uf  Ijuttluyi's  vuya^ud 


northern  ocean,  with 

,  uriJ  iy  such  ■eainDO 
('  httn  ;  ilioiigU  ihiy 
idle. 

II  come  to  tio  poNitive 
jh  rt'inoli)  aiitujiiity  ; 
I  In  cotitinn,  and  none 
tlic  voyii^pM  of  Uiron. 
litlt'd  to  iliit  honour  of 
c  Cohiiiihus,  yet  lliii 
met  Iroiii  (lie  merit  cf 
till  re  IB  no  reusoii  to 
knowledge  of  the  Nor- 
ore  his  tune  were  for* 
liiive  been  recotlcctcd 
xerlioiijtof  his  gcniu4 
Heeled  u  dttti-o\ery  ol 
'.'  friendly  to  tiie  view» 

:iflecnth  century,  wsi 
lis  only  by  ihu  iiiiinc  of 
I  recover  iheir  know- 
lad  ascerlanii'd  its  ex- 
kcr  a  noillirtL'f*!  paas- 
:  Uiitcli  had  euatded  it 


nciI  (Ijscnvi'ry  of  Aiiii''"li'« 
iiicil—Tliu  iiiii<iubal>ilii/ 

ve  diBC3vered  Aineri- 
oinilryinen  liilher,  be- 
nibud.  The  siory  of 
\s  rclafed  by  llakl'uyt, 
1  l5tiU,  and  u  secoiii 

son   of  Owen  Gwyn- 

I  liic  West  Indies  in 
lie  liislory  of  W'uleg, 
)wcl,  Doctor  of  Divi- 

wynneth,  his  sons  fell 

*  hnii.      l''or  the  ildest 

)r  loiwcriii  brwydion, 

fccaiisi;  uf  liie  niuiine 

It  louk  upon  bun  ad 

of  ini  Irit-h  woiiuin. 

]).)wtr  liu  cuuld  and 

wiUi  liiMi,  .''It-w  hini  ; 

\viicl(j  land  uf    >.orlb 

s  son  came  to  n^e. 

ineth  hit>!>ons  It'll  iho 

eUiien,  and  iirepured 

)n,  and  bon^lit  adveu- 

ilie  cod.st  ul  Ire- 

and  unknown,  where 

purtof  lliat  country 
isilveh  to  bo  iho  first 
hv  reason  and  order 
which  Madoc  came, 
li>pania  or  Tlorida.] 
.a  Luuiiliy  was  long 
lore  teiiher]  Coknii- 
Htd     any     Spaniards 

Itliat  Madoc  ihere  be 
Ion  [iruple  do  usv,  in 

rather  loangnient 
I  re  he  ifiis.  And  ;if- 
[ciarcd  the  pleasant 

.'11  without  miiabi 
Ifor  wiiat  wild  and 
||  liews  did  murchcr 
Tr  of  ships  and  ^rot 
Is  were  desirou:}  tn 
]  of  his  friends,  took 

\A,  th&t  he  and  his 
Irtes  ;  for  it  appfar- 
,  (hat  in  Acuzaiiid, 
J  the  cross.  Whero- 
|ans  had  been  thero 
But  because  this 
led  the  manners  of 
Ithc  language  thoy 


J  are  omitted  in  ihi» 


niOORAlMFIES    OF   TIIK   TARLY    DISOOVKUEUS. 


n 


'■A 


I 


"Tlii"  Mmliir  nrriviiijr  in  lliat  wi'.-Iitii  nuiiilry  nil- 
to  the  wliifli  ho  cunii' in  till' year  1 1  TO,  li'll  iiiuhI  nt 
liU  |ipiipii'  lliiTO,  iiiiil  ri'liirniiiii  biiik  f.ir  iiinri'  ol  lii» 
own  iiiitiiin,  nc'i|u;iiiilaiK'o  uiiil  IriciHlK,  In  iiilmliil  llial 
liiir  iiiiil  liir;!t' couiilry,  wi'ht  lliillicr  a^ain,  «illi  lin 
Haila,  an  1  linil  niilnl  hy  (iiilyii  Owen.  I  am  ipI  ippiii- 
ion  lliat  llin  lam!  wliiTi'ln  he  came,  was  Kinic  pari  of 
Mexico  ;*  llic  ciuisea  wliiili   iiiaku   Ine  lliiiik    ho  lie 

1.  •' The  common  report  of  Iho  Itihiiliilmils  of  llml 
country,  whieli  nlUrnilliat  tlioir  rnliTH  ilewenileil  from 
u  slniniio  naliiin,  llvalranin  tliiliier  from  af.ir  ronntry  ; 
which  lliini;  ia  ooMlesBe<l  liy  Mulezuma,  Kiim  of  lliat 
country,  in  an  oraliun  inailo  for  ijuieliiij!  of  his  peoph' 
nt  hid  anIimii'Kion  lo  Iho  Kiiij;  of  ('aslile;  Hernando 
Corte/.  liein^r  ihen  present,  which  is  hiiil  ihiwii  in  Ihe. 
Spanish  clirunich'S  of  llie  uomiuest  of  Ihe  West  In- 
dies. 

2.  '•The  llrilish  words  and  names  of  phices  used 
in  that  country  even  lo  this  day  do  aryuo  the  same  ; 
na  when  they  talk  limether.  Ihey  nselhi'  word  (I'lcrau- 
dii,  whicli  is  hearken,  or  lislen.  Aifo  they  have  a  cer- 
tain bird  Willi  a  irhilc  head,  which  lliey  call  pni^uiii, 
that  is  while  heail.  Hut  the  islanil  of  Vnrrmmi.  the 
river  id' ^'"V.»/..r,  and  Ihe  while  rock  i>(  J'tiiiii/uii. 
which  he  ail  Dritishor  Welch  words,  ilo  maiiife.sily 
show  llial  it  was  that  country,  which  Maduc  and  his 
jM'opli*  iidiahiled  " 

"  Cariniiia  Meredith  filii  Khesi  menlioneni  facicn- 
tia  lie  Madoco  I'dio  Ovveiii  (iwyiinedd  ct  do  sua  lia- 
viijalione  in  terras  inco;;iiitas.  Vixit  hie  Meredith  cir- 
cilcr  aniniiii  iJoinini,  HIT. 

Madoc  wyf,  iinvyedic  wedd 
lawn  1,'enall,  Owen  (iwynedd, 
Ni  I'ynwm  dir,  fy  tiiaid  mild 
Na  da  iiiawr,  oiid  y  morocdd. 
Those  verses  I  received  of  my    IcariicJ   friend,    M, 
William  Camden. 

THE  SAME  IN  FXOI.ISII. 

"Mndoc  I  am  iho  sun  of  Owen  Cwyiinodd, 

Wiih  siaiure  lame  and  conielv  ltiut  adorned. 

No  lands  al  home,  nor  .store  oi  wealth  me  pleifc, 

My  mind  was  wliulo  lo  aeurcli  the  Ocean  seas. 

In  this  extract  from  Ilakluyt  Is  conlained  all  the 
orii,'iual  information  which  I  have  heen  aide  to  find  re- 
fpel'liug  Ihe  KuppiLsed  discovery  of  America  liy  the 
Welch."  The  account  itself  is  confused  and  contra- 
dictory. The  coimlry  discovered  hy  Madoc  is  said 
lobe  "  without  iiihahilanls  ;  and  yet  the  people  whom 
ho  carried  thilher  "  followed  Ihe  manners  of  the  land, 
and  used  the  lani;nai;e  Ihey  found  there."  Tlioiii;li 
Ihe  Welch  emi^jrants  lost  their  lani;ua!;e,  yet  Ihe  au- 
thor allempts  to  prove  the  truth  of  his  story  hy  the 
preservation  of  several  Welch  words  in  Ihe  American 
tnnKuea.  Ainoiiu  these  he  is  unforlunate  in  the  choice 
of  "/ifH!,'«/ii  a  hird  wilh  a  vliilc  hriid  ;'  all  birds  of 
that  name  on  the  American  shores  having  black  or 
dark  brown  heads,  and  Ihe  name  jiciiffiiiu  is  said  lo 
have  been  originally  yituhic<;iitc,  from  their  excessive 
fatncsa. 

Amonif  the  proofs  whicli  some  bile  writers  have  ad- 
duced in  support  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Ma- 
doc is  Ibis,  that  a  lan^nal!c  rescmblini;tlH'  Welch  was 
spoken  by  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  North  Carolina,  and 
that  it  is  still  used  by  a  nation  siUiale  on  some  of  the 
weslern  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  If  that  part  of  ihe 
account  preserved  by  Hakhiyl  be  true,  that  ibe  Ian 
guaiie  was  lost,  it  is  in  vain  to  offer  an  ars?iinient  oi 
this  kind  in  support  of  the  trnlh  of  the  story,  but  a 
question  may  here  arise,  How  c.ivild  any  report  of  the 
loss  of  their  language  have  been  transmitled  to  Eu- 
rope at  so  early  a  period  ! 

An  altempt  has  lately  been  made  to  ascertain  the 
truth  of  this  piece  of  history  hy  Ur  .lohn  Williams,  I 
have  not  seen  the  book  ilseif,  but  it  the  critical  review- 
ers may  be  credited,  no  new  fads  have  been  adduced. 
It  is  remarked  hy  them,  that  "  if  Madoc  once  reached 
America,  it  isdiilicull  to  explain  how  he  could  relurii 
home,  and  it  would  be  more  iniproliable  that  ho  should 
arrive  in  America  a  second  timo  ;  of  which  there  ia  not 
the  slightest  evidence."  They  also  observe,  that  "  if 
Madoc  sailed  wettward  from  Wales,  thf;  currents 
would  rather  liave  carried  him  to  Nova  Scotia  than  to 
»hc  southward." 

ThoincntioniniT  of  Nova  Scotia  reminds  me  of  some 
words  in  the  native  language  of  that  country  which 
begin  wi'  two  syllahles  reseniblini;  the  name  of  Ma- 
doc.    A  sachein  of  the  I'enoh.seot  tribe  who   lived    in 

•  Inliio  fceoiiil  ediiiiin,  lliii  WDiii  '  Mexico'  is  rti.-iiigi'ii  l'.,r 
'  It.o  Went  IiiJ;cs ,'  aaU  tlio  iwo  fullowiiig  |iiirasrii|ilia  are 
omutoil 


the  end  id  the  last  and  in  the  beginning  of  Ihe  pres- 
eiil  cenlury  bore  the  name  of  Mitih<katt'ando.  A  vil- 
biL'e  on  rcnul'M-ot  ri\i'r  was  Miidutfuiif^rc.  One 
hraneli  of  Ibe  river  >St.  John,  which  runs  into  Ihe  bay 
ol  Fuiiila  IS  yUductiiik,  and  another  is  MfdiKxcftiirU' 
MIS.  Tin- adviieali's  of  this  opinion  may  avail  Ihcm- 
Kclve.i  as  far  as  ihey  can  of  tins  coincidence,  but  in 
my  iipprehension  il  is  too  precarious  to  he  the  hasia 
of  any  just  conclusion. 

Alter  all  lliat  has  been,  or  can  he  laid  on  the  sub- 
jecl,  wo  iiiiisl  observe  wilhlliecrilical  reviewers,  that  if 
"  Madoc  left  Wales  and  discovered  any  oilier  country 
il  must  always  remain  uncerlain  where  that  country 
is."  Dr.  lioberlson  thinks,  if  he  made  any  discovery 
at  all  it  might  be  .Madeira,  or  one  of  Iho  A/.ores. 

The  book  of  ]l,ikhiyt,  in  winch  the  original  story  ia 
preserved,  was  wrilleii  in  the  reign  of  Cjueen  Kli/a- 
lielli,  and  in  the  time  other  conlroversy  wilh  Spain. 
The  design  of  hia  bringing  tiirward  the  voyage  of  Ma- 
doc appears,  from  what  he  says  ol  Cohinibus,  lo  have 
been,  ihe  asserting  of  a  discovery  prior  lo  bis,  and  con- 
neipicnlty  Ihe  righl  ol  the  Crown  of  l-!iigl;uid  lo  the 
sovereignly  of  America  ;  a  point  at  llmt  lime  warmly 
contested  between  ihe  Iwo  nalions.  The  teniarks 
whicli  ibe  same  iiuthor  makesoii  several  othervoyages, 
evideiilly  tend  lo  ilie  establishment  of  that  claim. 
Itiil  if  Ihe  story  of  Uiron  be  true,  which  (though  llak- 
liiyl  lias  said  nothing  id  it)  Is  better  autbenlicaled  than 
Ibisot  .M,idoe,  the  right  of  the  (.'rown  of  Uenmark,  is 
on  the  j)riiici]iie  uf  prior  discovery,  superior  to  either 
of  iheiii, 

i*erhiips  the  whole  mystery  may  be  unveiled,  if  we 
advert  to  this  one  circiinistaiicc,  the  time  when  llak- 
hiy  t  s  book  was  fust  published,  national  prejudice  might 
prevail  even  with  so  hoi. est  a  writer,  to  cunverl  a 
Welch  fable  into  a  polilical  argument,  to  sii|>port, 
against  a  powerful  rival,  Ihe  clanii  uf  liia  buvcrcign  lo 
the  dominion  of  this  continent. 


Z  K  iN  O  . 

Zkno— Tlis  rnt;k  .ii.il  Mr'li— He  pail.^  on  n  voyiiEC  of  discnvrry 
— N  tviTlaliiMi  lij  i;  iriniii'st — .Mrives  HI  Fri>litinl — lliliiriil- 
lii-:i  Willi  llii!  hiilj\('.4— Deittli  ut  Mco.j  Zelio— llic  Lil'ulbcr  All- 
tiiuio  liil;t'.H  tlie  cuiiiiiKiiiil. 

It  is  well  known  llial  the  Venelians  were  reckon- 
ed aiiiong  the  most  exner'  and  ad\i  ntiiroiis  of  the 
maritime  nalions.  In  that  republu;  the  family  of 
Zkno  or  Zk.m  is  not  only  very  ancient,  and  of  high 
rank,  bill  ci'lebraled  for  illuslrious  achievtinci,ts. 
Nicolo  Zeiio  having  exhibited  great  valor  in  a  war 
with  the  (icnoese,  conceived  an  anteiil  desire,  agree- 
ably to  the  genius  of  his  lialion,  to  travel  ;  that  he 
might,  by  his  aciiuaintance  with  foreign  nalions  and 
laiignaijes,  render  himself  more  illuslrious  and  use- 
ful. \\'illi  this  view  he  eipiipped  a  vessel  al  his  own 
expense,  and  sailed  tlirotigli  the  straits  of  Cill>r:dtar  to 
Ihe  northward.  A.  D  IIJHO,  with  an  iiitenlion  lo  visit 
liiilaiii  and  Flanders;  but  by  a  storm  which  lasted 
niiiiiy  davs,  he  was  cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Fris- 
land. 

The  prince  of  the  country.  Zichmni  (or  as  Purchas 
spi  lis  il.  /ichniui).  finding  Xeno  an  expert  seaman, 
gave  him  the  coinm.ind  of  his  tleet,  consisting  of  Ihir- 
leeii  vessels,  of  which  two  only  were  rowed  with  oars  ; 
one  was  :i  ship,  and  the  rest  were  small  barks. 
\\'itli  ibis  (Icet  he  made  coiupiest  and  depredations 
in  licdovo  and  Uoso.  and  other  small  islands  ;  several 
barks  laden  wilh  fish  being  a  part  of  his  capture. 

Nicolo  wrote  lo  bis  brother  Antonio  Zetio  at  \'enice, 
inviiing  him  to  Frislaiul,  vvbitber  he  went  ;  and  being 
taken  into  the  service  uf  Zichmni.  conliiiiied  with  him 
iiiurtecn  years.  The  Heel  sailed  on  an  expedition  to 
Kstland,  where  they  comuntted  great  ravages;  but 
hearing  that  the  King  of  Norway  was  ceniing  againsi 
Ihem  wilh  a  superior  llccl,  they  departed,  and  were 
driven  by  a  slorni  on  shoiils,  w  here  part  of  the  licet  was 
wrecked,  and  ihe  rest  were  saved  on  Urisland,  '-a 
great  island,  hut  not  inhabited. 

Zichmni  then  delcrmined  to  attack  Iceland,  wtiich 
holonged  to  the  King  of  Norway  ;  but  finding  it  well 
fortified  and  defended,  and  hia  licet  being  diminifhcd, 
he  retired  and  built  a  fort  in  I3ress,  one  of  seven 
small  islands,  where  he  left  Nicolo  and  returned  to 
Frisland. 

In  the  next  spring  Zeno,  wilh  three  small  harks, 
sailed  to  the  iiorthward  on  discovery,  and  arrived  at 
Engroenland. — where  he  found  a  monastery  of  Fri- 
ars, and  a  (diitrch  dedicated  lo  >Sl.  Thomas,  siluale 
near  a  volcano,  and  heated  by  warm  springs  flowing 
from  the  inountain. 

After  the  death  of  Nicolo,  which  happened  in 
about  four  years,  Antonio  succeeded  him  in  the  coid- 


iiianil  ol  the  fleet  ;  and  the  prince  Zichinni,  aiminKat 
the  sovereignly  of  the  sea,  underlook  an  exiicdilioti 
UTxtifttid,  because  thai  some  lishermen  hail  discuverotl 
rich  and  populous  islands  in  that  (juarter. 

The  report  of  ihe  fiHiiernien  was,  (hat  above  a 
thousand  miles  westward  from  Frisland,  to  which 
distance  they  had  been  driven  by  a  tempest,  Ihere  was 
an  island  called  Kstoliland,  which  they  had  disroverrj 
twenty-six  years  before  ;  that  six  men  in  one  lioat 
were  ilriven  upon  ihe  ialand,  and  being  taken  by  the 
inhabitantH  were  broughl  inio  a  fair  and  populous 
cily  ;  that  the  king  of  that  place  sent  for  many  inler- 
prcters,  hut  none  was  found  who  could  iiiiilerHtaiid 
Ihc  langnago  of  the  fisliermen,  except  one  who  could 
speak  lialiii,  and  he  had  formerly  been  cast  ashore 
on  the  island  ;  thai  on  his  reporling  iheir  case  lo  Ihu 
king,  ho  detained  them  live  years,  in  which  liiiio  they 
learned  the  language  ;  that  one  of  Ihem  visited  divern 
)iiirls  of  Ihe  island,  and  reporli'd  that  il  was  a  very 
rich  country,  aboiinihng  wilh  all  the  coinmodilics  oi 
the  world  ,  ibal  il  was  less  than  Iceland,  but  far  mora 
fruitful,  having  in  the  middle  a  very  high  mountain, 
from  which  originated  lour  rivers. 

The  inhabilanls  were  dcscribrd  as  very  ingenious, 
having  idl  mechanic  arts.  They  luiil  a  peculiar  kinJ 
of  languagi!  and  lelters  ;  and  in  Ihe  king's  library 
were  preserved  I.aliii  books,  uhieli  Ihey  did  iiotunder- 
sland.  They  had  all  kinds  of  nielala  (but  especially 
gold,  with  which  Ihey  mi^lilily  ahoiinded.)  They 
lield  Irallic  with  ihe  people  of  Fngroenlaiid,  from 
whence  they  brought  furs,  pitch,  anil  brimslono.  'i'lioy 
had  tiiaiiy  great  tiiresls,  which  supplied  lliein  with 
limber  hir  Ihe  building  of  ships,  h,  uses,  and  forlilica- 
lions.  The  use  of  Ibe  loadstone  was  not  known  , 
bill  lliese  tishermen,  liaving  the  niiirincrs'  compass, 
were  held  in  so  high  estimalion,  that  the  king  sent 
them  with  twelve  barks  lo  a  country  al  the  southward 
calleil  Drogio,  where  the  most  of  them  were  killed  and 
devoured  by  cannibats  ;  hut  one  of  them  saved  himself 
hy  showing  the  savages  a  w.iy  of  taking  fish  by  nelH, 
ill  niiieh  greater  )ilenly  lliaii  by  any  other  iiioile  before 
known  among  them.  This  lisherman  was  in  so  great 
delnaiid  with  the  princes  of  Ihc  eotlnlry,  lliat  they  fre- 
quently made  vvaroii  each  oilier  for  the  sake  ofgain- 
iiio  him.  In  this  manner  be  jiassed  from  one  lo  an- 
iilher,  till  in  the  space  of  Ihlrteen  years  he  had  lived 
with  twenty-live  liilliTeul  princes,  to  whom  he  coiii- 
muniealed  bis  "  miraculous''  art  of  fishing  with  u*i.'i. 

He  llius  beeanie  arqiiainted  with  every  part  of  the 
couulry,  which  be  described  to  be  so  extensive  us  to 
iiieril  the  iiameof  a  )irH'  voiid.  The  people  were  rudn 
and  ignorant  of  iheuse  of clolbing.  Iliough  their  cli- 
male  was  coM.  ami  afl'ordeil  beasts  for  the  chase.  In 
Iheir  hunting  and  wars  they  used  the  how  and  Iho 
lance  ;  bill  they  knew  not  the  use  of  metal. 

Farther  lo  lite  soutliu est  Iho  air  was  said  to  be 
morelem|ierate  and  the  jn'ople  more  civil.  They 
dwell  ill  cities,  built  temples,  and  worsliij>pcil  idols,  to 
whom  ihey  oflered  bniiian  victims;  and  they  had 
|ilenly  of  gold  and  silver- 

The  liblierman  ba\,.ig  become  fully  acquainlet/ 
with  Ihe  country,  mcdiialcil  a  reltirn.  IJaving  fleil 
Ihroiigh  Ilii  woi'ds  to  Drogio,  after  ihree  years  somo 
boats  ariived  from  Fstotilaial,  in  oneof'which  he  em- 
barked for  that  coiinlry  ;  and  having  acquired  con- 
siderable property,  he  fitted  out  a  bark  of  his  own  and 
ret  limed  to  I-'risland. 

Such  was  the  report  of  the  fisherman  ;  n[ion  hear- 
ing of  which  /icliinni  resolved  lo  equip  his  fleet  and 
go  in  search  of  Ihe  new  country  ;  Antonio  Zeno  being 
the  second  ill  cominaiid.  13til  "the  preparation  fur 
the  voyage  to  Fslotiland  was  begun  ill  an  evil  hour  ; 
the  fisbcrinan,  who  was  to  have  been  Ihc  jiilol,  died 
three  days  before  their  deparlure." 

However,  taking  ci'rtaiii  mariners  who  had  sailed 
with  the  fisherman,  Zichmni,  began  the  intended 
voyage.  When  he  had  sailed  a  small  distance  to  tlio 
westward,  he  was  overtaken  by  a  sforin  whicli  lasted 
eight  days,  at  the  end  of  whicli  they  discovered  land, 
which  the  natives  called  learia.  They  were  numer- 
ous and  formidable  and  would  not  permit  him  to  como 
on  shore.  From  this  place  ihey  sijiled  six  days  to  Iho 
westward  w  ith  a  fair  wind  ;  hut  a  heavy  gale  from 
the  southward  drove  them  four  days  before  it,  when 
they  discovered  land,  in  which  was  a  volcano.  The 
oir  was  mild  and  leniperale,  it  being  the  height  of 
summer.  They  took  a  great  quantity  of  fish,  of  sea 
fowl  and  their  eggs.  /\  part  who  penetrated  the 
country  as  far  as  the  foot  of  ihc  volcano,  found  a  spring 
from  whieli  issued  "a  certain  water,  like  pitch, 
which  ran  into  the  sea."  They  discovered  sonic  oi 
Ihe  inhabilanls,  who  were  of  small  stature  andt^ild; 


AMKRTCAN    HISTORY. 


and  who,  At  iUpi  ii|>|iroiiclt  of  lint  Mtraii^ert,  liiil  tbnii- 
■p|vf<8  ill  their  nivcH,  lluviii|{  roiinil  a  ^iiod  Imrliour, 
Ziclinmi  intciuliil  to  iiiiikc  ii  Hiltluuitnl ;  but  liiit  proplu 
m)|ti)iiii^  it,  liH  ilirtitiJHHril  |iarl  uf  tlio  fluct  uliiJiT 
ZtMio,  »ho  ri'tuniiil  lo  Frittlaiul. 

'i'lio  |iiirlin)tars  uf  Uiim  iiurriUvc  wcro  fitflt  writlcn 
bv  Antunio  /ciiu  in  liia  Iclicrti  lu  lild  lirotlmr  Oarlu,  at 
Vcnico  ;  froni  HOiiie  fnij^inciiti*  uf  vvhicli  a  coin|iilulion 
wai  made  by  I'raiiciscu  Murculiiii,  and  preMurvcd  by 
Uainuiio.  It  wan  tratiotattd  by  Kictmrd  llackbiyt,  and 
printed  in  the  third  voluiiio  of  the  ■ccond  tdition  uf  liis 
collcrtion,  page  121,  Alc.  From  it  Urttbus  haa  made 
aii  extrnttin  bia  Thcalrum  Orhts. 

\)\\  Korater  has  lakcii  inttcii  pains  to  cianiine  the 
(vliulo  account,  both  ^cu^mpbu^ally  and  bintorically. 
The  result  of  his  ini|uiry  la,  tliut  Frialand  is  one  of  the 
Ofkniys  ;  that  rurltind  la  ibe  cluater  of  islands  called 
Turo,  and  tnai  Latlaiid  ia  Sbi>iland. 

At  lirat,  indeed,  he  was  Of  opinion  that  **  tbo  coun- 
tries, described  by  the  Zenos  actually  existed  at  that 
time,  but  bad  since  been  swallowed  up  by  (he  sea  in  a 
^reat  earllnpiake."  'i'tiis  opinion  be  founded  on  tbo 
probability  ibat  all  tlie  high  islands  in  the  ninhlte  of  the 
se.t  are  of  vulciuiic  origin;  as  ia  evident  wUli  respect 
to  Iceland  and  tbo  Faro  islands  in  the  North  Sea  ;  the 
Azores, 'renenUe,  Madeira,  the  Cape  de  Verds,  St.  Hc- 
Irnu  and  Aseenition  in  the  Atlantic  \  the  Society  Islands, 
Otabcite,  Faster,  the  Marquesas  and  other  islands  in 
the  I'acific.  'riiis  opinion  be  wuh  induced  to  relinqni&b, 
partly  because  "soj^reat  a  revolution  must  have  left 
behind  it  some  historical  ve.stij;es  or  traditions  ;"  but 
principally  because  bis  knowledge  of  the  liunic  lan- 
guage suggested  to  bim  a  resemblance  between  the 
names  mtriitioned  by  Zeiio  and  (hose  which  are  given 
to  some  of  the  islands  of  Orkney,  Shetland  and  the 
llubrides. 

However  presumptuous  it  may  oppear  to  call  in 
question  lb<>  opinion  of  so  learned  and  diligent  an 
inquireri  on  a  sut)jc?t  which  his  pbilobigical  and  geo- 
graphical knowledge  luust  eiiahte  hnn  to  examine  with 
the  greatest  prucisiou  ;  yet  from  tbo  searcli  which  I 
have  bad  opportunity  to  make,  it  appeurs  probable 
to  me  that  bis  first  opinion  was  right,  as  far  as  it 
respects  Frisland,  ani  perhaps  i'orUnd.  My  reasons 
are  ihe.te : 

1.  I  Jr.  Forsier  says  that  Fris-land  was  much  larger 
than  Iceland  ;  and  llakluyt  m  his  accoiml  uf  Zeno's 
voyage,  .'*peaks  of  it  as  "bigger  than  Ireland.''  Nei- 
ther of  ibese  accounts  can  agree  with  the  supposition 
of  its  litiiig  oik;  of  ibe  Orkneys  ;  for  Iceland  is  3-10 
miles  lon<:,  and  2U0  wubi.  Iri'laiid  is  310  in  letigih, 
and  184  in  breudlb  ;  Hut  Pomona,  the  mainland  ol  the 
Oikneya,  i.s  but  2'-l  mill's  loni/,  and  tJO  wide. 

2.  Frislaud  was  seen  by  Marliii  Frubisher  in  each  of 
bis  three  voyages  to  and  from  Lireenlaiid  in  the  years 
1570,  1577  aiiti  157H.  In  bis  first  voyage  be  took  his 
departure  from  Fuuta,  tin?  x^esiernmui^t  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  ill  latitude  (iU''  130,  and  after  sailing  \V.  by 
N.  fourteen  days,  be  made  the  land  of  Frisland, 
"bearing  W.  N.  \V.  di-'ititncc  10  leagues,  in  l.ititude 
Cl^."  In  his  second  voyage  he  sailed  fwin  tlu;  Ork- 
neys W.  N.  W.  twenty-six  days,  before  ho  came 
"within  making  of  Fru'-laud  ;'*  which  be  thus  de- 
Bcribes  : — 

"July  <lth.  We  made  land  perfect,  and  knew  it  to 
be  Frisland.  Found  ourselves  in  lat.  GU  and  a  half 
deg.  and  were  fallen  in  wilb  the  soiitliernmo.-.t  part  of 
this  land.  It  is  ibouglit  to  be  in  bigniss  nut  inln mr  to 
}-jtii(laiut ;  and  is  called  of  some  authors  West  Frisland. 
Ithink  it  Iteib  mure  west  than  ai  /  part  of  Kurupe.  It  e.x- 
tendcth  lo  the  iiurtb  very  far,  as  feemed  to  us,  and  ap- 
pcarelh  by  a  description  »etout  by  two  brethren.  Ntcolo 
and  Antonio  Zeni ;  who  being  driven  out  from  Ireland 
about  200  years  suice,  were  sliip-wrecked  there.  'J"hc-y 
have  in  their  sea  charts  described  every  part  ;  and  lor 
BO  much  of  the  land  as  we  have  sailed  along,  compar- 
ing their  charts  with  the  coast,  we  lind  it  very  agreeable. 
All  along  tins  coast  the  ica  helh  as  a  continual  bulwark, 
and  so  defendetb  the  country  that  those  who  would 
land  there  incur  great  danger."  In  bis  third  voyage  he 
lonnd  means  to  land  on  the  island.  The  inhabitants 
fled  and  bid  themselves.  Their  tenia  were  made  of 
■Kins,  and  their  boats  were  like  those  of  Greenland. 
From  these  well  authenticated  accounts  of  Frisland, 
8nd  it)  aitualion  so  far  westward  of  the  Orkneys  and 
Shetland,  it  seems  impossible  that  Dr.  Furster's  second 
opinion  can  be  right. 

3.  One  of  the  reasons. which  led  the  doctor  to  give 
Dp  his  first  opinion,  that  these  lands  once  existed,  but 
tiad  diaappoared,  was,  that  so  great  a  rcvoliition  must 
have  left  some  vestige  behiiul.  if  no  person  escaptui 
to  tell  the  news,  what  belter  vestige  cun   there   be, 


thdii  the  exifttence  of  hIiodIh  or  ro''ks  in  the  plaeeii 
where  these  iNhinds  once  \M<re  known  lo  be  !  In  a  map 
prelixed  to  Crantz's  history  uf  ('reinhmd,  there  is 
marked  a  very  exienmve  shoal  bolwien  tlm  latitiideM  of 
61)^  and  OO'',  called  "'J'lio  ttimken  bind  of  IIiihs."  ftx 
longitude  is  betv/een  lei  land  and  (iri'iMdand,  and  the 
author  apeiiks  of  it  in  these  words  : — "  Some  ore  of 
opinion  that  Frisland  was  sunk  by  an  earthquake,  and 
that  it  was  situate  in  thone  parts  where  the  sunken  land 
of  liiisa  is  marked  in  tbo  mans;  whieb  the  spamen 
cautiously  avoid,  because  of  tho  ahalluw  ground  and 
turbulent  wavcn." 

UcBpccling  liiiss  Island,  \  have  met  with  no  other 
account  than  what  ia  preserved  by  I'urelias  in  his 
abridgment  of  the  journni  of  James  llalTa  voyages 
from  Denmark  to  (jreenland.  In  bis  first  voyage, 
A.D.  1605,  he  remarks  thus:  "  lieing  in  ihu  latitude 
of  50  and  a  half  degrees,  we  looked  to  have  seen  liuss 
Island  ;  but  I  do  verily  suppose  the  same  to  be  placed 
in  a  wrong  latitude  in  the  marine  charts."  In  his  se- 
cond voyage  (160(i)  bo  saw  land,  which  bo  "  supposed 
lo  be  Jliiss  Island,  lying  more  to  the  westward  llian 
It  is  placed  in  the  marine  charts  ;"  and  ihe  iie;:t  day, 
viz.  July  2d,  ho  writes,  *'  Wo  were  in  a  great  currrtiit 
sotting  S.  S.  W.,  which  I  suppose  to  set  between 
Uuss  Island  and  Frisland  over  toward  Americii." 

In  a  fourth  voyage,  made  in  1(112,  by  the  same 
James  Hall,  from  England,  for  ibe  discovery  of  a  north- 
west passage,  of  which  (here  is  a  journal  written  by 
John  (fHtanbe,  and  preserved  in  (^hnrcbiU's  (-''ullections, 
they  kept  a  good  look  out,  both  in  going  and  reluming, 
fur  the  inland  of  Frisland,  but  could  not  see  it.  In  a 
map  prefixed  to  this  voyage,  Frisland  is  laul  down  be- 
tween the  latitude  of  HI*'  ai:d  ()2",  and  IJnss  in  the  lati* 
tude  of  51^.  In  (irntonhe's  journal  the  distance  be- 
tween Shetland  and  Frisland  is  computed  to  be  200 
leagues  ;  the  southernmost  pari  of  Frisland  and  ibe 
nurthernmost  part  of  Shetland  are  said  to  be  in  the 
same  latitude.  There  is  also  a  particular  map  of  Fris- 
land jireserved  by  I'urcbcis,  in  which  an^  delineated  se- 
veral towns  and  oiies  ;  the  two  i.sbuids  of  Iloso  and 
I.edovo  are  laid  down  lo  the  westward  of  it,  and  ano- 
ther called  Stromio  to  the  eastward. 

In  a  map  uf  the  North  Seas,  prefixed  to  an  anony- 
mous account  of  (iicenland,  in  Churehill's  Colleclions, 
we  lind  Frisland  laid  down  in  the  taiitude  132^'  between 
Ici-land  and  Greenland. 

We  have,  then,  no  reason  lo  doubt  the  existence  of 
these  islands  as  late  as  the  beginning  of  the  last  century. 
At  what  lime  they  disappeared  is  uncrrtain  ;  but  that 
their  place  has  since  been  occupied  by  a  shoal,  we  have 
also  cn^d.ole  testimony- 

The  apjiearanee  and  disap)iearance  of  islands  in  the 
Northern  Sea  is  no  uneonunon  thing.  Besides  former 
events  of  this  kind,  there  is  one  very  recent,  In  the 
year  178!),  by  means  of  a  volcanic  eruption,  two  islands 
were  produced  in  the  sea  uvmt  the  S.  K.  coast  of  lee- 
bmd.  One  was  supposed  to  be  so  |iermaneiit  that  the 
king  of  Denin;irk  sent  and  look  formal  possession  of  it 
as  part  of  his  dominions  ;  but  the  orruti,  paving  no  re- 
gard to  the  terriiorial  claim  of  a  mortal  sovert  ign,  has 
since  reabsorbed  it  in  bus  watery  bosom. 

These  reasons  incline  mo  to  believe  that  Dr.  Fors- 
ler's  first  ojiinion  was  well  founded,  as  far  us  it  respects 
Frisland. 

He  sup[(Oses  Porland  to  be  Ibe  cluster  of  inlands 
called  Faro.  But  Porland  is  said  lo  be  south  of  Fris- 
land ;  whereas  the  Faro  Islands  be  northirmt  of  Ork- 
ney, which  be  supposes  to  be  Fiislaud.  Th(;  learned 
dui-tor,  who  is  gem  rally  very  accurate,  was  not  aware 
of  this  inconsistency. 

In  the  account  which  liakluyt  has  given  of  Martin 
Frobisher's  third  voyage,  we  find  that  one  of  his  ships, 
the  Bus.<«of  Bridgewater,  in  her  return  felt  in  wiih  land 
hfty  leagues  S.  E.  of  Frisland,  "  which  (it  is  said)  was 
never  found  before," — ihe  southernmost  part  of  which 
by  in  lat.  57  and  a  half  deg.  Along  ibe  coast  of  ibis 
island,  v\hich  they  judged  lo  extend  twenty-five  leagues, 
they  sailed  for  three  days.  The  existence  of  this  land 
Dr.  Forsier  seems  to  doubt ;  but  yet  allows  that  '*  if 
it  was  then  really  discovered  it  must  have  sunk  after- 
wards into  the  sea,  as  it  has  never  been  seen  again;  or 
else  these  navigators  must  have  been  mistaken  in  their 
reckoning." 

If  such  an  island  or  cluster  of  islands  did  not  exist 
in  tlic  situation  described  by  Frobishcr,  it  might  be  the 
Borland  of  Zeno  ;  for  the  soulhtrnmost  part  of  Fris- 
land lay  in  the  latitude  of  GO  and  a  half  deg. ;  the 
8oulhernmodt  part  of  this  land  in  57  and  a  half  deg. 
in  a  direction  S.  F.  fr(MU  it.  It  wn-*  probably  called 
Buss  by  the  Kuglisb,  from  the  name  of  Frobisher's 
vuasel  which  discovered  it. 


'Ibe  only  proof  which  ear.  now  bo  produced  of  tbif 
fact  miift  l<e  the  arlual  exiMi'iiie  (d  rocks  ond  sboali 
in  or  near  the  name  pl.iee.  Of  iliis,  it  iH  liiippily  in  my 
power  III  pniducu  the  evidence  of  two  experienced 
shipma«ter',  of  inciuiteslihle  veracity,  now  living.  'I'he 
first  iH  I»,iai:  Sinilh  of  Maiden  near  iloslon,  from  whose 
log-book  I  ha  e  made  tbo  lollowing  extract:  "In  a 
voyage  from  Betersburg  to  lt<Mlnn,  in  the  ship  Tho- 
mas and  Sardli,  btlongmg  to  Tliomas  Russell,  Koq.  ol 
Boston,  inerehant,  Tbursdav,  August  11,  1785,  course 
\V.  N.  W.— windAV.  S.  \V.  At  4  A.  M.  discovered 
a  large  rock  ahead,  wlmh  for  some  lime  w«  took  to  be 
a  ship  under  close-reeled  lopsail.  At  7,  being  witl.in 
two  miles,  saw  breakers  under  our  lee,  on  which  ac- 
count wore  A\\\i.  'j'here  are  bieakerH  in  two  places, 
bearing  S.  F. ;  one  a  mile,  llii;  oilier  two  miles  from  ihu 
rock.  It  lies  ill  hit.  57^  JlS*.  longitude  West  from  Lon- 
don \\\^  30',  and  may  be  discoveretl  live  leagues  oil'. 
We  sounded  and  hud  fifiy-six  fitbom.  'J'be  rock  ap- 
pears lo  be  aiioul  one  biinilied  yards  in  circumference, 
and  fifty  feet  above  water  It  makes  like  a  liav  stack 
black  below  aiitl  white  on  the  top."  The  other  is  Na- 
ibaniel  (ioodwm  of  Bosion,  ului,  ni  bis  homeward  pas- 
sage from  Ainsterthini,  on  the  ]5tb  of  August,  1701), 
saw  Ihu  same  rock.  According  to  bis  olmervalioii 
(which  however  on  that  day  was  a  liilU^  dubious)  it  ben 
in  lat.  57'>' 48',  and  Ion.  [W  40'.  He  passed  wiilnii 
two  miles  of  it  to  the  southward,  and  saw  breaker:'  to 
tho  norlhvvard  of  it.  lis  appearance  be  describes  in  tbo 
same  manner  with  Smith, 

I'roin  these  aulhorilies  I  am  strongly  inclinrd  lo 
believe  that  the  shoal  deiionnnaled  "  the  sunken  land 
of  Bus?,"  is  either  a  port  of  the  ancient  Frisland  or  of 
some  island  in  its  neighborhood  ;  and  that  the  rock  and 
ledgtsseenby  Ninilh  and  (iiuKviu  behmged  to  tho 
fluster  once  calb  d  Burland.  If  these  conclusions  bo 
adi[)itled,  there  cuii  be  no  suspicion  oi  fn-iion  m  iho 
story  of  Zeno,  as  fariis  it  respects  I'niice  Zichmni  and 
his  expeditions.  Sln-lland  nuiy  then  well  enoiigii  agree 
wilb  Fstland,  which  is  described  by  llukluyt  as  laying 
"between  Frislaiul  and  Norway." 

The  only  place  which  in  Zeno's  relation  is  called  by 
ihe  same  name,  by  which  il  is  now  known,  is  Iceland  ; 
though  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  Fngroenland,  or 
Kngroveland  is  the  same  with  Gr^-enland  ;  where, 
according  to  Cranlz,  there  was  once  a  eburcb  dedicated 
lo  St.  Thomas,  and  situate  near  a  volcano  and  a  hot 
spring. 

But  tbo  question  is,  where  shall  we  find  Fsloliland  ] 
Dr.  Forsti-r  is  positive  that  "  it  cannot  be  any  other 
coiinlry  than  Winiand  (di.scovered  in  100';,  where  tho 
Nunuaiiit  made  a  settlement.  'I'he  liatiii  books  seen 
tliert!  by  llio  fishertnau,  he  siqiposes  lo  have  been  iho 
library  of  Kric.  Bishop  of  (ireenland,  who  wenl  thither 
in  the  Iwellib  century  to  convert  Ins  counlrymen.  Ho 
is  also  of  o)union  that  this  tishennaii  bad  the  use  of  tho 
magnetic  needh-,  which  began  to  be  known  in  Europe 
about  the  year  1302  before  the  lime  of  the  Zeiios.  Wq 
also  thuiks  thai  the  country  called  Drugio  is  the  samo 
with  Florida. 

In  some  of  the  old  maps,  particnhrly  in  Sanson's 
French  Alias,  the  name  Kstotilaud  is  marked  on  tho 
country  of  Labrador;  but  the  pompous  description  of 
it  by  the  (isherman,  wbelher  u  liu  Labrador  or  New- 
foundland, exceeds  all  tbo  bounds  of  credibility,  and 
abuses  even  the  license  of  a  traveller.  The  utmost  ex- 
lent  of  Zicbnnii's  expedition,  in  consequence  of  tho 
fisberiiian's  report,  couM  not  be  any  further  westward 
than  Greenland,  to  which  his  description  well  agrees. 
The  original  inhabitants  were  short  uf  stature,  half 
wild,  and  lived  in  caverns  ;  and  between  Ihe  years  1380 
and  1384  they  bad  extirpated  tho  Normans  and  the 
monks  of  St.  Thomas. 

The  discovery  of  Kstotiland  must  therelore  rest  on 
tlio  report  of  the  fisherman  ;  but  the  description  of  it, 
of  Drogiu,  and  the  eounlry  southwest  of  Drugio  must 
be  ranked  in  tlie  fabulous  history  of  America,  and 
would  probably  have  been  long  since  forgotten  if 
(Jhrslopher  Columbus  bad  not  mado  his  grand  diti- 
eovery  ;  from  the  merit  of  which,  his  rivals  and  the 
einemies  of  the  Spanish  nation  have  uniformly  endea- 
voured to  detract. 

CHUISTOPHKH  COLUMBUS 

CiiRisTorEH  CoLUMDi's— Ills  roa^joiis  fur  scekini^  Italia  In  tha 
west— lli^  lirwi  voyiigf— lli.H  t-rcoiul  voyage— His  third  voy- 
H!,'L'~Hi.H  Inurlh  voyai.'*'— Uilliiiihiea,  |iriv:iti<in8,  and  Iho 
h  irilsliipH  lit;  utuhTWt-iit — Hu  i^  wrccktid  on  Jamaica — His 
(U':nh  and  cliuructer. 

Thk  adventures,  which  have  already  been  spoken  of, 
were  more  the  result  of  accident  than  design;  wa 
are  now  entering  on  one  founded  in  science  tnd  con 


DTOOUAIMIIKH    OF    T  11  K    KAItl.Y    1)  I  S  H  O  V  K  H  K  H  S  . 


\  lio  |iroilncc(l  of  tlitfl 
I)  oi  rnrki  011(1  ithoiili 
iiH,  it  in  )iii|i|iily  ill  my 
>  ni'  Iwo  t!X|irrirnctil 
ciiv.  iiuw  living.  'I'htf 
,r  iluHioii.  frnin  whose 
viiig  extract :  "  In  a 
ton,  111  till)  tiliiji  'I'lio* 
mart  IttisHt;!!,  ilnq.  ol 
ijUHt  II,  17H5,  coume 
t4  A.  M.  iltscovrred 
u'  (iinc  \vH  took  tu  be 
At  7,  buing  wiit.in 
ir  Ii'is  on  winch  bc- 
■akiTM  in  Iwo  |»lacrs. 
II  r  two  mill's  from  tlio 
iliitle  Wrst  from  l^nn- 
■rt'd  livf  IniHiifs  oil', 
iliotn.  'J'lio  rork  ap- 
rili4  in  cirriiiiiliTcnrc, 
lakcs  like  ii  liay  niiuk 
)."  'Mil'  oiliir  IS  Nii- 
III  liin  liuiiii'Wtiul  |i<iH- 
l.^illi  ol'  Au^iiRt,  IVUU, 
^  tu  him  uli(ii'rvii(u>n 
a  liitir  diihiiiiis)  It  lif'M 
i'.  lie  pa.shcd  within 
I,  ami  Kaw  lircaktr."  (o 
ice  ho  duticribi!!!  in  tliu 

titron^ly  incljnrd   to 

ili'd  "  till!  suiikcn  land 
nncienl  Trisliiud  or  of 

and  dial  tin;  rock  and 
ivviii  liflon<!('d  to  llio 
f  tlicsp  concliisiona  Im 
(ion  of  tH-lion  in  llio 
In  I'lincc  Zicliinni  and 
h(;n  wi'll  t'Motiyli  a|;reo 

hy  Uuklnyt  as  laying 

's  rrlation  is  called  by 
iw  known,  is  Icclaml  ; 
that  Kn^rotMitand,  or 
I  Citcinland  ;  where, 
noi.'  u  church  dedicated 
r  a  volcano  and  a  liot 

dl  wo  find  Ilstotilaiid  ] 

cannot  be  any  other 

d  in  100').  where  ibo 

Lalin  books  seeu 

^...■s  to  have  been  tho 

land,  who  went  tbitlier 

Ins  countrymen.     Ho 

III  had  tlie  use  of  tho 

he  known  in  Kuropo 

lie  of  the  /eiioa.     llo 

ed  Drogio  is  the  samo 

icul'jrly  in    Sanuon's 

.1  is  marked  on  tlio 

lOiniioiis  description  of 

Labrador  or  Ncw- 

ids  of  credibility,  ami 

lUr.  The  utmost  ex- 

niseiiueiice  of  tho 

,'  further  westward 

ription   well    agrees. 

short   of  stature,    half 

Iwecn  (he  years  1380 

he  Nunnans  and   the 

mist  tbcrelorc  rest  on 
ibe  description  of  il, 
west  of  Drogio  must 
ory  of  America,  and 
g  since  forgotten  if 
nado  his  grand  dib- 
his  rivals  and  the 
lavc  uniformly  endea- 


UJMnus 

i  fur  ecvkirif^  India  In  th« 
I  vtiyage— His  thiril  voy- 
esy  priviiii'MiH,  and  tho 
recked  on  Jainaicn— His 

ready  hpen  spoken  of, 

rnt  than   design  ;  we 

ill  science  tnd  oon 


durted  hr  Jtldjitmont ;  an  itdventiirn  which,  whether 
we  regard  im  eoneeptioii,  its  exeeiitioii,  or  its  i  onse* 
qurnccN,  will  iilwayn  relied  the  liiLflx'sl  honoi  r  on 
him  who  projected  it. 

Almnt  the  miildte  of  the  Htleentli  reiiliiry.  when  the 
?nrtnfjni'ifl  under  the  eoiiduet  ot  IVime  Henry  :ini' 
afterward  of  Kin<{  John  H,  wcrn  pursuing  their  dt>* 
mveriei  nion);  the  weilrrn  shorn  ot  Africii,  to  lind  i\ 
piiKHjigi*  by  the  south  to  India, — a  genius  aroKC,  wbrse 
inemnry  lias  been  pretervnl  with  veneration  in  the 
pai;es  of  liislnry,  as  Ibo  initrument  of  enlarging;  (lie 
rogions  of  M'ii  i-nce  and  eonureree  beyond  any  of  his 
predftceHiors.  (.'iiitisrni'HRK  CoLeMio'i^,  o  nativn  of 
the  repnhlie  of  ftenoa,  was  horn  in  ibe  year  1147,  and 
at  the  age  of  fourtepu  entered  on  ii  seafaring  life,  as 
the  propter  splu're  in  which  his  vigorous  iniiid  was  iles- 
lined  to  pertorni  eX{)loiis  which  should  asloninh  man- 
kind.  He  was  edoented  in  the  Hciriiees  of  geotnelry 
and  astronomy,  which  form  the  basis  of  navigation  ; 
nM<l  he  was  well  versed  in  romnography,  history  and 
phih.Hopliy.  His  active  und  enterprising  genius, 
though  it  enabled  him  (o  comprehend  iheotd  iiy>leins, 
vet  would  not  siiller  him  lo  rest  in  their  deei<<ion8, 
however  sanelifird  by  lime  or  by  veniTable  names; 
hut  ih-lermined  lo  examine  them  by  iu-tnal  experiment, 
he  lirst  visiii'd  the  neas  wiihin  the  pol.ir  circle,  and 
nfterwards  those  parts  of  Africa  which  Ibe  INtrtn- 
gilese  had  discovered,  as  f.ir  as  the  const  of  (iiiinea  ; 
und  by  (he  time  he  had  attained  llienge  (d' thirly-sev- 
on,  he  had  from  his  own  experience  received  the  ful- 
lest conviction  that  the  opinion  of  the  iincienls  respect- 
ing the  torrid  and  frigid  zones  was  void  of  any  just 
foundation. 

When  uii  old  system  m  found  erroneous  in  one 
point,  it  is  natural  to  suspect  it  of  farther  impi-rfec- 
titms  ;  and  when  one  dillicuily  is  overcome,  olliers  ap- 

iiear  less  formidable.  Such  was  the  ease  with  Co- 
uinlms  ;  and  his  views  were  accelerated  by  an  iiK'i- 
dent  which  threatened  lo  put  ati  end  lo  his  life.  ])ur- 
ing  one  of  bis  voyages,  the  ship  in  which  he  sailed 
look  fire,  in  an  enyagement  with  a  Venetian  galley, 
und  the  crew  were  obliged  lo  leap  into  the  scii  to 
avoid  perishing  in  the  llaines.  In  this  exlremilv  (*o- 
bnubufl,  by  the  help  of  a  floating  oar,  swam  u|)wnrds 
of  two  leagues  to  the  coast  of  Portugal  near  Ijisbtui, 
and  met  with  a  welcome  reception  from  many  of  his 
countrymen  who  weresi-tlled  tliero. 

At  liisbon  lie  married  the  daiiiibler  of  Perestrello, 
un  old  seaman,  wlm  bad  been  concerned  in  the  dis- 
covery of  I*orto  Santo  and  .Madeira  ;  from  whose  jour- 
nnhi  ami  chart!'  he  received  tlie  liiijliest  entertainment. 
J*drsuiiig  his  iiupiiries  in  geo^Traphy,  and  observing 
what  alow  pro<iress  the  l*.»rlu«.'nese  made  in  their  at- 
temptslo  lind  a  way  roiiml  ,\trica  to  India,  "bo  be- 
gan to  rellect  llial  as  Ibe  I'ortnguese  travelled  so  far 
soulhward,  it  were  nole.ss  proper  tt>  sail  westward,"' 
aiitl  that  it  was  reasonable  to  expect  to  find  the  desir- 
ed land  in  that  direction. 

It  must  here  be  remembered  I  hat  India  was  in  part 
known  to  the  ancients,  and  lliat  its  rich  .iiid  useful 
productions  had  for  many  eenluries  been  conveyed  into 
Kurope.  either  by  caravans  Ihrougb  llie  deserts  of 
Syria  ami  Arabia,  or  by  the  way  of  the  Ked  Sea, 
through  Kgypt  into  the  Mediterranean.  This  lu- 
crative commerce  bad  been  suceessivcly  engrossed  by 
the  Pheiiecians,  ihe  Hebrews,  the  Kiryptians.  tlie  As- 
hvrians.  the  Pahnyrenes,  the  Arabians,  the  Genoese, 
anil  the  Venetians.  The  Portui.'nese  were  then  seek- 
ingil  by  atlemptihg  the  eircumnavigation  of  .Africa; 
and  tlieir  expectalitm  of  linding  it  in  that  direction 
was  groundi'd  (HI  ancient  historical  traditions  that  a 
voyage  had  been  formerly  made  by  the  onlers  of  Ne- 
cholvingof  KgypI,  from  the  lied  Sea,  round  the 
southern  part  of  Africa,  to  Ihe  straits  of  Hercules  ;  and 
(hat  (he  same  route  had  hern  traversed  hy  Hanno  the 
(Jarthauinian,  by  Kudoxns  the  Kjryptian,  and  others. 
The  Portuguese  had  consumed  about  half  a  century 
m  making  various  attempts,  and  had  advanced  no  far- 
ther on  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  Ihaiijustto  cross 
the  equator,  when  Columbus  conceived  his  great  de- 
Bign  of  finding  India  in  the  west. 

The  causes  which  led  him  to  entertain  this  idea  are 
diatinguislied  by  his  son,  the  writer  of  his  life,  into 
ihese  three;  "natural  reason,  theauthority  of  writers, 
und  the  testimony  of  saiK>rs.'' 

By  the  help  o(  •'  reasim,"  ho  argued  in  this  man- 
ner: That  tho  earth  and  se.i  composed  one  globe  or 
sphere.  'I'his  was  known  by  observing  the  shadow  of 
the  earth  in  lunar  eclipses.  Hence  he  conclmled  that 
It  might  be  travelled  over  from  east  to  west,  or  from 
west  to  east.  It  had  been  explored  to  the  cast  hy 
eomo  European  travellers  us  far  as   Cipango,  or  Jap- 


an ;  and  asfar  westward  ns  the  A/.ores  or  Western 
Islands.  The  remaining  space,  though  now  known 
to  be  more  than  hidf.  he  supposid  lo  he  hut  one  thini 
p.irt  oflhe  cireiimlt  rence  of  the  gtohtt  If  this  space 
were  un  open  sra,  he  imagined  il  mighl  he  easily  wail- 
ed over;  and  if  there  were  uny  land  extending  east- 
wardty  beyond  the  known  limits  of  Asia,  he  lupposed 
thai  it  must  be  nearer  lo  Spain  by  the  west,  than  hy 
the  east.  For,  it  waslhen  a  received  opinion  I  hal  Ihe 
continent  and  islands  of  India  extended  over  one  Ihird 
part  of  ihecircnniferetice  (d'  ibe  ghdie  ;  Ihat  another 
lliird  part  wasconipreheiided  between  India  And  the 
western  shore  of  Spain  ;  therefore  it  was  concluded, 
ihat  the  eastern  part  of  India  must  be  as  near  lo  Spain 
as  the  western  pari.  'I'his  opinion  tboiiuh  now  known 
to  )ie  erroneous,  yet  being  then  adniilled  as  true,  niude 
il  appear  to  (-olumbus  very  easy  and  praelicable  to 
discover  India  in  the  west.  He  hoped  also  ihut  be- 
tween Snaiii  and  India,  in  Ihal  direction,  there  might 
be  fouiKl  some  islands  ;  hy  the  help  of  which,  as  rest- 
ing places  in  bis  voyage,  lie  iniglit  the  better  pursue 
bis  main  design.  The  probability  rtf  ibe  existence  of 
land  in  that  Ocean,  he  argued,  partly  from  the  opinion 
of  philosophers,  that  there  was  more  land  tlian  sea  on 
the  Riirt'ace  of  Ihe  globe  ;  and  partly  from  Ihe  necessi- 
ty of  a  eounteriioise  in  the  west,  for  the  immense 
quantity  of  land  which  was  known  to  ho  in  Ihe    east. 

Another  source,  from  which  hn  drew  iiis  conclu- 
sion,was,  *'  the  authority  of  learned  men, '  who  had 
allirmed  the  possibility  of  sailing  froni  Ihe  weslerii 
coast  of  Spain,  to  the  eastern  bounds  -if  India.  Some 
of  the  ancient  (teograpbers  had  udinitled  this  for  truth, 
and  one  of  Ihem,  Pliny,  bad  attirmed  that  forty  days 
were  sutlicient  lo  perforin  this  navigation.  These 
aulliorilies  fell  in  with  Ihe  theory  wiiich  Colundius 
had  formed  ;  ami  having,  as  early  as  147'1,  communi- 
cated his  ideas  in  wiiting  to  Paul,  a  learned  physician 
of  Florence,  he  received  from  him  letters  of  that  date, 
contirming  his  opinion  and  encouraging  bis  design  ; 
aceompanied  with  a  chart,  in  which  ]*aul  had  laid 
down  Ihe  city  of  (juisay  (supposed  to  he  the  capital 
of  China)  but  tittle  nmre  Ibaiitwo  ihousand  leagues 
westward  from  I.i.^bt)n,  which  in  fact  is  but  half  Ihe 
dislance.  Thus,  by  arguing  from  true  principles,  and 
hy  indulging  conjectures  partly  well  founded  und  part- 
ly erroneous,  ('olumiius  was  led  to  the  execution  of  a 
plan,  ludd  in  its  conception,  and,  to  bis  view,  easily 
practicable  ;  forjfreat  minds  overlook  intermediate  ob- 
stacles, which  men  of  smaller  views  mugnity  into  in- 
superable ditlicullies. 

The  third  ground  on  which  be  formed  his  ideas  was 
'•  the  testimony  of  mariners  ;"  a  class  of  men  who  at 
that  lime,  and  in  lhal  imperfect  stale  of  science,  were 
loo  prone  to  mix  fable  with  fact;  and  wen  otten  mis- 
led by  appearances,  which  they  couhl  not  solve.  In 
the  sea,  between  .Madeira  and  ihe  V/estern  Islands, 
pieces  of  carved  wood  and  large  joints  of  cane  had 
been  discovered,  wbieli  were  supposed  to  bo  brought 
hy  westerly  winds.  Branches  otpine  trees,  a  covered 
canoe,  and  two  human  bodies  of  a  complexion  diller- 
enl  from  the  Europeans  and  Africans  had  been  found 
on  the  shores  of  these  islands.  Siime  nuvigutors  had 
atbrnied.  that  lliey  had  seen  islands  not  more  than  a 
hundred  leai/ues  westward  from  Ihe  Azores.  There 
was  a  tradition,  that  when  Spain  was  conquered  by  the 
Moors  in  iheeighlh  century,  seven  Bishops,  who  were 
exiled  from  their  country,  had  built  seven  cities  and 
churches,  on  an  island  called  Aniilla  ;  which  was  sup- 
posed lo  be  not  more  than  two  hundred  leagues  west 
of  the  Canaries  ;  and  it  was  said  that  a  J'ortuguese 
ship  had  once  discovered  this  island,  but  could  never 
find  it  again.  These  stories,  partly  true  and  partly 
fabulous,  had  their  etVect  on  the  mind  of  Columbus. 
He  believed  that  islands  were  to  bo  Ibund,  westward 
oflhe  A/ores  and  (^anaries  ;  though  according  lo  his 
theory,  they  were  at  a  greater  distance  than  any  of 
his  contemporaries  had  imagined.  His  candor  led 
him  to  adopt  an  opinion  from  Pliny  respecting  float- 
ing islands,  hy  the  help  of  which  he  accounted  for  Ihe 
appearances  related  to  him,  hy  his  marine  brethren. 
Il  is  not  improbable  that  the  large  islands  of  floating 
ice,  driven  from  the  Polar  Seas  (0  the  southward  ;  or 
the  Fog  Banks,  which  form  many  singular  appearan- 
ces resembling  land  and  trees,  might  have  been  the 
true  foundation  of  this  opinion  and    of  these   reports.* 

It  is  not  pretended  that  Columbus  was  the  only  per- 
son of  his  ago  who  had  ac<|uired  these  ideas  of  the 
form,  dimensions  and  balancing  oflhe  globe  ;  but  he 
was  one  oflhe  few  who  bad  begun  lo  think  for  them- 


♦  Till!  fnllowiiif,'  ncrmiiu  of  a  nirimia  ilcrppiinn,  extrurteil 
frniii  the  Ciuutlciiiun's  Magazine,  may  elucidate  the  abuve  ob* 
ucrvatiuris ; 


selvew,  and  be  bad  a  geniuM  of  that  kiiut,  which  rnnke* 
use  of  speculation  und  reuHoninu  only  ai  exeilemvnte 
lo  action.  He  was  not  a  clonet  prujeelitr,  but  un 
nli-rpritiing  adveiilurer ;  and  having  eNinhlished  bin 
theory  dii  principles,  he  was  determined  lo  exert  liioi 
self  lo  the  utmnst  todeiiKMistrate  iu  truth  by  experi- 
nieiit.  But  deeminglbe  enterprise  loo  great  (o  be  under* 
laken  by  any  but  a  sovereign  slate,  he  first  applied  {M 
it  is  said)  to  the  Uepiiblic  of  ( jeiioa,  by  whom  his  pro* 
jeet  was  treated  as  visionary.*  ile  then  propoiixl 
bis  plan  to  John  II.  King  of  Porliigal,  who,  tbou^jha 
Prince  id'  gooil  underslanding  and  of  un  enterjirisinjl 
diipoiilion,  yet  was  so  deeply  engaged  in  prosecutinf^ 
discoveries  on  the  African  coast,  wilh  a  view  to  Citui 
a  wuy  to  India  rtpund  lliul  conlinent ;  and  hiol  been 
at  so  vast  an  expense  without  any  conNideruble  suo- 
cess,  that  lie  had  no  incbnation  to  accept  the  terini 
which  <.*otiinibns  proposed,  Iiilluenceil  however  by 
the  advice  of  Calzadillu,  a  favourite  coitrlier,  he  pri- 
vately gave  orders  to  a  ship,  bound  lo  Ibe  islaiuU  of 
Capedt^  Verd,  to  utiempt  a  discovery  in  the  west ;  iiut 
through  igni>runce  and  want  of  eiiler|)rise,  the  navi- 
gators, alter  wondering  lor  some  lime  in  the  ocean 
and  making  no  discovery,  reached  their  defltined  port 
und  turned  ihe  projeet  of  (^iluinbus  into  mlicule, 

Disgusted  with  ibis  buse  arifice,  be  (piitled  Portu- 
gal, und  went  to  Ferdinand,  King  of  Spain,  haviog 
previiu.siy  sent  his  brother  to  Kngland  to  solicit  tho 
patroiiuge  of  Henry  VII.  Bui  being  laken  by  pirates, 
and  dcluineil  hcverul  yeurs  in  cuptivily,  Bartholomew 
had  il  not  in  bis  power  to  reveal  hisprnject  to  Henrys 
till  Christopher  (.'ohimhus  had  succeeded  in  Spain. 
Before  this  could  be  uceiunplii'bed,  he  bad  various 
ol>^tacles  to  surmount ;  and  il  was  not  lill  aUer  seven 
years  of  painful  solicitulton  thul  he  obtained  his  re- 
quest. 

The  objections  made  lo  the  proposal  of  Columbus, 
by  the  most  learned  men  in  >^paiii,  lo  whom  Ihe  con- 
sideration of  it  was  referred,  will  gi\e  us  some  idea  of 
the  slate  of  geogi,  nhical  science  at  that  time.  Ono 
objection  was.  How  should  he  know  more  than  all  tbo 
wise  und  skilful  sailors  w  ho  had  existed  since  the  ero 
utiim  I  Another  wus  the  a. 'ihorily  of  Seiiecu,  whj 
had  doubted  whether  it  were  po^silile  to  navigate  thu 
ocean  at  any  great  dislance  from  the  strTe  ;  hut  ad- 
mitting ibut  It  were  navigable,  they  iniiigined,  tha: 
ihreu  yeurs  would  be  required  tu  perform  th*» 
voyage,  wliich  Columbus  priiposed.  A  third  was, 
that  if  a  ship  should  sail  westward  on  a  round 
globe,  she  wouhl  necessarily  go  down,  on  tho  oppo- 
site side,  und  ihen  it  would  be  iiiipos&ihte  to  return, 
becuusc  it  would  be  like  climbing  up  a  liill,  which 
no  ship  could  do  wilh  the  strongest  wind.  A  lourlh 
objection  was  grounded  on  a  book  of  St.  Augustine, 
in  wbicli  he  had  expressed  liis  doubt  of  the  existence 
of  uiilipodes  und  the   possibility  of  going  from  one 


"  March  1,  I7^H— !i,  at  twi>  in  thu  nl'ieniodii,  iionle  lanil, 
wliii'li  tiore  Ti.  K.  st-vfu  Iragncs  ditsiai.ru  liy  e-^dination  -  iil  live 
tacki'i),  tjving  uboui  tbreu  h'a.sut'S  rniiii  hu'ul  i^laiiil,  winilK.  8. 
K.  iat.tiy  (>l>;?i>rvati"ii  4f)ili'i>.  .10  luin. ;  Inn.  'Jl  ilctr.  HO  min., 
Iroiii  ihe  Lizanl.  Tliis  i-«lani)  ^ireiches  N.  W.  ami  S.  K.  alinut 
o  h'ai;urshpiig,  atui  1>  miles  wide.  On  tlie  hhuiIi  side  tlnu  val- 
h'vs  ami  a  grt-at  iiunilirr  I'l  liirtls. 

*Miiiih  j,  saui  iriiaiiil  ln)rt'  N.  three  linpui-s.  N'.  W.  u  reef  ci( 
rocksilireu  miles.  Tlii»  ilay  n  flop's  iiia>t  caine  alniiu  8ult'. 
C>n  the  Houtli  priiiit  nl  laid  ituhuitl  is  a  Hiiiall  mar^liy  l^iaix)." 

"  A  copy  ot  niy  journal  on  boaiii  iliu  snuw  Hi.  I'aul,  ol  Lon- 
don, buuii'd  t'roui  ijoiith  Cart'ljna  to  London. 

WiLi.iAV  Utton,  C'lnmiamU'r." 

P.  S.  ('ji|'.(atn  Otlon  lhoiii:)it  he  saw  a  tiMit  on  itiu  iiihual, 
and  uoiihl  have  gone  ashore,  but  liad  unroriunatuJy  stow  tijs 
Iiiial  .■'(inie  tlniu  bulbri!.** 

"  Ctiiioni  dnrt'  llodni7  IscnnimiBfi.int'd  to  go  in  qiicst  of  nn 
Island,  u'lorli,  according  to  the  rt-puii  id'a  ma^terot:a  fhiji,  anil 
fouHMittiers,  on  exanii'iatioii  btilorc  ttie  lordd  olihu  Admiral. 
IV,  licd  about  30^  N.  uiid  about  300  leagues  went  ol  Kngland. 
('apt.  Miinlock  Marloin^ii-,  an  r.\celltnt  inatheinaticiau,  antl 
antliorofthe  sen  charts  of  ilio  (Jrkney  and  lewis  i.^lands,  qi 
(eniis  oiio  lit  iiic  CtilltdtMi  sloop,  to  bring  l)ack  an  ucconiit  of 
wb.it  di.-^c-ovt  ries  he  may  make.  As  this  island  lies  out  nl  iim 
track  (iliho  triidt;  to  Aint-riia,  it  is  ("UiiiHised  to  have  'leen  la.*- 
Eied  liv  luivtifutors  to  niir  cohniics,  |[i(>iii;h  i.-rked  in  so.i'j 
Dutrii  mapd.  lithe  Comunidore  di.Hinvers  ii,  lie  is  lo  tako  pus- 
aession  (dit  by  the  nt.liie  of  Rodney's  idland.'* 

*' Friday,  April  Id,  175"J,  Conunodora  Iloilne?  iir:>ed  lu 
Woo' with  :  he  tiad  teen  cruising  ten  days  hi  cpieotoran  inland, 
ar.i  the  men  at  the  top  niatU-tiuad  were  more  than  i>m-e  ducitir 
ed  with  what  the  sailors  call  t'og-baiiks.  About  the  tiih  or  7tt) 
day  the  rrew  observed  braiicheB  of  trtea  witii  their  leavert  on, 
and  tlighis  of  gidls,  ami  piifccs  ot^shipwreek,  which  are  gene- 
rally reiranled  an  certain  sii^ns  of  an  aojacent  shore,  but  could 
nut  divcover  any."  Ucnt.  Mag.  for  1761,  p.  ?3j  ;  fur  17j'<j,  ii. 
83,  ISO. 

IV.  U.  The  iiiland,  mnrkeit  In  the  Dutch  n)ap<>,  could  not  have 
lieen  nd^iaken  for  ih)9  imat;inary  island,  being  but  a  nmil'Im 
rook.  U  is  the  same  that  isile^cribediu  the  liteorZcn;>.  I'ligu 
8'J. 

♦  Thtii  ifl  f^nid  on  the  anihoriiy  ofHiiriT.!,  ihe  rnval  .'^pani-h 
liit^toritu)  :  Ferdinando  (kilumtius,  in  ihe  life  ol  bis  f.itht-r,  snyi 
nothing  (d' it ;  but  reproRentH  hisappheaiion  tu  thi;  King  of  fcr- 
tiigiil  .-ID  tiir  llrr^i,  and  gives  this  reason  for  it,  *'  bectttiselie  liv- 
ed under  liiiii.*' 


'ft 


AMKUIOAN    HIHTOIIV. 


homiinhero  to  tho  other.  An  tho  wridiiff  of  thin 
ll:ily  railter  was  rrccivcd  llio  iiiiicliuti  ol  thu  church 
to  coittrailirt  hirii  w<iii  (lurniiil  hrrcMy. 

For  Biuh  rt-BHuiiH,  uiid  hy  >Ui-h  lenftorirrs,  ihv  pro- 
poiil  of  CoUunhim  wu»  Qt  (irNt  ri'jct'lrtl  ;  bill  liy  ihn  in* 
tluoiico  of  Juha  IVrcz,  a  S|mni^li  iirirnt,  itiul  l.rwitt 
SAiilaii^a-t,  all  oiYicvr  of  tlu'  Kim^'m  Iidiihi  Imhl,  Cjtifcrt 
laulielld  wu«  prrt4uuil(-(l  to  hnii-n  to  hm  Hnlinlulioii, 
and  after  he  liiul  hi't'ii  tvvicu  rrpuUcd,  lo  riTiill  hiin  to 
Court ;  when  ithu  oIl'iTcd  to  puwii  lit  r  juvvcIm  to  defray 
the  cxponnu  oi  (he  ri|iii|>iiii'itt,  arnoiiiilin^  to  no  inorr 
than  liJuOl)  crownn  ;  whu'h  Hiini  wan  iidvanct'd  hv  •Sitiit* 
Miif{(il,  and  tht:  CjntH'n'it  jtiwclrv  wio*  lavrd.  'I'hiiti,  to 
tho  ^rnrfoiiM  di'i-irtioit  of  a  tt  iiuhi  iiniid,  wo  ovvu  iUv 
UtKcovcry  of  Aiiu-ricu. 

Tho  condilioii  Hlipul.Ucd  tictwi'rn  I'lTihuinKl  »tid 
IidlH'lln  on  thu  onr  piirl,  iuid  Cuttiinh'iK  nn  th<' olhtf 
purl,  wure  thi'Ko  ;  " 'I'hiii  lie,  hut  ht-irs  iiiid  Hiicct'SMurs, 
nhould  lioid  thu  otilce  of  Adnnrat  in  a\\  ihuM'  miaiidn 
and  a>ntiiinil.t  which  he  dhouM  diACovcr;  thut  he 
should  ho  ViofToy  and  Uovirnor  of  ittu  »ann\  will) 
iiovver  of  noininulin^  thrt'u  iissunntoN,  of  whni't  thi'ir 
niajcHtictt  tihunhl  appoint  one.  That  hci  should  huvo  one 
tenth  pari  of  thu  nctt  jiroci-edi  of  all  (he  ^uld  mid  ml- 
vor,  precious  HtoiicM,  Npicu  and  other  incrchandizu 
wliicli  MhunUI  he  fotitid  ;  thnt  he,  or  a  dcpnly  of  liia  own 
appointing,  shouhl  di-cide  all  ciinlrovermcH  rcspci'tiii;^ 
tlie  trade  ;  that  he  nlioulil  he  at  one  ei|;lith  part  of  the 
expense  of  eipnppniir  the  t'lrti  th.-et,  and  aliuuld  receive 
one  eii>hlh  pan  of  tlie  prolits  " 

The  iieceHKary  preparations  hein|»  made,  and  a  yeor's 
proviHJon  laid  in,  on  tlieiJd  of  AugiiHt.  IVJ'Z,  (^'otiunlMiN 
sailed  front  PjIok,  a  port  of  Spam,  on  the  Medittrran- 
can,  with  (hruo  vesjieU,  oie  of  wliidi  was  called  ii  ear- 
rack,  and  thu  other  two  caraveU,*  having  on  hoard  the 
whole,  ninety  men.  Havinir  pusNi'd  i!irou<;h  (he  sUails 
of  Giberalter,  he  ariiveJ  at  the  ('unarirs,  on  the  l^th 
of  the  suine  month,  where  he  was  detained  in  reliltin^ 
one  of  the  curaveU,  and  taking  in  wood  and  water,  till 
the  6th  of  Scpteinher,  when  he  sailed  wetilward  on  Urn 
voyage  of  discovery. 

This  voyaii^e,  which  ia  now  considered  aw  an  easy  and 
plcaaant  run,  heUvccn  the  latitudes  of  W  and  30  de- 
crees, with  a  trade  wind,  was  then  the  huldeHt  attempt 
which  had  ever  hecn  made,  and  lilted  tlie  nnml.s  of  the 
hc8t  seamen  with  apprehension.  They  were  ^oui^  di- 
rectly from  lunne,  and  from  all  liopeof  relief',  ij  any  ac- 
cident should  hefall  Iheiii.  No  friendly  port  nor  human 
beiii^  was  known  to  be  m  that  direction.  Kvery  bird 
which  tlrsw  in  the  air,  every  fish  whieh  appeared  in  the 
Bca,  ond  every  weed  which  floated  on  its  surfaee,  was 
regarded  with  the  most  minute  attention,  as  if  thu  fate 
of  the  voyai^e  depended  on  it.  A  plienomeiion  whiuh 
Imd  never  before  been  observed  struck  them  with  terror, 
'i'he  magnetic  needle  appeared  to  vary  from  the  pole. 
They  hegan  to  apprehend  that  their  compass  would 
prove  an  unfaithful  ^uuie  ;  and  the  trade  wind  which 
wafted  them  along  with  its  friendly  wings,  they  feared 
would  ob.struct  their  return. 

'J'o  he  twenty  days  at  sea,  without  sight  of  land,  was 
what  the  boldest  mariner  had  never  before  attempted. 
At  the  expiration  of  that  time,  the  impatient  sailers  be- 
gan to  talk  of  throwing  their  eomniaiider  into  the  ocean, 
and  returning  home.  Tlieir  murmurs  reached  his  ears; 
but  his  active  mind  was  never  at  a  loss  fur  expedients, 
even  in  the  greatest  extreiuiiy-  Hy  soothing,  llatlcry, 
and  artifice,  by  inventing  reasons  for  every  nnc  inmon 
appearance,  hy  promising  reward  to  the  obodier ,,  and  a 
gratuity  to  him  whr  should  first  diiicover  land,  in  addition 
to  what  tlio  king  had  ordered ',  and  hy  deceit  ng  them  in 
the  ship's  reckoning,  he  kept  them  on  (hcircouise  for  six- 
teen days  longer.  In  the  night  of  the  1  iii>  of  October, 
he  himself  saw  a  light,  which  seemed  to  he  on  shore, 
kiid  on  llie  morning  of  the  I'-Jtli.  they  ha'.'  the  joyful 
fiight  of  land,  which  proved  to  be  the  ialand  o>'  (iuana- 
haiia,  one  of  the  cluster  called  liahamati,  in  thu  2<'nh 
degree  of  north  laliliule. 

Thus  i'  the  space  ©f  thirty^six  days,  and  in  the  45th 
year  of  bis  age,  ('otumbus  enin[)leted  a  voyage  which 
he  had  spent  twenty  years  in  projecting  and  executing; 
ft  voyage  which  openuil  to  tho  Kuropf-ans  a  new  world  ; 
which  gave  a  new  turn  to  their  thoughts,  to  their  spirit 
of  enterprise  ami  of  comimrcc  ;  which  enlarged  the 
empire  of  Spain,  and  stamped  with  immortality  the 
name  of  Columbus. 

After  spending  several  months  in  sailing  from  one 
island  to  another  in  that  vast  archipelago,  which,  from 
the  mist  aKes  of  the  age  received  the  name  of  the  West  In- 
dies, (.-'oliiinbus  returned  to  Spam  with  the  two  smaller 
Tpssets  (the  larger  having  been  wreck  on  the  island  ol 


*  A  carrack  was  a  vessel  witU  a  deck,  a  curavul  hud  uuiie 


HispHiuola),  travm^  behind  hint  n  cohmy  of  thirty-nine 
men,  lurninhrd  with  a  year's  proitsion,  arid  lodged  in  a 
furl  which  have  been  built  of  llie  limbf  r  navt  d  Iroin  l\w 
wreck.  1  hiring  Um  par>^ag<^  be  i.nt  wiih  a  violent  tem- 
peMt  wliielt  llireateiird  bun  wilh  ib'MirurtHMi.  In  thn* 
extremity  he  gave  un  Hdiiiirahle  pioof  ul  his  ralmiierin 
and  loreHi^hl.  lli>  wrolii  on  pan  hiiienl  an  aeeouiil  ol 
Ins  diNcii\irieii,  wrapt  it  in  a  pitce  ol  od  clotli,  and  iii- 
I'lti.ti'd  It  ID  a  cake  of  wax,  whu'h  he  put  into  a  light 
i'at<k  ami  threw  into  the  hen.  Aliolher  parchment,  Ne- 
4  urtd  III  the  name  manner,  he  placed  on  the  Klern,  that 
if  the  r'liip  shiiuhl  Miik,  the  eaMk  might  tloal,  and  poHMi- 
hlv  one  nr  the  other  might  be  driven  on  slmre,  or  taken  np 
at  m,\  by  MUiie  future  navigMinr,  Hut  tins  precaution 
proved  triiitleHH.  He  arrived  I'afe  m  Spam,  in  Mureli, 
1  ItKJ,  anil  was  received  witlt  the  liunorHdiie  to  his  merit. 

'I'he  account  which  Columhns  gave  of  hm  now  dis- 
eoMTies,  the  Hpecimeiis  of  gold  and  other  vuhiublu  pro- 
dnciioim,  and  llie  Hight  of  the  natives  which  he  carried 
from  tho  W't'st  Indies  to  Spam,  were  so  pleumiig  (hut 
the  court  determined  on  another  expedition.  Hut  lirst 
It  wus  neces-iary  to  obtain  tht)  sanction  of  tho  I'ope, 
who  readily  granted  it  ;  and  hy  an  imaginary  line, 
drawn  from  piilc  (o  pole,  at  tltc  dintanci!  of  one  hundred 
leiigucA  westward  ol  the  Azores,  he  divided  between 
the  crowriH  ol  Spain  and  I'orlugal,  all  the  iieweountriea 
dready  discovered  or  to  he  distM)vereil ;  giving  (he 
western  part  (o  the  former,  and  the  eaHtern  to  the  latter. 
No  piuvisioii  however  was  made,  iii  case  thut  they 
kIiouIiI  meet,  and  their  claims  bliunld  inturtere  on  the 
opposite  Hide  of  the  gluhe.  The  hull  containing  this 
famous  but  imperlci-t  line  of  demarkation,  was  signed 
hy  Alexander  VI.  on  the  second  day  of  May,  l*ll>3  ; 
and  on  the  *8th  of  the  same  nionlli,  the  King  and 
C^tieeii  of  Sjiain,  hy  a  written  instrnment,  explaim^d  and 
continned  tlm  privileges  and  powers  which  tliey  had  be- 
fore granted  to  Coluiitl-U! .  in.iking  thi'  oHice  of  Vice- 
roy and  (iovernor  of  :he  Indies  hereditary  in  hii  fami- 
ly. Oh  the  '^rith  September  following  he  »ailed  from 
(^'adiz,  with  a  fleet  of  seventeen  >hip^,  great  and  small, 
well  fnrniahed  with  all  necesnuries  tor  the  voyage  ;  and 
having  on  hoard  ITillO  people,  witli  horses,  caltlu,  and 
implements  to  establish  pi  uitations, 

On  Sunday,  the  third  of  November,  he  discovered  an 
i.Hland,  to  wliich  in  honor  id  the  day,  be  gave  thu  name 
of  Uommica.  Al'lcrwardhe  discovered  in  succession 
other  i>taud.t,  which  he  called  .Marigalaiite.  (iuailaloupe, 
Monl-errat,  Itedonda,  Antigua,  Si.  Martin's  St.  Ursu- 
la, and  St.  Julm  On  the  lUih  of  November  lie  camo 
to  Nuviilad,  oil  the  north  aide  of  llispaiiiola,  where  he 
had  built  Ins  fort,  and  left  ins  colony  ;  but  he  had  the 
mortiticatmn  to  hnu  that  tlu^  people  were  all  dead,  and 
that  the  fort  had  been  de.stroyed. 

The  account  given  by  liie  natives  of  the  loss  of  the 
cclony,  was,  tliat  they  fell  into  discord  among  them- 
selves, on  the  usuil  sulijeuts  of  controversy,  women 
and  gold  .  that  having  pi-ovoked  a  chief,  wlio.se  name 
was  ('anaubo,  be  came  against  them  with  a  superior 
force,  and  deslroved  them  ,  that  some  of  ihv.  natives, 
m  nitempling  to  defend  them,  had  been  kil'ed,  and 
others  were  then  ill  of  their  wounds  ,  which,  oa  in- 
spection, appeared  to  have  been  made  wttn  Indiiii 
weapons. 

(-'oltimiius  prudently  forbore  to  make  any  critical  in- 
«piiry  into  the  matter;  but  hasted  to  establish  anotiier 
colony  in  a  more  eligible  situalion,  to  the  »!ustward  , 
which  he  called  l.^abulla,  after  Ins  royal  patroness  Kr 
had  many  ilillicullies  to  contend  with,  besdes  those 
which  unavoidably  attend  uiiderlakmgs  of  such  novel 
ty  and  magiuiude.  Nature  indeed  was  bountiful ;  the 
soil  and  c'lmate  produced  vegetation  with  a  rap''liiv  l> 
which  the  Spaniards  had  not  been  accustomed  t'lciu 
wheat  sown  ut  the  eiul  of  January,  full  ears  were  ga- 
thered at  the  end  of  March.  'I'lic  stones  of  fruit,  the 
shps  of  vines,  and  the  joints  of  siigar  cami  8;.'-cuied  in 
seven  days,  and  many  other  seeds  iti  half  (lie  time. 
This  was  an  eneouragmg  pro.ipcct ;  but  tl.-.,  slow  ope- 
rations of  agriculture  di>  iiol  meet  the  views  of  83n- 
gu  rie  adventurers.  Tfic  numerous  followers  of  Co- 
lo. .lUs,  some  of  whom  were  of  the  best  families  in 
Spam,  had  conciived  hopes  of  suddenly  enriching 
themselves,  by  tho  precious  metals  of  those  new  re- 
gions ;  and  wero  not  disposed  to  listen  to  his  recom- 
mendations of  patience  and  industry  in  cultivating  the 
earth.  The  natives  were  displeased  wiih  the  licentious- 
ness of  their  new  neighbours  ;  who  endeavored  to  keep 
them  in  awe  by  a  display  of  force.  'I'Jie  explosion  of 
fire  arms,  and  the  sight  of  men  mounted  on  horses, 
were  at  first  objects  of  terror  ;  liut  use  had  rendered 
them  less  foniiidahle.  Columbus,  overburdened  with 
care  and  fatigue,  fell  sick,  and  at  his  recovery,  found  a 


ntnliny  nmontf  his  men  ',  which  by  j  due  mixture  of  ro- 
siilntiiiii  and  h  lulv,  he  luul  ihe  itddreKt  to  ipiell.  \{» 
then  rndiMVuiireil  to  eNtal>h>>h  disripline  among  bis  own 
p<  oph',  and  to  i  inplov  ihe  iiatue^  in  culling  reidi 
through  (he  wood.-*  \\  liilsl  he  was  preMeiil,  and  ahio 
lo  ath  lid  lo  bu-iiiens,  things  went  on  so  prosperonsly 
that  he  thought  lie  might  safety  procued  on  \\\n  discovu- 
ru'Ft. 

In  liift  former  voyage  he  had  visiled  Ciihi  ;  but  was 
uneerlam  whether  it  were  an  i-»laud  or  a  part  of  soma 
coniitieiit.  He  thurelore  pansid  ov<-r  to  \\n  raNtrrn  ex- 
tremity ;  nii'l  coaHlnl  lU  Moulhward  Hide,  ||||  he  found 
liiniself  enlniiLded  Hinoug  a  \asi  nuinbrr  of  fimall 
islands,  vsIiilIi  lor  their  beauty  and  lerlthly  he  ealted 
the  (iarde'i  of  Ihe  l^ueen  ;  but  the  dangerous  rockn 
and  shoils  which  ^Burrounded  them,  obliged  him  tu 
stretch  farther  to  thi!  souihward  ;  by  which  means  ho 
discovered  (he  island  of  Jamaica,  where  he  (bund  wa- 
ter and  other  refreshineiils  |nr  his  rut  ii,  who  were  al- 
most dead  with  famine.  The  li.i/ard^,  f.itia.n-,  aiid  dis- 
tress of  this  voyage,  threw  liim  inio  i  lethargic  disorder, 
from  wlii'di  he  had  just  recovired,  when  he  rrturned  to 
his  colony  and  h)und  it  all  in  cimfiiHion,  from  the  samo 
causes  whicli  had  proved  destruclive  to  the  first. 

In  his  absence,  the  lieentiou.Hiies.*  of  (he  Spaniards 
had  provoked  several  of  the  ehiels  :  four  of  whom  had 
united  to  destroy  them,  ami  liad  neiiially  comineneed 
hoNlitities,  in  which  twenty  Spanianls  were  killed. 
Cohinihus  collerted  his  people,  put  tin  in  into  thi'  best 
order,  and  by  a  judn.-ioiis  comlnti.itKUi  of  force  and 
stratagem  gained  a  decisive  victory,  to  which  the  horstl 
and  dogs  did  not  a  tittle  eoniribnte. 

At  Ills  return  to  llispinlula,  he  liail  tlie  pleasure  nf 
meeting  Ins  brother  Haiiholotnrw,  whom  lie  liad  not 
seen  for  several  years,  and  whom  he  supposed  to  have 
been  dead,  liarthutomew  was  a  niiin  of  eipial  knowledgr , 
experience,  bravery  and  prudence  with  hnnself.  IJis 
palieiicu  had  endured  a  severe  (rial  in  (heir  long  sepa- 
ration. He  had  many  obstacles  to  surmoutit  before  he 
could  get  (o  Kngland  and  obtain  access  to  the  king. 
Ho  was  ut  I'aris  when  he  lieard  of  the  success  of  his 
brother's  first  enterprise  ;  who  hud  gone  on  the  second 
before  Hartholomew  could  get  to  Sp,tin.  (hi  his  arrival 
there,  and  being  introduced  lo  tin:  court,  he  was  ap^ 
pointed  to  thu  eoinniand  of  ihrtr  ships,  which  wei*i 
destined  to  convey  supplies  to  ilie  colony  ;  and  he  ar- 
rived whilst  Cristopher  was  absent  on  Ins  voyagu  to 
Cuba  and  Jamaica.  Colunihns  uppoinlid  hts  broiher 
to  command  at  Isabella,  whilst  h<-  went  into  the  inte- 
rior part  of  the  island  to  perfect  his  conquest,  and  re- 
duce the  natives  tosubjeclion  and  tribute. 

The  Indians  were  so  unused  to  colli  ct  gold  dust  in 
such  (piantities  as  their  compicrors  demaiuhd  it.  that 
they  otl'ered  to  plant  the  immense  )iluin.<<  of  lliR|iuniola, 
and  pay  uneijuivalent  in  corn.  '  'otumbus  vvas  struck  with 
the  magnanimity  of  the  proposal  ;  and  iu  conseipieiuMi 
moderated  ihe  tribute.  'I'liis  did  not  tjtisfy  the  avarieo 
of  his  fullow  adventurers,  who  found  means  to  complain 
of  him  to  the  king's  ministers,  for  his  negligence  m  ae- 
ijuinng  the  only  commodity,  which  they  thoiiLfht  de- 
served the  name  of  riches.  The  Indians  llien  ilesisted 
from  planting  their  usual  ([uantily  of  corn,  and  atuinp- 
led  to  subsist  chiefly  on  animal  t'oud.  This  I'xperiment 
proved  injurious  lo  themselves  as  well  us  llicir  curnpic- 
ro.'s  ;  and  it  wa.s  rompnted,  that  within  four  years,  from 
(he  discovery  of  the  ibtand,  one  third  part  of  its  inha- 
bitaris  perished. 

i'he  complaint  against  Cotumbiia  so  wrought  op. 
die  jealous  mind  of  Ivmg  rerdinand,  that  John  Agu-i- 
iio,  ,vlio  was  sent  in  MU5,  with  sujtptics  to  the  -olony, 
had  orders  to  act  us  a  spy  on  his  conduct,  'i'fiis  man 
b"haved  with  so  little  discretion,  as  to  seek  matter  of 
accusation,  anil  give  out  threats  against  the  .Admiral. 
At  the  same  time,  the  ships  which  he  coinmari(h  d  being 
destroyed  by  a  hurricane,  he  had  no  means  U-h  to  re- 
turn ;  till  Columbus,  knowing  that  he  lud  enemies  ut 
home  and  nothing  tosupport  himself  but  his  own  me- 
rit, resolved  to  go  to  Spam  with  two  caravels,  himscll 
in  one  and  Aguado  in  (he  other.  Having  appointed 
proper  persona  to  command  (he  several  fortA  ;  his  bro- 
ther Hartholomew  to  superuitend  the  whole,  and  hi.s 
brother  James  to  be  next  in  atidiority  ;  he  set  sad  on 
the  tenth  of  March,  HlJB,  and  after  a  perilous  and  'o- 
diouB  voyage  in  the  tropical  latitudes,  arrived  at  Cadiz 
on  the  11th  of  June. 

His  presence  at  Court,  wilh  the  gold  and  other  val- 
iiiible  articles  which  he  carried  home,  renioveil,  in 
some  measure,  ihepn-judiees  which  had  been  excited 
.-igainst  him.  Hut  his  eneinie.s,  ilntugh  silent,  wero 
not  hlle ;  and  in  a  court  where  plih  gin  and  languor 
proved  Q  clog  to  the  spirit  of  cntcrprisei  they  found  t* 


.■> 


i 


nion R A pu I i:s  or  Tin:  daut.v  nisco  v i;  u k  un. 


lytdiin  niiiiiiro  of  ro* 
idtlrCM  to  <|n('ll.  Ha 
ii'tplinr  niiiontf  lim  uwri 
:i\r<i  Ml  CKiiiii^  rouU 
\\<iA  [irt'Mciit,  and  al>Io 
flit  (Mt  Ml  |iri>!>|)tTotiiily 
iirot'i!t-il  on  liiK  tliBCOVU* 

h'iKiti'd  Ciiliii  ;  ImiI  wa» 
I.iikI  or  a  pail  of  .hoimu 
over  Ml  iiH  rji!*l»Tn  t'T- 
Aiinl  Niilf,  111)  III'  IdiiihI 
iiMt  iMiiiilit'r  nl  Kiiiall 
and  Icrtiliiy  In*  rallrd 
,  lilt'  (laii^iToiiM  rockn 
llii'iii,  (>l>lii>i'il  hull  (o 
;   by    vvliii-|i   inrajix  ho 

I,  \%luT<'  Ih<   101111(1    v,w- 

liiN  iiun,  \%lio  were  nl- 
izunh,  i.itii,'iU'.  mill  tlts- 
ito  I  I('lliart;ic  liiHonlcr, 
il,  wlnii  liu  n-iuriKMt  to 
iit'iiifioii,  I'roiii  ihv  ttuiuu 
"tiv*i  to  tlm  lir^t. 
.iiH'.i.t  ol  the  S|mhiar(Iti 
'tn  ;  (our  ol'  whom  hiiil 
(I  ac-mally  coniiiinKTil 
i|iaiiiariN  wvw  killed, 
[inl  tlirto  into  llir  Uvsl 
hiiiation  ol  forcr  uiiil 
irv,  to  v\lucli  iliti  horse* 
lit). 

lie  had  llir  [(IroHiiro  o( 
cw,  whom  hv.  had  not 
II  hi-  HU|i|)0^c(l  to  ha\o 
)anofci|ual  ki)Owlrdi.'f , 
ICC  Willi  hi.iiMcir.  llii 
rial  lit  llu-ir  ton^  Arpa- 
<  to  Niirinouiit  Ik  I'oro  he 
;im  iicrrss  to  thi!  kintr. 
i  of  tht!  success  of  hin 
lud  t,roiie  OM  tlx!  ttecond 
)  Sp.iHi.  On  hiH  arrival 
till;  ciuirt,  he  wan  ap- 
ree  kIujih,  whieli  wetii 
hu  colony  ;  and  he  ar- 
ifit'iit  on  liN  voya^u  to 
|h  iippoitilo  d  his  hroilier 

{•  went   into  the  into- 

hi»  eonqiicKt,  and  ru- 
id  (nliulu. 

to  eolU  (-1  |.'()ld  dust  in 

rors  (iciiiandi  d  it.  ilmt 
pluin.i  of  lliFijiiinioia, 

umliuHwas  struck  wiili 
and  in  conseipienco 

lint  latiJily  tin:  avarice 
ud  means  to  comphiiti 
■  lus  neylit.'encc  in  ac- 

ti'h  t!iey  thoiiL^ht  de- 
Indi.iTis  then  (U'^^lsted 
:orii,  »nd  atiemp- 

iMHJ.  'I'liiK  experniiciit 
well  as  ihcir  compio- 
aliiM  four  years,  t'rom 
:iird  part  of  its  iiiha' 

nlma  so  wrouplil  op, 
id,  tliat  .loliii  Ayo-i- 
ippiies  to  llic  "oloiiy, 
conduct,  'i'his  mail 
a  to  seek  matter  of 
afraiiitit  the  Admiral, 
he  comniaiidrd  tieing 

no  meaiiH  li.lt  lo  rt'- 
he  lijd  enemicd  at 

If  l)ul  lim  own  MIC- 

,wo  caravels,  himsell 

Having    uppoiiiled 

iveral  forts  ;   his  hro- 

thc  whole,  and  hi^i 
lorily  ;  ha  set  sad  on 
T  a  jicrilous  and  'o- 
du8,  arrived  at  Cadiz 

gold  and  other  val- 
hoine,  removed,  in 
oh  had  hecM  excited 
houjili  eilent,  were 
ihlt-gin  and  languor 
rpriuc,  they  found  t* 


not  diinrult  (ooliNtruet  hiM  vievvfl  ;  whieti  nolwilhxliihd- 
htg  itit  diNCiiiiniKniienlfi,  were  n|i||  pnmletl  to  the  iltM* 
ftivrry  ol  a  way  to  India  hy  the  went. 

He  now  demanded  ei:;ht  itliipN,  lo  carry  NUpplici  to 

h'm  cohuiy,  and  Kit  I't  yo  on  di»*e')very.  Thene  de- 
IiiiiiuU  were  rumplied  with,  and  he  hr^an  Iiih  third 
voyuyi' mi  tliclhirtietli  nl'  May,  I  HlH.  Me  kept  a 
ct)Urp>e  mi  fartn  the  Kiuilhwurd,  ihai  not  imly  hin  men, 
but  hi)*  priivi^ionH  mid  water  Miill'rrcd  ^'really  frmn  ex- 
eoHRive  heal  The  lifst  land  he  made  alter  teavtni; 
the  lf«leH  iif  Cape  de  Verd.  wan  a  larui>  ir<tund  whielt 
he  naiMi-il  Tfiiiidad,  Ir'tni  lU  appearaiM'e  in  the  litrin 
of  three  monntaiiiH.  He  tlienpaM'-ed  thronuh  a  nar- 
row ftlrail  and  whirlpuuj  iiitn  llic  i^nlf  nf  I'aria  ;  where 
oliMTviiii;  the  lidr  tii  hi-  r.ipid,  and  the  w  uliT  tirai  kish, 
hi'  C'lnji  ciiirrd  that  le  t.iiid  on  the  wi-Nhrii  and  hoiitli 
ern  miIVh  id'lhc  l.'ii)  wa^  pail  nf  a  eHniincnl  ;  and 
that  llii'  tresh  watrr  /iroceeiled  from  Huiae  ^neal  rivern 

The  people  lint'  eeiianlnl  I'ari.i  were  whiter  than 
thiiMi' iif  the  ihlair  0.  Tliev  had  iili>>iil  their  necks 
plateri  id'uolil  and  Irinu's  of  pearl  ;  winch  they  readily 
e\cltanj„M'd  fur  pie  cn  id' lin  am!  hrans.  and  little  lallri  ; 
and  when  tliey  were  ipiesliniird  wlieiiee  they  olitained 
the  i^olil  and  pearU,  they  pi>inteil  In  the  west. 

The  Adniiial's  pri>\i>ion  nut  allowini;  him  In  Rlay 
limu  in  thiH  place  ;  he  passed  a^aiii  thrnui^h  th.it  daii- 
j^rroiiM  Hi  rail,  hi  which  lie  t^iivi-  ihc  nanie  nf  the  Drag- 
on H  Mmilh  ;  and  haviiiLf  haliNjied  linnm'ir,  that  the 
land  <Mi  luH  li'tl  was  a  eimlineni.  he  steered  >o  tln^  N. 
M*.  ;  discoveriiiL'  Marijaiita  and  Nevi-ral  other  islands 
in  ln<4  eonrtte  ;  and  mi  the  Ihnlti'lli  of  An^iiKt  arrived 

at  the  hailnmr    of  St.    D in^K.    in  llispaiiiola  ;    to 

Yvliich  pi. ice  his  lirMllier  liLid  remnved  lim  cnlony  in  liitt 
iihsciici',  in  cuiiscipicnce  nf  a    plan   precmicerled  lie- 
veen  them. 

\^'ea^le(l  with  inees<<niit  eare  and  watchini;.  In  ihiH 
danueriiOf  \oyai.'e.  he  huped  iiuw  In  enjny  n-pnse  ;  in- 
fttiail  nf  which  lie  fniind  lii»  enlnny  much  reduced  hy 
dealliH  ;  m.inytd'llie  Hiirvivnrs  sick,  with  a  dtscaHe, 
the  [I'-i-iih.ir  cnM--eipieiice  nl  llicir  dehaiichery ;  and  a 
larire  niimher  \>\'  them  in  adiial  rchcllinn.  Thi-y  had 
Inrmed  ihemselviM  intn  a  Iindy  ;  Ihey  had  *jaiiicd  nvcr 
many  nf  the  Indians,  niidiT  pretence  id'  pmlccliiii; 
theiii  ,  an  I  iht-y  had  relired  In  a  disiaiit  part  nf  the  is- 
land,which  pnived  a  n-.-^orl  fnr  the  seihtmns  and  di>enn- 
lenled.  Their  emmnande'-  was  Francis  Unldan,  w  Im 
had  hci'n  (Jhief  Jn.^lice  nf  th'-  cnhmy  ;  and  llieir  inini- 
ber  vvaM  tin  C(UiHidcral)le.  (!iat  (.'nliiiMhiis  cniild  nni 
comniaiid  a  fnrco  Hiilticicnt  to  snlnlne  them.  He 
tlierelorc  entereil  intna  ne^nlialinii,  hy  nlVerin^  a  par- 
don to  thnsc  whn  wnnld  hnhinil,  and  liherty  nf  relnriN 
iiii;  In  Spain  tn  ihuse  w  hn  desireii  it.  TJicM-  oilers, 
Iiowe\er  impolitic,  proved  huece.-^sful.  Kntdan  him- 
frelf  accepted  them,  and  persiiaiied  nllierK  tn  <ln  the 
came  ,  then,  hciiii^  reitlored  lo  his  olVice,  he  tried  and 
condemned  the  relractnry,  hi-me  of  whom  were  put  tn 
death. 

An  account  of  this  mutiny  was  Kent  home  to  Spain 
by  ('olnmhuti  and  annlher  hy  Kniihin.  Kacli  had 
(heir  advocates  at  court,  and  the  cause  was  heard  hy 
the  kin^  and  ipieen.  Kohlati  and  his  men  were  ac- 
cutted  nf  ailultery,  perjury,  mhliery.  murder,  and  dis- 
turhiiiji  the  p-Mce  of  the  wlmU'  isfaml  :  wliiUl  CnJiiMi- 
bus  w!'s  charL'cd  wilh  cruelty  tn  individuals,  aimiiij,' 
ut  intlependeiice,  and  eniirnh.'inir  the  trihnle.  It  whs 
iiisinualed,  that  not  heinir  a  native  nf  Spain,  he  had 
no  prtiper  respect  for  the  iinhle  laniilten,  who  had  he- 
come  advnitnrers  ;  and  that  the  dehts  due  to  them 
couki  not  he  recovered.  It  wa.i  siimiested,  that  if 
pome  remedy  were  not  speedily  applied,  there  wiis 
dan;>cr  that  he  would  revnil,  aiidjnin  wiih  smne  nlher 
Itriiite  ;  and  that  toemnpass  lhisdesi>.'ii,  he  had  con- 
cealed the  real  wealth  of  the  colmiy.  iind  prevfuted 
the  ciiuversinn  of  the  Indians  to  the  t  'atholjc  f.iitii. 

These  insinuations  prevailed  on  the  Jealmisv  nt  Fer- 
dinand, and  e\eM  hta^ricred  the  cnii>taiicv  nf  Isaheila. 
They  resolved  tn  appoint  a  jndire,  wlio^Iinnld  exam- 
ine iiiets  oil  the  Kpot  :  and  if  he  shnnid  tind  tlie  Ad- 
ruiral  truilly,  to  raipcrHcde  him.  For  this  purpo.sc  thev 
■em  FranciH  Hovadilla,  a  man  of  nohle  rank,  hut 
whose  poverty  alntm  recnmniended  him  to  the  olhee. 
Furnished  with  these  powers,  Im  arrived  at  St.  iJo- 
tnin<ro,  when  (>olumhuiJ  was  ahKcut ;  look  lodninirs  in 
his  house;  inviteil  accusers  to  appear  a/^ainst  [lini  ; 
flei/.ed  on  l.is  ell'cctfl,  and  linally  sent  him  and  hnlh  his 
hMlhers  to  Spain  in  three  diilVrent  bhips,  but  all  luaded 
with  irong. 

The  I'.iaslcrof  the  ship  in  which  the  Admiral  oiiled 
had  bo  .iiiich  respect  for  him,  thai,  w  hen  he  had  trot  lo 
Bt;a,  he  oiVe.-fd  to  take  nil  his  fetters  ;  hut  (.'nlunihus 
nobly  declined,  that  he  would  prrniit  that  hoiinr  to  he 
donofo  him.  hy  uurx  but  his  sovereign.     In  this  ha- 


niilniiintr  ennrineii 

.hOinp   nt    Ihl.l.lJnH 

nf  all  lhi'M>riL'ornii 
hei-n  CMmmitled  ih 


cut,  hf  wan  dejivrrnl    In    Fnniieca, 

who  had  heeii  the  chief  inKli^alnr 

N    pmceidini;'*.  and    to  whom   had 

>al)'.ilrN  of  ihe   IiidieM.  | 


Not  <-niitenl  Willi  rohhiii;;  ColmnhiiN  of  bin  liherty. 
ihis  prejuila-eil  ceelesiaHlie  would  ha^e  depri\ed  him 
of  hiM  well  earned  repulalioii  nf  havinu  lirMl  diM-nvered 
the  new  eniiliiienl.  With  lhi>  aecnbalinnx  which  Cn- 
lumhiiM  had  r<eMt  homr  aL'!iiii''t  Unldan,  he  had  Irani*- 
milled  .in  acenunl  of  the  dif>eovery  nf  ihe  roaht  of  I'a* 
ria,  which  he  Jnslly  siippoMeil  Inhr  pari  nf  u  cnntineiit 
Ojeita,  an  acli\e  ollli  er,  whn  had  N,ij)ed  wilh  CohniihiiN 
in  hi»i  m'coiid  vnyaye,  wan  at  Cniirt  when  lhe«e  A\n- 
p.ilcheM  arrived,  and  naw  the  dr,iiiL'lit  of  the  dincnxe 
ry,  wilh  the  xpeciiiM  iiii  of  L'nld  and   pearlx,    whiih   the 

Admiral  had  hciit  I e.      iJeini;  a  lavnrile  of  Fom>eca, 

he  easily  nhlaiiied  lea\e  In  pursue  the  difCoM-ry  — 
Some  I'lerchaittM  nf  .Seville  weri'  prevailed  upon  tn 
eipiip  fnurHtiips;  with  which,  in  Ml)l>,  Ojeda  InMnw- 
ed  Ihe  track  of  CohmilniK,  iuid  made  land  niithecnast 
I'i  I'aria.  An)eri;»o  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  merehanl. 
well  skilled  ill  i.'eoi,'rapliy  and  itaviiiaiioii,  accompani' 
ed  Ojeda  in  this  vnya),'e  ;  anil  hy  piihli>  hiiii,'  the  tirnt 
hook  and  cliart,  deNrrihiiij.'  the  new  world  ohiaim-d  llie 
liniior  *>(  havini;  it  railed  Ami:iih  *.  This  hi'Weverdid 
nnt  happen  tillafli-r  the  di-alh  of  Cnliii  ihuM.  Several 
nlher  advenlurers  fnltowed  the  name  track,  and  all 
uippiiM  d  that  the  continent  which  they  had  seen,  wim 
part  of  Indi.l. 

Ah  n  'nil  as  it  wna  km-wn.  that  CohinihtiH  waM  ar- 
rived at  ('adi7.,  Nnv  f),  l.''i(IO,  in  the  disgraceful  Hitua- 
tioii  above  nienlioiicd,  the  k\\\n  and  queen,  a.'iliamctl 
nf  llie  nnlers  which  they  had  ^iveii,  comma ndeil  him  to 
he  released,  and  invited  liiiii  to  court,  win  re  tliey  apoh 
o^'i/ed  for  the  mishehavionr  nf  their  new  (lovcrimr, 
iUid  not  '>nly  proinised  in  recal  him,  hut  to  rer«lnrn  lo 
llie  Admiral  all  hiseltecls.  (^olnmhiis  conld  not  fnr- 
L'ct  the  ii/nnuiiny.  He  preKcrved  the  fellers,  l.niii,' 
them  up  in  Ion  iiparlment,  ami  ordered  them  to  he  bu- 
ried in  his  ^'rave. 

Instead  id' reiiislatinjf  him  in  Iur  (jovernmrnt  iic- 
cordini:  In  Ihe  orii^iiial  eniitratt,  the  kini!  and  ipieeii 
sent  Ovahdn,  tn  1  liKpaiiinla,  In  Mtperhcde  Itnvadilla  ; 
and  niilv  indiil:^eil  CnhunhuH  in  piirHiiini;  his  darliii;.' 
prniecl,  the  di.scnvery  of  India  hy  lln*  wett,  which  he 
siill  hoped  to  accomplish.  Hetiaih-d  a^ain  from  Ca- 
di/., nn  the  fnnrlh  of. May.  !.')(i- ;  wii.i  four  ^eH^eIH, 
eatrv  iii<f  one  hundred  and  forty  men  and  hnys  ;  td' 
whiili  nuinher  were  bin  hroiher  narthjlo!:iew  and  bis 
snii  Ferdinand,  the  writer  of  hi**  life 

In  his  passage  lo  the  (.'ariUice  islatid.s,  he  founil  hifi 
largest  vessel,  nf  seventy  toll!*,  uiitit  for  ^^ervice  ;  and 
theretnre  went  In  Si.  DnMMnL'it.  iu  hope  id'  eichaiiif- 
in;r  it  for  a  belter  ;  and  tnseek  shelti-r  fmm  a  sinrm 
which  he  Kaw  apprnacliin<;.  To  his  intinite  hiirprise 
and  morlircalinn,  Ovandn  would  not  admit  him  into 
the  port.  .'\  fleet  of  thirly  ships  was  then  ready  to 
sail  litr  Spain,  on  hnard  of  which  Knldaii  ai.d  Hnvatlil- 
la  were  pri.'^nnerH.  ('nlmnhns  infnrincil  ( >vandn  nf  the 
prnj.'no.>licM  whicli  he  had  nhserved.  which  Ovandn 
di.-iieearded,  and  Ihe  tleet  sailed.  Columbus  then  laid 
three  nf  his  vessels  under  the  h'C  nf  the  shnre,  and, 
with  f:real  dillicully,  rode  out  Iheli-mpest.  Hishrnth. 
i  er  put  tn  sea  ;  aiul  hy  his  jireat  n:  val  hkill  saved  the 
j  ship  in  which  be  sailctl.  Of  the  Ih  et  Naind  !n  Spain, 
eii<i)leen  sliips  were  loht,  and  in  t'iiem  peribhed  Koldaii 
I  and  Hnvadilla, 

!      The  enemieH  of  Coluinbua  fjave  out  that  ho  had 

I  raised  the  slorm  hy  the  art   of  nia^tc  ;   and  such  was 

;  the  iiiiiuraiiie  of  the  anr,  tliat  the  blory  was  believed 

!  \\  hat  cmtnhnled   the  ninre  to  it.s  credit,   was,  that 

one  id"  llie  worst  ships  id'  the  Heel,  on  board  ut'  which 

j  were  all  the  elVecIs  which   had   been  saved  lri)m  the 

rniried    fortune    of  Colninlius,    was    the    first    whidi 

arrived   in   Spain.     The  amount  of  tiiese  eli'ec.s  waa 

"  four  thousand   peuns  of  ^ntd,  each  of  the   value  of 

eiLihl    ti|iiliiii;.'H."      'I'bo    remark    which    Ferdinaiido 

('nlnmbus  makcri  on  this  event,  so  destructive  to  the 

accusers  id'  liiu  father,  in,  *'  I  am  (satisfied,  it  was  tlie 

hand  of   (ion,  who  was  pleased  to  infatuate  them  ; 

that  they  Mn<>hl  not  hearken  to  good  advice  ;   for  bad 

they  arrived  in  Spain,  they  bad  never  been  punished 

a.s  their  criineH  deserved,  but  rattier  luvurcd  und  pre- 

ferreil  as  being  the  lliKliop's  friends,'* 

After  this  Hiorni,  and  another  which  followed  it, 
Columbus  having  collected  bin  little  squadron,  sailed 
on  dihCiivery  toward  the  cnntineiit ;  and,  steering  to 
the  southwest,  came  tn  an  island  called  (tuanaiiia, 
Iwidve  h'ague.-^  from  the  cnast  nf  llniiduras,  where  he 
met  with  a  lar;M*  cnvt-red  canoe,  having  on  board 
several  pieces  of  cotton  cloth  of  divtis  cnlorH,  which 


toe  penple  said  they  had  brnMi<ht  frnm  the  vvrniwtiiL 

The  men  were  armed  Willi  kwohIn  of  w 1.  in  wldcll 

•harp  IhniM  were  pitrohulv  fixnl  Their  provitr«t 
was  Miaiite  and  rooln,  and  they  Uonl  the  berrien  c*'  ri> 
ena  ait  mnney  When  llie  Admiial  iinpiirrd  f,ir  ^olil, 
they  pnmled  lo  llie  Wi>l,  and  when  he  ai^keil  (or  a 
Htrait  by  which  be  iniji^ht  |iaKH  ihrongh  the  land,  Ihfj 
poinli'd  tn  the  rjiHt  From  the  Npecimelifl  of  cnlorrd 
cinlh,  be  imai/iiieil,  that  they  bad  come  from  Intli;i ,  uiitl 
he  linped  tn  jKiKS  thither,  by  ihe  hlrail  which  thev  de- 
Hi-nheil.  Piirniimg  Ins  enitrse  lo  Ihe  east  and  miulh, 
he  wan  led  to  ihr  gulf  of  Harieii  ;  and  \ii*iled  nrveral 
Itarhors,  ainoii|{  wliidi  was  one  which  he  called  I'orlo 
Hello;  but  he  fniirid  no  pi'ihai-e  exiending  throuuh 
the  land  He  iheii  relorned  In  the  wcKlwanl,  and 
landi'd  nil  the  coawl  of  Vi'raL'ua  ,  where  t/n'  leaiity 
and  h-rlihl;'  of  ihe  coniilry  mviled  him  lo  ht^Mu  a 
ptaiitalinn,  which  hi' eidliil  Helem  ;  but  thn  iiativea, 
a  fierce  and  Inrmiilahle  rate,  deprived  liiiii  ol  the  ho- 
nor nf  lirxt  etilah!ii.|iinL'  a  enlnny  on  the  continent,  by 
killing  Koiiie  of  his  people  ami  ohligine  bim  to  retiro 
with  the  otlierK. 

At  sea,  he  met  wilh  tempesinous  wealher  nf  lonu 
cnntimiance,  in  which  Ins  »>hipH  were  mi  sliatlernl, 
that  wilh  the  ulniont  ddlicnlly  lie  kept  them  ahovo 
water.  Iill  he  ran  them  aslinre  nn  ihe  island  nf  Jamai- 
ca. Hy  his  exiramdinary  aildreHs,  he  procured  fnun 
the  nalivrti  two  nf  iheir larj„n>t  cfinnes  ;  in  which  two 
of  his  most  faithlul  friends,  Meiale/ unit  FicKco,  nC* 
eompanied  hy  some  nf  his  Nailors  and  a  hw  liidianii 
embarked  for  Hispaniola.  Alter  eiiconnteriti^  the 
orealcft  ditVicnIlies  in  their  passage,  ihry  carried  tid- 
inns  (d  his  ijiisloilnne  lo  ( )vai.dn,  and  snln  iled  his  iiiil. 
The  niercilesH  wretch  delaiitfd  them  eiL:lit  MinnlliH 
without  any  answer,  during  which  time,  CnluinhuH  suf- 
fered the  severest  barships  from  the  discnnlent  of  bifl 
eniiipany.  and  ii  want  of  jirov  isiniis.  JJy  Ihe  Imiipila- 
tily  id  the  iiali\is,  he  at  first  received  huch  supplies, 
as  lliey  were  able  tn  spare  ;  hii  the  long  cniitinuanco 
nf  these  j^uests  hnd  diiniitislieil  thi-ir  store,  and  tb« 
inwnlciice  of  ihe  imilineers  gave  a  chirk  of  their  friend- 
ship In  this  exlremily,  the  fertile  invention  of  (,'o- 
I'lmhns  suL':'*'-''lei)  an  expedient  which  proved  hiic- 
ces^fiil.  He  knew  that  a  total  eclipse  of  the  nmun 
was  al  hand,  which  would  he  vi^ihle  in  the  evcninj^. 
On  the  preceding  day,  he  sent  for  the  pnncij)al  In- 
dians, to  speak  wilh  tliein,  on  a  matter  of  the  utmost 
imporlaiice.  Ihdng  assemhled.  he  diri'etcd  his  inl(>r- 
pri-ter  to  tell  them  that  the  (inl>  of  heaven,  whnm  ho 
wnrshipjied,  was  angry  wilh  them  for  withholding  pro- 
visions Imm  him,  arid  would  puiii»li  then  with  famine 
and  pestilence  ;  a^  a  token  nf  which,  the  innoii  would 
in  the  eveiiini:.  appear  of  an  imi/ry  and  hlnndy  color. 
Some  of  ihem  received  his  speech  w  ilh  lermr,  and  oth- 
ers wilh  indiirerence  ;  hut  wlieti  ihe  inouii  rose,  and 
till'  eclipse  iMcreased  as  she  advamed  frnm  ihe  hori- 
zon, they  came  in  crowds,  Inaded  w  ilh  prov  isions,  and 
heotrcdlhe  Admiral  tn  intercede  with  (ind.fnr  the  re- 
moval of  his  anger.      Columlius  retired  In    his  cabin  ; 

and  when  the  iclipse  bej.':iii  to  gti  nil",    he   cai )Ut 

and  told  ihem,  ihal  he  had  pr;iyeil  to  his  (jod,  and 
had  received  ihis  aiiiswcr;  that  iflhey  would  he  gnod 
for  the  fulure,  and  hriii<:  him  prnvi.--inn  as  be  sin  old 
want,  (iixl  wnutd  Inrjiive  Ihein  ;  and  as  a  tnken  of  it, 
the  mnnii  Would  put  nn  her  ii>nal  hrii;lilnesH.  They 
L'ave  liini  ihaiiks,  nrid  promised  compliance  ;  and 
whilst  he  remained  nn  the  islanit  there  was  no  more 
want  of  provision. 

At  iheend  of  ei^^ht  months,  Ovandn  sent  a  small 
vessel  lo  .lann.ica.  with  a  e.tsk  of  wine,  two  tlilclies  of 
haeon,  and  a  letter  nf  compliment  and  excuse,  which 
the  ollicer  delivered  ;  and  wiibnut  wailing  Inr  an  an- 
swer, \vei;:lied  his  anclmr  the  same  eveniiii,'  and  sail- 
ed back  to  Ilispatiiola.  The  men  who  adhered  to  Co- 
luMibiis  and  were  with  bim  on  board  the  wrecks,  won- 
ilered  at  the  sudden  departure  of  the  vessel,  by  whicli 
they  expected  delivereiice.  Columbus,  never  at  a  loss 
lor  an  evasion,  tidd  them  that  the  caravel  was  too 
small  to  take  the  whole  roinpany,  and  he  would  not 
go  without  them.  This  ticlinn  had  the  desired  ellect; 
ihoKc  who  adhered  to  him  resumed  their  patience  ; 
lint  the  mutineers  hrcame  so  insolent  that  it  was  ne- 
cessary to  subdue  them  hy  force.  In  the  contest  ten 
of  them  were  killed.  i*orra.<.  their  leader,  was  made 
prisoner  aiul  the  others  escaped.  IJarlholeinew  Co- 
lundms and  two  others  of  the  Admiral's  party  wcro 
wounded,  of  whom  one  died. 

'J'lie  hioitivcs,  having  lost  iheir  leader,  thought  it 
best  to  snhintt ;  aial  on  the  next  day  sent  a  petition  to 
the  Ad.tiiral,  conre.osing  their  fault,  and  prumimnu 
fidelity.  This  promnic  they  contirnicd  bv  un  oath,  ol 
which  the  imprecaiiun  wis  singular ;  '*  they  renounced, 


8 


AMERICAN  HISTORY. 


I  in     !! 


Ill    1 


in  oa«e  of  failure,  any  abAottition  from  Priest,  nishop, 
Of  pope,  at  the  tiino  of  iheir  dratli ;  and  at)  brnpfit 
from  the  sQcriirncnts  of  tliu  chtiich;  consenting  to  bo 
buried  bko  hcathnis  and  iniidcU  in  the  open  field/' 
The  Admiral  received  their  Bubmis«ioii,  provided  that 
Porraaahonld  continue  prisoner,  and  they  would  accept 
ft  commundcr  of  bis  appointuicni,  as  long  as  they  should 
remain  on  the  island. 

At  length  a  vessel,  which  Mcndoz  had  been  per- 
mitted to  buy.  with  the  AdiniraTs  money,  at  llispnni- 
ola,  came  to  Jamaicn,  and  took  tliem  olT.  On  their 
arrival  at  St.  Domintro,  August  13,  1501,  Ovando 
atfectcd  great  joy.  and  trcnled  the  Admiral  with  n 
ahow  of  respect :  but  he  lihrrated  I'orras,  and  tlireat- 
oned  with  punishment  the  fuilhlui  adherents  of  <'o- 
lunibus.  As  soon  as  the  vessel  was  refuied,  llio  Ad- 
miral look  leave  uf  bis  treacherous  host,  and,  with 
bis  brother,  son,  and  servimls  embarked  for  Spain. 
After  a  lonjj  and  dislressintj  voynjre,  in  wliich  the 
ship  lost  her  musts,  he  arrived  at  St.  Luca,  in  May, 
1605. 

His  patroness  Isabella  had  been  dead  about  a  year ; 
and  witli  her  bad  expired  all  the  favor  which  he  rvrr 
enjoyed  in  the  (-ourt  of  Ferdinand.  Worn  out  with 
sickness  and  fatigue,  di.-<i,ni.sled  with  the  insincerity  of 
his  sovereign,  and  the  haugiainess  of  Ins  courtiers. 
Columbus  lini;crcd  out  a  year  in  fruiiless  soliciliilion 
for  his  violated  rights  ;  till  death  relieved  bim  from 
oil  bis  vexations.  He  died  at  Valadolid,  on  the  twen- 
tieth of  May,  150fi,  in  the  5l)th  year  of  his  age  ;  and 
was  buried  in  tl.c  cathedral  of  Seville,  witii  this  m- 
■criptiou  on  his  tomb. 

A  CasliHa  ija  Ta-ou, 
Nucrn  Mnndo  liio  Colon. 

Translated  thL« ; 
To  Castile  and  \tiyv:r\^ 
Columbns  gave  n  Mew  World. 

In  the  life  of  this  reniaik.ible  ni.in  there  ij  no  drh- 
ciency  of  any  qualiiy  which  can  constitute  a  truly 
great  character.*  His  gt'iiius  was  peneiratiiig.  and  his 
judgment  solid.  He  hiid  acquired  as  mucii  knowledge 
of  the  sciences  as  could  be  obtained  at  tliat  day  ;  and 
he  corrected  what  be  had  learned,  by  his  own  oliserva- 
tions.  His  conslancy  and  patience  were  e'lual  to  the 
most  hazardous  unciertakiugs.  His  frtitude  surmoinit- 
od  manvditHculiies  ;  and  his  inventio.i  extricated  hiiu 
out  of  many  perplc.':ities.  His  prudence  enabled  him 
to  cniiceal  or  subdue  his  own  inbrinities  ;  whilst  be 
took  advantage  of  the  passior-"  ^^f  oitiers,  adjusting  his 
behaviour  to  hrs  circumstances  ;  teniporiznig,  or  acting 
with  vigour,  as  the  occasion  required. 

His  fidelity  to  tiie  ungrateful  Prince,  whom  he 
served,  and  whose  doniinions  he  enlarged,  must  render 
him  forever  conspicuous  as  an  example  of  justice  ;  and 
his  atlacbment  to  the  Queen,  by  whose  uitluence  he 
was  raiseu  and  supported,  wUl  always  be  a  monument 
of  his  gratitude. 

To  his  other  excellent  qualities  may  bo  added  bis 
piety.  He  always  entertained,  and  on  proper  occasions 
expressed,  a  reverence  for  the  Deity,  and  a  tinn  conti- 
denco  in  tiis  care  and  protection.  In  his  declining 
days,  the  consolations  of  religion  were  his  chief  sup* 
port;  and  his  last  words  were,  "Into  thy  hands,  U 
Lord,  I  commend  my  spirit.'* 

The  persecution  and  injustice  which  he  sunfered, 
may  be  traced  vip  lu  tlie  lonlracl,  which  lie  insisird  on, 
before  he  engaged  in  the  plan  of  discovery.  'I'liat  a 
foreigner  should  atliuii  so  higli  a  rank  as  to  be  Viceroy 
for  life,  and  that  the  honor  of  an  Admiral  should  hv. 
herflditary  in  his  fjinily,  lo  liie  exclusion  of  all  nobles 
of  Spain,  was  more  than  ll.eir  pride  and  jealousy  could 
endure  ;  and  they  constantly  endeavoured  to  depreciate 
his  merit;  the  only  foundation  on  which  bis  honors 
were  erected. 

There  is  a  story  recorded  by  Peter  Martyr,  a  con- 
temporary historian,  which  cxeniplilies  their  malice,  and 
bis  ingenuity  in  rising  sujK'rior  to  it.  After  the  death 
of  the  Queen,  the  nobility  atlccted  to  insinnate.  that 
hia  discoveries  were  more  the  result  of  accident  and 
good  fortune,  than  of  any  well  concerted  measures. 
One  day  at  a  public  dinner,  Columbus  having  borne 
much  iuSulUng  railery  on  that  head,  at  length  called 
for  an  egg,  and  asked  whether  any  of  them  could  set 
It  upright  on  its  little  end.  They  all  confessed  it  to  ho 
impossible.  Columbus  striking  it  gently,  tlatted  the 
shell  till  it  stood  upright  ou  the  tible.  Tlie  company, 
W''h  a  disdainful  snt-er,  cried  oui,  "Any  body  might 
have  done  ii." — "  Ves,  (said  t-'oluir.biis)  bu*  no.ie  of 
you  thougiit  of  it ;  so  1  disrovereil  the  Indies,  and  now 

•  Sniiio  frilirs<;iil).-tiTViitiinu-«  ari'  l.ikeii  Iroin  Ur.  nainpheH's 
ttoouuui  ur  Kufpeaii  auul-iuciu  In  America.    Vul.  1.  ch.  vui. 


every  pilot  can  steer  tlio  same  course  Many  things 
appear  easy  when  once  performed,  though  before,  they 
were  thought  impossible.  Uemember  the  acolTs  that 
were  thrown  at  me,  before  i  put  my  design  in  execution. 
Then  it  was  a  dream,  ochimery  delusion  ;  now,  is  what 
any  body  miglit  have  done  as  well  as  I.'*  When  this 
story  was  told  to  Ferdinand,  ho  could  not  but  admire 
the  grandeur  of  that  spirit,  which  at  the  samu  time 
ho  was  endeavoring  to  depress, 

Writers  of  ditlerent  countries  have  treated  the 
character  of  ('olumhus  according  to  their  prejudices, 
either  national  or  personal.  It  is  surprising  to  observe, 
how  these  perjudices  have  disi-pnded  ;  and  that  even 
at  the  distance  of  three  centuries,  there  are  some,  who 
alfect  lo  deny  hiiu  the  virtues  for  which  be  vas  conspi- 
cuous, and  tiie  merit  uf  originating  a  discovery,  which 
is  an  honor  to  human  reasor.  Hi.s  humanity  has  been 
Culled  in  question,  because  he  carried  dogs  to  the  West 
Indies,  and  employed  them  in  extirpating  the  natives. 
'i'lio  truth  is,  that  in  his  second  expedition  he  was  ae- 
cou  panied  by  a  number  of  gentlemen  of  the  best  fa- 
m^l  L-s  in  Spain  ;  and  many  more  would  have  gone  if  it 
1)30  been  possible  to  accoiumodate  ibem.  Tliese  gen- 
tlemon  carried  with  them  "horses,  nsses  and  oiher 
beasts  wliirh  were  of  a  great  use  in  a  new  planaitiou." 
The  conllict  which  Columbus  had  with  the  natives  was 
in  consequence  of  the  disorderly  conduct  of  these 
Spaniards  ;  who,  in  bis  .ibsence.  bad  taken  their  goods, 
abused  (heir  women,  and  coiutniiled  other  outrages, 
which  the  Indians  cotild  nut  endure,  and  then^fore 
made  war  upon  them.  In  this  war  he  found  bis  rotouy 
engaged  when  he  returned  from  his  voyage  to  Cul)a  ; 
and  there  wa.^  no  way  to  end  it,  but  by  pursuing  it  with 
vigour.  With  two  hundred  Spaniards,  of  whom  twenty 
were  mounted  ou  "horses  followed  by  an  Hi(i»f/dogs, 
bo  encountered  a  numerous  body  of  Indians,  e.siimnied 
at  one  liuiulred  thcusand.on  a  lirgeptiin.  Htulivided 
iiis  men  into  two  parties,  and  atta<:ke(i  tliein  on  two 
sides  ;  the  noise  of  tin;  lire  arms,  soon  dispersed  tliem, 
and  the  horses  and  doys  jircveiited  them  from  rallying ; 
piid  thus  n  complete  victory  was  obtained.  In  this  in- 
stance alone,  were  the  dogs  used  against  tlie  natives. 
They  naturally  followed  their  masters  into  the  tield.  and 
the  horses  lo  which  they  were  accustomed  ;  but  to  sup- 
pose that  Cnliiinl)us  transported  llieiu  lo  the  West  In- 
dies, with  a  view  to  destroy  the  Indians,  appears  alto- 
gether idle,  when  it  is  considered  that  the  number  is 
reckon -d  only  at  twenty.  Excepting  in  this  instance, 
whe  e  le  was  driven  by  necessity,  there  is  no  evidence, 
that  .  ,  made  war  ou  the  natives  of  the  West  Indies  ; 
on  the  contrary,  be  endeavoured  as  far  as  possible  to 
treat  them  with  justice  and  gentleness.  The  same  can- 
not be  said  of  those  who  .succeeded  him. 

Attempts  have  also  been  niaile  lo  detract  from  bis 
merit  as  an  original  discoverer  of  ihe  New  World. 
The  most  successful  candidate,  who  has  been  set  up  as 
a  rival  to  him,  is  Maktin  Hkiiaim  of  Nurenberg,  in 
CJermany.  His  claim  to  a  prior  discovery  has  been  so 
well  coiilesied,  and  the  vanity  of  it  so  fully  exposed  by 
the  late  Dr.  Robertson,  that  I  should  not  have  thought 
of  adding  any  thing  lo  what  he  has  written,  had  not  a 
memoir  appeared  in  the  second  volume  of  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  at  Philadel- 
phia, in  which  the  pretensions  of  Ijebaim  are  revived 
hy  M.  Otto;  who  has  produced  sonie  authorities  which 
he  had  obtained  from  Nuremberg.  &\\  imperial  city  of 
Cennany,  and  which  appear  to  him,  "to  establish  in 
the  clearest  manner  a  discovery  of  America  anterior  to 
that  of  Columbus. 

it  is  conceded  that  Uehaim  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  enterprise  ;  that  he  was  contemporary  with  Colum- 
bus, and  was  his  friend  ;  that  he  pursued  the  same 
studies  and  drew  the  same  concluitions  ;  that  be  was 
emploved  by  King  John  H.  in  making  dir  overies  ; 
and,  that  ho  met  with  a  deserved  honor  for  tiie  import- 
ant services  whicli  be  rendered  to  tlus  crown  of  Portu- 
gal, llut  there  are  sucli  dillicullirs  attending  the  story 
of  his  discovering  .America,  as  appear  to  me  insuper- 
able. These  I  shall  state  ;  togetlier  with  some  remarks 
on  the  authorities  produceil  by  M.  Otto. 

The  first  of  his  auilioriiit's  contains  several  asser- 
tions wliich  are  contradicted  hy  otlier  histories;  (1.) 
That  l8al)ella,  daughter  of  .lohn,  King  of  Portugal, 
reigned  after  the  death  of  Philip,  Duke  of  Ilurgundy, 
surnamed  the  (Jood.  ('^.)  That  this  lady,  when  regent 
of  the  Duchy  of  Uurgundy.  and  Flanders,  Uehaim  paid 
a  visit  in  14.VJ.  And  (U  )  Tint  having  inftinned  her  of 
bis  designs,  tie  procured  a  vi>ssel  m  which  he  made  tlin 
dis'-uverv  ?f  the  island  of  Faval,  in  l-lliO. 

It  IS  truif  that  Phdip,  U-ike  of  Iturgundy  and  Fhu- 
dcrs,  surnamed  the  Good,  married  IsabelU  the  daughter 


of  King  John  I.  of  Portugal ;  but  Philip  did  not  dio 
till  Mfi7,  ("lid  was  in. mediately  succeeded  by  bit  son 
Charles,  surtiamed  the  Hold,  then  thirty-four  years  ol 
ago.  There  could  therefore  have  been  no  interregnum, 
nor  female  rtgenl,  aflrr  the  death  of  Philip;  and  if 
there  bad  lu^en,  the  time  of  Uenaim's  visit  wUl  not  cor 
respond  with  it ;  thai  being  placed  in  M.'SO,  eight  yeara 
before  the  death  of  Philip.  Such  a  mistake  in  jioint  of 
fact,  and  of  chronology,  is  snUicient  to  induce  a  suspi- 
cion that  the  "archives  of  Nuremberg"  arc  too  defi- 
cient in  accuracy  to  be  depended  on  as  authorities. 

With  respect  to  the  discovery  of  Faynl,  in  HflO,  M. 
Otio  acknowledges  that  it  is  "contrary  to  the  received 
opinon  ;"  and  well  he  might  ;  for  tlie  first  of  the  Azo- 
res, St.  Maria,  was  discovered  in  H31  ;  the  sccondj 
St.  Michael,  in  \\\\\  the  third,  Terceira,  in  144fi; 
and  before  1449,  tlic  islands,  St.  (.Jeorge,  Craciosn, 
Fayal  and  Pico,  were  known  to  the  Portuguese.  How- 
ever, true  it  may  be  that  Hehaiin  settled  in  the  island 
of  Faynl  and  lived  there  twenty  years  ;  yet  his  claim 
to  the  discovery  of  it  must  have  a  belter  foundation 
than  tiie  "  urcluves  of  Nuremberg,*'  before  it  can  be 
admitted. 

The  genuine  account  of  the  settlement  of  Fayal, 
and  the  interest  which  Itebaim  had  in  it,  is  thus  related 
by  Dr.  For-sler,  a  Cerman  author,  of  much  learning  and 
good  credit. 

"After  the  death  of  Ihe  infant  Don  Henry,  which 
happened  in  MOII,  the  island  nf  Fayal  was  made  a  pre- 
sent by  his  sister,  Isabella,  Dnclu  ss  of  linrgundy,  to 
,Iobst  von  Hurler,  n  native  of  Nurcml»erg.  Hurler 
went  in  1460,  with  a  colony  of  more  than  aOOO  Flem- 
ming.-*  of  both  sexes,  to  bis  pro|ierty,  the  isle  of  Fayal. 
'I'be  Duchess  bad  provuied  tlie  Flemish  emigranls  with 
all  necessaries  for  two  years,  and  the  colony  soon  in- 
cteased.  About  liie  year  MHO,  Martin  Ilehaim  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  ihe  (Mievalier  .lubst  von  Hurler, and 
had  a  son  by  her  named  .Marlm. — Johsi  von  Hurler,  and 
Martin  Hehaim,  both  natives  of  Nuremberg,  were  lords 
of  Fayal  and  Pico." 

Tiie  date  of  the  supposed  discovery  of  America,  by 
lU'haim,  is  placed  by  M.  (Jtlo,  in  14N4,  eight  vears  be- 
fore the  celebraU'd  voyage  of  (/olumbus.  In  the  same 
year  we  are  told  that  Atonzo  Sanchaz  de  Huelva  waa 
driven  by  a  storm  to  tlie  westward  for  iwrnty-mncdays  ; 
and  saw  an  island  of  which  at  bis  relurii  be  gave  an  in- 
formation lo  (^obimbus.  From  both  ibese  Kupposed 
discoveries  this  conclusion  is  drawn.  "Thai  Columbus 
would  never  have  thought  of  ihis  expedilion  lo  Amo- 
ica,  had  not  Heliaim  gone  there  before  him."  Wlielher 
it  bo  sujiposed  that  Dehaim  and  Sancluiz  sailed  in  ibo 
same  ahip,  or  thai  they  made  a  discovery  of  two  diife- 
renl  parts  of  America,  in  ibe  same  vear,  is  not  easy  lo 
understand  from  tlic  autintrities  produced  ;  but  what 
destroys  the  credibility  of  this  plau.sihle  tale,  is,  that 
Columbus  had  formed  his  theory,  arnl  projected  bis  voy- 
age, at  least  ten  yeara  bulore  ;  as  appears  by  his  cor- 
respondence with  Paul,  a  learned  phvwician  of  Florence, 
winch  bears  date  ill  1474.  It  is  nncertaiii  at  what  tmio 
(Columbus  first  made  his  appbcotioii  to  the  King  uf 
Portugal,  to  fit  liim  out  for  a  western  \oyage  ;  but  it  is 
certain  that  after  a  negocialion  with  him  on  the  subject, 
and  after  he  had  found  out  ihe  .secret  and  unsuccesshil  at- 
tempt, which  bad  been  made  lo  anticipate  a  discovery  ; 
he  quilted  that  kingdom  m  disgust,  and  went  into 
8^)ain,  in  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1481.  'I'ho  au- 
ihority  of  these  facts  is  unqnesiiontd  ;  and  from  them 
it  fully  appears,  that  a  prior  discovery  of  America,  by 
Ilchaim  or  Sancbaz,  made  in  14H4,  contd  not  have  bueu 
the  foundation  of  the  enl'  •■prise  of  Columbas. 

M.  Olio  spei'ks  of  letters  wrillen  by  IJehaim  m  I486, 
in  the  German  language,  niid  preserved  in  the  "arch- 
ives of  Nuremberg,"  wliich  support  liis  claim  ton  prior 
discovery.  As  tbese  Iclters  are  not  produced,  no  cer- 
tain opinion  can  be  formed  conceriung  them  ;  hut  from 
ttiu  date  of  the  letters,  and  from  the  letters,  and  from 
the  voyages  which  Uebaim  actually  performed  in  tho 
two  preceding  years,  we  may  with  gieat  probability 
suppose  that  they  related  lo  the  discovery  of  Congo, 
in  Africa;  to  which  iiehaim  has  ait  uncoutrr verted 
claim. 

I  will  now  state  the  facts  relative  to  this  event  partly 
from  tho  authorities  cited  by  M.  Otto;  and  partly  from 
others. 

Dr.  Uobertson  places  the  discovery  of  Congo  and 
Benin  in  14S:),  and  with  him  Dr.  Forsier  agrees. 
The  authors  of  the  Motlern  Universal  History  speak 
of  two  voyages  to  that  coast;  the  first  in  1484,  tho 
second  in  MH5  ;  both  of  whicli  were  made  by  Uiego 
Cam,  who  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  most  ox* 
pert  sailors  and  uf  an  ciUcrpristii;^  genius.     From  tbtf 


4 


"1 


.4 


M 


DIOGRAPHIES   OF   THE   EARLV    DISCOVEUEUS. 


but  Philip  did  not  dio 
ly  succeeded  by  hi*  ion 
Lhoii  thiriy-four  years  of 
,■0  been  no  interregnum, 
denth  of  Philip  ;  and  if 
(aim's  visit  will  not  cor 
i^rd  in  H^')!),  ciglit  years 
ch  a  mistake  in  point  of 
icirnt  to  induce  a  auapl- 
ircrnbcrg"  arc  too  defi- 
:dou  ns  aulhoriticH. 
i  of  Fayal,  in  HfiO,  M. 
'onlrary  to  the  received 
or  tlie  first  of  the  Azo- 
in  H31  ;  the  secondj 
rd,  Trrccira,  in  144fi  ; 
St.  (iporjje,  GracioBR, 
the  l*ortu}>uese.  How- 
iin  settled  in  (lie  island 
ity  years  ;  yet  hia  claim 
ve  a  bdlcr  fonridalion 
•rg,"  before  it  can  be 

n  settlrnienl  of  Fayal, 
unl  in  It,  is  thus  related 
r,  of  mudi  learning  and 

r.iut  Don  Henry,  which 
I'^iiyal  was  made  a  pre- 
ichi  ss  of  Hurguiidy,  to 
f  NnrctiihiTi;.  Hurler 
more  than  2000  Flcm- 
)erty.  the  isle  of  Fayal. 
[■'lemish  cinifjrants  with 
ud  the  colnnv  soon  in- 
),  Muriiu  Iteliaini  mar- 
r  Johst  von  Hurler,  and 
— Johsi  von  Hurler,  and 
Nuremberg,  were  lurda 

ncovcry  of  America,  by 

in  1481,  eight  years  hc- 

^utumbus.    In  the  same 

nucliaz  dc  Huelva  was 

rd  for  twenty-nnie  days  ; 

is  return  he  gave  on  in- 

I  both  ilu'se   supposed 

iivvn.  '*  'riiiii  Columbus 

is  expedition    to  Amo- 

fore  bun."     Whether 

\\  Sanehuz  sailed  in  the 

liuseovery  of  two  diHe- 

yrar.  is  not  easy  to 

produced  ;  but  what 

phiuMhIe  tale,  is,  that 

tid  projected  hisvoy- 

ppears  by  his  cor- 

phvMician  of  Florence, 

icerlaui  at  what  tune 

alioh   to  the  Kiu>r  u( 

i^rii  voyage  ;  but  it  is 

ill)  liiin  on  iho  subject, 

land  uusurcesaful  at- 

ticipale  u  discovery  ; 

,  and    went    into 

ear   1481.     'i'U  au- 

1  ;  and   fro:n  them 

very  of  America,  by 

1,  could  not  have  been 

f  CohimbiiH. 

n  by  itehaimm  148B, 

.served  in  the  "arch- 

rl  his  claim  to  u  prior 

not  produced,  no  cer- 

ing  them  ;  but  from 

the  letters,  and  from 

lly  performed  iii   ihn 

th  gieat   probability 

liscovery  of  Congo, 

an   uncontrr-verted 

I'o  to  this  event  partly 
>tlo;  and  partly  from 

overy  of  Congo  and 
Dr.  Forst(!r  agreed. 
'ersal  History  speak 
le  lirst  in  1484,  ihu 
■ere  made  by  Uiego 
10  of  the  nmst  ox- 
geniua.     From  Cbtt 


chronicle  of  Hartnnm  Schedl,  as  quoted  by  M.  Otto, 
ne  are  informed,  that  liohiiim  waited  from  ^*.rn.  in 
theiio  voyages,  which  arc  described  in  the  follo\,,..^ 
terms.  "  These  two,  by  the  bounty  of  heaven,  coast- 
ing along  the  southern  ocean,  and  having  crossed  the 
equator,  got  into  the  other  hemisphere  ;  where, /rtri/ii; 
to  the  eastward,  their  shadows  projected  towards  the 
south,  and  ri<*lit  hand."  No  words  could  be  more 
completely  descriptive  of  a  voyage  from  Portugal  to 
Congo,  as  any  person  may  be  satislied  by  inspecting 
&  map  of  Africa  ;  but  how  could  M.  Otto  imagine  that 
tiie  discovery  of  America  was  accomplished  in  such  a 
\oyago  a-s  this  !  "  Having  firnsbed  their  cruise  (con- 
t.nues  Schedl)  ii.  ihe  space  o*'  'ifi  months,  they  return- 
C'i  to  Porluijal,  with  the  lossof  many  of  iheir seamen, 
liv  the  violence  of  ihe  climate."  This  latter  cirrum- 
fiiance  also  agrees  very  well  w'.th  the  climate  of  the 
African  coast  ;*  but  Schedl  says  nJt  a  word  of  the 
discovery  of  America. 

M.  Olto  goes  on  to  tell  us  "  that  the  most  positive 
proof  of  the  L'H'at  services  rendercMi  to  the  crown  of 
JVirtui,'alhy  llehaim,  islhe  recmnpen-sn  bestowed  on 
hiui  by  King  John  H.  ;  who,  in  the  most  sotemn 
manner,  l{ui«{hteil  him  in  the  presence  of  .Jl  his  court.'' 
Then  follows  a  jiarticular  detail  of  the  ceremony  of 
installation,  as  perforimil  on  the  18th  of  Fi'bruary, 
14*^.'),  and  M.  Otto  fairly  owns  that  this  was  '"a  reward 
for  the  discovery  of  (--'ongo.''  Now  let  us  bring  the 
detii'-lu'd  parts  of  iho  story  together. 

Ilehaim  was  knijihted  on  the  ISth  of  February, 
14H"),  for  the  discovery  of  Oouffo,  in  which  he  had 
been  employed  Sfi  months  preceding;  having  within 
that  time  made  two  voyages  thither,  in  company  with 
Diego  (Jam.t  It  will  fullow  then  that  the  whole  of  the 
preceding  years.  MS  \  and  14rt:j,were  taken  up  in  thcfie 
two  voyages.  This  agrees  very  «ell  with  the  ae- 
cmrntsof  the  discovery  of  Conjio,  in  lioliertson  and 
Forster.  and  does  mil  ilisagree  with  the  modern  univer- 
sal history,  as  far  as  t!io  year  14S4  is  concerned  ; 
vvhii'h  unfoi'tmiately  is  the  year  assigned  for  Uehaiin's 
discovery  of"  that  part  of  America  called  Brazil,  and 
his  sailing  even  to  the  straits  of  Magellan." 

The  only  tiling  to  Mr.  Ottos's  memoir  which  bears 
any  resemblance  to  a  solotitin  of  this  dillicnlty  is  this. 
"  We  may  suppose  that  IJeliaim,  engaged  in  an  ex- 
pedition to  Congo,  was  driven  by  the  winds  to  ".t- 
nanboue,  and  from  llience  by  lne  currents  tov  ard  ho 
coast  of  (iuiaiia.''  IJul  supposition  without  proof 
will  avail  little  ;  ami  8oppo.sition  against  proof  will 
avail  nothing.  The  two  vtiyaires  to  (>ongo  are  nd« 
mitti'd.  The  course  is  di'scribed  ;  the  time  is  deter- 
inineii ;  and  both  of  these  are  directly  opposed  to  the 
supiiosition  of  his  being  driven  by  winds  and  currents 
to  America.  For  if  he  had  been  driven  out  of  bis 
couiseand  had  spent  "several  years  in  exaniininuthe 
Ameio.in  islaiids.atd  discovering  the  strait  which  bears 
the  na..'eof  Magellan  ;"  and  iWnic  of  those  years  was 
the  year  1484,  then  he  could  nol  have  spent  26  months 
precednig  February  i4H,'),  in  the  discovery  ofC.'ongo; 
but  of  this  we  have  full  and  -satisfactory  evidence  ;'"the 
discovery  of  America  therefore  lu'st  be  given  up. 

There  is  oru'  thing  furl  her  in  this  memoir  which  de- 
nerves  a  particular  remark,  and  itial  is  the  reason  as. 
Bi.Toed  by  M.  Oltd.  for  which  the  Kini;  of  P»>rtugal 
declined  the  pr.iposal  of  (-'olmnhus  to  sail  to  India  bv 
tlu  west.  *'  The  refusal  of  John  H.  is  a  proof  of  the 
kill  wled;r('  which  that  politic  and  wise  prince  had  al- 
ready procured  of  the  existence  of  a  new  conlinent, 
whiih  oOereil  him  oidy  barren  lands,  inhabited  iiv  un- 
conqjcrable  .>^avai:cs.  '  This  knowledge  is  supposed 
to  have  been  derived  from  the  discoveries  nuule  bv 
Beliaun.  liul,  not  to  nr-,'o  again  the  chronological 
difliculty  with  whicli  this  conjecture  is  embarrassed,  I 
will  take  iioiiceol  two  circumstances,  in  the  life  of 
Columbus,  which  militate  with  this  idea.  The  first 
ifi,  that  when  Ctilumbns  had  proposed  a  western 
Toyage  to  King  John  and  be  declined  it,  "the  king, 
by  the  advice  of  one  Dr.  ('alzadilla,  resolved  tit  send  a 
I'HTnvel  privately,  to  attempt  that  which  Columbus  had 
(u'oposed  to  him;  because  in  case  those  countries 
were  bo  discovered,  he  thought  himself  not  obliged  to 
bestow  any  great  reward.  Having  speedily  cquipjied 
u  caravel,  which  was  to  carry  sii|tpliee  to  the  islands 
of  Cabo  Verde,  ho  sent  il  that  way  which  the  Admi- 
ral proposed  to  go.  lint  those  whom  he  sent  wanted 
the  knowledge,  constancy  and  spirit  af  the  Admiral. 
Afier  wandering  many  days  upon  the  sea,  they  turn- 
ed hack  to  the  'Hlands  of  (iabo  V.-rde,  tauuhiiiir  at  the 


•  Hrv  Hrutikcs-HGii/i-ii.MT,  Ui'iiHi. 

t  Dii'L'ii  ID  !ho  Spiuiisti  natiin  of  James,  in  Latin  J.'icbus.nnil 
In  Piirtiis-Mh  jtf,  Jntrn.  l';oii  in  in  Latin,  Canni.''  or  I'loin'*,  nml 
In  Hpanid'i,  Caiio  ;  thcsu  ilin'troiil  iianiei  arc  fuund  in  liifTercnt 
autliora. 


undertaking  ;  and  saying'  it  was  impossible  there  should 
he  any  land  in  those  seas." 

Allerward,  "  Iho  king  bring  sensible  how  faulty 
they  were  whom  he  had  sent  with  the  caravel,  had  u 
mind  to  restore  the  Admiral  to  his  favor,  and  desired 
that  ho  should  renew  tlio  discimrso  of  his  enlerprii>e  ; 
but  not  being  HO  diligent  to  put  this  in  execution,  as 
the  Admiral  was  in  getting  away,  he  lost  that  good 
opportunity;  the  Admiral,  about  the  end  of  iho  year 
1484,  stole  away  privately  out  of  Portugal  for  fear  of 
being  stopped  by  the  king."  This  acctnint  tloes  not 
agree  with  the  supposition  of  a  prior  discovery. 

'I'ho  other  circumstance  is  an  interview  which  Co- 
lumbus had  with  the  people  of  Lisbon,  and  the  King 
of  Portugal,  on  his  return  from  his  first  voyage.  For 
il  so  happened  that  (vohnnl)us  on  his  return  was  by 
stre'3  of  weather  obliged  to  take  shelter  in  the  port  of 
lji.sbon  ;  and  as  soon  as  :t  was  known  that  he  had 
come  from  the  Indies,  "  llr^  people  llironged  to  see  the 
natives  whom  he  had  brought,  and  hear  the  news;  so 
that  the  caravel  would  not  contain  them.  Some  of 
them  praising  God  for  so  great  a  happiness  ;  others 
storming  that  they  had  lust  thedi-scovery  through  their 
kind's  incredulity." 

When  the  kin;;  fiont  for  Colnnibus,  "  he  was  doubt- 
ful what  to  do;  but  to  take  oU'alt  suspicion  that  he 
came  from  his  compiestH,  he  consented."  At  Mie  in- 
terview, '*  the  kiiiuoirered  him  all  that  he  required  for 
the  service  id"  their  ('atholic  Majesties,  liii)U:!h  he 
thought,  that  forasmuch  as  he  had  been  a  captain  in 
Portugal,  that  conquest  belonged  to  him.  To  which 
the  Admiral  answered,  that  he  knew  of  no  such  agree- 
ment, and  that  he  had  strictly  observed  bis  orders, 
which  were  not  to  go  to  (hi;  mines  (tf  Portugal,  [the 
gold  coastj  nor  to  Guinea.*  Hail  John  H.  heard  of 
Uehaims  vnyaye  to  a  western  CiUitinent,  would  he  not 
have  claimed  it  by  priority  of  discovery,  rather  than 
by  the  commission  which  ('olumbus  had  formerly 
borne  in  bis  service?  Had  such  a  prior  discovery 
been  made,  coiihl  it  have  been  concealed  from  the  peo- 
ple of  Ijisl)on  I  A\u\  would  they  have  been  an^ry 
that  the  king  had  lost  it  by  his  incredulity  !  These 
circumstances  appear  to  nie  to  carry  sullicient  evi- 
(hence,  that  no  discovery  of  America  prior  to  that  of 
(^)lumbus  had  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  King  of 
Portuixal. 

In  answer  to  the  question,  "  Why  are  we  searching 
the  archives  of  an  iiiqieri.d  city  for  the  causes  (d*  an 
event,  which  took  place  in  the  western  extremity  of 
Kurope  ! '  M.  Otto  gives  us  to  understand,  that 
"  from  the  fourtemth  to  the  sixteenth  centuries,  the 
Germans  were  the  best  geouraphers,  the  best  hislo 
rians.  and  most  enlighteiietbpoliiicians."  Not  to  de- 
tract from  the  merit  of  the  German  literati  of  those 
aijes.  I  think  we  may  give  equal  credit  to  a  learned 
i  (lerinan  author  of  the  present  age.  Dr.  John  Hein- 
hold  Forster ;  who  appears  to  have  a  thorough  under- 
standing of  the  claims  not  only  uf  his  own  country' 
men,  but  of  others.  In  hi.s  indefatigable  researches 
into  tho  discoveries  which  have  been  made  by  all  na- 
tions, thi>ugh  he  has  fjiven  due  credit  to  the  adven- 
tures of  IJehaim  in  Ctuigo  and  Fayal,  yet  he  has  not 
said  one  word  of  bis  visiting  .America  ;  which  he  cer- 
tainly would  have  done,  if  in  his  o[tinioii  there  had 
been  any  foundatiim  for  it. 

Lt'llrr.f  from  Panf^a  Phii-ficiiin  of  Flnrcurejo Chriafophe^- 
CulttmhustCunct'rtiiii:^  tl,f  d'lsiintri/  of  the  Indies. 

I.KTTKIU. 

To  Chri^tnpher  CuUimhiif,  Paul  the  Physician  uishrth 
hvalth. 
I  PKKcKivK  your  noble  and  earnest  desire  to  sail  to 
those  parts  where  the  spice  is  produced  ;  and  therefore 
in  answer  ton  letter  of  yours.  I  send  you  another  let- 
ter, which  some  days  since  I  wrote  to  a  friend  of  mine, 
and  servant  to  the  King  of  Portugal,  befitre  the  wars 
of  Casiile,  in  answer  to  another  be  wrote  to  me  by 
his  hi^hness'R  order,  upon  this  same  account  ;  and  I 
send  you  another  sea  chart  like  that  I  sent  him.  whieh 
will  satisfy  your  demands.  The  copy  of  the  letter  is 
this. 

To  Ferdinand  Martinez,  canon  of  lA-fhon^  Paul  the  Physi- 

ciitn  wishvlh  health. 
I  AM  very  glad  to  hear  ol  the  familiarity  you  have 
with  your  most  serene  and  inamiirtcent  king;  and 
though  I  have  very  ot\en  discoursed  cotu'orinng  tho 
short  way  there  is  from  hence  to  the  Indies,  where  the 
spice  is  produced,  by  sea,  whieh  I  look  upon  to  be 
sliorter  than  that  you  take  by  the  coast  of  fininea;  yet 
you  now  tell  me  that  his  bighness  wouhl  have  me 
make  out  and  demonstrate  it. so  as  it  may  be  understood 
and  put  in  practice,  Thi'rcf.ire.  llniui>h  I  could  better 
'  show  it  him  witli  a  |[lubc  in  my  hand,  and  niako  him 


sensible  of  the  Hgure  of  tho  world  ;  yet  I  have  resolved 
to  ren<Ier  it  more  easy  and  intelligible,  to  show  this 
way  upon  a  cliarl,  such  as  aro  used  in  navigation; 
and  tlierefore  I  send  one  to  his  majesty,  made  and 
drawn  with  my  own  hand  ;  wherein  is  set  down  the 
utmost  houiulf  of  the  west,  from  Ireland  in  the  north, 
to  the  farthest  part  of  Guinea,  with  all  the  islands  that 
lie  in  the  way.  Opposite  to  which  western  coast  isdo- 
scribed  tho  beginning  of  the  Indies,  with  the  isl.inda 
and  places  whither  you  may  go,  and  how  far  you  may 
bend  from  the  north  pole  toward  the  equinoctial,  and 
for  how  long  a  time ;  th.it  is,  how  many  leagues  you 
may  sail  before  you  come  to  those  places  must  fruitful 
in  all  sorts  ofspice,jcwelR,  and  precious  stones.  Dj 
not  wonder  if  I  term  that  country  where  the  spice  growl 
west,  that  product  being  generally  ascribed  tu  the  east; 
because  those  who  shall  sail  westward  will  always  find 
those  places  in  the  west ;  and  they  ihat  travel  by  land 
eastward  will  ever  find  those  places  in  the  cast.  Tho 
strait  lines  that  lie  leiii'diways  in  the  chart,  show  tho 
di.>tance  there  is  from  west  to  east  ;  the  others  cross 
them,  show  the  distance  from  north  to  south.  I  havo 
also  marked  down  in  the  said  chart,  several  places  ia 
India,  where  ships  might  put  in  upon  any  storm,  or 
contrary  winds,  or  any  (»ther  accident  unforeseen. 

Moreover  to  give  you  full  information  of  all  those 
places  which  you  arc  very  desirous  to  know  ;  you 
must  urnlerstand,  that  none  but  traders  live  or  reside 
in  nil  those  J>:.'3*:;!s,  and  that  there  \»  as  great  number 
of  ships  and  seafaring  people  with  merchandise,  as  in 
any  other  part  of  the  world  ;  particularly  in  a  most 
noble  port  called  Zavtun,  where  there  are  every  year  a 
hunilreil  large  shi|)s  of  pepper  loaded  and  u.doaded, 
besides  many  other  shi|w  tliat  take  iu  other  spice. 

This  connlry  is  mighty  populous,  and  there  are 
many  provinces  and  kinijdoms,  and  innumerable  cities 
under  the  (buninion  of  a  prince  called  the  Kham, 
which  name  signifies.  King  of  Kings;  who  for  tho 
most  part  resides  in  the  ptuvince  of  Cathay.  His 
predecessors  were  very  desirous  to  have  commerce 
and  he  in  amity  with' (*hrislians ;  and  SOO  years 
since,  sent  anibat-sadors  to  the  Pope  ;  desiring  him  to 
send  them  many  learned  men  and  doctors  to  teach 
Ihem  our  faith  ;  hut  by  reason  of  fitunc  obstacles  the 
ambassadors  met  with,  they  returned  back,  without 
coming  to  Home. 

Desidcs,  there  came  an  ambasvaihir  to  Popo  Eugc- 
nusIV.  who  told  him  the  great  friendship  there  was 
between  those  princes,  their  people  and  the  Chris- 
tians. I  discoursed  with  him  a  long  while  upon  the 
several  matters  of  th?  jirandeur  of  the  royal  structures, 
and  of  the  greatness,  lenj'Oi  and  breadth  of  their  ri- 
vers. He  told  me  many  wonderful  things  of  the  mul- 
titude id'  towns  and  cilie.*!  founded  alonuthe  banks  of 
Ihe  rivers;  and  that  there  were  t^OO  ciliey  upon  one 
river  oidy,  with  marble  bridues  over  it,  of  a  great 
|en<;th  ami  breadth,  and  adorned  with  abundance  ol 
pillars.  This  ctmiitry  deserves  as  well  as  any  other 
to  he  discovereil ;  and  there  may  nit  only  be  (rreat 
profit  made  there,  and  many  things  <»f  value  found, 
l)ut  also  gidd,  silver,  all  sorts  of  precious  stones,  and 
spices  in  abundance,  which  are  not  brought  into  our 
parts.  And  it  is  certain,  that  U'any  wise  men,  philo- 
sophers, astntloi^ers,  and  other  persons  skilleil  in  all 
arts,  and  very  in^enion.s.  govern  that  mighty  province, 
and  command  their  urinies. 

From  liisbon  directly  westward,  Ibero  aro  in  tho 
chart  2(i  spaces,  each  of  which  fontnins2.^0  miles,  to 
ihe  most  noble  and  vast  city  of  (juisay,  which  ia 
100  miles  In  compass,  that  is  3 j  leagnps;  in  it  there 
are  ten  marble  bfiilijes.  Tho  name  siifnilics  a  hea- 
I  venly  city;  of  which  wonderful  things  are  reported, 
'  as  to  the  ingenuity  of  the  people,  the  buildings  and 
the  revenues.  Tliis  space  above  mentioned  is  almost 
the  Ihird  part  of  Ihe  \i\\A)c.  This  city  is  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Mango,  bordering  on  that  of  Cathay,  where 
the  king  for  the  most  pi.rt  resides. 

From  the  island  .Antilla,  which  you  call  tho  seven 
cities,  and  of  ichieh  you  hare  some  knoirledf^e,  Uy  iho 
most  noble  inland  of  Cipango  are  ten  spaces,  wliicn 
make  Ur>00  miles,  or  £25  leagues ;  which  island 
abounds  in  gold,  pearls  and  precious  stones  ;  and  you 
must  underfitand,  they  cover  their  temples  and  pa« 
laces  with  plates  of  pure  gold.  So  that  for  want  of 
knowing  the  way.  all  these  things  aro  hidden  and 
concealed,  and  yet  may  bo  gone  t)>  W'lli  safety. 

Much  more  nn^ht  he  said,  but  having  1  Id  yoti 
what  is  most  material,  and  you  being  wise  and  judi- 
cious, 1  am  satisfied  there  is  nothing  of  it  but  what 
von  undersland.  and  therefore  \  will  not  be  more  pro* 
iix.  Thus  much  may  serve  to  satisfy  your  curiosity, 
it  being  as  much  as  tho  shortness  of  time  ».r.\  my  bu- 


Ill- 1 

i 


10 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


n 


riness  would  permit  mc  to  Ray.     So  I  reninin  most 
ready  to  siitisfy  nml  servo  liis  hifrhucss  to  the  utmost 
in  all  the  cointniuuls  li<*  ^lialt  l.iy  upuii  me. 
Florenck,  June  35.  1 17-i. 

LETTER  II. 

in>  Christopher  Culumhux,  Vnul  the  rhifsician  wishelh 

hctklik. 

I  FKrEivEn  your  Irltrrs  with  tlip  thinj^s  you  srnt 
me.  which  I  shall  takf  as  a  <;ri'at  favor,  ami  cumniciij 
your  iiobU*  and  arilciit  desire  iif  saillnj»  Iroiii  i-ast  to 
west,  as  it  is  marked  not  in  llie  ciiart  I  sent  you, 
whicli  would  dcinonstralc  it.sell"  belter  in  the  i'orm  ofa 
globe. 

I  am  ^lad  it  is  well  uiidersfood.  and  that  the  vnyaijc 
laid  down  is  not  only  post^ible  but  true,  certain,  hono- 
rable, very  advanIa<feons,  and  most  j'tt)rioiis  ainoniiall 
Christians.  You  cannot  be  perfect  in  the  knowleilye 
of  it,  but  by  experience  and  practice,  as  I  have  had  in 
great  measure,  and  by  the  suliil  and  true  information 
i)f  worthy  nnd  wise  men,  who  have  come  from  tlu>se 

!)arts  to  this  court  of  Kome  ;  and  from  merehanls  who 
lavc  traded  Ion(»  in  those  parts  luid  are  persons  of  ^ood 
reputation.  So  that  when  the  said  voyaije  is  perlnrm- 
cd.  it  will  he  to  powerful  kinirdoms,  ami  to  the  most 
noble  cities  and  provinces  ;  rich  and  abouudiu!^  in  all 
thintFs  we  stand  in  need  of,  particularly  in  all  sort;;  of 
spice  in  j^reat  quantities,  and  store  of  jewels. 

This  will  moreover  be  j^rateful  to  those  kini^s  and 
princes,  who  are  very  desirous  to  converse  and  trade 
with  Christians  of  these  our  countries,  whelher  it  be 
for  some  of  them  to  become  Christians,  or  else  It)  have 
communication  with  the  wise  and  ingenious  men  of 
these  parts,  as  well  in  point  of  relii^jon,  as  in  all  scien 
ces,  because  of^he  extraordinary  account  they  have 
of  the  kiniidomsaiid  government  of  these  parts. 

For  which  reasons,  and  many  more  that  might  be 
Alleged,  I  do  not  at  all  admire,  that  you  who  have  a 
great  heart,  and  all  the  PorlujinehC  nation,  whicli  has 
ever  had  notable  men  in  all  nnilertaliin<js,  be  eagerly 
bunt  upon  performing  this  voyage. 

AMEUICUS    VESPUCIUS. 

Amkricus  VEspucifs,— Ilishirih  arnlfduciuion— Hisicipiuiflc 
rfse;irrlit':J— lli-s  account  iifhir^  vtiyaije  In  America — TIip  lir-t 
itcrouiu  t>r.\uii'ricii  |»iblit<lu'il  hy  him — Tlic  reatmn  ofitii'' 
Cdiiiiiieiit  being  named  Aincrica—Ht!  has  iiu  claim  iu  ihe  dis- 
covery 

Amekici's  Vfspucius,  or  more  properly  Amerian) 
Vesjmcci  a  Florentine  senileman,  irom  whom  Aine 
rica  derives  its  name,  was  born  March  !),  11.01,  of  an 
ancient  family.  His  father,  wlio  was  an  Italian  mer- 
ch'\nt,  brought  hitnui)  iu  lliis  busim>ss,  and  his  profes- 
aion  led  Inm  to  visit  Spain  and  other  countries,  iieing 
eminently  skilful  iu  all  the  sciences  subservient  to  na- 
vigation, and  possessing  an  enlpri)risiii[j  spiiit,  he  be- 
catuo  desirous  of  seeing  the  new  world,  which  ('olum- 
buti  had  discovered  in  MU*.  He  acconlingly  entered 
as  a  merchant  on  board  the  small  lleet  of  four  shi|)s, 
equipped  hy  the  merchants  of  Seville  -ind  .sent  out  un- 
der the  command  of  Ojeua.  Ihe  enterprise  was  sanc- 
tioned by  a  royal  license. 

According  tt»  Ameriijo's  own  account  he  sailed  from 
Cadiz,  iMay,  '*0,  ll'J7,  and  returned  to  tlie  same  port 
October  15,  l-iDS,  having  discovered  ihe  coast  of  l\i- 
Tia  and  passed  as  far  as  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  If  thiw 
•talemeiit  is  ctirrecl,  he  saw  the  continent  before  Co- 
lumbus; but  its  correctness  has  been  disproved,  and 
'.he  voyage  of  Ojeila  was  nut  made  until  1 109,  which 
Amerigo  call'j  his  second  voyage,  falsely  representing 
that  he  hiinself  hail  the  conmiand  of  six  vessels.  He 
Bailed  .May  -0,  I  IU!).  under  tlie  command  of  Ojeda, 
and  proceeded  to  the  Aniilla  i^lanlls.  and  thence  to  the 
coast  of  (jui.inu  and  Venezuela,  and  returned  toCailiz 
in  Nov.  l.'iOU.  After  his  return.  Emamiel,  king  of 
Portugal,  wilt)  was  jealous  of  tlie  sucei-ss  and  glory 
of  S|iain,  in\iied  him  to  Ins  kin^'doin,  and  gave  him 
the  ctumnAnd  of  three  ships  to  make  a  third  voyage  of 
di^covfry,  He  sailed  from  Lisbon  May  10,  ITiOl.  and 
ran  down  the  coaMs  of  Africa  as  far  as  Sierra  Leone 
and  the  Coa.st  of  An^fola,  and  then  passed  ovrr  to 
Eiazil  in  South  America,  and  ctmtinued  his  iliscove- 
ries  to  the  south  as  far  as  Patagonia.  He  then  re- 
turneil  to  Sierra  Leone  and  the  coast  of  (ininea,  and 
«ntered  nuain  the  port  of  Lisbon,  September  7,  XhiK. 

King  Kmanuel,  highly  gralitied  by  his  succes.s, 
equipped  for  him  six  ships,  with  wliicli  he  sailed  on  his 
fmi'h  and  last  voyage,  May  U).  I'lOiJ  It  was  his  oh- 
jt'Tl  to  discover  a  western  pas>:ii;e  to  (he  .Molucca  isl- 
and-i  Mr  p.ts--ed  thecoasls  c.f  Africa,  an. I  eiitend  the 
buy  of  All  Saints  in  IJrazd  Havmg  provision  for  oidv 
20  months,  and  britiu^  detained  on  Ihe  coast  of  llrazii 
by  bud  weather  and  coutiury  winds  five  mouths,  he 


1  formed  the  resolution  of  returning  to  Portugal,  where 

he  arrived  .Iun«  M,  ir)01.     As  he  ^'arried  home  with 

!  hiiu  considerable  quantities  vi  the  llrazil  wood,  an<) 

!  other  articles  td'  value,  he  was  received  with  joy.     It 

was  soon  after  this  period,  that  he  wrote  an  account 

of  his  four  voyages.     The  work  was  dedicated  Kene 

H.  Duke  of  Lorraine,  who  took  the  title  of  the  king  of 

Sicily,  and  who  died  Dec.  it),  1;)08.     It  was  prolmbly 

published  abc.it  the  year  1507,  for  in  that  year  he 

'  went  from  Li.shon  to  Seville,  and  King  Ferdinand  ap- 

,  pointed  him  to  draw  sea  cliarts  with  the  title  of  chief 

'  pilot.     He  died  at  the  I.fland  ofTercera  in  1511.  aged 

about  Cy   vears,  or  agieeably  to  another  account,  at 

I  Seville.  in*l.''>PJ. 

j  As  he  pul)lished  the  first  bonk  ami  chart,  describing 
;  the  new  world,  and  as  he  claimed  the  honor  of  fir^t 
j  discovering  the  continent,  the  new  world  has  received 
fnmi  him  the  name  oi  Amcrua.  His  prctiMisions  liow- 
ever  to  this  first  discovery  do  not  seem  to  be  well  sup- 
I  ported  against  the  claims  of  Colundms,  to  whom  the 
honor  is  uniformly  ascribed  by  the  Spanish  historians, 
anil  who  first  saw  the  continent  in  11!)H.  Ilerrera. 
who  cumpileil  liis  general  history  of  America  from  the 
most  auilienlic  records,  says,  that  Amerigo  never  made 
but  two  voyages,  ami  those  were  with  Ojeda  in  Mi)l) 
and  1501,  and  that  his  rebitit>n  of  his  other  voyaijes 
was  proved  to  be  a  mere  imposition.  This  charge 
lU'eds  to  he  confirmed  ity  strong  proof,  tor  AmeriLfis 
hook  was  pulilished  within  ten  years  of  t!u' jieriod  as- 
signed ft)r  his  (irst  voyage,  when  the  facts  must  have 
been  fresh  in  the  memories  of  tliousands.  Uesides  ihe 
improbability  of  his  being  guilty  of  falsitying  dates,  as 
he  was  accused,  which  arises  from  this  circumstance, 
it  is  very  possible,  that  the  Spanish  writers  nnixht  have 
felt  a  national  resentment  against  him  tor  havinu;  de- 
serteil  the  service  of  .Spain.  But  the  evidence  a^ain.-t 
Ihe  IioiH'siy  of  Amerigo  U  very  convincing.  jN'eiilier 
Martyr  nor  Uenzoni.  wlio  were  lialians,  natives  of  the 
same  country,  and  the  firmer  of  whom  was  a  con- 
temporary, attribute  to  him  the  first  discovery  of  the 
continent.  .Martyr  pnitlished  the  first  u"iierai  history 
of  ihe  new  worlil.  and  his  epi^tIes  contain  an  account 
of  all  Ihe  remarkable  events  of  his  time.  All  the 
Spanish  historians  are  ai-ainst  Ainerii:o.  Ilerrera 
brings  against  him  the  tesiinnmy  of  Djeda  .is  given  in 
a  judicial  inquiry.  Fonseca,  who  yave  Ojeda  the  li- 
cense for  his  voynire,  was  not  reinstated  in  the  diiec- 
tion  of  Indian  affairs  until  after  the  lime,  which  Aine- 
rig»)  assiiiUs  lor  the  coimneneemeiU  of  his  first  voy- 
age. Olher  circumstances  might  be  mentioned  ;  and 
the  wliole  mass  of  evidence  it  is  dillicult  to  resist 
The  book  of  Amerigo  was  probalily  published  about  a 
year  after  the  deatli  of  Cohnnbus.  when  his  jtreten- 
sions  could  bo  advanced  without  the  fear  of  refutatnui 
from  chat  illustrious  navigator.  IJut  however  tht« 
eontrover.sy  may  be  decitied,  it  is  well  known,  that  the 
honor  11  f  first  liiscovering  thecontiiient  belongs  neith 
er  to  Columbus  nor  to  Vespucci,  even  admilling  the 
relation  of  the  latter  ;  but  to  the  Cabots,  who  sailed 
froii;  England.  A  life  of  Vespucci  was  publisiietl  at 
Florence  by  Uandani,  17'io,  in  which  an  attempt  ia 
madi!  tu  support  his  preten^ions. 

The  relation  of  his  four  voyages,  winch  was  first 
publislied  about  the  year  1507,  was  republished  in  the 
Xovus  Drbis,  fol.  I.''n')5.  His  letters  were  |  uLlished 
af:cr  his  death  at  Florence. 

JOIIX  CAUOTAND  SEIJASTIAN  CAIJO T- 

JniiN  Cabot  aiiil  111.'!  son  Bcliaalinil— Kiiii;  He:irv  VII.  rrranl^ 
^>A\'\  r;iliit(  a  cunnnissicn— He.'^nils  %>lli  hij*  vfm  (in  ;i  vnviiL'e 
.it'ili-rnvery — Apiieiraiice  of  laiid— l/t;.srrii.|jim  ofit— 'fliry 
ri'inru  ii*  Kncland— Setiastian  .^ails  on  .   v-iyuL-f  ef  diycovcry 

Tni:  economical  disposition  of  Henry  VII.  King  of 
Eiieland,  induciMl  him  to  pre.si>rve  t.'rtnqiiilliiy  in  his 
dommion.s.  which  greatly  contrihutwJ  t,i  the  increase 
of conmierci' and  manufactures  ;  ainl  to  bring  thither 
merchants  Irom  all  parts  of  Europe.  The  Lombards 
and  the  Venetians  were  remarkably  lunnerous  :  the 
fornuT  of  whom  had  a  street  in  London  approjiriated 
to  them  and  called  by  their  name. 

Among  the  Venetians  resident  ihere  at  that  time 
was  John  Cabot,  a  man  perfectly  skilleil  in  all  the  sci- 
ences requisite  to  form  an  accomi>lished  mariner — 
He  had  three  sons,  Lewis,  Sebastian,  ami  Sanclius, 
all  of  whom  he  educated  in  the  same  manner.  Lew- 
is and  Sanctius  became  eminent  men,  and  settled,  the 
one  at  (lenoa,  the  oiln'r  at  \  enice.  Of  Sebastian  a 
farilier  account  will  be  t-iven. 

Tlie  fiunous  discovery  made  by  (^olunduis  caused 
irreat  admiration  anJ  mudi  discourse  in  the  court  of 
Henry,  amongthe  mercmutts  of  England,  'Vm  find  a 
way  lo  India  by  the  west,  h.id   lon^   been   a   problem 


with  men  of  science  as  well  as  a  desideratum  In  the 
mercantile  interest.  The  way  was  then  supposed  |c 
be  opened  ;  and  the  specimens  of  gold  which  Culuoi' 
bus  had  brought  home,  excited  the  warmest  desire  oj 
pursuing  that  discuverv. 

Cabot,  by  his  knowledge  of  the  gli>be,  supposed  that 
a  shorter  way  nnght  be  found  from  England  to  Indi^ 
by  the  northwest.  Having  communicated  his  project 
to  ihe  king,  it  wan  favorably  received  ;  and  on  ths 
fifth  of  March  I-1U6,  a  commission  was  granted  to 
*'  John  Cabot,  and  his  three  sons,  their  heirs  and  dej»- 
ulies,  giving  them  liberty  to  sail  lo  all  ports  of  eattt^ 
west,  aiul  north,  under  the  royal  banners,  and  en- 
signs; lodiscover  countries  of  the  heathen  unknown 
to  Christians  ;  to  set  up  the  kind's  banners  there  ;  to 
occnjiy  and  po.-;sess  as  his  subjects,  siu-h  places  as 
they  cotilil  siilidue  ;  iiiviiiL'  them  the  ride  and  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  same,  to  be  holden  on  condition  of  paying 
to  the  king^  as  otien  as  they  should  arrive  at  Urittol 
(at  which  place  only  they  were  ]iermitted  to  arrive,) 
in  wares  and  merchandise,  one  fitth  part  of  all  their 
gains:  with  exemptiLii  t'rom  all  customs  and  duties  on 
snch  merciiandise  as  sliould  be  brought  from  tiieir 
discoveries." 

At^er  the  granting  of  this  commission,  the  king  gave 
orders  for  fitting  ont  two  caravels  for  the  pur|iose  of 
the  liiscovery.  These  were  \ictnalled  at  the  public 
expense  ;  ami  fn-iifhted  by  the  nu-rchants  of  Liuidon 
and  Hrislol,  with  coarse  cloths  and  other  articles  of 
tralfie.  The  whole  comjiany  consisted  oflliree  huu- 
vlred  men. 

With  this  eqnipment,  in.  the  beginning  of  May, 
1197,*  Jo!m  C^ab,  I  and  his  son  Sebastian  sailed  from 
IJristoj  towards  the  northwest,  till  they  reached  the 
latitude  of  58**  ;  wie're  nu'ctinir  with  tloating  ice,  and 
the  weather  bein:i  severely  '  dd.  they  altered  their 
course  to  the  southwest  ;  111.  .'ding   to  find    any 

laiiil.  till  tliey  should  arrive  -Uiay,    the  northern 

part  of  China,  from  whcuci.  ^  intended  to  puss 
southward  to  India. 

On  the  "tth  of  June,  very  early  in  the  morning, 
they  were  surprised  with  the  sight  of  land  ;  which, 
being  the  first  liiat  they  had  tJeen.  they  called  Prima 
Vista.  The  description  of  it  is  i;iven  in  these  words. 
'  'Ihe  i.'.land  which  lieth  out  betbre  the  land,  he  called 
St  JoIm).  bi'cause  it  wa.s  discovered  on  the  day  of  St. 
John,  the  Uaplist.  The  inhalittan's  (d  this  i.slaud 
wear  beasts"  skins.  In  their  wars  tliey  use  bows,  ar- 
rows, pikes,  darts,  wtioden  clubs,  and  slimjs.  The 
soil  is  barren  in  some  places  and  yieldeth  little  fruit; 
but  is  full  of  while  bears  and  stags,  far  greater  than 
ours.  It  yieldeth  ph'iily  offish,  and  those  very  great, 
as  seals  and  salmons.  There  are  soles  above  a  yartl 
in  leiinth  ;  but  especially  ihere  is  great  abundance  ut 
thnt  kind  of  fi.-^h  whit  h  the  tia^ages  call  Uacalao, — 
(Cod.)  In  the  same  l^land  are  hawks  and  eaoles,  as 
Mack  as  ravens,  also  |iarlridges.  The  inhabitants 
had  plenty  of  copper." 

This  liMid  is  t^enerally  supposed  lo  be  some  part  oi 
the  island  of  New  loundland  ;  and  Dr.  Foster  thinks 
lliat  the  nanu'.  Piiiha  \  i^la,  was  allervvards  chiinged 
to  Ilona  Vi.>.la.^iow  the  nt)rlhern  cape  Trinity  Hay,  in 
latitude  ■18*'  .'iO*.  Peter  Martyr'h account  is,"that*Ca- 
bot  called  the  land,  Uaealaos  ;  and  there  is  a  small 
island  olfllie  Foutli  cape  of  Trinity  Day.  which  bears 
that  name  i  Mr.  I'rince.  in  his  chronolo-;  (.-iiipg 
Cialvanus  tor  an  authority.)  says,  that  tlie  land  tlis- 
covered  hy  Caliot  was  in  latitude  do*"'.  If  this  were 
true,  tiie  first  discovery  was  miule  on  the  peninsula  of 
Xova  Scotia  ;  and  as  they  coat- ti  d  the  land  north- 
wanl.  they  must  h.ne  jjonc  into  the  gulf  St.  Law- 
reuc",  in  imrsiiit  o("  their  northwest   pa^^ai;e. 

T!ie  best  accf»unts  of  the  \oyage  preserved  by  ILik- 
{  luyt  and  Purehas,  say  nothing  ol  the  latitude  t>f  Pri- 
'ma  Vis^ta  ,  but  speak  of  their  sailino  nurlhward  after 
they  had  made  the  land,  as  far  as  fii*^.  Mowe,  in  his 
chronicle,  says  it  was  on  the  "  iioith  side  of  Terra  do 
Labradoie.'  This  course  must  liave  carried  tiiein  far 
up  the  strait  which  separates  lircenland  from  the  Ciui- 
linent  of  America. 

Finding  ihe  land  still  stretching  to  the  northward, 
and  the  weather  very  cold  in  llie  month  of  July  ;  the 
men  became  uneasy,  and  the  commanders  found  it 
necessary  to  return  to  Uaealaos.  Having  here  re- 
freshed themselves,  they  coasted  the  land  south- 
ward till  they  came  into  the  same  latitude    with    th« 


'  Tlu're  is  nnirniiil  acci-tiiit  nftluH  v;)y:iec  wriUr-ii  by  any  run 
lt'iii|"-riiry  luntmr.  Ii  i.^  ilii-ri'|i>re  colli'iii'd  tn'in  flivcriil  who 
jiiive  sri  I'invvii  Ieu  l-^  wiiloatl  niucli  urdtT  or  prccinii.n.  1'u  ro* 
ciiticiiti  tliL'irromruiiicnohs,  aial  ilrtha-e  r<'Mi'lti!<i«)nit  rrurn  what 
tliry  have  rt-'lali'd,  rc()uirL'rt  mui'li  tronldc,  and  Irnvcs  an  uncar- 
tidiity  Willi  re.npcct  to  parltrnhtr  circuiuauuiciis,  tliuut{h  lb* 
principal  facta  iixt;  wi:ll  aiicvrtuiiied. 


BIOGRAPHIES    OF   THE    EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


AH  a  ()osi(](>riitum  in  the 
:iy  WHS  tliPii  supposptl  Ic 
'lis  ofiTolil  which  Culuni' 
ed  tliu  wiiniietit  desire  of 

illie  globp,  siipposcil  that 
III  from  Knn|i\iul  to  India^ 
L-omminiicnlcd  his  pnijett 
f  roci'ivcd  ;  ami  on  iha 
inissiott  was  granted  to 
sons,  their  lii'irs  and  drp- 

^ail  to  all  ports  of  curfj 
roy;il  liiiriinTs,  and  I'n- 
ofthe   IicathtMi  unknown 

kiuii's  hannrrs  there  ;  to 

Kultjecls,  surh  phices  as 
hrni  the  rule  and  jurlsdic- 
n  on  conililion  ufpay'ng 
should  arrive  at  lirUlol 
L're  permitted  to  nrrive^j 
me  fifth  part  of  all   their 

nil  customs  and  duties  on 
I  he   hroueht   from  tiicir 

•onunisRion,  the  king  £rave 
ravels  for  the  purpose  of 
virtualU'd  at  tin;  puhlic 
he  merchants  of  London 
\\9  and  other  artich'S  of 
I- consisted  ofihrec  hun- 

I.  the  beginning  nf  May, 

on  SehaJitian  sailed  from 

St,  till  they   reaehod  the 

in>:  with  lluatingico,  and 

'  >Id,   they  altered  their 

•c'liiijr   to  fmd    any 

Uiay,    the  northern 

_,     intended   to  ^  ass 

early  in  the  morning, 
'  siijht  of  laud  ;  whieh, 
seen,  tliey  called  Prima 
is  riven  in  these  words, 
hetore  the  land,  he  railed 
'overed  on  the  day  of  St. 
lahitan's  of  (his  island 
wars  ihey  use  hows,  ar- 
eiulis,  and  sliuiis.  The 
and  yieldeth  little  fruit ; 
slags,  fir  greater  than 
nil,  and  those  very  great, 
ue  soles  above  a  yard 
i  great  ahnndauLe  ut 
iges  call  Uaealao.— 
hawks  and  eagles,  as 
di^es.      The  itdiabitants 

<ed  lo  I)e  some  part  oi 
nd  Dr.  I'Vsler  thiiikrt 
rt  afterwards  changed 
rn  cape  Trinity  IJay,  in 
yr"h;iecount  is,  ibal  C'a- 
nd  there  is  a  small 
rnty  Hay.  which  hears 
his  chroMolo-y  ;,-iting 
,  that  the  land  dis- 
■1;")^'.  If  this  wero 
le  on  (he  peniiistda  of 
i>!.d  the  land  north- 
t  ibc  gulf  St.  Law* 
\  t-M  passage, 
ige  jiresiTvcd  bv  Hak- 
i>fllie  latitude  of  I'ri- 
ailiti:;  northward  after 
\s  07^.  NtoMe,  in  his 
ii.piiii  hide  of  Terra  do 
have  carried  them  far 
reenland  truni  ihu  con- 

r  to  tlift  northward, 
e  month  of  July  ;  the 
ronimanders  found  it 
Having  here  re- 
sted the  land  south- 
me  latitude   with    the 

;>y;itr''  wriitcMi  hy  iiii.r  fun 
illnifil  tntin  scTcra'l  who 

Irr  nr  prtiisii.n.  To  ni* 
ice  corirliixiMiifli'rorn  whoi 
utile,  ami  Irnvcs  Hiiuncor* 
rcuaiKiuiiceii,  Uiuu^h  Um 


% 


Dirail"  of  fiilwmltiT  30",  aocorilinj  lo  some  no  fiirlhcr 
than  3S^  ;  ivhiMi  their  provisi.ms  ftllini;  sliorl,  they  rc- 
tunicil  lo  En^hnd  ;  briii^in:;  three  ullhe  s.iviiires  as  a 
prr«cnt  lo  the  kim;  '■  They  were  elolhed  vvilli  Ihe  Kkins 
uf  heasls,  anil  lived  on  raw  llesli  ;  lull  al'ler  two  years, 
were  seen  in  Ihe  liinjj's  cunrt  clotlied  like  Kniilislunen, 
nnd  eonld  not  he  discerned  from  Eni;lishnien.'' 

Nothing  more  is  said  of  . John  (lalml,  Ihe  father; 
and  some  historians  ascribe  the  whole  of  this  discove- 
ry to  Sebastian  only  ;  but  at  the  time  of  this  voyage 
he  could  not  have  been  more  than  twenty  years  old, 
when  thoMt;Ii  he  nii^ht  aceoui|iany  his  father,  yet  he 
was  looyimOL'  to  nndi'rtake  such  an  exjiedition  him- 
self The  voyaije  having  produced  no  specimens  of 
cold,  and  Ibe  kin^'  being  enua:.''''!  in  a  controversy 
with  Seotlanil,  no  farther  encouragement  was  given 
to  the  spirit  of  iliscovery. 

After  the  kina's  death,  Sebastian  Cabot  was  invit- 
ed lo  Spain,  and  was  received  in  a  respectful  manner 
by  Kiui;  Ferdinand  and  Queen  Isaliella.  lii  their 
service  be  sailer!  on  a  voya'_'e  of  iliscovery  to  the 
fioulhern  parts  of  the  New  tvontincnt;  and  bavinii 
visited  the  coa-  "Urazil,  entered  a  rrreat  river  to 
which  he  umv.'  name  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  He  sail- 
fid  up  this  riv  huiulreil  and  tweuty  leaL'ues  ;  and 
found  it  divii'  1  uiai.y  branches  ;  Ihe  shores  of 
which  were  ill  by  mnnerous  people. 

After  this  In  ,  j,.  ■  ollur  voyages  of  which  no  par- 
ticular memorials  remain.  IIi'  was  honored  by  Fer- 
dinand with  a  comnns^ion  of  Grand  Pilot ;  and  was 
one  of  the  council  of  tlie  Indii's.  His  residence  was 
in  the  city  of  Seville.  His  character  was  nentle. 
friendly  ami  social.  Hisemplovment  was  the  draw- 
ins  of  charts;  on  which  be  delineated  all  the  new 
discoveries  made  by  himself  and  others.  Peter  Mar- 
tyr speaks  of  him  as  a  friend  with  whom  he  loved  fa- 
niiliarly  to  converse. 

In  his  advanced  aje.  he  relumed  to  ?ji<i!and,  and 
resided  at  Hrislol.  liy  the  fivor  ofllie  lluke  of  Som- 
erset, he  was  introduced  to  ICinij  Kdwan!  VI.  who 
took  iireal  delight  in  bis  conversation,  ami  settled  on 
him  a  pension  of  Ififi/,  Kl.v.  Ul.  per  annum  for  life.  He 
WIS  .appointed  iTiivernor  of  a  company  of  mercbanls. 
hfsociated  for  Ibe  purpose  of  makini;  discoveries  of 
t;nknown  countries.  This  is  a  proof  of  the  e^reat  es. 
teem  in  which  he  was  held  as  a  matt  of  knowlcdije 
and  experienced  in  his  profession.  He  had  a  strong 
persuasion  that  a  passa:je  miiiht  be  found  lo  China  by 
the  norlbeasl,and  warmly  patronized  the  attempt  made 
by  Sir  Hui;h  WilloUL'bby  in  irwll  to  explore  Ihe  north- 
ern seas  for  that  purpose.  There  is  slill  extant  a 
complete  set  of  instructions  drawn  and  subscrilted  by 
('allot,  for  ihe  direclion  of  the  voyage  to  {.''atliay. 
which  allords  the  clearest  proof  of  his  saixacity  and 
penetration.  Hut  ilioii;.rh  this,  as  well  as  all  other  at- 
tempts of  the  kind,  proved  incflectiial  to  the  principal 
end  in  view,  yet  it  wastlie  means  ofopeninij  a  trade 
with  Russia,  which  proved  very  heneticial  to  the  com- 
pany. 

'I'iie  last  account  wliichwehave  willi  Sebastian  is, 
that  in  I  ').")0,  when  a  cimipaiiv  were  semrm!»  oul  a  ves- 
Be!  called  the  Search  tlirirt.  under  Ibe  eoimnand  of 
.Stephen  Burrouiih,  for  discovery  ;  tbefiovernor  made 
a  visit  on  board  ;  whieh  is  ihus  related  in  the  journal 
of  the  voyage  as  preserved  by  Hidihiyt. 

"The'2Tili  of  April,  beiliij  Monday,  the  Hight 
M'orshipfu!  ,Sebastian  Cabota  came  aiMard  our  pin- 
nace, at  Oraveseiid  :  accompanied  wiib  divers  ueiiile- 
mcn  and  ffeuilewomeu  ;  who,  at'tcr  lliey  Iv.id  viewed 
our  pinnace,  and  tasted  of  such  elieer  as  wc  could 
make  them,  went  ashore,  eiving  ttiour  mariners  right 
liiienil  .,'wards  'I'he  good  old  geutleiiian  Master 
Cabota  gave  to  ihe  ;toor  most  liberal  alms,  wishing 
lliim  to  pray  for  the  good  fortune  and  prosperous  siic- 
cCBsoftbe  Search-tbriil.  our  iiiiinace  .And  then  at 
the  sign  of.Sl.  (.'hristopher.  be  and  his  friends  haii- 
(juote,)  ;  and  made  me  and  them  that  were  in  ihe  com- 
pany great  cheer  ;  and  for  very  joy  that  be  bad  to  see 
the  towardness  of  our  intended  discovery,  he  etitrriul 
ill/0  thr  fliinrc  hi'tixtlf, -Am'tnii  l\w  rest  of  the  young 
and  lusty  company  ;  which  beini»  ended  he  aiul  his 
friends  deparleil.  mott  gently  commendini;  us  lo  the 
governance  of  Almighty  Gon." 

.\ccordingto  llir  calculation  of  hi.s  ago  by  Dr Cimp- 
bell,  lie  must  at  that  time  have  been  about  eighty 
vears  old. 

He  was  one  of  the  most  exIraord'naTy  men  of  the 
>ef  in  which  he  lived  Ily  his  ing  'iiuiiy  and  imlus- 
Iry,  he  enlarged  the  boiimls  of  science  and  ]in>mote(l 
t';e  inleresi  of  the  llnglish  nation.  Ur.  Cainphell  siip- 
poeeait  was  he  wlio  first  look  no;iee  of  the  variation 
oftho  majjiiei-c  nccdio      It  h?a  been  observed  in  llio 


i^ 

lir.st  voyage  of  Colunibuslo  the  West  Indies  ;  though  i  the  words  lire  Ic  Kmi  ile  France.     Dclbrc  it,  thopco- 

|ile  kneeled,  uncovered;  with  their  hands  extended, 
and  their  eyes  lilled  toward  heaven.  The  n.itivcs, 
who  were  present,  beliekl  Ihe  ceremony  nt  firbt  with 
siicnt  udiniraliun  ;  but  after  u  wiiile,  an  old  man,  clad 
ill  a  bear's  skin,  niaile  sign.s  to  them  that  the  land  was 
his,  and  that  they  should  not  have  it,  without  his  leave. 
They  then  informed  him  by  signs,  that  the  cross  was 
intended  only  as  ,i  mark  of  direction,  by  which  they 
might  again  find  the  port ;  and  they  promised  to  re- 
turn the  next  year,  and  lo  bring  iron  and  other  com- 
modities. 

They  thought  it  proper  however  to  conciliate  the 
old  man's  good  will,  by  entertaining  him  on  board  th« 
ship  and  making  him  several  presents ;  by  which 
nr\ans,  they  so  pp  .ailed  on  him,  that  he  permitted 
Cartier  to  carry  two  of  bis  sons,  yonng  men,  to  France 
on  Ihe  security  of  a  promise  thai  he  would  bring  them 
back,  at  bis  return  the  next  spring. 

From  Graspe,  he  saile.l  so  far  into  the  Great  Rivoi 
afterward  called  Si.  Lawrence,  as  lo  discover  land  on 
the  opposite  side;  but  Ihe  weather  being  boisterous, 
and  the  current  selling  against  him,  he  thought  it 
best  to  return  to  iS'ewfoimdlai  d,  and  then  to  France  ; 
where  he  arrived  safe  in  the  harbor  uf  St.  Malo,  on 
the  fifth  of  Seplcmber. 

The  discoveries  made  in  this  voyage  excited  farther 
curiosity  ;  and  the  vice  .\dmiial  .Mellcrayc  represent- 
ed (^irlier's  merits  to  the  King,  so  favorably  as  to 
procure  for  him  a  more  ample  eiiuipmcnt.  Three 
ships,  one  of  120,  one  of  00  and  one  of -U)  tons,  wero 
destined  to  perform   another  vovage,  in  ibe  ensuing 


probably  (>aliot  iiiigbt  not  have  known  it,  till  aRer  he 
had  made  the  suine  discovery. 

JAMES   (J  A  R  T  I  V.  R  . 

Jamps  CAliTlEn— Ite  sails  oii  avoyaije  of  discovery — Conios  In 
siSljl  (ifi.uiil — .Vrtount  nf  liig  voyuiit) — Chaleur 'Bay  di.^cnv- 
CM'ii— Hi..)  uaiTviPW  Willi  tiic  imtivus — Danncona — The  In- 
ilian  Ciiter— His  strfilayeiii — ncci'pliiin  nf  Curlier  niiil  his 
company  by  lliu  liultaiis — Chararter,  liabits,  niul  nistnins  ef 
tlie  liiiiiaiis— Curlier  inukes  further  th.-cuveries—Ragiiisr  nf 
tlio  scurvy  in  his  cnnipniiy — Cartier  takes  imsses.Jioll  of  the 
cntiiilry— He  reliirn.4  In  l''"raiico  with  twn  (>f  the  nutivcs^Cjir- 
lier  a^'.iin  sails — The  natives  tn<iuirc  after  their  trcthrcn— 
Kinihiesscif  the  Iiulians, 

Tiioi:(;ii  the  English  did  not  prosecute  the  discove- 
ry made  by  the  Cahols,  nor  avail  themselves  of  the  on- 
ly  advantages  wliicli  it  could  have  all'onletl  them  ;  yet 
their  neighbours  of  lirittanny,  '  Normandy  and  Bis- 
cay wisely  pursued  the  lr,ack  of  those  adveulurers  and 
took  vast  ijuanlities  of  cod  on  the  hanks  of  Newfound- 
land. 

In  I. TCI,  John  Verazzani,  a  Florentine,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  France,  r.tiiijed  Ihe  coast  of  the  new  continent 
fwiii  Florida  lo  Newfoundland,  and  gave  it  the  name 
of  AVjc  Fiance.  In  a  subse(pient  voyage  he  was  cut 
to  pieces  and  devouret!  by  the  savages. 

It  is  remark:ible  that  the  three  great  European 
kingdoms,  Spain,  England  and  France,  made  use  of 
tliri'e  Italians  lo  conduct  their  discoveries;  Columbus 
a  Genoese  ;  Cabot,  a  Venetian  ;  and  Vera/zani,  a 
Florenline.  This  is  a  proof  that  among  the  Italians, 
there  were  at  tliat  lime  [lersons  supeiior  in  maritime 


knowledge  to  the  olher  nations    of  Europe;  though 

Ibe  penurious  spirit  of  those  republics,  their  mutual  j  spring  ;  anti  several  young  men  of  distinction  entered 
jealousy  and  peiiy  wars,  made  tlictu  overlook  the  ,  as  volunteers,  to  seek  advenliircs  in  the  new  world, 
benelits  restilliiig  from  exienaive  enterprises,  anil  leave  i  When  Ihey  were  reaily  to  sail,  the  whole  company, 
the  vast  regions  of  the  new  world   to  be  occupied  by  i  after  Ihe  example  of  (.'oltimbiis,  went  in  procession  to 


otiicrs. 

The  voyages  of  Verazzani  having  produced  no  ad- 
dition to  the  revenue  of  France,  all  further  attempts 
lo  perfect  bis  iliscoveries  were  laid  aside  ;  but  the  fish- 
ery being  fo'iiiil  conducive  to  the  commercial  interest, 
it  was  at  length  coiiceiveil;  that  a  plantation  in  the 
neighborhood  of  ihe  banks  might  ite  ailvantagemis. 
This  being  rcprt*seiited  lo  King  Francis  I.  by  Cliabot 
llie  .Admiral,  .l.niK.-:  Cautieu  t  of  !St.  Malo,  was  com- 
missi.med  to  explore  the  country,  with  a  view  to  lind 
a  place  for  a  colonv. 

On  the  i'Oih  of  .\pril  l,53t,  he  sailed  from  St.  Slalo 
willi  two  ships  of  sixty  tons,  and  VZ'Z  men;  and  on  the 


L'hurch,  on  Whitsunday,  where  the  Uisbopof  St.Malo 
pronounced  his  bhssiiig  on  Iheiii.  They  sailed  on  the 
I'Jih  of  May  15'd'j.  Meeting  with  tempestuous  weath- 
er, the  ships  were  separated  ;  and  did  not  join  agaio, 
till  Cartier  in  the  largest  ship  arrived  at  Uird  Island  , 
where  he  again  lilled  bis  boats  with  fowls,  and  on  tho 
SGihof  July  wasjoineil  bylhe  olher  vessels. 

From  liird  Island  ihey  [lurst'ed  the  same  course  ns 
in  the  iireceding  summer ;  and  having  come  into  the 
gulf  on  the  weslern  side  of  Newfoundland,  gave  it  the 
name  of  .St.  I.awrence.  Here  they  saw  abutidanco  of 
whales.  Passing  beiwccn  the  island  of  .Assumption 
(since  called  Anticcsli)  ami  ihe  noithern  shore,  they 


leiilli  of  .May  came  in  sight  of  Honavista,  on  the  island    siiil"!  "P  the  great  river,  till  ihey  came  lo  a  branch  on 

' ' the  northern  side,  whieh  the  young  natives  who  were 

on  ho:ird  called  Saguenay  ;  the  main  river  they  told 
him  would  carry  him  lo  llochelega,  the  capital  of  the 
whole  country. 

After  spending  sometime  in  espl.ning  the  northern 
coast,  lo  fniil  an  n|.eiiiiig  lo  Ihe  northward  ;  in  the 
lieginning  of  Sepleniher.  he  sailed  up  the  river,  and 
discovereil  several  islands  ;  one  of  which,  from  the 
mulliltide  odllberls.  he  called  Coudres  ;  and  another, 
fr.im  the  vast  ipianlily  of  grapes,  he  named  llacchus, 


of  Newf.uiiiilland.  Iliit  the  ice  which  lay  along  the 
shore obligcil  him  to  go  soulhward  ;  and  he  entered  a 
harbor  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Calharine  ; 
where  be  wailed  for  fair  weaiher,  ami  filleil  his  boats. 
.•\s  so. .11  as  the  season  would  permit  he  sailed  norih- 
ward,  and  examined  several  harbors  and  islands,  on 
the  coast  of  Newr>iindland  ;  in  one  of  which  he  foui.tl 
such  a  ipianlily  of  bii'ds,  that  in  half  an  h.iur,  two 
boats  were  loaded  with  iheni :  and  after  ihey  had  eat- 
en as  many  as  Ihey  could,  live  or  six  barrels  full  were 


sailed  for  I. -.rh  ship.  This  place  was  called  Uini  Island  I  (now  Orleans.)     This  island  was  full  of  iuhabitanta 
Having  passetl  Cape  de  Grat,  the  northern  exire-    '^l'"  subsisied  by  lishing. 

\\'lieii  ihe  ships  bad  c.ime  lo  anchor  between  tho 
N.  \\'.  side  of  the  island  ami  the  main,  Carlicr  went 
on  slmre  with  I. is  Uvo  young  .Savages.  The  people 
of  the  eouiiirv  were  at  first  afr.ii.l  of  them  ;  but  hear- 


niiiy.d'lhe  laiul  ;  be  entered  the  straits  of  Hellish' and 
visiti-d  several  harb.irs  on  Ih.e  opposite  coast  of  liab- 
raib.r,  one  of  wliicli  he  called  Carlier  s  Sound.  The 
harbor  is  describeil  as  one  M  the  best  in  Ihe  worM  ; 
but  llii'  Ian. I  is  sligmalized  as  the  place  lo  whieh  Cain  i  '"i;  ""'  youths  speak  lo  ibem  in  Ih'.ir  own  langui.go, 
was  banished  ;  no  vegetation  being  produced  among  Ih''.^'  became  sociable,  and  brought  eels  and  other  fi&h, 
the  rocks,  but  iliorns  and  moss.  Vel.  bail  as  it  was"  willi  a  ipianlily  of  Indian  corn  in  ears,  for  the  refresh- 
there  were  iiihabilanla  in  it.  who  lived  bv  catchiti.'  ment  of  ibeir  new  guests ;  in  return  for  which,  they 
seals,  and  seeme.l  to  be  a  wandering  tribe  '  "  I  were  presenled  with  such  Eurojiean  Iniubles  us  wero 

111  eircunmavigaling  the  great  islaml  of  Newfound-  pleasing  lo  them, 
lan.l,  Ihey  fiiuiid  Ihe  weather  in  general  cold;  but  ''he  next  day.  Donacona,  Ihe  prince  of  the  place 
when  they  had  crossed  Ihe  gulf  ill  a  southweslerlvdi-  '"ill""  ''>  ^i»i'  iheni,  attended  by  twelve  boats;  hut 
reclion  lo  the  conlinenl,  they  came  into  a  deep  bay,  j  keeping  ten  of  them  at  a  dislanee,  he  approached 
where  the  climate  was  so  warm,  that  ihev  named  it  '■  "i'h  two  only,  containing  sixteen  men.  In  the  true 
Uaye  lie  ("haleur.  or  the  liay  of  Heat.  Here  were  ! ''Iiitit  of  hospitality,  he  made  a  speech,  accompanied 
.several  kinds  of  wild  berries,  roses  and  meadow  s  ol  j  wiih  significant  gestures,  welcoming  Ihe  Frencli  to 
gr.tss.  In  Ihe  fresh  waters  they  caught  salufni  in  ,  '''■■*  country  and  otl'ering  his  service  to  lo  them.  The 
great  jdeiily.  '  |  .voung  savages,  Tiagnoagni  and  Uomagaia  answered 

Having  searched  in  vain  f.ir  a  passage  through  the    him,  reporting  all  which  they  had  seen  in  France, 
h.ay,  Ihey  ipiilted   il,  and  sailed  along  the  coasl^  east-  i  at  which  iie  appeared  lo  be  pleased.     Then  approach- 
ward,  till  they  came    lo  the  smaller  hay  of  Gaspe  ;  !  ' 
where  Ihey  s.iugbl  sheller  fr.un  a  tempest,  and  v  ero  | 
delaineil  twelve  days  in  ihe  month  of  .luly.     !.i  this  j 
pbue  Canier  perf.irmed  the  ceremony  of  "taking  pos-  j 
ses.-ion  for  the  King  of  I'rance.  .\  cross  of  thirty  feet 
high  was  erected  on  a  point  of  land.     (In  this  cross  ' 
was  suspended  a  shield,  with  the  arms  nf  France  and 

•  U  i*  suppose. 1  It. .11  the  islan.l  .M'C.ipc  Breton  t^.uli  ild  liailia 
fr.ini  tlip  Breton!",  the  flulienni'n  Britt.iiiy. 
\  Hid  itaoie  Is  Botnctiines  wrilleii  CXuonlcr. 


ing  Ihe  (.'aptain,  «  ho  \wM  out  his  hand,  he  kissed  it, 

anil  laid  it  round  his  own  neck,  in  token  'if  friend- 

j  ship.      Cartier,   on   his    part,  entertained  Donacona 

I  Willi    bread    itid    wine,    and  they  parted   mutMally 

'  i»leascil. 

The  next  day  Cartier  went  np  in  bis  boat  to  find  n 

harbor    f.vr  his  ships  ;    Ihe  season  being  so   far  ad- 

,  vanecd  Ihal  it  became  necessary  ti>  secure  them.     At 

j  Ihe  west  end  of  Ihe  isle  of  liacchus,  he  found  "  a 

I  goodly  and   pleasant  aound,  where  is  a   lillle  rivet 


13 


A  M  F.  U  I  C  A  IS    HISTORY. 


\i 


l;iir' 


fttid  haven ;  about  three  fitthomB  drop  at  hiyh  water.' 
To  this  00  gave  the  ii:vmo  of  iSt.  Croix,  iiiiU  dftrnniii- 
cU  there  to  lay  up  his  shipH. 

Near  this  place  was  a  villago  calUuI  Stndaconn,  of 
vhich  Donacona  wsh  tho  lord.  It  was  environed 
with  forest  trees,  some  of  which  hore  fruit ;  and  un- 
der the  trees,  was  a  growth  of  wild  hemp.  As  Car- 
tier  was  returning  to  his  ships,  he  had  another  Kpe- 
cimen  of  the  hospitable  manners  of  tho  natives.  A 
company  of  people,  of  both  sexes,  met  him  on  tho 
Bh'tre  of  the  liltle  river,  singing  nnd  dancing  up  to 
their  knees  in  water.  In  return  for  their  cnurlesy,  he 
gave  then  knives  and  beads  ;  ami  titcy  continued  their 
luuNio  till  he  was  beyond  hearing  it. 

When  Cartier  had  brought  bis  ships  to  tho  har- 
bor and  secured  them,  he  inlimatrd  his  intention  to 
pass  in  his  boats  up  the  river  to  Huchelaga.  Duna- 
cona  was  loth  to  part  with  him ;  and  invented  several 
aniftccs  to  prevent  his  going  thither.  Among  others, 
he  contrived  to  dress  three  of  his  men  in  black  and 
white  skins,  with  horns  on  tlieir  heads,  and  their  fa- 
ces besmeared  with  coal,  to  make  them  leseniblu  in- 
fernal spirits.  They  were  put  into  a  canoe  and 
passed  to  the  ship.s ;  brandishing  their  horns  and 
making  an  unintelligible  harrangue.  Uonacona, 
with  his  people,  pursued  and  took  them,  on  which 
they  fell  down  as  if  dead.  They  were  carried  ashore 
into  the  wood.s  and  all  tho  savages  rollowed  them. 
A  long  disct>urse  ensued,  ami  t)i'.<  concMuMion  ot  the 
farce  was,  that  these  demons  bad  brought  news  from 
the  gml  of  Hochelaga,  that  iiis  country  was  so  full 
of  snow  and  ice,  that  whoever  sliould  adventure 
thither  would  perish  with  tho  cold.  The  artilice 
afforded  diversion  to  tlic  French,  but  was  loo  thin  lo 
deceive  them.  Cartier  determined  to  proceed  ;  and 
on  the  nineteenth  uf  September,  with  his  pinnace 
and  two  boats,  began  his  voyage  up  the  river  lo 
Unchelaga. 

Among  the  woods  on  the  margin  of  ibe  river  were 
many  vines  loaded  with  white  grapes,  than  which 
nothing  could  he  a  more  welcome  si^bt  to  French- 
men, though  the  fruit  was  not  so  delicious  as  they 
had  been  used  to  taste  in  their  own  country.  Along 
the  hanks  were  many  huts  of  the  unlives  ;  wlio  nuule 
signs  of  joy  as  they  passed  ;  presented  ibem  with  lisb  ; 
piloted  them  througli  narrow  channel.s  ;  carried  tbcui 
ashore  on  their  backs,  and  helped  ibeni  to  get  oil'tlieir 
boatawhcn  aground.  Some  presented  their <'hiUlren  to 
them,  and  such  as  were  of  proper  age  were  accepted. 

The  water  at  tliat  time  of  the  year  being  low,  their 
inssage  was  rendered  dillicult ;  hut  by  the  friendly  as- 
eietance  of  the  natives  they  surmonuled  the  ol).slruc- 
tions.  On  the  SSth  of  Seplember  they  i  a.'ised  the  rap- 
ids between  the  islands  in  the  upper  |  art  of  the  lake 
An^oleme,  (now  called  St.  IVters)  and  i>n  llie  second 
of  Oclober  they  arrived  at  the  ishuul  of  HtH'helaga  ; 
where  they  had  been  expected,  and  preparations  were 
made  to  gtve  them  a  welcome  reception.  About  a 
thousand  persons  came  to  meet  them,  Kingin*;  and 
dancing,  the  men  on  one  side,  the  women  on  the  oth- 
er, and  the  children  in  a  distinct  body.  JVesents  of 
fish  and  other  victuals  were  brought,  and  in  return 
were  given  knives,  beads  ami  other  trinkets.  Tlie 
Frenchmen  lotlged  the  first  night  in  their  boats,  and 
the  natives  walched  on  the  shore,  dancing  round  their 
iires  during  the  whole  nioht. 

The  next  morning  Cartier,  with  Iwenty-fivp  of  his 
company,  went  to  visit  the  town,  and  were  met  on  the 
way  by  a  person  of  diKlinclion,  who  bade  them  wel- 
Ciimo.  To  him  they  gave  two  hatchets  and  two  knives, 
and  hung  over  bis  neck  a  cross  which  they  taught  him 
to  kiss.  As  they  proceeded,  they  passed  throui.'h 
groves  of  oak.  from  which  acorns  were  fallen  ami  lay 
thick  on  the  ground.  After  this  they  ciune  to  lields 
of  ripe  corn,  some  of  which  was  gathered.  In  the 
midst  of  these  Holds  was  situate  the  town  of  Hoche- 
I&ffa. 

It  was  of  a  round  form,  encompassed  with  threelinos 
of  [lalisades.  through  which  was  one  entrance,  well  se- 
cured with  stakesand  bars  On  the  inside  was  a  ram- 
part of  timber,  to  which  were  ascents  by  ladders,  and 
neaps  of  stones  were  laid  in  proper  places  for  defence 
In  the  town  were  about  fifty  long  huts  built  with 
itakes  and  covered  with  bark.  In  the  middle  of  each 
fiut  was  a  fire,  round  which  were  lodging  places,  lloor- 
ed  with  bark  and  covered  with  skins.  In  the  upper 
part  was  a  scartold  on  which  they  drieil  and  preserved 
Iheir  corn.  To  prepare  it  for  eating,  ihey  ptnnided  it 
m  wooden  mortars,  and  having  mixed  it  with  water, 
baited  it  on  hot  stones.  Ueside- cnni  they  had  beans, 
•iquashes  ami  pumjikins.  'I'liey  dried  tl'ieir  fish  and 
trutarved  them  iti  troughs.  These  people  lived  chiefly 


I  liy  tillage  nnd  fishing,  and  seldom  went  far  from  home. 
I  'I'luiseon  the  lower  parts  of  ihi'  rixiT  were  more  giv- 
I  en  to  hunting,  ami  considered  the  liord  of  Huchelaga 
as  their  sovereign,  to  whom  they  paid  tribute. 

When  the  new  guests  were  cnriduclcd  lo  an  open 
square  in  the  centre  of  the  town  ;  the  lemales  came  to 
them,  rubbing  their  hands  and  faces,  weeping  with  joy 
at  their  arrival,  and  bringing  their  children  to  be 
touched  by  the  strangers.  They  spread  nials  for  them 
on  the  ground,  whilst  the  men  seated  thenisel\es  in  a 
large  circle  on  the  outside.  The  king  was  then  brought 
into  a  litter  on  the  shoulders  of  ten  men,  and  placed 
on  a  mat  next  to  the  French  Captain.  He  was  idmut 
fifty  years  old,  and  had  no  mark  of  distinction  bnl  a 
coronet  made  of  porenpiries's  (piills  dyed  red  ;  which 
he  look  oll'and  gave  lo  (heCapiain,  requcaling  hun  lo 
rub  his  armi>  and  legs  wliich  were  trembling  uith  the 
patsy.  Several  persons,  blind,  lame  and  withered 
with  age,  were  also  brought  to  be  l<aiched  ;  as  if  ihey 
supposed  that  their  new  guests  were  messengers  from 
heaven  invested  wilh  a  power  of  healing  iliseases. 
Carlier  gratifu'd  them  as  well  as  he  cnuhi,  by  laying 
his  hands  on  them  and  repeating  some  deviitionai  pas- 
.•(ages  from  a  service  hook,  which  he  had  in  Ids  pock- 
et;  accompanyuig  his  ejaculations  wilh  signilicant 
geslurcs,  and  lilUng  up  his  eves  to  hca\en.  'ibe  na- 
tives attentively  observed  and  imitated  all  his  motions. 

Having  perlorined  this  ceremony,  be  dcsireil  the 
men,  women  and  ehililrcn  to  arrange  theniselvcs  in 
separate  bodies.  To  the  men  he  gave  halchcls,  to  the 
women  beads,  and  lolhe  children  rings,  lie  then  (or- 
dered his  drums  and  irunipets  lo  sound,  which  higlily 
pleased  the  company  and  set  them  to  daticing. 

Being  desirous  of  ascending  the  hill,  under  which 
the  town  was  buill,  the  natives  conducled  iheni  lo  the 
suimnit;  where  they  were  entertained  wilh  u  mofct 
exte.isive  and  beaulit'ul  prospect  of  mountains,  woods, 
islands  and  waters.  'i'lny  ob.served  the  course  of  ihe 
river  above,  and  sonn*  falls  of  water  in  it  ;  and  the  na- 
lives  informed  them  thai  they  might  .sail  on  it  for  three 
nionthfi  ;  ihat  it  riin  through  two  or  three  great  lakes, 
beyond  which  was  a  sea  ot  fresh  water,  to  which  they 
knew  of  no  lioumls  ;  and  that  on  the  other  side  of  the 
mountains  there  was  anolhcr  river  which  ran  in  a 
ctmtrary  direction  to  the  sou'hwest,  through  a  coun- 
try full  of  delicious  iVuits.  and  free  from  snow  and  ice; 
thai  there  was  fi)und  such  nu'tai  as  tlic  Captain's 
silirr  whistle  and  the  haft  uf  the  dagger  belonging  to 
(me  of  the  company  which  was  gilt  with  ^'c/r/.  lieiiig 
shown  some  copper,  they  po'uled  lo  'he  northward, 
and  said  il  came  from  Sagueiiay.  To  this  hid  Car- 
tier  gave  the  name  of  Moniical^  which  it  has  ever  since 
retained. 

'J'he  visit  being  finished,  the  natives  accompanied 
the  French  to  their  boats,  carrying  such  as  were  weary 
on  their  sli(»ulders.  Tln-y  were  loth  to  pari  wilhibcir 
guests,  and  followed  them  along  the  shore  uf  the  river 
lo  a  considcjatile  distance. 

Onthc'lth  el  October,  Carlier  and  his  company 
dcparlcd  from  Hochelaga.  In  jiassingdown  ihc  river, 
ihcv  erected  a  cross  on  the  pt)int  of  an  island,  which, 
wilh  three  others,  lay  in  the  mouth  of  a  shallow  river, 
on  the  north  side,  called  Fouetz.  On  the  eleventh  they 
arrived  at  the  Fort  de  St.  Croix,  and  found  that  iheir 
^companions  had  enclosed  the  ships  with  a  palisade 
anil  rampart,  on  which  they  had  mounted  cannon. 

The  ne.\t  day  Uonacona  invileil  Ihein  lo  his  resi- 
detu'c,  where  they  were  eiilcrtained  with  the  usual  fes- 
tivity and  made  the  cushmiary  presentb.  They  ob- 
served thai  these  people  us  -d  the  haves  of  an  herb 
(tobacco) iwhich  tliey  preserved  in  pouches  made  of 
skins  and  smoked  in  stone  pipes.  It  was  very  4)ilVn 
sivc  to  the  French  ;  bnl  the  natives  valued  it  as  con- 
tributing much  to  the  preservation  tif  their  health. 
Their  houses  appeared  lo  be  well  supplied  wilh  pro- 
visions. Among  other  things  which  wi're  new  lolhe 
French,  they  oliserved  the  scalps  of  live  men,  spread 
and  dried  like  parclunent.  These  were  taken  from 
Iheir  enemies  the  Toudamani,  who  came  from  the 
suulh,  and  were  continually  at  war  wilh  them. 

lleing  determined  to  spend  the  winter  among  those 
friendly  petiple,  they  traded  wilh  them  for  the  provis- 
ions which  they  could  H|iare,  and  the  river  supplied 
them  with  fish  till  il  was  bard  fr07.cn. 

In  l)ec«*inber  the  seurvey  began  to  make  lis  ap- 
pearance among  the  natives,  and  Cartier  i»roliiliited  all 
intercourse  wilh  them  ;  but  il  was  not  long  before  his 
own  men  were  laki  11  with  it.  It  ra^'Cil  with  uncon- 
Iroilel  violence  for  above  Uvo  months,  and  by  the  mid- 
dle of  Feliruary,  out  uftme  hundred  and  len  persons, 
fdly  were  sick  at  once,  and  eight  or  ten  had  died. 

in  this  extremity  Cartier  appointed  a  day  of  solemn 


humiliation  nnd  prayer.  A  crucifix  waflpl.icef'.  on  a 
tree,  and  as  many  as  were  able  to  walk  wen'  ir  piiv 
cession,  through  the  ice  and  snow,  singing  tl  *!  seven 
penitential  psalms  and  pcrforniing  ulber  devotional 
exercises.  At  the  close  of  the  soNnmily  Cartier 
nnide  a  vow,  that  "  if  il  would  please  Cuul  tu  permit 
him  to  return  to  France,  he  would  go  in  pilgrimage  to 
our  l.ndy  of  Itoquemado.''  IJut  il  was  necessary  to 
watch  as  well  as  pray.  To  jirevent  the  natives  from 
kmiwing  their  weak  and  defenceless  s(a!e.  he  obligi«l 
all  who  were  able,  (o  make  as  nuich  nmse  as  pohsiblu 
wilh  axes  and  hannn<-rs;  and  told  ihe  nati\es  thai 
his  men  were  all  busily  emph-yed.  and  that  he  would 
not  sulVer  any  of  ibeni  lo  go  from  ihe  ships  till  their 
work  was  dour.  Tfie  ships  wen^  fast  tro/.en  up  t'wm 
the  niidille  of  iN'ovendier  lolhe  middle  of  March;  tho 
snow  was  four  tcct  deep,  and  hi^iher  than  the  sides  0I 
the  siii|.s  above  the  ice.  The  severity  of  the  winter  crt- 
cecded  all  «  m  they  ha<l  ever  experienced  ;  tlie  scur- 
vy Ktill  laged  ;  twenty-five  men  had  f.dleii  victims  to 
il,  and  Ihe  ulhers  \v<>re  so  weak  and  low  in  spirits, 
that  they  despaired  of  ever  seeing  ihcirnat*  ■■  country. 

In  the  {leplb  of  this  distress  and  di-spoit.iency,  ('ar- 
tier, who  had  escaped  Ibe  dihcase,  in  walking  one  ilay 
on  the  ice,  mi'l  some  uf  ibe  natives,  among  w  hoin  was 
Uotnagaia,  one  of  the  young  men  who  had  been  with 
hint  to  France  and  who  then  resided  with  bis  country- 
men at  Siadacona.  He  had  been  sick  with  the  scur- 
vy, ids  sjm>w8  had  been  shrunk  and  his  knees  swol- 
len, his  teeth  loose,  and  his  gums  rotten  ;  but  he  was 
then  recovered,  and  lold  ('aiticr  of  a  certain  tree  ;  tho 
leaves  and  bark  of  which  he  had  used  as  a  remedy'. — 
Cartier  expressed  his  wish  to  see  the  tree;  telling 
him  that  one  ofbispe.iple  had  been  alVected  with  the 
same  disorder.  Two  women  were  iminedialely  dis- 
patched, who  brunght  len  or  twelve  branches,  and 
showed  him  how  lo  prcjiare  ibe  decoction;  which 
was  thus,  ^'  to  boil  the  bark  and  the  leaves  ;  to  drink 
of  the  liipior  every  olher  day  ;  and  to  put  the  dregs  un 
the  legs  uf  the  siek."* 

This  remedy  presently  came  into  use.  on  bo.vd  th« 
sliips  ;  and  ils  good  eHeels  were  so  surprising,  that 
within  one  week  they  were  complelely  healed  of  Ihc 
seurvey;  and  some  who  had  venereal  complaints  of 
loiii.'  standing  were  also  cured  by  the  same  nuans. 

The  severity  of  ihe  winter  having  continued  four 
months  without  iiitenuission.  at  the  return  ol  the  sun 
the  season  became  niibler.  atui  in  April  the  ice  began 
lo  break  up.  On  the  third  of  May,  (.'ariiiT  took  pos- 
session oflhe  counlry  by  erecting  a  cross,  ihirty-five 
feel  high,  on  which  was  hung  a  shii-ld.  bearing  the 
arms  uf  France,  with  this  inscri|ition  :  Fhancicub 
i'rinius,  Dei  f,na(ia,  Fkamuiiim  AVj-,  rrinuit. 

The  same  day  being  a  day  of  fi-slivity,  Ihe  two 
yourig  savages.  Taignoagni  ami  Domagaia,  wilh  I)o« 
iiacona  Ihe  chief  of  the  place,  eameun  board  tbesbips, 
and  were  jiartly  prevailed  on  and  partly  constrained 
to  accompany  Carlier  to  France.  A  handsome  pre- 
sent was  made  lolhe  family  ufDonacuna,  but  il  was 
wilh  great  reluctance  that  his  friends  parted  with  him; 
though  Carlier  promised  lo  bring  him  again  at  the  end 
uf  twelve  nionlbs.  On  the  sixib  of  May  Ihey  sailed 
from  the  Fori  uf  St.  (.'ruix  ;  arul  having  louehed  at 
St.  IVter's  in  Newloundland,  Ihey  arrived  at  St.  Ma- 
lo  in  France  the  sixth  ofjuly,  I.O^G. 

WhelherCartier  performed  his  vow  to  fJud,  tho 
hislury  does  nut  tell  us;  certain  it  is,  huwever.  that 
he  tlid  nol  perform  bis  pruniise  10  his  passengers.  The 
zeal  for  adventures  of  ibis  kind  began  to  abale.  IVei- 
Ibeirgold  nor  silver  were  carried  home.  The  advan- 
tages of  the  fur  trade  were  nut  fully  understond  ;  and 
Ihe  prospect  of  bciK  fit  from  cullivalion  in  the  short 
sun.mcr  of  Ihat  cold  climate,  was  greatly  overbalan- 
ced, by  the  length  and  severity  uf  a  Canadian  w  inter. 
The  natives  had  been  so  ofien  told  of  ihe  necessity  uf 
biiptism  in  order  lo  salvation,  that  un  their  arrival  in 
France,  they  were  at  their  own  recpiesl  baptised  ;  hut 
neither  of  them  lived  to  see  their  nalive  land  again. 

The  rejiorl  which  (.'artier  brought  home,  of  tim 
fine  country  hevond  the  Lakes,  had  however  nnido 
sucli  an  impre  sionon  the  minds  of  stune,  that,  at 
Ihe  end  of  fiiUi"  years,  another  exjiediliun  was  iitt*- 
jected.  Fnucis  de  la  lioche,  Lord  of  Hoherval, 
was  commissioned  by  the  King    as    his  Lieutenant, 


•  Tlii.-*  iretj  wii.-*  calif"!  t)y  Uie  iintivM,  Aniftla  nr  IlHtieila  — 
Mr  lliikluyi  biiiiixhi-h  U  m  Imvo  Iici'm  tlie  Ha-t.-^afnn;  Imi  us  ihfl 
Intvfrt  were  iru-il  wlih  ilie  bark,  in  tlie  v.iaOT,  il  aiu.H  liuva 
l)iM-a  nil  evrr^'reon.  Ttn' <heji' .ililii^  linrk  wtTi'  til.-'u  api'lifa 
luitii' fiiri!  ti'i'8  uCilie  iiiineiK.  Kmin  ilidHfriiTumsi  inr»(i  I  a.in 
inctttieil  loiliiiik  Uiat  il  wan  ilioupruee  pii,"  (|iiioiHCioudeiisiB) 
wliicli  is  iiBiMJ  in  ilie  snine  iiiiuuicr  liy  ilie  Imlian.-  luui  each  iia 
havt*  li-ariitilftrihrni.  S|inirr  lipcr  in  well  kuuwn  .0  be  apqw- 
erfiil  aiiiiHCdrlaiiie  :  luul  tlui  bnrk  oliliis  nnil  ol'th*  wlntu  JHUfl 
serves  as  a  cataplniiai  tur  ivc  u  vie  tial  *n)»s. 


niOORAPHIES    OF   THE   EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


IS 


icifix  wns  jiUcii'.  on  a 
to  w.ilk  witii  ir  pill- 
ow, sitij.'inj(  ll*  Brven 
iiin^  iillitT  ilc'viitionnl 
hi'  suli'imiily  Carliir 
|)li'iihe  tioi)  tu  pcruiit 
ilil  ^11  ill  pitt^rininirc  to 
I  it  was  lu'cCHMiry  lo 
■viMilllii' hiilivos  Iriim 
I'lesH  t^tiilf.  111'  (>lili^i<d 

lllich  lltllSI*  :iK  lUlhHlllIl' 
lllld     llir     llllliM'K    tliul 

I'll,  iiiul  lliat  111'  wiiuM 
nil  ilu'  hlii|is  till  Ihi'ir 
rt'  liiht  rrii/.fii  u)i  i'rntn 
iiiililli'  III  Marcli ;  ll\o 
;t|ii'r  llinii  till'  siili'H  ot 
(crily  ol'ilii' wiiiler  cx- 
rxiK'rii'iicnl ;  llir  ftcur- 
I  liiul  liilirii  vit'tiiiis  to 
k  iiiiil  luw  ill  h|iirilH, 
cr  ihi'ir  mil'"  cimiilry. 
iinil  lii'ispnii.ii'iiry,  ('nr- 
si',  III  walkiii;;  inic^  iliiy 
\i'K.  miinnii  whi'in  was 
'11  who  liail  liri'li  \villl 
sidiil  «iili  lii«  I'litinliy- 
'I'll  sit'k  with  llie  si'ur- 

anil  Ills  kiiocn  bwiiI- 
118  nilli'ii ;  lull  lit!  was 
r  Ilia  I'lrlain  tree  ;  tlio 
ni  usi'il  as  a  ri'iiH'ily. — 

si'i!  the  tri'i'  ;  Irlliiij; 
lii'iMi  allrdi'il  willi  ti.e 

wiTf  iiniiu'iliali'ly  ilis- 
Um'Ih'  liraliclit'S,  anil 
ho  ili't'iu'lum ;  wliicli 
il  till'  IcaM's  ;  ti)  ilriiik 
and  to  put  the  drrgs  un 

into  Ufio,  on  ho.iiJ  the 
ri'  so  surprising,  that 
npli'li'ly  healed  of  Iho 
venereal  t'Diiiplaiiita  of 
hv  (he  same  means. 
haviii}»  c'lintiinieil  four 
III  Ihe  reUini  of  the  sun 
lin  April  the  iee  heiraii 


IV,  ("artier  took  poa- 
i;i'a  eriiss,  ihiriy-tive 
I  shiehl,  heariiij,'  the 
iseriplion  :  Fhamui'B 

of  li'stiCily,   llie  two 
Uoiiiai;aia,  with   l)o- 
iiieoii  hoard  the  ships, 
nd  partly  eonslraiiied 
A    hamlsniue  pre- 
liiiiaeoiia,  liul  it    w  aa 
Is  paried  with  him; 
him  again  at  the  end 
h  ot  May  Ihey  sailed 
id   havini;  louehed    at 
hev  arrived  at  St.  Ma- 
CM. 
rt    vow    to  (iod,  tho 
it  is,  however,    that 
hispasseticers.  'I'lio 
hecan  lo  aliale.      Kei- 
hollie.     The  advali- 
I'ully  undersleiid  ;  and 
ivaiion    ill  the  shoit 
IS  (ireally    overlialaii- 
iraCaiiadian  winter, 
lid  id  the  neeessily  of 
on   Iheir  arrival  in 
ipiest  haplised  ;  hut 
na:ivelalid  aeain. 
iiifilit    home,  of  the 
had   however  niudii 
Is    of  some,    that,  at 
.vjH'dilioii   was   i>rj- 
Loril  of  Hoherval, 
as    his  Lieutenant, 
s'Aait'ila  or  IIiiiieilB  — 
III'  SH.isiil'riii;  I'lii  IS  ni" 
'.  v.iiiO'r,  il  imii'l  hnvii 
iirk  wi'iv  .il'-o  npl'liml 
lii',-i'rin'iimslin*'''s  I  am 
■  li'."  (pintist'!ii>.iilriisiR) 
III'  lij'liiili-   aiiiUllch  aa 
M'll  klic.Wli  LlilM^POW- 
ii«niulorih««liil»»''« 
''uroii. 


Oovornor  in  Canada  and  Hockclaita  ;  and  Cartier 
was  appointed  his  pilot,  willi  Iho  e.oininand  of  live 
•hips.  When  they  were  ready  to  sail,  Uolierval  had 
not  Hnished  his  preparaliona,  and  was  Iherelore  de- 
tained. Tho  Kind's  orders  lo  ('artier  lieini;  positive, 
lio  sailed  from  St.  Main  on  llie  Slid  of  May  1510. 

The  winds  were  adverse  and  the  voyaiio  tedious. 
The  8lii|i9  were  scatlered,  and  did  not  arrive  at  the 
place  of  their  ileslination  till  Iho '.i:!d  of.Aut^ust;  when 
Ihey  came  tu  the  port  of  St.  Croix  in  the  river  of  Can- 
ada. 

The  first  imiuiry  made  liy  the  natives  was  for  their 
countrymen  who  liad  heen  carried  away.  Tho  an- 
swer was,  that  Uouaeona  was  dead,  and  that  the  oth- 
ers had  heeoine  j^reat  Lords,  were  married  in  France, 
and  refu.sed  lo  return.  Meilher  sorrow  nor  resent- 
ment were  shown  on  this  occasion  ;  hut  a  secret  jeal- 
ousy, which  had  heen  long  working,  received  slrength, 
from  an  answer  so  liahle  to  suspicion. 

The  history  of  this  voyage  heiiig  imperfect,  it  is  not 
possihie  lo  say,  in  what  particular  manner  this  jealou- 
sy operated.  Ca:''  made  another  excursion,  up  the 
river ;  and  piteheo  ■  ii  a  place  ahout  four  leagues  aliove 
.^t.  Croix  to  lay  up  three  of  his  vessels  for  tho  winter. 
The  other  two  lie  sent  hack  to  France,  to  inform  the 
Kill),  of  A  hat  they  had  done;  and  that  Roherval  had 
not  arrived. 

At  the  new  harhour,  which  he  had  chosen  for  his 
Bhi[is,  was  ,1  small  river,  running  in  a  serpentine 
course  to  the  south.  On  Ihe  eastern  side  of  its  en- 
trance was  a  high  and  sleep  elilf;  od  the  top  of  which, 
ihey  huilt  a  fort  and  called  it  (Jharlehurg.  llelow,  the 
ships  were  drawn  up  and  forlilieil,  as  ihey  li.id  heen 
ill  the  firmer  winter  which  he  spent  here.  Not  far 
from  the  fori  were  some  rocks  eoiilaining  chryslals  ; 
which  Ihey  deiiomiiialed  diamonds  ;  and  on  the  shore 
were  picked  up  certain  specks  of  a  yellow  suhstance, 
which  Iheir  imagin.itioiis  reliiied  into  gold.  Iron  ore 
was  found  in  ahundaiicc  ;  and  a  kind  of  lilack  slate, 
Willi  veins  of  an  apparent  melallie  suhstance. 

Ill  what  manner  they  passed  the  winter,  Ihe  defec- 
tive aeooinits  which  we  have  do  not  iiit'orm  us.  In  ihe 
spring  of  Ihe  following  year,  (,'arlier  and  his  company 
having  heard  noihingof  iioherval  ;  and  eomluding 
that  ihey  were  ali.iiiiloni'd  hy  Iheir  friends  and  expos- 
ed to  perish  in  a  cliinale  the  most  severe,  and  among 
people  whose  conducl  loward  ihem  was  lolally  cliAiig- 
ed,  deleniiinnl  lo  return  lo  France.  .Accoriiingly 
having  sel  .sail,  at  llie  hreaking  up  of  the  ice,  lliey  ar- 
rived in  the  harhor  of  St.  ,lolin's  in  Newfouiidiand, 
sonielime  in  June  ;  where  Ihey  niel  Roherval,  who, 
with  three  ships  and  Iwo  hundred  persons,  male  and 
female,  had  sailed  from  Rochellein  .April  ;  and  were 
on  their  way  to  eslahlisli  a  eidoiiy  in  (Jaiiada.  Car- 
tier  went  on  hoard  Roherval's  ship,  and  showed  him 
the  di.inionds  and  gold  which  he  had  found  ;  hut  told 
hiui  that  the  lioslile  disposilioii  of  the  natives  had 
obliged  him  lo  quit  Ihe  I'oiintry  ;  which  however  he 
represented  to  hiiiias  capahle  of  prnlilalilecullivation. 
Kolierval  ordered  him  to  relilrn  lot'anada  ;  hiil  ("ar- 
tier privately  sailed  out  of  the  harbor  in  llic  niglil,aiid 
pursued  his  voyage  to  France 

Morlified  and  disap[ioiiiled,  Roherval  conlimied 
•cine  lime  longer  al  Si.  Johns  hi't'ore  he  proceeded, 
and  ahoni  Ihe  end  of  Jnlv  arrived  at  the  place  which 
Carlier  h.id  ipiilled.  There  he  creeled  a  fort  on  a 
coimnaiiiling  eiiiinence.  and  aiioiher  at  its  fool  ;  in 
which  were  deposited  all  ihe  provision. aummnilion, ar- 
tillery, implemenls  of  hushandry,  and  other  materials 
for  the  inteiided  colony. 

In  Si'pieinlier,  Iwo  vessels  were  sent  hack  lo  France, 
to  carry  speeiiiii'Ms  of  chryslal,  and  felcll  provisions 
for  the  next  year ;  iho  stores  which  lliev  had  brought 
being  much  reduied.  lly  the  help  of  The  ll.sli  which 
they  look  in  the  river,  and  Ihe  game  which  Ihey  pro- 
cured from  the  savages  ;  and  by  well  hiishandiiig 
their  provisions,  ihey  lingered  out  a  tedious  wiiitei% 
having  sulfered  much  from  the  scurvy,  of  which  about 
fifty  of  them  died.  In  addilioii  l,i  this  dislress,  R,,h. 
erval  exercised  such  severity  in  his  government,  that 
one  man  was  hanged,  several  were  laid  in  irons,  and 
noineofhoth  sexes  underwent  the  discipline  of  the 
whip. 

In  April  the  ice  began  to  break  up  ;  and  on  Ihe 
fifth  of  June  he  proceeded  up  the  river ;  leaving  Ue 
Roye'/.e,  his  Lieulenant,  to  coinmand  in  his  absence, 
with  orders  toeinbark  for  France,  if  he  should  nut  re- 
turn by  the  middle  of  July. 

As  tho  account  of  the  expeililion  ends  here,  we  can 
only  roiuaik  that  the  colony  was  broken  up  ;  and  no 
nir'her  attempt  was  made  hv  Ihe  French  to  eslahlisli 
IbemwlTea  in  Canada,  till  after  the  eipiratioii  of  hulf 


a  century.  The  last  account  of  Roherval  is  that,  in 
l.'ill),  he  sailed  with  his  brother  on  soiiio  voyage  of 
discovery,  and  never  i. "turned. 

Ill  lliis  fiist  visit,  which  the  natives  of  Canada  re- 
ceived  from  Ihe  Europeans,  we  have  a  striking  instance 
of  their  priinitivo  manners.  Suspecting  no  danger, 
and  inllnenced  by  no  fear,  they  embraced  the  stranger 
with  unalli'Cted  joy.  Their  huts  were  open  to  re- 
ceive him,  their  tires  and  furs  to  give  warmth  and  rest 
to  his  weary  liinhs  ;  their  food  was  shared  with  liiin  or 
given  in  exchange  for  his  trilles  ;  they  were  ready  with 
their  simple  medicines  to  heal  his  diseases  and  his 
wounds;  they  wouhl  wade  through  rivers  and  climb 
rocks  and  mountains  to  guide  him  in  tiis  way,  and  they 
would  remember  and  requite  ins  Iiindncss  more  than  it 
deserved. 

Unhappily  for  them  they  set  too  high  a  value  on 
their  new  guest.  Iniaginin,.  him  to  he  of  a  heavenly 
origin,  they  were  cxtravagau  and  unguarded  in  their 
first  allachnient,  and  from  sou'"  specimens  ofl.is  su- 
periority, obvious  to  their  senses,  ihi'v  expected  more 
Ihr.n  ought  ever  to  be  expected  from  i  "ings  of  the 
same  species.  But  when  the  mistake  was  discover- 
ed, anil  the  stranger  whom  they  adored  proved  to  be 
no  more  than  human,  having  the  same  inferior  desires 
and  passions  with  iheinsi'lves  ;  especially  when  they 
found  their  confidence  misplaced  and  Iheir  generous 
friendship  ill  reipiited  ;  then  the  rage  of  jealous-,'  ex- 
tinguished Ihe  virtue  of  benevolence;  and  they  strug- 
gled to  rid  themselves  of  liim,  as  an  enemyi  whom 
they  had  received  into  their  bosom  as  a  friend. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  was  too  common  for  the  Eu- 
ropean adventurer  to  regard  the  man  of  nature  as  an 
inferior  being  ;  and  whilst  he  availed  himself  of  his 
slrenglh  and  experience,  lo  iibo;:c  his  conlidence,  and 
repay  his  kindness  with  insult  and  injury  ;  to  slignia- 
tize  him  as  a  heathen  and  a  savage,  and  to  bestow  on 
him  the  epilhels  of  deceitful,  treacherous,  and  cruel ; 
though  he  himself  had  first  set  the  example  of  these 
detestable  vices. 


F  E  R  U  I  N  A  N  1)  O    I)  E    'S  O  T  O  . 

FKnniNANUO  DS  Soto — His  ex|ii'iliijnii— Hi«  ailvi'iuiircs — He 
Iit'iii'lrales  iiiuilhc  iiiU'ritinif  ihe  fiiuiilry— His  iliMii-iilly  Willi 
llie  liii;iiiiis— Ki.routilcr  Willi  tliv  liiilimis  in  which  many  arc 
killnl-llisili'iuh. 

The  travels  and  Iransactions  of  this  adventurer  are 
of  so  lilile  iniporlance  in  the  hislory  of  .'Xmerica,  that 
I  should  nol  have  thought  them  worthy  of  nulice  ;  had 
il  iKil  been,  that  some  genlleuien  of  ingenuity  and 
learning  have  had  recourse  to  the  expedition  of  this 
.Spaniard  as  a  means  of  solving  the  question  respect- 
ing ihe  mounds  and  fortiftealioiis,  of  a  regular  con- 
slriu'tion,  which  within  a  lew  years  past  have  been 
discovered  in  the  ihickest  shades  of  the  .\merican 
forest.*  Though  the  opinion  seems  lo  have  been 
eaiidiilly  given  up  by  one  of  Ihe  writers  who  attempt- 
ed loilefeiiil  it  ;  yet  as  what  was  piiblisheil  on  llie 
siiliji'cl  may  have  impressed  some  persons  Willi  an 
iilia  that  Ihese  works  were  of  European  fabric,  I  shall 
hrielly  relate  the  hislory  of  Solo's  march  ;  and  tbcdif- 
fii'iil'ies  which  allend  the  supposiiion  that  he  was  the 
builder  of  any  oflhese  fortilirations. 

.\lier  llie  conquest  of  Mexico  and  I'eru,  in  the  he- 
giiiiiiii'j  of  the  sixleenlh  ceiiliiry.  Ihe  iiiexlinguisha- 
able  ibirst  for  gold,  which  had  seized  the  .Spaiiish  ad- 
venturers, prompied  ilicm  lo  search  for  thai  fiewilcli- 
iiig  metal  wherever  there  could  he  any  prospect  of 
finding  it.  Three  unsuccessful  allenipls  had  been  made 
ill  Florida,  by  I'once,  Cioiuez,  and  Narvaez  ;  but  be- 
cause lliese  adveliliirers  did  not  jienetrate  Ihe  interior 
parts  of  the  eoiiiinent,  Fkhiiinmnoo  m:  ,So-ro,  (lovern- 
orof  (.'iilia,  who  had  been  a  com|iaiiiiui  of  Ihe  I'izar- 
ros  in  their  I'eriivian  expedilioii,  and  had  Ihere  amas- 
sed much  weallli,  projected  a  march  into  Florida,  of 
which  coiiiilry  he  hail  the  tille  ol  .■Xdelanlado,  or  I're- 
siileiil.  He  sailed  from  the  port  of  llavannah.  May 
KS.  l.'i;)!),  Willi  nine  vessels,  six  biindred  nieii.t  two 
hundred  and  thirleen  horses,  and  a  herd  of  swine,  and 
arrived  on  IhcoOlh  of  the  same  luoiiih  in  ihe  bay  of 
Espirilii  Santo,  on  the  western  coasi  of  Ihe  peninsula 
of  Florida. 

lieing  a  soldier  of  fortune  and  delerinined  on  con- 
quest, he  immedialely  pilehed  bis  camp  and  secured  il. 
.\  fiiraging  parly  mel  with  a  few  Indians  who  resisted 


•  llllu'  ri'ililiT  wi'.hi's  lii-it'e  a  |iariii'llliirilivi'sli(;nlinli  ol'llii.i 
hy|H'llir.-is,  Uf  may  r'.iisull  the  .^iiH'rimii  M.iea/iiie,  priiitril  iil 
New-Ynrk,  for  Ili'ft'iiilicr  U.s7,  Jaimnry  iiinl  Kt'hniary  17ss, 
aiitl  siaiie  Biihsi'tiiu'iii  iitiiiiliiTH  :  rnuipiiri''il  with  ihe  (■olumhiiiii 
Mnirii-icilio,  priiileil  ill  IMiilailolphia,  fur  SctiteiiilH'r  niul  Novcm- 
hi'r  I7S3. 

t  111  rritirt''.i<')ir"iinli'2y  ii  i;i  piiiil  thru  Soinliail  !loo  mi'ii,  hui 
lie  niii'les  Fiircha^  t.-r  liij  uulliuiily,  in  wligsu  book  tho  uunl* 
twc  u  "  lix  huuilral." 


them  i  two  were  killed,  the  others  escaped,  and  report- 
ed to  their  connlrymen  thai  the  watriurs  of  fire  had 
invaded  their  terriiories:  upon  which  llie  smaller  towuu 
were  deserted  and  the  iialives  hid  in  Ihe  woods 

Having  met  witlha  Spaniard  of  the  parly  of  Nar- 
vaez, who  had  heen  wrecked  on  the  coast,  and  had  been 
twelve  years  a  captive  willi  the  Indians,  Soto  made 
use  of  him  as  a  messenger  lo  iliem  to  inquire  fi>r  gold 
and  silver  ;  and  wherever  he  could  receive  any  infor' 
mation,  respecting  these  precious  metals,  thither  he 
directed  his  march. 

His  manner  of  marcliing  was  tliif ;  The  horsemen 
rarried  hags  of  corn  and  other  iiroviwuis  ;  Ibe  foot-inen 
inarched  by  Ihe  side  of  the  horses,  and  the  swine  were 
driven  before  llieiii.  When  Ihey  first  landed  ihey  hao 
Ihirteen  li'inale  swine,  wliitli  in  Iwo  years  increaavJ 
lo  several  hundreds;  the  warnilh  of  Ihe  climate  being 
favorable  to  their  propagation,  and,  the  forests  yielding 
them  a  plenty  of  food. 

The  first  summer  and  winter  were  spent  in  llie  pe- 
ninsula of  F'lorida,  not  far  from  the  bay  of  Apalache; 
and  in  the  liegiiining  of  the  liillow  log  spring,  having 
sent  back  his  vessels  to  (^'uba  for  supplies,  and  left  a 
part  of  his  men  at  the  port,  where  he  expecled  Ibe  ships 
to  return,  he  marched  towards  Ibe  noiili  and  east,  in 
search  of  a  place  called  Vupalia,  where  he  had  been 
informed  there  was  gold. 

In  this  march  he  crossed  Ihe  river  Allaniaha,  and 
probably  the  Ogechee,  and  came,  as  he  w-as  informetl, 
within  two  days'  journey  of  Ihe  bay  of  .St.  Helena, 
where  the  Spaniards  had  been  several  years  helore.  In 
all  this  march  he  staid  nol  more  than  a  week  in  any 
one  place. 

He  then  set  his  face  iiorlhtranl,  and  having  passed 
a  hilly  country,  came  to  a  district  called  (;iialaque, 
which  is  supposed  lo  be  the  country  now  called  Che- 
rokee, on  the  upper  branches  of  the  river  Savannah. 
Thence  ho  turned  Vf^xtwant,  in  search  of  a  place  call- 
ed Chialia,  and  in  this  roule  be  crossed  the  Allegany 
ridge,  and  came  lo  Cliiaha,  where  his  horses  and  men 
being  excessively  fatigued,  he  rested  thirty  days.  Tho 
horses  fed  in  a  meadow,  and  Ihe  people  lay  under  tho 
trees,  the  wealher  being  very  boi,  and  the  natives  in 
peace.  This  was  in  the  nionlhs  of  May  and  June. 
During  Iheir  abode  ihere  ihey  heard  of  a  country  tail- 
ed Cliisca,  where  was  cop|ieriiid  another  metal  of  Ihe 
same  color.  This  country  lay  iwilliuiml,  and  a  parly 
was  sent  with  Indian  guides  lo  view  il.  Their  report 
was.  that  Ihe  mounlaiiis  were  imgiassable.  and  Solo 
did  not  alleinpt  lo  proceed  any  farllier  in  that  direction 

From  a  careful  iiispeclioii  of  ihe  maps  in  the  Ame- 
rican Alias,  I  am  iiieliiied  lo  think  that  Ihe  place  where 
Soto  crossed  Ihe  inotiiilains  was  williin  the  Ihirty-fifth 
degree  of  lalilude.  In  Delisle's  map,  a  village  called 
(Janasaga  is  laid  down  on  Ihe  i\.  VV.  side  of  the  Al- 
legany, or  (as  it  is  somelimcs  called)  the  .Apalachian 
ridge  of  mounlains,  in  that  lalilude;  and  l/'hiaha  is 
said  in  Colo's  journal  lo  be  five  days  'vestward  from 
Caiiasaga. 

To  ascertain  iho  situalion  offJhiaha,  we  must  ob- 
serve that  it  is  said  to  he  subject  lo  Ihe  Lord  of  Cosa, 
which  is  situaleoii  an  eastern  branch  of  the  Mobile; 
and  Solos  sick  men  came  itutni  Ihe  river  from  Chiahii 
in  lionts.  This  river  could  be  none  hut  a  branch  of  tho 
.Mi'bile;  and  bis  course  was  llicn  lurned  loward  tho 
xfUflli.  In  ibis  march  he  passed  Ihroiigb  Alibama,  Ta- 
lise,  Tasealiisa.  names  which  are  still  known  ami 
marked  on  the  maps,  till  he  came  to  Ihe  town  of  Ma- 
villa,  which  llie  French  pronoiiiice  .Moiiville  and  Ma- 
liille.  Il  was  Ihen  a  wailed  town,  bill  llie  walls  w*ro 
of  wood.  The  iiihatiilaiits  had  coiiceived  a  ilisgust  to 
llie  .Spaniards,  which  was  ,'iugini'iili'il  by  an  oulrago 
coiiimilted  on  one  of  iheir  chiel's.alid  finally  hrokcout 
in  a  severe  eoiilhel,  in  which  Iwo  llioUsand  of  Ihe  iii- 
noieiil  natives  were  slain,  and  many  of  ihe  .Spaniarilu 
killed  and  wounded,  and  Ihe  lowii  vvas  burnt.  This 
was  ill  the  lalier  end  of  October. 

It  is  probable  that  Solo  iiiiendi'd  lo  pass  llie  winter 
in  the  neighborhood  of  that  village,  if  he  could  liava 
ki'pl  oil  friendly  leriiis  Willi  llic  Indians  ;  liir  lliere  liu 
could  have  had  a  conuuiiiiicalion  willi  Cuba.  There 
he  heard  that  the  vessels  which  be  had  sent  to  Ciild 
fiir  supplies  were  arrived  al  ()clius(l'ensacola.)  wliero 
he  agreed  lo  meet  them;  hut  he  kept  Ibis  information 
secret,  hecause  ho  had  nol  yet  made  any  discoveriea 
which  his  .Spanish  friends  would  Ihiiik  worthy  of  re- 
gard. The  country  about  him  was  populous  and  hoa- 
lile,  and,  being  void  of  gold  or  silver,  was  nol  an  ob- 
ject fiir  him  to  possess  at  the  risk  of  losing  his  army, 
of  which  above  aniiiindrcd  had  already  perislicd.  lid 
therefore,  after  slaying  twenly-eight  days  for  the  to- 
cuvci;  ufUiiwuuudeii,  dctcruiiiieJon  a  retreat. 


M 


AMERICAN    niSTOHV. 


In  thia  retreat  it  lias  been  supposed  that  he  penetra- 
lod  northward,  beyond  the  Ohio.  'I'lie  truth  i»,  that 
ho  began  liis  ninrch  from  Mavilla,  a  village  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Moliile,  on  the  18th  of  IS'oveinber,  and 
on  the  17th  of  December  arrived  at  Chicaca,  an  In- 
dian village  of  twenty  hoUBCa,  where  they  remained 
till  the  next  April. 

The  distance,  the  time,  the  nature  of  the  country, 
the  course  and  manner  of  the  niarch,  and  the  name  of 
the  village,  all  concur  to  determine  this  winter  station 
of  Soto  to  be  a  village  of  the  Ckirkcsaw  Indians,  sit- 
uate on  the  upper  part  of  the  Yasou,  a  branch  of  the 
IMississippi,  about  eighty  leagues  northwestward  from 
Mobile,  and  not  less  than  one  linndreil  and  forty 
leagues  southwestward  from  the  Muskingum,  where 
the  great  fortifications,  which  gave  rise  to  this  inquiry 
are  found  From  Chieaea,  in  the  spring,  bo  went 
westward,  and  crossed  a  river  within  th'j  thirly-fourtb 
degree  of  latitude,  which  he  called  Ric  Grande,  and 
which  is  now  known  to  be  the  Mississippi. 

On  the  western  side  of  the  ^Mississippi,  after  ram- 
bling all  summer,  he  spent  the  next  ninler,  at  a  place 
called  Autiamtiue,  where  he  enclosed  his  camp  with 
a  wall  of  timber,  the  work  of  three  days  only.  With- 
in this  enclosure  ho  loilged  safely  during  three 
months;  and  in  the  succeeding  spring,  ihn  nrtreine 
fatigue  and  anxiety  which  be  had  sulTeied,  threw  him 
into  a  fever,  of  which  he  died.  May  21,  l.''vl2,  at  G»a- 
coya.  To  prevent  his  death  from  being  known  to  the 
Indians,  his  body  was  sunk  in  the  midillcofa  river. 

His  Lieutenant,  Louis  do  Moscosco,  continued  to 
ramble  on  the  western  side  of  the  Mississippi,  till  the 
next  summer  ;  when  worn  with  fatigue,  disappoint- 
ment, and  loss  of  men,  he  built  seven  boats,  called 
brigaiilines,  on  the  Mississippi,  in  which,  the  shatter- 
ed remnants,  consisting  of  three  hundred  and  eleven, 
returned  to  Cuba,  in  September,  l.')13, 

The  pl.ice  where  Soto  died  is  said  to  have  been  on 
the  bank  of  the  Red  river,  a  western  branch  of  the 
Mississippi,  in  lat.  31°.  The  place  where  the  rem- 
nant of  his  army  built  their  ve.-i.«e!s  and  embarked  for 
Cuba,  is  called  in  the  journal  Minoya.  Tliev  were 
ecveiileen  days  in  sailing  down  the  river,  and  they 
computed  the  distance  to  be  two  hundred  and  fitly 
leagues.* 

From  this  account,  faithfully  abridged  from  Purchas 
and  compared  with  the  best  maps,  I  am  fully  persua- 
ded that  tile  whole  country  through  which  Koto  trav- 
elled on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi  Is  compre- 
hended within  Florida,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  ; 
aiid  that  be  never  went  farther  mirlhward  than  the 
35th  degree  of  latitude,  which  is  distant  two  degrees 
southward  from  any  part  of  the  Ohio.  The  cimclu 
sion  then  is,  that  he  could  not  have  been  the  liuildcr  of 
those  fortifications  still  remaining  in  that  part  of  the 
continent  which  lies  N.  W.  of  the  Ohio.  Xor  indeed 
can  any  works  which  he  erected  for  tlie  securilv  of  his 
camp  be  subsisling  at  this  time  ;  for  the  best  of  them 
were  maile  of  wood,  and  were  intended  to  cover  his 
men  and  protect  his  horses  and  swine  only  during  one 
winter. 

The  vvorks  which  have  so  much  excited  curiosity 
and  conjecture,  are  far  more  numerous,  extensive  and 
ilurable.  They  arc  f  lund  in  various  and  distant  pla- 
ces, in  the  iiilerior  part  of  the  coiilinent.  on  both  sides 
oftlie  Mississippi;  on  the  Ohio  and  its  hranehes  ;  on 
James  and  I'oi.iwniiick  rivers  in  Viruinia ;  in  the 
country  of  the  Six  Nations,  ami  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Krie  ;  where  they  are  e.U'eedingly  nuinerous. 

The  most  obvious  mode  of  solving  the  quest  ion  re- 
«pecliiigtlieiii.  is  by  impiiry  of  the  present  natives. — 
But  the  struetur  's  are  too  ancient  for  their  tradition  ; 
the  oldest  and  wisest  men  know  nothing  of  their  orig- 
inal. The  form  and  materials  of  these  works,  indi- 
cate the  existence  of  a  race  of  men  superior  to  the 
pre-  "'  .cij.  iniriproveinent,  in  design,  and  in  that 
'vhicli  niust  have  aceompanied  the  labor   of 

»  *'  liavc   been    fiund    growing  on  them 

■':">'  ''■  ,iuvvii,  and  from  indubitalile  marks,  are 

t;  'Vi  ;  •  e  I  ,.•,  ii|nvards  of  Ihreo  hundred  years 
■I    ■  ''    '■     se  the  first  growth  upon  them. 

'     id  nimparls  areconslructed  of  earth, 
■•  '■      ■  '  a  llrmncss  and  solidity,  which  ren- 

der it  proliaolc  mat  they  are  the  work  of  some  reinole 
Hge  and  some  other  people  ,  who  had  dilferent  ideas 
of  convenience  and  were  better  aii|uaiiiled  with  the 
arts  of  de.'ence  ;  and  in  fact  were  much  more  numer- 
ous than  the  ancestry  of  those  natives,  of  wlioin  we  or 
our  fathers  have  had    any  knowledue.     It    is    to  be 

•  Mr.  l-riiiiT,  i,i  lii.i  clir(ii[iil"i.'v,  ^avTIiKl,  in  fi^urfr  :  \:m 
»*«liM,  from  wlium  bo  quotes,  says  "two  liuiiilicd  sod  fifiy." 


hoped  that  the  persons  who  now  occupy  and  are  cul- 
tivating the  lands  where  these  singular  buildings  are 
found,  will  preserve,  as  far  as  they  are  able,  some  at 
least  of  these  nionumenis  of  unknown  ages;  that  as 
they  have  long  resisted  the  ravages  of  lime,  and  may 
]>ossibly  ballle  the  researches  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, they  may  subsist  unimpaired  as  subjects  of  spec- 
ulation to  our  posterity. 


HUMPHREY   GILBERT. 

Master  Ilore  sails  en  a  voynijo  oftliKrovcr.v,  nori>iiipnniril  tiy  n 
mnaI)LT  orgi-nllt'nu'ii  niraiik  and  liTtiiiic— They  ^I't  rcitucrd 
— Tlii'y  devour  etieannlher— Stizure  of  a  Krriir'Ii  veM,<el  with 
prnvision  liy  liio  ^npliah— IlcMPUHRV    (.ilLBEBT— H«'  oh- 
lains  n  cniiitniflsinM  froiii  Qilfeii  Klizulietli— Ho  faila  niid  la 
nvertaliea  liy  a  atnrni — la  ntilieed  lo  pul  ttui'k— His  tlillinil. 
lieri— He  npaia  aela  pail  Willi  five  H!ii|ia  niid  nrrivea  in  Aiiier- 
ira — llis  reoe|in()|i — He  laltra  poaseaainn  in  ttie  iiniiiu  ot  the 
tiueen— IIee.''l«ldislita  Inwa— He  aailaoli  liia  relurn— Loss 
oltlie  Deliijhl — Loss  ol'tlie  vesael  Willi  (.Jilbert  on  tmartl. 
Aftkb  the  discovery  of  Aewfoundland  by  the    Ca- 
bots,  the  passion  for  adventure,  among   the   English, 
met  with  many  severe  checks.     But  whilst  one  ad- 
venturer ?  Her  another  was  returning  home  from   an 
unsuccessful  vovage,  intended  to  jienetrate   unknown 
seas  to  China  ,  foriig.'.'-rs  were  reajiing  the  benefit  of 
their  partial  discoy-^riea 

Within  the  rrst  forty  years  we  have  no  account  of 
any  attempt  made  by  the  English  lo  prosecnie  the 
discovery  of  the  new  continent,  except  that  in  l.')3G, 
two  vessels  containing  one  hundred  and  twenty  per- 
sons, of  whom  thirty  where  gentlemen  of  education 
and  character,  under  the  conduct  of  "Master  Hore 
of  London"  made  a  voyage  to  Kewfnundland  ;  but 
they  were  so  ill  provided,  and  knew  so  little  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  country,  that  they  suffered  the  extremity 
of  famine.  For.  notwithstanding  the  immense  quan- 
tities of  fish  and  fowl  to  be  found  on  those  coasts; 
they  were  reduced  so  low  as  to  vvalcli  the  nests  of  birds 
of  prey  and  rob  them  of  the  fish  which  tliey  brought 
lo  feed  Iheir  young.  To  collect  this  scanty  supply, 
with  a  mixture  of  roots  and  herbs,  the  men  dispersed 
theinselvcs  in  the  woods,  until  several  of  them  were 
missing.  It  was  at  first  thought  they  were  devoured 
bv  wild  beasts  ;  but  it  wa.s  found  that  they  met  with  a 
more  tragical  fate;  the  stronger  having  killed  the 
weaker  and  feasted  on  their  flesh.  In  the  midst  of 
this  distress,  a  French  ship  arriving  with  a  supply  of 
provisions,  tliev  took  her  by  fiirce,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land ;  leaving  lo  the  l-^renehinen  their  own  sinailer 
vessels,  and  dividing  the  provision  between  limn. 
Complaint  of  this  act  of  piracy  was  made  to  King 
Henry  ^'1I1 ;  who  knowing  the  miseries  of  the  uiifiir- 
lunate  crew,  instead  of  punishing  them,  paid  the  diim- 
age  out  ()f  his  own  colfers. 

Within  the  succeeding  forty  years,  the  English  had 
begun  lo  make  some  advantage  by  the  fishery  ;  and  in 
l:V?>',the  state  of  it  is  thus  described.  "There  are  about 
one  hundred  sail  of  Spaniards  who  come  to  lake  cod  ; 
who  make  it  all  wet,  and  dry  it  w  hen  they  eoine  home; 
besides  twenty  or  thirty  more,  who  come  I'roiii  Biscay 
to  kill  whales  for  train.  'I'liese  be  better  appointed  for 
shipping  and  furniture  of  munition  than  any  other  na- 
tion save  the  English  ;  who  commonly  are  lords  of  the 
harbors.  As  touehing  their  tonnage,  I  think  it  may  be 
near  five  or  sixthousand.  Of  Portiigals.  there  are  not 
above  fifiy  sail,  whose  tonnage  may  amount  to  three 
thousand,  and  they  make  all  wet.  Of  the  French  ii.i- 
lion  are  about  one  hundred  and  liliy  sail  ;  the  most  of 
their  shipping  is  very  small,  imt  past  (iirly  tons;  among 
wliieli  some  are  (.'real  and  re.is,in;ibly  well  appointed  ; 
better  ttiaii  the  PorlUL'als.  and  imt  sowed  as  the  Span- 
iarils  ;  the  biirdrn  of  them  may  be  about  seven  thous- 
and. The  English  vessels  have  increased  in  fouryears 
from  thirty  to  fifty  sail.  The  triiile  which  our  iiatii  n 
lialh  to  Iceland,  inakelh.  that  the  English  are  not  there 
in  such  nuiiihers  as  other  nations,'' 

The  next  year  (l.'iTlt)  yiienn  F.lizabeth  granted  to 
.Sir  Ilumphn'y  Gilbert,  a  patent  for  the  discovering, 
occupying  and  peiqiling  of  "  such  remote,  heiithen  and 
barbarous  countries  as  were  not  actually  possessed  by 
any  Christian  people."  In  coiiseipience  of  Ibis  grant 
many  of  his  friends  joined  him,  anil  preparations  were 
made  f(>r  an  expedition,  which  promised  to  be  highly 
aiK  .ntageous.  But  before  the  licet  was  ready,  some 
declined  and  retracted  their  engagements.  Ciilbert 
with  a  few  eonipanions,  sailed  ;  but  a  violent  storm,  in 
which  one  of  the  sliijis  foundered,  caused  them  lo  re- 
turn. This  inisfiirtiine  involved  him  in  ilebt  ;  and  he 
had  no  way  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  his  creditors, 
but  by  grants  of  land  in  America.  By  bucIi  means  Ihe 
country  was  not  likely  lobe  peopled,  nor  the  conditions 
of  his  patent  fiillilled.  He  was  obliged  therefore  to 
sell  his  estate  before  he  could  make  another  uttt'tn(it ; 


and  alfer  long  solicitation,  being  assisted  tiy  aoine 
friends,  he  set  sail  from  Plymouth  with  five  shipi,  car- 
rying two  hundred  and  sixty  men,  on  the  eleventh  of 
June  l.'iSS;  and  on  the  eleventh  of  July  arrived  off  tlio 
b;iy  of  St.  John,  on  Ihe  eastern  co;ist    '  Newfoundland 

Thirty-six  fishing  vessels  were  tl  .  in  the  harbor, 
who  refused  him  adinitlance.  He  prejiared  to  eiilet 
by  force  of  arms ;  but  previously  sent  in  his  boat  with 
bis  comniissjon  from  t^ueen  Eli/.abelh  ;  on  sight  of 
which  they  submitted,  and  he  sailed  into  the  port. 

The  iiilenlion  of  this  voyage  was  to  take  formal  pos- 
session of  the  island,  and  of  the  fishery  .in  its  banks, 
for  the  crown  of  England.  This  was  done  in  the  fol- 
lowing ninnner :         , 

On  Monday  the  fifth  of  August,  Admiral  Gilbert 
had  his  tent  pitched  on  shore,  in  sight  of  all  tl.e  ship- 
ping; and  being  attended  by  his  own  people,  sum- 
moned the  nicrchanls  and  masters  of  vessels,  both 
Eiiglishnien  and  others  to  be  present  at  the  ceremony. 
When  they  were  all  assembled,  his  coinmission  was 
read,  and  interpreted  to  the  foreigners.  Then  a  turf 
and  a  twig  were  delivered  to  him,  which  he  received 
with  a  hazle  wand.  Immediately,  proclamation  wag 
made,  that  by  virtue  of  his  commission  from  the  tjiieen, 
lie  took  possession  lor  the  crown  of  England,  of  the 
harbor  of  St.  John,  and  two  hundred  leagues  every 
way  round  it. 

Ho  then  published  three  laws,  for  the  government 
of  the  territory.  By  the  first,  public  worship  was  es- 
lablislied  according  to  the  mode  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
laiiil.  By  the  second,  the  attempting  of  any  thing  pre- 
judicial to  her  Majesty's  title  was  declared  treason,  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  JInglaiid.  By  the  third,  the  ut- 
tering of  words  lo  Ihe  dishonor  of  her  Majesty  was  lo 
he  puni.shcd  with  the  loss  of  ears  and  the  coiifiscalion 
of  property. 

The  pro<'lamalion  being  finislied,  assent  and  obedi- 
ence were  signified  by  loud  acclamations.  A  jiillarwas 
erected,  bearing  a  plate  of  lead,  on  which  the  yiieen's 
arms  were  engr.aven  ;  and  several  of  Ihe  merchants 
look  grants  of  land,  in  see  farm  ;  on  which  they  might 
cure  their  fish,  as  they  had  done  before. 

A  tax  of  provision,  by  her  Majesty's  authority,  was 
levied  on  all  the  ships.  This  t;i.\  was  readily  paid  ; 
besides  which,  the  Admiral  rcceivi'd  presents  of  wine, 
fruit,  and  other  refreshments,  chielly  from  the  Portu- 
guese. 

This  fonnal  possession,  taken  by  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilberl,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  by  the  Cabots, 
is  the  founilation  of  the  right  and  title  of  ihe  crown  of 
England  to  the  territory  of  Newfoundland  and  to  the 
fishery  on  its  banks, 

.■\8  far  as  the  time  would  permit,  a  survey  was  made 
oftlie  country  ;  one  principal  object  of  which  was  the 
discovery  of  mines  and  inine'-.ds.  The  mineralogist 
was  a  .Saxon,  who  is  characterized  as  "  honest  and  re- 
ligious." This  man  brought  to  the  .'Xdniiral  first  a 
specimen  of  iron,  then  a  kind  of  ore,  which,  on  the 
peril  of  his  life,  he  prolesled  to  be  silver.  The  Admi- 
ral enjoined  secrecy,  and  sent  il  on  board  ;  intending 
to  have  il  assayed,  when  they  sliouhl  gel  to  sea. 

The  company  being  dispersed  abroad,  some  were 
taken  sick  and  died  ;  suine  hid  Ihcmselves  in  the  woods, 
with  an  intention  to  go  home, by  the  first  iqiportunity  ; 
and  others  cut  one  of  the  vessels  out  of  the  harbor  and 
carried  her  off. 

On  the  aOth  of  .August,  the  Admiral,  having  col- 
lected as  many  of  his  men  as  could  be  found,  and  or- 
dcicd  one  of  his  vessels  to  stay  and  lake  off  ilie  sick  ; 
set  sail  with  three  ships;  the  Dcligbl,  ihe  Hind  and 
the  Squirrel.  He  coasted  along  the  sontliern  part  of 
the  island,  with  a  view  lo  make  Cape  Breton  mid  the 
Isle  of  Sable;  on  which  lai.t,  he  had  heard  llial  cattle 
and  swine  had  been  landed  by  the  Portoguese,  thirty 
years  belbrc. 

Being  entangled  among  shoals  and  involved  in 
figs.  th(^  Delight  struck  on  a  sand  bank  and  was  lost. 
Fourteen  men  only  saved  tliemsr Ives  in  a  boat;  the 
loss  of  Ihe  Saxon  refiner  was  particularly  noted,  and 
nothing  farther  was  heard  of  Ihe  silver  ore.  This 
misfiirtune determined  the  Admiral  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, without  attempting  to  make  any  farther  disco- 
veries, or  to  take  possession  of  any  other  part  of 
.\nierica.  On  his  passage,  he  met  with  bad  weather. 
The  Squirrel  frigate,  in  which  Sir  Humphrey  sailed, 
was  overloaded  on  her  deck  ;  but  he  persisted  in 
taking  his  passage  in  her,  notwilhslanding  the  re- 
inonsirances  of  bis  friends,  in  the  Hind,  wlio  would 
have  persuaded  him  lo  sail  wiili  them.  From  tlio 
circnmslance  of  his  reluming  from  his  first  voyage 
without  aecoinplishing  its  object,  it  had  been  reporti'xl 
that  he  was  afraid  of  the  9«a  ;  had  he  yielded  lo  lb* 


DIOORAPHTKS   OF   THE   EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


M 


,  l)oing  anfiiptpd  Dy  Boine 
mouth  with  five  Hhips,  car- 
y  men,  on  tho  eleventh  of 
enlh  of  July  arrived  olTtlio 
rii  coJiHt  '  Newtbtindlanil 
u  were  tl  .  in  the  harbor, 
e.  He  prepared  lo  enter 
}UKly  8eiit  in  hiH  boat  with 
I  KIt/.aheth  ;  on  sight  of 
lie  sailed  into  the  port. 
i<;e  was  lo  take  formal  pog- 
)f  the  fi«lu'ry  jn  ilM  bankn, 
This  was  done  in  the  fol- 

August,  Admiral  Gilbert 
re,  in  si^ht  ol  all  the  ship- 
by  his  own  people,  sum- 

masters  of  vessels,  both 
le  present  at  the  ceremony. 
bled,  his  comniissioi)  was 

foreigners.  Then  nturf 
to  him,  which  he  received 
diatety,  proclamation  was 
immission  from  the  Queen, 
nrowii  of  Kniilinid,  of  the 
vo  hundred  leagues  every 

laws,  for  the  government 
st,  public  worsliip  was  cs- 
node  of  the  church  of  Kng- 
lempting  of  any  thing  pre- 
le  w  as  declared  treason,  ac- 
land.  IJy  the  third,  the  ut- 
ihor  of  her  Majesty  was  to 
if  ears  and  thu  conliscation 

finished,  assent  and  obcdi- 
acclamations.  A  pillar  was 
cad,  on  which  the  Cjucen's 

several  of  the  nierchanla 
farm  ;  on  which  they  might 
done  belorc. 

r  iMajchty's  authority,  was 
his  tiu  was  readily  paid  ; 

received  presents  of  wine, 
its,  chielly  from  the  Purtu- 

taken  hy  Sir  Humphrey 
discovery  by  the  Cubuls, 
and  title  uf  the  crown  of 

Sl'c^^  fouudland  and  to  the 

lerniit,  a  survey  wni<  made 
"  object  of  which  \v:is  the 

'■.ds.  The  mineralogist 
,'rizcd  as  **  honest  and  re- 
iit  to  the  Admiral  first  a 
iud  of  ore,  which,  on  the 
to  be  silver.  The  Admi- 
it  on  board  ;  intending 
^lIoul^l  get  to  sea. 

,.cd  abmad.  some  were 
il  llicmsehcs  in  the  woods, 

,  by  the  first  opportunity  ; 

scIa  out  uf  the  harbor  and 

he   Admiral,  having  col- 

could  be  found,  and  or< 

y  and  take  off  the  sick  ; 

Delight,  \\w  Hind   and 

lonji  the  southern  part  of 

Cape  Ureton  and  the 

he  luui  heard  that  callte 

ly  the  Portuguese,  thirty 

dioals  and  involved  in 
sand  bank  and  was  lost, 
>nisrlves  in  a  boat ;  the 
particularly  notcdf  and 
if  the  hilvtr  ore.  This 
dmirai  to  return  to  Kng- 
iiake  any  fartlier  disco- 
of  any  other  part  of 
le  met  with  bad  weather, 
h  fSir  Humphrey  sailed, 
c  ;  but  he  persisted  in 
notwithstanding  the  re- 
in the  Hind,  wlio  would 
with  them.  From  tho 
\  from  his  first  voyage 
•cl,  it  hail  been  reported 
;  had  he  yielded  to  (ba 


KolieitaUon  of  his  friends,  the  stigma  might  have  been  j 
indelible.  { 

When  the  wind  abated,  and  the  vi  ssels  were  near  i 
enough,  the  Admiral  was  kimmi  (onstnuily  Kittling  in 
the  stern  with  a  book  in  bis  hand.  On  (he  IHli  of 
SepteniluT,  he  was  Hceii  for  the  last  time;  and  was 
heani  hy  the  people  in  the  Hind  to  say,  "  We  are  as 
near  heaven  l)y  sea  as  l»y  land.''  "  *'ii-  following 
night,  till'  li^Iits  of  his  ship  suddenly  disappeared. — 
Tlie  peiijile  in  tlie  other  vessel  kept  a  good  look  out  for 
liiui.  iluring  tin'  remainder  of  the  \uyane.  On  tho 
t\^enty-secorid  itf  September,  they  arrived,  through 
much  tempest  and  peril,  al  Fatinouth.  Uut  nothing 
more  was  seen  or  heard  of  the  Admiral. 

Whilst  his  zeal  fur  the  interest  ul'  the  Crown,  and 
the  settlements  t)f  its  American  dominions,  has  been 
largely  connnended  ;  he  has  been  blamed  for  his  tc- 
nicrily  in  lavishing  his  owti  and  other  nien^s  fortunes 
it)  the  prosecution  of  his  designs.  This  is  not  the 
only  instance  of  a  waste  of  property  in  conseipieticc 
of  sanguine  evpectations  ;  which,  though  ruinous  to 
the  first  adventurers,  has  produced  solid  advantages. to 
their  successors. 

Ur.  Forster  has  a  remark  on  one  of  the  incidents  of 
this  voyage  which  is  worthy  of  repetition  and  remem- 
brance. "  It  Is  very  clear  (says  he)  in  the  iii.-,lance  nf 
the  Portuguese  having  stocked  the  Isle  of  S;ilile  with 
dntnestic  -.ininals.  that  the  dise()\erersof  llie  new  witrld 
were  im>n  of  Innnanity  ;  desirous  of  providing  f<tr  such 
unlbrtiuiate  peiip|i>  ns  inight  happen  to  be  east  away 
on  tliose  coast.s.  The  f.ilse  policy  of  modern  times  is 
callous  and  lyramiical,  exfiorling  d"»gs  to  devour  them. 
Are  these  the  happy  eouseipiences  of  the  so  nuich 
boasteil  eidightetu'd  statf?  oftiic  present  age,  and  re- 
lineinenl  of  matiuers,  peculiar  to  our  times  !  Father 
of  mercies,  wlieu  will  philanthropy  again  take  up  her 
aliode  ill  the  breasts  of  men,  of  Christians,  and  the 
rulers  of  this  earth  I" 


WALTER    RALEIG  II, 

ANn 

RICHARD    ORE  N  VI  I.I.  E. 

Wkmn  Rai.kiou— Url.Trivc  nf  P.iltifn— nitiijns  a  commit, 
fii.iii  Irt'iii  <i'ir<'M  KU/aii-tlj— -Hi'  s.nN  lur  AriiiTir.i— 'I'tmir 
arrival—tiraiiL'iiiiiiiii'ii.  liit-  liiili;iii  rhji  T— [)>!si'ri|iiii)ii  ul'  a.i 
Indian  vjllaae— IIii.--|M(aUtv  uniI  kimtrn'-s  uiilic  ii;iii\(-s— lie* 
mm  nf  Hiilei^'h  ;iNi|  lii-.  pany  l'>  Kiii:l;iriil  vvillilwu  iiallvf?*— 
Vireinia,  Bttiiann-ii  hy  Kli/.iiiciti— .\iiiuli('r  t\in'iiitjtm  nnilir 
the  ci«innmnd  i if  .Sir'  IlichanI  (JrcuvilU — Tlivir  arrivitl  in 
America—llaslmfH.s  i>(  (irriiviUi— lli:?  ri-tinn— i)i  aiU  ut' 
aratiiraiiiineK— Wiiiiririti  ilt[,'rmiiif-!  on  a  r'-'vi'in-.'—lt.r  i>  i'm- 
Biiarctl  hy  Ov  KuL-lMh  itn-l  kJlh'.|--!),-|iariun'  nlilu'  KtiL-hsii 
— Atii'tlur  i;x|)f(htniii--'rti.ir  arrival— A  ili^pmr  iii  tlio  cimi- 
jjaiiy— <tovi-rii'tr  1,1'  \'ir:.'iiiia  ntiirii-i  In  Kniliiiinl  in  snlicu 
BU|)|'lit's-~lIi-4  ill-siicct'H.-;  — I>i-iH]i|iniiitiilClil.sainl  lll.■;^it'S  nilla- 
lpijll— Dl-parUire  nliht'  (iuVi-rinT  I'nr  V'nL'iiiia— His  arrival 
— Kiiiiliitht!  cnlmiy  ilc-^rrtctl  ami  in  ruins— He  reiian.'i  to  Kni:- 
iHtnl— Ijinniluctiuii  ni  Tnhaccii  in  Liiroitc— Aneciloto  of  Sir 
Walter  lluluigli. 

TuK  distinguished  figure,  which  the  lifeof  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  make«j  in  the  history  of  England  renders 
Uimeeessary  any  otiier  acci»unt  of  him  here,  than  what 
respects  his  adventures  in  .\merica  ;  and  particularly 
in  Virginia;  of  whieli  colony  he  is  acknowledged  to 
have  been  the  unfortunate  founder. 

He  was  half  hroiher,  by  tlh?  mother's  side,  to  Sir 
Humphrey  (Jillierl,  and  was  at  the  expense  of  littitt-i 
out  one  (tf  the  ships  of  his  stpiadron.  Nol\vithst:uul- 
ing  the  unhappy  t\\\o  of  his  brother,  he  persisted  in  his 
design  of  makinif  a  seltlemeiit  in  America.  IJeing  a 
favorite  in  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  ohlaiiied 
A  patent,  beariuif  diUe  the  Uolh  of  March,  loHl,  for 
the  discovering  and  planting  of  any  laniLi  and  coun- 
tries wliich  were  not  possessed  by  any  Christian  prince 
or  nation. 

About  the  same  time  llie  Queen  ijrantcdhim  another 
patent  to  license  the  vending  ofwim?,  thnuiL'hinit  Ihei 
kingdom  ;  that  by  thr  pr.ifit.s  I'lcnce  arising  he  iniirht 
be  able  to  bear  the  expense  ol  his  intetided  plan  of 
colonization.  Further  to  slren^niien  bis  interest,  he 
eni.Mi.M'd  the  assistance  of  two  wealthy  kinsmen.  Sir 
Richard  GrenviHe  and  William  Saiiilerson.  They 
provitled  two  barks,  and  havinij  well  furnished  them 
with  men  arul  provisions,  put  them  umler  the  com- 
mand <d"  Philip  Amadas.tmi  Arthur  IJarlow,  who  sail- 
ed from  the  west  of  England.  April  ilT,  inHl. 

They  took  the  usual  route  by  the  way  of  the  Cana- 
ries and  the  M'^cst  Indies  ;  the  reasc.i  of  which  is  thus 
erpressed  in  the  account  of  this  voyage  written  by 
Uarlo'v,  '♦  because  wc  doubled  that  the  current  of  the 
hay  of  Mexico  between  the  cape  of  Flori  la  and  Ha- 
vamia  bad  been  of  greater  force  than  we  allerwards 
foimd  it  to  be.  " 

Taking  advantage  of  tlie  Gulf  Stream,  they  ap- 
proached the  coast  of  Florida  ;  and  on  the  flccoiid  of 


July  came  into  shoal  waters;  where  tho  odoriferous 
omell  of  flowers  indicated  tho  land  to  be  near,  though 
not  uithin  si^'ht.  On  .ho  fourth  they  saw  land  ;  ahmg 
which  they  sailed  foi  y  leaguoH  before  they  fuund  an 
entrance.  Atthe  first  opening,  they  cast  anchor,  (July 
13.)  and  having  devuu  ly  tjiven  thanks  lo  Giid,  fur  their 
safe  arrival  on  the  coast, thoy  went  ashore  in  their  boats, 
and  took  possessi«>n  iti  the  name  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

The  place  where  they  lauded  was  a  sandy  island, 
called  Wococon,*  aho;it  sixteen  miles  in  length  and  six 
in  breadth,  full  of  cedars,  pines,  cypress,  sassafras, 
and  other  trees  ;  among  which  were  many  vinos  load- 
ed with  grajies.  In  the„woods  they  found  deer  and 
hares;  and  in  tho  waters  and  nnirshoB  vaiious  kinds 
of  fowl ;  but  no  Imman  creature  was  soon  till  the 
third  day  ;  when  a  Citnoe,  with  three  men,  canw  along 
by  the  shore.  One  of  them  landed  ;  and,  without  any 
fear  or  preeaution,  mot  the  Europeans  and  addressed 
them  in  a  friendly  maimer,  in  his  ow  n  language.  They 
carried  hiru  onboard  one  of  their  vessels  ;  gave  Mm 
a  sliirt  and  some  other  trifles,  ant  regaled  l>iin  with 
meat  and  wine.  He  fhen  returned  to  his  canoe  ;  tt.id 
with  his  companions  went  u  fsliing.  When  he  cn- 
noe  was  filled,  they  br  lught  the  fish  on  shoi-e  and  di- 
vided them  into  two  hea|)s  ;  m..King  signs,  that  each 
of  the  vessels  shouhl  I  ike  one. 

The  next  day,  .'ioveral  eannes  canio  ;  in  which  were 
forty  or  fifty  )ieiiple,  and  among  them  was  (uangani- 
nu'o,  brnther  of  VVinjiina  King  of  the  country;  who 
was  coidiiu'd  at  home  hy  the  wounds,  which  he  h;ul 
received  in  battle,  with  a  neighbouring  Prince.  Tho 
matnu'r  of  his  appruach  was  fearless  and  respectful. 
He  left  his  boats  at  a  distance;  and  came  along  the 
shore,  aceompanied  by  all  his  |)eople.  till  ho  was  abreast 
of  tho  ships.  Then  advaneinix  with  four  men  oidy. 
who  s))read  a  mat  on  l!ie  gromii),  ho  sat  down  on  one 
end  ;  and  the  four  men  on  the  other.  Whonthe  Enghsli 
went  on  shore,  armed,  lie  hoeknned  to  them  to  come  and 
sit  by  him  ;  which  they  did,  and  he  made  signs  of  joy 
and  friendship,  striking  with  his  hand  on  bis  head  and 
breast,  and  then  on  theirs,  to  show  that  they  wore  nil 
one.  None  of  his  peoplospuko  a  word  ;  and  wlieii  the 
English  offered  them  pre>ents,  he  took  them  all  into 
his  own  possession  ;  h'aking  signs  that  they  were  lus 
seavants  and  that  all  which  they  had,  belonged  to  him. 

After  this  interview,  the  natives  eamo  in  great  num- 
bers and  i)rought  skins,  coral,  and  materials  for  dyes  ; 
hut  when  (iraniranimoo  was  present,  noiu'  were  per- 
mitted to  trade,  but  himself  and  those  who  had  a  piece 
ol  Clipper  on  their  head'.  Nothiriirpjcasedhim  sonun-h 
as  a  tin  ))late,  in  which  he  made  a  hob*  and  hung  it 
over  his  breast,  as  a  pi^ce  of  defensive  armour.  Ho 
supplied  them  every  day  with  venison,  fish,  and  fruits, 
and  invited  them  to  vnit  him  at  his  village,  on  tho 
north  end  of  an  island  called  Kuaiioke. 

This  village  consisted  of  nine  houses,  built  of  cedar, 
and  fortified  with  sharp  palisades.  When  tho  English 
arrived  there  in  their  ioat,  Granganimeo  was  absent ; 
but  his  wife  entertained  them  with  the  kindest  hospi- 
tality, washed  their  Ift  and  their  ciotbos,  ordered 
their  boat  to  be  drawn  ashore  and  tiieir  oars  to  be  so- 
cured  ;  and  then  seated  th'.Mn  with  venison,  fish,  truils, 
and  homony.t  Whilst  they  were  at  supjier.  some  of 
her  men  came  in  from  huntiiiL'.  w-iih  their  hows  ami 
arrows  in  their  hands  ;  on  which  her  lIlle^ts  began  to 
mistrust  dani^er ;  but  sht-  ordered  their  hows  to  he 
taken  from  them,  and  their  arrows  to  bo  broken  ;  and 
then  turned  them  out  at  tho  gate.  Tin'  English  how- 
ever thoULdu  il  most  prudent  to  pass  tho  niijht  in  their 
boat,  which  they  launcheil  and  laid  at  anchor.  At  this 
she  was  much  grieved;  out  (inding  all  her  solieitaiions 
inejleciual,  she  ordered  liie  victuals  in  the  pots  to  he 
[)Ut  on  board,  with  mats  to  cover  thepi-ople  from  the 
rain  ;  and  ap|>ointed  several  persons  of  both  sexes  to 
keep  uMiard  on  the   heacn  dnririir  the   whole  night. — 


•Thi>tsta:al  is  lm-.i. Tally  -iiipp.isf,!  ti.  |,i-  m\v  mIIIio!»('  wlii.h 
111-  al  Uii-  iiii'iuh  <ir  Alli.riuirlf  .suuidl.  on  ilu-  (•,>ast  nt'  .Nnrilj 
Cari'liiia.  Ititrtnw.  in  fiis  I-tt.-r  m  Sir  \V.  ltali'i;j:li.  prestTVP.I 
liy  lliiltinyi,  s.ivh.  iliat  lie,  ^.jiti  sfWii  utlids,  woiil  in  hIju'ii 
"  twriiiy  iiiilL'»  iia<i  the  riviT  Occam,  aui!.  tin-  uveniiit:  r<.l!,i\v- 
ini.',  came  ti>  an  j^^lainl  ralh 't  Uinoinl^i!,  ili.'«taiit  froin  tin'  liar- 
tmr  liy  whicli  fie  eniLTCiI,  seven  luasiie:*;  ul  the  rn»rili  mil 
tlii-rcur  was  a  villaL^e.-'  Mr.  Suili.  v.-lin  unite  the  liwtiiry  i.t' 
Vlruiiiia,  ami  \vti'>  iicknowi^d^en  l)i<it  tiu  li.id  rint  hvcm  tliis  h't- 
li>r  in  Kntrli<^li  tnit  in  n  Lndn  translution,  tiiip|>iis<M  that  tin-  i.-;- 
hnid  Wiiincnii  must  lie  between  cape  Ifattera.'^  arul  cape  Kcar, 
ami  that  ilie  ili>tanre  mii^lit  ee  31)  lea^'ues.  Hut  it  appuarR  iVnnt 
Ilarlnw'.s  liiter  iliai  ilie  Imiu  werii  in  one  day  and  carae  in  ttir 
eveiiiiiir  til  tlie  imrtti  end  (li'Unnnnkc  ;  tlio  tli.Htance  id  twice 
iiu'niimieil,  nnre  in  niili-s  am!  nni-e  in  loainii'ri.  I  8pe  no  reason 
lliercfiire.  inailmif  Stitlrtf  '■nnjcctnre  in  nppi.riitinii  tn  Unrlnw. 
Stjlli  Imwever  apppeais  tn  h  've  hiuti  a  very  dnse  iunl  aoouraie 
inipitrcr,  ih  \\\t  as  \\\n  ni.itcnnU  anil  tippiiriiiiiily  pcrinilteil, 

t  llMiiiiniy  U  made  nt'ln'l:aii  c-.m  he:itiii  Jn  a  ninrnii  iind  se- 
paraKMl  rioin  thu  braa  \  then  builud  tittiur  !>/  itauU'  ur  iu  itio 
broth  of  meat. 


Could  there  he  a  more  engaging  specimen  of  genoioufl 
hufpitality  \ 

These  people  were  characterised  as  '*  gentle,  lovino 
and  faithful  ;  void  of  ^iiile  and  treachery  ;  living  af- 
ter the  manner  of  the  golden  age  ;  earing  only  lo  feed 
themselves,  with  such  food  as  the  soil  aflbrdelh,  anil 
to  defend  themselves  from  the  cold,  in  their  short 
winter." 

No  farther  discovery  wafi  made  of  the  country  I)v 
those  adventurers.  Fioin  the  natives  they  obtained 
some  uncertain  account  of  its  geography,  andof  aship 
which  had  been  wrecked  on  the  coast  between  twen- 
ty and  thirty  years  before.  They  carried  away  two 
of  the  natives,  Wanchoso  and  Mauteo  ;  and  arrived  in 
the  west  of  England  about  tho  middle  of  September 
The  account  of  this  discovery  was  so  welcome  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  that  she  named  the  country  Virfrin- 
in  ;  either  in  memory  of  her  own  virginity,  or  because 
it  retained  its  virgin  purity,  and  the  people  their  pri- 
mitive simplicity. 

About  this  time  Haleigh  was  elected  knifihl  of  the 
shire,  for  his  mitivo  county  of  Devon;  and  in  t!io 
pHrliament  which  was  hold  in  the  succeeding  winter, 
he  caused  a  bill  lobe  brought  into  the  House  of  ('om- 
mons  to  confirm  his  patent  for  the  diseovi  ry  of  foreign 
countries.  After  nnwh  debate,  the  bill  was  carried 
throni:h  both  houses,  and  received  the  royal  assent.— 
'  In  additimi  to  whieli,  tho  Queen  conferred  on  him  tho 
;  order  of  Kniirhthood. 

j  A  seetmd  expedition  being  resolved  on.  Sir  HieharJ 
Orenville  himself  took  the  command,  and  with  seven 
:  vessels,  largo  and  smalt,  sailed  from  Plymonth,  on  the 
ninth  of  April.  i.jH.5.  'I'hey  went  in  the  usual  course 
I  by  tho  Canaries  and  the  West  Indies;  whore  they 
i  took  two  Spanish  prizes  ;  and,  af\er  narrowly  escap- 
I  ing  shipwreck  on  Capo  Fear,  arrived  at  Wococon  the 
i  2(ith  of  June.* 

j  The  natives  came,  as  before,  to  bid  them  welcome 
I  and  to  trade  with  them.  Mantoo,  whom  they  had 
j  brouybt  back  proved  a  faithful  guide,  and  pilotethhem 
!  about  from  place  to  place.  In  nn  excursion  of  eight 
\  days  with  their  boats,  thoy  visited  several  Irulian  vil- 
}  la<;es,  on  the  islands  and  on  the  main  adjoining  la 
j  Albemarle  Sound.  At  one  place,  called  A(]uascoi.'ok, 
i  an  Indian  stole  from  them  a  silvercup.  Inquiry  being 
;  made,  tho  offender  was  tletecled  ami  [iromised  to  re- 
'  store  it ;  but  tho  promi.se  beii  g  not  speeilily  perform- 
'  ed,  a  liasly  and  severe  revenge  was  taken,  by  tho  orders 
'  (d" tirouviile  ;  thetownwas  burnt  ami  the  corn  de- 
stroyed in  the  fields.  (July  Ui)  whilst  the  aflriyhtoil 
I  people  fled  lo  tho  wtiods  for  safety.  From  this  ill 
ljuili;ed  act  of  violence,  may  bo  dated  tho  niisforlunea 
and  lailure  of  this  colony. 

Leaving  one  hundred  and  eight  persons  to  attempt  a 
settlement,  (iretiville  priKveded  ^vith  his  fleet  to  the 
island  of  JIalloras  ;  where  ho  received  a  visit  from 
(iraiiganinn'o,  and  ihen  sailed  f.ir  England.  On  the 
13th  of  September  he  arrived  at  Plymouth;  with  a 
rich  Spanish  prize  which  he  had  taken  on  the  passage. 
Of  the  colony  left  in  \'irgiriia.  Kalpli  Lane  was  ap 
pointed  (Jovenior.  Ho  was  a  military  man,  of  con 
sideralile  re]mtation  in  the  service.  iMiili|)  Amadas, 
who  had  cinmuanded  in  the  first  vovage,  was  Ailmiral. 
They  chose  tho  island  of  Koaiioke  in  the  nnmth  of 
Alhemarli'  Sound,  as  (he  place  uf  their  resideneo  ;  and 
their  eliiefemploynu'iit  was  to  explore  and  survey  the 
i  c.ainlry,  and  ileserii)e  tho  persons  and  inanm'rs  of  its 
iiilialiitants.  For  these  purposes,  Sir  Walter  Kalei'^h 
had  sent  John  Withe,  an  ingenious  painter;  and 
Thon>as  Ileriot,  a  skilful  matiiemalician,  and  a  man 
of  curious  observation  :  both  of  whom  porforinod  their 
parts  with  fidelity  and  success. t 

The  farthest  discovery  which  they  made  to  tho 
southward  of  lioanoke  was  Seeolan.  an  Indian  town 
between  the  rivers  of  J*aniplico  and  IVeus.  tlistant 
eighty  leagues.  To  the  northward  they  wont  aliout 
ftnty  ieaiiues.  to  a  mition  called  Chosepi-ags,  on  a 
sinaHriver    now    called   Elisidielh,    which  falls    into 


*  Mr.  Siiili  Miii-takcH  in  sayirri,'  May  -JC,  and  SirWilljaiii 
Ki  illi.  wlin  copies  li.r  him.  aitnpt^  the  snnie  ini.--(ake. 

t  The  dr.iwi.,>:s  which  Mr  Wiitic  jnaile  were  entTrtven  and 
printcil  niFranltton  (tJ'.iO^  hy  Tlien,l,»re  I)e  Hrv.  Tliey  rep- 
rcRciiU'iI  the  persons  (ind  lialiitu  of  tlie  natives,  their  eiiiploy- 
iiieiitH,  diversions,  and  Buperstiiti.i.g.  Kmiii  thene,  the  prims 
ill  tU'veily'M  history  of  Virginia  are  rnpieit. 

Mr.  Herint  wrote  atopoirr.iphical  description  ofihc  rnimirT 
andit,-'natnr.iniii-tory,whiclii8prescrvcilinHa.kIuv<'scnl|eeti.in 
vi>I.  iii.  -j-^o.  It  wna  iran8la;9d  in'o  Latin,  and  puliltrtheil  hv  De 
Dry  in  hi:- coilccUon  of  voyages.  It  Ii'i.s  liceii  Bupposddiliai  Ra« 
leiuh  hiiiiaett'raaie  to  Viri-hiia  widi  diis  cnluny.  Tli.Rin  amia. 
tulie,  LTtMiiiiird  nn  a  mistranslaiinn  ofa  par-oape  in  Hcriet>nar» 
rative.  h  in  rinis  expre.'^fle.l  in  Knclt^h  :  "The  aciimirt  di'thnae 
«hn  h;i\e  heen  hy  Sir  Waller  IlaleiiTh  ihereiii  etnpliivptl.*'-- 
Wliifli  is  thus  rendered  intlicLatin  traii^hitinn,"tili  t'cn'crni-jta 

L).  Watterum  Uulici;h,  iu  earn  rcgiuiiem  cumitali  burJ  Bllib 


L 


l« 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


Hii 


Chencppag  bay,  bolow  Nurfnlk.  To  the  wrstwarJ 
they  wont  up  Alhptnarlu  Soimd  nrul  (.^lunvan  river, 
about  forty  U'a<;urH,  to  a  natioii  rallei)  Cliowanu};M  ; 
whuso  king,  Menatonona,  amuspil  thrin  with  a  story 
uf  a  cojincr  miiin  anil  a  pearl  fishery;  in  search  of 
which  thoy  spent  so  much  time  and  ho  cxhanslcil 
their  proviHiom*,  that  they  wero  glad  to  cat  their  dogu 
before  they  returned  to  Hoanukc. 

During  thin  excursion,  their  friend  Grar.ganimeo 
died  ;  and  his  brother  Wingina  discovered  hi»  lioHtile 
dit*poBition  toward  the  colony.  The  return  of  Mr.  Iiane 
and  his  party,  from  their  excursion,  gave  a  check  to 
his  malice  fur  a  while  ;  but  he  secretly  laid  ;i  plot  for 
their  dcHtruction  ;  which  being  betrayed  by  the  Kng- 
Mtih,  they  seized  all  the  boats  on  the  island.  I'liis 
brought  on  a  skirmish,  in  wiiich  five  or  six  Indians 
were  killed,  and  the  rest  lied  to  the  woods.  Alter  much 
jealousy  and  dissimulation  on  both  sides,  Wingina 
was  drawn  into  a  snare  ;  and  with  eight  of  his  men, 
fell  a  sacrifice  to  thd  resentment  of  the  Kniflish. 

In  a  few  days  alter  Wingina  »  death,  Sir  Francos 
Drake,  who  had  been  cruising  against  the  Spaniards 
in  the  We^l  Indies,  and  had  received  orders  from  the 
t^ueen  to  visit  this  colony,  arrived  with  his  lleet  on 
the  coast ;  and  by  the  unanimous  desire  of  the  people, 
took  iheni  all  otVand  carried  them  to  Kngland,  where 
thev  arrived  in  July  ISSO. 

Within  a  fortnight  alter  the  departure  of  this  i:nfor- 
tunato  colony, Sir  Kichard  Cirenvillo  arrived  with  three 
ships  for  their  relief.  Finding  their  habitation  abaii* 
boned,  and  being  unable  to  gain  an)  intelliixenco  of 
iheni,  he  landed  tilly  men  on  the  island  of  Uoanoke. 
plentifully  supplied  with  provisions  fur  two  years,  and 
then  returned  to  Kriijland. 

The  next  year  (1587)  three  sliips  were  sent,  under 
the  command  of  .hihn  White,  who  was  appointed  Uov- 
ernor  of  the  colony,  with  twelve  Counsellors.  To 
them  llaleigh  gave  a  charter  of  incorporation  for  the 
city  of  Ualcigh,  which  he  ordered  ihein  to  I)uild  on  the 
river  Chesepeag,  the  northern  extent  of  tlie  discovery. 
After  narrowly  e.scaping  sliipwreik  on  C.ipe  Fear  they 
urrived  at  Hatteras,  on  the  2*d  of.luly,  and  M'lit  a  parly 
to  Koanokc  to  look  for  tbe  second  colony  of  lilty  men. 
They  found  no  person  living,  and  the  bones  of  but  one 
dead.  The  huts  were  standing,  but  were  overgrown 
with  bushes  and  weeds.  In  conversing  with  some  of 
the  natives,  tliey  were  informed,  that  the  colony  had 
been  destroyed  by  Wingina's  people,  in  revenge  of  his 
death. 

Mr.  White  endeavored  to  renew  a  friendly  inter- 
course with  those  naiives  ;  but  their  jealousy  rendered 
them  implacable.  He  therefore  went  across  the  water 
to  the  main  with  a  party  of  twenty-five  men,  and 
came  suddenly  on  a  company  of  friendly  Indians,  who 
were  seated  round  a  fire,  one  of  whom  they  killed  be- 
fore they  di.scovered  the  mistake. 

Two  remarkable  events  are  mentioned  as  happening 
at  this  time  ;  one  was  the  baptism  of  Manteo,  the  faith- 
ful Imlian  gniile  ;  the  other  was  the  birth  nf  a  female 
child,  daughter  of  .\nanias  Dare,  one  of  the  council  ; 
which,  being  the  first  child  born  in  the  colony,  was 
named  Virginia. 

IJy  this  time  (.\ugusl21)  the  ships  had  unloaded 
their  stores  and  were  prepariuL'  to  return  to  England. 
It  was  evident  t!iat  a  furtfier  supply  w'as  necessary. 
and  that  some  person  must  go  home  to  solicit  it.  A 
dispute  arose  in  the  ('ouncil  on  thirf  point,  and  after 
much  altercation,  it  was  determined,  that  llie  (Jovernor 
was  the  most  proper  person  to  he  sent  on  this  erranil. 
Tlic  whole  colony  joined  in  retpiesting  him  ti)  proceed, 
promising  to  take  care  of  his  interest  in  his  absence. 
With  n/jch  reluctance  he  consented,  on  their  snbserib- 
ing  a  testimonial  of  his  unwillingness  to  quit  the  plan- 
tation He  accordingly  saileii  on  the  27lh  of  August, 
and  arrived  in  Kniihmd  the  following  IS'ovembcr. — 
Till!  nation  was  in  a  stale  of  alarm  and  apprehension 
on  account  of  the  war  wiih  8pair^  and  of  the  invinci- 
ble armada,  which  had  threateneii  it  with  an  invasion. 
Sir  Walter  Kalcigh  was  one  of  the  t^ueens  Ccmncil 
nf  war,  as  weie  also  Sir  Hichard  fJrenvillo  and  Mr. 
Lane.  Their  time  was  wholly  taken  up  with  public 
consultations,  and  Ciovornor  White  was  obliged  to 
wait,  till  the  plan  of  operations  au^ainst  the  enemy 
could  be  adjusted  ami  carried  into  execution. 

The  next  sprinir.Kalejgh  and  Grenville,whohad  the 
command  of  the  militia  in  Cornwall,  and  were  training 
them  f.>r  the  defimceof  the  kiiiijdorn.  lieing  strongly 
solicited  by  White,  proviiled  two  small  barks,  whicli 
Bailed  from  UidJeford  on  the  2'.;d  of  April  IMS. — 
These  vessels  had  commissions  as  ships  of  war,  ami 
bchig  more  intent  on  gain  to  themselves,  tlian  relief  to 
tiiu  colonyn  went  in  chase  of  prizes,  and  were  both 


driven  back  by  Hhips  of  superior  force,    to  the   great 

mortification  <)f  their  patron,  and  the  ruin  of  bis  colony. 

These  disappointments  were  n  source  of  vexaliim 
to  Kaleigh.  He  had  expended  forty  thousand  pounds, 
of  his  own  and  other  men's  mimcy,  in  pursuit  uf  his 
favorite  object,  and  his  gains  were  yet  to  come.  He 
therefore  made  an  assignment  of  his  patent  (March  7, 
15S'J)  to  Thomas  Smith,  and  other  merdiants  and  ad- 
venturers, among  whom  was  (iovernor  White,  with  a 
donation  of  one  hundred  pounds  for  the  propagation 
of  the  Christian  religion  in  Virginia.  Uemglhusdis- 
engaged  from  the  business  of  colonization  ;  he  had  full 
scope  for  his  martial  genius  in  the  war  with  Spain. 

His  assignees  were  not  so  zealous  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  business.  It  was  not  till  the  spring  of 
ITiOO,  that  Governor  White  could  returr.  to  Ids  colony. 
Then,  with  three  ships,  he  sailed  fron»  I'lymouth,  and 
passing  through  the  West  Indies  in  quest  uf  Spanish 
prizes,  he  arrived  at  Hatteras  on  the  15lh  of  August. 
From  this  place  they  observed  a  smoke  arising  on  the 
island  of  Hoanoke,  which  gave  them  some  hope  that 
the  colony  was  there  subsisting  ;  on  their  conung  to 
the  place,  they  found  old  trees  and  grass  burning,  but 
no  human  being.  On  a  post  of  one  ofthe  houses  they 
saw  the  word  Vroatun,  which  gave  them  some  hope, 
that  at  the  island  of  that  name  they  should  find  their 
friemls.  They  sailed  for  that  island  :  which  lay 
southward  of  Hatteras ;  but  a  violent  storm  arising,  in 
which  they  lost  their  anchors,  they  were  obliged  to 
quit  the  inhospitable  coast  and  return  home  ;  nor  was 
any  thing  afterward  heard  of  the  unfortunate  colony. 

The  next  year  (I.'jyi)  Sir  Uichard  (Jrcnville  was 
mortally  wounded  in  an  engagement  with  a  Spanish 
lleet  ;  and  died  on  board  the  Adinirars  ship,  where  he 
wjis  a  prisoner. 

Kaleigh,  though  disengaged  from  the  business  of 
colonizing  Virginia,  sent  five  timesat  his  own  expense 
to  seek  for  and  relieve  his  friends  ;  but  the  persons 
whom  he  employed,  having  more  profitable  businessin 
the  West  Indies,  either  went  not  to  the  place,  or  were 
forced  from  it  by  stress  of  weather,  it  being  a  tempes- 
tuous region,  and  without  any  safe  harbor.  The  last 
attempt  which  he  made,  was  in  1002  ;  the  yearbcfore 
his  imprisonment ;  an  event  which  ualilied  the  malice 
of  his  enemies,  and  prepared  the  way  for  his  death; 
which  was  much  less  ignominious  to  him  than  to  his 
sovereign,  King  James  I.  the  British  .Solomon;  suc- 
cessor to  Elizabeth,  the  liritish  Deborah.* 

This  unfortunate  attempt  to  settle  a  colony  in  Vir- 
ginia, was  proiluetive  of  one  thing  which  will  always 
render  it  memorable,  the  intrnduclitjii  of  tobacco  into 
England.  Carlier,  in  his  visit  to  Canada  fifty  years 
before,  had  observed  that  the  natives  used  this  weed 
fuinigalion,  but  it  was  an  object  of  disgust  to  French- 
men. Ralph  Lane,  at  his  return  in  1586,  brought  it 
first  into  Europe;  and  Kaleiifh,  who  was  a  man  of 
gaiety  ami  fashion,  not  only  learnctl  the  use  of  it  him- 
self, but  introduced  itintothe  polite  circles;  and  even 
the  ijueen  herself  gave  encouragement  to  it.  Some 
hnmourous  stories  respecting  it  are  still  rememberetl. 
Kaleigh  laid  a  wager  with  the  l^ueen,  that  he  would 
determine  exactly,  the  weight  of  smoke  which  issued 
from  his  pipe.  Tins  he  did  by  first  weighing  the  to- 
bacco and  then  the  ashes.  When  the  (^ueen  paiil  the 
wager,  she  pleasantly  observed,  that  many  laliorers 
had  turned  their  gold  into  smoke,  but  that  he  was  the 
first  who  had  converted  smoke  inlt)  gold. 

It  is  also  related  that  a  servant  of  Sir  Waller,  bring- 
ing a  tankard  o(  ale  into  his  study  as  be  was  smoking 
his  pipe,  andreadini;,  was  so  much  alarmed  at  the 
appearance  of  smoke,  issuing  out  of  his  mouth,  thai 
he  threw  the  ale  into  his  face,  and  ran  down  to  alarm 
the  family,  crying  out  that  his  master  was  on  fire. 

King  .laiiies  had  so  rffincd  a  taste,  that  be  not  only 
held  tins  Indian  weed  in  great  abhorrence  himself,  but 
endeavored,  by  proclamations  and  otherwise,  to  pre- 
vent the  useof  it  among  his  subjects.  Hut  all  his  zeal 
and  authority  could  not  suppress  it.  Since  his  time 
it  has  become  an  im{)ortant  article  of  commerce,  by 
which  individuals  in  Europe  and  America,  as  well  as 
colonies  and  nations,  have  risen  to  great  opulence. 


JOHN    DE   FUCA. 

John  De  Fuci— .A  ti;uivn  of  Grerce— An  accounlnf  lii-t  adven- 
lures  ami  di-cnverurt  t'ivi'ii  l)y  liiinsifll'--Lc)i:ke  emkuvurs  lo 
l)rr)curi;  Di!  Fui:n  utnminidJ'ii'n.— llt-niHrks. 

WuE.N  the  existence  of  a  western  continent  was 
known  to  the  maritime  nalionsof  Europe,  one   great 


*.\sa  .sp.'riiiK-ii  I'l'llir  l;tiiL-iiiiL-i'  ol  tliiiKlim-,  It'L  the  iiiulur 
tiikuilh-  I'lillownit.' i-xtracL  rroiM  I'lirrluitt. 

"  lie  I'l.  R.  Kiim  JatnesJ  ib  tii-ycini  Cdiiiparhon  a  nirrn  irniis- 
cemli:iit,  boy'>tiil  all  liis  iireiU'cVcrtiTH,  princvs  nf  ihU  renliii ; 
bc>uiiiJlUeiiti(;hborijig  prhiccdul' Ilia  own  tiinu  j  beyund  llie 


iR,  to  find,  through  some  omn- 
ings  which  appeared  in  it,  apaiisage  to  India  andf.Md* 
na.  Fortius  purpose  several  expensive  and  unsue- 
cessful  voyages  were  made  ;  ami  every  hint  which 
could  throw  any  light  on  the  subject  was  eagerly 
sought  and  attended  to  by  those  who  considered  ila 
importance. 

John  nK  Fuca  wnBnfireck,  born  in  the  island  ol 
CViihabmia,  in  the  Adriatic  gulf.  He  bad  been  em- 
ployed in  the  service  of  Spain,  in  the  West  IndieH,  ha 
a  mariner  and  pilot,  above  forty  yearw.  Having  Ust 
his  fortune,  amounting  (as  he  said)  to  sixty  thousand 
ducats,  when  the  Acapuico  sliip  was  taken,  by  Capt. 
Cavendish,  an  Englishman ;  and  being  disappointed 
ofthe  recompense  which  he  had  expected  from  the 
court  nf  Spain  ;  he  returned  in  disgust  to  his  native 
country,  by  the  way  of  Italy  ;  Ihut  he  nnght  spend  the 
evening  uf  his  life,  in  peace  and  poverty,  among  his 
friends. 

At  Florence  he  met  with  John  Douglas,  an  English- 
man, and  went  with  him  to  Venice.  There,  Douglai 
•ntriKlnced  him  to  Michael  Lock,  who  had  been  Con- 
sul of  the  Turkey  comimny  at.Meppo.  and  was  then 
occasionally  resident  in  Venice.     (A.  D.  IftDG.) 

In  conversation  with  Mr.  Lock,  De  Fuca  gave  him 
the  following  ncccnint  of  his  adventures. 

''  That  he  had  been  sent  by  the  Viceroy  of  Me.^ieo, 
as  pilot  of  three  small  vessels,  to  discover  the  straits  o( 
Anian,  on  the  western  coast  of  America  ;  through 
which,  it  was  conjectured  that  a  passage  might  bo 
found,  into  some  ofthe  deep  bays  on  the  eastern  side 
ofthe  continent.  This  voyage  was  frustrated,  by  the 
misconduct  ot  the  commander,  and  the  mutiny  of  the 
seamen. 

"  In  1502tIieVicrrny  sent  him  again,  with  the  com- 
mand of  a  caravel  aid  a  pinnace,  on  the  same  enter- 
prise. IJetween  the  latitudes  of  d?*^  and  48^*  N.  ho 
discovered  an  inlet,  inf)  which  he  enteretl  and  sailed 
more  than  twenty  days  At  the  entrance  was  a  great 
headland,  with  an  execeii'i'ig  high  itinnacle  or  spired 
roek.  like  a  pillar.  M'ithin  trie  strait,  the  land  stretch 
ed  N.  W.  ami  N.  E.  and  also  E  and  S.  E.  It  wan 
much  wider  within,  than  at  the  entrance,  and  contain* 
ed  many  islands  The  inhabitanls  were  elad  in  the 
skins  of  beasts.  The  land  appeared  to  be  fertile  like 
that  of  \ew  Spain,  and  was  rich  in  gold  and  .••ilver. 

"Supposing  that  he  bad  accomplished  ihi  intention 
ofthe  voyage  and  penetrated  into  the  IS'ofih  Sea  ;  but 
not  being  strong  enough  to  resist  the  force  td' the  nu- 
merous savages,  who  appeared  on  the  shores  ;  he  re- 
turned to  Acapuico,  before  the  expiration  ofthe  year.'' 

Such  was  the  account  given  by  De  Fuca  ;  and  Mr. 
I  Lock  was  so  impressed  with  the  sincerity  ofthe  rela- 
tion and  the  advantages  wliirh  his  cimnlrymen  nnght 
derive  from  a  knowledge  of  this  strait,  that  he  earnest- 
ly urged  him  to  enter  into  the  service  of  l^ueen  Fdiz- 
abelh,  and  perfect  the  discovery.  He  succeeded  so  far, 
as  to  olilain  a  promise  from  the  ("ireek,  though  sixty 
years  old,  that  if  the  Queen  would  furnish  him  with 
one  ship,  of  forty  tons,  and  a  jannace,  he  would  un- 
dertake the  voyage.  He  was  the  more  easily  |)ersna- 
ded  to  this,  by  a  hope  that  the  tjueen  would  make  him 
sonic  recompense  for  the  loss  of  his  fortune  by  Capt. 
Cavendish. 

Mr.  Lock  wrote  (o  tlie  Lord  Treasurer  Ocil,  Sir 
Waller  Raleigh  and  Mr.  Ilakluyt,  reqiiestingthal  they 
would  forward  the  sebeme,  ami  that  one  hundred 
pounds  might  be  advanced  to  bring  De  Fnra  to  Eng- 
land. The  scheme  was  ajiproved,  but  the  money  was 
nut  advanced.  Lock  was  so  much  engage<l  in  it,  that 
he  would  have  sent  him  to  England  at  his  own  expense, 
but  he  was  then  endeavoring  to  recover  at  law,  his 
demands  Inmi  the  Turkey  company,  and  could  not 
disburse  the  money.  The  pilot  therefore  returned  to 
Cepbalonia ;  and  Lock  kept  up  a  correspondence 
with  him,  till  if)02,  when  he  heani  of  his  death. 

Thouuh  this  account,  preser\cd  by  I'nrcbas,  bears 
snflTicient  marks  of  authenticity  ;  yet  it  has  been  re- 
jected as  fabulous  for  nearly  two  centuries;  and  ia 
treated  so  even  by  the  very  candid  Dr.  Foster.  Late 
voyages  however,  have  established  the  existence  of 
tlie  strait  ;  and  De  Fuca  is  no  longer  to  be  considered 
as  an  impustor  ;  though  the  gold  and  iilver  in  his  ac- 
count wero  but  conjectural. 

The  strait  which  now  bears  his  name  is  formed 
by  land,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  continent  of 
.America  on  one  side  ;  and  by  a  very  extensive  clus- 
ter of  Islands  on  the  other.     Its  southern  entninco 


i;iiliri'it  <>r  Mil)|ir(H  (lii/.^li!il  Willi  ^u  liilli'ti  lillL'tilnr-;^  ;  licyuiiil 
(iiir  victiiri'iiiH  iJeliurali,  imi  in  ft  *  nlein',  Imi  hi*  i)L'arf  is  inttro 
rvrrllciuttiiiii  war,  unit  SiiU)int)[  iliuiiDuvid  ;  in  ihb  ulsuthul 
he  is,  uiiU  we  cDJuy  his  prciieiit  tiuiiihhie." 


KiOtJ  RAJMirKS   OF  THE    K  A  U  I- Y    T)  I  S  C  O  V  E  H  K  RS. 


1  fiml,  throuuh  Romr  omn- 
plII'H:)^**  to  iiRliit  iiiul  (*lii* 
[il  ex|HMiHivc  nrul  uniiue> 
,  ami  pvrry  hint  which 
he  suhjfct  WitB  pnnerly 
lioBC  wlio  ctinsidiTcd  it4 

:]l,  born  in  tho  iHlnntl  ol 
[Tiilf.  Ho  lind  tH'pii  em' 
ill,  in  the  West  ImlieH,  at* 
)rty  yriirH.  Hiivin^  Ijttt 
i>  Hiiitt)  toftixty  thousand 
diip  Wild  taken,  by  ('apt. 
and  lieinj;  iliKa[)|)niMled 
had  rx|u'rted  iVoni  tho 
in  dJNjfUbt  to  hifl  native 
;  that  ho  nii<,'iit  Kpend  the 
and  jtoverly,   uniung  his 

nhn  I*nu(!la«.  an  En^Hsh- 
Vcriit'e.  There,  Uoui^'laa 
locit,  who  liad  been  dm- 
L\t  Atrppo,  niul  was  then 
ire.  (A.l).  IftOO.) 
[.nek,  ])e  Fiieii  yavo  him 

adventures. 

ly  the  Viceroy  of  Mexiro, 
t,  to  discover  the  Ktrail.s  o| 
8t  of  Anieriea  ;  through 
hat  a  passni;e   nii«;ht  be 

bayft  on  the  eaKlcrn  side 
iye  was  frustrati-d,  by  the 
;r,  and  the  nuiliny   of  the 

L  him  a|Tain,  with  the  com- 
naee,  on  the  same  enter- 
's of -l'*"^  and  4HO   ^.  ho 
fh  he  entered  and  sailed 
t  the  entranre  was  a  «;reat 
I  hiijh  pinnacle  ur  spired 
ill'  sirait.  the  bind  st retch 
*o  K.  and  S.  K.     It   \va« 
I  he  entratiee.  and  eonlain- 
ibiliuits  were  chid  in  the 
ippcared  to   he  fcrlib*  like 
rich  in  jjuhl  and  silver, 
.jccnniplij^hetl till  irileiilion 
I  int.ilheNnrlhSea  ;  but 
resist  the  force  id*  the  nu« 
[ctl  fin  the  shores  ;  he  re- 
le  expiration  of  the  year.'' 
•n  by  l)e  Fiiea  :  a?id  Mr, 
the  sincerity  of  the  rela- 
.'h  his  countrymen  might 
his  strait,  that  he  earnest- 
e  service  of  C^ueeii  Eliz- 
Irv.     He  succeeded  so  far, 
llie  fireek,   tlioiicih  sixty 
jwould  furnish  him  with 
pinnace,  fie  would  un- 
ilie  more  easily  persna- 
Cjneen  would  make  him 
of  his  fortune  by  C'apt. 

jrd  Treasurer  (Veil,  Sir 

|uyt,  rcipieslinj'that  they 

.  and    Ibat    one  hundred 

brinjr  IJe  Fuca  to  Knj;- 

juvctl,  but  (be  ninney  was 

Iniucbeniiaiied  in  it,  that 

land  at  his  uwn  expense, 

to  recover  at    law,  his 

jmpany,  and  could  not 

|ot  therefore  returned  to 

up    a   correspondence 

■ard  of  his  death. 

ed  by  Purehas,  bears 

;  yet  it  bus  been    re- 

iWo    centuries ;    and  ia 

iidid  Dr.  Foster.     Late 

|.,ihcd  the    existence  of 

lonyer  to  be  considered 

|ld  and  vitver  in  his  ac* 

his  name  is  formed 
1)  be  the  continent  of 
la  very  extensive  clus- 
1  lis  southern  entrance 

inrh   liiiL'laur^^;   U\un't\ 
i>iic,  lnii  as  pt-rirt'  is  iiiiiro 
iDiiviit ;  ill  iliiH  hIhu  ttiul 
■line." 


1 


;.!t 


Ins  in  lut.  48'  SO'  N.  lonR.  124  W.  from  firtciiwirh, 
hnd  i»  ahoiit  srvrti  io;ij;ticH  wiilci.  On  tlit!  liirltuiiri) 
mkIo,  winch  in  coiiijiusi'd  of  iiiluruln,  lli(>  land  in  very 
iiiiiiinliiiiinuH  ;  rjsiiii;  aliniptly  iii  lii^li  nnd  sliarp  peaka. 
On  till*  srarlinard  siilc,  in  a  potiit  ut'  land  li')'rniiiiiliii;r  in  a 
rcniarkalily  lull  rork,  calltd  lliu  pillar.  W'ltlun  Iht^  en* 
Irancc.  lliu  pansagc  yrows  wider,  cxU'ndini^  tti  tlic  .S.  K., 
N.  and  M.  W.  and  m  I'nII  ul  inlands.  On  the  Iv  and 
N.  10.  at  a  treat  di-Hliince  arc  aucn  tlin  lops  of  irntnn- 
lanis,  fiupposi-'l  to  hv  on  tho  conlnient ;  tint  tho  bhips 
tradiiijT  lor  furs  havo  not  penctratt-'d  far  to  the  fast- 
ward  ;  the  M'a  ultiTH  being  their  prineipiil  olijcct,  and 
the  land  fnn>  of  small  eonnideration.  For  thia  reanoii 
the  eaHtern  lionndary  of  tho  inland  »ea  is  not  yet  fully 
explored.  'J'he  strait  turns  to  the  N.  and  N.  W.  en 
coinpassini;  a  lari;e  cluster  of  islands,  among  which  is 
situate  Noolka  ,Sotind,  and  conies  into  the  I'acific 
ocean  again  in  latitude  51°  15', long.  ISH'  40'.  'I'hisex- 
treinily  of  the  strait  is  railed  its  northern  entrance,  and 
id  wider  than  the  southern. 

Anuiher  strait  has  been  lately  seen  which  is  sup- 
posed to  lie  that  of  Do  ronlc,  a  .Spanish  admiral,  dis- 
covered in  1640  ;  tho  existence  of  which  has  also  been 
treated  as  fabulous.  The  cluster  of  islands,  called  by 
the  llritish  si'ainen,  Queen  Charlotte's,  and  by  the 
Americans,  Washington's  Islands,  are  in  the  very  spot 
where  IJo  I'ontc  placed  the  .Archipelago  of  .**!.  Lazarus. 
The  entranre  of  this  strait  has  bcrr.  visited  by  the 
fur  ships.     It  lies  in  lat  f)i"  '•i!>'  and  long  lUl"  W 

These  recent  and  well  established  facts  may  indiiro 
US  to  treat  the  relations  of  foreign  voyages  with  decent 
respect.  'I'he  circumnavigation  of  Africa  by  the  ancient 
I'henicians,  was  for  several  ages  deemed  fabulous  by 
the  learned  (irvcks  and  Uomaiis.  Hut  its  credibility 
was  fully  established  by  tin?  I'ortuguesc  discoveries  in 
Ihe  fifteenth  century.  In  like  manner  the  discoveries 
of  iJc  I'lica  and  Ue  Foiite,  which  have  long  been  stig- 
matized by  geographers  as  pretentleit^  and  marked  in 
their  maps  as  wiai;tiiaty,  are  now  known  to  have  been 
founded  in  truth,  though  from  the  imperfection  of  in- 
struincnls  or  the  inaccuracy  of  historians,  the  degrees 
and  minutes  of  latitude  and  longitude  were  not  pre- 
cisely marked,  ajid  though  some  circumstances  in  their 
accounts  are  but  conjectural,  rarther  discoveries  may 
throw  new  light  on  the  subject,  and  though,  per- 
haps, a  N.  W.  passage  by  sea  from  the  Atlantic  into 
the  Pacific  may  not  exist ;  yet  li.iys,  rivers  and  lakes 
are  so  frequent  in  tiiose  northern  regions  of  our  ronti- 
iieiit,  that  an  inland  navigation  may  be  praclicahle. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  coni|iany  of  Knglish 
ni>'.Trhants  who  cnjny  an  exclusive  trade  to  lIiuLson's 
Bay  have,  from  interested  motives,  concealed  their 
tnowledgo  of  its  western  extremities.  Whether  there 
lie  any  just  foundation  for  this  censure,  I  do  not  pre- 
'end  to  determine ;  but  a  survey  is  now  said  to  be 
making,  from  which  it  is  hojied,  that  tliis  long  contested 
(uestion  of  a  N.  W.  passage  will  receive  a  full  solution. 


B  A  R  T  11  0  I,  O  .M  E  W   G  O  S  N  O  L  D. 

AmTlloLOMEw  fiosNiiLD— Ills  Vovniio  to  America— Ills  ar- 
rival III  VirKiiiia— l)i'MTi|iliim  of  tlie  .Sea-riiast— Visit  of  the. 
Iliiliaiis— Al:»r,uur.i,.t'iil  nt  tlio  Culiiiiy  liy  the  Knglisli, 

The  unfortunate  issue  of  Ualeigh's  attempt  to  make 
a  seitlement  in  .\ineriia,  togetln^r  with  the  war  with 
Spain,  which  continued  for  several  years,  gave  a  check 
to  the  spirit  of  colonizing.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
81  venleenth  century  it  was  revived  by  II.vbtiioi.o.mkw 
Oox.NOLUan  intrepid  mariner  in  the  west  of  Kngland. 
At  who.-e  expense  he  undertook  his  voyage  to  the  iiorih- 
f  rn  part  of  Virginia  does  not  appear ';  but  on  the  2lilh 
of  .March  IGOi,  he  sailed  from  Falmouth  in  Cornwall, 
in  a  small  bark  with  tlhrly-lwo  men.  Instead  of  going 
I'V  the  way  of  the  Canaries  and  the  \\'est  Indies,  he 
kr|it  as  far  north  as  the  winds  would  permit,  and  was 
tho  first  Fnglishnian  who  came  in  a  direct  course  to 
this  part  of  America. 

On  the  14lhof  .May  they  made  the  land,  and  met 
with  a  shallo|)  of  European'  fabric,  in  which  were  eight 
savages,  one  of  whom  was  dressed  in  liiiropean  clotlies, 
from  which  they  concluded  that  sninc  unfortunate  fish- 
ermen of  Biscay  or  Brittany  had  been  wrecked  on  the 

CCJSt. 

Tho  next  day  they  had  again  sight  of  land,  which 
•ppeared  liku  an  inland,  by  reason  of  a  large  sound 
which  lay  between  it  and  tho  main.  This  sound  they 
called  Shole  llopo.  Near  this  capo  they  look  a  great 
number  of  cod,  from  which  circumstance  tlicy  nameil 
tho  land  Cape  Cod.  It  is  descrilied  as  a  low  sandy 
ehoiB,  in  the  lat.  48°.  The  captain  went  on  shore  anil 
found  tho  sand  very  deep.  \  young  Indian,  with  plates 
of  copper  hanging  to  his  cars,  and  a  bow  and  arrows  in 

3 


his  hand,  came  to  him,  and  in  a  friendly  manner  otfered 
his  service. 

('n  the  inih  they  coasted  the  land  sonthrrly,  and  at 
the  end  of  twelve  leagues  discovered  a  point  with 
breakers  at  a  distance  ;  and  in  alicnipling  lo  double 
it,  ranie  suddenly  into  shoal  water  To  this  point  of 
land  they  gave  the  name  of  Point  Care;  it  is  now 
ealbd  .Sandy  I'oiiit,  and  fonns  the  south-eastern  ex- 
Ireniitv  of  the  county  of  Barnstable,  in  Massachusetts, 

Finding  themsetves  surrounded  by  sho.ils  and  break- 
ers, they  lay  at  anrhor  till  tlii^  hud  examined  the  coast 
and  souiiilings  m  their  boat ;  during  which  time  some 
of  the  luitives  made  tliem  a  visit.  One  of  thein  had 
a  plate  of  eojiper  over  his  breast,  a  foot  in  length  and 
half  a  foot  in  breadth  ;  the  others  had  pendants  of  the 
same  metal  at  their  ears  ;  they  all  had  pipes  of  tobacco, 
of  which  they  were  very  fond. 

In  surveying  the  coast  they  discovered  breakers  lying 
off  a  point  of  land,  which  they  denominated  fiilberl's 
Point ;  it  is  now  called  Point  fiainmon,  and  forms  tho 
eastern  side  of  the  harbor  of  Ilyennes. 

On  tho  lOlh  they  passed  the  breach  of  Gilbert's 
Point,  in  four  and  five  fu'homsof  water,  and  anchored 
a  league  or  more  to  the  westward  of  it.  Several  hum- 
mocks and  hills  appeari  d,  which  ot  first  were  taken  to 
be  islands  ;  these  were  tho  high  lands  of  Barnstable 
and  Varmouth. 

To  the  westward  of  Gilbert's  Point  appeared  an 
opening,  which  Ciosnold  imagined  to  havo  a  conmiii- 
nication  wilh  the  supposed  sound  which  he  had  seen 
westward  of  ( 'a|ie  (;od  ;  he  therefore  gave  it  the  same 
name,  .Shole  Hope;  but  finding  the  water  to  be  no 
more  than  three  fathoms  deep,  at  the  distance  of  a 
league,  ho  did  not  attempt  to  enter  il.  From  this  open- 
ing tho  land  tended  to  the  south-west  ;  and  in  coasting 
il,  they  came  to  an  island,  to  which  they  gave  the  name 
of  Mitrthas  Vinfi/itrtl.  This  island  is  described  as 
"distant  eight  leagues  from  .Shole  Ijojie,  five  miles  in 
circuit,  and  uninhabited ;  full  of  wood,  vines,  and 
berries;  here  they  saw  deer  and  look  abundance  of  cod." 

From  their  station  olV  this  island,  where  they  rode  in 
eight  fathoms,  they  sailed  on  tho  '.;4lli,  and  d'lubled  the 
cape  of  another  island,  next  to  it  which  they  called 
Dover  Clilf  This  course  brought  '.hem  into  a  sound, 
where  they  anchored  for  llie  night,  and  the  next  morning 
sent  their  boat  to  examine  another  cajio  which  lay  be- 
tween tliein  and  the  main,  from  wliieh  projected  a  iedge 
of  rocks  a  mile  into  the  sea,  but  all  above  water,  and 
not  dangerous.  Having  passed  round  lliem,  they  came 
to  anchor  again  in  one  of  the  finest  sounds  they  had 
ever  seen  ;  and  to  which  they  gave  tho  name  of  (Jos- 
noid's  IIopo.  On  the  northern  side  of  it  was  the  main  ; 
and  on  the  southern,  parallel  to  it,  at  the  distance  of 
four  leagues,  was  a  largo  island,  which  they  called 
Klizabeth,  in  honor  of  iheir  (jueen.  On  this  island 
they  determined  to  lake  up  their  abode,  ond  pitched 
upon  a  small  woody  islet  in  the  middle  of  a  fresh  pond, 
as  a  safe  place  to  build  their  fort.  ,\  littlo  to  the  north- 
ward of  this  large  island  l.iy  a  small  one,  half  a  mile  in 
compass,  and  full  of  cedars.  This  they  called  Hill's 
Hap.  On  the  opposite  shore  apjieared  another  similar 
elevation  lo  which  ihcy  gave  the  name  of  I  lap's  Hill. 

By  this  deserijilion  of  the  coast,  it  is  evident  that  the 
sound  into  which  Gosnold  entered  was  Buzzard's  Bay. 
Tho  island  which  he  called  Maltha's  Vineyard,  was  not 
that  which  now  goes  by  that  name,  but  a  small  island, 
the  easleriuost  of  those  which  are  known  by  Ihe  name 
of  Elizabeth's  Islands.  It  is  called  by  the  Indians 
Nenimissett ;  its  jirescnt  circumferenco  is  aliout  four 
iiiile.s,  but  it  has  doubtless  bi'en  diminished  since  (.io.s- 
nold's  lime,  by  the  force  of  the  tides  which  set  iino  and 
out  of  the  bay  with  great  rapidity,  Its  natural  produc- 
tions and  phsisant  situation  answer  well  to  his  descrip- 
tion ;  and  deer  are  freipienlly  seen  and  hunted  upon 
il  ;  but  none  were  ever  known  lo  have  been  on  the 
great  island,  now  called  .Martha's  Vineyard,  which  is 
above  twenty  inih'.s  in  leiiglh,  and  was  always  full  of 
inhabitants.  For  what  reason  and  at  what' lime  the 
name  was  transferred  from  the  onu  to  the  other,  I  have 
not  yet  learned. 

'I'hc  elitf  named  Dover  is  supposed  to  be  the  eastern 
head  of  a  small  island  which  was  called  by  the  natives 
Onky  Tonky,  and  is  now  corrupted  into  Uncle  Tinimv. 
The  rocky  ledge  is  called  Kaltlesnake  Neck,  llilf's 
Hap  consists  now  of  two  very  small  islands,  called 
Wickpeckels.  There  is  every  appearance  that  thesi! 
were  torinerly  united,  and  tbero  are  now  a  few  erd.irs 
on  them.  Hap's  Hill,  on  the  opposite  part  of  the  main, 
is  a  Kin.nll  elevated  island,  of  an  oval  form,  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river  which  passes  through  the  towns  of 
Warehain  ond  Rochester.  It  is  a  conspicuous  object 
lo  navigators. 


17 

'I'he  island  on  w..ich  (iosnuld  and  his  conipanv  took 
up  their  abode,  is  now  called  by  its  Indian  namo  N»u» 
shaiiii,  and  is  Ihe  propeity  of  th''  lloiinrable  J.ift.K» 
BowiioiN,  of  Boslon.  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  tlicso 
remarks  on  (losnold's  journal,  which  is  extant  at  largo 
in  I'lirrhas'srollertions. 

Near  the  southwest  end  of  Naitshaun  is  a  largo  fresh 
pond  ;  such  an  one  as  answers  (iosnold's  description, 
excepting  lliat  there  is  no  islet  in  the  middle  of  it.  The 
shore  is  sandy  ;  but  what  revolution  may  havo  taken 
place  within  the  space  of  almost  two  centuries  past,  wo 
cannot  say. 

Whilst  some  of  Gosnold's  men  labored  in  building  a 
fort  and  storehouse  on  the  small  island  in  the  pond,  and 
a  Hat  boat  lo  go  to  it,  he  crossed  the  bay  in  his  vessel 
and  discovered  the  mouths  of  two  rivers  ;  one  was  that 
near  which  lay  Hap's  Hill,  and  the  other,  that  on  the 
shore  of  which  the  town  of  New  Bedford  is  now  built. 

After  five  d.ays  ab.seiice,  (losnold  returned  to  tho 
island  and  was  received  by  his  people  with  great  cero 
nioiiy.  on  account  of  an  Indian  chief  and  fifty  of  his 
men  who  were  there  on  a  visit,  'i'o  this  chief  they 
presented  a  straw  hat  and  two  knives;  the  hat  he  liitio 
regarded,  but  the  knives  were  highly  valued.  They 
feasted  these  savages  wilh  fish  and  mustard,  and  di- 
verted themiielves  with  the  ell'ect  of  tho  mustard  oil 
Iheir  noses.  One  of  thein  stole  a  target  but  it  was 
restored.  They  did  not  ap|ieur  to  be  inhabitants,  but 
occasional  visitants  at  the  islantl,  for  the  sake  of  gather- 
ing shell  fish.  Four  of  llieiii  remained  alter  the  others 
were  gone,  and  helped  the  English  lo  dig  the  rools  of 
sassalras,  with  wliieh,  as  well  as  the  furs  which  they 
bought  of  the  Indians,  the  vessel  was  loaded. 

After  spending  three  weeks  in  preparing  a  store- 
house, when  they  came  to  divide  their  provision,  there 
was  not  enough  to  victual  the  ship,  and  to  subsist  Iho 
jilanters  till  the  ship's  return.  Some  jealousy  ulsoaroso 
about  the  inlenlions  of  those  who  were  going  back  ; 
and  after  five  day's  consultation  t.hey  determined  lo  giva 
up  their  design  of  planting  and  return  lo  England.  On 
Ihe  eighteenth  of  June  they  sailed  ouiofthe  hay  through 
the  same  passage  by  which  lliey  had  entered  it ;  and  on 
the  twenty-tli:rd  of  July  lliey  arrived  at  Exmoulh,  in 
the  west  of  England. 

Gosnold  s  intontion  was  to  liavo  remained  wiih  a 
part  of  his  men,  and  to  Have  sent  (iilbert,  the  second  in 
coininaml,  to  England,  for  farther  supplies  ;  but  half  of 
so  small  a  company  would  not  have  been  a  sutlicient 
number  to  resisl  the  savages,  had  they  been  disposed 
to  attack  them. 

.\fter  his  return  lo  England  he  was  indefatigablo  m 
bis  endeavors  lo  forward  the  settling  of  a  colony  in 
America,  and  was  one  of  those  who  embarked  in  tho 
next  expedition  to  Virginia.,  where  he  had  the  rank  ol 
a  counsellor,  aud  where  he  died  in  tho  year  1607. 


JOHN   S. MIT  H. 

John  Smith— Ilis  travels  and  ailvcnturcs  on  tho  Contlntiit 
—  He  joins  the  Austrian  army— His  Encuiinter  wilh  tho 
Tiirlis- Siiiitli  is  niailc  Prisoner— He  is  sold  as  a  slave- 
Ills  escape  and  return  to  Kiiglnnd- He  inccts  CJosiioId— 
They  sail  to  VirKiiiia—Dilliculties  in  llio  company— Siiiilli  is 
taken  itrisimer  liy  llie  Indians— He  is  cuiuleiiined  to  death- 
He  is  saved  l>y  PocAlui.NTAS,  ilaULditer  of  the  indian  Cliiof 
— His  release- .ll?>s  Uiscovenes— feiiiiUi  is  iiiada  President 
of  VirHliita— U,s  I- line  aiiioiiir  the  Indians- His  singular 
Disciiilme— Ul-  R. 'urn  lo  Eiii;land— His  Voyage  to  North 
Virginia— Ills  i\  ninigs- His  Death. 

TiioL'uii  the  early  jiart  of  Iho  life  of  this  extraordi- 
nary man  was  sjient  in  foreign  travels  and  advenluren 
whieh  have  no  reference  lo  America,  yet  the  incident' 
of  that  period  so  .ilrongly  mark  his  character,  and  givo 
such  a  tincture  to  bis  subsripient  actions,  and  are  wuhal 
so  singular  in  themselves,  that  no  reader  (it  is  pre- 
sumed) will  censure  the  introduction  of  them  hero  as 
impertinent.  * 

He  was  born  at  M'illoiighby,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  the 
>ear  l.WJ.*  From  Ihe  first  dawn  of  reason,  ho  dis- 
covered a  roving  and  romantic  genius,  and  delighted  in 
extravagant  and  daring  actions  among  his  schoolfel- 
lows. When  about  thirteen  years  of  age,  he  sold  his 
books  and  satchel,  ami  his  puerile  trinkets,  to  raise 
money,  with  a  view  to  convey  himself  privately  to  sea ; 
but  the  death  of  his  father  put  a  slo|i  for  the  present  lo 
this  attempt,  and  threw  him  intj  the  hands  of  guardians. 


*  This  is  detectwined  hy  an  iiiscnplion  annexed  to  his  por- 
trait on  ills  map  of  New  England-"  A:{al  37.  Anno  1016.'' 

Tliis  portrait  represents  litiii  clad  in  armour,  and  under  U 
are  these  verses : 

"  Such  arc  the  lines  that  show  thy  face ;  but  thofcj 
Tliat  show  thy  i^race  and  glory  briKliter  t,ee; 

Thy  faire  disrovi-nes  and  fowlo  ovi-rtliruwes 
Of  salvai-cs  iniirli  eiviil/.eil  by  thee, 

Uest  sIkjw  lliy  spirit,  and  to  It  glory  win, 
tio  thou  ait  brosao  withgut,  hut  (olda  witliin." 


I.'l 
111 


18 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


'I     ', 


II  iif: 


who  eiidoavorcd  to  check  the  ardor  of  his  goniiiB  by 
conlinii:^  liiiii  to  a  coinptin^  houno.  Duin^  |)iit  op- 
nrenticc  tc  a  iiunhaiit  at  lAnn,  at  ihc  n^c  of  lifttTn, 
ne  at  lu*t  coricived  hn\iVB  thai  hin  iimstcr  would  ncnd 

him  to  Hia  111  hiH  Brrvioe,  hnt  this  hon<!  fiiihii^,  he  quitted 
his  inastLT,  ar.d  with  only  ti^ii  hhilhii^a  in  hin  pcckct, 
cnti-rrd  into  tho  tram  of  a  yoiin^  iiubleirum  who  wiin 
tiavctliii^  to  l-'rarico.  At  Orlraiis  lie  was  discharged 
fruin  hii  atleiidaiico  on  I.o:;*  l)i-rtii>,  and  had  iiioiitjv 
fjivfii  him  to  ruiurii  to  IJi^'iand.  With  this  money  h« 
visited  I'arin,  and  proceeded  to  tho  Low  Countriefi, 
where  ho  rnhslcd  as  a  sfildier,  and  learned  tlio  rudi- 
ments of  war,  a  science  peculiarly  a^'reeuhle  to  his  ar- 
dent and  active  genius.  Meeting  with  a  Scots  gentle- 
man  ahroad,  lie  was  persuaded  to  pass  into  Scotland, 
with  the  promise  of  hein^  Blrongly  recommended  to 
Iving  James  ;  but  being  hiitMed  in  this  expectation,  lie 
returned  to  his  native  town,  and  finding  no  company 
thcTO  which  suited  his  taste,  he  built  a  booth  in  a  wood, 
and  betook  himself  to  the  Htudy  of  military  history  ajid 
tactics,  diverting  himself  at  intervals  with  Iuh  horse  and 
lance  ;  in  which  exercise  he  at  length  found  a  compa- 
nion, an  Italian  gentleman,  rider  to  tlie  Karl  of  Lin- 
coln, who  drew  him  from  his  sylvan  retirement  to  Tat- 
Icrsa!. 

Having  recovered  a  part  of  the  cstntc  which  hisfather 
bad  left  liim,  he  put  hiiiiMelfinto  a  better  condition  than 
before,  and  set  olf  again  on  his  travels,  in  the  winter  of 
tho  year  IflUG,  being  then  only  seventeen  years  of  age. 
His  tir»t  stage  was  Klnnders,  where  meeting  with  a 
rrciichinan  who  pretended  to  be  heir  to  a  nohlo  family, 
ho,  with  his  three  attendants,  prevailed  ujtun  Smith  to 
go  with  them  to  France.  In  a  dark  niglit  they  arrived 
at  St.  Vulery  in  Picardy,  and,  by  the  connivance  of  the 
ship  master,  tho  rrenchmen  were  carried  ashore  wii:i 
the  tpiiiks  of  our  young  traveller,  whilst  he  was  left  on 
board  till  the  return  of  the  boat.  Jn  the  mean  tune 
they  had  conveyed  the  baggage  out  of  his  reach,  and 
were  not  to  be  found.  A  sailor  on  board,  who  knew 
the  villains,  generously  undertjjok  to  conduct  him  to 
Mortaino  where  they  lived,  and  supplied  his  wants  till 
tlieir  arrival  at  llie  place.  Here  he  found  their  .'Viends, 
from  whom  he  could  gain  i\c  recompense  ;  but  the 
report  of  his  sutferiiigs  induced  several  persons  of  dis- 
tinction to  invite  him  lo  their  houses. 

Kagor  to  pursue  his  travels,  and  not  caring  to  receive 
favors  which  he  was  unable  to  requite,  he  left  his  new 
friends,  and  went  from  port  to  port  in  search  of  a  ship 
of  war.  In  one  of  these  rambles,  near  Uinan,  it  was 
his  chance  to  meet  one  of  the  villains  wlio  had  robbed 
him.  Without  speaking  a  word,  thoy  both  drew  ;  and 
Smith  having  wounded  and  disarmed  his  antagonist, 
obliged  him  to  confess  his  guilt  before  a  number  of  per- 
sons who  hud  asKemhh'il  on  the  occasion. 

Satisfied  Willi  his  victory,  he  retired  to  the  seat  of  an 
(^cquainlancc,  the  Karl  of  Plover,  who  had  been  brought 
up  m  Kngland,  and  having  received  supplies  from  hiin, 
he  travelled  along  the  French  coast  to  Bayomie,  and 
from  thence  crossed  over  to  Marseilk-a  ;  visiting  and 
otiscrving  every  thing  in  his  way  which  liad  any  refer- 
ence to  naval  or  military  architecture. 

At  Marseilles  he  embarked  for  Italy,  in  company 
v^ilh  a  rabble  of  jnlgrims.  The  ship  was  forced  by  a 
tempest  into  the  liarbor  of  Toulon,  and  afterwards  was 
obliged  by  a  contrary  wind  to  anchor  umler  the  little 
tuilaiid  of  St.  Mary,  otf  Nice,  in  Savoy.  The  bigotry  of 
tho  pilgrims  made  thcin  ahcrihc  their  ill  fortune  to  the 
presence  of  a  heretic  on  I»oard.  Thev  devoutly  cursed 
Smith,  and  his  Queen  Klizabeth,  and  in  a  tit  of  pious 
rage  threw  him  into  the  sea.  He  swam  to  the  island, 
and  the  next  day  was  taken  on  board  a  shiimf  St.  Malo 
which  had  also  put  in  theie  for  shelter.  The  master 
of  the  ship,  who  wa-s  well  known  to  his  noble  friend, 
the  Karl  of  i'loyer,  cnU'rtained  him  kindlv,  and  carried 
him  to  Ah  xandna  in  I'L'Vpt ;  from  thei.ce  he  coasted 
the  Levant ;  and  on  his  return  had  liic  high  satisfaction 
of  a  tiaval  cnL'aL'f'ineii'.  wiih  a  Venetian  ship,  which 
they  look  and  ritUd  of  her  rich  cargo.  Smith  was  set 
on  shore  at  Antilles,  with  a  box  of  a  tlKHisnnd  chequins 
(about  two  thousand  dollars),  bv  tho  help  of  whicli,  he 
made  tb*:  tour  of  Italy,  crossed  tho  Adriatic  and  tra- 
velled into  Stiria,  to  the  seal  of  Ferdmtind.  Archduke 
of  Austria.  Here  he  met  with  an  Knglish  and  an  Irish 
Jeaiiit  who  introduced  him  to  Lord  KbcrsfiauKbt,  Baron 
Kizel,  and  other  otficers  of  dislinction.  and  here  he 
found  full  scope  for  his  genius  ;  for  the  Emperor  being 
then  at  war  with  the  Turks,  bo  entered  into  his  army 
03  a  volunteer. 

He  had  communicated  to  Eberspaught  a  method  of 
conversing  at  a  distance  by  signals  made  with  torches, 
whicli  being  aliirnalely  shuvn  and  hidden  a  certain 
njiubor  of  limeti,  designated  every  letter  of  the  alphd- 


bet.  He  had  hoou  an  opportunity  of  making  the  experi- 
ment. Kberspaught  being  besieged  by  tlie  Turkpt  in 
the  strong  town  of  Olimpach.  was  cut  oil  from  nil  in- 
telligence and  hone  of  succour  from  his  friends.  Smiih 
proputted  hi:t  nieinud  of  communication  lo  Uaron  Kixel, 
who  a['provi>d  it,  and  allowed  bun  to  put  it  in  practice.* 
Hr  wa«  conveyed  by  a  guard  to  a  luUwilbin  view  of 
the  town,  and  sudieieiitlv  remote  from  the  Turkish 
cump.  At  the  displav  of  the  signal,  Kberspaught  knew 
and  answered  it,  and  Smith  conveyed  to  him  this  ijitel- 
ligence,  "  Thursday  night,  I  will  charge  on  the  East  ; 
al  the  alarm  sally  thou."  The  answer  was,  '*  I  will." 
Just  before  tho  attack,  by  Smith's  advice,  a  great  num- 
ber of  false  tires  were  made  on  onother  quarter,  which 
divided  tho  attention  of  tho  enemy  and  gave  advantage 
to  the  a.Hsaitants  ;  wlio,  being  assisted  by  a  sally  from 
the  town,  killed  many  of  the  Turks,  drove  others  into 
the  river,  and  threw  succours  into  tho  place,  which 
obliged  the  enemy  the  next  day  to  raise  the  siege. 
'I"lii3  well  conducted  exploit,  produced  to  our  young 
adventurer,  the  command  of  u  company,  consisting  of 
two  hundred  and  hl'tv  horsemen  in  the  regiment  of 
Count  Meldrick,  a  nobleman  of  Transylvania. 

The  regiment  in  which  ho  served  biing  engaged  in 
several  hazardous  rnlcrprises.  Smith  was  foremost  in 
all  dangers  and  distinguished  himself  both  by  his  inge- 
nuity and  by  his  valor;  and  when  Meldnek  h;l't  the 
Imperial  army,  and  passed  into  the  service  of  his  i>ative 
prince,  Smith  followed  him. 

At  the  siege  o(  Regal,  iho  Ottomans  derided  the 
slow  approaciics  of  theTransylvanian  armv,  and  sent  a 
challenge,  purporting  that  tho  Lord  Turii  >ha.  to  divi  rt 
the  ladies,  would  fight  any  single  capuii.  of  the  (^'hri.s- 
tian  troops.  The  honor  of  ac4:eptiiig  this  challenge 
being  determined  by  lot,  fell  on  Oaptain  Smith  ;  who, 
meeting  his  antagonist  on  horseback,  within  view  of 
the  ladies  on  the  battlements,  at  the  sound  of  music 
began  tho  encounter,  and  in  a  short  time  killed  hiin, 
and  bore  away  his  head  in  triumph  to  his  general  ttic 
Lord  Moy/.es. 

Tiic  death  of  the  chief  so  irritated  his  friend  Grualgo, 
that  he  sent  a  jiarticular  challenge  to  the  conqueror, 
who,  meeting  him  with  the  same  ceremonies,  after  a 
smart  combat  took  olT  his  head  also.  Smith  then  in 
Ins  turn  sent  a  message  into  the  town,  informing  the 
ladies,  ihafif  they  wished  for  more  diversion,  tluy 
should  be  welcome  to  his  liead.  in  case  their  third 
champion  could  take  it.  This  challenge  was  acce]iled 
by  Donamolgro,  who  unhorsed  Smith  and  was  near 
gaining  the  victory.  Uut  remounting  in  a  critical  mo- 
ment, he  gave  the  Turk  a  stroke  with  his  faulehion 
which  brought  him  to  the  ground,  and  his  head  was 
added  to  the  number.  For  these  singular  exploits  he 
was  honored  with  a  military  jirocession,  consisting  of 
six  thousand  men,  three  led  liorses,  and  the  Turks' 
heads  on  the  points  of  three  lances.  Witli  this  cere- 
mony Smith  was  conducted  to  the  pavillion  of  his  ge- 
neral, who,  after  embracing  him,  presented  him  witli  a 
horse  richly  furni.shed,  a  scymitar  and  belt  worth  three 
hundred  ducats,  and  a  commission  to  be  major  in  his 
regiment  The  prince  of  Traiisylvanio,  ufter  the  cap- 
lure  of  the  place,  made  him  a  present  of  his  picture  set 
in  gold,  and  a  pension  of  three  hundred  ducats  per 
annum,  and  moreover  granted  him  a  coat  of  arms  bear- 
ing three  Turks'  heada  in  a  shield.  The  jiatent  was 
admitted  and  recorded  in  the  college  of  Heralds  in 
Kngland,  by  Sir  Henry  Scgar,  garter-king-at-arms. 
Smith  was  always  proud  of  this  distin»;uishiug  honor, 
and  these  arms  arc  accordingly  blazoned  in  tlie  frontis- 
piece to  his  history,  with  this  motto, 
"Viiicere  est  vivere." 

After  this,  the  Transylvanian  army  was  defeated  by 
a  body  of  Turks  and  Tartars  near  Kolenton.  and  many 
brave  men  were  slain,  among  whom  were  nine  English 
and  Scotch  otTicers.  who.  after  tho  fashion  of  that  day. 
had  entered  into  this  service  from  a  religious  zeal  to 
drive  the  Turks  out  of  ('hrislcndom,  Smiili  was 
wounded  in  this  battle  and  lay  among  tho  dead.  His 
habit  di.scovered  him  lo  the  victors  as  a  person  of  con- 
sequence :  they  used  him  well  till  his  wounds  were 
healed,  and  then  sold  him  to  the  Baslia  llogal.  who 
sent  htm  as  a  present  lo  his  mistress  Tragaliigzanda 
at  Constantinople,  accompanied  with  a  message,  as  full 


*  The  inetliod  is  thi.i:  Fir.st,  llirce  torrlios  are  slunvii  in  a 
hno  e<iui-(lislaiit  from  earli  otlipr,  wliich  art*  nnswercil  hy 
three  oliicm  in  die  tame  maimer:  IhtMi  Hie  mosHaee  lieint; 
written  as  lirietly  as  possible,  ami  ttie  alphatiet  ilividt'il  tiilo  tM  >i 

fiaits,  tliL*  lutterK  t'rum  A  to  I.  arc  sii^iiuiitil  liy  htiuwiiit;  ami 
lilting  CUP  liiHit,  as  <pftcn  ni  llicrc  are  li-tters  fnmi  A  to  liiat 
letter  wlmii'you  mean.  The  lellera  fnim  .M  t'l  /  l.v  two 
lights  m  the  same  manner.  Tlio  eml  of  a  won!  is  sitfniiifl 
l>V  .^h.iwih)?  thrro  lli?hl.s.  Al  every  h  Iter,  tlie  light  staii<ls  till 
tho  other  party  may  wrilo  it  duwn  aiid  rtuwcr  by  hii  sijiial, 
whicIi  is  onu  l\g\iu 


ol  vanity  ns  void  of  truth,  that  ho  bad  conquered  in 
battle  a  Uohenuan  nobleman,  and  presented  him  to  her 
as  a  slave. 

The  present  proved  more  occeptablo  to  tho  lady  than 
her  lord  intended.  She  could  speak  Italian  ;  and 
Smith,  in  that  language,  not  only  informed  her  jf  hit 
country  and  quality,  but  conversed  with  her  in  so  pleaa* 
ing  a  manner  as  to  gain  her  aiVeetions.  The  conneiiou 
proved  so  tender,  that  to  secure  him  for  herself  and  to 
nrevent  liis  being  ill  used  or  sold  again,  she  sent  lum  to 
her  brother,  the  Dasha  of  Nalbraitz,  in  the  country  ol 
tho  Cambrian  Tartars,  on  the  borders  of  the  aca  of 
Asoph.  Her  preteiu  y  was,  that  he  should  there  leani 
tho  manners  and  language  as  wet!  as  religion  of  tho 
Tartars.  IJy  the  terms  in  which  she  wrote  to  her  bro- 
ther, ho  suspected  her  design,  and  resolved  lo  disa[i- 
point  her.  Within  an  hour  after  Smith's  arrival  ho 
was  stripped  ;  his  head  and  Ix^ard  were  shaven,  an  iron 
collar  was  put  about  his  neck ;  he  was  clothed  with  a 
coat  of  hair  cloth,  and  driven  lo  Uluir  among  other 
Christian  slaves.  He  had  now  no  hope  of  redemption, 
but  from  the  love  of  his  mistress,  who  was  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  not  likely  to  bo  informed  of  his  misfortune  ; 
the  hopeless  condition  of  his  fcllow-alayca  could  not 
alleviate  hi.s  despondency. 

In  the  depth  of  his  distress,  an  opporluni'y  presented 
for  an  escape,  which  lo  a  pi-rson  of  a  less  courageous 
and  adventurous  spirit  would  have  proved  an  aggravation 
of  misery.  He  was  employed  in  threshing  at  a  grange, 
in  a  largo  field  about  a  league  from  the  house  of  his 
tyrant,  who  in  his  daily  visits  treated  him  with  abusive 
language,  accompanied  with  blows  and  kicks.  Thif 
wa-  iuore  than  Smith  could  bear,  wherefore  watching 
an  opportunity  when  no  other  person  was  present,  ho 
levelled  a  stroke  at  him  with  his  threshing  instrument, 
which  despatched  him.  Then  biding  his  body  in  the 
straw  ai:d  shutting  the  doors,  he  tilled  a  bag  with  grain, 
mounted  the  Dasha's  horse,  and  betaking  himself  lo  tho 
desert,  wandered  for  two  or  three  days,  ignorant  of  tho 
wav,  and  so  fortunate  as  not  to  meet  with  a  single  per- 
son who  might  give  information  of  bis  Ihglil.  Al 
length  he  came  to  a  post  erected  in  a  cross  road,  by  the 
marks  on  which  he  found  his  way  to  Mu.*covy,  ond  in 
sixteen  days  arrived  al  Exapob.s  on  the  river  Don, 
where  wa.s  a  Russian  garrison,  the  commander  of  which 
understanding  he  was  a  Christian,  received  him  cour- 
teously ;  took  olT  his  iron  collar,  and  gave  him  letters 
lo  the  other  governors  in  that  region.  Thus  he  tra- 
velled through  part  of  Russia  and  Poland,  till  he  got 
back  to  his  friends  in  Transylvania  ;  receiving  presents 
ill  his  way  from  many  jiersons  of  distinction,  amon^ 
whom  he  particularlv  mentions  a  charitable  lady,  Cal- 
mata,  being  always  proud  of  his  connexion  with  tha«- 
sex,  and  fond  of  acknowledging  their  favors.  \i  Leip- 
sic  he  met  with  his  colonel.  Count  Mcldrirk.  .ind  Sigis- 
mund,  prince  of  Tran.-^ylvania,  who  gave  him  1500 
ducats  to  repair  his  losses.  Witli  this  money  he  was 
enabled  to  travel  through  riermany,  France,  and  Spain, 
and  having  visited  the  kingdoms  of  Morocco,  he  returned 
by  sea  to  England  ;  having  in  his  passage  enjoyed  tho 
pleasure  of  another  naval  engagement.  At  his  arrival 
ill  his  native  country  he  had  a  thou.sand  ducats  in  his 
purse,  which,  with  tlie  interest  hn  h.-d  remaining  in 
Kngland,  he  devoted  to  seek  adventures  and  make  di.s- 
coveries  in  Noktii  Amkrici. 

Rarlholomew  Closnold,  having  conceived  a  favorable 
idea  of  America,  had  made  it  his  business  on  his  return 
to  Kngland.  to  solicit  assistance  in  prosecuting  disco- 
veries. Meeting  with  (-'aptain  Smith,  be  readily  entered 
into  bis  views,  the  employment  being  exactly  suited  to 
his  enterprising  genius.  Having  engaged  Edward  Ma- 
ria Wingtield,  a  merchant,  Robert  Hunl,  a  clergyman, 
and  several  others,  they  [irevailed  upon  a  number  of 
noltlcmen,  gentlemen,  and  merchants,  to  solicit  a  patent 
fnun  the  crown,  by  which  the  adventurers  lo  Virginia 
liccauie  subject  to  legal  direction,  and  had  the  supiwrl 
mid  encouragement  of  a  wealthy  and  respectable  cor- 
poration ;  which  was  usually  styled  the  South  Virginia 
Ctuupany,  or  the  London  Company,  in  distinction  from 
tlie  Plymouth  Company,  who  superintended  the  atTairs 
of  Xorth  Virginia.  The  date  of  their  patent  was  April 
m,  IfiOl).  and  on  the  19th  of  the  following  December, 
three  shijis.  one  of  one  hundred  tons,  another  of  forty, 
ami  one  of  twenty,  fell  down  the  river  Thames  for  Vir- 
ginia. The  commander  was  ('hristopher  Newport,  an 
experienced  mariner.  They  had  on  board  the  necessary 
persons  and  provisions  for  a  colony  ;  and  their  orders 
tor  government  were  sealed  in  a  box,  which  was  not  to 
he  opened  till  they  should  arrive  in  Virginia. 

'ihe  ships  were  kept  in  tho  Downs  by  bad  weathw 
six  weeks,  and  afterwards  had  a  tempeatuoufe  voyage. 
They  took  tho  old  route  by  the  Canary  and  Cuibbth) 


nine;  n  AiMiiKs  of  rii  r:  early  discoverkus. 


thai  lio  linil  ciiiuiiu  rtil  m 
I,  ami  prcKcntuJ  lum  lo  hi'f 

Qfiiiilntilo  to  llio  Indy  tliRii 
cniilil    b|>iMk  Iiiiliun  ;  and 

only  itilociiioil  lior  jf  hii 
virmil  Willi  Iht  in  »0  |)lc»»- 
ullWtions.  'I'lic connexion 
cure  liim  fur  herself  and  10 
■  Hold  aijain,  slw  "cut  lum  10 
Nnllirailz,  in  lliu  country  «( 
tliii  liordira  of  th«  «ca  of 
,  tlial  he  should  there  Icani 

us  well  a»  religion  of  tlio 
which  »he  wrote  to  her  bro- 
;ii,  and  resolved  lo  di»a|>- 
iir  after  Sinitha  arrival  ho 

heard  were  shaven,  an  iron 
ck  1  he  wait  clothed  with  a 
ivcn  to  labor  among  oilier 
now  no  hope  of  redemption, 
Iress,  who  was  at  a  great  din- 
informed  of  his  miBfortimo ; 
his  fcllovr-slaves  could  not 

ss,  an  opportunity  presented 
iirson  of  a  less  courageous 
d  have  proved  an  agyravalion 
yed  in  threshing  at  a  grange, 
iguo  from  the  house  of  his 
ifs  treated  hiin  with  abiisivo 
ilh  blows  and  kicks.     Thir 
d  bear,  wherefore  watching 
tlier  person  was  present,  ho 
ilh  his  threshing  instrument, 
'hen  hiding  his  body  in  the 
irs,  he  tilled  a  bag  with  grain, 
\  and  betaking  himself  to  the 
jr  three  days,  ignorant  of  the 
lol  to  meet  wilh  a  single  per- 
ruiation  of   his    Higiit        At 
■rected  in  a  cross  road,  by  tho 
his  way  to  Miucovy,  and  in 
Exapolis  on  the  river  Don, 
ison,  the  cominander  of  which 
,'hristian,  received  him  cour- 
1  collar,  anil  gave  him  Idlers 
that  region.     Thus  he  tra- 
ussia  and  Poland,  till  be  got 
isvlvaiiia  ;  receiving  presents 
rsoiis  of  distinction,  anion,} 
nlioiis  a  charitable  ladv.  ('a;- 
of  his  coiinenion  wilh  thm. 
dging  ihcir  favors.     At  l.eip- 
I,  Count  VIeldrii :k.  nnd  Sigis- 
aiiia,  will)  gave  him    1500 
Will,  this  money  he  wai 
icrinanv,  Krancc,  and  Spain, 
loins  of  Morocco,  he  returned 
ill  his  passage  enjoyed  the 
engagement.     At  his  arrival 
,1  "i  thousand  ducats  in  his 
|rri  St   he   hi'd   remaining  in 
k  adventures  and  make  dLs- 

nving  conceived  a  favorable 
^  It  his  business  on  his  return 
Islanco  in  prosecuting  disco- 
lain  Smith,  he  readily  entered 
Inent  being  exactly  suited  to 
llaving  engaged  Kdward  Ma- 
lltohcri  Hunt,  a  clergyman, 
Irevailcd  upon  a  number  of 
Inerchaiits,  to  solicit  a  patent 
[the  adventurers  lo  Virginia 
rection,  and  had  the  siip|)ort 
fvealthy  and  respectable  cor- 
lly  styled  the  South  Virginia 
[;onipany,  in  distinction  from 
llio  superintended  the  affairs 
late  of  their  patent  was  April 
lof  the  following  December, 
lidred  tons,  another  of  forty. 
In  the  river  Thames  for  Vir- 
las  Christopher  Newport,  an 
ly  had  on  board  the  necessary 
1  a  colony  ;  and  their  orders 
J  in  a  box,  which  was  not  to 
Irrirc  in  Virginia. 
1  tho  Downs  by  bad  weather 
had  a  tempestuoub  Toyago. 
U  tlie  Canary  and  CaiibbuJ 


I 


i . 


4 


.?' 


iKtamU,  and  UmI  not  make  iiic  entrance  of  f 'hoHiipcnko 
Day  till  lliP  'Jflili  of  April,  1007.  Krom  tlio  ln'ifiiiniM^j 
of  llicir  t'lnlmrkaliori  lliirc  w,»n  t  jfMlmmy  luiil  ili.s«ct»- 
non  ariionjT  liH'ro(ii|mtiy.  Stiiith  iiiid  lltint  wrrr  t'ru'tulH, 
Aiid  liolli  were  t'livied  and  Miiftprrtrd  by  lliu  othtTM. 
Hunt  wjs  jiidicioiiH  tiiu)  patient ;  lim  ulIii.'itMCiMin'd  hiin 
froiii  HiNiilt.  Sinilh  wan  ardrnt  and  indiislnouK,  rour- 
(roiiK  in  hJN  dcportinrnt,  hut  liliiTid  in  Inn  Ijii^ua^o 
On  (tome  Hii)^r^rHiiunt4  that  he  inti'ndcd  to  OHurp  the 
((ovornnipnt,  and  that  his  conlrdiTatcH  wt-ro  dispcrtcd 
anioni;  tiic  cuinpitni<'A  ut  each  nliip,  he  wiis  laadL'  a  pn- 
■oner  from  the  tune  ol'  their  Iraviiifr  the  ('anarieM,  and 
watt  nnder  confinenu'nt  when  they  arrived  lu  tho  f'he- 
fiapeiiko.  ^Vhl■n  tho  hox  was  opened,  it  wan  found  that 
liartholoMicw  (tottnojd,  John  Smith,  I'Mward  M.  Winj;- 
tietd,  ('liriHtopher  Newport,  John  Kiitclitr.  Jo!m  Martin, 
atid  (icofi^e  Kendal  were  named  to  ho  of  tho  coimeil ; 
who  woro  to  chouse  a  presuh-nt  from  amon^  thomnelven 
for  ono  yoar  and  the  ^overnment  wan  vested  in  them. 
Matters  of  moment  were  to  ho  "  examined  hy  a  piry, 
but  determined  by  tho  major  part  of  tho  coiuumI.  in 
which  tho  president  had  two  voires."  When  the  coun- 
cil was  sworn,  Winyfield  was  chonen  president,  and  n 
declaration  wast  made  of  the  reasons  for  which  Smith 
was  not  admitted  and  sworn  anions  't><i  others. 

Seventeen  days  from  their  arrival  were  spent  in 
Hpckinj,'  a  proper  phcc  for  their  first  plantation.  The 
southern  [wmt  of  tlie  hay  was  nnmed  ('ape  Menry,  and 
tho  northern  Cape  Charles,  in  honor  of  tho  two  suns  ol 
Kinjjf  James.  To  the  first  jjreat  river  which  thev  dis- 
covered they  (javc  tho  name  of  their  sovereign  ;  and  the 
northern  jroint  of  its  entrance  was  called  Point  (com- 
fort, on  account  of  tho  pood  channel  and  anchora^je 
wliich  they  found  tliero.  On  tlie  (lats  they  took  plenty 
of  oysters,  in  some  of  which  were  pearls;  and  on  the 
plain  they  found  lari,'o  and  ripe  strawberries,  which  af- 
forded them  a  delicious  repast. 

Havmjj  mot  with  live  of  tho  nativea,  they  invited  them 
to  their  town,  Kccou^htan,  where  Hampton  is  now 
built.  Hero  they  were  feasted  with  cakes  mado  of  In- 
dian corn,  and  regaled  with  tobacco  and  a  dance.  In  re- 
turn they  presented  tho  natives  heads  and  other  tnnkets. 
I'roceedmi.'  up  tho  river,  another  conipatiy  of  liidiiiiiH 
appeared  in  arms.  Their  chief,  Apania'.iea.  ho!ditij»  in 
('tie  hand  hi;*  Imw  and  arrow,  and  in  the  other  a  pi|ie  ot" 
loh.iero,  demanded  tlie  cause  of  ihcir  coniinif ;  thev 
inide  siiTiiR  of  peace,  and  were  ho-tpiiablv  received.  On 
the  13th  of  May  they  pilciied  upon  a  peninsula,  wliere 
the  ships  could  ho  in  fix  fathom  water,  moored  to  tin- 
trees  as  the  plane  of  thi*ir  intended  AettlemeiU.  Here 
ilicy  were  visited  hy  Paspiha.  another  Indian  chief,  who 
Im  in:;  m;ule  ucfpiainiod  w:th  their  desitjn,  otlered  them 
a-*  luiich  land  as  they  wanted,  and  afterwards  sent  them 
n  deer  for  their  entertainment.  On  this  spot  they 
piN'licd  their  tents,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  James- 
town 

Kvery  man  was  now  employed  cither  in  diyginijand 
phnlini;  gardens,  or  maktni;  nets,  or  in  cuttin*;  and  riv- 
iii'^'  timber  to  reload  the  shi[m.  The  president  at  first 
would  admit  of  no  inarlial  exercise,  nor  allow  any 
fortilicalions  to  ho  made,  cxceplini;  tlie  bouyhs  of 
trees  thrown  to;,,'elher  in  the  form  of  a  half  luoon.  Cap- 
lain  Newport  tiiok  Smith  nnd  twenty  more  with  him 
to  discover  the  head  of  James  river.  In  six  days  they 
arrived  at  the  falls,  and  erectint;  a  cross,  as  they  had  at 
Cape  Henry,  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the 
name  of  Kinfj  James.  In  this  route  tlicy  visited  Pow- 
hatan, the  principal  Indian  chief,  or  emperor.  His 
town  consi.sied  of  twelve  hou.ses,  pleasantly  situated  on 
a  hill,  belbrc  which  were  three  islands,  a  liillo  below 
the  spot  where  Kichmond  is  now  built.  Captain  Now- 
port  presented  a  hatchet  to  this  prince,  which  he  Rralc- 
fully  received  ;  and  when  some  of  bis  Indians  mur- 
mured at  tho  cominir  of  the  Kiiu'lish  ainon;^'  them,  he 
silenced  them  by  .saying,  "why  should  we  be  otteiuled  ! 
they  hurt  ns  not,  nor  take  any  thini^^  by  fone ;  they 
want  only  a  little  ground,  which  we  can  easily  spare." 
This  ap])carance  of  friendship  wa.s  not  much  relied  on. 
when,  at  their  return  to  Jamestown,  lliev  found  that  ihe 
company  bad  been  surprised  at  their  work  by  a  party  of 
Indims,  who  hid  killed  ono  and  wounded' seveiileen 
others.  A  double-headed  shot  from  ono  of  tho  slups 
had  cut  off  a  bough  of  a  tree,  wliich  falliiif;  amonij  the 
Indians,  terrified  and  dispersed  them.  Th»i  incident 
obliged  the  President  to  alter  the  plan  of  tho  fort, 
which  was  now  a  triangular  palisade  with  a  lunette  at 
each  angle,  and  five  pieces  of  artillery  were  mounted 
on  the  works,  which  were  completed  by  the  I5lh  of 
June.  It  was  also  found  necessary  to  exercise  the  men 
*jt  arms,  to  mount  guard  and  be  vigilant ;  for  tho  In- 
diana would  surprise  and  molest  stragglers,  whilst  by 
UuMT  imwiior  igility  they  would  escape  unhurt. 


The  «hipfl  belli!;  almost  ready  to  return,  it  was 
thought  proper  that  some  decision  should  ho  had  re- 
specling  the  alleiiations  against  Smith,  His  accusers 
allectetl  conimi^seralion,  and  pri'tended  lo  reler  bun  to 
the  censure  of  ihe  company  ui  K^^lalld,  rather  than  to 
expoNe  htm  to  le^al  prosecution  which  iniglit  injure  his 
reputation  or  touch  his  hie.  Smith,  who  knew  both 
their  malice  and  their  impotence,  openly  scorneil  their 
preiended  pity  and  delied  their  re>ei)tmenl.  Ho  Imd 
conducted  hunself  so  nnexeepiionably  in  every  employ- 
ment which  had  been  allotted  lo  him,  that  ho  bad  ren- 
dered himself  very  popular;  and  his  accusers  bad  by  a 
diderent  conduct  lost  the  atlertioiis  and  confidence  of 
tho  people.  Those  who  had  been  suborned  to  accuse 
hiin  acknowledged  their  fault,  and  discovered  the  secret 
arts  which  had  been  practised  against  him.  Ho  de- 
lamdf  (1  a  trial,  and  the  istuo  waa,  that  tho  presulent 
was  adjudged  to  pay  him  two  hundred  poumU  ;  but 
when  his  properly  was  seized  in  part  ot  this  satisfaction, 
Sinilh  generously  turned  it  into  the  common  store  for 
the  benetil  of  the  colony.  Such  an  action  could  not 
but  iiicrea>e  his  popularity.  Many  other  ditl'iculties  bad 
arisen  amoiif;  lliein,  which,  bv  the  intluence  of  .Smith 
and  Iho  exliortalion  of  Hunt,  their  chapbiin,  were 
hrouglit  to  a  seemingly  amicable  eoncluMon.  Smith 
was  admitted  to  his  scat  m  the  council,  and  on  the  next 
Sunday  thev  cclehr.iled  the  c(miinimion.  At  the  same 
tnn.)  the  Indians  came  in,  and  voluntarily  desired  peace. 
With  the  good  report  of  these  transactions  Newport 
sailed  for  Kn^hiiid,  on  the  'Z'M  oi  June,  promising  to 
return  in  twenty  week^  with  fresh  sujiplies. 

The  colony  thus  h'ft  in  Virguiiu  consisted  of  one 
hundred  and  four  persons,  in  very  ini.serable  circum- 
stances, especially  on  account  of  provisions,  to  wbicli 
calamity  their  long  voyage  diil  not  a  little  contribute, 
both  as  it  consumed  their  slock,  and  deprived  them  of 
tho  opportunity  of  towing  seasonably  in  the  spring. 
Whilst  the  snipd  remained,  they  could  barter  with  the 
sailors  for  bread  ;  but  after  their  departure,  each  man's 
allowance  was  half  a  pint  of  damaged  wheat  and  as 
much  hurley  per  day.  The  river,  which  at  the  llood 
was  salt,  and  at  tho  ebb  was  muddy,  atl'orded  them  their 
only  drink  ;  it  aI>o  sn[)plied  them  wilh  sturgeon  and 
shell-tish,  This  kind  of  food,  with  llieir  continual  labor 
in  tho  heat  of  summer,  and  their  Ircipient  walchtngs  by 
night  in  all  weathers,  having  only  the  bare  ground  to 
lie  on,  with  but  ^llght  co\eriiig,  produced  diseases 
among  them,  whicli.  by  tho  inoiiih  of  September,  car- 
ried olf  tittv  persons,  uinong  wiioni  was  (.'aptain  (ios- 
nold.  Tho.se  who  remained  were  divided  into  liiree 
watches,  of  whom,  not  more  than  five  m  each  were 
callable  of  duty  at  once.  All  this  lime  the  president, 
\\  iiigritld,  who  bad  the  key  of  tho  stores,  inonopolued 
tho  few  refresiunents  which  remained,  and  was  meditat- 
ing to  desert  the  plantation  privately  m  the  pinnace, 
and  remove  to  the  west  Indies,  These  things  rendered 
him  so  hateful  to  the  rest,  that  they  deposed  lum,  and 
elected  Ratcbli'o  in  his  room  :  they  also  removed  Kendal 
from  his  place  in  the  council ;  so  that  by  the  middle  of 
Septemher,  three  members  only  were  left. 

Katclitb',  being  a  man  of  no  resolution  nor  activity, 
committed  the  inanairement  of  a  Hairs  abroad  lo  Smitii, 
in  whom  bis  eonhdencu  was  not  misplaced.  At  the 
same  time  the  Indians  in  their  neighborliood  brought  m 
a  plentiful  supply  of  such  provisions  as  tliey  had,  which 
revived  their  drooping  spirits  ;  and  Smith  seeing  the 
necessity  of  exertion  to  secure  themselves  and  jirovido 
for  the  approaching  winter,  partly  by  his  ammaiing 
speeches,  but  more  by  his  example,  set  them  to  work 
in  mowin<r  and  binding  thatch,  and  in  building  and 
coTcring  houaes.  In  these  exercises  ho  boru  a  large 
share,  and  m  a  short  lime  got  a  sutliciency  of  bouses  lo 
make  comfortable  lodgings  lor  all  the  people  excepting 
himself.  This  being  done,  and  the  jirovisions  which 
liio  nativch  bad  brought  in  being  expended,  he  jiicked  a 
number  of  the  best  hands  and  embarked  ni  a  shallop 
which  they  had  brought  from  England,  lo  search  the 
country  for  another  supply. 

The  party  which  accompanied  Smith  in  this  ex- 
cursion consisted  of  six  men,  well  armed,  but  ill  pro- 
vided with  clothing  and  other  nece^^sarle5  What  was 
wanting  in  eqiiipnrent  was  to  be  supplied  by  reso- 
lution and  adoresa  ;  and  Smith's  genius  was  equal  to 
the  attempt,  They  proceeded  down  the  river  to  Ke- 
coughtan,  [Hampton]  where  the  natives,  knowing  the 
needy  state  of  tho  colony,  treated  them  with  contempt, 
oti'ering  an  car  of  corn  in  exchange  lor  a  musket  or  a 
sword,  and  in  like  proportion  for  their  .scant  and  tat- 
tered garments.  Finding  that  courtesy  and  gentle 
treatment  would  not  prevail,  and  that  nothing  was  to 
be  expected  in  the  way  of  barter,  and  moreover  pro- 
voked by  their  conlcinpt,  Smith  ordered  bis  boat  lo  be 


IB 

drawn  on  Hhoro  nnd  his  men  to  fire  at  lliem.  Tho  bf- 
frighted  natives  (led  to  tho  woods,  whiUl  tho  party 
!4earched  then:  liouxes,  in  which  they  found  plenty  of 
corn;  but  Smith  did  not  permit  his  men  to  touch  it, 
expecting  that  the  Indians  would  return  and  attack 
them.  They  soon  appeared,  to  the  lunnbcr  of  itixty  or 
seventy,  formed  into  a  scjuare,  carrying  their  idol  okkk, 
coTuposed  of  skms,  stujted  with  m  )ss,  nnd  adorned 
with  chains  of  copper,  'i'bey  were  armed  wilh  clubs 
ami  largeta,  bows  and  arrows,  and  advanced  singing 
lo  tho  charge.  Tho  party  received  them  with  a  vollev 
of  shot,  whicii  brouglit  several  of  ihein  to  the  grounj, 
and  their  idol  among  them  ;  the  rest  tied  again  lo  tho 
woods,  from  whence  they  sent  a  deputation  lo  oH'or 
peace  and  redeem  their  god.  Sinitli,  having  in  hia 
handa  ao  valuable  a  pledge,  was  abb;  to  bring  them  lu 
hig  own  terms  ;  ho  stipulated  that  six  of  them  should 
come  unarmed,  and  load  his  boat  with  corn,  and  on  this 
condition  ho  would  bo  their  friend  and  give  them 
hatchets,  beads  and  copper.  'I'bese  slipulatious  weio 
faithfully  ]ierformed  on  holh  sides;  and  tho  Indians,  m 
addition,  presenled  them  w  ilb  venison,  turkies  and  other 
birds,  and  continued  singing  and  dancing  till  their  Ue- 
partnre. 

Tho  success  of  this  attempt  encouraged  him  lo  repeat 
his  excursions  by  land  ami  water ;  m  Ibo  cour>o  of 
which  he  discovered  several  branches  of  James  river, 
and  ]>articularly  the  (.'hickahamony,  from  who.se  ferldo 
banks  lie  bo|)ed  to  supply  tho  colony  witli  provision. 
Hut  industry  abroad  will  not  make  a  llounshing  plvntd- 
lion  without  economy  at  homo.  What  be  had  taken 
pains  and  risked  his  life  to  provide,  was  carelessly 
and  wantonlessly  expended  ;  the  iratlic  with  the  nativea 
being  under  no  regulation,  each  person  made  his  own 
bargain,  and  by  outbidding  each  other,  they  taught  the 
Indians  to  sol  a  higher  value  on  their  commodities,  and 
to  think  themselves  cheated  when  they  did  not  all  get 
the  same  pricott.  TIih  bred  a  jealousy  and  sowed  tho 
seeds  of  a  quarrel  witli  them,  which  tho  colony  were  in 
a  poor  condition  to  maintain,  being  at  var:at«'e  among 
themselves. 

'i'ho  shallop  being  again  fitted  for  a  trading  voyn(jo, 
whilst  Smith  was  abroad  on  ono  of  his  usual  ramblea, 
and  the  people  being  discontented  with  tho  indolfiico 
of  ILilcliHe,  their  President,  and  the  long  sickness  of 
Martin,  Wingbeld  and  Kendal,  who  had  been  displaced, 
took  advantage  of  Smith's  absence,  and  conspired  with 
i^ome  nialeconlents  lo  run  away  with  the  vessel  and  go 
to  Kngland.  Smith  returned  unexpectedly,  and  tho 
plot  was  discovered.  To  prevent  its  execution,  re- 
course was  had  to  arms,  and  Kendal  was  killed,  Ano- 
ther attempt  of  the  (>ame  kind  was  made  by  Kalchtro 
himself,  assisted  by  Archer  ;  but  Sniitli  loiimi  means  to 
defeat  this  also.  He  delcrininod  to  kecj>  possession  of 
the  country,  the  value  of  which  was  daily  rising  in  hts 
estimation ;  4iot  only  as  a  soiircu  of  wealih  to  individual, 
but  as  a  grand  national  oliject ;  and  ho  knew  that  great 
undertakings  could  not  be  accomplished  without  labor 
and  perseverance. 

As  the  autumn  advanced,  ihe  waters  were  covered 
with  innumerable  wild-fowl,  which,  witli  the  addition 
of  corn,  beans  and  jmmpkins,  jirocured  from  the  Indians, 
changed  hunger  into  luxury,  and  abated  tho  rage  for 
abandoning  the  country.  Smith  bad  been  once  up  tho 
river  Chickabamony,  but  because  ho  had  not  penetrated 
lo  lis  source,  exceptions  were  taken  to  his  conduct  as 
too  dilatory.  This  iinpulation  he  determined  to  remove. 
In  hiB  next  voyage  he  went  so  high  thai  he  was  obliged 
to  cut  the  trees  which  bad  fallen  into  the  river,  to  make 
his  way  through  as  far  cs  his  boat  could  swim.  He 
tlien  left  her  m  a  safe  place,  ordering  his  men  not  to 
ipnl  lier  until  his  return  ;  tlien  takin<r  two  of  them,  and 
two  Iiulians  for  guides,  he  proceeded  in  one  of  theii 
canoes  to  the  meadows  at  the  river's  head  ;  and  Icar- 
ing  his  two  men  with  tho  canoe,  ho  went  with  his  In- 
dun  guides  across  tho  meadows.  A  parly  of  300 
Indians  below,  had  watched  tlio  moiions  of  the  boat. 
They  first  .surprised  tlio  straggling  crew,  and  made  ono 
of  iliem  prisoner,  from  whom  they  learned  that  Smith 
was  above.  They  next  found  the  Iwo  men  whom  ho 
bad  left  with  l!»-  canoe  asleep  by  a  tire,  and  killed  them  ; 
then  having  discovered  Snulh,  ihey  wounded  hi.ii  in 
llie  thigh  with  an  arrow.  Finding  himself  thus  assault- 
ed and  wounded,  he  bound  one  of  his  Indian  guides 
with  his  garters  to  his  left  arm,  and  made  use  of  him  aj 
a  shield,  whilst  he  despatched  three  of  his  enemies  and 
wounded  some  others.  He  was  retreating  lo  his  canoe, 
when,  regarding  his  enemies  more  than  his  footstep.i, 
he  suddenly  plunged  with  his  guide  into  an  oo7y  creek. 
and  stuck  fast  in  the  mud.  The  Indians,  astonished  a*. 
his  bravery,  did  not  approach  him  nil,  almost  dead  with 
cold,  ho  threw  away  his  arms,  and  begged  ihcm  to  draw 


90 


AM  Kill  CAN    n  I  H  TORY. 


i  i 


ri! 


Iilmoiil,  vvliii'li  lliry  dill  iiml  led  liiiii  111  llii'  liri',  wliirc 
titM  Mlitiri  ntiniiiiuDii!!  wrro  lyiii;;.  'Tiim  M^Iit  iiilniu 
niMtii'd  liiiit  wliut  ho  wan  (u  fXpiM-t.  Iluirn;  revived  liy 
t'leii  ell;klinir  llm  beriuridied  lltiilm,  h«  c.dli'il  tor  the 
rl.iol,  U|ieciiiikahOu^li,kiMU  of  I'ainiiiiiikrr,  to  wlioiit  lit) 
|il«n('iiteil  hii  ivury  i-uii)[iu!ib  nnd  diitl.  'I'lie  viliraliiiiiN 
i>r  ttiii  needk',  and  tho  tly  under  tlin  nhm,  nhieh  lliey 
could  sen  lnit  not  touch,  atroriled  ll.eni  luiu'h  niiiUMi' 
iiient ;  nnd  Sniitli,  huviiiK  leuriied  moiiio  of  tlieir  l.iii 
^ua^n,  partly  liy  means  of  tliat,  and  jiarily  by  mj^uh 
enlcrtained  thoni  with  a  defl{'ri[>tu>ii  of  tho  nutiiro  and 
iMi"*  of  the  iuHtruinent;  and  ^avc  theni  cui'h  a  lecture 
on  till;  Miotionfl  of  the  heavens  and  eartli  as  amazed 
them,  and  su.ipended  for  a  tinu:  Iho  rxceulion  of  iheir 
[Mirpose.  ,\t  length,  curiosity  hein^  saliatiMl,  ihey  fas- 
tened him  to  a  tree,  nnd  |)re|).ired  to  despatrh  him  with 
their  arrows.  At  tliis  iii«tanl,  Iho  chief  lioldiii!,'  up  Ihe 
compass,  which  ho  esteemed  as  a  divinity,  they  laid 
aside  their  arms,  and  fornnni;  a  military  procession,  led 
him  in  triumph  to  their  villaijc  Drapajo.  'I'hn  order  of 
their  inarch  was  tlius:  they  ran;red  themselves  in  ii 
Bini^lo  filu,  tho  kini(  in  the  midst,  hct'oru  him  wero  home 
tho  arms  taken  from  Smith,  and  his  eompaniiiiis  ;  next 
nfler  tho  kin^  caino  the  prisoner,  held  hy  tlirec  stout 
(dvai^es,  and  on  each  side  a  tile  of  six.  When  lliey 
»rrived  at  tho  villajjo,  the  old  men,  women  nnd  ehildrni 
enmo  out  lo  rcceivo  tliem;  after  some  mainciivreji. 
a-hich  had  tho  appearance  of  rei^ularity,  they  formed 
Ihemselvca  round  tho  kinir  and  lii.t  prisoner  into  a  cir- 
cle, dancinir  and  sin<;injr,  adorned  witli  paint,  furs  and 
feathers,  brandisliinfj  their  rattles,  wlneli  were  made  of 
Iho  talcs  of  rattlesnakes.  After  three  d.inees,  tiiey  dis- 
porsed,  and  Smith  was  conducted  to  a  loiii;  hnl,  (guarded 
by  forty  men.  'I'hero  ho  was  so  plentifully  feasted 
with  bread  and  venison,  that  h(.  suspected  their  inten- 
tion was  to  fatten  and  eat  him.  One  of  tho  Indians,  lo 
whom  Smith  had  formerly  ^ivon  beads,  bron^dit  him  a 
|;arnient  of  furs  to  defend  him  from  thf  cold.  AnolluT, 
wliosn  son  was  then  sick  and  <I>inir,  attempted  lo  kill 
him.  but  was  provented  hy  tho  yuard.  .Suiiih  heiiiir 
conducted  to  the  dyini;  youth,  told  lliein  that  he  had  a 
medicine  at  .laineslown  which  would  cure  linn,  if  tliey 
'vonid  let  him  fetch  it ;  but  tlu-y  had  another  de^ij/n, 
s\hich  was  to  surprise  the  place,  and  to  make  use  of  Inin 
vj*  ftsnido.  To  induce  him  to  perform  this  service,  they 
I'lomised  him  his  liberty,  will)  as  much  land  and  as 
iiiiiny  women  as  would  content  him.  Smith  nia;;nified 
ho  ditliculty  and  danger  nf  their  attem|it,  from  the 
ordnance,  mines  and  other  defences  of  the  place,  wlii<;h 
cxceedin;;ly  terrified  them ;  and  lo  convince  Iheni  of  the 
truth  of  wlnt  ho  told  them,  he  wrote  on  a  leaf  of  his 
pocket-book  an  inventory  of  what  ho  wanted,  with  some 
directions  to  tho  people  at  the  fort,  how  to  atfri^ht  the 
messengers  who  went  to  deliver  the  letter.  'J'liey  re- 
turned in  threo  days,  reporting  the  terror  into  which 
they  had  been  thrown  ;  and  when  they  produced  the 
things  for  which  ho  had  written,  tho  whole  company 
were  astonished  at  the  power  of  his  divination  by  the 
tpi'iiiim;  leaf. 

After  this  they  carried  him  through  several  nations, 
inhibiting  tho  banks  of  tho  Polowmack  ond  Kapahanock, 
nnd  at  length  brought  him  to  I'amaunkeo,  where  ihey 
performod  a  strange  ceremony,  by  which  they  intended 
ti  livino,  whether  his  intention!,  towards  them  were 
friendly  or  liostile.  The  manner  of  it  was  this  :  earlv 
in  tho  morning  a  groat  tire  was  made  in  a  long  house, 
lind  a  mat  spread  on  each  side,  on  one  of  which  ho  was 
placed,  and  the  guard  retired.  Preseiitlv,  an  Indian 
priest,  hideously  painted,  and  dressed  in  furs  and  snake 
skins,  came  skipping  in,  and  after  a  variety  of  uncoutli 
noises  and  gestures,  drew  a  circle  with  meal  round  the 
fire  :  then  caino  in  threo  mnro  in  the  same  frightful 
dress,  and  after  they  had  performed  their  dance,  three 
others.  They  all  sat  opposite  to  him  in  a  line,  the  chief- 
priest  in  tho  midst.  After  singing  a  song,  accompanied 
with  the  music  of  their  rattles,  the  chief-priest  laid  down 
five  grains  of  corn,  and  after  a  short  spi.Mx'h.  three  more ; 
this  was  repeated  till  tlie  fire  was  encircled.  Then 
continuing  tlie  incantation,  he  laid  sticks  between  the 
divisions  of  tlie  corn.  The  wholn  day  was  spent  in 
these  ceremonies,  with  fasting,  and  at  night  a  feast  was 
prepared  of  the  beast  meals  which  they  h«d.  Tho  same 
tricks  were  repealed  the  two  following  d.iys.  They  li.ld 
hliQ  that  the  circle  of  meal  represented  their  conn 
tho  circle  of  com  the  aca  shore,  and  the  s'icks  his  coun- 
try ;  thcv  did  not  acquaint  him,  or  ho  has  not  aci|uainted 
us,  with  tho  result  of  the  ojicrution,  but  he  observed  that 
the  gunpowder  which  they  had  taken  from  him,  was  laid 
up  among  their  corn,  to  be  planted  tho  next  spring. 

After  these  ceremonies,  they  brought  him  to  the  em- 
peror Powhatan,  who  received  him  in  royal  state,  clolhed 
m  a  robe  of  racoon  skins,  seated  on  a  kind  of  throne, 


i-levatml  above  Ihe  lloor  of  a  large  hut.  in  tho  midst  of 
I  winch  was  a  lire  ;  at  each  hand  of  the  prnico  sat  two 
!  beautiful  girls,  ins  d.iiighters,  and  along  each  siilo  of 
the  house,  a  row  of  his  counsellors,  painted  and  .idorned 
wnh  leathers  and  shells.  At  .Simlirs  entrance  a  ureat 
shout  was  in.iile.  Tlie  queen  of  .\paniatox  brought  him 
water  to  w.ish  his  h.iiids,  and  ano'.licr  served  him  with  a 
hunch  of  fealliers  instead  ol  a  towid.  Having  feasted 
hnii  after  their  manner,  a  long  consultation  was  held, 
which  being  ended,  two  large  stones  were  brought  in 
on  one  of  which  his  head  was  laid,  and  clubs  weru 
lifted  up  lo  be.it  out  his  brains.  .At  this  critical  inomeiit 
Pocahontas,  the  king's  favorite  d.inghter,  tiew  lo  him, 
look  his  head  in  her  arms,  and  laid  her  own  upon  it 
Her  tender  eiitreatu's  prevailed.  The  king  consented 
Ih.U  Sinilh  siioiild  live,  lo  make  hatchets  lor  him,  and 
orn.iments  for  her. 

'i'wo  il.ivs,  after,  Powhatan  caused  him  to  be  brought 
lo  a  distant  huuse  ;  where,  after  another  threatening,  lie 
coiifirincil  his  promise,  and  told  liiin  he  should  return  to 
■  he  tort,  and  send  him  two  pieces  ofcaiinon,  and  a  grind' 
stone  ;  for  which  he  would  give  him  the  country  of  iU- 
palioiisick,  and  for  ever  esteem  him  as  his  son.  Twelve 
guides  accompanied  him,  and  he  arrived  at  Jamestown 
liie  next  d.iy  -According  lo  the  stipulation,  two  guns 
and  a  large  grindstone  were  oll'ered  llieiii ;  Imt  having 
hi  v.iin  tried  lo  lift  them,  they  were  content  to  let  tliein 
remain  in  their  place.  .Smith,  however,  had  the  guns 
loaded,  and  discharged  a  volley  of  stones  at  a  tree  co- 
vered with  icicles.  The  report  and  ellcct  confoniided 
them  ;  but  being  pacilled  with  a  few  toys,  they  returned, 
carrying  presents  to  I'owhatan  and  his  daughter  of  such 
things  as  gave  them  entire  satisfaction.  After  this  ad- 
venture, tho  young  princess,  i*ocahoiitas,  freipieiitly 
visited  the  pl.intation  with  iier  alteiidaiils ;  and  the  re- 
freshments which  she  brought  from  lime  to  time  proved 
tho  iiHMns  of  saving  many  lives,  which  otherwise  would 
have  been  lo.-*t. 

■Smith's  return  happened  at  another  critical  jnncturo. 
The  colony  w.is  divided  into  ]iarties,  and  the  inalcon- 
teiits  were  again  prep;iring  lo  quit  the  country.  His 
presence  a  third  tune,  defe.ited  the  project ;  in  revenge 
tor  which  they  meditated  to  put  him  to  death,  under 
pretence  tint  he  had  been  the  means  of  murdering  Ihe 
Iwo  iiu'ii  who  went  with  him  m  the  canoe  ;  but  by  a 
[iroper  application  of  valor  and  strength,  he  put  his  ac- 
cusers under  coiilinement,  till  an  opporliiiiil\  presented 
for  sending  them  as  [irisoners  to  liiiglanil. 

Till!  inisforlnnes  and  inismanagemunls  r>l'  this  Vir- 
ginian colony  during  the  period  liere  related,  seem  to 
havo  originated  partly  in  the  tempers  and  qualilicatioiis 
of  the  men  who  were  appointed  to  command,  and  partly 
in  tho  nature  and  circumstances  of  the  adventure. 
There  could  be  no  choice  of  men  for  the  service  but 
among  those  who  otlered  themselves  ;  and  these  were 
previously  strangers  to  each  other,  as  well  as  ditferenl 
111  their  education,  qualities  and  habits.  .Some  of  them 
had  been  used  lo  the  coium md  of  ships,  and  partook  of 
llie  roughness  of  the  elemiMit  on  which  they  were  bred. 
It  is,  perhaps,  no  great  coinplinient  to  .Smith,  to  say 
that  ho  was  tho  best  qualilied  of  them  for  command  ; 
since  the  event  prn.x.^  that  none  of  them  who  survived 
the  tirst  sickness,  p.ad  .!'0  confidence  of  the  people  in 
any  degree.  It  is  •.crt.  ;in  ''lai  his  resolution  prevented 
tho  ahandon;:ient  of  the  [  1 1  .-e  the  first  year  ;  his  enter- 
prising spirit  led  10  .tn  vvploration  of  the  country,  and 
acquainted  them  •.■:!!  .is  many  advantages  ;  his  capti- 
vity produced  .it.  [n\c'  jonrse  with  the  savages  ;  unil  the 
supplies  gained  iiuui  them,  chielly  hy  means  of  his  ad- 
dress, kept  the  peoiilo  alive  till  the  second  arrival  of  the 
ships  from  England.  Tho  Virginians,  Iherelbro,  justly 
regard  hiin,  if  not  as  the  father,  yot  as  the  saviour  of 
that  infant  plantation. 

In  the  winter  of  1607,  Capt.  Newport  arrived  from 
England  in  Virginia.  The  oihcr  ship,  commanded  hy 
Capt.  Nelson,  which  sailed  at  the  same  time,  was  diy- 
ni'isled  on  the  .American  coast,  and  blown  oil*  to  the 
West  Indies.  The  supplies  sent  by  the  company  were 
received  in  Virginia  with  the  most  cordial  avidity  ;  hut 
the  general  license  given  to  the  sailors,  to  trade  with 
die  savages,  proved  detrimental  to  the  planters,  is  it 
raised  the  prices  of  their  coininodities  so  high,  that  a 
pound  of  copper  would  not  purchase,  what  before  could 
iie  bought  for  an  ounce.  .Newport  himself  was  not 
free  from  this  spirit  of  profusion,  so  common  to  sea 
faring  men,  which  ho  manifested  liy  sending  presents 
of  various  kinds  to  Powhatan,  intending  thereby  lo 
I  give  him  an  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  the  Knglish  nation. 
In  a  visit  which  he  made  to  this  prince,  under  the  con- 
1  duct  of  Smith,  he  was  received  and  entertained  with  an 
I  equal  snow  of  magnificence ;  but  in  trading  with  tl 
I  savage  chief,  he  found  himself  outwitted.     I'owhatan, 


in  a  lofly  ilrain,  spoke  to  Inni  thus  "  li  i.<  iiul  agreu- 
able  lu  tliu  greatness  of  such  men  as  we  are,  lo  iiadc 
like  common  peoplu  for  Irilh  s  ;  lay  down  tluiiiuie  at 
once,  all  your  goods,  and  I  will  give  you  the  full  vahir 
lor  tlieiii."  Smith  perceived  the  snure,  and  wariitxl 
.\'ew|iort  of  It ;  but  he,  thinknig  to  onllitave  llni  sn- 
age  prince,  displayed  the  whole  of  Ins  store.  Pnwliif 
tan  then  set  such  a  price  on  his  corn,  that  not  nioru 
than  four  bushels  could  ho  procured  ;  and  the  neces- 
sary supplies  could  not  have  been  h.id,  if  Smith's  ge- 
nius, ever  ready  at  mvenlion,  had  not  hit  on  un  artilicp 
which  proved  successful.  He  had  secreted  some  In- 
fies,  nnd  among  llieii^  a  parcel  of  hliir  hrails,  which, 
seemingly  m  a  careless  vvav,  he  glanced  in  the  eyes  of 
Powhatan.  The  buit  caught  bun  ;  nnd  ho  eamrslly 
desired  to  jHirchase  them.  Smith,  in  his  mm,  raised 
the  value  ol  them,  extolling  Ihem  as  the  most  precious 
jewels,  resembling  the  color  of  the  sky,  and  proper 
only  fiir  the  nobh'st  sovereigns  m  tho  universe.  Pow- 
hatan's imagination  was  all  on  fire  ;  ho  made  largn 
olliirs.  Smith  insisted  on  more,  and  ut  length  sultert-d 
hniiself  to  be  persuaded  lo  take  between  two  and  three 
hnndrtd  bushels  of  corn  for  about  two  pounds  of  bliio 
be.ids,  nnd  they  palled  in  very  good  hiimonr,  each  one 
being  very  much  pleased  with  his  bargain.  In  a  siib- 
Bcqiient  visit  lo  (J|>ecaiikanough,  King  of  Pamaniikee, 
the  company  were  entertained  with  tho  same  kind  of 
splendor  and  a  similar  bargain  closed  the  lestivity  ;  by 
winch  meanw,  the  blue  beads  grew  into  such  estiina- 
tioii,  that  none  but  the  princes  and  llieir  families  were 
ubie  to  wear  them. 

Loaded  with  this  acquisition,  they  returned  lo  James, 
town  ;  where  an  unhappy  lire  liiiil  consimied  several  of 
their  houses,  with  much  of  their  provisions  and  furni- 
ture. iMr.  Hunt,  the  chuplain,  lost  his  apparel  and 
lilirary  in  this  cuiifiagration,  and  escaped  Irom  it  with 
only  the  clothes  on  his  back.  This  iniaiortnno  was 
severely  felt ;  the  ship  staying  in  port  fourteen  weeks, 
and  reserving  enough  for  the  vo(vage  home,  so  con- 
tracted their  slock  of  provisions,  that  before  the  winter 
was  gone,  they  were  reduced  lo  great  extremity,  and 
many  of  them  died.  The  cause  of  the  ship's  detention 
lor  so  long  a  time  was  this  :  In  searching  for  fresh  wa- 
ter m  the  neighborhuod  of  Jamestown,  they  had  dis- 
covered in  a  rivulet  some  particles  of  a  yellowish  isiiig- 
glass,  which  their  sanguine  imaginalions  had  refined 
into  gold  dust.  The  zeal  (or  this  precious  matter  was 
so  strong,  that  in  digging,  washing  and  packing  i  *.o 
complele  the  lading  of  the  sliiji,  all  other  cares  wen' 
uhsorhed.  This  was  a  tedious  interval  to  Capt.  Smilh ; 
his  judgment  condemned  their  fiilly,  his  patience  v.as 
exhausted,  nnd  his  passion  irritated,  and  the  only  re- 
compense which  he  had  for  this  long  vexation,  was  the 
pleasure  of  sending  home  Wingfield  and  Archer,  when 
the  ship  ilepartcd. 

The  other  ship  arrived  in  the  spring,  and  notwilh 
standing  a  long  and  imavoidahle  detention  in  the  West 
Indies,  jirought  them  a  comfortable  supply  of  provisions 
They  look  advantage  of  the  opening  season,  to  re'":. Id 
their  houses  and  chapel,  repair  the  palisades,  and  plant 
corn  for  the  ensuing  summer,  in  all  which  works  the 
example  and  authority  of  Smith,  were  of  eminent  ser- 
vice. Kvery  man  of  nctlvity  was  fond  of  him,  and 
lho.se  of  a  contrary  disposition  were  afraid  of  him.  It 
was  proposed  that  he  should  go  into  the  country  of  the 
.Munacans,  beyond  the  falls  of  James  river,  that  Ihey 
might  have  some  news  of  tho  interior  parts  to  senil 
home  to  the  company  ;  but  a  fray  with  the  Indians  de- 
tained him  at  Jamestown,  till  the  ship  sailed  for  Kng- 
land,  laden  chielly  with  cedar,  but  not  without  another 
specimen  of  the  yellow  dust,  of  which  Martin  was  so 
fond,  that  ho  took  charge  of  the  packages  himself  and 
returned  to  England.  An  accession  of  above  ono  hun- 
dred men,  among  whom  were  several  goldsmiths  and 
refiners,  had  been  made  to  tho  colony  by  tho  two  last 
ships,  and  a  new  member,  Matthew  Scrivener,  was 
added  to  the  council. 

Having  finished  the  necessary  business  of  tho  season, 
and  despatched  the  ship,  another  voyage  of  discovery 
was  undertaken  by  Captain  .Smith  and  fourteen  others. 
They  went  down  the  river  in  an  open  barge,  Juno  111, 
1608,  in  company  with  the  ship,  and  having  parted  with 
her  at  Capo  Henry,  they  crossed  the  mouth  of  the  bay, 
and  fell  in  with  a  cluster  of  islands  without  Capo  Charles, 
to  which  they  gave  tho  iianio  of  Smith's  isles,  wliicli 
Ihey  still  bear.  Then  re-entering  the  bay  they  lai,ded 
on  tho  eastern  neck,  and  wero  kindly  received  by  Aco- 
mack,  the  prince  of  that  peninsula,  a  part  of  which  still 
bears  his  name.  From  thence  they  coasted  the  eastern 
shore  of  the  bay,  and  landed  sometimes  on  the  iiiaiti. 
and  at  other  times  on  tho  low  islands,  of  which  ihrv 
found  many,  but  iioiic  lit  for  liabitation.  They  ^ro''ccde  J 


Hinfi  nAPUiEs  or  Tiir;  i:aui,y  Di.srovrtii'Rs. 


•1 


nil  iliiiii  "  li  In  mil  uttrrv 
It  iiii-ii  iiii  VM?  urt>,  lo  Iruiio 
IK  ;  l.iy  ilinvii  tlu'ii'iuio  ill 
will  i;iui  you  lliu  lull  vituf 
1(1  tlio  niium,  Biul  wariiMl 
nkiiiu  lo  oulliravi'  lliii  in- 
lulii  uT  liiN  alurti.  I'nwlm- 
iiii  Iiii  ciiru.  tliiil  not  nioru 
|iroi*iirril ;  aiul  llio  ni't-cn- 
■  hftii  had,  if  SiiiUh's  fie- 
I,  hull  lint  lilt  uii  uii  arlilii:o 
llo  hail  mrrilcil  soiuu  In- 
rciil  ul  litiir  hrail-t,  which, 

I,  hv  ((laiicrd  111  the  i'yi"i  of 
;lil  liiiii ;  mill  ho  curiH'illy 

Siiiitir,  ill  hin  turn,  raimil 
;  tluMii  us  till'  most  |iti'i'ioiu 
ir  of  tliii  sky,  ami  |iru|iir 
Hiiii  III  llio  uiiivcrsii.  I'ow- 
II  cm  tiro ;  ho  iiuiilo  lar^ii 
iiori',  mill  at  li'iiyth  millerril 
lako  hilwcuii  kwo  oiiJ  tlinc 
r  about  two  iiouiiils  of  liluo 
cry  K"'"'  liiuiiour,  each  oiio 
itli  lii>  luirKaiii.  in  u  siili- 
ouuli,  KinjJ  of  I'aiimiiiikci-, 
K'll  with  the  Baiiic  kiiiJ  of 
am  oloBcJ  the  fentivity  ;  by 
Jh  grew  into  »ucli  utiiiia- 
laca  ami  tlii'ir  fuiiulius  wcrii 

lion,  ihcy  rcluriicil  to  Janicii. 
tiro  had  conminied  seviTal  of 
if  thi'ir  proviHiona  and  fiinii- 
iplain,  lost  hin  ii|>{iarcl    and 

II,  ami  rKciipi'd  from  it  with 
ack.  This  inisiorluiio  wan 
ying  in  port  foiirlccn  wcikit, 

the  v(it,a(;c  homo,  so  con- 

isioin,  Ihnl  before  the  wmlir 

iced  to  great  extremity,  and 

cause  of  llio  ship's  dcleiition 

I :   111  searching  for  fresh  wa- 

;)f  Jaineslowii,  they  had  dis- 

pariiclea  of  a  yellowish  isiiig- 

iie  iinagmatioiis  had  relined 

for  this  precious  mutter  wa« 

washing  and  packiiijj    i  'o 

.J  »lii|i,  all  other  cares  wei>' 

0118  iiilervul  to  Cajit.  Smith  i 

their  folly,  his  patience  v.aii 

irritated,  and  the  only  re- 

this  long  vexation,  was  iho 

injjlield  and  Archer,  when 

the  spring,  and  notwiih 
dalile  detention  in  the  West 
lorlable  supply  of  provisions 
Djiening  season,  lo  re'";.'.ii 
[liiir  the  palisades,  and  plant 
r,  ill  all  which  works  iho 
mitli,  were  of  eminent  ser- 
ily  was  fond  of  him,  and 
ion  were  afraid  of  him.  It 
d  go  into  the  country  of  lliu 
of  James  river,  that  they 
llio  interior  parts  lo  send 
a  fray  with  the  Indians  de- 
■  the,  ship  sailed  for  Kng- 
ar,  but  not  withoiil  another 
St,  of  which  .Martin  was  so 
f  the  packages  himself  and 
accession  of  above  one  hiiii- 
ro  several  goldsinillia  and 
the  colony  by  tlio  two  last 
Matthew  Scrivener,  was 

sar^  business  of  the  season, 
uiolber  voyage  of  discovery 
Smith  and  fourteen  others, 
in  an  open  barge,  Juno  III, 
ship,  and  having  parted  with 
ossed  the  mouth  of  the  bay, 
ilands  wilhoul  Capo  Charles, 
line  of  Smith's  Isles,  which 
nlering  the  bay  they  lai«ieJ 
ere  kindly  received  by  Aco- 
ninsula,  a  part  of  whieh  slill 
nee  they  coasted  the  eastern 
ed  somelhnes  on  the  inniii. 
I  low  islands,  of  which  ihrv 
lliabilatioii.  They  pro'Ccd.J 


'i(p  the  liny  to  thp  norlhwnrd  mid  rrtwuril  ovrr  lo  t)i«< 

wt-Hlcni  hUorv.  iUtwn  wliicli  tlicv  rniiRUil  lo  llu*  houtli- 
ward,  .iihI  mi  tin--*  nuilr  tlturiivi-rtil  llif  rnuiilli:*  ot  llic 
jlttui  riviiH,  which  l.ill  into  Ihf  hav  on  tli.it  wnlr  Hue 
in  imrfH'i.Iar  mtnulnl  ninch  of  ihnir  ..in  niion.  hri'aii>o 
ol'  II  rnlihHh  earth  which  thry  foiiiui  lluTc,  iind  trom  lift 
r«"«Miil"I.iiKT  to  holtviirnninrnitr,  llicv  l'hm'  H  iIh'  imtiic 
III'  Mollis  riviT,  iuhI  It  M  NO  nunitil  in  all  the  tjirlv  iMn|if* 
ol'  the  foiintrv  i  hut  n»  the  latlt  r.  U  hciirn  the  Imhaii 
tiuiiir  l'iilap!«co  ;  (Ml  llif  nnrth  hidr  of  whu-h  in  now  the 
t!oll^^*ll^lr  town  of  liiiifimorr.  'I'hcv  n.nhi!  llnrty  niHrs 
n|)  \\if  rntovvniack,  wuliniil  %vviu\f  iihV  nihahitanN  ; 
htil  tin  nitrriiii,*  n  crn  T  i.Himl  lln'inHclvrn  !«urr()'iiulnl 
|py  tnihtintt  who  ihrciiii  <  •'  ilirm.  Nniith  |iri-iiariil  for 
AM  t'licmiiiKT ;  liiit  on  TiiM!;  u  few  u'uns,  the  Iiiih.uiH, 
terriliei)  lit  the  noise,  nuulu  (tiiin^  of  peiu-e,  iinil  ex- 
rh:iiii;e(i  liosCint'S  ( 'ne  of  the  i'iMii|>,\ny  wiis  liy  thin 
liuMMH  earned  In  the  leihilalion  of  their  linnee.  and  the 
whul(^  wen*  kiiidiv  uhuI  Thrv  hiirned  lli.it  it  wan  hy 
direclion  of  INiwhdtan  tliiit  thi^  liuhans  wi're  in  arms, 
H)i<l  had  attein|jled  In  xiirprise  them  ;  Iron)  thiH  cin  iim- 
Unnco  ihey  were  hd  lo  (»n>*|>ect  liuit  I'Dwhiilan  had 
teen  iiifurmed  of  tlim  e.xpeditioii,  hv  llie  diNConlrnled 
(mrt  of  llie  ciilonv  wliom  Smith  had  o!ih!.M  tl  lo  stuy  Iti 
tlie  eoiniUy  when  ihev  Wi)i!ld  have  de^eiled  it. 

It  wan  Simth'tt  in\ariah1<>  ennloiii,  when  he  met  with 
tlie  Indians,  lo  put  on  u  hold  fare,  an  if  tliey  appeared 
de!*iroiiM  ot  pence  to  demand  ihetr  arms,  ami  Honm  of 
their  children  am  ph  dijeji  of  their  snu-erity  ;  if  they 
coruphed,  he  considered  litem  an  frieiid.s  ;  if  not,  a*- 
fiieinieH,  In  the  course  of  ihirt  V0V'it;e,  he  collected 
Bome  fiiri*,  and  discovered  some  eolored  carthw,  which 
the  sav,iL;e!t  used  as  pamis,  hut  found  iiolhini^  of  thn 
imiieral  kiml.  At  tlie  mouth  of  llie  Kappahaiiock,  ihe 
hoat  t/roimded,  and  wlulst  Ihey  were  wailmj^  for  the 
tide,  ihev  t  nijiloyetl  ihrmselves  in  slicking  wilh  their 
Nworcls  liie  li^lieN  which  were  left  on  llie  tIalA.  Smith 
ImviriL'  struck  his  »word  into  n  stmirray,  the  \U\\  raised 
iU  tail,  and  with  Hs  sharp  tiuUriled  lliorn,  woundeil 
him  in  the  nrni.  This  wound  wa.s  extremely  painhil, 
and  he  presenllv  swelled  lo  lliat  deuree,  ihal  they  ex- 
jiecUd  limi  lo  die.  and  lie  himself  i^av  ihei  '  ordi.TM  to 
bury  liim  on  a  iieij.dihoritiii  island.  Hut  the  surgeon, 
l)r  Uussel,  havinii  prohed  the  woiinJ.  hy  liie  help  of 
u  cerlani  oil,  so  aliased  llie  an<;iiisli  and  swetitn^r,  that 
.Smith  wuH  aide  lo  eit  part  of  the  (i.^ll  for  liis  supper. 
I'roiii  Ihis  oecurrencu.  llie  place  was  diMin;,niishi'd  hy 
the  name  of  Slmjiray  I'onit,  which  it  sIiH  hears. 

On  ihe  iilsi  of  July,  iliev  returned  to  Jameslown. 
llnem^.  with  Ihe  colored  earths  which  lliey  had  found, 
dls^M  iM'd  llieir  hoat  and  streamer?*,  their  oM  companions 
were'  darriu'<l  at  llieir  approach,  wiiti  Ihe  apprehension 
c'f  an  allaek  from  ihe  Spniianls  ;  this  was  a  Irick  of 
.Sniilli's  lo  friyliteii  the  old  president,  who  had  noted 
on  the  |iuhlic  stores,  and  was  hiiiKlmL'  a  house  in  tti<^ 
wood.s,  tiiat  he  inttlht  seclude  himself  li'om  iho  sickly, 
(li«conlented,  ipiarrel>'oine  eoinpany.  Oii  Smith\s  arri- 
val, ihev  sii,niilied  their  desire  of  mvestinii  htm  with  llio 
j:overnmt'nt  Katcidl'e  henit:  deposed,  it  fell  to  him  of 
course  ;  and  haviiii;  recoinmeiiditl  Scn\ener  lo  preside 
in  his  absence,  lie  entered  on  am)lher  \ova^e  of  dis- 
covery, beinj;  delermmeil  to  spurc  no  panis  lor  a  full 
exjiloralion  of   the  country. 

From  Ihe  "llh  of  .Inly  to  tiio  7lli  of  Septendur. 
Willi  twelve  men  in  an  o|ien  barbie,  he  rauLMil  lite  Imv 
of  (/hesapeake,  ns  far  northward  as  the  falls  ot  .Susipie- 
haunah,  entertn<r  all  the  rivers  llial  flow  inlo  the  bay, 
and  examimnu;  Iheir  shores.  In  some  places  tlie  na- 
tive>f  were  friendly,  and  in  others  jealous.  Their  idea 
(tf  ihe  Rtraiifje  visitors,  was,  that  they  had  eoiiie  *'  from 
under  the  world  lo  lake  tliiur  world  from  them." 
.Smitli's  constant  endeavor  was  lo  preserve  peace  with 
tlieni  ;  hut  when  ho  could  not  obtain  corn  m  the  way 
<tf  irallic,  he  never  scrupled  lo  use  threats,  and  in  some 
cases  violence,  and  by  one  or  llie  other  method  he  pre- 
vjiili'd  so  as  to  hrin-j;  home  u  load  of  provisions  for  his 
klisronteiiled  companions,  wlui  wilhonl  his  ellbrts  would 
'lot  have  been  able  to  live.  Sickness  and  death  were 
wry  tVe<|i)eiit,  and  the  latest  comers  wtirc  most  atl'ect- 
('(I  hy  the  disorders  of   the  elimale. 

Smith  was  now  established  in  the  preaidrncv.  by  the 
election  of  tlie  coun«:il  find  the  rcipiest  of  the  company; 
but  iho  commission  gave  to  a  niujority  of  the  council 
liu*  whole  power.  Newport,  at  his  third  arrival, 
bnuight  over  two  new  nieinbcrs,  and  Katchlfe  havinjj 
fcli!l  A  seat,  thoiiiih  deposed  from  tlie  presidency,  Smith 
waa  obliged  in  some  cases  to  comply  with  their  opi- 
UUII18,  contrary  to  his  own  judgment,  uii  instauL-u  of 
winch  will  now  be  exhibited. 

'V\w  Virginia  ('ompany  in  I^ndon,  deceived  by  false 
Ti'pcrtfl,  and  misled  by  their  own  sanguine  imagina- 
iione,hid  roiiccived  un  expectation  not  oidy  of  tiridiug 


preeionn  inetaU  in  the  rountry,  hut  of  di«coveriiit.'  ihr 
Noulh  Sea,  fiom  the  luoun'.uiis  at  the  head  uf  .biintM 
n\<r;  aiul  it  svas  ihoii^hl,  ihal  the  )ourney  Ihilhcr, 
niulit  be  peilomied  in  eiidit  or  ten  day  i'or  llie 
purpo-4e  ot  making  this  capital  discovery,  they  put  on 
hoard  .Vewport'rf  ship,  a  bur^^e  capable  of  being  taken 
lo  pieces,  and  put  lOi;ellier  nijam  at  pleasure  Thl;4 
harije  was  to  make  a  V)»v»j.'e  lo  the  heail  of  the  river, 
then  lo  he  earned  iii  pieces  across  the  mounlauiH,  and 
lo  deseeml  the  rivers  which  were  juipposi d  to  run 
w<'otw:ird  lo  Ihii  South  Sea.  Tofanhute  tliiH  nlati,  it 
was  neci  ^'•arv  to  ifain  the  favor  of  l'o\shalan,  llirtuij^b 
whose  country  Ihe  pas.-^age  imist  be  maile  ;  and  un 
means  of  winning  him,  a  royal  present  was  brou;;ht 
over,  consisting  of  a  basin  and  ewir,  a  bed  and  furnt- 
ture,  a  chair  of  stale,  a  suit  of  ticarlet  elothen,  with  n 
cloak  and  a  crovMi,  all  which  were  to  be  presented 
to  hini  in  due  form;  and  ihe  crown  placed  on  hi.s 
head,  wilh  as  much  nolcmnity  as  pos.iible  To  a  per- 
siMi  who  knew  the  country  and  its  inhabitants  so  welt 
118  Smith,  this  projec:t  appeared  chimerical,  and  the 
meins  wlierihy  it  was  to  be  carried  on,  dangerous, 
Willi  a  small  fpriutitv  of  copper  and  a  lew  bead»i.  he 
eould  lia\e  kept  I'owliatan  m  good  humor,  and  math' 
an  advantau"'  of  it  for  the  coIomv,  whereas  a  profusion 
of  prefents  he  knew  would  but  increase  his  pride  and 
insolence.  The  project  of  iravellniii  over  nnknown 
mouhtams  with  men  already  weakened  by  sickness, 
and  worn  out  with  fatigue,  in  a  hot  clmiaie,  and  in  the 
midst  of  enemies,  who  might  easily  cut  ol!  tlKir  ntreat, 
was  too  roinautic  even  for  his  sanguiiu^  andiuUenturoiis 
spirit.  Ills  opiniim  upon  the  matter  cannot  .m'  rx- 
>ressed  in  more  pointed  laniruaire,  than  he  used  in  a 
,etler  to  tlie  company.  "If  Ihe  ipiarlered  boat  was 
burned  lo  ashes,  e/jr  inifjht  carry  her  '.n  a  bat;,  but  ns 
he  is,  live  hundred  cannot,  to  a  navigabh'  place  above 
the  falls."  Ills  dissent  however  was  mellectual.  and 
when  he  found  that  the  voice  of  the  council  was  lor  ex- 
ecuting It,  lie  lent  his  assistance  lo  ellect  as  nuieh  of  it 
as  was  praeticalile. 

I'rrviously  lo  their  setting  out,  he  undertook,  wilh 
fmtr  men  oulv,  lo  carry  notice  to  I'owhalan  of  the  in- 
tended prer^ent,  and  mvile  him  to  come  to  Jamestown, 
that  he  niiiiht  receive  it  there,  llavini.'  travelled  by 
land  twelve  miles  lo  Werocoiiioco,  oti  I'ainiinky  (\'ork) 
river,  where  he  expected  to  meet  Powhatan,  and  not 
linding  him  there,  whilst  a  messenijer  was  despatched 
thirty  miles  for  liim  ;  his  (laughter  i'ocidiontas.  enter- 
tained Smith  and  his  company  with  a  dance,  wliicli  lor 
its  Hingnlarity.  merits  a  particular  descripligii. 

In  un  open  plain,  a  tire  being  made,  tht)  gentlemen 
were  seated  by  it.  .Suddenly  a  noise  was  lieard  in  the 
adjacent  wood,  which  made  tliem  flv  to  their  arms,  and 
seize  on  two  or  three  old  men,  as  bostayes  for  their 
own  security,  imagining  that  they  were  betrayed, 
rpon  this  the  young  iirmce.ss  came  rnnmng  lo  Smilh. 
and  passionately  embracing  him,  oll'ered  herstdf  lo  he 
killed,  if  any  harm  should  hapjien  to  hiin  or  bis  compa- 
ny. Her  assurances,  seconded  by  all  the  IndiaiiH  pre- 
sent, removed  tiieir  fears.  The  noise  whicii  had  alarmed 
them  was  made  by  thirty  girls,  who  were  preparing  for 
the  intended  ceremony.  Jmmediately  they  made  their 
aiipearance,  with  no  other  covering  than  a  girdle  of 
>>reen  leaves  and  llieir  skins  painted,  each  one  of  a  dif- 
ferent color,  Their  leader  had  a  pair  ofbuck's  horns 
on  her  head,  an  otter's  skin  ns  her  girdle,  and  another 
on  one  arm  ;  a  bow  and  arrow  in  the  other  hard,  and 
a  (pnvcrat  her  back.  The  rest  of  them  had  horns  on 
their  heads.  .tiuI  a  wooden  sword  or  stall"  in  their  hands. 
With  slioulitiu  and  singing  they  formed  a  ring  round  the 
lire,  and  performed  a  cin-ular  dance  for  about  an  hour, 
after  which  they  retired  m  the  same  order  as  they  ha<I 
advanced.  'I'hc  danc-e  was  followed  by  a  feast,  at 
which  the  savage  nymphs  were  as  eaunT  wilh  their 
caresses  as  with  their  atieiidaiicc  ;  and  this  being  ended, 
Ihey  conducted  the  gentlemen  lo  their  lodging  by  ihe 
light  oi  lire-brand:s. 

The  next  day  i'owliatan  arrived,  and  Smilh  delivered 
the  message  Irom  his  father,  Newport,  (as  he  always 
called  liiiii)  to  diis  ellect  :  "That  he  had  brought  Inm 
from  the  King  of  Kngland,  a  royal  present,  and  wi-ihed 
to  see  him  at  Jamesiown,  that  he  miglit  deliver  it  to 
him ;  promising  to  assist  hnn  in  prosecuting  liis  re- 
venjic  ngainsi  the  Monacans,  whose  country  they 
would  penetrate  even  to  the  sea  beyond  the  moun- 
tains.'' To  which  the  savage  prince  with  etiunl  snlt- 
tiliy  and  Imiightine.ss,  answeretl,  "  If  vour  king  has  sent 
me  a  present,  1  also  am  a  king,  and  am  on  my  own 
land.  I  will  stay  here  eight  days.  Your  father  muat 
come  to  me  ;  I  will  not  po  to  him,  nor  to  vour  lort. 
As  for  ihe  Monacans,  [  am  alila  to  revenco  myself. 
If  you  have  heard  of  salt  water  buyond  tho  mouttlaina. 


fiiun  anv  of  my  pi  ople,  they  havt  dMoivetlyoii."  Ulwn 

with  11  stick  he  drew  a  plan  of  that  region  on  tltH 
U'l'imnd  ;  and  after  inanv  eomplimenta  tho  cunleienco 
ended. 

The  present  being  put  on  board  the  boalu,  wan  rar* 
ried  down  .lames  river  and  up  the  I'aiiiaunker,  wlu«l 
Newport,  Willi  t'I'ly  men,  went  ncrois  hv  land  and  net 
the  boats,  m  whii'li  he  pa-<si'd  the  river,  and  lu-ld  tliti 
propoH((|  interview.  All  things  being  preitnred  loi  tho 
ceremony  of  coronation,  Ihe  present  wiiii  brought  from 
the  hoat"  ;  the  basin  iM.d  ewer  were  dcpomled,  the  bed 
and  I'li.iir  wi  ."e  <<t  I  up.  the  scarlet  suit  and  cloak  wero 
put  oil,  though  not  till  Namuntac  (an  Indian  youth 
whom  Newport  had  caniid  lo  KiiMJaud  and  brouf^ht 
back  ni.'ain),  had  assured  Inm  thai  these  hahihmenta 
would  do  him  no  harm  ;  but  thry  had  great  ditliciilly  in 
persuailing  him  lo  receive  the  crown,  nor  would  ho 
bend  his  knee,  .jr  mcline  his  head  in  the  least  degreu 
.'Mter  many  nltempls,  and  wiMi  actual  pressing  on  hit 
sii'.Mihlers.  they  al  last  iiiiidc-  hnn  stoop  a  htlle  and  put 
It  on.  Instantly,  a  mgnal  beitiL,'  given,  the  men  m  tho 
boats  lired  a  volley,  at  which  fhe  monarch  started  with 
horrtir,  imagmin^  that  a  design  was  torining  to  de.stro) 
htm  in  the  summit  of  liis  {.dory  ;  hut  being  a-^turcd  that 
tl  was  meant  as  a  compliment,  his  fears  subsided,  and 
in  rt'lurn  for  the  baubles  of  roy.Tlly  reriuveil  from  Knij^ 
James,  he  desire<l  Newport  to  )iresent  him  his  old  fut 
mantle  and  lieer-skin  hhoes.  which,  m  his  esiimnlion, 
were  doiihtless  a  full  e<)Uivaletit  ;  since  all  this  linery 
could    not    prevail    on  the  W'lrv  riiief  to  allow  ttieni 


L'uides  h)r  the  discovery  of  llie  thl'' 
approve  their  design  uf  visiting  it 
Ihey  returned   to  .lamc.itown,  deteri 
without  bis  assistance. 

.Smith,  who  had  no  mind  lo  go  (Ui 
errand,  tarried  at  Ihn  fort  with  eii^lilv 
the  ship,  wbilsl  Newport  with  all  the 


liiilry,  or  tu 

ippointed, 

tu  proceed 

iiuitlesis 
io  reload 
mil  ono 
hundred  and  twenty  of  the  healthiot  men.  '  •  i:an  their 
trnnsinontane  tour  of  discovery.  Tiiey  piocevJcd  in 
their  ho.its  lo  the  falls  at  the  head  of  the  river  ;  from 
thence  they  Iravelled  up  the  conntrv-  Iwo  days  and  a 
half,  and  discovered  two  towns  of  the  Monacans,  iho 
iiihahitanlH  of  which  seiined  very  inditb-reiit  towards 
them,  and  ii-'-ed  them  neither  well  nor  ill.  They  took 
one  of  their  petty  princes  and  letl  hnn  bound  to  guide 
them.  Having  ])erformed  this  march,  they  prew  wear- 
ried  and  relumed,  taking  wilh  them  in  their  way  back 
certain  portions  of  earth,  in  which  their  rehner  pre- 
tended that  he  had  sien  siijns  of  siUer.  This  was  all 
the  success  of  their  expedition;  for  the  savages  had 
concealed  their  corn,  and  they  could  neither  persuade 
them  lo  sell  it.  nor  find  it  lo  take  it  by  force.  TliU-j 
they  returned  to  Jameslown.  tired,  disappointed,  hun- 
gry and  sick,  ami  bad  the  additional  mortification  o( 
being  laughed  al  by  Smith  for  their  vain  attempt. 

The  N'lrgima  Company  had  not  only  a  view  to  the 
discovery  of  the  .South  Sea,  but  also  to  establish  manu- 
factures in  their  colony  ;  and  for  this  purpose  had  sent 
over  a  iinmber  of  workmen  from  Poland  and  (lermany, 
who  were  skilhd  in  the  miikin^  pot-ashes  and  glass,  a4 
i  well  as  j)itch  and  tar.  Ilail  the  country  been  full  o( 
ptople,  well  cultivated  and  provided  with  all  the  neces- 
saries for  carrying  on  these  works,  there  mi^ihl  havo 
j  been  some  prospect  of  advantaije  ;  but  in  a  new  region, 
I  llie  principal  objects  are  subsistence  and  defence  ; 
these  will  necessarily  occupy  the  first  ndventi.icrs  to 
the  exdumon  of  all  otliers.  1  lowever,  Smith  was  of  so 
generous  a  disposilion,  and  so  indefatiifablc  in  doing 
what  he  apprehended  lo  be  his  duty,  and  in  gratifving 
his  einph>yers,  that  as  soon  ns  Newport  returned  from 
his  fruitless  attempt  to  find  the  South  Sea,  be  sut  all  who 
were  able  to  work,  that  he  nuuhl,  if  possible,  answer 
the  expeclation  of  the  company.  Those  who  wero 
skilled  m  the  manufactures,  he  left  ender  the  care  of  iho 
council,  to  carry  on  their  works  ;  whilst  he  took  ihirly 
of  liio  most  active  with  him,  about  live  miles  down  th« 
river,  to  cut  timber,  and  make  clapboards  ;  ihis  being 
ns  he  well  knew,  an  employment  ihe  most  certain  o 
success.  Among  these  were  several  young  yenllemen, 
whose  bands  nol  having  been  used  lo  labor,  were  bli*- 
tered  -.v  the  axes,  and  this  occasioned  tre<pieiil  expres- 
sions of  inijiatience  and  profaneness.  To  punish  Uiein, 
Sinith  caused  ihe  number"  of  every  man's  oaths  lo  bo 
taken  down  daily,  and  at  night,  as  many  canns  of  watey 
to  bo  poured  inside  his  sleeve.  This  disciplmo  was  no 
less  singular  than  etlectual  ;  it  so  lessened  the  number 
of  oaths,  that  scarcely  one  was  heard  m  a  week,  and 
withal  It  made  them  perfectly  good  humored,  and  re- 
conciled them  to  their  labor.  At  his  return  to  the  fori, 
he  fuund,  not  only  that  business  had  been  neglected,  but 
mucii  provision  consumed,  and  that  it  was  necessary 
for  him  to  undertake  another  expedition  for  corn.     Hu. 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


Hi 


If  I 


I  i 


I  "'      i      -1 


!1  ■.;! 


thcrcforo,  went  up  tho  Cliickahnnuny  with  tvM  boats 

and  ci(;htren  mm.  atid  liiuiiny  the  Imiians  not  in  a 
buri'.or  for  trudin;;,  hut  r.itlicr  Kcortirtil  and  in&ulenl,  he 
lohl  them  tlial  he  had  roinc  not  so  tniirli  for  corn,  as  to 
rcvtM!i;o  Ills  inipri^'nuieiit,  .ind  tlie  inurdur  of  Win  twu 
men,  some  timolict'orc.  rultiiiji  his  crew  in  a  posture 
of  attack,  thi>  Indians  fled,  and  {irr8cutly  neitt  niesAcn- 
gerst  to  treat  of  peace  ;  fur  tho  ohtahiin^  wliich,  he  made 
them  f^ivc  liim  an  hundred  buHliels  of  corn,  with  o  quiin' 
tity  oftish  and  fowls;  and  with  this  supply  he  kept  tho 
colony  from  starving,  and  preserved  tho  ship's  provi- 
sions for  her  voyaj^e  to  ilnghiiid.  At  her  departure, 
she  carried  such  specimens  as  could  he  hud  of  tar, 
pitch,  turpentine,  soap-aslies,  chiphoards,  and  wuinscot ; 
and  at  I^oint  Comfort  met  with  Scrivener,  wlio  liad 
been  up  the  Pamaunkee  for  corn,  and  had  j^ot  a  (pian- 
tily  oi  poconcSf  a  red  root,  used  m  dyini^  ;  the^e  being 
taken  on  board.  Captain  Newport  returned  to  Kntilaiid 
the  third  time,  leaving  about  two  liundred  persons  m 
Virginia. 

The  han'cst  of  1608  had  fallen  short  botli  among  the 
new  planters  and  tho  natives;  and  the  colony  "i."  in- 
debted to  tlie  inventive  genius  and  imlefatigahle  perse- 
verance of  Smith  for  their  subsistence  during  the  suc- 
ceeding winter.  As  long  as  the  rivers  were  open,  he 
kept  the  boats  continually  going  a-nong  the  natives  for 
such  supplies  as  could  he  otilaiiied ;  and  he  never  would 
return  empty,  if  any  thing  were  to  be  had  by  an  ■  means 
in  Ills  power.  AViiilst  abroad  in  these  excursions,  he 
ind  his  men  were  obhged  frequenlly  to  lodge  in  the 
woods,  when  the  ground  was  iiard  frozen  and  covered 
with  snow  ;  and  their  mode  of  accommodating  thiMu- 
selves  was,  first  to  dig  away  the*  snow  and  make  a  tire  ; 
when  the  ground  was  dried  and  wanned,  tliey  removed 
the  fire  to  one  side,  and  s])rend  their  mats  over  the  warm 
ppot  for  tiu'ir  bed,  using  another  mat  as  a  screen  froir. 
the  wind  ;  when  the  ground  iMJoIed,  they  shifted  the  fire 
again  ;  by  thus  continually  changing  their  position,  (licy 
kept  themselves  tolerably  warm  through  many  cold 
nights ;  and  it  was  observed,  that  those  who  went  on 
this  service  and  sulunilted  to  these  hard'.ni|>s,  were  ro- 
buU  and  healthy,  whils;  those  who  stayed  at  home  were 
ulways  weak  and  sickly. 

The  supniies  procured  by  trading  Iving  insniTicient, 
and  liimger  very  pressing,  Smith  ven'ureil  on  th'.  daii- 
g.'rous  jiroject  nf  surprisnig  i'owhat-.n,  and  c.r.ying  olf 
his  "\hole  stock  of  provisions,  'i'l  \a  Indian  pruice  had 
form.'i  a  similar  design  respecting  Smith  ;  and  fjr  the 
purpos;*  of  betraying  him,  liad  invited  him  to  his  seat, 

firoinisin^.  tint  if  he  would  send  men  to  build  lum  a 
louse  after  the  Knglish  mode,  and  givT  him  .some  guna 
and  swords,  copper  and  heads,  he  would  load  liis  boat 
with  corn.  Smith  sent  him  tliree  Dutcli  carpenters, 
who  treacherously  revealed  to  liiui  the  design  which 
Smith  had  formed.  On  his  arrival  with  forty-six  men, 
he  found  tlie  prince  so  much  on  his  guard,  that  it  was 
impossible  to  execute  his  design.  Having  spent  the 
day  ir.  conversation,  (in  the  course  of  which  I'owhatan 
had  in  vain  endeavored  to  persuade  Smith  to  lav  aside 
his  anas,  as  being  there  in  perfect  security.)  he  retired 
in  the  evening,  and  formed  a  design  to  surpris?  .Smith 
and  liis  people  hi  tlieir  supper  ;  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  all'ectionatc  friendshij)  of  Pocahontas,  it  wouhl  pro- 
bably have  been  ellected,  This  luniahle  girl,  at  the 
risk  of  her  life,  stole  from  ihe  side  of  her  father,  and 
passing  in  the  dark  through  the  woods,  told  Smith  with 
l*'ars  in  her  eyes  of  the  plot,  and  then  as  privately  re- 
ttuned.  When  the  Indiiiis  hrnutiiit  in  the  supper 
Smith  obliged  ihein  to  ta.st''  of  every  lii^ll ;  his  anus 
were  in  readiness,  and  his  men  vigilant  ;  and  ll.ouijli 
there  came  divers  sets  of  messengers,  one  after  ano- 
ther during  the  night,  under  jintence  of  frendly  in- 
quiries, they  fi'iMid  O.um  so  well  |)repared,  that  notlnng 
was  attempted,  and  tiie  parly  returned  in  safety. 

In  a  suliseipicnt  visit  to  Opecancanough,  by  whom 
be  formerly  was  taken  prisoner,  this  piince  put  on  the 
semhUncp  of  friendship,  wlulsl  his  men  lay  m  ainhush 
With  Iwwsand  arrows.  The  trick  beinj  discovered  by 
one  of  Smith's  party,  and  coioiiuinicated  to  liim,  lie  re' 
solutrly  sei/.ed  the  king  by  lii^  hair,  and  lioldinu'a  pistol 
to  his  breast,  led  iiim  tremblmij  lo  the  ambush,  and  there, 
with  a  torrent  of  reproachful  and  menacin^r  words, 
obliged  him  to  order  ihuae  vrry  people,  not  only  to  lav 
down  their  arms,  but  to  load  him  with  provisions.  After 
this,  tbey  made  an  (Attempt  to  tunrdi-r  him  in  his  sleep, 
and  tu  poison  him,  but  both  faded  of  success.  The 
chief  of  I'aspiha  meeting  him  alone  in  the  woods,  arnu  <1 
<>nly  with  a  swurd,  attempted  to  sliuot  hiin.  but  he 
closed  with  the  ravage,  and  in  the  siru'jule  botli  fell 
uito  tie  river  ;  where.  afiiT  liav  n^  nanowl)  escaped 
dt'uwiiJig,  Smith  at  last  prevailed  to  ynpe  him  by  the 
tiirujit,  und  would  have  cut  otl'his  head,  but  lii<!  entrea- 


ties of  tho  poor  victim  prevailed  on  his  humanity,  he 
led  him  prisoner  to  Jamestown. 

This  intrepid  heliavior  struck  a  dread  into  the  -sa- 
vages, and  they  heuan  to  believe  what  he  had  often  told 
them,  that  "  his  ( iod  would  protect  him  against  all  their 
power,  whilst  he  kept  his  proniisc  ;  which  was  to  nrc- 
Kervc  peace  with  tliein  as  long  as  they  should  refrain 
from  hostilities,  and  continue  to  supply  him  with  com." 
An  incident  which  occurred  nhout  the  same  time,  con- 
firmed their  veneration  for  him.  An  Indian  having 
stolen  a  pistol  from  .Jamestown,  two  brothers,  who 
were  known  to  be  his  companions,  were  seized,  and  one 
was  held  as  hostage  fur  llie  other,  who  was  to  return  in ' 
tw(  Ive  hours  with  the  pistol,  or  the  prisoner  was  to  be 
hnii^ed.  The  weailier  btnng  cold,  a  charcoal  fire  was  ; 
kindled  IP  till-  dungeon,  which  was  very  close,  and  the! 
vapor  had  so  suffocated  the  prisoner,  that  on  the  return 
of  his  brother  at  the  appointed  time  with  the  pistol,  hi- 
was  taken  out  as  dead.  ']'he  faithful  savage  lamented 
Ills  fate  in  the  most  thstressing  aifonv.  Smith,  to  con- 
sole him.  jiromised,  if  they  would  steal  no  more,  that 
he  should  be  recovered.  On  the  apjilication  of  sjmits 
and  vinegar,  he  showed  signs  of  life,  hut  appeared  de- 
lirious ;  this  grieved  the  brother  as  much  us  his  death. 
.Smith  undertook  lo  cure  him  of  this  also,  on  the  repeti- 
tion of  tlie  proiiMse  to  steal  no  more.  Tlie  delirium 
being  only  the  eli'ect  of  the  spirits  wiiich  he  had  swal- 
lowed, was  remedied  by  a  few  hours  sle((p  ;  and  being 
dismissed,  with  a  preient  of  copper,  they  went  away, 
believing  and  reporting  that  Smith  was  able  to  bring  the 
dead  to  life.  'I'll*;  etiect  was,  that  not  only  many  .stolen 
things  were  recovered,  and  the  thieves  punished,  hut 
that  pefice  and  friendly  inlereour.se  were  prest^rved,  and 
corn  brought  in  as  long  as  they  had  any,  whilst  Simtli 
remained  in  Virginia. 

lie  was  eipially  severe  and  resolute  witli  his  own 
men,  and  finding  many  of  them  inclining  to  be  idle, 
and  this  idleness  in  a  great  measure  the  c  uise  of  iheir 
frecpient  sickness  and  death,  lie  made  an  order,  "  lliat 
he  who  would  not  work  sliould  not  eat,  unless  lie  w(re 
disabled  by  sickness  ;  and  that  every  one  who  did  not 
Lnilher  as  much  fouil  in  a  day  as  he  did  himself',  should 
be  hdiiislied."  A  reci'ut  attempt  having  been  made  to 
run  away  vvilb  the  boats,  lie  onli;red.  that  the  next  per- 
son who  should  repeat  this  ofleiice.  should  be  hanged. 
IJy  tirniness  in  the  execution  of  these  laws,  and  by  the 
concurrent  force  of  Ins  own  I'xample,  m  l.dioring  con- 
linnally,  and  distributing  his  whole  share  of  lluropean 
provisions  and  refreshments  to  the  siek,  he  kept  the 
colony  in  such  order,  that,  thonyli  many  of  tliem  mur- 
mured at  his  Ki  verity,  they  all  became  very  iiub's- 
trious ;  and  withal  so  he.ilthy,  that  of  two  hundred  per- 
sons, there  died  that  winter  and  the  next  spring  no 
moro  than  seven.  In  the  space  of  three  months,  ihev 
had  maiie  a  cpmntity  of  tar.  pitch,  and  pot-ashes  ;  liad 
produced  a  sample  of  glass  ;  dug  a  well  in  the  fort; 
built  twenty  iiew  houses;  providtd  nets  and  wiers  for 
tishing  ;  erected  a  block-house  on  the  isthmus  of  James- 
town ;  another  on  Hog  Island  ;  and  had  be<jnn  a  for- 
tress on  a  eominanding  eminence.  As  tlie  sjirimj;  came 
on,  they  paid  such  attention  to  br^bandrv,  as  to  liav(r 
ihirty  or  forty  acres  i-hared  and  fit  for  planting  ;  and  a 
detachment  had  been  sent  lo  the  southward,  to  look  hir 
'he  long  .0:,*,  colony  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh,  but  without 
success. 

Such  was  the  slate  of  the  Virginia  colony  when  Cap- 
tain Samuel  Ari:al  arri\ed  on  a  tradnnr  voyage,  and 
broiiizht  letters  from  thi'  company  in  Kni,dand.  com- 
plainMiL'  of  their  disappointment,  and  hlumm^  Smith  as 
the  cause  of  it.  'J'iu-y  had  conceived  an  ill  opinion  of 
htm  from  the  persons  whom  be  had  sent  home,  who  re- 
pre.senied  him  as  arbiirarv  and  violent  toward.-*  liie  colo- 
nists, cruel  to  the  savages,  and  liisposed  to  traverse  the 
views  of  the  adveuturi:rs,  who  expected  to  grow  rich 
very  suddenly. 

'i'here  was  this  disadvantage  attendiiifr  the  business 
of  colorj/aiion  m  North  America  .  that  day.  that  the 
only  precctlents  which  could  be  hid  were  those  of  Ihe 
Spaniards  who  had  treated  the  natives  with  e.xtremo 
cruelty,  and  amassed  vast  sniie.  of  gohl  and  silver 
Whilst  the  llnglish  adventurers  detested  the  means  by 
which  the  Spaniards  hail  acquired  their  riches,  ihey  stdl 
expected  that  the  same  kind  of  riches  nu^ht  be  acipiired 
by  other  means  ;  it  was.  therefore,  thought  politic  to  he 
gentle  in  demeanor  and  lavish  of  presents  towards  the 
natives,  as  an  inducement  lo  them  to  discover  the  riches 
of  their  cosntry.  On  these  prinriplcH.  the  orders  of 
the  \'irgini.i  ('onipanv  to  iheir  servants  were  fr.imed, 
Uut  e.t|ierienie  bad  taught  IStnilh.  thi-  most  discerning 
and  faithful  of  all  wnom  they  bad  etiiptoyed,  that  tlie 
cuunir>  f  Virginia  would  not  enrich  the  adventurers  m 
ih'j  innc  and  innimer  which  they  expected  ;  yet  he  was 


far  from  abandoning  it  as  worthless  ;  his  aim  was  tho- 
roughly to  explore  it  ;  and  by  exploring,  he  had  dis- 
covered what  advantages  might  be  derived  from  it ;  to 
produce  which,  time,  patience,  •■xixnsc,  and  labor, 
were  absolutely  necessary.  He  had  fairly  represented 
llu.se  ideas  to  his  employers  ;  he  had  spent  three  years 
in  their  service,  and  from  his  own  observations  had 
drawn  and  sent  them  a  map  of  the  country;  ami  ho 
had  conducted  their  alTairs  as  well  as  the  nature  of  <ir- 
cumstances  woidd  permit,  He  had  had  a  disorderly, 
factious,  discontented,  disap|)0inled,  set  of  men  to  con- 
trol, by  the  help  of  a  few  adherents  ;  in  the  .ace  of  the 
native  lords  of  the  soil,  furniidahle  m  their  numbers  and 
knowledge  of  the  country,  versed  in  stratagem,  tena- 
cious of  resentment,  and  jealous  of  strangers.  Toeourl 
tliem  by  presenls,  was  to  acknowledge  their  Miperiority, 
and  inflate  their  pride  and  insolence.  Though  savages, 
they  were  men  and  not  children.  'J'hough  destitute  of 
science,  tliey  were  possessed  nf  reason,  and  a  sufficient 
degree  of  art.  To  know  how  to  manage  them,  it  was 
neccssar)'  to  be  personally  acquainted  with  them  ;  and 
it  must  be  obvious,  that  a  person  who  had  resided  se- 
veral years  among  them,  and  had  been  a  prisoner  with 
them,  was  a  much  belter  judge  of  the  proper  methods 
of  treatim;  them,  than  a  company  of  gentlemen  at 
se'veral  thousand  miles  distance,  and  who  could  know 
them  only  by  report.  Smith  had  certainly  the  interest 
of  the  plantation  at  heart,  and  by  loilsoine  experience, 
had  just  learned  to  conduct  it,  when  he  found  himself 
so  obnoxious  to  his  employers,  that  a  jilan  was  con- 
certed to  supersede  him,  and  reinstate,  with  a  shan;  of 
anihorily,  those  wlioin  he  had  dismissed  from  the  ser- 
vice. 

The  Virginia  Company  had  applied  to  the  king  to 
recall  their  patent  and  grant  another;  in  virtue  of 
which,  they  appcinted  'J'hoinas  Lord  de  la  Warre, 
general.  Sir  Thomas  (Jales,  lieutenant-general  ;  Sir 
(Jeorjfe  Soiners,  admiral  ;  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  marshal  ; 
.Sir  Kerdinando  Waiman,  general  of  horse;  and  Cop- 
tain  Nt^wporl,  (tin*  only  one  of  them  who  bad  seen  tho 
country)  vice-amiial.  The  adventurers  having,  by 
'he  alteration  of  their  j)alent,  acipured  a  reinforcemrnt 
lioth  of  dignity  and  pioperly,  eipiipped  nine  ships  ;  m 
which  were  embarked  five  hundred  persons,  men, 
women,  and  children,  dates,  Soiners,  and  .Newport, 
had  each  a  commission,  investing  either  of  them  who 
might  first  arrive,  with  power  to  call  in  the  ojil,  and 
set  up  the  new,  coinmi.>shi:i.  The  lleet  sailed  iVoin 
Kngland  in  May,  HJOO,  and  by  some  strange  policy,  the 
three  commanders  were  emburked  m  one  ship.  Thitt 
fhip  being  separated  from  the  others  m  a  storm,  wau 
wrecked  on  the  island  of  Hermnda  ;  another  ftuiiidered 
at  sea;  ami  when  the  remairi'iig  si'ven  arrived  in  Vir- 
ginia, two  of  which  were  commanded  by  HateliU'e  and 
.\rcher,  they  found  themselves  destitute  ol  authority  ; 
tliouiih  some  of  them  wtrv.  lull  enough  of  prejudico 
against  .Siuitli,  who  was  then  in  command  The  ships 
had  been  freatly  shattered  m  tluur  passage,  much  of 
iheir  provHioii  was  spoiled,  many  of  their  people  were 
sick  ;  and  the  season  in  winch  tliey  arrived  was  not  the 
most  fa\orable  to  their  recovery.  A  mutinous  spint 
soon  broke  out,  and  a  scene  of  confusion  ensued  ;  tho 
new  coiners  wiuihl  not  obey  Smith,  because  they  siip- 
jiosed  his  commission  to  lie  supcr.'tded  ;  the  new  com- 
mission was  not  arrivid,  and  it  was  uncertain  wheiiier 
tlu'  sliii-  which  carried  it  would  eviT  he  seen  or  heard 
of  S.hith  would  gladly  have  withdrawn  and  gone  hack 
to  l-wi<<land.  but  bis  honor  was  concerned  in  maiiiliiin- 
ing  his  authority  till  be  sliould  be  reiiiiliirly  superseded, 
and  his  spirit  would  not  sutler  him  lo  be  train|)|ed  on 
by  those;  whom  he  despised.  I  pon  due  consid'  ration, 
lie  determined  lo  inamlam  his  auihoriiy  as  f.ir  as  ho 
was  able  ;  w:iitm;r  some  proper  opportunity  !o  r(  tire. 
souie  ot  the  most  insolent  of  the  new  conn  rs  "  hu  laid 
l)y  the  heels.'*  With  the  more  moderate  lie  eonsi.ltnl 
what  ^vas  best  to  be  done  ;  and,  as  a  s{>pnration  srenud 
to  be  Ihe  best  remedy,  ami  it  had  been  in  eunlempla- 
tion  to  exleii'l  ihe  settlements,  sonu'  were  indueid  to 
go  up  lothe  I'alls,  olln  rs  to  Nanseiiiond.  ami  others  lo 
point  <  'omfort.  Snnth's  yiar  being  almost  expired,  he 
nth  red  to  resign  to  Ma;tin.  who  bad  been  one  oi'  the 
old  council,  but  Martin  would  iioiacce|(t  the  command  ; 
he.  tlierefbre,  kept  up  the  t'onn.  and  as  much  as  he  eojld 
ol  the  power  of  goveriiment,  till  an  acci<l"Ml.  whi<-h  had 
nearly  jiroved  fatal  to  his  life,  obliged  him  to  return  to 
Kngland. 

(hi  his  relurn  from  the  new  plantation  at  th>^  Falh, 
.'flee|>in^'  Ity  munt  in  Ins  boat,  a  hai;  of  giinpow'Ur  took 
fire,  and  burnt  him  in  a  most  terrible  manner.  Awiik- 
mu  in  surprise,  and  finding  himself  wrapped  in  fiain  '.», 
he  leaped  mlo  the  vater.  and  was  almost  drowned,  be* 
fore  his  companions  luuld  recover  him.     At  his  ruturo 


DIOGKAPHIKS    OF    THE    EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


hloM  ;  his  aim  was  tho- 

y  t'Xj'lorin^,  he  IukI  dis- 
ii  lie  (luriveii  from  it ;  to 
'.t.  "iii'ijsc,  and  labor, 
1c  liatl  lairly  rrprescntnl 
ho  had  spent  ihri'n  ycara 
.H  own  ohsvrvntioiis  had 
jf  the  coiinlrv  ;  :inil  ho 
wull  an  lh<!  naturo  of  (ir- 
Ic  had  had  a  disorderly, 
intrd,  sol  of  men  to  con- 
rents  ;  in  thi;  .ace  of  iho 
ihU:  in  llu'ir  nnnilicrs  and 
rhcd  m  slrata^cin,  ti-na- 
,is  of  slran^^rra.  Toronrl 
>wlcd<^e  llifir  iiuiioriority, 
ilcnco.  Thonffh  savaj^es, 
■n.  'J'lioujili  d(;i«Htutc  of 
^f  reason,  and  a  sullk'irnt 
to  inanaiTc  thoin,  it  whs 
jiiainti'd  with  thi-ni  ;  and 
son  who  had  rri*idcd  so- 
had  heun  a  prisoner  with 
[Tc  of  the  proper  methods 
mpany  of  j^{;ntU'rnrn  at 
cr,  and  who  coiiU!  know 
had  crrtainly  tlic  interest 
I  hy  lodsome  experience, 
t,  when  tie  fouml  himself 
TH,  that  a  plan  was  eon- 
reinstate,  with  a  share  of 
1  dismissed  from  the  scr- 

i\  applied  to  tlic  kintr  to 
it  another;  in  virliio  of 
las    Lord    de    hi  W'arre, 

,    lieiitt'iiant-treneral  ;  Sir 
'  Thomas  Dale,  niarshat  ; 
icral  of  liorso  ;  and  Cap- 
)f  lliem  who  lia'l  seen  tlio 
adventurers    havinj;,    hy 
aeipunil  a  reinfuri-emfnt 
e<(Mipp('d  nine  ships ;  in 
hundred  persons,     men, 
s,  Somers,  and  Newport, 
>.stini»  eiliier  of  thein  who 
^>r  to  call  HI  the  oid,  and 
'I'lie  llei't   sailed   iVom 
ome  strange  policy,  the 
irked  m  om:  ship.     'I'hiu 
ollirrs  in  a  Ntorm,  wau 
ida  ;  another  fouiitlered 
seven  arrived  m  \'ir- 
iTided  hy  UatehtVo  and 
destitiMe  ot  authority  ; 
full  enough   of  prejudiro 
(uninand.     'J'he  sliips 
their  passajie,  much  of 
f  their  jieoplc  were 
ey  arrived  was  not  llm 
A   mutinous  spirit 
f  rontiision  ensued  ;  the 
nth,  hefitiise  lliev  sup- 
rceded  ;  the  new  coin- 
was  uncertain  wheiiier 
r  he  seen  i>r   heard 
iliiliii<vn  and  <iOiie  haek 
(uieerned  in  niamliHii- 
iri»ularly  siiperseilid, 
:iu  to  he  trauijiied    on 
lun  due  eiuisid'  r.itiiui, 
authority  .is  f.ir  as  lie 
r  opportunity  lo   retire. 
■  new  conn  rs  "  hu  laui 
moderate  he  consultnl 
as  a  separation  seemed 
111  heen   in  e>Mitem{)l.i- 
M)nu'  were  indueed  to 
isemond,  aiul  others  to 
Imum^'  almost  expired,  he 
ho  had  lieen  one  ot   llif; 
)t  aeeept  llie  eommaud  ; 
)ind  as  much  a^  he  <'0.ild 
in  aciMd"Mt.  which  had 
'tili;;ed  liini  to  return  to 

plantation  at  th-i  Falh, 
Itail  "f  (.'uupovvder  took 
rrthle  manmr,  Awiik- 
self  wrapped  in  t1am  ift, 
'as  alinoNt  drowned,  he- 
ver  him.     At  hi8  ruturo 


any 


ht 


lo  Jamestown,  in  this  dislresRcd  condition,  Ralclillh 
and  Archer  conspired  to  murder  him  in  his  hed ;  but 
the  assassin  whom  iIh'V  eiujiloyed,  had  not  couraj^Mr  to 
lire  a  pistol.  Smith's  u!d  sohlurs  would  liavu  taken  oil' 
llieir  head.,;  hul  lie  liiouiiht  it  prudeiit  to  pass  hy  the 
otlence,  and  take  this  opportunity,  as  there  was  no  sur- 
geon in  the  country,  of  returning  to  Kiif^land.  As  I'oon 
as  his  intention  was  known,  tlie  council  appointed  Mr. 
I'ercie  to  preside  in  his  room,  and  detained  the  ship 
tliree  witks,  till  they  could  v/rite  letters,  and  frame 
poinplaiiits  aKainat  him.  lie  at  leni^th  saih-d  for  Eng- 
land, about  the  hitter  end  of  Sepleinher,  IfiDO;  much 
re-iretted  by  his  few  friends,  one  of  whom  lias  left  this 
character  of  him.  "  In  all  his  proceedm^iM  he  made 
iiisticp  his  first  <,niide,  and  experience  lus  ^econil ;  hat- 
mi^  baseness,  sloth,  pride,  and  indignity,  more  than  any 
'lan*.'erd.  lie  never  would  allow  more  for  himself  than 
for  Ins  soldiers  ;  and  upon  no  danger  would  send  tliem 
where  lie  would  not  lead  them  himself.  He  would 
never  see  us  want  what  he  had,  or  could  hy  any  means 
gel  for  us.  He  would  r.itlier  want  than  borrow;  or 
Btarve,  than  not  [wy.  He  loved  action  more  tlian 
words  ;  and  hated  covetousness  and  fdsehuod  worse 
than  death.  His  adventures  were  our  lives;  and  his 
loss  our  deaths."* 

There  needs  no  better  testimony  to  the  fnilh  of  this 
cliaracter,  llian  what  is  related  of  ihe  miserable  colony 
ufter  he  had  <)uilted  it.  W'llhoiit  governinvnl,  without 
prudwnco,  careless,  indolent  and  factious,  they  became 
R  prey  to  tlie  insolence  of  the  natives,  to  the  diseases  of 
the  climate  and  to  famine.  Within  six  months,  their 
munber  was  reduced  from  five  hundred  lo  sixty  ;  and 
when  the  three  conuiiaiiders,  who  had  been  wrecked 
on  lienmida,  arrived,  KJK),  wiih  one  hiindied  and  liliy 
men  in  two  small  vessels,  which  they  liad  built  oit  of 
the  ruins  of  their  sliip,  and  the  cedars  which  grew  on 
the  island  ;  they  found  the-  remnant  of  the  colony  in 
such  a  forlorn  condition,  that  wiiliout  hesitation,  they 
determined  to  abandon  the  country,  and  were  sailing 
down  llie  river,  ^vhen  they  met  a  boat  from  the  Lord 
de  le  W'arre,  who  had  come  witii  a  fh'i-l  to  their  relief. 
I)y  UU  persuasion  they  resumed  the  plantation,  and  to 
this  fortunate  incident  may  be  ascribed  the  foil  esta- 
blishment of  the  colony  of  Virginia. 

Such  a  genius  as  Snulh's  ctnitd  not  remain  idle.  Ho 
was  well  known  in  England,  and  tlie  report  of  his  valor 
and  hi>:  spirit  of  adventure,  pointed  him  out  to  a  num- 
ber of  nu'rchants,  who  were  engaged  in  the  American 
fusher)',  as  a  proper  person  to  make  disooverics  on  the 
coast  of  Nortli  \  irgniia.  In  April,  HiM,  he  sailed 
Ir-Mii  London  with  two  ships,  and  arrived  at  the  island 
01  Mouidution  in  laiilude  Vl  i-'Z  \  as  it  was  (hen  com- 
puted, where  in;  built  seven  boats,  'i'he  design  of  llie 
vovdg(;  was  to  lake  wliales,  !o  examine  a  mine  of  gold, 
iiiid  another  of  copper,  which  were  said  to  be  th(;re ; 
and  if  eilher.  or  liolii  of  these  should  fail,  to  make  up 
the  cargo  with  lish  and  furs.  The  mines  proved  a  fic- 
tion, and  by  long  chasing  the  whales  to  no  purpose, 
tliey  lost  the  best  scastni  for  lisliing  ;  hut  whilst  the 
.■•eainen  were  engaged  in  these  services,  Smilh,  in  on" 
of  liis  boats,  with  eight  men,  ranged  the  coast,  east  imd 
west,  from  i'enobscot  lo  Cape  Cod;  barlering  with 
the  nativss  for  heaver  and  other  furs,  and  ii»:iknit:  oh- 
servatiun.;  vm  the  shio-es,  islands,  harbors  and  bead 
lands;  which,  at  his  relnrn  io  Eni^la;.:!,  !;e  VT'»"g!i' 
into  u  map,  and  presenting  it  lo  prince  (.'harles,  alii  r- 
wards  the  royal  marlyr,  with  a  re(pnst  that  he  would 
give  the  counliy  a  name,  it  was  for  the  first  tunc  called 
i\'fw  En^laml.  The  prince  also  made  several  alter- 
ntion«(  in  the  names  which  Sinilh  had  given  to  psrtieu- 
lar  places.  Eor  instance,  he  had  <'alled  the  naim?  of 
thai  promontory,  winch  forms  ihe  eastern  entrance  of 
Massachusetts  bay,  Tniuabig/anda  ;  after  the  name  of 
the  'i'urkisli  ludy  to  wlioin  he  had  been  formerly  a  slave 
at  Conslanlir.ople  ;  and  the  three  islands  which  lie  otf 
the  Cape,  tlie  TurkM  Head,  in  memory  of  hts  victory 
'iver  the  three  Turkish  champions,  ni  his  TransvlTaman 
.idventures.  'I'hr  former,  Charles,  m  filial  respect  to 
his  mother,  called  Cape  Anne,  which  name  it  has  ever 
Rince  relaiued  ;  the  name  of  the  islands  has  long  since 
neen  lo.-t ;  and  another  cluster  to  which  he  gave  his 
own  nanie.  Snulh's  Isles,  and  which  name  the  prince 
did  not  nher,  are  now,  and  have  for  irore  than  a  cen- 
tury been  called  tlie  Isles  of  Shoals  ;  hj  that  the  numt 
pointed  murks  of  his  discoveries  on  the  coast  of  New 
England,  have,  either  by  his  own  complaisance  lo  the 
hon  ol  his  sovereign,  or  hy  htrce  of  lime  luirl  ai-eidents 
hecome  obsole;i'.  When  lit!  sailed  hir  I'ln'tland  tn  »uie 
.»f  the  ^h^ps,  he  le)i  the  oilier  behind  lo  complete  her 
.adiiig,  Willi  order.-:  lo  sell  die  fish  in  Spain,  'i'he  mas- 
ter, 'i  lioinas  Hunt,  decoyed  Iwenly-hmr  of  llin  natives 
w»  *joard.  und  sold   them  in  Spam  for  slavci.     T)'« 


memory  of  this  base  Iraiisnclion  was  long  preserved 
among  the  Americans,  and  succeeding  advciiturera  suf- 
ft:r(d  on  account  of  it. 

At  Smith's  return  to  England  he  put  in  atriymonlh, 
wher(>.  relating  Ins  adventures,  and  eominunicatmg  his 
sentiinents  to  Sir  ]'Vrdinandi>  (iorgcs,  he  was  intro- 
duced lo  the  JMymouth  Company  of  adventurers  to 
Norih  Virginia,  and  engaged  in  their  service.  At 
London  he  Was  invited  by  the  South  Virginia  (Jompany 
10  return  to  dieir  service  ;  but  made  nseof  iiis  engage- 
ment with  the  iMynioi.th  adventurers  as  an  excuse  for 
declining  their  invitation.  Erom  this  circumstance 
it  seems,  that  they  had  been  v-utivinced  of  his  for- 
iiHT  fidelity,  notwithstanding  llie  letters  and  reports 
which  tlicy  had  formerly  received  to  his  disadvan- 
taifc. 

l)nring  his  stay  in  London,  he  had  the  very  singu- 
lar jdeasure  of  seeing  his  friend  Pocahonias,  the  daugh- 
ter of  I'owliatan.  Having  been  made  a  prisoner  in 
Virginia,  slie  was  there  married  to  Mr  John  Kobe, 
and  by  him  was  bwught  lo  England.  She  was  then 
about  twentv-lwo  years  of  age  ;  her  persiPii  was  grace- 
ful and  btr  depcrtment  gentle  end  pleasing.  She  had 
been  taught  the  I'^nglisli  language  and  Uie  Christain 
religion,  and  baptized  by  the  name  of  Itelieccj.  Slie 
had  h-ard  that  .Smith  was  dead,  and  knew  nothing  to 
the  contrary,  till  she  arrived  in  England. 

'I'he  fame  of  an  Indian  princess  excited  great  curio- 
sity in  Loudon  ;  and  Sinitli  iiad  the  address  to  write  a 
handsome  letter  lo  the  tpiecn,  selling  forth  tlie  imrits 
of  his  friend,  and  the  eminenl  services  she  had  done  to 
him  and  the  colony  of  Virgijiia.  Slie  was  mirodiiced 
by  th(!  Lady  de  la  \\'arre  ;  the  iiueeii  and  royal  family 
received  her  witli  much  toinplacency,  and  she  proved 
herself  worthy  of  their  notice  and  respect.  At  her  lirst 
interview  with  Smith  she  caileil  lum  lallier ;  and  l)e- 
cause  he  did  not  immediately  return  the  salutation  and 
call  lier  child  she  was  so  overc(une  with  griif.  llial  she 
hid  her  face  and  woulil  not  speak  for  some  inne.  Siie 
was  ignorant  of  iho  ridiculous  alieclation  whicli  reigned 
in  the  court  of  .lames  ;  whitli  forbad  Snulh  assuming 
ihe  title  of  fatlier,  to  the  daughtc''  of  a  king  ;  and  when 
informed  of  it  slie  despised  it;  passionately  declaring, 
that  slie  loved  him  us  a  f.ilher,  aii-.l  had  treated  hin  as 
such  in  her  Oivn  country,  and  would  be  his  child  wherever 
she  went.  Tin-  same  pedantic  atlection  caused  her 
husband  to  1)e  looked  upon  as  an  olleiider,  lor  having, 
lliini^h  a  subject,  invaded  tiie  mysterious  riglits  ot 
royalty  in  marrving  above  his  rank.  This  marriage, 
however,  jiroved  beiieliciai  to  tlie  colony,  as  her  lather 
had  ihereliy  become  a  friend  to  tlicin,  and  when  she 
came  Ut  Englaml,  he  sent  with  liir  I.ltainaeconiac,  one 
of  Ills  Irusty  counsellors  ;  whom  he  ( iijoined  to  iiitjuire 
for  Smith,  and  tell  him  whether  he  was  alive.  Ano- 
ther onler  which  he  gave  lum  was,  to  bring  hiin  the 
iinmh(rrol  peoph;  in  EiigUnd  ;  accordingly,  on  his  laml- 
mg  at  I'lymoulh,  tlu;  obedient  savage  liegaii  his  ac- 
count by  cutting  a  notch  on  a  long  stick  lor  every  per- 
ron wlioni  he  saw  ;  hut  soon  grew  tired  of  his  einjiloy- 
ment,  and  at  his  return  lotd  Eowhaton  that  they  ex- 
ceeded the  number  of  leaves  on  t!ie  trees,  A  third 
command  from  his  priiict!  was,  lo  see  the  (i.id  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  king,  «pieen,  and  princes,  of  whom  Smith 
had  tohl  iini)  so  miicli ;  aiul  v.lu  n  he  int  I  witb.  S:;i:!h, 
he  desired  to  be  mtrtidiiced  lo  tlwmo  pevsuiiages.  He 
liai!  before  this  si'cn  llie  kiiii;,  but  would  \wi  behev<'  it ; 
because  the  person  whom  they  poieled  out  lo  lum  had 
not  ^iven  bun  any  thing.  '*  Vuu  gave  I'owliatan," 
said  In;  lo  Smith,  "  a  white  dog.  but  your  king  has 
give  nu!  noihmg."  Mr.  l\olte  was  jircpanng  to  re- 
turn wilh  his  V  ite  to  Virginia,  when  she  was  taken  til 
and  died  at  <  iravesend  ;  leaving  an  mfaiil  son,  Thomas 
Kolfe,  from  whom  are  descended  several  families  of 
note  in  Virginia,  who  hold  their  lands  by  inheritance 
from  her. 

Smith  hi'J  conceived  such  an  idea  of  ihe  value  and 
iin|»ortaiKV  of  Ihe  American  eonlineiil,  that  he  was 
hilly  hen'  on  the  business  of  plantation,  rather  than 
tithing  and  trading  for  furs.  In  this  lir  agreed  with 
his  friend  Sir  Eirdmaiido  I Jorges,  and  the  tew  other 
active  members  of  ihe  council  of  I'lymoulh,  but  it  had 
become  an  uupojiulir  theine.  One  colony  had  heen 
driven  home  Jrom  Sagadahock  by  the  severity  of  the 
season  und  the  deaths  of  their  le.iders  Men  who  were 
ht  for  liie  biisiiieHS  were  not  easily  to  be  oblaim^d, 
those  who  had  tormerly  heen  eni^aged  were  diacou- 
raL'ed.  and  it  reipurcd  ijreat  slrengtb  ol  nnnd  as  well  as 
liberality  of  purse,  to  set  on  litol  ano'her  expirimeiit 
.\fter  mucli  trouble  in  endeiivermg  lo  unite  persons  of 
(jpposite  interi'^ts,  and  stimulate  those  whu  hud  sus- 
lamed  former  Iossck  to  now  all  'nipts,  he  obtained  one 
"dj".'  '>f  two  hundred  tons,  and  onolher  of  fifty,   wilh 


which  he  sadcd  in  1015.  Having  proceeded  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty  leagues,  they  were  separated 
in  a  Btorm ;  the  ?Mialler  one  commanded  by  (.'apL 
Thomas  Hermer  pursued  her  voyage  ;  hut  Smilh  hav- 
ing lost  his  masts  was  obliged  to  put  back  under  a  jury- 
mast  to  I'lymoulh.  There  he  put  his  stores  on  board 
a  K'lnall  tiark  of  sixty  tons,  and  thirty  men,  of  whom 
sixteen  were  to  assist  him  in  beginning  a  new  coKmy. 
Meeting  with  an  English  pirate,  his  met»  would  havo 
had  hiin  surrender  ;  but  though  lie  Imd  only  four  guns, 
and  the  pirate  thirly-six,  he  disdained  to  yield.  On 
speaking  with  hc>r,  he  found  the  commander  and  some 
of  the  crt  w  to  be  his  old  shipmates,  who  had  run  away 
with  the  sliij)  from  'I'unis.  and  were  in  distress  for  pro- 
visions ;  they  otl'ered  to  put  themselves  under  his  com- 
niuiul,  but  he  rejected  tlie  proposal  and  went  on  hia 
voyage.  Near  the  Western  Islands  he  fell  in  with  two 
Erench  pirates ;  his  men  were  again  thrown  into  a 
panic,  and  would  have  struck,  but  hn  threatened  to 
lilow  up  the  ship,  if  they  would  not  tight ;  and  by  firinj; 
a  few  running  shot,  he  escaped  them  also.  After  this 
he  was  met  hy  four  Erenc!i-mcn-of-war,  who  had  orders 
from  llieir  sovereign  lo  seizo  pirates.  He  showed  them 
his  commission  under  the  great  seal;  but  they  perfi- 
diously detained  him  whilst  they  Hiitlered  bis  ship  tc 
escape  in  the  night,  und  return  to  I'lymoulh.  They 
knew  his  enterprising  spirit,  and  were  afraid  of  hi.s  mak- 
ing a  settlement  in  New  England,  so  near  to  their  co- 
lony of  Acudm  ;  and  they  suspected,  or  at  'east  pre- 
tended to  suspect,  that  he  was  the  person  who  had 
broken  up  their  li.sbery  at  I'ort  Koyal  (which  was  really 
ilone  by  Captain  Argal)  the  year  before. 

When  their  cruise  was  (iiuslied,  tiiey  carried  him  to 
Uochelle  ;  and  notwitlislanding  their  promises  to  allow 
him  a  share  of  the  prr/es  which  they  had  taken  whilst 
he  was  wilh  them,  ihey  kept  him  as  a  prisoner  on 
board  a  ship  at  anchor.  Ihit  a  .storm  arising,  which 
drove  all  the  peo]iie  below,  he  took  the  boat,  with  un 
half  pike  for  an  oar,  thinking  lo  maki-  his  eacape  in  tho 
night.  The  current  was  so  strong  that  he  drifted  lo 
sea,  and  was  near  jierishing.  ]}y  the  turn  of  the  lido 
he  got  ashore,  on  a  marshy  i.sland,  where  some  fowlers 
found  him  in  the  morning  almost  dead  with  eold  anr. 
hunger.  He  gave  lliem  his  boat  lo  carry  hiin  to 
Kochetle,  wliere  he  learned  thai  the  sliiji  which  had 
taken  him,  wuli  one  of  her  prizes,  which  was  very  rich, 
had  been  driven  oi>  shore  m  that  storm,  und  lost,  with 
her  captain  and  om-  half  of  ihe  men 

Here  he  made  his  complaint  lo  the  judge  of  tho 
Adniirally,  and  produced  such  eviilencc  in  support  ol 
his  allegations,  that  he  was  treated  with  fair  words; 
but  It  (lues  not  ajqiear  that  he  got  any  recompense. 
He  met  here  and  at  Ih>urdeaux  with  many  Iriendti, 
both  Erench  and  English,  and  at  his  return  to  Eng 
land,  published  inn  small  ipiarto,  an  account  of  his  two 
last  voyages,  with  the  depi.siiions  of  the  men  whowern 
in  the  ship  when  be  was  taken  by  the  Erench  'i'o  thia 
hook  iie  pit  nxed  his  map  of  New  England  ;  and  in  it 
gave  a  description  of  the  country,  with  iu  many  advan- 
tages, and  the  proper  nielhods  of  rendi^ring  it  a  valuablo 
acipiisiiion  to  the  English  douiimon.s.  \\'hen  it  wati 
prmtetl,  lie  went  all  over  ih.;  west  of  England,  giving 
•.'opies  of  It  lo  all  persons  of  note  ;  and  endea  ormg  tu 
I  T(  lie  the  iM)bihtv,  gentry,  and  mcrchant»,  to  eiigag'j 
with  e.iniesine^s  in  the  luisme.ss  of  colonizing  America, 
lie  obhiined  tiom  nianv  of  them  fair  promises,  and  was 
eoiiipbitieiiled  by  tho  I'tyinouth  Company  with  the  title 
ol  Admiral  of  iSew  England.  ]hit  the  former  ill  suc- 
cess of  some  too  Haiigume  adventurers,  had  made  n 
deep  impression,  and  a  variety  of  cross  incidents,  batlled 
ill  his  attempts. 

However,  his  experience  and  advice  were  of  emi- 
nent service  tootlurs.  The  open  frankness  and  gene- 
rosity {)f  hts  mind  led  him  lo  give  all  the  encourage- 
ment which  he  could  to  the  busine!.H  of  fishing  and 
planiiiig  in  New  England  ,  foi  which  purpose,  in  IO'-i'.i, 
hepubbsiied  ubook. entitled,  "New  England's  Tryals," 
some  extracts  from  which  are  ^ireserved  by  Eurdiua. 
No  man  rejoicnl  more  than  invself  in  the  cst'blish- 
iiieiit  of  the  colonies  of  I'lymoulh  und  Ma;  -  dm 
setts. 

When  llie  news  of  tho  massacro  of  the  Virginian 
planters  by  tho  Indians,  U)Ti,  arrived  in  England, 
Sinilh  was  all  on  fire  lo  go  over  to  revemre  ihe  msett. 
He  made  an  oiler  lo  ihe  coiniiany  that  if  they  would 
allow  him  one  hundred  soldiers  and  thirty  sailors,  willi 
the  necessary  provis  ons  ami  efpiipments,  he  woul'l 
range  the  country,  keep  the  natives  in  awe,  protect  Uni 
planters,  and  make  discoveries,  of  the  hilherlo  un* 
known  parts  of  America  ;  and  foi  his  own  risk  ami 
pains  woulil  desire  noihmg  luit  whut  he  would  "  pro- 
ttuce  from  the  proper  labor  of  the  savages. "'    On  tUiii 


^■HMHOMMn 


^    ' 

i; 

1  I 

4 

■:l 

I. 

i  i 


^  lit     i: 


24 


AMERICAN    inSTORY. 


proposal  tliti  company  wus  divided,  but  tlio  pusilla- 
niinoiis  and  avnricioim  parly  prevailed  ;  and  ^avo  him 
this  uiiswiT,  "that  ihc  charges  would  ht;  too  grra'. ; 
that  ihcir  stock  vvE^  riuuccd  ;  that  the  phintcrs  ouj^lit 
to  dd'ciid  themselves ;  but,  that  if  he  would  ^o  at  Ins 
own  expense,  they  would  ijive  him  leave,  provided  he 
wuu.d  give  theiii  one-half  of  the  pillage.''*  Such  un 
answer  could  be  icceived  only  ^vith  contempt. 

When  the  kin^  in  W2'\,  instituted  a  comiiiisMon  for 
the  reformation  of  Virginia,  .Smilli,  by  desire  of  the 
commissioners,  j:,ave  iu  a  relation  of  his  loriner  |»rncecd- 
inga  in  tlu;  colony,  and  his  opinion  and  advice  resjiuct- 
ing  the  proper  methods  ot  renu^dying  ihc  defects  in  go- 
vcrmneni,  and  carryinu  on  the  plantation  with  a  pros- 
pect of  success.*  These  wilh  many  oilier  papers  lie 
coltec'ed  and  published  in  1G27,  in  a  Ihin  folio,  under 
the  I. tic  of  " 'J'he  (Jeueral  IliMory  of  Virginia,  New 
Knglaiid,  and  the  Soiner  Isles."  The  narrative  part  in 
made  up  of  journals  and  letters  of  lIio.se  who  were  con- 
cerned with  him  in  the  plantation,  intermixed  with  his 
own  observations.  His  intimate  friend,  Mr.  I^irchas, 
had  published  most  of  thcin  two  years  before  in  his 
"  Pdgrims." 

In  1629,  at  the  request  of  Sir  Robert  Cotton,  he  pub- 
lished a  history  of  the  early  part  of  his  life,  entitled, 
"'I'he  true  Travels,  Adventures  and  Observations  of 
Captain  John  Smilli."  This  work  is  preserved  entire 
in  the  second  volume  of  Churcliiirs  Collections,  and 
from  it  the  former  part  of  this  account  is  compiled.  In 
the  conclusion  he  made  scino  addition  to  the  history  of 
Virginia,  Uermuda,  New  Kngland,  and  the  M'est  In- 
dies, respecting  things  which  had  come  to  his  know- 
ledge after  the  publication  of  his  general  history.  He 
stated  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia  in  l&ZS  at  five  thou- 
Band,  and  their  cattle  about  the  same  number.  Their 
produce  was  chietly  tobacco;  but  those  few  who  at 
tended  to  their  gardens  had  all  sorts  of  fruit  and  vege- 
tables in  great  abundance  and  perfection,  i'roni  New 
Kngland  ihcv  received  salted  tisb  ;  but  of  fresh  tisli  thei' 
own  rivers  produced  enough,  besides  an  infmite  <iuanli'v 
of  fowl  ;  as  their  woods  did  of  deer  and  other  ga.r.o. 
They  had  two  brew  houses  ;  but  they  cultivated  the 
Indian  corn  in  preference  to  the  European  grain.  Tlieir 
plantations  were  scattereil ;  some  of  their  liou.se.s  were 
palisaded;  but  they  bad  no  fortilicatioiis  nor  ordnance 
mounted. 

Hrs  account  of  New  Kngland  is,  that  the  country  bad 
been  represented  by  adventurers  from  the  West  of  Kng- 
land, IS  rocky,  barren,  and  desolate  :  but  thiit  since  his 
accoiui.  of  it  had  been  published,  tlie  credit  of  it  was  so 
raised,  that  forty  or  lil'ly  sail  'venl  thither  annually  on 
fi.shing  and  tiading  voyages.  That  noilung  had  i)eeu 
done  to  any  purpose  m  establishing  a  ptantation,  till 
"  about  an  hundred  Urownisis  went  to  New  IMvinouth  ; 
whose  lunnorous  ignorance  caused  thein  to  endure  a , 
wonderful  deal  of  misery  wiili  iiitinite  patience."  j 

He  then  recapituhitcs  the  history  of  his  American  ad- , 
venture*  in  the  following  terms.  "  Now  lo  concludo  ; 
the  travels  and  adventures  of  Captain  .Smith  ;  liow  tirst ; 
he  planted  Virginia,  and  was  set  ashore  with  a  hundred  j 
men  in  the  wild  woods  ;  how  lie  was  taken  prisoner  by  | 
the  savages,  and  by  the  King  of  I'amaunkv,  tied  to  ai 
tree  to  be  shot  to  dealli ;  led  up  anil  down  the  eoiintry 
to  be  .shown  for  a  wonder;  fatted  as  be  tliought  for  a 
tacrihce  to  their  idol,  before  whom  they  conjured  three 
days,  wilh  strange  dances  and  invocations  ;  then 
brought  before  their  Kinperor  I'owiiatan,  who  com- 
manded htm  to  be  .slain  ;  how  his  daiightdr  IWahontas 
•aved  his  life,  relumed  him  to  .lames'own.  relieved  lum 
and  Ins  fannshed  compnnv,  which  was  but  eight  and 
thirty,  lo  possess  those  large  doniinions  ;  bow  he  dis- 
covered all  (he  several  nations  on  the  rivers  falling  into 
the  IJay  of  Chesapeake  ;  how  he  was  slung  inmost  to 
death  by  the  poisonous  tail  of  a  ttsli  called  a  stingray  ; 
how  he  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder  and  returned  lo  j 
Kngland  to  be  enred. 

*'  Also  how  be  brought  New  Kngland  to  the  subjec- 1 
tion  of  (he  kingdom  of  (Ireal  Hrilam  ;  his  tights  withl 
the  pirates,  left  alom'  among  French  ineu-nf-war,  and  j 
hin  sliip  ran  from  bun  ;  his  sea-lights  for  the  Krench  I 
against  the  Spariianls ;  their  bad  uH;ige  of  him;  howl 
in  France,  in  a  little  Itoat,  be  escaped  them;  was  adrift 
all  Ruc!i  a  stormy  night  at  sea  by  hmiself.  when  ihirteen 
French  ships  were  spht  or  driven  on  shore  by  ihe  isle 
Hbee,  the  general  tX'A  most  of  his  men  drowned  ; 
when  (Jod,  to  whom  be  nil  h.-^iior  and  praise.  brt)UL'ht 
him  safe  on  shore  lo  the  admiration  of  all  vvho  escaped  ; 

•  Affreealily  to  Snulli'ti  aiivicti  to  tliesn  cdiiiiuiBsuiiifis, 
K\ng  Charles  I.  at  his  ai-t'esMnn  rtissnheil  ilir  rumpauv,  tii 
1020,  anil  rt'iUireil  tlip  colony  umter  (In*  imtneiliate  ihiei  tu'n 
of  the  rrowii,  fi|i|)<>iMtinit  Hie  Koveriiiir  aii<l  I'tium-il,  aiul  ur<ter- 
bltf  i^t  pateiUi  and  processes  to  i»suti  m  Ids  own  name. 


I  you  may  read  at  large  in  his  general  hi^to^y  of  Virginia, 
;  the  Somer  islands,  and  New  Kngland." 
I  This  .■as  proluhly  his  last  publication,  for  he  lived 
;  but  two  years  alter,  liy  a  note  in  Josselyn's  voyage, 
I  it  appears  that  lie  died  in  1(331,  at  London,  in  tlie  tilty- 
!  second  year  of  liis  age. 

I       It  would  have  given  singular  pleasure  (o  the  com- 
piler of  these  memoirs,  if  he  could  have  learned  from 
■  any  credible  testimony  that   Sinilh  ever  received  any 
recompense  for  his  numerous  services  and  sullerings, 
The  sense  which  he  liad  ol'  this  malUr,  in  I(>27,  shall 
be  given  m  his  own  words.      "  I  have  spent  tive  years, 
'  and  more  than  tive  hundred  pounds,  iu  tlie  service  of 
I  \'irginia  and  New  Kngland,  and  in  neither  of  them 
I  have  I  one  foot  of  laud,  nor  the  very  house  I  built,  nor 
I  the  ground  1  digged  with  my  own  hands;  but  1  see 
i  those  countries  shared  before  nic  by  those  who  know 
them  only  by  my  descriptions. 


DE   MONTS,    POUTRINCOURT, 

Avn 

CHAMPLAIN. 

Dk  Monts— His  Patent  for  Acadia— His  F(irt  at  St.  Croix— 
Jle  "luils  Atiutia— I'uLTiuscoeRT— siA.Mt'KL  i;hamii,ai.\— 
Un  s;iils  up  tiic  St.  I.awreiire— lUuld.s  a  I'lut  at  liuilicc— 
Discovers  Hie  Lake— Surrenders  Quebec  lo  the  Kiiglusli— 
Ills  Deutti  and  Cliaraclcr. 

Akt^k  the  discovery  of  Canada  by  Cartier,  tho 
French  continued  trading  to  that  country  for  furs,  and 
tislung  on  llu;  hanks  of  Newfoundland,  C'aptr  Hrelou, 
and  Acai'ia,  where  they  found  many  excellent  and  con- 
vtMiient  harbors,  among  which  Canseau  wa.s  early  dis- 
tinguished as  a  placo  extremely  suitable  for  the  fishery. 
One  Snvalet.  an  old  mariner,  who  tVeqneiUed  lliat  port, 
had  before  lOOU  made  no  less  Uian  forty-two  voyages 
to  those  parts. 

Henry  IV.  King  of  France,  perceived  the  advantages 
which  might  arise  to  his  kingdom  iVom  a  faither  explo- 
ration of  the  nonliern  parts  of  America  ;  and  tlierelore 
gave  encouragement  to  tho^e  who  were  desirous  of 
making  adventures.  In  1.598,  the  Manpiis  de  la 
Uocbe  obtained  a  commission  of  Kord-liei;tenani,  and 
undertook  a  voyage  with  a  view  to  estahlisli  a  colony, 
consisting  of  convicU  taken  out  of  the  prisons,  l\u^>' 
pening  in  the  course  of  his  voyage  lo  fall  in  with  the 
isle  of  >)ablc,  a  low,  sandy  'slaud,  lying  about  tweiity- 
tive  leagues  southward  of  ('anseau,  he  tiiere  landed 
forty  of  Ills  miserable  crew,  to  subsist  on  the  cattle  and 
swine  with  which  the  place  bad  been  slocked  by  the 
Fortuguese,  for  the  relief  of  shipwrecked  seamen.  The 
rear-on  given  for  choosing  this  forlorn  plm'e  for  tlie  dis- 
embarkation of  his  colony,  was,  that  they  would  he  out 
of  all  danger  from  the  savages,  till  he  should  tind  a 
belter  situation  for  thein  on  the  continent,  when  he  pro- 
mised to  return  and  take  them  oil'.  Whether  he  ever 
reached  the  continent  is  uncertain,  hut  he  never  again 
saw  the  isle  of  ^Sabie.  Heturning  to  Franco  he  en- 
gaged in  the  wars,  was  made  a  prisoner  by  the  iJuki; 
of  Merceur,  and  soon  after  died,  'i'he  wretched  exiles 
subsisted  on  .•mcb  things  as  the  j)lace  atlbrded,  and 
clothed  themselves  with  the  skins  of  seals.  At  the  end 
of  seven  years.  King  Henry,  in  compassion,  sent  a  lisli- 
erman  to  bring  them  home,  'J'welve  only  were  then 
alive.  Tiie  tlsherman,  concealing  from  them  the  gene- 
rous intention  of  their  M)vereign,  took  all  the  skins 
which  they  had  collecti  d  as  a  recompense  for  his  ser- 
vices, some  of  which  benig  black  foxes  were  of  great 
value.  The  king  had  them  brought  l)efore  him  in  their 
seal  skin  habits  and  icng  beards.  He  jiardoned  their 
former  crimes,  and  inaite  each  of  tliem  a  jire.sent  of  lilty 
crowns  When  ll  i-y  discovered  the  inud  oi  the  li**li- 
ermaii,  they  insiituU'd  a  process  against  hmi  at  law, 
and  recovered  large  damages;  by  means  of  which  they 
acquired  so  much  proijcrty  as  lo  enter  mto  the  same 
kind  of  tratlic. 

The  king  also  granted  to  Fontgrave  de  Chauvin,  an 
exclusive  privilegi;  ol  trading  at  Tadotisac,  the  mouth 
of  tho  river  .Saguenay  ;  to  which  place  he  made  two 
voyages,  and  wa  •irep.iriiig  for  a  third  when  bo  wus 
prevented  1  y  death. 

The  nexl  voyager  of  any  note  was  S^mckn  Cuam- 
Pi,Ai\,  of  llrouage  ;  a  man  of  a  nohle  familv ;  who,  in 
IBIKJ,  sailed  up  the  river  of  ('anada,  as  far  as  Cartier 
hud  gone  in  \*i'Ab.  He  made  many  inrpiiries  of  the 
natives  coiicernnig  their  country,  its  rivers,  falls,  lakes, 
mounlains  and  mittrn.  'i'Uv  result  of  liis  ini|uirv  was. 
that  a  couiinunication  was  formed  by  me-ins  of  two 
lakes,  wiih  the  cimntry  of  the  Iroipiois  ti)warils  the 
south  ;  that  towards  the  west  there  were  more  and 
greater  lakes  of  fresh  water,  lo  om<-  of  wliieh  lliev  knew 
no  limits  ;  and  that  to  the  noitliAard  there  was  an  in- 
land »ea  of  salt  water.     In  the  course  of  thi»«  uiyage, 


Champlain  anchored  at  a  place  calhd  tjuebec,  which  in 
tho  language  of  ihe  country  signihed  a  strait  ;  and  this 
was  thought  to  be  a  proper  siiualion  for  a  fort  and  set- 
tlement. He  heard  of  no  mines  but  one  of  copper,  far 
to  the  northward.  With  this  informaliun  he  returned  to 
France,  in  the  month  of  Septembrr. 

On  (he  eighth  of  November  m  (he  same  year.  King 
Henry  granted  lo  the  Sieur  De  Monts,  a  gentleman  ol 
his  bed-chamber,  a  patent,  constituting  him  lientcLdiiV- 
general  of  rdl  the  territory  of  UA.adia,  from  the  for- 
lielh  lo  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  with 
|>ower  to  subdiie  the  inhaliiiaiits  and  cor.vert  them  to 
the  Chris'.ian  faith.  'Fins  patent  was  published  in  all 
tho  niarilnne  io\vt!r  of  Fri.iirx' ;  and  He  Monts  having 
eipiipped  Iwo  vls^els,  siiieJ  lor  his  lu.w  government 
on  the  7lh  of  .March,  lCi04,  lakmg  with  him  the  afore- 
said Samuel  Champlain  lor  a  pilot.  Monsieur  He  I'out- 
rtneout,  who  had  been  for  a  long  lime  desirous  to  visit 
America. 

On  the  Gih  of  May,  they  arrived  at  a  harbor  on  iho 
southeast  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Acadia,  where  they 
found  one  of  their  countryiian.  Kossignol,  trading  with 
the  Indians  without  license.     They  seued  his  ship  and 
cargo;  leaving  him  only  the  poor  consolation  of  givmg 
!  his  name  to  the  harbor  where  he  was  taken.     'I'he  pro- 
j  visions  found  in  his  ship  were  a  seasuiiable  supply,  and 
I  without  them  the  enterprise  must  have  been  abandoned. 
I  'J'his  place  IS  now  called  Kiveiiiool. 
j       From  I*ort  Kossignol  they  coasted  the  penins\ila  to 
<  the  sonlhwest,  and  having  doid)led  Cape  Sable,  camo 
lo  anchor  in  the  bay  of  St.  Mary,  where  Auhry,  a  priest, 
going  ashore, was  lost  in  ihe  woods,  and  a  I'rote^tanl  wast 
charged  wiih  having  murderi-tl  hnu,  lueasiie  ihey  had 
sonutimes  had  warm  disjiulation  on  religious  t>uhjecls. 
I  They    waited    for    him   several   days,  tiring  guns  and 
[sounding  irumjiets,  but  in  vain;   the  no;se  of  the  sea 
was   so    great,  tiiat  no  other    siniiid   could  he  heaid. 
,  Concluding  that  he  was  dead,  they  ipiitted  ihe  placo 
at'ler  sixtten  d.ivs,  iiiienilmg  to  examine  that  extensive 
,  bay  on  the  west  of  their  piinnsula,  to  which  ihey  gavo 
'  llu>  name  of  1,a   H.iye   t  raiiioi.se  ;   but  which  is  no,v 
j  called  the   May  ot   Fundy.     The  priest  was  iifter\\arda 
I  found  iilivi*  but  .ilnu>st  hi.irved  to  death. 
I      On  the  easiirn    sule  ol   tins  bay  ihey  discovered  a 
'narrow  strait,  into  which  they  enured,  and  soon  lound 
themselves  III  a  sp.icious  b.ison,  environed  with   hills, 
from  which  dehcendf  d  streams  of  lVe^h  water;  and  be- 
tween the  hills  ran  a  line  nawgablu  river,  winch  ihey 
i-alled   l.'lvjuilie.      It  was  luuueicd  with  fer'.ile  nie.i- 
dows,  and  lull  ot  drlieale  \\A\.      I'oulrincourl,  clianne*'. 
Willi  the  beauty  \yi  the  place,  deiennined  here  to  make 
his  residence,  and  having  receivi-d  a  grant  of  tl  from 
He  .Monts,  gave  it  tlie  name  of    Fort  lvO)al  [Antiii' 
polls  J 

From  Fort  Uoyal.  He  Mtuits  sailed  farther  into  tho 
threat  bay.  to  visit  a  copper  ninie.  It  was  a  high  ruck, 
on  a  promontory,  between  two  bays.  [Metiis  j  'I'ho 
cojiper,  though  nii.vi'tl  with  stone,  was  very  pure,  re- 
semhliMi;  lh.it  cMllid  Ko/ette  copper.  Among  these 
.stones  they  found  chryslals.  and  a  certain  shining  slono 
I  of  a  blue  color.  Specimens  of  ihchc  sloiu's  were  sent 
'  to  the  king. 

j  In  farther  rxamining  the  hav  they  came  toa  great 
river,  which  they  called  St.  .lohn's,  full  of  islands,  and 
swarming  with  lish.  I'[)  this  river  they  sailed  lilty 
.leagues,  and  were  extremely  delighted  with  the  vast 
ipiantity  of  grapes  which  grew  on  Us  banks.  Uy  this 
river  they  imagi.icd  that  a  shortiT  commmucation  might 
:  be  had  with  the  Have  de  (.'l.aleur  and  the  purl  ol  Ta- 
i  doiis.ic,  than  by  the  sea. 

I  From  the  river  Si.  John  they  coasted  the  bay  south- 
I  westerly,  till  lliev  came  lo  an  island  in  the  middle  ot  a 
I  river  which  Champlain  hail  previously  explored.  Fnul- 
I  iiig  its  situation  sale  and  convenient.  He  Slonls  re*4ulvo,| 
I  there  lo  b'-*dd  a  lort  and  pass  the  winter.  'I'o  thu 
island  hr  gave  (he  name  ol  St.  Croix;*  because  that 


I      •  This  is  .1  staiinii  ol  nmrh  un[tortance.    It  has  given  ri-fl 

to  a  c<>Mtri)\ersy  ItIwciii  tite  llhiled  KlalCH  and  llie  Hriti^li 

.  )(ovi'nuiifiU.  wtiirti  i>  not  vet  tennnciled.     1  »liall  Itii^nliTu 

!  uivc  a  ill  seiii)iKiii  ot  thiH  i>l;Ltid  and  iu  sinroumiiii^  watt-iH, 

!  from  11  Inui^latioii  ot  Mark  hescarliotV  liislor>  oi  ilu*  voyauet 

ol  De  .Moots,  m  wliirh  he  hiiiiself  was  ent>aK(-d,  and  thcietunt 

had  Keen  the  |>iace  wincli  he  deserilK'S.     'I'tiis  iruiihintioi)  \s  to 

I  \m  loimd  al  )ai>:i'  iti  i.'hiirrhill's  (.'ottectious,  vuL  viii.  Tift),  and 

an  Hliridtfiiu-iit  ol  it  \\\  I'mvlias's  IM>;iims,  vol.  v.  Hiltl. 

I     "  heiivim;  St.  JoliiiS  river,  tliey  i-aine,  lollowing  the  coait 

<  twenty  luiiKues  Iroiti  that  pliu  e,  to  a  ^n-ii\  rivfr,  ulnctt  n 

l)rn|K  ilv  .Ta,  [I.  e.  t-alt  w.-iler]  ulicre  they  loitilied  tlienihrU  e* 

In  :i  iitlio  l.^taiid  Neatei<  '"  the  midst  ut  llun  rivtT.  wliidi  ttiu 

Ki.id  (limi  |)'iun  hnd  heeii  lo  dlNrover  and  miw  .     .\n<l,  -i-cint,' 

11  sttoiiii  (m  natiiif,  and  or  en.<«y  defence  und  ktrintifi;  br^idiii 

llial  ilie  hennoti  )>ecan  In  nlide  nwny,  and  ihen-ioru  it  w.t^.  in- 

|iti\riiil   lo  providi'  nt  lod^iii^:,  v\ iihoiit  luiiiiuiK  ''-ny  fai'.i'L-r, 

tlu'V  resolved  lo  niiike  their  al»ode  there. 

"  Uclure  wu  speak  ot  the  sluji'n  return  to  Pranrt^  t(  Is  mo94 


UIOG  RAPII  IK.S    or   THE    EARLY    D  I  S  C  O  VK  HT:US. 


S6 


D  calh'd  (jui'lu'c,  winch  in 
igriiticd  a  strait ;  am\  this 
tuation  for  a  lort  and  all- 
ies but  one  ol  copjicr,  far 
iiifunnulion  he  returned  to 
mnbrr. 

T  in  the  same  year,  King 
)e  Munt8,  a  gontlernaii  o( 
iistttutin|r  hini  heiitcLdn'.' 
it  L'A<tiilia,  from  the  for- 
:e  of  north  latitude,  wuh 
Its  and  convert  them  to 
tent  was  itiihhshed  in  alt 
e  ;  and  lie  Moiils  iiaving 
lor  his  nt  -.v  guvi-rnmeiit 
akiti^;  with  )nm  the  afore- 
jiiloL.  Monsieur  De  l*out- 
ong  lime  desirous  to  visit 

arrived  at  a  Iiarlior  on  tho 
ila  of  Acadia,  where  tlicy 
I).  KosMgiiol,  tniding  with 
They  srucd  his  ship  and 
loor  consolation  of  giving 
he  was  taken.  'I'he  pro- 
^  a  sea^onahlu  .•iupiily.  and 
iiist  liave  been  ubaiidoned. 

•IjtOllI. 

l,■oa^ll'd  the  peninsula  to 
ni.bled  t'ape  ISable,  camo 
ir\,  where  Anbry,  a  priest, 
Duds,  anda  I'rotestanl  way 
t'd  hiin,  hi'ca.sne  they  liad 
Iiun  un  reiigions  suhjecls. 
al  days,  tiring  ynns  and 
in  ;  tlie  noise  of  the  sea 
-  sound  cot'kl  he  iieaid. 
id.  thev  fpiilted  the  pliico 
In  I'xainnie  that  extensive 
iiMila,  10  which  lliey  gavo 
L'oi^e  ;  but  which  is  no,v 
riie  priest  was  aftcrwarda 
(I  to  deatli. 

Ins  bay  they  discovered  a 

y  entered,  and  soon  hiund 

un,  iiiMruncd  with    lulls, 

s  of  fie>b  waler  ;    and  In; 

ab!t'  river,  which  they 

Muticd  Willi  fer'-ih-  iite.i- 

I'ouirtncourt,  churini'*'. 

b'Uriiuiicd  iuTc  to  inako 

■civeil  a  gr.iiit  of  tl  from 

;  of    Port  lio)al  [Antiii- 

iH  sailed  farther  into  tho 
It  was  a  hiyb  ruck, 
bavs.      [Mctiis  J     The 
one,   was  ver)  pure,  re- 
upper.     Aniung  thesn 
id  a  reitain  shining  stoiui 
the^e  stones  were  sent 

tlu\v  rame  to  a  great 

hu's,  full  of  islands,  and 

nvcr   they  saiiid  htty 

til  lighted  \vilh  the  vast 

I  its  banks,      lly  thiii 

(Uiinniuication  nitghl 

r  and  the  port  ot  'la- 

y  coasted  the  bay  sonlli- 
slaml  in  the  nnddle  of  a 
luuslv  explon'd.  Kind- 
nent.  DeMonlK  resolve  1 
the  winter,  'i'o  ihu 
Croix:*  because  that 


lanre.  It  has  given  ri;^ 
t-ii  StittOH  ami  lilt?  hnlinli 
iirituil.  1  hliall  lluirtluro 
i  lis  surniuuilmg  wiitris, 
t'.s  lilslorv  ">t  tilt'  vuyatfCH 
IS  i>iit:at!i:(t,  and  llicielotH 
cs.    'I'tiis  iianslatuMi  \s  to 

tiections,  vuL  viii.  7U6.  aiiJ 

iKriMis,  vi)l.  V,  laiVI. 
ame,  folUtwlrnj  the  roait 
I  a  nrvnX  river,  wtinli  i  * 
tlii'V  h>iiiiii->l  lhciiiM:lvc« 

Lst  uf  tlitx  nvL^r.  wliKh  ttiu 

tUl    \  \l\\  ,        All'I.  V|'t'l!l« 

>  uml  krr|)tnR  ;  bP!*idii>t 
V,  itii'l  llifuloro  II  vviia  Iw* 
IkiuI  lUuiiiiiK  I'.ny  far'.i'ur, 
I  111' re. 
olcraio  rTat«t\  it  it  mcH 


two  leagues  higher  there  were  brooks  which  "canio 
^         cross-wise  to  fall  withm  this  large  braneli  of  ilic  sea." 
'  The  winter   proved  severe,  and  the  people  sntl'ered 

i/^  80  much  by  the  scurvy,  that  thnty-six  of  them  died  ; 
^  the  remaining  forty,  who  were  all  sick,  lingered  till  the 
Sp  spring,  (1605,)  wlieii  tliey  recovered  by  means  of  the 
^^  fresh  vcitetation.  'i'he  remedy  wliich  Carlicr  had  found 
%         in  Canada  was  here  unknown. 

rff?  As  soon  as  his  men  were  recovered,  De  Monts  re- 

;i^        solved  to  seek  a  comfortable  station  in  a  warmer  cli- 

^  mate.      Having  victualled  and  armed  lus  pinnace,  he 

sailed  along  the  coast  to  Nuroinbago.  a  name  which  had 

^'^         been  given  by  some  Kurojpean  ailventurers  to  the  Hay 

of  Penobscot  ;    trom  llience   he   sailed  to  Kennebec, 

\         Casco,  .Suco,  and  finally  came  !»>  Maieliarre,  as  Cape 

''\         Cod   was  then  called  liy  the  I-'rench.     In  some  of  (he 

iS         places  which  he  had  passed,  the  land  was  inviting  ,  and 

^S        particular   notice  was   taken  of  the  grapes  ;    but  tho 

„^         savages  appeared   numerous,  \infriendly  and  thievish. 

^         Do  Monts'  coinp.iny  being  small,  he  pn  ferred  safety  to 

$i.         pleasure,  and  r<"urned  hr.-^t  to  St.    Croix,  and  then  to 

J\        l*ort  Koyal ;    wliere  he  found  Dnpuut.  in  a  ship  from 

ji^        France,  with   fresh    auppbes.  and  a  reinforcement  of 

^        forty  men.     The  stores  winch  iiad  been  dejiosited  at 

V  Kt.  Croix  wore  removed  across  the  bav,  luit  tlie  Iniild- 

ings  were  lett  ulanding.     Mew  iiouses  were  erected  al 

the  mouth  of  the   river  winch  runs  into  llie  basin  of 

^         J'ort  Iloyal ;  there  the  stores  and  peo[»le  were  lodged  ; 

-"^        and  De  Slonts  having  put  his  alfairj  in  as  good  order 

^f         as   possdilo,  in  the  montii  of  ^September  embarked  ior 

France,  leaving   Unpont  as  Ins  lieutenant,  with  Cliain- 

^i^       plain  and  I'hampdore  to  perfect  the  settlement,  and  ex- 

f '       plore  the  country. 

^  During  tlic  next  winter  lliev  were  plentifully  sup- 

plied by  the  savages  wjtli  veinsou,  and  a  great  trade 
was  carried  on  for  furs.  Nulliini:  is  said  of  tiie  scurvy ; 
but  they  had  short  allowance  of  bread;  not  by  reason 
of  any  scarcitv  of  corn,  tnil  because  tliey  had  no  other 

to  tell  yi)u,  hi'W  liarJ  the  isli«  nt  St.  Crmx  is  to  ;.e  found  out, 
lo  them  that  W(."-l*  lu^vcr  tluTc.  Fur  tht-n;  :ui^  so  many  isles 
and  LTt'at  hays  tu  yo  liy  Itiom  St.  .Inlm's]  heloie  oiu;  he  at  it, 
Ifiat  I  woniJer  how  one  nui^hl  ever  [nerce  so  tar  as  to  tuul  it. 
There  aro  thiee  ur  I'uiir  iniiiintaiii.s,  uriimeiit  nhovc  the 
others,  on  tin;  suies  ;  hut  cii  the  north  side,  Iruin  whence 
*  the  river  runneth  down,  tlicro  is  hut  a  sharp  pointed  om-, 
t  tthoiit  two  leagues  distant.  Tho  woods  of  the  inairdand  are 
fair  and  adintrablo  IiikIi,  and  welt  prown,  as  in  like  manner  is 
the  ^rasB.  Thero  is  nylit  over  attuinsi  the  island  Iri;.';!!  w  alcr 
Inioks.  very  [ilea.iant  and  nprccal<lo;  wlieie  divers  of  .Muns. 
De  Monts  men  did  iheir  husinuss,  and  huilded  there  crrtain 
cahini.  As  for  the  nature  of  tlio  ^touiuI,  it  is  most  excellent, 
Kii't  most  ahinidaiitly  Iruittul.  Fur  the  said  Mons.  Dc  Monts 
hiviii)(  caused  there  somn  pieru  of  t;r<uind  to  lie  tilted,  and 
llie  same  sowed  with  rye;  lie  was  not  alile  to  tarry  for  the 
maturity  thtTcof  to  reap  it;  and  notwiihstaiiding  tho  gram 
fallen  hath  grown  and  increased  so  wottdcrtully,  that  two 
ye;irs  alter,  we  re.ipcd  and  diil  ualtier  of  it  as  fair,  I'lu.  and 
weiglily  as  in  Krance,  «liich  Ihe  soil  has  Ihoiil-IiI  forth  wilii- 
oiil  any  lilla^-e;  and  yet  ;il  tins  present  lltiuyj  it  doth  con- 
tmiie  siill  to  iiniliiplv  cvrrv  >i  ar. 

'*The  said  iKland  ronlaineth  some  half  a  league  in  circuit, 
and  at  the  eiiil  of  li,  on  Ilie  sea  sitte.  there  is  ;i  mount,  or 
fTHill  hill,  wlmli  IS.  as  it  were,  a  little  isle,  severed  Uom  the 
other,  where  Moos,  de  Moiil.t  his  rannttii  were  placed.  TUeio 
is  also  ;t  1iti>(>  <'liajipel,biult  aHer  the  savai^o  tasliiun.  At  the 
fiiiit  of  Hlmii  cliapppi  there  is  such  stoio  of  inuseles  as  is 
wonderful,  w)i:rh  may  be  gailiercd  al  low  water,  hut  they 
are  small. 

"iNow  let  us  prepare  and  (mist  up  s:iils.  Monn,  de  Poii- 
triucourt  ina<ie  !lie  \uyat;e  into  these  }iails,  with  some  men 
of  |{uod  sort,  not  lo  winter  lliere ;  Iml  as  il  were  lo  seek  luit 
his  deal,  and  find  out  a  land  that  xw.uhl  like  liini.  Whieh  he 
having  done,  had  no  nt>ed  to  sojourne  Iheru  any  lo]i>;er.  So 
then,  the  .ihips  lu-mg  leaily  for  the  reluiii,  he  bhiniied  him- 
Relt,  and  th<ise  of  Ins  eoinpanv  in  one  ol  them. 

"Dtirim;  the  ftirrsaid  iiavii;;\tioii,  M.ms.  de  Monts  hi-  peo- 
ple, did  work  ahont  the  fort;  m  liuli  lie  seated  at  the  i  n.'  ,,i 
tho  island,  oppiKsii,'  lo  the  plare  where  he  had  lodjjed  his 
caiinon.  Which  was  wiselv  lonsidered.  to  the  end  to  eom- 
ni:md  the  river  up  and  down.  Hat  thero  w[is  nn  mconve- 
nirrur;  the  n.uA  i-ut  did  In-  tow  aid  the  north,  and  wiiliout 
any  shelter,  hot  id  tlie  trers  ilut  were  on  ihe  isle  slmrr, 
which  all  about  he  commanded  to  be  kept  and  not  cut 
down. 

"'Die  most  urjient  things  being  done,  and  hoarv  .snow  ' 
f.Uhe  beiiii;  come,  Ihat  is  to  siiy  winter,  then  they  were 
fiTi-eu  lo  keep  withiii  doors,  and'  to  live  every  one  at  his 
homo  DnrniK  whicli  time,  our  men  had  three  8|iot'lal  dis- 
riiiniroditie.s  m  this  island,  want  ol  wood  (for  that  whu'ti  was 
Ml  iliti  said  isle  was  spent  in  buildings),  lack  of  frush  water, 
and  t*  ?  cmitimial  walcli  inai'.e  I'V  niciit,  feartna  some  surpri.se 
k'HM  *.he  snvaite?  that  had  lodsed  themselves  at  the  foot  of 
r>:ii.t  island,  or  nouin  othei  eiiemy.  For  Ihe  male'lictton  and 
i.u:e  of  many  Chnslians  isjju.l.,  that  one  mu'^t  take  heed  of 
itn  m  iniich  more  than  opTnttdels.  When  Duv  had  mod  of 
watei  or  wood,  they  were  ciiislraineil  to  cii)^-^  o\er  the 
iiTcr,  which  is  thrice  as  broad  of  every  side  as  the  river  of 
.S'lne." 

liv  a  t'entlemon  who  resided  sevpral  vears  in  those  parts,  I 
haie  hern  mfornied.  that  an  island  whirh  answers  to  the  de 
niiplion  lies  in  the  eastern  pari  of  the  Uay  of  Pa.'<Kama<)U>)d- 
dv;  and  Ihne  tlie  iiver  Si.  t'rolx  was  Bupponed  lo  Iw  by  tho 
r-iiinnissioners  who  neijolniled  the  peace  itt  KSlt,  wiio  had 
Mii.hel's  map  before  them;  but  inn  map  of  the  coast  of  New 
IliiKiand  and  Nova  Scotia,  published  in  London,  1TH7,  Lv  Ilo- 
tw  It  Sayor,  and  said  to  be  drawn  bv  r.ipi.Tm  IhiUand,  the 
n.er  St.  C(uix  la  laid  down  at  tho  western  part  of  lUc  bav  ; 
tlic  lireudlh  •!  wltich  la  at>uul  su  or  seven  leatjues. 


mill  to  grind  it  than  the  hand-mill,  whicli  required  hard 
and  coniiinial  labor.  The  savages  were  so  averse  to 
this  exercise,  that  they  preferred  hunger  to  the  lask  of 
grmding  corn,  though  they  were  ollered  half  of  it  in 
payment.  >Six  men  only  died  in  tho  courao  of  this 
winter. 

In  the  spring  of  IfiOG,  Dupont  attempted  to  find 
what  De  Monts  had  missed  in  the  preceding  year,  a 
more  southerly  settlement.  His  bark  was  twice  forced 
back  with  adverse  winds  :  and  the  third  time  was  driven 
on  rocks  and  bilged  at  the  mouth  of  the  port.  The 
men  and  stores  were  saved  ;  but  the  vessel  was  lost. 
Tliesf!  fruitless  attempts  jiroved  very  discouraging  ;  but 
Dupont  employed  his  people  in  building  a  bark  and  shal- 
lop, that  they  migiit  employ  themselves  in  visiting  the 
ports,  whither  their  countrymen  resort  to  dry  their  tish, 
till  new  supplies  should  arrive. 

Do  Monts  and  Pontrincoiirt  were  at  that  time  in 
France,  preparing,  amidst  everv  discouragement,  for 
another  voyage.  Cn  the  thirteenth  of  .May,  they  sailed 
from  Uochelle,  in  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  ; 
and  on  the  tiTili  of  July  arrived  at  i*ort  Koyal,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  Dupont,  who  had  left  two  men  only  to  guard 
the  for'-.  In  a  few  days  he  arrived,  having  n\ct  with 
one  of  their  boats  which  they  had  left  at  (>anseau,  and 
great  was  the  joy  on  both  sides  at  their  meeting. 

Poiitrincoi:rt  now  began  his  plantation  ;  and  having 
cleared  a  spot  of  ground,  wilhin  lifteen  days  iie  sowed 
Furopean  corn  and  several  sorts  of  garden  vegetables. 
Hut  notwithstanding  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  I'ort 
Uoval,  De  Monts  liad  still  a  desire  to  lind  a  better 
place  to  the  southward,  lie  therefore  prevailed  on  I'on- 
trincourt  to  make  anolher  voyage  to  Cape  Malcbarre  ; 
and  so  earnest  was  be  to  have  this  matter  accomplished, 
that  he  would  not  wait  till  the  next  s|>ring,  but  prepared 
a  bark  to  go  to  tlie  southward  as  soon  as  the  ship  w.iu 
ready  to  sail. 

Un  tho  28th  of  .August,  the  ship  and  the  bark  both 
sailed  from  Port  Royal.  In  the  ship,  De  Monts  and 
Dupont  returned  to  France;  whilst  Fouirincourt,  Cham- 
plain.  Cliampilore  and  others  crossed  the  bay  to  Wt. 
t'roix,  and  thence  sailed  along  the  coast,  touching  at 
many  harbors  in  tlieir  way  till  they  arrivcu  in  siglit  of 
the  Cape,  the  olijcct  of  their  voyage.  lie  ig  entangled 
among  the  slioils,  their  rudder  was  bro  l'II  and  they 
were  oblioed  to  come  to  anclior,  at  the  dis'  iice  of  three 
leagues  from  the  land.  The  boat  was  tlien  cut  ashore  to 
find  a  harbor  of  fresh  water;  which  by  tl  ■  information 
of  one  of  tiic  natives  was  accomplished.  Fifteen  days 
were  sjient  in  this  ])lacc  ;  during  which  lit  e  a  cross  was 
creeled,  and  possession  taken  for  the  Kit  *  of  France  ; 
as  De  Monts  had  done  two  years  before  it  Kennebec. 
When  the  bark  was  repaired  and  ready  I  i  sail.  Poutrin- 
co'.irt  took  a  walk  into  the  country,  w  .ilst  his  people 
were  liakini;  bread.  In  bis  absence  son  ^  of  the  natives 
visited  his  people  and  stole  a  hatchet.  Two  guns  were 
fired  at  tiieiu  and  ttiey  tied.  In  his  ret'  rn  he  saw  seve- 
ral parties  of  the  savages,  male  and  emale,  carrying 
away  their  children  and  their  corn,  r ml  hiding  them- 
selves as  he  and  his  company  pa:  .^ed.  He  was 
alarmed  at  tins  straiige  appearance  ;  b  it  niucli  more  so, 
wlieti  early  the  next  morning  a  sliowfr  of  arrows  came 
('ying  among  his  jn'ople,  two  of  wlnn  i  were  killed  and 
several  others  wounded.  'I'lie  savages  having  taken 
their  revenge,  lied  ;  and  it  was  in  vain  to  pursue  them. 
The  dead  were  Iniried  at  the  loot  of  tho  cross;  and 
whilst  llio  funeral  service  was  performing,  the  savages 
were  dancing  and  yelling  m  mock  concert  at  a  conve- 
nient distance,  but  witlnii  hearing.  When  the  French 
retired  un  board  their  bark,  the  savages  took  down  the 
cross,  duo  up  the  bodies  and  stripped  them  of  their 
grave  clothes,  which  they  carried  otf  in  triumph. 

This  unhappy  tpiarrel  gave  Poutrincourt  a  bad  idea 
of  the  natives.  He  attempted  to  pass  farther  round  the 
cape,  but  was  prevented  by  contrary  w  itids.  ai.d  forced 
back  to  the  same  harbor,  where  tlie  savaoes  ollering  to 
trrde,  six  or  seven  of  them  were  seized  and  put  to 
death. 

The  next  day  another  attempt  was  made  to  sail  far- 
ther;  but  the  wincl  came  against  them.  At  the  dis- 
tance of  six  or  seven  leagues  they  discovered  an  island; 
but  the  wind  would  not  permit  them  to  approach  it ; 
they  Iherefore  gave  it  the  name  of  Douteuse,  or  Doubt- 
ful. This  was  probably  either  Nantucket  or  Capa- 
wock,  now  called  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  and  if  so,  the 
I  contest  with  the  Indians  was  on  the  south  shore  of 
I  (Tape  (.'od,  where  are  several  harbors  and  streams  of 
I  fresii  water.  To  the  lijrbor  where  he  lay,  he  gave  the 
name  of  i*ort  Foriunc. 

It  was  now  late  in  tli^  sea!>on  and  no  prospeet  ap- 
peared of  olttaining  any  better  place  for  a  settlement  ; 
besides,  he  had  two  wounded  men  whobc  Uvet;  were  in 


danger.  He  therefore  determined  to  return,  which  he 
did  by  the  sliortesl  and  most  direct  course  ;  and  after  a 
perilous  voyage,  in  which  the  rudder  was  again  broken, 
and  the  bark  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck,  he  arri\cd 
at  Port  Koyal  on  the  14th  of  November. 

The  manner  m  which  they  spent  the  third  winter  was 
social  and  festive.  At  the  principal  table,  to  which  fif- 
teen persons  belonged,  un  order  was  established,  by  tho 
name  of  L'order  de  bon  temps.  Every  one  took  his 
turn  to  be  cati-rer  and  steward,  for  one  day.  durini» 
which  he  wore  the  collar  of 'he  order  and  a  napkin,  and 
earned  a  stall".  After  supper  he  resigned  liis  accoutre- 
ments, with  tho  ceremony  of  drinking  a  cup  of  wine,  l«i 
the  next  in  succc:)Sion.  The  advantage  of  this  institu- 
tion was,  that  each  one  was  emulous  to  be  prepared  fur 
his  day,  by  previously  hunting  or  tishing,  or  purcliasino 
fish  and  game  of  the  natives,  who  constantly  resided 
among  them,  and  were  extremely  pleased  with  their 
manners. 

Four  only  died  in  this  winter;  and  it  is  remarked 
that  these  were  *'  sluggish  and  fretful."  The  winter 
was  mild  and  fair.  On  a  Sunday  in  the  middle  of  Ja- 
nuary, after  divine  service,  they  "  sported  and  Lad  music 
on  the  river  ;"  and  the  same  month  tiiey  went  two 
leagues,  to  see  their  corn-fi'-'ld,  and  dined  cheerfully  in 
the  sun  shine. 

At  the  first  opening  of  the.  spring  (1607)  they  began 
lo  prepare  gardens  ;  the  produce  of  which  was  extrei/.e- 
ly  grateful  ;  as  were  also  the  numberless  lish  which 
came  into  the  river.  They  also  erected  a  water-mill, 
which  nut  only  saved  them  much  hard  labor  at  tho 
hand-mill,  but  gave  them  more  tune  for  hshmg.  Tho 
fish  which  they  took  were  called  herrings  and  pilchards  ; 
of  which  they  pickled  several  hogsheads  to  bo  scut 
liome  to  France. 

In  April  they  began  to  build  two  barks,  in  which 
they  might  visit  the  ports  fretpiented  by  the  tishermen, 
and  learn  some  news  from  their  mother  country,  as 
well  as  get  siijiplies  for  their  subsistence.  Having  no 
pitch  to  pay  tlie  scams,  they  were  obliged  to  cut  pine 
trees  and  burn  them  in  kilns,  by  which  means  they  ob- 
tained a  sudieiency. 

On  Ascension  day  a  vessel  arrived  from  France,  don- 
tired  to  bring  supplies  ;  a  large  share  of  wliich,  tho 
crew  had  unotneronsly  consumed  during  their  voyage. 
The  letters  brought  by  lliis  vessel  informed  them  that 
the  (ompany  of  mercbaiits,  associated  with  De  Monty, 
was  discouraged  ;  and  that  their  ship  was  to  be  em- 
ployed in  the  lishery  at  Canseau.  The  reason  of  thi? 
proceeding  was,  that  contrary  to  th^  king's  edict,  tho 
Hollanders  liad  intruded  themselves  into  their  fur  trade 
in  the  river  of  Canada,  having  been  conducted  by  li 
treacherous  Frenchman  ;  in  eon.sequence  of  which  tho 
king  had  revoked  the  exclusive  privilege  which  he  had 
given  to  De  Monts  for  ten  vears.  The  avarice  of  theso 
Hollanders  was  so  great,  that  they  had  opened  tho 
graves  of  th^  dead,  and  taken  the  beaver  skins  in  which 
the  corpses  had  been  buried.  This  outrage  was  so 
higldy  resented  by  the  savages  at  Canseau,  that  they 
killed  the  person  who  had  sliown  the  places  wliere  tho 
dead  were  laid.  This  news  was  e.\iremelv  unwel- 
come, as  it  portended  the  destruction  of  the  colony. 

Poutrincourt  however  was  so  well  |i!eased  with  hn 
situation,  that  he  determined  to  return  lo  it,  thougli 
none  but  his  own  family  should  accomjiany  him.  llo 
was  very  desirous  to  see  the  issue  of  his  attempt  at 
agriculture,  and  therefore  detiined  tho  vessel  as  lon^ 
as  he  could,  and  employed  his  bark  in  small  voyages 
about  the  bay,  to  trade  (or  furs  and  gather  specimens 
of  iron  and  copper  to  be  transported  to  France.  When 
they  were  all  ready  lo  sail,  he  tarried  eleven  davs  Ion- 
ger  than  the  others,  that  he  might  carry  homo  the  hrsl 
fruits  of  his  harvest  Leaving  the  linitdinga  and  part 
of  the  provision  wiih  the  standing  corn,  as  a  present  lo 
the  friendly  natives,  ho  finally  sailed  from  Port  Roval, 
on  the  11th  of  August,  and  joined  the  other  vessels  at 
('anseau  ;  from  wliich  place  he  proceedetl  to  France, 
where  they  arrived  in  the  latter  end  of  September. 

Specimens  of  the  wheat,  rye  barley,  and  oats  went 
shown  the  king;  which,  with  other  productions  of 
the  countr)',  annual  and  mineral,  were  so  highly  accepi- 
able,  that  he  renewed  and  confirmed  to  De  Mouls  tho 
privilege  of  trading  for  beavers,  that  he  miglit  have  it  ill 
his  power  to  establish  a  colony  In  i  onsoquencc  ol 
which  the  next  spring  several  families  were  sent  to  re- 
new the  plantation,  who  found  that  the  savages  had 
gathered  several  barrels  of  tlie  corn  which  had  been  left 
siaiuling  ;  and  had  reseivid  one  for  their  friends  whom 
they  expected  to  return. 

The  revocation  of  the  exclusive  patent  given  to  De 
Monts,  was  lounded  on  complaints  made  by  the  mas- 
ters of  fi.Miing  vessels,  Uiat  tho  branch  of  comnicrce  in 


M 

jr  -i 

rf 

h 

/■'■I 

96 

which  they  were  engaged  would  be  ruined.  When 
this  patent  was  restored,  it  was  limited  to  one  year ; 
and  on  this  condition,  that  he  should  make  an  estab- 
lishment in  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  Do  Monts  there- 
fore quitted  his  connexion  with  Acadia,  and  the  com- 
pany of  mcrcliants,  with  whom  he  had  been  connected, 
fitted  out  two  ships  tor  the  port  of  Tadousac,  m  ItjU:^. 
The  fur  trade  was  of  very  considerable  value,  and  the 
company  made  great  profits  ;  but  Uc  Monts  finding 
their  interests  luirt  by  his  connexion  with  them,  with- 
drew fiorii  the  association. 

Poutruicourt  resolving  to  prosecute  his  plantation  at 
Port  lloyal,  the  grant  of  which  liad  been  confirmed  to 
nim  by  the  king,  sent  Biencourt,  his  son,  to  France, 
(lliOS)  for  ft  supply  jf  men  and  provisioi-.i.  One  con- 
dition of  the  grunt  was,  that  attempts  should  be  made 
to  convert  the  natives  to  the  Catholic  faith,  it  was 
therefore  necessary  tJ  engage  the  assistance  of  some 
ecclesiastics.  The  first  who  embraced  the  proiKisal 
were  the  Jesuits,  by  whose  zealous  exertions  a  contri- 
bution was  soon  made  for  the  pur|>ose  ;  and  two  of 
their  ordert  Uiard  and  Masse,  embarked  for  the  new 
plantation.  It  was  not  long  before  u  controversy  arose 
between  them  and  tiie  proprietor,  who  said  "  it  was  ins 
part  to  ru/c  them  on  earth,  and  theirs  cnlv  to  fjindr 
hiin  10  heaven."  After  his  departure  for  France.  Ins 
soil  IJiericourt,  disdaining  to  be  conlruled  bv  those 
whom  lie  had  invited  to  reside  with  him,  threatened 
them  with  corporeal  punitlnnent,  m  return  for  tlieir 
spiritual  anathem,is.  It  became  nccessar\'  then  that 
they  should  separate.  The  Jesuits  removed  to  Mount 
Desart,  where  they  planted  gardens  and  entered  on 
the  business  of  their  mission,  which  thev  contnuied  till 
1613  or  IG14;  when  Sir  Samuel  Argal  from  Virginia 
broke  up  the  French  settlements  in  Acadia.  In  the 
encounter  one  of  these  Jesuits  was  killed  and  the 
other  was  made  prisor.er.  Of  the  other  Frenchman. 
some  disjtcrsed  themselves  in  the  woods  and  mixi-d 
with  the  savages ;  some  went  to  the  rivi-r  St.  Law- 
rence and  fitrengiliened  tiie  settlement  which  Cliam- 
plain  had  made  there ;  and  others  returned  to  France. 

Two  advantages  were  expected  to  result  from  es- 
tahlislnng  a  colony  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence  ;  one 
was  an  extension  of  the  fur  trade,  and  another  was  the 
hope  of  penetattng  westward,  through  the  lakes,  to  tlio 
racilic  ocean,  and  tindiiig  a  nearer  commuiiiciitum 
with  China.  One  of  the  vessels  sent  by  the  eomimny 
of  merchants,  in  1008,  to  that  river  was  commanded 
toy  Champlain.  In  his  former  voyase  he  had  marked 
the  strait  above  the  Wiu  of  Oileans,  as  a  proper  situa- 
tion for  a  fort  ;  because  the  river  was  there  contract!  d 
in  its  breadih,  and  the  northern  ahore  was  hiirh  and 
commanding,  lie  arrived  there  in  the  beginning  of 
.!uiy,  and  immediatelv  began  to  clear  the  wood.*,  to 
butid  houses,  and  prepare  fields  and  gardens.  Here  he 
spent  the  winter,  and  his  conipaiiv  sullered  mu':li  bv 
Uie  scurvy.  The  remcJy  which  Carlier  had  used,  was 
tot  to  be  found,  or  the  savages  knew  nothing  of  it.  It 
is  supposed  that  the  former  inhabitants  had  been  extir- 
pated, and  a  new  people  held  possession. 

In  the  spring  of  ItiDl),  Champlain,  with  two  other 
Frenchmen  and  a  party  of  tlie  natives,  went  up  the 
river,  now  called  Sorel.  and  entered  the  lakes,  which  lie 
toward  the  south,  and  communicate  with  the  countrv 
of  the  Iroquois.  To  the  largest  of  these  lakes  Cham- 
plain gave  his  own  name,  which  it  has  ever  since  'e- 
lained.  On  the  shore  of  another  which  lie  called  Lake 
Sacrament,  now  Lake  Ueorue.  they  were  discovi-red 
by  a  company  of  the  Iroquois,  with  whom  thev  had  a 
skirmish.  Champlain  killed  two  of  them  with  his  mus- 
ket. The  scalps  of  fifty  were  taken  and  brought  to 
ynebcc  in  triumpli. 

In  the  autumn.  Champlain  went  to  France.  leaving 
Capt.  Fier-e  to  command  ;  and  in  ItilO  he  returned  to 
Quebec,  to  perh-ct  the  colony,  of  winch  he  may  be  -on- 
tfidered  as  the  founder. 

After  the  death  of  Henry  IV,  he  obtained  of  the 
ijuecn  KeuFcnt.  a  eommission  as  lieutenant  of  New 
France,  with  very  extensive  powers.  'I'his  commission 
was  confirmed  by  Lewis  XIII;  and  Champlain  was 
continued  in  the  government  of  Canada. 

The  religious  controversies,  which  prevailed  in 
France,  augmented  the  nundjer  of  colonists.  A  set- 
tlement was  made  at  Trois  Hivipres,  and  a  brij*(  trade 
WdS  ca. Tied  on  at  Tadousac.  In  1G2U,  Quebr  jegan 
to  assume  the  fac?  of  a  city,  and  the  fortress  abb  re- 
built with  stone  ;  but  the  people  were  divided  in  their 
religions  prmeiples,  and  tiie  Iluizonot  partv  prevailed. 

In  tins  divided  state.  (Iti-J'J)  llie  culonv  was  attaeked 
by  an  armament  from  LnL'iaiid  under  the  conduct  of  i 
bir  David  Kirk.  He  sailed  up  the  river  St  Lawrence,  j 
UKi  a()pcareU  huforo  Quebec,  wluch  wua  limn  ttomisera- 1 


AMERICAN    HIS  TOR'S. 


bly  supplied,  that  tliey  had  hut  seven  ounces  of  bread 
to  a  man  for  a  day.  A  squadron  from  I-'rance,  witli 
provision  for  tiieir  relief,  entered  the  river ;  hut,  after 
some  resistance,  was  taken  Itv  the  Knglisli.  This 
disa[?pointmeiit  increased  the  distress  of  the  colony  and 
obliged  Cliampiain  to  capitulate.  He  was  carried  to 
France  in  an  Kni.'iish  ship  ;  and  'here  found  the  mmds 
of  tiie  people  divided,  with  reuard  to  Canada  ;  some 
thinking  it  not  worth  regaining,  as  it  had  cost  tlie 
irovernmeni  va.-^t  sums,  without  lu'ingmi:  "nv  return  ; 
others  deeming  tlie  h>liiry  and  fur  trade  to  be  great 
national  objects,  especially  as  tliey  proved  to  l»u  a  nur- 
sery for  seamen.  Tliese  sentimeiiis,  supported  by  tlie 
solicitation  of  (!'liamp!am.  prevjiUd  ;  and  hy  the  treaty 
of  .St.  Germaiiry,  in  \G'.VZ,  Can.ula,  Acadia  and  Cape 
Urclon  were  restored  to  France. 

The  next  year  Champlain  resumed  Ins  government, 
and  the  company  of  New  France  were  restored  to  their 
former  iiiihts  and  privileges.  A  large  recruit  of  inhabi- 
tants, with  a  competent  supply  of  Jesnit.s,  arrived  from 
France  ;  and  with  some  didiculty  a  mission  was  c.stab- 
lislied  among  tiie  Ilurons  ;  and  a  seminary  of  the  order 
was  heiiun  at  t^iiehec.  In  tlie  mul.^l  of  lliis  prosperity 
Ciiamptain  dud,  in  the  mouth  of  Hecemher,  It>3r> ;  and 
was  succeeded  the  next  vear  hy  l)e  Montmagnv. 

Cli  rnplain  is  characterized  as  a  man  of  good  sense, 
stroiiu  penetration  and  upright  views  ;  volatile,  active. 
enitTjirisi^g,  firm  and  valiant.  He  aided  the  Hurons 
in  llit-ir  wars  with  the  Iroquois,  and  personally  engaged 
in  iheiv  bLtlies;  m  one  of  winch  he  was  wounded. 
His  zeal  lv»r  t!ie  |)ropagation  of  tiie  Catholic  reiit;ion 
was  so  <;reat  tliai  it  was  a  common  saving  witli  hiiii, 
that  "the  salvation  of  one  soul  was  of  more  value  than 
tiie  conquest  of  an  emjiire." 


FERDINANDO   GORGES, 

isn 

JOHN    MASON. 

FERniJiAsno  OonoEs— Ills  pprsrvoranrc— His  <lpfenre  tx-forft 
tlif  t.fiiiiiiK'iis— His  i-oinj.laint  a^lln'*t  tliu  DiiU'li—llis  ev- 
ln'iise  and  liiss— Hh  triisfurtimt's  luivi  liratli— Jull.s  .Ma>o.s 
— iri  coniiet'tcil  wnli  Gorstes— His  planlatnin  at  l'i>cala.iua — 
His  itnai  fxpense  ami  loss — M;iss;n'liii-i('tts  ('uloiiy  esia- 
tilisl'i-a— In<it'pernlenry  of  the  Colnny  siispectuii— Pruvmee 
ui  Maine— Its  plan  of  Kovornnn-nt— I'lolecleii  by  Mas^aelm- 
sells— I'urilia.sL'il  ()>■  .Massai'liusclts. 

Wk  know  nolhini;  concerning  Gorges  in  the  early 
part  of  his  life.  The  tirst  account  wu  liave  of  liim.  is 
tlie  discover)'  which  he  made  of  a  plot  winch  the  Karl  of 
Fsse.T  had  laid  to  overthrow  lite  aovernmeiit  of  Queen 
Kli/abeth.  the  tragical  issue  of  wiiieh  is  too  well  Known 
to  be  here  repeated.  (iorge<;,  who  had  been  privy  to 
the  conspiracy  at  first,  cominu'iiraled  ins  kiuwledije 
of  It  to  Sir  Waller  Raleigh,  tus  intimate  friend,  but  tlie 
enemy  and  rival  of  Kssex. 

Tiicrc  was  not  only  an  intimacy  between  Raleigh 
and  (lorjjes.  but  a  similantv  in  their  genius  and  einplov- 
:ne?it ;  both  were  formed  for  intriiiue  and  adventure  ; 
botii  were  indefatigable  in  the  prosecution  of  tlieir  san- 
guine projects  ;  and  l>oth  were  naval  commanders. 

Huring  the  war  with  Spain,  winch  occupied  tlie  last 
years  of  Queen  Kli/abetii,  Gorges,  witii  other  adven- 
turous sjjiriis,  toiiml  full  employment  iii  the  navy  of 
their  mistress.  Wiien  the  peace,  whieli  her  successor. 
James  I.  made  in  161)  I,  jiut  an  end  to  liieir  iiopes  of 
lioiior  and  fortune  by  military  enterprises.  Sir  Ferdi- 
iiando  was  appointeil  Governor  of  FIvmouth,  in  Heviui- 
shire.  'i"his  circumstance,  by  whicii  tiio  spirit  of  ad- 
venture might  seem  to  have  tieen  repressed,  proved 
the  occasion  of  its  iireakinj:  out  .villi  fresli  ardor, 
though  in  a  jiaeific  and  mercantile  form,  comiieted 
with  the  raije  for  ftireign  disi-overies,  whieli  after  some 
internijitiun,  had  atrain  seized  liie  Fnglish  nation. 

Lorii  Arundel,  of  Wardour.  had  ein|>loyed  a  Captain 
Weymouth  in  search  of  a  noriliwest  pa^sage  to  India. 
Tins  nav. gator  having  mistaken  his  course,  fell  in  with 
a  river  on  the  coast  of  America,  wiiicli.  by  his  descri))- 
tion,  must  have  been  either  Kennebec,  or  I'enobscot. 
From  thence  he  brouglit  to  Knjjland.  five  of  the  natives, 
and  arrived  in  tlm  moritii  of  July.  IfiO."),  in  the  hariior 
of  Plymouth,  where  (loriies  commanded,  who  im- 
mediately look  three  M  them  into  his  family.  Their 
names  were  Mantda,  Sketwarroes  and  Tasquantum  ; 
tliey  were  all  of  one  lantruanc.  though  not  of  tiic  same 
tribe.  This  accident  proved  tlie  occasion,  under  (iod's 
providence,  of  preparing  the  way  for  a  more  perfect  dis- 
eovery  than  had  yet  been  made  of  this  part  of  North 
America. 

Haviuir  gained  tlie  aTecimns  of  lliese  savaijes  bv 
kind  treatnuiit,  he  fonii  I  tiieiii  very  do*  ite  and  intelli- 
gent ;  and  from  tiiem  he  icarned  by  inquiry,  many  par- 
tinilars  cone- ning  their  country,  its  riverf,  harbors. 
islands,  fish  a.t.  other  aainiaits ;  ihc  imtnbcrs, di^po- 


Isition,  manners  and  customp  of  the  nativi^s;  thoir 
1  government,  alhances,  enemies,  force  and  metliods  of 
i  war.  The  result  of  iheto  inquiries  served  to  feed  a 
j  saitguino  hope  of  indnlgnig  his  genius  and  advaucuig 
;  his  fortuiiu  by  a  mure  thorough  discovery  of  the   :ouii* 

i  ^'y-  . 

I  His  chief  associate  in  lliis  plan  of  discovery,  wo? 
Sir  John  Fopiiam,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  tlie  King's 
Reiieli,  who,  by  his  acquaint anro  with  divers  noblemer^ 
and  by  tiieir  interesl  at  court,  obtained  from  King 
James  a  patent  for  making  eetileinents  in  America 
which  was  now  divided  into  two  districts,  and  called 
North  and  South  ^'Irglllla.  Tiie  latter  of  these  districts 
was  put  under  tlie  eare  of  certain  noblemen,  knightfl, 
and  gentlemen  wlio  were  styU-d  the  London  Company  ; 
ttic  lormer  under  iho  direction  of  otliers  in  Un^ioh 
Exeter  and  Plymouth,  who  were  called  t!ie  Plymouth 
Company,  because  their  meetings  were  usually  held 
tiiere. 

Uy  the  joint  efforts  of  tins  company,  of  which  Po|>- 
liam  and  Gorges  were  two  of  the  most  enteqirism;^ 
members,  a  ship,  eommaniled  by  Henry  Chalung,  was 
lilted  out,  and  sailed  m  Auiiiisi,  lUOO,  for  llie  discovery 
of  the  country  from  wlneh  tiie  savages  liad  been 
brought,  and  i«o  of  ihem  were  pni  on  board.  Thn 
orders  given  to  tlie  master  wire  lo  keep  in  as  lugh  a 
latitude  as  (.'ape  lJr(  Ion  till  lie  sliuuld  discover  the 
main  land,  and  liien  to  range  tlic  coa^-t  soutliward  till 
lie  should  find  the  placr  from  wlneh  the  natives  had 
been  taken.  Instead  of  oIisLT\mg  llie>e  orders,  the 
captain  lalling  sick  on  tlie  pass.igi',  madi-  a  soiitiieru 
course,  and  first  arrived  at  the  l^land  of  I'urtu  Uico, 
where  he  lamed  some  tune  lor  llie  recovery  of  hi:« 
iieallli;  Irom  tiience.  eonniig  northwardlv,  lie  fell  in 
w:th  a  Spanish  fieet  from  the  Hawiimah,  by  whom  the 
siiip  was  seized  and  carried  to  Sp.nn. 

Captain  Prynne,  in  aiiuiinr  ship  whicli  sailed  from 
Uristol,  with  orders  lo  lind  Clialuiig,  and  join  with  him 
111  a  survey  o(  the  coast,  had  better  success  ;  fo'  tlioegh 
he  iailtd  ot  meeting  Ins  consort,  yi-t  he  carrieil  iiome  .1 
particular  account  of  the  coasts,  rivers,  and  harbors, 
with  otiier  iiifurinalion  relative  lo  liie  counlry,  winch 
made  ko  deep  an  impression  on  tlie  mmds  of  tiie  eom- 
pany,  as  lo  streiigtlien  tlieir  resolution  of  prosecuting 
their  enterprise. 

It  was  dt'termined  to  send  over  a  lari:e  mimber  of 
people  suthcunt  to  be;:in  a  colony.  For  tins  purposu 
<.uorge  I*opiiam  wis  aiipnmled  president  ;  Ualcigh 
Gilbert,  admiral  ;  Edward  Harloii,  master  of  ordnance  ; 
Robert  Davis,  serjcant-major  :  Elis  Rest,  marshal; 
Mr.  Seamen,  secretary  ;  James  Davies.  commander  of 
tlie  fort;  (ioine  Carew,  searelur.  All  liie*e  were  to 
be  of  the  council  ;  and  besides  these,  the  colonv  con- 
sisted of  OMc  hundred  men.  \\lio  were  sivled  planters. 
They  sailed  t'roin  Fiymoutii  in  two  ships.  May  111,  llitj?, 
and  iiaviiig  filien  m  wilh  tlie  island  of  Monaiiigon,  Au- 
gust 11,  landed  at  the  mouth  of  Sagadahoek.  or  Kenne- 
bec river,  on  a  peninsula,  wiiere  lliev  erected  a  store- 
i  house,  and  haviiii;  foriilied  it  as  well  as  tin  ir  circum- 
stances would  admit,  gave  it  tiie  name  of  Fort  St. 
George. 

By  nteans  of  two  natives  whom  they  brouglit  with 
them  to  England,  viz,  Sketwarroes.  sent  hy  Ciorires, 
and  Uehainida.  by  Popham.  thiy  found  a  eordial  wel- 
come ainonu  llie  Imluins.  their  saclu-ms  oll'ermg  lo  con- 
duct and  mlnuluce  iliem  to  the  Ua.siiaba,  or  great  chief, 
wliose  residence  was  at  Penobseot,  and  to  whom,  it 
was  expected,  that  all  strangers  should  make  their  ad- 
dress.* 

Tlie  president,  bavinu  received  several  invitations, 
was  preparing  to  comply  with  tlieir  request,  and  had 
advanced  some  leagues  on  his  wav,  but  contrary  winda 
and  had  wealiier  oliliged  him  to  return,  to  the  great 
grief  of  tiie  sachems,  who  were  to  liave  attended  lum. 
'I'he  Hasiiaba  hearing  of  their  disappointment,  sent 
his  son  to  visit  the  president,  and  settle  a  trade  for 
furs. 

The  ships  departed  for  England  in  December,  leav- 
ing behind  them  only  45  persons  of  the  new  colony- 
The  season  was  too  far  advanced  before  their  arrival 
to  Oegin  planting  for  that  year,  if  tiiero  had  been  irround 
prepared  for  tillage.  'I'hey  bad  to  subsist  on  the  pro- 
visions which  they  had  brought  from  England,  and  the 
fish  and  game  which  the  country  alforded.  The  seve- 
rity ol   an  American  winter  was  new  to  them  ;   a.-d 


•  Tlie  Ha.Hhal>a  of  Puiiulisi-ot  w>\n  a  pruiee  snpi^riur  in  rank 
til  the  saclicins  of  the  !:evfral  triiMB.  All  tlic  sichcms  west 
w:inl  as  far  as  Naumket'ir  (.Saleml,  arkinnvk-ili't'il  .ti'liiei'tina 
to  turn.  Hi'  is  ff  i'i'''itlV 'nentiinieJ  ui  tin*  ai-ouiits'of  tho 
first  voyaaes  to  .N'mv  Eiiihiii-I;  liul  was  kiliert  hv  llie  Tarra- 
li'iit's  in  ItllS,  ttcfort!  ariy  cirectunl  ifttliMruMil  was  in.iile  in 
tho  coiiiury.  Wo  havo  no  accuiint  oi  any  oUkt  IiuImii  ih'ief 
in  tticiic  aoilhcrn  t-  **  uf  Aiiioricu,  wluiu  authuriiy  wab  v) 

C  J  *.#»«*  7-1 


lUOORAPIIIES    OF    THE    KAKLY    DISCOVERERS. 


87 


the  nativts;  ilwii 
rco  anii  metliods  of 
ics  served  to  lued  a 
I'lUUii  uiid  advancih^ 
covery  uf  ttie   :oim- 

u  of  discovprv,  waa 
ustu'u  of  the  kinir'a 
ith  divers  llubleInt:r^ 
)lttained  from  King 
t'liu'iits  iti  America 
I  distncls,  and  called 
Iter  of  lliese  diAlricts 
ri  iiubli-iiien.  kiki«:ltt^ 
ic  Luiidoii  Cuii)|i.iiiy ; 
>f  otliera  in  ilrisiol, 
caili-d  the  JMynioutb 
s  v\eru  usually  Iield 

pany,  of  whiih  ro|>- 
iiu  most  eiitiii»n3iii^ 
Henry  Clialoiit,s  was 
jOO,  fur  llicilisco^L-ry 
:  savaj^es  liad  been 
pul  on  hoard.  Thn 
>  to  keep  m  as  hi^h  a 

should  discover  the 
L'  ('11:1^1  southward  idl 
iir-h  the  natiVLd  had 
n-,'  lJu>e  orders,  the 
.i;^r,  niutli-  a  soiilhern 
:>l.nid  of  I'orto  liuo, 

llie  recovery  of  hl:« 
irthwardly,  he  fell  m 
\aiiiiah,  hy  whom  the 
lani. 

1)1  wiiich  sailed  from 
ii<;,  and  join  wiih  luin 
■r  success  :  fo"  tlioeyh 
yet  ho  carried  hu:ne  a 
i,  rivers,  and  liart>ortt, 
lo  the  couniry,  which 
he  minds  of  the  cnni- 
ihitioii  o{  prosecuting 

)ver  a  larize  numher  o( 
|nv.     For  this  purposo 
president ;    Italeiijh 
,  master  of  ordnance  ; 
Khs    IJesl,    marshal; 
)dvies.  eoininaiidt;r  of 
All  ihej-e  were  to 
hese.  the  rulony  con- 
were  St  vied  planters, 
ships.  MavlM.lBOT. 
d  of  Monalii^'on,  Au- 
.j'jadahock.  or  Keime- 
lliev  erected  a  storo- 
wt'U  as  tlu  ir  circinn- 
iiame  ol   Kurt  Kt. 

)m  thcv  hronjilit  with 
?s.  sent  hv  tJttrirei, 
ound  u  cordial  wel- 
henis  olfenni;  lo  con- 
ishalta,  or  irrcal  chief, 
-ol,  and  to  whom,  it 
liould  makr  their  ad- 

several  invitations, 
leir  reipiest,  and  hatl 
[•,  but  contrary  winds 
return,  to  the  great 
I  have  attended  hiin. 
lli.*>appointnient,  sent 
lid  settle  a  trade  foi 

|l  in  December,  leav- 
i  of  the  new  cohmy. 
|d  before  their  arrival 
ero  had  liecii  ground 
fiuhsist  on  the  pro- 
Im  Kni;Und,  and  the 
■  forded.  'I'lie  seve- 
|new  to  them  ;   a..d 

iicf  Kri(if'rinr  m  rank 

I  tlic  sru-hcins  wt'si 

DWieUte-t  sfl'iectnm 

liic  a<v<.ii!its'<»r  1l\o 

4  kili.'"l  Ipv  Hie  T.irra- 

Ili'inciU  \\:i!t   itiaile  in 

Dtlii^r    IrxlUn  chief 

1  authotily  w.i«  v) 


S 


lliough  it  was  observed  that  the  same  winier  was  un- 

comnionlv  severe  in  En>;land,  yet  that  nrcunistance 
being  unknown  could  not  alleviate  their  distress.  Hy 
sonic  accident  tluir  storehouse  took  hre,  and  was  con- 
Buined  with  the  greater  part  of  their  piovisions.  in  the 
middle  of  the  winter;  and  in  the  sprinfi  of  10H8,  tliey 
had  the  additional  misfortimc  to  lose  their  president. 
(Japtain  I'opham.  liy  death.  The  ship  which  their 
friends  in  Kngland  by  their  umted  exertions  sent  over 
with  supplies,  arrived  a  few  days  after  with  the  me- 
lancholy news  of  the  death  of  Sir  John  Pophani,  winch 
happened wlule  she  lay  waiting  forawind  at  IMyniouth. 
The  command  of  the  colony  now  devoKcd  on  (Gilbert, 
out  the  next  ship  brouuht  an  account  of  the  tleaih  of 
his  brother.  Sir  John  (iilberl,  which  obliged  him  to  re- 
turn to  Kngland,  lo  take  care  of  the  estate  to  which  he 
succeeded.  Tlicoe  repealed  misfortnnr.s  and  disap- 
IK)imments,  oiH'rating  with  the.  disgust  which  the  new- 
colonists  had  taken  to  the  climate  and  soil,  determined 
them  to  quit  the  place.  Accordin-^'ly.  havmg  enit'arked 
with  their  president,  they  returned  to  Kngland,  carrying 
With  them,  as  the  fruit  of  their  labor,  a  small  ves.sel. 
which  they  had  bmll  during  their  resideiMre  here,  and 
thus  the  first  colonv  which  was  attempted  in  >iew  Eng- 
land, began  and  ended  in  one  year. 

The  country  was  now  branded  as  intolerably  cold, 
and  the  body  of  the  adventurers  relinquislied  the  de- 
bign.  iSir  Francis  I'opham,  indeed,  employed  a  ship 
for  some  ."succeeding  years  in  the  lishmg  and  fur  trade  ; 
but  he,  at  length  became  content  with  his  losj-es,  and 
none  of  this  company  but  Sir  Kerdinando  (iorgcs,  had 
the  resolution  to  surmount  all  discouragements  Tiiough 
he  sincerely  lamented  the  loss  uf  his  worthy  friend,  the 
Chief  Justice,  who  had  zealouslv  joineil  him  in  these 
hitherto  t'ruillcss,  luit  e.Tpensive,  labors;  yet,  '*  as  to 
tiie  coldness  of  the  chine  (.lie  says,)  he  had  loo  much 
experience  in  the  world  tobe  IriL'htod  with  such  a  blast, 
as  knowing  many  great  kiiigdnms  and  large  territories 
more  nortiieilv  .tcated,  and  by  many  deijiees  <.'oIder. 
were  plentifullv  inhabited,  and  <livers  of  ihein  stored 
with  no  better  commodities  liiun  these  parts  utford,  if 
l.ke  industry,  art  and  labor  be  used." 

Such  persevering  ardor  in  the  face  of  so  many  dis- 
cauragenients,  nuist  bo  allowed  to  discover  a  mind 
formed  for  enterjirise,  and  fully  persuaded  of  the  prac- 
licabihty  of  the  undertaking. 

When  he  found  that  he  could  not  be  seconded  in  his 
attempts  for  a  thorough  discovery  of  the  country  by 
oilier.^,  he  determined  to  carry  it  on  by  himself;  and 
for  this  jniriose  he  purchased  a  ship,  and  engaged  with 
a  master  and  crew  to  go  to  the  coast  of  New  England 
for  the  purpose  of  fishing  and  tratlic,  the  only  induce- 
ment which  seafaring  people  could  have  to  undertake 
Buch  a  voyage.  On  board  this  ship  he  put  Ukhakh 
ViNKs,  and  several  others  of  nis  own  servants,  in 
whom  he  placed  the  fullest  contidence,  and  whom  he 
hired  al  a  great  expense  to  stay  m  the  country  over  the 
winter,  ami  pursue  the  discovery  of  it.  These  persons 
having  left  the  ship's  company  to  follow  their  usual  oc- 
cupation on  the  coast,  travelled  in'o  the  land,  and  meet- 
ing with  the  savages  who  had  before  returned  to  Ame- 
rica, hy  their  assistance  became  acipiainled  with  such 
particulars  as  (Inrges  wished  to  know. 

Mr.  \ines  and  Ins  companions  were  received  bv  the 
Indians  with  great  Imspiiality,  though  their  residcnct^ 
among  them  was  rendered  hazardous,  both  hy  a  war 
which  raged  among  ihem,  and  liy  a  pestilence  which 
accompanied  or  succeeded  it. 

This  war  and  pesiileiu-e  are  freqiientlv  spoken  of  bv 
die  historians  of  New  Kiiudaiid  as  remarkable  events 
in  the  course  of  IVovidmce,  whu-h  prepared  the  wav 
tor  the  establislinieiit  of  an  European  colonv.  Con- 
cerning the  war,  we  know  nothing  more  than  this,  that 
it  was  liegiin  by  the  Tarratenes,  u  nation  who  resided 
eastward  of  Peiiobscot.  These  formidable  people  sur- 
prised the  IJashaba.  or  chief  sachem,  al  his  head  quar- 
Icrs.  andiiestruyed  him  with  all  Ins  family  ;  upon  which 
Qp  the  other  sachems  who  were  subordinate  to  lum. 
quarrelled  Hinong  themselves  for  the  sovereignty  ;  and 
m  these  dissensions  many  of  them  as  well  as  of  their 
unhappy  people  perished.  Ofwliat  particular  kind  the 
pestilence  was.  we  have  no  certain*  information  ;  but 
It  seems  to  have  been  adisorderi^ecuhar  lo  the  Indians, 
for  Mr.  Vmea  and  his  companions,  who  were  inliinatelv 
conversant  with  them,  and  frequently  lodged  in  then 
wigwams,  were  not  in  the  least  degree  allected  by  it, 
though  It  swept  etr  the  Iiiihans  al  such  a  prodigious 
rate,  'hat   the   living  were   not    aide  to  biirv  the   dead. 


*  Mr.  (.1  .uKui  savs,  tltat  "  he  liuil  ttistooursed  wiili  itoiiie  old 
ll>dianH  wlv  were  tlu;n  yt-uths,  whntol.l  hun,  tlial  tlir  hixln's 
of  the  sick  were  at!  over  eicccdnu;  yellow,  (which  they  fk- 
Knl»eil  hyimintniKto  a  yelluw  garment,)  bolli  before  the v 


and  their  bones  were  found  a*  reral  years  after  lying 
al)out  the  Milages  where  they  had  resided  Theextenl 
of  this  pestilence  was  between  I'enobscot  in  ih.t  CuSt, 
and  Narraganset  m  the  west,  'Ihese  two  tribes  es- 
caped, while  the  intermediate  people  were  wasted  and 
destroyed. 

The  information  which  Vines  obtained  for  Sir  Fer- 
dinando,  thoi  gh  satisfactory  in  one  view,  produced  no 
real  advantage  proportionate  to  llie  expense.  Whilst 
lie  was  debberatmg  by  what  means  he  should  farther 
prosecute  his  plan  of  colonization,  Captain  Henry  Ilar- 
ley,  who  had  been  ono  of  the  unfortunate  adventurers 
toSagadahock,  came  to  him,  bringing  a  native  of  the 
Island  Cajiawock,  now  called  Martha's  Vineyard,  who 
had  been  treacherously  taken  from  his  owi,  country  by 
one  of  the  fishing  ships  and  shown  in  London  as  a  ^ight. 
(iorgcs  received  this  savage,  whose  name  was  Epenow, 
with  great  pleasure  ;  .ind  about  the  same  time  reco- 
vered Assacumet,  one  of  those  who  had  been  sent  in 
the  unfortunate  voyage  of  Captain  t'halong.  These 
two  Indians  at  tirst  scarcely  understood  each  other; 
but  when  they  had  grown  better  acquainted,  Assacumet 
informed  his  old  maater  of  what  ho  had  learned  from 
Epenow  concerning  his  country.  This  artful  fellow 
had  invented  a  story  of  a  mine  of  gvld  in  his  nalivo 
island,  wiiich  he  supposed  would  induce  some  adven- 
turer to  employ  linn  as  a  pilot,  by  which  means  he 
hoped  to  get  home,  and  ho  was  not  disa])pointed  in  his 
e.\[jectation. 

Ciorges  had  engaged  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  then 
commander  of  the  Isle  of  \\'ight,  to  advance  one  hun- 
dred pounds,  and  Captain  Hobson  anotherhundred,  and 
also  to  go  on  the  discovery.  M'lth  this  assistance, 
Harley  .'tailed  in  June,  161-4,  carrying  with  lum  several 
land  soldiers  and  the  two  before  mentioned  Indians, 
with  a  third  named  Wanape,  who  had  been  sent  lo 
Gorges  trom  the  Isle  of  Wight.  On  the  arrival  of  the 
ship,  she  was  soon  piloted  lo  the  island  of  Capawock, 
and  lo  the  harbor  where  Epenow  was  to  perforin  bin 
promise.  Tlie  [>rinci[ial  inhabitants  of  the  place,  with 
some  of  his  own  kinsmen,  came  on  board,  with  whom 
he  held  A  conference,  and  contrived  his  escape.  They 
departed,  promising  to  return  the  next  day  witli  lurs 
for  trallic.  Epenow  )iad  pretended  that  if  it  were 
known  that  ho  had  discovered  the  secrets  of  his  coun- 
try, his  life  would  be  in  danger ;  but  the  company  were 
careful  to  watch  him  ;  audio  prevent  his  escajio,  had 
drcs>ed  him  m  long  clothes,  which  could  easily  be  laid 
hohl  ut",  if  there  should  be  occasion.  His  friends  ap- 
peared the  next  morning  in  twenty  canoes,  and  lying 
at  a  distance,  the  cajitam  called  them  to  come  on  board, 
which  they  declining,  Ej)enow  was  ordered  to  renew 
the  invitation.  He,  mounting  the  forecastle,  hailed 
them  as  he  was  directed,  and  at  the  same  instant, 
though  one  held  him  by  the  coat,  yet  being  strong  and 
heavy,  he  jumped  into  tiic  water.  His  couutrvinen 
then  advanced  to  receive  him.  and  sent  a  ^h()wcr  of 
arrows  into  tiie  ship,  which  so  disconcerted  the  crew, 
that  the  prisoner  completely  elfecled  his  escape.  Thus 
the  golden  dream  vanished,  and  the  ship  returned  with- 
out having  performed  any  services  adequate  lo  the  ex- 
pense of  her  etpiipinent. 

'I'lie  I'lyinouth  Company  were  much  discouraged  by 
the  ill  success  of  this  adventure  ;  but  the  spirit  of  eu\';- 
lation  bitween  them  and  the  London  Company  proved 
very  serviceable  to  the  cause  m  which  ihty  were  jomilv 
engaged.      For  ihese  having  sent  out   four  ships  under 
the  command    of  Michael   Cooper,  to  South  Virginia. 
January.  1615,  and  I'aptam  John  Smith,  who  hiid  been 
employed  by  thai  eompany,    having  returned  to   Eng- 
land,   and  engaged  wnh    the  company   at    I'lymonth, 
their  hopes  revived.     Sir  Ferdinand)  GorgCi",  m  co.i- 
eert  with    Dr.  SiithlfL,  Dean  of   E.xcltr,   and   sever&l 
others,  equipped  two  vessels,  one  of  two  hundred,  the 
other  of  lifty  tons,  on  hoard  of  which  (besides  the  com- 
pliment of  seamen)  were  sixteen  men  who  were  destuied 
to  begin  a  colony  in  New  England.     March,  Hilo,  when 
they   nad  scUed  one  hundred  and  twenty  leagues,  the 
I  large  ship  had  lost  her  masts,  and  sprung  a  leak  ;  which 
obliged  them   to  pul   back  under  jury  masts  lo  IMy- 
.  mouth     From  thence  Smith  sailed  agdln.  (June  21)  in  a 
j  bark  of  sixty  tons.carrymg  the  same  sixteer   men  ;  but 
I  on  tins  secon.i  voyage,  was  taken  by  four  French  men- 
I  of-war.  and  carried  lo  France.     The  vessel  ot  tifty  tons, 
which  had  been  separated  from  him  pursued  her  vovage, 
and  returned  in  safety  ;  but  the  main  design  of  the  voy- 
age, which  was  loelfecta  settlement  was  frustrated. 

The  same  year  (October)  Sir  Richard  Hawkins,  by 
authority  of  the  Plymouth  (.'onqiaiiy,  ol  which  he  was 
president  for  that  year,  visited  liie  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land, lo  try  what  services  he  could  do  them  in  searehtng 
Ihc  country,  and  its  cominodilics  ;  but  on  his  arrval, 


finding  the  natives  engaged  in  war,  ho  passed  alonf?  tho 
coast  to  Virginia,  and  from  thence  returned  to  Engla.nd, 
by  the  way  of  Spain,  where  he  disposed  of  the  fish, 
which  he  had  taken  in  the  voyage. 

After  this,  ships  were  senl  every  season  by  the  I.40n- 
don  and  I'lymouth  Companies  on  voyages  of  profit; 
their  fish  and  furs  came  to  a  good  market  in  Europe, 
but  all  the  attempts  which  were  made  to  colonize  North 
Virginia,  by  some  unforeseen  acfi'.'iints  failed  of  suo- 
cess.  Ciorges,  however,  had  his  mind  sldl  invariably 
bent  on  his  onguial  plan,  and  every  iticident  which 
seemed  to  favor  his  views,  was  eagerly  improved  f-r 
that  jmrpose.  Reing  possessed  of  the  journals  and  hi- 
ters  of  the  several  voyagers,  and  of  all  tlie  informalio  1 
which  could  be  had,  and  being  always  at  haiid  lo  alt*  i.d 
tho  meetings  of  the  company,  ho  conirived  to  ktt ,) 
alive  their  liopes,  and  was  the  prime  mover  111  all  their 
tratisaclions. 

About  this  time,  Captain  Thomas  Uernicr,  who  .i 
been  emjiloyed  in  the  American  fishery,  and  had  en- 
tered fully  into  ihe  same  views,  olfered  his  servieec  to 
assist  in  prosecuting  the  discovery  of  the  country.  He 
was  at  Newfoundland,  anddorgis  prevailed  on  the 
company  to  send  Captain  Edward  Rocraft,  m  a  ship,  to 
New  England,  with  orders  to  wait  there  till  ho  should 
be  joined  by  Dermer.  Rocraft,  on  his  arrival,  met  with 
a  French  interloper,  which  he  seized,  and  then  sailed 
with  his  prize  to  South  Virginia.  In  the  mean  time 
Demur  went  to  England,  and  having  conferred  wiih 
fiorges  and  the  company  on  the  intended  discovery, 
went  out  in  a  ship  which  Ciorges  himself  owned,  ho^h" 
ing  to  meet  with  Rocrat't,  but  was  much  perplexec*  3ft 
not  findmg  hun. 

Having  ranged  and  examined  every  part  of  the  coast, 
and  ni'idu  many  useful  observations,  which  he  tr?n3- 
initted  to  Ciorges,  he  shaped  ins  course  for  Virginia,* 
where  Rocrafl  had  been  killed  111  a  quarrel,  and  his  bark, 
sunk.  Dernier  being  thus  disappointed  of  his  consort, 
and  of  ins  e.vjieeted  supplies,  returned  to  the  north- 
ward. At  the  i.-iland  of  Capawock,  he  met  with  Epe- 
now, who  knowing  hun  to  be  employed  by  Ciorge.i, 
and  suspecting  that  his  errand  was  to  bring  hun  back  to 
England,  conspired  with  his  countrymen,  to  s.eize  Inin 
and  his  companions,  several  of  whom  were  killed  in  tho 
fray,  Dermer  defended  himself  with  his  sword,  and  et - 
capi'd,  though  not  without  fourteen  wounds,  which 
obliged  him  to  go  again  lo  Virginia  where  he  dieil. 
The  loss  of  this  wortliy  man  was  the  most  discouni^; 
ing  circumstance  which  (iorges  had  met  with,  aa  f:o 
himself  ex[>resses  it,  "made  him  almost  resolve  never 
to  intermeddle  again  in  any  of  these  courses,"  Rut  ho 
had  m  fact  so  deeply  engaged  in  them,  and  had  so 
many  persons  engaged  with  him.  that  he  could  not  re- 
treat with  honor,  whilst  any  hope  of  success  remained. 
Soon  after  tins,  a  prospect  began  to  open  from  a  quar- 
ter wlu're  it  was  lea.'^t  expected. 

The  patent  of  |fiU7,  wliich  divided  Virginia  into  twa 
colonies,  exjiressly  provided  that  neither  comiiany  should 
begin  any  [ilantaiion  wiihin  one  hundred  miles  of  the 
other,  ijy  this  interdiction  the  middle  region  of  North 
America  was  neglected,  and  u  bait  was  laid  to  altr-ict 
the  atienlioi.  of  I'oreigners. 

The  adventurers  to  South  Virginia  had  prohibited  all 
who  were  not  free  of  their  comjiai  ^  from  planting  or 
trading  within  their  limits;  tho  nortiiern  company  bad 
made  no  such  regulations  ;  by  this  means  it  happened 
that  the  South  \'irgin  a  sliips  could  fish  on  the  northern 
coast,  whilst  the  oilier  company  were  excluded  from  ail 
the  privileges  in  the  southern  parts.  The  South  \'ir- 
giiuans  had  also  made  other  regulations  111  the  manage- 
ment ol"  their  business,  which  the  nortiiern  company 
were  desirous  to  imilatc.  They  thought  iho  most 
eti'eclual  way  to  do  this,  was  to  procure  an  exclusive 
patent.  With  this  view,  Ciorges,  ever  active  to  pro- 
mote the  interest  which  he  had  espoused,  solicited  oi 
the  crown  a  new  charter,  which,  by  the  intere-il  of  Jus 
friends  m  court,  was  alter  some  delay  obtained,  liy 
this  instrument,  forty  noblemen,  knights  and  gentlemen, 
were  incorporated  by  the  style  of  "the  council  esi.i- 
blished  at  Flymouth,  in  the  county  M  Devon,  for  tho 
plaiiling,  ruling  and  governing  of  New  England  a\ 
America."  The  date  of  the  charter  was  November  ;t, 
IfiiiO.  Tho  territory  subject  to  their  jurisdietion  was 
from  the  40th  lo  the  4Hth  degree  of  north  latitude,  and 
from  sea  lo  sea.  This  cluilens  the  fbundalioii  of  all 
the  granln  which  were  made  of  tlic  country  uf  New 
England. 

Uefore  this  division  was  made,  a  number  of  .OutJhep, 
wiio  were  styled  i'uritanx,  on  account  ol  their  seekiig 

•  It  is  saiii  thai  he  wis  the  first  who  passed  the  wholo  ox 
tent  or  I.niiL'  Iilimd  Soiii.d,  and  di!«cu\trf^  that  it  wus  nut 
connected  with  tho  (oiiiiitent.    Tliiif  waii  m  IG1\), 


,!        ■'■: 


38 


AMERICAN   HISTORY. 


'ilil 


A  farther  reformation  of  the  Church  of  Englant!,  whu:li 
tlicy  could  nut  obtain,  and  who  had  retired  tuto  llutlund 
to  avoid  the  severity  of  the  penal  laws  against  dissen- 
tcrs,  mcdilatcd  a  removal  to  America.  TJie  Dutch 
■Acre  fond  of  retaining  them  as  their  »uhject»,  and  made 
ihem  large  otters,  if  tTitjy  would  settle  in  some  of  thoir 
transmarine  territories  ;  but  they  chose  rather  to  re&ide 
iti  the  dominions  of  their  native  prince,  if  they  could 
have  liberty  of  conscience.  'I'hey  had,  by  their  agents 
negotiated  with  the  Mouth  Virgiina  ("oinpany,  and  ob- 
tained a  permission  to  transport  themselves  to  America, 
withm  their  limits  ;  but  as  to  librrly  of  conBcience. 
(hough  they  could  obtain  no  indulgence  from  the  crown 
under  hand  and  seal,  yet  tt  was  dechired,  that  "  the 
king  would  connive  at  them,  i)rovided  tliey  behaved 
peaceably."  As  this  was  all  llie  favor  which  the  spirit 
of  the  linic  would  allow,  iliey  determined  to  cast  them- 
selves on  the  care  of  Divine  I'rovidence,  and  venture 
to  America.  After  several  disasters,  ihey  arrived  at 
Cape  Cod  in  the  i*Zd  degree  of  north  latttiule,  a  place 
remote  from  llie  olijecl  of  their  intention,  which  was 
Hudson's  river.  The  Dutch  had  their  eye  on  that  place, 
and  bribed  theirpilot  iiot  to  carry  them  ihiiher.  It  was 
late  in  the  season  when  they  orrived  ;  their  permission 
from  the  Virginia  Company  was  of  no  use  here  ;  t  id 
having  neither  authority  nor  form  of  government,  they 
were  obliged  for  the  sake  of  order,  before  they  disem- 
barked, to  form  themselves  into  a  body  politic,  by  a  \*  rt- , 
ten  inslrnment.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  colony 
of  New  IMymouth ;  and  tliis  event  hapinned  (Nov.  II  , 
1020)  a  few  days  after  King  James  iiaU  s\  ,  !  ih. 
patent  for  incorporating  the  council.  The.sr  ■•.'•en" 
stances  aerv-ed  the  interest  of  both,  though  then  wholly 
unknown  to  each  other.  The  council,  being  informed 
of  the  establishment  of  a  colony  within  \h>''  bmits, 
were  fond  of  taking  them  into  their  protechu.  ,iid  liif 
'jolony  were  equally  desirous  of  reeciving  tliLi  proitc 
tion  as  far  as  to  obtain  a  grant  of  territory.  An  agent 
being  despatched  by  the  colony  to  England,  Sir  F. 
Gorges  interested  himself  in  the  alVair,  and  a  grant  was 
acc(trdingly  made  (l(W3)  to  Jolin  J'iercc,  in  trust  for 
the  colony.  This  was  their  lirst  patent  ;  they  alier- 
waris  (1629)  had  another  made  to  W'lUiam  iJradtord 
and  his  associates. 

One  end  which  the  council  had  in  view,  was.  to  ]ire- 
vent  the  access  of  unauthorised  adventurers  to  the  coast 
^f  New  England.  The  crews  of  their  tslups,  m  their 
intercourse  with  the  natives,  being  far  from  any  estii- 
biished  government,  were  guilty  of  great  licentious- 
ness. Besides  drunkenness  and  d(^baufhery,  some 
fi;-grant  enormities  had  been  committed,  which  not  only 
injured  the  reputation  of  Europeans,  but  encouraged 
nativts  to  acts  of  hostility.  To  remedy  these  evils 
the  council  thought  proper  to  appoint  an  ollicer  to  exer- 
cise government  on  the  coast.  'l"he  first  person  who 
was  sent  m  tins  character,  was  (,'aptaiii  Francis  West, 
vho  tindiiig  the  tishermen  too  licentious  and  robust  to  be 
controlled  by  him,  soon  gave  up  this  inetUctual  com- 
mand. 'J'liey  next  appointed  Captain  Hubert  Corges, 
a  son  of  Sir  Ferdinaudo.  He  was  like  his  father,  of 
on  active  and  enter[irismg  genius,  and  had  newly  re- 
turned from  the  Venetian  war.  He  olilained  of  tlie 
council  a  patent  tor  a  tract  of  land  on  the  nurilieastern 
Bide  of  Massachusetts  li.ty,  containing  tiiirty  miles  in 
length  and  ten  in  breadth,  and  by  the  mlluence  of  iiis 
father,  and  of  his  kinsman  I,ortl  Edward  VJorgcs,  he 
was  despatched  uitli  a  commirsion  to  be  "  Meulenani- 
geiieral  and  (ioverimrof  New  England."  Thev  a[)- 
poiuted  for  his  council  the  aforesaid  West,  with  (Chris- 
topher Eevet,  and  ihe  Ciovernor  of  New  Plymoutli  (or 
the  tune  being,  (lorges  came  to  Flymouih  in  UJ'j;j, 
jKibhiihed  his  comnusson,  and  made  some  elfurts  to 
*'Xecute  it.  He  brought  over  with  liiin  as  a  ejiiiphun 
William  .\lorrell.  un  Ej>iscopal  clergyman.  This  was 
the  first  essay  for  the  establishment  of  a  general  go- 
vernment in  New  England,  and  .Morrell  was  to  have 
superintendence  in  ecclesiastical,  as  tJurges  had  In  civd 
ntlairs ;  but  he  made  no  use  of  his  coinnuasion  at 
Plymouth  ;  and  only  nieiitioneil  it  in  his  conversatiun 
about  the  time  of  his  diparture.*  This  general  uo- 
vcrnmenfwus  a  darling  object  with  the  Council  of  Ply- 
mouth, but  was  mucli  dreaded  liy  l!ie  planters  of  New 
Knglatid  ;  liowever  all  the  attempts  which  were  nuule 
to  carry  it  into  execution  failed  of  success.  (Jorges, 
alter  about  a  year's  residence  in  the  country,  and  hold- 
ing one  court  at  l*lyinourli,  upon  a  Mr.  Weston  w!io 
hud  begun  a  planta'.ion  at  Wessagussel,  (Wevmouih) 
whiTe   <M)rm's    himself  intend*  d  ii  settlement,  was  ru- 

*  I'liis  Murrctl  ;i|i)WiLrs  tu  have  liceii  a  ililii;ont  irif  iiriT  itiln 
the  Ktate  ami  ciri'uiiiiitaMces  uf  the  countrv,  \t<*  natural  [im- 
Uuclums  ,-\nil  u>lvaiitaKL-s,  the  iimiiiiurH,  cu.stoins,  miJ  tfovurn- 
liientoftlie  nativci  :thc  result  ufhis  olistTviitiuiiN  hu  wniugtit 
into  a  (lucin,  wtiich  ho  jirintcd  haUi  m  I.alui  and  Kiigli  ih. 


culled  to  England,  the  nupplics  which  he  expected  to 
have  received  having  failed.  Thm  failure  wus  ownig 
to  one  of  those  cross  acctdenti)  which  continually  befell 
the  Conned  of  J'lymouth.  Tlunigh  the  ereciion  of 
(his  board  was  reallv  beiielinal  to  the  nation,  and  gave 
a  projier  direction  to  the  sjurit  of  colonizing,  yet  they 
hai!  ^i,rug<;le  witli  the  ojiposing  uilcrests  of  various 
sorts  of  pen-iuns. 

The  (.'otnpany  of  South  Virginia,  and  indeed  tlie 
mercantile  interest  in  general,  hnding  tiiem.selves  ex- 
cluded from  the  privilege  of  tishiug  and  trallic,  com- 
plained of  this  institution  as  u  monopoly.  The  ''•am- 
nions of  England  were  growing  jealous  of  the  royal 
prerogative;  and  wishing  to  restrain  it  ;  the  granting 
charters  of  incorpiiralion  wnh  cvchistve  advaniaires  ot 
commerce  was  deemed  a  usurpation  on  the  rigiils  of 
tlie  peojile.  Cumplumt^  were  lirst  made  to  the  king 
in  cuuncil  ;  but  no  disposition  appeared  there  to  coun- 
tenance them.  It  happened  however,  that  a  parliament 
waa  culled  for  some  oilier  purpo.ses  (February  1G21) 
in  which  Sir  Edward  Cook  was  chosen  speaker  ot  the 
Commons.  He  was  well  known  us  an  advocate  for 
the  liberties  of  the  people,  and  an  enemy  lo  projectors, 
'i'ho  king  was  at  first  in  a  good  humor  with  his  par- 
liament, and  advantage  was  taken  of  a  dunand  for  sub- 
sidies to  briiig  m  a  bill  against  moiiupohci. 

'i'ho  House    being   resolved   into  a  committee.  Sir 

Ferdinando  Ciorges  was  culled  to  the  bar,  where  the 

s;)eaker   informed  liim,  that  tlie  patent  granted  to  the 

ouncil  of  Plymouth  was  complained  of  as  a  grievance  ; 

ander  color  of  planting  a  colony,  they  were  pursu- 

^  private  gains  ;  ihat  though  they  res|iected  him  as  a 

person  of  worth  and  honor,  yet  the  public  interest  was 

to  be  regarded  before  all  personal  considerations  ;  and 

therefore  they  required  that  the  patent  be  delivered  to 

'he  Hoi-^  !       Corges  answered,  that  lie  was  but  one  of 

-'  con,  •.;.  ..ill nor  in  rank  and  abilities  to  many 
I'ltier.^  ;  iha*.  bt:  had  no  power  to  deliver  it,  without 
their  consent,  neither  ui  fact,  was  it  in  his  custody. 
Ueiiig  asked  where  it  was,  he  said,  it  was  for  aught  he 
knew,  still  remaining  in  the  crown-ollice,  where  it  had 
been  b-fi  for  the  amendment  of  some  errors.  As  to 
the  general  charge  he  answered  ;  that  he  knew  not 
how  It  could  be  a  public  grievance;  since  it  had  been 
undertaken  for  the  advancement  of  religion,  the  en- 
largement of  the  bounds  uf  the  nation,  the  iiicrease  of 
trade,  and  the  emjiloymeiit  of  many  thousands  of  peo- 
ple ,  that  It  could  not  be  a  momipuli/  ;  for  though  a  lew 
only  were  interested  in  the  business,  it  was  because 
many  could  not  lie  induced  to  adventure  where  their 
losses  at  lirst  were  sure,  and  thmr  gains  uncertain  ; 
and,  indeed,  so  much  los.s  had  been  sustained,  that 
must  of  the  adventurers  themselves  were  weary  ;  that 
as  to  the  prolit  arising  from  the  lishery  il  was  never  in- 
tended to  be  converted  to  private  use,  as  might  apjjcar 
by  the  oilers  which  they  had  made  to  all  the  maritime 
cities  m  the  West  of  England  ;  that  the  grant  of  exclu- 
sive privileges  made  by  the  crown,  was  intended  to 
regulate  and  settle  plantations,  by  the  profits  arising 
from  tlie  trade,  and  was  in  ellect  no  more  than  many 
gentlemen  and  lords  of  manors  in  England  enjoyed 
without  ollenee.  He  added,  that  he  was  glad  of  an 
opportunity  for  such  a  parliamentary  iiujuiry,  and  if 
they  would  lake  upon  themselves  the  business  of  colo- 
nization, he  and  Ins  associates  would  be  their  humble 
servants  as  far  as  lay  in  iheir  power,  without  any  retro- 
sjM'Ct  to  the  vast  expense  which  they  U.id  already  in- 
curred in  discovering  and  taking  possession  of  the 
country,  aiul  bringing  matters  to  their  then  present 
situation.  He  aL-o  desired,  that  if  any  thing  furtiier 
was  to  tie  inijuired  into,  it  might  be  given  lum  in  detail 
with  idierty  of  answering  by  his  counsel. 

A  cominiltee  was  appointed  lo  examine  the  patent 
and  make  oliicctions  ;  which  wure  delivered  to  Corges  ; 
accompanied  with  a  declaration  from  the  speaker  that 
he  ouiilit  U>  look  upon  this  as  a  luMir.  Ciorges  having 
acknowledged  the  lavor,  employid  counsel  to  draw  n|> 
answers  to  the  objections.  His  counsel  were  Mr. 
(afterwards  Lord)  Finch,  and  Mr.  Callriip,  afterwards 
aitornev-geiieral  lo  the  court  of  Wards.  'I'hough  in 
causes  where  the  crown  and  piirhament  are  conccriied 
as  parties,  counsel  are  often  alraid  ot  wading  deepei 
than  they  can  salely  return  ;  yet  Gorges  was  salistied 
with  the  conduct  of  his  counsel,  who  fully  answered  the 
objections,  both  in  pomt  of  law  and  justice;  thenc 
answers  being  read,  the  House  asked  what  further  he 
had  to  sav.  upon  which  he  added  some  observations  in 
poini  of  poll*  )  tj  the  lo"owing  ellect  : 

Tiial  the  adventurers  had  been  at  great  cost  and 
pains  to  enlarije  the  king*.s  donnnions  j  to  employ  many 
seamen,  haiidicrafisinen.  and  laborers;  lo  settle  a  ilou- 
riblimg  plantation,  and  advance  religion  in  these  savage 


countries  ;  matters  of  liie  highest  consctpiencc  lo  the 
nation,  and  fur  exceeding  all  ihe  advantage  which  co'dd 
be  expected  from  a  simple  course  of  li«hing,  winch 
must  soon  have  been  given  over,  (or  that  so  valuabtr  a 
country  could  not  long  reniain  uiiposfteased  either  by 
the  French,  Spaiuarils,  or  Dutch  ;  so  that  if  l)ie  plan';*- 
tioiis  Wi're  tj  be  given  up,  the  fishery  niuft'.  ineviiubty 
bo  lost,  and  the  honor,  us  well  a.-<  mirrest  of  the  nation, 
greatly  sulfer  ;  that  the  mi.-'ehief  already  done  by  llio 

I  persons  who  were  foremost  in  their  complaints  was  in 

'j|eral)le ;    fur    in   their   disorjeily    intercourse    wilh 

I I  le  savage:i,  they  hud  l>een  gmlty  i)\'  the  i.'re:;;i-sl  i-x- 
{ cesses  uf  debamhery  and   knavery.   ;kuii   ni  addition 

to  all  these  immeralitics,  ihcy  hud  furnished  liiem 
witii  arms  and  ammunition  ;  by  which  they  were  ena- 
bled lu  destroy  the  peaceable  lishermen,  and  had 
become,  formidable  enemres  to  the  planters. 

He  lurther  added,  that  he  had,  m  zeal  for  the  intpr^ 
est  of  Ins  country,  deeply  engaged  his  own  estate,  and 
sent  one  uf  his  sons  to  tlie  American  coast,  besides  en- 
couraging many  of  his  friends  lo  go  iluther  ;  this  ho 
hoped  would  be  an  apology  for  his  earnestness  m  thif) 
plea,  r.s  if  he  had  shown  less  warm!!:.  •(  might  have- 
been  construed  into  negligence  and  ingrautuile. 

Thesi!  pleas  however  earnesi  and  rational,  were  to  nu 
purpose.  'I'lie  I'arhainenl  presented  to  the  king  the 
grievances  of  the  nation,  and  the  patent  lor  New  Eng- 
land was  the  tirst  on  ihe  list,  tuirges,  however,  had 
taken  caie  that  the  king  should  be  pre\  lously  uctpiamted 
with  the  ubjeclions  and  answers  ;  and  .lame*  was  so 
jealous  of  the  prerogative,  that  iliough  he  yavo  t.->  as- 
sent to  a  declaratory  act  against  momi|.'ohes  in  gfiiera!, 
yet  he  would  not  recall  the  patent.  However,  m  defer- 
ence to  the  voice  of  the  nation,  the  council  thought  tit 
to  susjieud  their  operations.  This  proved  for  a  wbie, 
discouraging  to  the  spirit  uf  adventure,  and  occasioned 
li:e  recalling  Uobert  liorges  from  lus  government. 

Jjut  lln^  Parliament  having  proceeded  wirh  iii'>re  free- 
dnm  and  lioldness  in  their  complaints  than  sui'.ed  l!:f> 
feelings  of  James,  he  dissolved  them  in  nasic,  'jelor-i 
they  could  proi-ced  to  measures  fur  remedying  the  dist- 
orders  in  chiwch  and  vtate,  winch  had  been  the  subject 
of  complaint  ;  and  some  of  the  mure  liberal  speakers 
were  comimtled  to  prison.  'Phis  served  lo  damp  the 
spirit  of  reformation,  and  jirepared  ttie  way  fur  another 
colony  of  emigrants  lo  New  England. 

About  the  same  tune,  the  French  ambassador  jiut  m 
a  claim  in  behalf  of  his  court  to  these  lerritories,  to 
w!iich  Corges  was  summoned  to  answer  before  the  kin^ 
and  council,  which  he  did  in  ko  ample  and  convincing  a 
manner,  that  the  claim  was  for  that  time  silenced. 
Gorges  then,  in  the  name  oi  the  Council  of  Plymoulli, 
complained  of  the  Dutch,  as  intruders  on  ttic  English 
possessions  in  America,  by  making  a  selllement  or. 
Hudson  s  river.  'J'o  this  the  States  made  answer,  that 
if  any  such  things  had  been  dune  it  was  without  their 
order,  as  they  had  only  erected  a  company  for  ihe  West 
Indies.  This  answer  made  the  council  resolve  to 
prosecute  their  business  and  remove  their  intruders. 

Hitherto  Gorges  appears  in  the  light  oi  a  zealous,  in- 
defatigable and  unsuccessful  adventurer ;  but  neither 
his  latiors,  expense,  nor  ill  success  were  yet  come  to  a 
conclusion. 

To  entertain  a  just  view  of  Sir  Ferdinando  (Jorgea, 
wo  must  consider  him  both  as  a  member  ol  the  Conned 
of  I'lyinoulh,  pursuing  the  general  mleresl  of  American 
plantations  ;  and  at  the  same  time  as  an  udveiiUirer 
undertaking  a  selllement  ot  his  own  in  a  purlicutar  purl 
of  the  ternlory  which  was  sul>jeci  to  the  jurisdiction  oi 
the  council.  H.;viiig  hirmed  an  iiitiiuacv  with  Captain 
John  Ma.von,  governor  of  Portsmouth,  in  the  county  ol 
Hants,  who  was  also  a  member  ot  the  cuuncil  ;  and 
having  (Ui2'-i;  jointly  with  him  procured  from  the  coim- 
cil  a  grant  ot  a  largo  extent  oi  cuniitrv,  winch  they 
called  Eaco'iia,  extending  from  the  river  Merrimack  to 
S.igadabock.  and  from  the  ocean  to  the  lakes  and  rivei 
of  Canada,  they  indulged  sanguine  exprclatiuns  of  tuc- 
cess,  l-'rum  the  accounts  given  ol  the  country  by  somf 
romantic  travellers,  they  had  conceived  an  idea  of  it  aa 
a  kind  of  lerrestial  paradiM*.  iiot  only  caj>u/>lf  of  pm 
ductng  all  the  necessaries  and  conveniences  of  life  but 
as  alreuiy  richly  furnished  by  tlie  bountitui  hand  of  na* 
turc.  'J'he  air  was  said  to  be  pure  and  salubrious  ;  the 
ce.witry  pleasant  and  delighllul,  full  of  goodly  fore.<tta 
fair  valleys,  and  fertile  plains;  aboumling  in  vines 
ciiesnuls,  walnuts,  and  manv  other  sorts  of  fruit ;  thi* 
rivers  shned  wnh  hsh  and  environed  wiih  gooilly  mea 
dows  full  of  timber  trees.  In  the  great  lake  (Fake 
('hamptain)  it  was  saul  were  four  islands,  full  ol  pliu 
yant  woods  and  meadows,  having  great  store  of  stags, 
sallow  deer,  t  Iks,  rothucks,  beavers  and  other  game  ; 
and  thcRo  islands  were  supposed  to  be  coiumodiuusty 


J  (I.  ill 


niOfiRAPIIIKS    OF    Til  r:    KAKLV    D  I  S  C  O  V  E  R  E  (IS. 


[Mpicnce  to  tho 
i4t'  which  cf'ild 
lixhiii^'.  wiitch 
L  »u  vahiultU'  a 
,si>J  eiihiT  l»y 
t  li  iltc  |(luM';>- 
uist  iiu'viiaiily 
t  ut  tht'  itiitiou, 
y  lionu  hy  llio 
|)l'auitc<  \vu8  in 
t-rcourse  will; 
lu  i:rt*:iU'sl  rx- 
iii  :<!  iitUl;tii):i 
iirtu»hi'(t  iht'iU 
Lhcy  wi-ri'  iii.i- 
DCh,  uihI  hud 
•rs. 

lur  tho  mter- 
wit  et^lalo,  and 

ISt,  bi'i-uJt'S  tMl- 

liiihi-r ;  lliis  Uo 

ii:stnL-ss  II)  thiQ 

.(  tiu^'lit  havc 

AlltlUtU. 

iml,  were  to  nu 
)  ihc  kmg  the 
tur  Ni'w  I'-iig- 
,  howcviT,  iiiui 
,i!<ly  ucnuuinled 
[  .)aiiu'«  was  so 
\iv  yave  tf  as- 
jlii's  111  yfiin'ra'-, 
M'vrr,  111  defcr- 
iK'il  ihoii^'ht  tit 
id  lor  ii  wiait', 
and  iM-i-asioiu:d 
ivcrniiu'ist. 
wi'h  mori'  irrt'- 
tl-aii  svr.H'd  i\:v 
111  imj-lo,  I't'lrtr.i 
ntlymt;;  ihc  d!i*- 

t'l'U  tilt'  8Vll)JfCt 

hiu'ral  t;[>oakfrs 
t'd  tu  dain|>  thu 
way  lor  another 

[liassador  put  in 

it'rntones,  to 

u'fori;  iht*  kinj; 

1  (-unviticiii^  a 

inie    silcncfd. 

o\    I'lyiitouih, 

1  tuc  Kiif^hsh 

geuk'iiieiil  or. 

:•  auswiT,  that 

wilhoiil  Iht-ir 

for  iliu  Wtst 

d   rt'solvu   to 

ir  iitlnidcr^. 

a  ZL-aluiis,  in- 

;  but  iieuht'l 

yet  conic  to  & 

iindo  (iorjiea, 
il  iho  Conned 

ol  AnuTican 
n  advcnlurul 
[Dirlicular  {mrt 
risdii-lion  ot 
y  wilh  Captain 
tliii  county  ol 
couiicd  ;  and 
Ironi  thi-  conn- 
V.  winch  they 
Mcmiiiat^k  to 
iikt'M  and  rivi?i 
tutiuni^  M'  fiic- 
ur.lry  liy  M)iiif 
A\  id*';i  of  It  a.i 
tij'til'U'  ill"  ppt 
CCS  of  hfu  hnl 
nl  hand  of  im- 
iihihnous  ;  tlir 
^roodly  forcsla 
nig    in   vini's 

of  fruit ;  thi* 
h  ^oo<lly  nica 

t  lake   (laiktf 
fidl  ot  pici 

torn  of  sta^H, 

other  gtiinc  ; 

ominouioubly 


situated  for  hahjtiition  and  trallir,  in  tho  midst  of  a  fine 
lake,  ahoundin^  with  the  most  dchcair  iish.  This  lake 
wan  tlioiijiht  to  he  less  than  IDD  miles  distant  from  tlic 
hca  coast ;  and  iherc  was  some  hccret  expeclation  tliat 
mim\s  ami  prcnons  stones  would  he  the  reward  of  their 
patient  ami  diligent  attention  to  tlie  liusinettH  of  diisco- 
very.     Huch  were  llie  chiirms  of  I.aeonia  ! 

It  hii9  heen  heforc  oli.served  that  tiorj^en  liad  sent 
over  Itichard  N'ines.  wiih  some  others,  on  a  discovery, 
to  prepare  the  way  (or  a  colony.  'I'lie  [ilace  which  Vines 
(iitthed  uj>on  Hits  at  the  month  of  the  river  Saco. 
Some  years  afiir,  aiujther  sdilcnient  was  nindu  on  tlie 
river  of  Af^amenticus  hy  Francis  Norton,  whom  (Jorjies 
scut  over  with  a  iiumhir  of  other  people,  having  pro- 
cured for  them  a  patent  of  I", 000  acres  on  the  east  side 
of  the  nvcr,  and  lii.OOO  more  on  the  west  side  ;  bis  son, 
Ferdimirylo  ( ioryes  hein;;  named  as  one  of  the  grantees; 
tins  was  the  bej;innini»  of  the  town  of  York.  Norton 
was  a  hcatciiant-colonel.  and  had  riised  lumsclf  to  that 
ri'uk  from  a  eoinmon  soldier  by  his  own  merit.  In  this 
company  werc^  several  artiticurs,  who  were  employed  in 
buildinj;  saw-imlls.  and  they  wcp^  suppled  with  eattlc 
and  other  necessaries  tor  the  busines.-i  of  ^eltiiii^  lumber 

Ahout  the  aanio  time  (viz.  1G«3)  a  settlement  was 
be<run  at  tho  river  Piscataqna  by  ('aptain  Mason  and 
several  othtF  merchants,  amontj  whom  (forces  bad  a 
share.  'J'ho  principal  desi^'n  of  these  settlements  was 
to  establish  a  jiermanent  fishery,  to  make  salt,  to  trudo 
with  tho  natives,  and  to  prepare  lumber  for  exportation. 
Ajirieulture  was  hut  a  secondary  object,  tlion<fh  in 
rtyelf  the  tnie  source  of  all  opulence  and  all  subsis- 
tence. 

These  attempts  proved  very  expensive  and  yielded 
no  adeipmte  returns.  The  associates  were  discouraged, 
mid  droppetl  otVone  after  anoiher,  till  none  liut  (lorges 
and  Mason  remained.  Muciv  piitience  was  necessary, 
but  in  ibis  case  it  could  be  grounded  only  on  enthusi- 
asHi.  It  wau  not  possible  in  the  nature  ot*  things  tliat 
their  interest  slioulil  be  advanced  by  tlie  manner  in 
which  they  conducted  iheir  business.  Their  colonists 
"came  over  either  as  tenants  or  a.s  hired  servnnts.  'I'he 
produce  of  the  plantation  could  not  pay  tlieir  wages, 
9nd  ihev  ?oon  hecame  their  own  misters.  Tho  charire 
af  making  a  settlement  in  such  a  wilderness  wa«  niori^ 
than  the  value  ol  the  lauds  when  liie  improvements  were 
made  ;  overseers  were  appointed,  luit  they  eouhl  not 
hold  the  tenants  under  coniniand,  nor  prevent  their 
changing  places  on  every  discontent.  Tlie  proprietors 
themselves  never  came  in  person  to  superiutt  ml  their 
intere.'.ts,  and  no  regular  government  was  established  to 
jiunish  olVenders  or  ju'csecve  order.  For  these  reasons, 
though  ( iorijcs  and  Mason  exp-^nded  from  lirst  to  last 
more  than  twenty  thousand  pounds  each,  vet  tiny  only 
opened  the  way  i'or  others  to  follow,  and  the  money  was 
lost  to  them  and  their  posicriiy. 

Whilst  their  privato  interest  was  thus  sinking  in 
America,  the  reputationof  the  council  of  which  they  were 
nuMubers  lay  under  such  disadvantage  in  Kngland  as 
tended  to  endaiiiier  their  political  existence.  As  they 
h;id  l)een  incorporated  for  the  ptirpose  not  merely  of 
granting  lands,  hut  of  making  actual  plantations  in 
America,  they  were  fond  of  encouraging  nil  attempts 
from  whatever  <]uartcr,  which  might  realize  their  views 
and  exptctalions. 

'i"he  ecclesiastical  government  at  this  time  allowed 
no  liberty  to  scrupulous  consciences  ;  for  winch  rea- 
son, many  who  had  luthrrto  heen  peaceable  members 
of  the  national  churcli,  and  wislnd  to  continue  such, 
finding  that  no  mdulLjencc  could  be  gr.mted,  turned 
their  thoughts  towards  America,  where  some  of  iheir 
brethren  hid  alre;idy  made  a  settlement,  'i'hev  (irst 
purchased  of  the  Council  of  Flyinouth  a  larire  territory, 
and  afterward  obtained  of  the  crown  a  charter,  by  which 
they  were  constituted  a  body  politic  witliin  the  reibn. 
In  .lune,  Ui;JO.  they  broiiiFlit'iheir  charier  to  Aineriea, 
and  began  the  colony  of  M'lssarfiusrtfs.  Tliis  proveil 
an  etrectual  settlement,  and  the  rea.-ions  which  rendered 
It  so  were  the  zeal  and  anhir  wliich  animated  tiieir  cx- 
iTtions  ;  the  wealth  which  they  possessed,  and  which 
they  convened  into  materials  for  a  new  plantation  ; 
bnt  princip^'llv  the  prr.snicc  of  the  adventurers  ihcni- 
eelvcs  on  the  sjiu:  where  their  fortunes  were  to  bn  ex- 
pended and  their  zca'  exerted.  The  diHcrence  between 
a  man's  doing  busint  ss  hy  himself  and  by  his  suhsll- 
ttitea,  was  never  more  f..:'-Iv  exem])lified  than  in  tho 
conduct  of  the  Massachusetts  planters,  compared  with 
tJiat  of  Sir  Ferdmando  ( iorges  ;  what  the  one  had  i 
been  lahoring  for  ahove  twenty  years  without  uny  suc- 
cess, was  realized  by  the  others  in  two  or  three  years  ; 
in  five,  they  were  so  far  advanced  as  to  bo  able  to  send 
out  a  colony  from  tiiemsi'lvcs  to  hr-giii  another  at  (.'on- 
iiecticut ;  and  in  less  than  icn,  they  founded  an  uni- 


vcrsitv  which  has  ever  since  produced  an  uninterruiilcd 
succcs^aion  of  serviceable  men  in  church  and  state. 

The  great  iiinnher  of  people  who  Hocked  to  this  new 
plantation,  raised  an  ahirin  in  Kngland.  As  they  bad 
manifested  tlwir  discontent,  wilh  the  ecclesiastical 
government,  it  was  suspected  that  tl»ey  aimed  at  tn- 
dfpt:tuhnn\  ami  would  throw  otl' ilinr  allegiance  to  the 
crown.  This  je.dousy  was  so  strong,  that  a  royal 
order  was  maile  to  restrain  any  from  coming  hither 
who  should  not  first  take  the  oalli  of  allegiance  and 
supremacy,  and  obtain  a  license  for  lhe:r  removal. 

To  refute  this  jealous  cavil  against  the  planters  of 
New  Kngland,  we  need  only  to  observe,  thai  at  the 
time  when  they  began  their  settlement,  and  lor  maiiy 
years  after,  the  lands  which  they  occupied  were  ob- 
jects of  envy  both  to  the  Dutch  and  French.  The 
Dutch  ciainu-l  from  Hudson,  as  far  as  (.'nnnecticut 
river,  where  li."y  had  erected  a  trading  house,  'i'he 
French  claimed  all  the  lands  of  New  Kngland  ;  and 
the  governor  of  Fort  Royal,  win  n  he  wrote  lo  liovernor 
Winthiop,  directed  his  letters  to  him  os  i:t/nrnur  of 
(he  EniiJish  at  liustun  in  Aioilia.  Il-id  the  New  Kng- 
land jilaiiters  thrown  oil'  their  subjection  to  the  crown 
of  Kngland  they  must  have  become  a  prey  to  one  or 
tho  other  of  these  rival  powers  Of  this  Iliey  were 
well  aware,  and  if  they  hud  entertained  any  idea  of  in- 
dejiendency,  which  tlu'y  certainly  did  iiot  {utir  did  thar 
snrcc.ssorA-  till  drum  lo  tt  by  lirnain  hnstlj)  it  would 
have  been  the  most  impolitic  thing  in  tho  world  to  liave 
avowed  it,  in  the  presence  of  neighbors  with  whom 
they  did  not  wish  to  be  connected. 

This  lealousy,  however  groundless,  had  an  influence 
on  tile  public  councds  of  the  nation,  as  well  as  on  tlie 
sentiments  of  individuals,  and  contributed  to  increase 
the  prejudice  which  had  been  formed  against  all  who 
were  concerned  in  the  colonization  of  New  Kngland. 
The  merchants  still  considered  the  Council  of  Plv- 
nioulh,  as  monopolizing  a  lucrative  branch  of  trade. 
The  South  Virgima  Company  disrelished  their  exclu- 
sive charter,  and  spared  no  pains  to  get  il  revoktd. 
'i'he  jiopular  party  m  the  (,'oiiimoiis  re^^arded  lliem  as 
supporters  of  the  [irerogative,  and  under  the  roy.il 
inllnenee.  'l"he  high  church  party  were  incensed 
atrainst  them  as  enemies  of  prelacy,  because  they  had 
favored  the  settlement  of  the  I*uritans  williin  Iheir  ter- 
ritory; and  the  king  himself  siisjM'ctcd  that  the  colo- 
nil's  in  New  Kngland  bad  too  much  liberly  to  consist 
with  his  notions  of  governnuMit.  Corges  was  looked 
!  upon  a.-*  the  autimr  of  all  thu  mischief;  and  beini:  pub- 
licly called  upon,  declared,  *' that  thuuLdi  he  had  ear- 
nest.y  songlil  the  interest  of  the  plantations,  yet  he 
could  not  answer  for  the  evils  which  had  happened  by 
them."  It  was  extrcuiely  mortifying  lo  htm  to  tind 
that  after  all  his  exertions  and  expenses  ni  the  service 
of  the  nation,  he  had  become  a  very  unpopular  charac- 
ter, and  had  enemies  on  all  sides. 

To  remedy  t.'iese  difliculties,  lie  projected  the  resig- 
nation of  the  charter  to  the  crown  ;  and  the  division  of 
the  territory  into  twelve  lordshijis,  to  be  united  under 
one  general  governor.  As  the  charter  of  .Massaehn- 
setts  stood  in  the  way  of  tins  project,  he,  in  conjunc- 
tion wUh  Mason,  pctiiioned  the  crown  for  a  revocaCun 
I  of  it.  This  brouifht  on  him  the  ill  will  of  those  colo- 
I  nists  also,  who  from  that  lime  regarded  him  and  Mason 
;  as  ih<:ir  enemies.  Bt  tore  the  councti  surrendcreil  their 
charter,  they  made  iirants  to  some  of  their  own  nunn- 
hers,  of  twelvu  districts,  from  Maryland  to  St.  Croix, 
among  whii'h  the  district  froin  Fiscat;iipia  to  Saga- 
dahock,  extending  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
northward  into  the  country,  was  a."!signcd  to  Corgcs. 
In  June.  Hi:ir>.  the  conned  resigned  their  charter,  and 
petitioned  the  king  and  the  lords  of  (he  pnvy  council 
for  a  conlirmalio!!  of  the  several  proprietary  grants, 
and  the  establishment  of  a  general  governmenl.  .Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  then  three  score  years  of  age,  was 
ihe  person  nominated  lo  be  the  general  governor. 
Ahout  this  time.  Mason,  one  of  the  principal  actors  in 
this  utlair,  was  removed  bv  deaih  ;  and  a  ship,  which 
was  inlended  for  the  service  of  the  new  government, 
fell  and  broke  in  launching.  A  yjo  uuirrnnlo  was 
issued  against  the  Massachusetts  charter,  but  the  pro- 
ceedings upon  it  were  delayed,  and  never  completed. 
An  order  of  the  king  In  council,  was  also  issued  in 
1G37,  for  the  establishment  of  the  uencral  goveinment, 
and  (iorges  was  therein  appointed  governor ;  but  the 
troubles  in  Scotland  and  Kngland,  at  this  lime  grew 
very  serious  and  put  a  check  to  the  business.  Soon 
after.  Archbishop  l/.iud  and  some  other  lords  of  coun- 
cil, who  were  zealous  m  the  alKiir,  lost  their  authority, 
and  tlie  whole  project  ''aino  to  nothing. 

(Iorges,  however,  obtained  of  thu  crown  in  1039,  it 
con.iruution  of  his  own  grant,  which  Wds  styled  tho 


I  Vrovuicc  of  Mninr^  and  of  which  be  was  made  I/OrJ 
I  Palatine  with  llio  same  powers  and  privdrges  as  the 
Bishop  of  Durham  in  the  County  Palatine  of  Durham. 
i  In  virtue  of  these  powers,  he  constituted  a  govcmmenC 
'■  within  his  said  province,  and  incorporated  tho  planta- 
tion at  Agamenticus  into  a  city,  hy  the  name  of  Uur- 
'  plana,  of  which  his  cousin,  Thomas  CJorgos,  was  miyor, 
.  who  resided  there  about  two  years,  and  then  rctunicd 
lo  Kngland.  The  conned  for  tho  administration  of 
govermnent  were  Sir  'I'boinas  Josstlyn,  Knight,  Rich- 
ard Vines,  (Steward,)  Fiancis  Chamnernoon  (a  nephew 
lotJorges,)  Henry  Josselyn,  Richard  Boniton,  William 
Hooke,  and  Edward  Godfrey. 

'I'he  plan  which  ho  formed  for  the  government  of  his 
province  was  this  :  It  was  to  be  divided  into  eight 
counties,  andvhese  into  dix'ecn  hundreds,  the  hundreds 
were  to  be  .Mibdivided  into  paridbes  and  tylhings,  as 
the  people  should  increase.  In  the  absence  of  the  pro- 
prietor a  lieutenant  was  to  preside.  A  chancellor  was 
constituted  for  the  decision  ofcivd  causes  ;  a  ireaaurer 
to  receive  l!ie  rjvenue,  a  marshal  for  managing  tho 
militia,  and  a  marskd's  court,  for  criminal  mailers;  an 
admiral,  and  admiral's  court,  for  inarilimc  causes  ;  a 
mailer  of  ordnancu  and  a  secretary.  These  otVicers 
were  lo  he  a  standing  council.  Kight  deputies  were 
to  be  elected,  one  from  each  county,  by  the  inbabitants, 
to  stt  in  the  same  council  ;  and  ali  matters  of  moment 
were  lo  be  determined  hy  the  lieutenant  with  advice  ol 
the  majority.  This  council  were  to  ap(ioiiit  justices,  to 
give  hccn.ses  for  the  sale  of  lands  subject  to  a  rent  o\ 
four  pence  or  sixpence  per  acre.  When  any  law  vvis 
to  he  enacted  or  repe.-.Icd,  or  public  money  to  bd 
raised,  they  were  lo  call  on  the  counties  to  elect  each 
twodepulies,  '*  lo  join  with  tl«'  council  in  t!ic  jierftinn- 
ance  of  the  service  ;'*  but  nothing  is  said  of  their  voiiiig 
as  a  separate  house.  One  lieutenant  and  ghl  justices 
were  allowed  to  each  county;  two  head  n^'istables  lo 
every  hundred  ;  one  constalde  and  four  lythingmen  to 
every  jiarish  ;  and  in  conformity  to  the  inslilulioiis  ol 
Kiiiij  Alfred,  each  tythingman  was  lo  give  an  account 
of  ilic  deiiH'anor  of  the  tamilies  v.ithin  his  tytluiig  to 
llx'  constable  of  the  parish,  who  was  to  render  the  same 
to  the  head  const.ible.s  of  t!ie  hundred,  and  they  to  the 
lieutenant  and  justices  of  the  county  ;  who  were  to 
take  coijnizance  of  all  inisderncanors  ;  ami  from  ihein 
an  appeal  might  he  made  to  the  proprietor's  lieutenant 
and  council. 

Forms  of  government,  and  plans  of  soltlemcnt,  arc 
much  more  easily  drawn  on  pajter,  than  carried  into 
execution.  Few  people  couhl  be  induced  to  become 
leiianla  in  (lie  ni'i^hhorliood  of  such  a  colony  as  Mas* 
siichusetts.  where  all  wcrt;  freeholders.  No  provision 
was  made  for  public  insiitnlions  ;  schools  were  un- 
known, and  they  had  no  nnm.-^ters,  till  in  pity  to  their 
deploiahle  stale,  two  went  thither  from  Boston  on  a 
voluntary  mission,  and  were  well  received  by  them. 
The  city  of  (iori;eaiia,  though  a  lofty  name,  was  in  fact 
hut  an  inconsiderable  village  ;  and  there  were  only  a 
few  houses  in  Sfune  of  Ihe  best  places  for  navigation. 
The  people  were  w;thoiit  order  and  morals,  and  it  was 
said  of  some  of  ihem,  that  "  tliev  had  as  many  shares 
in  a  tmnoin,  as  they  had  in  a  lishing  boat."  Gorges 
himself  complained  of  the  prodig.ibty  of  his  servants, 
a-id  had  very  little  contideiuM;  in  his  own  sons,  for 
wliiise  au'graiulizemerit  he  had  !nen  laboring  to  estab- 
lish a  fonnilation.  He  had  indeed  erected  sow-mills 
and  corn-mi'ls.  and  had  received  some  acknowledgment 
in  the  way  of  rents,  but  lamented,  that  he  had  not 
re,i|ied  the  "  happy  success  of  those  who  are  their  own 
sieward-j,  and  the  disposers  of  their  own  atl'airs." 

How  long  (iorges  continued  in  his  ollice  as  Gover- 
nor of  IMyinonlh,  does  not  appear  trom  any  inalcriaU 
within  my  reach  In  Ifi'i-).  he  commanded  a  ship  of 
war  in  a  sijnadron  under  the  Duke  of  Buekintrliam, 
which  was  sent  lo  the  a.s.-.ista"ce  of  France,  under  pre- 
tence of  being  einploveil  agimst  the  Genoese.  Bui  a 
suspicion  having  ari>en  that  they  were  destined  to  assist 
Louis  against  his  Proieslant  subjects  at  Rochelle,  as 
soon  as  thry  were  arrived  at  Diejipe,  and  found  ihat 
ihey  had  been  deceived.  Gorges  was  the  tirst  lo  break 
his  orders  and  return  with  bis  ship  to  Kngland.  The 
others  followed  his  example,  and  iheirzeal  for  the  Pro- 
testant religion  was  much  applauded. 

When  the  civil  dissensions  in  Kngland  broke  out 
into  a  war,  (.iorges  took  the  royal  side  ;  and  though 
then  far  advanced  in  years,  engaged  personally  in  the 
service  of  the  crown.  lie  was  :u  Pr.ncc  Rupert's  army 
at  the  sieuMi  of  Bristol,  in  WyV.i  :  and  when  that  cily 
was  retaken  in  1(315  by  the  Parliament's  forces,  .he  w«;i 
plundered  and  imprisoned.  His  political  principloa 
rendiTed  him  obno.vious  lo  the  ruling  powers,  and  when 
il  wau  necessary  for  him  to  appear  before  the  coiniius- 


m. 


80 

aionors  for  foreign  plantations^  he  was  severely  frowned 
upon  and  conaci|uciitly  diMcouraj^cd. 

The  time  of  Ins  dt-ulli  iii  uncertain  ;  ho  is  spoken  of 
in  thu  records  of  the  povincu  of  Muino  as  demi  in  June, 
ld47.  Upon  his  decease,  his  estate  fell  to  his  eldest 
BOn*  John  Gorges,  who,  whether  discouraged  by  his  fa- 
ther's ill  success,  or  incapucit.ited  by  the  seventy  uf 
the  times,  took  no  care  of  the  province,  nor  do  we  find 
ttny  thing  memorable  conceriiiii^  him.  Most  of  the 
commissioners  who  had  been  appointed  to  govern  the 
province  deserted  it  ;  and  the  remaining  inhubitants,  in 
164U.  were  obliged  to  conibiiH!  for  llieir  own  security. 
In  1651  thry  petitioned  the  Council  of  State,  that  they 
might  be  considered  as  part  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England.  The  next  year,  upon  the  re<piest  of  a  great 
part  of  the  inhabitants,  tho  colony  of  Massachusetts, 
took  them  under  their  protcetion,  being  supposed  to  be 
within  tho  limits  of  their  charter;  some  opposition  was 
made  to  this  step,  but  the  majority  submitted  or  ac- 
quiesced ;  and  considering  the  ditliculties  of  the  times, 
and  the  unsettled  stote  of  affairs  io  England,  this  was 
the  best  expedient  for  their  security. 

On  the  death  of  John  (Jorge*,  the  propriety  de- 
scended to  his  son,  Ferdinando  Gorges,  of  Westmin- 
ster, wlio  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  information 
and  activity.  Ho  printed  a  description  of  New  Eng- 
land in  1653,  to  whieii  he  annexed  a  narrative  written 
by  his  grandfather  ;  from  which  this  account  is  chiefly 
compiled  ;  but  another  piece  which  in  some  editions  is 
tacked  to  these,  entitled,  "Wonder  working  Provi- 
dences," was  unfairly  aseriVed  to  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  though  written  by  a  Mr.  Johnson,  of  Woburn, 
in  New  England. 

On  the  restoration  of  King  Charles  II.  Gorges  pe- 
titioned the  crown,  complaining  of  the  Massachusetts 
colony  for  usurping  the  government  of  Maine,  and  ex- 
tending the  boundary  Imes.  In  lOfil  commissioners 
were  sent  to  America,  who  finding  the  people  in  the 
province  of  Maine  divided  in  their  opinions  with  respect 
to  matters  of  government,  appointed  justices  in  the 
king's  name  to  govern  tliein  ;  and  about  the  same  time 
the  proprietor  nominated  thirteen  commisaioners,  and 
prepared  a  set  of  instructions,  which  were  entered  on 
the  records  cf  the  province.  But  upon  the  departure 
of  the  royal  comnnssioners,  the  colony  resumed  its  ju- 
risdiction over  liiem.  These  two  sources  of  govern- 
ment kept  alive  two  parties,  each  of  whom  were  always 
ready  to  complain  of  the  other  and  justify  tliem.>'elves. 

An  hiquiry  into  (he  conduct  of  MassaclmKUts  had 
bfccn  instituted  in  England,  and  tlic  colony  wcs  ordered 
to  send  over  agents  to  answer  the  complaints  of 
Gorges,  and  Mason,  the  proprietor  of  New  Hampshire. 
who  bad  jointly  proposed  to  sell  their  property  to  the 
crown,  to  make  a  government  for  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth. This  proposal  not  being  accepted,  the  colony 
themselves  took  the  hint,  and  thought  the  most  etbc- 
tuttl  way  of  pilencing  the  complaint  would  be  to  make 
u  puirhaje.  'I'he  circumstances  of  the  province  of 
Maine  were  such  as  to  favor  their  views.  The  Indians 
had  invaded  it ;  most  of  the  settlements  were  destroyed 
or  deser'ed,  and  the  whole  country  was  in  trouble  ;  the 
colony  bad  afforded  them  all  the  assistance  which  was 
in  their  power,  and  they  had  no  help  from  any  otiu  r 
guaiter.  In  the  height  of  this  calamity,  John  I'shcr, 
Esq  ,  was  employed  to  negotiate  with  "Six.  fJorgis  for 
the  purchase  of  the  whole  lernlory,  which  was  ell'ected 
in  the  year  1677.  The  sum  o{  lirclrr  hundred  n  ml  fifty 
pounds  sterling  was  paid  for  it,  and  it  has  ever  since 
been  a  part  of  Massacbusetls,  It  is  now  foniied  into 
two  counties,  York  and  Cumberland  ;  but  ihe  Di.strut 
of  Maine,  as  estaiilished  by  the  laws  of  the  rinled 
States,  comprehends  also  tlic  counties  of  Lincoln, 
"WaBbinglon,  and  Hancock;  extending  from  Piscala- 
qua  to  St.  (^roix  ;  a  territory  Inrgc  enough  when  fully 
peopled,  to  be  formed  into  a  dislnict  State.* 


AMERICAN  n  IS  TORY. 


HENRY  HUDSON. 

ItlifRv  ITuoso?!— Hr  Rails  on  a  voy.ipe  uf  discnvprr— nrrivrs 
■tSanil>  Himk— Tlie  tirsi  atttitnpt  to  sail  up  the  river  rnntle 
hy  him— Iliisiility  of  the  hhIivi.s— ||u  lelums  tu  EuKlaml— 
lie  again  sails — Mutiny— Iluiison's  misfortunes. 

Notwithstanding  tlie  fruitless  attempts  which  had 
Dcen  made  to  find  a  passage  to  India  by  the  north,  the 
idea  was  not  given  up ;  but  it  wos  supposed,  that  un- 
der the  direction  of  some  prudent,  resolute  and  expe- 
rienced commander,  the  object  might  yet  be  attained. 
A  society  of  wealthy  and  sanguine  adventurers  in 
England,  believed  the  practicaluliiy  of  the  passage  ;  and 
with  a  resolution  and  liheralitv  almost  unexampled, 
raised  the  money  to  carry  on  this  expensive  nndcrtak 

*  Now  State  of  Maini 


ing.  They  gave  the  command  of  the  expedition  to 
Hknrv  IlensoN,  a  f.eamen  of  enlarged  views  and  long 
experience;  in  whose  knowleilge  and  intrepidity  tliey 
could  safely  confide;  and  whose  enterprising  spinl 
was  exceeded  by  none,  and  equalled  by  few  of  hia  con- 
temporaries. 

When  the  ship  which  they  had  t'c»'.'i.ej  for  the  voy- 
age was  ready,  llud.son  willi  his  crew,  according  lo  tiie 
custom  of  seamen  in  that  day,  went  to  eluuch,  in  Ajml 
Id,  1607,  and  there  partook  of  the  Lord's  Sujiper.  On 
the  1st  of  May  he  sailed  from  (iraveseml;  and  on  the 
Slst  of  June  discovered  land,  in  hit.  K)  \  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  (ireeidand,  which  ho  called  llohi  with  Hope. 

His  design  was  to  explore  the  whole  coast  of  (ireen- 
land,  which  he  supposed  to  be  an  island,  aixl,  if  possi- 
ble, to  pass  rouiui  it,  or  else  directly  under  the  pole, 
llut  havmg  sailed  as  far  as  the  lat.  of  82\  he  found  llic 
sea  obstructed  by  impenetrable  ice,  and  was  obliged  to 
return  to  England,  where  ho  arrived  on  the  15th  of 
Sejitemher. 

IJy  this  voyage  more  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Green- 
land was  explored  than  had  ever  before  been  known  ; 
and  the  island,  afterward  called  Spitzbergeri,  was  first 
discovered.  It  also  opened  the  way  to  the  Knglish, 
and  after  them  to  the  Dutch,  to  prosecute  the  whale 
fishery  in  those  northern  seas. 

The  next  year  the  same  company  of  adventurers  re- 
solved to  iiLike  another  attempt,  and  sent  Hudson  again 
to  find  a  passage  to  the  norllieast.  He  sailed  on  (lie 
2'^d  of  August,  1603.  The  highest  latitude  to  which 
he  advanced  in  tliis  voyage,  was  Hi  'MY.  After  having 
made  several  attempts  to  pass  between  Spilzhergen 
and  Nova  Zendda,  which  he  found  impracticable,  the 
season  was  so  far  spent,  and  the  winds  so  contrary, 
that  he  h;id  not  time  to  try  the  strait  of  Wavgats,  nor 
Lumley's  Inlet  ;  and  therefore  tliouglit  it  hts  "duty  to 
save  victual,  wages,  and  tackle,  by  a  speedy  return." 
He  arrived  at  Gravesend  on  the  SOth  of  August.* 

After  his  return  from  his  second  vovai,'L'  he  went 
over  lo  Holland,  and  entered  into  tlie  service  of  the 
Dutch.  Their  Kast  India  Company  filled  out  a  sliip 
for  discovery,  and  jiul  lum  into  tiie  coiuniandt  He 
sailed  from  Amsterdam  on  the  "rilh  of  .Marcli,  1609.  t 

Tile  liighest  l.ititiule  which  he  made  in  this  voyage 
was  61'^  46' ;  where  he  found  the  sea  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Nova  Zeudila  so  tilled  wilh  ice,  ami  covered 
with  fogs,  that  it  was  impossible  to  pass  the  strait  of 
Wayiials  to  the  easiwanl.  He  therefore  larked  and 
steered  westerly,  toward  (Ireeriland  ;  intending  to  fall 
in  with  Hubs  Island,  winch  had  been  5i'(  n  by  one  of 
Krolushcr's  ships  in  ir)?8  ;  hut  when  he  came  mto  the 
latitude  where  it  was  laid  down,  lie  couhl  not  find  it. 

He  ihen  steered  south-westerly  ;  p;issed  ihe  banks 
of  Newfoundland  among  the  French  shijis  which  were 
fishing,  without  speaking  with  any  of  ihem  ;  and  sailed 
along  the  coast  of  America.  In  this  route  he  disco- 
vered Cape  Cod  and  landed  there  ;  then  pursued  bis 
course  to  the  south  and  west ;  making  rennrks  on  the 
soundings  and  currents,  iill  he  came  lo  llie  entrance  of 
Chesapeake  IJay.  Here  he  plied  otT  and  on  for  several 
days,  and  then  turned  agiim  to  the  northward. 

In  bis  return  along  the  roast,  on  the  28lh  of  Augn.«-l, 
he  discovered  the  iireal  bay.  now  called  Delaware,  in 
the  latitude  of  3'J°  .V.  In  iliis  bay  lie  exannned  the 
sounding.s  and  currents,  and  ihe  appearance  of  Uie  land  ; 
but  did  not  go  on  shore. 

rroin  tins  bay,  passing  along  a  low  marshy  coast 
skirted  with  broken  islands,  on  the  iJd  .September  he 
saw  high  lull.s  to  the  northward  ;  which  I  suppose  were 
the  Neversinks  in  New  .lersey. 

On  the  -Ith  of  September,  he  came  to  nn  anchor  in 
"a  very  good  harbor"  in  the  latitude  40^  30',  which  is 
the  bay  within  Sandy  Hook.  On  the  6th,  the  boat  was  ■ 
sent  to  Kurvey  what  n|)peared  to  be  thu  intMithofa' 
river,  distant  lour  leagues.  This  was  the  slr.iit  called 
tlu^  Narrows,  between  Long  Island  and  Staten  l^land  ; 
here  was  a  good  de|illi  of  water;  and  witlun  was  a 


•  III  ilif  journal  ot  tins  vuviiv-e,  written  liy  Iluilsitn  Inniself, 
is  tlir  fnllowin«  remark.  *•  June  15,  lat.  75"  *'.  This  tnctrninB 
one  of  oni  ecim|iniiy  lonkint:  ovcrlinnrd  saw  a  inerinaiit,  anil 
catlmt;  up  .some  o\  Hit'  ci)ni|>«itiy  tu  si^ulier,  uneniore  came  up, 
ami  liy  tluii  time  hlie  wascl<isetn  Iho  slii|i's  aule,  look  my  ear- 
nestly on  the  men.  A  little  afier  a  sea  came  ami  overtunie<) 
iier.  Frniii  ttie  naval  upwartl  her  back  and  Itrea.sts  wero  tike 
a  woman,  (as  they  say  that  saw  her,)  hfrhoily  as  Iiik  as  ono 
of  U'i ;  her  Hkin  very  \\tiite,  an<l  lone  hnir  hanging  down  he- 
hind,  of  color  lilack.  In  her  gmng  down  they  saw  her  tail, 
whuh  WHS  like  Ihe  tail  of  a  [mrpoise,  and  jipeikled  liko  a 
mackerel.  Their  names  that  saw  her  wert-  Thumaj  llilles, 
ami  HiihiTt  Ilaviior.— Purclias,  iv.  5*.^. 

1  This  IS  (>aid  nn  the  autlmnty  of  Dr.  Foster.  The  jonnial 
s;t>s  iiitilimir  oiil.    It  was  wriiten  hy  Kohert  .fuel  his  male. 

i  Srmtti  iri  Ins  history  of  New  York,  foUowint,' Oldmixon 
and  uthi^r  s<-rond  hand  Hiilninitios,  ptaci^s  this  voyage  in  HWh. 
Ilul  Hstlic  jtmrnais  of  Iftidnon's  four  voyages  are  extant  in 
Punhas,  I  liiku  uil  dates  fioui  Iticni. 


large  oncnini;,  and  a  narrow  river,  to  the  west ;  tho 
channel  between  Uergrii  Neck  and  Staten  Ifiland.  Ao 
the  boat  was  returning,  it  was  attacked  by  some  of  tho 
nativci  in  two  canoes.  One  man,  John  (.'olman,  waa 
killed  ;  he  was  bnru-d  on  a  point  of  land,  which,  from 
that  circumshince,  wan  called  (.'ohimn's  point.  It  is 
protiabty  Sandy  Hook,  williin  which  the  ship  lay. 

On  the  Uth,  lliey  saded  through  tho  Narrows,  and 
found  a  "  good  harbor  secure  from  all  wuichi."  Tbi» 
next  day.  they  turned  against  a  N.  \V.  wind,  into  thb 
mouth  uf  ihe  river,  wh.ch  bears  Hudson's  name  ;  and 
came  lo  anchor  two  leQuues  wiihin  il.  On  these  two 
days,  they  were  visited  by  the  natives,  who  brought 
corn,  beans,  oysters  and  tobacco,  'i'hey  bud  pipes  o( 
copper,  in  which  they  smoked;  and  earthen  pots,  in 
which  they  drc-^sed  their  meal.  Hudson  would  not 
Butler  ihem  to  stay  on  board  by  night. 

From  the  12lh  lo  the  t'Jih  September,  he  saiird  up 
tho  river ;  which  be  found  about  a  mile  wide  and  of  a 
good  depth,  abounding  with  fish,  among  which  were 
"great  store  of  salmons."  As  he  advanced,  the  laiid 
on  both  sides  was  high,  till  it  came  very  mountainous. 
This  "high  land  had  many  jtoinls,  the  channel  was  nar* 
row,  and  there  were  many  eddy  vvinrls.'* 

From  a  careful  enumeration  of  the  computed  dis- 
tances, in  each  day's  run,  as  set  down  in  the  journal,  it 
appears  that  Hudson  sailed  fifty  three  leagues.  To  thii 
distance,  the  river  was  navigable  for  the  ship ;  the 
boat  went  up  eight  or  ten  leagues  farther  ;  but  found 
the  bottom  irregular,  and  the  depth  not  more  than  seven 
feet.  It  is  evident  therefore  that  he  penetrated  this 
rivei'.  as  far  as  where  ihe  tity  of  Albany  now  stands. 

The  farther  he  went  up  the  river,  the  more  friendly 
and  hospitable  the  natives  apjicared,  They  ^ms'c  him 
flknis  in  exchange  for  knives  and  olber  trifles.  But  as 
be  came  down,  lielow  the  mounlains,  the  savages  were 
thievish  and  troublesome,  which  occasioned  fmjuent 
ipiarrels,  in  which  eight  or  nine  of  them  were  killed. 
The  land  on  the  eastern  side  of  thu  river  near  its  mouth, 
was  called  Mamihata. 

On  the  4th  of  October  ho  came  out  of  the  river; 
and  without  anchoring  in  the  bay,  stood  out  to  sea  ;  and 
steerinjj  directly  for  Kurope.  on  the  7ih  November  ar- 
rived '•  in  the  range  of  Dartmouth  m  Devonshire." 
Here  the  journal  ends. 

The  discoveries  made  by  Hudson  in  tins  remarkable 
voyage,  were  of  great  mercantile  consei|uence  to  his 
eiufiloyers.  It  has  been  said,  thai  be  "  sold  the  coun- 
try, or  rather  his  rigiil  to  ii.  to  the  Dutch."  This  bow- 
ever  is  (piestionahle.  The  .'•ovrreions  of  Kngland  and 
I'ranee  laid  equal  claim  to  the  counlrv,  and  it  is  a  mat- 
ter which  requires  some  discussion,  whether  the  Hol- 
landers were,  at  that  time,  so  far  admitted  into  the 
community  of  nations,  os  to  derive  rights  wliich  would 
be  acknowh'diretl  bv  the  other  !'!uropean  powers.  How- 
ever, whilst  they  were  strugifling  lor  existence  among 
the  nations,  they  were  growing  rich  by  tJieir  mercantile 
adventures;  and  this  capit.d  discovery,  made  at  their 
exjiense,  was  a  source  of  no  small  advantage  to  them. 
Tliey  had,  for  siune  time  before,  cast  an  eve  on  tho  fur 
trade;  and  had  evf^n  bribed  some  Krenchmen  to  admit 
them  into  the  traflic  at  Acadia  and  St.  Lawrence.  Tho 
discovery  of  Hudson's  river  gave  them,  at  once,  an  en- 
trance of  a!>ove  fifty  leagues  into  the  heart  of  the  Ame- 
rican continent  ;  in  a  situa^^n  where  llie  best  furs 
couhl  be  procured  wilhout  atn^interruption  from  eilhei 
the  Lreiich  or  the  Knglish.  The  place  indeed  lay  withii: 
the  claim  of  bolh  ihese  nations  ;  Acadia  extended  from 
the  latitude  of  40'  to  48  '  ;  and  Virginia  from  34"  to 
4r>'^  ;  but  the  French  had  made  several  fruitlccs  at- 
tempts lo  ]iass  southward  of  Cape  Cod  ;  and  bad  but 
just  began  iheir  plantations  at  Acadia  and  8l  Lawrence. 
The  Knohsh  had  made  some  efl'oris  to  eslaldish  colo- 
nies \n  Virginia,  one  of  which  was  struiTgling  for  exist- 
ence, and  others  had  failed,  both  in  the  soMibern  and 
northern  division.  Uesides,  King  James,  bv  a  stroke 
of  policy  prruhar  to  hivisf!/,  in  dividing  Virginia  be- 
tween tho  North  and  South  Companies,  \im\  iutt-rlnrkai 
each  patent  with  the  other ;  and  at  Ihe  same  time  in- 
ffrdictat  the  patentees  from  planting  witbm  one  hundreil 
mdes  of  each  olher.  'i'his  uncertainly,  concurrino  with 
other  causes,  kept  the  adventurers  at  such  a  distance, 
that  the  intermediate  country,  by  far  the  most  valuable, 
lay  exjiosed  to  the  intrusion  of  foreigners  ;  none  oi 
whom  knew  better  than  the  Dutch,  how  to  avad  them- 
selves of  ihe  ignorance  or  inattention  of  their  neighbors 
in  pursuit  of  gain. 

Uut  whether  it  can  at  this  time  be  determined  or  iiOt 
hy  what  means  the  Hollanders  acquired  a  title  to  the 
eoimirv  ;  certain  it  is,  that  they  understood  and  pur- 
sued tlie  advantage  which  this  discovery  opened  to 
them      SViih  n  four   years,  a   fort  and  trading-houho 


BIOOnAPIIIES   OF  THE   EARLY    niSCOVEKERS 


01 


to  tlio  wrst ;  Uio 
iliitnii  Uliini].  Ao 
rd  by  wjinu  ol  the 
olin  (.'oliiiiin,  was 
larul,  which,  frotti 
ail's  point.  It  is 
th(!  shi|i  lay. 
tho  Narrows,  and 
hII  win(hi."  'Ih^ 
W.  wind,  into  thft 
Isoirn  niinfi  ;  anJ 
( >ri  ihcsr  two 
vofl,  who  hrought 
They  hud  iiipes  of 
I  rartlicn  pot?,  in 
Indson  would  not 
t. 

nhcr,  lie  sailrd  up 
nte  wido  niid  of  a 
rionjj  which  were 
Ivuiiccd,  thu  hiiid 
cry  mountainous, 
i-haiinol  was  nar* 

ho  computed  din- 
n  in  the  jonrnnl,  it 
U'ayues.  To  thu 
for  the  ship  ;  tho 
irthiT  ;  hut  I'ouiid 
)t  more  (hon  seven 
he  penetrated  this 
any  now  stands. 

the  more  friendly 
'J'hey  t^vc  hna 
er  trifles.  But  as 
,  the  savages  were 
casioned   frequent 

them  were  killed. 
vvr  near  its  mouth, 

out  of  tho  river ; 

nd  out  to  sea  ;  and 
7lli  November  ar- 
1  m   Devonshire.'* 

in  this  remarkable 
bnse(|uencc  to  his 
le  "  sold  the  roun- 
iitcli.*'  This  how- 
iis  of  Kn;.'laiid  and 
ry,  and  it  iH  a  mat- 
wlieiliiT  the  Ho!" 
admitied  into  the 
if^lits  whirh  would 
ean  powers.  IIow- 
•  existence  amonfr 
tiy  llieir  mercantile 
•ry.  made  at  their 
idvantane  to  them. 
t  an  eye  on  tho  fur 
renchmen  to  admit 
!l.  Lawrence.  'I'ho 
'in,  al  mice,  an  cn- 
hearl  of  the  Arne- 
lere  the  best  fiira 
ruption  from  either 
e  indeed  lay  within 
idia  extended  from 
■ginia  from  S-t'^  to 
L'veral  frnitlecs  al- 
O'od  ;  and  lind  but 
and  ISt  Lawrence. 
I  to  estatilish  colo- 
iruii^lini^  for  exist- 
1  the  snnihern  and 
'allies,  bv  a  stroke 
■idmi;  Virginia  be- 
ics,  had  nitnlorkal 
the  same  time  nt- 
^vilhin  one  hundred 
:y.  coiicnrrmy;  willi 
it  Huch  a  distance, 
the  most  valuable, 
reifiners  ;  none  of 
liow  to  avail  them- 
of  their  neighbors 


Wire  erected  on  the  ipnl  where  .Ml my  is  now  Ixiilt  ; 
and  another  fort  on  the  S.  \V.  ['iniit  of  ihc  isKmd, 
wttcre  the  city  of  New  Vork  now  stands,  bv  a  company 
Ol'  merrhanls  who  had  procun  d  from  the  Stitcs- 
general  a  patent  for  an  exclusive  trade  to  Hudson's 
river, 

'I'lie  tran.sactions  between  Hudson  and  his  ])utcb 
cmpJoyerH  are  not  Biatcd  in  tiie  accounts  of  his  voy- 
ages. J)r.  Foster  ways  ihnt  lie  olUred  (o  undiTtake 
anollier  voyage  in  their  service,  but  lli:it  tliey  dcclinul 
•t,  upon  which  be  returned  to  Kn^land  ;  and  a^Min  en- 
tered into  the  service  of  tiie  cumpany,  who  had  liefore 
enmloyed  him, 

The  former  attempts  for  a  northern  passage  havin;^ 
been  made  m  very  liiiih  latitudes,  it  was  now  deter- 
mined, to  .'-(ek  for  one,  by  passnij^  to  the  westward  of 
tireenliind.  and  examimni;  the  inlets  of  the  .American 
eontment.  l''or  tins  purpose  a  ^hip  was  tilted  out,  and 
tho  conunand  was  ^iven  to  HihUou  ;  but  imlia])[pily, 
Ijie  company  insisted  that  he  sliould  take  with  liim  as 
an  assistant,  one  ( 'oiburne,  a  very  able  and  e\pe- 
ni'ncedse.iinati  Their  unreal  conlidcnce  m  ('olli-irne's 
skill  excited  Hudson's  envy;  and  after  the  ship  hud 
talleii  down  the  river,  he  put  lum  on  board  u  ))ink, 
Imund  up  to  I^ondon.  with  a  letter  to  tlie  owners,  con- 
tainmjjltiie  reasonsof  his  conduct ;  und  then  proceeded 
on  hiM  voya;^Tc,  [April  23,  IGIO]  This  rash  step 
gave  the  crew  an  example  of  disobediente,  which  was 
so  severely  retaliated  on  himself,  us  to  prove  the  cause 
of  his  ruin. 

He  wont  round  the  north  of  Scotland,  through  the 
Orkney  and  Karo  islands,  and  on  (be  I  lib  of  .May 
made  ihc  eastern  par^  of  Iceland.  Siiiliii!^  aloji^  its 
southern  f^hnre,  in  si<r|it  of  the  volcanic  moimtuin 
Hecia,  he  put  into  a  harbor  in  the  western  part  of  tlie 
island  ;  where  he  met  with  a  friendly  reception  from 
the  iiihabitanls  ;  but  found  threat  dissensions  amou'r 
his  crew,  which  lie  could  not  appease  without  inucli 
diiriciiliy. 

Having  doubled  the  southern  promontory  of  flreen- 
land,  he  steered  N.  \V.  for  the  American  conlinent. 
In  this  passa*je  he  was  so  rntan'.;led  with  lloulin^r  ice, 
that  he  almost  dc.-pured  of  ^ct'ini;  cb'ar.  JJut  at 
length  with  much  labor  and  peril,  he  forced  bis  way 
tbrouiih  the  strait  and  into  the  bay  which  bears  bis  nume. 
'J'he  fariher  he  advanced,  the  greater  were  the  inurnuir- 
ings  among  his  mm.  He  removed  bis  mate  and  boat- 
swain and  put  inhers  in  their  places.  This  disci- 
pline not  only  rendered  him  more  unjiopular,  but  in- 
flamed tho  displaced  otticcrs  with  bitter  icsentment 
against  him. 

Tho  whole  summer  having  been  spent  in  examining 
the  eastern  and  southern  extremities  of  the  deep  and 
extensive  hay  which  he  had  discovered  ;  in  October  it 
was  too  late  to  return  ;  the  discovery  was  yet  incom- 
plete, and  be  was  loth  to  leave  it.  He  had  taken  but 
half  a  year's  provision  from  Kniiland.  It  was  there- 
fore necessary  to  husband  what  was  left,  and  jirocure 
more  by  hunting  ;  which  was  done  in  great  plenty,  Ity 
reason  of  the  numerous  llijihis  of  fowl  which  succeed- 
ed each  other  through  the  winter. 

In  November  the  ship  was  frozen  up-  Soon  after 
the  gunner  died,  and  a  controversy  took  place  about 
dividing  his  clothes.  Hudson  was  partial  to  Henry 
Green,  a  young  man  of  a  debauched  ehiiracicr,  wliorn 
he  had  taken  on  board;  and  whose  name  was  not  on 
the  ship's  books.  This  young  man  unijenerouslv  took 
part  with  the  discontented,  and  lost  Hudson's  favor. 

'I'hey  bad  to  strugijie  with  a  severe  winter,  and  bad 
accommodations,  which  produced  scorbutic  and  rheu- 
matic complaints,  'i'hese  were  relieved  by  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  buds  of  a  tree  tilled  with  a  balsamic  juice  ; 
the  liquor  was  drank,  and  the  buds  applied  to  the 
swelled  joints,  'i'his  is  supjiosed  to  have  been  the 
Vopuhix  liuLsamifem. 

\Vhen  the  spring  came  on,  the  birds  disappeared, 
and  their  provisions  fril  short.  To  still  the  clamor 
among  the  discontented,  Hudson  injudiciously  divided 
the  remaining  stores,  into  equal  shares,  and  gave  each 
man  his  portion;  which  some  devoured  at  once  and 
others  preserved. 

The  ship  being  afloat,  he  began  to  sail  toward  the 
N.  W.  to  pursue  the  object  of  his  voyage  ;  when, 
(June  21.  1611)  a  conspiracy  which  had  been  some- 
time in  fermentation,  broke  out  into  open  mutiny. 
The  displaced  mate  and  boatswain,  accompanied  hy 
tho  infamous  Circen  and  others  rose  and  took  com- 
mand of  the  ship.  They  put  Hudson,  his  son,  the  car- 
penter, the  mathematician  ,  and  live  others,  most  of 
whom  were  sick  and  lame,  into  the  sliallop  ;  with  a 
small  quantity  of  meal,  one  gun  and  ammunition,  two 
or  three  spears  and  an  iron  po* ;  and   then  '.vUb  tho 


most  savage  inhumanity  turned  them  adrift.  This  is 
the  last  account  ol  Hudson.  Whether  he,  with  liis 
unhappy  companions,  pmshed  by  the  sea,  by  famine,  or 

by  tne  .savages,  is  unknown. 

The  conspirators  put  the  ship  aliout  to  the  eastward 
ami  hasted  to  get  out  of  the  buy.  Near  Capo  Higges, 
lliey  met  with  sf  vcn  rar.oes  of  llie  savages,  by  whom 
they  were  uttaekid.  The  perlltbous  Cireen  was  killed, 
ami  three  others  wounded,  of  whom  two  died  in  a  few 
days.  The  miseriible  remnant  pursued  their  course 
homeward,  and  sidl'ercd  niiirli  by  famine;  but  at  length 
arrived  m  Ireland,  and  t'roin  thence  got  to  Mngland. 

This  account  of  the  tinlortunate  end  of  Hudson  and 
tho  returnof  the  ship,  is  taken  from  a  narrative  written 
hy  Abacuc  Pricket,  whom  the  miitinetTs  [(reserved,  in 
hope  that  by  his  connexion  with  Sir  Dudley  HiL'gt's, 
one  of  thu  owners,  they  should  obtain  their  pardon. 

The  most  asionishing  circumstance  in  this  horrid 
Oct  of  cruelty,  is  the  oath  liy  which  the  conspirators 
bound  tlit'iiisflves  to  execute  their  plot  ;  ibe  lorm  ol 
it  IS  ]ireserved  by  I'rickrt,  and  is  m  tluse  wcuils. 

"  V»)u  shall  swiar  truth,  tutioii,  your  prince  and 
country  ;  you  shall  do  noihmg  hut  to  the  glory  of  (Jon ; 
und  the  uooil  ot  the  action  m  hand,  and  harm  to  no 
man."  It  is  to  lie  hoped,  that  the  absurdity,  hypocrisy, 
and  blasphemy  of  this  irausaction  will  ever  bo  unpur- 
rallelled  in  the  history  of  human  depravity  ! 


were  to  bo  holden  during  life.  This  may  seem  A 
strange  wuy  of  appointing  ollices  in  a  new  colony,  eo- 
pecially  when  the  charter  gave  the  council  power  lo  re- 
voke and  discharge  them.  Hut  it  is  prottalilo  tha*  hcso 
gentlemen  had  friends  in  the  company  who  wheie  per- 
sons of  wealth  ami  intluencc,  and  who  thought  tho 
ollices  not  worthy  o*"  *!ieir  acceptance,  unU  ta  Lbey 
could  hold  them  long  enough  to  make  their  fortuncv. 
The  I'xampte  of  Columbus  might  have  served  as  u  pre- 
cedent, who  had  tlie  otlice  of  admiral  of  the  West  In- 
dies, not  only  for  hfc,  but  as  an  inheritance  to  his  pos- 
terity. 


INTUUDUCTION. 

Thk  beginning  of  tho  colony  of  Virginia  has  been 
relalidinlhe  life  of  Captain  John  Smith;  to  whose 
ingenuity,  prudence,  piilteiice,  activity,  industry  and 
resi(lution,  its  subsistence  during  the  lir.st  three  years  is 
principally  to  be  aserihed.  It  vsoiild  have  been  either 
di'sertf  d  by  the  people,  or  destroyed  by  the  tiatives, 
hud  he  not  encouraged  the  former  hy  !us  unremitted 
exertions,  and  struck  an  awe  into  the  latter  by  his  mi- 
litary address  and  intrepidity. 

The  \iewsof  the  adventurers  in  Kngland  were  in- 
tent on  present  gain  ;  and  iheir  strict  ortlers  were  to 
jireserve  peace  with  the  natives  Neither  of  tlieye 
could  be  realized.  Cullivat;oii  is  the  first  (jhject  in  all 
I  iit'W  plantation.-) ;  this  requires  time  and  industry  ;  and 
till  the  wants  of  tlie  people  could  he  supplied  by  their 
I  OAti  labor,  it  was  necessary  to  luive  some  de[ieiiJeiice 
on  the  natives  for  such  provisions  as  llu'V  could  spare 
from  their  own  consuni|)tioii  :  and  when  the  supply 
could  not  bo  obtained  hy  fair  bargain,  it  was  thought 
necessary  to  use  stratagem  or  force.  Those  who  were 
on  the  spot  were  the  bi;st  judges  of  the  time  and  occa- 
'  sion  of  using  those  means  ;  but  they  were  not  permitted 
to  judge  tor  themselves.  'I'he  comj^any  of  adventuri'rs 
undertook  to  prescribe  rules,  to  insist  on  a  rigorous  ex- 
ecution )»f  tiiem,  and  to  form  various  projects  which 
could  never  l»e  carried  into  cll'ect.  In  short,  they  ex- 
pected more  from  their  colony  than  it  was  possible  for 
It  to  j>ro(luce  in  so  short  a  time,  with  such  people  as 
they  sent  to  reside  there,  and  in  the  face  of  so  many 
dangers  and  dillicultics,  which  were  continually  pre- 
sented to  them. 

.\fter  the  arrival  of  Captain  Newport  in  Kngland 
from  his  thud  voyage,  the  Coinjiany  of  South  \'irginia. 
disappoint(^d  and  vexiul  at  the  small  returns  which  the 
ships  Iwonght  home,  delerniined  on  a  change  of  system, 
they  solicited  and  obtained  of  the  crown  a  new  charter 
(.May  2;J,  KJO'J),  and  timk  into  the  company  a  much 
greater  number  of  ad*  iiuurers  than  lietbre.  Not  less 
than  six  humired  aiul  tifiy-seven  names  of  persons  are 
inserted  in  the  charier,  in;i!iy  of  whom  were  noblemen, 
and  gentlemen  of  forliiue,  und  iner».-li.ii!'-« ;  besides 
hlty-six  mcorporati'd  eonipames  of  mechanics  in  the 
city  of  Loiuhm  ;  und  room  was  left  for  tiie  admission 
of  more.  The  government  at  home  was  \ested  in  a 
council  of  hi'ty-two  iicrsons,  named  in  the  charier;  at 
the  head  of  which  was  Sir  Thomas  Snntli,  the  formei 
treasurer;  and  all  vacancies  which  might  happen  mthe 
council,  were  to  he  filled  by  the  vote  of  a  majority  of 
tho  conqiany  legally  a-ssembled.  This  council  in  Kng-  j 
land  had  the  power  of  appointing  governors  and  other 
otiieers  to  resid*rin  A'lrgmia,  and  of  mai;mg  laws  and 
giving  instructions  for  the  government  of  the  colony. 
In  consequence  of  this  power,  the  treasurer  und  coun- 
cil constituted  the  following  otHcers: 

Sir  Thomas  West,  Lord  Delaware,  Captain-general; 
.Sir  Thomas  Gates,  Lientenant-general  ;  Sir  tieorgo 
i  Somers,  Admiral ;  Captain  t^liristopber  Newport, 
I  Vice-Adiniral  ;  Sir  Tliomas  Dale,  Higli  Marshall  ;  and 
'  Sir  Ferdinando  Wainman,  Licneral  of  Horse. 
I  Several  other  gentlemen,  whose  names  are  not  men- 
,  tioi'.ed,  were   appomted  to  other  ollices,  alt  of  which 


SIR   THOMAS  SMITH. 

Sill  TnoMAH  Smith— He  is  cabinniiated— Decree  of  Chancery 

ill  Ins  liiviir— III-  resijnw  Ins  ollicc  n| Treasurer  nf  llic  Vir- 
ginia Ciiinpaiiy— T\^o  tliousniiil  iiircH  of  I.aiitl  Kritiiled  to 
tiiin  ill  Viiffinm— Sir  Kilv\ui  Saiiilyi*,  Treasurer  ot  tlie  Vlr 
LMii::i  (.'(iinjiany— l.oiicni's— Siii>|i|ii'H  olitiuiifU  by  tlioiii  foi 
Virijiiiia— Ti-nai'ii'UMHss  of  Kuiy  Jumea. 

A  I.I.  which  is  known  with  certainty  of  this  gentleman 
is,  that  he  w.is  a  Lundiui  men-haul,  of  great  wealth  and 
nilluence,  CJovernor  of  the  Last  India  and  Muscovy 
Companies,  and  of  the  company  associated  for  the  dis- 
covery of  a  northwest  passage  ;  that  he  had  beer,  sent 
(1004)  ambassador  from  King  James  to  the  Kmperoi: 
of  Russia  ;  ttiat  he  was  one  of  the  assignees  of  Sir 
Walter  Kaleigh's  patent,  and  thus  became  interested  iii 
the  colony  of  Virginia.  He  had  been  treasurer  of  the 
com[)any  under  their  first  charter,  and  presided  in  all 
the  meetings  of  the  council  aiitl  of  the  company  in  En- 
gland ;   but  he  never  came  to  .America. 

It  is  unforliinaie  lor  the  memory  of  Sir  Thomas 
Smith,  that  both  the  company  and  colony  of  South 
\'iri;iiua  were  distracted  by  a  malevolent  parly  spirit  ; 
and  that  he  was  eiiually  an  object  of  reproach  on  the 
on  !  band  and  of  panegyric  on  tlie  other.  'J'o  decide  on 
the  inn',  or  dement  of  his  character,  at  this  distancu 
of  tt  in  .ould  perhaps  require  more  evidence  than  can 
he  p.  1(<<  M'd  ;  hut  candor  is  due  to  the  dead  as  well  at 
to  tlu  living. 

Ilf  was  a  wnrm  friend  of  Captain  .Tohn  Smith,  who, 
in  his  account  of  \'iri;iii:a,  speaks  of  liiai  with  respect, 
as  a  diligent  and  careful  over>»eer,  espenally  in  sending 
supplies  to  the  colony  during  Ins  n-sidence  there  ;  and 
lifter  his  return  to  Ln^land,  he  dejiended  on  Sir 
Thomas  and  tho  council  for  those  ac'-ounts  rf  the  co- 
lony wfiirb  he  bus  inserted  i'l  his  history,  subsequent  to 
that  period. 

In  a  dedication  prefixed  to  a  narrative  of  the  8hi|>- 
wrer k  of  Sir  (icorgc  Somers  on  the  Island  of  Ilcnnuda, 
Sir  Thomas  is  comiilimented  in  the  following  manner ; 
"Worthy  sir,  if  other  men  were  iike  you,  if  all  as  able 
us  you  are  were  as  willing,  we  should  see  a  lUuirishing 
Christian  church  and  connnonwealtb  in  Virginia.  Uiit 
let  this  be  your  consolation,  there  is  one  that  is  moio 
able  and  willing  than  you,  even  the  Ciod  of  heaven  and 
earth.  And  know  furth<T,  for  your  comfort,  that  though 
the  burden  be  on  you  and  a  few  more,  yet  are  there 
main  honorable  and  worthy  men  of  all  sorts  who  will 
never  shrink  troin  you.  do  on,  therefore,  with  courage 
and  constancy  ;  and  he  assureil,  that  though  by  you[ 
honoralile  embassages  and  employments,  and  by  your 
charitable  and  virtuous  courses  you  have  gamed  a 
worthy  reputation  in  this  world,  yet  nothing  that  you 
ever  did  or  sutlV'red,  more  honors  you  in  the  eyes  of  all 
that  are  godly-wise,  than  your  faithful  and  unwearied 
prosecution,  your  continual  and  comfortable  assistance 
of  tii.ise  foreign  plantations." 

Rut  though  flattered  and  complimented  by  his  ad- 
mirers, yet  he  bad  enemies  both  among  the  company  in 
Kn^Lind  and  the  colonists  in  \'irginia,  IJv  some  of  liis 
a.ssocialfs  he  was  accused  of  favoring  the  growth  of  to- 
bacco in  the  ciilony.  to  the  neglect  of  other  siaple  eoin- 
imidities  whirli  the  coimtry  was  eipially  capable  of  pro- 
ducing. It  was  also  alN'ged.  that  instead  of  a  body  of 
laws  agreeable  to  the  Knglish  constitution,  a  b(M)k  had 
been  printed  and  dedicated  to  lum,  and  sent  to  Virginia 
by  bis  own  authtinty,  and  without  the  order  or  consent 
of  the  company,  containing  "  laws  written  in  blood;" 
winch,  though  they  might  serve  for  a  lime  of  war,  lieing 
mostly  translated  from  the  marshal  law  of  the  llmtcd 
Netherlands,  yet  were  destructive  of  the  liberties  of 
Knglish  subjects,  and  contrary  to  the  express  ictter  of 
the  royal  charter.  Lor  this  reason  many  people  in  Eng- 
land were  deterred  from  emigrating  to  Virginia,  and 
many  persons  in  the  colony  were  unjustly  put  to  <'calh. 

In  the  colony,  the  clamor  against  him  wa.'  still 
louder.  It  was  there  said,  that  he  had  been  mo;jt  scan- 
dalously negligent,  if  not  corrupt,  in  the  matter  of  sup- 
plies ;  that  in  a  certain  period  called  the  "  starving 
time,"  the  allowance  for  a  man  was  only  eight  ouncoi 


83 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


'  < 


of  meal  atxl  :i  half  pini  uf  \wnsc  ]w.i  (lay.  ntiil  llmt  nei- 
ther of  tliciii  were  til  to  be  I'iitcii ;  lliut  ruiiiiiic  <ilili)(('(l 
many  of  tho  (tcoj)k^  lo  lly  to  tlir  Kuvayi's  for  rcluif,  wlio 
bciiit;  retaken  were  put  to  death  for  th'tttrtum;  tlia* 
others  were  reihiecd  to  ihu  iieeessity  of  steuhiig,  whicli 
by  his  satipuiiiaiy  laws  whh  |)Uiiish('il  wilii  extreme 
rignr;  that  the  xiek  and  iiifirjii,  nl:o  were  iiiiahit  tu 
work,  were  denied  the  allowanee,  and  famished  for 
want ;  that  noriie  tit  these  extre-inities  dug  holes  in  the 
c^rlh,  and  hid  ihejiiselves  till  they  petinhed  ;  that  the 
ncarcity  was  "  so  lamentable,"  that  they  were  eon- 
strained  10  cut  dogs,  eats,  snakes,  and  even  human 
corpses ;  that  one  man  killed  his  wife,  and  put  lier  tiesh 
in  piekle,  for  which  he  was  burnt  to  death  These  ca- 
lainilies  were  by  the  colonists  so  strongly  and  point- 
edly laid  lo  the  charge  of  the  treasurer,  that  when  they 
had  found  a  mare  wliieh  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians, 
and  were  boiling  her  llesli  for  food,  they  wished  .S:r 
Thomas  was  in  the  same  kettle.  A  list  of  these  grie- 
vancea  was  presented  to  King  James ;  and  in  the  con- 
clusion of  tiio  petition,  they  begged  his  mojesty,  that 
"  rathrr  than  be  reduced  to  live  under  the  like  govcrn- 
inciii  again,  ho  would  send  over  commissioners  to  hang 
th«ra." 

In  answer  to  these  accusations,  it  was  said,  that  the 
original  ground  of  all  those  calamities  was  the  unfortu- 
nate shipwreck  of  a  vessel  loaded  with  supplies,  on  the 
Island  of  Uermiida.  This  happened  at  a  time  when 
Captain  John  Smith  was  disabled  and  obliged  to  quit 
the  colony,  which  had  been  supported  in  a  great  mea- 
sure by  his  exertions.  Another  source  of  the  mischief 
wfts  the  indolence  of  the  colonists  themselves  ;  who 
regarded  only  the  jiresent  moment,  and  took  no  care 
for  the  future.  This  indolence  was  so  great,  that  thejr 
would  eat  their  fish  raw  rather  than  go  to  a  small  dis- 
tance from  the  water  for  wood  to  dress  it.  When  there 
was  a  plenty  of  sturgeon  in  the  river,  they  would  not 
take  any  more  limn  to  sen'e  their  present  necessity, 
though  they  knew  the  season  was  approaching  when 
these  fish  return  to  the  sea  ;  nor  did  they  take  caic  to 
preserve  their  nets,  but  sufiered  them  to  perish  for  wcut 
of  drying  and  mending.  Another  cause  was  the  dis- 
honesty of  those  who  were  employed  in  procuring  cor:i 
from  the  natives  ;  for  having  accomplished  their  object, 
they  went  to  sea,  and  turned  pirates  ;  some  of  llicia 
united  with  other  pirates,  and  those  wlio  got  home  to 
England,  prot'  i-d  that  they  were  obliged  to  (piit  Vir- 
ginia for  fear  of  starving.  Besides,  it  was  said  that 
when  sinps  arrived  with  provision,  it  was  embezzled 
by  the  mariners,  and  the  articles  intended  for  Iraflic 
wilh  the  Indians,  were  iirivalely  given  away  or  sold  for 
B  trille  ;  and  some  of  the  people  venturing  too  far  into 
their  villages  were  surprised  and  killed. 

The  story  of  the  man  eating  his  dead  wife  was  pro- 
pagated in  England  by  some  of  the  deserters  ;  but  when 
It  was  examined  afterwards  by  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  it 
proved  to  be  no  more  than  this.  One  of  the  colonists 
who  hated  his  wife,  secretly  killed  her :  then,  to  con- 
ceal the  murder  cut  her  body  in  pieces,  and  hid  them 
in  dilferent  iiarts  of  the  house.  \Vlien  the  woman  was 
missed,  the  man  was  suspected  ;  his  house  was  search- 
ed, and  the  pieces  were  found.  'J'o  excuse  his  guilt, 
h"  pleaded  that  his  wife  died  of  hunger,  and  that  he 
dally  fed  on  her  remains.  His  house  was  again  search- 
ed, and  other  food  was  found  ;  on  wiiicli  ho  was  ar- 
raigned, confessed  the  murder,  and  was  put  to  death  ; 
being  burned,  according  to  law. 

Though  calumniated  both  in  England  and  America, 
Sir  Thomas  Smith  did  not  want  advocates  ;  ami  his 
character  for  integrity  was  so  well  estdt)lisiied  in  Eng- 
land, that  when  some  of  the  company  who  had  refused 
to  advance  their  quotas,  pleaded  his  negligence  and 
avarice  in  their  excuse,  the  Court  of  Chancery,  before 
whom  the  atl'uir  was  carried,  gave  a  decree  against 
tbcm,  and  they  were  compelled  to  pay  the  sutna  which 
Ihey  had  subscribed. 

'llie  charges  against  him  were  equally  levelled  against 
the  council  and  company  ;  and  by  their  order  a  decla- 
ration was  published,  in  which  the  misfortunes  of  the 
colony  are  thus  summarily  represented.  "  Cast  up  the 
reckoning  together,  want  of  government,  store  of  idle- 
ness, their  expectations  frustrated  by  the  traitors,  their 
market  spoiled  by  the  mariners,  their  nets  broken,  the 
deer  chased,  their  boats  lost,  their  hogs  killed,  their 
trade  with  the  Indians  forbidden,  some  of  their  men 
lied,  some  murdered,  and  most  by  drinking  the  brackish 
water  of  James  Eort,  weakened  and  endangered; 
famine  and  sickness  by  all  these  means  increased.  Here 
at  home  the  monier  came  in  so  slowly,  that  the  Lord 
Delaware  could  not  be  despatched  till  the  colony  was 
ivorn  and  .spent  with  diniculties.  Above  all,  having 
iipither  ruler  nor  preacher,  they  feared  neither  God  nor 


man  wliii  h  provoked  the  Lord,  and  pulled  down  his 
jiKlgmenis  upon  tliem." 

.Sir  Thomas  Smith  continued  in  his  ofl'icc  of  treasurer 
till  1U1!(;  when  the  prejudice  against  biin  became  so 
strong,  that  by  the  interest  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick, 
who  baled  him,  his  remnval  was  in  contemplation.  .\t 
the  sai.'ie  lime,  Sir  Tliom.is,  being  advanced  in  years 
and  inlirmitiea,  having  grown  rich,  and  having  a  siilli- 
cieiicy  of  business  as  governor  of  the  lOast  India  Com- 
pany, thought  it  prudent  to  retire  from  on  ollice  of  so 
great  a  responsibility,  attended  will,  so  much  truubhi 
and  so  little  advantage  ;  and  accordingly  sent  in  bis  re- 
signation to  the  Council  of  Virginia.  Ilis  friends  would 
have  dissuaded  him  from  this  measure  ;  but  he  v.as  in- 
llexible.  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  was  elected  his  successor  ; 
a  gentleman  of  good  understanding,  and  great  appli- 
cation to  bitsitiess.  At  his  motion,  a  gratuity  of  3,UUU 
acres  of  laud  in  Virginia  was  grunted  to  .Sir  Thomas. 
Ho  had  been  in  oltico  upwards  ol  twelve  years,  in 
which  lime  the  expenses  of  the  plantation  had  amounted 
to  8I),0UU/.  ;  and  though  he  hud  derbied  that  he  left 
4,000/.  for  his  successor  to  begin  with,  yet  it  wos  found 
on  examination,  that  the  company  was  in  debt  lo  a 
greater  amount  than  that  sum. 

Several  ways  were  used  for  the  raising  of  supplies 
to  carry  on  the  colonization  of  Virginia.  One  was  by 
the  subscriptions  of  the  members  of  the  company  ;  ano- 
ther was  by  the  voluntary  donations  of  other  people  ; 
and  a  third  was  by  lotteries.  Suhscriptions,  if  not  vo- 
luntarily paid  were  recoverable  by  law  ;  but  this  me- 
thod was  tedious  ond  expensive.  Uonations  were  pre- 
carious, and  though  liberal  and  well  intended,  yet  they 
sometimes  consisted  only  of  books  and  furniiure  for 
churches  and  colleges,  and  appropriations  lor  tlic  edu- 
cation of  Indian  clnldren.  Lotteries  were  before  tins 
time  unknown  in  England  ;  but  so  great  wa.?  the  rage 
for  this  mode  of  raising  money,  that  within  the  space  of 
six  years  the  sum  of  20,000/.  was  brought  into  the  trea- 
sury. This  was  "  the  real  unil  substantial  food  with 
which  Virginia  was  nourished."  The  authority  on 
which  the  lotteries  were  grounded  was  the  charter  of 
King  James  (1600),  and  so  tenacious  was  this  munarch 
(d'his  prerogative,  that  in  a  sub-sequent  proclamation  he 
vainly  interdicted  the  "  .v/if«</«i;-  against  thu  Virginian 
liOttery."  Vet  when  the.  House  of  Conmions  (1021) 
began  lo  call  in  (jue-stion  some  of  the  supposed  rights 
of  royalty,  these  lotteries  and  the  proi'laniation  which 
enforced  ihein  were  complained  of  and  jiresented 
among  the  grievances  of  the  iiaiion.  Dii  that  occasion 
an  apology  was  made  by  the  king's  triends,  ''that  he 
never /(/■((/  the  lotteries,  but  f^tirr  irui/lu  thnn,  because 
he  was  told  that  Virginia,  could  not  subsist  without 
them  ;"  and  when  the  (.lummnn.s  insisted  on  their  com- 
plaint, the  moiiarch  revoked  tlie  license  by  an  order  of 
council ;  in  conseipience  of  which  the  treasury  of  the 
company  was  almost  without  resources. 


THOMAS  LOUD  DELAWARE,  SIR  THOMAS 
GATES,  SIR  GEORGE  SOMEUS,  CAl'TAIN 
CHRISTOI'HER  NEWl'ORT,  SIR  THOMAS 
DALE,  SIR  EERDINANUO  WAINMAX. 

LonD  Delaware — arivesin  Virijinia — He  builds  two  forts  on 
James  river— lie  leaves  Vlii,Miii!i— arrives  at  llio  Western 
Island.s— Uaiiiel  (lookiii  sellles  in  Virginia— lie  removes  to 
New  Eiijjiainl- Sin  Thomas  Oalk,  Uuveriior  of  Virginia — 
Ills  eiieritelic  |)roceeiliiii;s— His  ctiaractcr  as  Governor — 
SiH  TiicMAs  Cates — Ills  arrival  in  Virginia  as  Uovc-iior — 
His  return  lo  EiigiaiiU— Sir  (.iEonuK  Hu.meks,  Admiral  of 
Virginia— DisptUe  Willi  Gates  abuiit  rani.- He  is  wrecked 
on  Ucrimida  Island— He  arrives  in  Virgtnm — His  dealti, 
hiu'ial,  and  moliilineiit — (lliristonlicr  New|i<irt,  commander 
in  Hie  Navy  of  yueen  Eliz.ibelil— New  York  lirst  sculetl— 
Sir  Fci'DI.sandu  VVai.nman— His  airival  in  Virginia— His 
death— Dealli  of  Lord  Delaware. 

The  history  of  these  persons  is  so  blended,  that  a 
separate  account  of  each  cannot  be  written  from  any 
materials  in  my  |)ossession.  'J'heir  cliaractcrs,  how- 
ever, may  be  distinguished  in  a  few  words,  before  I 
proceed  to  the  history  if  llieir  united  transactions  in  the 
Ginjilovmcnl  of  the  company  and  colony  of  Virginia. 

liOrd  Um.AWARE  is  said  to  have  been  a  worthy  peer 
of  an  ancient  family  ;  a  man  of  lino  parts  and  of  u  ge- 
nerous disposli  ion  ;  who  look  much  i^iiis,  and  was  at 
D  great  expense  to  establish  the  colony,  in  the  service  of 
wnlch  he  suffered  much  in  his  health,  and  finally  died 
at  sea  (IGIS,)  in  his  second  voyage  to  America,  in  or 
near  ihe  moulh  of  the  bay  which  bears  bis  name. 

Sir  Thomas  Gatks  was  probably  a  land  officer, 
between  him  and  .Sir  George  Somers,  there  was  not 
that  cordial  harmony  which  is  always  desirable  between 
men  who  are  cgaged  in  the  same  business.  Except- 
ing this,  no'.hing  is  said  to  his  disadvantage. 

t-ii  Geouui:  SoiiKBs  was  a  goiitlomnu  of  rank  and 


forlnne,  of  approved  fidelity  and  indelatigable  industry  •, 
an  eicilh  111  sea  commander,  having  been  employed  in 
the  navy  of  Ijiieen  Eli/abeib,  and  having  distmguishod 
himself  I'l  several  actions  against  the  Spaniards  in  the 
West  Indies.  At  the  limn  of  his  appointment  to  b>i 
,\(liiiiral  of  \'irginia,  he  was  above  sixty  years  of  ago. 
Ilia  seal  ill  rarliainenl  was  vaciited  by  his  acceplnncc 
of  a  colonial  conimis-ion.  Ii.  died  in  the  service  ol 
the  colony  (IlilO)  at  Uermuda,  highly  esteemed  and 
greatly  regretted. 

CiiKisrni'itKK  \KwpoKTwasa  mariner  of  ability  and 
experience  in  the  American  seas.  He  hud  been  a 
comniaiuler  in  the  navy  of  IHizalu  th,  and,  in  1.VJ.5,  had 
(oiidiicied  an  expedition'against  the  Spaniards  in  the 
West  Indies,  where,  with  three  or  four  ships,  he  plun- 
dered and  burned  some  towii.s,  and  took  several  prizes, 
with  a  considerahle  booty.  He  was  u  vain,  empty,  con- 
ceiled  man,  and  very  fonil  of  parade.  Uy  Ino  ad- 
vantage of  going  to  and  fro,  be  gained  the  confidciico 
of  the  council  and  company  in  England  ;  and  whatever 
he  proposed  was  adopted  by  tliem.  Some  trulls  of  his 
haracter  have  been  given  in  the  Ufe  of  Captain  John 
Smith.  Ill  1051  ho  imported  fifty  men,  and  seated 
them  on  a  plantation,  which  he  called  Newport's  Ncwa. 
Daniel  (I'tiiikiii  came  wilh  a  cargo  of  cattle  from  Ire- 
land, ond  setlled  first  on  this  plantation.  Ho  after- 
wards removed  lo  New  England. 

.SiK  i'lioMAS  Uai.k  is  said  to  have  been  a  gentleman 
of  much  honor,  wisdom  and  experience.  To  him  was 
entrusted  the  execution  of  the  laws  sent  over  by  Sir 
Thomas  .Smith  ;  which,  lliongh  perhaps  necessary  at 
that  time,  (IBll)  when  so  many  turbulent  and  refrac- 
tory persons  were  to  be  governed,  yet  were  subversive 
of  that  freedom  which  Englishmen  claimed  o»  their 
birlhrighl,  and  gave  loo  much  power  into  the  hands  o( 
a  goiernor.  'Itiongh  his  adminislration  was  marked 
with  rigor  and  severity,  yet  ho  did  much  towards  ad- 
vancing the  settlements.  On  a  high  neck  of  land  in 
James  river,  named  Varina,  he  buiit  a  town  vviiich  ho 
called  Henrico,  in  honor  of  Prince  Henry,  the  remains 
of  which  were  visible  when  Mr.  Stith  wrote  his  history 
(IMfi.)  On  the  0|iposite  side  of  ihe  river  ho  made  a 
pi  intaiion  on  lands,  from  which  he  expelled  tho  In- 
dians, and  called  it  New  Dermuda.  He  staid  in  Vir- 
ginia about  five  years,  and  returned  to  England  (1610) 
a'.ter  which  there  is  no  farlher  ucconnt  of  him. 

Of  Siu  I'Kiiiii.VAMio  Wainman,  iiothini' is  said  but 
thai  he  died  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia  with 
(,ord  Delaware,  in  the  summer  of  1010. 

When  the  new  charter  of  Virginia  was  obtained,  the 
council  and  company  immediately  eipiippcd  a  lleet, 
10  carry  sup|ilies  of  men  and  women,  with  provisions 
and  oilier  necessaries  to  the  colony.  The  lleet  con- 
lisled  of  seven  ships,  in  each  of  which,  beside  tho  ca|i- 
lain,  went  one  or  more  of  the  counsellors  or  other 
(illicers  of  the  colony  ;  and  though  there  was  a  dispute 
about  rank  between  two  oliicers,  Somers  and  Gates, 
they  were  placed  in  one  sliip  with  Newport,  the  third 
in  command.  The  Governor-general,  Lord  Delaware, 
dil  not  sail  with  this  ffect  ;  but  waited  till  the  next 
ye.ir,  to  go  with  a  further  supply.  The  names  of  tho 
ships  and  their  coiiiinaiiders  were  as  follows  : 

'file  .Sea-Advenlure,  Admiral  Sir  George  Somers, 
with  Sir  'I'honms  CJates,  and  Cantain  Christopher  New- 
port ;  the  Diamond,  Captain  RadcliU'e  and  Captain 
King  ;  the  Falcon,  Captain  Martin  and  Master  Nelson  j 
the  blessing,  Gabriel  Archer  and  Captain  Adams;  the 
Unity,  Captain  VV'ocd  ond  Ma.stcr  I'ctt ;  the  Lion, 
Captain  \V(!bb ;  the  Swallow,  Captain  Moono  and 
.Master  .Somers. 

The  ficet  was  attended  by  two  smaller  vessels,  ono 
of  whicii  was  a  ketch,  commanded  by  Matthew  Eitch, 
the  other  a  pinnace,  in  which  went  Captain  Davics  and 
.Master  Davios. 

This  fleet  sailed  from  Plymouth  on  the  second  day 
of  June,  IGO'J.  Though  their  orders  were  not  to  go 
by  the  old  route  of  the  Canaries,  and  the  West  Indies, 
but  to  steer  directly  for  Virginia,  yet  they  went  as  far 
southward  as  the  twenty-sixth  degree  of  latitude  ; 
where  the  heat  was  so  excessive,  that  many  of  the  peo- 
ple were  taken  with  cidcntures.  In  two  ships,  thirty- 
two  persons  died  ;  others  sulfered  severely,  and  one 
vessel  only  wos  free  from  sickness. 

Tho  whole  fleet  ke|)t  company  till  tho  twenty-fourth 
of  July,  when  they  sii])posed  themselves  to  bo  within 
eight  days  sail  of  Virginia,  stretching  to  tho  northwest, 
and  crossing  the  Gulf  Stream.  On  that  day,  began  a 
violent  tempest  from  the  northeast,  accompanied  wilh 
a  horrid  darkness,  which  continued  forty-four  hoers. 
In  this  gale  the  fleet  was  scattered.  The  Adinimi'a 
ship,  on  board  of  which  was  the  commission  for  the 
new  government,  with  tho  three  principal  otlicrrs,  v/as 


DIOnHAPinr.S    OF    TIIK    KARI.y    DISCOVERERS. 


3:1 


ariiHT  of  aliility  and 
lU)  had  t>ten  a 
fi,  uml,  ill  151*5,  had 
lu  S|tuiHuriU  111  iho 
four  H)ii[m,  he  |i)uii- 
took  Bevtral  prize*, 
i  u  Viiin,  <;iii]ilv,''(i>i- 
jrade,  IJy  the  ad- 
iiiied  the  conlidcnco 
hind  ;  and  whalevcr 
Some  irtiitB  of  hin 
life  of  Cii)ttain  John 
,y  men,  and  seated 
jd  Ncwport'fl  News. 
)  of  calllf  from  Ire- 
inlaliun.     llo  after- 

ko  heen  n  jicritlemnii 
ience.  To  liiin  was 
wa  sent  over  by  Sir 
iiThnps  nece»sury  at 
nrhulent  and  refrac- 
yct  were  auhversivo 
.'11  claimed  at>  their 
■er  into  tlio  hands  ol 
Iration  was  marked 
lU  much  towards  ad- 
hiyh  neck  of  land  in 
Liiit  a  town  wiiich  ho 
Henry,  the  remains 
titli  wrote  his  history 
the  river  ho  mailc  a 
he  expelled  tho  In- 
i;i.  He  alaid  in  Vir- 
MltoKngliind(161U) 
Qunt  of  hini. 
,  nothini;  is  said  but 
vi\\  m  Virginia  with 
HUO. 

11a  was  ohtainrd,  the 

ly   etpiippcd   a   lleet, 

men,  with  provitsione 

ony.     The  lleet  con- 

hich,  beside  the  ca|>- 

cour.sellors  or  other 

there  was  a  dispute 

.Somcrs  and  Ciales, 

\\  Newport,  the  third 

ral,  Lord  Delaware, 

waited  till  the  next 

The  names  of  the 

i  follows  : 

Sir  (ieorge  Sonicra, 

lin  ( 'hriiitooht'r  Ncw- 

idclilVe  and    Captain 

and  Master  Nelson ; 

Captain  Adams ;  the 

tcr    l*ctt ;  the  liion, 

yaptain    Moono   and 

smaller  vessels,  one 
I  by  Matthew  Fitch, 
:  Captain  Davics  and 

h  on  the  second  day 
irdtTS  were  not  to  go 
and  the  West  Indies, 
yet  they  went  au  far 
degree  of  latitude ; 
that  many  of  the  peo- 
In  two  ships,  thirty- 
severely,   and  one 

till  tho  twenty-fourth 
mselves  to  bo  within 
ng  to  tho  northwest, 
}n  that  day,  began  a 
t,  accompanied  with 
led  forty-four  hoirs, 
ed.  The  Admirori 
3  commission  for  tbo 
rincipal  otUcriBi  v/as 


Tn'erkcd  on  ti'e  island  nf  nnrniuda.  The  ketch  foun- 
dered at  eel,  Tlie  rem.iindrr,  much  diiinai,'(<l  and  dis« 
trcHsril,  iirnvt'd  our  tiller  auolher  m  Jiiincs  river,  alioiit 
tno  iii:tUI:c  (jf  AujTunl 

'i'l.r  pru\)Moii-i  brniiL'lit  by  ihrse  ships  were  in^uin- 
cici.t  ftir  l!i»'  cdliniy  iitid  llie  piisfcnyers.  Tills  dcti- 
rionc.v  proved  virv  dctniurnMl,  and  oc(-;i:siiMird  the 
lliif<n'ie»  and  rrprojcliPs  whirb  h.ive  been  tilrrad.'  mni- 
lUMii'd.  The  spii'-c  (if  It-n  mniitli?*  from  Augii-t,  HIUl), 
to  the  arrival  ut  Lord  Url.iwiire,  in  jiiin',  ItilO,  w.i.h 
ki-.ownm  Virginia  fur  many  years  after,  by  tbr  mime  of 
•'  tlie  Ktarvini;  timi'  "  IJul  the  waul  of  provi^iuii  was 
not  tlie  only  deficiency  ;  there  was  a  total  want  of  prin- 
ciple and  of  order. 

(if  the  cuiiipany  wlio  arrived  at  this  time,  the  follow- 
mg  de!icri|ilioii  H  given  by  a  native  Virginian.  "A 
great  piirt  ot  ihem  consmtcd  of  unruly  ti|mrks,  packed 
oil",  'ly  ihcir  fricndiH.  to  escape  a  worse  destiny  at  borne 
The  ri  it  wen;  ihn  (ly  made  np  of  pour  nchlltMiifn,  bio- 
ktn  tradcMiM'ii,  ra)\e>  iind  liiierlines,  footmen,  and  such 
olliers  as  werr  much  fitter  lo  rum  a  cominnnweatth  than 
to  help  to  raise  or  maiiilaiii  one.  This  lewd  comiiaiiy 
were  led  by  (heir  Heditioiis  ciiptains  into  many  niisciiieU 
ftiul  extraviiiiancicH.  They  assumed  tlu!  power  of  dis- 
iWHinir  ol  the  goveriimciil  ;  and  conferred  it  Kome- 
liiiU's  on  one  and  soiiielimcs  on  another.  'I'o-day  the 
old  commis.^ion  must  rule,  lo-morrow  the  new,  and  the 
next  dav  neither.     All  wan  anarchy  and  di.straction.'* 

Such  being  ilie  cli.iracter  of  the  people,  there  could 
r.ot  have  been  any  great  hope  of  success,  if  the  whole 
fleet  bail  arrived  in  siilcty. 

Tlie  adimral's  sliip  had  011  lioard  a  great  quantity  of 
provision.  She  wa;*  separated  from  tiie  Heet  in  tho 
Htorin,  iiiid  spraii*;  u  Iciil;  at  sea,  so  that  with  constant 
l»mnpmg  and  bailni;;,  they  could  scarcely  keep  her 
(jbove  water  for  tlirre  days  and  tour  niglits  ;  during 
which  time  Sir  (ieorge  Somcrs  did  not  once  have  the 
quarter-deck.  Tin?  crivv,  worn  out  with  fatigue  and 
despairing  of  life,  broached  the  strong  !i(jUors,  and  took 
leave  of  each  other  with  an  ineiiriatini;  draught,  till 
many  oi  ihem  IVII  asleep.  In  tiiis  ilrcadful  extremity. 
Sir  (leoige  dis.-overed  land  ;  the  news  of  which  awoke 
ond  revived  then,  and  every  man  cxericd  himself  to  do 
his  duty.  At  length  the  sliip  struck  gruuiid  m  auch  a 
position  hetwien  two  rocks,  ul  the  distance  of  half  a 
rnile  from  llie  slinre.  iliii  liie  people  and  a  great  part  of 
the  cargo  were  safely  landed. 

Tlie  liermuda  UUiids  were  uninhabited,  and  had  the 
vepuiation  of  being  eni'haiited. '  Hut  when  the  people 
were  on  shore  they  found  tin?  air  pure  and  salnhrious, 
imd  fruits  of  various  kinds  growing  in  hL-ciiriant  plenty 
nnd  perfection.  The  shun;  was  covered  with  tortoises, 
the  sea  ahoimded  with  fish,  and  in  the  woods  thev 
found  wild  hogs,  which  it  is  supposed  had  eseaiied 
from  some  vessel  wrecked  on  tiie  islanii. 

Here  they  reinJiiied  luno  months.  The  two  senior 
officers  lived  a[.'art,  and  each,  with  tlie  assistance  of 
the  men.  built  a  vessel  of  the  cellars  which  grew  on 
the  island,  and  the  iron  and  corda^'e  saved  from  the 
wrerk.  Sir  (Ji-or-je  Somcrs  labored  with  his  own 
hands  every  day  till  his  vessel  was  completed  Une 
of  lliese  vessels  was  called  the  Patience,  the  other  tlie 
Deliverance. 

It  [%  remarked,  that  during  their  abode  on  tliis 
island,  tliey  bad  morning  and  rvenin:,'  pravers  daily  ; 
divine  service  was  perfurmed  and  tuo  .si  nnons  were 
preached  every  Lord's  day,  by  liieir  chaplain,  Mr. 
ijiicke.  One  marriage  was  eehhrated.  and  two  chil- 
dren were  burn  and  Iviplized.  Five  of  the  company 
died,  one  of  whoin  was  murdered.  The  niiirdcrir  was 
put  under  conrmeinetit,  hnt  escaped,  and  hid  himself 
amoii!,'  the  wood.-  and  rocks,  with  anullier  utleiuUr,  till 
the  dfjKirture  of  tiie  company,  when  tliev  wre  Icit 
behind.  Many  of  the  jicople  were  so  well  pleased  with 
the  place,  that  tiiey  were  with  dilliculiy  prevailed  on  lo 
quit  these  pleasant  i.-lands. 

'i'hi?  lower  seams  of  the  ves'-'el  were  calked  vvl'h  the 
remains  of  the  useless  eabh;s,  riul  a  small  ipiantity  of 
tar  saved  from  the  wreck.  'I'he  up[icr  seat.'s  were 
secured  with  lime  made  of  calcined  sioiies  and  shells, 
slaked  with  frctih  water  and  softened  with  tho  oii  of 
torto'scs.  This  cement  soon  became  dry  and  (inn. 
'lite  wild  hogs  served  for  sea-stores,  being  preserved 
with  salt,  crystallized  on  tho  rocks. 

On  tho  tenth  of  May,  IfilO,  tlie  company,  consistinir 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  persons,  embarked,  and 


after  enroiintering  some  diflieulty  among  the  rocks, 
the  next  d.iv  •.'ot  ch-ar  of  the  land,  and  sbipeil  llieir 
course  fur  Virjiinni;  where  they  iirrived  on  the  twei.'y 
lirst.  at  I'oinl  Comfort,  and  two  days  jttter  at  .l.imes- 
town.  The  eolonv,  redm-ed  lo  si.xty  pciHona,  in  a 
Bickly,  mutinous  and  siarving  condttiiui,  gave  them  a  | 
moiirntnl  wctroiiie.  'i'he  new  governor,  Sir  Thomas 
(JatcH,  caused  the  bell  to  he  rimi*.  ui.d  Mirnmoned  the 
whole  couipanv  to  the  church;  where,  afti-r  an  atlec- 
lionatc  prayer  by  Mr.  Ilucke,  the  new  couuiiission  was 
re. id  and  the  former  president,  Mr.  Percy,  then  scarcely 
able  to  stand,  delivered  up  tho  old  patent,  willi  hia 
cmnmission. 

On  a  .'•Iricl  eiamination,  it  was  found  that  tlie  pro- 
visions brought  by  tlu^  two  ptnnaces,  would  serve  the 
people  not  more  than  sixteen  days,  ami  that  what  lliey 
h.id  in  the  town  would  be  spent  m  ten.  It  beina|  Aeed 
time,  the  Indians  bad  no  corn  to  spari',  and  tliey  were 
so  hostile  that  no  treaty  cnidd  be  holdeu  with  them. 
Tlie  sturueon  had  not  yet  come  into  the  river,  and 
iiiany  of  the  nets  were  useless.  No  hope  reinaimd  of 
prcservnm  Mie  colony  ;  and  after  mature  dclihenition, 
it  was  doiormmed  to  abandon  the  country.  The 
nearest  place  where  any  relief  could  be  obtained  was 
Newfoundland  ;  thilher  tlwy  proposed  to  sail,  and  there 
they  expected  to  meet  the  fishing  vessel.-*  from  Lnu- 
laiid,  on  board  of  which  the  people  might  lie  di>tri!uited 
and  get  passages  home,  when  the  season  of  tishing 
should  be  couiplcled. 

Having  taken  this  resolution,  and  buried  their  ord- 
nance ut  the  gate  of  the  fort,  on  the  seventh  of  June, 
at  beat  of  drum,  the  whole  company  embarked  m  four 
pinnices.  It  was  with  dilliciilty  that  some  of  the  peo- 
ple were  restrained  from  setting  fire  to  the  town  ;  but 
the  governor,  with  a  select  co;np:iny.  rcuiained  on 
shore  till  tiie  others  had  embarked,  and  ho  was  the  last 
that  stejiped  into  the  boat.  About  noon  tiiey  came  to 
sail,  and  fell  down  with  the  ebb.  tliat  evening,  to  Hog 
Island,  'i'he  next  morning's  ti^le  brought  tliem  to 
Mulberry  Island  Point  ;  where.  lyiTur  at  anchor,  they 
discovered  a  boat  coming  up  the  river  with  the  llood. 
In  an  hour's  limo  the  boat  came  nloni:  side  tiie  gover- 
nor's [liimace,  and  |iroved  to  be  an  express  from  the 
Jjord  Delaware,  who  had  arrived,  with  three  ship.s  and 
a  snp))ly  of  provision,  two  davs  helbre.  al  Point  Coin- 
tort  ;  where  the  captain  of  the  fort  had  informed  linn 
of  the  intended  evitoiintiou  ;  and  bis  lordship  imiiie- 
diately  despatched  his  skiff  vvilh  h'lters  liy  t>aplam 
Kdward  Unwster.  to  prevent  their  departuie.  On  re- 
ceiving these  letters,  the  governor  ordered  the  anchors 
to  be  weighed,  and  thu  wind,  being  easterly,  brought 
them  back  in  tlio  night,  to  their  old  quarters  ut  James- 
town. 

On  the  Lord's  day,  Juno  10,  tho  ships  name  to  an- 
chor before  the  town.  As  soon  as  Lord  Delaware 
came  oii  shore,  he  fell  down  on  hi^  knees,  and  con- 
tinued some  tmie  in  silent  devotion.  He  then  went  lo 
church,  and  al'ter  service,  his  commission  was  read, 
which  coiisliluled  him  "governor  and  captaiu-general 
during  his  life,  of  the  colony  and  pbintaiion  of  Vir- 
Uini.i."  Sir  Thomas  (lales  debvereU  up  his  coinmis- 
Slim  iiiid  the  colony  seal.  On  this  occiision.  Lord 
Delaware  made  a  pui)bu  address  to  the  people,  blaming 
them  for  their  former  idleness  and  misconduct,  and  ex- 
horting ihcm  to  a  contrary  behavior,  lest  he  should  he 
obliged  to  dr.iw  the  .sword  of  justice  against  di'lin- 
tpu-nts,  and  cul  them  oil";  adding,  that  he  had  rather 
spill  his  own  blood  lo  protr   t  tl"->m  from  injuries. 

Having  displaced  sn.  i  lu  •  as  bad  abused  tlietr 
power,  and  appointed  ,..  i- r  'icrsons  10  oHice,  he 
assiL'iied  to  every  man  bis  [.ortion  of  labor,  according 
lo  Ins  capacily  ;  among  which  the  culture  of  riur.s  was 
not  forgotten  ;  some  Prenchmen  having  been  imported 
for  tlii^   piir|.o.>c.     There   had  been  no  division  of  the 


•  "  Whereas  it  is  rcporteci  tliat  ilns  l-niilutHormndas.  wuli 
tl)(>  istaiiils  abuut  U,  are  oncliaaleil  »iiil  kepi  l)y  t-vii  iin-i  u  irke<l 
BluriU  ;  It  is  a  most  lain  ami  false  re;iort.  God  i;rant  Itim  «e 
have  brrmyhf  no  wickcU  spirits  with  ui,  or  i.hm  theie  <-iniir 
rwiu-  uliLT  lis;  tin- we  iDiitnl  nntlnn- ineiu  vmil  as  ourselves." 
fJu'.^iaiVs  NowH  fioiii  Uormudd,  lOKi 


lands,  hnt  all  was  common  property  ;  and  the  colony 
was  considered  as  one  great  tamiiy.  fed  daily  out  of 
llu'  public  sto.e.  Their  employments  were  under  tho 
direction  of  the  government,  and  tiie  produce  of  their 
labors  was  brought  mto  thu  common  slock.  'Plie  In- 
dians were  so  troublesome,  that  it  wonld  not  liave  been 
prudent  for  thu  people  to  disperse,  till  they  should  be 
bell(!r  able  to  defend  themselves,  or  till  the  savages 
should  be  more  friendly.  They  were  therefore  lodged 
wiihin  the  forttficalions  of  Jamestown  ;  their  working 
and  fishing  parties,  when  abroad,  were  well  armed  o'r 
guarded  ;  their  situation  was  hazardous  ;  and  the  pros- 
pect of  improvement,  eousideriiig  the  character  of  the 
majority,  was  not  very  flattering.  "The  most  houo.^t 
and  industrious  wonld  scarcely  take  so  much  p:i:ti>  in 
a  week,  as  they  would  have  done  for  Iheinsclves  in  a 
day  ;  piesnmiiiif  that  liownver  tho  harvest  jiruspered, 
the  general  atore  imisl  numlaiii  ihem  :  by  winch  incaiw 


they  reaped  not  so  much  corn  ftoin  the  tabors  of  thirty 
men,  n.-t  three  men  could  liave  produced,  on  iheir  own 

lauds" 

No  dependence  could  ho  placed  on  any  supply  of 
provisions  from  this  mode  of  cYerlion  I'tie  stores 
hroui'bt  over  in  Ihe  tleel  im|fhl  have  kepi  tiiem  alive, 
with  prudent  maiia'^eineiit,  for  tlii'  i:i<ater  part  of  u 
year;  but  within  that  tune  it  would  he  necessaiy  to 
provide  more.  The  ilennuda  Nhinds  wiro  ftitl  of 
iiogs,  and  Sir  (ieorge  Somcrs  offered  to  go  thither  wilh 
a  pa-  y  to  kill  uiul  salt  tiu-ni.  This  oiler  wi<h  readily 
accepted,  and  hi;  einliarked  in  liis  own  cedar  vessel  of 
thirty  tons,  uccoiniianied  by  Captain  Samuel  Argal,  in 
anolher. 

They  sailed  togetlier,  till  by  contrary  winds  ihey 
were  driven  among  ihe  hhuals  of  Nanlm-ket  and  ('ape 
("ud;  whence  Ar^'al  found  his  way  hacli  to  Virgima, 
and  was desjiatehed  to  the  Polow mack  tor  corn,  'ibere 
he  found  Henry  Sjielmau,  an  Knglisli  youth,  who  bad 
been  preserved  from  the  fury  of  Powhatan,  by  hit 
daughter  Pocahontas,  liy  Ins  assl^tancl•  Argal  pro- 
cured  a  supply  of  corn,  which  he  carried  to  Jamestown, 

Sir  LJeorge  Soniers.  aller  long  striii.'tiling  with  con- 
trary winds,  was  driven  lo  the  northeastern  shore  uf 
America;  where  he  relre.>hed  his  men,  then  pursued 
ihe  mam  ol>jeet  of  his  voyage,  and  arrived  safely  at 
Uerinuda  There  he  began  to  collect  the  swme.  and 
prepare  their  flesh  for  food;  but  the  laligues  to  which 
he  had  been  exposed  by  sea  and  land,  proud  loo  sevens 
tor  his  advanced  age,  and  he  sunk  umlcr  the  burden. 
Pinding  his  time  short,  be  made  a  proper  disposiiion  of 
hi.s  estate,  and  charged  his  ncjiliew.  .Matthew  Somcra, 
who  commanded  under  lum,  lo  return  with  the  provi- 
sion to  Virginia,  liut  tiiu  love  of  his  native  country 
prevailed.  Havmi,^  lunied  the  entrails  ai  IJermmla,  bu 
c;trried  the  corpse  of  Ins  uncle  to  Kiigland.  and  dc|»osi- 
ted  It  ut  Wlutcliurcb  in  I>orscishire.  A  monument 
was  afterwards  erected  at  IJeriniid.i  (o  the  memory  of 
this  excellent  man  *  The  town  ol  St.  (ieorge  wua 
named  for  lum,  and  ihe  i>laiKN  were  called  Soiner  Is- 
lands. Tiie  return  of  this  vessel  gave  the  lirst  account 
m  Ln^Iand  of  the  discovery  of  ttio>e  islands. 

Viri/inia.  thus  left  destitute  of  ?.o  able  inul  virtuous  a 
friend,  was  soon  ali'-r  deprived  of  the  pn  .^eiice  of  its 
(iovernor,  Lord  Delaware.  Having  buili  two  forts  at 
llie  inoiilh  of  Jami's  river,  and  another  at  the  falls; 
and  having  renflercd  Ins  yovermeiil  re-peetablc  in  tho 
View  both  of  the  Ilu^di-.h  and  Indians,  he  found  his 
health  so  much  inij)aired.  that  he  wa.-  oliliged  m  nine 
months  to  (|uii  the  country,  inlendm^  to  go  to  Nevia 
for  the  benelil  of  the  ■.variu  baths.  liv  contrary  winds 
he  was  forced  to  the  We.-itrn  Islands,  where  he  ob- 
tained great  relief  from  Ihe  fresh  fruits  of  the  country  ; 
but  he  was  advised  not  in  hazard  himself  again  in  Vir- 
triiiia,  till  his  health  should  be  more  perfectly  restored, 
by  a  voyage  to  Kngland.  Sir  Thomas  Dalo  and  Sir 
Thomas  tiales  having  previously  gone  at  dillerenl 
times  to  Lii;:Iand.  the  government  was  again  left  in  the 
lijiids  oi  Mr  Percy;  a  gentiemaii  of  a  noble  family 
anil  a  good  heart,  but  of  very  moderate  abilities. 

At  the  time  of  Lord  Uelaware's  departure  (March 
2S.  Hill)  the  colony  consisted  uf  above  two  hundred 
people,  most  of  whom  were  in  <iot>d  health  and  well 
pro\ided  ;  but  when  Sir  Tho  .  i  Dale  arrived,  in  less 
than  two  months,  (.May  10,)  with  three  ships,  bringing 
an  addition  of  three  hundred  people,  l;o  found  the  old 
colom.>ts  again  ndapsin^  into  the  former  state  of  indo- 
lem-u  and  penury.  Depending  on  the  puldic  storo, 
they  liad  ncgleiMed  planting,  and  were  aimising  them- 
selves with  howling  and  other  diversions  in  the  streets 
of  .lameslown.  Nothing  hnt  the  presence  of  a  spirited 
governor,  and  a  severe  exciution  of  his  orders,  could 
luihicu  these  people  to  lalior.  The  severities  exer- 
cised upon  them  were  sm-h  as  could  not  bo  warranted 
by  the  laws  of  Kngland.     The  consequences  were  dit»- 


*  Tliis  monument  vvns  eiecttnl  al)init  ten  vrar.s  afier  his 
'le.ilh  liy  IViiilli;:uiel  llutler,  tlien  ^-ovi  ruor  '»t'  Hcnnuil  a,  "f 
wlmii  the  fullowiinf  accrxmi  is  j-iven  liy  Capluiii  Siinili,  m  lus 
lii>liity  at  Virgiiiiii  juul  the  Smuer  Islauils,  p.  I'.Cl. 

"  FmUiriL;  accnlt'iitaHy  a  littk;  cross  ererteil  111  a  hye  pl.iro 
:nn<ini;  manylmslirs,  an.i  unitcrstniitliin;  tliat  tiuru  was  Imned 
'tie  heait  ami  i-iiUmiIs  u(  Sir  (ieorge  Somtr.-^,  he  re.solvf.'d  lu 
Icive  a  hi'tli^r  mi.iiiory  to  st>  w<,rihy  11  so]. her.  So  liiulinij  i\ 
;,'rcat  ui:irt)h,- sioiu',  l)roiii:l!t  out  ui'  hn^laiul,  he  caiiseil  it  by 
iiiasoiis  lo  bo  \vroui;lit  liamlsoiiicly  .iml  liiut  over  the  place, 
winch  liu  environed  with  a  sq'iare  wall  of  liown  stone,  tomb 
like  ;  whereon  hu  caused  to  be  engraved  this  epitaph  ho  tia*! 
composed. 

*'  III  ilio  year  sixteen  liunfircd  and  eleven, 

N'tl)ie  8ir  (ieori^e  Soniers  wont  ticiice  lo  heaven; 

Whose  well  Irit-d  worth  iliat  tield  him  .still  tMUploy'd( 

Gave  him  Ihe  fiiiow  ledyo  of  the  world  so  wide. 

lb  nco  'twas  by  lleaeeiVs  decree,  tliat  to  llu.t  place, 

lie  lirouiiht  new  i;uc  4s  and  name,  to  nuilual  gmcu; 

At  ia.st  tus  itouland  body  being  to  part, 

lie  heru  buiiuuulhcd  liii-  tintja!ilii  uud  tus  bo.iit  " 


^mtmsB 


1 


AM  r:  lUC  A  N    !l  I  STOH  V. 


contfht  Mvi  inaurrcction  in  tomr,  nml  itervile  ui'<|iii- 
i-»crni>o  ill  pthifm.  Sir  't'hoiimft  Duir  wan  ifitTtncd  ;im 
ti  mun  ^^'*ll  rii^ht  Rafrty  he  e^lru^t('{l  \\\\\\  ]nt,\vT\  hit 
tlu*  Iiu.T  1-  .»h:  \4  liu  mivn'ricii,  iiriil  liit  n^/nnnii  .ul 
iniui^trnti'Mt  ol  tlirn',  v  t-ro  tlio  Hiibjti'i  ut  liiilt-r  rciiiuii' 
fi^nnwoand  roin|il»  .u 

'iVi  i^vci).ti.t>rM  in  MiiifUiul  wiro  still  in  a  utato  of 
(limtp^iritmtMt ;  urid  whrri  Sir  'rtuiinaM  (latrn  i,rriveil 
without  hrin^inu  any  n-tiirii!*  ii(li'<{Ujir  lo  llirir  i-i[i(i'hi- 
tiuiii,  the  t-ouiu-il  (-iitcrri)  into  ti  Ni'rioii<i  di  IiIm-uIiimi 
whcthiT  to  proct'cct  Ml  ihtir  advcniurr  or  alMiidun  the 
•(iteifiriHC.  Lord  llcUwiirc'H  arnvul  in  Kn;:l<iiid  ntst  it 
dccjHir  tjloom  on  tht<  inrluncholy  pro'xjicct  iltit  tltr 
repreicrtluiiuiiA  uf  llien*  ^rnilfinrn,  dLluiTcd  in  coiiiilmI 
ind  conlinncd  hy  Udlh,  nrrvt-d  lo  krcp  u|)  liii  ir  Hpintn. 
nnd  iiiduco  iIumii  slill  to  tcnrw  tluir  cit-rtiom. 

The  8Ul»»lttiir4!  ol'  Uii'Hr  rt'lirt'srntiitintii  vv.ih,  tli.il 
the  coiiiitry  vviti  rich  in  it«i'lt',  hut  lli.a  tiiiir  aiid  in- 
dustry Arru  lu'ct'SHtiry  lo  rn.ikc  it«  wfulih  prolitauh!  lo 
tht>  ailvi'Mtiircr!)  ;  that  it  yit-ldtd  iilMindancr  oT  valiialilo 
woodd,  us  oak,  wahnit,  imh,  tufHalriiN,  iimiMm  rry  trrcs 
fur  iiiik  worniH,  hvc  oak,  rt-dar  and  llr  I'ur  hhi]ipiM<{,  and 
that  on  the  l>ank»  of  the  l*i)ro\vin;H'k  (hrrr  witc  trets 
Iirjfe  I'lioiii^h  lor  mast«  ;  that  it  prodiui-d  a  i*|H'i"i('!»  ot 
wild  hemp  tor  curda.;*',  |pino:§  which  ynhlcil  lar,  and  a 
V).at  (jiiaiititv  ol  iron  uru  ;  tu'^tidcM  If.id,  antiniony,  and 
othur  inincr.il.o,  and  st'vrral  kindn  ol'  colored  eartlii* ; 
tliat  in  ihr  wuodn  were  lomid  varioii!t  haUani!*  and 
other  Miidicinal  dfii:^!*,  witli  an  uiHiH'ntif  ipianlity  of 
inyrlle-hcrricH  lor  wax;  that  the  fori'sta  and  rivers  liar- 
tiored  ht'aviT.H,  oners,  luxes  and  deer,  whoso  skiii-* 
were  vaUiahle  artieles  ol'  coiiuneree ;  ih^t  stur;,'eon 
mijjht  ho  taken  in  tlio  ijreate«t  pU'iity  in  live  nohjt! 
rivers  ;  and  that  without  liie  hav.  to  the  northward,  wjs 
un  ox  elleii*.  liifhiii:;  bank  lor  end  of  tlie  be^t  qnahty  i 
that  'he  i*oil  was  la^urahie  to  the  rnltivdlioii  of  viiil-j. 
Pii^Bl  eaiies.  oraM^e.s,  Icinoii-^,  ahnoiid:i  and  nee  ;  that 
the  winters  were  no  mild  tliit  cattle  eonld  ^c>t  their  food 
nbroad,  and  that  HWine  euuld  he  failed  on  wiltl  fiuitM  ; 
that  tilt!  Indian  corn  yielded  a  iiio.si  hixunant  harvest; 
und  in  a  ^vord,  that  it  wis  "one  uf  the  i^oodhest  conn- 
trii'ti  (r.ivs  I'lircha.o),  proniinin^  .18  rich  entrails  aa  any 
kin^dum  oi  the  earlli,  to  which  the  sun  its  no  nearer  a 
a  iieij^iilHir." 

iA>rd  Delaware  further  n^^ured  them,  timt  nolwilh- 
standintr  iUa  til  !itale  uf  Ins  health,  lie  was  so  far  from 
dhrinkiiiLi  or  j^ivni^,'  over  the  enierprise,  that  he  was 
willmg  to  lay  all  he  was  worth  011  iis  success,  and  to 
ri'luni  *,o  V'iri::nia  wiiii  all  cunvi  'iient  expedition. 

Sir  riiomas  (iatcs  was  aijain  sent  out  wiih  six  >hips, 
throe  hundred  men,  one  hundn-d  calile,  two  hundreil 
ewtne,  and  lar'.M*  sii|«,.li(s  of  t-very  kind.  He  arrived  in 
tike  beirinmnLt  o\'  Aii;jusl.  HU  I,  aiul  received  the  coin- 
tiiand  Iroin  Sir  Thoinaa  Uale,  who  retired  to  N'arnia  and 
eniploytd  hitiiself  in  ereciin;^  a  town,  Henrico,  and 
lUiprovini^  his  plantation  at  \ew  HeruiU'la 

111  the  hcumnini,'  of  the  next  year  (Ifil'J),  Captain 
Atgal,  who  had  earned  lioiiie  Lord  lAlavvaro,  came 
again  to  Vir;.'iMia  wiUi  two  ah.ps.  and  was  ag.iin  sent  lo 
the  l*olo\vm:iek  lor  corn  ;  of  which  he  procured  four- 
teen hundred  luishels.  'I'liere  lie  entered  into  an  ac- 
quaintance with  Jjpazaws.  the  •■acheni,  an  oUl  friend  uf 
Captain  Smi:h.  :Uid  of  ail  ihe  Kiiu'hsh  who  had  come  to 
America,  lit  his  icmiury  I'uc.ilionlas,  the  daui,'hter 
of  i'owhalan,  was  conctalid.  'I'lie  reason  of  her  (juit- 
ting  the  dominioii  of  her  lather  is  unknown.  Certain  il 
is,  that  he  had  tpcen  in  a  slate  of  hostility  with  the 
colcnv  ever  sinco  the  departure  of  Smith  ;  nnd  that  the 
ffcijueni  depredations  and  murders  commuted  hy  the 
Indians  on  the  lOiiijlish,  wire  in  (he  highest  dei;ree 
painful  to  this  temler-heaited  pruiccss,  Arj^al  con- 
trived a  plan  to  iiv.i  her  mio  lus  possession.  He 
bargained  with  Japazaws  to  hrinii  her  on  hoard  the  ship 
under  pretence  of  a  viMt  in  companv  with  his  own  wife  ; 
then  dismissing  the  sachem  and  his  wife  with  the  pro- 
nuoed  reward,  he  carried  I'ocahontns  to  Jamestown. 
Nhhcre  f\w  had  not  been  since  Captain  Smith  had  left 
tUf  colony. 

A  messa^'e  was  sent  lo  Powhatan  to  infonn  him 
that  his  d.iUL'hter  was  in  their  hands,  and  that  she  mii,'ht 
bv  resiorud  to  liim,  on  coudiiion  ihat  he  would  deliver 
up  all  the  iMi<;lish  whom  he  lield  as  captives,  with  alt 
tlie  arms,  tools,  and  utensils  winch  llie  Indians  had 
t^iolcn,  and  furnish  the  colony  with  a  lar;:e  (jujiiiily  of 
corn.  This  proposal  tnrew  him  into  much  perplexity  ; 
for  thouf^h  he  loved  his  daughter,  he  was  loth  to  t^ive  so 
Jiuch  for  her  redemption.  After  three  months  lie  sent 
back  seven  of  the  captives,  with  three  unserviceable 
lui'.skets,  an  axe,  a  saw,  and  one  canoe,  loaded  with 
com  He  also  sent  word,  that  when  iliey  should  de- 
i!M*r  his  daui,'liter,  he  wouKl  send  ihem  hve  hundred 
Uiahuls  uf  com,  and  inaku  full  6ati&fucliou  for  all  past 


injuries  No  reliance  eould  he  idnerd  on  luch  a  pro- 
mise. 'II10  negotiation  wa«  lirukeii,  aud  th<-  kin^  Mas 
o'leiided,  The  n<  \(  i»prinj;(HH;*)  another  aiieinpt  was 
lo.ide,  uceonuiaiiiid  wit'i  Ihrealeiiin^  on  the  part  of  llie 
IjiL'hnh;  and  '«tral.i„t<  im  un  lite  p.irl  u\'  the  Indiani. 
riun  proved  ((piallv  ineTcLlual  M  ti  ii^jtli  il  was  uii- 
nonneed  lo  J'owhatun,  that  .lolin  Uulle,  nil  Ln^hnli 
L;eiittrmfin,  w.is  111  love  with  I'ucahonhis,  and  had  ob- 
tained Iter  coii^enlt  and  lite  lieeuite  of  the  governor  lo 
n.arry  her.  'I'lit^  princi'  was  sulteried  by  lliis  intelli- 
;;rrice,  nnd  sent  t}tie  of  I.im  e hit  Is  lo  utieiid  the  nuptial 
nolemnily  Alter  this  event  I'owhataii  wa^  Ineiidly 
ti>  (he  eolonv  as  lon^  as  lie  lived  ,  and  a  free  trade  waa  | 
earneit  011  belweeii  them  and  his  people 

The  \iiul  which  this  t.idv  made  lo  Ln^lnnd  with  her 
'  h'.'.'liand,  and  her  death,  wlmli  h.ippened  there  in  the 
tdooin  of  her  youth,  have  been  nlaied  in  llie  life  ol 
Cdplain  Smilli  It  is  there  observed,  ihat  "  aevcral 
families  of  note  in  Virginia  are  descended  fnim  her." 
'I'he  descent  is  thus  tract  d  by  Mr.  Slilh  ;  licr  son, 
Thomas  Uolfe,  was  idiie.iled  in  Kn>;land,  and  came 
over  lo  Virj^unm,  where  he  became  a  man  of  lurlune 
and  distinction,  and  inherited  a  lar^e  tract  of  land  which 
had  been  the  properiv  of  his  grandfather,  I'owlmtan. 
He  left  an  only  dauu'hler,  who  was  married  to  Colonel 
Uohert  itollni;;  His  ^on,  M:)jor  Juiin  Iltdll1v^^  was 
lather  to  Colonel  John  Ihdlin^'.  wliose  live  daui^hters 
v\i-re  married  lo  Colonel  Kichard  Uaiidolpb,  Colonel 
Jttlin  riemniLr.  Hr.  William  ((.ly,  Mr.  Thomas  Kl- 
dndi^e,  and  Mr  James  Murray.  8uch  was  the  stale  oi 
the  family  in  1717. 

Tlie  reconciliation  between  Powhatan  and  the  i'ii;»- 
lisb  awakened  the  bars  of  iho  Indians  of  Chickaho- 
mony.  a  loriuidable  and  free  people.  They  were  go- 
verned hy  an  ussembtv  of  iheir  elders,  or  wise  men, 
who  also  bote  Ihe  eharacti-r  of  priests,  They  haled 
Powhatan  as  a  ivrani,  and  were  alwa^  s  jealous  of  his 
desi<ri|  10  subject  them.  Ttiev  had  taken  advantai^e  of 
(he  dissension  between  bim  and  the  l-ni;ltsh  to  assert 
iheir  liberty  ;  but  on  the  reconciliation,  they  apprehend- 
ed that  he  uii^'bt  make  U'<e  of  llie  friendship  ol  the  co- 
lony 10  reduce  them  under  his  yoke.  Tu  prevent  this, 
they' sent  a  depiitat  on  [o  Sir  Thomas  D.de,  lo  excuse 
their  fonaer  ill-conduct,  and  submil  theuiseUes  to  the 
Lni^lish  yovernmeni.  Sir  Thomas  was  pleased  with 
the  olfer.  and  oil  a  day  apiiointed  went  with  (Japlain 
Arijal  and  liltv  men  lo  tii(  ir  viiUi:e,  where  a  peace  was 
concluded  on  the  lollowirif;  cundilions, 

I.  'J'liat  tiiey  should  birever  be  called  [Tossentessas] 
New  Lrii,disliincn,  and  be  true  aubjects  of  King  James 
and  his  deputies. 

•J  Tliat  they  should  neither  kill  nor  destroy  any  of 
till'  Ln^lish  nor  their  stray  cattle,  but  hniiL^  them  homo. 

:).  That  they  should  alw.iys  be  ready  to  funiish  the 
Ln^Hish  with  three  hundred  men  against  the  Spaniards 
or  any  other  enemy. 

4.  That  liiey  should  not  enter  any  of  the  I  Jiybsli 
settlements  without  previously  sending  m  word  that 
they  were  New  Knubshmen. 

o.  That  ovcy  bow-man  .it  hjrvest  should  bring  into 
the  store  two  measures  [two  one-half  bushels]  of  corn, 
as  a  tribute,  for  which  he  suould  receive  a  iu'cbet. 

6.  'i'hat  ei^ht  elders  or  chiefs  should  see  alt  this 
performed,  or  receivt;  punishment  themselves  ;  and  that 
for  their  lidelity.  eacli  one  should  receive  a  red  coat,  a 
copper  chum,  and  a  picture  ol  King  James,  aiic',  should 
be  uccountt'd  ins  noblemen. 

Thouiih  this  transaction  passed  whilst  Sir  Thomas 
tiates  was  ul  the  head  of  the  government,  and  rcsidinii 
wilhm  the  colony,  yet  noiliin^  i-*  Mid  o\  lus  usseiitui;^ 
to  It,  or  giving  any  orders  about  it.  Dak*  appears  to 
have  been  the  most  active  and  enterprising  oian  ;  and 
on  Cates's  return  to  Kiigland  in  the  spring  of  IGll, 
the  chief  command  devolved  on  him. 

The  experience  of  live  years  bad  now  convinced  all 
thinkinu  men  among  the  English,  that  the  colony  would 
never  thrive  whilst  their  lands  were  held  111  common, 
and  the  people  were  maintained  i>ut  of  the  public 
stores.  In  such  a  case  there  is  no  spur  to  exertion  ; 
the  industnous  person  .ind  the  drone  fare  alike,  and  the 
tormer  has  no  inducement  lo  work  for  the  latter.  The 
time  prescribed  in  *he  king's  instructions  for  their  tra- 
ding in  a  common  stock,  and  bnnuniir  all  tho  fruits  ot 
llieir  labor  into  a  common  store,  was  expired.  An  ah 
teration  was  then  contemplated,  but  the  first  measure 
adopted  did  not  iniicli  mend  the  matter.  Three  acres 
only  vvere  allotted  lo  each  man,  as  a  farm,  on  which  he 
was  to  work  eleven  montli.i  for  the  store,  and  one 
j  month  for  himself ;  and  to  receive  bis  projjortion  out  of 
j  the  common  stork,  'I'husc  who  w^re  employed  on  Sir 
i  I'homas  Dale's  plantation  Had  better  tenns.  One 
;  month's  labor  only  was  rcijuu-cd.  mid  they  were  oj:- 


fiirthrr 


I  and  for  thia  cierriN 
.fi' 


empted  from  all   •iiii,ii'i   >«■*■•«■  «■«■  iu«  mm-  v.vhj- 

lion,  thty  paid  a  yearly  trihuM  of  ihfcu  luirreU  and  e 
hall  ot  corn  to  the  piiblie  store  'I'huse  larnot  v\i-re  n>l 
Ik  Id  by  a  temne  ol  common  »o(^MtZe,  whieh  carries  \\,\\\ 
It  irtedom  and  pruptiiy,  but  men  ly  by  leoaniy  at 
will,  wliicu  piudui-e^  depciidi  nee  II  is,  hjwt<ver,  ui>- 
tttrvid.  thai  litis  small  I ncoiiragi'inent  ^uve  kuintt  pru- 
dent (onlent,  and  tho  fear  uf  cuiiiing  lu  tvaii;  gradually 
disappeared 

.\buul  two  y<^ars  after  (1616),  a  inetliod  cf  u  anting' 
lands  in  In  (holds,  and  m  htt^  ol  litiy  ticrts,  \*4Hiiiir<»' 
il    into   \  IT;; una       I  iiiA  tnimiity   was    ailowfd  in 


ipiannty  of  land 
of  allotting  a  sip 
t  rated  ;  and  llic 
distncts  was  t 
po^s^*ssed  ot  iiniiK. 


dm  <  (|     iinu     (  ii;^iii<it  i  iiit    t|iiiiiiiiv    \Mtt    uiiu^n'ii    >\' 

each  perKim  who  came  to  ruMde,  or  bruu|'hl  oUittrs  'n 
reNide  thi  re.  The  desiirn  of  it  wan  to  encouruge  ciui- 
griitKHi  Uesides  this,  there  wire  two  luher  tiielliod'i 
of  grantiii)^  land  ' 'ne  was  a  grant  ol  nunt.  Wim, 
any  ]iersun  had  -'  bent  lit,  or  dune  a  sir  'tee  to 

tiiu  colony,  It  tid  Ity  u  grant  of  land  which 

could  iiui  excels  -^  iliousand  acres  'I'he  other  wm 
called  the  adventure  of  the  puiAf.  K\ery  perboii  who 
paid  twel\i!  guineas  mio  the  company's  lieasury  wr.i 
entitled  to  one  hundrid  acres. 

After  some  lime,  this  li!Mrly  of  lakini;  grants  wes 
abused;  partly  by  llie  ici  urmce  and  knavery  of  sur 
veynt'^.  whoollen  gave  ur.Hiyhts  of  land  without  ever 
actually  surveying  them,  bul  describing,'  ihein  by  liiiu 
r.tt  tioundaries,  andallowiiii*  lari^e  meas<>re  ;  and  partly 
by  the  iudid;;ence  of  courts,  in  a  lavish  adinitlrtnco  ul 
ciaiins.  When  a  inaslerof  a  ship  cmie  mio  court,  anl 
in.ide  oath  that  he  had  ini[>"'ed  himself  with  to  iiia  .y 
seamen  ami  passengers,  an  uider  was  issued  grunlui^ 
him  as  many  rights  uf  hlty  nrres  ;  and  Ihe  clerk  had  a 
fee  for  each  rii:ht  The  seamen  at  anothir  court  would 
make  o.ilh,  thai  they  had  advenlured  themselves  to 
iiian^  limes  iiilo  theeounlry,  and  would  obtain  an  order 
for  as  many  rii^hls,  tiitii\i  tjuotux.  'I'lie  planter  wnu 
I'roiiirht  the  imported  servants  would  do  tho  same,  aud 
prm-ure  an  order  for  a>  nianv  times  liliy  ncns.  'I  heno 
nranis,  after  bein:^  described  by  tlie  survi'vors  in  lliu 
above  vague  and  carele.ss  manner,  were  sold  at  a  sitiall 
pnce  ;  and  whoever  was  al>h>  to  purchase  any  conai- 
derable   number   of  them,   became   entitled  to    "  '    ■' 


ucli  means  the  on^inal  mlentioti 

old  to  each  emi;irant  w.f  bu-- 

a  of  llie  country  111  con\eiue:it 

Land   ^'peculators   hecaui') 

.acts,  too  lar;^e  for  cultivalion  ; 


I —  ' — r---     -- -■•  1 

and  the  mhahitants  were  ^callcred  over  a  great  extent 
of  territory  in  remote  and  hazardous  situations.  Tho 
ill  elVects  of  this  disptrsion  were,  insecurity  from  ihu 
savages  ;  a  habit  ol  induUnce  ,  dii  imperfect  mode  of 
cultivalion;  the  intn>duclion  of  convicts  from  Eng- 
land, and  of  slaves  Iroin  Africa. 

The  same  year  (lOlli),  Sir  rheinas  Dale  returned  to 
Eriiiland,  carrvinij  with  him  i*ocahomas.  the  wife  of  .Mr. 
Uolfe,  and  several  other  Indians.  The  motive  of  his 
return  was  (0  visit  his  family  and  settle  his  private 
allairs,  after  having  spent  live  or  six  years  m  the  service 
of  the  colony.  Ho  is  eharaclen/edasan  active,  faithful 
^overiicr.  very  carctui  to  provide  supplies  of  corn,  rather 
by  planting  than  by  purchase.  So  much  had  these  sn[> 
plies  incieased  under  his  direction,  that  the  colony  was 
able  to  Itnd  to  the  Indian  princes  several  l\uiidred 
bushels  of  corn,  and  lake  mor/^iiirrs  of  llieir  laud  in 
payment.  He  would  allow  no  tobacco  to  be  planted  till 
a  sulliciency  of  seed-torn  was  m  the  ground.  He  waa 
also  vt TV  assiduous  ill  raiiLung  and  explonnu  tho  country, 
and  became  exlremely  deli;;nied  witti  its  pleasant  diA 
fertile  appear.iiii'o.      He  had  so   iw^U  ~       '  '" 


opinion  oi  It, 


itJlUli:   >i]i[ii'^ii.irii  K.        Ill'  luiu  MJ     iii|^ii    ail    uj'iniuii    ui    il, 

thai  lie  decjart  d  it  espial  lo  the  liesl  jiarls  o\  Lurope.  if  it 
were  culiivalt:d  and  inhabited  by  an  iniiustiuoud  people.* 

SIR    SA.MUEL    AH  GAL, 

AND 

SIR   GEORdE    YEARDLEY. 

Saml'EL  ARnAt'-Kxpcdition  to  ttio  Nurihern  part  of  Virgini  t 
Ali.ti'ks  iliu  i^tu  11. at  Mount  Oesurt— Takes  Possession  uf 
llieir  F'»rl--Takes  ajui  di-strcys  Horl  Itnyal— lln  t;onferenro 
with  Hienrourt— Vi.sitsihe  Duirli  at  IluUson's river— Duicli 
littvunior  surretiiJLMS  ti>  Inin— His  Vuy&gG  tu  EiiK'aiiii — A[>- 
iiuiiiiuJ  DcinUy-yoviinior  of  Vin;uiia—ArriVL'»  in  Virgmu— 
IteviVfS  ilisti|ilme— Uecuiiits  niliuiil  by  tiih  nnor— t^liargeii 
Willi  }}eeulation— He  is  Mipcrscded— Uscniits  by  aid  «f  ti.t* 
Kiirl  ot  Warwick— Commands  a  ship  against  the  AlvemifS 
—  Kiu^litedliy King  James— His  characltT—ttEOBcfE  YkaRH* 
LEV,  h'u\'ernur  ul  Vir^iiua— Eucuura^us  tho  ciiUivalion  of 
'i'l.liacco— Allacks  the  Chickaliouinny  Indians— Superseded 
hyAr^al— Ai>i«»inled<-Iovt'nior-("»eneral  of  Virgiiua— Uesujus 
— lUsumes  Uvu  Go\L-r:iinenl--lIis  Death. 

We  have  no  account  of  ('aptam  Aruai.  before  tho 
year  16UU,  wlieii  he  came  to  \'irtnnta  to  lisb  for  ntiir- 


•  Since  tht  lorcgimii,'  >liefls  werv  [Tiiiled,  I  have  loiiud  tho 
roUowint;  brief  accuiiiil  oi  Sir  luoi^^u  botntis,  111  (uiluiS 
Wuiltuesof  England,  p.  '^-i 

'*  t;tiorKO  Suniuiii,  Kni^Ut,  was  l;urn  u  cr  ueu  Lviou.  lu 


re ;  and  for  thit  Pienrfk. 
»  ul*  ilirrt)  Imrrctii  aTj'l  b 
ilifsti  l,trtii'«  \svtv  11  >i 
iH-am',  wlwli  Citrru'"  wuh 
I  tiitTi  ly   l>y    li'iuiiiy  at 

HT         ll  IH,  t|J\Nt-VlT,  ol>. 

i;t  im-nl  ^javi'  koiiio   pru- 

d),  a  muihodcf  ifanttn^ 
ol  litty  iirrtit,  x*****  iiiir  >• 
|iiiniily  ^>ll!t  ailii^M'tt  lo 
lit*,  or  lMuiij;iit  oUiorn  'o 
t  wu.t  to  i'iKUiint;{t9  vnii- 
W't'Ti'  lv\u  uilii'r  iiit'lltudi 
I  ^r.iiil  ol  '/!(  ni:  \\  iifi, 
K  lit,  or  duiu!  u  -ttT'K'L'  to 
y  n  i^mrit  ul  l.uiJ  \\liati 
J  aiTCf*  The  o'.licr  wrj 
r»e.  K\try  |ierMin  who 
tompdiiy'a  liiainiry  vh-a 

ty  of  l;ik!iiu'  n^"*"**  ^'" 
iK'u  aiul  kiiaviry  ul'  iiir 
\i\n  ol"  1.111(1  wiitioul  t!ver 
ili'-^rrilMii^  ilniii  Ity  lialii- 
ir;^i'  riit'ioi.rt-  ;  utid  iidrily 
III  a  hnisli  ;i(lrniiunco  of 
t)lii|i  c.Mitn  inlu  cuurttaiij 
(1  liiriiKcIf  with  »o  iiiu'ty 
tlur  w.i:4  issued  ^rrutiuii^ 
ri'S  ;  anil  ihu  rli.-rk  had  a 
CI)  at  riitoihi-r  court  would 
Iveritiircd  thetnsflvi-!*  lo 
Did  would  util.iiii  jti  ortk-r 
[>tn.i.  'luv  planter  who 
would  do  the*  Haiiu*.  and 
lui;eM  litty  tieres.  'Ilieao 
hy  thu  Hurveyof.H  in  iIib 
llier,  WlTU  Kuld  at  a  HlttiUl 

10  imrelia.HL'  iiiiy  (.-uiiai- 
raino  fnlitUd  to  a  vasi 
:,\u»  (he  original  iiilt-ntioii 
)  each  cini^^r.iiil  w.i*  iVu-** 
llio  eo.iniry  m  eiui\ei'ic:u 
,aiid  ."peculalors  htoaini) 
|tuo  hirjio  ior  cultivaiiori; 
llrred  over  a  threat  rxirnt 

:drdi)U4  Kilualiuna.  '1  ho 
err,  insecurity  iVoin  iho 
,  an  iiiiperlect  ir.odo  of 
of  eoiivieta  from    t^ng- 

rheiiias  Dalo  relumed  tu 

icahoritas,  the  wife  of  Mr. 

ins.     The  motive  of  hia 

and  >t-itlu  his    pnvalo 

)r  f-ix  years  in  the  scrvico 

i/ed  as  iiu  ueiive,  failtifu! 

le  supplies  of  cor;.,  r.iil.nr 

So  much  iiad  these  ri'ip- 

lion,  that  the  colony  wu* 

irmei's    several    hundred 

'iiii^rs   of  tlieir   land  m 

toi>.iceo  to  he  planted  till 

u  the  ground       lie  was 

.id  explornii{  the  coiiniry, 

-d  wilti  lis  pleasant  ar.d 

hi<^li  an  upnnon  of  it, 

hesl  parts  of  i^iirojie,  if  it 

an  iiuiuxtnous  [ivoiAo.* 

AUdAL, 

E  A  R  D  h  K  Y  . 

Norilirrn  part  of  Vlrgtni* 
iiiri— Talvcs  I'Dssett^ion  <>f 
«rl  Ittiyal— llii  l^oiiferenro 

11  :it  UuiUim'srivtr— -Uuicli 
1-.  VuyaiiL'  t(»  Kiijj'aiiii — 1\\>- 
;uua— ArriVf*  lii  Virgnua— 
liuui  hy  Iii!i  riKor— i.'hafgrj 
Ifil— liscaiits  ljy  aid  "f  ii.t 
.  ship  nifiuiiSt  the  Aker)iu>!< 
riaraeler— tiK->RUE  YBiHit- 
uura^es  tho  ciiltivalion  oi 
imiiy  luiiiaiis— Siipcrsetlrl 
jiii-r'al  ot  Virginia— Kesigii> 
IS  Dealh. 

ptJiii  Aroai-  licforc  iK-T 
ir^inia  to  I'lsh  for  Htur- 

r-'iTinUii],  1  liavp  toun-i  thfl 

:OiyU    S'JIlltJlS,    111    fUilttli 

burn  u  or  ueu  L>iau,  \u 


inofiltAMUKS   OF   THE   EAUrt   DTiCOVlRERS. 


fTfon  vn\  trn.'r  w'tli  fSo  colony.     Thi»  trtdt*  wi«  then 

firohihiled  hui  tvif,'  n  kn.-^'uiiu  of  Mt  TImmu.ii  Sh.hIj, 
ilx  vovHU'''  \*'i"»  "'inMive.J  ai,  uriil  l!it'  [  rov.Rioii"*  a  >d 
wine  wliieli  he  h.o.'L.dil  w»!rt  a  wi  !i-t);i.c  p  lie!  to  the 
roloMV.  He  wti*  lht»rii  whio  \he  p'nii'urd  tint,  es- 
ctiped  from  the  iet.ipf«l.  arr.*«-d  wilhoui  their  <  oniuian- 
def*  ;  and  he  roiilHMM-d  (o  riia'i**  voyai»e!*  in  the  a<  r- 
viee  of  Ih"  (  olutiv.  and  for  hi*  iwn  advantni.'e.  till  lie 
waa  nude  deputy-'' verr. or,  uf.il.T  I.  ird  Delaware. 

'n.e  prit!i'ip,i|  ('X((toit  It)  which  h*'  waa  eii^ai,'ed,  was 
an  rTpi.fiiiirMi  to  tlie  nor'hern  (urt  ef  Viri'mi.i  '  Sir 
lluHnaH  It.ile,  havKiL'  rrreived  some  mr'niiatioh  of  the 
iiiini'uon  (ll  (he  l-'re:ic-h  and  Hnteh  witliuUhe  chi.l.-rrd 


t  i*.  however,  thut  it  made  wav  for  a  nifcnf,  wht.-h  [  Iit'id,  and  midu  a  dfpp  tmprraainn  lo  Y.'tx  diaalvantii^Di, 


tain  t 

Kmg  .faiiK  H  iravi'  to  Sir  \V  liuni  Aletiinder.  in  lfl*Jl. 
l>v  will'  h  he  i.'ranied  him  Ihe  whalv  ii  rrilorv  of  Aeadia. 
hv  the  name  of  Xovii  Scotia  i  andycl  tlii)  l''rt;nch  con- 
tiieu'il  their  oecnpicy 

Hn  liiM  relnrn  UnvanU  Viru'iiiii,  with  his  prizea,  Af- 
I'al  visiii  d  ihe  'Settlement  which  the  hiileh  h  ul  made  iit 


oil  the  mii'hN  »I  hi-' '"'•T  Irnid  ■  iJe-idert  u  >(r...t 
UUiiihir  u'  uron^:"  U>  particular  ptraoti*.  ht*  wt» 
char  1  d  wilh  roiiverdn;.'  to  his  tmn  UBe,  what  nMuainH'l 
of  th«*  ptd'll'*  slorea;  with  depred  \iunand  wimte  'it  No 
rc''eni(i'«  uf  tho  ('oiiip;(nv  ;  und  with  ninnv  otVei;*. '-  li 
Iiialter*  of  "tHt(»  and  i;.>vr'jment     .M  t".r:.i  ihe  ef.in;'any 


lludson'a  iiver.  near  Oir  upot    wheru  Alhanv  i"  now  Mvrre  no  alarined,  n«  to  ttimk   of  an  appliral.  ii  to  tito 
limit,  and  ilemanded  po»«e'*-ioii  ;  iillei;mi.' thai  llnd-oii  |  crown  lUr  ndres- .  hut  on  further  ecnisideralu'ii,  (hey 
I'cinu'  'in  Ijiijlithsuhjeel.  '.onuh  in  tin   «etM'*e  o|  ||n|< 
land,  etiuM   not  nlimale  the  ImuUwhieh  he  had  iltsco 


red,   wliii-h  weroelaitned  1>V  the  erown  of  Uniilaml. 
I  granted   hy  charU  r  to  the  compuny  ol    \  ir^'inia 


iiinits  of  VirL,'inia.  her.r  Arijai,  ostenHinly  on  a  Iradiuy  I  The  iJuteh  L'"^»'''iior,  Iluulriek.  Christiirns,  hrini» 


and  ti'hiru  voviit'f  to  ihe  imrlhwirti  ;  hot  with  onlc 
to  seek  for.  and  d't|OsseM  intruders.  No  Hccount  of 
this  force  is  in.  niioned  hy  any  writer.  Ila^in^  vij*iI(  1 
•evt'fal  (latls  ol  die  (  oart  of  North  Vir){iiua.  and  uti 
tamed  ihe  he-t  i.)lorn.ilRiu  in  his  power,  he  arrived  a' 
the  island  now  culled  Mount  Desarl,  in  the  TJiHtrirt  of 
Miime  ;  wher'.  two  Jciails.  who  Ji.id  heet)  expelled  from 
Poit  lloyal.  hv  the  ^oteriior.  Ilieneourt,  for  their  inso- 
lence, had  made  ii  plunl  ai<Mi,  and  huill  a  fort.  A 
Krench  ship  and  hark  were  then  Isni;,'  m  tlm  harbor 
Mo-tl  of  the  people  were  dispersed,  at  their  various  em- 
plovments,  and  were  unprepared  to  rei  eivc  an  en(fniy. 
An.'al  at  once  ottieked  the  vessels  witli  inuaqnetry. 
und  nude  an  easy  ro(n|ne.*l  of  iheni.  One  of  the  Je- 
Htlils  wus  killed  in  allem]  tinj,'  to  level  oiii;  of  the  ship's 
guna  auainsL  the  assadan's.  Ar^al  (hen  landed,  and 
•umtnoned  the  lort.  The  lotninander  re-picHted  limo 
foreonsullation.  hu!  it  was  denied  ;  on  wlurli  llic  t^'ar- 
riaon  ahanduned  llie  fort,  and,  hv  a  private  passaije,  es- 
caped to  tli'j  woihU.  Ari.Ml  took  pos-tessinn  in  the 
naiiie  of  Ihe  crown  of  KuLdaml.  and  ihc  next  day  the 
people  came  in,  and  surrendered  tliemselves,  and  their 
coininissioii,  or  patent.  Wv.  treated  them  wiih  polite- 
ncs.i,  jjivniL,'  them  leave  to  \tn  either  to  France,  in  iho 
fiahmii  vessels,  which  resorted  lo  the  coast,  or  with  him 
to  Virj,Mnia. 

The  other  Jcauit,  Father  Hiard,  clad  of  an  opportu- 
nity to  he  revenjied  on  Hienconrt,  yave  information  of 
his  selllemenl  at  I*ort  Uoval,  and  olVered  to  pilot  the 
veasel  thither.  Ari,Ml  sailed  across  the  IJay  ot  Knndy. 
und,  entering;  the  harbor,  landed  forty  men,  A  j/nn 
was  fired  from  the  fort,  as  a  sii^mal  to  tho  people  aboard; 
but  Ari^al  advanced  with  such  rapidity,  that  he  found 
the  fort  aliandoned,  and  took  possession  He  flien 
Milfd  up  the  river  with  his  boats;  where  he  view-ed 
ihetr  fields,  their  barns  and  null  ;  the^e  he  snared  ;  but 
Ht  hia  return  he  de^trovcd  tho  fort,  and  defaced  the 
Krma  of  the  Kinu  of  l-'rance. 

Ilieneourt  vvaa  at  tliis  tune  snrvevina  tlie  country  at 
a  distance;  but  was  railed  liome  suddenly,  and  reipiested 
a  conference  with  the  Kniihsli  conunander.  Tliey  met 
in  a  meadow,  with  a  few  of  their  followers.  After  an 
inetfectual  assertion  of  n^fhts,  etpially  claimed  hy  both, 
liicncourt  propos(d,  if  he  could  o!)lam  a  protection 
from  the  Crown  of  Knirlatid,  atid  L'ct  the  obnoxious  Je- 
■i)it  mU)  his  possession.  todiviJe  the  fur  tra(b\  and  dis- 
close the  mines  of  the  country  ;  but  Arj^al  refused  to 
ntukc  any  treaty,  alleL'itiL'  that  his  orders  wire  only  to 
iispossess  him  ;  and  threaienin^'.  if  he  should  I'md  hiin 
there  aijain,  to  use  'lim  as  an  enemy.  Whil-^l  ihey  were 
in  conference,  one  ai  thu  natives  came  up  to  them,  and 
in  brt-icen  Krcnch,  with  !".iii.ihle  iie.stures,  endeavored 
to  tr.'^diate  a  peace  ;  wond(riui»  thai  persons,  who  seem- 
pd  lo  liiin,  lo  be  of  one  nat;on,  yliould  make  war  on 
each  other,  'i'iiia  allectit:i;  iiicident  served  lo  put  them 
both  into  txood  humor. 

Aa  i:  was  a  tune  of  [leace  between  the  twx  crowns. 
Oic  only  (iretexl  for  this  e\pedilion,  was  the  intrubinn  o\' 
the  French  into  limits  claimed  by  tlie  Knirlish,  m  virtue 
<if  prior  discovery  This  mode  of  dispossessin^r  them 
lid :i  been  censured,  as  "coiiirarv  lo  the  l,aw  of  Na- 
U  IIS,  because  inconsistent  with  their  peace."     ll  was, 


t'l  make  any  nsistance,  ipiieilv  submiHed  hilici'll 
and  his  colony  to  the  f'rown  of  t'inijlatid.  and  was  per- 
mitted lo  nunain  tiiere.  Hut  mi  the  arriv.ilofa  rein- 
forcei.ient  the  nckl  veir,  ihcy  bmll  auo'her  fort,  on  the 
soiilh  end  of  (he  island  Manhaltan,  wiu-re  the  city  of 
New  York  now  sl.md:*,  and  held  the  eouniry  for  inauv 
years,  under  a  ^riinl  iri.  <i  the  iJiatcs-general,  by  th* 
name  of  New  Nitlirrlands 

The  III  xl  spriiu,' (Kill)  Ar;.'iil  went  to  Knuland,  and 
two  years  after.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  followed  hnn.  leaving: 
tie.ir<.'e  Veardley  lo  noveru  the  coioii\  m  bis  absence 
It  had  been  a  yrand  ohjeei  with  Dal'i  to  d'^cournu'-  'he 
planting  of  tobacco  ;  but  his  8Ucees.*.or.  in  compli.:  ice 
with  tho  humor  of  the  people,  itululired  them  in  cilti- 
vatuiif  It,  in  preferen''o  lo  corn.  When  the  colony  was 
in  want  of  bread,  Veardley  sent  to  Ihe  Indians  of  Cine k- 
uhoinonv  for  tlieir  tnlmle,  as  promised  by  i'k^  treaty 
m.ide  with  Dale.  They  answered,  that  they  had  paid 
his  mastiT ;  but  that  liny  had  no  orders,  nor  any  iiu-li- 
nation  to  obey  him.  Veardley  drew  out  one  h'lndred 
of  his  best  men.  and  went  ai.'aiti«l  them  Thev  reeeived 
him  in  a  warlike  posture  ;  and  after  niucli  threatenin;,' 
on  both  sides,  Veardley  ordered  his  men  (o  lire 
Twelve  of  the  nalivea  were  killed,  auil  as  many  were 
r  ■In  prisoners,  of  whom  two  were  KIders  of  .Senator- 
:  >ir  llieir  ransom,  one  hundred  bushels  of  corn  were 
|).ii{|,  in  addilion  to  tlie  tribute.  Three  lioats  were 
loaded  for  .lainestown,  one  of  which  was  overset  in  the 
pas.sa^^e.  and  eleven  men,  with  her  whole  cari.'o,  were 
Inst.  'I'lie  natives  were  so  awed  by  this  chastisement, 
that  they  supplied  the  colony  v/iCu  auch  provisions  as 
thev  could  spare  from  iheir  own  slock,  or  procure  bv 
buntiiii;  ;  and  bcinj;  thus  supplied,  the  coloihsta  ^ave 
theniJ^elves  cbietly  to  the  planting  of  tobacco. 

In  lfil7,  (Captain  Arijal  was  appointed  depnty-flo- 
vernor  of  the  colony  under  Lord  Delaware,  and  admir.il 
of  the  adjacent  seas.  When  he  arrived,  in  May,  he 
found  the  jialisades  broken,  the  church  fallen  down,  und 
the  well  of  fresh  water  apoiied  ;  but  the  market-sipiare 
and  the  streets  of  Jainestow  n  were  planted  with  tobacco, 
and  the  people  were  disperst  (I,  wherever  they  could 
lind  room  to  culliTate  that  precious  wec'I;  the  value  ul 
wliK'li  was  supposed  to  be  much  'iiiLmiented  by  a  new 
mode  of  euro,  dryini,*  it  on  lines,  rather  than  fermentinL' 
it  in  heaps.  The  author  of  tins  discovery  was  a  Mr 
Lambert  ;  and  the  clfect  of  it  v\as  a  yreat  demand 
from  FnLdand  for  hnes,  which  afterwards  became  a 
cajiital  article  of  tralfic. 

To  counteract  the  ill  elTecla  of  Veardley'a  indiil- 
getice,  Ar^'al  revived  the  severe  discipline  which  was 
irrounded  on  the  martial  laws,  framed  liy  his  patr-Jii,  Sir 
'I'homay  Smith  ;  a  apecimen  of  which  may  bo  feeii  in 
the  followmi;  edicts.  He  fixed  the  advance  on  *n^v\)> 
imported  from  Knylaiid,  at  twenty-live  per  cent,  and  ihf 
price  of  tobacco  at  three  shilliiiLrc  Jier  pound  ;  the  pe- 
nalty for  iransifressintr  tins  re»rulaiion  was  three  years 
slavery.  No  person  was  allowed  lo  fire  a  ;rnn.  except 
in  hi.s  own  defence,  ajiainst  aneneinv.  till  a  new  suniilv 
of  aimnunition  should  arrive  ;  on  penalty  of  one  \e,i'r"s 
slavery.  Absence  from  church  on  Sundays  and  holi- 
days, was  punished  by  laynit;  the  otlender  neck  and 


wrote  a  lel'cr  of  reprenension  tt>  hnn,  and  anothT  of 
complaint  t«>  Lord  Delaware,  whom  they  «:ippesed  to 
be  al  thch<  u]  id' llie  et>totiv,  reipiesliiiu  iliat  Ar^al  tni^ht 
be  aent  lo  Kn^land,  (o  answer  the  ehar^rpa  (aid  aguiiiM 
hnn 

lloth  these  letters  fell  into  Artfal'a  hnn  la.  Ccnirinc.ed 
that  lits  time  was  short,  lie  deie'inii'rd  to  nul"?  (ha 
most  of  It  for  his  own  interest.  Havin^MissumMl  llio 
car(  of  biN  liMd?<)iip's  estate  m  Virginia,  he  ciut.rrted 
the  labor  o\  the  leiiauls,  and  the  produce  of  the  land  tJ 
hi.s  own  use.  Hut  llilward  llrewster,  who  had  been 
ajipomied  ovt  rsetr  of  the  planiatiou,  by  hi**  lordshni't* 
orders  before  his  d'alh,  endeavored  to  withdraw  them 
from  Ar^^al's  servici-,  and  eniploy  tin  in  lor  the  benefit 
of  llie  estate.  Wlim  he  thre.itcned  one  who  refua*'d 
loo...y  hill),  the  fellow  made  his  complaint  lo  th»» 
^0  criior;  Mrewst(  r  was  arrested,  tried  by  a  court- 
mar,  d,  and  s'Milenced  in  death,  in  conscpieiice  of  ihe 
afort  aj  '  ,.v  of  Sr  'I'huinas  Smith-  .Sensible  of  the 
extreme  :.(  .enly  of  tlie.se  l.ivvs,  lln^  court  whicb  hud 
})Uss(h1  the  Renleiice,  accompaiiied  by  the  cleryy,  went 
in  a  body  to  the  pivernor,  to  intercede  for  Hriwster'i 
life,  which,  with  mnch  didicully  iliey  obtained,  on  thil 
condition,  th.it  he  hliould  ipiit  Virt;mia,  ne.-er  inoro  10 
return  ;  und  should  |.nve  his  oath,  thai  be  would,  neither 
m  Kn^laiMl,  nor  cl-ewhere,  say  or  do  ciuy  thmj:  lo  tliu 
dishonor  of  the  governor.  tJn  his  ^omj.'  to  Fn^land,  ho 
was  advised  tt)  appeil  to  tlie  coinpaiiv  ;  and  Ihe  prose- 
cution of  this  appial.  added  to  ihi'  odium  v.hie|i  At^sxl 
itrt.l  incurred,  deiermiiiiil  ihein  to  send  over  a  new  ^o- 
v-jrtior,  to  examine  lltu  coinptairts  und  accusations  on 
the  spot 

The  pi'Tson  ci  osen  tc  txecate  tUia  rommission.  wua 
Veardh'v,  bis  rp  al,  who,  on  thisocc.isioo,  was  knii,'liied, 
and  appoint-  u  i,'overiior-^'eneial  of  ihe  colony,  wliere  bo 
arrived  in  the  >prm:|  of  HllO 

'i'he  Karl  of  Warwick,  who  was  Ari^al's  friend  and 
partner  in  trade,  had  tak*  n  can  lo  t,'ive  hnn  inlorma- 
tion  of  what  wasdoiii;^',  and  to  dcspateh  a  a-nali  veasci, 
which  arrived  before  the  new  ^'overnur,  and  curried  oil 
Ar^rd  with  all  his  elfecis  Uv  tins  in.ina-uvre,  and  by 
virtue  of  his  partnerslnp  with  the  earl,  he  nut  only  es- 
caped th"  •"•ended  examination  in  Vir;.'inia,  but  secured 
the  j;reater  part  of  his  projieriy,  and  defrauded  llio 
company  of  that  restitution  which  they  had  a  rij^ht  to 
ex  nee  I. 

The  character  of  Captain  Ar^al.  like  that  of  most 
who  were  conccrin'd  m  the  colonization  and  govern- 
ment of  Virnjima,  is  dilferently  drawn.  {)n  the  oii« 
hand,  he  is  s|K)ken  of  as  a  j^ood  mariner,  a  civil  jrentlo- 
inan,  a  man  of  public  spirit,  active,  industrious,  and 
careful  to  provide  tor  tin?  people,  and  keep  them  con- 
ptanlly  einjiloyed.  On  \\n'.  oilier  hand,  he  is  described 
aa  nej^'lim-nl  of  the  public  business,  seeking  only  hi^ 
own  inlerest,  rapacious,  passionate,  arbitrary,  and  eruol ; 
puahini,' his  unrighteous  ^ains  by  all  means  of  exlorliou 
and  oppression.  Mr.  .Stiih,  who,  from  the  best  infor- 
mation which  he  could  obtain,  at  ih>:  distar.ce  of  inortt 
than  a  ctnliiry,  t)y  searchiiijj!  the  public  records  of  »hn 
colony,  und  the  journaU  of  the  company,  pronounce'* 
him  '•  a  man  of  j^ood  sense,  of  j^real  industry  and  re»!>- 
lution.*'  and  says,  that  "when  the  company  warned 
him  peremptorily,  lo  exhibit  his  arc<^inis,  and  iniLko 
answer  lo  such  thtn;js  as  they  had  charj^ed  ajxamsi  hnn, 
he  so  foiled  and  perplexed  all  their  proceedm;js,  ani 
pave  iliem  so  much  trouble  und  aniioyance,  ttial  they 
wt.re  never  able  to  bring  him  to  any  accounl  or  punufH 
inent.'* 

Nothing  more  is  known  of  him,  but  that  after  quit- 
ting Viririiiia,  he  was  employed  m  1020,  to  command  a 
ship  of  war,  in  an  expedition  airainst  the  Al|^erine6  ;  and 
that  in  16*^3,  ho  was  knighted  by  Kmt,,' .lames. 

Abon*.  the  same  time  that  Lord  Dctavvare  died  at  sea, 
the  great   Indian  prince   Powhatan,  died  at  his  seat  in 


heels,  for  one  whole  night,  or  bv  one  week's  slavery  ; 
lowever.  agreeable  to  the  powers  granted  in  the  char- i  the  second  olfence,  by  one  mon'h's  ;  and  the  third  by 
lei  of  1609  :  and  even  the  seizure  of  the  French  ves-  one  year's  slavery.  Private  trade  with  the  savages, 
sela,  on  board  of  which  was  a  iar^e  quantity  of  pro-  j  or  teaching  them  to  uso  the  anns,  was  punishable" by 
vision,  clothing,  furniture,  and  trading  goods,  was  also  |  death. 

warranted  liy  the  same  charter.  There  is  no  evidence  'I'hese  and  simdar  laws  were  executed  with  such 
that  ibis  transaction  was  eiilier  ajiproved  by  the  Court  I  rigor,  as  to  render  the  deputy-governor  odious  to  the 
of  England,  or  resented  by  the  Crown  of  France  ;  eer- !  colony.     They  had  entertained  a  hope  of  deliverance. 

_ _    by  the  expected  arrival  of  Lord  Delaware,  who  sailed  j  Virginia,  (April,  1618)*     He  was  a  person  of  excel 

DorBPtshirc.    He  was  a  lamb  npon  land,  and  a  linn  at  sea.    ff^rn  England  for  Virninia  (April,  1618)  in  a  largesliip,  I  leu  natural  talents,  penelralingund  crafty,  and  a  corn- 
So  paiient  on  siH.re,  that  few  cmiid  aneer  him;  and  on  enter-    containing  two  hundred  people.     After  touching  at  the'  nlele  master  of  all  the  arts  of  sava(re  policy  ;  but  loially 

ing  aship  as  ifhe  haa  assmncd  a  new  nature,  so  p.i.tsionato     Wpslern    IsliruU    a  sii^.-n««ni.  nf  rr>nir-.r»    ..iMJa     -,,,1  '       i     •■  .      .i           .               a                  "^      .           ii 

that  few  cimld  please  him.    Whitchurch,  where  his  cornso    ;^  f^^^n  islands,  a  succession  ot  contrary  winds,  nnd  void  ot  truth,  justice,  and  magnanimity,      llcwassuc- 

bad  weather  protracted  the  vovage  for  sixteen   weeks,  cecrlcd  bv  ins  second  brother  ( Ipiichafian  ;   who,  being 

during  which  lime,  many   of  the  jicople   fell  sick,  and  docrepid  and  inactive,  was  snou  o'.s.-iir<-d  by  thr  sup«- 

nbont  thirty  died,  among  whom  was  Loid    Delaware.     — ' 

'riii*  f  o  ll   ii.ivva  »i-w  bn,-»„-i,  (;,..:»   .,«  v.-.,;..;...   i..,»  ti.«  *  Tin*  sjune  year  is  iil:^o  nicinoralile  for  the  d  *aih  of  Sir 

llus  alal  news  was  known  brst  m  \irgmia;  but  the  w,a,cr  Kiileit-h;  who  may  t>e  c uisiCcrcd  aa  the  foundfi  of 

report  ot  Argal  s  mjurioua  conduct  had  gono  to  Lng-  tlui  culunvut  Vir^in'i. 


corpso 
was  dcpositoU,  is  distant  Ihree  miles  from  Lyme. 

•  Ihe  tmieof  lliit  V(»v;ii;c  is  not  accurately  iiiLMitionnd  ;  hut 
ft\jm  lonipanm;  several  d.ites  and  transactions,  I  thiuk  (with 
Mr.  f'nnc(')ihal  ii  mu-;t  hive  been  m  tho  suininer  of  1013. 
Ccrtajily  it  was  hefdro  Arjral  was  made  d e put v-iro vernor,  in 
UiP  tlwuKb  soir*  wmbr**  httvu  pUcnd  ii  after  that  poiioJ. 


8ft 


AMKRICAN    IIISTOUy. 


liiii^'.i 


■i    i 


nor  abilities  and  ambition  of  his  younger  brother  Ope- 
charuanougli.  Hoth  ol'  thoin  rciifwcd  ar.d  i-oiitirnu-d 
the  pwicf  which  I'owhjtan  \\m\  in-uif  witli  ihc  colony  ; 
OpcL'ham-anou^h  (iiuilly  I'lijirossrd  Uu-  wliolo  powrr  ot 
govcriiincnt ;  lor  llir  iiiduns  do  not  so  iniu'lt  rt'«.Mrd  i!iu 
order  of  siicccAsioii,  as  hrilhaiu:y  of  tdlcnts,  and  intre- 
pidity of  mind  111  their  chit  Is. 

To  ingratiate  themst'lves  with  the  prince  nnd  attach 
him  more  elo&cty  to  their  interest,  tlie  colony  built  a 
house  for  hiin,  alter  the  Knglish  nwde.  With  tins,  he 
was  sc  much  pleased,  that  ht*  kept  (he  keys  roiitintuliy 
ill  his  hands,  opening  and  shutting  the  door»  many  tunes 
ill  a  day  and  ^huwin^  the  inachiner)'  of  ilie  locks,  to  Ins 
own  people  and  8traii»;ers.  In  return  ur  this  tavur,  lie 
gave  hbcrty  to  the  Kiijt1i>1i  to  seal  liien.>elves  at  any 
place  on  the  shores  of  the  n\ers,  where  the  luitive?  had 
no  villajics.  and  entered  into  a  Inrllicr  treaty  with  ihcin 
for  the  discovery  ol  nnnes  and  for  inniiial  friendship  and 
defence.  This  treaty  was  at  the  re.pieal  ol  Opcclun- 
canon<;h  cngra\eh  on  a  brass  plate,  and  Jastened  to  one 
of  the  lar<;est  oaks,  liiat  it  nn^hl  be  always  in  vievs,  .tiid 
held  in  perpetual  reinembrincc. 

Ycurdley,  bemjj:  rid  ot  the  iron'.  Ir  of  calling  Argal  to 
ftccoiinl,  applied  hiinM'lf  to  tiie  bu''ine.*s  of  his  jjovcrn- 
ment.     Tlie  lirsl  tlniij:  he  dd  w.'s  lo  aild  six  new  :nem- 
bera   to  tho  council,   Trancis  West.  .Nathaniel  I'owel, 
John  Pory,  John  Kalfe,  William  Wickliam.  and  Saiii- 
utl  Maycoek.     The  iiv  V  was  to  p.ihlisli  his  intention  lo 
call  a  Oeneral  Assembly,  the  privileires  .uid  powers  of 
winch  were  deiined  ni  Ins  eoninnssioa.     He  also  L'raii'.ed 
to  the  oldest  planteis  a  discharge  from  Ml  sers  ice  to  llie  , 
colony,  but  such  as  was  \oluntaiy,  or  obligatory  by  the  I 
laws   and  customs  of  nations  ;   w  ttit  a  coiitinnatiun  of  ; 
hli  their  estates,  real  and  persunal,  to  be  liolden  in  tliu  I 
same  nuMiier  as  by  Kn::!l^n  subjects,      finding  a  great 
tiarcity  of  corn,  lie  iikule  some  iunends  lor  his  lormer 
error  bv  p'roinoling  tlio  cnliuation  o(  it.     The  llrst  year 
of  his  adiinni>tration  ^11)19)  was  remarkable  for  very 
great  crops  of  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  and  lor  a  great 
mortality  o(  the  people;    not  less  ihaii  dOO  of  whom 
died. 

in  tho  montii  oi  July  of  tins  year,  liio  first  (icncral 
Assembly  of  liie  colony  ol  Virginia  met  at  Jamestown.* 
The  d  :'Jtiis  were  eiiosen  Iw  tue  town.ilnps  or  boroughs, 
no  tounties  henii.'  at  that  tune  formed.  From  this  eir- 
cun.£*ance  the  lower  liousi*  of  Asseinl'ly  was  always 
afterwau!sialled  tlie  House  of  Huriiess.  till  l!ie  revolu- 
lioii  m  1^  ~i6.  In  ilns  a^senlt>ly.  the  governor,  council 
find  burgesses  flat  m  one  ho^l^e.  and  juinlly  "  debated 
ail  matters,  thought  expedient  lor  the  good  of  the 
colony.*'  The  laws  then  cn.u'ted  were  of  rlie  nature 
of  local  regulations,  and  were  transnnittd  to  Kngland 
for  the  approhaiion  of  ilie  ireasuier  and  company.  It 
iff  said  that  tiicy  were  judiciously  drawn  up  ;  but  no 
vestige  ot  them  now  remains. 

Thus,  at  llie  expiration  oi  twelve  years  from  their 
selllcineiH,  liie  Virginians  tirsl  en|uyed  the  privilege  oi 
o  colonial  legislature,  m  winch  they  were  repre-iiited 
by  peraons  ol  llicir  own  election.  Tliey  received  as  a 
favor,  wliji  they  might  have  claimed  as  a  right ;  and 
with  minus  depr*  sm  d  by  the  arbitrary  syatem  under 
v\hLch  they  had  been  held,  tlunkeU  llie  company  for  (his 
favor,  and  lux'^Jcd  lliem  to  reduce  a  compeiuluim,  with 
his  mujesty's  apprithation,  the  laws  i)l  Kiitiland  suilaltlu 
for  Virginia  ,  giving  tins  as  a  rca^oll.  that  it  was  not  fit 
for  subjects  to  be  governed  by  .ii.y  laws,  but  those 
which  received  an  auilionly  fioiu  tlieir  -nvereign. 

It  seems  to  lu've  ben  a  j^enei.d  sentiuu-nt  among 
itiese  eoicnists,  not  to  make  Virginia  the  place  ot  ilicir 
permauent  residen-,'''.  but  a'ter  luuing 'tc.juireU  a  tur- 
tiuw  b)  plaiiUng  and  trad:',  to  return  to  Kngland  Kor 
llus  reai>oii,  mosi  I'l  tiiein  were  destitutu  ol  lainilies, 
lutd  had  no  natural  altachment  to  <'>•'  country  To 
remedy  tins  material  ilefect,  .Sir  Kdwm  Sand\s  t!iu 
ntw  treasurer,  proposed  to  the  compinv  to  send  over  a 
freight  ol  >oiing  wo.nen,  to  make  wives  lor  the  planters. 
This  iiroposai  with  se\eral  others  i.i.ido  bv  that  emi- 
nent stati^smaa,  was  received  wilh  universal  applause  , 
find  ttu:  success  answered  their  eipietions  Ninety 
trirU,  "\oungand  uncorrnpt."  wert:  sent  o\er  at  one 
lime  llO'Jit),  and  sixty  more.  "  iuiuUoine  and  well 
rtcominended"  at  anotiicr  (,l('.'.*l.)  liiese  were  soon 
bitssod  with  the  ot'ject  ol  their  w■l^he8.  The  price  of 
a  wii«,  At  first,  was  one  linndred  and  twenty  pomids  ol 
toUico,  tut  as  tho  nnmher  Ueaine  scarce,  the  price 
WM»  increased  to  one  huiulred  and  fiftv  pounds,  the  \aluu 
of  waich  in  inonev  was  three  shdhn^s  per  |K>und.  l)v  a 
KubictjUent  a-'t  of  assembly,  it  was  ordained,  that  "the 

•  Deveilpv  (p.  35)  says  tiiat  the  tu--t  Asm  mtily  w.i>  iil'ril 
(n  Ib'JO.      Hill    Stilti.  w))»  )i.itl  llKMC   iirciu.it('>>  fttvitelipti  Mm 

rreohl*,  says  Uial  thv  iiisl  »ms  in  Itllti   antl'iliu  .N«euiiil  lit 


'  price  of  a  wife  shouM  have  the  precedence  of  all  olhor  | 
i  debts  of  recovery  and  payLicnl.  because,  of  all  kiiuls  * 
'  ol   iiK  rcbaiidise.  this  w.ts  the  most  desirable." 
i      To  tins  ."ahitary  project  of  the  conij  any,  Ktnu  James 
[was  pU-ased  to  .idd  anotbe^  which  he  signified  lo  the  j 
■  treasurer  bv  a  letter,  crmiiui'iihiiir  them  to  send  to  Vir- 
gima    one    hundred    dissolute    persons,    coiniettd    ofj 
crinirs.  who  should  be  deluered  to  them  by  ihe  kniglil-  , 
marshal.     The  season  oi  the  year  (.November)  was  un- 
favorable for  traiisport.ition  :  but   so   peremptory  was! 
the  king's  cunnnand,  and  so  submissive  the  temper  of  the  I 
I  company,  that  thev   became  bound  for  the  sn[lsl^tence  j 
I  of  ibeso  wTctehes  till  they  could  sa.!,  which  was  not  j 
till  I'ebrnary    The  expense  of  this  e.piipment  was-lOOl>/.  I 
On  this  iransaction,  .Mr  yiitli,  who  takes  every  oi>-, 
I  portumty  to  evpose  the  weak  and  arbitrary  government 
of  Knii;  Jann  s.  make-*  t!ie  following  remarks.    "  Those  ! 
who  know  wiili  how  luuh  a  band  this  king  carried  it  e\en  ' 
with  his  parliaments,  will  not  be  t-uiprised  to  find  liun ' 
thus  nnmcrcilully  insult  i\  private  company,  and  load  I 
them  against  all  law,  with  the  maintenance  and  extra- 1 
ordinary    expense  of  transporting  such  persons  as  he 
thouiiht  proper  to  banish.     And    [   cannot  but  remark, 
how  earlv  that  custom  arose  of  transporting  loose  and 
d.^solute  persons  to  \'iri:iiua,  as  a  place  of  punisliineiil 
and    dtsi.'racc;    which  liiouLih  originally    designed  for 
the  advancement  and  increase  of  the  colony,  yet  has 
cerlaiidy  provid  a  great  lundrance  to  its  yiowth.      Forj 
It  hath  laid  one  of  the  ilnest  countries  m  .\nu  rica  un-  \ 
iler  the  unjust  seaiid.il  of  lieiiii;  another  Siberia,  tit  only  ! 
for  the  reception  of  malefactors,  and  the  vilest  of  the| 
people.      So  that   few  have  been  induced  willingly  to  I 
transport  themselves  to  such  a  place;  and  our  younger  ■ 
si>iers.  the  northern  colonies,  have  accordingly  prohted  1 
thertby.      For  liiis  is  one  cause    that  they  have  out- 
slripped  us  so  much  m  the  mimber  oi  their  inhabitants. , 
and  m  the  goodness  and  fre^piency  of  their  towns  and! 
cities." 

In  the  same  year  (UV^O)  the  merchandise  of  human 
llrsh,  wa>  furlluT  augmented,  by  the  mlrodueiion  oi 
ne^Toes  from  .\fr;ca  A  Uuu  h  slop  brought  twenty  oi 
them  for  sale;  and  liu'  Viriiinian>,  who  had  but  just 
emeri^ed  Iioin  a  state  oi  vassalage  themselves,  began 
to  be  the  o'.vners  and  ;naslers  ot  slaves. 

"File  principal  eoMmodiiy  produced  in  Virginia  be- 
sides corn,  was  tobacco  ,  an  .irticle  of  luxury  much  in 
demand  in  tiie  north  of  Fiiiope.  (Ircat  bad  been  tiie 
dilHeulties  attending:  this  inule.  [tartly  liom  the  jealousy 
of  the  .*<pam.)nls,  who  cultuated  it  in  iheir  Americm 
colonies  ;  parilv  from  the  obsctpnonsness  of  James  lo 
liiat  nation,  and  partly  from  his  own  s.pieaimsh  aver- 
sion lo  lol'acco.  a:rai:i.-<:  the  use  ot  which,  m  his  princely  j 
wi>doin.  he  had  written  a  book  *  j 

'Ino  \  irunnu  Coiniuny  tliemselves  were  opposed  lo 
Its  euiiixuiion,  and  ii.kbly  admitted  various  projects 
for  encour-iiiinj;  othc  ;  roducttons,  oi  more  immediate 
\!se  and  beiu  it  lo  mankind  .\s  ihe  coaiilry  uaturaiiy 
Melded  ninUierrv  trees  and  vines,  it  was  thought  that 
silk  and  wnie  mi;iht  be  maimfacturtd  to  advantage. 
To  facililate  these  projects.  CLTgs  of  the  silk-worm  were 
procured  from  the  south  Tii  countries  of  F.iirope  ;  books 
on  tlie  subject  were  ir.'nslated  Irom  loreign  bioiiuages  ; 
persons  skdleil  in  the  management  of  silk-wornis  ai.d  ■ 
the  c.'ltivaliuii  of  viucs  were  engaged  ;  and  to  crown 
all,  a  royal  orih  r  from  King  James,  t  ndo.-'ed  m  a  tetter 
from  the  treasurer  and  council,  was  sent  over  lo  Vir- 
unua,  willihii:!i  expect.itions  of  success  F*iit  no  e.x- , 
ertions  nor  authority  could  prex.ul.  to  make  tlie  cultiva- 
tion ot  tobacco  yield  to  that  of  silk  and  wmo:  and 
nfler  the  trade  ol  the  colonv  was  laid  open  and  tlie 
Dutch  bad  lice  access  to  their  ports,  the  growth  ofi 
tobacm  received  sncii  encoi.rageinent,  as  to  become 
the  grand  staple  of  the  colony. 

.\t  this  tunc,  the  comiiaiiv    m   Knu'land  was  divided 
into  two  pariici  ;   the  K  irl  of  Warwick  wan  at  the  lie.id 
of  one,    and    the  Karl  of  Souihampton  of  ihe  oilier 
The  former  was  the  leasl  m  number,  hut  had  the  ea'-l 
,Lud  support    of   the    king;    and    (heir  vir\ilenco    wasj 
directed    airain-d    Vea.dlev,    who    hatl    intercepted    a  I 
packet   fruiM  his  own  .MC'-;ary,   Fory.  conlami'ig  the  | 
proofs  of  Arnai's  misconduct,  which  had  been  prepared  [ 
to  be  used  ngainst  hnn  at  his  trial  ;    but   which  the  | 
secretary  had  been  iiribed  to  convey  to  bis  close  Irieml  . 
the  l'!arl  of  Warwick       The  go\ermir.  heim;  a  man  ol  , 
a  imld  and  gentle  temper,  was  so  overcome  with   the' 
opjiOMtion    and   menace-  x,'i   '.lie    faction,  which  were 
puhbclv  known  in  the  colony,  that  his  authority  wasi 


weakened,  his  spirits  dejected,  and  his  health  impairwi 
to  that  de  ,ee  that  he  became  unfit  for  business,  8M(J 
retjuestet.  a  ilisnnssion  fiom  the  cri's  of  t;i)vpinnu"nt. 
His  commission  expired  in  NoM-tebcr.  ll»,l,  but  ho 
continued  in  the  eolonv.  was  a  member  of  the  c  jvincil, 
and  enjoyed  tlie  respect  and  esteem  ot  ihe  people, 

Uuring  this  short  admin  ^iratton,  many  new  :ii;t«C' 
inents  were  made  on  .Lnno,  and  York  rivers,  and  l.jo 
planters  l>eiiig  snppliid  with  wives  and  servimis  beg''.ii 
to  think  ihiinseKes  at  home,  and  to  take  pleasure  in 
cultivaimg  their  lands  ;  hut  the,-  neglected  to  proviilo 
for  their  derence.  placing  toti  ^^eat  eonlidence  in  thn 
continuance  of  that  •trainpnilitv  which  they  had  lotii; 
enjoyed  by  their  *reaty  with  the  Indians. 


*  Tins  I'rtoK  Is  eiititb'il  *'  A  ('inmlerlilast  to  Tulmcco,"  ami 
Ih  |trmtea  in  a  I'olin  volume  ol'  thv  wxrk.t  »l  Knut  James.  In 
tins  luriiMis  ivmk.  lit' c.>iiij„ui'*  the  sm.ike  «»t  l"t«iicco  i<>  llie 
sniokn  <>r  lilt'  l<<itti>iult'<-<<  I'lt ,  nn>l  A.iyi  it  lu  only  |iiopcr  to 
resale  tlio  d'-vu  sfiiT  Uttm'-r. 


SIR    FU  ANrlS    W  V  AT, 

Sir  FR.VNCIS  WvAT—Succeoils  Yennilev  In  llio  jiovernineni 
cl  V  iiiiiiiia— Dcctuvcii  h\  \hv  bi(tl:mchlel.>i— Ma'ssacre  ottlie 
ei>U'iiisi.-i-ntM>[';n>scs  ihc  change  oiuitvernincul  atteiiUJleJ 
I'V  the  (.'rtiwii—Hf  returns  tn  Irclaml. 

WiiKN  Sir  fleorge  Veardley  requested  a  dismission 
from  the  burden  of  tjovernnient.  Ihe  Karl  of  Southimjf- 
toii  recommended  to  ibc  rompanv  Sir  Fiancis  Wvat, 
as  ins  successor.  He  was  a  vouiii;  ^rentleman  of  a 
good  familv,  in  Ireland,  who.  on  .iccount  of  his  edm  i- 
lion,  fortune  and  in!e::nlv.  was  every  w.iy  eipial  to  the 
place,  and  was  accordmglv  ciioscn. 

He  received  from  the  company  a  .<et  of  instriietinns, 
which  Wi  re  intended  to  be  a  permanent  directory  for 
the  'governor  and  conned  of  tlit-  ct>lony.  In  these  it 
wiis  recommended  to  them,  \o  provide  for  the  service 
of  (Jod.  accitrdint:  to  the  form  ami  disetphne  of  ihe 
I'imrch  oi  Knuland  ;  to  ailmimster  pislice  according  '0 
llie  laws  of  I'n^land  ;  to  protect  the  nalivi'S,  and  culti- 
vate peicewnh  them;  to  educate  their  cIuKiren ;  ii'.i 
to  endeavor  their  civiu/.ation  and  conversion  ;  totncou- 
raije  industry  ;  to  suppress  gaming,  intemperance,  and 
excess  in  apparel  ;  to  give  no  olVcnce  lo  any  other 
prince,  stale,  or  people  ;  to  harbor  n.i  pirate*;  to  bmM 
fortilic.iiK.ns :  to  cnltiva'c  corn,  wine,  and  silk  ;  to 
search  for  minerals,  dves,  gums,  medical  drugs;  and 
to  "draw  oil"  the  people  from  the  excessive  planting  ol 
tobacco  " 

Immediately  on  Wy;it"s  arrival.  ((October.  KVMi  !iO 
sent  a  special  message  to  Opilchapaii  and  l>pechancit- 
noii^h.  bv  Mr.  licorge  Thorpe,  a  iietiileinnn  of  note  lU 
the  colonv.  and  a  i:n  at  ftieiul  lo  the  Indian*,  to  con- 
lirm  the  former  treaties  of 'peace  and  Irieiid.»!iip  Thct 
both  expressed  great  satisfu-tion  at  tiie  arrival  of  l!<o 
new  governor ;  and  Mr  Thorpe  im.igined  tli.tt  heeou.j 
perceive  an  uncommon  dcL'ree  of  rt  hixious  sensibd  ty 
in  t)|iecl;aiuMnoii:;h  Tiiat  ;»rlfnl  chief  so  tar  imposed 
on  tb.e  crednlilv  of  this  good  gentleman,  as  to  persuade 
him  that  he  acknowledged  liis  own  reiii^ion  to  be  wrong; 
that  he  desired  to  !te  instructed  in  the  t'lni.-'tian  doc- 
trine, and  that  lie  wished  tor  a  more  friendly  and  fami- 
liar intercourse  with  the  Ijujlish.  He  also  confirmed  « 
t'oriinr  |)romi:'e  of  .'endim:  ■>  guide  lo  show  them  ."Omo 
mines  above  the  falls  Hut  all  these  pretences  serv^nl 
onlv  to  conee.d  a  design  wliuh  be  bad  long  meditated, 
to  tle-itrov  the  wiuile  Kn^b*<h  colony. 

The  pe.u-e  wh'i  h  had  ^nb.■.|^ll•d  .-^mce  the  marriage  of 
Focanoiita'*  had  lulled  the  Knglish  mto  secuntv.  ami 
disposed  them  lo  extend  their  plantations  along  the 
banks  of  the  rivers,  as  far  as  the  Fotowmack.  in  silua- 
lions  too  remote  Iroin  each  otlier.  Their  bouses  were 
open  and  tree  lo  tiie  nilives,  w!io  lu'canie  acipiainfed 
with  their  manner  oi  li\in<_'  their  hours  of  ealme.  o( 
laltor  and  repo-ic.  the  use  of  their  arms  and  tools,  and 
frt'pieiUlv  Itiirrowed  their  boats,  t'nrllic  convenience  of 
tislnn;X  '"id  I'owlmg,  and  to  pa.*s  the  rivirs.  This  faini- 
liaritv  was  plea.Ami;  to  the  Kn<;lish.  a.*  it  indicaled  a 
spirit  of  moderation,  winch  had  Invn  always  recom- 
mei.di'd  by  llie  conipany  in  Fnirland  to  Iht  ,...*. iters; 
and.  as  it  atl'oitletl  a  f  ivonbie  svmplom  of  t!ie  civil,/.a- 
tion  Old  eonversum  of  the  natives  ;  but,  by  them,  oi 
then  leaders,  it  was  designed  lo  conceal  the  most  sail- 
gninarv  nitenlions 

In  .ii'  spnni»  of  the  next  year,  (Ifi'J'i)  b  opportumtv 
ollered  to  throw  olV  the  mask  of  friend-lnp,  uid  kmdle 
their  seerel  emmtv  into  a  bla/e  Among  the  natives 
who  freiptenily  visited  the  Knglish,  was  a  tall,  hand- 
some, vonnj  chief,  renowned  lo  courai^e  and  suc:e.st» 
m  war.  and  exces<ivi  Iv  loud  ot  f.iierv  in  diess.  Hi:> 
Indian  name  was  Nemat.inow  ;  but  by  the  Knyhsh  ha 
was  ealleil  Jack  ol  the  Feaiher  t'oiniriiT  lo  the  sttao 
of  one  Mortrjii,  he  there  viewi'd  several  toys  and  orna* 
ineiits,  vvbicli  were  \erv  agreeable  lo  the  Inilian  tasle  , 
and  per-*  muled  M>>rL'an  lo  xw^t*-  I  hem  to  IVnminky, 
where  be  assured  hiin  i  f  an  .ulvaiiML;  -^  trallb'  Mov- 
gbit  eorseined  tu  go  wiih  liim  ,  hul  v  as  niu'duud  bv 
the  way. 


\  '^ 


(1,  niul  hi^  hp;tlth  impairtxl 
n'  iiiiiii   itir  ImsiiusB,  and 

lllO  i-.Tt'S    Ol"   U'HT Mimi.Tlt. 

.NoM'irbcr.  10'^ I,  lull  ha 
a  incinl'Pr  of  iho  c  Jiincil, 
I'slorm  ol  lilt'  I'toiilt'. 
^tralioii.  iii.Tny  new  init'tf* 
iiiid  York  rivrrs.  iiikI  I.iu 
wives  ami  .-rrvams  tu'jt'Ln 
,  ami  to  liiko  I'liMsiuc  in 
iht'.  lU'i^K'rtiil  lo  proviilo 
to  LiriMl  roniitU'iirt'  in  tii»* 
Ihty  wliicli  llu'V  had  long 
the  Indians. 

IS    WYAT. 

VoirilU'v  ill  the  povemmeni 
iiili;in  oliU'ts— Mii'isaiTe  ciflhe 
.n^f  III  litivc  nunc  tit  uticmpted 
IrclaiKl. 

ev  rriincstn!  n  dismission 
■lit.  the  K.irt  of  Southinij)- 
iiipaiiy  Sir  Kiaiuns  Wvat, 
11  vi>iin^  ;;t'iitl('nmn  of  a 
,  on  .uTooiiI  of  his  cdm  .*• 
Lis  t'vrry  way  04ual  to  the 
losrn. 

|i>itiv  a  .«('t  of  ins(nicii:5ns, 
\  |urm.im'ii(  dirt'iMory  for 
f  the  i'oh)iiy.  In  llicso  it 
In  provi'It'  for  the  orrvico 
>nn  aiui  dtsoiphiio  o{  the 
inisttT  inslit'o  iu'fordm^  ^0 
it'cl  tilt'  iKiiivti*.  and  fuUi- 
liioalt^  tiinr  fliiMrrn;  ivvS 
aiiil  convtTsioii  ;  tot'iifou- 
.Mmnij,  inti'inpt'raiK'o,  and 
•  no  oitciifir  to  any  othor 
i.ulior  n.i  [inati's;  lo  ItiiiM 
L'orn,  \\nu\  a'ld  ^ilk  ;  lo 
[•iiiis,  mi'dual  dnij^s ;  and 
n  tlic  oxccssivf  planting  ol 

irriviU,  ((VtoluT,  UVil:  ho 

piit'hapun  and  Opi-chiuiru* 

\M\  a  <^t  iitlcinnn  of  note  in 

<d  to  t!it'   Indians,  to  con* 

ai'o  and  lrn'iid.«hip.     They 

I'lion  at  tilt'  arrival  of  ihd 

■  nna<:iiu>d  itiat  iirrouid 

of   rt  liuious  sfiisdul  ly 

nfnl  rhti'f  M>  far  iinposod 

[I'lith'inan,  as  to  pyrsnade 

iwn  ri'iiL'ion  to  hv  wroni^j; 

I'll  in   Mic  ("hiio«lian  dt)c- 

a  inorr  fricndlv  ant!  f.um- 

ih       lie  al^ocoiitiruu'd  a 

i.'uidt'  lo  >how  vhciii  .-i>iiio 

11  thfsr  pfflt'iiffs  seTYt-d 

I   hi'  had  loiii;  nit'dilaU'd, 

I'll'.OllV 

It'll  .-.nu'L'  tlic  niarria^io  ol 
iiiLihsh  inlo  (ici'unlv.  and 
plantations  aluti^  llii^ 
ht>  roiowioack,  m  tntiia- 
;tT,  Thi'ir  huu!*t's  wtTH 
v\ho  tu'caini'  ai'ipiainUsl 
iheir  hours  of  tMlinir.  of 
tlit-ir  linn!)  and  tt>ols,  and 
its,  for  liic  oi»nvt'iinMU'e  of 
H  ilii'  ri^trs  This  faini- 
iL'li>h,  a.t  il  indicated  ii 
i.td  Ix'on  always  rt'i'oin- 
'.iiiilaiid  to  tin  j..>..iU'r.-» ; 
ivnipiom  of  t!u'  ri\il>/.a- 
lalivt's  ;  hill,  hv  llifin,  or 
to  i-inu'oat  the  most  .san- 

ar.  (tfi'^:!)  b    opportinnlv 

of  fnrnti-liip.  nui  knidi*' 

Ainony  tilt'  naltw  ■; 

.ni.'h'«h,   was  a  tall,  Iwiui- 

U\    I'onraj,'!'  bihI  sue ;('■'■ 

of  tiTit'rv  in  dit'sn.     IIm 

;  hut    hy  llu-  Knjili^h  h' 

( 'onnnir  to  thii  st.  i-' 

d  srvfral  tovc  and  on-.i- 

iMr  to  ihi'  Indian  l.isl-'  , 

■IT'-   ihtiii   to    l\iinunk\, 

Kaii'.w       -  ualHi-     Mot- 

,  hilt  V  ati  itiu>duiid  b. 


niOOKAMIIKS    OF   THE    EARLY    DISCOVKKERS. 


tn  a  (vw  days,  Neniatanow  came  airain  to  the  store, 
with  Mor^jun's  oaji  on  hia  ht'ad  ;  and  hfiini  intrrro^atrd 
by  two  sunn  lads,  who  tiltrndcd  lliorc.  wliat  was  hfcoini- 
of  their  master,  ho  ansv.ert'd  thai  he  was  dead.  The 
bovs  sei/eii  luin,  and  eiidcavorrd  to  eiirrv  liiiii  hefore  ,\ 
niu^i?la;(i' ;  hut  his  violent  resistance,  and  the  insoU'nee 
of  his  (i:;^:^!!.^',  so  provoked  them,  iliai  thev  shot  hiiii. 
The  woniul    proved   niorlal ;  and  when  ilyiii;*.  lie  tar- 


corpsp  was  inan>;lcd  and  abused,  in  a  manner  too  shock- 
ini:  lo  he  relaiiMl. 

One  elli  el  of  tiiin  mnssaere  was  ihr  rnni  of  the  iron- 
works, at  rallini;  Creek,  where  the  deslruetion  was  ^o 
cori.p'.iie.  thai,  ol  twenly-toMf  eeople.  only  a  hoy  and 
u'irl  escaped  hv  h:din>:  tlniiiM  Ives,  'i'he  siipennU  ndaiil 
of  ihis  work  had  diseofeictl  :i  vein  of  hat',  ore.  whieh 
ht^  kept  to  himself ;  hu;  made  use  of  it.  to  .-ii[>ply  hiin- 


nest!y  requested  of  llie  hoys,  ihat  the  maniitr  of  his  self  and  !iis  friends  with  shot.  The  knowledL'c  of  lliii 
death  nneiii  he  concealed  from  his  eonntrvmen,  and  that  was  lost  hv  his  death  tor  many  years  It  was  aijain 
he  inif^hl  he  privately  buried  aniona  ihe  Kn^hsli.  found  hy   Colonel  lived,  and  d;iam  lost.     The   place 

As  soon  as  litis  transaction  was  known.  Upechanca-  ;  was  a  lliird  tune  found  hv  .lohn  Chiswell  ;  and  ihe  mine 
noiiiili  demaiiiled  satislaclion  ;  hut  henis^  answered  that  -  is  now.  or  has  heen  lalelv.  wroiiiitit  to  aiKanla^e. 
the  retaliation  was  just,  he  formed  a  plan  for  a  |,'eneral  ;  AiMtllier  consequence  of  this  fatal  event,  was  an  t>r- 
mass.iere  o\  the  Imil'IisIi,  and  appointed  Tridav,  tlie  '  der  of  the  o;overnnien'.  to  draw  lo;;ellier  the  remnant  of 
twenly-secitiu!  day  of  March,  lor  lis  execution  ;  hut  he  |  the  people  into  a  narrow  eotnpass  ( If  eighty  planta- 
dissemlded  his  resenlmenl  to  the  last  moment.  I'artiej  I  lions,  alt  were  ahandoncd  hut  six.  which  lay  coiitii,nions. 
of  Indi'ins  were  disirihuted  ihrouijh  the  colony,  to  ai- I  at  tliu  lower  part  of  James  ri\er  *  The  owners  or 
tack  every   plantaiion,  at  llie  same   hour  of  the  day.  j  overseers  of  three  or  four  oiliers  refused  lo  oht^v  tho 

order,  itiid  entrenchod  themselves,  mounting  cannon  for 


when  tlio  men  should  he  abroad  and  at  work.  <.hi  tli 
iveiimi;  hefore.  and  on  ihe  morniin^  of  that  fatal  day. 
the  Indians  came  as  nsual  lo  Ihe  houses  of  the  Kn^lish, 
hriiii,Miii|  j^.-'ue  and  lish  to  sell,  and  sat  down  with  them 
o)  Itfi'.ikla.'t.  So  1,'eneral  was  the  coiiibination.  and  ^o 
deep  Ihe  plot,  that  about  one  hour  hetore  noon,  lliey  fell 
on  the  people  in  liie  helds  and  houses  ;    and.  with  llieir 


iheir  defence.  1 

'I'iie  nevt  ellecl  was  a  ferocious  war.  The  Indians 
were  hunt)  d  like  beasts  o(  prey,  and  as  many  as  could 
he  found  were  destroyed  liut  as  they  were  very  expert 
III  hidiiij;  themselves  anil  escapiny  llie  pursuit,  the  Iln;;- 
hsh  reM)lvtd  to  ilissemble  with  theiu  in  iheir  own  w.i\ 
n  tools  and  wt'ajvons.  killed  indiserimnmiely.  per>oiis  '  To  tins  they  were  turlher  impelled  by  ihe  fear  of  fainnur 


ot  all  ai:es.  sexes  and  characters  ;  mlnimanly  niaii<ilmfj 
their  dead  bodies,  anil  triumphing  over  iheni,  wtih  all 
tliP  exprestiiniis  of  frantic  jov. 

\\  here  uiiv  re>i>iance  was  made  it  was  jjonerallv  suc- 
cesslul.  Se\'.Tal  houses  were  delended.  and  some  few 
of  the  assailanis  slam  One  of  Capt.un  Smitli'>  old 
bohiiers.  ,\<Mhaniel  (.'ausie,  thoii»;h  wounded,  spht  the 


As  seed-tiinc  came  on,  liolh  suits  ihou^'ht  it  necessary 
lo  relax  iheir  hostile  operations  and  attend  lo  the  busi- 
ness of  planliuj.'  Teace  w  is  then  ollered  bv  llu.'  Knj;- 
hsh,  and  acepicd  by  the  Iiuhans;  Iml  when  the  com 
be^mi  to  \iw\\,  the  llnuhsh  suiUlenlv  attackeil  l!ie  In- 
dians in  their  lields,  kilhd  many  of  iheni.  and  dotroy- 
ed  tlitir  corn.     The  suuimer  was  such  a  scene  of  con- 


eknll   ol   an   Iiuliau.  ami  put  his  whole  parly  to  :li^hl.  j  fusiou  that  a  snlliciency  o(  food  could  not  bo  obtained, 
Several  o:hci  parius  were  dispersed  by  the  llrniij  of  a  t  and  the  pt  ople  were  reduced  to  ;;re.il  sirail>. 
unij^le   i:un.  or  hy  ihe  presi  ntnig  of  a  gun,  even  m  the  I      The  nnrelentin<i  severitv  with  which  this  war  was 
hand  of  a  woman.  |  pro^eculi  d  by  the  \  iriiinians  ju'aiiist  llie  Indians,  trans- 

Jai.iestown  was  preserved  by  the  fidelity  of  Chanco,  j  miileil  mulnal  al  horrence  lo  ine  posterity  of  buiti ;  ami 
b  youiii;  Indian  co-nerl,  who  b\ed  with  Kichard  IVce,  '  pnvurcd  to  the  lormer  the  name  of  •■  the  loiij,-  knile." 
Hhd  w.L,  ire.ited  hy  h.m  as  a  son.  The  brother  of  tins  by  which  they  are  sliil  dislin;ju'.shed  in  the  huro^lvphir 
Indian  e.'.nie  to  he  wifli  him,  the  nichl  heftue  the  mas-  t  laiiBiiaije  of  ihe  natives, 

Bflcre,  and  revealed  lo  hiiu  itie  pK'i.  nr^mf,'  luni  to  kill  !  TliouL'h  a  iieneral  permission  of  resider.ce  had  been 
Lis  master,  as  he  mtiiuled  lo  do  by  lus  t)wii.  As  soon  ■  «:iven  hy  I'owliaian.  and  his  successors,  lo  ihe  coUv 
us  he  was  i:one  in  ilie  mornnii:,  CImnco  jjave  nonce  of  nists  ;  yel  they  raiher  alVected  to  consider  the  country 
what  was  miended.  to  ins  master;  who.  havmn  second  '  as  acquired  bv  discovery  or  conquest  ;  and  both  these 
his  own  hou>e.  L'ave  the  alarm  lo  his  neij-hhor-s  and  sent  uleas  were  much  favored  bv  the  Kuviiish  cour:  :  The 
nn  express  to  .hmiestown.  eivili/ation  o(  the  natives  wa?.  a  verv  desirable  object  ; 

i'hiee  huiuh-ed  and  forty-nine  people*  fell  at  tins  but  those  who  knew  them  best,  ihou^-bl  that  thev  could 
m..  -il  inasvicre;  of  which  iiumher.  su  were  members  ,  not  be  civilized  till  they  were  fir>l  subdued, 'or  nil 
Of  tin    council.     None  oi   these  were  more  hunenltd  I  tiieir  jiriests  were  destroyed 

It  IS  certain  tiiat  manv  pious  and  charitable  persons 


llian  Mr  (ieoriie  Thorpe  This  penlleman  was  one  of 
tliP  best  friends  of  (he  Indians,  and  had  been  earnolK 
concerned  in  the  business  of  ins:ruct;iij,' and  e\an«:e- 
li/ins:  ihcm  He  had  letl  a  handMnno  estate,  aiuraii 
honorable  employinenl  m  Kimland.  and  was  ujipointed 


in  Knj;land  were  very  warmly  inieiesied  m  iheir  con 
ver.sioii.  Money  and  books,  church  plate  and  olhi-r 
furniture  were  liberally  contributed.     A  eoUege  was  in 

.  ,,- -a  fair  way  of  beu'i:  founded  ;   to  the  siqiport  of  which 

Chiet  manager  t)l  a  plantation  and  a  seminary,  designed  lamU  were  aiiprojirialed  and  brought  into  a  stateof  cul- 
forlhe  maintenance  and  education  ol  vouni-  Indians,  in  ■  tivalion.  Some  few  instances  of  the  mlluence  of 
Vir^nua  He  had  luen  remarkably  kiiul  and  f;enero.is  '  pel  principles  on  the  s.iyai:e  mind,  parti 
lotliem:  and  n  wa- l>y  bis  exertiun,  liial  the  house  was  honlas  and  Clianeo.  eave  san;:iiine  1; 
buili  Ml  which  llpe-hancanmi;.!,  look  so  nnicli  pleasure,  and  even  tiie  mass.icre  did  no[''abale  tin"  ardor  of  thai 
Jusi  hel.-re  his  death,  he  was  vNarned  of  his  dani;er.  bv  hope,  m  the  nnnd.*  oi  those  wlio  had  mduh'ed  it.  The 
one  ol  hi^  s,T\ants.  who  nnmeilMlelv  made  his  escape  ;  I  experience  of  almosl  two  centuries  has  not  exltmnnsh- 
but  Mr  Ihorpe  wmild  not  believe  ihal  ihcy  mlcmled  '  ed  it;  and.  iatwever  d 
hiin  any  harm,  and  thus  fell  a  viciim  to  their  lurv-     llui  I  for  ihc 


os- 

uKirly  I'oca- 

U)pe  of  suceess 


,  from  Taj*- 


*  Till'  nenilMT  sl.tiii  nl  the  several  iilantalii'ns 
taiii  SiMiili's  hiM.TV.  p.  Hit. 

Al  Ca!>tani  J«liii  Hnklev's plarUatKin,  st>ated  nl  tUe  FaUiiiff 
t  reck,  MVty-six  nules  hoiii  Jume-*citv.  Imuselt' iUKl  Iweiiiv- 
one  iiihers  :  at  Mifiler  Tlunnas  Slu-rlieUl's  i.|;uiuti.>n  iline 
iniie.-'nem  Ihe  Kallim;  Creek,  hnnsoit  niul  twelve  ethers-  at 
Ileiiruo  Ulniuls.  tun  nnlejt  Iroin  Slir!litKl\  phiutalion  mi  ■ 
flaiiiot  the  collo^e  |>e..[.le,  Hveiitv  mile.-i  inun  Ilenruo,  -se* 
vorileen;  al  Cuurles  e;:> ,  an.l  ..iCtpUiui  Stnith'.<  nu-ii,  Tn  e ' 
kt  tlie  neit  a  h>>iniiiK  planljtti.in,  pu-ht ;  »t  Wiihu^i  Kaiat's 
hoiix'.  ten  ;  nl  Hncklev  llnmhetl.  ^iM^  ;i;.,t-!,  ii..:ii  I'hiirle* 
ciiy.  Ma>ter  Ceorue  Ttinn'.  :i,iii  ten  more;  al  Wcsuuer  ii 
mite  from  Htnk!.  v.  two  ;  iii  \U»\vt  John  We^f.i  nl.iiu.r  i*.n 
two;  ;ii  r.ii.tain  Nathaniel  \Ve»i*s  plantati.»n,  iwo;  al  llu 

lirtl    Ott,'(i*s    house,    hmmelf  .ind  six   inure :    at    I 'futtniiii         «  ,ti 

•J.hi.'s  i.iautati.m.  iwclve  ;  al  Mailer  Ow7t>  NUcVr'^    .  .*     '        T'*^  "'*  P'="»»»""»*  'V  **''"''  **'^  R»venm,ent  or^lortsl  Ihe 
heuM-l/  ;,ni  ihr..,.  Hi..rp;  at  MarimN  ll.mUr..'l.?.,  ..'!!!!*  :    ^-''^tMo  retire,  vvere.^SI„rlev  Mnn.liv.i,  Fh.weula  Ilumlred. 


irai^int;  ihe  prosp»ct,  it  is  besl 
cause  of  virtue  thai  it  never  should  be  abandon- 
I  ed.  There  may  be  some  fruit,  wiueli  thouL'h  not  splen- 
.  did  nor  extensive,  yt  t  may  correspond  with  the  ye.iuis 
i  of  a  reliL'ion,  which  is  compared  by  Us  author,  to 
;  "leaven  hid  m  the  meal  '*  The  power  of  cvanijeheal 
irulh  on  llie  human  nmul,  inu.-*i  not  be  consuIer"d  as 
,  void  ol  reahiy.  because  not  expo.Ti!  ',o  put'iic  ohscrva- 
I  lion 

I  When  llie  news  of  ihe  massacre  was  carried  lo  Kn^j- 
I  land,  ihe  governor  and  colony  were  consub-rt  J  as  sub- 
jects of  blame,  liy  tho^e  \t  rv  persons  who  lud  aiwavs 
enjoined  them    lo    treat    the    Indians    with    imhlncNS 


at  MarimN  lluti.lre.l. 
ti'-m  James  cilv,  ftoventv-lhree  ;  at  anotluT  elu 
l-Mnat.l  H-mit'tt  plantaiiiMi,  littv;  at  Master  WaierVium 
liimM>:f  iin.l  tour   inme  ;    at   .\|*-tMntiiek's   nver.    at  M.i 
*  I'l.miRtioii.ti '  ■   '       ■'    ■■    ■ 


I  riuii»e,     ,y 

n  miit!(    Jiinn"»Iow II.  r.-otjnlm,  Ki.ntot;in,  Souili.^im.i.in 

t  Tho- '■•  - '  -      '       -' 


persons  who  reiusea  to  itlwy  ihe  order,  wrro  Mr. 

_  K.lwa'..!  Hi;;,  al  KluaU'lh  cilv  ;  Mr.  Samuel  Jonlan,  at  Ji>r- 

"^f' :  .lan's   Point;  Mr.   Danul  U.uikin,  ni    New|vrl   News;  Mrs 


N.. 

rirt'd 

He'uv  S;,ilii.uiiS  h. 

la  NUst»r  Thom*j>  I 


<•,  twi';  mKn*;i;n  Sji 
■>  h.ui«if,lT  M 


fiMiiU  on  nirthrr  !«eireh.  Tin 
has  hi  eii  ac-piire,!  altofieilifr  bjr 


Mvi  four  men*.    The  »  hole  nuinter,  Uuve  hiiiir^Md  furtJ     P""''=^^'*  '"«^*'  '"  »  >''.  '""*»  uiu  xcppUoimhte  hum  "  A  mom 
nliu\  *  nunurwiana  furl),    partuuhir  aecomU  ol  Hip  ewiiesi  pmchMi*  i«  drMraMe,  ape- 

1 0f'.^i\%  tUe  datt'i  the  estcnl  arU  the  com^naation. 


87 

However,  ships  wero  dpspatched  with  a  supply  of  pn>' 
visions,  to  winch  thp  corporation  of  London  as  well  m 
several  persons  of  fortune  lartjeiy  eonirduiled.  The 
kinij  It  nl  them  twenty  barreU  ol  po\\der.  ."^r.d  a  quanlilv 
of  itiustrrn  ftil'U  arms  from  the  teofr,  and  pifniisei 
to  levy  four  hundred  soldIt■r.^.  m  llu'  several  connties  o( 
Kn^land.  for  their  proteciuui  .  but  lhoui.'h  treqmnity  M- 
heiieil  by  ilie  compaiiv  m  Kn^laiul.  anil  tne  colony  ! 
Viri>inia,  in-  never  could  be  induced  lo  fulltl  this  promiso 
The  cal.  mities  whieh  had  befallen  the  colony,  ani. 
the  di>>e...-'ions  which  h.id  agitated  the  eompany,  be- 
came such  li>pics  of  complaint,  and  were  so  represented 
(o  the  km;;  and  his  jirivv  council,  that  a  eominission 
was  issued,  under  the  |;re at  seal,  lo  Sir  Willum  ^  a, 
S;r  Nicliolas  rortescue.  Sir  I'rancis  (loflon.  Sir  Kich- 
ard Siiiton.  Sir  William  I'ltt.  Sir  Henry  llouehier.  and 
Sir  Henry  Sjubnan.  or  anv  four  ot  ihein.  lo  niqniro 
intt>  all  matters  rpspeciing  Vir-inia,  from  llie  begmmiig 
of  Its  setllement. 

To  enable  them  lo  carry  on  this  inquiry,  all  the 
books  aiitl  papers  of  the  eoinp.my  wi  le  onlereii  into  the 
cu. 'tody  of  tlic  comuus>auu  rs  ;  iheir  di  [luty-lreasuior 
was  arrested  and  conhned  ;  and  all  lelters  which  should 
arrive  from  the  colony,  were,  by  the  kitiij's  eoinmand, 
to  be  intercepted.  Tins  was  a  very  discouraijnio  intro- 
duction lo  the  business,  and  plainly  sho,vt-d  not  only 
the  arbitrary  disposition  of  the  kny ;  but  ihe  lu.ii 
which  wouM  be  ^'iven  to  ihe  inquiry.  On  the  arrival 
of  a  ship  from  Virijiuia.  her  packets  werp  seized,  and 
laiil  before  the  privv  council. 

The  transactions  of  litese  commissioners  were  alwaya 
kept  concealed  ;  but  the  result  of  them  was  made 
known  by  an  order  of  Council,  ((Vtobtr.  \Ci'i-i)  which 
set  lorth.  "Th.il  his  maje-*ty  bavmi:  taken  into  hi'* 
princely  cou'^idcralion  the  di>tressrd  state  of  \'iri^ima, 
occasionttl  by  the  ill  oov  eminent  of  the  company,  had 
resolved  by  anew  charter.  loap|Oint  a  jiovernor  and 
Iwelve  assistants  to  reside  in  lhi<il.md  ;  and  a  j;over- 
11'-.  with,  twelve  a>si»lanls  to  ft  ^idc  m  N'lr^'ima  ;  tho 
former  to  be  immmated  by  his  majesty  in  council  ;  ih-i 
latter  to  be  nomin.ileil  bv  the  L'overnor  atul  u.xsislanta 
in  KnL'Iand.  and  to  he  approved  by  the  kiin;  m  council ', 
and  that  all  proceedni^is  should  be  subject  to  the  royal 
direction  "  The  company  was  ordered  lo  assen:o|e  anj 
resolve  whether  they  would  submit,  atid  resi^'n  their 
charter  ;  and  in  default  of  such  submission.  Ihe  king 
sininlied  hi>  delermmalion  to  proi-eed  for  reealhnj;  their 
charter,  in  such  manner  as  lo  liim  should  seem  nipet. 

This  arbitrary  mandate  so  astonished  the  company, 
that  when  they  met.  it  was  read  over  three  times,  as  il 
ihey  had  di>lrusted  their  own  ears.  Then  a  long 
silence  pusucil  ;  and  when  tht>  (p:estion  was  called  for, 
twenty  six  only  voted  for  a  surrender,  and  one  hundred 
and  twelve  dechiretl  ao.iinsl  il. 

These  pnu'eediiiiis  ^.wv  such  an  alarm  to  all  wIk> 
were  concerned  in  the  planlatum  or  trade  ol  the  colony, 
that  some  ships  which  were  preitarmj;  lo  rt.ol  were  slop 
ped  ;  but  the  koi;:  ordcrid  tliein  to  procted  ;  declaring 
that  tiie  ehaiijie  ot  ^'overameiil  would  injure  no  nun'e 
jiroperty.  At  the  same  tiiiio  he  lhoui:hl  ii  proper  to 
appoint  eoinmisMoners  to  ^o   to  \'iri;mia.  and  inuuir* 

I  into  the  stale  of  the   colony.     These   were  Sir  Johli 

;  Harvey,  afterwards  ^.'overnor.  John  Porv,  who  had  been 
sicrctaiy,  Abraham  I'erey.  .Sinuiel  Matliiews.  and  John 
JetVerson.  The  suhjccls  of  llieir  mquirv  were  "  How 
many  planlalions  there  lu'  ;  winch  of  them  be  tuiblic 
and  winch  private  ;  what  (leople.  men.  women  and  chil- 
dren, there  be  in  each  plantation  ;  what  lortitiealions,  or 

I  wliat  place  is  besl  to  be  fortno  d  ;  what  hou>es  and  how 

:  iuanv  ;  vvhat  calile,  arms,  ammunition  ami  ordnance  ; 

I  whal  boats  and  bir^'es  ;  what  bridu'es  aiwl  puhbc  worka  ; 

'  how  the  cohmy  :;landelh  in  re>pecl  of  the  sava^jea  ;  what 
hopes  may  be  truly  eonceive^l  of  the  planla'ion  and  ill* 
means  toattnm  these  hopes  "  Tin-  pivernor  and  coun 
cil  oi  Vir^imi  were  ordered  to  atlonl  itieirUst  assiat- 
ame  to   the    coimnisMoners  ;    but    nc    copy    oi   their 

;  llistruelions  was  delivered  to  thein. 

After  the  d*  parturc  of  the  tv.ininisf>ioiierB,  a  wr.t  of 

I  Quo  Wurtunto  was  issued  by  tlie  court  of  Knii^'s  Hencb 

I  ujianist  the  company  (November  10.  UVj:l>  mid  ii|K>n 
the  represenla;u)n  of  the  attorney-j.»eueral  that  no  do- 
tencf  coidd  be  made  hy  ihe  company  witlioul  their  bt^aka 
and  th^ir  deputy  treasurer,  the  latter  was  lilierated  and 
the  hmner  were  reslortd.  'I'he  re  ilebvery  of  lliem  to 
the  privv  council  was  protracted,  till  the  clerka  of  liio 

company  had  taken  copies  of  thetn  • 

•  Theip  copies  were  <k|H)siinil  In  *he  haiidi  of  the  Earl  rf 
Sonihnmploii.  antl  nt^er  his  ilpath.  winch  b^pix^iu  J  in  Ifi94, 
.lesci'ntle.l  lo  his  son.  Atler  h"*.n-.ith  mltwr.  thrv  wi  le  mi''. 
rhasMuf  Ins  rxeeutom  lor  sixtv  «i.nir:is,  hv  r.«l  Hvnl,  e( 
Vir((niiiv,  then  m  Knslxml.  Frnm  ihrsr  r,.piai,  an<l  tt>im  Ihfl 
I  rfctirds  of  thr  rolonv,  Mr.  Stith  rompilfd  the  lliitor  oi  Vl^ 
I  giiuii,  which  ektcnJt  no  riulhrrlhau  tlia  yvu  lOM 


I  f 


J  n  - 


83 


In  the  beginning  of  1624  the  conunissionors  arrived 
in  Virginia,  ami  ailctuT.tl  Assembly  was  called,  not  at 
Ihoir  rf'iiiesl ;  lor  tlicy  ke[)t  all  llieir  dc.-igns  as  set-ret 
a«  {tosMlile.  iiiit  iioiwitlistanding  all  the  precautions 
which  had  been  taken,  to  prevent  the  colony  from  gel- 
ting  any  knowledge  of  liic  proceednigs  in  Kuglaiid, 
they  wi-re  by  tliin  time,  well  inlornicd  of  the  whole,  and 
hud  co|iies  of  several  paperii  which  liad  been  exhibited 
agiiiist  liit-rn. 

The  A^senibly./vhich  met  on  the  Mth  of  l''ebruary 
drew  lip  .iiiswers  to  what  had  been  allege!,  in  a  spirited 
and  masterly  style  ;  and  appointed  John  Porciitis,  one 
of  ilio  council,  to  uo  to  Miigland  as  their  agent,  to  soli- 
cit the  cause  of  tlic  culoiiv-  'I'liid  gentleman  unbajrpity 
died  on  hi!>  passage  ;  but  their  petition  to  the  king  and 
Uieir  address  to  llio  privy  council  were  delivered, 
which  they  requested  that  in  ease  of  a  ehangi?  of  the 
(government  they  might  not  again  fall  into  the  power  of 
Sir  Tlioiiuis  Sinith,  ur  Ins  conlidants ;  that  the  gover 
nors  sent  over  \o  Ik  m  miiiht  not  have  libsolutc  avillio- 
ritv,  but  be  reslr.iined  to  uci  !>v  advice  of  council  ;  and 
above  idl.  lliat  tliey  miglil  '•  have  the  liberty  of  iieiieral 
Assenibiies.  than  wliich  nniliiug  could  more  conduce  to 
the  pu)>itc  vaiisfdction  and  utility.'*  Tliey  com|iIaincd 
that  the  short  continuance  of  their  governors  had  heei; 
very  disadviintiigeoua.  "  'I'lie  first  year  they  wt  re  r.iw 
and  inexperienced,  and  generally  in  ill  health,  througli  a 
change  of  chmato.  The  secoiul,  lliey  begun  to  under- 
stand somelliing  of  the  alV.iirii  of  the  colony  ;  and  the 
third,  they  were  prepariiii;  to  return.'' 

'i'o  the  honor  ofiJovcrnor  W'yat,  it  is  observed,  that 
he  wiMi  very  active,  and  joined  most  cordially  in  prepar- 
ing these  petitions;  and  was  very  far  from  desiring 
absolute  and  inordinate  power,  either  in  himself  or  in 
future  governors. 

Tlie  Asicmhlv  was  very  unanimous  in  their  proceed- 
ings, and  intended,  likft  tlie  commissions,  to  keep 
them  secret,  llut  Pory.  who  hud  long  been  versed 
the  arts  of  corruption,  fuiind  means  to  obtain  copies  of 
h11  their  acts.  Milward  .Sharpies,  cli^k  of  the  council, 
was  afterwards  convicted  of  bribery  and  breach  of  trust, 
(or  which  he  was  sentenced  to  the  pillory,  and  lost  one 
of  his  rar». 

'J"he  comiaissioncrs,  linditii:  that  things  wore  going  in 
the  Assembly  conlmry  to  their  wishes,  resolved  to  open 
some  of  tiicir  powers  with  a  view  to  intimidate  them  ; 
und  then  endeavored  to  draw  them  into  an  explicit  sub- 
mission to  the  revocation  of  their  charter.  JJiit  the 
Assembly  had  tiie  wisdom  and  tirmness  to  evade  the 
J)ropo^a!.by  reijuestinir  to  see  the  whole  extent  of  their 
commission.  'I"his  heing  denied,  ihey  answered,  that 
when  the  surretuler  of  tiicir  charter  should  be  demanded 
by  authority,  it  would  he  time  eiioui;li  to  make  a  reply. 

The  laws  enacted  by  tliis  Assemnly  are  the  oldest 
which  are  to  be  found  in  tlie  records  of  the  colony. 
They  contain  many  wise  a?id  good  provisions.  One  of 
them  is  etiuivaleiit  to  a  It. II  i>/  liiirht.t,  detining  llie 
powers  of  the  (uivernnr.  Council,  and  Assembly;  and 
the  privileges  of  the  people,  witli  regard  to  (axes,  bur- 
dens and  personal  services.*  Tlio  twenty-second  of 
March,  the  day  of  the  massacre,  was  ordered  lo  be 
aoItMunized  as  a  day  of  devotion. 

Whilst  lli"s<'  thioiis  w(  re  doing  in  the  colonv,  its 
encmie*  in  Kngland  were  cndeiivoring,  by  means  of 
some  persons  who  had  returned  from  Virginia,  lo  injure 
the  cliaracler  of  tlie  novernor  ;  but  he  was  sullicieuilv 
vindicated,  by  the  tL^-tiinony  of  other  persons,  who  a.s- 
acrted.  on  their  ov\n  kiioi.\le<lL.'t'.  the  uprightness  of  liis 
procecdiii<rii,  and  det  lared  upon  their  honor  ai.d  con- 
fcienccj  that  tljcy  esteemed  lum  )ust  and  sincere,  free 
from  all  corruj.iion  and  private  views.  As  he  liad  re- 
quested leave  to  (juil  lln-  i;overnnient  at  the  expiration 
of  bis  commission,  the  coin])any  took  uj)  thn  matter; 
ami  when  Sir  Sarnuel  Arual  was  nominated  as  a  candi- 
date in  competition  with  him,  there  appeared  but  right 
votes  iu  his  favor,  and  iixty-niiia  for  the  continuance 
of  Wyat. 

The  Parhament  assembled  in  February,  1021,  and 
tlw  company  finding  themwlvca  loo  weak  to  resist  the 
cncroaihments  of  a  prince,  who  had  eii;;rossrd  almost 
the  whoL-!  power  of  the  State,  apitlied  '.o  the  House  of 
Commons  for  proleciion.  The  king  was  highly  of- 
fended at  this  attempt,  and  sent  a  prohihitory  letter  to  iho 

*  At  titik  tiiii*'  »t*irn  wern  scarce  r.tid  much  in  reijueKf, 
aod  It  was  <  :'ii.if't.>ii  t'>*  ,1  wumaiitu  Lutuic^t  hcrscil  with 
Ji.ote  ihiii  QiiL*  niku  at  a  lime;  by  witicti  incani  final  unuajsi- 
f^OM,  arose  leUveeri  private  pcrsiuis.aiui  much  lroul>l6  to  tho 
Foveriunont.  It  was  tlu'rofrirn  ordiTcil,  "  That  eiery  niimi- 
.t"i  should  ifivo  notice  in  li'.s.cliurcti.ttiat  wliat  mwi  ur  wo> 
iit.tn  su^ivcr  ^houul  use  any  ><.>ril  ur  speech,  leiuUux  tu  « 
runtiact  nf  iriarriago  la  two  Ke.vcrit.  pertions  iii  om-  tiuie*  al- 
thou^li  not  (irpciYP  and  IrK^li  sliuuM  either  uiuturKo  tMrpo- 
r»ii>  pUMisluniT.t,  urnay  a  fine,  ucoriima  to  tU«  (luahty  w  Um 
«Ander  "M^lith.  S8B  i 


AMERICAN    HISTORV. 


speaker,  which  was  no  sooner  read,  than  the  conipa- ] 
nv'a  petition  was  ordered  to  be  withdrawn. 

However  singular  tins  inteiUrence  on  the  one  hand, 
and  compliance  on  llie  oilier  may  now  appear,  it  was 
Usual  at  that  time  for  the  king  to  impose  his  mandates, 
and  for  the  Connnons,  who  knew  not  the  e.ttet.l  of 
their  own  rij'hts,  to  otiey  ;  thonf^h  not  without  the  ai.; 
madversioMs  of  the  most  intelligent  and  zealous  mem- 
bers. The  royal  prerogative  was  held  inviolably  sa- 
cred, till  the  indiscretions  of  a  subscpient  reign  reduced 
it  to  an  ohject  of  contemjit.  In  this  instance,  tliu 
Commons,  however  passive  m  iheir  submission  to  the 
crown,  yet  showed  their  regard  to  the  interest  of  the 
complainants  as  well  as  of  llie  nation,  by  petitioning  iho 
king  that  no  tobacco  should  be  imported,  but  of  tlio 
growth  of  the  colonies.  To  this  James  consented,  und 
ft  proclamation  was  issued  accordingly. 

The  commissioners,  on  their  return  from  Virginia, 
reported  to  the  king,  "  that  the  people  sent  to  inhabit 
there  were  most  of  them,  by  sickness,  faminn  and  mas- 
sacre of  ihc  .savages,  dead  ;  thai  those  who  were  liv- 
itiLT  were  in  necessity  and  want,  and  in  continual  danger 
from  the  savages  ;  but  that  the  country  itself  appeared 
to  be  fruitful,  and  to  lliose  who  had  resided  there 
some  lime,  healthy  ;  ihal  if  industry  were  used,  it 
would  produce  duers  staple  commodities,  tlioui:!!  for 
sixteen  years  past,  it  liad  vielded  few  or  none  ;  that  this 
neiileet  must  fall  on  the  governors  and  cunip;i'iy,  who 
had  power  to  direct  tlie  plantations  ;  that  the  said  [daii- 
tations  were  of  great  iinporiaiicc,  and  would  remain  a 
lastinu  monument  to  posterity  of  his  i;iaje-^ty's  most 
gracious  and  liappv  ituvi'rmuoni.  if  the  same  were  pro>e- 
culed  to  tiiosucnds  for  which  they  v.  ere  first  Uh;lenaken; 
that  if  the  piovis.oiis  and  inslni-.-tions  of  the  fir^t  char- 
ter (UltUi)  had  been  pursued,  much  better  etVcct  had 
been  [iroduced  than  by  the  alteration  thirenf  into  so 
ptipulav  a  course,  and  among  so  nuny  hands  a.t  il  then 
was,  which  caused  much  confusion  and  ^.ontention." 

On  this  report,  ilir  kini;.  by  a  pnn-lamaiion.  (.bdy 
1."))  .-^uppn  ssed  the  meetings  of  tiie  company  ;  and.  till 
a  more  pcrfecl  sculement  could  he  m,ide,  orJcreii  a 
|>rivy  council  to  sit  every  Thursday,  at  tho  house  of  Sir 
'I'liomas  .Smith  for  conducling  the  atfairs  of  the  colony. 
Soon  after,  viz,  in  Trinity  term,  the  Quo  Wannnto 
was  hrouu'lit  to  trial,  m  the  courl  of  kniLi's  Ivricli  ; 
pidgmeiit  was  brought  against  tne  company,  anu  the 
charter  was  vacated. 

This  was  tlie  end  of  the  Virginia  Company,  one  of 
the  most  luiltlic  spirited  societies  which  had  ever  been 
enirai;ed  in  such  an  underlakn  \i.  Mr.  Stith,  who  h  id 
searched  all  tlieir  records  and  papers,  concludes  his 
Instory  by  observing  that  tliey  were  "geiHletiien  of 
very  nohle.  clear,  and  disinterested  views,  wiltuii:  to 
spend  much  of  tiieir  time  and  money,  and  did  actually 
expend  more  tlian  100,000/.  of  their  own  fortunes, 
wiiliout  any  pro.^peci  of  present  ga.n  or  relrihulion,  iu 
advancing  an  enterprise  which  they  conceived  to  be  of 
very  gnat  conseiiueui'C  to  their  country." 

No  sooner  was  the  company  dissolved,  than  James 
issued  a  new  eonimission  (.\ui.'usi  2(1;  for  the  irovern- 
meiit  of  the  colony,  lii  it.  tin:  history  of  the  plantation 
was  liricliy  recitt  .1,  Sir  Fianci.i  Wyat  was  co!Hinued 
governor,  with  eleten  assistants  or  counsellors,  Francis 
\Vest,  ,Sir  (leoriio  Veardlev,  (leoriju  Sandys,  Ito^i  i 
Smith.  Halpli  Hamor,  wiui  litd  been  of  the  forim  r 
council,  with  the  adililion  of  John  .Martin.  .lohn  llai- 
v<  v,  Samuel  Matthews.  Aluaham  Teicy,  I.saac  Madi- 
son, and  William  < 'lav  borne,  'I'he  <.'overiior  and  coui- 
cil  were  appou'M-d  duniii;  the  kind's  pleasure,  with 
auihority  to  rule  the  ciilony,  and  pimi--h  odi'iiders.  as 
fully  a?  any  j,'oveinor  and  council  inii»lit  have  done. 
\o  asseiiiitly  w.is  mentioned  or  allowed,  liecanse  the 
king  supposed,  agreeable  to  the  report  of  the  commis- 
sioners, that  "so  populir  a  course"*  was  one  cause  of 
the  late  calamities  ;  and  he  lutttd  the  exislenee  of  such 
a  body  withm  any  part  of  his  dominions,  especially 
when  they  were  disposed  to  inquire  into  their  own 
rii»hts,  and  redress  the  »>rieyances  of  the  people. 

v\fter  the  deatli  of  .lames,  which  happened  on  the 
7th  of  March,  'ti'J.'i,  ins  son  and  successor,  riiarlct. 
issued  a  proclamation,  expressing  ins  resolutioii,  that 
the  colony  and  government  of  Virginia  should  depemi 
immediately  o\\  himself,  without  ihe  intervention  of 
any  commercial  company.  He  also  followetl  the  ex- 
ample of  iiift  tatht  r,  m  niakina  no  meniion  of  a  repre- 
sentative aaacmbly,  iu  any  of  bis  aubsequcnt  cornmis- 
si*)na. 

(iovernor  Wyat,  on  tho  death  of  bin  father.  Si 
(inorge  Wyat,  liaving  returned  to  Ireland,  the  govern- 
ment of  Viriiinia  bdl  again  into  the  hands  of.'*  r  liror  je 
Veardley.  Hut,  his  death  iiappeumg  wilhUi  tlie  year 
lUSti,  iie  yi^  mieeeeUeU  by  ttu  John  Harvo^ 


nARTIIOLOMEW    OOSXOI.D*    MAUTIN    I'RINd,    BAR* 
TIIOl.OMF-W  GIMIKHT,  CKOIIOE  WKV.MOl'TII 

lUnTiioLoMEw  GosMu.ti— HiH  voyauc  In  Viiiiinia— liiscovcn 
(.'ape  Coit— Ilifi  unii\ic\v  and  trailic  wiili  tlin  ll.|Ilve.^ — 
SaiU  for  Kiiuland— Acri>mpaiii>'s  Jo^m  Smuh  (j  V.r>?mia— 
Ills  iieath— Martin  I'rino— Sails  tiir  Nnrlli  Virt,*'iaa-  i)i^- 
covers  Fox  Isli.iids— KliliTs  .Massachusvlis  t  ay  ■  In'trvuvT 
with  lh(!  nativi's  —  liilurns  to  Kru  land— Ills  st'cnml  Voyat;!- 
— Haktuulomhw  {;ii,nf.HT— His  voya;;o  U)  Viryinia— fie  '..s 
kilit-d  liyihe  iiaiives—CEomiK  WkYMouiit— Sajis  for  Amo- 
rica— Discovers  (iritn;r"s  l.-hiiids  und  reiiiecost  llartwr  •• 
Kidnaps  boiiie  oi'  ttic  natives. 

The  voyages  made  to  America,  by  these  navigators, 
in  (he  beginning  of  the  sevenieenth  century,  may  bo 
considered  as  the  leading  steps  to  tlie  colom/.ntion  of 
New  Kngland.  K.xcepting  tho  fishery  at  Newfound- 
land, the  Kurojieans  were  at  that  time  in  actual  posses- 
sion of  no  part  of  North  America  ;  thoigh  the  Knolish 
claimed  a  right  to  the  whole,  by  virtue  of  prior  dis- 
covery. The  attempts  which  Ualei^ih  had  made,  to 
colonize  the  southern  part  of  the  territory,  callei'  Vir- 
^dnia,  had  failed  ;  but  he  and  his  ussociales  enjoyed  an 
exclusive  patent  from  tli?  Crown  of  Ktiglaml.  for  the 
whole  coast ;  and  these  adventurers  olilamed  a  license, 
under  tliis  authority,  to  make  their  voyages  and  settle- 
ments. 

)3abtii  tf  OosNot-D  was  an  active,  intrepid, 

and  expei  .d  mariner,  in  the  west  of  Kuiihind.  lie 
had  sailed  i  one  of  the  ships  employed  iiy  J^aleigli.  to 
Virginia;  niid  was  convinced  that  there  must  be  a 
shor.er  and  safer  way,  ac^o:^s  tlio  .\tlaritic,  than  the 
usual  route,  by  the  Can.iries  and  the  West  India  Is- 
lands. At  whose  expense  lie  undertook  !iis  vova"e  to 
the  ntxthcrn  part  of  N'lrt'mia.  does  i.oi  appear;  but 
that  il  was  with  the  approhation  of  Sir  Waller  Ualcigli 
and  his  a.ssociates,  is  evident  from  an  account  of  the 
vovaoe  whi'-h  was  presented  to  him. 

On  the  '^Oih  of  .March.  UiO*2.  Cosnold  sailed  from 
Fabnnuth.  in  a  small  bark,  the  tonnage  of  winch  is  not 
mentioned,  carryiiiu  liurtv-tvvo  persons,  of  whom  ci;:ht 
were  mariners  f  T!ie  tlesign  of  the  \ovago  was  to  iiitd 
a  direct  and  short  course  to  Viri.'ima  ;  and.  upon  the 
discoviry  of  a  jiroper  seat  for  a  jilantalion,  twelve  of  the 
company  were  to  return  to  Kn^laud,  and  twenty  to  re- 
main 111  America;  liU  further  assistance  and  suppheti 
could  lie  sent  lo  them. 

Thi  lormer  part  of  this  design  was  accomplished,  as 
far  as  the  wimls  ami  other  circumstances  would  permit. 
'I'hey  went  no  f.u'ther  southward,  than  the  :l7th  degree 
of  latitude,  within  s.uhi  of  St  Mary,  cue  o\  tiie  West  en) 
Inlands.  In  the  -Uiil  decree  tliev  appro.iched  the  con- 
tiiient  of  .\merica,  wluch  they  first  discovered  on  ti'i" 
Mth  of  May,  after  a  pa^saoc  of  seven  weeks.  Tht» 
wt'akncss  ol  their  bark,  and  iheir  louoraiice  of  the  route, 
i.iade  ti.eiii  carry  but  little  ^all  ;  or  ihey  might  have 
arrived  suine  davs  sooner  Tlu'V  judjU'd  that  they  had 
shiirteued  the  <iistance  .^OO  leagues. 

Jt  IS  not  easy  to  deterimne,  from  the  journ.il,  what 
part  of  the  coast  tiiev  first  saw.  Ohiinixon  says  it 
was  the  north  side  of  M.issacbiisetts  IJ.iy.  'I'he  de- 
senplion  iu  the  journal  does,  iu  somi'  respects,  aiiree 
w;tli  the  coast,  extending  from  t'ape  Ann  to  Marhle- 
head,  or  to  the  roekv  pomt  of  Nahant. 

Krom  a  roek,  whicii  they  c.ilhil  .S'./mgr  Hmk,  a 
shallop  (i|  lluropean  fabric  came  oil  to  them;  in  vvliuh 
were  ei^jht  savages  ;  uvo  ;>r  three  oi  whom  were  dressed 
in  IjittPiiean  hal-its.  I'rom  iliese  cin-umstance.*.  they 
coiH-luded  thai  some  tishin^  vessel  of  Miseay  had  been 
there,  and  th.it  the  erew  were  destroyed  hv  the  natives. 
These  people,  by  stons,  mvited  them  tosiav,  but  "the 
h.irlior  beirii;  naiigbt,  ami  doubling  the  wc.ither,"  ihey 
did  not  ihiiik  jiroper  (o  acceot  the  nivilatioii. 

In  the  ui>rht  eIk  v  siood  to  tlie  soutlnvard.  and  tho 
next  morninir,  t'outui  thiMuselvi-s  "einhaved  v\i(h  a 
luiuhiy  he.ulland,"  which  at  lirst  appeared  "like  an 
islaml.  by  reason  of  a  lar«:e  sound,  wluch  lav  belwD-ii 
It  and  the  mail  "  Wiilun  a  b>a<;ue  of  this  land,  they 
came   to  anchor  in  fifteen  fathoms,  and  look  a  verv 

*  Tim  accnimi  »<l  ilnsnnld'g  vovuku  and  tli.^e.pverv,  im  ti.o 
first  vidume  nl  llm  work,  is  so  cnoni-uus,  tiotii  die  initiii- 
loriDutiMU  wtiii'h  I  had  received,  that  I  thoiiiiitt  it  Ih".!  to 
write  the  whiije  nl"  it  aru'w.  Ttiu  iDriuer  ntislakes  a-'c  hei** 
nirrected,  partly  from  the  best  inrnriMulioii  vvlitcli  i  enuld  nih- 
tain,  uHcr  Iho  most  aNsuluoii.4  ini)Uiry  ;  h-.it  priiicipaUy  Iroin 
my  own  (•hMT.aiioiis  mil  tie  .•'(Mit ;  i  naipititid  Willi  the  jnunial 
ot  tho  vii>a»;i',  inure  crilUHUy  esamiiied  thnn  betore. 

t  The  iiuincs  of  ttio  pei.siMis  vvho  vveiil  lli  ttilM  vnyaie.  as 
f.ir  ns  I  can  culU'ct  tlieiii,  areas  luiltiws  :  Ilirttu'liiiiuv  Cios- 
iiti|<l,cotninaiid<>r :  Oarlluitouiew  liillxul,  secitnd  dDh  <  r;  JoI.d 
AnKui;  Itr.hert  SalttTiie -hi}  Went  nitutii  tin-  licit  \i'ii  \\n|| 
FriiiK— he  was  iiterwants  a  (icttfyn>mi;  Wilhaut  .siriM-te; 
(lalii'icl  Archer,  Kenileinait  uu<t  j-'UiiialiAl-ho  tiherv  hO'* 
Wtiit  In  Vuijliiia— Archer's  llnpe.ni  ai  WiiliHOUit-nri!.!-'  nain-'d 
li'iMi  luiil ;  Jatiit's  IluHior— 111-  Willie  ;io  ai'ciiuiil  id  Ihe  vnyajo 
till  predfnied  It   lo   Sir  Wallfr   Kalei«h  ;  Joini   HiiericT,  o 

tlu)  «ti<  i; Tucker     (ruiti    vhtiutu   tliu    stUM&l  callcil 

Tuckcr'H  rerror  la  nam«d 


lAUTIN  I'niN(J,  DAR* 
IIUJE  \Vi:VMorTII 

aetn  Viiiiinia— Piscovcn 
■;ifiic    witii  tho    K.iiivort— 

Jvihn  Sitiiil)  fL.  V.rKiiiifi— 
»  for  Nttrlh  Virti'ua- I)j^• 
aclmsi'tttt  i-ay  ■  In'ervuw 
:land— llis  necnmi  Voya^jf 
vo\;i;;o  lo  Viry:nia— lie  !h 
fcVMuuiH— Slijis  for  Am*w 

and  reiUfCusl  llnrtmr  - 

ca,  by  ihcse  navi^Tor!*, 
Irenlh  ccrilnry.  imy  bo 
%  lo  the  colotiizntiun  of 
!  fishery  at  Newfound- 
'.  time  in  actual  poijses- 
:a  ;  thoi'^b  ihe  Knolish 

by  virtue  of  prior  ('.i8- 

Uulriob  bud  inadf ,  to 
lie  territory,  Citllei"  Vir- 
s  asKOcii'.tfs  enjoyi'd  an 
>wii  of  Knjjlaiid,  for  the 
ircrs  obtiiincd  a  tu-cnse, 
loir  voyages  and  senio- 
rs an  active,  intrepid, 

west  of  Kn<,diind.  lie 
inploycd  by  Italri^'b,  lo 

(hat  there  must  lie  a 

tlie  Allatitic.  than  iho 
iind  l!ic  West  Imli.i  N- 
iridertook  !iis  voyiij^e  to 
diKs   hot   appear ;  but 

of  Sir  Waller  Ualei^'h 
from  an  account  of  the 
bun. 

i,  (losnold  SdiU'd  from 
onnaifc  of  wjncli  is  not 
u-rsons,  of  whom  ri;;!it 
'  the  voyji^re  was  lo  litid 

iri,rniia  ;  and,  upon  tho 
(huitation,  twelve  of  the 
land,  and  Iweritv  to  re- 
assistance  and  supphed 

1  was  acronipbshed.  as 
iisf.irHTs  womUI  jjerunt. 
I.  than  the  ;i7Ui  de^jrup 
irycneni  tne  VVesten) 
appro.ielird  the  con- 
st discdverrd  on  ti"-.' 
tf  seven  weeks.     Tbi» 
noranre  of  the  routr, 
i  or  tbiy  nnoht  have 
jud;!ed  liiat  they  had 


BIOC:  R  AIMMKb    OF    TIIR    EAUT-V    DISCOVERERS. 


"ntni  Ihe  jourrial,  what 

iJhlinixon  savs  it 

isriis  iJ.iy.     The  de- 

oiiM'  respects,  uijree 

'a|ir  Ann  to  Marhle- 

lanl. 

Ilnl  .S'./rcJiT  hoiK;  ii 
If  t(i  (iiein  ;  in  which 
o(  whom  \\(  re  dressed 
ciri'tiuislaner.i,  ibey 
I  of  Hisfiiv  liaii  lieen 
niyed  hv  the  nati\es. 
m  to  >iav,  hut  *•  lite 
r  the  weather,"  they 
mvitaiion 

suiith\\ard.  and  tho 
"  eiii!i,i\rd  with  a 
appeared  •*  bki;  an 
whicli  lav  between 
le  of  this  land,  ihcv 
US,  and  look  a  very 


aii.l  (li.iioi'erv,  in  ti.t; 
irxiiTt,  hoiii  lite  uutMi- 
1  I  tUiin^Ilt  It  Urst  to 
111  r  iinsiaket  a-^e  tiei*" 
ili>iit  \yIiii-|i  i  I'liuM  nt>- 
'  i  litit  |iniic-it>all>-  lioMi 
piiiuj  uilh  liiejoiitiial 
<1  Iltuii  bei'ore. 
eiU  ih  tlUH  \ovat  e,  ii!i 
ihrtliKloiiii'V  iWi>< 
e,i.n.l».'iM.i  ;  J,. ha 
Mn!  hi'Xl  sen  VMlh 
,  WUIiaid  sirct-ie; 
.»l  I'f  tuU'r.v.iiiH 
.Viiliamsiiiri;,!,''  ii:irii-'ii 
ijiiiit  nl  the  voyitno 
fiU  i  Jolin  HriertLT,  >t 
ooi    tity    sluMil  called 


■  ;x 


c:tat  quantity  of  cod.  From  lliis  circumstance,  the 
ftimi  was  named  Cape  Ci'd.  It  is  described  as  a  low 
t:indy  shore,  but  without  danircr.  and  Iviml.'  "i  the  lati- 
tude of  4;;".  (.apt.  (iosnold  with  Mr.  JJrierton  ami 
three  men,  went  to  it  and  found  the  shore  bohi  and  the 
band  very  deep.  A  youni;  Indian,  with  copper  pen- 
daiiis  in  h:s  ears,  a  bow  m  his  hand,  and  ariov\s  at  his 
back,  came  to  th' m,  and  in  a  fiieiidly  manner  oll't-red 
his  service  ;  but.  as  they  were  m  liasie  lo  return  to  the 
ehip.  ihey  had  little  conference  with  bun. 

Un  the  Ifiih,  they  sailed  by  the  shore  southerly  ;  and, 
at  lilt  end  of  twelve  lea<.nies,  saw  a  point  of  land,  with 
breakers  al  a  distance.  In  attenii)tinj:  to  double  this 
point,  tlieycame  sn.hleidy  into  sjioal  water  ;  from  which 
itiey  exlncated  ihemseKes  by  standmo  otV  to  sea.  'I'bis 
poiiit  they  named  I'uttil  Cure,  and  the  breakers. 
Tutlcr's  Tirror.  from  the  per>oii  who  fir>t  di.«covered 
the  danijer.  In  the  niolit  they  l>ore  up  towards  the  land, 
imd  c-aine  to  anchor  m  eitrht  fatlioms  The  next  day, 
(17lh)  seeiiiii  many  breakers  about  them,  and  the  wea- 
ther bein^r  toul,  they  lay  at  anchor. 

On  the  ISlh.  the  weatlier  henij:  clear,  they  sent  their 
boat  'o  sound  a  beach,  which  lay  od' another  pumt.  to 
whv'Ii  they  gave  the  name  of  itilUrl's  I'otnf.  The 
phip  remained  at  anchor  the  whole  of  this  day  ;  and 
flomt'  of  the  natives  came  from  the  sliore  m  tlieir  canoes 
to  visit  them.  These  jieopic  were  dressed  m  skms,  and 
furnished  with  jiipes  and  tobacco  ;  one  of  tliem  bad  a 
breasl-plalc  of  copper,  'i'hey  appeared  more  timorous 
tlian  liiosc  of  Savaiie  Uock,  but  were  very  ib.cvisii. 

Wiien  the  people  in  the  boat  returned  from  soundintf, 
lliey  reported  a  depth  c*'  water  from  four  to  seven  fa- 
thoms, over  the  breach  ;  whn  h  the  slup  passed  Ihe  m'xt 
day,  (I'Jlh)  and  came  lo  anchor  ajjani  aliove  a  leaune 
btvond  it.  Here  they  remained  two  days  surrounded 
by  scools  of  lish  and  th)cks  of  aijuali--  birds.  To  the 
northward  of  W(>t.  they  saw  severjl  hiiinmocks,  which 
they  ima;;iiud  were  disti'iet  i>Iaiids;  but  when  tliey 
bailed  lowaids  iliem,  (on  the  *lst)  they  found  tliein  lo 
be  »mall  lulls  witinti  the  land  They  discoverini  also 
BO  o|a  iiin^',  into  which  lliey  end''avored  to  enter,  snp- 
posiiii;  It  lo  be  the  .-oulhern  extremity  of  tiie  s.mnd  be- 
tween Cipe  Cod  and  the  mam  lanrt.  Dul  on  4'Xanmia- 
tion  the  water  pioMn^'  very  shoal,  they  called  it  Siwai 
Iliifi'\  and  proceeded  lo  the  westward.  The  coast  was 
full  of  people,  who  ran  aloii:,'  the  sliorc,  accompanying' 
the  ship  as  she  sailed  ;  and  many  smokes  appeared 
A'llhii)  the  lamb 

In  coasinii;  :iloii<:  to  the  westward,  lliey  discovered 
iiXi  island,  on  which  ihe  next  dav  {'2'i)  tliev  landed.  The 
dcscriplion  of  it  in  the  journal  is  lliis  :  "  A  dismhabiKd 
island  ;  from  Shoal  Hope  it  is  ett'lit  leaijnes  ;  m  ca- 
cuit  It  is  hve  miles,  and  hatli  forty-one  dei:rees  and  one 
ijuarter  of  latiludc.  'I'he  place  mo<t  phasaut  ;  for  we 
found  it  full  of  wood,  rincn,  ^oosebt  rrv  bu.vhes,  l-.uil- 
bernes,  raspices,  e;:lanliiie  [sweei-bnar,]  *.Vc.  Here 
wehadcraiKs,  h»'rns,  shoulers,  o^eise.  and  divers  oilier 
birds  ;  wludi  there,  at  that  liinv.  upon  the  ehtls.  beinj; 
Bandy  with  some  rocky  si<mcs.  did  breed  and  had  youn;.', 
In  this  jitace  we  saw  deer.  Here  we  rode  in  einhl 
falhoms,  near  the  shore  ;  where  we  took  ^reat  store  ol 
cod,  as  before  al  (,'ape  Cod,  but  much  luth'r.  This 
island  is  sound,  and  bath  no  danger  about  it."'  They 
gave  it  ;he  name  ui  Miirlfui\^  Viii'i^niil,  from  the  great 
number  of  vines  which  thev  foinni  on  il. 

From  this  island,  tiny  passed  (on  the  a4lh)  round  a 
very  hi^h  and  cbstmi:m>hed  promontory;  lo  wlueli  they 
gave  the  name  of  Durrr  i'bff'^  ""^^  came  to  anchor  "  in 
u  fair  sound,  where  lliey  rode  all  ni^iht." 

Between  them  and  the  main,  which  was  then  in  si^ht, 
lay  a  "  led<;e  of  rocks,  extendinu'  "  "ide  into  tiie  sea 
but  all  abo\e  water,  and  wiihout  danjier  "  Thev  went 
round  the  wesiern  extremity  of  this  b-dije,  and  came  to 
in  ei^hl  latlionis  of  water,  a  .piarter  of  a  mih'  from  'be 
Rhore.  in  one  il  the  stateliest  sounds  that  ever  ihi'v  had 
seen."  This  they  ealird  Hoxmhl's  Hup'-.  'I'he  north 
Bide  of  it  was  ihe  nmni  laiiil  strelchmo  casl  and  west. 
distant  four  leagues  from  the  island,  wliere  they  came 
to  iinchor,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Klnahclh^ 
in  honor  of  Iheir  "pii'en 

On  the  MSth  of  May,  lliry  held  a  council.  re<:peelmL' 
the  |il.ice  of  their  dhoiie.  whtch  they  determined  to  be 
"111  the  west  purl  oi  Fli/.abeth  Uhiiid.  the  north-east 
part  rumini<r  out  of  ihetr  ken  "  The  island  is  thus 
described.  "In  the  wexlern  side,  it  adinilteih  some 
creeks  or  sandy  coves,  so  yirdtd.  as  the  water  m 
some  places  niectell.  ;  lo  whieli  the  Indians  from  the 
main,  do  offii  risorl  for  li<hm^T  crab-*,  'I'hcre  is  ei^'hl 
falliinn  very  near  the  shore,  and  the  lautnde  is  -U  '  lit'. 
The  breadth  of  the  island  from  sound  t<»  stmnd.  in  the 
western  part,  m  not  pais:n;r  a  mile,  at  most ;  altogcllier 
ui4>euple<i  hikI  diBiiiimbilcd. 


"  It  is  overjirown  with  wood  and  rubbish.  The 
wood.^i  are  oak.  a5h,  beech  walnnt,  witch-hazel,  sqssa- 
fr.iie  and  '-edars,  with  divers  others  of  unknown  names. 
The  rubbi^h  is  wild-peas,  younii  sassal'ra^e,  cherry 
trees,  vines,  eelanline  (or  sweetbriar),  jjoosebcrry 
bnslies  hawthorn,  honeysuckles,  with  others  oi  the  like 
ipialitv.  The  herb:^  and  roots  are  strawberries,  rasps, 
ground  lUits,  alexaiuler,  surrin,  tap*iv,  cVo.  uiihoiit 
count.  '1  ouchini:  the  iVrtihly  of  ihe  sou,  by  onrown 
experience,  we  found  il  to  be  excellent;  for.  sowini.^ 
80mc  Kn(;lish  pulse,  it  sprouted  out  in  one  forliii;;hl 
almost  half  a  Tool. 

*•  In  this  islai.d  is  a  pond  of  fresh  water,  in  circuit 
two  miles  ;  on  one  side  not  distant  from  the  sea  thirty 
yards.  In  the  centie  of  it  is  a  rocky  islet,  containing; 
near  an  acre  of  ^rom  d.  full  of  wood  and  rubbit^h,  on 
which  we  beiiaii  our  fort  and  place  of  ubode,  and  made 
a  punt  or  tlat-bottomed  boat  lo  pass  lo  and  fro  over 
the  fresh  water. 

"  On  the  jiorlh  side,  near  adjoinint:  In  K!i.'.;ibcl!i,  is 
an  islet,  ni  compass  half  a  n-ile.  full  of  cedars,  by  me 
called  ihU's  lltip  ;  to  tlie  noi'bward  of  which,  ni  the 
middle  of  ail  openitii;  on  the  m  liii,  appeared  another 
hkeit,  which  1  caUed  llrpsliU:'  When  Caplain 
(losnold  with  divers  of  the  compaii  ■  "went  in  the  .shal- 
lop towards  Hill's  Hap,  to  view  it  and  the  sandy  cove. 
tliey  fou'id  a  bark  canoe,  which  the  Iiilians  had<pntted 
for  f(  ar  :  tliem.  This  they  took  and  I  rouijht  to  Kn*;- 
land.  Il  is  not  *aid  that  they  made  any  acknowledg- 
ment or  recompense  for  it. 

Ib'fore  I  proceed  in  tiic  account  of  CJosi. old's  tran- 
s;tctions.  it  is  necessary  to  make  some  remar'vs  on  tlie 
precedinu'  detail,  which  is  either  abridtrcd  or  txlracteU 
Iroin  the  journal  written  by  Gabriel  Archer.  This 
journal  contains  some  inaccuracies,  which  may  I  e  cor- 
rect! d  bv  (artfully  com)tarin^r  its  .>everal  parfs,  and  by 
actual  observations  of  the  places  describerl.  I  ,iave 
taken  much  pains  to  obtain  niformatiou,  by  coiisultini; 
the  best  maps,  and  conversing!  or  eorresiiondiiif^  with 
pilots  and  other  persons,  liul  tor  niv  ^'reater  t-atisfac- 
tioii.  I  have  vi>ited  the  iAland  on  which  (.tosnold  limit 
his  house  and  fori,  'he  ruins  of  which  are  still  visible, 
thouLih  at  the  distance  of  nearly  two  centuries. 

That  Oosnold'a  Cape  Cod  is  the  promontory  which 
now  bears  that  name,  is  evident  fro'ii  his  description. 
The  point  which  he  denominated  ('are.  at  the  distance 
of  twi'Ive  lea;:iies  souihw-.ird  of  Cajiu  Cod,  agrees  very 
well  with  Malebarre.  or  Sandv  Point,  the  south-eastern 
exireiuilv  of  the  county  of  U.irnstable.  Tiie  shoal 
water  and  breach,  which  lie  called  'J'iuLcr*n  Tfnor, 
correspond  with  the  shoal  and  breakers  commonly 
called  the  I'ollock  Hip,  which  extends  lo  the  sonlh- 
east  of  this  remarkable  point. 

To  avoid  ^l!:^  dan^^er.  it  bcinix  late  in  the  dav,  he 
•^'.DoA  >o  far  out  Jc^  sea,  as  to  oyersboot  t!ie  ea.->tern  en- 
trance of  what  i-  now  called  the  N'meyard  sound  The 
land  which  he  made  in  llie  niijlit  was  a  white  clitT  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Nantucket,  now  called  Nankot 
Head.  The  breach  which  lay  oil'  (Jilberl's  I\iiiit.  I 
take  to  be  at  the  IJass  Kip  and  the  Pollock  Kip,  with 
the  cross  riplinos  wliirli  extend  from  the  south-east  ex- 
tremity of  that  island  Over  these  nphn^s  there  is  a 
depth  of  water,  from  four  to  neveii  fathoms,  accordintj 
to  a  late  maj)of  Nantucket,  published  by  Peleo  Cotl'm, 
Wi't]  ,  and  others  That  (JosnoUl  did  not  enter  the 
\  iney.ird  Suund,  Imt  ovcr.-!;ol  it  in  the  ni^'hl,  isdemon- 
fltratetl  by  comparing  his  journal  with  lliat  of  Marim 
PriUL'.  Ihe  next  year;  a  pas>ai.'e  from  which  shall  be 
cileii  111  Its  proper  jdace, 

'i'he  larL'e  opemnir  whtch  he  saw.  I'.nt  did  not  enter, 
and  lo  winch  he  ^ave  the  name  of  Shoal  Hope,  ajirees 
\erv  well  with  the  o]ien  shore,  to  the  '.vcalward  of  the 
little  island  of  Miiskeiiet. 

The  island  which  he  called  Marltia  »  Vineyard,  now 
bears  the  name  of  No-Man's  Land.  'I'his  is  clear  from 
his  account  of  its.<i/,e,  five  miles  in  eircinl  ;  its  distance 
from  Shod  Hoj'e,  eiMlil  Icaoucs.  and  from  Ilb/alMlb 
Island,  five  leatiucs  ;  the  sabtv  of  approaching'  it  on  all 
Sides  ;  and  the  small,  but  excellent  cod,  whii-b  are 
alway.*  taken  near  it  m  the  sprmir  monlhs.  The  only 
material  objection  is,  that  lie  found  deer  upon  the  island  ; 
bill  ihis  11  removed  by  comparing  his  accoimi  with  tlie 
journal  of  Marlm  PrmL^  who  the  next  year,  found  di-er 
III  abundance  on  thelartze  ishmd,  now  called  the  Vine- 
yard. I  have  had  ereddile  lestmi(»uy,  thai  deer  iiave 
been  seen  swimnimti  across  the  Vineyard  Sound,  when 
pursued  bv  huntirs.  'I'bis  istland  v\us  a  sopientered 
spot,  where  iho-edeer  who  tooK  refni;''  uimn  it,  would 
probably  remam  umbslurtied  and  multiply.* 


The  lofty  promontory  to  which  he  gave  llic  name  of 
Dorrr  Clijl,  is  (lay  Head  ;  an  object  too  singular  and 
entertaining  to  pass  unobRcrved,  and  far  superior  in 
magnitude  to  ar./  other  chlf  on  any  of  these  islands. 
The  "  f.iir  somid"'  into  which  be  entered  after  doubling 
this  cliti',  IS  the  western  extreimly  of  ihi^  \'iiieyard 
Sound  ;  and  his  anchoring  place  was  probably  in  or 
near  Menenisha  Uight. 

For  what  reason,  and  at  what  time,  the  name  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyad  was  transferred  from  ihe  small  island  so 
called  by  (iosnold,  to  the  large  island  which  now  bear-* 
it,  are  questions  which  remain  in  obscurity.  That 
(.losiiold  at  hrst  took  the  southern  side  of  this  large 
island  to  be  the  mam,  is  evident.  AVhen  he  doubled 
the  elitVat  Us  western  end,  he  knew  it  to  be  an  island ; 
but  gave  no  name  to  any  part  of  it,  extrept  the  ClitV.* 

"The  ledge  of  rocks  extending  a  ni.Ie  into  the  sea," 
between  his  anchoring  ground  and  the  man,  is  that  ro- 
markable  ledge,  distinguished  by  i!ie  name  of  the  Sow 
and  Vi'jA.  The  "stately  sound"  'vhicli  he  entered, 
after  jiassing  round  the.sc  rock.<,  is  tiic  mouth  of  Uuz- 
zard's  liay  ;  and  the  Island  lUizul'tth,  is  the  western- 
most of  the  islands  which  now  go  by  the  name  of  Eli* 
zubelh's  Islands.  Its  Indian  name  is  Cuttyhunk,  n 
contraction  of  Poo-cut-oli-hunk-nn-nnh,  which  signittes 
a  thing  that  lies  out  of  the  water.  The  names  of  tho 
others  are  Nashawena,  Pasipie,  Naushon,  Nenimisset, 
and  Peniipiesc,  besides  some  of  less  note. 

In  this  island,  at  the  west  end,  on  the  north  side,  is 
a  pond  of  fresh  water,  three  (piariers  ot  a  mile  in  length, 
and  of  uneipial  breadth  ;  but  if  measured  in  all  Us  sinu* 
usities,  would  amount  to  two  milch  m  circuit.  In  the 
middle  of  its  breadth,  near  the  west  end.  '  a  "rocky 
i:?let,  containing  near  an  acre  of  ground." 

To  this  spot  I  went,  on  the  2(hh  dav  of  June,  1797, 
in  company  vviih  several  geiillemen.t  vvho.se  curiosity 
and  obli<,nng  kindness  induced  them  lo  accompany  mu. 
The  proicclmg  haml  of  Nature  has  reserved  ilus  favor- 
ite spot  to  herself.  Its  ferlihty  and  its  produetums  nro 
exactly  the  same  as  in  (iosiiold's  time,  excepting  tho 
wood,  of  which  there  is  none.  Kvery  species  of  what 
lie  calls  "  rubbish, *'  with  strawberries,  peas,  tansy,  and 
other  fruits  and  herbs,  appear  in  rich  abundance,  un- 
molested by  any  animal  but  aipiatie  lurds.  We  had  ihe 
supreme  satisfaction  to  lind  the  cellar  of  Oosnold's 
storehouse:  tSe  stones  of  which  were  evidently  taken 
Irom  the  neigii!)orMi;:  beach;  the  rocks  of  the  islet  be- 
ing less  moveable,  and  Iviiil'  hi  ledi^es. 

The  whole  island  of  Cuttyhunk  has  been  for  many 
years  slrijiped  of  its  wooil  ;  liul  I  was  informed  !>y  Mr. 
(ireenill,  an  old  residi'ut  !*ariiter.  Itiat  tiie  trees  which 
fornuTiv  grew  on  it,  were  such  as  are  described  m 
liosnold's  Journal.  The  soil  is  a  very  tine  garden 
mould,  from  the  bottom  of  the  vallics  lo  the  top  ot  tno 
lulls,  and  atlijrds  rich  patiture. 

The  length  of  the  island  is  rather  more  than  two 
miles,  and  its  breadth  about  one  mile  The  beach  be- 
tween the  jiond  and  ihe  sea  is  twenty-seven  yards  wide. 
It  IS  so  high  and  linn  a  barrier,  tliat  he  sea  never  tlowa 
into  the  jiond,  hut  when  agitated  by  a  'loleiit  gale  from 
the  norlh-wost.  Tiic  pond  is  deep  in  :he  middle.  It 
has  no  visible  outlet.  Its  lish  are  perch  eds  and  tur 
lies;  and  it  is  liequented  by  B<)uatic  l)i;ds,  both  wild 
and  domestic. 

(  hi  Ihe  norih  sido  of  the  island,  connected  with  it  by 
a  beach,  m  an  elevatioii,  the  Indian  name  of  which  is 
(.'opicnt.  Kither  this  hill,  or  the  little  island  lA'  Peni- 
'piese,  winch  lies  a  mib-  to  the  northward,  is  the  place 
which  (iosnold  called  //)//>■  Hap.  IJetween  (."opicut 
and  Cuttyhunk  is  a  circular  sandy  cove,  wiih  a  narrow 
entrance.      Hap's  Hill,  on  the   opjiosiie  Rhore  of  the 


•  Tlie  rcilliiwjM-.'  !(ifoiiii:itioii  wm  given  In  mv  by  Bcnia;nln 
Bass'-it,  Hs,!   lit  niihrnik. 
*'  About  Utu  yvAi  17'^  the  lut  deer  v/u  Men  ot  tho 


ViiicyartI  ami  shot  at.  Tlic  hums  nf  tlicse  aiiunals  havo 
tpccii  ploiiirUcil  ii|>  several  times  on  the  west  rn>l  oithc  Island 
Il  eiH>  liccr  could  swim  ucro.'j.i  Vnieyaid  Simnd,  viliy  not 
more  .'  No-Man's  band  is  tmir  niiles  iiom  tliu  Vimvaui,  .".:"* 
It  tlie  deer  could  cross  the  Sound  "  miles,  wliy  not  iiom  llio 
Vineyard  to  No-Man's  luiid  f" 

■  Tho  reader  will  i^ive  the  following  ctiiijccture  as  much 
weiuht  as  it  desiM  ve^  : 

The  lame  i:ilaiid  is  iieiiuenilv  railed  Maitui>  Vmevard,  es 
liecmllv  li>  lhcoldwMUi>.  Tins  !«  connmin!?  supjMiM-d  to 
he  a  ihisiiiko,  lint  why?  l'ai>iam  l'nti;:'s  t  iiiistuin  nainu 
was  Martin,  and  llii^  island  Ims  n.i  ^ooit  a  rj-.'lit  tothf  iiptdU 
Iton  ut  Vuieyuid  us  ihe  other,  licini{  eijuall)  productive  o( 
vines,  The  naiiirs  Martha  and  Martm  ait-  caMh  lonitmuded, 
and  ns  one  iKlaml  oidy  wan  sui^iioird  to  lio  di'Munaied  Im 
Tlic  Vme>nr<),  Il  was  natiiralto  ku"  n  to  the  pri  met.  Tuj 
Uh-ier  t>Pi;amu  diEreij.irdcd.and  no',  i  "'i  ;  inhdit.'UiM  i.t:tiiiieil 
Iw  Hny,l<  Was  Hiipi'Obed  to  lieloti;;  lit  Mj  Man  a  -l  whs  r.il.cd 
NoMai^'n  baud.  In  an  old  Itutch  uiap,  fviani,  ii.  Uf.i.\*» 
lii>io'^V  of  Aineiica,  p.  lOH,  the  nanir  ot  .M.nlhaV  "'uifvjnt  i« 
ifivoii  to  s  Hnial)  island  Iviiitt  so-ithwiiid  ut  Kh/atM'i  I'.vi  ,  md 
>!ie  name  of  Tenet  is  uivcii  to  the  larwi'  island,  wincn  m  nt*:^ 
called  Ttic  Viiu'>aiil.  Tin-  sitiiaiion  ol  the  Kiniill  island  agr*-iNi 
with  llmt  nf  No-Man'--  Land. 

t  N(nih  WeliMei,  K»e,  rj,'  Nfw  Yeik:  Captiiiii  T^linw^. 
Mr.  John  tipuuncr,  Mr.  Alter,  &  pilot  of  New  Ikidlurd 


''  l-f: 


40 


main,  tlistant  four  leagues,  is  a  round  elevation,  on  a 
p>')int  of  l^ti'J,  near  the  l)iitii|)l;n  Uoi'ks,  tit-twteii  the 
rivers  oi  Aj»ooiu':anst't  anil  I'ascaniun.sel,  in  the  towi.- 
tihip  ot  iVir.'iiiuiaii. 

rruMi  the  south  sido  of  C'liUyliinik,  the  promontury 
v(  li.iv  inad,  wiiich  (losnoid  f.ilkd  l)o\ir  Chtl",  and 
iUv.  l^!.l!ld  winch  lie  iMimtd  M.irtha's  \  nu-viirtl.  i;c  ni 
full  \u\\,  and  iipprar  lo  ;;ri'at  advanlagi'.  Moutlur 
oh|ecls.  ui  liial  i(;:iuM,  lu'ar  any  n^si-n»htani'c  to  Uicin, 
or  to  (hp  Ji'si'iipiioii  j;iven  of  thtin  :  nor  is  iliert'  a  kd;;e 
of  roi'k:*  projecung  froiu  any  other  inland  a  nule  niio 
ihv  sta. 

Wl)  !it  (iahrif!  Archer,  and  a  party,  generally  con- 
fietnij^  of  ten,  hihortd  ni  cUarnit*  the  "rocky  islet"'  of 
wood,  and  hnildni^  a  titore-hout>c  and  fort,  (.'aplau) 
Gosnold  and  tlio  ivM  of  the  company  were  eni[)loyed 
either  ni  making  discoveries,  or  li>lnng,  or  collecting 
fcassafras.  On  ilie  Hist  of  May,  he  went  lo  l!u!  inani 
land,  on  tlie  shore  of  which  he  was  met  by  a  company 
of  the  natives,  "men,  women,  and  children,  wlio,  wm!i 
nil  courteous  kindra^s,  eiitirtauicd  Inm,  giving  hnn 
&kins  of  wild  beasts,  tobacco,  turtles,  hemp,  arlihcial 
strings,  colored,  [wampum,]  and  such  like  tlnngs  aii 
they  had  about  liiem,"  The  stately  izroves,  llowery 
meadows,  and  running  brooks,  ullbrded  dcligliMul  cn- 
lertainment  to  tiie  advemurers.  Tiie  principal  disco- 
very which  tlicy  made,  was  of  two  good  harbors  ;  one 
of  which  I  take  to  bo  A|iooneganset,  and  llie  oilier  J'as- 
camaiiMet,  between  which  hcs  the  round  hill,  which 
tlicy  called  Hap's  Uill.  'I'liey  observed  the  coast  to 
extend  five  k-aguos  further  to  the  soutli-west,  as  it 
does,  lo  Seeonnet  Point.  As  tliey  spent  but  one  day 
in  till!)  excursion,  tiiey  did  not  fully  exfilore  the  main, 
though  from  what  they  observed,  the  laud  being  bro- 
ken, and  the  shore  rocky,  they  were  convinced  of  the 
existenci;  of  otlser  iiarbors  on  lliat  coast. 

On  tlie  5th  uf  June,  an  Indian  chief  and  fitly  men, 
armed  wah  bows  and  arrows,  lauded  on  the  islur.d. 
Arclier  and  bis  nun  lift  liieir  work,  and  met  them  on 
the  beach.  After  mutual  salutations,  they  sat  down, 
and  began  a  tratlic,  exchanging  sucii  things  as  tliey  had, 
to  mutual  satisfaction.  The  ship  then  lay  at  anclior,  a 
league  olf.  Uosnold  seeing  the  Indians  approach  the 
isiand.  came  on  sliorc  wall  twelve  men,  and  was  re- 
ceived by  Archer's  party,  with  nublary  ceremony,  as 
their  commander.  The  captani  gave  the  chief  a  straw- 
hat  and  two  knives.  Tiie  former  he  little  regarded; 
the  latter  he  received  with  great  adnuration. 

In  a  subse<pient  visit,  ihev  became  lutter  acquaint- 
ed, and  l:ad  a  larger  trade  for  furs.  At  dinner,  they 
entertained  the  savam  s  wah  U>\\  and  mustard,  and 
ga-c  them  beer  to  drmk.  The  i  Ib-ct  of  the  nnistard 
on  the  nose.-t  of  the  Indians  atforded  them  much  diver- 
sion. One  of  them  stole  a  target,  and  conveyed  it  on 
hoard  his  canoe  ;  when  it  was  demanded  of  tiie  cliiet", 
U  was  mnuediateiy  restored.  No  demand  was  made 
of  the  birch  canoe,  whieh  (iosnnld  had  a  few  davs  be- 
fore taken  from  the  Indians.  Wlieu  the  Lliief  and  ins 
retinue  took  their  have,  tour  or  live  of  the  Indians 
staid  and  helped  the  adv<'nlui(  rs  to  dig  tiie  roots  of 
sassafra.s,  willi  wiiieh,  as  well  as  furs  and  other  produc- 
tions of  the  couuiiy,  tiie  ship  was  loaded  for  her  home- 
ward voyage.  Having  performed  tiiis  service,  tlie  In- 
dia'_s  were  invited  on  hoard  the  ship,  but  they  declined 
the  invitation,  and  returned  to  the  mam.  Tins  island 
had  no  h\ed  nih.ibitants  ;  the  natives  uf  the  opposite 
•liore  l're<piently  visled  it,  t")r  tlie  purpose  of  gathering 
Bhell-lish,  wall  which  its  erieks  aiul  coves  al)ounded. 

All  these  Indians  had  ornaments  of  copper.  When 
the  adM  nliirers  asked  them,  by  signs,  whence  they  ob- 
tained this  ineta!,  one  of  llieni  made  answer,  bv  digging 
tt  hole  m  thi'  ground,  arJ  pointing  lo  the  iiiain  ;  from 
whicli  circumslance  it  was  understood  that  llie  adjacent 
country  conlumed  mines  oi  cop|ier.  In  the  course  of 
almost  two  eenlnries,  no  copper  has  been  there  dis- 
covered ;  th'High  iron,  a  mucli  mure  useful  metal, 
wholly  unknown  to  the  nalive.s,  is  found  in  gre.il 
plenty.  The  .piestion,  whence  did  they  obtain  copper! 
lA  yet  without  an  answer. 

'I'hree  weeks  wore  spent  in  clearing  the  islet,  dig- 
ging ami  stoning  a  cellar,  building  a  lioiisr.  fortifying  it 
witli  palhsades,  and  covering  it  with  si .  e,  winch  then 
grew  111  great  plenty  on  the  sides  ol  noud.  iJuniig 
this  time,  a  survey  was  made  of  ti.eir  provimuni. 
After  reserving  enough  to  victual  twelve  men,  who 
were  to  go  home  in  ihe  bark,  no  iiion;  cuuUl  be  left 
with  thfi  reniammg  twenty  than  would  gulHce  them  for 
aU  weeks;  and  the  ship  could  not  return  till  the  end 
of  the  next  autumn.  Thiii  was  a  very  discouraging 
circumstdiice. 

_A  jealousy  also  arose  respecting  the  profitu  of  the 
ahipt's  lading  \  those  who  slaid  bchmd  cUimnig  a  «baic, 


AMKUIC  AiN    II  ISTUU  V. 


ns  well  aa  those  \%ho  snonid  return  to  Knglnnd.  W'hiUt  I  plenty,  and  esteemed  better  than  those  uanally  taken  at 
these  subjects  were  m  deliaie,  a  single  Indian  came  on  i  ISewfouiidiand. 

board,  from  wliu.-^e  apjiareitlly  grave  and  holier  depoit-  j  Having  passed  all  the  islands,  tliey  ''anired  the  coaet 
ment  ihev  suspecit  d  him  to  have  been  sent  as  a  spy.  j  to  the  south-wi  st,  and  entered  four  inh is,  which  are 
In  a  few  days  after  the  eliip  went  to  Hill's  Ilaji,  out  of  j  thus  described  :  "The  most  easterly  was  barred  at 
si^ht  of  tiie  fort,  lo  take  in  a  load  of  cedar,  and  was  the  mouth  ;  but  having  pasoeil  over  the  bar,  we  lan  up 
there  detained  so  much  longer  than  ihey  expected,  thai  it  for  li\e  inile.s,  and  lor  a  certain  s|i!ice  found  very 
the  party  at  llie  fort  had  e.\peuilcd  their  pn>Vi.-.i(m.  good  depth.  Coiunig  out  .i«,Mm.  as  we  sailed  sO'itn- 
I'our  of  them  went  m  search  of  ^hel!-li^h,  ami  divided  ,  west,  we  liijliled  on  two  other  inlets,  which  we  loun  1 
ihemselves,  two  and  two.  goinir  diilcrent  ways.  One  i  to  pierce  not  Jar  mto  the  land.  Die  fourili  and  most 
of  tlie.se  small  parties  was  suddenly  attacked  by  four  westerly  was  the  bt.*t,  whicli  wo  lowed  up  ten  oi 
Ind.ans  in  a  canoe,  \\lio  wounded  one  of  iheni  in  ihe  twelve  in  Vs.  In  ail  these  places  we  toinid  no  [iccple, 
arm  with  an  arrow.      His  coiupaiuon  .seized  the  canoe,  j  Imt  signs  of  tirea,  where  llft-y  had  been.      Howhe.",  we 


and  rut  their  bow-strings  on  winch  they  tkd.  It  benig 
late  in  the  day,  and  the  weather  stormy,  this  couple 
were  obliged  to  pass  the  night  in  the  woods,  and  did 
not  reach  the  fort  till  the  next  day.  The  whoi"  nany 
subsisted  <m  shell-fish,  ground  nuts,  and  herbs,  tid  ttiO 
.^hip  eaiue  and  took  them  on  board.  A  nrti*  .jmiuUa- 
tion  was  tlien  hulden.  Those  who  !;ad  oeeu  tnUf-t 
resohite  to  remain,  were  disconra^td:  and  the  unani- 
iiious  \oice  was  in  favor  of   relmnii;;!  *■..  t!ivd»;iid. 

On  the  17tli  of  June  they  doubled  iho  mcKy  »df,f'of 
Khzaheth,  passed  by  Dover  t'litr.  sailed  i»i  V.w  Island 
which  lliey  had  called  Marthas  Vineyard,  ami  I'u'.ployed 
tiiemselves  in  taking  young  geese,  cranes,  and  herns. 
'I'lie  next  day  ihey  set  sail  for  Kngland  ;  and,  after  a 
pleasant  passage  of  live  weeks,  arrived  at  Kxmouth,  in 
Devonshire. 

Tiius  failed  the  first  attempt  lo  plant  a  colony  in 
North  \'irgima  ;  the  causes  of  whiciuiru  obvious.  The 
loss  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigii's  Company,  in  South  \'ir- 
<^inia.  was  then  recent  in  memory,  and  the  same  causes 
iiii^ht  have  operated  here  lo  pioduce  the  .<ame  elfect. 
Twenty  men,  situated  on  an  i>lanit,  surrouiided  by 
other  islands  and  the  mam,  and  bnni>lied  witli  six 
weeks  provisions  onlv,  could  not  maintam  possession  ol 
a  lerriiory  to  which  they  had  lu)  right  against  the  force 
of  Its  native  proprietors.  Tlicy  might  easily  have  been 
cut  otl".  when  >ei  Iving  food  abroad,  or  their  fort  might 
have  been  inve^r^d.  and  tlicy  must  ha\e  surrendered  at 
discretion,  or  iiave  been  starved  to  deaih.  bad  no  direct 
assault  hi-en  niade  upon  them  The  prudence  of  their 
retreat  is  nriipiestionable  to  any  person  who  considers 
their  hazardous  situation. 

During  this  voyage,  and  especially  whilst  on  shore, 
the  whole  company  enjoyed  remarkably  good  health, 
riuy  were  hiiihly  pleased  with  the  salubrity,  fertility, 
and  apparent  advantages  ol  the  country.  Oosnoid  was 
so  enthusiastic  an  admirer  of  it,  th:it  he  was  indefati- 
gable in  his  endeavors  to  ibrward  the  settlement  ol  a 
colony  in  eoujnnction  with  ('apta'n  John  Smith.  With 
hnu.  in  I(»07.  he  eiub.irked  m  tlio  e.\|tedition  to  South 
\'ir<jmia,  where  \w  had  the  rank  of  a  counsellor.  Soon 
alter  his  arrival,  by  excessive  fatigue  in  llie  extremity 
of  the  suimuer  heat,  be  fell  a  s.icriliee.  willi  lifty  others 
to  the  insaluhrilv  of  tliil  ehmate,  and  the  sca.ity  mea- 
sure and  bad  quality  of  the  provisions  with  winch  that 
unfortunate  colony  was  furnished. 

'I'lie  iliscovery  made  by  (losnoid.  and  especially  the 
shortness  of  the  time  in  wlitcii  his  voyage  was  ner- 
formed,  iniluced  liichard  llaclduyt.  then  IVebetidary 
of  St.  Aurustine's  Church  in  iJri^tol,  to  use  Ins  inlhi- 
ence  With  the  major,  ahUrmen,  and  merchants  of  that 
o[)ulcnt.  mercantile  city,  lo  prosecute  the  discovery  ot 
the  nonhern  parts  of  \'ir','iuia.  'I'he  tirst  sU'p  was  to 
obtain  jii'rniission  of  llalet^h  and  ius  a>>M>ciates.  'I'his 
was  undertaken  and  aecoinpli>hed  by  llackluyt.  in  con- 
junction of  John  .\Mgel  and  liohert  Salierne,  bolh  of 
whom  had  been  with  (tosnold  to  .\merica.  'J'he  next 
was  to  cipiip  twj  vcf  sels  ;  one  a  ship  of  lilty  tons, 
ealh  li  the  Speedwell,  carryiiii;  thirty  men  :  the  other  a 

bark  of  twenty-MX  toiift,  called  ihe  Di.'Coverer,  carrvmg    dav  and  niglil.  whilst  others  were  employed  in  collect- 
thirteen  men.     The  eonmiaiider  of  the  ship  was  Martin  , 
I'ring,  and  his  mate,   l!dmund  Jones.     The  bark  was 


leheld  very  goodly  groves  and  wood.-*,  and  sundry  sort.H 
of  beasts.  IJiit  meeting  with  no  stiMsa/iUft,  we  h'fl 
these  places,  with  all  the  al'oresaid  islands,  shaping  our 
course  for  Sava^^e  Jiuck,  discovered  the  year  helore  by 
Captain  Oosnold.'' 

Trom  this  description,  I  conclude,  that  after  they  had 
passed  Iho  islands  as  far  weslwaid  as  Caseo  liay,  the 
eastermost  of  the  four  inlets  which  tliey  entered  was 
Ihe  mouth  of  the  river  Saco.  The  two  ne.xl  were  Ken- 
uchimk  and  Vork  rivers;  the  wesieimost,  and  the 
best,  was  the  river  Piscataipia.  'l"he  reason  of  ttieir 
tiiidmg  no  people,  was  that  the  natives  were  at  that  ;i  ii* 
son  (June)  lishing  at  the  falls  of  the  rivers;  an  i  lt:e 
vestiges  of  lires  marked  the  places  at  or  near  tiie 
moulhs  of  the  rivers,  where  they  had  resided  and  tal  en 
fish  in  the  earlier  months  of  liie  .-^prinu'.  In  steering 
tor  Sttnii'C  Hni/:,  they  must  have  doubled  Cape  Ann, 
which  lironght  them  mto  the  b.iy  of  Massachusetts,  on 
the  northern  shore  of  which,  I  suppose  Savage  liock  lo 
ho  situated. 

It  seems  that  one  principal  object  of  their  voyngf 
was  to  collect  sassafras,  winch  was  esteemed  a  htghl) 
medicinal  vegetable.  In  ^cvtral  p-arts  of  these  jour 
nals,  and  in  other  hooks  of  itie  came  H-te,  it  is  celebri 
ted  as  a  sovereign  ret  iL-dy  iw  th.  plague,  the  venereal 
disease,  tiic  stone,  ^;l.r■lngurv  r.nd  otluu  maladies.  One 
of  tiosnolds  men  had  been  eurr.d  by  it, ;:;  tweUe  hourd 
of  a  surfeit,  orcasiujed  by  eiirmg  greeddy  vf  the  bel- 
lies of  dog-lish.  whii-h  is  called  a  •■dct'r;oii»  meat." 

'i'he  journal  then  pioeeeils  :  '•  Ooing  on  the  main  at 
Savage  Kock,  we  fonnj  people,  with  whom  he  had  no 
long  conversation,  because  Iteie  also  wi  oonld  tind  no 
sassafras.  Departm.^  lienco,  .\e  bare  into  thai  i^nal 
^u!f  H'hu'h  Ciijit.  do-tno/d  tWiishut  the  year  bctore  ; 
coasting  and  tindmg  pt:^p!f  on  'Itc  north  side  thereof. 
Not  yet  salistied  in  our  e.xptiee.iiion,  we  k-ft  them  and 
sailetl  over,  and  came  to  anchor  on  I  v  5  Mith  suit,  iu 
tin;  lalilnde  of  forty  one  degress  and  odi^  mmut'o; 
where  we  went  on  land,  in  a  certain  hay,  wliicli  wao 
called  \\liifsi'/i  Ha'j,  by  the  name  of  ihe  worshipful  mas- 
ter, John  \\'hilson,  tiien  mayor  of  the  eily  uf  Iliialol, 
and  one  of  the  chief  adventurers.  Findmg  a  pleasant 
hill  adjoining,  we  called  it  Mnimt  Ahiuuil/i^  for  master 
Robert  AMwortirs  sake,  a  chief  fnrMierer  of  the  voy- 
aixe.  as  well  with  his  purse  as  with  his  travel.  Hero  we 
lud  Bulhcient  -piantity  of  aaai'afras." 

In  another  part  o\'  ihid  jonrtial,  Whitson  Hay  is  thus 
described:  "  At  the  .Tntr.tiiee  of  this  excellent  haveii» 
we  found  Iwenty  fathoms  uf  w.itir,  and  lode  at  our  ease 
in  se\en  fithoms,  being  l;md-U>ckcd;  tin-  haviui  winding 
It)  compass  like  the  shell  of  a  snail  ;  and  it  is  m  latitude 
of  hirty-one  degrees  and  twenty  minutes.  We  also  ob- 
served that  we  could  tind  no  sassafras  but  in  sandy 
ground  '* 

Though  tills  company  had  no  design  to  inako  u  set- 
tlenHiit  in  America,  yet  eon«idermg  that  the  place 
wheie  they  found  it  convenient  to  re.-*ide,  was  full  oi 
inhabitants,  they  built  a  temporary  hul,  and  eiicloseil  it 
With  a  barricade,  in  which  they  kept  conslant  guard  by 


*  The   lolltiwinir  note    is  Iroiii  Vvivn  Cutliii.   Emj.     "Tlif 

haven  here  ili'scill)e.l  itmst  haveltcfii  IhutiU  Kiinartovvn.  No 

otticr  couUl  w  nil  jiro|iniiy  lit*  rii)rcsenu;ii  as  wnnlin-j  ni  laiiJ- 

IdcliCil,  as  is  truly  lliu  hiiibur  uf  lAlgartown,  generally  callt  J 

OSiltnvvn." 

To   tins   1    Rulijuiu   nn  cittrnct  of  a  letter  from  tho  Hi'v 

I  .1i>se|ih  Thtixtar,  iinmslor  ui  ICiliiartown,  datpH  Nov.  15,  17^17 

I  "  II  1^  eviili'iit    li>   me,   »ihI   nlhers  l>titef  aciiuauiled  llinii  I 

am,  with  whom  1  have  consiillnl,  that  PrihK,  as  sM-m  n-*  hi- 

\  j)HS'*e(l  Iho  sniHly  |Mnnl  of  Mnrniiiioy  [Malcharl,  I'ore  lo  ilin 

I  wi'stwaril,  and  catiie  throiuih  what  Is  calleit  llutlet's  Hole' 


ommanded  by  Wiiliam  Ilruwne,  whose  male  was 
Samuel  Kirkland,  Salterne  wa.s  the  principal  agtiit, 
or  supercar;;o  ;  ind  was  hirnished  Willi  various  kinds 
of  cloilimir,  hard  vare,  and  trinkets,  to  trade  wilit  the 
natives.  The  ves.sels  were  victnalleil  for  eight  months, 
and  sailed  on  the  10th  of  .\pril,  1G03,  a  few  duya  after 
the  death  of  tjiieen  Khzaheih. 

They  went  so  fdf  to  the  southwanl,  as  to  be  within  '  that  ho  kept  t)i«  North  channel,  ttU  ho  got  ns  liir  as  KaJ 
siohi  of  Ihe  Azores  ;  an<l  in  the  beL'mnini;  of  June,  fell    ;"•""".  «"'> »'"'»  >'"  '""''» ^'"^""'^  "^^r  into  nidmw,.  hari 
m  With  the  American  coa»ii,  between  the  -Uld  and  -tllh 


degrees  of  latitude,  among  those  numerous  islands  which 
cover  the  district  of  .Maine.  One  of  these  they 
named  Kox  Island,  ftom  some  of  that  spccii's  id  animal 
which  lIu'V  saw  upon  it.  Among  these  islands,  in  the 
mouth  ul  I'enobsc(»l  Itay,  ihev  found  good  aiichorago 
and  tislnng  The  land  bemg  rocky,  ihev  judged  it 
proper  for  the  drying  of  cod,  which  tliev  look  in  great  ^  oi'^iiiruk'' 


h  corrPS|npiiils  m  I'vcry  rcspoct  tu  his  ilcMTiptiori.  t* icppt 
111  tho  tlepth  of  water  at  the  ontrance  of  the  hailnir,  tht'ie  aM 
now  hul  hiurteen  fatlHinin ;  in  the  harbor  there  ainscvt.;! 
atitl  a  half.  I  would  migKcst  an  idea,  whcttn^r  thero  i»  now 
the  same  dritth  of  watirnt  Iho  entrance  as  In  1603*  It  Is 
certain  that  tlie  shonU  shin,  and  that  (!ape  Poge,  ^^')thln  tbn 
iiieiuory  of  man,  has  hoeii  wn.ihed  Inln  tho  sea  thirty  or  Oirtv 
rttds.  From  this  circuuistani  e,  the  dillcrinci'  in  Ihe  depth  o! 
water  limy  ho  easily  arcoini'od  for.  "There  are  sevrr*. 
ploaaant  hills  adjoirung  lo  thu  harbor,  and  to  this  day  plenty 


BIOnRAPITIES    OF   THE    EARLY    DI8C0VEREUR 


4t 


mn  those  unually  taken  at 

Is.  tilt  V  raiim'd  the  coael 
1    lour  milts,   \vliii:li   arw 

casicrly  was  lurrt-tl  .tt 
1  uvtr  lilt'  liar,  wu  uin  up 
frrlain  nji'ici"  louful  vt-ry 
\\n.  as   v\('   s.iilnl   stt'ith- 

niU'ts,  wliicli  \M'  loiiiil 
'VUv  four;!i  iuitl  must 
I  \vu  lowttl  up  ten  or 
ice8  \v«  romul  no  picjiK', 
Ihul  lnHii.  How  lit-;',  wu 
I  wuoil.-*,  ami  MiiiJry  horla 
til  no  Mi.s.v(i/ru.v,  wc  It'll 
■said  islands,  slupin^  our 
jvert'd  lliu  year  bcloro  by 

iclndc,  that  aftnr  they  liml 
slwuiJ  a»  t^'asco  liay,  llie 
s  which  Lliey  cnU-rctl  was 
Th'-'  two  mxl  wtTi-  Kt'ii- 
lie  w  cstc'i  ii'.nst,  and  tim 
a.  'I'lic  riMMin  vl  llu'ir 
1}  natives  wt-rc  at  that  =<  ii- 
s  ol  the  ri\erd  ;  ani  li:e 
e  places  at  or  near  tiie 
ley  had  lestded  and  t.iki'ii 
ihe  s|)l■m•,^  In  ^leerlllg 
have  doiiliied  C'a|'e  Ann, 
hay  ol'  Mas^achu^etls,  on 
i  aupiiose  Savaj^e  Uock  to 

1  object  of  their  voyagt 
Ii  was  esteemed  u  lu«'hlj 
[■ml  parlrt  ol"  these  jour- 
i-  j-aitit'  "^r-te,  it  is  etlihn 
■•  till  iila^ue.  ihu  venereal 
i-jid  olhi:i  uudadies.  Duo 
lirrd  by  it,:::  ».wei^i!  hoiira 
tin<;  4:ri>cdily  ^~f  the  bel- 
d  14  "ilctTrioti*  meat." 
;  "  Ijoimjx  o'i  the  main  at 
le,  with  wlmm  ho  had  no 
■re  also  ui.  ooiild  tind  no 
AC  liare  into  ifiat  i^riat 
Oi')xhi>t  the  year  briorc  ; 
1  I  lie  north  side  thereof. 
I'.iiion,  we  'el't  theiu  and 
lor  on  I  e  J  nith  side,  iu 
ss  and  odu  mmui'd; 
eriain  Itay,  wlneU  waa 
)f  Uii:  wurshiplnl  nias- 
of  the  cily  ul  llristol, 
Kmdmi,'  a  pleasant 
nf  Alduint/if  for  master 
fur:herer  of  the  voy- 
th  his  iravel.  Here  we 
ifraa." 

al,  Whitson  U^y  h  thus 

ihis   exctlleiU  haven, 

tir,  and  uide  at  oi.r  ease 

ckeii;  ihi-  liaveii  winihii^ 

id  ;  and  it  is  in  latitude 

ty  niimites.    W'c  aUo  uh- 

sa^^afras  biil  in  sandy 

.  desifrn  to  make  a  set- 
-ideriii;^  that  the  plaeu 
III  to  reside,  was  full  oi 
..iiv  hut,  and  encjuseil  il 
kept  constant  ynard  by 
ere  employed  in  coilecl- 

leen  Ihalot  K«li!:irl"'%vn.  N«> 
I'sriiltd  u*.  wtuilu>'.{  or  UnU- 
Algarlowii,  [jtiKTjU>  call'  tl 

of  a  letter  frnm  tlio  Il"'v 
rtnwii.  tlale-i  N<iv.  Ii,  t7'.l7 
x  lit'tter  :ic<|uauit('il  ttnii  I 
I,  thai  PntiK,  as  sMun  n^  In 
mi>V  [Mjik-barl.  l>ore  in  llitt 
at  Ucallctl  imtlei's  llt)l<S 
till  ho  gat  as  lar  as  I-'al 
over  into  oiiltuwn  h;it(K.i, 
I  to  his  licMTiitlinn.  except 
ice  nf  thti  hailMir,  ihetti  aM 
he  harbor  Ihore  amntsviu 
idea,  whether  there  n  now 
entnimeasin  liM)3t  It  Irt 
that  tape  IMge,  wiihm  thn 
hitn  the  sea  thirtv  or  fortt 
in  .liHerfnceinthe  -Ici'ih  tiT 
for.  "There  are  se vera, 
■bor.  and  to  this  day  jilenly 


inc  sassafras  in  the  woods.  The  Indians  frequently 
visiled  ihcm  in  parlies,  of  various  numhers,  from  icii 
10  a  huinlrtd.  The)  were  used  kindly,  bad  innkct.- 
pre&tiili-d  lo  them,  and  were  hd  vMlh  Kn^^lisii  ptiUi^ , 
their  own  Im.d  he  nj;  ctiM'tiy  li^h.  'I'hty  wert-  adonini 
wilii  pliiles  of  cupper  ;  ti.»  ir  bows,  arrows  and  ipiiver;' 
were  vt  ry  iieailv  nuJ*i  ;  and  their  hu'chen  canoes  wi-re 
criisl.hu  das  tireat  Lunusilies,  one  ol  which,  of  sevcu- 
!ecn  leet  m  icti^ih  and  four  in  breadth,  was  carried 
home  lu  Ilrisul,  us  a  specimen  of  their  ni^enmiy. 
W'iiei'.c:  ji  was  bought  or  stolen  from  llicin  is  uncer- 
taui. 

■*^.  The   natives  were  excessively  fond    nf  imisic,  and 

^4  would  daiu't!   in  a  rin;i   loiind  an    Kiii,'hsh  youth,  who 

it'  played  on  an   nislriunetil  called  a  ^itterne.      lint  ihey 

were  ureallv  ternhed  at  the  barking'  oi'  two  Kn;fh>h 
maslill's,  which  alwavs  kept  tiieni  al  h  distunce,  wticii 
iIh'  people  were  lireil  ol  their  company. 

Thcf^'rowtlio!  tiie  jilace  eonsiaied  of  sassafras,  r/Hta, 
cedar,  oak.  a-^h.  beech,  hircli,  cherry,  hazel,  walnut, 
maple,  hullv  and  wild  plum.  The  land  ammali^  win' 
stags  and  hillow  di  er  ui  ahundaiice,  hears,  wolves, loxes, 
hisernes,*  poieupiiies,  and  do^s  with  siiurt  noses. "t 
The  waters  and  shores  abomuird  with  hsh  and  shell- 
fish of  \anous  kinds,  and  aiinalic  buds  in  ;:real  plenly. 

Dv  the  end  ot  July  ihev  liad  loaded  their  bark  with 
sassafras,  and  sent  her  to  Kn^land.  After  which  they 
made  as  much  tlespateh  as  possible  in  ladin;;  their  ship, 
the  deparlure  of  wiiich  was  accelerated  by  the  follow- 
ing nieulrnt. 

Tlie  Indians  bad  hitherto  been  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  atlveiititrers  ;  but  seeing  their  number  lesseneil 
and  one  of  their  vessels  gone,  and  those  who  remained 
dispersed  at  iheir  sever.il  employments,  ihiy  (muk'  one 
dav.  about  noon,  to  the  nuinher  of  one  iiundn  d  and 
lortv.  aruud  wilii  bows  and  arrows,  to  the  harricado, 
wliere  lour  men  were  on  guard  with  their  muskets. 
The  fndians  called  to  them  to  eoine  out,  which  they 
refused,  and  stood  on  their  defence.  Captain  I'ring, 
with  two  lut'u  oiilv  wtreon  board  the  ship;  as  soon  as 
he  perceived  the  danger,  he  secured  the  siiip  as  well  as 
he  could. and  tired  one  ol  Ins  great  guns,  as  a  signal  lo  the 
laborers  in  the  woods,  who  were  reposing  after  their 
fatigue,  depending  mi  the  masUlls  lor  protection.  The 
dogs  hearing  iht;  gun.  awoke  their  masters,  who,  then 
bearing  a  second  gun.  took  to  ihiir  arms,  and  came  to 
the  relief  of  the  gu.ird.  At  the  sight  of  the  men  and 
dogs,  the  Indians  de>isird  from  ihcir  purpose,  and 
sileetmg  V)  turn  the  whole  into  a  jest,  went  oil  laugh- 
ing wilhciiliiiy  da-nage  on  either  side. 

In  a  few  days  afler,  they  set  tire  to  the  woods  where 
the  sassafras  grew,  ti)  the  extent  of  a  mile.  Thei'.e 
lllanning  circumslances  deti  rinincd  I'ring  to  retire. 
After  llie  people  hail  embarked,  antl  were  weighing 
the  anchors,  a  lamer  nuinher  than  ever  thev  hul  seen, 
ibout  two  hundred,  came  down  to  llu-  shore,  and  some 
in  their  cr.noes  canu'  otl  to  tiie  ship,  appanntly  lo  iii- 
vile  the  adventurers  to  a  Ioiilmt  continuance.  It  was 
not  easy  to  believe  liie  mviiation  frieiidlv.  nor  itriident 
to  accept  It.  They  therefore  came  to  sail,  it  being  tiie 
Otb  of  August.  After  a  passage  of  live  weeks,  bv  the 
route  ot  th('  Azores,  they  came  into  soundings  ;  and  on 
the  2d  of  Oeloht  r  arrivtd  at  King  Uoad,  below  IJris- 
lol.  where  the  bark  h.ul  arrived  about  a  forlmght  before 
them.  'i'iiis  whole  voyage  was  completed  m  six 
months.  Its  objects  we.;.'  lo  make  discoveries,  and  to 
collect  furs  and  sassafras.  No  instance  of  aggression 
on  the  ptrt  of  the  atlventurers  is  mentioned,  nor  on  the 
part  of  li.e  natives,  till  alter  the  sailinu  <>f  the  bark. 

At  tie  same  time  that  Martin  Priiig  was  emploved 
in  his  voyige,  Uvktmoi-omhw  (Iii.nKKr  went  on  a  far- 
U)erdi-co\ery  to  ihe  southern  pari  of  Viruima,  haviriii 
it  also  m  view  to  look  for  the  lost  colonv  of  Sir  U'alle'r 
Raletfh.  lie  sailed  from  I'lyinonth.  .May  10,  1(U>:». 
in  the  bark  Ulizahelh.  of  hfty  tons,  and  went  by  the  way 
cf  iMadeira  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  louched  at 


*"Luserno,  I.ucem,  a  henst  rn;:ir  the  Imuu-ss  nt  a  woll 
of  cclorliL'twecn  red  and  hrowii,  soitiellniiftmayted  hke  a  cat. 
and  minnled  wiili  ttUck  spots;  hred  in  Mu.scuvy,  and  is  a  rh  lI 
fiirr*'."— [Viiie  M'-., shell  in  verhiiui  I'lirre. 

Could  thiB -..11111:11  hu  theracooriT  Jositelyii gives  the  name 
of  liiseriiu  to  the  wild  cat. 

t  As   Iht]    existence   of  thi«  species  of   nnimal  has   beeji 

drnitited,  I  nnisl  remark,  that  it  u  several  luiies  nicnti. I 

by  the  earhfHl  ndve(iliuer«,  and  twiee  ni  Piiiik's  .lournnl. 
J.i?stl\fi,  who  WAS  n  naturalist,  and  resided  stveral  \ears  in 
ih.-i';i.siern  imrts  of  New  Kngland,  Kives  tin-  in  i-ouiit  of  it  : 

'  I  know  ot  (Hit  one  kind  of  heast  in  New  rnnliind  prodnred 
hy  t")uivocalKeneratiiin,  and  that  is  the  Indian  iIok,  heif.iiien 
belwtcn  a  wolf  and  a  fox,  or  lictwion  a  h'x  and  a  wolf ; 
which  they  made  use  of,  tanilng  them  and  ImngiiiK  »hetn  iii> 
to  hunt  with;  hnt  since  the  KukIInIi  caino  lunoint  tlietn,  thev 
haveguttnn  store  of  onrdojm,  which  lliey  hriMR  up  and  krpp 
In  M  much  suhjection  ba  thty  do  thuir  wl'ts."— {JoiBelyirs 
rojiUjo*  ib  tho  N  E  p.  M 


several  of  the  islands,  taking  in  ligum-vitie,  tortoises, 
and  loliaeco 

thi  the  (ill)  of  Jidy  lie  ipiillfd  the  i.-liiids.  and  steer- 
ed tor  \  iriiini.i.  In  lour  ilays  he  got  mio  the  tiulf 
.Stream,  and  was  bccalmtd  live  davs.  ,\lter  which  the 
wind  sprang  up.  and  <>n  the  '^(hh  he  saw  land  in  ihe 
■lOth  deoree  of  latitude.  His  object  was  to  fetch  the 
mouth  of  fliesapeake  JJ.iy  ,  but  the  wind  being  ;ulvtr>e, 
afler  beating  agaiiisl  it  hu'  several  da\s.  the  neces.-,Hy 
of  wood  and  water  ohhgeil  them  to  come  to  anchor 
ahoul  a  mile  from  the  sliore,  where  there  was  an  ap- 
pearance of  the  entrance  of  a  river. 

(hi  Friday,  the  UUlli  of  .Iiilv.  t'aptain  (ulbert  accom- 
panied by  I'lunuas  Uariner,  u  gentleman  of  llernuid'a 
Inn.  Jiicliard  I.larrison,  male,  Henry  Kenton,  surgeon, 
and  Derrick,  a  Dutciiman,  went  on  shore,  leaving  two 
hoys  10  keep  the  boat.  Immediately  after  ihey  had 
entered  the  wood,  the  savages  attacked,  pursued  and 
killed  every  one  of  them;  two  of  them  Icll  in  sioht 
o\'  the  ho\s,  w!io  bad  much  dilliculty  lo  jirevcnt  the  In- 
dians from  hauling  the  boat  on  shore. 

Wall  liea\y  hearts  ihey  got  back  to  llic  ship  ;  wbc^e 
crew,  reduced  to  eleven,  iiicl  ^ding  ihe  boys,  durst  not 
make  any  further  atienipt ;  but  steered  for  ihe  Western 
l.-l,iiids;  after  passing  ihein,  they  arnvid  in  the  river 
Th. lilies,  alioiit  the  end  of  .Sejdeiulier.  when  the  cily 
of  London  was  "most  grievously  infected  with  the 
riagiie." 

Afler  the  peace  which  King  James  made  with  Spain 
in  l(iU4,  when  the  passion  for  the  discovery  of  a  norih- 
west  passage  was  in  full  vigor,  a  ship  was  sent  from 
Ilnglaiid  by  the  Karl  of  Southampton  and  Lord  Arun- 
del of  Wardor,  with  a  view  to  this  object.  Tbt*  com- 
mander of  the  shij)  was  (icorge  Wevmouth.  lie  sail- 
ed from  the  Downs  on  the  last  day  of  March.  KJO.'i,  and 
camti  ill  .sight  of  the  Aiiiencau  coast  on  the  l^ih  ot 
May,  in  the  latitude  of -U  de-irees  31)  minutes. 

Jjcing  there  entangled  among  shoals  and  breakers,  he 
quitted  this  land,  and  al  the  distance  of  lifty  leagues,  dis- 
covered several  islands,  to  one  of  which  he  gavo- the 
name  of  .SV.  O'rcii^t-.  Wiihiii  three  leagues  of  this 
island  he  came  into  a  liarhor.  which  he  called  l\nficnsf 
harbor;  and  saihd  up  a  noble  river,  lo  which  it  does 
not  appear  that  he  gave  any  name,  nor  docs  he  mention 
any  name  by  which  it  was  Cflled  by  the  natives. 

The  conjectures  "f  liistorians  renpecting  this  river 
have  been  various.  Oldmix.^ii  supiwses  it  lo  have 
Iteen  James  river  m  Virgjuia,  whilst  Ijeverly,  who  aims 
lo  correct  him,  aliinns  it  lo  have  been  Iludsoirs  river 
ill  New  York  Neither  of  them  could  have  made  these 
mistakes,  if  ihey  had  read  the  original  account  in  i'ur- 
ehas  with  any  atteiilion.  In  Smilh*'i  history  of  \irginia 
an  abridgment  of  ihu  voyage  is  given,  hut  in  so 
slight  and  indt  tinitc  a  manner  as  lo  alionl  no  satisfac- 
tion respecting  the  situation  of  tiie  river,  whether  il 
were  nortliwarti  or  touihward  from  ill.*  land  hrsl  ditco- 
vereti. 

To  ascertain  liiis  matter  I  have  carefully  examined 
Weymouth's  journal  acd  compared  it  with  the  best 
maps;  but  lor  more  perfect  saiisfaciion,  I  gave  an  ali- 
siract  ol  the  voyage  wi;h  a  number  of  ipieries  to  ('apt. 
John  loslei-  Willuims,  an  experienced  manner  and 
commander  of  the  Uevenne  Cutter,  belonging  to  this 
port  ;  who  has  very  obligino|y  communu  lU  u  10  .i..  h..-, 
observations  made  in  a  latu  cruizo.  Uolh  of  these 
papers  are  here  subjoined. 

"Ahstrart  of  the  Wnja'jc  of  Cipfaiii  drnnrc  Wcy- 
viniilh  to  Ifu:  Const  of  Amcrwa,  from  the  pnntrd 
Jouinul,  ijltinl  tn  Purchases  i^/^rnrnj,  putt  iv. 
pii!!i:  ifi.VJ. 

A.  1).  iHl).^),  Munh  3!  —-Captain  George  Wey- 
mouth sailed  from  llngland  in  the  Archangel,  for  the 
northern  part  of  Virizmia,  as  the  whole  coast  of  North 
America  was  then  called. 

Mill/  \:\  —Arrived  in  sonmlings— IfiO  f.ithoms. 

I'l  "-In  live  or  six  leagues  di-itanee  shoaled  the  water 
from  one  hundred  to  five  fathoms,  s.iw  from  the  mast- 
head  a  ivhitiy/i  .Sitiuh/ ,l.-lf\  N  N.  W.  Vt  leagues:  many 
breaches  nearer  the  l.iml ;  the  grouml  foul,  and  depth 
varying  from  six  to  lifit  i-n  fathoms  Turted  from  the 
land.      I.alitude  M  degrees  30  minutes. 

15—Wmd  belwt-en  W.  S.  W.  and  S.  S  W.  In 
want  of  wood  and  water,  land  much  desired,  and 
therefore  sought  for  it  whin-  the  mud  icmld  Ust  siitjtr 
u». 

QuKRV  1.— As  the  wind  then  blew,  must  not  the 
course  be  to  the  north  and  east  f 

10  — -In  almost  ffti/  leagues  run,  found  no  land  ; 
the  eharls  being  eironeons. 

17— Saw  land  wliiih  bore  N.  N.  E.  a  great  gale  of 


wintl  and  tin;  sei  high.  Stood  off  till  two  m  the  morn- 
ing ;  then  stooil  in  again.  At  e  ght.  A  M  saw  biiid 
aoiiiii  bearmt:  N.  E  II  appeared  a  mean  hii^h  lii.*:,!  e- 
im:  as  wf  allerwards  found  it  an  i.\!iihil  of  no  '/lenl 
compass,  Al>out  noon  came  lo  alienor  o;i  tiie  north 
side  m  torty  l.ilhoms,  about  a  league  htnn  olioro. 
Named  the  island  .SV.   (;,t,ii',\ 

t^li  Kiiv  "i — Could  this  i>laiid  be  Sri'inn  or  Mouhc- 
i.M»  !   or  if  neither,  wliat  !^^llld  was  it  ' 

Whilsl  Wi'  weie  on  sliore  on  the  i>Iaiid  our  men  on 
lioard  caught  thirty  large  cod  and  haildock.  I'roni 
hence  wt'  tliseerned  many  i.shinds,  and  the  main  land 
enteiidintf  from  W  .S  W.  to  K.  N.  W.  A  grea'  way 
up  mill  the  mam,  as  il  then  seemed,  we  diseerned  niy 
hi^h  mounfiiitts ;  tliouoh  the  main  si-emetl  but  low 
land.     The  mountains  bore  N.  N.  K.  from  us. 

tJi'Kiiv  ;J— What  mounlains  v.ere  these! 

1!  . — IJeing  Whitsundiii/.  weighed  anchor  at  twelve 
o'c!  '•'.  and  caiiu'  along  to  the  oilier  islands  more  ad- 
joining •■  the  main,  and  in  //w  roiui  dmrdi/  10  fhr 
lUoitiili  US,  ai-^Mt  lliitf  le.igiies  from  tiie  lirst  island 
found  a  s.m-  harbo,,  iteh-nded  Irtun  all  winds,  m  an  ex- 
celliMit  tleplh  of  wait  r  It  r^hips  of  auv  burthen  in  six, 
seven,  eight,  nine,  ten  fathoms,  ujion  a  elav  oo/i-.  very 
louizli,  win  re  is  g()oil  mooring  even  on  the  rt>cks,  by 
the  elill  side.      Named  it  Pciiliciwi  lurlmr. 

t,Jn;uv  4. — Do  these  marks  agree  wiih  Sagadaluck 
or  Mnscpieto  h.irbor  or  St.  tJeurgt'^  jsiuiid  ;  or  if  not 
with  what  harlK)r  tlo  lhe>  ai.'ree  ! 

»0, — Went  ashore,  hnmd  water  issuing  from  spring!* 
down  the  rocky  el  ills,  anil  ting  pits  to  reerive  il. 
round,  at  no  great  tleplh,  clay,  bhie,  reil  and  white. 
(Jood  lobsters,  rock-iish,  plaise,  and  lumps.  With  two 
or  three  hooks  caught  coti  ami  haildock  enough  lor  'ho 
shi|i's  company  three  davs. 

*  1  — The  captain,  wiih  14  men  armed,  mardied 
tliroiiL'b  two  of  iht;  islands,  one  o\  which  we  guessed  to 
be  four  or  live  miles  in  compass,  and  one  broail  .Vlnm- 
dance  of  oreai  muscles,  some  of  which  contained  peaili*. 
One  h.ul   \\  pearls  in  it. 

30. — The  captain  with  13  men  de|iaited  in  ihe  shal- 
lop, leaving  the  .s!up  in  harbor. 

31. — The  shallop  returned,  having  discovered  a  great 
rtrrr  trendmg  far  up  into  the  mam. 

tJi'KUV  5. — What  river  was  this  ! 

Jiinr  1. — Indians  came  and  traded  with  us.  I'oinl 
ing  10  one  part  of  the  main,  eastward,  thev  signilied  (0 
us  that  the  liufihabc,  their  king,  bad  jdenty  of  furs,  and 
mucli  tobacco. 

N.  U — Here  Weymouth  kidnapped  tivo  of  the  na- 
tives. 

11. — I'assed  up  into  the  river  with  our  ship  about  '^6 
miles. 

ObscrviUiom   by   the   Author  of  the    I'cyd^v,    James 
Rosier. 

"Tiie  lirst  and  chief  thing  reijuired  for  a  plintahon 
is  a  hold  coast,  and  a  fair  laud  lo  fall  in  wilti.  The 
next  IS  a  sale  harbor  for  ships  to  ride  m. 

"Tlie  first  IS  a  special  attribute  of  ihis  shore,  being 
free  from  sands  or  danixerous  rocks,  in  a  eontinual 
guild  ilepth.  with  a  must  excellent  tand-lall  as  ean  bo 
des':ed.  whieh  is  the  lirst  island,  named  St.  diuim'. 

*'  I'or  the  second,  here  are  more  ^ood  h,iri>i)rs  foi 
ships  of  ■»ll  burthens  than  all  Kngl.ind  can  alhud  'I'ho 
river,  as  .1  runneth  up  inlo  the  mam  very  nigh  foity 
miles,  towards  tho  dniit  Mountains,  beareth  m  ureaillh 
a  mile,  siimetimes  llirce-fourths.  and  a  half  a  mile  is 
ihe  narrowest,  where  von  shall  never  ha\e  less  than 
four  or  tive  fathoms,  hard  by  the  shore  ;  but  six.  seven, 
ei_'h',  rune,  ten  at  low  water.     On  both  sides,  every 

If  mile,  very  gallant  eovis.  some  able  to  cont.hii  ah 


I 

most  one  hundred  sail  of  ships  ;  the  grouml  is 
eclleut  soft  oozi'.  with  tough  clay  for  anchor  hi)ld  .  and 
ships  may  lie  without  anchor,  only  mooiei  to  the  shore 
with  a  hawser. 

"  It  lloweih  fifiien  or  eighteen  feet  ot  '.ligb  water. 

"  Here  are  made  by  nature,  most  excellenl  place* 
3S  docks  to  i:rave  and  careen  ships  of  all  biulheiis.  f.e- 
cure  from  all  wimls. 

"  Tl^e  river  vieldeth  plenty  of  eal.rion.  and  othei 
fishes  of  great  bigness. 

"The  Iiordering  land  is  m*08t  rich,  trending  all  alo-ig 

on  boili  sides,  in  an  etpuil  plain,  nerlnr  inuitntamoua 

1  nor  rocky,  but  verged  with  a  green  border  ol  g^a^^.•i  ; 

1  which  may  be  matle  good  feeding  ground,  being  |i'.-nti- 

Inl  hke  liii>  ontwanl   islands,  with  fre^ih  waif r,  wlucli 

fitreanielb  tlovvn  in  manv  places. 

"  .\s  w«^  pas«t  d  wilh  a  i_'enlle  wind,  in  our  whin,  e.i 
this  tiver.  any  man  mav  t.-oiicei\e  wilh  what  a  biiiraiitn 
we  all  consented  ni  joy  ;  many  who  had  iHvn  Lr.i- 
vfllcrs  in  sundry  countries,  and  in  the  nuii4  famous  n» 


tTTT 


42 


AMERICAN    HISTOUy. 


}  im 


vers.  hfliniuHl  ihom  not  cninpar.tlile  to  this.  I  will  not 
prefer  It  brl'orr  our  rivrr  of  Thames,  hrrau'-r  it  is 
Enghind's  richest  trt'iiMirt'  ;  hut  we  did  all  wish  those 
exccllciU  tmrhurs,  ^uod  drpllis,  continual  convcniimt 
breadth,  and  snmll-tule-gatfs,  to  i)C  as  well  therein,  for 
our  cnniitry's  *:ood,  a.s  we  found  tlu-ni  here  :  ilicn  I 
would  Iwldly  atlirin  it  to  he  the  most  rich,  heaviiiful, 
IdT^o,  M-'cure  harhonnjr  river  that  the  world  utiordeth  " 
114. — "  Our  captjiii  manned  /us  ahalhip  with  sevrn- 
teen  men,  and  run  up  to  the  ctnlde  of  the  rivrr,  wli'  '<- 
we  landed,  leaving  six  to  keep  the  shallop.  Ten  ol 
uith  our  shot,  and  some  armed,  with  a  boy  to  carrv 
|K>wd('r  and  match,  marched  u|)  the  countr)',  toirards  the 
mounltuns,  which  wu  descrilwd  at  our  first  fallm^j;  in 
with  the  land,  and  werr  continually  in  our  view.  To 
some  of  them  the  river  hroiight  lis  so  near,  as  we  judjx- 
cd  ourselves,  when  wo  landed,  to  he  within  a  league  o( 
them;  hut  we  found  them  i.ot,  having  marched  well 
ni<;h  four  miles,  and  passed  three  ^^real  hills.  \\'herc- 
fore,  because  the  weailier  was  hot.  and  our  men  in 
tlieir  armor,  not  able  to  travel  far  and  return  to  our 
Diiinaee  at  nij;;iit,  we  resolved  not  to  travel  further. 

**  We  m)  sooner  came  a  hoard  o-.ir  pinnace,  return- 
ing down  towards  our  ship,  l)ut  we  espied  a  canoe  com- 
ing from  the  farther  part  of  the  coildf  of  the  nrf  r,  cnsf- 
vard.  In  it  were  three  Indians,  one  of  whom  wo  had 
before  seen,  and  his  coiniiijT  wa:i  very  earnestly  to  im- 
portune us  to  let  one  of  our  men  ^o  with  them  to  the 
Iia.r'  >.,  and  tlien  the  nejit  morning  he  would  come  to 
our  ship  with  furs  and  tobacco.*' 

N.  1) — They  did  not  accept  the  invitation,  because 
they  suspected  danger  from  the  savages,  havin<^  de- 
tained five  of  their  people  on  board  to  be  earned  to 
Kiiijlanil. 

13. — **  Ry  two  o'clock  in  the  mornintr,  •.akinj;  ad- 
vantaije  uf  the  tide,  we  went  in  om  pinnnce  up  to  that 
part  of  the  river  \\hi('h  Ireiideth  tnwt  into  the  mam. 
and  we  carried  tt  rm.ss  to  erect  at  that  point,  (u  thini» 
nc^er  omitted  hy  any  Christian  travellers.)  Into  that 
river,  we  rmrnl  by  estimation,  twenty  miles. 

"  Wliat  protit  or  pleasure  is  descriiiad  in  the  former 
part  of  the  ri\er.  is  wliullv  dt.iihltd  m  this  ;  for  the 
breadlli  and  deptli  is  such,  that  a  sliip,  drawing  seven- 
teen or  eighteen  leit  of  water,  nnt.'ht  have  jiatisi  d  as 
fiiT  as  ue  went  wiih  our  .shallrp,  and  niueh  firtln  r,  be- 
cause we  left  it  in  so  tfood  depth.  From  the  place  of 
Cwr  ship's  ridiULj  in  the  liarhor,  at  the  entrance  inio  the 
Sound,  to  the  larthest  point  we  were  in  this  river,  hy 
our e.^tiiiialion,  was  nt)t  m.ich  less  than  thrnscorc  miles. 
[That  is,  as  !  undersland  it,  Irorn  IViilecost  harbor 
Ihey  went  in  t\e  ahip  forty  miles,  to  tlie  codde  of  tlie 
rivrr ;  .".nd  thence  m  the  shalloj),  or  pmnace,  twenty 
Ujh's  on  the  we-l  branch  J 

Ql'khv  (>  ■ — What  is  meant  hy  coddc  7  It  appear*  to 
be  an  oUI  word 

"  We  were  so  pleased  with  lliis  river,  and  so  loiii  to 
I'orsake  it,  ihat  we  would  have  continued  there  wil- 
bnjily  for  two  davs.  having  ordy  bread  and  cheese  to 
eat.  iliit  tlie  tide  not  siiller:nu'  it.  we  came  down  with 
the  ehb  Wecoiicei\ed  thai  llie  river  ran  very  far  into 
the  land,  for  wc  passed  ^lx  or  seven  miles  ultoiicther 
frcxk  u-iit,-,  (whereof  wo  all  drank)  forced  up  hy  the 
flowmii  of  the  salt  water. 

14  — We  warped  our  shifi  down  to  the  river's 
mouth,  and  there  eaine  lo  ;inchor 

15.  —  Weii,'!ied  aneluir,  and  with  a  breeze  from  tlie 
land,  canie  lo  our  watering  place,  in  INiilecost  harbor, 
end  6lled  our  cask 

"  Our  captain  upon  a  rock  in  the  midst  of  Inis  har- 
bor, made  his  ob,-ervatiori  liv  tlie  sun,  of  the  heiL^ht, 
latitude,  aii<l  variation,  exactly,  njioii  all  his  instru- 
ments, vii  astrolabe,  seinispliere  rint;.  ami  cross-stalf. 
and  an  excellent  variation  compa.ss.  '  'lu-  latitude  he 
found  l:ldeL»reos  ilO  imnutes,  north  ;  tK?  variation,  11 
de*;ree.-*  Id  imnules.  west  " 

N.  n.— -In  tins  latitude  no  part  of  the  American 
coast  lies,  except  Cape  Porptiise  where  is  only  a  boat 
harbor.  The  rivers  nearest  to  it  are  on  th'  south, 
Kennebiink.  a  .ide  river  of  no  yreat  extent,  terinmatmir 
in  a  brook  ;  atul  on  the  north.  Sacu.  tiie  navigation  of 
wlueli  IS  olistructed  by  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  and  by  a 
lall  Hi  the  distance  of  six  or  seven  miles  t'roin  the  sea 
Neitlier  of  these  cmld  he  the  ri\er  descrilxd  m  Wev- 
moutlrs  Journ,  i.  Ilis  ohservalior  of  the  latitude,  or 
the  |)rinled  arco  uit  of  it,  must  hav     u'en  erroneous. 

1I_''"  Captain  \\  illiams  will  be  !^.  obliging  as  to  jmt 
down  his  leiii.irjis  on  the  above  ab>tract  m  writing,  for 
(bouse  ol  i;»s  humble  servant, 

Bithton^  Ant;.  4.  17^*7.  .Tkkkmy  Ubi.knap." 

Captain    \Villiam\i  Ansirn; 
**The  first  land  Captain  Wevmoiith  saw,  a  whitish 
GttlKly  cliil    M    N.  W    iii  leagues,  must   liavo  been 


I  Sankolv  Head  [Nantucket.]  With  the  wind  at  W.  S. 
\\ .  and  S.  iS.  W.  lie  could  have  fetched  into  ibis  bay, 
[Hoston]  and  must  hjm>  seen  Capo  Cud,  had  the  wca- 
ther  been  clear.     ^Mf^ 

The  land  he  saCv  oi»  the  17lh.  I  think  mu.^t  he  the 
island  Moiihe,'  .  as  no  oilier  island  answers  the  de- 
scription In  ,..v  last  cruise  to  the  eastward,  I  sound- 
ed, and  had  thirty  tatlioms,  about  one  league  lo  the 
northward  of  tlu;  island.  The  many  islands  he  saw, 
and  the  main  land,  extending  from  W.  S.  W.  to  10  X. 
Iv  aiiTcc  with  that  i-hore ;  the  mountains  he  saw  hear- 
ing N.  N.  K  were  IVnohscol  Hills  or  Mountanus  ;  for 
from  tlie  place  where  !  suppose  the  ship  lay  at  anchor, 
the  above  mountains  bear  N.  N.  K. 

The  harbor  where  he  lay  with  his  ship,  and  named 
Pentecost  harbor,  is,  T  suppose,  what  is  now  called 
fjror^c'x  Ixland  Ilurhnr,  winch  bears  north  from  Mon- 
hegan,  about  two  leagues  ;  winch  harLior  and  islands 
agree  with  his  descriptions,  I  thnik.  tolerable  well,  and 
tlie  name,  (icori^c'x  hlandx,  serves  lo  conlirin  it. 

When  the  captain  went  in  his  boat  and  discovered  a 
great  river  trendmg  hr  up  into  the  mam,  I  suppose  he 
went  as  far  as  Two  Uu.sh  Island,  about  three  or  lour 
leagues  from  the  ship,  from  thence  he  could  discover 
Penobscot  hay. 

Distance  from  the  ship  to  Two  Dush  Island  is  about 
ton  miles  ;  from  Two  Bush  Ishmd  to  Owl's  Head,  rune 
miles  ;  from  Owl's  Head  to  the  north  end  of  l.ong 
Island,  twenty-seven  miles  ;  from  the  iiortii  end  ol 
Long  Island  to  Okl  Port  Pownal.  six  miles  ;  and  from 
the  Old  Fort  to  the  head  of  liie  tide,  or  falls,  in  Penob- 
scot river,  thirty  miles;  whole  number,  eighty-two 
miles. 

I  suppo-^e  M^  went  with  his  ship,  round  Two  Hush 
Island,  and  then  sailed  n]>  to  the  weslwaril  of  Long 
Island,  sup]>osing  hmiself  lo  be  then  m  the  river;  the 
mouniains  on  llu;  main  to  the  we>tward  exlendmg  near 
as  hi^li  u|.  as  Urllast  1  ay.  I  think  it  probiltie  thai  he 
anchored  wttli  Ins  ship  oil'  the  point  which  is  now  i 
called  the  Old  Fort  Point.  | 

The  eodde  of  the  river,  where  he  went  w ith  his  shal- , 
lop,  and  marclu'd  up  in  the  country,  toward  the  moun- 
tains. I  ihink  must  be  Ltellast  bay.' 

The  eanoe  that  came  Iroin  the  farther  part  of  the 
codde  of  the  ri\er.  eastward,  with  Indians,  I  think  it  | 
prohahle,  came  from  IJagaduce.  j 

The  worti  coddr  is  not  common;  hut  I  haveori(:i| 
heard  it:  as,  "  up  in  the  codde  o(  the  hay,"  meaning 
the  bottom  of  the  h.iy.      I  suppose  what  he  calls  "the 
codde  of  the  river,"  is  a  bay  lu  ilic  river. 

The  lalilmle  of  St.  Cieoriic's  Island  harbor,  accord- 
ing to  Holland's  map,  is  forty-three  degrees  forty-eight 
mmu'es,  whicii  is  nine  leag'ies  more  north  than  the  oh- 
servat.on  made  by  Caj)tain  We\  mouth. 

lioxlim.  October  1,  1797. 

Sir, — I  made  the  foregoing  remarks,  while  on  my 
last  eruiz.e  to  tiie  eastward.  If  any  tartlier  inrorination 
is  necessary,  that  is  m  my  power  to  give,  you  may  com- 
mand me. 

I  am,  with  respect,  Sir,  you  obedient  bumble  ser- 
vant. Jons    FOSTKK    WlLl.HMS. 

Kkv.   Dr.  Dki.knap- 

Weymouth's  voyage  is  memorable,  only  for  the  dis- 
covery ol  Penobscot  river,  and  for  the  decoying  ol  live 
of  the  natives  on  board  his  .'^Inp.  whom  lie  earned  to 
LiiLdand  'Phree  of  them  were  taken  iiito  the  lamily 
of  .Sir  Ferdniando  (Jorges,  then  'Mivernor  of  Plvmouth, 
in  Hevonsliire.  The  information  \vhich  he  tramefl  from 
them.  coridSiorated  bv  Martin  Priiiix.  ofl'iistol.  who 
inaile  a  second  vovige  m  KiOrt.  (ami  prosecuted  the  I 
discovery  of  the  rivers  m  ihe  District  of . Maine)  pre-' 
pared  the  way  for  the  attempt  of  Sir  .lohn  Pophatn  and 
others  to  establish  a  colonv  at  Sai^'ulahock.  in  HiO? ; 
an  account  of  which  aitPinpl,  and  its  failure,  is  already 
given  in  the  life  of  Sir  Ferdmaiulo  (lorges. 

In  the  early  accounts  of  this  country  wo  fmd  the 
names  of  Mnroshrn  and  yoinm/ifija.  .Niavoslien  was 
a  name  lor  the  whole  Uistrict  of  .Maine,  containing  nine 
or  tell  rivers  ;  the  westenmiost  o'  which  was  Sbawako- 
tock,  (written  by  the  French  ('houakoet  and  by  the 
l']iiifli>*h,  Saco  )  The  easternmost  was  Quibecpiesson, 
which  I  take  to  be  (aetward  of  Pi-nobscot,  but  cannot 
sav  hv  wh:it  name  it  is  now  called.  Noruinbega  was 
a  part  of  the  s;tme  district,  eompreheiiding  )'eiiobsi:ot 
bay  and  river;  but  Us  eastern  and  western  tunitu  are  i 
not  described.  | 

It  IS  j:1so  to  be  noted  that  the  river  Penobscot  was 
sometimes  called  Pema<piid,  thou<Tb  this  latter  name  is  | 
now  re>tricied  to  a  point  or  neck  of  land  which  lies 
about  siX  leagues  to  the  westward.  Penobscot  !•  j 
culled  hy  ihe  French,  Penta^ott.  | 


This  confusion  of  names  occasions  no  small  per 
(lexily  to  inquirers  into  .the  geography  and  early  his- 
tcry  of  this  country. 

JOHN  HO  BIN  SON. 

JoHS  noDiNsnx— n.s  Ilirth  ami  c'lluration— Minister  of  s 
C*itMi;rcj,'ali(iii  of  Dissenters  — IIih  C  itmret^iitioti  I'erseriitel 
— Iteifinves  with  his  rhiircli  tti  Aiiisicrdam— llisilispulation 
Willi  Kinsenj.jri!*— Ills  (liuiTli  eonieirMiiftten  n  Reiuoval— 
Api'lv  to  I  111'  V  rKium  t;«iiriiiHiiy— Preaches  lo  tlieiii  prcviou* 
to  ileiiiiniil— Uii  ailectuHiite  itavo  of  those  who  einhai'kuJ 
for  Auienca-Mis  Death,  Cliaraeler,  ami  Posterity 

TiiK  (irst  elfeclual  settlements  of  the  Kuglish  in  New 
Kngland  were  made  hy  those,  who,  after  the  reformu- 
tion.  dis>:en»ed  from  th  establishment  of  the  Kpiscopul 
Church,  who  sull'ered  on  account  of  their  dissent,  and 
sought  an  asyhnn  from  their  huirerings.  I'liiforinity 
was  insisted  on  with  such  rigor,  as  disgusted  many 
conscientious  mniisters  and  people  of  the  Church  of 
Kngland,  and  eaused  that  separation  which  has  ever 
since  subsisted  'I'hose  who  could  not  conform  to  thu 
estahlislmieiit,  hut  wisheil  h)r  a  im>re  complete  reforma- 
tion, were  at  lirst  dist.ngui>hed  hy  the  name  of  i'Kri- 
tans ;  and  among  these  the  most  rigid  were  the 
Itnnniiftts,  so  called  from  Holiert  Drown,  "  a  fiery 
young  clergyman."  who,  in  i.'")HO.  headed  a  zealous 
parly,  and  was  vehement  for  a  total  ^eparalion.  Hut 
Ilis  zeal,  however  violent,  was  void  of  coiisislency  ;  for, 
in  his  advanced  years,  he  (OMlorined  to  the  church  ; 
whilst  others,  who  more  deliberately  withdrew,  retained 
their  sejiaratiou,  though  they  became  more  candid  and 
moderate  in  their  principles  Of  these  pe.iple  a  con- 
greijation  was  tormed.  alioiit  the  year  1602,  near  the 
c))nliues  of  the  comities  of  York,  Nollingliam,  and 
Lnieoln  ;  who  chose  tor  their  ministers,  Uichard  Clif- 
ton and  John  Kohm:>on. 

Mr  Kohinsun  was  horn  in  the  year  IS?*!,  but  tho 
place  of  his  birth  is  unknown.  He  was  proliably  edu 
cited  in  the  I'mversity  of  Cambrulge  ;  and  he  is  said 
to  have  been  "  a  man  of  a  learned,  polished,  and  modest 
.•spirit  ;  pious  and  studious  of  the  iriith  ;  largely  .icccm- 
plished  with  gifts  and  (]ualilicatioiis  suit  ible  lo  be  a 
shepluTd  over  lilts  flock  of  Ciirist"  llefore  ilis  election 
to  this  oliiee,  he  had  a  beneliee.  near  Varmoiith,  in 
Norfolk,  where  his  friends  Wi'r<' frequenlly  molested  Ity 
the  hishop'j  ollicers.  aad  some  were  almost  ruined  by 
prosecutions  in  the  ecclesui.-lical  courts. 

The  reigning  prmce.  at  tliat  tune,  was  James  L  (ban 
whom,  a  more  eonteniptible  char.ii-ler  never  sat  on  the 
British  throne.  L'ducated  in  the  principt<'s  of  Preshvic 
nanism,  in  Scotland,  he  for<jottliem  all  on  his  ad\anco- 
meiit  lo  the  throne  of  the  ihree  kingdoms.  FlaltereJ 
iiy  the  bishops  he  gave  all  ei-cbsiastical  power  inlc 
their  hands,  and  entrusted  svce[ 'laiiU  with  the  niaiiaire- 
ineiit  of  the  Stale;  whilst  he  ii-doleiilly  resigmd  him- 
self to  literary  and  sensual  induli^cricies  ;  in  the  forinei 
of  which  he  was  a  pedant  ■  ui  the  latter  an  ejucure. 
The  prosecution  of  the  Puritans  was  conducted  witl* 
unrelentmg  severity  in  the  fiu"nu  r  part  uf  his  reign, 
when  Baiicrol'l  wa«  .\rchhi.shoji  ol'  ( 'aiilerhnrv.  Abbot, 
who  succeeded  him  was  I'.ivoraMe  to  ihem  ;  but  when 
Laud  came  into  power,  they  were  treated  with  every 
mark  of  insult  and  cruelty. 

Kohinson's  congregation  did  not  escajie  persecution 
by  M-paralmg  from  thi'  t  stahli>hmenl  and  lorming  an 
independent  church.  Still  exposed  to  tiie  penalties  ol 
the  ecclesiastical  law,  they  were  extremely  harrassed  ; 
some  were  thrown  mto  prison,  some  were  conlined  to 
their  owii  house.-. ;  others  wert;  oblined  to  b  ave  tht  ir 
larms  .-nid  suspend  their  usual  occupations.  Such  was 
their  distress  and  perplexity,  that  an  emigration  to  some 
foreign  counlrv  seemed  the  only  means  of  saictv. 
Their  first  views  were  ihrected  to  Holland,  wliere  the 
spirit  o(  commerce  had  dictated  a  trie  toleration  ol 
religious  opinions;  a  blessinir,  which  neilher  the  wis- 
dom of  pohiicians.  nor  the  charily  of  clerovnien  ha] 
adniittcd  into  any  other  of  the  Luropean  Stales.  Bu', 
tlie  ports  ol  llietr  own  coiiiitrv  were  "hut  against  thein. 
they  could  get  away  only  hy  «eekini;  concealment  and 
giving  extravagant  rates  lor  their  passages  and  fees  to 
ihe  manners. 

In  the  autumn  of  IHOfi,  a  comjianv  of  these  lifssen 
ters,  hired  a  ship  at  Boston  in  Lincolnshire  lo  carrv 
ihcm  to  Holland.  'I'he  uiasler  promised  to  he  ready 
at  n  certain  hour  of  the  dav,  to  lake  them  on  hoard, 
with  their  families  and  etfects.  'I'hev  assembled  at  tho 
place  ;  but  he  disappointed  them.  Afterwards  he  came 
m  the  night ;  nnd  when  they  were  embarked,  betrayed 
them  mto  the  hambi  of  searchers,  and  other  ofl'icers  , 
who,  having  rohlied  them  of  money,  books  nnd  other 
articles,  and  treated  t^:e  women  with  indecency,  cyi- 
ried  them  bark  into  the  town,  aiul  czpo:ird  thein  ds  ■ 


BIOGRAPHIES    OF    THE    EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


43 


Lasions  no  Kinnll  l>i'f 
^oyrapliv  and  rnrly  his- 


N  S  0  N. 

Miirntioti— MiltistPr  of  ■ 
*:  'iijirt'tiiiliitii  I'erHenilol 
isilcroani— Hit  dispulalion 
itrinplAlt'^  n  Ki'tnovrvl— 
'leariipt  lo  Hieiri  previous 
,e  It'  tlutst!  who  riiibai'koJ 
IT,  ami  INp.sIenly 

J  of  Ihc  Kntjlish  in  New 
wlio,  al'lcr  llic  ri'forniu- 
lunenl  of  the  K|>i»co|ral 
It  nf  tlirir  dissent,  and 
sulli'rini!».  rniform'.ly 
:or,  as*  ilis^iisU'd  many 
•ople  of  llic  (.'linrch  of 
iralion  which  has  i-vci 
iMiUI  iiol  roiiforni  to  ihi) 

niiri' i-omiploto  rcfornia- 
I  liy  the  name  of  i'liri- 
most  rii;Kl  were  Iho 
iluit  l!ro«n,  "  a  fiery 
i'lSO.  hcailiil  a   zcah>ui 

total  si'paralion.  lint 
oil!  of  conwistfncy  ;  for, 
iformcil  lo  the  churi-li  ; 
ati'ly  withdrew,  retained 
reaiiie  more  cunilul  and 
Of  these  |ie.)ple  a  cori- 
le  year  KiO'J,  near  the 
I'ork,  Nullliiilltdin,  and 
ministers,  Richard  Chf- 

the  year  1070,  but  tha 
lie  was  proliahly  rdu 
iihridfie  ;  and  lie  is  said 
led.  pohshed.  and  inodcBt 
le  iriitli  ;  laruely  .iceom- 
rations  sun  iMe  to  he  a 
St"  licfcre  his  ehrtion 
lice,  near  Varmoiiih.  in 
e  freijuently  molested  hy 
were  almost  mined  hy 
al  courts. 

|tline.  was  James  1.  tliar. 

ler  never  sat  on  the 

principles  of  I'reshyle- 

liem  all  on  his  ad\aiico- 

kliifidoms.      KlatleieJ 

chslustieill   power   llltc 

'lanls  with  the  niali.iL'e- 

rhilenlly  resiiimd  hiin- 

:( iicies  ;   111  the  forinei 

the  hitter  an  epicure. 

;  was  conducted  will* 

ler  p.irt  uf  Ins  rei^'ii, 

of  Canierhiiry.     Ahhot. 

lie  to  them  ;  hut  when 

lere  treated  with  every 

not  escajie  persecution 
r-hiiienf  and  forinilii;  an 
id  lo  the  pi'lialtles  ol 
exlremi-ly  harrassed  ; 
some  were  cmilini  d  tc 
ihhned  to  leave  their 
■cup.itions.  Such  w.is 
an  emigration  lo  some 
ilv  means  of  SiliCtv. 
o  llollanil,  w'.lere  the 
d  .1  free  toleration  ol 
winch  lUTilic  r  the  wis- 
intv  of  eleru'Vinen  lu  i 
Inropean  States  Ihi'. 
re  shut  against  llieiii 
•kiiii;  eoncealment  and 
passaires  and  lees  to 


nijianv  of  these  drsscn 
l,iiieolnsliire  to  earrv 
promised  lo  he  reaily 
>  take  tliein  on  hoard, 
'lliev  assemhled  at  the 
Alterv>ards  he  came 
:>rc  emharked,  helrayed 
rs,  and  otiier  otlicers  , 
niiev,  hooks  and  other 
n  with  iiidereiicy,  cai- 
lul  cipo'jH  ikeju  dK  • 


if 

"i 


lauiihing  »[ectn(lo  lo  ihe  iiuiltitudo.  Thry  wrru  ar- 
raigneti  before  tlic  iim^'i^lnU's,  vvlio  uscii  iln-rii  wiili 
civility;  I'ut  cimlii  miL  n  jMst  ilicm,  wiilumt  iiii  otiliT 
1)1  the  kini,min!  <-oiinril.  Ti'l  lliis  iirrivrd,  llu  y  .siHii-Tcd 
a  nioiiili'p'  iiii|'ri!-'.)iimiMl;  scuii  wi-ro  IjoumluvtT  lo  iliu 
tiisizi's,  ami  llic  oiiicrs  wrrt-  rrlca.sfd. 

The  iicxi  >iiriti^  ^ItU'H;  ilit-y  iriadt;  another  atlrm|)t, 
Biid  lured  a  Itiileli  \es^el,  tiieii  hin^  in  the  liarhor.  to 
taKc  tiieiii  nn  hoard.  Tiu'  plaee  a^Teed  on  \\a;<  an  un- 
fntpiented  euniinon,  hetwteii  Hull  and  tirnnshy,  re- 
moie  liotii  any  houses.  'I'lie  women  and  children,  with 
the  !tai:ixai.'e  were  .sent  down  llie  river  in  a  small  hark, 
arnl  tlie^mer:  agreed  lo  meet  ihini  hy  land  ;  hut  they 
catiif  to  the  plaee  a  day  hetore  the  slop  urnved.  'i'lic 
wale:  heuii,'  roiiL'h.  and  the  women  Miek,  tliey  prevailed 
on  liie  pilot  ol"  liu!  I'ark  to  p;it  into  a  small  creek,  where 
they  lay  a^^iomid.  when  tlie  UutL-hinan  eame  and  took 
one  hout  load  ol  the  men  on  hoard.  IJelore  lie  could 
BCiid  lor  the  olhiis.  a  company  ol"  armed  men  appeared 
oiihurselMck  ,  whicli  so  Irijihiened  him,  that  he  weighed 
aniiior.  und,  the  wind  hem;!  lair,  put  to  sea.  Some  of 
the  men  wlio  wero  hit  hehiiid,  made  their  escape; 
others,  who  went  lo  Uu:  a?'Sl.^lance  of  the  women,  were 
with  them  apprehendeil.  tiid  carried  from  one  justice 
of  the  peace  to  another  ;  hut  the  justices,  not  know  in;.' 
what  u>  do  Willi  so  many  helpless  and  uislrcsaed  per- 
sons, disims.^eil  Iheni  llaviiij;  sold  their  houses,  cit- 
tle  and  furmlnre.  ihey  had  no  homes  to  which  they 
could  retire,  ami  were  then  fore  cast  on  the  chanty  oi 
their  Iriends.  Tho-x'  who  were  hurried  to  sea  without 
tlu'ir  families,  and  il"sU!ute  evenof  a  change  of  cloihcs, 
endured  a  ternhte  storm,  m  which  iiciihei  bUn,  inoon. 
nor  stars  iippeani!  lor  seven  day«.  This  itorm  drove 
Uiem  far  to  the  iiorthw.ud.  and  they  very  narrowly  es- 
caped foiindeiiiij.'.  Alter  foi.Tleen  iliys  thev  arrived  al 
Amsterdam,  where  llie  pen))lc  were  surprised  at  their 
deliverance  ;  tlie  leinpi'st  having'  heen  very  severe,  and 
muelidiima^e  having'  hteit  siislamed,  hoth  at  sea,  and 
hi  the  harliors  of  thectnitment. 

This  f<)rh)rn  companv  of  emii;ranls  were  soon  after 
joinid  hy  their  wives  iind  tamihcs.  The  remaindtr  of 
Ihcdiurch  went  over,  in  tlie  following  summer;  Mr. 
Kohms  )n,  witii  a  lew  others,  remained  to  l;i-'p  the 
weakest,  till  they  were  all  enihaiked. 

At  .\iiisierdam,  they  found  a  congregation  of  their 
couiilr\men.  will)  had  the  same  religious  views,  and 
had  emigrated  tielore  them.  Their  minister  ^Wiis  John 
Smith,  a  man  of  good  ah-littcs,  and  a  populi^r  preacher. 
but  unsteady  in  his  opinions.*  These  p'jople  fell  into 
controversy,  and  were  soon  scattered,  fearing  thai 
the  ndectioti  might  spread,  Kohinsou  proftosed  to  his 
church  a  luriher  removal  ;  to  which,  though  much  to 
their  disadvaiilaiie,  m  a  temporal  view,  itiey  consented  ; 
and  after  one  year  sp-nl  at  Amsterdam,  they  removed 
to  heyden,  where  they  cotitinued  elevin  yars.  DuriHii 
this  time,  their  luiinher  so  increased,  liy  freipietit  eim- 
f^ruiious  from  Knghind.  that  they  haj  m  llie  church 
three  hundred  communicants. 

At  Lexiieii,  they  enjoyed  much  harmony  among 
themselves,  t  and  a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  l*ulch  ; 
who,  ohservni','  their  dtli'jence  and  hih'lity  in  tiieir  husi- 
tiess,  enterlanied  so  grciit  a  respect  lor  them,  that  the 
magisiratf.s  of  the  cily  (UilU),  m  the  seal  of  justice, 
havm<x  occasion  to  censnie  somu  of  the  French  I'ro- 
trslants,  who  had  a  cliun-h  thi-re,  made  ihis  puhlic  de- 
claration. "These  Ijiiih^h  have  lived  i;niong  us  ten 
years,  and  vet  we  nevir  Ind  any  suit  or  itccusation 
■gainst  anv  of  them  ;  Imt  your  tpiarrcls  an-  continual  '* 

'I'he  year  (UiO'J)  in  vhich  Mr.  Itohinson  went  to 
Ijeydeii,  was  ninarkah'.-  lor  the  death  of  .lacohns  Ar- 
ininiiis,  one  of  the  D'.imty  i'roles>ors  ol  the  I'niversity 
of  that  city  IJetw' eii  Ins  successor,  Kpiscopms.  anil 
the  other  tlieologi*  al  professor.  Polyander,  there  was 
much  opposif.on ;  ihi;  Jormer  teaching  the  doctrine  of 
Arminms,  and  the   other  that  of  Calvm      The  contro- 

*  Mr.  Ntiul  says,  that  7iu  retiiied  uu  the  princitile.4  ui  itie 
Drowiasts,  auil  at  last  doclurcd  li>r  ttiu  Itaiitiats  ;  thai  Im  h>it 
Ainsterdain,  ami  seltleii  with  a  party  ml.fTiien  ;w  here,  htuij; 
at  alos!4  for  apnijicr  aiiriiiuistraiiiroriJHiiti.stn,  he  liritt  |ili)iii:i->t 
tUnisr^lf,  and  thuu  |H>rfi>niiiMl  Ihc  crreuiony  on  uthcrit ;  wliit-ti 
gained  liiiii  the  name  ol  Se-baplibl.  Alter  llius  he  eiril'raeeil 
the  |>ririt'i|>le9  ol  Aniiinius,  and  puhliiihuil  a  houk,  wliicli  Ito- 
biiiHon  answored  in  Kill :  >iut  ^uuth  iuoii  ufier  dtud,  aitd  his 
con^-rrjiiniim  was  di-Milvr<l. 

t  i;oi  iiii.tr  Huuiiiiis.m  (I  [irt'sume  throuuli  inatteiili.tn) 
h;is  iiii-i.'i'ri'^<'!iti-l  llvis  iiiaHer,(vol.  11.401)  bv  sayiiiir,  "  lh;it 
Jn  the  l«.lvf  vi-iirs  ol  Iheir  rt'sideru-u  in  ilollaiul,  they  liad 
foiitiMilioii  uMiitng  theiiiselvex,  tlividi'd,  and  l>er:tiiU!  Uvo 
clitiuiics."  The  two  chunhes  .»f  Situtli  and  UotnnsMii  siili- 
iisti-d  tlistmclh  and  iitirnimecti'dly  heloru  they  nuitli-il  llii-,*- 
laiid  li  uai  to  avoid  coutpiitioii  that  tlie  Utter  reiii(i\e>i 
from  AiiiRterdioii,  wlicrc  the  finiifr  lell  to  puces.  Not  the 
luast  ovi.leiicc  ol  i-niiteiili.ni,  lu  llie  ehurrh  ot  l.cydeu,  ap- 
ppfl'4  iiiaiiy  uf  oar  lirst  histuri.ius ;  out  therms  the  Oiliest 
f«iii*!mjny  of  the  roatr.^iy  in  all  ot  thrin.  iNo  division  look 
pifii^},  till  the  ctniKraliun  of  part  of  tlioui  to  Aiaerica,  when  the 
uiuiuNt  barmony  and  low  ware  maniretteU  on  thoocctt»ton. 


vrrsy  was  so  hittrr,  that  the  disciples  of  the  one  would 
scarcely  heartln  leetnre-  ol  the  oilier.  Kohm^on.  thouoh 
he  preached  i.'ruistanllv  three  limes  m  llie  week,  ami  was 
much  engiged  in  wn'.mg,  attended  llic  discourses  of 
each;  U'ld  hecaine  master  of  the  arounienls  on  hoth 
sides  of  ihe  controverted  questions.  Kemg  fully  per- 
suaded of  the  truih  of  the  *  alvnuan  sysiein.  and  openly 
preaching  it.  his  /eal  and  alulilies  rendered  him  lorini- 
dahle  to  the  Amiinians  ;  which  induced  Kpiscopms  lo 
puhlish  se\eral  theses,  und  engage  lo  defend  them 
against  all  opposers. 

Men  of  eiju.d  ahilities  and  learning,  but  of  diircreiit 
Bentiments,  are  not  c.isily  induced  to  submission  ;  es- 
pecially in  a  country  where  ojcnion  is  not  feltered  and 
restrained  hy  the  ruling  power.  I'olyander.  aided  hy 
the  ininislers  of  iho  city,  reipicstcd  Kohmwon  lo  accept 
the  rhallenge.  Though  his  vanity  was  llattered  hy  the 
request,  yet  being  a  stvungcr,  lie  modestly  declined  ihu 
omhat.  Ilel  their  jiressmg  imjiortunity  |»revailtd  over 
his  reluctance;  and  judoing  "- to  he  his  du'y  he,  on  a 
set  day,  held  a  pnhlic  disp  .ation  with  ihe  Armmiun 
professor,  m  presence  of  a  very  numerous  assembly. 

It  IS  usual,  on  smh  occasions,  for  ihe  parlizans  on 
hoth  sides  to  claim  the  victory  lor  their  respeclive 
champ-iona.  Whether  it  w\  re  so,  at  tics  time,  cannot 
he  determined,  as  we  have  no  account  of  the  coMlro- 
versy  from  the  Arminian  party.  CJovcrnor  iJradford, 
who  was  a  memlM'r  of  Kohitiaon's  cuiinh.  and  proba- 
bly present  at  llic  disputation,  gives  this  account  oi  it ; 
"  lie  t<o  defended  Ihe  irulh,  and  foiled  the  opposer,  as 
lo  put  him  to  an  apparent  nonplus  in  this  great  and 
piihhc  audn'nce.  The  same  he  did  a  second  and  a 
third  lime,  upon  the  like  occasions  ;  which,  as  it  caused 
inaiiv  lo  give  praise  lo  (iod.  that  the  trutli  had  so  fa- 
mous a  vietorv,  so  it  procured  loi  Mr  Uobm.son  much 
respret  anil  honor  from  these  liarned  men  and  others,'' 

When  llohinsoii  first  went  to  Holland,  he  was  one 
of  ihe  most  rigid  separatists  from  the  t/hurch  of  ling- 
land,  lie  had  written  in  defence  of  the  separalion,  m 
answer  to  Dr.  William  Amts,*  whose  name,  in  the  pe- 
tulance of  his  wit,  he  had  changed  lo  Amiss.  Alter 
his  removal  lo  Holland,  he  met  with  Dr.  Ames  and 
Mr.  Kohcrl  I'urker.  an  eminent  divine  of  Wiltshire, 
v,\,2  had  heen  obliged  to  liy  ihither  from  the  terrors  of 
the  High  roimm.ssion  Courl,  under  the  direction  of 
.\rchhishop  Mancrofl.  In  u  free  conversation  with  thew 
g(  nllemen.  Kohii'son  was  convinced  of  his  mistake, 
submitted  to  ihe  repioof  of  Dr.  Ames,  and  became, 
ever  alter,  more  moderate  in  his  Bcnliments  respeclirg 
separation.  In  a  hook  which  ho  published,  (UHO)  he 
allov\cd  and  defended  the  lawfulness  of  communicating 
with  the  (Jhurcii  of  Kngland,  "m  l!ie  woni  and  prayer," 
that  is,  in  the  extempore  prayer,  before  the  sermon, 
though  not  in  t'.te  use  of  the  liturgy,  nor  in  the  mdiscri- 
imnaie  admission  lo  ihr  sacraments  Vet  he  would 
allow  the  pious  incmh<'rs  of  the  ( 'hurch  ol  Knglaud.  and 
of  all  the  Jiefonned  churches  to  communicaie  wilh  his 
church  ;  declaring  tint  he  separated  from  no  church  ; 
hut  from  the  corruptiotis  of  all  ehurches.  This  book 
gained  him  ihe  title  of  Seini-separalist,  and  was  so  of- 
tensive  lo  the  rioid  Hrownisis  of  Amsit-rd.im,  thai  they 
would  scarcely  hold  coimnumon  with  the  (.'hurch  ol 
l.tydcn.  These  weri>  called  liohiusonians  and  Inde- 
pendents; hut  the  name  by  which  they  di-'-tinguislied 
themselves,  was.  a  ('on^reo.iiioiul  Church. 

'i'lieir  uraiid  priiH'iple  was  the  same  wliich  was  after- 
wards held  and  delemh'd  hy  ('lullingworlh  and  lloadley. 
that  Ihe  Scriptures,  given  by  inspiration,  couiain  the 
tnie  n-hoiou  ;  that  every  man  has  a  right  to  uidge  for 
himself  of  iheir  ine.imng  ;  to  try  all  doctrines  Iiy  ihtiu, 
and  to  worship  ( ioil  according  lo  the  du  l.iles  of  his  own 
enlightened  conscience.  They  admitted,  for  irudi. 
the  doclrmal  arlicles  ofthe  Church  of  KnoUnil.  as  well 
as  of  ihe  K'  lorineil  churt'hes  m  |-'ra?ice.  <  Ji'iieva,  Swit- 
zerland, and  ihe  riiiied  Provinces;  allovMiig  all  then 
members  In  e  coinniunion.  and  diireting  Irom  them 
only  in  mailers  of  an  ccchsiaslu'.il  i,a:i.re.  Kespecl- 
mg  these,  they  held,  (I,)    That  no  church  ou^ht  m  con- 

*  hr.  Ames  w;u  cduciilcd  ul  l.'itirihrid:;e,  iiirit  i  Uu-  l.toimis 
Perkins,  and  heeaine  IVIlow  ulChiiNt's  rului-i-.  lit  ItiiKl  lit- 
|{a\o  odciue  to  llic  mutii-miMi  'd  llie  ltii\  ri-it\ ,  l>v  j  Timi  li- 
inn  ■itsatiist  cards  and  due  ;  ;io>t  to  .uoi.l  ^irosii  tiltoii  l>it  iMti- 
Ci.iiloimily,  llfd  to  Htdliiid.  He  lirsl  si'Ul.-d  ;il  thu  Ihiiine, 
whence  hf  was  iiivucd  liy  iho  Slatts  ol  Frnsiuid  I.)  the 
ch;iir  of  Theolnyical  ProiVaver  nt  Fiam-ki  r.  wuich  ]\v  hilt  il 
Willi  it'pulalioii  irir  Uvclvf  joars,  Ur  wa-.  .in  .iU\v  lontin- 
vcisial  wntrr;  his  stvic  was  coiuisc  .'ui>l  his  ai>iuui('Mts 
arulf.  He  w  rol.-  .■*.\t-i;tl  ti.all.^es  ag  unsl  Uie  AiiiuiuaiH, 
tieside*  his  laiiioiis  .Metiull.i  Thcolo^ia.  lit*  iitterwards  le- 
moved  t((  Uiitt.  rdaiii;  l,«.il  Ihe  air  ni  Holland  m-l  ai:iermt; 
with  Itis  eoiisiiuiliou,  he  drtcrnmied  to  eonio  tii  Nuw  Hiii;- 
laiid.  Ti.i.s  was  prevtiiti',1  by  hi^  di::uh,m  l(>;iJ.  lli.t  wiUow 
aiitl  family  afterwards  r:iiiu;  ovrr,  ainl  his  i>.>sit'ritv  li:i\i-  liren 
rrspectahle  evt-r  smre,  His  valualdc  lihraiy  hecamu  Ihu  pio- 
uorly  of  ilarvard  CoHQge,  where  it  was  cunsuiiiud  by  lire  ui 


sist  of  more  members  than  can  conventcntlv  meet  to* 

oether  for  worship  ami  discipline.  ("Z  )  'i'hat  every 
church  of  Christ  is  to  consist  only  of  such  as  appear  ti> 
believe  in  and  obey  him.  (3.)  'I'hat  any  eompelenl 
number  of  such  iiave  a  right,  when  conscience  olihgcfl 
iliein.  lo  form  ihemselves  into  a  distinct  churi-h  (4.) 
'I'l  at  this  irici)rporation  is,  hy  soiee  conlract  or  covo- 
iiaiii,  expn-ssed  or  implied,  (fi  )  That  hi  nig  thus  incor- 
porated, thev  have  a  rioht  to  choose  their  own  otllcerfl. 
((>.)  That  these  ollicers  are  t^tntoix,  or  teaching  Kldern, 
iiuliniS  F.Ultrs  and  Ihaiunn  (r)  That  eiders  being 
chosen  or  ordained  have  no  power  to  rule  the  church 
but  by  consent  of  the  brethren.  (H.)  That  all  eiflVrs  u.'id 
all  churches  are  eipial  in  respect  ot  jiowers  and  pri- 
vileges. (U.)  ''Villi  respect  lo  ordinances.  Ihey  held 
that  I'lifitixm  IS  to  he  administered  lo  visibh^  believers 
and  ihetr  infant  children  ;  hut  ihey  admitted  only  thu 
children  nf  communicants  lo  baprism.  Thai  the 
liOrd's  Slipper  is  lo  he  received  silling  at  ihe  ulile  ; 
whilst  they  were  m  llolhuid.  they  received  it  every 
Lord's  Day.  That  ecclesiastical  censures  vsere  wholly 
spiritual,  and  not  lo  hv  accompanied  with  temporal 
peiiallies.  (10  )  Thev  admitted  no  holy  days  hut  the 
Cliristtan  Sabbath,  thouoh  iluv  had  occasionally  days  of 
fa:.tiug  anil  thanksoivuig.  Ami,  finally,  they  renounced 
all  rioiii  of  human  invention  or  mtposition  in  religious 
matters. 

Having  enjoyed  iheir  liberty  in  Holland  eight  or  nine 
vears.  in  which  lime  they  hiid  become  ncijuainted  with 
the  counlrv  and  the  maimers  of  its  inlubitanls,  they 
heizan  lo  think  of  another  removal  (  HUT).  The  reasons 
of  which,  were  ihese.  (I.)  .Most  of  them  had  lucn 
bred  to  ihe  business  of  hushandry  in  Kngland  ;  but  in 
Holland.  lliev  were  obliged  to  learn  mechanical  trades, 
and  use  various  inelhiuls  for  their  subsistence,  which 
were  not  so  agreeable  to  I  hem  as  cultivation.  (3  )  The 
laiiL'uage.  manners  and  habits  of  the  Dutch  were  not 
rendered  pleasing  by  familiarity  ;  and,  in  purtie'.iiar, 
the  loose  and  careless  manner  in  \%liich  the  Sablialli 
was  rei^arded  m  Holland,  gave  them  ureal  oU'ence. 
(3.)  The  clmiate  was  unfavorable  to  tlu-ir  health  ;  many 
ol  them  w<>re  in  the  decline  ol  hie  ;  their  clnldicn,  o|)- 
pressed  with  labor  and  disease,  became  mlinn.  and  tho 
vigor  ol  nature  seemed  to  abate  at  an  early  age. 
(4.)  The  licentiousness  in  which  youth  was  indulged, 
was  a  pe.'iucious  example  to  iheir  cbihlrcn  ;  some  ot 
whom  became  s.ulors,  others  soldier.^,  and  inanv  were 
dissolute  in  llieir  morals  ;  nor  conlil  their  parents  re- 
strain ihem.  without  givini;  oti'ence  apid  incurring  re- 
pn)ach.  These  coiisidirations  ationled  them  tho 
melancholy  prosjiecl.  ihal  iheir  pctstcnty  wtJ.ilil.  m  lime, 
become  so  mi.xed  with  liie  Dutch,  as  to  lose  their  ii  - 
terest  in  the  Knoli-'h  nalnui.  lowhich  thev  had  a  natural 
and  strong  attiuninenl.  {d  )  They  obscrvi'd,  also,  that 
many  other  Knohsh  people,  who  had  i;one  to  Holland, 
sullered  in  their  health  and  substance;  and  either  re- 
turned home  to  hear  the  ineonvimieiicies  from  which 
they  had  (led.  or  were  reduced  to  po\eny  abnwul.  For 
these  reasons,  they  concluded  that  Holland  was  not  a 
counlrv  m  which  they  could  hope  for  a  permanent  and 
agreeaole  residence. 

The  (]uesiion  then  was.  to  what  part  of  tho  world 
sboiihl  they  remove,  where  they  miohi  expect  freedom 
from  the  hiirdi'iis  under  which  ihey  ha<l  formerly  gr4)aned. 
and  the  blessings  of  civd  and  religious  libtrty,  which 
thev  had  lati  Iv  enjoyed. 

Tho  Dutch  merchanls  being  apprised  uf  their  discoii- 
le.it,  made  them  large  oilers,  if  lliey  would  o'*  to  some 
I  of  iheir  foreign  plantations  ;  but  iheir  at!a>-hmeut  lo  iho 
'  Knolish   nation   and   irovernment  was  iiiMncihlc      Sir 
Waller  Ualeioh  had.  about  this  tiini'.  raised  tho  lame  of 
(iuui'u.  a  rich  and  ferule  country  of  America,  between 
the  tropics,  blcssed  with  a   perpetual  sprmg.  and  pro- 
i  duclive  ol  every  thing  which  cmihl  satisfy  the  w.intsof 
I  man.  with  lntle   l.ibor.      To  this  counlrv,  the  views  ci 
I  some  ot  the  mosl   sanguine  were  directed  ;  hut  consi- 
derm;,'  that  m  suih  warm  climates,  diseases  were  gene- 
rated, which  often   proved  fatal  to  Kun>pean  coiisiitu- 
Itons,   and   that   iheir  nearest   neighbors  would  be   the 
.Spamards,  who,  lliouoh  they  bad  not  actuallv  i)ceupied 
ihe  country,  yet  clanned  it    as   their  own,  ami  might 
easily  dispossess    them,    as   they  had  the   Tri'iich    ol 
rh)rida  :   the  m.ijor  part  disapprovi'd  of  this  proposal 

They  then  turned  their  thoughts  lowanU  that  part  of 
America,  coin|  reheiuled  under  the  general  name  of 
Virginia.  Then',  if  they  should  join  the  colony  already 
eslabbshed.  they  must  subinil  to  Ihe  i,'0\erimi"nt  ot 
the  ('hurch  of  Kngland.  If  they  shoiiM  allein;  l  a  now 
plantation,  the  hornirs  of  a  wilderness,  and  the  erneltit'*: 
of  Its  Kavage  inhabitants  were  prcseiiUil  lo  their  vit'w. 
It  was  answered,  that  liie  Dutch  had  begun  to  pUnt 
witiiin  tbcdo  Itiiut^  aud   wore    untnok'btud ;   thnt  ail 


44 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


■    ' 


proat  umlortnkJiKrn  wnrr  at'endoU  with  diHiniltrcs:  Init 

L*ial  tin'  iin««iMrl  nC  il.iiicrcr  tliti  not  rcmirr  ihc  niter- 1 
pMHi'  tli'>)  ( tall'  ;  iliiil,  hlionltt  iliry  itMiiiiin  in  IlcIliiMt,  j 
iIh'V  «»''»  i.iti  In  (■  Iroiii  il.iiii_'tT.  ii«  H  iriict'  littwctn  ilio 
liiiiifd  l*rovitii-t'!t  iiiiil  S|)niri,  vxhu-li  litid  Mil)M>u-((  1*^ 
yrurK,  whu  iii-iirlv  ('X|  ircd.  and  ])r('|tiiriiiii>ri>«  wire  miik- 
inu  lo  r<  iit-v\  ihij  war,  (liiit  llir  S{>,irii.iiils,  il  Mi('<'r>shil 
initjtu  I'lovr  )i^  rriii'l  .is  the  "iivitjifs  ;  iinil  that  lilirrlv, 
liDlli  i-ivil  ithil  nli<.'ious,  was  nltui:rllnT  [trrcarinii!* 
lit  Miiropf  Tiu'sc  runsiili-ratitins  (IcM-riiiint'd  lliiir 
vu-wn  luwiirtU  tho  iMiirih.ilMiKl  part  of  .Norilt  Anu-rtt-a, 
i.'!airiii-(l  liv  llicir  iialivc  |irnirt',  an  part  ot  Iiin  dunii- 
ntniiti  ;  and  their  hi»pe  wum,  that  h)  ('ini<:ratni<T  hiiher, 
they  ini^hl  itiake  whv  lor  the  priipaijatioii  ol'  the  Clins- 
tian  rrh^ioi)  in  u  lieuihen  land,  lhou^rn(to  uhv  tiieirown 
plirase)  "  they  t*htiuM  he  but  as  «teppincr-stoiies  lo 
othim,"  wlio  ini^ht  ronie  after  them. 

'i'h*^o  thniuR  were  lirst  dehaied  in  private,  nnd  iiOer- 
wartU  proposid  to  the  whoh-  et»n;_'rt'i;atit)n,  who,  after 
in-iture  dehlM-ralinn,  and  a  devum  address  to  Heaven, 
deterniined  to  rniikc  upplieadon  to  the  Virt;ini;i  Coni- 
piuiy  Ml  [.ondon,  nnd  to  niipMre  whether  Kni>;  Jiniies 
would /,' raft/  llieni  hherly  ol  eouMienee  iii  his  American 
dumiiiions.  John  Carver  and  Uohert  rushnian  were 
nppomied  their  agents  on  iIuk  oeeasion,  an<l  lettt-rs 
were  written  liy  Mr  Kohnison,  and  Mr  Ikewslcr,  tlieir 
riihn<;  eUler,  in  tlie  name  of  th<'  eoiiyrei.'ation,  to  Sir 
Kdwin  Sandys  and  Sir  John  M'orstenhohne,  two  prin- 
cipal nieniliers  ot  the  ViryMim  Company. 

Ill  those  letters  they  reeoriimcnded  themselves  as  pro- 
per persons  lor  rnii^ration.  lieeause  ihey  were,  *■  wean- 
ed from  the  delieale  milk  of  their  own  eomitry,  and  so 
inured  to  ihe  ditlicnhies  of  a  slruiiL^e  land,  that  no  t^iu,\\\ 
tliinyH  would  discourajie  ihein,  or  nuke  theinwi>h  to 
rrlurn  liome  ;  that  lliey  hiid  nrcpiired  liahi'.j*  of  tnijiii- 
liiy.  indu.-'try.  imd  srlf-deiual  ;  and  were  united  in  a  su- 
lemn  covenant,  hv  whieh  they  wen'  hound  to  seek  '.he 
welfan',  of  Ihe  whole  eoniptiiy.  and  of  every  iiitiividual 
person  "  'riiev  al>o  ^avt-  a  sueeinet  and  candid  ac- 
count of  iheir  n'li^ioiis  principles  and  practices,  lor  the 
iiiforinalion  of  tiie  km^  and  Ins  council. 

The  anj'wcr  which  they  received  Wii?  as  favorable  as 
ihev  could  expect.  The  Virginia  Company  prorniiicd 
them  as  ample  privilei^es  us  were  in  their  power  lo 
jjnnt.  It  was  tluMii,'ht  prudent  not  to  dcli\cr  their  let- 
ter lo  the  kini;  and  council  ;  hut  application  was  made 
to  Sir  llohcrt  Norton.  Secretarv  of  .State,  who  em- 
ployed his  jiiiiTesi  Willi  Arehhisliop  Ahliot  ;  and  (>v 
Itiean^  ot  his  mediation,  the  kin^  proini>ed  to  conniM>  at 
their  rchi^ious  practh-es  ;  hnt  hi-  denied  ihcni  toleration 
under  the  ^rtdl  seal.  With  an  answer,  and  some 
private  eiuoiiraycment,  the  Dgfiils  returned  to  IIol- 
htud. 

It  was  impossihle  for  them  lo  transport  themselves 
lo  America  without  assi^ianee  from  the  men'liant  ad- 
venturers in  l-!n;.dand.  Fnrtiicr  ajjency  and  a'^reeiuents 
Wire  necessary.  The  dissension.^  of  the  \'iri:in!a  Coiii- 
piiiiy  wen-  tedious  and  violent  ;  and  it  was  nut  till  alter 
two  whole  ye:irs,  that  all  tlse  nt  eessary  provisions  and 
arrani,'enients  corld  lie  made  for  iheir  \ova^c. 

In  the  lnninnuiL' of  Ki'JtI.  ilicv  kept  a  solemn  day  of 

frayer,  wlun  Mr.  Iv()hin>nn  delucred  a  discourse  from 
.Satnuel.  xxii!.  :j.  4  ;  in  winch  he  endca\ond  to  re- 
move liieir  doubts,  and  conllrm  their  resululioiis  It 
had  been  previously  di-lcrniined,  that  a  part  of  them 
ehould  ^o  lo  America,  and  pn-pan-  the  wav  for  the 
othirs  ;  and  that  if  the  major  part  should  cont  ht  to 
po,  the  pasior  should  ^o  with  them;  oiherwi.-e  he 
ehould  remain  in  Holland.  It  was  found  one.xainina- 
tioii,  that  thoujih  a  iiiajor  part  was  williiii;  to  ijo.  vet 
tliey  could  not  all  i^cl  ready  in  season  ;  therelbre,  the 
pealer  number  be-tim)bl!<:rd  to  ,itay.  they  reipiired  Mr 
Kohnison  to  stay  -oih  ihem.  Mr.  Brewster,  the  nilinji 
older,  was  B|ipointed  to  po  wilii  the  minonty,  who  were 
"  lo  be  an  altsolule  cbureli  of  ihem.'^elvef,  as  will  as 
those  thai  should  stav  ;  with  llns  provi.-o,  that,  as  aiiv 
should  po  over  ur  n'turn.  they  should  be  n'putrd  as 
members,  witliout  farther  dismission  or  testimonial. 
The  others  were  In  follow  as  sonn  as  possible. 

In  Jidy.  they  kept  another  dav  of  praver,  when  Mr. 
Robinson  preaciied  to  them  Inmi  Kzra  viii.  'Jl,  and  con- 
cluded his  discourse  witli  an  e.siioriatiou.  whieh  breathes 
a  noble  spirit  of  Christian  liberty,  and  pives  a  jvisl  idea 
of  the  sentiments  of  this  excellent  divine  whose  charity 
was  the  more  ronspicuous,  hicause  of  iiis  former  nar- 
row priiici|ib's,  and  the  pencral  bipotry  of  the  Reformed 
ministers  and  churih*  >■  of  that  dav. 

"  Brethren,  (said  he.)  we  are  now  (juiekly  to  part 
fro.n  oiie  another,  and  whellur  I  may  ever  li\e  to  see 
vour  hcv  on  earth  any  more,  the  (iod  of  Heaven  onlv 
liiiows  ;  but  whether  the  Lord  hath  appointed  that  ot 
Kot,  I  charge  you  boforo  God  and  his  blessed  angels, 


that  you  follow  me  no  farther  than  you  have  seen  me  I 
follow  Ihe  Lord  ,le.<<iis  <')irist. 

■■  IftJud  n'\e,dan\  iIimil' to  yon  by  any  other  instru- 
ment of  liis.  \fv  a.s  readv  lo  receive  it,  an  ever  von  were 
to  receive  any  triiili  by  my  ministiy  ;  lor  I  am  vcnly 
persiiadt  d---|  am  very  coi.lidMH.  that  the  I.onl  has  more 
Iruih  \et  to  break  lorlb  out  Ot  his  huly  word.  Tor  my 
part,  i  caiitiiit  :^i;llictenllv  bewail  the  eoixhtiOM  ot  the 
Uelormed  churihes.  who  arv  come  to  a  |  eruii!  in  re- 
hpion.  and  will  fo,  at  pn'^ent,  no  farther  than  the  in- 
slrumenls  of  iheir  retoriuatuin.  The  l.utheraii.s  can- 
not be  drawn  lo  po  lie\<Mid  what  I.ulher  said  :  whiilextr 
;f<rt  of  hi^  will  our  pood  (iod  has  revealed  i.nto  Calviii, 
tliey  will  rather  die  than  embrace  it.  And  the  Calvm- 
ists,  you  fee,  stirk  fast  where  they  were  left,  by  tliat 
i>reat  man  o\  (lOil.  who  vet  saw  not  all  thinps. 

"  'i'his  IS  a  misery  much  lo  be  hniM  ntcd  ;  f<jr  thouph 
they  wtTc  biirmnp  and  sliiiiinp  lipiits  in  iheir  limes,  yet 
they  pmrtralni  iii>l  into  tlie  whole  counsel  of  (Iod  ;  liut 
wrre  ihey  now  livitip,  would  be  as  willmp  to  embrace 
farther  liphl,  as  that  whieli  they  first  received-  I  be- 
seech you,  rcmeniher,  it  is  an  arluMe  ol  your  church 
covenant,  *  tliat  you  be  ready  lo  receive  whatever  Iruih 
sliall  be  made  known  to  you,  from  the  written  word  of 
don.'  itcmemher  that,  and  every  otiicr  article  of 
your  sacred  covenant.  Ibil  1  must,  herewiihal,  e.\hor) 
you  lo  take  hetd  wiiat  you  receive  us  truth.  Kxamiiie 
It,  consider  it,  and  compare  it  with  other  scripiurt  s  of 
trnlh  befbn' you  receivf;  il ;  for  it  is  not  possible  tliat 
the  ('brisinii  world  tilionld  come  so  lately  out  of  Hiich 
thick  anli-Christiaii  darkness,  and  liiat  pertectiun  ot 
knowledpe  shoiihl  break  forth  at  once. 

*'  1  must  also  advise  you  to  abandon,  avoid,  and 
shake  oil"  the  name  of  Iiit>wni.\tx.  It  is  a  mere  nick- 
name ;  aiid  a  brand  for  the  makinp  rrlipion,  and  the 
prof*t.''sors  of  tt.  otiious  lo  the  (.'hrislian  world." 

Havinp  said  this,  wilh  some  other  ihmps  relatinp  to 
their  private  condml.  he  devoutly  coiimiiticd  ti.em  to 
the  care  and  proUctioti  ot  Divine  rrovtdeiice. 

(In  ihe  'Jlst  ol  July,  the  inteniled  pas>eiiprrs  quilted 
I-eydcn,  to  embark  al  Delf'lluiven,  lo  which  place  tliey 
were  accoinpi'iiied  by  many  of  lluir  brethren  and 
friends,  si  ver.il  of  whom  had  come  from  Amsterdam  to 
lake  their  le.ive  of  them.  'I'lie  evcnmp  was  spent,  till 
very  huc,  m  Irundly  conversation  ;  and  liie  next  morn- 
mp,  the  wind  hemp  fair,  they  went  on  board  ;  where 
Mr.  Kobinsoii,  on  his  knees,  m  a  most  ardent  and  allec- 
lionate  praytr,  apam  comimtted  them  to  their  divmc 
I*rotcetor.  and  with  many  tears  they  parted. 

After  iheir  arrival  in  New  Knpland,  he  kept  up  a 
friendly  correspondence  with  them  ;  and  when  any  of 
them  went  to  liurope.  they  were  received  by  luni  with 
the  most  cordial  welcome,  The  ditiicullies  which  then 
attended  a  voyapc  ucros.s  the  Allanlic,  the  expense  ol 
an  eipiipmenl  lor  a  new  colony,  and  the  hardships 
necessarilv  incident  lo  a  plantalion  in  a  distant  wilder- 
iiest*.  proved  a  burden  almost  too  preat  fur  those  who 
came  over.  They  had  a  hard  stnippb-  to  support  them- 
selves  here,  and  pay  ihe  debts  which  they  had  coii- 
iracted  m  Kiiiilaiid  ;  whilst  those  who  remained  m 
Holland,  wen-  in  pener.d  loo  poor  to  t>ear  the  expense 
of  a  removal  to  America,  without  the  help  of  their 
hrelhrcii  who  had  come  before  them,  Tlii-se  tbmps 
[prevented  Mr.  Uu!uns-on  from  pratilyinp  his  earnest 
desire  to  visit  his  American  brethren,  and  their  eipially 
ardent  wish  to  see  him,  till  he  was  removed  by  death 
to  a  better  counlrv.* 

He  continued  with  ins  church  at  liCyden,  in  pood 
health,  nnd  with  a  (air  prosjiect  of  living  to  a  more  ad- 
vanced ape,  till  Saturday,  the  22d  of  Kebruary,  n>25. 
when  he  was  seized  with  an  inwanl  apue  ;  which,  how- 
ever distressinp,  did  not  prevent  his  preachinp  twice  on 
the  next  d:iy  Throuph  the  followinp  week  his  disor- 
der increased  in  malipnitv,  and  on  .Satiir-Iay,  March  1, 
put  ail  end  to  Ins  valuable  life;  m  the  fillieth  year  of 
his  ape,  and  in  the  height  of  his  reputation  and  useful- 
ness. 

Mr.  Robinson  was  a  man  of  a  good  genius,  quick 
penetration,  readv  wit,  preat  modesty,  mtegrity  and 
candor.  His  classic  literature  and  acuteness  in  dispu- 
tation were  acknowledged  by  hia  adversanes,  Ills 
manners  were  ea.sy,  courteous  and  ohlimntif.  His 
preachinp  was  instructive  and  aU'eclmg.  i'liongh  m 
ins  younger  years  be  was  rigid  in  his  separation  from 


•  Mortiiii,  ill  his  Meruorml  (p.  (Ml)  says,  lliat  "liis  and  tlieir 
Bilver-taru-s  lia<i  U>uu  Ivcu  plottitif;  Itovv  tticy  niK^lit  himfor  ins 
cnininy  in  New  i;ii;;laiiJ."  Unlriijtisiiti  (vol.  II.  p.  454)  says, 
"  hii  was  prevt'titcil  l-y  lii-iti'i'i-miincnls  from  tliCM-  in  Kni;- 
liUiU,  W'lin  iHicicrl'xth  to  provide  lot-  Uie  passage  ul  linii  and 
Ills  Congietjatioii."  Wln'ilni  tlicsf^  di.H»iijHniittiii'nis  wi-re 
(lesiKiiett  or  tmavonlatili-.  caiaiDl  now  lif  JeUrnniicd.  (';mdor 
would  lead  us  lo  suppose  Hie  tniter.  But  tlio  furincr  KUppo* 
siUon  u  witluii  Uiv  liinilu  uf  cnUiUlity. 


the  Mpifcopal  Chtireii,  by  whoso  go^  oriiora  he  and  hiti 
Irtends   were   in-ated    wiih   iinrelentmo    seventy,    yet 

when  convinced  of  hi-  i  nor,  ia-  o|n  niy  acknowIe(l^;eil 
tt,  and  by  exjiern  ecr  and  itmversiiiion  wilh  oood  in>  n, 
he  1<(  i-aitie  motlerale  and  charitable,  without  aliating  tiis 
ze.il  tor  sfricl  and  real  relipion.  Il  is  always  a  sign  of 
a  pond  heart,  when  a  man  becomes  mihl  and  candid  us 
he  pniws  mi  years  This  was  eminenlly  true  of  Mr. 
Itolnnsiui,  lie  learned  to  esteem  all  good  men  of 
evtry  religiuiis  persuasion,  and  charged  ins  (lock  to 
inamtam  the  like  candid  and  benevolent  conduct.  Hia 
sentnuenis  respecting  llie  Kt^tormerM  as  exprudsed  m 
his  valedictory  discoiirsf,  will  entail  immorlul  honur  to 
ins  memory  ;  rvtdeticing  ins  accurate  discernmenl,  his 
mtli'xiide  honesty,  and  his  lervrnt  zeal  for  truth  and  a 
pood  conscience.  He  was  also  possessed  m  an  eini- 
Hint  degree  of  tiie  talent  of  peace-niakmp,  and  wua 
happy  in  composing  dilbreiices  among  neighliors  and 
III  tamiliea  ;  so  (h>it  peace  and  iinily  were  preserved  m 
ills  congrepation.  It  is  said  llnit  "such  wim  the  reci- 
procal love  and  respect  between  Inin  and  his  tlock,  tlial 
It  migiil  be  f.aid  of  Ihem  as  it  wus  said  of  tlie  Kmperor 
Marcus  Anrelius  and  Ihe  people  of  Koine,  limt  il  was 
iiard  to  judge,  whelher  lie  delighted  more  in  iiaving 
such  a  people,  or  tiiey  m  iiaving  Mich  a  pastor."  be- 
sides his  smgtilar  aluhties  in  moral  and  theological 
multers,  iie  wus  very  discernnig  and  prudent  in  civil 
allairs,  and  aide  to  givf  tliem  pood  ailvice  in  regard  to 
their  secular  and  pohiical  eonthict.  He  wastiighly  es- 
teemed, not  only  i)y  bis  own  Hock,  hot  by  th<r  magistracy 
and  clergy  of  I.eyderi,  who  pave  him  the  u.-e  of  one  of 
their  churches,  in  tiie  clianeel  of  which  he  was  buried 
Mr.  rrinee,  vviio  visited  that  city  m  1714,  says  that  tho 
most  aiictenl  people  then  living  told  bun  from  their 
parents,  tiiat  llie  whole  ciiy  and  nmversitv  regarded  him 
us  a  great  and  pood  man,  wliose  deuth  ihey  sincerely 
lamented  ;  and  that  liiey  honored  his  funeral  with  thuir 
presence, 

This  event  proved  the  dissolution  of  ihe  church  over 
which  lie  hud  presided  u*.  l.eyden.  Some  of  them  re- 
moved to  Amsterduin,  some  lo  other  parts  of  liie 
>ieliierlands,  and  others  came  to  New  lliiglaiid,  among 
v\hom  were  Ins  witlovv  and  cliildrcn  His  sun  Isaac 
hvid  to  the  ape  of  ninety,  and  left  male  posterity  m  liiH 
county  of  liarnsluhle. 


JOHN    t:  ARVKR. 

John  CARVKH—Apiwillted  auriit  liy  tlie  Kii;;liHn  settlers  at 
|,oydeii— Siiptjiiilendii  llio  eniii|)iiii  ills  Inr  einii-ralinn- 
(.'liose-n  tJoveriior  "I  tiie  Coiiipiui)  -  .Makes  an  excursion 
ht'iii  (  :ipe  CoJ  lo  look  hir  a  liaiijur  Skiiiiii>>l)  w  iHi  ttic  liu- 
livrs— Lands  on  "luik's  l:.laii.i  .Makis  a  .•.eUlei.,eiil  at 
I'h  iiionlli  — lli-i  s|(  ktii'>s  aiKi  ti .  o\ei>— Ills  iiiti  r\  lew  vvittl 
Massasstil  -lli>  OeuIJM  li.iiai  u  i.aiia  ptisUlil}  —ills  swurd 
111  tlie  cat.'llieliJi  llie  ili^toiuai  .Vniel). 

\Vk  have  no  parltculars  of  the  life  of  Mr.  Carver, 
previous  to  Ins  appuitilmcnt  as  one  ol  the  agents  ol  lliu 
Knghsh  Cunpn'palional  Churchill  l.eyden.  At  that 
time  he-  was  in  high  esl<  cm,  as  a  grave,  pious,  piudent, 
judicious  man,  and  sustained  the  oliice  ol  a  deacon. 
In  llie  letters  wnlleii  by  Sir  Kdvvin  Sandys,  oi  the 
Vironiia  (.'ompaiiy.  to  Sir,  Kotiinson,  ihe  apeiits  are 
saul  10  have  *'  carrud  iheniselves  vMtli  good  iliscretion." 

The  business  of  the  agency  was  long  delayed  by  Uio 
disconlen's  and  factioiis  in  liie  company  of  Virginia, 
hv  the  removal  o(  their  former  treasurer.  Sir  Thomas 
Smith,  and  lite  enmity  between  iiiin  and  Sir  Ldvvin 
Sandys,  his  successor.  At  length,  a  patent  was  oit- 
taiiied,  under  llie  company's  seal  :  but  by  the  advice  of 
some  friends,  it  was  lukeii  m  the  nuiiie  ol  John  W  m- 
cob,  a  religions  genllenian,  belonpmg  to  the  tamily  of 
the  Countess  of  liincoln.  who  intended  to  accompany 
the  adventurers  to  America,  'i'his  patent  and  the  pro- 
posals of  Thomas  Weston  of  London,  mercliunt,  and 
other  persons,  who  appeared  friendly  lo  tlie  design, 
were  carried  to  l.eyden,  in  tlie  autumn  of  ItilU,  lor 
the  eonsideration  of  the  people.  Al  the  same  liine 
liiere  was  a  plan  forimng  for  a  new  eoiit.cil  in  the  we*! 
of  Knpland,  to  superintend  the  plaii'al!oii  and  lishery  ol 
Norlh  Virginia,  the  name  of  which  was  changed  lo 
New  Kngland.  'i'o  this  expected  eslabbsiiiueni,  W'ea 
Ion,  and  the  otiier  .nercliants  liegaii  to  iiiclme,  chiefly 
from  the  liope  of  present  gam  liy  the  lishery.  Tlui 
caused  some  embarrassment,  and  a  variety  of  opinions 
but  considenng  thai  the  council  lor  -New  Kngland  waa 
not  ye:  incorporated,  and  tliat  if  they  should  woit  lor 
that  event,  they  might  be  detained  another  year,  belcre 
which  tiino  the  war  between  the  Dutch  and  ihe  Spa- 
niards might  be  renewed,  ihe  majority  concluded  ic 
take  the  patent  which  bad  been  obtained  from  the  Cunt 
puny  of  South  \  irginia,  ami  emigrate  lo  some  piate 
oear  Hudson's  nver  wluch  was  wiiUiu  their  territory 


DioanAniiEs  of  the  early  discovereks. 


40 


^n'rrnori  he  and  hiu 
•lititum   si'vi'tiiVi   yet 

!4iini>ti  Willi  ;><inii  iiKii, 
If,  wiilioul  utiuliti^  hiti 

1 1  IS  alwiivH  It  Kigii  of 
\v»  liiild  iitid  i-aii(lid  us 
tiiiiiifMily  inie  ot  Mr. 
till    ull   ^oud    men  uf 

I'liiir^i'd  Ins  Duck  to 
ii'VuliiiL  coiiducl.  Uis 
iniuTN  us  i'X|irudHt>d  in 
U»d  iiiiinortul  honor  lu 
!tirato  diHCt'rniiii'nt,  his 
It  zriil  lor  truth  und  a 

)ioMst'HMi>d  111  un  enii* 
cact'-imikint;,   and  was 

Hiiioiin  iift^lihorH  und 
iiiily  \\»rc  [iri'M-rvid  in 
it  "Mich  wus  llii:  rrci- 
ihini  und  lit;*  tUuk,  that 
lis  said  ol  the  l'jn|K'ror 
[■  ot  l\uiiic,  llml  It  was 
li(*hii'd  nioru  in  having 
ij  MU'h  ii  |nisinr."     Ui'- 

ninrul  und  iheolo^ical 
ig  and  prudi-nt  m  civil 
oud  udvice  in  rf},'ard  to 
u-t.  Ill'  wasin^hly  es- 
■k,  Inithy  ilu' inagtslracy 
i-  hini  till'  n^c  ol  one  of 
(1  which  hu  wus  buried 
ly  in  17  U,  says  tliut  iho 
MtT  luld  hnn  from  their 
univtTMty  rcnurUt'd  him 
ISO  druth  they  s^niccrt'ly 
cd  his  tuiicral  wilh  their 

nlion  of  tlie  ciuirch  over 
Icn.  Sonic  of  llicia  rc- 
to  other  pailH  of  the 
to  New  Kn^ilaiid,  anioiig 
iildrcn  UiN  ^on  Isuac 
left  male  iiu»terity  mthn 


R  \  K  R. 

I,y  \hv  V.wU^n  sflllcra  at 

lniiLiit>    I'T   eiiii^raliDii- 

|.iui)  -  Makis  an  ixiursion 

ij.ir  -Skiniiii.il  \\iHi  till'  "U- 

M.itv.s  a   Mtlli-ii.tiil  at 

,t  i\— lll.s  lutcrvifw  with 

aiKi  iiDsU-iily—JIia  sword 

ilio  life  of  Mr.  Carver, 

one  of  the  u*;;*  ills  ot  the 
ii  111    l.isden       At   llml 
a  wravc,  pious,  |nudeiit, 
tlie  otlii-e   ol  a  deacon. 
Kdwiii    Sandys,  of  the 
utiinson,   tlie  a^ienls  arc 
•N  witn  oooddiMTction." 
was  lon;f  delayed  liy  Uio 
conijiany  of  Viri^niia, 
treasurer'.  Sir  'riionia» 
■II   iuin  and  Sir   Lidwm 
iii-th,  a    [latent  was  ol)- 
af :  lull  hy  the  advice  of 
the  naiiie  ol  John  W  in- 
oiit;n>^'   'i*  *'"-  tJi^i'v  "' 
inruiided  to  aLCuinpaiiy 
I'his  patent  and  tlic  pro- 
l.diidoii,  inereliaiit,   and 
Irieiidly  to   the  dcsijih, 
autumn  of  ItilU,    lor 
lie.     At  the    same  lime 
new  coui.cil  in  tlie  we**! 
plaii'alion  and  tishery  ol 
wiuth  was   chan*,'ed  to 
led  csluhlisiumMil,  WcH 
lieguii  to  incline,  chielly 
_  by   the    tishery.     'I'lm 
id  a  variety  of  opinions 
1  tor  New  Kngland  waa 
if  they  should  wait  lor 
lied  another  year,  hefcre 
iiii  Uutrh  und  llie  ^^p.l- 
niajorily  concluded  tc 
ohuined'  from  the  t^om 
migrate  to   some  piate 
wiilun  their  territory 


The  liCKl  uprin^,  (1650)  WeHton  himself  went  over 
(0  lii'vden,  where  the  people  entered  into  articles  of 
ftgreemeiit  wMh  linn,  huth  lor  shipping  und  money,  to 
assist  ni  llieir  iiansjioriatiun.  (.'arver  and  (.'urhmiin 
were  Hi:.i;ii  ^ent  to  London.  I')  receivo  ihe  money  und 
provide  fur  the  \oyage,  \\  hen  thry  came  there,  tliey 
louiid  the  other  merchants  so  very  ptiinrious  and  >evere, 
that  tiiey  were  obliged  (u  consent  to  some  alteration  m 
the  articles  ;  which  though  not  reli.'^tied  hy  their  eon- 
stiMieiils,  yilwi-re  so  slrongly  insisted  on,  that  without 
tlieni,  ihewliole  advcniurt!  must  have  licen  frustrated. 

'I'lie  articles,  wilh  their  amendments,  were  these. 
'*(1.)  'I'lie  advt'Ulurers  and  planters  do  agree,  that 
every  person  that  goeth,  being  sixteen  year  old  and 
upw:ird,  be  rated  at  ten  pounils  ;  antl  that  ten  pounds 
be  accouiit(d  a  hiiiijle  share.  {'Z.)  That  he  that  goelb 
in  p»'rsoM,  and  lurni^helh  hnnsell  out  with  ten  [iduimIs, 
either  m  money  or  otlier  pnivisioiis,  bo  uccoiinled  as 
having  twcnlv  pounds  in  stock,  :intl  in  the  div  ision  sliall 
r'vi'ive  u  double  share.  (IJ.)  'I'iie  persons  transported 
und  the  ammiurcrs  ^haU  continue  their  joint  stock  and 
parliiersliip,  the  space  of  .srctu  ynusy  except  some  un- 
expect.-d  imjtediincnts  do  cause  tin;  whole  company  to 
agree  otherwise  ;  duniig  which  time  ull  prolits  und 
benehts  that  aro  irotti  n  hy  trade,  tratlic,  trucking,  work- 
ing, fi>hmg,  or  any  oilier  means,  of  any  otlier  pe^^on  or 
persons,  .sball  reniain  slitl  in  the  common  stock,  until 
the  division.  (4)  That  at  iheir  coming  Micre,  they 
shall  choose  out  such  a  miinbcr  of  persons,  us  may 
furnish  ihfMr  ships  and  boats,  for  ^l^llntg  upon  the  sea  ; 
employiiig  the  rest,  in  their  several  I'aculues,  upon  the 
land  :  as  Imtlding  houses,  tilling  and  planting  the 
groinid,  and  making  such  commuilitles  as  shall  be  most 
useful  for  the  colony.  (.^.)  That  at  the  end  of  the 
seven  yoiirs,  the  capital  ami  profits,  viz.  the  houses, 
lands,  goods  and  chaitels  bt-  eipially  divided  among  the 
adventurers  ;  if  any  debt  or  deiriment  concerning  this 

adventure' (ti  )  Whosoever  cometh  to  the  colony 

hereafter,  or  pnttcth  any  thing  into  the  stock,  shall,  at 
the  end  of  ihe  .seven  years  be  allowed  proportionally  10 
the  time  of  Ins  so  doing.  (7.)  He  lliat  shall  carry  Ins 
wife,  or  children,  or  servants,  shall  ho  allowed  for 
every  person,  now  aged  sixteen  years,  and  upwards  n 
eiiigie  share  in  the  division  ;  or  if  be  provide  them  lie- 
ees.saries,  a  double  sliaro ,  or  if  they  he  between  ten 
years  old  and  sixlecu,  then  two  of  them  to  be  reckoned 
for  a  [icrson,  both  in  transportation  und  division. 
(8.)  'I'liat  such  chihlren  as  now  go,  and  are  under  ten 
years  of  ago,  have  no  oilier  sliare  in  the  division,  than 
fifty  acres  nfnninanured  land.  (0  )  That  such  persons 
as  die  before  the  seven  years  he  ox|»ired,  their  execu- 
tors to  have  llieir  parts  or  shares,  at  the  division;  |.ro- 
portionally  to  the  lime  of  their  life  in  the  colony. 
(10)  That  all  such  persons  as  are  of  the  colony,  are 
to  have  meat,  drink  and  apparel  out  oi  the  common 
etock  and  gooils  of  the  said  colony." 

The  ditlerencc  between  the  articles  as  first  agreed 
on.  and  as  tinally  concluded,  lay  in  these  two  |ioints 
(1)  In  the  former.  It  was  provided  that  '*  the  houses 
and  lands  improved,  especially  gardens  and  home- 
fields,  shoiihl  remain  nnt!i\ided  wholly  to  the  planters 
at  the  end  of  the  mvcii  years  ;  '  but,  in  the  latter,  the 
houses  and  laiuls  were  to  be  eipiallv  dividid.  (2.)  In 
the  formi'r.  llie  plaiilirs  wi  re  "allowed  two  days  in 
tiie  week,  for  tlinr  own  private  employment,  for  the 
comfort  of  tlienisilves  and  families,  esjiecially  such  as 
had  them  to  lake  care  for,"  In  the  latter,  this  article 
was  wholly  oimited. 

On  these  hard  conditions,  and  with  this  small  en- 
couragement, the  pilifnms  of  Keyden,  sopportM  by  a 
pious  contidence  in  the  Supreme  l)ispo.'*er  of  ull  things, 
and  animated  by  a  fortitude,  resulting  from  the  steady 
principles  of  the  religion  which  they  professed,  deter- 
mined to  cast  themselves  on  the  care  of  Divine  Provi- 
dencc,  and  eniburk  for  .Vmcrica. 

With  the  proceeds  ol  their  own  estates,  put  into  a 
common  stock,  unrl  the  assistance  of  the  merchants,  lo 
whom  they  had  mortgaged  their  labor  and  trade  for 
Beven  ytMirs,  two  vessels  were  provided.  One  in  Hol- 
land, of  sixty  tons,  called  ihe  Speedwell,  commanded 
hy  a  Captain  Ueynolds,  which  was  intended  to  Iraiis- 
fiort  tome  of  them  lo  America,  and  there  to  remain  in 
their  service,  one  year,  for  tishing  and  other  uses. 
Another  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  tons,  called  the 
May-fiower,  was  chartered  by  Mr.  Oushman  in  London, 
and  sent  round  to  Southampton  in  Hampshire,  whither 
Mr.  ('arver  went  to  sunerintend  her  equipment.  This 
vessel  was  commanded  by  a  Captain  Jones,  und  after 
discharging  her  passengers  in  America,  was  lo  return 
U>  England.     Seven  hundred  ponnils  ster\:nir  were  ex- 

•  Here  Bonietliing  soeni*  lo  lie  wanting  which  cannot  now 

be  iii^>U0j 


perided   in  ptovisions  and  stores,  and  other  necessary 

prepuralioiiK  ;  and  the  value  of  (lie  trading  \cntuie 
v\liicli  tliey  carrii  d  was  .'tcwnlitm  bundrt  d  pounds 
Mr.  W'esttm  came  Ironi  London  lo  Suutiiampion,  to 
see  them  dispatched,  'llie  SpeedwtU,  wilbtbepas- 
.lengtrs  having  arrived  llnre  trmn  Leydiii.  and  the 
necesfi'iry  olliciTs  being  cbo.'iii  lo  govtrn  the  pi:oi)le 
and  lake  cure  of  the  provisions  and  .stores  on  tlu^  \oy- 
age  ;  both  shijis,  carrying  one  liui.ihed  and  Iwt-nty  pas- 
sengers, sailed  from  Soulliumplon  on  the  lillh  day  m^ 
August.  Iti-JO, 

They  h.id  nut  sailed  many  leagues,  down  the  channel, 
before  Reyiiuhls,  master  t)l  the  Speedwell,  compbinud 
that  his  ves-^cl  was  too  leaky  lo  proceid.  Ihilli  ships 
then  put  in  at  iJarlmoutli,  wheie  the  Speedwell  was 
searched  and  repaired;  and  the  workmen  judged  her 
sullicieiit  lor  the  vo)age.  On  the  twciity-lirsl  of  .\u- 
giisl,  ibey  put  to  sea  again  ;  and,  ba\  ing  sailed  in  cmiii- 
paiiy  aboiil  one  hundred  leagues,  Reynolds  renewed 
Ins  coini)luinls  agam.si  his  ship  ;  declaring,  that  by  con- 
slant  pumping  he  could  scarcely  keep  her  above  water ; 
on  which,  both  ships  again  put  back  lo  i'lymonth. 
Anolber  search  was  made,  and  no  defect  a|>p<'ariiig,  tlie 
leaky  condiiion  of  the  shiji  was  judged  to  be  owing  to 
her  general  weakness,  and  she  was  pronounced  unlit 
tor  the  voyage.  About  twenty  of  the  pjhfteiigers  v^tnt 
on  shore.  'I'lio  olbcrs,  with  ilieir  provisions,  were  re- 
ceived on  board  the  May-tlower;  and,  on  the  sixth  of 
Seplember,  the  company,  consisting  of  one  huiulred 
and  one  pas.seiigers,  (besides  the  sluji's  otlicers  and 
crew  )  took  llieir  List  leave  of  llnglaiid,  having  consumed 
a  whole  nionlh  in  these  vexalioiis  and  expeiisivu  det.iys. 

The  true  causes  of  llie>e  misadventures  did  not  then 
appear.  One  was.  that  the  S[ieedwell  was  overmasted  , 
which  error  being  .••emedied,  the  vessel  allerwurds  made 
several  safe  and  protilable  \oyages.  Rut  llie  principal 
cause  was  ihe  deceit  of  the  inusler  and  crew  ;  wlio  liav- 
iiig  engaged  to  remain  a  whole  year  in  the  service  ol 
the  colony,  and  a|ipreheiidiiig  hard  fare  in  thai  employ- 
ment, were  glad  oi  such  an  excuse  lo  nd  thtinstUes 
of  the  bargain. 

The  May-dower,  Jones,  proceeded  with  fair  winds 
m  the  tdriner  part  of  her  voyage;  and  then  met  with 
bad  weather  and  contrary  winds,  so  that  tor  several 
days  no  sail  could  be  carried  The  ship  labored  so 
much  in  the  sea,  thit  one  of  the  mam  beaiub  sprung, 
which  renewed  the  tears  and  diAtress  ol  ibe  passengers. 
They  bad  then  made  about  oitt-half  ol  their  voyage, 
and  ihe  chief  of  the  company  he^jii  a  con.suliution  wiiii 
the  commander  of  the  ship,  whelher  it  were  belter  to 
proceed  or  to  return.  Rut  one  of  the  passengers  hav- 
ing on  board  a  large  iron  ^crew,  it  was  applied  to  the 
beam,  and  lorced  it  into  \\.^  place,  'i'his  succohdIuI 
etl'ort  delermnied  them  to  proceed. 

No  other  particulars  of  itiis  long  and  tedious  voyage 
are  preserved  ;  but  lliat  the  ship  being  leaky,  and  the 
people  close  atowed,  were  continually  wet;  that  one 
young  man,  a  servant  of  Samuel  rulhr,  died  at  sea; 
und  that  one  child  was  born,  and  called  Occanus ;  he 
was  son  of  Slephen  Hopkins. 

On  the  ninth  of  November,  at  break  of  day.  they 
made  land,  which  proved  to  be  the  while  sandy  ciilKs  of 
Cape  (Jod.  This  Undlall  beuig  lurlher  northward  tlian 
they  intended,  they  immediately  put  about  the  ship  to 
the  southward  ;  and,  betore  noon,  found  tiiemselves 
among  shoals  und  breakers.*  Had  they  pursued  iheir 
southern  course,  as  the  weather  was  line,  they  might, 
in  a  few  hours  more,  have  found  an  opening,  and  passed 
safely  to  the  westward,  agreeably  to  liieir  t)riginal  de- 
sign, which  was  lo  go  to  Hudson's  river.  Rut  liaving 
been  so  long  at  sea,  the  sight  of  any  land  was  welcome 
10  women  and  children  ;  the  new  danger  was  formida- 
ble ;  und  the  eagerness  of  tho  passengers  to  be  set  on 
shore  was  irresistible.  These  circumstances,  coincid- 
ing with  the  secret  views  of  the  niastiT,  who  had  been 
promised  a  reward  by  some  agents  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  if  he  would  not  carry  them  to  Hudson's 
river,  induced  him  to  put  about  to  the  northward. 
Refore  night,  tho  ship  was  clear  of  the  danger.  The 
next  day  they  doubled  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
('ape.  (Racc-I'omt)  and,  a  storm  coming  on,  the  ship 
was  brought  to  anchor  in  (.'ape  ('od  harbor,  where  she 
by  nerfectly  secure  from  winds  and  shoals. 

'I  his  harbor,  being  m  the  forty-second  degree  of  north 
latitude,  was  without  the  territory  of  the  iSouth  Virginia 
('ompany.  The  charter  which  these  emigrants  had 
received  from  ihem,  of  course  became  useless. 
Some  symptoms  of  faction,  at  the  sumo  time,  appearing 


I  among  tlio  servunti.  who  had  been  received  on  binirJ 

,  in  LMi;l.ind.  purporting  that  when  on  i-hore  they  hho;ilU 

I  be  miller  no  ^.'ovrrmnenl.  and  that  nix'  man  would  Its 

U(4  good  as  unolher,  it  was  thought  propel,  by  'iie  tnoK*. 

I  judicious   p<T.soiis,  to  have    rettoiirse  lo   niitmal  'aw; 

;  ami  thai,  before  disenibarkati'jM.  they  should  enter  ?'ito 

an  association,  aud  combii.e  lhi-ri.,i(  Ues  in  a  pohl  ..'tl 

body,  to  be  governed  by  'h*.  iratoutv       'i'o  il»-   tney 

consented  ;  .  nd,  alter  s'*(fTii'  piavt  r  and  thrinkaj^  viiij/, 

a  writien  instrimient  rK'ji)'^  di  iwn,  tlmv  rtukicnbed  it 

Willi  their  own  hands,  »rd,  i''  a  i'niiniiiinii'4  vot;'.  eliufeV 

John  Carver  their  gnvernoi  for  o  •»•  y«  nr. 

The  mstrnmeiil  wjs  conceived  in  tlie'O  teinii  •'  In 
the  name  of  Cod,  aiurn.  We  wluisr  namet*  are  Piiduri 
written,  the  loyal  sui^jiols  of  our  d'iMd  smijreign  lAtrd** 
King  James,  by  the  grjce  of  liod.  of  fin-r.r.  ItriCnn 
France  and  Ireland,  i*j'.g,  Defender  of  ll.e  i  I'dii,  tVc. 
having  iinde'taken  fov  the  gloiv  of  Ood,  und  :lie  ad- 
vancement of  the  ('i;;i->rijn  t.inh,  a.'d  bonot'  of  out 
King  and  country,  a  v(.yii:„'e  lo  plant  Uie  'unI  colony  m 
the  northern  parts  of  VM^nua,  do,  I'V  ih'se  presents 
solemnlv  and  inutuallv,  in  tiu.  j're»eiice  of  <iOi)  and  of 
one  another,  covenant  and  cotitbini;  ourselvis  togelher 
mio  a  civi!  body  politic,  fur  our  belter  ordermg  and 
preservation,  and  tiirllHriince  of  llii>  ends  aforesaid  ; 
and.  by  virtue  hereof,  to  eii'ict,  eonsiilute  and  traino 
such  just  .iiid  eipial  laws  and  ordinances,  acis,  euii^li- 
tiiMons  and  otVices,  from  tune  lo  Innc,  as  sh.dl  be  thou<iht 
tno.>t  meet  and  4'oiivenienl  lor  the  eeneral  good  of  ttie 
coloMV,  unto  which  we  promi.'<>e  all  due  subjection  and 
obedii-nce.  In  wiliief<s  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  sub- 
scribed our  naiiK^s,  at  Cape  (-od,  the  e|ey(riilh  day  of 
.November,  in  the  year  of  the  reit'ii  of  our  sovireigrt 
Lord,  Kmg  James  of  KuL'hind,  I'rancc^  ami  Ireland,  ihe 
eiLHiteenth.  and  of  Scotland  the  fdly  fourth.  Anno 
donnni  KiiiO."* 

Oo\ernnient  being  thus  regularly  established  on  a 
trul)  n  publican  principle,  sixteen  aimed  men  were  sent 
on  shore,  as  noon  as  the  weather  would  pennil.  to  letch 
wootl  and  make  discoveries.  They  reiiirned  at  niglil 
wilij  a  boat  load  of  jumper  wood  ;  and  made  report, 
"  that  they  found  the  land  to  be  a  narrow  neck  ;  having 
the  harbor  on  the  one  side,  and  the  tice.in  im  the  other; 
thai  the  ground  consisted  of  .sand-hills,  like  the  Oowiit 
in  Holland;  iliiit  m  some  places  the  .sod  was  Mack 
earlb,  "  a  spit's  depth  ;"  that  the  trees  were  oak,  pi;ie, 
sassafras,  junijier,  birch,  holly,  ash,  and  walnut;  that 
the  forest  was  open  and  wtliioiit  underwooil;  that  no 
inliabilanis,  bouses,  nor  fresh  water  were  to  he  seen.'' 
This  ace(nint  was  as  much  as  could  be  collected  ir 
one  Saturday's  afiernoon.  The  next  day  they  rested. 
\\'hilst  they  lay  m  this  harbor,  which  was  the  space 
of  tive  weeks,  liiey  saw  great  ilocks  of  sea-fowl  arui 
whales,  every  dav  playing  about  tliim.  The  mastt.f 
and  mate,  who  bad  been  actpiainted  with  the  lishiry,  in 
ihu  northern  seas  of  I'iuro|>e,  sup[to.sed  that  Ihey  miuht, 
in  th.it  tune,  havu  made  oil,  to  the  value  of  three  or  four 
thousand  pounds.  It  was  too  late  m  the  sea.son  tor  cod. 
and,  indeed,  they  caught  none  but  small  lish,  near  the 
shore,  and  shell-lish.  The  margin  ol  tin;  se.i  was  sc 
shallow,  that  they  were  oldiged  to  w-ide  aslntr*'  ;  and 
the  weather  being  severe,  many  of  them  took  colds  and 
coughs,  which,  in  the  course  of  the  winter,  proved 
'iiortal. 

*  The  names  of  tic  sutjscribcrs  are  placed  in  the  following 
order  liy  Secretary  Morton ;  hnl  Mr.  I'rince,  with  Ins  iiMial 
aciMiraL-y,  bus  coni(>are(l  tho  lisl  wiili  Oovornor  Bradtord's 
MS  History,  and  addttd  their  titles,  and  (ho  nuinl)er  of  each 
one's  fainily  whicli  canio  over  at  this  tune ;  (iliservin^  tliat 
some  left  tlie  whole,  and  others  part  of  their  families,  either 
111  Kiii^'land  or  Holland,  who  came  ovor  afterward.-^.  Ilu  hot 
also  heuii  so  curious  as  to  note  those  who  broucht  their  wives, 
inarkeil  with  a  (t),  and  those  who  died  before  tlie  end  of  next 
March,  tlistinumshed  by  an  asterisin  (*). 


*  Thi'-Hp  shnaUlie  otlthc  soulh-enst  exlrcinityof  the  cape, 
which  was  called  by  Ih.Miolu,  Point  Cure,  by  Hit-  Dutch  und 
Ftenrli,  Malebarrc,  and  is  now  kuuwa  by  lUe  naineuf  Sandy 
roiut 


.Mr.  JnlmOar- fr,t 
Mr.  WiUiain  lira  i ford, t         9 
.Mr.  I'Mward  Wmslow.t         5 
Mr.  William  !Jrew>ter,t         6 
Mr.  Isaac  Allerton,t  6 

r;iptairi  .Mhus  Siandish,t  3 
John  .Mden,  1 

Mr.  Sainuf  I  Fuller,  2 

*Mr.  t'liristoi.lier  M.irtin,t  4 
•.Mr.  Wiliiam  Midlms.f  a 
*Mr.  William  Wluie.t  5 

[besides  a  son  born  in  Capo 

i'od     harbor,    and    named 

Peri'trrine.] 

Mr.  Rnhard  Warren.  1 

Jolm  Howlaiid,  [of  Carver's 

fainilv.l 

r.ilber't  Winslow,  1 

*Ediinnul  Margcsor  1 

Peter  lirown,  1 

•Richard  Untteriiii^ii  1 

r.i-nrijc  Sotde,  [of  Edward 

Winslow'h  family-] 
♦Richard  Clarke,  1 

Kicliard  Oardmer,  I 

Of  whom  were  subscribcr»t       41 


Mr.  SlPiihen  no|ikins,f" 

*Kdward  Tilly, t 

*JolniTi::,,i 

Franrt.s  Cook, 

•Thomas  Un»er^, 

•Thoitiiw  Tinker,1 

'John  Ki(lf;dalo,t 

•Edward  Fuller.t 

•John  Turner, 

Francis  Ealnn.t 

•J'lrncs  Chillon,! 

•John  Crackston, 

Jolin  llillintfton,*- 

'.Moses  Fletcher, 

•John  Oooihnan, 

•Di'ijory  Priest, 

•Thoma-s  Williams, 

•John  Allertou, 

'Thoma!>  English,  ] 

Edward     Dotey,      E<lwarJ 

I.iMstrr,  [iKtih  uf  Stophert 

Ilopkin's  faiiuly  ] 


Total  persons. 


lUI 


m^ 


':i:l 


J   i'i' 


il 


•ij 


46 


On  Monday,  the  ihirlt'cnth  of  Novciiibfir,  the  woiiirn 
went  a.shitri',  \\m\vr  a  ^'imrd,  tn  w-inh  (lifir  riorhcn  ;  nnd 
Uio  men  were  iiiipatii'iit  lur  ii  I'lirtluT  dixruviTy  1  lie 
ehallop,  whi'.:l)  Imtl  Im cm  t'lit  down  and  Hlov.cd  IicIvmm'ii 
decks,  n«'i.-d('d  rt'ijuinri;.',  in  wlm-li  Hi-vtriU'rii  dayn  wire 
Cinpluycd.  Wliilnt  iUm  wan  duiii<^r,  Ihry  prupu^t'd  dial 
excursiuns  nii^lii  Uv  made  c}n  tout.  Miieti  eaulioii  was 
ncee.iHary  in  an  cnti-rprihu  ot  tliifi  kind,  in  a  new  nnd 
SAva^e  cuiiiitry.  Ailer  conBultattoii  und  proparatMiii, 
■ixteeh  men  were  o<pn|  ')ed  w.ili  nuiKkct  and  niiiiiiuni- 
tiun,  Bword  and  corslet,  under  tho  roinmund  of  ('uptain 
Miles  Standish,  vvlio  hod  Willmin  Uriidfdrd,  Stephen 
Hopkins  and  Kdwurd  Tilly  for  liin  t'ouncil  of  War. 
Afier  many  intttruclions  (jiven,  they  were  rather  per- 
niuied  tlian  ordered  tu  ^ro,  and  tlio  time  of  their  ab- 
Benre  wiih  hunted  lu  two  dayti. 

When  ihey  h.id  iniveNed  one  mih*.  hy  the  shore,  they 
saw  live  or  six  of  the  natives,  who,  on  »i};hl  of  them, 
fled  'ri>ey  attempted  to  pursue  ;  and,  liifhlinfj  on 
their  traek,  followed  them  till  ni^ht ;  but  the  ihiekets 
throivjjh  wliieli  they  had  lo  pass,  the  weijiht  of  their  ar- 
uior,  and  their  deluhiy,  ufier  a  loni;  voya(>r,  made  them 
an  une'piat  niali-h,  m  point  of  truvellm^,  to  these  nim- 
ble aons  of  nature  Tliey  rented,  at  len<;th,  liy  a  oprinir, 
whieh  adurded  them  tlio  lirHt  refrehhtng  drauglit  ot 
American  water. 

Tlif  diHciiveries  made  in  this  nitirch  were  few,  but 
novel  and  ainusm<r.  In  one  phice  (hey  found  a  deer- 
trap,  made  i)y  the  bendmy  of  a  yontii;  tree  lo  the  earth, 
with  a  nooHt;  under  •iround,  covered  with  aeorns.  Mr. 
Uradford's  loot  was  raujflit  in  the  trap,  from  which  his 
coinpamotis  disentiaged  him,  nnd  lliey  were  all  enter- 
tained wiih  the  iMiienuity  of  the  device.  In  another 
plaee  they  came  tc  an  Indian  huryio^-irround  ;  and,  in 
one  of  the  (irave^.  tticy  found  a  mortar,  an  earthen  pot, 
a  bow  and  arrows,  and  oihiT  implumcnt?*,  nil  which  thev 
very  earcrully  replaeed  ;  heeau.se  they  would  not  he 
gmhy  of  violatiiii,'  the  repof»itorio»  of  tho  dead.  IJul 
v^lien  they  found  a  cellar.  eanTuilv  Inud  with  hark  and 
covered  with  a  lieap  oi  sand,  m  wiiirh  about  four  bush- 
els of  seed-corn  ui  ears  were  wdl  seonred.  after  reason- 
ini(  on  tiie  niorahlv  of  the  action,  thev  took  as  much  of 
the  corn  iis  they  could  carry,  mtendiiiir.  when  they 
•hould  tirid  the  owners,  to  [lay  tlumi  to  their  satisfac- 
tion. On  the  third  day  tlicv  arrived,  weary  and  wel- 
come, where  the  ship  lay,  and  delivered  iheir  corn  into 
the  coniinon  store,  'i'ht!  company  resolved  to  keep  it 
*br  sted,  and  to  pav  the  natives  the  full  value,  vshen 
they  shoidd  have  op|K)rtuiiity- 

\Vhen  tho  shallop  was  repaired  and  ringed,  twenty- 
lour  of  the  company  ventured  on  a  second  excursion  lo 
t^ie  same  place,  lo  make  a  further  di.Hcovery  ;  bavin;; 
Captain  Jones  for  their  cominatider,  with  ten  of  his 
seamen  and  the  ship's  lonij-boat.  The  wind  beiii-r 
hi^h,  und  the  sea  rou<rh,  the  shallop  came  to  anchor 
under  ti.e  land,  whilst  part  of  tiie  company  waded  on 
shore  from  the  ioiii^-hoat,  and  travelled,  as  they  sup- 
posed, •^\K  or  :*evcu  miles,  hivini;  directed  the  shallop 
lo  follow  ttiem  the  next  riiomin;;,  'I'he  weather  was 
very  cold,  with  snow,  and  tin;  people,  liavini;  no  shelter, 
took  such  cohls  as  atierwards  proved  fatal  to  many. 

iiefore  noon  the  next  day  (ho  shaliojj  took  them  on 
board,  and  sailed  to  ihr  place  whtcli  they  denominated 
Cold  iliirf'iir.*  I-'tndnii.'  it  not  navi<,'able  for  iihips,  and 
consequently  not  prnprr  hir  their  rcMdencu,  afler  shoot- 
ing some  ^'ecse  and  ducks,  whieli  thev  devoured  with 
"  soldier's  stomachs,"  they  went  in  search  of  seed-corn. 
The  yronnd  was  frozen  and  covered  with  snow  ;  but 
the  cell..rs  were  ktiown  bv  hi-aps  of  sand  ;  and  the  fro- 
zen earth  was  pcneirated  with  their  swords,  till  tliey 
gathered  corn  to  tin.-  amount  of  (en  bushels.  1  uis  for- 
tunate supply,  with  a  ipnntity  of  beans  preserved  m 
the  same  manner,  they  took  on  the  same  condition  as 
before  ;  and,  ii  is  remarked  by  (iovernor  liradforu,  that 
in  six  monlh.H  after,  ijit'v  paul  ttie  owners  lo  their  entire 
ea'.isfaciion.  The  ac(pn>ilion  of  this  corn,  they  al- 
ways regarded  as  a  particular  favor  of  Divine  Provi- 
dence, without  which  the  cojony  could  not  have  sub- 
sisted. 

Captain  Jonea  in  the  shallop  wp?it  back  to  the  ship 
with  the  corn  and  fifteen  of  the  weakest  of  the  people  ; 
intendm!;  lo  send  maltocks  and  spades  the  next  ihy. 

•  Mr.  I'rim'p  eon)ectiir'  stUis  |)larctn  have  hcfii  Harnst.inie 
harljor,  (p.  74).  Rut  n*-iMH.r  the  Ihiiu  nor  (hstnnaiean  auieo 
with  this  c'tnjerlure.  Harnslalile  is  more  than  fitty  niiti-s  from 
C'aiH'  Co.!  hiirlMir  hy  lam! ;  a  'iistanro  which  tlioy  ciul.i  not 
have  iravcllfd  anil  hack  n^ain  U»  three  short  days  of  NoviMiilier. 
1  rather  think,  after  in<|ujry  nf  &  Ri-ntlnman  woil  acqnainttM 
with  C.ipe  i'»u\,  that  Coh!  Krnhor  is  tlie  moutli  of  P,if>m<;t 
Creek,  hetwperiTriirn  ami  \V"!tlt.(.t ;  luui  tliBtlnscriptinn  (,'iVHn 
in  Muurt's  Tli'latinn  rorrfsjH'iil-*  wiili  this  tJea.  Faomut  is  n 
tide  harl>'»r  t<>r  Imats,  ilistiiitl  Sr-tuiicii  three  nnUfnur  loanucs 
(torn  tim  harh.ir  (>i  r;i|.p  <'ivl.— Suo  (;ulluctiuna  of  Historical 
b«:i*iv  for  171*1    Vol.  HI.  p.  (ye 


AMERICAN   HISTOUY. 


The  eighteen  who   remained,  marched,  an  they  sup 

posed,  live  or  six  mi|o»  into  the  v. oods,  and  refurntn;/ 
aiiotiier  way,  discovtred  a  mound  of  c.irlh.  in  vMiieli 
lliey  lioprd  to  lind  more  corn  On  openinir  it,  iiothini; 
appeared  but  the  »kull  of  a  man,  preserved  in  red  earth, 
the  ski'h'ton  of  an  infant,  and  such  arms,  nteiisiU  and 
ornaments,  as  arc  usually  deposited  in  Indian  graves. 
.Not  lar  distant  were  lv\o  deserted  wiy warns,  with  llieir 
lurnitnre  and  some  venison,  so  ill  preserved  (hat  men 
soldier's  stomachs  could  not  reli.ih  it.  On  theairival  of 
the  hhullop,  tliey  returned  to  the  ship,  tlio  lirst  of  De- 
cember. Duruijr  their  absence,  the  wife  of  William 
While  had  been  delivered  of  a  son,  who,  from  the  eir- 
cunistanees  of  Ins  birth,  was  named  Peregrine.* 

At  this  lime  they  held  a  consultation  respectin<r  their 
future  settlement.  ISonie  thought  that  Cold  Harbor 
ini;;ht  be  a  proper  place,  because,  thougli  not  deep 
enough  for  ships,  it  might  be  convenient  tor  boats,  and 
because  a  valuable  (ishery  lor  whales  ami  cod  might  be 
carried  on  there.  The  land  was  partly  cleared  of  wood 
and  good  for  corn,  as  appeared  from  llie  seed.  It  was 
also  likely  to  be  healthful  and  defensible.  I)nt  the  prin- 
cipal reat^ons  were,  that  the  winter  was  so  far  advanced 
as  lo  prevent  coasting  and  discovery,  withonl  dangi-r 
of  losing  men  and  boats  ;  that  ihe  winds  were  variable, 
and  the  storms  sudden  and  violent ,  that  li^'  cold  and 
wet  lodgings  the  people  were  much  atlected  with 
coughs,  which,  if  they  should  not  soon  obtain  shelter 
would  prove  n  rial ;  that  provision"'  were  daily  consum- 
ing and  the  ship  must  reserve  »iillicient  lor  her  home- 
ward voyage,  whatever  l)ecanie  of  the  colony. 

Others  thought  it  best  to  go  to  a  place  called  Aga- 
wam.  twenty  leagues  norlhward,  where  they  had  heard 
of  an  excellent  harbor,  good  tish  ig,  and  a  better  sod 
for  planting.  To  tins  ii  was  answered,  that  there  might 
possibly  bo  as  good  u  }dacc,  nearer  to  them.  Kohert 
(lopjHii,  their  pilot,  who  had  been  here  before,  assured 
them,  that  he  knew  of  a  good  harbor  and  a  navigable 
riv(  r,  not  more  than  eight  leagues  across  the  bay  to 
the  westward.  Upon  the  whole,  they  r4'solved  to  send 
the  shallop  round  the  shore  of  the  bay  on  discovery,  but 
not  beyond  the  liarbor  of  which  Coppin  had  informed 
them. 

On  Wednesday,  the  sixth  of  December,  Governor 
Carver,  with  nine  of  the  principal  men,  well  armed,  and 
the  same  number  of  seamen,  of  which  (.'oppin  was  one, 
went  out  in  the  shallop.  The  weather  was  so  cold, 
that  the  spray  of  the  sea  froze  on  their  coats,  till  they 
were  cased  with  ice,  *'  like  coats  of  iron  ''  They  sailed 
by  the  eastern  shore  of  the  bay,  as  tlu;y  judged,  six  or 
seven  leagues,  without  finding  any  river  or  creek.  At 
length  ihey  saw  "a  tongue  of  land, t  being  (hit  oil' from 
the  shore,  with  a  sandy  point ;  they  bore  up  to  gam  the 
point,  and  found  there  a  fair  income,  or  road  of  a  bay, 
being  a  league  over  at  the  narrowest,  and  two  or  three 
in  length  ;  but  ihey  madt-  right  over  to  ilie  land  beture 
them.''  An  they  came  near  the  shore,  they  saw  ten  or 
twelve  Indians  eulling  up  a  grampus,  who,  in  sight  of 
ihem,  ran  a*"  ay,  carrying  pieces  of  the  tish  which  tliey 
had  cut.  They  landed  at  a  distance  of  a  league  or 
more  from  the  grampus,  with  great  dilllcully,  on  ac- 
coutu*^of  the  flat  sands.  Here  they  budt  a  barricade, 
and  placing  sentiiiids,  lay  down  to  rest. 

The  next  morning,  Thursday,  December  7tli,  they 
divided  themselves  into  two  parties  ;  eight  m  the  shal- 
lop, and  the  rest  on  shore,  to  make  lurther  discovery  of 
this  place,  which  lliey  found  to  be  *' a  bay  without 
either  river  or  cfi'ck  couimg  into  it."  They  gave  it  the 
naine  of  (irampn.s  liitij,  because  ihey  saw  many  fish  of 
that  species.  'Ihey  tracked  the  Indians  on  the  sand,  and 
found  d  path  into  the  woods,  which  ihey  followed  a  great 
way,  till  they  caim^  lo  old  corn  tields  and  a  spacious 
buryiiiiX-grouiid,  inclosed  with  pales.  They  ranged  the 
wood  till  the  closij  of  the  day.  and  ihen  eame  down  to 
the  shore  to  mwl  the  shallop  which  they  had  not  seen 
since  the  morning.  At  high  waler  she  put  mtoa  creek  ; 
and,  SIX  men  being  left  on  board,  two  came  on  siiore 
and  lodged  with  iheir  companions,  under  cover  of  a 
barricade  and  a  guard. 

On  Priday,  December  3th,  they  rose  at  tivo  in  the 

•  The  fdll'iwiiv.,'  .iccouiit  of  him  is  extrarlcti  from  tlio  Bos- 
ton Newjili'tlur  ill  July  31,  (Till,  ht-iii^'  the  tittcLMiIh  iinmher  of 
the  first  lie w.HpjipHr  pi-iiited  in  New  Emilantl. — "  Muishtiehl, 
July '.12:  Captain  rcio^riiiR  White,  uf  this  town,  aKeitclt{Iily- 
tlircu  years  ami  ^\%\\i  months,  ilietl  hero  the  'iMVx  instant.  lie 
w:is  vigorous  and  nf  a  coinoly  as[tcct,  to  the  last;  wu.<4  tho 
.S'lii  of  WiUiani  White,  and  Susanna  Ills  wilu,  horn  on  Uiiu'd 
tht!  .M;iy-Iluwer,  Captain  Junes,  coinmandLT,  in  Capu  t^od 
harbor,  Novcinl.<er,  16*.}U,  the  first  En;i;liKhnian  burn  in  New 
En^'laiid.  Although  lie  was  in  thn  furnicr  part  of  his  life  l>x- 
lravai.';int,  yet  ho  wai  much  relunned  in  his  last  yuars,  and 
Uioii  liopL'fully.'* 

t  Tlii.i  "  toll^uo  of  land"  is  Billingsgato  Point,  t!ie  western 
shoi  o  of  WellK-el  harbor. 


niorninf;,  to  be  ready  to  go  on  board  at  high  water.  Al 
the  da  .Ml  of  day  thev  were  surprised  with  the  w»r*i:rv 
of  (he  natives,  and  a  ilight  of  arrows  They  mimedialeiy 
hci/.cd  tlie;r  arms,  and  on  the  lirst  discharge  ot  inii.sketry 
all  the  li.tliaiis  lied,  hut  one  stout  man,  whosiood  ihrco 
shots  behind  a  tree,  und  Ihen  retired,  as  they  8up|)osud 
woiinded  They  took  up  eighteen  arrows,  hc.ided  eilhel 
Willi  brass,  deers'  horns,  or  Inids'  claws,  winch  ihey  sent 
as  a  present  to  their  friends  in  Mnglaiid  'I'his  unweleoino 
reception,  and  the  shoal  water  of  the  place,*  deternimed 
them  to  seek  further  They  sailed  along  the  shore  as 
near  as  tho  extensive  shoals  wutdd  permit,  but  saw  no 
harbor.  The  weather  began  tt>  look  ihreali  ning,  and 
L'oppin  assured  them  that  they  might  reach  the  iiarbor, 
of  which  he  had  some  knowledge,  before  night.  Tho 
wind  being  soiith-easterly  they  put  themselves  before  it.f 
After  s.Mne  hours  it  began  to  rain  ;  (he  storm  increusinkf, 
(heir  rudder  broke,  their  mast  sprung,  und  their  sails 
lell  overboard.  In  this  piteous  plight,  steering  witli 
two  oars,  the  wind  and  the  flood  tide  earned  them  into 
a  cove  full  of  breakers,  and  it  tn  'un  dark  they  weru 
in  danger  uf  being  driven  on  shore.  'I  ne  pilot  confessed 
that  he  knew  not  the  place  ;  but  a  stout  .seaman,  who 
was  steering,  called  to  the  rowers  to  put  about  and  row 
hard.  This  etlbrt  happily  brought  them  out  of  the  cove, 
into  a  fair  sound,  and  under  a  point  of  land,  where  they 
came  safely  to  anchor.  They  were  divided  m  then 
opinions  about  goipg  on  shore  ;  but  about  midnight, 
the  wind  fhiftmg  to  the  north-west  ;  the  j-everity  of  tho 
cold  made  a  lire  necessary  They  therefore  got  on 
shore,  and  with  some  dilficulty  kindled  a  lire,  and  rested 
in  safety. 

In  the  morning  they  found  themselves  on  a  small 
uninhabited  i-dand,  within  the  entrance  of  a  spacious 
bay.t  Mere  they  stud  all  the  next  day  (Saliirdayi 
drying  their  clothes,  cleaning  their  arms,  and  rep.nring, 
as  well  as  they  could,  their  shallop.  The  following 
diy,  being  the  (Christian  Sabhath,  they  r*  sled. 

On  Monday,  Deci'inber  Ilth,  lIu'V  surveyed  arj 
sounded  the  bay,  which  ts  described  to  be  "  m  the  shape 
of  a  tish  hook  ;  a  good  harbor  lor  ship|">'.i^,  larger  ih.ui 
that  of  I'ape  Cod  ;  conlaining  two  small  i«lflnils  with- 
out mhabilants ;  innumerable  store  of  fowls,  diflereiu 
sorts  of  lish,  besides  shell-lish  in  abundance.  As  they 
marched  into  the  land.<}  they  found  corn  fields  and 
brooks,  add  a  very  good  situation  lor  building."  With 
this  joyful  news  they  returned  to  the  com)>any  ;  and 
on  the  16th  of  December  the  ship  came  to  anchor  m 
tin'  harbor,  with  all  the  passengers,  except  four,  who 
died  at  Cape  Cod 

Having  surveyed  the  land,  as  well  as  the  sesson 
would  permit  in  three  days  ;  they  pitched  uiion  a  high 
ground  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  bay,  which  was 
cleared  of  wood,  and  liad  formerly  been  [ilanted.  I'n- 
der  the  south  side  of  it,  was  '•  a  very  sweet  brook  in 
the  entrance  of  which  the  shallop  and  boats  could  be 
secured,  and  many  delicate  s|)nni,'s  ol  iis  good  water  au 
could  be  drank."  On  tiie  opposite  side  of  the  brook 
was  a  cleared  field,  nnd  beyond  it  a  commanding  emi- 
nence, on  which  they  intended  to  lay  a  plallorin,  and 
mount  their  eannon. 

Tliey  went  immediate  ly  to  work,  laying  out  house- 
lots,  and  a  street  ;  felling,  sawing,  rivinn  and  carrying 
timber ;  and  before  the  end  of  December,  though  much 
interrupted  by  stormy  weather,  by  tlie  death  of  two, 
and  the  sicknes.s  of  many  of  their  number,  ihey  had 
erected  a  storehouse,  with  a  thalclml  roof,  in  which 
their  goods  were  deposited  under  a  guard.  Two  rows 
of  houses  were  begun,  and  us  fast  as  lliey  eouhl  be  co- 
vered, the  people,  who  w<'re  classed  inio  nin  '  n  fami- 
lies, came  ashore,  and  lodged  in  ihein.  On  Lord's 
d.iy,  the  ;Hst  of  December,  they  alieiuh-d  divme  ser- 
vice, for  the  first  time  on  shore,  and  named  the  phice 
Pi,VMO''TH  ;  partly  because  tins  harbor  was  so  c.dled 
in  ("apiain  Smith's  m.ip.  published  three  or  four  years 
before,  and  partly  in  remembrance  ot  ihe  very  kind  and 

*  M-irton  Siiys,  "  This  is  tlioui;lil  to  ho  a  placd  railed  Naiii- 
skeket."  A  crurk  which  now  hears  tho  name  «>f  Skakii,  lies 
between  Easiham  and  Harwich;  distant  at)out  thit-e  or  luur 
miles  wcstwjud  iroiti  Naiisct;  the  seat  of  a  inhe  of  Indians 
who  (ai  they  ulterwitrd.«  learned)  made  this  attaek. 

t  The  dislaiiee  directly  across  iho  hay  from  Skakit  is  almut 
twelve  leagues ;  in  Prince's  Annals  \i  is  said  '.hey  sailed  itfLeen 
luagucs. 

t  This  island  has  ever  sinro  ht>mc  the  name  of  (MarK  s 
[shtiid,  Irum  the  mate  id'llie  ship,  the  first  man  who  sieppud 
on  hliore.  The  rove wherethey  wi-re  indanKor,  he.sbetwc4'n 
tln^  Cuniel  Head,  and  Sagui.sh  Point,  at  the  entrance  ol  Ply- 
iniaith  llay. 

^  The  ft'ck  (tn  which  thoy  lirst  stepped  ashor*^,  at  hinh 
water  is  now  enclosed  with  a  wharf.  The  upper  part  ol  it 
has  been  .separatoil  from  the  lower  p.ot,  and  drawn  iiitu  tt.n 
piild'c  S'pia.-a  of  the  town  id'  l'l\inouth,  wlu're  it  m  din- 
tm^nislied  bv  the  name  of  The  roieiather'.*  U.M-k.  Tlie  aad 
of  liecembrr  ((j«oi^iim  style)  Is  regarded  by  tho  poopi'j  of 
HlymoulUoaafustivil. 


niOORAPIItEH    OF   THH   EARLY    DISCOVEKTRS. 


47 


rU  at  l.igh  water.  Al 
icd  witli  tlui  w»r-cry 

*  Thiy  iiiirnr*!;aU'iy 
iML-hurye  ol  mu-iki'trv 
h.ii),  who  Aiiiud  ihrco 
(il,  as  llit-y  8ii]>|ioHOtl 
irrouM,  liiM<lt-(|  cillicl 
laws.  \vliii-!i  lUfV  it'lit 
mil  'I'hiMiuiwL'L'Oino 
\v  \>]avv,,*  (It'UTriiiiiud 
;'(l  alori^  llie  Bliorc  ai 
(I  [H-rinit,  hut  Niiw  iiu 
)ok  tltrt'iitt  iiiii^,  und 
fflit  reach  the  iiarhur, 
',  licfore  night.  'I'hn 
tli('insclvr!»hifur(!  it.f 

rung,  uiu)  thi-ir  sails 
[ihght,  steiTirig  willi 
ulu  curricii  tlii'iu  into 
1  Mio  d.irk  ihry  wero 
.  '1  iir  |)ilol  cuut'l3^n(!d 
n  stout  Mranmii,  who 
to  |iut  uliout  and  row 

tliciuout  ol"  thfcove, 
It  of  land,  whcrr  they 
wrv  divided  ni  then 

but  al>out  nudiiight, 
It ;  tlic  r-tnenly  ot  iho 
hey  therefore  got  on 
idlciia  lire,  and  rested 

eniselves  on  a  fimatl 
iitiaiiee  of  a  sjiacioufl 

next  ilay  (Sauirilay) 
irarnis.  and  reiiairni;^, 
ino[r     'I'he   lollowuig 

they  P  sleti. 
,    tliey  surveyed   nni 
•li  K»  he  "  Ml  tlieMiape 

•  hhipi-'Mg,  larger  than 
ko  small  I'lBiidnwith- 
ire  of  fowls,  dilhreii. 
ahiniilanee.  As  liiey 
ouitd   eorn  lields  and 

for  huildmg."  With 
|0  the  coin|iany  ;  and 
]i  eain(^  to  arrhor  ni 
Ts,  except  four,  who 


oil    as  the  BOBson 

iu-hed  upon  a  high 

liav,  which  was 

Hell  planted.      I'n- 

ry  sweet  hrook   in 

intl   boats  could  be 

of  as  nutul  water  aa 

.i(b'  of  the  brook 

oinniandnig  enii' 

a  platform,  and 


laving  out  liousc- 
rivnv^  and  carrying 
aibt  r.  tiiou;^h  much 
the  ilealh  of  two, 
iiiimhi-i,  they  had 
;t  rl  louf,  in  winch 
ijitard.  Two  rows 
s  ilu  y  <  oulil  be  eo- 
nio  nin  '  n  fami- 
ihein.  I'll  l-ord'H 
lUMiiled  ilivnic  sv.y- 

nd  naiiHil  the  place 
rlior  was  so  imIU'iI 
tlirce  or  four  years 

ol  llic  very  kiml  and 

lit"  a  plac(>  calU-a  Nani- 
iu  nariit:  ..f  Skakit,  lies 
lilt  iihimt  ihne  nr  luiir 

I  ol  a  Inliti  ol  liulians 

!  this  attack. 

ly  frinn  Skiikit  is  about 

ttaia  Uifyxiuldl  liritiin 

tlio  njune  (»f  ('larKS 
lirst  man  who  steiipcd 
iiKianKor,  lit'S  belwcrn 
it  Uio  ontrance  ol  I'lv 

pj»pt:ti  nshoro,  at  hiRli 
Tlie  upjier  part  ol  it 
I,  aii'l  ilrawn  mti»  ll.« 
iiulli,  wlH're  it  l*  di'** 
l^lu•l^^  liock.  The  22() 
rtied  ijy  Hiti  poupl-J  of 


frlomlly  Ircatinent  which  they  h.'i  received  from  the 
inliftbitanis  of  I'lyniouth,  the  last  port  of  their  native 
country  (rem  \Oi.rh  ihey  sailed. 

At  ihik  time  some  of  llie  people  h)dgcd  on  short*, 
ami  others  on  board  the  «hip.  which  lay  at  the  disMnco 
of  a  mile  ami  a  hall  (mm  'he  town  ;  and  when  the  tide 
was  out,  ibtru  could  be  no  connnunication  between 
thini.  On  tin-  I  lilt  of  Januarv.  -very  early  ni  the 
morning,  as  IJovernor  Carver  and  Mr.  Uradfurd  lay 
Hick  in  hril  at  the  slorelioiisc,  the  thatched  roof,  by 
means  of  a  upark,  caught  on  iVe,  and  was  soon  eon- 
Bumed  ;  but  l>y  (lie  Iiimly  a.^sistance  of  the  people  on 
filiore,  iho  lower  part  of  the  building  was  preservdi. 
Hero  were  deposited  tlieir  wliob>  stock  of  aminumlion, 
and  several  loaded  guns  ;  but  happily  the  tire  did  nol 
reach  iliein.  The  lire  was  seen  by  the  people  on  bo.iril 
the  ship,  who  could  not  come  on  shore  till  an  hour  at- 
tervvards.  They  were  greatly  alarmed  at  the  appear- 
ance, because  two  men.  wlio  had  stroUed  inio  the 
woods,  wire  missini;,  and  liioy  were  a)tprehcnsive  ihal 
the  Indians  bad  made  an  attack  on  the  place.  In  tiie 
evening  ihe  strollers  found  their  way  home,  almost 
dead  wall  hunger,  faligue  and  cuM. 

The  bad  wealher  and  severe  bardshipH  to  which  this 
i^omnany  were  exposed,  in  a  elimato  much  more  rigor- 
ous (iian  any  to  which  lliey  liad  ever  been  aecn.*lomed, 
wiih  the  scorbutic  liahifs  coniracted  in  their  voyage, 
and  by  living  so  long  on  shipboard,  e.nised  a  great 
mortality  ainnng  ihcrn  in  the  wmier.  ilefore  the  month 
of  April,  nearly  one  half*  of  ihem  died.  At  some 
times,  the  nmniirr  of  the  sick  was  so  great,  that  not 
more  than  st\  or  seven  were  ("it  tor  duty,  and  these  were 
tiliiiost  w bully  employcii  m  attendmg  the  sick.  The 
t'bip*s  company  was  in  the  same  situation  ;  and  Cap- 
twin  Jones,  though  earnestly  desirous  to  get  away, 
*^s  obliged  to  stay  till  A|>rd,  having  lost  one  half  of  his 
men. 

I3y  the  beginning  of  March,  ibe  governor  was  so  far 
rcco.ered  cf  Ins  lirsl  illness,  ihat  he  was  ablu  to  walk 
three  mile.^,  lo  v. sit  a  largi?  pond  wli.,!h  Francis  Uil- 
Ini.;loii  had  discovered  from  llie  top  of  a  tree  on  a  hill. 
A',  first  it  was  supposed  to  be  jiart  ol'  the  ocean  ;  but 
It  eroved  to  be  the  head  water  of  the  brook  which  runs 
by  (lift  town.  It  has  ever  since  borne  the  name  of  the 
ii.v(  il::M?ovefcr,  which  would  otherwise  have  been  for- 

Hi'hcrio  tliey  had  not  seen  any  of  the  natives  at  this 
late.  The  mortal  pestilence  winch  raged  thro.igh  the 
coui.lry,  four  years  before,  had  almost  dcpupiilaled  it. 
One  remarkable  circumstance  attending  this  pestilencs 
was  nol  known  till  alter  Ibis  selllement  was  made.  A 
Kreiicli  shiji  had  been  wrecked  on  (..'ape  (,'od.  Tie 
n  en  were  saved,  and  the  proMsuins  and  gooils.  Ttie 
n.H.vcs  kept  ibcir  eye  on  tliem  till  they  lound  an  op- 
por'uruty  to  kill  all  bill  three  or  four,  ami  divide  iheir 
C'^ods.  'I'iiu  captives  were  sent  from  one  tribe  to  ano- 
iher,  as  slaves.  Uno  of  them  learned  so  much  of  their 
language,  OB  to  tell  them  that  "(lod  was  angry  with 
them  for  their  cruelly,  and  wonid  destroy  tlieni,  and 
?ive  their  counlry  to  another  people."  They  answered 
that  "they  were  loo  many  for  (Jod  to  kill"  He  re- 
plied, that  "if  they  were  t'verso  many,  (iodhad  many 
ways  to  kill  them  of  which  they  were  (hen  ignorant." 
When  the  pestilence  came  amonir  them,  (a  new  disease, 
probably  the  vrllow  fever.)  thev  remembered  the 
Frenciiman's  words;  and  when  the  I'lymoiilli  srtllers 
arrived  at  t 'ap  t^'od,  tbcr  lew  survivor.-^  miairiind  Ihat 
the  other  part  of  bis  prediction  would  soon  be  accoin- 
|(hshed.  .Soon  after  their  ariival.  the  Indian  priests  or 
powows  coiivtiicd,  and  perlbrmcd  their  incantations  m 
a  dark  swamp  ihree  days  successively,  with  a  view  to 
curse  and  destroy  the  newcomers.  Had  they  known 
the  mortality  winch  raijed  among  iliem.  they  would 
doubtless  have  rejoiced  m  the  success  of  thciV  endea- 
vors, and  might  very  easily  have  taken  advantage  of 
their  weaknesM  to  exterminate  them  Hut  none  of 
them  were  seen  till  after  the  sickness  had  abated  ; 
though  some  tools,  wliicli  bad  been  left  in  the  woods, 
were  missing,  which  ihey  had  stolen  in  the  maht, 

On  the  sixteenth  of  Vlarch,  when  the  spring  was  so 
faradv.inced  as  lo  invite  them  lo  make  their  gardens,  a 
savage  came  boldly  into  the  place  alone,  walked  through 
the  street  lo  the  rende/vous  or  storehouse,  and  pro- 
nounced tiie  words  WHconu-  Enir(ushmfu  !  his  name 
was  Samoset  ;  Iiebelonaed  to  a  place  distant  live  days 


*Tlie  exact  bul  ut  mortality  un  cnllucteil  by  Mr.  Prince 
's  follows  ■ 


in  Ut'cum'wT,  6 
In  January,  8 
In  Ffliniary,  17 
'ii  Match,        13 

Total.  44 


Of  tliesc, 

HIlU 


l.i 

21  wore  suliscrilHTs  h. 

(he  nvil  OMiipait. 
23   were   womi-n.  iliil- 

(Iroii  and  sl'i  vaiils. 

44 


I  journey  to  the  eastward,  and  had  learned  of  the  t'lshcr- 

'  men  to  speak  broker)  KnL•lt^h. 

lie  w.is  riTciscd  with  kindnev«  and  hospitality,  and 
he  informed  them,  "that  by  tlu'  lale  pfstih-iit'e,  and  a 
ferocious  war.  the  number  of  Im  count  rymi  n  hid  lu(  n 
so  diinuiisli(  il,  that  not  more  than  unu  in  twenty  re- 
mained ;  that  the  sjiot  where  they  vvero  now  sealed 
was  called  Patnksrt,  and  (IioiimIi  formerly  )>opij|ous, 
vet  everv  bunian  being  m  it  li  id  died  ol"  the  potileiice." 
This  account  waseonlirmed  by  the  extent  ol  llie  lields, 
tlie  number  of  graves,  and  the  reinnaitts  of  tkulotoiiH 
Ivini;  on  the  ground. 

Tlie  account  winch  he  gave  of  biinself,  was,  "  lliat 
he  had  been  absent  from  home  eiglil  moons,  part  ol 
lit!'  lime  among  the  .Nausets,  llirir  nearest  neighbors  a' 
the  southeast,  who  were  about  one  hundred  sirom,',  iml 
more  lately  among  the  W'ompaneags  at  Ibe  westward, 
who  wire  about  .sixty  ;  that  he  hud  heard  of  the  attack 
made  on  them  by  Ihe  Xansets  at  Nainskekct  ;  that 
i.hese  people  were  full  of  lesenlnieiit  a^amst  the  Hiiro- 
praiis,  oit  act^otinl  of  tlii^  perfidy  ol  lliinl,  muster  of  an 
Knglish  ves.sel,  who  had  some  years  before  llu;  pesti- 
lence <leroyetl  some  of  the  natives,  ^iweiily  from  I'atiik- 
set  and  s<;v(mi  from  Nauset)  on  huard  his  siiip,  and  sold 
them  abroad  as  slaves  ;  that  they  had  killed  three  l^n^- 
lislt  lishernien,  besides  the  rrenchmen  aforemeiitionrd 
in  revenge  for  ibi^j  altVont.  He  al>o  gave  mlorniatnui 
ol  tin;  lost  tools,  and  promised  lo  see  them  resloretl  ; 
and  llial  he  would  hrini'  the  natives  to  trade  with  tbein." 

.Samoset  being  dismissed  with  a  present,  nturned 
the  next  day  with  ti\e  more  of  llnr  natives,  hringing 
the  stolen  tools,  ami  a  few  skins  for  trade.  'Ibey  were 
dismissed  with  a  rcipiest  lo  bring  more,  wliieh  they  pro- 
mised in  a  few  days.  Samoset  feigned  Inmseif  sick, 
and  remaim  d  ;  but  as  bis  eompanions  did  nut  return  at 
the  lime,  be  was  sent  lo  impure  the  reason. 

On  the  '22ud  he  returned,  in  ciimpany  with  S^pianlo 
or  Siinanliim,  a  native  of  Patukscl,  ainj  the  otilv  ime 
then  living.  Ho  was  one  of  llio  twenty  wboiu  Hunt 
had  carried  away  ;  he  bad  been  sold  m  Spam,  had  lived 
Ml  London  wilh  John  Slany  Merchant,  Trea.surer  of  ihe 
Newfounilland  Uompany  ;  had  learned  the  Kngli.>h 
language,  and  came  back  to  his  native  country  with  the 
nsliermen.  These  two  persons  were  depuled  by  the 
sachem  of  the  W'ompuneags,  Ma-snns-o-tl,*  whose  re- 
sidence was  at  Sowums  or  Fokanoket.  on  the  Narra- 
Lian.iet  Day,  to  announce  Ins  coming,  and  bring  some 
skins  as  a  present.  In  about  an  hour,  the  sacliem, 
with  his  brother  (^U(i-{ti--f/ui-mih,  and  his  whole  force  of 
sixty  men,  appeared  on  the  bill  over  against  them. 
JSrpianturn  was  sent  to  know  his  pleasure,  and  returned 
with  the  sachem's  request,  that  one  oi  the  company 
should  come  to  luin.  i'Jdward  Winslow  iinmcdialely 
went  alone,  carrying  a  present  m  bis  hand,  with  the  go- 
vernor .s  compliments,  desiring  to  see  the  saeliem,  and 
enter  on  a  friendly  treaty.  Ma>assoit  left  Winslow  m 
the  custody  of  hi.s  brother,  to  whom  another  present  was 
made,  and  lakmi.'  twenty  of  bis  men,  unarnn  il,  descend- 
ed the  lull  towards  the  brook,  over  which  lav  a  log  bridge, 
(.'aptam  Miles  Siandish,  at  the  head  ol  six  men,  im-t 
him  at  the  brook,  and  escorteil  bim  and  lii^  tram  lo  one 
of  the  best  bouses,  where  three  or  four  ciislnoits  were 
placed  on  a  green  ru(T,  spread  over  the  (loor.  'I'lie 
L'ovoriior  came  ni.  preceedeii  by  a  drum  and  lrum|iei. 
the  sound  of  which  greatly  deligbted  lite  Indians. 
-Viler  mutual  salutaiions.  he  entered  mlo  conversation 
with  i\ic  sachem,  which  i.ssued  in  a  treaty.  The  arti- 
cles were,  "(i  )  'i'liat  neither  he  nor  lii.s  should  injure 
any  of  onr'.H.  (a  )  That  if  they  did.  he  sliould  send  the 
otlender.  that  trc  might  puni.sii  hint.  (:»,)  'I'hat  if  our 
tools  were  taken  away,  he  should  restore  them.  (4.) 
Thai  if  atiy  itnjitsflij  warred  againsl  linn,  we  would  aid 
bint;  and  if  any  warred  against  us,  hi;  should  aid  us. 
t-'i  )  'I'bat  he  should  cerlily  bis  neiglibor  eonledcrales 
of  this,  that  they  might  nol  wrong  us.  but  be  comprised 
in  the  conditions  of  peace,  {it.)  *  .lat  when  tlieir  men 
came  to  us,  they  should  leave  '.neir  bows  and  arrows 
behind  them  ;  as  we  should  Uv.ve  our  pieces  when  we 
came  lo  them.  (7)  That  ic  doing  thus.  King  James 
would  esteem  hiin  as  bis  fri.'iid  and  ally." 

'I'he  conference  being  e.ided,  and  the  company  hav- 
ing Deen  entertained  wtdt  such  retVesiiments  as  the 
jilace  atlorded,  the  .sa'-licn  returned  to  his  camp.  This 
treaty,  the  work  of  one  ijay,  bemo  honestly  intended  on 
both  sides,  was  kept  uiin  lidelity  as  long  as  Masassoil 
lived,  but  was  afterward  broken  by  I'hibp,  his  successor. 

The  next  day  Masassoit  sent  for  some  of  the  Knglish 
lo  visit    him.     Captain   Siundi.sh   and    Isaac  Allerion 


*  Mr.  I'mu-e  says  thai  M;i.sass-o-lt  is  a  word  of  four  syl- 
laliles,  uiitl  was  .su  proiiounccU  hy  the  ancient  people  of  Ply- 
in. mUIi.  This  rt-Miark  is  eimiiniie.i  tty  tho  nnuiiier  m  wliu'h 
It  IS  spelled  in  sumo  parls  of  Mr.  Wnwlow"^  Naniilivu,  Ma- 
5us-u-wat. 


went,  were  kindly  received,  and  treated  wilh  ground* 

nnl.s  and  tobacco 

The  saclifin  then  returned  to  his  brad-ipiarten*.  dia- 
tani  iiiioiii  I'uriv  nules  ;  Iml  .Sipianinm  and  SamoHet  ru- 
niaii:*  (1  at  I'Imhoihii.  and  msirui't<d  ihe  people  Ikiw  in 
plain  their  corn,  and  dres.s  it  Willi  berrings,  ul  winch  ar> 
mimeiiM;  (piaiitily  came  tnio  the  bruoki*.  The  giuimd 
winch  ihey  plaiiltd  with  eutii  was  twenty  acre.^.  Ihey 
sowed  SIX  ac  es  vmIIi  barlev  and  peas;  tne  lormei 
yiehled  an  indilb  rent  crop  ;  b  '  the  latter  wete  parched 
with  tile  beat,  and  came  lo  ti<>   ^uig. 

Whilst  they  were  engaged  m    his  labor,  lu  which  all 
were  alike  einploved.  on  tiiii  .'Jiii 
which  the  ship  ^<alled   lor   lin    ia 
came  out  ol  the  lield.  ut  noon,  ' 
bis  head,  caused  by  the   beat   ol 
prived  him  o\  bis  senses,  and  in 
us  llie.  to  ibe  great  yriel  ol 


of  April  (tlie  day  on 
ul)  (io\er(jur  I  'arver 
iiplaining  ol  a  pain  in 
;ie  sun.  U  soon  d"* 
I  lew  da\  >  put  an  end 
tills  inlaiii  pianuitioii. 


He  was  Imrieil  willi  all  the  honors  wliichCuuld  be 
shown  to  Ibe  nieiiiory  ol  a  )joo<l  ni.ui  by  a  ^rntelnl  peo- 
ple. 'I  be  men  wiri-  iiiuK  r  arms,  lud  Ined  several  vol* 
lies  over  bis  grave  His  atlceiiiHi.tle  wilt,  overcome 
with  bf  r  loss.  siirviU'd  him  but  si.\  weeks. 

Mr.  ('ar\er  is  represented  as  a  man  of  great  prudence, 
inle^rity.  and  linuness  ol  mnid  He  bad  a  gi-  1  e  !  '!o 
in  Kiigtand,  which  he  sptnt  in  the  emigration  lo  Hol- 
land and  .\iiieri(  .1.  ile  was  one  of  uie  loremuMt  in  iie- 
tion,  and  bore  a  lar^e  share  of  >ntlerMi::s  in  the  service 
of  the  colony,  who  coiilided  m  hmi  as  ilieir  friend  and 
latlur  I'u  ly,  humility,  and  benevolence,  were  emi- 
nent trails  1(1  his  charatter  ;  and  it  is  particularly  re- 
marked, that  m  till'  tune  of  general  sickness,  wjiicii  be- 
tel the  colony,  and  with  which  he  was  ati<LVied,  alter  he 
had  liiniseK  reeovered,  he  was  assiduous  m  attending 
the  .-.ick,  and  performing  the  most  bumilialiiig  servicer 
for  tnein.  wilhoul  any  distmclion  of  persons  or  charac 
lers 

t)ne  of  his  grandsons  lived  to  ihe  age  of  one  huiHlred 
and  U\o  years;  and  about  the  middle  of  the  present 
century  (I7r)r>)  he.  his  son,  grandson,  and  ;jreai  grand- 
son, were  all,  at  the  same  time,  at  \M>ik  m  the  sanm 
(ield.  whilst  an  infant  of  the  iKth  generalioii  was  wiihiti 
the  bouse,  ut  .Marshtield. 

'1  be  meinory  of  ( iovcrnor  Carver  is  still  held  in  e»- 
leein ;  a  ship  belonging  to  I'lymonlh  noiv  bears  bin 
name  ;  and  Iiis  broadsword  is  deposited,  as  a  eunosity, 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  Historical  Society,  at  iiostou 


WILLI  AM    BU  AD  FORD. 

WiLLu.M  IlKAnKoHD— His  Hiflli  aiiil  K'lmation— RpinaTrs  lo 
Ain.-terilaiii  -  A<  •  iMii|iaiiies  Uil*  Atl\' iitun.T8  to  New  Enij- 
lan-l— Ills  Wiiu  Un'wiieU— t,:hosen  itovi-riior  of  New  Piv 
numtli— ('(itispiracy  ul  iho  Indians— H'."iiJtipu  .Mea.^ures  of 
1)*I«  lire  — Surrenders  the  ruleiiL  lo  the  Colony  -  lli<>  Ueattl 
and  Uliarai:lLT— ills  Uesccndaiili, 

\\'ii.M\.M  Uic.\nF0Kn  was  born  in   1588,  at  .\nsier- 

held,  an  obscure  village  in  the  .North  of  Kngland  Hia 
parents  dymi;  when  be  was  vouriLi,  he  was  educated, 
lirst  by  his  grand-parents,  and  alierwards  by  his  uii<  rj, 
in  the  jiractiee  of  a-ricullure.  \i\i  patt  rnal  mbeiiianco 
was  considerable  ;  but  he  had  no  oilier  learnmg  but 
iucb  ;is  uenerally  falls  to  the  share  oi  itie  children  of 
linsbandrneii 

At  twelve  years  of  age,  his  mind  became  seriously 
iinpn  s;.).d  by  divme  truth,  in  readin«r  the  Scriptures  ; 
and  a-  he  increased  m  years,  a  njtive  brmness  enabled 
him  to  vindicate  b  >  t'iiinions  against  opposition,  Uenig 
stiLimati/ed  as  a  Si  paralist.  be  was  obliged  to  hear  the 
frowns  of  his  relatives,  and  the  scolVot  his  neighbors  ; 
but  nothing  could  divert  or  mtimulale  him  from  altpud- 
mg  on  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Uichard  ('lifton,  and  con- 
neetino  himself  willi  the  church  over  which  be  and  Mr 
Itohnison  presided. 

\\  lien  be  was  eighteen  years  old.  he  [oiiied  in  their 
attempt  lo  no  over  to  Holland,  and  was  one  of  ibe 
seven  who  were  imprisoned  at  Uosion,  m  Linc'dnsdire, 
as  IS  olready  related  in  the  life  of  Uohinson  ,  but  ho 
was  soon  liberated  on  account  of  his  youth.  He  was 
also  one  of  those  who,  ihe  next  year,  (led  from  Grimsby 
Uoinmon,  when  part  of  the  company  went  lo  sea,  and 
[mrt  were  taken  by  the  pursuivants. 

After  some  lime,  he  went  over  to  Zealand,  through 
various  ditheulties ;  and  was  no  sooner  set  on  shore, 
than  a  malicious  passenger  in  the  same  vessel,  accused 
him  before  the  Dutch  magistrates,  as  a  fugitive  (roin 
Kngland.  Hut  when  they  undt  r^iuod  the  cause  of  his 
emigration,  they  gave  hiin  protection,  and  permission 
to  join  bis  brethren  at  Amsterdam. 

it  being  impossible  lor  him  to  prosecute  agnfulture 
in  Holland,  he  was  obliged  to  belake  himself  lo  aoiiio 
other  business  ;  and  being  then  under  age,  he  put  hiiii- 
<elf  as  du   apprtJiUice   lo  a  French    Wotcbtant,  who 


II   I 


>  ■ 


!       \ 


49 

Uu^^ht  litin  ll  j  an  of  mlkMlviiiK  As  rodu  im  lip  ui- 
tiiM,4 1|  liir  V'  -irH  of  iii.iiilioiiit.  he  Mild  \\  *  |)ii1i'r?i.il  I'tiiUr 
111  Kii;;l:tNti,  iinil  cnlrrctl  on  u  coiiutiuivul  lil'r,  in  vsIim'Ii 
Ki'  w,i«  iii>i  vtTv  i»urci-!*-«tiil 

Wlii'ii  llir  ('linnli  of  l.cvdcrt  cunl('rn|tta'r<l  n  rr- 
inov.il  to  AiiiiTiru.  MriuHonI  zi.iIouhIv  riiuMiiitl  iii  llii- 
uiut  rlit^iiii!.  'IIkI  <'iiini'  \\\\\\  lltc  llri*!  coiii|Mnv.  in  l<i«0, 
tu  ('i\|i>  Cod  WliiUi  the  t^\\\\\  liv  in  lluil  hiirhor,  \\v 
wiiM  t)ll^  nl  ihr  lorniitiKt  in  (lif  scvrr.il  li.i/iirdoiit  ut- 
tLMi)|ils  It:  lit'd  11  |)r>>|ii'r  |iliiri'  lor  llir  t«iMt  ol  tlic  colony 
111  oiK  of  wliti-h,  III,  \sttli  oiliiTH  of  llii>  ]irn)(-i|Mil  |K'|-- 
vons.  ri;trri  vvly  t  t4(M|)rd  (l<(i  dcHtnirhon  uhioti  ihriMt- 
encd  (Ih-ii  (tlMlIoii  On  liis  rrturn  from  iIiim  rxciirNion 
to  llip  .<>hi[)  Willi  llif  joyful  iii'WM  of  li;i\iii^  roiiml  on 
Imrlior.  mul  a  jiIjit  for  Hi'tilnm-nt,  In-  li.id  the  inorlili- 
C'ttuii)  lo  hiar  ili  it,  dtinii'^  \\\^  aliMiirr,  lim  \s\iv  had 
i>'-iidriil.dlv  fiillt-n  inlo  ihr  >v.\,  and  was  drowned 

Afiir  llir  fuildt-nd)  .illi  i>f  <to\rrnor  CarviT,  tin'  nifaiit 
colony  i'awt  tluir  CM'M  on  lir.niford  to  Mircci  d  Inni  ; 
lint  hrnii;  iit  lli.il  Inur  so  vi  ry  ill,  tli.il  Iiih  lilr  w.ih  (ji-- 
Ppaircd  of,  tlicy  wiiili'tl  for  lut«  riTovt  rv.  and  iiuri  ni- 
vi'Htt'd  lum  witli  llir  rniinniind  He  vva^  in  the  tliirty- 
lliird  ytar  uf  Iiih  a^c  ;  Iuk  vvimIoid,  |iu'ty,  foriilndc,  mid 
git-nliiCM  of  lii'art,  wcrr  fO  ron^(iUMioii»  n.n  lo  merit  llie 
biieiTe  C'Hirein  of  llie  [no|,li'  Carver  had  heen  alone 
m  I'Onnn.Mid.  Thcv  eonlidt  d  in  Ins  prndenee,  lh,it  he 
wo  \\i\  not  adventure  on  any  m.iKer  of  inonient  wiihout 
t!,i!  eonsifi'  of  the  jpeople.  (tr  the  udvtcr  of  tlio  wmest. 
To  iJradtoid  lliey  a|pi»oiritcd  an  a^sl»lanl,  Isaac  Aller- 
lon,  not  lurause  lliey  had  not  iIm;  same  contidenre  in 
h'm,  hut  piirlly  for  (he  Hake  of  re^ndanty,  and  p.irllv  on 
ateount  of  hts  )prei'arionH  lieahh.  Tiny  iijipointid  hut 
o:.e,  heeausr  (liev  were  "O  miueed  in  nmnher,  that  to 
\\A\v:  made  a  ijreati  r  disproportion  helweeii  rulers  and 
people  would  have  hren  nhsurd  ;  and  they  knew  ihal 
It  would  iilwavs  he  in  their  power  to  iiieruasu  the  rnuii' 
her  at  tl.eir  pleisure.  Tin  ir  vtduntary  comlunation 
wa;*  desii^ned  only  as  a  ti  mporary  expidient,  till  itiey 
vlimiji!  uhiain  a  cliurler  under  tliu  uulhoniy  uf  their  Nuve- 
riMpi. 

One  of  the  firit  acts  of  Ur-idford'a  adininitttnilion, 
WUH,  hy  tho  iidvieo  of  the  eoinpiiny,  In  send  Kdward 
Wm^low*  and  Stephen  Hopkins  to  Masassoil,  wilh 
S'pianto  for  llieir  ijuiiit'.  Thu  de-ti^in  of  lliis  ernhassy 
was  lo  explore  llio  rounlry,  to  eontirin  iho  league,  to 
learn  the  situation  and  >lrinifili  of  liieir  new  frienil,  to 
carry  some  presents,  lo  apuloi:i/.i!  for  some  misheliavior. 
to  re;,'uUtc  the  iiitereour>e  hitween  tlieui  and  l.'iir  In- 
dians, und  lo  procure  seed-cuni  lor  the  next  planlini; 
f»uson. 

Tlieso  yrntlenicn  found  liio  ^nchein  at  Pokanoket,* 
ahout  forty  miles  from  IMvmouth.     They  delivered  llie 
pro-'enlw,   renewed  the  fMeniUlii|),  and  ita'islied  iheiii- 
iclvfis  respei'tmji  the  Hiren;flli  ot  the  iiatnes,  v^hieh  (hd 
not  appear  lornndahle.  nor  was  the  enlerlamnient  wlueli 
they  rei'fived  either  liheral  or  sph-nditl.     Tlie  marks  of  i 
dusolat"j;i  and  dealli.  liv  reason  of  the  prstdciiee.  were  j 
very  conspiei.oiis.  in  all  ihe  eountry  thioui.di  whteh  they 
pasM'd  ,   4iiit  lliey  wrru  informed  that  the  Narrai:aii«els, 
who  reiiid^  on  the  weslern  shore  of  llie  h.iy  of  tliiit  | 
name,  wrte  very  iiimieron:^,  and  that  ihc  pestdeiiou  had  I 
not  reached  ihcni.  j 

After  the  return  of  this  rmhassy.  nnolher  was  Rent 
t(i  Nt.-ji*,  Vi  recover  a  i'ov  who  had  stra^ijled  from 
rivmuutli.  and  h-id  Oe*"!!  taken  up  hy  some  of  the  In-  | 
dians  of  that  place.  They  were  so  fortunate  as  lo  re- i 
cover  the  hov.  and  to  neiku  pe.iif  wi'h  Asp.riet  ihe  i 
8R''hi:ii,  when  thev  p;iid  h)r  ihe  f<»-i-d-corn  wlinli  '.hey  | 
hud  tak-^n  out  of  the  ground  at  I'aomet,  in  llie  preet  d- . 
111^  uutuniii  Dnnni;  this  expedition  an  old  VNOinaii.  | 
\\lio  had  never  heloic  seen  any  while  people,  hurst  inlo] 
lears  of  i/rief  iud  rane  at  the  .-ijihl  of  them.  She  had 
lost  three  sons  hv  tin:  periidv  of  Thomas  Hunt,  wlii> 
dt-i-oved  them,  with  oilier;*,  on  hoard  Ins  ship,  and  sold, 
lluin  lor  slave.-*.  ISipianto.  who  u,!.-.  pre>ent,  told  her  j 
that  lie  had  hei>n  carried  uwav  at  llie  same  time;  that 
Hunt  was  a  liad  man  -,  that  his  eountrvmeti  di>appro\ed 
hjs  conduct,  and  thut  ihe  l!iii:hsli  at  riyinoulli  would 
tint  oiler  them  any  injury.  'I'his  declaration,  aceoin- 
panied  hy  a  ttniall  present,  appeased  her  ant;er,  though 
it  was  impo-silde  lo  remove  ilio  (luso  of  her  tzriei*. 

It  \v..s  kirtiinate  fur  the  colonv  that  they  had  secured 
Ihc  fneiKUIitp  of  Masassoit  ;  f,)r  his  inthience  was  found 
to  ho  very  extensive.  He  was  rcjarded  and  rnve- 
fenced  by  all  Che  natives,  from  the  bay  of  Narra^ansct 

•  Tins  wa^  a  Kencrul  nnmc  for  the  nortliom  sli'irc  of  tlic 
Nnrrai;nnHi'i  Bay,  lipiwren  I'rnviihTiro  and  Taunton  rivers, 
anil  rnin(irclit'iitlirii:  tiii- present  t(M\n.'iliii<Hof  Hristol,  Warren, 
i.iil  l);irrMii:tn[i,  ni  the  Slate  uf  ltli(»(li>  |sl:ui>l,  ami  Svvan7.i'y 
fo  Massaiiiusi'Us.  lis  norllRrn  extent  U  nnknmvn.  Tlir 
nimrip;il  si'fitn  uf  tlif  narhcin  were  at  Suwanis  anil  Kikeintut. 
lilt;  lornii  r  is  a  nnk  of  lami  Inrnieil  l)V  the  eoniiitciKe  ut 
Iwiiiiikcluji  aii'l  I'aliiK.r'i  nvtrni  tliulatlir  iv  Moiuii  lli.ne 


AMKRICAN  HISTORY. 


'u  that  uf  MaKHiichuti't'«<  'I'hou^h  aome  of  tho  (xitty 
Hirlirtn*  ^^e^e  di'-iniani  lo  he  jcalo".-*  id  the  new  i'.> 
loiiy,  ,ind  lo  disliirli  Itn  pi  ace,  yet  thei.  mutii.d  cmme  ' 
lion  Willi  Ma<*a>-4oii  piovid  ihe  means  ol  lis  presirva- 
tion  .  UN  a  pniol  uf  winch,  rune  ot  the  sachems  volun- 
tarily came  lo  I'lvmoutli,  and  huhtrnheit  an  in»iruiituiit 
of  HiiliinisNiim  in  ilm  lollowin^  terms,  vi/.. 

"  Scptt'inher    U),    Ann«>    Donuui    1(I'.^1.      Know    all 
nn  II  hy  ihe^^e  presents,  that  we,  whose  names  ate  un- 
derwnilen.  do  neknowled;^e  ourselves  lo  he  llie  loyal 
hiihp-ct>  ol  \\\\\;i  .lames,  kin^  of  (ireal  lirilam   Kraiice, 
and   Ireland,    l)''"idrr  uf  tho  lailli.  Ac.      In  wilneNH 
whereof,  ami  an  a  testimoniMJ  of  llie  same,  we  have 
Huhscrihed  our  names,  or  inarkn,  ta  lollowelh  : 
Oliipiamehud,     Naiiawahiint,     Quiidi  ipiiiia, 
Cawnacome,       Caiinlmtunt,        Hntl.uiioiden, 
Ohbutinna,  Clnkalabiik,        A|)annow." 

Hohainak.  another  of  iheac  xuhordmatu  chiefs,  came 
niid  look  up  Ins  residence  at  I'lynioulli.  where  he 
continued  as  a  laillilnl  ^utde  and  interpretrr  us  lon^*  as 
he  lived,  'ihe  Indtaiis  ol  llie  island  of  C'apuwoek. 
wliicli  li'id  how  ohtained  the  name  ol  MartlLi'M  or  Mur- 
Im's  \  ineyard.  also  sent  iiK'sseriijers  ot  iieaee. 

Having;  heard  much  uf  the  Itay  of  NtassacliURettfi, 
lioili  from  the  Indians  und  the  Kii^li^li  tislierrnen,  Uo* 
vernor  Itiadlord  appointed  ten  imii,  wilh  S.pianto,  and 
two  other  Indians,  lo  visit  ihe  place,  •ind  trade  wilh 
the  natives.  0\\  the  18t)i  of  .SepteinlM  r,  ihey  sailed 
111  a  nlullop,  and  the  next  day  got  to  the  botiom  uf  the 
iiay.  where  they  landed  under  a  chll','  and  wire  kindly 
received  hy  Uhhalmewa,  tin'  Hjchein  who  had  (*uli- 
scrihed  the  siihinissioii  at  riynunilh  a  tew  days  heloie. 
He  renewed  hm  submission,  and  received  a  promise  uf 
assistance  and  defence  against  thu  Npiavv  Sachem  of 
Mas^acliui»(  Us,  and  oilier  eufmies. 

The  appi-arnncc  of  this  bay  was  p|ea8in<.r  They  «aw 
the  inoullis  uf  Iwu  rivers  which  emptied  into  it  The 
islands  Were  cleared  of  wood,  and  had  bieii  planted  ; 
bnt  most  of  the  people  who  had  inlialuled  lliem  either 
\r  ere  i\vA\.\,  oi  ti.t.l  lenioviil.  Those'  who  reuiunn-d 
were  i-untiiniallv  m  fe.ir  oi  the  Tarratenes,  \»  hu  fre- 
ipienlly  came  Ironi  the  eastward  m  a  honlile  manner, 
und  robbed  them  of  their  corn.  Jn  one  of  these  pre- 
datory invasions.  Manepashainet,  a  sachem,  had  bet  n 
slam  ;  his  hudy  lay  buried  nniler  a  fianie,  surnumded 
hv  an  intrenehineiit  ami  palis.ide.  \  monument  on  the 
toji  of  fi  hill  desiL'naletl  the  place  where  he  was  killed 
Ha\iiiL^  explored  the  bay,  and  collected  some  !>«  .i\er, 
the  shallop  returned  to  I'lvmoutli.  and  brouoht  so  ;:oo»l 
a  report  of  llii^  placi',  that  iht  people  wishid  thi'V  had 
been  sealed  there  Dot  having  planted  corn  and  built 
huts  at  IMymoiitli,  iind  being  there  in  security  from  the 
n.itives,  they  ji.dirid  the  motives  for  continuance  lo  he 
stronger  than  Uix  removal.  Many  ot  tin  ir  postt  rity 
having  judged  otherwise. 

In  November,  a  ship  arrived  from  Knyland.  with  lliir- 
ty-live  passengers,  to  augmenl  the  colony,  rnhappily 
they  were  so  short  ot  provision,  that  ihe  people  of  I'ly- 
inouth  were  ohtiged  to  victual  the  »lnp  home,  atid  then 
put  thiinselveH  and  the  tn'W  comers  to  liall  allowance. 
ilefore  the  next  spring,  (lOii'J)  the  colony  iiegaii  to  fetl 
the  rigor  of  famine.  In  the  height  of  this  di>trr>'>. 
llie  governor  received  Ironi  Canomcus.  .Sachem  ol 
Narragaiisel.  a  threatening  message,  in  the  embhinatic 
style  of  ihe  ancienl  JScythiarn) ;  a  bundle  ol  arrows, 
humid  with  the  ^kin  of  a  serpent.  'J'lie  governor  seiii 
an  answer  in  the  same  style,  the  skin  of  the  serpent  Idl- 
ed wall  powder  and  ball.  The  Narragansi  is.  alraid  of 
Its  contents,  sent  it  baei;  unoiieiied  \  and  here  tlu:  cor- 
respondence ended. 

It  was  now  judged  proiicr  to  fortify  the  town.  Ae- 
( ordingly  it  was  sunonndeil  with  a  stuckade- and  four 
llaiikarts  ;  a  guard  was  kejit  by  day  ami  night,  the  com- 
pany being  divided  into  lour  S'luadrons.  A  st  led 
iiiiinber  were  appoinf.(>d,  in  c.ise  of  accidental  lire,  lo 
mount  guard  with  their  backs  lo  the  (ire,  to  prev<nt  a 
surprise  from  the  Indians.  W'ltlnn  the  stockade  was 
enclosed  the  to|)  ut  the  hill,  uinh-r  which  llie  lown  was 
built,  and  a  sulticiency  of  hind  for  a  garden  to  each 
famiiv.  The  works  were  begun  in  February  and  lin- 
ished  m  March 

At  this  lime  the  famine  was  very  severe.  F  *h  and 
spring  waters  were  the  only  piovision  on  which  the  oeo- 

1  pit  subsisted      'I'lie  want  of  brr.id  n  dueed  llieir  Ih-rili ; 

;  yet,  they  had  so  iiineli  health  and  spirit,  Ihat.  on  liear- 

.  ing  of  the  massacre  in  Virginia,  ihey  erected  an  addi- 
tional   fort  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  wiih  a  IhiL  roof,  on 

I  which  the  giina  wi  ru  mounted  ;  llie  lower  story  served 
tliem  for  u  place  of  wtir.^hip.  ISixty  acres  of  ground 
were  planted  wilh  corn  ;   aiid  their  gardens  were  sown 

1         *  Suj.p'ised  lo  Uu  Cdpp'i  IliU  in  tho  luwn  of  Bo.^toi). 


wilh  (lie  needs  of  other  esculent  vegimbk'i,  in  tfft'tl 
plenty. 

Ihe  nrii\al  of  two  ships  wiiii  a  new  colo'iy,  i*rnt  out 
hy  'i'hoMM'i  Weston,  hut  witlumi  proMsion*,  wun  an 
udihtionid  mi.shtrtune  tSonm  ut  Ihe^e  people  hclng 
9ick,  were  lodged  in  the  Ixispilal  at  I'lv  mouth  lill  they 
vviie  so  far  ri'covered  an  lo  join  their  compiunoiiH, 
who  heated  lliemM'lveii  at  WessagnMHel.  aineu  culU'il 
Weymouth, 

The  hrsi  niipplv  of  provisions  wwn  ubtumed  from  ttiit 
lishing  vessels  ,  of  which  Ihirlytive  i  ame  this  spring, 
Iroin  linglantl  to  the  coast.  In  Angiisl,  two  stnpN  ar- 
rived with  tr.iding  goods  .  which  the  platilers  bought  ut 
a  great  disadvantage,  giving  beav^i-r  in  exchange  The 
nuimner  being  tlrv.  and  the  harvest  short,  ii  becamu 
necessary  lo  make  excursnms  amoM;r  ihe  iiativis,  l>i 
procure  corn  and  Ixatis.  with  ihe  t'omU  piirchasid  Ironi 
the  ships.  <iu\ernor  llriidtord  underiouk  thn  Ncrvuf*, 
having  S<pianlo  fur  liis  guide  and  iiiiermeler  ;  who  vvaa 
lakeri  iM  un  'lie  jiassaue,  a\n\  died  at  Slanoinuik  lie- 
fore  his  death,  lie  n  <piested  the  i^overnor  to  pray  for 
him,  "  thai  he  inighl  go  to  the  Kiighshman'H  ( iud." 

in  these  excursions,  Mr.  Hraillord  was  treated  by 
the  natives  wilh  great  respect  ;  and  the  trade  was  con- 
ducted, on  btilli  parts,  witlijiisltce  and  eunlidence.  At 
Nauoet,  the  shallop  being  siraiided.  it  VKas  nei  es:-arv  lo 
[Mit  the  corn,  which  had  hi  en  purchased,  in  Mack  und 
leave  ii  coverinl  with  inals  and  sedge,  iri  the  care  of  tho 
Indians,  whiUt  t^c  governor  and  his  party  euine  home, 
liltv  miles  on  ioo.  It  remained  there  lioin  November 
to  .tamiarv  ;  and  when  .inothiT  sliallop  \s\\>  seni,  il  wan 
tumid  m  perfect  ttafely,  und  *he  stranded  sliallop  waa 
covered. 

.\t  NumnNket,  [Middtehorongh]  an inliind  place,  lid 
bought  anoihi  r  ipiantitv,  which  was  hrou^i.t  home, 
partly  hy  the  |)eople  ol  the  colonv,  and  partly  hv  ihe 
Indian  women  ;   tin  ir  men  (IimI. lining  lo  bear  hiinlens. 

At  Manomel,  [S.indwnhJ  he  h.irgaineil  lor  more, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  leave  till  March,  when  i.'up- 
tain  Standish  went  and  htched  it  home,  the  Indian 
women  hrin>'iMg  il  down  to  the  shallop.  The  whole 
Ipiantitv  thus  purchased,  amounted  to  twenty-eight 
iiogsheud^  ot  Corn  and  beans;  ul  which  Weston's  pew- 
ph?  had  a  share,  as  they  had  )oined  in  the  purchase. 

In  the  "«nrtng  [Ui-lij  iln-  governor  rect  i\ed  a  mes- 
sage Ironi  .\!a>.i>soil  that  he  was  sick  ;  un  which  ucca- 
sion  It  IS  usual  lor  all  the  Iriend.-i  uf  tho  Iniliatis  tu  vixit 
them,  or  send  them  presents,  Mr.  \S  inslow  auiiin 
went  lo  vifil  till'  sai'hein,  aecompanied  hy  .Mr  Joi.n 
llamden,*  und  lliey  had  Hohainak  lor  liieir  giiule  und 
interpreter.  The  visit  was  very  cunsulalory  to  their 
^Ick  Ineiul,  anil  the  more  so,  as  Winslow  carried  lum 
>oine  cordials,  and  made  hiiii  broth  after  tlie  linuhsh 
mode,  which  eonlribnlt  d  lo  his  ri  eovi  rv  In  reiiirn 
lor  this  Irieiidlv  attention,  Masassoit  conunumcaied  lu 
Ilobainik  intelligence  ol  a  daiiL'eroua  conspiracy  then 
m  ui^itation  among  the  Indians  winch  he  had  be«  u  soli- 
cited to  jmn  lis  object  was  nothing  Ii^-s  than  the  total 
extirpation  of  the  English,  and  it  v\a>  occasioned  by 
the  imprudent  conduct  of  WeLiion's  people  in  the  Iiay 
ol  .Massachusetts.  'J'he  Indians  had  il  in  conteinpla- 
lioii  lo  make  Ihem  the  first  Mcinns.  ami  then  to  tall  on 
the  people  of  I'U  mouth.  .M.i^^assoil'.s  advite  was  llii". 
the  Knghsh  shouhl  sei/e  und  jiut  lo  death  the  chief  coi> 
spirators,  whom  he  named  ;  .ind  said  ihat  this  wniil;! 
pnxeni  the  execution  of  tlieplut.  llubainak  coinni'i 
nicali  d  this  secret  to  Winsiow  as  they  were  returning  • 
and  i'  wa.s  reported  in  ihe  |ju.    "Mir 

ill!  ihts  .ilariniriL'       ^asion  :  "  coin;:  ;inv  were 

nsHembleil  '  rour'  d  the  news  wa^  irtiparli  o  to  tin  iii. 
.■Surh  ua-  ience  in  the  governor,  that   they 

mi.L  '  sted  hini,  with  .\lh    '"n.  bus  assislant, 

to  I  best   ineuMiires  for  safety.     'I'hu 

resi  '  strengthen  the   lorlih  is,  lo  he  vigi- 

lani  '.und   lo  sitHJ   suehaloueto   ihu   Iiay   n.*^ 

Mas.s.x  ''>.  under    •    iptain   Klaiiilisli,  us  he  should 

judge  suiin.M.l  lo  '  .i.ili  the  eoiispirucy.  An  Indian 
who  had  come  into  •■  town  was  suspected  as  a  spy, 
and  contined  in  iri:  -  Siandish  with  eight  chosen 
men,  aiitt  the  failliliii  Ibihaiuak,  went  in  tin-  iiiillop  ti 
W'estmrs  plantation,  having  goods  as  usual  lo  tridc 
witli  the  Indians.  Here  he  met  the  persons  who  li.io 
been  named  us  conspirators,  who  persimallv    m-'Uited 

*  In  Wiii.'-U'\v\  Jinirnal,  >lr.  II  iniiieii  is  saUl  lo  he  "  ;i  «en 
tleinaii  lit   Ldh^iiMi,  who  ilien  v  mtercil  wiili  us,  and  d^'irrd 
much  III  see  ttic  couiiUy."     I  ^u,'|ll)^^!  l|ii.i   to  he  tin    *amfl 
person  wlio  <h^liijgui>heil  liiiM.srii  h^  hi>  i.[)|HtMiuui  to  (he  ll- 
Wy^wX  and  arhilr.ii>  detiiaiid',  ni    Kiii>;  (liniU '^  I.     He  h:i>i  |'i«' 
vnHialy  ilUTj  einliarkr.l  i.»r  N,  w  l.n^lan.l  vvilli  Uiivei  K'v 
well.  Sir    Aithiir  Ihisifiu  ainl   other-;    hut    Iliey  vverf  ( 
vented  Iriun  lutiilii:;  li>    the    kui'.;'a  "  pnx  hinialioi'  a^%^.. 
ilisimlfrly  Iran.spoitiiii;  h;s  rn:*ji  ^ly's  fuhiiM's  to  ine  plae: 
I  mils  III  Aim  rica."    llaimie'i  w;<«,  liuriiiii  I5W,  ft.id  \\t»  '.\\k--\\. 
)t]ais  (lid  al  tU»  Unw  of  lua  biting  ac  IMyim-uth.  in  IftSO 


i 


nioonAruiKs  of  tin:  kaui.v  r»is(M)VKiM'us. 


4W 


glHlblvi.  in  iirrat 

V  rolony.  nfnt  i>ul 
roMNioh*,  wuft  un 

I  «n  |ii'ii|'lf  Itrinir 
riMiiuuili  nil  ilti-y 
lu'ir   i'tiiii|Miii'iiiH, 

IMCti  ■llll'U    ClllM 

olitiiim-il  Irom  \\w 
I  .iriic  llii-^  ►pllll^N 
;iml,  Irto  f*lu)'n  at- 
|ihiiil('rHlu)ii^)<t  ut 

II  i\i-li;in;^r  'I'lio 
[  hlinrl.  II  hcc.niiu 
ii>r  lilt'  nalivi  It,  t>i 
iiU  piin-liasdl  Imtii 
■rinuk  till-*  Mr\uP, 
•rnu'lcr  ;    who  "«« 

\|,iiiniiiuik       H(!* 
vi'iiiDr  U)  [inty  lor 

ml  \\as  trc.ilcd  liy 
lilt'  triitirwiiH  con- 
ml  iiHirnlt'ncf.  Al 
It  vviiH  iir(  cHLiiry  to 
i,i»<t'il,  in  hiiirk  anil 
I',  in  (111-  ran-  of  llie 
t  iiurty  cuinc  lioino, 
iTc  liiMii  Novi'nilii'r 
lop  v\ii>  milt.  It  was 
ramli'il  i-lwtUop  wiis 

miinliinii  uUcc,  ho 

vus   hrouiii.t    iioiiif, 
.  HMtl  partlv  bv  iii*» 
iijr  t.i  I'rar  Imnii'ii"*. 
Mi^ainril   Inr  iiiori-, 
Miirch,  \vlK-n  i-u\i- 
:    lioinr,    tliu   huliitti 
liallo|i.      'rill'  wliolo 
n\    ti)   lwiiilyi'i^!li* 
iliiih  \N  I  >ion"N  piHV 
11)  till'  |aiTi-|ia>t' 
lor  nrtixnl  u  inc»- 
u'k  ;   nil  wlin'ii  occa- 
t  Ilir  Imliali^*  to  VMil 
Mr.    W  inslow  nuttin 
|,.,nu»l  I'v  Mr    J.M'.n 
tiir  tli(  ir   ti\m\v.  uml 
cunsulalory   to  liifir 
It-low  lanu'U  liiii» 
alur  the   Knnli>l. 
()\i  i\       In  ninrii 
lit    i-iiinmiinir,iiiil  tO 
(HIS  fon>|iirat  V  tln*n 
li  luhail  l.i.n  s».li- 
\v>i<  than  thriotul 
\\.i>  (n■«•a^ionl't^  Ity 
j,(i>|'lr  in  tin-  Hay 
Ii;itl  It    Ml  t  i>iit(;iii|»la- 
I.  anil  then  to  tall  on 
niL'ti  ailvKC  Will*  llu". 
(Iralli  the  riml  cor.- 
iillll    ili.il  lliis   wotil.l 
Hohainak  roinmu 
they  werert'turning  * 


■    coinf  iiiy  win 

itn|mrlt  ^■i  lo  tlii'iu. 

j(u\trnor,  llinl  ihcy 

"'Ml.  hisussistaiil, 

-  siiicty.     'I'ho 

It,  to  ho  vigi- 

,,  10  th*:  Uiiy  0/ 

.amiisli,  ut«  he  wliould 

v|»ir.M-y.      An  Indian 

Misprt'ti  <l    an  a  spy, 

Willi    t'lulit   chosen 

;cnt  III  llic  Miallop  VJ 

lis  as  iiMiul  lo  mdc 

ic  persons  who  haa 

pcrsoiiallv    in-'Ultcd 

■II  IS  sa:ii  tiiliti  "  :i  «'■" 

tl  witli  us,  unit  lU-^irrd 

I!  tins  lo  I.L-  tl>t    i.aiiio 

Iil>  n|i|i(>Mlinii  to  ilie  U> 

rimilin  I.     Il<-  liMi  pro 

:laii.l  Willi  uim  1  Cioix: 

;   iiui    liny  wort*  jT 

jinii  laniatioif  Agtin- 

jljiiT's  to  tne  pltnl^ 

in  15W.  ".Ill  wafl  •.«(■■■»••: 

ri>!uti:tli.  Ill  IP30 


mil)  llirralciint  liiiii  A  ipnirrrl  rimnrtl.  in  whirh  M'vrit 
of  ih"  Indi.ino  wi-n-  killi-d  'I'hr  ollii'f*  wi>rt<  ho  Nlnii'k 
will)  terror,  thai  Ihev  t'or>«<iiik  Iheir  tnnnn'N  aiiil  rclreitl- 
vt\  to  the  ttwiiinpH,  where  many  of  Ihent  itied  with  .'old 
.iiiii  himu'cr  ;  the  Knrviv<>r>4  would  h.tve  utied  fur  peace, 
Iml  were  afraid  lo  l'o  tn  I'lynmiith  \\'c»|oir«  pioptc 
were  no  appreheiiHi\e  of  ihe  coii<4i'ipieneeM  of  lliJM  af 
lair,  dial  Ihey  nnilli'd  the  plantation  ,  and  the  people 
of  I'lynioiilh,  wlio  ntlered  tlii'in  proleetion,  which  they 
would  iiol  acci'pt,  were  ^lail  to  he  rid  ol' Mich  troiihle- 
Btitne  iiei^hhofH 

'riiiin.  hy  ihe  Mpirileil  conduct  of  11  I)andfnl  of  hrave 
men,  ill  eonforniity  lo  ihi*  advice  of  Ihe  friendly  mii- 
rlieiii,  the  whole  coiiNpiracy  waHaniiiliilated  lint  when 
Ihe  report  of  Ihit*  Iraiifactioti  wuh  ciirini'd  to  (heir  hre- 
threi)  in  Holland,  Mr  Uohirntoii,  in  Iiih  nc\i  Iciirr  lo 
the  governor,  latiietited  with  ^reat  concern  and  teii- 
dernefiH,  *' ()  lh,il  vou  had  cnnwrtedHoiiK*,  heloro  you 
had  killed  any  !"  ' 

The  scarciiy  which  ihey  h.id  hilhrrlo  experienced 
wa<4  partly  owin<>  lo  the  increaMC  of  ihcir  niimherM,  and 
the  HcaiiiineiiH  of  their  Hiipplies  from  Europe;  hiil 
principally  to  their  mode  of  lihoriii^  in  eoninion.  anil 
pnttinjf  Ihe  frnit  of  their  labor  into  the  piilitic  store  ;  an 
error,  which  had  the  name  elVect  here,  as  in  Virginia. 
To  remedy  tlnnrvil,  aK  far  a*  wan  conHihtent  with  their 
entra<reineiilH,  it  wai4  agreed  in  the  Npriii^'  of  \Vi'Z'<i  that 
every  f.uuily  tthould  plant  for  ihciiiHelvei'-,  1111  Hiieh 
;;round  an  HhoiiM  he  aNHihrned  lo  Iheiii  hy  lot,  williont 
any  diviMioii  tor  inheritance;  and  that  in  the  lime  of 
harvcHt  a  competent  purlioii  Hhould  he  hroiiirhl  into 
the  common  nlore,  for  the  mainteiiame  of  the  piihlie 
otl'ieerH,  tmhermcn  and  Hiieh  other  perform  an  could  not 
be  eiiiploved  in  ai,'riculliire.  TIun  reunlalion  (,'a\e  u 
HpTiii);  tt*  industry  ;  the  winncn  and  chililreii  cheerlulty 
went  to  work  with  the  men  in  the  licld.t,  and  much 
more  corn  w.ik  planted  ihancvcr  before.  Having  hut 
one  boat,  the  men  were  ihviiled  into  particH  of  mx  or 
Reven,  who  took  their  liiriiN  to  cat' h  iImIi  ;  the  Nliorc 
Hllorded  them  nhell  lisb,  and  ifroiind  ntiU  nerved  them 
for  bread.  When  any  deer  wan  killed  Ihe  llchb  was 
divided  amoiii;  the  whole  colony  Water  fowl  came 
in  plenty  at  the  proper  Heason.  but  the  want  of  ho.blH 
nrevenleil  them  from  hein<>  taken  in  i^real  nnmhers. 
riius  Ihey  HnbrtiKted,  lhron<^di  the  third  siiinmcr.  in  the 
latter  end  of  which  two  vcshcIs  .irrived  with  nixly  pas- 
Mentreri*  The  barvi'^l  was  plcntihil  .  ami  alter  llii?» 
Innethey  had  no  ^reneral  want  of  food,  heeause  ibey 

had   learned  lo  di'| d  on  their  own  exertiiintt,  rather 

than  on  foreiifn  supplicf*. 

The  eonibination  wliich  they  made. before  their  Innd- 
\nii  at CapeCod,  war.  ibe  tirt^l  toundalion  of  their  uo* 
veinment  ;  bnl,  as  they  were  driven  lo  this  expeilienl  bv 
nrcesftity,  it  waH  intemled  to.suliMst  no  loni/er  than  till 
they  eoiild  obtain  IcL'al  aiilbority  from  their  sovereign. 
Ah  Hoon  i\n  Ihey  knew  of  ihe  CHlablisluurnt  of  the  ( 'oun* 
cil  id'  New  Knulaml.  they  applied  for  a  patent ;  which 
wax  taken  in  ihe  name  ot  John  I'ein'c,  in  trust  forlbr 
colony.  When  he  saw  that  they  were  well  .seiited,  and 
that  there  vvaH  a  proripeel  ol'  micccsh  to  their  unilcrtak* 
iiiiT,  |it>  vvent,  without  their  know leito;e.  hut  in  their 
naiiie,  and  solicited  iheeouncil  tor  another  patent,  of 
greater  extent  ;  intendmir  to  keep  it  lu  himself,  and 
allow  them  no  more  than  be  pleased,  liobliiu'  ibein  as 
liis  tenants,  to  sue  and  be  sued  al  bis  courts.  In  pur- 
HU^iiee  of  this  desi>,'n,  bavin*;  obtained  the  pateiil,  he 
hoiiirlit  a  ship,  which  be  iiained  the  Para^'oti  ,  loaded 
Iier  with  1,'oods.  took  on  boanl  tip'vanls  of  sixty  passen- 
gers, and  sailed  fn-ni  Ijondon,  for  Ihe  colonv  of  New 
I'lynioutb.  In  the  Downs,  lie  was  overtaken  bv  a  lein 
pest,  which  so  daniai.'ed  the  ship,  that  he  was  obliirnl 
to  put  her  into  doek  ;  where  she  lav  seven  weeks,  and 
her  repairs  cost  him  one  hundred  poniids.  In  Ib'cem- 
her,  Hi'J'.*,  lie  sailed  a  second  tinit'  haviiii:  mi  board  one 
liiltulred  anil  nine  persons  ,  liiil  a  series  of  tempestnons 
weather  which  continued  toiirlirn  davs,  disabled  his 
thip.  and  forced  him  back  lo  I'ortsmonth.  These  re- 
pealed disappoint  menls  proved  so  diM-onrauIni,'  to  him, 
that  he  was  easily  prevailed  upon  by  the  Company  of 
Adventurers  lo  assi;,ni  his  pali-nt  to  them  for  live  hun- 
dred pounds.   The  passengers  came  over  in  other  sliips 

In  Iti'^'J, another  patent  of  lar<;er  exieni  was  solieitet) 
hy  Isaac  Allerton,  and  taken  out  in  the  name  of  "  Wil- 
li un  Dradford,  his  heirs.  assoc!i.ites.and  assiirns."  This 
patcnl  confirmed  their  title  (as  far  a:s  tho  Crown  of 
Kn^land  could  conlirni  it)  to  a  tract  of  land  bounded 
on  the  ca»'t  ami  south  hy  the  Ailanlic  Ocean,  and  bv 
lines  drawn  west  friaii  the  rivulet  of  Conohasset,  and 
north  fn>in  the  river  of  N.irraiianset.  which  lines  meei 
in  a  poini,  coniprehendin;;  all  the  coimlry  lalicd  I'o- 
kunukel.  To  this  tract  ihey  supposed  ihev  bad  a  prior 
tUlt  from  thu  depopulation  uf  a  great  p.irtuf  ithy  a  I 

o 


pe*lilenee,  from  ihe  yih  of  Maoasnoil,  his  volunl.irv 
(•ubieeiioii  lo  iheCrowni'f  Knidaiid,  and  bin  Ilimiil' 
l.iketi  proleelion  of  llieni.  In  !i  declaration  pnhbshi'd 
by  Ihem  in  HkIII,  ihev  asHerted  iheir  "lawt'iil  rii;bt  in 
respeet  of  vatimcy,  ilonalion.aiid  purchase  of  Ibe  11,1- 
li\  CM,  "which.!  i>!,rel  her  with  I  heir  patent  from  ihe  crown, 
lliniii^h  I  he  Conned  of  New  Kn^land  "formcii  Ihe  war 
ranlable  i/roiind  and  lonndalion  of  ibeir  Kovernnient,  of  ^ 
niiikiii:;  laws  and  dlNpoHini;  id  lands  "■  | 

In  Ibe  same  patent  was  irranted  a  larifc  tract  liorder-  \ 
iiii;  on  the  river  Kenneheek,  where  they  had  earned  on  \ 
a  trallic  with  Ihe  iiativeit  for  furs,  as  ihey  diil  also  al 
Connecticut  river.which  was  not  eipially  beneficial,  he- 
i.innelhere  they  bad  the  Diilch  for  rivals.  The  Inr 
trade  was  found  lo  be  niiirh  more  ailvaiita*>eoiiN  than 
ibe  tisliery.  .Sometimes  ibey  excb.ih^cd  corn  of  their 
own  tfrowth,  for  hirs  ;  but  Knropeaii  coarse  cloths, 
hardware,  and  ornamenlH,  were  ^outl  article!  of  Irnde 
when  they  could  coininaiid  Iheni. 

The  Company  in  lln^land,  with  which  they  were 
connecled,  tint  not  supply  tbein  in  plenty.  Itosses 
were  snslaini'd  by  sea  ;  the  relnrns  were  not  adeonale 
to  their  expeelalions  ;  Ihev  became  diHci)nriii.'ed  ;  llirew 
many  relleetioiis  on  the  pi. inters,  and  finally  rehised 
Ihivn  any  farther  supplies;  but  hIiM  demnnded  thedehl 
due  from  them,  aiidwtaild  not  permit  them  lo  coniieel 
themselves  in  trade  wilh  any  tither  personH.  The 
plantets  complained  lo  the  Council  of  New  Knulaiid, 
lait  obtained  no  redress  Alter  the  expiration  id' the 
seven  years  (IIW*^)  h>r  which  ilie  contract  was  made, 
eii^dit  of  the  principal  jiersoiis  in  (he  colony,  with  four 
of  their  friends  in  l.ondoiif  became  bound  for  the  ba- 
lance; and  from  that  time  to<ik  the  whole  trade  nito 
llieir  own  hands.  These  wt>re  obliged  to  tiike  up  iiio- 
m'V  al  an  exorbitant  interest,  and  to  iro  deeply  into 
trade  ut  Ki'imeheek.  I'emibscot,  and  Connecticut ;  by 
which  means,  and  their  own  i;rcat  industry  and  econo- 
my, they  were  enahleil  to  dischari^e  the  debt,  and  pay 
for  Ihe  Iransportalion  of  thirty  live  families  of  Iheir 
friends  from  I.eyilen,  who  arrived  in  Hi.U. 

The  patent  had  been  taken  in  the  name  of  Mr.  llrait- 
ford,  in  trnsi  lor  ihe  colony  ;  and  ibe  event  proved  that 
Ibeir  contldeiice  was  not  misplaced.  When  the  num- 
ber ot' people  was  increased,  and  new  townships  were 
erecteil.  the  (ieneral  ('ourt.  in  10  10,  reipiesli'd  that  he 
would  surrender  Ibe  patent  into  their  hands  To  this 
be  readily  consented;  and  hy  a  wriilen  inslruineiil, 
niiib  r  his  band  and  seal,  surrendered  it  lo  them  ;  re- 
servinir  for  himself  no  in<ne  than  his  proportion,  hy 
previous  ai^riTmenl  This  was  done  in  open  conri, 
and  ihe  patent  was  immediately  re-delivered  into  bis 
custodv. 


I  Wliilsl  they  were  few  in  nnniher,  the  whtde  body  of 
associates  or  freemen  asiieinbled  fir  leijislalive,  exe- 
eiilive  and  Judicial  business.  In  H>:M,  the  governor 
and  assistants  were  constitiiled  a  Judicial  Court,  and 
aflerwanl,  the  Supreme  Judiciary.  IVlly  otlencrs, 
and  actions  of  debt. trespass  and  daina^i-,  not  excecd- 
in<;  forty  shillings,  were  tried  hy  the  selectmen  of  each 
lowii,  with  hiicrty  of  appeal  hi  the  next  Court  of  As- 
sirttaiilB.  The  tirst  Assembly  of  Krprc'-entatives  was 
held  in  [(i'M),  when  two  depniies  were  sent  from  each 
town,  and  lour  fnun  rivmouth.  In  UM!)  l*lyinouth 
was  restricted  to  the  same  iimnber  wilh  the  other 
towns,  These  deimties  were  chosen  by  Ihe  freemen  ; 
and  none  were  ailmillcd  to  Ibe  privileye  of  freemen^ 
but  such  as  were  twenty-one  years  of  a;'e.  of  sober 
anil  peaceable  conversation,  orthodox  in  the  funda- 
loenlals  of  reli^rion,  and  possessed  of  twenty  pounds 
rateable  estate 

Hy  the  fornuT  paleiit.  the  C^olony  of  Plymonlh  was 
empowered  to  "enact  such  laws  as  should  most  lu-lit 
a  stale  in  its  nonaije.  not  rejceiimr.  or  omiltinir  In  oh- 
serve  such  of  the  laws  of  iheir  n.ilivc  country,  as  would 
combiee  to  their  ;.'ooil."  In  the  ^econd  p.ileiit,  the 
power  iif:io.'ernmi'nt  was  yrantcd  to  William  Hrad- 
lord  and  bis  associates,  in  the  lolhuvin";  terms.     "  To 


•  111  lti:t!».  lilliT  III.'  (I'l-iiiliiiilinn  nlilii.  V, .1  w rr,  Ma>ii>rt- 

;l,\\|in  ltHilllli'lir||,oiL''.l  Ills  liinin'(i.\V....-;ini..iiifli,tirMi|.'||| 

-  - M iiiiin.  (.1   ri>iii,,iii|i.  jiinl  ili'MU'.l  1)1:1  tin*   l«ai!tii' 

liii-li  lir  hiul  loi-.iiiily  iiiii.lL-,  iiiiulii  ttf  r.'ncrt.'.l  nml  invi.i. 

tile.     Tin!  sarlicm  ami  liis  h>iii  v,.|iiiii;inly  )ii- js.-il,  "for 

i'liisehT.-<  ami  lli.-ii-  (.lurr.-^sois,  ilint  1I1.7  vvoiil.l  iiol  iift-.l- 
s.-*ly  nor  ni'u-ily  r.it-i'  joiv  i|iiitrri-ls  m-  il<>  miy  wroin; 
ndnT  iiaiis  ,^  1,1  i'i"s,.ki-  llinn  id  w.,i-  jmaiiifit  lln-  imIumv  :  nml 
ill  iht-y  wmiUt  mx  eivr.  ye  I  ..r  rmivcv  aiiv  uC  tlit'ir"  him). 

llllniyMl-     |M>-.si'S--l..ll.^    WllllUVlT.  tt)    ailV    lH'|-<M(i    „r    pi'lf-l'IIS 

liMiii.-'..rvt>r,  vsitliiMit  III.'  iniviiy  or  ci'ilsria  ol  iln*  L'"vriii- 
I'l'i  •>!  riyiiiMiitt),  oilif r  thiiM  in  .4iii-h  ii-^  ihi'  siiiil  L'ovt-in 
i-ia  slii'iihl  S'Mul  or  np|).'iiii.  Tin-  wtinlu  cmiii  ili>!  lln-ii 
Illy  Hint  rniitUin  llu!  iill.f.Maiil  li-iiL-uc,  niul  |-i-oiiii.«i.  m 
I'  !«aiil  WiMi-.oii'-i|iieii,  lii:^  hou  and  hiirr.'-j^nr.-i.  t|i;it  iIh'v 
ml.l  il.  fnul  iht-iM  iii;ujhsi  III)  .^nrh  tix  itmnM  nvjiHiIy  ri;"' 
n'iiHiiiBt  thrill,  lu  wrt'Mj;  ur  uppurip  ilu-iii."-  l,Munuii'i<  Me 
mial. 


frame  and  inaki' orders,  ordinances  and  connlitutiont*, 
ar.  well  tor  the  heller  uovi-rnineiil  ol  llieir  alhiirs  here, 
(III  I'inul'ind)  and  Ibe  rreeiviii;.r  or  iidmiltni^  ariy  lo  his 
or  Iheir  socirly  ;  as  also  for  Ihe  heller  ir'<^ernmenl  of 
Ins  or  Iheir  peoptr,  at  sea,  in  uoiii:.*  thither,  or  relnrn* 
inu  from  thence  ;  and  the  same  lo  Uv  put  in  execution. 
by  such  olVicers  and  minislers  as  be  or  Ihey  shall  au- 
thorise and  depute  ;  providcil,  that  Ihe  said  lawsheiiot 
repu^naiil  to  the  laws  of  lin^land,  or  the  frame  of  go- 
vernment bv  the  Hind  president  and  council  hereaOer 
lo  he  esiablishcd  ' 

At  that  lime,  ;•  fieneral  ifovernmenl  over  ihe  whoKi 
territory  of  New  Knjjliind,  waa  a  f  vorile  ohjeel  with 
the  coiiiuit,  whi<-h  tininled  these  pateiils  ;  but  aOer 
several  altempts,  it  finally  miscarried,  lo  the  no  mnall 
joy  of  Ihe  planterN,  who  were  then  at  liberty  lo  govern 
themselves 

In  the  fornintion  of  the  Uwh  of  New  iMymonth,  re* 
i;ard  was  had,  *'nrimi)rilv  and  principally,  lo  ibe  ancient 
platform  of  (iod'ti  law.'  For,  lliou^b  some  purls  of 
that  svhiem  were  peculiar  lo  Ihe  circnmslunecN  of  iho 
son's  of  Jacob,  yrl  "the  whole  bein^  uronmlcd  on  Iho 
principles  of  moral  eipiily, '  it  was  tlie  opinion  of  our 
first  planters,  not  al  IMymnutli  only,  hut  in  Massachu* 
setts,  New  Haven,  and  (*oiineclicut,  that  "  nil  ineiir 
especially  Christians,  oiiuht  to  have  an  eye  to  it,  in  Ihii 
fraininj;  of  their  political  constitutions.''  A  secondnry 
regard  was  had  to  the  liberties  uranted  to  ihem  hy 
Iheir  sovereijiii,  and  Ihe  laws  of  Kn^land,  which  (hey 
siijiposed  "  any  impartial  person  ini^bt  discern,  in  the 
perusal  of  the  book  of  the  laws  of  the  colony.'' 

Al  lirsl  they  had  some  doubt  concerning  Ibeir  rii;li( 
of  punishing  capital  crimes.  A  murder  w  Inch  happeiieil 
in  10:10,  made  it  necessary  to  decide  Ibis  queKtion.  Il 
was  decided  hy  the  div  ine  ta\y  niraiiisl  sheddini!  human 
blood,  which  was  deemed  indispensable.  In  11)3(1,  their 
code  of  lavvtt  was  revised,  and  capital  crimed  were 
enuineratcd  and  defined.  In  lli'il.it  was  a^ain  re- 
vised, and  the  next  year  printed,  with  Ibis  lille,  "  Tho 
llook  of  the  (ieneral  laws  of  tie  Inbabitanis  of  tho 
jurisdiction  of  New  IMyinonlh  ;''*  a  title  very  siinilur 
lo  the  codes  of  Massachusetts  and  Conneclicnt,  which 
were  printed  at  the  same  lime  by  Samuel  (ireeii,  at 
C.imhrid:.'e. 

Till'  piety,  wisdom,  and  inleurity  (d*  Mr.  IJradford, 
were  siK-b  prominent  leatures  in  bis  cbaraclcr,  that  ho 
was  ammally  chosen  tiovernor  as  lon^  as  he  lived,  ex- 
cepting llir.-e  years,  when  Mr.  \\  iiislow,  and  two, 
when  .\lr.  Trince,  wi-re  chosen;  and  even  then,  Mr. 
Ilradfonl  was  the  first  in  the  IiaI  o|  assislants,  winch 
nave  him  the  rank  of  deputy-governor.  In  lO'i-l,  they 
chose  hve  assistants,  and  in  KiHlt,  seven  ;  the  yovenmr 
baviuij  a  double  vote.  These  aiiuineiilalionH  were  made 
at  the  earnest  rcipiesl  id'  Mr.  llradford,  who  strongly 
ri'commeiiiled  a  rolalion  in  Ihe  election  of  a  governor 
hut  could  not  obtain  il  for  more  ihan  five  years  in  thirty 
five  ;  and  never  for  more  than  two  years  in  succession. 
Hi.s  arj:nmenl  was,  "thai  if  it  were  an  honor  or  he- 
nelil,  olbers beside  himself  should  partake  of  it  ;  if  it 
were  a  burthen,  othiTs  beside  himself  slioiihl  help  to 
hear  it  "  Nolwithslaiidini;  Ihe  reasonableness  ami 
equily  of  his  plea,  Ihe  |  eople  bad  a  slroiii;  attachment 
lo  him,  and  confideni'c  in  him,  that  thi-y  could  not  \to 
persuaded  lo  leave  him  out  of  the  government. 

For  the  last  Iwche  years  of  bis  life,  be  was  nnnii- 
ally  chosen  wilhonl  ilitt  rmplion,  and  served  in  the  of- 
fice of  ^rovernor.  His  health  conliniied  j;oihI  till  the  au- 
tumn of  I.').')!!,  when  it  be<raTi  lo  decline;  and  as  the 
next  spriiiu*  advanced,  he  became  weaker,  but  felt  iiol 
any  aeule  illuesHtill  the  iM-uinnini;  of  May. 

After  a  disiressin<r  ilay,  his  mind  was,  in  I  lie  follow- 
Mil.'  ni<>hl,  so  elevated  with  the  idea  of  futuritx,  that  ho 
said  to  his  friends  in  the  inorniii;;.  "(lod  has  trivetinie 
a  pled^re  of  my  happiness  in  aiiolber  world,  and  tliR 
tiri^t  fruits  of  eternal  t.dory."  The  next  day,  heinu  tiin 
!*tli  of  .May,  Ill'u,  be  was  removed  from  this  wurld  hy 
death,  in  the  sixly-iiinth  yeur  uf  his  ajre,  lo  the  iiii- 


•     (il-Vtrilor    lllllt  l)lllri>i|i,     Witll     llllliri-n|l|,|,t|>l|-    (MrcIcSSHfM:*, 

ll.i-.  iMMilc.l,  (V..I.  II.  Ili.-l)  Ili,itilii>  i,i-v,T  r-l,il.li^lif.l  iiMV  ilJH. 
til. CI  ciHle  .ir  l'..ily  I.I  luAs  ■"  LTi'iiniliiii:  (ii^  i^^-ellnIu  i.n  a'  piic 
^aiM'  III  Hill<l<,o.l's  Ms  hi-ltiry.  win.  li  liii|ill<'s  tin  slicll 
lliiiii.'.  TlltM|ii..l,iiinii,  ini|iirlirtlv  invfiihy  Hurliiiisun,  is  cur- 
rtTilv  as  r..||.)WH,  (p.  M  ) 

"  1'Iir  Ihws  (lir-y  ii.tcii.tr.l  lo  lie  L'l.vrnii.I  l>y  vvcif  llir  l.iWi 
iifKliL-lanil  :  llii-  ttliH-li  llii'y  wrii'  Willlliu'  U>  Ih*  siitiirrl  (n, 
llii'ULZIi  ill  a  tur.'iL'ii  hoHl  ;  an.l  have  simi-  ilial  liiiii-.  r>>tilniiii-i| 
ill  lliat  iniihl  l<>rilu>  L'enrral,  uililiatr  ntilv  smiii'  paiiit  iil<ii'  iioira- 

ripal  Inw.-  (ililirji-  ..vvii,  in  mnli  lasrt'  wlnir  ll <>iMin>'l:  law* 

niuUhiiiin's  itl  KiiL-laiiil  ..-itlil  n.  i  well  rr.nli.  r.r  nilor.l  ili.-ii 
lirl;i  in  i-ita-i'L't'iii  .li|lii-iiltjf.-<  i.l  tlif  plii('i> ;  p.'<>ihlv  i.ii  llit-  r<aiiif 
irrmiiiil  lluit  raniviiiH  s<.iiu'liiiu>s  inlvi-^i'il  lii- 'ik-il-IiIioi-s  •! 
("apim  ii'-i  I.I  riiMliin-  lliiir  odl  |||;(■Ji•^^ral<■■'.  l-M  llicy  khiM 
urrei*  (HI  liTller  l.>  pla.'i-  in  llirir  ro.ini.  Hn  .lu)  i\\rnf  k'lin.>M>  in 
iiliiJe  hy  iht<  lawtt  uf  F.iiuluuih  till  thty  cuuM  Iw  piuvitlt-tl  ufbu- 
ler  " 


50 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


inenso  loss  nnJ  i;ric'f  of  the  pfHtple,  not  only  in  Ply- 
mouth, hut  the  npiiihhoriiiij  ciilnnim  ;  linir*  of  vvhich 
he  livril  to  Hi'p  rsIiihliMhrd,  licsiile  thiitof  whit'li  he  \v;is 
ono  oftho  principal  fouiiih'rs. 

In  addition  to  whnt  hixr^  born  fl.iid  ofMr.  Hntlford  s 
chnrnrtrr,  it  may  be  obKorvrd.  that  he  was  a  KcnsilHe 
man,  of  a  ntrong  mind,  a  sound  jiid(;nient,  and  a  ^^cxkI 
memory.  Thou^^h  not  favored  witha  hMriu'd  cihicaiioii. 
he  was  miirh  iuclinrd   to  Rtiuly  and   wrilint;.     Thej 
French  and  iJuIch  lanj^uafjes  wrre  familiar  to  him,  a'ld  i 
he  attained  a  conniderublf  knowledirc  nf  the  Latin  and  ; 
(iriTk  ;  Imt  he  more  assiduously  studied  llie  Hebrew, 
berause  he  saiil.  that  *'  he  woubt  see  with  his  own  eves 
the  ancient  oracles  of  (iod,  in  their  nalivc  beauty." 

He  had  read  much  of  history  and  pbilosopby,  but 
theology  was  his  favorite  Hludy.  He  was  able  lo  ma- 
natee the  polemic  part  of  it  with  nnich  de\(eritv  ;  and. 
was  particularly  viffilant  against  the  sectaries  whicli! 
infested  the  colonies;  though  by  no  means  severe  orj 
intolerant,  as  louj^r  as  they  conliiuied  peaceable  ;  wish-' 
in<;  rather  to  foil  tlieni  l>y  ari;unient,  and  guard  the 
people  against  receiving  their  tenets,  than  to  suppress 
them  by  violence,  or  cut  them  otVby  the  HWnrd  of  ma- 
gistracy. Mr.  Hubbard's  eharaclrr  of  him  is.  that  he 
was  a  *' person  of  great  gravity  and  prudence,  of  sober 
principles,  and  fornnoof  that  persuasion,  (BrovvniKts,) 
very  pliable,  gentle,  and  eondcsceuding.'' 

He  wrote  a  history  of  Plymouth  people  and  colony, 
beginning  with  the  tirst  formation  of  the  church,  in 
Ifit)3,  aii'I  ending  in  Ifilfi.  It  was  contained  in  a  folio 
Volume  of  270  pages.  Morton's  Memorial  is  an  abridg- 
ment of  it.  I'fince  r.nil  Hiitchir)son  hac  cbe  ua  of  it, 
and  the  manuscript  was  carclully  deposued  with  Mr. 
Prince's  valuable  collection  of  papers,  in  the  library  of 
the  Old  South  church  in  Boston,  which  fell  a  sacrifice 
to  iheunprincipted  fury  of  the  British  army  n  the  year 
1775.  since  which  time  it  has  not  brim  seen.  He  also 
had  a  large  bodk  of  copies  of  letters  relative  lo  the  af-j 
fairs  of  the  colony,  a  fragtuem  of  which  was.  a  few  i 
years  ago,  recovered  by  accident. t  and  published  by! 
the  Historical  Sm'icty-  To  the  fragment  is  subjoim-d  , 
another,  being  a  ''descriptive  and  historical  accmint  of 
Nevv-Knglanil,*'  in  verse;  which  !f  it  be  not  graced 
wiih  the  charms  iif  jioelry,  yet  is  a  just  and  iiifccting! 
iiarrat'v  *  intermixed  with  piousand  useful  n  lie  lions, ; 
Besitles  these,  he  wrote,  as  Dr.  Mather  says,  ** some; 
siguilicani  things,  for  the  confutation  of  the  errors  of  | 
tbe  limes  ;  by  which  it  appears,  tliat  he  was  a  person  i 
of  a  good  temper,  and  free  from  that  rigid  spirit  of  »e  i 
pRration,  which  broke  the  Separatists  to  pieces." 

In  his  oliire  of  chief  nia:;islrate,  he  was  prudent, 
temperate  anil  firm.  He  would  suller  no  person  to 
trample  on  the  laws,  or  disturb  tbe  peace  of  the  colony. 
During  his  administration  there  were  frequent  acces- 
sions of  new  inhabitants  ,  sonu^of  whom  werv  at  first 
refractory  ;  hut  his  wisdom  and  fortitude  obliged  them 
to  pay  a  decent  respect  to  the  laws  and  customs  of  the 
country.  One  particular  iristance  is  preserved.  A 
company  of  young  men,  newly  arrived,  were  very  un- 
willing to  comply  with  tbe  governor's  order  for  working 
on  the  puHic  account.  On  a  f -hristmas  day,  they  ex 
cusrd  themselves,  under  pretence  that  it  was  against 
their  conscience  to  work.  The  governor  gave  them  no 
ether  answer  than,  that  he  wmild  let  them  alone,  till 
th.'y  sbonlii  be  better  informed.  In  the  course  of  the 
day,  be  found  them  at  play  in  (be  streets,  ?nd  com 
mandingtbeinstniments  of  their  game  tohe  taken  fnmi 
Ibcin.  he  told  them,  that  it  was  against  his  conscience 
to  suffer  them  to  play,  whilst  others  were  at  work  ;  and 
that  if  they  bad  any  religious  regard  to  the  day, 
they  should  show  it,  in  the  exercise  of  devotion  at 
borne.  This  gentle  reproof  had  the  de.xired  effect,  am! 
prevented  a  repetition  of  such  disorders. 

His  conduct  toward  int'-iiders  and  filse  tneuils  was 
equally  moderate,  but  linn  and  ilecisive.  Jnbii  Lyford 
had  imposed  bitnself  upon  the  toloriy  asamiiilster,  Imv 
ing  recommended  by  soin.'  »f  the  adventurnrs.  At 
tirsl  his  hehavi,)r  was  plausilie.aud  he  wastrrateil  with 
respect  ;  but  it  was  not  long,  before  he  beg,tn,  in  con- 
cert with  .fobn  tHdham,  lo  excite  a  faction  The  go- 
vernor watched  iheni  ;  and  when  a  ship  wasabout  sail- 
ing for  Kuglaud,  il  wasobserved  (bat  lAlonl  was  very 
busy  in  writing  letter.^,  of  which  he  put  a  great  number 
on  hoanl.  The  governor  in  a  boat  followed  the  ship 
to  sea.  and  by  favor  ()f  the  muster,  who  was  a  friend 
tothecolony,  exaiiiinedihe  tetters,  xouie  of  which  be  in- 
tercepted, and  concealed.     Lyford  and  Oldham  were 

•  Th^^o  fmir  r'tii'iilnH  wiTn  M(i)i.->,ii'.haicuA,  ('iMnii-ctiruii 
NfW'HavHH.  iiMi)  Klinili'  iNlaiitl. 

f  II  w;is  nrritliMir;ii;y  -pen  in  i  irnH-prN  Hlmn  "•  "  •.li;*.;\,  I^'o- 
va  Srnflii.  Iiy  Jiim«'4  t^larkt',  Kiij  ii  ri.rrt'-'|i'iinliii7  niftiiitur  »it' 
(be  H'suirical  8<>ar(jr,  and  by  liini  traiiHinltluil  «i  ll(>i>ti)n. 


at  first  uiitler  much  apprehension,  but  as  nothing  tran 
spireil,  (hey  coneludeil  that  tbe  governor  had  only  gone 
on  hoard  to  carry  his  own  letters;  and  felt  themselves 
secure. 

In  one  of  the  intercepted  letters,  T,yford  had  written 
lo  bis  friends,  lliedi.-iconlented  part  of  (he  adventurers. 
that  be  and  Oldham  inlcnded  a  reformation  in  Cliurch 
and  Sta(e.  Accordingly  ibey  began  lo  institute  a  sepa- 
rate church;  and  when  Oldham  was  summoned  to  take 
his  turn  at  a  military  walcb,  he  not  only  refused  com- 
pliance, but  abused  (*aptain  Slandish,  and  drew  his 
knife  upon  him  For  this  he  was  imprisoned;  and 
both  he  and  Lyford  were  brought  to  trial,  before  (be 
wh-ile  company.  Their  behavior  was  insolent  and  ob- 
stinate. Till-  governor  to(ik  pains  in  c<uivince  (hem  of 
their  folly,  but  in  vain.  Tin-  letit^rs  were  then  pro- 
(luced  ;  their  adheren(s  were  confounded  ;  and  the  evi- 
dence of  their  factious  and  disorderly  conduct  being 
satisfactory,  (hey  were  condemiu'd,  and  ordereil  to  U' 
l)antsbe<l  from  (he  plantadon.  Lyford  was  allowed  six 
months  for  probation;  hut  his  pretences  proved  hypo- 
critical, and  be  w,as  obliged  lo  depart.  After  several 
removals  bodied  in  Virginia  Oldham  having  returned 
afler  hanishme'it.  his  second  expulsion  was  conducted 
in  this  singular  .nanner.  '*  A  guard  of  musketeers  was 
appointed, throiigb  which  he  was  obliged  (o  pass;  every 
one  was  ordered  to  give  him  a  blow  i-ulhe  hinder  parts 
with  the  butt  eiul  of  Ins  musket ;  then  he  was  conveyed 
t«t  the  water  side,  where  a  boat  was  ready  to  carry  him 
away,  with  tliis  farewell,  eoandmrnil  i/nur  manners  *' 
Thi%  discipline  bad  a  good  effect  on  him;  he  made  his 
suhiuissior;,  and  was  allowed  to  come  and  go  on  tra- 
ding vOyages.  In  one  of  these,  he  was  killeil  by  (he 
Pequod  Indians,  which  proved  the  occasion  of  a  war 
with  that  nation. 

Mr.  Bradfonl  had  one  s(m  by  his  first  wife  ;  an  I  by 
his  second,  Alice  Southworth,  whom  he  married  in 
lrt*J3,  he  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter-  His  son  Wil- 
liam, born  in  Hi'JI,  was  deputy  giuernor  of  the  ci>lony 
after  his  lather's  death,  and  lived  to  tbe  age  of  80  :  as 
appears  by  his  grave  stone  in  Plymouth  cburch  yard. 
One  of  his  grandsouh,  and  two  ot  lis  great  grandsons 
were  ounsellors  of  .Massachusetts.  Several  other  of 
his  descendants  have  lioriu'  respectable  characters,  and 
have  been  placeil  in  stations  of  honor  and  usefulness. 
One  of  them,  William  Bradford,  has  been  ib'puty  go- 
vernor of  tl'.e  Stale  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  Senator  in 
the  CongP'ss  of  the  I'nited  States.  Two  tillicrs.  Allien 
Bradford,  and  (lamaliel  Bradford  are  membera  of  the 
Historical  Society. 


W  I  L  L  I  A  M    U  li  K  W  S  T  E  R  . 

William  HH^;wsTrH.-  llin  Ktlm-fiiioti— Knlcrn  ihi-  sr-virmf 

l>.iTis..ii^lI r.'.l  l.y  liii-    Slat."*  nf  rt..ll.iii.l- Ui-inovP't  C 

lI<il|;ithU  HriH    una   Pniaini?  Oilici-  — Hi'riftiei  ht  Aiiu-rica 
— OtliriiiltM  an  a  Prciirlipr— If  i.t  ifrnlli;ni(l  cli.iriU'h'r. 

TuK  place  of  this  gentleman's  birth  is  unknown  — 
The  time  of  it  was  A  D.  l.MiO.  He  received  his  edu- 
caliitn  at  the  University  of  (>a<nhridge.  where  he  be- 
came 8»riously  impressed  with  the  Iri'.th  of  religion, 
wtuch  had  its  genuine  influence  on  his  character, 
through  his  whole  life. 

After  leaving  the  rniversity.  he  entercil  into  the  ser 
vice  of  William  Daviso!..a  courtierofi^ueen  Kli7.abelh, 
and  her  ambassador  in  Scotland  and  in  Hull  lud  ;  who 
found  him  so  capable  and  faithful,  (hat  he  reposed  (he 
utmost  conlVlence  in  biin.  He  esteemed  him  as  a  si)n. 
and  conversed  with  him  in  private,  both  on  religious 
and  political  subjects,  with  the  greatest  familiarity  ; 
anil  when  any  thing  occurred  which  reipiired  sirresy, 
Brewster  was  his  confidential  (riciiil. 

When  the  t^iieen  entered  into  a  league  with  the 
Kniled  Provinces.  {I.'i'^l)  and  received  possession  of 
several  towns  and  forts,  as  sei'urity  for  her  expeum's  in 
defending  their  'ibertics  ;  Davison,  who  net'ocialed  the 
matter,  entrusted  Brewslcr  wi'li  the  keys  rd' Flushing, 
one  itf  those  caiilionary  towns  ;  and  tbe  Slates  ot  Hol- 
liMid  were  so  seiiKible  of  his  merit,  as  to  present  him 
wilhllie  ornament  of  a  gobleii  chain. 

He  returned  as  ambassailor  to  Kngland,  and  eonti- 
u  ".I  in  bis  service,  till  Davison,  having  incurred  ihe 
hypoeriiical  displeasure  of  bis  arbitrary  uiiHiress,  was 
..prisoMi-d,  fried,  ^ind  ruiiird.  D.ivison  is  said  lo 
have  been  ;;  man  of  abilities  and  integritv.  but  easy  to 
be  imposed  np'iu,  and  for  (hat  *ery  reason  was  made 
Secretary  m  Stale,  Whc;.  ^"ary.  the  unfortunate 
iCiiieen  of  Scotland,  had  been  'ried  and  condcnueil, 
;and  the  parliament  of  Fnglaml  h.id  pe'ilioued  their  ho- 
verrign  f»r  berexecut'on.  F.li/.ibe^b  jrivately  ..nh  red 
I  Davisonlndraw  .. .'  .h-warraul,wl'rh  she  M»_-""il  m-; 
sent  biiii  with  it  (o  the  chancellor  to  ii.ive  the  great 
jhcal  annexed      Haviufr  perfori'ied  (his  duty,  »he  ^rv- 


(ended  to  blame  him  for  his  precipitancy-  Davison  ac 
qiiaintetl  Ihe  council  with  tbe  whole  transaction  ;  they 
knew  the  queen's  real  sentiments,  and  persuadei)  him 
to  send  Ihe  warrant  to  the  Karls  of  Kent  and  Shrews- 
bury,  promising  to  justify  his  conduct,  and  take  tht* 
blame  on  themselves.  These  earls  altended  the  e\. 
eculiiHi  of  Mary  ;  but,  when  Flizabelh  lieard  of  '.*  she 
alfected  surprise  and  indignation  ;  threw  aU  tb"  blanio 
<>n  the  imim'ent  secretary,  and  couiniit(e<l  him  to  tht* 
tower;  where  be  hecr.me  the  subject  of  raillery  from 
(hose  very  counsellors  who  !  '  I  promised  lo  counte- 
nance and  protect  him.  He  was  tried  in  the  star  cham- 
ber, and  lined  ten  thousand  pound,  which  being  rigor- 
ously levied  upon  him,  reduced  liiin  topuveiiy.* 

During  these  misfortunes,  Brewster  faithfully  ad 
hered  to  him,  and  gave  him  all  the  assistance  of  which 
he  was  capable.  When  he  could  no  longer  serve  him> 
he  retired  into  the  north  of  Kngland,  among  his  ^6 
friends,  and  was  wry  higldy  esteemed  by  those  who 
were  most  exemplary  for  religion.  Being  posKes.ie<l 
of  a  handsome  properly,  and  having  some  influence, 
he  made  use  of  both  in  promoting  the  cause  of  religi- 
<m,  and  prm-uring  persons  of  goinl  character,  to  gervi* 
in  Ihe  office  of  ministers  to  the  parishes  in  his  neigh- 
iHirbotxI. 

By  degrees  he  became  disgusted  with  the  impositinnii 
of  the  pretalieal  party,  and  their  severity  toward  men 
of  a  MKMlerate  and  pdaceahle  rlispositiim.  This  U\\ 
him  lo  inquire  critically  into  the  nature  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal authority  ;  and  having  discovered  much  corruption 
in  (he  constitution,  forms,  ceremonies,  anildisciplineof 
the  Kstablished  Church,  he  thought  it  hisduty  to  with- 
dra;^  fniin  its  communiun,  and  join  with  others  of  thu 
same  si  -uiments  intbe  institution  of  a  separate  church; 
of  which  the  aged  Mr.  Clifton  and  (he  younger  Mr. 
Robinson  were  appointed  pastors.  The  newly  formed 
society  met,  on  Ihe  Lords  days,  at  Mr.  Brewster's 
house;  where  they  were  entertained  at  his  expense, 
with  much  affection  and  respect,  as  long  as  they  coulj 
assemble  without  opposition  from  their  adversaries. 

But  when  tbe  resentment  of  their  hierarchy,  height- 
eneil  by  the  countenance  and  authority  of  .tames,  the 
successor  of  Klizabeth,  obliged  him  to  seek  refuge  in 
a  foreign  country  ;  Brewsti-r  was  the  most  forward  to 
assist  them  in  their  removal.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
went  on  board  of  a  vessel,  in  the  night  at  Boston  in 
Lincolnshire,  ^is  already  related  in  the  life  of  Robin- 
son ;)  and  iM'ing  apprehended  by  the  magistrates,  ho 
was  the  grealest  suiferer,  because  he  had  the  mo^t 
pro|>erty.  When  liberated  from  confinement,  he  first 
assisted  (he  weak  and  poor  of  Ihe  society  in  their  em- 
barkation, and  then  followed  (hem  to  Holland 

His  family  was  large,  and  h'sdependenlbnuineMUs; 
his  education  ami  mode  of  living  were  not  suited  to  a 
mechanical  or  mercantile  life,  and  he  could  not  prac- 
tice agricullure  in  a  commercial  city,  Tbe  bardshipn 
which  be  suffered  in  consequence  of  this  removal  wi  re 
grievous  and  depressing  ;  but  when  Ins  finances  were 
exhausted,  he  bad  a  resource  in  his  learning  :nid  abili- 
ties. In  lieyden  he  found  employment  as  a  tutor ;  the  , 
youth  of  the  ity  and  university  came  to  htm  for  in- 
k(  ruction  in  the  Kuglish  tongue  ;  and  by  means  uf  the 
I^alin,  which  was  common  lo  Ixith,  and  a  grammar  oi 
bis  own  coiiRtruction.  Ihey  loon  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  Knglish  language.  By  the  help  of  some  friends, 
be  also  set  up  a  printing  ofKce,  and  was  instrumental 
in  publishing  several  books  against  the  hierarchy, 
which  could  not  obtain  a  license  in  Fitgland. 

His  npulation  was  so  high  in  the  cburch  ol  whicli 
he  was  a  member,  that  they  chuse  him  a  ruling  elder, 
and  confnlcd  in  his  wisdom,  experience  and  inlegrily, 
to  assist  in  conducting  (heir  temiioral  as  well  as  eccle- 
siastical cmicerns,  particularly  their  removal  lo  Ame- 
rica Willi  the  minority  nf  the  church  he  came  over, 
and  siilfend  all  the  hardships  atlending  their  setlb- 
incut  in  this  wilderness.  He  partook  htbennif  la- 
hijr,  hunger  and  watching;  his  bible  and  i<-  ^  arms  were 
equally  familiar  to  him  ;  and  he  was  a!wa\  eady  f-r 
any  duty  or  sulfering  to  which  he  was  called. 

For  BiHiie  time  alter  their  arrival,  Ihey  were  detti- 
jtute  of  a  leaching  elder ;  expecting  and  hoping  tli  >t 
Mr,  Robinson,  w  iih  the  remainder  of  lh\i  ehurch,  wont) 
follow  them  to  America.  Brewster  frequently  ofticia 
led  as  a  preacher,  but  he  never  couM  be  persnadeil  l-' 
administer  the  sacraments,  or  take  on  him  the  pasloral 
olfite ;  though  it  IumI  U'Cii  stipulated  U'fore  his  di' 
purture  from  HollHnd.that "  those  who  first  went  fehould 

'  For  II  iMitirutHrurcmnt  nf  DHvi*iti,anil  a  lull  vt;..lir!Ui' • 

,a  IiIt'.h'I"!  I,  tbiTimti-r  Is  rett*rn'tlltitlie  ttlili  vnlimu' nl  lUo 

in|ilti.i  Lntruiirii,  |iulilir*he<t  livttiolain  Ifiiriit-tl  hidI  cnhtliJ 

uf.  K'pim.  where  liie  elijiaciei-of  Kliiob»*ili  ki  ilrawn  It.  e 

(>iU|K'r  c'l!  <i»i  p-  I— t<t- 


inpy.     I)avi«m  ac 
jlriiiiHiiclicm  ;  th'j 
mil  pcrsuaili'il  liiin 
Ki'iil  anil  Shrews, 
iliii-l,  and  tuki-  llix 
»  alti-iulcil  tlir  i'\- 
ipth  lii-aril  of  '■'  «li« 
lliri'w  tiU  Ihi-  liliin\o 
iimillpil  him  I"  lh» 
■ct  of  raillery   from 
romiseil  to  counln- 
pil  in  the  star  chain- 
,  wliich  lieing  rigor 
II  lo  poveiiy* 
»Bler  faithfully  aJ 
aniiislance  of  which 
lo  longer  serve  him 
mil,  amons  hi"   JJ 
I'lneil  hy  those  who 
lJein!»  |ioBBe».MMl 
(ins  some  infliienon, 
{\\r.  cause  of  reli;,'i- 
1  charncler,  to  servo 
Irishes  in  his  neigli- 

wilhlhe  impositinnii 
severity  towanl  men 
«|io8ilion.     This  li^l 
nature  of  ecclesiatrli- 
?reil  nmcli  corruiitiim 
nies,  anililisei|ilineiif 
htil  his  iluty  to  with- 
in with  others  of  Iho 
of  a  separate  church; 
Mill  the  yoiiujier  Mr. 
s.  The  newly  formeil 
8,  at    Mr.   Urewslers 
lineil  at  his  expense, 
as  long  as  they  eiiulJ 
m  iheirTiilversaries. 
lieir  hierarchy,  height- 
Ihority  of  James,  tlio 
linii  tii  seek  refuge  in 
IS  the  most  forwaril  In 
.  was  one  of  those  who 
he  night  at  Boston  in 
il  in  the  life  of  Kohin- 
iv  the  iiiagi»lrales,  l\o 
[use  he  hail  the  inosl 
conrmemeiil,  he  first 
society  in  their  em- 
'in  to  llollanil 
lepenilents  numerous; 
were  not  suiteil  to  a 
iiul  he  eoiilil  not  prae- 
cily.     The  liarilahipii 
,  oi"  this  removal  wcro 
hen  his  liuances  wero 
his  learning  :""'  ahili- 
ivmeiit  as  a  tutor  ;  the  , 
came  to  him  for  in- 
„iiil  liv  means  of  llm 
ith,  aiid'a  grammar  ol 
acpiireil  a  knowleiU'ii 
help  of  some  frienils, 
anil  was  instruinenlal 
gainst  the  hierarchy, 
ill  [■'.uglanil. 
ihc  church  ol  wind' 
,  him  a  ruling  elder, 
.■riciicc  and  inlegrily, 
loral  as  well  as  ecclc 
leir  removal  lo  Amo- 
.hiirch  he  came  over, 
atteiiiling  llu'ir  seillc- 
irlook        lilheinof  la- 
liWeaud  ;>.' arms  were 
.  was  alwav      eady  f.ir 
he  was  called, 
■riial,  lliey  were  ilesti- 
■ling  and  hoping  thit 
■r  of  the  church,  would 
sler  freipiently  oflicia- 
could  he  persuaded  Ic 
„keon  himthepastorid 
lipulaled  Ix'fore  his  de- 
e  who  first  went  should 


i«,ii.nno  11  MM   '"■■     - 

I  t.i  ihr  mill  v„luine  "I  III'' 
,,,  |,„„  |,.,.ri,.,l  simI  c..i."J 
f  Klrli>b''ll>  Is  lira*"  I"  "- 


niOGRAPniES    OF    THK    EAULY    DIS  COVE  REUS. 


51 


bean  abaiilnte  church  of  themselves,  as  well  n»  those 

who  slaid  ;"  iiiiil  it  was  one  of  their  principles,  that 
the  hrelhren  who  elected,  had  the  power  of  ordaining 
to  olfice. 

The  reason  of  his  refusal  was  his  extreme  dilTidcnco ; 
tiding  unwiNng  to  assume  any  other  ollice  in  tho 
chiin:li  than  that  with  which  he  had  been  invested  hy 
the  whole  lioily  This  plea  might  have  some  force  ilu- 
ling  Koliiiison  s  life,  tiy  whose  ailvici  tie  had  been  pre- 
vailed upon  lo  accept  the  ollice  of  riili.  g  elder;  hut  al\er 
his  ilealli  there  was  less  reason  for  it,  and  his  decli- 
ning to  olViciatc  »  as  really  productive  of  very  disagree- 
able elli'cis 

A  spirit  of  faction  and  division  was  excited  in  th.' 
cbiirrli.  partly  by  persons  of  diirerent  sentiments  an  I 
cliaraclers.  who  caiiie  over  from  England,  and  parti, 
by  uneasy  and  asKtiniiilg  brethren  among  themselves. 
Niii'h  WHS  Ihc  notoriety  and  melancholy  appear.ince 
of  llii'se  divisions.  Ihiit  llielr  friends  in  l-)iii;land  seri- 
ously adinoiiiHlit'd  llii'in.  and  rei'ommeuiled  lo  them 
"  to  Id  their  practice  in  Ihe  cluircb  be  complete  and 
full;  to  perinit  all  who  fearetl  (iiid.  to  join  them- 
selves i.o  them  williiiul  delay  ;  and  to  let  al!  divine  or- 
liiiiances  be  used  completely  '.n  lli,i  ctiiirch,  without 
longer  wailing  upon  unei'rtaiiiUcs,  or  keeping  a  gap 
open  for  opposites.  * 

With  this  salutary  advice  they  did  not  comply  ;  and 
one  great  nhstat'lc  lo  ibeir  coiiipliaiice  was  the  liberty 
of  "  prophesying.'  which  was  allowed  not  only  to  the 
elders,  but  lo  such  private  mcmliers  as  were  "  gill'-il  " 
In  Kobiiison  H  apologv,*  this  princi|.|i.  is  ev plained  in  a 
very  cautious  uniiner;  the  exercise  of  the  yif^  wa> 
subject  to  the  iuilginent  of  the  iiiiiiisli'r  ;  and  whiUi 
they  were  under  luHsupcriiileiiilciice.tbeirprophesyiiigs 
were  coiiihicled  with  tulerahle  ri'uularily  ;  lull  when 
they  came  to  practice  on  this  principle  where  Ibey  had 
not  thai  advantage.  Ilie  coiiscpicnce  was  prejudicial  to 
the  esiiihtislimeni  of  any  reiiiilar  iiiinistry  among  them. 
*'  The  preachinents  of  tho  gitted  brclhren  prtHliiccd 
those  discourageinenls,  lo  the  miiiislers.  that  almost 
all  let\  the  colony,  apprelicnding  themselves  driven 
away  hy  the  iic;ilcct  and  couteinpl.  with  which  the 
pi'.tple  oil  Ibis  occasi'Hi  treated  Ihcm.'  'I'liis  practice 
was  luii  allowed  in  any  other  church  in  New  England, 
OKcepi  that  of  I'lynioiith. 

Mesiile  Ihe  liberty  of  prophesying,  and  piihlic  con- 
ference, llii're  were  several  inlicr  pccnliarilies  in  their 
praelice,  which  they  learned  from  the  IJrownisIs,  and 
in  which  ihey  dilleretl  from  many  of  Iho  Keformed 
cliurclies.  They  adiiiittcil  none  to  their  communion 
without  cilbiT  a  wiiiM.  .::  r—.i  i-  I  ■-,';.>..  ,.1' ibeir 
f.iith  and  rcli<.rii'Us  cKpcriences,  delivered  before  the 
wh'ileelili:''b,  ivilli  libcrly  lor  every  one  lo  ask  ipii'S- 
liotis  till  Ibey  were  satistied.  They  practi.^cd  orilina- 
lioi.  by  the  hands  iif  the  hrelhren.  They  disused  Ibe 
l,orr.s  prayer  ami  ihe  public  rcailiiiLrof  the  Scriptures. 
Till  ,'  did  not  allow  the  reading  of  the  psalm  before 
ping  iig.  till,  in  compassion  to  a  brother  who  could  not 
read,  tllev  perinillcd  one   nf  the  elders  or  deacons  lo 

read   it  line  by   line,  aller  it   had  I ii  previously  ex- 

j  pounded  by  llie  ininister  They  aihnilted  no  children 
f  to  baptism,  unless  one.  at  least  of  Ihc  parents,   were 

tin  full  cm union  with  Ibe  church  ;  and  they  account' 

fed  all  hapliied  cliildreii  proper  subjects  iif  ccilcsiasli- 
I  cnl  'liscipliue  Whilst  iu  Holland,  Ilicy  had  Ihe  Lord's 
8np,M'r  every  Sahhalh  ;  hut  when  ihey  came  lo  Ame- 
rica, they  omiiied  il  till  they  coiiM  iibiain  a  niiiiisler. 
•  nil  (ben  had  it  monlbly  Mo.st  of  these  praiiiccs 
were  eonliniieil  for  iiiiiny  year;-,  and  some  are  vc'  -m 
111  -ed  lo,  ihoiign  iiihers  have  been  griidually  laid  aside 

•  "  Wr  l.'iiiii  fn.iM  i>M.  ApiuMi!  rniil.  (I  C.r.  »iv.  3)  lli.il  lin 

wh"  pmplM.i.'ih.  sp.'iiliiili  1.1  Mii'ii  eililli'aii nml  ''xlinnnlii'ii, 

SMil  r.iiiit,,rl :  wliicli  h,  |„Tr..riii  I'oiivi'iiii'nilv,  rt'iiii'i  wiiliimli,' 

CiiillttH'.^  <■!  hill  ;i  ),-iv  (,r  Mil'  lililllitiKlt'.    Imiily  livn  iT  lliri't'  in 

•ii'li  "I'liir  rliiinli.'s.    T Iiiiii;  |,rii|ilw'rv.  id ivi.  llnnk  llie 

Jiiiiii!  llinl  111,'  Sv I  c.r  Kiiiliili'ii  (1.571)  hiiili  il,.,r 1  in  llii"..' 

Wonts  :>  l.i'l  tlie  eriliTiit'  prnplliTV  li,>  olHtTVi'it  tlfOTilim;  In 
I'.-lilfsin.Miimimi.  Inin  llii'  li'll.>\v-'lii|r  nl'  llii,<  work,  ai,'  In  In- 
Uiltllilli',1.   nm  ,11, ly    llii    iiiiiii-i.Ts,    hnl    III,'  ir.u'litTS.  t'litrr". 

sii'l  il'"« 1''   .veil,  evmi  nl'  il nliMiiiie.  wlin  nrfi   wUliiiL' 

In  rniiliT  llirir  l-il'l.  rn'i'il.'il  ,.r  II...I,  In  llle  I'nmilinli  lilililv 
of  III,'  rtinrc  11  ;  Imt  mi  ii.i  lli.'V  flr"!  lie  Bjlnwi'il.  Iiy  llie  jililc. 
nici'l  nf  Ihu  llltliisU'lH  (lliil  nlliiTH  "— IKnliihinit's  AlMilnjY, 
Cliiij'.  viii. 

Il,iv,'riinr  WIntlirnp.  anil  .Mr.  Wil^nn,  inlnMpr  if  Ilolmi, 
nill'li'  ft   vmll  In  IMvillniilli,   in   Oi'tnlMT,    td.fj.  iiiiit   kr]a   Sail. 

tiHili  ihnre     Til,' riiljnwiiii;  iH-nniiiit  nf  llm  n<lcriionii  I'xeirisc 

Is  (iri'.'Orrcil   n  Wlnllimp's  J.iurrn).   p.  4  1. 
"Iiillii-nfti'rnnnn.  Mr.  Kniji'r  Wllliniiia,  nrrnrilhiil  In  ilirlr 
I  cilKlnui.pmimiin,!,',!  n  nuiMmn,  in  wlili-h  llis  paMnr,Mr.  Sniilli, 

I  spiike  lirlellv  1  II Mr.  Williaiii»  nmiiln'iinl ;  nml  ader  hiiii 

I  ItiB  pl.l^f  I  nri'WMT]  tlii'ti  iw.i  nr  thTPf  iiinri'  nf  ihe  rniiirreirii. 
I  (Inn.  ThPii  Ills  ol.liir  ilesiri'il  llio  enviTimr  nl'  Miisanrhuai'lls 
tsii.l  Mr.  Wil.nn  (n  iipi'ok  In  il,  wlilili  Ihi'v  iliil.  Whi'li  |l|is 
Iws-i'it.i.'il,  Ihe  ilencnii.  Mr.  Flitter,  piil  lti»  miiBrcif.itinti  In 
Imhiil  .I'lln'iiilnly  nl  c'niiinlinlinii  ;  ilpn.i  wliii'h  lli«  i[..vi'rnnr 
Isilil  si'  Ihu  roi  ivc'iil  ilniTii  m  ilii  iliacill.'i  aiisl,  and  hill  iiilii 

lUie  bat,,  sail  llicu  reluriicU.'' 


The  Church  of  riymouth  had  no  muiihir  minister  till 
four  years  nfler  the  tt"alli  of  Mr  Kobinsun.  and  nine 
years  oiler  their  coiui  ig  lo  America.  In  Higi),  Ihey 
settled  Ralph  Smith,  .vlio  continued  with  llieiii  about 
five  years,  and  then  ri  signed.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  mall  of  "  low  gills,'' .iiid  was  assisted  three  years  by 
Roger  Williams,  of"  liijghl  accomphshnients.  but  oi'- 
fensive  errors.''  In  Itiilli,  Ihey  hadJobii  Rcyiicr,  "  an 
able  and  gislly  man,  of  a  meek  and  liiiinble  spirit, sound 
in  the  truth,  and  unreproveable  in  his  life  and  conver- 
sation. He  conlinued  with  them  till  Iti.'il,  when  he 
removed  to  Dover,  in  New  Hampshire,  where  he  speul 
the  reina' tiller  of  his  life. 

During  his  minislry  at  IMymnulh,  elder  llrewsler. 
having  enjoyed  a  healthy  old  aire. died  on  the  sixleentli 
of  .'Xpril,  Hi  1 1,  being  then  in  the  eighty  fourth  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  able  lo  colllinue  his  ecclesiastical 
functions,  and  his  lielil  labor,  till  within  a  few  days  of 
his  death,  and  was  conliiicil  to  bis  bed  hnl  one  day. 

He  had  been  remarkably  leinperate.  Ihrou^'li  his 
wliole  life,  having  drink  no  tiipn.r  but  water.lil]  witbii 
the  last  live  or  six  years.  For  many  moiiths  inneiher 
he  had.  Ilirongh  necessity,  lived  wilhoiit  bread,  having 
nothing  hut  lisli  lor  his  sustenance. and  soiiieliines  was 
destilule  of  that.  \'el.  being  of  a  pliant  and  clcerful 
temper,  lie  easily  aecommodaled  himself  to  bis  circnii. 
stances.  When  nulhingbul  oysters  or  clams  iveresel 
on  bis  table,  be  would  ui\e  thanks,  wiih  his  laiuily, 
that  they  could  "suck  of  the  abundance  of  the  seas, 
and  of  the  treasures  hid  in  the  sand." 

He  VMS  a  man  of  eminent  piety  and  devotion  ;  not 
prolix,  but  full  and  coinpretieiisive  in  his  public  pray- 
ers ;  esleenii.ig  it  his  duty,  lo  sirciiglhen  and  eiicou- 
rai'c  the  ilcvntiuii  ot' others,  rallier  than  to  weaTy  them 
Willi  long  pcrtormances.  (hi  days  of  fasting  and  liu- 
inilialion.  be  was  more  copious,  but  ci^oal.v  fervent. 
.\s  an  instance, if  Ibis,  it  is  uhsencd,  that  i.i  WS.i.  a 
ilrougbt  of  six  weeks  having  succeeded  Ibe  planting 
sea.^on,  in  July  a  il.iy  was  set  apart  f'lr  I'.istiiin  iiint 
pra\cr-  'I'lie  iii<iriiilig  was  dear  and  hot.  as  usual, 
but  alier  n^^/it  Aoiii.v employed  in  religious  exercises, 
the  weather  chaugeil,  and  bel'ore  Ibe  next  tnomilin.  a 
■icutle  rain  came  on.  which  conlinued.  with  iutermis- 
sioiis  of  lair  and  warm  wealber.  fourteen  days,  by 
w'liich  the  langnishiiig  corn  revived,  'i'lie  iieighb'ir- 
iilg  Indians  observed  the  change,  and  said  that  "  the 
Knglisbnian's  (nid  was  a  goml  tiod." 

In  his  public  ili.si'ourses,  Mr.  Brewster  was  verv 
clear  and  tlistingiiisliing.  as  well  as  patbetii- ;  aililrcss- 
iiig  himself  first  to  the  underslaialiiig,  and  (hen  to  the 
alti'ciiiiits  ot' his  audience  :  i-<>iiviiieiiigaiid  persuading 
ihcm  ofihc  superior  exci'll.iny  i.ftriie  religion.  .Such 
a  kind  ■.!' teaching,  was  well  I'dapted,  and  in  many  iii- 
slancen  ci'li'cln.il.  lo  the  real  iiistruclion  and  beneliiof 
bif  hearers.  What  a  pity  that  such  a  man  lonlil  not 
have  bieii  |iersinili'il  to  take  on  him  the  pastoral  ollice  I 

111  his  pruali  coiiversalioii.  he  was  social,  pleasant, 
and  iiiolli'iisive  ;  yet  when  occasion  reiiuireil.  be  exer- 
cised that  fortitude  which  true  virtue  inspires,  bul 
mixed  with  such  Icnderness,  (hat  his  reproofs  gave  no 
oll'eiice. 

Ills  conipassiun  (owards  (hedislressed  wasnn  emi. 
iieiit  trail  in  his  character  ;  and  if  Ibey  were  siiU'criug 
for  conscience  sake,  he  jiidgcil  them,  nj  all  olhcrs,  most 
ill-serving  uf  pity  and  relief  iNoibing  was  mure  dis- 
gusting lo  him  than  vanity  and  liy|iocrisy. 

in  !lie  govcrnnienlof  (he  chiircb,  he  was  careful  In 
preserve  nriii-r  am]  purity,  and  lo  suppress  coiiteiition. 
Ila,'  Ills  diHidciice  p.-riiiilled  him  lo  exercise  the  pas- 
toral ilhce.  be  w.iiiid  have  had  more  iiilluencc,  and 
kept  iniruders  al  a  proper  distance. 

!!;■  'v  ,«  nwiirr  111  a  very  considerable  library.  |iart  of 
which  was  l.iht,  when  Ibe  vessel  in  which  liee'iiibirked 
was  plundered  at  li.isi.m  in  liincoliislurc.  Alter  bis 
death,  his  rcmaiiiiiig  bunks  were  valued  at  r.irly-lhree 
pounds,  in  silver,  as  appears  hy  (he  colony  records, 
of  ihnii  is  preserved. 


where  a  calalo 


ROUEUI'    (;IJ.SIIMAN. 

nnmciiT  dlaUMts— Knili.irk.a  fnr  AiiVTira— 11,'iiiriK  in  Kiii'- 

liiii.l— .\rrivea  nl  rtviiintilli— Dplivi-r.i  n  Ui-i r-.t'  en  Sric 

i.iiU'—Hnlla  Inr  Klulilliil— Tukei,  l,y  llie  Iri'licll  -Ins  Ouulli 
mill  cliuracli-r. 

HoniciiT  CisiiMAM  H-iis  n  distinguished  character 
among  that  collection  of  worthies  who  ipiilted  England 
on  Hceount  of  (heir  religious  dilliciiliies,  and  settled 
with  Mr.  John  Robinson,  their  pastor,  in  (he  city  of 
Iicyden.  I'ropoHinjT  anenvarils  a  leiimval  (o  .\incrica, 
in  (he  year  11117,  Mr Cnsliinaii.  and  .Mr   loliii  Carver, 


(allerward  Ihe  firsl  governor  of  New  I'lynmuth)  wow 
sen(  over  (o  Knjiland,  as  their  aneiils.  lo  agree  w  ilh  tho 
\'irginia  (.''ompany  for  a  seltleinent,  and  lo  obtain,  if 
piMKible,  a  grant  of  liberty  of  eonscience  ill  (heir  in- 
tended plantation,  from  King  James. 

Kroni  this  negotiation,  though  conducted  on  (heir 
par(  with  great  diseretion  and  ability,  iliey  returned  un- 
successful lo  I.eydcn,  in  May.  IfilH,  They  met  with 
nodiHicnlly  indeed  from  the  Viruiiiia  Company,  who 
were  willing  lo  grant  them  nniricicnt  territory,  with  as 
ample  privileges  as  (hey  coidd  beslow  :  liu(  Ihc  prag- 
matical James,  lb''  -J  reteniled  vicegerent  ol  (he  Dei(y, 
refused  lo  grant  llieni  that  liberty  in  religious  matters, 
which  was  (heir  principal  object.  This  persevering 
people  d  (eriiiined  lo  transport  tlieinselvealo  this  coun- 
try, relying  upon  James'  promise  that  he  would  rntitiirt 
il,  ^Iioiigh  not  expressly  tnhuilr  them  ;  and  Mr.  t'lish- 
iinin  was  again  despatched  (o  Eniiland  in  Fehruary, 
IlilO,  with  .Mr.  William  llradford.  (o  a!;ree  with  ihn 
Virginia  Company  on  (he  (criiis  of  their  removal  and 
sclth'inent. 

After  much  diiriculty  and  delay,  ihey  nhtained  a 
patent  in  (he  September  following  ;  u|Mtn  which,  part 
of  (be  church  a(  Leydeii.  widi  (heir  elder.  Mr.  Brew- 
St'-,,  determined  lo  transport  Ihemselves  as  soon  as 
possible.  Mr.  t*usliinaii  was  one  of  Ihe  ii  gents  in  Eng- 
land lo  priH'iire  money.  slii)ipiiig  and  other  necessaries 
for  Ihe  voyage,  and  embarked  wilh  them  at  Sonth- 
baniplon,  August  ,'illi,  lO'.O.  But  Ihe  ship,  in  which 
be  sailed,  proving  leaky,  and  after  twice  pulling  into 
[lort  to  repair,  being  condeimied  as  unfit  lo  perliirm  tliu 
voyage.  Air.  Cushnuni  with  his  family,  and  a  miniher 
of  nlhers.  were  obliged.  Iliongh  rcluclanlly,  lo  rcliii- 
quisli  the  voyage  for  that  time,  and  return  lo  Loiiilon. 
'i'hose  in  the  other  ship  proceeded  and  made  their  set- 
dement  at  IMyinoiilh  in  Deceinher.  ll)*0.  where  Mr. 
fJushinan  also  arrived  in  Ihe  ship  Forliine  from  London 
on  (he  lOtli  of  November,  IG^I,  hut  tiaik  passage  iu 
the  same  ship  back  again,  pursuant  to  the  directions  oi 
the  niercliaiit  adventurers  in  l>oiidon,  (who  fitted  nut 
the  ship,  and  by  whose  assistance  the  first  settlers  wrr« 
traiisp  ''.'d)  lo  give  I  hem  an  acciiiiiit  of  the  plantation. 
He  sailed  from  I'lymoiilh  Decenilier  llllli,  1621  ;  siij 
arriving  on  the  enas!  of  England,  Ihe  ship,  with  a  cargo 
valued  at  X.'iOO  .ilerling.  was  taken  by  Ihe  French. 
Mr.  Ciishniaii.  with  the  crew,  was  carried  into  France; 
but  arrived  in  l,oiiiloii  in  Ihe  February  following. 
Ihiriiig  his  short  residence  al  Plymoulh,  though  a  iiiero 
lay  cliaraclcr.  he  delivered  a  discourse  on  Ihe  sin  and 
daiioerofself  love,  which  was  printed  in  l.onilon(lfi'22) 
and  afterw-ard.  re  printed  in  Boston,  (I7*M)  and  again 
al  I'lymoiilh.  (I/S.'i  )  .And  though  his  name  is  not 
pretixed  to  either  of  the  two  former  editions,  vet  un- 
qui'slioiiable  tradition  renders  it  certain  that  he  was  Iho 
author,  and  even  triiiisniils  lo  iis  a  knowledge  of  tho 
spill  where  il  was  delivered.  Mr  Cushmnn,  though  ho 
I'onslaiilly  corresponded  w  ith  his  friends  here,  and  was 
very  serviceable  lo  llicir  inleresl  in  I.ondoii,  never  re- 
turned to  Ihe  coiinlry  again  ;  but.  whilst  preparing  for 
it,  was  removed  lo  a  belter,  in  the  year  liillO.  Tho 
news  of  his  death,  and  Mr  Uobinson's.  arrived  al  tho 
same  lime,  al  IMyinouth.  by  Captain  'Slandish,  and 
seems  lo  have  been  cipially  lainenled  by  their  bereaved 
and  siitrering  friends  there.  He  was  zealously  en- 
nageil  ill  the  prosperity  of  Ihe  plaiitalion,  a  man  of 
activity  and  enterprise,  well  versed  in  hiisincss,  re- 
spectable in  point  of  iiilclleelual  abilities,  well  aceom- 
plisocd  in  scri|itural  knowledge,  an  unalTected  profes- 
sor, and  .1  steady  sincere  pracliser  of  religion.     T'ho 


rn  of  till' above  iiieiilioned  discourse  was  lo  lieep 


•  Tina  nn-Miii,i   ,i|   Mr.  I'lHlniiiiii    iv.ia  piihjisind  |i,  jtsj,  nl 
Plyil|.;nlll.  lia  ur,  Apiii-li.lix  l„  ill,,  lliir.l  i |  |,ij  UiscaursD 

on  9c'U  Lnvu,    h  WIS  wrlut'n  by  Julm  Uaii.-i,  K.^>i. 


lie 

ii|itlial  (low  of  public  spirit,  which,  perhaps,  began  then 
lo  iibale.  bill  which  was  Ihoiiiihl  necessary  fiir  their 
pri'servalion  and  sciiirily      The  policy  of  that  eiiliro 

1 miiiiity  of  inleresls  which  our  fathers  established, 

and  w  liicli  this  scrniim  was  designed  to  preserve,  is, 
iieverlhelcHs,  justly  ipiestioiiidile.  The  love  of  sepuraUi 
|'ro|«'rly,  for  L'ood  and  wise  purposes,  is  strongly  iiii- 
planted  in  the  heart  of  man.  So  far  from  being  nn. 
f.ivorahlc  lo  a  reasonable  generosily  and  public  spirit, 
il  better  eiinbbs  us  In  display  them,  and  is  not  less  con- 
sistent with  the  preeepis  of  Scripture,  righlly  under- 
stood, than  with  ihediclales  of  reason.  This  is  evi- 
leiiced  hy  the  siihsequenl  conduct  of  this  very  peo. 
pie.  Inlheyear  l(i'.':t  de|  ;r(ing  n  li((lc  from  their  firsl 
system,  they  agreed  that  every  family  should  plant 
for  lliemselyes  ;  bringing  in  a  compelenl  portion  at 
harvest,  for  (he  maintenance  of  pnlilic  oft'cers,  fisher 
men,  Ac  and  in  all  other  things  lo  go  on  in  (lie  ,.  •!. . 
rill  ira:/,  (as  (hey  leriii  i()  as  before  ;  for  (his  purpii.i<i 
Ihiy  assigned  lo  every  family  a  parcel  of  hind,  for  u 
year  only,  in  propntlioii  In  Iheir  number  Eyeii  this 
temiiorary  division,  as  Ciovornor  llradford.in  his  iiiunu 


m 


!   ■  *i;^ 


52 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


at'ript  history,  observes, "has  a  very  good  cflVct;  miikpsltojTpthor   to   lift  some  \vi'i<rlity    pifCP   of  titiiher,    or  ]  daily  oat  and  consume  one  nuothcr,  through  their  onv 
all  industrious  ;  ^'vcs  content ;  even  the  women  and  vcnhuI,  if  one  stanil  Htill  and  do  not  lilt,  shall  i..it  the  I  ulaliohH,    ways  and  contentions  ;  be  yon,  therefore 

rest  he  weakened  am!  di^lieartened  !  Will  not  a  few  I  ashamed  of  it,  ami  win  them  to  peace,  both  with  your- 
idle  drones  spoil  the  whole  stock  of  luhorioua  bees  !j  selves,  and  with  one  another,  by  your  peaceable  ojtnm- 
So  one  idle  belly,  one  murnmrer,  one  coinplainer,  one  !  ples.which  will  preueh  louder  to  lfTni,than  if  you  could 
self-lover,  will  weaken  and  dishearten  a  whule  colony,  i  cry  in  their  barbarous  lanyuajje  ;  so  also  shall  yuu  be 
Great  matters  have  been  brought  to  pass,  where  men  |  an  encmirajjement  to  many  uf  your  Christien  friends, 
have  cheerfully,  as  with  one  heart,  band  and  shoulder,  lin  your  native  country,  to  come  to  you,  when  they  hen r 
gone  about  it,  both  in  wars.buildinus  and  plantations  ;  j  of  your  peace,  love  and  kindness.  Hut,  above  all,  it 
but  where  every  man  seeks  himself^  all  cunieth  to  no- 1  shall  go  well  with  your  souls,  when  thatOod  of  |>eaco 


children  now  go  into  the  field  to  work,  and  much  more 
corn  is  planted  than  ever.''  In  the  spiing  of  the  year 
1G34,  the  people  being  still  uneasy,  one  acre  uf  land 
was  given  to  each,  in  fee-simple  ;  )iomorc  to  be  ptrrn, 
till  the  expiration  of  the  seven  years.  In  the  year  1(327, 
when  they  purchased  the  interest  of  the  adventurers  in 
Kngland,  in  the  plantation,  there  was  a  division  and 
allotment  of  almost  all  their  property,  real  and  ncr' 
■onal ;  twenty  acres  of  tillage  land  to  each,  besules 
what  they  held  before  ;  the  me<idows  and  the  trade 
only,  remaining  in  common, 

TliUB  it  is  observable,  how  men,  in  spite  of  their 
principles,  are  naturally  led  into  that  modeof  comlncl, 
which  truth  and  utility,  ever  coinciilent,  point  out. 
Our  fathers  deserve  the  highest  commendation  for  pro. 
secuting,  at  the  hazard  of  life  and  fortune,  that  reforma- 
tion in  religion,  which  the  Church  of  England  left  im- 
perfect :  taking  for  this  purjwse,  the  Sacred  Scrip 
lures,  as  their  only  guide,  they  travelled  in  the  path  of 
truth,  and  appealed  to  a  most  noble  and  unerring  stan- 
dard ;  but  when  from  their  reverence  to  this  divine 
authority,  in  matters  of  religion,  they  were  inclined  I 
esteem  it  the  only  guide,  in  all  the  affairs  of  life,  and 
attempted  to  regulate  their  civil  polity  upon  church 
ideas,  they  erred,  and  involved  themselves  in  innume 
ruble  diirtcullies. 

The  end  of  civil  society  is  the  security  of  the  tempo- 
ral liberty  and  prosperity  of  man,  not  all  the  happiness 
and  perfection  which  he  is  capable  of  attaining,  for 
which  other  means  arc  appointed.  Had  not  uur  fa- 
thers placed  themselves  upon  such  a  fimting,  with  re- 
spect to  property,  as  was  repugnant  to  the  nature  of 
man,  and  not  warranted  by  the  true  end  of  civil  uo- 
ciety,  there  would  probably  have  been  no  just  ground  of 
complaint  of  a  want  of  real  and  reasonable  public  spi- 
rit \  and  the  necesnity  of  the  exhortation  and  reproof, 
contained  in  Mr.  Cushman's  discourse,  would  have 
been  superseded.  Their  zeal,  their  enterprise,  and 
their  unconunon  vutVerings  in  the  prosecution  of  their 
nntuous  undertaking,  reudt'.  it  morally  certain,  that 
they  would  have  ever  cheerfully  performed  their  duty 
in  this  respect.  Their  contemporaries  miglit  censure 
lliem  ftir  what  they  did  no,',  hut  their  powlerity  mnst 
ever  admire  and  revere  them  for  what  tliey  did  exhibit. 
Afier  the  death  of  Mr.  Cuahman.  his  family  came 
ever  to  \ew  Knglautl.  His  son.  'I'homas  ('Usbman, 
succeeded  Mr.  Brewster,  as  rnlingelder  of  the  (,'hun'b 
of  riymoulh,  being  ordained  to  that  otiice  in  llVtU 
He  wa.s  a  man  ofgooil  gifts,  and  fretpiently  assisted  in 
carrying  on  the  puhlic  worship.preaehing  ami  eateebiz- 
ing  For  it  was  one  of  the  prolessed  principles  of  that 
church,  in  its  first  formiilion.  'Moebiiose  none  (or  go- 
verning elders,  hut  suih  as  were  able  to  teach  "  He 
continued  in  this  oHiee  till  he  died,  in  Iti'JI,  in  the 
tigbty  fourth  year  of  his  age. 

The  above  mentioned  discourse  of  Mr  Roi*?rt  Cusli- 
maii,  it)  16*1,  may  he  considered  as  a  specimen  of  the 
*'  prophesyings"  of  tlie  brethren.  The  iKTasinn  was 
singular;  the  exhortations  ami  reproofs  are  not  less 
fto  ;  hut  were  adajited  to  the  then  state  of  stx-iety. 
Some  specimens  may  not  lie  disagreeable,  and  are 
therefore  here  inserted. 

"  Now,  ItrelhnMi,  I  pray  you  remember  yourselves, 
and  know  that  you  are  not  in  a  retired  mouastical 
ctiurse.  but  have  given  your  nanu-s  and  promises  one  to 
another,  and  covenanteil  here  to  cleave  together  in  the 
».er\ire  uf  (iod  and  the  king.  What  then  nnist  you  do  ' 
May  you  live  as  retired  herniils,  and  look  aftt-r  nobodv' 
N;iy.  you  nnist  seek  still  the  wealth  of  i»ne  another; 
and  inquire,  as  David,  how  liveth  such  a  man  '  how  is 
he  elad  '  how  is  he  fed  !  He  is  my  hrother.  and  my 
associate.  Wi- ventured  our  lives  together  heri',  and 
had  a  hard  hrnnt  of  it  ;  and  we  are  in  league  together. 
Is  his  laliorhanler  than  mine  '  surely  I  will  rane  him. 
H.ith  he  no  bed  to  lie  on  '  I  have  two  ;  I'll  leiiil  him 
one.  Halh  be  no  ajiparel  '  I  have  two  suits.  [  II  give 
him  one  nf  lh«-m  Kais  he  euarse  fare,  bread  and  wa 
ler'  and  have  I  better  I  surely  W"  will  part  stakes 
He  is  as  go.wl  a  man  as  I.  and  we  are  bound  each  to 
other;  so  that  his  wauls  ums\  be  my  wants,  his  yi- 
rows  my  sorrows.  Iiis  siekness  my  siekness.  and  his 
wilf»re  my  welf.ire  ;  for  I  am  as  hi-  is  Such  a  swi-et 
FVinpalhy  wi-re  e\cellent,  coiufnrt.ible,  yea,  heavenly. 
luid  is  (he  only  maker  and  conserver  of  churches  anil 
i*ommonweallli!«. 

"  It  wonderfully  encoiiragetb  men  in  their  dot 


thing. 

"  The  country  is  yet  raw,  the  laiul  untilled  ;  the  ci 
ties  not  builded  ;  the  cattle  not  settled.     We  are  com- 


and  unity  shall  come  to  visit  you  with  ileatb,  as  ho 
hath  done  many  of  your  assm-iates,  you  being  found 
of  him,  not  in  murmurings,  diseontent.  and  jars,  hut 


passed  about  with  a  helpless  and  idle  people.ihe  natives  i  in  brotherly  love,  and  peace,  may  be  translated  from 


of  the  country,  which  cannot,  in  any  comely  or  com 
fortable  marnier,  help  themselves  ;  much  less  us.  We 
also  have  been  very  chargeable  to  many  of  our  loving 
fiiends  which  helped  us  hither, and  now  again  supplied 
us.  So  that  before  we  think  <d'  gathering  riches,  we 
must  even  in  conscience  think  ofrequiting  their  charge, 
love,  and  labor;  and  curses  he  on  that  profit  and  gain 
which  aimeth  not  at  this.  Besides,  how  many  of  our 
dear  friends  did  here  die  at  our  first  entrance  I  ntany  of 
them,  no  doubt,  for  want  of  good  hHlging,  shelter,  and 
comfortable  things;  and  many  more  may  go  after  them 
ijuickly,  if  care  be  not  taken.  Isthis  then,  a  tune  for 
men  to  begin  to  seek  themselves  !  Paul  sailh,  thai 
men  in  the  last  days  shall  he  lovers  of  themselves  {'i 
rim.  iii.  3  ;)  but  it  "'s  here  yet  but  the  first  days,  and, 
as  it  were,  the  dawning  of  this  new  world.  U  is  now 
therefore  no  time  for  men  to  look  to  get  riches,  brave 
clothes,  dainty  fare  ;  but  to  look  to  present  necessities. 
It  is  now  iiotinu<  to  pamper  the  tlesb,  live  at  ease, 
^iuatch,  catch,  scrape,  and  hoard  up  ;  hut  rather  to 
open  the  doors,  the  chests,  and  vessels,  and  say,  bro- 
ther, neighbor,  friend,  what  want  ye  /  any  thing  that  I 
have  !  make  bold  with  it  ;  it  is  yours  to  command,  to 
do  you  good,  to  comfort  and  cherish  you  ;  and  glad  1 
am  that  I  have  it  for  you. 

•'  Let  there  be  no  prmligal  sim  to  come  forth  and 
say,  give  me  the  portion  of  laiid.s  ami  gi>ods  that  ap- 
pertaineth  to  me.  and  let  me  shift  tiir  myself  It  is 
yet  too  soon  to  put  men  to  their  shifts;  Isnul  wns 
seven  years  in  Canaan,  before  the  land  was  divided 
unto  tribes,  much  longer  before  it  was  diviiled  unto 
families;  and  why  wouldest  thou  have  thy  particular 
portion,  but  because  thou  thiiikent  to  live  beller  than 
Ibv  neij;hhor,  and  Rcornesl  to  live  so  nu'anly  as  he  ' 
but  who,  I  pray  thee,  brought  this  particularizing  first 
into  the  world  f  Did  not  Sa.an  who  was  not  content 
to  keep  that  etpial  state  with  his  fellows,  but  would 
set  his  throne  above  the  stars  !  Did  not  be  also  entice 
man  to  despise  hin  qi  nnal  felicity  and  hajtpiness.  and 
go  try  ;ifn/K*;(/(i»- knowledge  of  good  ami  evil  I  Molbing 
in  this  worlil  doth  more  resemble  heavenly  happiness. 
than  for  men  to  live  as  one,  being  of  one  heart,  and 
one  suul  ;  neither  any  thing  more  resembles  hellisb 
horror,  than  for  every  man  to  shift  for  himself,  for  if 
it  he  a  gomi  mind  aiul  practice,  thus  to  atlect  particu 
hirs,mir(^  and  /hinr,  then  it  should  be  best  also  for  Ood 
to  provide  one  heaven  for  thee,  and  another  for  thy 
neighbor. 

"  Of'jfrhon.  But  some  will  say.  If  all  men  will  do 
their  endeavors,  as  I  do,  I  could  he  ciPtilent  with  ibis 
generality  ;  but  many  are  idle  and  slothhil.and  eat  up 
other's  lalutrs.  and  therefore  it  is  best  to  part,  and  then 
every  man  may  do  his  pleasure. 

"  If  others  he  idle  and  thou  diligent,  thy  fellowship, 
provocation, and  example. may  well  help  to  cure  I  hat  ina- 
tridy  in  them,  being  together  ;  but  being  asunde'',  shall 
I  hey  not  be  more  idle,  and  shall  not  gentry  aiul  beg- 
gary be  quickly  the  glorious  ensigns  of  your  rommon- 
wealth  ! 

"  Be  not  too  hasty  to  say  men  are  idle  ami  ftlothl'iil. 
.Ml  nuMi  have  not  sirength,  skill,  f.icully,  spirit,  and 
courage  lo  work  alike.  It  is  thy  uliiry  and  credit,  thai 
Ihou  eaiisl  do  sti  well,  and  his  shame  and  reproach, 
that  he  can  do  iu>  bitter;  and  are  not  these  suflicient 
rewards  to  you  both  ? 

"  If  any  be  idle  apparetillv*  you  have  n  biw  and  go- 
vernors to  execute  the  same,  and  to  follow  that  rule  of 
the  apostle,  to  keep  hack  ihi'ir  bread,  ami  let  them  not 
eat ;  go  not  iherefnri'  whispering,  to  charge  men  with 
idleness;  but  goto  the  governor  and  prove  them  idle 
and  Ihou  shatt  see  ibeiii  have  ibeir  deserts 

"There  is  no  grief  so  tedious  as  a  churlisli  compnn- 
hui.     Bear  ve  one  another  s  burdens, and  be  not  a  bur- 


this  wandering  wilderness,  unto  that  joyful  andheuv 
enly  Canaan."     Anu>n. 


EDWARD    WIN  SLOW. 

Edward  Wissldw -1Ii.h  Hirth  ami  Kilueiition— Travcl.i  nu 
ilif  ContitH'tit— llf'iimves  to  Aau-riru— Hm  vi^it  to  Mnsai-- 
scU— Relurns  to  KimKind — Sails  axain  fi»r  riymoulli— Sent 
as  Aueiii  lo  Kntiliiiiii— ('iiiiirniltetl  to  the  Fleet  I'rwun— 
Heli'a.sfil— Returns  to  New  I-'iihI.iiuI  uiiii  rlmsen  (joveriior 
— ("heseii  Cnmnil.'^siniier  of  the  I'liiled  CoUuiics—Serit  liy 
('rotnwcll  sf^aiiist  [he  Sgiiitiianls-Dies  on  ttie  passage  to 
Jamaica — Account  uf  Um  Dc.iceiulaiits. 

Tills  eminently  useful  perscui  was  the  eldest  son  of 
a  gentleman  of  the  same  name,  of  Droitwich.  in  Wor- 
cestershire, where  he  was  born  in  LMM.  Of  his  edu- 
cation and  first  appearance  in  life  we  have  no  km)W- 
ledge.  In  the  course  of  his  travels  on  the  continent  of 
Kur(q>e,  he  became  acquainted  with  Mr.  Robinson  and 
the  church  under  bis  pastoral  care  at  Leyden.  where  ho 
settled  and  married.  Ttitbis  cburcli  he  joined  himself, 
md  with  them  he  conlimied  till  their  removal  to  Ame- 
rica. 11"  came  hither  with  the  first  company,  and  bis 
name  is  the  third  in  the  list  of  ihose  who  subscribed  the 
covenant  of  incorporation,  before  their  disembarkation 
at  (*ape  Cod.  His  family  then  consisted  <1f  his  wifu 
and  three  other  persons  He  was  one  of  the  comjiany 
v',ho  coasted  the  bay  of  Cape  ('od,  and  discovered  the 
harbor  of  Plymouth  ;  an<l  when  the  Sachem  Masassoit 
c.uue  to  %isit  the  strangers,  be  offered  liimself  as  j 
hostage,  whilst  a  conference  was  held  and  a  treaty 
was  niaile  with  the  savage  prince. 

Ilis  wife  <lied  soon  after  hi.s  airival ;  atul  in  the  fol- 
low ing  spring,  he  married  Susanna,  the  widow  of  Wil- 
liam White,  and  mother  of  I*eret:riiM',  the  first  Kiigli».b 
<-bild  born  in  New  Kngland.  This  was  the  ftrM  mar- 
riage solemnized  in  the  colony  ;  (May  VZ,  Ib'JI  ) 

In  .Inne.  he  went  incompanv  with  Stepl:<  n  llopkiiu 
to  vihit  Sachem  Masassoit  at  I'okanoket.  The  design 
of  this  visit  is  related  in  Bradford  s  life.  The  particu- 
lar circumstances  of  it  may  properly  be  detailed  here, 
in  the  very  words  nt  Wiiislow  h  origiruil  narrative. 

"  We  set  forwanl.  the  lOih  of  June,  ahoul  nine  in 
the  morning  ;  our  gui»b'  [Tis(piantuinJ  resolving  that 
night  to  rest  at  Namasket.a  town  under  MasasMiit.aiid 
conceived  by  us  to  he  very  ne;ir,  because  the  inbabil- 
ants  flocked  so  thick,  on  every  blight  oceabion  among 
us;  hut  we  tivnnd  it  to  be  til'teeii  Kiiglisb  miles.  On 
the  way,  we  found  ten  or  twelve  men. women  and  elul- 
dren,  which  had  pestered  us  till  we  were  weary  ot 
them  ;  perceiving  that  (as  the  manner  of  them  all  is) 
where  vietuaU  is  easiest  to  be  got,  there  they  live,  c-- 
pecially  in  the  summer;  by  reason  whereof,  our  bay 
afttirding  many  lob.-der.'*,  they  resort  every  spring  liile 
t hither,  and  now  returned  with  ns  to  Namaskel. 
Thither  we  came  about  three  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  in- 
haliitantsenterluiniitg  us,  with  Joy,  in  the  hest  manner 
they  could,  giving  us  a  kimi  of  bread,  called  by  them 
Maziuin,  and  the  spawn  of  shad,  which  then  they  uot 
in  abundance  ;  insomuch  as  they  gave  ns  spotins  lo 
eat  them-  vvilh  these  lliey  boiled  musty  aeorns, 
but  of  the  shad  we  ate  heartily.  They  desired  one  of 
our  men  to  shoot  atacntw,  complaining  whatilanmue 
ihey  sustained  in  their  corn  by  them  ;  who  shootinj^ 
ami  killing,  ihry  much  admired  it,  as  other  shots  on 
other  occasions. 

"  After  this  Tisqnantiim  told  us,  we  should  hardly 
in  ime  day  reach  Bakaiiokiek,  moving  us  to  gu  eight 
miles  farther,where  we  should  find  more  store  and  bel- 
ter victuals.  Being  willing  to  hasten  our  journey,  we 
went,  and  came  thither  at  selting-snn  ;  where  we  found 
many  of  the  men  of  Namasket  fishing  at  a  wars 
which  Ihey  had  made  on  a  river,  wliich  bebuiged  t>> 
them,  where  they  caught  abundance  of  bass,  These 
welciuned  us  also,  gave  us  of  their  fish,  and  we  thciii 
ifour  victuals,  not  doubling  hut  weshould  have  enouj'h 


dt>n  one  lo  another.  Avonl  all  factions,  frowardiiess, 
wfien  they  see  the  burtluMi  eipially  borne;  hut  when  singularity,  and  wilbilrawings,  and  cleave  fast  to  ihe  wherever  we  came  Thire  we  bHiged  in  (he  open 
HOiiw  withdraw  themselves,  iuid  retire  to  thi-ir  own  par-  Lord,  and  one  lo  another,  continually  ;  so  shall  yon  be -fields  ;  fiir  hoiihes  they  liad  none,  though  ihev  spihl 
lU'ular  ease,  pleasure  or  profit,  what  heart  can  men  a  notable  precedent  to  ihese  poor  healhens.whohe  eyes  the  mostof  llu*  suininer  there  Tin*  head  of  lliis  ri^r 
have  to  1^0  on  in  thoir  business  '  When  men  are  coim\  are  upon  you,  and  who  very  brutisbly  and  cruelly  <to|ii!  reportid  lo  he  not  far  from  the  place  of  our  abudc , 


BIOOKAPHIES    OF    THE    EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


W 


SLOW. 

ihu-Hiion— Trnvcls  on 
a_||iti  vti«it  til  MnKAf^- 
iri  fi»r  riyiiiouth— Sent 
to  the  Flcc'l  rnson— 
I  uiiti  clmsen  GovtTiior 
rd  t'ulomcs— Strit  I'y 
hos  on  the  paHsagu  to 
Its. 

vas  tho  rUlfHtPon  ol 
■  Uroitwich.  in  Wor- 
I  ITiIH,  Of  liis  c'Ju- 
vp  have  no  know- 
ft  on  tho  continent  ol 
ill  Mr  KobiiiKon  anJ 
!»l  lipyticn.  whero  ho 
rhhc  joinrti  himself, 
lu'ir  removal  to  Anie- 
■8t  rnnipany.  ami  Ms 
if  who  snlini'riht'il  thi' 
tlirir  ilismilurkalion 
'onKihlrd  (If  his  wit'u 
i  oru'  of  the  nnnpany 
il,  and  iliKCovcrnl  tlio 
\\c  Sju'hiMn  Masassoit 
oM'crrd  himself  an  a 
s  lieM  anil  a  lrt';\t> 

irival ;  antl  in  the  ful- 
iia.  the  willow  of  Wil- 
rrine.lhe  first  Kn(,'li».b 
liin  was  the  tirM  mur- 
(May  Vi,  KlMi  ) 
vit))  Steph«  ti  IIoi)kini 
iiiioki't.  'I'liP  (lesii^n 
li  s  life.  The  parlieu- 
lerlv  he  detailril  here, 

irii»inal  narralive. 
f  Jiint'.  about  nine  in 
iitnnij  ri'solvinj;  tluit 
t  under  Mi>Ka(:hoil.and 
•,  hecause  the  iiihahu- 
,li<>lit  (K-ea^iou  amoni; 
1  Knnlihh  milrs.  On 
men. women  and  chd- 
ill  we  were  weary  ol 
lanner  of  llieni  all  is) 
)t,  there  they  live,  c- 
ition  whereof,  our  hay 
snrt  every  i^printr  lido 
ith  UK  to  Namatiket, 
the  allernoon  ;  the  in* 
DV,  in  the  hofft  manner 
liread,  ealled  hy  them 
I,  which  then  they  ijot 
ev  yave  uk  Kpoons  to 
hoiled  muHty  nronii, 
TItey  desired  one  o( 
plaining  wliat  danm^n 

them  :  who  Rhootin){ 
I  it,  as  other  shoti)  i>n 

I  ufl.  wo  should  hardly 
moving;  uh  to  ^o  eiuht 
ind  more  store  and  hel* 
lawten  ourjnurnoy.  wo 
;-nun  ;  where  wo  ilnniJ 
et    fiHhin^   at    a  wara 

er,  wliith  hehniped  io 
lanee  of  hass.  TIiokc 
heir  fihh,  and  wo  thein 
weithould  liavecnout'll 
v  liHlyed  in  (he  <ipen 
tne.  ihoujih  ihey  hpeiil 

The  head  of  lliin  rivt-r 
ho  plaeo  of  our  it  built- ; 


Uiton  it  are  and  liavi-  heen  many  ItiwiiK.  it  hciny 


'  The  next  day  heini;  Thursday, 


man 


1(1)0(1 

fouj^lh.    The  trround  is  very  jjood  on  iioth  «idc.-4.  il  he-  'ehem?*  »tr  petty  yovrrntirscanie  to  see  us,  and  many  of 
.'nj,  for  the  mn.sl  p.irt  LJeared.   Thimsafulsnf  mrnhavo  their  men  also.     They  went  to  their  nianruT  of  ^amou 


l.ved  there,  wlncli  died  in  a  yn-al  plague,  not  I'lnif 
sinre  ;  and  pity  il  was  ;'"  "  is  lo  see  ho  many  yoodly 
fields  and  so  well  tfouto'V  \<ithout  men  to  dresH  the 


llir  skin.-i  ;>.nil  knives.  W'v  ohallengod  them  to  shoot 
for  skins,  hut  they  durst  nut ;  (nily  they  doHirod  to  see 
one  (d'us  shoot  at  a  mark  ;  who  shooting  with  hail-bhot, 
ihi'V  vvondereil  tit  see  the  mark  so  full  of  holes. 


y  of  their  sa  lahovethroo  miles  from  Mattapnysl,"  his  dwelling  placa 

~'  '  ' — '^  Althonirh  ho  wore  hut  a  hollow  hearted  friend  to  uh.  I 

thought  no  time  so  tit  as  this  to  outer  into  more  friendly 
terms  wilh  him,  and  iho  rest  of  the  sarhems  thert'- 
ahouts ;  hopin<r,  lhrou<;hih"  hlessin;;  of  (lod,  it  would 
lie  a  means  in  that  nnsellled  stale, to  settle  their  atl'oc- 
tionstowardsus;  and  though  it  were  somewliat  danger- 


same. 

"  Thene\  nio';,in<(  wo  !»rako  our  fa  si.  and  took  ouri  "  Ahoul  one  o  cloek,  Masassoii  hroui^ht  two  fi.ihes  ,ons,  in  respeet  of  our  personal  safely,  yet  osleemin;^  it 
leave  and  departed  ;  hrii-^r  then  aeeompanied  with  six  i  thai  ho  had  shot  ;  I  hey  were  like  hream.hnt  threi'  times  |  Iho  host  means,  leaving  the  event  to<MHl  in  his  merry, 
6iva::es-     Havin;r  i;  .10  ahoul  six  miles  hy  the  river's  so  hi;:,  and  heller  meat.    [I'ruhahly  the  fish  called  Ta-   1  resolved  to  put  it  in  praelice.  if  Mr.  llamdon  ami 


lloliamock  durst  ntlompt  It  with   mo,  whom  I  I'uuiiil 
willitiij.     So  wp  went  toward  Mattapuyst. 

"In  the  way,  liohamoek   nnnifestin^    ^  tronhleil 
spirit,  hrako  forth  into  these  speoehew.      AVfH  uu  ..a.\n 


fcide,  at  a  kno"  .1  shoal  place,  it  hein^'  low  water,  thoy  i  tang  ]  'I'hese  hein^r  hoiled,  there  wore  at  least  forty, 
spake  to  .s  lo  put  oH'onr  hreeclies,  for  we  must  wade'  thai  lookeil  for  a  share  in  them  ;  the  most  eat  of  tliom. 
throii^n.  Here  let  me  not  f  »r;:et  the  valor  and  ('oura;:e|  This  meal  only,  we  had  in  two  ni<;hls  and  a  day  ;  and 
of  some  of  the  savai^es,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  had  not  one  of  us  hrou:;lit  a  parlridjxe,  wo  had  taken 

liver;  for  theie  were  rrn.ainin;r  ah\e  oidy  (wo  men,  our  journey  fasting.  Very  imporlunale  he  was  with  .S'f/i'(/»jM.T,  ^r-  "  My  i.iving  Saehem  !  many  have  I 
lioth  a::ed.  TIicm' Iwii.  spyini;  a  eoinpany  of  men  en- 1  us  to  stay  with  him  longer  ;  hut  we  desired  to  koep.known  hut  never  any  like  ihee  !"  'I'hen  lurnini;  to 
terini-  the  river,  ran  \ery  swillly,  and  low  in  the  grass,  the  sahhalh  at  home  and  li-ari'd  we  siiould  he  light-  nie,  ho  said,  whilst  I  lived.  I  should  never  see  his  like 
to  meet  us  at  the  hank  ;  where,  wilh  shrill  \i)iees,  anil  j  headed  for  want  of  sleej*;  for  what  with  had  Imtging. '  aniiing  the  Indians.  He  was  no  liar,  he  was  not 
jjreal  courage.  slandin<;,  eharifed  upon  us  with  llioirj  harharous  siniiini;.  (for  they  use  to  siiiii  themselvpH  to  jhloody  and  cruel  like  other  Indians;  in  anger  and  jias- 
hows,  they  demanled  what  we  were,  suppoj^ina  us  to'  sleeps  liee  and  Ih'as  within  doors,  and  muskeloes  with-  sion  he  was  soon  reclaimed  ;  easy  to  be  reeonciled  to- 
he  enemies,  and  thinking  to  take  adviiut.tge  of  us  in  out,  we  coutil  iiardly  sleep,  all  the  time  of  our  being '  ward  such  as  liad  olVended  him  ;  ruled  hy  reason,  in 
the  water :  hut  seping  we  were  frienil-j.  they  welcoin-  there  ;  and  we  mueh  feared  that  if  weshouhi  slay  any  Isueh  measuroas  he  wonlil  not  scorn  the  advice  of  nioan 
ed  us  with  such  food  as  ibey  h.iJ  ,  and  we  hcstowed  a  long'T.we  should  nut  he  able  to  recover  home  for  want  'men  ;  and  that  he  governed  his  men  hptler  wilh  lew 
small  hrarelet  of  heads  on  ihein.     Thus   far,  we  are  of  sirength.  |strokes  than  others  did  with  many  ;  truly  loving  whern 

sure,  the  title  ehhs  and  lltiws.  |      "  On  Friday  mornin^r.heforo  sun-risinij,  we  took  our;  he  loved  ;  yea.  ho  feared  wo  liad  not  a  failhhil  friend 


in  refreshi ,!  onrsidves,  we  pro- [  leave  and  departed.   Masassoit  hein;:holh  grieved  atid 
y.  the  wcaiher  heiiii;  very  hot  ; !  aslianieil.  that  he  could  n(H  hetler  pnterlain  us.      He- 
I,   that   a  man  conki!  taining  TisipianUim  to  send  from  place  topla'-e.to  pro- 
e  a  sprinii  :i'  hand  lojcure  truck  for  us,  he  appointed  another  [LMiideJ  Toka- 


"  Haviii<r  here  a; 
peeded  on  our  joun 
yet  the  country  so  well  waten 
scarce  he  dry.  hut  he  sliould  ha 

cool  his  thirst,  beside  small  ri\ers  in  alinndance.  Tliei  mahainon  in  his  place,  whom  we  t'ound  faithful  before 
savages  will  not  willingly  drink  hul  at  a  sprinn-head. ,  ami  after  upon  all  occasions." 

When  wo  came  lo  any  small  brook,  where  no  briiliici  This  narralive  gives  usa  jnsl  idea  of  the  hospitality 
was,  two  of  thein  desired  lo  carry  n^  ihroiiirh  of  their  and  poverty  of  the  Indians.  They  gladly  entertain 
own  accord ;  alsd  fc'tring  we  were  or  would  be  weary,  i  slrani,'ers  with   the    best  they   can   afford;  hut  it   is 

they  ittrered  to  carry  oiir  pi s,   [iruns  ;]  also,  if  we]  familiar  to   them  to  endure   long  abslinence.     Those 

would  lay  olVany  of  our  clothes,  we  should  have  them  !  who  visit  them  nnist  be  ciuitent  to  fare  as  they  tlo,  or 
carrieil  ;   and  as  the  one  td' them  had  found  more  spe-' carry  their  own  provisions  and  share  il  with  them, 
cial  kindness  tnHii  one  of  I  lie   messi'iii^ers.   and   the  |      .\!r.  Winslow  s  next  excursitiu  was  bv  sea  to  Mona- 


Icfl  among  tho  Indians, showinghow  oHcn  he  rest  rained 
their  malice.  He  continued  a  bing  s])eech,  wilh  such 
signs  of  lamentation  and  unfeigned  sorrow,  as  would 
have  m.idc  the  hardest  heart  relent. 

'*  At  leni;lh  we  came  to  Mattapuyst, and  went totho 
sachem's  place;  Conhutant  was  not  at  bono',  hut  at 
PoUaiiokick.  five  or  six  miles  off.  The  stpiaw  sachrm 
gave  us  friendly  entertaiinnent.  Here  we  inquiroj 
a^ain  concerning  Massassowat;  Iheylhought  him  dead; 
hut  knew  no  certainty.  Whereupon  I  liireil  unci »  go 
with  all  exhibition  to  Pokanokick.that  we  might  know 
the  certainty  thereof.and  withal  loanpiaint  (vonbutant 
with  our  being  there.     About  half  an  hour  before  sun- 


other  savage  from  tlie  other,  so  they  showed  their  Ihi^on,  an  island  near  the  mouth  of  Penobscot  IJay,  ttt  se'ting  the  messenger  returned, and  told  us  that  he  wan 
l!iankfnlne:is  accordiri-ily  in  alVording  lis  all  help  and  '  procure  a  supply  of  bread  from  ihe  f'lshini;  vossels,whu  •  not  yet  dead, though  there  was  no  hope  that  we  should 
furlhcranre  in  the  journey.  j  resorted  lo  the  cisti-rn  c  »ast   in   t!ie  spring  of  l<):^2.    lind  him   Ii\inir.     I'pon  this,  we  were   much  revivid, 

*'  As  we  passed  aloii<r.  .ve  oh-^ervcd  that  lliero  were  This  supply,  llioui^h  not  large,  was  freely  ;:i\en  to  the  and  set  forwanl  with  all  speed. thoui;h  it  was  late  wilh- 
few  places  by  the  rivrr.  but  had  been  inhabited  ;  by  '  sulleriiii;  colony  ;  and  beiuif  prmlently  managed  in  the  in  niijhtwhen  we  got  llnther.  About  twt>  o'clock, that 
reason  whereof,  mm-h  L'round  was  I'lear  save  of  weeds  ilihtiihulioii.  amonntt'd  to  one  ipiarter  of  a  pound  for  afternoon,  the  iJutchmau  had  departed,  so  that,  in  that 
which  »:rew  liii;licr  than  our  heads.  There  is  imieh  each  person,  till  the  next  harvest  IJy  means  of  this  respect,  our  jonrnev  was  frustrate. 
go.Mi  timber,  oak,  wahnit,  fir,  beech,  and  exceeding  excursion,  the  people  of  I*lyinoulh  became  acipiaintcit  j  *•  When  we  came  thilher,we  found  the  house  so  full 
great  cliesnut  trees,  j  wilh  the  eastern  coast ;  of  which  knowledge  they  aller-   of  men.  as  we  could  scarce  get  in,  though  they  used 

"  Afterwani  we  came  to  a  town  of  Masassoifs,  |  wards  availed  themselves,  for  a  hcnelicial  tralUc  with  their  best  diliL'ence  to  make  wav  for  us.  'i'hey  were 
where  we  e.it  oysters,  and  other  lish.     From  thence  tho  natives  j  in  the  midst  of  their  charms  for  him.  making  such  a 

wi  'vcnt  to  INu'kanokiek.  but  Masassoit  was  n'lt  all  In  the  spririu  of  the  year  IGSIl,  Mr.  Winslow  made ,  hellish  noise,  as  distempered  us  that  were  well,  and 
hoi,  There  we  staid,  he  being  sent  for.  When 'a  second  M.>il  tothe  sachem,  on  account  of  his  sick- 1  therefore  unlike  lo  ease  him  that  was  sick.  About  him 
newb  ;as  brouL'hl  of  his  comini;.  our  n'lido,  Tisipian* !  ness;  the  particular  circumstances  of  which  are  thus' were  six  or  eight  women, who  chafed  his  arms  and  legs 
turn,   retpio.sted  llial    at   our   meetiiii?.  we  woul*!  dis- !  given  in  his  uw  n  words.  I  to  keep  heat  in  him.     When  they  bail  made  an  pnd  ot 

charge  our  pieces  One  of  us  goiiii;  to  chirge  ids'  "  .News  came  to  Plymonlh  that  Massnssowat*  was  I  their  charming,  one  told  him  that  his  friends  the  Eng- 
piece,  liie  women  and  children,  through  fear  ran  iiway  like  to  die, and  tha'  at  the  same  time  there  was  a  Dutch 'lish  were  come  to  see  him.  Ha\ing  his  understanding 
and  could  not  he  paeitied  till  he  laid  it  ditw  n  a^ain  ; ;  ship  ilriven  so  bijih  on  the  shore,  before  his  dwclliiii.'. !  h't^.  though  his  sinht  w  holly  gone,  he  asked  w  ho  was 
who  afterward  were  bi'tter  informed  liy  lair  interpreter    by  stress  of  weallier,  that  till  the  tiiles  increased,  she  come  !  they  told  Inm  Wmxticu- ;)  lor  they  cannot  pro- 

'•  Masassoit  beiiii:  eoine.  wi-  di>charL'ed  tuir  pieces '  could  not  begot  otf.  Now  it  being  a  commendable  j  nonnco  the  letter  li  but  ordinarily  N  in  place  of  it;) 
and  saluted  him.  who.  alter  thrir  manner,  kindly  web  j  manner  of  the  Inilians.  when  any,  esiiecially  of  note,  |  he  desired  to  speak  with  ine.  VVhen  I  came  toliim 
coined  us,  and  took  us  into  hi.s  house,  and  set  us  lown  ;are  dangerously  sick,  for  all  that'profess  friendship  to  and  they  told  him  of  it,  ho  put  forth  his  hand  to  ino, 
by  him,  where,  haviu«|  ilolivered  our  messaire  ai-.d  pre- i  them  to  visit  them  in  their  exlrcmily  ;  therefore  it  was|  which  I  look  ;  then  be  said  twice.lhough  very  inward- 
seiilH,  and  bavint;  put  the  coat  on  bis  back,  ami  the '  thouijht  meel.  that  as  we  hail  eveV  professed  friend-ily,  *kfiii,  \V  ins  tunc  f  art  thou  Winslow!  I  an- 
chain  about  his  neck,  he  was  not  a  little  y  I  to  be-  ship,so  we  shoul.l  now  maintain  the  same.by  olwerving  ]  snored  '  uhhr,'  that  is.  'ves.'  Then  he  doubled  these 
liold  InmseK;    and  his  men  also   to  see  th  "g  -.o '  ihi.s  their  laiulable  custom;  and  the   rither,   because  words.   'Mafia    iirrji    iromknnrt    wnnrn     Wmstwir  V 

bravely  attired.  we  desired  to  have  some  conference  with  the   Dutch,  |  that  is  to  sav,  '  O  Win«low,  I  shall  never  see  ihen 

"  tor  answer  to  our  messaL'C.  be  tnid  us  v.e  were  not  knowing  when  we  shouhl  have  so  tit  an  opp.irlu- 1  aijain  !'    Then  I  called  Hobamock,  and  desired  him  to 

■come  ;  and  he  w.tuid   jrla.Ily  conlinue  Hut   peace   nily  lell  Masassoit.  that  the  g.ivernor  hearing  of  his  sick- 

and  Iriendshtp  which  was  betwi-en  hnn  and  us;  and,  "To  that  end,  myself  having  formerly  been  tliore,  ness.was  sorry  fV-rthe  same  ;  and  thoiii:h.by  reason  o| 
bir  Ins  men,  Ihey  should  nr>  more  poter  us.  as  they  '  and  undi'rslanding  in  some  measure  the  Dutch  tonyne,  |  many  businesses,  he  could  lif^t  himself  cine,  vet  he 
had  dom*;  also  ilial  he  wo<ild  si'u.l  to  Paomet.  and.  the  t.'overnor  [  Mradb.rd  |  a^ain  laid  this  syr\ice  .m  mv- 1  bail  sent  me.  with  such  things  for  him  as  be  thouiiht 
lu'li)  us  to  see.I-corn,  according  to  our  re.piest.  ]  self,  ami  lilted  uie  with  some  cor.hal.s  lo  .idminisler  tolmost  likely  to  do  him  go.id   in  Ibis   extremity;   and 

"Tins  hetiiijdonp.  Ins  men  gathered  near  to  him.  to  him  ;  having  one  Mr.  .lohn  IJanalen,  a  gentleman  of  whereof  if'  he  pleased  to  lake,  I  wouM  prescnllv  .'i\e 
wl  Mil  hetiirMedbnnsell  and  made  a  ijrcal  speech:  the  hond.ui.  who  then  winierctl  with  us.aml  de>ired  much  ;  him  ;  which  lie  desired  ;  and,  havintr  a  eonbrl'ion  of 
meaning  whereof  (as  far  as  we  could  learn)  was.  that  to  see  tlie  couutrv,  for  my  comfort,  ami  Ib-bamock  b.rlinanv  comfortable  conserves,  on  the  point  <d' my  knife. 
h»^wa«  conmianderof  the  country,  and  Ihat  the  people  our  iruide.  So  we  set  forwanl,  and  b.d-e.|  the  first'!  ira've  him  some.which  I  could  scarce  uel  throu-h  Ioh 
should  hnn,'  their  skins  lo  us  He  named  at  least  night  at  Namaskat,  where  we  had  friendly  entertain  'teeth  ;  when  it  was  dissolved  in  his  mouth,  he  sWab 
llnrly  places:  and  their  answer  was  confirming  and   imiil  '  lowed  the  juice  of  it,  whereat  those  that   were  abmit 


Wele 


tipphiudiu<;  what  he  said 

"lie  then  liijhtod  tobacco  for  us.  and  fell  to  dis- 
coursing of  Kn<rland  and  of  the  kini.'.  marvelliui:  lhat 
he  Cfutld  li\e  with  Hit  a  wifi 


The    next  day,  about  1 


lock,  we  came  to  a  him  were  inmh  rejoiced,  saying  he  had  not  swatloweil 


ferry  in  ronbatantst  country,  where,  upon  discharge  any  thing  in  two  days  before.      Then  I  <b'sire<l  to 


)l  my  piece.  di\er«  Indians  came  It)  us.  from  a  house '  his  mouth,  which  was  oxcooilingly  furred,  and  hiu 
•^'*"*  '"*  talked  of  the  ^  mtt  lar  otl"  They  inM  us  that  Massassowat  wasilead, ,  toiiL'tie  swelleil  in  such  a  manner.thal  il  was  not  possi- 
trenchimMi;  biddni^Mis  not  to  suffer  them  to  ecmie  to  and  that  day  biirie.l;  and  that  Ihe  Dutch  w. add  be  gone  hie  for  h.m  to  eat  such  meat  as  they  had.  Then  I 
Narrowhiiranset  ;  tor  It  was  Kinir  Jarness  country,  before  we  couM  get  tlnlhi-r.  having  hove  olf  their  ship,  washed  his  month. and  scraped  his  tongue;  after  which 
and  he  wasKmir  .lames's  man.  It  grew  late,  hut  hoialrea.ly.  This  news  struck  us  blank  ;  but  espeeiallv  I  gavehim  inoreof  iheconfeetion.which  ho  swahowitl 
ofh-redus  no  victuals;  lor  indeed  he  bad  not  any.  be- I  MolMinock,  who  desired  me  to  return  wilh  all  specil  .with  imire  readiness  'I'hen  he  desired  lo  drink;  1 
ifig  so  newly  o>mp  homo.  So  we  desired  lo  g.i  to  rest  j  I  toM  him  I  would  first  think  of  il.  considering  now,  | dissolved  some  of  it  in  water,  ami  g 
He  laid  us  on  the  be^l  with  himself  and  his  wife,  they  that  he  being  dead,  Cmibatant,  or  <'orbitaut,  was  the  ami  withhi  half  an  hourlhis  wn-ught  a  great 
at  Ihe  one  en.b  and  wo  at   the   .►ther  ;   it   bi-ing  only   most    likely  in    succeed   him,  and    lhat  we  wore  not  in  him.  and  presently  alier  his  sight  bp.-an  I..  -    me  to 

planks  laid  a  foot  from  the  ground,  and  a  ihi.i  mat  j  7~\.r~     , »""»•     '^^en  I  Kiivo'him  mure,  and  told" him  cf  u  miii. 

upon  thi'in       I  wo  more  of  his  chtet  men.  lor  want  ot  ''"'^  "  isfpelt  in  Wmslow's  nnrrntivn. 

room,  presspd  by  and  umm  us;  no  lhat  wo  were  worBDi™/.]''\""'""  '*  "I'-It  '"''.itiinl,  roi.i.aiant,  nml  ronhutiuit, 
m<....: .  I  ../»...■.  I   ■        .1  r         •  This  i.Tiv  i!i  mdml.ly  I  u;  waiiut  w  uc  1  is  now  ca  cil  S  uJo'» 

(Vt-unt'd  of  our  l*lginj{,  tliuii  of  our  journey.  |  Fi.rr>,  m  Swan/ey. 


ve  liim  thereof; 
Iteration 


•  .\  nerk  of  \n        \  llio  township  of  8wunze>,  cummonl) 
I  (mtiuiuiccJ  Muitu,   ,stt. 


S4 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


mm 
mm 
II 

m 


m  m 


nap  \v(>  had  hy  i\\v  way,  in  lirpiikiii<;  u'loitlo  of  drink, 
which  tlto  ifovrrnor  iiIho  8ont  him,  Hiiyini;,  il'  \\v  wtmhl 
Kond  any  ol*  liis  niiMi  to  IMyinosMh,  1  would  send  lor 
niuro  of  thn  same  ;  ulso  for  i-hirki'iiH,  to  niakf  hini 
broth,  and  for  uthor  things  whii-h  I  know  wore  unod  for 
him,  and  would  stay  the  rotiirn  of  tho  nu'i>E>on<;t'r. 
This  he  t.)ok  niarvolhms  kindly,  and  appointed  Homo 
who  wore  roady  to  ^o  hy  two  oV-lm'k  in  the  mornini;. 
againHl  which  linio  I  made  ready  a  Irttcr.doclarin;;  our 
ffood  SUCC0H8.  ind  doMring  siit-h  things  as  were  proper. 
He  reqoeiilod  mo  that  I  would  the  next  day  take  my 
piece,  and  kill  him  fiome  fowl,  and  make  him  »uoh  pot- 
tage as  ho  had  eaten  at  Plymouth,  v  ''ich  I  prouiibod  ; 
but  hiu  Htomach  coming  to  him,  I  i.i,ist  iieetis  make 
Aim  some  without  fowl,  before  I  went  abroad.  I 
caused  a  woman  to  hruiho  Rome  ccrn  anj  take  the 
flour  from  it,  and  set  the  lirokon  corn  in  a  pipkin,  (tor 
ihey  have  earlhrn  pots  of  all  sizes.)  When  the  day 
broke,  wo  went  out  to  seek  herbs,  (il  beini;  (ho  middle 
of  March)  but  could  not  lind  any  but  Htrawborry  leaves, 
iif  which  I  leathered  a  handful  and  jmt  inio  the  same, 
nnd  hooau^o  I  had  nothing  to  reli^^h  it,  I  wont  fortli 
a^ain  and  pulled  up  a  sasMtfns  root,  and  sliced  a  piecu 
and  boiled  it.  till  il  had  a  jrood  polish.  Of  this  bioth  I 
^.ivo  him  a  pint, which  he  drank  and  liked  it  well ;  aHor 
th)!i  iiis  sitflit  mended,  and  he  look  some  ro»t.  That 
inornin;»  he  caused  me  to  spend  in  jji'in*,'  amony  the 
sick  in  the  town,  re  ,uestin<;  me  to  waish  ihetr  months, 
and  ^ive  them  some  of  the  same  I  ^nw.  him.  'I'his 
pains  1  look  willingly,  though  it  were  nmch  offensive 
to  me. 

"  When  the  messenjjers  were  retumcil,  finding  his 
Btomacb  come  to  him,  he  would  not  have  the  chickens 
killed,  but  kept  them  for  breed,  A'eilhenlursl  we  yivo 
him  anv  pbvsic,  because  he  was  so  much  altered,  not 
Joubtini;  of  his  recovery  if  he  wore  careful.  Upon  his 
rocovorv  he  brake  forth  into  these  speeehcK  :  '  Aow  I 
nee  the  Kuijlish  are  my  friends,  atui  love  me;  whilst  I 
live.  I  will  never  fori^et  lliis  kindness  iboy  have  showed 
mo  '  .\t  our  cominy  away,  he  called  HobumiK-k  to 
hitn,  and  privately  t<dil  him  of  a  plot  uf  the  Massaehu- 
sottd  ajrainst  Wesloirs  colony,  and  so  ajrainst  us.  l)ut 
he  wtiuld  neither  join  therein,  nor  yive  way  to  any  of 
his.  With  this  ho  ch.ir<red  him  to  aequr.int  mo,  hy  the 
wav,  that  I  iniijht  inform  the  j^overnor.  lioin^  tilted 
for  our  return,  wo  took  leave  of  him,  who  returned 
many  thanks  to  our  y:ovcrtior,  and  also  to  ourselves,  for 
our  labor  alal  love  ;  the  like  did  alt  that  were  about 
him.     So  we  departed." 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year.  Mr  Winslow  went 
to  Kn<.'land  as  aL'otit  to  the  colony,  to  yive  anacenuni 
of  their  pror;'edin«:s  to  the  adveiitun-rs,  and  prm-ure 
such  thitiiis  as  Here  neeess;iry.  Whilst  be  was  in  Kni:- 
land.  be  publislieil  a  narrative  of  the  ^■otIIemenl  and 
rane»aetions  i>f  tbeeulony  at  i 'I v mouth, under ! his  title, 
**  (tuod  news  from  New  Krifrjand,  or  a  rol.ilioii  o| 
things  remarkable  in  that  plantation,  by  K.  Wins- 
htw." 
This  narrative  is  nbridwrd  in  Purciias's  Pilgrims, and 
has  been  of  !ireat  service  to  all  tiiicceetlmg  hisinriaiiR. 
To  it.  he  subjoined  an  account  of  tlu'  manners  and 
customs,  the  relti^ious  opinion.)  and  ceremonies  of  the 
Indian  natives  ;  which,  beiniran  origmal  work  and  tiuw 
rarely  tu  be  found,  is  ii)serle<lin  the  Appendix. 

In  the  foUiiwini:  spring  {March  \G'2\)  Mr.  Winslow 
returned  from  Knglaiid,  having  been  ab^eul  no  longer 
thitri  six  months;  brintiioL'  a  good  sii|>ply  of  clothing 
anil  tither  ni'cessarie^;.  and.  wh;it  wns  id"  more  \alue 
tliaii  anv  other  supply,  threr  heift'r.%  ami  one  hull ;  the 
l'ir-<t  neat  cattle  brouiihl  into  Now-Kngland. 

The  sameye;ir,lie  wont  again  to  Kiii»l:ind,where  he 
h;id  an  o[iportunity  of  correcting  a  nuNiake  which  had 
been  made  in  his  liirmer  voyaije.  The  adveidurerh. 
had  then,  in  the  n^uiie  ship  w  ith  the  cattle,  sent  over 
J>ihn  I.vford,  a»  a  inini^'ter  ;  wh<i  was  soon  suspecled 
of  being  a  person  unlit  for  that  olheo.  When  Mr. 
Winslow  went  atrairi  to  Krii^l.tnd. ho  imparled  this  sus- 
picion ;  and  at  a  meeting  of  ihi>  advcnlurers.  it  appo^ir 
ed  on  exatnination  tli.tt  l.\fi;rd  li.ul  bei-n  a  minister  in 
Ireland  ;  wlure  his  condiicl  hail  bei>ti  so  bail  as  to 
nhliire  him  to  ipiil  that  kin<tdiim  ;  anil  that  the  adveU' 
turers  had  been  imposed  upon,  by  false  testimony  coiv 
Torniu:;  him.  With  this  di*eo\rr;,  Mr  Winslow  came 
back  to  PIvm-Hith  in  Ut'J.^).  and  ftaind  the  o<Mirt  sitting, 
on  the  nlVair  of  Oldham,  wh>)  had  returned,  ivftor  ha- 
liisbment.  The  tmeeharaiiers  id  these  impostors  hiv 
ini'  t)ius  iliscuvornd,  they  were  both  expelled  I'roiii  the 
plantation 

Al'oiii  the  same  liin».  (J'lvernor  Hndford  having 
prevaded  on  the  people  of  IMviiioulh  I')  i-lioosc  ti\.'  as 
eistant.^,  instead  of  one.  Mr.  W  iiislow  wiis  lirAt  eli'ctod 
to  this  ollice  ;  in  which  he  was  coiitimied  till   llld't, 


when  hy  the  same  inlbicnce,  he  was  chosen  governor,* 
for  one  year. 

Mr.  Winslow  was  a  man  of  great  activity  and  re.<t>- 
lution,  and  therefore  well  iiuahlicd  to  c.induct  enter- 
prizes  for  the  bonetlt  of  the  coloiiv.  Me  tVenuenily 
wont  to  Penobscot,  Konnebeck,  a  id  dmnecticui  ri- 
vers, on  trading  vovngos,  and  rendered  himself  Us^clut 
and  agreeable  to  the  people. 

In  Hi:).'),  he  undertook  another  agincy  in  Kngland 
for  the  C(donios  of  Plymouth  and  Massa-'hiisetts  ;  part- 
ly on  tK'casion  of  the  intrnsioiiH  which  wj-ro  made  on 
the  territory  of  New  England,  by  the  Fren;"h  on  tin 
east,  nnd  by  the  Dutch  on  the  west  :  and  panly  to.m 
swer  complaints,  which  had  been  made  to  t'.e  u'o 
vrrnmeiit  against  the  Massachusetts  (.'olony,  hy  Tlio- 
miis  Morton,  who  had  been  twice  e.\p(  lied  lor  his  loi!-- 
Iichavior. 

At  that  time,  the  care  of  the  colonic  was  connnii 
ted  to  a  number  of  bishops,  lonls,  and  geiillcinen, 
of  whom  .\rchbishop  Laud  was  at  the  head.  It  was 
also  in  contemplation  to  establish  a  general  govern- 
ment in  America,  which  would  have  superseded  the 
charters  of  thocidonies. 

Wiiislow's  situation  at  that  time,  was  critical,  and 
his  treatment  was  severe.  In  his  petition  to  the  coni- 
iiiispioners.  be  set  forth  the  encroachments  of  the 
l-'rench  and  Dutch,  and  praycil  for  "a  special  warrant 
to  the  I'inglish  ('olonies  to  defend  themselves  against 
.ill  foreign  enemies"  (Jovernor  Winthrop  ccn^ureil 
this  petition,  vs  "  ill  advised  ;  because  such  precedents 
might  endanger  their  liberties;  timt  they  should  do 
notlnng.  but  by  commission  out  of  Kngland" 

The  petition,  however,  was  favoralily  received  by 
homeofthe  Hoard.  Winslow  was  heanl  several  times 
in  support  of  it,  and  pointed  out  a  way  in  which  the  oli- 
ject  might  have  been  attained  without  any  charge  to 
the  (.'rown.  by  furnishing  some  of  the  chief  nu'ii  td"  the 
colonies  with  autliorily,  which  they  woulil  exercise  ai 
tlieir  own  expense. and  w about  any  public  national  dis- 
turiiance.  This  proposal  ciossed  the  design  ot  (ieorj;e 
<-.nd  Mason,  whose  aim  was  to  establish  a  general  no 
vernment  ;  and  the  archhishop  who  was  ciiu'aued  in 
their  interest,  put  a  check  to  Winslow 's  jiropnsal,  bv 
questioning  bij.t  on  Morton's  accusation,  for  lii^own 
pi  rsonal  comluci  in  America.  The  ollcnces  alleged 
against  him  were,  that  he,  not  bciiiL'  in  Imly  orders. 
hut  a  mere  layman,  had  taught  publicly  in  the  church, 
and  had  olliciated  in  the  celebration  of  marriages.  To 
the  fornier.WiiisIow  answered,  '■  that  soini'times.vvlien 
the  church  was  de.".titnte  of  a  minister,  he  had  exeieis 
ed  his  gift  for  the  edilication  of  his  brethren,'  To  the 
latter,  "that  though  he  had  olliciated  as  a  magi.-^traie 
in  the  soimmizing  of  marriai^c,  yet  be  rejianied  it  only 
as  a  civil  contract  ;  that  the  jieoplc  of  Plymouth  had 
tor  a  long  time  heen  destitute  of  a  minister,  and  vxere 
compelled  by  necessity  to  have  recourse  to  the  ina^'is- 
trate  in  that  solemnity  ;  that  tins  was  not  to  them  a  no- 
velty, having  been  accustomed  to  it  in  lloliaiid  where 
he  himsrif  had  been  married  by  a  Dutch  tiiagistrate.  in 
the  stale  house.  '  l)n  this  honest  coulession,  tbo  arch 
bishop  pronounced  him  gniliy  of  the  crime  o\  separa- 
tion from  the  naliipiial  cimrch,  and  prevailed  on  the 
HoanI  to  coiLsent  to  his  iinprivonim-nt.  He  was  there- 
fore comioilled  to  the  Fleet  pristin.  where  he  lay  con- 
fined seventeen  weeks  IJnt  after  that  time,  on  peti- 
tivinini;  tlie  Hoard,  be  olttaineil  release. 

At  lii.s  return  to  New  Mn/dand.  the  colony  showed 
him  the  highes'.  degree  of  respect,  by  eboosirig  him 
ilieir  governor  for  the  sncieediiii:  year  (HllHi. )  In  tins 
otiico  he  conducted  himsell  greatly  to  their  satisfaition. 
In  Pi-ll  he  was  ai:ain  honored  with  the  same  up- 
poinimeitt,  and  in  the  intermediate  years,  was  the  first 
on  the  list  of  matfistrates. 

;  When  the  colonics  of  New  Knglaml  entered  into  a 
eoiifcderation  for  their  mutual  dejl'iice,  in  UllU.  Mr. 
iW'inslow  was  chosen  one  of  Iho  coinniissionors  lui  be 
half  of  IMvinouth,  and  was  continued  in  that  olVicetill 
MlKi.  when  ho  was  solicited  by  the  Colony  of  .Mi.-isa- 
chuselts.  to  go  again  to  l-!ni;l.tndtii  aiiswet'  to  the  com- 
plaints of  SaiiHiel  (torton  ami  others,  wl'.o  had  cbart'ed 
jthem  with  religious  intoloranee  and  perseeiilion  The 
,  times  being  clmngeil,  and  the  Puritans  being  in  power. 


•  Ttir  fnllowiitr  iicfr  frnm  f!M\>Tti'tr  \Viiillirn|t't  JoumnI  t^ 
«..itli\  (>|  nl.vrvalh.ii  t     "  Mr.  K.U\;inl  \Viii>lnw  wns  rlins.-a 
L-'ivenuT  n|  IHvtiuittih.     Mr.  Ilrfidlnril  liavni!.'  Ihtii  KiMcmor 
ttliniit  tell  [twei'  e  yi-iirs.]  ainl  now  |.y  |tri|>nrlanit\  nut  oil." 
I     This  MiiKulartiait  lii  llrtiilfor  \'s  cliiirietei,  oi  wUuh  Hurt-  \* 
Iht'liilli'sl    eviiloiire,  sKirirtentlv  invntiiliiies   an  iiiM:iiKtli>>ii 
itl    Mat' ItitiMnn.  tlinl    Wnixlrnv'n    "  i>iir|>lo\  ineiit    iihrn  id  I'K- 
irti'til   II   i-iiinpeniiiiii  lirtvvecn    nriitilnril  ami  linn   lor   llie 
i:in<  rnnr'n  plm-e."! 
Iliitcliiiifinn  win  nwovrrnor  of  n  ilifTerpnt  rlmrntnr' 
t   \\  iiillir»t>'t>  Joiirtiul,  4:.        Hutch.  Hist.  II.  4:);. 


Mr.  Winslow  had  great  advanla<;e  in  this  business, 
from  the  credit  .'md  esteem  which  lie  enjoyed  with  that 
party.  We  have  no  account  of  tbo  particulars  of  this 
agency,  hut  only  lit  general,  that  *'  by  his  prudent 
management,  he  prevented  any  damage,  and  eleareij 
the  colony  from  any  blame  or  dishonor." 

One  design  of  the  confederation  of  tbo  colonies,  was 
to  promote  tlie civilization  of  tlie  Indians, and  theircoii- 
version  to  the  ('hrislian  religion.  In  this  great  un  I 
good  work,  Mr.  Winslow  was  I'rom  principle,  very  zea- 
lously engaged.  In  England,  he  employed  Ins  interest 
".mi  friendship  with  members  o\'  the  Parliament,  ant 
other  gentlemen  of  ipialily  and  fortune  to  erect  a  cor- 
poration there  for  the  prosecution  of  the  design.  For 
this  purpose,  an  act  (d'  Parliament ^vas  passed  (IB4!)) 
im-otporating  a  siH'iety  in  Kngland  "  for  propagating 
the  (fospel  in  New  Kngland."  The  commissioners  of 
thernited  Colonies  were  coustilutcd  a  Hoard  of  Cor- 
respondents, and  distributors  of  the  money,  which  wa.i 
supplied  ill  Kngland  hy  eharitahle  donations  from  all 
the  cities,  towns,  and  parishes  in  the  kingdom.  Uy 
the  influence  and  exertions  of  both  these  respectable 
bodies.ministerswcro  supported  among  the  Indians  of 
New  England  :  the  Hibte  and  other  books  of  piety  wcro 
translated  into  the  Indian  tongue,  and  printed  for  their 
use ;  and  much  pains  wore  taken  by  several  worthy 
mil  isters,  and  ol her  gentlemen  loinstrncl  the  Indians, 
and  reJuee  them  to  a  civilized  life.  This  society  is 
stilt  in  existence,  and,  till  tbo  revolulion  in  .America, 
they  kept  up  a  HoanI  of  Correspondents  at  Hoslon.  but 
since  that  periinl  it  has  been  discoiitimied.  Of  this 
corporation,  at  its  first  ehtablisbineiil,  Mr  W  insl-.nv 
was  a  very  active  and  faithful  mendier  in  Kngland  ; 
w  here  hi>«  reputation  was  great,  and  his  abilities  highly 
valued  by  the  prevailing  parly,  who  found  him  so  much 
employment  there,  and  elsewhere,  that  tie  never  re- 
turni'dto  New  Kngland. 

When  Oliver  Cromwell  (IG.'i^t)  planned  an  expedi- 
tion a<jainst  ibe  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies,  aiid 
sent  .\dminil  Pemi  and  (leneral  Venaldes  to  execute 
il,  he  appointed  three  coiiimihsioners  to  siiperinle".;! 
and  direct  tin  ir  opcralions  :  of  Rhieb  mniiler  Vv  ins- 
low  was  ihe  ibief;  the  other  two  wore  Uicliard  lloi- 
drip.  and  Ktlward  llla:.r<re.  I'heir  ohject  was  to  attack 
St.  Domingo,  the  only  ,tlaee  of  Blrength  which  the 
Spaniards  bad  in  liispaniola. 

The  coiiirn- iiders  dis;igreod  in  their  tempers  and 
views,  and  ihe  control  of  the  commissiouers  was  of  tio 
avail.  The  lioops,  ill  appointed  and  badly  provided, 
were  l.inded  at  too  great  a  distamo  I'rom  thiM'ity,  and 
losi  their  way  in  the  woods  Worn  with  huni>er  ami 
thirst,  heat  and  fatigue,  they  wore  routed  by  an  incim- 
siderabb'  nuiiil  er  ot  Spaniards;  six  hundred  were  killed^ 
and  the  remnant  k»ok  refuge  on  boanl  their  vessels. 

To  compensate  as  far  as  possible  fortius  unfortunate 
event,  the  ticet  sailed  tor  .lamaica.  which  surrendered 
without  anv  n  ^istance.  Hut  Mr.  Winslow,  mIio  par- 
took of  the  chai^rin  of  the  deltMt,  did  no)  enjoy  the  plea- 
sure of  the  villi  ry  In  the  passage  between  Hi.«panio- 
l.i  and  .lamaira,  the  heat  of  the  etimale  threw  Inm  into 
a  fever ,  wliieb,  operating  \utli  the  dejection  of  hiir 
minil.  put  an  1  lul  to  his  lili-  on  the  Mih  of  May,  ir>.*)'>. 
in  the  sixty  lil^tyea^  of  bis  age.  His  hody  was  com- 
mitted to  the  I'lop.  with  Ihe  honors  of  war.  forty-two 
gnnn  heiri:;  lired  by  the  fleet  oil  that  iK'casion. 

The  lollowiiig  well  meant  but  inelegairf  verses  were 
wrilten  by  one  t'f  the  past-cngers  on  board  the  siuiiu 
ship  in  which  he  died. 

"  The  rj:;h1h  nf  Mav,  \\  e.*t  fnmi  'Spaiiiol.l  shorT, 
Coil  liK'K  iri  in  lis  mir  uraiiil  ri)rniiiisM<taer, 
\\  inslou  l>\  ii.iiiie  ;  II  11  an  111  ciiieiesl  iru."!, 
Whose  lile  v%  hs  sMeel  riiiil  (-(iiiV(>rs.itriiii  just ; 
\\'h<>se  pal  Is  niitl  vMstlimi  nn».i  men  •hd  eicd; 
All  la)ii<ir  te  tiis  |il:i<  e,  as  ah  imii  leM." 

Hefore  his  departure  from  Now-Kngland.  Mr  Woi*« 
low  bad  made  a  settlement  on  a  valuable  trAel  id'land 
in  Marshlield,  to  whieli  he  gave  the  name  of  Carswoll, 
prohablv  from  a  castle  and  seat  id' that  name  in  Staf- 
fordshire. His  Mtn,  Josiali  VN'inslow.  was  a  inagistraltf 
and  ifovernor  .d  the  co|oii\.  and  general  of  the  New- 
Knixland  forces. in  Ihe  war  with  Ihe  lmhans,called  Phi- 
lips war.  He  died  in  ItillO  Isaac,  the  son  nf  Josiah 
Winslow.siislamed  the  chief  civil  and  mihiary  ollices  in 
the  cotinlv  of  Plymouth.  atti>r  its  incorporation  with 
Mas-*aelmsotls  ;  and  vvas  President  of  tlie  Provincial 
Council  He  liied  in  llAH  .lolui  Winslow.  the  son 
of  Isaac. was  a  captain  in  ihe  unfortunale  expediiioii  ti) 
Ciilia  in  If  10.  and  allerward  an  otlicer  in  tli  Hrilisti 
seruee.  and  iiMJor-genoral  in  sovera.  expeditions  to 
Kennebeck,  .Xosa  Scotia,  iiiiil  Crown  Point  He  dietl 
in  1771,  aged  ?l  His  son,  Dr  Isaac  Winslow. is  now 
in  possession  of  the  fHiiiily  citato  at  Marehlield.    Hy 


m 


in  lliia  lius'inoas, 
•(•iijii)i't)  with  lliiil 
'  |i:irlii'uhirHol'llii8 

"  liy  \n-i   (irudciit 

iiiir." 

illhocolonirs,  whs 
liaiiK.anil  tlnMri'im- 
lii  iIiIh  ^tciil  an  I 
liriiiii|ili'.  MTV  zn- 
i|il(ivi'cl  his  iiitiTi'st 
u'  I'urllaiiiiMit,  nil  I 
uiio  loori'it  11  fiir- 
illlir  ili'sinii      K.ir 

1  ■•  liir  iirH|iiii;aliii(,r 

'   IMHIlMliKnit'IllTS   Oi 

I'll  a  liiiaril  of  ('or- 
•miiiii'V,  «liiili  «ii' 
iliii>atioiii>  IriiMi  all 
llip  kiiiHiloiii.  By 
li  llii-Ki'  rcsiH'Clalilo 
icmi!  tlir  Iiuliaiis  iif 

liookKol  pH'ly  worn 
[iiiil  |prinli-il  liirllicir 

by  si'vi'ral  wnrlliy 
iislnii't  till'  liiiliani, 
H'.     i'liia  sdiiily  in 

illllinll  III    AllllTil'll, 

ili'iitital  llusliiii.  lull 
iiiiliiiiii'il.  or  tliiH 
iii'iil,  Mr  WiiisKiw 
iiilirr  in  Kn^laiiil ; 
il  his  aliililii'B  highly 
I  rniinil  him  Ml  iiiiK'ii 
1',  that   ho  iiiMT  ro- 

plaiini'ii  nil  rsiu'iri- 
!•  \\  f si  Inilii's,  ami 
Vinalili'S  111  cxiTlili' 
ifT!*  to  sll|irriilti''^t 
ihiili  niniiliT  Vv  ins- 
I  wiTi'  Uirharil  lloi- 
(il.jiTtw.is  to  allaik 
stri'iigUi  which  lhi< 

1  Iheir  ti'iiiiiors  iiiiil 
liissinlMTS  was  tit"  no 
anil  hailly  |iro\iiliil, 
re  iVoiii  ihiM'ily,  and 
irii  wiih  huii!;i'r  ami 
riuilril  liy  1111  iiiroii- 
hiiiiilrrcl  win'  killrJ, 
r.anltlirir  m'Ssi'Ih. 
lor  this  iiiilnrtunal* 
nhiili  surrciuliTi'il 
W  insluw,  «lio  jiar- 
not  I'lijoy  till'  pii'a- 
lii'lwi'i'ii  Hiipanio- 
iiiiatrlhri'W  liiiii  into 
ihr  ili'jiMtioii  of  his 
Sill  or  May.  Ifi'i'', 
His  liody  was  riiin- 
it»  ol  war,  lotly-two 
al  iKi'asion. 
ilc'j!an4  vcrsri  wero 
oil  hoatJ  the  muiHi 


BIOGRAPHIES    rtF    THE    KAIII.Y    DISCOVERERS. 


S5 


S|)ni 


..1,1  5 


i.irc, 


I  hsllru>l. 

i:.,ii...ii  j.m; 
...  .Ii.l  riri.ti 
1  lill." 

•  i;ii!;laiiil.  Mr  Wo.4- 
\alilahh'lrArli.('liii<l 
hi'  iiaiiii'ul'('ar»wrll. 
il'lliat  liallli'  ill  Slaf- 
was  a  iiKi^islralf 

mii.'ral  ol  Ihi-  Ni'w- 
ii.  Imlians.iallril  IMii- 
ihi-  son  of  Josiah 
ami  iiiililary  oIliiTS  ill 
s  iiif.ir|iora(i.iii  with 
cut  of  till'  I'rovinrial 
hii  Wmsl.iw.  the  son 
irliiiiali'  i.\|ic.liiioiil.> 

illiriT  in  ih    llr.iisli 

'viT.l.  r\|.i'tlllloIl«  I'* 
rowii  I'.iiiil  II''  'liril 
iiaac  \Viilslov\.i»  now 

u  ut  Marshlii'M.    Uy 


Scutiu, 


mim:s  standi sh. 

Mii.K-*  SrANDisn-A  SoI.Iicr  in  Hip  Nfttinlandu— K!nbnrl<;i 
fi>r  Atrirrirn— Comprls  Coiliit.uit  tn  «ultrnlt  —  Wis  rc'snlutit 
rimi!"irl  with  tiic  lii'li.-iii.-t— His  Kippclition  Id  WfssiiL'iissi-t 
ati'l  Ciiiic  Ann— Mr.  Ui-'.^lmni's  <HiM-iviitniin  ri'l;ilini.'  I" 
hini— Mr.  UMhiiisiin's  l,»'II('r— StHlxllsh  rrtnrris  in  riviiioiilli 
— ExptMlitinn  HRiiiiist  Mtirton— His  scUlcniriit  at  D.inliurv 
Ili.1  lieiilli  ami  Di'sruTiitmit'i — Stitli'v  Ueiiiurkii  un  «L-ii<lint; 
<,'oiivict.s  til  \'irginia. 

This  intrr|iit1  sntdirr,  the  hrrn  of  Mrw  Knj;laml,  as 
JohnSinith  w;i.'*ot' Vir-.'iiiiii.Wim  a  native  of  I.aiirasliirp, 
in  the  norlh  of  Kriulaml  ;  hut  thr  datn  of  Iiik  Itirtli  is 
nol  proscrvt'il.  Dojicrininl  from  llii*  youiii;pr  hranrh 
of  a  family  of  (listiiirtion.*  ho  was  "  heir  apparent  lo  a 
jrrrat  cstalo  of  himl.s  ami  livir)<;»,  siirri'plliioiisly  <)(>• 
tainnl  from  him."  which  rompi'MiMl  him  to  seek  HubsiM- 
tenro  f<ir  hini^^flf  Thontih  sirall  in  hlaliiro,  he  had  an 
uptive  grniu<f,  n  saniruinc  tcmptT,  and  a  utronj;  conali- 
tutiiin.  'rh"t<t>  ipialitirs  h'd  him  to  the  profession  of 
arms;  and  Ihr  Netherlands  InMMii,  in  hin  youlh,  a  the- 
atre i)f  war.  he  entered  into  the  service  of  Queen  KHza- 
heth.  in  aid  of  the  Dutch  ;  and  aOer  the  truce,  settled 
with  the  l'!n<;lish  refnijeeK  at  I.eyden. 

When  ihey  meditated  a  P'moval  to  America,  Stand- 
i«h,  thou^Th  not  a  niemher  of  iheir  church,  wasthonirht 
a  prt>per  peffson  to  accompany  them.  W'hetlier  hejoiir'd 
them  at  iheir  ret|Mest  or  his  own  motion,  rjoci;  not  ap- 
|MMr  ;  hut  he  en^au'ed  with  zeal  and  resolution  in  their 
enterprise,  and  etnharked  with  the  first  cunipany  in 

On  iheir  arrival  at  (^n(>e  CcmI.  he  was  appointed 
connnander  of  the  (trsi  parly  of  sixiei'u  men.  who  went 
ashore  on  disenvery  ;  and  wlieri  they  heijan  thi'ir  set- 
tlement al  i'lymi>uth.  he  was  unanimously  chosen 
ctiptain.  or  chief  military  connnander.  In  scviTal  in- 
lorviews  with  I  he  natives  he  was  the  fnst  to  meet  them, 
and  was  i:''"*'r:dlv  accompanied  with  a  very  small 
nninher  of  tnen,  seledrd  hy  himself. 

Arter  the  leaijue  was  made  with  Masassoif,  one  nf 
IiiH  petty  sachems, Corhitant.  hecame  discontented,  and 
was  mcftitalin:!  lo  join  with  the  Xarra^ansi-is  aL'a'.nst 
the  Kn^'liMi.  Standish.  willi  fonrteeti  inen  and  a  iruide, 
went  tr  Cit' ilanl's  place.  (Swanzey)  and  surrounded 
his  house;  hilt  n>>t  liniliriir  him  al  home,  thev  inform- 
ed his  people  ofiheir  intenlion  of  ^Ie^lroyilI^  him.  if  he 
khould  persist  in  his  rehelliin)  ('orhitant,  hearioL'  of 
his  d,»in»er.made  an  acktiowledLMnent  to  Masassoit.and 
rntrealed  his  niediaiion  with  the  Koi^jish  lor  peace. 
Jle  was  soon  atU-r  [.Si-pt.  Kl,  Hi*.;i  ]  adniitled  with  eiirht 
other  chiets,  to  suhscrihe  an  instrument  of  suhinitision 
to  the  Knulish  iiovernment. 

In  every  hazardous  enterprise,  f  apt.  Standish  was 
reaily  to  put  himsrlf  f.remosi, whether  the  ohjccts  were 
discKviTV.  tnillie,  nr  war  .  and  Ihe  pi-iiplr,  animated  hv 
his  example,  ami  cotiti<hni:  in  his  hravrrv  anil  fnlclitv. 
ihuu>.'hl  themsrivcs  vat'e  under  his  cotnmand. 

When  the  town  it\'  IMvmituih  [M')',"^]  was  enclosed 
ami  fortillol.  the  defence  of  it  was  cnmmitted  to  the 
raptain,  who  made  the  most  jiitlicious  disposition  of 
theirforce  lie  diviiled  them  into  four  sipiailroiis.  ap 
prtinlinijthose  wimm  he  thouiihl  most  fit.  to  command  ; 
and  onlercd  every  man,  on  any  i-larm,  tii  repair  to  hi.s 
respective  station,  and  put  fiimsejf  under  his  propi*r  of- 
ficer. A  select  company  was  appointed,  in  casi'  of 
accidental  fire,  to  uitiunt  j;uard.  w  ilh  their  hacks  lo  the 
fire,  that  lliry  unuht  preient  the  approach  of  an  enemy 
durinjr  the  conlI.t(;ration 


•  Al!  which  I  hnve  li,-en  iihlo  to  collect  relative  to  ihc 
fannlvoi'  .'<i,ii)<liHh,  it  Its  to|!o\vs  : 

Iltiiiv  Maiiiliih,  a  FrancH.iui.  D.  II.  nf  ('amlTiUe,  llixhop 
of  St.  Asnph.  hetiTC  the  l(»  forniation,  w^ts  a  I'liiot  lo  I'ot)'rrv. 
FalhML'  .lovvn  on  hi*  knee*,  hefore  Kiiiir  Ih-nrv  VMI.  he  |nMi. 
Iiinipii  hiinlcHMntiriiie  llie  relii!loii»  esliihU^i'ineiit  nfhis  mees- 
lor**.    Tins  prelnte  die. I,  A.  II.  Ii3i,  nl  a  ver  •  ai'v^Mced  nee. 

J"hn  ,'*tari(li>li,  i.eiihew  to  Meniy,  wrote  al..  -.A  an.xinat  tiie 
Iransliiion  nt  tlu*  lnl>le  inlo  the  Knirlfh  hunt-uncp  ;  ami  pre. 
■enteil  ii  to  the  Parlianient.  He  itiu>l  in  MbtS,  m  the  rtirii)  of 
ijueeii  Marv. 

Sir  Hirhar.l  Slamijsh,  of  Whittle,  near  Cliarlev.  In  im 
fcTi  tinil-' n  lead  initii'  was  (ilscovere.l.  not  hnit,' I'elore  IdW. 
ari'l  wr.iiKlit  with  comi  iiucceitti.  Neiir  the  waiiie  place  is  a 
ijuarry  of  Mill-stones. 

Tlie  villfiue  nt  SLinMiitli.  nml  a  seat  callert  Stnivlnh-II.Tll. 
are  Hiiimtt near  the  river  I)ou«l;is.  ni  l.am-asliire,  lirtween 
the  tnwn^  f  <"aarle\  nml  Wiu-an.  which  are  ahont  fi  nilles 
dlitanl.  \^  "nu  is  0  miles  north  of  Warrinittnn,  oa  ihe  ^ouiU- 
ciUiilJeof  tlu)  cuuiity.    See  UmiiUuirs  Ma^)  uf  Linctiature. 


Heini;  sent  on  a  tradinjr  voyai;e  to  Matachiest,  fhe- 
tween  Uarntttahle  and  Yarmouth,  Feh.  HJii;)]  a  severe 
storm  came  on, durinj»  the  first  iiiLfht,  hy  which  the  har- 
bor was  filled  with  ice  and  I^iptain  Standish  with  Ins 
party  was  obliged  to  |odi;e  in  one  of  the  huts  of  the 
I  savaijefl.  They  came  tojrether  in  a  conHiileral)le  nuin- 
UT.and  inider  the  mask  nf  frieiidship.promised  to  tupply 
him  with  corn.  Standisli  surtpectinjf.  i>y  tlieir  number, 
that  their  intention  was  hostile,  would  not  permit  his 
men  lo  lie  down  all  at  once,  hut  ordered  them  to  sleeii 
and  watch  by  turns.  In  the  niornin<;.  a  discovery  was 
made  that  Komethinirs  had  been  stolen  from  his  shallop. 
The  captain  immediately  went  with  his  whole  force. 
consistinir  (if  MIX  men,  surrounded  Ihe  house  ot  trie  sa- 
chem Ianou<rh,  and  ohti^ed  him  to  find  Ihe  '*uef  and 
restore  the  stolen  thintjs  This  resolute  beliavmr  struck 
them  with  awe  ;  tlie  trule  went  on  peacealdy.and  when 
the  liarbor  was  cleared  tin  shallop  came  oil'  with  a  load 
i)f  corn,  and  arrived  safely  ,'t  I'lymoulh. 

This  was  the  first  guspicion  of  a  conspi.-acy,  wJiich 
had  for  sometime  been  fonniui;  amon<r  the  Indians. to 
ilestroy  the  Krtiihsh.  In  the  followini;  month  [March] 
he  had  anolher  specimen  ni'  their  insitlerice  at  Mano- 
met,"  whither  hi;  went  to  fetch  home  the  corn  which 
(ioverrior  Bradford  had  boujjht  in  the  precedino  au- 
tuuni.  The  captain  was  not  received  with  that  welcome 
which  tiie  tjovernor  had  cNperienced.  Two  Indians 
from  Mass.ichusetts  were  there,  one  of  whom  had  an 
iron  dayiier,  which  he  h.id  irotlen  from  some  of  Wes- 
ton's people  at  Wessai;usset.  [Weymouth]  and  which 
'le  nave  to  Canaeurji,  Ihe  Sachem  o(  Mauinnet,  hi  the 
view  of  Standish.  The  present  was  arcompani(sl\Wth 
a  speech,  which  the  captain  diti  not  then  perfeclly  iin- 
lerstand,  but  ibe  purport  of  it  w  as,  '•  That  the  Knolish 
were  too  Nlroiii»  for  the  Massachusetts  Indians  to  al  tack 
without  help  fn>m  the  others  ;  because  if  they  should 
cut  otfthe  people  in  'heir  bay. yet  they  (eared  that  those 
>f  IMymoutli  wnnld  rcveniie  their  death.  lie  therefore 
nvited  the  sachem  lo  j>iin  with  them, and  destniy  both 
colonies.  He  maonificd  his  own  slreni(th  and  courage, 
and  derided  the  Knropeans.  liecause  he  bad  seen  them 
die,  cryini!  and  niiikint.'  sour  faces,  like  cbihlren.''  An 
Indian  of  Paoinet  was  present,  who  had  lornierly  been 
friendly,  and  now  professed  the  same  kindness, idlerini! 
his  personal  service  to  ifct  the  corn  on  lioardthe  shallop, 
tbou;rh  he  had  m  vcrdone  such  work  before;  and  invilino 
the  captain  to  lodoe  in  bis  hut. as  the  weather  was  cold. 
Standi*!)  passed  the  nioht  by  Ins  tire,  but  ibouoh  earn- 
estly pn'ssed  ti»  take  his  rest,  kept  himself  contimially 
in  motion, and  the  next  day,  hy  the  help  of  the  s<pjaWH, 
out  his  corn  on  board,  and  relurned  to  Ulymouih.  It 
was  at'lcrward  discovered  tliat  this  Indian  intended  to 
kill  him.  if  be  had  fallen  asleep. 

About  the  same  time,  hap|iened  Mr.  Winslow's  visit 
lo  Masassoit  in  bis  sickness,  ami  a  fiill  discovery  of  the 
plot,  which  the  Indians  at  .Massachusetts  had  contrived 
lo  destroy  the  Kni;lish.  The  prople  whom  Wi  stoij  had 
sent  to  plant  a  colony  at  WessaL'usset,  were  set  tlisor 
derly  antl  imprudent,  that  the  Indians  were  not  t)nly 
disuusted  with  them,  hut  despised  them.  These  were 
destined  to  be  the  tirst  victims.  Their  overseer,  John 
Sanders. was  iroue  to  Monhei.'an,  to  meet  the  fishermen, 
at  their  coming  to  the  cnast,  and  uet  st>ine  provisions. 
Durino  his  absence,  the  Indians  bail  yrown  more  inso- 
I(  'It  than  befori'  ;  and  it  was  necessary  that  some  force 
sbtuiid  be  Hpnt  Ibilher,  as  well  tu  protect  Ihe  foloiiy  as 
to  crush  Ihe  conspiracy.  Staiuhsh  was  the  commander 
j  of  the  party  ;  arulas  ihis  was  hisca|)ital  exploit,  it  may 
'iie  ino.st  satisfactory  and  erilerlaininy  to  L'ive  Ibe  ac- 
count m['  it,  as  related  hy  Mr  Wi:is!ow  in  fiis  narrative. 
j  "The  '::\A  of  March"  [Itl'J;!]  heino  a  yearly  Cmrt 
(lay. we  came  to  this  conclusion;  that  Captain  Standish 
should  take  as  many  men  as  he  ihoiiobt  sulllcient  ti» 
nutke  bis  party  uoo.|.  airaiiisl  all  the  Indians  it-  Massa- 
chusetts Hay;  and  hecanse  it  is  imposhihle  lo  deal  with 
Ihcm  in  open  detiance.  but  lo  lake  them  in  such  traps 
as  ihey  lay  for  others  ;  therefore  tijal  he  should  preti-nd 
trade  as  at  oilier  times  ;  but  tirst  to  oo  to  the  Knolisb. 
and  accpiaint  ihem  with  the  plot  and  the  end  of  his  own 
comiiio.tbal  hv  coinparinu  il  w  it  ht  heir  carriage  l*»wards 
them,  he  mioht  belter  judoe  of  the  certainly  of  it,  and 
mtire  (illy  take  opportunity  to  revenue  the  same  ,  but 
should  forbear,  if  it  were  possdde,  till  siu'h  lime  as  he 
could  make  sun  of  Witluwamal.  a  bbuMly  and  hold 
villain,  whose  head  he  had  orders  to  bring  with  him. 


rpon  this,  (*nplain  Standish  made  choice  ofpi^Itttht•n. 
and  would  not  take  more,  because  lie  would  prevent 
jealousy.  On  the  next  day.  before  he  ?ouId  [;o.  caino 
one*  of  Weston's  rom|)any  to  us  with  a  pack  on  hid 
hack,  whttinadea  pitiful  narration  of  their  lamentabltf 
and  weak  estate,  and  of  the  Indians' carriage;  whoH© 
boldness  increased  abundantly, insomuch  as  they  woukl 
take  their  victuals  out  ofiheir  pots,  and  eat  before  their 
faces;  yea,  if  in  any  tbinir  they  sainsayetl  them,  they 
were  ready  lo  hold  a  knit'e  al  their  hreastri.  He  said 
that,  to  L'ive  lliem  content,  ihey  had  handed  onet  of  tho 
company,  who  had  stolen  their  corn,  and  yet  they  re- 
Uarded  it  not  ;  that  another  of  them  had  turned  savago; 
that  their  people  had  mostly  forsaken  the  town,  aiid 
made  their  renilezvous  where  they  ^ol  their  victuaU, 
hesause  they  woitlil  not  take  pains  to  hrinir  it  Hume  ; 
that  they  had  sfild  their  clitthes  for  corn,  ami  were  ready 
lo  perisji  wiih  huni^cr  and  celil.  and  that  they  werediH* 
perseii  into  three  companies,  bavinij  scarcely  any  pow- 
der and  shot.  As  ibis  relation  was  orie\ous  to  us,  bo 
it  iiave  us  j;-ntd  encouraoemenl  to  proceed  ;  and  tho 
wind  cominir  fair  the  next  day.  March  li'),  Captaiii 
Standish  beiiit;  now  filled,  set  forth  for  .Massachusetld, 
"  The  caj)tain  beini;  come  to  Massachusetts,  went 
first  to  the  ship,  but  fiaind  iiciilier  man  nor  do;;  there- 
in.  On  the  ilischar^e  of  a  musket,  the  niaster  and 
some  others  showed  ibemselves,  who  were  on  shuro 
iralherini;  ground  nuts  and  other  fixHi.  Alter  s;iliitu- 
tiou,  Cajilain  Standish  asked  Ihem  bow  they  durst  no 
leave  the  ship,  and  live  in  such  security  !  They  an- 
swered, like  men  senseless  of  their  own  mi.sery,  that 
they  feared  not  the  Indians,  hut  lived  and  sulfered  them 
lo  ItHleo  with  them,  not  liavini;  u  sword  nor  a  ^un,  or 
neetlitio  the  same.  To  which  the  captain  replied,  that 
if  there  were  no  cause,  he  was  ylad.  liut  upon  tiirtber 
inquiry,  nnderstandin>;  that  tho-^e  in  w  boin  John  San- 
tlcrs  hatl  reposeil  mo.-it  conlidence  were  at  the  ptanlii- 
tiou. thither  he  went  and  made  known  the  Indians'  pur- 
po  ,e,  and  the  end  of  his  own  coming;  ;  and  told  tlicm 
that  if  they  durst  not  stay  ihere.  il  was  lb*'  intention  o( 
the  governor  and  people  of  Plymouth,  to  receive  Ihttu 


*  Manoinet  is  the  nante  nf  a  i-reek  or  rivi?r  which  runs 
through  the  town  of  S:in»lwich.  into  tlie  upper  part  of  lluz- 
/.lint's  n.iv.  formerly  calh>l  Maiioniet  R.iv.  Hetwi-en  this  ami 
•*iii*.sel  Crrt'k,  (into  ulinh  St.in'i*h  went  ami  receiviul  tilii 
t'oriO  i<i  the  pliire.  wlmli.  for  mctrr  tliiiii  a  rrriliirv,  hiitt  hi'etl 
thouuhl  of.  »i  p|o|HT  t>i  he  cut  lhroni;li.  to  toini  a  coiiunii- 
iiitntion  hv  a  iidvijtalilu  caniij,  from  Baiiiiitublu  Hay  to  Uuz- 
zartl's  Qay. 


*  His  name  was  Phitiehns  Pratt :  nn   IrHliaii  followed  him 

to  ktiUuiii,  hat  hv  inisMiitf  his  wav,  lie  o^eapeil  and  t:<>t  into 
I'lvmtailh.  Thi-^  inati  u.is  livna;  iti  IGTT.  when  Mr.  niiM>:ird 
wrote  his  lustorv-  The  Indiaii  wh.i  foltowi.d  tiim  w  i nt  lo 
Mioionii-i,  and  oil  his  return-  visited  I'lyiiiuuth,  whiTc  ho 
was  put  in  iritns. 

t  Mr.  Iluli'iard's  ai-rouiit  of  this  milter,  ia  as  f-tljows. 
"The  c'onipnny.  as  some  report,  prttendeif,  in  'vny  o(  !«ttii* 
faction,  tu  punish  hiin  that  (h<l  the  thciA  ;  hot  (.i  his  s  ad. 
Iiaiiued  a  jMior  decrepit  oUl  man,  that  was  unirrvKiMl.ie  tu 
tlie  coiiipnny,  and  hurileiisoiiie  to  keep  alive  :  I'lns  his  tl.o 
irround  of  the  story,  with  which  ihe  merry  centleinrin  that 
wrote  the  poem  ciiUcd  Hndihras,  did  in  his  poetical  f:incy, 
make  ho  much  spurt.  Ttie  uitiahitaniH  of  I'lymoulh  teil  thu 
story  nuich  itltierwise,  as  if  the  ptsrsnn  han^red,  wan  leail/ 
k'uilly  of  steiriinK,as  «ere  many  of  tin  rest.  Yrt,  it  i<  j  osai- 
hh!,  thai  juiitice  miKlit  he  executed,  tint  on  hiin  tint  most 
rlescrv(d  It,  hut  on  lam  that  could  hest  he  S[)areil,  of  wtw 
was  mil  likely  to  live  lont,  tl  he  had  In  en  Ut  alune." 

The  passive  of  Hudihras  ahuve  referrru  to,  i»  m  Pait  a 
canh)  a,  line -103,  Ac. 

'■  Til"'  nire  and  dark  the  point  appear, 

Qiioili  Hal|iii,ii  may  hold  up  and  rUari 

That  sintu'rs  maysii[i[.ly  the  pl.ice 

(tf  sulleniuf  HHiniK.  IS  a  plain  oi^e. 

Justice  pivt's sentence  munv  tunes, 

I  hi  one  man  for  another's  cram  s. 

Our  hrethren  nf  Now  Enithuid  use, 

» 'hoire  riiah'.iirtors  tn  pxrti?«e. 

And  hanK  tlie  »ruiltlcs»  in  ihf  ir  st'a-1, 

<  M  w  hoiii  the  itilirches  have  li  ss  lu'L-d  ; 

As  liiielv  hap|H>ited.     In  a  town. 

There  hv'd  a  Cohhier,  and  hut  one. 

Who  out  of  doctrine,  could  cut  use. 

And  mend  men's  llve^  an  wt'll  as  Hhoeii. 

This  preiioimhroiher.  havina  slam 

In  tune  of  pen  e,  mi  Indian. 

Not  out  of  mahct'.  hut  meie  zoal 

Decause  he  was  an  liil'nlel  , 

The  iiin:l.tv  Tottipotimoy 

Neni  to  our  c Idem  an  envoy. 

t'ompiaininB  sorely  of  'he  hreach 

0\  h  aiiue.hehl  forth  Iv  hroihtr  Patch, 

Acainst  theartuien  in'orri 

Heiween  (Mtih  chnrctie^i,  Iiin  iad  nurt ; 

Forwhiih  he  rrav'd  the  »»nii'T(,  to  rendtir 

Into  lii>.  hiin.U,  or  hiinti  th'  oihnder. 

Put  thrv.  mat  art  !v  Imviuff  welched, 

'I'hey  Imd  no  more  hut  liltn  of    the  trtda  | 

A  man  that  serv'dthcm.  iii  a  douMo 

Capiiritv.  to  tench  .and  cohhir, 

ResoKMi„spiire  him,  Vet  to  do 

The  In-hrin  II  c»o  MotMn,too, 
Imparii.il  tiiHtu-e,  m  his  Hteiid<lld 
IIhii^  mold  \Vea\er,  that  was  hrd-rid, 
Then,  wherehue  mnv  not  you  hp  Kktpp'ti 
And  in  your  room  Miulher  whipp'd  !" 

Th«  iUrr  i*  here  m.^t  ridlculomtly  c,irt>aturfH  ut  a  «1ti| 

upon  the  etoirchfs  ol  New  KuKlan-l.  1  do  iMt  flt.d  that  thd 
pi  opir  nf  Weston'-  i  lantaiiim  had  nnv  rlnirih  at  .ill ;  th.'y 
wer''  a  nf\  of  tn-i.:,  oiventurer*.  Intent  ordv  nn  f;iinmB  t| 
vuhcMtenrr,  Mr.  Nr:il  Ka\it,  that  "he  oN(iiir<ed  a  p^tenl 
under  pretrr.rc  of  pruiia|utiii);  thu  dii^i{>Uiio  ol  toe  Church  ti 
EiurlanJ  :n  Anieriii. 


60 


A  M  K  R  I  O  A  N    11 1  S  T  O  II  Y  . 


\  ■■  :Vc 


till  tliPT  couhi  bo  bellPT  provided  for.  Those  mon  an- 1  tho  raptiiin  roliiriied  to  tlio  plunlation  ;  wIuto  ho  re- 
dworod  that  thov  oouM  oxpoct  no  holtor,  and  it  vvns  |(M*rd  iho  winncn  and  look  nnl  ihi'irlioavcrciMlfi  tVoin 
offiodn  morcy  ihiU  thoy  woro  not  killod  boloro  his  ihcin,  nor  BUtTorod  llio  U'att.  (llsLM>urtofiy  lo  bo  ()tli'rfil 
coming,  dotiiriM;^th;it  ho  would  noirlcct  no  opiiorttiiiily 
to  prm'ood  ;  horoupnn  hp  mivisod  thcin  to  socrory  and 
to  ordorono  third  ufthoir  company  that  woro  farlhost 
otTto  ooinc  homo,  and  on  pain  ot'dcath  to  koop  tliorOf 
hiintielf  allowing;  thoin  a  pintof  Indian  corn,  to  a  man, 
fiir  a  day.  though  that  was  xparod  out  of  our  wt^d  — 


thoin 

"  Now  wrro  \Vo>;tnrr«  poopio  rosolvod  (i»  loavr  the 
lilantaliiin,  and  no  tn  Mnnho'ian.  hnpini;  tojrrt  pasnairo 
and  roturn  [to  Kn<;land]  wilhtho  llshini;  NliipN.  Tho 
oaplain  (old  thorn,  that  for  hii*  own  pari,  ho  durst  livo 
ihoro  with  fowor  mon  than  tliov  wore  ;  vot  sinoo  thoy 


The  weather  provinjj  very  wot  and  stormy,  it  was  the' woro  othorwiso  mindod,  aroordiri;j  lo  hi**  ordors  fiom 
lunf^rr  bflfure  ho  could  do  any  thin^.  ilho  ijovornor  and  jMNtpJc  »»f  Plymouth,  ho  would  hrlp 

'*  In  the  moanlimo  an  Indian  came  to  him  and' ihcm  with  corn,  which  ho  ilid.  hrurro  |i-a\ii)<r  hinisrll 
brouj^ht  tiomc  furit,  but  rather  to  ^ot  what  bo  could  i  more  ttian  brought  thorn  home  Sonio  of  ihemdishknl 
from  Iho  captain  than  to  trade;  and  thougli  tho  captain  .  in  ijii  to  Monbo«;an;  and  ilosiritii,'  to  ;,'<»  with  him  to 
carrioil  tbintrs  as  smoothly  nn  ho  coultl,  yet  at  \\\a  ro-|  Plymimth,  ho  took  them  into  the  Khallop  ;  and  Hoeini; 
turn,  the  Indian  reported  that  lio  saw  by  his  cyi'^  that !  tho  other«  sot  sail,  anil  clear  of  Mansaclnisotls  Hay,  he 
ho  was  ani;ry  in  his  heart. and  thoroforo  boiran  l«»  siis-  'took  leave  and  roliirtied to  Plyinnuth,  hriniiirii; tho  bead 
peot  tliem!«elvc8  disoovoroil.  Tins  caused  one  IVfk- .  of  Wiltuwamal.  wbirli  was  set  up  on  the  t'tirt.* 
nout,  who  was  a  I'inese  [ehief]  boinij  a  man  of  a  n<»la- 1  "  'I'his  sod  leu  ai.d  unoxpei-toil  exoculiop,  had  so 
ble  spirit,  tir  come  to  HolianuH'k.  [Standish's  Indian  terrilieil  and  amazoil  tite  other  people  who  inteniled  to 
puido  and  interpreter]  ami  tell  him  that  ho  understood  join  with  theMassachnsencks  against  us.  that  ihey  for- 
tho  captain  was  come  to  kill  himself  and  tlio  rest  ot  sook  tlieir  houses,  runnin<>  to  and  fro  like  mon  dis- 
ihe  «ava«jes  tliero;  '  Toll  him.  said  he.  we  know  it.  hut  tracted  ;  livini;  in  swamps,  and  other  desert  jdaces, 
fo.ir  him  nut,  neither  will  we  shun  him  ;  but  let  him  and  so  hrouirht  disease  upon  tbemsetves, whereof  many 
beifin  when  ho  dare. he  shall  not  take  us  at  unawares.'  are  dead  ;  as  (/anacuin,  S.ichom  of  Manoinet ;  Aspi- 
Many  times  after,  divers  of  them,  severally  or  a  few  net.  of  Nauset  ;  and  lanounh.  of  Manlacbiest.  This 
toiTOthe-r.  came  to  the  plantation,  where  they  would  sachem,  flautm^h]  in  the  midst  of  those  distr.tclions, 
whet  and  sharpen  th.^  points  of  the  r  knives  hofore  his  saiil,  *  the  (Jod  ol  the  Knulish  was  olVondod  with  them, 
face,  and  use  many  other  insuKinj;  yoslures  and  and  would  destroy  thoin  in  bis  anner.'  From  one  of 
Bpeecbes.  Amoni;  llie  rest,  Witluwamat  braijixoii  of,  ihose  idaces.  a  boat  was  sent  with  presema  to  the 
thoexcelleney  of  his  knife,  on  the  handle  of  which  was|  vcrnur,  hopinrr  thoreliy  to  work  their  peace  ;  but  t. 
pictured  a  woman's  face  *Ilut,  sa"d  be.  I  have  another  ^  boat  was  lost,  and  three  (tf  the  people  drowned  ;  onl\ 
Rt  home,  whorewilh  I  have  killetl  holh  French  and  one  escaped,  who  loturiu'd  ;  so  that  none  of  then) 
Rnirlish,  and  that  bath  a  man's  (n.'i*  on  it.  and  hy  and  !<lurst  come  amonir  us." 

by,  these  two  must  he  marrifd.*  Further  bo  said  of.  Tho  Indian  who  had  heen  conlined  nt  Plymouth,  on 
that  knife  which  he  there  had.  lliiinain  mimm,  hin-  h\n  oxantinatioii.  confessed  the  plot ;  in  which  livo  per- 
miin  iHifheiu  mi»//(i  r<./.f,  that  is  lo  v,\\y ,  h\(  and  hy  r/ 1  sons  were  principally  concerned,  of  whom  two  were 
shimld  sfc,  hit  and  Ay  it  should  raf,  hut  not  fffKink.  Also '  killed.  Ho  protested  his  own  imioccnce,  and  his  life 
Pocksout  hoin^a  man  of  ifroator  stature  than  the  cap- !  was  spared  on  condition  that  he  would  carry  a  mossaijo 
tain,  tolil  him.  '  thoui;li  you  are  a  trroat  captain,  yet  [to  his  sachem.  I  >l>lakicst.  domandi.ijr  three  of  Weston's 
you  arc  hut  a  little  man  ;  ihouub  I  he  no  sachom.  yet .  mon,  whom  he  held  in  custody.  A  woman  returned 
I  am  a  manof  ifroat  strength  and  courage.  '  These ,  with  his  answer,  that  the  mon  wore  kilhl  before  tho 
thinu;9  the  captain  observed,  but  for  the  present,  bore  mossatro  arrived,  for  which  ho  was  very  so.-ry. 
them  with  palieneo.  1      Thus  ended  Weston's   plantation,  within  one  year 

'*  On  the  next  day,  Boeinij  he  could  not  fjet  many  of  after  it  he^an.  He  had  heen  otie  of  the  adventurers  lo 
llieni  toirethor  at  onoo,  hut  Pecksout  and  Witluwamat  ■  Plymouth  ;  hut  cpiittod  them,  und  took  a  separate  ]>a- 
beinij  together,  with  another  man,  and  the  brother  of  tent ;  anil  bis  plantation  was  intended  to  rival  that  of 
Witluwamat,  a  youlh  of  ei^^bleou,  puttintr  many  tricks,  Plymouth  He  did  not  coim*  in  person  to  America,  tilt 
on  the  weaker  sort  of  mon, and  haviiii;  about  as  many  t)f  alter  tho  dispersion  of  his  people,  some  iy(  whom  ho 
his  own  mon  in  the  same  room, ihe captain  jjavollio  word  found  anHiiiif  the  eastern  lishermen.  and  Irom  them  be 
to  his  mon  ;  aixl  thodottr  hein<!  fast  shut,  bebo<run  him* ,  lirst  hoard  of  the  ruin  of  bis  enlerpri/.e.  In  a  storm,  he 
•elf  with  Pecksout,  and  snatchin*;  the  knife  from  his   was  cast  away  between  the  rivers  of  Pascalaipia  ami 


neck,  afier  much  strUiTulinu  killei!  him  therewith  ;  tho 
rest  killed  Witluwaniat  andtlio  ollwr  man  ;  the  youlh 
they  look  and  hani;«'d-  It  is  incredible  bow  many 
wounds  these  men  recrived,  before  they  <lied.  not  mak- 
in-;  any  fearful  noise,  but  catcbinj;  at  their  weapons, 
and  strivini^  to  the  last.  HobamiH'k  stoml  by  as  a  s[>oc- 
tator,  observin<;  how  our  men  demeaned  themselves 


Merrimack,  and  was  robhi'd  by  tho  natives  of  alt  which 
he  had  saved  from  the  wreck.  Havirit;  borrowed  a  suit 
of  clothes  from  some  of  the  people  at  Pascalaipia.  ho 
came  lo  Plymouth  ;  whore,  in  consideration  of  Ins  ne- 
cossily,  ihc  (government  tent  him  two  hundrei)  weiybt 
of  heaver,  with  which  he  sailed  to  tho  eastward,  with 
such  of  bis  own  people  as  woro  disposed  to  accompany 


in  the  action  ;  which  beini;  ended,  ho,  smilini;.  brake  i  him.  It  is  observed  that  he  never  repaid  the  debt  but 
.forth  and  said.  '  V'estorday  IVcksout    bra«;i:e\l   of  hisi  with  enmity  and  reproach. 

own  stronijth  and  stature,  and  told  yon  lliat  though  i  The  next  adventure  in  winch  we  fmd  ('aptain  Stan- 
you  were  a  ijreat  captain,  yet  you  were  but  a  lirtle'dish  eniraijed.  was  at  Cape  Ami.  where  tho  fishcrmer. 
MMU  ;  but,  to  day,  I  see  you  are  big  enough  to  lay  him  lof  Ptyiiioulli  bad  in  lCt'*\  erected  a  sla<;e,  and  a  com- 
on  the  iiroiind.'  p!^")'  from  the  west  of  Kn»jlaud  in  the  followini,'  year 

"There  beini;  some  women  at  the  same  time  there,  had  taken  possession  of  it.  Staudisli  was  ordered  from 
(.\iptain  Slandish  tell  tbein  in  the  custody  of  Weston  s  j  Plymouth  with  a  party  to  retake  it  ;  but  nu-t  a  refusal, 
people,  at  the  town  ;  and  sent  word  tt)  another  com-  i  The  controversy  srew  w.imi.and  hiiih  vvonls  passed  on 
jiany  to  kill  those  Indian  ;uen  that  wore  amonu  them  biUti  .•(ides.  IJut  the  priiilence  of  Kii;rer  Cmiant.  aijcnl 
IMn'se  killed  I  wo  more  ;  bimscltwilb  some  of  his  own  for  the  west  counlrymr'n,  ami  of  Mr.  Pii'n'o.  nias'er  nt 
nn'U,  went  to  aiiotlier  place  and  killed  anollier ;  but '  their  ship. preveiited  matters  from  coiniiii;  to  extremity, 
throuilh  the  iu'i»lii;enee  of  one  man. an  Indian  escaped.  |  The  ship's  crew  lent  lln-ir  assistance  in  buildiuii  ano- 
who  disciivert'd  anil  erossed  iht'ir  proceeiliu;;s.  '  iher  sta^^e,  which  the  Plvinoulh  fisbe'men  accepted  in 

'iCaplain  Staudisli  took  ime  half  of  his  mon  wirh  one  lieu  of  the  former,  and  thus  peace  and  harmony  were 
or  two  of  Weston'sand  Hobamoek.  still  seekinn  them,  i  restored.  Mr  Hubbard,  who  has  preserveil  the  memo- 
At  leti<;th  they  espied  a  file  of  Imlians.  making  toward  ,  ry  of  llns  adair,  reltectsou  ('aptain  Staiidish  in  the  fol- 
them  ;  and  there  bein^  a  small  advanta<;e  in  the  ground  '  lowiui;  niainier  :  He  had  been  bred  a  soldier  in  the  low 
by  reas.)n  of  a  hill,  both  coni|i;nni's  strovi-  for  it.  Cap  :ei  "'itries,  and  ne\cr  enlori'd  into  the  scho'd  of  t'lirist, 
tain  Standirili  i/tit  il.  whereupon  the  Indians  retreated,  iu:  John  the  Haplist ;  or  if  ever  he  was  ihcre.  be  bad 
Rud  took  each  man  hi^  tree,  leltini;  tly  their  arrows 'for„'.  t  Ins  lirst  lessons,  looifervioh-nce  to  no  man,  and 
amain,  especially  at  himself  and  lIoJMmock.  Where-  tto  ;. .  t  with  the  cloak,  rather  than  needleH.sly  coninnd 
Upon  Hobamock  east  «.1V  his  coal,  and  chased  them  so  ■  for  the  coat.  thoui.'h  taken  away  without  order.  A 
fast,  that  cur  people  were  ihit  able  lo  bold  way  with  j  tittle  cbiimiey  issoun  fired  ;  S'l  was  the  Plymoutli  caj)- 
him.  They  could  have  but  one  certain  mark,  the  arm  j  tain,  a  man  of  very  small  stature,  yd  of  a  very  hot  ami 
and  half  tlie  face  of  a  Uiitable  villain  as  lie  ilroiv  f  his  I  angry  temper.  The  tire  of  his  passion,  soon  kindled, 
bow)  ,it  Captain  Slandish,  who  with  another,  both  dis 


.l4l 


charjett  at  him  anil  brake  his  arm  When-upon  they 
(led  into  a  swamp;  when  they  were  in  the  thicket. 
Ihey  parlied  bnt  ^ol  nothini^  but  font  lanu'ua-.'e  .So 
oureapt,iin  d.iri-d  the  s.irhi'in  to  come  out  and  fiidit 
tike  a  mm,  shi>wii)^  how  bate  and  woman  like  he  was. 


•This  may  eicite  in  soni"  (inruls  an  ohipetion  to  ttio  Im- 
rniiiily  of  oiir  forefiitlicrs.  Ttp^  rcasari  Ji^-iiniu'il  for  il  wa^. 
Unit  It  initflit  imive  a  terror  to  nthers.  In  iiKitttTK  *ii  w.ir 
mill  patilii-  jiiftire  lln'V  n'lf^rrvfl  ttif  (■u»i'i>rMM  itml  law,-*.  •,( 
Mh'  K-.iili'li  iiaiinn.  .\slatr  its  the  \.  ir  IT-IT.  tin-  lir:i.ls  ..l 
'III' liifils.  who  w.TC  r-iin-crririt  in  Ihc  S.-itt"  n-ticlhoti,  »rrr 
,      .  ..         I       I-  1      I     »  I  .-        I         I  ,1     I       ..       ^*"*  "!'  "^er  Ti-m[iI'-Hir,  ltii<    most    fn-riuL-iitcd  uas^at[t•  tic- 

lU  loiiguui^  It  an  hu  did  i  but  he  relused  and  lied.    So ,  iwotn  LonJon  uiiii  W eaiiiuualor. 


antl  blow.)  up  into  a  flame  by  hot  words,  might  easily 
have  consumed  all,  had  it  not  been  bfasoiiably 
(piencliod  " 

When  ihe  news  of  the  transaclions  at  Wessauusset 
where  Slaiulisit  had  kilted  the  Indians,  was  carried  to 
Flurope.  Mr.  Kobinsoii  from  Itcyderi  wrolo  lo  the 
('hnrcli  of  Plymonlh,  "to  ctmsiih'r  tho  dis|>nsiiion  of 
their  captain,  wlio  was  of  a  wan.)  temper.  He  bopid 
the  I<on)  hail  sent  him  among  ibom  tor  good,  if  Iht-v 
used  him  right;  but  hodoul>ted  wliether  there  was  not 
wanting  that  leiulerrn-ss  of  the  life  of  man,  made  after 
f iih)  s  imago,  which  was  nn>et  :  and  he  lboui;bt  it 
would  have  been  happy  ifthey  had  converted  hoimo, 
bolore  they  bad  killed  any."  • 

The  brsl  apolo<ry  forCaplain  .Staiulish  is,  that  ns  a 
soldier  he  had  boon  aeciislnriied  to  diseiplinc  and  obo 
dience  :  thai  he  considered  himself  as  ltii>  miUlarv  set 
vantoftho  colony,  and  received  his  orders  fron.  thi 
ijiivernor  and  people.  Sedentary  persons  are  not  al- 
ways the  best  jmlijos  of  a  soldier's  iiioril  or  leelinirs. — 
Mon  of  his  4iwn  profession  will  a  Imire  the  courage  of 
Siaiiilish.bis  prompliludo  aiidilccision  in  ih(>exe(  ution 
of  his  orders,  .\o)Uie  has  ebari.'eil  him  either  with  fai- 
lure in  ))oiiil  of  obedience  or  of  wantonlv  exceeding  iTle 
limits  of  his  commission.  If  ihe  arm  of  llrsh  were  ne- 
cessary loeslablihh  the  ri^'hts  and  defend  tho  lives  and 
properly  of  colonitits  in  a  new  country, surrounded  with 
enemies  and  false  friends,  certainly  sueb  a  man  as 
Slandish.  with  all  his  imperfeetions,  will  hold  a  high 
rank  among  the  worthies  of  Now-Kngland.  Mr. 
Prince  does  not  scruple  to  rcekon  him  among  those  he- 
roes of  aniiipiily,  *'  who  chose  lo  sniVer  aftticlion  with 
he  people  of  (iod  ;  who  throu<;h  taith  sululurd  kieg- 
ms,  wrou!>ht  rightemisnoss,  obtained  promises, 
...  )pod  them«iuths  of  lions, wa.xed  valiant  in  fiiihl.  and 
turned  to  tbirlit  the  armies  of  the  aliens;''  and  evni 
Mr.  Hubbaid.ifi  anoilicr  part  td'  his  history,  says  that 
(Viplain  Siaiidi.sh  '*  was  a  jfriitlemari  very  expert  in 
military  service;  by  whom  HiO  people  were  all  willing 
to  be  rtrdered  in  those  concerns.  He  was  likewise  im- 
provi'd  [employed]  to  irotwl  aceeptance  ami  success  in 
affairs  of  the  ••reatest  moment  in  that  colonv.  lo  whoso 
interest  he  continued  linn  and  stedf.ist  lo  the  last,  and 
always  manai/ed  bis  trust  with  great  integrity  and 
faithfulness.'' 

Two  ships  which  had  come  with  supplies  to  the  co- 
lony iho  same  year  (ICc^.))  returned  in  iheanlumn  with 
cartjoes  of  lish  ami   furs.      In  one  of  these  .Slandish 
embarked  as  ag"nt  for  ihe  colony, and  arrived  safely  in 
Kiiiiland  ;  the  other  was  eaplured  liy  a  Turkish  ship 
ofwar,  audthe  loss  of  her  valuable  carjjo  was  a  severe 
blow  to  the  colony.     He  arrived  in  a  very  unfortunate 
lime  :  the  plague  rairing  in  London,  earried  off  more 
than  forty  thousand  people  in  the  space  ni  one  year. 
( *ommi>rce  was  slagnat<-tl,  the  nierehants  and  meinber.i 
of  llie  council  of  . Now-Kngland  were  dispersed  and  no 
moeling  could  be  hidden    All  which  Captain  Stanuisb 
coulil  do,  was,   by  pri\ate   conference,  to   prepare  the 
way  for  a  composition  Willi  ibectmipany  ofadvenlurem, 
and  hy  the  help  of  a  lew  friends, with  ynal  Inmble  and 
danger,  to  procure  a  small  (piantity  of  goods  tortheco- 
tony,  amountiiiir  to  loO/.  which  he  took  npattheevor- 
bilanl  interest  ai  M)  percent.      With  ihts  iiisntlicient 
but  welcome  supply,  he  n'turned  lo  Plymonlh,  in  ihe 
Isprinir  of   Ifi'^MJ;  brintrinir  the  sorrowCul  news  uf  ibo 
]  death  of  Mr.  Kobinsnn  ami  Mr  CuNlmian, 
j      Several    atlenipts  were,   abont    Ibis  lime,    made  to 
!  form  planlalions.  wilbin  the  Hay  of  Massachusetts,  at 
;  Cajic  Ann  and   Pascalaipia.      Amonn  these  adventiir- 
.  ers  was  one  Captain  Wollaslon,  *'  a  man  ofeonhulera- 
ble  parts,  and  with  him  three  or  four  more  of  soino 
I  eminence,  who  brouiiht  over  many  servants  ami  much 
jpntvisions."      He  piti-lii-d  on  the  sonllimi  sid»'  of  Iho 
'  bay,  at  the  head  of  the  creek,  and  called  an  Hdjoining 
'hill  Mount  Widlaslon,  [tjuiney  ]    I  hie  of  his  company 
was  Thomas    Morion,   "a   pellifoijiFer  of  Funuvals 
jinn,"  who  had  sonu'  j»ro|HTly  *■!'  his  own,  or  of  other 
I  mon  committed  to  liim.      After  a  short  trial,  WollaS' 
ton,  nctt  liiidinir  his  expoclations  realized, went  to  Vir> 
ginia,  with  a  great  jiarl  of  ihe  servants  ;  and  being  liet> 
tor  pleased  with  that  country,  sent  for  the  rest  to  ctimo 
lo  bill).     Morton  thought  this  a  proper  opporltinily  to 
'  make  himself  bead  of  the  company  ;  and,  in  a  ilruiiken 
frolic,  persuadul  ihem  to  depuse  rilcher,  the  lieute- 
nant, and  set  up  for  lif-ii/i/  and  fipiulitu. 
I      Cnder  this  influence  they  soon  iM'ciime  lieentioiiKard 
ilebaui'hed.     Thi'y  stild  their  gooils  lo  Ihe  natives  lor 
furs,  tauiiht  ihem  the  use  ot  anus,  and  emploxed  ihom 
in  liunlmg      They  in\iied  and  received  liiL<ttives  tro'ii 
all  the  nei'^bborinj'  Keltlemenls  ;  and  tbu.i  endangcn'd 
.  their  safely. :ind  oblitretl  ihem  lo  nmletheir  stn>rt^'lh  ni 
j o]ipu8itiuii  to  ihcni.  Captain  Endicutt|frum ^'auiukcag, 


'/^i^' 


f 


I    ■■      r'S 


DIOOUAPIIIKS    OF   THE    EARLY   DISCO VERERS. 


67 


iril.i,  niiuht  oaiiily 
liiM'ii    iii'h«iuialily 

H  ill  Wl'SHiliinn-rl 
i»?«.  wiiH  c.irricil  to 
(Ml  wriiti'  lit  th»' 
till"  ili«|)"»ili"ii  "( 

llllilT.        Ill' llll|'lll 

liir  irnoil.  if  tli'V 

ihlT  lIllTl'  WlKtl.lt 

il' infill,  iiiiiilc  afiiT 
11(1  he  Ihiiii^lit  It 
1  coiivcrti-il  w>i<ii', 

ivliiih  in,  tlint  nil  a 
liiii'l|ililli'  ami  ()l>i' 
iHllir'  iiiiliiary  bct 
is  DnliTu  I'riMii  till 
HTsiinH  art'   nitt  al- 
iii'rit  i>r  ti'i'liiiiiH.— 
iiirr  llic  riiiiraao  <il 
nil  ill  tlicrMcnlliiill 
liiin  lilliiT  Willi  liii- 
Imily  rxcei'ilina  'Tio 
rniiirili'xli  wen'  lie- 
Icli'iidtlie  livi'Hand 
Iry.rturriMimiril  with 
ilv   HUi'li  a  man  an 
m',  will  liolil  a  liinh 
ewK.TiS!laiiil      Mr. 
iiii  aninii!!  Iluiselie- 
iill'cr  allliclinn  willi 
lailli  shIkIuiiI  kirj,'- 
iililaiiiod     |iriiiiiim's, 
valiant  in  tijilil.  ami 
I  aliniH  ;■'  ami  pvi'h 
in  hihlory.  »ay»  lliat 
mail  very  cxpiTt  in 
■plo  wtTi'  all  willin;; 
III'  wasliki'wiM"  im- 
aiii'i'  anil  »licri'ss  in 
liat  i-iil.Miy,  liiwliiise 
ill'acttii  liicla»l,  nnil 
great   iiiti'srily  ami 

Ih  siipiilios  tiitlipr.i- 

il  ill  till' autiinin  willi 

II'  111'  llii'sic  Slaiiilinti 

iilarrivi'il  salflv  in 


lliv 


I'lirkisli  "liip 
iriiii  was  a  t.ovrie 
very  nnrnrliinalo 
carrii'il  iifl'  mure 
arc  111'  mil'  year, 
lilts  ami  iiiriiilii'rn 
ilihpi'rsril  ami  iiu 
Captain  Stamiisli 


'III!',  tu   prepare 


the 


ipaliyiirailvelltlireril, 

illi  lireal  iriiiilile  ami 

il'iiiiiiils  liirllieeo- 

iiik  lip  at  llieexiir- 

Villl  lliis  iiiiiiirieielil 

riviiiiiiiili.  ill  111'" 

i«l'iil  news  of  lli« 

shiiian. 

Ins  lime,  niaile  to 
ill  Mai-.iailiil'-ells,  .It 
111  lliese  ailvelltlir- 
iiiali  iife.iiiMilera- 
Imir  imire  nf  suniu 
aervants  ami  iiiiieh 
iiilliern  aiile  111' III" 
alleil  an  Hiljniniii'^ 
)iieiil'lii»eiiiiipaiiy 
iijier  of  Furnival  8 
liin  iiwii.  ur  iif  oilier 
»liiirt  Irial,  Wollas- 
realizeil.went  to  \'ir* 
aiils  ;  anil  lieiii^  liet- 
il  lor  till-  rent  loeunm 
Jioper  opportunity  to 
V  ;  ami,  in  a  ilrniikon 
'  I'ilelier,  the  lieute- 

JlllllltU. 

•eamelieenlioiiiini'.il 
iiU  to  llie  iialiveH  Inr 

ami  eniployeil  Ihem 
.iivi'.l  tuiiilives  I'. nil 
iii.l  tliii,  eiiilaiij;eri'il 
lillellieir  atreiialli  ill 
:ult,rruiu>'uumkiaft, 


1^ 


:t 


made  tlirni  ii  viitit,  itiul  travr  iht'in  n  tirniill  clink,  hy 
cutliiiir  ilowii  a  Miiy|i<)l4>.  wliuli  ihcy  liiut  rrcctid  .mn 
CPtitriil  point  Mt  ()issi|)ali(Hi  amt  p\lriiviii;iiiii'u  ;  luil  it 
wa*  nsiTvod  fi»r  <^i|it.iin  Stamlisli  to  break  tip  their 
inlaniotixriimhiiialloti.  AUer  rrpt'alci)  iVii'iully  ailriioni- 
lioM«.  wliirli  wt'M'  limri'ifanlrtl.  atllir  rniucsl  and  j-mit 
oxiM'nRC*  of  thf'ftcatti'ri'd  plaiitorii.  and  b\  order  ul  the 
Uovcrmnrrit  nl  IMyiiiouth.he  went  to  Mount Wolhinton. 
and  (tuininoni'd  Mnrtori  toMiirrernh'r  Morton  prepared 
for  hi>4  delenee,  armed  hin  adhfreiits.  heated  I  hem  with 
liquor,  and  answered  Standinh  with  ahnnive  laniriiaue, 
Uiil,  when  lie  .stepped  out  orhi>4  door,  to  take  aim  at 
\ii>>  antui'oui.'it,  the  r.iplain  ^ei/ed  liiri  ntusk(^t  wilh  one 
hand  and  hi»  eoNar  vvilli  the  nllier.  and  made  hun  pri- 
■oiuT  Till'  olherwipuelly  Mulmiilled  .Nohhiod  was  shed 
ii.ra  iiHu  tired.  They  were  iill  emidueted  to  Plymoulli, 
and  then  «ehl  to  Mmrland  ;  where  Morton  wa«  treateil 
with  lenH  Meverity  than  he  de-served,  and  waHperuulled 
to  return  ami  i!isturh  the  settiiMneiits,  tdl  thee^tahhsh- 
mefit  of  the  MasHiiehusettrt  eol-my  when  he  retired  lo 
l*iseatai|ua.  and  there  ended  hiKdayit. 

Alter  this  eiHMUuter.  whieh  hajipi'iied  in  10^8.  we 
have  no  partirular  areonnt  nt  t'.iplain  Slandish-  He 
in  not  mentioned  in  the  atrount  of  the  l'e<|U<)t  war,  in 
ltj.J7.  He  was  ehoseii  one  of  (he  laa^.sIrateM  or  assist- 
unts  of  Hlymoiith  .Jotoiiy  as  lon^  as  he  lived.  As  he 
advanred  in  years,  he  wa**  nmeh  alllieted  with  the  st(me 
and  the  straui^ury  ;  he  Uiod  in  l().')li,  hein<r  then  very 
old,  at  Uuxhnry,  near  INymouth  ;  where  he  had  a  tract 
of  land,  whieh  to  this  day  is  known  by  the  name  of 
Capt. tin's  Hill- 
He  had  r)ue  fion.  Alexander,  who  died  in  Uuxbury. 
Thi'  late  I)'  Wheeloek,  founder  of  Dartmouth  Colleye, 
and  Mr.  Kifklata.',  Missionary  to  tlie  Iiulians,  were  de 
heeutled  IVoui  him.  One  of  his  ^nindsouKWaM  in  pos- 
Hcssiori  of  his  roat  uf  mail,  whieh  is  now  supposed  to 
he  h)Ht  ;  but  hi.-f  sword  is  preserved  in  the  ('abniet  of 
the  Hislorieal  >oiMety,  of  which  one  of  hisdeseendants. 
John  Thornton  Kirklaml,  is  a  ineiiil>er.  His  name  is 
Mill  venerated,  and  tlie  niereli.i'ils  of  l^lynioittli  and 
Uoston  have  named  their  ships  alter  him.  His  poste- 
rity chietly  reside  in  several  towmt  of  the  county  of 
Plymouth. 

JOH\    WINTHKOP, 

riUBT    OOVKRNOR  OK    MA8S.\(HL'SKTTS. 

Ji'iIiT  WiMTiiBop— Hisiiirth  ami  nnrestry— FirsKiovenmr  of 
X\,«  CuloiiieH— His  l-'luirarler— Kt.'iiiimallMiiof  Ins  acccuml-s 
nn«l  lioiiiir:iltln  re*oilt— IIih  liiniulilv,  tiriurioss,  nml  (li-ii- 
siiiti— His  ililliriiUies  wnli  M'-s.  Iliilclinisnii  hiiiI  Iut  ful- 
JoWLTs -Hn  rirm  ami  cnrrert  eoiitiiirt  Willi  ttie  Cliurcli  at 
U>**oii -His  iijmiiMiis  (.r  Hciiuiiraiy,  MaKistnicy  i(ti>l  Li- 
bert)—Hii  [trniiiiJiry  i'iiiliarra-«siiii;iit.'i  iml  atlliclKms -Mis 
death  -I'resrrviitiiin  i»f  Ins  piettiru  ui  the  Svnato  Clidintjer 
of  MaiMiclmsults — Hut  jxtitienty. 

This  worthy  ::entlrrn;m  wasdesceniled  from  afamilv 

n'niarkabje  for  its  attachment  tn  the  refunned  reh<rion, 
from  the  earliest  period  of  the  Iteforinaiiou.  His<,rrand< 
faUier.  Adam  Wimhrop.  was  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
lover  of  the  (iospel,  in  the  reiijn  of  Henrv  VIH.  ami 
brother  to  a  menioraltle  friend  of  the  Heformation.  in 
the  rei-rn  of  Mary  I  in  whose  hamU  the  Martyr  Phil- 
pot  let\  hi.-f  jiaper.  wliieh  make  ;i  cousiderahh'  part  id" 
the  History  ofthcMartyrs  His  father,  AdamWinthrop. 
wai  a  ixetilh'inan  of  the  same  prdessinn  and  ehararli>r. 
(itivernor  Wintbrop  was  b(»rn  at  the  f.unilv  seat  at 
(■niton,  in  SniVolk,  June  12.  1 5S7,  and  was  breil  to  the 
law.  tht)U:fh  he  had  a  stmni;  tnehuation  to  l!ii>o|<><ric;il 
studies.  At  the  ai;e  <tf  ei-rhieeri  he  was  math-  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  and  his  virtues  tiecarne  conspicuous.  H,. 
was  exemplary  in  his  professi.m  as  an  uprii.dil  and  im- 
pftMial  mairistrate.  and  in  bis  private  character  as  ii 
elirislii'.n  He  had  wisdom  to  tli>.cerri,  and  torlitude  |.i 
ili>  ri^rht  111  the  exe<-ution  id'  bis  utiiee  ;  and  as  a  yentle 
man,  was  remarkalde  t'--,  hberality  and  hospitality 
These  ipmhties  remlereil  'lini  dear  to  men  of  sobrietv 
and  reh<rion,  and  lilted  him  to  enj^'aije  in  tbeirreat  anil 
ditlicult  work  of  foundiiiL'  a  colony. 

When  the  desi:.ni  of  setllini;  a  cojony  iu  \ewKni»land 
washy  some  eminent  |M'r:i.»ns  undertaken,  this  m'liUe- 
n»iin  was,  by  the  consent  of  all,  chosen  lor  ibeirFeader. 
Having  converted  a  hue  estate  of  six  ur  seven  hundred 

•  Frum  (lie  hill  nf  i-speime.  mm.I  ti»  the  CiMincil  M  New 
Ciik'l;iiut,  may  he  Keen  thu  imiiiher  anU  altliily  ul'   lliu  plaiita- 

uoiis  III  uvm. 

PIviiiuiith  roiitnhuteil  91.  p) 

NauntkeuK-  (>ialt>iii)  ■>  |ii 

l*)fieiita<)iiack,  [Miiioirit  t'tiin|)any]  3  |0 

Mr.  Jiiiriey  mill  UiirNlcin,  1 

N:|llt;LM-nt,  {         ]0 

Mr.  T!i'uiiHi>ii.  tSi|iiaiitiim  nerkl  15 

M(.  Ithi<-kst»n,  tll.i:«t>.n)  13 

Ml    Ktlwaril  UiKun,  [Uuvpr]  1 

«~7 


I  poinuls  sterlin'f  per  annum  into  money,  be  embarked 
I  for  New  Dni^tanil,  in  the  forty  llnril  year  of  his  ai;e  ami 
arrivetl  at  Salem  wilh  the  Massachusetts  charier.  June 
l*i,  ll).)().  Within  live  days,  he,  willi  stuneof  the  prin- 
cipal persons  of  the  enlonv  travelled  ihroui^h  tlie  woods 
twenty  miles,  to  hiok  out  a  convenient  situation  for  a 
town,  in  some  part  of  the  May  of  Massacbuselts.  ^ome 
of  them  built  (heir  huts  011  the  north  side  of  ('liarles' 
river,  [rbarleHtown]  hut  the  uovemor,  and  most  id'  the 
asNislants  pitchetl  upon  the  peninsula  of  S/mirtifiit  and 
lived  there  the  firnt  winter,  iiiteuilin:.r  in  thi'  spriim  Iu 
build  a  fortitied  town,  but  uuih-lermined  as  to  its  silua* 
tiHii.  On  the  sixth  of  Hecember,  Ibey  resolved  to  for- 
tifv  the  isthmus  of  that  |H-ninKula  ;  but  cbanu'inif  their 
uunds  before  the  month  expired,  they  agreed  upon  a 
place  about  three  miles  above  ('bartcflown,  whieh  Ihey 
called  lirst  Newtown,  and  afterwanU<'aniIiridi.'e, where 
(hey  enifai.'1'd  to  build  bouses  the  eiisuinir  sprini;.  'J"he 
rest  nf  llie  winter  they  sullered  tniicli  by  the  bcverily 
of  the  sea.son,  and  were  obliL'rd  to  live  upon  acorns, 
i^roiindnuts,  and  shell  fihb  One  td'  the  poorer  sort 
cominir  to  the  •Governor  to  complain,  w.is  told  llial  the 
last  batch  was  in  the  oven,  Iiut  of  this  he  had  his  share. 
They  hail  appointed  the  2'Jd  td'Kehruary  for  a  fast ,  but 
hetiire  it  eaine,  a  ship  arrived  w  illi  provisions,  and  they 
turned  it  into  a  d.iy  of  thaiiksirivin^. 

In  the  Hprin<T  of  11)1)1,  in  pursuance  of  the  intended 
plan,  the  trovernor  set  up  the  frame  of  an  bouse  at 
Newtown  ;  the  deputy  (rovcrnor  also  built  one,  and  re- 
moved liitt  family.  About  this  time  Cbieketavvhu,  the 
chief  of  (be  Indians  in  that  nei^rhbourlniiKl.  made  a  visit 
lo  the  jfovernor,  \vi(h  hitrh  professions  of  frieiulslup 
The  app'-eliensi(ui  of  danger  from  the  Indian.s  abated, 
and  theHcheme  of  a  fortilied  town  was  |fradually  laid 
aside;  though  if  it  had  been  retaineit.  the  peninsuta 
would  have  been  a  situation  far  preferalile  lo  Newtown. 
The  governor  lo.ik  down  his  frame  and  removeil  it  to 
.Shawmut,  which  was  finally  determined  upon  fur  the 
metropolis,  and  named  IJoslon. 

'I"he  three  fottowini;  years  he  was  coniinued,  by  an- 
nual election,  at  the  head  of  the  iiovernment,  for  which 
utiice  he  wasemineiitty  (piabfied,  and  in  which  he  shone 
wilh  a  lustre, which  would  have  done  him  honor  in  a  lar- 
trer  sphere  and  a  more  elevated  situation.  He  was  the 
father,  as  well  as  the  ^o\eriior,  of  an  inlaiit  plaiilaliim. 
His  lime,  his  study,  bis  exertions,  hi.H  inlluence  and  his 
interest  were  all  einployeil  in  the  public  service.  His 
wisdom,  patience  ami  iiia<rnaiiimity  were  eon-picuous 
in  the  most  severe  trials,  and  his  exemplary  behaviour 
as  a  chrisi  an  ad. led  a  splendor  to  all  his  rare  qualilica- 
tions.  Ht^  naintained  tbediyiiity  of  a  i»overnor  with  the 
obli;.'ini;  roiule.scension  of  a  (rendeinan,  and  was  so  de- 
servedly respected  and  beloved,  that  when  Archbishop 
laud,  hearkeninirto  some  calumnies  raised  at;aiiii>t  the 
country  on  aceounl  of  iheir  Puritan  principles,  sum- 
moiietl  one  Mr  (.-'leaves  Itefore  Kini»  (.'harlcs  I  in  liupes 
of  i/ettinjj  some  accusation  aeainst  the  yovernor,  he 
yave  such  an  account  of  bis  iautlable  deportiiHuit  in  his 
Htatiun,  and  withal  of  the  devotion  w  ilh  which  prayers 
were  made,  both  in  private  and  public,  for  the  kin;r. 
that  (Miarles  expressed  Ins  eoni-ern,  that  so  worlliv  a 
person  as  Mr.  Winthrop  bhonld  lu'  no  better  accomo- 
dated than  in  an  American  wilderne^K. 

He  was  an  example  to  the  people  d.'that  fru:;atitv, 
decency  ami  temperance  which  were  necessary  in  their 
( ireiiinstanees.  and  evin  denied  himself  many  of  the 
elejjaiieies  and  superlluiliesof  life,  which  his  rank,  and 
fortune  ijave  him  a  just  title  to  enjoy,  both  that  he  mi^bt 
set  them  a  proper  example,  and  be  the  belter  enabled 
to  exercise  that  liberality  in  which  be  delii:!ited,  even, 
in  the  end,  to  the  actual  impoverishinent  of  himself  and 
bis  family.  He  would  often  s<'iid  bis  servants  .ui  some 
errand,  at  meal  times,  to  the  houses  of  his  neiL'hliors, 
lo  see  how  ibey  were  proviileil  wilh  fo(»d  ;  and  if  there 
was  a  detieiency,  would  sujipl,  them  from  his  own  ta- 
ble. 'I'lie  billowiiitr  siiiyular  instance  of  his  charity, 
mixed  with  humor,  will  yive  us  an  idea  of  the  man. 
In  a  very  severe  winter,  when  wood  beiraii  lo  he  scarce 
in  Boston,  be  received  private  inlormation,  thai  a 
neighbor  was  wont  lo  help  biinself  from  the  pile  at  his 
door.  **  Ooi'M  he,"  naid  the  ^ove^nor,  '*  ea!l  bini  to 
me,  and  I  will  take  a  course  with  him  that  shall  cure 
him  of  stealinij ''  The  man  appeared,  and  the  ijover- 
nor  addresHed  him  thus.  *•  Kriend  it  is  a  cold  winter, 
and  I  hcHF  you  are  meanly  provided  with  woihI,  you 
are  welcome  tohelpyimrHelf  at  my  pile  till  the  winter 
in  over  "  And  then  merrily  asked  his  friend  whether 
he  had  not  put  a  stop  to  the  man  s  stealinur ! 

In  llie  adininistrati.m  of  justice,  he  was  for  temper- 
iiiiT  the  severity  of  law  wi'h  thi  exeicise  of  mercy. 
He  judiied  that  in  the  infancy  u*' n  plantation,  justice 
should  be  admini&ttn  d  with  iiioro  lonity  than  in  a  sot- 


tied  stale.  Hut  wheuolner^'enllempn  nl  h'ariiinf^rfnd 
inlluence  had  taken  dtleiice  at  bis  lenity,  and  adopted 
an  iipiiii<m  that  a  stricter  discipline  was  necessary,  he 
Hubmittcd  to  their  jiidi^ment,  and  strictly  iidhereil  to 
the  proposals  which  were  made  to  support  tlu*  dij/nity 
of  iro\erniiient,by  an  appearance  of  union  and  finnness, 
and  a  concealment  of  dilVereiiceH  and  dihric'iitioiifl 
amori^  the  public  idl'ieerri. 

His  delicacy  was  so  ^reat.  that,  though  he  couM  not 
without  incivility  iliM-line  aceeptin;r  ^ratuilieii  from  ili- 
vers  low  IIS,  ns  well  a*  particular  peraoiiH,  for  bis  iiubln: 
HiTvieett,  yet  betook  occasion  ilia  public  s|>eeeh,  at 
bis  Ihird  election  to  declare,  that  "  he  recei\ej  llieiii 
wilh  a  Iremhlin^  liami  in  rejrartl  of  (lod  s  wurd,  ami  U\* 
own  infirmity,  '  and  desired  them,  that  for  the  fuliire 
they  would  not  be  ollendcd,  if  he  should  wholly  refukO 
such  presents. 

In  the  year  10:11,  and  the  two  years  followini;,  hfl 
was  left  out  of  the  nia<iislracy.  'I  houi^h  hisconducl, 
from  hi.-  tirst  eiii.'ai'in^  in  the  service  of  the  rolony,  had 
heeii  irreproachable,  yet  the  erny  of  some,  raised  a 
suspicion  of  bis  falelity,  and  ]:<>^<'  him  a  small  taste  of 
what,  in  nihcr  popular  uo\eriuiient»,  their  erealest  be- 
nefactors have  bad  a  lar<;e  share  of  An  ini|uiry  hav- 
iiii;  been  made  of  bis  receipts  and  disbursements  td'llio 
public  moneys,  durini;  bih  past  administration,  though 
it  was  eimducted  in  a  maiiiier  too  harsh  for  his  delicate 
Rensihiliiy,  yet  he  patiently  submitted  to  the  examiiiii' 
lion  of  bis  accoiirts,  which  ended  to  bis  honor,  rpoii 
which  occasion  he  made  a  declaration  whit  h  he  cim- 
eluded  in  these  wonls  ; — '*  In  the  thiiitri*  which  I  olfer, 
I  rider  myself  to  the  wisdom  ami  justice  of  the  Court, 
with  this  protestation,  that  it  repentetb  me  not  of  my 
cost  and  labor  bestowed  in  the  ser\iee  of  this  (*t>m- 
inonwealtb  ;  but  I  do  heartily  bless  tlie  liortl  our  Gixl, 
that  be  has  been  pleased  to  honor  me  so  far  as  tn  call 
;or  any  thiiii;  be  bath  bestoweil  upim  me,  fur  the  ser- 
vice  at'  his  cimrch  and  people  here  ;  ttie  prosprrlty 
whereof,  and  his  gracious  acceptance,  shall  bo  an 
abuutlant  recompense  to  me  " 

The  same  rare  humility  and  s'eaily  eipjntity  of  mind, 
were  conspicti'ii:s  in  his  behavior,  when  ;i  pretence  wa.i 
raised  to  ^et  him  h'ft  out  of  the  Lriivernnu'nt,  lest  by 
the  too  freipii'iit  choice  td'  one  man,  the  oH'ice  tihoul  I 
cease  to  he  elective,  and  seem  to  be  his  by  preseriptitm. 
This  pretence  was  advanced  even  in  the  election  tter- 
nions  ;  and  when  he  was  in  fact  reduced  to  a  hmer 
station  in  the  ;;o\erninent,  he  emleavtmretl  to  serve  Ihi^ 
people  as  faithfully  as  in  the  hiijbest,  nor  would  h**  suf- 
ier  any  notice  to  be  taken  td  some  unilue  inelhmis, 
which  were  usetl  to  have  him  left  out  of  the  clioiee. 
An  insUiice  of  this  rare  temper,  and  the  happy  fruit 
of  it,  deserves  remembrance  There  was  a  time  when 
he  received  a  very  anyry  letter  from  a  member  td  the 
t'oiirt.  which  havinjj  read,  he  ihdivered  back  to  the 
messeiieer  with  this  answ  er  '■  I  am  not  w  illin;»  tt)  keep 
by  me  such  a  matter  of  provocation."  Miortlv  atier, 
the  writer  of  this  letter  was  ctimpelled  by  llii  scarcity 
of  provision,  lo  tiv\u\  to  buy  one  td'  the  jioveriiors  cat- 
tle :  he  bemieil  Irim  to  accept  it  as  a  t.'il't,  in  token  nf 
his  iTooil  will.  On  which  the  i.!eiilleman  came  lo  him 
with  tliii  acknowledi.nneiil  '•  Sir,  your  overcomin^^ 
yourself,  hath  overcome  me." 

Uut  tlioneli  eontlcM'emhii;;  and  (.'cntle  on  every  tx-ca- 
kion  of  personal  ill  Ireatment,  yet  where  the  honor  of 
irovernnient  or  reli;;iou,  and  tlie  interest  of  the  peo|ilu 
werecoiiciTued.lie  was  e.pially  firm  aiitl  intrepid, slaiul- 
ino  foremnsl  in  oppo^ition  to  those  whom  he  juil^ed  to 
be  really  public  enemies. tboiiiih  in  tbedisyuise  of  warm 
and  /.ealous  tViemls  Of  this  number  v\as  the  famous 
A.NSA  HtT'HiN>ov,  a  woman  of  a  niaRculine  undei- 
htandin<r  anil  consuinmale  art. who  held  priiate  lectures 
to  the  women  at  her  house,  in  which  she  advanced  these 
tlnelrines,  viz.  *'  That  the  Holy  (ihost  dwells  jiirsoniilly 
in  a  jiistifietl  person, a  ml  that  sa  net  ilicat  ion  tloes  not  cvi- 
tlenee  jusliiication."  Those  who  heltt  with  her  wero 
saiil  to  be  "  iintler  a  covenant  id"  yrace."  and  those  wh.' 
opposed  her"  under  a  covenant  of  works.  '  Intothosn 
twrt  denominations  the  whi-le  eobuiy  he>«an  to  Im-  tli\i- 
tletl  Her  adherents  prevailed  in  ir>:t(i,  to  choose  for 
itovernor,  Hknuv  Vvnk.*  a  younm.'cntlenian  of  annp- 
parently  yrave  and  serious  tleportmenl,  wlm  bad  just 
arrived  from  Kiiirland,  and  who  pai  I  i:reat  allention  to 
this  woman,  and  seeniet)  zealously  attached  lo  her  dis- 


•Tlii»  t'eriton.  .so  well  known  RnerwarUs  tn  England,  is 
'  thus  cliaiai-ten/i'il  hy  |,ortl  (.'larentlnii : 

I  "  A  man  i.f  ure.u  imtMritl  ((arts  anti  nf  vrrv  prnfoimd  ths- 
;  siiiiiiiatiiiii.oi  .i  ',iitrkr()nr.-j-tion  am)  r'ailv,  sliar|.aiKl  ^tiuhty 
>\()n  ssi'iri.     \W  had  nn  niiiisiiitl  aspect,  a  vulium  <  Ian  it  urn 

I  thai  t)loiii;)i  I lan  <  oiittl  ninkc  n  t:ltl-^s  nf  w  hat  he  inltMiilefl, 

,y('l  niadf-  mrn  thmk  lucte  was  stuiitihiiiK  111  him  extraor 
ftmarv,  atvl  Ins  whnle  lile  nia-h-  l"<>iI  that  inmk'iiiathin 
.Tht-rc  niL-'i  no  more  he  ii.*i.l  of  hm  ulnliiy,  ihiwi  iliut  hu  m&s 


SB 


AM  E  It  r*:  AN    lUSTOUV 


tinguUhhi};  tenrU.  Winlhrop,  thi'ii  ilriHity  ynvminr, 
luit  only  tliirrrod  in  Kcntimoiit,  Imt  anw  the  pcrnii-iotiM 
inllunnco  of  ihis  conlrovprftV  wilh  rrynH.  luul  frarnl. 
thnt  if  it  wercHuniTt'tl  toitrrvatl,  it  wiiiild  niilaii^rrr  tlio 
existence  uftlio  colony.  In  the  hciUordir  rontrovtr- 
«y,  Wheelwright,  fi  zeatcniM  KiTtnriaii.  prrarhnl  a  Hcr- 
mon, which  not  only  cnrricil  theHc  pointH  to  ihi-ir  iitinoxt 
leni(th,lMit  contained  Home exjircNHioMH  which  the ( 'ourt 
laiiThuld  of  an  tendinff  to  sedition,  for  which  he  wax 
cxnminett ;  but  a  more  full  iiupiiry  waft  deferred  for  that 
time.  Some  warm  brethren  of  lloKton  pcliliotieil  the 
Court  in  Wheelwrijjht's  favor,  rcllcclinir  on  ihcir  pro- 
ceetlingfi,  which  raided  hucIi  a  rcNrntnicnt  in  thct'onrl 
njfainut  the  town  that  a  rnotinn  was  made  for  Ihe  next 
viectiontolw  inadeat(*amhrid^e.  Vane,  the  jtrovrmor. 
havinj?  no  negative  vt>ice,coiild  oidy  kIiow  hiiidiHhkeby 
refuKin^  to  put  the  question  Winlhrop,  the  deputy 
governor,  declined  it,  aw  bein<r  ao  inhahitant  of  IIckIou  ; 
the  qucHtion  wan  then  put  by  Kndicot  of  Suleni,  and 
carried  for  the  removal. 

At  the  opening  of  •he  election.  (May  !7,  Wt'M)  a  pe- 
tition waaai^ain  presented  by  many  inl)al)itantH  of  Huh 
ton,  which  Vane  would  have  read  previous  to  the 
choice.  Winthrop,  who  clearly  saw  that  Ihiti  wai* 
a  contrivance  to  throw  all  inli>  coiifuNion,  and  t4|>end 
tbo  day  in  debate,  that  the  election  niiiiht  be  prevented 
for  that  time,  ojtpoHed  the  readin^r  of  (be  petition  until 
the  election  Hhould  be  over  Vane  and  Win  parly  were 
■trenuouH,  but  Winthrop  called  to  the  people  to  diviile, 
and  the  majority  appe.ircil  for  the  election.  Vane  Hiill 
refused,  till  Winthrop  Haid  he  woulil  proceed  without 
him,  whicli  obliged  him  to  oubmit.  'I'be  cb'clion  wan 
carried  in  favor  i>f  Winthrop  ami  hifi  friemlii.  The  xer- 
jeanti  who  had  waited  on  Vane  to  the  place  of  election, 
threw  down  their  balberdn,  and  refu^ied  to  attend  the 
newly  elected  governor;  betook  no  other  notice  tifthe 
nirront.lhan  to  order  his  own  Kcrvants  tobeartbetn  be- 
fore him,  and  when  the  people  expreNAcil  their  reNciit 
ment,  he  liegged  them  to  overlook  the  matter. 

The  town  of  Hofiton  being  generally  in  favor  of  the 
new  opinions,  (he  governor  grew  unpopular  there,  and 
a  law  wliich  watt  paKHed  this  year  of  his  restoration  to 
ollice.  increased  their  dislike.  Many  persons  who  were 
supported  to  favor  those  opinitm.*),  were  expected  from 
England,  to  prevent  whose  ttettlement  in  ihecimntry, 
the  Court  laid  a  penalty  im  all  who  should  entertain  anv 
strangers,  or  allow  (hem  the  use  of  any  house,  or  lot, 
above  three  weeks,  without  liberty  first  granted.  This 
tteveie  order  was  so  ill  received  in  Itoston,  that  on  the 
governors  return  from  the  Court  of  CambridL'e,  they 
all  refused  to  go  out  to  meet  him.  or  to  show  him  any 
token  of  resjiect.  Tlie  other  towns  on  this  m-casion 
increased  their  respect  towards  him, and  the  same  sum- 
mer, in  a  journey  to  Ipswich,  he  was  guarded  from 
town  to  town  with  more  ceremony  than  he  desired. 

The  same  year  a  synod  was  called  to  determine  on 
the  controverted  poinlH,  in  which  assembly  Winthrop, 
though  he  did  not  preside,  yet  as  the  head  of  the  civil 
magistracy, was  obliged  ollen  to  interpose  his  authority, 
which  he  (lid  with  wisdom  and  gravity,  silencing  pas- 
sionate and  impertinent  speakers,  desiring  that  the  di- 
vine or.iclei  might  be  alloweil  to  express  their  own 
meaning,  and  be  appealed  to  for  the  decisitui  of  the 
controversy;  and  when  be  saw  heat  and  passion  prevail 
in  the  assembly,  he  wouM  .uljourn  it.that  tinu'  might  he 
allowed  for  co^^l  consifleralion,  by  which  prudent  man- 
agement, the  synorl  came  to  an  amicable  agreement  in 
condemning  the  errors  of  the  day.  Hut  the  work  was 
not  wholly  done,  until  the  erroneous  persons  were 
banished  the  colony.  This  net  of  severity  the  ('ourt 
thought  necessary  for  the  peace  of  the  ('ommon  wealth. 
Toleration  had  nt)t  then  been  introduced  into  anv  nf 
the  Protf'Rtaht  countries,  an<l  even  the  wisest  ami  Ih-si 
men  were  afraid  of  it  as  the  jiarent  of  all  error  and 
miscltief. 

Some  of  the  zealous  opinionists  in  the  church  of 
Boston, would  have  bad  i be  elders  proceed  airainstlbe 
governor  in  the  way  (4'erclesiastical  discipline,  for  his 
uclivity  in  procuring  tbesentenceof  banishment  on  their 
brethren.  I'pon  this  occasion  in  a  well  jmlged  speech 
to  the  congregaliim,  he  told  them  that  "  though  in  his 
private  capacity,  it  was  his  duly  to  submit  to  the  cen- 
sure of  bis  brethren,  yet  he  was  not  amenable  to  them 
tor  his  conduct  as  a  magistrate,  even  thoui^h  it  were 
unjust.  That  in  the  present  ease,  he  Jiad  acted  accord- 
ing to  his  conscience  and  bis  oath,  and  hi/  thr  tuhur  of 
tfte  tf/Jr*  of  :hr  rhiirrh,  and  was  fully  satisfied  that  it 
would  ni>t  haye  been  consislcnt  with  the  public  pence 
to  have  done  othcrwiiie."     These  reasons  satisfied  the 

cbosen   lo  m/en  a\\\  di*reive  a    whnio  nalmti   (ilm  Kcntsj 
-A'liicli  wai  iliuuglit  to  cxrt*l  111  i-raft  ami  cunauitf  wliU'li  I 
iid  Willi  1  uolalilu  pn-gitaiicy  atid  dextority." 


uneasy  brethren,  an<l  his  general  condescending  ami 
obliging  deportment,  so  restored  him  to  their  allectioris, 
that  he  was  held  in  greater  esteem  than  be  lore  ;  as  a 
proof  i>f  this,  upon  mcasion  (da  loss  \*  Inch  be  bad 
sustained  in  his  leniporal  estate,  they  ni.tde  him  a  pre* 
sent,  amoiniting  to  hcveral  humlreil  pounds. 

A  warm  dispute  having  arisen  in  the  (icncral  Court 
concerning  the  negative  voice  of  the  I'pper  House,  the 
goverih)rpublishcd  his  sent  iinenis  in  wriliiig,  some  pas- 
sages (d' which  iiivinu  great  olfence,  be  took  i«'casi(m 

at  the  next  i 'ting  of  Ihe  Court  in  a  public  speech  to 

tell  tbeni  "  that  as  to  ihe  tmttfn  of  his  writnig.  it  was 
according  to  his  jiidumeni,  which  was  not  iit  bis  own 
dispoAal,  and  that  having  examined  il  by  the  rules  of 
reason,  reli<.'ion.  and  cusloin,  he  saw  no  cause  to  re- 
tract it  ;  but  as  for  the  m'lniui,  which  was  wludly  bis 
own,  he  was  ready  to  acknowledge  whatever  was 
bhuneable.  lie  said,  that  what  he  wrote  was  on  gnat 
prov(H'atlon,  and  lo  vindic;>le  himself  and  others  from 
nigust  aspersions,  yet  he  ought  not  lo  have  allowed  a 
distemper  of  spirit,  nor  to  have  been  so  free  with  the 
repulalion  of  his  brethren  ;  that  he  might  have  main* 
tainedhis(Muse  without  casting  any  relleclionon  them, 
aitd  that  he  perceived  an  unbec(»nrmg  pride  and  arro- 
ganey  in  sonie  of  his  exprcssiims,  for  which  be  desired 
forgiveness  of  (iod  and  man  I"  Hy  ibis  condescending 
spirit,  be  greatly  endeared  himself  to  his  friends,  and 
bis  enemies  were  ashamed  of  I  heir  o|t))osition. 

He  had  nut  so  high  an  opinion  of  a  (/cmmfa/ird/ go- 
vernment as  some  other  gentlenuMi  u\'  e(pial  wisdom 
and  goisbiess  ;  hut  plainly  perceived  a  danger  in  refer- 
ring maltera  of  counsel  and  judicature  to  the  biKly  of 
the  people  ;  and  when  those  who  had  removed  to  (/(m- 
nccticiit,  were  about  fornnng  their  goveriunent,  be 
warned  them  of  this  danger  in  a  friendly  and  faithful 
letter,  wherein  are  these  renirt.'kable  words:  •*The 
best  part  of  a  conunuiiily  is  always  Ihe /r^jf  and  of 
that  best  part  the  wiser  is  still  dsn  ;  wherefore  the  old 
canon  was,  choose  ye  out  judges,  and  thou  tihalt  bring 
the  matter  before  the  judge." 

In  Hitri,  when  be  was  deputy  governor,  a  great  dis- 
turbance was  raised  by  sonic  pttilloncrs  from  Hing- 
ham,  who  complained  that  Ihe  fundamental  laws  of 
Kngland  were  not  owm-d  in  the  colony  as  ihe  basis  of 
goveriunent  ;  that  civil  privileges  were  denied  to  meiit 
n>erely  for  not  being  members  of  the  churches  ;  and 
they  could  not  enjoy  divine  ordinances  because  they 
belonged  to  the  Church  of  Hngland.  With  these  com- 
plaints, they  petitioned  for  liberty  of  c(mseience  ;  or, 
if  that  could  not  be  granted,  for  freedom  from  taxes 
ami  military  services  ;  the  petition  concluded  with  a 
menace,  that  in  case  of  a  refusal,  complaint  would  be 
bad  to  the  {'arlianuMit  id'  Kngland.  This  pelili(m  gave 
much  offence,  and  the  pclilioners  were  cited  lo  Court, 
and  lined  as  '*  movers  to  sedition.''  Winthrop  was 
active  in  their  prosecution  ;  but  a  party  in  the  Mouse  of 
Deputies  was  sostnmg  in  their  favor  us  to  carry  a  vote, 
reiiuiring  him  to  answer  for  his  c(m(luct  in  public;  the 
result  of  which  was,  that  he  was  honorably  acquitted. 
Then  resuming  his  seat,  he  tm>k  that  opportunity  |>ub< 
licly  lo  declare  his  sent imenls  on  the  (pieslions concern- 
ing the  authority  of  the  magistracy,  and  the  liberty  of 
the  people.  '•  Yini  have  called  us,"  said  he,  to  oHice, 
but  being  called,  we  have  our  authority  from  <f  od,  it  is 
the  ordinance  of  (ttsl,  and  halh  the  image  of  (.uhI 
stamped  on  it  ;  and  the  contempt  of  it  hath  been  vin- 
dicated by(io(l  wilh  terrible  examples  of  his  %engeance. 
When  you  choose  magistrates,  you  take  them  from 
among  yourselves,  men  subjtK't  to  the  like  passiims 
with  yimrselves.  Ify(m  see  our  infinnities,  rellect  on 
your  own,  and  y(m  will  not  be  so  severe  on  ours.  The 
covenant  iK-twcen  us  and  you  is.  that  we  shall  g(Wern 
ycm  and  judge  your  causes  according  to  the  laws  of 
(lod^  and  our  best  skill.  As  for  our  skill,  you  must 
run  the  hazard  fi  it ;  and  if  there  be  an  error,  not  in 
the  will,  but  the  skill,  it  becomes  you  to  bear  it.  Nor 
would  I  have  y(m  mistake  in  the  point  of  your  lil>erty. 
There  is  a  liberty  of  corrupt  nature,  which  is  inconsis- 
tent with  authority,  impatient  of  restraint,  the  grand 
enemy  of  truth  and  peace,  and  all  the  ordinances  of 
God  are  bent  against  it.  Hut  there  is  a  civil,  moral, 
federal  liberty,  which  is  the  proper  end  and  object  of 
authority,  a  liberty  for  that  only  which  isjirsTanduoon. 
VoT  this  liberty  you  are  to  stand  wilh  y(mr  lives  ;  and 
whatever  crosses  il,  is  not  autborily,  but  a  distemper 
thereof.  This  liberty  is  maintained  in  a  way  of  sub- 
jection to  nulhority,  and  the  authority  set  over  you  will 
in  all  administrations  for  y(air  good,  be  quietly  sub- 
mitted to  by  all  but  such  as  have  a  disposition  li»  shake 


olVthe  yoke,  and  lose  iheir  liheity  by  murmuring  at  tho 
honor  and  power  of  iiuthorilv.  ' 

'I  Ins  kind  i>f  argument  was  fre(pienlly  urued  by  tho 
falbers  of  iS'ew  Kngland  in  jusiilM-alion  id' Iheir  severity 
toward  those  who  disMMitcd  Irom  iIicm  They  main- 
tained that  all  men  had  liberty  to  do  ni,'/f/,  hut  no  IiIht* 
ly  lo  do  wronir  However  true  this  principle  nuiy  be  in 
point  of  inoralily«  yel  in  matters  (d' opinion,  in  modes  ot 
faith,  worship,  and  ecclesiastic, d  order,  ihe  (piestion  \.\ 
who  shall  he  the  judge  of  rif^bl  anri  wrong  '  audit  is  too 
evident  fi.un  their  conduct,  that  they  sup|Hmed  tho 
power  of  judging  to  be  in  those  who  were  vested  with 
anlliority  ;  a  principle  dcslriiclive  of  lihcrty  ol  con- 
science, aiidlhe  right  of  privatejud:.'meiit,  and  big  with 
all  the  horrors  of  persecution  The  exercise  ol  such 
anlliority  they  condemned  in  the  high  church  parly, who 
bad  oppressed  Ihein  in  Kngland;  and  yel,  such  is  thii 
frailty  of  human  nature,  they  held  the  same  priiicijdcM, 
and  pnicliscd  the  same  oppressions  on  those  who  dis- 
sented from  them.  Winlhrop.  hebire  he  lel\  Kngland* 
was  of  more  Catholic  spirit  than  some  of  Ins  brethren  ; 
alter  be  had  come  to  America,  he  b-ll  in  with  the 
reigning  principle  of  intolerancy,  which  abnosi  all  the 
Kelitrmers  unhappily  retained  as  a  reliel  ol  the  persi'cu- 
ling  church,  from  which  they  had  separated  ;  hut  iisbfl 
advanced  in  life,  he  resumed  his  former  moderation  ; 
and  in  llie  time  of  Ins  last  sickness,  w  hen  Dudley,  tbo 
dcputy-gtwcrnor  pressed  biin  lo  sign  an  order  bir  the 
banishment  of  a  person  who  was  tlccined  hetcnHlox, 
be  refused,  saying,  that  "  he  had  done  loo  much  of 
that  work  already.'* 

Having  devoted  the  greatest  part  of  bis  interest  to 
the  service  of  the  public,  and  sulVering  many  losses  by 
accidents,  and  by  b>aving  the  nuinagement  of  his  pri- 
vate alliiirs  lo  unfaithful  servants,  whilst  bis  whole 
lime  and  iiltenlion  were  emphiycd  in  the  public  busi- 
ness^ bis  forlune  was  so  much  impaired,  that  some 
years  hpfore  his  death,  be  was  obliged  lo  sell  the  most 
of  his  estate  for  the  payntent  of  an  aceuinulaled  debt. 
He  also  met  wilh  much  allliction  in  bis  family,  h.iving 
buried  three  wives  and  six  children.  These  tronhles* 
joined  lo  the  oppositio'.  and  ill  treatment  wliich  he 
,  frequently  met  wilh  from  '«.me  of  the  people,  so  preyed 
upon  his  nature,  already  much  worn  by  ihe  toils  ami 
hardships  of  plantinga  cidony  in  a  wilderness,  thai  he 
)ierccived  a  decay  of  bis  facullies  seven  years  beforo 
lie  reached  his  grand  diinateric  and  oHen  spoke  of  bis 
approaching  dissolution,  with  a  calm  re^ignalion  to  the 
will  of  Heaven.  At  length,  when  he  had  entered  ibti 
sixty- third  year  nf  bis  age,  a  fever  (wcasioned  by  a  cold. 
aOer  one  month's  conbncnienl.  put  an  end  lo  his  lite 
(Ui  the  *iCtl\\  of  March.  Hill). 

The  island  culled  (lovcrnor's  Island,  in  the  harbor 
of  Itoston,  was  granted  lit  him,  and  still  remains  in  the 
possessi(m  of  his  descendants.  His  picture  is  preservinl 
in  the  senatechandicr.  with  those  of  oilier  ancient 
governors.  I'be  bouse  in  ^^bicb  be  lived,  remained  till 
177.'),  when,  wilh  many  other  oU\  womlcn  buihlings,  it 
wan  pulled  down  by  the  Hrilish  troops  bir  fuel.  Ho 
kept  an  exact  journal  ol  the  occurrences  and  transtic- 
tions  in  the  colony  during  his  resi(b>nee  in  it.  Tiiis 
journal  was  of  great  service  to  several  historians,  par- 
ticularly Hubbard,  Mather,  and  Prince.  It  is  siill  in 
possession  oflbe  ('oiuieclic.it  bra  tub  of  his  family,  and 
was  published  at  Hartliird  in  l7Ut).  It  alVonls  a  more 
exact  and  circumstantial  detail  of  events  within  that 
peri(Hl,  than  any  compilation  which  has  heen  or  can  be 
made  from  it ;  the  principles  and  cimduct  ol  this  truly 
great  and  good  man,  therein  appear  in  the  light  w  Inch 
he  himself  viewed  Ihcin  ;  wliile  his  abilities  b>r  Ibe  ar- 
duous ntatiim  which  be  held,  the  dillicutlies  which  he 
bad  to  encounter.,  and  bis  fidelity  in  business,  are  dis- 
played wilh  that  truth  and  justice  in  which  ibey  ouf,rhi 
to  appear. 

He  had  five  sons  living  at  bis  decease,  all  of  whom, 
notwithstanding  the  reductitm  ol  bis  fortune,  aopiired 
and  possessed  large  property,  and  were  persons  of  emi- 
nence Many  of  his  posterity  have  borne  respectablo 
characters,  and  filled  some  uf  the  principal  jilaccs  ol 
trust  and  usefulness. 


*  It  iiiu^t  l)n  (ibtirrved,  that  the  Mosair  Invv  v,aK  at  thnt 
tiino  riiii-iilereil  ns  the  ({rnernl  stantlnrd,  and  m>JBt  uf  tho 
'  laws  ot  theciiurilry  were  lounded  ^n  it. 


JOHN    WINTHUOP,    F.    R.    S. 

OOVBRNOR  OP  CONNKCTK  UT. 

John  Winthrop,  (loventnr  of  ripnnertirut—iris  hirlh  srwl 
e'locntinfi— Ills  reiintVftl  to  New  KiiijlJO"!— OMains  ii  Chiir- 
tcr  Iiici)r|i(iriitini{  t.'onnertieui  niul  New  MiVen  tloverit  tr 
of  llie  i-t.l.iiiy  ».f  t'dimeiluul— Kk'iitil  *'illow  ul  lliO 
Rujal  Socic-ly— Ills  dialh. 

John*  WiNTURor,  eblest  Fon  of  Coverni  r  Winlbn»p, 
by  bis  first  witip,  was  born  at  (Jrolon,  in  Siilfolk,  Feb. 
12,  10U5.     His  line  genius  was  much  improved  byu 


nionuAPiiiKH  ov  the  kaui.y  dis(;o vkuers. 


iiurniuring  atihu 


r  his  iiilrrPHl  to 

I  Minny  Idkm'n  by 
innil  ut'  liiH  pri- 
rliilvt  Ink  wliolu 
tlir  |iul>lic  hiiKJ- 
irrd.  Ihiil  tioiiio 

to  Kcll   llll>  IlldSt 

f-innuliili-d  (h'bl. 
ft  riiitiily.  Ii.iviiijj 
'riicKc  Irotililt-K, 
iiinit  uliirh  lin 
H'oplr,  Kii  pri'Vi'd 
liy  tilt'  Itiiirt  tiiul 
(IrnirKs,  that  hr 
L*'ii  yi  jirB  lirCuro 
\rn  f>|Hiko  nl'  hih 
■sijriiiilioii  Id  ihc 
li;ul  ciitrri'it  i\w 
Kiiiiird  by  a  cold, 

II  cud  to  liiti  lil'o 

(1,  in  llio  harbor 
II  rcinaiitN  in  the 
lure  iH  prrscrvi'il 
r  oiIht  ancient 
rd,  remained  till 
lien  buildings,  it 
IH  liir  I'ncl.  Ho 
'cs  and  iTansiiC- 
iicc  ill  it.     'J'iiU 

liiHiorianH,  par* 
0.  It  iti  Mill  in 
t'tiit;  I'aniily,  and 
I  allnrilH  a  inoro 
■niH  within  IImI 
t*  been  iircan  b« 
net  1)1  this  truly 

the  li^ht  which 
iliticN  lor  till*  ar- 
•ullies  which  ho 
iiNiiu'Ks,  are  dis* 
hichthey  ou^dit 

e,  nil  of  whom, 
>rtunr.  acipiired 
pernoMK  nt  eint- 
trne  rohprctahlo 
iioipat  placcH  oi 


lil>friil  f^diimtion,  in  thn  uiiivrriiitieiiof  (*anibridt;e,  and 
Dublin,  und  hy  travollinj;  lIinai^hnioKt  ofthe  Lunpo* 
an  kinudonifi.  iih  Ur  aa  'I'nrkey.  He  came  fo  New 
En^liiiid  with  bin  tather'N  taniily,  Nov.  'I,  iii'M  ;  and 
tbouyh  not  above  twentynix  ytarH  (d'a)rr,  wim  I7  the 
nnaniinouM  choicr  of  the  freemen,  .'ip|u)inted  a  tru^'b-' 
Irate  ofthe  colony,  of  which  liiH  father  watt  ^ovtmut. , 
Hn  rendered  niayy  Hcrvicea  to  the  country,  both  at  hoinn 
nnd  abroad,  particularly  in  the  year  ItKll,  when  reltirn- 
inn  to  Knuland,  he  wan  by  the  wtreitM  of  weather,  f-tr- 
red  into  Ireland  ;  where  nieetin*;  with  many  inlb.en- 
tial  perHoiiH  at  the  houHe  of  Sir  Jtihn  (MoHworlhy,  he 
had  an  opportunity  to  promote  the  interest  of  the  co- 
lony, by  their  nieatiH. 

i'lie  next  year  he  came  b.i<-k  fo  New  Ktiirland,  with 
pnwers  front  the  l.onltt  >ay  anil  Drooke,  to  ttcttle  a 
pliiiil:ilioo  on  t'onneelicut  ri>er.  Hut  tindin^r  that  koiuc 
worlliv  pcrNiuiH  from  MaHsa<  huncttii  h,id  alri'ady  ri'* 
niiivni,  and  otbern  were  about  ^-emovinu  toinake  a  m-t- 
llemeut  on  that  river  at  Hartf^id  and  VVetherKlield,  he 
j;ave  them  no  distnrlmnee  ;  hut  I  avin^  made  an  aini- 
cattlu  H^reeuieiil  with  them,  built  a  li>rt  at  the  month 
ofthe  river,  and  furniMhed  it  with  artillery  ami  HtorcM 
which  had  been  Kent  over,  and  be^an  a  town  tliere, 
which,  from  the  two  IioriU  who  had  a  principal  share 
in  the  undertakin;;,  waH  called  Sayhrook.  Thiti  fort 
kept  tlie  IndiaiiH  In  awp  and  proved  a  Mecnrity  to  the 
planlerH  on  the  river 

When  I  hey  had  funned  thentHclvrtt  into  a  body  politic 
tbev  honoured  biin  with  an  election  to  tlio  ma^iKtracy, 
and  aflerwanl  chose  him  yovcrnnr  of  the  eobttiy  At 
the  restoration  of  Kiiii;  (MiarlcH  II.  he  umlertook  a  toy- 
aire  to  Kn<rland,  on  the  behalf  of  tiM*  p4>ople  both  of 
('ounectimt  and  New  Haven  ;  and,  by  bin  jirudent  ad- 
dress, obtained  from  the  kin;r  a  charter.  incorporaliu{,r 
both  colioiieM  into  one,  with  a  ^rant  of  privite^rcH,  and 
powerH  (»f  ;;overiunent.  NUperiortoany  plantation  which 
had  been  settled  in  America.  iJurinjr  this  ne<rotiation, 
at  a  privati-  conference  with  the  kinir,  he  prem'iited  bin 
ni.ijcHly  Willi  a  riii;r,  which  Kini;  (Miarlcs  1/had  ^iveu 
ti.  bin  ifraiidfalber,  'I'liis  presi-nt  renderi'il  bim  very 
uceeptiiMi'  to  the  kin;(,  and  greatly  f.tiilitaled  the  bu«i- 
IICHM.  i  ■  people,  at  Iuh  return,  expreosed  their  yra- 
lilude  to  loin  by  electing  bim  tti  the  othre  of  governor, 
for  fourteen  yearH  lo<ri\Jber,  till  Iuh  death. 

Mr.  Wiiithrop'H  trenins  led  him  to  pbitoHopliiral  in- 
qniricrt, and  bii*  t>pptirlunitie.s  forctniverNin^  with  learn- 
ed men  abroad,  furnished  him  with  a  rich  variety  of 
knuwled<re,  particularly  ofthe  mineral  kin^rdiHii  ;  and 
there  are  some  valuable  comnmnicatitms  oi'  bis  in  the 

ithilosopliical  transartiotiH,  which  procurcil  bim  the 
loiior  of  bein<r  eleclcd  a  Kellow  id' the  Koyal  Sucicty. 
Hi>  had  also  much  skill  in  the  art  ipf  physic  ;  and  i^t-ne 
ron>>ly  distributed  many  valuiible  medicines  anionir  ibc 
neopb',  who  constantly  applied  to  him  whenever  they 
had  need,  and  were  treated  with  a  kiudnesH  that  did 
honor  to  their  l>enefactor. 

HIk  many  valuable  ipialities  as  a  gcntlemnn,  a  chris- 
tian, a  philosopher,  and  a  public  ruler,  priH-ured  him 
the  univcr.al  respect  td'  the  people  uiuler  his  jjovcrn- 
ntcnt  ;  and  his  nnwcaiieil  attention  to  the  pnlilic  bu.sl- 
lU'ss,  and  threat  nnilerstindinr  in  the  art  i>f  ,i;overnment, 
was  of  unspeakable  ad\anla<;e  to  them.  Iteiu^r  om-  of 
the  commissioners  of  ihc  I'nited  ('oloidcs  of  New  Wun- 
land,  in  the  year  Hi7(),  in  the  hci<{ht  nl'lhe  lir.st  ireiu'r.d 
Indian  war,  as  he  was  attending  the  service  at  llosttin, 
be  fell  Hick  »d' a  fever,  and  dieil  im  lber>tb  id'.Xpril.  in 
the  seventy  first  year  of  his  aj;e,  and  was  honorably 
buried  in  the  Kanie  tomb  with  liis  excellent  lather. 


gi:ou<;k('aia'!:ht,  rF.ciMnsc'ALvr.KT.- 
diOKos  Uvi.TiMouK)    I.KONAIU)  (^M.VKin'. 

GEORiE  ('Ai.vRUT—IIts  inrlh  ami  ediicatinn— In  lin-  .<i'rMCf 

nf  Sir  Holx'rt   r.Til-lle   is   .In  .Si-rn-lary  <ii   St;ili---Ilf 

iiTi'lveM  a  [irnsjittt  fnitri  Kiml;  Jaini's— lleronii'S  a  I'ltiliohr 
—  Creiitetl  ll;ir»a  ut  ll.iltuiiorL'  — llr  attfiiiplvi  ;i  sctlir- 
tiit'iil  lit  Newluaiiiitaail  — Vi^ii>  \'iri;iiiin  -Kitiivch  a  imhiiI 
nt  Uie  Ifrrilurv  inirlli  of  ihn  Pi.tn\viiiiu'k--nis  Ihiilli— llm 
t'Imracti'i  -('kch,  rAHKiir  — lie  rernve.'*  a  Patent  til  Mh- 
rylaaii— .SfUli -t  ili'  rnlmiv— .\[i|toniis  his  liroilirr,  I.t'un.ml, 
(ioviTiiur— I.EuNAiiu  ("ALVKiir— Cumlucls  selllora  lo  the 
Culony 

(lEORiJK  (^At.vKKT  was  descended  from  a  noble  fa- 
mily of  Flanders,  ami  horn  at  Kiplinir  in  Yorkshire, 
M-Wt!  )  He  receive<l  his  education  at  Trinity  (*tdlci;f, 
in  Oxf'ird,  and  aOer  takini;  IiIh  Bachelor's  decree, 
( I ft'J7)  travelled  over  the  continent  of  Knrope.  At 
his  return  to  Knijland.  in  the  beirinnini;  4)f  the  rcinn  of 
iaineii  I  he  was  taken  into  the  oH'ice  of  .Sir  Robert 
*Jecil,  Secrrlary  of  State  ;  and  when  Sir  llobert  was 
tdvanced  to  the  hurd  Hi^h  Troatiurcr,  he  retained  Cal- 


vert  ill   his   Kcrvire,   and    employed  hiin    in   icveral 
weijjhlj  imilterH  of  stale, 

Uv  the  inlercHl  of  Sir  Hobcrt.then  Karl  of  Sidisbury, 
be  vvas  apii^unteil  oin>  id' the  clerks  of  the  council,  and 
receiveil  the  honor  id'  kniulitbooil  (1017  ;)  and  in  the 
hillovvin^  year  was  made  Seerelary  of  Slate,  in  the 
room  of  Sir  'i'lxunas  Lake,  < 'oncciviio^  the  Duke  of 
IJtn-kinuham  to  have  been  inslruiiieniid  in  his  prefer- 
ment, be  prcMcnti  d  luni  with  a  jevvil  of  ^reat  value  ; 
but  liic  duke  returned  it,  v\itb  a  message  that  be  owed 
bis  advaru-i'ment  to  bis  own  merit  and  the  ^^ond  plea- 
sure of  Ins  Movcrciijn,  who  was  fully  seiihible  of  it 
llis|rreat  knnwled<re  of  public  business,  and  Iiik  dili- 
gence and  fidelity  in  cooductintr  it,  had  rendered  hiiii 
very  accejitabte  to  (lie  kin^'.wbo  ;^'rantcil  him  a  pension 
of  i.UDO/.  out  of  the  euslonis 

In  lt)*'l.lie  conscientiouslv  became  a  Uoininit 'atho- 
lie,  and  having  freely  ow  iied  bis  principles  to  the  kiiit;, 
resiirned  Iuh  ollice.  This  iniieriuous  confession  so 
atVeeted  the  mind  of  James,  that  be  not  only  eonlinuetl 
him  lui  the  list  of  I'rivy  Counsellors,  but  created  him 
llaron  of  iJalthuore,  in  thu  county  of  l<oii^;tiird,  in 
Ireland. 

Whilst  he  was  Secretary  of  Slate  and  om-  of  the 
eonnnittee  of  trade  niul  plantations,  be  obtained  from 
the  kiri^r,  a  patent  for  the  soutlicaHtcrn  |H'ninsula  of 
Ncwfonudla'id.  which  he  named  the  Province  id' Ava- 
lon  ;  from  Avalonius,  ,\  monk,  who  was  supposed  to 
h.ivo  converted  the  llritish  Kiii^  Lucius,  and  all 
bis  court  lo  ('hristiaiiity  ;  in  rememhraiice of  which 
event,  the  Abbey  of  (ilastonbury  was  fuunded  at 
Avalon,  in  Soinersetsbire.  Sir  (icorjio  yave  Iuh 
[irovincu  tliiit  name,  imaoiiiititr  it  wuuld  be  the  tirst 
place  in  North  America  where  the  Gospel  would  be 
preached. 

At  Forryland,  in  his  Province  of  Avalon,  he  built  a 
line  house,  and  spent  ^iCy^iWOl .  in  advanein«;  his  planta- 
tion, which  he  visileil  twice  in  person.  Itut  it  was  so 
annoyed  by  the  French,  that  thoiii^h  lie  once  repulsed 
ami  pursued  their  ships,  and  look  sixty  prisoners;  yet, 
be  found  bis  province  so  much  expo.><cd  to  their  insidls, 
and  the  trouble  and  i>\prnse  of  defeinlini;  it  so  very 
<;reat,  that  he  was  obliged  to  abandon  it,  and  be  con- 
lent  with  the  loss  of  what  be  had  laid  out,  in  the  im- 
provement of  a  territory,  the  soil  and  eliuiato  of  which 
were  considered  as  unfavorabb'  f-i  bis  views. 

lleinir  still  inclined  to  form  a  siitlement  in  America, 
ubilbcr  be  mi^ht  retire  with  his  family  and  friends,  of 
the  same  relioious  principles,  he  made  a  visit  lo  Vir^ii 
nia,  llio  fertility  and  advanta|r<'s  nf  which  bad  been 
biolily  celebraleil ;  and  in  winch  In'  hail  been  interested, 
as  one  of  the  adventurers.  Itut  the  people  there,  liciii<; 
Protestants  of  the  ('linrcli  of  Kntrtand,  reirarded  him 
with  a  jealous  eye,  on  aci'onnt  of  his  religion  ;  and  by 
their  unwelcome  reception  of  him,  be  wat-  discoura^rcd 
from  settlin*;  within  their jnrisdictiim. 

In  visitititr  the  Hay  of  tbcsapeake.  he  observed  that 
the  Virginians  bad  cstahlislied  trading  honscs  on  some 
of  the  islands  ;  hut  that  they  bad  not  exteiuh'd  their 
plantations  to  the  northward  ofthe  river  I'otowmack  ; 
allhou>;b  the  country  tliere  wa.s  cipially  valuable  with 
that  wliicb  ihi-y  bad  planted. 

When  be  relumed  to  Kni>land.  be  applied  to  Kin^ 
Charles  I  for  the  uranlof  a  territory  northward  ofthe 
Polovvni;ick  ;  and  the  kin<;,  wliu  had  as  ^treat  an  atl'cc- 
tion  for  him  as  had  bis  father  .).inii-.s,  readily  complied 
with  his  reipic.^t.  Hut  owiiiL'  I"  (he  tedious  fornn  of 
public  business,  heforv  a  patent  could  he  completed 
and  pass  the  seals,  Lord  lii'ltiinore  died  at  I.ondori 
on  the  15lh  of  April,  Hi:)**.*,  in  the  Alsl  year  of  his 
a^'c. 

The  character  of  thi.H  nobleman  is  thus  drawn 
'rbon^b  be  was  a  Koman  Catholic,  be  kept  biuiHcIf 
iliseny;at;ed  from  all  interests,  behaving  with  such 
inixleration  and  projiriely,  that  all  parties  were  pli'ased 
with  him, and  none  complained  of  bim.  He  was  a  man 
of  <rreat  ^oihI  sense,  not  obstinate  in  liis  opinions,  la- 
kin*;  as  nnicli  ph'asure  in  hearing  the  senlinients  of 
others  as  in  detiverin>r  his  own.  Whilst  be  was  Secre- 
tary of  Stale,  he  examined  all  letters,  and  carried  to 
ibekint;  every  ni^hl  an  exact  and  well  ditfcstcd  account 
of  alfairs,  lie  aj^recd  with  Sir  John  Popbam  in  Ihc 
design  of  forei^rn  plantations  ;  hut  ditVered  in  the  man 
iier  of  execntiiiy  it.  Popbam  was  for  extirpatini;  the 
original  inbahitants.t 'alvert  was  for  eivili/Jiii;  and  con- 
vertin^r  them.  The  former  was  for  present  prolit;  the 
latter  for  reasonable  ex[M>ctation,  and  for  emp!ovin<r 
jjoveruors  who  were  not  interested  merchants,  but  un- 
concerned yentliMnen  ;  he  was  for  i;ranliny  liberties 
with  caution,  leavini;  every  one  to  provide  lor  himself 
by  his  own  industry,  and  not  lo  depend  on  a  common 
intercut.     Hu  Icll  somethini;  rctijiectin^r  America  in 


M 

writings  hut   it   doei  not   appear  that  it   waj  ever 
printed. 

.\fler  the  dealli  of  .•'ir  fleor^e  the  patent  was  nj^ain 
drawn  in  the  name  ol  bis  eldest  son,  Cecil,  I  ord  Haiti 
niori',  and  passed  the  seals  on  the  '.^Htb  of  June,  KiUV 
The  oriiijinal  drau;fht  beini.'  in  Latin,  the  patentee  in 
called  i'tftlnm  and  the  eoniilry  '*  'Vttra  Marur^  4liiiii 
Maryland,"  in  hoimr  of  Henrietta  Maria,  the  Q  icea 
consort  of  Charb-M  I.* 

Fmnj  the  yrcat  precision  of  tliis  cliarter  the  power* 
which  it  ^ivcs  to  the  proprietor,  and  the  privilej^'CN  ai'd 
exemplioiis  which  it  grants  to  the  people,  it  is  evidi  >  t 
that  .Sir  (leor^f  himself  was  the  chief  penman  of  it. 
One  onii^'HiiMi  was  mkhi  discovered  ,  iin  provision  \\"A 
made,  that  the  la\v.<i».houIil  be  Iraiismilted  to  the  sove- 
reign for  his  approbation  or  disallowance.  'I'beeoin* 
missioners  of  trade  and  )ilantalions  luiulc  a  rcpreseii* 
lation  of  this  delict  to  ihe  Honseof  Commons,  in  Hidtl, 
and  ail  act  of  Parliament  was  proposed  as  Ihe  only 
remedy. 

The  province  of  Maryland  is  thus  described.  All 
that  part  of  a  peninsula  in  .America,  Iyin«  between  the 
ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Hay  of  Chesapeake  on  the 
west,  and  divided  from  the  olbi  r  part,  by  a  rit^lit  lino 
drawn  from  Walkin's  Point,  in  the  afnresaid  hay,  on 
the  west,  to  the  main  m-ean  on  the  i-ast  Thence  lo 
that  part  of  Hetaware  Hay  on  the  north,  which  licth 
niuhr  (hf  Jorl'iih  ihi'nr  nf  north  latitude  from  the 
eipiinoctial,  where  New  Kni^land  ends  Thence  in  a 
ri;:lit  line,  bv  tin' de^'ree  aforesaul,  lo  the  true  incridiail 
ofthe  first  lonnlaiiiH  ofthe  river  J'otowmaik.  'I'lieiuu 
followin;r  the  course  id' said  river  to  its  inoutli,  wheru 
it  falls  into  the  Hay  of  Chesapeake.  Thence  <m  a 
riubt  line,  aentss  the  liay  toWatkin's  Point  ;  with  uU 
Ihe  islauilH  and  islets  within  these  limits. 

'I'liis  rejrion  was  erected  into  a  proviiire  ;  and  the 
proprietor  was  invested  with  palatine  honors.  In  con- 
junction with  the  freemen  or  their  delrj^ates  he  had 
le;:islative,  and,  in  person,  or  hy  oMicerH  of  his  own 
appointment,  he  )iad  executive  powers.  Hi'  had  atsu 
the  advowson  of  ebnrehcH,  the  erection  of  manors,  bo- 
roiiubs,  cities,  and  ports;  saving  the  liberty  id  tisbinj^ 
and  drying;  fish  which  wasdectured  coimnoii  to  all  ll  o 
kiiiji's  subjccls.  'I'he  charter  provided,  that  if  aiy 
doubts  should  arise  concerning  the  sense  of  it,  such  ;mi 
interprf tatii»n  shoidd  be  tiiveii  as  would  be  most  favoia- 
ble  lo  the  interest  of  the  proprietor 

The  territory  is  said  lo  he  "  in  the  parts  of  AniericR 
not  yet  rulfiruird,  thou;.di  inhahiled  by  a  b-ir'viro'i^ 
people,''  and  it  is  provided,  that  the  pntvince  '*  should 
!Mit  he  lioklen  or  reputed  as  jiart  nj  \'i!f,'inui,  or  of  ai'y 
other  colony,  hut  immediately  dependant  on  Ihe  Crown 
of  Fn^jland."  These  clauses,  toj»clher  with  the  con- 
struction put  on  lhe/or/»7/i  di-f^nr  of  latitude,  proved 
the  ground  of  loiii;  and  bitter  conlrovcrsics,  one  of 
wliicliwas  not  closed  tilt  after  the  lapse  of  a  cen- 
tury. 

TwpIvo  years  before  the  date  ofthe  charter,  (1020.) 

John  Porey,  sometime  secrrlary  of  Vir;;inia,  who  had 

mailed  into  the  northern  part  ol  the  Hay  of  Cbcsapc;ike, 

rejiortcil  that  he  found  nearoneliundnd  Kii<4hMh  pn  plo 

very  happily  settled  there,  and  cnoa^ed  in  a  fur  tiadn 

with  the  natives.      In  the  year  before  Ihc  ilate  id'  tlio 

charter,  {I  fill  I.)  Kin*/ Cliarlcs   had  (.'ranted   a    lueiisu 

;  under    the   privy   .seal  of   Scotlaml.    lo    .Sir    vVilhani 

j  .Alexander,  proprietor  of  Nova  Scoiia,  ami  to  William 

iCIcyborne,   couuKellor  and   secretary   id   \  ir^inia,   lo 

tradr  in  those  parls  of  .America,  for  which  tliere  had 

1  not  been  a  patent  ;;raiilcil  lo  others  ;  and  sent  an  order 

to  Ihc  iTovernor  of  Virginia  to  permit  lliein  freely  to 

'irade  there,      In  conscipience  ofwbich.  Sir  John  Har- 

M  V  and  his  council,  in  the  same  year,  had  i;rantcd  lo 

j<he  s,dd  Cleyhorne,  a  permission  to  sail  and  Iralhc  In 

I  the  -'ailjotinn>;  plantations  of  the   Hiilch,  or  to  any 

Fnjilisb  plantation  on  the  territnry  of  .America  "'     As 

1  nolbiii!,' isKaid  in  these  instruments  ofthe  .Swedes, who 

I  first  planted  the  shores  ofthe  Hay  of  Delaware,  it  lo.s 

,  been  inferred  hy  the  advoi'atcs  of  Haltimore,  that  ibry 

I  bad  not  settled  llicro  previous  to  Ihe  charter  ol  Maiy- 

'lao'l,  tlioni;h  liie   family  of  Penii  insisted  lui   •!  as  a 

fact,  that  the  occupancy  of  ihc  .Swedes  wa*  prior  t  1 

that  peri(«|.     In  eonsetpicnce  of  the  liccnn*  yiven  lo 

( .'leyhorne.be  and  his  ausix-iatcs  had  made  e  seltlcnicnl 


I      •  Otfilliy  Kays  tli.it  a  lOnnk  wii.«i  left  for  the  iinitie  of  the  ter- 
:  rilory,  ul-a-li   l.unl   ILiUiinore   intemli-il  ii>   lri\e  liiji-J  hku 

rreseeiitia.     Hal  wlun   llie    kaa,'   ii.Kkeil    liiiri  hT  a  narni'.  ho 
!  toin)>lai,-.ioitly  ieterre<(  it  to  bis  M.i.eslyS  |iIeaMirt>,  \\  |io  [tio> 

()oseil  Ilic  iiuiiie  ol  Uie  nui  en,  to  w  liu  ll  hl^  lonlslup  tuuhl  not 

but  I  oiiseiit. 

Uv  also  say-*,  timt  tlio  neeoail  l-onl  nullnnorc  was  rhris- 

ti-ned  rt'til.in  honor  of  lui  f.ntlurr's  putroa ;  tiul  wum  coiuirmBd 
,  by  t!'i!  luunc  of  L'ccUnu 


CO 


AMERICAN    If  I  R  r  t»  K  V 


on  ttie  Ii1«nr  Kent,  far  within  trif*  liiiiitiin|'Mnryliin(l ; 
ami  cliiiiiiPil  n  iii»ni>|ioly  ortlit*  triulr  ol'lho  ( Mit'i(U)HMik(\ 
Theac  ppimlc,  it  irt  Muitl,  Hrtit  Uiir^n'titii'ii  to  tlio  Itv- 
f  ilulure  of  Virj{iuiii,  itiul  went  ei)iiMiilrri>tl  an  Hulijci'l 
lo  it«  jurisdiciion,  bt'furr  tlir  pMtitblitdiiiinit  uf  Mary* 
ftnd. 

After  rrci'iviii){  tlio  rharirr,  IfonI  llulliinoro  bciriin  to 
prrpnrn  t'ur  llio  rollivtiui;  uiid  lr;uiM|iortin){  ti  oiloiiylo 
Aiiirrica.  At  firHt.  Iiu  inti'ttilcd  to  [fo  in  ihtkoii  ;  litit 
aftcrwiird  rhiinjrrd  hii*  mind, and  ii|i|>i)inti'd  IiIh  lirnthrr 
Lconitrd  (^iilvtTl,  ijovrrnor.  with  two  asftiMtanlM,  .lori*- 
my  Hawly  nnd  'rhoni:\ri(%>rnwallitt  ThcHcwith  iilioiit 
two  hondrcd  porHinm/of  ^ruod  r.irnilirMiind  of  tlir  Ho 
iHiiii  Calluilic  iM'rHiDidion,  oiiiharkfd  ut  ('owrH  ut  tlit' 
I»ilt»  of  WikIiI,  iim)  on  tlu*  twi'niydrcond  of  Novi'mlxT, 


nthrr  |mrt,  till  lli«  lit'nt  liiir  r.<t ;  vvlu-n  tlu'v  itromittrd 
to  quit  till'  phiL'f,  and  rrni^n  it  wliwlly  (o  Itirni.  Holh 
lurlicit  t'nti'rril  into  a  t'untrart  to  livn  lo;ri'llirr  in  a 
friendly  nj.innrr ;  or,  if  any  injurv  ulioiild  Im-  doni\  on 
rilticr  rtidi'.  ihr  olli'iidin;;  P'^i'ty  Klionld  niaki*  it^Uinfar- 
lion.  CalviTt  lia\in<;  ^Iumi  thmi  wlia!  lie  dri-nu'd  a 
valnablc  fonNidt'raltoii,  willi  wliitli  thi>y  a|i)i('arn)  lo  bo 
oontiMil,  tlicy  roadity  tiiiittrd  a  nnnilu-r  ol  ilirir  hoiiNrx 
and  ri'lirt'd  to  lht>  oilirrt ;  and,  it  brini;  the  HraHon  for 
idantin*;,  butli  parlirft  went  lo  work  ThiiH  on  tbt>  *^7(b 
of  Man  I),  in:ll,  the  Kn<>Hr<h  ndonv  took  praffalilr 
|ioHm-HNi.Miof  ibcroimtry  of  .M.irylaiiii ;  and  jjavi*  lo  tin' 
town  tlit>  nanio  of  St  Mary,  and  to  tht>  creek  un  vvliii-li 
it  Wat*  Nilualc,  llir  natni'  of  St.  <iror^('. 

The  di'itirc  of  t|nii'tin^lti(*  nalivrg,  by  uivinijlln'ni  a 
lt);t:l,and  alU'r  a  rircnitonx  voyage  tlirou<;b  tbe  Wi'kI  ,  rtMHonablfaiuUahMfaclorycotiipKnHalion  for  iln-ir  landit 
India  iidandH,  tourliin^  fimt  at  ItarbadocH  and  tlwn  at   it  a  trait  in  tin'  cliarai-lrr  of  Hit*  firttt  plaiitcrtt,  wbich 


WMMilAM    PKNN. 


William  Pkmk— Hi*  llirtli  .in<l  Edm-nt 
Fraiirr  — tiix'H  tn  Irt'lmul  Allihlii!*  Iiiiri 
—  Hix  Brri'Hi  hikI  (hit«  hnrKi-  |ii>.i-nr<it'il 
4-niiH':«  ail  itintrioil  ihi'iiiImi     liiiiiiii^ni 

ttt'ioml  j<Miriii'>  t>>  Ik 1     lliH    titlii'i 

His  iiiii'||-'"iiiih  til  in  >i\VL'iitc     He  |ili 
lu'ltirc   I'ailiiiiiii'iil  -  Itr-i-i'iuvo  a  Cliiol 


1  -111*  trsvelfl  li> 
iiHiii  to  lilt'  gimhrr* 
I  hv  liiH  hitliir  -Hu- 
<nl  III  ihr  t<ivMT-  Ilia 

IITKtM'llt'll   ttt   lllttl  — 

iulN  l<ir  Uii>  gtinkrrR 
f  I'l'iimtvlviniia- 


nt.  I'linritonlii'r  K  llit>y  caiiir  to  anchor  hi'torr  I'oint 
('Ornfort  in  virL[inia,  onthc  twcnly-fotirtb  of  KrbruarVi 
1<>31  ;  and,  on  ^oinif  iiji  to  Jamestown,  drhvcrcd  to 
(Sovcrnnr  Harvey,  thu  Ii'tteri*  which  the  kini;  had 
written  in  their  favor.  The  governor  and  hiticunncil 
rocpived  tbein  with  that  civihty  which  waH  ilue  to  the 
command  of  their  8ov(»reif{n  ;  lnjt  they  reRolvcil    '  to 


will  a.waytido  honor  to  their  ini'inory 

It  waM  a  lortunalc  rircmnHlance  fur  ihetie  advrulii* 
rem,  that,  previoun  to  Ihrir  arrival,  the  Indiana  nf  Voa- 
coiniHM),  had  renolvetl  to  qnit  their  eiaintry,  and  retire 
lo  the  wcHlwarii,  that  they  inijihl  be  free  from  the  in- 
cnrHioiiH  iif  ihe  SiiHquclianockrt.  a  powerful  ami  \varlik< 
iialion.  reiiidinu  between  Ihc  DavH  (d'('heitapeake  aiitl 


IliH  tiTitiH  ni  hi'itli  Mil-Ill  -SimiiIh  ti  li'ticr  In  tlie  llllllnilN  — 
Kinlinrkn  wtlli  n  iinnil«i-i  ni  tjiiiikriH  lor  Aiiiciii-a  — Arrivrt 
111  Nf%\(-ii!ttlr  <Mi«-<t  lo  ('lii'<<ii<r  Niiini-H  hitt  xcllU'ini'iil 
I'litliiili-l|>lit.i-'Spt'riiiii-ii  (if  hit  hUIc  (iI  {iMMirliiMS  -lltH  iIo 
piirtiiri'  Inr  Kiiultnitl-  Hr  fiulili.tliiH  it  lionk  «>ii  tin-  lihirlynf 
CDiiMlciiri'  — SiiK|M't'l('(l  III  l>«'iiii<  aiii-iii-iiiy  In  Kiiik  WiIIju'ii 
—  \\v  \*  mvnlvtl  in  ilrlit  -  lliH  pni'lriit  riu';isiui'!«"Ni«ti!i  ■ 
new  clmrliT— Iti'tiirriN  to  Kh»;ltiiiil— llix  riiiliiirrnhsiiifiiiH" 
lliK'leiilh.  , 

Thk  Koi'NDKH  nf  Pennsylvania  wa«  iheirrandHon  of 
Caplain  (iileN  IViin,  an  KnuliMh  ronMul  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, aiul  the  Kon  of  Sir  \N'illiam  Peiiii,  an  Adrni- 
ral  of  the  Mn^Hirili  navy,  in  ihr  proh-rloriilc  of  (.'rotn- 
Wfll.  and  in  ihe  rei^n  of  ('harh's  II.  in  which  otiico 
he  rendereil  very  important  werviccM  (o  the  nation, 
particnlarly  by  llie  eontpicHi  of  Jamaica  from  tliu 
SpaniardH,  and  in  a  naval  \iclory  over  ihe  Dnfcli 
William  waM  born  ncli.brr  II,  Kill,  in  the  parihh  of 
St.  ('athariiie.  near  ihe  tower  of  London,  ednnited  at 


maintain  the  rights  <iftlio  prior  Hett lenient."    They  af-  lUelaware,  who  frennently  invaded  thein.and  carried  oM'('i,iirwcll.  in  INsex,  and  at  a  private  school  in  London  , 


forded  to  the  new  colony  MtippileM  of  provision  for  do* 
metttic  use,  but  eonnidered  them  uh  intrudeni  on  their 
territory,  nnd  at*  obstrnctinu  that  trallic.  from  which 
they  had  derived  and  ex)iected  to  derive  much  advan* 

tamp- 
on the  %\  of  Marrh,  Calvert  witli  hi»  colony  pro- 
ceeded in  Ihe  Day  of^'heHa|>eake,  tothe  northw'aril,anil 
(•nlered  the  Polowmack,  up  which  he  nailed  twelve 
leajTueti,  and  came  tu  anchor  under  an  idlaml. which  he 
named  'SV.  Clrmmt.  Here  he  fired  hiH  canon,  erected 
a  croRB.  and  took  posHCHMion,  "  in  the  name  of  the  Sa- 
viour oflhe  world  and  the  Kini;  of  Kn<rland.''  Thence 
he  went  with  liii«  pimiiU'eH  lifteeii  lea^neM  hitherto  the 
Indian  town  uf  Polowmack,  on  the  Virginian  side  of 


their  proviniourt  and  women.     Some  had  aeUially  re-  ,(,„|  in  |||,.  fit'iitnlh  year  of  hi'4  at'c  enlered  a«  a  i*lu- 
inoveil,  and  other**  were  prepariiiij  to  fnllow,  but  were  ,|,.nl  and  j^eiitl an   coinmoner  of  CliriKt  t'linrch 


Oxlurd. 

His  ^eniuH  watt  brii:hl,  his  dispoKilioii  sober  and  stii* 
dioiiK.  and  lieini;  possessed  of  a  tncly  iinaifination  and 
a  warm  hear!,  the  first  turn  of  Ins  mind  lowardH  reli* 
uions  Hiibjecls,  was  alteniled  v%ilh  ci^cunl^laneeH  bor- 
lerini;    on    eiilhusiasm       Havinir    received    bis    lirit 


eticoura^ed  to  remain  another  tteasnn,  by  Ihe  presence 
if  the  Knolinh.  They  lived  on  friendly  lenn.t  with  ihe 
cohniy  ;  the  men  assistetl  them  in  tiuntinir  ami  lisliini;  ; 
the  women  t.i\i^hllhem  lomaiiaue  Ihe  ,llantln^aIld  cul- 
ture of  corn,  and  makinjr  it  into  bread  ;  and  they  were 
compensated  lor  their  labor  and  kindnesx  in  mich  to<its 

ami  trinketri  ..k  were  pleasin|rt»  them.  According;  lol  impressioiiH  troin  Ihe  preachim^'  of  'I'hnmas  Loe,  an 
iheir  promise,  they  quilled  the  place  wholly,  in  llu'!  iiinerant  (.Quaker,  he  conceived  a  favorable  opinion  of 
foHowin^r  year,  and  the  colony  liad  full  and  quiet  pos  i  ihe  lliu'lits  and  relinemenls  of  thai  rising;  seel,  which 
MesHion.  letl  him,  white,  at  the  nniversily,  in  coninnclioii  wilh 

At  hi)«  first  setllement  in  ihio  place, (*alverl  erected  a  '  Koine  other  sludenr  -,  l«  wilhdraw  tnaii  Ihe  eslablishid 
houtte, and  mounted  a  Kuanlforlb)^  securityof  his  people   wornhip,   and    hold  a   private    meeting;,   where    they 

the  river,  now  called  New  Marlborou^di  ;  where  he  was  and  stores.  He  waH.stion  alter. visited  by  Sir  John  Har-',  preached  and  prayed  Iheir  own  way.     The  disciplnm 

received  in  n  friendly  m.inner  by  the  guardian  ^e^ent,   vey  and  by  several  of  the  Indian  princes     At  an  enter-   ,if  the  universiiy  liein^r  very  ^^Irict  in  Niich  matters,  he 

the  prince  ol'  Ihe  countrv  beini;  a  minor.     'J'hence  he  tainment  on  board  one  of  the  shipH.  the  Werowanceof 

nailed  I'velve  leatrnes  failher,  tothe  lown  <if  Piscala-    I'atuxent  was  Mcated  between  the  (iovernor  (d'Vir>;inla 

way,  on  the  Maryland  nide  ;   where  he  found  //^/o;/ ,and  the  ^twenior  of  Marvland    Oiieoflilsown  subjects 

Flrtl,  an  Kn^hshman,  wlio  had  resided  Hcveral  years  J  coming  on  hoanl  ami  seeing  his  sovereign  in  that  sitiia 

nmonir  the  natives,  and  was  held  by  them  in  frreat  es-   lion, started  with  Hurpri/e,lhinkin<;  him  a  prisoner, as  he  >ixleenth  year  ot  his  a{;e,  expelled  as  an  incorrioihlo 

teem.     He  procured   -.'.n    interview   between    Calvert  badl>eenoncebefore,tolhe  VirKinians.    The  prince  ruse  '  tiHender  at;ainsl  the  laws  of  nniformity. 

fromthe  table  and  saiislied  the  Indian  that  he  was  sale,  i>n  his  return  home,  be  found  his  father  hiuldy 
wliich  prevented  his  atl'cclionale  subject  froiii  leaning;  I  incensed  against  him.  As  neilher  reinonstraiu*es,  nor 
into  the  water,  as  he  hail  hllemplcd  't'Ins  Wero- 1  threalenintrs,  nor /'/crrv  could  divest  him  of  his  reli* 
wance  was  ho  much  pleased  with  the  conduct  of  i'al- '  jiiiuis  attachments,  he  was,  for  a   white  lurned  out  nf 


was  lined  liirthe.vf/'  of  noiiconlormlty  ;  Ibis  served  to 
fix  hiiu  more  firmly  in  his  )iriiiciples  and  liabHs,  and 
ex|H)scd  Ills  sin«rularity  more  opi'idy  loihe  woild.  lliii 
condnel  beini;  then  deemed  nbstin.ite.  le  was. 


I  the 


and  the  Werowance  or  It'rd  cf  the  place,  and  ollicia* 
led  a»  their  interpreter.  Calverl,  determining;  to  pnr- 
eue  a  course  of  conduct  founded  on  pacilie  and  hono- 
rable intentiimH.askul  the  Werowance, whet  her  he  was 
willin>;  that  he  and  his  peojih-  should  settle  in  his  coun- 
try.    His  answer  was  short  and  prudent  ;  "  I  will  not 


vert  and  bis  |>eo|ile,  that  aller  many  other  compliments  the  house;  but  by  ihe  inllnence  of  his  inolber  he  wai 


he  said  to  ihem,  at  partinir,  '*  I  love  the  Kn^lisb  ho|Ro  far  restored  lo  favor  as  lo  be  sent  to  France,  in 
bid  you  to  im,  i;..r  to  sl::y  ;  bm.  you  may  use  your  own  I  well,  that  if  1  knew  they  would  kill  me,  1  would  com-  icompanv  with  some  persons  of  quality,  with  a  view  to 
discretion."     This  interview  was   helil  on  hoard  thejinand  my  |>rople  not  to  revenue  my  death  ;  because  1  |niiliend   his  mind,  and  reline  his  manners      Here  ho 


ffovernor's  pinnance ;  the  natives  on  shore  crowded  to  lain  sure  they    would  not   k.ll  me,  but  ihruuirh   my 
the  water's   ed<;e,  to  look  aller  their   sovereiifn,  and   own  fault.'* 

were  not  salished  of  his  safely,  till  he  Htouil  up  audi      The  colony  had  broU(;ht  wilh  them  Knjilishmeal ; 
fthowed  himself  to  them.  hut  they  found   Indian  corn  in  ^reat  plenty,  both  at 

Haviuj;  made  this  discovery  of  the  river,  nrul  cnn*|  Uarbndoesand  Viririnia  ;  and  by  the  next  sprin;;,  they 
vinced  the  nalivcF  that  his  desiirns  were  amicable,  the  were  able  to  export  one  thousand  bushels  to  IS'ew 
governor  not  ihinkiiii;  il  advisid>le  lo  make  his  first  set*  Kiiirhmd  and  Nevvfoumlland  ;  for  which  they  received 
tieiuent  sohi<;h  up  the  river,  sailed  down  to  the  ships,  |dried  fish  and  other  pntvisions  in  return  They  pro- 
takiui;  Kteet  with  him  for  a  unide.  The  natives,  leiired  cattle,  swine  and  )iouliry  tVom  Viruinia.  'I'liey 
who,  when  they  first  s.iw  the  sfiips,  and  heard  the  |  were  very  imluritrions  in  buihtin^  houses  and  inakini; 
iHma.  had  tieil  from  St.  Clenienl's  island  ami  itsjrardeiiH,  in  which  they  sowed  the  seeds  of  Kuropean 
neiirhborhoist,  relnriied  to  Iheir  liabil;itions.  and  seem- 1  esculent  ve;felables  ;  and  had  the  pleasure  of  sceini; 
ed  to  repose 
this  was  not  di 
duct  of  Fleet. tlx'  •Governor  visited  a  creek  on  the  north-   them  died  ;   but  when  the  survivors  were  seasoned  to  I  met  with  Id 


learnt  the  lani.'ua«fe  of  the  i-ourilry,aiid  acquired  such  a 
polite  and  courtly  behaviour,  that  his  father,  aHertwo 
years  td'seiice,  re<'eiveil  him  with  joy,  bopiny  that  the 
olqect  of  his  wihiies  was  atli'ined.  He  was  then 
admitted  into  Liiw  du's  Inn.  where  he  sindied  law  till 
the  plafjue  broke  out  in  llibr>,  when  he  returned  to  bin 
falher's  house. 

About  Ihjs  lime  ( IfitWi)  the  kind's  rolTers  beii>o  low, 
ami  claims  liir  unrewanled  services  bein^  importunate, 
uranls  were  frequently  made  of  lands  in  Ireland;  and 
the  merits  of  Sir  \\  illiain  Pennbeiiiir  not  the  least  con 
spicuous,  he  received  a  valuable  estate  in  Ihe  county  of 
niidence  in  their  new  friends  ;  but !  them  come  to  hiuh  perfection.  They  suirered  much  jTork,  ainI  commiUed  the  matia^'ement  of  it  lo  his  son, 
med  a  proper  station.    I'lider  the  con  j  in   their  health  by  the  fever  and  n^ne,   and  nuuiy  of  then  in  the  Iwentv  second  year  of  Ins  aue       Here  he 


ern  side  of  the  Polowmack,  about  f  inr  lea<;ueij  fromits]tlie  dimale,  and  had  learned  the  use  ot  indigenous 
mouth,  where  was  an  Indian  villairc,  surrounded  by  i  medicinal  remedies,  they  enjoyed  their  health  much 
rorn-tields,  and  called  \  oacoinaco.  ('alvert  went  on  '  better.  'Ihe  country  had  so  many  natural  advantages, 
shore,  and  acquainled  Ihe  prince  of  the  place  with  his  ;lliat  it  soon  became  populous.     Many  Roman  ( 'atholic 


intention  ;  who  was  r  illaT  reserved  in  his  answer,  but 
entertained  him  in  a  friendly  manner,  and  t,'ave  him  a 
l(hlt;ini!  in  his  own  bed. 

On  the  next  day,  he  *i)ioweil  Calvert  the  country  ; 
which  pleased  him  so  well,  that  he  deteriniiii'd  there  to 
fix  his  abinle  ;  and  treated  with  the  prince  about  piir- 
rhasin^f  the  place.  ( '.dvert  presented  lurn  and  his  prin- 
cipal men  with  Kiii:tish  cloth,  axes,  hues  and  knives  ; 
nnd  they  coiiiienlcd  that  their  new  friends  ■hould  re- 
aide  in  one  ]iiirt  of  their  town,  and  themselves  in  the 


*  The    rinmes   eif  Die   |iririci[iiil  iii«>ri    in  the  coin 
George  r:iherl.  Iirotlicr  lu  Uiu  (irnjinctor  :ui<l  komt 
llahanl  (iminl,  lliMirv  Creni, 

Ethvaifl  Wiiilrr.  Nicliolus  Kairlax, 

Frt'ili-riik  Wmler,  Tlmm.ii  hurretl, 

Henry  Witeman,  JmIih  Meil>':t:t, 

Joliti  Sii!i<lers,  Willniiii  Sujie, 

Jfiliii  Hnxter,  Juliii  llill, 

Edward  CraiiHuld, 


y  were, 


families  from  Kntrland   resorted  thither,  and  the  pro- 
prietor wilh  a  tlej/ree  of  wisdom  and  i»eneroKity,  then 


Id  friend  Loe,  and  iminediately  attached 
society  of  (.Quakers,  though  at  that  tiinn 


himsell  to  ili 

ihev  weresubieil  to  severe  persecnlion.  This  iiii;rht 
have  operated  as  a  iliM-oiira^jemi-nl  to  a  youiij:  yenlle- 
niaii  of  Michipialily  and  expectations. especially  as  he 
exposed  himself  thereby  to  the  reiiewi'd  displeasure  ot 
a  parent  who  hived  him.  had  not  the  inteirrily  ami  fcr 


unparalleled  but  in  Holland,  alter  having  eHlablished  j  vor  t>f  his  mind  induced  him  to  sacrifice  all  worhlly 
thet'hristiaii  religion  upmi  the  footin<;of  conimon  law.  considerations  to  the  dictates  of  his  conscience. 
^ranted  liberty  of  conscience  and  equal  privileges  lol  It  wan  n<il  hmir  before  he  was  apprehended  at  a  re- 
CliristiaiiM  of  every  denomination.  With  thitiesfteiilial  I  liuiiHiH  *'ffmr*///(. /r,"  and  with  eighteen  others,  cmn- 
beneht,  was  connected  security  of  properly;  lands!  milted  to  prison  by  the  mayor  of  Cork  ;  but  upon  bin 
were  ;riven  in  lots  of  titty  aerefi,  to  every  emigrant,  in  i  writing  a  handsome  address  to  the  Karl  of  Orrery.  Lord 
absolute  fee  simple.  I'lider  such  advantaues  the  pen- 1  President  of  MuiiHter,iu  which  he  very  nensibly  pleaded 
pie  thought  themselves  so  happy. that  in  anearly  period  I  for  hberly  of  conscience,  and  professed  his  ilesire  of  a 
of  their  colonial  existence,  they  in  return  ^rranted  to  ;|H<aceable,  nnd  hirt  abhorrence  of  a  tumultuous  ami  diit- 
llie  proprietor  a  itnbsidy  of  ftlleeii  pounds  of  tobacco,  un  '■  respectful  separation  from  Ihe  established  worHhip,  li« 
every  poll,  "  as  a  IcBtimony  of  their  gratitude  for  his  |  was  discharged.  This  second  stroke  of  perHccutiun 
;rreat  charire  and  Holicitude,  in  maintaininjr  the  ^ov- 1  en^aued  him  more  closely  to  the  (Quakers  He  aiiso- 
ermneiM,  in  proledintt  the  inhabitants  in  Iheir  riohls,  ciated  openly  with  ihenif  and  Isire,  with  calmneiiH  and 
and  for  reimbursing;  his  vast  ex^ieiiNe  ,'*  which  during ,  patience, the  cruel  abuse  which  wna  liberally  bestowed 
the  two  first  years  exceeded  turty  lliuusund  iwunds ion  that  sin[;nlar  party. 
titerhn{{.  |     His  father  hein>f  inforiiiud  ofhis  coiMlurt,  rrntaiidul 


DIOtlRAPHIKH    OK   TItK    EAIII.Y    I)  t  S  CO  V  l".  R  I' II  H  . 


•1 


him  liiiiiip;  and  llidiiuh  mm  WilliiiiirK  n.M-  InrlMil  lii» 

Uyiivi  llii'  fiirriMiltli.il  kl lex  iil(liMi|iliiii',  Id  wli'uli 

Han  iiiiviil  I'diiiiiiaii.lcr,   iii'  liiiil  I ri  in  I'liKliinii'il.  \i't 

hi'  (ilii'il  liiiii  Willi  llid«c  ur^'iiii In,  wliirli  ii  Ivan  iiii- 

lunil  fdr  II  iri;iii.>rilii' wiirlil  luiisc,  mnl  «|iiili,  Id  kiiiIi 
nil  oiic,  wiiiilcl  Imvi'  Im'i'Ii  |in'viiiliM!!  II"'  iiriiiri|iiildiii' 
wan  11  llirrali'iiiiiu  tii  ilisihlicril  liiiii  ;  nn.l  Id  ihin  |ii< 
hiiiiililv  HiilMiiitli'il,  llidiiirli  hi' I'diilil  liy  lid  iiii'iihH  III' 
|)<'r»iiiiiliMl  III  liikc  iilVtii*  liiil  ill  |iri'»i'iin'  lilihi.  liiin;, 
Ihc  Duke  1)1'  Viirli,  nr  liin  falliiT    Kiir  lliis  iiillrxiiiiiirv 

hi' wan  ncniii  tiirni'il  mil  nf  ilimrH  ;   \i\ ulmli   li'i< 

riiminciiriil  nil  ilini'rnnl  |iria('licr.  ami  Inul  iimk  li  niic- 
Cfiiii  ill  iiiakiii;'  jiriNi'lyti'ii  In  i|ic»i-  i'<iMir»i.iiiii,  llii' 
o)i|idi(iliiiii  wliii'li  ho  iiirl  «  iih  Irnin  Ihr  iliTi.n  am!  ilio 
iimninlnH-y,  rri'qiiniliy  liriiiirlit  him  intd  ihlliniliii'M. 
ninlHdiiiPliiiii'H  Id  iiii|irisoiiiiii-iil:  liiil  hin  iniiirrjiv  wan 
«d  iiianili'al,  iiiiil  Ilia  jialii'iiii'  hii  inviiiiHili',  ihal  lii- 
f.ilhrr.  Ill  li'iiulli,  liiTaiiii'  Hurtnii'il  tnwaril  him,  ami 
nut  only  I'xiTli'il  liin  inlrri'sl  In  rrli'asi'  hlin  Irdiii  rmi 
rmniii'iit,  liiit  wiiikcil  al  IiIh  rclnrii  l.itlii'  laiiiilv  wlii'ii- 
rvpr  it  •iiiti'il  liiH  I'diivi'iiirni'v.  Mix  iimlln'r  Has  al- 
way»  liiH  rniMhl.  ami  nUini  hiipiiiiiMl  Iiik  iii'rcK>ilirK 
wilhiml  Ihr  kiidwh'il:;!'  dl'tln-  lailuT." 

In  Ihi-yoar  U\(\-<,  h iinini'iinil  anlliiir;  anil  having 

wrilli'ii    11    li.iiik,   I'lilillnj    "  Thi.  Samly   Kiniiiilalidii 

■''liiik "  wliifli  KiiM'  (rroal  iill'i'iiri-  tii'  thi'  »|>iriliial 

'oriU,  li<<  wan  inipriiidiiril  in  iIh'Ihwit,  anil  llii' visiu  iif 
M»  IririiiU  wiTi'  Idtliiililrn  lliil  Iiih  ailviT»arii«  fdiiiul 
him  (irddlaiiaiiiHl  all  tlirir  rlViirlK  lo  kiiIkIih'  hiiii  ,  fur 
n  iiii'»iiai;i'  lii'iiii;  lirminlil  In  liiiii  liy  ihr  ||iHhd|i  iil'  l.cm- 
don,  that  li»  munlrithiTiHililiily  ri'Vanl,  urilii' a  |iri.idii. 
IT.  hia  niiHttor  wan,  '•  My  iirimui  >hall  hr  iiiv  j;ravr  I 
dwp  my  Cdimcirni'i'  In  no  man.  'I'lii'V  arr  misiakcii  in 
nil',  I  valiii'  Iidi  Ilii'lr  IlirraU.  Thi"*-  »liall  kii.iw  llial 
I  inn  wrary  out  ilioir  innlii'r,  nnil  I'latlli'  all  llii'ir  ih- 

«i;;n«'jy  Ihr  opirit  ol'iialiri ,"     Duriiii;  iIiih  cunlinr- 

niriit  hr  wrolr  Inn  faiiiomi  liiink,  "  .N'ci  Criimi,  iid 
Cronn  ;  '  and  anolhrr,  "  Inncurnry  wiili  lirr  opiii 
lair,"  in  wliirli  hr  rxphiinrd  ami  vimlualid  llir  priii 

ciplrn  whirh  hr  had  aiival I  in  Ihr  liiidk  lnr  nliirli  hr 

wa»imiirii>oiird.  TliiM,  with  a  h'llrr  wliirli  hr  wrnlr 
to  r.dril  ArliiiMidii,  srrrriary  nl  .Slair,  ,iiilnl  liv  ilir  in 
Irrrsl  whirh  his  I'allirr  hail  at  niiirl,  pniniml  hix  rr- 
li'asr,  artrr  ki'mh  muiilhs'  rdiirninnrnt. 

Sddii  afirr  lliis,  hr  iiiailr  aimllirr  visit  In  Inland  In 
Ri'lilr  hill  I'alhrr's  rdiicrrns,  in  whirh  hr  rxrrlnl  liiiii- 
srif  wiih  umil  industry  and  smcrsH.  llirr  hr  run 
•tiiiilly  appraird  al  Ihr  mrrliiias  i.ttlir  (^uakiTs,  and 
Iidt  only  odlrialrdas  a  prrarhrr,  lull  lisrd  his  iiilrrrsi 
wilh  ihr  lord  hrnlrnanl,  and  iilhrrsdl'  his  iidhiliiy,  to 
proiiirr  iniliil|{inrr  for  Ihrm,  and  gel  sdiiir  of  Ihrm  rr- 
Iraiiril  from  tlirir  imprisiininrnt. 

Ill  Ili7(l,  an  ait  iif  I'.irliamriil  wnH  niailr,  whirh  pro- 
hiliiird  i|nMiirrliin;sofilihsriilrrM,  iindrr  w^ivrv  pnial- 
tim.  'I'hr  yiiakrrs  hriii;;  forrililv  drbarrrd  rntrriiiL' 
thrir  mrrlinu'  h.'nsp  in  (Jrair  Churrli  sirrrl.  I.oiiiloii. 

asM'inhlrd  lirl'ore  it  in  Ihr  utrrrl,  wlirrr  I'rnn,  pt Iird 

to  a  nuiiirromi  riinrdur.sr  •  and  hriiio  apprrlirmlrd  mi 
Ihr  hp,it,  hy  a  warrant  fnim  thr  liird  niaviir,  wa«  roin. 
milird  Id  \rw!;alr.  and  at  ihr  nrxt  srssimi,  Idnk  his 
trial  at  ihr  ll|,|  Hai|,.y,  ivhrrr  hr  plradrd  his  own  ralisr 
wilh  thr  frrriloiiidf  an  Kiiulishmaii  and  Ihr  iiiaL'naiii 
iiiity  of  a  hrr.i  Thr  jnrv  al  lir»l  hroiiL'lit  in  thrir  vrr- 
dirl,  "  auilly  of  .i/i,;(:i„i.  in   (irarr  Clmrrli  sirrrl  ;" 

bill  Ihis  lirinv;  uiisali.-fariorv  lo  il mrl,  ihry  wrrr 

d'/iaini'il  all  iii^-hl,  and  thr  nrxt  dav  rrlnriird  llirir  vrr- 

'II''"'.  1  iliiilly-"     'I'll mrl  wrrr  hi.jlily  iiiriii-id 

iii-'-iinst  Ihrm.  liiird  ihrm  liirlv  marks  raih,  ami  iiupri- 
M.iii-,1  ilipm  aliina  wilh  I'riiii.'  till  thrir  fnirs  ami  frrs 
wrrr  p.uij.  ;\n  uiilmkv  rvprrssi.m  whirli  ilrupprd 
from  thr  rrrordi-r  on  this  iri.il.  rrndrrrd  Ihr  raiisr  of 

Ihi'linakrrspdpular.  andilirirprrsri irsddi.ms    •■  Il 

will  iirvrr  hr  well  wilh  ii-i.'  said  thr  inlaiiioiis  Sir-lohi, 
llowrl,  "  111!  sdinrllnn^'  likr  Ihr  Sp.iiiish  Inipiisili.,ii  l.r 
pslahlishril  ill  Mii^land  '     Thr  Iriimipli  iil  I'rnn  was 

romplrlr  ;   hi-mi;  anpiiiird  hy  his  | rs.  hr  was  rr- 

"■■'"•■'I  '"•"'  I'ris nil   Ihr  p.iymriil  of   his   Iris,    and 

"''"' I  I"  'hr  zraldim  rxi-nisr  iif  his  miiiislrv 

lli-i  ron-hirl  „ndrr  Ihis  prosrriiiidii  di.l  liiiii  ur.at 
""iior  His  lathiThrramr  prrfrrllv  rrromiird  to  him. 
»iid  soon  artrr  dird,'  Iravinj- his  parrnlal  hlrssin"  and 
n  I'Iriililnl  r.slalr.  Tiii,  aiTr.ssi,iii  of  fdrlnnr  madr  no 
nllrralion  in  his  inaiinris  nr  hahits  ;   hr  rdiilinnrd  to 

I  rrai'h,  to  wrilr,  nml  lo  travel  ns  lipforo  ;  and,  within 

nioiMill.'r.'.'f'"'''.r,"'''-'"f  '''"  f'"l'rrl"  lilin  ,h".rrvr..  In  Ixt,- 
iTm  ■  """'"  "'"""  '  r..inliiri.,l  In  vmi.  I.  I.rl  ii„. 
^!r.    Ml''"  '""   '"   """'"<   >'""  '■•i"lrii.-r;    If  v..n    k,-,-,, 

rW,,-,!,.       "'*    ","'"    ''"  " ''••■>»l  I"   y.'ll  01  .1  ilaV  nl     trn„l,|,.. 

■nniliVr'' >,?".''''"""'  '"  'I"'  '•"  "  liistlv.nii.l  llllir  11  «..«. 

II  m    ld\f  V''"''  «''.' '"">■»" I"ilrli-    3.  Hr  lint 

lilnii.i7^,'i"  '",'".';""  ■'■'"■•"'  """"  "I"  '■'""<  >""  "I'll 
•"""""  HI"!' ■'■limit  llirouslitliijincoii.Muiit  worlj." 


it  frw  nidiilhs  anrnvards,  w,is  takrii  up  nijain  fur 
prrarhiii^  in  ihr  Klrrrt,  and  rarrird  In  ihr  lowrr ;  Iroin 
wlirurr,  allrr  a  loiijj  rxaliliiialioli.hr  was  sriit  In  Nrw- 
^atr,  .11  id  liriiin  disrhar^rd  willidiii  any  trial,  al  llir  riid 
of  iiim  iiidiillis.hr  wi-iit  dvrr  Id  Holland  and  (irrmaliy. 
whrrr  lir   rdiiliiini-d  travrllin;;  anil  prra<-liiii<;,  till  llir 

Linn   iiiililihIiK.I  liiM  ili-i-l  ir'.,li.iii   nl'   iiiiinlif,,,,,-,.   In  li>ii,li<r 


puMisllrd  his  di'i-l.iralinii  of  iliiliiti.'riirr  In  Irliilrr 
roiisrirnrrs ;   nimii    whirh    hr    rrtiiriird    lo   llnnlaiid 

I 


roiisrirnrrs ;   nimii    whirh    hr    rrtiiriird    lo   llnnlaml 
[iiarrird  11  ilaiiuiilrr  of -Sir  William  .Sprin^rl,  aiui  srI 
Jird  at    Kirkniaii-sworlh,   in  llrrfnriUhirr  ;   wlirir  hr 
piirsnril  his  simlirs,  and   innllipliril  his  roiilrovrrsi,il 

'wriiini:s  for  almni  i'nv  vrars 

In  11177.  hr  "had   a  drawiin»''lo  rriirw  his  travrls 
in  lldll.iiid  and  Ifrrnianv.  in  rotiipany  wiiti  l''dx,  liar 

'rlay,  Krill)  mid  srvi-ral  nllirrs  iif  his  lirrlhrrn.  Thr 
iliilurrmriil  lo  this  jdiirllry  w  as  Ihr  ralldid  rri-rption 
whirh  ll.id  lirrn  iji^rn  l<v  divinrs,  anddllirr  Ir-inird 
1111-11    ill  tirrmaiiy.   Id  ihr  sriilimriils  of   rvrrv    wrll 

-... . 1...'.  ..  1.  .  11  ,...1   i-_ I...  I' 


1111-11    111  I  irrmaiiy,    lo   iiir  sriiiimriiis  oi    rvrry    wni 
iiii-aliili^  prrarlirr  who  ilissriiird    IVdiii  Ihr  Cliilri-li  of 

llomr.      Ill  III iirsrol  ihrsr  Iravrls  Ihry  srilli-il  llir 

tirdrrdf  rhilrrli  nd\rrmiM-iil.  di^iiplinr,  rorrrspdiidi-iirr 
and  Mi'irrianr'  aliidii^  llirir  tni-nds  in  Iloll.iml  ;  ilis- 
pi-rsril  thrir  hooks  aiiioiio  all  sorts  of  pr.iptr  wliowi-rr 
inrlinrd  In  rrrrivr  llii-in  ;  visiird  many  prrsnns  nf  dis- 
I  linn  ion.  and  wrolr  Irtlrrs  to  dtlirrs.partirlllarly  In  Ihr 
Kiiir  of  Polaiiit  and  Ihr  Klrrlor  IVilaiiiir,  Tliry  wrrr 
rrrrivrd  vi-ry  i-oiiriroiislv  hy  thr  IVim-rss  l''.li/,alirlh. 
|rraiidilai|nhli-rdt  Kiiit!-laiiirs  I  llii-n  irsidnii  al  Itrr- 
vvrrilrn.  wlm,  Ihdiinh  nut  prrfrrlly  iiiiliaird  iiiln  Ihr 
inyslrry  of  "  Ihr  linly  silrnrr."  yrl  had  lirrn  hroii^ht 
to  a  "  a  waililin  framr,"  and  admitti-d  Ihrm  lo  srvrral 
privatr  niri-linns  androiifrrrnrrs  in  hrr  apart iiirnls,  in 
romp, my  with  llir  t'oiiiitrsH  of  Horiirs,  and  ollirr  la- 
dirs,  hrr  atlrndnnls  ;  and  ani-r\varit4  krpt  up  n  ror- 
rrspoiiilriirr  wilh  Mr   I'riiii  till  hrr d.alli 

On  his  rrliirn  lo  Kiirland,  hr  foiiml  his  frirnds  suf- 
Irriiin  hy  thr  iiprratidii  df  a  law  madr  at^ainst  Papists, 
llir  rdnr  of  whirh  was  itnjnslly  lurnrd  iinainst  ihrm. 
,Tlir  law  rripiirril  a  rrrtain  oalhlo  l,r  Irndrrrd  tolhosr 
who  wrrr  siisprrlnl  iif  poprrv  ;  and  lirr.iusr  Ihr  t^na- 
'krrdili-nird  ihr  lawfiilnrss  of  oallis  in  any  r.isr  wlial- 
jrvrr,  Ihry  wrrr  olilinrd  lo  hrar  llir  priialty  anilrxrd  lo 
llir  rrfiis,il  of  Ihis  dalli,  whirh  wa-;  no  IrsHthan  a  fiiir  ol 
twriily  pounds  prr  iiionih.  or  two  Ihirds  of  llirir  rslair. 
My  I'mn's  ailvii-r  llii-v  prliiionrd  Ihr  j'arliuinriil  forir 
(Irrss  of  Ihis  tirirvaiirr.and  artrrrxplaiuini;  llir  rrason 
of  llirir  drrlinilii;  llir  oath,  olli-ri-d  to  uivr  llirir  innil 
lo  llir  saiiir  purport,  and  to  sulimil  to  Ihr  priially,  "  if 
Ihry  should  hr  foiiml  fiiilly."  I'riiii  had  a  hrariiin  hr- 
forr  n  roliimillrr  i.f  I'arliallirnl.  whrn  hr  idradrd  the 
ransr  of  his  frirnds  and  nf  himsrlf.  in  a  sriisihlr.  drrrnt 
ronviiirin;r  niaiinrr ;  and  what  hr  said  had  so  mnrh 
wrirht.  that  thr  i-ommiitrr  anrrrd  lo  iiisrri  in  a  hill, 
tlirn  prndinn.  n  proviso  for  thrir  rrlirf  Thr  hill  pasni-d 
Ihr  ('omnidns,  lull  hrfirr  il  muld  hr  uot  ihroiirh  Ihr 
llousr  of  l,ords,  it  was  lo.st  hy  a  suilih-n  prordralioii  of 
I'arliallirnl. 

W'r  havr  hilhrrtd  virwrd  Mr.  Prnn  as  a  Chrislian 
and  a  prr.irhrr  ;  and  hr  ap|irars  Id  havr  hrrli  lionrst, 
/raloiis.  palirnl  and  indnsirions  in  Ihr  roiirrriiK  of  ri-- 
li^'ion.  Ills  ahiliiirsaiid  Ins  lilrrarv  aripiirrroriils  wrrr 
rminrnlly  srrvii-rahir  lo  Ihr  fralrrnily  wilh  whirh  hr 
wasroiinrrlrd  ;  anil  il  was  owiii>r  lo  'lis  rxrrtiniis,  in 
ronjmiriion  wilh  Itarrlay  and  Kriili.  that  Ihry  wrrr 
formi-il  inh'  nrdi-r.  and  lliat  a  rrniiiar  rorrrsptuidrm-r 
i,:id  disripliiir  wrrr  rsl.lhlishril  auiniin  ihr  si-\rr.il  s;i. 
ririirs  of  ihi-in  disprrsi-d  in  Mnropr  and  .\inrrir.i.  His 
wriliuns  srrvrd  lo  nivr  Ihr  world  a  morr  jnsi  and  fa- 
voratilr  iilra  of  llirir  prini-iplrs.  lliall  rould  lir  had  frnlii 
ihi  li.iraiinin-  of  illilrratr  prr.irlii-rs,  or  Ihr  rhapsndirs 
df rulhilsi.i^'i'-  wrilrrs  ;  winir  his  f.imily  and  fdrlnnr 
prdi'iirrd  for  llo'iii  a  ilrnrrr  of  rr.'iH-t-i.diiliiy  at  hoinr 
and  ahioad.  His  ronlrovrrsial  \v  rilinns  arr  iiin,h-sl. 
ralldid  and  prrsuasivr.  His  hddk.rnlillrd  "  Thr  I  "liris 
liaii  ijuakrr.  '  is  a  srnsihir  viiidiralidii  of  Ihr  dm  liitir 
ofl'iiivrrsal  SaviliL'  l.iu'lil.  His  siv  h- isrirar  and  prr 
spiruolis  ;  and  llldilnh  hr  dors  linl  allrrl  so  nillrll  srlio 

laslir  siilitiliiy  in  his  arninnrnlaiiiin  as  his  Iririid  Dar- 


I  *  It  innv  lint  l»r  amiss  lirrr  In  inlrmtiirc  an  rxlrnrt  from 
Mr.  1'riiii's  .Iniiriiiil  rniiliiiiuiiii  thr  si-iilmiiiils  nf  llir  (Jiiaki-rit 
rn:,(-i-riilii';  iiiarrKiL-r.  "  ,\inslt'M:iiii  llir  .1.1  nt  llir  I'-Iti  iiiniilh. 
11)77.  A  KrnipU- i-<>iirrriimi;  llir  livv  nl  thr  iiia^iittrali- al-niit 
inarriiiir  ln-iiiit   ;>rn]»nM'tl   aii.l  ,ltM-niirsril  nl   in  llir  fc.ir  nf 

.IJittl.  amnni,'  Krli-ii'ls,   iil  ii  >,-lri-t   iiu-i-tiiiu'.  II   was  llir  unnrr- 

iKiil  ami  iiiiaiiiiiiniis  wt-asi-nt  l-'ririuls,  lliat  jniiuini  iii  iiiaiir.ik;i- 
\.i  llir  wnrk  nf  Hit-  hniil  oTilv,  iiiul  iinl  nl  prir^t  nr  iiiii-ji-'IrHli-. 
It  IS  liuil'-*  niilliiaiici-  illlil  iinl  niaii's.  It  w.isII.hI's  Wnrk  I'-'- 
Inrr  llif  tail,  iiii'l  it  is  linO's  wnrk  in  lir  ri-slnralinii.  \Vr 
iiiaiTviiniir  ;  It  IS  III,-  l.nnl's  wnrk.  .-iiiil  \f  arr  lull  witm-ssi-s. 
Hill  11  a  h'rii'lKl  hair  inlr-lrrllial  tin- in  i-<s|rat>-siiniil.l  klinw 

11  lirfnrr  Hit-  iirirnast-  lir  i- -tmli-.l,  li >\  |,iililisli  Hit-  noih- 

(afli-rllir  Hum;  hath  l.v  Filrii.U  l-rrii  li-iiiil  rlrarl  iillrr  llir 
iiriiriiiuH  IS  [irrtnriM(-(l  ill  a  |iiililir  iiiri-Umr  ol  FrinuU  ati-l 
otlii-rs.  iiiKV  riirrv  a  rn|iv  nl  llir  rrililinlr  Id  thr  niayl!*lratt-.*, 

I  thai,  llllicy  I'Iratiu,  llii-y  may  rr^tslrr  il." 


rlay,  yrl  hr  is  hv  no  niraiiN  iiili'rior  In  him  in  Moliilily 
of  ri'asdiiini;  His  rhararlrr  is  lliim  drii»n  by  llir  rill- 
llir  df  his  works  .  ''  Our  worthy  liinid.  William  I'rtiii 
wan  known  to  hr  a  man  nf  i;rral  ahililira  ;  rf  an  rx 
rrlh'iil  swrrlnrsH  df  ilis|HniliiiM  ;  df  ipiirk  'houiihl  and 
rradv  lillrranrr  ;  full  of  lovr,  wilhonl  limiinililalion 
asi-Mi  iisivr  in  rharily  asroinprrhriisivr  in  kiidwlnljjn 
Ml  rraily  Id  foruivr  i-nrinirs,  lhal  Ihr  nnifralrhil  wrr* 
not  I  vrrplril  Hr  was  Irnrnrd  willimil  vanity;  a|il 
wiihdiii  idrwardni-ss  ;  fai-rlioiis  in  rdiivrrsalidn,  yrl 
wrinhly  iind  srriniis  ;  nf  an  rxlranrdinary  ^rratnrii 
df  mind,  yrl  vdidnflhr  slain  of  anihilion.'' 

Wr  shall  now  virw  hiiii  in  Ihr  rhararlrr  nf  a  ti-uisln* 
Idr,  in  whirh  rrspri-l  his  Irariiiiin.  his  snlVrrinus,  liif 
.ii-ipiainlanrr  wilh  mankind,  .mil  Ins  jii-numr  tihrralily, 
wrrr  df  urrat  iisr  In  him  .\iiidiin  lii<  various  slinlirH, 
hr  had  linl  dinillril  lo  anpiailil  himsrlf  wilh  Ihr  |irinrl- 
plrs  of  law  and  rovrrnmrnt  ;  and  hr  had  morrrsprrial 
iiidnrrmrnlM  l<i  Ihis.  from  thr  proM-i-nlions  anil  arrrslH 
whirh  111-  frnpii-iillv  -olli-rrd,  into  Ihr  Ir^alily  of  whirh 
il  was  naliiral  for  liiiiilo  impiirr  Hr  had  ohsrrvrd  in 
his  Iravrls  ahm.id,  as  will  as  in  his  anpininlanrr  nt 
homr.llir  workinnsof  arhilr.iry  pdwrr.aiiil  Ihr  niisrhirl* 
tti  usiir)ialion  ;  and  hr  had  slndird  thr  wlioir  rontrii- 
vrrsv  lirlwrrn  ri-nal  and  popular  .-laiiiis  Ihr  rrsiill  nl 
whirl)  was,  that  i;ovrriiniriit  niust  hr  fonndrd  in  jiin- 
lii-r.  and  rxrrrisrd  with  niddi-ralinn  Oiii-df  his  max- 
im-^ (vas,  that  "  till-  1 pir  hriiin  llir  in/r  iiiilillr  df  lh« 

priiirr.  is  hi-lirr  in.inajrd  by  wisdiim  than  riiird  hy 
dirrr."  Ilis  own  frrlinns.  as  wrll  as  rrllrrlidiis.  IrtI 
him  lo  ,idopt  Ihr  most  liln-ral  iilra  of  lolrration.  Krrr. 
uloiii  of  profrssidi)  and  iiiipiiry.  and  a  Inial  ablidrrriire 
of  |)rrsri-ulidii  lor  rotisrirnrr  s,ikr.  wrrr  his  darling 
prini-iplrs  ;  and  il  isa  siiiL'iil-ir  nrruuihlanrr  in  ihrliiii- 
tdryuf  inaiikiud,  that  Hiviiir  I'rdMih-ui-r  shiiiild  jtivr  to 
snrh  a  iiian  as  William  I'riin  an  opporlunily  to  inako 
a  t.iir  and  innontml  rxprrinirni  of  Ihrsr  rxrrllrnl 
maxims,  by  r.slablishinjr  n  roloiiy  in  .\iiirrira,  on  lliu 
most  librriil  priliriph-B  of  tolrraiion.  at  a  tillir,  whrn 
Ihr  polii-v  of  thr  dldi-si  nations  it)  Kuropr  wrrr  in- 
rlli-i-lualiy  ruiployril  il)  rtidravonrini;  lo  rriliirr  tho 
arlivi-  minds  of  inrn  to  a  most  absurd  uniliimiily  in 
arlirirs  offiilh  and  imslrs  of  worship. 

Il  has  hri-i)  ohsrrvrd  that  his  fallirr.  Sir  William 
I'rnn  had  mrrilnl  iiiuih  by  his  srrvirrs  in  Ihr  Dnulish 
navy.  Tlirrr  wrrr  also  rrrtain  ili-bis  dur  Id  him  from 
Ihr  crown,  al  llir  limr  of  Ins  dralli,  whirl)  Ihr  royal 
trrasnrrs  wrrr  ponrly  iiblr  to  thsi-liarnr.  His  son,  af- 
trr  ninrhsolirilalioii,  foniiil  no  prnsprrt  of  nrltin;,'  liin 
dur.  in  Ihr  roinmon  iiiodr  of  paymrnt,  and  Ihrrrforu 
lurnrd  his  ihonnhls  toward  oblaininj!  a  (.'rant  of  land 

-ill  .\ riia,  on  whirl)  hr  iiiinhl  makr  llir  rxprriinrnt 

■  of  srilliiin  a  nilony.  and  rslablishiiin  a  ),'dvrriiiiiriil 
suili-il  Id  his  dwi)  prilirlpirs  .mil  virws 

Mr.  I'riiii  had  lirrn  ronrrriird  with  srvrral  nlhrr 
(}il.,krrs  in  pllrrliasiii(!of  Lord  llrrkrlry.  his  patrnl  ol 
\Vrsl  Jrrsrv.  to  makra  srtilrmrnl  for  thrir  pi-rsrrutrd 
hirlhrrn  in  Kiiulaml.  iiiatiy  of  whom  Iraiisporlril  Ihrn). 
srlvrstlulhrr.in  hopriifali  rxrmplidii  frdiii  Ihr  tninblrs 
whirh  till  y  had  i-iulnrril, from  thr  rxi-rulion  oflhrprnal 
laws  against  dissrnlrrs  lint  tllry  found  llirinsrlvrii 
Rnbjri-t  lo  Ihr  nrbilrary  iinposilidus  of  ^Slr  Kdumml 
.\iidros.  who  ^'ovrrm-d  thr  Itukr  ol  York's  Irrritory, 
and  rxrrrisrd  llir  jurisilirlion  ovrr  all  Ihr  si-l|lrliiriil» 
on  both  siilrs  thr  Driaw  arr  I'riin  and  his  assoi-ialei 
rriiiouslralrd  anainsl  his  rdiiilurl.  but  llirirrll'orls  pro- 
vrd  im-ll'ri-ln.il.  Ilnwi-\rr.  Ihrronrrrn  whirh  I'l-nii  had 
in  Ihis  pnrrh.isr  n  iw'  him  not  only  a  laslr  for  sprrn- 
jlalini;  in  laiidrd  iiilrrrsl.bnt  a  knowlrilrr  of  llii-  iniddlr 
I  rrnioii  of  llir  .\iiirrii-aii  roasis;  and  bi-inn  ilrsirous  of 
I  aripiiriiin  a  srparair  rslair,  whrrr  hr  liiinht  rrali/.r  Inn 
isannuinr  wishrs.  lir  had  orral  advanlarr  ill  iuakil){,' 
inipiiry  and  ilrlrmiiniiin  on  a  plai-r. 

llaviur  i-xamiurd  ,ill  Ihr  Idrinrr  t-ranls  lo  ihr  mm- 
panirsol  \'irniiiia  anil  -N'rw  l-ji^laml.  llir  Lord  Haiti' 

rraiid  ihr  Dukr  nf  Vmk,  hr  hxi-d  iipim  a  iirrilory 

boundrd  on  ihr  i-asi  by  llir  bav  and  rivrr  of  lb  I  ivvarr, 
rxlrnilinn  siiiilliwaril  id  l,dril  llaltillldrr's  proMiirr  of 
Marvland.  wi-stward  as  far  as  ihr  wrslrrn  rxiriil  of 
i  .Maryland,  anil  nnrlhwaril  ••  a.s  far  as  planlahlr.  Kor 
I  this  hr  prlilionrd  thr  kind  ;  and  bi-iiiL'  rxaininril  br- 
forrtlir  Privy  Coniiril;  on  thr  I  lib  of  Jnnr.  nmrrrn- 
'  ill;;  tliuMr  words  of  his  prtilion  "  as  far  as  plaulablc,'* 
-hr  ilrrlarrd,  "  that  hr  should  lir  satislird  wilh  thr  rx- 
itrntof  Ihrrr  ilrgrrm  nf  Inliliiilr  ;  and  that  il)  liru  of 
Slid)  a  iiraiit,  hr  was  witlinj;  lo  rriiiil  his  drlit  from  thr 
crown,  or  unmr  jmrl  of  it.  and  lo  sla\  for  thr  rrmnin- 
drr.  till  his  Majesty  kIioiiUI  he  in  a  b;-tter  eoiidilion  to 
satisfy  il. 

1  .\iiiirr  of  thin  appliratiiin  was  givrii  In  thr  njrrnU  ol 
Ihr  Dukr  dfVdrk  .mil  I.drd  llalliiudrr.  and  inquiry  wa6 
in.idr,  how  f.ir  the  prrtrnsiuns  uf  I'rnn  niiijhl  runsisi 


■ 


J 


A  M  R  R  t '    AN    Ills  T  ()  K  Y  . 


tv 


Vfith  ili^  ttriiiitH  tilriMiily  uuuU  in  tlirin.  The  iwiiiiiHuIn 
bHtvi><>i)  (III*  biiy«  III'  riioMiipi'iiki*  iiml  hi'ltiwiire  had 
berii  (lUuitnl  hy  ih'iiuhrtl  r(iin|iiiiiii'it  ol'  N\vi*ih>N,  I'm 
lundom,  Diiuti.  uml  Kn^hiih.  It  wiii  lirHt  hy  liircr, 
hikI  ktUrrwanlx  hy  Irruly.  hruu^ht  umh'r  ihi'  (loiiiiiiiiMi 
of  OiR  ('ri>wii  itj  Kn^htiiil  Th.tt  |urt  nf  it  whuh 
lionlrrci)  nii  iho  Drluwitri'  whm  williiii  llic  l)iiki>  nl 
)'ork*fl  piiti'iit,  whih'  that  which  jniiml  mi  the  ('hriia- 
',icnkr>  wiiM  uithin  ihr  ^ruil  tn  l.nrd  ll.illiinnrc. 

Tho  UukrV  H<.'riU  riiiirtriitcd  that  l*fiiri  shnilld  hiivt* 
the  land  went  (li'Drlawiirc  aiul  norlhurNcwcaHth',  "in 
coiiaidrratiiiii  of  tin*  triixnn  ht*  hati  tiM>x|i(>rl  fnrin 
from  hi*  nnijcitty."  I*t)rd  ll<iltiiii<>ri>'ti  ti^eiit  |)clititmnl 
•Imt  ronn'H  ){ranl  iiiiKht  ht*  rxiirmiicd  to  lie  north  of 
^ii»qut*hannah  fori,  and  of  a  Intr  drawn  rant  and  wi-iit 
from  it,  and  that  hi*  nii^ht  not  Im'  allowed  lit  Hidl  uririH 
And  unnnuniii  in  to  ihr  Iniliani.  To  thcHO  restricliunit 
iN'rni  had  noohjrclion. 

Th(*  draujrht  of  a  chartrr  hrintf  prrimrcd.  it  was  auh* 
millrd  to  lord  rhii-f  jnwtirr  .North,  wlio  WKt  ordrrrd  to 
providr  liy  til  ('liitiNci  for  th<>  inliTCHl  of  thr  kin^  an<l 
tho  onronra^cnit'nt  of  thr  jilantrrH.  Wliih*  it  wai*  un* 
di>r  cuMHidi'ralion,  the  lliNhopof  London  |H'litionnl 
that  I'i'nii  tnir^ht  ho  ohli^rd  hy  liit  patent  to  admit  a 
chaplain  of  Inn  lordnliip  k  appoinlmenl,  nt  ihi*  mpiOMt 
ufany  nundier  ol  (lie  pLintiTH.  Tliu  giving  a  name  to 
tho  provlnee  wart  htl  to  the  kin^ 

The  oharter,  eonKiMiin^  of  iwonly-throo  lootionR, 
"  |ionnt>d  with  alt  the  appoaranoo  of  earulor  and  Him- 
plicity,"  waH  tii^iied  and  itealed  hy  Kin^  ChurloH  11  , 
on  the  4lh  of  Mareti,  1081.  It  romititutoii  William 
I'ciKi,  and  hilt  helrM«  true  and  alnohtte  proprietaries  of 
tho  provinoo  uf  IVinniylvania,  tiuvin^  to  Iheorown  their 
attrgianoe  and  the  Muveroi^iity.  It  jji\eM  him,  hin  iieim 
and  thrir  dopuliex,  power  to  make  laws  "  for  tho  irood 
and  happy  ^overinnent  of  tho  country,"  hy  aifviee 
uf  the  freemen,  and  to  ereet  eourtN  of  juttite  for  the 
cxoeulionof  thoho  I. iwx, provided  they  he  not  repuj^ninl 
to  the  laws  of  Kn)iland.  For  the  oneoura^erm-nt  o| 
planterH,  they  were  to  enjoy  the  privilei;eii  of  iMi^liah 
BubjectH,  payin^r  the  same  dulieii  in  trade  ;  and  nu  tax- 
aH  were  to  he  levied  on  them,  hut  hy  tiieir  own  AiiHein- 
bliesur  hy  iwtn  of  P.iriianu'nt.  With  retipect  to  relj^ion, 
no  more  iti  xaid  than  what  the  Difhop  of  London  hatl 
sugijotited.  that  if  twfiily  inhahitanlit  hIiouM  desire  a 
]ireaeher  of  hifl  lordsfupH  approhalinn,  he  Hhtaild  ho 
allowed  lo  roMide  in  tlie  province.  Thin  was  perfortly 
aj^'ri'eahlo  to  Mr.  Penn'K  profeHwed  principteH  of  liberty 
of  conncience  ;  but  it  may  Roeni  rather  extraordinary 
that  thiH  didtin^MiiNhed  leader  of  a  ttoct,  who  ao  point- 
edly denied  ftie  lawfulncNM  of  war,  nbould  accept  the 
powers  |riven  him  in  tlio  .sixteenth  article  of  the  charter, 
*'  to  levy,  inusler,  and  train  all  ftortx  of  men  ,  to  pursue 
And  vanipiish  eneinioii .  to  take  and  put  llioin  to  tiealh 
by  the  laws  ui  war;  and  to  ilo  every  ibinn  which  ho- 
loiijljed  lo  the  oHice  of  e;ipt:iin-){enoral  in  an  army  " 
Mr.  IVmi,  for  re;iMonH  of  niale,  niiyht  I'md  it  convo 
nient  that  he  and  bis  heirs  sbouM  bo  thus  invcHted  w  ith 
the  power  of  the  sword,  though  it  was  imposMihte  for 
him  or  them  to  oxorcise  it,  without  lirsl  aposlati/.in;; 
from  their  reli^ridns  profession. 

The  charter  beiiiir  (bus  obtained,  he  found  himself  j 
authorized  to  a^ree  witii  such  piTsoiiH  as  were  disposed  | 
lu  be  adventurers  to  bis  m-w  province.  Uv  a  public] 
advertisement,  bo  invited  purchasers,  and  de»crilM'd  i 
the  country  with  a  display  of  tlie  ad\anla;.'es  which  i 
iniiiht  be  exjiected  from  a  setilnnent  in  it.  This  indu-  ] 
ced  many  Nin<;le  persons,  and  some  famities,  chiefly  i 
of  the  denomination  of  Ijuakors,  to  lliiiik  of  a  rem<i- , 
val.  A  numlier  of  incrcb.ints  imd  otln  ri  forniotl  tbern-  \ 
wives  into  a  com|iany,  for  the  sake  of  t  iiroura;iin;»  the  ! 
vclttement  and  trade  of  the  <'ounlry.  an<l  purcbiised  , 
twenty  tbousmid  ni-resof  bis  land.  They  bad  a  presi  | 
clout,  treasurer,  scrreliiry.  and  a  comtnillee  of  tWfUe.  j 
who  resided  in  MuLd'ttid  and  lrans;icti'd  iheir  common  < 
business.  Tlu'ir  olijects  were  to  oncourajje  the  m.mu-  i 
facturers  of  leather  and  yl.iss,  tljo  culling  and  sawing! 
of  timber,  and  (bo  wbale-lisberv. 

The  land  was  sold  at  (be  rate  of  twenty  pounds  for  ] 
overy  thousand  acres     They  who  rented  lands  wero  to  i 
pay  one  peimy  yearly  per  aero      Servants,  when  their  [ 
terms  wore  expired,  were  entitled  to  fifty  acres, sulfject 
to  two  fibilliiij^s  per  annum  ;  and  their  masters  wore 
aUowod  lifly  acres   for  each  servitril  so  hlicrated,    lint] 
tuhject  to  f<iur  shiliin^rs  per  annum  ;  or  if  the  ma.nter 
should  ^ive  t!io  servant  liliy  acres  out  of  his  own  di 
vision,  he  miijht  receive  from  tbi'  proprietor  one  hun- 
dred acrosf  Mubjoet  lo  six  sbillin>r8  per  annum.     In 
every  hundred  iboUKand  acres,  the  proprietor  reserved 
U»n  for  himself 

The  ijuil  rents  wero  not  ;i;:,^rced  to  without  ddV^'ully. 
Taevur(.h4«ersreiiiunbti.ledaj;ainstihi-muHa  burden. 


unprocedented  in  any  other  Amoncaii  cnltinv  Itui 
l*eini  diMtln^ulshed  U'tween  ibr  ch.iracler  ol  pr>>pru- 
tor  unti  ^overuiir  nr^inn  (ho  nei-ensily  i*f  snppor(in)( 
ifovornmont  with  di)(ni(y,  and  (hat  hy  <'oii(plMnf(  with 
this  expedien(,  they  would  Im*  freed  froiii  other  (axes 
Such  diHtinc(ionN  arw  very  convi'inent  (o  it  ptililician. 
and  by  litis  insimiattoii  (be  |Hiint  was  carnoil  upon 
wliioli  i(  was  remarked,  (perhaps  (oo  ttcvntly.)  lh.it 
less  of  th^  man  of  (iisl  now  ajipeareil,  and  more  of  (hi 
man  of  (bo  world." 

Acciirdinj;  (olbe  powers  j»iven  by  the  cbiirter,  "  for 
ri'^nlatin^and  uovorniiii,'  property  willnnlho  province, 
he  entered  into  certain  art iclos  with  iIh' purchasers  and 
adventurers  (July  I  l,l(W|)  which  wereontilleil  "  (Jon 
ditions  and  ConccKslons.'  These  related  to  tho  lay 
in^  uut  roads,  city  and  country  bits  ;  the  nrivileuo  ol 
water  courses  .  the  property  of  ininc^  .ind  minerals 
the  resorvalion  of  tiinher  and  imilherry  tnos  ;  tho  lernoi 
of  improvement  and  cultivation  ,  the  trallicwilh  the 
Indians,  and  the  moans  of  preserving;  poace  with  them  ; 
of  provenlinir  deblors,  andodior  dol'aultors  from  niak 
luH  (heir  escape  ;  ami  of  presor*iii|;  the  morals  of  the 
planters,  hy  the  execution  of  tho  penal  laws  of  Kn^- 
land,  till  an  .Xsscinbly  should  meet. 

Those  prebniinarioK  U'lni;  adjusted,  the  tirst  colony 
under  his  authority,  came  over  to  .\inerica,  and  be^an 
their  Hctllonient  above  the  eonlhionceof  the  Selmylkill 
with  the  Delaware.  Hy  them  the  proprietor  sent  a  let- 
ter to  the  Indians,  informing  them  that  "  the  ((Kkvi 
(joii  hail  been  pleasetl  to  make  him  concerned  in  their 
part  of  the  worlil  ;  and  that  tho  kin^  of  the  country 
where  he  livnl  had  ifiveii  him  a  ^reat  province  therein  , 
but  that  he  did  not  desire  to  enjoy  it  without  their  con 
sent  ;  that  he  was  u  man  uf  peace,  and  that  tho  |K'opb> 
whom  he  sent  wore  of  the  same  disposition  ,  hut  if  any 
diirereiice  sliouM  happen  between  them,  i(  ini^ht  U- 
adjusted  Ity  an  eijual  ntimher  of  men  cbo^oll  on  both 
sides."  \Vi(b  (bis  le((er,  he  appoind'd  conimissionors 
(o  treat  with  the  Indians,  about  purchasinj;  laml,  and 
pnimiseil  them  that  he  would  shurtly  cumv  and  con- 
verse with  them  in  person. 

About  this  time  (Nov.  IfiHl)  ho  was  elected  a  Fel 
low  of  (he  Koyal  iSooiely. 

The  nott  sprini;  he  comph'ted  a  frame  of  jjovern- 
ment  (.\pril  !J'),  ItiHii)  with  tlie  express  desij^n  "to 
support  power  in  rovi-rence  with  the  people,  and  to 
secure  the  people  from  the  abuse  of  power."  It  is 
pretaced  with  a  lon^  discourse  on  the  nature,  ori;;in, 
use  and  abuse  of  <fovernment  ;  which  shows  that  be 
had  ntit  only  well  studied  the  subject,  but  that  he  was 
fond  ofdisplayin^r  his  knowleil<ro. 

Hy  (his  frame  of  frovernmonl,  there  waslolv  a  Pro- 
vincial <'«uncil,  consistinijof  sevrnty  two  persons,  an- 
swering to  the  mimhor  of  elders  in  the  .lowish  sanhe- 
drim,  who  were  to  Ih>  di\ide<l  into  (hree  classes. 
twenty-four  (o  servo  for  ibrot)  years,  twenty-four  tor 
two  years,  and  twenty-four  for  one  yeur  ;  the  vacan- 
cies thus  made  to  lie  supplied  hy  new  elections  ;  and 
ahor  seven  years,  every  one  of  those  who  went  olf 
yearly,  wore  tti  Ito  incapable  of  re  elecli<m  lor  one 
year  b>lb)Wtnir.  This  rotation  was  intended  "  that  all 
miirlit  he  fittoil  for  •Government,  and  havcoxporienco  of 
the  care  and  burthen  of  it."  Of  (bis  council  two  thirds 
were  to  !-o  a  ipiorum.  ami  the  consent  of  two-thirds  of' 
Ibis  Ipiorum  was  to  bo  bad  in  alt  matters  of  mumeni  , 
hut  in  matters  of  lesser  moment  oiie-tlnrd  miiflit  1h>  a 
(piorum,  the  majority  if  wlmm  niiiiht  ditermino.  The 
ilintinction  iH'tween  matters  of  momeat  and  of  lesser 
moment  was  not  defined  ;  nor  was  it  declared  wlio 
was  to  be  jud^^re  of  the  disiinction.  The  <^overnor  was 
not  (o  have  a  noijative  lint  a  treble  voice.  Ttio  coun- 
cil wen^  tu  prepare  and  propose  hilts  (o  the  (icnoral 
Assomlily,  wbiib  were  to  bo  pul>li^ihed  tliirty  days  he- 
fore  ils  meetini;.  When  met,  the  Asj-einhly  niijjht  de- 
liberate ciiiht  ilays,  but  on  tlie  ninth  wen*  (o  irive  their 
assent  or  dissent  (o  tho  proposed  hills  ;  two  thirds  of 
tliem  to  be  a  ipiorum.  With  resprct  lo  the  number  of 
the  .\ssembly.  it  was  provided,  itiat  the  lirst  year  nil 
the  frci'inon  in  person  niiirht  compose  it  ;  allervvard  a 
delegation  of  two  hundred,  winch  nii^ht  he  incro.ised 
to  tivo  hundred."  The  ^'ovornor,  with  the  council  to 
be  the  supreme  executive,  with  a  parental  and  pnitlen- 
lial  authority,  and  to  bo  divided  into  four  departments 
f  eiiibteen  each  ;  one  of  which  w  as  called  a  commit- 
tee of  plantations,  another  uf  justice  aixl  safety,  anoth- 
er of  trade  and  revenue,  and  another  of  manners,  edu- 
cation and  arts. 

To  this  frame  of  jrovernment  was  subjoined  a  body 
of  t'lindainenlal  laws,  aoreod  upon  by  l*enii  and  (head- 
venturers  in  LoihIoii,  which  resprcled  moral,  puliricat. 
.>nd  economi(-:i|  matters;  which  wore  not  to  he  .ilterod 
but  l>y  the  consent  uf  the  <;ovcrnur,  ur  his  heirs,  and  m.\ 


p.iru  Ml  (lie  si'von  of  the  freemen,  met  in  Provincii 
( 'iiiiiuil  .mil  .\^i>omhly  In  Ihis  code  we  find  (hat  lkI  - 
lira(ed  di  da  radon  which  liaN<  onlrihuted  more  limn  any 
I  llnn^  t'Uv  to  the  proHpority  of  I'ennKylvaiiia.viA.  "Thai 
jallpi'i  'MS  liviii}(  in  the  province.  whoconloHS  and  ue* 
I  knowlt-<l:4e  tlieo\K  ahm^'lny  and  e(crnal  lion  to  be  llio 
jcroator,  upholder,  .ind  ruler  of  (be  world,  and  holj 
|thoniNolvoH  obliged  in  conM-ieiico  to  live  peaceahly  and 
jjUitly  in  civil  mH-iety,  shall  in  ni>  ways  he  molested  lur 
their  rchyioiisperMnaAion  orpritctico  in  matters  of  laitli 
iiiid  worship  ;  nor  shall  they  bo  tumfulttii  at  any  tune 
to  Ircipirnt  or  maintain  any  rcbi;ious  worship,  place  or 
ministry  whalovor."  To  wli  \\  was  adileil  another 
oipially  coiidiK  ive  to  the  well,  re  of  society.  "That 
according  to  the  i/tMsi  exainpl*  "f  the  prmnf^vu  Chris* 
tians,  ami  (hf  fum  c/  th  i  'lahtn,.  i-vory  first  day  of  tho 
Week,  <.illed  the  Lirds  Day.  people  shall  .distain  from 
their  common  daily  labor,  thai  (bey  may  (he  hotter  dis- 
pose thomsolvos  to  worship  (imi,  accoidin^  lo  their 
undcrr<landin)rs 

Those  laws  wote  an  original  compact  IH-Iween  the 
l{itvernor  ami  the  freemen  of  the  colony  They  ap|M*ar 
to  b(f  loundod  in  wiKdoin  and  etpiity,  and  some  ol  them 
have  been  copied  into  the  decl.tralions  of  rt^hd*  pro* 
fixed  lo  several  of  the  present  repiihl.  an  coiiHlitntlons 
in  America.  Tho  sys(em  of^overnmont  which  iVnn 
priMlucod  has  been  regarded  as  an  I'dipiaii  project ,  but 
thoujjh  in  some  par(s  visionary  and  im[(rac(icalile,  yet 
it  was  liberal  and  popular,  calculated  di  i*,ain  advonin- 
rers  with  a  nrosjH'Ct  of  republican  advanla^'es.  Soinu 
of  its  provisions,  particularly  (he  ro(alioii  of  the  conn- 
oil,  have  been  adopted  by  a  very  enlightened  htnly  o| 
.\inerican  lenislalors,  al)or  the  4-xpiralion  of  a  century 
The  experiment  is  now  in  o|M'ration,  and  without  ex- 
periment nothing  oaii  be  fairly  decided  in  the  |Hditicul, 
any  more  (ban  in  the  physical  world 

Having  by  the  help  of  8ir  William  Junes,  nnd  other 
gentlemen  of  the  lon^  tu\w  construcled  a  plan  of  ^o- 
vernment  for  his  colony,  Mr  IVnn  pri'pared  to  make 
the  voya^e  to  America,  that  ho  might  attempt  the  ex- 
ecution of  it. 

A  part  ofdiolanilscnmprctiendoil  within  his ^raiit  had 
been  snbject  to  the  government, which  wasoxercised  by 
tho  deputy  of  (he  Duke  of  Vork  To  preveiU  any  ihtli- 
cuUy,  ho  ihoiiulit  it  convenient  to  obtain  from  the  Duke 
a  deed  of  sate  of  I  ho  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  which  ho 
did  on  the  'Jlstof  Aujrnsl,ltiM«;  and  by  two  subsoipn'Ot 
deoils,  in  the  same  inondi,  (he  Duke  convoyed  (o  Imn 
the  town  of  Newcastle,  situate  on  the  western  siile  of 
the  Delaware  with  a  circle  of  1*J  mites  ratlins  from  tho 
centre  til  the  town,  and  from  thence  o\(endin^  soudi- 
erly  to  the  Hoar  Kills,  at  (*ape  llenloiM>ii,  the  western 
point  of  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Hay  ;  winch  tract 
coiilained  the  seldi  :nen(s  made  hy  the  Du(cb,  .Swedes, 
.(till  I'lniis.  Thiswa.-  called  (he  territory,  in  distinc- 
tiiu'tioii  from  (he  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
divided  into  three  cuuiities,  Newcastle,  Kent  and  Sus- 
sex. 

At  (bis  time  the  penal  laws  ajjainst  dissenters  wore 
executed  wiib  ri^or  in  Kn^taiid,  which  made  many  of 
the  (.Quakers  desirous  of  accompanying  or  lollowiiifr 
Ponn  into  America,  where  they  liad  a  prospect  uH  (he 
most  extensive  liberty  of  conscience.  llavm<{  chosen 
some  for  his  particular  companions,  ho  embarked  with 
them  in  August  lf>H'^,  and  from  tho  Downs,  where  the 
ship  lay  v«aitiiii;  lor  a  wind,  he  wrote  an  alleclionate 
letter  to  his  friends,  which  he  called  "a  farewell  tu 
Kni;land.  '  AOor  a  pleasant  ])assa^e  of  six  weeks,  they 
came  wilhm  sit^ht  of  the  American  ooast^  and  were  re- 
freshed by  tho  land  hrec/.rs,  at  the  distance  of  twelve 
loa^ues.  As  (he  ship  sailed  up  the  Delaware,  the  in- 
hahilanls  <  amo  on  bo.ird,  and  saluted  the  new  ^over- 
iii'r  with  an  .ur  of  joy  and  satit.laclion.  Ho  landed  at 
Newcastle,  and  summoned  the  people  to  meet  him, 
when  possession  of  the  soil  was  ^ivon  him  in  the  lo;^at 
form  of  tliat  day  ;  and  he  entertained  them  widi  a 
speech,  exptaiiimi;  the  purpose  of  his  coming',  and  tho 
views  of  his  <fovcrnincnt  :  assnriii<;  them  of  bi-^  inlen- 
tion  to  preserve  civil  and  relif.;ious  liberty,  and  exhort- 
in){  them  to  peace  and  sobriety.  Havinj^  renewetl 
tho  commissions  of  their  former  imi;;islrates,  he  went 
to  ('hostor.  where  tie  repeated  the  same  thinj^s,  and  re- 
ceived their  congratulations.  The  Swedes  appointed 
a  delo^rate  to  conipliment  him  on  his  arrival^  and  tu 
assure  him  of  their  alVection  and  fidelity. 

At  tliis  time  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  about 
three  thousand.  The  first  planters  were  the  Dutch, 
and  alior  them  the  Swedes  and  Finns.  There  had 
been  formerly  disputes  aiiiontr  ihoin,  hut  for  above 
twenty  years  ihoy  had  beci  in  a  state  of|M'aco.  TIk- 
Dnteti  wero  settled  un  the  bay,  and  applied  tboniKetves 
chiefly  tu  trade  ;  at  Newcastle  they  had  a  court  fiousr 


nionHAPHirs  of  thi;  kakly  dihcoveukhs. 


.ii.<l  II  |il.i>'i-  iif  wiinhipt     Tlw  Hwi'ili'K  aiHl  Kiiiim  Iim'iI       Noi f  ilicir  ('liii<r«  niiiili'  liiiii  ii  vuliirii  irv  |iri'>i'iil   '•  mi  |ii'rai>ii  ■liiill  luiy  Inml  iil  jiiiy  Imliiiii,  withutit  !>• 

hiu>i<-r  ii|illiii  nvi>r,  Knd  Mlowt'il  ImnlMiiilry  'I'liiir  ul'  tlir  liml  tvliirli  lln'v  il.iiiiii'il  ,  nlhir*  mM  li  iil  »  n-iiiii-  liml  Ihiil  anil  nliliiini'il  ulllii'  (liiirr.il  (.'oiitt."-- 
mllli'iiii'iita  vvi'ri'(!liri>iliim.  'IViii'iiiMr  iml  VVii-nrn  i  iit  »M|iiiLili'il  |irii'i>  Tlii'  luriii  nrniii'  nllliix'  Irriitii'D  in  IIiIht  ri'ifiiluliiiiin  ri'ii|>n'liiiK  IrulVii'  Willi  lliiiii  wrn) 
iMi'li  iilwlilrli  llii'V  liiiil  II  I'hiiri'li  I  III  V  iviri' 11  (ihiiii,  iIiiih  (Iiki'mIii'iIIii  ii  IcItiT  wliiili  lie  wmlr  in  lim  IriiiiiUiiiMilf  iil  llii<  auiiir  tiiiii',  wliii  It  iH'iir  tin'  a|i|M'.iriiiK-v, 
riilHiHl.  i.iliiT  ami  imliiNiri.iii«|ii'n|ili',  uml  immt  nl  llii'iii   in  Ciii^I.umI  'I'Im'  kiiiif  aal  in  llii'  iiinl.lli'  nf  ii  liuH'    not  mily  "I   jii«tiii'  iiml  in.Nli-niihUi,  Imt  iil  .1  |i.iri'iiliii 

h.iil  liiu>'  r.iiiiilii'K       Till'  I'lil'iny  whii'li  I'i'iiM  liuil  anil    in,  iiiiil  h,i>l  hix  iniimil,  nlil  iiml  wiai'.  mi  iiiili  lianil    ri'ifuril  in  thrir  iiili'ri'al  iimj  |iriipi'ity. 

the  yi-.ir   luf.iri',   lii';|aii   lliiir   ailtliiiirnt   ,ili.i\i'   \Vi     lliliiiiil.  nl  11  liiili' ilixi.iiu'i'.  a.it  tin' > u  nina,  in  tlii'        i\ur  ia  it   tn  hr  aii|i|iiiaiil  tliiit  iitliir  Kiirii|HiMiii  no- 

r.h'ii,  mill  It  tviia  liy  a|ii'i'i,il  ilimtinii  nl' the  |ir<i|irli'  '  a.inii' liniiri'.  M.i\in^  i'>iiii.iili>'il  uml  rranlvi'il  iln'lmai  uli'i  ti'il  llnir  iliily  in  lliiai- rra|«Tta.  Si'vcriil  |ii.rcliMM 
tiir,  ralli'cl   I'liiniin.nin      'I'lin   pr'ninri'    w.ia  .iivi- !  nraa.  Ilic   kiiii;   iii.liri'il  niii' nl  llii'iii  t.i  »|ii',ik  t.i   nii'    win'   iimili' lu'lnri' I'riin'a  tiiiii' in   Ni'W  Ji'r»«.ir.      Mr. 

ili'il  iiilii  tliri'i' ciinnlii'a,  Chi'atiT,    l)iii'kiiij|li.i iml  |  Hi' at.in.l  ii|i,  cinif  l.i  iiii',  t.ink  iiic  liy  tlir  Ihiml.aiiluliil   I'l'iin   In IT.  in  nin' "I   liia  lilli'ra,   a|ii'akiii(t  of  llii" 

l'hiliiili'l|iliia.  I  MIC  in  till'  iiaini'  nl  llm  kni|{,   tnlil  ini'  lii'  waa  nrili'ri'il<i|iiarn'la  lirttvi'i'ii  llir  llnlrli  ami  tlic  Nwi'ilia,  wlin  Inul 

'l"lin'i'|iriiici|ialnlijirtai'iiaaKi'iltlii'alti'ntinn  nf  Mr  jliy  tin-  kiii^  t.i  ani'ak  tn  me.  and  that  miw  it  waa  nnt  ln''(H-iii|iii'il  llip  lamia  nn  llii'  Di'lawari'  bilnri'  liiiii.  aay«, 

IVnn  ;  mm  waa  In  unilii   tin'  It'rritnrv  willi   llii'  |irn  iihat  a|Hiki' I    '   tlir  kiiiu,  linauac  ivliat  lir  aliniilil  any ' "  tin-  Diitrli,  wlin  wiTi-  tlii>  liral   iilanlira,  Innkiil  nn 

vinri'  ;  amitlicr  waa  I tiT  inin  a  In-.ity  Willi  tin'  In     waa  tlii'  kiiiu>  a  iiiiml      |lla»inji  iiiaili'  an  ii|«ilni.ry  Inr  tliiiii  |llii' ShciIi'k)  aa  intrmliTa  nn  tlnir  |iiitiliaai' iind 

Jiaiia  ,  ami  till- tliiril  waa  tn  lay  mil  a  ra|iilal  I'itv.        itln'ir  di'lay.  I   In'  lill  in  thi' hniimla  nl'tlii' lami  tlirv  liail  |ina«i'aainn  "     IM'  win niil.l  tin'  Itiilili  liati'  |>iir 

'I'liii  lirat  waa  I'litiTi'ii  iipnii  iniiinili  ilrly.      U'llliin  !i.i  >lia|inni  .>!,   jiml  tin-  |irii'i'.  wliiili  ia  imw  iliar^  that  cliaai'il  llnxi' lanila,  lint  nl'llii' 11  ititra  '     'I'hry  niiilil 

a  Mimilh  alliT  liia  arrival.  Iir  callnl  a  (Jcnrr.il  Abbi'iiiIiIv  ]  whirli  wnuhl  nin  r  Ii.im'  hmii/ht  iwciily  inilra.  mil  miw   mil  liavu  niiii'd  llirni  willimil  tin'  cmiai'iit  of  tlin 

,\l  ("hi'ati'r,  whi'ii  till'  I'.inaliliiliiin.  wliii-li   hid  liwii  ilinyiiitftwn.      Diiriiii!  ihi' tinii' lliia  |ii'ra<iii  una  api'.ik- 1  Indiana.   wlinwiTi'   viry  nn miia,  and   I'nidd  raaily 

r.irnii'd  in  l!ni{laml,  waa  In  iimliT'jn  an  I'tiH'rii it.       in:;,  mil  a  man  nl'  ihcni   waa  nlinrMd   tn  wliia|ii'r  nriliaii'  I'^tirpatrd  llniii.  nr  (irrvrnird  llnir  ai'llli'ini'nl. 

Till'  Ir irii  h'llh  nl'ihi'|irn\im't'  an. I  ii'rnl.iry  wrrc  ainih'.    Wliniihi'  |Mirrh.iai'wa«  auri'i'd.  i/rri!  |irniiiiaraj  Ii  ia  |iriiliali|r  lli.il  Ihia  Knlili  |pnr.lia»i'  la  ri'li'mdlnin 

aiiimiinm'd  ti>i'niii|i.iai' thia  .Vaai'iiiliiy   in  |n'ra.in.     In  '  paaai'd  hrlni'rn  ii'<  nl  kiiidni'aaaml  i>n'>.l  inijhhnrh.ind.  that    part   .d'  1' a  Irllcr  he  Inro  c|nniiil,  wlnri'  hii 

ali'.iil  nl'wimh.  thi'y  I'lfrti'il  twi'ln' inrnihiTa  in  1  irh  |.iiid  th.il  tin'  linjhali  and  Indiana  nin-l  iivr  in  InM-.  aa ,  spraka  nl  tin'  l.ind  at  lli.it  linii'.  (Hi."*;l)  aa  ilrurrr" 
I'.iimly,  aiiiniinliiiK  in  all  tn  acM'iily  Iwn,  tlin  pri'i'iac  !  |nii^'   aa  tin'  ami  jaM'   li;;ht       Wliiili   dnm'.   aiinthi'r :  Ih.iii  I'nrini'rly.fnr  linw  i-mdd  Ihia  IniM' hirii  aari'riaincil 

iiniiilM'r,  wliii'li  by   tlm  I'r.i if  jinn'riimcnl  waa  In  niaili' aj cli  tn  tin'  Indiana  in  tin-  nainc  id  all  llip  aa    hut  hy  rmnparinn  liia  with  Inrini'r  piirrh a  ! 

cnnipnai'  one  Inula ily      'riie  I'li'ilinna  wi  ri'  .\ un-  lihi'ina,  firat  tn  li'h  Ih what  waadnni'.  iii'xt  li)rli,ir!.'i'        It  iiiav  llii'ii  hi'  pmpir  Ininnaidi'r  .Mr  I'rim  aa  hav- 

paiiii'il  hy  pi'iiliona  tn  tin'  iinviTiinr,  inipnrlin^  that  I  In'   tlirin  tn  Invi'  llir  rlirialiaiia,  tn  livr   in  pcai'i'  willi  iiii'  ini>  fnllnwi'd  the  "rxanipli'a  nf  inalici' and  tiiinlrriilnin," 

h'wni'aa  nl'lhi'  pi'iiph',  Ihi'ir  in.ihilily  ini'alati',  andiin.  land  my  prnph'.  und  thai  Ihi'V  aln.nld  iii'vir  dn  nn'  nrl  which  had  hii-n  ai'l  hy  Inr r  l!iir"|a'aiia.  in  their  riin- 

akiU'uliK'aa  III  unvt'riiini'iil.  wniild  iml   |H'riiiit  thi'in  Injiny  | ph'  any  wrmii,'.     At  rvrry  ariili' I'  ithii  h  idin'l   Inward  llii'  nativi'a  nl'  .Vini'rira    and  aa  ha\iii|( 

.ihi'V  alrinti'd.  and  aaid  Aimii,  in  their  vvav.     'I  he  pay   nniied  Ilia  eiainiile  with  tin  ira,  fnr  the  iinitalinii  nf 
|or  pri'Ki'iila  1  ina<h' thent,  were  iinl  linarded  hv  Ihep.ir* 

tienl.ir  nwiiera.    hut  the   neiulllairin^   killi.'a  and   ehilia 

heim.;  pnaeiit  wdn'ii  the  ^nnda  were  hrnn^ht  nnl.  Ilie 

partieaehirtly  enneemed  emimilled  what  an  I  tn  wliniil 

lliey  Khnnl.l  ^'ive  Iheni.     'I'll  every  kini;.  Iln  n.  hy  the 

haiidn  111  a  peranii.  Inr  that  wmk  ap{Kiiiiieil.w  la  a  pro    prnvinee.  and  the  lila'ral  ei nrajjement  wliirli  he  haii 

pnrtimi  aent.anrleil  and  (.ilded.wiih  that  [iravily  whieli  I  iriveii  In  ailtlera.  wiiiild  driw  penple  nf  all  ilenmninu- 

ia  .iiliinr.ihle      Then  that  kini;  anhdiMiled   it   in   i'ke!  li.ins  ihillnr.  and  render  it  a  phiee  nf  enniinerce  ;  liii 


aerve  II)  an  l.irire  a  entnii'il  and  aaaeinhly.  and  Iherel'nre 
it  was  their  deaire  lli.it  ihe  twelve  nnw  relumed  frmii 
pai'h  emnity,  iniKlil  aerve  Imtli  fnr  I'mvineial  ('nnm  il 
ami  Ifi'iieral  .\Haeiiilil\f  with  the  aaim-  pnwera  and  |iri- 
vileaea  which  hy  the  charier  were  ^(ranted  tn  the 
whnle" 

The  ineiiihera  wore  aernrdinirly  dialrihnted  intn  two 
hiuiaea  ;   three    nut  nf  eaeli  cniinty   made  a  ennneil 


miiled  Ilia  eiainple  with  tin  ira,  fnr  the  inntatini 
am-eeedinu  aiKeiitiirera  Thia  will  five  im  the  tru« 
iih'a  nf hia  merit,  withmil  deliailini;  Irnin  the  rrapi'it 
hie  tnllmaewhn  prire.led  him  ill  the  arihimm  wnrk  .>f 
I'tilniii/ini/  .\lm-rira 

Mr   I'enii  e.iailv  fnriaaw  llial  the  aitiialimi  nf   liix 


.  nnvermtra         I  I'linsvlvania  the  n.iine  nf   Oiittx^    whii'l, 

I '.il.niiliea  it    .  -ii.      Ily  tlila    name  they  are  e.tnimniity 

!  kiinwii  and  a.idreaaed  in  the  K|K'eilie»  iiiadr  hy  llie  Six 

.\alinllN  ill  all  their  Ire.ltiea. 

One  p.irl  nf  hia  ai^reenient  with  the  Indiana  waa, 

llial  lliey  ah'illld  aell  nn  lands  tn  any  peranli  hut  tn  him 
aelf  nr  Ilia  amenta  ;  annther  waa,  that  hia  a'ienta  ahniild 
nnl  neeilpy  linr  irratit  any  landa,  hlll  thnae  wliirti  were 
fiirly  )iiiri-liaaed  ni'  the  Indiana.  These  alipnhitinna 
were  ennfinned  hy  anliseipii'iil  ai'ls  nf  .\aai'inhly  ;  and 
every  liarijaiil  m.nlr  lielween  private  peranna  and  the 
Indiana  wilhnnt   leave  nl  Ihe  pr«iprieliir,  was  dei-lareil 


cunaialmir  nf  einlileen,  ami  the  reiii.iinini;  p.irl  fnriiii'd 

HII  aaaeinhly  nf  I'lDylnnr    In  thia  assemhly  was  paa^ed  I  ni  inner  aninni,'  hia  deppiidants,  ihev  hardly  le.ivi  1 

"  the  ai'tni'aetllenienl,  "  in  wliieh  the  Ir.iine  nfanvern-  jih aelvea  an  eipi.il  share  with  nnenf  Iheir  hiilijeiia. 

Iiieiil  made  in  Kiiiilaml.  heinn  Btyled  a /iniA(i^i(r/i,iM/ ,11/,  I      ,Mr.  IVmi  waa  an  happv  aa  In  aiieeeid  in  ilia  en 

waa  an  far  ellalli{ed,aa  that  three  peranna  life. irti  enniily 

iniirht   eninpnai'    the  eniitieil,  ami    fix  tlie    assenihly. 

.XfliT  Hpvrral  nllier  "  vari.itinna.  explariatinnaainl  .nidi 

tinna,  reipieate.l  hy  the  .Nsaeiiihly,  and  yielded  t<i  hy  the 

ynvernnr.  the  afnreaaiil  charter,  and  frame  nf  ^nverii- 

iiieiil  waa  "  rei'nijniaed  and  ari-epled,  aa  if  with  lhe»e 

.'ilterutiiina    it  waa   ati[ipnsed  In  he  emnph'le  "     The 

Asai'iiihly  ia  alyled  "  the  (leneral  .\sscmhly  nf  ihe  prn 

viiiee  (if  Peiiiiaylvaiiia  and   the  teinlorietf  theretintn 

belnni;iiiu  '' 

Thua  the  lower  rimiitieii,  nl  thia  lime,  nianifeatrd 
their  wtllinirneha  to  he  united  with  the  province  of 
Pennaylvunia ;  hut  the  prnprielnr  hail  mil  received 
fr.iin  the  ernvvn,  any  riirlit  nf  jnnadietinii  nver  lli.it 
lerritnry,  thnni^h  the  Diike  had  sold  him  the  rinhl  nf 
S'lil  ;  and  it  vv.ia  nnl  in  Ihe  pnwer  of  the  penple.  aa 
anhjecia  nf  the  Kiii^  nf  Knnl.iml,  tn  put  Ihemaelves 
under  any  fnrin  of  ir'iverinnenl,  wilhnnt  the  rnyal 
atllhnrily.  The  want  nf  Iliia,  willi  the  npcralinn  nf 
nitier  eaiiaea,  prialuced  diiricnllies,  which  atlerward 
rendered  Iliia  unimi  vnid  ;  ami  the  three  lower  cniiniiea 
had  a  aeparatc  Aaaeinhly,  thiiU|>h  under  Ihe  aanie  nm- 
ernor. 

Mr  IVnira  next  nhjeet  waa  lo  treat  with  Ihe  natives. 
The  hencvnlence  nf  hisdispnsilinn  led  him  tn  exercise 
ureal  tcnderneaa  Inward  lliein. which  was  niiich  iiicri  aa- 
ed  hy  an  opinion  which  he  had  fnrined,  .iiid  which  he 
npeiily  avowed,  that  lliey  were  descciidalils  nf  the  Ipii 
dispi'ra.'d  Irilica  of  Isr.icl,  He  travelled  into  the  conn- 
Iry,  visited  tlieni  in  Iticir  eahins,  waa  present  at  their 
fciala,  cnnveraed  with  them  in  a  free  and  fiiniliar 
iiianiier,  and  gained  their  aUcctinii  hy  hia  ohiininir  car- 
riage, and  Ilia  freipient  acta  of  irenernsity.  lint  on 
public  oceaainiia.  he  received  tlieiii  vvitii  eereninny.  and 
tra'iaacted  hiiaiiiesa  with  anieinnilv  and  order. 

Ill  one  nf  hia  cxenraimia  in  the  vvinlcr,  he  fniiml  a 
chief  warrior  aick,  and  hia  wife  prepariuir  In  awcat 
him,  in  the  usual  inauner.  liy|H>urin)>wati'r  nn  a  heap 
nf  hoi  slonea,  in  a  "loaely  covered  bill,  and  then  pliiii!; 


Iherefore  dclcrn.iiied  10  lay  the  plan  of  a  capital  cily, 
I  which  in  ennfnrniilv  In  liiii  catholic  and  pacific  ideas, 
I'll-  called  I'liihi.hliiiiiii.     The  cile  of  it  waa  a  neck  nf 

Icavora  In  L'ain  the  i<n,.d  vvdl  of  the  Indiana.     Thi'y   la  id  helween  the  river  Ddawari'  on  the  east  and  tlin 

have  frcipienilv,  in  snhscipienl  Ireatiea  many  years!  Si-.nylkill, //I'/nii-  f" 

.liter,  expressed  ureal  veneralimi  fnr  Ilia  nu'imiry  ;  and  Ihe  ih' 

Iil   pirpcli    lie   i  .    they    h.ive   uiveil   tn   the   anccessivc ,  lI; 


I,  a  hrancli  nu  the  wi'st ;   ami 

iriled  that  the  cily  should  extend   frniii  nne  tn 

■liber,  theilistance  heiiiL'twn  miles    'I'liia  spot  wan 

cho,  en  on  ai I  of  ihe  linn  anil,  the  iieiille  risin)r 

frni  leaclirivi'rtowanlslheniidsi.lhenmm'roiiaspriii'.'a, 
the  eonvenience  of  covea  capahle  nf  bciiii;  used  an 
dncka,  the  depth  of  water  hir  shipa  of  linrlhen,  and  tliu 
'.'.ind  am  linraire  The  ir'oiind  waa  aiirviycd,  ami  11 
pl.iii  of  the  inlendcd  cily  waa  draw  11  by  Thoinaslloliiie, 
surveyor  general.  Tell  alrccis,  nf  two  miles  in  leiiulh, 
were  hiid  mil  frniii  river  in  river,  and  twenty  alreeta  nf 
one  mile  ill  Icniiih.  croasina  them  at  li«llt  alli;ela     Kniir 

aipiarca  were  reserved  f  ircmiin pnrpoaea.one  ineacli 

cpiarter  . if  the  cily.  and  in  the  eenire,  mi  the  iiiosi  ele- 
vati'd  spot,  waa  a  larger  sipiare  of  ten  acres,  in  which 


id      The  charter  wliich   Mr.  I'ciin  had  obl.iincd  nl  I  were  Inhe  hiiill  a  slate  limisca  inarkeldioiise.  a  achool 


ihe  crown,  cmiiprehemled  a  I'.ir  i;reaicrextptit  oft 
lory,  than  it  waa  proper  fir  him  at  first  tii  purchase  ot 
the  nalivca. 

He  did  not  think  il  for  his  interest  Intake  nny  more 
at  once  than  he  had  a  prospect  of  tfrantiiiir  away  to  set- 
tlera.  Mill  his  colony  increased  lieyond  hia  expecla- 
tinn,  and  when  new  tracts  were  wanted,  Ihe  Indians 
rnse  in  llieirdeinaiida.  IlislirsI  imrchaaea  were  made 
at  Ilia  iiw  n  e  vpciiae  ;  and  the  <,roiN]s  delivered  nn  these 
nccasinna.  Weill  hy  the  name  nf  preHcnta,  In  acmirse 
nf  time  when  a  Ire.ity  and  a  purchase  went  mi  tnnethcr, 
the  nnvcrnor  and  hi.'  successors  inadc  the  Kpeecties. 
.ind  the  .\ssciiilily  were  at  the  expense  nf  the  presents 
When  nne  paid  Ihe  cost,  and  the  oilier  enjoyed  the 
protil.  a  siiliject  nf  allercatinn  arnsc  lielween  the  |irn 
prielary  and  the  pnpnlar  interests,  which  other  causes 
colli rihilled  to  increase  and  intlainc 


honaeaml  .1  place  of  worship  On  the  side  of  each  river 
il  vvaainlemled  lo  build  wb.irvesand  ware  hniisea,  and 
from  each  front  sirei't  nearest  In  the  rivers,  an  npeii 
space  waa  In  be  li'll,  ill  the  descent  tothe  sliores,wllich 
would  havead.lcd  iiincli  to  Ihe  heallty  of  the  city.  .Ml 
owners  of  one  thmisand  acres  were  enlilled  lo  ,1  cily 
lot,  in  the  front  slrce'-<.  nr  in  ihe  central  liiiii  alreel, 
and  before  each  limise  wast.i  be  all  open  con rl.  phintei! 
with  rnwa  of  treea.  .Smaller  purcliasera  were  tube 
accommodali'd  in  the  oilier  streets  ;  and  care  waa  ta- 
ken in  all,  that  nn  buildiiii.'  slimild  encroach  on  tlm 
Kircel  lines.  This  last  rennlalinii  has  been  always  at- 
tended  tn,  llinnah  ill  some  nllier  rcsfliecla  the  plan  haa 
been  eiilier  .lisri'iiardcdor  not  completed 

The  eilv  waabeuun  in  II''*'.!,  ami  within  leaathan  a 
year,  "eiiihly  houses  amlcottairis  were  built,  wherein 
merchanls  and  inechanica  exercised  their  rcs|a'cliv 


The  purchases  which  Mr  I'enii  made  of  the  Imliaua  leiipatinna  ;"  and  they  snmi  found  the  country  around 
were  uiidmibtedly  fair  and  honest  ;  and  he  ia  enlilled  iiheiii  so  well  cidlivatcd  by  the  planlera,  as  tn  alfnrd 
to  praise  fir  hia  wise  and  peaceable  cnndncl  Inward  1  them  bread  and  vejii'tablca,  while  Ihe  venison,  fowl 
!lliein,  lint  there  is  null  a  I  him,'  as  over  rat  in<,'  true 'ami  lish,madcan  airreeable  variety  with  the  salted  prn- 
ineril.  He  has  been  cclehratcd  by  a  late  aiilhor,  as  1  visions  which  they  iin|inrtcd  IVnn  himself  writca, 
iii^  him  into  the  river,  Ihrmiuh  a  liole  cut  in  the  ice.  lliaviiiu  in  these  pnrchaaes  "  set  an  example  of  moile- 1  with  an  air  nf  chcerftihieia,  that  he  waa  well  enntenteO 
To  divert  himself  duriii!;  tho  swealini;  operalimi,  the  |ratiiiii  and  justice  in  .\nierica. which  waa  never  tlinii|>lit  With  the  cnuiitry, and  Ihe  ciitertainmenl  which  lie  fouml 
chief  aani;  Ihe  achieveiiienls  of  hia  aiiceatora,  then  hia;  of  before  bv  the  Kiiropeana  "  It  had  been  a  coininmi  |in  it.  1'liia  teller  is  nmonu  hia  printed  works,  and  in 
own,  and  comluded  Ilia  anni;  with  thia  rellectinii :  Why  Ihiiii!  in  .Ncw-Diiuland,  fnr  lifly  years  befnre  his  time,  jlhe  aaine  cnlleclion  vvc  liml  an  nU'eclinnate  address  lo 
are  we  aick,  and  Iheae  slran<;ers  well !  It  acema  aa  if  to  make  fair  and  reuular  purchasea  of  laud  from  the  tho  |H>nploof  I'rnnaylvaiiia  ;  in  il  hcappearato  .iavo,a 
lliey  were  aeut  to  inherit  tho  land  in  onr  alcid  !  All  1 1  Indiana  ;  and  many  of  their  deeds  are  preserved  in  the  {tender  concern  for  llieir  moral  and  rernjioim  iniprovo- 
it  la  lieeaiise  they  love  the  (!rml  Spirit,  anil  wo  do  i  public  reconla.  .\s  early  aa  16'dJ,  a  law  waa  cnaeted  |  inent,and  warna  tlieiii  aijainaltlie  tcinptalioiia  tn  wiiich 
not !"  Till)  aenliiiient  wa»  rational,  and  such  aa  often  i  in  the  colony  of  Maasachiiaella,  thai  "  no  iH-raon  shall ,  they  were  exposed.  Their  circumstances  were  iiideoil 
occurred  to  the  sagacious  aniniii;  the  natives  ;  Wo  '  put  any  of  the  Indiana  from  their  planlini;  irroiimla,  or !  peculiar  ;  Ihey  had  anil'ered  cnntcinpt  and  peraecution 
cannot  siippoao  it  was  iliaairroe,ibIi'  In  Mr.  Peiin,  whose  i'lahino  places  ;  and  that  upon  enniplaint  ami  prnof  in  Kuojaml,  and  were  now  at  re«l ;  in  the  enjoyment 
view  waa  lo  impress  them  with  an  idea  of  hia  huuesl  thereof,  lliey  shall  have  relief  in  any  uf  ihe  couria  of  of  liberty,  under  a  popular  form  of  uiivernmcnl ;  tho 
and  pacific  inlontiuus,  and  Ui  make  a  fair  bargain  with  justice,  as  the  Knulish  have.''  To  prevent  frauds  in  ^  pyes  ot  ihe  world  were  n|ain  them  1  their  former  ono- 
•i'Oi".  ijirivalc  bar;;aina,  it  was  ordered  hy  the  saino  act,  thai  iiiies  wcro  watcliin;j  their  conduct,   and   would  have 


I 


04 


AMERICAN    HISTORY. 


bcpn  glad  of  an  opportunity  lo  rrpnmi'h  Ihriu ;  it  wan 
tliorotiire  luH  Ji'Miro  llii-t  tlicy  K'totilil  hr  niiKU>r:iU>  in 
proN|)criiy,  an  ihry  liail  Ihtii  pa'iiul  in  lulviThily.  Tlu* 
concluilni>r  wurtU  of  this  aildrrxs  may  ^ivp  uh  a  ttprci- 
niftnuriiiH  fllyl*^  and  inannor  of  prruclnriir.  "My 
frien  Im,  mnniilirr  mat  tlir  l«<tr<l  liath  Itro'iijlit  yun  upnn 
Ihi*  ftlagt' ;  Uv  liatli  now  Irird  yon  vvjtlt  IiIutIv,  yea.  and 
with  power ;  hi' hath  put  prrciouK  (>|)portuiiitii'n  inio 
jour  hands  :  havt*  a  rare  of  a  iM-rvrr^r  xpirit,  and  dn 
not  provuko  the  I^ord  by  doin<r  thoM*  thinifH  hy  which 
thi'  inhahitania  of  the  l.in<l  that  wrrc  hi-forr  you. 
gricvpd  tiiit  spirit  ;*  hut  nanrtify  Uud,  tht>  hving  CIihI  in 
your  hearts,  that  his  Itlcssini;  may  fall  and  rest  as  the 
dow  of  Heaven  on  yon  and  your  olV^priu^.  Then  shaM 
it  he  seen  to  the  nations,  that  there  iii  no  enchantment 
a^ain*tt  Jacob,  nor  divination  a^aiuhl  Israel ;  but  your 
teuls  shall  lie  jroodly  and  your  dvveltinj^s  trjnrious.'' 

In  the  spring  of  H\H'.\,  a  senind  AsHcnddy  was  hold 
in  the  new  eity  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  ^^reat  innnber  <*( 
ht\vt>  were  passed  Ainon^  other  Koml  regulations,  it 
was  enacted,  thai  to  prevent  lawsuits,  If  -i*e  arbitrators, 
railed  peaceinaiters,  shotiid  bt*  chosen  hy  every  county 
court,  (o  hear  ami  determine  Nina'l  dilVeienreH  between 
man  and  man.  This  AfM'mt'iy  granted  to  the  fro- 
vcri.or  an  in*;.u»l  >n  certain  i;imhU  exported  and  im- 
ptirteii,  tvineh  he,  after  acknowledjjing  the*ir  j^ooilness, 
was  pleased  for  the  encouratreim'tit  of  the  traders, 
"  freely  tu  remit."  lint  the  most  distinjiTuished  act  of 
this  Assembly,  was  their  acceplar.co  of  another  frame 
c  1  govermnent  which  the  proprietor  had  devised,  which 
was  "  in  part  conformed  to  (he  first,  in  part  mt'<lified 
ac<!urding  to  the  act  of  settlement,  and  in  part  essen- 
tially ditlerent  from  both."  The  most  material  allera- 
liuns  were  the  reduciuf;  the  number  of  the  Assembly 
from  Koventytwu  lo  fittyl'our,  and  the  ^ivinir  the  )ri>- 
venior  a  negative  in  lieu  of  ji  treble  voice  in  acts  nf 
legislation.  Their  "thankful"  acce|itance  of  ibis  se- 
cond charter,  was  a  proof  <>f  his  ^reat  ascendency  over 
(hem,  and  the  confidence  whicli  ihey  phui'il  in  him  ; 
but  these  changes  were  regarded  hy  some  as  u  depar- 
ture from  the  principles  on  which  the  ori-jinal  co-ripact 
was  (founded. 

The  slate  of  the  province  at  lliis  time  has  Iwen 
C'^nparru  to  that  of"  a  father  and  his  family,  the  laller 
united  hy  interest  and  alfection  ;  the  ftirmcr  revered 
for  the  wi.fdom  of  his  institutions  and  the  indnl«;ent  use 
of  his  authority.  Ttmse  who  were  ambitious  of  repiKsr, 
found  i:  in  I'ennsyl'a'ii.t  ;  and  as  nnnn  returned  wnh 
an  evil  report  of  the  land,  numbers  followeil.  All 
partook  oi  the  leaven  which  Ihey  fourid :  the  connnu- 
liity  worn  the  same  ctpial  face  .  no  om'  aspired,  no  i>ne 
was  oppressed  .  indu^itry  was  sure  id'  profit,  kni>vvledi;e 
of  esteem,  and  virtue  nf  veneralion  "  When  we  con- 
template thia  ayretable  picture,  we  cammt  but  hiinciil 
that  Mr.  I'enn  Hhtiuld  ever  'lave  (pii;te<l  bis  pro\ini-e  ; 
but  after  resiihii;;  in  it  about  two  years,  he  lonnd  biui- 
self  urt;ed  hy  motives  of  interest  ar*  we[j  an  plulanlhri> 
py,  to  returti  to  fc^n^'land  At  his  d»  parttire  in  the  sum- 
mer of  I6H4.  hiH  capital  city,  then  only  of  two  years 
■tandinj^,  conlainetl  inMrly  three  bundred  boiiKCs,  and 
two  tluninand  inbabilaiils  ;  bci^ides  whiili  there  were 
twenty  other  settlemenls  bej»ni),  includmi;  those  of  the 
Dutch  and  Sweiles.  He  left  the  a<l  .uni^tration  of 
government  in  the  haints  of  the  Council  and  Assem- 
bly, having  appointed  five  comiuissioners  to  preside  in 
his  place. 

'I  he  motiveti  nf  his  return  to  Kngland  were  two.  j 
A  conlroversy  with  lord  llalliniore.  tin'  proprietor  nf 
Maryland,  conceriiin<r  the  limits  of  their  Mhi'ective 
patents,  and,  a  concern  for  Ins  iTctliren.  who  \v.  re  suf- 
fering by  the  operation  of  the  penal  laws  a;:.iinst  ills- 
■enters  from  the  Mslaltli^hi  d  Chon-li. 

The  controversy  with  I.ord  H.illimore  originated  in 
this  manner.  IJefore  Vvnu  eanie  to  ALien.i,  he  had 
written  to  James  Kri^liy  atitl  oiImth,  at  their  plantations 
on  Delaware  IJay.  then  repiited  a  part  of  Marylaud, 
advisintr  them,  that  as  he  was  confident  Ihev  were 
within  his  iimilH.  they  hlumld  yield  an  <riiedience  lolhe 
i  \ws  of  Maryla'ul  This  warinni:  servetl  as  a  pretext 
ti  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  ("eiil  and  Maltiniore 
canities,  who  were  iiiipatit  tit  of  control,  to  withhold 
the  payment  of  their  rents  and  taxes  Lord  Uallimore 
and  his  council  onlernd  (be  military  ofticers  to  asMht 
the  sherilfs  in  the  e\i>cutioti  of  their  duty  which  was 
■leeompjistied.  thouijh  with  ureal  ditbcnllv.  After 
tbis,  Markh.iin,  'Vnn's  agent,  bad  a  inretiin;  wiili  l-  rd 
Ualtirnore  at  the  village  of  Iplarid,  which  is  w 
called  (.Jlieitter,  where  a  discovery  was  made  bv  a 
tjuarlrant.  thai  Ihe  place  w  ■«  twelve  miles  soulb  of  the 
40th  dejfree  o|  liililnde,  a  cireinnslani  e  ttelore  unknown 

•  Pri»l>iii>l)  fill'i.lmn  lo  tlii<  iph  iril»e»  cif  Irirwl,  I  rum  w  hum 
be  Bupp'iitv^  Ibu  Imliaiij  i^t  h^  JuttttailuU. 


lo  both  parties,  liallimore,  therefort^,  ctmcluded  to 
derive  an  advantaire  from  preciHum,  whilst  IVnii 
witihed  10  avail  himself  of  uncertainty.  After  IVnn's 
arrival  in  America,  he  visited  Lord  Hallimore.  and  bad 
a  conference  wilb  him  <m  the  subject.  An  account  of 
this  conference  taken  in  short  hand  by  a  person  pre- 
sent, with  a  statenienl  of  the  matter  in  (Icbale, were  sent 
by  Lord  Dallimore  lo  Knghpiil,  and  laid  before  lliei 
l*ords  of  Trade  and  plaiiialions  in  April,  IfiHlJ  I'pon  ; 
whicii  letters  were  written  to  boih,  advising  them  lo 
come  to  an  amicable  agreement.  'I'his  could  not  be 
done;  and  therefore,  they  both  went  to  .''ngland. 
and  laid  their  respctive  complaints  before  the  Hoard 
of  Trade.  lialtinn,realleued  that  the  tract  in  nueslion 
was  within  the  IimilH  of  Itis  charter,  and  had  always 
been  so  undeislotKl,  :  nd  bis  claim  aHowed  until  dis- 
turlM'd  by  IVim.  Tim  words  of  his  charter  were,  *'  to 
that  pari  of  IV-laware  bay  on  the  north,  which  lies 
under  the  4'/ih  degree  of  northerly  latitude  from  'ne 
equinm't:,ii.'  IVnn.  on  tlie  ottfr  band,  Hftirmed  that 
LonI  ^>alll.iiore  8  grant  was  of  "  lands  not  inhabited  by 
the  suhjeelM  ot'  any  (.'hrts'..in  prince  ;''  thai  the  bwnl 
in  questitm  was  possessed  by  the  Dutch  and  Swedes 
prior  to  the  date  of  the  charier  of  Maryland  ;  ihal  a 
surrender  having  been  made  by  the  Dutch  of  this 
territory  to  Kingtybarles.ii.  Ififil, the  country  had  ever 
since  been  in  possession  ol  the  Duke  id  York.  The 
Lords  at  several  inoetings,  having  examined  the  evi- 
deuces  on  both  siiles,  were  of  (•pinion  that  the  binds 
Ihirde'.ngon  the  Delaware  did  not  heIon^  lo  Lord  Hal- 
limore, but  to  the  king.  They  then  pniceeded  to  settle 
the  boundary,  :\nd  im  t'  .-  7th  nf  ISovemher,  lliSr),  it 
was  determined,  that  "  or  avoiding  further  ililferences. 
the  tract  of  land  lying  letween  the  river  and  bay  of  De- 
laware, and  the  easti  m  sea,  on  the  one  side,  and  (>he- 
sapeake  hay  on  the  ilher  siile,  !>•' divii) 'd  into  two 
eijiial  parts  by  a  line  ,'  hii  the  latilode  fn  inrapeHen- 
lopen,  lo  the-iOlbdegree  of  northern  latil  ide,  and  that 
one  lialf  ihereol  lying  lovxardsthe  Hay  of  Delawaie  and 
the  eastern  sea,  be  adjiidged  to  belong  to  his  majesly, 
and  that  the  other  ball  remain  to  the  Lord  Hallimore. 
a'*  comprised  within  his  charter  '  To  ihis  ib-cision 
Lord  Hallimore  submilte<l.  happy  that  he  had  lost  no 
more,  since  a  <pto  warranto  had  lieen  isiaied  against  Ins 
charier.  Hut  the  decision,  like  many  others,  left  room 
for  a  farther  roiilroversy. whicii  wascarried  on  by  their 
respective  successors  for  above  half  a  century.  The 
ipiestion  was  concerniiiir  Ihe  construction  of"llie-lOth 
degree  of  latitude."  which  IVnn's  heirs  contended  wan 
tb'*  Viw\;n«u,  ami  Hallimore's  tin- i(mi/(/f/(('</  of  the 
10th  degree,  the  ditlerciice  being  sixtv  nine  miles  and 
a  half 

The  other  e.iust' of  Mr,  Penn's  departure  for  Kng 
land  pn)ved  a  soiirci'  of  nnicli  grnilcr  vexation,  am' 
involvetl  conseipiences  tiijnrion?«  lo  his  repiiialion  and 
iiiicrest  His  concern  for  bis  suft'erint''  hreihreii  imhi- 
eed  him  to  use  the  interest  which  !h>  batl  a  court  lu- 
their  relief  He  arrived  in  the  month  of  Augu^tl,  and 
Ihedeatli  of  Charhs,  which  happened  the  ii''\t  Febru- 
ary, brought  lt>  ibetbioni*  JaniiM  II  under  whom,  when 
LonI  hiub-aduiiral,  IViin's  father  bad  cominaiided, 
and  who  had  always  tnainlainetl  n  steady  frieiiiUhip 
wilb  the  Hon  This  sueeession  ralber  increasft  than 
iliminished  bis  attaehmeiit  to  the  court  ;  but  asJan.es 
openly  professed  himself  a  Papist,  and  the  prejuilices 
of  a  great  part  oflhenali'>n  aj;;aiiist  him  werevery' 
high,  it  was  impossibb'  tor  his  inlimat"  friends  to| 
escape  the  imputation  nf  beitiL'  |»opihlily  alVected  I'eriii  I 
had  before  been  snspecletl  to  be  a  jesnil.aiid  what  i\  iw  j 
contributed  to  fix  the  stigma  upon  hi.n  was,  his' 
writing  a  book  on  liberty  of  conscience, a  darling  priii-: 
ripie  ;'l  ciiurl.  and  vimlicatin:;  Ihe  Duke  of  Hucking-I 
ham,  ^\hi  hail  written  on  the  same  subject  Aliolherj 
riri'iinistance  which  sirenglbeiied  the  suspicion  was, , 
bis  taking  lodgings  at  Kensington, in  tiie  iieM^bborboiH! 
nl  the  court,  and  his  frequenl  attendance  tlnre.  to  so- 
licit (be  liberalion  of  his  brethren  who  now  fdb'd  tlie 
prisons  oftbe  kingdom 

He  emit  a\i)red  to  allay  ihcHe  suspicion*;  by  publish- 
ing an  iiddresN  to  bis  bretbreii.  in  which  he  refi  rs  lo 
iheir  kiiotvlrdire  of  Ins  character,  principles  and  wn- 
liiiifK,  lor  eighteen  Nearn  p<(<<t. and  expresses  Ihk  love  of 
rnoderalion,  and  his  wi-h  that  the  nation  might  not  be- 
come "hnrttaroiiH  for  Christianity,  nor  abuse  one  aiiolh- 
erfir  Clod  s  sake."  Hut  what  >ravebiin  Ihe  grealert  pain 
was.  that  his  worthy  friend  D.M'tor  Tillolson  bad  enter- ' 
lainci)  tlie  same  i'li.ipieion.anil  expreosed  il  in  his  con 
vcrsation  'I'o  him  he  wrote  an  t  xposlulatory  l.'tter. 
and  the  Doctor  frank  I  v  owned  (obiiii  ihe  ground  id' his 
apprciieiisioii,  wbicii  Vi-  mi  ho  iuiiy  reinovu  i,  iliiii  Doe- 
tor  Tillolson  i':irididl\  h  ktiowledged  his  misliike.  and 
m.ute  ii  his  business    <>n    alt    occasions  to  vindicalo 


IVnn's  charai-ier.  This  mgenuouH  acknowledgment, 
from  a  geiilleim>n  of  si>  iimch  inlorination,  and  iki  de- 
termined an  enemy  to  I'opery,  is  one  ol  the  lient  evi- 
dences wliich  can  be  hiui.  of  Mr.  IVnn's  integrity  in 
this  respect  ;  but  the  current  uf  popular  prejudice  was 
at  that  time  so  strong,  that  il  was  not  in  the  puwuro* 
so  great  aiiil  good  a  man  as  DmMor  TiUotson  to  turn  it 

Had  Mr.  iViiii  fallen  in  with  the  discontented  p^n 
of  the  niilion.  and  encouraged  Ihr  emigration  of  thuno 
who  dr  aded  the  roiiseqnenees  of  King  James'  o|M.'n 
profcftsimt  of  Popery,  he  might  have  made  large  addi- 
tions to  the  numliers  of  his  colonists,  and  greatly  in 
creased  bis  fortune  ;  but  be  had  received  such  assu- 
rames  from  the  king,  of  his  intention  to  introduco 
itmvirxtil  tiiUration,  thai  he  ihought  it  lii^ duly  to  wait 
for  the  enlargement  which  hisbretjiren  must  experiencn 
from  the  expected  eveiil.  His  boitk  on  libcrly  uf  ctm* 
s«*ieiice,  addressed  to  the  king  and  coi-  .  il.  hud  not 
been  published  iiiary  davs.  be'ure  the  Ki.ig  issued  u 
general  pardon,  and  instrictoil  he  Judges  ot  Assize  on 
their  respective  circuits  lo  extend  the  U-nefil  of  it  lo 
the  (.Quakers  in  particular.  Hi  coiiseipicnce  of  this, 
about  thirteen  hundred  of  them,  who  bad  been  cont-tK-d 
in  the  prisons,  were  set  at  liberty.  This  was  followed 
by  a  declaraliun  for  liberty  of  conscience,  and  for  sus- 
pending ihe  execution  of  the  penal  laws  against  dis- 
senters, which  W'H  an  (H-casion  of  great  joy  tu  nil  de- 
nominatioiiH  of  them.  The  (Quakers,  at  their  next 
general  meeting,  drew  up  an  address  of  thanks  lo  ihu 
king,  which  was  presented  by  Mr.  IVini. 

The  declaration  of  indulgence,  being  a  s[fecimen  of 
that  dispensing  power,  w  bicb  tlu  houte  of  Sluart  were 
fond  of  assuming,  and  being  evidently  intended  to  favor 
the  free  exen'ise  of  the  Popish  religion,  gave  an  alarm 
to  tbe  nation,  and  caused  very  severe  censures  on  those 
who,  having  felt  the  benefit  of  it.  bad  expressed  their 
gratitude  in  terms  of  alleclion  and  respect.  The  (Qua- 
kers in  piirlicular  became  very  obnoxious,  and  the  pre- 
judice auainsl  Peiin  as  an  abettor  of  the  arbitrary  max- 
ims of  the  court,  was  increased  ;  though  on  a  candid 
view  of  the  mailer,  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  sought 
any  thing  more  than  an  impartial  and  universal  liberty 
of  citnscience.* 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted,  that  he  hail  not  taken  thii 
critical  opporluiiily  to  return  lo  Pennsylvania.  His  con- 
troversy with  Lird  Hallnnori'  had  been  decideil  by  the 
ctuiiicil,  and  his  pacific  |  )^incipb'S  oiigbl  lo  have  leil  hitii 
lo  acipiiesce  in  their  tielertiiiiiation.  as  did  Ins  antago- 
nist He  bad  acciimplisbcd  his  purpose  with  regard  to 
bis  brt'threin  the  Ijuikers,  who,  being  delivered  from 
tbcp  dilVicti  lies,  v\ere  a!  liberty  either  to  remain  in  the 
kiiiiriloiii,  or  foUow  him  to  Anierira-  The  slate  of  the 
province  was  such  as  to  nipiire  hi»  presence,  and  ho 
nii:r|il  al  ibistiiiU'  have  resumed  Ins  oftice,  and  carried 
on  bis  business  i,i  IVnnsylvania.  with  the  greatest  pro- 
baoililv  id-pending  (he  rcniaimler  of  Ins  days  there  in 
usefulness  and  peace. 

The  rev  .tiiion  which  soon  f)iitt\*ei),  placed  him  in 
a  very  dif.i^reeable  situation  Having  lieeii  a  friend  to 
James,  he  was  Mipptfsed  I  i  be  ii  i  eiiejiiy  to  William. 
.\s  he  was  walking  one  day  in  \\  hitehall,  he  was  ar- 
tested  and  examined  by  the  lords  in  council,  before 
whom  he  stdeiimly  declared, '  Ilia'  lie  loved  his  country 
and  I  he  Protestant  religion  above  '  >  life,  and  that  he 
had  never  acted  against  either  ;  I  ill  Iha*  King  Jaineii 
had  licen  his  (•-ieiid,  and  Ins  father  s  Iriend.  and  thai  he 
llioughl  himself  boiimt  iti  jusljee  and  gratiliide  to  be  a 
frii  nd  lo  bin."  The  jeal  'lis  |Mdicv  "I  that  das  bad  no 
ear  for  .sentiments  of  Ihe  heart,  ife  vvr*^-  obliged  to  find 
securities  for  bis  apjiearanee  at  the  next  lerm,  and 
t  hence  |o  Ihe  succeeding  lerm.  in  tbe  la-t  dav  of  which, 
nothing  having  Im-tm  spi  .lally  laid  lo  Lis  ..barge,  he 
was  aci)iiitteil. 

rile  next  vear  flo'.M))  he  was  taken  up  again  on  slis- 
piiton  of  tioldinj'  i  orrespondeiiee  wiih  the  exiled  king. 
The  lonls  nipiiriiii:  security  f .r  bis  i.p[ieaniiice.  he 
appealed  to  King  William  in  per-on,  win  w. is  inclined 
to  .tctpiit  litm,  bill  lo  please  some  of  the  eoiiiicit,  he 
Was  for  awhile  held  In  bail  and  iben  aopiillcd 

Soon  after  Ihis.  bis  name  v  at-  inserleil  in  a  procla< 
matioi:,whereii;  eighteen  lonb  .md  olheri-  were  charged 
witfi  adhering  to  the  enemies  ot  the  kii.gdoin  ;  but  no 
evidence  appeariiiL'  aL''iiio*l  birii.  be  was  a  third  time 
acquitted  by  the  ( 'ouri  of  King'ii  Ucnch. 


•  "If  nil  universal  cbantj-,  if  tho  nnsertinn  :oi  tinpiirtial 
hlwrty  ct  roTisri'  hie,  if  il.'lni.'  le  iilh»r»  as  onw  \\,>uU\  b,) 
doui'  t>^ ,  Nhil  nil  i<|ini  nvou  mii  nml  sten<l\  priirlisinu  i<l  tlietf 
ttiiDRM.  Ill  Alt  iiiiieH,  uinl  tn  ill  piirliiis,  Mill  ,Mi<>tlv  Ihv  s  mtt- 
uiiili T  the  nttli'CtiiiM  ftt  )>i}iit(t  n  Je^oiil  or  Htiinst,  I  iMU:<t  not 
ii'.i'y  RnV.nitt  til  Mr  rliarr.rtrr.Vat  rn;fT;irr  ;: ;  ini.I  I  rr,r,  tr-zi 
I.  Mllh  iiioro  pleasure  than  it  ts  (lOKHitiU-  for  llu-m  with  uiv 
iitHlire  t'l  Ktve  It  lo  me,"- iPuna's  Lot  to  S.  .  mile,  Oc? 
aj,  KM. 


I 


BIOGRAPHIES    OF    THE    EART.Y    T)  1  S  CO  V  E  K  E  R  S  . 


68 


'know  Iff  li{m«iilf 
liun,  anil  m  tlc- 
1)1  llip  iM^Ht  **vi- 
in's  illte^rily  in 
ir  prijuiliL'c  waa 
ill  thf  |iu\vfe!ro* 
dUmii  U«  turn  it 
ibioiiU'iitrtl  |)-^r( 
^rrulion  ul'lliusu 

l<r    JhIIU'H*    0|)t'll 

lailc  large  aiWi- 
aiul  yrt'iilly  in 
iviul  Hiitli  asuu- 
oii  to  intriHlucu 
liirf  liuty  lo  wail 
tnuK(  i<xpi<rit*iico 

II  lllK'riy  ol'con- 
■or-  .  il,  Imtl  not 
c  M.i;;  ih«ui'*l  u 
ig<>8ul  Afixiru  on 

iH'intit  of  it  to 
I'qiiriH'i'  ol  this, 

III  IhM'II  COllfflKJ 

tiH  WHS  f'ulluwed 
ft',  aiiil  lor  SUB- 
iWH  aguinal  din- 
■at  joy  lo  all  de- 
s,  al  tlirir  lu'xt 
of  tliHiikt)  to  tho 
nil. 

ig  a  Hiffciiiu'ii  uf 
c  of  Smart  were 
iiiU'iulod  to  favor 
I),  ;;a\T  an  alarm 
I'liitnrrs  on  llioHe 
('X|in'KNf'd  tlit'ir 
ijHHl.  Tlu*  i^ua- 
OU8.  and  the  |>ro- 
10  arliitrary  max- 
iiigli  UM  a  candid 
'I'tlnit  ln>  nought 
uuivi'mal  liberty 

ad  not  taken  this 

ir|i-:iina.  iliwcoii- 

n  diH'idtMl  liy  llie 

il  to  liavi'  UmI  hiiu 

K  did  luK  aiitagn* 

iv  with  rcganl  ta 

Iclivrri'd  fn>ni 

ri'niain  in  llie 

riir  ftate  of  the 

rewnie.  and  ho 

lid  earricJ 

he  grtateMt  pro- 

UK  daVH  there  in 


llu 


.  (ilac-ed  him  in 
liren  a  fru'iul  to 
jiiy  to  W  illiain. 
hiul,  he  waH  ar* 

II  ciiumil,  In'loro 
d  liihrountr> 
life,  anil  that  he 
Kini:  Jaini'ii 

ienil,  juid  (liiit  he 
ratiUiiIr  1"  he  a 
(hut  (ln\  had  no 
•  ^  uldigrd  to  lind 
iH'xl  term,  and 
i-l  iliiv  nrwhirh, 
)  I. in  •  harge,  he 

npngain  on  rus- 
ihe  (vih'd  king 
i>j>|>tMran('r.  he 
V  lit  \%.)N  inrhiied 
f  ttie  <'Hnneil,  he 
'{iiittrd 

d  Ml  .1  tirocln- 

■  \vererliar;;rd 

:n.gil<>ni  ;  hut  no 

biiH  a  tliird  tinii* 

■h. 


[Il*   rill  ItMpRltial 

(it  II  n-'ini;  nt  lIuM 
iii^il\  |h\  n  mail 
1)  1st,  I  itiii^t  not 

(<>t  iiit'in  vkith  anv 
.    H-lf,  Oct 


Being  now  a*,  liberty,  he  meditated  a  return  to  Penn-  j  in  both,  without  any  reference  lo  the  charter  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  published  propooalti  for  amther  emigra-  aylvania. 

liim  of  neltliTH  lie  hud  proci'edeii  nn  fur  as  to  obtain  I  II  being  a  time  of  war  hi*!  ween  Knuland  and  Kranrc. 
from  lb»' Secretary  of  Slate  an  order  for  :i  convoy  ;  but  I  and  iht^  province  of  New  York  beiui;  rnneli  expMsnl  lu 
his  vtiyage  was  preve.iti-d  by  a  ftiiirtb  aecusation,  on  jibe  iiicnrKioiis  ofihe  Indian?*  in  the  Krendi  interest,  ibf 
tlie  oath  of  a  person  kvboni  the  Parliament  afterward  i  principal  object  which  Kb'teher  bad  in  view. was  to  pro- 
declared  a  cheat  and  iiiipo?^*er;  a  warrant  wan  isKnedicure  snppMes  for  the  defence  of  IheciMintry,  and  i!ic 
for  apprebeniiing  bini,  and  lie  narrowly  e.-icaped  an  ar-  'ftupporl  of  those  hidians  wbowere  in  alliance  wiib  ili<' 
reflt,  at  U'm  return  from  the  funeral  of  his  frientl.  (teorge  j  Knglititi  TbeaKseinblv  insisteil  on  a  continual  iimuf  I  heir!  in  three  years,  the  represent  at  iven  of  tl<e  pro\ince  and 


of  Kngliiih  Kubj.>cl8  and  the  practice  of  other  American 
colotiies.  The  privili'irrs  bcfort?  granted  were  con- 
I'lrtued.  and  some  of  their  niont  sabltary  laws  were  in- 
cbided  in  the  bodv  of  the  charter  ;  all  wlm-b  were  de- 
clared irrevociibte.  except  by  consent  of  six-sevcnlliR  of 
the  asm-niblv  with  the  ^ovrtior  ;  but  the  clause  re- 
spectiiii:  liberty  of  conscience  was  ileclarcd  absohitely 
irrevocable.     A  prmisioiuL  article  wattadiled,  ihat  if 


Fox,  on  the  I6th  of  January,  1091  He  then  thought 
it  prudent  to  retire,  a:id  aeeordmgly  kept  himself  con- 
cealed for  two  or  three  year«,  during  which  lime  he  em 
ployed  himself  in  writing  several  pieces,  one  of  which 
entitled  "  Maxima  nnd  Retlections  relating  to  the  con- 
duct of  human  life,''  being  the  restdt  of  much  observa 
lion  anil  experience,  hiiti  been  much  celebrated,  and  has 
passeil  through  wevcr.il  cdiliinis.  In  Hi'.Kl.  by  the  me- 
diation of  several  persniitt  of  rank,  he  was  admiltei)  to 
appear  before  the  kin-r  in  oMincil.  where  be  so  niiiiu- 
tained  his  innocence  of  what  liail  hceii  alleged  air.iinst 
him,  that  he  was  a  fourth  time  honorably  accpiilled. 

The  true  cause  of  ihese  frequent  suspicion*  was  the 
conduct  of  his  wife  ;  who  being  passionately  attached 
to  ihe  (pieen.  cnnsorl  ol  .lames,  made  a  practise  to  vi- 
sit her  at  >t  (iermaiiis  every  year,  and  to  carry  to  her 
such  presents  as  she  could  collect  from  the  friends  of 
the  luib.ippy  royal  family,  'rhmigli  there  was  no  po- 
litical connexitni  or  eorrespointence  l)etween  Penn  s 
family  an>l  the  king'n.  yei  this  circumstance  tjave  color 
to  the  jealousy  which  bad  been  conceived;  but  the 
death  of  his  wife  wliieli  liap|iened  in  Kebruary.  Hi'.U. 
put  an  end  to  all  these  suspicions  Me  iiiar'i<  d  a  se- 
cond wife  in  \i\Wi.  a  tlangbter  of  ThoniaN  ( '  illowhitl. 
of  Bristol,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons  and  one  daiigh 
tor. 

By  his  continual  expenses,  and  by  the  peculiar  dif-  [  IfiUS,  put  ; 
tieiillies  lo  which  he  hail  been  exposed,  he  liad  run  him  j  Tbns  tl 
self  deeply  into  debt.  He  had  lost  l'70t)()  before  the 
revolution,  and  XIDOO  since  ;  besiiles  bis  paternal  es- 
tate ill  jreliind,  valued  at  li.'id  per  annum.  To  repair 
bis  for(uni>.  he  reipiested  bis  friends  in  Pennsvlvania. 
'.bat  one  buinlred  of  tlieiii  would  lend  him  Xl6(t  t.ich. 
for  some  years,  on  hinb-d  security  This,  be  said, 
would  enable  liiui  to  return  lo  America.  :t'  d  bring  a 
large  number  of  inhabitants  with  bim  What  answer 
w;is  given  to  'bis  reijuest,  dues  not  appear,  but  from 
his  reniaiiiiiiir  in  Kngbind  six  or  seven  years  aOer.  it 
mav  be  CMUcluded  thai  be  received  no  encouraircment 


laws,  as  a  condition  (»f  Ibeir  granting  a  supply,  to  which!  territories  should  not  join  in  leyislntion,  each  ennnty  of 
he  consented,  during  the  king  s  pleasure.  They  wnnlil  the  province  might  choose  eight  person.t,  iiml  the  city 
have  gone  farther,  and  demanded  a  redress  of  grie-jof  Philadelphia  two,  to  represent  tlieni  in  one  .Vssem- 
vaiices  ;  but  Fletcher  having  intimaled  to  them  (bat  ihly.  arid  each  county  of  the  territory  the  same  number 
the  king  niiijht  probably  annex  them  to  New  York,  and;  lo  constitute  another  Assendily.  On  the  'iHili  »if  Oct»- 
they  knowing  theinselvrs  unable  to  maintain  a  conlro*.ber,  1701,  this  charter  was  accepted  by  the  represent  a- 
versy  witn  the  erown.  snlnnitted  for  ihepiesent  tobold!iiveB  of  the  province  ;  previous  lo  which  (viz.  on  tlio 
their  liberties  by  courtesy,  and  voted  a  supply,  do  Vl.'ilh)  Ihe  city  o(  Philailelphia  wi's  incorpt'ralerl  hy 
unolber  appticalion  of  the  same  kind,  they  nominated  \  another  charter,  and  the  governmi'iit  of  it  cnnmntleil  lo 
collectors  in  their  bill,  which  he  deemed  inconsistint ;  a  Mayor  and  Recorder,  einht  Aldermen  and  twelve 
with  his  prcn)galive,  and  after  some  altercalion  dis- ;  Coriunon  l/oniicilnien  The  persons  in  each  id  tlnve 
.■solved  llittu  I  ciOices  were  tippoinled  by   niirne   in    the   charter,   \vli.» 

In  HUM).  VVdIiam  Markb.im,  deputy-governor  under  ;\verc  ■nipowcrcd  to  choose  successors  lo  (hi'inselves 
Kletclier.  made  a  simit.ir  proposal,  but  could  ohiain  no  anniiallv,  and  lo  add  to  the  number  of  Aldermen  nuj 
supjily,  till  an  expedient  was  ciuilrivetl  to  save  ibeir  pri-CiuniMon  Conncilmen  so  many  of  the  freemen  us  tlio 
vili'ifes.      A  teuipirary  act  of  settlement   was  passeil. ,  wlmle  court  slmulil  think  proper. 

>Ml»ject  lo  Ihe  contirmatioii  of  t!ie  proprieli)r,  and  iben  |  These  Iwo  ch.irters  were  the  last  public  acts  of  Mr. 
a  i/rant  was  made  of  three  hundred  pounds;  but  a> !  Pcinrs  persona!  arhninistralion  in  Pennsylvania  They 
they  hail  been  represenled  by  some  at  New  York,  a.-  \M>re  done  in  baste,  and  while  be  was  prcparini:  lo  re- 
having  acted  inconsistently  with  their  priiicipb-s  in  embark  tor  Kiiiilaiid.  which  he  dni  irnmeilialely  on 
grant  inu  money  to  maintain  a  war.tbey  appropriated  the  (ii>niiiL'  lliein  The  i  an-r  of  bis  Midden  departure  wan 
•jrani  to  "  (be  relief  nf  those  friendly  Inihaiis  who  bail  iui  areonnt  v\bicb  he  bad  received,  thai  a  hill  was  about 
sulTered  by  the  war.''  The  reipn-st  was  repeated  every  lo  In-  lirMn<rbt  inio  Parliament,  for  reducing  theproprie- 
year.  as   long  r.s  the  war  continncil  ,  but  I  be  infancy,   tarv  and  chartered   yovermneiils  to  an  imnie  .  ate  de- 


piverty,  and  embarrassments  of  ilie  province  we 


al- 


i"il'jed  for  lion  complianc 

end  to  these  reipiisilions. 

province  of  Pennsylvania 
proprietor,  evperienced 


-nde 


on  the  crown.      In  bis  speech  to  the  Asscm- 


,  as  well 
niences 


The  peaceof  Rysv^ick  in  jilv.  he   iiilimaled    bis  inlention   lo    relnrn    ;<iid   kcIiIo 

Hinoni;  them  with  bis  family  ;  but  this  pnn.-iilo  be  bis 

last  visit  to  America.      He  sailed  troin  Pbn.nlelpbia  in 

luring  till-  end  of  Oclnber.  and  arrived  in  Knijland  aboiil  the 

niidiMe  of   December,  I7t»l.      The  hill  in  Parliament, 

wIiH'h  had  so  jireatly  alarmed  him,  was  by  the  soli'-im- 

lion  of  the  Irinnds  of  ihe  colonies  postpuned  ami  finally 

lo.si       In  aboiil  two  niontbs,    Kin<r  William  die«!.  and 

t^neen  Anne  came  to  the  llirone.  which  l>roiii.'bt  Peiiu 

aijain  into  ta\orat  court,  ami    in  ihe  iiainc  ot  the  sih 

ielv.  of  which  he   was  al  the  head,  he  presented  to 

Idress  uf  con^iratnlaiion 

II  resumed  his  favorite  employment  nf  writing, 


as  lis 
many 
their  lonir  sep.uation  of  lificen  years;  and  il  is  some- 
what singular  lo  rem. irk,  thai  wliilst  they  were  cm- 
ployeii  in  an  inclVcetual  strutr^ih'  with  ibe  royal  i;over 
nor  and  his  deputy;  he,  whom  Montrsipiicu  sl\lesllie 
.Xineriean  liVcnruiis,  was  en!,Mu"'d  in  his  darliiiL' work 
(d'  reliifioiis  controver-.y  and  of  itinerant  preaching 
ibriHiuli  Kngtand.  Wales,  and  Irel  mil. 

In  Aiii'ust,  lOlt!),  be  emharked  with  his  family,  and  I  her  an 
after  a  iciiious  passage  of  three  inonibs,   arrived  in!      Hell 


Pennsylvania.      By   reason  of  this  loni;  i  )yai:e,   they  i  prcacliini,'.aiid  \isi(in-»  the  hncieties  of  Krii-iuls  in  Knj 
of  this  kind  from  them.   'I'he  tow  circumstanceHof  ihe  escapi'd  a  pestilenlial  dislein[ier.   winch  ilnring   that  |  land-  till   the  vear    K07,  when   be   tiinnd   bimsell   iii- 
ftrsl  settlers,  must  Imve  rvMidered  it  impossible  tocom-   lime  raijed  in  tiie  eoluny  ivol\ed  in  a  suit  al  law  with  the  en'culom  of  a  person 


ply  with  such  a  reipiest 

Pennsylvania  bud  experienced  many  iiwonvenienees 
from  his  absence.  The  Provincial  Coiinei!  liavinij  no 
sliMily  band  lo  hold  (he  balance,  had  fallen  into  a  con-  j  svstcm  i>f  taws  w 
Iroversy  respecting  their  sevi'ral  powcrsautl  pri\ileges. 
r  tilt  Moore,  one  ol  ibe  pro]irietary  otVicers.  Iiad  been  im- 
peachcil  of  tngli  nnsdenn'anors.  Picunsled  witli  their 
disputes,  iinil  dissatisfied  wilti  the  coMstilntion  which 
he  had  i'ramed  and  abered,  Peini  wrole  lo  Ins  conimis- 
sioners  (KiHti)  lo  reipnre  its  dissobilion  ;  hut  ttie  .As- 
sembly, periciviiig  Ihe  toss  of  their  privilcHi-rt.  and  of 
the  rights  of  llie  people  to  be  involved  in  tVcipn'iit  inno* 
VHlion.-i,  opposed  the  surrender.  The  coniniisMioners 
themselves  were  soon  after  renioved  hv  ttie  proprietor, 
who  appointi-d  tor  hi.s  ileputy  >ohii  Bl.ickw  ell,  an  oftici-r 
trained  under  ( 'romwetl.  and  cotnplclelv  verged  in  Ibe 
arts  of  inirigue.  He  hei;,in  Lis  admimr-lratmn  in  l>e- 
ccinber,  liiHM,  hv 
prie  or,  and  by  end 


lie  (lid  nol  find  the  people  so  tractable  as  before. —  i  who  had  formerlv  been  his  steward  The  cause  was 
Their  minds  were  soured  liy  bis  loou  absence,  by  the ;  ;,iii*niled  viilh  such  circurnslami  s.  that  lhoiii;b  many 
•onilnct  of  his  deputies  and  itie  royal  governors  ;  Itieir  ilii)n<iht  him  ill  used,  the  Court  of  Cliaiiciry  did  not 
omptcle,  andlhcir  title  to  ttieir  (ri\i>  hnn  relief;  v\hich  obtiirpd  biin  to  live  within  the 
lands  insecure.  .\fti  r  inurli  time  spent  in  Iryini:  thciri  rules  of  ilie  ftect  prison  for  about  a  year  till  ibi-  inatler 
tempers  ixui]  peneiralioif  their  views  be  found  il  most  j  was  accnmmod.ited.  After  tins  he  made  anollier  ir- 
advisable  lo  lisleii  t<»  llieir  remon-^lraiices.  Five  sts- j,.nit. his  ioiimey  ariioni:  Ins  Irieiids.  and  in  the  year 
sion-' of  assembly  were  In  Id  duriitv' his  second  rest- '  )7  |0  lunk  ;i  li.uulsome  seat  at  Hnsbcombe  ni  Bncking- 
ilence  wilh  iliem,  Ins  expressiinis  in  liis  piihlic  speecbc»|  liaiiisbire.  wlicie  he  resided  duiing  tin-  remainder  of 
were  sootliini*  and  captiv.itiiig.  and  he  promised  lo  do  l  |ii»  ||ft>. 

every  tiling  in  his  p.iwer  to  render  itiern  happy.    Tliey  I      At  his  departure  from  Philiidelphin,  he  left  for  Inn 
rcipiestcd  of  bini  llial  in  caM'tiftiis  ftitnrealisence,  he  i|,-pi 
would   appoint   for  tiis  dcputn 
fti-'tififij,    who  sbouid    he  niM'i' 


fliis  ftilnre  absence,  he  ilepnty,    .Andrew    llaniiltoii,  whose  principal   buMi 

s   men  of  inli'L'rily  and   was  lo  endeavor  a  re  union  of  the  province  ami  lerri- 

fi'tfij,   v>lio  sbouid   he  niM'slei!  with   full  powers  to <  |,,rv,   v^lnc')l  iH-ini;    nielVectnal.    ilie   province  elaimeJ 

uraiit   and  conlirm  lands,  and  tnslrncted   lo  nive  true  iln*  privilege  of  a  di.sttn<-t  .Assembly. 

measure;   and  that  be  wotitd  execule  Mich  an   ins*rn-|      On  Mr   Hamilton  s  death. lobn  KvanswaKappoinled 

inertt  as  wmild  secure  ibeir  privileije-.  .nid  pu»>cssimis  |in  1701  to  succi-ed  hnn       His  adininiMralion  v^as  ono 

*p!ay  of  the  power  of  tliepro  ITo  these  rcipicslslie  scenuil  tti  mn-'iit,  and  with  t!ie  mnvaried  scene  i>f  controversy  and   uneasiness.      The 

rititf  to  sow  discord  anioiii.''  the  I  most    11  ilterini!  complaisaiHc  d.  sin  .1  them  lo  name  a   lerritorv  won  til  have  leeeivid  the  chaiter.  and  the  go- 


Ireeineii.  rnawi'd  by  Iuk  insolcni-e,  ttiev  were  tirni  in  I  |i 
ilefencc  of  ttieir  privileges,  whilst  al  the  i  .ime  time  they  1  ties: 
made  a  pndcNoion  of  peace  and  olieitieirce  He  inipn 
Roni'dlhrSpeakerofiiieAsseinbly  whichbad  nnpeache.l 
Moore,  and  by  a  variety  of  arlitiees  evaded  the  gri.nt 
iiitf  an  Habeas  ( 'nrpus.  He  detaypil  as  !ong  as  possi- 
ble llie  meeting  of  a  new  ANsemblv  ;  and  when  l!iey  en- 
tered on  the  snitjecl  ofirrit'vances.be  prevailed  on  some 


I  for  Ins  substitute,  which  they  with  equal  |hilile 

declined 


veiiior  watinly  recommended  an  union. but  the  province 
would  not  tiearken  lo  the  measure.      They  drew  up  u 
In  M.iv.  1700,  the  clmr'er  was  surrrndercd  by  six   utatemenl  of  their  grievames.  and  transimltcd  'i'  the 
parts  in  seven  of  ihe  assembly, iindi  ■  ..  solemn  promise  j  proprielor  a  long  and  bitter  ■  stnince,   in   which 

of  restilotiou  with  such  alti>rationt>  atal  ameiiitmeiils  as  ttiev  cliaree  tiim  with  not  pert.  b:s  pronii>ef..  hut 

shtinld  be  toiind  necessary.     When  a  new  rharter  was   jiy  di>ep  t.iid  arliliccs  cvailiug  the.       and  with  negb-ti- 
iii  deb.ite,  the   represcnialivcs  of  lln'   lower  counties  i  inji  to  jjel  their  taws  contirincd.  ihongh  be  had  received 


ureal  sums  of  money  to  negmMale  lln*  business  They 
took  a  retrospective  view  of  bis  wliole  conduct,  ami 
particularly  blamed  bis  long  absence  fnon  UtM4  to 
HiOO,  during  which  Ihe  inlen'st  of  ihe  province  was 
sinking,  which  might  have  been  much  advanced,  it  bo 
had  come  over  according  to  his  r"pealed  promisti* 
They  complained  that  behad  nol  aftixed  liis  seal  lottio 


I 


Iwailtrit  lo  tihtiiiti  mhih'  pn\ll(':*ri*  |ii'rullur  In  ihi'in- 
ut'lliniiii'niliiTa  to  n'illiilr:iw  from  Ihi'irHiMl)',  lljul  i|ii'rr'i«rlvi'ii.  wliifli  (he  oiI.it"  witi'  nol  williiin  In  iillow  ^ 
niii{lilii{itl>i>iii|uoniiii 'rhiTiMiiiiinilcrvoli'dlhul  hinraii-  Til"  iiii'iiilu'ri  from  the  lerritorv  llirri'lori'  ri-funiil  to 
'liii-t  wax  IriMi'lH'roim,  ami  u  mroiii;  I'ri'jmlicc  w.isi'ori  join,  aiu)  tliu»  u  io|i.i  ration  wai.  riiade  of  ll»'  I'ro>inf<' 
Cfivi'il  not  only  tiuaiimt  llii'  ilr|)nty.  'iiiil  lln'  (iro|irirliir  of  IVinmyKaiiia  I'roin  ilic  llircr  lower  conntii'K 
who  liiiil  npiioitiiril  liiiii  Tin'  iirovinri'alxo  It'll  nnili'r  III  iln«  nrw  clinrter.  tlic  |ji'o|iIi"  liail  no  voire  in  llio 
llie  royal  iliH|ileai<nre      Their  lavv«  hail  not   heen  pre    elerhon  .if  couiiiiellor!'  ;  whoeier  aflerwanlii  .erveil  in 

•""iileil  for  a|i|iroli,iiion.  ami  the  new  kini;  ami  qineii  thi»  eapa'ily  were  a|i|ioiiiteil  hy  the  proprii'tor  Imt  they  {last  chnrler;  that  he  hail  ori!ereil  h\h  ih'pnty  lo  I'lillna 
were  mil  proehiimeil  in  IViinsylvaiiia  llir  a  loi'tf  lime  hail  no  power  of  leoii.|.ition  'ilie  eveniiive  wanveKteil  iriemhlies  hy  hi«  wriu.  anil  lo  proco|iiie  ami  iIiikoIvi. 
aderiheir  aiTiHNioii ;  hut  Ihe  aiininiinl ration  of  govern-  wolely  in  him.  ami  he  hail  a  i»  i;.iti\e  on  all  their  hi»».  |ihein  at  liis  pirniinrr  :  that  he  hail  re»er>eil  lo  hinihclf 
ineni  was  eontinueil  in  ilie  iiaineofthee\ileilinoiian'h  !()n  the  other  hiiiil  the  ansemhly  hail  Ihe  riithl  of  oriai-  ithoni,')!  in  Knulanil,  an  n»i<eiil  to  liilU  pa»«eil  liy  hiu 
•^1  what  time  the  alieratioii  wim  niaile.  we  laiinol  he  n.ilinii  lawn,  whieli  iK'fo.e  hail  heen  prepared  fur  their  {ileputy.  hy  whieh  mrann  three  nr(!iilne«  were  put  on 
fertani  ;  lint  in  the  year  lli!l'{,  thekiim  ami  iphell  look   ileliheraliiill.      The  nilllihir  of  lliemherii  wan  four  lromiil„.ir  netK.  one  l.v  (he  .lei.iily  iriweriu.r   uiLillier  l-y  llie 

!h»;r;;vrrr.i.i.id  .o'iiieeiiioiiy  iiiiii  liieir  invii  liaiiiU.  aiiil  Il  eoiiniy,  ami  more  if  ilie  t'overnor  ami  Anneinliiy  i  proprielnr.  ami  a  ihinlhy  Ihe  eninii,  Tlii>  aU"  mlileil 

•  ipiiiileil  (;oloiiel  I'leliher,  aoverno'  of  .>'en  York  kIiouIiI  agree.  They  were  iiive»ieil  with  all  Ihe  to  their  lim  of  urievaneen,  the  nhuiea  nml  exiortioini  oi 
ami  i'liiiiiiiylvaiilii,  with  equul  pinvirsaml  preri>;^livpi|  liuwen  of  a  Irgialative  body,  aceorihoK  to  the  riglitiilihii>rcrelHrv,aurvi>yur,  hiiiI  other  oHiiern,  whiili  iiiiuhl 

G 


I 


60 


AMKUICAN    HISTORY. 


havn  hni>n  prpvpntftd  if  he  h:wl  piisnod  ii  hill  iir(i|»ii:«'(l  i  (irRt.  tlipy  say,  tliiit  there  was  no  siirhrin  or  kiiiff.  hiU|»kin«.  hnlrhpt",  hrniU.  knivi't.Ar,  nil  wliiih  nrecnst  by 
bv  the  AsM'mlily,  in    1701.   fur  rcifiiljilitiir  ti'i's  ;   tlir    Ki<'IU;irh  who  ilwrlli-Hi  .ihovr  iV.r  IiiMvrni*.  whitlii'r  iill  |thi' prtt-Hls  iiito  a  ifroiir  (irr  tlnil  llir\  inaL  •  in  tin- iiiidnt 


want  t)|'an<'s(ahii>ih*>(l  jiiiliiMturr  hftwri'n  him  oml  th 
pcoplo,  I'.tr  Ihf  juili.'i'>  hoinjj  .n'lo'iiilrtl  I>y  hnii.  nailil 
not  in  that  caKO  he  ci)nsiil<>rt<tt  as  inilcprtuliMil  imd  iiii- 
hinrtmvl  ;  the  iiiipOKillitn  uCiiml  rrnln  nil  ihi'  cily  I. Us. 
and  l^aviny  iho  jjrinnti  on  ivhic'i  ihf  nty  wan  hnili. 
rnnimlierfHl  wi'.h  'he  claim  of  i(H  tirKl  [tosseHsorx  the 
Swriicfi 


^riKiit  intMi  tr<^  W'hi'n  (ht'V  Jir,  to  sec  their  tVirnilri  ati'l  lot' the  huiim-,  and  thrn-  coni'mnrd  In  itslD's.  Ti>  ihiv 
h:iv«'  thfir  till  of  all  lliinirH.  Thin  his  haiiilation  Ii  .h  lotVcrins:  mrry  man  hrinm-th  (rrcly  ;  and  ihr  incirr  he  is 
westward  in  ihe  lii'avenn,  they  say  ;  thither  the  had  known  to  hririj;  halh  the  hettrr  I'^leem  of  all  mm. 
men  »;•»  al«o,  and  kiim-k  at  li.*  iloor.  hrit  he  hids  them  I  Tlii-*.  the  (tthi-r  Indian)*  ahoiit  Uf  apptovt-  tit'  as  iroini. 


tfur.rhfl,  th  't  i>  to  say. walk  ahroad  tor  there  is  no  plaee 
for  wiifh  ;  M>  that  they  wandi-r  in  rrstlrRH  want  and  (h*- 
imrv.     \ever  man  saw  thin  Kiehtan.  only  ohi  men  tell 


The  lan^URirr  of  this  renionstranre  wan  plain  an»l  I  them  of  him, and  hiil  ilirm  tell  their  ehildriMi,  yeacharjie 


nnreserved  ;  hnt  thi  miNle  of  their  oondncliri<r  it,  was 
attentied  with  a  ih'urefr  «f  prudfiire  and  deliraey  whieh 
in  not  commonly  ohsorved  hy  pnhlie  hodies  of  men  in 
«uch  rirciinintanees.  Thi-j.  ^eiil  it  to  him  privately  hy 
rt  ronlidential  person,  and  reliisi'd  to  ifixe  any  ropy  of 
it  thoiiijh  litronifly  iirijed  They  wert'  willitin  to  re- 
claim the  propriel4ir  to  a  due  setise  of  his  I'lhliuationn, 
hot  were  etpi.illy  unwillinif  to  expose  him  They  hail 
also  Home  concern  li)r  themselves  ;  fttr  if  it  had  heen 
piihhelv  known  thai  they  h;id  sin'h  ohjerlions  to  hiH 
comliict,  the  hreaeh  miiiht  hrive  heen  no  u-iderii-d  as  to 
disMolve  the  relation  hetween  ihein  ;  in  which  eis"- 
crvtain  inconveiiien-'es  iriiL'ht  have  arisen  respeclini.' 
oiths  and  niilitia  laws,  which  wo  Id  not  have  heen 
pleasiujto  an  Artsemhly  consistiiiuchielly  of  l^nakcfH. 
Three  yearn  aller.tvi/,,  in  I  ?(!?)  they  sent  himariothi-r 
remi»n«lrance,  in  which  they  complained  that  the  griev- 
ance before  menti<me(l  w.'s  riot  redressed;  and  they 
added  to  the  calalo>,'iie  articles  of  inipea.^liment  ai^ainst 
l.t»i;an  the  sei-rctary,  and  llvans  the  deputy  ifovernor 
The  lalier  waH  r.'"moveiI  from  his  ollice,  antl  was  suc- 
ceeded hv  (Jookin  in  i((»'.i.  ;'.nd  lie  hy  Sir  William 
Keith  iu  1717  ;  hut  l».»^an  held  his  place  n|  secrelarv. 
and  was  in  fact  the  priuK  iniuister  aiut  mover  iu  behalf 
of  the  propnetitr,  Ihou^'h  extremely  olmoxi.iud  to  th'» 

people. 

These  deputy  (TovernorR  were  dependent  on  ihe  pro- 
prictoi  tor  their  appointment,  ami  on  the  people  for 
their  stipport  ;  ii  they  displeasi-d  the  lornier.  they  wi-re 
recalled,  if  the  latter,  their  illowafiee  was  wilhludd  ; 
anil  it  was  next  to  iinpossilile  to  keep  on  a«M>d  leruis 
with  hoth  Sn<*h  an  appointment  could  !m' accepted  hy 
none  hut  indi:jenl  persons,  and  could  he  relinlied  liy 
none  hut  thoc-  who  were  fond  itf  perpetual  controversy. 

To  return  to  the  proprietor.  IIi-  intirmilies  and 
inislortunes  increased  with  his  aire,  and  untitled  him 
for  the  exercise  of  his  heloved  work.  In  1711.  hedic 
tateil  a  preface  to  ihe  journal  id'  his  old  friend  Johii 
Hanks,  which  was  his  last  printed  work.  The  next 
year  h'  wa!<  seized  with  a  paralylic  .sorder.w  hich  im- 
paired his  tnemory  Por  three  «mv'!»rtlinir  ypars  he 
continued  in  a  slate  of  <rreat  ilehitity,  ^ut  Htlended  Ihe 
nieelinu  of  Kriends  at  Reading,  as  loiii;  as  he  was  ahle 
to  ride  in  Ins  chariot,  and  sotnetimes  sp.ike  short  and 
wei^jhty  sentences,  hein^  im  apahle  «)t  pronoiinciiii:  a 
loiiL'  discourse,  Approa'-hiiiir  hy  ifradual  ihcay  lo  the 
clohe  of  lile,  he  died  on  the  :)l)lh  ni  Jutv,  I '/  IM,  m  the 
7Mi  yerr  ofhisaiie.,iiid  was  hiiried  in  hut  lainily  tomb 
ut  .rirdon's  in  llucktn>rh.inishtre 

Nolwithslanihn^'  his  lar.rc  pa'ernal  inhorilaiice,  and 
the  ureal  opportunities  whi-h  he  enjoved  of  accnimila- 
tint;  properly  hy  hiscimnexion  with  .\inerica.lii->  latter 
days  were  passer!  in  a  stale  far  fnim  alHueiit.  He  was 
ciintinnally  Huhjcci  t.)  the  importumly  if  Inscn'dilors. 
and  ohh^ed  lo  mort<ia>je  his  estate  He  was  on  the 
point  of  siirrenderiuif  Ins  province  to  ttie  crown  for  a 
vahiahie  consideration.  toei.tricale  himself  from  dehl. 
The  instrument  was  preparini;  f'lr  his  sitiimiure,  hut 
his  deatl  wineh  happened  ralhei  tnn  xpecteillv.  pre- 
venle.l  the  expCMlioii  of  it  ;  and  thus  his  province  in 
America  dewieiidcil  in  his  poMerity.  who  lield  it  ull  the 
reviiluiinii, 

A  V  V  K  .%  I»  I  X. 


ihcm  to  le.ich  their  posteiilies  Ihe  same,  and  lay  the 
like  charge  upon  them  'I'liis  po*verthey  acknowledjie 
to  he  irnod  ;  and  when  they   would  obtain  any   great 


ami  \\  ish  I  heir  saehrnis  would  appoint  ihe  like  ;  iiiid  l)C* 
cause  the  platrue  has  not  reitrncd  at  .NarohiirfuriNCt  Ofl 
at  other  places  nhoiit  them,  lliey  attrihiitcd  tu  thiscis- 
toin  there  utril. 

The  Paniefrs  are  men  of  irreat  conra^e  and  wiMlom, 
and  to  the^e  nUo  the  devil  appcarcth  more  familiarly 
than  to  others,  and  as  we  conceive,   iiiaketh  covenant 


matter,  meet  lotrether  and  cry  unto  him  ;  and  so  like- j  with  them  to  presrrxe   them    from   tlcath.  !iy  woundu 
wi:<e   for  plenty,  victory.  *Vc    fiini».  ilance,  feast,  givei^vith  arrows. knives.hatehets,  Ac  oral  least  hoih  tliem- 


thanks.  and  hang  up  garlands  and  other  things  in  me- 
mory of  the  same. 

Another  powerthey  wortthip.  whom  they  call  Knhha- 
tno'  k,  and  to  the  northvvanl  of  u:*.  Huhhamn'pn  ;  thi^. 
as  tar  a«  we  can  conceive  is  the  devil,  lliin  Uiey  call 
upon  to  cure  their  wouiuls  and  diseasefl.  When  they 
are  curahh',  he  persiiadi-s  them  he  sends  the  same,  for 
some  coricei\ed   aiijfcr  against  them  ;  hut  upon  their 

altmc  upon  him,  can  and  doih  help  them;  hut  when 
they  are  mortal  and  nol  ciirahic  in  nature, then  he  per- 
suades them  Kiehtan  is  angry,  and  semlK  them,  wlinin 
none  can  cure;  insomuch  as  in  that  respect  only  they 
hoine\x  hat  douht  whctliT  hi*  l>'  ''|)ly  goi>d,  and  there- 
fore iu  sickness  never  call  ii|  hini,  TIuk  Hnhha- 
miH'k  appears  in  sundry  fornix  Mito  them,  as  in  the 
shape  ot  a  man,  a  deer,  a  law  n,  ttn  eagle,  A'c   hut  most 


selves  and  especially  thi' people  think  ihemseUes  to  lie 
freed  from  the  same  And  though  ai,'aiii>i  iheir  hatlleg 
all  of  them  hy  painting,  ilisligure  iheiiiseKes,  yet  they 
are  known  hy  their  courage  and  holdiiess,  hy  reason 
whereof  one  of  them  will  chase  almost  an  hundred 
men  ;  for  they  accfiunl  it  ileath  for  whomsoever  stand 
in  ihcir  way  These  are  highly  chleemcd  of  all  sorti 
of  people,  iiiid  arc  of  the  Rachcin  8  counsel,  without 
whom  they  will  not  war.  or  nnderlal<e  anv  weighty 
hiisincss  In  war  their  sachems,  forlheir  more  sali^tv* 
L'o  iti  the  midst  of  them.  They  arecoiinnonty  ineti.if 
great  stature  and  strength. and  such  as  willnidurc  most 
hardness,  aiitl  yet  are  more  dis(*rcet,  courteous  and  hn 
niatie  in  their  carriages  than  any  ammigsl  t hem, scorn 
jing  tliel),  lying,  arul  the  like  base  dealings,  ami  stand 
nneh  upon  their  reputation  as  any  men.      And  to 


ordinarily  a  snake  He  appears  not  to  all.  hnt  the  {the  end  they  may  have  store  of  these,  thev  train  up  the 
chiefesl  rnd  most  judicious  among  them  ,■  though  all  of  |  most  forward  and  likeliest  boys  from  their  childhooi*, 
their  /e  lo  attain  to  that   hellish  liciL'ht  of  honor   lin  great  hardness,  and  make  them  abstain  fmni  daiily 

He  appears  most  oidinary,  and  is  most  coiucrsani  with  'meal,  observing  di\crs  orders  prescribed,  totheeiul  that 


three  stirts  nt  peoph-;  one.  I  ecmfcsR,  I  neither  know 
bv  name  or  ollice  diriM-lly  ;  of  these  they  have  few,  but 
exteein  highly  of  them,  and  think  no  weapon  can  kill 
them  :  armibir  they  call  by  the  name  of /Vtci^.  and  the 
third  I'arihsr. 


when  they  aretif  ajjc.  the  devil  may  appear  to  tbetn, 
causing  to  drink  the  juice  of  scnlry  and  other  hilter 
herbs,  till  they  cast,  which  they  must  disforgr  into  tlio 
platter. and diink  again  and  again,  tittat  Icnglli  thnuieh 
extraordinary  prcs.-'ing  of  nature  it  vvill  seem  to  he 


The  oliice  and  tliity  nf  the  I'owah  is  tobe  exercised  bbuMl ;  ami  this  the  hoys  will  do  wilh  eagerness  at  tlio 
principally  in  calling  upon  the  devil,  and  curing  dis-  Ijirst.  and  so  continue  till  by  reason  of  fainln.-ss,  they 
eases  nf  the  sick  or  'vonndi'd  The  common  people  can  scarce  .:.  -ul  on  their  legs,  andlhen  must  gn  fnrtli 
loin  with  them  in  the  exercise  of  invtN'atiim,  but  do  but  |into  the  cold  ;  a'  o  the\  beat  their  shins  wilh  slickH, 
only  assent,    or  as  we  term  tl.    say  Amen  to   that  he   and  cause  them  to  rim  thrmigli  hiisheH  and  stnni|ts  and 

ith  ,  yel  somelimes  break   mit  into  a  short   musical  Ihrainhlcs.  to  make  them  hardy  and  aiccplablc  to  llui 


note  with  him.  The  Powah  is  eager  and  fn-e  in  speech; 
tierce  in  countenance,  atid  joiiieth  many  antic  and  la 
borious  gestures  wilh  the  same,  over  ihe  party  dis- 
eased. If  the  parly  he  woiindetl.  he  wilt  also  Kceni  lo 
suck  the  Wound  .  hut  if  they  be  curable,  (as  they  nav) 
hetoncheth  it  not  ;  bul  a  :»hooke.  that  is  the  snake,  or 
Wobsacuck,  that  is  the  eagle,  sitti-th  on  the  shoulder, 
and  lii-ks  the  8aine  This  none  see  hut  the  I'owah, 
who  tell-  ihem  be  doth  It  himself  If  the  partv  he 
otherwise  diseased,  it  is  accounted  siillicient  if  in  any 
sha|N'  he  hut  come  into  the  house,  taking  il  ttir  an  iin- 
donhled  sign  of  ncovery. 

And  as  III  former  ages  ,\|hi|Io  had  his  temple  at 
Delphos.  and  Di.ina  at  DphesiiN,  so  have  Iheardtheni 
call  upon  some  as  if  they  had  their  restih'nre  in  smtic 
cert. nil  plare-^.  or  because  th.-y  appeared  in  iIiom-  foriin 
III  the  saiiir.  In  Ihe  |*>u\ah'N  s|H-<H'h  he  prnmisi'lh  lo 
sacrifice  inanv  sknis  of  beasts,  kettles,  hatchets,  heads, 
knives. and  niher  (he  hcst  things  they  have  to  th«  fiend. 
if  he  tviit  come  to  help  the  parly  diseased:  hut  whelher 
they  pe,fo;rii  it  I  know  not  The  olher  practices  I 
have  seen,  beiiiti  nece!.sarilv  called  sometimes  to  he 
wilh  their  sick,  atid  hive  used  the  ne-i  argnmcnts  I 
could  lo  makelheni  understand  against  the  same  They 
have  lidd  me  I  should  see  the  devil  at  tho^e  tinies  coi in- 
to the  party  .  bul  I  assnred  mvself  and  thcin  of  the 
enntrarv,  which  so  proved  ;  vca.  tliemM-lves  havecnii' 
fcBsed  they  never  saw  him  when  any  tdns  were  pre 
sent  fn  desperate  ami  extraordinary  hard  travail  in 
child  birth,  when  the  parly  cannot  he  tietivered  hv  the 


devil,  that  in  lime  lie  may  appear  ntilo  (hi 

Their  sachems  cannot  be  all  called  kiiiL'**.  I'ut  only 
some  tew  nf  them,  to  whom  the  resi  resort  \\tr  protec- 
tiiui  an<l  pay  lioniage  unto  them;  neither  mav  Ihev  war 
without  iheir  know  ledge  and  approbation  ;  vel  tn  bn 
comiuanded  by  the  greater,  as  o<'casion  seenielb  Of 
tins  sort  is  Massansitwat  onr  iVicnd,  ami  i  'oiianaenn  of 
Narohigganset  our  supposed  enemy,  Mxerv  sachem 
takelhcareof  the  widow  and  fatberlr.K,  also  lor  mjcIi 
as  are  aged  and  anv  \m\\  maimed,  if  their  frienil:>  be 
dead,  or  not  .dde  lo  provide  for  ihcm,  A  sacbrin  will 
not  lake  any  to  wih'  but  such  an  one  as  Is  eipiat  to  him 
in  hirlh  ,  ollu'rwise.  lliey  say  iheir  seed  woiiht  bectuno 
ignoble  ;  and  ihoiiL'li  titey  have  many  other  wives,  vel 
ire  they  no  other  It. an  coucnbities  or  servnnts,  and 
yield  a  kind  of  obedieiire  to  the  princip.il.  whooiiterelh 
the  I'amily  and  them  in  it.  The  like  their  men  olfcrvo 
also,  and  will  adhere  lo  the  first  during  tluir  lives  ;  but 
put  away  the  other  at  their  pleasure  This  ifovrrnmetit 
is  sncc(«(isi\e  and  mil  hy  choice;  ifihe  father  die  bt  biro 
Ihe  sou  or  danuliii'r  be  of  ai»e.ihen  the  eliilil  in  cminut- 
ted  to  the  prolccliiiii  ami  fiilioii  of  some  one  amongst 
litem,  wh.-  rnleih  in  his  »itead  till  he  be  of  age,  hut 
when  that  i'^,  I  know  nol. 

Kverv  sa<  Vfi  i  ki.oweth  how  far  the  hounds  and 
liinils  of  bis  own  country  exiendi'lh  ;  and  that  i-^  hiii 
ow  n  proper  inheritani  e  ;  nut  of  that,  if  anv  of  hi  -  men 
di'sire  land  to  set  tbeir  corn,  he  t'ivelh  them  us  much 
a^  till  yean  use.  and  m'Is  them  in  their  bniinds  In 
eiri'uit,  whoe\er  huntelh.  if  any  kill  venison,  thry 


Mr.  Wi?(*i,ow>  nrr  iirii  (T  iIh'  iLUiv^rf-.r  New  Kiijtnni!,  an- 

tn\i'-l    In   iiiH  N.nr.uiva  of  ihf   riaiil.ulniis,     A.    D.  I6J4.- 

IPmvli.i.WV.  n.*l^  |ordin.ny  means,  lliev  send  for  this  rov*ah.  though  or-  'bring  liini  his  fee  ;    which  in  four  parts  of  the  same,  if 

A  Ki.vv  things  I  Ihi  light  inert  to  add  hereunto,  which  Idinarily  their  travail  is  not  wo  extreme  as  in  othcrpartw  lit  ,.e  kilhd  on  land,  hnt  if  in  the  water,  then  Ibi'  skin 
I  have.ibserved  aunngst  the  indtann  ;  both  (otiching 'of  ihe  world,  tiny  bcin-r  at  a  more  hardv  nature  ;  for  |thereof.  The  ^^real  sachems  or  kint's  know  not  their 
their  religion  and  itmdrv  otiwr  cnsioms  among  Iheoi  fui  I  he  third  dav  alter  rlilbl  !>irth.  I  have  seen  the  nio  ...wn  bonn.U  or  limits  of  land,  as  well  as  ihe  rest  All 
And  first,  whereas  invseif  and  others,  in  former  letters,  iher  wilh  Ihe  infant,  nptoi  a  umall  in-cai  on.  in  cn|d  liravchcrs  or  Hlrain.'ers  for  the  most  part  jmliieat  the  na- 
(which  cmne  to  ihi-   press  againsl   inv  w  ill  and  Itiiow- .  weather,  in  a  btial  upon  the  Rca.  leheins       When  they  come,   ihev  tell  Ihein   liow   bnig 

'edge)  wrote  thai  III"  Indians  ahont  tis  are  a  people  i  Many  sacrifices  the  Indians  ns#>,  and  in  some  cases  'ihev  will  stay  and  to  what  place  Ihev  go.  during  which 
without  anv  religion.or  knowhilgenfany  U.mI.  Ihernn  they  kill  children  It  hrenietli  they  are  various  in  their  lime  Ihev  receive  entertainment,  acconling  li>  their 
I  crre  I,  though  we  could  tlicn  gallier  no  better ;  for  as  ridigions  worship  in  a  hllle  dislance.  ami  gmvv  more  (M-rsons.  but  want  not  Once  ;i  year  the  IVuiiese*  use 
they  conceive  of  many  divine  powers,  so  of  .me.  wh  an  and  i  lore  e-dd  in  their  vvtirflhip  to  Kiehtan;  saying,  in  to  provoke  Ihe  |»eop|e  to  bestow  much  corn  on  the  na- 
they  call  Knhhin,  lo  be  the  prin-ipal  maimer  of  allihft  ihcir  memory  he  was  much  nmrp  called  iipmi  The  cheni.  To  that  rtid  they  ap|H.inf  a  certain  tune  and 
n'nt  ;  and  lobe  made  by  none.      Hc.they  say. created    Narnhiggansels  exceed  in  their  hlin  I  ilev.tti.-n, and  have   place,    near  the  nachem's  dwelling,   where  the  (M-ople 

the  heavens,  earlh,  sea.   am!  all  creatures  contained '  a  great  Kpaciotis  house,  wherein   oulv  s e  lew  fihat    hrihg  manv  haskelh  of  corn  and  inaki    n  i»r#n.t  -i...!. 

therein  Alsolh.t  he  made  one  man  .niil  on..  «.».,,..,  :««•,  :::;  '.vrm-.v  I.-iOi  lii.  hi.  pinsi^f  romi*  .  lioih-r.  ai  thereof.  There  the  Panieses  stand  rcadv  to  give  iliankfi 
'^I  whoir;  they,  and  we.  ami  all  mankind  «ame  .  hut  Imw  certain  known  limes,  resort  all  their  pi  opie.  and  ollir  lo  ihe  (leople  on  the  cacbi  m'*!  b<  halt  .  and  alter  nc- 
*\M-i  twcanie  so  far  dis^MTMed,  that  they  know  not.     At   alnioiit  all  the  ricliM  lliuy  have  lo  iheir  «(»dM.ai  ki*  IIpk,  .quainlintj  the  nachein  therewith,  who  fetchci*  the  t^aiiiff 


■ 


BIOGRAPHIES    OP    THE    EARLY    DISCOVERERS. 


I'hich  arecnst  by 
iak'>  111  ihf  niiiiHt 
Hhln'H.  To  thiv 
III  till'  tnnrr  he  is 
■III  ol'  III!  inon* 
rdvt'  nf  :i«  \foixU 
till'  like;  iiiul  t)C- 
larnliitr^iiriHrt  Ofl 
lutrd  lu  itiiscus* 

ngcamlwJMlom, 
iiiiirc  fiiniiliHrly 
iiitkrih  rovriinnt 
•nth.  fiv  noiiii'lid 
tr.-iKl  hitth  Ihrm- 
thi'iiiMrUrH  to  1)1* 
iiii-l  iht'ir  Imillffi 
iist'tM's,  yrt  thry 
Iricss,  |iv  rciiscin 
o>t  iiii  hundml 
hiniisnrvrr  htiiiul 
rincil  nl'.ill  »inrt8 
'iiiiiisri,  without 
ikc  jiny  wi'iijlity 
heir  inorr  Hiiflnlv, 
'iiiiiiiuiiily  iniMi.tf 
will  (-iiiliirr  iiinst 
inrlriuiK  iiiut  hti- 
iiytit  ihniix'nrii 
illiii;!*,  iitiil  htantl 
ly  iiit'M.  Aih)  to 
they  iniin  up  the 
Ihrir  rhildlmnj, 
stiiiii  I'ri'ni  ikiii.ly 
><(l.  loihrDHJ  ihat 
iippc.ir  (i)  (lu-in, 
iiiut  otiirr  tiittcr 
ilit*t.'"r^r  iiitn  tlio 
ill  Iniiith  ihrouuli 
ill  Hrrni  to  \\v  all 
1  I'lintTiH'ss  iit  the 
"t  )iinitn<>K,  thi'V 
('II  tiiiiMi  ^'11  foriii 
hiiis  wlih  hiickH, 
h  ami  Htiiiiips  aiiil 
:i{(-r)it;ihli'  to  ihti 
lolhrni. 

i  kiiiL'^.  hut  only 

'Kort  Inr  [iroti'o- 

iT  may  they  war 

tion  ;    vrt  to  hn 

II  ►i-cnirtli       ( If 

iiM'onanarnH  of 

Kxrry  »iat'hf>m 

,  also  lor  njrh 

tlirir  fVirml!'  hn 

A  hiU'liriii  will 

is  ri|uat  to  him 

I  ivoulit  Iicromo 

iIImt  wivci*,  \vt 

MTvanls,    aiiil 

al,  w  ho  onlrrrth 

cir  iiini  ol'-irrvt) 

L»  tjuir  li\rK  ;  hut 

his  iiovrrnriHMit 

t'alhrr  (lie  hi  toro 

hild  isroiiiintt- 

)•  one  anioiiirnt 

hr  of  i\^v,  hut 

he    IhuuhU  ami 

himI   that  •-  liiN 

;inv  of  hi  ■  f'lrn 

llirtii  af  inurli 

•r  lioiimU       In 

I  M'niNon.  ihrv 

*  oftlic  Katiii'.  if 

r.  then  till'  Kkiii 

know    not  Ihfir 

i"  till'  ri'>i      All 

IoiIlt  at  till'  iia- 

thi'tn   how   h»]>r 

o.  (hirinii  whien 

•rilinii   to  lln'if 

hv  ranirnrp  uhi> 

'orn  oti  till-  na- 

rtini  tuni-  ami 

!nri'  Ihr  |h'i)|)1i* 

:i   iiriMil    '•l».-!t 

>  !<'  i:iv«'  thanks 
,  ami  atlrr  nc- 
i'trhoH  tile  (iaiiiA 


mill  i(t  nu  |pii*4  lliaiikrul.  hrHlowinn  many  •liflti  nn  ihrin. 
Whnn  any  are  vixitcii  with  ftirkncsR,  ihrir  tVimils  re- 
Borl  unto  Ihrin  lor  llirir  t;>iutorl.  ami  coMtinuf  with 
thrni  olb'iitiiiics  till  tln-ir  ilcaih  or  rrroviTy  ll'tln'V 
(lie,  they  f^lay  a  rrrtaiu  lime  t<i  mourn  torthi'in  Ni^hl 
anil  morning  tliry  {iiTt'orni  ihi^  ilnty,  many  itayn  allor 
the  hurial.ina  most  tlolclul  maiinrr.iiison  u  h  asihoiiirli 
ithe  onlinary  and  the  nuli*  lUiiMial  w  h  they  lakr 
from  our  anotln'raiid  alloircthrr  ;  yrt  it  will  draw  ti'arn 
from  their  eyt*8  and  almost  from  ours  alto.  Dnl  it'they 
recover,  then  hirause  their  >ii-kurss  was  rharyiMMe, 
they  send  I'orn  aiirl  oilier  iril'ls  nnio  iheiii.  al  a  n-rtatn 
a|>|>uiitteil  time,  wlii-reat  they  least  and  daitee,  whirti 
Ihey  call  miinnnni  When  they  hiiry  the  dead,  they 
(*ow  u)>  the  eorpse  in  a  mat.  and  so  put  it  in  the  i-nrlli  ; 
it' the  parly  IteaHaeheni,  they  ei>\er  him  with  m.inv  eu 
rious  mats,  ami  bury  alt  his  riches  with  him,  ami  en 
close  the  yrave  with  :i  pale  II  it  he  a  eliikl.  the  father 
will  also  pill  his  nwn  most  Mpeeial  Jewids  and  orna- 
ments in  till'  iMrlh  with  it;  also  he  will  etit  his  hair, 
t'.tid  disliu'ure  himself  very  miit-li  in  token  of  sorrow. 
It  it  he  the  man  or  wiMiian  of  the  h  Mise  ;  they  will  poll 
t!i>w'n  the  mats.  ai'..i  leave  the  frame  st.imlitiL'.  and  lairv 
tliern  in  or  nr.ir  the  same,  and  eitlie-  remove  ihiir 
dwellmy  or  jjive  over  house  keepii)>T. 

The  men  employ  lliemst'lves  wholly  it)  hunlinj;,  and 
uilier  e  iereisi'M  ot  ih"  how,  exeent  at  some  times  tliev 
take  some  pains  in  fishMii;,  The  wmnen  Ii\e  a  ino-t 
Klavivli  hie  ;  ifiey  eitrry  all  their  luirdeiitt  ;  set  :ind  dress 
their  eoni.  «.Mllierit  in.  ami  ><ei'k  out  for  inileh  of  their 
food  ;  heat  and  make  ready  the  corn  to  eal,  and  have 
bit  household  nn'  tyini;  upnn  ihein. 

The  ytiuri^rr  sort  reverenre  the  elder,  and  do  all 
mean  oirices.  wlidsl  they  are  toi^n-ther,  allhouifh  they 
.m  straiiL'iTs.  Hoys  and  ijirls  inav  not  wear  their  hair 
like  men  aialwooien.  hut  are  dislin:;iiished  therehy. 

A  mail  is  not  aieountt'd  a  man  till  he  do  some  no- 
table art.  or  show  forth  surh  eoura^'e  and  resolnlion  as 
beromelli  his  plaee  The  men  tiike  miieh  tohaeeo,  hut 
lor  hoys  so  to  do.  they  aeeount  it  odious 

Al!  their  names  are  siijnifieanl  and  variahle  ;  for 
when  they  rome  to  the  stale  ot  men  and  women,  they 
alter  them  ari'ortltn<.r  to  their  deeil.o  or  dis{Hisitioiis. 

Whi'ii  a  nnid  is  taken  in  inarria>fe,  t>hi'  first  euttelli 
lier  hair,  and  alter  wearelh  aroveriii^on  her  head,  till 
her  hair  he  j^rown  out.  Their  women  are  diversely  dis 
pusi-d.  some  as  niiHlest  as  they  v\ill  searee  talk  one  with 
another  in  the  eompany  of  men  ;  heinir  very  elia>te 
alno;  yet  other  some  are  lioht,  laseivions  and  w anion. 
If  a  woman  have  a  had  Inishaiid,  oreaiinot  allt-el  liiin. 
and  there  he  war  or  oppo7.iti.oi  lietween  that  and  any 
other  people,  she  will  run  awav  from  him  to  the  emi- 
Irary  party,  and  there  live,  where  they  never  eome  un- 
welcome ;  for  where  are  tuoiit  women  there  is  greatest 
pleiHy 

Whi'n  a  woman  hath  her  monthly  terms,  she  sepa- 
rati-lh  hersi'll  from  all  other  eompanv.and  liveth  certain 
davR  111  a  house  a'oiie  ;  at)er  which,  she  v\ahlieth  her- 
«elf  ami  all  that  she  hath  lomhed  or  usrd.  hih\  is  auain 
reei'iveil  to  lier  hiishand  h  In  .1  or  taiinlv  For  adultery, 
tlif  husl>and  will  luat  liis  wile  iiul  put  her  awav*  it  he 
please.  Some  common  strinnpels  there  are,  an  well  as 
11)  other  placcN  ;  hiil  Ihey  are  siieli  as  either  never  mar 
ried.  or  widows,  or  put  away  for  adultery  ,  lor  no  man 
will  keep  surh  a  om'  to  wit'e. 

Ill  mailers  ot  unjust  and  di>honest  dealini;.  the  tia- 
chein  exaininelli  an<l  puni»hi>lh  the  same  In  case  of 
Ihett,  for  the  first  otrence,  lie  is  disitraei'fully  relinked  , 
^for  ihf  sei-ond.  he.ilen  hy  the  sachem,  with  a  cndijel  on 
die  imketl  ti.iek  ;  for  the  ihtrd.  he  is  iieatrii  wil!i  many 
strokes,  ind  hath  his  nose  shl  up^vards.  th.il  ihi-rehy  all 
men  may  know  and  xhon  him  If  any  man  kill  another 
he  must  likewise  the  tor  the  same.  The  sachem  not 
.uilv  passeth  tenteiice  upon  niahlactors,  hut  e\eculelh 
llh-  NMiiie  with  his  own  hands,  if  the  partv  he  then  pre 
will;  if  not.  >endelh  his  own  knile  in  case  of  deiiih. 
Ill  the  hands  of  others  to  pert'ortn  the  same.  Mut  if 
the  iilVender  he  t  i  nveivp  other  punishment,  he  will  not 
receive  the  same  hut  from  the  itacSeiii  hiniselt'.  helore 
uhnin.  heinif  naked,  he  kneeleth.  and  will  not  ntl'er  to 
mil  iiway.  though  he  heat  him  iipver  no  muHi,  it  hein;^ 
9  ifrealcr  (Ifparii^ement  for  u  man  tt>  cryiJuti'i;;  Uie 


_OT 

jtirne  of  his  eorrection*  than  in  his  oflencc  and  punish    reason  of  the  eontniry  ;  only   experience  tearheii  uBj 

[inent  'that  if  it  ilu  exceed  Kn^dand.  it  is  so  lillle  an  inuitt  re- 

1       As  lor  their  apparel,  tliey  wear  hrei-elies  and  slm-k    ipiire  better  jn.iL'iiients  todiseern  it.    And  tor  the  wm- 


iiios  in  line,  like  some  Irish,  which  is  made  of  deer 
skins,  and  have  shoes  of  the  same  b-ather  Thev  wear 
I  also  a  ileerV-skiii  loiise  about  itiem  like  a  cloak,  w  hirli 
the;/  will  turn  to  the  weath'Tside.  In  this  habit  thev 
travel  ,  hut  when  they  are  at  home,  or  come  to  their 
journey's  end,  they   presently  pull   oM*  their  breeches. 


ter,  I  r.itber  tiniik  (if  there  he  ditlerence)  >:  is  holh  shar- 
per and  longer  in  Mew  Knuland  than  I  >id  ;  and  vet  the 
want  of  liiMse  I'miilorts  in  the  one.  whieli  I  liaxeen- 
jovcd  in  the  othi'r,  may  deceive  mv  jiidi.Miient  also  Hut 
III  my  best  observation,  comparintj  our  own  cot«diiiiint) 
with  therela'ions  of  other  parl^  of  America,   ii  eannnt 


tockini's  and  shoes,  wriiii.'  onl  llie  water,  if  they  bejeoncidve  of  any  to  a<,'ree  iH-tter  with  the  eonstiliJion* 
wet,  and  dry  them,  and  rnlior  chafe  the  same  Thon<;h  ^>f  the  Knulish.  not  hem  o  oppressed  with  the  extremiiy 
tl.ese  beolK  yet  have  they  another  small  garment whieli , of  heat,  nor  nipped  hy  hiiini;  cold,  by  which  means, 
eoverelh  their  secrels  The  men  wear  also,  when  they  [  bletdjeil  be  (tiMl.  we  enjoy  our  he;,  llh.  not  withstanding; 
iro  abroad  in  eoUl  weather,  an  otter,  or  fox  skin  on :  these  dillicnllies  we  have  umler<:one,  in  smli  a  measure 
their  ri<.dit  arm;  but  only  their  bracer  on  the  ]<>tl  ias  would  have  been  admired  had  we  lived  in  Kiii'lantl 
\\'oineii,  and  all  of  thai  sex,  wear  otrinijH  about  Iheirj  with  the  iike  means  The  day  is  two  hours  lonoer 
b'lrs.  which  men  never  do.  jthan  here  wlieii  at  llie  Khurtest,  and  as  much   shorier 

The  people  are  very  ineenion«ami  observative  ;  they  j  when  at  the  loni»est. 
keepaccount  of  time,  bv  the  moon,  and  winters  ori  The  soil  is  variable,  in  mime  places  mould,  in  some 
summers  ;  thev  know  divers  of  the  stars  hy  name  ;  in  iclay,  and  olhers  a  uiixed  sand.  \i\  The  ehieliht 
partic-iilar  they  know  the  North  .Star,  and  call  it  .WrwAc,  j/raiii  in  the  Indian  maise,  or  (tiiinea  whisil  ;  the  senl 
which  i'«  to  sav  'hr  linn  ;  also  thev  have  many  niimes'lime  beirimnih  in  the  middle  of  April,  aial  coninmetli 
forthe  winds  Thev  will  iruess  verv  well  at  the  wind  ^ood  till  the  midst  of  May  Oiir  harvest  he<juinetti 
and  weather  bel'orehand,  hv  observation.s  in  the  heav  jwilh  .September.  This  eoin  increaselh  in  irreat  inea- 
[ens.  They  ri'port  also,  that  some  of  them  ran  cause  |  sure,  hut  is  inlcrior  in  ipiality  to  the  same  in  \'iri:mia, 
|lhewindto  blow  in  what  part  thev  list — can  raise' the  reason  I  conceive  is  because  \'iriiiuia  is  tar  hitler 
storms  and  tempests,  which  Ihev  usnallv  do' when  they  than  it  iswiihiis.it  rcpiiriii;:  ^'real  In  t  to  ripen.  Mut 
I  ml  end  the  ilea  I  h  or  destruction  of  other  people,  that  hy  '.  wln'reas  it  is  olijecled  airainst  >cw  Knijiand.  that  '-orn 
reasi'ii  uf  the  uiisea>oiiable  weather,  'tiev  may  take  ad  ,  will  iimI  «.'row  there  except  the  uronnd  be  mani'red  with 
v.intaiye  of  their  enemies  in  their  housed.  At  such ,  tish  ;  1  answer,  lhat  where  men  set  with  fish  (as  wiih 
times  they  perform  their  greatest  exploits,  and  at  such  us)  it  is  more  easv  so  tv>  do  than  to  clear  .'round,  ami 
seasons,  when  ihev  are  at  en  mil  y  with  any,  they  keep!  set  with'iiit  some  live  or  six  years,  and  su  bet;iii  anew, 
tiiore  earclnl  w.itcli  than  at  other  limes  :  as  in    Niri'iuia  and  elsewhere.      .Not  but  that  in  some 

As  fir  their  lanifiiaop,  ii  is  verv  copious,  laroe,  and  plaies,  where  they  cannot  be  taken  with  case  in  mu  Ii 
ttitlii-iilt,  as  yet  we  cannot  altaiii  to  any  oreat  measure  abundaiice,  tin*  Indians  set  four  years  toiiclher  w  iihoiit 
thereof;  hut  can  imdersland  ihein.  and  explain  oiir-  tficm,  and  have  as  t:ooi|  corn  or  betli  r  ihaii  we  have, 
selves  lo  their  understaiidin;;  hv  the  help  of  lhi>se  that  ,  thai  set  with  them  .  thoiiitli  indeed  I  think  if  we  hail 
daily  converse  wiih  us.  cattle   to  till  tlie  yround,    it  would    be  more  iirolitabif 

.Arid  tlioiii!h  there  he  dilVerence  in  an  hundreil  miles  and  better  a:;reeable  to  the  soil  to  sow  wheat,  rye.  bar- 
distance  of  place,  both  in  laiii.'uaoi>  and  manners,  yet  lev.  peas  and  oats,  than  to  sel  maise,  which  our  Indiana 
not  so  imich  but  that  Ihey  ve;-v  well  understand  each  call  tUrmhim  ;  tor  we  have  had  expeneiic"  lhat  they 
other.      And  thus  mncli  of  tin   .  livi-.s  and  manners         bke  and  thrive  vxell  ;   and   the  oilier  will    not  be   pro- 

Instcad  of  reconis  and  ch  olic!<'^(  they  take  this  cured  wilhont  !;i)od  labor  am!  dili>.<enee.  especially  at 
course  :  where  any  remarkable  ...'.  i.'  iloiie.in  memory  \  seed  time,  when  it  must  also  he  watched  by  niijhi.  to 
of  it.  either  in  the  place,  orhy  .-^ome  pathway  ne.ir  ad-  i  keep  the  woKck  from  the  fish,  till  il  be  rotten,  which 
joinni:;,  diey  make  a  round  hole  in  ilic  ;,'rouud  about  a '  wdl  be  in  fourteen  days,  vet  men  a^reeiii^  toi»elher, 
toot  deep,  and  as  much  over,  vv  Inch  '.vheii  i  it  hers  pass-  ;  and  lakiiij:  their  tuins.  it  is  not  mu  h. 
injj  bv  behold,  lliey  impure  the  cnise  and  orcasioi.  nf  ;  Much  iiii^bt  be  i'|."ken  of  the  oefit  that  may  come 
the  same,  w  hich  bi  iii>;  once  know  n,  they  .ire  can-fnl  to  to  such  as  shall  plant  here,  by  trading'  with  (he  Indiaim 
n-iiuaitit  all  iMeii,  us  occasion  scrvcUi  tln'rcwith  ;  and    lor  Inrs.  if  men  take  a   rii;hl  course    lor  oblai  iin^'  the 

same  .  for  I  dare  presume  upon  that  small  experience 
1  have  hail  to  alinm,  th.it  the  Kni^lish, Dutch  and  Freiicli 


.. .<■!.«>.,...       t.i,      I,-.    ,11     .1.'     .r«\.l^-<|.',|      .--.     i.i     IIA      .111     ..     »»l.l,     . 

lest  such  holes  siuMild  he  tilled  or  erowii  up  by  anv 
cideiit,  as  men  pass  by.  they  wiilotl  renew  the  same 
[by  which  means  many  lliilii;sof  ureal    anliiiiity  are^reluin  yearly  many  thousand  pounds  prolti    by  trade 


fresh  in  memory       .S.i  that  as  a  man  travidleth.  if  hi 
can  Miiderstand  his  Miiide.   bis  jmirney  wiil  he  less  te 


onl\.  Ifoin  that  island  on  which  we  are  seated 

'i'obacco   inav   he  there  pl.int' d,    but    not  with   lhat 


dious,  hy  re. IS  in  of  many  historical  tliseourses  which   prolit   as  in  some  other  places,  neither  wen'  it   profit- 
will  be  n-laled  to  him.  {able  there  lo  follow  it.  tliou>:h  the  increase  wireeipial. 
For   that  continent  on   which  we  are,  called  New}  because   fish    is  a  better  ami  richer  conmioihiy,  and 
Liiidiiud.  althoii>:h  it  hath  ever  been  conceived  hy  llie   more  necess;iryf  w  tiich  may  be.  and  there  arc  tiad  in  as 
FiiL'bsh  to  he  a  part  itf  the  main  land  ailjoiiiin^f  to  \  ir     i>reat  abiimlanc*' as   in  any  other  pari   of  the  woild  ; 
I  tutna.  vet  bv  rel.it  ion  ot  the  Indians  it  should  appe.ir  to   w  ttness  the  w.  «t  count  rv  niercl.aiils  of  Fn^;  la  ml,  which 
,he  otherwise  ;    tor  they  allirm  contidently  that  it  is  an    n'turii    imredihle  ^ams    yerrly  froin  thence       And  il 
I  island, and  that  eitherthe  Dntchor  French  passthron<rh   they  can  so  do,   which    here  buy  (heir  salt  at  a  t;reat 
'iromsea   to  sea  belween  us,  and  N'iroiniii,  and  ilnve  ,t   charge,   and  traiis|Hirt    more  company  to   make  Ihcir 
L'reat  tr.ule  m  the  same.    The  name  o|  that  inlet  of  the   voyji^T  than  will  sail  their  ships,  what  miiy  the  plant  errt 
sea   they  call    Mi'hfoiin.  which  I   take  to  be  ;he  same   expect  wheii  once  they  are  seated,  and  i.iake  the  inost 
W'liieh  we  call  Hudson's  liver.np  winch  Master  Hudson   of  their  salt  there,  and  employ  themselves  al  least  ei;jht 
went  many  leai>ues.  and  lor  want  ol  means  (as  1  hear) !  months  in  tishinir.  whereas  the  other  fish  but  lour,  ami 
leH    it  nndiscovered       For  contirmatiou  of  this  theirihave   their  ship    liedead    in  the   hi^rlsir  all  the  tune, 
:  opinioo  tbns  is  much  :  lhou>.'li  ^  ir>.Mma  he  not  above  an  '•  whereas   such  shippini;  as   heloiiif  tu  plantations  may 
huiulreil  leauues  tVoni  lis. yel  they  never  heard  of /'imc- ,  lake  fn'iuhl  ot  passengers  or  cattle  thither,  ami  have 
Imfan,  or  knew  that  any  Fn^lish  were  planted  in  liisi  their  lading  provided  aaiuiisl   they  come  '      I  conless 
country,   save  only   by  us  and  'I'txifuntihim,  who  went !  we  have  come  so  far  slmrt  of  the  means,  lo  raise  such 
thiiher  in  an    Kiiirlish  shi[)  ;  and  therefore   it  is  more  j  returns,  aswithj^reat  dilheulty  wi  have  preserved  our 
pnib.ible,   because  the  water  is  not   passahtc  for  them  j  lives  ,   inHonuieh  as  w  hen  1  look  buck  upon  our  coiut 
who  are  very  adveiiiurous  in  their  boats                            |ii>n,   and  weak  nieiiiiBto  preserve  the  Han<e,  I  rath  r 
Then  for  the  temperature  of  the  air,  ill  almost  three  I  idmire  at  (.iiHls  niercies  and   providence  in  our  |   e- 


. years  experience  \  can  scarce  disliri);nish  New  Knji- 
iaml,  trom  Old  |-'ii>!taod,  in  n'speet  of  heat  and  cold, 
Ifrost,  snow,  rain,  wind,  Siv  .Some  object  becjuse  our 
[plantation  lielh  in  Ihelatiludeof  twoand  forty,  it  must 


servation.  than  (hat  no  ijrealer  ihintf"  have  l>  en 
elVected  hy  us.  Dut  thonnh  our  l>et{iiininK  have  I  een 
thus  raw,  small  and  dilticull,  asthou  hast  neen.yei  llic 
same  (iisl  lhat  lialli  hitherto  led  us  throujrlilhe  fonnei 


|iieevls  he  much   holler.     I  oonfesK  I  cannot  ^ivc  the' I  hope  wilt  raise  iiieaiiti  to  accomplish  the  latlei. 


I 


THE 


HISTORY    OF    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


BY   WILLIAM    ROBERTSON,    D.  D. 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE. 


In  sluilyiiiff  the  early  hUtory  of  America,  attention  has  to  bo  dlrocted  cliiofly  to  Ihe  r-entral  and  Bouthem  portions.  It  was  there  that  M»c  first  ndveiiturers  from 
Europe  est  i»)UslieiUhi' onf  tfroat  rontn-whence  conquest  besan  to -^preatl  itself  over  the  laml ;  and  It  waa  thi-re  that  Ihe  ancient  civilization  of  the  native 
niees  t'adeil  and  auecuinhcd  before  the  moral  nnd  imitcrial  power  of  the  Fast,  ('oiiseipicntly  a  liUtory  of  thin  portion  of  the  eimtlncnt  natuntlly  follows  »ft*T 
the  publieatioii  of  the  "  Biotrraphiia  of  the  Early  Dlncovercrs,"  and  Dr.  Kohert.-tDu's  elaborate  work  necessarily  llnds  a  place.  I  say  '*nece«8urily,**  for  in 
fact,  therein  no  history  of  Sttuth  America  which  rivals  it;  none  which  evinces  the  a.ime  dej^rec  of  research,  the  same  elaboration  of  detail,  or  the  Hame 
imp:trtlality  In  denUni;  with  ihe  data  that  are  preaent'-d.  The  only  detlclency  to  tte  noticed  In  it  I  have  myself  endeavoured,  with  as  niueh  Impartiality, 
though  with  more  I>revity,  (o  sujiply,  thereby  makiufir  the  narrative  in  a  measure  complete  to  Ihe  present  day. 

Or.  Uobei  iiin,  writliur  at  the  end  of  the  hist  century,  brou«rhl  his  portion  of  the  work  down  to  a  period  hardly  later  than  our  own  Declaration  of 
Iud'ii>cndencc.  It  hiis  been  my  ohject  to  supplement  his  lalnirs  by  an  outline  of  tlic  vast  cliunijes  that  have  been  recorded  since.  My  llrst  Intention  in  doIuK 
this,  wa-s  to  take  uj*  l>r.  Robertson's  accitunt  in  the  eijjiitli  bo. '-  ..mkiiu.'  sueli  alterations  in  the  text  as  would  be  necessary  to  u  consecutive  history  adapted 
to  the  readers  of  to-day.  R:  further  consid.nition  led  me  to  a  dilTerent  course.  I  have  preferred  to  leave  the  orlirinal  work  Intact,  and  to  circumscritio 
the  suiiplementary  portion  within  the  limita  of  a  ninth  book.  But  In  dolni;  this,  it  wa^  imptissible  In  the  pr^cribed  space  to  follow  (uit  the  jdan  laid 
down  by  the  original  autlior.  A  history  of  South  America  durin;?  the  lust  century,  if  written  with  the  comprelienslveness  he  f  dlowcd,  would  have  added 
Tnstly  to  *he  sii  e  of  this  volume.  I  have,  therefore,  perforce  been  j^uided  by  the  necessity  for  conciseness,  white  exercising  in  all  respects,  a  careful  regard 
for  accuracy  aul  fairness  of  jud(;ment. 


PREFACE. 

In  fullillinstlie  tMii»ii;;emenl  which  I  had  come  under 
to  the  ruhitc,  wilii  respect  lo  tlie  History  ttf  .\merica 
it  was  my  intentiim  not  to  have  pul)llshed  ituy  part  of 
the  worli  until  the  whole  *va«  eonipleted.      The  pre- 
sent slate  of  the  Rritish  ci>lonies  has  inttuced   me  to 
alter  lh;it  resoluiion.     While  they  are  nnirnifeil  in  civil 
war  with  (ireat  ISrilaiu.  iiiipiiries  and  speenlatinnscon 
cerninij  iheir  jinricnt  forms  of  policy  an!  laws,  whii'h 
exist  Mi>  lonjjer.  caTuiot  he  interesltntf.     The  attention 
and  rxpectation  of  niaukind  are  now  turned  Inwards 
their  future  rondilion       In  whatever  manner  this  un 
happy  contest  rnav  terminate,  a  new  order  of  thiiiirs 
must  arise  in  North  .Xmerici^.  and  its  atrairs  will  as- 
■uint*  another  asperi.      I  wait  with  the  solicitude  of  a 
fforid  citizi'u.  until  ihe  ferment  suhside.nnd  recfular  ^o 
verninetM  he  re  eNt.dtlished,  and  ifien  I  shall  return  t<> 
this  part  of  my  «ork,  in  which  I  hail  matte  some  pro- 
gress. That,  tiiuether  with  the  history  of  Portumiese 

America,  and  ot  the  seillernents  made  hv  the  several  lance  and  knowledi^e  of  th^ 
natiims  of  Knrope  in  the  West  India  Islands,  will  com- 
plete my  plan. 

The  three  volumes  which  I  now  pul>lish  contain  an 
Accouiil  of  the  discovery  of  the  New  World,  and  of  the 
nroifiess  of  the  Spantt-h  arms  and  colonies  there.  This 
|t^  not  oidy  the  rihiKt  splendid  portion  of  the  American 
itory.  hut  so  nmrh  detached  as  hy  itself  to  form  a  per- 
fect whole,  rentarkaltle  fortheunilv  iif  the  suhjecl  As 
the  principh'M  ;indnta\iuis  of  the  Spainanis  in  planiini; 
eoloniej*,  which  have  heei'  adojitt'd  in  ^onH'  measure  hy 
e»ery  nation,  are  unfolded  ui  this  part  ol  mv  work  ;  U 
will  serve  as  a  proper  introduction  to  the  hisl.iry  of  all 
the  Euntp.-an  .wtalilishments  m  \nieriea,  and  convey 
Biieh  iutUroiation  rnncerninir  lliis  imporlani  article  of 
pfttiey.  as  may  he  deemed  no  less  iulerestinji;  than  cu 
rintiB 

In  descrihini;  the  nrhievements  and  institutions  of 
the  Spani;irils  in  the  New  \\  urM.   I  have  departed  in 
many  inslanres,  from  Ihe  aceoinits  of  preccdinn  Ins 
loriaus.  and  have  often  related   facts  which  seeui   to 
have  heen  unknown  to  th<"u.     It  is  a  thitv  I  owe  the 
Puhlie  to  mention  Ihe  sonrr*>s  from  which  I  have  deri 
ved  such  intelliijenre  which  iuslilies  me  eillier  in  pla 
cinu  IransarlionH  in  anew  tJLrhl.or  in  fonnintiany  new 
opinion  with  res|»ecl  to  their  cnuses  and  eirects.    This 
duty  t  fM'rform  with  urealer  satisfaction,  as  it  will  af- 
fini  an  opporttmity  of  exprestin^  my  tfralitnde  Id  those 
bcnefaetorti  who  have  hfUiored   uui  with  their  counte- 
nance  and  aid  in  r.iy  researches 

As  it  wnt  front  Hpaiu  th.kt  I  had  to  expect  the  most 


work.  I  considered  it  as  a  very  forttmate  circumstance 
for  me  when  laml  (trantham.  to  whom  I  had  the  hon- 
or of  heinj;  personally  known,  and  willi  who.M'  liher- 
ality  of  sentiment,  and  itispo.'^ition  lot)hlii>'e,  I  was  well 
acqu.iinted,  was  appointed  nnihassadnr  to  the  court  of 
Madrid.  I'pon  applyiui;  ti)  him.  I  inel  w  ith  sueli  a  re- 
ception as  satisfied  ine  that  his  endeavors  would  Im* 
employed  in  Ihe  mof-t  proper  manner. in  order  toohlain 
the  j^ralitication  of  my  wishes  ;  ,nnd  I  am  perfectly  8*'n- 
sihle.  that  what  proj^ress  I  have  made  in  my  iiapiiries 
ainonjr  Ihe  Spaniards,  ouuht  to  he  ascribed  (hierty  to 
their  knowiiiir  how  much  his  lordsliip  utteresled  him 
self  in  my  sneci'ss. 

Hut  did  I  owe  nothing  more  to  I*ord  C! rantham  than 
tlie  aiivantat'c  which  I  have  tlerived  from  his  attention 
in  eii'iai.'itiir  Mr  Waddilove.  the  chaplain  of  hisendias 
sy,  li*  take  ihe  conduct  of  my  literary  inipiiries  in  Spain. 
the  ohliirations  I  heuialertf)  him  wtHild  he  very  y real 
[)urin>!  tive  years  that  •^etitleniRu  has  tarried  t>n  re 
hcarelies  flir  my  helioof,  with  such  activity,  perscver 
hjet  t.to  which  his  atten- 
tion was  turni'ii,  as  have  filled  me  with  no  less  asto- 
nishment than  salistiiction.  He  procured  for  me  iIh' 
lirealer  part  otitic  Spanisli  hooks,  which  I  have  con- 
sulted ;  and  as  many  of  them  were  printed  early  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  riinl  are  herome  cTlremely  rare,  the 
colleelinjir  of  lhe«e  was  such  an  (M'enpalitm  asaloue  re 
quired  much  lime  and  assiduity.  Tohis friendly  atten- 
tion I  am  indelilit)  for  copies  of  !«everal  \alual>le  -nanu 
seripts.  containiiiir  laets  and  detailf  whi<li  I  mt'jht  have 
searched  for  in  \aiii  in  works  that  have  heen  made  \H\h 
lie  Kncouraijed  hv  the  invilinif  jtoimI  will  with  which 
Mr.  Waddilo\e  cofilerreil  his  favors.  I  tram-oiUled  t"* 
him  a  set  of  tpirties.  with  re^pcrl  hoth  to  Ihe  eustums 
au'l  policy  of  the  native  .\meri(-;)i)>.  and  ihe  nature  of 
several  inslitnll<in<(  m  the  Sp.uiisli  ^•'1ltenlentK.  Irameit 
in  sifh  a  manner  tliiil  a  Spaniard  imuhl  .iiiHWcr  them 
without  discti>sin<;  any  Ihin^  tint  was  imprnprr  lo  he 
eomniiinieated  to  a  I'lireiirner  He  tran.s|al<>d  these  inti^ 
Spanish,  and  olitamed  from  v.iriuiis  personi  who  had 
resided  in  most  of  the  Sii.mish  colonies.  mhIi  replicH 
as  hive  alTonled  me  inticli  inttlruction. 
Notwilhstrtndin!,'lhosepeculiarHdvanla^es  with  which 
mv  impiiries  were  carried  on  tn  Spam,  it  i«\vilh  rcuret 
I  am  oi)hi»ril  to  add.  that  their  suecess  must  Im-  aKciihed 
to  the  heiieticiMiee  of  ittdiviil:ialK.  not  lo  anv  commu 
nicationhy  puhlic  autliorii\  Hv  a  sii'^oilar  arrange 
men!  of  iMnllipll  the  records  of  the  Spanish  monarehy 
are  deposited  in  the  A  rhn-n  ot  Sin..incas,  near  Valla 
dolid,  ui  Ihe  distance  id'  a  hundrcil  and  twenty  miles 
from  the  seal  of  j;overntnenl  and  the  supreme  coiiitB  of 

i  liii  iidpttls   rSiatiVv  tu  AuiCFiCii,  Aitu   CiUi'Uy 


to  that  early  periotl  of  its  history  towards  which  my 
attention  was  directed. are  so  numerous,  that  they  atone 
acconliuii  to  (uie  ncconnt,  fill  the  larifest  nvam.M'Ut  in 
the  .\rehivo;  and,  accordiun  to  another,  they  con. nose 
eijjht  hundred  ami  seventy  three  larjje  hundles.  Con- 
scious of  possessing,  in  some  dejjree,  the  industry 
which  belongs  to  an  hi«>lorian,  the  prospect  of  such  a 
treasure  excitnl  my  most  ardent  curiosity.  Hul  thu 
pros|KTt  of  It  is  all  that  I  have  enjoyed  Spain,  with 
an  excess  of  caution,  has  uniformly  thrown  a  veil  over 
her  transactions  in  America  From  stranjjers  they  aru 
conci'uted  with  peculiar  solicitude.  Even  to  her  own 
sidijcets  the  .\rchivo  of  Simaneas  is  not  opened  with- 
out a  particular  order  from  the  crown  ;  and,  alter  oli. 
tainiutf  that,  papers  cannot  Im'  copied  without  payinjj 
fees  of  idlice  so  exorbitant  that  the  expense  exceed^i 
what  it  W'Uild  he  proper  lo  hestow.  when  the  irri'lilica- 
tinn  of  literary  curiosity  is  the  only  ohject  It  is  IuIh} 
ooped,  that  the  Spaniards  will  at  last  discover  ihissyi* 
teni  of  concealment  to  he  no  less  impolitic  Ihnii  itlilter- 
al.  From  what  I  have  experienced  iit  iheeourse  of  my 
itupiiries,  I  am  satisfied,  that  upon  a  more  minuto 
scrutiny  iutolheir  e  irly  irperalious  in  the  New  World, 
however  reprehensihte  the  actions  of  individuals  uiny 
appear,  the  eondiiet  of  Ihe  nation  will  he  placed  in  a 
umre  lavorahle  liiilil. 

In  fither  parts  of  Kurope  very  di*r»rinl  sentnnenlB 
[ire\ail  Mavitti;  srarched,  withoiit  KneecsM  in  Spji'n, 
lor  a  letter  nf  C.irles  lo  Charles  V  ,  writlrii  honii  alter 
he  landed  in  the  Mexican  I'mpire.  which  has  iml  hith- 
erto liei-n  puhli'hed.  it  iK-etirred  to  me.  thai  as  the 
KmperorHassctUH-;:  out  ft)r(ierniany  at  the  lime  wlien 
the  tne-isen^'ers  from  Corles  arrivfd  in  KuMpe.  (lie  lit- 
ter with  whieh  they  were  inlrnsted  iiiinhl  possihlv  he 
preserved  in  the  Imperial  lihrary  at  Vienna.  I  ciiin- 
miinicated  this  idea  to  Sir  Rohi-rt  Mnrr.iy  Keith,  with 
whom  I  have  lont  luid  the  honor  lo  lite  in  Irientiiihip, 
and  I  had  soon  the  pleu^ure  to  learn,  ihat  upon  hiH  ;ip. 
plication  h<T  tir>perial  Majesty  had  heen  uraciimslv 
pleased  to  issue  at)  order,  lluil  not  only  a  copy  of  that 
ietternfit  were  ftMUid),  hut  of  any  oilier  papers  in  the 
lihrary  which  eould  throw  h^rht  njton  the  History  of 
America,  should  ht  Iransniilled  to  nie.  'I  he  letter 
fnnn  Cortes  is  not  in  Ihe  Imperial  hlirarv  .  Iiiil  an  an- 
theiitic  copy,  altesled  hy  a  notary,  of  flh  ieller  written 
liy  the  niaifistrntes  .if  the  colony  planted  hv  him  nl  Vera 
Cru/.,  which  I  hi.ve  menlioned.  p.  *^I0,  haviut;  heen 
lound.  It  was  transcrihed,  anil  sent  to  me  As  tins 
letter  IS  no  Ii>h  curious.  himI  as  little  known  itKlhut 
which  was  the  olijeel  of  mv  itnpiiries,  I  havi-  ijiven 
some  account,  in  its  proper  pince,  of  what  i<4  iiiom  wor- 
iiiy  iff  notivti  tu  U    i  «>f(utiief  witn  U,  I  reirot'ii h  t»|iv 


SOUTH    A  M  E  R  r  C  A 


CO 


iMitiircrfl  from 
"f  till!  niillve 
fiilliiWfl  lifter 

urllv,"  fi)r  III 
iir  the  Hiiine 
iiiipiirll.ility, 


of  a  IcItPT  from  Cortps,  rontiunin;;  ii  lonn  ucroiint  of 
hiitpxpi'iliiion  lo  llniiiliiraK,  wiili  rospiTt  lowhiili  I  lijil 
not  think  it  nrrpssacy  lo  pnliT  inio  any  parliiiiiar  cli'- 
taih  anil  likcwisp  Ihimc  curious  Mi'xiraii  |iaiiilin<is. 
wliirli  1  huvi*  (li'Ki-rilM'd 

iM>  iiiijuirii's  al  Si  i'l'tprsluiri;  nrriTarrii'il  on  willi 
ei|iial  lai'ilily  ami  sucipss.  III  I'xaiiiiMin!;  inIo  Ihr  nfar- 
e«l  poiiiiiiiinii'alioii  lii'inppii  our  iMiiliripnl  ami  llial  of 
Amorica.  ii  la'caiiipof  ponspinipricp  loolitaiii  aMtlicriltp 
iiil'onii.ilion  I'oiippniiiii;  llip  ilisiMvprip^  olilip  Uinsians 
in  tlicir  navijfalion  I'roiii  Kanmhalka  towards  ilip  poaiil 
of  Anipriia.  Aiviiralo  rplalion«  nfilipir  lirsl  voya!,'c, 
in  17 tl.  havp  licpii  pulilislipd  hy  Mullpr  and  (iiiiphn 
.Spvpriill"orpi!.'naulliorshavppntprtainpclano|iinioiithal 
till"  p.iurl  of  Russia  sludioiisly  roiu-pals  llip  proirrcss 
'vliipli  liai!  Iii'pu  inadn  liy  niorp  riTPiil  natiaalors,  ami 
HulVprs  llip  pulilir  lo  lip  aniuspd  wiih  (aisp  arpounls  of 
tlipir  roiilp  SupIi  (dinlupi  appeared  lo  iiip  uiisuitaldp 
lo  those  liberal  spiiliiiipnls.  anil  that  palronai.'e  of  spi- 
piipp,  for  wliipli  ilip  prpspiii  siivprpiiin  of  Kiissia  is  piiii 
iipiit ;  nor  poiilil  I  disperii  any  polineal  rpasnn,  Ihal 
iiiiuht  rpniler  it  improper  lo  apply  for  infoniiatini  pon- 
rerilill'.'  lIlP  lalP  alteuipts  of  liie  Kussians  lo  open  a 
poininuuipalioii  liplvvppii  Asia  and  Aliieriea.  My  in- 
t;pnioiis  pountrviiian.  Or  Uo^rersMti.  first  physician  to 
the  Koipress,  presented  my  reipii'st  lo  Hit  Imperial 
Majp.sty.  wlio  not  only  iliselaiiiied  am  idea  i  feoripi'al- 
nieut.hul  instantly  ordered  the  journal  ol  Captain  Kre- 
nit/.ill.  who  pouduptpd  tllp  only  voyaep  of  diseovcrv 
luadp  hy  puhlie  authority  since  Ihp  ypar  1711.  lo  lip 
trailslatPil.  and  Ids  orii;ilial  chart  to  he  copied  for  my 
use-  Ity  pollSllllill^  them,  I  h  im'  hcen  euahled  lo  c.rive 
a  more  ai'curale  view  of  the  protiress  and  p\|piit  of  llu' 
Itiissiaii  Diseicerips  than  lias  hilherlo  lippneiiminiiiii' 
'aled  lo  IliP  piihlie 


I  1  thpin.  r  havo  piideavorpd  to  mithpiiticalo  wlintpvpr  I|trip»  whiph  they  now  inhabit  Neillipr  history  nortrii- 
rehitp.  'Ihp  lonijpr  1  rptlpct  on  Ihenalnrc  of  hinloripal  lililion  fnriiin'ips  siipli  information  ponperiiiiig  lhe»prp- 
poinposilioii,  tlip  niorp  I  ain  eoilviilPi'dthal  this  KPriipn- 1  iiiotp  events,  as  enahlps  iis  to  Irappwith  any  ppriaiuly, 
'  '   '''       pprationn  of  tliP  hiiinan  raep  in  itip  iiitaiipy 


lous  a 
the  PM 

thp  0|: 
his  IIUMll 


•purapy  is  neressary.    I'lie  historian  whorpeords 

Ills  of  his  own  tinii'  is  prpilitpil  in  proporlion  to 

iiion  which  thp  I'ulilippiilprlaiim  with  rpspppi  lo 

f  inliirmalioii   and  his  vpraeily.      lie  who 


ofi 


the 
eiety. 

We  may  poiadndp.  howpvpr,  that  all  the  parly  initjra' 
lions  of  inankltid  witp  inadp  hv  laud.  'I  lip  oei-ali  \\  loch 
surroiind.s  Ilip  habltahlp  cartli,  as  v\ell  as  the  vanoitK 
arms  of  the  sea  w  liipli  separaie  one  reifioii  from  aioillipr 
thonoli  dpstiih'd  liafaeilitatp  llip  poimiiunipii'  ion  liet  »ecii 
iliMtaul  colinlries.  spplll,  at  first  vipw,  to  be  loruiptl  lo 
plipek  tlip  projiressiif  man,  and  to  mark  Itie  bonmls  of 
Ihal  portion  of  thp  olohp  lo  whiidi  iiainrp  had  I'Miilined 
liiiii.  It  waH  louir,  we  may  Udievp,  bpforp  men  at- 
tempted lo  pass  these  ftiriiiiduhle  harritTS,  and  bppaine 
so  hkilful  ami  advpnlnrous  as  lo  poiiunit  tliPinselves  to 
the  iiierey  of  the  winds  and  wavpn,  or  lo  tpiil  their  na- 
tive KlioreH  in  tpipsl  ofretnotp  and  unknown  reirinns 

NaviKaiion  and  sliipdaiildiii;;  are  arts  ko  nipp  and 
pomplipalpil,  thai  they  reipiirp  iIip  iiiirpniiity,  as  wpll  as 
pxppripiirp,  of  many  supeessive  aijeit  to  brill;;  iheiii  lo 
any  deeree  ofperfeeti,in.  From  llipriift  orcanoe.  which 
lir*t  siTvpij  to  parry  a  sava^p  ovpr  tlip  rivpr  that  ob- 
striiPlod  him  in  the  eiiase,  to  the  eoiislriielion  of  a  \essel 
papable  of  ponveyiuL'  a  liumerous  erpw  with  satply  to 
a  dislaiil  poast.thp  proijipsHiii  impnivpiiipiii  is  imniense. 
Many  etrorts  woulil  bpinadp,  riiauy  pxpcrinipntH  would 
bptripd,  and  iniipb  labor  as  wpll  asinvpiitiiui  would  tie 
pin)iloy4>d,  hid'ori'  nii>H  could  appomplish  thi.s  ardtiouv 
nd  iiii|iortant  uiiderlakini!.     The  rude  and  intperti-i  t 


1 


(If'liiiciitt's  tliP  tranfiictioiisof  u  rcni'tli-  piTioil,  has  iin 
titli!  tii  rhiiui  iiSM'iit,  iinlc-";  lu'  i>rnilun'i  cviilrnrf  in 
pr.ntfof'lM^  urtMiTli.ms.  Wiiliout  lliifi  hi- in;i>'  Mrili'iin 
utmisiiii.'  tiilf,  liiit  cantnU  lu'  n;m\  to  li,i\o  fiiiiijMtMnl  iiii 
antlirntir  liistDry  In  ihusf  wppliinrntw  I  liavr  been 
cnntinni'd  Uy  llic  opinion  ol"  an  Author,  whom  his  in- 
(instry,  rniclition.  am!  ilJHrcrnint'nt,  hiive  ilcscrvnlly 
[jlai't'il  in  a  hiyh  rank  amonu  the  most  cininriit  histo- 
rians of  thi'  au<'  iMihotilcnc)  hy  a  hint  from  tiiin.I  hiivi' 
puMishnl  a  ralalojfucitf  (ho  Spanitih  hooks  whirh  I  have 
ronsullcMl.  This  prarlitT  was  IrcquiMit  in  I  hf  last  cni- 
tiiry.  ami  was  ronsiilcri'il  as  nn  ovitlrn(M'  of  taudalih' 
industry  in  an  author  ;  in  the  present,  it  may,  periiaps. 
he  deemed  the  elVeet  of  ostentatiim;  hut,  as  many  of 
those  hooks  are  unknown  in  (treat  Britain,  I  eotild  not 
otherwise  have  referred  to  Ihem  as  authorities, without 
eni'iitnherinj;  the  pajje  with  an  insertion  of  their  full 
titlen.  To  any  person  who  may  ehoose  to  follow  me  in 
this  path  ol  inquiry,  the  eataloifue  must  Ite  very  useful 

My  readers  will  ohserve.  Ihal  in  meiitioninij  sums  of 
money,  I  li:i\e  uriiforndy  lollowe'l  thi' Spanish  metliod 
of  (Muipulint*  hy  fir.<n>.s  In  Ameriea,the  \iVAo  Jiitrh, 
or  iliiio  in  the   only  ,mu'    known  ;  and  Ihal    is  always 

meant  when  anv  sum  imported  from  Ameriea  is  mei.*  js|;i!e  in  whieh  naviiratimi  is  slill  ftiuni!  amofij/  alt  na- 
tioufd.  The  jM'su  fuerte,  as  well  as  nther  eoins.  has  I  tions  vvliirh  are  not  et)n«iderali!y  ei\ili/.ed,  eurrespntulf* 
;tried  in  ils  nuiniTiiiv  value  ;  hu!  I  have  hi-eii  advised.  |  willithis  aeeount  nfils  projiress,  and  l!emon^(tale!-tll.lt 
without  altetidiii'/l'Mieli  Miinulevari.itiiins.loconsider  j  ni  eiirly  tiim-s  the  art  wa»  not  so  lar  unproved  as  to 
it  as  eipaal  to  tour  sliilli:ii:s  ati.l  hivpenee  ofmir  mtuiey.  |i'na))le  men  ti>  undertake  distiuit  voya^eit,  or  tualtiuipt 
Krotn  otiier  tpiarters  T  have  rpceivrd  infornialinn  ofl  It  is  to  he  reueuihered.  however,  thai  ni  the  sixteinih  i  remote  diseo\eries 
jrreat  utility  ami  im[)')rtance.  M  le('he\alier  de  Pinto,  i-eutury.  tlii-  en'erlive value  of  a  pes.i.  *  '.  the  .pianlily  !  As  sonn,  however,  as  the  art  of  navi<;ation  iM'eamr 
the  niioi'iler  froru  l'<irluirj»l  to  the  eourl  <tt  (frral  Hri-  I  of  lahor  whieh  it  represiMil  eil. of  of  ;:o(»ds«!iieli  it  wmild  kunw  ti.  a  new  -.peeies  of  i  iirn'spmalriMe  a  mm  mi:.'  "len 
tain,  who  eiMutnauded  fir  several  years  ,il  M.ila;;r,mrt.t.  Ipureliajie.  was  live  or  si\  tiftu's  as  un.eli  as  al  presenl.  to«.k  place.  It  jKtrnm  this  era  Ihal  m  e  riui>t  il.ile  llie 
a  seliltMUiMit  <if  the  Portuirnese  m  (hi'' interior  p.irt  of  J      .\.  U.  .Siuee  this  edilinn  was  put    inlt)   the  press,  a  '  eiMuineiieeinent   id   .■'Ueh  an    inlereiMirM"   helwi'i-ii   na- 

llra/.il.  where  the  lodians  are  nuuiemus,  and  their  ori-  ■  Hislnry  M  Mexieo.  in  two  volume.,  in  ipiarln.translateil  J  tions  as  deserves  the  appelhition  nf  i i rre       Men 

jjutal  ni.iiiurio  lit  tie  alteretl  Iiv  inlereiMirse  with  Kuro-  fr^'iu  ihe  It  dian  of  the  \lihe  de  Traneesco  Saverin  i'la- '  are.  jrideid,  t":.r  advaueetl  in  imprnvenirnl  hefon-  enin* 
peaus.  was  pleasetl  m  semi  me  very  full  answers  to  Ujorro.  has  heei'  pulilished  From  a  person  whn  is  a  '  rneree  heeniiu's  .in  idijiM-t  nf  ureiit  irnpnrranee  ti>  them, 
stene  t|iieriesei(nrerninij  the  eharaeter  and  instiluiions  '  native  of  .New  Spain,  who  h.i.-;  resided  forty  y.-ars  in  j  Tliey  must  even  have  made  soim-  eoMMileridile  proure^a 
of  the  natives  of  Ainerien.  wliieli  hi»  pnlile  reei-plion  jthat  eountry.a.ul  who  is  aeipiaiuled  with  the  Mexican  |  low:iids  ci\ili/.atioii.hi'lorelh<'y  ae.piiied  the  idea  of  pro- 
of an  apptiealion  made  to  him  in  mv  name  enciaira<_n'd  (lanuuaur,  it  was  natural  to  expect  mueli  new  in  forma  i  'ierty,  and  ascertain  it  so  per  (eel  ly  as  to  he  actjuauitiil 
nu'  to  propose.  These  s.iii^fu'd  nie,  that  he  had  run-  '  tion.  Tpon  perusiuj;  his  work,  however,  I  tiod  that  ii  wilh  the  most  simple  nfall  contraeis.lliat  tif  e\chani;nii» 
leinplated  with  a  difcernini.'  iil  tent  ion  the  curious  tih-  Icintains  hardly  any  addilioti  to  the  am  iioit  Ili'-t.-ry  of  hy  barter  one  rude  connnoduy  lor  anolhiT  IJul  ait 
jects  which  his  situation  presniled  lo  his  view,  and  I  j  the  Me.xican  empire. as  related  hy  .\c">la  and  llern-ra.  'soon  .is  this  important  riL'hl  is  i'.st-.ih''shed,  and  every 
have  (illeii  folluweil  him  as  one  of  my  best  instructed 'hut  what  isderived  from  the  iinproh.ihle  narratives  and  .iuili\idu;ii  teelsthai  fie  has  an  exclustvr  title  to  pet*- 
Jiuides.  fanciftd  conjectures  of  Toripie.nada  and  iJtiturini    Ha-  j  sess  or  to  alienate  whatever  he  has  act|uired  hy  hi)*  own 

\\  Suard  to  whose  eleirii  lit  translation  ofi  he  H'tory  vmu  copied  their  sph-ndid  description-  of  the  hi'^jh  state  j  labor  and  dexterity,  the  wants  ami  iiii:eiuiily  of  tiis  na- 
of  the  Ueiun  of  Charles  V  I  owcllie  favorable  r.  i-ep- j  of  civilization  in  tlie  Mexican  einpirr,  M  ("la\r:;iTo.  in, tore  sipji/est  to  him  a  new  iiielhod  ot  increasiii!.'  his 
liiiutif  llial  witrkon  the  continent,  procured  uu'  answers  the  ahuihianee  of  his  zi-a!  tor  the  lioimr  i>f  his  nalive  acipiisitions  and  enjoyments,  l.y  ilispoHinir  of  wlial  in 
to  the  same  queries  from  M  de  IJoiUMiinille,  who  had  ;  country. eh. iriics  me  with  havnii;  mistaken  some  points,  I  siipiTlliious  in  liis  own  hi  ores,  tn  order  to  procuie  wliat 
opiiorlunities  ofohM-rxin-j  ihr-  Indians  both  of  .North  ami  with  liavino  inisreprcseiiled  others  in  the  hislory|is  nece-sary  or  desirable  ui  those  of  other  men.  Thiia 
and  South  Aim  rica.  and  tVoiii  M  (iodin  le  .Icune.  who  [  of  it.  When  an  autlioi  is  conscioiM  of  havinir  exerted  ;  fi  eoiniueicial  intei course  bejiins,  and  is  c.irned  on 
re-,idedlit'{een  yearsaiuon-r  Indtansin  f^iiilo.Mnd  twenty  i  indu.'.lry  in  research,  and  impartial  it  v  in  decision,  he  ;  anion;;  the  meiuhi'rs  of  the  same  eominuiiily  Hy  de- 
years  ill  C.iyenne.  Tin'  [.titer  are  more  v.iliiahie  from  may,  without  ptcsumption,  claim  what  pniise  is  due  lurees.  they  dibcover  that  nei^hltotiiii:  I-'ibcs  posse st* 
haviiiir  been  exaaii  lied  l)v  M  de  la  (^ondanime.  who.  a  '  to  these  ipialitii  s,  a!  id  he  cannot  be  insensilde  to  any  '  what  they  lliemsebes  want,  and  enjoy  com  torts  of 
few  weeks  before  his  deal  b.niade  some  shiirt  adib  lions,  accusation   th.it    tends    to    wcukc  n    t!u'    force  of  his  '  which  they  wish  to  pii'lake.      In  l!ie  name  mmb',  and 

iciaim  A  feeiiinr  of  this  kinil  has  induced  me  to  exam- !  upon  the  same  principles. that  doiiii-:.|ic  tratiic  iscarncd 
ine  such  strictures  of  .M  Clavi^^eio  on  my  history  of  on  w  illiin  the  siM-ii'iy,  an  external  conuneTce  is  e.sla- 
'  .\uiciiea.  as  meriied  anv  alteiilion.  rupei-iallv  as  t'lt ■^e  l(li>lu'd  with  oilier  Inhcsor  iiiitions  Their  noitii.d  iii- 
are  m  ,de  hv  one  who  seem*  il  to  pohscss  the  me.iiis  of  terest  and  mutual  wanlK  render  this  interconrse  desir- 
obt.imiiiL'  accurate  int'ormaliiUi ;  anil  lo  rthow  that  Ihe  able,  and  i m percept ildy  introduce  the  maxims  and  v  w  a 
ureater  pari  of  them  is  destitute  of  any  just  founda- 1  which  f.u-ihtale  its  proijre-s  and  render  it  sciMire  ItuI 
lion  Tf.iTo  I  have  done  in  notes  upon  the  passaged  lit  |  n  -  very  extrusive  eominerce  can  take  pbo-e  heiwi-rii 
my  History  which  jjave  rise  to  bis  erilleisms.  HHfiiiiruouH   provinci's,  whose   noil  and   rlimati'   hci  \i* 

Ciitiegf  ti|'K>lmlmr«h,  Miin  h  1,  ITSS.  |ne.irly  th"   same  xicid  similar    prodm-iions       Ki-inore 

■ountries  cannot  convey  iheir  eommodiiies  ti\  l.iml,  lo 

'  those  plai'es  where,  lU)  ucetuinl  of  their  raiitv,  ihry  arr 

jdcsireit.  and  l)ecoiiie  valuatde.     It  is  lo  navij.Miioii  that 

ihr.  .luri.M.l.^- Vi.w  i-l"  Hi'-ii,„„.„  i,r,.  |ridel>leil  forllic  power  of  lransiK-r|,„a  ine  su- 

Ihnif  111  the    in«HU-riis--l(ii  ,,  i        •■  .      •■    i  i  i        i 

ti  n;.v.-atioi.  a.ul  cmiltj y  ~l>..rn  I'lt ,  l»'f1I'""""^'"«'^   ot   oiie  p.irl  i>(  ttio  e.iith  to  supply  the 

e-4-  KantiiT  ithciivi-)irr4  rtierkeil  hy  tlu-  irrii|>ii<in  Uvanls  ot  aiioiher    The  lux  lines  and  hjessln^'s  ol  ,i  pur- 

'tlcular  etimale  are  no  binocr  eonlined  to  itselt  alone, 
but  the  enji>yiuent  td  tlM-ni  i»  t'ominuiuea'.etl  to  thn 
most  4listaiii  reirlons 

In  proportion  as  tt»e  kno\xled;*e  ot  the  advLntHuesdo- 
rlvet)  t  roth  navl^aliim  and  commerce  cunt  inutil  I  o  spread 
the  intercourse  ainontj  nation^  exteiitled  The  amhi- 
-Auompi*  ;o  HcieiiiiiliHii  Uiiu— |  tltin  of  compiest.  or  the  neceHsity  of  priK-uririi;  new  s»i 
illemeiits.  wpre  no  longer  the  sole  motives  tif  MMlinjt 
Thk  proLrress  of  men.  In  diiicoverini;  and  peopling  distant  lands  The  tiesire  of  ^anl  beraine  a  lo  v\  in- 
Spanish  colonleH.  aiul  tlu*  various  sclniufs  formed  in  tlu*  variiais  parlsof  the  earth,  has  bi-enexlremelv  slo«.  |ei  ntive  to  aclivily,  roused  aiivrnliirers.  and  sent  them 
Iheir  iuiproveinent  \h  this  collection  o|  Meinoria't. ,  Several  lijes  elapsi'd  hifore  thi-v  removed  far  from  forth  upcm  huijj  v-iyaues.  In  search  cdwninlries  whose 
formerly  hrlnu<;i'd  to  ihe  ('olbert  Itibr.uy  I  hi  ve  quo- 1  those  nnid  and  li-rlile  rei>ious  in  which  I  hey  were  ori-  prudui'ls  or  w  ants  imulil  increase  thai  <  in  uhilioii  which 
toil  (hem  by  t\y\l  litle.  L'i"  dly  pl.u'cd  by  iheir  Creator    The  occasion  of  their .  nourishes  :ind  uives  vij^or  to  commerce     Tr.ulc  proved 

All  those  books  .iml  ntamiKrrif4ii  I  havo  cniv«4jtltMlI  lirst  iftMierat  dispersion  is  known  ,  but  we  are  tniac  ;  a  i^real  ttource  of  iIIscommx  it  o|M-iif<l  nnkhown  simh, 
with  itiat  .uifiiiliin  which  the  n*Ktarrl  due  fKkm  ;iit  \li  ((IU'dnled  with  the  course  of  their  niiuratiuiis,  or  (he ,  U  |»euelrati*d  into  new  re^loltk  muiI  eontribuled  morfi 
Uiur  lo  the  Public  rtM|ulruil;  and  hv  minu*v  rvlfreivcetiliin*)  wlioii  thuy  iuwk  poarcssior,  cflhc  diOcrent  rouM-itlmu  tiny  uth«rriiMav  tolling  utiiiacquitinitNl  wuh  tlw) 


lothcm.  which  may  Ih-  considered  as  ihe  last  elVirt  of 
llint  aflen'iou  losciem'i*  vvliic'h  occupieil  a  lonu  life. 

My  Impiirics  were  not  eo'ifmed  lo  one  rci^ion  in 
America  (it.veriior  Hutchinson  (tiok  the  trouble  of 
reconiincndin'j  tin'  consideiation  ol'  mv  ipicries  to  Mr. 
Il.iwlry  and  Mr  Hralnerd.  two  prnle^tanl  missionaries 
employed  amoti*;  the  Indians  oftlic  V\\v  .Niitiotis,  who 
(avorcd  me  with  answers  w  hieli  discover  a  considerabii- 
knowle.l'ie  nf  ihe  people  wliox-  customs  (hev  des'  ribe. 
From  William  Smitfi.  Ksq  the  ingenious  bisNirtan  of 
IVew  York,  I  reci-ived  t'omc  useful  inl'ormalion  When 
I  enter  upoti  the  History  of  oiir  rolimles  in  .North 
.America,  I  shall  h.ive  occasion  to  a(  knovvledire  hitw 
much  I  have  been  indebicil  to  many  olher  lientlemen 
of  ihal  eonntrv 

From  the  valuable  pojlpclion  of  Vov.iues  made  by 
Alexamler  D.drvmpte.  Ksi|  ,  with  whose  alteiilion  to 
the  History  of  .Navi:;atloii  ami  Discovery  the  Public 
is  well  acquainted  I  have  received  Konie  very  rare  books, 
particularly  two  larL'"'  volumes  i)f  Memorials,  partly 
mamiNcript  .md  partly  in  print,  which  were  presented 
loihe  co'in  of  Spain  duriiitf  the  rei._rns  o|  Philip  IH 
and  Phibp  IV  Knun  ihese  I  have  learmnl  nianv  curi- 
ous partlcul.irit  with  re^pi-cl  (o  the  inii  rior  state  id'th 


BOOK    r. 

Pro'irc^s   of  Navk'nlioii    ailinnir 
iIm  lorries  ns  pr'>piir;tt«-ry    U 

|lt'ltt>i  lliMi 

iM  till'   /.Ol 

nl'  liarltitn-iM  iiiuinns— (It'iiuitii'lonil  ki 
si>rvi-(l  ill  iht>  K.isi.  mill  iiinoMi;  ilie  AiMliiiiti 
ritiiiniiTce  ami  iMiviiriUioii  tii  Kiiri'iir  — limin- 
'tiili'ft  — i*vi,-ii.|('.I  liy  iriiVflliTt  tiU'i  Ihe  K.i-t 
lite  iiivt-niiiiM  111  Ihe  martiier's  ctniip.H.t— Kim 
111"  ih-r-offv  riirtnt^l  hy  I'orhorai  ■  Mian- i-i  il 
Ri'lu-iiien  lY  I'rmi'i'  Heiirv— Kariv  iUifiii|iiM  In 
lil  MO!  llu- WeiK-rn  i-iia.M  of  AlVir;i--)l<  ))t 
iirw  iiMiU'  iMilif  Kii>t  liitlli 
PriifipiiiH  itt'  mm ci'fis. 


I. 


M  pf. 
..-Hooal  . 
I  liy  llir   Irai 

-  |irii It'll  tiv 

n-trnl.tr  plan 
lal  klKL'.lnlli- 
til.'-rri.iai-, 
li- 


TO 


RODKRTSON'S    HISTORV    OK 


■itualim.  Ihe  naturt^  ami  coininnditipH  of  the  ilifTrrpiit 
piirtH  I  rdic  <;Iohi'.  But  even  aftora  rrijiitar  cmnmcrro 
\v;iH  <>.Hiiililir>hi'il  it)  (lir  world,  altt<r  imiioriH  wi>ro  con- 
Mtlcrihlv  civili/pii,  and  the  m'icnci'H  and  artd  weri'iMil 
liv,iU*d  with  ardiir  and  kiii'(m>h)i,  iiaviiralion  cniiiidurd 
(•I  lii>  hi)  itn|M'rtW-t.  (hat  it  can  hiirilly  l>i>  i^aitl  lo  havr 
adi.uKM'd  h>y«Mtitthe  intaocy  ul'  itti  iin|ir(ivoiiirnt  in 
tilt'  iiucifnt  worlil. 

AuiiMi>r  iill  thp  naiinns  of  antiquity,  the  (t'rueturrol' 
thi'ir  \t'tt-fU  wait  fxiri'nii'ly  ruili',  and  their  nirlhod  of 
\vi»rkipii;itii*ni  vitv  lipfpciivp.  They  were  unarijuainlfd 
with  Ncver-d  prtncipleii  and  oprratiotiH  iii  navtt^alion, 
whieh  arp  r«tMVc(»:ii*idered  as  the  Br§tplpinentti  onwhirh 
liia*  M-itMirt*  |M  founded.  Thouirh  that  property  of  the 
nia<!net  hy  which  it  uttmrts  inmwatiwelt  kiiown  to  the 
tin(  ientx,  itn  more  important  and  aiiia/inir  virtue  ot 
pttiutin^  to  (he  [loten  hail  Piitirply  escaped  their  nhtier- 
v.ilion  UpKtitute  of  ihis  faithful  ^uide,  which  now 
condiu'tHthe  pilot  with  m)  much  certainly  in  the  un- 
bounded ocean  durint;  the  darkucttit  ot  ni^ht,  or  when 
the  heavpuH  are  rovpred  with  ct<)udi(,  the  aiicientH  had 
no  other  method  of  re^uhiiin<;  their  courxe  than  hy  oh- 
■prvin<r  the  xiin  and  Htari*.  Theirnavi^ration  was  of  con- 
fipqueuce  uncertain  and  Itiuid.  They  durst  selilom  (piit 
sijrht  of  land,  hut  crept  alou^  the  coast,  exposed  to  all 
the  danger)*,  and  retarded  hy  all  the  ohstructions,  inia- 
itvoidahle  in  holdinir  such  an  awkward  course.  An  in- 
CfPthhlp  h  ngth  of  tiinp  was  requisite  lor  perfonnini; 
vovairea  which  are  now  finished  in  a  short  space.  Kven 
iti  the  mildest  cliniatPitf  and  in  seas  the  least  teinpes- 
tuouii.  it  watt  only  durini^the  suuuner  ir.onlhs  that  the 
aurieuls  ventured  out  of  :heir  harhors.   The  retnainder 

of  the  year  wan  lost  in  i(i;M'livjty      It  wduM  have! n 

tleemcd  must  inconsiderate  i.-shness  lo  havt>  hravcd  the 
fury  of  the  wind.s  and  waves  Juriny  winter. 

While  liotli  the  science  and  pr.iciice  of  navi<ratioii 
pottlinned  In  he  so  di't'ective,  it  was  au  uudertakint!  of 
no  NMiill  dillicolty  and   dan;/er  to  visit  any  remote  re 
gi'iu  of  the  earth       Ttider  every  disadviinlaiie,   how- 
ever, (he  active  spirit  of  commerce  e\<'rted  itself    The 
K>r\pii;i>m,  s.ti)u  at)er  the  eslahlishment  nf  iheir  iii<>n- 
art'iiy,  are    said  lo  have  opened  a  ttatie   intween  tin* 
Arahian  tiull'.  or   Ui't\  Sea.   and  the  weslcru  cijaat  nl 
(heijrpat   Indian  continent.      The  eoinni'tdiiies  which 
tliey  imporled  from  the  Kast. were  carried  hy  land  Irom 
iht'  Araliiau  (iiilf  to  the  hanks  uf  Ihe  Nile,  and  coii- 
\>'yiHl  .Ir.vii  Ih.il    river  to  the  Mediterranean       Hut  it 
(■  ■*    K'iyi'tiatis   III    ear'v  liim-s  applied    Iheinselvcs    t.i 
rotnniiTi'e.  their  aiteiilion  to  it  \va«  of  shorl  iluralion 
The  tiTlile  soil  and  mild  <-liiiiate  of  Ktrvpt  produced  ihe 
npct=f>'-arieK  ami  comrorts  of  life  willi  such  profusion. 
^s  rendiTi'd    its  ir.liahilanis  so   nid"pfridi'iil   of  oijn-r 
.?iHiuln<-s,  thai  it  liecanie  an  estahlished  ma' iin  anions 
ihit   pe  iple.  wh'se  ideas  and    insliltitions  dilfered  in 
RimoHt  everv  point  Irom  (hose  of  other  nations,  lo  ri>- 
nounce  all    iu'ercourHC  with    loreitriiers.      In    crmse 
q-nMH'c  o|  (In^,  ilii'v  never  wi-nt  out  nflheir  own  (•oiiii- 
Iry  :   ihey  held  all  seafarini:  persons  in  detest. iiion,  as 
impioM<>  and  prol.ine;  and  forttfvin>.r  Iheir  own  |i;irhors, 
Ihcv  d.oiied    sir;in  n'rs  adiintlance  into  (hem       It  was  i 
in  the  di'.'litie  of  iheir  power.and  when  their  veneration  J 
fir  iirieieril  maxims  had  ::reallv  aitiited,  that  ihev  ai^un  ' 
npene'l  (heir  ports,   and  resumed  any  ctinuminicalioit ; 
with  foreiLMierf*  | 

The  charaeler  and  situation  of  (he  Plieiiicians  were  I 
as  lavorahlp  to  the  spirit  of  commerce  and  discoverv  :ih  ' 
those  of  lliP  K'iyplians  were  adverse  to  it,     Thev  had 
DO  di>lin*ru>sliin<r  peculi.irilv  in  their  inauners  and  in- 
slitulions;  they  were  iioi  addicted  tit  any  siiiunlar  and 
unsocial  ftrin  of  sopersiiiioii .  Ihev  C"uli|  ininnh'  with 
other  nalioiis  withoil  serupleor  n-Iuelance.  The  terri- 
tory which  ihev  tM»*"(eMed  was  neither  lartje  nor  fertile. 
noiumer'-i' was  Ihe  Mn|\  source  from  which  lliev  could 
derive    opuleu' »■    or    po'ver.      Accordini/lv.  the  Ir.ide 
carried  .-n  U\  tlie  l*heni«'ians  of  Sidoii  and  Tyre,  was 
more  exleusive  and  enlerpri^in<j  than  that  of  .uiy  slate 
in  Ihe  ancient  world       The  •jeniu'.  of  the  Phenit  ians. 
IIS  well  as  the   oKji-ct  of  their  p..-irv  and    the  spirit  of 
their  laws,  were    entirely    commercial       Thev  were  a 
pc«iple  of  merchants,  who  aimed  at  Ihe  empire  of  the  ' 
;tea,  and  neiundy  possesNpd  il       Ttiei    Khips  not  only' 
freqiiente.!  alh he  ports  iti  llic  Mediterratiean.hiil  Miev  ' 
were  the  (ir»»t  who  venlnnd  heyond  the  atic'enl  houn 
darie"  ol' iiav  •.;.»•  ion.  aod.  passiii;/  the  Si  rails  of  (I, ides. 
visitfd  the  western  coasts  of  Spain  and   Afric.i       In 
many  of  the  pi. ices  to  which  ihey  resorteil.thev  planted 
colonies,  and  coiumunicilrd  ti,  the  rude  irihaMtaiils 
•omo   knowledge  of    Iheir    arU    ai>d    iinpro\eiitenls 
While    ihev  evienili'd    their    discoveries   towards  the 
north  and  ihc  west,  ihey  dul  not  neglect   lo  penetrate 
into  the  more  opulent  and  fertile  regions  of  the  soulh 
ziui  cast.     !{>v*;ng    rcriJir-rvJ  iMuUidvitca  uiH«ifr«  uf 


spvpral  cninmiHliouK  harhors  towards  (lip  hottom  of  the  i  parture  uhuut  a\x  hundred  niid  four  yeari)   heforo  tho 
Arahian  <tu(f,thev,  aher  Ihe  example  of  (he  Ktryptians,   C'hrislian  era,  from  a  port  inllip  Ued  Nea.  duuhled  tho 

soulheru  promontory  of  .Miiia,  and  aller  a  vnyaije  of 
three  years  returned  hy  the  Straits  of  (iaden  In  ihn 
mouth  of  the  .Nile.  Kudoxus  of  Cy/icuri  is  buui  lo 
have  held  (he  same  course,  and  lu  have  uccouiplislie\l 
the  same  arduous  uiiderlakin};. 

These  voyap's,  if  perfoiimd  in  the  manner  which  I 
have  relaleit. may  justly  he  leekoned  Ihe  ^freulest  elfott 
of  navioalioii  in  Ihe  anrieni  v^orld;  and  il  we  attend  lu 
Ihe  imperfect  slate  of  the  art  at  that  time,  it  in  diHicull 
to  tleteriniup  whether  we  should  niosl  admire  ilierciur- 
a^e  anil  sairacily  with  which  the  design  was  fornird.or 
(he  conduct  and  goiHl  fortune  wilhwh'ch  itwnsexecu- 
tetl  Hul  unfortunately  allllie  ori}!ii;.'d  and  AUlhenlic 
acconnth  of  the  I'heniciaii  and  Cartha^iiu  ui  toyagpa, 
whether  undertaken  hy  puhlic  aulhoriiy  or  in  {.>roi«ecu- 
lion  of  (heir  private  trade,  have  perished  '1  lie  iitti'r- 
malitm  which  we  receive  eoncerning  theiii  from  the 
(ireek  atitl  Koinaii  authors  is  not  only  (disi-jre  and  in- 
accurate, hut  if  >ve  except  a  tihorl  narrative  ot  iiaiuu}*i 
X|ipdition,  is  ol  suspicious  anih  rily.  \\  linlever  uc- 
quainlance  with  liie  rpuiole  renioi  i  of  the  earth  the 
Pheniciuns  it  <*artlta^iniaiis  may  have  acquirec^  waa 
concealed  from  the  rest  of  niatiknid  with  a  ;!iercantile 
jealousy.  Kvery  tiling  relative  to  the  eourhc  of  their 
navijralion  was  not  mdy  a  inyslery  of  Iraile. hut  a  secret 
of  slate.  Dxlraonlinary  facts  are  related  coincrning 
Iheir  solicitude  In  pTe\ent  other  nations  friun  pi  iielra* 


estahli.shed  a  reijular  intercourse  with  .\rahia  and  lla 
continent  of  India  on  Ihe  one  hand,  an<l  \%ilh  ihe 
easi*'rn  coast  of  .Africa  on  the  olher.  Kroin  these 
countries  Ihey  imported  nianv  valuahte  coiniuodities 
unknown  to  the  rest  of  the  world,  ai.d  durin<{  a  lon^ 
period  en;fro!ised  that  lucralixc  hrancli  of  coinmeree 
without  a  rtval.  fHj 

The  vast  wealth  which  the  Pheneciaus  acquired  hy 
mimopolizi.'iir  the  trade  earned  on  in  Ihe  Utd  Sra.  in- 
cited their  npi^hhor.H  the  Jews,  unth'r  the  prosperou.s 
reigns  of  Daviil  and  Solomon,  to  aim  at  heinu  ailuutled 
to  some  share  of  il  'I'hi.s  they  uhlaiuetl.  partly  hy 
their  I'onqupst  of  Muiiiea,  which  slreiches  ulon^r  the 
UfJ  Sea,  and  partly  hy  their  alliance  with  Hiram,  kin;; 
of  Tyr«.  Snioinou  lilted  (ml  (icets,  which,  under  the 
direction  of  i'lipitecian  pilots,  sailed  Irom  (he  Ked  Sea 
to  Tarshish  and  Ophir.  ^'he^e,  it  is  pndiahle,  were 
purls  in  India  and  Africa,  which  their '■onuuclors  were 
accusti.med  to  frequ?nt  ami  frnni  them  the  Jewitth 
ships  returned  with  such  valuahte  carf^oes  as  suddenly 
ditl'used  wealMi  and  splendor  throiitrh  the  kinj^doin  of 
Israel  Uut  the  singular  institutions  of  the  Jews,  the 
observance  of  which  was  enjoined  hy  their  divine  Le- 
iriiitator,  with  au  intenliou  of  preserving  iheiu  a  sepa- 
1 


rate  people,  uninfected  hy   idolatry,  formed  a  iiati 

character,  iiicapahle  of  that  open  and  liheral  intercourse 

with  strangers  which  cnnunerce  reqtares.     .Xccording- 

ty.  this  unsoeial  genius  of  itie  people,  loseller  with' ting  into  what  Ihey  wished  should  remain  uiidivulged. 


the  disaslerM  which  hefell  ;he  kinudom  of  Inrael.  pre- 
vented the  commercial  spirit  which  their  monarchs  la 
hitred  U*  intnHluce  and  to  cherish,  from  spreading 
among  them.  The  Ji'ws  cann>>t  la-  ninnhered  anion:: 
'he  nations  which  contrihuted  to  improve  navigation. 
or  loexlend  discovery. 

Dut  though  the  instructions  and  efninple  of  the 
Phenirian>«  wen*  unahle  to  mould  the  nianners  and 
temper  itfihe  Jcwh.  in  opposition  to  the  lendeney  of 
Iheir  h(Us.  ihey  transmitted  the  c<uniuercial  spirit  .\ilh 
facility,  and  in  full  vigor,  to  iheir  own  ilesi-endanls  ihe 
Carlha^iniani  'I'he  eoiniiionwcilth  of  t'arlh.ige  ap- 
plied to  trade  and  naval  all.iirs,  w  ilh  no  less  ardo 


Many  of  their  discmeries  seem,  accordingly,  to  have 
heen  scarcely  known  hevoml  I  he  precincts  ol  iht'tr  own 
stales  The  navigation  rouml  Atnca,  in  parlieutar,  ia 
recorded  hy  the  (ireek  and  Konian  wrilerf  ralliPrasii 
strange  aniusinglale,  whichlheydid  not  comprehend oi 
did  not  helir\e,  ih.in  ax  a  real  Iransaction  which  I'll- 
largeilthi'irknowh'diroandinlhienced  their  opinions  [9j 
.\sneiilit  r  ihepioi^resKoflhePhenicianorCarthagiiua!! 
discoveries,  nor  the  extent  of  their  navigation,  were 
eommunicaled  In  the  rest  of  mankind,  all  memorials  of 
their  extraordinary  skilliniunal  allairsseeni  in  a  great 
measure  to  have  perished,  wlieu  the  inariliine  power 
of  the  former  wasaioiihilaledhy  Alexanders  conquest 
genuity.  and  success,than  its  parent  slate  Tarlhage  jof  Tyre,  and  Ihe  empire  of  the  lallerwas  overturned 
earl\  rivalled  and  s<>on  surpassed  Tyre  in  opulence  and,  hv  the  Itoman  arms 

power,  hut  seems  not  lo  ha\e  aimed  at  ohiaininu  »ny  I  Leaving,  then,  iheohscureand  pompous  accounts  nf 
stiare  in  the  coiuricrce  wilh  India.  The  Pheriicians  |  the  Phenicianand  (.'arthagmian  voyagestolhccuriosily 
had  engrossed  this,  and  had  such  a  ciimnipnil  of  the  j  and  conjeclures  of  aiUiquaiies.  history  must  rest  hatis- 
Ueil  Sea  as  secured  to  them  the  exclusive  possession  Mieil  with  relating  tlie  pro^Tcss  ol  navigation  anddiseo- 
of  that  lucrative  !)raiich  of  Inule.  The  commercial  |  very  :'nionirtlje<Jrt4'ksand  Uonians.  which. thoughlesj 
activity  of  ihe  ( 'arthaginiaiis  was  exerted  in  another  I  splendid,  is  helter  ascerlainetl.  It  is  evith'Ut  that  iho 
direction.  \\'il!iout  eontendini;  for  the  trade  of  the!  Phenician--,  who  instmctid  thi'  (ireeks  in  many  other 
Ka  -I  with  Iheir  inotlu'r  country,  llu-y  extended  their!  U'-eliil  sciences  and  ,irls.  did  not  coiniioM><eate  lot  Item 
navii'alion  cluetly  towards  the  west  anil  iiorlh  Koj  itlial  extensive  know  Itdife  of  iiavi>;atioii  -vliich  they 
lowing'  liie  course  which  the  Pheiiicians  had  opened.  |  thniisctves  poHses.sed  ;  nor  di<l  the  Komans  mhihelhut 
Ihey  pas.sed  Ihe  Straits  of  <;. ides,  and  pusliing  Iheir  jcommercial  spirit  and  ardor  lor  di.M'ovrrj  whirh  dia- 
discoveries  farheynnd  th-ise  of  Ihe  parent  stale,  visited  i  (U)«:uished  llieir  rivals  the  Cailhaginiaiis.  Though 
not  only  all  I  he  coasts  of  Spain,  i'ul  those  of  (i.iut,  anil  I  (ireeee  he  almost  encomp.issed  Iw  the  sea.  whirh  lorm- 
penelrated  at  last  into  Hritain  Al  the  sauic  lime  thai '  ed  nianv  spacious  hav^  and  con.niodious  hail'ors  ; 
they  acquired  knowledge  of  m-w  countries  in  ihis  parljthoUi:h  it  In-  surrounded  I'v  a  great  nninher  ol  lerlde 
of  the  globe,  they  uradually  carried  their  researchrs  (o- :  islands,  vet.  iinlw  ith.-t.indir  g  Kiirh  u  fa  voralde  sit  nation 
wards  the  south.  They  made  ciiiihiderahle  progress  which  seemed  lo  invitv  that  ingenious  people  to  apply 
hy  land  into  the  interior  provinces  <>(  Africa.  Inideit  |  ihemseKi's  to  navii^Hhon,  it  was  h.ng  heiore  this  art 
with  some  o|  ih-'in.  and  suhjeclcd  others  to  their  em  ialtaiiied  ariv  deyri^'  of  |N'rti'Ct|on  among  tlieni.     Their 


pi  re. 


They    s..iled   aloii;.'  the  western  coast  of  that  |  earlv 


,  the  ohjei'i  of  uhich  Was  piracy  rather 
L'reat  couliucnt  almost  to  ihe  tropic  of  ( 'ancer.  and  than  cuminerce.  were  so  incoiisiderahle  that  ilie  expe- 
planted  several  (olonies.  in  order  lo  civih/e  the  natives  dil!on  of  the  Arironauls  from  the  cikisI  of  Thessaly  lo 
and  accusloui  tln-m  lo  coininen-e  Tiny  discovered  the  Kuxnu'  Sra.  appeared  i»nch  an  ania/.iuir  elVort  of 
Ihe  Fortunate  Islands,  now  known  liy  the  name  of  the  I  skill  ;ind  courage,  as  entitled  the  cidiliu  tors  ol  it  lo  he 
(.'anaries.  Ihe  iilmosl  houndary  of  ancient  nuvigatioii  irankeil  among  the  demigoils,  and  exalicd  ihe  ves.sri  in 
III  the  western  ocean.  which  Ihey  sailed  to  a  place  ainoni*  the  heavenly  eon- 

Nor  wastheproiT'essof  the  Phpnieiansandrartha  Istellalnms  Kvcii  at  a  later  periml.  when  Ihe  (^eeks 
uinians  in  their  knowledge  ofihe  glohe.  owing  entirely  |  engaLM'd  in  the  lamoiis  enlerpri--i'  aL'aNisl  Trov.  their 
to  the  desire  of  extending  their  trade  from  ofu'  eoimirv  knowledg''  in  naval  a  flairs  scenis  o>  t  toh.ivi  heen  inuch 
lo  anolucr.  Comini-rce  was  followed  hy  ils  usual  nnprovid  Ai  cordiiiii  lo  Ihe  account  't  liuuier.  the 
ed'ecls  amoni;  holli  these  people.  Il  awakened  curi  lonlv  poet  to  whom  hislorv  venlores  l<>  !ip|H'al,  :uid  who 
osily.  enlarifi'd  llie  ideas  and  desires  of  men.  and  inci  hy  his  sernpiil.nis  accuracy  in  ilcsetilimg  the  ninimera 
ted  tlieni  lo  Ixdd  enler|>ri.'*es  Voyages  were  under-  and  artv  of  early  a'.'es.inerils  Ihi-.  dis' iiiclioii,th<- science 
t.iken.  Itie  sole  ol.|e(l  of  which  Was  lo  discover  new  :  of  naviixaljon  al  tha'  lime,  had  hartlly  advaiired  heyuiitl 
mnlries,  and  to  explore  unknown  seas  Such,  during  i''  rude.sl  slate.  'I'he  (J  reeks  in  ihe  heroic  ai^e  seem 
the  proKperous  a^'e  of  the  Carlhairinian  repuhlic,  were  to  have  heen  unaequai tiled  willi  Ihe  use  ol  iion.  tlit) 
the  fiinous  navi^'alions  of  llaniio  ,ui<)  Hmiileo.  Uolh  most  serviceahh*  of  all  the  metals,  wilhoul  which  nu 
iheir  Iteets  were  etpiipped  hy  authority  of  ihe  senate,  ronsiderahle  jirogress  wasever  made  in  the  inechanical 
and  al  pntdic  expense.  Hanno  was  dinrted  to  steer  arts.  'I'tieir  vessels  were  of  iiicmsiderahle  hnrden.  and 
lowiinN  the  south,  aloni:  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  he  mostly  wilhoul  decks.  They  had  only  one  inasi,  which 
seerns  to  have  advanced  murdi  ne,irer  the  eqiiinoiiial  was  ert'cted  or  taken  down  at  pleasunv  They  werr 
line  than  any  former  itaviL^U.>r.  Miimleo  had  it  in  slianL'i'rs  lo  the  use  of  anchors  All  their  operalh>nfl 
charL'e  lo  proceed  toward  the  north,  and  lo  examine  in  sailing  were  elumsv  and  unskilful  They  turned 
ihe  western  coasts  of  ihe  European  conlinenl  Of  the  their  ohservalions  towards  stars,  which  were  improper 
s.iine  nature  w.is  the  rxtraonlinary  liavigalion  of  the  for  reunlatini:  their  course. and  tlieir  uiodc  of  oliserving 
Phenlcians  nund  .\frica  A  Plienici.m  ili  el,  vve  are  them  was  inaccjrale  a'ld  fallat  ions.  When  Ihev  had 
tuid,  fitted  uuihy  is«chu  king  ul  Kgypi,  tuok   Us  dti-   finished  a  voyage  they  Ircw  their  paltry  hurkeushoiu, 


1 


SOUTH   A  M  E  R  I  (J  A  . 


71 


(  nccounls  of 
liirmririhjly 
isl  rt'sl  hiilis- 

)1)  illlll  lllhCO- 

u\  thitl  ilic 
iiiaiiy  oiImt 
iMir  Itxiicm 
aIimIi  1I117 
ihlnbrtliul 
u  liirli  illM- 
,      'llinuyl. 

wliirli  liiriit- 

r  ul  It-riitt* 
1r  hillliitinll 
>lf  to  :t|'|)ly 
ire  tlll^  itrt 
Hill  Tlu-ir 
ri»rv  rallier 
I  tilt'  v\[iv- 
'I'hfssaly  tt» 
iiiii  «'tli>rl  of 

il  II    l«i  ))0 

ill'  vt!«Ml  ill 

i\rlil\  I'tifl- 
till  (Iirt'Ks 
Irt'N ,  tti»ir 

iM-fll  llituh 

Hi'iutr.  thf 
.•ul  w  ho 


nil. 


nl 


st'rin 

.  tht* 


It  v\liK-li  no 

ini'rhaiiir:<l 
tuirdri).  iitid 
tiiiisl,  v\  III!  h 

'Clity  w<rf 
r  o}i<'riihi>iiii 
riirv    tiirnt'tl 

Tl'  illl|ttO|>(T 
n|   uli'.tTMnjI 

lirii  tlii'V  luitl 
ikh  iiithoto, 


I 


M  Hiivu^i'rt  (111  tlii'ir  riuiopM,  mill  ttifHi!  rt'tniiititMl  011  (lry|IIo|M'.  roinincTrr,  p.irliriil'iirly  tliiit  nt*  tin*  Baitt  ImlicH,  |  to  provineialtt,  and  toriti/pnsnftlH*  lowoul  rlam.  Even 


liiml  until  iIh'  ■tMs.m  nf  ri'turniiiu'  tii  hv.*  a|)|iriinrln-ii 
It  it(  not  then  itMiit' I'.irly  Imtoic  itir<'H  hT  (irrrrr  lh:il 
we  LMii  p\|ii'ct  to  nlmtTVi-  ihr  Minicc  ui  iiii\it.Mlioii, 
mill  (Iw  H|ijriL  of  •liM-iivrry,  inaKini:  any  ('on>iclcniltli- 
prourt'NH  Diiririi!  IJiiil  )trri«Kl  of  ijisitnlt-r  iiiid  ii.niii- 
raiuf.  ii  llmus.iiui  riium-?)  coin  iirrni  111  ri'HiraMiiii:;  cu- 
riti'*ilv  aoil  ciilfrpri:-!'  \%illiiii  vi-ry  narnuv  ImhuuIs. 

Ilul  lilt'  (JrctkM  ail\iiiicr.!  wiih  ra|ii.iiiy  di  a  htatr  o( 
griMliT  I'lvili/alinn  ami  ri-rni<Mii«>iil  (lovfrhiiinit,  In 
itH  in*i»>t  litirrttl  ami  (HTti-cl  Kmn.  iM'^an  to  Ih>  I'tilitii 
HkIkmI  ill  (lif*ii  tlilltTrnl  rDiniiiunitii'H  ;  i>i|Miil  laws  ami 
rl*^nl.■^  police  wrri'  LT'ii'iiatly  iiitr'Hliiri><l  ;  tlir  hrifnrrti 
and  arts  wliu'li  »rr  nst't'iil  or  ornaiiirntal  in  liln  \vi<rr 
rarrird  In  a  lii^di  pitch  n|'  itnprovcinrnt ;  anti  Hcvi>ral  of 
the  (Srcciaii  coirinionvvcalttiH  applied  loco:ii?iiercc  with 
tiuch  ardiir  and  timTCHH.  that  they  wcr»  ronsitlcrrd.  in 
tin'  aiicirnt  world,  ah  inariliiiK*  pctwcrd  ot  the  tir^t  rank 
Even  then,  linwcvcr.  the  naval  victuriCK  of  the  (rrcikK 
must  Ih'  ascriht'd  rather  to  the  iialivi'  tipirit  of  llu*  peo* 
\tU\  ainl  to  that  courage  which  iheenjnynieiilol  lihertv 
inspires,  than  to  any  extraordinary  protrress  in  the  sci- 
ence of  iiavit;ation.  Ill  (h(>  IVrM.iii  war,  those  exploits, 
wliieh  the  ^reiiiuH  of  (lie  (iieek  historians  lia^  rendered 
(111  famous,  vvere  performed  hy  llrelH  coinpoM'd  ehii-tly 
ofMn.tll  vessels  williout  di'cks  ;  the  crews  of  which 
riidted  forw.  ''d  with  iin|M-liious  valor,  hut  little  art,  to 
hiinn)  those  nf  the  enemy.  In  llie  warof  IVIoponneriiis, 
their  ships  >cein  >tilt  to  liaveheen  ot  incoiiHlderaMe  hnr- 


eotilintied  in  (low  in  iheehaniiel  which  tlie  Hnuncity 
and  (oresinht  of  Alexander  had  marked  out  for  it. 

His  anihitioii  was  not  satisfied  uiihliavin><  opened  to 
the  (ireeks  a  eominiinicalioit  with  India  hy  sea  i  he 
aspired  to  the  hovereiL'nty  of  those  regions  vvlucli  tnr- 
msl|fd  the  rest  of  mankiml  withxo  many  precious  eom- 
(niHlilies,  ami  conducted  his  army  thither  hy  land.  Kn 
lerpriHiriu,  however,  as  he  was,  he  may  le-  said  rather 
to  have  viewed  than  to  have  eoiiipiered  thai  etuintry 
lie  did  not,  in  his  proi^resH  towards  the  Kasl,  advance 
hevond  the  Iiaiiks  of  the  rivers  that  f,dl  into  tin' Indus, 
wiiich  IK  now  the  westerii  hoinidary  of  the  vast  coiiti- 
iieiil  of  India  Amidst  the  wild  exploits  which  diHtin 
ijuish  lliiH  part  of  his  Instory,  he  pursued  ineasiireHlhal 
mark  the  HU)HTiorily  of  Ins  ifeniuM  as  well  aH  the  extent 
nf  liisviews.  lie  had  penetrated  as  far  into  India  as  to 
rontirm  his  opinion  t)f  its  commercial  iinptirtance,  and 
to  perceive  that  imineiii^e  wealth  miuht  he  derived  from 
inlercoiirHe  with  a  c  Mintry  where  the  arfw  of  elejjance. 
ha\iiiix  heen  more  early  cultivated,  were  arrived  at 
iirealer  perfection  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  earth 
Kidl  of  this  idea,  he  resolved  to  examine  the  course  of 
na\iiralion  from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  tothe  hottnm 
I  the  Persian  (inlf.  and,  if  it  sIpimIiI  he  found  praeii 


aOer  the  Huhversion  of  hherly.  when  the  severity  and 
haui'hiiness  of  ancient  manners  he;^.in  to  aluite,  coin* 
inerce  did  not  rise  into  hi^fh  estimation  ainun;.'  the  Ku- 
mans.  'I'lie  trade  of  (ireece.  I  uypt.  and  the  oijirr  con- 
(piered  ciiiinlricK, continued  tolie  earned  on  in  its  iisnal 
eliannels.  .ifer  they  were  ii'duccd  into  the  torin  id  Ro- 
man provinces  As  I  tome  was  the  iMpilat  ot  the  VMirltl. 
and  the  seat  ol  u'overtimenl.all  (he  wiallh  itiid  xalnahle 
productions  of  the  piovim-es  (lowed  nalnraliy  ihither. 
The  Uonmns,  satished  with  this,  seem  to  have  sulleied 
commerce  to  remain  altnobt  entirely  in  the  hands  ol  ihn 
liativeK  ofthe  respective  countrieH.  The  extent,  hoW' 
ever,  of  the  Itoman  power,  which  reached  over  tito 
yrealest  part  of  the  known  world,  the  viudant  inspec- 
tioti  of  the  Uomai)  inaoislraleH,  and  the  spirit  nl  the 
Koinan  government,  no  less  intelligent  than  active, 
oave  snch  additional  sectirity  toconiinerc''  an  amimiteil 
it  with  new  vii.'iir.  The  union  amoiii;  nations  was 
never  so  enlire.nor  the  intercourse  so  perteclfait  within 
ihe  hnnniU  of  tins  vast  empire  <  'oininerce,  under  the 
Roman  dominion,  was  nut  nhstrucletl  hy  the  jealtmiiy 
of  rival  Ktates.  interrupted  hy  Ireijuenl  hostilities,  or 
limited  hy  partial  restrictions  One  superinleiidin^ 
power  moved  and  reirnlated  the  industry  of  luaiiktiid. 


hie,  to  eslahlish  a  reiriilar  commnnicatiiiii  hetvveen|and  enjoyed  the  friiiis  ofiheir  joint  ed'orts. 
them  In  order  to  atVcct  this,  he  proposed  to  remove  Xaviiiation  fell  its  induence,  and  improved  nnder  it. 
the  cataracts,  with  which  (lie  jealout<y  of  the  i'er>i.ins.  [As  soon  as  the  Komaiis  acipiireila  taste  (or  the  luxuries 
and  (heir  aviTsi<in  to  orrespondence  with   lorei<rners.  [of  the  K.ist.  thetrade  with  India  through  K^iypt  wan 


lien  and  force      The  extent  o|  Iheir  trade,  how  liii;hly  '  had  ohstrnded    the  entrance   into  the    Kuphratcs  ;  to  |  pushed  vvilh  new  viijor,  and  carried  on  to  jirealer  ex- 
soever  it  may  have  heen    estimated   in  amitnl  limes,  {carry  the  enimnodilies  of  llie  Kant  up  that   river,  and   tent      Mv  freipieiitini;  the  Indian  cnnlinenl,  navi^atom 

hecame  acipiaiiitcd  with  the  perimlic.il  course  td' the 
winds,  which,  in  llie  ocean  that  ^eparales  Alrica  from 
India,  hlow  willi  litlle  variation  ihirini;  one  (talf  id  tlin 
year  tmin  the  ea>l.  and  dnriiiL'  the  other  half  hlow  with 
eipial  sleadmesH  troni  the  west.  Kncoiiranrd  hy  oh- 
si>rvii>ir  this,  llie  pilois  who  sailed  trom  K^ypt  to  India 


was  in  pMportion  to  tins  low  condiliim  of  their  marine.  I  the  Tigris,  which  uniles  with  it.  into  the  interior  parts 

The  maiilime  stHles  of  (rrei'fe  hardly  earned  on  any  |  of  his  Asiatic   it<<minions  ;  while,  hy   the  way  o(   the 

conimerce  heyond  Ihe  limilHofthe  Mediterranean  sea.  i  .\raliian  <iulf  and  Ihe  river   .Nile,  thev  mi^^hl  I)e  eon- 

Their  chief  inlirroiirHC  was  with  the  colonies  of  ihcirtvcM'd  to  Alevandria.  and  distrihiiled  to  Ihe  rest  uf  the 

countrymen  planted  in  the  Lenser  Asia,  in  Italy,  and    vvtirld.      Me. irchus.  an  otVicer  of  eminent  ahitilies,  was 

Sicily.     Thi-y  ■minciinies  visilcd  the  ports  id  Kirypt.  of  ■  inlrilsliv:  with  the  cnmriaml  of  the  (leet   tilted  out  for 

the  snutliern  provinces  id"  (iaul,  and    of  Thrace;    or,  jlhis  expedilitin.    He  piTlormed  this  Viiyaije,  whuhwas 

jnissin>!  throui,'h  the  lletlespont,  they   traded  with  thejdeemed  an  enterpri-e  t-i   irdiions  and   important,  that 

c.enitries  situated  around  Ihe   Knxinesea       Ama/.in<>  j  .Mcxaiider   reckoned  ii  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 

iii«tanees  oicurol' their  i^niorance,  even  of  thitse  eonii- U-vents  which  dishn^'iished  his  reiuu       Incousiderahle 

tries  wtiicli  lay    witliin  the  narrow  precincis  lo  whiihj.is  it  niav  now  appt'ar,it  was  at  thallime  an  nndertak- 

their  rriiv^'ialiini  wa^  con  lined       Wln'ii  the  (>  reeks  had  'in:;  of  no  liti'e  merit  and  ditficultv.      In  the  prosecu- 

ahsi'iiii>h'd  llieirciHnhim-d  (leet  atraiiist  Xerxes  at  K-iinajtion  nfit.  strikiii;;  inMlan.'cs  occur 'd  the  small  pn'^'re-s  '  nt' the  stars  less  necessary,  cnndncled  them  to  the  port 

Ihey  thou;;ht  it  unadvisalde  lo  sail  to  Samos,  hecanse    which  the  (iieikK  had  made  in  naval  lino..'|>-di:e    f-1]  .  ntMnsiris.ontheweslern  shore  of  the  Indian  cnitlineiit. 

ihey   heliev'd  llie   disl.ince  hilween    that   island  and    Havinitnevt-r  sailedheyojulthe  hi.uiidsof  ihe  .\lediterra- , 'I'licre  ihey  look  oti  hoard   llieir  cari;o.  and.  leturninp 

Kiiina  lo   l^e  as  yreai  as  the  distance  hetween    I!i.'in»  ,  ne.in.  where  the  ehh  and  IJow  ofthe  sea  are  hardly  per-   vvith  Ihe  eastern  monsoon,  fmi>hed  l-icir  voyaoe  tn  ihi' 


ahatiilMiieil  their  ancient  slow  and  dan:<eron.i  eiiurHC 
!  aloiiir  the  <>oasl,  and,  as  soon  as  the  .vesleni  imnisonn 
;set  in.  took  their  departure  from  Ocelis.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Arahiaii  <tulf.  and  sireiciied  lioldly  across  th« 
t'cean.  The  iimtorm  direclion  of  Ihe  wind,  rtiipplying 
'the  pi. ice  ot  the  compass,  and  renderih<:  the  i^uulanco 


and  the  Pillars  id  llercnles.      Thev  were  eitlter  ullerly 

iinaeipiainted  with  alt  the  pariM  ofthe  l')o1m>  heyond  the 

Mediterranean  sea. or  whal  know|ed<ri>  thev  had  of  them 

was  founded  un  conjecture,  or  derivrd  Iroi.-i  the  info 

mat  ion  of  a  tew  persons  whoiu  1  uriosnv  and  Ihe  love  of  I  Ihey  se(*m  never  to 

Kiieiiee  had  prompted  lo  travel  hy  land  nOo  tiie  I'pper 

Asia,  or  hy  sea  into  fc^iiypt,  the  .ineii'iit  s.-ats  .it   wis 

ilnm  and  arts       Arterall  lliat  the  (ireeks  learned  from 

them,  they  appear  lo  have  heen  ijrnorant   ol  the  most 

important    (acts  on   wliich  an  accurate  and   scienlitic 

know  ledire  ot  tie'  jflohe  is  lounded  | 


ptihie,  whi'ii  till  y  lir-st  ohserved  this  phei^.tmeoon  at  Ar.dnan  (iiilf  w  iihin  the  year  This  pail  of  India  now 
Ihe  mouth  ofthe  Indus,  it  appeared  to  them  a  prodiirv.  known  hv  thetiameof  the  Malahar  coasl.  seems  to  have 
hy  whieli  the  ^rods  lestiticd  the  di>pteitHuie  ol  heaven  heen  the  utmost  limit  id'aiicieut  iiavioaMon  in  that 
aifainsl  their  cMlerprit^e  [.'))  Diirint!  their  wh'decnurse.  ipiartcr  of  the  'jlohe  What  iiii|ierliTt  know  ledne  Ihr 
have  lost  si^ihl  id  hind,  hut  J'olloweil ;  ancients  had  of  the  iniim*nse  connlries  w  hich  sireleh 
ihe  hearings  of  the  coast  s-i  servih-ly,  that  ihey  CiHilil  jhi-vo^id  this  towards  ihe  Mast. ihey  received  from  a  tew 
not  avail  ihi-mH'lves  of  those  peritMlical  winds  which  ;  advinlnrers  who  had  visited  them  hy  land  ^uch  ex- 
facililate  navii;  ition  in  the  Indian  ore.ut.  Ad'ordniLdv  enrsions  vvere  millicr  frcipient  tior  exleiisivi-.  and  it  in 
they  spent  no  less  than  ten  months  m  perli>riniiiL'  ihi-.  |irnha!>le  ihat. while  the  U*  man  interconisc  will.  India 
voytiife,  which. (roin  Ihe  inoulhof  the  Indus  lo  ih.it  ol  KtihsiHU'd.  nolraveller  ever  penelr.iled  fuilhcr  than  lo 
Ihe  Persian (iuif.  does  not  evceed  twenty  .leitrees  [1  ih,-  hanks  of  the  <;.in:!es  [(ij  The  Heels  troii.  Kyvpt 
The  expedition  of  .Me  (ander  'he  (ire.it  into  the  Kattt  lis  prohahle  (hat   amidst  the  convulsions  and   iVeipieiil  I  which  traded  at  Mnsiris.were  loaded  it  is  true,  with  the 

r.msiderahly  eiilar::ei|  the  sphere  of  navitialion  and  ot'\  revniulions  in  the   Kast,    oecat-ioned   hy  ihe    coniols  .  spices  ^.nd  other  rich  commodities  ot  the  conlineni  iiiul 

i;eiiifrapliii'al  knowh'ili.'e  ainonL'  the  iiret  lis    That  ex-  i  amonif  the  succt'ss.irs  oC  .\|e\ani!er.  tlie  navi^jali-m  to   i>tandH  o('  ihr  furlher  Iiidin  .  hul  these  were  hrotinhi  in 

iraordin.iry  man,  nntwilhstandini;  Ihe  violent  pasKi.iiisi  India  liy  the  course  which  .Nearchus  had  opened  was 

which  incited  him  at  some  tones  to  ihe  wil.lesl  aetioii.>«  jdis  -onlintu'd     The  Indian  trade  carried  on  at  .Mexaii- 

and  Ihe  most  extravatjaiit  enterpri.ses.  posHcsHcd  l.iJentN  dn.i,  not  ludv  stdtntsted.  hut  war^  so  much  evtended. 

wlneii  lilted  lum.  not  only  locoiiipier.  hul  t.i  ix.tverii  ihe  j  under  the  (irecian  m.marehs  of  Knypt.  thai  it  prnvcl  .1 

wnrld     lie  was  c.ipahle  o)  framiiii;  ihiise  hold  and  on   '  !.'n-.it    soupt  of  the  wealth  which  distiii'^nished    their 

(.'inal  HchemeHo]  p  ilicy.  which  i;.ive  a  new  |.>rm  to  liu- i  lvin<>dom 

The  proijrcss  which  ihe  Romans  made  in  navi;_rati<'n 
mil  disi-overv,  was  still  more  incon?>iderah!e  tliaiithal 


man  atfairs.  The  revolution  in  commerce.  Iir.niijht 
a'sKJt  hy  the  force  of  his  i;eniiis.  i.s  hardly  inferior  (o 
lS.it  rev.dulioi)  in  empire  ociMsioned  hv  the  niccess  .if 
his  arms  II  is  prohahle  lli. it  llie  oppi.siti.ui  and  eirorl> 
ofthe  repul.lic  of  Tyre,  w  Inch  checked  him  s.i  loiin  in 
the  career  of  his  victones,  ^tave  Ah-xaiitler  .in  opportu- 
nity id  "d'serviiiif  the  vast  resoiirci"^  o(  a  maritime  pow- 
er, and  conveyed  to  In  n  some  idea  of  the  itnmeiise 
Wi'alth  which  thcTyriaii.i  lerived  from  their  cntnimTce 
especially  thai  willi  the  K  ist  Indies  .\s  'oon  a>*  In- 
had  accomplished  the  destruction  of  Tvn',  and  reduced 


Ihal  port,  which  h.came  the  staple  of  the  coiemeic^ 
I'l'tweenthe  east  and  west,  hy  the  luiliAiis  themsi|vc« 
in  caiiocs  hollowed  i-nt  nf .  iic  tree.  The  K;:\pli.in  .itui 
R.tman  merchants,  ^alI^(led  wtlh  ari|Uiiini:  tin  secom- 
m.idities  Ml  this  manlier,  ilid  n.t|  tlohk  it  neci»ary  li» 
I'Xpliin'  unkn.iwn  seas,  .in.l  venlnre  upon  a  danyintus 
navii;atioii.  in  ipiest  of  the  oiintiies  which  produced 
them.     Hul  lhon:;!i  tin 


di> 


of  the  Ki>mans  in 


d  the  (irecki      The  nrttius  ofthe  Itom.in  people,  their,  Indi.i  were  so  limited,  llieir  commerce  there  was  such 


nnlilary  education. and  the  spirit  ofiheir  l.iws.  concur  ' 
red  in  e^tranL.MllU  them   (Voni  commerce  and  naval   af  , 
(air.^.      It  was  the   iiecessily  of  opposini,'  n  ("rmidahle  , 
rival,    Hot  the  desire  .)f  exliiidin:;  trade,  which    lirsi 
prompted   them  to  aim  at   luariliine  power.      Thon>ili 
thev  s.toii  perci-ived,  ihat   in  order  to  ,ieipiire  the  iini 
ver*il  dominion  after  wlm  h  they  aspired,  it  w.is  neces 
s.irv  lo  render  themstdves  m.isters  of  tli 


will  appi-ar  c.ni-idctahle.  even  lollie  pre>*nt 
which  the  In.li.ui  trade  has  lu'cti  extended  lar  hi-voiid 
!he  pr.iclire  or  « .tnceptioii  of  any  preccdini;  pi  nod. 
We  areinlormed  hy  .me  auth.tr  nf  credit. thai  llie  com- 
merce  w  till  India  drained  the  Roman  cinp'ie  evei>  year 
of  more  ih.U)  four  hnmlied  thorsami  pounds;  and  hy 
atiolhiT.  that  one  hiinilredand  twenty  ships  s.iilcd  an- 
they  .-till  nnally  Ooiii  the  .Xra^ian  <«nlf  to  that  eouiilry 
Kfiypl  to  suhjeclioii,  he  (ormed  the  plan  o(  n'liderins:' considered  the  naval  service  as  a  suhonlinale  slaiion, '  The  discovery  of  this  m-w  method  id  sailin;:  lo  In- 
the  empire  v  iiich  he  proposed  In  estahlish,  the  cent  re  land  reserved  t.>r  it  such  cili/ens  as  were  n.>t  nf  a  r.ink  dia.is  the  most  consideralde  improveim  nl  it;  naviL>aliiin 
of  e.mnr,  rce  as  well  as  the  seat  .d  dominion.  With  lo  Iv  ndinilted  inio  the  leuioiis  In  the  hisi.iry  o|  the  made  during  Ihe  conlmuailce  of  the  Roman  power. 
this  view  he  founded  a  t;n'at  city,  which  hf  honored  Roin.in  Repuhlic,  haidly  one  event  neellr^  th.i'.  marks  Mut  in  am  ient  limes,  tl'.e  know|ed<Te  nf  remole  coun- 
with  his  own  name,  near  one  ofthe  mouths  ot  the  river:  at  tent  ion  to  nav  i  >.'■<' i>>n  any  tnriher  than  tt  wa>-  inslru-  tries  wa^  acipnred  more  treipienlly  hy  land  than  hy  sea: 
Nile,  that  hy  the  .Mediterranean  sea,  and  the  neiyhltor-  i  mental  towards  compiest  When  tlie  Rotnati  valor  [7]  ai  d  the  Romans,  from  their  peculiar liisinctinatioii 
hnoil  ofthe  Vrahian  (iiilf.  it  mi^hl  command  the  Iradejaiid  diM  ipliiie  had  suhdiieil  all  the  mtinlime  niales  (n  naval  atV.iiis,  may  he  said  to  liave  net>iecled  totally 
hoth  o(  the  K  a  St  and  West  This  silu.ilinn  was  chosen  :  known  in  the  ancieni  worlil;  when  Carlhaue.  (Jreece. 
with  such  discernment,  that  Alexandria  soon  hecame  and  K'jvpt  had  •«iihmitled  lo  their  power.  Ihe  K  unans 
the  chief  commercial  citv  in  the  work!.  .Not  only  dii-  did  not  inihihe  Ihe  cnmnereial  spirit  ..f  the  compiered 
ring  the  Kuhsistence  i»t    the  (ireeian  empin-   in  Kirvpt    nations.    Amoni:  that  peoph>  nf  snldiers,  to  have  ap 


and  in  the  i:,ist,  hut  amidst  all  the  successive  n<vi 
lit  ;ii  in  those  eniintnes  from  the  lime  ofthe  PinliM>i 


,Mi< 


il  In  Inulc 

Ii,. 


iild  hiivi*  Ih'imi  ilci'rnril  a  il)'irr;ul;<li,m   very  l\v  latnl.   »iiil  orir'Iual 


tin'  laltrr,  llitiiiirh  a  inort'rahy  ami  ('\|u>,lilnui»,  iiii'()it>U 
nlilisniMTy        'I'lli' lirnu'ri'SW.    IiuHcmt.  nl    lllrir  \Klu- 

riiin«  arriiii'H  llinnii;li  a  rnTiciii.'iiil''ii  nihnh  ot  l.un'|«, 
Afill.  aial  At'rirn.  inlilrilMilnl  ut,^,il\  l.icMir.il  ili»c-o- 


Tllrv  :iha;;i 


,il   ni'w  ami  iiiiitmiwti  seas 


I  ll>i'  iia\iLialii:ll  uf 
I'ri'vimiK  In  ilii'  Kniiiaii  ton- 


y  i,(iriiri 


to  the  iliiROTery  oftlie  navigalioii  by  llic  ('a|w  ul  Uiiicl  i  arta.euniiui'rci',  uiiil  navlgntioii,  lo  ilavci.  lo  I'rcciiiiien,  (jiirntii,  the  civiliied  natioiii  ul  antiquity  ha  I  litlle  cum- 


n 


RODERTSON'S    HISTORY    OF 


miinicAtion  with  thoM  rountripR  in  Kurnpn  nhich  now 
ftirin  itn  mnKi  MputtMit  ami  |iow(>rfiil  kinifiliMiis.  Thn 
Ind'ritir  (kuIn  «•('  Sjiiiiii  ami  (litiil  were  iiiipcrfoctly 
knnwii  Dritaiii,  HcpitntliMt  IVdmi  titn  tcnI  of  (lu>  wnrlij, 
had  iH'vcr  hi'Pri  viHilcil.  piirn|it  Ity  iu  nriirhliorii  llic 
Uaiili.  ami  dv  u  tVw  ('artli;ii;ini.in  iinTcliaiilH  'I'lir 
iiaiMi'  1)1'  (■eriiiariy  hail  m'arrrly  hci'ii  hcanl  of.  Ititn 
nil  (hoMc  roiiiitrifit  ihr  ariiii  ofltiP  limiiiinK  poiiHralnl 
Thrv  Piilin>ly  kiiIkIih*)!  S|iiiiii  ami  (liiiil;  thi'y  t'oiujiirrfil 
thn  i;r<*.tl<<«il  ami  riiiHl  t'criilf  parlH  nl  Britain;  iht'v  att 
vancvil  mtti  (ifrmarty,  att  far  as  (hr  ImnltH  (tf  the  river 
Klho.  In  Afrii'a.  thoy  aciiuircil  a  ronBith'raMt*  knnw- 
loiliff  itl'lhti  nriiviiirt'H,  which  Klri'trht'd  ahuii;  the  Mi* 
(lilfrraiioaii  Sea, from  KiiypI  wi'rttivanl  In  thr  Straits  of 
(iailpH  III  Akui.  tht\v  not  only  Hiihjrclnl  to  their  power 
most  ofthn  proviiireH  whirh  rninposeil  the  IVrwian  and 
the  Maceiliinian  einpireM,  hut  alter  iheir  virlories  over 
MilhriilaleH  ami  Tii^ranefl.  th<*y  tteem  to  have  made  a 
more  acrtirale  ttiirvey  of  the  roiiiitrieH  ronlii;iiitiiM  to 
the  Kiixiiii'  r.ml  (\tHpian  »vi\H,  and  to  have  earried  on  n 
more  etieiisive  trade  than  that  of  the(ireekH  wilhllie 
opulent  and  eoiumercial  nations  then  Heated  round  the 
Kuxiup  sea 

From  this  succinct  survey  of  discovery  And  navijia- 
lion, which  I  have  traci'il  from  the  earliest  dawn  of  his- 
torical knowledire,  to  the  full  eMlahlishment  of  the 
Roman  dnminion,  the  progress  of  hoth  appears  to  have 
heen  v^'oiiderfully  stow.  It  seems  neillier  adetpiate  to 
what  vvr  niiirht  have  expected  from  the  activity  and  en- 
terprifte  of  the  hutnan  mind,  nor  to  what  mi^'ht  havi> 
been  performcil  hy  the  power  of  the  jireatenipires  which 
Bucn-^tiively  uoverned  the  world-  If  we  reject  accnnnlw 
that  are  fahulous  and  ohscure;  if  we  adhere  steadily 
to  the  li'ihl  and  information  of  authentic  Insiory.  with- 
out snhstituliri<r  in  its  pl.icc  (he  roiiji<rture»  of  (iiiicy  or 
the  driMrns  of  clymoloirisis.  we  nnisl  conchide.tli;it  ihr 
knovvliMlje  VNliirh  tin*  ancients  tiad  acipiired  of  tlie  ha 
hitanlc  •tjolie  w.is  extremely  rontiitcd  In  Kumpc,  the 
etten-ive  provim'i"<  in  llie  eastern  pirt  of  (ierniany 
were  little  known  ti  llieni  Tliey  were  almost  totally 
unai'ijuainlcd  with  (Ih>  v^i^t  countries  whii'li  are  now 
■ultject  i>i  I  lie  kini:s  of  Dernmirk,  Sweilen,  Prussia,  Po- 
land, anil  the  K.iri>i;iri  empire.  The  more  harrcn  iv- 
^ionH  (hat  Kiri'tch  within  the  arctic  circlf>,  were  ipiite 
iinevplorcd  In  Africa. their  rcsearchei*  did  not  extemi 
*"ar  Itcyotid  the  prnviticcf*  which  hortler  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  (hii-ii' (ijlnated  on  lhi»  western  shore  of  the 
Araliian  tinlf  In  .\^\n.  they  were  iniacqiiainted,  as  I 
formerly  nh>.i'rved.  with  all  the  fertile  ami  opulent  couii 
Irii's  LeyoTid  the  (i.tnires,  wlurli  furnish  themor.t  Vidu- 
nU\v  ronitnodilies  that  in  niodi'rn  times  have  heeii  llii- 
j»reiil  ohjt'et  of  the  Duropcin  commerce  withlmha;  nor 
do  (hey  seem  to  have  ever  pctietrateil  intotho>e  im- 
inense  regions  oecnpied  liy  the  vvamlcrini;  trilieH, which 
ihey  eallcj  Ity  thi*  irciii'.al  nam**  of  Siirmatians  or  Scy 
thiu)!*.  and  which  are  m»w  po>.teHsed  l<y  Tailars  of va- 
rioiiH  denominations,  and  hy  llie  Asiatic  suhjtctH  ol 
RnsfiiH. 

Uut  there  is  one  opinion  that  universally  prevailed 
nruon<;  the  ancimts,  which  conxeys  a  more  strikiit:; 
ide;»  of  the  simill  proirre^h  tlicy  liitrj  made  in  the  know- 
led.je  «if  ifie  hal>itah!i'  jflnhe  lliaii  can  he  derived  t'rom 
any  detail  of  iheir  disioxeries  They  supposeil  (he 
earth  to  he  dixidcd  into  live  reirioiis.  which  they  dis- 
tiiistnished  hy  the  name  of  Zones  Two  ofihese. which 
were  nearest  the  ptijes.  they  termed  frigid  zones,  and 
believed  thi-  extreme  did  which  reijj[m'd  jx-rpetually 
there  rendered  them  uniidiahitalile.  Another,  sealed 
UUiler  thi>  hne,  and  e\lendin<;  on  either  side  towards 
the  tropics. thi-y  called  the  Torrid  zone,  and  imai^inctl  it 
to  t)e  so  hurtled  up  with  unrennttini;  heat,  as  to  ht> 
eipially  destitute  of  itdiahitants.  (»n  the  two  other 
zones,  which  occupied  the  remainder  oftheearth,  lh(\v 
tieslowed  ttic  appellation  of  Temperate, and  tau((ht  that 
thche  beinij  the  oidv  rejjions  in  which  life  conid  suh  ' 
»ist.were  alloileil  to  man  tor  his  hahitation.  This  wild 
opinion  was  not  a  conceit  of  the  uninformeil  vulvar,  or  I 
a  f.iocdtil  fii-tioii  nf  the  p-iets.  hut  a  system  adopted  hy  i 
the  Tuost  erdiifhti-ned  phdosophers,  the  most  accurate 
hisioriaiiH  and  ueoirraphers  in  Greece  and  Home  I 
Accortlini»  toihirt  theory,  a  vast  portion  of  the  hahitahle  I 
Ciirth  WHK  proitounced  to  he  unlit  fur  BUstaiiiin<r  Ihei 
human  species.      Tlitise  fertile  anl  populous  regions 

wiiliin  the  torri<l  7. ',  which  are  now  known  not  only 

toyiet  I  their  own  inhabitants  the  necesi'ariefl  and  com- 
forts of  life  with  mo^'t  hixuriant  profusion,  but  to  com- 
municate their  superlluxUH  stores  to  the  rest  id'  the 
world,  were  supp  i-ied  to  lie  the  mansion  of  perpetual 
■reritity  and  desolatio-i.  Ah  uII  the  ports  of  the  «i|olie 
wTlh  winch  the  jincients  were  acipiaintcdlav  within  the 
norttn'rn  temperate  zone,  their  opinion  that  the  other 
temperate  zone  wui  uiied  witainhttuiiaiitv.waB  fuunded 


on  rfaionin^aiitlconj^cturp,  nt)l  on  discovery  They 
pv^n  helievetl  that,  hy  tin' intolerable  heat  of  the  lorriil 
zone,  such  an  inHU[ieralile  harrici  was  placed  l)elween 
the  two  UMiiperate  rejjions  of  the  earth  as  wmiid  pre- 
vent forever  any  intereourse  between  their  re«|teciive 
inhabilanth.  Thus,  this  extravagant  theory  not  only 
proves  that  the  ancoMils  were  iinacipminteil  with  the 
true  folate  id'  the  ^lolM^  but  it  temlcil  to  render  their 
i;:norance  perpetual,  by  represciitinn  all  attempts  to- 
wards openinjr  a  communication  with  the  remote  re- 
gions ofihe  earth,  as  utterly  impracticahle.  [S.] 

Hot,  however  im|ierfect  or  inatcurHte  ih;-  jieoifrnpld- 
eal  knowleiljfe  which  the  (irceks  and  Koinans  had  ac- 
ipnred  may  appear,  in  respect  of  the  present  im- 
proved slate  of  that  science,  their  proy;re«s  in  discovery 
will  seem  considerable^  and  the  extent  to  which  they 
carried  inivi^ation  ami  connncrce  nnist  he  reckmo'd 
irreat,  when  compared  with  tin'  it;noraiice  nf  early 
times.  As  lonir  as  Ihe  lUunaii  Kinpire  retained  such 
viyor  as  to  preserve  its  autlu  '■ity  over  the  compn'red 
nations,  mid  to  keep  them  u  .i(<ii,  it  was  an  object  ol 
ptihiic  policy,  as  well  as  of  private  curiosity,  lo  examine 
ami  describe  the  cotnitrics  which  compoticd  this  ureal 
hody.  Hven  when  the  other  ncirnces  beuan  to  decline. 
i;eiii'raphy,  enriched  with  new  observations,  and  re- 
eeiviny  some  accession  from  theex|M'rienceof  every  aye, 
and  Ihe  reports  of  every  traveller,  contimietl  to  ini 
prove.  It  attained  to  the  highest  piunt  of  perl<riion 
and  accuracy  to  winch  it  ever  arrived  in  the  ancient 
worhl.liy  the  industry  and  genius  td  Ptolemy  the  Phi- 
loNdpher.  He  llourished  in  ihi'scconti  century  of  the 
Chrisitan  a  ra,  and  published  i>  dc.-*cription  td' the  ter- 
restrial irlohe.  im>re  ample  and  exact  tlian  that  of  any 
of  his  prcdcccs.sorii. 

Hot,  soon  after,  violent  convulsions  heiran  to  shake 
ihe  Honian  titale  ;  the  fatal  ambition  or  capiiceof  Con- 
Maniine,  by  chaiiiiini.' the  seat  of  ;rovermiient,  divided 
and  v-eiikencd  its  force  ;  the  harharous  nalimis,  w  hich 
Providence  preparct)  as  instrnmenis  to  overturn  the 
iniLdily  fabric  of  the  Koinaii  power,  bci^an  to  assendijc 
and  to  muster  their  armies  on  its  froii;ier  ;  llo'  empire 
loitered  to  its  fall.  Durini;  (bis  decline  and  oM  a^e 
id' the  Roman  t^late.it  was  iiripossible  that  the  sciences 
should  <.'o  on  improviiiL'  Theell'urls  of  <jenius  were, 
at  that  period,  as  |ani>nid  and  feeble  as  those  of  ^o 
vermneni.  from  thelitmr  of  lUolemy,  no  inconsider- 
able addition  seems  to  have  hcenmadeton  ueoiiraplii 
cat  kmiwleit^c;  nor  did  any  important  revolution  Imp- 
pen  in  trade,  exccptirit;  that  Constantinople,  by  ilsad- 
vauta<feons  fitualion.  and  the  eiicoura;,M>ineiit  of  ttie 
eastern  emperors,  l)cc'ame  a  commercial  city  of  tin' tirsi 
note. 

At  leiii.'th.the  cliMuls  wliich  h:'.d  heen8oloni»  galher- 
in<;  round  tin-  Roman  empire  t)urst  inlt>  a  storm  Har- 
harous nations  rushed  in  from  several  quarters  wiili  ir- 
'"sistalde  impi-tuohiiy,  and  in  tlip  jiencral  wreck,  i'cca- 
sioned  t>y  the  inundation  which  overwhelmed  Kuropc* 
the  arts,  sciences,  inventions,  and  discoveries  i>i'  ihe 
RiimanH  perished  in  a  j;reat  measure, and  disappeareit. 
Alt  Ihe  various  tril>cs  wtiicli  settled  in  ttie  dillereiit 
provinces  of  the  Roman  empire  were  uncivili/ed, 
St  ran  tiers  to  letters,  d*  slitnteof  artn,  unactpiaintcil  with 
reirnlar  frovi>rnmi'nt.  sntiordimilion  or  taws  Ttie  man- 
ners and  instituiioiis  of  some  of  them  were  so  rutle  as 
to  be  hardly  coinpatilde  with  a  slate  of  social  union. 
I'lu rope. when  occupied  hy  such  inhabitants.maybe  said 
to  have  relumed  to  a  secoml  infancy,  and  had  to  tie<rin 
anew  its  cari'cr  in  improvement,  science,  and  civility. 
The  first  ell'ect  of  the  setllemeul  of  thiise  harlMrous  in- 
vaders was  lod<ssolve  ttie  union  by  which  ttie  Roman 
power  had  cemented  mankind  lonelher.  They  par- 
celled out  Kurope  into  n  Mv  small  and  independent 
slates,  ililfcrinir  from  eai-ti  oilier  in  tan<;ua^e  andeUH- 
lotns  No  inten'ourse  suhr^islcd  between  the  members 
id'lhose  divided  and  hi>stile  communities.  Aceiifitoni' 
etl  to  a  simple  mode  of  life,  and  averse  to  industry, 
they  had  few  wants  to  supply. and  few  HuperHuities  to  dis- 
pose of  Thenamesof  ff/m/iiTfr  anil'"Mf/Mvh<*came  tmce 
more  wonls  of  the  same  import,  (^istomsevery  where 
prevailed  anil  even  laws  were  oslabtiMhi>d,  which  ren* 
di-red  it  disairreealtte  auil  dangerous  to  visit  any  foreign 
country  Cities,  in  wtiich  atone  an  extensive  commerce 
can  be  carried  on,  were  few.  inconsideralile.  and  desti- 
tute oft  ht*seitiiinunil  iei>  which  prmluce  security  or  excite 
enterprise  The  sciences,  on  wliich  (jeo^jraphy  and  na- 
viijationare  founded,  were  tittle  cutiivaled.  The  ac- 
cmints  of  ancient  improvements  and  tliscitveries,  con- 
tained in  the  (Jreek  and  Komanautliors.were  nejrieeted 
or  misunderstood  Ttie  kmtwledije  of  remote  re^ions 
was  lost,  ttieir  situation,  their  coinmtHtities, and  almost 
their  names  were  unknown. 

One  circuinitauce  prevenled  cumuiefcUl  intercourie 


I  with  distant  natiims  from  eea6in^  altojrether.  Con 
istantinople,  itiotiuh  often  Itireateiieil  hy  ttie  fierce  in 
,  vaders  wtio  spread  desuhuioii  over  lt<e  rest  of  turo{M', 
!  was  so  fortnmtle  as  to  escape  tlieir  der>lructive  rai;e  In 
jltiat  city  the  knowledge  of  ancient  arts  and  discoveriev 
{was  preserved  ;  a  taste  lor  elegance  and  splendor  suit- 
Hisled  .  ttie  pro^iuciioiis  and  luxuries  idlnreiMii  coun- 
tries were  in  reipiest  :  and  commerce  conimued  to 
flourish  there  when  it  was  almost  exiiiu  t  in  every  other 
part  itf  Knrope.  The  citi/.ens  of  (^ln^tanlillop|e  did 
not  contine  their  trade  to  ttie  Istamlsol  tlic  Archipelago 
or  to  the  adjacent  coasts  of  .Xsia  ;  ihey  look  a  wider 
ran^e,  and,  follow  ih};  the  course  wtiicti  the  ancients 
liad  marked  out,  imporled  the  commiHlitiesofttie  Kast 
Indies  from  .Alexandria.  When  K^ypt  was  torn  from 
ttie  Ri'inan  empire, by  ttie  Aratuans.  itie  imiuhfry  td'tho 
(■reekr^  discovered  a  new  ctiannet  by  wtiicti  Itie  pro- 
duction'* of  India  iiiititit  be  convcvi'd  to  CiinHlantini>* 
pie  Tiiey  were  carried  up  the  Indus  as  far  as  tliat 
ureal  river  is  naviualde  ;  ttn-nce  lliey  were  transportej 
hy  taml  to  the  banks  of  Ihe  river  tUus,  ami  prta-ecdeJ 
down  ils  stream  to  the  Caspian  »>ea.  There  they  en- 
tered (he  Vot^a.  and,  sailinu  up  it,  were  carried  by  land 
to  ttie  Tanaie.  wtiicti  conducted  thein  into  ttie  huxino 
■tea,  where  vessels  from  <'oiistantinople  wailed  (heir ar- 
rival. This  extraordinary  and  tedious  imxie  of  convey- 
ance merits  atlention.not  only  as  a  protd  ofitie  violent 
passion  whicti  ttie  intiahitanls  of  Constantinople  had 
conceived  for  the  luxuries  of  the  Kast,  and  as  a  speci- 
men of  ttie  ardor  and  ingenuity  witti  wtiich  ttiey  carried 
on  c«  nimerce  ;  l)Ul  because  it  deinoDstiatcs  that,  du- 
ring iheijjnorance  wtiicti  ri'i;;ned  in  ttie  rchi  of  Kuro|ie, 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  remote  coiinlnesWaH  slitl 
preserved  in  the  capital  of  llie  (ireek  empire. 

At  the  same  time  a  L;leaiii  of  UjiUt  and  knowled^re 
hroki  n  upon  itie  Hast  The  Aratoans  havji^f  vo»' 
tracteil  some  reln«h  flir  (he  sciences  id  the  people  wlicthe 
empire  tiny  tiad  conlrituiicd  loovcrlurn.  translated  ihe 
lh)oks  of  several  id' itie  (ircek  ptolosoptiers  into  their 
own  laiiifuai^e.  One  of  ttie  first  was  ttiat  valualde 
work  of  Plolemy  which  I  haveatready  meiilmmd.  The 
study  of  iieoj;rapliy  ticcaine,  of  t  im*npuitce.  an  early 
otiject  o(  atlcnlioii  to  the  Arabians,  llul  lliat  acute 
and  nious  peo])le  cultivated  ctiielty  ttie  spectilativu 

aim  .iitittc  jtarts  of  ^co^rapliy.  In  older  to  ascer- 
tain tin'  ti^nrc  and  dimensions  of  ttie  terrestrial  ^tohe, 
they  applied  llie  principles  of  ucomelry.  they  liad  re- 
course to  astronomical  otiscrvatioiis.  itiev  employed 
experinu-nts  ami  operations,  wliich  Kiimpe  in  more 
erili<jhtencd  times  has  tierii  proud  to  adopt  and  to  imi- 
tate. At  that  gieriod,  however.  Itii'  fame  ol  the  improve- 
tnents  made  by  ttie  Arabians  ilul  not  reach  Kurope.  '1  lio 
knowled^M'  n\'  itieir  discoveries  was  ret^erved  for  aj;eB 
capattte  of comprehendin<<  and  ot  perhrlinu  ttoiii. 

Hy  deLTces  ttie  calamines  jirid  tlesolalion  bionnht 
upon  Ihe  vveslerti  prnviitcth  of  llie  Rom.iii  empire  hy 
its  t)art>arous  eompientrs  ^verc  lor;>ulleii.  .iiid  in  sonie 
measiiro  repaired  Ttie  riidc  lril>es  wln<  ti  sellttd  tlirre 
acipiirinu  insensibly  some  idea  ol  leMul.ir  Mnveriiim'iit, 
ami  some  rebsh  tor  ttie  tnnclioiis  ami  comlorls  of  civil 
life. Kurope  tie^iaii  to  awake  Iroiii  its  torpid  and  inactive 
state,  'I'tie  first  t<yniploiith  ot  revival  were  ttiscemeM  in 
Italy.  The  norltiiTii  trihes  wliii-h  took  possession  of  this 
country, made  pro<.'ress  in  improvement  with  greater  ra- 
pidity Itian  ttie  people  SI  tiled  in  ollu-r  parlstd  Kurope. 
Various  causes,  w  fuel)  it  is  not  l!ic  object  of  itiis  work 
to  enumerate  orexplain.  concurred  in  rchlormy  liberty 
and  independence  to  the  cities  <d  Italy.  The  ac<piisi- 
lioiiof  these  roused  iriduslry,  and  i>ave  motion  and  vi- 
tror  to  all  the  active  powers  of  the  human  minil.  Fo- 
reign commerce  revived,  naviuation  wasallended  to 
and  improved.  Ctiiistantinople  became  itie  diief  mart 
to  wtiich  the  Italians  resorted.  There  itiey  not  only 
met  with  a  favorable  reception,  tint  oht.iine<l  sucli  mer- 
cantile privibiiCH  as  enatdi-d  ihein  to  e.irry  on  trade 
with  ijreat  advantaue.  They  were  supplied  hoth  wilh 
the  preciouH  commodities  of  ihe  cast,  and  witti  many 
curious  manufactures,  (he  product  of  ancient  arts  and 
in^enuily  whicti  still  sut>sisled  amoim  the  CJreeks  As 
ihe  lal)or  and  expense  ofcimveyinu  the  prodnclions  o( 
India  to('nnstantiiiople  t)y(hat  lonuaiMJ  ni.nrectcourso 

whicti  I  have  deseritted,  rendered  tin ireniely  rare, 

and  of  an  exorbitant  price,  the  indusiiv  id  ttie  Italians 
discovered  ottivr  melliods  of  procurinir  (tiern  in  trrealer 
atmmlaiice  and  at  an  easier  rale.  Ttn-y  soinetiines 
purchased  ttieni  in  Aleppo,  Tripoli,  and  other  ports  on 
tlie  coast  of  ^Syria,  to  whicti  they  were  brouj/lit  liy  a 
route  not  UTiknown  to  the  ancients.  Ttiey  were  con- 
veyed from  India  Uy  sea  npttie  Persian  (iidf,  and  as- 
cending ttie  Knpliratcs  and  Tt;.'n.-)  as  far  ;ts  lla<{ilad, 
were  carried  hy  land  across  the  desert  of  Palmyra,  a'ld 
from  thoncs  to  the  tavtrniun  the  Mcditermiteii!!.    \S*i\ 


ipr.     Con 

(icrco  in 

oi  Luropt*, 

ivcrajic    In 

(llM'ti\ITIt'« 

|)lniilnr  Niil>> 
■t'ij,'ii  cuuii- 
iiiinni'il  to 
'I'ViTv  utht'r 
|iiini>|)lf  (lid 
uchi|irljifro 
*k  ;i  \%i(lrr 
|li('  iiiu'it'iils 

[h  ttirii  trniii 
Juhfry  nl  iho 
Irli  liir  |iri)- 
<'riHliiii(iiiii- 
tiir  iiM  (littt 
|lri(riK|M>rt4'J 
\\  \>ruvvvih'tl 
liny  ni- 
frinl  U\  Liiid 
[tlir  i.iixjiifl 
Jird  Ihi'inir- 
[»•  ul  Convey. 
It  I  111'  viulfiit 
ilinnplr  find 
•iH  ii  hjirci- 
lliry  ciirrird 
•'filfiaC,  dii- 
I  t)t  Kurupe, 
i'»  wnu   Htill 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


from  thi'  Irnjjlh  of  the  joiimey.nml  Iho  dtiiisFrrH  to  whirh 
lilt'  CHritvniiH  wiTo  oxpitflnl.thiii  provnl  nlwiiys  n  tnlioiiD 
ind  nlli'ii  11  prrrariiiUH  iiuhIi'  of  ninvpviiimv  At  lrni:tli 
tif  Sulil.tim  nl  Ki:.V|it.  hiiviiii;  rt'vivr.i  Hm  minimnr 
wilt  lihliii  in  iiM  i>iH'i'>iit  rliiiniii-l.  hy  till*  Aniliiahltiiir, 
III  Ihiliaii  iiirrr'  .'/.x.  iioiwilltHtitriiliiit!  (hf  vinlnil  iiii- 
tiji.t'.liy  In  r.irli  ihi'T  with  wliicli  riiriHliiiiM  ami  the 
in||ii\'rr>»  nf  M  iiiiuH't  wiTt'  ihcn  pnnwcKiitcil,  ri'|iairi'tl  in 
Alrxaihiri.i,  and  nKlurini;.  from  tin-  ln\p  nt'  pun.  tlir 
inMoliMiT  andrxartiiiMriortlH'  MalH)iiit>lanK,fi(laliiiNhril 
II  liirralivr  triulc  in  that  pnri,  Kmtn  tliat  prrrml  tin; 
roiniiitTc'i'il  Hpirit  nC  Italy  luTaiiit'  active  and  rnlerpri- 
Hiuii  Vi-nici'.  (JciKia.  IMsa,  mm-  from  inronHideralilc 
InwMH  to  hr  |i(ip(iloi)i«  ainj  wtMJthy  riticti  Their  imval 
power  incrraM'd  ;  llieir  veHselM  Ireqiiented  lint  only  alt 
ltie|inrl>«  in  (lie  Mediterranean. hut  venturinifKniiirlniieit 
hcyond  thf  tttraitM.  visited  the  miritinie  tnwmt  of  Spaiti. 
Krancp.  iho  Low  rniintneH,  mtd  Kfpjiariil  ,  and.  liy 
dlMlrihiitiiii;  their  mnnniHlitii-H  nver  Kiirnpe,  he^an  to 
conintiinieate  to  iiK  vurinuri  nalinnt  hoiiio  taMe  fnr  the 
valualdeproiltK'riniiH  oftlie  KaMi,  aH  well  an  tmrneideaM 
of  niannfaetnreM  and  arts,  which  were  then  unknown 
liryniut  the  pr<>rinrli«  id' llalv 

While  theciiieHof  Italy  were  thus  advanrinj;  in 
their  career  of  irnprnveinrfit,  an  event  hap|jcneil.  the 
mnftt  eYtrannlinary,  perhaps,  in  thehiKtnry  .*f  inaiikirid. 
which. instead  of  relar<liri(r  thr  cnnunerrial  prnirreKH  nl 
the  Italians  rendered  it  innre  rapid  I'he  inarlial 
spirit  nf  the  Kurnpean.i,  hei<;liteni'd  and  intlanied  hy 
rrliiiinus  zeal,  pmnipted  thetii  tn  attempt  the  di'liver- 
aiice  nf  the  llnlv  l.aml  frntn  the  durnitiinii  (d'hilidi'ls 
Vafit  armies  cnitipoNcd  of  all  the  nations  in  Murnpc 
marched  tnward^t  Asia  upun  this  wild  enterprise.  The 
(icnncse,  the  Pih-Mis.  anil  Veoitians,  furnished  the 
transports  which  carrieil  them  thiiher  They  supplied 
them  with  pmvisiiins  and  nnhlary  htnren.  Ilesideslhe 
immense  niiiiis  which  they  received  on  this  account. 
they  oMairieil  cnmniercia!  privileijes  and  estahlish 
mt'iils  of  lire, it  cnrise»|ui'iice  in  the  settlements  which 
the  ('(U'i.idiTs  made  in  I'.iJeNiine.  ;irid  in  other  pro\in- 
rns  nf  Aoia  Kmm  ihnse  snurccs,  prndii^inus  wealth 
flowed  intn  (lie  cities  which  I  have  rncntinned  This 
was  accompanied  with  a  pmpnriinnid  increase  nf  pow- 
er :  and.  hy  the  ernj  of  the  Mnly  War.  Vernce  in  parli- 
pular  hf'catne  a  i/re.it  maritime  slate,  pnsse-snii;  an  ex- 
leniive  commerce  and  ample  territories.  Italy  wu"  not 
the  only  country  in  which  the  crusades  contrihuted  to 
rpvjve  ami  dilfuse  such  a  spirit  as  prepared  t^umpe 
(or  future  ilisco\ories  I(y  their  expedilhms  into  Asia, 
the  other  Kuropean  nations  hecame  well  actpiainted 
with  remote  re^iinjiM.  which  formerly  they  knew  ordy 
hy  name,  or  hy  the  reports  of  i<Tnorai>t  and  credidons 
pillfrims  They  had  an  nppitrtunity  td  oliservin<;  the 
inanners.  the  arts,  and  the  accnunnntlatinns  id  pen 
pie  more  pnlished  than  themselves.  This  intercourse 
lietweeii  the  Kast  and  West  subsisted  almost  tvvo  ren- 
Itiries.  The  adventurers  who  returned  fnmi  .Xsi.i. 
rounuuiiicated  to  their  cnuutrymen  the  ideas  which 
Ihev  had  acipitred.  ami  the  hahusoftih-  they  had  coii- 
traclcd  hy  visitini!  more  ret'med  naiioriH  The  Kiim- 
peai's  hej^ati  lo  he  sensihle  c(  wants  with  wliiih  they 
were  firmerlv  unacipiainted;  newdesires  were  excited; 
and  such  a  taste  for  the  ciHumixlilies  and  arts  nf  nther 
eonnlries  (rrailually  spri'ail  amnni;  them,  that  tliey  nni 
ordv  encnnrai,'ed  the  resort  of  (nrenriiers  to  their  har- 
hors.  hut  heirati  In  perceive  the  adv. intakes  and  neces- 
fiitv  of  applyiuu  tn  cnitnnerce  themselves. 

This  eommunicatiiui,  which  was  opened  hetween 
Europe  anil  the  western  pi  >vinces  nf  Asia,  encnurajxe  I 
several  persniis  tn  advance  far  hcynmlthe  counlrieh  in 
which  the  Crusaders  carried  or  iheir  nperatinn-i,  and 
tn  travel  hy  land  intn  the  mnre  remnte  and  opnieni  re- 
gious  .d'tlie  Kast,  The  wild  fanaticism,  which  seems 
at  that  period  to  have  inin<rlrd  in  all  the  schemes  of  in- 
diviitii:'.ls.  no  less  than  in  all  the  counsel  of  nations, 
first  incited  men  t. tenter  U)ion  those  Inni;  and  danger- 
ous pereirrinations  They  wereaflerwards  undertaken 
friMii  prospects  of  commercial  aitv:inta<;e.  or  frnin  mo- 
lives  of  mere  curiosity.  Benjamin,  a  Jew  of  Tudela, 
in  the  kin<rilom  of  Navarre,  possessed  with  a  siiper- 
fctili(>us  veneration  for  the  law  nf  Moses,  and  solicit- 
ous t()  visit  his  countrymen  in  the  Kast,  whom  he  ho- 
ped to  find  in  such  a  state  of  power  and  opid  >nce  as 
rniirht  redound  to  the  honor  of  his  sect,  set  nut  from 
Spain,  in  the  year  I  ITit).  and  travcllinjj  hy  land  tn  Cnii- 
Htanttnnple,  proeeeiled  throui;h  the  countries  to  ihe 
north  of  the  Mux  I  lie  and  Caspian  Seas. as  far  as  Chinese 
Tarl:iry.  From  thence  he  look  his  mule  towards  the 
Bouth.  and  atler  traversin*;  varitHis  provinces  of  the 
further  India.heemharkedon  the  Indian  Ocean,  visited 
wveral  of  its  islandri,  and  returned  at  the  end  of  thir- 
tfui  ycnm,  by  the  way  of  t'gypt.  lo  Kurope,  with  much 


infitrinntion  con<:erninp  n  large  lintrict  of  tho  (iIiiIm»»I- 
toijelher  unknown  at  that  time  to  the  western  world 
The  7.eal  ol  the  heii.l  ;.'f  tlie  (Miristiaii  <'hurch  conpe- 
rated  with  the  superstition  of  llenjamin  the  .lew  in  dis- 
coverini;  the  interit>r  and  remote  provnices  of  .Asia 
.•\  II  Christt'ildnmhavin^heen  alarmed  with  I  he  accounts 
of  Ihe  rapid  proun-ss  ot  the  Tart.ir  arms  under  /tnms 
Khan  flSUi.]  Innocent  I V.  who  enlertained  most  ex- 
iilled  ideas  cnncernini;  the  plenitude nt  his  nwn  iiower, 
and  the  suhmissioii  due  to  his  injunc(iom>,  sent  I-  ather 
John  de  I'lano  ('arpmi.  at  the  head  of  a  mission  nf 
Franciscan  monks,  and  Father  Ascotino,  althe  head  ol 
Domininatis,  to  enjoin  Kayuk  Kalin.  the  «rrandsi>n  of 
Zen^is,  who  was  then  at  the  head  i>f  the  T.irlar  em- 
pire, to  embrace  the  Chri-^tiaii  faith,  and  to  desist  from 
desolatint(  ihe  earth  hy  his  arms  The  haiiirhty  de- 
scendant n(  the  yreatest  conqueriT  Asia  had  ever  he- 
held,  astonished  at  this  strange  mandate  from  an 
Italian  priest,  whose  n  inie  ami  jurisdiction  \>  "re  alike 
unknown  tn  him,  rcceiveil  it  with  the  cnniempi  which 
it  merited,  thnugh  he  dismissed  the  mcndicantH  who 
deliveri'd  it  with  impunity  Hut  as  they  had  penetra- 
ted into  the  country  hy  ihtVerent  mules,  and  Inllnwed 
for  Home  time  the  Tartar  camps,  which  were  always  in 
mnlinn,  they  had  an  o,iporlunity  nf  visitini;  a  great  part 
nf  Asia.  Carpini.who  pri>ceeiled  hy  the  way  ufPolaml 
and  Uussia. travelled  through  its  imrlhern  prnvinces  as 
far  as  Ihe  extremities  of  Thibet.  AscoIiihi,  whnseemH 
to  have  landed  some  where  in  Syria,  advanced  lliroui!h 
its  sntithern  provinces  into  the  interior  parts  ot  Persia. 

i\'ot  long  allcr.  [Iv:.'):il  Si  Knuis  nf  France  con. 
tributed  further  towards  extending  the  knowledge 
which  the  I'uri'peans  had  begun  to  acipiire  of  those 
distant  regions.  Snine  designing  impostor,  who  took 
ailvantage  nfthe  slender  acipiainlauce  of  ('hristendoru 
with  the  state  and  character  of  tlie  Asiatic  nations, 
tiaving  informed  him  that  a  powerful  Khan  nfthe  Tar 
tars  had  embraced  the  <*hrisliau  faith,  the  monarch 
hstcned  tn  the  tale  with  pious  creduhiv,  and  instantly 
resnhed  tn  send  auibassadnrs  lo  this  illuhtrious  I'on- 
vert,  with  a  vii>w  nf  enticing  him  to  alt.ick  iheir  com 
mnn  enemy  the  Saracens  in  one  ipiarter.  while  he  bdl 
upon  them  in  another.  As  monks  were  the  only  per- 
sons in  that  aL'e  who  possessed  such  a  dc^r d'ku.iw 

Ic'lge  as  ipiahlied  tlicin  for  a  scr\ice  o|  this  kind  be 
employed  in  it  Father  .\iidrew.  a  .laeobine.  who  was 
followed  by  Father  Williiim  de  Kiiliruipiis,  a  Francis 
can  With  respect  to  the  progress  of  the  Inrincr,  there 
IS  no  memorial  extant.  The  journal  of  the  latter  has 
been  published  lie  was  admitted  into  the  presence 
of  Mangu,  ihe  third  Khan  in  succession  fmm  Zengis. 
and  made  a  circuit  through  the  interior  parts  uf  .Xsia. 
more  extensive  than  that  of  any  Kurnpeun  who  had 
hitherln  explored  them. 

To  thosetriveliers  whom  rcliiriniiH  7.eal  sent  forth  to 
visit  Asia,  succeeded  ntljers  »hn  ventured  intn  remote 
countries  fmui  the  prospect  of  I'oimni'rcial  advanlaL;e. 
'•r  t'mm  motives  of  mere  curii)sitv.  Thi'  tirsl  and  iimst 
eminent  of  tlu'se  was  Marco  Polo,  a  N'l'iietian  ot'  a 
noble  family  Having  engaged  early  m  trade  [Ititi.'). 
according  to  the  custmn  of  his  counlrv.  his  aspiring 
mind  wished  ti-r  a  spheri'  of  activity  more  extensive 
than  wa<i  atfonled  lo  it  tty  the  estaldishcil  tratlic  carried 
on  in  those  ports  <d  Kiirope  and  .Xsia  which  the  \'i-iii- 
li;M)s  frcipi'Mitcd  This  prompted  him  In  travel  intn 
uiiknnwn  I'liunlrics.  in  expectation  nf  opening  a  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  them  nnuc  suited  In  the  sail- 
giiirie  ideas  and  hopes  of  a  young  adventurer. 

As  his  f.iiherhail  already  carrnd  some  JOuropean 
ciunrnoitities  lo  the  court  of  the  great  Khan  of  the 
Tartars,  and  b,id  disposed  id'  ihciii  to  advantage,  he 
resorted  thither  liider  the  proieclinn  of  Kublay 
Khan,  the  mohl  powerful  f>f  all  the  successors  of  Zen- 
gis. hi-  continued  his  mercantile  peregrinations  tn 
Asia  upwards  of  tweuty-six  years;  and  during  that 
time  advanced  towards  the  ea^t,  far  beyniid  the  ulinnst 
boundaries  to  which  any  Kuro|M'an  traveller  had  ever 
proceeded.  Instead  of  following  the  course  of  Carpini 
and  llubriipiis.  along  the  vast  unpeopled  plains  id' 
Tartary,  he  passed  ihrttnoh  Ihe  chief  trading  cities  in 
the  more  cultivated  p. irts  of  Asia,  and  penetrated  lo 
('ainbalu,  or  Peking,  the  capital  nf  the  great  kmgdont 
of  (-atliav,  or  ('hina.  Hubject  at  that  time  to  the  huc- 
cesKors  of  Zengis.  He  made  more  than  one  voyage 
on  the  Indian  ocean  ;  he  traded  in  many  oftlie  islando 
fmm  which  Kiimpe  had  long  received  Bpiceries  and 
other  coinnindiiies  whi<-li  it  belit  in  high  estimation, 
tbtuigh  nnacipiaiuied  vviih  the  p.irlicniar  couutriiH  to 
which  it  was  indebted  for  those  preeions  priHluctions  ; 
and  he  obtained  iuformalion  concerning  several  coun- 
tries which  he  did  not  visit  in  ^wrson,  particularly  the 
island  Zipaiigri.  probably  the  same  iiuw  known  by  the 


Tiama  of  Japan.  On  hin  retiii  ,  hit  asloniiheil  hii  con- 
temporaries with  hindeHeriptiiiniiofvaiit  regjons  whoM 
names  had  never  been  heard  of  in  Hiirope,  and  wilh 
such  pompous  accouniN  of  their  lertihty,  iheir  popu> 
loiisnesii,  tticir  opulence,  the  variety  of  their  maim* 
factures,  and  the  extent  of  their  trade,  as  rorfo  far 
above  the  conceptimi  of  an  uninformed  age 

About  half  a  century  after  Marco  Pido  [UVi'i.]  Sir 
John  Mandeville,  an  Knglishmnn,  encouraged  hv  hit 
example,viKiiedmostof  iheconntrieHin  the  Kant  which 
he  had  dcscrilH'd,  and,  like  him,  published  uii  account 
of  them.  The  iiarralioiiM  of  these  early  traveller! 
abound  with  many  wild  incoherent  tales,  concerning 
giants,  enchanters,  and  monsters,  lint  they  were  not 
from  that  circumstance  lesn  acceptable  In  an  ignorant 
age.  which  delighted  in  what  was  inarvellmis  Thn 
wonders  vshicli  they  told,  mostly  on  hearsay,  lilb'ilthH 
muliitiide  with  adnnralion.  The  ficlA  which  thev  re- 
lated from  their  own  observ.ition  altracled  the  attention 
of  the  fnore  discerning.  The  former,  which  may  bn 
considered  as  ihe  popular  traililioris  and  fables  nf  ;li« 
cnuntricH  through  whit  h  they  bad  passed, were  gradu- 
ally disregarded  afl  Kurope  advanced  in  kimwledge. 
The  laMer,  however  incredible  some  of  them  may  have 
appeared  in  their  own  time,have  Immui  confirmed  by  thti 
ohservntionH  of  modern  travellers  Hy  means  of  bnlh, 
hnweser.  thu  curiosity  of  mankind  was  exciu-d  with 
respect  lo  the  remote  parts  of  the  earth  ;  their  ideas 
were  enlarged  ;  and  they  were  nnt  nidy  insensibly  dia- 
pnsed  to  atleinpt  new  discnverii'S,  but  received  such 
intormalion  as  directed  to  that  particular  course  in 
which  these  were  anerw:trds  carried  nil. 

While  this  spirit  was  gradually  firming  in  Kiirope,  a 
fortnnatediHcnvery  was  made,  wbii'li  cnntribnied  morn 
than  all  theelfnrts  and  ingenuity  of  the  prei-eding  ageM 
to  imprnve  and  tn  extend  navigation  That  womlerlul 
property  of  the  magnet. by  winch  it  communicates  such 
virtue  to  a  neetlle  or  slender  nsl  of  iron  as  to  point  to- 
wards the  poles  of  thecailh,  was  observed  'I'he  us« 
wdiich  might  bi>  made  of  this  in  direi-ting  navigation 
was  immediately  perceived.  That  valualde,  hut  now 
familiar  instrument.  Ihe  mariner's  c;i'iipass  was  con- 
structed When  by  means  of  it  navigators  found  that, 
at  all  seasiMis  and  in  every  place,  they  could  discover 
the  nnrtli  and  snulh  with  so  much  ease  and  aceuracv.it 
became  no  longer  necessary  lo  depend  merely  on  the 
light  of  Ihe  stars  and  the  observation  id' the  sea  coast. 
They  gradually  abandoned  their  ancient  timid  and 
lingering  course  along  the  shore,  ventured  hnldlv  inip 
the  ocean,  ami  relying  on  tin-  new  guide,  coubl  steer 
in  the  darkest  night,  and  uiali-r  the  mohl  cloudy  sky, 
with  a  security  and  precision  hitherto  unknown.  Tho 
compass  may  be  said  to  have  opeiu'd  to  ii.an  the  do* 
minion  of  the  sea.  and  lo  have  put  him  in  full  posses- 
sion of  the  earth,  by  enabling  him  to  visit  every  part  of 
It  Flavin  <iinia.  a  citizen  it(  .Ahnali,  a  town  of  con- 
siderable trade  in  the  kingdom  of  .Naples,  was  the  au- 
thor of  this  great  discovery,  about  the  year  otw  ihiui' 
Kami  three  hundred  and  two.  It  hath  bi-en  nften  the 
f.ite  of  innse  illu.-<lrioiis  henefactnrs  of  mankind  whi 
have  enriched  science  and  imprnved  the  arts  bv  Iheir 
inventions,  lo  derive  more  reputation  than  benelit  from 
the  happy  efforts  of  their  genius  Miit  the  lot  ofliinin 
has  been  still  mnre  cruel  ,  lhrou>!hthe  inattention  or 
ignorance  nf  contemporary  hislorians.  he  has  been  de- 
frauded even  of  ihe  l.ime  to  which  he  had  such  a  just 
title  We  receive  from  them  no  iuformalion  with  re- 
spect to  his  prott-ssion,  his  character,  the  precise  lime 
when  be  made  this  importani  diM-nvery,or  I  he  accidents 
and  impiiries  which  led  to  it.  The  knowledge  of  this 
event,  though  |iroihiclive  of  greater  elfects  than  any 
recoriled  in  the  annals  nf  thehuman  race.isiransinilted 
tn  lis  without  any  uf  those  circumstances  which  can 
gralil'y  the  curiosity  that  il  naturally  awakens.  Uui 
though  the  use  uf  the  compass  might  enable  I  he  Italiami 
lo  perform  the  short  voyages  to  which  thev  were  ac- 
custimicd  with  greater  security  and  expedition,  its  in- 
fluence was  not  80  sudden  or  extensive  as  immediately 
to  nndcr  navigation  advenlUMiUf.,and  In  excite  a  spirit 
of  discovery.  Many  causes  combined  in  preventing 
this  lieiielicial  inveiilion  from  producing  ils  full  etfecl 
inslanlanenusly.  Men  relimpiish  ancient  habits  slowly 
and  wilh  reluctance.  They  are  averse  to  new  expen- 
inenls,  attd  venture  upon  them  with  limiditv  The 
commercial  jealousy  of  the  Italians,  it  is  probable  la- 
bored to  conceal  the  happy  discovery  (d'  their  country- 
men from  other  natmns.  The  art  nf  hteering  by  the 
cunipasH  with  such  skill  and  accuracy  as  tu  inspire  a 
full  confidencein  its  direciinn.was  acquired  gradually. 
Sailnrs  unaccustomed  to  tpiit  the  sight  nf  land,  durst 
not  launch  out  at  once  and  commit  theniselves  to  un- 
known seas.  Accurdint{ly,  near  half  a  ceiUury  elapsotl 


Tl 


ROBKRTSON'S    HTSTORY    OF 


B 


Itrnm  the  time  of  Oioin'H  diM-ovrrvi  iM^toro  niivi^fuinrs  lirit^hii'itiM)  ainnnif  the  Portiiiiui'Mr.    A  tirrco  civil  war  liiitf  iliKcovrry.  hihI  whu  wiu  iinitniiltMl  with  Hnlorthut 
venttinnl  into  any  im*;u  wliiili  they  ti;itl  not  Iweii lu'cii*    towar(l<«  (lie  ctoNr  »l  lli**  foiirU'ciilh  ri>n(ury,ornit>iiHH'il  woiilil   iMTMrvcrr   in  hpitt*  ol  uhfliirtrit   atid    ri'|iuli 


tomrtl  to  rrrqiKMit, 

TliH  tiritt  a|i)H';iraiici*  of  a  litililpr  iipirit  mav  beilntcil 
fmm  ttip  ifi'Viiati*  of  tlir  Himiiiitnls  li»  llu*  (!iiiiiiry  or 
FortiiiiiUr  UlaixU  My  what  iicriilciil  itiry  wrM<  tr<l 
to  thp  ilJKCovi'rv  ot  (hiiMi'  mtiitll  i^l•>ll,\v||il■tt  lit*  nrtir  i\\*' 
ht:n«lrr(l  riiilfii  iVuiit  ihr  Spiutifih  roaRt.aiul  iiliovr  n  litiii- 
ilrrdanil  linyimlr»'l'ri>milirfiia«liilArrira.rnnli'in|M)rn- 
ry  \vril<'M  have  not  r\|)lainril.  Diit,  about  tlu*  iitiilillr  ul' 
thr  r«>iir(i-rhlh  n-nliiry.  titr  )m><>|i|i>  ui  itll  llir  ililVrn  nl 
kini{(li)iiiii  mill  which  Spiiin  wan  then  thviilrd,  were  ar- 


hv    a  ilitt)iulril    (tttcrcNNt'in,    aiiuiiHMtlcd   the   mihlary    lla)p|iily  t'<>r    I'orln^al.  nlir  iMuriil  all  :lii>N<'  ipiulilir*  in 
arilor  itl'  lh<>  nalloit,  ami  Inrmnl   ur  callnl  forth   tiini    llciiry  Duke  nf  N'irMCo,  ihi- Imirth  mhii  nt  Kim;  Jiihn.h* 


1(1 


iiiilcrtakiii 


nu  uciiiu*  an   arc  lit    for  holil  ]  lMiih|i|ia  of  l.ancaHlcr.NJntrr  ol  llmry  \\  kn'jj  •')  Kiijf. 


cxcrv  ►tiiir  l>v  the  do 


The  ttiliialinn  of  the  kiitL'dom. hounded  j  land.    'Ih.tl  priiice.  in   Iiin  enrlx  vi>ntli,  lr.i\iiiu  i 


liitwirliil '  |iiinicd  hiH  f.illier  in  liin  e\|i(-iiiiiMn  to  H.irlMn,  d>Min 


•d  to 


make  luraticiil  rxctimionfl 


thilli 


lier;  in  or- 


der to  ittiindcr  Ihc  inhahilantii,  or  to  carry  them  otl'aM 
sjaveii  Clement  VI  ,  in  virtue  of  the  ri^ht  rIaiiiHMl 
by  the  Holy  See  to  diK|H)Ke  of  all  countries  poNMetiieil 


by  Inliilelit 


I  the 


Inhilelit,  erecled  thoHe  ikIcm  into  a  kinuiloni  in 
yrur  one  thoiiMaiid  three  hundred  and  forty  four,  and 
conferred  it  mx  |rf>wiM  de  la  Cerda.  dcdcendctl  from  the 
royal  faiiiil>  oft'aNtile.  Hut  ihul  unforttinate  prince. 
deHliliite  of  power  to  aNi*iTt  Inn  nommiil  title,   liavni;! 


neiirhlonr,  did  not  aMord  free  M<ipe  to  the  activity  (if  i  tiniHlicil  lumHi'lf  !>y  many  ditdM  uf  v.ilor     To  ihe  nar- 
I  he  lNirl(i<Miet«e  hv  land,  an  the  Mreiiiilh  of  their  moit-  jllal  i*piril.  which  wan  Ihc  cli.it  •irlrriNlie  ide\i'r%  tianufl 

' ■  J.Kh. 

II* 

,  wliirli  were  then  nil 


rhv  Wii 


I  match  for  that  (df\tHtile.    MiK  Portiiual ,  imhle  hirlh  at  Ihal  hrnc,  lii>  added  alt  tin 


waH  .1  inarilime  ulate,  in 


which  there  were  maiiv  coin- 


.Ml 


modioiiMitarlHirK  .  the  p'ople  had  iH'yiin  to  make  Home 
pro^reHH  in  tlie  knowledge  and  practice  of  navigation, 


iiml  till*  iieaw:*Ho|H>n  to  then).  prmrnlinK    Ihe  onl 
held   lor  enlerpiiie   in  which  tliey  cuuld  diHtinttuiii 


'lenmeiveii 


Stieh  wan  the  Hrite  nf  Portusnl,  and  Htirh  the  din- 
poiillion  of  Ihe  peop'e  when  John  I.,  mirnained  Ihe 
Itatttard,  ohlamcd  Hcciire  ,  oniieiiition  of  ihe  crown  hy 
the  peace  concluded  with  (  u  tile,  in  the  year  tuie 
ihouKand  four  hundred  and  eleven.      Me  waH  a  princi 


never  visited  ihe    ranarie*.    John  de   Itetliencourl,  a  |  ,if  L'reat  mciit,  wh  »,  hy  tiiiperior  c  >tn  life  :ind  HlulilieN, 

hiiil  opened  hilt  way  to  a  throne  which  of  rijfhl  did  lint 
'  ""   '  ilh.i  it  would  he 

nnpoHNihte  lo  prcHerM'  ptihiic  order  i>r  dom-'nlic  Iran- 
(polity,  without  llndinir  Home  employineiit  fori'-ercsl- 
tcxH  ttpiril  of  hJM  ttnljcctii.  \\  ilti  tliiM  view  lieaKHem'.  I*'d 
,i  iinmeroiiii  llrel  ut  l.ihhon,  compoHcd  of  all  Ihe  idiip^^ 
which  lie  could  I'll  out  in  liiR  own  kiiiijdom.and  of  many 
hired  from  foreijjiierM  ThiN  ureal  armament  wiotdex 
Imed  lo  attack  the  Moorn  Kcllled  on  the  eoiHt  id'  Mar 
hary  [1112  ]  U'hile  it  was  eijuippinif.  «  f<'W  vcmhcIh 
were  app'^intcd  It  r>ail  almii.'  tlie  wextern  idiore  id  At 
rica,  hounded  hy  Ihe  Athniiic  oeeim.  and  lo  diM-over 
the  (inknown  eoiintiieK  tiilii.iled  there.  Krom  thix  in- 
coiiHideridde  atlempt.  we  max  dale  theciiMmicnccmciil 
oflhat  spirit  ol' lli^cl*^e^y  which  opened  the  harrier^ 
which  had  mo  Uiw^  oSiit  out  mankind  from  the  ktiow- 
ledL'eofonr  h.df  of  the  lein>lrial  ulnhe 

Al  Ihe  (iiiie  when  .hditi  hcnt  forthlhcKe  iihipfi  on  thiit 
new  vtiv-iiie.  the  art  id'  na%i^'alioii  was  still  very  imper- 
fect Thou'jh  Africa  lay  ko  near  lo  Portih.'al.  and  the 
ferldilv  ot  the  coniitiics  a'ready  known  on  thai  con- 
lineiit  invited  men  lo  exp|i»re  it  more  fully,  the  l*ortu 


Norman  h.iron,  ohtanied  a  urant  ulljiem  from  Jlenry 

III.  of  Cattlde.     Hi'thencoiirt,  with  the  v, dour  and  jjood  Ijirloni;  lohiiii     He  iiixlanlly  pcrcc 

lortnne  which  iliMlin<fuished    llie    adwnturer»t  of  hi>> 

rounlry,  altempied  and  ellecled  the  coniiui-Ht  ;  and  the 

fioKNeNMiun  of  the  <*anaricN  remained  I'-ir  sitme  Imie  in 
lin  faouly.  a»  a  tief  held  ■►!'  the  crown  o|'  t 'nslile  I're 
vioiiH  lo  ihiFt  expcdihon  ol'  nclheiieoitrt,  his  country 
men  settled  in  .Normandy  are  waid  lo  have  visited  the 
ruast  vt  Africa. and  to  |ia\e  proceeded  far  to  the  houIIi 
of  I  he  (.'aiiary  Islands  1 1'Jti.'i}  Hot  their  voyaifeit  Ihilher 
iieein  not  id  have  hceii  niidert.ikeii  in  conneipience  <d 
any  puhlic  or  re^'ular  pl.m  for  exlendmu  iiaviLiation 
bihI  ullemptini;  new  di^co\t-rieit  Thev  were  either 
eKcurvioiiR  f>u<rt.resle(l  hy  that  rovniir  piratical  Hpiril 
which  deseendtd  to  the  S'ormaiis  from  Ihrii  iinceslom. 
or  the  coiminTcial  enicrprises  of  private  merchaiiU, 
which  attracted  Holiide  iiniice  t.hat  hardly  any  memo- 
rial of  them  i«  lo  he  fiuiid  in  eonlemporary  authorx. — 
In  e  L'cneral  iturvey  of  the  pro-rress  of  discovery,  it  i»< 
■iiincient  to  have  mentioned  tins  event  ,  and  le:(v  iiijij  it 
Aiiion>; those  ofdutiiouN  evisttiu'e,  or  of  small  import- 
ance, we  may  CMiK-liide,  that  itoii^h  much  additiointl 
information  cimcermn^  the  remote  rcjjioiii)  of  the  Kast 
had  been  received  hy  iravellerH  who  visited  Uiem  by 
land,  navij;alion  at  the  bciTinnin^  of  Ihe  titieenth  cen 
lury  had   not  advanced    bevond  the  stale  to  which  it 


lury 

had   attained   before  the  downfall  uf  ihu  Kumun  em- 
pire. 

At  length  Ihe  periinl  arrived,  when  Provith-nre  de- 
creetl  that  men  were  to  pasM  ihe  |iiiiit«  within  which 
they  had  been  so  bnii!  conllncil,an<l  open  to  iheniHelven 
a  more  ample  tield  wbercin  to  displ.ty  their  talents, 
their  eitterfiriHe,  and  courage.  The  lirxt  cotniiderable 
eflorU  towariU  thix  were  not  imnle  by  any  of  the  more 
|H>werf<il  MlateM  of  Kurop*-,  <(r  by  ihose  who  had  aj»- 
plied  to  naviirntioii  with  the  i.'^eale^t  asKiduity  and  xiic- 
cens.  Tlie  iflory  of  IcadiiiK  the  way  m  this  new  career 
waH  renerved  h>r  Portugal, one  of  the  smallest  and  least 
powerful  of  the  Kurnpean  kinu'doniM.  As  the  altemplK 
of  the  Porlui;ucse  to  ac(piire  the  knovvled^re  id' those 
parlH  of  the  ^lobe  with  which  mankind  were  then  un- 
HOjuainted,  not  only  improved  and  extended  the  art  of 
navij;alioii,  but  roused  kucIi  a  Hpirit  uf  cutiooily  and 
enterprise  hh  led  to  the  discovery  of  the  New  World. 
of  which  I  propoHe  lo  write  the  htHlory,  it  in  neceHsary 
totakf  a  full  view  of  Ihe  ri«e,  ihe  pro},'reH8,  and  »uc- 
ce^sof  their  variouK  naval  operations  It  watt  inlhis 
school  that  the  diacovcfer  of  America  wan  trained; 
and  unlctts  we  trace  the  ittepii  by  which  bin  imdruclorti 
and  jrniiles  advanred,  it  will  !«  impostiible  to  compre- 
hend the  circumitance.4  wh'ch  su^uesledlhe  idea,  or 
facilitated  the  execution, of  his  great  desitfn. 

VariouM  circunihtanccM  prompted  the  Portii^neie  to 
exert  their  activity  in  thiri  new  direclion,  and  enabled 
them  to  accomplish  undertakingM  apparently  8U|ierior 
to  the  natural  force  of  their  monarchy.  The  Uiiifrs  of 
Portugal,  havinj;  driven  the  Moors  out  of  their  domin- 
ionii,  had  acquired  p(tvver  as  well  as  glory,  by  the  suc- 
cess of  their  arms,  aj^ainst  the  Infidel*.  By  their  vic- 
tories over  them,  they  had  extended  the  royal  authori- 
ty beyond  the  narrow  limits  within  wJiich  it  was  ori- 
ginally circumscribed  in  Portugal,  as  well  as  in  other 
feudal  kinifdomfc.  They  had  the  coimnaud  of  the  na- 
tional force,  could  rouse  it  lo  art  with  united  viyour. 
and.  afler  the  expulsmn  of  the  Moors,  could  employ  it 
withimt  dread  of  interruption  fnmi  any  diineslic  enemy. 
By  the  perpetual  hostilities  carried  on  Ir  severu!  luu- 
tunes  against  the  Mahomcliins.the  mai^ial  and  adven- 
turous apmt  which  distm^^ruished  all  the  Kuropean 
DatioDfl  during  the  middle  ages    was  improved  and 


meniN  of  a  more  cMlinhlened  und  polothcd  av* 
cultivated  ti.e  arts  and  ncie 
known  and  despineit  hy  persons  (d  Inn  rank  He  a)i- 
plied  with  |)eculiar  fondness  to  i lie Mudy  of  tirojfraphy; 
and  hy  the  instruction  of  able  masterx,  as  vvrll  as  by 
Ihe  accounts  oftravellerM.be  early  iicipiired  sucl^know- 
ledjie  of  the  bahitable  ^lobe,  us  diseovfrcd  the  great 
possihilily  of  findinj;  new  and  opnieiii  countries,  hy 
sailing  along  llie  roust  of  Africa  Such  an  object  was 
formed  to  awaken  the  entbiisjasnianil  ardor  of  a  youlh- 
fnl  mind,  and  he  espoused  with  the  tiliuoft  /.eal  the 
palronuge  ot  a  design  which  niii.'ht  pro\e  as  beiiefa  lal 
aK  it  appeared  lo  be  r-plemlid  and  hoiioiable  In  orth  r 
llial  lu^  nnuhl  pursue  this  jrre.it  scheme  willioul  inter- 
riiption.  he  retired  from  court  mnnediately  alter  Ins  re- 
torn  from  Africa,  and  lixeil  bis  residence  at  Sayres, 
near  Capi'  St  \'inccnl,  wli«'re  the  prospect  (>f  Ihe  At- 
lantic ocean  inviinl  his  ttiouglit^  continually  tnwiirdrt 
hu  tavorile  iiroject.and  eiicourajrd  him  loexetiile  it. 
In  lb)s  .  treat  he  w,is  attended  by  Koine  of  Ibe  moHt 
learned  men  i.'  hisciuintrv,  who  aided  Sim  in  his  re- 
searches. Ile,ipp,!'d  lor  inbinnatioii  to  the  Moors  of 
Marhary,  vv  bo  were  at  ^  '■r.ioincd  lo  travel  bv  land  into 
■  he  interior  provinces  of  A.Me.i  in  ipiest  ot  ivory,  yold 
diist.iind  olherricbcoiniiiodilii  ^.  lleconsulledtbe  Jews 
^eltlell  in  Porlugal  My  proriiir<es  rewards  ind  marks  of 
recpect,  he  allured  into  his  service  'vend  persons,  lo- 
rei;fnerH  as  wtdl  as  Portut'uei'e,  who  v  ••re  t  niihciil  for 
their  "kilt  in  iiaviiiation  In  taking  thosi  iireparalory 
steps,  the  great  abilities  of  the  prince  wen  seeoiided 
by  his  private  virtues.  Hiri  integrity,  bin  al1alii,i|y,  hii* 
respect  for  religion.  Ins  /c.d  h>r  the  honor  of  hiscoun- 
Iry,  eng.(:^ed  persons  of  all  ranks  to  apphiud  nni  de- 
sign, and    to  favor  '.be  excciilion  of  it.      Ills  scheii.crf 


gui'si*  had  never  venliired  to  sail  beyond  <.*ape  A' n     were  allowed,  ny  the  greater  part  uf  his  cuuntrMiici 


That  proinoniory,  as  its  name  imporlH,  was  hitherto 
considered  as  a  t)oundary  which  coidd  not  Im>  passed. 
Ilut  the  nalions  of  Kuro|H'  bad  now  ae(pnred  ns  much 
kmovledge  as  emluddenetl  ibein  to  disregard  the  pre 
jniliccH  and  to  correct  the  errori>  of  their  anceslors 
'I'lie  bmg  reigii  of  ignorance,  Ibe  conhtant  enemy  of 
every  curious  impiiry  and  of  every  new  uinlertaking. 
was  approaching  to  its  periml  Thi'  light  ol  science 
began  lodawn.  The  works  of  the  ancient  (ireeks  and 
Koinans  began  to  be  read  with  admiration  and  profit 
'f'be  sciences  eultivatcd  bv  the  .\rabiaiis  were  intrtHlu- 
ced  into  Kiirope  by  the  Mi>ors  settled  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  by  tiie  .lews,  who  were  very  numerous 
in  both  Ihene  kingiloms  (■eometry.  aMronoiny,  and 
geography,  the  KMenceson  which  the  art  nf  navigalion 
is  fonndeil,  lMH*aiue  objects  of  sludiiaif<  attention.  Tt'e 
memory  of  di»<coverieH  made  by  tin*  hncieiits,  was  re- 
vived, and  ihe  progrcKs  (d  their  navigation  and  com- 
merce began  lobe  traced.  Some  of  ihe  canp<>s  wliieh  |  lortune  came  in  aid  lo  ll 
have  obstructed  the  cultivation  id  .science  in  Pt)rtugal.  iihe  voyage  from  b<  iiig 


to  proceed  neither  from  ainbilion  nor  the  d< 
wealth,  but  to  flow  from  the  warm  benevolence  of  ti 
heart  eager  to  promote  the  happiness  of  mankind,  and 
which  justly  eniiile  hint  lo  aiistinie  a  niottii  for  his  de- 
vice. Ihal  deserihed  the  ijUality  by  w  Inch  he  wii^hed  lu 
be  diblinguished.  Ifir  /nh  ut  vf  tluiii^'  f^in-ii. 

Ilifttirst  efl'orl,  an  is  usual  at  the  commenceinenl  o| 
any  new  undertaking*  was  exircmelv  iiicoiiMderable 
Me  tilled  out  a  Kingle  ship  [MIH.|  aiu'lgiung  the  com- 
mand of  it  to  John  (ioii/ati's  /arco  and  Titnlau  Va/, 
two  genllemeriofhiK  hoiih«-|io|i|,who  voluntarily  ofl'ered 
lo  eondufl  the  eiiterprihe.  be  instructed  lluin  lo  use 
tlieirulino«t  eirortsio  donbb  Cape  Uojador.iUrd  llicnce 
lo  steer  loivards  the  sonlh  They,  .n-coidiiig  to  the 
iniHle  of  navigation  whicb  slill  prcvaih'd,  held  ihcir 
course  along  the  shore  ,  and  bv  iollowing  that  direc- 
tion, ibey  miiAl  have  encoiintercd  almost  iiihuper.dde 
diflicullicrt  ill  atteiiipliiig  topiivs(\ipe  Moj.idor  Mul 
irwant  of  skdl.and  prcveiitcd 
lo>ji  tlier  fruitless      A  suddt  n 


during  Ibis  century  and  the  last  did  not  exist,  or  did  squall  of  wind  arose,  drove  them  oul  to  sea.  hiiiI  when 
not  i>|M<rale  in  the  same  manner,  in  the  fit\eeiilli  cen-  llhey  expected  every  inomeni  to  perish,  landed  ibein  on 
lury  ;  [0]  ami  the  Portuguese  at  that  jx-rUHl  seem  to  an  unknown  isbuid. which  fnun  their  happy  escape  tiny 
have  kept  pace  with  other  iiatitms  on  this  side  of  the  nai  led  /'or/o  Sontn.  In  llie  infancy  ol  na\inatioii.  the 
.\lpH  in  literary  pursuits.  jdisrovery  of  Ibis  small  island  appeared  a  inatlcr  olsiicl. 

As  the  geiiiiiM  of  ihe  age  favored  the  execution  ol !  moment. that  they  instantly  returned  to  Portugal  with 
that  new  underlakin;;.  towhich  the  peculiar  stale  ofUhe  good  tidings,  und  were  received  hv  lleiirv  vMlb  the 
the  country  invited  the  Portuguese  ;  it  pnwed  Huceess- 1  applause  and  honor  d.ie  lo  fortunate  aiheiilnrerh.  Tins 
ful.  1'lu"  vessels  nent  on  the  discovery  diMihled  that  \  faint  dawn  of  sm-eeKs  filled  a  mind  ardent  m  ihe  piir- 
fonnidable  Cape,  which  had  lerininaled  the  progress  of  suit  of  a  favorite  object,   wiih  such  Hiinguine  hopes  as 


fonner  navigators,  and  priH'eeded  a  hundred  and  sixty 
miles  l>eyorid  it,  to  Ca{>t*  Mojador  As  its  nx'ky  rliflii, 
which  stretched  a  considerable  way  into  the  Atlantic, 
appeared  more  dreadful  than  the  promontory  which 
they  had  passed, the  Portuguese  commanders  dursinot 
attempt  to  sail  round  It,  hut  returned  to  Lisbon,  more 
satisfied  with  having  advanced  so  far,  than  ashamed  of 
having  veiiluretl  no  further. 

Inconsiderable  as  this  voyage  was,  it  increased  the 
passion  fordiscovery  which  be;.ran  to  arise  in  Portugal. 
The  fortunate  issue  of  the  king  a  expedition  againnt  the 
Moors  of  Uarbary  added  strength  to  that  spirit  in  the 
nation,  and  pushed  it  on  to  new  undertakings.  In  or- 
ler  lo  render  these  successful,  it  was  necessary  that 
they  should  be  conducted  hy  a  |»erson  who  possessed 
abilities  capable  ofdiscerninjf  what  wasattainable.whu 
enjoyed  leisure  to  form  a  regular  system  fur  prosccu- 


were  Hullicieiit  iuciteinentH  lo  prm ced.  Next  \eai 
fUl'J]  Ileniy  sent  eut  llirce  ships  under  the  same 
cominantlers,  to  whoni  he  joinetl  IJnrtboloiuew  Pere<<- 
trellow,  in  order  to  take  possession  of  the  island  which 
they  hml  discovered  VVben  they  iM'gaii  to  selMe  in 
Purlo  Santo,  they  ohservetl  towanis  the  south  a  fixed 
spot  in  the  horizon  like  a  small  black  cloud.  Hy  de- 
grees, they  were  led  to  conjecture  that  it  might  he 
land  ;  and  steering  towards  il,  they  arrived  at  a  <'on- 
siderahle  island,  uninhabited  and  covered  with  wooil, 
wliich  on  that  account  they  called  J\fmlnia  As  it  wap 
Henry's  chief  object  to  render  his  discoveries  useful  to 
liiKcountry,  he  immediately  eipiipped  a  fleet  lo  carry  Q 
cohmy  of  Portuguese  to  these  island»<  [U'JO  ]  My  bis 
provident  care,  iliey  were  furnished  not  only  willilho 
seeds,  plants  and  domestic  animals  conunun  in  Ku- 
ropo  i  but,  as  ho  foresaw  that  the  warmth  of  ilkc  cli- 


flOUTH    AMEUICA 


75 


mMfl  niul  forlihty  ..f  llmgoi!  wotiM  prove  fnvoDhlft  to 
II**'  riMrinKofnilHT  |ir<>.liirti<Mi«.  h,.  pr.M«Mri-<l  hlipii  nf 
Ihf  vinr  Ir.iii)  tin'  u\.nu\  nf  ('v|,rtiH.  ttii>  nrli   wiiirN  (►(* 


lif  applifd  to  the  Pope,  and  ri^prmriitpd.  in  pompoUH 
tprinH.  Ihf*  piotm  ami  iinwpnriftl  zeal  with  whtrh  hi<  hml 
exprti'ii  liiiitiiplf  ilurinif  Iwmtv  yt'Hr«.  in  dii»r»vi'riMj( 


wlitrl.  ivrr.'  tlini  in  irrriit   rn^iu-sl,   un.j   pJaiiU  of  thr  |  unknown  ronnIrif«.  ih.'  wrrlrlinl  inlnihitaiitn  of  whirii 
?".f"i.*.?"I'     r."  ■''"..'  '"'"  *'"'"''  "  '*'"'  '"'■"  l'»»'*lv  j  w.'n^  nitor  HtriinjrtTii  In  tnir  r.-hiriun,  wiindcrinK  in 

hriilhrn  itarknr.iH.  ur  In!   iiMtruv  Iw  Ihi*  ilrJiiMiniiH  of 


ii.lrn.lm-'.I.  I  ti.s,.  itin.vr  «i,  pmNporouiilv  iii  lliiii  nrw 
c.'iinlry.  thill  lli.-  hrtu  111  nf  ciilriv.itnii/  Ihmi  \\;>»  jrii 
nn'iliuti'ly  prrrrivcl.  untl  Uii*  miiiiir  uri.l  wiih*  »f  Ma- 
ih'ira  ipii.kly  iM'rainr  arthlc*  of  Nuntt'  ronHcn.ii'ncf  in 
llip  ronnni-rrc  nf  Pnrluirit) 

A«  nonrniH  ih<<  a.l\;uiliii.'i'«  dt'rivwl  from  thin  first 
Bi'tlti'riH'iil  tothp  wi'wiofthc  Kurnppanronlincnthi'tfan 
to  hi*  fi'll.  Ihi*  npirit  »»f  (Jmnivcrv  np|H-ari'.|  Ickm  thiiniTi 


cal.  and  iMramr  inon>  advrniiirniiM  Hv  llo-ir  vnya^r,.i» 
to  Madeira.  thi>  P.irtni-ticHr  w.-rr  i;radiially  arniHtomi'd 
lo  a  Imldi'r  naviiraiion,  and.  iintrad  nf  rrrrpiri^r  ttpt 
vilrly  alniiif  the  rnu-|.  vrntiimj  ini.t  (!».  npi>n  Hi"a.    In 

iMHit.cipi.'ri(f  of  liikiii!,'  Ihi-*  r.Mir^i'.  (iiljanrz.  who  r - 

litandfd  nt\r  nf  prmrc  Hcrirv'-*  ^hlprt.  dnnhh-dCitpr  ||o- 
jad.ir  [l»:l:l.llhrhnn?i.|..rv  ufthr  I'nrluuMr^iO  navi:;!!- 
tion  npw;inlHoflvv..n(y  v.-iirs  and  which  had  liithrrlo 
liffM  (It'i'int'il  iinpaHtiaMr.  '\'h\*  Huii-fHHful  vovayc, 
whirh  Ihi-  ii-nnriin.T  n(  the  a;/!'  plan-d  on  a  hnrlwith 

I' i"^'  fainnuH  I'XplniU  rcrnrdi'd  inhinl..rv,nptMirda 

iii'w  Hphrn-  lo  naviif.itinn.  .t*  ir  diHi-nverfd  lh»*  va^l  con 
liiHMil  nf  Afnra.  Nlill  wanhi-d  hy  the  Allanlii;  iMTaii. 
and  htrrlrhirt:.'  (nwardw  lhi>  Kimth  I»iirt  of  ihitt  wat* 
H.H.n  cxplor.'d  ;   III..  Pnrlui.MifHr  iidvaiirrd   wirliin  Ihr 

tn.pirs,  ;iii.|  inlhi>  Mp:ii lii   |rw  vr;,rM  <liH.M\i-,vd  ihr 

river  Sene^;^l,  iitid  :il|  the  ctiast  ex(i<nilintr  fnun  riipe 
Hhtn. Tiipede  Verd 

llitherlo  the    I'.irlnL'Uf^e  h:id  hn-t)  uniih-d  in  their 

dlHeo\erii*i4.   nr   r;iM,.,l  lo  ntlrrnpt    Iht-ni.  hv  Ihe 

lii'lil  .itid  Inform.itinn  wha-h  th.-y  rtreivrd  Imiji  the 
Wiirknnf  Ihe  iitirictil  inathein:itirKin«  and  i.'i'o^*rapher» 
Hut  when  ihey  heuiiti  In  niler  Ihe  inrrMt  /.nut;  (he  im- 
lion  which  pre\;iih'd  nnmni:  the  iinneiilr*.  that  the  he.it 
whirh  reirjnrd  p<<rpeluallv  ihere  wut*  ho  e\('e-.-*i\e  aN  lo 
rnrifh-r  il  iiiiirdi.il)il.il>h-.  ditern-d  them,  for  noiih'  time, 
frtiin  pr.M'i-ediri'j  Their  own  mIimtv.iIioiih,  when  ihey 
firMl  viMilnred  into  this  nnki.nwn  amj  Inmiidahle  rei>ioii. 
temh'l  to  entifirm  ihe  opinion  of  nnliipnlv  eiiiirerniiiu' 
the  violent  operaliiMi  nf  the  ihnit  r.i\K  nf  the  kuii  Ai* 
f:r  a-*  the  river  Sene<.'al.  (he  l'nrtui;iieM'  had  I'oui.d  ihe 

rn.!-.!  of  .\friea   inhahiledhv  ( pie  nearly  reseiiilihoir 

Ihe  Moiir-*  of  Karliarv  When  ihcy  advanced  to  the 
Koiilh  of  thai  river,  the  Imman  form  M-enied  lo  ))nt  nn 
H  new  iippearaiiee  Thev  hehelil  riii'it  wilh  skins  hiaek 
art  ehniiy,  with  whort  eiirted  hair,  flat  iiohes  thick  hps. 
nrid  all  the  peeiiliiir  featnrcH  which  are  tiow  known  lo 
di<t||iii.'iii<4|i  the  race  of  ne'jroefj  This  t-iirprir<inL'  altera* 
tloii  ihey  naturally  altrihnled  In  ||ii>  intlncnce  i>f  heat, 
aial  if  Ihcy  Nlionid  advance  nearer  to  tlie  hue.  they  he- 
^an  to  dre.id  that  its  rlleclH  wontil  Im'kIiII  more  violent 
Those  diiiiiiers  w  ere  exajjL'eraled  .  and  many  other  nh- 
ji'clionH  aifairiol  altenipliiii;  fiirlher  dt.sco\eriert  were 
prn|M.«ed  hy  «nnie  nf  the  L'randceH.  who.  frnni  itfno- 
rance,  iVoiii  envy,  or  from  tli.il  mid  timril  pruiienee 
whit'h  reji'cirt  whatever  ha«  ijie  air  of  novelly  or  eiiler- 
pri  e,  had  llitherlo  cnndemiicil  all  prince  Henry'K 
Krnirnefi.  'I'hey  r^-pref^enti'd.  Ihat  it  was  alloMclher 
iliinierieal  lo  expect  any  advanlaiie  (nun  enniitriew 
r^iliMled  in  that  retjion  which  the  wisdom  and  expe- 
rience of  antitptily  hatf  pronnunced  to  lie  u!!''t  (nrih 
hahilalion  nf  men  ;  ihal  llieir  fnrelalhers, 
ridlivalin<;  the  territory  which  Provitlcnee  had  allotted 
lliein,  did  not  waste  (he  fftrcnirlh  of  the  kiti::ih>iii  hy 
friillesM  proji'ctft  in  (pteKt  of  new  M'lllementN;  tha! 
l*<Tliiir;il  w:^  already  r\)iaiiMed  hv  Ihe  expense  nf 
atti'rnpts  to  iliAcnver  lands  which  either  did  not  exist, , 
or  \  hieh  nalnrr  destined  to  remain  nnknnwn;  .ttid  was 
draiiiedofnien.\vhomii.dll  have  hten  employed  in  nn- 
derlakitiiTrt  ailended  with  more  certain  duecesH,  and 
prndiielive  of  oreater  henelit  Hut  ni'ither  llieir  appi-al 
tn  the  iiiilhoriiy  nf  the  ancients,  nnr  ilu-ir  reasoniniTM 
eonciTiiiiii.'  the  inlerpKis  uf  ]'orln<jal.  made  any  im- 
pression upon  tlii>  ilHormined  plnlosophir  iniml  of 
priiiei-  llenrv  The  discoveries  which  he  had  already 
made.  ennviiH'ed  him  that  the  aneients  had  liltle  iimre 
than  a  ennji'clural  knowled:;e  of  the  torrid  zon(>.  lie 
waN  no  letMt  HatiHllrd  that  the  political  ar>;tin)entH  of 
hii*  opponents,  w  ith  reNpect  lo  the  intereKt  of  Porlii;riil, 
were  malevolent  and  ill  founded  hi  thoKe  Ncntinu'iittt 
he  wan  Ktreiiuoi.Hly  snjjported  hy  his  hrother  Piilro. 
who  ^nvernifd  Ihe  kinijdoni  as  ijuardian  of  their  ne- 
phew Alplioiiso  V  .  who  had  micceeded  to  Ihe  ihnme 
.hirini:  his  miii<)rity  [I  t^M]  :  and.  instead  nf  Hlacken- 
tniii'.'  hiH  elliirfs.  Henry  continued  to  pursue  liit<  di-4- 
coveries  with  fresh  ardor. 

Hut  in  order  to  silence  all  ihetnurmurs  of  opposition. 
ho  rndcavorcil  lo  ohtain  the  nanction  of  thfl  hiahrBl 
uuihurity  in  favor  uf  hU  operntionii.     With  tlui  view 


MahoniPt  He  hciouL'ht  iIih  holy  father,  to  whom,  an 
ihi*  viriir  of  ('hriMl,  all  the  kiiitfiloinf)  of  the  carlhwrrc 
Muhjert,  lo  confer  on  the  crown  tif  Portutral  a  riifht  In 
all  the  eoiinlrieHposKeiNcd  hy  infidelH, which  HhouM  Ih* 
dirn'overcd  hvilit*  iiiihnttry  of  itN  nuhjcclii,  and  Mulxhin) 
hy  the  force  of  it*  ariiiN.  lie  entreated  him  to  enjoin 
all  4'hriMtian  powerM,  under  the  hi^ihest  pciialtieN,  not 
to  iiinh'Ht  Portugal  while  eni;at>cd  in  thin  lauduhte  en- 
lerpriHe.  and  to  prohihii  them  from  nettling  in  nny  of 
the  countries  which  the  l^ortiiiiuese  should  diNcover. 
lie  promiited  Ihat  in  all  their  expi-dilionit,  it  tthnuld  he 
Ihe  cliief  nhjecl  of  Iun  coiinlryineii  to  Hprend  the  know- 
led|{e  ot  the  Clirisliaii  religion,  to  ch^tahlish  the  au- 
thority of  llie  Hnly  See,  and  to  increaite  the  flock  of 
the  univerttal  patttnr.  Ah  it  waH  hy  improvinv  with 
ilexterity  every  favorable  conjuncliire  fnr  nctpiirinir 
new  powerft,  that  the  court  nf  l{nme  had  gradually 
exien.led  ilM  iimirpalionrt,  Kn^rene  IV  ,  the  Pontill'tn 
whom  tluH  iipplieation  waH  made,  cai;erly  Mei/ed  the 
np|>(irliinity  which  now  )iret4ciileil  itself  He  inntantty 
pi-reeivcil  thai,  hy  cnmplyina  with  Prince  Henry'ti  re 
ipn-st,  he  niiifht  exercise  a  prernyative  no  Icsh  ihilter- 
ill*;  in  iu  own  nature  ih.'iii  likely  to  pr.ive  heiielicial  in 
ilH  conHcipienceH.  A  hull  wait  accordinirly  issued,  in 
which,  after  iipplaudinu  in  the  t(trnni!eNl  tcrmx  ihe  past 
ellnrlN  of  the  INirlitijueMe,  and  exhortin<>  ihem  to  pro- 
ceed in  ihat  laudahte career  on  which  they  nad  eiitereth 
he  ^'rantctl  them  anexchiNive  ri|;ht  to  all  the  counlricK 
which  they  hlioidtl  diticovcr,  from  Cupi^  Nun  to  the 
cnntineiit  of  India. 

I Ixtra vacant  as  ihin  donation.romprehendioi;  xuch  a 
larye  poitinn  of  the  hahituhle  yinlte,  wnuld  now  appear, 
le^cit  ill  Catholic  cnunlries.  no  person  in  the  fdleenili 
ceiiliiry  dnuhled  liial  ihe  I'npe  in  the  plenitude  n\'  Imm 
aposlolic  power,  had  a  riuht  In  cooler  it.  Prince  Henry 
was  snnn  HcnHilile  nf  the  aitvantaj'eH  which  he  deriveil 
Imm  thiti  IraiiKaction.  His  r-chemes  were  aulhori/cd 
and  saiictitieil  hy  the  hull  apprnvint;  of  them  The 
spirit  nfdiHcov.-ry  wad  connected  witii  zeal  for  reliuinn, 
which  in  that  a^e  waM  a  |irineiple  nf  such  activity  and 
vilior  as  to  inlhience  Ihe  cnmlucl  of  natimiH  All  i'liris- 
tian  princes  were  deterred  from  intrtidintr  into  tlume 
countricH  which  the  Porlti^'uese  had  diKcovercd,  or 
from  interrnptini;  the  pro^^rcits  of  their  navitjation  iind 
cntapieslH.    [10] 

The  fame  id'  the  PorUiyiicHC  voya^cM  hoou  spread 
over  Kurope,  Mi-ii  lonj;  accustomed  lit  circumwrihr 
the  activity  aiiil  knowledge  of  the  human  mind  within 
■  he  limits  In  which  they  had  been  hitherto  confined, 
were  aslniiitihed  to  behold  the  Hphere  of  llav)^alion  so 
Hiiditenty  eidariied,  and  a  prospect  opened  t>f  vihitinfr 
rci^inns  of  the  (flobe  the  existence  of  which  waH  un- 
knoivn  in  fornuT  times.  The  learned  and  speculative 
icasniied  and  fnrnied  theories  ('ollcrrl1in^  those  nnex- 
pccli'd  discoveries.  The  vul^^ar  inipiircd  and  won- 
dcrcit  ;  while  enterprising  adventtirerH  crowded  fr<»m 
every  part  nf  ICurnpi'.  soliciting  prince  Henry  to  employ 
ihcin  in  this  honorable  service.  Many  Venetians  and 
itisttcil  wi'.h  j(ienoese.  in  pi.rtie'jl'%  who  were  at  that  time  superior 
I  o  all '•!  her  nations  ill  1  he  scieiue  of  naval  a  (Vairs. entered 
alinard  (he  lVirtu<:ucse  ships,  and  acipiirol  a  more  per- 
ted  and  extensive  knowlcd^n-  nf  their  profession  in  that 
new  schnid  i>f  iiavinalion.  In  emulation  i>f  these  fo- 
reiniiiTs.  the  Portuijuese  exi-rlcd  their  own  talents. 
The  nation  seconded  Ihe  designs  of  the  prince,  Pri 
vale  mercli  'its  formed  companies  [  M  Hi,]  with  a  view 
In  search  fnr  unknown  countries.  The  Cape  de  Verde 
I>lan(ls,  which  lie  olV  the  promonhrry  of  that  name, 
were  diitcovercd  [  Mill. ]  and  soon  alter  Ihe  isles  called 
A/orcrt  As  the  former  of  these  are  above  three  bun- 
dretl  miles  from  the  African  coast,  and  the  latter  nine 
hundred  mill's  tVom  any  cnntinent,  It  is  evident  hy  tluir 
venturiiit.'  so  hnldly  into  the  npeii  seas,  that  the  Pnrlu- 
uuese  had  by  ihiti  lime  improved  tjreatly  in  the  art  of 
naviiraiion. 

While  the  passion  foreii';a{»ing  in  new  undertakini;« 
was  llitiH  warm  and  active,  it  receiveil  an  unfortunate 
check  by  the  death  of  prince  Henry  tNliU,]  whose  su- 
perior knowledge  had  hitherto  directed  nil  the  0{>era- 
tionsof  the  discoverers,  and  whose  patronage  had  en- 
cnurajred  and  protected  them.  Hut  notwithstanding 
all  the  advantages  which  they  derived  from  thesCf  the 
Portu<;ucsn  during  his  life  did  not  advance  in  their  ut- 
most  progress  lowanis  the  south,  w  ithiii  five  degrees  of 
the  equinoctial  line;  and  aHer  their  continued  oxer- 1 
liottB  fur  half  a  century,  ffruiit  1412  to  1463J  hardly  I 


jfinenn  humlrnl  mileiof  tha  cnnit  of  Africn  wpre  dtv" 
leovrred  To  an  ngf  nrqtininled  wilh  the  efTorti  of 
'  navigation  in  its  slate  of  iiniturity  and  iinprovementt 
Ibese  essays  nf  its  early  years  must  necettNardy  appear 
leible  and  unskilful.  Hut  inennsiiteratile  as  Ihey  may 
be  deemed,  ihey  were  sullicieiit  tolurn  the  curioHity  ui 
Ihe  Kuropean  natinns  into  n  new  channel,  to  excite  an 
enter|>riNintf  spirit,  and  lu  point  the  way  to  future  dii- 
coveries. 

Alpbonso.  who  possessed  the  throne  of  Portugal  at 
the  time  of  prince  Henry's  death,  was  so  much  engaged 
in  supporting  hisownprrlensions  lothecrownof  Cni' 
tile,  or  in  carrying  on  his  eKprdilions  against  th^ 
Moors  of  llariiary,  that,  the  force  of  his  kingdom  being 
exerted  in  other  oiieralions,  he  couhl  n(»t  prnsecule  tim 
discoveries  in  Africa  with  ardor.  He  coinmilted  lliu 
conduct  of  them  to  Fernando  (ioinez,  a  mercltant  in 
Lisbon,  to  whom  he  granted  an  exclusive  right  of  com- 
merce willi  all  the  countries  of  which  prince  Henry 
bad  taken  p4)ssesHion.  I'nder  ihe  restraint  and  oppres- 
sitm  ofa  nnmopidy,  the  spirit  of  discovery  languished. 
It  ceased  to  be  a  national  object,  and  became  the  con* 
ceri)  of  a  private  man  more  altcntive  to  his  own  gain 
than  to  the  glory  of  bis  cnunlry  Some  progress,  bow- 
ever,  was  made.  The  Portuguese  ventured  at  b'ngth 
|l'171,|  to  croMH  the  line,  and,  to  their  astonishment, 
huind  that  rcg*  in  of  the  torrid  7oiie,  which  was  sup- 
posed lo  bf  scm.'hcd  wilb  in'^Krablc  heal,  to  Ih'  not 
lily  hahilah'e,  hut  pnpiiliais  and  fertile 

.Inhn  II  ,  whi>  succeeded  bis  father  Alpbonso  [MRl,] 
posM-ssed  talents  capable  bolh  nf  forming  and  execut- 
ing great  designs  As  part  tti'  his  revenues,  while 
prince,  had  arisen  from  duties  on  the  traib-  with  Ihe 
newly  discovered  countries,  this  nadirally  turned  hifl 
iittenlion  Inwards  Iheiii,  and  salislied  bmi  with  respeol 
to  their  utility  and  importance  In  proporlmii  as  his 
ktiowled'^reol  tbest>  coiintrii-s  extended,  tlie  possession 
of  them  appeared  to  be  nf  greater  cnnscipieiii-e.  While 
(he  Pnrtiiiinese  proceeded  atnngthe  coast  nf  Africa. from 
Cape  Noti  to  Ihe  river  nl  Senegal,  they  found  all  that 
exiensive  tract  lobe  sandy  .barren  and  thinly  inbahited 
hy  a  wretched  people  prntt>ssitjg  I  be  Maboiiietan  reheioii, 
and  subject  to  the  vast  empire  of  Morocco.  Itut  lo  thu 
stiulh  id  lti.it  river,  the  power  and  religinn  of  the  Maho- 
metans were  unknown  The  country  was  divided  into 
small  independent  principalities.  Ihe  pnpuhilinn  whs 
cniisiilerahte,  the  soil  fertile,  and  ibe  Poiluguese  soon 
discovered  tiiat  it  priKluced  ivory,  rich  gums,  gold,  ani! 
nlher  valuable  commodities  Hy  the  acipiisiiini)  of 
these,  cnmmerce  was  enlarged,  and  became  more  ad- 
venturous. Men.  animated  and  rendered  active  hy  the 
certain  prospect  of  gain,  pursued  discovery  with  great- 
er eagerness  than  when  they  were  excited  only  by 
curiosity  and  hope. 

This  spirit  derived  no  small  reinforcenienl  of  vigor 
froni  the  countenance  of  such  a  nmiiarch  asjnhn  De- 
claring himself  the  pairon  of  every  allempt  Inwards 
discovery,  be  proini>led  it  with  alt  tlie  ardor  of  his 
LTand  uncle,  prince  Henry,  and  with  superior  power* 
The  effects  of  this  were  immediately  felt.  A  pnwerful 
lleet  was  lilted  out  {MH'l.J  which  alter  discovering  the 
kingiliuns  ofllenin  aiuM'ongo,  advanced  above  fifteen 
hundred  miles  beyond  the  line, and  Ihe  Portuguese,  tor 
the  first  lime,  beheld  a  new  heaven,  and  idiserved  the 
stars  of  aiiolber  hemisphere,  .lohii  was  not  only  so* 
liciloiis  to  discover,  but  attentive  to  secure  the  prssea- 
sion  of  those  countries.  He  built  forts  on  the  coast  of 
(iuinea  ;  be  sent  out  eolipuies  lo  settle  there;  he  es< 
tahlished  a  commercial  intercourse  with  the  more  pow- 
erful kingdoms;  he  endeavored  to  render  such  as  were 
techle  or  divided  tributary  to  Ibe  cmwn  i»f  Portiig.\|. 
Some  of  the  petty  princes  voluntarily  acknowledged 
(heinsetves  his  vassals.  Others  were  coni))elled  to  do 
HO  by  fnrce  nf  arms  A  regular  and  well  digested  syg- 
tcm  was  formed  with  respect  to  this  new  ohjeet  of  po- 
licy, and  by  firmly  adhering  to  it  *\\v  Portuguese  pow- 
er and  coimnerce  in  Africa  were  esUddishcd  upon  a 
solid  foundation. 

Hy  their  constant  intercourse  with  the  people  of  Af- 
rica, the  Portuguese  gradually  acquired  Bume  know- 
ledge of  those  parts  of  that  coiintry  which  they  had  not 
vis'ted  The  information  which  they  received  from  the 
natives,  added  to  what  they  bad  observed  in  their  own 
voyages,  began  to  open  prospects  more  extensive,  and 
to  suggest  the  idea  of  schemes  more  important  than 
those  which  had  bilberlo  allured  ^nd  occupied  tficni. 
They  haddctectcdtheerror  of  the  ancients  concerning 
the  nature  of  the  torrid  zone.  They  found  ns  ihey  pro- 
ceeded Hoiithwards.tbat  the  cnnlinent  of  Africa, instead 
of  extending  in  breadth,  according  to  the  doctrine  ofl 
Ptolemy.at  that  time  the  oraclo  andguide  of  the  le  irned 
in  the  scieucti  of  geography,  appeared  sensibly  to  con 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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tract  itself,  and  to  bend  towards  the  eant.  This  in- 
duced thtm  to  (jivr  credit  to  the  accounts  of  the  ancient 
Phenician  voyages  round  Africa,  which  had  long  been 
deeini'il  fabub)us,  and  led  them  to.  conceive  hopes,  that 
by  following  the  same  route,  they  might  arrive  at  the 
East  Indies,  and  engross  that  commerce  which  has 
been  the  source  of  wealth  and  power  to  every  nation 
possessed  of  i*  The  comprehensive  genius  of  p;iriCe 
Henry,  as  we  may  conjecture  from  the  words  of  the 
Pope  s  hull,  had  early  formed  some  idea  of  this  navigx- 
lion.  But  though  his  cuuntrymen,at  that  perioil,  were 
incapable  of  conceiving  the  extent  of  his  views  and 
schemes,  all  the  I'ortuguese  mathematicians  and  pilots 
now  concurred  in  representing  them  as  well  founded 
and  practicable.  The  king  entered  with  warmth  into 
their  sentiments,  and  began  to  concert  measures  for 
this  arduous  and  important  voyage. 

Before  his  preparations  for  this  expedition  were 
finished,  accounts  were  transmitted  from  Africa,  that 
various  nationsalongthecoast  had  mentioned  amighty 
kingdom  situated  on  their  continent,  at  a  great  distance 
towards  the  east,  the  king  of  which,  according  to  their 
description,  professed  the  Christian  religion.  The 
Portuguese  monarch  immediately  conclu,  .-d,  that  this 
must  bo  the  emperor  of  Abyssinia,  to  whom  the  Euro- 
peans.seduced  by  a  mistake  of  Kubruquis,  Marco  Polo, 
nnd  other  travellers  to  the  East,  absurdly  gave  the  name 
of  Prosier,  or  Presbyter  John  ;  and  as  he  hoped  to  re- 
ceive information  and  assistance  from  a  Christian 
prince,  in  prosecuting  a  scheme  that  tended  to  propa* 
gate  their  common  faith,  he  resolved  to  open,  if  possi- 
Dle,  some  intercourse  with  his  court.  With  this  view, 
ne  made  choice  of  Pedro  de  Covillam,  and  Alphonso 
de  Payva,  who  were  perfect  masters  of  the  .\rahic  lan- 
guage, and  sent  them  to  the  East  to  search  for  the  resi- 
dence of  this  unknown  potentate,  and  to  make  him 
protTers  of  friendship.  They  had  in  charge  likewise  to 
procure  whatever  intelligence  the  nations  which  they 
visited  could  supply, with  respect  to  the  trade  of  India, 
and  the  course  of  navigation  to  that  continent. 

While  John  made  this  new  attempt  by  land,  to  ob- 
tain some  knowledge  of  ihe  country  which  he  wished 
so  ardently  to  discover,  he  did  not  neglect  the  prosecu- 
tion of  this  great  design  by  sea.  The  conduct  of  a 
voyagA  for  this  purpose,  the  most  arduous  and  import- 
ant which  the  Portuguese  had  ever  projected,  was  com- 
mitted to  Bartholomew  Diaz  [1486]  an  olUcer  whose 
sagacity,  experience,  and  fortitude,  rendered  him  ?qual 
to  the  undertaking.  He  stretched  boldly  towards  the 
Fouth,  and  proceeding  beyond  the  utmost  limits  to 
which  hiscountrymenhad  hithertoadvanced.discovered 
near  a  thousand  miles  of  new  country.  Neither  the 
danger  to  which  he  was  e.Kposed,  by  a  succession  of 
violent  tempests  in  unknown  seas,  and  by  the  frequent 
mutinie8ofhi8crew,northecalamitiesofafamine  which 
he  suflTered  from  losing  his  storeship,  could  deter  him 
from  prosecuting  his  enterprise.  In  recompense  of  his 
labors  and  perseverance,  he  at  last  descried  that  lofty 
promontory  which  bounds  Africa  to  the  south.  But  to 
descry  it  was  all  that  he  hail  in  hispower  to  accomplish. 
The  violence  of  the  winds,  the  shattered  condition  of 
his  ships,  and  the  turbulent  spirit  of  the  sailors,  com- 
pelled hiin  to  return  afler  a  voyage  of  sixteen  mouths, 
in  which  he  discovered  a  far  greater  extent  of  country 
than  any  former  navigator.  Diaz  had  called  the  pro- 
montory which  terminated  his  voyage  Ca/wTormcH^oio, 
or  the  stormy  f^ape ;  but  the  king,  his  master,  as  he 
now  entertained  no  doubt  of  having  found  the  long  de- 
sired route  to  India,  gave  it  a  name  more  inviting,  and 
of  a  belter  omen,  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Those  sanguine  expectations  of  success  were  con- 
firmsd  by  the  intelligence  which  John  received  over 
land,  in  consequence  of  his  embassy  to  Abyssinia. 
Covillam  and  Payva,  in  obedience  to  their  master's  in- 
structions, had  repaired  to  Grand  Cairo.  From  that 
city  they  travelled  along  with  a  caravan  of  Egyptian 
merchants,  and  embarking  on  the  Red  Sea,  arrived  at 
Aden,  in  Arabia.  There  they  separated  ;  Payva  sailed 
directly  towards  Abyssinia;  Covillam  embarked  for  the 
East  Indies,  and  having  visited  Calccut,  Goa,  and  oth- 
er cities  on  the  Malabar  coast,  returned  to  ISofalo,  on 
the  east  side  of  Africa,  and  thence  to  Grand  Cairo, 
which  Payva  and  he  had  fixed  upon  as  their  place  of 
rendezvous.  Unfortunately  the  former  was  cruelly 
murdered  in  Abyssinia  ;  but  Covillam  found  at  Cairo 
two  Portuguese  Jews,  whom  John,  whose  provident 
sagacity  attended  '.o  every  circumstance  that  could  fa- 
cilitate the  execution  of  his  schemes,  had  despatclied 
ofter  them,  in  order  to  receive  a  detail  of  their  proceed- 
ings, and  to  commuuirate  to  them  new  instructions. 
By  one  of  these  Jews,  Covillam  transmitted  to  Portu- 
gal a  journal  ofhis  travels  by  sea  and  Iand,his  lemarUs 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OP 


upon  the  trade  of  India,  together  with  exact  maps  of 
the  coasts  on  which  he  had  touched  ;  and  from  what 
ho  himself  had  observed,  as  well  as  from  the  informa- 
tion of  skilful  seamen,  in  dilTcrent  countries,  be  con- 
cluiK'd,  that,  by  sailing  round  Africa,  a  passage  might 
be  (c)und  to  the  East  Indies, 

The  happy  coincidence  of  Covillam's  opinion  and 
report, with  the  discoveries  which  Uiazhad  lately  made, 
left  hardly  any  shadow  of  doubt  with  respect  to  the 
possibility  of  sailing  fiom  Europe  to  India.  But  the 
vast  length  of  the  voyage,  and  the  furious  storms  which 
Diaz  had  encountered  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
alarmed  and  intimidated  the  Portuguese  to  such  a  de- 
gree, although  by  long  experience  they  were  now  be- 
come adventurous  and  skilful  mariners,  that  some  time 
was  requisite  to  prepare  their  minds  for  this  dangerous 
ar.d  extraordinary  voyage.  The  courage,  however, 
and  authority  of  the  monarch  gradually  dispelled  the 
vain  fears  of  his  subjects,  or  made  it  necessary  to  con- 
ceal them.  As  John  thought  himself  now  upon  the 
eve  of  accomplishing  that  great  design  which  had  been 
the  principal  object  of  his  reign,  his  earnestness  in 
prosecuting  it  became  so  vehement,  that  it  occupied 
his  thoughts  by  day  and  bereaved  him  of  sleep  through 
the  night.  While  he  was  taking  every  precaution  that 
his  wisdom  and  experience  could  suggest,  in  order  to 
ensure  the  success  of  the  expedition,  which  was  to  de- 
cide concerning  the  fate  of  his  favorite  project,  the 
fame  of  the  vast  discoveries  which  the  Portuguese  had 
already  made,  the  reports  concerning  the  extraordinary 
ntelligence  which  they  had  rec^-ived  from  the  East, 
and  the  prospect  of  the  voyage  which  they  nnw  medi- 
tated, drew  the  attention  of  .ill  the  European  nations, 
iind  held  them  in  suspense  and  expectation.  By  some, 
the  maritime  skill  and  navigation  of  the  Portuguese 
were  compared  with  those  of  the  Phenicians  and  Car- 
thaginians, aud  e.\alteil  above  them.  Others  formed 
conjectures  concerning  the  revolutions  which  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Portuguese  schemes  might  occasion  in  the 
course  of  trade,  and  the  political  stale  of  Europe. - 
The  Venetians  began  to  be  disquieted  with  the  appre- 
hension of  losing  their  Indian  commerce,  the  mono- 
poly of  which  was  the  chief  source  of  their  power 
as  '.ell  as  opulence,  and  the  Portuguese  already  en- 
joyed in  fancy  the  wealth  of  the  East.  But  during  this 
interval,  which  gave  such  .scope  to  the  various  work- 
ings of  curiosity,  of  hope,  and  of  fear,  an  aecount 
was  brought  to  Europe  of  an  event  no  less  extraor- 
dinary than  unexpected,  the  discovery  of  a  New 
World  situated  on  the  West ;  and  the  eyes  and  admi- 
ration of  mankind  turned  immediately  towards  that 
great  object. 

BOOK  II. 

Birth  and  ctlurniinn  of  Ciilumt)ii9 — nr.qnirrs  nnval  skill  in  (lie 
aiTvlce  of  Pniiiiirnl— rniK'fives  liopea  of  rracliiiis  the  Kant 
Imiiea  by  huldirie  n  wpsicrly  cmirsp — his  Bycicrn  (immlni 
onili«  ideas  ciftln'  nru'icniH,  ami  kiinwlciii."?  of  their  iiaviga- 
litiii — and  on  the  disrovt'rie^  of  ihe  rnrhii.Mu'f'e — lii.s  ne- 
?nliations  with  ilifTereiil  fimrls — obsiarh-H  wliicli  In'  had  tn 
siirrnoinii  in  Spain— Voyaeri'  nf  di-ntvfi'y — ililiirnliies — unc- 
ceas — return  to  Spain — A>i()nir'hinant  td'  mankind  on  tliis 
di:<cnvrry  of  a  n''w  wurld — Papal  irrani  of  it — Sficonil  vny- 
tice — Cidnny  st-tili'd — FurtluT  di.^^rovrries — War  with  tlie 
Indiftiis—Flrsttnx  iniposeilon  them — Thinl  vnyas-e— IlediB. 
covers  ihe  Contiiietii— State  of  the  Spanish  culonv— F.rrnrs 
in  the  first  syBlem  of  cidoniziiiff—Voyai'e  id"  ihi-  Porai- 
pu.'se  to  the  Kusl  Iiidifif  hy  the  Capo  id"  (iood  IIti|ic— Kf- 
fprts  of  ihi-i — ffisro verier  madn  hy  private  adventurers  in  ihe 
New  World — Naino  of  America  Kivcn  to  it— Mui^hinntions 
agniiii^t  Cotuiidnm — di^cruced  and  hent  in  rhoina  in  Ku- 
roptw- Fourth  voyage  tif  Coliunhus — His  Jlstiovcrics— dis- 
astprs— death, 

Among  the  fi)roit;nprB  whom  the  fume  of  the  disco- 
veries inaile  hy  the  Portuguese  had  allured  into  their 
sorviee,  was  Chrititopber  Colon,  or  ColuinbuK,  a  Kuh- 
ject  of  the  Repuhlic  of  Genoa  IVellher  the  time  nor 
phice  ofhis  hirth  is  known  with  certainty  [11]  <  ^"t  he 
was  descended  of  an  honorable  family,  thouirh  re- 
duced to  indigence  hy  various  misfortunes.  His  an- 
cestors having  betaken  themselves  for  subsistence  to  u 
seafarinj;  life.  Columbus  discovered  in  his  early  youth 
the  peculiar  character  and  talents  which  mark  out  a 
man  for  that  profession.  His  parents,  instead  of 
thwarting  thisorigina)  propensity  of  his  mind,  seem  to 
have  encouraged  and  confirmed  it  by  the  education 
which  they  gave  him.  After  acquiring  some  know- 
ledge of  the  Latin  tongue,  the  only  language  in  which 
science  was  taught  at  that  time,  he  was  instructed  in 
geometry,  cosmography,  astronomy,  and  the  art  of 
drawing.  To  these  he  applied  with  such  ardor  and 
predilection,  on  account  of  their  coimexion  with  navi- 
gation.his  favorite  object,  that  he  advanced  with  rapid 
proficiency  in  the  study  of  them.  Thus  qualified,  he 
went  to  Mtt  at  the  ag«  of  fourteen  [1461],  and  began 


his  career  on  that  element  which  conducted  him  to  so 
much  i»lory.  Hi"d  early  voyages  were  to  those  ports  in 
thf^  Mfditrrranean  which  his  countrymen  thf  Getioese, 
frequenli'il.  'I'his  being  a  sphere  too  narrow  fur  bin 
arlivo  mind. he  made  an  excursion  to  the  noriliern  bcait 
[Mfi7,]  and  visited  the  coa^t  of  Ic(dati'l,  to  'Aiiirh  the 
Kngli^ll  and  other  naliohs  had  begun  tn  rt  suit  mi  ac- 
count of  its  fishery.  Asnvtviniiti.tii.irifvciy  din  ctit»n.»a8 
now  become  enterprising,  be  proceedid  beyond  that 
island,  the  Thule  of  the  ancietits,  and  aiUaiieeii  si>\ei<d 
degrees  within  the  polar  circle.  Having  satihlled  bis 
curiosity,  by  a  voyage  which  tended  more  to  eidarge 
his  knowledge  of  naval  all'airs  than  to  improve  bis  for- 
tune, he  entered  itito  the  service  of  a  famous  sea-cap- 
tain ofhis  own  name  and  family.  This  man  coni- 
mandeda  sniull  squadron  fitted  out  at  hisown  expense, 
and  hy  cruising  sometimes  against  the  Mahometans, 
sometimes  against  the  VcnetianB,lbe  rivalsof  his  coun- 
try in  trade,  had  acquired  both  wealth  and  reputation. 
With  him  Columbus  continued  for  several  years,  no 
less  distinguished  for  bis  courage  than  for  bis  expe- 
rience as  a  sailor.  At  length,  in  an  ob.stinaie  eiiyaoe- 
nient  olf  the  coast  of  Poitugal,  with  some  Venetian 
caravels  returning  richly  laden  from  the  Low  Countries, 
the  vessel  on  board  which  he  served  look  fire,  together 
with  one  of  the  enemy's  ships  to  which  it  was  last  grap- 
pled. In  this  dreadful  extremity  his  intrepidity  and  pre- 
sence of  mind  did  not  forsake  him.  He  threw  himself 
into  the  sea,  laid  hold  of  a  floating  oar,  and  by  the  sup- 
port of  it,  and  his  dexterity  in  swimming,  he  reached 
the  shore,  though  above  two  leagiu's  distant,  and  sa- 
ved a  life  reserved  for  great  untiertakings. 

As  soon  as  he  recovered  strength  lor  the  Journey,  ho 
repaired  to  Lisbon, when  many  ofhis  countrymen  were 
settled.  They  soon  conceived  such  a  favorable  opinion 
of  bis  merit,  na  well  as  talents,  that  they  warmly  so- 
licited him  to  remain  in  that  kinijdom,  where  his  naval 
skilland  experience  could  not  fail  ofrendering  hiincon- 
spicuous.  To  every  adventurer  animaleil  either  witli 
curiosity  to  visit  new  couutries.or  with  andiitioii  to  dis- 
tinguishhimselffthe  Portuguese  .service  wasat  that  time 
extremely  inviting.  Colundius  listened  with  a  lavtmiblo 
e.  r  to  the  advice  of  his  friends,  atid  having  gained  tlu^ 
esteem  of  a  Portuguese  lady,  whom  he  marrii'il  fixed 
bis  lesidence  in  Lisbon.  This  alliacce,  instead  of  de- 
taching him  frotn  aseafaritig  life,  contributed  toeidarge 
the  sphere  of  his  naval  knowledge,  and  to  excite  a  de- 
sire of  extending  it  si  ill  further.  His  wife  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Bartholomew  Perestrello.  one  of  the  captaitis  em- 
ployed by  prince  Henry  in  his  early  navigations,  and 
who,  under  his  protection,  had  discovered  and  platttcd 
the  islands  of  Porto  Santo  and  Madeira,  i.'olumbus  got 
possession  oflhe  journals  and  charts  of  this  experienced 
navigator;  and  from  them  he  learned  the  course  which 
the  Portuguese  had  held  in  making  their  discoveries, 
as  well  as  the  various  circumslances  wliicli  guiiled  or 
encouraged  then)  in  their  attempts.  The  study  of  thesa 
soothed  and  inflamed  bis  favorite  passion;  and  wbilo 
he  contemplated  the  maps,  and  read  the  descriptions 
of  the  new  countries  which  IVrestiello  had  seen,  bis 
impatience  to  visit  them  became  irrestsidile.  In  order 
to  imhdge  it,  he  made  a  voyage  to  Madeira,  and  con- 
tiinied  during  several  years  to  trade  with  that  island, 
with  the  Canaries,  the  Azores,  tbesellh'tnents  inliui- 
nea,  and  all  the  other  places  which  the  Portuguese  had 
discovered  im  the  continent  of  Africa. 

By  the  experience  which  Columbus  acquired. during 
such  a  variety  of  voyages  to  almost  every  port  of  the 
globe  with  which  at  that  titne  any  intercourse  was  ca*"- 
rieil  on  by  sea,  lie  was  now  become  one  of  the  nutst 
skilful  navigators  in  Kurope.  But,  not  satisfied  with 
that  praise,  his  ambition  aimed  at  sonietliiiig  more. 
The  successful  progress  of  the  Portuyuese  navigators 
lad  awakened  a  spirit  of  curiosity  and  emtdatlon, which 
set  every  man  of  science  upon  examining  all  the  cir- 
cumslances that  led  to  the  discoveries  which  they  had 
made,  or  that  titlbrded  a  prospect  of  succeeding  in  any 
new  and  bolder  undertaking.  The  mind  of  (*olumbus. 
naturally  impiisilive,  cnpalde  of  deep  reflection,  and 
turned  to  speculations  of  this  kind,  wns  so  often  em- 
ployed in  revolving  the  principles  upon  which  the  Por- 
tuguese had  founded  their  schemes  jf  discovery,  and 
the  mode  on  which  they  had  carried  them  on,  that  he 
gradually  began  to  form  an  ideaof  improving  upon  tl,>  ir 
plan,  and  of  accomplishing  discoveries  which  hitherto 
they  had  atteripted  in  vain. 

To  find  out  t  passage  by  sea  to  the  East  Indies,  wan 
the  important  object  in  view  at  that  period.  Trom  the 
time  that  the  Portuguese  doubled  Cape  de  Verd.  ibis 
was  th<'  point  at  which  they  ainied  in  all  their  naviir;t 
titms,  and  in  comparison  with  idt  their  discoveries  in 
Africa    appeared  inconiiderabto.     The   fertility  nndl 


SOUTH   AMERICA 


77 


riches  of  Indiii  Imd  \wen  known  foi  many  agea ;  its 
flptccs  and  othor  vnlnablp  comniotlit  ?8  were  in  h'lt^h 
rpqitpsl  throUL'hnijt  Kiimpp,  luid  the  \.ist  wealth  of  ihc 
Venitians.  arisitiir  from  their  havhitr  engrossed  this 
tradf,  had  raided  tin-  envy  of  all  nations.  But  how 
intent  soovrr  the  Purtiiirui'so  were  upon  discovering'  a 
new  route  t.)  those  dcsiralile  regions,  tlvey  searched  for 
it  oidy  hy  sleerinir  towards  the  south,  in'hopes  of  arri- 
vinij  at  India  hy  turning  to  the  cast  after  they  had 
sailed  round  the  turlher  extremity  of  Africa.  This 
course  was  still  unknown,  and  even  if  discovered,  was 
of  such  immense  length,  that  a  voyage  from  Europe  to 
India  timst  have  appeared  atthatperiod  an  undertaking 
extremely  arduous,  and  of  very  uncertain  issue.  More 
than  half  a  century  had  been  employed  in  advancing 
froin  Cape  Non  to  the  equator ;  a  much  longer  space 
of  time  mii,'htelap;;p  before  the  more  extensive  naviga- 
tion from  tbal  to  India  could  be  accomplished.  These 
rcdect  ions  upon  tbe  uncertainty, the  danger,and  tedious- 
nessof  the  course  which  the  Porlu<;uPse  were  pursuing. 
naturally  led  (Jolumbus  to  consider  whether  a  shorter 
and  more  direct  pas«aije  to  the  East  Indies  might  not 
Im"  found  out.  After  revolving  long  and  seriously  every 
circumstance  sngynsted  hy  his  superior  knowledge  in 
the  theory  as  well  as  the  practice  of  navigation:  after 
coniparingattentivelythe  observations  of  modern  pilots 
with  the  hints  and  conjectures  of  ancientaulhors,  heat 
last  concluded,  thai  by  sailing  direcllv  towards  the 
west,  across  the  Atlantic  ocean,  new  c  'ntries,  which 
proltably  formed  a  part  of  the  great  continent  of  India, 
must  infallibly  be  discovered 

Principles  and  arguments  of  various  kinds,  and  de 
rived  from  dillerent  sources,  induced  him  to'idopt  this 
opinion, seemingly  as  chimerical  as  it  was  nt  ^v  and  ex- 
traordinary. The  opherical  figure  of  the  earth  was 
known. and  its  magnitude  ascertained  with  some  degree 
of  accuracy.  From  this  it  was  evident,  that  the  con- 
tinents ui  Europe,  Asia,and  Africa. as  far  as  they  were 
known  at  that  time,  formed  hut  a  small  portion  of  the 
terraqueous  globe.  It  was  suitable  to  our  ideas  con- 
serning  the  wisdom  and  beneticence  of  the  Author  of 
Nature,  to  believe  that  the  vast  space  still  unexplored 
was  not  covered  entirely  by  a  waste  unprolitable  ocean, 
*)ut  occu[iied  hy  countries  tit  for  tbe  habitation  of  man. 
It  appeared  likewise  extremely  probable  that  the  con- 
,inenl  on  this  ^idc  of  the  globe  was  balanced  by  a  pro- 
portional quantity  of  land  in  the  other  hemisphere. 
These  conchisions  concerning  tbe  existence  of  another 
continent,  drawn  from  the  tigurc  and  structure  of  the 
globe,  were  confirmed  hy  the  observations  and  conjec- 
tures of  modern  navigators.  A  Portuguese  pilot,  hav- 
ing stretched  further  to  the  west  than  was  usual  nt  that 
time,  took  up  apiece  of  timber  artificially  carved  float 
iiig  upon  the  si'a  ;  and  as  it  was  driven  towards  him  by 
a  westerly  wind, he  concluded  that  it  came  from  some 
unknown  land  situated  in  that  quarter.  Columbus's 
brother-in-law  ttad  fiiund  to  the  west  of  the  Madeira 
isles,  a  piece  of  timijer  fashioned  in  the  same  maimer, 
and  brought  by  the  same  wind  ;  and  had  seen  likewise 
canes  of  an  enormous  size  floating  upon  the  waves, 
which  resembled  those  described  hy  Ptolemy  as  pro- 
ductions peculiar  to  the  Ea.st  Indies.  After  a  course 
of  westerly  winds, trees  torn  up  by  the  roots  wereoften 
driven  upon  the  coast  of  (he  Azores;  and  at  one  time, 
the  dead  bodies  of  two  men,  with  singular  features. 
resembling  neither  the  inlial>itants  of  Europe  nor  of 
Alrica,  were  cast  ashore  there. 

As  the  force  of  this  united  evidence,  arising  from 
theoretical  principles  ami  practical  observations,  led 
Columbus  to  expect  the  discovery  of  new  countries  in 
the  western  ocean,  other  reasons  induced  him  to  be- 
lieve that  these  nmsl  be  connected  with  the  continent 
of  India.  Though  the  ancients  had  hardly  ever  pene- 
trated into  Imlia  turtberthan  the  banks  of  the  Ganges, 
yet  some  Cireek  authors  had  ventured  to  describe  tbe 
provinces  beyond  that  river.  As  men  are  prone,  and 
at  liberty,  to  magnify  what  is  remote  or  unknown,  they 
represented  them  as  regions  of  an  immense  extent. 
Ctesitis  allirmed  that  India  was  as  large  as  all  the  rest 
of  Asia.  Oiiesicritus,  whom  Pliny  the  naturalist  fol- 
lows, contended  that  it  was  equal  to  a  third  part  of  the 
habitable  earth.  Nearchus  asserted,  that  it  would  take 
four  months  to  inarch  in  a  straight  line  from  one  ex 


most  accurate  that  the  people  of  Europe  had  received 
at  that  period  with  respect  to  the  remote  parts  of  the 
East,  Colundms  drew  a  just  conclusion.  He  contended 
that,  in  proportion  as  the  continent  of  India  stretched 
out  towards  the  East,  it  must,  in  consequence  of  th. 
spherical  fiirureoflheearth.approach  near  to  the  ihlands 
which  had  lately  been  I'-scovered  to  thewest  of  Africa: 
that  the  distance  from   he  one  to  the  other  was  proba- 
bly not  very  consideral  e  ;  and  that  the  most  direct  as 
well  as  shortest  course  t(  the  remote  regions  of  the  East 
was  to  be  found  hy  sailii  g  due  west.  [12]  This  notion 
concerning  the  vicinity  ol  India  to  the  western  parts  of 
our  continent,   was  coun'.enanced  by  some  eminent 
writors  among  the  ancienti',  the  sanction  of  whose  au- 
thority was  necessary, in  that  age,  to  procure  a  favora- 
ble reception  to  any  tenet.     Aristotle  thought  H  pro- 
bable that  the  Columns  of  Hercules,  or  Straits  of  Gib- 
raltar, were  not  far  removed  from  the  East  Indies, and 
that  there  niipht  he  a  communication  by  sea  between 
them.     Seneca,  in  terms  still  more  explicit,  affirms, 
that  with  a  fair  wind  one  might  sail  from  Spain  to  India 
in  a  few  days.  The  famous  Atlantic  islands  described 
by  Plato,  and  supposed  by  many  to  be  a  real  country, 
beyond  which  an  unknown  continent  was  situated,  is 
represented  hy  him  as  lying  at  no  great  distance  from 
Spain.  After  weighing  all  these  particulars. Columbus, 
in  whose  character  the  modesty  and  diffidence  of  true 
genius  were  united  with  the  ardent  enthusiasm  of  a 
projector,    did  not  rest  with  such  absolute  assurance, 
either  upon  bis  own  arguments,  or  upon  the  authority 
of  the  ancients,  as  not  to  consult  such  of  his  cotem- 
poraries  as  were  capable  of  comprehending  the  nature 
of  the  evidence  which  he  produced  in  support  of  his 
>pinion.     As  early  as  the  year  tine  thousand  four  bun- 
Ired  and  seventy  four,  he  communicated  his  ideas  con- 
cerning tbe  probability  of  discovering  new  countries. by 
sailing  westward.to  Paul.a  pliysician  of  Florence,  emi- 
nent for  his  knowledge  of  cosmography, and  who,  from 
the  learning  as  well  as  candor  which  he  discovers  in 
his  reply. appears  to  have  been  well  entitled  to  the  con- 
fidence which  Columbus  placed  in  hiin.     He  warndy 
approved  of  the  plan,  suggested   several  facts  in  con 
firmation  of  it.  and  encouraged  Columbus  to  persevere 
in  an  undertaking  so  laudable,  and  which  must  re 
dound  so  much  to  the  honor  of  his  country  and   the 
benefit  of  Europe. 

To  a  mind  less  capable  of  forming  and  of  executing 
great  designs  than  that  of  Coiumbus,  all  those  rea- 
sonings and  observations  and  authorities  would  have 
served  only  as  the  foundation  of  some  plausible  and 
fruitless  theory,  which  might  have  furnished  matter 
for  ingenious  discourse  or  fanciful  conjecture.  But 
with  his  sanguineandenlerpricing  tenq)er  speculation 
led  directly  to  action.  Fully  satisfied  himself  with 
respect  to  the  truth  of  his  system,  he  was  impatient  to 
bring  it  to  the  test  of  experiment,  and  to  set  out  upon 
;i  voyage  of  discovery.  The  first  step  towards  this 
was  to  secure  the  patronage  of  some  of  the  considera- 
ble powers  in  Europe  capable  of  undertaking  such  an 
enterprise.  As  long  absence  had  not  extinguished  the 
affi'ction  which  he  bore  to  his  native  country, he  wished 
that  it  should  reap  tlie  fruits  of  his  labors  and  inven- 
tion. With  this  view,  he  laid  his  scluMne  before  the 
senate  of  Genoa,  and, making  his  country  the  first  ten- 
der of  his  service,  otfi-red  to  sail  under  the  banners  of 
the  republic  in  quest  of  the  new  regions  which  he  ex- 
pected to  discover.  But  Columbus  had  resided  for  so 
many  years  in  foreign  parts,tliathi8  countrymen  were 
unaci)uainled  with  his  abilities  and  character;  and, 
thounh  a  maritime  people,  were  so  little  accustomed 


well  as  his  personal  f^ood  qualities,  were  thoroughly 
kn'-vvn,  and  as  the  former  rendered  it  probable  that 
hi^  whenie  wa^  not  altogetber  visionary,  the  latter  ex* 
enip*ed  him  from  the  suspicion  of  any  minister  inten* 
t'on  in  proposing  it.  Accordingly,  the  king  listened 
t..  him  in  the  most  gracious  manner,  and  referred  the 
consideration  of  his  plan  to  l)iego  Orlis,  Bishop  of 
Ceuta,  and  two  Jewish  Physicians,  eminent  cosmog- 
raphers,  whom  he  was  accustomed  to  consult  in  mat- 
ters ot  this  kind.  As  in  Genoa,  ignorance  hadoppo/ied 
and  disappointed  Columbus ;  in  Lisbon,  he  had  to 
combat  with  prejudice,  an  enemy  no  less  formidable. 
The  persons  according  to  whose  decision  his  scheme 
was  to  be  adopted,  or  rejected,  had  been  the  chief  di- 
rectors of  the  Portuguese  navigations,  and  had  advised 
to  search  for  a  passage  to  India,  by  steering  a  course 
directly  opposite  to  that  which  Columbus  recommend 
ed  as  shorter  and  more  certain.  They  could  not, 
therefore,  approve  of  his  proposal  without  submitting 
to  the  double  mortification  of  condemning  their  own 
theory,  and  acknowledging  his  superior  sagacity.  Af- 
ter teasing  him  with  captious  questions,  and  starting 
innumerable  objections,  with  a  view  of  betraying  him 
into  such  a  p^,.icular  explanation  of  his  system  as 
might  draw  '"-mi  him  a  full  discovery  of  its  nature, 
they  '!.-ierred  passing  a  final  judgment  with  respect  tt 
it.  In  the  mean  time  they  conspired  to  rob  him  of  the 
honorand  advantages  which  he  expected  from  the  suc- 
cess of  his  scheme,  advising  the  king  to  despatch  a 
vessel  secretly,  in  order  to  attempt  the  proposed  disco- 
very, by  following  exactly  the  course  which  Colum- 
bus seemed  to  point  out.  John,  forgetting  on  this  oc- 
casion the  sentiments  becoming  a  monarch,  meanly 
adopted  this  perfidious  counsel.  But  tbe  pilot  chosen 
to  execute  Columbus's  plan  had  neither  the  genius  nor 
the  fortitude  of  its  author  Contrary  winds  arose,  no 
sight  of  approaching  land  appeared, his  courage  failed, 
and  he  returned  to  Lisbon,  execrating  the  project  as 
equally  extravagant  and  dangerous. 

Upon  discovering  this  dislHmorahle  transaction,  Co- 
hnnbus  felt  the  indignation  natural  to  an  ingenious 
mind,  and  in  the  warmth  of  his  resentment  determined 
to  break  olf  all  intercursc  with  a  nation  capable  of 
such  flaiirant  treachery.  He  instantly  quilted  the 
kingdom,  ami  landed  in  Spain  towards  the  close  of  the 
year  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  eighty-four.  As 
he  was  now  at  liberty  to  court  the  protection  of  any 
patron  whom  he  could  ennage  to  approve  of  his  plan, 
and  to  carry  it  into  execution,  he  resolved  to  propose 
it  in  person  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, who  at  that  time 
governed  the  united  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Aragon. 
But  as  he  had  already  experienced  the  uncertain  issue 


of  application  to  kings  and  ministers,  he  took  the  pre- 
caution of  yending  into  Knulaiid  his  brother  Bartho- 
lomew, to  wlumi  he  had  tully  coimnuniealed  his  ideas, 
in  order  that  he  might  negotiate  at  tbe  same  lime  with 
Henry  VII.  who  was  reputed  one  in  ihe  most  saga- 
cious as  well  as  opulent  princes  in  Europe. 

It  was  not  without  reason  that  Culundius  entertained 
doubts  and  fi'ars  with  respect  tt)  the  reception  of  his 
proposals  in  the  Sjfanish  court.  Spain  was  at  that 
juncture  engaged  in  a  dangeriuis  war  with  (iranada, 
the  last  of  the  Moorish  kingdoms  in  that  country 
The  wary  and  suspicious  temper  of  Ferdinand  was 
not  formed  to  relish  bold  or  uncommon  designs.  Isa- 
bella, though  more  generous  and  enterprising,  was 
under  tbe  influence  of  her  husband  in  all  her  actions. 
The  Spaniards  hatl  hitherto  maile  noefiorts  to  extend 
navigation  beytind  its  ancient  limits,  and  had  beheld 
the  amazing  progress  of  disciivery  among  their  neigh- 
listant  voyages,  that  they  could  form  no  just  idea  ofjbors  the  Portuguese  without  one  attempt  to  inutateor 


the  principles  on  which  he  founded  his  hopes  of  sue 
cess.  They  inconsiderately  rejected  his  proposal,  as 
thedreamof  a  chimerical  projector  and  lost  forever 
the  o|)portunity  of  restoring  their  commonwealth  to 
its  ancient  splendour. 

Having  performed  what  was  due  to  his  country, 
Columbus  was  so  little  discouraged  by  the  repulse 
which  he  had  received,  that  instead  of  relinquishing 
his  undertaking  he  pursued  it  with  fresh  ardor  He 
made  his  next  overture  to  John  II.  king  of  Portugal. in 
whose  doininitms  he  had  been  long  established,  and 
whom  ho  considered  on  that  account,  as  having  the 
second  claim  to  his  service.  Here  every  circumstance 
seemed  to  promise  him  a  more  favorable   reception 


to  rival  them.  The  war  with  the  infidels  afforded  an 
ample  field  to  the  national  activity  and  love  of  glory. 
Under  cireum.-tances  so  unfavorable,  it  was  imposiit- 
sihle  for  Columbus  to  make  rapid  progress  with  a  na 
tiim  naturally  slow  and  dilatory  in  forming  all  its  reso- 
lutions. His  character.however,  was  admirably  adapted 
to  that  of  the  people  whoso  confidence  and  protection 
he  solicited.  He  was  grave,  though  courteous  in  his 
deportment  ;  circumspect  in  his  words  and  actions,  ir- 
reproacable  in  his  murals,  and  exemplary  in  his  atten. 
tion  to  all  the  duties  and  functions  of  religion.  By 
qualities  so  respectable,  he  not  only  gained  many  pri- 
vate friends,  but  acquired  such  general  esteem,  that, 
notwithstanding  the  plainness  of  his  appearanrc.suit- 


tremity  of  India  to  the  other.     The  journal  of  Marco 
Polo,  who  hail  proceeiled  towards  the  East  far  beyond 

Ihe  limits  to  which  any  European  had  ever  advanceil,  he  applied  to  a  monarch  of  an  enterprising  genius,  no'able  to  the  mediocrity  of  his  fortune,  he  was  not  con 
■eomed  to  confirm  these  exaggerated  accounts  of  the  incompetent  judge  in  naval  aflairs,  and  proud  of  patro-  jsidered  as  a  mere  adventurer,  to  whom  indigence  had 
&ncient.H.  By  his  magnificent  descriptions  oft  he  king  nising  every  attempt  to  discnver  new  countries  His  >u>rirested  a  visionary  project,  hut  was  received  as  a 
dotns  of  Cathay  and  Vipaiifro^wnA  of  many  other  coun- !  sulijects  were  the  most  experienced  navigatftrs  in  '  person  to  w  finse  prnpnsitiiuis  serious  attention  wasdue. 
tries  the  names  of  which  were  unknown  in  Kurope.  |  Furope,  and  the  least  apt  to  he  intimidated  *itber  by  1  Ferdinand  and  It-abella,  though  fuliy  occupied  by 
India  appeared  to  be  a  region  of  vast  extent.  From  the  novelty  and  boldue.-isof  any  niaritinio  expedition. :  their  operations  against  the  Moors, paid  so  much  regard 
these   acGounta,  which,  however  defective,  were  the  I  In  Portugal,  the  prufcdbiunul   skill  of  Coluuibue,  aB,to  Columbus,  as  to  remit  the  consideration  ufhinvlan 


78 


ROBEUTSON^S    HISTORY    OF 


to  the  queen's  confessor,  Ferdinand  de  Talavcm.  He 
consulted  such  of  his  countrymen  as  were  supposrd 
best  qualified  to  decide  with  respect  to  a  subject  of  this 
kind.     But  true  science  had  hitherto  iniulo  so  little 

firojjress  in  Spain,  that  the  pretended  philnsopherH,  so- 
ecteil  to  judge  in  a  matter  of  such  moment,  did  not 
comprehend  the  first  principles  upon  which  Columbus 
founded  his  conjectuies  and  hopes.  Some  of  them 
from  mistaken  notions  concerning  the  dimensions  of 
the  globe,  contended  that  a  voyage  to  those  remote 
pa'rtfl  of  the  east  which  Columlius  expected  to  discover, 
could  not  be  performed  in  less  than  three  years. 
Others  concluded,  that  either  he  would  find  the  ocean 
to  he  of  infinite  extent,  according  to  the  opinion  of  some 
ancient  philosophers ;  or,if  he  should  persist  in  steering 
towards  the  west  beyond  a  certain  point,  that  the  con- 
vex figure  of  the  globe  would  prevent  his  return,  and 
that  he  must  inevitably  perish  in  the  vain  attempt  to 
open  a  communication  between  the  two  opposite  hem- 
ispheres which  nature  had  forever  dicjoined.  Even 
without  deigninglnenterinto  any  particular  discussion, 
many  rejected  the  scheme  in  peneral,  upon  the  credit 
of  a  maxim,  under  which  the  ignorant  and  unenterpri 
sing  shelter  themselves  in  every  age.  "  That  it  is  pre- 
sumptuous in  any  person,  to  suppose  that  he  alone  pos- 
sesses knowjedjje  superior  to  all  the  rest  of  mankind 
united."  They  maintitined,  that  if  there  were  re,\lly 
any  such  countries  as  Columbus  pretended,  they  could 
not  have  remained  so  long  concealed,  nor  would  the 
wisdom  and  sagacity  *»f  former  ages  have  left  the  glory 
of  this  invention  to  an  obscure  (lemieKP  pilot. 

It  required  all  Colunibus's  pr'tience  and  address  to 
negotiate  with  men  capable  of  advancing  such  strange 
propositions.  He  had  to  contend  not  only  with  the 
obstinacy  of  ignorance,  but  with  what  is  still  more  in- 
tractable, the  pride  of  false  knowledge.  After  innu- 
merable conrerences,anil  wasting  five  years  in  fruitless 
endeavors  to  inforiii  and  to  satisfy  judges  so  little  capa- 
ble of  deciding  with  propriety.  Talavera  at  U\sl  made 
such  an  unfavorable  report  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
as  induced  them  to  acquaint  Columbus,  that  until  the 
war  wilh  the  Moors  should  he  brouirht  to  a  period,  it 
would  be  imprudent  to  engage  in  any  new  and  exten- 
sive ent*irprise. 

Whatever  care  was  taken  to  soften  the  harshness  of 
this  declaration,  Columbus  coni*idered  it  as  a  final  re- 
jection of  his  proposals.  But,  happily  for  mankind, 
that  superiority  of  genius,  which  is  capable  of  fonninir 
great  ai>d  uncommon  designs,  is  usually  accompanied 
with  an  aident  enthu.si:ism, which  can  neither  be  cooled 
by  delays  nor  damped  by  disappointment.  Columbus 
HAS  of  this  sanguine  temper.  Though  he  felt  deeplv 
the  cruel  blow  given  to  his  hopes,  and  retired  immedi- 
ately from  a  court  where  he  Inid  been  amused  so  long 
with  vain  expiclations,  bis  confidence  in  the  justness 
of  hisown  system  did  not  diminish,  and  his  impatience 
to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  it  by  an  actual  experiment 
became  greater  than  e/er.  Having  courted  the  protec- 
tion of  sovereign  states  without  success,  he  applied 
next  to  persons  of  inferior  rank,  and  adtlressed  succes- 
sively the  Uukes  nf  Medina  Sidonia  and  Medina  Celi. 
who,  though  subjects,  were  possessed  of  power  and 
opulence  more  than  equal  to  (he  enterprise  which  he 
projected.  His  negotiations  with  them  proved  as  fruit- 
less as  those  in  which  he  had  been  hitherto  engaged  ; 
for  these  noblemen  were  either  as  little  convinced  by 
Columbus's  arguments  sis  their  superiors,  or  they  were 
afraid  of  alarming  the  jealousy  andolVending  the  pride 
of  Ferdinand,  by  countenancing  a  scheme  which  he  had 
rejected. 

Amid  the  painlul  sensations  occasioned  hy  such  a 
succession  of  disappointments,  Columbus  had  to  sus- 
tain the  additional  distress  of  having  received  no  ac- 
counts of  his  brother  whom  he  had  sent  to  the  court  of 
England.  In  his  voyage  to  that  country,  Bartholomew 
had  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  pi- 
rates, who  having  stripped  him  of  every  thing  detained 
him  a  prisoner  for  several  years.  At  length  he  made 
his  escape,  and  arrived  in  London,  hut  in  such  extreme 
indigence,  that  he  was  obliged  to  employ  himself,  du- 
ring a  considerable  time  in  drawing  and  selling  maps, 
in  order  to  pick  up  as  much  money  as  would  purchase 
a  decent  dress  in  which  he  mi<»ht  venture  to  appear  at 
court.  He  then  laid  before  the  king  the  proposiils  with 
which  he  had  been  intrusted  by  his  b'  >ther;  and  not- 
withstanding Henry's  excessivecaution  and  parsimony, 
which  rendered  him  averse  to  now  or  extensive  under- 
takings, he  received  Columbus's  ovcitures  with  more 
approbation  than  any  monarch  to  whom  they  had  hi- 
therto ouen  presented. 

Meanwhile,  (.'olumbuB  being  unacquainted  wilh  Ins 
jrotber'i  fate,  and  havuig  now  no  prospect  of  encour- 


agement in  Spain,  resolved  to  visit  the  court  of  England 
in  person,  in  b'ipes  of  meeting  with  a  more  favornble 
reception  there.  He  had  already  made  preparations 
for  this  purpose,  and  taken  measures  for  the  disposal 
of  his  children  during  his  absence,  when  .luan  Perez. 
the  guardian  of  the  nuuiaslery  of  Kabida,  near  Palos, 
in  which  they  had  been  educated,  earnestly  solicited 
him  to  defer  his  journey  for  a  short  time.  Perez  was 
a  man  of  considerable'  learning,  and  of  simio  credit 
withqueenIsabella,to  whom  he  was  known  personally. 
He  was  warmly  attached  to  Columbus,  wilh  whose 
ability  as  well  as  integrity  he  had  many  opportunities 
of  being  acquainted.  Prompted  by  curiosity  or  by 
friendship,heenteiediii  -nan accurate  examination  of 
his  system,  in  conjunction  with  a  physician  settled  in 
the  neigld)orliood,\vho  was  a  considerable  proficient  in 
mathematical  knowledge.  This  investigation  satisfied 
them  so  thoioughly,  withrespect  to  the  solidity  of  the 
principles  on  which  Columbus  founded  his  opinion, and 
the  probability  of  success  in  executing  the  plan  which 
he  proposed,  that  Perez,  in  order  to  prevent  his  coun- 
try from  being  deprived  of  the  glory  and  benefit  which 
must  accrue  to  the  patrons  of  such  a  grand  enterprise, 
ventured  to  write  to  Isabella,  conjuring  her  (  consider 
the  matter  anew  with  the  attention  whicii  i     nt-iled. 

Moved  by  the  representations  of  a  person  wlmm  she 
respected,  Isabella  desired  Perez  to  repair  immedi- 
ately to  the  village  of  Santa  Fe,  in  which,  on  account 
of  the  siege  of  Granada,  the  court  resided  at  that  time, 
that  she  might  confer  with  him  on  this  important 
subject.  The  first  elfect  of  their  interview  was  a 
gracious  invitation  of  Colund)Us  back  to  court,  ac- 
companied with  the  present  of  a  small  sum  to  equip 
him  for  the  journey,  As  there  was  now  a  certain 
prospect  that  the  war  with  the  Moors  would  speedily 
be  brought  to  a  happy  issue  by  the  reduction  of  Gra- 
nada,which  would  leavethe  nation  at  liberty  to  engage 
in  new  undertakings ;  this,  as  well  as  the  mark  of 
royal  favor,  with  whicli  Columbus  had  been  lately 
honored,  encouraged  his  friends  to  appear  with  greater 
confidence  than  formerly  in  support  of  his  schenu^ 
The  chief  of  these,  Alonza  de  Quintanilla,  compt- 
roller of  the  finances  in  Castile,  and  J^uis  de  Santan- 
gel.  receiver  of  the  ecclesiastical  reve  lues  in  Aragon, 
whose  meritorious  zeal  in  pronuttingiliis  great  design 
entitles  their  names  to  an  honorable  place  in  history, 
intrmluced  Colundnis  to  many  persons  of  high  rank, 
and  interested  them  warndy  in  his  behalf. 

But  it  was  not  an  easy  inntrerto  insjiire  Ferdinand 
with  favorable  sentiments.  He  still  regarded  (^'olum- 
bus'sproject  as  e.xtravagar'  -ul  chimerical ;  and  in  or- 
der to  render  the  elTorts  ol  Ids  partisans  inetrectual  he 
bad  til  ■  addre.>is  to  employ,  in  this  new  negotiation  with 
hiin.st  me  of  the  persons  who  had  formerly  pronounced 
hid  scl.eme  to  be  impracticable.  To  tiieir  astonishment. 
Columbus  appeared  before  them  with  the  same  confi- 
dent hopes  of  success  as  formerly,  and  insisted  upon 
the  san."  high  recompense.  He  proposed  ttiat  a  small 
(leel  sboi  Id  he  fitted  out.  under  his  conunand,  to  at- 
tempt thv  discovery,  and  demanded  to  be  appointed 
liereditfifv  admiral  and  viceroy  of  all  tlieseasaml  lands 
which  lie  shouiii  discover,  ami  to  have  the  tenths  of  the 
;,rofits  arising  from  them, settled  irrevocably  upon  him- 
self and  his  descendants.  At  tlu'  same  time,  he  oiVered 
to  advance  the  eighth  part  of  the  sum  necessary  lor  ac- 
complishing his  design,  on  condition  that  he  should  be 
entilled  to  a  proportional  share  of  benet'il  from  the  ad- 
venture. If  the  enterprise  should  totally  miscarry,  he 
made  no  stipulation  for  any  reward  or  emolument  what- 
ever. Instead  id'viewini;  this  crjiiduct  as  the  clearest 
evidence  of  his  fidi  persuasion  wilh  respect  to  the  truth 
of  bis  own  system,  or  being  struck  with  that  magna- 
nimity which. after  so  many  delays  and  repulses, would 
stoop  to  nothing  inferior  to  its  original  claims,  the  per 
sons  with  whornColundnis  treated  began  meaidytocal- 
culate  the  expense  of  the  expedition,  and  the  value  of 
ihe  reward  which  ho  demanded.  The  expense,  mode- 
rate as  it  was.  they  represented  to  he  too  great  fi)r 
Spain  in  the  present  exhausted  state  of  its  finances. 
They  contended  that  the  honors  and  emoluments 
claimed  by  Columbus  were  exorbitant, even  if  he  should 
perform  the  utmost  of  what  he  had  promised  ;  and  if 
all  bis  sanguine  hopes  w^uld  prove  illusive,  such  vast 
concessions  to  an  adventurer  would  be  deemed  not 
only  inconsiderate,  but  ridiculous.  In  this  imposing 
garb  of  caution  and  prudence,  their  oplniim  appeared 
so  plausible,  and  was  so  warmly  supported  by  Ferdi- 
nand, that  Isabella  declined  giving  any  countenance  to 
Columbus,  and  abruptly  broke  otf  the  negotiation  with 
him  which  she  had  begun 

This  was  more  inorlifying  to  Columbus  than  all  the 
disappointments  which  he  had  hitherto  met  with.  The 


invitation  to  court  from  Isabella,  like  an  unexpected 
ray  of  Ii<,dit,  bad  opened  such  prospects  nf  success  as 
eiicnurageil  him  to  hope  that  bis  labors  were  at  an  end  ; 
but  now  darkness  aitd  uncertainly  retnrneil.  an.!  his 
nund  firm  as  it  was.  could  hardly  support  the  shock  ot 
such  an  unforeseen  reverse.  He  withdrew  in  deep 
anguish  from  court,  with  an  intention  of  prosecuting 
his  voyage  to  England  as  his  last  resource. 

About  that  timeGranada  surrendered, and  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  in  triumphal  pomp,  took  possession  of  a 
city  [.Ian.  2.  I'18!»,]  the  reduction  ))f  which  extirpated 
a  foreign  power  from  the  heart  of  their  dominions,  and 
rendered  them  master,  of  all  Ihe  provinces  extending 
from  the  bottom  of  the  Pyrenees  to  the  fronliers  ol 
Portugal.  As  the  flow  of  spirits  which  accrunpanies 
success  elevates  the  mind,  and  renders  it  enterprir^ing. 
Quintanilla  and  Sanlangel,  tin*  vigilant  and  discerning 
patrons  of  Columbus,  took  advant  iije  of  this  favorablo 
situation,  in  order  to  make  ono  efi.>rt  more  in  behalf  of 
their  friend.  They  addressed  themselves  to  Isaliella  ; 
and  after  expressing  some  surpris'',  that  she,  who  had 
always  been  the  munificent  patroness  of  geiu'rous  un- 
dertakings, should  hesilale  so  long  tocounlenaiu-e  the 
most  splendid  scheme  that  bad  ever  been  proposed  to 
any  monarch  ;  they  renresented  to  her.  that  Cohuhlius 
wa3  a  man  of  a  sound  nnderstandin  ;  n  '«!  virtuous  cha- 
racter, well  (pialified,  by  his  expcu.  nci-  in  navigation, 
as  well  as  his  knowledge  of  geometry, to  form  just  ideas 
with  res|)ect  to  the  structure  of  the  gloi)e  and  the  silua- 
lion  of  its  various  regions  ;  that,  by  ofl'ering  to  risk  his 
own  life  and  fortune  in  Ihe  execution  of  bis  scheme,  he 
gave  the  most  satisfying  evidence  both  of  his  integrity 
and  hopeof  success  ;  that  the  sum  requisite  fitrequip- 
ping  such  an  armament  as  he  tlemanded  was  inconsi- 
derable, and  the  advantages  which  nught  accrue  from 
his  undertaking  were  inunense  ;  that  he  demanded  no 
recompense  for  his  invention  and  labor,  hut  what  was 
to  arise  from  the  c<mntries  which  hi'  should  discover  ; 
that,  as  it  was  worthy  of  her  magnanimily  to  make  this 
noble  attempt  to  exiemi  ihe  sphere  of  human  know- 
ledge, and  to  open  an  intercourse  with  reyions  hilherto 
unknown. so  it  would  all'ord  the  hiuhesl  satisfaction  to 
her  piety  and  zeal,  after  re  establishing  the  Christian 
faith  in  those  provinces  of  Spainfrom  which  it  had  been 
long  banished,  to  discover  a  new  world,  to  which  slio 
mijiht  communicate  the  light  and  blessings  of  <livinc 
truth;  that  if  now  she  did  not  decitle  instantiv,  the  op- 
portunity would  be  irretrievably  lost ;  that  Columbus 
was  on  his  way  to  foreign  countries. where  some  prince 
more  fotunate  or  adventurous,  would  close  with  hiii 
proposals  and  Spain  would  for  ever  bewail  that  fatal 
timiiiity  which  had  excluded  her  from  the  glory  and 
advantages  that  she  had  once  in  her  power  to  have 
enjoyed. 

These  forcible  arguments,  urged  hy  persons  of  such 
authority,  ami  at  a  juncture  so  well  chosen,  produced 
;  the  desired  eftect.  They  dis|)elleil  all  Isabella's  diaibtn 
and  fears;  she  ordered  Coliunbus  to  be  instantly  re- 
j  called,  declared  her  resolution  of  employing  him  on  bis 
;Own  terms,  and  n-urettiug  llie  low  estate  other  fi- 
;  minces,  generously  oftered  to  plcdife  her  own  jewels 

■  in  order  to  raise  as  inuch  money  as  might  Ih'  needed 
jiu  making  preparations  for  the  voyage.  Sanlanj.'el,  in 
j  a  transport  of  gratitude,  kissed  thcipieen's  hand,  and, 

in  order  to  save  her  from  having  recourse  to  such  a 
^mortifying  expedient  for  procuring  money  .engaged  to 

advance  immediately  the  sum  ibat  was  reipiisile. 

Cohnnbus  hail  proceeded  some  leaunes  on  bis  jour- 
jney,  when  the  messenger  from  Isabella  overtook  him. 

■  I'pon  reccivini:  an  account  of  the  unexpected  rcsnlu- 
jlioii  in  his  fav'tr,  he  returni'd  directly  lo  Santa   Fe, 

tboUi!h  some  remainder  of  dillidence  still  miiiiiled  itself 
Iwithbisjoy.  But  the  cordial  reception  which  he  met 
jwilh  from  Isabella,  together  wiih  :!:;■  iwar  prospect  of 
I  selling  out  upon  tlial  voya-.'e  wlr-'Ii  had  so  long  b«\Mi 
the  object  of  Ins  thoughts  :ind  wis!ics.  soi>  <  ellaced  Ihn 
remembrance  of  all  that  be  batUulferril  in  Spain  durin.'; 
eight  tedious  years  of  solicitation  anti  suspense,  Tl.o 
negotiation  now  went  forward  v\itb  facility  and  I'es- 
patch,  amlalreaty  ofc;i,,iitiiii;i..ii  \  itb  Cobunhe;,  was 
signed  on  the  17th  of  A[iril.one  thoup  nd  four  hundred 
and  ninety-two.  The  chief  articles  of  it  were; — I, 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  as  sovereit.ns  of  the  ocean, 
constituted  Cotumbustheir  high  admiral  in  all  the  seas, 
islands,  and  continents,  which  should  be  discovered  by 
his  industry;  and  stipulated  that  he  and  his  heirs  for 
ever  should  enjoy  this  olllce.with  the  same  powers  and 
prerogativeswhichbelongedtothe  high  admiral  of  ('as- 
tile  within  the  limits  of  his  jurisdiction.  2.  They  ap- 
pointed Columbus  their  viceroy  in  all  the  islands  and 
C4>ntincnts  wliieh  he  should  discover  ;  bul  if,  for  the 
hi  Iter  adminutration  of  aflairs^  it  vtuuU  beivafter  be 


SOUTH   AMERICA  . 


79 


«U<TPS«i  nfl 

iit  iiin-iul; 
'I.  iin.l  (ii9 

I'Nlinck  o( 
\v  in  di'cp 

'Sfcuiing 


TMTPPBtiry  tnrs(;il)iish  a  spparate  povernor  in  any  of  I 
those  (MHtntrics  ;  they  authorized  CoIumiImis  tn  mime' 
thrcp  porHMiis  ol  wliDrn  lliry  would  choose  one  for  thai 
olUre  ;  and  (he  diirnity  of  viceroy  with  all  il-*  iiiiniu- j 
nitit'K.was  likewise  to  he  hereditary  in  the  family  of  (*o- 
imnhns.  a  Thi-y  ^rranten  to  ('uiutnhus  and  his  heirs 
for  e\er  the  tcnih  (»f  the  free  profits  accruing  from  the 
prnduelioiis  and  cnmmerco  of  the  cuuntries  which  he 
fthould  discover.  4.  They  declared,  that  if  any  con- 
troversy or  hiwsuit  Blunih'i  arise  with  respect  lo  any 
mercantile  transaction  in  the  countries  which  should  be 
discovered,  it  should  he  determined  hy  the  sole  au- 
thority of  <;oluinhus.  or  of  judges  to  be  appointed  by 
him.  f).  They  permitted  Columhun  to  advance  one- 
eiljhth  part  of  what  should  he  expended  in  preparing 
for  the  expedi'-ion.  and  in  carrying  on  commerce  with 
the  countries  whieh  he  should  discover,  and  entitled 
him.  in  return  to  one  eighth  part  of  the  profit. 

Though  ihrnanie  of  Ferdinand  appears  enjoined 
with  that  of  Isidielhi  in  this  transaction,  hisdistru.st  of 
Columbus  was  still  so  violent  tha .  he  refused  to  take 
any  part  in  the  enterprise  as  king  of  Aragon.  As  the 
whole  expense  of  the  expedition  was  to  be  defrayed  by 
the  crown  of  (Castile,  (sahella  reserved  for  her  sulijects 
of  I  hilt  kiiiijdom  an  exclusive  right  to  all  the  benefits 
which  might  redound  from  its  success. 

Ah  soon  as  llie  tre;'ly  was  signed.  Isabella,  hy  her 
attentionanil  activityin  forwarding  the  preparations  for 
the  voyage.  endeav4)red  to  make  some  reparation  to 
Columbus  for  the  time  which  he  had  lost  in  fruitless  so- 
licitation. Hy  the  twelfih  of  May,  all  that  depended 
upon  her  was  adjusted  ;  and  Columbns  waited  on  the 
king  and  queen  in  order  to  receive  their  linal  instruc* 
tioiis.  Every  thing  respecting  thedestination  and  con- 
duet  of  the  voyage  they  committed  implicitly  to  the 
disposiil  of  his  prudence.  But  that  they  might  avoid 
giving  any  just  cause  of  o(f<'nce  to  the  liing  of  Portu- 
gal, they  strictly  enjoined  him  not  to  approach  near  to 
the  Portugue>e  settlements  on  the  coast  of  (Juinea.  or 
in  any  of  the  other  countries  to  which  the  Portuguese 
claimed  right  as  discoverers,  Isabella  had  ordered  the 
ships  o(  which  C(dunibus  was  to  take  the  comniand  to 
be  fitted  out  in  the  jmrt  of  P.iloa  a  small  maritime  town 
in  the  province  of  Andalusia.  As  the  guardian  Juan 
Perez,  to  wh!)m  Columbus  had  already  been  so  much 
indebted,  resided  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  place,  he, 
by  the  intluence  of  that  good  ecclesiastic,  as  well  as  by 
hisowp.  coimection  with  the  inhabitants^  not  ordy  rais- 
ed among  them  what  he  wanted  of  the  sum  that  he 
was  bound  hy  treaty  to  advance,  but  engaged  several 
of  them  to  accompany  him  in  the  voyage.  The  chief 
of  these  associates  were  three  brothers  of  the  name  of 
Pinzon,  of  considerable  wealth,  and  of  great  experi- 
ence in  naval  affairs,  who  were  willing  to  hazard  their 
lives  and  fortunes  in  the  expedition. 

]Jutat\er  all  the  etlbrts  of  Isabella  and  Columbus. 
the  armament  was  not  suitable  either  to  the  dignity  of 
the  nation  by  which  it  was  e({uipped,  or  to  the  impor- 
tance of  the  service  lor  which  it  was  destined.  It  con 
sisted  of  three  vessels.  The  largest,  a  ship  of  no  con- 
siderable burden,  was  conimanded  by  Cohunhu.-^,  as 
admiral,  who  gave  it  tlie  name  of  Santa  Marin,  out  of 
respect  for  the  Blessed  Virgin,  whom  he  honored  with 
Hinguiar  devotion.  Of  the  second,  called  the  I'lti'a, 
Marton  Pinzon  was  captain,  and  his  brother  Francis 
pilot.  The  third,  named  the  AV"«.  "as  under  the 
command  of  Vincent  Vanez  Pinzon.  These  two  were 
light  vessels  hardly  superior  in  burden  or  force  to  large 
boats.  The  squadron,  if  it  merits  that  name,  was  vic- 
tualled for  twelve  months,  iuid  had  on  board  ninety 
men,  mostly  sailors,  together  wiiii  a  few  adventurers 
who  fultowed  the  fortune  of  (Jolumbus,  and  some  gen- 
tlemen of  Isabella's  court,  whom  she  appointed  to  ac- 
company liim.  Though  the  expense  of  the  undertaking 
was  one  of  the  circumstances  which  cbieHy  alarmed 
thecourt  of  Spain. and  retardi'«l  so  long  the  negotiation 
with  Culunihus,  the  sum  employed  in  fitting  o  t  this 
squadron  did  not  exceed  four  thousand  pounds 

As  the  art  of  ship  building  in  the  fitleenth  century 
WHS  extremely  rude,  and  the  bulk  of  vessels  was  ac- 
commodated to  the  short  and  easy  voyages  along  the 
coast  which  they  were  actustomed  to  perform,  itisa 
proof  of  tlic  courage,  as  well  as  enterprising  genius  of 
Columbus,  that  he  ventured,  with  a  fleet  so  unfit  for  ii 
distant  navigation,  to  explore  unknown  seas,  where  he 
had  no  chart  to  guide  him,  no  knowledge  of  the  tides 
and  currents,  and  no  experience  of  the  dangers  to  J 
which  he  might  be  exposeil.  His  eagerness  to  accom- 
plish the  great  design  which  had  so  long  engrossed  his 
thoughts,  made  him  overlook  or  disregard  every  cir- 
cumstancnthat  would  have  intimidated  a  mind  less  ad- 
venturous. He  puHhed  forwurd  the  preparations  wilbi 


such  ardor,  and  was  seconded  bo  effectually  by  the 
persons  to  whom  Isabella  committed  the  superinten- 
dence of  this  business,  that  everything  was  soon  in 
readiness  for  the  voyage.  But  as  Colimibus  was  deeply 
impressed  with  sentimenis  of  religion,  he  would  not 
set  out  upon  an  expedition  so  arduous,  and  of  which 
one  great  object  was  to  extend  the  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  failb,withoutinq)Ioring  publicly  the  guidance 
and  protection  of  Heaven.  With  this  view,  he,  toge- 
ther with  all  the  persons  under  his  command,  inarched 
in  solemn  procession  to  the  monastery  of  Rabida. 
A*ler  confessing  tlieir  sins,  and  obtaining  ahcolution, 
they  received  the  holy  sacrament  from  the  hands  ofthe 
guardian,  who  joined  his  prayers  to  theirs  i^ir  the  suc- 
cess of  an  enterprise  which  he  had  so  zealously  pa- 
tronized. 

Next  morning,  being  Friday  the  third  day  of  August, 
in  the  year  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-two, 
f -oluudius  set  sail,  a  little  before  sunrise,  in  presence 
of  a  vast  crowd  of  spectators,  who  sent  up  their  sup- 
plications to  Heaven  f<T  the  prosperous  issue  of  the 
voyage,  which  they  wished  rather  than  expected.  Co- 
lund)U8  steered  directly  f(jr  the  (Canary  Ifilands.  and 
arrived  there  [Aug.  13]  without  any  occurrence  that 
would  have  deserved  notice  on  any  other  occasion 
Hut,  in  a  voyage  of  such  expectation  and  importance. 
every  circumstance  was  the  object  of  attention.  The 
rudder  of  the  Pinda  broke  loose  the  day  after  she  lert 
the  harbor ;  and  that  accident  alarmed  the  crew,  noless 
superstitious  than  unskilful,  as  a  certain  omen  ofthe 
unfortunate  ttestiny  of  the  expedition.  Hven  in  the 
short  run  to  the  Canaries,  the  ships  were  found  to  he 
so  crazy  and  ill  appointed,  as  to  be  very  improper  for 
a  navigation  which  was  expected  to  be  both  lonn  and 
dangerous  Cohunbus  refitted  tbe.n,  however,  to  the 
hfr.ft  ofhis  power;  and  havinu  si.pplied  himself  with 
fresh  provisions,  he  took  his  departure  from  Coniera, 
one  of  the  most  westerly  of  the  Canavy  Islands,  on  the 
sixth  day  of  >eptember. 

Here  the  voyage  of  discovery  may  properly  be  said 
to  begin  ;  for  Colundnis,  holding  his  cfmrs-^  due  wv^i, 
lefl  immediately  the  usual  tract  of  navigation,  ami 
stretched  into  unfrequentetl  and  unknown  seas.  The 
first  day,  as  it  was  very  calm,  he  made  but  little  way  ; 
but  on  the  second  he  lost  sight  ofthe  Canaries;  and 
many  ofthe  sailors  dejected  already,  and  dismayed. 
when  they  contemplated  the  bipldness  ofthe  undertak- 
ing, began  to  heat  their  breasts,  and  to  sl.ed  tears,  tisif 
they  were  never  more  to  behold  land.  C(dumhus  com- 
forted them  with  assurances  of  success,  and  the  pros- 
pect of  vast  wealth  in  those  opulent  reuions  wbitbrr 
he  was  conducting  them.  This  early  discovery  ofthe 
spirit  of  his  followers  taught  Columbus  that  he  nuist 
prepare  to  struggle  not  only  with  the  unavoidable  ditll- 
cultieswhich  might  be  expected  from  the  nalu.e  ofhis 
undertaking,  hut  witli  such  as  were  likely  to  i  rise  from 
the  ignorance  and  timidity  ofthe  people  under  his  com- 
mand ;  and  he  perceived  that  the  art  oftroverning  the 
minds  of  men  wiUild  be  no  less  requi.sile  for  acc<un- 
plishing  the  discoveries  which  he  had  in  view,  than 
naval  skill  and  undaunted  courage.  Happily  tor  him- 
self, and  for  the  country  by  which  be  was  employed, 
he  joined  to  the  ardent  tenq)er  and  inventive  genius  o! 
a  projector,  virtues  of  another  species  w  Inch  are  rarely 
united  with  them.  He  possessed  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  mankind,  an  insinuating  address,  a  patient 
perseverance  in  executing  any  phni,  the  perfect  gov- 
ernment of  his  own  passions,  and  the  talent  ofacipiir- 
ing  an  ascendant  over  those  <if  other  men.  All  these 
qualities,  which  formed  him  to  conmiand,  were  accoju 
paiiied  with  that  superior  knowledge  of  bisprofessiou. 
which  beue:s  c  onfidence  in  times  of  diflicidty  and  dan- 
ger. To  unskilful  Spanish  sailors,  accuslimied  only  to 
coasting  voyages  in  the  iMediterranean,  the  maritime 
science  of  Columbus,  the  fruit  of  thiily  years'  experi- 
ence, inqiroved  by  an  acquaintance  with  alt  the  inven- 
tions ofthe  Portuguese,  appeared  inunense.  As  soon 
as  they  put  to  sea,  be  regulated  every  thing  by  bis  sole 
authority  ;  he  superintended  the  execution  of  every 
order  ;  and  allow  ing  himself  only  a  few  hours  torsleep. 
he  was  at  all  other  times  upon  deck.  As  his  ctuirse  lay 
through  seas,  which  had  not  ftirnterly  been  visited,  the 
sounding  line,  or  instruments  for  observation,  were 
continually  in  his  hands.  After  the  example  ofthe 
Portuguese  discoverers,  he  attended  to  the  motion  of 
tides  and  currents,  watched  the  flight  of  birds,  the  ap- 
pearance of  fishes,  seaweeds,  and  of  every  thing  that 
floated  on  the  waves,  and  entered  every  occurrence, 
with  a  minute  exactness,  in  the  journal  which  he  kept 
.As  the  length  of  the  vtiyage  could  not  fail  of  alarm- 
ing sailors,  habituated  only  to  short  excursions,  Co 
lumbus  endeuvured  toconcciil  fruni  them  the  real  pro 


gress  which  they  made.  With  this  view,  though  thw 
run  eighteen  leagues  on  the  second  day  after  they  krft 
(iomera,  he  gave  out  that  they  bad  advanced  only  fif- 
teen, and  he  uniformly  employed  the  same  artifice  ol 
reckoning  short  during  the  whole  voyage.  By  the  four- 
teenth of  Seplendier  the  fVet  was  above  two  hundred 
leagues  to  the  west  ofthe  Canary  Isles. at  a  greater  ilia- 
tPMce  from  land  thanaiiy  Sjianaird  had  been  before  thai 
time.  There  they  were  struck  with  an  appi-arance  nc 
less  astonishing  than  new.  They  observed  that  tho 
magnetic  needle,  in  their  compasses,  did  not  point  ex- 
actly to  the  polar  star,  but  varied  towards  the  west  j 
and  as  they  proceeded,  this  variation  increased.  This 
appearance,  which  is  now  familiar,  though  it  still  re- 
mains one  of  the  mysteries  of  nature,  into  the  cause 
of  whichthe  sagacity  of  man  baanot  been  able  to  pen- 
etrate, filled  the  conqianions  of  Columbus  with  ter- 
ror. They  were  now  in  a  boundless  and  unknown 
ocean,  far  from  the  usual  course  of  navigation  ;  nature 
it.self  seemed  to  be  altered,  and  the  only  guide  which 
they  had  left  was  about  to  tail  them.  Colundius,  with  no 
less  (piiekness  than  ingenuity,  invented  a  reason  for 
this  appearance,  which,  though  it  diil  not  satisfy  him- 
self, seemed  so  plausible  to  them,  that  itdispelled  their 
fears  or  silenceil  their  murmurs. 

He  still  c<u)tinuetl  to  steer  due  west,  nearly  in  the 
same  latitude  with  the  Canary  Islands  In  this  course 
he  came  within  the  sphere  of  the  trade  wind  which 
blows  invariably  from  east  to  west,  between  the  tropics 
and  a  few  degrees  beyond  them.  He  advanced  beforg 
this  steady  g.ile  with  such  uniform  rapidity  that  it  was 
seldom  necessary  to  shift  a  sail  M'hen  about  four 
hundred  leagues  to  the  west  of  ibe  Canaries,  he  found 
the  sea  so  citvered  with  weeds,  that  it  resembled  a 
meadow  of  vast  extent,  and  in  some  places  they  were 
so  thick  as  to  retard  the  motion  of  the  vesseU.  This 
strange  appearance  occasioned  new  alarm  and  dis- 
quiet. The  sailors  inpa|;;ined  that  they  were  now  ar- 
rived at  the  utmost  boundary  of  the  navigable  ocean  ; 
that  these  flo:itiiig  weetis  would  obstruct  their  further 
progress,  ami  concealed  dangerous  rock:;,  or  somo 
large  track  of  land,  which  had  sunk,  they  knew  nut 
how,  in  that  place.  Columbus  endeavored  to  per- 
suade them  that  what  had  alarnieil  ought  rather  to 
have  eiu'ouraged  ibein,  anil  was  to  be  eon.'^idered  as  n 
sign  of  apprtiacbing  biial.  At  the  same  time,  a  bri.-<k 
gale  arese.  and  carried  them  forward.  Several  birds 
were  seen  hovering  about  the  ship  [ID.]  and  directing 
their  flights  towards  the  west.  'I'he  desponding  crew 
resumed  some  degree  of  spirit,  and  began  to  entertain 
fresh  hopes. 

Vpon  the  first  of  October  they  were,  according  to 
the  admiral's  reckoning,  seven  liundred  and  seventy 
leagues  to  the  west  of  the  Canaries  ;  but  lest  his  men 
shoidd  be  intiniiilated  by  the  prodigious  length  of  the 
na\iyalion,  he  gave  out  that  they  had  proceeded  (miy 
live  hundred  and  eighty  four  leagues,  and  fortunately, 
for  (.'olumbus.  neither  his  own  pilot,  nor  those  of  the 
other  ships,  bad  skill  siifhcient  to  correct  this  error,  and 
discoxer  the  deceit.  They  had  nt)W  hern  altove  three 
weeks  at  sea  ;  they  bad  procei'di'd  far  beyond  what 
former  navigators  had  attempted  or  deeme*l  possible; 
ail  their  prognostics  ofdiscovery.  drawn  froni  theftight 
of  birds  and  other  circumstances,  had  proved  fallacious; 
the  appearances  of  land,  with  which  their  own  cre- 
dulity or  the  artitice  of  their  commander  had  from  time 
to  time  flattered  and  amused  them,  had  been  altogether 
illusive,  and  their  prospect  of  success  seemed  now  to 
be  as  distant  as  ever.  Tbe.se  reflections  occurre-I 
often  to  men  who  had  no  other  object  or  occupation 
than  to  reason  and  discourse  concerning  the  intention 
and  circumstances  of  their  I'xpedition.  They  made 
impression  at  first  upon  the  ignorant  and  timid,  and 
extending  by  degress  to  such  as  wrre  better  informtd 
or  mr)re  resolute,  the  contagion  spread  at  length  from 
ship  to  ship.  From  secret  whispers  or  niurnmringB, 
they  proceeded  to  open  cabals  and  public  cumplaintH. 
Tluy  taxed  their  sovereign  with  inconsi  leratecred»il*'v 
in  paying  such  regard  to  the  vain  proniises  atid 
conjectures  of  an  indigent  foreigner,  as  to  hazard  the 
lives  of  so  many  of  her  own  subjects  in  prosecuting  a 
chimerical  schente.  They  aflirmed  that  they  had  fully 
performed  their  duty,  iiy  venturing  so  far  in  an  juknown 
and  hopeless  course,  and  could  incur  no  blame  for  re- 
fusing to  follow  any  longer  a  desperate  adventurer  to 
certain  destruction.  They  contended,  that  it  wasne- 
Icessary  tothinkof  returning  to  Spain,  while  tiieir  crazy 
vessels  were  still  in  a  condith)ti  to  keep  the  sea,  but 
'  I'xpressed  their  fears  that  the  attemptwould  prove  vain, 
as  the  wind,  which  hitherto  liave  been  so  favnurnhleta 
their  course,  must  reiider  it  impossible  to  sail  in  en  op* 
j  posile  directiun.     All  agreed  that  Culunihus  shuulU  fr*i 


80 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OP 


compel  (tl  by  force  to  adopt  n  measure  on  which  their 
rommon  safety  (.icppnileii.  Some  of  tlie  niorc  atuia* 
cious  proposed,  an  the  innst  expeditious  and  certain 
methiHl  of  peltinijrid  at  once  of  his  reinonslraiu'es.  lo 
throw  hiui  into  the  sea.  heinji;  persuaded  (hat,  upon 
their  return  to  Spain,  the  death  of  an  unsurceK.sful  pro- 
jector, would  excite  Uttic  concern,  and  be  inquired  into 
with  no  curiosity. 

Columhu)*  was  fully  sensible  of  his  perilous  situa 
tton.  He  had  observed,  with  great  uneaHinefts,  the 
fatal  operation  of  ignorance  and  of  fear  in  producini; 
disatlection  atnonu;  his  crew,  and  saw  tliat  it  was  now 
ready  to  burst  out  into  open  mutiny.  He  retained. 
however,  perfect  presence  of  mind.  He  aflecled  to 
seem  ignorant  of  their  machinations.  Notwithstanding 
the  agitation  and  solicitude  of  his  own  mind,  he  ap- 
f>eared  with  a  cheerful  countenance,  like  a  man  satislird 
with  the  progress  he  had  made,  antl  confident  of  suc- 
cess. Sometimes  he  employed  all  the  arts  of  insinua- 
tion to  souihe  tiis  men.  •Sometimes  he  endeavored 
*o  work  upon  their  ambition  or  avarice,  by  niagniliei-nt 
descriptions  of  ilie  fame  and  wealth  wliidi  they  were 
about  lo  acquire.  On  other  occasions  he  assumed  a 
tone  ofauthorily.  and  threatened  them  with  venjje.inee 
from  their  sovereign,  if,  by  their  dastanlly  behavior, 
they  Hhotitd  defeat  this  noble  etVort  to  promote  the 
plory  of  (lod,  and  to  exalt  (be  Spanish  name  aht>\)' 
that  of  every  other  nation.  Kven  with  st'ditiou.s  sailors, 
the  w»)nls  of  a  man  whom  they  had  been  accustomed 
to  reverence,  were  weighty  and  persuasive,  and  not 
only  restrained  Ibem  from  those  violent  excesses 
which  they  meditated,  but  prevailed  with  llieni  to  ac- 
company (heir  admiral  for  snnie  time  lon<rer> 

As  they  proceeded,  the  indications  of  approaching 
land  seemed  to  be  more  certain,  and  excited  hope  in 
proportion.  The  birds  began  to  appear  in  tloekb, 
making  towards  the  suulb-vvest.  Columbus,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Portuguese  na\igator»,  who  bad  been 
guided,  in  several  of  ibeir  discoveries,  by  the  motion 
of  birds,  altered  his  course  froi:t  due  west  towards 
that  quarter  whither  they  poi.ited  their  (light.  Hut, 
after  holding  on  for  several  days  in  Ibis  n''w  direction, 
without  any  better  success  tbiin  formerly,  having  seen 
no  obji'ct,  during  thirty  days,  but  the  sea  ami  the  sky, 
the  hopes  of  bis  companions  sub.sided  faster  than  they 
had  risen  ;  their  fears  revived  with  additional  force  ; 
impatience,  rage,  and  despair,  appeared  in  every  coun- 
tenance. Ail  sense  of  subordination  was  lost  :  the 
(jjlicers.  who  had  hitherto  concurred  with  ('olumbus  in 
opinion,  and  supported  bis  aulbority,  now  took  part 
with  the  private  men  ;  they  assembled  tumultuously 
on  ttie  (leek,  expostulated  with  their  commander, 
ininirb'd  threats  with  their  expostulations,  and  required 
him  inslanliy  to  tack  aliout  and  lo  return  lo  Europe. 
Columbus  [)erceivfd  that  it  would  be  of  no  avail  to 
have  recourse  to  any  of  his  former  arts,  which,  bavini! 
been  tried  so  often,  had  lo.st  their  ellect  ;  and  that  it 
was  impossible  to  rekindle  any  zeal  for  the  success  ol 
the  expediiiiMi  among  men  in  whose  breasts  fear  had 
oitiiiguished  every  uerierous  senlirnent.  He  saw  thai 
it  was  no  less  vain  to  think  of  employing  either  iienlle 
3r  severe  measures  iO(piell  a  nuiliny  so  general  and  so 
vielent.  It  was  necessary,  on  all  thc-se  accounts,  to 
Boothe  passions  which  he  could  no  longer  command. 
and  to  give  way  to  a  torrent  too  impetuous  lo  be 
checked.  He  promised  solemnly  to  bis  men  that  be 
would  coin|)ly  with  their  retpu-.st.  provided  thev  would 
accompany  him,  and  obey  hiscomu<an<l  for  three  days 
longer,  and,  if  during  that  time,  land  were  not  dis- 
Cv.vered,  be  would  then  abandon  the  enterprise,  and 
direct  his  course  towards  Spain. 

Knrasied  as  the  sailors  were,  and  impatient  to  turn 
Clieir  faces  again  toward  their  native  cotmtry,  thi.n  pro- 
pivsition  did  not  appear  lo  theiu  unreasiinable.  Nor 
did  C'llumbus  hazard  mucin  n  conlinirig  himself  to  a 
term  so  short.  The  presages  ofdiscoverinijland  were 
now  BO  numerous  and  pronusing,  ihat  be  deemed  tb^m 
infallible.  For  some  days  the  soundinii  line  reached 
the  bottom,  and  the  soil  which  it  brought  up  indicated 
land  to  be  at  no  great  distance.  The  flocks  of  binls 
increased,  and  were  couqiosed  not  only  of  seafowl,  but 
rifsuch  land  lurds  ascuuld  not  he  supposed  lo  lly  far 
fromthe  shore.  The  erew  ofthe  Pintaobserved  aci.ne 
tloatiug,  which  seemed  lohave  been  newly  cut,  and 
likewise  a  piece  of  limber  arliltcially  carved.  The 
sailors  aboard  the  Niirna  took  up  the  branch  of  a  tree 
with  red  berries,  perfectly  fresh.  The  clouds  around 
*he  setting  sun  ns<iumed  a  new  appearance  :  the  air 
wai  more  mild  and  warm,  and  during  the  night  the 
wind  became  unequal  and  variable.  From  all  these 
fjiuptoms,  (Columbus  was  so  confident  of  being  near 
Und, that  on  the  evening  of  the  eleventh  of  October, 


after  public  prayers  for  success,  he  ordered  the  sails  to 
be  furled,  and  the  slnps  to  he  to.  keepuig  strict  waleli. 
lest  ibey  should  bedriv'-n  ashore  ni  the  nii-bl.  Ihiring 
this  iritt-rval  of  su.-^pense  and  expe<  talion,  no  man  shut 
his  e-c's,  all  kept  upon  deck,  i.'Ji'^ii'l.'  intently  titwards 
that  tpi.irlcr  vvliere  tliey  expecltd  to  di.--co\er  the  land, 
which  had  been  so  long  the  object  uf  llieir  wishes. 

About  (wo  hours  belore  midnight,  (Jolumbus,  stand- 
ing on  the  t'orecaslle,  ob.served  a  light  at  a  dih(ance, 
and  privately  pointed  it  out  to  I'edro  (iuKieres,  a  jiage 
of  (he  Queen's  wardrobe.  (Juttierez  perceived  it.  and 
callin;/  to  Saleeiio.  eou.ptroller  of  (be  llcel,  all  three 
saw  it  in  motion,  as  if  it  were  carried  Iroiii  place  lo 
place.  A  little  after  midniubt  the  joyful  sound  ot'ln7ul! 
huul !  was  heard  from  the  Pinta.  which  kepi  always  a- 
head  of  tbeotber  ships.  Hut,  having  been  so  often  de- 
ceived by  fallacious  apiiearances.  every  nian  was  now 
become  slow  of  beliel.  and  waited  in  all  the  anguish  of 
uncertainty  and  inqiatienee  for  the  return  ofday.  As 
soon  as  morning ilawned  [Oct.  12],all  doubtsand  fears 
were  dispelled.  From  every  ship  an  islam!  was  seen 
about  two  leagues  to  the  north,  whose  flat  and  verdant 
fields,  well  stored  with  wood,  and  watered  with  many 
rivulets,  presented  the  aspect  of  a  delightful  country. 
The  crew  of  the  Pinta  in.>lantly  began  the  7V  Vciim, 
as  a  hymn  of  thanksgivin;;  to  fJod,  and  were  joined  by 
those  id'tbe  other  ships,  with  tearsol'joy  and  transports 
of  conjiralulalion.  'I'Ins  oHlce  of  gratilude  lo  Heaven, 
was  followed  by  an  act  ofjuslice  t(>  their  commander. 
They  threw  themselves  al  the  feet  of  Cnlumbus,  with 
feelings  of  self  condemnation  mingled  with  reverence. 
They  implored  him  to  pardon  their  ignorance,  incre- 
dulity, ')ud  insiilence,  which  liad  created  him  so  much 
unnecessary  disquiet,  and  bad  so  often  obstructed  the 
proseculior.  of  his  well  concerted  plan  ;  and  passing,  in 
the  warmth  of  their  admiration,  from  one  extrente  lo 
another,  they  now  pronouneeillbe  man,  whom  they  bad 
so  lately  reviled  and  threatened,  to  be  a  person  inspir- 
ed by  Heaven  with  sanaeily  and  forlituJe  more  than 
human,  in  order  to  aciMuuplish  a  desitrn  so  far  beyond 
the  ideas  and  conception  of  all  former  age.s.  ! 

As  soon  as  the  sun  a  to.'-e.  all  their  boats  were  manned 
and  armed.  They  rowed  lowanls  the  island  with  their 
colors  displayed,  with  warlike  music,  and  other  martial 
pomp.  As  they  apprcaelieil  the  coast,  Ihey  saw  it 
covered  with  a  UMiltilude  of  peojjie,  whom  the  novelty 
ofthe  spectacle  bad  drawn  toi;ether.  whose  attitudes 
and  gestures  expressed  wonder  and  astonishment  at 
the  slranijc  objeets  wliieli  presented  ihemselves  to 
their  view.  Colunduis  was  the  first  Kuiopean  who 
set  ft»ot  in  the  \e\v  World  which  he  bad  discovered.. 
He  landed  in  a  rich  dress,  and  with  a  naked  sword  in 
his  band.  His  men  followed,  and  kneelini.'  down.j 
they  all  kissed  the  ground  which  ibey  had  so  long  de- 
sired to  see.  They  next  erected  a  crucitix.  and  pros- 
Iratinji  themselves  hefor"  it,  returned  thanks  ti>  (Jod 
tbr  conducting  their  voyane  to  such  a  happy  l-sue. 
They  then  lonk  solemn  possession  ofthe  country,  for 
the  crown  of  Castile  and  I.eon,  with  all  the  formali- 
ties which  (he  Porlni.'uese  were  accustomed  lo  observe 
in  acts  of  this  kind,  in  their  new  discoveries. 

The  Spaninrds.  while  thus  employed,  were  siirroinid- 
ed  by  many  ottlu'  nati\es.  who  iiazed  in  silent  admi- 
ration upon  actions  which  Ihey  could  not  conipreheiul, 
and  of  which  they  did  not  toresee  the  consei]uences 
The  dress  of  the  Spaniards,  (be  whiteness  of  their 
skins,  tlieir  beards,  tlieir  arms,  ajijiearcil  slranije  and 
surl^^isinL^  The  vast  machines  in  which  they  had 
traversed  the  oc(  an,  thai  seemed  to  move  upon  (be 
waters  with  winirs,  and  uttered  a  dreadful  sound  re- 
sembling thunder,  accom|iaiiied  with  ligbtiiiiii;  and 
smoke,  siruck  them  with  such  terror,  that  they  bedpan 
to  respect  their  new  L'uests  as  a  sui»erior  order  of  be- 
ings, and  concluded  that  they  were  children  of  the 
Sun,  who  bad  ilescended  to  visit  ihe  earth. 

The  Furopeans  were  banlly  less  amazed  at  the  scene 
now  betiife  them.  Fvery  herb,  and  shrub,  and  tree, 
was  dilferent  from  those  which  llourished  in  Kurope 
The  soil  seemed  to  be  rich,  but  bore  tew  markin  -^f  cul- 
tivation. The  cliiiate.  even  to  the  Spaniards,  felt 
warm,  ihoiiLdi  extremely  delightful.  The  inbabilniits 
appeareil  in  ihe  simple  innocence  of  nature,  entirely 
naked.  Their  Diack  hair,  lonu  antl  uncurled,  floated 
upon  Iheir  shoulders,  or  was  bound  in  tresses  around 
their  beads.  They  had  no  beards, and  every  part  i>f  their 
bodies  wasperfeclly  smooth.  Their  complexion  wasof 
ailusky  CO)  ,iercolor,lheir  teaturessingular.  rather  than 
disagreeable,  their  aspect  gentle  ami  timid.  Tliiuii;h 
not  tall,  they  were  well  shaped  and  active.  Their 
faces,  and  several  parts  of  their  body,  were  fantasti- 
(■ally  painted  with  glaring  colors.  They  were  shy  al 
first  through  (ear,  but  soon  became  familiar  with  the 


Spaniards,  and  with  transports  of  joy  received  from 
tbeni  hawksbells,  glaH«i  heads,  or  other  baubles,  in  w 
lurn  lor  wluih  they  uave  such  proviF<ions  as  they  had, 
and  snme  collon  yarn,  the  otdy  eornnioiliiy  ol  value 
that  they  coulil  produce.  Towards  eveiiiii<.',  Cohnribu9 
returned  lo  his  ship,  aeeonipanied  by  many  of  the  is- 
lamiers  in  their  boais,  which  they  called  rn/icts,  and 
though  rudely  foriiied  out  of  the  trunk  ol  a  siM>:le  tree, 
tin  .'  rowed  them  with  surprising  dexterity.  Thus,  in 
Ihe  first  interview  between  the  inhabitants  <d' the  old 
ami  new  worhh.,  every  thing  was  conducted  amicably, 
and  to  their  mutual  satisfaction.  The  former,  en- 
lightened and  and)itious,  formed  aheaily  vast  idean 
with  respect  to  the  advantages  which  they  niii:ht  de- 
rive from  the  regions  that  began  to  open  to  their  view. 
The  latter,  simple  and  uif^liscerning.  bad  no  fcrc'-iiibt 
of  the  calamities  and  desolation  which  were  ajqiroach- 
ing  their  country. 

(.'obindius,  who  now  assumed  the  til le  and  authority 
()f  admiral  ami  viceroy,  called  Ihe  island  which  he  bad 
discovered  Sua  Salradnr.  It  is  better  known  by  the 
name  of  (iinuiahuhi,  which  the  natives  gave  lo  it,  and 
is  oneoflhal  large  i-lusterol  islamls  calNtI  the  l.iicaya 
or  Ibdiama  isle.s.  It  is  siiualcd  above  iIim  e  tlioe.-'aiul 
miles  to  the  wesi  of  (iomera  ;  liom  whieb  the  squadron 
took  its  dcparlure.  and  oidy  four  degrees  to  (be  south 
of  it  ;  so  little  bad  Columbus  de'*ialed  from  the  west- 
erly course,  which  be  had  chosen  as  the  most  proper. 

(.'olundms  employed  the  next  day  in  vi.-itiiig  the 
coasts  ofthe  island  ;  and  from  the  univeisal  poverty  o( 
the  inhabilanis,  he  perceived  that  this  was  not  the  rich 
country  for  which  besought.  Hut,  conformably  to  hi.-i 
theory  concerning  the  ilisctivery  of  ll■o^e  rei.'iitiis  of 
\>'vA  which  stretched  towards  ihe  cast,  he  e(uicludcd 
that  San  Salvador  was  one  of  Ibe  isles  which  geogra- 
phers described  as  situated  in  the  great  ocean  adjacent 
to  India.  Having  observed  ibat  most  (tf  the  people 
whom  he  had  seen  wore  small  plates  of  gold,  by  way 
of  ornament,  in  their  nostrils,  he  eagerly  intpiired  where 
they  got  that  precious  melal.  They  poinleil  towards 
till' south,  and  made  him  comprehend  by  siyris,  that 
(.nild  ahotinded  in  countiies  situated  in  that  quarter 
'I'bilher  be  inuiiedi.itely  determined  to  direct  bis  course, 
ill  full  confidence  of  lindin^T  there  those  ojulent  regions 
which  bail  been  the  object  of  bis  voyage,  and  would 
be  a  recompense  for  all  his  toils  and  daiiyers.  He  took 
along  with  him  seven  of  the  mitives  o(  San  Salvailor, 
that,  by  acquiring  the  Spanish  language,  they  might 
serve  as  guides  and  inlerprelers  ;  nnd  those  innocent 
|ieop|tf  consideii'd  it  as  a  mark  of  distinction  'vhen 
thev  were  selected  to  aci'onq)any  li:m. 

He  saw  several  islands,  and  touched  at  time  d'tlie 
l;irt;esl,  on  which  he  bestowed  tlie  names  of  Si.  i>!ary 
ofthe  Conceiilion,  Fernandina,  and  Isabella,  But,  as 
their  soil,  productions,  and  inhabitants  nearly  resem- 
bled those  of  S:Mi  Salvailor,  be  maile  no  stay  in  any  of 
them.  He  inquired  every  where  for^old,  amitbesitrns 
that  were  uniformly  made  by  way  of  answer,  confirmed 
him  in  Ibe  opinion  thai  it  was  brouglit  from  the  south. 
lie  followeil  that  course,  and  soon  ihscoveri-d  a  coun- 
try wl.icli  appeared  very  extensive,  iiol  perfectly  level, 
like  ititise  w  hich  he  bad  already  visileil.  but  so  diversi- 
fied v^ith  rising  grounds,  hills,  rivers,  woods,  and  plains, 
that  he  was  uncertain  whether  it  niigbt  prove  an  island, 
or  part  of  the  continent.  The  natives  .d  S>in  Salvador, 
wht.rn  he  had  on  bi»ard,  called  it  Cuhi  ;  Colundius 
gave  it  the  name  of  .liiaiia.  He  entered  the  nioulh  ol 
a  large  river  with  his  squadron,  all  the  inhabitants  fled 
to  llie  mountains  as  he  a[>prii;u-lied  the  shore.  IJut  an 
he  resolved  to  careen  the  sliij's  in  that  place,  he  sent 
some  Spaniards,  together  with  one  of  the  |ieopii'  of 
San  .Salvador,  to  view  the  interior  part  of  the  country. 
Thev  having  advanced  about  sixty  mih  s  tVom  the  shore 
repo'rleil,  U|Hm  their  return,  lliat  thet-oil  was  richer  and 
more  eidtivaled  than  any  Ihey  had  hitherto  discovered  ; 
Ibat.  besides  many  si.altered  cottages,  they  had  fouial 
one  village,  contaimnii  above  a  thousand  inhabitants  ; 
that  the  people,  though  naked,  seemed  lo  be  more  iii- 
lelligent  than  those  ol  San  Salvador,  but  bad  treated 
them  with  the  same  respeclful  attention,  kissing  ilieii 
feel,  and  honoring  iheni  as  sacred  beinys  allivd  to 
heaven;  that  they  bad  given  ibcm  to  eat  a  certain 
root,  the  taste  of  which  resemliled  roa.^led  cbeslimts. 
and  likewise  a  singular  species  of  corn  called  maitr, 
which,  either  when  roasted  whole  or  ground  into  n  eal, 
was  abundantly  palatable;  lhat  there  seemed  lo  hi  >'.j 
four  footed  animals  in  Ibe  country,  but  u  species  of 
dog,  which  could  not  bark,  and  a  creature  rehcmbling 
a  rabbit,  but  of  a  much  smaller  size  ;  thai  they  had 
observed  some  ornaments  uf  gold  among  the  people, 
hut  of  no  j;reat  value. 

These  messengers  had  prevailed  with  ^onle  ol  th»> 


rivrii  from 
hlc's,  in  re 

i  tlii'y  liadi 
i>t  vitluo 

Ciiliiiijlma 

..f  ilip  is- 

itni'is,  an  J 

biii!;lc'lrre, 
'rims,  in 
s  (if  llio  iilJ 
(1  Hniiciilily, 
roriiicr,  I'll- 
vnsl  ideas 
■_V  liii);lil  ilc- 
lllirir  \ii'w. 
no  Icri'.'-iutit 
ro  a|iiirnarh- 

claullicirily 

uliiih  he  liail 

lOWll   liv    llii> 

til  il,  ami 

il  ilif  I,iMa\a 

1  (-  ilioi'saml 

111'  >^(iuailriin 

III  ihi'  Miulli 

rdin  llic  »i'»l- 

iuo>\  iiii'i'f^r. 

vifiliiij;  111"' 

sal  fuixfiiv  <ii 

IS  iiiil  llir  riili 

iiiiiialilv  Iciliin 

it-p  rrt;iuiis  tif 

||C>    IMIUCllull'll 

«liii-li  jiriifi''''" 
(irt'ali  ailjai-rrit 
„f  tlif  iii'ii|ile 
I'tiiiUl,  liy  way 
imHiircil  wlifte 
liiili'il  liiwaril» 
li_v  sicns,  lliat 
I  iliai  iiuarlcr 
irrrl  liisi-iiuri-i', 
.jpuli'iil  rri;iciii» 
ai'.  anil  WDulil 
„i'rs.     Ill' look 

I  ^^an  Salvailiir, 
„c',  llii'V  niinlit 
i  iliiisi'  innocent 
listinition  -'lien 

■il  al  thru'  'fllie 
uipsoISi  Mary 
>al.i"lla.  Bui,  ill 
,B  nearly  n  bi'1»- 
no  Slav  in  any  of 
iilil.  amllliP''ij.""' 
nswir.  riintirinci! 
il  Iriini  lln'Milllli- 
MMiviTi'il  a  i-iiun- 
lit  pirlW ilv  level, 
111,  hill  fii  iliversi- 
Miiiils,  and  jilainB, 

II  iiMveall  island, 
i  III  San  Sahadiir, 
Ci,l„  ;  Ciilimiliua 
iTid  llie  niiiutli  111 
lie  nilialiitanis  llei', 
he  shore,  liul  an 
lal  plaee.  1"'   •'ent 

ill   the   (leiilile   iif 
ml  III' the  eiinnlry. 
lilisliiiinlhesliiire 
Miil  wasrleheraiul 
ilherliidiseiivercd  ; 
es.  they  had  InnnJ 
.isand  iidiahilanis  ; 
iiieil  til  he  mure  iii- 
iir,  liut  liail  irealed 
iiiim.  kissinj!  ''"'ir 
,1    heilljis  allied   l» 
in  to  eat  a  eertain 
I  riia.-led  ehesinnts. 
(Mirii  1  ailed  i«ii/:c 
,t  jtr.iiiiid  inio  n  eal, 
loro  seemed  lo  la  "j 
V,  but  «  B|ieeies  of 
cieaturc  reseinlilinf! 
ize  ;  lliOl  ll'ey   l''J 
nmoiifj    »liK  l"'"!'''"' 

III  Willi  lOBie  of  tli« 


t^ 
> 


=     a' 

H 


O 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


nntivt'B  to  nceompiiny  them,  who  iitrorrnoO  ColuinlniH, 
that  the  j;olil  of  wliicli  llicy  riiaihi  tin  ir  omiiincntM  was 
I'oiimi  in  i'libaiuuan.  Hy  thm  word  they  incaiit  the 
miilittc  or  iiil.iiul  part  of  (Julia  ;  hiil  CuhiiiihiiH,  hvwvj. 
ij.triorarit  o\  llieir  hnii;;imL'»'.  as  well  as  nn.id-usionn-ii  to 
ihcp;  urntiuuciatiuru  and  hiH  lhoii<r))ts  ruiiniri^  i-unii- 
nually  upon  his  ow»  ihi-ory  conciTiiintj  tho  disrovery 
ol' ihf  Kast  Iiulictt,  lie  was  kd,  hy  the  re.sciiihlunco  ol' 
noiiiifl,  to  siip[>ose  that  they  }<poke  of  the  <;reat  Khin, 
and  nna^nic'i  thai  the  opulent  kin>,'dorii  of  f'uf/nit/,  de- 
ftrriht'd  hv  Marco  Polo,  was  not  very  roniole.  This 
induced  him  to  employ  some  time  in  viewtn|r  the  coun- 
Iry.  He  visited  almost  every  harbor,  from  Porlo  del 
Principe,  on  the  north  coast  of  (Julia,  to  the  eastern 
extremity  oi  tlio  inland  :  hut,  thoui^h  delitrhted  with  the 
oeauty  of  the  srenes  which  every  where  presented 
themselves,  and  uma/ed  at  the  lujiuriant  fertility  of  the 
soil,  lioth  which,  from  their  novelty,  nuidu  a  more  lively 
imjire^sion  upon  his  imaKiiiution  [14],  he  did  not  liiid 
fjold  in  such  (piantity  ns  was  snllictunt  to  satisfy  either 
the  iivariee  of  his  followers,  or  the  expectations  of  the 
court  to  which  he  was  to  return.  The  people  of  the 
country,  as  much  astonished  at  his  eagerness  in  qu(  at 
of  fjold  as  the  Kuropciins  were  at  their  i^norancu  and 
Kimjplicity,  pointed  towards  the  cast,  where  an  island 
which  they  called  Jfaifti  wa*  situated,  in  which  that 
uietal  was  more  ahundant  than  among  them  Colum- 
bus ordered  his  scpiadron  to  hend  its  course  tlulher ; 
hut  M'lrlon  Alonso  I'lii/.on,  impatient  to  he  the  tlrst 
who  should  take  |)ossessiun  of  the  treasures  which  tins 
country  was  supposed  to  contain,  cpintcd  his  com- 
panions, regardless  of  all  the  admiral's  sitrnals  to 
8lack(!n  sail  until  they  should  come  up  with  him. 

(/'oluinhus,  retarded  hy  contrary  winds,  did  not  reach 
Hft/'i  till  the  sixtii  of  iJecemher.  He  called  the  port 
where  lie  first  touched  !St,  Nicholas,  and  the  island  itself 
Kspairnola,  in  honor  of  the  km^^dom  by  which  he  was 
employed  ;  and  it  is  the  only  country,  of  tlio;<e  he  had 
yet  discovered,  which  has  retained  the  name  that  he 
jrave  it.  As  he  could  neither  meet  with  the  Pmta.  nor 
have  any  intercoiir.-^e  with  the  inhiihitanls,  who  lied  in 
^T|cat  consternation  towards  the  woods,  he  soon  (piitted 
St.  Nicholas,  and,  sailinij  alon*;  the  northern  coast  of 
the  isl-iiid,  he  entered  another  harbor,  which  he  called 
(Jonccption.  Here  ho  Ras  was  more  fortunate-,  hispeojile 
ov(!rtook  a  woman  who  was  tlym«i  from  them,  and  alter 
Irci.tini;  her  with  jireat  irentleness,  dismissed  her  with 
B  present  of  such  toys  as  they  knew  were  most  valued 
\.\  those  regions.  The  description  which  she  jrave  to 
her  eounlrvmen  of  the  humanity  fti'd  wonderful  (piali- 
ties  of  the  strdnt;ors;  their  admiration  of  the  trinkets, 
whic'r.  she  sliowed  with  exultation  ;  und  their  eagerness 
to  participate  of  the  same  favors;  removed  all  their 
fears,  and  induced  many  of  them  to  repair  to  the  har- 
bor. The  stranire  objects  which  they  t)eheld,  and  the 
baubles  which  ("olumhiis  bealowcd  upon  them,  amply 
(gratified  their  curiosity  and  llieir  wishes.  They  nearly 
resemlded  the  people  of  (iiianahnni  and  Cuba.  They 
were  naked  like  them,  i^fIl0^ant  and  simple ;  and  seemed 
to  be  eipially  unacquainted  with  all  the  arts  which  ap- 
pear most  necessary  in  polished  societies;  but  they 
were  j^entlc,  credulous,  and  timid,  to  a  degree  which 
rendered  it  easy  to  acquire  the  ascendant  over  them, 
especially  as  their  excessive  admiration  led  them  into 
the  same  error  with  the  people  of  the  other  islands,  in 
belicvin;L,'  the  Spaniards  to  he  morn  than  mortals,  and 
descended  iinmediat<;Iy  from  heaven,  'i'liey  jiossessed 
pold  in  jireater  abundance  than  their  neiirlihors,  which 
Ihev  readily  exchanged  for  hells,  beads,  or  pins;  and 
in  this  unequal  tratlic  both  parties  were  hijjhly  pleased, 
each  considerin";  theinsolvea  as  gainers  hy  the  trans- 
KCtinn.  Hero  (Jolumhus  was  visited  hy  a  jirincc  or 
!:azi'inr.  of  the  country.  He  appeared  willi  all  the 
pomp  known  ainoni:  a  simple  people.  l-.eiii;r  carried  m 
a  sort  of  palampiin  upon  tlie  shoulders  of  four  men, 
and  uttiMidcd  hv  many  of  iiis  subjects,  who  served  liun 
with  ^rcat  respect.  His  deportment  was  yrave  and 
stately,  very  reserved  towards  his  own  people,  but  with 
Columbus  and  the  Spaniards  e.vtremcly  courteous  He 
gavf!  the  admiral  some  thin  plates  of  ifoid,  and  a  jiirdlc 
of  curious  workmanship,  receiving  in  return  presents 
of  small  value,  hut  highly  acceptable  to  him. 

Columbus,  still  intent  on  discovering  the  mines 
which  yielded  gold,  continued  to  interrogate  all  the  na- 
tives with  whom  he  had  any  intercourse,  concerning 
their  situation.  They  concurred  in  pointing  out  a 
mountainous  country,  which  they  called  Cibao,  at  some 
distance  from  the  sea,  and  further  towards  the  cast. 
Struck  with  this  sound,  which  appeared  to  him  the 
«anic  with  Cipaniro,  the  name  by  which  Marco  Polo, 
and  other  travellers  to  the  oast,  distinguished  the 
Ulaud  of  Japan,  he  no  bnger  doubted  with  respect  to 


the  vicinity  of  the  countries  whicli  he  had  discovered ' 
to  the  remote  parts  of  Asm  ;  and  in  full  expectation  of' 
r'ai*liiui»  soon  those  regions  which  had  been  the  object; 
of  his  voyagtN  he  directed  his  course  towards  the  east.  I 
He  put  into  a  commodious  harlKir,  wliK'h  he  called  St.  ' 
Thomas,  and  found  that  district  to  be  under  the  govern- ; 
ineiit  of  a  powerful  ca/.iqiie,  named  fiinianiahun,  who, 
as  he  afterwards  learned,  was  one  of  the  live  Rover<-ign»  | 
among  whom  the  whoh;  island  was  divided.  Ho  im- 1 
mediiitely  sent  messengers  (o  Columbus,  who  in  his 
tiami:  delivered  to  him  the  present  of  a  mask  curiously 
fashioned  with  the  ears,  nose  and  mouth  of  beaten  golil, 
and  mvited  him  to  the  place  of  his  residence,  near  the 
harlior  now  called  Cape  i'Vancoissoin;?  league.^  towards 
the  east.  (Jolumbus  despatched  some  of  his  olHcers  to 
visit  this  prince,  who,  as  he  behaved  himself  with  greater 
dignity,  seemed  to  claim  more  attention.  They  re- 
turned with  such  fivorable  accounts  both  of  the  country 
and  ol  the  people,  as  made  (Jolumbus  impatient  for 
that  interview  with  Uuacanahari  to  which  he  had  been 
invited. 

He  sailed  for  this  purpose  from  St.  Thomas,  on  the 
twenty-fourth  of  December,  with  a  fair  wind,  and  the 
sea  perfectly  calui  ;  and  as,  amidst  the  multiplicity  of 
his  occiiptilions,  he  liiid  not  shut  his  eyes  for  two  dnys, 
he  retired  at  midnij,'lit  in  order  lo  take  some  repose, 
having  committt^d  ilie  helm  to  the  pilot,  with  strict  in- 
junctions not  to  quit  it  for  a  moment.  'I'he  pilot,  dread- 
ing no  danger,  carele.-.s!y  left  the  helm  to  an  unexpe- 
rienced cabm  hoy,  and  tlie  ship,  carried  away  hy  a  cur- 
rent, was  dashed  airamsi  a  rock.  Th<  violence  of  the 
.''hock,  awakened  Columbus,  He  ran  up  to  the  deck. 
Th(Te  all  was  confusion  and  despair.  He  alone  rc- 
lamed  presence  of  mind.  He  ordered  some  of  the  sai- 
lors to  lake  ii  boat,  and  cany  out  an  anchor  astern  ;  but  | 
instead  of  ol»eying.  they  made  ntf  towards  the  Nigna, 
which  was  about  half  a  league  distant.  He  then  com- 
manded tlie  ma.sts  to  he  cut  down,  in  order  to  lighten 
the  ship  ;  hut  all  his  endeavors  were  too  lute  ;  the  ves- 
sel opened  near  the  keel,  and  lilled  so  last  with  water 
that  Its  loss  was  mevitable.  The  smoothness  of  the 
sea,  and  the  timely  assistance  of  lioats  from  the  Nigna, 
enabhd  the  crew  to  save  their  U\vr>.  As  soon  as  tlin 
islanders  licard  of  this  ilisaster,  they  crowded  to  the 
siiore,  with  llieir  prince  (iuacanahari  at  their  head.  In- 
stead of  taking  advanlag(?  of  the  distress  in  which  they 
beheld  the  Spaniards,  to  attempt  any  thing  to  their  de- 
triment, they  lamented  tliiir  misfortune  with  tears  of 
sincere  condolence.  Not  salislied  with  this  unavailing 
expression  of  their  synquthy,  .iiey  put  to  sea  a  number 
of  canoes,  and  under  the  duo'.'tion  of  the  Spaniards, 
assisted  in  saving  whatever  could  he  got  out  of  tlie 
wreck  ;  and  by  the  united  labor  of  so  many  hands, 
almost  every  thing  of  value  was  carried  ashore.  As 
fast  as  the  goods  were  landed,  Ciiaeanahari  in  person 
took  charge  of  lliem.  Hy  iiis  orders  they  were  all  dc- 
j)osited  in  one  place,  and  armed  sentinels  were  posted,' 
who  kept  the  nuiltitude  at  a  disiance,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent tliem  not  only  from  embezzling,  but  from  inspect- 
ing too  curiously  what  belonged  to  their  guests.  [15] 
Next  morning  this  prince  visited  Columbus,  who  was 
now  on  board  'ho  Nigna, and  endeavored  to  console  him 
for  his  lo«s,  by  oifermg  all  that  he  possessed  to  repair 
it. 

The  condition  of  Columbus  was  such  that  lie  stood 
in  need  of  consolation.  He  had  hitherto  procured  no 
intelligence  of  the  Piiita,  and  no  longer  doubted  hut 
that  his  treaciierous  associate  had  set  sail  for  Kuropc.  in 
order  to  have  the  merit  of  carrying  the  first  tidings  of 
tiie  extraordinary  discoveries  which  had  been  made,  and 
to  |>rroccupy  so  far  the  car  of  their  sovereign,  as  to  rob 
him  of  the  ^jlory  and  reward  to  which  he  was  so  justly 
entitled.  'J'here  icmaincd  hut  one  vessel,  and  that  the 
sniiillest  anil  most  cr.i/.y  of  the  squadron,  to  traverse 
such  a  vast  ocean,  and  carry  so  many  men  back  to 
Europe.  Kacli  of  those  circiimslaiices  was  alarming, 
and  tilled  the  mind  of  Columbus  with  the  utmost  so- 
licitude. The  desire  of  overtaking  l*inzon,  and  of  of- 
facing  the  unfavorable  impressi  ns  which  his  misrepre- 
sentations might  make  in  Sp-  .n.  nuide  it  necessary  to 
return  lliithcr  without  delav.  The  ditricully  of  taking 
such  a  number  of  persons  on  hoard  the  Nigna  confirmed 
hira  in  an  opinion  whicli  the  fertility  of  the  country,  and 
the  gentle  temper  of  the  people,  had  already  induced 
him  to  form.  He  resolved  to  leave  a  part  of  his  crew 
in  the  island,  that  by  residing  there,  they  might  learn 
the  language  of  the  natives,  study  tlieir  disposition,  ex- 
amine the  nature  of  the  country,  search  for  mines,  pre- 
pare for  the  commodious  settlement  of  the  colony  which 
he  purposed  to  return,  and  thus  secure  and  facilitate 
the  acquisition  nf  those  advantages  which  he  expected 
from  his  discovehes.     When  he  nictitioncd  tliis  to  liia 


81 


men,  nil  approved  of  the  design  ;  and  from  impatience 
under  the  latigue  of  a  long  vovage,  from  the  lev'ty  na- 
tural lo  sailors,  or  from  the  hopes  of  amassing  weaiih  in 
a  country  which  aH'orded  such  promising  specimens  ol 
Its  r.clies,  many  ollered  voluntarily  to  be  among  ihtf 
number  of  (hose  who  ihould  remain. 

Nothing  was  now  wanting  towards  the  execution  of 
tliis  scheme,  but  to  obtain  the  consent  of  Cuacuni-hari . 
and  his  unsuspicious  simplicity  soon  present!  d  to  the 
admiral  a  favorable  opportunity  of  proposing  it  ('o- 
luinbud  having,  in  the  best  manner  he  could,  by  bruk":i 
words  and  signs,  expressed  some  curiosity  lo  know  thb 
cause  which  had  moved  the  islanders  to  lly  with  such 
precipitation  upon  the  approach  of  lim  ships,  iheca/iquo 
informed  him  that  the  country  was  much  infesicd  by 
the  incursions  of  certain  people,  whom  he  called  Cur 
rihrans,  who  inhabited  several  islands  to  llie  south-east. 
These  he  described  as  a  tierce  and  wariik<  race  of  men, 
who  delighted  in  blood,  and  divoiired  the  llesh  oi  the 
prisoners  who  were  m)  unhappy  as  lo  j.dl  into  iheir 
hands  ;  and  as  tlie  Spaniards  at  their  first  ajipearaiico 
were  supposed  to  be  Carriheans,  whom  llie  natives, 
however  numerous,  durst  not  face  in  b.tllh-.  ihey  had 
recourse  to  their  usual  method  of  securint^  their  safety, 
by  flying  into  the  thickest  and  most  impenetrable  woods, 
(iuacanahari.  while  speaking  ol  those  dreadtui  invaders, 
discovered  such  symptoms  of  terror,  as  well  as  such 
consciousness  of  the  inability  of  his  own  people  to  re- 
sist them,  as  ted  (-'olumhus  to  coucliidi.>  tliat  lut  would 
not  he  alarmed  at  the  proposition  of  any  scheme  wh:ch 
afforded  him  the  prospect  of  an  additional  seci.rity 
against  their  attacks.  He  instantly  oll'erc  1  hurt  the  as- 
sistance '}(  the  Spaniards  to  repel  his  enenrc!* :  he  en- 
gaged tc  take  him  and  his  people  under  the  protection 
of  the  powerful  monarch  whom  he  served,  and  ollered 
to  leave  in  the  island  such  a  number  of  his  men  uh 
should  be  sullicient,  not  only  to  defend  the  inhabitants 
from  future  incursions,  but  to  avenge  th  ir  past  wrongs. 

The  credulous  prince  closed  eagerly  with  ihe  pro- 
posal, and  thought  himself  already  safe  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  beings  sprung  from  heaven,  und  superior  in 
power  to  mortal  men.  'i'he  ground  was  marked  out 
for  a  small  fort,  which  ( 'olumhus  called  A'drnW,  be- 
cause he  had  landed  there  on  Christmas  day.  A  deep 
ditch  was  drawn  around  it.  'I'he  ramparts  were  fortified 
with  iiallisades.  and  tlie  great  guns,  saved  out  of  tho 
admiral's  ship,  were  iilanled  upon  them.  In  ten  days 
ihc  work  was  finished;  that  simple  race  of  men  labor- 
ing with  inconsiderate  assiduity  in  erecting  this  first 
inomiment  of  their  own  servitude.  During  this  time, 
('olu.nbiis,  by  his  caresses  and  liberality,  labored  to  in- 
crease tho  high  opinion  which  the  r.atives  entertained 
of  the  Spaniards.  Hut  while  he  cndenvofed  to  inspire 
them  with  confidence  in  their  disposition  to  do  good,  ho 
wished  likewise  to  give  them  some  striking  idea  of  their 
power  to  punish  and  destroy  such  as  were  the  objects 
:>f  their  indignation.  With  this  view,  in  presence  of  a 
vast  assembly,  he  drew  up  his  men  in  order  of  battle, 
and  made  an  ostentatious  but  innocent  display  of  tho 
sharimcss  of  tho  Spanish  swords,  of  the  force  of  their 
spears,  and  the  operation  of  their  cross-bows,  'i'hesa 
rude  pcojdc,  strangers  to  the  use  of  iron,  and  unac- 
quainted with  any  hostile  weapons  but  arrows  of  reeii 
pointed  witli  the  bones  of  fishes,  wooden  swords,  and 
javelins  hardened  in  the  fire,  wondered  and  trembled. 
Defore  this  surprise  or  fear  had  time  to  abate,  he  ordered 
the  great  guns  to  be  fired.  The  sudden  explosion  struck 
them  with  such  terror  that  they  fell  flat  to  the  ground, 
covering  their  faces  with  their  hands  ;  and  when  they 
beheld  tho  astonishing  cllect  of  the  bullets  among  the 
trees,  towards  which  the  cannon  had  been  pointed,  they 
concluded  that  it  was  impossible  to  resist  men,  who  hail 
tlie  command  of  such  destructive  instruments,  and  who 
came  armed  with  thunder  and  lightning  against  their 
enemies. 

After  givini?  such  impressions  both  of  the  beneficenr  o 
and  power  of  the  Spaniards,  as  might  have  rendered  it 
easy  to  preserve  an  ascendant  over  the  minds  of  tlu» 
natives,  Columbus  appointed  thirty-eight  of  his  people 
to  remain  in  the  island.  He  intrusted  the  command  of 
these  to  Diego  dc  Arado,  a  gentleman  of  Cordova,  in- 
vesting him  with  the  same  powers  which  he  himself  had 
received  from  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  ;  and  fiirnisliod 
him  with  every  thing  requisite  for  the  subsistence  or 
defence  of  this  infant  colony.  Ho  strictly  enjoined 
them  to  maintain  concord  among  themselves,  to  yield 
an  unreserved  obedience  to  their  commander,  lo  avoid 
giving  otfcuco  to  the  natives  by  any  violence  or  exaction. 
to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  Guacanahari.  but  not,  to 
put  themselves  in  his  power  by  straggling  in  small  par- 
tics,  or  marching  too  far  from  the  fort.  He  promised 
to  visit  them  soon  with  such  a  reinforcement  of  etruiigth 


vil 


RonruTsoN's  imstouy  of 


i! 


1 


Q3'nii;hteniiblr  llu'iu  toliikefull  ponccwHion  of  tlio  roiiri- 
try,  and  to  reap  nil  the  I'niits  of  their  disi-ovcnos.  In 
tho  mran  tinu'  Iw  ciif^nuMii  lo  nu-iition  lliiir  n.uni'i*  to 
;lie  kiii^  and  i)uci'n,  and  to  [ilacr  their  merit  und  bit- 
V1C08  in  thc!  inowt  advaiilaun'ons  hu'it. 

Uavinjj  thus  taliou  eviTv  |irccant;0!i  for  the  Rornrity 
of  liie  colonv,  hi!  lett  Xavidud  on  the  fourtii  ut  .I.inu:irv. 
ciiu  thouHaiul  tbiir  hniulreil  and  niiu-ty-lhreo,  and  stoir- 
inij  toward*  tho  rast.  diacovcrcd  and  (jave  narnrs  lo 
mo«t  of  tho  harbors  on  the  nnrtln'rn  eoa«t  oi  tlic  inland. 
On  iht!  sixth  ho  descried  tho  Pinta,  and  soon  canH'  nji 
with  her,  ufttir  a  separation  of  moro  than  six  week-* 
I'lnion  tMideavorcd  to  jnstify  hia  conduct  by  prclendufi,' 
that  h«  had  \we\i  driven  from  Ins  course  hy  stress  of 
weather,  and  prevented  from  returning;  liy  contrary 
windd.  Tiio  admiral,  thnuirh  ho  stdl  suspected  his  per- 
fidious intentions,  and  knew  well  what  he  ur^'cd  in  his 
own  defence  to  be  frivolous  as  well  as  false,  was  so 
sensible  that  thin  was  not  a  pro[ier  tinu;  lor  venturiiit; 
w\)on  any  hiiili  strain  of  authority,  and  felt  such  aatis- 
factioM  in  this  junction  with  his  consort,  whicli  delivered 
him  from  many  dis<piielin<;  appreiunsions,  that,  lame  as 
Vnizon's  ajtoloiiy  was,  he  admitted  of  it  witlioul  didi- 
cidty,  and  restored  Inm  to  tavor.  Diirimj  his  absence 
from  tho  admiral,  I'mzon  had  visited  wcveral  harbors  in 
the  island,  liad  acquired  some  m)ld  by  tralllrkinij  with 
the  natives,  but  had  made  no  discovery  of  any  impor- 
tance. 

Trom  tho  condition  of  his  hhips,  n^  well  as  the  tem- 
per of  bis  men,  ('olumbus  now  f.Mmd  it  necessary  to 
nasten  his  return  to  Kurope.  Tin;  former  having  suf- 
fered much  durmtj  a  voyaue  of  such  an  unusual  lenjjth, 
were  extremely  leaky.  The  latter  etpressed  the  ut- 
most impatience  to  revisit  tlieir  native  country,  from 
which  they  hud  been  so  lonir  absent,  and  where  they 
bad  thinijs  so  wonderful  and  unheard-of  to  relate.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  the  siitnenlli  of  Jaiuiarv,  he  directed  liis 
eoui>e  towards  the  norlh-east,  and  ftoon  lost  isiLiht  oi 
land.  Ho  had  on  board  some  of  il  c  natives,  whom  he 
ha'l  taken  from  the  ditlerenl  islands  which  ho  diaco- 
vero  1  ;  and  besides  the  l'oM,  which  was  tho  chief  ob- 
ject of  research,  he  had  collected  specimens  of  all  the  , 
productions  which  wero  likely  lo  become  subjects  cA  ' 
commerce  in  the  sceral  couiilrieH,  a?  well  as  many  u;i- 
known  birds,  an  other  natural  curiosities,  which  mijrht 
attract  tlw'  attention  of  the  learned,  or  excite  the  wonder 
of  the  pe0|fle.  'J'ho  voyage  was  'irosperous  lo  the  four- 
teonlh  of  iViiruary,  and  he  had  advanced  near  live  hun- 
ilied  leaiTucs  across  the  Atlantic  ocean,  when  the  wind 
bei;an  to  rise,  and  continued  to  blow  with  iiicreasinu 
ra^je,  which  terminated  in  a  furious  hurricane.  Kvery 
thinij  that  the  naval  skill  and  experience  of  Columtuis 
rould  devise  was  employed  in  order  to  save  the  slops. 
Bui  It  was  impossible  to  withstand  the  violence  of  the 
(ttorm,  ami,  as  thev  wore  still  far  Irom  any  land,  de- 
struction seemed  inevitable.  The  sailors  had  recourse 
to  pravers  lo  .-Mmiiihty  t!od,  to  the  invocation  of  s;iints, 
to  vows,  and  charms,  to  every  ih\u<r  that  reliuion  dic- 
tates, or  superstition  su^ueals  to  tho  ati'riL'hted  mind  of 
man.  No  ])rospect  of  deliverance  appeariii;.',  they  aban- 
doned ihemsotvcH  to  desj)air,  and  expected  every  mo- 
ment to  ho  swallowed  up  m  the  waves.  Ilesidcs  the 
passions  which  naturally  agitate  and  alarm  the  human 
mind  in  such  awful  situations,  when  certain  death,  in 
one  of  his  most  terrible  forms,  is  before  it,  Columbus 
had  to  endure  feeliniTs  of  distress  peculiar  to  himself. 
Ha  dreaded  that  all  !;no\\led«Te  of  tho  amazing  disco- 
veries which  he  had  made  was  now  to  perish  ;  mankind 
were  to  be  deprived  of  every  benefit  that  might  have 
been  derived  from  the  happy  success  of  iiis  schemes, 
«nd  his  own  name  would  descend  to  posterity  as  that 
of  a  rash  dehidod  adventurer,  instead  of  being  transmit- 
ted with  the  honor  due  to  the  author  and  conductor  of 
trie  most  noble  enterprise  that  had  ever  been  undertaken. 
These  rellections  extinijuished  all  sen.se  of  his  own  p<'r- 
fonal  danger.  I  ess  atrected  with  the  lo.<is  of  life  than 
folicitous  to  preserve  the  rnenmry  of  what  he  had  at- 
tempted and  achieved,  he  retired  lo  his  cabin  and  wrote 
upon  a  parchment  a  short  account  of  the  voyage  which 
he  had  made,  of  ihe  cour.«e  which  be  had  taken,  of  the 
eituation  and  riches  of  the  countries  which  he  had  dis- 
covered, and  of  the  colony  that  he  had  left  there.  Hav- 
mg  wrapped  up  this  in  an  oiled  cloth,  which  he  en- 
closed in  a  cake  of  wax,  he  put  it  into  a  cask  carefully 
utoppcd  up,  and  threw  it  into  the  sea,  in  ho[»cs  that 
Bonie  fortunate  accident  miiiht  preserve  a  deposit  of  eto 
much  importance  to  the  world.  [Iti] 

At  length  Providence  int<Tposed  to  save  a  life  re- 
aerved  for  othev  servi'-es.  The  wind  abated,  tho  sea 
became  calm,  and  on  the  eveniu'^  of  the  liftecnth,  Co- 
lumbus and  nid  companions  discovered  land  ;  end 
though  uiieer'ain  what   it  wa.s,  they  made  towanld  it. 


They  soon  knew  ii  to  be  St   Mury,  one  of  the  A/ores' 

or  western  isles,  subject  to  the  crown  of  J'ortugal.  j 
There,  nfl(T  a  violent  contest   with  the  governor,  m| 
which  ( 'ulumbiis  displayed  no  less  spirit  than  prudence,  ' 
he  obtained  a  supply  of  tresh  provisions,  and  whatever 
i'Uv  he  needed.     One  circuin-'taiice,  however,  greatly  ' 
dis([nieieil  him.     The  I'mla,  of  which  he  had  lost  sight ' 
oil  the  lirsl  tlay  of  thr  hurricane,  did  not  apoear  ;   he 
(lrea<led  for  some  time  that  she  had  foutidered  at   sea, 
and    that   all    her  crew  bad   perished;  aflerwanls,  his 
former  suspicious  recurred,  und  he  became  appreben- 
Nive  that   I'mzon  had  borne  away  lor  Spam,  that   he 
ini:iht  reach  it  before  him,  and  by  giving  ihn  first  ac- 
count oi  his  di.scoveries,  might  oblam  some  share  of  liis 
fame.  j 

In  order  to  prevent  this,  he  left  the  .Vzores  as  soon  ' 
as  t!ie  weather  .vould  permit  [I'Vb.  UlJ.  At  no  great , 
distance  from  Ihe  coast  of  Spam,  when  near  the  end  of 
bis  voyatjo,  and  seemingly  beyond  the  reach  of  any  dis- 
aster, another  storm  arose,  lilile  mferior  lo  ihe  former  in  j 
violence  ;  and  after  driving  before  it  durmi:  two  days  and  . 
two  nights,  ho  was  forced  to  lake  siu-lter  m  the  river  j 
Taiius  [March 'Ij.  I'pon  application  to  the  King  of 
Portugal,  lie  was  allowed  lo  come  up  to  J*i,"<hon  ;  and, 
notwithstanding  the  envy  which  it  was  natural  for  the 
Portuguese  to  feel,  when  ihey  beheld  another  nation 
entering  upon  that  province  of  discoviTv  which  they  hi*d 
hitherto  deemed  peculiarly  their  own,  and  :n  its  first 
essay  not  only  rivalling  but  eclipsing  their  fame,  Co- 
lumbus was  received  with  alt  liie  marks  of  diHtmction 
duo  lo  a  man  who  had  i)erforined  things  so  (!Xtraordi- 
nary  and  unex|)ecled.  'I'hu  king  admitied  him  into  his 
presence,  treated  bun  with  the  highest  respect,  and 
listened  to  the  account  which  ho  gave  of  his  voyage 
with  admiraiion  minuled  with  regret.  While  Colum- 
bus, on  h  8  jiart,  enjoyed  the  satisfactun  of  describing 
the  importance  of  his  discoveries,  and  of  being  now 
able  to  prove  tho  solidity  of  his  echeiness  to  ihoso  very 
persons,  who,  with  an  ignorance  disgracel'ul  lo  them- 
selvi's.  and  fatal  lo  their  country,  bad  lately  rejected 
them  as  'iie  projects  of  a  visionary  or  designing  udven- 
rirer 

Columbus  was  so  impatient  to  return  to  Spain,  that 
hi;  remained  only  live  days  in  Lisbon.  On  ihelilteenth 
of  Mu.oh  he  arrived  in  the  port  of  Palos,  seven 
months  and  eleven  days  from  tho  lime  when  he  set  out' 
thence  upon  his  voyage.  As  soon  as  the  ship  was ; 
di.scovercd  approaching  the  port,  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Palos  ran  eagerlv  to  the  shore,  in  order  to  welcome' 
their  relations  and  fellow-citizens,  and  lo  hear  tidings 
of  their  vova^e.  When  the  prosperous  issue  of  it  was 
known,  when  ihey  beheld  tlie  strange  people,  tho 
unknown  animals,  and  singular  productions,  brought 
from  the  countries  which  had  been  di.-»covered,  the 
ellusion  of  joy  was  general  and  unbounded.  The 
bells  were  ruuir,  the  cannon  lircd  ;  Columbus  was 
received  at  landing  with  royal  honors,  and  all  the  people 
in  solemn  procession,  accompanied  him  and  his  crew  to 
the  church,  where  they  relumed  thanks  to  Heaven, 
which  had  so  wonf*erluHy  conducted  and  crowned  with 
success  a  voyage  of  greater  length  and  of  more  im- 
jiorta-.  .)  than  had  been  attempted  in  any  former  age. 
On  the  evening  of  the  same  day,  he  had  the  satisfaction 
ot  seeing  the  Pinta,  which  the  violence  of  the  tempest 
had  driven  far  to  the  north,  enter  the  harbor. 

The  first  care  of  Columbus  was  to  inform  tho  king 
and  q'.ieen,  who  were  then  at  Barcelona,  of  his  arrival 
and  success.  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  no  less  as- 
tonished than  delighted  with  this  unexpected  event, 
desired  Columbus,  in  tern-.s  the  most  respectful  and 
llattcring.  lo  repair  immediately  to  court,  that  from  his 
own  mouth  they  miglit  receive  a  full  detail  of  his  extra- 
ordinary services  and  discoveries.  During  his  journey 
to  Barcelona,  the  people  crowded  from  the  adjacent 
eoniitry,  following  him  every  where  with  admiration 
and  ai)|ilause.  His  entrance  into  the  city  was  con- 
ducted, l)y  order  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  with  pomp 
suitable  to  the  great  event,  which  added  h-uch  dis- 
tinguishinir  lustre  to  their  reign.  The  people  whom  he 
brought  along  with  him  from  the  countries  which  he 
had  discovered,  marched  lir.st,  and  by  tliuir  singular 
complexion,  the  wild  peculiarity  of  their  features,  and 
uncouth  lincry,  appeared  like  men  of  another  species. 
Xext  to  them  were  carried  the  ornaments  of  gold, 
fashioned  by  the  rudo  art  of  the  natives,  tho  grains  of 
gold  found  in  the  mountains,  and  dust  of  the  same 
metal  gathered  in  the  rivers.  After  thcso  appeared 
the  various  commodities  of  the  new  discovered  coun- 
tries, together  with  their  curious  productions.  Colum- 
bus himself  closed  the  procession,  and  attracted  the 
eyes  of  all  the  spectators,  who  gazed  with  admiration 
on  tix  extraordinary  man,  whose  superior  sagacity  and 


fortitude  bad  conducted  thfir  (ounlrymen,  by  «  rouia 
conce.ded  from  past  ngrs.  lo  tho  knowledge  of  a  new 
worhl.  Ferdmaiul  antl  Isabella  received  him  clad  in 
their  royal  rolx  s,  and  seatetl  upon  a  throne,  under  ii 
inagnilicent  caiuipv.  When  he  approai-lied,  thev  stood 
up,  and  raising  hint  as  he  kneeled  lo  kiss  their  haittis, 
commanded  him  to  take  his  seat  upon  a  chair  prepareil 
for  Inm.  and  lo  give  a  circuniHtantial  account  of  bi:t 
voyage.  He  delivered  it  with  '\  gravity  and  composufo 
no  less  suitable  to  the  disposition  of  the  Spanish 
nation  than  to  the  dignitv  of  the  andiencc  m  which  hu 
spoke,  and  with  that  modest  simplicity  which  charuc- 
ten/.es  men  of  superior  minds,  who,  satisfied  with 
having  perforincd  great  uctions,  court  noX  vuinapplauHe 
by  an  ostentatious  disphiy  of  their  exploits.  When  ho 
bad  fmished  his  narration,  the  king  and  4jueen.  kneeling 
down,  otlereilup  solemn  tbanjis  to  Almighty  (iodfor 
llie  discovery  of  those  new  re/ions,  from  which  ihey 
expected  so  many  advantages  to  Low  in  upon  the  king- 
doms subject  to  ilieir  !,'overnment.  [IVJ  Kvery  murk  of 
honor  that  gratiMide  or  admiraltou  could  sugirest  was 
conh'rred  upon  Columbus.  Letters  patent  were  issuo'l, 
conlirmirig  {•>  him  and  lo  his  heirs  nil  tlie  privileges 
contained  in  the  capitulation  concluded  at  Santa  Fe  ; 
his  family  was  ennobled  ;  the  king  and  queen,  and 
after  their  example  the  courtiers,  treated  him  on  evory 
occasion  with  all  the  ceremonious  respect  paid  to 
persons  of  tho  highest  rank.  But  what  pleased  It'in 
most,  as  it  gratified  his  active  mind,  bent  continually 
upon  great  objects,  was  an  order  to  equip,  without 
delay,  an  armament  of  such  force  as  might  enable  him 
not  only  to  take  possession  of  the  countries  which  he 
had  already  discovered,  but  to  go  in  search  of  those 
more  opulent  regions  winch  he  siill  eonlidenlly  ox- 
pecte<l  to  find. 

While  preparations  were  making  for  this  expedition, 
the  fame  of  ('oluinbiis'a  successful  voyage  spread  over 
Kurope,  and  excited  general  attention.  'I'he  mu.titudu, 
struck  with  amazement  when  ih.'y  beard  that  a  new 
world  hud  been  found,  could  hardly  believe  an  oven!  so 
much  above  their  conception.  Men  of  science,  ca- 
pable of  comprehendmtT  the  nature,  and  of  discerning 
the  etl'eets  of  this  great  discovery,  received  the  account 
of  it  with  admiration  uiul  joy.  They  sfioke  of  his 
voyage  with  rapture,  and  congratulated  one  another 
upon  their  felicity  in  having  lived  in  the  period  when, 
by  this  extraordinary  event,  the  boundaries  of  human 
knowledge  were  so  much  extended,  and  such  a  new 
field  of  inquiry  and  observation  opened,  as  would  lead 
iiiankind  lo  a  perfect  ocquaintance  with  the  structure 
and  productions  of  the  liabilalde  globe.  [18 J  Vr.riou9 
opinions  nnd  eou'ectures  were  formed  concerning  the 
new  found  countries,  and  what  division  of  the  earth 
they  belonged  lo.  Columbus  adhered  tcnaeiously  to 
his  original  opinion,  lliat  they  should  be  reckoned  s 
part  of  those  vast  regions  in  Asia,  comprehended 
under  tho  general  name  of  India.  This  sentiment  waa 
eontirmcd  by  the  observations  which  he  made  con 
cerning  the  produ.Hions  of  the  countries  he  had  dis- 
covered. Ciold  was  known  to  abound  in  India,  and  bo 
had  met  with  .such  promising  samples  of  it  in  tliH 
islands  which  he  visited,  as  led  liim  lo  believo  that 
rich  mines  of  it  might  be  found.  Cotton,  snotliur 
production  of  the  Kast  indies,  was  common  thero. 
riie  pimento  of  the  islands  he  imagined  to  be  a  spcries 
of  the  Ka.-,l  .^ndian  pepjier.  He  mistook  a  root,  soiou- 
what  resembhi.;'  rhubarb,  fur  that  valuable  dnig,  which 
wai.  then  supposed  to  be  a  ])lant  peculiar  to  the  KuHt 
Indies.  The  birds  brought  home  by  him  were  adorncvl 
with  the  same  rich  plumage  which  distinguishes  ih\vta 
of  riuii,-*.  The  alligator  of  the  one  country  appeared 
to  be  the  i>ame  with  the  crocodile  of  the  other.  After 
weighing  all  the.se  circumstances,  not  only  Ihe  Spa- 
niards, but  the  other  nations  of  Kurope,  seem  to  bavo 
adopted  the  opinion  of  Columbus.  The  countiies 
which  he  iiad  discovered  were  considered  as  a  part  of 
India.  In  consequence  of  this  notion,  the  nam^  of 
Indies  is  given  to  them  by  Ferdinand  and  iBabellOf  in 
a  ratification  of  their  former  agreement,  which  watf 
granted  to  Columbus  upon  bis  return.  Ijvenaftoi  tho 
error  which  gave  rise  to  this  o))inion  was  detected,  aivl 
the  true  position  of  tlie  iVew  World  was  aBcertr.inod, 
the  name  has  remained,  and  the  a])pellaiion  of  Wc»t 
Intlici  is  given  hy  all  tho  jieople  of  Kurope  lo  tho 
country,  and  that  of  Indians  to  its  inhabitants. 

Tiie  name  by  which  Columbus  distinguished  the 
countries  which  he  had  discovered  was  so  inviting,  tho 
specimens  of  their  riches  and  fertility  which  he  pro- 
duced were  so  considerable,  and  the  reports  of  lus 
conipanions,  delivered  freqm  ntly  with  the  e.^agiTcratian 
natural  to  travellers,  so  favorable,  as  to  excite  n 
wonderful   spirit  of  enterprise  among  the  Spaniard) 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


hahed  (he 
liting,  tho 
he  pro- 
mts of  lUB 
tiiTcration 
li'xrite  n 
|jmi)i;U'.U 


TImiigli  llllli'  i:cru*<loinril    lu   naval  expriiiliuiiM.  tlicy  | 
vtvn*  ittipatK-rit  til  SI  t  out  m|ii)Ii  llinr  \oya^i'.      N'olnn- 
U'lTS  of  c.rrv  rank  ^v  iciitil  to  lie  iiii]  lo\nl.     Aliurrd 
hv   ilif  invitiii!,'   prispc  t*    uIikIi  upoietl  to  tl.cir  :iin- 
liitloM  iiMil  iiVHjiri'.  rii'ilht  r  llic  IcnKtli  iht  (luhL'rr  ul  itie  ' 
iiuvi<.'iiMon  inliiiii'Ia'i'tl  them.     CguiiuiiH  qs  Kcnlmiiml  | 
v\,t8.  anil  avcM'-  ii>  t^iTV  tlinif:  now  or  iiilvciitiinnH,  he 
fKfiiiB    to   liivi'  call  hnl  till'  HUMi'-  8p  rii  \mi|i  Iuh  !«iih- | 
jci  tn.     Umlrr    I-  intlurnci',  prrpunilioim  tor  ;i  »rcotu' ' 
tx|  edition  \v(  ro   earned   ott   vMth  rapidity  unuHual  in 
Spiiin,  an  I  to   nn  cxtitit  that  wtiiiM  tie  di  cinc.l  not  in- 
ron-hifablr  in  the  Resent  ago.    'I  he  licet  coiisi^li'ii  of 
K'ventorn  slnp?».  mnie  of  wlii<  h  were  i)f  i^ooil  Imr.! 'ii. 
It  had  on  Imaal  fifteen  liumlrn)  pe^^on8,  anionu  \\lioin 
wire    nmny   of    nobic    farnihi >,   who  hail   served    in 
honorable  slations      The  t.'rcat(r  part  of  tliusp,  beini; 
dcslHicit  to  rtnmin  in  the  eoimtiy,  wt  re  lurnialird  with 
every  thmy  rupn^ito   lor  eoinpu  st  or  setlleinent,  with 
nil   kniils  of    I'Inropcan  itonu-stu'   animals,  witli  nwU 
«.rcd«  nnil  [ilants  iis  were   moat  hkilv  to  ihiive  in  tlio 
rl-niatoof  the  West  Iiules  with  ntensiN  and  inslrnnients 
of  every  soil,    and  wiih   fiieh  urtitlcers  as  might  be 
nioHt  uscfn!  in  ■•  n  infant  eoluny. 

Iliit,  lonniilablc  and  well  provide>l  as  ''is  lleet  was, 
(■'enliiiiinil  and  Isabc  la  il  d  not  rest  thwir  title  to  the 
poas!'>>ion  of  the  newly  discovcreil  eountries  upon  its 
operalion-t  alone.  The  example  of  the  I'o.tuyuese,  as 
»vell  a*  the  suprrstition  of  the  a^e,  made  it  neeessary 
to  ol)tain  from  the  Unman  pomilVa  ^^nint  of  ihose  tern- 
toriea  wbieh  ihev  wit-hed  to  occupy.  Tlie  Tope,  as  the 
vu-arund  representalivo  of  JeMiMClirist,\vas  supposed  to 
have  a  nsht  of  dominion  over  all  the  kinmlonis  of  the 
earth.  Alexander  V'l.,  a  poniill*  infamous  for  every 
eriim^  which  dis^rracos  humaruty,  filled  the  Pupal  throne 
Ql  that  lime.  As  ho  was  born  Terdinand's  subject, 
and  very  policitoiis  in  secure  the  proliction  of  Spain, 
m  order  to  facilitate  the  execution  of  his  ambitious 
echomes  in  favor  of  his  own  family,  he  was  extremely 
willing  to  yralify  the  Spanisli  monarehs.  liy  un  act 
of  liberality  wliich  cost  bun  notbin^r,  and  that  s<rved  to 
eHtabhsh  the  jurisdictions  and  pretensions  of  :he  I'apa] 
See,  he  granted  in  full  ri<.dil  to  Kerdiuand  and  Isabella 
all  the  countries  inhabited  by  Infidels,  which  they  had 
dif.overrtl,  or  should  dl^|'ove^;  and,  in  virtue  of  that 
power  wineli  he  <b'rived  Iro  ii  jesns  Christ,  he  conferred 
on  lh(  crown  of  ('astiU>  va;  t  rtL'ious,  to  tlie  possession 
of  which  he  hunself  was  'o  far  from  haviui;  nnv  title, 
thai  be  was  unacipumiit  .1  with  their  situation,  and 
Ignorant  even  of  tbtir  e'.istence.  As  it  was  necessary 
to  prevent  this  ^'rant  irom  mterb  riiiu'  with  that  formerly 
made  to  the  cr''>vn  of  l'ortUL,ra^,  be  appointed  that  a 
line,  supposed  ai  be  drawn  trom  jiole  to  pole,  u  hun- 
dred lea^fues  \}  the  westward  of  tiio  Azores,  should 
terve  as  a  Innu  between  them;  and,  in  the  likntitnde 
of  his  power,  be  ;towed  all  to  tho  east  of  this  ima^Miiary 
line  upon  the  1  uriugnese,  and  alt  to  the  wtsi  of  it 
upon  the  Spaniards.  Zeal  for  propagating  tlie  Chris- 
tian faith  was  iho  consideration  employed  by  Ferdinand 
in  sojicitini;  tliis  tiuU,  and  is  mentioned  by  Alexander 
as  bis  chief  motive  for  i.^fuin^i  it.  In  order  to  niani- 
fesl  some  concern  for  ibis  biudahle  olijeet,  several 
friars,  under  the  direction  of  Falh-'r  lioyl,  a  Catalonian 
monk  v\'  ^reul  reputation,  as  ajiostolical  v'.ar,  were 
apitointed  to  accompany  Columbus,  and  to  devote 
themselves  to  the  instrvicliou  of  the  natives.  The  In- 
>1tans  wliom  i'olumbus  had  brniiMbt  aloiiu  with  him, 
lluvin^  received  some  tincture  of  Christian  knowledge. 
wcro  liapti/ed  with  much  solemnity,  the  kin;;  himself, 
liie  prince  his  sou,  and  (be  chief  persons  of  his  court. 
btandin^  aa  their  fxodfalhers.  Those  first  fruits  of  the 
New  Worhl  have  not  hreii  followed  by  such  an  in- 
crease as  pi(nis  men  wished,  and  hail  reason  to  expect. 

Ferdinand  and  Isabella  havni<<:  thus  aeipiired  a  title, 
which  was  then  deeuud  completely  valid,  to  exti  nd 
their  discoveries  and  to  estal)lish  their  duiiiinion  over 
euch  a  consiilerable  portion  t)f  tln^  jilobe,  nothin;f  now 
retarded  the  departure  of  the  lleel.  Cobiml'us  was 
extremely  impatu-nt  to  revisit  tlie  colony  which  he  bad 
left,  and  to  pursue  that  career  of  glory  upon  which  he 
had  entered.  IIo  set  sail  from  the  bay  of  Cadiz  on  the 
twenty-fifth  of  Sentember,  and  toucbin<»  again  at  the 
island  of  Ooinera,  be  steered  further  towards  the  south 
than  in  hia  former  voyajfo.  ily  holding  this  course,  lie 
enjoyed  more  steadily  the  benefit  of  the  regular  winds, 
which  reign  within  the  tropics,  and  was  carried  towards 
a  large  cluster  of  islands,  situated  considerably  to  the 
east  of  those  which  he  had  already  discovered.  On 
the  twenty-sixth  day  after  his  departure  from  (lomera 
[Nov.  2],  he  made  land.  It  was  one  of  the  Carribbee 
or  Leeward  Islands,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Deseada,  on  account  of  the  impatience  of  his  crow  to 
discover  some  part  of  the  New  World.     After  this  he 


vi-ited    siiceessivtly   Pon'tnicn,   Marii;ii!aute,   (iuada-  | 
Irupe,  Anti'Mia,  San  .Iiian  de  I'uerto  Jtico.  and  several  j 
other  islands,  scattered  in  hi^  way  as  he   udvanctd  lu-  j 
wards  tl.«  iiorlh*we.-t.     All   these  he  found  to  be  in-  | 
ju'iitid  iiy  that   tierce  race  of  peoph- whom  Clnaran- 
iiliRri  had  piinted  in  such  Inght'ul  colors.     His  descnp- 
t  ons   i'pptaretl  not  to  ha\e   been  exau'cerated.     The 
SjiMniards  never  attempttd  to  laiid  without  meeting 
w.lh   siuh  a  reception  as  dipcoverid  the  luarlial  and 
daring  spirit  of  tiie  natives  :    and  in  their  habitations 
Wt  re  lound  relics  of  those  horrid  feasts  which  they  had 
ma(U'  upon  tin;  bodies  of  their  enemies  taken  in  war, 

ihit  iiH  Columbus  was  eager  to  know  the  state  of 
the  colony  which  he  h.ul  planted,  and  to  supply  it  with 
the  mccssanes  of  which  he  suppoMd  it  to  he  in  want, 
he  matle  no  stay  in  any  of  tliose  islands,  and  proceeded 
direi-tly  to  Ilispaiiiuhi  [Nov.  U'J].  Alien  he  ornved 
olV  Navidad,  the  station  in  which  he  had  left  the  ihirty- 
I'iuht  men  under  the  command  of  Arada,  he  was 
aslouishi'd  that  none  of  them  appeared,  and  expected 
e\ery  moment  to  see  them  running  with  transports  ol 
joy  to  welcome  their  eouut.-ymen.  Full  of  soliciludc 
alout  tlieir  safely,  and  tbreboding  in  his  mind  what  had 
hefulhn  tlicm,  he  rowed  instantly  to  land.  AH  the  na- 
uvrs  from  whom  ho  might  have  received  information 
had  th  tl.  Hut  the  fort  which  he  had  built  was  eiiiirtly 
demolished,  atid  the  tiittered  guiments,  the  broken  arms 
and  ut(  n.-ils  scattered  aboui  it,  left  no  room  to  doul)t 
eoncernmg  liic  unhappy  fate  of  the  garrison.  While 
the  Spaniards  were  shedding  tears  over  those  sad 
memorials  of  their  fellow-citizens,  a  brother  of  the 
enzique  Ciuacanahari  arrived.  From  him  Colnnduis 
received  a  particular  detail  of  what  bad  hajipencd  after 
bis  departure  from  tin-  island.  The  familiar  intercourse 
of  the  Indians  with  the  Sj)aniards  tended  gradually  to 
(bminish  the  superstitious  veneration  with  wbieb  their 
first  appearance  had  inspired  that  simple  people.  Hy 
their  own  indiscretion  and  ill  coi  duct,  the  Spaniards 
speedily  elVaced  tlioso  favorable  impressions,  and  soon 
convinced  the  natives,  that  they  had  all  the  wants,  and 
weaknesses,  and  passions  of  men.  As  soon  as  the 
powerful  restraint  which  llie  presence  and  authority  of 
('obimbus  imposed  was  withdrawn,  tiie  garrison  threw 
olf  all  regard  for  the  ollieer  whom  be  had  invested  with 
command.  Kegardlesof  the  prudent  instructions  which 
he  bad  given  iheni.  every  man  became  independent, 
and  gratified  his  desires  without  control.  '1  be  gold, 
the  women,  the  pronsons  of  the  natives,  were  all  the 
prey  of  those  licentious  oppressors.  They  roamed  in 
small  parties  over  tho  island,  extending  their  rapacity 
and  insolence  to  every  corner  of  it.  Centle  and  timid 
as  the  people  were,  those  \inprovoked  injuries  at  lengtli 
exhausted  their  patience,  and  roused  their  courage. 
'I'be  cazitjuc  of  Cibao,  whose  country  the  Spaniards 
eliielly  infested  on  account  of  the  gold  which  it  con- 
tained. sur|>rised  and  cut  otV  ueveral  of  them,  while  they 
strangled  in  os  perfect  security  as  if  their  conduct  bad 
been  altogether  inolVensive.  He  then  assemMcd  his 
subjects,  and  surrounding  tho  fort,  set  it  or.  fire. 
Some  of  the  Spaniards  were  killed  in  defending  it ; 
the  rest  perished  in  attempting  to  make  their  escape 
by  crossii;g  an  arm  of  the  sea.  Ciuacanahari,  whom 
all  their  exactions  had  not  alienated  from  the  Spaniards, 
look  arms  in  their  behalf,  and,  in  endeavoring  to  pro- 
tect them,  had  received  a  wound,  by  >\hich  ho  was 
still  confined. 

Though  this  occount  was  far  from  removing  the  sus- 
picions which  the  Sponiards  entertained  with  respect 
to  the  fidelity  of  (Juacannbari,  Columbus  perceived  so 
clearly  that  this  was  not  a  proper  juncture  lor  inquiring 
into  his  conduct  with  scrupulous  accuracy,  that  he  re- 
jected the  advice  of  severnl  of  his  odiccrs,  who  urged 
him  to  seize  the  person  of  that  prince,  and  to  revenge 
the  death  of  their  countrymen  hy  attacking  his  subjects. 
He  represented  to  them  tlu!  necessity  of  securing  the 
friendship  of  some  potentate  of  the  country,  in  order  to 
facilitate  the  seltlement  which  they  inti  nded,  ond  the 
danger  of  driving  the  natives  to  unite  m  some  despe- 
rate attempt  against  them,  by  such  an  ill-timed  and  un- 
availing exercise  of  rigor.  Instead  of  wasting  his  lime 
in  punishing  past  wrongs,  he  took  precautions  for  pre- 
venting any  future  injury.  With  this  view,  he  niade 
choice  of  a  situation  more  healthy  and  commodious  than 
that  of  Navidad.  lie  traced  out  the  plan  of  a  town  in 
a  large  plain  near  a  spacious  bay,  and  obliging  every 
person  to  put  his  hand  to  a  work  on  which  their  com- 
mon safety  depended,  the  houses  and  ramparts  were 
soon  so  far  ad\anccd,  by  their  united  labor,  as  to  afford 
them  shelter  and  security.  This  rising  cilv.  the  first 
that  the  r.uropeans  founded  in  the  New  World,  he 
named  Isabella,  in  honor  of  liis  patroness  the  Queen  of 
Castile. 


^ 

In  carrying  on  this  nteesMorv  work,  Columlms  had 
not  only  to  i*ustiiiu  all  tlie  hardship-,  and  to  eneounl'T 
all  the  dillicultiis,  lo  wliteh  mhinl  coIoiiif<  are  exposed 
uhen  they  si  lite  in  an  uiiculti\ated  et>unlTV.  but  he  bad 
to  eonleiid  with  what  was  mure  insuperable,  thr  lazi- 
ness, the  impatieiicr,  and  mutinous  dispoMiion  of  hia 
lollowers.  lly  the  em  rvating  mlhience  of  a  hot  clunate, 
the  natural  maclivily  of  the  .^Spaniards  seiimd  lu  in 
crease.  Many  of  ihirn  were  L'enilemen,  nn;. 'customed 
lo  the  fatigue  of  bodily  labor,  and  all  had  cngagid  in 
!lie  enterjirise  with  the  sanguuie  hopes  excited  hy  tho 
'  plendid  and  exag^'erated  de*«eri[ition  ol  llieir  countrv" 
men  who  returned  from  the  first  \ovaL'e,  or  by  the  mis- 
taken opinion  of  Cohimhus.  that  the  country  which  bo 
had  discovered  was  eiilu  r  llu-  Cipai.go  of  Marco  Folo, 
or  the  (Iphir,  from  whii  h  Solomon  imported  tliose  pre- 
cious eomniodities  which  suihhnlv  dillused  such  extra- 
ordinary riches  through  his  kingdom.  Hut  when,  m- 
stead  of  that  golden  harvest  which  ihev  Irid  expected 
to  reap  without  toil  or  pains,  ihr  Spaniards  saw  that 
their  prospect  of  wealth  was  remote  as  well  as  uncer- 
tain, and  that  it  could  not  be  obtained  hut  hy  the  slow 
and  persevering  ellorls  of  Illdustr^,  the  disappointment 
of  those  chimerical  hopes  occasioned  such  dtjictioii  of 
mind  as  bordered  on  despair,  and  h  <l  to  general  discon- 
tent. In  vain  did  Cohiinbns  eiu!ca\or  to  revive  their 
spirits  by  jointing  out  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  ex- 
hibiting the  specimens  of  gold  ilaily  brought  in  from 
dill'erent  parts  of  the  island.  They  bad  not  ttience  to 
wait  for  the  gradual  returns  whieli  the  former  might 
yield,  ond  the  latter  they  despised  as  scanty  and  incon- 
siderable. The  sjiirit  oi'  disalfection  spread,  and  a  con- 
spiracy was  formed,  which  might  have  been  fatal  to 
Columbus  ond  the  colony.  Ilappilv  be  discovered  il ; 
and  seizing  the  ringleaders,  punished  some  of  them, 
sent  others  prisoners  into  Spam,  whiiher  he  despatched 
twelve  of  the  ships  which  bad  served  as  transports,  with 
an  earnest  recpiest  for  a  reinforcement  of  men  and  a 
a  largo  sujiidy  of  jirovisions. 

141)4]  Meanwhile,  in  order  to  banish  that  idleness 
which,  by  nllowiug  his  peojile  leisure  to  brood  over 
their  disappointment,  nourished  the  spirit  of  discontent, 
Columhun  planned  si'veral  expeditions  into  Ihe  interior 
part  of  the  country.  He  sent  a  detachment,  under  the 
command  of  Alonzode  Ojeda,  a  vigilant  and  enterpris- 
ing oHicer,  to  visit  the  district  of  Cibao,  which  was  said 
to  yield  the  greatest  quantity  of  gold,  and  followed  him 
in  nerson  with  the  mam  body  of  Ins  troops.  In  this  ex- 
pedition he  disjilayed  all  the  pomp  of  militar/  magni 
tiecnce  that  be  could  exhibit,  in  order  lo  strike  tho 
imagination  of  the  natives.  He  marched  with  colors 
(lyiiii;,  with  martial  music,  and  with  a  sinall  body  of 
cavalry  that  paraded  sometimes  in  the  front  and  some- 
times in  the  rear.  As  those  were  the  first  horses  which 
appeared  in  the  New  World,  they  were  objects  of  ti'rror 
no  less  than  of  admiration  to  the  Indians,  who,havine 
no  tanic  animals  themselves,  were  unacquaintflj  with 
that  vast  accession  of  power  which  man  bath  acquired 
by  subjecting  thetn  to  his  dominion.  'J'hcy  supposed 
them  to  b2  rational  creatures.  'I'bey  imagined  that 
the  horse  and  the  rider  formed  one  animal,  with  whoso 
speed  they  were  astonished,  and  whose  impetuosity  and 
strength  they  considered  as  irresistible.  Hut  while 
Columbus  endeavored  to  inspire  the  natives  with  a 
dread  of  his  power,  he  did  not  neglect  the  arts  of  gain- 
ing their  love  and  confidence.  He  adhered  scnipii- 
lously  to  the  principles  of  integrity  and  justice  in  uU 
his  transactions  with  them,  and  treated  them,  on  every 
occasion,  not  only  with  humanity  but  with  indulgence. 
The  district  of  Cibao  answered  the  description  given 
of  It  by  the  natives.  It  was  mountainous  and  unculli- 
vatcd.  but  in  every  river  and  brook  gold  was  gathered 
either  in  dust  or  in  grains,  some  ol  which  were  of  con- 
siderable size.  The  Indians  had  never  opened  any 
inine^  in  search  of  gold,  'i'openetrate  into  the  bowels 
of  the  earth,  and  to  refine  the  rude  ore.  were  operations 
too  complicated  and  laborious  for  iheir  talents  and  in- 
dustry, and  they  bad  no  such  high  value  for  gold  as  lo 
put  their  ingenuity  and  invention  upon  the  stretch  in  or* 
dcr  to  obtain  it.  The  small  quantity  of  that  precious 
metrd  which  they  possessed,  was  either  picked  up  in 
Ihe  beds  of  the  rivers,  or  washed  from  the  mountains 
by  tho  heavy  rains  that  fall  within  the  tropica.  Uul 
from  those  indications,  the  Spaniards  could  no  longer 
doubt  that  the  country  contained  rich  treasures  in  its 
bowels,  of  which  they  hoped  soon  to  be  masters.  In 
order  to  secure  the  command  of  this  valuable  province, 
Columbus  erected  a  small  fort,  to  which  he  gave  tho 
name  of  St.  I'bsmas,  by  way  of  ridicule  upon  some  ol 
his  incredulous  followrrs,  who  would  not  believe  that 
the  country  produced  gold,  until  they  saw  it  with  theil 
own  eyes,  and  touched  it  with  their  handt>. 


84 

Thr^  iirroi'tit  of  thnR#»  promininn  appcnrnnrfd  of 
wrnllli  in  llir  roniitrvcf  CiImo  nirnd  vnv  JiraHOiiiiMy  to 
comfort  tlin  dispotuling  colnnv,  wliirli  wns  iiirrrlrd 
with  (li(itrr««r(i  of  vnrious  kimU.  The  Rtock  of  pro- 
vitiionN  which  liad  hrrn  hroii[»hl  from  Kuropp  wan 
moiitlv  ronmimod  ;  whnt  rcnminrd  was  no  imifh  ror- 
rnptfd  by  the  heat  and  nioiittiro  of  iho  rlirnatr  «« (n  hr 
olmont  (iiifit  for  nso;  tho  nativps  niltivntcd  so  mnull  a 
portion  of  gronnd,  and  with  co  httio  )«kill,  that  it  hurdly 
yielded  what  was  sufHririit  for  thrir  owti  (nih«i«lpnre  ; 
the  Spnniardd  of  iBahrlla  had  hillirrto  ncithrr  time  nor 
leifinro  to  clear  tho  «oit,  ko  a»  t.i  rrap  nnv  cotiMiih'rnhk- 
fniitii  of  tht'ir  own  indnntrv.  On  all  these  arroiintu, 
ihoy  hecame  afraid  of  pcrishinc  with  linnirer,  and  were 
rt-tlncrd  alriady  to  a  ncaiity  allowance.  At  llio  same 
Ihne.  tho  diseases  predominant  in  tlie  torrid  zone,  and 
which  rage  chiefly  in  those  tmcultivuied  countries  where 
the  hand  of  industry  had  not  opened  tho  woods,  drained 
the  marches,  and  confined  the  rivrr»  within  a  certain 
channel,  hetian  to  spread  ainnnn  thrm.  Alarmed  at 
the  violence  and  unusual  svrnptnmn  of  those  maladies, 
\].ry  exclaimed  aiiainst  rolumhus  and  his  companiona 
in  the  former  voyai'p,  who.  hy  their  splendid  hut  deceit- 
ful descriptions  of  Ilinpaniola,  had  allnred  them  to  quit 
S^pain  for  a  harharnus  umMittivated  land,  whrro  they 
mutt  either  he  rut  otT  hv  famine,  or  die  of  unknown 
distempers.  Several  of  tho  oflirers  and  persons  of 
note,  instead  of  rherkin'r,  joine<l  in  thono  seditious 
complaints.  Father  Hoyl,  the  apostolical  vicar,  was 
one  of  the  most  turhnlont  and  outraireous.  It  rerpiired 
all  the  authority  and  address  of  rolumhus  to  ro-esta-  [ 
hiish  subordination  and  tranquillity  in  the  colony. 
Threats  and  promises  were  alternately  employed  for 
this  purpose  ;  hui  nothinij  contributed  more  to  soothe! 
the  maIeco?ttenta  than  the  prospect  of  findintj.  in  tho  I 
mines  of  Cibao,  such  a  rich  store  of  treasure  as  would  ] 
be  a  reromprnse  for  all  their  sulTerings,  and  cflaco  the 
memory  of  former  disappointments. 

When,  by  his  unwearied  endeavorif,  concord  and 
order  were  so  far  restored  that  ho  could  venture  to 
leave  the  islanti,  rolumhus  resolved  to  pursue  his  dis- 
coveries, that  be  mipht  be  able  to  ascertain  whether 
those  new  countries  with  which  be  had  opened  a  com- 
munication were  connected  with  any  recion  of  the 
cartli  already  known,  or  whether  thev  were  to  l)e  consi- 
dered as  a  separrite  portion  of  the  plolio  hifherto  un- 
visitrd.  He  appointed  hif*  brother  Don  Diepo,  with 
ihe  aHsis(ir*ce  of  a  council  of  ofTicers.  to  povern  the 
"sland  in  bis  absence  ;  and  cave  the  command  of  a  body 
of  soldiers  to  Don  Pedro  Mar!:aritn,  wrth  wliichhe  way 
to  visit  the  dilTerenl  pans  of  (he  island,  and  endeavor 
to  establish  the  authority  of  the  Spanianls  amontj  the 
inhabitants.  Havinf»  left  them  very  particular  instruc- 
tions with  respect  to  their  conduct,  be  weighed  anchor 
on  the  2'lth  of  April,  with  one  ship  and  two  small  barks 
under  his  command.  Durincr  a  tedious  voyaL'c  of  full  five 
months,  ho  had  a  trial  of  almost  all  tho  numerous  liard- 
ehips  to  which  persons  ofbis  profession  ore  exposed,  with- 
out raakinrr  any  discovery  of  importance,  OTcept  the  island 
of  Jamaica.  As  he  ranged  alouij  the  southern  coast  of 
Cuba,  flO]  he  was  entangled  in  a  labyrinth  formed  by 
4n  incredible  number  of  small  islands,  to  which  he  fjavc 
the  name  of  tho  Queen's  Garden.  In  this  unknown 
course,  amon^i  rocks  and  shelves,  he  was  retarded  by 
contrary  winds,  assaulted  with  furious  storms,  and 
alarmed  with  tho  terrible  thunder  and  lightning  which 
ia  often  almost  incessant  between  the  tTO[iics.  At 
length  his  provisions  fell  short  ;  his  crew,  exhausted 
with  fatiffue  as  well  as  hunger,  murmured  and  threat- 
ened, and  wore  ready  to  proceed  to  the  most  desperate 
extremities  against  him.  Ileset  with  dauL^er  in  such 
wrious  forms,  he  was  obliged  to  keep  continual  watch, 
to  observe  every  occurrence  with  his  own  eves,  to  issue 
every  order,  and  to  ^tuperintend  the  execution  of  it.  On 
no  O'  casion  was  the  extent  of  his  «>kill  and  experience 
HS  a  naviuntor  so  much  tried.  'I  o  these  the  sqmdron 
owed  its  safetv.  Hut  this  unremitted  fatinue  of  body, 
and  intense  application  of  mind,  overpowering  his  con- 1 
Btitution,  thouL'h  naturally  viuorous  and  robust,  brought 
on  a  feverish  disorder,  which  terminated  in  a  lethargy, 
that  deprived  him  of  sense  and  memory,  and  had  almost 
proved  fatal  to  his  life. 

Bui,  on  his  return  to  Uispaniola  [Sept.  27],  the  sud- 
den emotion  of  joy  which  be  felt  upon  meeting  with  his 
brother  Bartholomew  at  Isabella,  occasioncil  such  a 
flow  of  spirits  as  contributed  greatly  to  his  recovery. 
It  was  now  thirteen  years  since  the  two  brother.-*,  whom 
iimilarity  of  talents  united  in  close  friendship,  had  se- 
oarated  from  each  other,  and  during  that  long  period 
there  hod  been  no  intercourse  between  them,  narlho- 
lomrw  after  finishing  his  nejroiiation  in  the  court  oi 
Ln^Und,  had  set  out  for  Spain  by  the  way  of  France. 


ROnnUTBON'S   niETOUY  OP 


At  Pans  he  received  an  account  uf  the  exlranrduiary 
diMcovmen  wluch  his  broih'  r  lnul  miidi'  in  Iuh  llrHi  voy- 
age, and  that  he  \\\in  then  pr  'parmg  lo  embark  nn  a  se- 
cond rxprdilu)n.  Though  this  naturally  mduced  him 
to  pursue  his  journev  with  the  utniof^t  drfpatch,  the  ad- 
miral had  sailed  for  llispaniula  before  he  reached  Spam. 
Ferdniaud  and  Isabella  received  hnn  with  the  rc^ipect 
due  to  the  nearest  kin»mon  of  a  person  who^c  merit 
and  services  rendered  him  so  coriHpicuoua  ;  and  a»  they 
knew  what  consolation  his  presence  would  all'ord  lo  his 
brother,  they  persuaded  him  tu  take  the  command  of 
three  ships,  which  they  liad  appointed  lo  carry  i>rovi- 
sions  to  the  colony  at  l»Hl)ena 

Ho  could  not  have  arrived  at  any  juncture  when  ro- 
lumhus stood  more  in  need  of  a  friend  capable  of  assist* 
ing  him  with  his  counsels,  or  of  driding  wu'i  him  the 
cares  and  burdens  of  government.  For  aliliough  the 
provisions  now  brought  from  Kurope  atTord''d  a  tem- 
porary relief  to  llio  Spaniard»  from  the  enlanulics  of 
lamine,  tho  supply  was  not  in  such  (pi.intity  as  to  sun- 
port  them  long,  and  tho  island  did  not  hitherto  yield 
what  was  Hulbcient  for  sustenance.  They  were  threat- 
teiied  with  atiother  danger,  still  more  formidable  than 
the  return  of  scarcity,  and  which  demanded  more  im- 
mediate attention.  No  sooner  did  Colnmlms  leave  the 
island  on  his  voyage  of  dl»cover^^  than  the  soldiers  un- 
der Margarita,  as  if  Ihey  had  been  act  free  from  dis- 
cipline and  subordination,  scorned  all  restraint.  In- 
stead of  conforming  to  the  prudent  instructions  of  ro- 
lumhus, they  dispersed  in  straggling  parties  over  the 
island,  lived  at  discretion  upon  the  natives,  wasted 
their  provisions,  seized  their  women,  and  treated  tliat 
inoirensivc  race  with  all  the  insolence  of  military  op- 
prcswion. 

As  long  as  the  Indians  had  any  prospect  that  ♦heir 
sufU'rings  might  come  to  a  period  by  the  voluntary  de- 
parture of  the  invaders,  they  submitted  in  silence,  and 
disse.ihled  their  sorrow  ;  but  they  now  jierceived  that 
tiic  yoke  would  he  as  permanent  as  it  was  intolerable. 
The  Spaniards  hod  built  a  to»vn,  and  surrounded  it  with 
ramparts.  'J'hey  had  erected  forts  in  ditlorent  places. 
They  had  enclose<l  and  sown  several  fields.  It  was  ap- 
parent that  they  came  not  to  vi-sit  the  country,  but  to 
settle  in  it.  'I'hough  the  number  of  lliose  strangers 
was  inconsiderable,  the  state  of  cultivation  among 
these  rude  people  was  so  imperfect,  and  in  such 
exact  proportion  lo  their  own  consumption,  (hat  it  was 
with  dilliculty  they  could  afford  subsistence  lo  their 
new  guests.  Their  own  mode  of  life  was  so  indoUnt 
and  inactive,  the  warmth  of  the  eliniate  so  enervating, 
the  constitution  of  their  liodies  naturally  so  feeble,  and 
HO  unaccustomed  to  tho  laborious  exertions  of  indus- 
try, that  they  were  satisfied  with  a  proportion  of  food 
amazintily  small.  A  handful  of  niai/e,  or  a  little  of  tho 
insipid  bread  made  of  the  cassadaroot.  was  suflicient  to 
support  men  whose  strength  and  spirits  were  not  ex- 
hausti'd  by  any  vigorous  etVorts  eitlier  of  body  or  mind. 
Tlic  Spaniards,  though  the  most  abstemious  of  all  tho 
European  nations,  appeared  to  them  excessively  vora- 
cious. One  Spaniani  consumed  as  much  as  several 
Indians.  This  keenness  of  appetite  surjirised  them  so 
much,  and  seemed  to  be  so  insatiable,  that  they  sup- 
posed the  Sjaniards  had  left  their  own  eonntry  because 
it  did  not  produce  as  much  as  was  requisite  to  gratify 
iheir  immoderate  desire  of  food,  and  had  come  among 
them  in  quest  of  nonrislunent.  Self-preservation 
prompted  them  to  wish  for  the  departure  ot^  guests  who 
wasted  so  fast  their  slender  stock  of  provisions.  The 
injuries  which  they  sniVered  added  lo  their  imjiatiencvj 
for  this  event.  'I'hey  had  long  expected  that  the  Spa- 
niards would  retire  of  their  own  accord.  They  now- 
perceived  that,  in  order  to  avert  Ihe  destruction  with 
which  they  were  threatened,  either  by  the  slow  con- 
sumption of  famine,  or  by  the  violence  of  iheir  oppres- 
sors, it  was  necessary  lo  assume  couraLM\  to  atta'-k 
those  forniidablo  invaders  with  united  fon  e,  and  drive 
them  from  the  settlements  of  which  they  hud  violenllv 
taken  possession. 

Such  were  the  sentiments  which  universally  pre- 
vailed among  tho  Indians,  when  Columbus  returned  to 
Isabella.  Inrtamed.  l)y  the  unprovoked  outrages  of 
ihe  Spaniards,  with  a  degree  of  rage  of  which  their 
gentle  natures,  formed  to  sufi'er  and  submit,  seemed 
hardly  susceptible,  they  waited  only  for  a  signal  from 
their  leaders  to  fall  upon  the  colony.  Some  of  tlic 
caziquea  had  already  surprised  and  cut  ofi'  several 
stragL'lers.  Tho  dread  of  this  impending  danger  uni- 
ted the  Spaniards,  and  re-established  the  authority  of 
Columbus,  as  they  saw  no  prospect  of  safety  but  in 
committing  themselves  to  his  prudent  guidance.  It 
was  now  ncces.snry  to  have  recourse  tc  armn,  the  em- 
ploying of  whicli  against  the  Indians  Columbus  had  I 


hitherto  avoided  wilh  the  greatest  Bolicitiide.  Fnepinl 
as  the  conflict  may  secir,  between  tli(  nuked  inhabi- 
lanls  of  iho  New  World  armed  with  clubs,  slick* 
hanhned  in  the  fire,  wooden  swords,  and  arrows 
point!  d  with  bones  or  llints,  and  ttoopg  accustomed  to 
the  discipline,  and  provided  wilh  the  instrunicnla  of 
de<ilructiun  known  in  the  Fiirojieun  art  of  war,  the  aitu- 
aliun  uf  the  Snantards  was  far  from  lieing  eiem*'* 
from  danger.  'Flie  vast  superiority  cf  the  nativea  lu 
numlier  compensiUcd  many  defecta.  A  handful  of 
men  was  about  to  encounter  a  whole  nation.  One 
adverse  event,  or  even  any  unfursecn  delay  in  deter- 
mining the  fate  of  the  war,  might  prove  fatal  to  tht* 
Spaniards.  Conscious'  that  success  depended  on  thu 
vigor  and  rapidity  of  his  operations,  Columbus  in- 
stantly aasenddcd  his  forcea.  'i'hey  were  rcducM 
to  B  very  small  number.  Diseases,  engendered  by 
the  warmth  and  humidity  of  tho  country,  or  occa- 
sioned by  their  own  licentiousness,  had  ragetl  among 
them  with  much  violence ;  experience  had  not  yet 
taught  them  the  art  either  of  curing  these,  or  thu 
precautions  requisite  for  guarding  against  them;  Iwo- 
thirds  of  the  original  adventurers  were  dead,  and 
many  of  iboso  who  survived  were  incapable  of  service. 
The  body  which  took  the  field  [March  2't,  MH5J  con- 
sisted only  of  two  hundred  foot,  twenty  horse,  and 
twenty  large  dogs ;  and  how  strnnge  soever  it  may 
seem  to  mention  the  laM  as  eomposinff  part  of  a  mili- 
tary force,  they  wore  not  perhaps  ihc  least  formidable 
and  dcstnietive  of  the  whole,  when  employed  against 
naked  and  timid  Indiana.  All  tho  caziques  on  the 
island,  (iucanahari  excepted,  who  retainei)  an  inviolable 
attachment  to  the  Spaniards,  were  in  arms  to  opposo 
Cohmibus,  with  forces  amounting,  if  we  may  belicvo 
the  Spanish  historians,  to  n  hundred  thousand  men. 
Instead  of  attempting  to  draw  the  Spaniards  into  the 
fastnessea  of  the  woods  and  mountains,  they  were  no 
imprudent  us  to  take  their  station  in  llio  Vega  Keal, 
the  most  open  plain  in  the  country.  Cuiumbiis  did  not 
allow  them  time  to  perceive  iheir  error,  or  to  alter  iheir 
position.  He  attacked  them  during  the  night,  when 
undisciplined  troops  are  least  capable  of  acting  with 
union  and  concert,  and  obtained  an  easy  and  bluodlea-i 
victory.  The  i  onsternation  with  which  the  iiidirjis 
were  filled  hy  the  noise  and  havoc  made  by  the  fire- 
arms, by  the  impeluous  force  of  the  cavalry,  and  the 
fierce  onset  of  the  dogs  was  so  great,  that  they  threw 
down  their  weapons,  and  fled  without  uttemptinj{  r« 
sistance.  Many  were  slain  ;  more  were  taken  pri- 
soners, and  reduced  to  servitude  ;  [SOJ  and  so  tno 
roughly  were  tho  rest  intimidated,  that  from  that  nii>- 
menl  they  abandoned  lliemselves  to  despair,  rehnquiah- 
ing  all  thoughts  ol  contending  with  aggressora  whom 
they  deemed  invineilde. 

Coluiuhua  emnloyc<l  several  months  in  mHrchmr 
through  Ihe  island,  and  in  subjecting  it  to  tho  SpanisE 
government,  without  meeting  with  any  opposition. 
He  imposed  a  tribute  upon  all  the  inhalutants  abovo 
the  age  of  fourteen.  Kacii  person  who  lived  in  those 
diBtrictfi  where  gold  was  found,  was  obliged  to  pay 
quarterly  as  much  gold  dust  as  filled  a  hawk's  bell ; 
from  those  in  other  parts  of  the  countr)',  twenty-five 
pounds  of  cotton  were  demanded,  'i'liis  was  the  first 
regular  taxation  of  the  Indiana,  and  served  as  a  pre- 
cedence for  exactioiis  still  more  intolerable.  Such  an 
imposition  was  extremely  contrary  to  those  mazimif 
which  Columbus  had  hitherto  inculcated  wilh  respect 
lo  the  mode  of  treating  them.  13ut  intrigues  wero 
carrying  on  in  the  court  of  Spain  at  this  juncture,  in 
order  to  undermine  his  power,  and  discredi*  his 
operations,  which  constrained  him  to  depart  from  his 
own  system  of  administralion.  Several  unfavorablo 
accounts  of  !iis  conduct,  as  well  as  of  the  counliiea 
discovered  by  him.  had  been  transmitted  to  Spain. 
Margarita  and  Father  IJoyl  were  now  at  court,  and  in 
otd.'r  to  justify  their  own  conduct,  or  to  gratify  tiieir 
resentment,  watched  with  mahivolent  attention  for 
everv  ojiportuuity  of  spreading  insinuations  to  his 
delriinent.  Many  of  the  courtiers  viewed  his  growing 
reputation  and  power  with  envious  eyes.  Fonseca, 
archdeacon  of  Seville,  who  was  intrusted  with  the 
chief  direction  ol  Indian  atTairs,  had  conceived  such 
an  unfavorable  opinion  of  Cobinibus,  for  some 
reason  which  the  contemparary  writers  hc^e  not  men- 
tioned, that  be  listened  With  partiality  to  every  invec- 
tive against  him.  It  was  not  easy  for  an  unfriended 
stranger,  unpractised  in  courtly  arts,  to  counteract  tho 
inachniations  of  so  many  enemies,  ('olumbus  saw 
that  there  was  but  one  nietnod  of  supporting  his  own 
credit,  and  of  silencing  alt  his  adversaries.  He  must 
produce  such  a  (piantily  of  gold  as  would  not  only 
(uslifv  what  he  Imd  reported  with  respect  to  the  rich> 


aOTJTI!    AMRRICA. 


npirn  o\  till'  cuiirilry,  hut  <<nroiiruirn  FurtliiiAnd  and 
liiali«'ll.i  tu  iK'r.-icviTii  iit  pruNrriitnit;  lii»  plain,  Thu 
ni'iTsHiiv  of  uliliuriiiiif  II  tonul  hiiii  rmt  <iiily  lo  impoiio 
tliiH  li'Mvy  tax  U|iuM  tlii'  (luliiiriH,  l>iit  to  <  xact  p.iyni(Mit 
ol  II  Willi  I'XtrciiiL'  ri^ur ;  uiid  riiitv  hv.  plcaittd  in  vx- 
ci.ir  for  Inn  ilrv'ialiit|{  uii  lliii«ori-aHioit  from  llir  iniltliit's<i 
uihI  hiii[\.iiiity  uilh  wliicli  Iin  uiiilurtiily  trcali'd  tlial 
unliappv  [M'upln. 

'I'hf  tiiltor,  nttcntiun,  und  fDnsi^lit  wliii-li  ttir  iiuliaii!* 
wore  oliIi|,'r(l  to  cinploy  in  iiroriiririj,'  tin'  Inlniti-  ili- 
tnanilrd  of  iIk-iu,  iipprarrd  tin-  riio?tl  i)iloli-nil)k<  u\  all 
cviIm,  to  iiH'ii  accuftiiimi'd  to  pa-***  tlirir  tl.iy*  in  a  carti- 
\vsH  impri'Vulriit  iruioli'iicr.  'I'licy  wrrt'  iin'aii.ilili-  uf 
inrli  a  ri'^iilar  ami  pcrsrvrritii;  r\(-rlion  uf  tiiiluNtrv, 
and  f(  It  It  rturli  a  ^ru-vuii.H  riNlranit  npun  tlinr  IiIktIv, 
that  iIm'V  had  rrioii.ic  to  an  (  xpcdiciit  for  ohtainiiii^ 
drhvt'MMrr  fioii)  tliin  yoke,  wliii-h  drriionslraii'H  tlic 
o«i*i'H)*  of  tlicir  iiM[Miii-tio»'  and  diNpair  'I'lu'V  lornud 
II  srhniio  of  NiarviiiLT  tho"*'  oppri-Hrtors  wliom  llicy  diir»l 
lint  attfinpl  lo  txpri  ,  and  from  tlir  upmnui  wliicli  thry 
untfrtamcd  willi  rcwpcct  to  tlir  voranoiiH  appciiir  of 
till'  Spaniard.'^,  tlicy  ni'ii-liulcd  llic  ixi'iiihon  of  it  to  ht 
very  prnctifal)|('.  With  tln^  view  iju'v  Mispcmlcd  idl 
U)f  operations  of  a;;ri('n)turi!  ;  they  i«uuri]  no  iiirti/c, 
tliry  piilU'd  lip  till'  roots  of  tlin  niaiiou:  or  cafsad.i 
wliirli  wi'rc  planti'd,  and  rctiriii);  to  the  innst  inacccs- 
sihli!  p.irlH  of  )|in  inoiinlains,  lift  ilio  tincitltuatcd 
plains  to  till  ir  (Miniiios.  This  di"*pn.itc  rt'solulion  pro- 
aucud  in  s'linr  di'^rce  tin-  cHi'cls  whiidi  thoy  i-ipi-ctnl 
Till'  Spaniards  vvrro  rt'dnri'd  to  oxirL-ino  want  ;  hut 
llicy  rri'i'vid  K'irli  season. thic  suppliis  of  proviHions 
from  Kurojit',  and  found  mi  nianv  rL'sonrcus  in  their 
own  nii^enuity  and  industry,  that  tliuy  siiU'ered  no  ^ruat 
loss  of  men.  'I'lio  wrelelied  Indians  were  tliu  vi(Miins 
of  their  own  ill-coneerled  poliey.  A  yrcat  inullitudL' 
of  people,  ^hnt  up  in  the  moiintaniotis  or  wooded  part 
of  ihv.  coiintrv,  wilhi>ut  any  food  hut  the  spoiitaneonfl 
prodiK'tions  of  the  earth,  noon  telt  tin-  utmost  distresses 
of  famine.  'I'his  hroiit^ht  on  eonlayious  discades  ;  and 
in  the  rourse  of  a  few  months  more  tiian  a  third  part 
of  the  inliahitaiits  of  the  i-^land  |  rished,  after  cxpc- 
ripn('ini»  misery  in  all  ilt*  .   m  •■..    '   rnis. 

Hut  vvhile  ('olumhus  was  estahlishing  tho  founda- 
tions of  the  Si' fiisli  grandeur  in  the  New  World,  hia 
rneiiiiea  lahoi'  ith  unwearied  assiduity  to  deprive 
hiiii  of  the  j^dof)  and  ri:wardrt  wliieli,  Ity  his  serviees 
and  sull'erin^s,  he  was  entitled  to  enjoy.  The  liard- 
fhips  unavoidahli!  in  a  new  settlement,  the  calainitn's 
Cx^casioneJ  hy  an  unhealthy  rlimate,  the  disasters  at- 
(i'ldiiii;  't  voynjie  in  unknown  seas,  were  all  represented 
OK  the  etl'erts  of  his  ri'stlcss  and  ineonsiderate  amhi- 
tion.  tlis  prudent  attention  to  preserve  discipline  and 
Buhordmation  was  denominated  t  ceesa  of  rij^or  ;  the 
punishinunta  which  he  mliicted  upon  tlie  mutinous  and 
uinorderly  were  imputed  lo  cruelty.  'I'hese  iiecusa- 
tiony  (rained  such  credit  in  a  jealous  court,  that  a  com- 
missioner was  appointed  to  repair  to  Hispaniola,  and 
to  inspect  into  the  conduct  of  L'olumhns.  Dy  the  re- 
commendation of  his  enemies,  Aj^nado,  a  yroom  of 
the  bedchamher,  was  tho  person  to  whom  this  im- 
(Ktrtant  trust  was  ooinmitted.  \h\\  in  tliis  elioiee  thev 
aeeni  lo  have  been  morn  intlurnced  hv  the  oh^cipiious 
attachment  of  (he  man  to  their  .nterest,  than  l»y  his 
capacity  for  the  statKui.  rnlled  up  with  such  suddi'ii 
elevation,  A^uado  displayeil,  in  the  exercise  of  tiiis  ol- 
(ice,  all  ihe  frivolous  sell-nuportance,  and  artcd  with 
alt  tlie  dis;jnsiini;  insolence  which  are  natural  to  little 
minds,  whenrae^cd  to  unexpected  dii,niiiv,  or  emploviil 
in  fiinrtious  to  whicli  they  are  not  eipial.  l}v  listen- 
hljj  with  eatjerness  to  i^very  accusation  ajfainst  (,"oliim- 
bus.  and  encoiirai,'in;|  "lot  only  the  maleconicnt  Spa- 
niards, but  even  thn  Indians,  to  produce  their  jjrn'V- 
anees,  real  or  imaj^inary,  li<'  fomented  the  spirit  of 
dissension  in  tho  island,  without  est.dilisbiu(f  any  re;^u- 
latioiis  of  public  utility,  or  that  tended  to  redress  the 
many  wroims,  with  the  odium  of  which  be  wished  to 
load  the  admiral's  administration.  As  Columbus  felt 
sensibly  how  humiliatin<;  his  situation  must  bo,  if  he 
should  remain  in  the  country  whilq  such  a  partial  in- 
apoctor  observed  his  motions  and  controlled  his  juris- 
diction, ho  took  the  resolution  of  rcturnini;  to  Spain,  in 
order  to  lay  a  full  account  of  all  bis  transactions,  par- 
ticularly with  res|M>ct  to  tho  points  in  dispute  between 
him  and  his  adversaries,  boforu  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
from  whoso  justice  and  discernment  he  expected  an 
Gip'al  and  a  favorable  decison.  [MU6J  He  committed 
tho  administration  of  alfairs,  during  his  absence,  to 
Don  Hartholon..  ..  his  brother,  with  tho  title  of  Ado- 
lantado,  or  I.ieiiLenaiit-ffOvcrnor.  13y  a  choice  less 
fortunat?,  and  which  proved  the  source  of  many  cala- 
mities t }  tho  colony,  he  appointed  Francis  Roldan  rliief 
Justices  Arjth  vury  extunsive  powors. 


In  rrlurninK  to  Fitrope,  Cobmibus  held  a  rourse 
dilli  rent  troin  that  whhhhi^  had  laki  n  in  U\»  fomu  r 
voya^i^  lie  Hteerrd  nlnio^l  due  rant  Inun  llitpamola, 
m  the  pai  tllel  of  Iwentv-lwo  di  ^'rees  of  latitude  ;  us 
experii  nee  had  not  yet  discovered  the  more  certain  and 
expidtlious  im  tliixl  of  strltchln^  to  the  north,  in  order 
to  I, ill  III  with  the  soiilh-wi  St  winds.  Ily  this  ilt  ad- 
vised choi'-e,  which,  in  tlie  infancy  nf  iiavi^,'atioii  be- 
Iwern  the  New  and  Old  U  orld,  rjii  harilly  bo  iinpnted 
lo  till' admiral  as  a  defect  in  naval  ^klll,  beMas  ex 
po>rd  to  mhnile  tatii.'ue  and  daii^i  r,  iii  a  perpetual 
stnii,'L'li'  Willi  the  trade  winds,  v\hii  h  blow  witlnuil 
variation  from  the  east  hi  twii  ii  the  tropics.  Xntwiib- 
Htalidin^  the  almost  insuperable  dill'icnlltes  of  Mich  i 
liavitialion,  bo  persisted  in  bis  course  with  Iiih  usual 
p.itimce  and  lirmnesf,  but  made  vo  little  way  that  be 
wan  three  nmutlM  without  Meeini{  hinil.  At  len^tli  hih 
provisions  br^iui  to  fail,  the  crew  was  reduced  to  the 
scaiity  allowance  of  six  ounces  of  bread  a  day  for 
each  person.  The  udmiri.l  fared  no  better  than  the 
me.uiesi  sailor.  Hut.  even  in  lliis  exlremo  distress,  he 
ri'laini'd  the  hunianitv  wiiicb  dlstml;lll^lle^  bis  charac- 
ter, and  refused  to  complv  wilb  liie  earnest  t^oliritations 
ul  his  crew,  some  of  whom  proposed  to  feed  upon  the 
Indian  prisoners  whom  they  were  carrym;;  over,  and 
others  insisted  to  throw  tin  in  overboard,  m  order  to 
lessen  the  consumption  oi  their  ruiiall  stock,  lie  re- 
presented that  they  were  human  henifrs,  reduced  by  a 
common  cal.inuty  to  tho  same  conditio'i  with  them- 
selve.^,  and  entitled  to  shaio  m  eipial  fate.  His 
authority  and  remonsfrancea  uis.iipated  those  wild 
ideas  sn^^'ested  by  despair.  Nor  had  the)  ,"  to 
n'cur ;  bm  ho  enine  soon  within  si^ht  of  the  ci.  ' 
Spam,  when  all  their  fears  and  Hun'erin^rs  eiid-d. 

('Ulumbus  appeared  at  court  with  the  modest  1<  .i 
determined  coiilideiKH?  of  a  man  ronscions  not  e  dv  of 
inlej^rity  but  of  having'  performed  jireat  sorvicr*,  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabella,  ashamed  of  their  >' ^  !acility  i' 
lendm^r  too  favorable  ati  ear  lo  frivolor  mfoimded 

accusations,  received  him  with  such  distingnislK  d 
marks  of  respect  ns  covered  bis  t  jicmies  with  shanM 
The  censures  and  calumnies  wlto  no  more  hea  J  oi 
at  that  juncture.  Tbi!  (jold,  tho  pearls,  the  coti  n,  ai" 
other  commodities  of  value  which  Columbus  |  .odiu  '  d, 
Fcemed  fully  to  refii'o  what  tho  niab  i  ontent..  had 
propaj^ated  with  respect  to  the  [K)verty  of  the  country. 
Uy  reducinj^  the  Iiidi.ins  to  obedience,  and  iiiiposmg  . 
rcLMilar  tax  upon  them,  be  b  id  securi'd  to  Spain  a 
lari^o  accession  of  new  subjects,  uiid  the  estabhshmt.nl 
ot  a  revenue  that  promised  to  be  con^'Mlerabh.  Uy 
tiio  mines  which  he  had  found  out  and  examined,  u 
source  of  weahh  still  more  copious  was  opened,  tireal 
and  uno.xpected  as  those  advantages  were,  Columbus 
represented  them  oidy.is  preludes  to  future  acipusilions, 
and  as  the  oaniest  of  more  important  discoveries, 
which  he  still  meditated,  and  to  whicli  thoso  he  had 
already  made  would  conduct  him  with  case  and  cer- 
tainty. 

The  attentive  consideration  of  all  those  circum- 
stances made  such  an  impression,  not  only  ujion  Isa- 
bella, who  llattered  with  the  idea  of  beii;^  the  patron- 
ess of  all  (."olumbus's  enterprises,  but  evin  v.pon 
Ferdinand,  who  havmi,'  oriiiinally  exijres.'ied  his  dis- 
approbation of  bis  schemes,  was  still  apt  to  doubt 
of  their  success,  that  ibey  resolved  to  supply  the 
colony  of  Hispaniola  with  every  thintj  which  ccuM 
rf  iider  it  a  permanent  establishment,  and  to  furnish 
Columbua  with  such  a  fleet,  that  bo  nnt^ht  proceed  to 
search  for  those  iw?w  countries  of  whose  existence  be 
seemed  to  be  conlident.  The  measures  most  jiroper 
for  accomplishing  both  these  designs  were  concerted 
with  ('olumbus.  Discovery  had  been  the  sole  object 
of  the  first  voyage  to  the  New  World  ;  and  though, 
in  the  second,  settlement  ha<l  been  proposed,  the  pre- 
cautions taken  for  that  purpose  had  eith.-r  been  in- 
aull'icient,  or  wore  rendered  inoll'ectual  bv  the  niutmous 
spirit  o!'  the  Spaniards,  and  the  unforeseen  calamities 
arising  from  various  causes.  Now  a  plan  was  to  bo 
formed  of  a  regular  colony,  that  might  servo  as  a 
model  in  all  future  est'iblishmcnts.  Fvory  particular 
was  considered  with  attention,  and  the  whole  arranged 
with  a  scrupulous  accuracy.  The  precise  number  of 
adventurers,  who  should  be  pormitted  to  embark  was 
fixed.  They  wore  to  be  of  dilferent  ranks  and  pro- 
fessions, and  the  proportion  of  each  was  established 
according  to  th"ir  usefulness  and  the  wants  of  the 
colony.  A  suitable  number  of  women  were  lo  be 
chosen  to  accompany  these  new  settlers.  As  it  was 
tho  first  object  to  raise  provisions  in  a  country  wlicre 
scarcity  of  food  had  been  tho  occasion  of  so  iiuicb 
distress,  a  considerable  body  of  busbandmiui  was  to 
bo  carried  over.     As  tho   ^Spaniards  bud  tlien  no  con- 


w 

ceptioii  of  deriviuif  any  lienrfil  fnnn  :l .»-,»  prnductiomi 
of  tho  New  World  which  have  biffi  yiiMnl  nurh 
lari,'!-  retiiriiN  of  wiallli  lo  Fitrope,  but  had  torini  d  iiut^* 
niliceiil  ideas,  and  entertained  sanguiii"  liopi*  wilh  rit> 
^pect  to  the  richP»  contiiuied  in  the  i.uixs  wliicti  hid 
been  diMcoveied,  a  bund  of  worknii  :i,  skilled  m  tha 
\ari<'.is  aits  eitiptoyed  in  dig;^iiig  and  relimug  the  pro- 
eioM  >  metals,  was  i)ro\ided.  All  thehc  iiui^ranli  wcro 
to  leceivo  pay  unu  suhsisleiice  hir  some  yet*i»,  at  ihtf 
public  expense. 

Thns  tar  the  rcfful.itions  were  pnideiit,  and  wpH 
nd.iptrd  to  ihe  end  in  View  Hut  a<«  it  was  lorrsern 
that  tew  would  engage  voluiitiiiily  lo  settit^  m  a 
country  vsho^o  iiomous  climate  \\.u\  been  l.ilul  to  so 
many  of  their  counirymen.  Coluinbus  |»roiiOKed  to 
traUNjiorl  to  Hispaniola  Nueb  inablai  lors  as  had  bron 
coiivicieil  of  crimes  which,  though  eapilal.  were  of  a 
lexs  atrocious  iiiture  ;  and  lli.il  lor  the  future  a 
certain  proportion  of  the  olleuders  usually  sent  to  tha 
galleys,  should  be  coiah  iiim  d  lo  hd>or  in  tho  iniiiei 
wliieii  were  t()  be  opciiid.  This  advice,  given  without 
due  relhctiou,  w.is  as  iiicoiisider.itelv  inbppted.  Tho 
pri>ons  of  .S|  pa  in  were  draim  d,  ni  onler  to  <'olIecl 
inemhers  tor  the  intended  colony  ;  and  the  judges  em- 
powered to  try  criminals  were  inslrncted  to  recruit  it 
liv  tlieir  future  scfitenees.  It  was  ijot,  lK)\vever,  wttU 
such  .iiaterials  that  the  loundalioiit  of  a  society, 
destined  to  be  pontianeiil,  should  be  laid,  liiduslry, 
Hobriety,  patience,  and  mutual  eontideiiLe,  are  iiidis- 
jiensably  reipiisite  in  in  infant  setth  meiit,  where  piirily 
of  morals  must  contribute  mure  towards  isiabhshin 
order  than  the  operaiion  or  auiliorily  of  Uws  lliit 
wImmi  Mich  a  mixture  of  what  in  corrupt  is  admUtid 
into  tlui  original  constitution  of  the  iioliltc:i' I'tdy,  iho 
vices  of  those  unsound  and  tncnraldo  niemhirHW.ll 
probably  mfect  tho  whole,  and  must  certainly  lie  pri»- 
diictue  of  violent  and  unhappy  tllocts.  This  the 
Spaniards  '"  ty  experienced  ;  and  the  ot!.et  Fu- 
ropean  n,  '  ■  ins  liavmg  successively  imiluleii  ih*  prcotico 
of  '-^1  in  in  this  particular,  pernicious  con8i:ipiiMice« 
have  hdlowed  in  their  settlement,  which  can  be  im« 
puted  to  no  otlier  raiiso. 

Though  Columbus  ol)tai  ed,  with  great  facility  ar.d 
despatch,  the  royal  approbation  of  every  mea:niro  and 
regulation  that  ho  projiosed,  bis  endeavors  to  carry 
them  into  execution  were  so  lon;f  retarded,  as  must 
Save  tired  out  the  patience  of  any  man  less  accustomed 
lo  encounter  and  surmount  dillicuttios.  Tboio  delays 
were  occasioi.^  '  partly  by  that  tedious  furmabty  and 
spirit  of  procrastinatioi  ■ '['..  wbieb  tho  Spaniards  con- 
duct business,  and  partly  hv  the  i  uiaustcd  state  of  tho 
treasury,  which  was  drained  by  the  expense  of  celobrd- 
tmg  tho  mairiage  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella's  only  son 
with  Margaret  of  Austria,  and  that  of  Joanna.  Ihoir  se- 
cond daughter,  with  Fluli|>  Archduke  ot  Aiw.ria;  but 
must  no  chiefly  imjnited  to  the  malicious  arts  of  Co- 
Inmhiis'h  enemies.  Asloim^hed  at  tho  reception  which 
he  nn't  with  ujion  his  return,  and  overawed  by  Lis  pre- 
sence, they  onvc  way,  for  some  time,  to  a  lido  of  favor 
too  strong  for  them  to  ojipose.  Their  enmi'v,  however, 
was  too  inveterate  to  r>.'iuaiii  long  Liactive.  'I'licv  re- 
sumed their  ojterations  ;  and  bv  the  assistance  of  Foil- 
seca,  tho  mini.'-ter  lor  Iiiilian  allairs,  who  was  now  pro- 
moted to  the  IJishopric  of  Uadajos,  they  throw  in  so 
mafiv  olistacles  to  protract  tlio  preparations  for  Colum- 
iius's  expedition,  that  a  year  elapsed  before  he  could 
procure  two  ships  to  carry  over  a  part  of  the  suppboa 
destined  for  tho  colony,  and  almost  two  years  w-re 
spent  before  the  small  stpiadron  was  oipiipped,  uf  which 
lie  himself  was  to  take  liio  command. 

f  I'l'JN]  This  sipiadron  consisted  of  six  shiiis  only, 
of  no  grojt  burden,  and  but  inditferently  provided  for  a 
long  or  dangerous  navigation.  'I'hft  voyage  whicl.  he 
now  meditated  was  in  a  course  ditVeri'nl  from  any  he 
had  undertaken.  As  he  was  fully  jiersuiidci  that  tho 
fertile  regions  of  Iji'lia  hi;'  tc  l)ie  n-Mth-wcdt  of  those 
countries  wliich  he  had  discovered,  he  pirposcd,  as  the 
most  certain  method  of  tindiiig  out  those,  to  aland  di- 
rectly south  from  the  Canary  or  (.'ape  dc  Verd  islands, 
until  he  came  under  the  oipiinoctial  lino,  and  then  to 
stretch  to  the  west  before  tlie  favorable  wind  for  such 
a  course,  which  blows  invariably  between  tlio  tropicd. 
With  this  idea  be  set  sail  [May  (30],  and  touched  tirst 
at  the  Canary,  and  then  at  tho  Capo  do  Verd  islands 
[July  4].  From  the  former  bo  despatched  throe  of  bin 
•ihips  with  a  supply  of  provisions  for  the  colony  in  His- 
paniola ;  with  the  other  three,  bu  continued  his  voyago 
towards  the  south.  No  roip  rkablo  occurrence  hi*p- 
peiied  until  they  arrived  wiihiii  five  degrees  of  the  liiw 
[July  19].  There  they  were  becalmed,  and  at  tho 
same  time  the  heat  became  ko  excessive  that  many  of 
their  wine  casks  burst,  the  li^utrs  in  otboxs  soured, 


80 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   OP 


and  their  provisions  corrupted.  The  Spaniards,  who 
had  never  ventured  so  far  to  the  south,  were  nfniid  tliat 
the  ships  would  take  lire,  and  hcyan  to  apprclicnd  (lie 
reality  of  what  tho  ancictits  had  tau^lit  concerning  the 
destructive  ^^'lahties  of  that  torrid  region  of  the  jjlohe. 
Tliey  were  relieved,  in  some  measure,  from  llieir  fears 
by  a  seasonahle  fall  of  rain.  This,  however,  thonjrli  so 
heiivy  and  uninterinitting  that  the  men  could  hardly 
keep  the  deck,  did  not  preally  mitigate  the  intensencss 
of  the  heat.  The  admiral,  who  with  his  \isual  vigilance 
had  in  person  directed  every  Ofirration  from  the  heijin 
ninii  of  the  voyage,  was  so  much  e.vliaustcd  by  fatigue 
und  want  of  sleep,  that  it  hrou;^ht  on  a  violent  lit  of  the 
gont,  accompanied  with  a  fever.  All  ihesu  circum- 
stances constrained  him  to  yiehl  lo  t)ie  im])ortunities  of 
his  crew,  and  to  alter  !iis  course  to  tho  norlh-west,  in 
ordi'r  lo  reach  some  of  the  Carihbee  islands,  where  he 
miifht  refit,  and  be  supplied  with  provisions. 

Un  the  first  of  August,  the  man  stationed  in  the 
round  top  surprised  them  with  the  joynil  cry  of  Land  ! 
They  stood  toward  it,  and  discovered  a  considerable 
i.sland,  which  the  admiral  called  Trinidad,  a  name  it 
etdl  retains.  It  lies  on  the  coast  of  CJuiana,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  This,  though  a  river  only  of 
the  third  or  fourth  magnitude  in  the  New  World,  far 
surpasses  any  of  the  streams  in  our  hemisphere.  It 
rolls  towards  the  ocean  such  a  vast  body  of  water,  and 
nishes  into  it  with  such  impetuous  force,  that  when  it 
meets  the  tide,  which  on  thatcoast  rises  to  an  unconmiun 
height,  their  collision  occasions  a  swell  and  agitation  of 
the  waves  no  less  surprising  than  formidable.  In  this 
conflict,  the  irresistible  torrent  of  the  river  so  far  pre- 
vails, that  it  freshens  the  ocean  many  leagues  with  its 
Hood.  Colundms,  before  he  could  conceive  the  dan- 
ger, was  entangled  amonj'  these  adverse  currents  and 
tempestuous  waves,  and  it  was  witii  tho  ntmost  ditli- 
culty  that  he  escaped  through  a  narrow  strait,  which 
appeared  so  tremendous  that  he  called  it  La  IJoca  del 
Drago.  As  soon  as  the  consternation  which  this  occa- 
sioned permitted  him  to  reflect  upon  ll:e  nature  of  an 
appearance  so  extraordinary,  he  disci^ned  in  it  a  source 
of  comfort  and  hope.  He  justly  concluded  that  sucli  a 
vast  bodv  of  water  as  this  river  contained,  could  not  be 
BUpplicd  by  any  island,  but  must  (low  through  a  coun- 
try of  immense  extent,  and  of  consequence  thai  he  was 
now  arrived  at  that  continent  wiiich  it  had  long  been 
the  object  of  his  wishes  to  discover.  Full  of  this  idea, 
he  stood  to  the  west  along  the  coast  of  those  provinces 
which  are  now  known  by  the  names  of  Para  and  Cu- 
mana.  He  landed  in  :-evcral  places,  and  had  some  in- 
tercourse with  the  people,  who  rcachdiled  those  of  His- 
paniola  in  their  appearance  and  mannt  i  of  life.  They 
wore,  as  ornaments,  small  plates  of  gold,  and  pearls  of 
considerable  :iluc,  which  they  willingly  e.tchanged  foi 
European  tu}s.  They  seemed  to  possess  a  better  un- 
derstanding and  greater  courage  than  the  inhabitants  of 
the  islands.  The  countr.'  produced  four-footed  animals 
of  several  kinds,  as  wcU  us  a  great  variety  of  fowls  and 
fruits.  The  admiral  was  so  much  delighted  with  its 
beauty  and  fertility,  that,  with  the  warm  entliuniasm  of 
a  discoverer,  he  imagined  it  to  be  the  Paradise  dcjicribed 
in  Scripture,  which  tlie  Almighty  chose  for  the  rc*.idenct! 
of  man  while  he  retained  innocence  that  rend(^ivd  him 
worthy  of  such  a  habitation.  [21]  Thus  Columbus 
had  itie  glory  not  only  of  discovering  to  mankind  tlie 
exi8teiH:e  of  a  new  World,  hut  made  considerable  pro- 
gress towards  a  perfect  knowlediie  of  it ;  ar.J  -vas  the 
first  man  who  conducted  the  Spaniards  to  that  vast 
continent  which  has  been  the  chief  seat  of  their  empire, 
and  the  source  of  their  treasures  in  this  ipiarlcr  of  the 
glolie.  Tho  shattered  condition  of  his  ships,  scarcity 
of  provisions,  his  own  intirmities,  together  with  the  im- 
patience of  his  crew,  preventid  liiin  from  pursuing  his 
discoveries  any  furtlicr.  and  made  it  necessary  to  licar 
Bway  for  llispaniola.  In  his  ^vay  thither  he  discovered 
the  islands  of  (.'ubagua  and  .Margarita,  which-afterivards 
became  remarkable  for  their  pcarl-tishery.  \A'lien  he 
arnvcd  at  Ilispauiola  f.Nug.  30J.  he  was  wasted  to  ari 
extreme  deirree,  with  f;itigue.  and  sickness;  but  found 
the  aliairs  of  the  colonv  in  such  a  situation  as  afVorded 
him  no  prospect  of  enjoying  that  repose  of  which  he 
Btond  so  much  in  need. 

Many  revolutionti  had  ha])pcuod  in  that  country  during 
his  absenct.  His  brother,  the  adclantado,  in  conse- 
"^ucnce  of  an  advice  winch  the  admiral  gave  before  his 
d?parture,  had  removed  the  colony  from  Isabella  lo  a 
more  commodious  station,  on  llic  opposite  side  of  the 
ifland,  and  laid  the  found. iiion  of  St.  Domiigo.  which 
was  long  the  most  considerable  Ilurojiean  town  in  the 
Vsew  World,  and  the  scut  of  ihe  supreme  courts  in  the 
K{tanish  dominions  t'n  re.  As  soon  as  the  Si»aniards 
were  established  in  his  new  settleinciit,  the  adclantado, 


that  they  might  neither  languish  in  inactivity,  nor  have 
leisure  lo  form  new  cabals,  marclied  into  those  parts  of 
the  island  which  his  brother  liud  not  yet  visited  or  re- 
duced to  obedience.  As  the  people  were  unable  to  re- 
sist, they  wibmittcd  every  where  to  the  tribute  which 
ho  imposed,  lint  they  soon  found  the  burden  to  be  so 
intolerable  that,  overawed  as  they  were  liy  he  superior 
power  of  their  oppressors,  they  took  arms  ar-inst  them. 
Those  insurrections,  however,  were  not  fo-i  .:dahle.  A 
confiict  with  timid  and  naked  Indians  was  neither  dan- 
gerous nor  of  doubtful  issue. 

13ut  while  ibe  adelantado  was  employed  against 
them  in  the  held,  a  mutinv  of  an  asptx-t  far  more 
alarming  broke  out  nmonir  ih;.  Spaniards.  'I'he  ring- 
leader of  It  was  Francis  Uoldan,  whom  Columbus  liad 
placed  in  a  station  which  required  him  to  be  tho  guar- 
dian of  order  and  tranquillity  in  the  colony.  A  turbu- 
lent and  inconsiderate  ambition  precipitated  hnn  into 
this  desperate  measure,  so  nnliecoming  his  rank.  The 
arguments  which  he  employed  to  seduce  his  country- 
men were  frivolous  ajid  ill  founded.  He  accuse;!  Co- 
lumbus and  his  two  brothers  of  arrogance  and  seventy ; 
lie  pretended  that  ihey  aimed  at  establishing  an  inde- 
pendent dominion  in  the  country;  lie  taxed  them  with 
an  intention  of  cutting  ofT  part  of  the  Spaniards  by 
hunger  and  fatigue,  tliat  lliey  migb.t  more  ear.ily  re- 
duce the  remainder  to  subjection  ;  be  rejiresentpd  it  as 
unworthy  of  Castilians,  to  retnain  the-  tame  and  passive 
slaves  of  these  nenoese  adventurers.  As  men  have 
always  a  propensity  to  impute  the  hardships  of  which 
they  feel  the  pressure  to  the  misconduct  of  their  rulers; 
as  every  nation  views  with  a  jealous  eye  the  p(»\vcr  and 
exaltation  of  foreigners,  Holdan's  insinuations  made  a 
deep  impression  on  his  comurymen.  H's  character 
and  rank  added  weight  to  them.  A  considerable  num- 
ber of  the  Spaniards  made  dioice  of  hiin  as  their 
leader;  and,  taking  arms  against  the  adehmtado  and 
his  brother,  seized  the  king's  magazine  of  provisions, 
and  endeavored  to  surprise  the  fort  at  St.  Domingo. 
This  was  preserved  by  the  vigilance  and  courage  of 
Don  Diego  Columbus.  '\  le  nnitmcers  were  obliged 
to  retire  lo  the  province  of  Xaragna,  wliere  tliey  con- 
tinued not  only  to  disclaim  the  adeiantado's  authority 
ihemsclvcs,  but  excited  the  Indians  to  throw  oil"  the 
yoke. 

Such  was  the  distracted  state  of  the  colony  when 
Co'.umb'.s  landed  at  St,  Domingo.  He  was  astonished 
to  find  that  the  three  ships  which  he  had  despatched 
from  the  Canaries  were  not  yet  arrived.  Uy  the  un- 
sk'lfulness  of  the  pilots,  and  the  violence  of  currents, 
they  had  been  carried  a  hundred  and  h.ity  miles  lo  tho 
west  of  St.  Domingo,  and  forced  to  take  shelter  in  a 
harbor  of  the  province  of  Xaragua,  where  Koldan  and 
his  seditions  followers  were  cantoned.  Koldan  care- 
fully concealed  from  the  commanders  of  the  ships  his 
insurrection  against  the  adelantado,  and,  employing  bis 
utmost  address  to  gain  their  confidence,  persuaded 
them  to  set  on  shore  a  considcraltle  part  of  the  new 
settlers  whom  they  brought  over,  that  they  might  pro- 
ceed by  land  to  St.  Domingo.  It  required  Itut  few 
iirguments  to  prevad  with  those  men  to  espouse  his 
cause.  They  were  the  refuse  of  the  jails  of  Spain,  to 
whom  idleness,  licentiousness,  and  deeds  of  violence 
were  familiar;  and  they  returned  eagerly  to  a  course 
of  life  nearly  resembling  that  to  which  they  hatl  been 
accustomed.  The  commanders  of  the  ships  perceiv- 
ing, when  it  was  too  late,  their  imprudence  in  disem- 
barking so  many  of  their  men.  stood  away  for  St. 
l^omingo,  aiid  got  safe  into  the  port  a  few  days  after 
the  admiral;  but  their  stock  of  provisions  was  st 
wasted  during  a  voyaije  of  such  long  continuance  that 
they  brought  hltle  lelief  to  the  colony. 

iiv  this  junction  with  a  band  of  i  ich  bold  and  des- 
perate associates,  Hoi  Ian  became  extremely  formidabic, 
and  no  less  cxtraviiganl  in  bis  demands,  ('oluinbus, 
though  lilled  with  resentmeut  at  his  ingratitude,  and 
highly  exasperated  by  the  insolence  of  bis  followers, 
made  no  haste  to  tiike  the  field.  Hn  trembled  at  the 
tliji)i,fhts  of  kindling  the  tlames  of  a  civil  war.iii  which, 
whatever  party  prevaded,  the  power  and  strength  of 
both  must  he  so  much  wasted  as  might  encourage  the 
conunon  enemy  'o  unite  and  complete  iheir  destruc- 
tion. At  the  same  lime,  he  observed,  tliat  the  preju- 
dices and  passions  which  incited  the  lebela  to  take 
arms,  had  so  far  infeeted  those  who  still  adhered  to 
him,  that  many  of  them  were  adverse,  ami  all  cold  to 
the  service.  Krom  such  sentiments,  with  respect  to 
the  public  interest,  as  well  as  from  this  view  of  bis  own 
aituatiou.  he  c-lioso  to  negotiate  rather  than  to  light 
Hy  a  seasonable  proclamation,  oll'eriiig  hee  piirilon  to 
such  as  should  merit  it  by  returning  to  their  duly,  he 
made  imj«css:on  upoii  some  of  the  malecontonts.     13y 


engaging  to  grant  such  as  should  desire  it  tho  libeity 
of  returning  to  Spain,  he  allured  all  those  unfortunalo 
adventurers,  who,  from  sickness  and  disappointment 
were  disgusted  wiih  the  country.  liy  proimsinc  to 
re-establish  Uoldan  in  hi**  former  otTice.  he  soothed  his 
pride;  and,  by  complying  with  most  of  his  deti.ands  in 
behalf  of  his  followers,  he  satisfied  iheir  avarice.  Thus, 
gradually  and  without  bloodshed,  but  after  many  tedi 
ous  negotiations,  be  dissolved  this  dangerous  eoinbinu- 
tion,  which  threatened  the  colony  with  ruin :  hud  to- 
stored  the  appearance  of  order,  regular  goverimient 
and  tranquillity. 

In  consecpience  of  this  agreement  with  the  muti- 
neers, lar.ds  were  allotted  them  in  (lilVerent  parts  of  ihe 
island,  and  the  Indians  settled  in  each  district  were 
appointed  to  cultivate  a  certain  portion  of  ground  for 
the  use  of  those  new  master^  fl4Uyj.  The  perform- 
mance  of  tliis  work  was  substituted  in  place  of  the 
tribute  formerly  imposed;  and  how  necess~arv  soever 
such  a  regulation  might  be  in  a  sickly  and  feeblo 
colony,  it  introduced  among  the  Spaniards  the  Rrparft- 
micntns,  or  distributions  of  Indians  eslalilished  by  them 
in  nil  their  settlements,  which  brought  nundierless 
calamities  u])on  that  unhappy  ])eople,  and  subjected 
them  to  tho  most  grievous  oppression.  This  was  not 
the  ofily  bad  I'Vi-cA  of  the  insurrection  in  Hispaniola; 
it  prevented  Colnmbus  from  jtrosecuting  his  discove- 
ries on  *he  continent,  as  self  preservation  obliged  him 
to  keep  near  his  person  )iis  brother  the  adelantado,  and 
ihc  sailors  whom  he  intended  to  have  employed  in  that 
service.  As  soon  as  his  affairs  would  permit,  i)e  sent 
some  of  his  ships  to  Spain  with  a  journal  of  the  voy- 
age which  he  had  made,  a  description  of  the  new  coun- 
tries which  he  had  discovered,  a  chart  of  the  coast 
along  which  he  had  sailed,  and  specimeua  of  the  gold, 
tho  pearls,  and  other  curious  or  valuable  productions 
which  he  had  acquired  by  traliieking  wiili  the  natives. 
At  the  same  time  ho  transmitted  an  aeconnl  of  the  in- 
surrection in  Hispaniola;  he  accused  the  mutineera 
not  otily  of  having  thrown  the  colony  into  such  violent 
convulsions  as  threatened  its  dissolution,  but  of  having 
obstructed  every  attempt  towards  discovery  and  im- 
provement, hv  their  tmprovokcd  rebellion  against  their 
superiors,  and  proposed  several  regulations  for  the 
better  government  of  the  island,  as  well  as  the  ex- 
tinction of  that  inntinous-  sj)irit,  which,  though  sniv 
pressed  at  present,  might  soon  burst  out  wnh  ad(h- 
lional  rage,  iioldan  and  his  associates  did  not  neglect 
to  convey  to  Spain,  by  ihc  same  shi])s,  an  apology  for 
their  own  conduct,  togelht  r  with  their  recriminations 
upon  the  admiral  and  his  brothers,  rnfortunately  for 
the  honor  of  Spain  and  the  happiness  of  C'jiunibus.  the 
latter  gained  most  credit  in  the  cnurUi  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  and  produced  unexpected  eirects. 

IJut,  previous  to  the  relating  of  these,  it  is  projicr  to 
take  a  view  of  some  events,  whieli  merit  allenlion, 
both  on  account  of  ttu^ir  own  importance,  and  their 
connection  with  the  history  of  the  New  World.  While 
('olundius  was  engaged  in  his  succeshive  voyages  to 
the  west,  the  spirit  of  discovery  did  not  hinguish  in 
i*ortugal,  the  kingdom  where  it  first  ac(piired  vigor, 
and  became  eiiter[)rising.  Self-condemnation  and  ne- 
glect were  not  tlie  only  sentiments  to  which  the  success 
of  Columbus,  and  reflection  upon  their  own  imprudence 
in  rejecting  his  projKisals,  gave  rise  among  the  Porlu- 
trnese.  They  excited  a  general  emulation  to  surpass 
his  performances,  and  an  ardent  desire  to  make  soino 
reparation  to  their  country  lor  their  own  error.  With 
this  view,  Emanuel,  who  inherited  ihe  enterprising  ge- 
nius of  his  predecessors,  persisted  in  their  grand  scheme 
of  opeiii'ig  a  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by  the  Cape 
of  (food  Hope,  and  soon  after  his  accession  to  the 
throne  equipped  a  squadron  for  that  important  vovuire. 
He  gave  the  command  of  it  to  Vasco  de  (Jama,  a  man 
of  nolile  birth,  possessed  of  virtue,  prudence,  and  cou- 
rage, eipial  to  the  station.  The  sijuadron.  like  all  those 
fitted  out  for  discovery  in  the  infaiicy  of  navigation, 
was  extremely  feeble,  consisting  only  of  three  vessels, 
of  neither  burden  nor  force  adequate  to  the  service. 
As  the  Europeans  were  at  that  time  little  acijuaiiited 
with  the  course  of  the  tnide-winds  and  periodical  mon- 
soons, which  render  navigation  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
as  well  as  in  the  sea  thai  separates  Africa  from  India, 
at  some  seasons  easy,  and  at  others  not  only  dangeroub 
but  almost  impracticable,  the  tune  choseii  for  Ciama'a 
departure  was  the  most  iihproper  durihg  the  wholo 
year.  He  set  sail  from  Eisbon  on  the  ninth  of  July, 
flllli],  and  standing  towards  the  south,  had  lo  strug- 
gle lor  four  months  with  (x>ntrary  winds  before  ho 
could  reach  the  Cape  of  flood  Hope.  Here  tlieir  vin- 
lence  began  to  abate  [Nov.  211] ;  and  during  an  inter- 
val of  culm  weather,  Gama  doubled  that  formidublo 


b 


>l.  ne^'Icct 

oIoi,'y  iot 

1 

iiinatioiij 

lately  for 

ibns.  '.he 

naiid  and 

iiro]tcr  to 

itlt-ntion, 

• 

lid   their 

,    While 

)yajrea  lo 

1 

L'uish  in 

vd  viiror, 

niu)  ne- 

'  success 

[inult'iico 

e  i'ortii- 

1  surpass 

ko  some 

.     With 

isitiij  iic- 

1  sclii-mt? 

thn  Cape 

1  tn  (ho 

t   VOVilire. 

a,  a  !Uik!i 

r.jul  roil- 

all  tho.'tu 

vi^atinn, 

:  vessels, 

siTvire. 

ijuaiiitcj 

cal  inou- 

tic  ocean 

111  India, 

an<!t'roub 

CJama'a 

ic  wholo 

of  July, 

[0  strujT- 

etoro  iio 

lieir  vin- 

1 

uii  inter- 

rinidublo 

msB. 


mmmi^masm 


I        ! 


I         i 

i      i 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


87 


promontory,  wliich  had  so  long  been  the  lioundary  of 
navigation,  and  directed  his  courso  towards  the  north- 
cast,  along  the  African  coast.  Mc  touched  at  several 
ports  ;  Olid  after  various  adventures,  which  tin;  Portu- 
puesc  iiislorians  relate  with  hi^di  but  ju>t  enconiuins 
upon  his  conduct  and  intrepidity,  ho  came  to  anchor 
before  the  city  of  Melinda.  Throughout  all  the  vast 
countries  which  extend  alonj;  the  coast  of  Africa,  froni 
the  river  Senej;.il  to  the  confines  of  Zan^Miebar,  the 
PortuiTuese  had  found  a  race  of  men  rude  and  unculli- 
vutcd,  strangers  to  letters,  to  arts  and  conuncrce,  and 
ditlrrintr  from  the  inhabitants  of  Kuropo  no  less  in 
Iheir  features  and  complexion  than  in  their  manners 
and  inslimtions.  As  ihey  advanced  from  this,  they 
observed,  to  their  inexpressible  joy,  that  the  human 
form  gradually  altered  aud  improved  ;  the  Asiatic  fea- 
tures be^an  to  predominate,  marks  of  civilization 
appeared,  letters  were  known,  the  Mahometan  relij^ion 
was  established,  and  a  connnerce  far  from  being  incon- 
siderable was  carri*'d  on.  At  that  time  several  vessels 
from  India  were  in  the  port  of  Melmda.  Ciama  now 
pursued  his  voyage  with  almost  absolute  certainty  of 
success,  and  under  the  conduct  of  a  Maliometan  [)ilot, 
arrived  at  Calecut,  upon  tho  coast  of  Malabar,  on  the 
twenty-second  of  May,  one  thousand  four  hundred  and 
nmety-eiglit.  AVhai  he  beheld  of  (he  wealth,  tlie  po- 
pnlousness,  the  cultivation,  t!ie  industry,  and  arts  of 
this  highly  civilized  country,  far  surpassed  any  id"a 
that  bo  had  formed,  from  the  imperfect  accounts  which 
the  Europeans  had  hitherto  received  of  it.  13ut  as  he 
possessed  neither  sufTicient  force  to  attempt  a  settle- 
ment, nor  proper  commodities  with  which  he  could 
carry  on  commerce  of  any  conseipience,  he  hastened 
back  to  Portugal,  with  an  account  of  his  success  in  per- 
forming a  voyage,  the  longest,  as  well  as  most  dilbcult, 
that  had  ever  been  made  since  the  first  invention  of 
navigation.  He  landed  at  Lisbon  on  the  fourteenth  of 
September,  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-nine, 
two  years  two  months  and  five  days  from  the  tunc  ho 
left  that  port. 

Thus,  during  the  course  of  the  fifteenth  centurj', 
mankind  made  greater  progress  in  exploring  the  state 
of  the  hahitahic  glolio,  that  in  all  the  ages  which  had 
elapsed  previous  to  that  period.  The  spirit  of  discovery, 
feeble  at  first  and  cautious,  moved  within  a  verv  nur- 
l-ow  sphere,  and  made  its  ellbrts  with  hesitation  and 
timidity.  Kncouraged  by  success,  it  became  adven- 
turous, and  boldly  extended  its  operations.  Jn  the 
iroursc  of  its  progression,  it  continued  to  acquire  vigor, 
and  advanced  at  length  with  a  rapidity  and  force  \\liich 
burst  through  all  the  lunit  within  which  ignorance  and 
fear  had  hitherto  circumscribed  the  activity  of  tlic 
human  race.  Almost  lifty  years  were  employed  by  the 
Portuguese  in  creeiiing  along  the  coast  of  AlVica  Iroin 
t'ape  Non  to  Cajie  de  Veid.  the  latter  of  wliich  Ins 
only  twelve  degrees  to  tho  south  of  the  former.  In 
less  than  thirty  years  they  ventured  beyond  the  c.pii- 
noctial  line  into  another  hemisphere,  and  penetrated  tn 
tho  southern  extremity  of  Africa,  at  the  distance  of 
forty-nine  degrees  from  Cape  do  Verd.  Ibtrmg  the 
last  seven  years  of  the  cenlurVt  a  New  World  was  dis- 
covered in  the  west,  not  infi-rior  in  extent  lo  all  the 
parts  of  the  earth  with  which  mankind  were  at  tli.it 
time  ac(piaintcd.  In  the  Kast,  unknown  seas  and 
countries  were  found  out,  and  a  communiciition,  long 
desired,  hut  liitherto  eoucetileil  was  ojtened  hetwei  n 
Europe  and  tlie  opulent  regions  of  India.  In  couiim- 
vison  with  e\i  i  ■-  ^o  wonderful  and  unexpected,  all  lh.it 
had  hitherto  boch  deemed  griiit  or  splemlid  f.ulrd 
away  and  disappeared.  Vast  objeets  now  presenh  d 
themselves.  Ttie  human  mind,  roused  and  mtesesicl 
by  the  prospect,  engaged  with  ardor  m  pursuit  of  them. 
and  exerted  its  active  powers  in  a  lu'w  direction. 

This  spirit  of  entifjuise.  ihougii  but  newly  iiwakeiied 
in  Spain,  began  soon  to  opiT.itr  exlensivclv.  All  llie 
attempts  towards  discovery  tnado  m  that  kniL'i'oui  had 
hitberio  been  carried  on  hy  (.'olumbus  alone,  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  Sovereiiiii.  Hut  now  private  adven- 
turers, allured  by  the  m.iiinilicent  description!*  he  :,Mve 
of  the  regions  whidi  In-  had  visited,  as  well  as  by  the 
Bpernnens  of  their  we.illh  which  he  produced.  oM'erfil 
to  lit  out  sipiudrons  a'  >hri[  own  risk,  and  to  go  in 
(piest  of  new  countries.  The  Spanish  court.  \vht)se 
scanty  revenues  were  exhausted  by  the  charge  of  its 
expeditions  to  the  New  World,  which,  thouL'h  they 
opened  alluring  prospects  of  future  benelit,  vu-lded  a 
very  sparing  return  of  present  profit,  was  extremely 
willing  to  devolve  the  burden  of  discovery  upon  its 
suiijects.  It  seized  with  joy  an  opportunity  uf  rnuier- 
ing  tlie  avarice,  the  mgcnuiiy.  and  eilbrls  of  |«rojec(ois 
inatrumental  in  promoting  designs  of  certain  advantage 
(o  tha  public,  tuou||h  of  doubtful  euccoss  with  respect 


to  themselves.  One  of  the  first  propositions  of  this 
kind  was  made  by  Alonzo  de  Ojcda,  a  gallant  and  ac- 
tive oHicer,  who  had  accompanied  Columbus  in  his 
second  voyage.  His  rank  and  characler  procured  him 
such  credit  with  the  merchants  of  Seville,  that  they 
undertook  to  equip  four  ships,  provided  he  could  obtain 
the  royal  license,  authorising  the  voyage.  The  power- 
ful patronage  of  the  Bishop  of  Badajos  easily  secured 
success  in  a  suit  so  agreeable  to  the  court.  Without 
consulting  ('olumbus  or  regarding  the  rights  and  juris- 
diction which  ho  had  acquired  by  the  capitulation  in 
one  thousand  four  hundred  and  nmcty-two,  Ojeda  was 
permitted  lo  set  out  for  the  New  World.  In  order  to 
direct  his  course,  the  bishop  communicated  to  him  the 
admiral's  journal  of  his  last  voyage,  and  his  charts  of 
the  countries  which  he  had  discovered.  Ojcda  struck 
out  into  no  new  path  of  navigation,  but  adhering  ser- 
vilely to  the  route  which  Columbus  had  taken,  arrived 
on  the  coast  of  Paria  [May].  He  traded  with  the  na- 
tives, and,  standing  to  the  west,  proceeded  as  far  as 
Cape  do  Vela,  and  ranged  along  a  considerable  extent 
of  coast  beyond  that  on  which  Columbus  had  touched. 
Having  thus  ascertained  the  opinion  o{  Columbus,  that 
this  country  was  a  part  of  the  continent,  Ojeda  re- 
turned by  way  of  Hispaniola  to  Spain  [October],  with 
some  reputation  as  a  discoverer,  but  with  bttle  benelit 
to  those  wlio  had  raised  the  funds  for  the  expedition. 

Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  gentleman,  accom- 
panied Ojeda  in  this  voyage.  In  what  station  he  served 
is  uncertain ,  but  as  ho  was  an  experienced  sailor,  and 
eminently  skilled  in  all  tho  sciences  enbscrvient  to 
navigation,  he  seems  to  have  acquired  such  authority 
among  his  companions,  that  they  willingly  allowed  him 
to  have  a  chief  share  in  directing  their  operations  during 
the  voyage.  Soon  after  his  return,  he  transmitted  an 
arrmmt  of  his  adventures  and  discoveries  to  one  of  his 
countrymen  ;  and  laboring  with  the  vanity  of  a  traveller 
to  magnify  his  own  exploits,  bo  had  tho  address  and 
confidence  to  frame  his  narrative  so  as  to  make  it  ap- 
pear that  he  had  the  glory  of  having  t'lrst  discovered  the 
continent  in  the  New  World.  Amerigo's  account  was 
drawn  up  not  only  with  art,  but  with  some  elegance. 
It  contained  an  amusing  history  of  bis  voyage,  and  ju- 
dicious observations  upon  the  natural  productions,  the 
inhabitants,  and  the  customs  of  the  countries  which  he 
had  visited.  As  it  was  the  first  description  of  any  part 
of  the  New  World  that  was  published,  a  pcrforinance 
so  well  calculated  to  gratify  the  passion  of  mankind  for 
what  is  new  and  marvellous,  circulated  rapidly,  and 
was  read  with  admiration.  The  country  of  which 
Amerigo  was  supposed  to  bn  the  discoverer,  came 
gradually  to  be  called  by  bis  name.  The  caprice  of 
mankind,  often  as  unaccountable  as  unjust,  has  per- 
petuated tliis  error.  By  the  universal  consent  of  na- 
tions, America  is  the  name  bestowed  on  this  new  quar- 
ter of  the  globe.  The  bold  pretensions  of  a  fortunate 
imposter,  have  robbed  t!ie  discoverer  of  the  New  World 
of  a  distinction  which  belonged  to  him.  The  name  of 
.■Vinerigo  has  supplanted  tliat  of  Columbus  ;  and  man- 
kind may  regret  an  act  of  injustice,  which,  having  re- 
ceived the  sanction  of  time,  it  is  now  too  late  to  re- 
dress. ['J2J 

During  the  same  year,  another  voyage  of  discovery 
was  undertaken.  Columbus  not  only  introduced  the 
spirit  of  naval  enteqirise  into  Spain,  but  all  tho  first 
adventurers  who  distinguished  themselves  in  this  new 
career  were  formed  by  his  instructions,  and  acquired  in 
his  voyages  the  skill  and  information  which  ipialilied 
them  to  imitate  his  cxam[)le.  Alouso  N:l:iio.  who  had 
served  under  tho  admiral  in  his  last  expedition,  lilted 
out  a  single  sliip.  in  conjunction  witli  Christojilu'r 
(iuerra.  a  merchant  of  Seville,  and  saileil  to  ilie  co.isi 
of  Paria.  This  voyage  seems  to  havr  hern  cunducted 
with  greater  attention  to  private  emohunent  tjiaii  to  any 
general  or  national  object.  Nigno  and  (Juerra,  made 
no  discoveries  of  any  importance  ;  hut  they  bioui^hi 
home  such  a  return  of  gold  aud  pearls  as  inllamed  their 
countryiucn  with  the  desire  of  engaging  in  similar  ad- 
veiituics  , 

Soon  after  [.Ian.  13,  1500],  Vincent  Vanez  Piiizon. 
one  of  the  adinirars  companions  in  his  first  vovaL'*'. 
sailed  from  I'alos  with  four  ships.  He  t-touil  boldly 
towards  the  south,  and  was  llie  first  Spanianl  wlio  ven- 
tured across  the  equinoctial  line  ;  but  he  seems  to  have 
landed  on  no  part  of  the  coa.stbevoud  the  mouth  of  the 
Maragnon,  or  river  of  tlie  Amazons.  All  tiiese  navi- 
gators adopted  the  erroneous  theory  of  Columbus,  and 
bclu  ved  that  the  countries  which  they  had  discovered 
were  part  of  the  vast  continent  of  India. 

During  tlie  I.i*^t  year  of  the  fifteeuih  century,  tliat 
fertile  district  of  America,  on  the  conlinc3  of  which 
I'inzon  had  K'oppcd  short,  was  moro  fully  discovered. 


The  successful  voyage  of  nnma  to  the  East  Indies 
having  encouraged  tho  Kin^  of  Portugal  to  fit  out  a 
fleet  so  powerful  as  not  only  to  carry  on  trade  but  to 
attempt  conquest,  he  gave  the  command  of 't  to  Pedro 
Alvarez  Cabral.  In  order  to  avoid  the  coast  of  Africu, 
where  ho  was  certain  of  meeting  with  variable  breezed 
or  frequent  calms,  which  might  retard  his  voyage, 
Cabral  stood  out  to  sea,  and  kept  so  far  to  the  west, 
that,  to  his  surprise,  be  found  himself  upon  the  shore 
of  an  unknown  country,  in  tho  tenth  degree  beyond 
the  line.  He  imagined  at  first  that  it  was  some  island 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  hitherto  unobserved;  but,  pro- 
ceeding along  its  coast  for  several  days,  he  wa*:  leu 
gradually  to  believe,  that  a  country  so  extensive  formed 
a  part  of  some  great  continent.  'ITiia  latter  opinion 
was  well  founded.  The  country  with  which  he  fell  in 
belongs  to  that  jirovince  in  South  America  now  known 
by  the  name  of  Brasil.  He  landed  ;  and  having  formed 
a  very  high  idea  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  agree- 
ableness  of  tho  chniate,  he  took  possession  of  it  for  tho 
crown  of  Portugal,  ajid  despatched  a  ship  to  Lisbon 
with  an  account  of  this  event,  which  appeared  to  be  no 
less  important  than  it  was  unexpected.  Columbus's 
discovery  of  the  New  World  was  the  effort  of  an  active 
genius  enlightened  by  science,  guided  by  experience, 
and  acting  upon  a  regular  plan  executed  with  no  less 
courage  than  perseverance.  But  from  this  adventure 
of  the  Portuguese,  it  appears  that  chance  might  have 
accomplished  that  great  design  which  it  is  now  the 
pride  of  human  reason  to  have  formed  and  perfected. 
If  the  sagacity  of  Colunibus  had  not  conducted  man- 
kind to  America,  Cabral,  by  a  fortunate  accident,  migbt 
have  led  them,  a  few  years  later,  to  the  knowledge  of 
that  extcnaivc  continent. 

While  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  by  those  suc- 
cessive voyages,  were  daily  acquiring  more  enlarged 
ideas  of  the  extent  and  opulence  of  that  quarter  of  thfl 
ylobc  which  Columbus  had  made  known  to  them,  ho 
himself,  far  from  enjoying  the  tranquillity  and  honors 
with  which  bis  services  should  have  been  recompensed, 
was  struggling  with  every  distress  in  which  the  envy 
and  malevolence  of  the  people  under  his  command,  or 
the  ingratitude  of  the  court  which  he  served,  could  in- 
volve him.  Though  the  pacification  with  Itoldan  broko 
the  union  and  weakened  the  force  of  the  mutineers,  it 
did  not  extirpate  the  seeds  of  discord  out  of  the  island. 
Several  of  the  malccontents  continued  in  arms,  refusing 
to  submit  to  tho  admiral.  He  and  his  brothers  were 
obliged  lo  take  the  field  alternately,  in  order  to  check 
(heir  incursions,  or  to  punish  their  crimes.  The  per- 
petual occupation  and  disipiict  which  tliis  created,  pr*f- 
vented  liiin  from  giving  due  attention  to  the  dangerous 
machinations  of  his  eiiemie«  in  the  court  of  Spain.  A 
good  number  of  such  as  were  most  dissatisfied  with  hia 
administration  had  embraced  the  opportunity  of  return- 
ing to  Europe  with  the  ships  which  he  despatched  from 
St.  Domingo.  The  final  disappointment  of  all  their 
hopes  inflamed  the  rage  of  thc^e  nnfortuiiato  adventur- 
ers against  Columbus  to  the  utmost  pitch.  Their  po- 
verty and  distress,  by  exciting  compassion,  rendered 
their  accusations  credible,  and  their  complaints  interest- 
ing. They  leased  I'erdinand  and  Isabella  incessantly 
with  memorials,  rontainmg  the  detail  of  their  owq 
grievances,  and  th<:  articles  of  their  charge  against  ('o- 
lumbus.  Whenever  cither  the  king  or  q\icen  appeared 
ill  public,  they  surrounded  them  in  a  tumultuary  man- 
ner, insisting  with  importunate  clamours  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  arrears  due  to  them,  and  demanding  ven- 
geance njion  the  author  of  their  suflerings.  They  in- 
sulted the  adiniral'M  sons  whei-ner  they  nut  them,  ro- 
proachin-i  ihein  as  the  olVspring  of  the  projector,  whoso 
fatal  curiosity  had  di-covercd  those  pmiioious  regions 
which  drained  Spain  of  its  wealth,  and  would  prove  iho 
grave  of  its  people.  These  avowed  endeavors  of  tho 
inalecontents  from  America  to  ruin  Columluis,  were 
seconded  by  the  secret  but  more  dangerous  insinuations 
of  that  party  among  the  courtiers,  which  had  alway* 
thwarted  his  schemes,  and  envied  his  success  and  cre- 
dit. 

Kordinand  w.is  disposed  to  listen,  not  only  with  a 
wiliinix  but  with  a  partial  ear.  tn  these  accusations. 
Noiwithstanding  the  llatlerini:  accounts  which  ('olum- 
bus had  given  of  the  riches  of  .\nierica.  the  remittancea 
from  it  had  hitherto  been  so  scanty  that  lliey  fell  far 
«hort  of  defraying  the  e.tpense  of  the  armaments  fitted 
out.  Tilt-  glory  of  the  discoverv,  together  with  tho 
prospect  of  remote  commercial  advantages,  was  all  that 
Spain  had  vet  received  in  return  for  the  ell'orts  which 
she  had  made.  But  time  had  already  diminished  tho 
first  sensations  of  jov  wliicli  the  discoverv  of  a  Now 
World  occasioned,  and  fame  alone  was  not  an  ohjt-ct 
to  satisfy  the  cold  interested  nund  of  Eerdinand.     'I'ho 


w 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  OF 


nftture  of  commerce  war  then  so  little  understood  that, 
where  immediate  gain  was  not  acquired,  the  hope  of 
distant  benefit,  or  of  slow  and  moderate  returns,  was 
totally  disregarded.  Ferdinand  considered  Spain,  on 
Ibit  account,  as  having  lost  by  the  ciMcrprisc  of  Colum- 
bus, and  imputed  it  to  his  misconduct  and  incapacity 
ftir  government,  that  a  country  abounding  in  gold  had 

Yielded  nothing  of  value  to  its  conquerors,  p^ven  Isa- 
ella,  who  from  the  favorable  opinion  which  she  cnter- 
'«innd  of  Columbus  had  uniformly  protected  him,  was 
fdiaken  at  length  by  the  number  and  boldness  of  his 
iiccuscrs,  and  began  to  suspect  that  a  disall'cction  so 
EEeneral  must  have  been  occasioned  by  real  grievances 
which  called  for  redress.  The  Ijjshop  of  lladajos,  with 
lus  usual  animosity  agamst  Columbus,  encouraged  these 
suspicions,  and  conlirined  them. 

As  soon  as  the  queen  began  to  give  way  to  the 
torrent  of  calumny,  a  resolution  fatal  to  Columbus 
was  taken.  Francis  dc  Uovadilla,  a  knight  of  Cala- 
trava,  was  appointed  to  repair  to  llispaniola,  with  full 
powers  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  Colunibua,  and 
if  he  should  lind  the  charge  of  maladministration 
proved,  to  supersede  him,  and  assume  the  government 
of  the  island.  It  was  impossible  to  escape  condem- 
nation, when  this  preposterous  commission  made  it  the 
interest  of  the  judge  to  pronounce  the  person  whom 
b')  was  sent  to  try,  guilty.  Though  Columbus  had 
now  composed  all  the  disscnsionfi  in  the  island  ;  though 
he  had  brought  both  Spaniards  i.nd  Indians  to  submit 
peaceably  to  his  government ;  though  he  had  made 
■uch  ctfectual  provision  for  working  the  mines,  and 
cultivating  the  country,  as  would  have  secured  a  con- 
siderable revenue  to  the  king,  us  well  as  large  profits 
to  individuals  ;  Uovadilla,  wilhuut  designing  to  attend 
to  the  nature  or  merit  of  thoi  e  services,  discovered 
from  the  moment  that  he  landed  in  Hispaniola,  a  de- 
termined pur|)aso  of  treating  hi  n  as  a  criminal.  He 
took  possession  of  the  admiral's  house  in  St.  Domingo, 
Irom  which  its  master  bappcicd  at  that  time  to  be 
absent,  and  seized  his  effects,  rrs  if  his  guilt  had  been 
already  fully  proved  ;  he  rundi:red  himself  master  of 
the  fort  and  of  the  King  s  stures  by  violence  ;  he  re- 
quired all  persons  to  ackno'Alcd^o  him  as  supreme 
governor  ;  he  set  at  liberty  the  prisoners  confined  by 
the  admiral,  and  summoned  him  to  appear  before  his 
tribunal,  in  order  to  answer  for  his  conduct ;  trans- 
mitting to  him,  together  with  tlie  summons,  a  copy  of 
the  royal  mandate,  by  which  Columbus  was  enjoined 
to  yield  implicit   obedience  to  his  commands. 

Columbus,  though  deeply  affected  with  the  in- 
gratitude and  injustice  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  did 
not  hesitate  a  moment  about  his  own  conduct.  He 
submitted  to  the  will  of  his  sovereigiis  with  a  respect- 
ful silence,  and  repaired  directly  [October]  to  the 
court  of  that  violent  and  partial  judge  whom  they  had 
authorized  to  try  him.  liovadiUa,  without  admitting 
bim  into  his  presence,  ordered  him  instantly  to  be  ar- 
rested, to  be  loaded  with  chains,  and  hurried  on  board 
a  ship.  Even  under  this  humiliating  reverse  of  fortune, 
the  firmness  of  mind  which  distinguishes  the  character 
of  Columbus  did  not  forsake  him.  Conscious  of  his 
own  integrity,  and  solacing  himself  with  reflecting 
upon  the  great  things  which  he  hod  achieved,  he  en- 
dured this  insult  otlcred  to  his  character,  not  only  with 
composure  but  with  dignity.  Nor  had  he  the  coii' 
sulation  of  sympathy  to  mitigate  his  sutrerings.  Uo- 
vadilla had  already  rendered  himself  so  extremely 
riopular,  by  granting  various  immunities  to  the  colony, 
ly  liberal  donations  of  Indians  to  all  who  applied  for 
them,  and  by  relaxing  the  reins  of  discipline  and 
government,  that  the  Spaniards,  who  were  mostly 
adventurers,  whom  their  indigence  or  crimes  had  com- 
pelled to  abandon  their  iiarive  country,  expressed  the 
most  indecent  satisfaction  with  tiic  disgrace  and  im- 
prisonment of  Columbus.  They  (latterod  themselves 
that  now  they  should  enjoy  an  uncontrolled  liberty  more 
suitable  to  their  disposition  and  former  habits  of  life. 
Among  persons  thus  prepared  to  censure  the  proceed- 
ings, and  to  asperse  the  character  of  Columbus, 
Uovadilla  collected  materials  for  a  charge  against  him. 
All  accusations  the  most  improbable  as  well  as  incoii- 
si^tent,  were  received.  No  informer,  however,  infa- 
mous, was  rejected.  The  result  of  this  inquest,  no  leas 
indbcent  than  partial,  he  transmitted  to  Spam.  At  the 
same  time  he  ordered  Columbus,  with  his  two  brothers, 
to  be  carried  thitlier  in  fetters  ;  and,  adding  cruelty  to 
insult,  he  confined  them  in  ditTercnt  ships,  and  excluded 
them  from  the  comfort  of  that  friendly  intercourse 
which  might  have  soothed  their  common  distress. 
Uut  while  the  Spaniards  in  Hispaniola  viewed  the 
ubitrary  and  insolent  proceedings  of  Uovadilla  with  a 
general  approbation,  which  retlects  dishonor  ujion  their 


name  and  country,  one  man  still  retained  a  proper 
.sense  of  the  great  actions  which  Columbus  had  per- 
formed, and  was  touched  with  the  sentiments  of  vene- 
ration and  pity  due  to  his  rank,  his  age,  and  his  merit. 
Alon/.o  dc  Valojo,  the  captain  of  the  vessel  on  board 
which  the  admiral  was  confined,  as  soon  as  ho  was 
clear  of  the  island,  approached  his  prisoner  with  great 
respect,  and  offered  to  release  him  from  the  fetters 
with  which  he  was  unjustly  loadeil.  "  No,"  replied 
Columbus  with  a  generous  indignation,  "  I  wear  these 
irons  in  consequence  of  an  order  from  my  sovereigns. 
They  shall  find  me  as  obedient  to  this  as  to  their  oilier 
injunctions.  By  their  command  I  have  been  conlined, 
and  their  command  alone  shall  set  me  at  liberty." 

Nov.  23.]  Fortunately  the  voyage  to  Spain  was 
extremely  short.  As  soon  as  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
were  informed  tha'.  Columbus  was  brought  home  a 
prisoner  and  in  chains,  they  perceived  at  once  what 
universal  astonishment  this  event  must  occasion,  and 
what  an  impression  to  their  disadvantage  it  must  make. 
All  Europe,  they  foresaw,  would  be  tilled  with  indig- 
nation at  this  ungenerous  requital  of  a  man  svho  had 
performed  actions  worthy  of  the  highest  recompense, 
and  would  exclaim  against  the  injustice  of  'he  nation, 
to  which  he  had  been  such  an  eminent  benefactor,  as 
well  as  against  the  ingratitude  of  the  jirinccs  whoso 
reign  he  had  rendered  illustrious.  Ashamed  of  their 
own  conduct,  and  eager  not  only  to  make  some  repara- 
tion for  this  injury,  but  to  clFace  the  stain  which  it 
might  fix  upon  their  character,  they  instantly  issued 
orders  to  set  Columbus  at  liberty  [Dec.  17,]  invited 
him  to  court,  and  remitted  money  to  enable  him  to  ap- 
pear there  in  a  manner  suitable  to  his  rank.  When  he 
entered  the  royal  presence,  Columbus  throw  himself 
at  the  feet  of  his  sovereigns.  He  remained  for  some 
time  silent ;  the  various  passions  which  agitated  his 
mind  suppressing  his  power  of  utterance.  At  length 
he  recovered  himself,  and  vindicated  his  conduct  in  a 
long  discourse,  producing  the  most  satisfying  proofs  of 
his  own  integrity  as  well  as  good  intention,  and  evidence, 
no  less  clear,  of  the  malevolence  of  his  enemies,  who, 
not  satisfied  with  having  ruined  his  fortune,  labored  to 
deprive  him  of  what  alone  was  now  left,  his  honor  and 
his  fame.  Ferdinand  received  him  with  decent  civility, 
and  Isabella  with  tenderness  and  rcsjiect.  They  both 
expressed  their  sorrow  for  what  had  ha|ipeiicd,  disa- 
vowed their  knowledge  of  it,  and  joined  in  promising 
him  protection  and  future  favor,  lint  thoiigli  they  in- 
stantly degraded  Uovadilla,  in  order  to  remove  from 
llicmsclves  any  suspicion  of  having  authorized  his 
violent  proceedings,  they  did  not  restore  to  Coluinhtis 
his  jurisdiction  and  privileges  as  viceroy  of  those 
countries  which  ho  had  discovered.  Though  willing 
to  appear  the  avengers  of  Columbus's  wrongs,  that 
illiberal  jealousy  which  prompted  them  to  invest 
Uovadilla  with  such  authority,  as  put  it  in  his  power 
to  treat  the  admiral  with  indignity,  still  subsisted. 
They  were  afraid  to  trust  a  man  to  whom  they  had 
been  so  highly  indebted  ;  and  retaining  him  at  court 
under  various  pretexts,  they  appointed  Nicholas  de 
Ovando,  a  knight  of  the  military  order  of  Alcantara, 
governor  of  Hispaniola. 

Columbus  was  deeply  affected  with  this  new  injury, 
which  came  from  hands  that  seemed  to  be  employed 
in  making  reparation  for  his  past  sufferings,  'i'hu 
sensibility  with  which  great  minds  feel  every  thing  that 
implies  any  suspicion  of  their  integrity,  or  that  wears 
the  aspect  of  an  alfront,  is  exquisite.  Columbus  had 
experienced  bolli  from  the  Spaniards,  and  their  un- 
generous conduct  exasperated  him  to  such  a  degree  that 
he  could  no  longer  conceal  the  sentiments  which  it 
excited.  \\"lierever  he  went  he  carried  about  with 
him,  as  a  memorial  of  their  ingratitude,  those  fetters 
with  which  he  had  been  loaded.  They  wTre  constantly 
hung  up  in  his  chamber,  and  he  gave  orders,  that  when 
he  died  they  should  be  buried  in  his  grave. 

1501  ]  Meanwhile  the  spirit  of  discovery,  notwith- 
standing the  severe  check  which  it  had  received  by  the 
ungenerous  treatment  of  the  man  who  first  excited  it  in 
Spain,  continued  active  and  vigorous.  [January]  Ko- 
derigo  de  Uastidas,  a  person  of  distinction,  fitted  out 
two  ships  ill  copartnery  with  John  de  la  Cosa,  who  hav- 
ing served  under  the  admiral  in  two  of  his  voyages  was 
deemed  the  most  skilful  pilot  in  Spain.  They  steered 
directly  towards  the  continent,  arrived  on  the  coast  of 
Ha.-ia,  and,  proceeding  to  the  west,  discovered  all  the 
coast  of  the  province  now  known  by  the  name  of 
Tierra  Firino,  from  (.lape  de  Vela  to  the  Uulf  of  l)a- 
nen.  Not  long  after  Ujcda,  with  his  former  associate 
Amerigo  Vespucci,  set  out  upon  a  seco.id  voyage, 
and,  being  unacquainted  with  the  destination  of  Uas- 
tidas, held  the  same  course  and  touched  at  the  saiiiu 


filaces.  The  voyage  of  Bastidas  was  prosperous  Ami 
ucrativc,  that  of  Ojeda  unfortunate.  But  both  tended 
to  increase  the  ardor  of  discovery  ;  for  in  proportion 
as  the  Spaniards  acquired  a  more  extensive  know- 
ledge of  tile  American  continent,  their  idea  of  I'.s  opu- 
lence and  fertility  increased. 

Uefore  these  adventurers  returned  from  their  voy 
ages,  a  Hcct  was  equipped,  at  the  public  expense,  for 
carrying  over  Ovando,  the  new  governor,  to  Hispa- 
niola. His  presence  there  was  extremely  reqiiisif'.-,  in 
order  to  stop  the  inconsiderate  career  of  llovaJilla, 
whose  imprudent  administration  threatened  the  settle, 
incut  with  ruin.  Conscious  of  the  violence  and  iiiiijuity 
of  his  proceedings  against  Columbus,  he  continued  to 
make  it  his  sole  object  to  gain  the  favor  and  sup[iort  of 
his  countrymen,  by  accominodatuig  himself  (o  their 
passions  and  prejudices.  With  liiis  view,  he  esta- 
blished regulations  in  every  point  the  reverse  of  those 
which  CuTuinbus  deemed  essential  to  the  prosjierity 
of  the  colony.  Instead  of  the  severe  discipline  neces- 
sary in  order  to  habituate  the  dissolute  and  corrupted 
members  of  which  the  society  was  composed,  to  tlio 
restraints  of  law  and  subordinaliou,  he  sutVered  them  to 
enjoy  such  uncontrolled  license  as  encouraged  the 
wildest  excesses.  Instead  of  protecting  the  Indians, 
he  gave  a  legal  sanction  to  the  oppression  of  that  un- 
ha[tpy  people.  He  took  the  exa(;t  mniiber  of  such  as 
survived  their  past  calamities,  divided  them  into  dis- 
tinct classes,  distiibiited  them  in  properly  among  his 
adherents,  and  reduced  all  the  people  of  the  island  to  a 
stale  of  complete  servitude.  As  the  avarice  of  the 
'Spaniards  was  too  rapacious  and  iinpatient  to  try  any 
method  of  acquiring  wealth  but  that  of  searching  lor 
gold,  this  servitudo  becaine  as  grievous  as  it  was  un- 
just. The  Indians  wtTe  driven  in  crowds  to  the  moun- 
tains, and  compelled  to  work  in  the  inir.cs,  .by  masters 
wlio  imposed  tlieir  tasks  without  mercy  or  discretion. 
Labor  so  disproportioiied  to  their  sirength  and  former 
habits  of  life,  wasted  that  feeble  race  of  men  with  such 
rapid  eonsuinption,  as  must  have  soon  terminated  in 
the  utter  extinction  of  the  ancient  inliabilaiits  of  the 
country. 

The  necessity  of  applying  a  speedy  remedy  to  those 
disorders  hasteiu  d  Ovando's  departure.  Ho  had  the 
command  of  the  most  respectable  armament  hitherto 
fitted  out  for  the  New  World.  It  consisted  of  thirty- 
two  ships,  on  board  of  which  two  thousand  live  hundred 
persons  embarked  with  an  intention  of  setthng  in  thu 
country.  [11)02.1  Upon  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor 
with  this  powerful  reinforcemet  to  the  colony.  Uovaddla 
resigned  his  charge,  and  was  coinmai  ded  to  return  in- 
stantly to  Spain,  in  order  to  answer  for  his  conduct. 
Koldan  and  the  other  ringleaders  of  the  mutineers,  who 
had  been  most  active  in  ojiposing  Columbus,  were  re- 
quired to  leave  the  island  at  the  same  time.  A  pro- 
clamation was  issued,  declaring  the  natives  to  be  free 
subjects  of  .Spain,  of  whom  no  service  was  to  be  ex- 
pected contrary  to  tlicir  own  inclination,  and  without 
paying  them  an  adcqiiute  price  for  their  labor.  With 
respect  to  the  Spaniards  themselves,  various  regula- 
tions were  made,  tending  to  suppress  the  licentious 
spirit  which  had  been  so  fatal  to  the  colony,  and  to 
establish  tliat  reverence  for  law  and  order  on  which  so- 
ciety is  founded,  and  to  which  it  is  indebted  for  its  in- 
crease and  stability.  In  order  to  limit  the  exorbitant 
gain  which  private  persons  were  sujiposed  to  make  by 
working  the  mines,  an  ordinance  was  published,  direct- 
ing all  the  gold  to  be  brought  to  a  public  smelling- 
house,  and  declaring  one-half  of  it  to  be  the  property  ol 
the  crown. 

While  these  steps  were  taking  for  securing  the  Iran- 
quiltily  and  welfare  of  the  colony  which  Columbus  l;ad 
planted,  he  himself  was  engaged  in  the  unpleasant  em- 
ploymciit  of  soliciting  llie  favor  of  an  ungralefiil  court, 
and  notwithstaudiug  all  his  merit  and  services,  he  so- 
licited in  vain.  He  demanded,  in  terms  of  ihe  original 
capitulation  in  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
two,  to  be  reinstated  in  his  ollice  of  viceroy  over  the 
countries  which  he  had  discovered.  By  a  strange  fa- 
tality, the  circumstance  which  he  urged  in  supjiort  of 
his  cla.tn,  determined  a  jealous  monarch  to  reject  it. 
The  greatness  of  his  discoveries,  and  the  prospect  of 
their  increasing  value,  made  Ferdinand  consider  thd 
concessions  in  the  capitulation  as  exlravagant  and  iiii- 
polilic.  He  was  afraid  of  intrusting  a  subject  with  the 
exercise  of  a  jurisdiction  that  now  appeared  to  be  so 
exlrciuely  extensive,  and  might  grow  to  be  no  less  for- 
midable. He  inspired  Isabella  with  the  same  suspi- 
cions;  and  under  various  prctexls,  (^jiLilly  frivolo'H 
and  unjust,  they  eluded  all  Columbus's  refiuisitioiis  in 
perform  that  which  a  solemn  compact  lioiiiid  them  lo 
accomplish     After  attending  tlio  court  of  Spain   fin 


SOUTH   AMERIO^V 


89 


near  two  ycurs.  US  an  hiuntile  suitor,  tie  found   it  im- 

KOHHiblc  to  rrinove  Fcnlitmnirs  prejutlicos  and  apjirc- 
ensiona  ;  and  purroivcd  ut  Icnijth  that  he  lahorrd  in 
vain,  when  he  uri;ed  a  chiim  of  justice  or  merit  with  an 
interested  and  unfeeling  prince. 

lint  even  this  ungenerous  return  did  not  discouraj;e 
him  from  pursuing  llie  great  ohject  which  first  called 
forth  his  inventive  genius,  and  excited- him  to  attein]»t 
discovery.  To  open  a  nr.v  passai^o  to  the  Kast  Indies 
waa  his  original  and  favorite  scheme.  This  still  en- 
grossed his  thoughts  ;  au'.l  cither  from  his  own  obser- 
vations in  his  voyage  to  Paria,  or  from  some  ohscnre 
tiint  of  the  natives,  or  from  the  accounts  given  bv  li.is- 
tidns  and  de  la  Cosa  of  their  expedition,  ho  conreiv(;d 
an  opinion  that  beyond  the  continent  of  A.,"  .ica  there 
was  a  sea  which  extended  to  the  Kast  Indies,  and 
hoped  to  find  some  strait  or  narrow  neck  of  land,  bv 
which  a  connnunication  might  he  opened  with  it  and 
the  part  of  the  ocean  already  known.  Hy  a  very  for- 
tunate conjecture,  ho  supposed  this  strait  or  isthmus  to 
be  situated  near  the  (lulf  of  Darien.  Full  of  this  idea, 
though  he  was  now  of  an  advanced  age,  worn  out  with 
fatigue,  and  broken  with  infirmities,  he  olfered,  with 
the  alacrity  of  a  youthful  adventurer,  to  undertake  a 
vovage  which  would  ascertain  tliis  important  point,  and 
perfect  the  grand  scheme  which  from  the  hegiiuiing  he 
propcsed  to  accomplish.  Several  circumstances  con- 
curred in  disposing  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  to  lend  a 
favorable  ear  tu  this  proposal.  'I'hey  were  glad  to  have 
the  pretext  of  any  honorable  employment  for  removing 
from  court  a  man  with  whose  demands  they  deemed  it 
impolitic  to  comply,  and  whose  services  it  was  indecent 
to  neglect.  Though  unwdling  to  reward  Columbus, 
ihey  were  not  insensible  of  his  merit,  and  from  their  ex- 
perience of  his  skill  and  conducl,  iiad  reason  to  give 
credit  to  his  conjectures,  ami  to  confide  in  his  success. 
To  these  considerations,  a  third  must  be  added  of  still 
more  powerful  influence.  Al)Out  this  time  the  Portu- 
guese fleet,  under  Cabral,  arrived  from  the  Indies  ;  and 
by  the  richness  ot  its  cprgo,  gave  the  peojtle  of  Europe 
a  inoro  perfect  idea  than  they  had  hitherto  been  able  to 
form,  of  the  opulence  and  fertility  of  the  East.  The 
Portuguese  had  been  more  fortunate  hi  their  disco- 
veries ti.jU  the  Spaniards.  They  had  opened  a  com- 
munication with  countries  where  industry,  arts,  and 
elegance  flourished  ;  and  where  commerce  had  been 
longer  established,  and  carried  to  greater  extent  than 
in  any  region  of  the  earth.  Their  first  voyages  thither 
yielded  immediate  as  well  as  vast  returns  of  profit,  in 
commodities  extremely  precious  and  in  great  request. 
Lisbon  became  immediately  the  seat  of  commerce  and 
wealth  ;  while  Spain  had  only  the  expectation  of  remote 
benefit,  and  of  future  gain  from  the  western  world. 
Nothing,  then,  could  be  more  acceptable  to  the  Spa- 
niards tlian  Columbus's  ofl'er  to  conduct  them  to  the 
East,  by  a  route  which  he  expected  to  he  sliorter,  as 
well  as  less  dangerous  than  that  which  the  Portuguese 
had  taken.  Even  Ferdinand  was  roused  by  such  a 
prospect  and  warmly  approved  of  the  undertaking. 

But  interesting  as  the  object  of  tins  voyage  was  to 
the  nation,  Columbus  could  procure  only  four  small 
barks,  the  lariresl  of  which  did  not  exceed  seventy  tons 
in  burden,  for  performing  it.  Accustomed  to  brave 
danger,  and  to  engage  in  arduous  undertakings  wiili 
inadecpiato  force,  he  did  not  hesitatf!  to  accept  the 
connnand  of  this  pitiful  squ.idron.  His  brother  Bar- 
tholomew, and  his  second  son  Ferdinand,  the  historian 
of  his  actions,  accompanied  him.  lie  sailed  from 
('adiz  on  the  ninth  of  May,  and  touched,  as  usual,  at 
the  Canary  islands;  from  thence  he  proposed  to  have 
stood  directly  for  the  continent ;  but  his  largest  vessel 
was  so  clumsy  and  unfit  for  service,  as  constrained 
him  to  bear  away  for  Ilisjiauiola.  in  hopes  of  cxchanix- 
ing  her  for  some  ship  of  tlu  fl^et  that  had  earned  nut 
Ovando.  When  he  arrived  at  ;il.  Domiiiijo  [June  VDJ. 
he  found  eighteen  of  these  ship=  ready  lo.ided,  and  on 
the  pomt  of  departing  for  Spain.  <'ohnnlnis  nnme- 
diate.ly  aequahited  the  governor  with  the  destination  of 
his  voyage,  and  the  accident  which  had  obliirrd  bun  to 
alter  his  route.  He  requesic  1  permission  to  enter  the 
harlKir,  not  only  that  he  miglit  negotiate  the  exchange 
of  his  ship,  but  that  he  miL;ht  take  shelter  during  a  vin 
lent  hurrieane,  of  which  ho  discerned  the  approach 
from  various  prognostics  which  his  experience  and 
sagacity  bad  taught  him  to  observe.  On  tlut  account, 
ho  advised  him  likewise  to  put  oiF  for  some  days  the 
departure  of  the  (lee!  bound  for  Spain.  Uiit  Ovando 
refused  his  reques',  and  despised  his  counsel.  Under 
circumstances  ni  which  hmnanitv  would  have  afforded 
refuge  to  a  stranger,  ('olumbus  was  denied  admittance 
into  a  country  of  which  he  had  discovered  the  ex- 
istence  ind  acquired  the  possession.     His  salutary 


warning,  which  merited  the  greatest  attention,  was 
regarded  as  the  dream  of  a  visionary  prophet,  who 
arrogantly  pretended  to  predict  an  event  beyond  the 
reach  of  human  foresight.  The  fleet  set  sail  for  Spain. 
Next  night  tlie  hurricane  came  on  with  dreadful  im- 
petuosity. Columbu.i,  aware  of  the  danger,  took  pre- 
cautions against  it,  and  saved  his  little  squadron.  The 
fleet  destiiu;d  for  Spain  met  with  the  fate  which  the 
raslmcss  and  obstinacy  of  its  commanders  deserved. 
Of  eighteen  ships  two  or  three  only  escaped.  In  this 
general  wreck  perished  liuvadilla,  Koluan,  and  the 
L'rcater  part  of  those  who  had  been  the  most  active  in 
persecuting  Columbus,  and  oppressing  the  Indians, 
Pogether  wilh  themselves,  all  tlie  wealth  which  they 
had  acquired  by  their  injustice  and  cruelty  was  swal- 
lowed up.  It  exceeded  in  value  two  hundred  thousand 
prsos ;  an  immense  sum  at  that  period,  and  sufficient 
not  only  to  have  screened  them  from  any  severe 
scrutiny  into  their  conduct,  but  to  have  secured  them 
a  gracious  reception  in  the  Spanish  court.  Among 
the  ships  that  escaped,  one  had  on  board  all  the  ellccts 
of  Columbus  which  had  been  recovered  from  the  rums 
of  his  fiirtuno.  Historians,  struck  with  the  exact  dis- 
crimination of  characters,  as  well  as  the  just  distri- 
bution of  rewards  and  jiunishments,  conspicuoi-s  in 
those  events,  universally  attribute  them  to  an  imme- 
diate interposition  of  Divine  Providence,  in  order  to 
avenge  the  wrongs  of  an  injured  man,  and  to  punish 
the  oppressors  of  an  innocent  people.  Upon  the 
ignorant  and  superstitious  race  of  men,  who  were 
witnesses  of  this  occurence,  it  made  a  diflcrent  im- 
pression. From  an  opinion  which  vulgar  admiration 
is  apt  to  entertain  with  respect  to  persons  who  have 
distinguished  themselves  by  their  sagacity  and  inven- 
tions, they  believed  Columbus  to  be  possessed  of 
supernatural  powers,  and  imagined  that  he  had  conjured 
up  this  dreadful  Plorm  by  magical  art  and  incantations 
in  order  to  bo  avenged  of  his  enemies. 

Columbus  soon  left  liispaniola  [July  14],  where  he 
met  with  such  an  inhospitable  reception,  and  stood 
towards  the  continent.  After  a  tedious  and  dangerous 
voyage,  he  discovered  Guania,  an  island  not  far  distant 
from  the  coast  of  Honduras.  There  he  had  an  inter- 
view with  some  inhabitants  of  the  continent,  who  ar- 
rived in  a  large  canoe.  They  appeared  to  be  a  people 
more  civilized,  and  who  had  made  greater  progress  in 
the  knowledge  of  useful  arts  than  any  whom  he  had 
hitherto  discovered.  In  return  to  the  inquiries  which 
the  Spaniards  made,  with  their  usual  eagerness,  con- 
cerning the  places  where  the  Indians  got  the  gold  \^hich 
they  wore  by  way  of  ornament,  they  directed  them  to 
countries  situated  to  the  west,  in  which  gold  was  found 
in  such  profusion  that  it  was  applied  to  the  most  com- 
mon uses.  Instead  of  steering  in  quest  of  a  country 
so  inviting,  which  would  have  conducted  him  along  the 
coast  of  Yucatan  to  the  rich  empire  of  Mexico.  Colum- 
bus was  so  bent  upon  his  favorite  scheme  of  finding  out 
the  strait  which  ho  supposed  to  communicate  with  the 
Indian  ocean,  that  he  bore  away  to  the  east  towards 
the  gulf  of  Darien.  In  this  navigation  he  discovered 
all  the  coast  of  the  continent,  from  Cape  Gracias  a 
Dios  to  a  harbor  which,  on  account  of  its  beauty  and 
security,  he  called  Porto  Bello.  He  searched  in  vain 
for  the  imaginary  sirait,  through  which  he  expected  to 
nnike  his  way  into  an  unknown  sea  ;  and  though  he 
went  on  shore  several  times,  and  advanced  into  the 
country,  he  did  not  penetrate  so  far  as  to  cross  the  nar- 
row isthmus  which  separates  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from 
the  great  Southern  ocean.  He  was  so  much  delighted, 
however,  witii  the  fertility  of  the  country,  and  conceived 
such  an  idea  of  its  wealth  from  the  specimens  of  gold 
produced  by  the  natives,  that  he  resolved  to  leave  a 
small  colony  upon  the  river  Helen,  in  tlie  province  of 
Veragua.  \mder  the  command  of  his  brother,  and  to 
return  himself  to  Spain  [150.1],  in  order  to  procure 
wliat  was  requisite  for  rendering  the  establislunent  per- 
manent. But  the  ungovernable  spirit  of  the  people 
under  his  command,  deprived  Columbus  of  the  glory 
of  planting  the  first  colony  on  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica. Their  insolence  and  rap.iciousness  provoked  the 
unlives  to  take  arms  ;  and  as  these  were  a  more  hardy 
and  warlike  race  of  men  than  the  inhabitants  of  the 
islands,  they  cut  off  part  of  the  Spaniards,  and  obliged 
the  rest  to  abandon  a  station  which  was  found  to  be 
untenable. 

This  repulse,  the  first  that  the  Spaniards  met  with 
from  any  of  the  American  nations,  was  not  the  only 
misfortune  that  befell  ('olumbus  ;  it  was  followed  by  a 
succession  of  all  the  disasters  to  which  navigation  is 
exposed.  Furious  hurricanes  with  violent  storms  of 
thunder  and  lightning,  threatened  his  leaky  vessels 
with  dontructicn ;   while  his  discontented  ciow,  ex- 


hausted with  fatigue,  and  destitute  of  provisions,  wa<* 
unwilling  or  unable  to  execute  his  commands.  One  of 
his  ships  perished  ;  ho  was  obliged  to  abandon  ano- 
ther, as  unfit  for  service  ;  and  with  the  two  which 
rem.iined,  he  quitted  that  part  of  tlie  coiilincnt,  which, 
in  his  anguish,  he  named  the  Coast  of  Vexation,  and 
^ore  away  for  liispaniola.  New  distresses  awaited 
him  in  his  voyage,  lie  was  driven  back  by  a  violent 
tempest  from  the  coast  of  Cuba,  his  shins  fell  foul  of 
one  another,  and  were  so  much  shattered  by  the  shork 
that  wilh  the  utmost  diliiculty  they  reached  Jamaicu 
[June  2-1],  where  he  was  obliged  to  run  them  aground, 
to  prevent  them  from  sinking.  The  measure  of  his 
calamities  seemed  now  to  be  full.  He  was  cast  ashoro 
upon  an  island  at  a  considerable  diulaneo  from  the  only 
settlement  of  the  Spaniards  in  America.  His  ships 
were  ruined  beyond  the  possibility  of  being  repaired. 
To  convey  an  account  of  his  situation  to  Hispaniola 
appeared  impracticable  ;  and  without  this  it  waa  in  vain 
to  expect  relief.  His  genius,  fertile  in  resources,  and 
most  vigorous  in  those  perilous  exlremi'.ics  when  feeble 
minds  abandon  themselves  to  despair,  discovered  tho 
only  expedient  which  afl'ordcd  any  prospect  of  dehver- 
ance.  He  had  recourse  to  the  hospitable  kindness  of 
the  natives,  who,  consideiing  the  Spaniards  as  beings 
of  a  superior  nature,  were  eager,  on  every  occasion,  to 
minister  to  their  wants.  From  them  he  obtained  two 
of  their  canoes,  each  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  single 
tree  hollowed  with  fire,  and  so  misshapen  and  awkward 
as  hardly  to  merit  the  name  of  boats.  In  these,  which 
were  fit  only  for  creeping  along  the  coast,  or  crossing 
from  one  side  of  a  bay  to  another,  Menr^ez,  a  Spaniard, 
and  Fieschi,  a  Genoese,  two  gentlemen  particularly 
attached  to  Columbus,  gallantly  offered  to  set  out  for 
Hispanioh,  upon  a  voyage  of  above  thirty  leagues. 
This  they  accomplished  in  ten  days,  after  surmounting 
incredible  dangers,  and  enduring  such  fatigues,  that 
several  of  the  Indians  who  accompanied  them  sunk 
under  it,  and  died.  The  attention  paid  to  them  by  tho 
governor  of  liispaniola  was  neither  such  as  their  co'i- 
ragc  merited,  nor  the  distress  of  the  persons  from  whom 
they  came  required.  Ovando,  from  a  mean  jealousy  of 
Columbus,  was  afraid  of  allowing  him  to  set  foot  in 
the  island  under  his  goveniment.  This  ungenerous 
passion  hardened  his  heart  against  every  tender  sen- 
timent which  reflection  upon  the  services  and  misfor- 
tunes of  that  great  man,  or  compassion  for  his  own 
fellow-citizens,  involved  in  the  same  calamities,  must 
have  excited.  Mcndez  and  Fieschi  spent  eight  month** 
in  soliciting  relief  for  their  commander  and  associates, 
without  any  prospect  of  obtaining  it. 

During  this  period,  various  passions  agitated  th« 
mind  of  Columbus  and  his  companions  in  adversity. 
Al  first,  the  expectation  of  speedy  deliverance,  from 
the  success  of  Mcndez  and  Fie.schi's  voyage,  cheered 
the  ajfirits  of  the  most  desponding.  After  some  time 
the  most  timorous  began  to  suspect  that  they  had  mis- 
carried in  their  daring  attempt  [1504].  At  length,  even 
the  most  sanguine  concluded  that  they  had  perished. 
The  ray  of  hope  which  had  broke  in  upon  them,  made 
their  condition  o  pear  now  more  dismal.  Despair, 
heightened  by  disappointment,  settled  in  every  breast. 
Their  last  resource  had  failed,  and  nothing  remained 
but  the  prospect  of  ending  their  miserable  days  among 
naked  savages,  far  from  their  country  and  their  friends. 
The  seamen,  in  a  transport  of  rage,  rose  in  open  mu- 
tiny, threatened  the  life  of  Columbus,  whom  they  re- 
proached as  the  author  of  all  their  caianuties,  seized 
ten  canoes,  which  they  had  purchased  from  the  Indians, 
and,  despising  his  remonstrances  and  entreaties,  made 
nlf  with  them  to  a  distant  ]iari  of  the  island.  At  the 
same  time  the  natives  murmured  at  the  long  residence 
of  the  .Spaniards  in  their  country.  As  their  industry 
was  not  greater  than  that  of  their  neighbors  in  liispa- 
niola, like  them  they  found  the  burden  of  supporting  so 
many  stangers  to  be  altogether  intolerable.  They  be- 
gan to  bring  in  provisions  with  reluctance,  they  fur- 
nished them  with  a  sparing  hand,  and  threatened  to 
withdraw  those  supplies  altogether.  Such  a  resolution 
must  havo  been  quickly  fatal  to  the  Spaniards.  Their 
safety  dependeu  upon  the  good  will  of  the  Indians  ; 
and  unless  they  could  revive  the  admiration  and  reve- 
rence with  which  that  simple  people  had  at  first 
beheld  them,  destruction  was  unavoidable,  Though 
the  licentious  proceedings  of  the  mutineers  had  in  a 
great  measure  effaced  those  impressions  which  had 
been  so  favorable  to  the  Spa-uards,  the  ingenuity  of  Co 
lumbus  suggested  a  happy  artifice,  that  not  only  re 
stored  but  heightened  the  high  opinion  which  the 
Indians  had  originally  entertained  of  them.  Uy  his 
skill  in  astronomy,  ho  knew  that  there  was  shortly  to 
be  a  total  eclipse  of  the  moon.     Ho  awomhled  all  the 


V 


00 


ROBERTSON'S   HloTORY    OF 


principal  persons  of  the  district  around  him  on  tho  day 
before  it  happened,  and,  after  reproaching  them  for  their 
ficklcnesH  in  withdrawing  their  atlectionand  nRsistimcc 
from  men  whom  they  had  lately  revered,  ho  told  them, 
that  the  Spaniardh  were  servants  of  the  CJreat  Spirit 
who  dwells  in  heaven^  who  made  and  governs  tho 
world  ;  that  he,  offended  at  their  refusal  to  support  men 
who  were  the  objcets  of  his  peculiar  favor,  was  prepar- 
ing to  punish  this  crime  with  exemplary  severity,  and 
that  very  night  the  moon  should  withhold  her  light,  and 
appear  of  a  bloody  hue,  as  a  sign  of  the  d>  vine  wrath 
And  an  emblem  of  the  vengeance  reatly  t-'  *"'ill  upon 
tbem.  To  this  marvellous  prediction  sonW  of  tlimi 
liatenod  with  the  careless  indillerencc  peculiar  to  the 
people  of  America ;  others,  with  the  credulous  asto- 
nishment natural  to  barbarians.  But  when  the  moon 
began  gradually  to  ho  darkened,  and  at  length  appeared 
of  a  red  color,  all  were  struck  with  terror.  I'hey  ran 
with  consternation  to  their  houses,  and  returning  in- 
fltantly  to  Columbus  loaded  with  provisions,  threw  ihcm 
at  his  feet,  conjuring  him  to  intercede  with  the  Greiit 
Spirit  to  avert  tho  destruction  with  which  they  were 
threatened.  Columbus,  seeming  to  be  moved  by  their 
entreaties,  promised  to  comply  with  their  desire.  The 
eclipse  went  off,  the  moon  recovered  its  splendour,  and 
from  that  day  tho  Sp-^niards  were  not  only  furnished 
profusely  with  provisions,  but  the  natives,  with  super- 
stitious attention,  avoided  every  thmg  that  could  give 
them  offence. 

During  those  transactions,  the  mutineers  had  made 
repeated  attempts  to  pass  over  to  Hispaniola  in  the 
canoes  which  they  had  seized.  But,  from  their  own 
misconduct  or  tho  violence  of  tho  winds  and  currents, 
their  efforts  were  all  unsuccessful.  Enraged  at  this 
disappointment,  they  marched  towards  that  part  of  the 
island  where  Columbus  remained,  threatening  him  with 
new  insnlts  and  dangers.  While  they  were  advancing, 
an  event  happened,  more  cruel  and  atHicting  than  any 
calamity  which  ho  dreaded  from  them.  The  governor 
of  Hispaniola,  whose  mind  was  still  filled  with  some 
dark  suspicions  of  Columbus,  sent  a  small  bark  to  Ja- 
maica, not  to  deliver  his  distressed  countrymen,  but  to 
spy  out  their  condition.  Lest  the  sympathy  of  those 
whom  ho  employed  should  afford  them  relief,  contrary 
to  his  intention,  ho  gave  the  command  of  this  vessel  to 
Escobar,  an  inveterate  enemy  of  Columbus,  who,  ad- 
hering to  his  instructions  with  malignant  accuracy,  cast 
anchor  at  some  distance  from  the  island,  approached 
the  shore  in  a  small  boat,  obser>ed  the  wretched  plight 
of  the  Spaniards,  delivered  a  letter  of  empty  compli- 
ments to  the  admiral,  received  his  answer,  and  de- 
parted. When  the  Spaniards  6rst  descried  the  vessel 
standing  towards  tho  island,  every  heart  exulted,  as  if 
the  long  expected  hour  of  their  deliverance  had  at 
length  arrived  ;  but  when  it  disappeared  so  suddenly, 
they  sunk  into  tho  deepejt  dejection,  and  all  their 
hopes  died  away.  Columbus  alone,  though  ho  felt 
most  sensibly  this  wanton  insult  which  Ovando  added 
to  his  past  neglect,  retained  such  composure  of  mind 
as  to  be  able  to  cheer  his  followers.  He  assured  them 
that  Mendcz  and  Fieschi  had  reached  Hispaniola  in 
safety  ;  that  they  would  speedily  procure  ships  to  carry 
them  off;  but  as  Escobar's  vessel  could  not  take  them 
oil  on  board,  that  ho  had  refused  to  go  with  her,  be- 
cause he  was  determined  never  to  abandon  the  faithful 
companions  of  'us  distress.  Soothed  with  the  expecta- 
tion of  speedy  deliverance,  and  delighted  with  liis  appa- 
rent generosity  in  attending  more  to  their  preservation 
than  to  his  own  safety,  their  spirits  revived,  and  he 
regained  their  confidence. 

Without  this  confidence  he  could  not  have  resisted 
the  mutineers,  who  were  now  at  hand.  Al!  his  endea- 
vors to  reclaim  those  desperate  men  had  no  effect  but 
to  increase  their  frenzy.  Their  demands  became  every 
day  more  extravagant,  and  their  intentions  more  vio- 
lent and  bloody.  ^  Tho  common  safety  rendered  it  ne- 
cessary to  oppose  tlicin  with  open  force.  Columbus, 
who  had  been  long  afflicted  with  the  gout,  could  not 
take  the  field.  His  brother,  tho  adclantado,  marched 
against  them  [May  20].  They  quickly  met.  The 
mutineers  rejected  with  scorn  terms  of  accommoda- 
tion, which  were  once  more  ofl'ered  them,  and  rushed 
On  boldly  to  the  attack.  They  fell  not  upon  an  enemy 
unprepared  to  receive  them.  In  tho  first  shock,  se- 
veral of  their  most  darins  leaders  were  slain.  1'ho 
adelantado,  whose  strength  was  equal  to  his  courage, 
closed  with  their  captain,  wounded,  disarmed,  and  took 
him  prisoner.  At  sight  of  this,  the  rest  fled  with  a 
dastardiv  fear  suitable  to  their  former  insolence.  Soon 
afler,  they  submitted  in  a  body  to  Columbus,  and  bound 
themselves  by  the  most  solemn  oallia  to  obey  all  his 
commands.      Hardly   waj   tranquillity   ro-e»tablislKHl 


when  the  ships  oppeared,  whr-ie  arrival  Columbus  had 
promised  with  great  address,  though  he  could  foresee 
It  with  little  certainly.  Willi  transports  of  joy  the 
Spaniards  quitted  un  island  in  wliich  iho  unfechng  jea- 
lousy of  Ovando  hud  sulfiTcd  ihcm  to  languish  above 
a  year,  exposed  to  misery  in  all  its  various  fonns. 

When  they  arrived  at  St.  Uomingo  [Aug.  13],  the 
governor  with  the  mean  artifice  of  a  vulgar  mind,  that 
labors  to  atone  for  insolence  by  servility,  fawned  on 
the  man  whom  he  envied,  and  had  attempted  to  ruin. 
He  received  Columbus  with  tlie  most  studied  respect, 
lodged  him  in  his  own  house,  and  distinguished  him 
with  every  mark  of  honor.  Hut  amidst,  tliosc  over- 
acted drrnonstralions  of  regard,  he  could  not  conceal  I 
the  hatred  and  malignity  latent  in  his  heart.  He  set 
at  liberty  the  captain  of  the  mutineers,  whom  Colum- 
bus had  brought  over  in  chains  to  be  tried  for  his 
crimes ;  and  threatened  such  as  had  adhered  to  the 
admiral  with  proceeding  with  a  jtitlicial  inquir)'  into 
their  conduct.  Columbus  submitted  in  silence  to 
what  he  could  not  redress  ;  but  discovered  an  extreme 
impatience  to  quit  a  counti^  which  was  under  the  ju- 
risdiction of  a  man  who  had  treated  him,  on  every  oc- 
casion, with  inhumanity  and  injustice.  His  prepara^ 
tions  were  soon  finished,  and  he  set  sail  for  Spain  with 
two  ships  [Sept.  12j.  Disasters  similar  to  those  which 
had  accompanied  him  through  life  continued  to  pursue 
him  to  the  end  of  his  career.  One  of  his  vessels  being 
disabled,  was  soon  forced  back  to  St.  Domingo  ;  the 
other,  shattered  by  violent  storms,  sailed  several  hun- 
dred leagues  with  jury-masts,  and  reached  with  difli- 
cultv  the  port  of  St.  Lucar  [December]. 

1  here  he  received  the  account  of  an  event  the  most 
fatal  that  could  have  befallen  him,  and  which  com- 
pleted his  misfortunes.  This  was  the  death  of  his  jta- 
troncss  Queen  Isabella  [Nov.  9],  in  whose  justice,  hu- 
manity, and  favor  he  confided  as  his  last  reso'irce. 
None  now  remained  to  redress  his  wrongs,  or  to  re- 
ward him  for  his  services  and  sufferings,  but  Ferdi- 
rmnd,  who  had  so  long  opposed  and  so  often  injured 
him.  To  solicit  a  prince  thus  prejudiced  against  him 
was  an  occupation  no  less  irksome  than  hopeless.  In 
this,  however,  was  Columbus  doomed  to  employ  the 
close  of  his  days.  As  soon  as  his  health  was  in  some 
degree  re-established,  he  repaired  to  court;  and  though 
he  was  received  there  with  civility  barely  decent,  he 
plied  Ferdinand  with  petition  after  petition,  dcmandhig 
the  punishment  of  his  oppressors,  and  the  restitution  of 
all  the  privileges  bestowed  upon  him  by  the  capitula- 
tion of  one  thousand  four  hundrt-d  and  nii.ety-two. 
Ferdinand  amused  him  with  fair  words  and  unmeaning 
promises.  Instead  of  granting  his  claims,  he  proposed 
expedients  in  order  to  elude  them,  end  spun  out  the 
affair  with  such  apparent  art,  as  plainly  discovered  his 
intention  that  it  should  never  be  terminated.  The  de- 
clining health  of  Columbus  flattered  Ferdinand  with  the 
hopes  of  being  soon  delivered  from  an  importunate  sui- 
tor, and  encouraged  him  to  persevere  in  this  illiberal 
plan.  Nor  wus  he  deceived  m  his  exjtcctations.  Dis- 
gusted with  ingratitvidc  of  a  monarch  whom  he  had 
served  with  such  fidelity  and  success,  exhausted  with 
the  fatigues  and  hardships  which  he  had  endured  and 
broken  witli  the  infirmities  which  these  had  brought 
upon  him,  Columbus  ended  his  life  at  Valladolid  un 
the  twentieth  of  May,  one  thousand  five  hundred  and 
six,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  died  with  a 
composure  of  mind  suitable  to  the  magnanimity  which 

uiiguishcd  his  character,  and  with  sentiments  of 
piety  becoming  that  supreme  respect  for  religion  which 
he  manifested  in  every  occurrence  of  his  life. 


BOOK   III. 

state  of  tho  colony  in  Hi.spaniola — New  war  with  the  Indians 
— Cruelty  of  Uie  Spaniards— Fatal  reguliitions  concerning 
ttio  contiitiot)  of  tlie  hidians— Diminution  of  licit  ncoplo — 
Diflcoverios  anil  scttlnnients— First  culi.ny  plaiitcu  on  the 
Continent— Coiniuost  of  Cuha— Discovery  of  Flonda— ofthe 
South  Sea— Great  expectations  raised  i^ty  this— Cnuse.s  of 
disappointment  with  respect  lolhese  for  some  time— Con- 
troversy concerning  the  treatment  of  llie  Indians- Contiiwy 
decisions— Zc;il  of  tho  ecclesmstics,  particularly  of  Lua 
Casus— Singuliir  proceedings  of  Xiinene.s-Ncgroos  imported 
into  America — Las  (^'asa.s*  idea  of  a  now  colony — permiltoit 
to  attempt  it— unsucees.iful— Discoveries  towards  tho 
West— Yucatan— Canipeachy-Now  Spaiu-preparatiuna  for 
invading  it 

AViiiLK  Columbus  was  employed  in  his  last  voyage, 
several  events  worthy  of  notice  happened  in  Ilispa- 
niola.  Tho  colony  there,  the  parent  and  nurse  of  all 
the  subsequent  establishments  of  Spain  in  the  New 
World,  gradually  acipiirod  the  form  of  a  regular  and 
prosperous  society-  Tin;  humane  solicitude  of  Isabella 
to  protect  the  Indians  from  oppression,  and  particularly 
tho  proclamation  by  which   the  Spaniards  were  pro- 


hibited to  compel  them  to  work,  retarded,  it  is  true 
fur  some  time  the  progress  of  improvement.  Tho 
natives,  who  considered  exemption  from  toil  as  ex 
treine  folieity,  scorned  every  allurement  and  reward 
by  which  they  were  invited  to  labor.  The  Spaniards 
had  not  a  sutlicient  number  of  hands  either  to  work 
the  mines  or  to  cultivate  the  soil.  Several  of  the  first 
colonists  who  had  been  accustomed  to  the  service  of 
tho  Indians,  quitted  the  inland,  when  deprived  of  those 
instruments,  without  which  they  knew  not  how  to 
carrj  on  any  operation.  Many  of  the  new  settlers  who 
came  over  with  Ovando,  were  seized  with  the  distem* 
pers  peculiar  to  the  climate,  and  in  a  short  space  above 
a  thousand  of  them  died.  At  tlie  same  time,  tho 
exacting  one-half  of  the  product  of  tlie  miiies,  as  the 
royal  share,  was  found  to  bom  demand  so  exorbitant 
that  no  odventurers  would  engage  to  work  them  upon 
such  terms.  In  order  to  save  the  colony  from  ruin, 
Ovando  ventured  to  relax  tho  rigor  o(  the  royal  edicts 
[150r)].  He  made  a  new  distribution  of  the  Indians 
among  the  Spaniards,  and  compelled  them  to  labor,  for 
a  stated  time,  in  digging  the  mines,  or  in  cultivating 
the  ground;  but  in  order  to  screen  himself  from  ihu 
imputation  of  having  subjected  them  again  to  servitude, 
he  enjoined  their  masters  to  pay  them  a  ct  rtain  sum, 
as  tho  price  of  their  work.  He  reduced  the  royal 
share  of  the  gold  found  in  the  mines  from  tl.e  half  to 
the  third  part,  and  soon  after  lowered  it  to  a  fifth,  at 
which  it  long  remained.  Notwithstanding  Inahella*s 
tender  concern  for  the  good  (reatmeiit  of  the  Indians, 
and  Ferdinand's  eagerness  to  improve  the  royal  reve* 
nue,  Ovando  persuaded  the  court  to  approve  of  both 
these  regulations. 

But  the  Indians,  after  enjoying  respite  from  op- 
pression, though  during  a  short  interval,  now  felt  the 
yoke  of  bondage  to  be  so  galling  that  they  made  seve< 
ral  attempts  to  vindicate  their  own  liberty.  'I'liis  the 
Spaniards  considered  as  rebellion,  and  took  arms  in 
order  to  reduce  them  to  subjection.  When  war  is 
carried  on  between  nations  whose  state  of  improve- 
ment is  in  any  degree  similar,  tlie  means  of  defence 
bear  some  proportion  to  those  employed  in  the  attack  ; 
and  in  this  equal  contest  svich  etforts  must  be  made, 
such  talents  are  displayed,  and  such  passions  roused, 
as  exhibit  mankind  to  vi^^w  in  a  situation  no  less  strik- 
ing than  interesting.  It  is  one  of  the  noblest  functmns 
of  history  to  observe  and  to  delineate  men  at  a  jr.ne- 
ture  when  their  minds  are  most  violently  agitated,  and 
all  their  powers  and  passions  are  called  forth.  Hence 
the  operations  of  war,  and  the  struggles  between  con- 
'veuding  states,  have  been  deemed  by  tiislonans,  ancient 
as  well  as  modern,  a  capital  and  important  article  in 
the  annals  of  human  actions.  But  in  a  contest  be- 
tween naked  savages,  and  one  of  tho  most  warlike  of 
the  Kuropean  nations,  where  science,  courage,  and  dis- 
cipline on  one  side,  were  opposed  by  ignorance,  timi- 
dity, and  disorder  on  the  other,  a  particular  detail  of 
events  would  be  as  unpleasant  as  unmstructive.  If 
the  simplicity  and  innocence  of  the  Indians  had  inspired 
the  Spaniards  with  humanity,  had  softened  the  pride  of 
superiority  into  coiu{)assiun,  and  had  induced  them  to 
improve  the  inhabitants  of  the  New  World,  instead  of 
oppressing  them,  some  audden  acts  of  violence,  liko 
the  too  rigorous  chustiseincnls  of  impatient  instructor!^, 
might  have  been  related  without  horror.  But,  un- 
fortunately, this  consciousness  of  superiority  operated 
in  a  different  manner.  The  Spaniards  were  advanced 
so  far  beyond  the  natives  of  America  in  improvement 
of  every  kind,  that  they  viewed  them  with  contempt. 
They  conceived  the  Americans  to  l-^  rinimals  of  an  in- 
ferior njture,  who  were  not  entitled  to  the  riglits  and 
privileges  of  men.  In  peace  they  subjected  them  to 
servitude.  In  war  they  paid  no  regard  to  those  laws 
which,  by  a  tacit  convention  between  contending  na- 
tion:., regulate  hostility,  and  set  some  bounds  to  its 
ra>;i'.  They  considered  them  not  as  men  t'ighting  in 
defence  of  their  liberty,  but  as  slaves  who  had  ro- 
voltcd  (Against  tlicir  masters.  Their  caziques,  when 
taken,  were  condemned,  like  the  leaders  of  banditti,  to 
the  moat  cruel  and  ignominous  punishments  ;  and  all 
their  subjects,  without  regarding  the  di.ttiiictioii  of 
ranks  established  among  them,  were  reduced  to  the 
same  stnio  of  abject  slavery.  M'ith  such  a  spirit  and 
sentiments  v/ere  hostilities  carried  on  against  the 
cazique  of  Higuey,  a  province  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  tho  island.  This  was  occasioned  by  the  perfidy  of 
the  Spaniards,  in  violating  a  treaty  which  they  had 
made  with  the  natives,  and  it  was  terminated  Sy 
hanging  up  the  cazi<pie,  who  defended  his  people  with 
bravery  so  far  superior  to  that  of  his  countrymen,  us 
entitled  him  to  a  better  fate. 

Tho  conduct  of  Ovando,  in  anotlicr  port  of  tho  island. 


f 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


01 


inde  of 

l(.MI)  lu 

ad  uf 

liko 

ructors, 

[,  un- 

UUTll 

rnciil 

L'llll't. 

an  iii- 
s  and 

!iciii  to 
laws 

uig  na- 

lo   lt3 

iu'^  ill 
111  ru- 
wheii 
tli,  to 
nd  all 
>u  of 
to  tlie 
rit  and 
tit  the 
rcinity 
lidy  of 
uy  had 
!  Sy 
with 
iun,  us 

island. 


was  still  more  trcachnrous  and  cruel.  'J'ho  province 
ancipntly  namrO  Xaragua,  which  extends  from  the  fcr- 
tilt)  plain  wlicrtj  Leogano  is  now  situated  to  the  western 
extremity  o^  the  island,  was  subject  to  a  female  ca- 
sique,  named  Anacoana,  highly  rct«pected  by  the  natives. 
She,  from  that  partial  t'jndness  with  which  the  women 
of  America  were  attached  to  the  Europeans  (the  cause 
of  which  shall  be  afterwards  explained),  had  always 
courted   the   friendship  nf  the  Spaniards,  nnd   loaded 


able  sum.  Vast  fortunes  were  created,  of  a  sudden, 
by  some.  Others  dissipated,  in  otttentntious  profusion, 
what  they  acquired  with  fai'tlity.  Dazzled  by  both, 
new  adventurers  crowded  to  America,  with  tlie  most 
eager  impatience,  to  share  in  those  treasures  which  had 
enriched  their  countrymen  ;  and,  notwithstanding  the 
mortality  occasioned  by  the  unhcuUhiness  of  the  climate, 
the  colony  continued  to  increase. 

Ovando  governed  the   Spaniards  with  wisdom  and 


them  with  benefits.  But  some  of  the  adherents  of  1  justice  not  mferior  to  rhe  rigor  with  which  be  treated 
Holdan  having  settled  in  her  conn(r)',  were  so  much  j  the  Indians.  He  established  ccpial  laws  ;  and.  by  ex- 
exasperated  at  her  endeavoring  tu  restrain  their   ex-  |  eculing  them  with  impartiality,  accustomed  the  people 


cesses,  that  they  accused  her  ol  having  formed  a  plan 
to  tlirow  otf  the  yoke,  aiid  to  exterminate  the  Spaniards. 
Ovando,  thougli  he  knew  well  what  little  credit  was 
due  to  such  prolligate  men,  marclted,  Without  further 
inquiry,  towards  Xaragua,  with  three  hundred  foot  and 
seventy  horsemen.  To  prevent  the  Indians  from  taking 
alarm  at  this  hostile  appearance,  he  gave  out  that  his  sole 
intention  was  to  visit  Anacoana,  to  whom  his  country- 
men had  been  so  much  indebted,  in  the  most  rc-tpect- 
ful  manner,  and  to  regulate  with  her  the  mode  of  levy 


ofthecolony  to  reverence  them.  He  founded  sevenj  new 
towns  in  ditl'erent  parts  nf  tbeisland,and  uUuied  inhabit- 
ants to  them  by  the  concession  of  various  inununities. 
Heendeavorcd  to  turn  the  attention  of  the  Spaniards  to 
some  brancliofindustrsmore  useful  than  that  of  searching 
for  gold  in  the  mines.  Some  slips  of  the  sugarcane  having 
been  brought  from  the  Canary  islands  by  way  of  experi- 
ment, they  were  found  to  thrive  with  such  increase  in  the 
rich  soil  and  warm  cilmatc  to  which  they  were  trans- 
planted, that  the  cultivation  of  them  soon  became  an 


ing  the  tribute  payable  to  the  king  of  Spain.     Anaco-  j  object  of  commerce.     Extensive  plantations  were  be 


ana,  in  order  to  receive  this  illustrious  guest,  with  due 
honor,  assembled  the  principal  men  in  her  dominions, 
to  the  number  of  three  hundred  ;  and  advancing  at  the 
head  of  these,  accompanied  by  a  great  crowd  of  per- 
sons of  inferior  rank,  she  welcomed  Ovando  with 
songs  and  dances,  according  to  the  mode  of  the 
country,  and  conducted  him  to  the  place  of  her  resi- 
dence. There  he  was  feasted  for  some  days,  with  all 
the  kindness  of  simple  hospitality,  and  amused  with 
the  games  and  spectacles  usual  among  the  Americans 
\ipon  occasions  of  mirth  and  festivity,  liut  amidst  tlic 
security  winch  this  inspired,  Ovanoo  was  meditating 
the  destruction  of  his  unsuspicious  entertainer  and  her 
suUjrcts  ;  and  the  mean  pertldy  with  which  he  cx- 
eculi'd  this  scheme,  equalled  iiis  barbarity  in  forming 
it.  Cnder  color  of  exiubiting  to  the  Indians  the  pa- 
rade of  a  Kuropean  tournament,  he  advanced  with  his 
troops,  in  battle  array,  towards  the  house  in  which 
Anucoar^a  and  the  clnefs  who  attended  her  were  as- 
sembled. The  infantry  took  possession  of  all  the 
avenues  which  led  to  the  village.  The  horsemen  cn- 
co'upassed  tlie  house.  These  movements  were  the  object 
of  admiration,  without  any  mixture  of  fear,  until,  upon 
a  signal  which  had  been  concerted,  the  Spaniards  sud- 
denly drew  their  swords,  and  rushed  upon  the  Indians, 
defenceless,  and  astonished  at  an  act  of  treachery 
which  exceeded  the  conception  ol  uudcsigning  men. 
In  a  moment  Anacoana  was  secured.  All  her  attend- 
ants were  seized  and  bound.  Fire  was  set  to  the 
house  ;  and  without  examination  or  conviction,  all  these 
unhappy  persons,  tiie  most  illustrious  in  their  own 
country,  were  consumed  in  the  Haines.  Anacoana 
was  reserved  for  a  more  ignominious  fate.  She  was 
carried  in  chains  to  St.  Domingo,  and,  after  the  for- 
mality of  a  trial  before  Spanish  judges,  she  was  con- 
demned, upon  tlie  evidence  of  those  very  men  who  had 
betrayeti  her,  to  be  punlicly  hanged. 

Overawed  and  humbled  by  tins  atrocious  treatment 
of  their  princes  and  nobles,  who  were  objects  of  tlieir 
highest  reverence,  the  people  in  all  the  provinces  of 
Hispaniola  submitted,  willioul  further  resistance  to  the 
Spanish  yoke.  Ujton  the  death  of  Isabella  all  the  re- 
gulations tending  to  mitigate  the  rigor  of  their  servi- 
tude were  forgotten.  Tlie  small  gratuity  paid  to  them 
as  the  price  of  their  labor  was  withdrawn,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  tasks  imposed  upon  them  were  increaseil 
[loOBJ.  Ovando,  without  any  restraint,  distributed 
Indians  among  his  friends  in  ibe  island.  Ferdinand, 
to  whom  the  queen  had  left  by  will  one-half  of  the  re- 
venue arising  from  the  settlements  in  the  New  World, 
conlerred  grants  of  a  similar  nature  upon  his  courtiers, 
as  the  least  e.^pensivc  mode  of  rewarding  their  ser- 
vices. They  farmed  out  the  Indians,  of  wiiom  they 
were  rendered  proprietors,  to  their  countrymen  set- 
tled in  His|)aniola  ;  and  that  wretched  people,  beuig 
compelled  to  labor  in  order  to  satisfy  the  rapacity  of 
both,  the  exactions  of  their  oppressors  no  longer  knew 
tny  bounds.  But,  barbarous  as  their  policy  was,  and 
fatal  to  the  inhabitants  of  Hispaniola,  it  produced,  for 
some  limi?,  very  considerable  ellects.  By  calling  forth 
the  force  of  a  whole  nation,  and  exerting  itself  m  one 


gun  ;  Bugarworks,  which  the  Spaniards  called  i«;'-f7»05, 
from  the  various  machinery  employed  in  them,  were 
erected,  and  in  a  few  years  the  manufacture  of  this 
commodity  was  the  great  occupation  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Hispaniola,  and  the  most  considerable  source  of  their 
weal'h. 

The  prudent  endeavors  of  Ovando,  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  the  colony,  were  powerfully  seconded  by 
Ferdinand.  The  large  remittances  which  he  received 
from  the  New  World  opened  his  eyes,  at  length,  with 
respect  to  the  importance  of  tliese  discoveries,  which 
he  had  hitherto  alfected  to  undcn'alue.  Fortune,  and 
his  own  address,  having  now  extricated  him  out  of 
those  dirtiultica  in  which  he  had  been  involved  by  the 
death  of  his  queen  [1507],  and  by  his  disputes  with  his 
son-in-law  about  the  government  of  her  dominions,  he 
had  full  leisure  to  turn  his  attention  to  the  affairs  of 
America.  To  his  provident  sagacity  Spain  is  indebted 
for  many  of  those  regulations  which  gradually  formed 
that  system  of  profound  but  jealous  policy,  by  which 
she  governs  her  dominions  in  the  New  World.  He 
creeled  a  court  distinguished  by  the  title  of  Casa  de 
Contratarion,  or  Board  of  Trade,  composed  of  persons 
eminent  for  rank  and  abilities,  to  whom  he  committed 
the  administration  of  American  atVairs.  This  board  as- 
sembled regularly  in  Seville,  and  was  invested  with  a  dis- 
tinct and  extensive  jurisdiction.  He  gave  a  regular  form 
toeeelesiastical  government  in  America,  by  nominating 
archbishops,  bibhops,  deans,  together  with  clergymen 
of  subordinate  ranks,  to  take  charge  of  the  Spaniards  es- 
tablished there,  as  well  as  of  the  natives  who  should  em- 
l)race  the  Christian  faith,  but  notwithstanding  llie  obse- 
quious devotion  of  the  Spanish  court  to  the  papal  sec, 
such  was  Ferdinands'  solicitude  to  prevent  any  foreign 
power  from  cl-'iming  jurisdiction,  or  acquiring  influ- 
ence, in  his  new  dominions,  that  he  reserved  to  tlie 
crown  of  Spain  the  sole  right  of  patronage  to  the  bene- 
fices in  America,  and  stipulated  that  no  papal  bull  or 
mandate  should  bo  promulgated  there  until  it  was  pre- 
viously examined  and  approved  of  by  his  council.  With 
the  same  spirit  of  jealousy,  he  prohibited  any  goods  to 
be  exported  to  America,  or  any  person  to  settle  there 
without  a  special  license  from  that  council. 

But,  notwithstanding  tliis  attention  to  the  police  and 
welfare  of  the  colony,  a  calamity  impended  which 
threatene<l  its  dissolution.  The  original  inhabitants, 
on  whose  labor  the  Spaniards  in  Hispaniola  depended 
for  their  prosperity,  and  even  their  e.vistcnce,  wasted  so 
fast  that  the  extinction  of  the  wliole  race  seemed  to  be 
inevitable.  When  ('olumbus  discovered  Hispaniola. 
the  number  of  it^  inhabitants  was  computed  to  be  at 
least  a  million.  Thev  were  now  reduced  to  sixty  thou- 
sand in  tlie  space  of  fifteen  years.  This  consumption 
of  the  human  species,  no  less  amazing  than  rapid,  was 
the  ellect  of  sevcrbl  concurring  cau.scs.  The  natives  of 
the  American  islands  were  of  a  more  feeble  constitu- 
tion tlian  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  hemisphere.  They 
could  neither  perform  the  same  work  nor  endure  the 
same  fatigue  with  men  whose  organs  were  of  a  more 
vigorous  conformation.  The  listless  indolence  in  which 
they  deliiihtcd  to  pass  their  days,  as  it  was  the  effect  of 


direction,  the  working  of  the  mines  was  carried  on  with  j  their  debility,  contributed  likewise  to  increase  it,  and 


Rjn:i/ing  rapidity  find  success.  During  several  years 
the  gold  brought  into  the  royal  smelting-houses  in  His- 
paniola  amounted  annually  to  four  hundred  and  sixty 
titousand  pesos,  above  a  luindred  thousand  pounds  ster- 
ling ;  whirh,  if  we  attend  to  the  great  change  in  the 
value  of  money  since  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
eoutury  to  Uie  present  times,  must  appear  a  consider- 


rendercd  them  from  habit,  as  well  as  constitution,  inca 
pable  of  hard  labor.  The  food  on  which  they  subsisted 
atibrded  little  nourishment,  and  they  were  accustomed 
to  take  it  in  small  quantities,  not  suliicieiit  to  inviiiorate 
a  languid  frame,  and  rerider  it  eipial  to  the  efforts  of 
active  industry.  The  Spaniard.^,  without  attending  to 
those  peculiarities  in  the  constitution  of  the  Americans 


imposed  tasks  upon  then*  which,  thouph  not  grwitcr 
than  Europeans  might  have  performed  with  case,  woie 
so  dispropnrtioned  to  their  atreni^th,  that  irtany  sun^i 
under  the  fatigue,  and  ended  tlieir  wretched  days. 
Others,  prompted  by  impatience  and  dt  t-pair,  cut  t*hort 
their  own  lives  with  a  violent  hand.  Famine,  brought 
on  by  compelling  such  numbers  to  abandon  the  culture 
of  their  lands,  in  order  to  labor  in  the  mines,  proved 
fatal  to  many.  Diseases  of  various  kinds,  some  occa* 
sioned  by  the  hardships  to  which  they  were  exposed, 
and  others  by  their  intercourse  with  the  Europeans, 
who  communicated  to  them  some  of  their  peculiar  ma- 
ladies, completed  the  desolation  of  the  island.  'I'lio 
Spaniards,  being  thus  deprived  of  the  instniments  which 
they  were  accustomed  to  employ,  found  it  impossible 
to  extend  their  improvements,  or  even  to  (arry  on  the 
works  which  they  had  already  begun  [l.'iOSy  In  order 
to  provide  an  immediate  remedy  for  an  evd  s"  alarm- 
ing, Ovundo  proposed  to  transport  the  in.ttioitants  of 
the  liUcayo  islands  ti  Hispaniola,  under  pretence  that 
they  might  be  civilized  with  more  facility,  and  instruct- 
ed to  greater  advantage  in  the  Christian  religion,  if  they 
were  united  to  the  Spanish  colony,  and  placed  under  the 
immediate  inspection  of  the  missionaries  settled  there. 
Ferdinand,  deceived  by  this  artifice,  or  willing  to  con- 
nive at  an  act  of  violence  which  policy  rej)resenled  as 
necessary,  gave  his  assent  to  the  proposal.  Several 
vessels  were  fitted  out  for  the  Lucayos.  the  conmian- 
ders  of  which  informed  the  natives,  with  whose  lan- 
guage they  were  now  well  acquainted,  that  they  camo 
from  a  delicious  country,  in  which  the  departed  ances- 
tors of  the  Indians  resided,  by  whom  they  were  sent  to 
invite  their  descendants  to  resort  thither,  to  partake  of 
the  bliss  enjoyed  there  by  happy  spirits.  That  sunplo 
people  listened  with  wonder  and  credulity ;  and,  fond 
of  visiting  their  relations  and  friends  in  that  happy  re- 
gion, followed  the  Spaniards  with  e..  ;erness.  By  this 
artifice  above  forty  thousand  were  decoyed  into  His- 
paniola, to  share  in  the  sutlcrings  which  were  the  lot  of 
the  inhabitants  of  that  island,  and  to  mingle  their  groans 
and  tears  with  those  of  that  wretched  race  of  men. 

The  Spaniards  had,  for  some  time,  carried  on  their 
operations  in  the  mines  of  Hispaniola  with  such  ardor 
as  well  as  success,  that  these  seemed  to  have  en- 
grossed their  whole  attention.  The  spirit  of  discovery 
languished  ;  and,  since  the  last  voyage  of  Columbus, 
no  enter{)risc  of  any  moment  had  been  undertaken. 
But  as  the  decrease  of  the  Indians  rendered  it  imposr-i- 
ble  to  acquire  wealth  in  that  island  with  the  Bimo 
rapidity  as  fonnerly,  this  urged  some  of  the  mare 
adventurous  Spaniards  to  search  for  new  countriea, 
where  their  avarice  might  be  gratified  with  more 
facdity.  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  who  commanded  undci 
Ovando  m  the  eastern  district  of  IIisi)aniola,  passed 
over  to  the  island  of  St.  Juan  de  Puerto  Uico,  which  Co- 
lumbus had  discovered  in  his  second  voyage,  and  pene- 
trated into  the  interior  part  of  the  country.  As  he 
found  the  soil  to  be  fertile,  and  expected,  from  some 
symptoms,  as  well  as  from  the  information  of  the  in- 
habitants, to  discover  mines  of  gold  in  the  mountains, 
Ovando  pennitted  him  to  attempt  making  a  settlement 
in  the  island.  This  was  easily  effected  by  an  otilcer 
eminent  for  conduct  nn  less  than  for  courage.  In  a 
few  years  Puerto  Kico  was  subjected  to  the  Spanish 
government,  the  natives  were  reduced  to  servitude  ; 
and  being  treated  with  the  same  inconsiderate  rigor 
as  their  neighbors  in  Hispaniola,  the  race  of  original 
itdiabitants,  worn  oat  with  fatigue  and  sufferings,  was 
soon  exterminated. 

About  the  same  time  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Vincent  Yanez  Pinzon,  one  of  Columbus's 
original  coiiqianions,  made  a  voyage  to  the  continent. 
Tlu  y  held  the  same  course  which  ('olumbus  had  taken 
as  far  as  ttie  island  of  Ouanaios  ;  but,  standing  from 
thence  to  the  west,  they  di.seovered  a  new  and  exten- 
sive province,  afterwards  known  by  the  name  of  V'uca- 
tan,  and  proceeded  a  considerable  way  along  the  coast 
of  that  country.  Though  nothing  memorable  occurred 
in  this  voyage,  it  deserves  notice,  because  it  led  to  dis- 
coveries  of  greater  importance.  For  the  same  reason 
the  vogage  of  Sebastian  de  Ocampo  must  be  men- 
tioned. By  the  command  of  Ovaftdo  he  sailed  round 
Cuba,  and  first  discovered  with  certainty,  that  this 
country,  which  Columbus  once  supposed  to  be  a  part 
of  the  coiitinent.  was  a  large  island. 

This  voyage  round  Cuba  was  one  of  the  last  occur- 
rences under  the  administration  of  Ovando.  Evei 
since  the  death  of  Columbus,  his  son,  Don  Diego,  had 
been  employed  in  soliciting  Ferdinand  to  grant  lum  the 
offices  of  viceroy  and  admiral  in  the  New  Wor  d,  to 
gether  with  all  the  other  immunities  and  profits  which 
descended  to  him  by  inhcriiurico,  in  consqucnce  of  tlie 


03 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   OF 


otigiiul  capitulttion  with  his  father.  But  if  these  I 
dignities  and  revenues  appeared  so  caiisidcrablo  to 
Ferdinand,  that,  at  the  expense  of  being  deemed  un- 
just as  well  as  ungrateful,  ho  had  wrested  them  from 
Cotumbus,  it  was  not  surprising  that  ho  shuutd  bo 
unwilling  to  confer  them  on  his  son,  Accordingly 
Dun  Uic^o  wasted  two  years  in  incessant  but  fruitless 
importunity.  Weary  of  this,  he  endeavored  at  length 
to  obtain  by  a  legal  sentenco  what  he  could  not  pro- 
cure from  the  favor  of  an  interested  monarch  Ho 
commenced  a  suit  against  Ferdinand  before  the  coun- 
cil which  managed  Indian  alfairs ;  and  that  court,  with 
integrity  which  reflects  honor  upon  its  proceedings, 
decided  against  tho  king,  and  sustained  I)on  Diego's 
claim  of  tho  viccroyalty,  together  with  all  the  other 
privileges  stipulated  in  tho  capitulation.  Even  after 
this  decree  Ferdinand's  repugnance  to  put  a  subject  in 
possession  of  such  extensive  rights  might  have  thrown 
in  new  obstacles,  if  Uon  Diego  had  not  taken  a  step 
which  interested  very  powerful  persons  in  tho  success 
of  his  claims.  The  sentence  of  the  council  of  tho 
Indies  gave  him  a  title  to  a  rank  so  elevated,  and  a 
fortune  so  opulent,  that  he  found  no  dilTiculty  in  con- 
cluding a  marriage  with  Donna  Maria,  daughter  of  Don 
Ferdinand  do  Toledo,  great  commendator  of  Leon, 
and  brother  of  tho  duke  of  Alva,  a  nobleman  of  the 
first  rank,  and  nearly  related  to  the  king.  The  duke 
and  his  family  espoused  so  warmly  the  cause  of  their 
new  ally,  that  Ferdinand  could  not  resist  their  solicita- 
tions [1509].  Ho  recalled  Uvando,  and  appointed 
Don  Diego  his  successor,  though  even  in  conferring 
this  favor  he  could  not  conceal  his  jealousy  ;  for  he 
allowed  him  to  assume  only  the  title  of  governor,  not 
that  of  viceroy,  which  had  boon  adjudged  to  belong 
to  him. 

Don  Diego  quickly  repaired  to  Hispaniola,  attended 
by  his  brother,  his  uncles,  his  wife,  whom  the  courtesy 
of  the  Spaniards  honored  with  tho  title  of  vice-queen, 
and  a  nrmerous  retinue  of  persons  of  both  sexes  born 
of  good  families.  He  lived  with  a  splendor  and  mag- 
nificence hitherto  unknown  in  tho  New  World ;  and 
the  family  of  Columbus  secmea  now  to  enjoy  the  honors 
and  rewards  due  to  his  inventive  genius,  of  which  he 
himself  had  been  cruelly  defrauded.  The  colony  itself 
acquired  new  lustre  by  the  accession  of  so  many  in- 
habitants, of  a  dilTerent  rank  and  character  from  most 
of  those  who  had  hitherto  migrated  to  America,  and 
many  of  the  most  illustrious  families  in  the  Spanish 
settlements  are  descended  from  the  persons  who  at 
that  time  accompanied  Don  Dicgo  C^olumbus. 

No  benefits  accrued  to  the  unhappy  natives  from 
this  change  of  governors.  Don  Diego  was  not  only 
authorized  by  a  royal  edict  to  continue  the  rcparti- 
mientos,  or  distribution  of  [iidians,  but  the  particular 
number  which  lie  might  grant  to  every  person,  accord- 
ing to  his  rank  in  the  colony,  was  spcciticd.  He 
availed  himself  of  that  permission ;  and  soon  after  he 
landed  at  St.  Domingo,  he  divided  such  Indians  as 
were  still  unappropriated,  among  his  relations  and 
attendants. 

The  next  care  of  the  new  govemer  was  to  comply 
with  an  instruction  which  he  received  from  the  king, 
about  settling  a  colony  in  Cubagua,  a  small  island 
which  Columbus  had  discovered  in  his  third  voyage. 
Though  this  barren  spot  hardly  yiehled  subsistence  to 
its  wretched  inhabitants,  such  quantities  of  those  oys- 
ters which  produce  pearls  were  found  on  its  coast,  that 
tt  did  not  long  escape  the  inquisitive  avarice  of  the 
Spaniards,  and  became  a  place  of  considerable  resort. 
X^arge  fortunes  were  acquired  by  the  fishery  of  pearls, 
which  was  carried  on  with  extraordinary  ardor.  The 
Indians,  especially  those  from  the  Lucayo  islands,  were 
compelled  to  dive  for  them  ;  and  this  dangerous  and 
unhealthy  employment  was  an  additional  calamity 
which  contributed  not  a  little  to  the  extinction  of 
that  devoted  race. 

About  this  period,  Juan  Diaz  de  Soils  and  Pinzon 
set  out,  in  conjunction,  upon  a  second  voyage.  They 
Mtood  directly  south,  towards  the  e(piinoctial  line, 
which  Pinzoii  had  formerly  crossed,  and  advanced  as 
far  as  the  fortieth  degree  of  southern  latitude.  They 
were  astonished  to  find  that  the  continent  of  America 
str'jtchtd  on  their  right  hand  through  all  this  vast  ex- 
tent ot  ocean.  They  landed  in  dififerent  places,  to 
take  possession  in  name  of  their  sovereign  ;  but  though 
the  country  appeared  to  be  extremely  fertile  and  in- 
viting, their  force  was  so  small,  having  been  fitted  out 
rather  for  discovery  than  making  settlements,  that  they 
left  no  colony  behind  them.  Their  voyage  served, 
however,  to  give  tho  Spaniards  more  exalted  and 
a<4equate  ideas  with  respect  tb  the  dimensions  of  this 
new  quarter  of  the  globe. 


Though  it  was  about  ten  years  since  Columbus  had 
discovered  the  main  land  of  America,  the  Spaniards 
had  hitherto  made  no  settlement  in  any  part  of  it 
What  had  been  so  long  neglected  was  now  seriously 
attempted,  and  with  consnicrablo  vigor;  though  the 
plan  for  this  purpose  was  neither  formed  by  the  crown, 
nor  executed  at  the  expense  of  the  nation,  but  carried 
on  by  the  enterprising  spirit  of  private  adventurers. 
Tho  scheme  took  its  rise  from  Alonso  do  Ojeda,  who 
had  already  made  two  voyages  as  a  discoverer,  by 
which  he  aciiulrcd  considerable  reputation,  but  no 
wealth.  Uut  liis  character  for  intrepidity  and  conduct 
easily  procured  liim  associates,  who  advanced  the 
money  requisite  to  defray  the  charges  of  the  expe- 
dition. About  tho  same  time,  Diego  do  N'icucssa,  who 
had  acquired  a  large  fortune  in  Hispaniola,  formed  a 
similar  design.  Ferdinand  encouraged  both ;  and 
though  he  refused  to  advance  'he  smallest  sum,  he 
was  extremely  liberal  of  titles  and  patents.  Me  erected 
two  governments  on  the  continent,  one  extending  from 
Cape  do  Vela  to  the  Gulf  of  Daricn,  and  the  other  from 
that  to  Capo  Gracias  a  Dios.  The  foriiur  was  given  to 
Ojeda,  the  latter  to  Nicuessa.  Ojeda  fitted  out  a  ship 
and  two  brigantines,  with  three  hundred  men  ;  Nicuessa 
six  vessels  with  seven  hundred  and  eighty  men.  They 
sailed  about  tho  same  tiino  from  St.  Domingo  for 
their  respective  governments.  In  order  to  give  their 
title  to  those  countries  sonio  appearance  of  validity, 
several  of  tho  most  eminent  divines  and  lawyers  in 
Spain  were  employed  to  prescribe  the  mode  in  which 
they  should  take  possession  of  them.  There  is 
not  in  the  history  of  mankind  any  thing  moro  sin- 
gular or  extravagant  than  the  form  which  they  devised 
for  this  purpose.  They  instructed  those  invaders,  as 
soon  as  they  landed  on  the  continent,  to  declare  to  the 
natives  the  principal  articles  of  the  Christian  faith ;  to 
acquaint  them  in  particular,  with  the  supreme  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Pope  over  all  the  kingdoms  of  tho  earth ; 
to  inform  them  of  the  grant  which  this  holy  pontitf  had 
made  of  their  country  to  the  king  of  Spain  ;  to  require 
lliein  to  embrace  the  doctrines  of  that  religion  which 
the  Spaniards  made  known  to  them  ;  and  to  submit  to 
tho  sovereign  whose  authority  they  proclaimed.  If 
the  natives  refused  to  comply  with  this  requisition,  the 
terms  of  which  must  have  been  utterly  incomprehen- 
sible to  uninstructed  Indians,  then  Ojeda  and  Nicuessa 
were  authorized  to  attack  them  with  fire  and  sword  ; 
to  reduce  them,  their  wives  and  i-hildren,  to  a  state  of 
servitude  ;  and  to  compel  thoiii  by  force  to  recognise 
the  jurisdiction  ot  the  church,  and  the  authority  of  the 
monarch,  to  which  they  would  not  voluntarily  subject 
them.«elves.  [23] 

As  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  could  not  at  once 
yield  assent  to  doctrines  too  refilled  for  their  uncul- 
tivated understandings,  and  explained  to  them  by  in- 
terpreters imperfectly  acquainted  with  their  lar.guage  ; 
as  they  did  not  conceive  how  a  foreign  priest,  cf  whom 
they  had  never  heard,  could  have  any  right  to  dispose 
of  their  country,  or  how  an  unknown  prince  should 
claim  jurisdiction  over  them  as  his  subjects  ;  they 
fiercely  opposed  the  new  invaders  of  their  territories. 
Ojeda  and  Nicuessa  endeavoured  to  elfect  by  force 
what  they  could  not  accomplish  by  persuasion.  The 
contemporary  writers  enter  into  a  very  minute  detail  in 
relating  their  transactions ;  but  as  they  made  no  dis- 
covery of  importance,  nor  established  any  permanent 
settlement,  their  adventures  arc  not  entitled  to  any 
considerable  place  in  the  general  history  of  a  period 
where  romantic  valor,  struggling  with  incredible  hard- 
ships, distinguishes  every  ellbrt  of  the  Spanish  arms 
Tliey  found  the  natives  in  those  countries  of  which 
they  went  to  assume  the  government,  to  be  of  a  cha- 
racter very  dilTereiit  from  that  of  their  countrymen  in 
the  islands.  Tlicy  were  free  and  warlike.  Tlieir  ar- 
rows were  dipped  in  a  poison  so  noxious,  that  every 
wound  was  followed  with  certain  death.  In  one  en- 
counter they  slew  above  seventy  of  Ojeda's  followers, 
and  the  Spaniards,  for  the  first  lime,  were  taught  to 
dread  the  inhabitants  of  the  New  World.  Nicuessa 
was  opposed  by  people  equally  resolute  in  defence  of 
their  possessions.  Nothing  could  soften  their  t'erocity. 
Though  tho  .Spaniards  employed  every  art  tp  soothe 
them,  and  to  gain  their  confiilencc,  they  refused  to  hold 
any  intercourse,  or  to  exchange  any  friendly  oflice, 
wilh  men  whose  residence  among  them  they  considered 
as  fatal  to  their  liberty  and  independence  [1510].  This 
implacable  enmity  of  the  natives,  though  it  rendered 
an  attempt  to  establish  a  settlement  in  their  co  ntry 
extremely  dilficiilt  as  well  as  dangerous,  might  have 
been  surmounted  at  length  by  the  perseverance  of  the 
Spaniards,  by  the  superiority  of  their  arms,  and  their 
I  skill  in  the  art  of  war.     Uut  every  disaster  which  can 


be  accumulated  upon  the  unfortunate  com'nincd  tocotlk- 
pleto  their  ruin.  The  less  of  their  ships  by  various 
accidents  upon  an  niikiiown  coast,  the  diseases  pe- 
culiar to  a  ctiniate  the  most  noxious  in  all  America, 
tho  want  of  provisionH  unavoidable  in  a  country  iin{>cr- 
fectly  cultivated,  dissension  among  themselves,  and  the 
incessant  hostilities  of  the  iiativis,  involved  them  in  a 
succession  of  calamities,  the  beat  recital  of  which 
strikes  one  with  horror.  Though  they  received  two 
considerable  reinforceinen's  from  llispaniola,  llio 
greater  part  of  those  who  had  engaged  in  this  unhappy 
expedition  perishcds  in  lesn  than  a  year,  in  the  most 
extreme  misery.  A  few  wiio  survived  settled  as  a 
feeblo  colony  at  .Santa  Maria  el  Antigua,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Daricn,  under  the  command  of  Vasco  Nngnez  de 
Balboa,  who,  in  tho  most  desperate  exigencies,  dis- 
played such  courage  and  conduct  as  first  gained  the 
confidence  of  his  countrymen,  and  marked  him  out  as 
their  leader  in  more  splendid  and  successful  under- 
takings. Nor  was  he  the  only  adventurer  in  this  ex- 
pedition who  will  appear  with  lustre  in  more  important 
scenes.  Francisco  Pizarro  was  one  of  Ojeda's  com- 
panions, and  in  this  school  of  adversity  acquired  or 
improved  tho  tleiits  which  fitted  him  for  the  extraor- 
dinarv  actions  which  ho  afterwards  performed.  Her- 
nan  Cortes,  whose  name  became  still  more  famous, 
had  likewise  engaged  early  in  this  enterprise,  which 
roused  all  the  active  youth  of  Hispaniola  to  arms  ;  but 
tho  good  fortune  that  accompanied  him  in  his  subse- 
quent adventures  interposed  to  s.ivc  him  from  the  dis- 
asters to  which  his  companions  were  exiiosed.  He 
was  taken  ill  at  St.  Domingo  before  the  departure  of 
tho  fleet,  and  detained  there  by  a  tedious  indisposition. 
Notwithstanding  tho  unfortunate  issue  of  this  expe- 
dition, the  Spaniards  were  not  di ,.  red  from  engaging 
in  new  schemes  of  a  similar  nature.  When  wealth  is 
acquired  gradually  by  the  perserving  hand  of  industry, 
or  accumulated  by  the  slow  operations  of  regular  com- 
merce, the  means  emjiloyed  are  so  proportioned  to  tho 
end  attained,  that  there  is  nothing  to  strike  the  imagi- 
nation, and  little  to  urge  on  the  active  powers  of  the 
mind  to  uncommon  ellbrts.  But  when  largo  fortunes 
were  created  almost  instantaneously  ;  when  gold  and 
pearls  were  procured  in  exchange  for  baubles  ;  when 
tho  countries  which  produced  these  rich  commodities, 
defended  only  by  naked  savages,  might  be  seized  by 
the  first  bold  invader  ;  objocts  so  singular  and  alluring 
roused  a  wonderful  spirit  of  enterpiise  among  tlio 
Spaniards,  who  rushed  with  ardor  into  this  rc'.v  na'h 
that  was  opened  to  wep.lth  and  distinctior .  W  bile 
this  spirit  continued  warm  and  vigorous,  every  attempt 
either  towards  discovery  or  conquest  was  applauded, 
and  adventurers  engaged  in  it  with  emulation.  Tho 
passion  for  new  undertukings,  which  characterizes  the 
age  of  discovery  in  the  latter  [wrt  of  the  fifteenth  and 
beginniiiff  of  the  sixteenth  century,  would  alone  have 
been  suthcient  to  prevent  the  Spaniards  from  stopping 
short  in  their  career.  But  circumstances  peculiar  to 
Hispaniola,  at  this  juncture,  concurred  with  it  in  ex- 
tending their  navigation  and  conquests.  I'he  rigorous 
treatment  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  island  having  al- 
most extirpated  tho  race,  many  of  the  Spanish  plant- 
ers, PS  I  have  alrcaily  observed,  finding  it  imposjible 
to  carry  on  their  works  with  the  same  vigor  and  profit, 
were  obliged  to  look  out  for  settlements  in  some  coun- 
try where  people  were  not  yet  wasted  by  oppression 
Others,  with  the  inconsiderate  levity  natural  to  men 
upon  whom  wealth  pours  in  with  a  sudden  (low,  had 
squandered  in  thoughtless  prodigality  what  they  ac  ■ 
quired  with  ease,  and  were  driven  by  necessity  to  em 
bark  in  the  most  desjicrate  schemes,  in  order  to  re- 
trieve their  atfairs.  From  all  these  causes,  when  Don 
Diego  Columbus  proposed  [1511]  to  coiiijiier  the  island 
of  Cuba,  and  to  estat'"..sh  a  colony  there,  many  persons 
of  chief  distinction  in  Hispaniola  engaged  with  ala 
crity  in  the  inoase  He  gave  the  command  of  the 

troops  destined  .^r  that  service  to  Diego  \'alasqiiez, 
one  of  his  father's  companions  in  his  second  voyage, 
and  who,  having  been  long  settled  in  Hispaniola,  had 
acquired  an  ample  fortune,  with  such  reputation  for 
probity  and  prudence,  that  ho  seemed  to  be  well  quali- 
fied for  conducting  an  L'.vjiedilion  of  importance.  Three 
hundred  men  were  deemed  siiflicient  for  the  con(]uest 
of  an  island  of  above  seven  hundred  miles  in  lenglh. 
and  filled  with  inhabitants.  But  tney  were  cf  tho 
same  unwarlike  character  wilh  the  people  of  Hispa- 
niola. They  were  not  only  intimidated  by  the  appear- 
ance of  their  new  enemies,  tmt  tinpn-parrd  lo  resist 
them.  For  tliough,  from  the  lime  tiiat  the  Spania^ls 
took  possession  of  tho  Svljacent  island,  there  wad 
reason  to  expect  a  descent  on  their  territories,  none 
of  ttie   small  communities  into  which  Cuba  was  di 


i. 


SOUTH   AMRUICA- 


m 


comi- 

sion 

men 

had 

ley  ac  ■ 

10  cut 

to  TV- 

n  Don 

iMund 
rsona 
th   dla 

of  tho 
isi^uez, 

ova(;e, 
I.  h:i(l 

on  for 
i^iiali- 
I'hrt'o 

nqiipsl 
nijth. 

of  tiio 

iiapii- 

[)]}rar- 
rrsist 
riiartl^ 

nona 
as  di 


Tided,  had  citlicr  nmilc  any  proviHiun  fur  iU  own  de- 
fence, or  hnd  formed  iiriy  concert  for  tlu^ir  eoninion 
safety.  The  only  obnlruriion  tlie  Spaniardi  met  with 
waH  from  Hatuey,  u  c.i/i(|ite,  who  had  lied  from  tliH- 
paniola,  and  iiad  taken  iHisiession  of  the  e.i^^lern  rxtre- 
mily  of  Cuba.  He  wtoocl  npon  the  defensive  at  their  t'lttl 
landing,  and  endeavored  to  drivo  thcin  back  to  iheir 
slnix).  HiH  feeble  troops,  however,  were  soon  broken 
ann  diHperHed  ;  tind  ht;  Itirnself  behiir  taken  prisoner. 
Velasquez,  uccordm^r  lo  iho  barbarons  maxim  of  ihe 
Spaniards,  conttidered  liim  as  a  hUvu  wiio  hud  taken 
sniia  against  Ids  master,  and  condemned  hmi  to  the 
flames.  When  Uatuey  was  fastened  to  the  stake,  a 
Franciscan  friar^  laburuijr  to  convc^rt  him,  promised 
hiiu  immediate  admittance  into  the  joys  of  heaven,  if 
be  would  embrace  tlie  Christian  faith.  "  Are  there 
«ny  Spaniards,"  «ays  he,  after  some  pause,  "  in  lliat 
region  of  bliss  which  you  deHcribe  ' — "  Yes,"  replied 
tho  monk,  *'  but  only  such  as  arc  rturihy  and  good." 
**  Tho  best  of  them,'  relumed  tlic  indignant  cazipie, 
*'  have  neither  worth  norgoodnf^is  ;  I  will  not  go  to  a 
place  where  I  niay  meet  with  one  of  thai  accursed 
race."  This  dreadful  example  of  vengeance  struck 
tho  people  of  Cuba  with  such  terror  that  lliey  scarcely 
gave  any  opposition  to  the  progress  of  tlieir  invaders  ; 
and  Velasquez,  without  the  loss  of  a  man,  annexed 
this  cxteiisivo  and  fertile  island  to  the  Spanish  mo- 
narchy, 

Tho  facility  with  wliich  this  important  conquest  was 
completed  served  as  an  incitement  to  other  undertak- 
ings. Juan  Ponco  do  hcon,  having  acquired  both  fame 
and  wealth  by  the  reduction  of  Puerto  Hico,  was  im- 
patient to  engage  in  some  new  enterprise.  He  fitted 
out  three  ships  at  his  own  expense,  for  a  voyai^e  of  disco- 
very [1512J,  and  his  reputation  soon  drew  together  a 
respectable  body  of  followers.  He  directed  his  course 
towards  the  Lucayo  islands ;  and  .ifter  touching  at  se- 
veral of  them,  as  well  as  of  the  lialiama  isles,  ho  stood 
to  the  south-west,  and  discovered  a  country  hitherto 
unknown  to  the  Spaniards,  which  he  called  Florida, 
cither  because  he  fell  in  with  it  on  Pabn  Sunday,  or  on 
account  of  its  gay  and  beautiful  appearance  He  at- 
tempted to  land  in  ditfcrent  places,  but  met  with  such 
vigorous  opposition  from  the  natives,  who  were  fierce 
and  wurliko,  as  convinced  him  that  an  increase  of  force 
vas  requisite  to  elfect  a  settlement.  Satisfied  with 
having  opened  a  communication  with  a  new  country,  of 
wliose  value  and  importance  he  conceived  very  san- 
guine hopes,  he  returned  to  Puerto  Rico  ihrouiih  tlie 
channel  now  known  by  tlic  name  of  the  Gulf  of  I'lorida. 

It  was  not  merely  the  jiassion  of  searching  for  new 
countries  that  prompted  Ponce  do  Leon  to  undertake 
this  voyage  ;  he  was  influenced  by  one  of  those  vision- 
ary ideas,  which  at  that  time  often  mingled  with  the 
spirit  of  discovery,  and  rendered  it  more  active.     A 
tradition  prevaihd  among  the  natives  of  Puerto  Kico, 
that  in  the  isle  of  Uimini,  one  of  the  Lucayos,  tlicre 
was  a  fountain  of  such  wonderful  virtue  as  to  renew 
the   youth  and   recall  the  vigor  of  every  person  who 
bathed  in  its  salutary  waters.     In  hopes  of  finding  this 
grand  restorative.  Ponce  de  Leon  and  his   followers 
ranged  through  tho  islands,  scarcliing  with  fruitless  so- 
licitude and  labor  for  the  fountain  which  was  the  ciuef 
object  of  their  expedition.     That  a  tale   so  fabulous 
should  gain  credit  among  simple  and  uninstructcd   In- 
dians is  not  surprising.     That  it  sliould  make  any  im- 
pression upon  an  enlightened   people  appears  in  the 
present  age  altogether  incredible.     The  fact,  however, 
18  certain  ;  and  the  most  authentic  Spanish  iiistorians 
mention  this  extravagant  sally  of  their  credulous  coun- 
trymen.    The  Spaniards  at  that  period  wero  engaged 
in  a  career  of  activity  which  gave  a  romantic  turn  to 
their  imagination,  and  daily  ])respntcd  to  them  strange 
and  marvellous  objects.     A  New  World  was  opened  to 
their  view.     They  visited  islands  and  continents,  of 
whose  existence  mankind  in  former  ages  had  no  con- 
ception.    In  (hose  delightful  countries  nature  seemed 
to  assume  another  form  :  every  tree  and  plant  and  ani- 
mal was  diirerent  from  those  of  the  ancient  hemisphere. 
Tney  seemed  to  bo  transported  into  enchanted  ground; 
and  after  the  wonders  which  they  had  seen,  nothing,  in  tho 
warmth  and  novelty  of  their  admiration,  appeared  to 
them  80  extraordinary  as  to  ho  beyond  belief.     If  the 
rapid  succession  of  new  and  striking  scenes  made  such 
impression  even  upon  the  sound  understanding  of  Co- 
lumbus, that  he  boasted  of  having  found  the  scat  of 
Ptiradisc,  it  will  not  appear  strange  that  Ponc^  do  Leon 
should  dream  of  discovering  the  fountain  of  youth. 

Soon  after  the  expedition  to  Florida,  a  discovery  of 
much  greater  importance  was  made  in  another  part  of 
America.  13alboa  having  been  rai.sed  to  tliu  govern- 
tnont  of  tho  small  colony  at  Santa  Maria  in  Darien,  by 


tho  voluntary  sulfrago  of  his  associates,  was  so  extreme- 
ly desirous  lu  obtain  from  the  crown  a  conlirmaliori  of 
tiiei;  election,  that  ho  despatched  one  of  his  otlicers  to 
Spain,  in  order  to  solicit  a  royal  cominissiun,  which 
miglit  invest  him  with  a  legal  title  to  the  Hupreine  coiu- 
mand.  (Junscious,  however,  that  he  cuuld  not  expect 
success  from  tlie  patronage  of  rerdinand's  miiimtcrs, 
with  whom  he  was  unconnected,  or  from  negoti.ittng  in 
1  court  lo  the  arts  of  which  he  was  a  strariiier,  he  en- 
deavored to  merit  the  dignity  lo  wliicli  he  aspired,  and 
aimed  ut  performing  some  signal  service  that  would 
secure  him  the  preference  to  every  competitor.  Kiill 
of  litis  idea,  he  made  frequent  inroads  into  the  adjacent 
country,  Mubducd  several  o\'  the  caziqiies.  and  collected 
a  considerable  quantity  of  gold,  which  aboundi.'d  more 
in  that  pan  of  the  continent  than  in  the  i.slands.  In 
one  of  those  excursions,  the  Spaniards  contiMided  with 
such  eagerness  about  the  division  of  some  <ro|d,  that 
they  were  at  the  point  of  proceeding  to  acts  of  violence 
against  one  anolluT.  A  youny  caziqtie  who  was  pre- 
sent, astonished  at  tho  hiL^i  value  which  they  set  upon 
a  lliinix  of  which  he  did  not  discern  th((  use,  luinbled 
the  gold  out  of  the  balunco  with  indignation  ;  and  turn- 
ing to  llie  Spjuiards,  *'  Why  do  you  quarrel  (says  he) 
about  such  a  tnlle  !  If  you  are  so  passionately  fond  of 
gold,  as  to  abandon  your  own  country,  and  to  disuirb 
the  tranquillity  of  tlmtant  nations  fur  its  sake,  I  will 
conduct  you  to  a  region  where  the  metal  which  seems 
to  bn  tlic  chief  objiMrt  of  your  ailmiration  and  desire  is 
so  common  that  the  meanest  utensils  are  formed  of  it." 
'I'ransported  with  what  they  heard,  Dalboa  and  bis  com- 
panions inquired  eagerly  where  this  happy  country  lay, 
and  Ikiw  they  might  arrive  at  it.  He  informed  them 
that  at  tho  distance  of  six  suns,  that  is,  of  six  days' 
journey,  towards  the  south,  tliev  should  di.scover  aiiotiier 
ocean,  near  to  which  this  wealthy  kin^dorn  was  situa- 
ted ;  hut  if  they  intended  to  attack  lliat  powerful  state, 
they  must  assemble  forces  far  superior  in  number  and 
strength  to  those  with  which  they  now  appeared. 

This  was  the  first  information  which  the  Spaniards 
received  concerninii  the  great  southern  oci-an,  or  the 
opulent  and  extensive  country  known  afterwards  by  Ihe 
name  of  Peru.  Halboa  had  now  belore  him  objects 
suited  to  his  boundless  ambition,  and  the  enterprisnig 
ardor  of  his  genius.  He  iinmedialely  concluded  \'U: 
ocean  which  tlie  cazique  meiilioiied,  to  be  that  for 
which  Columbus  had  searched  without  siii^ce.is  in  this 
part  of  America,  in  hopes  of  Ojiening  a  more  direct 
coiumunication  with  the  Ka^t  Indies ;  and  he  conjec- 
tured tliat  the  rich  territory  which  had  been  described 
to  iiim  inuat  be  part  of  that  vast  and  opulent  region  of 
the  earth.  Klatcd  with  the  idea  of  perforuung  what  so 
great  a  man  had  attempted  in  vain,  and  eaijer  to  accom- 
plish a  discovery  whicli  he  knew  would  be  no  less  ac- 
ceptablo  to  (he  king  than  henelicial  to  his  country,  he 
was  impatient  until  he  could  nvi  nut  upon  this  enter- 
prise, in  comparison  of  which  all  his  former  exploits  ap- 
peared inconsidcralilo.  Hut  previous  arrangement  and 
preparation  were  requisite  to  ensure  success.  Ho  be- 
gan with  courting  and  securing  the  friendship  of  the 
neighboring  caziipics.  He  sent  some  of  his  otlicers  to 
Hispaiiioia  with  a  large  quantity  of  gold,  as  a  proof  of 
his  past  success,  and  an  earnest  of  his  fu'ure  hopes. 
Uy  a  proper  distribution  of  this,  they  secured  the  favor 
of  the  governor,  and  allured  volunteers  into  the  service. 
.V  considerable  reinforcement  from  that  island  joined 
him,  and  he  thought  himself  in  a  condition  to  attempt 
the  discovery. 

The  isthmus  of  Darien  is  not  above  sixty  miles  in 
breadth;  but  (his  neck  of  land  which  binds  together 
tho  continentsofNortli  and  South  America,  is  strength- 
ened by  a  chain  of  lofty  inoiinlains  stretching  through 
its  wiwle  extent,  which  render  it  a  barrier  of  .solidity 
sulficient  to  resist  the  impulse  of  tw-o  opposite  oceans. 
The  mountains  are  covered  witli  forests  almost  inac- 
cessible. The  valleys  in  that  moist  climate  where  it 
rains  during  two-liiirds  of  the  year,  are  marshy,  and  so 
frequently  overHowcd  that  tho  inhabitants  tind  it  neces- 
sary, in  many  places,  to  build  their  houses  upon  trees, 
in  order  to  be  elevated  at  some  distance  from  the  damp 
soil,  and  tho  odious  reptiles  engendered  in  the  putrid 
waters.  Large  rivers  rush  down  with  an  impetuous 
current  from  tho  high  grounds.  In  a  region  thinly  in- 
habited by  wandennL'  savages,  the  hand  of  industry  had 
done  nothing  to  mit'gate  or  correct  tbo.-te  natural  disad- 
vantages. To  march  across  this  unexplored  country 
witli  no  other  guides  but  Indians,  whose  tidelity  could 


cuous  for  daring  courage  [l.'iUlJ.  Nor  was  bravery 
his  only  merit ;  ho  was  prudent  in  cunducl,  genernur,, 
alfablc,  and  possessed  of  those  popular  talents  which, 
in  the  most  desperate  undertakini;s,  inspirt^  confidenco 
and  secure  altachment,  Kven  after  (lie  junction  of  tho 
volunteers  from  Hispaniohi,  he  was  able  to  muj^ironly 
a  hundred  and  ninety  men  for  his  expedition,  liut 
they  were  hardy  veteraris,  inured  to  iho  climate  oi 
.America,  and  rendy  to  follow  htm  through  every  dan- 
ger. A  thousand  Indians  attended  them  to  carry  their 
provisions ;  and,  to  complete  their  warlike  array,  they 
took  with  them  several  of  those  licrcc  dogs,  which  wers 
no  less  fornudablo  than  destructive  lo  (heir  naked 
enemies. 

I.lathoa  set  out  upon  this  important  expedition  on  tho 
first  of  Seiiteinber,  about  the  time  that  the  periodical 
rains  lieijan  to  abate.  He  proceeded  by  sea,  and  with- 
out any  diiricully,  to  the  territories  of  a  cuzique  whoso 
frieiulsbip  lie  had  gained  ;  but  no  sooner  did  ho  begin 
to  advance  into  the  interior  part  of  i!ie  countr>',  than 
he  was  retanled  bv  every  obstacle,  which  he  had  reason 
to  apprehend,  from  the  nature  of  the  territory,  or  iho 
disposition  of  its  inhabitupl.s.  Some  of  the  caziipies, 
at  his  ajiproach,  fled  lo  the  mountains  with  all  their 
people,  and  carried  olf  or  destroyed  whatever  could 
alloid  v'ibsistence  to  his  troops.  Others  coUected 
iheir  subjects,  in  order  to  oppose  his  progress  ;  and  ho 
[uickly  perceived  what  an  arduous  undertuking  it  was 
to  conduct  such  a  body  nf  men  through  hostile  nations, 
across  .swamps,  and  rivers,  and  woods,  whirh  had  nevei 
been  pa.*sed  but  by  straizglini;  Indians,  IJiit  by  shar- 
ing in  every  hardship  with  the  meanest  soldier,  by  ap- 
pearini;  the  foremost  to  meet  every  danger,  by  prornis- 
nig  confidently  to  his  troops  the  enjoyment  of  honor  and 
riches  superior  to  what  had  been  attained  bv  the  most 
successful  of  their  couiilrynien,  he  inspired  them  with 
such  enthusiastic  resolution,  that  they  followed  him 
without  murmuring  Wlien  they  had  pei,etraled  a  good 
way  into  tho  mountains,  a  powerful  ca/.i(pie  appeared 
in  a  narrow  pass,  with  a  mmuroiis  bodyot  his  subjects, 
to  obstruct  their  progress.  IJut  men  who  had  sur- 
niountcd  so  nrmy  ob.starles,  despised  the  opposition  of 
*uch  feeble  enemies.  They  attacked  liiein  with  impe 
tuosity,  arid,  having  dispersed  them  vvith  much  ease 
and  great  slauuhter,  continued  their  march.  Though 
ttieir  guides  had  represented  the  breadth  of  the  ist^mua 
to  be  only  a  journey  of  six  days,  tliey  had  already  spent 
twenty-live  in  forcing  their  way  througii  the  woods  and 
mountains.  Many  of  them  were  ready  to  sink  'inder 
such  uninterrupted  f-itigue  ,n  that  sultry  climate,  s*  ve- 
nd were  taken  ill  of  ilu;  dysentery  and  other  di.--ea.sea 
frequent  in  that  coiintw,  and  all  became  impatient  lo 
reach  the  period  of  their  labors  anil  snirerings.  At  length 
the  Indians  assured  them,  that  from  the  top  of  the  next 
mountain  they  should  discover  the  ocean  which  wa.^  the 
object  of  their  wishes,  When,  with  infinite  toil,  they 
had  climed  up  the  L^reater  part  of  that  steep  ascent. 
Ilalboa  commanded  his  men  to  h.nll,  and  advanced 
alone  lo  the  suininit,  that  he  nii^rlit  be  the  first  who 
should  enjoy  a  .<!pec(acle  which  he  had  so  long  desired. 
As  soon  as  he  beheld  the  So.ith  Sea  sirrtcliiiig  in  end- 
less prospect  below  him,  lie  fdl  on  his  knees,  au'i.  lift- 
ing up  his  hands  to  heaven,  returmd  tlianks  to  t-iud, 
who  had  coudnctul  him  to  a  discovery  so  beneficial  lo 
his  country,  and  so  honorable  lo  himself  His  follow- 
ers, observing  Iris  transports  of  joy,  rushed  forward  to 
join  in  his  wonder,  exultation,  and  gratitude.  They 
held  on  their  course  to  the  shore  wiili  jireat  alacrity, 
when  IJ.illto.i,  advaiu'ini;  up  to  the  nnddle  in  the  waves 
with  bis  buckler  and  sword,  look  po.-^se.ssion  of  that 
ocean  in  the  name  <»f  the  kini»  his  master,  and  vowed 
to  defend  it  with  thi-se  arms,  against  all  his  enemies. 

That  part  of  the  L'reat  Pacific  or  Southern  ocean 
which  IJalbao  first  discovered,  still  retains  the  name  o( 
the  (lulf  of  Si.  Michael,  which  ho  gave  to  it.  and  is  si- 
tuated to  the  east  of  Panama.  From  several  of  the 
petty  princes,  who  jfoverned  in  the  districts  adjacent  to 
that  gulf,  ho  extorted  provisions  and  gold  by  force  ol 
arms,  t)thcrs  sent  them  lo  liim  voluntarily.  To  these 
acceptablo  presents,  some  of  the  caziques  added  a  con- 
sidcrabto  quantity  of  pearls  ;  and  he  learned  from  them, 
with  much  satisfaction,  that  pearl  oysters  abounded  in 
the  sea  which  he  had  newly  discovered. 

Together  with  tho  ac<niisition  of  this  wealth,  which 
served  to  sootho  and  encourage,  his  followt^rs.  he  re- 
ceived accounts  which  confirmed  his  sansuine  hopes  ol 
future  and  more  extensive  benefits  from  the  expedition 
be  little  trusted,  was,  on  all  those  accounts,  the  bold-  [  All  tho  people  on  the  coast  of  the  South  Sea  concurred 
est  enterjirise  on  which  thu  Spaniards  li.ul  bi'berto  in  informing  him  that  there  was  a  mighty  and  opulent 
ventured  in  the  New  World.  IJtil  the  intrepidity  of!  kingdom  situated  at  a  considerable  distance  towards 
Halboa  was  such  as  distinguished  him  among  his  coun-  the  soulli-east,  the  inhabitants  of  which  had  tame  uni 
tryiuoii,  at  a  period  when  every  adventurer  was  conspi- 1  mats  to  carry  Iheir  burdens.     In  order  to  give  thf  Spa- 


M 


HonEUTSON'S   1II8T0RY   OP 


nrnnin  iin  idea  of  tht'sr,  llu-y  drrw  tipori  the  wnntl  Uie 
Hf{iir«rof  tlin  IIiimaM  or  hliiTp,  nflrrvv.iniH  foiiiui  in  IVni, 
which  Ihn  iVrnvians  hiul  tiiii^ht  to  prrform  ttiicli  Hcrviccn 
ad  they  ili!8crihc(l.  As  the  lluiiiii  jti  il»  furiii  iii'arly  resciii- 
bled  a  cuiiicl,  n  tuM^l  of  biirdiii  (It'criud  pmih'ir  to 
\Biii,  tliiN  circuiiiAtaiice  in  conjunoriori  with  the  di.sco- 
vcry  of  tliu  pcurU,  utiother  iiutcil  proilmMioa  of  tli.it 
rountry  ;  Icndrd  to  confirm  the  Spaniards  ni  iheir  mis- 
lakrn  thi'ory  wiili  respect  to  tho  vicinity  of  tlio  New 
World  to  tho  Kast  Indies. 

Uut  tliou^h  the  iiifonnali'on  which  Dalhoa  rr^ceivcd 
fiom  the  people  on  the  roast,  as  well  as  ]m  own  con- 
jectures and  hopes,  rendered  him  extremely  impatient 
10  visit  this  unknown  conntrv,  his  prudence  restrained 
him  from  atlemptint;  to  invade  it  with  n  handful  of  men 
twlmustcd  by  fatigue  and  weakened  hy  diseases.  [21] 
Ho  determined  to  lead  back  his  followers,  at  present,  to 
thoir  settlement  of  Santa  Maria  in  Darien,  and  to  return 
next  season  with  a  force  more  adequate  to  such  an  ar- 
duous enterprise.  In  order  to  acquire  a  more  rxten- 
Bivc  knowledge  of  tlie  isthnnia,  he  marched  liaek  by  a 
different  route,  which  he  found  to  bo  no  less  dangerous 
and  ditlicutt  than  that  which  ho  had  formerly  taken 
Uut  to  men  elated  with  success,  and  animated  with 
hope,  nothing  is  insurrnountabio.  Uallioa  returned  to 
Sonta  Maria  [1514],  from  wliich  he  hud  been  absent 
four  montlis.  with  i^reatcr  glory  and  more  treasure  than 
tho  Spaniards  had  acquired  m  any  expedition  in  the 
New  World.  None  of  Dalhoa's  olficers  distinguished 
themselves  more  in  this  service  than  Francisco  Pizarro, 
or  assisted  witl,  greater  courage  and  ardor  in  opening  u 
communication  with  those  countries  in  which  tie  was 
destined  to  act  soon  a  more  illustrious  part. 

Balboa's  first  care  was  to  send  information  to  Spain 
of  the  important  discovery  which  ho  liad  made  ;  and  to 
demand  a  reinforcement  of  a  thousand  men,  in  order 
to  attempt  the  conquest  of  that  opulent  country  con- 
cerning which  lie  had  received  such  inviting  intelli- 
gence. The  first  account  of  tlie  discovery  of  the  New- 
World  hardly  occasioned  greater  joy  than  tho  unex- 
pected tidings  that  a  passage  was  at  lust  found  to  the 
great  southern  ocean.  The  communication  with  tlie 
East  Indies,  by  a  course  to  the  westward  of  the  line 
of  demarcation  drawn  hy  the  Pope,  seemed  now  to  he 
certain.  The  vast  wealth  which  fiowcd  into  Portugal, 
from  its  settlements  and  compiests  in  that  country, 
excited  the  envy  and  called  forth  the  emulation  of 
other  slates,  herdinand  hoped  now  to  come  in  for  a 
ehare  in  this  lucrative  commerce,  and,  in  his  eagerness 
to  obtain  it,  was  willing  to  make  an  effort  hevoud  what 
Ualboa  required.  But  even  in  this  exertion,  his  jealous 
policy,  as  well  as  the  fatal  antipathy  of  Konseca,  now 
nibhop  of  Burgos,  to  every  mpn  of  merit  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  New  World,  was  conspicu- 
ous. Njtwihslanding  Balboa't  recent  services,  which 
marked  him  out  as  the  nios*  proper  person  to  finish 
that  great  undertaking  which  he  had  begun,  Ferdinand 
was  so  ungenerous  as  to  overlook  these,  and  to  appoint 
Pedrarias  Davila  govenioi  of  Darien.  He  gave  him 
the  command  of  fifteen  stout  vessels  and  twelve  hun- 
dred soldiers.  These  were  fitted  out  at  tho  public 
expense,  with  a  liberality  which  Ferdinand  had  never 
displayed  in  any  former  armament  destined  for  tlie 
New  World ;  and  such  was  tlic  ardor  of  the  Spanisli 
gentlemen  to  follow  a  leader  who  was  about  to  con- 
duct them  to  a  "ountry  where,  as  fume  reported,  they 
had  only  to  throw  the.ir  nets  into  the  sea  and  draw  out 
gold,  that  fifteen  hundred  embarked  on  hoard  the  fieet, 
and,  if  they  had  not  been  restrained,  a  much  greater 
number  would  have  engaged  in  the  service. 

Pedrarias  reached  the  Ciulf  of  Darien  without  any 
remarkable  accident,  and  immediately  sent  some  of  his 
principal  officers  ashore  to  inform  Bilhoa  of  his  arrival, 
with  tho  king's  commission  to  be  governor  of  the 
colony.  To  their  astonishment,  they  found  Balboa,  of 
whose  great  exploits  they  had  heard  so  mucli,  and  of 
whose  opulence  they  hacl  formed  such  high  ideas,  clad 
in  a  canvass  jacket,  and  wearing  coarse  hempen  san- 
dals used  only  by  the  meanest  peasants,  emp-loyed, 
together  with  some  Indians,  in  thatching  his  own  hut 
with  reeds.  Even  in  this  simple  garb,  which  cor- 
responded so  ill  with  the  expectations  and  wishes  of 
his  new  guests.  Balboa  received  them  with  dignity. 
Tho  fame  of  his  discoveries  had  drawn  so  many  adven- 
turers from  the  islands,  that  he  could  now  muster  four 
hundred  and  fifty  men.  At  the  head  of  those  daring 
veterans,  he  was  more  than  a  match  for  tl;e  forces 
which  Pedrarias  brought  with  him.  But,  though  his 
troops  murmured  loudly  at  the  injustice  of  the  king  in 
superseding  their  commander,  and  complained  that 
strangers  would  now  reap  tho  fruits  of  their  toil  and 
lucccsd,  Balboa  submitted  with  implicit  obedience  to 


the  will  of  hm  Mivereign,  and  received  Pedrarias  with' 
all  the  deference  due  to  his  rlhinicter.  i 

Notwilhstandnig  this  nuMlir.ition,  to  whicl)  Pedrarias> 
owed  the  peaceable  posse.'^um  of  his  govenimtnt,  he, 
app(nnted  a  jmltcial  inquiry  to  be  made  into  Balboa's  i 
cniiduni,  while  under  tlie  eommand  of  Nieuessa,  audi 
iiiiposrd  a  eoiiKuIerablr  fiiu:  upon  him,  on  necouiit  of  ! 
the  irregularities  of  which  he  liad  then  been  guilty. 
Ballioa  felt  sensibly  the  mortification  t>f  being  fiuli- 
jeeled  to  trial  und  to  nuiiishtnent  in  a  place  where  he 
had  HO  lately  occupied  the  t\(K\  statioii.  Pedrarias 
could  nut  conceal  Ills  jealoMsy  of  his  superior  merit ; 
HO  that  the  resentment  of  llie  one  and  the  envy  of  the 
other  gave  rise  to  dissensions  extremely  dclninentul  to 
tlie  colony.  It  was  threatened  with  a  calamity  M\\\ 
more  fatal.  IV-dranas  bad  landed  in  Darien  at  a  most 
unlucky  time  of  the  year  [.July],  about  tho  middle  of 
the  rainy  season,  in  that  part  of  tho  torrid  /.one  where 
the  clouds  pour  down  such  torrents  as  are  unknown  in 
more  temperate  climates.  The  village  of  Santa  Maria 
was  seated  in  a  rich  plain,  environed  with  mar.'^heH  and 
woods.  The  constitution  of  Europeans  was  unable  to 
withstand  the  pestilential  influence  of  sueli  a  situation, 
in  a  climate  naturally  so  noxious,  and  at  a  Heason  so 
peculiarly  unhealthy.  A  violent  and  destructive  malady 
carried  off  many  of  the  soldiers  who  accoinpimed  Pe- 
drarias. An  extreme  scarcity  of  provision  augmented 
this  distress,  as  it  rendered  it  impossible  to  firitl  projier 
r*'freshinent  for  tho  sick,  or  the  necessary  susicnanre 
for  the  healthy.  In  the  Bp.ico  of  a  month,  above  six 
hundred  persons  perished  in  the  utmost  misery.  De- 
jection and  despair  sjiread  through  the  colony.  Many 
principal  persons  solicited  their  di.omission.  and  were 
glad  to  relinquish  all  their  hopes  of  wealth,  in  order  to 
escape  from  that  perniciou*  region.  Pedrarias  en- 
deavored to  divert  those  who  remained  from  brooding 
over  their  misfortunes,  by  finding  them  employment. 
With  this  view,  he  sent  several  detachments  into  the 
interior  parts  of  tho  country,  to  levy  gold  among  the 
natives,  and  to  search  for  the  mines  in  which  it  was 
produced.  Those  rapacious  adventurers,  more  atten- 
tive to  present  gain  than  to  the  means  of  facilitating 
their  future  progress,  plundered  without  distinction 
wherever  tlu7  marclied.  Hegardle.ss  of  the  alliances 
which  Balboa  had  made  with  several  of  the  eaziques. 
they  stripped  them  of  every  thing  valuable,  und  treated 
them,  as  well  as  their  subjects,  with  the  utmost  in.*iO- 
lence  and  cruelty.  By  their  tyranny  and  exaction.^, 
which  Pedrarias.  either  from  want  of  authority  or  in- 
clination, did  not  restrain,  all  the  country  from  the 
Gulf  of  Darien  to  the  lake  of  Nicaragua  was  desolated, 
and  the  Spaniards  were  inconsiderately  deprived  of  the 
advantages  which  they  might  have  derived  from  the 
friendship  of  the  natives,  in  extending  their  eonipiests 
to  the  South  Sea.  Balboa,  who  saw  with  concert;  that 
such  ill-judged  proceedings  retarded  the  execution  of 
his  favorite  scheme,  sent  violent  remonstrancea  to  Spain 
against  the  imprudent  government  of  Pedrarias,  who 
had  ruined  a  happy  and  flourishing  colony.  Pedrarias, 
on  the  other  hand,  accused  him  of  having  deceived  the 
king,  hy  magnifying  his  own  exploits,  as  well  a.-i  by  a 
false  representation  of  the  opulence  and  value  of  the 
country. 

Ferdinand  became  sensible  at  length  of  his  impru- 
dence in  superseding  the  most  active  and  experienced 
ofliccr  ho  had  in  the  New  World,  and,  by  way  of 
compensation  to  Balboa,  appointed  him  Adtlitnftulo,  or 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  countries  upon  the  South 
Sea,  with  very  extensive  privileges  and  authority. 
At  the  same  time  he  enjoined  Pedrarias  to  supj^ort 
Bulboa  in  all  his  operations,  and  to  consult  with  him 
concerning  every  measure  which  he  himself  pursued. 
[1515J  But  to  ctfoct  such  a  sudden  transition  from 
inveterate  enmity  to  perfect  confidence,  exceeded 
Ferdinand's  power.  Pedrarias  continued  to  treat 
his  rival  with  neglect ;  and  Balboa's  fortune  be- 
ing exhausted  by  the  payment  of  his  fine,  and  other 
exactions  of  Pedrarias,  he  could  not  make  suit- 
able preparations  for  taking  possession  of  his  new 
government.     At  length,  hy  the  interposition  and  ox- 

jhortations  of  the  Bishop  of  Darien,  tliey  were  brought 
to  a  reconciliation  ;  and,  in  order  to  cement  this  union 

I  more  firmly.  Pedrarias  agreed  to  give  his  daughter  in 
marriage  to  Balboa.  [1516.]  The  first  eflect  of 
their  concord  was,  that  Balboa  was  permitted  to  make 
several  small  incursions  into  tho  country.  Those  ho 
conducted  with  such  prudence,  as  added  to  the  repu- 
tation which  he  had  already  acquired.  Many  adven- 
turers resorted  to  him,  and.  with  tho  countenance  and 
aid  of  Pedrarias,  he  began  to  prepare  for  his  expedition 
to  the  .South  Sea.  In  order  to  uceoinplish  tliis,  it  was 
necessary  to  build  vessels  capable   of  conveying  his 


troops  to  those  provinces  which  he  purpoNctl  loinv.tde 
[1517  J  AfterHurrnountingmunyobHturles, 'iiidendiinn)i{ 
a  variety  of  those  hardship!*,  wjiich  were  the  portion  ol 
the  eoiKiuerurs  of  Ameru'a,  hu  at  length  llmslied  fouf 
small  bn^^'i.'itities.  In  these,  wiili  three  liundriii  chosuii 
men.  a  force  siip'<rior  to  that  with  which  i'tzarro  after 
wards  iindrrtook  the  same  expi-dilion,  he  was  ready  to  Mud 
towards  Peru,  when  he  received  an  unexpected  mea* 
Hage  from  IVdraria.i.  As  bin  reeoncihation  with  Bul- 
boa had  never  been  cordial,  the  progress  which  his  non' 
iii-hiw  was  making  revived  his  ancient  emnity,  and 
udded  to  its  runcoiir.  lie  dreaded  the  prosperity  and 
eleva'ion  ofa  man  whom  he  had  injured  so  deeply.  Ho 
siifpeelt'd  that  success  would  encourage  him  to  aim  ul 
independence  upon  hi.i  jurisdiction  ;  and  so  violently 
did  the  painioiis  of  hatred,  fear,  and  jealousy  operate 
upon  his  mind,  (hat.  in  order  to  gratify  his  vengeanec* 
ho  scrupled  not  to  ilefeat  an  enterprise  of  the  greatest 
moment  to  his  country.  Under  pretexts  which  wero 
false,  but  plausible,  be  desired  Balboa  to  postpone  hid 
voyage  fur  a  short  time,  .ind  to  rejKiir  to  Ada,  m  order 
that  he  might  have  an  interview  with  him.  Balboa, 
with  the  unsuispiciuus  confidence  ofa  man  conscious  of 
no  crime,  instanllv  obeyed  the  summons  ;  but  as  s(M)n 
ashe  entered  the  place. he  was  arrested  by  order  of  iVdra- 
rias,  whose  impatience  to  satiate  his  revenge  did  not  suf- 
fer him  to  languish  long  in  connnement.  Judges  were  im- 
mediately appointed  to  proceed  to  his  trial.  An  aecusuliun 
of  disloyalty  to  the  king,  and  of  an  intenlio.;  to  revolt 
against  tho  governor  was  preferred  against  him.  Sen- 
tence of  death  was  pronounced  ;  and  though  the  judges 
who  passed  it,  seconded  by  the  whole  colony,  inter- 
eedeif  warmly  for  his  pardon,  Pedrarias  continued  inex- 
orable ;  and  the  Spaniards  beheld,  with  astoni.^llnlellt 
and  sorrow,  tlie  public  execution  ofa  man  whom  they 
universally  deemed  more  capable  than  any  one  who 
had  borne  conunaiid  in  America,  of  forming  and  accom- 
plishing great  designs.  Upon  his  death,  the  ex|)edition 
which  lie  had  planned  was  relinquished.  I'edrurias, 
notwithstanding  the  violence  and  injustice  of  his  pro- 
ceedings, was  not  only  screened  from  punishment  by 
the  powerful  patronage  of  the  Bishop  of  Burgos  and 
otlier  courtiers,  but  continued  in  power.  Soon  after 
he  obtained  permission  to  remove  the  colony  from  itd 
unvvliolesoine  station  of  Santa  Maria  to  Panama,  on  tho 
opposite  side  of  the  iNihmiis ;  and  though  it  did  not 
gain  iiiucb  in  point  of  fiealthfuhiess  by  tlie  change,  the 
commodious  situation  of  this  new  settlement  contribu- 
ted greatly  to  facilitate  the  subsequent  compiests  of  the 
Spaniards  in  the  extensive  countries  situated  ujion  the 
Southern  Ocean. 

During  these  transactions  in  Darien  f  I^ISJ,  the  his- 
tory of  whieh  it  was  jiroper  to  carry  on  in  an  uninter- 
rupted tenor,  several  imjiortant  events  occurred  with 
respect  to  the  discovery,  the  eoncjuest,  and  government 
of  other  provinces  in  the  New  World.  Ferdinand  waa 
so  intent  upon  opening  a  coimnuniiation  with  the  Mo- 
lucca or  Sjuce  Islands  hy  tlie  west,  that  in  the  year  one 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fifteen  he  fitted  out  two 
ships  at  his  own  oxiiensc,  mi  order  to  attemjU  such  a 
voyaiie,  and  gave  the  eominand  of  them  to  Juan  Diaz 
de  Soils,  who  was  deemed  (Uie  of  the  most  skilful  navi- 
gators in  Spain.  He  stood  along  the  coast  of  South 
America,  and  on  the  first  of  January,  one  tliousand  five 
hundred  and  sixteen,  entered  a  river  which  he  called 
Janeiro,  where  an  extensive  commerce  is  now  carried 
on.  From  thence  he  proceed<'d  to  a  spacious  bay, 
which  he  supposed  to  be  the  entrance  into  a  strait  tlmt 
communicated  with  the  Indian  Ocean;  but,  upon  ad- 
vancing further,  he  found  it  to  he  the  mouth  ofKiodela 
Plata  one  of  the  vast  rivers  by  which  the  southern  con- 
tinent of  America  is  watered.  In  endeavoring  to  make 
a  descent  in  this  cointry,  De  Solis  und  several  of  his 
crew  were  slain  by  the  natives,  who,  in  sight  of  tho 
ships,  cut  their  bodies  in  pieces,  rousted  and  devoured 
them.  Discouraged  with  the  loss  of  their  commander, 
and  terrified  at  this  shocking  spectacle,  the  surviving 
Spaniards  set  sail  for  Europe,  without  aiming  at  anv 
further  discovery.  Though  this  attempt  proved  alior- 
tive,  it  was  not  without  benefit.  It  turned  the  attention 
of  ingenious  men  to  this  course  of  navigation,  and  ore 
pared  the  way  for  a  more  fortunate  voyage,  by  which,  a 
few  years  posterior  to  this  jieriod,  the  great  desit^n  tlial 
Ferdinand  had  in  view  was  accuniplished. 

Though  the  Spaniards  were  thus  actively  cnrployed 
in  extending  their  discoveries  and  settlements  m  AmO' 
rica,  they  still  considered  Hispaniola  as  their  principal 
eolotiy,  and  the  seat  of  government.  Don  Diego  Oo* 
hnnhus  wanted  neither  inclination  uoi  abn.'.ies  to  have 
rendered  the  members  of  this  colony,  .vho  were  most 
inunediately  under  his  jurisdiction,  prosperous  w\ 
happy.     But  he  was  circumscribed  ji  uH  hit  operations 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


m 


by  thr  (iunpiruMi«|KiIi(  y  of  rrntiiiand,  who  on  i-vory  or- 
ciimoii.  iintl  uiulrr  prfli'Xts  iliu  mo»t  IVivoIouh,  n'trfrn'ln«l 
hiN  priviU'^i'M,  iind  I'lirniiriiiicd  tlin  (rciiHurcr,  tin-  jmim  n, 
and  oihiT  Kiilioriltiiitic  (iMIi-ith  to  coiiiitcriu't  Ins  mcii- 
rurcs,  iitut  to  (lisptitc  his  iiiiihority.  'J'hr  most  v.ihi.ihlr 
liroropativr  whii-h  'he  ^ovciior  iiosscM.-nl  was  lliat  ot' 
ilirttnhiittni;  Iiidui!iH  tniiohu  tlir  Spiiiiianls  st'llh-d  iii  ihr 
iNhnitl.  'I'l.r  rigorous  HtTVittuh'  of  thosr  titihii|i|iy  iticti 
haviim  hern  hut  ttllh'  iiiititratcd  l<v  a\\  the  rrtiutations 
ill  iht'ir  favor,  the  nowrr  ol  |iariM'lhiij,M)iit  siirh  lurr.^- 
Anrv  iMMtniiiii'iilH  ol  labor  at  plcasiirr,  m'ciiri-tt  to  thi- 
govrrnor  ^rrnt  iiithiniro  in  (lie  coluny.  In  ordiT  (o 
a(ri|)  him  of  thm,  KiTdinand  t-rcalcd  a  nrw  ullu'c,  with 
the  power  nf  itiHtrilMilin^r  tlie  IndiaiiN,  and  hestowrd  it 
upon  l<odri^o  AlluKpu'nine,  n  relaliitn  of  /apatn,  hi» 
cunfidenlial  minister.  Morlirud  with  (he  injustice  us 
well  as  indii^nity  of  this  invuHion  u|)on  hi.s  rights,  in  a 
point  HO  esuential,  Don  I>U'i;n  coidd  no  h>n;,'er  innaln 
in  n  plaeo  where  his  power  anticoiiKciiucrn'o  were  al- 
most unnihdated.  He  repaired  to  Sjiani  with  the  vain 
hopes  of  olitpjninjj  redresw.  Alhuipunpu)  rntercil  upon 
his  ofUcc  with  all  tlie  rapaeiiy  of  an  nidi^fnt  advcntini-r 
impatient  to  amass  wealth.  He  he^^an  willi  taking;  llie 
f!xat't  nunihcr  of  Imlian«  in  the  island,  and  found  tliat 
from  sixty  thousand,  who  in  the  year  one  thousand  live 
hundred  and  cij^ht  survived  after  all  llicir  sutrerin^'!^, 
they  were  now  reduced  to  fourteen  thousand.  'I'hese 
he  threw  into  se)>arato  divisiona  or  lots,  and  he.'tlowerl 
Ihcin  noon  such  as  wore  wilhnij  to  piireha.^o  them  at 
the  highest  price.  Hy  thia  arbitrary  distrihution  several 
of  the  natives  were  removed  from  their  orii^inal  hahiia- 
tions.  many  were  taken  from  tticir  ancient  masters,  and 
all  of  them  suhjccted  tc  heavier  burdens,  and  to  more 
intolerable  labor,  in  ordrr  to  reimburse  their  new  pro- 
prietors. Those  additional  calamities  completed  the 
misery,  and  hastened  on  the  extinction  of  this  wretched 
ami  innocent  rare  of  men. 

The  violence  of  these  procedinjTs,  totretber  with  tlic 
fatal  consequences  which  attended  them,  not  only  ex- 
cited complaints  amoni»  such  as  tlioujrht  themselves 
aggrieved,  but  touched  the  hearts  of  all  \\lio  retained 
any  sentimcma  of  humanity.  From  ibu  time  that  ec- 
clesiastics were  sent  as  instructors  into  America,  they 
perceived  that  the  rij^or  with  wliich  their  countrymen 
t"eated  the  natives,  rendered  thiir  ministry  altoircther 
iniitlcss.  The  missionaries,  in  conformity  to  the  mild 
Bpirit  of  that  religion  wliich  tiiey  were  employed  to  pub- 
lish, early  remonstrated  ayainst  the  maxims  of  the 
planters  with  respect  to  the  Americans,  and  condemned 
the  rcpartimirntoSt  or  distrihittitins,  by  which  they  were 
given  up  as  slaves  to  their  conquerors  as  no  less  con- 
trary to  natural  justice  and  tiie  precepts  of  ('bristianity 
than  to  sound  policy.  The  Dominicans,  to  whom  the 
mstruclion  of  tne  Americans  was  oriifinally  committed. 
were  most  vehement  in  testifying  a^^ainst  the  rcpaiii- 
minitos.  In  the  year  one  thousand  live  hundred  and 
eleven,  Montesino,  one  of  their  most  eminent  preachers, 
inveighed  aj^ainst  this  practice,  in  the  ^»reat  church  of 
St.  Domingo,  with  all  the  impetuosity  of  popular  elo- 
quence. Don  Diepo  Columbus,  the  principal  olVicer  of 
the  colony,  and  all  the  laymen  who  bad  been  bis 
hearers,  complained  of  the  monk  to  his  superiors;  but 
they,  instead  of  condemninfr,  apjilauded  his  doctrine  as 
equally  pious  and  seasonable.  The  Franci-scans,  inlbi- 
enced  by  the  spirit  of  opposition  and  nvalsbip  which 
subsists  between  the  two  orders,  discovered  some  in- 
clination to  take  part  with  the  laity,  and  to  espouse  the 
defence  of  the  rcparlimirntns.  Hut  as  they  could  not 
with  decency  give  their  avowed  approhiiion  to  a  system 
of  oppression  so  repuiruant  to  the  spirit  of  religion,  they 
endeavored  to  palliate  what  ihey  could  not  justify,  and 
alleged,  in  excuse  for  the  coiiducl  of  ihetr  countrymen, 
that  it  was  impossible  to  carry  on  any  improvement  in 
the  colony,  unless  the  Spaniards  possessed  such  do- 
minion over  tho  natives  thai  they  could  compel  them  to 
labor. 

The  Dominicans,  regardless  of  such  political  and 
interested  considerations,  would  not  relax  in  any  degree 
the  rigor  of  their  sentiments,  and  even  lefused  to  ab- 
Bolvc,  or  admit  to  the  sacrament,  such  of  their  country- 
men as  continued  to  hold  the  natives  in  servitude. 
Both  parties  applied  to  the  king  for  his  decision  in  a 
matter  of  such  importance.  Ferdinand  empowered  a 
committee  of  his  privy  councU,  assisted  by  some  of  the 
rrc>Ltt  eminent  civilians  and  divines  in  Spain,  to  hear  tho 
deputies  sent  from  Hispaniola  in  support  of  their  re- 
epective  opinions.  After  a  long  discussion,  the  specu- 
lative point  in  controversy  was  determined  in  favor  of 
the  Dominicans,  the  Indians  were  declared  to  be  a  free 
people  entitled  to  all  the  natural  rights  of  men ;  but 
notwithatanding  this  decision,  the  repartimicnfos  were 
07ntinue<l  upon  their  ancient  footing.    As  ibis  dcter- 


I  mmation  ndinided  the  principles  upon  which  the  Dn- 
imnieaiiN  founded  their  opinion,  ibey  rell('\^ed  their  ef- 
forts (o  obtain  relief  for  the  Indians  with  additional 
boUi'iess  and  /eal.  At  tcnglh,  in  order  to  i(Uiet  (lie 
colony,  winch  was  alarmed  at  tlirir  rnnmisinini-eH  and 
censures,  I'l  rdmand  issued  a  dtcree  of  bis  privy  coim- 
I  eil  ri''''l<^Jt  declaring,  that  after  maliir'.'  consiileration 
I  of  llie  Apostolical  Hull,  and  (Uher  titles  by  which  the 
crown  of  ('a^die  elaimed  n  right  to  its  posse«si'ms  in 
I  the  New  World,  the  servitude  of  the  Iniliiins  was  war- 
I  ranted  botli  bv  the  laws  of  (iod  and  of  man  ;  that  un- 
I  !e.»is  they  wire  Kub|cctcd  lo  the  dommion  of  the  Spa- 
'  niards,  and  cotiipejlcd  lo  residt^  iiiidi>r  their  inspection, 
it  would  be  impossihlii  lo  reclaim  Ihem  from  idolatry, 
or  to  instruct  ijiem  in  the  pniici|)les  of  the  Ciiristian 
failb  ;  that  no  fariber  scruple  ought  lo  be  cnlertaincd 
concerning  the  lawfulness  of  llic  nparliiiiinitu.s,  as  the 
king  arid  council  were  willing  to  lake  the  charge  of 
that  upon  llii  ir  own  conseicnres ;  and  liiat  thereliire 
the  1  lominicans  and  monks  of  oiher  religious  orders 
should  alistain  for  ihe  fiitur':  from  those  iiivicli\es 
which,  from  an  excess  of  clinrttable  but  ilt-iiifoi'med 
zeal,  ihey  had  uttered  against  that  [)rartice. 

'i'bat  bis  intentKHi  of  adhering  lo  this  decree  might 
bo  fully  understood,  Ferdinand  conferred  new  grants 
of  Indians  upon  several  of  his  courtiers  [••'>].  Hut,  in 
order  tbat  lie  might  not  seem  altogellier  inattentive  to 
tlie  rights  of  humanity,  he  published  an  edict,  in  wlmh 
he  endeavored  to  [)rovide  for  the  mild  treatment  of  tlie 
Indians  under  the  yoke  to  which  be  H-ibjected  them  ; 
he  regulated  the  nature  of  the  work  which  tliey  should 
be  required  to  perform  ;  he  prescril)ed  the  mode  in 
which  they  should  be  clothed  and  fed,  and  gave  direc- 
tions with  respect  to  tlicir  instructions  in  the  principles 
of  Christianity. 

Hut  the  Dominicans,  who  from  their  experience  of 
what  was  past  judged  concerning  the  future,  soon  per- 
ceived the  ineliicacy  of  those  provisions,  and  foretold, 
that  as  long  as  it  was  the  interest  of  individuals  to  treat 
the  Indians  with  rigor,  no  public  regulations  could  ren- 
der their  servitude  mild  or  toleralile.  They  considered 
it  as  vain,  to  waste  their  own  lime  and  strength  in  at- 
tempting to  communicate  the  sublime  truths  of  religion 
to  men  whose  spirits  were  broken  and  their  faculties 
impaired  by  op[iression.  Some  of  them  in  despair,  re- 
quested the  permission  of  their  superiors  to  remove  Co 
the  continent,  and  to  pursue  the  object  of  their  mission 
among  such  of  the  natives  as  were  not  hitherto  cor- 
rupted by  the  example  of  the  Sp.iniards,  or  alienated  by 
their  cruelty  from  the  Christian  faith.  Such  as  re- 
mained in  Hispaniola  contiMued  to  remonstrate,  with 
decent  firmness,  against  the  servitude  of  the  Indians. 

The  violent  operations  of  Albinpierque,  the  new  dis- 
tributor of  Indians,  revived  the  zeal  of  the  Dominicans 
against  tlie  rrpa^timifiitos,  and  called  forth  an  advocate 
for  that  oppressed  people,  who  possessed  all  the  cou- 
rage, tlie  talents,  and  activity  requisite  in  supporting 
such  a  desperate  cause.  This  was  Hartholeniew  de 
las  Casas,  a  native  of  Seville,  and  one  of  the  clergy- 
men sent  out  with  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage  to 
Hispaniola,  in  order  to  settle  in  that  island.  He  early 
adopted  the  opinion  prevalent  anmng  ecclesiastics, 
with  respect  to  the  unlawfulness  of  reducing  the  na- 
tives to  servitude ;  and  (bat  he  might  demonstrate  the 
sincerity  of  his  conviction,  lie  relinquished  all  the 
Indians  who  had  fallen  to  his  own  share  in  the  division 
of  the  inhabitants  among  their  conquerors,  declaring 
that  ho  should  ever  bewail  bis  own  misfortune  and 
guilt,  in  having  exercised  for  a  moment  this  impious 
dominion  over  his  fellow-ereatnrs.  From  that  time 
he  became  the  avowed  patron  ot  the  Indians;  and  by 
his  bold  interpositions  in  their  behalf,  as  well  as  by  the 
respect  due  to  his  abilities  and  character,  he  had  often 
the  merit  of  settinn;  some  bounds  to  the  excesses  of 
bis  countrymen.  Ho  did  not  fail  to  remonstrate 
warmly  against  the  proceedings  of  Albuquerque  ;  and 
though  be  soon  found  that  attention  to  his  own  interest 
rendered  this  rapacious  othcer  deaf  to  admonition,  be 
did  not  abandon  the  wretched  people  whose  cause  he 
had  espoused.  Ho  instantly  set  out  for  Spain,  with 
the  most  sanguine  hopes  of  opening  the  eyes  and 
softening   the   heart  of  Ferdinand,   by   that   striking 

(licture  of  tho  oppression  of  his  new  subjects  which 
le  would  exhibit  to  his  view. 

He  easily  obtained  admittance  to  the  king,  whom  ho 
found  in  a  declining  state  of  health.  With  nnich 
freedom,  and  no  less  eloquence,  be  represented  to  him 
all  the  fatal  etfecta  oi  t\\p.  rr parti mirutos  in  llui  New 
World,  boldly  charging  him  with  the  guilt  of  having 
authorized  this  impious  measure,  which  bad  brought 
misery  and  destruction  upon  a  numerous  and  innocent 
race  of  men,  whom  Protidcnce  had  placed  under  his 


I  protection.     Ferdinand,  whose  mind  ««  well  as  bodv 

was  much  <  nieebled    by   hm  distemper,   was   groally 
I  alarmed  at  this  charge  nf  impiety,  which  at  another 
^juncture   he    would  have  despised,      He  hntcned  with 
I  deep  compimcdon  to  (he  discourses  of  I.a.i  Casas,  and 
I  promixed  to  lake  into  serious  ctmsideration  the  ineanf 
of  redressing  the  e\il  of  which  he  com|iIamed.     liut 
I  death  prexenled  him    from  executing   his  resolution 
(  barles  of  Austria,  lo  whom  all  his  crowns  devolvwl, 
>  resitted  at  that  time  m  Ins   paternal  {loinmions  in   tho 
Low  Comilnes.     I.as  Casas,  with  his  \i8ual  ardor,  pre- 
pared inmiedialely  lo  set  out  for  Flanders,  in  order  to 
occupy  the  ear  of  the  young  monarch,  when  Cardinal 
Ximenes,  who,  as  Kegent,  apsumed    the  reins  of  go- 
vernment in  Caslile,  commanded  hiiii  to  desist    from 
Mie   journey,  and  engaged  to  hear  bis  complaints  in 
person. 

He  accordingly  weighed  tlie  matter  with  attention 
equal  to  its  iinporlance  ;  and  a.«  his  impetuous  mind 
delighted  in  schemes  bold  and  uncommon,  be  .-^oon 
fixed  nptni  a  |il.in  which  astonished  the  ministcrB 
trained  ii]i  under  ihe  lormal  and  cautious  administration 
of  Ferdinand.  Without  regarding  either  the  rights  of 
Don  Diego  Columbu'*,  or  the  regulations  established 
by  Ihe  late  king,  be  resolved  lo  send  thrco  persons  to 
America  as  superintendents  of  all  the  colonies  thtTO, 
with  authority,  after  examining  all  circumstances  on 
the  hpttt,  to  decide  linally  with  respect  to  the  iioint  in 
question.  It  was  a  matter  of  deliberation  and  deliracy 
to  elioosi!  men  qualified  for  such  an  important  station. 
As  all  the  laymen  ,'ettled  in  America,  or  who  had  been 
consulte<l  in  the  an'mini.-^tration  of  that  department, 
bad  given  their  opinion  that  the  Spaniards  could  not 
keep  possession  of  their  new  settlements,  unless  they 
were  allowed  lo  retain  their  dmninion  over  the  Indians, 
he  saw  that  he  could  not  rely  on  their  nnpartiality,  and 
determined  to  commit  the  trust  to  ecclesiastics.  As 
the  DominieaiKi  ami  Franciscans  had  already  espoused 
opposite  sides  in  the  controversy,  bp,  from  the  same 
principle  of  inqiartiality,  (^.vcluded  hotbtltese  fraternities 
from  the  commission.  He  eonlined  bis  choice  to  th9 
monks  of  St.  .feroine,  a  small  but  resjieclablo  order  in 
Spain.  With  the  assistance  of  their  general,  and  ia 
concert  with  I<as  Casas,  he  soon  pitched  upon  ihree 
persons  whom  he  deemed  equal  to  the  charge.  To  them 
he  joined  Zuazo,  a  private  lawyer  of  distinguished  [iro- 
bily,  with  unbounded  power  lo  regulate  alt  judicial 
proceedings  in  the  colonies.  I-as  Casas  was  appointed 
to  accompany  tlieiii  with  the  titlo  of  protector  of  tbo 
Indiuns. 

'i'o  v(;st  such  extraordinary  powers,  as  might  at  onoo 
overturn  the  system  of  government  established  in  the 
New  World,  in  four  [lersuns,  who,  from  their  humblo 
condition  m  life,  were  little  entitled  to  {lossess  this  high 
authority,  appeared  lo  /apata,  and  other  ministers  of 
the  late  king,  a  measure  so  wild  and  dangerous,  that 
they  refused  to  issue  the  despatches  necessary  for  car- 
rying it  into  execution.  llutXiineiies  was  not  of  a 
temper  ))atiently  lo  brook  opposition  to  any  of  his 
schemes.  He  sent  for  t.ie  refractory  ministers,  and  ad- 
dressed ihein  in  such  a  lone  that  in  the  ulmost  consler- 
nation  they  obeyed  bis  orders.  Tlie  supcrintendenta, 
with  their  associates  /uazo  and  Las  Casas,  sailed  for 
St.  Domingo.  Upon  their  arrival,  the  first  act  of  their 
authority  was  to  set  at  liberty  all  the  Indians  who  had 
been  granted  to  the  Spanisli  courtiers,  or  to  any  person 
not  residing  in  America.  This,  together  with  the  in- 
formation which  bad  been  received  from  Spain  con- 
cerning the  object  of  the  commission,  spread  a  general 
alarm.  'Ihe  colonists  concluded  that  tlu'y  were  to  be 
deprived  at  once  of  the  bands  with  wliich  they  carried 
on  their  labor,  and  that,  of  consequence,  ruin  was  un- 
avoidable. IJiit  the  fathers  of  St.  Jerome  proceeded 
with  such  caution  and  prudence  as  soon  dissi|ialed  all 
their  fears.  They  discovered,  in  every  step  of  theii 
conduct,  a  knowledge  of  the  world,  and  of  alfairs, 
which  is  sehlom  acquired  in  u  cloister ;  and  displayed 
a  moderation  as  well  as  gentleness  still  more  rare 
among  persons  trained  up  in  the  solitude  and  austerity 
of  a  monastic  life.  Their  ears  were  open  to  informa- 
tion from  every  quarter;  they  compard  the  ditlerent 
accounts  which  they  received ;  and,  after  a  mature 
consideration  of  tho  whole,  they  were  fully  «iatiaticd 
that  the  state  of  tho  colony  rendered  it  impossible  to 
adopt  the  plan  proposed  by  Las  (>asas,  and  rccom 
mended  by  the  Cartlinal.  They  plainly  perceived  that 
the  Spaniards  settled  in  America  were  so  few  m  num 
her,  that  they  could  neither  work  the  mines  which  had 
been  opened,  nor  cultivnie  the  country  ;  that  they  do 
pendcd  for  ell'ecting  both  »ipon  Ihe  labor  of  the  natives. 
and,  if  deprived  of  it,  they  must  instantly  relinquish 
their  conquests,  or  give  up  all  the  advantages  w.Sich 


!! 


M 

Uwy  (li'rivcil  from  Ihrin  i  thai  ni)  ullurpini'iit  woa  «o 
nowerful  im  to  Hiiriiiuuiil  the  iMliiriil  nvirxjuii  uf  Ihn 
itidiaiii  tu  iiiiy  laliuriuim  Fllurl,  ami  that  iiathiii|{  hut  th« 
fiiilhoniy  uf  •  iiiiittcr  could  rain|it'l  ihoin  to  work  ;  nnd 
if  lliuy  woro  not  kipt  rciiialniilly  iiiidir  ihd  cyti  oiid  dii- 
cjpljiio  of  a  aiipciiur,  to  Krciil  wua  llicir  niilurid  Imtli'itt- 
iiraa  and  iiidillircncf,  that  llicy  would  ni'illur  ulluiid 
to  rrlif(ioua  hiatruntiuii,  nor  ohairvii  thoao  ril««  of 
Chrmtiunily  which  ihcy  had  l)eun  already  laiinht.  Upon 
all  ihoau  accouuls,  lh»  supi'rintvndcnta  found  it  ni'ci'a- 
aarv  to  lolcrati!  tlio  rr/iiirrimiVn/ix,  and  to  auH'cr  Iho 
InJiana  to  ri'niain  under  suhjeoliou  tu  their  iSpnnish 
inaitcra,  Tlioy  used  their  uluioul  cndcavora,  how- 
ever, to  prevent  the  fatal  olVecta  of  thia  oalahliahinvnt, 
and  to  aecuru  to  Iho  Indiana  the  conaolation  of  the 
beat  treitnient  oomputililo  with  a  atato  of  aervitudo. 
Kor  thia  pnr|ioso,  they  revived  former  ref;ulationa,  thoy 
proscribed  new  ones,  they  neglected  no  circumslanco 
that  tended  to  iniliKate  the  rigor  of  Iho  yoke  ;  and  by 
their  aiitliorily,  their  cianiplc,  and  their  eihorlaliona, 
they  lalwred  In  inspire  their  couiilrymen  with  icnti- 
menta  of  equity  and  geiitlen"B8  lowurds  iho  unhappy 
poopio  U|)on  uhuao  indiialry  they  depended.  ZiMia, 
In  ilia  department,  aeconded  tho  endeavora  of  the 
auperinlcndcnis.  llo  reformed  tho  coiirta  of  jiialico 
in  aiich  a  manner  as  to  render  their  decisions  equitable 
as  well  aa  expedilioua,  and  introduced  various  regula- 
tioiia  which  greatly  improved  Iho  interior  policy  of  the 
colony.  The  aalisfaction  which  hia  conduct  and  that 
of  Iho  aupcrintcndenta  gave  waa  now  universal  amoni; 
the  Spaniards  settled  in  Iho  Now  World ;  oiid  all 
admired  tho  boldness  of  Ximcnea  in  having  departed 
from  tho  ordinary  path  of  busincas  in  forming  hia  plan, 
•a  welt  at  his  aagacily  in  pitching  upon  persona  wlioso 
wisdom,  moderation,  and  disiiitercatedness  rendered 
them  worthy  of  this  high  trust. 

I^s  Casa*  alone  wag  dissatisned.  The  pnidcniinl 
consideration  wliich  influenced  the  auperinlendenia 
made  no  impression  upon  him.  Ho  regarded  their 
idea  of  acoinniodating  itieir  conduct  to  tho  atalo  of  the 
colony,  aa  tho  maxim  of  an  uiiiiallowed  timid  policy, 
which  tolerated  what  was  unjust  bccauao  it  was 
beneficial.  }lo  contended  that  tho  Indiana  were  by 
nature  free,  and,  aa  their  protector,  ho  rcipiired  tho 
superintendents  not  to  bereave  thoin  of  Iho  common 
privilege  of  Iiumanity.  They  received  his  most  viru- 
lent remonstrances  without  emotion,  but  adliered  (irmly 
to  their  own  syalcin.  Tho  Spanish  planters  did  not 
bear  with  him  so  paticnily,  and  were  ready  lo  tear  him 
in  pieces  for  insisting  in  a  requisilion  »o  odious  lo 
them.  Laa  Casas,  in  order  to  screen  himself  from 
their  rage,  found  it  necessary  lo  lake  shelter  in  a  con- 
vent ;  and  perceiving  thai  all  bia  ctforta  in  America 
wore  fruitless,  he  soon  act  out  for  Europe,  with  a  lixed 
reaolution  not  to  abandon  the  protection  of  a  people 
whom  he  deemed  to  bo  cruelly  oppressed. 

Had  Ximcnes  retained  that  vigor  of  mind  with 
which  ho  usually  applied  to  busincas,  I.as  Canas  must 
bavo  met  with  no  very  gracious  reception  upon  his 
return  to  Spain.  Out  ho  found  the  Cardinal  languish- 
ing under  a  mortal  diatcmper,  and  prejiaring  to  resign 
hia  authority  to  tho  young  king,  who  was  daily  ex- 
pected from  tho  Low  Countries.  Charles  arrived, 
took  posssion  of  the  government,  and,  by  the  dr  'i  of 
Ximcnea,  lost  a  miniater  whose  abilities  and  inu  ity 
entitled  him  lo  direct  his  affairs.  Miny  of  the  Flemish 
nobility  had  accompanied  their  sovereign  lo  Spain. 
From  that  wann  predilection  to  hia  countrymen,  which 
waa  natural  at  his  age,  he  consulted  ihcin  with  rc.«pcct 
to  all  the  transactions  in  hia  new  kingdom  ;  and  tlicy, 
with  an  indiscreet  eagerness,  intruded  themselves  into 
every  business,  and  seized  almost  every  deparlinent  of 
administration.  Tho  direction  of  American  ullairs  was 
an  object  too  alluring  to  escape  their  attention.  Laa 
Casas  observed  their  growing  influence ;  and  though 
projectors  arc  usually  too  sanguine  to  conduct  their 
Gchemea  with  much  dexterity,  he  possessed  a  bustling, 
indefatigablo  activity,  which  sometimes  accomplishes 
its  purposes  with  greater  success  than  the  most  ex- 
auisite  discernment  and  address.  He  courted  the 
Flemish  ministers  with  assiduity.  Ho  rcprescnicd  to 
them  the  absurdity  of  all  tho  maxima  hitherto  adopteil 
with  respect  to  tho  government  of  America,  particu- 
larly during  tho  administration  of  Ferdinand,  and 
pointed  out  the  defects  of  those  arrangements  which 
Aimenes  had  introduced.  'ITie  memory  of  Ferdinand  was 
odious  to  the  Flemings.  The  superior  virtues  and  abi- 
lities of  Ximenes  h^d  long  been  the  object  of  their  envy. 
They  fondly  wished  to  have  a  plausible  pretext  for  con- 
demning the  measures  both  of  the  monarch  and  of  the 
minister,  and  of  reflecting  some  discredit  on  their  poli- 
tical wisdom     The  friends  of  Don  Diego  Columbua, 


noDEHTson'B  iitflTonr  or 


aa  well  aa  the  .Spaniah  courtiers  who  had  beiin  diasa- 
liafied  with  Ihc  (/'nrdinal'a  adininislralion,  jumiil  Laa 
Caaas  in  renHiiring  ihit  acliemu  of  sending  siipermten- 
dciilN  lo  America.  This  union  of  ao  many  iiitereatN 
and  jiasaions  was  irri'sislible  ;  nnd  in  coiiaeipuiice  of  it 
the  latheraof  St.  Jerome,  logelhrr  with  their  associate 
Ziiazo,  were  rccallrd.  Uoilrrigo  ilii  I'igiierua,  a  lawyer 
of  some  einiiii'iici',  waa  appointed  chief  judge  of  the 
ii>liind,  and  received  mstnictioiis,  in  coinpliaiiie  with 
the  reiiuest  of  Liis  Casas,  lo  examini^  once  more,  with 
Iho  utmost  allentiun,  the  point  in  controvemy  between 
hiin  and  the  people  of  iho  colony,  with  respect  lo  the 
Ireatment  of  ihe  natives  :  and  in  the  moan  tiino  lo  do 
every  thing  in  hia  power  to  alleviate  their  aullerings, 
and  to  prevent  the  extinction  of  Iho  raco. 

Thia  was  all  that  the  zeal  of  Laa  Casas  could  pro- 
cure at  that  juiieturu  in  fi  vor  of  the  Indiana  The  im- 
poaaihilily  of  carrying  on  any  iinprovemenin  in  America, 
unleas  the  Spanisn  ptanlera  could  command  the  labor  of 
tho  natives,  waa  an  inaiiperable  objection  to  his  plan  of 
treating  them  as  free  aubjecla.  In  order  lo  provide 
aome  remedy  for  thia,  without  which  ho  found  it  waa  in 
vain  to  ineiilinn  his  scheme.  Las  Casas  proposed  lo 
purcliaso  a  siillicienl  number  of  negroes  from  tho  I'or- 
liigueso  seltleinents  on  tho  coast  of  Africa,  and  to 
tranaport  them  to  America,  in  order  that  they  might  bo 
employed  aa  alavea  in  working  tho  ininea  and  cultivat- 
ing the  ground.  One  of  the  lirst  advantages  which  the 
Portuguese  bad  deriveU  from  their  diacovcriea  in  Africa 
arose  from  the  trade  in  slaves.  Various  circumslaneea 
concurred  in  reviving  this  odious  commerce,  which  had 
been  long  abolished  m  Kurope,  and  which  is  no  leas  re- 
pugnant tu  the  feelings  of  humanity  than  lo  tho  princi- 
ples of  religion.  Aa  early  as  the  year  oiio  thousand 
live  hundred  nnd  three,  a  few  negro  slaves  had  been 
sent  into  the  New  World.  In  iho  year  one  thousand 
five  hundred  and  eleven,  Ferdinand  perinitled  the  im- 
purtation  of  them  in  greater  numbers.  They  were 
ibiiiid  to  bo  a  more  robust  and  hardy  raco  than  the  nu- 
livea  of  America.  They  were  more  capable  of  endur- 
ing fatigue,  more  patient  nnd(;r  scrviliule,  and  the  labor 
of  one  negro  was  computed  to  be  eipial  lo  that  of  four 
Indians.  Cardinal  Ximenes,  however,  when  solicited 
to  encourage  this  eominerco,  peremptorily  rejected  the 
proposition,  because  he  perceived  the  initpiily  of  reduc- 
ing one  race  of  men  to  alavery,  while  he  wa«  consult- 
ing about  tho  means  of  restoring  liberty  to  another, 
lliit  Las  Casas,  from  tho  incoiisisteiicy  natural  to  men 
who  hurry  with  headlong  impeliiosily  towards  a  favorite 
point,  waa  incapable  of  making  this  disiiiictioti.  AN'hile 
lie  contended  enrneslly  for  the  liberly  of  Ihe  people 
horn  in  one  quarter  of  the  globe,  he  labored  to  enslave 
the  inhabilanta  of  another  region  ;  and  in  the  warmth 
of  his  zeal  to  save  Ihe  Americans  from  the  yoke,  jiro- 
nounced  it  lo  be  lawful  and  expedient  lo  impose  one 
still  heavier  upon  tho  .Vfricans.  Unfortunately  for  llie 
latter.  Las  Casas's  plan  was  adopted.  Charles  granted 
a  patent  to  one  of  his  Flemish  favorites,  containing  an 
exclusive  right  of  importing  four  thousand  negroes  into 
America.  Tho  favorite  sold  his  patent  to  Boii.c  Geno- 
ese merchants  foi  twenty-five  thousand  ducats,  nnd 
they  were  Ihc  first  who  brought  into  a  regular  fonn  that 
commerce  for  elaves  between  Africa  and  America, 
which  has  since  been  carried  on  to  such  an  omazing 
extent. 

But  tho  Genoese  merchants  [1518],  conducting  their 
operations,  at  first,  with  Iho  rapacity  of  monopolists, 
demanded  such  a  high  price  for  negroes,  that  Iho  num- 
ber imported  into  Hispaniola  made  no  great  change 
upon  the  state  of  the  colony.  Las  Casas,  whoso  zeal 
was  no  less  inventivo  than  indefatigable,  had  recourse 
to  another  expedient  for  the  relief  of  the  Indiana.  Ho 
ob.scrvcd,  that  most  of  the  persons  who  had  settled  hi- 
therto in  America,  were  sailors  and  soldiers  employed 
in  the  discovery  or  conquest  of  tho  country  ;  the  younger 
sons  of  noble  families,  allured  by  the  prospect  of  ac- 
quiring sudden  wealth;  or  desperate  adventurers,  whom 
their  indigence  or  crimes  forced  to  abandon  their  native 
land.  Instead  of  such  men,  who  were  dissolute,  rapa- 
cious, and  incapable  of  that  aobcr  persevering  industry 
which  it  requisite  in  forming  now  colonies,  he  proposed 
to  supply  the  •ctllcmcnts  in  Hispaniok  and  other 
parts  of  tho  New  World  with  a  aullicicnt  number  of 
laborera  and  husbandmen,  who  should  be  allured  by 
suitable  premiums  to  remove  thither.  These,  as  they 
were  accustomed  to  fatigue,  would  bo  able  to  perform 
Ihe  work  lo  which  tho  Indians,  from  the  feebleness  of 
their  constitution,  wore  unequal,  and  might  soon  become 
useful  and  opulent  citizens.  But  though  Hispaniola 
stood  much  in  need  of  a  recruit  of  inhabitants,  having 
been  visited  at  this  time  with  the  small-pox,  which 
swept  oflT  ahnosl  all  the  natives  who  had  survived  their 


long  continued  oppression  ;  and  though  I,aa  Casa*  lild 
the  eoiintenaiire  of  thi>  Ftemiiih  miniHlers,  thia  acheiiM 
was  di'fiMiIrd  by  Ihe  biHliup  uf  lliirgos,  who  thwarted  all 
hia  projects. 

Las  t'ases  now  deapuircd  of  pro<'uriiig  any  relief  for 
the  Indians  in  those  plui'es  whero  the  Spumarda  wera 
already  settled.  The  evil  was  become  su  inveterate 
there  as  not  to  nilmit  of  u  cure,  lltil  such  discuveriea 
were  daily  making  in  the  continenl  as  gave  a  high  idea 
both  of  Its  extent  and  popuiuinness.  In  all  thoso  vast 
regioiia  there  was  but  one  feeble  cuhinv  planted  ;  and 
except  a  small  spot  on  the  isthmus  uf  Darion,  iho  na- 
tivea  still  occupied  Iho  whole  country,  'i'liia  opened  a 
new  and  more  omple  field  <or  Ihe  hiimanily  and  zeal  ol 
1,08  Casus,  who  flattered  bimielf  that  he  might  prevent 
n  |ieniicious  syslem  from  bi'ing  introduced  there,  though 
he  had  failed  of  aiiccesa  in  hit  allempts  lo  overturn  it 
where  it  was  already  eslablishcd.  Full  of  thia  idea,  li« 
anplied  for  a  grant  of  Ihc  uiioiciipied  country  alrelching 
along  the  soaeoaal  from  tho  (iiilf  of  I'uria  to  tho  west- 
ern frontier  of  that  iirovinco  now  known  by  the  name 
of , Santa  Martha,  ilu  jiroposed  to  aetlle  thoro  with  a 
colony  composed  of  liiisb.indmen,  luhorern,  and  eccle- 
siastics. He  engaged  in  the  spacu  of  two  youra  lo 
civilize  ten  thoiisaiiil  of  the  natives,  and  to  inslriiet 
them  so  thoroughly  in  the  arts  of  social  life,  llml  from 
tho  fruits  of  their  industry  un  annual  revenue  of  flfluuii 
thousand  ducats  should  arise  to  the  king.  In  ten  years 
ho  expected  ibat  his  improvements  would  be  so  fat 
advanced  aa  to  yield  annually  sixty  thousand  ducats, 
llo  alipulated,  that  no  soldier  or  sailor  ahoiild  ever  be 
permitted  lo  aelllo  in  this  district ;  and  that  no  Spa- 
niard whatever  should  enter  it  without  his  periniaaiun. 
Ho  even  projected  to  clotho  tho  people  whom  ho  look 
along  with  linn  in  tioiiio  dislinguiahing  garb,  which  did 
not  resemble  the  Spani  ib  driis,  that  iTicy  might  appear 
lo  the  natives  to  be  n  dillerent  race  of  men  from  those 
who  had  brought  so  many  calamities  upon  their  coun- 
try. From  this  scheme,  of  which  1  have  traced  only 
Ihe  great  lines,  it  is  manifest  that  Las  Casas  had  formed 
ideas  conceniiiig  the  metliod  of  treating  the  Indians, 
similar  lo  those  by  which  Ihe  Jesuits  afterwards  carried 

',  on  llicir  great  operations  in  another  part  of  tho  same 
continent,  llo  aupposed  that  the  Furopeans,  by  avail- 
ing themselves  of  that  ascendant  which  they  possessed 
in  conseipience  of  their  superior  progress  in  science 
nnd  improvement,  might  gradually  form  tho  minds  oi 
American.t  to  relish  those  comforts  of  which  they  were 
dcstilule,  might  train  thorn  tu  the  arts  of  civil  life,  and 
render  ilieiii  capable  of  its  functions. 

Hut  In  the  bishop  of  Ilurgos,  and  tho  council  of  Ihe 
Indies,  this  project  appeared  not  only  chimerical,  but 
dangerous  in  u  high  degrim.  They  deemed  tho  fa- 
culties of  tho  Americana  lo  bo  naturally  so  limited,  and 
their  indolence  so  excessive,  that  every  attempt  to  in- 
struct or  lo  improve  them  would  bo  fruitless.  They 
contended,  that  it  would  be  extremely  imprudent  (o 
give  the  command  of  a  country  extending  above  a  thou- 
sand iniles  along  tho  coaat  to  a  fanciful  prcsumptuoua 
enthusiast,  a  stranger  lo  tho  affairs  of  the  worhl,  and 
unacipiainted  with  the  arts  of  government.  Las  ('asas, 
far  from  being  discouraged  with  a  repulse,  which  he 
had  reason  to  expect,  had  recourse  once  more  to  the 
Flcmisli  favorites,  who  zealously  patronised  his  fclieme 
merely  because  it  had  been  rejected  by  tho  Spanish 
ministers.  They  prevailed  with  their  master,  who  had 
lately  been  raised  to  tho  Imperial  dignity,  to  refer  tho 
consideration  of  this  measure  to  a  select  number  of  his 
privy  counsellors ;  and  Las  Casas  having  excepted 
against  tho  members  of  the  council  of  tho  Indies,  as 
partial  and  intcrcated  they  were  all  excluded.  Tho 
decision  of  men  chosen  by  recommendation  of  the 
Flemings  was  perfectly  conformable  to  their  sentiments. 
They  warmly  approved  of  Las  Casas's  plan,  nnd  gave 
orders  for  carrying  it  into  execution,  but  restricted  Ihe 
territory  allotted  him  to  three  hundred  miles  along  tho 
coast  of  Cumana ;  allowing  him,  however,  to  extend 
it  aa  far  aa  ho  pleased  towarda  tlio  interior  part  of  the 
country. 

This  determination  did  not  pass  unccnaurcd.  Almost 
every  person  who  had  been  in  tho  West  Indies  ex- 
claimed against  it,  and  supported  their  opinion  so  con- 
fidently, nnd  with  such  plausible  reasons,  as  made  it 
advisable  to  pause  and  to  roview  tho  subject  more  de- 
liberately, Charles  himself,  though  accustomed,  at  this 
early  period  of  his  life,  to  adopt  tlio  sentiments  of  his 
ministers  with  such  subiuiesivo  deference  as  did  not 

'  promise  that  decisive  vigor  of  mind  which  distinguishod 
his  riper  years,  could  not  help  suspecting  that  the  eager- 
ness with  which  the  Flemings  took  part  in  every  niluir 
flowed  from  some  improper  motive,  and  began  to  dis- 
cover an  inclination  to  examine  in  person  into  the  state 


SI)  II '111    AMKKK'A 


tif  tlMI|nWtion  I'Diiciriiinir  llii'  I'li.iriii'lir  of  llir  Ai 

lintlfi  inil  thf  |irii|i<'r  ni.irrirr  <>l  irijlin^  fliiiii.  An 
o|>|ii>rliiiiily  ol'  iiiiikiii^  iIih  i>  <|iiiry  wiili  uriut  imU.iiiI.i|{« 
luuri  otiurri'il  l.luiii'  '-in)  Ijncti'dd,  llii'  Im>iIiii|i  uI 
l).iii(>n,  \vli(>  Inil  uri-i)in|).iiiM'il  IS'tlrariiin  to  ttti' t'lnill- 
ili'Ml  III  llit^  ;•'>•■  mil'  llliin^.tiid  li\r  liiiiiilriil  iinil  llintriii, 
li.iii|ii'iii'il  tu  luful  111  H.iri'i'liiiiii,  mIk'iii  iIii  niurl  I'li'ii 
ri'aidril.  Il  wu*  i|iii<'kly  kiuiwii  lliat  liia  niiiliini  lits 
luiiirirniii^  lli«  liilciitx  uiiil  (liK|»i.<iliiiM  III  llir  liiliiiim 
d'lli'nil  Iroiii  ibo-'i'  •>!  l-i"*  <'i»iiH.  iind  Cliurli  <  iit- 
tiinilly  I'unid'idi'd  tliiit  liv  roiilruiiliiii!  Iwu  ri»|iii'lidilii 
|ii'r<»iii>  who,  iliitiii|i  llii'ir  rr»iil>'iirr  in  Aiiiirirj,  liail 
lull  liMiiiirii  II)  iilisrrn'  llii'  iiiiiiini  r»  uf  llu'  |irci|ilr  «lium 
ihry  |ir<.'t<Midrd  lo  dr»i'rilii'.  In'  iiiiulil  In'  id'li'  m  dinciivtr 
wliii'li  of  llii'iii  liud  rurnicd  lim  ii|iiniiiii  vvilli  tin'  ^riiiti  kI 
diiii:erniiii'iit  iinil  iii-niriicy. 

A  d.iy  lor  iIiiikdIi'Iiiii  uiidiiMiiMi  wun  ii|i|ioinlril.  'I'liii 
('iii|"'rur  u|i|ii'iirid  with  i  lUiiordiiiary  |iiiiii)i,  and  took 
hiK  Ki'iii  on  u  tliruiiu  ill  llii'  )(ri'at  Imll  ul  llic  |iuliiri'.  Iliii 
|iriiu'i|>iil  i-uiirliirs  ulU^iidid.  Don  Dii'do  Coluiiilnis, 
adiiiiriii  of  llii!  Ihdii'n,  wan  iiiiiiiNiiiiicd  lo  liii  iirii.scnt. 
'I'JHi  lMiiho|i  of  Dani'ii  wan  oollid  ii|ioii  fir»l  lo  di  line 
lii.i  u|>Miioii.  Itti,  III  il  nliorl  diiiroiirxx,  laiiiiiilril  llii: 
fatal  di'»ol.ilioii  of  Amorica  liy  llii'  I'llnii-lioii  of  m> 
iiiuiiy  of  llH  iiihuliitaiils  ;  liii  arkiiotvli'd|;i'd  that  tliin 
must  lio  iiTiiiiilfd,  ill  HOiiiu  di'iirw',  in  Ilii;  I'Sti'imivr 
rigor  and  iiicoiiinili-raH'  iiroii'i'diiinH  of  the  ,S|iaiiiarilii , 
bill  ilcciarrd  that  all  the  |n'i)|ilt!  of  llio  New  W'urhl 
wlioiii  he  had  neeii  eitlier  in  the  contiiiinl  or  in  the 
ialaiidn,  a|>|ieared  to  liiiii  lo  lie  a  race  of  men  iniirked 
out,  liy  lliu  inlmorily  of  thiir  lalenls,  for  serutiiili' 
ind  whom  it  would  lie  impoatilile  lu  initriu't  or  iiii|irov> , 
unleiiit  they  were  ki'jil  under  the  eoiitinual  iii»|ieclioii 
of  II  inaHler.  Ijih  (;a»a»,  at  (jreali  -  Icii^lh  and  Willi 
more  fervor,  delendid  his  own  ^  i      llu  rejeeted 

with  indijjniition  the  idea  lliat  ai,  .e  of  iiiiii  was 
born  to  sernliide  as  irri-hijious  mid  ii,.  uinan.  lie  as- 
Betted  that  the  Iac:iiltie8  of  llie  Aniericans  were  not 
naturally  de»|iirahle.  but  iiniiii|)roved  ;  lluil  they  were 
cajiuble  of  reeeiviii);  iiislriK'tion  in  the  |irinei|ile»  of  re- 
li<;ioii,  us  well  as  of  uoi|iiiriii|{  the  indiislry  and  arts 
winch  would  nualify  them  for  the  various  olPlces  of 
noeial  life,  that  the  mildness  and  Innidily  of  their  natiiro 
rendered  llieiii  so  »ubiiii»sivc  and  doeile,  that  they 
mi(!hl  ho  li'il  and  formed  with  a  neiilln  hmid  llu 
professed  that  bis  intentions  in  |iro|io8iii({  the  scheme 
now  under  consideration  were  pure  and  disinlercsled  ; 
Hid  lhou);li  from  the  aceoiii|ilisliiiicnt  of  his  desif^iis 
inestimalile  bcnelils  would  result  lo  the  crown  of 
Castile,  he  never  hud  claimed,  nor  ever  would  receive, 
any  recompensn  on  that  ari'ount. 

Charles,  after  heannn  liolh,  and  consulling  with  his 
ministers,  did  not  thnik  himself  sulUcienlly  informed 
10  establish  any  nemril  arran};einent  with  re8|ieel  to 
the  slate  of  the  Indians  ;  hut  as  he  had  perfect  coiili- 
dcnce  in  the  intesrity  of  I.as  Cusas,  and  as  even  the 
bishop  of  Uaricn  admitted  his  scheme  to  be  of  such 
iin|iortancc  that  a  trial  should  be  made  ol  lis  ell'ecls, 
iij  issued  a  paleul  [ISai],  Kra"liii|;  him  the  district  of 
C'amana  formerly  mentioned,  with  full  power  to  cs- 
U  )li«h  B  colony  there  accordmit  to  his  own  plan. 

f,aii  Casas  pushed  on  the  preparations  for  his  voya(,'c 
with  his  usual  ardor.  Uiit,  either  from  his  own  inex- 
ptiricnco  in  the  conduct  of  alliiirs,  or  from  the  secret 
opposilion  of  the  .Spanish  nohilily,  wlio  universally 
drcvlcd  the  success  of  an  insliluiion  that  might  rob 
them  of  llie  industrious  and  useful  hands  which  culti- 
vated their  estates,  his  projjress  in  ennii^'ieg  hnsband- 
inon  md  laborers  was  exlreinely  slow,  and  he  could 
not  privail  on  more  th-an  two  liundnd  lo  accompany 
him  to  v'umana. 

Nothing,  however,  could  damp  his  zeal.  \\  illi  tins 
ticndcr  train,  hardly  suirieienl  lo  lake  pos.session  of 
•mh  a  lame  territory,  and  allo-jether  ime.pial  lo  any 
BtTectual  a-.teinpt  towards  civilv/.iiiH  its  mhahitanls,  he 
set  sail.  Iho  first  place  at  which  he  toiiclud  was  the 
island  of  Puerto  Kico.  There  he  received  an  account 
of  »  new  obstacle  to  the  eiccution  of  his  schi  iiie,  more 
insiiptrable  ll.an  any  he  had  hitherto  encountered 
When  he  left  America,  in  the  year  one  thousand  live 
hun-lred  and  sixteen,  the  Spaniards  had  lillle  inter- 
course with  any  part  o(  the  continent  except  the  coun- 
tries adjacent  to  the  Oulf  of  Darien.  But  as  every 
»pecies  of  inlcrni  industry  beyaii  to  slajinato  in  llis- 
paniola,  when,  by  the  rapid  decrease  of  the  natives, 
die  Spaniards  were  deprived  of  those  hands  with  which 
they  had  hitherto  curried  on  their  operations,  this 
prompted  them  to  try  various  exiiedients  for  supplying 
that  loss.  Considerable  numbers  of  negroes  were 
imported  ;  hut,  on  accounl  of  their  exorbitant  price, 
tnany  of  the  iilaiilers  could  not  aflbrd  to  [uirch.ise 
Ihein  In  order  to  |irociire  slaves  at  an  easier  rate, 
8 


Mime  uf  the  Npamurds  in  llispaniola  lill"d  nut  vessiU 
lo  i-nnne  along  the  riMist  ol  liie  i-iitiliiniii  In  )jlari'n 
will  le  Ihi'v  loiiiid  Ihi'Mi.it'lves  inlirim  in  hiiih^lli,  Ihey 
Iniiliil  Willi  the  iiiilivcN,  uiid  i:iai<  liiiriipi'iin  tiiys  in 
t-^i'hangi'  lor  till'  plali'-i  ol  liiild  wiirn  by  ilii  in  us  oriia- 
ini'iii.s;  bill,  whriirM'i  tliiy  loiilil  Mirjin^e  or  o\rr 
power  Ihe  Indtiiiis,  they  carriiil  ihi'in  oil  by  lorce,  mid 
sold  ihi-iii  as  sl.tves  In  Ihove  piiil.ilory  excursions 
SIM  h   iiii'orioiis  Ill-Is  of  violriice  itntl  cniillv  hud  been 


in 

ties  lo  whii  h  he  iiiui>i  lie  i  xpnsid  in  ihul  wretched  fH^ 
tiiin  lie  Hindi'  IliM  lii'si  piiivinjon  in  ins  power  fot  Iht 
sulely  and  siiIimMi  iii  e  nl  bis  liillowirs,  but  us  his  ut> 
iiioM  I'llorls  uvMili'd  huh  io»..ii|.i  siciiring  eilln  r  tha 
mil'  or  ihi'  mill  r,  he  rriiiri  id  In  lli'p.ininl.i,  in  oidrr  to 
solii'il  nnili  illii'liiiil  aid  liir  llu  pii  '  i  i  miIiiiii  of  mm 
who,  lioiii  t'oiilidi'uce  in  liini,  hud  m  iiliir<d  iiilii  a  \m.\l 
ol  HO  niiii'h  duii|;cr  Siioii  aliir  Ins  ili  p.iriiiie,  the  na- 
tives, haviiig  ili«i'o\ereil  ihe  feilih'  und  ilelenceless  slats 
nliled   K 


romniiiled,  Ihat  Ihe  .Sp.iiiish  liiinie  \\as  held  llldlll'^tll•    of  Ihe  •S|iuni.iiil 

lion  all  iiMT  the  coniiiii  III      W  hi  iiiser  iiiiv  ship-,  up-  i  with  the  tiirv  nuhirul  lo  iiiiti  i'X.ik| 

prurrd,  Ihe   mliiibil.ints  either  Ih'il    lo   tin     wooils,  iir    innis,  cut  oil  a  L;ood  niiiiiluT,  und 


niHheii  down  to  the  sliole  in  arms  lo  repel  those  li.itid 
ilistiirliirs  of  thiir  iruinpiilhlv  Thev  torci  il  some  I 
piirties  of  ihe  KpaiiiariN  lo  retreat  Willi  precij  il.ilioii , 
they  cut  oil  olliirs  ;  and  ill  tin-  violi'lice  of  ihi-ir  in- 
si'iilinent  against  Ihe  whole  nalioii,  they  mniili  red  Iw'o 
I  loinimi'iiii  missionariei ,  wlio.ie  '/.eal  had  prumpU'il 
ihem  lo  settle  in  Ihe  |iruvini'e  of  Ciiniana.  'rliis  oiit- 
ruge  aguiii>i  persons  revered  for  tin  ir  siinciiiy  e\riiid 
such  indignalioii  8111011^'  Ihe  pcoplr  of  llisp.iniolu,  wlui, 
uotwitlistundiiig  all  lliiir  hcenlions  and  crin  I  pioi-i  id- 
nigs,  were  jiossessed  with  a  wiiiidi  rliil  /ml  lor  ri  ligioii, 
and  a  siiperatitiuiis  respect  for  lis  ministi  rs,  thiit  iliey 
di'tennmed  to  mllict  exemplury  piiiiislmn-nl.  not  oiily 
upon  the  nerpi'triitors  of  lliut  crime,  tint  upon  llie  whole 
race.  \\  lili  this  view,  they  gave  Ihe  eoinmiilnl  of  live 
slims  und  three  hundred  men  tu  Uiego  Ucampo,  with 
orders  to  lay  waste  the  country  of  I 'tiiiiuiia  with  lire 
and  swuril,  and  to  Iransporl  all  the  inliuhitants  as 
staves  lu  llispumola.  'I  Ills  unnainent  l,as  Casus 
found  at  I'lierlo  Uieo.  on  its  way  lo  the  continent ; 
and  as  Dcainpo  refused  lo  defer  Ins  voyuue,  he  imine- 
dialely  perceived  that  it  would  be  impossilile  tu  .iilempi 
the  execution  of  his  pacific  plan  in  11  country  desimed 
lo  be  the  seal  of  war  and  desoluliun. 

In  order  lo  provide  against  the  eflects  of  this  un- 
fortunule  incnlenl,  he  set  sail  direclly  for  SI.  Ilonimgo 
[April  II  J,  leaving  his  f.'illowers  cantoned  out  iiniong 
the  plitnters  in  I'lierto  Uico.  from  iiiuiiy  concurring 
causes,  Iho  reception  winch  I.us  Cusas  met  with  in 
1 1 ispaniula  wa..  very  unfavorable.  In  liis  negotiuitons 
foi  Ihe  relief  uf  the  Indians,  he  had  cei.sured  the  con- 
duct of  his  countrymen,  settled  there  with  such  lionisl 
severity  us  rendered  linn  universally  odious  to  them. 
They  considered  their  own  ruin  as  the  inevilaMe  coii- 
seipience  of  his  success,  'I'hey  were  now  elated  with 
hope  of  receiving  a  large  recruit  of  sl.ives  from  C'u- 
mana,  which  niiisi  be  relmipiished  if  has  ('asuswere  as- 
sisted in  settling  his  projected  colony  there,  l-'igiieroa,  in 
conseiiuence  of  the  instructions  which  he  hud  received 
in  Spain,  had  made  an  experiment  concerning  the 
capacity  of  the  Indiuns,  that  was  represented  us  decisive 
against  Ihe  system  of  l.ast'asus.  lie  collected  in  llis- 
paniula  a  good  number  of  the  natives,  and  si  tiled  llieiii 
in  two  villages,  leaving  Ihem  at  perfect  liberty,  und 
with  the  uncontrolled  direction  of  their  own  actions. 
But  that  people,  accustomed  lo  a  mode  of  life  ex- 
lreinely ditlerent  from  that  which  tiiki  s  place  wherever 
civilization  has  made  any  considerable  progress,  were 
incapable  of  assuming  new  habits  at  once.  Dejected 
with  their  own  misfortunes  as  well  as  lliose  of  their 
country  they  exerted  so  little  industry  in  cultivating 
the  ground,  ajipeared  so  devoiil  of  solicitude  or  foresight 
111  providing  for  their  own  want-^,  and  were  such  stran- 
gers lo  arrangement  in  condiicting  their  all'airs,  that  ttio 
Spaniards  pronounced  them  incajiable  of  being  formed 
lo  live  like  men  in  social  life,  and  co'isidered  lliein  as 
children,  who  should  be  kept  under  the  perpetual  tute- 
lage of  persons  superior  to  themselves  m  wisdom  and 
sagacity. 

Nolwilhstaiiding  all  those  circumstances,  which  alien- 
ated thejiersansinitispuniolato  whom  Las  Casas  applied 
from  himself  and  from  his  measures,  he,  by  his  aclivily  and 
perseverance,  by  some  concessions  und  many  threats, 
obtained  at  length  a  small  body  of  troops  lo  protect  him 
and  his  colony  at  their  hrst  landing.  But  upon  his  re- 
turn 10  I'uerlo  Kico,  he  found  that  the  diseases  of  the 
climate  had  been  fatal  to  several  of  his  people  ;  and 
that  others  having  got  employment  in  that  island,  refu- 
sed 10  follow  him.  With  the  handful  that  remained, 
he  set  sail  and  landed  in  Cumana.  Ocampo  had  exe- 
cuted his  commission  in  that  |irovincc  with  such  bar- 
barous rage,  having  massacred  many  of  the  inhabitants, 
sent  others  in  chains  to  llispaniola.  and  forced  the  rest 
to  fly  for  shelter  In  the  woods,  that  the  people  of  a  small 
colony,  which  he  had  planted  at  a  place  which  he  named 
Totetio^  were  ready  10  perish  for  want  in  a  desolated 
country.  There,  however.  Las  Casas  was  obliged  to 
lix  his  residence,  though  deserted  both  by  the  troops 
appoinled  to  protect  him,  und  by  those  under  the  com- 
niand  of  Ocampo,  who  foresaw  and  dreaded  the  calaini- 


lly,  attiickcd  them 

Mil  d  bv  iiiuiiy  in- 

inipi'llcd  Ihe  li'st  to 

llv  III  the  iilmiist  ciinsiirnaiion  to  the  isluud  ol  Ciibagii* 

The  ..mall  colony  setlleil  Ibere  on  ui  count  of  Ihe  pearl 

ll«hiry,  eatehing  the  puinc  with  ulin  h  iheir  1  oiinlry n 

liud  been  ser/.ed.  abiiliihnii  .1  llie  isl.inil,  und  not  a  Spa- 
iiiuni  remained  in  .my  pun  of 'he  1  oniiiienl.  or  udjucenl 
Islands,  from  Ihe  (iiilfol  I'anu  lo  tin  borih  ra  ol  Darien. 
Astonished  atsnclia  succession  01' disusier^.  l.iisl.'uHas 
wuKushami'iltosliow  his  luci.  .ili.r  llii»  l.iiul  lerimnatiuil 
of  all  his  s|ileiidHl  mIiiiiii'i  lie  shut  hmiM'lf  up  in  the 
coini'iit  ol  Ihe  lloniiiiicaiis  at  St  lioiningu,  and  soon 
alter  assiinn  il  the  h.ibit  ofihut  onlir. 

Though  Ihe  ejpiilsii |    the  colony  from  (Miman* 

liappciii  il  111  the  ye.ir  01. e  thoiisund  live  hundred  and 

twi  Illy. one.  I  hu\i'  cliiisi  11  lo  tr llie  progress  of  l.ai 

l'u(.us's  ni'{,'otiations  lioiii  their  llrst  rise  lo  iheir  liiial 
ssiie  wilhont  interriipiioii.  ilis  system  was  the  object 
>f  lung  and  alteiKive  ilisi  iission  ;  und  though  liis  elloria 
III  behalf  of  lliii  oppressed  ;\mi'rii  alls,  partly  from  Ins 
own  rashness  and  iinprudi'iice,  unit  parity  from  tlin  inale- 
volen;  apposition  of  Ins  mlversarns,  were  not  attended 
with  Ihul  siieeess  which  he  pronusid  with  too  sanguine 
conlidence,  great  priiise  is  due  lo  Ins  humane  activity, 
which  gave  rise  lo  varioiM  regiil.iliiiiis  that  were  of  some 
beiii'lit  to  Ihat  iinliuppv  people  I  return  now  tu  the 
hiKtory  of  the  .Spanish  dneoverii's  us  they  occur  in  the 
order  of  time. 

Diego  \'elusipiiv.,  who  eoiupiered  Cuba  in  the  year 
one  ihunsund  live  liiiiidreii  and  eleven,  still  relumed  Ihe 
U'overiiment  of  tliut  i.^linil,  as  the  deputy  of  Don 
Diego  (.'oliimliiis,  ihougii  he  si  tilom  ucknowtedged  his 
superior,  und  uiiiied  at  rendering  Ins  own  aiillionly  at- 
togi  ihir  iiideponlent.  I.'nder  Ins  prudent  udniinis- 
iration,  Ciili.i  bccuine  one  of  the  most  lloiirishing  of 
the  Spanish  setllemenls.  The  fame  of  this  allured 
thither  iiiuliy  persons  Irciii  tin'  other  colonies,  in  hopes 
of  finding  cither  miiui'  lerinuiniit  eatalilishinent  01 
some  einploymi'iit  for  ilieir  iiciivity.  As  Cuba  lay  to 
the  west  of  all  llie  tsluiids  occnpieil  liy  llie  Spaniards, 
and  as  Ihe  ocean  which  stretches  beyond  it  towards 
that  ipiaiter  hud  not  hiiherto  Ineii  explored,  these  cir- 
cumstances nulnrully  invited  the  mliabitants  lo  attempt 
new  discoveries.  An  expedition  for  tins  purpose,  in 
which  uelivity  und  resolution  might  condiiel  lo  sudden 
wealth,  was  more  Hiiiled  tu  the  genius  of  the  age  than 
the  patient  industry  reipiisite  in  clearing  ground  and 
muniifaetiinng  sugur.  Insiiguled  by  this  spirit,  scve- 
rul  ollicers,  who  bud  served  under  I'ldrarius  m  Darien, 
entered  into  an  association  to  undertake  a  voyage  ol 
discovery.  'I'hey  persuaded  rraneisco  Hernandez  Coi- 
dovu,  un  opiilenl  planter  111  Cuba,  and  a  man  of  diatin- 
guished  courage,  lo  loin  with  them  in  the  adventure, 
diid  chose  him  to  he  their  eominander.  Velasijucz  not 
only  approved  of  the  design,  but  assisted  in  carrying  it 
on.  As  the  veleruns  Ir.iiii  Darien  were  extremely  indi- 
gent, he  and  (yordova  advanced  money  for  purchasing 
three  small  vessels,  and  furnished  them  with  every  thing 
reipiisite  either  for  truinc  or  lor  war.  A  hundiod  ana 
ten  men  embarked  on  board  of  them,  and  sailed  from 
Si  Jago  de  (niba,  on  ihe  eighth  of  ['"eliriiary,  one  thou- 
sand live  hundred  and  seventeen.  By  the  advice  of 
Iheir  chief  pilot,  .Antonio  Alaminos,  who  had  scrv.)d 
niiu.  rthe  first  admiral  (.'olnmbiis,  liiey  stood  directly 
west,  relying  on  the  opinion  of  that  great  navigator, 
who  uniformly  inaintained  that  a  westerly  course  would 
lead  lo  the  most  imporlunl  discoveries. 

(Jii  the  twcnly-firsi  ilay  alter  their  departure  from  St. 
Jago,  '.hey  saw  land,  which  jiroved  lo  bo  Cape  Calorhe, 
the  eastern  point  of  that  large  peninsula  projecting  from 
the  continent  of  America,  which  still  retains  its  origi- 
nal name  of  Yiiralan.  Ar  they  approached  the  shore, 
live  canoes  came  off  full  of  peojile  decently  clad  in  cot- 
Ion  garments  ;  an  astonishing  spectacle  lo  the  Spa- 
niards, who  had  found  every  other  part  of  America  pos- 
sessed by  naked  savages.  Cordova  ciideavored  by 
small  presents  to  gain  Ihe  good  will  of  these  people. 
They,  though  amazed  ut  Ihe  slrunge  objects  now  pre- 
sented for  Ihe  first  time  lo  their  view,  invited  llie  Spa- 
niards to  visit  their  liuliilalions,  with  an  appearance  ol 
cordiulily.  They  landed  aeeordingly.  und  as  ihey  ad- 
vanced into  the  country,  tliev  observed  with  new  worv 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   OF 


ii    I 


^     '{ 


dor  Nonie  largo  lioiisca  btiilt  witli  stone.  But  thry  soon 
found  that,  iflhe  people  of  Vucatart  Imd  inatlo  proj^rrHs 
if)  iiiiproveint'riL  bovond  their  coiintryintMi,  llu-y  wi  re 
U-'icwisc  inori'  arlf'ul  and  warlike.  For  llioiiyh  the 
cu./ii)uc  had  received  Cordova  with  many  tokens  of 
frifwdship,  he  had  posted  a  eoiisiderahlu  hodv  of  liis 
nuMecta  in  andiush  behind  a  thicket,  wlio,  upon  a  signal 
given  by  him,  rushed  out  and  attacked  the  Spamiirds 
with  ^reat  boldness,  and  some  dcj;rec  of  martial  order. 
At  the  first  flight  of  their  arrows,  fifteen  of  the  Spaniards 
were  wounded  ;  but  the  Indians  were  struck  with  such 
terror  by  tiie  sudden  explosion  of  tlie  fire  anus,  and  so 
surprised  at  the  execution  done  by  them,  by  the  cross 
bows,  and  by  the  other  weapons  of  their  new  enrniieri, 
that  ihey  fled  precipitately.  Cordova  quitted  a  country 
where  he  had  met  with  such  a  fierce  reception,  carry- 
ing otTtwo  prisoners,  tojrether  with  tlic  ornaments  of  a 
Rmall  temple  which  he  plundered  in  hi.s  retreat. 

He  conlinned  his  course  towards  the  west,  without 
losiuf^  sijxht  of  the  coast,  and  on  the  sixteenth  day  ar- 
rived at  Campeacliy.  There  the  natives  received  them 
more  hospitably;  but  the  Spaniards  were  nuich  sur- 
prised, that  on  all  the  extensive  coast  aIon';r  which  tliey 
had  ««iied,  and  which  they  imaj»incd  to  be  a  lar^e 
island,  they  hud  not  observed  any  river.  [36J  As  their 
water  had  benan  to  fail,  (hey  aJvaiu'ed,  in  hopes  of  find- 
ing a  supply  ;  and  at  length  they  discovered  the  month 
of  a  river  at  Potonchan,  some  leagues  beyond  Cam- 
puachy. 

Cordova  landed  all  his  troops,  in  order  to  protect 
the  sailors  while  employed  m  lillmg  the  casks  ;  hut  not- 
withstanding this  preciiniion,  the  natives  rushed  down 
upon  them  with  such  fury  and  in  such  nun'.bera,  that 
forty-seven  of  the  Spaniards  were  kilh;d  upon  the  spot, 
and  one  man  only  of  the  whole  body  escaped  unhurt. 
'Jlieir  commander,  though  wounded  in  twelve  dilfcrent 
places,  directed  the  retreat  with  presencu  of  mind  eipial 
to  the  courage  with  which  he  had  led  them  on  in  the 
engagement,  and  with  much  ditl'iculty  they  regained 
their  ships.  After  this  fatal  repulse,  nothing  remained 
but  to  hasten  back  to  (^nba  with  their  shattered  forces. 
In  their  passage  thither  they  sutler  vl  the  most  ex(pii- 
aitc  distress  tor  want  of  water,  that  aien,  wounded  and 
cickly,  shut  up  in  small  vessels,  and  exposed  lu  the 
heat  of  the  torrid  zone,  can  be  supposed  to  endure. 
Sonic  of  them,  sinking  under  these  calanntics,  died  by 
the  way  :  Cordova,  their  commander,  expired  soon 
after  they  landed  in  Cuba. 

Notwithstanding  the  dis.istrous  conclusion  of  this 
ex))editiou,  it  eonl  dinted  rather  to  animate  than  to  damp 
a  spirit  of  enterprise  among  the  Spaniards.  They  had 
discovered  an  extensive  country,  situated  at  no  great 
diainnce  from  Cuba,  fertile  in  appearance,  and  possessed 
by  a  peop.e  far  superior  in  improvement  to  any  hitherto 
known  in  Atnchca.  Though  they  had  carried  on  little 
comin'^rciHl  iutercourso  with  the  natives,  they  lud 
brought  olf  some  ornaments  of  gold,  not  considerable 
in  value,  but  of  singular  f:ibric.  These  circumstances, 
related  with  the  exaggeration  natural  to  men  desirous 
of  heij'htening  'die  merit  of  th.eir  own  exploits,  were 
more  than  autlicient  to  excite  romantic  hopes  and  ex- 
pectations. Great  numbers  oUcred  to  eiigiige  m  a  new 
expedition.  Velasquez,  solicitous  tn  distinguish  him- 
self  bv  some  service  so  meritorious  as  might  entitle 
him  to  claim  the  governineut  of<.'uba  independent  of 
tlip  admiral,  not  only  encouraged  their  ardor,  hut  at  his 
own  expense  fitted  out  four  siu[)S  for  tlte  voyage.  Two 
hundred  ai- i  forty  voluntrers.  among  whom  were  se- 
veral persons  of  rank  rnd  fortune,  emitarkcd  in  this  en- 
terptise.  T!ic  command  of  it  was  given  to  Juan  de 
ljrij.\lva,  ;'  vdiiUi  m.m  of  known  merit  and  couraixe, 
witf  inslruclionii  yn  obit,  .v:  attentively  the  nature  of 
J-C  CO'::. tries  which  he  should  discover,  to  barter  for 
gold.ar'd.  if  circumstanc(;s  were  inviting,  to  settle  a 
colony  i'*.  some  proper  station.  He  sailed  from  St. 
J«^o  do  Cuba  on  the  eighth  of  April,  one  thousaiul  five 
hiuidrrd  and  eighteen.  Tlie  pilot.  Alaminos,  he! '  the 
B.une  course  as  in  the  former  voyage  :  hut  the  violence 
of  die  currents  carrying  the  ships  to  the  south,  llio  first 
land  which  they  made  was  the  island  of  Cozumti,  to 
the  eist  of  YucRlan.  As  all  the  inhabitants  fled  to  the 
n.io.  9  and  mountains  at  the  approach  of  the  Spaniards, 
ihey  made  iio  long  stay  tliere.  and  without  any  ri;n"rk- 
hh\<i  occnrrenco  tlioy  reachud  Potonchan  on  tiie  (.ppoj-ite 
side  of  the  peninsula.  Tiie  desire  of  avenging  their 
countrymen,  who  had  been  slain  there,  concurred  with 
their  ideas  of  good  policy,  in  piompting  them  to  land, 
that  they  ir.igiit  chastise  liie  Indians  of  that  district  with 
■uch  exeinnlary  rigor  as  would  strike  terror  into  uU  the 
people  round  them,  liu'  though  they  disemliarked  all 
their  troop*,  nnd  carried  ishore  some  field  pieces,  the 
Indians  fouyhl  with  such  rourajje,  that  the  Sp:iniards 


gained  the  victory  with  dilTlcidty,  and  were  confirmed 

in  their  opinion  that  the  inhdntanis  of  tliis  country 
Wduld  pro\o  more  lonnidahle  ciicniies  llian  any  they 
had  met  witii  111  other  parts  of  America  Trom  I'u- 
touchan  they  coiitimud  Ibtir  voyage  towards  the 
west,  keei)ing  us  near  as  possible  to  the  shore,  and 
casting  anchor  every  evening,  from  dread  of  the  dan- 
gerous aceulciils  to  which  tin  y  might  he  exposed  in  an 
unknown  sea.  1  hiring  the  day  their  eyes  were  turned 
conlmuany  towards  laud,  wiilia  nuxtuie  of  surprise  and 
wonder  at  the  beauty  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the 
novelty  of  the  object.s  which  they  belield.  Many  vil- 
lages were  scattertd  along  the  coast,  in  which  they 
could  distinguish  houses  of  stoiu^  that  appeared  white 
and  lofty  at  a  distance.  In  tlie  warmth  of  their  admira- 
tion, they  fancied  these  to  he  cities  adorned  with 
lowers  and  pinnacles  ;  and  one  of  the  soldiers  happen- 
ing to  remark  that  this  country  resembled  Spain  n  ap- 
pearance, firijaiva,  with  universal  applause,  called  it 
i\f:w  Simiii,  the  name  which  still  distinguishes  tins 
extensive  and  opulent  province  of  the  Spanish  empire 
m  America  ['^7.]  They  landed  in  a  river  which  the 
natives  called  Tufmsrti  f  June  llj  ;  and  the  fame  of  their 
victory  at  Potonchan  iiaving  reached  this  place,  the 
caziqne  not  only  received  them  amicably,  hut  bestowed 
presents  upon  them  of  such  value,  as  coufirmed  the 
high  ideas  which  the  Spaniards  had  formed  with  respect 
to  the  wealth  and  fertility  of  the  country.  These  ideas 
were  raised  still  highci  by  what  occurred  at  the  place 
where  they  next  touched.  This  was  considerably  to 
the  west  of  Tabasco,  in  the  province  since  known  by 
the  name  of  Ciuiixaca.  There  they  were  received  with 
the  respect  paid  to  sui)erior  beings.  The  people  per- 
fumed them,  as  they  landed,  with  incense  of  gum  copal, 
and  presented  to  them  as  oirerings  the  choicest  delica- 
cies of  their  country.  They  were  extremely  fond  of 
trading  with  their  iiew  visitants,  and  in  six  days  the 
Spaniards  obtained  oriiamenis  of  gold  of  curious  work- 
manship, to  the  value  of  fifteen  thousand  pesos,  in  ex- 
change for  European  toys  of  small  jiriec.  The  two 
prisoners  whom  ('ordov  .  h.id  brought  from  Yucatan, 
had  hitherto  served  as  interpreters  ;  but  as  they  did  not 
understand  the  language  of  this  country,  the  .Spiiiiiards 
learned  from  the  natives  liv  signs,  thar  they  were  ■ub- 
jects  of  a  great  .iiuiinrch  called  Monirzinna,  whrsc  do- 
minion" extended  over  thai  and  many  other  pro-'*  oes. 
Leaving  this  place,  witii  which  he  had  .-^o  much  reason 
to  be  pleased,  (injalva  continued  his  course  towards  the 
west.  He  landed  on  a  small  island  [./une  IDj,  which 
he  named  the  Isle  of  Sacrilices,  because  there  the  Spa- 
niard.4  beheld,  for  the  first  time,  the  horrid  spectacle  of 
human  victims,  which  the  barbarous  superstition  of  the 
natives  olVered  to  their  gods.  He  touched  at  another 
small  island,  which  he  called  St,  Juan  de  Ulna.  Kroin 
this  place  he  despatched  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  one  of  his 
otliccrs,  to  Velasipiez,  with  a  full  account  of  the  im- 
portant d'scoveries  which  he  had  made,  and  with  all 
the  treasure  that  he  acquired  by  trallicking  with  the 
natives.  After  the  departure  of  Alvarado,  he  himself, 
with  the  remaining  vessels,  proceeded  along  the  coast 
as  far  as  the  river  Paiiuco,  the  country  ;UiIl  appearing  to 
be  well  peopled,  fertile,  and  opnient. 

Several  of  (Jrijalvj's  ollicers  contended  that  it  was 
not  enouLdi  to  have  discovered  those  delightful  regions, 
or  to  have  performed,  at  their  difierent  landing-places, 
the  empty  cereinofiy  of  taking  possession  of  them  for 
the  crown  of  ('astile,  and  that  their  glory  was  incom- 
plete, unless  they  planted  a  colony  in  some  proper  sta- 
tion, which  might  not  onlv  secure  the  Sjianisti  nation  a 
footing  HI  the  country,  hut  with  the  reinforcements 
which  thev  were  certain  of  receiving,  might  gradually 
subject  the  whole  to  tlu-  dominion  of  their  sovereign. 
Jiut  the  squadron  had  now  been  above  live  months  at 
sea  ;  the  greatest  part  of  their  provisions  waf»  exhausted. 
and  what  remained  of  their  stores  so  much  corrupted 
by  the  heat  of  the  climate,  as  to  be  almost  unfit  for 
use;  they  had  lost  some  men  by  death  ;  others  were 
sickly  ;  the  country  w-as  crowded  with  people  who 
seemed  to  bn  in'eliigent  as  well  as  brave :  and  they 
were  under  the  government  of  one  powerful  monarch, 
who  couh!  bring  them  to  act  agtinst  their  invaders  with 
uni'ed  force.  To  plant  a  new  colony  under  so  many 
circumstances  of  disijdvanlage,  appeared  a  scheme  too 
perilous  to  he  attempted,  (.'rtjnlya,  though  possessed 
of  ambition  and  courage,  was  destitute  of  the  superior 
talents  capable  of  forming  or  executing  such  a  great 
plan.  He  judged  it  more  prudent  to  return  to  Cuba, 
having  fulfilled  the  purpose  of  his  voyage,  and  accom- 
plished all  that  the  armament  which  he  commanded  en- 
abled him  to  p(  rform.  He  returned  to  St.  Jago  de 
^iiha.  on  the  twenty-sixth  of  October,  from  which  be 
had  taken  his  departure  about  six  months  before. 


I      Tliis  was  the  longest  as  well  as  the  most  successful 

;  voyag(>  which  the  Spaniiirds  h.id  hitherto  made  in  tho 
I  New  World.  'J'liey  had  discovered  thai  Yucatan  was 
1  not  an  ishind  as  ihey  hnd  supposed,  but  part  of  the 
great  continent  of  America.  Prom  PotoncliPU  they 
had  pursued  their  course  for  numy  hundred  miles  along 
a  coast  formerly  unexplored,  stretching  first  towjrde 
the  west,  and  then  turning  to  the  north  ;  all  the  coun- 
try whieli  they  had  discovered  appeared  to  be  no  Its* 
valuable  than  extensive.  As  soon  as  Alvarado  reached 
Cuba,  Velasquez,  transported  with  success  so  far  be- 
yond his  most  sanguine  expectations,  immediately  des- 
patched a  person  of  confidence  to  carry  this  nnportant 
intelligence  to  Spain,  to  exhibit  the  rich  productions  of 
the  CO  mtries  which  had  been  discovered  by  his  meaiin. 
and  to  solicit  such  an  increase  of  authority  us  might 
enable  and  eiicouraije  him  to  attempt  the  conquest  of 
them.  Without  waiting  for  the  returnof  his  mes.-enger, 
or  for  the  arrival  of  Crijalva,  of  whom  he  was  become 
so  jealous  or  distrustful  that  he  was  resolved  no  longer 
to  employ  him,  he  began  to  |)repare  with  such  a  jwwer- 
ful  armament  as  might  prove  etpial  to  an  enterprise  of 
80  nmch  danger  and  importance. 

IJut  as  the  expedition  upon  which  Vclastpiez  was  now 
intent  terminated  i  '  oiuiue-.ts  of  greater  moment  than 
what  the  Spaniards  had  hitherto  achieved,  and  led  thcin 
to  the  knowledge  of  a  people,  who,  if  compared  with 
those  tribes  of  America  with  whom  they  were  hitherto 
acquainted,  may  be  considered  as  highly  civilized  ;  it  is 
proper  lo  pause  before  we  jirocced  to  the  history  of 
events  cx.remoly  dilVerent  from  those  which  we  have 
already  related,  in  order  to  take  a  view  of  the  state  of 
the  New  Woild  when  first  discovered,  and  to  contem- 
plate the  policy  and  manners  of  the  rude  uncultivated 
tribes  that  occupied  all  the  parts  of  it  vvitli  which  the 
Spaniards  were  at  this  time  acquainted. 


BOOK    IV. 

View  of  America  wlien  first  (iiscovured,  am!  of  llio  manners 
and  policy  nf  its  iiio.st  uiicivilr/oii  iiiliabitaTUs— Vjist  extent 
of  America— uranileuritt  I  tu:  ulijecis  it  |ireseiUsti>  view— us 
ui'unitaiii::— livers— lakes — its  torm  favoraliJe  tocnmiiieive 
— lenijicraturtt— (iredimiinancT  of  cold — causes  oi  this— lui- 
t'uUivated— uiuvhii!i',>ii)tnc— its  aiiin;;ils— soil— Inijuiry  h'vt 
Ainorica  was  |)ro|)led— various  tlu-ories— what  .ippeari 
rnosi  prolialtlo — t'otulition  ami  character  of  the  Amt'iicana 
— All.  the  Mexicans  and  Peruvians  e.xeeptcd,  in  tlie  .staio 
of  s:iva;;es  — Itiqnjry  c-'iifmetl  lo  the  niirivili/ed  trihcs — 
Djfticiilty  iUol)t:nniiisnirorniati(pn— viirions  rauses  of  tins  — 
Nhltiod  (th.-ervrd  ill  llio  ni'iuiry— I.  The  hodily  cinistitulion 
nf  thfi  Ainericaiis  cun.-^idiMeJ— II.  TUo  iiuailties  ul  iheir 
iniads— III.  Their  dfinustic  stale— IV.  Their  [loltlir.al  sl.ne 
and  institutions— V  Their  system  of  wnr  and  pnl'hc  seen- 
riiy— VI.  Tlio  arts  with  which  they  were  aitiiuainicd— 
VII.  Tlii'irreliRinus  ideas  and  institutions— VIIl,  Such  iin> 
pular  and  detached  rnslonis  as  are  nut  reducihle  to  any  of 
the  foriruT  heads— IX.  General  review  and  estimate  of  their 
virtues  and  defects. 

TwKNTY-six  years  bad  elapsed  since  Colnmhns  had 
conducted  the  people  of  Knrope  to  tho  New  World. 
During  that  period  the  Spaniards  had  made  great  pro- 
gress in  exploring  its  various  region-*.  'Pliey  had  vi- 
sited all  the  islands  scattered  m  ditlcrent  clu:«tera 
through  that  |iart  ol  the  ocean  which  (lows  in  between 
North  and  South  America.  'J'hey  had  sailed  alou  rtho 
eastern  coast  of  the  continent  from  the  river  De  la 
Plata  to  the  boHoin  of  tlie  Mexican  Cmlf,  and  had  found 
that  it  stretched  without  interruption  through  this  vast 
portion  of  the  globe.  They  had  discovered  tlie  great 
Southern  Ocean,  which  opened  new  prospects  in  that 
quarter.  They  had  acquired  some  knowledge  of  the 
I  Oiist  of  Plorida.  which  led  them  to  observe  the  conti- 
nent as  it  extended  in  an  opposite!  dire4"tion  ;  P.nd  though 
they  pushed  their  discoveries  ,o  further  toward^  the 
North,  otiier  nations  hiui  visited  those  parts  which  the/ 
neijlected  The  Kutilish  in  a  voyagf!  the  motives  and 
success  of  which  shall  be  related  in  another  part  of  thi* 
History,  bad  sailed  along  the  coast  of  Amerif  a  from 
Labrador  to  tlie  confines  of  Plorida  ;  and  the  l*ortn- 
guese,  in  quest  of  a  shorter  passage  to  the  I'ast  Indies, 
had  ventured  into  the  northern  seas,  and  v;-^wcd  tha 
same  regions.  Thus,  at  the  period  where  I  have  cliosea 
to  take  a  view  of  the  state  of  tho  New  World,  its  ex- 
tent was  known  almost  from  its  northern  extremity  to 
thirty-five  degrees  south  of  the  equator.  Tho  coimlrie^ 
which  stretch  from  thence  to  the  southern  houndiiry  o! 
America,  the  great  empire  of  Peru,  and  tho  interioi 
state  of  the  extensive  dominions  subject  to  tho  sove- 
reigns of  Mexico,  were  still  undiscovered. 

When  wo  conlemplate  the  New  World,  the  firit  cir- 
cumstancu  that  strikes  us  is  its  immen.sc  extent-  It 
was  not  a  small  portion  of  the  earth,  so  inconsiderable 
that  a  might  have  escaped  the  observation  or  research 
of  former  ages,  which  ('olmnbusdiscovf  red.  He  uuiun 
known  a  new  hcmisphoro,  larger  than  either  Kurope, 


SOUTH   A  M  R  R I  C  A. 


M 


or  Asia,  or  Africa,  the  three  noted  divisiona  of  the  an- 
cient contiritrit.  and  not  much  inferior  in  dimensions  to 
li  third  part  of  the  habituble  ^lohe. 

America  is  remarkable,  not  only  for  its  magniliulc, 
but  for  its  position.  It  stretches  from  the  northern 
polar  circle  to  a  lu^h  soulliern  latitude,  above  tiftron 
hundred  niih's  lieyond  ihu  furllu'st  uxlromily  ol  the  oUl 
continent  on  that  side  of  the  hne.  A  country  of  such 
cx'.cnt  passes  tlirough  all  the  climates  capable  of  be- 
coming the  habitation  of  man,  and  fit  foryicldintr  the 
various  productions  peculiar  either  to  tiie  temperate  or 
to  tiie  torrid  regions  of  the  earth. 

Next  to  the  extent  of  the  New  World,  the  grandeur 
of  the  objects  whicli  it  presents  tu  view  is  movt  apt  to 
strike  the  eye  of  an  observer.  Nature  seems  here  to 
havo  carried  on  her  operations  upon  a  larger  scale  and 
with  a  bolder  liand,  and  to  have  dislnii,'uishcd  the  fea- 
tures of  this  country  by  a  peculiar  nnignilicence.  The 
mountains  in  America  are  nnicb  superior  in  height  to 
those  in  the  otlier  divisions  of  the  globe.  PIven  the 
plahi  of  Quito,  which  may  he  considered  as  the  base  of 
the  Andes,  is  elevated  further  above  the  sea  than  the 
top  of  the  Pyrenees.  This  stupendous  ridge  of  the 
Andes,  no  less  remarkable  for  extent  than  elevation, 
ris''s  in  dilferent  places  more  than  one-third  above  tiie 
Peak  of  Teneriife,  the  highest  land  in  the  ancient  he- 
misphere. The  Andes  may  literally  be  said  to  hide  their 
heads  in  the  clouds  ;  the  storms  often  roll,  and  the  thun- 
der hursts  below  their  summits,  which,  though  ex])Osed 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  in  the  centre  of  the  torrid  zone, 
ajc  covered  with  everlasting  snows.  [2S] 

From  these  lofty  mountuins  descend  rivers,  propor- 
tionabty  large,  with  which  the  streams  in  the  ancient 
continent  are  not  to  be  compared,  eitlier  for  lengtli  of 
course,  or  the  vast  body  of  water  which  they  roil  to- 
wards the  ocean.  The  Maragnon,  the  Orinoco,  the 
Plata  in  South  America,  the  Mississippi  and  St.  I^au- 
renco  in  North  America,  flow  in  such  sp'icious  elian- 
nels,  that  long  before  they  feel  the  inHucnce  of  the  tide, 
they  resemble  arms  of  the  sea  rather  tlian  rivers  of  fresh 
water.  f"9J 

The  lakes  of  the  New  World  are  no  less  conspicuous 
for  grandeur  than  its  mountains  and  rivers.  There  is 
nothing  in  other  parts  of  the  globe  which  resembles  the 
prodigious  chain  of  lakes  m  North  America.  They 
may  projierly  be  termed  uiland  seas  of  fresh  water ; 
and  even  tho.se  of  lUd  seeonil  or  third  class  in  magni- 
tude arc  of  larger  circuit  (the  Caspain  Sea  excepted) 
tlian  the  greatest  bike  of  tlie  ancient  continent. 

The  New  World  is  of  a  form  e.vtremely  favorable  to 
commercial  intercourse.  Wh'ii  u  continent  is  formed, 
like  Africa,  of  one  vast  solid  nas>4,  unbroken  by  arms 
of  the  sea  penetrating  into  its  interior  parts,  with  few 
large  rivers,  and  those  at  a  runs  derable  distance  from 
each  other,  the  greater  part  of  it  sums  destined  to  re- 
main for  rver  uncivilized,  and  to  be  debarred  from  any 
active  or  enlarged  communication  with  the  rest  of  man- 
Kind.  When,  like  Europe,  a  continent  is  opened  by 
.niets  of  the  ocean  ol  great  extent,  such  as  the  Medi- 
terninean  and  Daltic  ;  or  when,  like  Asia,  its  coast  ia 
broken  bv  deep  bay*  advanring  far  into  the  countr;'. 
8uch  as  the  Black  Sea,  the  Gulfs  of  .\rabia.  of  Persia, 
of  Ilengal,  of  Siam,  and  of  Jieotung  ;  when  the  sur- 
runndmg  seas  arc  filled  with  large  and  fertile  islands, 
ajul  the  continent  itself  watered  with  a  variety  of  navi- 
gable rivers,  thosi?  regions  may  be  said  to  possess  \%li;it- 
ever  can  facilitate  the  progress  of  their  inliabitants  in 
commerce  and  improvement.  In  all  tliese  resjiecls 
America  may  bear  a  comparison  with  tlie  other  ijuartert 
of  the  globe.  The  Gulf  of  Mexico,  whicli  (lows  in  be- 
tween North  and  South  America,  inav  be  considered  as 
a  Mediterranean  sea,  wlncli  opens  a  marnune  commerce 
with  all  the  fertile  countries  by  whicli  it  is  encircled 
The  islands  scattered  in  it  are  inferior  only  to  those  in 
the  Indian  Archipelago,  in  nuudier,  in  magnitude,  and 
in  value.  As  we  stretch  along  the  northern  division  of 
the  American  hemisphere,  tlic  Day  of  Cliesapeak  pre- 
sents a  spacious  inlet,  which  conducts  the  navigator  far 
into  the  interior  parts  of  provinces  no  less  fertile  than 
oxtonsive  ;  and  if  ever  the  progress  of  culture  and  papu- 
lation shall  mitigate  the  extreme  rigor  of  the  elunate  in 
the  more  northern  districts  of  America,  Hudson's  Day 
.nay  become  as  subservient  to  commercial  intercouree 
in  that  q\iarter  of  the  globe,  as  the  Baltic  is  in  Europe. 
The  other  great  portion  of  the  New  World  is  encom- 
passed on  every  side  by  the  pca,  execft  one  narrow 
neck  which  separates  the  Atlantic  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  ;  and  though  it  be  not  opened  by  spacious  bays 
or  arms  of  tlie  sea,  its  interior  parts  are  rendered  ac- 
cpBsihlti  by  a  number  of  large  rivers,  fed  by  so  many 
auxdtary  streams,  tlowing  m  such  various  directions, 
that  ftUnost  without  any  aid  front  the  hand  of  industry 


and  art,  an  inland  navigaiiwti  may  be  carried  on  tlirough 
all  the  provinces  from  the  river  De  la  Phita  to  tiie  (iulf 
of  Paria.  Nor  is  this  bounty  of  nsiture  coiiiined  lo  tlie 
southern  division  of  America:  its  northern  euntinent 
abounds  no  less  in  rivers  which  are  ruvigablu  aniiosi  to 
tjieir  sources,  and  by  it.-*  iniinciise  ciiaiii  of  lakes  provi- 
sion is  made  for  an  inland  cauununication,  more  exten- 
sive and  eornmudiouR  ihan  in  any  tpiarter  of  the  ginltc. 
The  coinunes  stretchuiir  from  the  Gulf  of  Daricn  on 
one  side,  to  that  of  California  on  the  other,  which  form 
tiic  chain  that  binds  the  two  parts  of  the  American  con- 
tir.ent  together,  are  not  destitute  of  peculiar  advantages. 
Their  coast  on  one  side  is  washed  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  other  by  the  Pacilic.  Some  of  their 
rivers  flow  into  llie  former,  soni-?  imo  tne  latter,  nnd 
secure  to  them  all  the  commercial  benefits  that  may 
result  from  a  communication  with  both. 

But  wliaL  most  distinguishes  America  from  other 
parts  of  the  earth  is  the  peculiar  temperature  of  its  cli- 
mate, and  the  dilferent  laws  to  which  it  is  subject  with 
respect  to  the  distribution  of  beat  and  cold.  We  can- 
not determine  with  precision  the  portion  of  beat  felt  in 
any  part  of  the  globe,  merely  by  measuring  its  distance 
Irom  the  equator.  The  climate  of  a  country  is  allected, 
in  some  degree,  by  its  elevation  above  the  sea,  by  the 
extent  of  continent,  by  the  nature  of  the  ooil,  the  height 
of  adjacent  mountains,  and  many  other  circumstances, 
'i'lie  influence  of  these,  however,  is  from  various  causes 
less  considerable  in  the  greater  part  of  the  ancient  con- 
tinent ;  and  from  knowing  tlie  poshion  of  any  country 
there,  we  can  pronounce  with  greater  certainty  what 
will  be  the  warmth  of  its  climate,  and  the  nature  of  its 
productions. 

The  maxims  which  are  founded  upon  observation  of 
our  hemisphere  will  not  apply  to  the  other.  In  the 
New  World,  cold  predoniinatos.  The  rigor  of  the 
frigid  zone  extends  over  half  of  those  regions  which 
should  be  temperate  by  their  position.  (Countries 
where  the  grape  and  the  fig  should  ripen,  are  buried 
under  snow  one  half  of  the  year;  and  lands  situated 
in  the  same  parallel  with  the  most  fertile  and  best  cul- 
tivated provinces  in  Kurope,  are  chilled  with  perpetual 
frosts,  which  almost  destroy  the  power  of  vegetation, 
[30]  As  we  advance  to  tiiose  parts  of  Americfi  which 
he  m  the  same  parallel  with  provinces  of  Asia  and 
.\frica,  blessed  willi  a  uniformenjoyment  of  such  genial 
warmih  as  is  most  fncndly  to  life  mid  vegetation,  the 
dominion  of  cold  continues  to  be  felt,  and  winter  reigns, 
though  during  a  short  period,  with  extreme  severity, 
If  we  proceed  along  the  American  continent  into  the 
torrid  zone,  we  shall  find  the  cold  prevalent  in  the  New 
World  extending  itself  also  to  this  region  of  the  globe, 
and  mitigating  the  excess  of  its  fervor.  While  the 
negro  on  tiie  coast  of  Africa  is  scorched  with  unremit- 
ting heat,  the  inhabitant  of  Peru  breathes  an  air  equally 
mild  and  temperate,  and  is  perpetually  shaded  under  a 
canopy  of  gray  clouds,  which  intercepts  the  tierce  beams 
of  the  sun,  without  obstructing  bis  friendly  inlbience. 
Along  the  eastern  coast  of  America,  the  climate, 
though  more  similar  to  that  of  the  torrid  zone  m  other 
parts  of  the  earth,  is  nevertheless  considerablv  milder 
than  in  those  countries  of  Asia  and  Africa  which  lie 
in  the  same  latitude.  If  from  the  southern  tropic  we 
continue  our  progress  to  tlie  extremity  of  the  Ame- 
rican continent,  we  meet  with  frozen  seas,  and  coun- 
tries horrul.  barren,  ami  scarcely  habitable  for  cold 
much  sooner  than  in  the  north 

\'anous  causes  combine  m  rendering  the  climate  of 
America  so  extremely  dilforent  from  that  of  the  an- 
cient continent.  Though  tlie  utmost  extent  of  Ame- 
rica towards  the  north  be  not.  yet  discovered,  we  know 
that  It  advances  much  nearer  to  the  pole  than  either 
Kurope  or  Asia.  Both  these  have  large  seas  to  the 
north,  which  are  open  during  part  of  the  year ;  and 
even  when  covered  with  ice,  the  wind  that  blows  over 
them  is  less  intensely  cold  than  that  which  blows  over 
land  in  the  same  high  latitudes.  Put  in  America  the 
land  stretches  from  the  river  St,  liaurcnco  towards  the 
pole,  and  spreads  out  immensely  to  the  west.  A  chain 
of  enormous  mountains  covered  with  snow  and  ice, 
runs  through  all  this  dreary  region.  The  wind,  in  pas- 
sing over  such  an  extent  of  high  and  frozen  land,  be- 
comes so  impregnated  with  cold,  that  it  acquires  a 
piercing  keenness,  which  it  retains  in  its  progress  through 
warmer  climates,  and  it  in  not  entirely  mitigated  until 
it  reach  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Over  all  the  continent 
of  North  America  a  north-weatorly  wind  and  exces- 
sive cold  are  synonymous  terms.  Kven  in  the  most 
tfuttry,  the  moment  that  the  wind  veers  to  thai  quarter, 
its  pvnetratmg  influence  is  fell  in  a  tran.>;ition  from  beat 
lo  ''old  no  less  violent  than  sudden.  To  Oil-^  powerful 
cause  wc  may  ascribe  the  extraunlinary  dominion  of 


cold,  and  its  violent  ir.roads  into  the  .southern  provin- 
ces, !n  that  part  of  the  glolie. 

Other  causes,  no  less  remarkable,  diminish  Uio  active 
power  of  beat  in  those  parts  of  the  American  contin- 
ent which  lie  between  the  tropics.  In  all  that  portion 
of  the  globe,  the  wind  blows  in  an  invariable  direction 
from  east  to  A-est.  As  this  wind  holds  its  roursu 
across  the  ancient  continent,  it  ariives  at  the  cuuninen 
which  stretch  along  the  western  shoies  of  Africa,  in- 
tlamed  with  all  the  fiery  particles  which  it  had  col- 
lected from  the  ^iiltry  plains  of  Asia,  and  the  burnini^ 
sands  in  the  African  deserts  'J'he  coast  of  Afnci  is, 
accordingly  the  region  of  the  eartli  which  feels  the  most 
fervent  heat,  ^md  is  exi>osed  to  the  unmitigated  ardor  of  the 
torrid  zone.  But  this  same  wind,  which  brings  auch 
an  accession  of  warmth  to  the  other  countries  lying 
between  the  river  of  Senegal  and  Oafraria,  traverser 
tlio  Atlantic  Ocean  before  it  reaches  the  America'- 
shore.  It  ia  cooled  in  its  passage  over  this  vast  body 
of  water,  and  is  felt  as  a  refreshing  gale  along  the 
coast  of  Brazil,  [31 J  and  Guiana,  rendering  these 
countries,  though  among  the  warmeat  in  America, 
temperate,  when  compared  with  those  which  lie  o|>- 
posite  to  them  in  Africa.  [32]  As  this  wind  advances 
m  its  course  across  America,  it  meets  witli  immense 
plains  covered  with  impenetrable  forests,  or  occupied 
by  large  rivers,  marshes,  and  stagnating  waters,  where 
it  can  recover  no  considerable  degree  of  heat.  At 
length  it  arrives  at  the  Andes,  which  run  from  north  to 
south  through  the  whole  continent.  In  passing  over 
their  elevated  and  frozen  summits,  it  is  so  thoroughly 
cooled,  that  the  greater  part  of  the  countries  beyond 
them  tiardly  feel  the  ardor  to  wliicli  they  seem  exposed 
by  their  situation.  In  the  other  provmccsof  America, 
from  Tierre  Terme  westward  to  the  Mexican  empire, 
the  heat  of  the  climate  is  tempered,  in  some  places, 
by  'he  elevation  of  the  land  above  the  sea,  in  others, 
by  their  extraordinary  humidity,  and  in  all,  by  the  enor- 
mous mountains  scattered  over  this  tract.  The  islands 
of  America  in  the  torrid  zone  are  cither  small  or  moun- 
tainous, and  are  fanned  alternately  by  refreshing  sea 
and  land  breezes. 

The  causes  of  the  extrordinary  cold  lowards  the 
southern  limits  of  America,  and  in  the  seas  beyond  it, 
cannot  be  ascertamed  in  a  manner  equally  satisfying. 
It  was  long  suppo.sed  that  a  vast  continent,  distin- 
gui.'^iied  by  the  name  of  Tiiia  Ausliahs  Inro^^nita^ 
lay  between  the  southern  extremity  of  America  and 
the  Antarctic  pole.  Tlie  same  principles  which  ac- 
count for  the  extraordinary  degree  of  cold  in  the 
northern  regions  in  America,  were  employed  in  ordo' 
to  explain  that  which  is  felt  at  Cape  Horn  and  the  ad- 
jacent countries.  The  innnensc  extent  of  the  south- 
ern continent,  and  liie  larg(;  rivers  which  it  pourtid  into 
the  ocean,  were  mentioned  and  admitted  by  philo- 
sophers as  causes  sullicient  to  occasion  the  unusual 
sensation  of  cold,  and  the  still  more  uncommon  ap- 
pearances of  frozen  seas  in  that  region  of  the  globi;. 
But  the  imaginary  continent  lo  which  such  intluence 
was  ascribed,  having  been  searched  for  in  vain,  and  the 
s]!acc  which  it  was  supposed  to  occupy  having  been 
.  ibund  to  be  an  open  sea,  new  conjectures  must  he 
i  formed  with  respect  to  the  causes  of  a  temperature  of 
climate,  so  extremely  ditlerent  from  that  which  we  ex- 
perience in  eountries  removed  at  the  same  distance 
from  the  opposite  pole.  [3.1] 

After  contemplating  those  permanent  and  churacttr- 
istic  qualities  of  the  American  continent,  which  arise 
from  the  peculiarity  of  its  situation,  atKi  tlK  disposition 
of  its  parts,  the  next  object  that  merit*  attention  is  its 
condition  when  tirst  discovered,  aa  far  as  that  de- 
pended upon  the  industry  and  o^ieralinns  \i\  man. 
The  ell'ects  of  human  ingeinnty  and  labor  are  more  ex- 
tensive and  considerable  than  even  our  own  vanity  is  apt 
at  flrst  lo  imagine.  When  we  survey  the  face  of  the 
habitable  globe,  no  small  part  of  that  ferlility  and 
beauty  which  we  nseribe  to  the  hand  of  nature,  is  the 
work  of  man.  His  efforts,  when  continued  through  a 
flucression  of  ages,  change  the  B[ipearancc  and  un- 
prove  the  qualities  of  the  earth.  As  a  great  part  of 
the  ancient  continent  lias  long  been  occupied  by  ni* 
lions  far  advanced  in  arts  and  industry,  our  eye  i«  ac- 
customed to  view  the  earth  in  that  form  which  it 
assumes  when  rendered  fit  to  be  the  residence  of  a 
numerous  race  of  men,  and  to  supply  them  with 
nourishment. 

But  in  the  New  World,  the  slate  of  mankind  wai 
rm  *r.  and  the  aspect  of  nature  extremely  different. 
Thiougbout  all  its  vast  regions,  there  were  only  two 
monarchies  remarliable  for  extent  of  territory,  or  dis- 
tinguished bv  anv  progress  in  improvement.  Th*'  rest  of 
thiscontinent  was  possessed  by  small  independent  tribe?\ 


100 


KOUKRTSO.N*  S    IIISTURY    OF 


destitute  of  artsaml  imlustry^and  neither  capable  tocor- 
rccttlieellbctMior  desirous  lo  nirlioratc  the  condition  of 

that  part  oftlie  earth  allotted  totinMnfortheir  hihiuitton. 
Countries  occupied  I'V  wvich  people  were  ahnost  in  llie 
s»inest.iteas  if  tluy  hiid  l»ceii  withoiit  iuhahuarita.  Irn- 
inenao  forests  covered  a  great  part  of  the  uncultivated 
earth;  and  a- thehandofuldu8tryhJdnotta^llIilttheri^l■r8 
tonni  in  a  pioper  channel,  or  drained  otl'  the  sta<;riatinjT 
water,  many  of  the  most  fertile  plains  were  overllovved 
with  inundations,  or  converted  uilo  'narshes.  In  ihc 
•onthcrn  provinces,  where  the  warmth  of  the  sun,  the 
moisture  of  the  climate,  and  the  fertility  of  the  soil, 
combine  in  calling  forth  the  most  vigorous  powers  of 
vegetation,  Ihc  woods  arc  so  choked  with  its  rank  luxii- 
riaiice  as  to  he  almost  impervious,  and  the  surface  of 
tlie  ground  is  hid  from  the  eye  under  a  thick  coverinij 
of  shrubs  and  herbs  and  weeds.  In  this  state  ni  wild 
unassisted  nature,  a  <;rcat  part  of  thelarye  provinces  in 
South  America,  which  extend  from  the  bottom  of  tlie 
Andes  to  the  sea,  still  remain.  The  Kuropean  colonies 
have  cleared  and  cultivated  a  few  spots  along  the 
coast ;  but  the  original  race  of  mhabilanls,  as  rude  and 
indolent  as  ever,  have  done  nothing  to  open  or  improve 
a  country  possessing  almost  every  advantage  of  situa- 
tion and  climate.  As  we  advance  towards  the  norili- 
em  provinces  of  America,  nature  continues  lo  wear 
the  same  uncultivated  aspect,  and.  in  jiroportion  as  tiic 
rigor  of  the  chmatc  increases,  appears  more  desolate 
and  horrid.  There  the  forests,  ihouifh  not  encumbered 
with  the  same  exuberance  of  voLretatioii,  are  of  mi- 
niensc  extent ;  prodigious  marslujs  overspread  the 
plains,  and  few  marks  appear  of  hiunan  activity  in  any 
nitempt  lo  cullivatc  or  embellish  the  earth.  \o  won- 
der that  the  colomes  sent  from  Kurope  were  astonished 
at  iheir  t'.rst  entrance  into  the  New  World.  It  ap- 
pealed to  tliem  waste,  solitary,  and  uninviting.  \Vhcn 
the  English  began  to  settle  in  America,  they  lernied 
the  countries  of  which  they  look  possession.  The 
Wililcnicss.  Nothing  but  their  eaijer  expectation  of 
finding  mines  of  gold  could  have  induced  ihe  Spaniards 
tu  penetrate  through  tlie  woods  and  marshes  of  Aine 
rica,  where  at  every  step,  they  observed  the  extreme 
dttTcrenco  between  the  uncultivated  face  of  nature,  and 
that  which  it  acijuires  under  the  forming  hand  of  in- 
dustry and  an.  [3-1] 

The  labor  and  operations  of  man  not  only  improve 
and  embellish  the  earth,  but  render  it  more  wholesome 
and  friendly  to  life.  When  any  region  lies  neglected 
and  destitute  of  cultivation,  the  air  stagnates  in  the 
woods;  putrid  exiialations  arise  from  the  waters ;  tlie 
surface  of  the  eartli,  loaded  with  rank  vegetation,  feels 
not  the  purilying  intluence  of  tiie  sun  or  of  the  wind; 
the  malignity  of  the  distempers  natural  to  the  climate 
increases,  and  new  maladies  no  less  noxious  are  en- 
gendered. Accordiuiily,  all  the  provinces  of  America, 
when  first  discovered,  were  found  to  be  remarkably 
unhealthy.  Tins  the  Spjniard.-«  experienced  in  every 
expedition  into  the  New  World,  whether  destined  for 
conquest  or  setllemefit.  Though  bv  the  natural  con- 
stitution of  their  bodies,  their  habitual  temperance,  and 
the  persevering  vigor  of  their  minds,  they  were  as 
n)nch  formed  as  any  people  in  Kurope  for  aciive  ser- 
vice in  a  sultry  climates  they  fell  severely  the  fatal  and 
end  pernicious  rpialities  of  those  uncultivated  regions 
tlirough  which  they  marched,  or  where  they  endeavored 
to  |)lant  colonies.  Great  numbers  were  cut  oil'  by  the 
unknown  and  violent  diseases  with  which  they  were 
infected.  Such  as  survived  the  destructive  rage  of 
those  maladies,  were  not  exempted  from  the  noxious 
influence  of  the  climalc.  They  returned  to  Kurope, 
according  to  the  description  of  the  early  Spani.-h  liis- 
toriaiis.  feeble,  emaciated,  with  languid  looks,  and 
complexions  of  such  a  sickly  yellow  color  as  indicated 
the  unwholesume  temperature  of  the  countries  where 
thoy  liad  resided. 

The  uncultivated  state  of  tho  New  World  affected 
not  only  the  temperature  of  the  air,  but  the  qualities 
of  its  productions.  The  principle  of  life  seems  to  have  ; 
been  less  active  and  vigorous  there  Ihan  in  the  ancient  j 
continent.  Notwnhstamlmif  the  vast  extent  of  Ame-  ! 
rica.  and  the  variety  of  iis  climates,  the  ditlerent  ! 
species  of  animals  peculiar  to  it  are  much  fewer  m  ' 
proportion  than  those  of  thi*  other  bcimsphere.  In  the  | 
'tilanda  there  wore  only  four  kimU  of  qiiadrnpeds  i 
known,  tho  largest  of  which  did  not  exceed  the  size  of  j 
a  rabbit.  On  the  continent,  the  variety  was  greater;  ' 
and  though  ihc  individuals  uf  each  kind  could  not  fail 
of  multiplying  exceedingly  when  almost  unmolested 
by  men,  who  were  neither  so  numerous,  nn-  so  united 
in  society,  as  to  bo  forinidahle  enemies  to  the  animal 
creatiun,  (he  number  uf  dt^tinet  speeits  must  still  lie 
flODtidered  as  exlreie.ely  f^mall.     Of  two  hundred  dif- 


I  ferent  kinds  of  animals  spread  over  the  face  of  the 
'  earth,  only  about  one-third  rxisted  in  Ameriea  at  the 
time  of  its  discovery.  Natiire  was  net  only  le.-'S  pro- 
lific in  the  New  World,  but  ^he  appears  likewiKC  to 
have  been  less  vigorous  in  her  pjodnetions.  The 
animals  originally  tielonging  to  this  quarter  of  the 
globe  appear  to  be  of  an  inferior  race,  neither  so  robust 
nor  so  tierce  as  thost  ol  the  other  continent.  America 
gives  birth  to  no  creature  of  such  bulk  us  to  he  com- 
pared with  the  t  lephmit  or  riiinoccros,  or  that  equals 
the  lion  and  tiger  in  strengtli  and  ferocity.  ['^'^^]  Tlie 
Tai'tjroi  lirazil,  the  largest  quadruped  of  the  ravenous 
tribe  in  the  New  World,  is  cot  larger  than  a  calf  of 
six  months  old.  'I'he  Pimm  and  Jti<;tiiir,  \ls  fiercest 
beasts  of  prey,  which  Europeans  have  inaccurately 
denominated  lions  and  tiu'ers,  possess  neilher  the 
undaunted  courage  of  the  tbriner,  nor  the  ravenous 
cruelty  of  the  latter.  They  are  inactive  and  timid, 
hardly  formidable  to  man,  and  often  turn  their  backs 
upon  the  least  aiipearanee  of  resistance.  The  same 
qualities  in  the  ehinaie  uf  America  which  stinted  the 
growth,  and  enfeebled  the  spirit,  of  its  native  annuals, 
have  proved  pernicious  lo  such  as  have  migrated  into 
it  voluntarily  from  the  oilier  eoiuineiit,  or  have  been 
transported  thiiher  Ity  the  Kuropeaiis.  The  hers,  the 
wolves,  tlie  tieer  at  America,  are  not  equal  in  size  to 
tho-se  of  the  Old  World.  Most  of  the  domestic  ani- 
mals, with  which  the  l)uro|M>ans  have  stored  the  pro- 
vinces wlierein  they  bctlled,  have  degenerated  with 
respect  eiihcr  to  bulk  or  quality,  in  a  country  whose 
temperature  and  soil  seem  to  be  less  favorable  to  the 
strength  and  peifeciioii  of  the  animal  creation.  [JiliJ 

The  s.anie  cauwcs  which  cheeked  the  growth  and  the 
vii.'or  of  the  more  iiolde  animals,  were  friendly  to 
the  iiropaifation  and  nn:reasc  of  reptib's  and  in.sccts 
Thougli  tins  IS  not  peculiar  to  the  New  World,  and 
those  odious  tribes,  nourished  by  heat,  moisture,  and 
corruption,  infest  every  part  of  the  torrid  zone  ;  they 
miiltiplv  faster,  perhaps,  in  America,  and  grow  to  a 
more  monstrous  nnlk.  As  this  country  is  on  the 
whole  less  cultivated  and  less  pcopb-d  than  the  other 
quarters  of  the  earth,  tlie  active  jirinciple  ot' life  wastes 
Us  force  in  pioduclions  of  tins  inferior  form.  The  air 
i.s  often  darkened  wiili  eluuds  of  insects,  and  the 
ground  covered  with  shoekii.g  and  noxious  reptiles. 
The  country  around  I'orio  litllo  swarms  with  toads  in 
such  mulliuules  as  hide  the  surfao;  of  the  earth.  At 
Guayaquil,  snakes  and  vipers  are  hardly  less  numerous, 
('arthagena  is  infested  with  numerous  flocks  of  bats, 
which  annoy  not  only  the  catile  but  the  inhabitants. 
In  the  islands,  legions  of  ants  have  at  difl'erent  times 
consumed  every  vegetable  production,  [37]  and  left 
the  earth  entirely  bare  as  if  it  had  been  burned  witli 
fire.  The  damp  forests  and  rank  .soil  of  ihe  countries 
on  the  banks  of  the  Orinoco  and  Maragnon  teem  with 
almost  ever-^  otVensive  and  poisonous  creature  which 
the  power  oi"  a  sultry  sun  can  quicken  into  life. 

The  birds  of  tlie  New  World  are  not  distintruishcd 
by   qualities    so    conspicuous    and    characlenstical    as 
those    which   we    have    oh.icrved    in    its   quadrnijcds 
Uirds  are  more  imiependent  of  man,  and  less  allected 
by  the   changes    which   his    industry  and  labor  make 
upon   the    stale  of   the  earth.      They  have  a  greater 
propensity  to    migrate   iVoin   o.ie  eountry  to  another, 
and  can   gratify  this  instinct  of  tlieir  nature  without 
difhculty  or  dauLier.      Hence  the  number  ol  birds  com- 
mon lo  both  continents  is  much  greater  than  that  of 
quadrupeds  ;  and  even  such  as  are  peculiar  to  .\inerica 
nearly   resemble  those  with   which    mankind  were  ac- 
piainted   in  similar  regions  of  the  ancient  hemisphere. 
The   American   birds  of  the  torrid  zone,  like  those  of 
the    same  climate  in  Asia  and  Africa,  are  decked  in 
plumage   which  dazzles  the  eye  with  the  beauty  of  its 
colors  ;  but  nature,  satistied  with  clothing  them  in  this 
gay    tlress,  lias   denied    most  of  them  that  melody  of 
sound  and  varietv  of  Jioles  wliich  catch  and  tlelighl  the 
car.     The  birds  of  the  tcinpirale  climates  rhere,  m  the 
same  manner  as  in  our  continent,  are  less  sph-ndid  in 
tliiSir  appearance  ;   but,  in  coni|iensation  for  that  defect, 
j  they  have   voices  of  greater  compasn,  and  more  melo- 
dious.     In   some    districts   of  America,  the  iinwhole- 
;  some   temperature  of  tlui  air  seems  to  be  unfavorable 
I  even  to  this  part  o(  the  crealiim.      'I'lie  number  of  birds 
lis   less  than  m   other  countries,  and  the  traveller  is 
I  struck  with  the   ama/iiii;   solitude  and  silence  of  its 
I  forests.      It    IS    reinarkaltle,    however,    that    America. 
j  where  the  ipiadrupcds  are  so  dwarfish  and  dastardly, 
I  should   produce   the   Vomior  which  iu  enliiled  to  pre- 
eminence over  all  tho  Hying  tribe,  in  bulk,  in  strength, 
I  and  in  courage. 

!      The   soil  in  u  eontment   ^-o  e.vti  ii.sive  as   America, 
'  must,  of  course,  be  extremely  various.     In  each  of  its 


provinces   we  find  koiiio  distinguishing   peculiarities, 

the  description  uf\\  lech  belongs  to  tliose  wliu  write  then 
parti'-ul.ii  lu.-^iory.  In  ^Muitral  we  may  observe,  that 
I  lie  in()u>lMre  and  colli,  wlucii  predoininateso  remarkably 
m  all  pails  of  Ameriea,  must  haxe  great  ir.tlucnco 
upon  the  nature  of  its  so  1 ;  counlries  lymg  in  the  saiiio 
parallel  with  those  regions  wliuh  never  feel  the  cx- 
treme  rigor  of  winter  in  the  ancient  continent,  aro 
frozen  over  in  America  during  a  great  part  of  the  year. 
Chilled  by  this  intense  cold,  the  ground  never  acquire* 
warmth  suflicent  to  ripen  the  fruits  which  arc  found  in 
the  corresponding  parts  of  the  other  continent.  If  we 
wish  lo  rear  m  America  the  j>foductions  which  abound 
in  any  particular  district  of  the  ancient  world,  wo  nmst 
advance  several  degrees  nearer  to  the  lino  than  in  the 
other  hemisphere,  as  it  requires  such  an  increase  o( 
heat  to  counterbalance  llie  natural  frigidity  of  the  toH 
and  chinale.  [38]  At  the  (Jape  of  Good  Hope,  seve- 
ral of  the  plants  and  fVuits  peculiar  to  the  counlrica 
within  the  tropics  are  cultivated  with  success  ;  whereas, 
at  St.  Augustine  in  Tlorida,  and  Charles  Town  in 
►South  t.'aroliiiiJ.  though  considerably  nearer  the  line, 
they  cannof  be  brought  to  thrive  with  eipial  certainly 
[39]  Hut,  if  allowance  be  made  for  this  diversity  in 
the  degree  of  heat,  the  soil  of  America  is  naturally  as 
rich  and  fertile  as  in  any  part  of  the  earth.  As  the 
country  was  thinly  inhabited,  and  by  a  people  of  little 
mdub'try,  who  had  none  of  the  domestic  animals  which 
civiliied  nations  rear  in  such  vast  numbers,  the  earth 
was  not  rxhaustcd  by  their  consumi)tion.  The  vege- 
table productions,  to  which  the  ferlility  of  the  soil  gave 
birth,  often  remained  untouched,  and,  being  auflered  lo 
corru])l  on  its  surface,  returned  with  increase  into  its 
bosom.  As  trees  and  jilants  derive  a  great  part  ol 
their  nourishment  from  air  and  water  ;  if  lliey  were  not 
destroyed  by  man  and  other  animals,  they  would  ren- 
der to  tlie  tarth  more,  perhaps,  tlian  Hiey  take  from  it, 
and  feed  rather  than  impoverish  it.  Thus  the  unoccu- 
pied sod  of  America,  may  ha\e  gone  on  enriching  foi 
many  ages.  The  vast  number  a.s  well  as  enormous 
■■^ize  of  the  trees  in  .\merica.  indicate  the  exliaordmary 
vigor  of  the  sod  in  its  native  state.  When  the  Euro- 
peans lirst  began  to  cuUivate  the  New  A\'orld.  they  vvero 
as.jnished  at  the  luxuriaiit  power  of  vegetation  in  its 
virgin  mould  ;  and  in  several  places  the  ingenuity  of 
the  planter  is  still  employed  in  (liminisliing  and  wasting 
its  siipertluous  fertility,  m  order  lo  bring  it  down  tt 
state  tit  for  prolitable'cullure.  [40] 

Having  thus  surveyed  the  state  ai  the  New  Wor 
at  the  lime  of  its  discovery,  and  considered  the  peculiar 
features  and  qualities  which  distinguish  and  character- 
ize it,  the  next  inquiry  that  merits  attention  is,  How 
was  America  peopled  !  IJy  what  course  did  mankind 
migrate  from  the  one  continent  to  the  other  I  And  in 
what  quarter  i<r  it  most  probable  that  a  communication 
was  opened  lu.'twcVMi  them  \ 

We  know  with  inlalhble  certainty  that  all  the  human 
race  sjirmg  from  the  same  source,  and  that  the  deseeiid- 
aiiis  of  one  man,  tinder  the  protection,  as  well  as  in 
obedience  to  the  command  of  Heaven,  multiplied  and 
replenished  the  earth.  Itut  neilher  the  annals  nor  the 
traditions  of  nations  reach  back  to  tiio<e  rcinole  ages,  in 
which  they  took  possession  of  t!ie  different  countries 
where  they  are  now  settled.  We  cannot  trace  the 
branches  of  tliis  lirst  family,  or  point  out  with  certainty 
the  time  and  inanner  in  which  they  divided  and  spread 
over  the  face  of  the  globe.  Kven  among  the  most  en- 
hghleiied  people,  the  period  of  authentic  history  is  ex- 
tremely short  ;  and  every  thing  prior  to  that  is  fabu- 
lous or  obscure.  It  is  not  «urpribing,  then,  that  the 
unlctteted  inhabitants  of  America,  who  liav«!  no  solici- 
tude about  futurity,  and  little  curiosity  concerning  wnal 
is  passed,  should  he  altogether  unacquainted  with 
their  own  original.  The  people  on  the  two  opposite 
coa.sts  of  America,  who  occupy  those  countries  in  .\me- 
rica  whieh  approach  nearest  lo  the  ancient  continent  are 
so  remarkably  rude,  that  it  is  altogether  vain  tu  search 
among  them  for  such  inlormatiou  as  might  disco  er  iho 
place  from  whence  they  came,  or  tht;  ancestors  oi  whom 
they  are  descended.  Whatever  light  has  been  thrown 
on  this  subject  is  derived  not  from  the  natives  of  .\nin- 
rica.  but  from  the  iiupiisitive  genius  of  their  conquerors 

When  ttie  people  of  Kurope  une.xj)ccteilly  discovered 
a  New  World,  removed  at  a  vast  distHiiee  from  every 
part  of  the  ancient  continent  vvhidi  was  then  known, 
and  filled  with  inhabitants  whose  appearand^  and  man- 
ners ditl'ered  remarkably  from  tho  rest  of  the  humtm 
species,  the  qm'-«tion  concerning  tlieir  original  liccamo 
naturally  an  obp-ct  of  curiosity  and  aitention.  'i1»6 
theories  and  .spe.  illations  of  ingenious  men  with  respect 
lo  this  vubjecl,  would  fill  m  uiy  volumes  ,  but  are  ol'ien  so 
wild  and  chimerical,  that  I  .^hould  oiler  an  insult  to  Uie 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


101 


understanding  of  my  readers,  if  T  attempted  either  mi- 
nutely to  on'imcrate  or  to  refute  liieni.  Some  have 
prc.suiiiptiioiisly  imagined,  that  tin-  jieopU^  of  America 
were  not  the  olfspriiig  of  U.v  same  cominoii  jiarent 
with  '.he  rest  of  mankiiid,  hut  lliat  they  formed  a  sepa- 
rate race  of  men,  distin<*uisluiliU'  hy  prcuhar  features 
in  the  constitution  of  their  hodie.s,  us  wi-ll  a.s  in  iho 
characteristic  quuhties  of  their  minds.  Oihers  ron- 
tr.nd,  that  they  are  descended  from  some  renuiant  of 
tlie  antediluvian  inliahitants  of  the  earth,  who  survived 
the  deluge  which  swept  away  the  greatest  part  of  the 
human  spccica  in  the  days  of  Noah  ;  and  preposter- 
ously suppose  rude,  uncivilized  tribes,  scattered  over 
an  uncultivated  continent,  to  he  the  most  ancient  race 
of  people  on  the  earth.  I'herc  is  hardly  any  nation 
from  the  north  to  the  south  pole,  to  which  some  anti- 
i^uary,  in  the  extrava^^ance  of  conjecture,  has  not 
ascribed  the  honor  of  peopling  America.  'J'he  Jews, 
the  Canaanites,  the  PhnMiicians,  the  Carthaginians,  the 
Greeks,  the  Scythians,  in  ancient  times,  are  supposed 
10  have  settled  in  this  western  World.  Tlie  (.'hinese, 
the  Swedes,  the  Norwegians,  the  Welsh,  the  .Spa- 
niards, arc  said  to  have  sent  colonies  thither  rn  later 
ages,  at  diiferent  periods  and  on  various  occasions. 
Zealous  advocates  stand  forth  to  support  the  respective 
claims  of  those  people  ;  and  tliough  they  rest  upon  no 
heller  foundation  than  the  casual  resi  nd)lance  of  some 
customs,  or  the  supposed  atPmity  iietween  a  few  words 
in  tiieir  ditferent  languages,  much  erudition  ond  more 
zeal  have  been  employed,  to  little  purpose,  in  defiince 
of  the  opposite  systems.  Those  regions  of  conjecture 
and  controversy  belong  not  to  tlie  liistorian.  His  is  a 
more  limited  province,  confnied  by  what  is  established 
by  certain  or  hijihly  probable  evidence.  I3eyoud  this 
1  shall  not  venture,  in  otfering  a  few  observations 
which  may  contribute  to  tlirow  some  light  upon  this 
cnrioi  s  and  much  agitated  question. 

1.  There  arc  aulhurs  who  have  endeavored  by  mere 
conjecture  to  account  for  the  peopling  of  America. 
Some  have  supposed  that  it  was  originally  united  to 
the  ancient  continent,  and  disjoined  fioin  it  by  tlu; 
ehock  of  an  earthquake,  or  ilie  irruption  of  a  deluge. 
Others  have  imagined,  that  some  vessel  being  forced 
from  its  course  by  the  violence  of  a  westerly  wind, 
might  be  driven  by  accident  towards  the  American 
coast,  and  have  given  a  beginning  to  population  in 
that  desolate  conUnent.  Hut  with  respect  to  all  those 
fcystenis,  it  is  in  vain  either  to  reason  or  inquire,  be- 
cause it  is  impossible  to  come  to  any  decision.  S'lch 
eve. its  as  they  supj)Ohe  are  barely  possible,  and  may 
Lave  happened.  That  they  ever  did  happen,  we  have 
no  evidence,  cither  from  the  clear  testimony  of  history, 
or  from  the  obscure  intimations  of  tradition. 

2.  Nothing  can  be  more  frivolous  or  uncertain  than 
the  attempts  Ij  discover  the  original  of  the  Americana 
merely  liy  tracing  the  rcsendilante  between  their  man- 
ners and  those  of  anv  particular  people  in  the  ancient 
continent.  If  we  suppose  two  tribes,  though  placeil  in 
the  most  remote  regions  of  the  globe,  to  live  in  a  cli- 
mate nearly  of  the  same  temperature,  to  be  in  the  aame 
stale  of  society,  and  to  resemble  each  other  in  the  de- 
gree of  their  improvement,  they  must  feel  the  same 
wants,  and  exert  the  sa.ne  endeavors  to  supply  them. 
The  same  objects  will  allure,  the  same  passions  will 
animate  thcin,  and  the  same  ideas  and  sentiments  will 
arise  in  their  minds.  The  character  and  occupations 
of  the  hunter  in  America  must  be  litte  dillerent  fioin 
those  of  an  Asiatic  who  dcjiends  for  subsistence  on  the 
chase.  A  tribe  of  savages  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube 
must  nearly  resemble  one  upon  the  plains  washed  by 
the  Mississippi.  Instead  then  of  presuming  from  this 
siimlaritv.  thai  there  is  an."  ''.".nily  between  them,  we 
should  onlv  conclude  that  the  dispo.silion  aid  manners 
jf  men  are  lormed  by  their  siiualion.  and  iiri^e  from  the 
slate  of  society  in  which  they  live.  The  moment  that 
begins  to  vary,  the  character  of  a  people  must  ''hange. 
In  pr'jporiten  as  it  lulvances  in  imj)rovenieiil.  their 
mani.ers  retine,  tlieir  powers  and  taUmts  are  culled 
forth.  In  every  \nin  of  tht'  earth,  the  progress  of  luiin 
hatii  been  nearly  tire  same  ;  and  we  can  trace  him  in 
hi'i  cari'cr  from  the  rude  simplicity  of  savage  life,  until 
ttc  attains  the  industry,  the  arts,  and  the  elegance  of 
polished  society.  There  is  nothing  wondertul,  then, 
in  the  similitude  between  the  Americans  and  the  bar- 
barous nations  of  our  continent.  Had  I.atitau.  <  iarcia. 
and  many  other  authors  attended  to  this,  they  would 
not  liave  perjdexed  a  subject,  which  they  pretend  to 
illustrate,  by  their  fruitless  endeavors  to  establish  an 
uliniity  between  various  races  of  neople,  in  ihi;  old  and 
niiw  continents,  upon  no  other  evidence  than  such  a  re- 
souiblance  in  their  manners  as  net  e.ssarily  arises  from 
Uit*  •iiniUnty  of  their  condit  3n.     Tl.oro  arc,  it  is  Uvj, 


among  every  peojde,  some  customs  which,  as  they  do 
not  flow  from  anv  naiiiral  want  or  desire  peculiar  to 
their  situation,  may  be  denominated  usages  of  arbitrary 
iri?<titution.  If  between  two  nations  settled  in  remote 
parts  of  the  earth,  a  perfect  agreement  with  respect  to 
anv  of  these  should  be  discovered,  one  might  be  led  to 
sus|ieet  that  they  were  connected  by  some  atlinity.  If, 
for  example,  a  nation  were  found  in  America  that  con- 
secrated the  seventh  day  to  religious  worship  and  rest, 
might  justly  sup[iosp  that  it  had  derived  its  know- 
ledge of  this  usage,  which  is  of  arbitrary  institution, 
from  the  Jews.  Hut,  if  it  were  discovered  that  another 
nation  celebrated  the  first  appearance  of  every  new 
moon  with  extraordinary  demonstrations  of  joy,  we 
should  not  be  entitled  to  conclude  that  the  observation 
of  this  montblv  festival  was  borrowed  from  the  Jews, 
but  ought  to  consider  it  merclv  as  the  expression  of  that 
joy  which  is  natural  to  man  on  the  return  of  the  planet 
which  guides  and  cheers  hun  in  the  night.  The  in- 
stances of  customs,  merely  arbitrary,  common  to  the 
inhabitants  of  both  bemispberes,  are,  indeed,  so  few 
and  so  equivocal,  that  no  theory  concerning  the  popu- 
lation of  the  New  World  ought  to  be  founded  upon 
them. 

3.  'i'lie  theories  which  have  been  formed  with  respect 
to  the  original  of  the  Americans,  from  observation  of 
their  reliifious  rites  and  practices,  are  no  less  fanciful 
and  destitute  of  solid  foundation.  When  the  religious 
opinions  of  any  people  are  neither  the  result  of  rational 
inquiry,  nor  derived  from  the  instructions  of  revelation, 
they  must  needs  be  wild  and  extravagant.  Barbarous 
nations  are  incapable  of  the  former,  and  have  not  been 
blessed  with  the  advantages  arising  from  the  latter. 
Still,  however,  the  human  mind,  even  where  its  opera- 
tions appear  most  wild  and  cajnicious,  holds  a  course 
so  regular,  tlial  in  every  age  and  country  the  dominion 
of  particular  passions  will  be  attendtd  with  similar  ef- 
fects. The  savage  of  Kurope  or  America,  when  filled 
with  superstitious  dread  of  invisible  beings,  or  with  m- 
quisiiive  solicitude  to  penetrate  inio  tlie  events  of  fu- 
turity, trembles  alike  with  fear,  or  glows  with  impa- 
tience. He  has  recourse  to  rites  and  practices  of  the 
same  kind,  in  order  to  avert  the  vengeance  which  he 
supposes  to  be  hnpending  over  him,  or  to  divine  the 
secret  whirh  is  the  object  of  his  curiosity.  Accordingly, 
the  ritual  of  superstition  in  one  continent  seems,  m 
many  particulars,  to  be  a  transcript  of  that  established 
in  the  other,  and  both  authorize  similar  institutions, 
sometimes  so  frivolous  as  to  excite  pity,  sometimes  so 
bloody  and  barbarous  as  to  create  horror,  liut  without 
supposing  any  consanguinity  between  such  distant  na- 
tions, or  imagining  that  their  religious  ceremonies  were 
conveyed  by  tradition  from  the  one  to  the  other,  we 
may  ascribe  this  uniformity,  winch  in  many  instances 
seems  very  amazing,  to  the  natural  operation  of  super- 
stition and  enthusiasm  upon  the  weakness  of  the  human 
mind. 

4.  Wo  may  lay  it  down  as  a  certain  principle  in  this 
inquiry,  that  America  was  not  peopled  by  any  nation 
of  the  ancient  continent  which  had  made  considerable 
progress  in  civilization.  The  inhibitants  of  the  New- 
World  were  in  a  state  of  society  so  extremely  rude  as 
to  be  unacquainted  with  tiiose  aris  which  are  the  first 
essays  of  human  ingenuity  in  its  advance  towarils  im- 
provement. Kveii  the  most  cultivated  nations  of  .Vim;- 
nca  were  strangers  to  many  of  those  simple  inventions 
which  w(>r(-'  almosi  coeval  willi  society  m  other  parts  of 
tJK!  wdiitt,  and  were  known  in  the  earliest  periods  of 
civil  life  with  which  we  have  any  acquaiutance.  From 
Ibis  it  is  manifest,  that  the  tribes  which  originally  mi- 
grated to  America,  came  olf  trom  nations  which  must 
bav<!  been  no  less  barbarous  than  their  posterity,  at  the 
time  when  tlu'V  were  first  discovered  by  the  Knrojjeans. 
Tor,  allhouLdi  the  eleu'ant  or  relined  arts  may  decline  or 
perish,  amidst  the  violent  shocks  of  those  revolutions 
ami  disastiTs  to  which  nations  are  exposed,  the  neces- 
sary arts  of  bfe.  when  once  thev  have  been  introduced 
amoii'i  anv  people,  are  never  lost.  None  of  the  vicis- 
siiudes  m  human  atVairs  allict  these,  and  they  continue 
to  be  practised  as  lom;  as  the  race  of  men  exists.  If 
ever  tbe  use  of  iron  had  been  known  to  the  savages  of 
.Vinenca,  or  to  llieir  progenitors  ;  if  ever  they  had  em- 
ployed a  plough,  a  loom,  or  a  forge,  the  utility  of  those 
inventions  would  have  preserved  them,  and  it  is  impos- 
sibl  \  that  they  should  have  been  abandoned  or  forgotten. 
W  ;  may  conclude,  then,  that  the  Americans  sprung 
fp  111  some  people,  who  were  themselves  in  such  an 
et  rly  and  unimpioved  stage  of  society,  as  to  be  unac- 
q  lamled  with  all  those  necessary  arts,  which  continued 
t  J  be  unknown  among  their  poslerily  when  (irst  visited 
ny  the  Spaniards. 

5.  It  appears  no  less  evident  that  America  was  not 


peopled  hy  any  colony  from  the  more  southern  nutums 
of  the  ancient  continent.  None  of  the  rude  tribes  set- 
tled in  that  part  of  our  hemisphere  can  he  supposed  to 
have  visited  a  country  so  remote.  They  possessed 
neither  enterprise,  nor  ingenuity,  nor  power  that  could 
prompt  them  to  undertake,  or  enable  them  to  perform 
such  a  distant  voyage.  That  tbe  more  civilized  nations 
in  Asia  or  Africa  are  not  the  progenitors  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, IS  manliest  not  only  from  the  observations  which 
I  have  already  made  concerning  their  ignorance  of  the 
most  simple  and  necessary  arts,  but  from  an  additioiml 
circumstance.  Whenever  any  people  have  experienced 
the  advantages  which  men  enjoy  by  their  donimion  over 
the  inferior  animals,  they  can  neither  subsist  without 
the  nourishment  which  these  atVord,  nor  carry  on  any 
considerable  operation  independent  of  their  minit^try 
and  labor.  Accordingly,  the  b:st  care  of  the  Spaniards, 
when  they  settled  in  America,  was  to  stock  it  with  all 
tbe  donxrstic  animal.t  of  Europe  ;  and  if,  prior  to  them, 
the  Tyrians,  tbe  (/arthagmians,  tbe  Chinese,  or  any 
other  polished  peojde,  had  taken  possession  of  that  con- 
tinent, we  should  have  found  there  the  animaia  peculiar 
to  those  regions  of  the  globe  where  they  were  originally 
seated.  In  alj  America,  however,  there  is  not  one  ani- 
mal, tame  or  wild,  which  properly  belongs  to  the  warm 
or  even  the  more  teinpcraie  countries  of  the  ancient 
continent.  The  camel,  the  dromedary,  the  horse,  the 
cow,  were  as  much  unknown  m  America  as  the  ele- 
phant or  the  lion.  From  which  it  is  obvious,  that  tho 
people  who  first  settled  in  the  western  world  did  not 
issue  from  the  countries  where  llio.se  animals  abound, 
and  where  men,  from  having  been  long  accustomed  to 
their  aid,  would  naturally  consider  it  not  only  as  bene- 
ii''ial,  but  as  indisjuMisably  necessary  to  the  nnprovc- 
meiit,  and  even  the  preservation  of  civil  society. 

6.  From  considering  the  animals  with  which  Ame- 
rica is  stored,  wo  may  conclude  that  the  nearest  pomt 
of  contact  between  the  old  and  new  continents  is  to- 
wards the  northern  extremity  of  both,  and  that  there 
the  communication  was  opened,  and  the  intercourse 
carried  on  between  them.  All  the  extensive  countries 
in  America  which  he  wilbm  the  tropics,  or  approach 
near  to  them,  are  hlled  with  indigenous  aniinah  of 
various  kinds,  entirely  diliiereiit  from  those  in  the  cor- 
responding regions  of  the  ancient  continent.  I3ut  the 
iiorihern  provinces  of  the  New  World  abound  with 
many  of  the  wild  animals  winch  arc  common  m  such 
parts  of  our  beiinsjiliere  as  lie  in  a  similar  siiuation. 
Tlie  bear,  the  wolf,  tbe  fox,  the  hare,  the  deer,  the 
roebuck,  the  elk,  and  several  other  species,  frequent 
tho  forests  of  North  America,  no  less  than  those  in  the 
norih  of  Furope  and  Asia.  It  seems  to  be  evident, 
then,  that  the  two  continents  approach  each  other  in 
this  quarter,  and  are  either  united,  or  so  nearly 
adjacent  that  these  animals  might  pass  from  the  one 
to  the  other. 

7.  The  actual  vicinity  of  the  two  continents  is  so 
clearly  established  by  modern  discoveries,  that  the 
chief  diiiiculty  with  respect  to  the  peopling  of  America 
is  removed.  While  those  immense  regions  which 
stretch  eastward  from  the  river  Oby  to  the  sea  of 
Kamchatka  were  unknown  or  imperfectly  explored, 
the  nonh-east  extremities  of  our  hemisphere  were 
supposed  to  be  so  far  distant  from  any  part  of  the 
New  World,  that  it  was  not  easy  to  conceive  how  any 
coinmuniiration  sliould  have  been  carried  on  between 
them.  Hut  the  Russians,  having  subjected  the  west- 
ern part  of  .Siberia  to  their  empire,  gradually  extended 
their  knowledge  of  that  vast  country,  oy  advancing 
lowardj  llie  east  into  unknown  provinces.  Those 
were  discovered  hy  hunters  in  their  excursions  after 
game,  or  by  soldiers  employed  m  levying  the  taxes ; 
and  the  court  o\  Moscow  estimated  the  importance  of 
tnose  countries,  only  by  the  small  addition  which  they 
made  to  its  revenue.  At  length  I'eter  the  Ureal 
ascended  the  Russian  throne.  His  enlightened,  com- 
prehensive mind,  intent  uj.on  e\ery  circmnstaiice  that 
could  aggrandize  his  empire,  or  render  his  reign  illus- 
trious, discerned  consequences  of  those  discoveries 
which  bad  escaped  the  observation  of  his  ignorant  pre- 
decessors. He  perceived.  Uial  in  proportion  as  the 
regions  of  Asia  extended  towards  the  east,  they  must 
approach  nearer  to  .\inerica  ;  that  tbe  coininumcation 

I  between  tho  two  continents,  which  had  long  been 
I  searched  for  in  vam,  would  probably  be  found  in  tins 
quarter ;  and  iliat  by  opeiimg  it,  some  part  of  tho 
wealth  and  commerce  of  the  western  world  might  be 
made  to  flow  into  his  dominions  by  a  new  channel. 
Such  an  object  suited  a  genius  that  delighted  in  grand 
schemes.  I'eter  drew  vip  instructions  with  his  ovvn 
hand  for  prosecuting  this  design,  and  gave  orders  f<tt 
carrying  it  inti>  execution 


I'f 


'      ^ 


103 

Hit  B;.cccs.^or8  adopted  his  ideas  and  pursued  his- 
p!un.  The  oiliccrs  whom  llie  Russian  court  i'iii|iloycd 
ID  this  scrvicr  h^d  to  stru<.rgle  with  so  inany  ditli- 
cidties,  that  their  pro^frrss  was  extremely  slow.  Eii- 
coura<;ed  by  some  faint  traditions  amotii»  tlie  pocplc  of 
Siheria,  conccrmiifj  a  sl)ccei*^*ful  voynye  in  the  year 
one  tlioiisand  six  hundred  and  forty-eight,  round  the 
north-east  promontory  of  Asia,  they  atteuiptid  to 
follow  the  same  roiirse.  Vessels  were  fitted  out,  with 
tills  view,  nt  dilfrrcnt  times,  from  the  rivers  Lena  and 
Kulymu;  I). it  in  a  frozen  ocean,  which  nature  seems 
not  to  have  destined  for  naviijation,  titey  were  exposed 
to  many  disasters,  witliout  hcing  aide  to  accomplish 
their  purpose.  No  vessel  titled  out  hy  the  Russian 
court  ever  doubled  this  formidable  Cape  ;  [41]  we  arc 
indebted  for  what  is  known  of  those  extreme  rejjions 
of  Asia,  to  the  discoveries  made  in  excursions  by  land. 
In  all  those  provinces  an  opinion  prevails,  *,hat  there 
are  countries  of  oreat  extent  and  fertility  which  he  at 
no  eouHiderahle  distance  from  tlu'ir  own  coasts.  These 
the  Rus.Hians  imaj^ined  to  be  part  of  America;  ami 
several  rinMunAtances  concurred  not  only  in  conlirminj^i 
Iheui  in  this  belirf,  hut  in  ptTsmidini,'  ihem  that  some! 
portion  of  that  continent  could  not  be  vrry  rcnmte. . 
Trees  of  various  kinds  unknown  in  (!iO;ie  nakt-d  reirioria 
o(  Asia,  are  driven  upon  the  coast  by  an  easterly  wind,  i 
By  the  same  wind.  Hoating  ice  is  brought  thither  in  a] 
few  days;  flights  of  birds  arrive  annually  frotn  thoj 
same  quarter;  and  a  tradition  obtains  among  the  in- 1 
habitaiila,  of  an  intercourse  formerly  curried  on  with! 
POiiK  rouiitri'^9  situated  to  the  east. 

After  weighing  all  these  particulars,  and  comparing 
the  position  of  the  countries  in  A»ta  which  had  been 
discovered,  with  such  parts  in  the  northwest  of  Ame- 
rica as  were  already  known,  the  Russian  court  formed 
a  plan,  which  would  have  hardly  occurred  to  a  nation 
less  accustomed  to  engage  in  arduous  undertakinn^, 
and  to  contend  with  great  ditliculties.  (Orders  were 
issued  to  build  two  vessels  at  the  small  village  of 
Ochotz,  situated  on  the  sea  of  Kamchatka,  to  sail  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery.  Though  that  dreary  uncultivated 
region  furnished  nothing  that  could  be  of  use  in  con- 
structing them,  but  some  larch  trees  :  though  not  onlv 
the  iron,  the  cordage,  the  sails,  and  all  the  numerous 
articles  requisite  for  their  equipment,  but  the  j>rovi- 
sions  for  victualling  them  were  to  be  carried  through 
the  immense  deserts  of  Siheria,  down  rivers  of  dillicult 
navigation,  and  along  roads  almost  impassible,  the 
mandate  of  the  sovereign,  and  the  perseverance  of  the 
people,  at  last  surmounted  every  obstacle.  Two  ves- 
sels were  finished,  and.  under  the  command  of  the 
Captains  Dehring  and  Tscliirikow,  sailed  from  Kam- 
chatka, in  quest  of  the  New  World  in  a  quarter  where 
it  had  never  been  approached.  They  sliaped  their 
course  towards  the  east ;  and  tbovigh  a  storm  soon 
ueparaled  the  vessels,  which  never  rejoined,  and  many 
disasters  befell  them,  the  expectations  from  the  voyage 
were  not  altogether  frustrated.  Each  of  the  com- 
manders discovered  land,  which  to  them  appeared  to 
be  part  of  the  American  continent ;  and.  according  to 
their  observation,  it  seems  to  he  situatful  within  a  few 
degrees  of  the  north-west  coast  of  California.  Each 
set  some  of  his  people  ashore  :  hut  in  one  place  tlie 
inhabitants  fle'l  as  the  Russians  approached  ;  in  ano- 
ther, they  carried  off  those  who  landed,  and  destroved 
their  boats.  The  violence  of  the  weather,  and  the  dis- 
tress of  their  crews,  obliged  both  captr  ns  to  quit  this 
inhospitable  coast.  In  their  return  they  touched  at  se- 
veral islands  which  stretched  in  a  chain  from  cast  to 
west  between  the  country  which  they  had  discovered 
and  the  coast  of  Asia.  They  had  Rome  intercourse 
v/ith  the  natives,  who  seemed  to  them  to  resemble  the 
North  Americans.  They  presented  to  the  Russiaiis 
|he  r.tdumct^  or  pi()e  of  peace,  which  is  a  symbol  of 
friendship  universal  among  the  people  of  North  Ame- 
pca,  and  a  usage  of  arbitrary  mstilution  peculiar  to 
them. 

Though  the  islands  of  this  New  Archipelago  have 
been  frequented  since  that  time  by  the  Russian  hun- 
ters, the  court  of  St.  Petersburgh,  during  a  period  of 
more  than  forty  years,  seems  to  have  relinquished  every 
thought  of  prosecuting  discoveries  in  that  quarter. 
Alt  m  the  year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  sixly- 
cight  it  was  unexpectedly  resumed.  The  sovereign 
who  had  been  .ately  seated  on  the  throne  of  Peter  the 
Great,  possessed  the  genius  and  talents  of  her  illustri- 
ous predecessor.  During  the  operations  of  the  most 
aniuous  and  extensive  war  in  which  the  Russian  em- 
pire was  ever  engaged,  she  formed  schemes  and  exe- 
cuted undertakings,  to  which  more  limited  abilities 
would  have  been  incapable  of  attending  but  amidst  the 
)euur«s  of  pacific  times.     A  new  voyage  of  diacovery 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  OF 


from  the  eastern   extremity  of  Asia  was  planned,  and 

captain  Krenti/.in  and  Eii  utenant  Eevashcll"  wi-re  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  two  vessels  lilted  out  fur  that 
purpose.  In  their  voyage  outward  lliey  held  nearly  l!ie 
same  course  with  ihe  former  navigators,  they  luuched 
at  the  same  islands,  observed  ihetr  situation  and  pro- 
ductions nuire  carerullv,  and  duscovered  several  new 
islands  with  which  Rehring  aiid  Tselurikow  had  not 
fallen  in.  Though  they  did  not  proceed  so  far  to  ihe 
east  as  to  revisit  the  country  which  iJehring  and 
Tschirikow  supposed  to  be  part  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, yet,  by  returning  in  q  corrse  considerably  to  the 
north  of  theirs,  they  corrected  some  capital  mistakes 
into  which  their  predecessors  had  fallen,  and  have  con- 
tributed to  facilitate  the  progress  of  future  navigators  in 
those  seas.  [42J 

Thus  the  possibility  of  a  communication  between 
the  continents  in  this  quarter  rests  no  longer  upon  mere 
conjecture,  but  is  establihiied  hy  undoubted  evidence. 
Some  tribe,  or  some  fumihes  of  wandering  Tartars, 
from  the  restless  spirit  peculiar  to  their  rate,  might 
migrate  to  tlie  nearest  islands,  and,  rude  as  their  know- 
ledge of  navigation  was,  might,  by  passing  from  one 
to  'he  other,  reach  at  length  the  coast  of  America,  and 
give  a  beginning  to  population  in  that  continent.  The 
distance  between  the  Marian  or  Eadrone  islands  and  tlie 
nearest  land  in  Asia,  is  ;^reater  than  that  bclwcun  the 
part  of  America  wliirh  tue  P.  .ssians  discovered,  and 
the  coast  of  Kamchatka  ;  and  yet  the  inhabitants  of 
those  islands  are  manifestly  of  Asiatic  extract.  If, 
notwithstanding  their  remote  situation,  we  admit  that 
(he  .Marian  islands  were  peopled  from  our  continent, 
distance  alone  is  no  reason  why  we  .should  hesitate 
about  adnnttmg  that  the  Americans  may  derivt;  tlieir 
original  from  the  same  source  It  is  probable  that  fu- 
ture navigators  in  those  sea.Q,  by  steering  furllier  to  the 
north,  mn\  find  that  tlie  conluient  of  America  approach- 
es .still  nearer  (o  .\sia.  According  to  the  information 
of  the  barbarovis  peoj)le  who  inhabit  the  country  about 
the  north-east  promontory  of  Asia,  there  lies,  otV  the 
coast,  a  small  island,  to  which  they  hail  in  less  than  a 
dav.  Erom  that  they  can  descry  a  large  continent 
which,  according  to  their  descri|ilion,  is  covered  witli 
forests,  and  possessed  by  peoj)le  whose  language  they 
do  not  underhtand.  Ry  them  they  are  supplied  with 
the  skins  of  martens,  an  animal  unknown  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Siberia,  and  which  is  never  found  but  in 
ountries  abounding  with  trees.  If  we  could  rely  on 
on  this  account,  we  miuht  conclude  that  the  American 
eonlinenl  is  separated  from  ours  only  hy  a  narrow 
strait,  and  all  the  diHlcuUies  with  respect  to  the  com- 
munication between  lliem  wjiild  vanish.  What  rould 
be  olfered  only  as  a  conjeet'ire,  when  this  history  wiia 
first  published,  is  now  known  to  h*;  certain.  The  near 
approacli  of  the  two  cotitinents  to  each  other,  has  been 
discovered,  and  traced  in  a  voyage  under'.aken  upon 
principles  so  p\ire  and  so  liiicral,  and  conducted  w  iih  so 
much  professional  skill,  as  rctlcct  lustre  upon  the  reign 
of  the  sovereign  by  whom  it  was  planned,  and  do  honor 
to  the  officers  intrusted  ivith  the  execution  of  it.   [4:IJ 

It  \A  likewise  evident  from  recent  di.scoveries,  that  an 
intercourse  between  our  continent  and  America  might 
be  carried  on  with  no  less  facilitv,  from  the  north-west 
extremities  of  Europe.  As  early  as  the  ninth  century, 
[A.  D.  830.]  the  Norwegians  discovered  Greenland, 
and  planted  colonies  there,  'i'lie  coinmumcation  with 
that  country  after  a  long  interruption  was  renewed  m 
the  last  cei.lury.  Some  Lutheran  ami  .Moravian  mis- 
sionaries, prompted  hy  zeal  for  propigating  liie  Chris- 
tian faith,  have  ventured  to  settle  in  this  fro/en  ami  un- 
cultivated region.  To  them  we  are  indebted  for  much 
curious  information  with  respect  to  its  nature  and  inbal)i- 
tants.  We  learn  that  the  north-west  coast  of  (Jreen- 
land  is  separated  from  America  hy  a  very  narrow 
strait;  that,  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay,  into  which  this 
strait  conducts,  it  is  highly  probable  (hat  they  are  uni- 
ted ;  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  countries  have 
some  intercourse  with  one  another  ;  that  the  Esquimaux 
of  America  perfectly  resemble  the  Greenlanders  in  their 
asp(!ct,  dress,  and  mode  of  living  ;  that  some  sailors 
who  had  accpiired  the  knowledge  of  a  few  words  in  the 
(jrecnlandtsb  language,  reported  that  these  were  un- 
derstood by  the  Esquimaux  ;  that,  at  length  [A.  D. 
17C4,]  a  Moravian  missionary,  well  ac(]UHinted  with  the 
language  of  (Greenland,  having  visited  the  country  of 
the  Esquimaux,  found,  to  his  astonishment,  that  they 
s[)oke  the  same  language  with  the  Greenlanders;  that 
they  were  in  every  respect  the  same  people,  and  he 
was  accordingly  received  and  entertained  hy  them  us  a 
friend  and  a  brother. 

Dy  these  decisive  facts,  not  only  the  consanguinity 
of  the  Esquimaux  ind  Greoulanders  ia  ostablishod,  but 


I  the  possibility  of  peopling  America  from  the  norib  of 

I  Europe  is  demonstrated.  If  the  Norwegians,  m  a  bar- 
I  barous  age,  when  acitncrh;id  not  beguu  to  dawn  in 
jtiie  north  of  Eurojie,  posscsseil  ssnch  naval  .-(kill  as  to 
open  a  coiiunumcaiion  with  (irecnlaiid.  their  ancesuir-, 
I  as  much  addicted  to  roving  by  sea.  as  the  Tiiriiirs  nic 
to  waiideruig  by  land,  inigiil,  at  fonie  more  reu;  mc 
period,  accomplish  the  same  \ov.ige,  ,ind  settle  a  cult>n;. 
there,  wliosu  descendiints  might,  m  progress  of  time,  i\\- 
i^rale  into  America.  Uui  if,  instead  of  vfnturing  to  **-\\\ 
directly  from  their  own  coast  to  tireenland,  wesuppo.-ti' 
that  the  Norwe^^ians  hehl  u  more  cautious  course,  uiij 
advanced  from  Shetland  to  the  I'Vroe  islands,  anil  Irom 
them  to  Iceland,  in  all  vvhich*l)iey  had  planted  colonies  ; 
their  progress  may  have  been  so  gradual,  that  this  na- 
vigation cannot  he  consiilered  as  either  longer  or  more 
hazardous  than  these  voyages  which  that  hardy  and 
enterprising  race  o!  men  is  known  to  have  performed  m 
every  age. 

8.  Though  it  he  possible  that  America  may  have  re- 
ceived 11.S  tirsl  inhaliitaiits  tiom  our  coniimnt,  either  hv 
the  north-west  o(  Europe,  or  the  norih-east  of  Asia, 
there  seems  to  be  uooil  reason  for  supposing  that  ilie 
progenitors  of  all  tlie  American  nations  from  Cape 
Horn  to  the  southern  rontine.s  of  laihrador.  migraUd 
troin  the  latter  rather  than  the  former.  The  Esqutiiiaiix 
tare  the  only  people  in  America,  who  in  their  aspect 
or  character,  bear  any  resemblance  to  the  noriliern 
Europeans.  They  arc  luamtestly  a  race  of  men  d.s- 
tinct  Iroin  all  the  nations  of  the  American  continent,  m 
language,  in  disposition,  and  habits  of  life.  Their  ori- 
ginal, then,  may  warrantably  be  traced  up  to  that  source 
which  I  have  pointed  out.  Hut  amniig  all  the  other  in- 
hahitatits  of  .\merica,  there  is  such  a  striking  simili- 
tude in  the  form  of  their  bodies  and  the  qiiahties  u( 
tlieir  minds,  that  notwithstanding  the  diversities  oi'ca- 
sioned  by  the  inlluences  of  climate,  or  unequal  pro- 
gress in  improvement,  we  inust  jironounce  them  to  be 
descended  from  one  source.  There  may  be  a  variety 
in  the  shades,  but  we  can  every  where  trace  the  same 
original  colour  Each  tribe  has  t-omeiliing  peculiar 
which  distinguishes  it,  but  in  all  of  them  we  discern 
certain  features  common  to  the  whole  race.  It  is  re- 
markable, that  in  every  peculiarity,  whether  in  their  per- 
sons or  dispositions,  which  eharacl(;rize  the  .\tnericaiis, 
they  have  some  resemblance  to  the  rude  tribes  scatter- 
ed over  the  north-east  of  Asia,  hut  almost  none  to  the 
n.itions  settled  in  the  northern  extremities  of  Europe. 
\\'e  may.  therefore,  refer  them  to  (he  former  origin,  and 
conclude  that  their  Asiatic  [irogenitors,  jiaving  settled 
m  those  parts  of  America  where  the  Russians  have  dis- 
covered the  proximity  of  the  two  conlmenls,  spread 
gradually  over  its  vario\is  regions.  'I'his  account  of  the 
progress  of  population  in  America  coincides  with  the 
traditions  of  the  Mexicans  concerning  (heir  own  origm, 
which,  imperfect  as  tbev  are,  werepreser\ed  with  more 
accuracy,  and  merit  greater  credit,  thiiii  those  of  any 
people  in  the  New  ^\■orld.  According  to  ihem.  their 
ancestors  came  from  a  remote  country  situat<'d  to  the 
north-west  of  .Mexico.  The  Mexicans  point  out  their 
various  stations  as  they  advanceil  tVom  this  into  the 
interior  provinces,  ami  it  is  pr<iiscly  the  same  route 
which  they  must  have  held  if  they  had  been  emigrants 
from  Asia.  The  Mexicans,  in  describing  the  ajipe.ir- 
ance  of  their  jirogenitors.  their  manners  and  habils  of 
life  at  (hat  period,  exactly  delineate  those  of  the  rude 
Tartars  from  whom  I  suppose  them  to  have  sjirung 

Thus  have  I  finished  a  Di.s(piisi(ion  which  has  been 
deemed  of  so  m.eh  importance  (hat  it  would  have  been 
improper  to  omit  it  in  writing  the  history  of  America. 
1  have  ventured  to  inquire,  liut  without  presuming  to 
decide.  Satisfied  with  ollering  conjectures.  I  pretend 
not  to  establish  any  system.  When  an  inxestigatioii 
is,  from  its  nature,  so  intricate  and  obscure,  that  tt  is 
impossible  to  arrive  at  conclusions  which  are  cerla.n, 
there  may  be  some  merit  in  pointing  out  sucli  as  arc 
probable. 

The  condition  and  character  of  the  .\merieau  nations, 
at  the  time  when  they  became  known  to  the  Europeans, 
deserve  more  attentive  consideration  than  the  impiiry 
concerning  their  original.  The  latter  is  merely  an  ob- 
ject of  curiosity  ;  the  former  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant as  well  as  instructive  researches  which  can  occupy 
the  philosopher  or  historian.  In  order  to  completo 
the  history  of  the  human  mind,  and  attain  to  a  perhct 
knowledge  of  its  nature  and  operations,  we  must  con- 
template man  in  all  those  various  situations  wherein  he 
has  been  placed.  We  must  follow  bun  in  his  progress 
through  (he  difl'erent  M(ages  of  society,  as  he  gradually 
I  advances  from  the  infant  state  of  civil  life  towards  ita 
maturity  and  dechne.  We  must  observe  at  each  p(*- 
riod,  liow  the  faculties  of  his  underitanding  unfold  \  we 


SOUTH   AMKRICA. 


loa 


muat  atltnil  to  the  olTorts  of  his  iictivo  powers,  watch 
the  various  inovernciits  of  desiro  and  artV't;tion,  as  they 
rise  in  his  hrcast,  and  mark  whither  they  tend,  and  with 
what  ai'Jor  they  are  exerted  Tiie  philosophers  and  his- 
tirianft  of  ancient  (Jrecce  and  Itmne,  our  jjuides  in  this 
U8  well  as  every  otherdisquisitionjiad  only  ainnited  view 
ofthissuhject,  as  tliey  liad  h^irdly  any  opportunity  of  stir- 
vcyin<j[  man  m  his  rudest  and  most  early  state.  In  all 
those  rejrions  of  the  carlh  with  wliirh  they  were  well  nc- 
qr^intcd,  civil  society  hnd  mad(!  eonsidertihle  advancLs, 
aud  nations  had  finislied  a  uood  part  of  their  earcer  be- 
fore ihey  began  to  observe  them.  The  Scvtliians  and 
Germans,  thu  rudest  people  of  whom  any  ancient  au- 
thor has  transmitted  to  us  an  authentic  account,  pos- 
sefused  flocks  and  herds,  had  actpiired  property  of  va- 
rious kinds,  and,  wlien  compared  with  mankind  in  their 
primitive  state,  may  be  reckoned  to  have  attained  to  a 
great  dejjree  of  civilization. 

Hut  the  discovery  of  the  New  WorUl  enlartrcd  the 
sphere  of  contem{)lation,  and  presented  nations  to  our 
view,  in  sla;;jes  of  their  projrress  much  less  advanced 
than  those  wherein  they  have  been  observed  in  our  con- 
tinent. In  America,  man  aj)peurs  under  the  rudest 
form  in  which  wc  ran  conceive  him  to  subsist.  We 
behold  communities  just  bej^inniiiii  to  unite,  and  may 
eiainmc  the  sentiments  and  actions  uf  human  bcinirs 
in  the  infancy  of  social  life,  while  lliey  feel  but  im])ur- 
ferllv  the  force  of  its  ties,  and  have  scarcely  relin- 
luished  their  native  liberty.  That  stale  of  primeval 
simplicity,  which  was  known  in  our  continent  only  by 
the  fanciful  description  of  poets,  really  existed  in  the 
other.  The  ^reattir  part  of  its  inhabitants  were  stran- 
gers to  industry  and  lalior.  ignorunl  of  arts,  imperfectly 
uopiainted  with  the  n.iiiirc  of  ])roperty,  and  cnjoy- 
intr  almost  without  restriction  or  control  the  bless)nys 
■■hi(^h  flowed  spontaneously  from  the  bounty  of  nature, 
['here  were  only  two  nations  in  this  vast  continent 
which  liad  emrr-fcd  from  this  rude  state,  and  had  nude 
uuv  coiisulerahle  progress  in  acfpiirini^  the  ideas,  and 
idojjtiiii;  the  institutions,  which  belonj^  to  polished  so- 
oieties.  Tiieir  governin;^nt  and  manners  will  fall  na- 
turally under  onr  review  in  relaiii'i^  the  discovery  and 
■  (Uiquest  of  tlie  Mexican  and  I'eruvian  empires  ;  and 
wo  shall  have  there  an  opportunity  oi  conlemplalinir 
the  Americans  in  the  slate  of  highest  improvement  to 
vhicli  they  ever  attained. 

At  present,  our  attention  and  researches  shall  be 
t.urncd  to  the  small  independent  trilies  which  occupied 
every  other  part  of  America.  Amoui;  these,  ihoujih 
with  some  diversity  in  their  character,  their  manners, 
and  institutions,  the  slate  of  society  was  nearly  siini- 
.ar,  and  so  extremely  rude,  that  the  denomination  of 
.si/i'rfff  may  be  applied  to  them  all.  In  a  j^eneral  his- 
tory >f  America,  it  would  be  I'.f^hly  improper  to  describe 
the  conditioa  of  each  pelty  communHy,  or  to  investi- 
gate every  minute  circumstance  which  contribvites  to 
form  the  character  of  its  members.  Such  an  inquiry 
would  lead  lo  details  of  immeasurable  and  tiresome 
extent.  The  qualities  belon^in<j  to  the  peojih:  of  all  the 
dillerent  tribes  have  such  a  near  resemblance,  that  lliey 
may  he  painted  with  the  same  features.  Where  any 
circumstances  seem  to  constitute  a  diversity  Jn  their 
character  and  inanncri  worthy  of  altention,  it  will  be 
sullicient  to  {loint  these  out  as  they  occur,  and  to  in* 
quire  into  the  cause  of  siu^h  peculiarities. 

Jt  is  extremely  didicult  to  procure  satisfying  and  au- 
thentic information  eoncerninij  nations  wliile  they  re- 
main uncivilized.  To  discover  their  true  character  un- 
der this  rude  form,  and  to  select  tlie  features  by  which 
they  are  distin^ruished,  requires  an  observer  possessed 
of  no  less  impartiality  than  discernment.  For,  m  every 
Blage  of  society,  the  faculties,  the  sentiments,  and  de- 
Bires  of  men  are  so  accomraodated  to  their  own  state, 
that  they  become  standariis  of  excellence  lo  themselves, 
they  -ith.v  the  idea  of  perfection  and  happiness  to  those 
ttlt.iinmenls  which  resemble  their  own.  and,  wherever 
the  objects  and  enjoyinent.-i  to  which  tliey  have  been 
accustomed  are  wantlnl,^  confidently  pronounce  a.  peo- 
ple to  be  barbarous  and  miserable.  Hence  ihi^  mutual 
contempt  with  which  ihe  members  of  communities. 
unc(pial  m  their  dej^rees  of  iinnrovoment,  rejzard  each 
otter.  Polished  nations,  conscious  of  the  advantajres 
which  they  derive  from  their  knowledijo  and  arts,  are 
ttpt  to  view  rude  nations  with  peculiar  scorn,  and,  in 
the  pride  of  superiority,  will  hardly  allow  either  their 
occupations,  their  feelings,  or  their  pleasures,  to  be 
worthy  of  men.  It  has  seldom  been  the  lot  of  com- 
munities, in  their  early  and  unpolished  state,  to  fall 
under  the  observation  of  persons  endowed  with  force 
uf  mind  superior  to  vulgar  prejudices,  and  capable  of 
oonlemplatinn  man,  under  whatever  aspect  he  appears, 
with  A  candid  and  diaocrning  eyu. 


The  Spaniards,  who  first  visited  America,  and  who 

had  opportunity  of  heholdiui;  its  various  tribes  while 
entire  and  unsubdued,  und  before  any  change  had  been 
made  in  their  ideas  or  inann"rs  by  intercourse  with  a 
ric(!  of  men  n.uch  advanced  beyond  them  in  improve- 
inent,  were  fir  Irom  possessii^;  the  qualities  retpii^ite  for 
observing  the  striking  speclach:  presented  to  their  view. 
Neitiii  r  the  age  in  which  they  lived,  nor  the  nation  to 
which  they  belonged,  had  made  sucii  [)rogress  in  true  sci- 
ence, as  inspires  enlarged  and  liberal  sentiments.  The 
conquerors  of  the  New  World  were  mostly  illiterate 
adventurers,  destitute  of  all  tlie  ideas  which  should 
have  directed  thein  in  contoinplating  objects  so  extreme- 
ly dillerent  from  those  with  which  they  were  acquaint- 
ed. Surrounded  continuallv  with  danger  or  struggling 
with  hardships,  they  had  little  leisure,  and  less  capacity 
for  any  speculative  inquiry.  Kager  to  take  possessioi 
of  a  country  of  such  extent  and  opulence,  and  happy 
in  flnding  it  occupied  by  inhabitants  so  incapable  to  de- 
fend it,  they  h-jstily  pronounced  them  to  be  u  wretched 
order  of  men,  formed  merely  for  servitude  ;  and  were 
more  employed  in  computing  the  profits  of  their  labor, 
than  in  inquiring  into  the  operatiois  of  their  minds,  or 
the  reasons  of  their  customs  and  inslitulions.  The 
persons  who  penetrated  at  subsequcni  periods  into  ihe 
interior  provinces,  to  wliich  the  knowledge  and  devas- 
tations of  the  first  conquerors  did  not  reach,  were  ge- 
nerally of  a  similar  character  ;  brave  and  enterprising 
in  a  high  degree,  but  so  uninformed  as  to  be  little  <piah- 
fied  either  for  observing  or  describing  what  they  beluld. 

Not  only  the  incapacity  but  the  prejvidiees  of  tiie 
Spaniards  rendered  their  accounts  of  the  pttople  of 
America  extremely  defective.  Soon  after  they 
planted  colonies  in  their  new  coiupiests,  a  diller- 
ence  iu  ojiinion  arose  with  respect  to  the  treatment  of 
tlie  natives.  One  party,  solicitous  'o  render  their  ser- 
vitude perpetual,  repre.scnted  '.hem  as  a  brutish,  oltsti- 
nate  race,  incapable  either  of  acquiring  religious  know- 
ledge, or  of  being  trained  to  tiie  functions  of  social  life 
Tlie  other,  full  of  pious  concern  for  their  conversion, 
contended  that,  tliougii  rude  and  ignorant,  they  were 
gentle,  dlfectionale,  docile,  and  by  proper  instructions 
and  regulations  might  be  formed  grad  ;dly  into  goud 
Christi-in.s  and  useful  citizens.  This  controversy,  as  I 
have  already  related,  was  carried  on  with  all  the  warmth 
wliicti  is  natural,  when  attention  to  interest  on  the  one 
Hand,  and  religious  zeal  in  the  other,  animaie  the  dis- 
putants. Most  of  the  laity  espoused  'he  former  opi- 
nion ;  all  the  ecclesiastics  were  advocates  for  tlie 
latter ;  and  we  shall  uniformly  find  that,  accordingly  as 
an  author  belonged  to  either  of  liiese  parties,  he  is  apt 
to  magnify  the  virtues  or  aggravate  the  defects  of  Ihe 
Americans  far  beyond  truth.  Those  repugnant  ac- 
counts increase  the  dilficulty  of  attainmg  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  their  character,  and  render  it  ne- 
cessary to  peruse  all  the  descriptions  of  them  by  Spa- 
nish writers  with  distrust,  and  to  receive  their  informa- 
tion with  some  grains  of  allowance. 

Almost  two  centuries  elapsed  after  the  discovery  of 
America,  before  ibe  manners  of  its  inhahitants  attract- 
ed, in  any  considerable  degree,  the  attention  of  philo- 
sophers. At  length  they  dir.'ovcred  that  the  contem- 
plation of  the  condition  and  character  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, in  their  original  state,  tended  to  complete  our 
knowledge  of  the  human  species;  might  enable  us  to 
fill  up  a  considerable  cliasni  in  tlie  Iiistory  of  i*s  pro- 
gress; and  lead  to  speculations  no  less  curious  tli.in 
important.  They  entered  upon  this  new  field  of  study 
with  great  anlor  ;  but,  instead  of  throwing  light  upon 
the  subject,  they  have  contrilMited  in  some  degree  to 
involve  it  in  additional  obscurity.  Too  inqiaiient  lo 
inquire,  they  hastened  to  decide  ;  and  began  to  erect 
systems,  when  they  should  have  been  searching  for 
facts  on  which  to  establisii  their  foundations.  Struck 
with  the  appearance  of  degeneracy  in  the  human  spe- 
cies throughout  the  New  World,  and  astonished  at  be- 
hohiing  a  vast  continent  occupied  by  a  naked,  feeble, 
and  ignorant  race  of  men,  some  authors,  of  great  name, 
have  maintained  that  t!iis  part  of  the  globe  had  but 
lately  emerged  from  tlic  sea,  and  become  fit  for  the 
residence  of  man  ;  that  every  thing  in  it  bore  marks  of 
a  recent  original ;  and  that  its  inhabitants,  lately  called 
into  existence,  and  still  at  the  beginning  of  their  ca- 
reer, were  unworthy  lobe  compared  with  ihi?  people  of 
a  more  ancient  and  improved  continent.  Others  have 
imagined,  lliat,  under  the  influence  of  an  unkindly  eh- 
male,  wliich  checks  and  enervates  the  principle  of  life, 
man  never  attained  in  America  tlie  perfection  which 
belongs  to  his  nature,  but  remained  an  animal  of  an 
inferior  order,  defeclive  in  the  vigor  of  his  bodily  frame, 
and  destitute  of  Hcnsibility,  as  well  aa  of  force,  in  the 
operations  of  his  mind.     In  opposition  to  both   these, 


other  iilMlosophers  have  siippi.^ed  that  man  nrrivett  at 
his  highest  diirnity  and  excellence  long  before  he  rractws 
a  slate  of  refinement  ;  and.  in  the  ri.de  seripliciiy  of 
savage  life,  displays  an  elevation  of  seiitimenl.  an  incO- 
pendence  of  mind,  and  a  warinlh  ut  aUarhmcnt.  fjr 
winch  it  is  vain  to  search  among  the  members  o(  po- 
lished societies.  They  seem. to  consider  that  an  tlie 
most  perfect  state  of  man  which  is  the  least  civilized. 
They  describe  the  manners  of  the  rude  Amcrieans  with 
such  rapture,  us  if  they  ])roposed  them  for  models  to  tho 
lest  of  the  species.  These  contradictory  thcorte.ihavo 
been  proposed  with  equal  confidence,  und  uncomieoe 
powers  of  genius  and  eloipieiice  have  been  exerted,  ii» 
order  to  clothe  them  with  an  appearance  of  truth. 

As  all  those  circumstances  concur  in  rendering  an 
inquiry  into  the  statu  of  the  rude  nations  in  America 
intricate  and  obscure,  it  is  necessary  to  carry  it  on  with 
caution.  When  guided  in  our  researches  by  the  intel- 
ligent observations  of  the  few  jthilosophers  who  have 
visited  this  part  of  the  globe,  we  may  venture  to  decide. 
\\  hen  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  ihe  superiicial  re- 
marks oi"  vulgar  travellers,  of  sailors,  traders,  hucanecrs, 
and  missioiKiries,  we  must  often  pause,  and  coinjKiring 
detached  facts,  endeavor  to  discover  what  they  wanted 
sagacity  to  observe.  Without  indulging  conjecture,  or 
betraying  a  propensity  to  either  system,  wo  must  study 
with  equal  care  to  avoid  the  extremes  of  extravagant 
admiration,  or  of  supercilious  contempt  for  those  man- 
ners which  we  describe. 

In  order  to  twnduct  tins  inquiry  wiih  greater  accu- 
racy, it  should  be  remlered  as  simple  as  possible.  Man 
existed  as  an  individual  before  he  liecame  the  member 
of  a  community  ;  and  the  qualities  which  belong  to  him 
\mder  his  former  capacity  stionld  be  known,  before  wc 
proceed  to  examine  those  wliicli  arise  from  the  latter 
relation.  This  i>  peculiarly  necessary  in  investigating 
the  manners  of  rude  nations.  Their  political  union  is 
so  incomplete,  their  civil  institutions  und  regulatioiu  so 
few,  so  simple,  and  of  such  slender  anihoriiy,  that  men 
in  this  state  ought  lo  lie  viewed  rather  us  independent 
■duenis,  than  us  members  uf  a  regular  society.  Tim 
character  of  a  savage  results  almo.il  eniircly  tVom  his 
sentiments  or  fi'elings  as  an  individual,  and  is  Init  hitle 
iufluenced  by  Ins  imperfect  subjection  to  gnveimnenl 
and  order.  I  shall  coniluct  my  researches  concerning 
the  manners  of  the  Americans  in  this  natural  onler, 
proc(;eding  irradiially  from  wiial  is  simple  to  what  is 
more  compbcatetl. 

I  shall  consider,  I.  The  bodily  constitution  of 
the  Americans  in  those  regions  now  i-.i.der  review. 
11.  The  cpialilu.'s  of  their  miiuls,  III.  Their  domestic 
stale.  IV.  Their  political  stale  and  institutious. 
V.  Their  system  of  war,  and  public  soeuritv.  VI.  Tho 
arts  with  which  they  were  acfjuuinted.  VII.  Their  re- 
ligious ideas  and  inslitulions.  VIII.  Such  singular  de- 
tached customs  as  are  not  reducible  lo  any  of  the  for- 
mer beads.  IX.  I  .^hall  conclude  with  a  general  review 
and  estimate  of  their  virtues  and  defects. 

I.  The  bodily  constitution  of  the  Americans. — The 
human  body  is  lessalVected  by  elnnale  than  that  of  any 
other  animal.  .Some  animals  are  contiiud  to  a  [)arli- 
cnlar  region  of  the  globe,  and  cannot  exist  beyond  it : 
others,  though  they  mav  be  brought  lo  bear  the  injuries 
of  a  climate  foreign  to  ihem,  cease  to  multiply  when 
carried  out  of  that  district  which  nature  destined  to  be 
iheir  mansion.  Even  such  as  seem  capable  of  being 
naturalized  in  various  climates  feel  the  etVecl  of  every 
remove  iVom  their  firoper  station,  and  gradually  dwin- 
dle and  degenerate  from  the  vigor  and  perfection  pe- 
culiar to  their  species,  Man  is  the  only  living  creature 
whose  frame  is  at  once  so  hardy  and  so  flexible, 
that  he  can  spread  over  iho  whole  earth,  become  the 
inhabitant  of  every  region,  and  thrive  and  multiply  un- 
der every  climate.  Subject,  however,  lo  the  general 
law  of  "Nature,  the  human  body  is  not  entirely  exempt 
from  ihe  operation  of  climate;  and  when  exposed  to 
the  extremes  either  of  neat  or  cold,  its  size  or  vigor 
diminishes. 

The  first  appearance  of  tho  inhahitants  of  tho  New 
World  filled  the  discoverers  with  such  astonishment 
that  they  were  a\}i  lo  imagine  them  a  race  o\'  men  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  the  other  hemisphere.  Their  com- 
plexion is  of  a  reddish  brown,  nearly  resembling  tho 
color  of  copper.  Tho  hair  of  their  heads  is  always 
black,  long,  coarse,  and  uncurled.  They  have  no 
beard,  and  every  par'  of  their  body  is  perfectly  smooth. 
Their  persons  are  of  a  full  size,  extremely  straight,  and 
well  proportioned.  [44]  Their  features  are  regular, 
though  often  distorted  by  absurd  endeavors  to  improvo 
the  beauty  of  their  natural  form,  or  to  render  their  aspect 
more  dreadful  lo  their  enemies.  In  the  islands,  where 
I  four-footed  aiiitnals  were  both  tew  and  sinalli  and  tbo 


i<'n 


T 


I'l' 


IM 


earth  yielded  her  productions  altnost  npontaneouAty, 
ttiG  cuiisutution  of  ihc  nuiivott,  neither  bruccd  tiy  the 
active  cii^rcises  nl  the  cliuse,  nor  invi;^urali'd  hy  ihr 
iai)or  ot  eiittivulioii,  wus  exlrenirly  ieehh:  and  languid. 
Oil  the  contnient,  where  thr  lorfsts  ahound  witli  {^iinie 
nt  viiriuii^  knids,  and  the  cIiilI'  ucctipatiun  ol  iniiny 
trihes  \v,i8  to  pursue  it.  llic  humun  truine  acquired 
gre.iter  tininiiy*.  Still,  howiiver,  the  AiiUTicnns  were 
more  ]cin;irkalile  for  agility  than  >treiiglh.  Tliev  re- 
hoinhk'tl  l)eii:>t»  ul  prey,  rutlior  than  annnaU  rorined  lor 
Uiior  ['InJ  They  were  not  on!"  averse  to  toil,  Init  in- 
capahlu  ot  it ;  and  when  ronsed  hy  loroe  tVoni  their 
Dative  indolence,  and  compelled  to  wurk,  they  sunk 
under  lasks  winch  the  people  ul  the  o  her  enntineiit 
would  huvu  pcrtornied  with  ease.  'I'his  feebleness  ot 
consititution  vm  universal  among  the  inli:ihitant8  of 
those  regie  .IS  in  America  which  wenre  ifurveymg,  and 
may  be  considered  as  characteristic  of  the  species 
there. 

The  beardlcsi  countenance  and  smooth  akin  of  the 
American  secins  to  indicate  a  defect  of  viyor,  oc- 
casioned by  sonic  vice  in  his  frame.  lie  is  destitute 
uf  cm:  sign  of  manhood  and  uf  Hirength.  'I'his  pccti- 
lianly,  by  whicli  the  inhabilnuts  of  the  New  \\'urid  are 
distinguished  from  the  people  of  all  other  nations,  can- 
not he  ullrthuted,  as  some  travellers  luve  suji[>osed,  to 
their  mode  of  subsistence.  Kor  though  ihe  food  of 
many  Americans  be  exlremety  instpid,  as  they  are 
altogether  unacquainted  with  the  use  of  salt,  rude 
tribes  m  other  parts  of  the  earth  have  subsisted  on 
ahineiits  ct^ually  simple,  without  this  mark  uf  degra- 
dation, or  any  apparent  symptom  of  a  diminution  in 
their  vigor. 

As  the  external  forms  of  the  Americans  lead  ns  to 
suspect  that  there  is  some  natural  debility  in  their 
Irame,  the  smallncss  of  their  apjielile  for  food  has  been 
mentioned  hy  many  authors  as  a  conhrmatioii  of  this 
suspicion.  'I'he  quantity  of  lood  which  men  consume 
varies  according  to  the  temperature  of  the  climate  in 
which  they  live,  the  degree  of  activity  winch  ihey 
exert,  and  the  natural  vigor  of  their  constitutions. 
Under  the  enervating  heat  of  the  torrid  /.one,  and  when 
men  pass  their  days  in  indolence  and  rase,  they  re- 
qure  less  nourishment  than  the  active  inhabitants  uf 
temperate  or  cold  countries.  But  neither  the  warmth 
of  theii  dirnale,  nor  their  extreme  laziness,  will  ac- 
count for  me  uni.onnnon  ueicct  of  apjietile  among  the 
Americans,  'i'lic  Spaniards  were  asionished  wiili  ob- 
corving  this,  not  only  in  the  islands,  hut  in  several 
parts  of  the  continent.  The  constitutional  teinpenince 
o(  the  natives  far  exceeded,  m  their  o])iiiion,  the  ahsti* 
nencc  of  the  most  mortilitd  hcrinits  :  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  (he  appetite  of  the  Spaniards  appeared  to 
ths  Americans  insatiably  voracious  ;  and  ihey  atiinned, 
that  one  Spaniard  devoured  more  food  in  a  day  ihan 
was  sudicicnt  for  ten  Americans, 

A  proof  of  some  ferbleness  m  their  frame,  still  more 
i;triking,  is  the  insensibility  of  the  Americans  to  the 
charms  of  beauty,  and  the  power  uf  love.  That  passion 
which  was  destined  to  perpetuate  life,  lo  he  the  bond  of 
social  union,  and  the  source  of  tendernsss  and  joy,  is 
thu  most  ardent  in  the  hviman  breast.  Though  the 
perds  and  hardships  of  the  savage  state,  though  exces- 
sive fatigue  on  some  occasions,  and  the  ditliculty  at  all 
times  of  procuring  subsistence,  may  seem  to  be  adverse 
to  this  passion,  and  to  have  a  tendency  to  abate  its 
vigor,  yet  the  rudest  nations  in  every  other  part  of  the 
globe  seem  t  >  feel  its  influence  more  powerfully  than 
Ihe  inhabitants  of  the  New  World.  Tlie  negro  glows 
with  all  die  warmth  of  desire  natural  to  his  climate  ; 
and  the  rnwst  uncultivated  Asiatics  discover  that  «iensi- 
biliiy,  which,  from  their  situation  on  the  globe,  we 
should  expect  them  to  have  felt.  But  the  Americans 
are,  in  an  amazing  degree,  strangers  to  the  force  of  I':;;* 
first  insluict  of  nature.  In  every  par'  '  :f'  ^^  ■ 
World  the  natives  treat  their  woincD       u   .  ' 

inditl'erence      They  arc  neither  'hi    '.       "i 
der  attachment  which  takes  p!    ■  •'       '  V' m    ^ 

nor  of  that  ardent  desire  consp-  y  i  .-U  ■,. 

lions.     Even    in  climates  whor*-  ^^  ■   a?r. 

Acquires    its  greatest    vigor,   the        --^^      i' 
views  his  female  with  disdain,  as  an  uni.t. ..  •^-i 

noble  species.  He  is  at  no  pains  to  \>  :i  hi-  lav  .  c; 
the  assiduity  of  courtship,  and  still  leas  solicitous  to 
preserve  it  hy  indulgence  and  gentleness.  Mission- 
aries themselves,  notwiihstaiidiiig  the  austerity  uf  mo- 
nastic ideas,  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  their  as- 
tonishment at  the  dispassionate  coldness  of  the  Ame- 
rican young  men  in  their  intercourse  with  the  other  sex. 
Nor  is  this  reserve  to  be  ascribed  to  any  opinion  which 
ihtif  entf  rtain  with  reaped  to  the  merit  of  female  chas- 
titv.    Tbat  is  an  idea  too  refined  for  «  mt&^o,  and  sug- 


ROIiEHTSON'S    HISTORV   OP 

gcsied  by  adelicary  of  sentiment  and  atfcction  to  which 
ne  is  a  stranger. 

Bui  III  nii|uirieR  cuncerning  either  tlic  bodily  or 
mental  (ji]iititie.>4  of  partii  alar  races  of  men,  there  is  not 
a  more  r«iminon  or  more  seducing  err*  r,  than  that  of 
ascribing  to  a  Hin;^!*;  cau^e.  iho?e  char.vterislic  pecu- 
liarites  wliieli  are  the  eti'ect  *}(  ilie  combined  operation 
uf  many  causes.  'I'he  climate  and  soil  oi  America 
(liller  in  so  many  respects  from  tho-^^e  of  tlie  other 
lieinisphere,  and  this  ditVerence  is  so  obvious  and 
stiiking.  that  philosophers  of  great  eminence  have 
I'lid  hold  on  this  as  siillicient  to  account  for  what  is 
pecnliur  in  the  constitution  of  its  inhabitants.  They 
rest  on  phvsical  causes  alone,  and  consider  the  feeble 
frame  ami  languid  desire  of  the  AmertcaiiH,  as  con- 
sequences of  the  temperament  of  that  portion  of  the 
glolie  which  they  occupy.  But  the  inllueneeH  of 
political  and  moral  causes  ought  not  to  have  been 
overlooked.  These  operate  with  no  less  ell'ect  than 
that  uii  whicli  many  philosopliers  rest  as  a  full  explana- 
tion of  the  singular  ap|)earances  which  have  bctii  men- 
tioned. Wherever  the  state  of  sm-iety  is  ^ucl^  a-*  lu 
creatt!  many  wants  arid  desires,  which  cannot  be  satis- 
lied  withuut  reifular  exertions  of  indu?,trv,  the  body 
acciistunu^d  to  labor  becomes  luiuist  and  patient  of 
t'atigue.  In  a  more  simjile  state,  where  the  demands 
of  men  are  so  lew  and  so  iiiodcruto  that  they  may  be 
;;ratilied,  almost  without  any  ell'ort,  bv  the  spontaneous 
productions  of  nature,  the  powi-rs  of  ilie  bodv  are  not 
called  forth,  nor  can  they  attain  llicir  proper  .-strerigtli. 
The  natives  of  Chili  anil  of  North  America,  the  two 
temperate  regions  m  the  New  World,  who  live  by 
hunting,  may  be  deemed  an  active  and  vigorous  race, 
when  compared  with  the  inb.ibitaiits  of  the  isles,  or  of 
those  parts  of  the  continent  where  hardly  any  labor  is 
requisite  to  procur"  subsistence.  The  exertions  of  a 
hunter  are  not,  however,  so  regular,  or  so  continued, 
as  tho.^e  of  persons  employed  in  the  culture  of  the 
earth,  ur  in  the  various  arts  of  civilized  life ;  and 
llioiigh  his  agihly  may  be  greater  than  theirs,  his 
stren;^tli  is  on  the  wliole  inferior.  If  another  direction 
were  given  to  the  active  powers  of  man  m  the  New 
World,  and  his  force  augmented  tty  e.xercise,  he  might 
acquire  a  degree  of  vigor  winch  he  does  not  in  his  pre- 
sent state  possess.  The  truth  of  this  is  conlirmed 
bv  experience.  Wherever  t!ie  Americans  have  been 
gradually  accustomed  to  hard  labor,  their  constitutions 
become  robust,  and  they  have  been  t'ound  cajiablc  of 
performing  such  tasks,  as  seenied  not  only  to  exceed 
the  powers  of  such  a  feeble  frame  as  has  been  deemed 
peculiar  to  their  country,  but  to  eipial  any  elfort  of  the 
natives  either  of  Africa  or  of  Kurope.  [•!*>] 

The  same  reasoning  will  apply  to  wnat  has  been  ob- 
served concerning  tiudr  slender  ilcmand  for  food.  As 
a  proof  that  this  should  ho  ascribed  as  much  to  tlieir 
extreme  indolence,  and  often  total  want  of  occupation, 
as  to  any  thing  peculiar  m  the  physical  structure  of  tiieir 
bodies,  it  has  been  observed,  that  m  lliuse  districts 
where  the  peofjle  of  America  are  ubliged  to  exert  any 
unusual  elfort  of  activity,  in  order  to  procure  subsis- 
tence, or  wherever  they  are  employed  in  severe  labor, 
their  appetite  is  not  inlenor  to  that  of  other  men,  and 
in  some  places,  il  has  struck  observers  as  remaikably 
voracious. 

The  operation  of  political  and  moral  causes  is  still 
more  conspicuous  in  modifying  the  degree  of  attach- 
ment between  the  sexes.  In  a  slate  of  high  civilization, 
this  passion,  intlamed  by  restraint,  relinud  by  delica:y, 
and  cherished  by  fashion,  occupies  and  engrosses  tUe 
heart.  It  is  no  longer  a  simple  instinct  of  nature;  sen- 
time.'it  heightens  the  ardor  of  desire,  and  thu  mo:t  ten- 
der emotions  of  which  our  frame  is  susceptible  aoothe 
am'  agitate  the  soul.  This  description,  however,  ap- 
yVr-A  only  to  those,  who,  by  their  situation,  arc  exeinpt- 
cil  f'"jm  the  cares  and  labors  of  life.  Among  persons 
o:'  -nferior  order,  who  are  doomed  by  their  condi- 
'u.ri  'o  incessant  toil,  tlie  dominion  of  this  passion  is 
violent;  their  solicitude  to  procure  subsistence, 
at  ';-  provide  for  the  lirst  demand  of  nature,  leaves 
'  "\<  !^-;sure  for  attending  to  its  second  call.  But  if  the 
of  the  hilerconrse  between  the  sexes  varies  so 
'<;  .  ■.  in  persons  of  ditVercnt  rank  in  polished  soc.eties, 
,i  -idition  of  man  while  he  remains  uncivilized  must 
occasion  a  variation  stilt  more  appan^nt.  Wc  m:iy 
well  suppose,  that  amidst  the  hardships,  the  dangers, 
and  the  simplicity  of  domestic  life,  where  subsistence 
is  always  precarious  and  often  scanty,  where  men  are 
almost  continually  engaged  in  the  pursuit  of  their  ene- 
mies, or  in  guarding  against  their  attacks,  and  where 
neither  dress  nor  reserve  are  einiiloyed  as  arts  of  female 
allurement,  that  the  attention  of  the  Americans  to  their 
women  would  be  extremely  feeble,  without  imputing 


thiD  solely  to  any  physical  defect  or  degradation  in  tbnii 

frame. 

Il  IS  accordingly  observed,  '.hat  in  th'»sc  countries  of 
America  where,  from  ihe  fertihtv  ul  the  soil,  tlnj  mdd- 
ness  uf  ihf  climate,  or  soiin^  further  advanei-s  which 
tlie  native:^  have  made  in  im|irovcmeni,  tlit  moans  of 
subsistence  are  more  abundant,  and  the  hard-ibips  o( 
savage  life  are  less  severely  fell.  tlj{'  animal  passion  uf 
the  sexes  becomes  more  anb  nt.  Sinking  exaiiqiles  ol 
this  occur  among  some  ini'cs  seated  on  the  banks  of 
great  rivers  well  stored  with  food,  ainontr  others  who 
are  masters  of  hunting  i^rounds  aboundini^  so  much 
with  game,  that  they  h.iveii  regular  and  plentilul  supply 
of  nourishment  with  little  labor.  'I'he  superior  degree 
uf  security  ond  atHuence  which  those  tribes  enjoy  la 
ibllowed  by  their  natural  ellects.  The  passions  im- 
planted in  the  human  frame  by  the  hand  of  nature  ac- 
(pure  additional  force;  new  tastes  and  desires  aro 
formed;  the  women,  as  they  are  more  valued  and  ad- 
mired, become  more  attentive  to  dress  and  ornament; 
the  men  beginning  to  feel  bow  much  of  tlieir  own  ha|>» 
piness  depends  upon  them,  no  longer  disdain  the  arts 
of  wiimihg  their  favor  and  allection.  The  intercourse 
of  the  sexes  becomes  very  ditfereiil  from  that  which 
lakes  place  among  their  ruder  countrymen;  and  aa 
hardly  any  restraint  is  imposetl  on  the  gratiiication  o' 
ihsire  either  by  religion  or  laws  or  decency,  the  disso- 
lution of  their  manners  i'*  excessive. 

Notwithstaiulmg  the  feeble  make  of  the  Amcricann, 
hardly  any  of  them  are  deformed,  or  mutilated, or  defec- 
tive in  any  one  of  their  sen.^es.  .Ml  travellers  have  been 
.Mruck  with  this  cireumslain:e,  and  have  celebrated  the 
uniform  symmetry  and  perfeeiion  of  ilieir  external  liiinrn. 
Some  authors  search  for  the  cause  of  this  appearance 
in  their  physical  condition.  As  the  parents  are  not  ex- 
hausted or  over  fatigut'd  with  hard  labor,  ihey  supposo 
that  their  children  are  born  vigorous  and  sound.  'I'hcy 
imagine  that,  in  the  liberty  uf  s.ivage  life,  the  human 
boilv,  naked  and  unconlined  from  Us  e.irliest  atje,  pre- 
serves its  natural  form  ;  aud  that  all  its  tiinbs  and  mem- 
bers acipiire  a  justcr  proportion  than  when  fettered  with 
artilicial  restraints,  which  stint  its  growth  and  distort 
its  shaj*c.  Something,  witliout  doui)t,  may  be  ascribed 
lu  the  uperation  of  these  causes  ;  but  the  true  reasoiu 
of  this  apparent  advantage,  which  is  cominun  to  all  ra- 
vage nations,  he  deeper,  and  are  closely  interwoven 
with  the  nature  and  genius  of  that  state.  The  infancy 
of  man  is  so  lung  and  so  helpless,  that  it  is  extremely 
didicult  to  rear  children  among  rude  nalions.  Tbt  t 
means  of  subsistence  are  not  only  scanty,  but  pret  aiiouD. 
Such  as  live  by  hunting  must  r.mgc  over  extensivfi 
countries,  and  shift  often  from  place  to  place.  Tho 
care  of  children,  as  well  as  every  other  laborious  ta.sk, 
is  devolved  upon  the  women.  The  distresses  and  hard- 
ships of  the  savage  life,  which  are  often  such  as  can 
hardly  be  supported  by  per>on8  in  lull  vigor,  must  bn 
fatal  to  those  of  mure  tender  age.  Afnidof  under- 
taking a  task  so  laborious,  and  uf  such  long  diir.Uion, 
as  lliat  of  rearing  their  ulfspring.  the  wumen,  m  :;omo 
parts  of  America,  procure  frequent  abortions  by  the  uro 
of  certain  herbs,  and  extinguish  llie  tirsi  sparks  of  that 
life  which  they  are  unable  to  cherish.  Si'usiltle  that 
only  stout  and  well  formed  children  have  force  uf  cun- 
stitutiun  to  struggle  through  such  a  liiird  infancy,  other 
nations  abandon  and  destroy  such  of  their  prugciiy  as 
appear  feeble  or  defective,  as  unworlhy  uf  attention. 
Even  when  they  endeavor  to  rear  all  their  children 
without  distinctiun,  so  great  a  proportion  uf  tht  whole 
number  perishes  under  the  rigorous  treatment  which 
must  be  their  lot  in  the  savage  state,  that  few  uf  thuac 
who  labured  under  any  original  frailty  attain  the  age  ol 
nunhuod.  Thus  in  polished  societies,  wli:re  the  ineanE 
of  .subsistence  are  secured  with  certainty,  and  ac<piireil 
with  ease;  where  the  talents  of  the  mind  are  often  ol 
more  importance  than  the  powers  of  the  body  ;  children 
are  preserved  notwithstanding  their  defects  or  defor- 
mity, and  grow  up  to  be  useful  citizens.  In  rude  na- 
tions, such  persons  are  either  cut  olF  as  soon  as  they 
are  born,  or,  becoming  a  burden  to  themselves  and  to 
the  community,  cannot  long  protract  their  lives.  But 
in  Ihose  provinces  of  the  New  World,  where,  hy  the 
establishment  of  the  Europeans,  more  regular  provision 
has  been  made  for  the  subsistence  of  its  inhabitants, 
and  they  are  restrained  from  laying  viulent  hands  on 
their  children,  the  Americans  are  so  far  tVom  being 
eminent  for  any  superior  perfection  in  their  form,  that 
one  should  rather  suspect  some  peculiar  imbecility  in 
the  race,  from  the  extraordinary  nmnber  uf  individnala 
who  are  deformed,  dwarfish,  mutilated,  blind,  or  iloaf. 

How  feeble  soever  the  constitution  of  ihe  Ameneane 
may  be,  it  is  remarkable  that  there  is  lens  variety  in 
the  human  form  throughout  the  New  World  than  in  the 


BiHMGnt   rontinrnt      Vhrn  Colurnhiis  and  tho  other 

tli.-iovrrcrs  first  visitnl  tlic  ilitTircnl  ronntrirs  ofAriic- 
ncn  which  lit'  wilhm  the  lorriit  zoiu-,  thrv  iiiitur.iHy 
('ji[tpct('()  to  liiul  iKojih'  of  tlif  H  iiiic  coiniilcxiuM  with 
tliOMi-  iti  the  (■orrl-^jl(Hl(hlM:  rcjiiri'!!' nf  the  oth(  r  ht'iiii- 
sphcre.  To  their  iim.izciinril,  hnwcvi-r,  they  (hx-o- 
vcred  tliiit  An, erica  coniiiiiicd  i:o  in-irrocs  ,  iiml  llic 
raiisf  of  this  ssinmil.ir  ;i|'pciiriiiu'(-  hcc;nm  ay-  iniich  tlu' 
nlij(".!t  of  curiositv-  .IS  lilt'  fiirt  itself  was  (i(  vvomUr.  In 
what  part  or  inciulinifie  nf  t!ic  hoily  thai  liuiiiur  resides 
.^hlch  liiijjes  the  cdiiiph'xion  ot  ihc  ii(%'ro  with  ii  deep 
hhii'k.  it  If*  tlw  Imsiiit  s:h  of  iiiiiitoinistM  Ki  iriipiiri'  and 
dt'scriiu!,  'I'hf  powirhil  opfMiion  of  Iieat  iipprars 
inaiiifesily  to  hr  ihi-.  cauM-  wliich  pniihices  thi.s  Hirikiiii^ 
variety  in  llie  liuiiun  species.  All  litiropc,  a  ^'real 
part  of  Af>ia,  aiid  tin*  tnnpcnile  countries  of  Alrica, 
ore  itihiil))ted  hv  tiieii  ul  a  whtKt  coiiiplcxion.  All  the 
lorrid  zone  in  AlVicu,  some  of  tlie  warrner  reyions 
adjacent  to  it.  and  several  countries  in  Asia,  are  tilhd 
with  people  of  a  deep  hiack  color.  If  wc  survey  the 
nations  of  our  continent,  niakini,^  our  pro^ircss  from 
cold  and  temperate  coiinines  towurds  those  purls 
which  are  exposed  to  the  nilhicnce  of  vehnnenl  and 
unremittnii^  heiit.  we  shall  find  lliat  the  extreme  white- 
ness v(  liieir  skill  soon  heunis  to  diminish;  that  its 
color  deepens  irradiially  as  we  advinici- :  and,  alter 
pa. sin;;  iliroii^li  ult  tiio  siicccssive  irradationst  of  sh.ide. 
ie)iniiiale.s  in  a  uniform  unvarying  hIack.  Hut  in 
Aiiierica,  whero  the  aiiency  of  heat  in  checked  ami 
nhaled  hy  various  cuises,  which  I  Ii.tvc  alreiidy  ex- 
plaiiu'd,  the  cliinnte  seems  to  lu'  desl-'ute  of  iliiit  force 
which  produces  such  wonderful  ell'i  is  on  llie  human 
fruiiic.  '!'he  color  of  the  natives  of  [he  torrid  /.one  in 
Amirica  is  hardly  of  a  dri  per  hue  lh.ui  that  of  the  peo- 
ple in  iho  inoH'  temperate  parts  of  'heir  continent. 
Accurate  observers,  who  liad  an  opportunity  «:;f  viewiii^j 
the  Americans  m  very  diiliTent  thmates,  and  in  pro- 
vinces far  removed  fruiii  eaili  other,  have  been  struck 
with  the  amjizmi;  smularitv  of  their  tigurc  and  as- 
pect, [47] 

JJiit  though  llie  hand  of  nature  has  deviated  so  little 
from  one  standard  m  fashiomiii;  the  human  form  in 
America,  the  creation  of  laiicy  hath  l)een  variou.t  and 
extravagant.  The  same  fahh's  thai  were  curreiit  in  the 
ancient  continent,  have  heeri  revived  with  respect  to 
the  New  World,  and  America  too  has  been  peopled 
with  human  hemns  of  monsiroiis  and  fantastic  apiiear- 
unce,  'J'lie  iiihahitaiits  ui'  certain  provinces  wci  j  de- 
scribed to  be  piumies  of  three  feet  hii;h  ;  those  of  others 
to  he  fiiauts  of  an  eiiornioiis  size,  Some  travellers 
published  accounts  of  pi  oph  with  only  one  eye  ;  others 
pretended  lo  have  discovered  men  without  heads,  wlu>'-e 
eyes  and  mouths  were  plmited  in  their  breasts.  The 
variety  of  Nature  m  her  jir<)ductioiis  is  indeed  so  jjreat, 
that  it  is  presumptuous  lo  set  hounds  to  her  fertility, 
UTid  to  reject  indiscriminately  every  relation  ibiit  tloes 
not  perfectly  accord  wiih  our  own  limited  observation 
and  experience.  Unt  the  other  extreme,  of  vieldmy  a 
hasty  assent  on  the  sli^^btesl  evidence  to  wliatever  lias 
the  appearance  of  bemii  slrarii^e  and  marvellous,  is  slill 
more  nnbecomin*:  a  philosophicid  inquirer ;  as,  in  every 
period,  men  are  more  apt  lo  be  betrayed  into  error  by 
their  weakness  m  behevini:  too  luuch,  than  by  their  ar- 
ro<^Jince  in  believinir  too  litile.  In  proportion  as  scieu<-e 
extends,  and  nature  is  exaimned  with  a  discerning  eye, 
the  wonders  which  amused  aues  of  i^niorance  disappear. 
The  tales  of  credulous  Iravellers  conecrnin;^  America, 
are  forpotlen  ;  the  numsters  whitli  they  describe  have 
been  searched  for  in  vain  ;  and  those  ]iroviuces  where 
they  pretend  to  have  fonml  inhabitants  of  sinj;^ular  forms 
are  now  known  to  he  possessed  by  a  people  nowise 
different  from  the  other  Americans. 

Though  those  relations  may,  without  discussion,  be 
rejected  as  fabulous,  there  are  other  accounts  of 
varieties  in  the  human  species  in  some  parts  of  the 
New  World,  which  rest  upon  belter  evidence,  ami 
merit  more  altenlive  examination.  This  variety  has 
been  particularly  observed  in  three  ditfcrent  districts. 
The  first  of  those  is  situated  in  the  isthmus  of  Ihrien. 
near  the  centre  of  America.  liionel  Wafer,  a  Iraveller 
po'jsesscd  of  more  cnrio«ity  and  intellijTcncc  lliau  we 
should  have  expected  lo  tind  in  an  associate  of  IJucca- 
neers,  discovered  there  a  race  of  men  few  in  number, 
lint  of  n  sinfTular  make.  They  are  of  low  stature, 
uceording  to  his  description,  of  a  feeble  frame,  incapa- 
ble of  endnrin^T  fiUi^nie.  Their  color  is  a  dead  milk 
wliite ;  not  resendilin^^  that  of  lair  people  aiuonij  the 
Enropeans,  but  williout  any  tincture  of  a  blush  or  san- 
ffuine  complexion,  'i'heir  skm  is  covered  with  a  fine 
hairy  down  of  a  "halky  white  ;  the  hair  of  ilieir  heads. 
their  cvehrows,  and  eye  lashes,  are  of  the  same  hue. 
Their  eyes  are  of  a  singular  form,  and  so  weak  llut 


SOUTH   AMLItIC  A. 

they  can  hardly  hear  the  linlit  of  the  sun  ;  hut  ihcy  see 

cluiily  by  lunnnliiiht,  and  are  most  active  and  tjay  in 
the  ni;.'bt.  No  ^ace  s,milar  lo  this  has  been  discoverc  d 
in  anv  i'llier  part  of  America  Corles,  indeeil,  found 
some  persons  exactly  re'*embliny  the  white  people  tif 
Diirien  amon^'  the  r.irt'  and  monstrous  aiiimals  which 
Montezuma  had  colleiKd.  Hut  as  the  power  of  the 
Me.xicau  empire  extended  lo  the  province."-  bonlennij 
on  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  they  were  probably  brou^'bl 
tbeiH-e.  Sinjiular  as  the  appearatice  of  those  p.eople 
may  be.  tlu  v  cannot  be  considered  as  coiistilnlutt.'  a 
tlislinct  species.  Amnnti  the  ne^rois  of  Africa,  as 
well  as  the  natives  of  the  Indian  islands,  nature  some- 
time«  produces  ;)  small  immlier  of  individuals,  with  alt 
the  charairteristic  features  and  tpialilies  of  ibe  while 
jienple  of  Ihirien.  The  former  are  v»\kt\  Albums  \>y 
till-  rortuifiuse.  the  laller  K(nhr!(if.rs  hy  the  Dutch, 
fn  Oarien  the  parents  of  llujse  W'fuhs  are  of  the  same 
color  with  the  other  natives  of  the  cointry  and  this  obser- 
vation appln  s  eipially  tn  the  anomalous  prof^euy  of  the 
Nenroe.'^iuid  lr;dians.  'I'he  same  mother  who  produces 
>onie  children  of  a  color  that  does  not  beloiij;  to  the 
race,  brmus  forth  the  rest  willi  a  complexion  pecnlii: 
to  her  country,  (hie  conclusion  in,iy  iheii  be  lormed 
willi  respect  to  the  people  deM-ribed  by  ^\'aler,  the 
Al/'iniis  and  the  Km  hi'rlukr.s ;  thrv  art;  a  dei;eiierated 
breed,  not  a  separate  class  of  men;  and  from  some 
disease  or  thfecl  of  tluir  parents,  the  peculiar  color  and 
debility  which  mark  tlieir  degradation  are  tra'ismittrd 
to  them.  .\s  a  decisive  proof  of  this,  it  his  been 
o!iser\ed.  that  ni  ilher  the  white  people  of  Dar.en,  nor 
the  Albino.s  of  Airica,  proj;ai,Mle  their  race;  their 
<'liildren  are  of  the  color  and  temperament  jt'cuhar  to 
the  tiiitives  of  their  resp"ctive  countries.  ['IHJ 

The  second  district  that  is  occupitd  hy  inhabi- 
tants ditferini;  in  ajipearance  from  the  oilier  people  ol 
.America,  is  •situated  in  a  hi^h  northern  latitude,  extetid- 
ini^'  from  the  coast  of  Labrador  lowarfls  the  pole,  as  f;ir 
as  the  country  ishiilutable.  'I'he  j)eople  si-atund  over 
iiiose  dreary  regions  are  known  to  the  l!urope.tns  hv 
the  name  o{  KsiiiiniiunX-  'l"hcy  themselves,  with  that 
idea  of  iheir  own  superiority,  which  con-ioh  s  the  rmlest 
ami  most  wretched  nations,  assume  the  name  ot"  Ktnt- 
!i/,  or  Mni.  Thev  are  of  a  middle  size,  and  robust, 
with  heads  of  a  disproiioriioned  bulk,  and  feet  as  re- 
markably small.  'J'lieir  complexiiMi  thou^ih  swiir:hv,  by 
beiiiix  continually  exposed  to  the  ri^'or  of  a  cold  climate , 
inclines  lo  the  Kuropt  an  white,  rather  than  to  ihe  cop- 
per color  of  .America,  and  the  men  have  beards  which 
are  si>melimes  i)nshv  and  long.  I'rom  these  uuirks  ut 
distinction,  as  well  as  from  one  still  less  eipuvocal.  the 
atliuity  of  their  laiiijuage  lo  that  of  the  (ireenlanders. 
which  I  h.LVe  alrciidv  mentioned,  we  mav  com  luile. 
with  some  degree  of  contiele'uce'.  thai  the  l',>ipiiman.\ 
are  a  race-  dttlereiii  freim  the  rest  of  the  .Ame'ricaiis. 

We  e-annot  dee-iele^  with  e-ipial  certaiiity  concerning 
the  inhabitiints  of 'he  third  district,  situateel  at  the  soutli- 
erri  extre'inilv  ol  America.  These  are'  tiie  famous  i'nta- 
ili'itmiis.  who  eiurin^  two  ce'iiturie's  anel  a  half.  ha\e  af- 
forded a  subject  of  controversy  to  the  learned,  ami  an 
object  of  woneler  to  the'  vulL'ar.  Thev  are  sii|iposed  to 
be  one  of  the  waudermg  tribes  which  occupy  ihe  vast 
but  h'ast  known  reL'iem  e}f  .Vme'rica.  which  e.\tcmls  friuii 
the  river  de  la  I'lata  to  the  Straits  of  .Mairellait.  Their 
proper  station  is  in  that  part  of  the  interior  ceuuitrv 
which  lies  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Negro  ;  but  in  ilie 
huulMig  se'ason,  they  ollen  roam  as  far  as  the  straits 
whicl.  se'|)arale  Tie'rra  de-l  Knego  fremi  tlu^  mam  bind 
The  tlrst  accounts  of  this  people  wire-  brouuht  to  Ku- 
re)pe  by  the  e-onipaiiious  of  Magellan,  vnIjo  described 
tliein  as  a  gigantic  race,  above  eight  feet  high,  and  of 
strength  in  proportion  to  their  enormous  size.  Among 
several  tribes  of  animals,  a  di-^parilv  in  bulk  as  consi- 
derable may  be-  observe'ei.  .Some  large  briM  ds  of  horses 
ami  dogs  exceed  the  more  ehmmntive  race's  in  btatnre' 
ami  strength,  as  hir  as  the  I'atagoman  is  supposed  lo 
rif^e  above  the  usual  standard  of  the  human  bodv.  Itut 
animals  attain  the  hiizhest  pert'eclion  of  their  species 
only  in  mild  cliutates,  or  whe-re  they  llnd  the>  mo.>i  nu- 
tritive food  in  gre-atesi  abundance.  It  is  not  then  in 
the  uucultivate'd  waste  of  the  .Magellanic  regions,  and 
among  a  tribe  of  improvident  savase^,  that  we  .should 
expect  to  find  man  po.ssessini!  the  hiu'liest  honors  of  his 
race,  and  distiULniisheil  by  a  superiority  of  size  and 
vigor,  far  beyond  what  he  has  re'ache'd  in  any  other  part 
of  the  earth.  The  most  explicit  and  unexceptiona)>le 
evielcnce  is  requisite,  in  onle-r  to  establish  a  fact  repug- 
nant to  those  general  principles  and  laws,  which  seem 
to  affect  th*»  human  frame  in  eve-rv  oiht  r  instance,  anil 
to  decide  with  respect  to  its  nature  anduualilies  Sneli 
evidence  has  not  hitherto  been  [iroibu-ed.  'i'hough  se- 
veral persons,  to  whone  testiniony  ^reat  respect  i!i  iltie. 


105 


have  visited  this  part  of  America  since  the  Imic  of  Ma- 

ge'll.m,  anil  have-  hud  intirviews  w  mIi  I  be*  natixi's;  though 
*ome  have*  atlirimd.  that  such  as  thev  saw  were  of  ^\- 
gaiitic  stature,  and  other"  have  formeel  the  same  coii- 
cbision  from  me-asurmi*  their  feiotste-ps.  e)r  from  viewiiig 
the'  ske'letotis  of  tlie-ir  eleael  ;  vl  their  ace-tumts  vary 
trout  e-ach  other  m  so  many  essential  points,  and  are 
imnghel  witii  sei  many  eMrcunistances  mamfe'stly  false  i  r 
bibulous,  as  ele-tract  much  from  theur  credit.  On  the 
either  hand,  some  navigators,  and  those  among  the  most 
enuiient  of  their  oreier  for  disccrmiienl  and  aecurdcv. 
have  as.M-rteil  that  the  native-s  of  I'atagoiua,  with  whom 
they  had  intercourse,  though  stout  and  well  made  are 
not  of  such  extraordinary  si/e  as  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  the  human  species.  ['lUJ  The-oist- 
eiire  of  thiJ*  gigantic  race'  of  men  see'ius,  ihen.  to  he  ono 
ef  those  points  iii  natural  hisU)rv,  with  respect  to  wl.ieh 
a  e-autious  impiirer  will  hesitate,  and  will  cl.oose  to  siis- 
jieud  his  a.«sent  until  more  complete  evideni:e  shall  lie- 
ciele  wheilier  he  ought  to  admit  a  fact,  seeminyly  in- 
consistent with  what  reason  and  experience  have  dis- 
e'overeel  concerning  the  siruriure  ami  condition  of  m&n, 
in  all  the  various  situations  m  which  he  has  been  ol>- 
served. 

In  order  to  form  a  complete  ide-a  with  respect  to  the 
coiii-tiiution  of  the  inhabiiants  of  this  ami  the  other  he- 
misphere, vvi'  slioulel  atle'tul  not  only  to  the  make  and 
vi;,'or  of  their  bodies,  but  coiiside-r  wlia'  degree  of  health 
they  enjoy,  and  to  what  pe  rieiel  of  longevity  ihe-y  usually 
arrive.  In  the'  simpheity  e"  the  savage  siale,  when 
mail  IS  not  e»|ipiesseel  with  labor,  or  enerviited  by  Inxurv, 

''  'Jisfpueteel  with  eare-.  we  are  apt  to  iiiia<.Mne  that  this 
i:le  will  How-  on  almeisl  untroubled  by  disease  or  sutler- 
ing,  until  Ins  days  be-  terminated  in  e'.xlre-iiie  old  age  by 
the  gradual  decays  of  nature.  We  thid,  aecorelinelv, 
amoni;  the  Americans,  as  well  as  among  other  rude 
people,  peTsons  whose  dei're-pui  ami  shrive-lU'd  luriii 
seeus  to  imlicale  an  extraordinary  leii'.'tti  of  life.  iJut 
as  most  of  them  are  unacipiainteii  wilii  the  art  of  iium- 
bering.  aii.i  u||  o;  them  as  ibrgitlul  of  what  is  past,  as 
Miey  are-  improvulcnt  o''  what  is  to  come,  it  is  inijiossi- 
ble  to  aseertain  l''eir  agi'  with  any  ele-i^ree  i>f  precision 
It  is  evide-nl  tlrtt  the  period  of  llie-ir  lemgevitv  must  varv 
eo'iMdrrably.  iircording  to  the  diversity  of  cimi.ites, 
an!  ihe'ir  eiitle  re  III  mode's  of  subsistence.  Thev  seem, 
however,  to  be  every  where  exempt  from  many  of  ihe 
disle-mpers  which  allhcl  polished  nations,  Nime  of  ibt; 
maj.idie's,  vvhicli  are  the  inune'diate  otfspring  of  luxurv, 
t  vf;  vi.-ited  them  ;  aiiel  lluy  have  no  names  in  ihuir 
laiiguage's  by  which  lo  liisiiiiguish  tins  minu'rous  train 
ot  iidvi'iilitions  evils. 

Hut  whatever  he  the  situation  in  which  man  is  placed, 
he  IS  born  lo  sutler  ;  and  his  diseases  in  the  savaije! 
siaie,  though  fewiT  in  mimber,  are,  like  those  of  ihu 
animals  whom  he  ne'inlv  resembles  in  his  moile  of  life, 
more  Aiolent  and  more  fatal.  If  luxury  eugemlers  and 
nourishes  dislempe'rs  of  one  spe'cies,  the  rige)r  and  dis- 
tresses  eif  savage  lib-  bring  tui  lhe)se  of  aneuher.  .\s 
me  II  m  this  state  are  wonderbilly  improviileiil.  and  their 
means  of  snbsistt-iire  |)recarious,  Ibev  often  pass  from 
txliemewant  to  exnberan*  plenty,  ai-cording  to  the 
Vicissitudes  of  fortune  in  (he  chase,  or  in  coMse'ipieiicL* 
eit  the  Viiru)ns  deitrees  of  abundance  with  winch  the 
'■arth  allorels  to  ihi'iii  I's  prodncrians  in  diilerenl  seasons. 

I'iieir  inconsiderate  Mbittony  in  the  one  silnatieiii,  at  \ 
tluir  severe  abstinence-  in  the  otlur,  ari^  e'lpiallv  periu- 
ciiMis,  I-'or  though  the  human  constitution  mav  be  ac- 
e-ustomed  liy  habit,  like  that  of  animals  of  nrev.  to  to- 
ll rale  loiiir  Ijinme,  and  then  to  L'*>r<:i-  ^oraenonslv,  il  is 
not  a  litlle  ath'cled  by  such  suetden  and  violent  irausi- 
tions.  The  streiiiith  anel  vigor  of  savages  are  at  some 
seasons  impaired  by  what  they  suffer  from  a  scarcity  of 
loeid  ;  at  others  tlu'y  art*  allbcted  wi:li  disorders  ari.iing 
Irom  indigestion  and  a  snpertbiily  of  gross  abineut. 
These-  are  so  common,  that  they  may  be  cu!is;elere'd  as 
the  unavoidable  consequence  of  their  mode  of  subsis- 
ting, and  cut  off  considerable  numheru  in  the  prime  oi 
life.  They  are  likewKse  extremely  subject  lo  con>uinf»- 
tions,  to  pleuritic,  asthmatic,  and  paralytic  disordi-rs. 
brought  on  by  the  iiiinioderate  hardships  and  laliguo 
which  they  endure  in  hunting  and  in  war;  or  owing  to 
lo  the  iijcle-mency  of  the  seasons  to  whicJi  thev  are  con- 
tinually exposed.  In  the  savage  slate,  hardsluns  aiut 
f'aliL'ue  violently  assault  the  constitution.  In  polished 
.ieR'ieties.  inteiiiperanre  undermines  it,  Il  is  not  easy 
to  ileteruime  which  of  them  operates  with  most  fatal 
effect,  or  lends  most  to  abridge  human  life,  'I'he  intlu- 
e'lice  of  the  foiiiier  is  certainly  most  exte'tisivc.  The 
pe'rnicious  consequences  of  luxury  reae-h  only  a  fe.v 
membeis  in  any  community  ;  the  distre-sse's  ol"  savage 
hie  are  felt  by  all.  As  far  as  I  can  judge,  alter  very 
ininuiu  imjuiry    the  general  period  of  hmnau   life  is 


'II 


106 


HOli  EKTSON'S    II I  ST  O  It  V    Oh 


I        \ 


eboncr  anion^  navagrn  than  in  wet!  regulated  and  in- 

dutttnoiiH  sonclioH, 

One  (i)tadfiil  malady,  the  nrvfrcHt  sroiirgo  wiili 
which,  III  thij*  hie,  nlicmlfd  Heaven  chastens  the  indiil- 
genct)  ot'  eriiinnal  desire,  neenis  to  have  been  pecuhur 
to  tlie  AnieritariH.  Uy  eoinnnnneuting  il  to  their  cun- 
qij<  rorH,  tliey  hare  nut  only  anijily  avenged  their  own 
vsron;^'H,  hul,  hy  uddin<r  this  culainity  to  those  which 
tortiierly  inthiltered  human  life,  they  have,  jperliaps, 
more  than  coiinlerbahinced  all  the  henetits  winch  Ku- 
rope  h-itt  derived  Ironi  the  discovery  of  the  N^w  World. 
'lint*  dmirmper,  from  ttiu  country  in  which  ii  lirst  niged, 
or  from  the  people  by  whom  it  was  suppuMcd  to  have 
been  spread  over  Europe,  has  been  HOinelimes  railed 
ihu  Neapolitan,  and  aometimcB  the  French  diaease.  At 
tta  first  appearance,  the  infection  was  no  maliirnant,  its 
ayinptoins  so  violent,  its  operation  so  rapid  and  fatal,  as 
to  hatile  all  the  etiurts  of  medical  skill.  AHlonishinent 
and  terror  uccornpanic-d  this  unknown  allliction  in  its 
projrress,  and  men  begun  to  dread  the  extinction  of  the 
auinaii  race  by  such  u  cruel  visitation.  Kxperience, 
and  the  in<rcnuitv  of  physicians,  gradually  discovered 
remedies  ot  such  virtue  as  to  cure  or  lo  mitigate  the  evd. 
During  the  course  of  two  centuries  and  a  half,  its  viru- 
lence seems  lo  have  abated  considerably'  At  length, 
in  (he  sumo  manner  with  'bo  leprosy,  wliich  raged  in 
Kurope  for  some  centuries,  it  may  waste  its  force  and 
disappear  ;  and  in  some  happier  age,  this  western  in- 
fection, like  that  from  the  cast,  may  be  known  only  by 
JescriptioTL  [riOJ 

II.  After  considering  what  appears  to  be  pecu- 
liar in  the  bodily  constitution  of  the  Americans,  our  at- 
tention is  naturally  turned  towards  tlie  powers  and 
qualities  of  Iheir  minds.  As  Ibe  individual  advances 
from  the  ignoranco  and  imbecility  of  the  infant  state  to 
vigor  and  inalurity  of  nndiTstanding,  something  similar 
lo  ihis  may  bo  observed  in  the  progress  of  the  species. 
With  respect  to  it,  too,  there  is  a  period  of  infaricv, 
during  vvhich  several  [lOwers  of  the  mind  are  not  uri- 
foMed,  and  all  are  fc-t-ble  and  defective  in  their  opera- 
tion. In  the  early  ages  of  socM'ty.  while  the  condition 
of  man  ts  .'4iinpU  and  rude,  his  reason  is  but  litt!e  exer- 
cised, and  his  desires  move  within  a  very  narrow 
bphere.  IK-nce  arise  two  remarkable  characteristics  of 
the  human  mind  in  this  state.  Its  intellectual  powers 
are  extremely  limited  ;  its  emotiDus  and  etiorls  are 
few  and  languid  Uoth  these  distinctions  are  con- 
apicuous  among  the  rudest  and  most  unimproved  of 
tiie  American  tribes,  and  constitute  a  s:':'king  part  of 
tlieir  description. 

What,  among  polished  nations,  is  called  speculative 
reasonmg  or  research,  is  altogether  unknown  in  the 
rude  slate  of  society,  and  never  hecomes  the  occupa- 
tion or  unmseineiit  of  the  human  faculties,  until  man 
be  so  far  improved  as  to  liave  secured,  with  c<^r!amlv. 
the  means  of  subsistence,  as  well  as  the  jiosse.'<sioM  wi 
leisure  and  iraiKpiiniiv.  The  (boughis  and  atteulion  of 
a  savage  are  coniined  wilhin  the  small  circle  of  objects 
immedialely  conducive  to  his  preservation  or  enjoy- 
ment. Kvery  thing  bevnnd  that  escapes  his  observa- 
tion, or  is  perfectly  imiiU'erent  to  him.  Like  a  mere 
animal,  wliat  i.s  before  his  eves  interests  ai.d  alii  cis 
him  ;  what  is  out  of  siahl.  or  at  a  distance.  inak(s  little 
impresaion.  There  arc  several  people  in  .\iiierica, 
whose  limited  undorstandmgs  seem  not  to  lie  capable  of 
forming  an  arrangement  for  futurity  ;  neither  their  soli- 
citude nor  their  foresight  extend  so  far.  They  follow 
blindly  the  impulse  of  the  appetite  which  they  led.  but  j 
arc  entirely  regardless  of  distant  eonseiptences,  and 
even  of  those  removed  in  the  least  degrei?  from  imme- 
diate apprehension.  While  they  IriLdily  prize  such 
tlungfi  as  serve  for  present  use,  or  minister  to  present 
enjoyment,  they  set  no  value  upon  those  whicli  are  not 
the  object  of  some  immediate  want.  When,  on  the 
apfrroach  of  the  evening,  a  f 'arrihbee  feels  himself  dis- 
posed to  go  lo  rest,  no  consideration  will  tempt  him  lo 
sell  his  hammock.  But,  in  the  morning  when  he  is 
sallying  out  to  the  business  or  passtiine  of  the  day,  he 
will  part  Willi  it  for  the  slightest  toy  that  catches  his 
fancy.  At  the  close  of  winter,  while  the  impression  of 
what  he  has  suffered  from  the  rigor  of  the  cliuiate,  is 
fresh  in  the  mind  of  the  North  American,  he  acts  him- 
self wiih  vigor  to  prepare  mnterialA  for  erecting  a  com- 
fortable hut  to  protect  him  agaiiist  the  inclemency  of 
the  suciteeding  season  ;  hut,  as  soon  as  the  weather 
becomes  mild,  lie  forgets  what  is  past,  abandons  his 
work,  and  never  thinks  of  it  more  until  the  return  of 
cold  compels  him,  when  too  late,  to  resume  it. 

If  in  concerns  the  most  interestiiii.',  and  seemingly 
the  most  sitnple.  the  reason  of  man  white  rude  and  des- 
titute of  culture,  dilfers  so  tittle  from  the  thoughtless 
l0\'ity  of  children,  or  tha  improvident  itiatinct  ofanimalif, 


its  exertions  in  other  directions  cannot  be  very  eon- 
sideratilo.  'i'he  objects  towards  which  reason  turns, 
and  the  diatiuiBiliuns  m  which  it  engaj^es  must  depenil 
uj>un  tlie  slate  in  which  man  is  placed,  and  are  sug- 
gested liy  bis  necessities  and  (Icsires,  I)isi|Uisitioiu4, 
which  appear  the  most  necessary  and  important  to  men 
m  one  stale  of  society,  never  occur  lo  ihoae  m  another. 
Among  civilized  iiHlions,  arilbmetic,  or  the  art  of  nmn- 
iM-rmg,  is  deemed  an  essential  and  elementary  science  ; 
and  in  our  continent,  the  invention  and  use  of  it  reaches 
hack  to  a  period  so  remote  as  is  lievcnd  the  knowledije 
of  bi.slory.  13ul  among  savages,  wlio  have  no  property 
to  estimate,  no  tioardcd  treasures  lo  count,  no  variety  of 
objects  or  multiplicity  of  ideas  to  enumerate,  aritli- 
melic  is  a  auperlluoua  and  useless  art.  Accordingly, 
among  some  tribes  in  America  it  seems  to  be  tpiite  un- 
known. There  are  many  who  cannot  reckon  furilier 
than  three  ;  and  have  no  denominaiiun  to  dislingmsli 
any  number  above  it.  Several  can  proceed  us  far  as 
ten,  others  to  twenty.  Wlien  they  would  convey  an 
idea  of  any  number  beyond  these,  ihey  point  lo  the 
hair  of  tlieir  bead,  intimating  that  it  is  ecpial  to  them,  or 
with  wonder  declare  it  to  be  so  great  that  it  cannot  lie 
reckoned.  Not  only  the  Americans,  but  all  nations 
while  extremely  rude,  seem  to  be  unacquainted  witli 
the  art  of  eomputalion.  As  soon,  however,  as  they 
acquire  such  acquaintaace  or  connexion  with  a  variety 
of  objects,  that  there  is  fretpienl  occasion  to  combine 
or  divide  them,  their  knowledge  of  numbers  increases, 
so  that  the  slate  uf  ibis  art  among  ain'  people  may  be 
considered  a*  one  standard  by  which  lo  estimate  the 
degree  of  their  improvement.  The  Iroquoise,  in  Norlb 
America,  as  tlu^y  are  much  mere  eivib/i.-d  than  the 
rude  inliahitaiils  of  llrazil,  I'araguay,  or  taiiuna.  have 
likewise  made  greater  advances  in  this  respect  ;  though 
even  tneir  arithinelic  does  not  extend  heyoiul  a  ilion- 
sand,  as  in  their  jietly  transactions  they  have  no  occa- 
sion tor  any  higher  number.  The  Cheriikee,  a  less 
considerable  natiuii  on  the  .••ame  continent,  can  reckon 
unlv  as  f.tr  as  a  lumdred,  ami  lo  that  extent  have  names 
for  the  several  numlHr.s  ;  the  sni;iUer  tribes  in  their 
neijihborbood  can  rise  no  higher  than  ten.   [.'ilj 

In  other  respects,  the  exercise  of  the  imderstandinii 
among  rudi!  nations  i.s  .>till  more  limited.  The  lir.-^l 
iile;is  of  everv  hnni.in  hi  ini,'  iiiu.st  be  sneli  as  he  receives 
Ity  tiie  senses.  Hut  in  the  niiiul  of  man,  v\hile  m  the 
savaL'e  slate,  iherc!  s('eni  to  hv  h.inlly  any  ideas  but 
what  enter  by  this  avenue.  Th '  objects  around  him 
are  presented  to  his  eve.  Such  as  may  he  aub.servient 
to  his  use.  or  cari  <_'ralifv  any  ot  his  appeliies,  attract 
iiis  notice  ;  be  views  the  r.-^t  uiihoul  cuno.^ity  or  at- 
tention Satislitd  with  coiiMderiug  them  under  tliat 
simple  mode  in  wliicli  ihey  apjiear  to  him,  as  separat*' 
and  detarlied,  iie  neither  coinlt. lies  Ibcm  so  as  lo  form 
L'eneral  classes,  nor  cnntenipl.ile.-*  their  qu.dilies  apart 
from  the  subject  ni  which  tiu-y  inhere,  nor  bestows  a 
thought  upon  ihe  operations  ot  Ins  own  mind  concern- 
ing Ihem.  Thus  he  is  nnacquamled  vviih  all  the  ideas 
whicll  have  been  denominated  nHn-frsn},  ox  adstmrly  or 
of  vttihction.  The  range  of  his  underslunding  iuupi.  of 
course,  bo  very  confined,  and  bis  re.isoiunii  powers  he 
employed  merely  on  what  is  sensible  This  is  mi  re- 
maikahlythc  case  with  the  ruder  nations  of  America, 
that  their  jiiiiguage,  (as  we  shall  afterwaids  find)  have 
not  a  word  to  express  any  thing  but  whai  is  material  o'- 
eorporeal.  T^me^  gjiace^  suhxlaiirc,  and  a  thousand 
terms,  of  thosepresent  abstract  and  universal  ide.is,  are 
alrogetbcr  unknown  to  them.  A  naked  savage,  cower- 
ing over  the  fire  in  bis  miserable  cabin,  or  slrelebcd  un- 
der a  few  branches  which  all'ord  liim  a  temporary  shel- 
ter, has  as  little  inclination  as  cajjacity  for  useless  spe- 
culation, liis  thoughts  extend  not  beyond  what 
relates  to  animal  life  ;  and  when  they  are  nut  directed 
towards  some  of  itb  concerns,  his  mind  is  totally  inac- 
tive. In  situations  where  no  extraordinary  etlbrt  either 
of  ingenuity  or  Ubor  is  requisite,  in  order  to  satisfy  ihe 
simple  demands  of  nature  ihe  powers  of  the  inmd  are 
.so  seldom  roused  lo  any  exertion,  that  the  rational  fa- 
culties conliinie  almost  dormanl  and  unexercised.  The 
numerous  irilies  scaitered  over  the  rich  plains  of  South 
America,  llic  inhabitants  of  some  of  ihe  islands,  and  of 
several  fertile  regions  on  tlic  continent,  come  under  thia 
dejcriptioii.  Their  vacant  counlenance,  their  staring 
uncxpressive  eye,  iheir  listless  inaltenlinn,  and  total 
Ignorance  of  subjects  wbicli  seemeil  to  be  tlie  first 
which  should  occupy  the  thoughts  uf  rational  beings, 
made  such  impression  upon  the  Spaniards,  when  ihey 
first  beheld  those  rude  jieople,  that  they  considered 
them  us  animals  of  an  inferior  order,  and  could  not  be- 
lieve that  tliey  belonged  to  the  liunian  species.  Il  re- 
quired the  authority  of  a  papal  bull  to  counteract  this 
opinion,  and  to  convince  llioni  that  tho  Americans  wfro 


capabhtofihe  functions  and  entitled  to  ttie  privilege 
of  humanity.  Since  that  lime,  persons  more  enlight- 
ened and  impartial  than  Iht  iIim  u.<  m  r  <  oi  cotipicrcir* 
of  America,  have  bail  an  opjiortunity  of  eoiili  mplaling 
the  most  s.iva;.'e  of  iih  uihahitantH,  and  they  have  lieen 
astonished  and  humbled  w  ith  observing  hew  nearly  tuna 
in  this  condition  approaches  to  llu  brute  creation.  Hut 
in  severer  climales,  where  subsistence  cannot  t»'  pr(»- 
eured  with  the  same  ease,  where  men  must  unite  nuitv 
closely,  and  act  with  greater  concert,  necessity  rnllp 
forth  their  talents  and  sharpens  their  invention,  6C. 
that  the  intellectual  powers  are  more  exercised  and  im- 
proved. The  North  .Xmcricau  tribes,  and  the  natives 
of  ('hili,  who  inhabit  the  temperate  regiotis  in  the  two 
great  districts  of  America,  are  peopb;  of  cultivated  and 
enlarged  understandings,  when  viewed  in  comparison 
with  some  of  those  seated  in  the  islands,  or  on  the 
hanjtsoflbe  Maragnoii  and  Orinoco  Their  occupa- 
tions are  more  various,  their  system  of  policy,  as  well 
as  of  war,  more  complex,  their  arts  more  numerous, 
IJut  even  among  them,  tin;  intellcclual  powers  are  ex- 
tremely limited  in  their  operaltons,  and,  unless  when 
turned  directly  to  those  objects  wliit'h  interest  a  savage, 
are  held  in  no  estimation.  Doth  tlie  North  Americans 
and  < 'hilese,  when  not  engaged  in  some  of  the  functions 
belonging  to  a  warrior  or  hunter,  loiter  away  their  time 
in  thoughtless  indolence,  uiiacipiainted  wiMi  any  other 
subject  worthy  of  Iheir  uttention,  or  capable  of  occupy- 
ing their  miiulH.  If  even  among  them  reason  is  so  much 
circumscribed  in  ils  exertions,  and  never  arrives,  in  its 
highest  allainmenls.  at  the  knowledge  of  those  general 
piinciples  and  maxims  which  .<erve  as  ihe  foundation  of 
science,  we  may  conclude  that  the  intelleelual  powers 
of  man  in  tlie  s;ivage  sl.ile  are  destitute  of  their  proper 
objici,  and  eaniiot  acquire  any  considerable  degree  of 
vigor  and  enlargement. 

From  the  same  causes,  the  active  etlbrls  of  the  mind 
are  few,  ami  on  nio.^t  occasions  languid.  If  we  eX' 
amine  into  the  mntives  which  rouse  men  lo  activity  in 
civilized  life,  and  prompl  llieiu  lo  persevere  in  fatiguing 
exertions  of  iheir  ingemiiiy  or  strength,  we  shall  tinu 
that  ibcy  arise  chiefly  from  acquired  wants  and  appe- 
tites. These  are  numerous  and  imporluiuUc  :  they 
keep  the  mind  in  perpetual  agitation,  and  in  order  to 
griilify  them,  invention  musi  bv  always  on  the  tilruteh, 
and  industry  must  be  inci-ssanlly  employed.  Uut  the 
dt^sires  of  simple  nature  are  few,  and  where  a  favor- 
able elimate  yields  ulniosi  spontaneously  what  aufbces 
lo  gratify  them  ihey  scarcelv  stir  tne  soul,  or  excite 
any  Mulent  emolion.  Hence  the  people  of  several 
tribes  in  America  waste  their  life  in  a  liJ-th'Sij  indolence. 
To  be  frei'  from  uceupali  n.  siems  to  be  all  the  enjoy- 
ment towards  whicii  they  aspire.  Tliey  will  continue 
whole  days  stretched  out  in  their  hammocks,  or  seated 
on  the  earlli  m  |)erleul  idleness,  wiibout  changing  tiieir 
posture,  or  raising  their  eyes  from  the  ground,  or  ut- 
tering a  single  word. 

Such  IS  iheir  aversion  lo  lal-or  that  neilher  the  hope 
of  future  gooil.  nor  tiie  ajqireiiension  o\  thlure  evil  can 
surmount  it.  They  appear  ccpially  indifrerenl  lo  both, 
discovering  little  solnMlude,  and  l.iking  no  precaiilioni* 
lo  a\oid  the  one  or  to  secure  the  other.  The  cravings 
ol  bun;jer  may  rouse  them  ;  iiut  as  they  devour,  with 
iitile  di.-tinclion,  whatever  will  appease  its  instinctive 
deniaii''.s,  Ihe  exertions  vvhieh  tluse  occasion  are  of 
.oliort  duialion.  Destitule  of  ardor,  as  vsell  as  varielv 
of  desire,  they  feel  not  the  force  of  those  powerlul 
sprnigs  which  give  vigor  lo  the  movemenls  of  the  mind, 
and  urm-  the  |)alient  liantl  of  industry  lo  persevere  m 
lis  eftorls.  .\lan,  in  some  parts  oi  .\meriea.  appears  in 
a  form  no  rude  that  we  can  discover  no  etlicis  of  his 
aeiiviiy,  and  the  jirniciple  of  undei>tandiiig,  wliieh 
should  direct  il,  seems  hardly  to  be  nntoMcd.  Like 
the  other  animals  he  has  no  lixed  residence;  be  has 
erected  no  halntalton  to  shelter  him  from  Ihe  luclemencv 
of  the  weallur;  he  has  taken  no  measures  for  securing 
certain  subsistence  ;  be  lUMther  sows  nor  reaps  ;  but 
roams  about  as  ted  in  search  of  the  plants  and  iVuiis 
which  the  earth  brings  forili  in  succession  ;  and  in  que.it 
of  the  game  which  be  kills  in  the  fore^l,  or  of  the  hsh 
which  he  catches  in  the  rivers. 

This  deserijition,  however,  applies  only  to  some  tribes 
Man  cannot  continue  long  in  this  stale  of  feeble  and 
uninformed  infancy.  }ie  was  made  for  indnslry  and 
action,  and  the  powers  of  his  nature,  as  well  as  the 
necessity  of  bis  condition,  urge  him  to  fullil  his  des- 
tiny. Accordingly,  among  most  of  the  American  na- 
tions, especially  those  scaled  in  rigorous  clmiales,  somo 
etiorls  are  employed,  and  Home  previous  precautions 
are  taken,  for  securing  Bubsiolence.  The  career  of 
regular  industr}-  is  begun  and  the  laborious  arm  Itas 
made  tho  first  csaayv  of  iti  powers.     Still,  hovvevcx. 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


107 


lirivili'UiM 
irc  riili((ht- 
ciii  JiLcrciK 
it<  ini>!uliiil? 

luvc  l)U('ii 
ni'arly  nii'.n 
?alion.  Hut 
not  lit'  I'"'- 

uiiile  more 
.I'ssily  riill* 

vr'lllioll,    H'. 

Sill  and  iiii- 

1  ilic  iittlivos 
1  ill  ihn  two 
iltivatcd  and 

eomiiarisDn 
Irt,  or  on  tlie 
hiilr  ocrupa- 
jlicy,  as  wull 
e  mnntrous, 
iwtrs  arc  e«- 
nnlcss  when 
rrst  a  savage, 
111  AmeriiMins 

llio  fnncliona 
vay  tlii'ir  lime 
fi'li  any  other 
till'  cl  occiipy- 
ion  is  80  nmeh 

arrivi's,  in  its 

lliosc  sjeuoral 
■  I'ounilalion  of 
uiliial  iiowers 
of  tlieir  iiro|icr 
rable  degtec  of 

rts  of  tlic  mind 
id.     If  we  ex 
n  10  activity  in 
ere  in  fatiguina 
1,  we  shall  linu 
■ants  and  appe- 
lortimate  ■    tliey 
and  in  order  to 
i  on  the  olrelch, 
oved.     Uul  the 
kiliere  a  favor- 
llv  what  siillicea 
ionl,  or  excite 
lie  of  several 
rss  indulcnec. 
ill  the  enjoy- 
,  will  conlimio 
locks,  or  seated 
chaii^inj?  tiifir 
'round,  or  ut- 


neithcr  the  hope 
future  evil  can 
ilVcrcnl  to  lioih, 
no  precaiitioiw 
Tliccraviiiys 
•y  dcvonr,  with 
its  instinctive 
■dfion   are  ol 
.-ell  as  variety 
those  powurlul 
iits  of  the  mind, 
to  persevere  in 
lurica.  appears  m 
lO  ellccis  of  Ins 
taiulmn,   which 
m.loldcd.     l.ike 
ideiice  ;  he  h.is 
n  the  inclenicncy 
res  for  secnriiij! 
nor  rea|is  ;  Init 
ilants  and  fruits 
on  ;  and  m  nue»l 
:»t,  or  of  the  lish 

ily  to  some  trilies 
it'e  of  feulile  and 
tor  industry  ami 
..,  as  well  as  the 
to  fullil  his  des- 
lie  Ainerican  iia- 
s  climates,  soiiio 
lions  precautions 
'I'lio  career  of 
alioriuus  arm  lia» 
Still,  liowevct. 


.ur 


Pl 


the  improviilont  and  slotliriil  gbniuH  of  tlm  Hnviiirr  state 
prRtloriiituiU'R.  Vavu  aiiiniif^  lliost^  ninrr  nn|ir(iv(  il 
tribes,  liibor  is  (Icciiipil  i;ji)uininioiis  mul  <l<'i.'r;uliii);  ll 
in  unly  tu  work  uf  n  ccrtuiti  kiii<l  ili.Lt  a  iiiaii  vmII  (Iiimd 
to  nut  his  liaiiU.  The  greater  part  im  ilcvoUtd  rmiri-tv 
wpon  the  women.  One  h.il(  of  ihe  cnriMmmity  rrmatris 
iniictivo,  while  Itio  ollu-r  lu  npiiresvcd  wt'li  l\w  nnilti- 
Iniic  :.nd  variety  »f  it«  ot'ciipalions.  'I'liiit*  Ihtir  in- 
diiHlry  iH  partial,  utid  (he  fon-siMJit  which  ret^ulules  it  is 
no  less  liinited.  A  rcmarkalile  iiiHlauoc  of  tins  occurs 
in  the  chief  airiin<retneiit  with  respeet  to  their  manner 
of  livini;.  'I'hey  depend  for  tlu'ir  Miih>ij*lence,  during 
one  purl  of  tliu  year,  on  fishing;  dunng  unoiher,  on 
hunting ;  duriiiir  a  third,  on  the  prudnci!  of  their  ui^ri- 
cnlturc.  Though  eiperiencc  has  tijughr  them  to  fore- 
see tlio  rolurn  of  lliose  varioittt  scaitoiis,  and  to  make 
Home  provision  for  the  respective  exigencies  of  each, 
they  either  ivant  sagacity  to  proportion  this  provision 
to  their  consumption,  or  are  so  ineapahio  of  uny  com- 
mand over  iheir  appetites,  that,  from  their  ineonsule- 
mto  waste,  they  often  feel  tlk-  cjtlamities  of  famine  as 
rtcverely  us  the  rudest  of  tlie  savage  tribes.  Wlial 
they  nulfcr  one  year  dues  not  augment  their  industry, 
or  render  them  more  provident  to  prevent  similar  dis- 
frcsses.  This  inconsiderate  tiioii<f!itles.snc.sH  uiioiit 
futurity,  the  etlect  of  ignorance  and  '.he  cause  of  hlulli, 
accompanies  and  characteri/eit  man  in  every  stago  of 
Havage  life  ;  and.  by  a  capricious  .siiigidarily  in  liis  ope- 
rations ho  is  tiieii  least  solicitous  about  supplying  his 
wants,  wlien  the  mean?  ct  satisfying  them  are  most 
precarious,  and  proceed  with  the  greatest  ililliculiy. 

III.  After  vie  wit. irllie  liodilv  constitutions  of  the  A  nio- 
rican.H,  and  conteinplnlinti  the  power.s  of  their  minds,  we 
nre  led,  in  the  natural  order  of  impiirv,  to  consider 
them  as  nnited  togttlurni  .■society,  llillierto  our  re- 
searches have  been  eontined  to  the  operations  of  under- 
nl.inding  respecting  themselves  as  individuals  ;  now 
tliey  will  extend  to  tlie  degree  of  (l?eir  sensibility  and 
allection  towards  their  species 

The  dontestic  state  is  the  fit.si  and  most  simple  form 
of  human  u.-^sociation.  The  union  of  ilio  sexes  among 
<!iirereiit  animals  is  of  louder  ur  shorter  duration  in 
proportion  to  the  case  or  ditlicully  of  rearing  thinr  otl- 
Bprif.g.  Among  those  tribes  where  the  sea-^on  of 
infancy  is  short,  and  the  young  soon  ae(piire  \igor  or 
ugiiity  no  permanent  union  is  toriued.  Nature  com- 
mits llie  care  of  training  up  the  oH'spring  to  the  mother 
ulone,  and  her  tenderness,  witliout  any  other  assist- 
ance, is  equal  to  the  ta-ik.  iJut  where  tiic  slate  of 
infancy  is  long  and  helpless,  and  ilie  joint  assiduity  of 
both  parents  is  requisite  in  tendiiiii  their  feeble  pro- 
geny, there  a  more  intimate  connexion  takes  place, 
and  continues  until  the  purpo>e  of  nature  be  accom- 
plished, and  the  new  race  yrow  up  to  full  maturity. 
As  the  infancy  of  man  is  more  ft  el»le  and  lulpless  than 
that  of  any  other  animal,  and  he  is  di  jieiidcnt  during  a 
much  longer  period  on  the  care  and  foresight  of  his 
parents,  the  union  belweeii  husband  and  wife  came 
early  to  be  considered  not  onlv  as  a  solemn  but  as  a 
j)erinanent  contract.  A  general  state  of  promiscuous 
intercourse  between  the  sexes  never  existed  but  in  the 
imagination  of  poets.  lu  the  infancy  of  society  when 
men,  destitute  of  arts  and  mdustrv.  lead  a  lianl  preca- 
rious life,  the  rearing  of  tlieir  progeny  demands  the 
attention  and  elForts  of  both  parents  ;  ind  if  their 
union  had  not  been  formed  and  continued  with  this 
view,  the  race  could  not  have  been  preserved.  Ac- 
cordingly in  America,  even  among  the  rudest  tribes, 
a  regular  union  between  husband  and  wife  was  nniver- 
Hal,  and  the  rights  of  marriage  were  understood  and 
recognised.  In  tho.se  districts  where  subsistence  was 
scanty,  and  the  ditliculty  ol  maintaining  a  family  was 
great,  the  man  eontined  himself  to  one  wife.  In 
warmer  and  more  fertile  pro\inces,  the  facility  of 
procuring  food  concurred  with  the  inlbience  of  cli- 
mate in  inducing  the  iuhahitaiits  tu  increase  the 
number  of  their  wives.  In  some  countries  tlie  mar- 
riage-union subsisted  during  life ;  in  others,  the  im- 
patience of  the  Americans  under  rcitraint  of  any  spe- 
cica,  together  with  their  natural  levity  and  caprice, 
prompted  them  to  dissolve  it  on  very  alight  pretexts, 
and  often  without  assigning  any  cause. 

Hut  in  whatever  light  the  Americans  considered  the 
cbligalioii  of  this  contract,  cither  as  perpetual  or  only 
OS  temporary  ;  tlio  condition  of  women  was  equally  hu- 
miliating and  miserable.  Whether  man  has  been  im- 
|)roved  by  the  progrcssof  arts  and  civilization  in  society, 
IS  a  question  which,  in  the  wantonness  of  disputation, 
has  been  agitated  among  philosophers.  That  women 
ore  indebted  to  tho  refmeinents  of  polished  manners, 
for  a  b»(tpy  change  in  their  state,  is  a  point  which  can 


admit  of  nodoul>t.  To  despise  and  to  degrade  the  fe- 
male f«i'x  is  a  cliaracterislic  of  the  savagtr  stale  in  every 
purl  ofllie  globe.  Man  proud  of  excelling  in  strength 
uhd  111  courage,  the  chief  murks  ol  pre-eminence  amorig 
rude  people,  treats  woman,  as  an  inferior,  with  disdain. 
The  Americiins,  perhaps  from  that  coldness  and  insen- 
sibility wliicli  has  been  considered  as  pi'culi.ir  to  their 
(■(nistilntion,  add  fieglect  and  harshness  to  eontenijit. 
The  most  intelligent  travellers  have  been  struck  wiih 
this  inattention  of  the  Americans  to  iheir  women.  It 
.s  not,  as  1  have  alreudv  observed,  by  a  studied  display 
of  tenderness  and  attachment  that  the  American  at- 
tempts to  gam  the  heart  of  the  woman  whom  he  wishes 
to  marry.  Marriage  itself,  instead  of  being  a  union  of 
atfeetionand  interests  between  equals,  becomes  among 
them  the  unnatural  conjunction  of  a  master  with  his 
slave.  It  is  the  ol)servationofan  aullior  whose  opinions 
are  deservedly  of  great  weight,  that  wherever  wives 
are  purchased  their  eundition  is  extremely  depressed. 
They  become  the  property  and  tlie  elaves  of  those  who 
buy  them.  In  whatever  part  of  the  globe  this  custom 
l)revails,  the  observation  holds.  Ii  countries  where 
reliiiement  has  made  some  progress,  women  when  pur- 
rliasid  are  excluded  from  society,  shut  up  m  se. 
qiiesiered  apartments,  and  kept  under  the  vigilant 
guard  of  their  masters.  In  ruder  nalions  they  are 
degraded  to  the  meanest  functions.  Among  many 
people  of  America  the  marriage  contract  is  projierly  a 
purchase.  The  man  buvs  his  wile  of  her  parents, 
riiough  nnacipiainted  with  the  use  of  money,  or  with 
such  eonimercial  transactions  as  take  place  in  more 
improved  society,  he  knows  how  to  uive  an  cquiv..lenl 
for  any  object  which  he  desires  to  possess.  In  some 
places,  the  suitor  devotes  his  service  for  a  certain  time 
to  the  parents  of  the  maid  whom  be  courts  ;  in  others 
he  hunts  for  them  occasionally,  or  asaists  in  cultivating 
their  fields  and  forming  their  canoes ;  in  othi.'rs,  he 
oilers  jiresents  of  such  things  as  arc  deemed  most 
valuable  on  account  of  their  usetulness  or  rarity.  In 
return  for  these  he  receives  his  wife  ;  and  this  circum- 
stance, added  to  the  low  estimation  of  women  among 
savages,  leads  him  to  consider  her  as  a  female  servant 
whom  lie  has  purcha.'^ed,  and  whom  he  has  a  title  to 
treat  as  an  inferior.  In  all  unpolished  nations,  it  is 
true,  the  functions  in  domestic  economy  which  fall 
naturally  to  the  share  of  women  arc  so  many,  that  they 
are  subjected  to  hard  labor,  and  must  bear  more  than 
their  full  portion  of  the  common  burden.  Diit  in 
America  their  condition  is  so  peculiarly  grievous,  and 
their  depression  so  complete,  thai  servitude  is  a  name 
loo  mild  to  describe  their  wretched  state.  A  wife 
among  most  tribes  is  no  belter  than  a  beast  of  bvirdcn, 
destined  to  every  odice  of  labor  and  fatigue.  AVhile 
the  men  loiter  out  tlif^  day  in  sloth,  or  spend  it  in 
amusement,  the  women  are  condemned  to  incessant 
toil.  Tasks  are  imposed  upon  them  without  jiity,  and 
services  are  received  without  complacence  or  grati- 
tude. Kvery  circumslance  reminds  women  of  this 
mortifying  inferiority.  They  must  ap[)roach  their  lords 
with  reverence  ;  they  must  regard  lliein  as  more  ex- 
alted beings,  and  are  not  permitted  to  eat  in  their 
presence.  There  arc  districts  in  America  where,  tins 
dominion  is  so  grievous,  and  so  sensibly  felt,  lliai 
some  women,  in  a  wild  emotion  of  maternal  tender- 
ness, have  destroyed  their  female  children  in  their 
infancy,  in  order  to  deliver  them  from  that  intolerabl 
bondage  to  which  they  knew  they  were  doomed.  Thii 
the  tirst  institution  of  social  life  is  perverted.  That 
state  of  domestic  union  towards  which  nature  leads  iIk 
human  species,  in  order  to  soften  the  heart  to  gentle- 
ness and  humanity,  is  rendered  so  uneipial  as  to  estab- 
lish a  cruel  distinction  between  the  sexes,  which  forms 
ihe  one  to  be  harsh  nnd  unfeeling,  and  humbles  the 
other  to  servility  and  subjection. 

It  is  owing,  jierhaps,  in  some  measure,  to  this  stale 
of  de])resaion,  that  women  in  rude  nations  are  far  from 
being  prolitio.  The  vi<;or  of  their  constiiuiion  is  ex- 
hausted by  excessive  faliijuc,  and  the  wants  and  dis- 
tresses of  savage  life  are  so  numerous  as  to  force  Lhem 
to  take  various  precautions  in  order  to  prevent  too  rapid 
an  increase  of  ihetr  progeny.  Among  wandering  tribes, 
or  such  as  depend  chieily  upon  liunlmg  for  subsistence, 
tho  mother  cannot  attempt  to  rear  a  second  child  until 
the  first  has  attained  such  a  degree  of  vigor  as  to  be  in 
some  measure  independent  of  her  care.  I'rom  this 
motive  it  is  the  universal  practice  of  the  American 
women  to  suckle  their  children  during  several  years  ; 
and.  as  tlicy  seldom  marry  early,  the  period  of  their 
fertility  is  over  before  they  can  linish  the  long  but  im?- 
cespary  attendance  upon  two  or  three  children.  Ainoiii; 
some  of  the  least  polished  tribes,  whose  industry  and 
forobight  do  not  extend  so  fur  as  to  mako  any  regular 


provision  for  their  subsistence,  it  is  a  maxim  not  to 
iuirden  theimtrhes  witli  rearing  more  than  two  children  ; 
and  no  such  mmierous  tan.ihes  as  are  Irequent  in  civi- 
lized societies  are  lo  be  found  among  men  in  llie  savaye 
state.  When  twins  are  born,  one  ol  them  comnionly 
i.s  abandoned,  because  (he  mother  is  not  equal  lo  iho 
task  of  rearing  both  [TjUJ  When  a  molherdies  while 
she  is  nurMiig  a  child,  all  hope  of  preserving  its  hie  tails, 
and  it  is  buried  logi  iher  with  her  m  lh<^  sainir  t.>riivn 
As  tiie  parents  are  frequently  exposed  lo  want  by  their 
own  improvident  indolence,  the  ditliculty  of  suslamnig 
their  elnhlren  becomes  so  great  that  it  is  not  n;icoinmon 
lo  abandon  or  destroy  them,  Thus  their  evpernnce  of 
the  ditlicully  of  training  up  an  infant  lo  maluniy.  luiidst 
the  hardships  of  savage  life,  olten  slities  the  voice  of 
nature  among  the  Americans,  and  suppresses  the  strung 
emotions  of  parental  tenderness. 

Hut  though  necessity  compels  the  inhabitants  of 
America  thus  lo  set  bounds  to  the  increase  of  tin  ir 
families,  they  are  not  delicieut  in  atfectiou  and  attach- 
ment lo  their  otVspriiig.  They  feel  the  power  of  this 
iastinet  in  Us  toll  force,  and  as  lung  as  their  progeny 
continue  feeble  and  helpless,  no  people  exceed  tiiern  m 
tenderness  and  cure.  IJut  in  rude  nalions  the  depen- 
dence of  children  upon  their  parents  is  of  sliorter  con- 
tinuance than  in  pobsiied  societies.  When  men  must 
be  trained  to  the  various  funclionsof  civil  life  by  pre- 
vious discipline  and  eduealion,  when  the  knowledge  ol 
abstruse  sciences  must  be  taught,  and  dexterity  in  in- 
tricate arts  must  be  acquired,  before  a  young  man  is 
prepared  to  begin  Ins  career  of  action,  the  attentivo 
feelings  of  a  parent  are  not  eonllned  to  the  years  of  iii- 
faiK'V,  but  e.\tend  to  what  is  more  remote,  the  esta- 
blishment of  his  child  III  the  world.  Kveii  then  his 
solicitude  dues  not  lenmnate.  Ills  prolecuon  may  still 
b(;  requisile,  and  Ins  wisdom  and  expi-rience  still  prove 
useful  truides.  Thus  a  permam-nt  <onnexion  is  formed  ; 
parental  tenderness  is  exercised,  and  lilial  respect  re- 
turned, ihroui^hout  the  whole  course  of  life.  Uiit  in  tho 
simplicity  of  the  savage  state  the  aircelion  of  parents, 
like  the  msiinetivc  tbndiicss  of  atiimaU,  ceases  alinosi 
entirely  as  soon  as  tlieir  otVspring  attain  maturity. 
Little  instruction  tits  them  for  that  mode  of  bff  to 
which  they  are  desliin  d.  The  parents,  -as  if  tl>*.'ir  duly 
were  accomplished,  when  ihev  have  (^onducled  their 
chihben  throni»h  the  helpless  years  of  infancy,  leave 
them  atterwards  at  eiiiire  liherlv.  liven  in  their  ten- 
di-r  age,  they  seldom  advise  or  admonisii  ;  tlu.y  nevi  i 
chide  or  chasti.-,e  them.  They  sull'er  them  to  be  abso- 
lute masters  of  their  own  actions.  In  an  American 
hut,  a  father,  a  mother,  and  their  posterity,  live  toi;r- 
therlike  persons  assembled  Iiy  accidct.  without  seem* 
ing  to  feel  the  obligation  of  I'.ie  duties  mutually  ansing 
from  this  connection.  As  tibal  love  is  not  cherishid 
by  the  cuntmuance  of  attention  or  good  oilicis,  tin- 
recollection  of  benelils  received  in  early  ml'ancy  is  too 
ftiint  to  e.xcite  it.  (-'onscious  of  iheir  own  liberty,  and 
impatient  of  restraint,  the  yniilh  of  America  are  accus- 
tomed lo  act  as  if  thev  were  totally  independent.  Their 
parents  are  not  objects  of  «.>reater  reiiartl  than  other  per- 
sons. They  treat  them  always  with  iieL'tect.  and  otlen 
with  such  harshness  and  insolence  as  ly  till  those  who 
have  been  witnessesof  their  conduct  witfi  horror.  Tliua 
the  ideas  which  seem  to  be  natural  lo  man  in  Ins  sa 
yaije  stale,  as  they  result  necessarily  troni  his  circunv 
stances  and  condition  in  lliat  period  of  his  proL^res.s, 
all'ect  the  two  capital  relations  in  domestic  lite  Tliey 
render  the  union  between  husband  ami  wife  unequal. 
Tliey  shorten  the  duration  and  weaken  the  force  of  tho 
connection  between  parents  and  chtldren. 

IV.  From  the  domestic  state  of  the  Americans,  tho 
transition  to  the  consideration  of  their  civil  govern- 
ment and  political  institutions  in  natural.  In  every  in- 
ipiiry  concerning  the  operations  of  men  when  umied 
toixeiher  m  society,  the  tirst  object  of  attention  should 
be  their  mode  of  subsistence.  Accorditijfly  as  liiul  va- 
ries, their  laws  and  policy  must  be  ditVtient.  The  in- 
stitution suited  to  the  ideas  and  exigencies  of  tiilies 
which  subsist  chiefly  by  fishing  or  hunting,  and  winch 
have  as  yet  acquired  but  an  imperfect  conception  of 
any  species  of  property,  will  be  much  more  simple  than 
those  which  must  take  place  when  the  earth  is  culii' 
vated  with  regular  industry  ;  and  a  right  of  property, 
not  only  in  its  productions,  but  in  the  sod  itself,  ic 
completely  ascertained. 

All  the  people  of  America,  now  under  review,  he- 
long  to  the  former  class.  But  though  they  may  all  bo 
comprehended  under  the  general  denomination  of  sa- 
vage, the  advances  which  they  had  made  in  the  art  ol 
procuring  lo  tlieinselves  a  certain  ari'l  plentiful  sub- 
pislcnce  were  very  unequal.  On  the  extensive  plains 
of  r^outh  America  man  nppoors  in  one  of  the  r'wloet 


t!    ) 


!:i    [ 


I     ! 


108 

AUteti  in  which  \w  has  ever  bt^rii  ohtiervrd,  or  prrlmps 
can  exist  Scvt-r.il  inhcs  4ir|M'tul  rntircly  upon  the 
bouTily  of  namrc  lor  Hiihswit  khv  'I'hry  iliscovcr  no 
eolicituili'.  they  niiploy  hlllr  forcHiyhl,  ihcy  i^c.irrcly 
PiiTt  Hiy  iiidiiNtry  to  secure  whal  in  nrccHnHry  lor  tliuir 
mipl'ort  The  'Vf>ptnjrr.n,  of  lirii/il,  thn  (Smixcrofi,  of 
Tcrtii  t'lrtiir,  ihe  Va/fiua.t,  tlie  Mitin.s,  and  several 
other  people  of  I'iiru^iiay,  are  nnucipiiiinted  with  every 
MXTiea  of  culiivjlion.  They  neither  now  nor  plan' 
f-ven  the  ciihure  of  the  niarnoe,  of  wh:ch  esMttuJu  hreiid 
tS  made  \y(  in  un  art  too  nitrieatc  for  their  ingenuity,  or 
too  fatif,Minf^  lo  (heir  nidotencc.  The  roots  whieh  ihe 
earth  produces  HporttuneoiiHly  ;  the  fniitH,  tho  berries, 
and  the  »vviU  whirh  they  ^.ither  in  tlio  wood.-i ;  to^re- 
ther  with  hziirdti  and  other  reptiles,  vvhieh  mulliplv 
amiiztntjly  with  tho  heut  of  the  rliniale  in  a  fa*  hoiI, 
niomteiK'd  by  fretpienl  riiuH,  supply  iheni  with  foiid 
diirinji  .<omo  piirt  of  tho  yeiir.  Al  other  tiinpj*  they  sub- 
sist by  hshin;r ;  iind  nature  seems  to  huve  indul^^ed  ihe 
b/ine.is  of  the  Sunlli  Arueriean  tribes  by  the  liberuiity 
with  which  she  ministers  in  this  way  to  Iheir  wnnts. 
'J'hu  vast  rivers  of  that  retrion  in  America  aliuimd  with 
an  intinite  variety  of  tho  most  delicate  tish.  'I'he  lakes 
and  marshes  formed  liy  the  annual  overflowing  of  the 
waters  arc  hited  with  all  the  diti'crent  species,  where 
they  remain  shut  up,  an  in  natural  reservoirs,  for  the 
use  of  the  Hihabitants.  They  swarm  in  such  shoals, 
that  in  some  places  they  iirc  caicheU  without  art  or  in- 
dustry. [54]  in  others,  the  nativts  have  discovered 
a  method  of  infecting  the  water  with  Ihe  juice  of  cer- 
tain plants,  by  which  the  tish  are  so  intoxicated  that 
they  Moat  on  the  surface,  and  are  taken  witli  the  hand. 
[55J  Some  tribes  have  in;.'eniiity  enounh  to  preserve 
them  without  salt,  by  dryin^r  or  smokiii<^  tliem  upon 
hurdles  over  a  slow  lire.  The  prolitio  fpiality  of  the 
rivers  ni  South  America,  iiuluces  many  ot'  the  nUives 
to  resort  to  their  banks,  nnd  to  depend  almost  eniirely 
for  nourishutr'nt  on  what  their  water.-'  snpply  with  sin:h 
profusion.  In  this  part  of  the  glolu-  hnntiii<;  seems  not 
to  have  been  the  hrnl  employnicnt  of  men.  or  lliu  lirst 
ell'ort  of  their  invent, on  and  labor  to  obtain  food  'I'hey 
were  fisners  before  they  became  hunters  ;  and  as  the 
occupations  of  the  former  do  not  call  for  ef|ual  exer- 
tions of  activity  or  talents  with  those  of  the  latter,  peo- 
ple in  that  slate  appear  to  possess  neither  the  same  de- 
gree of  enterprise  nor  of  injfcnuity.  The  petty  nations 
bdjacent  to  the  Muragnon  and  Orinoco  are  inunifeally 
tho  most  inactive  and  least  intelligent  of  all  the  Ameri- 
cans. 

None  but  tribes  contiguous  to  great  rivers  can  sus- 
luin  themselves  in  this  manner.  The  greater  pait  of 
the  American  nations,  tlispirsed  over  the  forests  with 
wiiich  their  country  is  cover- il,  do  not  jirocuie  subsis- 
tence with  Ihe  same  facility.  Tor  although  these  forests, 
I'specialiy  'n  the  soutliern  continent  of  America,  are 
btored  plentili.Ily  with  L'ame,  considerable  ctforls  of  ac- 
tivity and  ingenuity  are  ro.piisite  in  pursuit  of  it.  Ne- 
cessity incited  the  nati\os  lo  the  one.  and  taught  them  the 
other.  Hunting  became  their  principal  nccupation;  and 
nsitcaUed  forth  strenuous  exertions  of  courage,  of  force, 
and  of  invention,  it  was  deemed  no  less  honorable  than 
necessary.  This  occtijiation  was  peculiar  to  the  men. 
They  were  trained  lo  it  from  their  earhest  youth.  A 
bold  and  dexterous  hunter  ranked  ne.xt  in  fame  to  the 
c^.isiitiguished  warrior,  and  an  alliance  with  the  former 
is  often  courted  in  preference  to  one  with  the  latter. 
Hardly  any  device,  winch  tlie  ingenuitv  of  tiian  has  dis- 
covered for  ensnaring  or  destroyini;  wild  animals,  was 
unknown  lo  the  Americans.  While  eni;aifcd  in  this 
favorite  exercise,  they  shake  oft'  Ihe  indolenco  peculiar 
to  their  nature,  the  latent  powers  and  vigor  of  their 
minds  are  roused,  and  tiiey  become  active,  persevering, 
and  indefatigable.  Their  sagacity  in  hnding  their  prey 
and  tlieir  address  in  killing  it  are  eipial.  Their  reason 
and  their  senses  being  constantly  directed  towards  this 
one  object,  the  former  displays  such  fertility  of  inven- 
tion and  the  latter  acquire  such  a  degree  of  acuteness 
as  appear  almost  incredible.  They  discern  the  foot- 
step.s  of  a  wild  beast,  which  escape  every  other  evo, 
ami  can  follow  them  with  certainty  throuyh  the  pathless 
forest.  If  they  attack  tiieir  game  openly,  their  arrow 
Fctdoin  errs  from  the  mark  ;  if  they  endeavor  to  cir- 
cumvent it  by  art,  it  is  ahnost  impossible  to  avoid  their 
tO'ls.  Among  several  tribes,  their  young  men  were 
not  permitted  lo  marry  mud  they  had  given  such  proofs 
of  their  skill  in  hunting  as  put  it  beyond  doubt  that  they 
were  capable  of  providing  for  a  family.  Their  ingenuity. 
blways  on  the  stretch,  and  sharpened  by  emulation  an 
well  as  necessity,  has  struck  out  many  inventions 
which  greatly  facilitate  success  in  the  chase.  The 
tiao^t  singular  of  these  is  the  discovery  of  a  poison,  in 
which  they  dip  tho  arrows  employed  in  hunting.     The 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORV   (iF 

slightesr  wound  with  those  envenomed  sliufts  is  mortal. 
If  Ihey  onlv  pierce  the  skui,  ihe  blood  fixes  and  con- 
geals in  a  moment,  and  the  Ktroni.'est  annual  talU  mo- 
tionless to  tiu'  ground.  Nor  does  this  jtoifliui,  noiwith- 
slaiidmix  >ls  violeiict*  and  subtlety,  infect  lite  llesli  ol 
Ihe  animal  which  it  kilU.  That  may  be  eatt  n  with 
perfect  safely,  ami  retain  its  native  relish  and  i|uablies 
.Ml  thi-  nations  silualcd  upon  the  hanks  o\'  tlie  Marag- 
non  and  Orinoco  are  acipiainted  with  this  composi- 
tion, the  chief  iuirredtenl  in  which  is  tho  juice  <  xtracled 
from  the  root  of  the  nirarf,  a  species  of  witiie.  In 
other  parts  of  America  ihey  employ  ihe  juice  of  tlir 
manrhruillf.  fur  the  same  purpose,  und  it  operates  with 
no  less  fatal  activity.  To  people  possessed  of  those 
secrets  the  bow  is  a  more  di^structivo  weapon  than  the 
musket,  and,  in  their  skilful  hands,  docs  f{rt  at  execution 
among  the  birds  und  beasts  which  abound  in  tho  tbrer^ts 
of  America. 

])ut  the  life  of  a  hunter  gradually  leads  man  to  a 
state  more  advanced.  The  chase,  even  where  prey  is 
abundant,  and  the  dctterity  of  llie  hunter  miicli  im- 
proved, affords  but  an  uncertain  mainlenaiue.  and  at 
some  seasons  it  must  be  suspemled  alto<iellier.  If  a 
savage  trusts  to  his  bow  alone  for  food,  he  and  his 
family  ^vill  he  often  reduce<l  to  extreme  distress  [.')lij 
Hardly  any  regiofi  of  the  earth  furnishes  man  sponla- 
ni'ously  with  what  Ins  wants  require.  In  the  mihh.it 
climates,  and  must  fertile  soils,  his  own  industry 
and  foresight  must  bo  exerted  in  some  degree  lo 
secure  a  regular  su|iply  of  food.  Tlieir  exiK-rience 
of  this  surmounts  the  abhorrence  of  labor  natural  to 
savagir  nalioiis,  and  compels  liiein  to  have  recourse  lo 
culture,  as  subsidiarv  to  hunting.  In  particular  situa- 
tions, some  small  tribes  may  subsist  by  lishiiig,  inde- 
pendent of  any  proiluclion  of  tln^  earlli  raised  b\*  llu'ir 
own  industry.  IJul  throughout  all  America,  we  scarcely 
meet  with  any  nation  of  hunters  which  doen  not  prac- 
tise some  species  of  cultivation. 

The  agriculture  of  the  Americans,  however,  is  nei- 
ilier  extensive  nor  laborious,  As  game  and  fish  are 
their  principal  food,  all  lliey  aim  at  by  cultivation  is 
to  supply  anv  oi-cisional  tlelecl  of  these  In  the  south- 
ern continent  of  America,  the  natives  confined  their 
industry  lo  rearing  a  few  plants,  which,  in  a  rich  soil 
and  warm  clnnute,  were  easily  trained  to  maturity. 
'I'he  chief  of  these  is  maize,  well  known  in  Kurope  "by 
the  name  of 'J'urkcy  or  Indian  wheat,  a  grain  extremely 
prolific,  of  simple  culture,  agreeable  lo  the  taste,  and 
ad'ording  a  strong  hearty  nourishment.  'J'he  second  is 
the  nuniioc,  which  grows  to  the  size  of  a  large  shrub 
or  small  tree,  and  produces  roots  soiiu^what  rttsemblmg 
parsnips.  After  carefully  squeezing  out  tho  juice,  these 
roots  arc  grated  down  lo  a  tine  powder,  aiid  formed 
into  thin  cakes  called  cassaila  bread,  which,  though 
insipid  lo  the  taste,  proves  no  conlemptilde  food.  As 
the  juice  of  the  manioc  is  u  deadly  poison,  some  au- 
thors have  celebrated  the  ingenuity  of  the  Americans  in 
converting  a  noxious  plant  into  wholesome  nourish- 
ment, but  it  should  rather  be  considered  as  one  of  the 
desperate  expedients  for  procuring  subsistence  to  which 
necessity  reduces  rude  nations  ;  or,  perhaps,  men  were 
led  to  the  use  of  it  by  a  progress  in  which  there  is 
nothing  marvellous.  One  species  of  manioc  is  alto- 
gether free  of  anv  poi.sonous  quality,  aiul  may  be  eaten 
without  any  preparation  but  that  of  roasting  it  m  the 
embers,  This,  it  is  probable,  was  first  used  by  the 
.\mericans  as  food;  and,  necessity  having  gradually 
taught  them  the  art  of  separating  its  pernicious  juice 
from  the  other  species,  they  have  by  experience  tbu-d 
it  to  be  more  prolific  as  well  as  more  nourishing.  [-''7] 
The  third  is  the  plantani,  which,  though  it  rises  ty  the 
height  of  a  tree,  is  of  such  quick  growth,  thai  in  |t*ii 
than  a  year  it  rewards  the  industry  of  the  culliva'.or 
with  its  fruit.  This,  when  roasted,  supplies  the  place 
of  bread,  and  is  both  palatable  and  nourishing,  [dtij 
The  fourth  is  the  pofafoc,  whose  culture  and  qualities 
are  loo  welt  known  to  need  any  description.  The  fifth 
is  pimento,  a  sntall  tree  yielding  a  strong  aromatic 
spice.  The  Americans,  who,  like  other  inhabitants  of 
warm  climates,  delight  in  whatever  is  hot  and  of  poig- 
nant llavor,  deem  this  seasoning  a  necessary  of  life, 
and  mingle  it  cojiiously  with  eveiy  kind  of  tbod  they 
take. 

Such  are  the  various  productions,  which  were  the 
chief  object  of  culture  among  the  hunting  tribes  on  the 
continent  of  America:  and  with  a  moderate  exertion 
of  active  and  provident  industry  these  might  have 
yielded  a  full  supply  to  the  wants  of  a  i  umerous  peo- 
ple Ilut  men,  accustonu'd  lo  the  free  and  vagrant 
life  of  hunters,  are  incajiahle  of  regular  application  lo 
labor,  and  consider  agriculture  as  a  secondary  and  infe- 
rior occupation.     Accordiiigly,  the  provision  for  sub- 


sistence, arising  from  cultivation,  was  so  limited  and 
'<cniily  among  the  .VmericiuiH,  that,  upon  any  nceidcntal 
lailiire  of  llieir  usual  siiccenH  in  hunting,  they  were 
ittli  M  redui-td  In  <  \tieuie  dislress. 

In  the  isl.Hids,  the  mode  of  subsisting  was  conside- 
rably diU'erent.  Notn-  of  the  lar^'e  annuals  which 
aiiouiiil  on  the  ennlinent  wvtv  known  there.  Only  fmir 
Hpecics  of  quadrupeds,  besides  a  kind  of  small  dumb 
dog  existed  in  the  inlands,  the  biggest  of  which  did  not 
exceed  the  si/e  of  a  rabbit.  To  hunt  such  adiimnntivu 
prey  was  an  occupation  which  reqiiired  no  ellbrt  either 
of  activity  or  fourage.  The  chit  f  employment  of  u 
hunter  in  the  isles  Wii^  to  kill  birds,  which  on  the  con- 
tinent arc  deemed  ignoble  game,  and  left  chielly  to  the 
pursuit  of  boys  This  want  rif  anirnals,  as  well  as 
their  peculiar  situation,  led  the  islanders  to  deiicnJ 
princqially  upon  hshing  for  their  subsistence.  'I'heir 
rivers,  and  the  sea  with  which  they  are  niirrnunded, 
suppbetl  them  with  this  species  of  fond.  Al  some  par- 
ticular seasons,  turtle,  crabn,  and  other  shellfi-sh  abound- 
ed in  such  numbers  that  the  natives  eould  support  thenv 
seKes  with  a  faeihty  in  whuh  their  indolence  delighted, 
.At  other  limes,  they  ate  lizards  and  various  reptiles  of 
odious  forms.  To  fishing  the  inhabitants  of  tho  islands 
added  some  degree  of  agriculture.  Maize,  [.VJJ  manioc, 
and  other  plants  were  cultivated  in  the  same  manner 
as  on  the  continent.  Dut  all  the  fruits  of  their  indus- 
try, togeiiier  with  what  their  Miil  and  climate  produced 
sponIaneou.--ly.  aflorded  them  but  a  scanty  mainlenance. 
Though  their  demaiids  for  food  were  very  sparing,  they 
hardly  raised  wh.il  wa.^  sutlicienl  for  then  own  con- 
sumption. If  a  few  .Spaniards  settled  m  any  district, 
such  a  small  iiddition  of  s  ;pe  'Munerary  mouths  soon 
exhausted  their  ■'^aniy  stores,  and  brought  on  a  famine 
Two  circumstances  common  to  all  the  savage  na» 
lions  of  America,  eonciirrcd  with  those  which  1  liavfc 
already  inentioned,  not  onlv  in  rendering  their  agri- 
culture imperfect,  but  in  circumscribing  their  power  in 
all  their  operations.  'I'hey  bad  no  tame  ariimal.t ;  and 
they  were  unactpiainted  with  the  useful  metals. 

In  other  parts  of  the  globe,  man.  in  his  rudest  state, 
appears  as  lord  of  the  creation,  giviiiir  law  to  various 
trilies  of  animals,  which  he  iias  tamed  and  n  duced  to 
subjection.  The  Tartar  follows  iiis  i)rey  on  the  horse 
which  he  has  reared;  or  lends  bis  numerous  herds, 
which  furnish  him  both  with  food  and  clothing  :  the 
Arab  has  rendered  the  camel  docile,  and  ava  Is  himself 
of  its  persevering  strenifth  :  the  I/iplander  lias  formed 
the  reindeer  to  be  subservient  to  his  will;  and  even 
the  people  of  Kamchaika  have  trained  their  dogs  to 
labor.  This  coumiaiid  over  the  inferior  creatures  ia 
one  of  the  noblest  prerogatives  of  man.  and  among  the 
greatest  efforts  of  his  wisdom  and  power.  W'.'liout 
this  his  dominion  is  incoinpletiv  Ho  is  a  monarch 
who  has  no  subjects,  a  master  without  servanis,  and 
must  perforin  every  operation  by  the  strcmilh  of  his 
own  arm.  Siii'h  was  the  condition  of  all  the  rude  na- 
tions in  America.  Their  reason  was  so  little  improved, 
or  their  tinioii  so  incomph'ie.  that  they  seem  not  to 
have  been  conscious  of  the  superiority  of  their  nature, 
and  sntlered  all  the  animal  creation  to  retain  its  liberty, 
without  establishiiii;  their  own  authority  over  any  one 
species.  Most  of  the  animals,  indeed,  which  have 
been  rendered  domestic  in  our  continent,  do  not  exist 
in  the  New  World  .  but  tlio^'e  peculiar  to  it  are  iH'ither 
so  fierce  nor  ao  formidable  as  to  have  exempted  them 
from  servitude.  There  are  come  animals  of  the  same 
Sjieciea  on  both  continents.  But  the  rein-deer,  which 
has  been  tamed  and  broken  to  the  yoke  in  the  one 
hemisphere,  runs  wild  in  the  other  The  Insun  of 
America  is  manifestly  of  the  same  species  with  the 
homed  cattle  of  the  other  hcmi.^phere.  The  latter. 
even  among  the  rudest  nations  in  our  continent,  have 
been  rendered  domestic  ;  and,  in  consequence  of  his 
dominion  over  them,  man  can  accomplish  works  of 
labor  with  greater  facility,  and  has  made  a  great  addi- 
tion to  his  means  of  subsistence.  The  inhabitants  of 
many  regions  of  the  New  World,  where  the  bisor 
abounds,  might  have  derived  the  same  ndvantagct 
from  it.  It  ii  not  of  a  nature  so  indocile,  but  that  il 
might  have  been  trained  to  be  as  8ubser\'ieiit  to  man 
as  our  cattle.  But  a  savage,  in  that  uncultivated  stato 
wherein  the  Americans  were  discovered,  is  the  enemy 
of  the  other  animals,  not  their  superior.  He  wastes 
and  destroys,  but  knows  not  bow  to  multiply  or  to 
govern  them. 

This,  perlmps,  is  the  most  notable  distinction  be- 
tween the  inhabitants  of  the  Ancient  and  New  World.^ 
and  a  high  pre-eminence  of  civilized  men  abovt?  such 
as  continue  rude.  The  greatest  operations  of  man  in 
changing  and  improving  the  face  of  nature.  «s  well  as 
bis  most  considerable  effort*  in  cultivating  the  earlli. 


«OIITH   AMERICA. 


100 


BO  limited  ind 

1  liny  ncculcnlftl 
iug,'  they  wcr« 

\^l  was  ronmde- 

miniiuls  which 
irriv  Only  lo'ir 
I  of  siiiu'.l  iluinh 
ol  wliiili  liiJ  |»i' 
licit  uili'iiiniitivo 
,1  no  olUirl  Ritlier 
inplovnifut  of  a 
/hull  on  lh«  coii- 
Iffi  ciiicily  to  tho 
imU.  as  w*'ll  a*! 
udtrs  10  Ji;j»''»J 
isistfuco.     'I'hcir 

uro  siirroiimiiid, 
111,  At  rtoiMP  pur- 
rHlifllhf*li«''0""**" 
mill  Kupport  lliiMn- 
i\olfiu'iMlulinhtfd. 
^■arioiift  rcpiilt-a  ol 
nuts  of  iho  islitiJs 
Ui/ctr)!*]  manioc, 

the  M.mic  iniimior 
lits  of  their  iiulus- 
l  rliinalo  protivicud 
raiily  iniiinlonaiu'O. 

verv  sparinu,  they 
iiir  iht'ii  own  cori- 
Iftl  m  any  district, 
i-rary  niouilis  soon 
rovijiht  on  a  faniiiio 

Hlfthe  savajTc  na- 
llio.-^c  which  I  hav6 
LMidiTiii«i  ilu'ir  rtnri- 
iliiiiii  their  power  iij 
tiimc  :uiiinal.-i ;  and 
scfnl  nu'tals. 

in  his  rndcst  stale, 
'ivniu'  I'V^v  1»^  various 
iiuHfand  n  duci-d  to 
us  pri-v  on  tho  liorsc 
ni«  nnniprous  herds, 
id  and  rlolhinu  :  the 
|c,  and  avii  Is  hnnsclf 
inlander  i.as  fonncd 
,  his  will ;  and  even 
trained  their  do^s  lo 

inferior  cieatures  is 
iiiiil  unu>n«i  ihe 

1,1  power.  W-.'hout 
lit!    is  rt  monarch 

nhont  servants,  and 
the  streii'ith  ol  his 
of  all  the  rude  na- 

as  s^o  hltle  un|trQved» 

lit  thev  ^enn  not  to 

ority  of  their  nature, 

,,  ti)  retain  its  liherty, 

iiliorilv  over  any  one 
mdfcd,  which   have 

oiitincnl,  do  not  exist 
iiliar  to  it  are  iWMlhcr 
have  exempted  ihein 
..mmalsof  the  same 
ilu.  rein-deer,  winch 
ihf.  yoke  in  the  one 

,lluT      The   hKSon  of 

mine  species  w*ih  the 
.here.     Tho  latter. 


lisp. IV.-.  - 

in  our  continent,  have 
n  conseqaeiico  of  his 
accomplish  works  of 
lis  made  a  (ireat  addi- 
.      The  inhahitanls  ol 
irld,  where  the  hisor 
the    same   ndvanta-jef- 
„  indocile,  hill  that  U 
as  subservient  lo  man 
that  uncultivated  stato 
(covered,  is  the  enemy 
superior.     He  wastes 
WW  to  midiiply  or  to 

lotablc  distinction  hc- 
V,cntandNew\\orld,s 
iUzed  men  above  such 
onerations  of  man  in 
.  of  nature.  «s  well  as 
cultivating  the  eariiu 


lire  accomplished  hy  nienni*  of  llip  aid  wliich  he  re- 
ceives fiom  the  aniiiialn  that  he  has  tamed,  and  etU' 
ploys  in  labor,  ll  is  hy  thiir  hlrin;jth  lliat  lie  ^uhdiies 
the  Htiilihiirii  '■oil,  and  coiivertu  the  ih  nrrt  or  inar>li  in'o 
n  rVnithil  tiejd.  Hul  niiiu,  in  Iiih  nvili/.nl  Hlute.  is  do 
accusiniued  lo  the  neiv;cc  of  t!'e  domeHtic  animals, 
that  he  Heldom  relh-r-is  ii|H)n  tl  v.i^l  heiielilh  which 
he  derives  froir.  it.  If  we  were  i>  sii|)|iok(!  him,  ev(  n 
when  most  irn|  roved,  to  he  de)  rived  of  tin  ir  useful 
nnnisirv,  his  empire  over  nalnr;*  imiNt  in  Nome  inea- 
Huru  cease,  and  he  would  remain  a  feehtr  aiiimil,  at  a 
los.s  liow  10  siihsiHl,  and  liiciiji.ilile  of  altcinpliii;!  MUi'li 
arduous  uiidertakint,r^  an  their  .i>si.staiice  enahles  hiiii 
to  e.tecule  wjlh  i-a-ne, 

II  IS  a  doubtful  |>otiit,  whelher  llic  doiniiiion  of  man 
over  llie  animal  crealion.  or  his  actpmiiiii  the  useful 
metals,  has  eoritritniinl  mo-i  to  cxlciid  his  powei. 
'J'he  era  of  tins  imjuirlaiit  dis-'ovcry  is  nnkiiown,  and 
in  our  heniispliere  very  remote.  It  if  only  bv  tr.Hlitmn, 
or  by  dijxuin;,'  up  some  mile  msiumints  of  our  lore- 
fatljers,  lliiit  wr  le.ini  tlmt  m.inlund  were  onnjiially  im- 
acipiLiniled  wilii  ihr  u.t  of  mitaU,  iiiid  eitdcuori'd  lo 
Kiipidy  the  want  of  tlinn  by  emplovniL!  tltiits.  slulls, 
lioiies,  and  oilier  hard  ttuhsfances,  lor  Ihe  same  jiur- 
poses  which  metals  servi!  aihoii;f  pnliMhed  nations. 
Nature  complrle.*  (lie  format loti  of  .some  inelals. 
(iold,  silver,  and  copper,  are  found  in  ihrir  perfect 
stale  in  the  clefts  of  rocks,  in  ihc  sides  of  uiomitams, 
or  ihe  channels  of  rivers  These  were  accordm|,'!y  the 
inelals  first  known,  and  first  applied  lo  use.  jjiit  iron, 
the  mo.sl  scrvice.ihle  of  :dl,  ind  to  which  m.m  is  mo.M 
indehled,  is  never  disrovered  m  hs  ptrfe'-t  form  ;  itn 
pross  and  stnbhorn  ore  iiiusi  hel  twire  the  force  of 
fire,  and  i;o  ihrough  two  l.vlionoiis  proces>es,  before  it 
heconu'S  lit  for  use.  M,m  was  jnii;^  acrpiiititcd  with 
the  other  melals  beh)re  he  iiripiTed  the  art  of  fabncal- 
111'.'  iron,  or  allamed  .snrh  in '•tniilv  as  lo  perfect  an 
invention,  to  which  lie  ij*  iiid*  liii  d  lor  ilio^e  msiruments 
wherewith  he  subdues  Ihe  e.irlli,  .nid  eo:nmands  all  iit^ 
inhabitants.  Ibit  in  (his,  as  well  as  ni  many  o!her  re- 
spects, the  iideriority  of  the  AiiicriciiiH  wa.s  coii.spicu- 
ous.  All  the  sivvaj^e  inhes,  seatterrd  over  the  conti- 
nent and  is]  iiuls,  were  tol;itlv  '.nKu-.pi.mitcd  with  the 
JIM  tals  winch  their  ^oil  produi-es  in  i^re.n  ithmidance, 
it  we  except  some  trilliiin  iiuantilv  ol  liold.  wincti  ihey 
pickc<l  Uji  III  tlie  torrents  that  desi-eiided  from  thi'ir 
niounlaiiis,  and  formed  into  ornaments,  'I"hi  ir  device.i 
to  supply  this  want  of  ihe  serviccalije  metals  \vere  ex- 
tremely rude  and  awkwiird  The  mo>l  simple  opera- 
tion was  to  them  an  imdertakinix  of  immense  dithciiliy 
and  lalior,  To  fell  a  tree  with  r.o  other  instruments 
than  hat'liets  of  !^t^^ne,  was  t'lnplovmcnt  for  a  month. 
To  lorm  a  canoe  inti*  sha|ie.  and  lo  hollow  it,  eon- 
NUined  years;  and  it  freijiieiilly  he^'nn  lo  rol  before 
they  were  able  lo  linisli  it.  'I'linir  operations  in  agri- 
culture were  eipially  sluw  and  dt  ficlive.  In  a  country 
covi'red  wiih  woods  of  llit'  hardest  liiiiher,  the  clearmjj 
ol  a  small  lietd  destined  for  cidliire  reipnrcd  the  imiled 
ellurtH  of  n  trihe,  and  was  a  work  oi  nuich  lime  and 
j^reat  toil.  This  was  the  business  of  the  men,  ami 
their  indolence  was  statislied  with  |ierf(irmiiiif  it  in  a 
very  slovenly  manner.  The  labor  of  (.iiltivation  was 
lelt  to  the  \vomen,  who,  after  diL'i^in;;.  or  rather  stirring 
the  field,  with  wooden  ni.itlorks.  and  stakes  hardened 
in  tiie  tire,  sowed  or  planted  it  ;  htil  thev  were  more 
indebted  for  the  increase  to  ilie  feriilily  of  the  soil  than 
to  their  own  rii<lt?  industry. 

Agricnl'-ure.  even  wlien  the  stniiniii  of  man  is  se- 
conded hy  that  of  the  animals  which  he  has  suhjeeled 
to  the  yoke,  and  his  power  aiiLniHiited  iiy  the  use  of  the 
various  instriunenls  with  whicii  the  discovery  of  melals 
has  furnished  liim,  is  still  a  work  of  great  labor  ;  and  it 
is  with  the  sweat  o^  his  brow  that  he  rt  iiders  the  earth 
fertile.  It  is  not  woiiderhil,  then,  that  people  destitute 
of  both  these  advanta^res  should  have  made  so  little 
pro;:ress  in  cultivation,  that  they  miisl  he  considered  ds 
depending  for  subsistence  on  Iisliin<;  and  himlincr,  rather 
than  on  the  friiit.-^  of  their  own  lal)or. 

From  this  description  of  the  mode  of  subsisling 
amonj;  the  mdc  American  tribes,  the  form  and  <;enius 
of  their  political  institutions  may  be  deduced,  and  we 
are  enabled  to  trace  various  rirciimsla  icca  ofdislmclion 
between  them  and  more  civilized  nal.ons. 

1.  They  were  divided  into  small  independent  coin- 
munittes.  While  bunting  is  the  chief  soiirco  of  sub- 
Bistencf',  a  *ust  extent  ol  territory  is  recpiisite  for  support- 
ing a  email  niimher  of  people.  In  proportion  as  men  mul- 
tiply and  umie,  the  wild  animals  on  whicli  they  depend 
for  food  diminish,  or  tly  at  a  greater  distance  from  l!ie 
hain..d  of  their  enemy.  The  increase  of  a  society  m 
this  stale  is  limited  bv  its  own  nfliire,  and  the  ipem- 
trers  of  it  must  either  disperse^  like  the  game  which 


lliry  pntKue.  or  fall  unoti  pomc  hrtler  method  of  pro- 
curinir  food  than  hv  Ininttiur       Hen"ttt  of   prey  are  by 
iittinre  solilarv  ami  nni-ieiji,  rtiev  l'o  not   Ibrih   lo  the 
elia»e  in  herds,  but  deliizht   in   those   reees.-*eM   of  the 
forest  where  they  can  roam  and  desir  ly  undisturbed 
A  nation  of  hniilers  re.tembb'*  tln'in  both  in  oecnpalmn 
and  m  ger.ius.     They  cannot  hirm  into  JarL'e  i-oimnu- 
nilies,  iM'canse  it  would  he   impossible  to  tmd  Mib.sist- 
eiice  ;  and  they   must  drive  to  n  distance  every  rival 
who  may  eneioacb  on  tlione  domains,  which  they  eon-  I 
sider  as  ihcir  own      This  was  the  state  of  all  the  Ame- 
ric-M  trihi  s  i   the  nmnhers  m  each  were  inionsidrTable. 
though  sciliered  ovrreountnes  td'  great  extent  ;   they 
were  far  riinoved  from  one  another,  and  engaged  in  \ 
perpetual  liosidities  or  nvulship.    In  America,  the  word  I 
natiini  ts  not  of  tin*  name  import   as  in  other  parts  ol  j 
the  j'lohe.      It  is  applit  d  lo  Hin.dl  societies,  not  exceed- 
ing, jierliap.*.  two  or  three  hundred  pers-jns,  but  occn-  | 
pying  provinces,  greater  (ban  Home  knigdonm  in   Ku-  [ 
rop*'.     The  couniry  of  f  Juiana,  ihoujjh  of  Liriier  extent 
than  the  kniL'dom  of   l-'r:ince,    and   divided   among   a  I 
grealei  iiumher  of  nation.--,  dicl  not  contain  above  twenty- 
live  thousand  mh.ibilants.     In  the  pro\inces  whn-h  bor- 
der on  the  Orinoco,  one  may  travel  several  hundred 
miles   in   dilTereiit   directions,  without  hnding  a  .single 
hut.  or  observing  the  biolsicps  of  a  human  creature. 
In  Norih  America,  where  the  climate  is  more  rii.'oroiis, 
Mid  the  sod  less  fertile,  tlie  desolation  is  still  greater, 
riirre,  journey?*  of   scnne  liumlred  leagues  havo  been 
made  through  mimhahiled  pkims  and  forcnts,  [IHIJ     As 
long  as  hiinimg  continues  to  he  the  ehief  employment 
of  man,  to  wtiicl)  he  trusts  for  subsi.ttrnce,  ho  can  hardly 
he  said  to  have  occupied  the  earth,  [61J 

2.  .Nations  which  depend  upon  hunting  are  in  a  great 
measure  strangers  to  the  idea  of  properly.  .\s  the  ani- 
mals on  which  the  hunter  feids  are  not  bred  under  Ins 
inspection,  nor  nourished  hy  his  care,  he  i-m  claim  no 
riiflit  lo  iheni  while  they  run  wild  in  tip;  forc.'^l.  Where 
game  is  ^o  plentiful  that  U  may  he  catched  with  little 
trouble,  men  never  dream  of  ap]iropriating  what  is  of 
small  value,  or  of  easy  aequisttion.  Wliere  it  is  so 
rare,  that  the  labor  or  danger  of  the  chase  reipnres  the 
united  (Jl'orls  of  a  tribe,  or  village,  what  is  killed  is  u 
I  oinmon  stock  belonging  ecpially  to  all,  who,  by  their 
.-•kill  or  their  eourage.  have  contributed  to  the  success 
of  the  excursion.  The  forest  or  hiinlin:,f-groimds  are 
deemed  the  properly  of  the  tribe,  from  winch  il  luis  a 
title  lo  exclude  every  rival  nation  Uut  no  individual 
arrogates  a  ri^ht  to  any  district  of  tlu  se  in  preference 
to  his  fellow-citi/eiis.  They  belong  alike  lo  all  ;  and 
thither,  as  to  a  ireneral  and  imdiviib  d  store,  all  repair 
in  ipiest  of  sustenance.  The  same  principles  by  which 
they  regulate  their  chief  occupaiion  extend  lo  llial 
which  is  subordinate.  Kven  ayricullure  has  not  intro- 
duci'd  among  them  a  complete  idea  of  property.  As 
the  men  hunt,  the  women  labor  together,  and  alter  thi^y 
have  shared  the  toils  of  the  yeed  time,  they  enjoy  tin; 
harvest  in  common.  Among  some  tribes,  the  increase  i 
of  their  cultivated  lands  is  deposiU'd  in  a  pnblie  gra-  i 
nary,  and  divided  among  them  at  staled  limes,  aci;oid-  i 
ing  lo  their  wanls.  [B2]  Among  oiheis,  thouiih  they 
lay  up  separate  stores,  thev  do  not  actpnre  such  an  ex- 
elusive  light  of  property,  tliat  they  can  enjoy  siiperllmty 
while  those  around  them  snlTer  -.vant.  Thus  the  dis- 
tinctions arising  from  the  inecpialily  of  possus.sions  are 
unknown.  The  terms  rich  or  poor  enter  not  into  their 
language  ;  and  being  strangers  lo  property,  tliey  are 
nnactpiainted  with  what  is  ilie  great  object  of  laws  and 
policy,  as  well  as  the  chief  motive  which  induced  man- 
kind to  establish  the  various  arrangements  of  regular 
government. 

U.  People  in  this  state  retain  a  high  sense  of  equality 
and  independence.  Wherever  the  idea  of  properly  is 
not  established,  there  can  be  no  distinction  among  men 
but  wliat  arises  from  i)ersonal  (pialities.  These  can  be 
coiispictions  only  tm  such  occasions  as  call  thcMU  forth 
into  exertion.  In  times  of  danger,  or  in  alfair.s  of  in- 
tricacy, the  wisdom  and  experience  of  age  are  consult- 
ed, and  i)re8cribe  the  measures  winch  ought  to  he  pur- 
sued. When  a  tribe  of  savages  takes  the  lit-ld  against 
ihe  enemies  of  their  "omitry,  tho  warrior  of  most  ap- 
proved courage  leads  the  youth  to  the  combat.  If  they 
no  forth  in  a  body  to  the  chase,  the  most  expert  and 
adventurous  hunter  is  foremost,  and  directs  their  mo- 
tions. Hut  during  seasons  of  iraniiudlity  and  inaction, 
when  there  is  no  occasion  to  display  those  talents,  all 
|)fe-emineiicecease8.  Kvery  circumstance  indicates  that 
all  the  members  of  the  community  arc  on  a  level.  They 
are  clothed  in  the  same  simple  garb.  They  feed  on  the 
same  plain  fare.  Their  houses  and  furniture  are  exactly 
simdar  No  distinction  can  arise  from  the  inequality  of 
posaessioiiH.    Whatever  forms  dependence  on  oiio  part, 


orconstitnteRMUperiority  on  the  other,  is  niiknowrt.  Al) 
are  freemen,  all  feel  themselves  to  hi-  such,  und  asw-il 
with  lirnme!<K  the  rt<:bl  •  wineli  hrtonjr  lo  that  i-iniditi  in. 
This  <4eninhenl  of  ind*  peudi  nee  is  nnprmud  so  dreuly 
in  their  nature  lint  no  rhiii::e  of  condiinm  can  i  rudi* 
call'  It,  and  hend  iheir  iiinids  to  servitude.  .\ccntH 
lomid  lobe  ah)<ohile  niasti  rs  ol  tin  ir  own  cnnune'. 
Ihey  diwdain  to  e.\ecute  the  oid'-rs  of  anoiher  ;  and  ^mV' 
ing  never  known  comrol  they  will  not  Kulnmt  lo  cor* 
reetion  [(K)J  .Miiny  of  the  .Vmerie.ins,  when  they 
found  that  they  were  treated  as  slaves  by  Spaniard.i, 
died  of  grief  ;  many  deslroved  tliemhelve;*  in  despair 

4  .Among  the  people  m  this  stale,  governm.'nl  can 
assume  little  authority,  and  Ihe  Men^e  of  eivd  tmli' 
ordination  must  n-main  very  imperfect.  While  (he 
idea  of  property  is  unknown,  or  meomph-lely  con- 
ceived i  while  the  spontaneous  productions  ol  tlic  i*iirili, 
as  well  as  the  fruits  of  mdnslry.  are  etinsidered  as  bo* 
loni'mg  lo  the  public  slock,  tin  re  can  haidiv  be  U'ly 
siieb  subject  ot  dillerence  or  diseiisston  ammig  iho 
members  of  the  same  eoimniiiuiy.  as  will  re. pure  tlio 
hand  of  iiuihority  to  mierp"-e  iii  order  to  ailjusl  il. 
WImti'  the  right  of  separate  and  exche.ive  posMssion  ia 
not  introtluced,  the  i;real  object  of  law  and  jurisdietioii 
dues  not  exist.  When  the  members  of  a  trih?!  are 
called  into  the  f.eld,  either  lo  invade  the  lerrilones  of 
their  enemies,  or  lo  rcjiel  iheir  alt  leks  ;  when  lliev  aro 
eiiL'a::)  d  together  m  liie  nnl  and  d  infers  of  the  t  base, 
ihry  then  perceive  that  they  are  part  of  a  political  bony. 
They  are  conscious  of  iheir  own  connexion  with  ihe 
eomp>mions  in  conjunction  with  wliiiin  they  act  ;  and 
they  follow  and  reverence  such  as  exeel  in  cond;icl  and 
vdor,  IJiit  during  the  intervals  helwerii  smh  com- 
mon ell'orls  thev  seem  scaK'elv  lo  bel  thi'lies  of  pohti- 
eal  nmtU)  [01]  No  visible  lorm  of  government  is  es- 
tablished. Till'  names  of  mn^hitra/t:  and  snhjii/  aro 
not  in  use.  livery  one  seems  lo  enjoy  Ins  natural 
mdcjiemlence  almost  tintire.  If  a  scheme  of  p'lblic 
utility  be  proposed,  th(>  m.'.'inbers  of  ihetoimmmilv  aro 
left  at  lihertv  lo  choose  whelhrr  they  will  or  will  not 
a.^risl  in  carrying  it  into  execution.  No  stati.ie  im- 
poses any  servive  as  a  duty,  no  compulsory  laws  oblige 
ihem  to  perform  it.  .\ll  their  res'jhitions  are  vobml.iry 
and  llow  from  ihe  impulse  of  ihcir  own  minds.  'I'iie 
lirst  slejt  towards  establishing  a  public  jnri>dicUon  has 
not  been  taken  in  those  rude  stM*ieties.  The  right  o, 
ri'Veiige  is  h  f I  in  private  hands.  If  vi.dei.ce  is  com- 
inittt  d,  or  blood  is  shed,  the  eommumty  does  nut 
assume  the  power  either  of  milictmj,'  or  of  incderalnif* 
the  pnnishineiit.  Il  helonus  to  the  lamily  and  friend* 
of  the  per.son  injured  or  slam  to  aveiigi;  the  wrong,  or 
to  accept,  of  the  riparalion  olh-red  by  the  aggressor. 
If  the  elders  interpose,  it  is  to  ad.ise,  not  to  decide, 
and  il  is  x  Mem  their  counsels  arc  listened  to  ;  for,  us 
Il  IS  deemed  pusillanimous  to  sutler  .ni  otlcnder  lo  es- 
cape with  impimitv,  resentment  is  implacable  and  ever- 
lasting. 'Ihe  object  of  i,'ov(-rnment  among  savages  is 
rather  foreien  than  doinrsUc  Thi'y  do  not  aim  at 
mnntaiiunL'  interior  order  and  |iohce  by  public  regula- 
tions, or  the  exertions  of  any  permanent  authority,  hut 
labor  lo  preserve  such  nnioii  among  the  memhers  of 
their  tribe,  that  ihey  may  watch  the  motions  of  their 
enemies,  and  aet  auainsl  ihein  with  concert  and  vigor. 
.Such  was  the  form  o\'  political  order  established 
anions  the  greatiT  jtart  of  tlic  American  nations.  In 
this  slate  w  ere  almost  all  the  tribes  spread  over  the  pro- 
vinces extcndmg  eastward  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the 
mouth  of  ihe  St.  Lawrence  to  the  conlines  of  Florida. 
In  a  simitar  condition  were  the  people  of  Brazil,  the  in- 
hahitanl>ofrhih,  sever:il  tribes  of  Paragu'i  amUJuiana, 
and  in  the  countries  which  stretch  from  the  month  uf 
the  t)rinoco  lo  the  j»eninsnla  of  Viicatan.  Among  such 
an  inhtnte  number  of  petty  associations,  there  may  be 
peculiarities  wliich  constituie  a  distinction,  and  mark 
the  various  degrees  of  their  civilization  and  nnprovo- 
inenl.  I)ul  an  attempt  to  trace  and  enumerate  these 
would  be  vain,  as  they  have  not  been  observed  by  per- 
sons capable  of  discerning  the  minute  and  delicate  eir- 
cumslances  which  serve  to  discriminate  nations  re- 
sembling one  another  m  their  general  character  and 
features.  The  description  which  I  have  given  of  the 
political  institutions  which  took  place  among  those  riidG 
tribes  in  America,  concerning  which  we  have  received 
the  most  complete  information,  will  apply,  with  little 
variation,  lo  every  peojde,  both  in  its  northern  and 
southern  division,  who  have  advan<:ed  no  further  in 
civilization  than  to  add  some  slender  degree  of  agricid* 
tore  to  tisbing  and  hunting. 

Imperfect  as  those    institutions  may  appear,  several 

tribes  were  not  so  far  advanced  in  their  |)ohiiiaI  pio- 

i  gress.     Among  all  those  petty  nations  which  trusted  lot 

i  subsistence  eniirely  to  fishing  &nd  hunting  without  any 


110 


UODKUTfiON'H   HlflTOHV   OP 


*(i^cic«  III' riiliivstiijii,  ihn  union  \^n«RO  lnrotnptntF,iin(| 
tlicir  NfriKi:  ipI  miirn.il  itrjH  ndrrici-  ai>  Iri'hlc,  (li.it  liiinlly 
any  a|i|itMriUM-('  itl  ;<tiV(Tninrril  oi*  order  ciin  tu'  (linriTiicd 
in  ilicir  [irorri'iliniiK  'I'hnr  waiilx  uro  (rw.  ilu-ir  oh- 
jrrUol  |iiirMiiil  ^iin|i|r>.  tlit  y  form  into  f<i'|i.inil(' trilirn, 
Hiul  .iri  lo^i'ilirr,  Irnin  infliiirt,  h.iliii,  or  tniacnuiM-v, 
raihiT  ihiin  Ironi  any  rnrnint  I'om-irt  iind  a».iU('i.i(itin. 
'I'u  tliiN  rluNH  lirlouir  (Ih>  ( 'itlirorniiiiiH,  M'vrmt  ol'  iho 
lin:ill  iiuliunH  in  (Im>  rxlc^iiNivc  country  of  I'lim^ui,  ttoiiui 
of  i\w  proplo  on  ltit>  hiiiikN  uf  (he  Orinot-o,  kiuI  on  Iho 
rivi'f  St.  MiiMiialrnr,  in  llic  new  Knii^doni  oniratisila. 

Uiit  thou^li  iiMionu  iIkno  lani  ini-ntionnt  trtbof  thcro 
was  twirdly  uriy  filiiidow  ol'  rri(ulnr  uoviTniiUMit,  nml 
even  aniinig  tliotr  whii'li  I  lirat  di'NrnlM'd  itn  niitliurity 
if  Blundc'r  and  ronrincd  wilhin  niirrow  hoiindH,  iIhtu 
weru.  huwovcr,  homio  jilaccft  tn  Aimirini  wlirrr  govern- 
miuU  wim  cdrnrd  far  Itryond  llir  dt'^n'c  of  pcrfcclion 
which  sf'einn  natural  lo  riidr  nadoiiN,  In  fiiirvcyin^  xUvi 
iHihiical  oiirralionM  of  man,  riihrr  in  \i\*  aiivnut^  or  ci- 
vilizod  itac,  wt'  diM'ovrr  f4m;,'iil,ir  and  uciMMitnc  innti- 
tutiona,  which  Htarl  ha  it  wvw  iroin  their  Htation,  and 
fly  oir  ao  widf*.  that  wv  tahor  in  vuni  lo  hrin^  thcni 
within  iho  ^mirrat  lavvH  of  any  system,  or  to  arconnt 
for  thcin  hy  thuNO  pruu'iiih'rt  winch  'nllncncu  other  cuin- 
munitiuM  in  a  aiinitar  Hitualion.  Sonic  niNtancca  of  thiA 
occur  anioni;  those  pcopU'  of  Aincriia  whom  I  have  in- 
eluded  under  llie  common  dcnonination  of  Hava^e. 
Thcsu  arc  tto  curiouM  and  nnporlant  t!mt  I  tthall  dcacnhe 
Ihom,  and  nttompt  lo  ex|ilain  ihcir  nrijin. 

In  llio  Xcw  World,  ai  well  hh  in  oilirr  parts  of  the 
glohc,  cold  or  tem|icrai(:  countries  appear  to  lie  the  fa- 
vorite MMt  of  freedom  and  indepoiidcnco.  There  the 
miiid.  hko  the  body,  is  llrmand  vi^orouy.  There  men, 
conscioufl  of  their  own  di;ruily,  and  capable  of  tho 
greatcflt  elVort!*  iii  aj^scrlinj^  it,  aspire  to  independence, 
and  their  Klnbhorn  apiriln  sloop  willi  reluctance  to  the 
yoke  of  Hcrvitiidt^  lii  wirnier  cliiMiitcs,  by  whoAo  in- 
fluence the  wlioh*  frdinc  in  so  much  enervated  tliat  pre- 
vent ph'aniire  is  the  snpnmie  feli'  ily,  and  mere  rep('!«c 
U  enjoyment,  men  acipucsee,  almost  witliont  a  Ktrui;- 
gle,  u\  the  liomuiion  of  a  supeiior.  Accordingly,  if  we 
proceed  from  north  lo  Kouih  ahni^  tho  continent  of 
America,  we  idiall  find  thr  power  of  tlio!«e  vested  with 
authority  gradually  inere;iMin^r,  and  the  hoirit  of  the  peo- 
ple beeominti  more  tame  and  paKttive.  In  Klorida,  the 
authority  of  the  !tach<-mA,  eaziipies,  or  ehiefs,  was  nut 
only  permanent,  but  hereditary.  Tliey  were  dmtin- 
guished  hy  |K!Cubar  orn.imeni.*,  they  cnjoved  prero;;a- 
tiVtiH  of  various  kmds,  and  were  treated  hy  ilieir  subjectd 
with  that  rcverenco  which  pifoplo  accustomed  to  sub- 
j«  Jon.  pay  to  a  master, 

Amony  the  Natchez,  a  powerful  tribe  now  extinct. 
formerly  siluaU d  on  the  banks  of  the  MiRsis.sippi,  a  dif- 
ference of  rank  took  jilace.  with  which  the  northern 
tribes  were  alioifether  unacquauited.  .Some  fair.ilie*i 
were  reputed  nnbU',  and  enjoy ei!  hereditary  difinity. 
Tho  body  of  llic  peo[ile  was  citnsidrred  as  vile,  and 
formed  only  for  subjcnion.  This  distinction  was 
nurktd  \*\  appellations  which  distm<Tuished  the  hii^h 
t'lcvation  of  the  one  state,  and  the  i^nonmilous  depres- 
sion  of  the  other.  'I'he  former  were  called  A'cv/'cr/- 
afilr ;  the  latter,  the  Stinkards.  The  (Treat  Chief,  in 
whom  the  supreme  authority  was  vested,  is  reputed  to 
be  a  bein:;  of  superior  nature,  the  hrotlier  of  the  sun, 
the  solo  oltject  of  their  wor?<li.p  Tiiey  approach  tliis 
groat  ('liief  witli  rehyious  vencntion.  and  honor  him  as 
the  representative  of  tiieir  deity.  His  will  is  a  law,  to 
wlii'.'h  all  submit  wilh  implicit  olicdienre.  The  lives  of 
his  snbjeet.4  are  so  absolutely  at  lits  disposal,  tliat  if  anv 
one  has  incurred  his  d^splea^ure,  the  otfender  comes 
witli  profound  humility  and  olfurs  him  his  head.  Nor 
does  the  dominion  of  the  ('hiefs  end  with  their  lives  ; 
ihcir  principal  otliccrs,  their  favorite  wives,  totreiher 
with  many  domestics  of  inferior  rank,  are  sacriticed  at 
iheir  toudis,  that  they  may  be  attended  in  the  ne.\t 
world  by  the  same  persons  who  served  them  m  lliis  ; 
and  such  is  the  reverence  in  which  thoy  arc  held,  that 
those  victims  welcome  death  with  exultation,  dcemmij 
it  a  recompense  of  iheir  lideliiy  and  a  mark  of  distmc- 
lion  to  be  selected  to  accompany  their  deceased  nias- 
ler.  Thus  a  perfect  dcs[K)lism,  with  its  full  train  of 
aupcistitioN,  arroaanee,  and  crneltv, is  established  among 
the  Natchez,  and,  by  a  »inL;ulur  fatality,  that  people  has 
tasted  of  the  worst  calamities  incident  to  polished  na- 
tions, though  they  themselves  arc  not  far  advanced  he- 
Vund  the  tribes  around  them  in  civility  amlimprovcment. 
In  Hispaniola,  Cuba,  and  the  larj:,'er  islands,  their  ca- 
ziqucs  or  chiefs  possessed  extensive  power.  'I'he  dig- 
nity wa«  transmitted  by  hereditary  right  from  father  to 
1*011.  Its  honors  and  preroijalivps  were  considerable 
('heir  Huhject.s  paid  great  respect  to  the  cazi(iues,  and 
ext«ut«d  ihcir  orders  without  hesitation  or  rusorvu. 


I  lliey  were  dintmuuishrd  by  perulinr  ornnmrnt«,  and  in 
order  lo  pri^erve  or  imminent  the  vnurittion  of  the 
I  people,  tiny  bad  the  addrtM  to  call  in  the  aid  of  sunt  r- 
I  Alilion  lo  uphold  their  autlionty.  They  detivereil  llii  ir 
I  mandateii  iis  the  oraeles  of  heaven,  and  pretended  hi 
\  piiH.si'ss  the  pd'.^er  of  rr^utalinu  tlie  neaHOii'*,  and  ot  dis- 
)tensmg  rain  nr  Nmishinu  aceordmjj  an  their  subjecta 
atood  in  need  of  lliem. 

In  (tome  parts  of  tho  xoulbrrn  conlmont,  the  |>ower 
of  ihe  caziipictt  seems  to  have  lieen  as  rxlenNivo  os  m 
the  i^les.  In  nui.Mita,  which  is  now  a  provmei<  of  tlir 
new  kingdom  of  (irniiuda.  there  was  settled  a  natuin 
more  considerable  in  immber,  and  more  improved  m 
Ihe  various  arts  of  hie.  than  any  in  America,  <'xeept  the 
Mexican  and  Peruvians  The  people  of  llo^ola  suit- 
siMii'd  eliiedy  by  ngrieultnre  The  idea  of  properly 
was  introdiieed  aniontf  them,  and  its  riubts,  secured  by 
laws,  handed  down  hy  iradilion,  and  observed  willi 
ifreat  rare.  They  |iv(d  in  towiH  whielunay  be  termed 
lar^e  when  compared  wilh  those  in  other  parts  of  Ame- 
rica. 'I'hey  were  clothed  in  a  'eeent  manner,  and  their 
houses  may  be  termed  commodious  when  compared 
with  those  of  the  Moall  tribes  around  them.  The  etlect 
of  this  uncommon  rivili/.alion  were  (onNpicuons  (io- 
vernment  had  aN.'«umed  a  rei;nlar  form.  A  jurisdiction 
was  eslabhshed,  which  took  co^m/ance  of  ditlerenl 
crimes,  and  punished  them  with  rigor.  A  distinction 
of  ranks  was  known;  their  chief,  to  whom  the  ISoa- 
niards  gave  the  title  of  monnreh,  and  who  merited  lliat 
name  on  account  of  his  nplendour  as  welt  as  power, 
it>igned  wilh  absolute  authouly.  He  was  attended  by 
ollicers  of  var.ons  condititms  ;  be  never  appearetl  m 
put)lic  without  a  iminerous  relinue  ;  he  was  enrried  in 
a  sort  of  palanipiin  with  much  pomp,  and  barlungers 
went  before  him  to  sweep  the  road  and  strew  it  with 
flowers.  Thisuncominoii  poin])was  supported  by  pre - 
MiMits  or  taxes  received  from  his  subjects,  to  wfiom 
their  prince  was  such  an  oiijeci  of  veneratmn  that  noi.e 
of  lliem  presumed  lo  look  him  directly  in  tlit;  face,  or 
ever  approiiched  him  but  with  an  averted  countenance 
There  were  other  tribes  on  the  same  eontineiit,  among 
which,  though  far  less  advancrd  than  llic  people  of 
Ilogota  in  ll.eir  progress  towards  retinement,  the  free- 
dom and  independence  natural  to  man  m  his  navage 
state  wa.s  miu-li  abridged,  and  their  caziqucs  had  as- 
sumed extensive  authority. 

It  is  not  easy  to  point  out  the  circumstances,  or  lo 
discover  the  causes  which  contnhuled  to  introduce  and 
eslahlij.h  among  each  of  those  people  a  form  of  govern- 
ment so  ditVerent  from  that  of  ihe  tribes  around  them, 
and  so  repugnant  lo  the  genius  of  rmle  nations.  If  the 
persons  wlin  h:>.d  an  opportunity  of  observing  them  in 
their  original  stale  had  been  more  altenlivo  and  more 
discerning,  we  might  have  received  information  from 
their  coiitpierors  snineient  to  guide  us  in  this  infjihry. 
If  the  transactums  of  people  unacquainted  with  the  use 
of  letters  were  not  involved  in  impenetrable  abscurity, 
wc  miglit  havy  derived  some  information  from  this  do- 
mestic source.  But  as  nothing  satisfactory  can  be 
gathered  either  from  the  accounts  of  the  Spaniards,  or 
from  their  own  traditions,  we  must  have  recourse  to 
conjectures  m  order  lo  explain  the  irregular  appear- 
ances in  tlie  political  stale  of  the  peo[de  wliom  1  have 
ment'oned.  As  all  those  tribes  which  had  lost  their 
native  liberty  and  independence  were  seated  in  the  tor- 
rid zone,  or  in  coumries  approaching  toil,  tlie  climate 
inav  he  supposed  to  have  had  some  mlluence  in  forming 
tlieir  minds  to  that  servitude  which  t>eenis  to  be  the 
destiny  ol  man  in  those  regions  of  the  globe.  IJul 
though  the  inlhience  of  climate,  more  powerful  inai. 
that  of  any  other  natural  cause,  is  not  to  he  overlooked, 
that  alone  cannot  he  admitted  as  a  solution  of  the  point 
m  question  The  operations  of  mind  are  so  complex 
that  we  must  not  attribute  the  form  which  they  assume 
to  the  force  of  a  single  principle  or  cause.  Altliougli 
despotism  be  conlined  m  America  to  the  torrid  zone, 
and  to  the  warm  regions  bordering  upon  it,  1  have 
already  oh.served  that  these  countries  contain  various 
tribes,  some  of  wliich  possess  a  high  degree  of  free- 
dom, and  others  are  altogether  unacquainted  with  the 
restraints  of  government.  The  indolence  and  timidity 
peculiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands,  render  them 
so  incajiablc  of  the  sentiments  or  elforts  necessary  for 
maintaining  independence,  that  there  is  no  occasicu  to 
search  for  any  other  cause  of  their  tame  submisaii-  *,o 
the  will  of  a  superior.  The  subjection  oi  the  Naleliez, 
and  of  the  people  of  Dogota,  seems  to  have  been  Ihe 
consequence  of  a  dilference  in  their  stale  from  that  of 
the  other  Americans.  They  were  settled  nations,  re- 
siding constantly  in  one  phurc.  Hunting  was  not  ttiC 
chief  occupation  of  the  former,  and  the  laller  seem 
hardly  to  Imvo  trusted  to  it  for  any  part  of  tlieir  fulmisl- 


ence.  Both  had  made  such  progrria  in  ■gricnllureand 
arts  that  the  idea  of  property  wain  iiitroduced  m  nonio 
ttegn  e  m  tlie  one  community,  ami  fully  estiibliMhed  in 
ihe  other.  Among  peoph'  m  this  state,  avarice  and 
i.  iibitiun  have  aequni'd  objeetM,  iiiid  have  begun  lo  ei- 
lit  iheir  pn\\(  r  ,  ve-vrut  mtere«l  allure  the  seltiKh  ; 
li.e  d<  Hirh  lif  preiinmence  excites  the  enterprising; 
dominion  is  conrti'd  hy  both  ,  av  I  puHsions  unknown  to 
man  in  his  savage  state  jirompt  ine  mterei*ted  and  urn- 
lutious  to  encroach  on  the  rights  of  their  fellow-eitizena. 
Motives,  with  which  rude  natiuna  are  equally  tinac 
qnainted,  induce  the  people  to  subniil  tamely  to  the 
iisiiiped  authority  of  their  aiijieriors,  Iliit  even  among 
nations  in  this  state,  the  t<]iirit  of  subjects  could  not  havo 
been  rendered  so  idiseipiicMis,  or  the  power  of  rulers  so 
unbounded,  without  the  intervention  of  superstition. 
Hy  Its  fatal  inlhience  the  human  iimnl,  in  every  stage 
ol  its  progress,  is  depressed,  audits  native  vigor  and 
inde|)endence  subdued  Whot  ver  can  acquire  tho 
lirection  of  this  fcrmidable  engine,  ia  secure  of  domi< 
nioii  over  his  species,  rnfurtiinatcly  for  tliu  people 
whose  iiistilutiimi  are  the  subject  of  inquiry,  this  power 
was  in  the  hands  of  their  chiefs,  'i'lie  caziques  of  the 
isles  could  put  what  rer^ponses  they  plca.sed  into  the 
inonlhs  of  their  <  Vmfx  or  gods  ;  and  it  washy  their 
interposition,  and  in  thoir  name,  Ihat  tliev  imposed  any 
tribute  or  burden  on  tin  ir  people.  The  same  power 
and  prerogative  was  exen  ised  by  Ihe  great  diief  of  the 
N.itche/.,  as  the  principal  minister  as  well  as  the  repn^- 
seiitative  of  the  Sun,  tlieir  deity.  The  respect  winch 
the  people  of  Hognta  paid  to  their  monarebs  was  like- 
wise inspired  by  religion,  and  the  heir  apparent  of  the 
kingdom  was  educated  m  Ihe  innermost  recess  of  their 
prmciiial  temple,  nndersnch  austere  discipline,  and  wilh 
such  peculiar  rites,  as  tended  to  (ill  hi^  subjeclti  with 
high  sentmienlH  concerning  tho  sanctity  of  his  cha- 
racter, and  the  dignity  of  his  station,  'riiiis  supersti- 
tiim,  which  in  the  rudest  period  of  society,  is  either 
altogether  unknown,  or  wastes  its  forc<!  in  rhitdi.Hh  UU' 
meaning  ])ractice8,  had  acquired  siK'li  an  ascendant 
over  those  people  of  America,  who  liad  made  some 
little  progress  towards  relineineiit,  that  it  became  tho 
chief  instrument  of  bending  their  minds  lo  an  untimety 
servitude,  and  subjected  them,  m  the  beginning  of  their 
political  career,  to  a  despotism  hardly  less  rigorous  than 
that  which  awaits  nations  in  the  last  stage  of  their  tor- 
ru|)tion  and  decline. 

v.  After  examining  the  political  institutions  of  the 
rude  nations  in  Americji,  the  next  object  of  attention 
is  their  art  of  war,  or  their  provision  for  pulilie  security 
and  defence.  The  small  tribes  dispersed  over  America 
are  not  only  independent  and  nnconncct'  d,  hut  engaged 
in  perpetual  hostilities  with  one  another.  Tliou^h 
mostly  strangers  to  the  idea  of  separate  properly, 
vested  in  any  individual,  the  rudest  of  the  American 
nations  are  well  aeipiainted  with  tlie  rights  of  each 
community  to  its  own  domains.  This  right  they  hold 
to  he  perfect  and  exclusive,  entitling  the  posse.s.sor  to 
oppose  tho  encroachment  of  neighlioring  tribes.  Aa 
It  IS  of  the  ulinosi  consequence  to  prevent  them  from 
destroying  or  disturbing  the  game  in  their  hunting 
grounds,  they  guard  this  niitional  properly  wiili  a  jealous 
atleiition.  jbit  r.'  their  territories  are  extensive,  and 
the  boundaries  of  i;  "'in  not  exactly  ascertained,  imm- 
merable  sultject^  of  Ui.i  utc  arise,  which  sehlom  ternu 
nate  witb.>.;l  hjuod-iijed  Kven  in  tliis  simple  and  pri 
niitive  Mate  of  a'i-  iei\.  interest  is  a  source  of  discord, 
and  often  prom  ''^  ■  .vage  tribes  to  take  arms  in  order 
to  repel  or  riMi'^li  ucli  ad  encroach  on  the  forests  or 
plains  to  w.'i'l'  'hey  trust  for  subsistence. 

lint  interest  is  not  either  the  ino.st  frequent  or  the 
most  powerful  motive  ol  the  incessant  hostilities  among 
rude  nations.  These  must  he  imputed  to  the  passion 
of  revenge,  which  rages  with  sudi  violence  in  the  breast 
of  savages,  that  eagerness  to  gratify  it  may  he  con- 
sidered as  the  distinguishing  characteristic  of  men  in 
their  uncivilized  state.  Circmnstames  of  powerful 
mlluence.  botli  in  the  interior  government  of  rude  tribes, 
and  in  tlieir  external  operations  against  foreign  eno- 
mies,  concur  in  ciienshing  and  adding  strength  to  a  pd.<i* 
sion  fatal  to  Ihe  general  tranquillity.  When  the  right 
of  redressing  his  own  wrongs  is  left  in  the  hands  ni 
every  individual,  injuries  are  felt  wilh  exquisite  ?cnsi- 
hiliiy,  and  vengeance  exercised  with  unrelenting  ran- 
cor. No  lime  can  oltliterate  the  memory  of  an  of- 
fence, and  it  is  seldom  that  it  can  be  expiated  but  by 
the  blood  of  tho  ofl'eiider.  In  carrying  on  their  public 
wars,  savage  nations  are  influenced  by  the  same  ideas, 
and  animated  with  the  same  spirit,  as  in  prosecuUng 
private  vengeance.  In  small  cmnmunities.  ever**  inin 
IS  touched  willi  the  injury  or  allVont  otU  red  to  the  liody 
of  which  ne  is  a  member,  us  if  it  were  a  personal  Aiiacn 


HOUTII   AMEKIUA. 


lit 


•i;rl<'ullur(i  tn<l 
(line  J  111  "iiiiio 

I'nliilillnlirll  III 
\  iiviinn^  Hint 
V  'k'huii  Io  IV- 
tv  {\w  nrlliKh  I 
I  I'liti'tiiriniiiK  I 
iim  iiiikiioAii  10 
nrli'il  mill  uiii- 
fi'llow  ritiii'iiii. 

iH|iiiilly  iiiiuc 
I  toiiulv  lu  iho 

lilt  I'VI  II  IIIIIUIl)^ 

riiiilil  mil  liuvo 
IT  (if  rukm  M 
if  miixrnlillun. 
Ill  rvrry  ulna" 
iiivc  vi^fiir  and 
III  ni'i|iiirii  Iho 
I'ciiri!  of  diiiiii- 
I'or  lliu  |i<'U|ilu 
iiiry,  lliiii  power 

L'HZI<|IH'II  of  lllff 

leiiML'd  into  the 
il  win  liy  thfir 
I'V  iiniioMt'd  any 
he  Banir  |i<iwof 
real  rlilif  of  llio 
I'll  iiH  llii'  r('|ir<i- 
1'  rrftpt'ft  wiiich 
arclis  wiiH  liko- 
n|i|iari'iil  of  tlia 

I  rcrcim  of  llicir 
CI|llillP,  iiii<lwilll 
s  HIlllJl'CtH    with 

lily  of  Ills  cliu- 

'i'liuii  »ii|irrHli- 

uricly,  it  ellliot 

;  111  rlulilish  on- 

II  Hll  ilHr.cildilllt 
liiul  iiiuilu  soine 
I  It  I'l'cuiiio  the 
4  lu  an  unliiiH^ly 
I'KiiiiiiiiKof  ihoit 
!Afi  ri<forouii  than 
ago  of  their  tor- 

iiitiitioiis  of  the 

■I  of  nltciitioii 

iiiihlic.  wciitity 

1  over  Aiiiericu 

(I,  hut  I'li^a^od 

iilier.     Though 

larato   properly, 

\i  the  Aiiii-Tieaii 

riiflila  of  each 

ri;;ht  llity  hold 

ic  possunsor  to 

[iif;  trihcs.     An 

Tilt  lliciii  from 

their  hniitiiig 

L'  wilh  «  jealous 

lextiMisive,  and 

Tlallied,  llUiU- 

sehluMi  Icrnu 

imple  and  pri 

ce  of  disrord, 

arinti  in  order 

the  forests  or 

Ireipient  or  the 

Istilitie.-f  among 

■to  tiic  passion 

\u  111  the  breast 

may  he  ron- 

|tic  of  men  in 

of  powerful 

|of  riiuetrihes, 

forei^^ii  eno- 

iiiijth  to  a  pan- 

Ihen  the  right 

1  the  hands  ni 

Iquisitc  5cn8i- 

Irelenting  ran  ■ 

Iry  of    an  of- 

liialed  lint  by 

In  their  public 

\i  same  idcai}, 

ll  proKecuiing 

lis.  ever*'  imn 

Id  10  the  hodv 

l-r^ona)  <i<(arh 


U|K>I 


in  hiM  own  tionor 


r  or  safety.     Tiie  desire  of  revniKe  '  a  tnnri'h  of  some  hundred  nitles  IhrouL'h  dreary  forints 


all  ll  troiii  liri'a<<t  to  brcinl,  iiiiil  muoi:  kn 


«r  du 


lon« 


UilL'l'    llpl 


Ihi  ir  I  ikii  and   rut  r^. 


into  lu^e.     A?i  ll  I  lile  Miciriic^  i-.in  l.ike  llie  tield  only    'riii'ir   •irmirit  ai'i^   not  iiii-tiinht  ri  d   wiili  li.t^i^a^e 


in  small  parlies,  ei 


rh  wa 


<  of  ihe  in^ior-    nnlilary   »iori> 


ii'li  warrior, 


jii'Hidr 


what  look  plarn  in  lliopo  petty  soeirtiHs  whieh  aMumi' 


lIlC   MillllC  IjI   IMlMinN 


11.^  iinnt,  I'.ir-  { 


Itut  liiutiuli  viH;i|,in<'t'  niiil  iillrhlion  arc  itie  ijiialit'.ifr 
'y  rt'ijiM^ti-  wlit-rr  the  oltji'rt  ul   uiir  )«  It)  I'l  i-cive 


I'lmll 


luiii'i-  nl  hiM  own  iiriii,  iniil  tccU  timt  In  it  ih  <  utniitltlt'd  '  neit  :t  unit  iiiiil  t  Mtii.ill  liiii;  (>'  I'tjutidt'd  ni.ii/r,  arid  svilli  j  amt   to  oiiriiriMr  ;    urid    llinu^li    llir    Aiiirririiiifi.  when 


idcrulil 


piirlMiii  (it  llir  |Mil)tic  vriiifcaiu'r) 


W 


ur,  I  ilicNL' 


liul 


vliicli  ImMwk  n  rxifh^iw  kiii^iloiiiM  1.4  (-.irntd  on  willi  <  <il  <i  di-^lain-t'  rnmi  llti 


y  f.|iii|i|»( 


a  l.ir 


Wlul 


lilttc 


uiiiiiioMiyi  \n  proM'i 


urn)    ll 


itu  riuii-or  of 


nil  tnlx 


iiy'rt  Iroiitiir,  tin  y    i\\^\»  r-»i 


V    iifliii^  hiriHJy.  ili^pljy 


dr 


ul  tiditrttt*  111 


rl      '(■ 


villi  all  1  tlir<>ii|{li    iIk!   woodn,  iiiid  rtunport  ll)i'ni''<'lM  s  with  llit 
ic   riM'iitim'rit  orjuatiK;    wlii'-h   lliiy   kill,  (»r   llir    ti*!!  vvlii'-li  tiny  chIcIi 


i-c»lii)^  tli*Mr  uAii  tiMilioiiM,  iind  diNi'incrin^  tiioto 
ol'  un  I'tH-niy,  yt-l  it  ii«  I'cuiiirk.dilr  tlial,  \^lirn  (lity  tul  a 
tlio  ricld  Ml  {iiirlii'i,  tlicy  nil)  M'lduiii  In-  limiiLfltl  to  ot^* 


n.ilii)ii!«  IH  iiH  iin|iiii('iil*lr  a.i  lliitt  of  tiidividit.iU       It  may    Ah    llicy    ii|i]irimrli   iii'urfi  lu  tin-  itrriliirirn  iil   Ihr  on-    nvtw  \\iv  iirttMiitioiiH  mionI  i->tM'Mtiiil  lo  llirtr  oam  ncc> 
lie  di!«Mi'iiiM(d  or  fll|p|»rl■^•<^d,  Imi(  |H  tir\cr  I'Xlinmiinlird  ,  1  Uoii    wliu'li   lliry    m'liul  lo  tttuirk.  tiny   folh-rl   llit;ir    rity.     Sin  li  i«  llm  diMii'idty  o(  u- cii^tomin^  H.ivrinc*  lo 


Olid  olii-ii,  wlini  Ir.iNt  cAjti  rU-d  or  ilrciidcd,  it,  luirHtN  uil    iruii|i<4,  and   ud 


\Miii  ^rratiT  caution.      Dvt'ii   in    Hiihurdin.ittoii.  or  to  art  in  (-urx't-ri  ;    hikIi   i«  tltnr   nil- 


ill    rcdniil.hil    lurv       Wlmn    [poli^lnd    iiiiliuiis  liavi!    lli4:ir  liolUst  uiid  niosl  ai-tivr  v\arN  thry  ITo.-ci  d  \%liolly  ;  I'lilirricr   niidiT   rfHlMint,   .tiiil  hmli  llicir  cM|irM  c  and 


olilaiiH'd  1I11' L;|oty  oj' victory,  or  lia\c  in:<|iiin'd  all  addi- (liv   ^'ralii:;nn   niid    ainlniKiMdc,     'I'liry  idarr  iiot  tlirir  I  |»ri'niiiii|itiun,   thai   it  ih  ranly  lln-y  rani 

lioii  ot  territory,  tiny  may  tiTinniatc  a  war  willi  honor.    jil'H  v    11  aUackmu  their  rneinies  Wilh  o|P4*n  I'on-e,      To  I  ronlotm  thcinitelve'*  lo  the  eoimHeU  and  drniii 


ii^jlit  to 
.of 


lh)i 


Hiivajjef^ 


I  not  italiHticd  untd  tlii'V  I'^lirpute  tin 


and  detilroy   ih   the  ure.ileot   merit  ot  a  <  om- ,  llnir  Ifadern      They  inver  statiun  ^entinrls  aroiimi  tin* 


eonirniinily  wliieli  i.h  the  ohjt  it  id  tlieir  hiitreii      Tlicy    inander,  and  the  hi;ih('»«l  pride  ol  hin  followers       W  nT ;  placu  where  they  re.-^t  at  nij.dil.  and  alter  m.trehiiiLI  »*»'i 


li^nt,  not  lo  compier,  hut  lo  denlr 


ll   III 


111  liii-t'ilitH"*,  It   IH  Wilh  a   rtMdiition  never  lo  mi  c  Ihe    duvl    luitli    wilh    llie    ^alln■   f>|iiril  and  the  miii 


I'l!    and    hniilini;  are  iheir  only  omipalionH,  mid  lliey  eoii'    Jniiidred  imlcK  to  itiipri^-e  an  riicniy,  are-  olirn  NiirpriMrd 


I  llieniHelveH,   and    ent   otl',   while 


Ilk 


fi. 


ol   Ihi 


leinv  in  peaee,  hnl  lo  prosecute  t)i 


•  pi 


Tl 


follow   llie    Irji'k  of  llnir  eneinn^  ihroniih  ihe  !  ^h 


1  if  the 


V  were  not  wi 


I" 


loi  .lit 


iliui  real  h  nf  d.in<rer. 


I  Willi  iinnH'i-i^d  entnity.     The  de-ire  of  u'iij;[eain"0  n*    tore.st.     'I'hey   endeavor  to  di.si'over  their  haiiniK,  they  !       If,    nulwitlist.indm)j    iIiim    iii^li;;enci!    and    neriir;lV| 

ilh    thewhhli   oHen  Im-ttratt'  llieir  nm^i  nrllnl  (•ehenien,  llicy 


the  tirnl  and  ulino^t  iIj'  mdy  prnieiple  w!i;rli  a  wava^^e    link   in  hoihc    tlin'ku'    r.trar    to    theHt'. 


•d, 


tills  niio  Ihe  minds  of  his  i-Jnldre 


Til 


will)  liiin  a-«  he  iid\anreH  in  life  ;  and  as  Iiih  aitentiun 
direileil  to  lew  ohjeetn,  it  anpnres  a  decree  of  loree 
unknown  amoti;^  men  whose  pasHJonH  art'  di!<Hipated 
and  wr.ikeind  l>y  Ihe  variety  u\  iheir  urrnpaliorm  and 
pnr^miH,  Tlie  deMn*  of  vcn;;eiinfe,  whuh  l.iken  po-t- 
Mt'SMun  of  the  heari  of  s,iv.i:;i'i,  re>enil)les  ilie  in-^linc- 
ll\e  ra^e  of  an  amnial  ralher  ihaii  the  |iassioii  id'  u 
num.  ll  turiM,  wiih  nudisrerninir  fniy,  i  ven  a^atn.-^t 
inaiiinnito  ohjeelN.  If  hurt  ueeidmlally  hy  a  nlune, 
they  often  Kii/.e  it  in  a  trinsporl  of  aturr,  and  eiitle  ivor 
to  wrt  ak  lh<  ir  ^en;r|^lnce  upon  it.  If  ^iriu-k  with  an 
urrow  III  u  l<<it;|e,  thev  will  tear  it  (roni  the  wonnd,  hre.ik 
fliid  hill!  it  will)  iheir  leelh,  and  dash  it  on  ihe  irrunnd 
Willi  M'Mpeil  lo  ihrtr  eiieinieH  their  rayc  of  ven^'Caneo 
known  I'  )  Stnmds.  When  iindiT  the  doinniioii  uf  this 
ha.H.sion,  man  heroiiKsthi!  most  cruel  of  all  uniinaU.  ; 
lit'  neilher  p-tics,  ikm'  loiyives,  nm'  spares.  ' 

The  force  id'  this  passion  ih  so  wdl  understood  by 
the  Amt'ricans  lliemselvcs,  that  ihey  always  .ijiply  lo  ll  1 
in  order  lu  e\r>ie  their  piojile  to  t.ike  ar:n«.  If  the  ' 
elders  ot  anv  Irihe  atlempl  lo  rou>e  llieir  yunUi  from 
F<lot)i,  ll  a  chief  wishes  to  alhirc  a  hand  of  vsarriurs  to 
fulhiw  Inm  in  invadm^r  an  enemy's  euiintry,  tiie  most 
persuasive  lopicn  of  their  martial  cloi|iirnct;  are  drawn 
from  ie\in;;e.  " 'I'he  hones  of  uiir  lonntryincn,"  say 
•,licv,  "he  uncoMTi'd  ;  Iheir  hloody  lu'd  has  not  heen 
washed  clean.  'I'heir  spiritn  cry  at-ainst  us  ;  liiey  must 
he  appeased.  I.el  n»  ^o  and  devour  the  people  hy 
whom  liny  were  slain.  Sit  no  lousier  inactive  upon 
your  mats;  lift  the  lialclicl,  console  llu-  spiiilH  of  Ihe 
dead,  and  Icll  tliL-ni  that  they  ^hall  lie  au'ii^^ed." 

Animated  with  such  e.\horlaliotis,  Ihe  yoiilh  snatch 
their  urmn  in  a  transport  of  hir;'.  raise  the  isonij  of  war, 
and  hnrii  wilh  impnlienee  to  nntirnc  their  hands  in  the 
blood  of  ihcir  cneimes.  l*n\ale  clnefs  often  assemble 
ifinull  parties  and  invade  a  hosiih^  Inhe  witliout  con* 
bulliiiii  il"^  rulers  of  ihe  ctMiiimmity,  A  sin^^le  warrior, 
prompted  hy  caprice  or  revenu'e,  will  lake  llie  ticid 
ulone,  and  march  several  hundred  miles  lo  surprise  and 
cut  oil'  a  slra^irliuy  enemy  [li-'ij  The  c.xploiis  ol  n 
noted  warrmr,  m  such  «ulilary  (.vcnrnions,  olten  furni 
iho  chief  jiart  in  the  hl^lo^y  of  an  American  cam- 
paign;  [(JHJ  and  liieir  (dilers  connive  at  Nuch  irregular 
sallies,  as  they  I  'iid  lo  cherish  a  rnarlial  spirit,  and  ac- 
cualoin  iheir  p.'ople  to  enleiprise  and  daii'jcr.  13ut 
when  a  war  is  national,  and  undertaken  by  public  autho- 
rity, ihe  deliberations  aro  formal  and  slow.  The  elders 
asaemhlc,  they  deliver  tlieir  opinums  in  solemn  speei  lies, 
thov  vveit;h  with  maturity  the  naliir"  of  the  enterprise, 
and  balaiico  its  benelieial  or  disadvantageous  conse- 
quences Willi  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  pohiieal  dis- 
cennnenl  or  s^^'acity.  Their  jiriesL-i  and  soothsayers 
arc  con:«ulied,  and  somctnnes  they  ask  the  advice  oven 
of  their  women.  If  the  delcrininalion  bo  for  war,  ihcv 
prepare  for  it  with  nmeh  ceremony.  A  leader  oilers  to 
conduct  the  expedition,  ainl  is  accepted.  Uut  no  man 
ia  constrained  to  follow  Imn;  ihc  resolution  of  the 
community  lo  commence  hostilities  imposes  no  ohliga- 
tion  upon  any  imMiiher  to  lake  pari  in  the  war.  blaeh 
individual  is  Ntill  master  of  his  own  conduct,  and  Ins 
onuaircincnt  in  the  service  is  perfectly  voluntary. 

The  maxims  by  which  they  regulate  their  military 
operations,  though  extremely  ddl'erent  from  those  which 
take  place  among  more  civilized  and  populous  nations, 
arc  well  suited  to  their  own  political  stale,  and  the  na- 
luie  of  the  country  in  which  ihey  act.  They  never 
tuke  the  field  in  numerous  bodies,  as  it  would  recpiire  a 
greater  eti'ort  of  fon;si;fhi  and  industry  than  i.s  usual 
ainouj;  savages,  lo  jirovide  foi  their  suhst&tence  during 


lis  j«rowH  up    patif^nce  -if    i  "porisman    Iwwj,  in  wail  for  yame,  will  -  Ciiich  the  inemv  imprep.ireii 


.1,  V 


lev  rnsli  n 


lontimic    in    iheir   stalum  day  idler  day  until  they  can 
rnsh  np<m  tlieir  prey  when  nios*.  sernre,  ai;  I  Icasi  able 
lo  ri  sisl  them       It  they  meet  110  straL'j^hn^  party  of  the 
enemy,    ibey    adfanei'  towards  their  vdlaui's,  Imi  wilh  I 
such  .•^oiiciliide  lo  conce.il  ihcir  own  approach,  lliat  liiey  I 
olli-n  en  ep  on  their  li.iiids  and  feet  throiii.di  llie  woods, 
and    paiiil    their    -kins   of   the    siinie    color    wilh    tht 
withered    leaves,  in    order  lo  avoid  detection.      If  so 
htrluinile  a.s  to  rennim  nnohserved,  ihey  set  on  lire  the  j 
enemies'  liuls  in   the  dead  (d' tii^lit,  and  mas-^acri:  the  j 
inh.ibilaiit.s  as  tliey  lly  n.tkeil  and  del'eiiC(Ii-Hs  fron.  the 
tlaines       If  they  hope  to  ellcci  a  retreat  without  hein;^| 
pursued,  tiny  carry  otV  soon-  prisoners,  whom  they  re-' 
Kerve  for  a  more  dreadhil  fate.      Ibil  if.  nolwilhsiantlm^  1 
all    their   addicss  and  precautions,  liiey  lind  that  their 
innlions   are   discoveri  •!,  l!iat  the  enemy  tias  taken  llie 
'darm,  and   is  |prcpai-id  to  opj>ose  Uiem,  they  usually: 
deem  il  most  prudent  to  retire      'I'hey  rei>ard  it  as  e.x- ! 
lieine   folly   lo   meet  an  enemy  who  i.s  on  his  jruard, 
upon   eipial    terms,  or  to  i,ve  ii.itlle  m  an  o|ien  field.  , 
llie   mo.sl    dislini^uishcd    .sni    ess   is  a   d.s;^riir-t;  to   a 
leader  if  it  ha.*  hecn  jpurehased  wiih  any  considerable 
loss  of  his  followers,  [(iVJ  and  Ihey  never  hoast  of  a 
victory  if  stained  wnh  iIk!  htood  of  iheir  own  coun'ry- 
men.     'i'o  fall  in  battle,  instead  of  Ixinir  reckoned  an  1 
lionoralde   death,  is  a  inisfurlune    which  siilijecis  the  [ 
inemory  of  a  warrior  to  thu  nnjnilalion  of  rasiiness  or  1 
imprudence.  [(>8J 

This  system  of  war  was  universal  in  America  ;  nml 
♦he  sm,idl  nin-ivilized  tribes,  dispersed  tluoiii,'h  all  its  ] 
dilfereiil  rc;;ions  and  climates,  di-'pl.iv  more  crall  than' 
holdntss  in  carrvini;  on  iheir  hostihtirs.  Struck  wiih' 
lliis  condncl,  so  opposite  lo  tlie  ideas  and  niaxtms  uf 
Kuropeuns.  several  authors  contend  that  it  llows  from 
a  feeble  and  dastardly  spirit  peculiar  lo  tii';  Americiins, 
which  is  irica|»ahle  of  any  yencions  or  manly  exertion. 
JJul  wlieti  we  rctlcct  that  many  of  these  Irihcs.  on  occa- 
sions which  call  for  extraordmary  elloils,  not  only  de- 
lend  themsetves  with  ohslmate  resolulum.  but  attack 
iheir  I'lu  inies  willi  the  most  daring  conra<ie,  and  th.tt  i 
Ihey  possess  forlitiide  of  mind  superior  to  the  sense  of  ' 
da..i^cr  or  llie  fear  of  death,  we  must  aacriliu  their 
habitual  caution  to  some  olher  cause  lliaii  coiislitnlional 
tiimdily.  Tiie  nuinher  of  men  m  each  inbe  is  so  small, 
the  diiiicully  of  rearin;^  new  ineinhers  uinidst  the  hard- 1 
ships  and  danjfers  of  savage  life  is  so  great,  thai  the  ■ 
hie  of  a  citr/.en  is  extremely  precious,  and  the  presirva- 
tion  ul  il  heconu's  a  capital  idpject  in  their  policy- 
Had  the  pomt  ol'  honor  been  the  same  ainon^  the 
feeble  American  trihes  as  among  tlie  powerbil  nations 
j  of  Kiirope,  had  they  heeii  taught  to  court  fame  or  vic- 
j  tory  in  conleinpl  of  danger  and  death,  they  inu.>*t  have 
been  ruined  by  maxims  so  ill  adapted  to  their  con- 
I  dilion.  liut  wherever  their  cominunilies  are  more 
populous,  so  that  they  can  act  wilii  considerable  force, 
and  can  sustain  the  loss  of  several  of  their  members 
vvilliuut  being  sensibly  weakened,  the  military  opera- 
liuns  of  the  Americans  more  nearly  resemble  those  of 
other  nations.  The  IJrazdians,  as  well  as  the  trihes 
situated  upon  the  hanks  of  the  river  Ue  la  i'lala.  often 
take  the  tield  in  such  numerous  bodies  as  deserve  the 
'  name  of  armies.  They  defy  their  enemies  to  the  coin- 
but,  engage  in  regular  battles,  and  maintain  the  conHict 
I  wilh  that  desperate  ferocity  which  is  natural  to  men 
who,  having  no  idea  uf  war  but  that  of  exterminating 
their  enemies,  never  give  or  take  quarter.  [69J  In  the 
powerful  empires  of  Mexico  and  IVru,  great  armies 
I  were  assembled,  frcipient  battles  were  fought,  and  the 
I  theory  as   well  as  practice  of  vvar  were  dillercnt  from 


un  them  wilb 


Ihe  utmost  jerocity,  anil  leatiii;;  oif  tlie  scalps  i>f  dll 
tliose  who  fall  viciini.*  lo  tiinr  iMt'c,  [TOJ  tin-y  carry 
home  ihu-e  htvaiiMc  irojthies  in  triumph.  Tln-se.  they 
preserve  as  monuinentrt,  iiol  only  of  their  own  proAcm*, 
init  of  the  vengeance  which  their  arm  has  nilluied  upon 
the  people  whn  wire  ohjects  ol  public  resenlmeiil. 
They  life  still  more  soliiulous  lo  se;/.c  prisoners  \)\\ 
ring  iheir  rt^treat.  if  they  hojie  to  etleel  it  nnuiujesied, 
the  prisoners  are  commonly  e.teinpl  Irom  any  insult 
and  ireated  witli  home  ('■  gne  ot  hnniamly,  though 
guanled  with  Ihe  most  siriet  attciition. 

iJiil  alter  this  leiiiporar)  Hiispension,  the  rage  of  the 
coiiipierors  rekindlen  with  new  fury,  An  .noun  as  ihev 
approach  tin  ir  own  frontier,  '■oiiu;  of  thoir  miinber  are 
de?,jialciieil  lo  infurin  llieir  eoimtryinen  with  respect  to 
iht-  --ucctss  lit  till'  expedition.  T  m  11  the-  prisuner.s  be* 
gin  lo  feel  the  wretchedness  A  their  eondiion.  'I'Uo 
women  of  the  village,  lOgCther  with  the  youth  who  have 
not  attained  lo  Ihe  age  of  hearing  arms,  asseinlile,  dnd 
lui;iimg  themselves  into  two  Imes.  ihroiigli  .vliich  M;e 
prisoners  must  pass,  taal  and  hnn>e  l!n'in  wilii  slicks 
or  stones  m  a  cruel  manner.  After  this  lirsi  i;ratific  i- 
tion  of  their  rage  against  their  enemies,  folloA  lainen'ii- 
lions  for  the  loss  of  su<'h  of  liieir  ti.vn  countrymen  us* 
have  fallen  in  the  service,  accompanied  wiUi  woids  i«nd 
actions  which  scem  lo  evpress  tiie  lumosi  anguish  pt.d 
grid.  Hut  tn  a  moment,  upon  a  siLjn.d  given,  U.cii" 
tears  cease;  they  pass,  with  a  sudden  and  unaccount- 
able transition,  from  the  depilis-  of  sunow  to  the  trans- 
ports ul  joy.  and  hegm  to  i-elehrau:  i;u'ir  victory  Willi 
all  the  wild  evnllation  of  a  barbarun.-'  iriuniith.  Tiie 
fate  of  the  pri.soncrs  remains  j-iiti  undeciih  d  'I'iic  o'd 
men  dcbheralc  concerning  it.  So, iic  are  destined  10 
be  tortured  lu  di  .iih,  m  order  to  satiate  (lie  revenge  of 
the  eoii'pierors  ;  some  to  repl. ice  the  inem!«-rs  which 
liie  coininumly  has  lost  m  'hat  of  former  wars.  Tliey 
who  are  reserved  titr  tins  milder  fate,  are  led  to  the  hnts 
of  lho.se  whose  friends  have  been  killed.  'I'he  women 
meet  ihein  at  tlie  door,  and  if  they  receive  ihein,  their 
snliermgs  are  at  an  end.  Tney  are  adopted  mto  ihu 
family,  and,  according  to  llieir  plira.se,  are  scaled  upon 
the  mat  ot  the  deceased.  They  a.s.^ume  his  name.  Uiey 
liohi  the.  («aim.  rank,  and  are  Ire.ited  llieneeforward  with 
alt  the  tenderness  due  lu  a  lather,  a  brother,  a  hu.sl)and» 
or  a  Irsctid.  Hut,  if  either  from  caprice  or  an  unrelent- 
ing desire  of  revenge,  the  women  of  any  lainily  reluso 
to  accept  of  the  prisoner  who  is  ollered  to  them,  hia 
doom  is  lixeil.  .No  power  can  then  save  him  irom 
torture  and  death. 

While  their  lot  is  in  suspense,  the  prisoners  them 
selves  appear  altogelhor  unconcerned  about  what  may 
helall  them.  They  talk,  they  eat,  they  sleep,  as  if  ihej 
were  perfectly  at  ease,  and  no  danger  impending. 
Wtien  the  fatal  sentence  is  intimated  to  tUein,  iliev  re- 
ceive It  wuh  an  mialtcred  countenance,  raise  then 
dealii  song,  and  prepare  lo  sutler  like  men.  Their 
coiupierors  assemble  as  to  a  solenni  festival,  resolved  lo 
put  Ihe  lortitude  of  the  captive  lo  the  uiinosl  proof. 
A  scene  ensues,  Uie  bare  description  of  wh  ^  n  is  enough 
to  ciull  the  heart  with  horror,  wherever  men  have  bean 
accustoiu'.^d,  by  milder  institutions,  to  respect  their 
species,  and  to  niell  into  tenderness  at  ihe  sight  of 
human  sulierings.  The  prisoner!'  are  tied  naked  to  a 
stake,  but  so  as  to  be  at  liberty  to  move  round  it.  All 
who  arc  present,  men,  women,  and  children,  rush  upon 
them  like  fuiies.  Every  species  of  torture  19  appl'cd 
that  ihc  rancor  of  revenge  can  invent.  .Some  bum 
their  limlis  with  red  hot  irouf,  some  mangle  lufr  bo<t:i;» 
with  knives,  otfiers  tear  their  flesh   from  their  bonea* 


STT 


EI    ,  ' 


ltd 

ylwV  out  ilioir  n«iN  bv  \)w  rooin,  nnt]  rrm!  am!  Iwisl 
lln'ir  >iinr\vs.  Tiirv  vii*  \\i:li  our  anollu-r  in  rriinomnil:* 
ot  lurluiT  Notluiii^  sots  Itomuls  Ut  their  rii|;i'  Iml  llir 
drciitl  ot  aSruiiiM'*  ilu  tl'iriiiion  nl'  Ihi'ir  vcntriMiuT  by 
hft>tiMi:nu  till'  tir.tiii  ot  tin-  Millrrrr'*  .  ami  m\v\\  \h  ihnr 
ontrl  itii^rmnlv  i:i  lorinciiliii::.  tiin.  h\  ino'thf.^  imlus- 
iniMi!*lv  u»  null  anv  vu.il  |iiirl.  tiu\  oilrn  pr.i  on^  ilu:* 
wiMir  o(  an^Mr  * 'r  s('\iT.iI  il.»\s  In  spiU- ot"  all  llut 
ti'''v  (tiili'tT.  thi'  \i  -IS  roninuir  lo  ch;int  thrir  tlratli 
non^  will,  a  hrin  \0'rr.  ilirv  ho.isl  t>l  tlirT  ov«  n  rx- 
plons.  ili"v  uisnll  th.  ir  lonmnlcr^  lor  ilu'  Wiiiil  dl  skill 
lit  nv*M);*ni);  tlit-ir  IriiMuls  .ui.i  trla'ons,  ilirv  warn  tlu'in 
of  tho  ^oMiicaiu-r  \\iurli  a\\.uis  ili'-m  tin  acroiini  nt 
what  thi'V  arr  now  tlti'M:;,  ;n;<i  rx.-iif  tlu'ir  triorily  liv 
tlu'  most  uroxokniii  rr)'ro\f|irs  anil  tlm\U»  To  tii*- 
plitv  tinil.iinilrii  loriihiili'.  tii  t*iu'h  ilnMitliil  Mhiiilton!*  \a 
tlir  nohlr>i  IrMunjili  ol  a  warrior  'I"o  avonl  ihr  In.tl  I'V 
a  volunlarx  drjili.  or  to  stirnik  niulcr  ii,  i>  tli'rnu'tt  m- 
r,)MioiiA  and  oowanllv  ll  anv  one  luMrav  sMupiout!)  of 
luuuliiv.  h  «  liirnirnlors  otini  thitpait^li  nun  at  onoe 
Willi  i'oulrinpt,  as  nmvoriliv  of  hrni):  In'.itnl  like  ;» 
m.oi  Aininalis!  willi  iho  o  iilcas,  lln'v  rtulnrc  wilhoul  a 
(jro.iti  wJMi  ll  Rreins  aliiio-«l  Mn,H>s-tltU'ih,it  liuin.iti  naiurc 
shonlit  sujitain  'i'hcv  appear  to  hr  not  iinlv  mseiiMliIc 
o  pain.  lt:ii  to  court  u  *'  rorluMr,"  saM  an  ajiod 
clurror  llie  Impiois.  wluui  Ins  nisulls  hail  pro\okrilono 
ot  Ins  toruiriuors  to  wouiul  hini  wuh  a  kiiilc,  "  lorbrar 
ll.i'M'  stalls  ol  \ our  knilr.  an.!  rather  let  ine  die  hv  liie. 
that  ihc.n*  lio^i*.  vour  allies.  iVoni  lM*yonii  ihe  sea.  may 
learn  bv  niyoxainple  to  miIUt  like  men  "  'I'liis  ma^in- 
inilv  ol'  whii'li  liureaie  iVe.pient  mstaniMs  amOM;;  the 
Amrri«":in  warriors,  mslr.ul  ol  eteitiiiij  .hlmnalton,  oi 
»:a!lin>:  lorih  svinp.iijiv.  exasperates  tiie  Jieri-e  spirits  ol 
their  torturers  lo  Iresh  lUMs  ol"  eruelty.  Weary,  al 
li'iwth  ot  eoiiteihlni«i  with  men  whose  eonstaiirv  ot" 
ir.ithl  iliev  eaiinot  \ftn<iUish.  some  i  'uel',  in  a  ra^e.  puts 
a  period  to  llieir  sutleruiijs.  h\  despalcluiii;  ihein  Wilh 
Ills  daiTLier  or  eluh 

'\'i\\>  harliarous  seeno  is  ol'ten  sneeeeJed  bv  one  no 
less  shot-kiiij;.  As  ii  is  iinposstblr  lo  appease  the  (Vll 
fpiiil  III"  re\«Mii;e  wlueh  ra^jes  in  the  heart  of  a  sava^M-. 
Ihis  fre.pienilv  proni]>iN  the  Vnieru-ans  to  tie\our  lliose 
uiriiappv  persons  wiiu  ii.ive  bein  llie  virimis  ol"  llieir 
erueiiv  In  ihe  jinnenl  worliL  tradition  has  preserved 
tlu'  memorv  ol  baritaro  is  nations  ot  eaiinihals,  w 'lo  ted 
on  hiinan  lle«ih.  Hul  in  rvi  r\  part  ot  ilip  New  World 
there  were  people  lo  whom  tins  eusiom  was  lanuli.ir. 
It  pn'v;iiied  111  the  soiitlirrn  eontnnMn.  m  se\eial  ol  tlie 
Islands,  and  in  varuMis  dislriets  ol  Norlli  Aineriea. 
ti\eh  in  those  part-*  where  eirennistaiii'es  with  wl.u'h 
wp  tire  uii.ii'ipt.unti-d  tiad  in  a  i:real  iite.iMire  abolished 
thi»  praeiiee,  it  seems  lorniirlv  to  have  i^eeii  so  well 
knowi)  that  u  is  nu  orporated  into  the -,dioin  ol'  their 
laMi^iiai:!'  Ainonii  the  Iropiois.  the  phrase  bv  wliuli 
liiev  express  iheir  re>oUiiioii  ol  iitakiui;  war  a.'aiii^i  an 
inomv  is,  "  Let  ns  1:0  and  eat  ihat  natton,"  !l'  ihev 
DOlicil  the  aid  ol' a  neiL;hb(»rin;»  Iribr,  tliev  i.tvtio  tt  "  to 
rat  broilt  made  ot"  ihe  llesh  ol"  their  enemtes  "  {i\\ 
Nor  was  the  praeiiee  peeuliir  to  n.de  unpohsheij  Irilies, 
th.'' priiu-iple  )io;n  whieli  iliev  look  rise  is  m>  di'epl\ 
rooted  in  the  inin.lsol'lhe  Aiuerieaiis.  Ihat  it  subsisted  in 
Me.\ico.  one  ol  the  eivilized  empires  in  the  New  World, 
and  relii's  of  11  niav  be  diseiui'red  atnoiui  the  more 
tnild  iiihahilani-*  ol  I'eru  It  wa>  not  seari'it\  ol  lood. 
an  some  authors  iina'jiiie,  and  ihe  impi»rtunate  eraxiii;;-* 
ot'hunmM.  which  loreed  the  Americins  !o  those  horrid 
repas's  on  their  lellowereaiures.  Unman  lies!)  was 
iK>\er  used  as  eonimon  ("0^1  in  any  coutitrv.  and  liio 
various  relations  eoncernii.i;  netiple  who  reck«med  it 
iiiuoti^  the  slated  means  ol  mibsistence.  tlow  trom  the 
(n'dulilv  and  luislakrs  ol  travellers  'Die  rancor  ol' 
!*ven.»<'  ^i^^^  piomnted  men  to  this  barlmrons  aelion 
The  licrce*-!  Inhi's  de\oiirtd  noiu'  but  prisoners  taken 
m  war.  m  ;.i;rh  as  tlie\  rc'-;,iidi'd  as  enemies  (I*] 
Woini'U  and  childien  w!io  were  not  Ihe  obieels  ol'  en- 
intiv.  it'  not  cm  olV  m  Mie  I'urv  ol  llieir  lirsi  inntad  inlo  a 
li'>t.iile  counlrv,  seMoiu  sulVered  by  the  dehherato  el- 
tt  <  Is  ot"  llieir  rt  ventre 

The  pet»pli^  i\\  Stuith  Amenca  ijntii'T  their  revenue 
ir\  a  maiMii  r  somewhat  dilbrent,  but  willi  no  less  uiire- 
'enlni^  rancor  Their  prisoi  ers.  after  meelitijj  4:t  iheir 
limt  entrance  wilh  the  same  ivMii^h  reC  p'lon  as  anninn 
the  Norih  Americans,  are  noi  o.dv  exempl  Irotn  itijurv. 
bill  treated  with  the  jireaiesl  kmdurns  Tliev  are 
(ea»Ied  and  caressed,  itid  some  be.mlihil  vounn  women 
rifi"  appointed  to  allend  and  solace  them  ll  is  not 
ci«v  to  acconiil  lor  tins  part  o!  their  euiubict,  tmless 
Wf  impute  ll  lo  a  reltncnteiit  in  crueltv  For.  while 
ihey  seem  stu-bout  to  attach  llie  captives  lo  lile.  bv 
.■-nppK  tiiif  them  null  e\-rv  eniovineul  thai  can  render 
11  a  "■.  ei.'.  1%.  r  .loo  o  1.  V  ocblv  livid  t)n  a 
(lii^nititotntiMl thtfvU'loiioustt;bo  osrmhUs,  tho  pri- 


ROBKUTSON'S    lilSTOHY    OP 


soner  i«  brouiiht  forth  with  great  soleminlv.  he  views 
the  preparations  tor  ihe  sacnlu  e  with  as  iinicli  iiidilVer- 
ence  as  il  he  liimsell  was  not  the  victim,  and  mee'.iiiji 
Ins  I'ale  wnh  uiiilauntetl  liiniiicss.  is  despatched  with  ti 
single  blow.  Ihe  imnuent  he  tails,  the  wiunen  seize 
the  liody  ae.l  dress  it  lor  ii;e  Itasi  liicv  bt-smear 
ihi  .r  I'hiidu  n  with  the  b!tu>d.  in  oidt  r  lo  kindle  in  Ijieir 
bosoms  a  haired  otlhrir  euennes.  which  is  iu'\er  extin- 
piisht  d.  and  ail  join  in  reedm^r  Ujwn  llie  llesli  with 
aina/.m^  greediness  .iiuj  exuli.ilion  To  de\onr  the 
hin!\  ol  a  "Lnr^liiereil  encmv  tliev  leem  the  nuwt  com- 
plete and  cv.piisite  );:ralilicalioiiol  ri'ven^'p  \\'here\er 
lliis  practice  pievails,  captives  never  escape  dealh.  but 
ihev  are  not  loiiured  wiib  the  same  cruelty  as  ainonii 
irihes  which  are  less  nt-ciistomed  to  such  horrid 
feiists    (7:»| 

As  the  ctmsrancv  oi  every  Anieriean  warrior  ninv 
be  put  to  such  se\ore  proof,  the  ^real  objert  ot  militarv  j 
cdiicalii)!!  aiitl  disciplnit^  m  the  New  W Hrld  is  lo  loim 
the  mmd  to  sustain   it      When  nations  carry  on  war! 
with  open  lorce,  di'lv  their  ei.emies  to  thecoinbal,  mid 
xauijiKsli  tliem  b\  the  siiperioriiv  ol'  their  skill  oreou- 
raj:e.  soliiiersate  trair.ed  to  ••■'  ictivi'.  viijorous.  and  en- 
terprismj»       Hut   in    Aineiica.    where   the  j;enius   and 
inaxnns  o(  war  are  exiremelv  dillerenl,  passive  lortitnde 
IS  the  ipia'.ilv  in  hi;:hesl  I'stimation       Accorilin-iiv.  11  is 
e.irU  the  studv  01  ilie  Americans  to  acpiire  sentnnents 
and  habits  which  will  enable  tUem  lo  beha\e  like  men 
when  iheir  resolution  shall  bi  put  to  ihe  proof      As  Ihe 
\oul|j  ot  other  nations  exercise  ihemscUes  m  foils  i>l 
aclix  itv    ami    lorci\    lliose  ol    America  \ie   with    tnie 
another  in  evhihilittns  ol  their  patience  iiii.ler  siilVcrin::s 
I'hev  haitlen  their  ner\e^  bv  lliose  yolunlarv  irials.  and 
\;radually  accustom  ihinnselves  lo  endure  the  sharpest 
pain  without  coniplainiiiii      A  boy  and  a  c;irl  will  bnul 
their  naked  arms   ti\;Mllier.  and  place  a  hurnina  ctuI 
hctwecn  them,   in  onlei  to  trv  who  *,rsl  discovers  siii-h 
impaiience  as  lo  shake  11  oil.      All  llie  tr.als  cuslomar\ 
111  America,  when  a  youlh  is  admittetl  into  ihe  class  t>l 
wariiors.  or  wlien  a  warrior  is  promoitM  to  the  ilij^niiv 
of  captain  or  chiel.  are  accomnii><latetl  lo  this  idea  ol 
manliness.     They  are  not  displavs  ol'  \alor.  bet  of  y.\- 
licnce  .  Ihev    are  not    exhibitions    of   iheir    nbibtv    to 
otVeiui.    bill    of  their   c.ipacitv    lo   sutler.      Anuui^  ihe 
tribes  on  llie  banks  ol  the  Orinoco,  if  a  warrmr  aspires 
lo  ihe  r.mk  ol  capi.nn.  his  pro'-.itum  beijins  with  a  loiiij 
last,  more  ri^ul  than  any  v ; .  r  observed  bv  the  most  ah- 
slemioiis  liermil.      .\\  ttie  close  o\'  this  the  chnis  assem- 
ble,  each    [;i\es    him   three    1  tshes    wiih  a   lai^je   whip, 
applieil  so  M^oronslv  that  lits  bod\  1.*  ahnt»st  llaMtl.  and 
if  tie  betravs  ijie  least  svmptoius  ol  impatience  or  even 
sensilnliiv  he  is  di?;;raced  lor  ever,  and  rencled  as  nn- 
wortliv  of  ihe  honor  to  which  he  a*ipir.'s.      .\fier  some 
tinterxal,  ihe  conslaiit'v  ot  the  caiulidale  ts  proved  bv  11 
I  more   eycrutiatin;;  trial       lie  is  laid  m  hanmioc  with 
Ills  hands   bound   fast,  and  innumer.il-le  imiltilude  o\ 
venomous   ants,  whose   bite  occasions  exonisiie  pain. 
n:ul  produces  a  violent  intlainmalion.  are  tlirown  upon 
,  hiiii      Tile  pid:^eii  ol   h.s  ment  slatitl  annnd  the  ham- 
j  iiioi'.  and,  while  these   cruel    insects   fasten  upon  llie 
uiosl  seiis.hle  parts  ot  his  bodv.  a  si.^'n.  a  ^noaii,  an  in- 
voluntary molioii.  expressive  of  what  he  sulVers.  would 
exclude  hun  lor  ever  titun  the  r.mk  of  caplam       Wmu 
alter  this  eviJcnce  tif  !ii>  li>i  iluil'-.  it  is  not  deemeil  to 
'  be  ctviiii'Icielv  aiceil  lined,  but  .mist  •*taiitl  another  lest 
niore    drc.idlul    ihan   anv  he  has   hitiierto   uiider||oiie 
He   Is  a;j;am  suspended  in  his  haminoc,  and  covered 
w,:h  leaves  of  the  palmeltii,      A  fne  of  s:inkini»  herbs 
IS  kimll.d  uiiilerncaih.  so  as  he  mav  fee'  its  heat  and  be 
involved  in  its   smoke       Hioujiii  scorched  and  almost 
stilfocated,  he  ninsi  eonlmiie  tt)  endure  vvith  ihe  name 
i]ialieiit   insensilMlilv.      M.iny  perish  in  this  rude  essav 
I  of  iheir  lir.nness  and  coiirai;e.  but  Mich  as  pi  ihroujih 
I  ll   with  applause,  receive  ihe  ensigns  of  their  iievv  ditf- 
jniiv  with  much  soleinniiv.  and  are  ever  alter  n  jvirdcil 
as  leatlers  of  approved  lesolulion.  whose  behavior  m 
the  most  t'vin-i  snuations  will  do  honor  to  their  conn-  j 
Irv       In  North  ,\meiica  ll»e  previous  liial  of  a  warrior  ; 
IS  neither  so  Itirinal  noi  so  severe      Tht>ui;h  even  there.  \ 
before   i.  Vtiulh  is  pirm.Hed  ui  bear  arms,  his  patience 
and   birtilude  ne  provtil  by  blows,  bv  lire,  ami  bv  ni- 
I  suits  mm  '  iiwolerable  lo  a  h.mi:hly  spiril  ihan  both.        [ 
]      The   rt'iia/.mi;  steadiness  wuh  which  the  Americans 
.eiiduii'  ihe  most  exipusiie  tormrnls,  has  itidnce,l  some  I 
;  authors  to  suppose  thai,  Iroiu  the  peculiar  leehteiies>  nl  I 
ili.'ir   I'rame    iheit  seiisibiiilv  is  not  so  acme  as  that  ol  \ 
oiher   people  .    us  women,   and    persons  o\   a  relaxed 
habit,  are  observcil  lo  be  less  ntbvit  d   with    pain    ihau  j 
rohii>i    men.    whose   nervi's   are    more   lirmlv  bia«"e*l   I 
I  bit  the  I'onst  mil  1011  ol  the  Ameiicaiis  ^^^  not  so  dillerenl  ' 
I  m  Its  tevtiire  Iroui  thai  ot  tiir  u  <«i  ol  itie  hinn  in  spci-ies  , 
'  AN  lo  aceount  tor  tlim  divennly  111  tlunr  t    ..iviur      It' 


1I0WS  from  a  pr:;  ijvW  of  honor.  tnMilletl  early  and  enlli- 
vated  with  Mich  care,  as  to  ms[»;re  man  in  his  rinot 
»lale  with  an  heiou'  maiynauimilv .  to  winch  philosophy 
hath  endeavored  in  yam  ii»  lorm  hun,  when  niort* 
hi:;lily  improved  and  poli.died.  Ilus  mvinciMi  eon- 
siancy  he  has  bei-n  l.uijilH  lo  civnsuler  as  llie  duet  ilis- 
liiieliou  of  .1  iitan.  ,iiid  the  hi>:hcsi  attaiinui  nt  ol  i  war- 
rior, 'I'lie  ideas  which  mtlueiice  his  » oh.hicl,  and  lite 
passiivus  wliu'h  take  possessum  ol  Ins  heart,  lue  lev*. 
I'l'.ev  operate  t»l  course  with  more  decisive  elbct  than 
when  ihe  mmd  is  caiwdcil  with  a  mulliphcilv  oi  ob|ects, 
or  dislracletl  bv  the  varielv  of  ils  pnrsuiis  .  and  when 
everv  inoiive  that  acts  w  it h  anv  lon'c  in  lormiun  the  arn* 
limciits  of  a  savage.  privm))ls  linn  lo  sutler  w  ilh  di^nilv. 
he  will  bear  v\h;ti  mii;ht  stem  lo  be  impossible  li>r  Im- 
nian  patience  Iti  sustain  Mul  wherever  the  loriiluib'  tvl 
the  Americans  is  not  roused  to  exertion  bv  iheir  uieaii 
oi  hoimr,  their  leelincs  o!  pain  are  llie  same  with  lbt»so 
of  ihe  rest  of  mankind  171]  Nor  is  that  patience  un- 
der sull'ennjis  lor  which  ihe  .Vmeneans  have  been  M 
pistlv  celcbrateil.  a  miivi'rsal  aii.immeui  The  con- 
stancy oi  many  of  ihe  viclims  is  overcome  bv  tlie  ajjii 
nil's  t>l  ttirture  I'heir  we.ikness  am)  lament  aliens  com- 
plete Ihe  triumph  oi  their  enemies,  and  reilect  disgrace 
npiin  their  own  comitry 

The  perpetual  hostilities  c.iriicil  on  amotu:  llie  Amrri- 
can  tribes  are  proiluctive  ot  very  talal  ellect>  Kv,m 
ill  seasons  t>l  public  trail. piillily,  their  mipeilecl  imlustry 
tloes  not  sujiplv  tliem  with  anv  superlbioiis  store  ol  pro- 
visions .  but  when  the  irruption  oi  an  eiie:iiv  ib  solates 
their  cultivated  lands,  or  disturbs  ihciu  in  iheii-  hiint- 
111;:  excur-^ions.  micIi  a  calamiiv  riiiiicesa  connnumlv, 
uaturaliv  miprov  idem  and  th'-itilute  ol  re-tnin'e*t.  lo  ex- 
treme waul.  All  the  people  of  the  tlislricl  ihal  is  iiiva* 
tied  aie  lrei)uenlly  forcetl  lo  take  rebi«:e  m  woivils  and 
moiiiU.iins,  which  c.m  al!t>rtl  tliem  litile  subsistence,  and 
whcie  manv  of  them  perish  Notwilhstandmii  their  ex- 
cessive cannon  in  coniluci.iiiT  their  luililarv  operation.'*, 
and  ihe  solicitude  of  everv  leader  lo  preserve  the  Jims 
of  Ins  followers,  as  the  rude  iiibes  in  Ameiica  st  ldo;u 
eniov  anv  inierval  of  peace,  the  ii»ss  ol  men  amoii;* 
them  is  considerable  m  proptulion  to  the  di'LTie  ot 
population,  Thus  famine  and  the  sword  combine  in 
thinning  llieir  numbers.  All  Ihetr  ctvinmimities  »ro 
feeble,  and  nolhiiii;  now  remains  ol  several  na'ion.i 
which  were  out  e  ctmsuler.ible,  luil  llie  name 

Sensible  of  this  continual  dccav.  tlicte  are  tnbe« 
which  endeavor  to  recruit  their  national  lorce  when 
evhausltd.  by  ailoptiiif:  prisoners  taken  in  war.  and  bv 
lliis  expetlienl  preveiii  their  tt»tal  extinction  The 
practice,  however,  is  not  nniversallv  received  Ke- 
wcntmeiil  operates  more  powettullv  anioiio  savaj;e» 
than  ciMisitleraliOiis  of  poln-v  far  the  yrcaler  part  ol 
iheir  captives  w;is  aiii'ientlv  sicriltcftl  to  iheir  ven- 
ireance.  arid  it  is  onlv  •'iiice  iheir  numbers  bi^an  lo 
tiecliiie  fast,  that  ihcv  have  piicrallv  adi>|neil  milder 
inaxmis  Ibil  sui'h  as  thev  do  iiaturali/e  renounce  lor 
ever  their  native  irihe.  and  assume  the  manners  as  well 
as  pasMons  of  tin  peoph*  bv  whom  llie\  are  ailopted  st» 
( ntirelv,  that  thev  oil  en  join  ibein  in  expeditio;ir» 
afiainst  their  own  counlrv  men  Such  a  smlden  traiisi 
lion,  and  so  lepiijinanl  Iti  one  of  tlie  mt»si  powerliil  in- 
slinels  nuplaiiiid  bv  nature,  wouM  be  lieeniid  stran^^c 
amon^  manv  people  .  but  aiiuMi;:  the  membciv  ol  stnall 
cinnuiumlies,  w.icre  national  enmity  is  v  loli  ill  ami  ilei'|i 
rooled.  it  has  the  appearance  of  beinji  still  nmre  unac- 
countable ll  seems,  however,  lo  result  natcrallv  from 
the  principles  upon  winch  w,ir  is  carried  on  <n  America. 
When  nalions  ami  .it  exit  rmina'iU);  iheir  enemies,  lui  ex- 
change ot  prisiuieis  can  ever  take  place  l"iom  the  mo- 
inenl  mie  is  made  a  pr;soner,  his  eoimlry  and  Ins  hieiidi 
consider  him  as  dead  (?.'>]  lie  has  mem  red  indelhble 
disgrace  bv  Nulleriiij;  bmist  If  to  be  ^urpM^ed  01  to  bo 
taken  by  an  enemy  ,  and  \vt  re  he  lo  r«  lurn  liome.  alter 
Htich  a  slam  iiptui  bis  homtr.  lits  nearest  relations  would 
not  receive  *ir  even  aekiiovvleili:e  that  ihey  knew  jnni 
.Siuue  tribes  were  sldl  nu>re  ri^ul,  aiui  11  a  prismier  le 
turnetl,  the  inla-uv  wluehhe  bad  brinij^hi  on  Ins  courtrv 
was  expiaud.  iv  pullino  liim  nisiaiulv  lo  death  A*- 
the  milorlnnate  caplive  is  thus  nn  lUilcasl  Irom  Inn 
own  eounliv.  and  the  lies  vvliiih  bound  him  to  it  aru 
iiieparably  broken,  he  leela  less  reluclaiice  in  lornmij 
a  new  comiexioii  with  people,  who,  as  an  evident  e  of 
their  t'r.endiv  sentimeiils,  not  onlv  deliver  bim  Irom  a 
cruel  death,  but  olbr  lo  ^idiiiil  him  to  all  the  rif^hts  of  a 
fellow  ciii/.eii  The  perfect  Minilanty  of  manner^  amonff 
savage  nations  Ucililales  and  complcteA  the  union,  nnJ 
induces  a  captive  to  transfer  not  only  Ins  allejjiauce.  hnl 
Ills  alleelion  lo  the  eommuniiv  niio  the  bo>oui  ol  wliietl 
he  IS  received 

Itiit  though  w.ir  he  Ihe  eliiet  oceiipalioii  ol  men  ii* 
their  rude  »ldl-j,  and  lu  vxvv\  111  11  ilieir  hivlutat  d>^ 


onrlv  anit  cnltU 

111     111     Ins   T(U.»'tl 

liicli  pliilosophv 


noM):  tlir  Ainrri- 
ellcrl.*  V.wn 
ii>riltrl  iinluitirv 
lxis  florr  »»1  pro- 
i"iu>:nv  lit  sttlatr^ 
I  in  itii'ir  lunit- 
?»  a  ('tiinmnmlv, 
('.iMirrct.  to  r\- 
lu'i  tli.it  IS  una- 
:i'  in  v\oo(l-i  iinil 
siihsisii'iu-i'.  and 
l;uuim>i  tiirtr  rx- 
it.irv  »»|Mr.»l.on*. 

"I'MTM'   tllC    ll\(  !« 

Amhmum  m  Mo, II 
ol  mrn  ;iriioti^ 
)  till'  ili'LTti'  oi 
uuti  I'omliit.i'  in 
.>iniMtiniiit'>  iiro 
hr\('r.il  iirt'ioi'.s 

hrro  iirr  tniu's 
'\h\\  torro  \\lu'!i 
I  111  war,  ami  hv 
Uinrtum  Tlio 
ri'crncil       Ii»»- 

flmoMj:  p.n.im'* 

^jrc.UlT  |Klll  ol 

i!  to  llirtr  vni- 

lin-rs  l>r;.M:i  lo 
!uio|i[t-(l  (iiil.lt  r 
I*  ri'iionnrr  lor 
liimu  rs  ii.s  \\fll 
ftrr  iiilti|>ti'il  >o 
Ml    r\|>rtlitioii:* 

I  KiuMrn  lr:insi- 
l  pownliil  111- 

li'ciiml  str.injio 

'llllxM';  ol  Mll.llt 

toll  til  aiul  ilci  |i 
till  tiiorr  uii;ii'- 
I  nati.r.tllv  Irom 
on  .t»  AnuTu  .1. 
t'lii'iim!*.  no  rx- 
Trom  the  iiio- 

lUul  ins  till  UiU 

iinil  nwti  1!il>lr 
|iiiM\l  or  lu  liu 
mil  lioinr.  allrr 
rrUiioii!*  would 
\\v\  km-w  luai 
I  a  |iri>onfr  it- 

oti  his  I'oiirtrv 

lo  iiealii  A*; 
lrii>t    iroiii    lim 

liitn  to  It  aro 
nro  III  Itirmiii^ 
in  I'vuli'licr  01 
,rr  hini   from  « 

till'  ri);Iits  ofii 
n.inncr^  ainona 

ilir  union,  nnj 

allrj-ianrc.  l>iil 
OMim  ol  Which 


'.iii'tion  ftiiii  priili'  tlirir  Mifrnoritv  is  alwavs  tnanifr^'t 
ulirnllirv  rn^iam'  in  I'onipclilion  wilh  poli>licil  iialion.*. 
lV>Hlnir  ol  Ilial  lt>rr!»i)jln  wliirli  ili«.trrn>  a'ul  proxulrji 
"or  rrinotr  i»\i'nt?t.  stran;.MMH  to  llio  ninon  ami  iiuilu.il 
i'tnilitiiin'o  rc.piiMti'  in  lorimiiir  aiiv  I'xii  n>:M' plan  ol 
,iprr..tions.  am!  uirapaMo  ol'  llio  siilionimatioii  no  Irss 
n'oiii**''!'  i.t  iMrrviiifi  Hiii'li  plans  into  t'\r«'uiioii,  f*avajji' 
nanoii!»  nun  antoniNh  a  iliMiplnii'il  rniniv  1>\  tiinr  valor, 
oiil  M'Ulo  n  iiio\r  tormul.iMo  \o  luni  l»\  tlitir  routliuM  . 
ami  wlu'iK'xrr  tlio  roiitr>l  is  ol'  Ion;:  lonhniianoc.  iini^t 
\h\x\  to  Mipi'iior  arl  (7l<l  'I'lir  rnipiir*  ol  i'rrii  aiul 
McMi-o,  tlioiijjli  tlinr  proijrrss  in  i-hilization.  win  ii 
inraMirril  I'v  tlu'  Ilnropran  or  AMalu-  si-iniiart'!*,  wns  ni- 
roiisMit'raMr,  iiripmril  !«ui  ti  nn  asi  fiitlaiiox  ovrr  I  lie 
rmlr  Inl'i's  aronml  tlirni.  thai  thov  Mihirctnl  most  ol 
tlu-tn  v\iih  ^irai  (aoiliiY  lo  liii'ir  powrr,  Wlion  ihr 
pooplr  III  litiiopr  OMriaii  llio  \aiioii>  proviin'Or*  ol  Anir- 
ric.i.  llii!«  snpiTioiitv  «as  st;!l  nioir  i-on>puunu>.  Nci- 
ilicr  iluM'oiiraj^t',  nor  mnnlor  ol  thr  nalnrjt  I'oiiM  n  pi'l 
I  tiiiiulliil  til  mv.uirrf*.  'riir  alii'iiitum  aiui  niiiiiiv. prc- 
vali'ht  ainoMo  li.iittaiian-*.  prcMMiIril  iluMii  Irom  unilnii; 
111  aiiv  I  innmoii  m  ItiMiir  ol  ilcli  nt-<\  antl  wliili*  caih 
iribi' t'oiiiilil  Mparalilv.  all  \vi  rr  siiluliml 

Vi  riir  Hfts  ot  null'  n.iiit>ns  niiaripiainttMl  with  tlu> 
i-if  of  nii'laU.  liaiilU  mrrii  anv  allrnlion  on  l!u  ir  own^ 
hiTinint,  I'lit  ail'  woriln  ol  ^»>llll'  iioliro,  a;*  lai  n-*  \\\v\ 
ftTxi'  to  il  spl.u  itii'  i^t'iins  ami  niinm-rs  ol  man  in  iliio 
^ta^:^'ol  111?*  piojjrrss  Tiic  tirsi  »lisirr?»s  a  !»avai:o  inii>t 
(rt'l.  will  anso  Irom  tho  mannrr  ui  whirh  Ins  IumIv  ij* 
atlivtoi)  Iw  tliolii-at,  or  ri»t.i.  or  inoij^inri'  ol"  tlio  flnnato 
nnilcr  wliu  li  lir  Ii\<>.  aiui  liis  iir>t  rari-  will  Im-  Io  pro- 
vtilc  some  lOM'riii!,'  lor  Ins  own  ilrltni'i'  In  llu'  warnnr 
niul  iiiorr  inilil  rlnnatcs  of  Anirnra,  nonr  ol  tlic  rmio 
tnhi's  wi'rc  rlotlin)  To  most  ol  ilinn  nature  liail  not 
vvi'ii  sn)T>:r>lril  anv  ulca  ol"  inipropru  tv  in  Iwinjiallo^^i'- 
ll;rr  iinoovru-.l  A-*  iimli-r  a  nuld  t'lni.iti'  ilu  rr  was  l.tlN* 
niM'il  of  ai<\  ilchMUT  lioin  tin-  ni)iirn  s  «)l  tlu'  air,  ami 
tlu'ir  rxtii'nif  imlolcmt'  ^hnnm•^l  vwxy  sproirsol  lal>or 
to  wlurii  It  was  not  nr^nl  h\  ahsolnlo  ni'crsMtv,  all  itio 
iniial'ilnnls  *)t'  llir  islis.  ami  a  ronsult  ralilr  part  of  llu* 
pfopU'  on  (tir  coiitiiiitit.  rt'tiMim  il  mtliis  slate  iil  naknl 
Miiiplu-it\,  (hliiMs  urrc  saiNliiit  with  soinr  >li;:lil  co- 
vitmij:,  siuh  «s  ilivcnrv  rrtpiin-i!  Hut  tlunnih  naknl. 
tlirv  wi  ro  iioi  iiiiailornr»l  Thrv  itn'ssnl  ilirir  hair  m 
nvinv  ililfi  rnil  lorms  'I'liov  laslrnr»l  Inis  of  (.'olil.  or 
^ll^'lls.  or  >lininiii  sloiu')*.  in  tlnMr  cais.  tlu-ir  iio>rs  ami 
flifrks.  'I'lii'v  staiiu'ii  ilicir  skins  uiili  a  i^rrat  vanetv 
o\  ti<^iM't's  ;  and  llii'v  sprni  iinu'li  tiinr.  aiul  snhmittt'il 
to  cirat  pain,  in  onianirntiiifj  llirir  pi'isons  m  tin.*  fan- 
liiviif  nianiu'r.  \anitv,  Iiovm'mt,  wliir'i  lii.tls  rmllrss 
ori'iipalion  tor  niunnntv  aiul  in\i  mIumi  m  nations  wlu'ri' 
tlr<'>s  lia"  Ih'couii'  a  iMtni|>li'X  aiui  nitruMic  arl.  is 
rtiriiiiiM'iiiiril  witlun  so  narrow  honiuls,  ami  riuilinrtl 
to  so  irw  iirlulfs  ainoiiit  naknl  sava^r:-,  llial  ll  v  aro 
tiol  sali-llt-il  Willi  ttutsc  snn|ili'  lU'ooralions,  aii<l  have  a 
womhtfnl  jtiopmsilv  to  altrr  llir  natural  form  o!  thrir 
boilirs,  III  oi.lrr  til  niulrr  it  vii*  tlu-v  inia.:nir>  tnoro 
p(rliv(  aiul  l.iMUtitul  Tin-*  )>rar:u-t'  was  uni\ri?*al 
ainon^  till'  riulr>t  ol  llu'  Atniru'an  Irihrs  I'lieir  opr 
r.iiions  lor  tliat  pnipOM'  bi'^^m  as  soi^ii  as  nn  mlaiil  19 
I'orn  U\  i-innpiTssn^T  the  lioncs  of  llu'  ^knll.  wliilr 
sUll  soU  ainl  llrMlilo.  sonir  tlafeii  llii'  orowii  of  llu'ir 
lirails  ,  sonir  sipirf/r  lluni  iiiio  tlu*  shape  ot  a  rone  , 
olhiTs  inonM  llicin  as  iniuli  as  piisHililr  uito  a  s.|naii> 
liynro  ;  aiui  llirv  ollrn  oiuian;:i  r  llie  livrs  ol  tluir  pi' 
trrilv  liv  tin  ir  \u*lrnl  nml  nhsiiit!  I'llorls  in  ilrraii; 
plan  of  nalnrr.  or  to  iniprovr  up.m  lirr  itrs 
till  ihrir  atlriiipts  rulni  to  atloin  or  to  new  inoili'l  tluT 
porsoiK,  It  srrnis  to  lia\r  I'l  en  It  ss  i|u'  t>l»ieiM  til  tlie 
Aiiirrieans  lo  pli  asr.  orlo  appear  hi-aiitiliil,  tliaii  tot;l\e 
im  iiir  ol  ilti;nit\  ami  ti-rnu'  lo  tlieir  a^peel  'I'heir  nl- 
tentioii  to  iliess  liail  inoio  relnrner  lo  war  lian  tii  (,m1- 
lantrv.  Tlir  ilillrrenee  in  rank  ami  esinnalion  lulwteii 
tin*  two  sr\rs  wa:*  so  ^real,  us  sri  ;ns  tit  ha\e  i-Miti 
^nislicii,  in  soiiH'  inf-asiire.  llieir  soluMtmle  t<>  appear 
nni1iiall\  ainiaMo  i'hr  iiiaii  ileeinrt!  it  Iwni'alh  limi  lo 
ailinn  tiir*  pi  r>on.  lot  ilu'  sake  ot  one  oi.  whom  lie  was 
at-eusiouH  il  li>  look  ilow  n  as  a  slave  It  was  wlun  ilie 
w.nr.or  linl  m  xiew  lii  enter  the  eoinuil  ol  his  n.ihon. 
or  to  lake  'hr  lirM  aL'nuisl  its  eiiennes,  ihat  he  assiimeii 
hiH  eluMtr  .1  -  iinenls.  niul  ileekul  his  person  wiih  tlu' 
niee.'.i  c.'!!''.  The  ilretirations  of  (he  women  w*ie  lew 
■ml  »nn|  ir  ;  whatexrr  was  pireious  or  splnulul  waH 
rcRervcil  for  thr  nirti  In  several  Irihe*  the  women 
were  ol  !i^;rtl  li»  (tpeml  a  •'ini^uleiahle  pan  ol  thnr  time 
rvcrv  iin\  in  ailornm);  nml  painting  llietr  linshamU.  niul 
roiilil  hcsiow  hull'  nlirnnon  uptm  ornninetiiint.*  ttiem 
■rive"  Anion;:  a  laee  oi  men  s.>  h.uij^lnv  as  toilespise, 
or  fo  eohl  It-*  to  lu  i^leet  them,  the  w'timen  nalm.tllv  l>e- 
raiiie  eaieh*"  and  slo\iiiI\,  ami  the  love  ot  inuix  aiul 
(>llow,w!neh  hatl  heeii  ili  enu  il  llieir  lavonle  passion. 
Hus  eotil'mnl  elufllv   »o  l!io  other  m  s      'L'o  ihek   Ins 


W^v  ttlO 

Tint  III 


sorr  II  A  M  r  u  n*  a 

P'^rson  was  ihc  dislinctum  ol  a  warrior,  ns  well  as  onr 
of  his  niosl  serio'.irt  oeeiipalion^  ['il]  In  our  part  of 
llinr  liiess.  wliieh  at  firtl  sij^lit  appean*  ihf  most  sni 
i;idar  and  capru'ions.  tlio  Atnerieans  have  discovered 
I'lmsitlerahle  s.i<:aeitv  in  piovulitij;  a^amsl  tlio  elnef 
iiit'onvi'mrneirs  i>l  their  I'lnnalo.  whieli  is  often  miltrv 
anil  moist  lo  eieess  All  Ihe  ililVereiit  tnhes.  wlneh 
remain  nnelollied.  aro  ari'iislomed  tt<  anonit  and  rnh 
ihetr  hodios  with  tho  prrase  of  aminals,  vmUi  viscous 
);iiin».  aiul  with  oils  of  ditlerriil  kiinU  lU  tins  tliev 
elii't  k  that  piohiso  perspiralum,  whteh  in  tho  lornd 
/one  wastes  the  Mi^or  of  the  frame,  ami  iiinid^'es  the 
periml  o\  Iminanlife  lly  this,  loo,  iliey  prov  dr  a  do* 
liMue  njiamsl  the  extreme  inoistiito  d.iniij;  iho  ramv 
season  [  If*)  'I'lu'V  liki'vvist\  at  certain  seasons,  lem- 
pet  painl  ol  thlli  leiil  eolors  willi  ihtise  nm;iions  suh- 
sl.incei*.  nml  hetlanl*  themselves  plentilnllv  witli  that 
eotiiposituni  Sheathed  w  ith  tlii><  iinpi'iielrahle  varnish. 
liieir  sKins  aro  ntit  onlv  ptotretetl  from  tin-  peneiratinj: 
lieiit  of  Ihe  sun.  hilt  as  all  llie  minimerahle  ttihesol 
insivls  have  an  aniipathv  lo  the  sivell  or  lastc  id  thai 
rnulnri'.  tliev  arc  dehvirml  lr»im  their  teaMOjj  persecu- 
tion, vvhich  amidst  lorcsls  and  marshes,  rsprcially  in 
the  warmer  reijions,  wouhl  have  heeii  altojiether  mto- 
hrahle  ni  n  state  of  pi-rleel  iLikeilness, 

The  next  ol^eet  to  dri  ss  iliat  will  cn;:a}rc  tlir  ai 
tetilionof  a  savajje,  !•<  tti  prepare  «omc  hahilaiion  whieh 
mav  alloiil  lom  shelter  bv  ilay.  and  a  rclrcal  at  ni^ht. 
Whatever  is  ronncdcd  with  his  uicas  of  personal  difj- 
mlv.  wliatevtT  hears  anv  reference  tti  his  imlilarv  cha- 
racter, the  sava';:e  warritu-  deems  an  til'j-vl  o\  iniptul- 
aiu"(».  Whatever  relates  onlv  Iti  jUMi'cat>Ie  a;'.d  maetive 
hie.  he  vicvvj*  vvilh  mditlercnec  llciieo.  though  tiin- 
t'.dlv  ntlcntive  to  dress,  lie  .s  litlle  solicitous  ahoul  the 
i'le)!anec  or  di^'povitum  of  hi-*  hahilalion.  Savaije  na- 
lh>iis,  far  tiom  liial  slati*  o(  miprnvement,  in  wh.ii  ii  the  1 
niiidc  i>f  luin;;  is  coiistilcreil  as*  a  mark  of  disliiietion,  j 
and  nnactiuain'cd  with  those  wants,  wliieli  rcipnrc  a  j 
vaiieiv  of  aecoininodalion,  rc^jnlatc  the  ronslruclion  j 
of  their  houses  aceoixliUi:  to  their  lenited  ideas  ^^\  , 
iiecessilv  Some  ot  tlic  .\nieruan  Inhes  were  so  c\ 
treinelv  riule,  ami  had  advaueed  so  hiilc  hi'vond  the  | 
pnina'val  snnplicitv  of  nature,  that  thcv  had  no  houses  \ 
at  all  Piiinij,  the  dav.  thev  lake  siicltcr  from  111''  j 
storehmo  ravs  tif  Ihe  sun  under  thick  trees  ,  at  ni^ht 
lliev  form  a  s'lu'd  witli  their  luaiicheH  and  leaves  (  i'.tj 
In  the  ramv  season  Ihcv  retire  into  eaves,  Kirnied  h\ 
Ihi  hand  of  Nature,  or  iiolhwved  out  Iw  their  iiwn  in- 
tiiislrv  Olht  rs.  who  have  no  lived  aluule.  and  roam 
i!iroii;:h  the  hnest  m  onest  of  uamc,  Mtuoirn  in  lempo- 
raiv  huts,  vvhich  they  er.  cl  with  little  lalmr.  and  ahan- 
dtm  without  anv  coiieei  n  'The  mhahitants  of  those 
vasi  plains,  whirh  are  ,!r!"i:etl  hv  the  oM'rlhwvin^  ol 
river.s  during:  the  lieavv  rams  that  fall  peiiodically  he- 
iween  the  tiopies.  raise  luaisrs  upon  pih's  fasletu  ti  in 
the  j;roinid.  or  place  them  amon^;  the  hou^dis  of  trees, 
and  are  thus  safe  amuUi  that  wide  ixtended  muiula^ 
tu>n  whieli  surround*  ihem  Stuh  were  the  ttist 
essav.-*  of  the  rudest  Americans  towaids  piovuiinj; 
theniselvcjt  vvilh  hahilalions  Hut  even  ainon)X  Inhes 
wliieh  aro  more  improved,  and  whose  rcsitlcm-e  is  W- 
come  alt  ^etiur  livi'd,  the  stinctuie  of  their  lu>uses  is 
I'xtreinelv  mean  aiul  tniiiph'  Tiny  are  wreit-lud  huts, 
sttmetimes  t>l  an  ohhnifi  aiul  soinelimes  ol  a  cireular 
form,  mteiiiled  meiety  for  ^h^■ller,  with  no  view  tii 
eh'tiancc,  and  huh'  ntlcnlion  M  convenienry  The 
dotirs  are  so  low  that  it  is  tucessarv  to  hend  or  to 
creep  on  the  h.vtuls  and  li  el  in  order  tti  etilt  r  lliem. 
Tiu'v  are  wiihoul  vvimlows,  nml  have  a  hoj^e  hole  ui 
the  middle  oi  the  nuif.  to  convey  ont  tho  smoke  To 
Inilow  travellers  in  other  inimite  citcunwtanei'H  of  their 
dt  siTiptuMis.  IS  nol  onlv  henealh  Ihe  dij:ml\  ol  histoiv. 
hul  wonid  he  h>ii  i^n  u>  llu- ohje  t  ol  inv  reseai-Mies. 
()iii'  eirenmstanee  inerils  atlentuui,  as  it  is  sin^Milar, 
and  ilhi5tratts  the  ctiatacler  of  the  people  Some  of 
their  houses  are  so  lar(.;e  as  it>  contam  aecor.nnoilation 
for  liiuiseoio  or  a  liumlml  pel -ons.  Tin  si' are  hiult 
htr  Ihe  reeeptuui  ol  thlli  lenl  ..iniihes.  whuti  ilwell  to- 
^:elliir  umhr  the  same  uui',  (St^l  apil  oUen  around  a 
cmnmon  lirr.  without  separa.e  nparlmenis,  or  any  kind 
ol  serein  or  partttum  hilween  Ihe  hp.ices  whuh  thev 
respeetivt  Iv  oit'Upv  As  soiui  as  im  n  have  aetpuri  d 
disluit  I  idea^  of  proprrtv  ,  or  when  tluv  are  so  ninth 
atL.ehid  lo  iheir  femalt  s,  as  lo  wa'eh  them  wnli  care 
n  d  |ea!onsv  ,  lannlies  of  course  ilivule  am!  settle  in 
fiej>aii>li«  liousrs.  where  thev  cnn  ^rcure  and  ^uard 
whatever  thrv  wish  to  pre»er»e  Tins  sejiilar  mode  of 
liahitation  anum^  several  people  of  Annriea.  mav  tlu  rc- 
f.te  ho  eor.sidrritl  nol  onlv  ns  the  i  lit  el  ol  then  iin- 
pnliet  noltoiiH  lonnininti  ptoi>iilv.  hul  as  a  prool  ot 
in.illi  itlion.  iml  iiulilhnnee  towauU  iheir  women  If 
ihev  li.iil  nol  l"'cn  aei  Uhlomvd  to  pi  ili  cl  cpialitv.  t'Uch 


118 


an  nrranjietnent  ronid  not  have  taken  place,  Il  Ihoir 
seiisihihtv  had  lu'cn  njil  lo  have  taken  alarm,  lliry 
woiihl  nol  have  tinsli  il  the  v  irliie  o\  llu  ir  wtuneu 
aniiiisl  the  temptatums  and  opporlumties  of  si.eli  a  pm 
imse lions  mteretnirse  .\t  ijie  same  time,  llu  pi  rpi  iial 
concord,  whieli  rei^jtis  in  lialutalions  white  so  niunv 
I'amdies  arc  crowded  to|:t  iher.  is  snr|  rising,  and  alhml.'* 
.1  sinkiiiji  evideiu'c  that  ihcv  must  he  piople  of  cilhcr 
a  very  j^irntlo.  or  uf  a  vrrv  phh'iiinatie  temper,  who  m 
sm-h  A  siluation.  are  iiiiactpiamlcil  wtih  animosity, 
iirawlni';.  ami  disi-ttnl 

Alter  hiakm^'  some  provision  l't»r  hi-*  dress  and  hahi- 
tation.  A  savaj^e  will  j  eieeive  Ihe  mvissilv  ol  prepaiing 
pro|>er  atins  'viih  whuh  lo  assault  or  n  pel  an  i  neiny- 
riiis.  aectudinulv.  ln«  "arlv  oxetciit'd  ;tie  ini'i'iinilv 
ami  mveiitiiui  oi  all  rmlf  n.it*ni,t=  I'ne  tirsi  ollensivo 
weapons  vvrre  iIouImU  ss  stirh  as  eliantc  preseiitetl.  and 
the  liist  ellorts  M  art  o<  uhpnive  U|H>n  llu'se.  were  ex- 
tremelv  awkward  and  simple  Clnhs  niatle  of  somo 
hr-avv  wot>d.  slakes  liaidtMud  in  the  fire,  lanees  whoso 
heatiswere  arnietl  wiili  llinl  or  the  hones  t>l  some  am* 
mat.  are  weapons  known  lo  ine  niilesl  naium*  .\\. 
these,  hovvevrr.  arc  ol  uso  onlv  in  itose  cncounWr.  Hut 
men  VMvhnl  to  annov  their  enemies  while  at  n  distaneo, 
and  the  hiwv  aint  arrow  it  the  most  riiitv  invention  tot 
this  puipi>se  This  we.ipon  i-;  in  ilie  oaiuls  oi  peoplo 
whose  adva'it-es  m  Piipriivemrnt  are  rxtri-nn-lv  meon- 
stilernhle,  and  is  lainiliar  lo  liio  niliahilanlN  of  eveiv 
cpiarler  of  the  i;lohc.  It  m  reinarkahlr.  however,  that 
some  trihe-*  iii  .\ineru'a  were  sti  ihstitnle  oi  ml  and 
aiul  ineemii'.v.  ihat  llu  v  )ku1  not  nltainitl  lo  ihe  diseo- 
ven  ol  this  simple  i,uentitm.  aiul  seem  \o  have  heen 
nnacnuainled  with  ihi*  use  ol  anv  nussile  weaptui  Tlio 
slui);.  thoii^'h  111  Its  coustruetion  not  more  complex  than 
the  how.  .Hill  ainoti}:  many  nations  of  r>pial  nnlutintv, 
was  iillle  known  lo  ihi>  people  oi  Ntirtli  Aineiicu.  or 
the  isl.mds.  hul  appe.irs  lo  have  heen  nsetl  iw  a  lew 
irihcs  111  the  soutluin  contnunl  1*^1 )  'I'he  people,  in 
some  provinces  of  ("hill,  and  those  of  l\itaf:oiu.i.  to* 
wanls  the  southern  cxlrenniv  ot  Ametua.  use  a  wea- 
pon peeuhar  it>  iheinsi  Ues  They  lasteii  stones,  ahoul 
ilu'  sue  oi  a  list,  lo  eaeh  end  ol  a  leatlur  llum^  ol  e!);t\l 
t'eet  111  lenjjth.  and  invm^  these  round  ihoirheatls.  throw 
them  with  such  dcvlenlv.  that  they  seldom  miss  Uio 
oh)ivl  at  whuh  thev  aim 

Ainoii):  pooph'  whtt  had  hanlly  any  ocrnpnttonlnit  war 
or  hunim;;,  the  cliul  everiions  of  iheir  invention.  jMV] 
as  well  as  imliiitrv.  weie  natiirallv  directed  lowioi:- 
these  ohieels  \\  illi  respert  to  evci»  thniji  elsv.  their 
wants  and  desiref>  were  so  hmititl.  that  tinn  inveiUioi) 
was  not  upon  the  siretch.  As  their  tood  aiui  liahitn* 
lions  are  peifeellv  siinph'.  their  thunestie  ntensiU  anv 
tew  and  riule  Some  oi  the  southern  tiihcs  had  dis- 
eovi'red  the  arl  ol  hHimn^  vessels  ol  earlhein  ware,  and 
baknij;  llu m  in  the  sun.  so  as  thev  could  endiiic  tho 
tire,  In  North  Aineriea.  lliev  lii>lhnvrd  a  pieee  of  linrvl 
vvtuu!  Ill  the  lotm  ol  a  keilte.  aiul  liliinj»  it  vvilh  water, 
lirou^Jil  II  to  hod.  hy  imtiin^  reil-hot  stones  mio  it, 
|S;t]  These  vessels  ihev  iisid  m  prepaiin^  pari  of 
llieir  provisions  ;  niul  ihis  may  he  coiisulered  as  a  ulep 
towards  relineinent  and  Inxiiiv  ;  for  men  m  iheir  rmlest 
slate  were  not  ac.piainted  w  ith  anv  nu  Mt.-d  of  tin  ssing 
their  viclnals  hut  hv  roaslm^:  ihem  im  the  tire  .  and 
aiiuinfi  sevrral  liihes  in  .Xmeriea.  this  is  llie  onlv  opi'- 
euH  of  ctHikeiy  yet  known  \W:  the  masterpiece  of 
an.  nmou);  the  »ava;:es  of  Ainenra,  is  the  eotistnicdoii 
of  the  canoes  .\n  l!sipiiniauv.  shut  up  in  Ins  boat  of 
whalebone,  eovrred  with  the  skins  of  seals,  can  bravo 
thai  siormv  ot-i  an  on  whuh  ihe  barrenness  of  hisronn- 
Irv  compels  Imn  to  dioetid  lor  ihe  chief  part  of  bm 
(nihsislenee  'I'hr  people  ot  Canada  ventnri'  upon  their 
rivers  iiut  lakis  m  boats  made  o{  the  Imrk  of  Itees,  and 
sii  li^ht  thai  Iwti  men  can  t  anv  them,  wherever  shal- 
lows or  eataiaclH  ohstrut  l  the  nav  ij;,ituMi  (S  |  ]  In 
these  ftail  xe«^els  ihrv  ntidertnko  aiid  accomptiHli  Um^ 
vovap's.  The  inhabitants  of  the  isles  and  of  tho 
Mniilurn  eoniininl  lonn  Iheir  canoes  by  liolhuvuif;  iho 
tnink  %\i  a  lai^:e  tree,  with  mfmile  labor;  ami  iliOUj;h 
m  appearance  tluv  are  cxlreinrlv  awkwaid  ami  im- 
wiehlv.  they  paddle  and  tteer  tlinn  with  su*  h  ilevlerdy, 
thai  Knropeans,  well  ac<piainled  wiiii  all  ihe  iinpiove- 
menis  in  the  si  lenee  ol  navigation,  have  been  aslonished 
at  the  rapitlilv  ol  tlie-.r  motion,  nuil  the  <;ineke.ess  ol 
llu'i,"  evolutions  'I'heir  jmn^'urs.  or  war  boats,  aro 
so  larjje  as  to  carrv  tortv  ox  titty  nn  n  ;  theit  eaiior:*, 
rniplovpil  in  tislnn^  niul  in  short  vovaj^r-'tnr  less  capa* 
cuuis  The  torin  as  wi  II  as  materials  ot  Mil  tin  sr  v.»- 
rions  kinds  ol  vessels,  is  well  aiLipted  ioihe  service  tor 
which  thev  air  di.shned.  aiul  the  moi>'  iiiir  iih  Iv  they 
Hie  exaiiiiui  d.  the  nn  i  linnisni  ot  theo  s\  iielurr,  as  vvrU 
as  iieaiiusn  ol  llieir  labric,  will  npppnt  the  inoro  tn.Y 
priMii^ 


114 


ROBEKTSON'S  HISTORY 


tf 


11      ^'! 


r  ai 


But,  in  every  attempt  towards  industry  amony  tiic 
Americana,  one  striknit;  qii.ility  in  ihcir  clianictor  is 
conspicuous.  Tlu'V  sipply  lo  work  without  ardor,  carrv 
It  on  with  little  activity,  and,  like  children,  an;  easily 
diverted  from  it.  Kven  in  operations  wliich  seem  the 
most  interesting,  ond  where  tin?  most  powrrlul  motives 
urt;e  them  to  vifiorous  exertions,  lliey  labor  with  a  lan- 
pnid  listirssness.  Their  work  ndvaiices  uiuitT  ihrir 
hai:d  with  such  slowness,  lliat  nn  eye  witiuss  coin]>ari's 
it  10  the  imperceptible  proijress  of  vegetation.  They 
will  speed  so  many  years  in  forininj;  n  canoe,  that  it 
often  bej»in9  to  rot  with  aj;c  before  they  tinish  it.  They 
will  Butl'er  one  part  of  n  roof  to  decay  and  perish,  be- 
fore they  complete  the  other,  'i'he  sliuhlrst  niaiiua! 
operation  consumes  an  ainiizin<;  length  of  time,  and 
what  in  pohsh'M  nations  would  hardly  be  an  etVort  of 
industry,  is  umong  savages  an  arduoiia  nndertakiT1^^ 
This  slowness  of  the  Americans  in  e.xecutinj^  works  of 
every  kind  niav  be  imputed  to  various  causes.  Among 
savages,  who  do  not  depend  for  sulisistcnce  upon  the 
elibrts  of  regular  industry,  time  is  of  so  little  inipor- 
lancG  that  they  set  no  value  upon  it ;  and  |irovided 
they  can  finish  a  desijrn,  tlicy  never  regard  how  lon^ 
they  are  employed  about  it.  The  tools  which  lliey  em- 
ploy arc  so  awkward  and  defective  thai  every  work  in 
which  they  cn<jaiTe  must  necessarily  be  tediouj.  The 
hand  of  tho  most  itidnstrions  and  skilful  artist,  were  ii 
furnishi'd  with  no  better  instrument  thai. ..  stone  hatchet, 
a  shell,  or  the  bone  of  some  animal,  would  find  it  ditii- 
cult  to  perfect  the  most  ftiinplework.  It  is  by  length 
of  lat>or  that  he  must  endea\or  to  su{)plv  his  deft'el  of 
ptuver.  IJut  above  all,  the  cold  phlegmatic  temper  pe- 
culiar to  the  Americans,  renders  their  operations  laniiuid. 
It  is  almost  impossible  to  rouse  them  from  that  habitual 
indolence  to  which  ihey  are  siink  ;  and  unless  when 
cnjiaged  in  war  or  in  huntinij,  thcv  seem  incapable  of  ex- 
erting any  viijorous  ellori.  'I'heir  ardor  of  application 
IS  r.p'  so  ^eat  as  to  call  forili  lliat  inventive  spirit 
which  sugge>l..--  expedients  lor  faeihtatiiiLi  and  ahridg- 
inij  labor  They  will  return  to  a  task  dav  at'ier  dav, 
but  all  their  methods  of  e.Teciitini;  it  are  tedious  and 
operosc.  [85]  Kven  since  tlie  Kurnpeans  havecoinmn- 
nit'iiied  to  them  tlie  knowledge  of  ilieir  in8lrunieiit>,  aiuj 
taiiL'tit  them  to  imitat  '.heir  arts,  the  pe<:uliar  (fci'.iiis  uf  | 
the  AmiTieans  is  conspieuuus  in  every  attempt  they  i 
make.  They  mav  be  iiatient  and  nssiduons  m  labor. 
they  car*  copy  with  a  s.  rvile  and  minute  accuracv,  but 
liiscover  little  invention  and  no  talents  tor  ib  sputeli. 
Ln -ipiu  of  mstnictiou  and  example,  the  spirit  of  the 
race  pndominates ;  tlieir  motions  are  naturally  tardy, 
aiul  It  ,s  in  vam  to  urge  them  to  ijuicken  their  pace. 
Ainoni:  tlie  Spaniards  m  Amrriea,  fhr  imrk  of  an  In-  . 
dian  u- ■\  jihrasc  by  which  tliev  d(  scribe  any  thing,  in 
llic  exc'-ution  of  which  an  immense  time  has  been  em- 
ployed and  much  labor  wasted. 

\'II.   No  circumstance  respecting  rude   nations  has 
been  tho  object  of  greater  curiosity  than  their  religious 
tenets  and  riles  ;  and  none,  perhaps,  has  been  so  mi-  ■ 
perfectly  understood,  or  represented  with  so  bttle  fide-  ; 
lity.     I'riesls    and    missumaries  are  the   persons  who  | 
have    had  the   best    opportunities  of  carrying  on  this  ; 
Jiqnir)'  among  the   most  nreiviln.ed   of  tiie  American  [ 
Uibes.     Their    minds,  engrossed   by  the   doctrines  of 
their  own  religion,  and  habituated  to  lit.  institutions, 
are  aj)t  to  discover  something  which   resembles  those 
objects  of  tlieir  veneration,  m  tlie  opinions  and  rites  of. 
every  people.     \Vhatever  they  conleinplate  tbiy  view 
ihrouglione  medium,  and  draw  and  aceommoilalo  it  to 
llieir  own  system.     They  study  to  rectmcile  the  insti- 
tutions winch  fall  umler  tlu'ir  observation  to  their  own 
creed,  not  to  explain  them  accordiin,'  to  the  rtide  notions 
of  the  jieople  tlicinsel\t  s.     Thev  a>eribe  to  tliem  ideas 
whic'  ihey  are  incapable  of  formiiu:,  and  suppose  them 
lo  be  Hrquainted  witii  principles  and  tiicts.  which  it  i^  ' 
impossible  that  thev  sliouM  know.      Hence,  some  ini-*- 
li\(muries  have  been  mdurt  li  to  Ik  iieve.  that  evenamonir 
the  most  barbarous  natums  in  Ameiica,   thev  had  tbs- 
covereii  traces,  no  less  distinct  tiian  amazing,  of  tlieir 
aciiuamtance  wiih  the  sublime  invsteries  and  jiecubar 
instituiiiMis  of  Chrustianity.      From  their  own  inierprc- 
tation  ot  certain  expressions  and  cereuionies.  t'sey  iia\e 
conchuled  lliat  tliese  ,ieeple  had  some  knowledge  of  the 
doctrine  uf  the  Trinitv,  of  the  incar:;ation  uf  the  Sou  of 
(I'od.  of  hist  xputory  sacrifice,  ol  the  virtue  of  the  cniss. 
Ondofihe  etiicaey  of  tiie  Sacraments.     In  such  uumtrlh-  ; 
gent  and  cr«'iliiNiii«  guides  \\  e  can  place  little  confidence.  ; 

IJut  even  wiicii  we  make  our  choice  of  conductors  ' 
»Tith  the  gr<*atest  care,  we  must  not  follow  them  with 
implicit  faith.  An  niipiiry  into  the  reliL'ious  notions  of 
|-ude  nations  is  involvid  m  peculiar  uitriciUMfs,  and  we 
must  ol'lf  II  pause  111  ordei  to  st  parate  tlie  facts  which 
OUT  iiifnriners  relate  from  the  rtasonmi'i  with  which 


they  are  accompanied,  or  the  theories  which  they  build 
upon  them.  Several  pious  writers,  ninre  attentive  to 
the  inipo.-tnnee  of  the  .-object  than  the  condition  of  the 
people  whose  sentiments  thev  were  t;mleavoring  lo  dis- 
covti,  Iwivii  l)csto\\ed  much  unprofitable  labor  n»  re- 
searches of  this  nature  iHfiJ 

Tliere  are  two  fundamental  doctrines,  upon  which 
the  whole  sysit  in  of  ri  li;:ion,  as  far  aa  it  can  be 
discovered  Ity  the  li^hl  of  nature,  is  establislied.  Tho 
one  respiTts  the  lieing  of  a  (iod.  tiie  other  the  iiuinor- 
talily  of  the  soul.  To  diJ^cover  the  ideas  of  the  uncnl- 
tivaled  nations  iimler  our  review,  with  re^anl  lo  those 
important  jnuiits.  it  is  not  only  an  object  of  curiosity, 
but  may  atliirtl  iiistniclion.  To  these  two  artiehs  I 
sjialt  coiit'ine  my  re.vcairhe?,  leaving  siibordinate  opi- 
nions, and  the  detail  of  local  supiTstitions,  lo  more 
minute  impiirers.  W'lioever  has  had  any  opportm.itv 
of  exaimning  mlo  the  religious  opinions  of  persons  m 
the  inferior  ranks  of  life,  even  in  the  most  eiilijihtened 
and  civilized  nations,  will  tind  that  their  system  of  belief 
is  derived  from  insliuclion.  not  tliscovered  by  niipiiry. 
'I'liat  numerous  part  of  the  human  species,  whose  lot  is 
lalior,  whose  principal  and  almost  sob-  occupation  is  to 
secure  subsistence,  views  the  arrangement  and  ope- 
rations of  nature  with  little  retlection.  and  has  neiliier 
leisure,  nor  eap.icity  for  entering  into  that  path  of 
refined  and  inlricate  speculation  which  condnct.s  to  the 
kno\\ledi:e  of  tlie  principles  of  natural  religion.  In  tlie 
early  ami  most  rude  periods  of  savagt'  life,  such  dis- 
tpiisitions  are  altogether  unknown.  When  the  iiitel- 
b  dual  powers  are  jiist  beginiiiiig  to  unfold,  tmd  their 
tirst  feeble  exertions  are  directed  towards  a  few  objects 
of  prmary  neersstty  and  use;  wbi-n  tlifl  faculties  of  the 
mmd  are  bo  liiniled  a.s  not  to  li.ive  I'orincd  abstractor 
general  ideas;  when  language  is  so  bairen  as  lo  he 
destitute  of  names  lo  distinguish  any  ihiiii,'  that  is  not 
perceived  bv  some  of  the  senses  ;  it  is  preposUTOus  to 
e.xpect  that  man  .shouM  bo  capable  of  tracing  with  iic- 
ciiracy  the  relation  between  cause  and  ellect  ;  or  to 
suppose  that  he  should  rise  from  the  conlemplation  of 
the  one  to  llie  knowledge  of  the  other,  and  lorui  just 
concepliona  of  a  Deilv,  as  the  Crci'ior  and  <  Governor 
of  the  universe.  The  ulc.i  of  en  ;,lion  is  so  tanuhar. 
wherever  the  mind  is  eni.irg)  il  bv  science  and  illunii- 
nateii  with  revelalion,  lb, it  vm'  seldom  rellect  how  pro- 
found and  almtrusc  tins  ulea  is,  or  consider  what  pro- 
gress man  mu.-*t  have  made  m  obsiriation  and  re- 
search, before  he  could  arrive  at  any  Unowledi,'e  of  this 
ebmeiitary  priiiciph'  in  religion.  AecordiiiLzlv,  several 
tribes  have  been  disco\erid  m  America,  whuh  have  nj 
idea  whatever  of  a  .Supreme  liemi;,  and  no  riles  of  lu- 
ligious  WDFslnp.  Inaltentive  to  th.it  magnilicent  spec- 
tacle of  beauty  and  order  proenied  to  tiieir  view,  iin- 
accustoiued  t<«  retlect  either  upon  what  they  them- 
selves are,  or  to  inipnre  who  is  the  author  of  their  ex- 
istence, men.  m  their  savage  ^.tale.  pas*^  llieir  days  like 
the  anmiais  artiund  them,  without  knowledge  or  >ene- 
ration  of  any  superior  power  .Some  rude  iribcs  have 
not  in  their  language  anv  name  for  the  iJeitv,  n«<r  have 
the  most  Ui-curate  oh.-.ervers  been  al>le  to  ibsco^ir  any 
practice  or  insiiiutum  which  seemed  to  imply  that  they 
recoijni.ied  his  autiioriiy,  or  were  solicitous  lo  obtain 
his  lavor,  [87J  It  is  however  only  among  nii'ii  m  the 
most  uncultivated  state  of  nature,  and  while  their  intul* 
lectual  ficulties  art-  so  ft  t-ble  and  liinited  as  hardly  to 
elevate  them  aho\e  the  irrational  creation,  that  we  dis- 
cover this  total  in.«eiisibility  to  the  iinpressicns  of  any 
invisible  power. 

L*ut  tlie  human  mind,  formed  for  religion,  soon  opi-ns 
to  the  reception  of  ideas,  which  are  destined,  when 
correctid  and  refined,  to  be  the  great  source  of  conso- 
lation amidst  the  calamities  of  life.  Among  some  of 
the  American  tribes,  still  in  the  infancy  of  inijirove- 
meiit.  we  diM'crn  up)»rehensions  of  some  iiivisitde  and 
powerful  beiiii^s.  Tite,*e  apprehensions  are  imiiinally 
indistinct  and  perph  xed,  ;iiid  seem  lo  be  siiijgested 
rather  by  the  dread  ol  impending  evils  than  to  llow  from 
gralituile  for  blessings  received.  W'Inle  nature  holds 
on  h(  r  courr'e  with  uniform  and  undisturbed  renulariiy, 
men  eiijov  ihe  benefits  resultiiii;  from  it,  without  in- 
(luiring  concerning  its  cause.  Hut  every  deviation 
from  tins  regular  course  rouses  and  astonishes  them. 
When  t!iey  behold  events  lo  which  they  are  not  accus- 
tomed, thev  search  lor  the  rea-^tuis  ot  ihem  with  e.i'icr 
curiosity.  Their  uiid<T>laiidm^  is  unible  to  peinlratt! 
into  these  ;  but  iinai;tnat:ou,  a  more  tor.vard  and  ardent 
faculty  of  the  mind,  decides  wilhout  hesitation.  It 
ascribes  the  extratirdinary  occurrences  in  nature  to  the 
inlluence  of  mvi<^ible  beings,  and  supposes  thiit  tlie 
thunder,  the  buiricane,  and  ihe  cirllnpiake  are  elfects 
o\  their  inlerpo.'ilion.  Some  sucii  eoiifui;ed  notion  of 
tipiriUial  or  invisible  power,  supermlending  ovtr  those 


natural  calamities  which  frequently  desolate  tho  cartK 
and  terril'v  its  inhabitants,  mav  be  traced  among  many 
rude  nations  [SH]  lint  besides  this,  liie  disasters  and 
dangers  of  savage  life  are  so  iiumy,  and  men  often  find 
tliemselves  in  situations  so  formidable,  that  'he  mind, 
sensilde  of  its  own  weakness,  liai*  no  rcBoiiree  but  in 
the  guidance  and  protection  of  wisdom  and  jiowe.r 
superior  to  what  is  human.  Dejected  with  ealamiliey 
which  oppress  him,  and  exposed  to  dangers  winch  ho 
caniHit  repel,  ihe  savage  no  longer  relies  upon  himself; 
lie  feels  his  own  imjiotence,  and  sees  no  prospect  o\ 
being  extricated,  but  by  the  inlei]iosition  ot  some  un- 
seen arm.  Hence,  in  all  mienbi^htened  Lationn,  the 
tirst  rites  or  practices  whiehjiear  any  resemblance  (o  ixc.s 
i»f  11  ligion,  have  it  for  their  object  to  avert  evils  wliich 
men  suffer  or  dread.  'I'lie  Aftuiitnus  or  Okfns  of  lhi> 
North  .Vmericans  were  amulets  or  charms,  winch  they 
imagined  10  be  of  such  virtue  as  to  preserve  the  npr- 
soiis  who  reposed  confidence  in  them  from  any  di::au* 
Irons  event,  or  they  were  consider*  d  as  tutelary  spirits, 
whose  aid  thev  might  implore  in  circumstances  of  dis- 
tress, 'i'lie  i'ftnis  of  the  i.^lander .  were  reputed  hy 
tin  III  lo  be  the  authors  of  every  calamity  that  atllicts 
the  human  r-''^ ;  thev  were  represented  under  the  most 
lrii.'htful  fori.is,  and  religious  homage,  was  paid  lo  ihem 
with  no  other  view  than  to  appease  these  furious  deiliea. 
l!ven  among  those  tribes  whoso  religious  system  was 
more  enlarg<il,  and  who  had  formed  some  conce|ilion  of 
benevolent  beings,  which  deb^ihled  in  conferring  bene- 
tiis.  as  well  as  of  malicious  powt'rs  prone  to  intlict  evil ; 
superstition  still  appears  as  the  ollsprmg  of  fear,  and 
all  its  ellorts  were  enijdoyed  to  avert  calamities.  'J'hey 
were  jiersnaded  that  llieir  good  deities,  prompted  by 
ihe  boneficence  of  their  nature,  would  bestow  every 
blessing  m  their  power,  without  solicitation  or  aeknuw- 
ledgement  ;  and  their  only  anxiety  was  lo  soothe  and 
deprecate  ihewralb  of  ihe  powt-rs  whom  they  regarded 
as  the  enemies  of  mankind. 

Such  were  the  imperfi'ct  conceptions  of  the  greater 
part  t)f  the  Americans  with  respect  to  the  interpositnm 
of  invisible  agents,  and  such,  almost  universally,  waH 
the  mean  and  illiberal  object  of  iheir  supi  rKtiiions 
Were  we  to  trace  back  tlie  ideas  of  other  nations  to 
tint  riidt;  state  m  which  hislor\  lirst  presents  them  to  ojr 
view,  we  should  discover  a  surprising  resemblante  ir 
their  tenets  and  jiractices  ;  and  should  be  convinced, 
that  in  simil.ir  circumstances,  the  faculties  of  ihc  hu- 
man nuiid  hold  nearly  the  same  course  in  their  iirc- 
grciss,  and  arri\e  at  almost  Ihe  same  conclusions.  J'lio 
nnpressxns  of  fear  are  conspu-iioiis  in  all  the  syw- 
tems  of  superstition  formed  in  this  situation.  The 
most  exalted  notions  of  men  rise  no  higher  than  to  a 
perplexed  apprehension  of  certain  beings,  whose  power, 
ihouLdi  su|icrnatural,  is  limited  as  well  as  partial. 

Hut,  among  other  tribes,  which  have  been  longer 
united,  or  have  made  greatt  r  progress  in  improvement, 
we  discern  some  teebje  pointing  towards  more  just  and 
udeijuate  conceptions  of  tlie  power  that  |iresiiles  m 
nature.  Thev  seem  lo  perceive  that  there  must  bo 
some  nmversid  cause  to  whom  ah  things  are  indebted 
lor  llieir  being.  If  we  may  judge  by  some  of  their 
expression*^,  they  appear  to  acknowledge  a  divine  power 
lobe  the  maker  of  the  world,  and  the  disposer  of  all 
evenls.  'I'hey  denomtiiite  hiin  the  (iitat  Spint.  Uiil 
tinse  ideas  a'"-  fault  and  confused,  and  wlien  they  at- 
tempt to  expi.iin  tliein,  it  is  mamlesi  that  among  them 
tlie  word  .sj.iril  ba!<  a  meaning  very  dilli-rent  from  that 
in  which  we  emjpti' '  it,  and  thai  lliey  have  no  concep- 
tion ui  any  deity  but  wiiat  is  corporeal.  They  lieliivo 
their  god^'  to  be  of  the  human  form,  thoiigli  of  a  i)ati>r6 
more  excellent  tlian  man,  and  retail  such  wild  incol  o- 
rent  fables  concerning  their  functions  and  operations, 
us  aro  al'ogelher  unworthy  of  a  place  in  history  Kven 
among  these  tribes,  there  is  no  established  form  of 
public  wors'u|)  i  there  are  no  temples  erected  in  lionor 
oi  their  denies  ;  and  no  mnusiers  peculiarly  consecrj- 
teil  to  their  service.  'I'hey  have  the  knowledge,  how- 
ever, of  several  superstitions  ceremonies  and  |}ractici  n 
handed  down  to  them  bv  tradition,  and  to  <bt;.se  ihty 
liav(>  recourse  with  a  childish  creduhly,  when  ."ouse.! 
■  ■■  any  emergence  from  their  usual  insensibility,  and 
excited  to  acknowledge  the  iiovver,  and  to  implore  tho 
protection  of  superior  beings, 

'i'he  tribe  of  the  Natche?,,  and  tho  people  of  Gognta 
had  advanced  beyond  the  other  uncultivated  nations  o. 
America  in  their  ideas  of  religion,  as  well  as  in  their 
political  mslilulions  ;  and  it  is  no  less  dillicuit  to  e.-c- 
plaiti  the  cause  of  this  distinction  llian  of  that  winch 
\%e  have  already  considered.  'l"he  Sun  was  the  eliicl 
object  of  religions  worship  among  the  Natchez.  In 
iheir  leini>le,'*,  which  were  constructed  wuh  some  maj;- 
nilieence,  and  di  corated  with  various  uinjinciitii,  ql 


SOUTH    AMKHIUA. 


cording  lo  their  inmln  of  architrctiirc.  ihoy  prcsrrvcd 
A  perprnial  (ire.  as  the  |uirc;«l  cmMciii  ul  tiirir  (livinity 
MiiiisUTs  wen-  ajfpoinriHl  to  watch  ami  Icril  tins  itacnil 
ftaiiir.  Tlic  lirst  liiiHtioii  ul'  l!»;  [irrat  chtrl*  (if  thi^ 
ihitiun,  I  viTv  iMurniii^r,  was  an  act  ol  uticisiiricu  to  tlio 
tMDi  ;  utiil  fi'slivais  ri'tiiriit'd  at  slatrd  scmsodh,  which 
were  cchhratcil  hy  Ihr  whole  coimminily  wilh  soh'iiin 
htiL  uiiUlomly  nits,  'I'liis  is  ihr  iiio-it  rrfiucii  s|ircu'H 
I'f  MiijuTstitioii  known  in  AnnTita.  and  piThaps  one  of 
>.hr  most  natural  as  wril  as  niosl  ML'diii'ni^-  The  Snii 
\ti  thi!  appariMit  Bonrrti  of  tho  joy,  ftTlility,  and  hfc, 
ddr'jsei)  (hron<fh  natiirr  ;  and  whiit;  ihf  hiiuian  niiiid, 
111  ]ts  carhtT  e^iaayn  loward.i  ni<pnrv,  conlfrnpialcs  and 
Qdniiii;:t  his  univoryul  and  aninialnii;  cncr^w.  its  adnu- 
ralion  is  apt  to  stop  siiort  at  what  ih  viMtiio,  without 
rfMcluni*  to  tlir  un.stM'u  ransr  ;  and  pays  lliat  adoration 
tu  thi>  most  ^'lonoiiH  and  hiMicficidl  work  of  ( liul,  whicli 
is  diw  onlv  to  hint  wlio  fornii-d  il.  As  tin;  is  the  piirt'st 
and  most  arlivt^  of  llin  <'lcnuMits,  and  in  sonm  of  its 
ipiidilics  and  olliu-ts  ri'sumliU^s  the  .Sun,  it  was,  not 
impropi'riy,  chosen  to  he  the  cniiih-ni  oi  his  powerlul 
operation.  The  iineienl  I't  rsians,  a  peoph;  far  superior 
in  every  n^spi'et,  to  that  riidi'  trihe  whose  riles  [  am 
dusenhmi^,  founded  iheir  reh^ious  syste  ..  on  similar 
nrmciph-s,  and  cslahhshed  a  furm  of  pubhc  worship, 
less  ^ross  and  excijitionalde  than  that  of  any  peopk? 
destitute  of  ifiiKianee  Irom  revelation.  'I'his  Hurprisin!» 
I  oiiirideiue  m  seniiinenl  helweeii  two  nation;<,  in  sucli 
diliertiit  stales  of  iniproveinent,  is  one;  of  the  many 
ltm^ular  and  imaeeomilahle  ciroumstanct-s  which  occtir 
in  the  liislory  of  human  alfairs. 

Aiiioul;  the  people  of  IJoiroia,  tlie  Sun  and  Moon 
were,  hkewise,  llu;  ehief  ohji.-ets  of  veneration,  'i'tietr 
pvstem  of  rehiiion  was  muii:  reijelar  and  eomplete, 
though  less  pure,  than  that  of  ihe  .N.ilche/..  They  iiad 
temples,  altars,  priests,  sacntiees,  and  that  Ion;;  tram  of 
( ertMiionies,  whuli  superstition  introduces,  wlierever 
the  has  lullv  estalilislied  her  dominion  over  llie  imndA 
of  men.  lint  the  rites  of  tlieir  worship  are  cruel  and 
bloody.  They  otl'ered  human  victims  to  Ihrlr  deities, 
Qiid  many  of  tlieir  practices  te.Mrly  resem'ileil  tlio  har- 
harous  institutions  of  tin-  Mexicais,  ihenenms  of  which 
we  shall  have  an  opporlumty  of  considering  more  atlon- 
lively  m  its  proper  pliiee. 

With  respect  to  thir  otlier  yreat  doctrine  of  rrliiiion, 
concerninir  the  innuortahtv  of  the  soul,  the  sentiments 
of  the  AmcriiMns  win  more  united  :  tlie  human  miiid 
even  uheii  least  improved  and  iiivii;or.il<'il  hv  ('iilliire, 
fchrinks  from  the  thouL'his  of  aninliiliuon,  and  hioks  for- 
ward with  hope  and  expectation  to  a  state  of  future  ex- 
':tcnco.  'I'his  sentiment,  resulim;j  from  a  secret  coii- 
tciousiie.-is  of  Its  o.vn  diL,'tiitv,  lio.n  an  instmrtive  ion^r- 
in^  after  immorlaitlv,  is  universil.  and  may  hcdeenud 
;atiird.  I'pon  tin.*  are  founded  the  most  exalted 
hopes  of  man  m  Inslniihesl  state  of  improvement  ;  nor 
has  nature  withheld  from  him  ttiis  soothm'.r  eonsolation, 
ill  l!i(^  most  e.irly  aid  rude  period  of  his  prn;rre.>s.  W'c 
can  trace  tins  opinion  from  one  cxtrrmiiv  of  America 
to  llie  other,  in  some  reuions  more  famt  and  ohsciire, 
ill  others  mon-  perlei-llv  devi  lojieil.  Iml  nowhere  un- 
known. Tlie  most  imcivih/ed  of  it^  savaj^t- irihes  do 
not  apprehend  death  as  the  extmction  of  lieiiiLr.  All 
ciilertaiu  Iiojjcs  ot  a  future  and  more  h;ijipv  stati:,  wluue 
they  thail  he  for  ever  exempt  from  the  calamities  which 
imhilter  hiimati  life  m  its  [iresent  condition.  This  fu- 
ture slate  they  conceive  to  he  a  deli>:hlful  eonntry, 
blessed  with  perpetual  spring,  wi^ne  loiests  ul)ound 
Willi  ^'ame,  whose  rivi-rs  swarm  wilh  fish,  where  famine 
is  never  lell,  ai:d  uiiiuterrupted  plenty  shall  he  enjoyed 
Without  labor  or  tod.  Hut  as  men,  in  formirii:  iheir  tir>t 
imperfect  ideas  concertiiiii:  ihc  iiivi,<',l)le  world,  supjiose 
that  there  tliey  shall  eoiilinue  to  feel  tlie  s.imi-  desires, 
and  to  he  en^a^^ed  in  thi;  same  occupations,  as  m  the 
present  world  ;  they  naturally  ascrihe  emmeiire  aiul 
distinction,  in  thai  slate  to  the  same  tpialilies  and 
talents  which  an*  here  the  objects  of  their  esieeni.  'I'he 
Amoncaiis,  aceordniiilv  allotte<l  the  lii_'he-.i  place,  m 
their  country  o!  spirit.>.  to  the  .skilful  humrr,  to  the  .id- 
vrnturou.t  and  siieccs-fnl  warrior,  and  to  sm-li  as  had 
tortured  the  ^rreatest  number  olcaptiyes.  and  devoured 
tlieir  llesh.  These  notions  were  so  prevalent  that 
they  t»ave  rist*  in  a  imiversi.i  (MisIiiui,  which  is  al  once 
Ihe  8tront:ost  evidence  that  the  Americans  believe  in  a 
future  slate,  and  the  best  illustration  of  what  tiiey 
expect  there.  A*?  they  imi^ine.  th.il  (b'jiarted  spirits 
be;,'m  iheir  career  anew  m  the  world  whither  thi'V  are 
(ioiie,  liiai  their  friends  mav  not  enter  upon  it  delence- 
less  and  UM)irovided.  (hey  hurv  toiretlier  witii  the  bodies 
vi  the  de.ul,  thi'ir  bow.  Iheir  arrows,  and  otlier  weapons 
llAcd  m  liiintnm  or  war;  thev  dcnosit  m  their  louibs 
Ilia  ekmsor  slulls  of  whicii  tney  make  :_Mrments,  Indian 
comt  manioc,  Vinson,  domestic  uiciisds,  and  whuio^er 


■  is  reckoned    timon^    the    nocessaries   in   their   ftiinplo 
mode  of  life.      In  .some  provinces,  upon  the  decease  of 
il  ea/Kpie  or  chief,  a  rertam  niimher  of  his  wives,  of  his 
!  favorites,  and  of  his  slaves,  were  put  to  death  and  m- 
I  terred   lOL'clher  witli   linn,  th.it  he  im;_'ht   appear  with 
{  till!  .•^ame  di;;mtv,  m  his  future  station,  and  waited  upon 
j  by    the    same  iitteiidaiits.       This  persiiasum  i»  so  dei'p 
t  rooted   that    many  of  ihi!  deceased  person's    retainers 
()(br   themselves  as   voluntary  victims,  and  ccnirt  the 
priviiet:e  of  aecom|i.invintj  their  departed  mastei,  as  a 
1  liiifh  distinction.      Il  has  been  found  dillicull,  on  sonio 
!  (K'casions,  to  set  luninds  to  this  enlhn.siasm  of  itlection- 
nle  duty,  and  to   reduce  the  tram  of  a  favorite  lender 
to  such  n  number  as  the  tribecould  all'ord  to  spare.  [89] 
Amon^  the    Americans,  as  well  as  other  uncivilized 
nations,  many  of  the  rites  and  observances  which  hear 
some  resembliince   to   aiMs  ol    nhuum,  have  no  con- 
nection Willi  devotion,  hut  prt)eeed  from  a  fond  desire 
of  pryinir  into  fulnritv-      1  he  Imman  mind  is  mo.sl  apt 
to    feel    and   to    discover    this    vain    eurioaity,    when 
its  own  powers  are  most  feeble  and  umnlormed.     A»- 
tonislied  wilh  occnrreni:es  (»f  whicli  it  is  unable  to  com- 
prehend  the  caiisi.',    it   naturally    fancies   thai  there  i» 
soinethniij  niysU^rious  and  wonderhil  m   their   orijrin. 
Alarmed   at    events   of  which   it  cannot  discern    the 
issue  or  the   conseipiences,   it  li.is   rectturse  to  other 
nvans  of  diseovering  them  ilian    lie  e.xercisi!  of  Us  own 
Bafxacity.     Wlicnner  sup« mtithtn  is  so  established  as 
to  form  a  rej^ular  system,  this  desire  of  peiietratmLt  into 
the  secrets  of  futurity  is  connecied  with  it,      Divination 
becomes  a  reliifioiis  act.     I'riests,  as  the  ministers  cf 
heaven,  pretend  to  deliver  its  oracles  to  men.     'I'hey 
are  Ihe  onlv  soothsayers,  auijurs,  and  mai^icians,  who 
prof(?ss  llui  sacred  and  important  art  of  disclosing  what 
n  hidden  from  other  eyes. 

Hut,  amoi;;!  rude  nations,  who  pay  no  veneration  to 
any  supermtendmir  power,  and  who  have  no  established 
ides  or  ministers  of  religion,  their  curiosity  to  discover 
what  is  future  or  unknown,  is  clienshed  by  a  dill'crenl 
prmeii»le,  and  derives  strength  from  another  alliance 
As  the  diseases  of  men  m  tlie  savage  state,  are  (as  has 
been  alreat'"  otiservcd^  like  those  of  the  animal  crea- 
tion, few,  but  e.xiremely  violent,  tlieir  impatunce  un- 
der what  they  siill'er,  and  solicitude  for  the  recovery  of 
health,  soon  inspired  tiiem  with  extraordinary  reverence 
for  such  as  preleiidid  to  understand  the  nature  of  their 
maladies,  and  to  be  possessed  of  knowledge  sutlicient 
t(t  preserve  or  deliver  them  from  their  siulden  and  lat.d 
ellects.     Tliesi!    Ignorant   pretenders,    however,    were 
such    utter   slraiiL'ers   to  llie   structure  of  tju'  human 
fiame.  as  to  be  eipiallv  unacijuainied  with  the  causes 
of  Its  disorders,  and  the  maimer  in  which  they  will  Icr- 
miiiale.     Superstition,  mmnled    fieipimtly  with   some 
portion  of  crall.  supplied  wh.it  they  wanted  m  science. 
They  imputed  tlitt  origin  of  iliseases  to  supernatural 
iiitlueiicc,   and    ])rescribed  or   performed   a   variety  of 
mysterious  riles,  which  thev  gave  out  to  Ik;  of  such  edi- 
'  cacy  as  to  remove  tin;  most  dangerous  anil  inveleralc 
'  maladies.     The  credulity  and  love   of  the  marvellous. 
'  natural  to  nmnformed  men,  favored  the  deception,  and 
prepared   them   to  lie    the  dupes  of  thos*,'   impostors. 
.Vmong  f'avage.-',   their  first   physicians  are  a   kind  of 
[  conjurors  or  wizards,  who  boast  that  they  know  what  is 
I  past,  and  cm  lortell  what  is  to  come.     Incantations, 
j  sorcery,    and    mummeries    of  diverse    kinds,   no    less 
I  strange  than  frivolous,  are  the  means  which  they  empl(»y 
lo  expel  the  imaginary  causes  of  nialigiiity  ;  and  rely- 
I  mg  upon  tin;  ellicacy  of  these,  they  predict   w;th  con- 
tidence  what  will  be  the  fate  of  their  deluded  patients 
Thus  sn[ieisittioM,  in  its  earliest  form,  llowed  from  the 
solicitude  of  man  to  be  delivered  from  present  distress, 
not  from  Ins  dread   of  evils  awaiting  him  m   a   future 
life,  and  was  originally  'itgrafted  on  medicine,  not  on 
rehifum.     One  of  the  first  .iml   nu)st  intelligent  litsto- 
ri.ins  of  .\merM  a,  was  stnK^k  with  this  alliance  between 
llit^  art  of  divm.uion  and  ihat  oi  physic,  among  the  peo- 
,  llie  of  llispaniola.      Hut  this  was  not  peculiar  to  them. 
{  The  AI'Xis,    the    t'l-^'/ii.i,  the  Anlnumm,  or  whatever 
wa.s    the    distinguishing   I'auic    of  their   diviners    and 
cliarmers  in  other  pirls  o'   .\meriea,  were  all  the  physi- 
cians of  tlieir  respective  tribes,  m  the  same  manner  as 
I  the  liiihi/n.s  of  lli.-paniola.     As  their  function  led  them 
to  apply  to  the  human  mind  when  enfeebled  by  sick- 
ness, and  as  they  found  it,  in  that  season  of  dejection, 
prone  lo  be  alarmed  with  imagin.iry    fears,  or  amused 
1  With  vain  liopes,   they  easily  I'duccd  il  to  rely  with 
!  implicit  conlidenre  on  the   .irtue  of  their  ^pells,  and 
the  eeriainty  of  their  predxl  ons, 
i       \Vhenev<'r  .i.en  acknowiedL'e  the  reality  of  supprn'-i- 
tur.il  j>ower  niid  di^cerumrnt  ni  one  insMnci',  thev  lia\e 
a  piopens''y  to  admit  il  in  oihers.     'i'he  Americans  did 
not  long  suppose  the  edicacy  o(  eoiijuralton  lo  be  con- 


tI5 

fined  to  one  object.  They  had  recourse  to  it  in  every 
Hilualion  of  danger  or  distress.  When  Ihe  events  of 
war  wer(^  peculiarly  disastrous,  when  they  met  with 
unforeseen  disappointment  in  liunlmg,  when  inunda- 
tions or  droui.'hi  threatened  llieir  crops  with  destruc- 
tion, they  called  upon  their  ecmjurors  lo  begm  their 
incantations,  m  order  to  discover  the  causes  of  ibotic 
calamities,  or  lo  foretell  what  would  be  their  issue. 
'I'heir  confidence  in  this  delusive  art  gradually  increased, 
ami  rniinite.->ted  itself  in  all  the  occurrences  of  life. 
Wlicrii  involved  m  any  ditlicultv.  or  about  to  enter  upon 
any  transaction  of  inoiin-nt,  everv  nuhvidual  regularly 
consulted  the  'i(>rcerer,  and  depi>niled  upon  his  instruc- 
tions to  ezlricdle  him  from  the  former,  as  well  as  to 
direct  h'H  conouct  ir  the  latter.  Kven  aiiumg  tho 
rudest  tribes  in  Anier  ( a,  snpeifiU'ion  appears  in  this 
form,  and  divination  is  an  art  in  high  esteem.  Loni; 
beforn  man  had  acipnred  sueh  knowledge  of  a  deity  as 
inspires  rt^verenee,  and  leads  lo  adoration,  we  observo 
him  stretchmg  out  a  presumptuous  band  to  ilraw  aside 
that  veil  with  which  IVovtdenee  kiniUy  conceals  its 
purposes  from  hum. in  kiiowb<lg(>;  and  we  find  limi 
laboring  with  fruitless  inxiety  to  peiietrati;  inlo  the 
mysteries  of  the  divme  adimnis'raiion.  'I'o  discern 
and  lo  worship  a  superintending  power,  is  an  evidenct) 
of  the  enlargement  and  maturity  ol  the  human  under* 
ttanding  ;  a  vain  desin?  of  j)rymg  into  hiturity  is  tho 
error  of  its  infancy,  and  a  proof  of  its  weakness. 

I'Vom  this  weakness  proceeded  likewise  the  faith  of 
the  Americans  in  dreams,  their  observation  of  omeim. 
thoir  attenlion  to  tlu^  chir|iing  of  birds,  and  the  cries  of 
animals,  all  whieli  they  suppose  lo  be  indications  of  fn- 
turc!  events;  and  if  any  one  of  these  prognostics  is  deemed 
unfavorable,  they  insiantly  ali.indoii  the  piirsml  of  ihoso 
measures  on  which  they  an;  most  eagerly  bent, 

V'ill.  Itut  if  we  would  iorni  a  complete  idea  of  tho 
nnciillivaled  nations  of  Ameri<'a.  we  must  not  pass  un- 
oliserved  »onii'  singular  customs,  wlih-h.  ihougii  uni- 
versal and  characteristic,  ctiidd  not  Ik;  reduced,  with 
propriety,  lo  anv  of  the  articles  into  which  I  have  di- 
vided my  iinpiiry  concerning  their  manner.^. 

Amiiiix  savages,  in  every  part  of  the  globe,  the  lovo 
,  of  dam  ing  is  a  favorites  passion.  As,  during  a  great 
j  part  ()f  iheiMime,  they  laiigiii.sh  in  a  slate  of  inaclivity 
I  aiui  iiidoles.ce,  withoiil  any  occupation  to  rouse  or  in- 
terest them,  thev  delight  universally  in  a  pastime  wnich 
calls  forlli  llie  active  powers  of  their  natun;  mlo  cxer- 
eise.  The  .Spamards,  when  thev  first  visited  Amer'ca, 
were  astonished  at  the  fondness  of  the  natives  for  dan- 
cing, and  beheld  with  v\onder  a  people,  cold  and  iin- 
animated  in  most  of  their  otlier  pursuits,  kindle  into 
life,  and  exert  themselves  widi  ardor,  as  often  as  thiK 
favorite  amusement  recurred.  Among  tliem,  imb  ed, 
dancing  oui.dit  nol  to  lie  denominatf'd  an  amutseii  enl. 
It  is  a  serious  and  nnportant  occup-ition  which  mii  gles 
in  every  occurrence  of  public  or  priv,ite  life  II  any 
intercourse  be  necessary  between  two  ,Vmei:can  tubes, 
the  ambassadors  of  the  one  a|)[iroach  in  a  solemn  dt.nce, 
and  present  the  calumet  or  emblem  of  peace  ;  tho 
sachems  of  liie  other  receive  it  with  the  same  ceremony. 
If  war  IS  denounced  against  nn  enemy,  it  is  bv  a  d  mco 
expressive  of  the  resentment  which  they  feel,  an  1  of 
tlie  vengeance  winch  they  meditate.  If  the  wra  h  of 
their  gods  i.s  to  be  appeased,  or  their  benelleence  tJ  bo 
celebrated  ;  if  they  rejoice  at  the  birth  of  a  child,  or 
mourn  the  death  of  a  friend,  they  have  dances  uj  pro- 
priated  to  e.ich  of  these  situations,  and  suited  tu  the 
ddfercnt  sentiments  with  which  they  are  then  amiiK.led. 
If  a  person  is  indisposed,  a  d.ince  is  prescribed  aa  tho 
most  eti'ectiial  me.iiis  of  restoring  him  lo  heullh  ;  and 
if  he  himself  camiot  endure  the  fatigue  of  such  an  oier- 
cise.  the  phy-'ician  or  conjuror  p'riorms  it  m  his  name, 
as  if  the  virtue  of  his  aciiviiy  could  lie  transferred  ti  his 
[ialieiit. 

.Ml  their  dances  are  imitatioiiK  of  sc.ie  action  ;  and 
thouL'h  the  music  by  which  they  are  rrtMiIated  is  e.i- 
Iremely  simple,  and  tiresome  lo  the  ear  by  lis  dull  luo- 
iioiony,  some  of  their  dances  appear  woiiderfiillv  ,v\- 
prtssive  and  animated.  The  war  dance  is,  perli..ps, 
the  most  striking.  It  is  the  representation  of  a  ct  m- 
plete  American  campaign  The  dcjiarture  of  the  war- 
riors from  their  village,  iheir  march  into  the  enemy's 
<'Ountry,  the  caution  wi'ji  which  they  encamp,  llip  tul 
dress  with  which  they  slaiion  some  of  their  partv  in 
ambnsli.  the  manner  of  surprising  the  enemy,  the  nciso 
and  ferocity  of  the  combat,  the  scalping  of  those  wiio 
are  slain,  tne  seizing  of  prisoners,  the  lriump*^.M.i  it;i!rri 
of  tin?  conipierors,  and  the  torture  of  tht-  victims,  aro 
Hiiecessively  exhibited  'i  lie  |ierforiners  enter  with  such 
enthusiastic  ardor  into  their  '•everd  par'^  ;  their  ge;.- 
lures,  their  countenance,  their  voice,  are  so  wild  and 
so  well  adapted  to  their  various  situations,  liiat  Kuro- 


I 


! 


I    I 


i 


110 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


■  t1 


|ioans  can  hardly  believe  it  to  be  a  mimic  scene,  or 
view  it  without  emotions  of  fear  and  liorror. 

But  however  expressive  some  of  the  American 
dances  may  be,  there  is  omo  circumstance  in  them 
remarkable,  and  connected  with  the  character  of  the 
race.  The  songs,  the  dances,  tlie  amusements  of  otlier 
nations,  expressive  of  the  :sentinicnts  wliich  animate 
their  hearts,  are  often  adapted  to  display  or  excite  that 
BcnsibiUly  which  mutually  attaches  the  sexes.  Ainonj; 
some  people,  such  is  the  ardor  of  this  passion,  tliat  love 
is  almost  the  sole  object  of  festivity  and  joy  ;  and  as 
rude  nations  are  strangers  to  delicacy,  and  unaccus- 
tomed to  disguise  any  emotion  of  their  minds,  their 
dances  are  often  extremely  wanton  and  indecent. 
Such  is  the  Calemia,  of  which  the  natives  of  Africa 
are  so  passionately  fond  ;  and  such  the  foals  of  the 
dancing  sjirls  which  the  Asiatics  contemplate  with  so 
much  avidity  of  desire.  But  among  the  Americans, 
more  cold  and  indiflercnt  to  their  females,  from  causes 
which  I  have  already  explaiiicd,  the  passion  of  love 
mingles  but  little  with  their  festivals  and  pastimes. 
Their  songs  and  dances  are  mostly  solemn  and  mar- 
tial ;  they  aic  connected  with  some  of  the  serious  and 
important  aifairs  of  life  ;  and,  having  no  relation  to  love 
or  gallantry,  arc  seldom  common  to  the  two  sexes,  but 
executed  by  the  men  and  women  apart  fOOJ  If,  on 
some  occasions,  tlie  women  are  permitted  to  join  in  the 
festival,  the  character  of  the  entertainment  is  still  the 
same,  and  no  movement  or  gesture  is  expressive  of  at- 
tachment, or  encourages  familiarity. 

An  immoderate  love  of  play,  especially  at  games  of 
hazard,  which  seems  to  be  natural  to  all  people  unac- 
cu«5tomcd  to  the  occupations  of  regular  industry,  is 
likewise  universal  among  the  Americans.  The  same 
causes,  which  so  often  prompt  persons  in  civili/.cd  life, 
who  are  at  their  ease,  to  have  recourse  to  this  pastime, 
render  it  the  delight  of  the  savage.  The  former  are  in- 
dependent of  labor,  the  latter  do  not  feel  the  necessity 
of  it ;  and  as  both  arc  unemployed,  they  run  with  trans- 
port to  whatever  is  intcrestini;  enough  to  stir  and  to 
agitate  their  minds.  Hence  the  Americans,  who  at 
other  times  are  so  indiirerent,  so  phlegmatic,  so  silent, 
and  animated  with  so  few  desires,  as  soon  as  they  en- 
gage in  play  become  rapacious,  impatient,  noisy,  and 
almost  frantic  with  eagerness.  Their  fur.^,  their  do- 
mestic ntcnsils,  their  clothes,  their  arms,  are  slakt'd  at 
the  ganung  table,  and  when  all  is  lost,  high  an  their 
cense  of  iiidependenre  is,  in  a  wild  emotion  of  despair 
or  of  hope,  they  will  often  risk  thtir  personal  liberty 
upon  a  single  cast.  Among  several  tribes,  such  gaming 
parlies  frei]uently  recur,  and  heroine  their  most  ac- 
ceptable entertainment  at  every  great  festival.  Super- 
otition,  which  is  apt  to  take  hold  of  those  passions 
which  are  mo.st  vigorous,  frefpicntlv  lends  its  aid  to 
confirm  and  strc^ngthen  this  favorite  inclin.ition.  Tlieir 
conjurors  arc  accustomed  to  iirescribe  a  solemn  match 
ut  play  as  one  of  the  most  etlicacious  methods  of  ap- 
peasing tlieir  gods,  or  of  restoring  the  siek  to  liealth. 

From  causes  similiar  to  those  wliieh  render  tlicm 
fond  of  play,  the  Americans  are  extremely  addicted  to 
drunkenness,     it  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  first 
exertions  of  human  ingemiity  to  discover  some  conijio- 
sition  of  an   intoxicating  quality;  nnd  there  is  hardly 
any  nation  so  rude,  or  so  destitute  of  invention,  as  not 
to  have  succeeded  in  this  fatal  research-     Tlie  most 
Oarharous   of  the  American    Irihes  Imve  been  so  un- 
fortunate as  to  attain  this  art  ;   and  even   llionc  vvhicli 
are  so  deticient   in  knowledire,  as  to  lie  unacfpiamted 
with  the  method  cf  giving  an  inebriating  strength  to 
liquors  by   fermentation,  can  aceomplish  the  same  enil 
by  other  means.     The  people  of  the  islands  of  Nortli  J 
America,  and  of  (lalif'tnija,  used,  for  tliis  purpose,  the 
emoke  of  tobacco,  drawn  up  with  a  certain  instrument  ' 
into  the  noslnis.  the  fumes  of  which  ascending  to  the  i 
brain,  they  felt  all  Ilie  lunsports  and  phrensy  ol  mioxi-  j 
ration,  ['.tlj      In   nlmosi    eviTv  other  part  of  the  \ew 
M'urld,  the  natives  possessed  the  art  of  extracting  an  j 
intnxuating  jiqunr  from  m;ii/.e  or  the  manuic  root,  the! 
came  sub.siances  wliich  thcv  tonvert  into  bread.     The  ' 
opeintiiin  by  wliich  they  elfect  tins  nearlv  resembles  tlie 
common  one  of  brewinu,  btit  with  tins  ditierenee,  tliat, 
in  pliiee  of  yeast,   tliey  use  a  nauseous  infusion  of  a 
cerlam  quantity  of  maize  or  manioc  chewed  hy  tlieir 
women.     The   saliva  exnles  a  vigorous  fermeniatuui, 
und  in  a  few  d:iys  the  liquor  becomes  lit  for  driukmg. 
It  is  r.jt  disagree,dile  In  the  taste,  and.  when  swallowed 
in  large  quantities,  \*  of  an  intoxicating  quality.     This 
is  the  general  beverage  of  the  Americans,  whieh  they 
distinguish   by  various   names,  and  for  whieh  they  feel 
burh   a  violent   and   insatiable  desire  us  it  is  not  casv 
either  to  conceive  ur  dest  nhe.      Ainimg  puhMied  iia- 
tionj,  where   a  tuccestiion  of  variou.i    lunctioiiif  and  i 


amusements  keeps  the  mmd  in  continual  occupation,  ] 
tiic  dfsire  for  .strong  drink  is  regulated  in  a  great  mea-  ] 
sure  hy  the  eltrnate,  and  increases  or  diminishes  accord- 1 
ing  to  the  variations  of  its  temperature.  In  warm  re- 1 
gions,  the  delicate  and  sensible  frame  of  (he  inhabitants  ' 
does  not  re<iuire  the  stimulation  of  fermented  liquors.  ' 
In  colder  countries,  the  constitution  of  the  natives, 
more  robust  and  more  sluggish,  stands  in  need  of 
generous  licpiors  to  quicken  and  animate  it.  But 
among  savages,  the  desire  of  something  that  is  of  jiowcr 
to  intoxicate  is  in  every  situation  tlie  same.  All  the 
people  of  America,  if  we  except  some  small  tribes  near 
the  Straits  of  Magellan,  whether  natives  of  the  torrid 
zone,  or  inhabitants  of  its  more  temperate  regions,  or 
placed  by  a  harder  fate  in  the  severe  climate  towards 
Its  northern  or  soutliern  extremity,  apjjcar  to  be  equally 
under  the  dominion  of  this  appetite.  Such  a  similarity 
of  taste,  among  people  in  such  diirerent  situations, 
mu.st  bo  ascribed  to  the  intluence  of  some  moral  cause, 
and  cannot  be  considered  as  the  ellect  of  any  physical 
or  constitutional  want.  While  engaged  in  war  or  in 
the  chase,  the  savage  is  often  in  the  most  interesting 
situations,  and  all  the  powers  of  his  nature  arc  lOused 
to  the  most  vigorous  exertions.  But  those  animating 
scenes  are  succeeded  by  long  intervals  of  repose, 
during  which  the  warrior  meets  with  nothing  that  he 
deems  of  sullicient  dignity  or  importance  to  merit  his 
attention  He  languishes  and  mopes  ir  his  season  of 
indolence.  The  posture  of  bis  body  is  im  emblem  of 
the  sti'tn  of  his  mini.  In  one  climate,  cum, -ring  mer 
the  tire  in  his  cabin  ;  in  anoliier,  stretched  under  tlie 
sl'.ade  of  some  tree,  he  dozes  away  his  *'in(-  in  -^'eep, 
or  in  an  unthinking  joyless  inactivity  not  far  rciiicved 
from  it.  As  strong  liquors  awake  him  from  tins  torpid 
state,  give  a  brisker  motion  to  his  sjiirits,  and  enliven 
him  more  thoroughly  than  either  dancing  or  gaming, 
his  love  of  tliem  is  excessive.  A  savage,  when  not 
engaged  in  action,  is  a  pensive  nu'Liucholy  animal ; 
but  as  soon  as  he  tastes,  oi'  has  a  prospect  of  lasting, 
the  intoxicating  draught,  he  becomes  gay  and  frolic- 
some. Whatever  be  the  occasion  or  pretexts  on  which 
the  Americatis  assi'mhie,  the  meeting  always  termi- 
nates in  a  debauch.  Many  of  their  festivals  have  no 
oilier  object,  and  they  welcome  tlH>  return  of  them  with 
tran^ports  of  joy.  As  tliey  are  not  accustomed  to  re- 
strain any  appetite,  thev  set  no  bounds  to  this.  Tlie 
riot  often  conlmues  without  intermission  several  days  ; 
and  whatever  may  be  the  fatal  cli'ects  of  their  excess, 
tliey  never  cease  from  drinking  as  long  as  one  drop  of 
liquor  remains.  'J'he  persons  of  greatest  eminence,  tiie 
most  distinguij-hcd  warriors,  and  the  chiefs  most  re- 
nowned for  their  wisdom,  have  no  greater  command 
of  themselves  tlian  the  most  obscure  mcmlters  of  the 
community.  Their  eagerness  for  present  enjoyment 
renders  them  blind  to  its  fatal  consequences ;  and 
those  very  men,  wlio  in  other  situations  seem  to  pos- 
sess a  force  cf  mind  more  than  human,  are  in  this  in- 
stance inferior  to  children,  in  t'orsiglit  as  well  as  con- 
siileration,  and  mere  slaves  of  brutal  appetite.  When 
their  passions,  naturally  strong,  are  heightened  and  i-i- 
llamed  by  drink,  they  are  guilty  of  the  most  enormous 
outrages,  and  the  festivity  seldom  concludes  without 
deeds  of  violence  or  bloodshed. 

But,  amidst  this  wild  debauch,  there  is  one  circum- 
stance remarkable;  the  women,  m  niobt  of  the  Ame- 
rican trilies,  are  not  permitteci  to  partake  of  it.  [[i)i] 
Their  province  is  to  jirepare  the  hqour,  to  serve  it  ahont 
lo  the  guests,  and  to  lake  care  of  their  liusbands  and 
friends  when  their  reason  is  overpowered.  This  ex- 
clusion of  the  women  from  an  en|oyinent  so  highlv 
valued  i)v  savages,  m.iv  be  justly  considered  as  a  murk 
of  their  inferiority,  and  as  an  additional  evidence  of  that 
rontempl  witli  which  they  were  treateil  in  the  New 
World.  The  people  of  North  America,  when  first  dis- 
covered, were  not  aeijuainled  with  any  iiiloxUMtiiig 
drink  ;  but  as  the  Kuropeans  early  found  it  iheir  in- 
terest to  suppiv  tliem  with  .'Spirituous  lniuors,  drunken- 
ness soon  hecanie  as  universal  among  them  as  nmoiig 
their  coun'ryuien  to  the  south  ;  and  their  women,  hav- 
Mii;  acquired  this  new  lasie,  indulge  il  with  as  little 
deeeiiey  and  moderation  as  tlie  men. 

It  were  endless  to  entimer.Ue  all  the  detached  cus- 
toms whieii  have  exnted  the  wonder  of  travellers  in 
.\merica  ;  hut  I  cannot  omit  one  seemingly  as  siii>.Milar 
as  anv  ilial  hiis  been  mentioned.  M'hen  their  parents 
and  other  relations  become  ohi.  or  labor  under  anv  dis- 
tenq)er  which  their  si* .  der  knowledge  of  the  heidnig 
art  cannot  remove,  the  .\mericans  cut  short  their  days 
with  a  violent  hand,  m  order  to  be  relieved  from  the 
burden  of  supporlnm  and  ten.iinL;  them  This  prai'tsei' 
prev.ided  aiiumg  thtr  rtidcr  tniies  in  t  vi  ry  part  ot'  the 
continent,  from  Hudson's  Bay  lo  the  river  He  la  I'lala; 


and  however  shocking  it  may  he  to  those  sentimentd  ri 
tenderness  and  attachment,  wliich,  in  civilized  life,  \to 
arc  ajit  to  consider  as  congenial  with  our  frame,  tho 
condtlion  of  man  in  the  savage  state  leads  and  recon- 
ciles him  to  it  The  same  hardships  and  ditHcoltv  o* 
procuring  subsistence,  which  deter  savage^  in  some 
cases,  from  rearing  their  children,  prompt  them  ;o  do- 
stroy  the  aged  and  infirm.  'I'hc  declining  state  of  tho 
one  is  as  helpless  as  the  infancy  of  the  other.  Tho 
former  are  no  less  unable  than  the  latter  to  perform  tho 
functions  that  helong  to  a  warrior  or  hunter,  or  to  en- 
dure tho.so  various  distresses  in  which  savages  are  bo 
often  involved  by  tlieir  own  want  of  foresight  and  in- 
dustry. Their  relations  f',tl  this  ;  and,  incapable  of  at- 
tending to  the  wants  or  weaknesses  of  others,  their  im- 
patience under  an  additional  burden  prompts  them  to 
extinguish  that  life  which  they  find  it  ditricult  to  sus- 
tain. 'I'his  is  not  regarded  as  a  deed  of  cruelty,  but  as 
an  act  of  mercy.  An  American,  broken  with  years  and 
infirmities,  conscious  that  he  can  no  longer  depend  on 
the  aid  of  those  around  him,  places  himself  contentedly 
in  his  grave  ;  and  it  is  by  the  hands  of  his  chddrcn  or 
nearest  relations  that  the  thong  is  pulled,  or  the  blow 
intlictcd,  which  releases  him  for  ever  from  tho  sorrows 
of  life. 

IX.  After  contemplating  tho  rude  American  tribes 
in  such  various  lights  ;  after  taking  a  view  of  their  cus- 
toms and  manners  from  so  many  diU'erent  stations, 
nothing  remains  but  to  form  a  general  estimate  of  their 
character  compar.'d  with  tliat  of  more  polished  nations. 
A  humiui  being,  as  he  comes  originally  from  the  hand 
of  nature,  is  every  where  the  same.  At  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  the  state  of  infancy,  whether  it  be  among  the 
rudest  ^avage3  or  in  the  most  civilized  nation,  we  can 
discern  no  quality  winch  marks  any  distinction  or  su- 
periority. The  capacity  of  improvement  seems  lo  ho 
the  some;  and  the  talents  he  may  afterwards  acijuirc, 
as  well  as  the  virtues  he  may  be  rendered  capable  of 
exercising,  depend,  in  a  great  measure,  upon  the  atalo 
of  society  in  whicti  he  is  placed.  To  this  state  im 
mind  naturally  accommodates  itself,  and  from  it  receive* 
di.scipline  and  cultvire.  In  proportion  to  the  wantb 
wiiicli  it  accustoms  a  Iniman  being  'o  feel,  and  the 
functions  in  which  these  engage  him,  his  inlelleciuv' 
powers  are  called  forth.  According  lo  the  connexioi.s 
which  it  fcsiublishes  between  hiin  and  ihe  rest  of  hi? 
species,  the  afl'eclions  of  his  heart  are  exerted.  It  u 
only  by  attending  to  this  great  prineiple  that  we  can 
discover  what  is  tfie  character  of  man  m  every  djtrereni 
[leriod  of  his  progress. 

If  we  apply  it  to  savage  life,  and  measure  the  attain- 
ments of  the  human  mind  in  that  state  by  this  standard, 
we  sliall  find,  according  to  an  ohservation  whicfi  I  hav? 
already  made,  that  the  mlellectual  powers  ut'  man  must 
be  extremely  limited  in  their  Ofierations.  They  arc 
confined  wuhm  tlie  narrow  -sphere  of  what  he  deems 
necessary  for  supplying  Ins  own  wants.  Whatever  baa 
nut  some  relation  to  these  neitlu>r  attraels  Ins  attention, 
nor  IS  tlie  object  of  his  inquiries.  But  however  narrow 
the  bounds  may  he  within  which  the  knowledim  of  a 
savage  is  circumscribed,  he  possesses  thoroughly  that 
small  portion  which  he  has  attained.  It  was  not  com- 
municated to  liim  bv  I'ormal  instruction  ;  he  does  not 
atteiid  to  it  as  a  matter  of  mere  s])eeutalion  and  curi- 
osity ;  it  is  the  result  of  his  own  observation,  the  fruit 
of  his  own  experience,  and  accommodated  to  his  con- 
dition and  exigencies.  While  employed  m  the  active 
occupations  of  war  or  of  hunting,  he  often  finds  himself 
in  dillicult  and  perilous  situations,  from  which  tho 
efforts  of  his  own  sagacity  must  extricate  hiin.  He  is 
frequently  engaged  m  measures,  where  every  step  de- 
pends upon  his  own  ability  to  decide,  where  he  must 
rely  solely  iqion  Ihis  own  penetration  lo  discern  tho 
d  ingers  lo  which  he  is  exposed,  and  upon  his  own  wis- 
dom  in   |)iovuling  airainst   llu'in.     In  conseipience  of 


efi'orts  which  he  makes,  ami  either  in  deliberation  oi 


tins,  he   feels  the   knowledge  which  ho  possesses,  and 

is  which  he  makes,  ami 
action  rests  on  himself  alone. 

As  tlie  talents  of  individuals  are  exercised  and  im- 
proved by  such  exertions,  much  political  wisdom  is  said 
to  be  displayed  in  conducting  the  atl'airs  of  their  small 
communities.  The  council  of  old  men  In  an  American 
tribe,  delilierating  upon  its  interests,  and  determmmg 
with  respect  to  peace  or  war,  has  been  compared  to  tho 
eicnale  in  more  polislied  re|iiiblics.  The  jjroceedinua 
of  the  former,  we  are  told,  arc  often  no  less  formal  and 
tjagacioiiM  than  those  of  (ho  latter,  (treat  political 
wisdom  IS  exhibited  in  pondering  the  various  measures 
pri>posed,  and  in  balancing  their  probable  advantaged 
against  the  evils  of  which  they  may  he  productive. 
.Murii  uddrets  und  elo  pience  are  employed  by  the 
leaders,  who  ai^pire  at   acquiring  cuch  cunhdvnco  with 


SOUTH    AMKRIC  A. 


117 


thtir  countrymrn,  tis  lo  have  an  ascendant  in  thoKC  ns- 
6eml)iit's.  but,  ainorij^  savajje  tribes,  the  Held  for  ihs- 
plKVinii  political  taleiUn  cannot  he  extensive.  Where 
ihe  idea  ot  private  property  is  incompleie,  and  no  cri- 
minal jurisdiction  is  eslahlished,  there  is  lurdly  any 
(unction  of  inlernal  t,Hiverrincut  to  exi  rcise.  Where 
llu-re  IS  no  eointnerce,  and  scarcely  any  intercourse 
anion*,' separate  Irihei ;  where  enmity  is  implacable, 
and  hostilnifs  are  carried  on  almost  without  intermis- 
bion  ;  there  will  he  few  points  of  pnhlir  concern  lo 
adjust  with  their  nci^diburs  ;  antt  liiat  deparlment  of 
lh(  ir  allairs  wbuli  may  b(-  deiioinniatcd  bireiiiii,  cannot 
lie  so  inlncati'  as  to  reipiire  mucli  reliiied  policy  in  con- 
ductmtz  it.  Where  individuals  are  so  thoughtless  and 
imjirovidcnt  as  sehloin  to  take  etlectual  precautions  for 
eelf-prcservalion.  it  is  vain  to  expect  that  pul)lic.  mea- 
sures and  deliberations  will  be  retzuliitcd  by  the  e(Mi- 
teinplatiou  of  reniolc  events.  It  is  tlie  yemus  of  sa- 
vages to  act  from  llic  impulse  of  present  passion.  They 
liave  iicitber  foref*it:ht  nor  temper  to  form  complicated 
arran;;ements  with  reaped  to  their  future  conduct.  Tin 
consultations  of  the  Americans,  indeed,  are  so  freipieiit, 
and  their  iie^fotialions  are  so  many.  [IKtj  and  so  Ion;; 
protracted,  as  to  l^vo  their  proceeding's  an  e.\triiordi- 
iiary  aspect  of  wisdom  Hut  this  is  not  owiiii^'so  imieii 
to  the  depth  of  tlieir  schemes,  as  to  the  iH^ldness  and 
pbIe«,Mii  of  tlieir  temper,  wbicb  render  them  slow  in  de- 
tcrminnm.  If  we  except  the  celt-biuted  leanne,  that 
united  the  I'lve  Nations  in  ('auada.  into  a  lederal  re- 
pultlie,  which  ^ll;dl  be  considered  in  its  proper  place, 
we  can  discern  lew  sucli  traces  of  political  wisdom, 
amonjr  the  rnde  American  tribes,  as  discover  any  yreat 
deijree  of  fonsi^^bt  or  extent  of  intellectual  abilities. 
Kven  amoiiLi  them,  we  shitll  find  puldic  measures  more 
frc.pieiitlv  directed  by  the  inipeivious  ferocity  of  their 
youth,  than  regulated  by  tlw  experience  and  wiadom  of 
their  old  men. 

As  the  condition  of  man  in  the  savafje  state  is  unfa- 
vorable to  the  proj^ress  of  the  understuiidiuj,',  it  has  a 
tendency  likewise,  in  some  respect-f,  to  cheek  the  ex- 
ercise of  alfeetion.  and  to  render  tli  ■  heart  contracted. 
The  stroniirsi  fcelinir  in  tlie  mmd  of  a  iJavaue  is  a  sense 
r;f  bis  own  indcpendi'iice.  He  has  sacrificed  so  small  a  ' 
(orliou  of  his  natural  liberty  by  bei'omm;^  a  member  ofi 
iocicty,  that  he  remains,  in  a  ^real  dei^ree,  the  sole 
,iia«terof  his  own  actions,  lie  often  lakes  bis  resolu- 
hoiiH  alone,  williout  consultirii;  or  feeling'  any  cJiinec- 
tion  with  tlie  persons  around  him.  in  many  of  his 
operulioiis  he  stands  as  much  detached  from  tlie  rest 
.it  bis  species  as  if  be  lud  formed  no  union  with  ibem. 
Conscious  liow  little  he  depends  upon  other  men,  he  is 
apt  to  view  them  with  a  careless  inditlerence.  Kven 
iJio  force  of  his  mind  eontnluites  to  increase  this  uncoii- 
cein  ;  and  as  he  looks  not  lieyond  himself  in  deliberat- 
inu'wilh  respect  to  the  part  wbicli  be  should  act.  bis 
colieitude  about  tiie  eonseipiences  of  it  seldom  extends 
further.  He  pursiH^sbis  own  career,  and  indulges  las 
own  fancy,  without  iiKpiiriim  or  reiiardinuf  wiiether  what 
hf  does  lieaureeable  or  olVcnsive  tn  others,  whether' 
they  inav  derive  benetit  or  recene  iiurt  from  it.  Hence  ■ 
the  nnj^overnable  caprice  of  savat^es,  tlieir  imjiatunce  I 
under  any  specie.-*  of  restraint,  their  inability  to  sup- 
press or  moderate  aiiv  inclination,  tlie  scorii  or  neglect  i 
with  whirli  they  receive  advice,  their  hi'^di  estimation  of 
themselves,  and  their  coiitrmpt  of  oilier  men.  Aiiioul' 
them,  the  pride  of  mdepi-ndeiice  produee.s  almost  the 
tamo  eli'eets  with  inleresleilness  in  a  more  advaiieed  '. 
r  la'o  of  societv ;  it  refers  everv  tlunu;  \o  a  man  himself, 
it  leads  him  lo  he  indinereiit  aluint  the  manner  in  wh;e^i 
his  actions  mav  atVect  other  men,  and  reiuhrs  the  uta- \ 
tilirjitioM  of  his  own  wishes  the  measure  and  end  of  j 
conduct.  i 

To  the  same  nu^e  mav  bo  imputed  the  hardness  of 
heart  and  nisensibiblv  reucirkahle  in  all  savaj^'e  nations. 
Their  minds,  roused  onlv  bv  stronj;  emotions,  are  little 
susceptible  of  gentle,  delicate,  or  tender  atVections. 
Their  union  is  s(»  meomplete  that  eai  b  individual  acts 
u.i  if  he  retained  all  bis  natural  ri'jhts  entire  and  umii- 
niiiii-he.l.  If  a  favor  is  conferred  upon  bim,  or  any 
lienelicial  service  is  performed  on  bis  account,  lie  re- 
ceives it  wiib  miieli  satisfaction,  because  it  eontributeg 
to  his  enjoyment  ;  but  tins  Bentimnnt  extends  not  be 
yond  himself,  it  excites  no  sense  of  obli^'aiion.  he  nei- 
tlicr  feels  ifratiiude,  nor  thinks  of  making  any  return. ['J  II 
Even  amonij  persons  the  most  closely  connected,  the 
rxchanire  of  those  jjood  otlices  which  strengtboii  atl.icb- 
tncnt,  mollify  the  heart,  and  sweeten  tlie  intercourse  o( 
lif«.  IS  not  Ire.pienl,  The  high  ideas  of  independence 
p.mong  the  Americans  nourish  a  sullen  reserve,  winch 
herps  them  at  a  distance  from  each  other.  'I'he  nearest 
relatKuis  are  muluatlv  afraid  to  make  any  demand,  or  to 
Rohcii  uij  r"rvic4t,  lest  U  Fthould  bo  coiimdend  by  ihu 


j  other  an  imposing  a  burden,  or  biymg  a  restraint  upon    arc  engaged.     With  them  war  is  a  system  of  craft,  in 

I  bis  will.  .  wiiieb  they  trust  for  success  to  stratagem  more  than  to 

I  have  already  remarked   the  inlbience  of  this  hard  !o).en  force,  and  hove  their  invention  continually  on  the 

unfeeling  temper  upon    .lomestic  \iv,  with  respect  to  j    trelch  to  circumvent  and  surprise  their  enemies.     As 

the  connection  bet\\een  husband  and  wife,  as  well  as  i  hunters,  it  is  ibeir  constant  object  to  cnaiiaro  in  order 

I  that  between  parents  and  eliildrei  .      Its  ellecls  are  no    that  llicy  may  dcs'.nn.     Accordingly,   art  and  cunning 

j  less  conspicuous,  in  the  performance  of  lho>e  mutual    have  been  universally  observed  us  distinguishing  eha- 

j  ollices  of  tenderness  whieii  the  intirmities  of  our  nature    racteristicH   of  all   savages.     'J'he  people  of  tlie  rndo 

{frequently  exact.     Among  some  tribes,  when  any  of  i  tribes  of  America  are  remarkable  for  Ibeir  artifice  and 

I  their  number  are  seizid  with  any  vio'eiil  disease,  they  [  duplicity.     Impenetrably  secret  in  forming  their  mea- 

'  fire  generally  abandoned  by  all  aroniid  .liem,  who.  care-  ■  siires,  tliey  imrsue  them  with  a  patient  iindeviating  at- 

less  of  tlieir  recovery.  Ily  in  the   utmost  consternatioii    lention,  and    there  is   no  relinement  of  dissimulation 

from  the  supposed  danger  of  infection.    Hut  even  where    whieli  they  cannot  employ,  in  order  to  ensure  success. 

ihey  ar(t  not  thus  deserted,  the  cold  inditlerence  with    The  natives  of  i*ern  were  engaged  above  thirty  years  in 

which  they  are  attended  can  atlord  them  little  consola-  i  concerting  the  plan  of  that  insurrection  which  took  pluco 

tion.     No  look  of  sympathy,  no  sooibing  expressions,  [  under  tlie  vice-royalty  of  the  Manpiis  do  V'llln  tJarcia  ; 

no  otHcions  services,  contribute  to  alleviate  the  distre-^s    and  though  it  was  eommunieaied  to  a  great  number  of 

of  the  sulhrers,  or  to  make  ihem  for;iet  what  they  en-    i)ersons,  n.  all  dillereiit  ranks,  no  indication  of  it  ever 

dure.     Their  nearest  relations  will  often  refuse  to  Mib-    transpired  during  thai  loiii,'  period  ;  no  man  betrayed  liis 

lint  to  the  smallest  inconvemency.  or  to  jmrt  with  liie    trust,  or,  by  an  unguarded  look,  or  rash  word,  gave  riso 

least  tritle,  however  much  it  may  tend  to  their  accom-  <  to  any  suspicion  of  what  wan  intended.     The  dissiniu- 

modation  or  r(  lief.     So  Iitlle  is  the  breast  of  a  sav.i^e    lation  and  craft  of  individuals  is  no  less  remarkable  than 

suseeptible  of  tliosc  seiitimenls  which  prompt  men  to    lint  of  nations.      When  set  upon  deceiving,  they  WTap 

that  fedinu:  attention  which  mitigates  the  calamities  of   themselves  up  so  arliheially,   that   it  is  impossible  lo 


human  hfe,  that,  in  some  provinces  of  America,  the 
Spaniards  liave  found  it  necessary  to  enforte  the  com- 
mon duties  of  liumanity  by  positive  laws,  and  to  oblige 
husbands  and  wives,  parents  and  children,  under  severe 
jtenalties,  to  take  care  of  each  other  during  their  siek- 


penelrato  into  their  intentions,   or  to  detect  their  do- 
signs. 

IJul  if  there  be  defects  or  vices  peculiar  to  the  sava^o 
state,  tlicre  are  likewise  virtues  which  it  insjiires,  and 
good  (pialitics,  to  the  exercise  of  which  it  is  friendly. 
'I'he  same  harshness  of  temper  is  still  more  con-  The  bonds  of  society  sit  so  loose  upon  the  members  of 
spicuoiis  in  their  treatment  of  the  animal  creation.  |  tlie  more  rude  American  tnhes.  that  thev  hardly  feel 
Prior  to  iheir  intercourse  with  the  people  of  Euiope,  j  any  restraint.  Hence  the  spirit  of  independence,  which 
the  North  Americans  had  some  tame  dogs,  which  ac-  [  is  the  pride  of  a  savage,  and  which  he  considers  as  iho 
companied  them  in  tbeir  huiitmg  excursions,  and  served  i  unalienable  prerogative  of  man.  Incapable  of  control, 
them  with  all  Hie  ardor  and  (idebty  jMJcubar  to  the  spc-  j  and  disdaining  to  acknow!ed;,a'  any  superior,  bis  mind, 
cirs.  But,  instead  of  that  fond  atlaebment  wbieli  tiie  |  though  limited  in  its  powers,  and  furring  in  many  of  its 
hunter  naturally  feels  towards  those  useful  companions  j  pursuits,  acipiires  such  elevation  by  the  consciousness 
of  Ina  toils,  thev  renuito  their  services  with  neglect,  of. its  own  freedom,  that  he  acts  on  some  occasioijs 
seldom  feed,  and  never  caress  them.  In  other  provnices  i  with  astonishing  t'orce,  and  perseverance,  and  dignity, 
the  Americans  have  become  acipiainted  with  the  do-  As  independence  tiourishea  thi.s  bi^li  s])irit  amonc 
n»  Stic  animals  of  Kiirope,  and  availed  ibemselves  of ,  savages,  the  perpetual  wars  m  which  they  are  engaged 
tbeir  service  ;  but  it  is  umvcr.-ially  observed  that  they  call  it  forth  into  action.  Such  long  intervals  of  tran- 
always  treat  tiiem  barshlv,  and  never  employ  any  me-  qnillity  as  are  freipient  in  polished  societies  are  un- 
thod  either  for  breaking  or  nianagnig  them,  but  force  known  in  the  savage  state.  Their  emmlicH,  as  I  have 
and  cruelty.  In  every  part  of  the  deportment  of  man  '  oliserveil,  are  implacaltle  and  immortal.  The  valor  of 
in  his  savage  state,  whether  towards  bis  e(pials  of  the  the  young  men  is  never  allowed  to  rust  in  inaction, 
human  species,  or  toward.s  the  atinuals  below  him,  we  |  The  hatchet  is  always  in  the  hand,  either  for  attack  or 
recognise  tlie  same  character,  and  trace  the  ojierations  !  defence.  Kven  in  their  hunting  excursions,  they  must 
of  a  mind  intent  on  it.s  own  gratilications.  and  rcgu- ;  be  on  their  guard  against  surprise  from  the  hostilo 
latod  by  its  own  caprice,  with  little  attention  or  sensi-  j  tribes  by  which  they  are  surrounded.  Accustomed  to 
bility  to  the  sentiments  and  fcelingsof  the  beings  around  j  tontinu?d  alarms,  they  grow  familiar  with  danger  ;  cou- 
Iiim.  I  Til  go  becomes  an  habitual   virtue,  resulting   naturally 

After  explaininff  how  unfavorable   the  savagn  state  I  from  their  situation,  and  strengthened  by  constant  e.x- 

"ertions.  The  mode  of  displaying  fortitude  may  not  bo 
the  same  in  smiU  and  rude  communities,  as  in  moro 
powerful  and  civilized  states.  Their  system  of  war, 
and  standard  of  valor  may  be  formed  ujjon  dilferent 
principles;  but  in  no  situation  does  the  human  mind 
rise  mote  sniierior  to  the  sense  of  danger,  or  the  dread 
moment.  A  savage  frequently  placed  in  situations  of '  of  death,  than  in  its  most  simple  and  uncultivated 
danger  and  distress,  depending  on  himself  alone,  and  j  Jlate. 

wrapped  up  in  bis  own  thoughts  and  si-hemes,  is  a  se-  Another  virtue  remarkable  among  savages,  is  attach- 
rious  melancholy  animal.  His  attention  toothers  is  i  meiit  to  the  community  of  wliich  they  are  members 
small.  The  ranire  of  his  own  ideas  is  narrow.  Hetieo  j  I''rom  tiie  nature  of  their  politi'-id  union,  one  mi^jht  ex 
tliat  ta'-iturnity  which  is  so  disgusting  to  men  acciis-  [  pect  this  tie  to  be  exireiiuly  feehle.  Uut  there  are  eir 
tonied  to  the  open  intercourse  of  soci.d  conversation,  cumslaiiees  wiiicli  render  the  inlluence,  even  of  iheit 
When  they  are  not  en^aijed  in  action,  tin;  Americans  I  loose  mode  of  association,  very  powerful.  The  Ameri 
ofien  Kit  whole  davs  in  one  posture,  without  o[ienmg  [  can  Inbes  are  small  ;  combined  against  tlieir  neighbors, 
their  lips.  Wlirn  tiiev  go  forth  to  war.  or  tit  ihe  eluse.  [  in  pioseculnui  of  ancient  '■nmities,  or  in  avenging  re 
they  usually  march  in  a  line  at  some  distance  from  one  ;  cent  injm  I's,  their  iiilercsts  and  operations  are  neiihor 
another,  anil  without  exchanMini;  a  word.  The  same  i  numerous  imr  comjilex.  'I'hesn  are  objects  which  ibo 
profound  silence  is  ob.^erved  when  they  row  together  in    uncultivnted  underUanding   of  a  savage  can  eoinpre- 


is  to  the  cultivation  of  the  undcrslandini;,  and  to  th' 
improvement  of  the  heart,  I  sho^hl  not  have  thouLriilii 
neees.sary  to  nn-ntion  what  may  be  deemed  lis  b.-sser 
defects,  if  the  eharaeter  of  nations,  as  well  as  of  in- 
dividuals, were  not  often  more  diitinetly  marked  by 
circumstances  apiiarently  trivial  than  by  those  of  greater 


a  canoe.  It  is  only  when  they  are  animated  bv  intoxi- 
cating liquors,  or  roused  by  the  jollity  of  the  festival 
and  dance,  that  they  become  tjay  and  conversshle. 

'I'o  the  same  causes  may  be  imputed  die  refined 
cunning  with  which  they  form  and  execute  their 
schemes.  Men  who  are  not  habituated  lo  a  liberal 
connnuiiication  of  tlieir  own  sentiments  and  wishes,  are 


bend.  His  heart  is  capaiile  of  forming  connection!; 
wliicii  are  so  little  dillused.  He  assents  with  warmth 
to  public  measures,  dictated  by  passions  similar  tj 
those  which  direct  bis  own  conduct.  Hence  the  ar(h)r 
with  which  indivuluals undertake  the  most  perilous  ser- 
vice, when  the  cominnnity  deems  it  necessary.  Henco 
their  tierce  and    dee|)   rooted  antipathy  to  the  publit 


apt  to  be  so  dustrustful  as  to  place  little  conlidencc  m  !  enemies.  Hence  their  zeal  for  tlie  honor  of  their 
others,  and  to  have  recourse  lo  an  msidious  eraU  m' lube,  and  that  love  of  their  country,  which  proin(Hs 
accoinjihshing  their  own  purposes.  In  civilized  life,  I  llum  to  brave  danger  lluit  it  may  inumpli.  and  to  endure 
those  ]iersons  who  by  their  situations  have  but  a  few  die  most  ex'pnsite  torments,  without  a  groan,  tint  it 
objects  of  pursuit  on  which  their  minds    inccssantlv    mav  not  be  disgraced. 

dwell,  are  most  remarkidple  for  low  artitieo  in  carrying  |  'ilius,  ni  every  situation  where  a  human  being  eaii 
on  their  little  projects.  Among  savaizes,  whose  views  '  be  placed  ever,  m  the  most  unfavorable,  there  are  vir- 
are  equally  confined,  and  iheir  attention  no  less  perse-  '  tues  which  peculiarly  belong  lo  it  ;  there  are  aflection:! 
veriiig,  those  circumstanc*  s  must  ojicrate  still  more  i  which  it  calls  forth;  there  is  a  species  of  happiness 
pcjAOrfully.  and  grailually  accustom  tlii'in  to  a  disinL'e-  Iwhurh  it  yields  Nature,  with  tin;  nio?it  ben<*ticent  in 
iiiious  subtlety  tn  all  their  iransaeliuns.  The  lone  of|leiiIloii,  coneilnles  and  forms  the  mind  to  tls  eondi 
tins  IS  mcrea.sed  by  habits  which  they  accpiire  in  carry-  i  tion  ;  the  ideas  and  wishes  ol  man  extend  not  beyond 
ing  on  the  two  most  inlcresling  operationti  wherein  Uiey   that  statu  of  soctet/  lo  which  he  is  iiabitu^tod.     What 


118 


II o n  !■; R r s o n •  s  n  i  s t o ii  y  of 


li 


U  prescnls  as  olijt'Cia  of  coMt('iri|ilation  or  rnjnyint'tit,  | 
fill.s  and  statistics  his  iiiiiid,  and  lio(*ai)  linrdly  ('oiummvc  i 
■nv  othtT  iiiodo  of  tifc  (o  he  |)|('iis:iiil.  ur  cmii  lt)1('riit)l<'. 
Tlio  Tiirtiir,  acrustodu'd  lo  roam  over  extensive  plains,  j 
■nd  to  Hiil)sist  on  the  prodm-l  of  his  lienls.  impn-iMlCfl  , 
upon  Ins  iMieriiy.  hr  the  fjreiitest  of  all  curses,  ihal  lie  ; 
may  l>e  rondeinned  to  rryide  in  one  phice,  and  to  ho  ' 
nourishtnl  with  the  top  of  a  weed.     The  rude  Ameri- 
cans,  fond  of  their  own   pursuits,   and  sattstied  with  ' 
their  own   lot,    arc   cpially    unahle  lo  oinnpreliend  ihi*  j 
intention   or  utilitv    of  the    various  aci-omniodations,  ' 
a'lich,  ill  mort;  polished    j«ocietv   are  di'eined  essenlial 
ti>  tho  comfort   of  life.      I'ar  f.oni  eomplainini;  of  llicir 
own    silnaiioii,  or  vicwinu  tliiit  of  men  ni  a  nH)re  im- 
proved state  with  (iilmiraliou  or  crivy,  they  rcijard  them- 
selves as  the  standard  of  exci  Hence,  as  hrui^'s  tiie  hest, 
entitled,  as  well  as  the  most  pcrlicily  (pialified  to  enjoy 
real   liajipuies**.      I'nacen.tio.ned  lo  aiiv  rcsiraint  upon 
tht'ir  will  or  tlieir  actions,  ihev  hehold  wilh  aina/cntcnt 
thu  ineijualitv  of  raitk,  and  the  suhorilinaliou  which  t.ikcs 
place  II)  civilized  life,  and  con>ider  the  vohmtary  suh- 
iiiission  of  one  man  loauolher  as  a  renuiicialion  n<>  less 
hn'iv  than  unacconntahle.  of  the   t'lrst  distinctinii  of  hu- 
inantty.      Void  of  forcsiiflu  as  well  as   tree  I'roui   caro 
themselves,  and   deli^'htcd  witli  that  state   of  iiulolcut 
security,  they  wonder  at  the  aiivioiis    precautions,  the 
nnccasuiij  induslrv,   and  complicated  arrangements  of 
Kurojieans,  in  i^nardin^  aLMinst  distant  evils,  or  provui- 
inu  fur  future   wants  ;  anil  thev  otten  exclaim  aijainst 
their  preposterous  folly,  in  thus  mulliplymjf  the  trouhles 
nnd  iiicreasiniT  the   lahor  of  life.     This  prefcnMicc  of 
their  own  manners  is  conspicuous  on  every  occasion. 
Even  the  names,  hy  which  the  various  natu)ns  wi^h  lo 
be  distin<.niished.    are  assumed  from  this  idea  of  their 
own  prc-eminenc;i.    'I'lie  appellation  which  the  Iroipiois 
give  to  theinselvts  is  /In:  c/iirf  of  mm.      Ciiitiihr,  the 
orifjinal  name   of  the  tierce  iiihahitants  of  the  Wiiid- 
WHrd  Islands,  sitrnMies  the  icarlihc  paiplr.     'I'he  ('he- 
rckees.  from  an  idea  of  their  own  sMperiority.  call  the  ' 
Kuropeaus    \iithnii:!t,   or  the  amirxril  rar.r,    and    as- 
6'ime  lo  themselves  the  name  of   thr  heloi-cii  projtlc.  | 
The  same  principle,  reifuialcd  the  notions  of  the  other  | 
Americans  concerniiiir  the  Europeans  ;  for  allhouijh  at  I 
Iirsl  ilit-y  wen^  hlled   with  astonishment  at  their  arts*,  j 
and  with  dread  of  their  power,  they  5.0011  came  tn  r.liate  ■ 
their  estimation  of  men  whose  maxi'iis  of  hie  were  so 
dilferent  from  their  own.      Hence  they  called  them  the 
froth  of  the  sea,  men  without  fatlier  or  mother.     Thov 
supposed,  that  either  they  had  110  country  of  their  own, 
and  therefore  invaded  that  which  helonired  lo  others  ; 
or    that.    heiniT  destitute  of  tlio  necessaries  of  life  at 
nomc,  they  were  ohliiied  to  roam  over  the  ocean,  in  or- 
der to  nih  sucli  as  were  more  amply  provided. 

Men  thus  satistjed  with  their  own  condition  arc  far 
fioin  any  inclination  to  relimpiish  their  own  hahits,  or 
to  adopt  tliose  of  civili/ed  life.  The  transition  is  too 
violent  to  he  suddenly  made.  Kveii  where  endeavors 
have  heen  used  to  wean  a  savajxe  trom  his  own  customs, 
and  to  render  the  accommodations  of  poli^hcd  society 
familiar   to  him ;  v.\c\\  where  he  leen  allowed  to 

taste  of  tho.se  pleasures,  and  ha  \\  honored  with  [ 

those  distinctions,  which  arc  the  .nef  objects  of  our  | 
desire,  he  droups  and  lan^niishes  utider  the  restraint  of  ■ 
laws  and  forms,  he  seizes  the  lirst  op|iortunity  of  hreak- 1 
iiiii  loose  from  them,  and  returns  with  transport  to  ihe  1 
forest  or  the  \Mld,  wlurehe  can  enjoy  a  careless  and; 
uncontrolled  lieedom.  [ 

Thus  f  have  finished  a  tahorious  delineation  of  the 
character  and  manners  of  tlie  uncivilized  trihes  ^cat-  1 
tered  ovi'r  the  va^t  continent  of  America.      In  this,   I  , 
aspire    not    at  rivalling   the  ijreat   masters    who   have 
painted  and  adorm'd  savau'e  life,  either  in  holdness  of 
desijjM,  or  in  ihe  nlow  and  heautv  o^  their  coloring;.      I 
am  satislicil  with  the  more  huiuhie  merit  ol  havin;(  per- 
si.-ted  with  patient   industry,  in  viewini^  my  sultjeet  m 
many  various  h^jhis.  and  i-ollectiULr  *rom  the  inosl  accu- 
rate ohscrvers   such  detached,  and  oflt  n   minute  fea- 
tun-s.   as  niiuht   enahle  me  tj  enhihit  a  [lortrait  that  ^ 
resemhle.s  the  orii,nn.il.  ! 

Uelore  I  elij,-.i'  Uiis  part  of  mv  work,  one  ohservalion 
imire  is  net  essarv,  m  order  to  justitv  the  conclusioiis 
which  I  have  lorinrd,  or  to  prevent  the  mistakes  into 
which  R.ichas  exainiiiu  thetii  may  fall.  In  contemplat- 
mii  the  inliahilaiits  of  a  romiirv  so  wnlelv  extended  as 
America,  yreal  attention  slionld  he  |>aid  fo  the  diver- 
Bity  of  climates  under  which  ihev  are  placed.  'I'he 
iritluence  uf  this  I  h.ive  pmnted  out  wiin  respect  to 
several  iiupurt-uit  particulars  which  have  heen  the  oh- 
Jct't'if  research  ;  init  even  ^shefi-  il  lias  rutl  ln^en  leon- 
liancd,  it  ou^ihl  not  ti>  hi;  overlooked,  Tiie  provi'KM-* 
of  Ain*»rica  are  of  surh  ditl'erent  temperament,  that 
tluR  alotic  is  aurtii  ienl  to  constitute  a  diKlinntinn  Uoiwecti 


their  inhabitants.     In  every  part  of  the  earth  where  I 
man  exists,  the  power  of  climate  operates,  with  deci-  I 
sive    nilhieiice.  upon  ins  conditioti  .mil  character.      In  , 
those  countries  which  approach  near  lo  (he  extremes  ! 
of  heat  or  eoiil,  this  infliienei!   is  mo  conspicuous  as   to 
strike  every  eye.      Whether  we  consider  man  merily 
as  an  ammal,  or  as  liein^  endowed  with  rational  pow- 
ers which  fit  him  for  activitv  and  speculation,  we  shall 
lind  tiiat  be  has  unilormly  attained  ihe  ^^eatesl  jierfec-  1 
tion  of  which  his  nature  is  capable,  i"    .k.  icrnperate  { 
rejions  of  the  ^lobe.     'i'heri'  bis  constitution  is  most  ! 
vi'^oro'is,   his  or;,Miis  most  acute,   and  liis   form  1no.1l 
be.iutit'ul.     'I'iiere.  too.  he  ]iossesses  a  superior  extent  1 
of  capacity,  greater  fertility  of  imaijinalion,  more  enter- 
prising couraije,  and  a  sensibility  of  heart  which  ^jives 
h:rlh  lo  desires,  nol  only  anient,  but   perseverinj*.      In 
tics  favorite  sitiiiition  be  has  d. splayed  liie   utmost  ef- 
forts of  his  genius,    111  literature,    m  {Hilicv,  in   coin- 
inerco,   in  war,  uiid   in  all  the  arts  which  imjirove  or 
embelli.sh  life. 

'I'ljis  powerful  operation  of  climate  is  fell  most  sen- 
silily  by  rude  nations,  and  produces  jrn'atcr  edi^els  than  , 
in  societies  more  improvtil.     'I'he  talents  of  civilized  i 
men    are  continually    extrted  in    rendering  tlieir  owri 
cnndilion    more  comfortable;    and  by  ihiir  ingenuity 
and  inveiilioiis,  tb'jy  can  in  a  <ire.it  measure  sujuily  the 
defects,  and  jruard  ai;ainsl  the  inconveniences  of  any 
climate.      Hut  the  improvident  -ava^e   is  allected  by  | 
every  circumstance  peculiar  to  his  situation.     He  takes 
no  precaution  either  to  mitiijate  or  to  improve  it.    jjke 
a  plant  or  an  animal,  he  is  furinc:!  liv  the  ('liiuale  inuler 
winch  he  is  placed,  and  feels  the  full  force  of  ils  inHu- 
encc.  I 

In  surveying;  the  rude  n-.  .  <!  of  '  .  a,  this  natu-  ' 
ral  distinction  between  the  ii'i.bll.'  .■  .>*  'he  temperate 
and  torrul  zones  is  very  remarkable.  Tiiey  may.  ae- 
cordiiiLilv,  be  divided  into  two  irreat  classe^;.  The  one  , 
coin|)rcbends  all  the  Nort'  Vm^ricans  from  the  river 
St.  Laurence  In  the  fiili  «'  .Mex^t  "  'oifethei  •  '>  t''0 
people   of  (,'hili,  and  a  few    sniai!  tow  ujs   fne 

extremity  of  the  southern  continent.  To  tb.  jtber 
beloiiir  all  the  mhaliitants  of  Ihe  islands,  and  those  set- 
tled in  the  various  provinces  which  i.'Xtend  from  the 
isthmus  of  Darieii  almost  to  the  soullieni  confines  of 
Urasil,  alouij  the  east  side  of  the  Andes.  !n  the  for- 
mer, which  comprehends  all  the  rej;ions  of  the  tcnip.e- 
rate  zone  that  m  America  are  inhabited,  the  human 
species  apjiears  luaniteslly  to  be  more  perfect.  'I'he 
natives  are  more  robust,  more  active,  more  mtelliiicnt, 
and  more  couraijeous.  They  possess,  in  the  most  emi- 
nent de^^ree.  that  force  of  mind,  and  love  of  indepen- 
dence, which  I  have  pointed  out  as  the  chief  virtues  of 
man  in  his  sayai^e  state.  They  have  defended  their 
liberty  with  peraevcrini;  fortitudo  aj^ainst  the  Kuropeans, 
who  subdued  ihe  otluT  rude  nations  of  America  with 
the  irreatest  ease.  The  natives  of  the  temperate  zone 
are  tiie  only  peojile  in  ihe  New  World  who  are  indebted 
for  their  freedom  lo  their  own  valor.  'i'he  North 
Americans,  thouirh  lon^  encompassed  by  three  formi- 
dable Kuropeanj)owers.  still  retain  p.irt  of"  their  oni,nnal 
possessions,  and  continue  to  exist  a.s  independent  na- 
tions, 'i'he  people  of  C'liili,  thoiiirh  early  invaded,  still 
maintain  a  gallant  contest  with  tlie  Spaniards,  and 
have  set  lioiiiuLs  to  tlieir  eneroaciimenis  ;  wtiereas,  in 
tiie  warmer  rei.Mons,  men  are  more  fei  Ide  in  their  frame, 
less  viL.'orous  m  tlie  ellbrts  of  their  mind-;,  of  a  gentle 
but  dastardly  spirit,  more  enslaved  by  pleasure,  and 
more  sunk  in  indolence.  Acfordini,dy,  it  is  in  the  tor- 
rul zone  that  the  Muropeans  have  most  completely 
established  their  doininion  over  America  ;  the  most 
fertile  and  ilesiralile  provinces  in  it  are  subjected  to 
their  yoke  ;  and  if  several  tribes  there  still  enjoy  inde- 
pendence, it  is  either  because  th'V  have  never  been 
attacked  by  an  enemy  already  satiated  willi  couipiest. 
and  possesseil  of  larffcr  territories  than  he  was  able  lo 
occupy,  or  because  they  have  been  saved  from  oppres- 
sion by  llieir  remote  and  inaccessible  situation. 

( 'onspieuoiis  as  this  distinction  may  ajipear  between 
the  inhabitants  of  those  different  re:;ion.s,  it  is  not, 
however,  universal  Moral  and  political  causes,  as  I 
have  formerly  observed,  atlect  the  disposition  and  cha- 
racter of  individuals,  as  well  as  nations,  still  iiiore 
powerfully  than  the  influence  of  climate.  There  are. 
aecordmjily,  some  tribes,  m  various  parts  of  the  tornd 
zone,  po.isessed  of  (MMiraije,  hiu'h  spirit,  and  the  love  of 
mdependeiH-e,  in  a  de-rree  hardly  inbrior  to  tiie  naiives 
of  more  lem|H'rate  climates.  We  are  too  little  actjuainted 
Willi  liie  liislorv  of  these  people,  lo  be  able  to  Irace  the 
several  circumsl^iu'es  in  tiieir  pntijriss  and  condilioii. 
lo  winch  they  arc  indebted  for  tins  remarkabh!  pre- 
einiiiencc.  The  fad,  nevertheless,  is  certain.  As 
early  ai  ilic  lust  voyu^;e  of   'J(duinbus,  ho   received 


information  that  several  of  the  islands  were  ndubilej 
by  the  Carnhhrfs,  n  fierce  race  of  men,  nowise  re.'-em- 
blm;r  their  I'ethle  and  liniid  nejnhbois.  In  his  second 
expedilion  lo  the  .\ew  \N'orld,  lie  fuund  ihi.-^  injornui- 
tion  lo  be  just,  and  was  himself  a  witnesK  v\'  llieir 
intrepid  valor  f'jr>J  Tiie  same  character  they  have  main- 
tamed  invariably  m  all  subse.pienl  contests  wiiii  the 
people  of  Kiirope  ;  and  even  in  our  own  lunes  wc  liavii 
seen  them  make  a  gallant  stand  in  deh'iice  ol  the  la:a 
territory  which  the  rapaciiy  of  ihe  invaders  had  inft 
in  their  possession.  [UliJ  .Some  nations  m  Miasil  were 
no  less  eminent  for  vinor  of  mind  a:id  liravi  ry  m  war. 
'i'he  }ieople  of  the  isthmus  of  Darn  :  boklly  met  tho 
Spanianls  m  the  field,  aild  frcipienli.-  repelled  tlioao 
formidable  invaders.  Other  in.-..t...  1  .<  miHht  be  pro- 
dui-ed.  It  is  not  iiy  attembni;  to  aiiv  sin^de  i;\um:  or 
principle,  tiow  powerful  and  extensive  soever  its  iiillii- 
eneo  may  appear,  that  we  can  explain  liie  actions,  or 
account  for  tlie  character  of  men.  Kven  the  law  0/ 
climate,  more  universal,  perhaps,  in  its  opeiaiton  tliaii 
any  thai  atlects  tlie  human  species,  cannot  be  ap|»lied, 
injudying  of  their  conduct,  without  many  exctptiona. 

BOOK    V. 

History  of  Uip  cotitiuest  of  New  Spain  liy  Cortes. 

WjiKN  (Jrijalva  [1518.]  returned  lo  Cuba,  he  found 
the  armament  destiiwil  to  attempt  tlie  con<piest  of  that 
ri'-h  country  which  he  had  discovered  almost  complete. 
Not  only  ambitiun.  but  avarice,  had  ur;,'ed  N'clasipiez 
to  hasten  his  preparations  ;  and  h.ivin<:  such  a  prospect 
of  ^ratifyiuf^  both,  he  had  advamrd  considerable  surn.s 
out  of  his  pnv,ite  fortune  towards  dclrayiiiir  i.he  ex- 
penses of  tiie  expedilion.  At  tiie  same  time,  he  ex- 
erted his  iritluence  as  governor,  in  enu'aj^inif  tiie  most 
distiniruished  persons  111  the  colony  to  undeiiake  the 
service,  [97]  At  a  lime  when  the  spirit  of  tin;  .Spanish 
nation  was  adventurous  1.0  e.vcess.  a  number  of  soldiers, 
eajfer  to  embark  m  any  clarmLj  enierprise.  soon  ap- 
peared. Hut  il  was  not  so  easy  to  IiikI  a  person  ipiali- 
lied  to  take  tlie  coiiimand  in  an  expidition  of  so  much 
iniporlance  ;  ami  the  character  of  \'elasipiez,  who  had 
the  rijiiit  of  noimnalion.  jireatly  increascil  tin-  (bilicuUy 
of  the  choice,  Tiiouiiii  of  most  a.-^pimii;  amlniion,  and 
not  de.>litite  of  talents  fur  <;oviTiiiuent,  lie  possessed 
mitlier  such  coura-ic,  nor  puch  vi^or  and  activity  ol 
mind,  as  to  undertake  m  person  the  coialici  of  the 
armament  winch  he  was  prepariiiij,  In  ihis  embarrass- 
m;^  situation,  he  formed  tiie  ciiimerieal  .srhiine,  not 
only  of  acliievin;j  jrreal  exploits  by  a  deputy,  but  ol 
Kceuiing  to  himself  liie  ylorv  of  coiiipiests  which  v\ere 
to  be  made  by  another.  In  the  execution  of  this  plan, 
he  fondly  aimed  at  reconciling  eontraihctions.  lb-  was 
solicitous  to  choose  a  coimnaiider  of  mlrepul  resolu- 
tion, and  oi  snpeiior  abilities,  because  he  knew  thesu 
to  be  reipnsite  in  ord(*r  lo  ensure  success  ;  bul,  at  tho 
same  tune,  from  the  jealousy  natural  to  little  minds,  ho 
wisiied  this  persiui  to  be  of  a  spirit  so  lame  and  olise- 
(piious  as  to  be  entirely  dependent  on  his  will.  Hut 
when  he  came  to  apply  those  ideas  in  foriniri!f  an 
opinion  concerning  the  several  ollieers  who  occurred 
to  iiis  ihouiihls  as  worthy  of  I'cui;;  intrusted  with  liio 
command,  lie  soon  perceived  that  it  was  impossible  lu 
lind  such  incompatilile  ipiahties  muted  in  one  i  haracler. 
Such  as  were  distiiit,'uisheil  for  coiirane  and  talcnla 
were  too  lii^h  spinled  to  be  pa.-isiv('  instrumeiil,^  ui  ins 
hands.  Those  wiio  appeared  more  (fcntle  and  trada- 
ble were  desiiiule  of  capaeyy,  and  nneipi  il  to  the 
charge.  This  aui.niii-nteil  ins  perplexity  and  Ins  fears. 
lie  dehberated  loii;r  ami  with  mueli  solicitude,  and  was 
still  waveriii!^  in  his  choiie  when  Aiiiadiu' de  l.arcs, 
the  roval  treasurer  m  Culia.  and  .\iidres  Duera,  his  own 
secretary,  the  two  persons  ui  wlioui  he  ciiiefly  coniidcd, 
were  encouraged  liy  this  irresoliiiiun  to  propo>c  a  luw 
candidate;  and  itu'V  supported  tin  ir  reeotimien<laltoii 
with  such  assiduity  and  adilress,  tjiat.  no  less  falallv 
for  Velasfpicz  than  happily  for  their  country,  it  proved 
guccessful. 

'i'he  man  whom  they  ]iointed  out  to  him  was  IVr- 
naiido  ( 'ortes.  He  was  born  at  Medetlm,  a  stuajl  io\m) 
111  Vislreiiiadura,  m  tlie  year  one  iliousand  lour  liundred 
and  eighty -live,  and  desicendeil  from  a  family  of  noblo 
blood,  but  of  very  moderate  fortune,  Hehi;!  oriumally 
destined  by  his  parents  lo  the  study  of  la  . ,  as  the  must 
liki'lv  method  of  betterni:^  his  condilioi,.  he  was  sent 
early  to  the  university  of  Salamanca,  where  he  imbilu d 
some  tincture  of  learning,'.  Hut  he  was  soon  dis;,'usted 
with  an  academic  life,  wlueli  dul  not  suit  liis  anb-.u  and 
restless  irenins.  and  retired  to  .Medellin,  where  he  ijave 
him-^elf  up  entirely  to  ai-tivc  sports  ami  marli.d  e\er- 
cisi's  At  this  period  of  life  he  was  s:>  impetuous,  ixt 
pveibearin^.  and  t;o  di;-^ipatcd,  that  hiu  father  wji)  ^t  id 


i 

1 


SOUTH    AMKUIO  A. 


110 


n  Wiis  l-'rr- 
;ill  tow  ri 
ur  liiitKlml 
ily  lit  tiuliln 

I'lininiilly 
ii>»  lli(!  nuist 

was  sent 
!i<>  iiiiImIxc) 

lis;,M.St.-.| 

aiilcir  iinil 
!n'  travo 
>irl:,i|  I'xrr- 

II'UIOIIS,   ,\(t 

r  ivjit  ^\  id 


to  conifjly  vvilli  IiIh  inclinaliori,  niul  f^cnt  him  tiliroad  as 
an  bciviiiUircr  iti  iirnis,  'riicrt'  weru  iii  llidt  u«;;e  two 
cont>piciuMis  UuMlrc-^.  on  whicli  siuh  ol  tiiu  .S|i.ini^iii 
yoiitti  iis  cuiirU'ti  inililary  ^ilnry  mi^lit  tlispLiy  Ihiir 
valur ;  oiii'  ir)  Italy,  midt  r  liii:  coinriiiiiui  ol  llie  (iru:a 
Ca|amn  i  lint  uilit-r  in  Uie  Mt'w  World,  ('orlts  prc- 
(crri'il  tht!  lurniLT,  but  whs  prevt'iilul  by  irnlisj)osi[ion 
Iroin  cinliaikirij^  with  u  ri'iiifuneirHtil  of  troops  stiU  to 
NupU-s.  rpoti  (lii.H  disappuinlinciit  \w  tiiriiril  his 
Views  towards  Aiiicru-a,  wliilluT  he  was  alhirrd  hy  the 
prosptM  I  o\  the  advaittaLTi's  whu'-li  he  riiii:ltl  dirivc  iVuiti 
the  palioiia^ie  ol  ()\aiido.  [i»HJ  (he  (governor  ol  1 1  is- 
puiiifihi,  wito  was  his  kiiiMiiaii.  \\  iirii  1h'  tmidi'd  at 
•SI.  iJoiiitii^t>,  III  one  tliuusaiid  fivu  liiiiidrcd  anil  tour, 
hl»  rrcrplion  was  sufli  a^^  fipnillid  his  most  saniiuinr 
ii»pi's,and  hrwas  (;niph)yi-d  hy  the  (lovcrnor  m  M'\rral 
iioiiorahli'  and  incralivt;  stiiiions.  'llicsf,  however,  did 
not  satisfy  his  amhition  ;  and.  m  the  year  o:ie  ihuusaiid  j 
live  liuiuired  and  eleven,  he  ohtanied  permission  lo  ; 
accompany  Die^^o  N'ela.s.incz  m  his  expedition  to  Ciiha.  j 
In  thi^  service  lie  dlstln^'ln^«hed  himself  so  much,  that,' 
liotwillisiaiidin^'  some  violent  contests  with  \  clasiiuez, 
occat^ioiied  liy  trivial  events  unworthy  ol  remenihraiico, 
he  wu.-*  ut  h;nglh  taken  into  iavor,  and  receded  uii  am- 
ple cunce-Ttiion  oi'  lands  and  of  Indians,  llie  n  conipeiise 
u>ually  be.-;tuw('d  upon  adveiilureis  in  tlie  New  World. 

'riiouj^ii  Cortes  hud  not  hitherto  a'-led  m  lii^'h  eom- 
inaiid,  he  had  di.-4played  such  ipialilies  in  several  scenes 
of  ditiieuliy  and  d.iiiifer,  as  raised  universal  expecla- 
tiun,  and  turned  tlie  eyes  o(  Ins  coimlrymeii  towards 
Inin  as  one  capable  of  perlormin>r  ^reat  thm<>;s.  Tlu! 
turbulence  of  youth,  as  soon  as  he  touiid  objects  and 
uccupations  suited  to  the  ardor  of  his  mind,  gradually 
t<ubsided  and  settled  into  a  habit  of  regular  mdelatiirable 
activity,  'i  ho  impel uosily  of  ins  temper,  when  he 
came  to  act  with  his  eijuals,  insenstbjy  abated,  by  being 
kept  under  restraint,  and  mellowed  into  a  cordial 
soUherly  Irankni.sr*.  These  (pialities  were  accom- 
panied with  calm  prudence  m  concerlin;^  his  Hclu'iiies, 
v\Uh  perscMriiii^  vi}j;or  m  e.xeciitm;i  them,  and  with, 
w'jul  IS  peculiar  'o  sujierior  neniiis,  (tie  art  of  gaining 
tlie  conlidetice  and  govermiij^  the  minda  of  men.  'lo 
ittt  which  were  added  (he  inferior  arcomplishmeiits  that 
strike  (he  vuli:ar.  and  command  their  respect ;  a  grace- 
ful per>on.  a  wmnni;^  as|)ect.  extraordinary  address  in 
iiiariial  exercin's,  and  a  eonstitiition  of  such  vigor  as 
lo  be  capable  of  enduring  any  fatigue. 

As  soon  as  fortes  was  mentioned  to  Velasquez  by 
ills  two  confidants,  he  llaltered  himsell  tliut  he  hud  at 
Iciii/'h  found  what  he  had  huherlo  sought  in  vam,  a 
niaii  with  talents  for  cummaiid,  but  not  an  object  fur 
lealousy.  Neither  the  rank  nor  the  JDrtune  of  Cortes. 
hs  lie  iiragmed,  was  such  that  lu;  could  aspire  at  inile- 
pendence.  He  had  rea>on  to  belie\e  that  by  his  own 
rcatlness  to  bury  ancient  animosities  in  oblivion,  as 
well  as  1ms  blierality  iii  conferring  several  recent  favors, 
he  had  alieady  gamed  the  good  will  ol  Cortes,  and 
hoped,  by  (Ins  new  and  unexpi'clcd  mark  of  eontldenee, 
that  he  nujiht  iitl.ich  hiin  for  ever  to  liis  interest. 

Cortes,  receiving  liis  commission  [Oct.  "^'^,1  with  the 
warmest  expressions  of  rtsiicct  and  gratitude  lo  the 
governor,  itmnedialdv  erected  his  standard  before  his 
own  house,  appeared  in  a  military  dress,  and  assumed 
all  the  ensigns  of  his  new  dij^mtv.  His  utm"st  m- 
llueiice  and  aclivitv  were  exerted  m  perseading  many 
of  his  friends  to  eni.'age  m  the  serv.ce,  and  in  vitgnig 
forward  the  preparatiinis  for  the  \oya<:e.  All  his  own 
(imds,  togettier  with  what  money  he  could  raise  by 
mortgaging  his  laiuls  and  Indians,  were  expended  in 
nurcha.sing  military  stores  anil  provisions,  or  in  supfdy- 
nig  the  wauls  of  siieh  of  his  ollicers  as  were  unat.le  lo 
ctpiip  themselves  in  a  manner  suited  to  their  rank,  [i>!)J 
litolb'iisive  and  even  laiid.ible  as  this  conduct  was,  his 
dtsappointid  coiujietitors  were  malicious  enough  lo 
gi\e  It  a  (urn  to  luK  disadvantaijo,  'I'hey  represented 
Inin  as  aiming  already,  with  little  (iistrnise,  at  eslabhsh- 
ing  an  inde|)endenl  authority  over  his  troops,  and  en- 
tledvoring  to  sertire  (heir  resjiect  or  love  by  his  osteii- 
lalious  and  interested  Idn'rality.  They  rommded  Vo- 
hisipiez  of  his  former  di.>sensions  with  the  man  in 
whom  he  now  reposed  so  much  oonlidcnce,  and  lore- 
told  that  Cortes  would  be  more  apt  to  avail  himself  of 
the  power  which  tlie  governor  was  inconsiderately 
puMmg  in  his  hands,  to  avenge  past  uijuries  than  to 
rcipiitt;  recent  obligations.  Tliese  msiin/itions  made 
buch  impression  upon  tlu'  suspicious  mind  of  \'elas- 
quez,  that  Cortes  si,on  olwerved  sonio  Svnii'oms  o\ 
a  growing  alienaiion  and  distrust  in  his  behavior,  ami 
was  advi8ed  bv  Lares  and  Uuero  lo  hasten  his  depar- 
ture before  these  shoiihl  become  so  Cinitiniied  as  lo 
break  out  with  open  violence.  Tully  sensible  of  this 
dan^erf  Uc  urged  forward  his  prep^tratioiia  wiili  such 


rapidity  that  hi-  set  sad  from  St.  .lago  dc  (>uba  on  the 
ei;jhteenlli  ol  November.  \ Clasipiez  accompanying 
hitn  li>  the  shore,  and  takm<;  have  of  him  with  an 
appearance  ol  p(  rfect  iVieiuNliip  and  conhdence,  though 
he  had  secretly  given  it  in  charge  to  some  of  Cortes* 
oliirers,  (o  keep  a  watchful  eye  upon  every  jiart  of  their 
cuminandt-r's  conduct. 
1  Corti's  proceeded  to  Trinidad,  a  small  settlomrnt  on 
j  the  same  side  of  the  island,  where  he  was  joined  by 
I  S(  vcral  atlvinlniers.  and  reeeivetl  a  supply  of  provisions 
I  and  nubtarv  stores,  of  which  his  stoi-k  was  still  very 
incomplete.  He  had  hardly  left  St,  .lago,  when  ihe 
jealousy  which  had  been  working  in  the  breast  ol  \'e- 
lasquez  grew  so  violent  that  it  was  impossible  lo  snj)- 
press  It,  The  armament  was  no  longer  under  his  own 
eye  and  direction  ;  and  lie  fell  (hat  ns  his  power  over 
il  ceased,  that  of  ('ortes  would  become  more  absolute. 
Imnginalion  now  aggravated  every  eircumsiance  which 
had  formerly  excited  suspicion:  the  rivals  of  Cortes 
iiidnf;lrioiisly  threw  in  rellections  which  ncreased  his 
fear;  and  with  no  less  art  than  ni'ihce  lliey  calh  il  su- 
perstition lo  their  aid,  employing  tli(>  predictions  of  an 
rtslrologer  in  onler  to  complete  (he  alarm,  .Ml  these, 
by  their  united  operation,  produced  the  desired  ellecl. 
Velasipiei'.  repented  biilerlv  of  his  own  linprudeiice,  in 
having  committed  a  (rust  of  so  much  importance  to  a 
person  whose  tidehtv  appeared  so  doubtful,  and  hastily 
despatched    instructions  to  'I'nnidad,  empowering  \'et- 


du''o,  (be  chief   magistrate  there. 


:  C 


s  ot 

his  commission.  Ibit  ('ortes  hud  already  made  such 
progress  m  gaining  the  esteem  and  eonlideuce  nf  his 
troops,  that,  linding  otllcers  tis  well  as  soldiers  eipiahy 
zealous  to  support  his  authority,  !:l^  soothed  or  intnni- 
ilated  \'ertbigo,  and  was  permitted  to  depart  from  Trini- 
dad witlionl  nn.le,station. 

From  Trinidad  Cortes  sailed  for  the  Havana,  in  or- 
der to  raise  more  soldiers,  and  lo  comjilete  the  victual- 
ling of  his  Heel.  Tin  re  several  persons  of  distinction 
enlered  into  the  service,  and  eng.iged  to  supply  what 
provisions  were  still  \vani:ng  ;  but  as  it  was  necessary 
to  allow  them  some  time  for  perfonmng  what  they  had 
promised,  Vslasipiez.  sensible  (li.it  he  ouLdit  no  longer 
to  relv  on  a  man  of  whom  he  had  so  openly  discovered 
his  distrust,  availed  himself  of  Ihe  interval  which  this 
unavoidable  delay  atlbrded,  in  order  to  make  one  at- 
tempt more  to  wrest  tlie  cominaiiil  out  of  the  hands  vf 
(>orles.  He  loudlv  complained  of  \'erdugo"s  eonduel, 
accusing  him  either  of  childish  faedily,  or  of  ni.iuihst 
treachery,  in  suth'rmg  Cortes  to  escape  from  Trinidad. 
Anxious  to  guard  against  a  second  disappointment,  he 
Bcnl  a  person  of  eonlideuce  to  (he  Havana,  with  pe- 
remptory injunctions  to  I'edro  IJarlu,  his  lieutenant- 
governor  in  that  colony,  iiistunlly  to  arrest  Cortes,  to 
send  him  prisoner  to  St  .lago  under  a  stroiiL'  guard, 
and  to  countermand  the  saihng  of  the  armamnit  until 
he  should  receive  further  orders  He  wrote  likewise 
to  the  principal  otllcers,  re<pnriug  llicni  to  assi.st  Uarlia 
in  executing  what  hi;  had  given  him  in  charge.  Ilut 
before  the  arrival  of  this  messenger,  a  l-'raiiciscan  friar 
of  St.  Jago  had  secretly  conveyed  an  account  of  tins 
interesting  Iran.saction  to  iiarlliolomew  de  Ohiieilo.  a 
mo'ik  of  (In;  same  order,  who  artrd  a.-*  chaplain  to  the 
expedition,  Cortes,  forewarned  of  the  danger,  had  time 
to  take  precautions  lor  his  own  safely.  His  first  step 
was  to  tind  some  pretext  for  removing  from  the  Havana 
Diego  de  Ordaz.  an  oHlcer  ol  greitl  merit,  but  in  whom, 
on  account  of  his  known  atlacliment  to  \  elasipn /,  he 
(ouhl  not  confide  in  this  trying  and  di  hcate  juncture, 
lie  gave  him  the  eommand  of  a  vessel  destined  lo  take 
on  board  some  provisions  in  a  small  harbor  bevond  ( 'ape 
Antonio,  and  thus  made  sure  of  lus  absence  without 
Reeimng  to  suspect  his  lidelily.  W'iieii  he  was  gone, 
C'orles  no  longer  concealed  the  intentions  of  N'elasipiez 
from  his  troops ;  and  as  ollicers  and  soldiers  were 
eipially  impatient  lo  set  out  on  an  e.\pedition.  in  pn - 
paring  for  which  most  of  them  hud  e.vpended  all  their 
fiirtunes,  they  e.xpresscd  llieir  aslomshmenl  and  iiidtg- 
nalion  at  that  illiberal  jealousy  to  winch  the  governor 
was  about  losacrilice,  not  only  the  honor  of  the:r  ge- 
neral, but  all  liicir  sanguine  liojies  of  glory  and  wealth. 
\Vith  one  voice  they  entreated  that  he  would  not  aban- 
don the  important  station  to  which  he  had  such  a  good 
title.  They  conjured  him  not  to  deprive  iheiii  of  a 
leader  whom  they  tollowed  with  such  well  fountled  con- 
tidtMice,  and  ollereil  to  shed  the  lust  drop  of  their  blood 
in  mamtammg  his  authority.  Cortes  was  eaiuly  in- 
duced to  eom|)lv  with  what  he  himself  so  ardently  de- 
sired. He  swore  tiial  he  would  never  desert  soldiers 
who  had  given  him  such  a  signal  proof  of  their  altach- 
inent.  and  promised  instantly  to  conduct  them  to  that 
rich  country  which  had  bet  n  so  long  the  object  o\  their 
thoughls  and  wishes.     This  decUratiun  was  received 


with  transports  of  military  applause,  nceompamed  with 

llireats  and    imprecations   against   all  who  should   pro- 

I  suine  to  call    in  ipiestion   tlie  jurisdieFion  of  their  ^c- 

<  neral,  or  to  obslruct  tin;  execution  of  his  deNigni. 

i  Kverv  (hing  wu.s  now  ready  for  iheir  departure  ;  Init 
(hough  this  expethtion  was  Htled  out  by  the  united  ef- 
fort of  the  Spanish  power  in  ( 'aha  ;  though  every  setllo- 
rnenl  liad  contributed  its  <piot<L  of  men  and  provisiono; 
ihough  the  governor  h.id  laid  out  considerable  sums, 
aii<l  each  adventurer  had  exliaiisled  his  stock,  or  strain- 
i  ed  his  credit,  the  poverty  ol  the  preparations  was  such 
'as  must  astonish  the  present  age,  and  bore,  indeed,  no 
'  reseiiiblanct;  to  an  armament  destined  for  the  eonipiGRt 
of  a  great  empire.  The  lleel  consisted  of  « leveri  veo- 
sels  ;  the  largest  of  n  hiind'-ed  tons,  wliudi  was  digiii- 
(led  by  the  name  of  Admiral ;  (hree  of  seventy  or  eighty 
ton:4,  and  the  rest  small  open  barks.  On  boanl  of  theeo 
wen-  SIX  hundred  and  .seventeen  men  ;  of  which  fivo 
hundred  and  eight  belongeil  lu  the  bind  service,  and  a 
hundred  and  nine  were  seamen  or  arlilicers.  The  sol- 
diers were  divided  into  eleven  companies,  accord- 
ing to  the  number  of  the  ships  ;  to  each  of  which 
Cortes  appomled  a  captain,  and  commitled  to  him 
the  eommand  of  ihe  vessc  1  while  at  sea,  and  of  iho 
nii'ii  when  on  sliore.  (lOOJ  As  ihe  use  of  (ire  arms 
among  the  nations  of  I'lurupe  was  hitherto  eonthicd  to 
la  h'W  ballalions  of  regularly  disciplined  infantry,  only 
thirteen  soldiers  were  armed  with  muskets,  thirly-lwo 
were  cross-bow  men,  and  iho  rest  had  sworils  and 
spears.  InstCiid  of  the  usual  defensive  armour,  which 
must  have  been  cumbersome  in  a  hut  elimale,  the  sol- 
diers wore  jackets  quilted  with  cotton,  which  expert* 
ence  had  taught  the  Spaniards  to  be  a  snllicient  pro* 
tection  against  ihe  weapons  of  (he  .\mericans.  '1  hey 
had  only  sixteen  horses,  ten  siuall  held  pieces,  and  four 
falcom  ts. 

With  this  slender  and  ill  pro\ided  train  did  Cortea 
set  sad  {Feb.  10,  1.'>1'.>.J  lo  make  war  upon  a  monarch 
whose  domimoiis  were  more  e.x'ensive  tlian  all  ihn 
kingdoms  subjerl  lo  ilie  Spanish  crown.  As  religious 
enthusiasm  always  mingled  with  the  spirit  of  adventure 
in  the  New  World,  and,  by  a  conibmation  stilt  more 
stranire,  united  with  avarice,  in  prompting  the  Spaniards 
to  all  iheir  enUrprises,  a  1  irge  eross  was  displayed  in 
liicir  standards,  with  this  mseriplion.  Let  us  J'uUuu-  the 
ni/ss,  fur  under  this  uti^ti  wr  s/iiill  ro/if/ucr. 
I  So  powerfully  were  Cortes  and  his  followers  anima- 
I  ted  with  both  ihrse  passions,  that  no  less  eager  to 
I  plunder  ihe  oiiuleiit  country  whiiher  they  were  bound, 
than  zealous  to  propagate  the  Christian  faith  among  it.; 
mhabilaiits,  they  set  out,  not  wilh  the  solicitude  natu^ 
ral  lo  men  going  upon  dangerous  services,  but  with 
•hat  eor.iideiice  wliicli  arises  from  security  of  success, 
and  cirtainty  of  the  divine  protection. 

As  Cories  h:td  determined  lo  touch  at  every  place 
where  (irijalva  had  visited,  he  steered  directly  toward.-; 
llie  islaiul  of  (,"ozumel ;   tlierf;  he  had  the  good  fortune 
lo  redeem  .leroine  de  .Agnilar,  a  Spaniard,  who  had  been 
ei^ht  years  a  prisoner  uinong  the   Indians.     This  man 
was   perfectly   acquainted   with  a  dialect  of  their  lan- 
guage   understood  through  a  large  exient  of  country, 
and  possessing  besides  a  considerable  share  ol  prndcneo 
and  Rigacitv,  proved  e.^:lremely  useful  as  an  interpreter. 
From  Cozumel.  Cortes   p...-eeded  to  the  river  of  Ta- 
ba,M'o  [.March  I, J  in  hopes  of  a  receplion  as  friendly  aa 
I  (I'rijaUa  had  iix't  with  there,  and  of  lindmg  gold  tn  (ho 
I  same  uhunilanre  ;   but  the  dispo>ili(Mi   ol   the   natives, 
;  from  some  unknown  cause,  was  totally  changed.    After 
'  repeated  endeavors  toconc-ihate  their  good  will,  he  was 
constrained  to  have  recourse  to  violence.      Though  thn 
lorces  ol  t!io  enemy  were  nuiuproiis.  ami  advanced  with 
extraordinary    courage,    ihey    were   routed    with   _»;reat 
slaughter    111    several    successive    actions.       Tile    losn 

<  which  (hey  had  sustaimd,  and  ^tdl  mure  the  astoiush- 
inent  and  terror  excited  by  the  destructive  eih-ct  of  the 
tire  arms,  nnd  l1ie  dreadful  appearance  of  the  horses, 
humbled  their  fierce  spirits,  and  induced  them  lo  suo 
for  peace.     They  acknowletlgod  the  King  of  Castile  us 

,  their  sovereign,  and  granted  Cortes  n  supply  of  provi- 
sions with  A  jin?sent  of  cotton  garmenls,  some  yo!d, 
and  twenty  female  slaves.  [lUlJ 

[  ('ortes  continued  his  course  lo  the  westward,  keep 
[  ing  as  near  the  shore  as  possilde,  ni  ordir  to  obscrvo 
i  the  country  ;  but  could  discover  no  proper  place  for 
landing  until  he  arrived  at  St,  Juan  de  Clua.  As  lift 
entered  this  harbor.  [April  '-i.J  a  large  eauue  full  of  peo- 
ple, aimnig  whom  were  two  who  si  emed  to  bt;  person.'! 
of  dislniclion,  approached  lus  ship  with  signs  of  pcacn 
and  amity.  They  came  on  board  without  fear  or  dni- 
trusl,  and  iuldres*ed  him  in  a  most  respcnful  ininner, 
I  but  in  a  l.mgnage  altogether  unknown  lo  Aguilor. 
,  (.^urlcii  waa  in  the  utmost  perplexity  and  distress  at  aa 


180  

event  of  which  ho  inatunlly  forcaaw  the  cuiusciiuencos, 
ond  alreudy  filt   iho  hositiilion   atxt  uticrrtiiiiity  willi 
whii  h  he  ^tlOullI  tiiiTV  on  llu'  Mrcal  nt'liftiics  wliii'li  Ir* 
mediUU'ii,  if,  in  Ins  iraiisuftniiis  with  the  natives,  lie 
must  dum-nd  tiilircly  iijpoii  surh  un  iiii|Mrt't'cl.  aiiil'ij^u- 
ous,  and  coiijcciural   tnodo  ot  (-otiniuiiiicatiuii  as  (lie  : 
U80  of  ai^iiif.      Utit  lie  did  not  remain  h)ii((  in  his  oiii- 
uarraHMiig   situiilion  ;  i\  foriuiiiUe  ucculent  rxtncuied 
liirn  when  hid  own  saijiacity  could  have  eoiilrilmted  hi- 
lle  towards  hi»  relief.     One  of  the  hinale  slu\es,  whom 
ho  had  received  from  the  cazii|ue  of  Tabasco,  happeiu  d 
10  be  present  at  the  first  iiiterviow  helwecn  Corles  and 
his  new  frupsts.      Sho  perceived   his  distress,  as  well 
as  the  cunfiision  of  Ajijndar;  and,  as  she  perfectly  iin-  : 
derstood   the   Mexican  laiii;>iii^;t'.   she   explained  what  , 
*.hcy  had  ,said  in  the  Vucalaii  tonmie,  with  which  A;jui-  ' 
lar  was  ucipiainted.     This  woman,  known  utuirwards 
by  the  name  ol   Uuiina  iMarina.  and  \*ho  makes  a  con- 
ppicuoiia  hgure  in  the  history  of  the  New  World,  where  ^ 
great  revoUuions  were  bioujiht  about  by  small  causes  | 
and  incon8idera\)Ie  inslriiinenls,  was  bom  in  one  of  the 
provinces  of  tlie  Mexican  Kmpire.      llavii.jr  been  sold 
as  a  slave  in  the  early  part  o\'  her  life,  after  a   variety 
of  adventiirea  she  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Tabaseans, 
and  had  resided   loiii;  enough  among  them  lo  ac-piire 
their   lunguaj^e    without    losing   'the    use  of  her  own 
Though  It  was  both  tedious   and  troublesome   to  con-  ' 
verse  by  the  inierveution  of  two  ilillerent  interpreters,  '. 
Cortes  was  so   highly  pleased  with  liaving   discovered 
this  method  of  carrying  on  some  intercourse  with  iho  j 
people  of  a  country   into  which  he  was  detennincd  to  , 
penetrate,  that   in  the  transports  of  his  joy  lie  consi-  ; 
dored  it  aa  a  visible  intei'|iosition  of  Providence  in  hi.s  . 
favor.  I 

lie  now  learned  that  the  two  persons  whom  he  had  [ 
received  oii  board  of  his  ship  were  deimties  from  Teu- 
lilc  and  i'llpaloe,  two  ollicers  inirusted  with  the  go- 
vernment of  that  province  by  a  great  monarch  whom 
they  culled  Montezuma;  anil  that  they  were  sent  to 
mipjire  what  his  intentions  were  in  visitinif  tiicir  coast, 
ond  to  olfer  him  what  assisiaiu'O  he  might  neeil,  in 
order  to  continue  his  voyage,  (,'orles,  struck  with  the 
appearance  of  those  peo[>le,  as  well  as  the  tenor  of  the 
message,  assured  them,  m  respectful  terms,  that  he 
nppiodchcd  their  countrv  with  most  Ineiidly  senlnueiils, 
Rud  came  to  propose  matters  of  great  iinporlaiice  to 
the  welfare  of  their  prince  and  his  kingdom,  which  he 
would  unfold  more  fully,  in  person,  to  iImj  governor  and 
the  general.  Next  morning,  without  waiting  for  any 
answer  'je  landed  his  troops,  his  horses,  and  artillery  ; 
and,  having  chosen  proper  ground,  begun  to  t;rect  huts 
lor  his  men,  and  to  lorlifv  hia  camp.  The  natives,  m- 
elead  of  opposing  the  entrance  of  those  fatal  guests 
into  their  country,  assisted  tiiein  in  all  their  operations 
with  an  alacrity  of  which  they  had  ere  long  good  rea- 
son to  re]ient 

Next  day  Tentile  and  Pilpaloe  entered  the  Spani^h 
camp  with  a  numerous  retinue  ;  and  Cortes,  consider- 
ing them  as  the  ministers  of  a  great  nuuiarch  cntiiled 
to  a  degree  of  attention  very  ditferent  from  that  which 
the  ypaniards  were  accustomed  to  pay  the  petty  ca- 
znp-ies  with  wliom  they  had  intercourse  in  th(!  isles, 
received  them  with  much  formal  ceremony,  lie  in- 
formed them,  that  ho  came  as  ambassador  from  Don 
Carlos,  of  Austria,  King  of  ("a^lile,  llu;  grealisl 
monarch  of  the  Kast,  and  was  intrusted  with  |lropo^l- 
tions  of  such  moment,  that  he  could  impart  tiifin  to 
none  hut  the  Kinperor  Montezuma  himself,  and  there- 
fore required  them  to  coiiduet  him.  without  loss  ot 
time,  into  the  presence  of  thiir  master.  'I'he  Mexican 
othcers  could  not  eoncnal  their  uneasiness  at  a  reipiest 
which  they  knew  would  be  disav'rceabb'.  and  which 
they  foresaw  might  prove  extiemely  (  mharrassing  to 
their  sovereign,  whose  mind  had  been  hlled  with  many 
disquieting  apprehensions  ever  since  tlic  former  appear- 
ance of  ttie  Spaniards  on  his  coasts.  IJut  before  they 
attempt^ '  to  dissuade  Cortes  from  insistinii  on  ins 
demand,  tney  endeavored  lo  eoncdiate  his  good  will  by  ' 
entrcatini,'  him  to  accept  of  certain  presents,  which,  as  I 
humble  slaves  of  .Montezuma,  they  laid  at  his  feet.  ' 
They  were  mtroiluced  with  great  paratle.  and  consisted 
of  (ine  cotton  cloth,  of  plumes  of  rarious  colors,  and 
of  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver  lo  a  considerable  value  ; 
the  workmanship  of  whicii  appeared  to  be  as  curious 
«  the  materials  were  rich,  'i'he  display  of  these  pro- 
duced an  cdecl  very  ditferetit  from  what  the  Mexicans 
intended.  Instead  of  satisfying,  it  increased  the  avid'ly 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  rendered  them  so  eaijer  and  iiiipa-  j 
lienl  to  become  masters  of  a  country  whicli  abound«rd 
witli  such  preciou^  productions,  that  ( 'ortes  could 
hardly  li-^ten  with  paricnco  to  the  arguments  winch  IMjia- 
loe  and  Tc utile  employed  lo  dissuade  him  from  Vk^ting  ' 


ROnCRTSO  N'S   HISTOUV   OF 


the  capital,  and  in  a  haughty  determined  lonCt  he  in- 
sisted on  his  demand  of  being  admitted  to  a  personal 
audience  of  tlieir  so\trci:in.  I>unng  liiis  inter\uw, 
some  painters,  m  the  tram  of  the  Mexican  chief.->.  h.id 
been  diligently  empUiyeil  in  deliiieatn)i>,  upon  wtnlc 
cotton  cloths,  timires  of  the  ships,  the  iiorses,  the  artil- 
lery, the  soldiers,  and  whatever  elt-e  attracted  tlieir 
eyes  as  singular.  \\  hen  t'ortes  obser\ed  this,  and  was 
informed  that  these  pictures  were  lo  be  ^ciit  to  Mon- 
te/uina,  in  order  to  convey  to  htm  a  more  lively  idea 
of  the  strange  and  wonderful  objects  now  presented  to 
their  view  than  any  words  could  communicate,  he  re- 
solved to  render  the  representation  still  more  animating 
and  inlerewtmg,  by  exhibiting  such  a  spectacle  as  might 
give  both  tlicni  and  their  monarch  an  awful  impr(  ssioii 
of  the  extraordinary  prowess  of  his  followers,  and  the 
irresistible  force  of  ihiir  arms.  'I'he  triimjiels.  by  Ins 
order,  sounded  an  alarm;  the  troops,  m  a  moment, 
formed  m  order  of  battle,  the  infantry  perforineil  such 
martial  e.verci.-*es  as  were  best  suited  to  display  the 
elfect  of  their  dill'erent  weapons  ;  the  horse,  in  various 
evolutions,  ^ave  a  specimen  of  their  ai.'ihlV  and 
strenifth  ;  tin-  artillery,  pointed  towards  the  thick  w  eods 
which  surrounded  the  camp,  were  tired,  and  made 
dreadful  havoc  among  the  trees.  'I'he  Mcxicar-h  looked 
on  with  that  silent  ama/.emcnt  which  is  natural  when 
the  nnnd  is  struck  w  ith  objects  which  are  both  kw  t'lil  and 
above  its  comprehension.  Hut,  at  liie  explosion  of  the 
cannon,  many  of  them  lied,  some  fell  to  ilie  yround, 
and  all  were  so  nnich  eoiUoiinded  at  the  sight  of  men 
whose  jiower  so  nearly  rcsembletl  that  of  the  gods,  that 
Cortes  found  it  dillicult  to  compose  and  reassure  them. 
']'lie  painters  had  now  many  riew  objects  on  which  to 
exercise  their  art,  and  they  put  tlieir  fancy  on  the 
stretch  in  order  to  invent  fin'ires  and  syiu!)ols  to  repre- 
sent the  extraordinary  things  which  they  had  seen. 

Messeiii^ers  wi-re  iminediately  despatched  lo  .Monte- 
zuma with  tho.se  pictures,  and  a  full  account  of  every 
thing  that  had  passfd  since  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  by  them  ( 'ortes  sent  a  present  ol  some  l^un>pean 
curiosities  to  Montezuma,  which,  though  of  no  Lireal 
value,  he  ln-hevt'd  would  he  acceptable  on  account  of 
their  novelty-  The  Mexican  monarchs,  in  order  to  uli- 
tam  early  information  of  every  occurrence  in  all  liie 
t  t)rners  of  tlieir  extensive  empire,  had  introduced  a  re- 
tinement  in  police  unknown  at  that  tiiiu!  in  Kurope. 
They  had  couriers  posted  at  projier  stations  along  the 
principal  roads  ;  and  as  ihese  were  trained  to  agility  by 
a  regular  edueatum.  and  reheveil  one  another  at  mode- 
rate distanciw,  they  conveyed  mtt  Ihgcnce  with  surpris- 
\nu  rapidity.  Thouirh  the  capita!  in  winch  Monte/. una 
rt^sided  was  above  a  hundre*!  and  eighty  miles  from  St. 
.loan  de  I'liia.  (.'ortes's  presents  were  carried  thitlier,  and 
an  answer  to  h:s  drm<inds  reieivetl  in  a  lew  days. 
'I'he  same  olilcers  who  had  hithcrio  treated  with  tiie 
S[ianiirds  wi're  emplovcd  to  deliver  this  answer;  but 
as  they  knew  how  repui.Miani  the  dcternnnalioii  of  their 
master  was  to  all  the  schemes  and  wishes  of  the  Spa- 
nish eoininaiider.  they  wo.ild  not  vi'iituru  to  make  it 
known  until  tliev  had  previously  endeavored  to  soothe 
and  molhfv  liim.  l\n  this  purpose  lliey  renewed  their 
negotiation,  by  miroducinga  train  of  a  hundreil  Indians 
loaded  with  [iresents  sent  to  him  by  Montezuma.  The 
m.iLnnfieence  ol'  these  was  such  as  became  a  great  mo- 
narch, and  far  exceeded  any  idea  which  ihe  .Spaniards 
had  hitherto  formed  of  his  wealth.  They  were  placed 
on  mats  spread  on  the  ground  m  such  order  as  showed 
them  lo  the  greatest  advantaije.  Cortes  and  his  otlicers 
viewed  with  adimraiion  the  various  manufactures  of  the 
country  ;  cotton  stutis  so  tine,  and  of  such  ilelicate 
texture  as  to  resemble  silk  ;  juctiircs  of  animals,  trees, 
and  olher  natural  oI)ject.i.  formed  with  feathers  of  dil- 
ferent  colors,  dispo-'^ed  and  inih::l('d  with  such  skill  atid 
elegance  as  to  rival  the  works  of  the  pencil  m  triiMi  ai.d 
beauty  of  imitation.  Hut  what  chietlly  attracted  their 
eyes  were  two  lari^e  plates  of  a  circul.ir  form,  one  of 
mas-jjv)?  gohl  representing  the  sun.  the  oiher  of  silver, 
an  emblem  of  the  moon.  ( lO'JJ  These  were  accomjia- 
nit  (1  with  bract.'lets.  collars,  rings,  and  olher  trinkets  of 
gold  ;  and  that  nothing  inuiht  be  wanted  which  could  give 
the  Spaniards  a  comiilete  idea  of  what  the  country  afford- 
ed, with  fioine  boxes  tilled  with  pearls,  precious  stones, 
and  grains  of  gold  unwrouiiht,  iis  they  hail  been  found 
m  the  mines  or  rivers,  (-'ortes  received  all  these  with  an 
appearance  of  profound  veneration  for  the  monarch  by 
whom  they  were  bestowed.  IJut  when  the  Mexicans, 
presuming  upon  this,  irHormed  him  that  their  master, 
ihouifh  he  had  desired  him  lo  accept  of  wliat  he  had  sent 
as  a  token  of  re>raid  lor  that  immarch  whom  (N)rtes  re- 
presented, wouhl  not  givH  his  consent  that  loreiifii  troops 
should  approach  nearer  to  hiscapiiol,  or  even  allow  them 
tocontinuo  longer  in  hisdommions,  iIh:  .S(mnish  yrneral 


declared,  in  a  manner  more  resolute  and  perempton 

than  formerly,  that  he  must  insist  on  his  first  demand, 
.IS  iie  could  not  williout  ili>lioiior.  return  to  his  own 
country,  unlil  I.e  was  adniiticd  into  the  presence  of  iho 
prince  whom  he  was  appointed  to  visit  m  the  name  ol 
ins  sovereign.  'J'fie  .\lexicans.  asttnnsln^d  at  seeing 
any  man  dare  lo  ojipose  ttiat  will  winch  ihcv  were  ac- 
customed to  consider  as  supreme  and  irresistible,  yet 
afraid  of  precipitating  their  country  mto  an  open  rup 
ture  Willi  such  forimdable  enemies,  prevailed  with  Cor 
tcs  to  promise  that  he  would  not  remove  from  his  pro 
sell!  eanm  until  the  return  of  a  messenger  whom  lliev 
sent  lo  .>itMitezuma  for  further  instructions. 

The  tirinntss  with  which  Cortes  adhered  to  his  origi- 
nal proposal  should  naturally  have  brouyhl  the  negotia- 
tion between  limi  and  Monte/uina  to  a  speedy  issue,  hh 
it  seemed  t(i  leave  the  Mexican  nuniiuch  no  choice,  but 
either  to  receive  him  with  cuntidence  as  a  friend,  or  to 
oppose  bun  upenly  as  an  enemy.  The  latter  was  what 
\  might  have  been  expected  from  a  haughty  prince  in  pos- 
I  session  of  extensive  power.  The  Mexican  em|nre  at 
this  period  was  al  a  piK'h  of  graialenr  to  which  no  bo- 
'  ciety  ever  allanu  d  in  so  sljort  a  period.  Thtmgh  it 
:  had  subsisted,  according  to  their  own  traditions,  oidy 
a  huiulred  and  thirty  years,  its  dominion  extendeil  from 
the  North  to  the  South  Sea.  over  lerriiories  stretching, 
with  some  small  interrupt  ion,  above  five  hundred 
lea>riies  Iron)  east  to  west,  and  inortr  than  two  hundred 
from  north  to  south,  coinprehendm!!  provinces  not  in- 
terior m  terldiiy,  population  and  opulence,  to  any  in  the 
torrid  zone.  The  people  were  warlike  and  enterprii*- 
luil  ;  the  authority  of  the  monarch  unlmunded,  and 
his  revenues  eonsiderable.  If,  with  the  forces  winch 
might  have  been  suddenly  assendiled  in  such  an  empire, 
Montezuma  had  fallen  upon  the  .Spaniards  while  en- 
camped on  a  barren  unhealthy  coast,  unsupported  by 
any  ally,  without  a  place  of  retreat,  and  deslitnle  of 
provisions,  it  seems  to  be  impossilde,  even  with  all  the 
advantages  of  their  superior  discipline  and  armf,  that 
lliiv  could  have  st-ood  the  shock.  ai:d  they  must  either 
Ikive  i>eri>hed  in  micIi  an  unequal  contest,  or  have  aban- 
doned the  enterprise 

As  the  power  of  .Montezuma  enabled  him  to  take  ihiP 
spiriti-d  part,  his  own  dispositions  were  such  as  seemed 
naturally  to  prompt  hnn  to  it.  Of  all  the  princes  wln» 
had  swaved  the  Mexican  ."^ctqitre,  he  was  the  most 
haughty,  the  most  violent,  ami  the  inosl  nn|)atient  of 
control.  His  subj(!cts  looked  up  to  him  with  awe,  and 
his  enemies  with  lerror.  The  former  he  governed  with 
unexampled  r'gor  ;  but  they  were  impressed  with  such 
an  opinion  of  his  cap.icity  as  commanded  their  respect  ; 
and.  by  many  victories  over  the  latter,  lie  had  spread 
far  the  dread  of  his  arms,  and  had  added  several  con- 
siderable provinces  to  his  dominions.  IJut  tlH><'gh  lus 
talents  miLrht  be  suited  lo  the  iraii^aetions  of  a  slate  so 
inipcrfectly  polished  as  tli"  .Mexican  empire,  and  sulli- 
cieiit  to  conduct  them  while  m  their  accustomed  course, 
they  were  altogether  inadequate  to  a  conjuncture  so  ex- 
traordinary, and  did  not  ipiabty  Inm  either  to  judge  witli 
the  discernment.  ()r  to  act  with  the  decision  requisite  in 
such  trying  emergence. 
'  l''roin  the  moment  that  the  Spaniards  a[ipeared  on 
his  coast,  he  discovered  symptoms  of  timidity  and  em- 
barrassment. In.'tead  of  taking  such  re.vidiUums  at 
the  consciousness  ol  his  own  [lower,  or  the  memorv  ol 
his  former  exploits,  nii;:lit  have  inspired  he  deliberated 
with  an  anxieiy  and  hesitalKui  whu;!)  did  not  escape  tho 
i  notice  of  his  meanest  courtiers.  The  perjilexity  and 
:ducomposure  of  .Montezuma's  mind  upon  this  occa- 
sion, as  well  as  thi.^  gentral  dismay  of  les  sunjects.  were 
not  owin>;  wholly  to  the  inipresMon  which  the  Spaniards 
hail  made  by  the  novelty  of  their  appearance  and  the 
terror  of  their  arms  Its  ori>,Mn  may  he  traced  up  to  .1 
more  remole  source.  'i'here  was  an  opinion,  if  wo 
may  believe  the  earliest  and  most  aullieiilic  Spanish 
historians,  almost  universal  among  the  Americans,  that 
some  dreatilul  calamity  was  niipeiuling  o\er  their  beads, 
I'roin  a  race  of  formidable  mv.iders.  who  should  como 
from  regions  towards  the  rising  sun.  to  overrun  and 
desolate  their  countrv.  Whether  tbis  discpiietmg  ap 
prehension  llowed  Iroin  the  memory  of  some  iminral 
calamity  which  had  atUicted  that  part  of  the  globe,  and 
impressed  the  minds  of  ihe  inhabitants  with  supersti- 
tious fears  and  Ibrebodiiijfs,  or  whether  it  was  an  ima- 
gination accidentally  sugiiesied  by  the  astonishment 
which  the  first  sight  of  a  new  race  of  men  occisioned, 
It  IS  impossible  u>  determine.  Hut  as  the  Mexicans 
were  more  prone  to  superstition  than  any  people  m  the 
New  World,  they  were  more  deejilv  alleeted  by  iho 
aiqiearance  t)f  tlie  Spaniards,  whom  tiiei'- credulilv  in- 
stantly represented  as  the  instrument  (le'-tined  to  tiring 
about  this  fatal  revolution  which  ihev  dre,idL'<I.     Under 


Iiilc  ami  iitmnplory 

oil  lu»  lirsi  ili'iiianUi 
r,  rciiini  l.>  In"  i"*" 
1)  the  prfst'liti'  "'  'l'^^ 
viMi  ih  llii-  mmf  ol 

,lsU)lll>llc:ll    111    KM'ln)! 

wliic-li  llii'V  wi'ii!  lie- 

Hiiil  irri msulili'.  \Kt 
rv  iMii)  ,111  open  ru|i 
I,  pri'vailcci  Willi  Cor 
riMiiovo  fioiii  Ills  pro 
iicswcMi^LT  wlioin  lllPV 
ilrmlioiiH. 

s  iullirail  to  liis  orijii- 
■  1moih;IiI  llic  ni'noliu- 
1  lo  II  spci'dy  i»sm',  an 
lumucli  iiu  rliim;i")  but 
L'lii'C  as  a  Irli'liJ,  or  10 
'I'lu-  l.itliT  was  what 
li;liil!lilvprii»'''  '"  I""" 
II-  MrxR-aii  I'liipiru  at 
liiliMir  10  wlmli  no  su- 

a  period.  'I'lioui;!!  it 
r  own  Irailitions.  only 
iiiiinion  I'StniiU'il  Irom 
r  iirriiorii'M  sirru-liiiij;, 

aliovn  live  liiimlred 
iiore  than  two  liiimlrcil 
uiinil  provinces  not  in- 
iipiili-nce.lo  any  in  ll'O 

warlike  ami  enlerpria- 
larcli   uiilioumleJ.    ami 

Willi  the  loroes  winch 
ililid  in  siidi  an  ein[iirc, 
:i(>  Spaniards  while  en- 

coast,  uiisiipporied  hy 
I'trcal,  and  dtstiliite  ol 
(sililc,  even  wilh  all  llm 
iscipline  and  ariiir",  that 
k,  al:.|  lliey  niiisl  elllier 
il  contest,  or  have  aliai*- 

cnaliled  liiin  to  takoihip 
ns  were  such  as  seenu'd 

Of  all  the  prini-es  '.vim 
plre,  111',  was  the  most 
[1  the  most  inipaiicnt  of 
ip  10  liinl  with  awe,  and 
oriiier  ho  ^'overned  with 
.re  impressed  with  snch 
ininanded  tlieir  respect  ; 
lie   l,iller.  he  had   spread 

lad  added  several  con- 
„iiioiis.  Hot  iho"?h  his 
rau^.u•llons  of  a  suiie  so 
..lean  eiii]iire,  and  sulli- 
Iheir  aeenslonied  course, 
e  to  aeonjiincturo  so  cx- 

hiiii  either  to  jmlj^e  Willi 

ihe  decision  reiiuisitc  iii 

Spaniards  appeared  on 
oiiis  of  tinndity  and  cm- 
such  resolutions   a! 
power,  or  the  memory  ol 
inspired  ho  dellheraled 
which  did  not  escape  llio 
ers.     The  perplexity  and 
's   iiiind    ii|ion  this  ueca- 
mav  of  his  sunjects,  were 
;sioii  which  the  S|iaiiiarii,i 
heir  appearand-  and  tiie 
11  may  he  traced  up  to  .i 
was  an   opinion,    il   wo 
most  aiilhenlic  Spanish 
111."  the  .Vmerieans,  that 
iiiidin^' over  their  heads, 
',,1.  rs,  who  should  como 
sun.  lo  overrun  and 
iher  this  disipiietinil  ap 
ineniorv  of  some  naiiiral 
lat  part  of  the  |ilohe,  and 
hahllants  with    sn[iersli- 
r  whether  il  was  an  im,n- 
ed  hy   the  astoinshmcnl 
race  of  men  occasioned, 
lint   as   tho   .Meiie.-ins 
on  than  anv  people  in  the 
ih-eplv  alleeled   liy    tho 
.  wh.iill  tiiel'credulitv  III- 
irnmciit  de'iincd  t"  hniig 
ich  ihcv  drejde<l.     lJi«l''' 


I 


MOtlTII    A  M  KtnC  A. 


liiDHt)  iMri'UiitNliini'fM  It  cfiiiHf'ii  tu  lio  iiu'rcdililo  tliut  u  | 
liiii)tltiil  of  ii(lvfiiiiii('r<4  mIkiiiUI  iiliimt  tluMiioimrch  uf  II I 
^rcat  rin|iiro,  and  all  tiiM  Niilij'rtN. 

Nuiwii))»laii<lin^  till-  iiitliM'iK-i;  of  tliift  iinprrftitijii,  | 
ultrii  till)  inrsHriitriT  arrivril  Iroiii  ihr  Sjiaiii^tli  (Miiip  { 
vallt  in  liiH'oiiiil  that  llic  Icidrr  of  iliii  slriittgt'rH,  adlirr- 
iii^  lo  Ills  ^rl^lllal  ilnnand,  rrl'iHfd  to  olicy  llii'  order 
unjoining liirii  lo  l<M\r  tin-  tuinitry.  Morilc7.iiiiid  usMiiinid 
ifMiio  dturrc  ol  rfMululinii  ;  and  in  ii  lraiis|iurt  of  nitri' 
nii'.iiral  111  11  I'mti'I'  |iriiiri-  tiiiacnisininctl  tu  inccl  with 
Qiiy  0|)|MHilioii  to  liiH  will,  he  tlin-atciii'il  to  saiTilii't) 
tliosr  |ir('Hiir)i|iliioiif*  \uvi:  to  Ins  ^odH.  Hut  his  doiilpts 
Qiid  learn  *|uu-kly  ritiiriicd  ;  niul  iti-sti-iul  o\  is>*iiiiiu'  or- 
ders locarrv  lii^^  ilireals  into  ixeciilioii,  lie  ;i^aiii  culled 
hiH  tiimi.siers  to  coiiter  and  olli-r  their  iidviee  Keelile 
mill  lejni'onsni^  nieastires  will  atwavn  lie  the  reiull 
wlieii  men  usseiithle  to  dt  liliemle  ui  ii  sitimtiun  where 
lliev  oiiiiht  to  acl  The  Mexican  rouiiM-'lors  took  no 
t'Declual  measure  for  ex|iellinir  micli  tnn.lileHoine  iti- 
IrniierH,  and  weru  Hatislied  witlt  issiiniir  u  iiiuro  jiosilive 
irijurirtion,  reipiiriiiii  them  to  leave  the  country  ;  hut 
tliiH  thev  pre|>uMlerunsly  acconiiiaiiieil  with  a  proeut  ot 
flitch  value  uh  proved  a  fresli  uidui^enient  to  remain 
liicre. 

Meanwliilo,  the  Spaniards  were  not  without  soliri- 
ludo,  or  A  variety  of  Neiitimenls,  in  delilieratinif  eon- 
cornintr  ilicir  own  future  conduct.  Trom  what  they  had 
i.lready  seen,  many  of  thrin  formed  such  extravagant 
ideas  coiif'Tmnij  the  opulence  of 'Ve  <»ouiitry,  th.it  li.H 
piHiiij;  dunyer  or  liard>hip^  when  llu'v  had  to  view  Ire.i- 
tureD  which  ujipeared  to  he  mcxhauKlihle,  they  werr 
toiler  lo  iitteni|it  ihe  compirst.  <  >lliers,  estiiuatm^  (ho  , 
l^twer  of  tlie  Mexican  empire  l>y  its  wealth,  and  ciiu- 
iiieralni<i  the  various  proofs  winch  had  iiceurt-d  of  its 
•  hvin<r  under  a  well  rej^iilated  adiiinii:*tration,  contended 
that  11  we  dd  he  an  act  of  the  wildest  fren/y  to  attack 
oiich  a  Mate  with  a  sntall  hody  of  lueii,  ill  want  of 
provisions,  uncoiuiected  willi  any  ally,  and  already  en- 
fcelilcd  hy  llie  disease^  peculiar  to  ihit  cliiiiule,  and  the 
laKs  of  several  of  their  niimher.  (\trles  t-ei  lellv  ap- 
plauded the  advocatiM  for  hold  nioftsutr;;.  andchen>!it'l 
ihiur  romantic  hopew,  as  such  idea;;  corresjionded  with 
liji  own,  and  favored  the  eierutiun  of  the  Kciienu  :* 
which  ho  had  formed.  Kroni  the  tiino  that  the  Mu^pi- 
ciDiiriof  \'('hiscpiez  hrnke  out  with  opi-n  violence  in  (he 
Qttrmpts  tu  (iepnve  him  of  the  i.-ommand,  Corlcs  saw 
Uir  necessity  u\  ilissolviiij»  a  cunneciion  which  would 
obstruct  and  eniharras.i  all  his  operations,  nnd  watched 
for  11  proper  opportunity  of  coinin>r  to  a  llnat  rupture 
witli  liim.  Ilavnij^  tills  in  view,  he  liad  labcrej  hy 
every  art  to  secure!  the  e-tiein  and  alfcclton  of  Ins  sid- 
dicfN.  Wilh  his  ahilities  fur  eommaiiil.  it  was  easy  to 
pain  their  esteem  ;  and  Ins  followers  were  nuickly  satis-  j 
iied  lliat  they  inii:iit  rely,  with  perfect  coiitidenee,  on  the 
roiiiluct  and  conraijeof  their  leader.  Mor  wa.s  it  more  ' 
ditliciill  lo  ac-piire  their  all'ection.  Ariionj;  ad\enturers 
nearly  of  liio  same  rank,  and  servnij^  at  their  own  ex- 
pense, the  dii*nitv  of  command  did  not  elevate  a  ge- 
neral ahove  mmulniir  witli  tliosi'  who  acted  under  hiiu 
Corlos  availed  himself  of  this  freedom  ol  inti-rconrse  to 
insinuate  himself  into  their  tavort  and  I)y  his  all'ahle 
manners,  hy  well  timed  acts  of  hheridity  t*i  foine,  hy 
inspiring  all  with  vast  hopes,  and  hy  allt)wiii;;  ihein  to 
tradi-  privately  with  the  iiiitives.  [llKiJ  he  atiiwhed  the  ' 
greater  part  of  Ins  soldiers  so  firmly  lo  hiin>elf,  that 
thev  almost  hir^nit  that  tliu  armamctil  hail  heiii  fitted 
out  hv  the  authority  and  at  the  expense  of  another. 

l)urini»  tliese  iiitri;^neR.  Teutile  arrived  with  llie  pre- 
sent from  Moiitiziimi,  and,  toi^etlier  with  it.  delivered 
tlio  uilniiate  order  of  tlmt  monar.'li  to  depart  msiaiitly 
out  of  his  dominions;  and  wlien  Cortes,  in.steail  of 
rompivin;^,  renewed  his  reipiest  of  an  .iiidience.  the 
Mexican  turned  from  him  ahrnhllv,  and  (|uitteit  the 
camp  with  hioks  and  i.M'stine»  which  strongly  expressed 
his  surprise  and  resentment.  .Next  moriiinjx,  none  of 
tlie  natives,  who  used  lo  frc'iucnt  the  eamp  in  threat 
nuinhers  m  ordi  r  to  barter  with  the  soldiers,  and  to 
hrini;  in  provisions,  appeared.  All  friendly  correspond- 
cn.'e  seemed  now  to  lie  at  an  end.  and  it  was  eipt'cied 
every  iniwnent  that  lio^lihties  would  commem'e.  'I'iiis, 
thouifh  an  event  that  mis^ht  have  been  foreseen,  occa- 
sioned a  siiilden  coustemalion  amouif  the  Spaniards, 
which  cmlM)lilened  the  adherentiof  V'ela.^tpiez  not  only 
to  niunnnr  and  cabal  a<;ainst    their  i^'cnerat,  but  to  ap- 

1)oinl  one  of  their  number  to  remonstrate  openly  ai;ainst 
lis  impnidence  in  attemptin;;  tlie  eonipiest  of  a  nii;^hty 
i;ni|iire  with  svicli  inadeipiatu  force,  and  to  uri^e  the  ne- 
cessity of  retarniriix  to  Ciiha,  in  order  to  refit  the  licet 
and  aiiument  the  army  l)iem>  du  t  Iril.iz.  one  ot  his 
pf'i.'^ipal  oilicers,  whom  the  m.ile.-ontcnis  char^jed  with 
thiH  commission,  delivered  it  with  a  suldierlv  freedmn 
and  bluiitncss,  assuring  Cortes  that  liu  epoko  tho  sonti- 


iniint.i  of  the  whole  tinny  Il<'  liNlemil  to  this  remon- 
Htraiice  without  any  appciiraiice  ot  emotion,  uiid  as  he 
well  knew  the  temper  ai.d  wishes  of  )ns  soldiers,  and 
foresaw  how  they  wuiihl  receive  a  pniposilion  lalal  at 
once  lo  all  the  splendid  iinpes  and  schrines  wliieli  Ihey 
had  been  jo-min;/  with  such  complacrny,  he  carrii'd  Iun 
dissnnulauon  so  far  as  to  seem  lo  reiimpiish  lim  own 
ineahiires  in  compbatici.-  with  IIk^  reipiest  ot  ( )rdaz,  and 
is.siied  orders  that  the  armv  should  be  in  readiness  next 
(Jay  to  re  emlirirk  lor  ('nba.  As  soon  as  this  was 
known,  the  disappointed  udventiirers  exej.nineil  and 
threatened;  the  emissaries  uft'jries,  min^tiii<r  with 
them,  lullaiiu  d  llieir  raye  ;  tho  b-rment  became  ),niii-ral  ; 
tin-  wlinle  cam|i  was  almost  m  open  niuliny  ;  all  do- 
maiidiut,'  with  e,i<,'erness  lo  .see  their  commander,  (.'or- 
tes  was  not  slow  in  appearing;  when,  with  one  voice, 
ullicers  and  soldiers  exprei^sed  iheir  asloninbment  and 
indignation  at  the  onb:rs  which  they  had  received.  Il 
was  unworlhv,  they  cried,  of  tlie  (.'astillian  courage  to 
be  duimted  at  the  lirsl  aspe<tt  of  danger,  und  infamous 
tolly  belnre  any  enemy  appeared-  I'or  Iheir  parts, 
they  were  di;terriiiiied  not  to  [ehiKpnsh  an  enterprise 
that  had  hitlierlo  been  miccessful,  and  winch  tended  so 
vi.-^ihty  to  spread  the  knowled<^e  uf  true  religion,  and  to 
advance  the  i;Iory  and  interest  of  tlu-ir  country.  Happy 
under  his  command,  they  would  follow  him  with  ala- 
crity ihroui^h  every  daiiirer  in  ipiesl  of  those  settlements 
and  treasures  which  he  had  so  Imii;  held  out  lo  their 
viivv  ;  liut  if  he  chose  r.ilher  to  return  to  <'nha,  and 
tumelv  Ui^e  up  all  Ins  hoptsof  distinction  and  opulence 
to  an  envious  rival,  they  would  instantly  choose  another 
(reiieral  to  conduct  (hem  in  that  path  of^lory  which  he 
had  not  spirit  lo  enter. 

Corles,  deliL;hted  with  their  ardor,  took  no  oll'ence  at 
tho  lioldne.sM  with  which  it  was  uttered.  'I'he  si'iiti- 
iitents  were  what  he  himself  had  iiispireil,  ami  Ihe 
warinlh  of  expression  satisfied  him  (hat  his  tollovvers 
had  imbibed  (hem  iborouirhly.  lie  adecled,  however, 
to  be  surpritted  at  what  he  heard,  declaring;  that  his  or- 
ders to  prepare  for  embarking  were  issued  from  a  per- 
suasion thai  this  wuaai^reeablo  tu  his  troops  ;  that,  troia 
deterencc  lo  what  lie  had  been  informi'd  was  their  in- 
eliuaicon,  lie  had  aacriticed  his  own  privatt*  opnuon, 
which  was  firmly  licnt  on  e^tabli.shiii;^  immeiliatety  a 
M'lllirm  n!  on  thtt  sea  coast,  and  then  on  eiideavorint; 
to  peiietiaie  into  the  interior  part  of  the  coiinlrv  ;  that 
now  he  was  coiiviric(^d  of  his  error ;  and  as  he  perceived 
that  they  were  animated  with  the  generous  spirit  which 
breathed  in  e\ery  true  .Spimiard,  he  would  resume,  with 
freali  arilur,  his  oritniial  plan  of  operation,  and  doubted 
not  lo  conduct  them,  iii  Ihe  career  of  viciory,  to  kucIi 
independent  foiliines  as  their  vahir  merited.  I'pon 
ihis  declaration,  sliouls  of  applause  testified  thi?  excess 
of  their  joy.  'Jlie  measure  seemed  to  i»e  taken  with 
unanimous  consent ;  such  as  secretly  condemned  it 
bein^  ohiiLM'd  to  join  in  Ihe  acclamations,  partly  to  iM)n- 
CK'al  their  disalVeclion  I'rom  their  general,  ami  partly  lt> 
avoid  the  miputalion  of  cowardice  from  their  fellow* 
soldiers. 

Without  allowing;  his  men  time  to  cool  or  to  rellect, 
('ones  set  about  carryiny  liis  desijjn  into  execution. 
In  order  to  (five  a  bei^innin^  lo  a  colony,  he  assembled 
Ihe  principal  persons  in  Ins  army,  and  by  their  sullrai^e 
th'cted  a  council  and  ma|fistrates,  in  whom  the  i^overn- 
menl  was  to  bo  vested  As  men  naturally  tran-planl 
the  institulionx  and  forms  of  the  mother  country  into 
their  new  settlements,  tins  was  framed  upon  llie  model 
of  ft  Spanish  corporation.  The  inngiRtrates  were  dia- 
tin;<;iiished  by  the  same  nanies  and  ensiiins  of  ollice, 
and  weru  lo  e.tercise  n  cimilar  jurisdiction.  All  the 
persons  chosen  were  mo.*.t  lirinly  devoted  to  ('ortes, 
and  the  instrument  of  their  idcction  was  framed  in  the 
kmjf's  name,  withowt  any  mention  of  their  dependence 
on  \'ela.s(piez.  The  two  principles  of  avarice  and  en- 
thusiasm, which  prompteil  the  Spiniiards  to  all  llieir 
enterprises  in  llie  New  World,  seem  to  have  concurred 
in  su;,^u'Pstni^  tile  name  which  (Juries  bestowed  on  his 
infinl  settlement,  lie  called  it,  The  Rich  Town  of  ihe 
'i'r'ie  (Vo.t.?. 

The  first  mcotini;  of  the  new  council  was  dislin- 
piished  by  a  Iransaclion  of  ^'reat  inoinenl.  As  soon 
as  it  assembled,  C'orle.s  ajiphed  for  leave  to  enter  ;  and 
approachinir  with  many  marks  of  profound  respect, 
which  added  dignity  to  the  tribunal,  and  set  an  example 
of  reverence  for  its  authority,  he  began  a  lona  haraiii^ue, 
in  which,  with  much  art,  and  in  (erms  extremely 
fiattermg  to  persons  just  eiiterint^  upon  th''ir  new  func- 
tion, he  observed,  that  as  the  supreme  jurisdiction  over 
the  colony  winch  they  had  planted  was  now  vested  in 
this  court,  he  ciuisidered  lliein  as  clothed  with  the  au- 
thority and  reprcsruliiifi  the  persun  o(  their  sovereign  ; 
that  accordingly  be  would  coinniunicalu  lo  Uiriu  what 


_m 

I  he  deemed  pfianntini  to  tho  piibtir  Ndfety.  with  tho  oamo 

diitibil  lidehly  as  if  he  were  iiddressinir  hi<t  royal  nino* 
ter ;  that  the  necnrity  of  a  colony  settled  in  a  great 
eiiijiire.  wlio^e  sovereign  had  already  ilisi-overeii  hiil 
hostile  intentions,  depended  upon  arms,  tiiid  the  ellicary 
of  tliCMe  n[ioii  the  suhordmatinn  and  discipline  preserved 
among  the  troops  ;  that  his  right  to  eonimaiitl  was  du- 
rived  from  a  coimnission  granted  by  the  governor  of 
Cuba;  aiul  as  that  had  been  long  since  ri'voked,  thn 
lawfulnoHs  of  his  juri>diclion  might  well  he  ipiestiomd; 
that  he  might  be  thought  lo  act  iipon  a  efeclive  of 
I  even  a  dubious  title;  nor  could  they  trust  an  armv 
which  might  ihspiilu  llii'  powers  of  lis  general,  at  ii 
)unctiire  when  it  ought  implicitly  lo  obey  ins  orders  ; 
that,  moved  hy  these  constderalions.  he  now  resigned  all 
his  aiillionly  lo  ihem,  that  they,  having  both  nghl  Ui 
choose,  and  power  lo  confer  full  jurisdiction,  might  ni>- 
point  one  in  the  king's  name  to  <-ommand  (ho  army  iti 
i(s  future  operatMMis  ;  and  as  Utr  Fiiit  own  part,  such 
was  bis  7.e.i|  for  tin?  service  in  which  they  were  en- 
gaged, that  he  would  most  eheerlullv  lake  up  a  pike  witU 
the  same  hand  that  laid  down  the  general's  truncheon, 
and  convince  his  lellow-soMters,  that  ihoiigh  accu.*»- 
tomed  to  commaml,  he  bad  not  forgotten  how  to  obey. 
Having  linished  his  discinirse,  ho  laid  llie  cominiSAlon 
from  Velasfpiez  upon  the  (able,  and,  alter  kisstn|r  his 
(ninchion,  delivered  it  lo  tho  chief  nugistrule,  and 
witlii'rew. 

'i'he  deliberations  of  the  ronncil  were  not  long,  aa 
Tories  had  concerled   (his  important  measure  wi'.h   bin 
eoMlidaiils,  and  had   prepared  the  other  members  with 
great   addresM   for  the   part   which    In  wished  lliein  to 
lake.      Ills  resignation  was  accepted  ;  and  as  the  unin- 
lerrupted  tenor  of  Iheir  jiro.spenty   under  hitf   conduct 
allbrdt  d  the  most  salislymg   evidence  of  his  abdilieii 
[  for  cmnmand,  they,  by  their  unammoii.s  siilVrage,  elected 
j  bim  chuf  justice  of  the  colony,  and  captain-general  of 
I  its  army,  and  appointed  his  commission  (o  be  made  out 
I  in  the  king's  name,  with  most    aniph^  powers,   which 
I  were  (u  continue  in  force  until  the  royal  pleasure  should 
be  further  known.    That  this  deed  might  not  be  deemed 
the  HUM  lunation  of  a  junto,  the  council  called  together 
the  troo|is,  and    acipiamted  them  wilh  what  bad  been 
resolved.     The  sohbers,  with   eager  applause,  ratihed 
the   choice  which  (he  council   had  made  ;  the   uir  re- 
sounded with  the   name  of  Cortes,  and  all  vowed  lo 
I  8hed  their  blood  in  support  of  his  antlionty. 
I      (.'ortes,  iiavmg  now  brought  Ins  intrigues  lo  tho  c'e- 
,  sired   issue,  and  shaken  otf  his  mortifying  dependenco 
on  the  governor  of  (Jnba,  accepted  of  tho  commission. 
I  which  vested  in  him  supreme  jurisdiction,  civil  as  well 
as  military  over  (he  colony,  with  niiinv  professions  of 
!  respect  lo  the  conned  and  gratitude  to  the  army,      To- 
I  geiher  with   this  new  command,   he   assumed  greater 
,  diL'iuty,  and  b.egaii  lo  exercise  more  extensive  powers. 
rormerly  he  h,ul  b  It  hinisell'lo  be  only  the  deputy  of  a 
subject;   now  he  acted  as  the  representativo  of  his  so- 
vereign.    The  adherents  of  Velascpiez,  fully  aware  o( 
what  would  be  the  etlect  of  tins  change  m  Ihe  situation 
of  Cortes,  could  no  longer  continue  silent  and  passive 
spectators    of  his   a.  ".ions.      They    exchiinied    openly 
against  the  jiroceedmgs  of  the  council  as  illegal,  atid 
against    those  of  (he  army  as  mutinoii:!.     Cortes,  in- 
Rlantly  perceiving  the  necessity  of  giving  a  timely  check 
to  such  seditious  discourse  by  some  vigorous  measure, 
arrested  1  )rdaz,  llscudero,  and  \'elasipiez  de  I.eon,  the 
rmgle.iders  of  this  faction    and  sent    them    prisoners 
aboard  the  t'cel,  loaded  with  etiaiu',-.   Their  dependantii, 
astonishc  .  ,    tl     verawed,  remained  ipiiet ;  and  (,'orte.s, 
more  d'         ,.i  "    reclaim  than  to  punish  his  prisoneni, 
j  who  wert  III  cii.-  of  great  merit,  courted  iheir  friend- 
;  ship  with  such  assiduity  and  address,  that  the  reconci- 
liation was  perfectly  cordial;  and   on  the  most  (ryin<» 
occasions,  neither  iheir  connection  with  tln^  gov-rnor 
'  of  Cuba,  nor   the  memory  of  the  indignity  with  vvlnch 
,  they   had   been  treated,  lempleil  ihein  to  swerve  from 
:  an  inviolable  attachment  to  his  intenst       In  this,  as 
well  as  his  other  negotiations  at  this  critic;d  eonjuneture, 
which  decided  with  respect  to  his  future  fniiie  and  for- 
tune Corles  owed  much  of  his  success  to  llie  Mexican 
gold,   which  he  distributed  with  a  liberal  hand  both 
j  among  his  friends  and  his  opponents. 
I      Corles,  having   thus    rendered    tho   uninn   between 
I  himself  and  his  army  indissoluble,  by  <'nga;ring  it  to 
join  him  in  disclaiming  any  dependence  on  the  governor 
j  of  ('uba,  and  in  repeated  acts  of  disobeilience  to  hia 
I  authority,   thought   lie    now  might  venture  to  ipiit  tho 
I  camp  in  which  he  had  hitherto  n'ln.iined,  and  advanco 
j  into  the   country.     To  this  he  w,i-  encouraged  bv  an 
i  event   no   less  forlntiate   than  seasonable.     Stnno   In- 
dians having  approached  Ins  camp  in  u  nivsterious  nmn- 
I  iier,  were  introduced  hilo  his  pa'jcnce.     He  found  that 


133 


ROnEKTSON'a   niSTOKY   OP 


ill 


tliOT  wore  Krni  willi  a  itrotFrr  of  friiwi{|Nhi[)  from  tht' 
uaiiqnu  01  /tMii|io,ill.t,  II  I'tiM^uIt  r<tl)lL'  iiiwn  at  lui  ^ri-.tl 
ilii  taticiJ  i  itiul  Initii  llit'iT  iniHWcr-*  lo  ii  v.inrty  ol'  (|Mrt- 
tioim  Miticli  \\v  |iitl  lu  rliriii,  accoriliri;^  ta  lim  ii?tiuil 
pniciico  in  fvt-ry  intcrvKiw  vviih  tht)  |i('0|tlii  of  iUv 
country,  liv  ^iitliiTi'd,  tliiU  ihcir  inuMirr,  (liun^li  nultjocl 
to  tito  MtxiiMn  rrn|iir(\  wah  irn()ulit>iit  ol  the  yoki',  iniil 
tilled  Willi  niii-h  dread  and  liatrrd  uf  Muntt'/.nina,  tliat 
iiolliin^  coiilil  lie  nuiri)  urcrptablo  (o  liiii)  limn  uiiv 
liroMpect  ul  (li'liuTUticr  from  ihc  oppresHioii  nndtr 
Hliich  hr  ^roaiit'd.  On  hiMnn^  thiit.  u  ray  of  liijhl  mul 
ho|K-  liiuku  in  npon  llin  nund  of  Cortm.  He  niiw  that 
tilt!  great  empire  wliiili  lie  nileiided  lo  ultark  wn^  lu  illii-r 

IKTli'Lily  united,  nor  it  t  sovereign  univorMally  I'rioved, 
le  concluded,  lliat  llie  imiuhch  of  dtftutl'ection  could  nut 
t\v  contined  to  one  provhiee.  Iiul  that  in  other  eonierrt 
tlierc  inusi  he  nialecoutenti*,  so  weary  of  Hiilijectioii,  or 
■0  ueNtroiiM  of  clianire,  da  tu  lie  ready  to  follow  the 
Btundard  of  uny  protector  Full  of  those  ideis,  on 
winch  he  lte<4an  to  lorui  a  fichenio  that  time  and  more 
perfect  inforiiialion  concerning  the  Htatu  of  the  coimtrv 
oimbled  him  to  iiuilure,  ho  ^Mvn  a  iiiofit  u'rariouo  recep- 
tion to  the  /einpoullanH,  and  promised  soon  lo  viMt 
Uieir  caziipio 

III  order  to  perform  this  promiso,  it  was  not  ne- 
cessary to  vary  the  route  which  ho  had  already  fixed 
for  his  inarch.  Soino  otlicerM,  whom  he  had  eui[iloyed 
to  aunuy  the  coast,  havui>;  dincovercd  a  villai;e  iiained 
(Jiiiabislan,  uliout  forty  Miller  to  the  iiorlliward,  which, 
U'th  on  account  of  the  fertility  of  tlie  t(od  and  coin- 
inidiouHiiess  of  tlie  harhor,  seemed  to  he  a  more  pro- 
per station  for  a  KPtilenient  than  th.it  where  he  was 
encamped,  (Jorles  determined  to  remove  thither,  /em- 
poalla  lay  in  his  way,  whore  the  cazujue  received  hnn 
in  the  manner  which  he  had  reason  lo  expect ;  witli 
^ifls  and  caresses,  like  a  man  Molictlons  to  <rain  his 
(rood  will  ;  with  reNpei-i  iipproachini;  ulmoJt  to  itdora- 
tion,  like  one  who  looked  up  to  hmi  as  a  deliverer. 
From  hnn  he  learned  many  particulars  with  re.<pecl  lo 
tho  character  of  Monte/.uini.  and  tho  circumxlances 
which  rendered  his  doimiuon  odious,  lie  w  is  a  tyrant, 
aj  tho  eaziipie  told  hun  wiili  tears,  Inunhty,  cruel,  and 
frUopiciou*;  who  treated  his  own  suhjecls  with  arro- 
gance, ruined  the  comjuered  provinces  by  excessi,\e 
exactionti,  anil  oflti:  tore  tlieir  sons  and  dauj,'litir.s  frjin 
Ihein  bv  violcnio  :  tl:e  fcruif r  to  be  oll'ered  as  victiuis 
to  hie  gods ;  tl.o  .atter  to  be  reserved  ns  conculunes 
for  himself  tr  fa\orae8.  Cortes,  in  leplv  to  hnn.  art- 
fully .'wirmated,  that  one  yreat  object  of  tlie  .Siuniards 
111  visiting  a  country  so  remote  from  their  own,  was  lo 
redress  grievances,  and  lo  relieve  the  oppressed,  and 
bnviiiir  cnconrsired  hnn  to  hope  for  'liis  inlcrposiliou 
in  due  time,  he  cuntiiiued  Ins  march  lo  Quiabistaii 

'I'he  spot  which  hi*  olhcers  bad  recommended  as  a 
proper  siiaation.  appeared  to  Inm  to  bo  so  well  chosen, 
that  he  immediately  marked  out  i^rouiid  for  a  town. 
The  bouM-s  li>  be  erected  were  only  huts  ;  but  these 
were  to  be  siirrouiitled  with  fort'ticatiotis  of  snllicicnt 
Ktrenglh  lo  resui  itie  assaults  of  an  Indian  army.  Ay. 
the  finisliini:  of  those  forlitiralions  was  e^-iiitial  to  the 
existence  of  a  colony,  and  of  no  less   •tupurtance  in 

1)rosecutmi;  the  desiirna  which  the  le-uhr  and  his  fol- 
owcrs  meditated,  both  in  order  to  se.  ;;e  a  pl.ice  of 
irireat,  and  in  jireseive  their  commuiiir.iiion  witli  the 
sea,  evtri.  nian  ia  the  urmv.  oliictrs  as  will  as  soldiers, 
put  his  tiand  to  the  work,  Cortes  himself  Kctlm^r  them 
an  example  of  artiviiy  and  perseverance  in  labor.  The 
Indians  uf  /einpoalla  and  (.juubislan  lent  their  aid; 
and  tins  petty  station,  ihe  p-jrent  of  so  many  mi>jlity 
arttlements,  was  soon  lu  a  state  of  delence. 

While  eii^jaged  m  thia  necessary  work,  Cortes  bad 
aeveral  interviews  wi-  ;  the  cazicpies  of  Zempoalia  and 
Cjuiabistaa  ;  and  avaj^.u^r  himself  of  their  wonder  uud 
nslonishment  at  the  new  objects  which  they  daily 
beheld,  be  gradually  iii.spircd  them  with  such  a  liij^h 
opinion  of  ilie  .Spaniards,  as  beinys  of  a  superior  order, 
rnd  irresistible  in  arms,  ihat,  relymtion  their  protection. 
they  ventuied  lo  insult  the  Mexican  power,  at  the  very 
name  of  which  they  were  accustomed  to  tremble. 
Some  of  Montezuma's  otlicers  having  appeared  lo  levy 
the  u:mal  tribntr,  and  to  demand  a  certain  number  of 
human  victims,  as  an  expiation  for  their  i^uilt  in  prc- 
tuiniiijj  to  hold  intercourse  w-ith  those  slrani^ers  whom 
tho  emperor  had  commanded  to  leave  his  dominions ; 
instead  of  obeymfr  the  order,  the  cazupies  made  them 
prisoners,  treated  ihein  with  ^reat  indignity,  andasibeir 
BUporstition  was  no  less  barbarous  than  that  of  the 
Mexicans,  they  pre|)ured  to  sacritiee  them  to  tlieir 
go-Is,  From  tins  last  danjier  they  were  delivered  by 
tilt*  inter}iosition  of  Cortes,  who  manifested  the  utmost 
horror  at  the  uicnlion  of  such  a  deed.  'Ihe  two 
caciques  Itaviiig  now  been  puslied  to  uu  act  of  such 


open  rebellion,  a^  h'fl  Ihcm  no  hope  of  safrtv  but  in 
attaching!  themselves  mvioUblv  lo  llic  .Sp.ini.irtU.  thrv 
soon  compleltd  their  union  with  lliem.  bv  lormallv 
arknowlediiiiil^  ibeniselees  to  be  vassals  of  the  same 
monarch.  Their  example  wan  followed  by  ihe  Tolo- 
na>pies,  a  liert'e  people  who  inhalnted  the  mountainous 
part  of  the  comilry.  Thev  wilbiinly  subjected  them- 
selves to  the  crown  of  l.'astile,  and  otlered  lo  accom- 
pany (.'orles,  with  all  their  forces,  in  his  march  towards 
Mexico, 

(.'orUs  had  now  been  above  three  inontliN  in  New 
Spam;  and  tliou^'h  this  period  had  not  been  dis- 
tniuMiished  hv  martial  exploits,  every  moment  had  been 
employed  in  operations  which,  tboii^^h  lefis  splendid, 
were  more  important.  By  Ins  uddresH  in  conduetm^ 
his  intri^'ues  with  Ins  own  armv,  as  well  as  bm  saiTacity 
In  carrying  on  bis  ne<rotmiioiis  with  the  natives,  be 
had  already  laid  the  foiindahons  of  bis  future  succrNn. 
Uut  whatever  conlidence  lu*  ini^ht  pbice  in  the  plat) 
which  he  had  formed,  he  could  iioi  hut  perceive,  that 
as  Ins  title  lo  command  was  derived  from  a  doubtful 
authonlv.  he  held  it  by  a  precarious  tenure.  The  in- 
juries which  Velas.piez  l..id  received  were  such  as 
would  naluraily  prompt  hnn  to  njiply  for  redress  tu 
tlieir  common  sovereign  ;  and  such  a  represenla'ion, 
ho  foresaw,  mi^ht  be  yiven  of  bis  conduct  that,  he  had 
reason  lo  apprehend,  not  only  that  be  iniirht  he  de- 
graded from  bis  present  rank,  but  subjected  lo  punish- 
ment. Helor*'  h((  beijan  bis  march,  it  was  necess'iry 
to  take  the  most  eirectual  prec.intioiis  against  this  tm- 
pemlmi»  danger.  Willi  this  view  be  persuaded  the 
niiiijistrali's  of  the  colony  at  \'vn  Cruz  lo  address  a 
letter  lo  th(^  liin^^  the  chief  ohptel  of  which  was  lo 
justify  tlieir  own  conduct  m  estnbtishmir  a  colony  in- 
dt  pendent  on  the  jurisdiction  of  Velan-piez.  In  order 
to  accomplish  this,  they  endeavoied  to  detract  from  his 
merit  in  littiiii;  out  tlie  two  lormer  armaments  under 
Cordova  and  (Jrijalva,  allirmin^  that  these  had  been 
cipiipped  by  the  advenliirers  who  enira^ed  in  the  p.x- 
peditions,  and  not  by  the  ifovernor.  I'iiey  contended 
that  the  sole  object  of  Velas.pxz  was  to  trade  or  barter 
with  the  natives,  not  to  attempt  ihe  conquest  of  New 
Spain,  or  to  settle  a  colony  there.  Tlwiy  asserted  that 
("ortes  and  the  otiicers  who  serveil  under  hnn  had 
defrayed  the  ^'reater  part  of  the  e.tpeiise  of  tittm^  out 
the  armament.  On  this  account,  they  humbly  re- 
quested their  sovereign  to  ratify  wlut  they  bad  done  m 
Ins  name,  and  to  coniirm  Cortes  ni  tlie  supreme  com- 
maii'l  by  his  rov.d  commission  That  Charles  miyht 
be  induced  to  ^raiit  more  readiU  what  they  demanded, 
they  gave  hnu  a  pom[)ous  dosc'iptioii  of  the  country 
winch  they  had  diM-u\ered;  of  Us  richef,  the  number 
of  Us  iiihabitaiils,  ilicir  civilization  and  arts ;  they  re- 
lated the  pruirress  whitdi  they  had  already  made  m 
annexmir  some  parts  of  the  country  situated  on  the  sea 
coast  to  the  crown  of  ('aslile  ;  and  mentioned  the 
schemes  which  they  bad  formed,  as  well  as  the  hopes 
which  they  riitertamcd,  of  reducing  the  whole  to  snh- 
jcction  *  Cortes  himself  wrote  in  a  similar  .strain  ;  and 
as  be  knew  that  the  Spanish  court,  accustomed  to  the 
e.xaiigeraied  representations  of  every  new  county  by 
its  discoverers,  would  give  little  credit  to  their  splen- 
did accounls  of  New  .Spam,  if  tiiesc  were  not  accom- 
panied Willi  such  a  specimen  of  what  it  contained 
as  wfMiId  e.\cilo  a  high  idea  of  its  opulence,  he 
solicited  his  soldiers  to  relinquish  what  they  might 
claim  as  their  part  of  the  treasures  which  bad  hitherlo 
been  collected,  in  order  that  the  whole  might  be  sent 
to  the  king.  Such  was  the  ascendant  which  he  had 
acquired  over  their  minds,  and  such  their  own  romantic 
expectations  of  future  wraith,  that  an  army  of  indigent 
and  rajiacious  adventurers  was  cajiable  of  this  generous 
ell'ort,  and  ollered  lo  their  sovereign  the  richest  present 
that  had  hitherto  been  transmitted  trom  the  New  World. 
[Hllj  rortocarreroand  Montejo,  the  chief  magistrates 
of  the  colony,  were  appointed  to  carry  this  present  to 
Caslile,  with  express  orders  not  lo  touch  a*.  Cuba  in 
their  passage  thither. 

While  a  vessel  was  preparing  for  their  departure  an 
unexpected  event  occasioned  a  general  alarm.  Some 
soldiers  atid  sailors,  secretly  attached  to  Velasquez,  or 


*  In  ihi^  letter  it  in  asacrtuil,  that  tliou^-li  a  corisiticrable 
iminher  ol"  Si:aiiiiinis  have  l)eeii  wouiiili'tl  in  their  varmus 
eucouiilers  with  the  people  of  Tobastn.  not  oiit'  ol  them  (IumI, 
and  all  hail  rccovereil  in  a  very  short  lime.  This  hcems  lo 
confirm  what  I  observe  in  p.  ia;i,  ronconiiiiK  the  nnperleciion 
of  the  oire.isivo  weapons  uaetl  by  Ihe  Americans.  In  this 
Ifltti.T,  the  human  sacriiices  oirured  bv  tho  Mexicans  to  their 
dfiiifs  are  lieserilicd  minutely,  aiul  witli  great  horror;  snmu 
ol  tho  Spaniards,  it  is  H;iid,  had  lieen  ryo-wiluesses  uf  tho.-ie 
barbarous  rites.  To  th"  letter  is  subjuined  a  calalouije  and 
description  ttl  ttic  present*  sent  to  the  enipen>i  llmtpul)- 
lished  by  Ocmarri,  *.:ror,.  r.  B'J,  seems  tii  have  been  i-opu'd 
from  It.  pet.  Martyr  describes  many  of  tliR  articles  in  his 
treatiao,  *l)<i  liuuiis  nuj^r  Invcntif*/  p.  8>1,  dec 


intiinidaled  at  the  prospect  of  the  dangent  uitBrjidihti 

III  allrinplmg  lo  pem  irale  inio  the  heart  of  a  great  em* 
pire  Willi  MM  ti  unei)Mal  lone,  tunned  the  design  of 
••er/ino  one  nf  ihe  bnganliiK  s,  and  making  ibeir  eseapa 
lo  C'uba.  m  order  In  give  the  L«o\ernor  nuch  mlelhgenpc 
as  inigbt  enable  linn  to  nitereept  the  ship  which  wait  to 
carry  the  treasure  and  de^patidies  to  .Sptnn.  This  con- 
spiracy,  though  h>rmed  by  persons  uf  low  rank,  watt 
eonduLted  with  profound  secrecy  ;  Init  al  the  moment 
when  every  thing  was  rendv  for  execution,  ihey  wrro 
betrayed  by  one  of   their  aj'socmies 

Tbniigh  the  good  fcirtuiie  ol  Cortes  interposrd  so 
;  seiMonably  on  this  occasion,  ibe  detection  ui  tins  con- 
'  spir.icy  filled  his  mind  wiih  most  disquirting  apprr- 
hensums,  and  prompted  lunrittexecnte  a  scheme  winch 
he  had  long  revolved.  He  perceived  that  the  spirit  of 
disalb'ctiou  still  lurked  uiiumg  Ins  troops;  that 
though  lulherlo  checked  by  the  uniform  success  of  his 
schemes,  or  suppressed  by  the  band  of  anlliorilv  va- 
rums  events  might  occur  which  would  encmirage  and 
call  It  forth.  He  observi'd.  that  many  of  his  men, weary 
of  ihe  fatigue  of  servu'e,  loiiLied  lo  revisit  ibeir  settle- 
ments in  ''uba  ;  and  that  upon  any  appt  aranee  of  ex- 
iraordinary  danger  or  any  reverse  of  lortiine,  it  would 
be  imposs'hie  lo  restrain  them  from  reluming  llniher. 
lie  was  sensible,  that  Ins  forces,  already  too  feeble, 
could  bear  no  diminution,  and  that  a  very  small  defec- 
tion of  his  followers  would  obbge  hnn  lo  abandon  the 
enterpri.He.  After  ruminating  often,  and  with  much 
solicitude,  upon  those  particular^*,  be  saw  no  hope  of 
success  but  in  cutting  olf  all  possibibly  <  1  retreat,  and 
in  reducing  his  men  to  the  necessity  of  adopti^ig  tho 
same  resolution  with  wlurh  he  himself  was  anii'ialed 
either  lo  conquer  or  to  perish  With  this  vifw  ho 
d<>lernimed  to  destrov  his  ihtt  ;  but  as  he  durs'  not 
venture  lo  exiciile  such  a  bold  resolution  by  bis  s  nglo 
suthority.  be  labored  to  bring  his  soldiers  to  adopt  hi:» 
ideas  With  respect  to  the  propriety  of  this  mea^ure. 
His  address  in  accomplishing  this  wat^  not  mfericr  to 
ihe  arduous  occasion  in  which  it  was  etnploved.  lie 
persuaded  some  that  the  ships  li<id  sull'ert  d  so  much  hv 
hiving  lieen  long  at  sea,  as  to  be  altogether  unlit  for 
sirvice  ;  to  otherv.  lie  pointed  out  what  a  seasonable  re- 
inforcement of  streiiiMli  they  would  derive  troin  *ha 
junction  of  a  liundred  men,  now  unprotitaldy  empio- ed 
as  sailors ;  and  to  all  he  represented  the  necessity  of 
lixing  their  eves  and  wishes  iijumi  what  was  beuro 
them,  without  allowing  the  idea  of  a  retieat  once  lo 
enter  their  thougbt.s.  With  universal  consent  the  ship.* 
were  drawn  ashore,  and  after  stripping  them  of  their 
sails,  rigging,  iron  works,  and  whatever  else  might  bn 
of  use,  they  were  broke  m  pieces.  Thus,  from  an  ef- 
lort  of  magnanimity,  lo  which  there  is  nothing  parallel 
III  history,  live  hundred  men  voluntarily  consented  to  Ihi 
shut  up  in  a  hostile  country,  filled  with  powerbd  and 
unknown  nations  ;  and.  having  precluded  every  means 
of  escape,  left  themselves  witliout  any  resource  but 
their  own  valor  and  juTseverance. 

Nothing  now  retarded  Cortes  ;  tlie  alacrity  of  bin 
troops  and  the  disposition  of  his  allies  were  equilly  fa- 
vorable. All  the  advantages,  however,  derived  from 
the  latter,  though  procured  by  much  assiduity  and  ad- 
dress, were  well  nigh  lo-i  m  a  moment,  by  an  indis- 
creet sally  of  religious  zeal,  winch  on  manv  occasions 
precipitated  (.'ortes  into  actions  inconsistent  with  the 
pri  denc(!  that  distinguishes  Ins  char  icter.  Though 
hitherto  he  had  neither  lime  nor  opportunity  to  explain 
to  the  natives  the  errors  of  their  own  superstition,  or  to 
instruct  them  m  lln;  principles  of  the  ('hnsiian  faith,  be 
commanded  his  eoldiers  to  overturn  the  allars  and  lo 
destroy  the  idols  m  the  chief  temple  oi  Zempoalla.  and 
in  their  place  to  erect  a  crucitix  and  an  image  of  the 
Virgin  .Mary.  The  people  beheld  this  with  attonish- 
ment  and  liorror  ;  the  priests  exciteii  them  to  arms  . 
hut  such  was  the  .luthority  of  Cortes,  and  so  great  ttie 
ascendant  which  the  Spaniards  bad  acquired,  that  the 
commotion  was  appeased  without  bloodshed,  and  con- 
cord perfectly  re-establi.shed. 

('ortes  began  his  march  from  /emposlia.  on  the  six 
lecnth  of  August,  with  hve  hundreu  men,  fifteen  horse 
and  six  field  pieces.  The  rest  of  his  troops,  consisting 
chietly  of  such  as  from  age  or  infirmity  were  less  ht  tor 
active  service,  lie  left  as  a  garrison  in  Villa  Kica.  under 
the  command  of  Ksealanle,  an  ollicer  of  merit,  and 
warmly  attached  to  his  interest.  The  cazique  of  Zem- 
poalla supplied  him  with  |>rovisioiiH,  and  with  two  hun- 
dred of  those  Indians  calh^d  Tunumft!,  whose  otlice,  in 
a  country  where  tame  animals  were  unknown,  was  li> 
carry  burdens,  and  to  perform  all  servile  labor.  'I'hey 
were  a  great  relief  to  the  Spanish  soldiers,  wlio  hither- 
to had  been  obliged  not  only  to  carry  their  own  b.irr 
ga^'o,  but  to  drag  aloii^;  thu  artillery  by  mam  foico.  ili) 


HUUTIt    AM  KIIICA. 


offered  likrwini)  u  t*nn(ii(lrritli|(!  liiHly  of  tiiit  Iroopi.  tuit 
('urti'A  wiiN  n.ili»t'nii  wtrli  fi>'ir  Immlrcil ;  tikmu  ciirr, 
however,  lo  cIioohi-  pcrNoiiN  it|'  rtiii  li  imti*  an  iiiiulil  |irnv'(' 
hoNia^ri'ii  for  llir  ll<li'|iry  oliltfir  iim.xti'r  Niitlmi^r  riu - 
im>rul>l('  hii[i|)riH-il  III  his  pro^ri  "«m,  until  lit-  urrivi-il  nn 
the  cunlinnM  of  'rttit.cniii.  'lint  iiiliiil>it.iiitii  {>(  that  |irn- 
vincn,  «  Horlikr  |iri)|iti>,  wrru  iin|>lic.il)lc  tiitiiiiuM  ol  tlir 
MexK'ntm.  ami  lia'l  lipeii  uniteit  iii  an  luicirnt  nlliiin<'e 
with  tlir  ('a/.i<(iirH  of  /rin|Miiilln  'riimiirli  |f't<4  nvilixcil 
tlmn  tlin  i«iili]i'rtr<  el  Mnnic/.niiiii,  lliry  wen-  ailviinriil 
in  itn|irov('int'iit  lar  linyoml  tht?  rntic  iintiuim  tif  Am*  rnii 
wiiiiM'  iiiaiHii'in  \vi>  have  ilc<4rrilp('il.  'I'liey  li.id  nLiiIf 
fnnsuliT.ililc  |irni|ri'N»  in  ji^jru'iitliirr ;  tliry  tUsiAl  in 
Uryr  towns  ;  tiny  were  not  iiranu'trt  lo  mimn  ipcrira 
of  rmnnicrrt'  ,  riml  in  the  iin|i('rtVrl  arrniiiilH  iM  llini 
in*>lihilii)iiM  and  laws,  irnn^nnttrd  to  un  hv  tho  cirty 
fi|lalll^ll  writtT!*,  \\v  dutt'iTii  tr.ifcn  Itolh  of  disUiliiilivu 

JiiNlicc  and  of  rriiniit<it  )iiri<>di<  tiori  in  tlii'ir  interior  |>o- 
KMv  Hut  ^l|||,  an  the  d'^rtr  nf  their  rivili/.atioii  wjim 
inconiplcie,  and  an  thev  depended  for  siiti^i<ttenee  not 
i>n  a^rrieulliirr  iilone,  liiit  lru.*<ied  for  it  in  a  ^reat  iiiea- 
•iiru  to  l)iniliM<;,  lliey  rediined  many  uf  the  ipiahties 
ntliiral  to  men  in  iI:m  nIaIp.  I.iki;  them  they  were 
f'teree  aiul  reveiiiielul  ;  like  theiii,  ton,  tliey  were  liiyh 
spirited  and  iiulependeiil  lit  eoiiFtetpiiMire  of  tlie  lor- 
iner,  they  were  mvolved  ni  perpetual  hostilities,  nnd 
had  Init  a  hIcu  ler  and  oeeasional  iiit(  n-oiirse  with 
lieii^hhontii;  HluleH.  The  latter  inspired  them  with  siieh 
deleHlation  of  r^ervitude,  th;it  thev  not  oiilv  rehi>ed  to 
Bioop  to  H  foret^Mi  yokf.  and  mimiain  an  ohsliiiaie  and 
Bueeessfiil  eonlest  in  ilefciiee  of  their  liherty  ni;ain--t 
t!io  superior  pnwei  of  the  Metiran  empire,  hut  thev 
(pinriled  viitlic'pial  lolioilndoa^ainMt  domestic  tyMiiny  ; 
and  diviUmiML;  to  aeknow|eil<;e  nnv  nukster,  they  lived 
'jnder  tho  mrld  an<l  liniiled  jurisdutioii  uf  a  couneil 
cU'clfd  hy  tlieir  several  tnhes. 

('orti's.  timuyh  h«  h.nl  received  itiformiition  roncern- 
ini;  the  martial  ehunetri  of  tliis  people,  Haltered  him- 
self that  hi.H  professions  of  delivermi,'  ihe  oppressed 
from  Ihe  lyraimy  of  Monle/.uiiiii,  their  inveterate  enmity 
lo  the  Mexu'-Jiin,  and  the  example  of  their  ancient  ullies 
thp  ZinnpoalUns,  miiflil  induce  the 'riascalans  lo  (^ranf 
litin  a  friendly  reception.  In  order  to  dispose  them  to 
tln»,  four  ZernpOiillans  of  yreat  eniineneo  were  sent 
aiid)acs.idors,  to  reipirst  in  his  name,  nnd  in  that  of 
their  ea/.iqne.  ilitl  they  wouhl  permit  this  Spaniards  to 
paM  lliioii;,'h  the  territories  of  the  rejiutihc  m  their  way 
lo  Mexico,  IJti;  instead  of  the  favorahle  answer  which 
was  experlod,  tho  Tlascalans  soi/ed  the  amhassadors, 
oiul,  without  any  regard  lo  their  pnhlic  character,  made 
prnparalions  for  sacriliciiiij  them  to  their  yods.  At  the 
nnme  lime  they  as'U'inlded  thei""  troops,  in  order  t'j  op- 
pose those  unknown  invaders  if  tliey  shoidd  attempt  lo 
»nnke  iheir  pa-naye  eoi'd  liy  force  of  arms  Various  ino- 
liveu  eoncurri'd  in  pre*  ipitatiiiL'  iheTiascalanrf  into  tliia 
resohition.  A  lierce  people,  slmt  up  withm  its  own 
narrow  precincts,  and  '1110  accustomed  to  any  inter- 
course with  foreiiiners.  is  «.•»  '  j  consider  every  siranjfer 
as  an  riicniy,  :ind  is  easily  i  xcited  to  arms.  They  coii- 
ctuded,  from  Cortes's  proposal  of  visiting  Monle/uma 
in  his  capital,  that,  notwithstanding  all  his  professions, 
he  courted  the  friendship  of  a  monarch  whom  ihey  hoth 
hated  and  feared.  The  imprudent  /eal  of  Cortes  in 
violatiiiii  the  temples  in  Zempoalla,  tilled  the  Tlasca- 
lans  with  liorror ;  and  as  they  were  no  less  attached  to 
their  superstition  than  the  other  nations  of  \ew  Spain. 
they  were  impatient  to  avenge  th''ir  injured  j.'ods,  and 
to  acquire  (lie  merit  of  otrennir  up  to  them  as  victims, 
thoso  impious  men  who  liad  dared  to  prt.f  mic  their  lii- 
turs  ;  they  contemned  llie  ^mall  imniher  of  the  Spa- 
niards, as  they  had  not  yet  measured  tlieir  own  streiijftli 
with  ihat  of  tiiese  new  enemies,  and  had  no  idea  of  llie 
superiority  which  they  derived  from  their  arms  and  dis- 
cipline. 

(."orte.*,  after  waiting  some  days  in  vain  for  llic  re- 
turn of  his  amhassadors,  advanced  [Aujj.  30,]  into  the 
TIasealan  territories.  As  the  resolutions  of  people 
who  de!ii;ht  m  war  arc  executed  with  no  less  prompti- 
tude than  they  are  forme<l.  ho  found  troops  m  the  held 
ready  lo,  oppose  him  'I'hey  attacked  him  with  yrcat 
intrepidity,  and  in  the  first  encounter,  wounded  rome  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  kdled  two  horses;  a  loss,  in  their 
(jitiiation.  of  yreat  moment,  hecause  it  was  irreparable. 
Fioni  this  upeciinen  of  their  courage,  Cortes  saw  the 
necessity  ol  proceediiifr  wild  caution.  His  army 
marched  m  close  order  ;  ho  chose  the  stations  where 
He  halted,  with  attention,  and  fortified  cTcrv  camp  with 
estraordinary  '•'*re.  Durmi;  fourteen  davs  hv  was  ex- 
posed to  almost  u!iinterrui)ted  assaults,  the  TIascalaiis 
advancing  with  numerous  armies,  and  renewinij  the  at- 
tack in  various  forms,  with  a  decree  of  valor  and  pcrso- 
vurcncc  I'l  which  the  Spanianla  had  seen  nothing  paral- 


lel 111  the  Now  World.  The  Spami>h  hiNtoriaiiN  dcarrihe 
thn?»e  successive  hultles  vvnh  t-reat  pomp,  and  Chlir 
into  a  minute  detail  ol  particulars,  imiiuhit;;  many  ex- 
aji^er  ited  and  increilihle  cirriiniktances  [  lOfiJ  with  i^uch 
as  are  r<  al  and  niarvi  llutis  Hut  ti'i  pu-Acr  ol  words  t  an 
render  the  rei'iial  of  ii  mmlnit  mteroimif.  wheri!  there 
IS  no  e'piality  ot  danger  ,  and  \\\n  n  the  iiarrativt*  dnxes 
Wth  an  acroiint  of  lIueiHands  ttjain  on  the  one  Mide, 
while  not  a  stnxfle  person  falls  <m  the  oth'>r.  the  must 
lahored  drHi'Dptions  of  |l)e  prt^vious  di.^positton  of  (he 
troops,  or  of  the  various  viciMHiimU's  in  tliu  eiij^a^emint, 
command  no  attention.       , 

There  arc  some  eircimistancoii,  however,  in  thil  war, 
which  are  meiniirahle.  and  merit  notice,  as  thev  throw 
lljlu  tipnti  the  character  hoth  of  Ihe  people  uf  .New 
Spam,  and  of  ilieir  c<iM>|uerors,  Though  the  TIasca- 
laiis hrouuht  into  the  lield  such  numerous  armies  as  .ip* 
pear  siillicient  to  have  overwhelmed  tiie  Spaniards,  they 
Were  never  aide  to  make  uny  impression  upon  liiiMr 
NinatI  iHllalliun.  Singular  as  (his  may  seem,  it  is  not 
iiiexpticalde  The  TIaiicalans,  thouL;h  addicted  to  war, 
were  like  all  unpolinhcd  nations,  straiii^ers  to  military 
ordrr  and  discipline,  and  lost  in  a  i^reat  measure  the  ad- 
vantage whit  h  ihey  mi<{ht  have  derived  from  their  niim- 
hers,  and  liie  impetuosity  of  their  att.ick,  hy  their  coiisiuiil 
sohcitmie  to  carry  otf  tho  dead  and  wounded.  TiiM 
pomt  of  honor,  founded  on  l  sentiment  of  temlerm^ii 
natural  lo  the  human  mind,  and  strengthened  hy  anxiety 
lo  preserve  tin-  Iiodies  of  their  couiilrymeii  from  lieinyf 
devoiiretl  hy  their  enemies,  was  univtrsal  anion!,' the 
peiiple  of  New  Spam  Attention  to  this  piouv  udire 
occupied  tlu-m  even  durinii'lie  heat  of  coinital,  broke 
their  niiioii,  anil  4liiniiu^lied  tho  force  of  the  iinpressiun 
wbicli  they  mi^ht  have  made  by  a  joint  ellort 

Not  only  WHS  their  superiority  m  numher  of  liitle 
avail,  but  the  imperfection  of  llieir  military  weapons 
remlcred  their  valor  in  a  yreat  measure  mollensive 
After  three  battles  and  manv  skirmishes  and  assaults, 
not  one  Spam  ird  was  killed  in  tlu^  held.  Arrows  and 
spears,  he.ided  witli  Hint  ot  the  hones  of  (Ishcs.  stakes 
hardened  in  the  lire,  and  wooden  saords.  tliuu<>h 
destructive  weapons  among  naked  Indians,  were  easi- 
ly turned  aside  hy  the  Spanish  bii<  .,lirs,  and  could 
hardiv  penetrate  the  r.iraiifnhs,  or  tpiilted  jackets, 
which  the  siddiers  wore.  'I'ho  Tla>ealans  i^dvanced 
boldly  to  the  char;re,  and  often  foiin||t  hand  to  bund, 
.Many  of  the  .Spumanls  were  wouiidcd  though  all  slii.'ht- 
ly.  which  cannot  be  imputed  to  any  Waut  of  courage  or 
Hirengtlt  in  their  enemies,  but  to  the  defect  uf  the  armi 
wall  which  thev  astiailed  litem. 

Notwithstanding  ihe  I  iry  with  which  the  Tlascalans 
ntlaeked  the  Sjiamards,  itiev  seemed  lo  lia\  <■  conducted 
their  Imslihties  with  some  degree  of  harharuus  grnero- 
sity.  They  gave  the  Spaniards  warningof  their  hostile 
intentions  ;  and  as  they  knew  that  their  invaders  vViinted 
provi>ions,  and  imai'ined  perhaps,  like  the  other  Ame- 
ricans, that  they  had  left  their  own  country  becatisu  it 
did  not  allord  them  subsistence,  they  sent  to  their  camp 
a  large  supply  of  poultry  and  mai/e,  desiring  them  to 
eat  pl.'iilitully,  because  they  scorned  to  ullack  an  enemy 
ent'eeblcd  by  huuL'er,  and  it  would  he  an  ullVotil  to  their 
gods  to  olier  lliem  fami>hed  victims,  as  will  as  di.-i- 
agreeable  lo  tiiemselvui  to  feed  on  Huch  emaciated 
j.rey. 

\\  ben  they  were  taught  hy  tho  first  encounter  with 
tlieir  new  enemies,  that  it  was  not  easy  to  execute  this 
threat  ;  when  they  perceived,  m  Iho  subse.pient  en- 
ga<rei:ieiil3,  tint  notwithstanding  all  the  etVorla  of  their 
own  Y.ilor.  of  which  they  bad  a  verv  hi^h  opinion,  not 
one  of  the  Spaniards  was  slain  or  taken,  they  began  to 
coneeivc  them  to  be  a  superior  order  of  liemgs,  against 
wtinm  human  power  could  not  avail.  In  this  extremity, 
they  had  recourse  to  tlieir  priests,  reipiiring  them  in 
reveal  the  mysterious  causes  of  sucli  e\lraoidiiiarv 
events,  and  to  declare  what  new  means  they  should 
employ  in  order  to  repulse  those  formidable  invaders. 
The  priests,  after  many  sacriticcs  anti  mcantatioiu,  de- 
livered litis  response  :  That  ihetc  strangers  were  the 
otlspring  of  the  sun,  procreated  by  his  animating  energy 
in  the  re^^ions  of  the  east  ;  that,  by  day,  while  cherished 
with  the  intluence  of  his  parental  be,i'us,  they  were  m- 
vincihle  ;  but  by  night,  when  his  reviving  heat  was 
wiiiidrawn,  their  vigor  declined  and  faded  like  the  herbs 
in  the  field,  and  they  dwindled  down  into  mortal  men. 
'I'heories  less  plausible  have  gamed  credit  with  more 
enlightened  nations,  and  have  inrtuenced  their  conduct. 
In  conspipience  of  this,  the  Tlascalans,  with  the  impli- 
cit cont'idence  of  men  who  fancy  thomsclves  to  he  under 
the  guidance  of  Heaven,  acted  in  contradiction  to  one 
of  their  most  established  maxims  in  war,  and  ventun-d 
to  attack  the  cneniy.  with  a  strong  hodv,  in  tlie  night 
lime,  in  hopes  of  destroying  them  when  enfeebled  and 


•nrprisrd.  Ihil  CotWA  had  frrenter  Titf^^fl^f  «hd  di»« 
cernmeiil,  than  to  bo  deteiverl  hv  lh\  r  -t*  xiratngrmfl 
of  nn  Indian  army.  The  neiiliiuU  \-  ■■  ■  oulpostR,  oIh 
■ervinjj  Romo  extranrtlinarv  inovemi  ui  amoni;  tht)  'I'U* 
scaUns,  ((uvetlie  nUrm.  In  a  mnnient  the  truo|-  ^M'tn 
under  arinti,  and  sallying  out.  diHjfersed  ihe  party  with 
great  sluutfhter,  without  alhMviiiti  it  lo  approach  tb<i 
camp.  The  llascalttim  convinced  by  siil  i  ipcncnro 
Ihat  their  prienln  had  deluded  them,  aiid  satistind  tba* 
they  utlenipletl  m  vain  either  lo  deceive  ot  \9  v*n«pi:»h 
their  euemii'S.  their  fn'rcenessi  abated,  and  ihey  bugau 
to  incline  seriously  to  peace. 

They  wi  re  ut  a  ht^a,  however,  in  what  maimer  to 
addresR  the  itrunueri,  what  idea  to  form  of  their  cha- 
raeter,  and  whether  to  cotiHiiler  them  as  beings  u|  ,) 
uentle  or  of  a  malevident  iiatuie  There  were  m  nn- 
•tianceji  in  their  conduct  whah  seemed  lolavor  each 
opinion.  On  the  one  band,  as  thn  Spuniuids  constantly 
di.«tiiisK(^d  the  prisoners  whom  they  took,  not  only  with- 
out  injury,  hut  olti  u  with  presentti  ul  lluropem  tuyn, 
and  renewed  their  otlers  ol  peace  after  every  victory  ; 
this  lenity  ama/.ed  jieoptc,  who,  according  to  the  exter- 
mmutmg  system  of  war  known  in  America,  were  no- 
ciistu.ii'-d  lo  sacritice  and  devour  wiilinut  mercy  all  tlio 
captives  taken  in  battle,  and  disposetl  them  to  entertain 
favorable  seiitmienls  of  the  btmiamty  iif  their  new  ene- 
mies. Hut,  on  the  other  hand,  as  Curies  had  seizeil 
lifty  of  their  eoiintrymen  who  brought  provisions  to  hhi 
camp,  and  supposing  them  to  be  "pies,  bi"l  cut  oil  thcif 
iiaiKts  ;  this  bloitily  spectacle,  at'  il  lo  ll,  ■  terror  oeca- 
sioned  by  the  lire-arms  and  hen  ^es,  lillru  them  will) 
dreitdful  impressions  of  the  terocity  uf  the.i  o  -  >'lera. 
[IIH'iJ  Thii  uneertamty  was  apparent  in  Ihu  r.ioJu  of 
addressing  the  Spaniard,*,  "If,"  said  ihey,  "you  am 
divinities  of  a  crutd  and  sava^'c  natute,  we  present  to 
yon  live  ulaves.  that  you  may  drink  their  blood  and  eat 
their  tlesh.  If  you  are  inild  deities,  aceejit  an  otrenng 
of  mceiisu  and  variegated  plumes  If  you  are  men, 
here  is  meat,  and  hreai'.  and  Iruil  to  nourish  you  "  'I'ho 
|ieaee,  which  both  parties  now  di-sired  with  eipial  anlur, 
was  soon  concluded.  The  Tlascalans  yielded  them- 
selves as  vaii.tals  to  the  crown  of  ('asiile,  and  en^a^ed 
lo  assist  Cortes  in  all  his  future  operation*,  lie  toiik 
the  republic  uniler  bis  protection,  and  proimsed  to 
defend  their  persons  and  possessions  from  injury  ur 
\  loleiice. 

This  treaty  was  concluded  at  a  soasonabte  junctiiro 
for  the  Spaniards,  The  fatigue  of  service  among  a 
small  body  ot  men.  surrounded  by  such  a  multilU'Je  of 
enenues  was  incredible.  Half  the  army  was  on  dity 
every  niyht,  and  even  they  whose  turn  i'.  was  to  rent, 
sle[it  always  iipuii  their  arms,  that  they  mijLjht  be  ready 
to  run  to  their  posts  on  a  moment's  warning.  Many 
of  them  were  wounded  ;  a  good  numher,  and  amon}{ 
these  Cortes  himself,  labored  under  the  'islempers  pre- 
valent in  hot  climates,  and  f<everal  had  died  aiiico  llir.y 
M't  out  from  \(*ra  Cruz,  Notwiibr.t.indini,' llie  sup[)lie3 
which  lliey  received  from  the  Tlascalans,  ibey  wero 
often  in  want  of  provisions,  and  ^o  dcsiiliiUt  of  iho 
necessaries  most  reipiisile  in  dangerous  service,  that 
they  had  no  salve  to  diess  llieir  wounds,  but  what  wan 
composed  uf  the  fat  of  the  Indians  whom  they  had 
slam.  Worn  out  wob  ^ucli  inlolerable  toil  und  hard* 
ships,  many  of  the  soldiers  began  to  murmur,  and  wtiiMi 
they  rellectcd  on  the  multitude  and  boldness  of  their 
enemies,  more  were  ready  to  despair.  It  retpiired  tiie 
utmost  exertion  of  Cortcs's  authority  and  aildress  to 
check  this  spirit  of  despondeii'-y  in  its  progress,  and  to 
reaniinjte  his  followers  with  their  wonted  sense  of 
iheir  own  superiority  over  the  eiieiuies  with  whom  they 
bad  lo  contend.  'Tlie  submis.-iion  of  the  Tlaticaliins, 
ami  their  own  trnimphant  entry  into  the  capital  city, 
where  they  were  received  w  ith  the  reverence  paid  to 
bi'mi.'s  of  a  superior  urder,  bamsheil  at  once  troin  tho 
minds  of  the  Spaniards  all  memory  of  past  siillermgs, 
di.^jielled  every  anxious  tliougbl  with  respect  to  their 
future  opera'.ions,  and  fully  satisfied  ihem  that  there 
was  not  now  any  powc  in  America  able  to  withstaiul 
their  arms. 

Cortes  remained  twenty  d.ays  in  TIascala,  in  order 
to  allow  his  troojis  a  short  interval  of  repose  after  sueli 
hard  service,  liurmg  that  time  he  was  employed  m 
transactions  and  inipiiries  uf  great  moment  with  respect 
to  his  future  schemes,  in  his  daily  conferences  with 
the  TIasealan  chiefs,  he  received  information  concern- 
ing every  particular  relative  to  the  slate  of  the  Mexican 
empire,  or  to  the  (pialilies  uf  il.<  ?overeigii.  which  coulu 
be  of  use  m  regulating  his  conduct,  vvbcther  he  should 
beobliifcd  to  act  as  a  ftiend  or  as  an  enemy  .\s  he  loun.l 
that  tho  antipathy  of  his  new  allies  to  the  .Nkx'can  na- 
tion was  no  less  implacable  than  had  been  represented, 
and  perceived  what  benefit  he  na^ht  derive  from  the 


134 


RonKRTSON'S    niSTOHY   OF 


•id  of  fcu<*h  powt-rful  roiif(>(irratrfl,  ho  cntjtloved  nil  liin 
iinworit  of  tn^iMiiiilmii  in  opivr  la  ^tiin  llivir  ccnlidciu:!*. 
K«r  was  any  cxtraortlinnry  cn-rtioa  of  tlii'm;  iieccsBJiry. 
The  TlascalnnH,  with  tho  levity  of  iiuiiil  nutiirul  (o 
unpulitihcil  im-n,  wcro,  of  their  own  arcord,  diH|)u»ed  to 
run  frtnn  llio  cxtretno  o(  haired  to  that  of  fondiutis. 
Kvery  thing  in  the  appearaiico  and  conduct  of  their 
gtie»(»  was  to  them  matter  of  wonder.  [107J  'J'liey 
gr..ou  with  adtniratiou  at  whatever  the  SpnniurdA  did, 
nnd,  fancying  them  to  bo  of  heavenly  origin,  were  ea^er 
not  only  to  comply  with  their  demands,  hut  to  unlici- 
pa'e  itteir  winins.  'J'l.i'V  olVerrd.  nccordinyly,  to  accom- 
pany  Cortes  ni  his  march  to  Mexico,  with  all  tho  force?* 
of  tiio  repulilic,  under  the  connnand  of  their  moat  ezpe- 
nenceil  captain.*. 

ihit,  after  hestowinj^  so  much  pains  on  cemenliny 
thi:t  union,  nil  the  hcnrficnil  fruits  of  it  were  on  the 
|H>int  of  lieivi};  h'st  hy  a  new  cllusion  of  that  intempe- 
rate relii;ious  zeal  with  which  Cortea  was  uiiimatcd  no 
leita  than  the  oiher  adventurers  of  the  a^e.  't'hey  hII 
considered  themselves  an  uistrumenls  ernphued  hy 
Heaven  to  propagate  the  Christian  faith,  and  tho  lcr>> 
they  were  qualitied,  either  hy  their  knowledL,»'or  uior-da, 
for  8uch  a  function,  they  were  more  ca^er  tn  diichar^o 
it.  ''lie  j)rofouiid  veneration  of  the  'I'lascal.uis  ferine 
!Spaniard8  havini;  encouraged  Cortes  to  explai.i  to  some 
oi  their  chiefs  the  doctrines  of  iho  Chnstian  n-hj^ion, 
and  *o  insist  that  they  should  ahandon  their  own  su[>ci'- 
rtitjons,  und  cndirace  the  faith  of  their  now  friends, 
tliey,  accordiiii;  to  an  idea  nnivcr^ol  umon<;  barbarous 
nation*,  readily  acknowledged  the  trui!i  and  excellence 
of  what  he  taufjht ;  but  contended,  thai  the  Tfules  o\ 
Tiastcala  were  divinities  no  less  than  the  (.iod  in  whom 
the  Spaniards  believed  ;  nnd  as  that  Ueini;  was  entitled 
to  ilit:  itoma^e  of  b^uropeans,  no  they  were  bouml  to 
revere  the  same  |K)weni  which  their  ancester:*  had  wor- 
uliipped.  Cortes  cuntiiiued,  nevertheless,  to  urj;e  his 
demand  in  a  tone  ol  niithorily,  inii)^!iii<;  threats  with 
hit)  arguments,  until  the  Tlascalantt  could  hear  it  no 
longer,  and  conjured  him  never  to  mention  this  ai^ain, 
Icil  the  gods  slionid  avenge  on  their  heads  the  guilt  of 
having  listened  to  such  a  proposition.  (.''orle:i,  asto- 
nished and  enraged  at  their  obstinacy,  prepared  to  exe- 
cute by  force  ■  '•  -'ould  not  aci-oiuplish  hy  persua- 
sion, and  was  overturn  their  altars  and  cast 
down  iheir  idn  ~  '  le  same  violent  hand  as  ut  '/em- 
poalla.  if  Katlut  .  Jiolomew  de  Olmedo,  chaplain  to 
Ihe  expedition,  hatl  not  checked  his  incoiisuKTiite  im- 
petuosity. He  represented  the  imprudence  of  such  an 
attempt  in  a  large  I'itv  newly  reconciled,  and  tilled  with 
people  no  less  su|HTsutions  than  warlike  ;  he  decK-red. 
tliat  llie  proceeding  at  ZemiMjalla  had  always  appeared 
to  him  prefi|Utate  and  unjust  ;  that  rchgiun  was  not  to 
be  propagated  by  the  sword,  or  inhdels  lo  be  convertetl 
by  violence  ;  that  other  wea|>oiis  were  lo  be  employed 
in  this  ministry  ;  patteiit  instuction  must  enligiUeii  the 
understanding,  and  pious  example  capliv.ai,  "he  heart, 
before  men  could  be  indviccd  to  abMdon  er^l.^  and 
embrace  the  truth.  Ami  Nt  scene,  where  a  natrow 
minded  big«)lry  appears  n.  such  i-iosc  union  with  op- 
pression and  cruelty,  sei.ttnients  so  hberal  and  humane 
Bootlie  the  mind  with  unexpected  plea-surc  ;  and  at  a 
lime  when  the  riglila  of  conscience  were  little  under- 
elood  in  the  Christian  world,  and  the  idea  of  toleration 
unknown,  one  is  astonished  lo  find  a  Spanisli  monk  of 
the  siiieeiith  century  among  llie  first  advocates  against 
persecution,  and  in  behalf  of  religious  liberty.  The 
remonstrances  of  an  ecclesiastic,  no  less  respeclalilr 
for  wisdom  than  virtue,  had  their  proper  weight  with 
Curies.  He  left  the  Tlaacalans  in  the  undisturbed 
exercise  of  their  own  rites,  rciiuiring  only  that  liiey 
Blionld  desisl  from  their  horrid  practice  of  ollermg  hu- 
man victims  111  sacrifice. 

Cortes,  as  soon  m  his  troops  were  fit  for  service,  re- 
Bolved  to  coniiuue  his  march  towards  Mexico,  notwith- 
ttandnig  the  earnest  dissuasivesof  the  Tluscalaiis,  who 
represented  his  destruction  as  nnavoidilile  if  he  put 
himself  in  the  |)ower  of  a  prince  ao  failhle.<«s  and  cruel 
00  Montezuma.  As  he  was  accompamed  bv  six  thoii- 
i-and  Tlascalaui,  he  had  now  the  commanil  of  forct  s 
which  resembled  aregihr  army  They  directed  their 
course  to-ards  Cholul?  [Oct  13];  Montezuma,  who 
had  at  length  consented  to  admit  the  S|ianiard9  into  his 
pretsenre.  having  informed  (.'ortes  that  be  had  given 
onlent  for  hii  friendly  reception  there.  Cholula  was  a 
considerable  town,  and  though  only  live  leagues  distant 
from  Tiascala,  was  formerly  an  independent  slate,  but 
had  been  lately  subjected  to  the  Mexican  empire.  Tlii'' 
was  considered  bv  nil  the  people  of  .New  Spam  as  a 
holy  iiUi  I',  the  sain  luarv  and  chief  seat  of  their  gods,  to 
wi.ich  pilgrims  resorled  from  oYcry  province  and  a 
gTiatcr  number  vf  human  victims  were  otTcred  in  iu 


priiicipnl  temple  than  even  in  that  of  Mexico.     Moiite- 

/.iiinn  seems  to  have  invite<|  the  .Spaniaids  thither,  either 
from  some  superalilious  hope  lh.it  the  gods  would  not 
sutler  this  sacred  nnnsioii  lo  be  deliled,  without  ))(uir- 
ing  down  their  \*rath  upon  those  impious  strangers.  w!io 
ventured  to  insult  their  power  in  the  place  of  its  pecu- 
liar residence  ;  or  from  n  belief  that  he  bimself  might 
tlierc  attempt  to  cut  them  olV  with  more  certain  suc- 
cess, under  liie  immediate  nrotection  of  liis  divinities. 

Cortes  had  been  warneil  hy  the  Tlascalans.  before 
he  set  out  on  his  march,  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  over 
the  Cholulaiis.  He  himself,  ihougli  received  into  the 
li)vvn  \v!'l>  nnicli  seeming  respect  nnd  cordi.ihty,  ob- 
Hcrvetl  several  eircumstniice>  i;i  tlicir  eonduct  which 
e-\cited  siisjucion.  'Two  of  the  Tlascalans.  who  were 
encamped  at  some  distance  from  the  town,  as  the  Cno- 
lulans  refn.<4ed  lo  admit  their  ancient  enemies  within  I'.s 
precmcts,  having  found  nieaiis  lo  euler  in  disguise,  ac- 
ipiainled  Cortes  tint  they  observed  the  women  nnd 
children  of  the  principal  citizens  retiring  m  great  hurry 
everv  night  ;  anil  that  six  children  had  been  sacrificed 
in  th*!  chi';f  temple,  a  rite  which  indicated  the  execu- 
tion of  aoine  warlike  enterprise  lo  be  approachitig  At 
tht-  same  lime.  Manna  the  mierpreler  received  informa- 
tion fiom  an  Indian  woman  of  distinction,  whose  coriti- 
dencc  she  had  gamed,  thai  the  destruction  of  her  friends 
was  concerted  ;  that  a  body  of  Mexican  troops  lay  con- 
cealed near  the  ic'vn  ;  that  some  of  the  streets  were 
barricaded,  and  in  others,  pits  or  deep  trenches  were 
dug.  nnd  slighllv  covered  over,  as  traps  into  wlircli  the 
horses  might  fall  ;  that  stones  or  missive  we:ipnns  were 
collected  on  the  tops  of  the  temples,  with  which  to 
overwhelm  the  infaiilry  ;  that  the  fatal  hour  was  now 
at  hand,  and  their  ruin  unavc'dable.  Cortes,  alarmed 
at  this  concurring  evidence,  secretly  arrested  ihri'c  of 
the  chief  priests,  and  exlorted  from  them  n  coiiti>sum. 
that  coiuirmed  the  intelligence  which  ho  had  received. 
As  not  a  momeiit  was  to  be  lust,  he  inslantly  resolved 
to  prevent  his  enemies,  and  to  inlbct  on  them  such 
dreadful  vengeance  as  might  .strike  Monle/nma  and  his 
sulijects  Willi  terror.  For  this  purpose,  the  Spaniards 
and  /eiupoallaiis  were  drawn  up  in  a  large  court,  which 
had  been  allotted  for  their  (piarters  near  the  centre  of 
the  town  ;  the  Tlascalans  had  orders  to  lubarice  ;  the 
magistrates  aiul  several  of  the  chief  citizens  wtrre  .^ent 
for,  unde:  various  pretexts,  and  nei/.ed.  On  a  signal 
given,  the  troop,*  rushed  oul  and  fell  u|H)I1  the  mnlli- 
tude,  destitute  of  leaders,  and  so  much  astonished,  that 
(he  weapons  ilroppmg  from  their  hands,  tluv  stood  iiio- 
tionless.  und  incapable  of  defence.  While  the  .Spa- 
niards pressed  them  in  front,  the  '''lascalaus  ait.icked 
them  in  the  rear.  'Hu*  streets  were  hllcd  with  blood- 
shed and  death.  'I'h.e  teinples,  which  ntforded  a  re- 
treat lo  the  priests  ai.'d  ^ome  of  the  leading  men.  were 
set  on  tire,  and  they  p«  :ished  in  the  Il.imcs.  This  scene 
of  horror  continued  two  days;  during  which,  the 
»^-ret<-hed  inliabilanls  siitlered  all  that  the  destructive 
rage  of  the  Spanianls,  or  ilic  iin|>lacablu  revenge  of  their 
Indian  allies  could  inllicl.  .\t  length  the  cnrnagt; 
censed,  after  the  sliinghter  of  six  ihousaiul  Chobilans. 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  .Spaniard.  Cortes  then  re- 
leased the  magistrate.'*,  ami,  reproaching  them  bitterly 
for  their  intended  treachery,  declared,  that  as  justice 
was  iKJW  appeased,  he  forgave  the  otVence.  hut  reipiir''d 
ihem  to  recall  the  cilizens  who  had  tied,  and  re-esla- 
blish  order  in  the  town.  Such  was  the  ascendant  which 
the  Spaniards  had  acquired  over  this  superstitious  race 
of  men.  and  so  tlee[ilv  were  ihev  impressed  with  an  opi- 
nion of  their  superior  discernment,  as  well  as  power. 
that,  m  obedience  to  this  coin;  i  iiid,  the  city  was  in  a 
few  flavs  lilted  again  with  people,  who,  nmuLsl  the 
ruins  of  their  sacred  buddings,  yielded  respcclful  ser- 
vice to  men  whose  hands  were  stained  with  the  bloo<t 
of  their  relations  and  t'ellow-citizens.  [lOHJ 

I'rom  Cholula,  Cortes  advanced  directly  towards 
Mcvico  [l)ct.2'J],  whicb  wn«  only  twenty  leagues  dis- 
tant. In  every  place  through  which  he  passed,  he  was 
received  as  a  person  posses.scd  of  suliicient  power  to 
deliver  the  em|iire  from  'he  oppression  under  which  it 
groaned  ;  and  the  cazupies  or  governors  comtm.mcated 
lo  him  all  the  grievances  which  they  felt  under  the  ty- 
rannical government  of  Montezuma,  with  that  unre- 
served contidence  which  men  nalurally  repose  in  su- 
perior beings.  When  (-'ortes  tirst  observed  tho  seeds 
of  discontent  in  the  remote  provinces  of  the  empire, 
hope  dawned  upon  his  mind  ;  but  when  he  now  disco- 
vered such  symptoms  of  alienation  from  their  monarch 
near  the  seat  of  government,  he  concluded  that  the 
vital  parts  of  the  constitution  were  aliecled.  an<l  von- 
ceivi  d  the  most  saiimime  expectations  of  overlurninj' 
a  state  whose  natural  strength  was  thus  divided  nnd 
im|ktued      White  thus*  rellectioiis  encouraged  the  go- 


neral  to  persist  in  liis  arduous  undertaking,  the  soldicrd 
were  lut  less  animated  liy  olmervatious  mure  obvious  to 
their  capacity.  In  descending  from  the  mounlaim*  ut 
Chatco,  across  win 'h  the  road  lay.  tlie  vast  plain  of 
Mexico  opened  gradually  lo  their  view.  When  ibey 
tirst  beheld  ihis  pnispccl,  one  of  the  most  sinking  and 
bcaulitul  on  the  face  of  the  earlli ;  when  they  ot)Herved 
terlile  and  cultivated  fields  sirelching  further  than  tho 
eye  could  reacli ;  when  Ihey  saw  a  lake  resembling  iho 
sea  in  extent,  eiicompas.seil  with  large  towns,  nnd  dis- 
covered the  capital  city  rising  n))on  an  island  in  iho 
imddlc,  adttrnetl  with  lis  lemples  and  turrets  ;  llio 
scene  so  far  exceeded  then  imagnialioii,  that  some  be- 
lieved llie  fancilul  descriplions  of  romance  were  ren- 
h/tt',  .'.!!<J  iliat  Us  enchanted  palaces  and  gilded  domes 
were  presented  to  llieir  si«;lit  ;  e'liers  could  liardly 
persuade  themselves  thai  this  wonderliit  speclacle  was 
any  thing  more  than  a  dream,  f  lODj  As  iliey  advanced, 
their  doubts  were  removed,  but  their  ama/emcnt  ili- 
erea.sed.  They  were  now  fully  salislied  that  tho  coun- 
try was  rich  beyond  any  conception  which  they  bad 
binned  of  it,  and  tiattered  themselves  that  ut  length 
they  ^:honld  obtain  an  ample  recompense  for  uU  tlioir 
services  and  sutl'erings. 

Hillierlo  they  had  met  with  no  enemy  toopposo  their 
progress,  though  several  c.rcumstnnces  occurred  which 
led  them  lo  suspect  that  some  design  was  fonucd  to 
surprise  nnd  cut  them  oil.  Many  messengers  arrived 
aucces«ivelv  from  Mtmie/nma,  permittmg  tliem  one  day 
lo  advance,  leipiiring  tlu'iii  on  the  next  lo  relir'-,  as  his 
hopes  or  tear.s  alternately  prevailed  ;  and  so  woiiderlul 
wa.s  this  iitlatiiation.  whii-li  seems  lo  be  unaccoiintiiblo 
on  any  supposition  but  tlr.it  of  a  superstitious  dread  of 
the  Spaniards,  as  beings  of  a  superior  nature,  that 
Cortes  was  almost  at  the  gale.'*  ofthi;  capital,  lielbre  ttiu 
monarch  had  dctennm.'d  whether  lo  receive  him  a>  a 
friend,  or  lo  o|)pose  him  as  an  enemy.  Hut  as  no  sign 
of  open  hostility  appean*d,  the  Spaniards,  willioul  re- 
garding ihe  Ituctuaiioiis  of  Monle/.umu's  sentimenli), 
contimicd  their  march  along  the  causeway  which  led  to 
Mexii  o  through  the  lake,  with  gnat  circumspection  and 
the  strictest  di.sciplihc,  though  wi'hout  seeming  lo  ims- 
[lect  the  prmce  whom  'hi  y  were  al>out  to  vi.^it. 

AVhen  they  drew  near  the  city,  about  a  thousand 
persons,  who  appeari'd  lo  be  ut  dislinctiun,  came  lorth 
lo  meet  them,  adorned  with  plumes  and  clad  in  mantles 
of  line  collon.  Mach  of  these  in  his  order  pa.ssed  t>y 
('ortes,  am*  batuted  him  acconlmg  to  the  mod"  deemed 
ijiost  respectful  and  siibims.uve  m  ibeir  country  They 
announced  the  aptiroach  of  Monle/nma  hi:iuo!f,  ui;d 
soon  after  his  harbingers  came  in  sight.  There  appeared 
tir^t  two  hundred  persons  in  a  unilorm  dress,  with  large 
plumes  of  feathers,  alike  in  tasluon,  marching  two  and 
two,  ill  deep  silence,  tiarefooled,  with  their  eyes  tixed 
on  the  ground.  These  were  followed  by  a  company  ol 
higher  rank,  in  their  m  )st  t'liowy  apparel,  in  the  midst 
of  whom  was  Moiilezuma,  in  a  chair  or  litter  richly  onia- 
tueiited  witii  gold,  and  feathers  of  various  color.s.  Tour 
of  Ills  principal  favorites  earned  lum  on  their  shoulders, 
othe:.H  supporteii  a  canopy  of  ci.  •■ions  workmanship  over 
his  head  Hcfore  him  inarched  three  utiicers  with  rodd 
of  gold  tn  their  hands,  which  they  lilted  up  on  high  at 
certain  mlervaN.  and  at  that  signal  all  tlie  people  howed 
their  heads,  aii'l  hid  their  faces,  as  unworthy  lu  look  on 
so  great  a  mo'iareh.  When  he  drew  near,  Cortes  dis- 
(iioniited,  advancing  towards  htm  with  ollicu>iis  liaste, 
and  in  a  respecllul  pustunv  At  the  same  time  .Moule- 
/.uma  alighted  from  hts  chair,  and,  leaning  on  tho  anus 
of  two  of  Ins  near  relations,  approaclu'd  with  a  slow 
nnd  stalely  pace,  his  attendaMls  covcntig  the  Bln-ct* 
witli  cAlton  cloths,  that  he  might  not  touch  the  ground, 
('ortes  accosted  him  with  protonud  reverence,  alier  the 
Kuropean  fashion.  He  returned  Itie  siduialiun.  accord- 
ing to  tilt!  luotle  of  his  country,  by  touching  the  cartli 
with  his  hand,  and  then  kissing  it.  This  ceremony. 
the  customary  expression  of  veneration  from  inferiora 
loward.i^  those  who  were  above  them  m  rank,  appeared 
such  ani.i7.mg  condescension  in  a  proud  monarch,  who 
scarcely  deigned  to  consider  the  rest  of  mankind  ai:  of 
the  same  species  with  bmiself,  that  all  his  suhjects 
lirmly  believed  those  persons,  before  whom  he  humbled 
himself  in  ibis  manner,  to  he  something  more  than  In: 
man.  Accoulingly.  °s  they  marched  through  the  crowd, 
the  Spaniards  I'leipiently,  and  with  much  satisfdctioii, 
h'^ard  themselves  denominated  TruUst  or  divimtie.i. 
Nothing  material  passed  in  this  tirst  interview.  Mon 
tezuma  condiicted  Cortea  to  the  ipiarters  which  he  had 
prepared  for  his  reception,  and  imiiu'diale',  look  leave 
ot  lum,  Willi  a  pe'''"Mess  not  unwuriliv  c,  «  ci>ui',  mure 
relined.  "  Vou  are  now."  savs  he,  "  wiiii  your  liroihera 
in  vour  own  house;  refresh  yoiirst'lve.*  alter  your  li'- 
li^ue,  aiul  bo  liappy  mad  1  return.  "     The  plucu  aUu6 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


125 


till  to  Urn  Simninrcln  for  ihrir  lo(l;:iii^.  w.ih  n  lioimr  |  IJnt  tht-y  were  nil  ;)!ncrd  in  a  remilar  manner,  en  ihe  |  cqiml  to  it  ;  ami  nftcr  rcvolviiijr  the  ninttpr  wilh  dwp 
built  l»y  llin  IntlHT  of  MontczMinn.  U  wns  surrnurulc(! !  luuiks  of  the  ciimIm  whirli  ;»aRsr(i  ihrouyh  the  city,  in  ndr-iilion.  he  (ixcd  upon  a  plan  no  h'sH_  cxlnordniary 
1)V^5ltM«t  Willi,  with  lowrrn  lit  |.ro|irril.^l;inrrs.  v.hich  1  Home   of  Hh   tli.xlrn-ts,  or  on  the  RidcH  of  flu;  Hlreets  |  than  daritit; 


Ho  detcnriitiid  to  f-vuv.  Muntezunia  in 


iiervrd  fordelenrt'uSwvUaii  fornrnumenl.iiiKl  itsji|.arl- I  v\hich    iritc.scctrd    it    in    other   ([niirtLTs.      In    Kovcral 

plata-H  were  larm-  opeinntis  or  mpuireH,  one  of  which, 
iillMllrd  for  ihr  ^reat  market,  ih  said  to  have  hren  r.o 
Bpan'ons,  thnt  forlv  or  iifty  lliousaiid  prrHons  carried  on 
Iraflie  tliere.      In  this  fTtT7-*J-cjl!lde  of  l\w  New  World 


I  a  pa 
HientN  and  cfrirlM  were  so  larm'  as  l*t  aiifmiimmlale 
both  the  SpanianlH  and  (heir  Imli.in  allii's      Triu  tir>t 
cure  of  Cortes  was  to  taki!  pn-raulions  for  his  m'riirily, 
\;y  pluntina  tlie  arlillcry  fo  as  lo  eonnnand  the  diticrent 


id  art  of 
lati.  while  nnacniiaMitrd  with  llie  use  of  iron,  am; 
tiliile  of  aid  from  any  domestic  animal,  ihi'  SpaniardK, 
who  are  niost  moderate  in   (heir  rommilaliorm,  reckon 
that  there  were  at  Irasl  sixty  liioiisands  mhahilanta. 

Hut  how  nnieh  soever  ihf!  novelty  of  thoM!  ohjeets 
mi(;ht  amuse  or  astomsh  the  Spaiiiurds,  they  fell  the 
iKinosi  fiolintude  with  respect  to  their  own  fiituation. 
From  a  conciirrenre  of  circnmslance^,  no  le«n  unex- 
liectcd  than  favorahle  to  their  jiroyri'ss,  they  had  hern 
allowed  to  jienftrate  into  the  heart  of  a  [mwcrful  king- 
dom, and  were  now  iod;,'ed  in  its  capital  vvtUiout  havmir 
once  met  with  open  opposition  from  it9  monarch.  Thr 
'I'lascalans,  however,  had  ramcstly  dissu.idcd  tlicm 
from  placing  such'-nrifidcnrc  in  Moiite/nma,  us  to  enter 
a  city  of  such  pi-euhar  situation  as  Mexico,  whero  tli-it 
[iririce  would  have  them  at  mercy,  «hul  up  as  i!  were 
m  a  snare,  from  which  it  was  impossihio  lo  r.-^cape. 
Thev  asKured  them  that  the  Mexican  priests  had,  m  the 
name  of  the  muU,  connsclled  their  sovrrcit»n,  to  admit 
tlif  Spaniards  into  ihn  capital,  lliat  he  mi<{ht  cut  theiii 
olVtlicre  at  one  hlow  with  perfect  Hecurity.  Th'-y  now- 
perceived  loo  planilv,  that  the  apprehensions  of  their 


avenues  which  led  to  it,  by  appoinlintf  a  larue  division  |  and  the  nohlesl  mormmeMt  of  the 
of  his  (roups   tt)  he  always  on  trnard,   and  hy  posting; 
lenliuels    al  proper  stations,   witli    injunctioim  lo  oli- 
Bcrve  the  mime  vigilant  diNciplme  as  if  they  were  in 
Bi^ht  of  an  enemy's  camp. 

in  the  evening,  Monte/.nma  retnnied  to  viuit  liis 
giieslH  with  the  same  pomp  as  in  their  first  interview, 
and  hrouijht  presents  of  such  value,  not  only  to  (Jortcs 
and  lo  his  otiicers,  hut  even  lo  the.  private  men,  as 
proved  the  hhendily  of  the  monarch  to  he  snitidile  to 
the  opidence  of  lus  kinmhnn.  A  lonij  confercnee  en- 
iiued,  m  whu  h  Cortej*  learned  what  was  the  opimnii 
of  Monleznma  with  respect  to  Itie  Spimiards.  It 
was  an  eslahlished  IradiKon,  he  told  him,  ainnuL'  the 
Mexicans,  that  their  ancestors  came  ori|,'inally  from  a 
remote  region,  uiid  eonnuered  the  provinces  now  suh* 
ject  to  Ins  dominion  ;  that  after  they  were  settled  there, 
the  ^reat  captain  who  ctMi'bieted  ihif.  colony  returned 
lo  his  own  counlry,  promisiii;;  ihnt  at  sonn^  future  pe- 
riod his  deseendanls  should  visit  ihein,  assnine  tin;  go- 
vernment, and  reform  their  constitution  and  laws  ;  tliat 
from  what  he  had  heard  and  seen  of  Cortes  and  his 
followers,  he  was  convinced  thflt  they  wen;  the  very 
persons  whoso  appearance  the  Mexican  traditions  and 
prophecies  tanjjlit  them  to  expect ;  that  accordingly  he 
had  received  ihein  not  as  slran;^a'r«,  hut  as  relation.^  of 
Ihe  same  hlood  and  parentaije,  and  desired  thai  they 
nu^lit  consider  lliemselves  as  masters  in  his  dommioiis. 
for  holh  himself  and  his  suhjecls  should  hu  ready  to 
comply  with  Iheir  will,  and  even  to  prevent  their  wishes 
Cortes  made  a  reply  in  Ins  usual  style,  witli  respect  to 
the  diijmtv  and  power  of  his  sovereign,  and  his  inten- 
tion of  schdiniT  liim  nilo  that  country  ;  artfully  enilca- 
vornig  so  to  frame  his  discourse,  tiiat  it  niijihl  eoiiicuK 
aa  nnich  as  possible  with  the  idea  wliicli  Monte/.iim:i 
bad    lormed   couceriimj;  the  oriirm  of  the   SpaniaiiU. 

Next  morimi;;,  ("ortes  and  some  of  Ins  pnocipal  at- 
tendants wereadnnttid  to  a  public  audience  of  the  em- 
peror. The  ihreo  subseipienl  days  were  employed  iii 
vicwmi;  the  city  ;  the  appt-arance  of  which,  so  far  supe- 
rior m  llie  order  of  its  Imildinirs  and  the  number  of  its 

inhabitunts.  lo  any  plate  tin*   Spaniards  had  beluld  in 

America,  and  yet   so  liUle  resemblmir  the  slniclure  of 

A  lOeropeun  city,  lilled  iheni  with  surprise  and  adimra- 

tion. 

Mexico,  or  Tnii/rhlillan,  as  it  was  nncienlly  called 

by  (he  natives,  is  situaled  in  a  lar^re  plain,  environed 

by  mountains  u\'  such  hei^dit  that,  though  withm  the 

torrid  '^one.  (he  temp<Ta(nie  of  lis  chinattr  is  niild  and 

healthful.      All  the  nioi>'ture  which  desceniis  from  Ihe 

hijjh  grounds,  is  collected   in   several  lakes,   the  two 

largest  of  which,  of  about  ninely  miles  in  circuit,  eoin- 

iinmicate  will,  each  other.     Tlie  waters  of  the  (me  are 

freeb.  those  of  the  other  brackish      tin  llu;  hanks  of 

the  latter,  anil  on  some  small  islands ad)omiii^  to  them. 

the   ca^iilai   of  Montezuma's   empire   was    built.      '1  lie 

access  (o  the  city  was  by  artiticial  cafiseway.s  or  slreels 

formed  of  stitnesaiid  earth,  about  thirty  feet  in  breadth 

As  the  waters  of  the  lake  during  the  ramy  sea.son  ovi  r- 

flowed  the  llat  country,  the-^e  causeways  were  of  consi- 
derable length-     That  i>l  Tacuba.  on  the  wvH,  extended 

a  mile  and  a  half;   that  of  Tepeaca.  on  the  norUi-west. 

three  miles;  that  of  ('uoyacan,  towards  the  south,  si.v 

hiih'S.     (In  the  east*  (here  was  iio  cun.sewav.  and  tiie 

city  I'ould  I  '  approached  only  tiy  canoes.      In  each  of 

these    causewavrt  were  openings  at    proper  intervals. 

through  which  llie  waters  llowcs,  and  over  these  beams 

of  tnnber  were  laul.  which  being  covered  with  earth, 

the  causeway  or  street  had  every  where  a  umhirm  ap- 

»,.  r.r.moe      As  the  approaches  to  the  city  were  singular. 

Its  construelnin  was  remarkable.      Not  only  Ihe  temples 

of  their  gods,  but  the  houses  bebniiimg  to  the  monarch. 

and  to  iKTMins  of  dtslmction.  were  of  Huchdiinensums. 

that,    in   cninpanson  with  any   other  buihlinos   winch 

liilherlo  had  beendiscovereil  in  .\menca,  they  ini'ibt  be 

UTined  inagnilieent.     'I'he  habttatuuis  of  the  common 

pooplu  were  mean,  resembling  the  huts  of  other  Indians 


his  palace,  and  to  carry  htm  as  a  prisoner  to  the  Spa- 
nish (pinrtcrs.  I'rom  the  superslilious  venernlion  ol 
the  Me.ticans  for  the  person  of  their  monarch,  as  well 
as  thfir  implicit  submission  to  bis  will,  be  hoped,  by 
havitig  Moiiteznina  in  his  power,  to  acrpiire  tlie  supremo 
direction  of  their  alVairs  ;  or,  at  least,  with  such  a  si- 
1  pledge  in  his  bands,  be  made  no  doubt  of  being 
secure  from  any  elTort  of  tl:eir  violence. 

This  he  iim.iediatcly  propo.^pd  lo  his  officers.  Tho 
timid  startled  at  a  measure  so  aiulrf^m*»,..and  raispd 
obieclions.  Tho  more  intelligeni  and  resobiter^lii*-~. 
fcions  that  it  wan  tho  only  resource  in  which  there  ap- 
peared any  pros|iect  of  safely,  warnny  opproved  of  it, 
and  brought  over  their  companions  so  cordially  to  tho 
same  opinion,  th:it  it  was  agreed  instantly  to  make  tho 
ittleinpt.  At  his  nsuid  Innir  of  visiting  Montezuma, 
('ortes  went  lo  (lie  pidace,  accninpnmed  by  Alvurad«i, 
Sa'uloval,  I.ugo,  \el.1sciue7,  dc-  I,eon,  aiitl  Davila,  (ivo 
of  Ins  principal  otiicers.  niid  as  many  Irusly  soldierc. 
Thirty  chosen  men  followtd,  not  m  regular  order,  but 
sauntering  at  some  distance,  as  if  they  hnd  no  object 
but  chrionity  ;  small  parlies  were  posted  at  proper  in- 
tervals, in  all  the  streets  leadmn  from  the  Spameb 
ipiatlers  to  (he  court  ;  and  tlie  remairKfer  of  his  troops, 
with  the  Tlascalaii  allies,  were  under  anns  ready  to 
saltv  out  on  the  first  alarm  ('ortes  iind  hisattendanlri 
were  adniitleil  wilhoul  stispiciou  ;  the  Mexicans  retirinff, 
as  usual,  out  of  respect.      He  addres.st  d  the  monarch 


allies  were  not  destitute  of  foundation  ;  that,  by  lireuk-  |  in  a  tone  very  diHerenl  from  that  winch  he  had  employ- 
ed in  former  confejences,  repro'iching  him  bitlerly  aa 
Ihe  author  of  tlie  viob'iit  aHs.iull  made  upon  (he  Spa- 
niards by  one  uf  his  olfi'-ers.  and  deniiinded  public  vo- 
paralu)u  for  the  los.s  whii-li  they  had  su.stmned  hy  tho 
death  of  somir  of  iheir  eoinpamons,  as  well  as  for  tho 
insult  olfered  to  the  great  prim  e  whose  servants  liiry 
were.  Monte/uma,  conlonnded  at  this  unexpected  ac- 
cusation, and  chanLMog  color,  eillier  from  ronsciousiiLCS 
of  L'uilt.  or  from  fcelmt.'  the  nidii:nr.y  with  \\hicli  he  '.vail 
I  treated,  asserted  his  own  innocence  with  treat  enrnest- 


ing  the  bridges  placed  at  certain  intervals  on  (lie  cause 
ways,  or  by  deslroving  part  of  the  causeways  them- 
selves. (Iveir  retreat  would  be  rendered  iinpricticiible, 
and  they  must  remain  cooped  up  m  Ihe  centre  of  a 
hostile  city,  surrounded  by  iniiltitudes  sntrir-ient  to 
oveiwbcbn  ihein,  and  without  a  pos.-^ibihiy  of  receiv- 
ing aid  from  their  allies.  Montezuma  had,  indeed, 
rc'-eived  them  with  disliiignished  respict.  Hut  oui/ht 
they  to  reckon  upon  this  as  real,  or  to  consider  11  as 
f'igned  !      liven  if  it  were  sincere,  cuiild  ihey  promise 

on  its  continuance  !  Their  safety  depended  upim  the  1  ness,  and.  as  a  proof  of  it,  gave  orders  mslantlv  to  bring 
will  of  a  monarch  in  whose  attachment  they  had  no  '  t^ualpopoca  and  his  ac^otl•;.!l■c^'s  prisoners  to  Mexico. 
reason  lo  confide  ;  and  an  order  (lowing  Irom  his  caprice,  I  ( 'nries  rejdicd  with  seemiii!;  coiii|>laisance,  tliat  a  de- 
or  a  word  iittired  by  him  in  pa.nsion,  nuglit  decide  irre-  !  claralion  so  re>perl;il(!e  left  no  doulit  remannng  in  luri 
vo( -iblv  concerning  their  fate.  1  own   mind,  but  that  something   more  was  re'pii'utG  lo 

'I'hese    retleclions,    so    obvious   as  to   occur  K>  the  '  satisfy  h's  followers,  who  wouhl  never  be  convinced 
meanest  soldier,  did  not  escape  the  vigdaut  sagai'i'y  of  t  that  Mv)nlezuma  did  not  b.irbor  hostile  intentions  ajjainiJl 

iheiii,   unless  as  iin  evidence  of  his  contldence  and  at- 


iheir  genend.  Before  be  set  mil  from  (-'holula.  Cortes 
hatl  received  advice  from  Villa  Una,  ihal  (.^ualpo- 
poca,  one  oi  the  Mexican  generals  on  the  Iron- 
tiers,  luiving  as.-einbled  au  army  m  order  to  attack  some 
of  the  people  whom  tho  S[)aniardH  h.td  encouraged  Ui 
throw  od"  Ihe  Mexican  v.ike,  Kscalante  had  marched 
out  with  part  of  liie  Uiirrtson  to  support  his  allies  ;  that 
an  engagement  had  ensued,  in  which,  llioiiu'li  tlic 
Spamarils  were  viclorious,  llscthmle  with  seven  of  his 


tachinent.  he  removed  from  li 
np  his   residence   m   the   S| 


iwn  palace,  itnd  took 
di  (piarlers,  where  ho 
should  be  servfd  ami  iMinor*  d  as  became  a  great  mo- 
narch. The  lirst  mention  of  so  s'.range  a  projiosal  (lo- 
renveii  Moiitezuni.i  o\  speech,  and  alinost  of  uiolion. 
At  leni/tli  induinadori  uaye  him  utterance,  and  ho 
haughtily  answered,  "  That  persons  uf  hi.*  rank  wero 
mil  aci-iistomed  voluntarily  lo  give  up  thein^ielves  aa 


*  I  am  imicbtfii  tn  M.  t'lavigero  l«ir  corrcciiim  an  error  ol 
importancn  m  mv  tie'^cnpimti  ttf  .Meiirn,  From  llie  east, 
WlitTP  Texcurii  was  silu:itt'<l,  ttiere  was  no  raii<>ewiiv,  hs  I 
hove  oliserieil,  ami  \v\  l.v  sniiio  irinlteiilioii  on  my  ;.art,  ornn 
Ibsiul  tlin  printer,  m  nil  the  roniior  iKhtioiis.nne  ni  llierniist- 
ways  WHS  snnl  li»  leatl  In  Tezeiicn.  M.  t'taviKern's  nieasurf- 
mt'i.t  111  \iiii  eiiL^tliol  ilnse  riijiM-wiUNilitrwr»nnnii!wli-il  IiiiHi 
timl  which  I  hav*  a.lMiiii.-l  liuni  V.  Torrilnu.    Clivig.  11.  [i.  ;a. 


men,  h.id  been  mortally  wounded,  his  horse  killed,  and  \  prisoners  ;  and  were  he  mean  enonuh  to  do  so.  Ins  siib- 
Quv.  .Spiiniard  had  been  surrounded  by  the  enemy  and  jjects  would  not  permit  such  an  ati'roiit  lo  lie  oti'cred  lo 
taken  alive;  that  the  head  ol  lliis  untortunate  ca|itive,  tlieir  sovereign."  Cortes,  unwilling  to  employ  furce, 
after  being  earned  in  triuniph  to  dillerent  cities,  in  |  endeavored  alternalcly  to  soothe  and  to  intimidate  hnn. 
onler  to  convince  the  people  llial  their  invaders  were  j  The  altercition  became  warm  ;  and  having  contimietl 
not  immortal,  h.ol  i)eeii  sent  to  Mexico,  ('ortes,  ihoiii^h  1  above  three  hoiir",  Velasfpn  /.  di*  Lecni.  an  impc  tuouf 
alirmed  Willi  this  intelligence,  as  an  indication  of  Mon-  and  gallant  young  man.  exclainud  witli  impatienro, 
te/.uma's  hostile  intentions,  had  continued  U\a  march.  "  Why  waste  mnic  time  m  vain  '  Let  lis  either  nv\tt- 
Hut  as  soon  as  he  entired  Mexico  he  became  sensible,  1  him  insianlly,  or  •■lab  him  to  the  heart."  The  ; 
(hat,  from  an  excess  of  eontidence  in  the  superior  valor  ]  ciiinLj  voice  and  fierce  iicstiires  with  which  these  • 
and  ilisciplmeof  his  troops,  as  well  as  trom  lliedisid-  [were  ultered.  struck  Montezuma.  The  .Sp,iniards.  .lO 
vantage  of  having  nolhinti  to  guile  him  m  an  unknown  !  was  hensible,  had  now  proceeded  so  far.  as  left  lum  no 
counlry,  but  tiie  di-feclive  intelligence  which  he  had  hope  that  they  would  recede.  His  own  danger  waa 
received  from  piople  with  whom  his  mode  of  cominu- I  imminent.  Ihe  necessity  unavoidable.  He  saw  both, 
rucalum  was  very  imperfect,  he  had  pushed  forward  !  and  abandoning  himsel!  to  his  fate,  complied  witli  their 
into  a  sihiation  where  it  was  diiru-olt  to  conlinue,  and  t  re<piest. 

from  which  it  was  daMgerous  to  retire.  Ib^grace,  and  1  His  otficrs  wc-rn  called.  He  rommunicTiid  to 
perhaps  ruin,  was  the  certain  conseipience  of  atleinpt-  |  them  iii.H  resolulion.  Thouyli  astonished  and  alilicled, 
mg  Ihe  latter.  The  success  of  his  enterprise  depemb  d  '  they  presumed  not  to  rpiestion  the  w  ill  of  their  master, 
ii|ion  supporting  the  hiL'li  opinion  winch  the  people  of  I  hut  carried  hiin  m  silent  oon-.p,  all  balhed  in  tears,  tc/ 
New  .Spam  had  tunned  Willi  respect  K)  the  irresistible  i  the  Spanish  'luarler-^  ^\  hen  it  was  known  that  the 
power  of  lus  arms,  \'y  m  the  first  symptoms  of  liini-  I  strunners  were  conveying  away  the  Kmperor,  the  peo 
diiy  on  his  part,  i*mmi  veneration  would  cease,  and  !  pie  broke  out  into  the  wildest  iran.-^iKirts  of  gruf  and 
Monteznnia,  whom  I""  r  alone  reslramed  .*rt  present,  j  rage,  threatening  the  Spaniards  with  immediate  de 
would  let  !oo.«'  u|K)n  him  the  whole  Ion  e  of  Ins  ein-  1  struclion,  as  the  punishment  iii*tlv  due  to  their  nnpion.i 
pire.  ;\t  the  same  time,  he  knew  (hat  the  rounte- !  audacity.  Uut  as  soon  as  >foniezunia  a[pearrd,  with 
nance  of  his  own  s()vereion  was  to  be  obtained  only  by  la  seeming  gayety  of  connteuJince,  ,.:'rl  waved  his  h.ind, 
n  series  of  victories,  and  that  nollimg  but  tin*  merit  of  i  the  tumult  was  hushed;  and  upon  h.- declaring  it  to 
extraordinary  success  etmld  screen  his  conduct  from  ',  be  of  bis  own  choice  that  he  went  to  recide  for  some 
the  censure  of  irreL*ularily.  From  all  the^e  considera-  j  time  ainotiL'  bis  new  friends,  die  mulutiide.  taught  W 
tions.  It  was  necessary  to  maintain  bis  station,  and  to  i  revere  every  mliinalion  of  their  hOverLigns'i  ple^Auro, 
ejtncale  nimself  out  of  the  dillicullies  in  winch  one  Itold    .pnclly  disperr.ed. 

;  step  had  mvoivi  d  hiin,  by  vci.iming  upon  anollicr  still  |      Thus  was  a  powerful  prince  leiiied  by  a  few  BlraiiFona 
i  bolder.     Tho  silualiuu  was  tryiu^',  but  hi<  mind  wa.i  I  m  tlw   inid.-'l  of  his  capital,  al  nuond.'v,  aikl  cami>f1  ol} 


■MVH 


1S6 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY  OP 


'*>■   I 


iE> 


tj  n  prisuiicr,  without  opposition  or  bloudhlicd.  His- 
tory contains  nothinjT  parallel  to  this  event,  either  with 
respect  to  the  tetnerity  of  iht;  attempt,  or  the  sucrcss 
of  the  cxecuitiin  ;  and  were  not  all  the  circunistacces 
of  this  extraordinary  transaction  authenticated  by  the 
most  unquestionable  evidence,  they  would  appear  so 
wild  and  extravagant  as  to  go  far  beyond  the  bounds 
of  that  probability  which  must  be  preserved  even  m 
fictitious  narrations. 

Montezuma  was  received  in  the  Spanish  quarters 
with  alt  the  ceremonious  respect  which  Cortes  had 
promised.  He  was  attended  by  his  own  domestics, 
and  served  with  his  usual  state.  His  principal  olliccrs 
had  free  access  to  nun,  and  he  carried  on  every  func- 
tion of  government  as  if  he  had  been  at  perfect  liberty. 
The  Spaniards,  however,  watched  him  with  the  scru- 
pulous vigilance  which  was  natural  in  guarding  such 
an  important  prize,  [110]  endeavoring  at  the  same 
time  to  sooth  and  reconcile  him  to  his  situation  by 
ovcry  external  demonstration  of  regard  and  attachment. 
But  from  captive  princes,  the  hour  of  humiliation  and 
suffering  is  never  far  distant.  Qualpopoca,  his  son, 
and  live  of  the  principal  officers  who  served  under 
faira,  were  brought  prisoners  to  the  capital  [Dec.  4],  in 
consequence  of  the  orders  which  iVU^ntczuma  had 
issued.  The  Emperor  gave  them  up  to  Cortes,  that 
ho  mi^ht  inqu'Tc  into  the  nat\ire  of  their  crime,  and 
determine  their  punishnuti:.  They  were  formally  tried 
by  a  Spanish  court  martial ;  and  though  they  had  acted 
no  other  part  than  what  became  loyal  subjrcrs  and 
brave  men,  in  obeying  the  orders  of  their  lawful  sove- 
reign, and  in  opposing  the  invaders  of  their  country, 
they  were  condemned  to  be  burnt  alive.  The  execu- 
tion of  such  atrocious  decd.s  is  seldom  long  suspended. 
The  unhappy  victuns  were  instantly  led  forth.  The 
pile  on  wiiich  ihey  were  laid  was  composed  nf  the 
weajwns  collected  in  the  royal  magazine  for  the  public 
defence.  An  innumerabte  multitude  of  Mexicans  be- 
held, in  silent  astonishment,  the  double  insult  otl'ered 
to  the  majesty  of  their  empire,  an  otficer  of  distinction 
committed  to  the  (lames  by  the  authority  of  strangers 
for  having  done  what  he  owed  in  duty  to  his  natural 
Bovereign  ;  and  the  arms  provided  by  the  foresight  of 
their  ancestors  for  avenging  public  wrongs,  consumed 
before  their  eyes. 

But  these  were  not  the  most  shocking  indignities 
^vbich  the  Mexicans  had  to  bear.  The  Spaniards,  con- 
vinced that  Qualpopoca  would  not  have  ventured  to 
nttack  Escatante  wiihout  orders  from  his  master,  were 
not  aatistied  with  mHicting  vengeance  on  the  in«trument 
employed  in  committing  that  crime  while  the  author  of 
it  escaped  with  impunity.  Just  before  yual[>opoca 
wiu  led  out  to  surter.  Cortes  entertd  the  apartment  of 
Montezuma,  followed  by  some  of  his  otficers,  and  a 
soldier,  carrying  a  pair  of  letters  ;  and  approaching  the 
monarch  with  a  stern  countenance  told  him,  that  as 
the  persons  who  were  now  to  undergo  the  punishment 
which  they  merited,  had  charged  lum  as  thn  cause  of 
the  outrage  committed,  it  was  necessary  that  he  like- 
wise should  make  atonement  for  that  guilt ;  then  turn- 
ing away  abruptly,  without  wailing  for  a  reply,  com- 
manded the  soldier  to  clap  the  fetters  on  his  legs.  The 
orders  were  instantly  e.tecu(ed.  The  disconsolate  mon- 
arch, trained  up  witli  an  idea  that  his  person  was  sacred 
nnd  inviolable,  and  tonsidering  this  profanation  of  it  as 
the  prelude  of  lunnediale  death,  broke  out  into  loud 
lamentations  and  compIainlH.  Hin  uttendants,  speech- 
less With  Itorror.  fell  at  his  feet,  lialhing  them  with  their 
tears  ;  and.  bearing  up  tlic  tetters  iii  their  hand^,  en- 
deavored with  otlirious  tenderness  to  lighten  llicir  preju 
nuro.  Nor  did  llieir  grief  and  despondency  abate,  until 
Cortes  returned  from  the  exerutiun,  and  wiih  a  elieer- 
ful  countenance  ordered  llie  t'eiters  to  be  taken  oil" 
As  Montezuma's  spirits  had  sunk  with  unmanly  dejec- 
tion, they  now  rosp  into  indeeeiit  joy  ;  and  with  an  iin- 
becuining  transiiio:i,  he  |)assed  at  uiiee  fruin  the  unguif^h 
of  dcspiiir  to  tranoports  of  gratitude  and  exprei*.-»ions  uf 
fondness  towards  his  deliverer. 

In  those  lran«aclions.  as  represented  by  the  Spanish 
nistorians,  we  search  in  vain  lor  the  qualities  which 
distinguish  other  parts  of  ( 'Drtes'si  eoiiduet.  To  usurp 
a  jurisdiction  which  ruuld  not  belong  to  a  stranger, 
who  asBuined  no  higher  character  than  that  of  an  am- 
bassador from  a  foreign  prince,  and,  under  color  of  it, 
tn  mflict  a  capital  punislunenl  on  men  whose  conduct 
entitled  them  to  esteem,  appears  an  act  of  barbiirouH 
cruellv.  I'o  put  the  monarch  of  a  great  kingdom  in 
inn*),  and.  after  such  ij-.  .minious  irealfuent.  suddenly 
to  release  him,  seems  to  be  a  display  of  power  no  le)*». 
inconsiderate  than  wtinion.  According  lo  the  cmnnion 
rolatiitii.  nu  account  can  be  given  e,i!,er  of  the  oiu: 
action  or  thu  other    but  that  Cortes,  mtuxK-eted  with 


success,  uiid  presuming  on  the  auccndanl  which  he  had 
acipnred  over  the  minds  of  the  Mexicans,  thought 
nothing  too  bold  for  hun  to  undertake,  or  too  dangerous 
lo  execute.  IJut,  in  one  view,  these  proceedings,  how- 
ever repugnant  to  justice  and  hunianily,  may  have 
flowed  from  that  artful  policy  which  regulated  every 
'  part  of  Cortes's  beiiavior  towards  the  Mexicans.  They 
I  Had  conceived  the  Spaniards  to  be  an  order  of  beings 
!  superior  to  men.  It  was  of  the  \itmost  consequence 
to  cherish  this  illusion,  and  lo  keep  up  the  veneration 
which  it  insjiired.  Cortes  wished  that  shedding  the 
blood  of  a  Spaniard  should  be  deemed  the  most  heinous 
of  all  crimes  ;  and  nothing  appeared  better  calculated 
to  establish  this  opinion  tlian  to  condemn  the  first 
Mexicans  who  had  ventured  to  commit  it  to  a  cruel 
death,  and  to  oblige  their  monarh  himself  to  submit  to 
a  mortifying  indignity  as  an  expiation  for  being  acces- 
sary to  a  deed  so  atrocious.  [Ill] 

1520]  The  rigor  with  which  Cortes  punished  the 
unhappy  persons  who  first  presumed  to  lay  violent 
hands  upon  his  followers,  seems  accordingly  to  have 
made  all  the  impression  that  he  desired.  The  spirit 
of  Montezuma  was  not  only  overawed  but  subdued. 
During  six  months  that  Cortes  remained  in  Mexico,  the 
monarch  continued  in  the  Spanish  quarters  with  an  ap- 
pearance of  as  entire  satisfaction  ami  tranquiliily  as  if 
lie  had  resided  there  not  from  constraint,  but  tlirough 
choice.  His  ministers  and  ntlicers  attended  him  as 
usual.  Ho  took  cognisance  of  all  ull'airs  ;  every  order 
was  issued  in  his  name.  The  external  aspect  of 
government  appearing  the  same,  and  all  its  ancient 
forms  Ueliyr  scrupulously  observed,  the  people  were  so 
little  sensible  oi  nnv  change,  that  they  obeyed  the 
mandates  of  their  monai^'h  with  the  same  submissive 
reverence  as  ever.  Such  was  ti.e"  dread  s\hicii  both 
Montezuma  and  his  subjects  had  of  the  Spanidrds,  or 
such  the  veneration  in  which  they  held  them,  :ci,u  vo 
attempt  was  made  to  deliver  their  sovereign  from  con- 
tinement ;  and  though  Cortes,  relying  on  this  ascendant 
which  he  had  acquired  over  their  minds,  permitted  him 
not  onlv  to  visit  his  temples,  but  to  make  huiiling  ex- 
cursions beyond  the  lake,  a  guard  of  a  few  Spaniards 
carried  witli  it  suci)  a  terror  as  to  intimidate  the  multi- 
tude, and  sectirc  tlic  captive  monarch. 

Thus,  by  the  forluiiate  temerity  of  Cortes  in  seizing 
Montezuma,  the  Spaniards  secured  at  once  to  them- 
selves more  extensive  auilioriiy  in  the  Mexican  Empire 
than  it  was  possible  to  have  acquired  in  a  long  course 
of  time  by  open  force  ;  and  they  exercised  more  abso- 
lute sway  in  the  name  of  another,  tlian  they  could  have 
done  in  their  own.  The  arts  of  polislitd  nations,  in 
subjecting  such  as  are  less  iin|)roved,  liuve  been  nearly 
the  Mine  in  every  period.  The  system  of  screening  u 
foreign  usurpation,  under  the  sanction  of  authority  de- 
lived  from  the  natural  rulrrs  of  a  country,  the  device 
of  employing  the  magistrates  and  forms  already  esta- 
blislied  as  inst^umcnis  to  introduce  a  new  dominion,  of 
which  wc  are  apt  to  l)uast  as  svdiiiiuc  relinemenls  in 
policy  peculiar  to  ilio  present  age,  were  inventions  of  a 
more  early  period,  and  had  bt'en  tried  with  success  in 
the  West  long  before  they  wtro  practised  in  tiio  Mast 

Cortes  availed  liiinself  to  the  utmost  of  tlie  powers 
which  he  possessed  by  being  able  to  act  m  tiie  name  of 
Montezuma.  1  lo  sent  some  Spanianls,  whom  he  judged 
best  (pialitied  for  such  commissions,  into  ditfererit  parts 
of  the  empire,  accompanied  by  persons  of  disiiucttmi, 
whom  Montezuma  appointed  lo  attend  them,  both  as 
guides  and  ]iroteetors.  They  visited  most  of  the  pro- 
'.  luces,  viewed  llieir  soil  and  productions,  surveyed  witli 
particular  care  the  districts  which  yielded  gold  or  silver, 
pitched  upon  several  places  us  proper  stations  for  future 
eoloiues,  and  endea\ored  to  prepare  I  he  minds  of  the  peo- 
ple lor  subiiultmg  lo  llie  Spanisli  yoke.  While  they 
were  thus  einploved,  (Jortcs,  m  the  name  and  by  the 
authoritv  of  Muniezuma,  degraded  some  of  the  princi- 
pal ol!ic(>rs  in  the  empire,  whose  abilities  or  nidepen- 
dent  spirit  excited  his  jealmisy,  and  substituted  m  their 
place  persons  less  capal)le  or  mort^  ohscqiitous. 

One  thing  still  was  wanting  to  eomplcte  his  security, 
lie  wished  to  have  such  coinuuind  of  the  lake  as  miglit 
ensure  him  a  letrent  if,  either  from  levity  or  dtsgust, 
the  Mexicans  should  take  anus  ag.uiist  bun,  and  break 
down  the  bridges  or  causeways  This,  too,  his  own 
address,  and  the  facility  of  Montezuma,  enabled  hun  to 
accomplish.  Having  freipienllv  entertained  li:s  prisoner 
with  pompous  accounts  oi  the  Murupeaii  marine,  and  art 
of  navigation,  he  awakened  Ins  curn»siiy  lo  see  those 
movinu  pnhu'es  whicli  made  thnr  wax  through  the  vva- 
ter,  wilhuut  o.irs  I'lidir  pri-text  ot  gratilying  this  de- 
sire. Cinles  persuadi  d  MotUe/iiina  to  appmiit  some  of 
his  subjects  lo  fetiii  pnrt  of  the  iiiival  ^lon--*  whu'h  the 
Spaniards  had  deposueil  ul  Vera  Cruz  to  Me^rico,  and 


lo  employ  others  m  cutting  down  ftr»d  pre[Minng  timber. 
With  their  assistance,  the  Spanish  carpenters  soon 
completed  two  brigantmes.  which  atlbrded  a  frivolous 
amusement  to  the  monarch,  and  were  considered  by 
Cortes  as  a  certain  resource  if  he  should  be  obligi\l  to 
retire. 

Encouraged  by  so  many  instances  of  the  monarcli's 
lame  submission  to  his  will,  Cortes  ventured  to  put  it 
to  a  proof  still  more  trying.  He  urged  Montezuma  lo 
acknowledge  himself  a  vassal  of  the  king  u.' Castile,  to 
hold  his  crown  of  lum  as  superior,  and  lo  subject  hit; 
dominions  to  the  payment  of  an  annual  tribute.  With 
this  retpnsitioii,  the  last  a'ld  most  humbling  that  can  bo 
made  to  one  possessed  of  sovereign  authority,  Mnnto- 
zuma  was  so  obsequious  as  to  comply.  He  called  to- 
gether the  chief  men  of  his  empire,  aid  in  a  solemn 
harangue,  reminding  them  ortlu;  traditions  and  prophe- 
cies which  led  them  to  expect  the  arrival  of  a  peopln 
sprung  from  the  same  stock  with  themselves,  ii  order 
to  take  possession  of  the  supreme  power,  he  declared 
his  belief  that  thu  Spaniards  were  tins  promised  race; 
thai  therefore  he  recognised  the  right  of  their  inonarcU 
to  govern  the  Mexican  empire  ;  that  he  would  lay  hia 
crown  at  his  feet,  and  oiiey  him  as  a  tribufary.  While 
uttering  lliese  words,  Montezuma  discovered  how  deeply 
he  was  allected  in  making  such  a  sacritice.  Tears  and 
groans  frequently  interrupted  his  discourse.  Overawed 
and  broken  aa  his  spirit  was,  it  still  retained  such  n 
sense  of  dignity  as  to  feel  that  pang  which  piercf 
the  heart  of  princes  when  constrained  to  resign  indt 
pendent  power  The  first  mention  of  such  a  resolution 
struck  the  assembly  dumb  with  astonishment.  This 
was  followed  by  a  sudden  murmur  of  so  row,  mingled 
with  indignation,  which  indicated  some  viuletil  irruption 
of  rage  to  be  near  at  hand.  This  Cortes  foresaw,  and 
seasonably  interposed  to  prevent  it  by  declaring  that 
his  master  had  no  intention  to  deprive  Montezuma  of 
the  royal  dignity,  or  to  make  any  innovation  upon  tho 
constitution  ?i\nl  laws  of  the  Mexican  empire.  Thu 
assurance,  added  to  tlieir  dread  of  the  Spanish  power 
and  to  the  authority  of  their  liiOnarch's  example,  extort- 
ed a  reluctant  consent  from  thu  assembly.  [US]  Tho 
act  of  submission  and  homage  was  executed  with  tho 
formalities  which  the  Spaniards  were  pleased  to  pro- 
scribe. 

Montezuma,  at  the  desire  of  Cortes,  accompanied 
this  profession  ot  fealty  and  homage  with  a  magmticent 
present  to  his  new  sovereign  ;  and  after  his  example 
ins  sulijecls  brought  in  very  liberal  contributions.  'I  ho 
Spaniards  now  collected  all  the  treasures  which  had 
been  eitlier  voluntarily  bestowed  upon  them  at  dilVercnt 
times  by  Monte/uma,  or  had  been  extorted  from  h\A 
people  under  various  pretexts;  and  having  melted  tho 
gold  and  silver,  the  value  of  these,  without  mcludiUf^ 
jewels  and  ornaments  of  various  kinds,  which  wcru 
preserved  on  account  of  their  curious  workmanship, 
amounted  to  six  hundred  thousand  prsnx.  The  sol- 
diers were  impatient  to  have  ii  divided,  and  Coitos 
complied  with  their  desire.  A  fifth  of  the  whole  w,x? 
lirst  .vet  apart  as  the  lax  due  to  the  king.  Another  fifUi 
was  allotted  to  (."ortcs  as  commander  in  chief.  The 
sums  advanced  by  \'elasquez.  by  (.'orles.  and  by  eomo 
of  the  otllcers,  towards  defraying  the  expense  ol  littinjf 
out  the  aruuiment,  were  tlien  deducted.  'i"he  remain- 
der was  divided  among  the  army,  including  the  garri- 
son at  Vera  Cruz,  in  proportion  to  their  dttl'erent  riinks. 
After  so  many  defalcations,  the  share  of  u  privatt^  man 
did  not  exceed  a  hundred  pesos.  This  sum  fell  eo 
far  below  their  sanguine  ex|iectations  that  some  sol- 
di*rs  rejected  it  with  scorn,  and  others  murmured  ro 
loiidlv  at  this  cruel  disiqipoinlinent  of  tlieir  hoficii,  that 
•*  re'|uired  all  the  address  of  Cortes,  and  no  small  ex- 
ertion of  his  liberality,  to  appease  them  The  com- 
plaints of  the  army  were  not  altogether  destitute  of 
foundation.  As  the  crown  had  contributed  notlimg  to- 
wards the  eipiipmenl  or  success  of  the  armament,  it 
was  nut  withoni  regret  that  the  soldiers  beheld  il  sweep 
away  so  great  a  proportion  ol  the  treasure  purclia^ed 
by  their  bloud  and  tod.  What  fell  lo  the  share  of  tho 
general  appeared  according  lo  the  ideas  of  wealth  m 
the  stxteentii  century,  an  enormous  sum.  Nome  of 
Cortes's  favorites  bad  secretly  appropriated  to  their 
jwn  use  several  ornaments  of  gold,  which  ncilhcr  paid 
the  royal  lifth,  nor  were  brought  into  account  as  pari  of 
thn  common  stock.  Il  was,  however,  so  manifestly  tho 
interest  of  Cortes  at  this  peiiod  to  make  a  large  remit- 
tance to  the  king,  that  il  is  tuL'lily  probable  those  con- 
cealmeutR  were  not  of  great  consequence 

The  total  sum  amassed  hv  thu  Spaniards  bears  nii 
pnqtorlion  to  the  ideas  which  might  be  formed,  eiUier 
hv  reflecting  on  the  desenptions  given  by  historians  of 
the  uncienl  splendor  of  Mexico,  or  by  coiihidenug  ilia 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


137 


prodnotiotis  of  its  mitica  in  niodurn  limes,  lint  ainonj,' 
ihe  ancient  Moxtciinti,  gold  and  silver  were  not  the 
standards  hv  which  the  worth  of  other  commodities 
was  ci^tirnated  ;  and  destitute  of  the  nrtiticial  value  de- 
rived Irom  ih  scircuinslanoe.  were  no  further  in  request 
than  as  they  fnnushcd  mati  nals  for  ornaments  and  trin- 
kets, 'i'hcse  were  cither  consecrated  to  the  gods  in 
tlieir  temples,  or  were  worn  as  marks  of  distinction  hy 
their  princes  and  some  of  their  most  eminent  chiels. 
Aa  the  consumption  of  the  precious  metals  was  incon- 
?iderahle,  (he  demand  for  them  was  not  such  aa  to  put 
cither  the  Ingenuity  or  industry  of  the  Mexicans  on 
the  stretch  in  order  to  augment  their  store.  They 
were  alto<ielher  unacquainted  with  the  art  of  working 
the  rich  mines  with  which  their  country  abounded, 
What  gold  they  had  was  gatheicd  in  the  beds  of  the 
rivers,  native,  and  ripened  into  a  pure  metallic  state. 
The  nlinoNt  elTort  of  their  labor  in  search  of  it  was  to 
wash  the  earth  carried  down  by  torrents  from  the 
mountains,  and  to  pick  out  the  grains  of  gold  which  suls 
Bidcd  ;  and  even  this  simple  operalion,  according  to 
the  report  of  the  persons  whom  Cortes  appointed  to 
6urvt;y  the  provinces  where  there  was  a  jtrospeet  of 
lindii.g  mines,  they  performed  very  unskilfully.  From 
all  those  causes,  the  whole  mass  of  gold  in  possession 
of  the  Mexicans  was  not  great.  As  silver  is  rarely 
found  pure,  and  the  Mexican  art  .vas  too  rudo  to  con- 
duct the  process  for  relhiing  it  'ii  a  proper  manner,  the 
miant ity  of  this  metal  was  still  '.ss  considerable.  Thus, 
though  the  Spaniards  had  ..-xerted  all  the  power  which 
they  possessed  in  Mcxijo,  and  often  with  indecent  ra- 
pacii.y,  in  order  to  ^^atify  their  predominant  passion, 
and  though  Montezima  had  fondly  exhausted  his  trca- 
nun\},  in  hopes  of  satiating  their  tiiirst  for  gold,  the  pro- 
duct of  both,  which  prGhahly  included  a  great  part  of 
t.he  bullion  in  the  empire,  did  not  rise  in  value  above 
whut  has  been  mcntionod.  [113J 

Hut  however  pliable  Montezuma  might  be  in  other 
matters,  with  resjiect  to  one  point  he  was  intlexihle. 
Though  Cortes  olion  urged  him,  with  the  importunate 
zeal  ot  a  missionary,  to  renounce  his  false  god.>i,  and  to 
embrace  the  (.'hristian  faith,  he  always  rejected  the  pro- 
position with  horror.  Superstition,  among  the  Mexi- 
cans, was  tbrnied  into  such  a  regular  and  complete  svs- 
tem,  that  its  institutions  naturally  took  fast  hold  of  the 
mind  ;  and  while  the  rude  tribes  in  other  parts  of  Ame- 
rica were  easily  induced  to  relinquish  a  few  notions  and 
riles,  so  loo-se  and  arbitrary  as  hardly  to  merit  the  name 
of  a  public  rcliiiion,  the  Mexicans  adhered  tenaciously 
to  their  mode  of  worship,  which,  however  barbarous, 
was  accompanied  with  such  order  and  solemnity  as  to 
render  it  an  object  of  the  highest  venecation.  Cortes, 
fintlmg  all  his  attempts  inetfectual  to  shako  the  con- 
stancy of  Montezuma,  was  so  much  enraged  at  his  oh- 
slinacy,  that  in  a  transport  of  zeal  he  led  out  his  sol- 
diers to  throw  down  the  idols  in  the  grand  temple  by 
f'lrcc.  But  the  priests  taking  arms  in  defence  of  tlieir 
oltnru,  and  the  people  crowding  with  great  ardor  to  sup- 
iH)rt  them,  Cortes's  prudence  overruled  his  zeal,  and 
induced  hull  lo  desist  from  his  rash  attempt,  after  dis- 
1o«lgiiig  the  idols  from  one  of  the  shrines,  and  placing 
in  their  stead  an  image  of  'he  Virgin  Morv.  [IMJ 

From  liiat  moment  the  Mexicans,  who  had  permitted 
Iho  imprisonment  of  their  sovereign,  and  sutVcred  the 
exactions  of  stranj^ers  without  a  struggle  began  to  me- 
ditate how  they  u'lght  ex[tel  or  des'.roy  the  Spaniards, 
and  thought  themselves  called  \ipon  to  avenge  Ihetr  m- 
Bulled  deities.  The  priests  and  leading  men  held  fre- 
quent consultations  with  Montezuma  for  this  purpose. 
H'lt  as  it  mitiht  prove  fa'al  to  the  cajjtive  monarch  to 
al  tempt  either  the  one  or  the  other  hy  violence,  he  was 
willing  to  try  more  ficntle  means.  Having  called 
Cortes  into  his  presence,  he  observeil,  lliat  now,  as  all 
the  purposes  of  his  einlmssy  were  fully  acromplislieil, 
the  gods  had  ilcclared  their  will,  and  the  people  Mgnit'ied 
their  desire,  tint  he  and  his  followers  should  instantly 
depart  out  of  the  empire,  Willi  this  he  recpnred  them 
to  comply,  or  unavoidable  destruction  wuiiKi  fall  sud- 
denly nn  their  heads.  The  tenor  of  this  unoxpecled 
requisition,  as  well  as  the  deiermined  lone  in  wliuii  it 
was  uttered,  left  Cortes  no  room  to  doubt,  that  it  was 
the  result  of  some  deep  seheme  conrerled  between 
Montezuma  and  his  subjects.  He  quickly  perceived 
that  he  might  deiive  more  advantage  from  a  seeming 
compliance  with  the  monarch's  mclmations,  than  from 
nil  ill-timed  attempt  to  chanire  or  oppose  it  ;  and  re- 
Jjlied,  with  yrent  composure,  lliat  he  liad  ulreadv  begun 
Ut  prepare  for  returnini>  to  his  own  cotmtrv  ;  but  a.s  he 
hou  destro.ed  the  vessels  in  wliieh  he  arrived,  somtr 
(imc  was  lequisiie  for  Innlding  othiT  ships.  This  ap- 
l^ored  rea.MHL'ible.  A  nuiulur  of  Mexican.*  were  sent 
to  Vera  Cruz  to  cut  ttuwn  timber,  and  some  Spanish 


carpenters  were  appointed  to  sujierinlend  the  work. 
Cortes  flattered  himself  that  dtirmf;  this  interval  he 
might  cither  find  means  to  avert  the  ttireatened  danger, 
or  receive  such  reinforcements  as  would  enable  him 
to  despise  it. 

Almost  nine  months  were  elapsed  since  Portocarrero 
and  Montejo  had  fiailed  with  his  despatchos  to  Spain  ; 
and  he  dailv  expected  their  return  with  a  confirmation 
of  his  authority  from  the  king  Without  this,  his  con- 
dition was  insecure  and  precarious ;  and  after  all  the 
great  things  which  he  had  done,  it  might  be  his  doom  to 
bear  the  name  and  sutler  the  jmnishinent  of  a  traitor. 
Rapid  and  extensive  as  his  progress  had  been,  he  could 
not  hope  to  complete  (he  reduction  of  a  great  cmjnre 
with  80  small  a  body  of  men,  which  hy  this  time  diseases 
of  various  kinds  considerably  thinned  ;  nor  could  he 
apply  for  recruits  to  the  Spanish  settlements  in  the 
islands,  until  he  received  the  royal  approbation  of  his 
proceedings. 

While  he  remained  in  this  cniel  situation,  anxious 
about  what  was  past,  uncertain  with  re^iiect  lo  the 
future,  and  by  the  late  dcclarntion  of  Montezuma,  op- 
pressed with  a  new  addition  of  cares,  a  Mexican  cou- 
rier arrived  with  an  account  of  some  ships  having  ap- 
peared on  the  coast.  Cortes,  with  fond  credulity, 
imagining  that  bis  messengers  were  returned  from 
Spain,  and  that  the  completion  of  all  hit)  wishes  and 
hopes  was  at  hand,  imparted  the  glad  tidings  to  his 
companions,  who  received  them  with  transports  of 
mutual  gratulation.  Their  joy  was  not  of  long  conti- 
nuance A  courier  from  Sandoval,  whom  Cortes  had 
appointed  to  succeed  Kscalante  in  ■immand  of  Vera 
Cruz,  brought  certain  information  '  it  the  armament 
was  fitted  out  by  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba,  and 
instead  of  bringing  the  aid  which  they  expected,  threat- 
ened them  with  innnedialo  destruction. 

The  motives  which  promjited  V'elasquez  to  this 
violent  measure  are  obvious  Trom  the  circumstar.''es 
of  Cortes's  departure,  it  wasimjiossihle  not  to  suspect 
his  intention  of  throwing  olVall  dependence  \ipon  hmi. 
His  neglecting  to  transmit  any  account  of  h\»  opera- 
tions to  ("ubii,  sirenglheued  lliia  suspicion,  which  was 
at  last  contirmcd  beyond  doubt  by  the  indiscretion  of 
the  otiicers  whom  ('ortes  sent  to  Spain.  Thev,  fro;n 
some  motive  which  is  not  clearly  explained  by  the  con- 
temporary historians,  louchetl  at  the  island  of  Cuba, 
contrary  to  the  peremptory  orders  of  their  general.  By 
this  means  Velasipiez  not  only  learned  that  Cortes  and 
his  followers,  after  formally  rcnouiicmg  all  coimectioii 
with  him,  had  e^tabli.^hed  an  inde[)endeiit  coloiiy  in 
Xcw  Spain,  and  were  soliciting  the  kmy  to  i  onllrm 
their  proceedings  by  his  authority  ;  but  heohtained  par- 
ticular information  concerning  the  opulence  of  the 
country,  the  valuable  presents  which  Cortes  had  re- 
ceived, and  the  inviting  prospects  of  success  that 
opened  to  his  view.  Every  passion  which  can  agitate 
an  ambitious  mind  ;  shame,  at  having  been  so  grossly 
overreached ;  indignation,  at  being  betrayed  by  the 
man  whom  he  had  selected  as  the  object  of  his  favor 
and  contidenee  ;  grief,  for  havinti  wai.ted  his  fortune  lo 
agf^randize  an  enemy  ;  and  despair  of  recovering  so  fair 
an  opportunity  of  establishing  his  fame  and  extending 
his  power,  now  raged  in  the  bosom  of  Velasquez.  All 
these,  with  un.ted  force,  excited  him  to  make  an  ex- 
traordinary efiort  in  order  to  be  avenired  on  the  author 
of  ins  wrongs,  and  to  wrest  from  him  his  usurped  au- 
thority and  conquests.  Nor  did  he  want  the  appear- 
ance of  a  good  lillo  to  justify  such  an  attempt.  'I'he  agent 
whom  be  sent  to  Spain  with  an  account  of  (irijalva's 
voyage,  had  met  with  a  most  favorable  reception  ;  and 
from  the  specimens  which  he  produced,  such  high  ex- 
pectations were  furmed  concerning  the  opulence  of 
New  Spain,  that  Velasquez  was  anthonzed  to  prosecute 
the  discovery  of  the  eomilrv,  and  apjioin'ed  governor  of 
it  during  life,  with  more  extensive  power  and  privileges 
than  had  been  granted  lo  any  adventurer  from  the  time  of 
Columbus.  Elated  by  this  distintiuislnng  mark  of  favor, 
and  warranted  lo  consider  Cortes  not  only  as  intruding 
upoii  his  jurisdiction,  but  as  disobedient  to  the  royal  man- 
ilate.  he  determined  to  vmdieale  his  own  rights,  and 
the  honor  of  his  sovereign  by  force  of  arms.  [II'>J  His 
ardor  m  carrying  on  his  preparations  w**s  such  as  inijihl 
iiave  been  expected  from  the  violence  of  the  passions 
with  which  he  was  animated  ;  and  in  a  shorl  time  an 
armament  was  completed,  consisting  of  eiijhteen  ships 
uhicl)  had  on  board  Uiurscore  horsemen,  ei^lil  hundred 
toot  soldiers,  of  which  cii;hty  were  musketeers,  and  a 
hundred  and  twentv  ero-is-bow  men.  loirt  ther  with  a 
tram  of  twelve  ptei-es  of  cannon.  Aa  Velastpirz's  ex- 
perience of  the  fatal  coiniequence  ;il  committing  to 
anoil.er  wlint  he  ontht  to  have  executed  hiuivelf.  hail 
not  reiulered   him   liiove  cuter|tniiinp,  bo  veiled   llio 


command  of  this  formidable  body,  which,  in  the  infancy 
of  the  Spanish  power  iii  America,  merits  the  appellation 
of  an  armv,  in  Pamphilo  do  .Narvaez,  with  instructiona 
10  seize  Cortes  and  hia  principal  olliccrs,  to  send  them 
prisoners  to  him,  and  then  to  complete  the  discovoty 
and  conquest  of  the  country  in  his  name. 

After  a  prosperous  voyage,  Narvaez  landed  his  men 
without  opposition  near  St.  Juan  de  IJlua  [April!. 
Three  soldiers,  whom  Cortes  had  sent  to  nearch  for 
mines  in  that  district,  immediately  joined  him.  By 
this  accident  he  not  only  received  information  conconi- 
ing  the  jirogress  and  situation  of  Cortes,  but,  as  theco 
soldiers  Iiu.'  made  some  progress  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  Mexican  iunguage,  he  acquired  interpreters,  by 
whose  means  he  was  enabled  to  hold  some  mtercoureo 
with  the  people  of  the  country.  But,  according  lo  the 
low  cunning  of  deserters,  they  framed  their  intelligcnco 
with  more  attention  to  what  they  thotifjlit  would  bo 
agreeable  than  to  what  they  knew  to  be  true  ;  and  re- 
presented ihc  situation  of  (^ortes  to  be  so  desperate, 
and  the  disallection  of  his  followers  lo  bo  so  general, 
as  increased  the  nalurul  confidence  and  presumption  ot 
Narvaez.  His  fir-st  operation,  however,  might  havo 
taught  him  not  to  rely  on  their  partial  accounts.  Hav- 
ing sent  to  summon  the  govemor  of  Vera  Cruz  to  sur- 
render, Guevara,  a  priest  whom  he  employed  in  that 
service,  made  the  requisition  with  such  insolence,  that 
Sandoval,  an  otlicer  of  hi^h  sjiirit,  and  zealously  at- 
tached to  Cortes,  instead  of  complying  with  his  de- 
mands, seized  htm  and  his  attendants,  and  lent  them 
in  chains  to  Mexico. 

('orlcs  received  them  not  like  enemies,  but  as  fricndo, 
and,  condemning  the  severity  of  Sandoval,  set  them 
immediately  at  liberty.  By  this  well  timed  clemency, 
seconded  by  caresses  and  presents,  he  gained  their  con- 
fidence, anil  drew  from  tliem  such  particulars  concern- 
ing the  force  and  intentions  of  Narvaez,  as  gavo  him  a 
view  of  the  impending  danger  in  i'a  full  extent.  Ho 
had  not  to  contend  now  with  half  naked  Indians,  no 
match  lor  him  in  war,  and  still  more  inferior  m  tho 
arts  of  policy,  but  to  take  the  lield  a<j:ainst  an  army  in 
couraije  and  martial  discipline  equal  to  his  own,  in 
number  far  superior,  acting  under  the  sanction  of  roy.ll 
autiiority,  and  commanded  by  an  olHcer  of  known  bra- 
very, ile  was  informed  that  Narvaez,  more  solicitouB 
to  gratify  the  resentment  of  Velasquez  than  attentive  to 
the  honor  or  interest  of  Ins  country,  had  begun  his  in- 
tercourse with  the  natives,  by  representing  him  and  his 
followers  as  fugitives  and  outlaws,  guilty  of  rebellion 
against  their  own  soverciun,  and  of  injustice  in  invading 
the  Mexican  empire  ;  and  had  declared  that  bis  chief 
object  in  visiting  the  country  was  to  punish  the  Spa- 
niards who  hud  committed  these  crimes,  and  lo  rescue 
the  Mexicans  froMi  oppression.  He  soon  perceivetl 
ihat  ibe  same  unfavorable  representations  of  his  charac- 
ter and  actions  had  been  conveyed  to  Montezuma,  ami 
that  Narvaez  had  found  means  to  assure  him,  that  as 
the  conduct  of  those  who  kept  him  under  restraint  wot: 
highly  disjileasing  to  the  Kmg  his  master,  he  hud  it  m 
charge  not  only  lo  reseu ;  an  injured  monarch  from 
conf'nement,  but  lo  reinst  te  him  in  the  possession  of 
his  ancient  power  and  in  Jependence.  Animated  with 
this  prospect  of  being  se.  free  from  subjection  to  stran- 
gers, the  Mexicans  in  several  provinces  began  openly 
to  revolt  from  Cortes,  and  to  regard  Narvaez  as  a  de- 
liverer no  less  able  than  willing  lo  save  them.  Monto- 
zuma  himself  kept  np  a  pccret  intercourse  wiih  tho  new 
commander,  and  seemed  to  court  him  as  a  person  su- 
perior in  pov^'e^  and  dignity  to  those  Spaniards  whom 
he  had  hitherto  revered  as  tjie  first  of  men.  [1  ItiJ 

Such  were  ihe  vanims  aspects  of  danger  and  difli- 
cultv  whieh  presented  themselves  to  the  view  of  (,'orles. 
No  .situation  can  be  conceived  more  trying  to  the  capa- 
city and  firmness  of  a  general,  or  where  the  choice  of 
the  plan  whirh  ought  to  be  adopted  was  more  ditliiult. 
If  he  should  wail  the  apjiroach  of  Narvaez  in  Mexico, 
destruction  seemed  lo  be  unavoidable  ;  for,  while  tlin 
Spaniards  pressed  him  from  without,  the  inhabitant!:, 
whose  turbulent  spirit  he  could  hardly  restrain  with  all 
bis  Hulhority  and  attention,  would  eagerly  lay  hold  on 
such  a  favorable  opportunity  of  avenging  all  their 
wrongs.  If  he  should  abandon  tho  capital,  set  ihn 
captive  monarch  at  liberty,  and  to  march  out  lo  meet 
the  enemy,  he  must  at  once  forego  the  fruits  of  all  hl'i 
toils  ond  victories,  and  relinquish  advantages  which 
could  not  be  recovered  without  extraordinary  ctlbrtc 
and  infinite  danger.  Il,  instead  of  employing  force,  he 
should  have  recourse  to  i^uncibatinir  measures,  and  ot- 
teinpt  an  aciommodalion  with  Nar\aez;  ttie  natural 
haughtiness  of  that  olHcer,  augmented  by  couscio'isntv,! 
0.''  L.if  pretHiit  ^'l'.pe^lori'y,  tuiv>.'\ite  bin  w  rni'i'it:n  any 
panguiiic   nope    ut    succtb-.       AfXer   revoivm^;   ivory 


138 


ROBERTSON'S  HISTORY  OP 


scheme  with  drep  attention,  Cortrs  fixed  upon  that 
which  in  execution  was  most  hnzardoua,  hut.  if  succeMS- 
ful,  would  provo  most  hcncficial  to  himself  and  to  his 
country ;  and  with  tho  decisiive  intrepidity  suited  to 
desperate  situations,  determined  to  make  one  hold  ef- 
fort for  victory  under  every  disadvantaoe,  rather  than 
BBcri6cc  bis  own  conquests  and  the  Sjianish  intcre&ts 
in  Mexico. 

But  though  he  foresaw  that  tho  contest  must  bo 
terminated  fmally  by  arms,  it  would  have  been  not  only 
indecent  but  criminal  to  have  marched  against  his  coun- 
trymen, without  attempting  to  adjust  matters  by  an 
amicable  negotiation.  In  this  service  he  employed  01- 
medo,  his  chaplain,  to  whose  character  tho  function 
was  well  suited,  and  nho  nossesscd,  besides,  such  pru- 
dence and  address  as  qualified  him  to  carry  on  the  se- 
cret intrigurs  in  which  Cortes  placed  his  chief  confi- 
dence. Narvaez  rejected  with  scorn  every  scheme  of 
tccommodation  that  Olmedo  proposed,  and  wab  with 
difficulty  restrained  from  laying  violent  hands  on  him 
and  his  attendants.  He  met,  however,  with  a  more 
favorable  reception  among  the  followers  of  Narvaez,  to 
many  of  whom  he  delivered  letters,  either  from  Cortes 
or  his  officers,  their  ancient  friends  and  companions. 
Cortes  artfully  accompanied  these  with  presents  of 
ringc,  chains  of  gold,  and  other  trinkets  of  value,  which 
inspired  those  needy  adventurers  with  high  ideas  of  the 
weal'h  that  he  had  acquired,  and  with  envy  of  their 
good  fortune  who  were  engaged  in  his  service.  Some, 
from  hopes  of  hccuming  sharers  in  those  rich  spoils,  de- 
clared for  an  immediate  arroininodation  with  Cortes. 
Others,  from  puhlic  spirit,  labored  to  prevent  a  civil 
war,  which,  whatever  party  fhould  jirevail,  must  shake, 
and  perhaps  subvert  the  Spanish  power  in  a  country 
where  it  was  so  imperfectly  established.  Narvaez  dis- 
regarded both,  and  by  a  pul)Iic  proclamation  denounced 
Cortes  and  bis  adherents  rebels  and  encniiea  to  their 
country.  Cortes,  it  is  probable,  was  not  much  sur- 
prised at  the  nntraotable  arrogance  of  Narvaez  ;  and 
ofter  having  given  such  a  proof  of  his  own  pacific  dis- 
position as  might  justify  bis  recourse  to  other  means, 
be  determined  to  advance  towards  an  enemy  whom  he 
had  labored  in  vain  to  appease. 

He  left  a  hundred  and  fifty  men  in  the  capital,  [May,] 
under  the  command  of  Pedro  de  Alvurado,  an  ofhcer 
of  dii^linguishcd  courage,  for  whom  the  Mexicans  bad 
conceived  a  singular  degree  of  respect.  To  the  cus- 
tody of  this  slender  garrison  he  conunitted  s  great  city, 
with  all  the  wealth  he  bad  anias^ted,  and,  what  was  of 
Btill  greater  imiwrlancc,  the  person  of  tho  imprisoned 
monarch.  His  utmost  art  was  employed  in  concealnig 
from  Moiitezunia  the  real  cause  of  his  march.  He 
labored  to  persuade  him,  that  the  strangers  who  hud 
hitely  arrived  were  his  friends  and  fellow-subjects;, 
and  that,  after  a  short  interview  with  them,  they  would 
depart  together,  and  return  to  tlieir  own  country.  'I'he 
captive  prince,  unable  to  comprehend  the  designs  of 
the  Spaniard,  or  to  reconcile  what  he  now  heard  witii 
the  declarations  of  Narvaez.  and  afraid  to  discover  any 
hymptom  of  suspicion  or  distru.st  of  T'ortes,  promised 
to  remain  quietly  in  the  Spani.ih  quarters,  and  to  culti- 
vate the  same  freindship  with  Alvarado  which  he  had 
uniformly  maintained  witli  him.  Cortes,  with  seeming 
confidence  in  this  pronn>ie.  but  relying'  principally  upon 
tho  injunctions  which  he  had  given  Alvarado  to  guard 
his  prisoner  wiili  the  most  scruftulous  vigilance,  set 
out  from  Mexico 

His  strength,  even  after  it  was  reinforced  by  the 
junction  of  Sandoval  and  the  garrison  of  Vera  (.'rnz, 
did  not  exceed  two  hniidnd  and  lifty  men.  As  he 
hoped  for  success  chiefly  from  the  rapidity  of  his  mo- 
tions, his  troops  were  not  encumberi'd  either  witli  hag- 
gage  or  artillery.  13iit  as  he  dreaded  extrniiely  the 
impression  which  the  enemy  might  make  with  their 
cavalry,  he  had  provided  again.-t  this  danger  with  the 
foresij^ht  and  sagacity  whi'-h  distinguish  n  great  com- 
mander. Having  observed  that  the  Indians  in  the 
provinre  of  Cuinanlla  used  spears  of  e.ilraordiiiary 
UMigth  and  force,  he  armed  his  soldiers  with  these,  and 
ficcuslomed  them  to  that  deep  and  compact  arrange- 
ment which  the  use  of  this  formidable  weapon,  the 
lest  perhaps  that  was  ever  invented  for  defence, 
onabled  them  to  assume. 

With  this  !«mall  hut  firm  balt<ilion,  Cortes  advanced 
towards  Zempoalla,  of  which  Narvaez  had  taken  pos- 
session. iJuriiiL'  his  march,  he  made  repealed  atleinpta 
towards  some  acrummodation  with  his  opponent.  Ibit 
Narvaez  requiring  llml  Cortes,  and  his  followers  should 
instantly  recognise  his  title  to  be  governor  of  .New 
Sjiain,  in  virtue  of  the  powers  which  be  derived  from 
\  eloflquez  ;  and  Ciritu  refusnig  to  subiiiu  to  any 
iutJiorUy  whith  wuu  not  founded  on  a  commiL'i.uun  froiii 


I  the  Emperor  himself,  under  whose  immediate  protoc- 1 
I  tion  he  and  bis  adherents  had  placed  their  infant  | 
colony  ;  all  these  attempts  proved  fruitless.  The  in- 
tercourse, however,  which  this  occasioned  h(  tweeii  the 
two  parties,  proved  of  no  small  advaiilage  to  Cortes, 
as  it  alforded  him  an  opportunity  of  gaming  some  of 
Narvacz's  officers  by  liberal  presents,  of  softening 
others  by  a  send)la!ire  of  moderation,  and  of  dazzling 
all  by  the  appearance  of  wealth  among  bis  troops,  jiiost 
of  his  soldiers  having  converted  their  share  of  the  Mexi- 
can gold  into  chains,  bracelets,  and  other  ornaments, 
which  they  displayed  with  military  ostentation.  Nar- 
vaez and  a  little  junto  of  his  creatures  excepted,  all  the 
army  leaned  towards  an  accommodation  with  their 
countrymen.  This  discovery  ol  men  inclination  irritat- 
ed his  violent  temper  almost  to  madness.  In  a  trans- 
port of  rage,  he  set  a  price  upon  the  head  of  Cortes, 
and  of  his  principal  officers ;  and  ha>ing  learned  that 
he  was  now  advanced  within  a  league  of  Zempoalla 
with  his  small  body  of  men,  he  considered  this  as  an 
insult  which  merited  immediate  chastisement,  and 
marched  out  with  all  his  troops  to  offer  him  battle. 

But  Cortes  was  a  leader  of  greater  abilities  and  ex- 
perience than,  on  equal  ground,  to  light  an  enemy  so 
far  superior  in  number,  and  eo  much  better  appointed 
Having  taken  his  station  on  tho  opposite  bank  of  the 
river  de  Canoas,  where  he  knew  tliat  he  could  not  be 
attacked,  he  beheld  the  a)iproach  of  the  enemy  without 
concern,  and  disregarded  this  vain  bravado.  It  was 
then  the  beginning  of  the  wet  season,  and  the  rain  had 
poured  down,  during  a  great  part  of  tho  day,  with  a 
violence  peeuliar  to  the  torrid  zone.  The  followers  of 
Narvaez,  nnaccustoincd  to  the  hardships  of  military 
service,  murmured  so  much  at  being  thus  fruitlessly 
exposed,  that,  from  their  imsoldierhko  impatience,  as 
well  as  his  own  contempt  of  his  adversar)',  their  general 
permitted  them  to  retire  to  Zempoalla.  'I'ho  very  cir- 
cunistance  whtch  induced  them  to  quit  the  field,  en- 
couraged Cortes  to  form  a  scheme  by  which  he  ho|>ed 
at  once  to  terminate  the  war.  He  observed  that  his 
hardy  veterans,  though  standing  under  the  torrents 
which  continued  to  fall  without  a  single  tent  or  any 
shelter  \vhatsot;ver  to  cover  lliem.  were  so  far  from 
repining  al  hard.-hips  wliich  were  become  familiar  to 
them,  that  they  were  sldl  fresh  and  alert  for  service. 
He  forsaw  thr.t  the  enemy  would  naturally  give  them- 
selves up  to  repose  after  their  fatigue,  and  that,  judging 
of  the  conduct  of  others  by  their  own  ctfeininacy,  they 
would  deem  themselves  perfectly  secure  at  a  season  so 
unfit  lor  action.  Ho  resolved,  therefore,  to  fall  upon 
them  in  the  dead  of  night,  when  the  snpriso  and  terror 
of  tiiis  unexpected  attack  might  more  than  compensate 
the  inferiority  of  his  mnnhers.  His  soldiers,  sensible 
that  no  resource  remained  but  in  some  desperate  l'IIqH 
of  courage,  approved  of  the  measure  with  such  wjrmlh, 
that  Cortes,  lit  a  nnlitary  oration  which  he  adilressed 
to  tlicm  before  thev  beg.in  their  march,  was  more 
solicitous  to  ternjter  than  to  inflame  their  ardor.  He 
divided  them  into  three  pk:rties.  At  the  bead  of  the 
first  he  pli.rcd  Sandoval ;  intrusting  this  gallant  olhcer 
with  tho  I'lost  dangerous  and  important  service,  that  of 
seizing  tl,e  .'uemy's  artillery,  which  was  planted  before 
the  princip  il  tower  of  the  temple  where  Narvaez  iiad 
fi.\ed  his  head-(piartcr.s.  Christoval  de  t)lid  com- 
manded tlie  second,  with  orders  to  assault  the  lower, 
and  lay  hold  on  the  general.  Cortes  hinrseif  eon- 
dueied  the  third  and  smallest  division,  which  was  to 
.let  as  a  body  of  reserve,  and  to  support  the  other  two 
as  there  sliould  he  occasion.  Having  passed  the  river 
de  (!anoas,  which  was  much  swelled  with  tiie  rains, 
not  witiiout  ditlicultv,  the  water  reaching  almost  to 
tlieir  chins,  they  advanced  in  profuvind  silence,  with- 
out heat  of  drum,  or  sound  of  any  wmliku  mstriuuent ; 
each  man  armed  \Mth  his  sword,  his  daguer,  and  bis 
(yiiinaniian  spear.  Narvaez.  remiss  in  proportion  to 
his  security,  had  posted  only  two  sentinels  to  watch 
the  motions  of  an  enemy  whom  he  had  such  good 
cause  to  dread.  ( hie  of  these  was  seized  bv  the  ad- 
vanced guard  of  (.'ortes's  troops ;  the  otiier  made  bis 
escape,  and.  hurrying  to  the  town  with  all  the  precipi- 
tation of  fear  and  zeal,  gave  sueli  timely  notice  of  the 
enemy's  np[)roach,  that  there  was  full  leisure  to  have 
prepared  for  their  reception.  Unt,  through  the  arro- 
gance and  infatuation  of  Narva->z,  this  important  ititer- 
vai  was  lost.  He  ••"iMted  this  alarm  to  the  cowardice 
of  the  sentinel.  ■  .  treated  nith  derision  the  idea  of 
beiiij4.  attacked  .  _  rees  so  unequal  to  his  own.  The 
shouts  of  ( 'oriel's  Aoldters,  rushing  on  to  the  assault,  | 
convinced  liim  at  last  iliat  the  danger  which  he  de-  [ 
]  spised  was  real.  The  rapidity  wiili  winch  they  ad- 1 
;  vaiiet  d  was  such  that  only  one  cannon  could  he  tiieil 
i  belore  .Sandoval  b  parly  closed  with  the  ciieaiv,  drove 


them  from  their  guns,  and  began  to  force  their  way  up 
the  steps  of  the  lower.  Nurvnez.  no  less  brave  inactioa 
than  pres'iinptnous  in  eonduet.  armed  liimsclf  in  haste, 
and  by  his  voice  and  example  animated  bis  men  to  tho 
combat  Olid  advanced  tosu.-%lainhisei,mpantoiis  ;  and 
Cortes  himself  rushing  to  the  front,  ccuuliicted  and  added 
new  vigor  to  the  attack.  Tlie  eompaet  order  in  which 
this  small  body  pressed  on.  and  the  unpenetrable  front 
which  they  presented  with  their  long  spears  bore  down 
all  op)>osition  before  it.  They  had  now  reached  the 
gate,  and  were  struggling  to  burst  it  open,  when  a  sol- 
dier having  set  fire  to  the  reeds  wi'li  which  the  tower 
was  covered,  compelled  Narvaez  to  sally  out.  In  tho 
first  encounter  he  was  wounded  in  tiie  eye  with  tho 
spear,  and,  falling  to  the  ground,  wns  dragged  down 
the  steps,  and  in  a  moment  clapped  in  fellers.  The  cry 
of  victory  resounded  aflioiig  the  troops  of  Cortes. 
Those  who  had  sallied  out  with  their  leader  now  main- 
tained the  conflict  feebly,  and  began  to  surrender. 
Among  the  remainder  of  his  soldiers,  stationed  in  two 
smaller  towers  of  the  temple,  terror  and  confusion  pro- 
vailed.  The  darkness  was  so  great,  that  they  could 
not  distinguish  between  their  friends  and  foes.  Their 
own  artdlery  was  pointed  against  them.  Wherever 
they  turned  ibeir  eye,  they  belield  lights  gleaming 
through  the  obscurity  of  the  night,  which,  though  pro- 
ceeding only  from  a  variety  of  shining  insei*ts  that 
abound  in  moist  and  sultry  climates,  their  affrighted 
imaginations  represented  as  rrimerous  hands  of  muske- 
teers advancing  with  kindled  matches  lo  the  attack. 
After  a  stiort  rcbislanco,  the  soldiers  compelled  their  of- 
ficers to  cai)itulate,  and  before  morning  all  laid  down 
their  arms,  and  submitted  quietly  to  their  conquerors. 

This  complete  victory  proved  more  acceptable,  as  it 
was  gained  almost  without  bloodshed,  only  two  eob 
diers  being  killed  on  the  side  of  Cortes,  and  two  offi 
cers,  with  fifteen  private  men  of  ihc  adverse  faction. 
Cortes  treated  the  vanquished  not  like  enemies,  but  as 
countrymen  and  friends,  and  offered  either  to  send 
them  hack  directly  to  Cuba,  or  to  lake  them  into  hirt 
service,  as  partners  in  his  fortune,  on  equal  terms  with 
his  own  soldiers.  This  latter  proposition,  seconded  by 
a  seasonable  distribution  of  some  presents  from  Cortefif 
and  liberal  promises  of  more,  opened  prospects  so 
agreeable  to  the  romantic  expectations  which  Utd  in- 
vited them  to  engage  in  this  service,  that  all,  a  few 
partisans  of  Narvaez  e.xcepted,  closed  with  it,  and  vied 
with  each  other  in  professions  of  fidelity  and  attach- 
ment to  a  general,  whose  recent  success  had  given 
them  such  a  striking  proof  of  his  abilities  for  command. 
Thus,  by  a  series  of  events  no  less  fortunate  than  un- 
common, (^'ortes  not  only  escaped  from  perdition  which 
seemed  inevitable,  hut,  when  he  hud  least  reason  to 
expect  it,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  thousand  Spa- 
niards, ready  to  follow  wherever  lie  should  lead  ihcin. 
Whoever  reflecls  upon  the  facility  with  which  this  vic- 
tory was  obtained,  or  considers  with  what  sudden  and 
unanimous  transition  the  followers  of  Narvaez  rangf4 
themselves  under  the  standard  of  his  rival,  will  be  apt 
to  ascriho  both  events  as  mucn  to  the  intrigues  as  to 
the  arms  of  Cortes,  and  cannot  but  suspect  that  tho 
ruin  of  Narvaez  wa.^  occasioned  no  less  by  the  treach- 
ery of  his  own  followers,  than  by  tho  valor  of  tho 
enemy. 

But  in  one  point  the  prudent  conduct  and  good  for- 
tune of  (Jortes  were  equally  conspicuous.  It,  by  the 
rapidity  of  his  operations  after  he  began  his  march,  ho 
bad  not  brought  matters  to  such  a  sjieedy  issue,  even 
this  decisive  victory  would  have  come  loo  late  lo  havo 
saved  his  companions  whom  he  left  in  Mexico.  A  few 
days  after  ihe  discomtiture  of  Narvaez.  a  courier  arrivetl 
with  an  account  thai  the  Mexicans  had  taken  arms, 
and.  having  seized  and  destroyed  the  two  brigaiitinen 
which  Cortes  had  built  in  order  to  secure  the  command 
of  the  lake,  and  attacked  the  Spaniards  in  their  quar- 
ters, had  killed  several  uf  them,  and  wounded  more, 
had  reili'ccu  lo  at^lwi,  thetr  magazine  of  provisions,  and 
carried  on  hostilities  with  such  fury,  that  though  Al- 
varado and  his  men  defended  themselves  with  undaunt- 
ed resolution,  they  must  either  be  soon  cut  o(f  by  fa- 
mine, or  sink  under  the  multitude  of  their  enemieu. 
This  revolt  was  excited  by  motives  which  rendered  it 
siill  more  aiarmmg.  Ou  the  departure  of  Cortes  for 
Zempoalla,  the  Mexicans  flattered  themselves  that  tha 
long-expected  opportunity  of  restoring  their  sovereign 
to  liberty,  and  of  vindicating  their  country  from  the 
odious  dominion  of  strangers,  wa<  at  length  arrived  ; 
that  while  the  forces  of  their  oppressors  were  divided, 
and  the  anna  of  one  party  turned  against  the  other,  ther 
might  triuiMph  with  greater  facility  over  both.  Cch* 
sultations  were  held,  and  schemes  formed  with  this  in- 
teiiiiuii.     'i'he  Spaniurdti  iii  Muxico,  couucious  C'f  their 


SOUTH   AMKlilUA. 


.•e  their  way  U|i 
i  bravf  in  autioa 
ii[n.-»elf  in  hastn, 
,  liis  men  lo  X\w 
inpantons ;  and 
iictt'd  and  added 
[  urder  in  which 
piMieiriililo  front 
(i!ars  horn  down 
(>w  reached  ihfl 
)en.  when  a  sol- 
vhieli  ihe  tower 
lly  out.  In  tho 
c  eyo  with  tho 
t  dra^rged  down 
iUcrs.  Tho  cry 
jopa  of  Cortes. 
?adtr  now  inain- 
n  to  snrrendor. 
Rationed  in  two 
d  confusion  pro- 
tiiat  lliey  coidil 
ind  loe».  Their 
icin.     Wlierover 

|in])ts  gleaming 
lich,  llionjih  pro- 
lin*^  insects  that 

their  atlriyhtCfl 
hands  of  inuske- 
s  to  tiie  attack. 
jntpellod  tiu'irof- 
ng  all  laid  down 
leir  conquerors. 

acceplahlc,  as  it 
d,  only  two  eol- 
let),  and  two  otU 

adverse  faction. 
;  enemies,  hut  ae 
i  eitlicr  to  send 
kc  them  into  hits 
cqnal  terms  with 
lion,  seconded  hy 
ents  from  Cortec, 
led  prospects  ho 
ns  which  btd  in- 
?,  that  all,  a  few 
1  with  it,  and  vicil 
ielity  and  attach- 
iccess  had  given 
ties  forconnnaiid. 
orlunate  than  un- 
n  perdiiioi)  which 
least  reason  to 

a  thousand  Spa- 

hould  lead  ihcm. 
th  which  this  vic- 

what  sudden  and 
Narvacz  ranged 

rival,  will  be  apt 
ic  mtrigues  as  to 

suspect  that  tho 

ss  by  tho  trcach- 

the  valor   of  tho 

luct  and  good  for- 
uous.  1^  hy  the 
rran  his  march,  ho 
peedy  issvie,  evei» 

10  too  laic  10  havo 

11  Mexico.  A  few 
;.  a  courier  arrivotl 

had  taken  arms, 
,  two  brigantinen 
LMire  the  conmiand 
irtts  HI  their  quar- 
d  wounded  nioro, 
of  provisions,  and 
',  that  though  Al- 
Ives  with  unduuiit^ 
9on  cut  otl"  hy  fv 
of  their  eneinicu. 
whirh  rendered  it 
ure  of  C/Ortes  lb( 
einselvcB  that  iha 
my  their  sovereign 

country  from  the 
at  length  arrivpd ; 
iors  were  divided, 
irisl  the  other,  iher 

over  both.  Ccii- 
jniied  with  tliis  m* 

coui^uuuB  ('f  then 


own  feehlpiiesH,  suspected  and  dreaded  tho^e  machina- 
tion*!.  Alvaradn.  th»)ni»h  a  C''"'iiit  olll.rrr,  pof-.-Jcsscd 
ii'.-nher  lh;ii  extent  of  rapnniy  nor  dijjnity  of  manners, 
by  winch  Cories  had  .icquired  such  an  ascendant  over 
the  iiniids  o{  the  Mexicans,  as  never  allowed  tiiein  lo 
form  a  just  esiimaie  of  Ins  weakness  or  of  their  own 
sticiiCtli.  Alviirado  knew  no  mode  of  supp»  rtiiiif  Ins 
authority  but  force.  Instead  of  employing  address  to 
(hseonceit  the  plant  Jr  lo  soothe  the  spirits  of  the  Mexi- 
cans, he  wailed  the  return  of  one  of  their  solemn  festi- 
vals When  tho  principal  persons  in  the  empire  were 
dancing,  accordm;T  to  ciislom,  in  the  court  of  the  great 
temple,  he  seized  all  the  avenues  which  led  to  it ;  and 
•Uurcd  partly  by  the  rich  ornaments  which  they  wore 
in  honor  of  their  gods,  and  partly  hy  the  facility  of  cut- 
ting oflnt  once  the  authors  of  that  conspiracy  which  he 
dreaded,  he  fell  upon  them,  unarmed  and  unsuspicious 
of  anv  danger,  and  massacred  a  great  number,  none  cs- 
enpiiig  bii!  such  as  made  llicir  way  over  the  battlements 
of  the  lemph;.  An  action  so  cruel  and  treacherous 
lilled  not  only  the  city,  hut  the  whole  empire  with  in- 
dignation and  rage.  All  called  aloud  for  vengeance  ; 
and  regardless  of  the  safety  of  their  monarch,  whose 
life  was  at  the  mercy  of  the  Spaniards,  or  of  their  own 
danger  in  assaulting  an  enemy  wlio  had  been  so  long 
the  object  of  their  terror,  they  committed  all  those  acts 
of  violence  of  which  Cortes  received  an  account. 

To  him  the  danger  appeared  so  imminent  a:  to  admit 
neither  of  deliberation  nor  delay.  He  set  out  instantly 
with  alt  his  forces,  and  returned  from  Zompoatla  with  no 
less  rapidity  than  he  had  advanced  thither.  At  Tlascala 
ho  was  joined  hy  two  thousand  chosen  warriors.  On 
entering  the  Mexican  territories,  ho  found  that  disafTec- 
tion  to  the  Spaniards  was  not  confined  to  tho  capital. 
Tho  principal  inhabitants  had  deicrtcd  the  towns 
through  which  he  passed  ;  no  person  of  note  appearing 
to  meet  him  with  the  iisuul  respect ;  no  provision  was 
made  for  the  subsistence  of  his  troops;  and  though  he 
was  permitted  to  advance  without  opposition,  the  soli- 
tude and  silence  which  reigned  in  every  place,  and  the 
horror  with  which  the  people  avoided  all  intercourse 
with  him.  discovered  a  deep  rooted  antipathy  that  ex- 
cited the  most  just  alarm.  Hut  implacable  as  the  en- 
nity  of  the  Mexican*  was,  they  were  so  unacquainted 
with  the  science  of  war,  that  they  knew  not  how  to  take 
the  proper  measures  cither  for  their  own  safety  or  the 
destruction  of  the  Spaniards.  TJninstrucIcd  by  their 
former  error  in  admitting  a  formidable  enemy  into  their 
capital,  instead  of  breaking  down  the  causeways  and 
bridges,  by  which  they  might  have  enclosed  Alvarado 
and  his  party,  and  have  etfectually  stopped  the  career 
of  Cortes,  they  again  sutlered  him  to  march  into  the 
city  [June  24]  without  molestation,  and  to  take  quiet 
possession  of  his  ancient  station. 

The  tran.sports  of  joy  with  which  Alvarado  and  his 
soldiern  received  tlieir  companions  cannot  be  expressed. 
Both  parties  were  so  much  elated,  the  one  with  their 
seasonable  deliverance,  and  the  other  with  the  great 
exploits  which  thoy  hail  achieved,  that  this  intoxication 
of  success  stems  to  have  reached  ('orles  himself;  and 
ho  behaved  on  this  occasion  neither  with  his  usual 
sagacity  nor  attention.  He  not  only  neglected  to  visit 
Montezuma,  but  embittered  the  insult  by  expressions 
full  of  contempt  for  that  unfortunate  prince  and  his 
people.  The  forces  of  which  he  had  now  the  command 
appeared  to  him  so  irresistible  that  he  might  assume  a 
higher  lone,  and  lay  aside  the  mask  of  moderation  under 
which  lie  had  hitherto  concealed  his  designs.  Some 
Mexicans,  who  nnderstond  the  Spiinisli  language,  heard 
the  contemptuous  words  which  C'ortes  uttered,  and, 
reporting  them  to  their  coutilrvmrn,  kindled  their  rage 
anew.  They  wen?  now  rnnvinced  that  the  intentions 
of  the  !»eii<'ral  were  e<piiillv  bloody  witli  those  of  Alva- 
rado. and  that  his  original  purpose  in  visit.-ng  their 
cointrv  bad  not  been,  as  he  iireteiided,  to  court  the 
alliance  of  tlieir  sovereiiin,  but  to  attempt  ihe  conquest 
of  his  domiuions  They  resumed  their  arms  with  the 
additional  furv  which  this  diSv-overv  inspired,  attacked 
a  considerable  body  ot  Spaniards  who  were  marching 
towards  the  ureal  square  in  whieb  the  public  market 
was  held,  and  compelled  them  to  retire  with  some  loss. 
Kmboldened  by  this  success,  and  delighted  to  find  thai 
their  oppres.-iors  were  not  invincible,  they  advanced  the 
fiexl  day  with  extraordinary  martial  pomp  to  assault 
the  Spaniards  m  thi-ir  quarters.  Their  number  was 
formidable,  and  their  undaunted  courage  still  more  ao 
Tliough  the  artillery  pointed  agamsl  their  numerous 
battalions,  crowded  tou'etlier  in  narrow  streets,  swept 
off  multitudes  at  every  di.scliaroe  ;  though  every  blo.v 
oftho  Spanish  weapons  lell  vvilii  mortal  eirect  upon 
their  naked  bodies,  ilie  tmpeiiui-Miv  n\'  tlie  assault  diil 
Uui  abate  Fr(»t*h  men  niplu  i|  lorward  to  occupy  ihi 
10 


places  of  the  stain,  and,  meeting  with  the  same  fate,  I 
were  succeeded  by  others  no  less  intrepid  and  eager  for  ! 
venijeaiice.  The  utmost  etlorty  of  Cortes  abilities  and  I 
ex[rerieiice,  seconded  by  the  disciplined  valor  of  Ins  | 
troops,  were  hardly  sutbcienl  to  defend  ihe  forlili<-a-  I 
lions  that  surrounded  the  post  where  the  Spaniards  ' 
were  stationed,  into  which  tiie  enemy  were  more  tlian 
once  on  the  point  of  forcing  their  way. 

(>ortes  belieid  with  wonder  tlie  implacabto  fef-ocity 
of  a  people  wlio  seemed  at  first  to  sulunit  tamei"  to 
the  yoke,  and  had  continued  so  long  passive  under  it. 
'Hie  soldiers  of  Narvacz,  who  fondly  imagined  that 
they  followed  Cortes  to  share  in  the  spoils  of  a  con- 
quered empire,  were  astonished  to  find  that  they  were 
involved  in  a  dangerous  war  with  an  enemy  whose 
vigor  was  stilt  unbroken,  and  loinlly  execrated  their 
own  weakness  in  giving  such  easy  credit  to  ttie  delu- 
sive promises  of  their  new  leader,  liut  surprise  and 
complaints  were  of  no  avail.  Some  immediate  and 
extraordinary  effort  was  necessary  to  extricate  ttiem- 
selves  out  of  their  present  situation.  As  soon  as  the 
approach  of  evening  induced  the  Mexicans  to  retire  in 
compliance  with  their  national  custom  of  ceasing  from 
tiostilities  with  the  setting  sun,  Cortes  began  to  prepare 
for  a  sally,  next  day,  with  such  a  considerable  force  as 
might  either  drive  the  enemy  out  of  tlie  city,  or  coin- 
pel  them  to  listen  to  terms  of  accommodation. 

He  conducted  in  person  the  troops  destined  for  this 
important  service.  Every  invention  known  in  the  Ku- 
ropcanartof  war,  as  well  as  every  precaution  suggested 
by  his  long  acquaintance  with  the  Indian  mode  of  light- 
ing were  employed  to  ensure  success.  Uiit  he  found 
an  enemy  prepared  and  determined  to  oppose  him. 
The  force  of  the  Mexicans  was  greatly  augmented  t)y 
fresh  troops,  which  poured  in  continually  from  ilic 
country,  and  their  animosity  was  in  no  degree  abated. 
They  were  led  l)y  their  nobler,  inflarricd  by  llie  exhor- 
tations of  their  priests,  a'ld  Ibught  ir.  defence  of  their 
temples  and  families,  und.ir  the  eye  of  their  gods,  ami 
in  presence  of  their  wivii  and  children.  Notwitli- 
stauding  their  numlters,  and  enlhu.siasiic  contempt  of 
danger  and  death,  wherever  ll'c  Spaniards  could  close 
with  ihem,  the  superiority  of  tlieir  discipline  and  arms 
obliged  the  Mexicans  to  give  way.  13ut  in  narrow 
streets,  and  where  many  of  the  briuges  of  communica- 
tion were  broken  down,  the  Spaniards  could  seldom 
corne  to  a  fair  rencounter  with  the  enemy,  and,  as  they 
advanced,  were  exposed  to  showers  of  arrows  and 
stones  from  the  tops  of  houses.  After  a  day  of  in- 
cessant excition,  though  vast  numl)eT.s  of  the  Mexicans 
fell,  and  part  of  the  city  was  burnt,  tlie  Spaniards  wt^ry 
with  the  slaughter,  and  liarrassed  by  mulliludes  which 
successively  relieved  each  other,  were  obliged  at  length 
to  retire,  with  tho  mortification  of  having  accomplished 
nothing  so  decisive  as  to  compensate  the  unusual  cala- 
mity of  having  twelve  soldiers  killed,  and  aliove  sixty 
wounded.  Another  sally,  made  with  greater  force,  was 
not  more  eflfectnat,  and  in  it  tlie  general  himself  was 
wLoir.deu  in  ihe  hand. 

('ortes  now  perceived,  too  late,  the  fatal  error  into 
which  he  had  been  betrayed  by  hir  own  conte-npt  of  ttie 
Mexicans,  and  was  satisfied  ttiat  he  could  neitiier  main- 
tain his  ptcsent  station  in  the  centre  of  a  hostile  city, 
nor  retire  from  it  without  the  most  imminent  danger. 
One  resource  slill  remained,  to  try  what  efl'ect  itie  in- 
terposition of  Monlesunta  might  have  to  soothe  or  over- 
awe his  subjects.  When  the  Mexicans  approached 
next  morning  to  renew  the  assault,  that  nnfortunate 
prince,  at  the  mercy  of  the  Spaniards,  and  reduced  to 
the  sad  necessity  of  becouiing  tlie  instrument  of  his 
own  disgrace,  and  of  the  slavery  of  his  people,  [!17] 
advanced  to  the  battlements  in  his  royal  robes,  and 
with  all  the  pomp  in  which  he  used  to  appear  on  solemn 
occosions.  At  sigiit  of  their  sovereign,  whom  they  had 
long  been  arciislomed  to  honor,  and  almost  to  revere 
as  a  god,  the  weapons  dropped  from  ihcir  hands,  every 
tongue  was  silent,  all  bowed  their  heads,  and  many  pros- 
trated themselves  on  the  ground.  Montezuma  addressed 
them  with  every  argument  that  could  mitigate  their 
rage,  or  persuade  them  to  cease  from  hostilities  When 
be  ended  his  discourse,  a  sullen  murmur  of  disappro- 
bation, ran  through  the  ranks  ;  to  this  succeeded  re- 
proaches and  threat.) ;  and  the  fury  of  the  multitude 
rising  in  a  moment  above  every  restraint  of  decency  or 
respect,  flights  of  arrows  and  volleys  of  stonert  poured 
in  so  violently  upon  the  ramparts,  that  before  the  Spa- 
nish soldiers,  appointed  to  cover  Montezuma  with  their 
bucklers,  had  time  lo  lift  them  m  his  defence,  two  ar- 
rows wounded  ttie  unhappy  monarch,  and  the  Idow  of 
a  stone  on  his  temple  struck  him  to  tlie  ground.  On 
seeing  him  fall,  the  Mexicans  were  so  iniicli  ast()lll^hed. 
1  that  with  a  transition  not  uncommon  m  [lopuhir  tunuitis. 


130 

they  passed  in  a  moment  from  one  extreme  to  theothrr, 
remorse  succeeded  to  insult,  and  they  lied  with  horror, 
as  if  the  vengeance  of  heaven  were  pursuing  the  crime 
wliieh  they  eommilled.  'I'lie  Spaniards  williout  moleh- 
tation  carried  Moutezunr*  to  his  apartments,  and  Cortes 
hastened  thither  to  console  him  under  tiis  nusfortune. 
IJut  the  unhapjiy  monarch  now  perceived  how  low  he 
was  sunk  ;  and  the  haui;hty  spirit  which  seemed  to  have 
been  so  long  extinct,  returning,  he  scorned  to  survive 
this  last  humilialion,  and  lo  protract  an  ignominious 
life,  not  only  as  the  prisoner  and  toot  of  his  cncniic:i, 
but  as  tho  object  of  contempt  or  detestation  among  hia 
subjects.  In  a  transport  of  rage  lie  tore  the  tiandagea 
from  his  wounds,  and  refused,  witti  such  obstinacy,  to 
take  any  nourishment,  that  he  soon  ended  his  wretched 
days,  rejecting  with  disdain  all  ttie  solicitations  of  the 
Spaniards  to  embrace  the  Christian  I'aith. 

Ijion  ttie  death  of  Montezuma,  ('orles,  liaving  lost 
all  hope  of  bringing  ttie  Mexicans  to  an  accommodation, 
saw  no  prospect  o*"  safety  but  m  aiUMupling  a  retreat, 
and  began  to  prefiare  for  it.  But  a  sudden  rnotio:.  of 
tlie  Mexicans  engaged  tiim  in  new  conflicts.  They 
took  possession  of  a  high  tower  in  ttie  great  temnlo 
wtiich  overlooked  the  Spanish  i^..aiii"rs,  and  placing 
there  a  <r...rison  of  their  principal  wa*-  ..  "«■  not  a  Spa- 
niard could  stir  wittiout  ttemg  expo*  d  U  the'**  missile 
weapons.  From  this  post  it  was  necessary  to  dl^I'»dge 
theiii  at  any  risk  ;  and  Juan  de  Escobar,  with  a  nume- 
rous detachment  of  chosen  soldiers,  was  ordered  to 
make  the  attack.  liut  Escobar,  thougti  a  gallant  offi- 
cer, and  at  the  head  of  troops  accustomed  to  conquer, 
and  who  now  fought  under  the  eyes  of  their  country- 
men, was  thrice  repulsed.  Cortes,  »ensitde  that  not 
only  ttic  reputation  tjut  the  safety  of  liis  army  depended 
on  tlie  success  of  this  assault,  ordered  a  buckler  to  \tc 
lied  to  his  arm,  as  he  could  not  manage  it  with  hia 
wounded  hand,  and  rushc<l  with  his  drawn  award  into 
tlie  itiickest  of  tiie  combatants.  Encouraged  by  the 
presence  of  llieir  general,  the  Spaniards  returned  to  (he 
charge  with  such  vigor,  that  they  cradnatly  forced  their 
way  up  tiic  steps,  and  drove  the  Mexicans  to  the  plat- 
form at  tlie  top  of  the  tower.  Ttiere  a  dreadful  car- 
nage began  ;  wlieii  two  young  Mextcar.s  of  high  rank, 
observing  Cortes  as  he  animated  his  soldiers  t)y  hia 
voice  and  example,  resolvrd  to  sacrifice  their  own  lives 
in  order  to  cut  ofi'lhe  author  of  all  the  calamities  which 
desolated  their  country.  They  approached  tiim  in  n 
suppliant  posture,  an  if  they  had  ih'ended  to  lay  down 
their  arms,  and  seizing  him  in  a  moipent.  tiurried  him 
towards  ttie  battlements,  over  which  they  threw  llicm- 
selves  headlong,  in  tiopes  of  dragging  him  along  to  bo 
dashed  in  pieces  by  the  same  fall.  But  Cortes,  by  hia 
f-trength  and  ogility,  broke  loose  from  their  grasp,  and 
the  gallant  youths  perished  in  this  generous  though  un- 
successful attempt  lo  save  theircountry.*  As  soon  at 
ttie  Spaniards  became  masters  of  ttie  lower,  thev  net 
fire  to  it,  ond,  wittiout  farther  molestation,  continued 
the  preparations  for  their  retreat. 

Tins  became  tlie  more  necessary,  as  the  Mexicans 
were  so  much  astonished  at  the  last  efVort  of  tho  Spa- 
nish valor,  itiat  they  began  to  ctiange  their  wliolc  sys- 
tem of  hostility,  and,  instead  of  incessant  attacks,  en- 
deavored, t)y  barricading  the  streets  and  breaking  down 
the  causeways,  to  cut  otrthe  communication  of  tlie  Spa- 
niards with  iho  continent,  and  thus  to  starve  an  enemy 
whom  they  could  not  sutiduc.  The  first  point  to  bo  de- 
termined t)y  Cortes  and  his  followers,  was,  whether  they 
should  marcli  out  openly  in  the  face  of  day.  when  they 
could  discern  every  d.»tigLi,und  see  how  to  regulate  their 
own  motions,  as  well  as  how  to  resist  the  assaults  of  the 
enemy  ;  or,  whether  tliey  should  enueavor  lo  retire  se- 
cretly In  the  nigtit !  'i'tie  litler  was  preferred,  partly  from 
hopes  that  their  national  superstition  would  restrain  the 
.Mexicans  froii^  venturing  lo  attac^k  ihein  in  ttie  night,  and 
|)artly  from  their  own  fond  belief  in  the  predieiiousnf  a 
private  soldier,  who  having  acquired  universal  credit  by 
a  smattering  of  learning,  and  bis  pretensions  to  astro- 
logy, lioldly  assured  his  countrymen  of  success,  if  they 
made  their  retreat  in  this  manner.  Tliey  began  to 
move,  towards  midnight,  in  three  divisions  Sandoval 
led  the  van;  Pedro  Alvarado  and  Velasqiie.';  de  Eron 
had  the  conduct  of  ttie  rear;  and  Cortes  commanded 
in  the  centre,  where  he  placed  the  prisoneh',  among 
whom  were  a  son  and  two  daughters  of  Montezuma, 
together  with  several  Mexicans  of  distinction,  the  artil- 
lery, the  bacgage,  and  a  portable  bridge  of  tindier  in- 

*  M.  C'lJivif^orn  lias  i-eusiired  me  wiili  ns[)enty  Inr  relnttng 
Ihis  L'allaiit  ni'li(>ii  of  the  twu  Mexicans,  and  for  Mipposing 
thill  Hn-re  were  hntllouienls  riMllliI  Ihe  temple  «if  Mexico  I 
lel.ited  tlie  atlcmpt  tii  deslrov  Curies <im  Ihe  authority  el  Iter. 
dn.a.  lii>.  \.  e.y.  :iii('.  of  Turitieiriaili.  lih.  iv.  <-.  (ill.  I  'lull.-wRd 
Ui<  lii  llkewi.'ie  111  sii|)po<<int(  the  u;i|>t'rnitinl  plallniiii  of  tlio 
temple  to  bo  ciicomitasiicd  by  ahattjemont  urratl. 


130 


ROUEHTSON'S    HISTORV   (IF 


1 


tonded  to  be  laid  over  the  broaches  in  the  causewny. 
They  marched  in  profound  ailrnce  along  the  causeway 
which  led  to  Tacnha,  lieiMuse  it  wns  snorter  llian  miy 
of  the  rest,  and,  lying  most  rcinotr.  iVoin  the  roail  to- 
wardf  Tlascala  and  the  sea-ccast,  had  been  U  It  mure 
entire  by  the  Mexicans.  They  reached  the  first  breach 
rn  it  without  molestation,  hoping  that  their  retreat  was 
undiscovered. 

But  the  Mexicans,  nnperceived,  had  not  only  watched 
all  their  motions  with  attention,  but  had  made  proper 
diHpoflitiona  fur  a  most  formidable  attack.  While  the 
Spaniards  were  intent  upon  placinfi  their  bridfje  jn  tlic 
breach,  and  occupied  in  conducting  their  horses  and 
artillery  along  it,  they  were  suddenly  alnrtucd  with  a 
iremendors  sound  of  warlike  instruments,  and  a  ^en".- 
ral  shout  from  an  innumerable  multitude  of  eneiu-fs  ; 
the  lake  was  covered  with  canoes  ;  (lij;hts  of  arrows 
and  showers  of  stones  poured  in  upon  them  from  every 
quarter  ;  the  Mexicans  rushing  forward  to  the  charge 
with  fearless  impetuosity,  as  if  they  hoped  in  that  mo- 
ment to  be  avenged  tor  all  their  wror.gs.  ('nforlimately 
the  wooden  bridge,  by  the  weight  of  the  artillery,  was 
wedded  :<o  fast  into  the  stones  and  mud,  that  it  was  im- 
possible to  remove  it.  Dismayed  at  this  aceidept.  the 
Spaniards  advanced  with  precipitation  towards  the  sc- 
ron^  hr^Mch.  'J'lie  Mexicans  hemmed  them  in  on 
every  side  ;  and  tliough  they  defended  themselves  with 
their  usual  courage,  yet  crowded  together  as  they  were 
on  a  narrow  causeway,  their  discipline  and  military  skill 
were  of  little  avail,  nor  did  the  obscurity  of  the  night 
penult  tlu-m  to  derive  great  advantage  from  their  fire- 
arms, or  llie  supenonry  of  their  other  weap'^'-'  All 
Mexico  W.1S  now  in  arms  ;  and  so  eager  were  inu  people 
on  the  destruction  of  their  opjtressors.  that  they  who 
were  not  near  enough  to  annoy  them  in  person,  impa- 
tient of  the  delay,  pressed  forward  with  such  ardor  as 
drove  on  their  conntrymen  in  frogt  with  irresistible  vio- 
lence. Yvcifh  warriors  instantly  filled  the  place  of 
6uch  as  fell.  'I'he  Spaniards,  weary  with  slaughter, 
and  unable  to  sustain  the  weight  of  the  torrent  that 
ponitd  ill  upon  them,  began  to  give  way.  In  a  moment 
the  confusion  was  universal  ;  horse  and  foot,  olficers 
and  soldiers,  friends  and  enemies,  were  mingled  to- 
gether ;  and  while  all  fought  and  many  fell,  llicy  could 
hardly  distinguish  from  what  band  the  blow  came. 

(^ortes,  with  ahout  a  hundred  foot  soldiL.-s  and  a 
few  horse,  t'orced  his  way  over  the  two  remaining 
bre.iches  in  the  causeway,  the  bodies  of  the  dead  ser- 
ving to  till  up  the  chasms,  and  reached  the  main  land. 
Having  I'ormed  them  as  soon  as  they  arrived,  he  re- 
turned with  such  as  were  yet  capalitc  of  service  to 
assist  his  Iriends  m  their  retreat,  and  to  encoiiraiie  them, 
by  his  presence  and  example,  to  persevere  in  theetlbrts 
re<]uisite  to  etTect  it.  Me  met  with  part  of  his  soldiers 
who  h:id  broke  through  the  enemy,  but  foiuid  many 
more  overwhelmed  by  the  multituile  of  their  aggres- 
sors, or  perishing  in  the  lake;  and  henrd  the  piteous 
lamentations  of  others,  whom  the  .Mexicans,  having  ' 
taken  alive,  were  earrymg  olVin  iriumpli  to  be  sacriliced 
to  the  god  of  war.  IJefore  day,  all  who  had  escaped 
as.;emhled  at  Tacuba.  Hut  when  the  morning  dawned, 
anO  discovered  to  the  view  of  Cortes  his  bhaltered 
hattilton  reduced  to  less  than  half  its  number,  the  sur- 
vivo/s  dejected,  and  most  of  them  covered  with  wounds, 
the  thouiiiilsof  what  tliev  had  sulfcrcd,  aod  the  remem- 
brance of  KO  many  faiililul  Iriends  and  gallant  f'/'lov  t-rs 
who  lad  fallen  in  that  night  of  . 'borrow,*' pierced  his 
soul  w.ih  such  anguish,  that  while  lie  was  forming  their 
ranks,  and  issuing  some  necessary  orders,  his  soldier*' 
observe'.!  itie  teai.'  trickling  from  his  eyes,  and  remarked 
with  much  sHtisr:it:tioii,  that  while  atteniive  to  the  duties 
of  a  general,  he  was  not  insensible  to  the  feelings  of 
u  man. 

In  this  fatrtl  retreat  manv  officers  of  distinction 
perished  [IISJ.  and  among  tliese  Velasfpiez  de  Leon, 
who  having  forsaken  the  party  of  his  kiiisnian,  the  go- 
vernor nf  <'uba,  to  follow  the  fortune  of  his  compa- 
nion.s,  was,  on  ihat  an-onnt,  as  well  «s  for  his  superior 
merit,  Tespected  by  tliem  as  the  second  perso:.  in  the 
unny.  .\ll  the  artillery,  ammunition,  and  bagirage,  were 
Kisl  ;  the  greiiter  part  of  the  horses,  and  above  two 
\liotijaiul  Thiscalans.  were  killed,  and  only  a  verv  small 
pi '•lion  of  tlie  treasure  which  Ihev  had  amassed  was 
tav'Ml  This,  which  had  been  alwavs  theirchief  object. 
proved  a  ixrvwi  cause  of  their  calanuiv  ;  for  many  of  the 
soldiers  having  so  overloaded  themselves  with  barb  of 
gold  as  rend(  red  them  mil'it  for  action,  and  retarded 
ihcir  tliuht,  felt  ignonnniously,  the  victims  of  their  own 
inconsiderate  avarice  .\midst  so  many  disaster*,  it 
was  some  consotatiuii  to  fiiidjhat  Aguihir  and  Marina, 

*  Noclietriste  ti  ttie  nam"  hy  Hhicti  it  in  itill  dlitinguiitht-.' 
in  N»w  Spurn 


'whose  function  as   interpreters  was  of  such  essential  i  their  head,   pushed  forward  towDid? 'nc  standard  with 

iniportance,  had  made  their  escape.  '  an  impetuosity  which  bore  down  cvtiy  tiling  helorc  il. 

'I'iie  li^^t  care  of  Cortes  was  to  lind  some  shelter  for  i  .\  chosen  body  of  nobles,  who  guarded  the  strfitdard 
his  weaned  troops  ;  lor  as  tlio  Mexicans  iiitosted  them  I  made  some  re>ist:irice.  hjt  were  soon  hroUen  (.'orles 
on  every  side,  and  the  people  of  'I'aciiha  began  to  take  1  wiili  a  stroke  of  his  lance,  wounded  the  .Mexican  ge- 
'  arms,  he  could  not  continue  in  his  present  station,  lie  I  neral,  and  threw  him  tm  the  ground.  One  of  die 
directed  his  march  towards  the  rising  ground,  and  hav-  I  Spanish  oHicers,  alighting,  put  an  end  to  his  life,  ai^I 
ing  fortunately  di.scovered  a  temjile  situated  on  an  emi*  I  laid  hold  of  the  imperial  standard.  The  moment  thai 
nence,  took  possession  of  it.  There  he  found  not  only  '  ''leir  lender  fell,  and  the  standard,  towards  which  all 
the  shelter  for  which  he  wished,  but,  what  was  no  less  >i;rected  their  eye;*,  disappeared,  a  universal  piinlc 
wanted,  some  provisions  to  refresh  his  men  ;  and  though  '  hiriick  the  .Mexicans  ;  and.  as  if  the  bond  which  held 
the  enemy  did  not  intermit  their  attacks  throughout  the  them  together  liad  been  dissolved,  every  ensign  was 
day,  they  were  with  less  difficulty  [iri  \cnted  from  mak-  lowered,  each  soldier  threw  away  his  weapons,  and  n\\ 
ing  any  impression.  During  this  in  Tortea  was  en- j  lied  with  |>recipitation  to  the  mounlains.  The  Spa- 
gaged  in  deep  consultation  with  his  uihrers,  concern-  I  niards  unable  to  purMie  them  far,  returned  to  colled 
ing  the  route  which  they  ought  to  take  in  their  retreat.  '  the  spoils  of  the  field,  which  were  so  valuable  as  to  be 
Tliey  were  now  on  the  west  side  of  the  lake.  Tlaa-  some  compensation  for  tlie  wealth  which  they  had 
cala,  llie  only  jilace  where  iliey  could  hope  for  a  friendly  t  lost  in  Mexico  ;  for  in  the  enemy's  army  «rre  mo^t  of 
reception,  lay  ahout  sixty-fo\ir  miles  to  the  east  of  I  their  principal  warriors  dressed  out  in  their  richest  or- 
Mexico  ;  so  that  they  were  obliged  to  go  round  the  i  naments  as  if  they  hud  been  marching  to  assured  vic- 
northeud  of  the  lake  before  they  could  fall  into  the  |  tory.  Next  day  [July  8J,  to  their  great  joy,  they  en- 
road  which  led  thither.     A  I'lascalan  soldier  rmdeitook  '  tered  the  Tlas-calan  territories. 

to  be  their  guide,  and  conducted  them  through  a  conn-  I  IJut  amidst  their  sati.sfaction  in  having  got  beyond 
try  in  some  places  marshy,  in  others  mountainous,  in  |  the  precincts  of  a  hostile  country,  tliey  could  not  look 
all  ill  cultivated  and  thinly  peopled.  Thny  marched  |  forward  without  solicitude,  as  they  were  still  uncertain 
for  six  days  with  little  respite,  and  under  continual  i  what  reception  they  might  meet  wiih  fiom  allies  tc 
alarms,  numerous  bodies  of  the  Mcxieans  hovering  |  whom  they  returned  in  a  condition  very  ditlereiit  from 
around  them,  sometimes  harassing  them  at  a  distance  i  that  in  which  they  had  lately  set  out  from  their  do- 
with  their  missile  weai)ons,  and  semelnnes  attacking  |  minions.  Happily  for  them,  the  enmity  of  the  Tlas- 
them  closely  in  front,  in  rear,  in  llaiik,  with  great  bold-  [  calans  to  the  .Mexican  name  was  so  inveterate,  iheii 
ness,  as  they  now  knew  that  thev  were  not  invincible.  !  desire  to  avenge  the  death  of  their  countrymen  so  ve- 
Nor  were  the  fatigue  and  danger  of  those  incessant  con-    hement,  and  the  ascendant  w  Inch  Cortes  had  arquiret* 


fficts  the  worst  evils  to  which  they  were  exposed.  As 
the  barren  country  through  which  they  pa-ssed  afforded 
hardly  any  provisions,  they  were  reduced  to  feed  on 
berne.*,  roots,  and  the  stalks  of  green  maize  ;  and  at 
the  very  tune  that  famine  was*  depressing  their  spirits 
and  wasting  their  strength,  their  situation  required  the 
most  vigorous  and  unreuulting  e\ertii>ns  of  courage  and 
activity,     .\midst  those   complicated  distres.-ies,  one 


over  the  chiefs  of  the  republic  so  complete,  that,  fni 
from  entertaining  a  thought  of  taking  any  advantage  o) 
the  distressed  situation  in  which  they  beheld  the  Spa- 
r'"'  'j,  they  received  them  with  a  tenderness  and  cor- 
'iiiiiiiy  which  quickly  dissipated  all  their  suspicions 

Some  interval  of  tranquillity  and  iiiduluence  was  now 
ahaolutely  necessary ;  not  only  that  the  Spaniards 
might  give  attention  to  the  euro  of  their  wounds,  which 


circumstance  supported  and  animated  the  Spaniards.  1  had  been  too  long  neglected,  but  in  order  to  recruit 
Their  commander  sustained  this  sad  reverse  of  fortune  I  their  strength,  exhausted  by  such  a  long  succession  oi 
with  nnshaken  magnanimity.  His  presence  of  mind  I  fatigue  and  hardships.  Duriiii;  this.  Cortes  learned 
never  forsook  him  ;  his  sagacity  foresaw  every  event,  |  that  he  and  his  companions  were  not  the  only  Spaniards 
and  his  vigilance  provided  for  it.  He  was  foremost  in  |  who  had  felt  the  eliects  of  the  Mexican  enmity.  A 
every  daiiiier,  and  endured  every  hardship  with  cheer- i  considerable  detachment  which  was  marchini!  froio 
fulness.  The  difficulties  with  which  he  was  surrounded  I  Zempoalla  towards  the  capital,  had  been  cut  off  ny  thf 
seemed  to  call  forth  new  talents  ;  and  his  soldiers,  |  people  of  Tepeaca.  A  smaller  party,  renirnmi;  from 
though  despairing  themselves,  continued  to  follow  him  l  Tlascala  to  Vera  C  \.^.  with  the  share  of  the  .Mexican 
Willi  increasing  confidence  in  his  abilities.  I  gold  allotted  to  the  garrison,   liad  be.  n  surprised  and 

On  the  sixth  day  they  arrived  near  to  Otumba,  not  destroyed  in  the  mountains.  At  a  juiii.:  to  wtien  the 
fjr  from  the  road  between  .Mexico  and  Tlascala.  Early  i  life  of  every  Spaniard  was  of  importance,  such  losses 
next  morning  they  began  to  advance  towards  it,  flying  i  were  deeply  fell.  The  schemes  which  Cortes  was 
Marties  of  the  enemy  still  hanging  on  their  rear ;  aiid,  I  meditating  rendered  them  pecujiarly  afflicliv©  to  him. 
amidst  the  insults  with  which  they  accompanied  their  nVhile  ins  enemies,  and  even  many  of  bis  own  fol- 
hostiiities,  Manna  remarked  that  they  often  exclaimed  i  lowers,  considered  the  disasters  which  had  befallen  bun 
with  exultation,  "  (io  on,  robbers  ;  go  to  the  place  las  fatal  to  the  progress  of  his  arms,  and  imagined  ihat 
where  you  shall  quickly  meet  with  the  vengeance  due  '  nothing  now  remained  but  speedily  to  abandon  a  conn- 
to  your  crimes."  The  meaning  of  this  threat  the  Sj.a-  '  try  which  he  had  invaded  with  unequal  force,  his  mind, 
niards  did  not  comprehend,  until  they  reached  the  as  eminent  for  perseverance  as  for  enterprise,  was  still 
summit  of  an  eminence  beforo  ihem.  There  a  spa-  beiiton  accom|ilishing  hi.'SoriL'mal  purpose, of  subjecting 
cious  valley  opened  to  their  view,  covered  with  a  vast  the  Mexican  empire  to  the  crown  of  Caslile  Sevrre 
armv,  exleuding  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  The  ami  nne.vjiccted  as  the  check  was  which  he  had  re- 
Mexicans,  wlule  with  one  hody  of  their  trmips  they  i  ceivrd.  it  did  not  appear  to  bun  a  sufficient  reason  for 
harassed  the  Spaniards  in  their  retreat,  had  assem-  relinquishing  the  conquests  which  he  had  alreadi* 
blird  their  priticipal  force  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake;  made,  or  against  resuming  his  operations  with  hetlei 
and  marching  along  tlie  road  which  led  directly  to  !  hopes  of  success.  The  colony  at  Vera  Cruz  was  not 
Tlascala.  posted  it  m  the  plain  of  Otuinba,  through  |  only  safe,  but  had  remained  unmolested.  T!ie  peoplii 
which  they  knew  ('ortes  must  pass.  At  the  sight  of  of  /eiu|ioalla  and  the  adjacent  districts  h.id  discoverv^d 
this  incredible  multitude,  whi -h  they  could  survey  at  no  symptoms  of  defection.  The  TIascalans  con'-nned 
once  from  the  risim,'  ground,  the  .Spaniards  were  as-  faithful  lo  their  alliance.  On  their  martial  spiri'.,  easily 
tnniiihcd,  and  ev^n  the  holdcsi  heijan  to  despair.  J3iit  |  roused  to  arms,  and  inffamed  with  implacable  hatred  of 
Cortes,  without  allowing  leisure  for  their  fears  to  ac-  the  .Mexicans,  ('ortes  depend'  d  for  |M>werf  d  aid.  Ho 
quire  strength  by  relleclion,  after  warning  them  briefly  had  still  the  command  of  a  body  of  Spaieards,  equal  m 
that  no  alternative  now  remained  but  to  conquer  or  lo  number  to  that  with  which  he  had  opei  od  liis  way  inti- 
die,  led  them  in^tanllv  l)  the  charge.  The  .Mexicans  the  centre  of  the  em()ire,  and  had  takju  possession  of 
waited  their  approach  wi  h  unusual  fortitude.  Such  j  the  capital;  so  that  with  the  benefit  of  greater  exp<> 
however  was  the  superion.,  of  the  Spanish  discipline  '  rienee,  as  well  as  more  perfect  knowledge  of  the  couii 
and  arms,  iliat  the  impression  of  this  small  body  was  try,  he  did  not  despair  of  quickly  recovering  all  that  ho 
irresistible  ;  and  v\luc-hever  way  its  force  was  directed,  had  been  denrivrd  of  by  uufoward  events. 
it  penetrated  and  dispersed  their  most  numeroiu  bat-  Full  of  inis  idea,  he  courted  the  TUscalan  chiefrt 
f  alions.  Hut  while  Ihes-j  gave  way  in  one  quarter,  new  :  with  sie.-h  attention,  and  distributed  among  them  so  !i- 
combatants  advanced  from  another,  and  the  Spaniards,  j  berally  the  rich  spods  of  Otuinba,  that  he  was  secure  n( 
though  successful  ill  <very  attack,  were  ready  to  sink  ! obtaining  whatever  he  should  require  of  the  lepnldic. 
under  those  repeated  elfort.s,  without  seinng  any  end  of  i  He  drew  a  small  8U[)ply  of  ammunition  and  two  or  thren 
their  toil,  or  any  hope  of  victory.  At  that  tune  Cortes  tield-piec  i  from  his  stores  at  Vera  (Jruz.  \li  d(>- 
observed  ttie  great  standard  of  the  empire,  which  was  j  Hpatched  an  officer  of  confidence  with  four  ships  of 
corned  before  the  .Mt  xican  general,  advancing  ;  and  |  Narvaez's  fleet  to  Hispamola  ami  Jamaica,  lo  engage 
fortunately  recollecting  lo  have  heard,  tliat  on  the  fate  adventurers,  and  to  |iurchase  horses,  gunpowder,  and 
of  It  depended  the  eveiit  of  every  battle,  he  as-  other  military  stores.  As  he  knew  that  it  would  be 
sembled  a  ft-w  of  his  bravest  officers,  whose  horses  vain  lo  allempl  the  reduction  of  Mexico,  unless  he 
were  *.iill  capable  of  b*r\ice,  and.  placing  himself  at    could  secure  the  ecnnmand  of  the  lake,  he  gave  orders 


I 


9  'nc  »lam]ard  with 

nv  tliitii,'  luHorc  it. 
inicii  t!iP  st^idard 
Ml  hroUcn  (.'orU'M 
d  the  .Mi'xiriin  jiis- 
iiiid.  One  oi  JiQ 
end  to  his  life,  aiid 

The  rrioMicnl  thai 

towards  which  all 
a  miivcrpal  piifiic 
c  Imnd  whii'li   held 

every  nisiyii  vv.ia 
IS  wrupoiiH,  and  nit 
mains.  'I'lie  Spa- 
rrtiirncd  to  colU'ct 
o  vuhiablr  as  tu  htl 
\\  which  tUcy  Imd 
army  wrrc  iiio*t  of 

in  their  nriicsi  nr- 
;iny  to  iissiircd  vic- 
great  joy,  they  en- 

havinii  (zot  beyond 
hey  could  not  hmk 
were  still  uneerf-ain 
vith  fioin  nUies  tc 
very  dillcreiit  fiorii 
out    from  their  do- 
enmity  of  the  This- 
o  inveterate.   iheiF 
foiintrynicn  so  ve- 
"ortes  liad  aequirec' 
complete,  that,  fni 
g  any  advanlajic  o) 
ey  heheld  tlit;  Spa* 
cndrTnesH  and  cor- 
heir  auspicions 
ndiilirence  was  now 
hat  the    Spaniards 
heir  wounds,  which 
in  order  to  recruit 
Ion;j  succession  ol 
is.   <'ortes  UMirned 
.  (lie  only  Spumardi 
■xican  eniniiy.     A 
as   marrtiin>!    from 
heen  cui  oti'  ny  thf 
■ly,  reuirnm<r  froiii 
iro  of  trie  .Mexican 
)c.  :i  surprised  and 
juik:  'tc   vilu.vi  tho 
tance,  such   los»-es 
which  Cortes  was 
atHiclive  to  him. 
of  his  own  M- 
had  hefiillenhiin 
nd  unncrined  iliat 
abandon  a  coun- 
forcn,  his  mind, 
terprise.  was  still 
oi  subjecting 
Castde      Severe 
hich   he  had  rc- 
icient  reason  lor 
he    had    already* 
ion»  with  iicltei 
ra  Cruz  was  not 
■d.     Tiio  peopjo 
.s  had  discover\:d 
ulans  con''nued 
rti.il  spiri*,,  easily 
lacabjr  hatred  of 
owerf  d  aid.      Wo 
arrards,  equal  ill 
od  his  way  into 
)  |)Os!ie5aion  of 
of  greater  ex[M> 
edue  of  the  conn 
eringall  thai  ho 

(Its. 

riascaUn  chiiTe 
non^  them  so  !i- 

hc  was  Heotire  of 

of  the  i^pnbbc. 

and  two  or  thren 

(/'ruz.  Ho  dts. 
th  four  ships  of 
maica,  to  cnjra^e 

gunpowder,  ond 
hal  it  would  he 

exico.  unless  he 
he  gave  ordtin 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


181 


pO! 


lo  prepare  in  the  moiinl'iin!*  of  Tlascala.  materials  for 
[mildin;i  twelve  liri;;aiitiNrs,  so  as  they  ini^'ht  be  carrK'd 
tlnihcr  in  piroes  ready  to  he  put  to^ellief,  and  launched 
wlien  he  slooil  in  need  of  tin  ir  ht  rvice. 

Hut  while,  with  provident  attcnlion,  he  was  takin;^ 
those  nl'(M■^.■;ary  steps  towards  the  execiilion  of  his 
measures,  an  (ibstade  aro:ie  in  a  ipiarter  where  it  wai 
least  expected,  but  niosl  formidable.  The  dpiril  of 
di-conlent  and  mutiny  hroko  out  in  his  own  army. 
.Many  of  Narvaez's  followers  wore  planters  rather  than 
wnldiers  ;  and  had  accompanied  him  lo  New  Spain 
with  .■ianyuinc  hopes  of  obtaining  settlements,  hut  with 
little  mcbnalion  to  engage  in  the  hardships  and  dangers 
of  war.  As  the  same  motives  had  induced  them  to 
enter  into  their  new  cngagemonts  with  Cortes,  they  no 
pooniT  oecaine  accjuainted  with  the  nature  of  the  ser- 
vice, than  they  biUerly  repented  of  their  choice.  Such 
of  them  as  had  the  good  fortune  to  si.rvivo  tho  perilous 
adventures  in  which  their  own  imprudence  had  involved 
•hem.  happy  in  having  made  their  escape,  trembled  at 
»he  thoughts  of  being  exposed  a  second  time  to  similar 
calamities.  As  soon  as  they  discovered  the  intention 
of  Cortes,  ihey  began  secretly  to  murmur  and  cabal, 
ind.  waxing  gradually  more  LuJacious,  they,  in  a  body 
oHercd  a  remonstrance  lo  their  general  against  the  im- 
priidence  of  attacking  a  powerful  empire  with  his  shat- 
tered forces,  and  fo'mally  required  him  to  lead  them 
back  directly  to  Cuba.  Though  Cortes,  long  practised 
in  the  arts  of  command,  employed  arguments,  entreaties, 
and  present.^  to  convince  or  to  soothe  them  ;  though 
his  own  soldiers,  animated  with  the  spirit  of  their 
leader,  warmly  seconded  his  endeavor?  ;  he  found  their 
fears  too  violent  and  deep  rooted  to  be  removed,  and 
ihn  utmo.st  he  could  crtect  was  to  prevail 'with  them  to 
defer  their  departure  for  some  time,  on  a  promise 
that  be  woiild,  at  a  more  proper  juncture,  dismiss  such 
as  should  desire  it. 

That  the  malecontents  might  have  no  leisure  to  1 
brood  over  tlic  causes  of  their  disatleelion,  he  resolved 
instantly  to  call  forth  his  troops  into  action.  He  pro- 
posed to  chastise  the  people  of  Tepeaca  for  the  outrage 
which  they  had  committed  ;  and  as  the  detachment 
which  they  lind  cut  oil"  happened  to  be  composed  mostly 
of  ftoidicra  who  had  served  under  Narvacz.  their  com- 
panions, from  the  desire  of  vengeance,  eng.iged  the 
more  willingly  in  this  war.  He  took  the  conunand  in 
person,  [August]  accompanied  by  a  numerous  body  of 
Tl.iscalans,  and  in  a  space  of  a  few  weeks,  after  various 
eneotinters,  with  great  slaughter  of  the  Teptacans,  re- 
duced that  province  to  subjection.  During  several 
months,  while  he  wailed  for  the  supplies  of  men  and 
ammunition  which  he  expected,  and  was  carrying  on 
his  preparations  for  constructing  the  briganlines,  he 
kept  his  troops  constantly  employed  in  variou.>»  expedi- 
tions against  the  adjacent  provinces,  all  of  which  were 
conducted  with  a  uniform  tenor  of  success.  By  these,  his 
men  became  again  accustomed  lo  victory,  and  resumed 
their  wonted  sense  of  superiuniv  ;  the  Mexican  jwwer 
was  weakened;  the  TIascalan  warriors  acquired  the 
habit  of  achng  in  eonjiinciion  witli  tlie  Spaniards  ;  and 
the  chiefs  of  the  re[)iihlic  delii'hted  to  see  their  country 
enriched  with  ihe  spoils  of  all  the  peo|)le  around  them; 
and  astonished  every  d.iv  with  fresh  discoveries  of  the 
irresistible  prowess  of  their  allies,  they  declined  no  ef- 
fort requisite  lo  support  them. 

All  those  preparatory  arrangement.'*,  however,  though 
the  most  prudent  and  ellicacious  which  the  situation  of 
Cortes  allowed  him  to  make,  would  have  heen  of  little 
avail  without  a  rcinforcenunt  of  Spaniuli  soldiers.  Of 
this  he  was  so  deeply  sensil>le,  that  it  was  the  chief  ob- 
ject of  htii  thoughts  and  wishes  ;  and  yet  his  only  pros- 
pect of  obtainiiii;  it  from  ihe  return  of  the  otVicer  whom 
he  l-ad  sent  to  the  isles  to  solicit  aid,  was  both  disiaii' 
and  mice. "am.  Hut  what  neither  his  own  sagaiitv  I'jr 
power  could  have  procured,  he  owed  to  a  serie?  of 
fortunate  and  unforeseen  incidents.  The  govep.C'r  of 
Cuba,  to  whom  the  success  of  Narvae/.  n]  peared  ap 
event  of  infallible  certainty,  having  sent  two  small  ships 
after  him  with  new  instructions,  and  a  supply  of  men 
and  military  stores,  the  olRcer  whom  Cortes  had  ap- 
jioinlcd  lo  command  on  the  coast,  artfully  decoyed 
them  into  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz,  seized  tlic  vessels, 
and  easily  persuaded  the  soldiers  to  follow  the  standard 
of  a  more  alile  leader  than  him  whom  thev  were  destined 
;o  join.  Soon  after,  three  ships  of  more  considerable 
force  came  inlo  Ihe  harbor  separately.  These  belonged 
10  an  armament  fitted  out  by  Krancisco  de  Uaray,  go- 
vernor of  Jamaica,  who,  being  possessed  with  the  rage 
of  discovery  and  conquest  which  animated  every  Spa- 
uiard  settled  in  America,  had  long  aimed  at  intruding 
iuto  Home  di.stnct  ol  New  Spam,  and  dividing  with 
I'OrtuB  tlie  glory  and  gtin  nf  annosinff  that  einpiro  to 


the  crown  of  Castile.     They  unadvisedly  made  their 
aitempt  on   the   northern  province:*,  where  the  omniry 
was  poor,  and  the  people  fi'.rcr'  :nid  warlike  ;  an. I  .ifier 
a  cruel  succession  of  di'^aylers,  fanitne  compelled  ihein 
lo  venture  into  \'era  (-'ruz.  and  cast  themsflves  upon 
the  mercy  of  ihcir  countrymrn  [(Jet   "ZH].     Tiien-  ti-  ' 
delity  was  not  proof  against  the  splendid    hopes  and 
promises  which  had  seduced  other  adventurers;  and, 
as  if   the  spirit  of  revolt  bad  been  contagious  in  New 
Spain,  they  likewise  abandoned  the  master  whom  lliey 
were  bound  to  serve,  and  enlisted  under  ('ortcs.      Nor 
was  it  America  alone  that  furnished  such  unexpected 
aid  ;  a  ship  arrived  from  Spam,  freighted  by  some  pn-  | 
vale  merchants  with  military  stores,  in  hopes  of  a  jno- 
fitable  market  in  a  country,  the  fame  of  whose  opuhncc  I 
began  to  spread  over   Europe.     Cortes  eagerly  pur-  j 
chased  a  cargo  which  to  him  was  nivaluable,  and  the 
crew,   following  the    general  example,  joined  him  at 
TIascala. 

Vwm  those  various  quarters,  the  ar'oy  of  Cortes  was 
augmented  with  a  hundred  and  eighty  men.  and  twenty 
horses,  a  reinforcemen:  too  inconsiderable  to  produce 
any  consequence  whicii  ■.vouid  have  entitled  it  lo  have 
been  mentioned  in  the  hifUory  of  other  parts  of  the 
globe.  But  in  that  of  America,  where  great  revolu- 
tions were  brought  about  by  causes  which  seemed  to 
bear  no  proportion  to  their  elfects,  such  small  events 
rise  into  importance,  because  they  were  sutVicienl  lo 
decide  with  respect  to  the  fate  of  kingdoms  Nor  is  it 
the  least  remarkable  instance  of  the  singular  felicity 
conspicuous  in  many  passages  of  Corles's  story,  that 
the  two  persona  chietly  instrumental  in  furnisliiiig  him 
with  those  seasonable  supplies,  should  he  an  avowed 
enemy  who  aimed  at  his  destruction,  and  an  envious 
rival  who  wished  to  supplant  him. 

'J"he  first  elVect  of  the  junction  with  his  new  fol-  ; 
lowers  was  to  enable  him  to  dismiss  such  of  Narvaez's  \ 
soldiers  as  remained  with  reluctance  in  his  service. 
After  their  departure,  he  still  mustered  live  hundred 
and  fifty  infantry,  of  which  I'ourscoro  were  armed  with 
muskets  or  crossbows,  forty  horsemen,  and  a  train  of 
nine  field-pieces  At  the  head  of  these,  accomjianied 
by  ten  thousand  Tlascalans  and  other  friendly  li.dians, 
Cortes  began  his  march  towards  Mexico,  on  llie  twen- 
ty-eighth of  December,  ait  months  afler  his  disastrous 
retreat  from  tint  city. 

Nor  did  he  advance  to  attack  an  enemy  unprepared 
to  receive  him.  Upon  the  death  of  Montezuma,  the 
Mexican  chiefs,  in  whom  the  right  of  electing  the  em- 
peror was  vested,  had  instantly  raised  his  b.^otber 
Quctlavaca  to  the  throne.  His  avowed  and  inveteraic 
enmity  to  the  Spaniards  would  have  been  suflicient  lo 
gain  their  suffrages,  although  he  had  been  I'iss  dis- 
tinguished for  courage  and  capacity.  He  had  an  im- 
mediate opportunity  of  showing  that  he  was  worthy  of 
iheir  choice,  by  conducting  in  person  tiiose  fierce 
attacks  which  compelled  the  Spaniards  to  al^^iulon  hm 
capital ;  and  as  soon  as  iheir  retreat  allorded  huii  any 
respite  from  action,  he  took  nuMsures  for  preveiitiiig 
their  return  to  Mexico,  with  prudence  equal  to  the 
spirit  which  he  had  displayed  in  driving  ihom  out  of  it. 
As  from  the  vicinity  of  i'lascala,  he  could  not  he  un- 
acquainted with  the  motions  and  intentions  of  Cortes, 
he  observed  the  storm  that  was  gathering,  and  began 
early  to  provide  against  it.  He  repmred  what  the 
Spaniards  had  ruined  in  the  city,  and  strengthened  it 
with  such  new  fortifications  as  the  skill  of  his  subjects 
was  capable  nf  erecting.  Besides  Itlling  his-  magazines 
with  the  usual  weapons  of  war,  he  gave  directions  to 
make  long  spears  headed  with  the  swords  and  daggers 
'aken  from  the  Spaniards,  in  order  to  annoy  the 
cavalry  He  summoned  the  people  in  every  province 
of  the  empire  to  take  arms  against  iheir  oppressors,  and 
as  an  encouragement  to  exert  themselves  with  vigor, 
he  promised  them  exemption  from  all  the  taxes  which 
his  predecessors  had  imposed.  But  what  he  labored 
with  the  greatest  earnestness  was,  to  deprive  the 
Spaniards  of  the  advantages  which  they  derived  from 
the  friendship  of  the  Tlascalans,  by  endeavoring  lo 
persubde  that  people  to  renounce  all  connexion  with 
men  who  where  not  only  avowed  enemies  of  ihe  gotls 
whom  they  worshipped,  but  who  would  not  fad  to  sub- 
ject them  at  last  to  tht;  same  yoke  which  they  were 
now  inconsiderately  lending  their  aid  to  impose  upon 
others.  'I'hese  representations,  no  less  striking  than 
well  founded,  were  urged  so  forcibly  by  his  ambassa- 
dors, that  it  required  all  the  addre>s  of  Cortes  to  pre- 
vent their  making  a  dangerous  impie^siuii. 

But  while  Cjuellavaca  was  arranging  his  plan  of  de- 
fence, with  a  degree  of  lorestghi  uncommon  in  ^n 
Aineriran,  his  days  were  cut  short  by  the  srujll-pox. 
This  distemper,  which  raged  at  that  time  in  N'lw  Spam 


Willi  fatal  malignity,  wan  unknown  in  that  quarie-  of 
thi'  glohe  nnlii  it  was  inlrodm  rd  tpy  ttio  Kuropcam, 
mid  may  bo  reckoned  amon^  (lie  greatest  ralam  ties 
brought  upon  them  by  their  invaders.  Inbis.-dcad  th" 
Mexicans  rained  to  the  throne  (iu  iinnozm.  rnqvliew  anii 
sdii-m  hiw  of  .Montezuma,  a  young  man  ol  smli  higli 
if  p  nation  for  abilities  and  valor,  that  in  this  daiigerouu 
eiiS's,  Ins  coiinlrvmen,  wilh  one  voice,  called  hiin  to 
Ihe  supreme  roimnand. 

ITi^l.]  .\s  soon  as  ('ortes  entered  the  enemy's  tern- 
tones,  he  discovered  various  prep.iraiions  lo  obslnint 
his  progress.  But  his  troops  forced  their  way  with  lit- 
tle diHiculty,  and  look  posession  oi  'J'ezeiico,  the  »e- 
cond  city  of  the  empire,  situated  on  the  hanks  of  thp 
lake  about  twenty  miles  from  Mexico.  Here  he  deter- 
mined to  eslabhsli  his  head-()unrters.  as  the  most  pro- 
\iv.t  station  for  launching  bis  brigantines,  as  well  as  for 
making  his  approaches  to  the  capital  In  order  to  ren- 
der bis  residence  lliere  more  srcure,  be  deposed  tho 
cazique,  or  chief,  win)  was  at  ihe  bead  of  that  coinmn- 
niiy.  under  pretext  of  some  deh'ct  m  his  tiile,  and  sub- 
slitute<l  in  his  I  lace  a  person  v%hoin  a  faction  of  the 
nol>k's  jiointed  out  as  the  right  heir  of  that  dignity. 
AttHcheil  to  bun  by  this  benefit,  the  caznpte  and  his 
adherents  servtd  the  Spaniards  with  inviolable  fidelity. 

As  the  i)reparations  lor  constructing  the  brigaiilmea 
advanced  8lov\ly  under  the  unskill'ul  liands  of  soldiers 
and  Indians,  whom  Cortes  was  obliged  to  employ  in 
assisting  three  or  four  carpenters  who  happened  for- 
tunately to  be  m  Ins  service  ;  and  as  he  had  not  yet 
received  the  remforeement  whicli  he  exjuctetl  from 
Hispaniola,  \iv  was  not  in  a  condition  to  turn  his  arms 
directly  against  the  capital.  To  have  attacked  at  this 
period,  a  city  so  populous,  so  well  prepared  for  defence, 
and  m  a  silualion  of  puch  peculiar  str(  ng'.li,  must  have 
exposed  his  troops  lo  inevitable  destruction.  Three 
months  elapsed  before  the  materials  for  the  briganlines 
were  finislie'',  and  before  he  heard  any  thing  wilh  re- 
spect to  Ihe  success  of  ihe  otiicer  whom  he  had  sent 
lo  Hispaniola.  This,  however,  waa  nol  a  sea.>on  of 
inaction  to  (.'ortes  He  attacked  successively  several 
of  the  towns  situated  around  the  lake  ;  and  tnough  al. 
the  Mexican  power  was  exerled  to  obstruct  his  opera- 
tions, he  either  compelled  them  to  submit  lo  the 
Spanish  crown,  or  reduced  them  to  rums.  The  in 
habitants  of  other  towns  be  endeavored  to  conciliate 
by  more  gentle  means  ;  and  though  he  could  not  hold 
any  intercourse  with  Uuni  but  by  the  intervention  ol 
inlerpn^ters,  yet,  under  all  the  disadvantages  of  that 
tedious  and  iin]>erfecl  mode  of  coinnutnication  he  had 
acquired  such  ihorongh  knowledge  of  the  btale  o.' the 
eountr)',  as  wi  11  a.^  of  the  'hspositions  of  the  r,eople, 
that  he  conducted  bis  negotiations  and  mtrigUL>  with 
astonishing  dexterity  and.  success.  Most  of  ttie  cities 
adjacent  to  Me&ico  were  originally  the  capitals  of  siimU 
independent  states  ,  and  some  of  ihem  having  been  but 
lately  annexed  to  the  Mexican  empire,  still  retained  the 
remembrance  of  their  ancient  hheriy,  and  bore  with 
impatience  .he  rigorous  yoke  of  tlieir  new  masters. 
Cortes,  having  eaily  obseived  symptoms  of  their  dis- 
atTec:!on,  a\uiled  iiimself  of  this  knowledge  to  gair. 
their  confidence  and  friendship.  By  oti'ermg  with  con- 
fidence to  deliver  them  from  the  odious  dominion  of 
the  Mexicans,  :nid  by  liberal  promises  of  more  indul- 
gent tieatment  if  they  would  unite  with  him  against 
their  oppressors,  be  prevailed  on  the  pvople  of  several 
considerable  districts,  not  only  to  acknowledge  the 
King  of  Castile  as  their  sovereign,  but  to  supply  the 
Spanish  camp  -with  provisions,  and  to  strengthen  his 
army  with  auxiliary  troops,  (.iautimozm,  on  the  first 
appearance  of  defection  among  his  subjects,  exerted 
himself  with  vigor  lo  prevent  or  to  punish  thoir  revolt; 
but,  in  ^])ite  of  his  etloits,  tlie  spirit  continued  to 
spread,  'ihe  SiKiniards  gradually  acquired  new  allies, 
and  with  deep  concern  he  beheld  Cortes  arming  against 
his  empire  ihosi;  very  hands  which  ought  lu  have  been 
active  in  its  defence,  and  ready  to  advance  against  tho 
capital  at  the  head  of  a  numerous  body  of  his  own 
subttcts. 

While,  by  those  various  methods,  Cortes  was  gradu- 
ally circi  inscribing  the  Mexican  power  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  his  prospect  of  overturning  it  seemed  neither 
to  tie  uncertain  nor  remote,  all  Ins  schemes  were  wcU 
r.igh  defeated  by  a  con«piracy  no  less  unexpected  than 
dangerous.  The  soldiers  of  Narvaez  had  never  united 
perfectly  with  the  original  companions  of  (Jortcs,  nor 
did  they  enter  into  his  measures  with  the  same  cordial 
zeal.  Upon  every  occasion  that  re<piired  any  extraor- 
dinary effort  of  courage  or  of  patience,  thtir  spiritA 
were  apt  to  sink  ;  and  now,  on  a  near  view  of  what 
thev  had  lo  encounter,  in  attempling  to  reduce  a  citjr 
so  inacressible  as  Mex  co,  and  deletided  by  a  numerous 


n 


^l 


m 

army,  tho  resolution  even  of  those  Bmon^  them  wlio 
had  adhered  to  CortcH  when  hn  was  doAfrtcd  hy  their 
asitociales,  ho^nn  to  full.  Tlknr  fcurs  led  ihcin  id  |iii - 
flumptiiuiia  niid  unKuldicrhkn  dittc-iiH^ions  cutu'eriiiii^ 
tho  {)ro|tricty  of  tlioir  ^'rtirrat's  measure-^,  and  iho  iiit 
nrohiihihty  of  ttiftir  hucccsm.  Truin  thtso  iJiey  {Tl- 
cccdr.d  to  ccnfinre  and  invrctivo8,  and  at  lust  tx-^ran  to 
dchberulc  how  they  nii^ht  providu  for  their  own  sdU-ty, 
of  which  they  drcini'd  llitir  (roniiaandiT  to  he  totally 
negh^ent.  Antonm  Vilh'fH^na,  a  privnte  aoUIht,  hut 
nold,  IrUrigiiir.t;,  and  utron^ly  ntlached  (o  Vi:]aHi|Ut'Z,  art- 
fjlly  fomented  thin  growing  spirit  of  (hrtaU'rction.  ILiii 
f^narlcrs  hecanie  tlie  rendezvous  of  the  inalfcontcnt!), 
v'here,  after  many  consuUdlions,  ihcy  coiihl  discover 
no  method  of  checking  ('ortea  in  his  earner,  hut  hy 
assassinating  liim  and  hm  inoHt  eunsideralde  ollicertt, 
and  confrrnng  tlie  conimund  upon  Home  person  who 
'A'ouh'  rehnipiiiili  his  wild  phins,  and  adopt  incdNures 
mcxe  consistent  with  tlie  general  securily.  Desjjair 
niHpired  them  with  courage,  'i'he  hour  for  perpetrating 
the  prune,  the  persons  whom  they  di'Slined  as  victims, 
the  ollicers  to  succeed  ihem  in  coinmund,  were  all 
named  :  and  the  conspirators  signed  an  association,  hy 
wluch  they  hound  Ihrmselves  with  most  solemn  oatlis, 
to  mutual  fidelity.  Dut  oii  the  evening  before  the  ap- 
pointed day.  one  of  Corles's  ancient  followers,  who 
had  been  seduced  into  the  conspiracy,  touched  with 
compunction  at  the  inunincnt  danger  of  a  man  whom 
he  had  lung  been  aeeiislomed  to  revere,  or  struck  with 
horror  at  his  own  treaclicry,  went  privately  to  his  gene- 
ral nnd  revealed  to  iiiin  all  that  he  knew.  Corles, 
though  deeply  alarmed,  diticerned  at  once  what  conduct 
was  proper  ni  a  situa'ion  so  critical.  He  repaired  ni- 
dtantly  to  Villefagna's  quarters,  accompanied  hy  some 
of  his  most  trusty  otlicers.  Tho  astonishment  and 
confusion  of  the  man  at  this  unexpected  visit  antici- 
pated tho  confession  of  his  guilt,  (fortes,  while  his 
attendarts  seized  the  traitor,  snatched  from  his  bosom 
a  paper,  containing  tiie  association,  signed  hy  the  con- 
spirators. Impalnnt  to  know  how  far  the  infection 
eitended.  he  retired  to  read  it,  and  found  there  names 
which  tilled  him  with  surprise  and  sorrow.  Uut  aware 
how  dangerous  a  striet  scrutiny  might  prove  at  such  a 
juncture,  be  conlined  his  judicial  iiupiiries  to  Villefagna 
alone.  As  the  proofs  of  his  guilt  were  manifest,  he 
waa  condemned  after  a  short  trial,  and  next  morning 
he  was  seen  hanging  before  the  door  of  the  lioiisu  m 
which  he  had  lodged.  Cortes  called  his  troops  together, 
and  having  explained  to  them  the  atrocious  purpose  of 
the  conspirators,  as  well  as  the  justice  of  the  puiiMh- 
ment  inflicted  on  Viltefagna.he  added,  with  an  uppeor- 
ance  of  saltsfaction,  vhat  he  was  entirely  ignorant  with 
respect  to  all  the  ctr^niinstancea  of  this  dark  transac- 
tion, a!*  the  traitor,  when  arre.ited,  had  suddenly  torn 
and  swallowed  a  paper  which  probably  contained  an 
account  of  it,  and  uiuier  the  severest  tortures  possessed 
such  constancy  ar^  to  conceal  the  names  of  his  accom- 
plices. This  artful  declaration  restored  tranquillity  to 
many  a  breast  that  was  throbbing,  while  he  spoke,  with 
consciousness  of  guilt  and  dread  of  detection  ;  and  by 
this  prudent  moderation,  ('ones  had  the  advantage  of 
having  discovered,  and  of  being  aide  to  observe  such 
of  ins  followers  as  were  disaffected  ;  while  they,  flat- 
tering themselves  that  (heir  past  crime  was  unknown, 
endeavored  to  avert  any  suspicion  of  it  by  redoubling 
their  activity  and  zeal  in  his  service. 

Cortes  did  not  allow  them  leisure  to  ruminate  on 
what  had  happened  ;  and  as  the  most  cHfectual  means 
of  preventing  the  return  oi  a  nuitmous  spirit,  he  deter- 
mined to  call  forth  hia  treops  immediately  to  action. 
Fortunately,  a  proper  occasion  for  this  occurred  with- 
out his  seeming  to  court  it.  He  received  intelligence 
that  the  materials  for  ti  i.,ding  the  hngantiiies  were  at 
length  completely  firnsiKd,  and  wailed  only  for  a  body 
of  Spaniards  to  conduct  ihem  to  Tezeuco.  The  com- 
mand of  this  convoy,  consisting  of  two  hundred  foot 
soldiers,  fifteen  horsemen,  and  two  tield-pieces,  he  gave 
to  Sandoval,  who,  hy  the  vigilance,  activity,  and  cou- 
rage whicli  he  manifested  on  every  occasion,  was  grow- 
ing dajly  in  his  contideuce,  and  in  the  estimation  of  his 
fellow-soldiers.  The  service  was  no  less  singular  than 
important  ;  the  beams,  the  planks,  the  masts,  the  cord- 
age, the  sails,  the  ironwork,  and  all  the  mlinite  variety 
of  articles  reijuisite  for  the  construction  of  thirteen 
origantines,  were  to  he  carried  sixty  miles  over  land, 
through  a  mountainous  country,  hy  people  who  were 
unacqiiuiiiled  with  themim.itry  uf  domestic  animals,  or 
the  fid  of  machines  to  facilitate  any  work  of  labor. 
The  Tlascalans  furnished  eight  thousand  Tamencx^  an 
inferior  order  of  men  destined  for  servile  tasks,  to  carry 
the  materials  on  their  shoulders,  and  ajipointed  tifieen 
thousand    warncra  to  HccompHtiy    atui  defend    them 


H  ()  U  K  H  I'  S  0  N   «    HIS  T  (>  K  Y    OF 

Sandoval  made  the  dispoititinn  for  their  progress  with 

Ureat  propru'tv.  plaeini;  the  Tiimnns  in  ibo  centre, 
one  iiody  ol  AiuTior-i  in  t!ie  Iroul,  annllier  m  tin'  reir, 
VMlli  ctMisideiiilile  p.trtie^  to  com  r  the  llankii.  Toeacli 
ol  these  hejoiiMtl  ^olnl■  Spaniard*,  not  only  I"  a.^^ist 
tiiem  ill  daiigrr,  but  lo  accustom  (hem  to  ri'gulurity  and 
.subordin.iiion.  A  body  so  nuinerout'>,  and  so  much  en- 
cumbered, advanced  lei.iurely  hut  in  excellent  order; 
and  in  some  places,  where  it  was  conlined  by  the  woods 
or  niouutams,  tho  hm^  of  inarch  extended  above  six 
miles  Parlies  of  Mexicans  frequently  appeared  hover- 
iu^  around  them  on  the  high  grounds  ;  hut  perceiving 
no  prospect  of  success  in  attacking  an  enemy  continu- 
ally on  Ins  guard,  and  jirepared  I')  ri'ceive  them,  they 
did  not  venture  to  molest  him  ;  and  Sandoval  had  the 
glory  of  coiidiiciing  safelv  to  Tezeuco.  a  convoy  on 
which  all  the  future  operations  of  his  countrymen  de- 
pended. 

'I'his  was  followed  by  another  event  of  no  less  mo- 
ment. Kour  ships  arrived  at  Vera  ('ruz  from  Hispa- 
niola.  with  two  hundred  soldiers,  eighty  horses,  two 
haltering  cannon,  and  a  considerable  supply  of  ammu- 
nition Hiid  arms.  Elevated  with  observing  that  all  his 
preparatory  schemes,  either  for  recruiting  his  own  army, 
or  impairing  the  force  of  the  enemy,  bad  now  produced 
their  full  ellect,  Cortes  impatient  to  begin  the  siege  in 
form,  hastened  the  iaiini  hmg  of  the  ltri<;antines.  To 
facilitate  thus,  ht:  had  employed  a  vast  number  of  In- 
dians for  two  monlhs,  ui  deepening  the  small  rivulet 
which  runs  hy  Tezeuco  into  the  lake,  and  m  forming  it 
into  a  canal  near  two  miles  in  length;  [IIUJ  and 
though  the  Mexicans,  aware  of  his  intentions,  as  well 
as  of  the  danger  which  threatened  them,  endeavored 
frequently  to  interrupt  the  laborers,  or  to  burn  the 
brigantines,  the  work  was  at  last  completed.  t)n  the 
twenty-eighth  of  April,  all  the  Spamsli  troops,  together 
with  the  auxiliary  Indians,  were  drawn  up  on  the  hanks 
of  the  canal  ;  and  with  extraordtnarv  military  pomp, 
rendered  more  solemn  by  the  celebration  of  the  most 
sacred  riles  of  religion,  the  hriganlines  were  launched. 
As  ihev  fell  down  the  canal  in  order,  Father  Olmedo 
blessed  (hem,  and  gave  e^icb  its  name.  Kvery  eye  fol- 
lowed them  with  wonder  and  hope,  until  they  entered 
the  lake,  when  they  hoistid  their  sails  and  bore  away 
before  the  wind,  A  gf  tieral  shout  of  joy  was  niised  ; 
all  admiring  tliat  bold  inventive  eeiiius,  which,  by 
means  so  extraordinary  that  (heir  sncces^s  almost  ex- 
ceeded belief,  had  acquired  command  of  o  fleet,  with- 
out the  aid  of  winch  Mexico  would  have  conlimied  to 
set  the  Spani.Hh  power  and  arms  at  defiance. 

Cortes  determined  lo  attack  the  city  from  three  dif- 
ferent ipiarlers  ;  from  Tepeaca  on  the  n,irlh  side  of  the 
lake,  from  'I'ahuca  on  the  west,  and  from  (^'uyocan  to- 
wards the  south.  These  towns  were  situated  on  (he 
princi|)a]  causeways  wbidi  led  to  the  capital,  and  in- 
tended for  their  defence.  He  appointed  Sandoval  to 
command  in  the  first,  Pedro  de  Alvarado  in  the  second, 
and  Christoval  de  Olid  in  the  third  ;  allotting  to  each  a 
numerous  body  of  Indian  auxiliaries,  together  with  an 
equal  division  of  Spaniard.^,  who,  hy  ihe  jiniction  of  the 
troops  from  Hispamola,  amounting  now  to  eighly-six 
hor^iemen,  and  eight  hundred  and  eighteen  foot  soldiers  ; 
of  whom  one  hundred  and  eighteen  were  armed  witi» 
muskets  or  cross-bows.  The  train  of  artillery  consist- 
ed of  three  battering  caniion,  and  fifteen  field-pieces. 
He  reserved  for  himself,  as  the  station  of  greatest  im- 
portance and  danger,  the  conduct  of  the  brigantines, 
edch  armed  with  one  of  his  small  cannon,  and  manned 
with  twenty-five  Spaniards. 

As  Alvarado  and  Olid  proceeded  towards  the  posts 
assigned  them  [May  U)J.  they  broke  down  the  aque- 
ducts which  the  ingenuity  of  the  Mexicans  had  erected 
for  conveying  water  into  the  capital,  and,  bv  the  dis- 
tress lo  which  this  reduced  the  inhabitants,  gave  a  ho- 
ginnuig  to  the  calamities  which  they  were  destined  to 
sutler.  Alvarado  and  (Jbd  found  the  towns  of  which 
they  w  re  ordered  to  take  pt)ssession  deserted  hy  their 
irihabitunt.^,  who  had  fled  for  safety  lo  the  eapiial.  where 
Guatimozm  had  collected  the  chief  force  of  his  empire, 
as  there  aloiie  he  could  hope  to  make  a  successful  stand 
against  the  formidable  i-ncnncB  who  were  approaching 
10  assault  him. 

The  flrst  ert'o't  of  the  Mexicans  wa*  to  destroy  (he 
fleet  of  brigantines,  the  fatal  effects  of  wbotre  operations 
they  foresaw  and  dre.ided.  Though  the  hriijantines, 
after  all  (he  labor  and  merit  of  (>ortes  in  forming  tliem, 
were  of  inconsiderable  bulk,  rudely  constructed,  and 
manned  chiefly  with  landsmen  hardly  |)Ossessed  of  skill 
enough  to  conduct  them,  they  must  have  been  objects 
of  (error  to  a  people  unacquainted  with  any  naviL'ation 
hut  that  of  their  lake,  and  possessed  of  no  vessel  lari>er 
(han  a  canoe.      Necessity,  however,  urged  tiuatimozin 


to  hazard  the  attack  ;  and  hoping  to  supply  hy  numh«>ra 
what  he  wanted  in  force,  he  assembled  such  ainiiltiludfl 
ot  canoes  um  covered  the  face  of  tlie  lake.  They  rowed 
nil  ln'|r|)y  (o  llic  charge,  while  th.  bugnntines,  rt  larded 
by  a  dead  e:ilin,  could  scarcely  advance  to  meet  ihem. 
But  as  the  enemy  drew  near,  u  breeze  suddenly  sprung 
up  ;  m  a  moment  the  sads  were  spread,  the  brigantineti, 
with  the  utfuoHt  ease  broke  through  (heir  feeble  op|K)- 
nenls,  overset  many  canoes,  and  dissipated  the  whole 
armament  with  such  slaughter,  as  convinced  the  Mexi- 
cans, that  the  progress  of  the  Kuropeans  in  knowledge 
and  arts  reridered  tlu>ir  superiority  greater  on  this  new 
eh'ineiit  than  ttiey  bad  hitherto  found  it  hy  land. 

I'rom  that  time  (.'ortes  remained  master  of  the  lake, 
and  the  brigantines  not  only  preserved  a  cummurncation 
belA'cen  the  Spaniards  irt  tiieirditlereut  stalioufl,  though 
at  considerable  distance  from  <'ach  other,  hvit  were  em- 
ployed 10  cover  the  causeways  on  each  .«ide,  and  keep 
off  (he  canoes  when  they  aKemjited  to  annoy  the  troops 
as  they  advanced  tow.irds  (he  city.  ( 'ortcs  formed  ibu 
brigantines  in  three  divisions,  appointing  one  to  cover 
each  of  tlie  stations  from  which  an  attack  was  to  he 
carried  on  against  the  city,  with  orders  to  second  iho 
operations  of  the  etlicei  wiio  cnmuianded  ihere.  I'Voni 
ail  the  three  stations  he  jmsheil  on  (he  attack  against 
the  city  with  equal  vigor;  but  in  a  manner  so  very  dif- 
ferent tVom  ihe  conduct  of  sieges  in  regular  war.  that  he 
himself  seems  afraid  it  would  ajipear  no  less  improper 
than  singular  to  persons  unacipiainte<t  with  his  sltua- 
lioM.  Kach  morning  his  troops  as.sautled  the  barricades 
which  the  enemy  had  erected  on  the  causeways,  forced 
their  way  over  the  trenches  which  (hey  had  dug,  and 
through  tho  canals  where  the  bridges  were  broken 
down,  and  endeavored  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of  tho 
city,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  some  decisive  advantage 
which  might  force  the  enemy  to  surrender,  and  termi- 
nate the  war  at  once  ;  but  when  the  obstinate  valor  of 
•he  Mexicans  rendered  the  etlbrts  of  the  day  metreclual, 
(be  Spaniards  relired  in  (he  evening  to  their  former 
quarlera.  Thus  their  toil  and  daiigt  r  were  in  some 
measure  continually  renewed  ;  the  .Mexicans  repairing 
ill  the  night  what  the  Spaniards  had  destroyed  through 
the  day,  and  recovering  the  posts  from  which  they  had 
driven  tliein.  But  neees.'»ity  prescribed  this  slow  and 
untoward  mode  of  operation.  The  number  of  his  troops 
were  so  small  thai  C'ortes  durst  not,  wi;h  a  handful  of 
men,  atlempt  to  make  a  lodgment  in  a  city  where  he 
might  be  surrounded  and  annoyed  by  such  a  inu''.i(udc 
of  enemies.  The  remembrance  of  what  he  had  Uirea*ly 
sufier*'d  by  the  ill  judged  confidence  with  which  be  b.ul 
ventured  intosueh  a  dangerous  situation,  was  still  fresji 
in  bis  miml.  The  Spaniards,  exhausted  with  fatigue, 
were  unable  (o  guard  the  various  posts  which  they  daily 
gained;  and  thougii  their  camp  was  filled  with  Indian 
auxiliaries,  they  durst  not  devolve  (bis  charge  upon 
them,  because  tiiey  were  so  little  accustomed  to  disci- 
pline, that  no  confidence  could  he  placed  in  their  vigi- 
lance. Besides  this,  i'ortes  was  extremely  solicitous  to 
presi  rve  the  ci(y  as  much  as  possible  from  being  de- 
stroyed, both  because  he  destined  it  to  be  the  capital  of 
his  conquests,  and  wished  that  it  might  remain  as  a 
monument  of  bis  glory.  From  all  these  considerations, 
he  adhered  obstinately,  for  a  month  after  the  siege  was 
opened,  to  the  system  which  he  had  adopted.  'I'he 
Mexicans,  in  their  own  defence,  displayed  valor  which 
was  hardly  inferior  to  that  with  which  the  Spaniards 
atticked  them.  On  land,  on  water,  by  night  and  hy 
day,  one  furious  conflict  succeeded  to  another.  Several 
Spaniards  were  killed,  more  wounded,  and  all  were 
ready  to  sink  under  (he  toils  of  unintermitting  .-ervicc, 
which  were  rendered  more  intolerable  by  the  injuries  of 
the  season,  the  periodical  rams  being  now  set  in  with 
their  ns\ial  violence. 

Astonished  and  disconcerted  wiih  the  length  and  dif- 
ficulties of  the  siege,  ('ortes  determined  to  make  one 
great  rtfort  lo  get  possession  of  the  cily,  before  he  re- 
hnrpiished  the  plan  which  he  had  hitherto  followeil,  and 
had  recourse  to  any  other  mmiti  of  attack.  With  (bis 
view  hn  sent  instruclioiis  lo  Alvarado  and  Sandoval  (o 
advance  wi(b  their  divisions  to  a  general  assault,  and 
look  the  command  m  person  [.luly  IJ]  of  that  posted  on 
the  causeway  of  Cuyocan.  Animated  hy  Ins  |i  Tsence. 
and  the  expectation  of  some  decisive  event,  the  Spa- 
niards pushed  forward  with  irresistible  impr-tuo^ity. 
They  broke  through  one  barricade  after  anolhe,-.  forced 
their  way  over  the  ditclies  and  caipils,  and,  ha/ing  en- 
tered the  city,  gained  ground  incessantly  ir  spile  ol 
the  multitude  and  ferocity  of  their  opponents,  t'ones. 
thouuh  delighted  wiib  the  rapidity  of  hta  progrea.*.  dii* 
not  form-t  that  he  nnidit  si  ill  find  it  neceshwv  to  ro- 
lrr.it;  and,  in  order  to  secure  it.  apimmteo  Julion  fie 
Ahlerele,  a  raptain  of  chief  nolo  ni  the  lloopa  wtuch 


SOUTH   A  MtlKIUA. 


iiipply  by  numbfn 
^(1  ouch  aiiitiltiitide 
lake.    'I'licy  rowed 
ijjiiiitiiu'd,  rt'l)ir()eil 
ict'  (11  iiiiet  tlioiii. 
:<>  siiiliU'nly  S|truiig 
I'l,  llic  l>ri;;antiiifH, 
ihiiir  forbic  op|K)- 
isipuicd  tlio  wliule 
iiviticed  the  Mcxi- 
L'lina  in  knowtfOire 
rrnttT  on  ihiN  iiuw 
It  Ity  luiul. 
iiiiHter  of  ihr  lake. 
,1  (I  rutninnnirjtiun 
lit  i^latioriA,  ilioii^h 
iluT.  lull  were  em- 
<'h  >'iiU\  1111(1   kcrjf 
o  aniiov  ihf!  truDpH 
Cortes  foniu'd  llio 
ntiiii;  oru'  to  covrr 
iilliic'k  was  10  lie 
Icrs  to  sceuiii)  the 
dcii  tliiTP.      Kroiii 
lh(*   iiltark  ii^fiiimt 
liinnrr  i*o  very  tlif- 
('ijiilar  war,  tlmt  he 
no  If.^s  iiiipro|ier 
oil  with  his  Hitiia- 
Itod  iho  hiirriirados 
rausriwayw,  I'orcrd 
:hi>y  had  dti^,  and 
1^08   wrr«  i'rokrn 
ito  ihehpart  of  the 
«risivo  advantage 
rpiidiT,  and  tt-nni- 
obstniate  valor  of 
[hn  day  inctreclnal, 
iiij  to  thnr    former 
(i(  r   worn  in  Horne 
ilcxicnns  repairing 
destroyed  ihrouiik 
uni  winch  they  had 
bed  this  slow  and 
nrnber  of  his  troops 
,  wiih  a  handful  of 
in  a  rity  where  hti 
y  such  a  rnnMitudc 
hat  he  hud  uiready 
with  whicli  he  hda 
inn,  was  stdl  fresh 
sted  with   fati^uc, 
which  they  daily 
lillcd  with  Indian 
this  chari»e    upon 
nstonied  to  disci- 
aced  ni  their  viwi- 
iinely  solicitous  to 
from  beiiiu  de- 
be  tlm  capital  of 
iirht  remain  as  a 
■onsideratioHB, 
ifter  the  siege  was 
idojited.     'l"he 
laved  valor  which 
the  Spaniards 
)iy  night  and  by 
another.  Several 
cd,  and  all  were 
irniitting  irrvice, 
by  the  injnries  of 
now  »el  in  with 

Icnqlh  and  dif- 
ned  to  make  one 
ty,  before  he  re- 
rto  followed,  and 
k.  With  this 
aiut  Sandoval  to 
>ral  ashaiilt,  uikI 
tf  that  pelted  on 
by  his  [I  rseiice. 
event,  the  Sjm- 
ile  impi'ino'^itv. 
anoihe.',  furreil 
and,  ha/incr  en- 
antly  ir  spilo  of 
ments.  Tories, 
his  progrPBi*.  da' 
neceshnrv  to  ro- 
mteu  Juliet)  i\o 
\\t  tioopa  wnicb 


Iw 


he  had  received  from  Ilispaniola,  to  fill  np  the  canals  and 
gaps  IP  the  causeway  as  the  mam  body  advanced.  That 
ollicer,  deeming  it  inglorious  to  Ih;  thus  employed,  while 
his  companions  were  m  the  heut  of  aclinn  and  the  ca- 
reer of  victory,  neylected  the  important  chariie  com- 
mitted to  him,  and  hurried  on,  iiiront*iderately,  to  min- 
gle with  the  conibatanls.  'I'hc  Mexicans,  whose  inili- 
lary  altemion  and  skill  were  diily  improvin};.  no  sooner 
rhwerved  this  than  they  curried  an  ancount  of  il  to  their 
rn'mar-h. 

Cinal'inozin  instantly  discerned  the  ronsequenfc  of 
the  error  which  the  Spaniards  had  commiltid,  and,  with 
adnurahle  presence  of  mmd,  pre|iared  lo  take  advantage 
of  It.  He  connnunded  the  troops  posted  in  the  front  to 
slacken  their  etiorts,  in  order  to  allure  the  Spaniards  to 
push  forward,  while  he  despatched  a  larj^e  body  of 
chosen  warriors  through  ditlerent  streets,  some  by  land, 
and  otliers  by  water,  towards  the  great  breach  in  the 
causeway  which  had  been  left  open.  <Jn  a  hii»iial 
which  he  ^ave,  the  priests  in  the  principal  temples 
struck  the  j^rreat  drums  consecrated  lo  the  uod  of  war. 
No  sooner  did  the  .Mexicans  bear  its  doleful  solemn 
sound,  calculated  to  ins)>irc  tliem  with  contempt  of  death, 
and  enthusiastic  ardor,  than  they  ruttbed  upon  the  ene- 
my with  frantic  rage.  'l"he  Spaniards,  unable  to  resist 
lien  urged  on  no  less  by  religious  fury  than  hope  of 
Buocess,  bej/an  lo  retire,  at  first  leisurely,  and  with  a 
good  countenance  ;  but  as  the  enemy  pressed  on,  and 
their  own  impatience  to  escape  increased,  the  terror 
snd  confusion  becaino  so  general,  that  when  tliey  ar- 
rived at  the  gap  in  the  causes  ay.  Spaniards  and  Tla.s- 
ciduns,  horsemen  and  infantry,  plunged  in  promis- 
cuously, while  the  Mexicans  rushed  upon  them  fiercely 
from  every  side,  their  light  canoes  carrying  ihem  Ihroui'h 
shoals  which  the  briguntines  could  not  apiproaeh.  In 
vain  did  ('ortes  alteinpt  to  stop  and  rally  his  (lying 
troops  ;  fear  rendered  them  regardless  of  bid  entreaties 
or  coniinands.  l-'iiuling  all  his  endeavors  lo  renew  tlie 
combat  fruitless,  his  next  care  was  to  save  some  of 
those  who  had  thrown  themselves  into  the  water;  but 
while  thus  employed,  with  more  ittention  to  their  situ- 
ti^r  than  to  Ins  own.  six  Mexican  captains  suddenly 
laid  hold  of  him,  and  were  hurrying  him  olfin  triumph  ; 
and  though  two  <  *  his  otlicers  rescued  hini  at  the  ex- 
[.vnne  of  tlicir  own  lives,  he  received  several  dangerous 
wounds  before  he  could  break  loose.  Above  sixty 
Sjianiards  perished  in  the  rout  ;  and  whai  rendered  the 
d:::«aster  more  alHicting,  forty  of  these  fell  alive  into 
tie  hands  of  an  enemy  ne  'er  known  to  show  mercy  to 
b  captive. 

'I'iie  approach  of  night,  though  it  delivered  the  de- 
jected Spaniards  from  the  attacks  of  the  enemy,  ushered 
in  what  was  hardly  less  grievous,  the  noise  of  iheir  bar- 
barous triumph,  and  of  the  horrid  festival  with  which 
they  ccb:brated  their  victory.  Kvery  quarter  of  the 
city  was  illuminated  ;  the  great  temple  shone  with  such 
peculiar  splendor,  that  the  Spaniards  could  plainly  see 
the  people  in  motion,  and  the  priests  busy  in  hastening 
the  preparations  for  the  death  of  tli«j  prisoners  Through 
the  gloom,  they  fancied  thai  thev  discerned  iheir  com- 
panions by  the  wlutencss  of  tlieir  skins,  as  they  were 
fctript  naked,  and  cnnipelled  to  dance  before  tlie  image 
of  the  god  to  whom  they  were  to  be  olFered.  Th''V 
heard  the  shrieks  of  those  who  were  sacriticetl,  and 
thought  that  they  could  distiniruish  each  unhappy  vie- 
liin  by  the  well  known  sound  of  his  voice.  Imagina- 
tion added  to  whit  they  really  saw  or  heard,  and  aug- 
mented Its  horror.  The  most  unfeeling  melled  into 
tears  of  compassion,  and  the  stoutest  heart  trembled 
at  the  dreadful  spectacle  whidi  they  belirld  [liO  ] 

Cortes,  who,  besides  all  that  be  felt  in  common  with 
bis  soldiers,  was  oppressed  with  the  additional  load  of 
anxious  reflections  natural  to  a  general  on  such  an  un- 
expected caUmity,  could  not,  like  them,  relieve  his 
mind  by  giving  vent  to  its  anguish,  tie  was  obliged 
iO  assume  an  air  of  tranquillity,  in  order  lo  revive  the 
•pint  and  hopes  of  his  followers.  The  juncture,  indeed, 
reipiired  an  extraordinary  exertion  of  fortitude.  The 
Mexicans,  elated  with  their  victory,  sallied  out  next 
moniirig  to  attack  hnn  in  his  quarters.  Uul  they  did 
not  rely  on  the  ctlbrts  of  their  own  arms  alone  They 
sent  the  heads  of  Spaniards  whom  they  had  sacritieed 
to  the  leading  men  in  the  adjacent  provinces,  and  as- 
sured them  that  the  god  of  war,  appeased  by  the  blood 
of  their  invaders,  whicli  had  been  shett  so  plentifully 
on  his  altars,  had  declared  with  an  audible  voice,  that 
in  eight  days  time  those  hated  enemiea  should  be 
linally  destroyed,  and  peace  and  prosperity  re-esla- 
ulished  m  the  empire. 

A  prediction  uttered  with  such  confidence,  and  in 
lerma  so  void  of  ambiguity,  gained  universal  credit 
unong  t  people  prone  to  •uperatition.     The  zeal  of 


the  provinces,  which  had  already  declared  against  the 
Spaniards,  augmented  ;  and  several  which  had  hitherto 
remained  inactive,  took  arms,  with  enthusiastic  ardor, 
to  execute  the  decree  nf  the  gods.  The  Indian  auxilia- 
ries who  had  joined  ('ortes.  an  iihinmed  to  venerale 
tli(!  same  deities  with  tlie  Mexicans,  and  lo  receive  the 
responses  of  their  priests  with  the  same  implicit  faith, 
abandoned  the  Spaniards  as  a  race  of  men  devoted  to 
certain  destruction.  Kveii  llie  (ilelily  of  the  'i'lasca- 
lans  was  shaken,  and  the  Sjianish  troops  were  left 
almost  ainne  in  their  stations.  Cortes,  finding  that  he 
attempted  in  vain  to  dispel  the  superstitious  fears  of 
his  confi  derates  by  argument,  took  advantage,  from 
the  imprudf^nce  of  ttiose  who  had  framed  the  prophecy 
in  fixing  its  accomplishments  no  near  at  hand,  to  give  a 
striking  demonstration  of  its  falsity.  He  susjiended 
alt  mihiary  operations,  during  the  neriod  marked  out 
by  the  oracle.  Under  cover  of  the  brigantines,  which 
kept  the  enemy  at  a  distance,  his  Iruops  lay  in  safety, 
and  the  fatal  term  expired  without  any  disaster. 

Many  of  his  allies,  ashamed  of  tlieir  own  credulity, 
returned  to  their  station.  Other  tribes,  judging  that 
the  gods,  wlio  had  now  deceived  the  Mexicans,  had 
decreed  linally  lo  withdraw  their  protection  from  them, 
joined  his  standard  ;  and  such  wa.-*  the  levity  of  a  sim- 
ple people,  moved  by  every  slight  impression,  that  in  a 
short  lime  after  such  a  general  defection  of  his  con- 
federates, (,'ortes  saw  himself,  if  we  may  believe  his 
own  account,  at  the  head  of  a  hundred  i  nd  fifty  thou- 
sand Indiana.  Even  with  such  a  numerous  army,  he 
found  It  necessary  to  adopt  a  new  and  more  wary  sy«- 
tem  of  operation.  Instead  of  renewing  Ins  attempts  to 
become  master  of  the  city  at  once,  by  such  bold  but 
dangerous  etl'orts  of  valor  as  he  had  already  tried,  he 
made  his  advances  gradually,  and  with  every  possible 
precaution  against  exposing  his  men  to  any  culaiuity 
similar  to  that  which  they  still  bewailed.  As  the 
Spaniards  pusiied  forward,  the  Indians  regularly  re- 
paired the  causeways  behind  them.  As  soon  as  they 
got  pos.^^ession  of  any  part  of  the  town,  the  houses 
were  instantly  levelled  with  the  ground.  Day  by  day, 
the  Mexicans,  forced  to  retire  as  ilieir  enemies  gained 
ground,  were  hemmed  in  within  more  narrow  limits, 
(iautmiozin,  though  unable  to  stop  the  career  ot  the 
enemy,  continned  to  defend  his  capital  with  obstinate 
resoluton,  and  disputed  every  inch  of  ground.  The 
Spaniards  not  only  varied  their  mode  of  attack,  but,  by 
orders  of  Cortes,  changed  the  weapons  with  which 
they  fought.  They  were  again  armed  with  the  long 
Ch.nantlaii  spears  which  they  had  employed  with  such 
success  aL'amst  Narvaez;  and,  by  the  linn  array  iii 
which  this  enabled  them  to  range  themselves,  they  re- 
pelled, with  little  danger,  the  loose  assault  of  the  Mexi- 
can.* :  incredible  nvnnhers  of  them  fell  in  the  conflicts 
which  thev  renewed  every  day.  While  war  wasted 
without,  iamine  began  to  consume  them  within  the 
city.  The  Spanish  brigantines  having  the  entire  com- 
mand of  the  lake,  rendered  it  almost  impossible  to  con- 
vey lo  the  besieged  any  supply  of  provisions  by  water 
The  mimensi!  number  of  his  Indian  auxiliaries  enabled 
('ortes  lo  shut  up  the  avenues  to  the  city  by  land. 
Tlie  stores  whicli  Guatimozin  had  laid  up  were  ex- 
hausted by  the  multitudes  which  had  crowded  into  the 
capital  lo  defend  their  sovereign  and  the  temples  of 
their  got'  .  Not  ui.ly  the  people,  but  persons  of  the 
highest  milk,  felt  llie  utmost  distresses  of  famine. 
What  they  siitlered  brought  on  infectious  and  mortal 
distempers,  the  last  calamity  that  visits  besieged  cities, 
and  whuli  lilhd  up  the  measure  of  their  woes. 

Hut.  under  tlie  pressure  of  so  many  and  such  various 
evils,  the  spirit  of  (iuatimo/in  remained  tin n  and  un- 
subdued. He  rejected  with  ^corn  every  overture  of 
peace  from  Cortes  ;  and,  disdaining  the  idea  of  sub- 
mitting to  tlie  oppressors  of  his  eoiintry,  determined 
not  to  survive  its  rum.  The  Spaniards  continued  their 
progress.  At  length  all  the  three  divisons  penetrated 
into  the  great  square  in  ihe  centre  of  the  city,  and 
made  a  secure  lodgnnMit  there  [July  27. J  Three- 
fourths  of  the  city  were  now  reduced  and  kiid  in  ruins. 
The  remaining  quarter  was  so  cloAcly  pressed,  that  it 
could  not  long  withstand  assailants,  who  attacked  it 
from  their  new  station  with  superior  advantage,  and 
more  assured  expcclation  of  success.  The  Mexican 
nobles,  solicitous  lo  save  the  life  of  a  monarch  whom 
they  revered,  prevailed  on  Guatimozin  to  retire  from  a 
place  where  resistance  was  now  vain,  that  he  might 
rouse  the  more  distant  provinces  of  ihe  empire  to  amis, 
and  maintain  there  a  mure  successful  struggle  with  the 
public  enemy.  In  order  to  facilitate  the  exceutton  of 
this  measure,  they  endeavored  to  amuse  ('nrtes  with 
overtures  of  submission,  that,  while  his  attention  was 
employed  in  idjusting  the  articles  of  paciticttion,  Gus- 


i:j3 


timozin  might  escape  unperccived.  iiut  the>  made 
this  attempt  upon  a  leader  of  greater  sagacity  and  dis- 
cernment than  to  be  deceived  by  their  arts.  Cones, 
suspecting  their  intention,  and  aware  of  what  moment 
It  was  lo  defeat  it,  appointed  Sandoval;  the  ollicer  on 
whose  vigilaiH'C  he  could  most  perfectly  rely,  to  take 
the  command  of  the  brigantines,  with  strict  injuiiclioiks 
to  watch  everv  motion  of  the  enemy.  Sandoval,  at- 
tentive to  the  charge,  observing  some  large  canoes 
crowded  with  people  rowing  across  the  lake  with  ex- 
traordinary rapidity,  instaritly  gave  the  signal  to  chase. 
Garcia  Holguin,  who  eonnnanded  the  swiftesi  saihng 
brigdiiline,  soon  overtook  them,  and  was  preparing  to 
fire  on  the  foremost  canoe,  which  seemed  to  carry  ^onie 
person  whom  all  the  rest  followed  aMd  ol'eyed.  At 
once  the  rowers  dropped  their  oar^,  and  all  on  board, 
throwing  down  their  arin*^,  conjured  him  with  erie.s  and 
tears  to  forbear,  as  the  eiiqu'ior  was  there.  Uolguii! 
eagerly  seized  his  prize;  and  (iuatimoziii,  witli  a  dig- 
nilied  composure,  gave  himself  up  into  his  hands,  re- 
questing only  that  no  in.sult  nuglil  be  oll'ered  to  the 
empress  or  his  children.  When  conducted  le  Cortes, 
he  appeared  neither  with  the  sullen  liercenes.s  of  a  bar- 
banan,  nor  with  the  dejection  of  a  supplicant.  "  I 
have  dune,"  said  he,  addressing  himself  to  the  Spanish 
general,  "what  became  a  monarch.  I  have  delended 
my  people  to  the  last  extremity.  Nothing  iiow  re- 
mains but  to  die.  Take  lliis  dagger,"  laying  his  hand 
on  one  which  Cortes  wore,  "plant  it  in  my  breast,  and 
put  an  end  lo  a  life  which  can  no  longer  be  of  use." 

As  soon  as  the  fate  of  their  sovereign  was  known, 
the  resistanc,  of  the  Mexicans  ceased  ;  and  (.'ortes 
took  possesion  of  that  small  part  of  the  capital  which 
yet  remained  iindestroyed  [Aug.  i:ij.  Thus  lenmnuled 
the  siege  of  Mexico,  the  most  memorable  event  in  the 
conquest  of  Anienca.  It  continued  seventy-tive  dajs, 
hardly  one  of  which  passed  without  some  extraordinary 
ellbrt  of  one  party  in  the  attack,  or  of  the  other  in  the 
defence  of  a  city,  on  the  fate  of  whicli  both  knew  that 
the  fortune  of  the  empire  depended.  As  the  struggle 
here  was  more  obstinate,  it  was  likewise  more  e^ual 
than  any  between  t  :e  inhabitants  of  the  Old  and  New 
Worlds.  The  great  abilities  of  (iuatmiozin.  the  nuiii- 
her  of  his  troops,  the  peculiar  situation  of  his  capital, 
so  far  counterbalanced  the  supi-riontv  of  the  Spaniard' 
in  arms  and  discipline,  that  they  must  have  relinquished 
the  enterprise  if  they  had  trusted  for  success  to  them- 
selves alone.  Hut  Mexico  was  overiurned  by  the 
ji-alousv  of  neighbors  who  dreaded  its  power,  and  by 
the  levolt  of  subjecti  impatient  to  shake  oil'  its  yoke. 
Hy  their  eflectual  aid,  Cortes  was  enabled  to  accom- 
plish what,  without  such  support,  he  would  hardly  have 
ventured  to  attempt.  How  much  soever  this  account 
of  the  reduction  of  Mexico  may  detract,  on  the  one 
hand,  from  the  marvellous  relations  of  some  Spanish 
writers,  by  ascribing  that  to  3imj)le  and  obvious  causes 
wh.ch  they  attribute  lo  the  romantic  valor  of  their 
countrymen,  it  adds,  on  the  other,  to  the  inent  and 
abilitit  s  of  Cortes,  who,  under  every  disadvantage,  ac- 
quired such  an  ascendant  over  unknown  nations,  as  to 
render  them  instruments  towards  carrying  his  schemes 
into  execution    [121] 

The  exultation  of  the  Spanianls,  on  accomplishing 
this  arduous  enterprise,  was  at  lirst  excessive.  Hul 
this  was  quickly  damped  by  the  cniel  disappointment  ot 
those  sanguine  hopes  whicli  had  animated  them  amidst 
so  many  hardships  and  dangers.  Instead  of  the  inex- 
haustible wealth  which  they  expected  Iruni  becoming 
masters  of  Montezuma's  treasures,  and  the  ornaments 
of  so  many  temples,  their  rapaciousness  could  only 
collect  an  inconsiderable  booty  aiuidst  rums  and  desola- 
tion. Guatimozm,  aware  of  his  impending  fate,  had 
ordered  what  remained  of  tlu^  ridies  amassed  by  hia 
ancestors  to  be  thrown  into  the  lake.  The  Indian  auxi- 
liaries, while  the  Spaniards  were  engaged  m  conllict 
with  the  enemy,  had  carried  oil"  the  most  valuable  pari 
of  the  sjioil.  The  sum  to  he  divided  among  the  cou- 
querors  was  so  small  that  many  of  ihem  di&dained  to 
accept  of  the  pittance  which  fell  to  their  share,  and  all 
murmured  and  exclaimed  ;  some  against  Cortes  and 
his  contidants,  whom  they  suspected  of  having  secretly 
appropriated  to  their  own  use  a  large  portion  of  the 
ricliea  which  should  have  been  brought  into  the  com- 
mon slock  ;  others,  against  Guatiniozm,  whom  they 
accused  of  obstinacy  in  refusing  lo  discover  the  place 
where  he  had  hidden  bis  treasure. 

Arguments,  entreaties,  and  promises  were  employed 
in  order  lo  soothe  them,  but  with  so  little  ellect,  that 
Cortes,  from  solicitude  to  check  this  growing  spi- 
rit of  discontent,  gave  way  to  a  deed  whicli  stains  tiie 
glory  of  all  his  great  actions.  W^ithout  regarding 
fornter  dignitv  of  Guatimozin,  or  feeling  anv  reverence. 


134 


ROnEUTSON'S    HISTUnV    OP 


for  llioio  yirluM  which  he  had  dinplayoil,  ho  subjected 
Uif  unhappy  monarch,  loxiilhcr  with  hm  chief  favorilc, 
*  lortutc,  III  onUr  to  force  from  Ihciii  a  disronry  of 
ihe  royal  treasure!,  whirli  It  wa«  aiipponcd  they  had 
tonreaied.  (iii.itiiiio/.iii  liorc  whiilcver  Ihe  reliiiml  cm- 
«lty  of  hia  tormentori  coiihl  iiilhct,  with  iho  inviiicihh! 
fcriilude  ofun  American  warrior.  Hw  lellow-fiilfcrer, 
overcome  liy  the  vioh'iicc  of  the  anj;ui»h,  luriied  a  de- 
lecied  eye  lowardnhm  mnxtcr,  which  seemed  lo  Implore 
hi»  permission  lo  reveal  all  that  ho  knew,  lliil  the 
liiMh  Hpirited  iirince,  darting  on  him  a  looit  ot  authority 
niiii({led  with  scorn,  checked  his  wcakiii's^  liy  imkinj,', 
"  Am  I  now  repoainjj  on  a  hed  of  flowerw  !"  Ovcr- 
iwcd  hy  Iho  reproach,  the  favorite  |  eraevered  in  hli 
dutiful  alienee  and  cipirtd.  Cortes,  asnuii.ed  of  .1  were 
to  horrid,  rescued  tho  royal  victim  from  the  hands  of 
his  torturers,  and  piolonged  a  life  reserved  for  now  m- 
dijrnities  and  siitlerlnjts. 

The  fate  of  the  capital,  as  both  partiea  had  foreseen, 
decided  that  of  the  empire.  The  provinces  siihinilted  , 
one  after  aiioliier  to  the  coiuiuerors.  Small  detach- 
•jaenls  of  .Spaniards  marcliiiii;  throiich  iliem  without  m- 
tciruptioii,  penetrated  in  dilhreiit  ipiarters  to  the  )(reat 
Southern  Ocean,  which,  occordiii),'  to  the  ideas  ol  Co- 
tuinhiis,  they  niiasjiiied  would  open  a  short  as  \vi  11  as 
easy  passage  to  the  Kast  Indies,  and  secure  to  the 
crown  of  (Castile  all  the  envied  weullh  of  those  fertile 
regions  ;  and  the  active  mind  of  Cortes  hectan  already 
to  form  schemes  for  attemptiii;,'  this  important  dia- 
cnverv.  , 

lie  did  not  know,  that  diirinjj  the  progress  of  his 
yiciorioiis  arms  in  .Mexico,  tlu'  very  scheme,  of  viliich . 
ho  bcitan  10  form  some  idea,  had  been  undertaken  and 
•ccoinplished.  .\s  this  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  I 
events  in  the  history  of  the  ISjianish  discoveries,  and  I 
has  been  productive  of  ell'ects  peculiarly  interesting  to 
those  e.itensive  provinces  which  (,'ortes  had  now  sub- 1 
iected  to  tile  crown  of  Castile,  the  account  of  its  rise 
and  progress  merits  a  particular  detail. 

Kerdinand  Magalhaens.  or  .Magellan,  a  T'ortuguese 
gentleman  of  honorable  birth,  having  served  several 
years  In  the  East  Indies,  with  distmnuished  valor,  uii- 
d(i  the  faiuo  .s  Albinpieique,  demanded  the  recompense 
which  he  thought  due  to  his  services,  with  the  boldness 
natural  to  a  high  sjiirited  soldier.  Hut  as  his  general 
would  not  grant  his  suit,  and  he  expected  greater  jus- 
tice from  his  sovereign,  whom  ho  knew  lo  be  a  good 
t.dge  and  a  generous  rewarder  of  merit,  he  i|uitted  In- 
dia alruplly,  and  returned  to  I.isbon.  In  order  to  in- 
duce Kmaiiuel  to  listen  more  favorably  to  his  claim,  he 
not  only  stated  his  past  services,  but  oU'ered  to  add  lo 
them  by  conducting  r.is  coiintr>inen  to  the  Molucca  or 
Spice  Islands,  by  holding  a  westerly  course  ;  which  he 
contended  would  be  both  sliortcr  and  less  hazardous 
than  that  which  the  Portuguese  now  followed  by  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  through  the  immenie  extent  ol 
the  Eastern  Ocean,  'i'liis  was  tho  original  and  (avorite 
project  of  Columbus,  and  .Magellan  founded  his  hopes 
of  success  on  the  Ideas  of  that  great  navigator,  con- 
firmed by  many  observations,  the  result  of  his  own 
naval  experience,  as  well  as  that  of  his  country- 
men In  their  intercourse  with  the  East  Hut  though 
the  Portuguese  nioiiarchs  had  the  merit  of  having  first 
■wakened  and  encouraged  the  spirit  of  discovery  in 
that  age,  it  was  iheir  destiny,  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years,  to  reject  two  grand  schemes  for  this  purpose, 
the  execution  of  which  would  have  been  attended  with 
■  great  accession  of  glory  to  themselves,  and  of  power 
to  their  kingdom.  In  conseiiuence  of  some  111  founded 
prejudice  against  Magellan,  or  of  some  dark  intrigue 
which  contemporary  historians  have  not  explained, 
Emanuel  would  neither  bestow  the  recompense  which 
ho  claimed,  nor  approve  of  the  scheme  which  he  pro- 
posed ;  and  dismissed  him  with  a  disdainful  coldness 
intolerable  to  a  man  conscious  of  what  he  deserved, 
tnd  animated  with  the  sanguine  hopes  of  success  pe- 
culiar to  those  who  arc  capable  of  forming  or  of  con- 
ducting new  and  great  undertakings  In  a  transport  of 
resentment,  [1517)  Magellan  formally  renounced  his 
allegiance  to  an  ungratelul  master,  and  lied  to  the  court 
of  Castile,  where  he  expected  that  his  talents  would  be 
more  iuitly  estimated.  Ho  endeavored  lo  recommend 
himself  by  olferliig  to  execute,  under  the  patronage  of 
Spain,  that  scheme  which  he  ha<t  laid  before  the  court 
01  Portugal,  tho  accomplishment  of  which,  ho  knew, 
would  wound  tho  monarch  against  wlioni  be  was  exas- 
perated in  tho  most  tender  part.  In  order  to  eatablish 
tile  justness  of  his  theory,  lie  [iroduccd  tho  same  argu- 
ments which  he  had  employed  at  Lisbon  ;  acknowlcug- 
ing,  at  the  aaine  time,  that  the  undertaking  was  both 
arauoui  and  expensive,  as  It  could  not  be  attempted 
but  with  a  aquadroo  of  considerable  force,  and  vic- 


tualled for  at  least  two  years.  Purtunately,  lie  applied 
to  a  minister  who  was  not  ajit  lo  bo  deterred  eiilier  by 
the  boldness  of  a  design,  or  the  expense  of  carrying  it 
into  exeeution.  Cardinal  Xiinemis,  who  at  that  Un\e 
dirccteil  the  affairs  of  Spain,  discerning  at  once  what 
an  Increase  of  wealth  and  glory  woulil  accrue  to  his 
country  by  the  success  of  Magellan's  jiroposal,  listened 
to  It  with  a  most  favorable  ear.  f'liarlcs  V.,on  his  ar- 
rival in  his  Spanish  doiniiiioii.4,  entered  into  the  meusiire 
with  no  less  ardor,  and  orders  were  Issued  fur  eipiip- 
piiig  a  proper  sipiadron  at  tho  public  charge,  of  v\hich 
tho  command  was  given  to  Magellan,  whom  the  king 
honored  with  the  habit  of  St.  Jago  and  tho  title  of  Cap- 
tain general. 

On  the  tenth  of  August,  one  thousand  five  hundred 
and  nineteen,  Magellan  sailed  from  Seville  with  live 
ships,  which,  according  to  tho  ideas  of  the  age,  were 
deemed  to  he  of  considerable  force,  though  the  burden 
of  the  largest  did  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  twenty 
tons.  'I'lio  crews  of  the  whole  amounted  to  two  hun- 
dred and  thirty-four  men,  among  whom  were  some  of 
tho  most  skilful  jiilots  in  Sjiain,  and  several  Portuguese 
sailors.  In  whoso  experience,  as  more  extensive,  Ma- 
gellan placed  still  greater  confidence.  After  touching 
at  the  (.'uiiartes,  he  stood  directly  south  towards  the 
equinoctial  lino  along  the  coast  of  .America,  but  was  so 
lung  retarded  hy  tedious  calms,  and  sjient  so  much  tunc 
in  searching  every  bay  and  Inlet  for  ihatconununicalion 
with  the  .Soiitlierii  Ocean  v.'hicli  he  wished  to  discover, 
that  ho  did  not  reach  the  river  Ue  la  Plata  till  the 
twelfth  of  .laniiary,  [1,V.20  ]  That  spacious  opening 
lhruu;^h  which  its  vast  body  of  water  pours  Into  the  At- 
lantic allured  him  to  enter ;  but  after  sdillng  up  it  for 
soiiio  days,  he  cunctiided  from  the  Bhallowness  of  the 
stream  and  the  freshness  of  the  water,  that  ihe  wished- 
for  strait  was  not  situated  there,  and  continiied  his 
course  towards  the  south.  On  the  thirty-first  of  March 
he  arrived  in  the  Port  ol  St.  Julian,  about  forty-eight 
degrees  south  of  the  line,  where  he  resolved  to  winter. 
In  this  uncomfortablo  station  he  lust  one  of  his  sf^ua- 
droii ;  and  the  Spaniards  sutfered  so  much  fioni  the 
excessive  rigor  of  the  climate,  that  the  crtAvs  of  three 
of  his  ships,  headed  by  their  ollicira,  rose  in  open  mu- 
tiny, and  insisted  on  relinquishing  the  visionary  project 
of  a  desperate  adventurer,  and  returning  directly  to 
Spam.  This  daii>;erous  insurrection  Magellan  sup- 
pressed, hy  an  ellnrl  of  courage  no  less  prompt  than 
intrepid,  aiid  intlu'tcd  exemplary  punishment  on  the 
ringleaders.  With  tho  remainder  lif  his  followers, 
overawed  hut  not  reconciled  to  his  scheme,  he  con- 
tinued his  voyaj^e  towards  the  south,  and  at  length  dis- 
covered, near  the  lifty-ihird  degree  of  latitude,  the 
mouth  of  a  strait,  into  wliicli  lie  entered,  nutwilhsland- 
liig  tho  murmurs  and  renionstrances  of  the  people  un- 
der his  command.  After  sailing  twenty  days  ill  that 
winding  dangerous  channel,  to  wliich  he  gave  his  own 
name,  and  where  one  of  his  ships  descried  bun,  the 
great  ,Southcrn  Ocean  opened  to  his  view,  and  with 
tears  of  joy  he  returned  thanks  to  Heaven  for  having 
thus  far  crowned  his  endeavors  with  success. 

IJut  he  was  still  at  a  greater  distance  than  ho  ima- 
gined from  the  object  of  ins  wishes.  He  sailed  during 
three  months  and  twenty  days  in  a  uniform  directioi. 
towards  the  north-west  without  discovering  land,  'n 
this  voyage,  the  longest  that  had  ever  been  made  in  the 
unbounded  ocean,  he  stitlered  incredible  dislresf.  His 
stock  of  provisions  was  almost  exhausted,  the  water 
became  putrid,  the  men  were  reduced  to  the  shortest 
allowance  with  which  It  was  jiossible  to  sustain  life,  and 
the  scurvy,  the  most  dreadful  of  all  the  maladies  with 
which  sea-faring  iieojile  are  intlicted,  began  to  spread 
among  the  crow.  One  circumstance  alone  afforded 
them  some  consolation  ;  they  enjoyed  an  iininterrupled 
course  of  fair  weather,  with  such  favorable  winds  that 
Magellan  bestowed  on  that  ocean  the  naiiie  of  I'aci/ic, 
which  It  still  retains.  When  reduced  to  such  extre- 
mity that  they  must  have  sunk  under  their  siitforings, 
they  fell  in  with  a  cluster  of  small  but  fertile  Islands 
[March  6,]  which  afforded  them  rcfrcshmcnti  in  such 
abundance,  that  their  health  was  soon  re-cstahlishcd 
Eroin  these  isles,  which  ho  called  Vc  los  Ladivnes,  ho 
proceeded  on  his  voyage,  and  soon  made  a  more  im- 
portant discovery  of  the  Islands  now  known  by  tho 
name  of  the  l*ltilipi>ines.  In  one  of  these  he  gi-^t  Into 
an  unfortunate  quarrel  with  the  natives,  who  attacked 
him  with  a  numerous  body  of  troops  well  armed  ;  and 
while  he  fought  at  the  head  of  his  men  with  his  usual 
valor)  he  fell  [April  26]  by  the  hands  of  those  baiba- 
riana,  together  with  several  of  his  princl|ial  officers. 

The  ex|)cditlnn  waa  proaei:uted  under  other  coni- 
IQtndera.  After  visltlting  many  of  the  amaller  isles 
acattor^  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Indian  ocean,  they 


touched  at  the  great  Island  of  llorneo,  (Nov.  8]  anil 
at  length  landed  in  'I'ldore,  one  of  the  .Moleccas,  lothf 
aslonihliiiient  of  the  Portuiiuese,  who  could  not  com- 
pri'liend  how  the  Spaniards,  by  liohlmg  a  westerly 
course,  had  arrived  at  lliiil  siiiucslcMd  si  at  of  their 
most  valuible  coinineri  ",  winch  they  then  selves  had 
discovered  by  sailing  111  an  opposite  directioi.     'I'liero, 

and  in  the  adjacinl  isles,  the  Spaniard.s  lo I  a  piO|  li 

acquainted  with  the  benefits  of  exiensne  ir.de.  and 
willing  loopenan  intercourse  with  a  iic^v  naliim  Tliev 
took  in  a  cargo  of  the  precious  spicis,  wlinli  are  ilie 
dislinguished  production  of  then  islands  ;  and  with 
that,  as  well  as  with  speciiiie;inor  llie  rich  comniodillus 
I  yielded  by  the  other  countr.ts  Rhi.:h  they  had  visited, 
the  Virliinj,  wliich,  of  the  two  ships  that  remained  ol 
the  squadron,  was  most*  fit  for  u  long  voyage,  set  »ji| 
for  Europe,  [Jan.  1622]  under  the  coiumand  of  Juan 
Sebastian  del  Cano.  He  follov^ed  ll'e  course  of  the 
Portuguese,  hy  the  (^ajie  of  'joi-d  Hope,  and  after 
disasters  and  suirerlngs  he  arrivrd  at  St.  laicar  on  the 
seventh  of  .September,  one  tho'isand  five  liiindred  and 
seventy-two,  having  walled  round  the  globe  in  the  sjiaco 
of  three  years  and  twenty-eighl  days. 

Though  an  untimely  fate  deprived  .Magellan  of  the 
satisfaction  of  accomplishing  this  gnat  undertaking, 
his  contemporaries,  jusL  to  his  memory  and  talents, 
ascribed  to  him  not  only  the  honor  of  having  lurnied 
the  jilan,  hut  of  having  surmounted  almost  everv  ob- 
stacle, to  the  completion  of  it ;  and  in  the  |iresent  ugc 
his  name  la  still  ranktil  among  llie  highest  in  the  roll 
of  eminent  and  successful  navigators.  'I'he  naval 
glot  of  Spain  now  edqised  that  of  every  other  nation  ; 
and  by  a  singular  felicity  she  had  the  merit,  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years,  of  discovering  a  new  continent 
almost  as  large  as  that  jiurt  of  the  earth  which  was  for- 
merly known*,  and  of  ascertaining  hy  experience  the 
form  and  extent  of  the  whole  of  the  terraqueous  glohe. 

Tiie  Spaniards  were  not  satisfied  with  the  glorv  ot 
having  first  encoin|ia8sed  the  earth ;  they  expected  tj 
derive  great  commercial  advantages  from  tins  new  and 
holdest  effort  of  their  inaritiine  skill.  The  men  ol 
science  among  them  contended,  that  the  Spice  Islands, 
and  several  of  the  richest  countries  in  the  East,  were 
so  situated  as  to  belong  of  right  to  tho  crown  of  (J.is- 
tile,  in  conseiiueiice  of  the  partitions  made  by  .Mex- 
aiider  VI,  The  merchants,  without  attending  lo  llus 
discussion,  engaged  eagerly  in  that  lucrative  and  allur- 
ing commerce,  which  was  now  open  to  lliein.  The 
Portuguese,  alarmed  at  the  intrusion  of  such  hirmidahle 
rivals,  remonstrated  and  negotiated  In  Europe,  while 
in  .Asia,  'hey  obstructed  the  tratle  of  the  Spaniards  by 
force  of  arms.  Charles  V.,  not  siifliclently  instructed 
with  re^jiect  to  the  importance  of  this  valuable  br.inch 
of  commerce,  or  distracted  by  the  multiphcjty  of  his 
schemes  and  operations,  did  not  aflbrd  Ins  subjects 
jiroper  protection.  .\i  last,  the  low  state  of  his  finan- 
ces, exhausted  by  the  efforts  of  his  arms  in  every  fiart 
of  Euro[ie,  together  with  the  dread  of  adding  a  new 
war  with  Portugal  to  those  in  wliicii  he  was  already  en- 
gaged, induced  him  t'j  make  over  his  claim  of  the  .Mo- 
luccas to  tho  Portuguese  for  three  hundred  and  tilty 
thousand  ducats.  He  reserved,  however,  to  tiie  crown 
of  Castile  the  right  of  reviving  its  pretensions  on  re- 
payment of  that  sum  ;  hut  other  objects  engrossed  his 
attention  and  that  of  his  successors  ;  and  .Spam  was 
finally  excluded  from  a  branch  of  commerce  in  which 
it  was  engaging  with  sanguine  ex|)ectatioiis  of  profit. 

Though  the  trade  with  the  Moluccas  was  relm- 
quished,  the  voyage  of  Magellan  was  followed  by  com- 
mercial effects  of  great  moment  to  Spain.  Philip  H., 
Ill  the  year  one  thousand  live  hundred  and  sixty-four, 
reduced  those  islands  which  he  discovered  in  the  East- 
ern ocean  to  subjection,  and  established  setlleiuenls 
tlicc  ;  between  which  and  the  kingdom  of  New  Sjmin 
a  regular  intercourse,  the  nature  of  which  shall  be  ex- 
plained In  Its  proper  place.  Is  still  carried  on.  I  retiirii 
now  to  the  transactions  in  New  Spain. 

At  the  time  that  Cortes  was  acquiring  such  eitcn- 
sivo  territories  for  his  native  country,  and  preparing  the 
way  for  future  conquests,  it  was  his  singular  fate  not 
only  to  be  dcstltuto  of  any  commiaslon  or  authority 
from  tho  sovereign  whom  he  was  serving  with  such 
aucceasful  zeal,  but  to  be  regarded  as  an  undutiful  and 
seditious  subject.  Uy  the  Influciico  of  Kunseca,  Bishop 
of  Hiirgos,  his  conduct  In  assuming  the  government  of 
New  Spain  was  declared  to  bo  an  irregular  usurpation, 
in  contempt  of  the  royal  authority  ;  and  Christoval  di.* 
Tapla  received  a  commission,  empowering  lilm  t4> 
siHiersede  Cortes,  to  seize  his  person,  to  confiscate  his 
etlects,  to  make  a  strict  scrutiny  into  his  proceedings, 
and  to  transmit  the  result  of  all  the  Inquiries  carried  on 
in  Nbw  Spain  to  the  Council  of  the  liidica,  of  wl  icb 


rtt)UTH    AME  IlICA. 


135 


Utc   Biahup  of  Uur^OM  was  |trrsi(l(uit      A  few  weeks  | 
tfter  the   rcMlurtion  of  Mexico.  Tiipiii  laiuU'tl  ol  Vtru  I 
Cru7.  with  llie  royul  tnamliite  to  Htrip  lis  roiHinrror  ol  j 
hi»  jtower,  iiiid  Iri'iil  liitii  an  u  rnimiml.      IJul  !■ 'oiisec.i  I 
hud   oliiisL-ri  a  verv    iinproiHT  mslniriiurit  In  wicik  lii-« 
VPn;,'riiiK-i»   on  (*orl»'S      'I'iiina  li.u!  tieitlirr  llie  ri'|niti- 
tioii  nor  ihv  tiilciitt  that  himtil   lliu  hinli  coiniiiiinil  to 
winch  he  wiih  <i|ipointe(l      (.'orlcs,  while  he  juihiicly  ex- 
|)rl^Hl'(l    the    nio-i'    renpictfiil    vendraliuii  lor  tlin  cm- 
fH-nr**   Eiulhorily,  !»ecrelly  took  nieasuren  lo  i\vity<ii  llu; 
rtfcci  of  hiM  eonnnis?<ioii ;  anil  havini,' involved  Tiipiu 
and  hm  followers  in  a  nmltii'li'-itv  of  nefiolMitioiis  mid 
ronlL'retices,    in   whieh  he  Honietiinurt  hud  recoiirno  In 
tlireuH.    lull    nioru    freipiently    einployed    briheH    and 
promises,  he  ai  Imirlli  prevailed  upon  that  weak  man 
to  uliandon  »  provmee  wliieli  he  wuh  unworthy  ot  yo- 
veriMO'^. 

Hut  notwilhHtiiiuiint;  tlie  fortunate  dexterity  with 
which  he  had  ehidrd  ihiH  djii^er,  (fortes  wuh  »o  seiisi- 
lile  of  the  precarious  tenure  by  whicli  he  lield  liii* 
|)Ower,  that  lie  despatelud  depntie»  to  Sjmin  [May  ir>.] 
wiih  u  pompous  ii<.'count  of  the  success  of  hm  arms, 
with  lunher  fcpeciniens  of  the  prodiicliona  of  the  coun- 
try, and  Willi  rich  prescnis  to  (he  emperor,  as  llie  car- 
nest  of  future  contrihutiofiH  fiom  his  new  coiupiests  ; 
requesting',  in  recompense  for  all  Ins  services,  the  up- 
prohalioii  ef  liis  procet-din^H,  and  that  he  mi^ht  he  in- 
irusu-il  with  the  novermnent  of  those  dominions,  whidi 
his  conduct  and  the  valor  of  liis  followers  liatl  added 
to  the  crown  of  Castile.  The  juncture  in  winch  his 
deputies  readied  tlic  rourt  was  favoralile.  'I'lie  inter- 
nal commotions  in  Spain,  which  had  dis([uieled  the  he- 
jjmiiiiii;  of  CharlcHs  rei^ii,  were  just  appeased  'i'lie 
nnuistrrs  liad  Ici^^ure  to  turn  tlieir  allention  towards 
fon-isin  utVairs,  'I"he  account  of  Cortrs's  victories 
filled  ins  countrymen  with  admiration.  The  extent  and 
Valium  of  Ins  eonpiesis  became  llic  ohjcct  of  vast  and 
inleresiinii  hopes.  Whatever  stam  he  luii^ht  have  con- 
tracted. Iiv  tlie  irre;|ul.iriiv  of  the  steps  which  he  took 
in  order  to  aUaiii  power,  was  so  fully  ellaced  by  the 
splendor  and  merit  of  the  (freut  actions  wllieli  this  had 
enabled  him  lo  ptTl'orm,  that  every  heart  revolted  at  the 
tlioujihl  ol  nilb'-tiiii.' any  censure  on  a  man  whose  ser- 
vices entitled  liini  lo  the  ln»:l»'sl  marks  of  distinction. 
Vhe  public  voice  declared  warmly  in  favor  of  his  pre- 
tcusiens  ;  and  Charles,  arnvmir  in  >Spain  about  this 
I'uic.  H<ioj)li'd  lilt!  senlimenls  of  his  subjects  wi'!i  u 
)  luthful  ardor  Nolwithstandinij  the  claims  of  V'elas- 
Qti'V.,  aitd  till!  partial  represenlation^  of  the  iiisliop  of 
fJur^ros,  llic  emperor  afipomted  ('ortes  captani  ifetieral 
fill  1  povernor  of  New  .Spain,  judj.'in<;  ihat  no  person 
was  so  capable  of  maintaining  (lie  royal  authority,  or  of 
establishinir  pood  order  bulb  amuntr  liiti  Spanisli  and 
Indian  subjects,  as  tlic  victorious  leader  whuni  tlu^  for- 
mer had  tonir  been  accustomed  to  obey,  and  the  latter 
had  been  tau';ht  to  fear  and  to  respect. 

Kveii  before  his  jnrisdiclion  received  tbia  lepal  sauc- 
nri,  ('ortes  ventured  to  exercise  all  the  powers  of  a 
^ovei:.  r,  and,  by  various  arraiiuemcnls,  endeavored 
o  render  hi&  ccnouest  a  secure  and  lieiK-liiMal  acipMsi- 
tion  to  his  country.  Me  determined  to  establish  tin; 
seat  of  government  in  its  ancit  i.t  statian,  and  lo  raise 
Mexico  upain  from  its  ruins  ;  and  having  conceived 
hiph  ideas  concerimifj  the  future  grandeur  of  the  slate 
of  which  he  was  laying  the  foundation,  he  bewail  to  re- 
build Its  ca)iital  on  a  plan  wliicli  hath  gradually  funned 
the  most  magnificent  city  in  the  New  Wurld.  At  the 
same  time,  he  employed  skilful  jiersons  to  search  for 
mines,  in  dilVerent  parts  of  the  countrv,  and  opened 
some  which  were  found  (o  be  richer  than  any  which 
the  Spaniards  bad  biilierlo  discovered  in  America 
He  detached  his  principal  oti'icers  into  the  remote  pro- 
vinces, and  cncouraped  (hem  to  settle  there,  not  onlv 
'^  bestowing  npom  them  larpe  tracts  of  land,  but  by 
^lantinp  them  the  same  dominion  over  the  Indians,  and 
the  same  riyht  to  their  service,  which  the  Spaniards 
had  assumed  in  the  islands. 

If.  was  not  however,  wiihont  diiricnlty  that  the  Mexi- 
can empire  could  be  enlirely  reduced  into  ihe  form  of 
a  Spanish  colony.  Kiiraped  and  rendered  desperate  bv 
oppression,  the  natives  olicn  forpot  the  superionlv  of 
their  enemies,  and  ran  to  arms  in  defence  of  their 
liberties.  In  every  contest,  however,  the  Kuropean 
valor  and  discipline  prevailed.  IJut  fatally  for  the  lio- 
tior  of  their  country,  the  Spaniards  sullied  the  ylory  re- 
dounding from  these  re^)eated  victories  by  their  mode 
of  trealinir  the  vanciuished  people.  After  takmji  Cuati- 
mozin,  and  becomintr  masters  of  his  cajiitnl.  they  sup- 
Doied  (httt  the  kiiiij;  of  Castile  entered  on  possessio.i  of 
ttll  the  rights  of  (he  captive  monarch,  and  ajVected  to 
lonaider  every  elfort  of  the  Mexirutitf  to  assert  their 
mm  independence,  as  thu  rebellion  of  vassals  against 


their  Hovereiun,  or  the    mutiny  of  slaves  nirainst  thrir  j  stations  in    vnriout*  departments  of  piibbo  busineris  ut 
master.     I^ider  the  ttaneiion  of  those  ill  founded  max-    Madrid,  (vere  f>o  much  elevated  with  (heir  promotion, 
(hey  violated  every  ri^liUliat  should  be  held  sacred  ^  that  ihry  thmiirht  they  were  called  to  ae(  n  part  of  the 


belwe(>n  hostile  nalions.  Alter  each  msnrrecliou,  ihev 
reduced  the  common  people,  in  the  provi?u-es  which 
they  Mibdui'd,  lo  the  most  huiiiibalin^  of  all  conditions, 
thai  of  perhonal  servitude.  Then  ilnefs,  supposed  lo 
be  more  criminal,  were  punished  with  prealer  t*everily. 
and  put  to  death  in  the  most  iiinoimmous  or  the  moKt 
excru'-ialinp  mode  that  (he  m.^olence  or  (he  cruelty  of 
their  cornpierors  could  devi.se.  In  almost  every  dislrict 
of  ihd  Mexican  empire,  the  proprej^s  of  the  Spanifli 
arms  is  marked  with  blood,  and  with  deeds  so  atrocious 
as  disgrace  the  cntcrprismi;  valor  that  conducted  them 


(ir»t  couseipiciice  Hut  beiny  at'cuistomed  tj  (hi- 
minute  lonnalities  of  ollice,  and  bavuii;  contracted  the 
imrr()W  uleas  suited  to  the  sphere  in  whu-h  lliey  had 
hiHierto  moved,  they  uere  a.oUiniHbed  on  Hrnvintr  in 
Mexico  [UVJ-l],  Hi  llie  hinli  HuUioriiy  whirh  Cortes  ex- 
ercised, and  could  not  conceive  that  the  mode  of  udmi- 
mstraiion,  in  a  country  recentiv  subdued  and  Mettled, 
must  be  dillerent  from  what  took  place  m  one  where 
Iranipiillity  aiut  regular  government  hud  bet  it  loiipes'a- 
blished.  In  ibeir  letters,  they  represented  Cortefr  as 
an  Hmbilions  (yraii(,  who.  havinir  usurped  a  jurisdiction 


tosncce*H.  lu  the  ctnmtry  of  I'amico,  sixty  cazupies  '  superior  lo  law,  aspired  at  independence,  and.  bv  his 
or  leaders,  and  four  hundred  nobles  were  burnt  ni  one  .  exorbitant  wi-alih  and  i  xtensive  inttuence,  mii.d it  ac- 
complish those  di.>loyul  schemes  which  he  apparently 
meditated.  These  nismua(ion:i  maile  such  deep  im- 
pression  upon  (he  Spanish  niiiiislers  moil  of  whom  had 
been  formed  lo  biisinesH  under  (he  paloiis  and  rinid  ad* 
ministration  of  Ferdinand,  that  Liiuiindl'iil  of  all  (  ortes's 
past  services,  and  reparilless  of  v\lial  hi'  was  (hen  auf- 
lermj,'  in  conductini,'  that  extraordinary  expedition,  in 
wliicli  be  advanced  from  (he  lake  of  Mexico  to  the 
western  extremities  of  Honduras,  [l*li]  they  infused 
lilt;  saint!  suspicions  mlo  the  minds  of  their  master,  and 
prevailed  on  liiin  to  t)rtier  a  solemn  incpieKi  to  be  made 
into  his  contlnct  [I.Vjr)],  uiili  powers  to  the  licentialc 
I'once  de    I.con,  intrusted    with  thai  commission,  to 


time.  Nor  was  this  shoekmir  liarl'anly  perpetrated 
any  sudden  sally  of  rape,  or  by  a  comin.nider  of  iiderior 
iiole.  it  was  the  a.;t  of Saniloval,  an  oHieer  whose  name 
IS  entitled  to  the  second  rank  in  the  annals  of  New 
Spam,  and  execiiteil  after  a  solemn  consultation  with 
Cortes;  and  to  complete  the  horror  of  the  scene,  the 
f  hildren  untl  relations  of  thtt  wretched  victims  were  as 
sembled,  and  compelled  to  be  spectators  of  their  dyin<; 
anunitis.  Ii  seems  hardly  possible  to  exceed  in  horror 
tins  dreadful  example  of  severity  ;  but  it  was  followt'd 
by  another,  which  atfeeicd  tlio  Mexicans  still  more 
sensibly,  as  it  yave  them  a  most  feeling  proof  of  Uieir 
own  df!^rnnla(ion,  and  of  the   small  repard  which  their 


hauplity   maslers  retained  for  the  ancient  dipuity  and    seize  his  person,  if  he  should  CwaI  thut  expedient,  and 


s[deudor  of  their  stale.  lh\  a  slight  suspicion,  con 
lirined  by  very  imperfect  evidence,  thai  Ciualimozm  had 
formed  a  scheme  to  shake  olf  the  yoke,  and  to  excite 
Ins  former  subjects  to  takt;  arms,  Cortes,  without  tlie 
fonnjlity  of  a  trial,  ordered  the  unhapjiy  monarch,  to- 
gether w  ih  the  cazupies  of  Te/euro  and  Taciiba,  the 
iwo  persons  of  greatest  eminence  in  the  empire,  to  be 
handed  ;  ami  the  Mexicans,  with  astonishment  and 
horror,  hehi-hl  this  disirracjful  punishment  inlbclod  upon 
[)  -rsins  to  whom  the/  wtre  accusioinol  to  look  up 
with  reverence  liartUy  inferior  to  that  which  they  paid 
to  the  i,mds  themselves.  [\'Z'i]  The  example  of  (.Tories 
and  bis  princi|iai  otlicers  encouraged  untl  justified  per 


send  him  prisoner  (o  Spain. 

The  sufideii  dea(h  of  I'once  de  Leon,  a  few  days 

af(et  his  arrival  in  Nt^w  Spam,  prevented  the  execution 
of  (his  commission.  i)ut  as  the  objtct  of  his  uppouu- 
ment  was  known,  the  mind  of  <  'ortes  was  deeply  wound- 
ed with  tins  nnexpecttd  return  for  strvices  whicii  far 
e;<ceeded  whatever  any  snbject  of  Spam  had  rcmbred 
(o  his  sovereign.  He  endeavored,  however,  (o  main 
lam  bis  stalion,  and  to  recover  the  conlidence  of  tin- 
court,  llul  every  person  in  ollice,  who  had  arriveU 
from  Spain  smct;  the  eonipiest,  was  a  spy  upon  his  con- 
duct, and  with  malicious  ingenuity  ^Mvt-  an  unlavorablt; 
i  representation  of  all  his  actions.     Tlie  apjirelu  nsioiis 


sons  of  subordnate  rank  to  venture  upon  commiUint,'  of  ('liarles  and  liif  ministers  incr<a>eil      A  new  com- 

^reater   excesses.     Nniio  d"  (luzman,    in   particular,  mission  of  int[mry  was  issued  [15'^H],  with  more  ex* 

stained  an  illustrious  nam<    hv  deeds  of  peculiar  enor-  tensive  powers,  and  various  precatilions  were  taken  in 

mttv  and  ri<^or,  in  various  e.\|it  ditions  which  he  con-  order  to  prevent  or  to  pnni»li    him,  if  he  shoutil  bt  hq 

ducted.  presumptuous    as    lo   attempt   what   was   inconsistent 


One  circumstance,  however,  saved  the  Mexicans 
from  further  consumption,  perhaps  from  as  complete  as 
(hat  which  had  depopulated  the  islands.  The  Hrst  con- 
ipierors  did  not  attemjit  to  search  for  the  precious 
nietah  m  the  bowels  of  tlie  earth.  They  were  neither  suf- 
ficiently wealthy  to  carry  on  the  expensive  works  which 
are  rctpiisitc  for  opening  those  deeji  recesses  where 
nature  has  concealed  the  veins  of  jjold  and  silver,  nor 
sultlciently  skilful  to  perform  the  ir.^enious  operations 
by  which  those  precious  metals  are  separated  from  their 
respective  ores  They  were  satisfied  with  the  more 
simple  melliotl.  practised  by  tht;  Indians,  of  washing 
the  earth  earned  down  rivers  and  torrents  from  the 
mountains,  undcollectinir  ihe  grains  of  native  metal  de- 
posiietl  (here.  The  rich  mines  of  New  Spain,  which 
have  poured  forth  (heir  treasures  with  such  profusion 


with  (he  fidelity  of  a  subject.  Cortes  beheld  the  ajn 
proaclnn^  crisis  of  his  fortune  with  all  the  violent  emo- 
tions natural  to  a  haughty  nuiid  conscious  of  hi^'h  de- 
sert, and  receivinj.'  unworthy  treatnuuit.  Hut  thoiitrh 
some  of  his  desperate  followers  ur^ed  him  to  assert  his 
own  ri<rhts  against  bis  ungrateful  country,  and  with  a 
boltl  hind  to  seize  ll:at  power  which  tht;  courtiers  mean- 
ly accused  him  of  coveiinjr.  he  retained  such  self-com- 
mand, or  was  actuated  with  such  sentiments  ot  lovalty, 
as  to  reject  their  dangerous  counsels,  aiitl  tu  choose 
the  only  courfse  in  which  he  could  secure  his  own  dig- 
nity, without  departing  from  his  duly.  !le  resolved 
not  lo  expt>se  himself  to  th"  ignominy  of  a  tnal  in  thai 
countrv  which  hud  been  tht'  m'vuv.  of  Ins  triumphs;  but, 
without  wailiuiT  for  the  arrival  of  his  jud^'es,  to  repair 
tlirecllv  lo  (!^astile,  aiitl  cummit  himself  and  his  causo 


on  every  cpiarter  of  the  <^lobe.  were  not  discovered  for    lo  the  justice  and  yenerosity  of  his  novereign. 


several  yrxi-'  after  the  contpiest  IJy  that  time  f  15.')2J, 
A:c  ].  a  more  orderly  t;overnineiit  and  police  were  in- 
trodiicetl  into  the  ctiltmv  ;  ex|ierience,  derived  from 
foniirr  eriois,  bad  suiiLTesled  many  useful  and  humane 
reiiulatiuns  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  the 
Indians;  and  though  it  then  became  necessary  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  those  luuployed  in  the  mines,  and 
they  were  ent^agetl  in  a  species  of  labor  more  pernicious 
to  the  human  constiliit  ion,  they  sulfered  less  hanlship 
or  dimiuulion  than  from  the  ill  jndifed,  but  less  exten- 
sive, schemes  of  the  first  conquerors. 

^^'hlle  It  was  ihe  lot  of  thu  Indians  to  Suffer,  their 
new  masters  seemed  not  to  have  derived  any  consider- 
able wealth  from  their  ill  conducted  researches.  Ac- 
cording to  the  usual  fate  of  firsl  settlers  in  new  colonies, 
It  was  their  lot  to  encounter  danger  and  to  strug'jlc 
with  ditliculties  ;  the  fruits  of  (heir  victories  and  toils 
were  re.'served  for  times  of  trantpiillity,  and  reaped  by 
successors  of  great  intlustrv,  but  of  inferior  merit.  The 
early  historians  of  America  abound  with  accounts  of 
the  sutfi  ring^  and  of  the  |)overly  of  its  conipierors.  In 
New  Spain,  their  condition  was  rendered  more  grievous 
liy  a  peculiar  arrangement.  When  (-'harles  V.  advanced 
Cortes  to  the  govcrnme-nt  of  that  country,  he  a(  the 
samu  time  appointed  certain  commissioners  to  receive 
and  administer  (he  royal  revenue  there,  with  independ- 
ent jurisdiction.     These   men,   chosen   from  inferior 


Cortes  ajipeared  m  his  native  country  with  the  splen- 
dour (hat  suited  the  contpieror  of  a  mighty  kingdom. 
He  brought  with  liiin  a  great  part  of  his  wealth,  many 
jewels  and  ornaments  of  great  value,  several  curious 
productions  of«the  country,  [Vi\]  and  was  attended  by 
some  Mexicans  of  the  first  rank,  us  well  as  by  the  most 
considerable  of  his  own  ollicers.  His  arrival  in  Spain 
removed  at  once  every  suspicion  and  fear  that  had  been 
entertained  with  respect  to  his  intentions.  The  em- 
peror, having  now  nothing  to  aj»prt'bend  from  the  de- 
signs of  (fortes,  received  him  like  a  person  whom  con 
scionsness  of  his  own  innocence  had  brought  into  iho 
presence  of  his  master,  and  who  was  entitled,  by  the 
eminence  of  his  servic<;s.  to  the  hiiihest  murks  of  dis- 
tinction and  respect.  'I'he  order  of  St.  Jago,  the  title 
of  MartpiiK  del  V'alle  de  (Juaxuca,  the  grant  of  an  am 
pie  territ.iry  in  New  Spain,  were  successively  l^eslowed 
upon  him  ;  and  as  his  manners  were  correct  and  ele- 
gant, although  lie  had  passed  'he  greater  part  of  his  bf*« 
ameng  rough  adventurt^rs,  the  emperor  admitted  him  in 
th*  same  familiar  intercourse  with  himself,  (hal  was 
o'ljoyed  by  noblemen  of  (he  first  rank. 

IJnt,  amidst  those  external  proofs  of  regard,  symp- 
toms of  remaining  distrust  appeared.  Though  Corto«» 
earnestly  solicited  to  be  reinstated  in  the  governmen* 
of  New  Spain,  Charh^s,  too  sagacious  to  commit  surb 
an  important  charge  to  a  man  whom  he  had  ooce  eu« 


'!i 


186 

pfctetl.  peremntorily  rcfiiiod  to  invcit  him  $sn\n  wiih 

{wwcm  which  no  miizht  liiMl  it  iii)|>0)«Hili|«'  to  rnn'rol. 
*ort(>n,  thouijh  tli^iiitin)  with  nnw  lilh-^.  rt  iiinii'tt  lo 
Mexico  [in:M>],  vviih  diniiiiiAiit'i)  .lutlionty.  Th"  nuh- 
Ury  tlr|mrtim  iil.  with  powrrft  Id  utti'iii|>l  iirw  ihMCn- 
Tf-ricit.  MiiH  It'lt  111  hit  hiimlx  ;  hut  the  Mipninr  (hnrtioti 
of  civil  iilhiirs  v,nn  i^lurid  in  a  hoiirtl  i.illitl  'I'fn  Att- 
fiunfr  (if  i\rtr  Sfiant.  At  a  HiiliHi'ijiii'tit  |h  runl.  when, 
upon  the  ii.iTCrtWp  of  ihr  rohniv.  thtM-xcrtioti  ot  aiilhonlv 
more  iiniitMl  aiitl  extensive  hiiMine  neci  !*Niirv,  Antofiio 
dc  M<  iiih>/».  a  nohh'inun  ol  hi^h  nnk.  wnn  sent  IhiMur 
M  Vitrri'if,  l<i  lake  ihd  governnieiil  tnlu  liin  hands. 

Thm  diviBion  ol  power  in  New  S|iuiii  proved,  ii«  wan 
linavoidahh-,  (hi  Ninirce  of  perp<  tunl  diMMiiMiun,  which 
imhillered  ihn  .ife  of  Curleii,  and  thwarted  all  hm 
ftcheinrN.  An  ho  liad  now  no  opportuiiily  to  diHplnv 
hlN  active  tatcntfl  hut  in  atleinptin^  new  diNcoverieM,  he 
forineil  vuious  HchemcN  for  thjt  purpose,  ntl  ol  which 
bear  imprettniont*  of  a  yeiiiuii  that  dehiilitcil  in  what  wa» 
liold  and  Hph'iidid.  He  early  c  nlertiiined  >ni  idea,  tlial, 
either  hy  hteeriiif;  through  the  (iiilf  of  I-'Ionda  ahniji  tlie 
past  coast  of  North  Aiiiericu,  sonin  strait  would  lie 
found  ihiit  coiiiiininieHteJ  with  the  western  ocean  ;  ur 
that,  hy  exiiiiiinin^  the  islhnniH  uf  Uarien.  lonie  passage 
wouul  he  disco\ercd  lietween  the  North  and  South 
Sea«.  But  havln^  heeii  disappointed  in  hm  expecta- 
tiAHS  with  respect  lo  hotli.  he  now  contimd  tiis  views 
to  uiieli  voyajjcH  of  discovery  ns  he  could  make  from 
the  jHirtif  of  New  Spam  in  the  South  Sea.  There  he 
fitted  out  sufcessively  several  Min.dl  dipiadrons,  which 
either  jierished  in  the  attempt,  or  ri'luriied  without 
making;  any  discovery  of  moment.  Cortes,  weary  of 
iniruHtinjr  ihr  conduct  of  his  operations  to  others,  look 
the  command  of  a  new  nrniament  in  person  [ir>:JBJ  ; 
and,  after  enduriiif;  incredihle  hardships,  and  encouii- 
terinj»  dan^'era  of  every  species,  he  discovered  the  iarye 
peninsula  of  raliforeiia,  and  surveyed  the  (rrealer  part 
of  the  gulf  which  separates  it  from  New  Spain.  The 
discovery  of  a  country  of  such  extent  would  have  re- 
flected credit  on  a  common  adventurer  ;  hut  it  couhl 
add  little  new  honor  to  the  r.'>uie  of  Cortes,  am\  was 
far  from  satisfying  the  simguine  expectations  which  he 
had  tbrined.  Disgusted  with  ill  succe.-*^,  lo  which  he 
bad  not  been  accustomed,  and  weary  of  contesting  with 
adversaries  to  whom  he  considered  it  as  a  disgrace  to 
be  opposed,  he  once  more  sought  for  redress  in  his  na- 
tive country  [IfilO]. 

But  his  reception  there  was  very  different  from  that 
whi(h  gratitude,  and  even  decency,  ought  lo  have  se- 
cured for  him.  The  merit  of  his  ancient  exploits  was 
ftlready,  in  a  great  measure,  forgotten  or  eclipsed  hy 
iho  fam«  of  recent  and  fiiore  valuahle  conquests  in 
another  (|uarter  of  AmeruM  No  service  of  moment 
was  now  expected  from  a  man  of  declining  years,  and 
who  began  to  he  unfortunate.  The  emperor  behaved 
to  hirn  with  cold  civility  ;  hi.i  ministers  treated  him 
aometimcs  with  neijlect,  sometimes  with  insolence. 
His  grievances  received  no  redress  ;  his  claims  were 
urged  without  elfect  ;  and  after  several  years  spent  in 
fruitless  application  to  ministers  and  judges,  an  occu- 
pation the  most  irksome  and  mortifying  to  a  man  of 
nigh  spirit,  who  had  moved  in  a  sphere  wher"  he 
was  more  accustonud  to  command  than  to  solicit. 
Coites  ended  his  day*  on  the  scond  of  December,  one 
thousand  five  hundred  a:id  forty-seven,  in  thn  sixty- 
second  year  of  his  age  His  fate  was  llie  same  witli 
that  of  all  the  persons  who  distinyuished  themselves  in 
the  discovery  or  compiest  of  the  New  World.  Knvied 
by  his  contemporaries,  and  ill  requited  by  the  court 
which  he  served,  he  has  been  adinircd^nd  celebrated 
by  succeeding  ages.  Which  has  formed  the  most  jusi 
estimate  of  his  character,  an  impartial  consideration  of 
his  actions  must  determine. 


BOOK    VI. 

History  of  the  con^pieit  of  Peru  liy  Pizarro  and  of  the  dis- 
seiiRions  iimieivul  wars  of  the  Spaniards  in  that  country— 
OriKin,  pn)i;rcss,aii>i  effHrts  of  these. 

1523.]  Fro.m  the  time  that  Nugnez  de  Balboa  dis- 
covered the  great  Southern  Ocean,  and  received  the 
firfit  obscure  hints  concerning  the  opulent  countries  with 
which  it  might  open  a  communication,  the  wishes  and 
tchemes  of  every  enterprising  person  in  the  colonies  of 
Darien  and  Panama  were  turned  towards  the  wealth  of 
those  unknown  regions.  In  an  age  when  the  spirit  of 
■d venture  was  so  ardent  and  vigorous,  that  large  for- 
tunes wer^  wasted,  and  tlje  most  alarming  dangers 
braved,  in  pursuit  of  discoveries  merely  jwasible*  the 
faintest  ray  of  hope  was  followed  with  sn  eager  expec- 
tation, and  the  slightest  information  was  aulficient  to 
inspire  such  perfect  confidence  as  conducted  men  to 
the  most  arduous  undertakings.  [125J 


HOUKRTMONS    HISTORY    oF 

Accordingly,  several  armaments  wi^re  fitted  out  in 
order  lo  exploie  and  take  pOBSis.iion  of  the  countries  to 
llie  c.i>t  til  I'aiiiima,  bil  uiuler  the  cofiduci  of  leadiTs 
\\tior>L-  tiderils  and  resources  were  une(|Uul  to  Ihe  at^ 
tempi.  As  llie  r.\cursioiin  uf  those  .idvt'iilurers  di<l  nut 
exleiitl  be\otid  the  limils  ot  the  province  to  whii-li  llie 
Spaniards  have  nwvu  Ihe  name  uf  Tierru  Kirnii-.  u 
iiioiintaintius  region  cum  red  wilh  woods,  lliiiily  inlia- 
biltd,  and  rxireni<lv  unheallliy,  Ihcy  rehirncd  with  dis- 
rn.d  accounts  ioncirninu  the  ilif«tri  sscn  in  vsliub  they 
hatl  been  eiposed,  and  ihi'  unpromising  a.<pect  of  ilir 
pU<  ( •<  which  they  had  visited  Damped  by  ilieM- lid- 
nigs,  the  ragt>  for  discovery  in  that  direction  abated  ; 
and  It  became  the  gener.il  opinion  that  Dalboa  bail 
founded  visionary  hopes,  on  the  lule  of  an  ignorant  In- 
dian, ill  iinderstooil,  or  calculated  to  deceive 

I5t24.j  Hut  there  were  ibree  persons  settled  m  Pa- 
nama, on  whom  the  circumstauces  wliieh  deterred  otlwrs 
made  so  little  impression,  tluit,  at  the  very  moment 
when  all  considered  Ilalbim's  e.'cpcctatioim  of  discover- 
ing a  rich  rouulry,  by  htecrinu  inwards  tlu'  east,  iischi- 
mi'rical,  they  resolved  lo  attempt  iho  execution  of  his 
si-heme.  'i'lie  namesof  those  extraordinary  men  were 
rr:innsco  I'l/arro,  Diego  de  .\lmagro.  and  liernandu 
huipie.  I'lZarro  was  the  natural  sou  of  a  gentleman  of 
an  honorable  family  by  a  very  low  woman,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  cruel  late  whicli  often  ultendi  the  otrHprin^r 
of  unlawful  love,  had  been  so  totally  neglected  in  bis 
youih  by  the  author  of  his  birlh,  ii.M  he  seems  to  hav{' 
destined  him  never  to  rise  bevond  th'j  condition  of  bis 
mother.  In  consetiuencu  of  this  -.ingeiu-rous  idea,  he 
set  him,  when  boniering  on  manliood,  to  keep  boirs. 
Hut  the  aspiring  mind  of  young  Pi/arro  disdaining  that 
Ignoble  occupation,  be  abruptly  aliandoned  his  ch.irge, 
enlisted  as  a  soldier,  and  after  serving  muuv  years  in 
Italy,  embarked  foi  Anuricn,  wbub,  hy  opemng  such  a 
i)oundleas  raiiije  lo  active  talents,  .illured  everv  adven- 
turer whose  fortune  was  not  equal  to  bis  ambitious 
thmighls.  'i'herc  I'lzarro  earlv  distinguished  himself. 
With  a  temper  of  mind  no  less  daring  than  the  consti- 
tution of  his  body  wa;*  robust,  be  was  foremost  in  every 
danger,  patient  under  the  greatest  hardships,  and  unsub- 
dued by  any  fatigue.  Though  so  illiterate  that  be  could 
not  even  read,  tie  was  soon  considered  as  a  man  formed 
to  command.  Kvery  operation  committed  to  hiu  con- 
duct proved  successful,  as,  hy  a  luipjiy  hut  rare  con- 
junction, be  united  perseveranco  with  ardur,  and  was 
as  cautious  in  e.ieculing  as  ho  was  i'old  in  forming  hi.i 
plans.  Hy  engaging  earlv  in  active  life,  without  any 
resource  but  his  own  talents  and  industry,  and  by  dc;- 
pending  on  himseif  alone  in  his  struggles  to  emerge 
from  obscurity,  he  acquired  such  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  affairs,  and  of  men,  that  he  was  lilted  to  assume  a 
superior  part  in  conducting  the  former,  and  in  govern- 
ing the  latter. 

Almagro  bad  as  little  to  boast  of  his  descent  as  Pi- 
zarro. The  one  was  a  liaslard,  the  oilier  a  foundling. 
Hred,  like  his  companion,  in  the  camp,  he  yielded  not 
to  him  in  any  of  the  soldierly  qualities  of  intrepid  valor, 
indefatigahte  activity,  or  iriMinnountable  constancy  in 
enduring  the  hardships  inseparable  from  military  service 
in  the  New  World.  Hut  in  .Minagro  tiiese  virtues 
were  accompanied  with  the  openness,  generosity,  and 
candor,  natural  to  nun  whose  profession  is  arms  ;  in 
Pizarro,  they  were  unileil  with  the  address,  the  craft. 
and  the  dissimulation  of  a  politician,  with  the  art  of 
concealing  bis  own  jiurposes.  iiiid  with  sagacity  to  pene- 
trate into  tliose  of  other  men. 

Ilirnando  de  Luque  was  an  ecclesiastic,  who  acted 
both  as  priest  and  schuoliiiaster  at  Panama,  and,  by 
Uicans  winch  the  contemporary  writers  have  not  de- 
scribed, had  amassed  riches  that  inspired  him  with 
thoughts  of  rising  to  greater  eminence. 

Such  were  tlie  men  destined  to  overturn  one  of  the 
most  extensive  empires  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Their 
confederacy  for  this  purpose  was  authorized  by  Pedra- 
rias,  the  governor  of  Panama.  Kach  engaged  to  em- 
ploy his  whole  fortune  in  the  adventure.  I'izarro,  the 
least  wealthy  of  the  three,  as  he  could  not  throw  so 
large  a  sum  as  his  associates  into  the  common  stock,' 
engaged  to  lake  the  department  of  greatest  fatigue  and 
danger,  and  to  command  in  person  the  armament  which 
was  to  go  first  upon  discovery.  Almagro  offered  to 
conduct  the  supplies  of  provisions  and  reinforcements 
of  troops,  of  which  Pizarro  niiglit  stand  in  need.  Luquc 
was  to  remain  at  Panama  to  negotiate  with  the  go- 
vernor, and  superintend  whatever  was  carrying  on  for 
the  general  inti-rest.  As  the  spirit  of  enthueiasin  uni- 
formly accompanied  that  of  adventure  in  the  New 
World,  and  by  that  slrange  union  both  acquired  an 
increase  of  force,  this  confederacy,  formed  by  ambition 
and  avarice«  was  confirmed  by  the  most  solemn  act  of 


religion.  Luqtie  celobra'ed  mast,  di\  ided  a  eon!*rrru(Ml 
himi  into  thn-i-.  and,  reMirving  one  pari  lo  bimscti,  gavf> 
the  Milur  irtu  lo  liH  :i..Mici.ilit,  dI  wbub  ihc  v  partook  ; 
and  thus,  in  ibe  iiamu  iii  the  Pnnce  uf  Piace,  laiiliid 
a  (  onirael  uf  which  plunder  and  hhiudshed  wvrv  the  oh- 

'III*-  attempt  was  be^fun  willi  a  force  m  tre  suited  to 
the  buinhle  condition  ol  the  ihrec  an»o*  uics  iiiau  lo  the 
i;reatiies.t  ot  llic  eiiler|irisr  m  which  (litv  were  eM<«ii;;i'd. 
Pr/arro  st  t  sail  Iroiu  Panauii  I.Nov  llj,  wiili  a  -•nnjle 
vessel  of  small  burden  and  a  huinlrtd  and  twthe  umii. 
Hut  lit  that  age,  so  liith*  weri'  the  ^p(nJl^|l  tirqiunnlt-d 
'  'ii  tile  peculiarillesdf  the  ctimale  in  Ainerira,  that  thtf 
tune  which  Pi/arruchose  lor  bisdep.iriuTr  was  iIm-  ino.^t 
improper  in  the  whoh'yoar ;  the  pi nodu'al  wimls,  winch 
weri'  then  set  in,  hemg  directly  adver^e  to  the  courso 
whiclt  he  propoMcd  to  steer  Afier  biMitini;  about  tor 
ne\enty  days,  with  much  danu*')'  and  lucessanl  l.iligue, 
i'tzarro's  progress  towards  the  ^outll-tMst  \\,m  not 
greater  than  whal  a  skil>ul  navigaiiu' will  now  make  in 
as  many  hours  He  touclnd  at  siMral  places  on  llii* 
coast  of  Tierra  rirme,  bul  found  i  very  wlure  ibe  siiiie 
uninviting  country  which  former  adveuinrers  had  de- 
scnhed  ;  the  low  ground.^  i-onyeried  into  swamps  bv  al 
overllowing  of  riwrs  ;  the  IuhIh  r,  co\rrrd  with  im 
|iervious  woods;  few  iiihabit:ints.  .md  those  fierce  and 
iioslde.  Famine,  fatigue,  frei|ueiit  ren<'ounters  will) 
tlie  natives,  and,  above  all,  the  distempers  of  a  innisi, 
sultry  climate,  combined  in  wasting  his  sleiMbr  l>aiid 
of  hdluwera.  [ir)«'5J  llic  undaunted  resolution  of 
their  leader  continued,  howtver,  for  some  time,  lo  sufc* 
lain  their  spirits,  allboiiub  no  sign  bad  ytt  app<-ared  of 
discovering  ihost-  golden  regions  to  wbieb  he  bad  prvc 
mised  to  conduct  ibeni.  .\l  length  he  was  obliL't'd  tJ 
abandon  that  inhospitable  coast,  and  retire  to  ( 'huchama, 
opposite  to  Ihe  pearl  islands,  wbcie  be  hoped  t  j  re- 
ceive a  supply  of  provisions  and  troops  from    Panama. 

Hut  Almagro,  having  sailed  Iron)  thai  port  with 
seventy  nu'ii,  fttuud  directly  towards  that  part  of  tlio 
eontiuent  where  he  hoped  lo  meet  with  bis  af«.'«ot  later. 
Not  linding  Ihein  there,  be  lauded  bis  soldiers,  who,  in 
searching  for  their  coinpaniotis,  uiitlerwent  the  sa'ne 
distresses,  and  were  e.\poscd  to  the  same  dangers, 
wbicli  had  driven  them  out  of  the  country  Uepulsed 
at  liMigtli  by  the  Indians  in  a  sliarp  conihcl,  in  wlitcli 
their  leader  lost  one  of  his  eyes  by  tin*  wound  of  an 
arrow,  they  likewise  were  compelled  lo  re-endiark. 
('hancc  led  llietn  to  tlio  place  of  I'izarro's  retreat, 
wliere  they  found  some  consolaiioji  in  recouniuiii  to 
each  other  their  adventures,  and  t  (uiiparing  their  .iiitter- 
ings.  As  Almagro  had  advanced  as  far  as  ibe  river 
St.  Juan  [June  24,]  in  the  province  of  Po[>ayan,  where 
both  the  country  and  mlialulants  appeared  with  a  more 
promising  aspect,  llut  dawn  of  brtler  htrluiu'  was  siif- 
licient  to  determine  su.  W  sanguine  projectors  not  to 
abandon  their  scheme,  noUMlhstaiiding  all  that  iluy  bad 
sulfered  in  prosecuting  H    [1-0] 

1520  ]  Almagro  repaired  to  Panama  in  hopes  of  re- 
cruiting thfir  shattered  troops,  Hut  what  bn  and 
Pizarro  had  sulfered  gave  bis  coiuilrymen  such  an  un- 
lavoiahlc  idea  of  the  service,  that  it  was  wilh  ditlicully 
he  could  levy  fourscore  men.  I'.'eldf  as  tins  remforce. 
ment  was.  Alfnagro  took  the  comtii.UHt  of  it,  and,  liav 
iiig  joined  Pizarro,  they  did  not  hesitate  about  resum- 
ing their  ofierations.  After  a  long  series  of  disaster? 
and  disappointments,  iioi  inferior  to  those  which  tliey 
bad  already  experienced,  part  of  the  armament  reached 
the  Hay  of  St.  Matlliew,  on  the  coast  of  Cjuito,  and 
landing  at  Tacamez,  to  the  south  of  the  river  of  Kiiie- 
raulds,  they  beheld  a  country  more  champaign  and  fer- 
tile than  any  they  had  yet  discovered  in  the  .Soutijt-ri> 
Ocean, 'the  natives  clad  in  garments  of  woollen  or  't- 
ton  stutf,  and  adorned  wilh  several  Irinkel- 
silvcr. 

Hut  notwithstanding   those  favorable  a:  s, 

magnified  beyond  the  truth,  both  by  the  v..  the 

persons  who  brought  the  report  from  Tacanu  d  by 

the  fond  imagination  of  those  who  listened  m  Un  n. 
Pizarro  and  Almagro  durst  not  veiiMire  to  mvaib  i 
country  so  populous  with  a  handful  of  men  enfeebbd 
by  fatigue  and  diseases.  They  retired  to  the  smal 
island  of  Gallo,  where  Pizarro  remained  wilh  part  ol 
the  troops,  and  hift  associates  returned  lo  Panama,  m 
hopes  of  bringing  such  a  reinforcement  as  might  enable 
them  to  take  possession  of  the  ojuilent  territories  whose 
existence  seemed  to  be  no  longer  doubtful. 

But  some  of  the  adventurers,  Icbs  enteprising.  or  Ipi-b 
hardy,  than  their  leaders,  having  secretly  convey-d 
lamentable  accounts  of  iheir  sulferings  and  losses  to 
their  friends  at  Panama,  Almagro  met  with  an  unfavora- 
ble receplion  from  Pedro  de  lo«  Rios,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded Pedrarias  in  the  government  of  that  settlement 


ividnl  J  roHArrrutfid 

Mirt  Id  liMDNcir,  ^.ivf 
h\lii(  h  till  V  |i.irUH>li ; 

•V  Ol     IN  <H't',   IlllirM  ll 
udnlllll  WV'IV  tllf  (>1>* 


l»rrr  ID  irr  miiti'tl  to 
iHMui  laii-H  Wiiiii  hi  liir 

I  (Ih'v  wvtv  i'ii'i.i;;rti. 
V  hi],  \Mtli  it  -iMule 
t  (I  .111(1  twi  hr  nit  II. 

>|ittiiiFth  iH'<|iuiiiitr4l 
111  Aiitrnnt,  Iti.il  tin* 
i.irluri*  vtiit*  lilt'  iiio.Ht 
riuilu'til  wiiiiIm,  nliii'tl 

lIV'tTM!   to  till'   i'lMimi^ 

•r  tn'iiliiiu  uluitit  lur 
iitl  iiirt'»>saiil  l.ili^iit'. 
M>iilli-i-:tHt  Wiirt  iM>t 
liir  will  now  iiiiikc  in 
icvrrul  |i!iirrM  on  tin- 
vrrv  xvliiTt'  ilitt  jiiin*' 
iiilvi-ntnrrrM  liiiil  ih'- 

II  iritn  H\v<iin|>s  liy  iiD 
r,    cuvirrctl  Mtili  mi 

tintl  tluise  lirriT  iiml 

III  ri'iicuunitrH  wiili 
>U'inji(rn  of  i\  nmi^l. 
111^  liiH  hlrndiT  luiiid 
iihh'il  nsoiiilioii  of 
.>r  Koiiiit  Itini',  to  HUb- 

lidd  yi't  ainuarrd  of 

10  which  he  liiid  ]tto' 
ill  hit  wiiH  oli|iL'«'d  I  1 
d  ri'lirt- toCliiudiiiiim, 
lu'ie  he  hopi'd  tJ  re- 
iroojis  from  I'linania. 
Iroiii  lliiil  |itirt  with 
kiirJs  ihiit  piirt  of  Ihr 
t  with  hiH  a^NOtiiitiv. 

1  Im^  soldiers,  who,  in 
iindcrwi'ol  thi-  sii'iic 
I   llid    suiiie   dani;ir't, 

coiiritry.  KciiiiUcU 
urji  cotiilu'l,  in  winch 
(I  hy  the  wuinid  nl  an 
[x'llfd   to    rcH'iiihark. 

of  I'izarro's  nMrtat* 
tioii  in  n'coimiinii  to 
oni|mriny  tlu'ir  .^iitlrr- 
i-d  .18  far  »H  the  river 
CO  of  ropavaii,  where 
uppiMrcd  Willi  a  more 
I'tter  forniiu-  was  suf- 
liiic  projectors  not  to 
iidingall  thut  tiny  had 

anama  in  liopci*  of  ro- 
Bui  wliiil  he  and 
nntrvmen  such  an  un- 
L  It  was  with  ditlicull) 
oeble  as  this  reniforcc* 
luiiand  of  it,  and,  luv 
lu'sitate  iihoiit  resinn- 
iij;  series  of  dlsa^lto^? 
or  to  those  which  they 
the  arinainenl  reached 
coast  of  CJinto,  and 

11  of  ihc  river  of  Kine* 
>re  chainpaii^n  and  fer- 
■ered  in  llie  So;  '  ■  n> 
■nts  of  wooll'-'i 

ral  trinket - 

favorable  a  s, 

ith  by  the  \  the 

from  Tacaint .  d  by 
who  listened  to  th»  m, 
)t  venMirc  to  invadr  u 
idful  of  men  enfeebled 
jy  retired  to  the  sinal 
I  remained  with  part  ol 
returned  to  Panama,  in 
cement  as  might  enaltle 
pulent  territories  whose 
er  doubtful. 

less  enteprisinp,  orlesb 
injT  secretly  convey*^ 
tiutrerinjjs  and  losses  to 
0  met  with  an  unfavon- 
08  RioB,  who  had  sue 
nunt  of  that  eetttemcnt 


MM 

fed 

o 

id 

CO 

1^ 
Q 

?  © 
1    ^ 

?a 

© 

m 
m 


n 


I!   f 


\ 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


Ai'ter  weighing  the  timttrr  with  thit  cold  economical 
pniiltnci!  which  appcnrs  ihr  tirst  of  all  virtura  to  piT- 
•ons  wiioiso  limited  riicuIUfS  iiir  iru'.ipiitilr  uf  coiictiv- 
inp  or  exofuting  jirral  dcsiifii>,  he  (■uiuliidrd  an  expf- 
dilion,  altrmiod  with  such  ciTtani  nnslf  uT  nicn.  lo  he 
BO  dctnini'htiil  to  iin  iiilarit  ami  I'rrliU;  culuiiy.  Iliat  he 
not  otily  prohilund  'he  rm.-inj;  o! Hew  U vus.  but  dt- 
Bpalclu'd  II  vt'ssri  lo  hnnii  lionu-  I'lzairo  and  his  coni- 
Idi...>i.P  Ironi  lilt  islaiul  ol'lJidlo,  AInuigro  and  Lufiuc, 
ihoitnh  dfi'ply  iitlccud  wiili  iIkjm!  nuawiiri's,  winch  iht-y 
conid  iiol  prevent,  and  diir>t  not  oppose,  louiid  means 
ot'coniniuuicatnii^  ihuir  senti.ncnii*  privately  to  I'lZarro, 
hnd  i-Aliortt'd  h;ni  not  lo  reIrii|iMsh  an  enterprise  that 
was  the  lonndation  oi'  .ill  their  Iiojh  «,  and  il.e  only 
mcar.a  of  rc-csiahLshitig  their  repniation  and  lortune, 
which  were  ho'li  on  the  dtrline.  l*izarro's  mind,  bent 
with  inllexibk-  jt'.stinary  un  all  its  purposes,  needed  no 
inceniive  lo  pirsisi  m  liie  oiiit'ine.  He  p' reinpiordy 
refusicd  lo  obey  llir  govrniur  o(  l*anama'i«  orders,  and 
CMiploNed  all  his  address  and  elotpience  in  persiiadini; 
nis  men  not  lo  abandon  hnn.  Hut  th«  mcredible 
.;alainitn'S  lo  whirh  :hey  had  been  exposed  wiTV  siill 
lO  recent  in  their  memories,  and  the  tliouyhls  ol  re- 
visitnii/  their  ramdtes  and  triends.  alter  a  lonj:  ab^  nee, 
Mtihed  Willi  such  joy  ntio  tlieir  mmds,  that  when 
1*  zarro  drew  a  line  upon  the  sand  with  his  sword,  per- 
in  tlinj:  SIM  h  as  wislied  lo  reuini  homo  to  pass  over  '■., 
on.y  thirteen  of  all  the  dariny  veterans  in  Ins  service 
Lad  resnbiiion  to  remain  with  liieir  euminander. 

'llu!>  .nail  but  delernuned  hand,  wliuse  names  the 
Spansh  hi.-lorians  record  Willi  deserved  praise,  as  the 
pcrsoi.s  to  whose  persi-xeriii},'  lorliUide  llieir  country  is 
iiidebtc.l  lor  the  most  valnalile  ot  alt  its  Atiiericaii  jios- 
sessions,  fixed  iheir  esideiice  in  the  island  ol  Ciorgoiia 
Th\n,  as  it  was  i'urtler  removed  Iron  the  coast  than 
<jalIo,  and  uninhab  ted,  they  considered  as  a  more 
secure  retreat,  wlieri-.  uninolested.  they  iniyhl  wait  lor 
supplies  from  l^un  .m-i,  winch  they  trusted  tiiat  the 
activity  of  llieir  associates  would  he  aide  to  procure. 
Al'iia^ro  and  I.tu;  le  were  not  inalteiitive  or  cold 
solicitors,  and  their  incessant  importunity  was  secondeil 
by  the  ^leiieral  voice  of  the  colony,  which  exclaimed 
loudly  ayamst  the  infamy  of  exjiosin^  brave  men,  en- 
gaged m  the  public  service,  and  chargeable  with  no 
trror  but  what  flowed  from  an  excess  of  zeal  and 
courage,  to  perish  like  the  most  odious  criimnals  m  a 
icsert  island.  Overcome  by  those  entreaties  and  ex- 
postulations, the  governor  at  last  consented  to  send  a 
small  vessel  to  their  relief  lint  that  h^  nn<{lit  not 
Beeni  to  eiuoiirago  Tiza'ro  tu  any  iicw  ^i.terprise,  iie 
would  not  permit  one  laiulman  to  embark  on  board 
of  it. 

IJy  thid  time,  Pizarro  and  his  companions  hcd  re- 
piuined  five  months  in  an  island  infainous  lur  liic  ,.<,,: 
unheallby  clnnate  in  that  re^iion  of  Aineriea.  [i'^iT] 
Dniirig  all  tins  period,  their  eyes  were  turned  towards 
i'a!.aina.  m  lioites  of  succour  from  their  countrymen; 
b'lt  worn  out  at  lenmii  \.ith  fruitless  ex|ieclalions,  and 
dts|  intrd  with  snlt'eni))  hardships  of  winch  they  saw- 
no  t  ml,  thev,  in  despair,  came  lo  a  resolution  of  coni- 
nnt'.nfT  themselves  to  ti  e  ocean  on  a  ttoa*,  ralher  tlun 
continue  in  that  detestable  aliode.  i)ut,  on  the  arrival 
of  the  vessel  from  Panama,  lliey  were  transporlcd  wilh 
such  joy  liiat  all  their  siiIi'eriiiL's  wen  foruoUeii.  'l'he:r 
hop"8  revived  ;  and,  with  a  r.ipid  transition  not  un- 
natural ainon^  men  accu^titiiicil  by  their  moile  ol  tile 
to  sudden  vicissitudes  ef  lortunc.  I.i^h  coiilideiice  suc- 
ceeding to  extreme  dtjeetmn.  Pizarro  easily  induced 
not  only  his  own  followers,  but  the  crew  ol  the  vessel 
from  Panama,  lo  resume  Ins  iDriner  scheme  with  Iresli 
ardor.  Instead  o;'  returninif  to  Panama,  they  stood  to- 
wards the  sHuth-ea. r.  and.  more  I'ortnnale  in  llns  than 
n  any  of  their  past  etiiirts,  iliey.  on  the  twentieth  day 
after  their  departure  from  (lornona,  discovered  the 
coast  of  Peru.  After  tomhing  at  several  villages  rii  ar 
tSe  shore,  which  they  found  lo  be  iiowiae  niviling.  they 
landetl  at  Tumltez,  a  place  of  some  note  about  thrte 
deg'-ees  south  of  the  Ii::e,  distinguished  for  its  stalely 
temple,  and  a  palace  of  the  Innin  or  sovereigns  of  ilie 
country.  There  the  Spaniards  feasted  their  eyes  with 
the  tirst  view  of  the  opulence  and  civilization  of  the 
Peruvian  empire.  They  beheld  a  couiitrf  fully  peo- 
pled, and  cultiviited  with  att  appearance  of  regufir  in- 
dustry ;  the  natives  decently  clothed,  and  [Misse^f**  d  ol 
ingenuity  so  far  surpassing  the  other  inhalutantH  ol  the 
New  World  as  to  have  the  use  of  tame  domeslic  ani- 
mals. Dut  what  ehiellv  a;!racted  their  notice  was 
■uch  a  show  of  gold  and  silver,  not  only  in  the  orna- 
ments of  their  persons  and  temples,  but  m  several  xes- 
tola  and  utensils  for  common  uae,  formed  of  those  pre- 
cious meUls,  as  left  no  room  to  douht  that  they  ahotin- 
ded  with  p.'trfuaion  in  iho  country.     Pisarro  and  his 


companions  seemed  now  to  have  atlained  to  the  coin- 
plelion  of  their  most  sanguine  hopes,  and  fancied  that 
all  their  wishes  and  dreams  of  rich  domains,  and  mcx- 
haiisiihle  treasures,  would  soon  he  ri'ali/.cl. 

Jlut  with  the  slender  torce  then  under  his  command, 
Pfzarro  could  only  view  the  rich  country  of  wmch  he 
hoped  hereafter  to  oh'.ain  possession  lie  ranged. 
however,  for  some  time  along  the  coast,  UiaiiitaiMiig 
every  where  a  peaceable  intercourse  with  tl.'J  native.-*, 
no  hss  astonisiied  at  their  new  visitants  than  .he  Spa- 
ni£r;l»  were  with  the  uniform  appearance  of  opulence 
an(  cultivation  which  ihey  hchcld.  flT)!;'/ J  iiaving 
e.vp'ored  the  country  as  far  as  requisite  lo  ascertain  the 
iiiil  ortance  of  the  discovery,  Pizarro  procured  from  the 
ii.tiabitants  some  of  their  Llamas  or  tame  cattle,  to 
which  the  Spaniards  gave  the  name  of  sheep,  some 
vessels  of  gold  and  ailver,  as  well  as  some  speeiniens 
of  their  other  works  of  ingenuity,  and  two  young  men, 
wlinm  he  proposed  to  instruct  in  theCastiliaii  language, 
that  they  might  serve  as  interpreters  in  llie  expedition 
winch  he  meditated.  \\'ilh  these  he  arrived  at  I'anama, 
towanis  the  close  of  the  third  year  from  the  tunc  of  his 
drparlurc  thence  No  adventurer  of  the  age  sutlered 
hardships  or  encountered  dancers  which  c'lual  tliosu  to 
which  bo  was  exposed  dnniig  llii<i  long  period.  The 
patience  with  winch  he  endured  the  one,  and  thfi  foiti- 
tiide  with  whieh  he  surmounted  the  other,  exceed  what- 
ever IS  recorded  in  the  history  of  the  New  World, 
where  so  many  romantic  disjilays  of  those  virtues  occur. 

l.V-IM.J  Ne'itlirr  the  splendid  relation  that  i'lzarro 
gave  of  the  incredible  opulence  of  the  country  which 
he  had  discovered,  nor  bis  Niter  com|dainl8  on  account 
of  that  unreasonahle  recall  of  his  forces,  which  had 
put  it  out  of  his  power  to  attempt  making  any  settle- 
ment there,  could  move  the  governor  of  Pauhina  lo 
swerve  from  his  former  plan  of  conduct.  He  still  con- 
tended, that  the  colony  was  not  in  a  condition  lo  invade 
such  a  mighty  empire,  and  refused  to  authorize  an  expe- 
dition which  he  foresaw  would  he  so  alluring  that  it 
migh'  ruin  the  province  in  which  he  presided,  by  an 
ellbrl  bevond  its  strength.  His  coldness,  however,  did 
not  in  any  degree  uhale  the  ardor  of  the  three  asso- 
ciates ;  hut  they  perceived  that  they  could  not  carry 
their  scheme  into  execution  without  the  countenance; 
of  superior  authonly,  and  must  solicit  tluir  sovereign 
to  {,'rant  that  permission  which  ihey  could  not  exiorl 
from  his  delegate.  With  this  view,  after  adjusting 
among  themselves  that  l*izarro  should  claim  the  station 
of  governor,  Ahnagro  that  of  lieutenant-governor,  and 
l.uipie  the  dignity  of  bishop  in  the  country  which  the> 
proposed  to  tompier.  they  sent  Pizarro  as  their  agent 
to  Spam,  though  their  fortunes  were  now  so  much  ex- 
hausted by  the  repealed  etlbrts  which  they  had  made, 
;!...:  '.I:^"  '"*"Mid  some  dilliculty  m  borrowing  the  small 
sum  retpiisile  towards  eipiippiii|j  him  for  the  V".  ige. 

Pizarro  lost  no  time  in  .'.pairing  to  court  ;  .ii<d  new 
as  the  scene  might  be  to  hnn,  he  appeared  helore  the 
emperor  with  the  nneinbarrassed  dignity  of  a  man  con- 
scious of  what  his  servicea  merited  ;  and  he  conducted 
his  negoiiation  with  an  insiiiuatiug  dexterity  ot  address, 
which  could  not  have  lieen  expected  either  troiii  Ins 
eihicatioii  or  lormei  h.ibiis  of  hie.  His  t'eehug  descrip- 
tion of  his  own  siiti'eriii^s,  and  his  pmnpons  account  of 
llie  counlrv  which  he  had  discovered,  continued  tty  the 
.><p(ciinens  of  il.s  productions  wtiuli  he  (..vliiltiled.  made 
such  an  impressiiMi  lioth  on  t'harles  and  his  ministers, 
thai  they  not  only  ip|)tOve  1  of  the  inlemlcd  expedition, 
hut  seemed  to  Ik^  iiilertsted  in  ttie  success  ot  its  lea<ler. 
Presuming  on  tin  se  disposil  ions  in  Ins  lav  or.  Pizarro  p.iid 
tillle  attention  to  the  nileiesi  ol  Ins  as-ociales  As 
the  pretensions  of  IjUijuo  did  not  interfere  witli  Ins 
own,  lie  att  .llie  for  htm  ttie  ecclesiastical  Jiginiy  to 
which  he  uspirei!.  Pot  Alma^ro  he  claimed  only  ttie 
command  of  tiie  fortress  wtuch  should  lie  erected  at 
Tumliez  'I'o  hihinc'if  !:"  nei-ured  wiiatever  his  tioimd- 
less  ambition  coul  1  desire.  He  was  appointed  ^July 
«li|  (;Overnor,  captam-general,  and  aili  lantadu  of  all  the 
counlrv  whicli  he  had  discovered,  and  hoped  to  conipier, 
with  supreme  autlionty,  civil  as  well  us  inititury  \  and 
with  full  right  to  all  (lie  privileges  and  emoluments 
Usually  granted  lo  adventurers  m  the  New  World  His 
jurisdiction  was  declared  to  evtcnd  two  hundred  leagues 
along  the  coast  lo  the  south  of  tlie  river  St  .laj^o  ;  lo 
be  independent  of  the  governor  of  Panama;  and  he 
had  pow'-r  to  nominate  all  the  otlici-rs  who  were  to 
serve  under  hiin.  In  return  for  those  concessions, 
which  cost  the  court  of  Spam  noliung.  as  the  enjoy- 
nuMil  of  them  depeiuted  upon  the  succi'sn  of  Vizarro'a 
own  ellorls,  he  cnuaiicd  hi  raise  two  hundied  and  fifty 
men,  and  to  provide  the  ^liip.i,  anus,  and  warlike  sion  s 
reuuisite  towards  Hubjectmg  lo  thi!  crown  of  ('aside 
the  country  of  whicli  tlie  goviriimeni  was  allotted  hnii. 


t37 


1529.  J  Inconsiderable  as  the  body  of  men  was  which 
Pizarro  had  undertaken  to  raise,  his  funds  and  credit 
were  so  low  that  ho  could  hardly  complete  half  ine 
nuinher ;  and  afte-  ohlaimng  his  patents  from  the 
crown,  he  was  ohliiied  to  steal  privately  out  of  the  port 
of  Seville,  in  order  to  elude  the  scrmiMv  ol  the  oiricer.-^, 
wlio  had  It  in  chaiire  to  examine  wliethei  he  h<td  lul- 
filled  tiie  stipulaiions  ji  Ins  contract.  liefure  his  de- 
pirture.  however,  he  received  some  supply  of  money 
from  ("ortes.  who  having  reinrned  to  Spam  ahuiil  tins 
time,  was  willing'  it)  conlrihule  liis  aid  low  irds  e>ial>ling 
an  ancient  companion,  with  whose  talents  and  courage 
1  he  wa.s  well  acipiainted.  to  begin  a  career  of  glory  suni- 
lur  to  that  which  he  himself  bud  limstied. 
I  He  landed  at  Noinbrc  de  Dios,  and  ina'ched  acroso 
I  the  isthmus  to  Panama,  accompanied  b/  ins  three  bro- 
thers, Ferdinand.  .luan.  and  (ioiUulo.  of  whom  the  tirst 
was  l)orn  in  lawful  wedlock,  the  two  Ijtler,  like  him- 
self, were  of  iltegitimale  bi''.n,  and  by  Francisco  tie 
Alcantara,  his  mother's  brMher  They  were  all  in  the 
prime  of  life,  and  of  su:  )i  abilities  and  courage  as  fitted 
them  to  take  a  distinguished  part  m  his  subsequent 
transactions. 

1030  ]  On  his  arriviil  at  Panama.  Pizarro  found  Al 
magro  so  much  exasperated  at  the  manner  in  wliicii  he 
had  conducted  his  negolmtion,  that  he  not  only  refused 
to  act  any  lonm-r  in  concert  with  a  man  by  whose  per- 
fidy ho  had  been  exclude'!  from  the  power  and  tionora 
to  winch  he  had  a  n-.-t  claim,  but  labored  to  form  a  new 
association,  in  order  to  thwart  or  to  rival  \\\s  former 
confederate  i.i  Ins  discoveries.  I'lzarro.  however,  had 
more  wi.sdoni  and  address  than  to  suiter  a  rupiure  so 
fatal  to  all  bis  sclieines,  to  become  irreparable.  IJy 
olb-riiiir  voluntarily  to  relinipiisli  the  ollice  of  adelan- 
lado.  and  promising  to  concur  in  suhcitnii;  that  titio, 
Willi  an  mdependeiil  government  for  .Mmagro,  he  gra- 
dually miligalMl  the  raiie  of  an  open-liearied  soidiei, 
which  tiad  been  violent,  but  was  not  iniplai  aide  1.ui{UB, 
highly  sitisfied  with  having  been  successlul  in  all  Ins 
own  prct  'iisions.  cordially  seconded  Pizarro's  endea- 
vors. A  reconcitiatiun  was  ell'ected.  and  the  confede- 
racy renewed  on  its  urujinal  terms,  that  the  enieipnso 
should  be  carried  on  al  the  common  expense  of  the 
associates,  and  the  prohls  accruing  Irom  it  stionld  be 
equally  divided  among  ihein. 

Kven  after  tlieir  reunio..,  and  the  ntmo.st  eirorts  ul 
their  interest,  three  small  vessels,  with  a  hundred  and 
I'igliiy  soldiers,  thirty-six  of  whom  were  horsemen,  <"orn 
posed  tiie  armament  which  they  we^e  ahle  lo  111  out 
Ibit  the  astonishing  progress  of  tlie  Spaniards  m  Ame- 
rica liad  inspired  them  vvitli  such  idea^  of  their  own 
superiority,  that  Pizarro  did  not  lii^sitate  to  tad  wilit 
this  contempidde  force,  [Feb.  1531.]  to  invade  a  great 
empire.  Almaiiro  was  left  al  Panama,  as  formerly,  to 
follow  him  with  what  reinforcement  of  men  he  should 
tic  atilo  to  muster  As  tlie  season  for  1 1  harking  was 
properly  chosen,  and  the  course  of  navigation  In  iweeii 
Panama  and  I'eru  was  now  better  known.  Pizarro  com 
pleled  tlie  vovage  inliurteen  days;  though  hy  the  Imve 
of  the  winds  and  currents  he  was  earned  ahove  a  hun- 
dred leagues  to  the  north  ol  Tumiu-z.  the  place  of  liia 
destination,  and  ohhired  lo  land  his  troops  in  the  itay  u. 
Si  .\laltliew.  W  ithout  losiiiu'  a  moment,  he  liegan  to 
advance  towards  the  soutli.  taking  care,  tiowcver,  not 
to  depart  far  Irom  the  se.i  shore.  Itotli  that  he  might 
easily  effect  a  junction  vviiti  the  supplies  vvluch  lie  ex- 
pected from  Panama,  and  secure  a  retrivit  m  c.im-  ot 
anv  <lisasler,  t>v  keepmu  as  near  as  possible  to  Ins  hliips 
Hut  as  the  counlrv  in  sevtiil  parts  on  the  coa.-i  uJ 
Pi  ru  IS  barren,  nnlieatllilul.  and  itnnty  peopled;  a^  ll:t 
Sp,iinar'ls  hail  lo  jiast*  all  the  rivers  near  llicir  mouth, 
where  the  bodv  of  water  is  iircalest ;  and  as  ilie  nnpru 
dence  ol  Pi/arro.  in  ;:tlackinir  thi'  natives  wlnii  lie 
should  have  studied  to  ^ain  tin  .r  conhdcnce.  had  Iom  i  li 
lliein  to  aliaiulon  their  habitations  ;  lainme,  taligue, 
and  diseases  ot  various  kinds  broii^ht  upon  hini  and  hi? 
followers  I'aldimlH  s  hardly  inferior  to  those  winch  they 
tiad  endured  in  tlicir  binnrr  i  xpedition  What  they 
now  expericnccil  corresponded  so  ill  wiih  the  alluring 
description  of  the  country  given  tiv  l*i/arro,  that  many 
be<.ran  to  reproach  bim,  and  every  soldier  u\vt.\  l.avo 
beeomi-  cold  to  the  service,  if  even  m  this  unler 
tile  region  of  Pern,  thev  liad  not  met  with  souif  ap- 
pearances of  wealtti,  and  cullivation.  which  seemitl  tc 
justify  the  report  of  their  leader  Al  length  they 
reached  the  province  of  I'oaque  [April  llj ,  and  'lav 
ing  surprised  the  principal  st  illeinent  ol  the  lultves, 
Ihiyscuitl  their  ve.-sels  and  t)rnainenlw  ol  yolC  t.nd 
silver,  to  tlie  amotint  of  lliirtv  tiious.iiid  peso-^,  wih 
c'lur  hooty  of  such  value  as  dispt  Ih  d  all  tin  ii  toubts, 
nnd  m>«pired  the  most  desponding  with  sjnguine  hopea 
Pizarro  himst-lf  was  so  much  detigtilL-d  wiiU  thibricli 


I 


■A 

I' 


» 


138 


^»oiI,  which  he  conaidered  as  the  first  fniits  of  a  land 
ftlmundin^  with  trpusurc,  that  he  inntantly  despalcht-d 
one  oi  his  shrjis  (o  I'ananm  with  a  tar^c  rcmUlanne  to 
Ahnat^ro;  and  another  to  Nicaragua  with  a  condidcra- 
hii-  611111  to  several  [lersoiiRof  intliiunce  in  that  province, 
in  hopes  of  alhinni;  udvcntnrers  hy  this  early  display  ol 
the  wealth  which  he  had  acipitred.  Meanwhile,  lie  con- 
.iniitd  hii»  inur;'h  alonn;  (he  eoast,  and  di«dainiii^  to  em- 
ploy iiiiv  ineaiiN  of  redticiti^  the  natives  hut  force,  he 
attacked  tlicni  with  such  violence  in  their  scattered 
hahitalioiis,  as  roinpelled  thcin  either  to  retire  into  the 
interior  country,  or  to  subinit  to  his  yoke.  This  sudden 
appearance  n(  invaders,  whose  aspect  and  manners 
were  so  slranj^o,  and  wliose  |)Ovver  seemed  to  be  :-o 
irresistihte,  made  the  same  dreadful  impression  as  in 
other  (tarts  of  Ameiica.  l^zarro  hardly  met  with  resist- 
ance until  he  attacked  the  island  of  I'una  in  the  hay  of 
Ciuavuipnt.  Ah  that  was  better  peopled  than  the  coun- 
try throu^fh  which  he  had  passed,  and  its  inhabitants 
fiercer  and  Ics  civi!ized  than  those  of  the  continent, 
they  detendfd  themstlves  with  such  obstinate  valor, 
iluit  Pizarro  spent  six  months  in  reducir  jr  thi-m  to  sub- 
jection. Kroiii  l*una  he  proceeded  lo  Tumhez.  where 
the  distempers  which  ra^ed  among  hiv  men  compelled 
him  lo  remain  for  three  months- 
While  he  was  thus  employed,  he  began  to  reap  ad- 
vantage from  his  attention  to  spread  the  fame  of  his 
first  success  to  Coaque.  'I"wo  diH'crent  detarhmciits 
arrived  from  Nicaragua  [1533],  which,  though  neither 
exceeded  thirty  men,  he  considered  as  n  reinforcement 
of  great  conse(picnce  to  his  feeble  band,  especially  as 
the  one  was  under  the  command  of  Sebastian  Uenalca- 
zar,  and  the  other  of  Hernando  Soto,  olHcers  not  in- 
ferior in  merit  and  reputation  to  any  who  had  served  in 
America.  From  Tuinbez  he  proceeded  to  the  river 
Fiura  [May  16J,  and  in  an  advantageous  station  near 
the  mojlh  of  it  he  e*t3blished  the  first  Spanish  colony 
in  IVru  ;  to  which  he  gave  the  immc  of  .St.  Michael. 

As  l*i7.urro  continued  to  advance  towards  the  centre 
of  tne  IVruvian  empire,  he  (gradually  received  more 
full  information  concerning  its  extent  and  policy.  a» 
well  as  the  silualion  of  its  atl'airs  at  that  juncture. 
Witiiout  some  knowledge  of  thrse,  he  could  not  have 
conducted  his  operatiuiui  with  propriety  ;  and  without 
a  suitable  attention  to  ihem,  it  is  in){}«)ssihle  to  account 
for  tne  progress  which  the  Spaniards  had  already  madL\ 
or  to  unl'oid  the  causes  of  tlieir  subsequent  success. 

At  the  time  when  the  Spaniards  invaded  Peru,  the 
dominions  o''  its  sovereigns  extended  m  length,  from 
iiorrh  ic  south,  above  fifteen  hundred  iiiilvs  along  the 
I'a-:iHc  Otcan.     Its  Ipreadth,  from  east  to  west,  was 
much  less  considerable  ;  being  unitorinly  boiiiided   hy 
the  vast  ridge  of  the  Andes,  .Mretching  from  its  one  ex-  j 
treinilv  to  the  other.      Peru,  like  the  rest  of  the   New  ' 
World.  WHS  orijiinally  |)Gssessed  by  sm.dl   independent  j 
tribes,  dillcriug  from   each  oilier  in   manners,  and   in 
their  forms  of  rude  |M)licy     Ml.  however,  were  so  little 
civili/eJ.  that,  if  the  traditions  com-eininir  their  mode 
of  lile,    preserved   among   their  descendants,  deserve 
credit,  ihry  must  he  classed  among  the  most  unimproved 
savages  of   America.      Strangeis   lo  every  species  of 
culuvalion  or  regular  industry,  without  any  fixed  resi- 
dence, and  unacipiainted  with  those  sentiments  and  ot>- 
ligations  which  form  ihe   lirst  iMMids  of  social  union, 
ihev  are  said  lo  have  roamed  about  naked  m  the  forests, 
Willi  which  the  country  was   then  covered,  more  like 
wild  beasts  than  like  men.     Alter  they  had  strna^'led 
for  several  ngeswilh  tl.e  hard.>ship8  and  calamities  which 
arein<;vitahle  m  such  a  stale,  uml  v\hen  no  ctrciimslaiice 
seemed    to  indicate   the  ajiproach  of  any  uncommon 
elfort  lowarri'4  improvemeni.  we  are  told  that  ilu-re  a|i-  i 
|>eared.  on  the  hanks  of  the  Uke  Titiaca,  a  man   and  i 
woman  of  majestic  form,  clothed  m  decent  garments,  j 
Thev  dtelarvd  tlieinselves  to  be  children  of  the  Sun,  | 
s«nl  bv  their  beneticent  parent,  who   beheld  with  pity  l 
the  miseries  of  the  human  race,  to  instruct  a.iu  to  re- 
claim them      ,\t   their  per^'uasion,  enforced  by  reve- 
rence for  the  divinity  iri  whose  name  ihey  were   sup- 
(K)si>d  lo  speak,  several  of  .he  dispersed  savages  iinilrd 
tofrether.  and.  receivmu  their  eoinmands  as  heavenly 
injuuciionn.  followed  ihrm  lo  t.'uzco,  when-  they  settled, 
Slid  betjan  lo  lav  the  foundations  of  a  city. 

Manco  Capuc  and   MamaOcollo.  for  such  were  the 
names  of  those  c.xlraur<)inary  personages,  having  ihuA 
eolleeif  tl    some   wandering   tnhes,  formed  Ihat   socud 
union  whii  h.  by  multiplvmg  the  diMiett  and  unilini;  the 
rllorls  of  Ihe  liumun  species,  exnii-s  industry  and  leads 
lo  iMipnivemerit.     .MaiK't)  Cupac  mwlrucled  the  nuui  m 
luTKiiltiire.  and  olJitT  useful  iirts    Mama  Dcollo  tuiight  | 
Mie  woirifU  tt»  "pui  and  lo  we3ve       Hy  the  labor  of  the  I 
one   .'<e.v.   sulisiftriwe  liecaiiie  h  ss  precarious  ;  bv  that  I 
uftJie  other,  life  was  rendered  uioro  oomfortabis      After 


ROBEKTSON'8    HISTORY   OF 


Securing  the  objects  of  first  necessity  in  an  infant  state, 
hy  providing  food,  raiment,  and  habitations  for  the  rude 
people  of  whom  he  took  charge,  Manco  Capac  turned 
Ills  atiention  towards  introducing  such  laws  and  policy 
as  mi<;ht  perpetuate  their  happiness.  Dy  hia  institu- 
tions, wjich  shall  be  more  particularly  explained  here- 
after, the  various  relations  in  jn-ivate  life  were  eslah- 
h^hed,  and  l!ie  duties  resulting  from  them  prescribed 
with  such  propriety,  as  gradually  '"ormed  a  barbarous 
people  to  decency  of  maimers,  fn  public  administra- 
tion, the  functions  of  persons  in  authority  were  so  pre- 
cisely defined,  and  the  suhordin:)tion  of  those  under 
their  "jrisdiction  maintained  with  such  a  s'.endy  hand, 
tliat  the  society  in  which  he  presided  soon  assumed  the 
aspect  of  a  regular  and  well  governed  state. 

Thus,  according  to  lh(  Indian  tradition,  was  founded 
the  empire  of  the  Incas  or  I^anh  of  Peru.  At  lirst  its 
extent  was  small.  The  territory  of  Manco  (Japac  did 
not  reach  above  eight  leagues  from  Cnzco.  Uut  within 
its  narrow  precincts  he  exercised,  absolute  and  uncon- 
trolled authority.  His  sticcessors,  as  their  dominions 
extended,  arrogated  a  similar  jurisdiction  over  the  new 
subjects  which  they  acquired  ;  the  despotism  of  Asia 
was  not  more  complete.  The  Inca»  were  not  only 
obeyed  as  monarchs,  but  revered  as  divinities.  Tlieir 
blood  was  held  to  he  sacred,  and.  by  prohibiting  inter- 
marriages with  the  people,  was  never  contaminated  by 
luixing  with  tliat  of  any  other  race.  'J"he  family,  thus 
f'Oparated  from  the  rest  of  the  nation,  was  distinguished 
hy  peculiarities  iu  dress  and  ornaments,  which  it  was 
unlawful  for  others  to  assume.  The  monarch  hiiii^elf 
a|ipt'ared  with  ensign*  of  royalty  reserved  for  him  alone; 
and  received  from  his  subjects  marks  of  obsequious 
homage  and  respect  which  approached  almost  to  adora- 
tion. 

Hut,  among  the  reruviaus,  this  unbounded  power  of 
their  monarch  seemj  to  have  been  uniformly  accomjia- 
iiied  wiih  attention  to  the  good  of  their  subjects.  It 
was  not  llie  rage  of  conquest,  if  wc  may  believe  the 
accounts  of  their  countrymen,  that  prompted  the  Incas 
to  extend  their  dominions,  but  the  desire  of  ditfusing 
the  blessiUfTs  of  civilization,  and  llie  knowledge  of  the 
arts  which  they  posM-ssed.  among  the  barbarous  jieople 
whoi.  they  leduced.  During  a  succession  of  twelve 
luo'iarchs,  it  is  said  tliat  not  one  deviated  from  this 
beneticent  ch.iracter. 

When  the  Spanierds  first  visited  the  coast  of  Peru, 
in  the  year  one  lhou:«and  five  hundred  and  twenty-six, 
Iluaiia  Capac,  the  twelfth  monarch  from  tlie  founder  of 
the  state,  wa.9  sealcl  on  the  throne  He  is  represented 
as  a  prirce  dislinjuiisbed  not  only  for  the  pacitic  virtues 
lecuiiar  to  the  race,  but  eminent  for  his  martial  taieiils. 
Dy  his  victorious  arms  the  kingiloiu  of  ^.^uito  was  sub- 
jected, a  conquest  of  such  extent  and  importance  as 
ahnosl  doubled  the  power  of  the  Peruvian  empire 
lie  was  tbnd  of  residing  in  the  capital  of  that  valuable 
province  which  lie  haJ  added  lo  his  dominions  ;  and 
notwithstanding  the  ancient  and  fundamental  law  of 
the  monarchy  against  polluting  the  royal  blood  by  any 
h)rei<.ui  alliance,  ho  i.'.arried  the  cKiughter  of  the  van- 
quislu'd  monarch  of  Quito.  Siie  bore  him  a  son  named 
Atahiialpa,  whom,  on  his  death  at  Quito,  which  seems 
lo  h.ive  happeiii'd  about  llu^  year  one  thousand  live 
litindrul  and  twt  niy-niiie,  hea)ipumted  his  successor  in 
that  kingdom.  Iraving  the  rest  of  his  <loininioiis  lo  llu- 
.v.'ar,  hi."*  eldest  s^on  bv  another  of  the  royal  race. 
(ireally  as  the  Peruvians  revered  the  memory  of  a 
monarch  who  had  reigned  wiili  greater  reputation  und 
splendor  than  any  of  iiis  predecessors,  the  destination 
of  lluana  (.'apac  conrermng  the  succession  appeared  so 
re|)ULrtiant  to  a  maxim  coeval  with  the  empire,  and 
founded  on  aiithorily  deemed  sacred,  that  it  was  no 
sooner  known  at  ('uzco  than  it  ixcited  general  di.-^gust. 
Kneouraged  tiy  tho^e  senlimenls  of  his  subjects.  Huus- 
car  required  hi»  brother  to  renounce  the  government  <if 
Quito,  and  to  acknowledge  him  a;,  his  lawtul  superior 
Hut  It  had  been  the  first  care  of  Atahualpa  to  ^am  a 
lar(ie  body  of  troops  which  bud  lu'cumpanied  his  father 
to  t^uito.  'i'hese  were  the  fiower  of  the  IVruvian  war- 
riors, to  whose  vaUtr  lluanu  Tapac  had  been  indebted 
tor  all  his  tielories.  Uelvmg  on  their  support,  Atahu- 
alpa first  eluded  his  brother's  demand,  and  llien  marched 
against  hmi  in  hosiile  array. 

Tliutf  tilt' ambition  of  two  voung  men,  the  title  of 
the  one  founded  on  aiu  lent  tisdi,'e.  and  that  of  the  other 
asserted  t)v  the  veteran  troops,  involved  Peru  m  a  civil 
war,  a  calaniiiv  lo  whuh,  under  a  succession  of  vir- 
tuous princes,  it  had  hilherlobeen  a  stranger.  In  such 
a  cuutest  \)m'.  is««ue  was  obvious  'I'lie  force  of  arms 
iriumphed  over  the  authority  of  laws  Atahualpa  re- 
mained Metonous,  and  tiiude  a  cruel  u»e  of  his  victory 
Consciouti  of  the  defect  m  hit  own  title  to  the  crown, 


he  attempted  to  eztcnninito  the  royal  race,  by  putting 
to  death  all  the  children  of  the  Sun  descended  from 
Manco  Capac,  whom  .le  could  seize  cither  bv  force  or 
stratagem.  From  a  political  motive,  the  lifi-  of  his  un 
fortunate  rival  llua.scar.  who  had  been  taken  prisoner 
in  a  battle  which  decided  the  fate  of  the  empire,  was 
prolonged  for  some  time,  that  by  issuing  orders  in  his 
name,  the  usurper  might  more  easily  establish  his  own 
authority. 

\\*hen  Pizarro  landed  in  the  bay  of  St.  Matthew, 
this  civil  war  raged  nctween  the  two  brothers  in  its 
greatest  fury.  Had  he  made  any  hostile  Kttem|  t  in  his 
former  visit  to  Peru,  in  the  year  one  thousand  live  huh 
dred  and  twenty-seven,  he  must  then  have  encou  itcred 
the  force  of  a  powerful  stale,  united  under  a  monarch 
possessed  of  capacity  aa  well  as  courage,  and  unem- 
barrassed with  any  care  that  could  divert  him  from  op- 
posing his  progress.  Hut  at  this  time,  the  two  compe- 
titors, though  they  received  early  accounts  of  the  arri- 
val and  violent  proceedings  of  the  Sp^iniards,  were  so 
intent  upon  the  operation:*  of  a  war  w  hich  they  deemed 
more  interesting,  that  they  paid  no  attention  lo  the 
motions  of  an  enemy,  too  inconsiderable  in  number  to 
excite  any  great  alarm,  and  to  whom  it  would  be  easy, 
as  they  imagined,  to  gi\c  a  clieck  when  more  at  lei- 
sure. 

Hy  this  fortunate  coincidence  of  events,  whereof 
Pizarro  could  have  no  foresight,  and  of  which,  from  his 
defective  mode  of  intercourse  with  the  people  of  the 
country,  he  remained  long  ignorant,  he  was  permitted 
to  carry  on  his  operations  unmolested,  and  advanced 
to  the  centre  of  a  great  empire  before  one  effort  of  its 
power  was  exerted  to  slop  his  career.  During  their 
progress,  llic  Spaniards  had  acquired  some  imperfect 
knowledge  of  this  struggle  between  the  two  contend- 
ing factions.  The  first  complete  information  with 
respect  to  it  they  received  from  messengers  whom  Hu- 
ascar  sent  lo  Pizarro  in  order  to  solicit  his  aid  against 
Atahualpa,  whom  he  represented  as  a  rebel  and  a  usur- 
per. Pizarro  perceived  at  once  the  importance  of  this 
intelligence,  and  foresaw  so  clearly  all  the  advantages 
which  might  he  derived  from  this  divided  state  of  the 
kingdom  which  he  hud  invaded,  that  without  waiting 
for  ihe  reinforcement  wliich  he  expected  from  Panama, 
he  Jcterinined  lo  push  forward,  while  intestine  discord 
put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  IVruvians  to  attack  him 
with  their  whole  force,  and  whde,  by  taking  part,  as 
circumslance.'i  should  incline  him,  wiUi  one  of  the  com- 
petitors, he  inij»lit  be  enabled  with  greater  ease  to  crush 
l)oth.  Knterpristn<r  as  the  Spaniards  of  that  age  were 
in  all  their  operations  against  Americans,  and  distin- 
guished as  Pizarro  was  among  hiscountrvnien  for  dar- 
ing couratie,  we  can  hardly  suppose  that,  afier  having 
proceeded  liiiherlo  slowly,  and  with  much  caution,  he 
would  have  ehuni.'ed  at  once  his  svslem  of  operation^ 
and  have  ventured  upon  a  measure  so  hazardous,  with- 
out some  new  motive  or  prospect  to  justify  it. 

As  he  was  oliliged  to  divide  his  troops,  in  order  to 
leave  a  garri.>*on  in  St.  Michael,  sutlicient  to  defend 
u  station  of  Cfpial  iniporlauce  as  a  place  of  retreat 
in  else  of  any  di.'^aster.  and  as  a  port  for  receiving 
any  supplies  whicli  should  come  from  I*anama,  he  be- 
gan his  marcii  witli  a  very  slender  and  ill-accoutred 
tram  of  followers  They  consisted  of  Mxty-two  horse- 
men [l*28|,  and  a  hunrlrcd  and  two  foot  soldiers,  i)( 
whom  twenty  were  armed  with  cross  bows,  and  three 
with  muskets.  He  dirtcled  his  course  towards  Caxa 
inalca.  a  small  town  at  the  distance  of  tweUe  days' 
march  from  St.  Micliael.  wliere  Atahualpa  was  en- 
camped with  a  considerable  bodv  of  troops  Hcfore  he 
bad  proceeded  far.  an  oftic.-r  despatched  bv  tlie  Incs 
met  him  with  a  valuable  .iresent  from  that  prince,  ac 
coinpanied  with  a  proffer  of  his  alliance,  and  assurancef 
of  a  friendly  reception  at  ( 'axamaica  Pizarro.  accor 
fling  lo  the  UMial  artifice  of  his  countrymen  in  Ame 
ncn,  pretended  to  come  as  the  ambassador  of  a  vert 
powerful  monarch,  and  dechiring  that  he  was  now  ad* 
vancing  with  an  intention  to  offer  Atahualpa  his  aid 
against  lliosc  enemies  who  disputed  his  title  lo  the 
tlirone. 

As  the  object  of  the  Spaniards  in  entering  iheir 
coiititry  was  altogether  mcomprehensiblo  lo  ihe  Peru- 
vians, they  had  formed  various  conjectures  concerning 
It  without  being  able  to  decide  whether  they  should 
consider  their  new  guests  as  hemgs  of  a  superior  na- 
ture, who  had  visited  ihem  from  some  beneficent  mo- 
tive, or  OS  formidable  avengers  of  their  crimes,  and 
enemies  to  their  repose  and  liberty  The  rontniual 
profi'ssions  of  the  Spaniards,  that  they  came  to  en- 
iiuhteii  them  with  the  knowhd^e  of  truth,  and  le^fl 
iheiit  m  the  way  of  happinesti,  labored  the  '.onner  opi- 
nion ;  the  outrages  which  they  commitled,  their  rupit- 


SOUTH   AMnniCA. 


130 


(•inupnetc  and  cruelty,  were  awful  confirmations  of  the 
iatlcr.     While  m  thm  sitnie  of  iincprt»inly,   rizarro's  I 
dwlanitioii  of  his  |iaritii.  inttntmns  mo  fur  removed  all  1 
the  hica's  fears  iluit  he  di  erniined  to  uive  !ini  n  friendly  ] 
rtception.      In  ronwctinenec  of  this  resolution,  itie  Spa-  _ 
niords  were   allowed    lo  rnnrch  m  trui'iuill.      aerosM  ! 
the  wandy  dcf-*'rl   heiwreii  St.   Miciiiiel   an  1   ..t  )lu|ie, 
where  llie   most  fi-ehle   ell'Drl  of  a'-  iiie'.iy,  jd'.rd   to 
tlie  uiia\oid.ilile  di.stres^es  v\hii'l.  ■'"";  sullered  .n  pass- 
ing' throiij^h  that  eom!orlle5s  rejzion,  uiu.hI  ir-.e  proved 
fatal    10    them.  [I'-iDJ     Krorn   Motupe  ;liey  advanced 
towards  the  ninuntanis  which    *";,,unipa8tied    the  low 
countrv  of  IVrn.  and  pa!<se<!  '..iroiij^li  a  deliio  so  narrow 
And  tnaoresRihle,  that  a  iVw  men  iniyht  have  defended 
it  af?anist  a  muiieruus  anny.     Dul  here  likewise,  from 
iUe  eaine  inconsiderdle  credulity  of  the  Iiica,  the  Spa- 
niards met  with  no  opjMiRltion,  and  took  (piiet  posses- 
sion ofa  fort  erected  for  ttie  security  of  that  important 
station.     As  they  now  ajiproached  near  tn  Caxauiaica, 
Atdhnalpa  renewed  his  professions  of  friendship  ;  and, 
a«  an  evidenci^  of  their  sincerity,  sent  them  presents  of 
greater  value  th>iii  tlie  former. 

On  enIerm;L;  Caxamalca,  INzarro  look  possession  of 
a  larue  court,  on  one  side  of  which  was  a  house  which 
the  Spanish  liistorians  call  a  palace  of  the  Inca,  and  on 
the  other  a  temple  of  the  Sun,  ihi;  whole  ttiinounded 
with  a  slronij  rampart  or  wall  of  eartii.  M'lien  ho  had 
posted  his  iroops  in  this  ndvantaireous  station,  I.e  des- 
patched his  tirotlier  I'lrdmand  and  Mernando  Solo  lo 
the  camp  oi  Auliuatpa.  which  wa.i  about  a  league  dis- 
tant from  the  town.  Me  instructed  th"'i)  to  conlinn  the 
declaration  which  he  had  formerly  made  of  his  pacilic 
dis|)UKiti()n,  and  to  desire  an  interview  with  the  Inca, 
that  he  miifhl  explam  imtre  fully  the  intention  of  the 
Spaniards  m  visitini,'  his  country.  'I'hev  were  treated 
with  all  the  respectful  hospitality  u^ual  ainoiii;  the  IV- 
ruvians  in  the  reception  of  iheir  most  cordial  friends, 
and  Alahualpa  promised  to  visit  the  Spanish  comiiiandcr 
next  day  m  his  ipiarlers.  The  decent  deportment  uf 
the  Peruvian  monarch,  the  order  of  his  court,  and  the 
reverence  wilh  which  his  siili|ects  approached  his  per- 
son and  obeyed  his  commands,  aslunisheil  lliuse  Spa- 
ttiirds  who  had  never  nu't  in  America  willi  my  tlun>; 
more  diiznified  tlian  the  petty  caziipie  uf  a  barbarous 
tribe  Hut  tlieir  eves  v\ere  slill  powerfully  atlracleil 
by  the  vast  profusion  of  wealth  wlm  ii  tliev  o'b.sc  rved  in 
the  Inca's-camp.  The  rich  ornaments  worn  by  him  and 
his  allendants.  the  vessels  of  ^old  and  silver  in  which 
the  repast  olfered  lo  ;hem  was  served  up,  the  inullitude 
of  uiensils  of  every  kind  tormed  of  those  precious 
metals,  opened  pros]  '-ts  far  exceedinj^  any  idea  of 
opulence  that  a  Kurope  •  of  lift'  bixteenlh  century  could 
form- 
On  their  return  to  ruxanmica,  while  tiieir  minds 
were  yet  warm  with  udmiraiion  and  desire  of  the  wealth 
VN'uch  they  h  ul  belutd,  tlu  v  ^ave  sticli  a  description  of 
it  to  ilu'tr  ctMiniryuien  as  coutirined  I'lzarro  m  a  reso- 
lution winch  he  h.id  already  taken.  I-'rotn  his  own  ob- 
servation ot  American  manners  duriiii;  jus  Ion*;  service 
in  the  New  World,  as  wi'll  as  fioni  the  advantajies 
whicii  (.'ones  bad  ihrived  from  seiznii;  Montezuma,  he 
kuewofwiiat  coiiseipience  it  was  lo  have  the  Inca  in 
his  power  Tor  this  purpose,  lie  huiiii  '1  a  plan  as  daritijj 
as  It  was  perlidmiis.  .Notwitlistaiidin^'  the  ehatacter 
that  lie  had  assumed  of  an  amlMss-ulor  from  a  powerful 
iiioiurcb,  whocniirled  an  alliance  with  the  JniM,  anil 
III  Molalion  of  ihe  repeated  oilers  wl.ich  he  had  made  to 
him  of  his  own  frietidslup  and  assistance,  he  deterunned 
to  avail  hun.'ielf  uf  (lie  unsuspiciuiis  simplicily  with 
which  Ataliualpa  relied  on  his  piofessions.  and  to  sei/e 
the  person  o(  the  Inca  dnrui;»  ttie  inlerview  to  which  he 
had  nivileil  him  He  prepared  hir  the  execution  of  his 
scheme  with  tlie  same  dejibi'iale  !irrani:etiient,  and  with 
as  little  coinpunctmn  i"-  if  it  had  retlecled  no  disgrace 
on  hiniNchdr  his  count,,'  He  diMdid  Iuh  cavalry  into 
ihiee  small  s.piadroiis.  under  the  couiiuand  i>t  hi.s  tuo- 
iher  rerdinand.  Soto,  and  Hena!ca/ar ,  his  infantry 
were  hirmi  d  iti  one  bwlv,  except  Iweiilv  of  most  tried 
eourayp,  whom  he  kept  near  his  own  person  lo  support 
him  in  llie  dan^erot  s  -u-rvice,  which  he  reserved  Uir 
hinifelf  ;  the  artitlerv,  C()iiHi.ttm>;  of  two  (ield-pieces,  anti 
the  cross  bowmen,  were  placed  opposite  to  the  avenue 
by  wfiich  .Mahualpa  was  to  ap|iroach.  All  were  ciuii 
liiaiided  lo  keep  within  the  sipiare,  and  not  to  nnne 
uiiiil  the  signal  tor  t  i-tum  was  >:iveu 

Karlv  in  the  morniiii,'  (.Nuv  Mi],  the  IVruviaii  camp 
was  all  III  molnin  Hut  us  Atahualpa  was  solictlotis  to 
appear  with  Ihe  t-'reatesl  splendor  and  mat*mllcence  m 
Ins  tirst  interview  with  Ihe  stringers,  lite  prepiratUMis 
lur  tilts  were  sn  tedious  that  tiie  dav  was  far  .idvanced 

Iwlore  iic  iM'iian  his  march       Hven  ill test  the  onli-r 

of  '.'lo  proceHHiuu  should  be  deraiiijed,  he  moved  so 


slowly,  that  the  Spaniards  beeaiiie  impatient,  and  ap-  ' 

preliensivo  that  some  suspicion  of  their  mtention  migiil  | 
he  the  cause  of  this  delay.      In  order  to  remote  this,; 
i'lzarro  dcspatcned  one  of  his  olficers  wiih  fresh  assur-  ! 
ances  of  his  friendly  disposition.     At  leni.'lh  tlie  Inca  I 
approiched.      I-'irst  of  ail  appeared  lour  hundred  men,  | 
in  a  uniform  dress,  as  li;:rlungers  lo  clear  the  way  beloru  j 
him.      He  himself,  Hilling  on  a  throne  or  couch  adorned  , 
with  plumes  of  various  colors,  and  ahuosl  covered  wiin 
plates  of  ^*old  and  silver  eurictu^d  wilh  precious  stones, 
was  carried  on  the  shoulders  of  hiti  principal  Lltend- 
ants.      iJehind  him  came  some  chief  oflicers  of  his 
court,  carried  in  the  same  manner.     Sevoral  bands  of 
sintrers  and  dancers  accompanied  this  cavalcade  ;  and 
the  whole  plain  was  covered  with  troops,  umounting  to 
more  than  thirty  itmusand  men. 

As  the  Inca  drew  near  the  Spanish  quarters,  Father 
Vincent  Valverde,  chaplain  to  the  expedinon,  advanced 
witli  a  crucilix  in  one  hand,  and  a  breviary  in  llie  other, 
and  III  a  loii(>  discourse  explained  lo  hini  the  doelrme 
of  the  creation,  the  fall  of  Adam,  the  incarnation,  the 
suH'ermirs  and  resurrection  of  Jesu^  Christ,  the  appoint- 
ment of  St  Peter  as  Ood's  vicegerent  on  earth,  the 
transmission  of  his  apostol.c  power  by  successiun  lo  the 
I'opes,  the  donation  made  to  the  King  of  Castile  by 
Pope  Alexander  of  all  liie  regions  of  Itie  New  World. 
In  consetpience  of  all  tliH,  lie  reiiuired  Alahualpa  to 
emlirace  the  Ctiristian  fiiilh,  to  acknowledge  liie  su- 
i)rem(!  jurisdiction  of  the  i'ope,  and  to  subinil  to  the 
King  of  Castile  as  lus  lawful  sovereign  ;  promising,  if 
he  complied  instantly  with  this  reipiisttiun,  that  the 
CaHtihaii  monarch  would  protect  Ins  dominions,  and 
penult  him  to  eontinue  in  ihe  exeicise  of  his  royal  au- 
thority ;  but  if  he  should  impiously  refuse  to  ubey  tins 
smumons,  he  denounced  war  against  hini  in  his  mas- 
ter's name,  and  threatened  him  with  the  most  dreadlul 
eiiects  uf  Ins  vengeniice. 

This  strange  harangue,  unfolding  deep  mysteries, 
and  ulludmg  to  unknown  (acts,  of  vNliich  no  powi-r  of 
elotiuence  couhl  have  conveyed  at  once  a  distinct  idea 
to  an  American,  was  so  laiuely  translated  by  an  unskiltul 
interpreter,  tilth-  acipiamted  with  the  iiiiuui  of  the  .Spa- 
nish tongue,  and  incupatile  ol  expressing  hitnsilf  \^iih 
propriety  in  the  language  of  the  Inca,  ttial  its  general 
tenor  was  altogether  ineomprehenstble  to  Atahuulpa 
Some  parts  m  it,  ot  more  obvious  meaning,  tilled  him 
with  astonishment  and  .nditznalion.  His  reply,  how- 
ever, was  temperate.  He  began  with  ol»ser\ing,  lliat 
he  was  turd  ul  the  dominions  over  wtncli  he  reigiitd  by 
hereditary  successum  ;  and  added,  thai  lie  could  nut 
conceive  huw  a  foreign  priest  should  pretend  todis|iose 
of  territories  which  dul  not  belong  to  bun  ;  llial  il  such 
a  preposterous  grant  had  l>een  made,  he.  who  was  the 
ri<:litlul  posse.>'.or,  rtdused  tocontirm  it ;  Uiat  lie  had  no 
inclination  to  leiiouiice  the  religious  lusiuutions  esta- 
blished bv  lus  ancc^iurs  ;  nor  would  he  forsake  ilic  ser- 
vice of  the  Sun,  iiu-  iinmortal  divinity  whom  hv  and 
his  people  re\ered,  in  order  to  worship  the  (.iod  of  llie 
Spaniards,  who  was  subject  to  death  ,  that  with  rispect 
to  other  inalters  eonlaiued  in  his  discourse,  as  he  had 
never  heard  ot  them  betore,  and  did  now  undeist.tint 
their  meanu.g,  he  desired  lo  know  where  ihe  priesl  had 
learned  tilings  so  exlraordiiiary.  "In  this  book," 
answer  '  Valverde,  reaching  out  to  him  his  breviarv- 
The    I  uieiii'ti    It    eagerly,    and.    lurnmg  uver   tiie 

h-aves,  i  .  ji  lo  his  ear  :  '*  I'his,"  savs  lie,  '•  i.i  silent  ; 
II  tells  me  noltimg  ,  '  and  threw  it  with  disdain  lo  the 
uround.  'I'he  enraged  monk,  ruiinmg  towards  ins  conn- 
trytiicu,  cried  out,  "To  arms,  Chrisiiaus,  to  arms  ;  the 
word  ol  (iod  is  insulled  ,  avenge  this  prolanatioii  on 
those  iiiiptous  du/s  "   [  [Mi] 

Pizarro.  who.  dunng  iliis  long  conference,  had  with 
dillicultv  restrained  his  soldiers,  eager  to  sei/e  the  ncli 
spt}i!s  of  which  ihev  had  now  so  near  a  view,  mmudi- 
ately  gave  the  siijiial  of  assavilt  At  oiice  the  m.iriud 
music  struck  up.  the  cannon  and  muskets  be>.'an  to  tire, 
the  horse  sallied  out  lit-rcely  to  the  charge.  Hk  ml.intrv 
rushed  ou  sword  in  luind.  The  Peruvi.ms.  a>!iMiished 
at.  the  suddeij.ess  ol  an  attaili  which  lliev  did  not  ev- 
pect,  and  tlisuiavcd  wiMi  the  ilesirucii\e  elU'ct  of  the 
lire-arms,  and  the  irresi>iible  iinpressiuii  of  the  cavalry, 
ded  with  universal  con.^lcriiaUoit  on  e\erv  side,  wnhout 
alleinpling  either  to  aiinov  lite  enenu.  or  to  deleml 
iheiiiselves  Pizarro.  al  the  head  ol  hi.s  chtisen  l>aiul, 
advanced  directly  towards  the  liica,  and  ttiough  lus 
iiolilcs  crowded  around  iiim  with  ollicious  zeal,  and 
fell  m  uiimbiTs  at  Ins  leet,  whili!  they  vieil  one  with 
anutlter  in  sicriticmg  ijieir  own  li\e-<,  that  titev  imiflii 
cover  the  sacred  pirson  -;!  ihi'ir  suvereti>ii.  the  .Spa- 
niards sotui  penetrated  lo  Uie  roval  seat,  and  Pi/airo, 
seizing  the  Inca  by  the  nnn.  dragged  hnn  lo  the  ground. 
and  earned  hnn  us  n  priso:ier  to  his  (juarlers      1  he  late 


of  the  monarch  increased  the  precipitate  flight  of  hie 
followers.  The  Spaniards  pursued  them  luwaids  every 
ipiarter.  and  with  deliberate  and  unreleiiUng  i)ait>aniy 
eonlmued  to  slaughter  wretched  lugilives,  who  never 
once  ollered  to  resist,  'ihe  carnage  did  not  cease  un- 
til the  close  of  day.  Above  tour  iliunsaitd  Peruvians 
were  killed.  Not  a  sm^^le  .Sp.iitiard  h:ll,  nor  was  one 
wounded  but  Pizarro  hliusell,  whose  hand  was  bhghtly 
hurt  by  one  of  lusoivn  solduTs.  wiiile  siragglmg  eagerly 
to  lay  hold  ou  lliu  Inca   [131j 

The  plunder  of  the  held  was  rich  beyond  any  ides 
which  the  Spaniards  had  yet  formed  coneernmg  the 
wealth  uf  Peru  ;  and  they  were  so  transported  with  the 
value  of  the  acijiiisitton,  as  well  as  Itte  greatness  ot 
their  success,  that  ihey  passed  the  night  m  the  exlravH- 
gant  exultation  natural  to  indigent  udvenlurers  on  such 
an  extraordinary  change  of  foriune. 

At  first  the  captive  monarch  could  hardly  believe  a 
calamity  which  he  so  little  expected  lo  be  real,  Uut 
he  soon  felt  all  the  misery  of  his  fate,  aiid  the  dejection 
into  which  he  sunk  was  in  propurtiun  to  the  height  ol 
grandeur  from  v^luch  he  had  lallen.  Pi/arro,  alr.>id  of 
losing  all  tite  advantages  which  he  hoped  tuderue  Itoiii 
the  possession  of  such  a  pri.-toner,  labored  lo  consulc 
him  with  prolVssions  of  kindness  and  respect,  that  cor- 
responded ill  with  his  actions,  lly  residing  among  the 
Spaniards,  the  Inca  quickly  discovered  their  ruling 
passion,  which  indeed  they  were  in  nowise  aoUcttous  lo 
conceal,  and,  by  applying  lo  I'vit,  made  an  attempt  lo 
recover  his  liberty.  He  ollered  as  a  ransom  what  as- 
tonished the  Spaniards,  even  after  all  they  now  knew 
conccrniug  the  opulence  of  Ins  kingdom.  The  apart- 
ment III  which  he  was  cuiihned  was  twenty-two  lei't  ni 
length  and  sixteen  in  breadlti  ;  he  undertook  to  till  it 
with  vessels  of  gold  as  high  as  he  could  reach,  i'lzarro 
closed  eagerly  with  this  templing  proposal,  and  a  line 
was  drawn  upon  llu;  walls  ot  the  cnambcr,  to  mark  ilie 
stipulated  height  to  which  the  treasure  was  lo  rise. 

Atahuali>a,  transported  Willi  having  ulHaiiied  some 
pro^^pect  oi  bbeitv,  took  measures  mstunlly  lor  luliihing 
his  part  of  tlu!  agreement,  by  sending  inessengeis  tu 
(luzco,  Ijiiito.  and  oilier  places,  where  gold  had  lieeii 
amasscrl  m  litgesl  tpiaiitiiu's,  either  for  adorning  the 
temples  of  llie  gods,  tir  the  houses  of  the  Inca,  lo  ttriiig 
what  was  necessary  lor  coinpleiing  his  raiisum  direeilv 
to  Caxainalca.  Though  Alahualpa  was  now  iii  the 
euslotly  of  his  enemies,  yel  soiiiuch  were  Itie  Peiuviaiis 
accustomed  to  respect  every  mandate  issued  by  then 
sovereign,  that  his  orders  were  executed  wilh  the  l' real 
est  aluTily.  Soothed  with  hopes  of  recovering  liL: 
liberty  tiv  ties  means,  the  sutijects  of  itie  Inca  were 
atraid  ot  endan^<riug  his  lile  by  lorunng  any  other 
scheme  for  his  rvUvi  ;  and  though  ihe  turce  of  the  em 
ptre  was  slill  entire,  no  [ireparalions  were  made,  and 
no  army  assembled  loavenge  ttieir  own  wrongsor  those 
of  their  monarch.  The  .Sjiaiuards  remamed  in  1,'axa 
maica  trau((uil  and  nnmulested  Small  iU.tachinenls 
I  of  their  iHimber  marched  intu  remote  provmces  ol  thti 
empire,  and.  msleail  of  meting  vvilli  any  op]iositiuii, 
were  every  where  received  wiUi  inalks  of  the  iiiosl 
sutnaissive  respect    [  UWJ 

Iticunsiderable  as  tiiosc  parlies  were,  and  desirous  as 
Pizarro  might  be  to  oUiam  some  knuwiedge  \>{  the  m- 
lerior  slate  of  the  cunnlrv,  he  could  nut  have  veiilnreO 
upon  any  diminulion  ol  lus  mam  Inxly,  il  he  tuil  not 
about  tills  lime  lllecember,J  received  an  iiei  Mint  i>t 
.Mmagro's  h.ivmg  laiuled  at  St.  Michae,  with  such  a 
reinlorcement  as  would  aliiiosl  double  the  luimber  ul 
his  lullowers.  The  arrival  of  this  long  ei|K'cied  suc- 
cour was  not  inure  agreeable  to  Uic  Spaniards  thah 
al.irinmg  to  the  Inca.  He  saw  the  powei  ol  his 
enemies  increase  ;  anil  as  hu  knew  neiUier  Ihc  source 
whence  they  ihuived  their  supplies,  nor  ihe  iinaiis  by 
which  ihev  were  conveved  to  IVru,  he  euuid  not  lore- 
see  to  wtial  a  height  the  mundatiim  that  pinned  in  upor 
lus  dottiiiiious  nnuht  rise  [laD^tJ.  While  di><piieled 
with  such  appreheiisitms,  he  learned  that  .^ome  .S|i4* 
iiiards,  m  their  way  lo  Cnzco,  had  visiird  his  ImoiI.m 
Huast'ur  It)  the  place  where  he  ke)tl  him  cunlmed.  and 
that  Ihe  captive  pimce  had  represented  lo  li.e.u  lIu* 
justice  ul  his  own  cause,  and,  us  un  mducenieiitlo 
espoii<.i'  It,  had  promised  them  u  <|uautity  of  treasurn 
greatly  bevoiid  that  which  Atuhualpa  had  en^a^^ed  to 
pay  lor  his  ransum.  If  the  Spaniards  should  listtui  lo 
this  proposal,  Alahualpa  perceived  lus  own  deslruction 
to  be  inevitable;  and  suspecting  that  their  msatiabtu 
j  tliir.ll  tor  gold  wuuhl  tempi  thi-m  to  lend  a  lavorable 
I  ear  tu  it.  he  determitivd  to  sacntiee  Ins  brother's  life 
that  he  inii/ht  save  his  own;  i  iid  his  orders  lur  this 
purpose  were  exo'uted,  like  all  his  olher  commMlidii- 
with  serupuluus  punctuality. 

Meanwhile,  Indians  daily  arnvrt       CaxaiiuIcA  boa 


I  .llpip  !l 


140 


KOUKKTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


different  partn  of  the  kinj^doin,  loaded  with  treasure 
A  ^ri"il  part  of  thr  Attpulatcd  <piantily  was  now 
aiiia'^tiod,  and  Atahit)il{m  a^surrd  the  Sjianiurd.^  that  ihe 
only  thin*;  which  prevented  the  whole  from  heini; 
I>rouj:ht  in,  wa*  the  reniotoni'S8  of  ihe  provim-es  where 
It  was  drpusitrd.  Hut  tiiich  vast  plica  of  ^otd  pre- 
Bf'tiied  contiiiiia'.iy  to  Ihe  view  ol'  needy  soldiers,  liad 
BO  iiitUrned  their  aviirice,  that  it  was  inipossihle  any 
i'ln^iT  (o  restrain  their  nnpattenco  to  ohlain  poasest^ion 
of  iliis  rich  hooty.  Orders  were  given  for  nieilin^ 
down  the  whole,  excejit  some  pieces  of  curious  fahrit: 
reserved  as  a  present  for  the  emperor.  After  setting 
Kpnrt  the  fifth  due  to  Iho  crown,  and  a  hundred  thou- 
sand pesos  as  a  donative  to  the  soldiers  which  arrived 
with  Almajjro,  there  remained  one  mdlion  tive  hundred 
and  twenty-eight  thousand  five  hundred  pesos  to 
Piznrro  and  his  followers.  The  festival  of  ISt.  Jaine? 
[July  25J,  the  patron  saint  of  Spam,  was  the  day  cho- 
sen for  the  partition  of  this  etiunnous  sum.  and  tiie 
nmnncr  of  conducting  it  strongly  marks  the  8lranj.a' 
alliance  of  fanaticism  with  avarice,  which  I  have  more 
than  once  had  occasion  to  point  out  as  a  striking  fea- 
ture in  the  character  of  the  compierors  of  the  New 
World.  Though  assemhled  to  divide  the  8[)oils  of  an 
innocent  people,  procured  hy  deceit,  extortion,  and 
cruelty,  the  transaction  hcgan  with  a  solemn  invocation 
of  the  name  of  Ciod.  as  if  they  could  have  expected  the 
guidance  oi*  heaven  in  distrihuling  those  wages  ol 
iniquity.  !n  tins  division  ahovc  eight  thousand  pesos, 
«t  that  time  not  inferior  in  ett'ective  value  to  as  many 
pounds  sterling  in  the  present  century,  fell  to  the  share 
of  eacii  horseman,  and  half  that  sum  to  each  foot 
soldier.  I'izarro  himself,  and  his  ollicers,  received 
dividends  in  proportion  to  the  dignity  of  their  rank. 

There  is  no  example  in  history  of  such  a  sudden 
acquisition  of  wealth  by  military  service,  nor  was  ever 
a  sum  t>o  great  divided  among  so  small  a  numher  of 
soldiers.  Many  of  them  having  received  a  recompense 
for  their  services  far  beyond  their  most  sanguine  hojies, 
were  so  impulient  to  retire  from  fatigue  and  danger,  in 
order  to  spend  the  reinaindpr  of  their  days  in  llieir  na- 
tive coiiniry  in  ease  and  op;dence,  th:it  ihry  demanded 
their  discharge  with  clamorous  imjtortunily.  Pizurro, 
sensible  that  from  such  men  he  could  expect  neither 
eiiierpn^e  in  action  nor  fortitude  in  sutl'ermg,  and  per- 
suaded that  wherwer  they  went  the  display  of  their 
ru'liefi  would  allure  adventureis,  less  opulent  but  more 
aardy,  to  his  st-indard.  granted  their  suit  without  reluct- 
uncf .  and  pernutted  above  sixtv  of  them  to  accornpanv 
(tin  brother  IVrdinand.  whom  he  sent  to  Spain  witli  an 
ac.'ount  of  his  succcas,  and  the  present  destined  for 
the  emperor. 

The  Spanifirds  h.-wing  divided  among  them  the  trea- 
sure amasTsed  for  the  Inca's  ransom,  he  insisted  with 
them  to  fuliil  tlieir  prumise  of  setting  limi  at  liberty. 
Hut  nothing  was  further  from  I'izairo's  thoughts. 
I>uring  his  long  service  in  the  New  World,  he  h.id 
imbit>ed  thnso  idciis  and  ina.xims  of  his  fellow-soldiers, 
which  led  tlieii.  to  consider  its  mhahitants  as  an  in- 
ferior race,  neither  worthy  of  the  n.ime,  nor  entitled  to 
the  rights  uf  men.  In  hiK  compact  with  Atahmitp;t.  he 
hud  no  other  object  than  to  amuse  his  captive  with  such 
a  prospect  of  recovering  his  liberty,  as  might  induce 
him  to  lend  all  the  aid  ot  his  authority  towards  collect- 
ing the  wealth  of  his  kingdom.  Having  now  acciun- 
phbhed  ihM,  he  no  longer  regarded  his  plighted  faith; 
and  al  the  very  time  when  the  credulous  prince  hoped 
to  be  replaced  on  his  throne,  he  had  secretly  resolved 
to  b(  reave  him  of  life.  Many  circumstances  seem  to 
have  concurred  m  prompting  him  to  this  action,  the 
most  criminal  and  atrocious  that  stums  the  Spanish 
name,  amidst  all  the  deeds  of  violence  committed  in 
carrying  on  the  conquests  of  the  New  World. 

'1  iiough  J*i/.arro  had  seized  the  Inca  in  umtation  nf 
Cortes's  conduct  towardi  the  Mexican  monarcli,  he  dxl 
not  [Kjssess  talents  for  carrymi;  on  (he  same  arltul  plan 
of  policy.  Destitute  of  tlin  temper  and  address  re- 
quisite for  gaming  the  conlidenee  o\  h:s  pnsuner,  be 
never  reaper.'  nil  the  advantages  which  might  have  been 
derived  from  being  master  of  his  person  and  authority. 
Aliihualpa  was,  indeed,  a  prmre  of  greater  ahtlitie.i  and 
diMMTtmient  than  Monle/uina,  and  seems  to  have  pene- 
trutid  more  thoroui;hly  into  the  character  and  inten- 
tions of  the  Spaniards  Mutual  suspicion  and  distrust 
accordingly  took  placf  between  tlieni.  'I'he  slriet 
attention  with  whu-h  H  was  necessary  to  iriiiird  a  ca[)- 
tive  of  such  imporfance.  greatly  increased  the  fatigue 
of  mililury  duty.  The  ulitily  oT  keeping  h\m  appeared 
inconsiderable  ;  and  I'lzarro  felt  him  as  an  encum- 
brsiue,  from  which  he  wished  to  be  del.vered. 

Atiiiugro  Hiid  hii  follower6  had  made  a  demand  of 
an  oquw  slure  lu  Uie  tucs's  niisom ;   and  though 


I'izarro  had  bestowed  upon  the  private  men  the  large 
gratuity  which  1  have  nienlioned,  and  endeavore<I  to 
soniljc  their  leader  by  presents  o\'  great  value,  tiny 
still  continued  dissatished.  They  were  apprehensive, 
that  as  long  as  Alahualpa  remameJa  prisoner.  I'l/arro's 
soldiers  would  apply  whatever  treasure  should  be  ac- 
quired, to  make  up  what  was  waiiimg  of  the  (piantity 
stipulated  for  his  ransom,  and  under  that  pretext  ex- 
clude them  from  any  part  of  it.  They  insisted  eagerly 
on  putting  the  Inca  to  death,  that  all  the  adventurers 
in  IVru  might  thereafter  be  on  an  equal  fooling. 

INzarro  himself  began  to  be  ularmed  with  acco-ints 
of  forces  -issembling  in  tno  remote  province*  of  the 
empire,  ai.d  suspected  Atahualjia  of  having  issued  or* 
ders  for  that  purpose.  These  fears  and  suspicions 
were  artfully  increased  by  llulippillo,  one  of  the  In- 
dians, whom  I'izarro  hud  carried  ull  from  Tumhez  iii 
the  year  one  thousand  fiyo  hundred  and  iwenty-seveo, 
and  whom  he  employed  as  an  interpreter.  'J'lie  func- 
tion which  he  performed  admitting  this  man  to  fmnihar 
tntereoursc  with  the  captive  monarch,  he  presumed, 
notwithstanding  llm  meanness  of  his  birth,  lo  raise  his 
alfections  to  a  Coya,  or  descendant  of  the  Sun,  one  of 
Atahualpa's  wives  ;  and  seenig  no  prospect  of  gratify- 
ing that  passion  during  the  life  of  the  monarch,  he  en- 
deavored to  lill  the  ears  of  the  Spaniards  with  such 
accounts  of  the  Inca'u  secret  designs  and  preparations, 
us  might  awaken  their  jealousy,  and  excite  them  to  cut 
him  oil'. 

^\'hile  Abnagro  and  his  followers  openly  demanded 
the  life  of  the  Inca,  and  INulippillo  labored  to  rum  him 
by  private  machinations,  that  unhappy  prince  inadvert- 
ently contributed  to  hasten  his  own  fate,  liuring  his 
confinement  he  had  altachei!  himself  with  peculiar 
aliection  to  Kerdinand  I'izarro  and  Hernando  Soto; 
who,  as  they  weic  persons  of  birth  and  education 
superior  to  the  rough  adventurers  with  wlioin  lliey 
served,  were  accustomed  to  behave  with  more  decency 
and  attention  lo  the  cajiiive  monarch.  Soothed  with 
this  respect  from  persons  of  such  high  rank,  be  de- 
lighted in  their  society.  But  in  the  presence  of  the 
governor  he  was  always  uneasy  and  overawed.  'I'his 
dread  soon  came  to  be  mingled  witli  contempt.  Among 
all  the  Kiiropean  arts,  what  be  admired  "  nsl  was  that 
of  reading  and  writing  ;  and  he  long  delit)erated  with 
himself,  whether  he  should  regard  it  as  a  natural  or  ac- 
quired talent.  In  order  to  determine  this,  he  desired 
one  of  the  soldiers,  who  guarded  bim,  to  write  the 
name  of  (lod  on  the  nail  ot  his  thumb.  This  be 
showed  successively  to  several  Spaniards,  asking  its 
meaning  ;  and  to  his  amazemeent,  they  all,  without 
hesitation,  returned  tlie  saino  answer.  At  length 
I'izarro  entered;  and,  on  presenting  it  to  hnn,  be 
blushed,  and  with  some  confusion  wa.s  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge his  ignorance-  Trom  ihat  moment  Atahu- 
alpa  eo'isiderc<l  htm  as  a  mean  person  less  instructed 
than  bis  own  soldiers  ;  and  he  had  not  address  enough 
to  conceal  the  senltments  with  which  this  discovery 
inspired  him.  To  lie  the  object  of  a  barbarian's  scorn, 
not  only  mortified  the  pride  of  I'izarro,  but  excited 
such  reseiitment  in  his  breast,  as  added  force  to  all  the 
other  considerations  which  prompted  him  to  put  the 
Inca  to  death 

Hut    in  order  to  give  some  color  of  jiLstice  to  this 
violent  action,  and  that  he  himself  might  bo  exempted 
trom  siandiMg  singly  responsible  for  the  cummis«ion  ol 
It.  I'izario  resolved  to  try  the  Inca  with  alt  the  formali- 
ties observed  in  the  criminal  courts  of  Spain      I'l/arro 
himself,  and  Ahnagro,  with   two   assistants,  were  up- 
p(Hnted  judges,   with   full  jwwer  lo  acipiit  or  to  con- 
demn ;  an  aUorney-gcneral  was  named  to  carry  on  the 
prosecution  in  the  kmg's  name  ;  counsellors  were  cho- 
sen to  assist  the   prisoner  in  tits  defence  ;  and  clerks 
were    ordained  lu    record    ihe    proceedings  of  court 
Itefore  this   strange   tnbtinal.  a  eharge  was  eiihibited 
^lIll  more  amazing       It  con.sisled  of  vanouu  articles  ; 
that  Alahualpa,  though  a  hii>tartl.  had  dispossessed  the 
rightful  owner  of  the   throne,  and  usurped  the  regal 
power,  that  he   had   put  his  brother  and  lawdil  so\e- 
reign   to   death  ;    that  he  was  un  idolater,  and  bad  not 
only  permuted  but  commanded  the  odering  of  human 
sacnlices  ,  that  be  had  a  great  number  of  concubines  ; 
(hat  since  his  imprisonment  he  had  wasted  and  embez- 
]  zled  the   roval  treasures,  which  now  belonged  of  right 
j  to  the  conquerors  ;   that   he  had  incited  Ins  subjects  lo 
I  take   arms   ajrainst  ihe  Spaniards      On  iliese  beads  of 
I  acciiBalioii,  some  of  whuh  are  so  ludicrous,  others  so 
absurd,  that  the  etlrontery  ol   I'izarro,  m  making  them 
the  foundation  of  a  >erious  uroceilure.  is  not   lei"*  ^"r 
;  prising  than  his  tiijUNLu  c,  did  this  strange  court  go  on  to 
I  try  the  sovereign  of  a  great  empire,  over  whom  it  h:id 
I  no  jurisdiction.     With  respect  to  oacU  of  tho  srticlest 


witnesses  were  examined  ;  but  as  they  delivered  their 
cvideiire  in  their  native  lonifiie,  I'hilipjMllo  had  it  in  his 
power  to  give  their  words  whatever  turn  b'.st  suited 
his  malevole'-.t  uiiiMlioiis,  To  judges  pre-ddennnied 
in  their  opinion,  this  evidence  appeared  suthnient. 
They  p.onounced  Alahualpa  guilty,  and  condemned 
hiin  to  le  burnt  alive,  Friar  Vulverde  prostituted  the 
authority  of  his  sacred  function  to  coritirm  this  sen- 
tence, and  hy  his  signature  warranted  it  lo  he  just. 
Astonished  at  his  fate  Alahualpa  endeavored  to  a\ert 
It  by  tears,  by  promises,  and  by  entreaties  ihat  he 
might  be  sent  \v  Spiiin.  where  ;;  monarch  would  he  tho 
arbiter  of  Ins  lot.  Uui  |)ity  never  touched  ibe  unfeei- 
ing  heart  of  i'lzu'nv  llo  ordered  him  to  he  led  m- 
slantly  lo  execution  ;  and  vshat  added  to  (lie  bitterness 
of  Ins  last  moments,  the  same  monk  who  had  just  ruti- 
lied  his  doom,  ottered  to  console  and  ailempted  to  con- 
vt  rt  bun.  The  most  powerful  argument  \  ulverde  em- 
ployed lo  prevail  with  bun  lo  embrace  the  t'luislian 
iaith,  was  a  promise  of  imtigHtion  in  his  punishment. 
The  dread  ol  a  cruel  death  extorted  from  the  trembhng 
victim  a  desire  uf  receivm»r  baptism  'I'he  ceremony 
was  performed  ;  and  Alahualpa,  instead  of  being  burnt, 
was  strangled  at  the  slake 

Happily  for  the  credit  of  the  Spanish  nation,  even 
among  the  prolligate  adventurers  which  it  sent  forih  to 
conquer  and  desolate  the  New  World,  tlieie  wfre  per- 
sons who  retained  some  tincture  of  the  (-'asiilian  geno' 
rosity  and  honor.  Though,  belore  (he  trial  of  Atahualpj, 
I'Vrdin^uid  i'izarro  bad  set  out  fur  Spain,  and  Soto  was 
sent  on  a  separate  command  at  a  dislanct*  from  (.'axa- 
malca,  this  odious  transaction  was  not  carried  on  with- 
out censure  and  opposition.  Several  ollicers,  and 
among  lhos(>  some  of  the  greatest  reputation  and  most 
respectable  families  m  the  service,  not  only  remonstra- 
ted but  protested  against  this  measure  of  their  general 
as  disgraceful  lo  their  country,  as  repugnant  to  every 
ma.xim  of  etpiity,  as  a  violation  of  public  faith,  and  a 
usurpation  of  jurisdiction  over  an  indeuetident  m  narchi 
to  which  they  had  no  title.  l)ut  thdr  laudable  i^ndea* 
vors  were  vain.  Numbers,  find  tin-  opinion  ot  such  <#8 
held  every  thing  to  be  lawful  which  tliey  deemeil  advan- 
tageous, prevailed.  Historv,  however,  recoids  even 
the  unsuccessful  exertions  ot  virtue  with  applause,  and 
the  Spanish  wnter.s.  in  reUtmn  events  where  Uie  vah.'r 
of  their  nation  is  more  conspKuous  than  Us  humaa  ty, 
have  not  failed  to  preserve  the  names  ol  those  v>ho 
made  this  laudable  ell'ort  lo  save  their  country  fiom  Llit> 
infamy  of  having  jterpetrated  such  a  crime 

On  llie  death  of  Alahualpa.  I'izarro  invested  one  o/ 
his  sons  with  the  ensigii<f  uf  royahy.  hoping  that  a 
young  man  without  experiiiice  rni<:bt  prove  a  more  pas- 
sive instrument  m  his  liands  tiian  an  an. bilious  monarch, 
who  had  been  accustometl  lo  iixh  pendent  command. 
The  peopU*  of  Cu/co,  and  the  ailjaceiit  country,  ac- 
know|ed^ed  Manco  < 'apac,  a  brutlur  of  Ilu.iscir,  as 
Inca.  IJut  neiiher  possessed  the  uutlionly  whicii  be- 
longed to  a  sovereign  of  I'eru  The  \utlenl  convul- 
sions into  which  the  enqiire  had  been  thrown,  lir»t  by 
the  civil  war  between  tlie  two  brothers,  and  then  hy  Iho 
invasion  of  the  Spaniard.'^,  had  tiol  only  drra;i;;ed  the 
order  of  the  Peruvian  <^ovi niinent,  Imt  almost  dissolved 
its  frame.  When  (hey  belieUl  their  monarch  a  captive 
in  the  power  of  .-.Iraiiijers.  and  at  la^t  sutl'ermg  an  igno- 
inintous  dcatii.  ihe  people  in  several  provinces,  as  if 
they  bad  hem  set  free  Irom  every  restraint  of  law  and 
deci'iiey,  broke  out  into  the  mosl  lu-enlums  excesses 
.Su  many  descendants  of  the  Sun,  after  being  treated 
with  the  utmost  indignity,  had  been  cut  oil  by  Alaliu- 
al|i3,  (hat  not  only  their  intluencu  in  the  >tale  dmunisb' 
ed  wilh  their  number,  but  the  accustomed  reverence 
for  that  sacred  race  seuMblv  decreased.  In  consequence 
of  ibis  slate  of  things,  umtiitioiis  men  in  dill'erenl  parti 
of  (be  empire  aspired  to  mdeperubnt  aulhorily,  and 
usurptd  juriMlictu)!!  to  which  lliey  bad  no  lille  The 
general  who  commaiiiled  for  .\labuatpa  in  t^uito,  ^eiied 
the  brolhrr  and  children  of  his  master,  put  itiern  to  a 
cruel  death,  and,  dl.<^ehlllulng  any  connection  with  eitliei 
Inca,  endeavored  to  established  a  sejiarute  kingdom  foi 
himself. 

The  Spaniards  with  pleasure  hebehl  ihe  spirit  of  dis- 
cord dill'ustng  Itself,  and  the  vi^or  of  government  re- 
laxing among  (he  I'eriivians  Tbi  y  considered  ihose 
disorders  as  symptoms  uf  a  state  hastening  towards  its 
dissolution.  I'izarro  no  longer  hiKilaled  to  advance 
towards  Cuzco,  and  be  Iwid  rectuved  such  corisidcr.iblo 
remforcements,  that  he  could  fi'iiture,  wiih  litile  dan- 
ger, (o  peiic(ra(e  so  far  in(o  the  interior  part  ef  (ho 
country.  The  account  rf  the  wealth  acqu.red  at  t'asa- 
malcu  operated  as  he  had  foreseen.  So  sooiurdid  hn 
brother  Kerdmind,  wi'h  ihe  utiicers  and  snidiern  to 
whom  hu  had  given  their  discharge  atiur  the  purutum 


SOUTH    AMEUICA. 


'V  delivered  ihell 
I'pillo  had  It  \u  iMB 
mm  li'-Hi  siiitetl 
•H  prt'-iK'tniniifd 
[leart'il    Hutliniuiit. 

uiid  t'oi)driiin(>d 
,ic  prosliluii'd  llie 

I'onlirin  this  scn- 
mtd  It  to  hr  ju»t. 
idfuvon-d  to  u\tTl 
I'Htrc'utiin  ihat  he 
iirch  would  In;  the 
juchi'd  the  \\u\\.'vl- 

hull  lo  he  led  m- 
i\  lu  llie  lulleriie«a 
who  h;id  just  ruti- 

ulleiiipled  lo  con- 
iitiit  \  alverde  eia- 
)r.K'e  tiie  t'hiistiiin 
111  Ins  |iui)ishnient. 
from  the  Ireiidding 
II  The  cereiiioiiy 
ead  oi  being  burntf 

anish  nation,  even 
lu'h  It  bent  jorih  lo 
■Id,  thcif  were  [ler- 
ihe  C'astilmn  geno- 
.■  trial  ol  Atahualiia, 
pain,  and  Solo  waa 
liMance  troni  *'axa- 
lol  earned  on  wiih- 
veral   ollicers,    and 
■t'|Uitation  and  inobt 
not  only  renionstra- 
ire  ol'  their  general 
repnifiiant  lo  ever^r 
f  |mhhe  tailh,  and  .\ 
ili.'nendenl  in  narth, 
lieir  laudable  eiidea- 
[•  opinion  ol  such  tn 
they  deenietl  advati- 
,evtT,   refolds   *'VeH 
■  Willi  ajuilaoMe,  and 
(•Ills  where  llie  val-.-r 
<«  tlian  lis  huina:i  ty, 
laines  ul    those  v. ho 
leir  i-ountry  iioni  lh»> 
a  rriine 

:arro  invested  one  of 
sahv.  Iiojung  that   a 
;iu  prove  a  more  pas- 
i  aii.bitiuiis  inonari'li, 
t  pemlenl  etHinnuiid. 
iijaet.nl  counlry.  ac- 
llitr  ol"   llu.t^cir.  as 
aulhnrity  \\hKh  bc- 
The   Mulenl  eonvni- 
reii  thrown,  lir^l  I'y 
ihirs,  and  then  by  ttie 
jt  only  deranged  the 
Itut  ttlniost  dl^^olvl'd 
ir  inoiiareh  a  eaptivo 
iht  >uireriiig  an  igno- 
•ral   pru\infes,  as   if 
ri'str.iinl  ol'  law  and 
lueiittouM   exeesses 
.  alUT  being  treated 
•II  lilt   oil   by  Alaliu- 
II  the  state  diinini^^h- 
.fiislomed  reserenee 
isi:(l     111  euMseipn  nei? 
lU'ii  III  diliereni  parli 
tid<-nt    authority,  and 
.  h.id   no  title      Tli« 
ii.ilpa  in  Qviitu.  .Miied 
Master,  jint  llietn  to  a 
•oniieetion  wilh  eilhel 
M'parate  kingdom  loi 


lield  ihc  spirit  of  dis- 
of  governmenl   re- 
iM  y  eoiiHidrred  those 
iMening  luwards  lit 
Hitiited   to   ailvaneft 
d  siit'li  i-on>i(UTablo 
ire.  with   little  dan- 
mterior  pail  »'f  tlie 
'   atiptired  at  ('avo- 
ir     .So  hooiii  r  did  bill 
irtrs   and   aoldiern  (o 
irgc  itlior  the  i.ttiiuuin 


rtlil 


of  Iho  Inca'a  ransom,  arrive  at  Panama,  and  display 
ihcir  riches  in  the  view  of  their  astonished  eountrymen. 
than  fame  spread  the  nceount  with  sui  h  exngg<raiioii 
through  all  the  Spanisli  settlements  on  the  South  Sea, 
lliat  the  governors  of  Uii-ilimala,  Panama,  and  Nic.ira 
gua,  could  liardiy  restrain  the  people  under  llieir  juris- 
diction, from  abandoning  their  possessions,  and  crowd- 
ing tti  that  inrxhnnslible  source  of  wealth  whieh  seem- 
ed to  be  opened  in  Peru.  In  spile  of  every  check  and 
regulation,  such  numbers  resorted  thither,  that  i*izarro 
began  his  march  at  the  head  of  five  hundred  men,  after 
leaving  a  considerable  garrison  in  St  Michael,  under 
the  command  of  Itrnah>azar.  The  Peruvians  had  as- 
Bniibled  some  large  bodies  of  troops  to  oppose  his  pro- 
gress. Several  tierce  encounters  happened.  Hut  they 
terminated  like  nil  the  actions  in  America  ;  a  few  Spa- 
nianls  were  killed  or  wounded  ;  ihe  natives  were  put 
to  lli^ht  with  incredible  ttlaughtcr.  At  length  I'izarro 
forced  his  way  to  Ouzco,  and  took  quiet  possession  ol 
that  capital  '  'I'he  riches  found  lliere.  even  after  all 
that  the  natives  had  carried  otr  and  concealed,  either 
from  a  supeistiiious  veneration  for  the  ornaments  of 
their  temples,  or  out  of  haired  to  their  raphcious  con- 
queiors,  exce-d  in  value  what  had  hern  received  as 
Auhualpa's  ransom.  Hut  as  the  .Spnmurds  were  now 
accustomed  to  Ihe  wealth  of  the  country,  and  it  came 
to  be  piircelh'd  out  among  a  great  number  of  adven- 
turers, ihis  divider.d  ilid  not  excite  ihe  same  si'rprise. 
either  from  noveltv,  or  the  largeness  of  the  cum  ttiai 
fell  lo  the  »iiare  of  each  iiidividiial.  [1<V.I] 

During  the  march  to  Cnzeo,  lhat  son  of  Ataliualpa 
whom  Pizarro  trealed  as  Inca,  died  ;  and  as  the  Spa- 
niaiils  suhstiluled  no  nerson  m  his  place,  the  title  of 
Mmco  (.'apac  seems  to  have  been  universally  recog- 
nised. 

While  his  fellow-soldiers  were  thus  employed.  Bcnal- 
cazar,  governor  of  St.  Michael,  an  able  and  enterprising 
ofticer,  was  ashamed  of  remaining  inactive,  and  impa- 
tient lo  have  his  name  distinguished  among  the  disco- 
verers and  cfiinpierors  of  the  New  World.  The  sea- 
8on.iI'le  arrival  of  a  fresh  body  of  rrcruits  from  Panama 
and  NicaraL'ua  put  it  in  his  power  to  gratify  this  pas- 
non  Leaving  a  sul!iciciit  force  to  protect  the  infant 
seltlemeiil  mtni^'ted  to  his  care,  b"  [ilaeetl  himself  at 
the  liead  of  the  rest,  acd  set  out  to  attempt  the  reduc- 
tion of  t^iiito.  where,  according  to  the  report  of  the  na- 
livi's,  .\tahii.ilpa  had  left  the  greatest  part  of  bis  irea 
sure  Notwilhstaiiding  the  distance  of  that  city  from 
>St.  Michael,  the  dili'inilty  of  marching  tliroiiu'li  a  moun- 
tainous country  covered  witli  woods,  and  the  freipieiit 
and  lierce  attacks  of  the  best  troojia  m  Peru  commanded 
by  a  skilful  leader,  the  valor,  good  conduct.  atnl  perse- 
verance of  IJenalcazir  f-iirniounti  d  everv  obstacle,  and 
h(;  entered  t^mto  with  his  victorious  troops-  Hiii  thev 
met  with  a  cruel  morlilieation  there.  Tin-  natives  now 
acquainted  to  their  sorrow  with  the  predominant  pas- 
sum  of  their  invaders,  and  knowing  hiiw  to  disappoint 
It,  had  earned  otf  all  those  treasures,  the  prospect  of 
winch  had  jirompted  them  to  undertake  thni  anluous 
expedition,  and  hail  siqiporled  ihiMii  under  all  the  dan- 
gers and  liardships  wherewilh  they  had  to  struggle  in 
earrvmg  it  on. 

Henalca/.ar  was  not  ihe  only  Spanish  leader  who 
atlickeil  the  kinndom  of  tjmto,  The  fame  of  its 
rielies  attracted  a  more  powerful  eiiemv.  Pedro  de 
Alviirailo,  who  had  distinguished  himself  so  emmenllv 
in  the  concpiesi  of  Mexi«o.  ha\  ing  obtained  the  govern- 
nieiit  of  tluatim.da  as  a  recompense  for  his  valor,  soon 
became  di.^gusted  with  a  life  of  u-'ifonn  traiiipiilhtv.  and 
lunged  to  he  again  engaged  in  ihe  bustle  of  military 
Bi  rvice  The  glory  and  wealih  acquired  by  ihe  coii- 
qi  erors  of  Peru  hei-jhtened  this  passion,  and  gave  it 
a  'JetermiiH  d  ilirection  Helievini!,  or  pretending  to 
he  leve,  that  the  kingdom  of  Ijiiito  <|id  not  In-  w-iihm 
till  liimtsof  the  province  allotted  to  Pizarro,  lie  resolved 
to  m\ade  it  The  nigji  reputation  of  the  rotninander 
allured  volunleers  from  every  quarter.  He  embarked 
with  live  hundred  men,  of  vvboin  above  two  hundred 
were  of  such  distinction  as  to  «rrvc  on  horseback  He 
lauded  at  INierlo  Viejo,  and  without  sutlicient  know- 
ledge of  the  country,  or  proper  guides  to  conduct  hiin, 
attempted  lo  march  direi  tly  to  Quito,  by  foUowmg  the 
e(Hirse  of  ihe  river  (iuavotpiil,  utid  crossing  the  ridge 
of  the  Andes  towards  iIh  head.  Hut  in  this  route,  one 
of  the  most  inipracticahle  in  all  Ainertra.  his  troops 
endured  such  fatigue  in  forcing  their  way  tbrougii 
forests  and  marsnes  on  the  low  giounds.  and  sutlired 
BO  much  from  excessive  cold  when  they  began  to  as- 
cend the  mountains,  lh.it  betore  they  reached  the  phm 
M  Quito.  H  filih  pati  of  the  men  and  half  their  horses 
died,  Mill  the  rest  were  so  iniuli  dispirited  and  worn 
out.  an  to  Iw  almost  initit  for  uorvice    [\'M]     There 


they  met  with  a  body,  not  of  Indians,  but  of  Spaniards,  ; 
drawn  in  hostile  array  against  them.  Pizarro  havinii 
r4-ceivcd  an  accounl  of  Alvarado's  armamenl.  had  i\v.- 
tached  Almagro  with  some  troops  lo  oppose  tins  tormi- 
dahii!  luvaiierof  hisjiirisdiclion  ,  and  lUese  were  joined 
by  Henalcazar  and  his  victorious  party.  Alvar  ido, 
though  surjiriscd  at  tlie  sight  of  enemies  whom  he 
did  not  expect,  advanced  boldly  U»  the  charge  Hiil, 
by  the  inlerposition  of  some  moderate  men  in  each 
party,  an  amicable  accommodation  took  [ihi'^e  ;  and  the 
fatal  period  when  Spaniards  suspended  their  conquests 
to  imbrue  their  hands  in  tiie  blood  of  their  t-omitryimn, 
was  |iostponed  a  few  years.  Alvarado  engaged  to 
return  to  his  government.  U|mn  Almagro".-*  paying  limi 
a  hundred  thousand  pesos  lo  defray  the  expense  o\'  Ins 
armament  Most  of  his  followers  remained  in  the 
country  ;  and  an  expedition,  which  threatened  Pizarro 
and  his  colony  with  ruin,  contributed  tc  augment  Us 
strength. 

15:M  ]  Hy  this  time  Ferdinand  Pizarro  had  lai  dcd 
in  .Spain.  'I'he  immense  <pianlilies  ol  gold  and  silver 
which  he  imported  [135J  Idled  the  kingdom  with  no 
lesH  asloiiishnienl  than  they  had  excited  in  J'aiiama 
and  the  adjacent  provinces.  I'izarro  was  received  liy 
the  emperor  with  the  attention  due  lo  lli«'  bearer  of  a 
present  so  rich  as  to  exceed  any  idea  which  the  Spa- 
niiirds  had  formed  concerning  the  value  of  their  acqui- 
sitions in  .\inerica,  even  alter  they  hid  been  ten  years 
masters  of  Mexi(!a.  In  recompensi?  of  his  brother's 
services,  his  authority  was  eonlirnied  with  new  powers 
iiid  privile>;es,  and  the  addiiion  ol  seventy  tea<^ues, 
extending  along  the  coast,  to  the  southward  of  itie 
territory  granted  in  his  foriniT  patent  Almagro  re- 
ceived the  honors  which  he  iiad  so  long  desired  'i'lie 
title  of  Adilantado.  or  governor,  was  conferred  upon 
linn,  with  jurisdiction  over  two  hundred  leagues  ol 
country,  strelehing  beyond  the  soulhi  r:i  limits  ol  the 
province  ulIotte<l  to  I*i/.arro.  Kerdinand  liimself  did 
not  go  mir(v%arded.  lie  was  adimtted  into  tlie  mili- 
tary order  of  Si.  Jago.  a  dislinclion  always  act  ptalile 
to  a  Spanish  gentleman,  anil  soon  set  out  on  his  return 
to  Peru,  accompanied  by  many  persons  of  higher  rank 
than  had  yet  served  in  that  country 

•Some  account  of  Ins  negotiations  reached  Peru  be- 
fore ho  arrived  there  liimself.  Almatiro  no  sooner 
learned  lhat  he  had  obtained  the  royal  grant  id'  an  mde- 
peinlent  government,  than  preleiuling  that  (.^uzco,  tlu; 
imperial  resilience  of  the  Incas.  lay  within  lla  boun- 
daries, hn  attempted  to  render  himself  master  of  ^tat 
important  station.  Juan  anil  ( ionzalez  Pt/arro  pre- 
pared to  oppose  him.  Ka  h  of  the  eonH'iiding  parties 
was  supported  by  powerful  ailherents,  and  the  disnute 
was  on  the  point  of  being  terminated  by  the  sword, 
when  l-'rancis  I'izarro  arrived  m  the  capital.  The  re- 
coiii'iliation  between  hiin  and  .Almagro  lij<l  never  been 
cordial.  TIk!  Iri'achery  o\  Pizarro  in  (■ngrossing  lo 
himself  all  the  honors  anil  emoluments,  which  might  lo 
have  been  divided  with  his  associate,  wam  always  pre- 
sent III  both  their  thoughts  The  toriiur,  eotisctuus  ol 
his  own  perlidy,  did  not  expect  forgiveness  ;  llie  latter 
feeling,  that  he  had  been  deceived.  v\as  impalient  to 
be  avenged  ;  and  though  avarice  and  amtution  hail 
induced  them  not  only  to  dissemble  their  seinmieM'... 
hut  even  to  act  in  concert  while  in  pur!'';!',  of  wealth 
and  power,  no  sooner  did  they  obtain  posses.-»iun  of 
these,  than  the  same  pas>i!ons  which  had  formed  this 
temporary  union,  gave  r-se  to  jealousy  and  discord. 
'I'o  each  of  them  was  attaclied  a  small  band  of  inte- 
rested depeiidauls,  who.  with  the  inahetot  s  art  peeuhar 
to  siidi  men.  heightened  their  suspieions.  and  in.igm 
lii'd  every  nppeurance  of  otleiice  Hut  with  all  lliose 
seecis  of  enniily  in  their  minds,  and  thus  assiibioiislv 
cherished,  each  was  so  thoroughly  acipiamled  with  the 
abdilies  and  courage  of  his  rival,  llial  they  equally 
dreaded  the  consequence  of  an  open  rupture.  The 
fortunate  anivai  of  Pizarro  at  ('uzco.  anil  the  address 
mingled  with  tirniness  wliRdi  he  manifested  in  hi-i  ex- 
postulations with  Almagro  and  his  partisans,  a\ertcd 
thai  evil  for  the  present.  .\  new  reconciliation  took 
place  ;  the  chief  article  of  which  was,  that  Almagro 
should  altempt  the  conipiest  of  t'hili  ;  and  )f  he  did 
not  tind  in  that  province  an  establishment  adequate  to 
his  merit  and  expectations.  Pizarro.  by  way  of  mdem- 
niliea  uvi.  should  yield  up  to  him  a  part  of  Peru.  This 
new  agreement,  thonifh  conlirmed  [June  I2J  with  ihe 
same  sacred  solemnities  as  their  first  contract,  was 
observed  with  a:'  little  fidelity. 

Soon  after  be  eoncbided  this  important  tranaaclion, 
Pizarro  niarelu  d  back  to  the  countries  on  the  sea  coast  ; 
and  as  he  now  enjoyed  an  interval  of  tranquilltly  t.ndis- 
tnri)ed  bv  aiiv  enemy,  either  Spaniard  or  Indian,  he 
applied  himself  wall  lh.it  perbevenng  ar4or,  which  dia- 


141 

tmguishcs  his  character,  to  inlroduce  n  form  of  regnlat 

government  into  the  exUnsive  provinces  subject  to  hi« 
authority.  Though  ill  tjiiahlied  by  his  educatmn  10 
enter  into  any  disquisition  eoncerning  ihe  principles  ol 
civil  policy,  and  little  accustomed  by  his  former  habilfl 
ot  hie  u>  aitenti  lo  its  arrangements,  his  nitural  saga- 
city i(up))lied  the  want  both  ol  science  and  experieneo. 
lie  distributed  the  country  into  yarioii«t  dtsinctn  ;  he 
appointed  proper  magistrates  to  preside  in  each  ;  and 
establtfhed  regulaiions  concerning  the  administration  of 
justice,  the  collection  of  the  royal  reven,  e.  the  work- 
ing of  the  miiie.s,  and  the  treatment  t)f  the  Indians, 
extremely  simple,  but  well  ealenl.itrd  to  promote  the 
public  prosjierity.  Hut  though,  for  the  present,  he 
adapted  bis  plan  to  the  infant  state  id  Ins  colony,  his 
aspiring  mi*.d  looked  forward  to  its  bitiire  grandeur 
lie  eonsiden  .  himself  as  laying  the  hHmdation  of  a 
great  empire,  and  deliberated  long,  and  with  much  m)1i 
citnde,  111  what  place  he  siinuld  fix  the  seat  of  govein- 
nient.  Cuzco,  the  nnj'erial  city  of  llie  Incas,  \\»t 
siluaU'd  in  a  corner  of  the  empire.  abo\e  four  hundreil 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  iiiueh  further  Irom  Quito,  a 
province  ol  whose  value  he  h.id  formed  a  high  idea. 
.No  other  settlement  of  the  Peruvians  was  so  conside- 
rabte  as  to  merit  the  ii.iine  of  it  town,  or  lo  allure  urn 
Spaniards  to  hx  their  res. deuce  m  it  Hut  m  marching 
through  the  country,  Pizarro  had  been  siriiek  witli  '.hii 
bea'.uy  and  fertility  of  the  valley  of  Ilimac.  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  best  cultivated  in  Peru.  There, 
on  the  liiinks  of  a  small  river  of  tiie  same  name  with 
the  vale  which  it  waters  and  enriches,  at  the  distance 
of  SIX  miles  Irom  Callao,  the  most  commodious  harbor 
ill  the  P.ii'ilie  llceaii,  lie  hiimdeil  a  city  which  ln'  des- 
lined  to  be  the  capital  of  his  government.  (.Ian.  IH, 
\'i.i'i  J  He  gave  It  th(>  name  of  ('iiidail  de  los  Iteyes, 
either  Iriun  the  cireuinstance  (d  havnii;  laid  the  lirst 
stone  at  that  season  when  the  chnreb  celebrates  the 
lestiviil  of  the  Three  Kings,  or.  as  is  more  probable.  :ii 
honor  of  Juana  andl'harles.  the  joint  sovereign.s  of 
<  'aslile.  This  name  it  still  retains  iimoiiif  the  Spainarda 
111  all  legal  and  lonnal  I'eeds  ;  hut  it  is  belter  known 
to  foreigners  by  that  of  l^niir.,  a  corruption  of  the  aii- 
(  lent  appellation  of  the  vallev  in  which  it  is  Mtuated 
("iider  Ins  in.s|H'Ction.  thi'  buildings  advanced  with  liueh 
rapidity,  lhat  it  soon  a.ssinned  the  form  of  a  eitv.  which, 
by  a  magmticent  palace  that  he  erected  \'ot  Imnself,  ai'd 
by  the  stately  houses  Iniilt  bv  several  of  his  ollieers, 
gave,  even  in  lis  infancy,  ^onie  indication  of  ita  "'ibs'' 
qiieiit  grandeur. 

In  cons(quenc('  of  what  had  been  agreed  wilb 
Pizarro.  Atmau'ro  began  hit>  march  towards  ('bill  ;  and 
as  hi;  po.sse-.sed  in  an  emmeiit  degree  the  virtues  most 
admin  d  by  so!dn  r>.  boimdless  hheralily  and  Icarles* 
eoiirage,  hi.s  standard  was  followed  bv  live  hundred  and 
seventy  men.  the  gri  atest  body  of  Kuropeana  that  hud 
hitherto  been  assembled  in  Peru  I'roin  iinpatienci>  to 
lini.sh  the  expedition,  or  from  ttial  coiifempt  of  hardship 
ami  d  inger  i'cquiri  d  by  all  the  Spaniard?,  who  had  served 
long  in  .\meri<'a,  .Mtnagro,  iii>tead  ol  a'lvancmg  along 
the  level  country  on  *,he  coas;,  enose  to  march  across 
the  mountains  by  a  route  that  was  shorter  indeed,  tnit 
ab.-.osl  iin|i.actical)le.  In  tins  attempt  nis  troopB  were 
expo.-.ed  to  every  calamity  wliieli  men  can  snlfer.  fnni 
taligue,  from  famine,  and  from  the  rigor  ol  lb':  climate  in 
those  elevated  ret^UMis  ol  the  torrid  zuin".  wjiere  the  de- 
gree of  (old  Is  hardly  inferior  to  what  is  b'lt  within  the 
polar  circle  Many  of  them  perished  ;  and  the  survivor* 
when  lilt  V  descended  into  the  fertile  plains  of  t 'bill,  hail 
new  dillieulties  tu  eiictumter  They  found  liiere  a  race 
of  men  very  dillerenl  Irom  the  people  o.'  Peru,  mtrepnl, 
hardy,  independent,  and  m  their  bodily  >'onstitiilion,  an 
well  as  vigor  of  spiril.  nearly  resembling  the  warlike 
tribes  in  North  .America  'I'hough  titled  with  wonde. 
at  the  first  appearance  of  the  Spaniards,  and  still  more 
astonished  at  the  operations  of  iheir  cavalry  and  the 
elfects  of  t!ieir  fire-arms,  the  Chilese  soon  recovered 
so  fur  from  their  siirfirise,  as  not  only  to  defend  them- 
belves  with  obstinacy,  but  to  attack  their  new  enemies 
will)  more  determined  lierceness  than  any  .American 
nation  had  hitherto  discovered.  'I'ho  Spaniards,  how- 
ever, continued  to  penetrate  into  the  country,  and  col- 
lected some  considerable  quantities  of  f^old  ;  but  wcro 
so  far  fioin  thinking  of  making  any  settlement  ainidat 
such  formidable  neighbors,  that  in  spite  of  all  the  exfie- 
rience  and  valor  of  their  leader,  the  final  issue  of  the 
expedition  still  remained  extremely  dubious,  when  they 
were  recalled  from  it  by  an  unexpected  revolution  al 
Peru.  The  causes  of  this  important  event  I  nliall  on- 
dravor  to  trace  to  their  source. 

80  inuny  adventurers  had  flocked  lo  Peru  fromsTery 
Spanish  colony  in  .America,  and  all  with  such  high  e«- 
puclttlioMB  of  Hccutnulating  trulepiiidi  iit   foiluiiea  at 


r? 


' 


f 


142 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


i 


H 


I'   i 


oiu*o,  that,  In  mm  {)08ft(>iiflr(l  with  nntionti  so  pxtrava* 
gant,  any  iiifiitioii  of  iit-tpiiriri*:  wealth  t^raihiiilly.  iiitil 
by  »ulir.in('K  of  |).)iirnl  nitlusiry,  v^<)'.lUI  \u\\v  hciii  not 
oiJy  a  (liHu[i|)UiiitiiU'tit  hiil  an  lo^iiill.  In  order  lo  tint! 
occi![)ation  lor  men  who  rould  not  vMth  sultiy  lie  ul- 
lovMril  to  rtnmin  irmrtivi',  Viiutm  rn«<)iir.)i>(-(l  sonir  of 
tho  inoMt  (htslni^uisht'd  oHu-crK  who  liail  liitely  joint-d 
him,  to  nivadu  diHcri'Til  |)rovinctu  of  ll  i  cinpiif,  whicli 
the  S[jjnmrdH  had  not  hitlierto  visit'^d.  Si-veral  Iarj,'L' 
bodies  vscro  foriuH  for  thiH  purposR  ;  and  iilKiiit  the 
time  Ihul  Ahiiii;,rro  set  out  for  Chih,  they  inarched  into 
remote  di«triet.s  of  iho  country  No  sooner  did  Manco 
Capae,  the  Irica,  olmerve  the  iuconsidiTale  security  of 
the  Spaniards  in  thua  disprrsinp  their  troops,  and  that 
only  a  handful  of  sohhcr:*  renmined  in  Cu/.co,  under 
Juan  and  (ionzah<z  i'lzarro,  than  he  thou^*ht  that  the 
happy  |H"riod  was  at  lenjjth  roiiio  for  vmdicatuig  his 
own  lights,  for  avenging;  the  wrongs  of  his  country,  and 
cxtirpatiiifr  its  opjires.sors.  'J'hoiigh  strictly  watched 
hy  the  Spaniardis  who  allowed  hint  to  reside  in  ttio 
palace  ol  hJN  ancestors  at  Ctizco,  he  found  means  of 
communicating  his  scheme  lo  the  [)rrson»  who  were  to 
be  inttuiited  with  the  execution  of  it.  Among  people 
aceustoined  to  revere  their  sovereign  us  a  divinity, 
every  hint  of  his  will  carries  the  authority  of  a  com- 
muiiii ;  and  they  themselves  were  now  convinced,  by 
the  daily  increase  in  the  nuinher  of  their  invaders,  that 
-he  fond  iioju's  which  they  had  long  entertained  of  their 
voluntary  departure  were  altogether  vain.  All  per- 
ceived that  a  vigorous  ellbrt  of  the  whole  nation  was 
requisite  to  expel  them,  and  the  preparations  for  it 
were  earned  on  w<th  the  secrecy  and  silence  peculiar  to 
Amertcaiis. 

After  some  unsuccessful  attempts  of  the  Inca  to 
make  his  escape,  I'Vrdm.ind  Pizarro  happening  to  arrive 
at  that  time  in  Cuzco  f  ISlJej.  he  ohtained  permission 
from  hiiu  to  attend  a  great  festival  which  was  to  he  ce- 
lebrated a  few  leagues  from  the  capital.  I.'nder  pretext 
of  that  solemntty,  the  great  men  of  the  empire  were 
asaemhhd.  As  soon  as  tlie  Inca  joined  them,  the 
standard  o(  war  was  erected  ,  and  in  a  short  tune  i  II 
the  fighting  men.  from  the  conrines  of  Quito  to  the 
frontier  of  Chili,  were  in  arms.  Many  Spaniards,  liv- 
ing securely  on  the  settlements  allotted  lliem,  were 
riias«acred.  Several  detacniiu-nts,  as  they  inarched 
carelessly  through  a  country  which  seemed  lo  be  tamely 
Hubmissive  to  their  dominion,  were  cut  oil'  to  a  man 
An  aimy  amounting  (if  we  may  believe  the  Spanish 
writers)  to  two  hundred  thousand  men.  attacked  Cuzco, 
which  ihc  three  *  /others  endeavored  to  defend  with 
only  one  hundred  and  ^eventy  Spaniards.  Another 
fc'inidsble  liody  invested  Lima,  and  kept  tiic  governor 
closely  shut  up.  'J'here  w.is  no  longer  any  cornmuni- 
ratioii  helween  the  two  cities  ;  the  numerous  forces  of 
tiie  Peruvians  spreading  o\er  the  country,  intercepted 
every  iiiessenger  ;  and  a»  the  part  ;a  in  (vuzco  and 
Lima  were  equally  iiiiactpi^nnved  with  the  fate  of  their 
countrymen,  each  boded  ihe  worst  concerning  the 
other,  and  imagined  that  they  ihemselviM  were  the  only 
persons  who  had  survived  the  general  extinction  of  the 
Spanish  name  m  Peru  . 

It  was  at  (^'uzco,  where  the  Inca  commanded  in  per- 
son, that  the  I'eruvians  niade  their  chief  efforts.  Dur- 
ing nine  moiths  they  cdi'rud  on  tlic  siege  with  inces- 
sant ardor,  and  in  various  forms  :  and  though  they  dis- 
played not  the  same  undaunted  ferocity  as  the  Mexican 
warriors,  they  conducted  souie  of  tlieir  ojierations  in  a 
manner  which  dmootered  greater  sagacity,  anda  genius 
wore  susreplihle  of  impiovemeni  in  the  military  art. 
Tliey  not  only  observed  the  advantages  wliicli  the  Spa- 
niards derived  from  thiHF  discipline  and  their  weapons, 
liut  tliey  endeavored  to  miiiaie  th«  former,  and  turned 
the  latter  again.st  tlieui,  Tliey  armed  a  considerahlu 
body  of  tiieir  bravest  warriors  with  the  swords,  the 
e[>ea!s.  and  bucklers,  whicti  they  had  taken  from  the 
Spanish  soldiers  whom  they  had  cut  off  in  ditferent 
parts  of  the  country.  'I'hese  they  endeavored  to  mar- 
aim!  in  that  regtdar  compact  order,  to  whicli  expritcnce 
had  taught  them  tliat  the  Spaniards  were  indebted  for 
their  irresistible  force  in  action.  Some  appeared  in  the 
field  with  Sparnsh  muskets,  and  bud  acquired  skill  and 
resobittoii  ftiou^h  lo  use  ihem  A  few  of  ttie  bohlest, 
among  whom  was  the  Inca  himself,  were  mounted  on 
file  horses  which  they  had  taken,  and  advanced  briskly  to 
the  charge  like  SpaniJHh  cavaliers. with  their  lances  in  the  | 
rest.  It  was  more  by  their  numbers,  liowever,than  by  those  ' 
imperfect  essays  to  iiniiale  Kuropean  arts  and  lo  employ  i 
Kropcan  arms,  that  the  IVruvians  annoyed  the  Spaniards 
ll^ltjj.  In  spile  of  the  valor,  heighieuid  hy  despair,  with 
which  the  three  brothers  deleiided  ('ii/co.  Man'  oC4pac 
recovered  |H)ss^?shioii  of  oui-  half  of  bi^>  capi  al  ;  and  in 
tbuir  variuuaeU'ortslu drive  him  outu.  ,i  ibu.Spttuiirils 


I  lost  Juaii  Pizarro,  the  best  beloved  of  all  the  brothers, 
'  together  witli  some  other  persons  of  note.  Worn  out 
Wi'.!'  the  fatigue  ol  nl^•(■s^ant  dutv.  ilistressed  with  want  of 
provisions,  and  despairmg  of  biiiig  able  any  longer  to 
'  rt  SIM  an  enemy  whose  numbers  daily  increused,  the 
soldiers  lurairn  iinpat;i  nt  to  abandon  Cn/co,  in  hopes 
,  citlier  of  jumuig  their  countrymen,  it  any  of  them  yet 
I  survived,  or  of  forcing  their  way  lo  the  sea,  and  tinding 
some  means  of  escaping  from  a  country  which  had 
j  been  so  fatal  to  the  Spanish  name.  While  they  were 
brooding  over  those  desponding  thoughts,  wbkli  their 
otlicers  labored  in  vain  to  dis|>el,  Aliiiagro  appeared  aud- 
dcrily  111  the  neighboihood  of  Cuzco. 

The  accounts  transmitted  to  Altnagro  concerning 
the  general  tnsi'.rrection  of  the  I'eruvians,  were  such  as 
would  have  induced  him,  without  hesitation  to  relin- 
quish the  conquest  of  Chili,  ind  hasten  to  the  aid  of  his 
countrymen.  IJnt  in  this  resolution  he  waa  confirmed 
by  a  motive  less  generous,  but  more  interesting,  liv 
the  same  messenger  who  brought  him  intellig<'ncc  of 
the  Inca's  revolt,  he  received  the  royal  patent  creating 
him  governor  of  Chili,  and  defining  the  limits  of  his 
jurisdiction.  I'pon  considering  the  tenor  of  it,  he 
deemed  it  manifest  beyond  contradiction,  that  Cuzco 
lay  wiihin  the  boundaries  of  his  government,  and  he 
was  equally  solicitous  to  prevent  the  I'eruvians  from 
recovering  possession  of  their  capital,  and  to  wrest  it 
out  of  the  hands  of  the  I'izarros.  rrom  impatience  to 
accomplish  both,  he  ventured  lo  return  by  a  new  route  , 
and  in  marching  through  the  sandy  plains  on  the  coast, 
he  suffered  from  heat  and  drought,  calamities  of  a  new 
species  hardly  inferior  to  those  in  which  he  had  been 
involveil  by  cold  and  famine  on  the  summits  of  the 
Andes. 

1537.  J  His  arrival  at  Cuzco  was  in  a  critical  mo- 
ment, '.''he  Spaniards  and  I'eruvians  fixed  their  eyes 
upon  bun  with  equal  solicitude.  The  former,  as  he 
did  not  study  to  conceal  bis  pretensions,  were  at  a  loss 
whciher  lo  welcome  him  as  a  deliverer,  or  to  take  pre- 
cautions against  him  as  an  enemy.  The  latter,  know- 
ing the  points  m  contest  between  hjn  and  his  country- 
men, flattered  themselves  thai  they  had  more  to  hope 
than  to  dread  from  liH  operations.  .Minagro  himself, 
uiLirqiiainted  with  Ihe  detail  of  the  eveiils  wihch  had 
happened  in  his  absence,  and  solicitous  to  learn  the  pre- 
cise posture  of  affairs,  advanced  towards  the  capital 
slowly,  and  with  great  circumspection.  Various  nego- 
tiations witli  both  parties  were  set  on  foot.  The  Inea 
conducted  them  on  his  part  with  much  address.  Al 
first  be  endeavored  to  gam  the  fnendbhip  of  Almagro  ; 
and  after  many  fruitless  overtures,  despairing  of  any 
cordial  union  with  a  Spaniard,  he  attacked  him  by  sur- 
prise with  a  numerous  body  of  chosen  troops.  Uutthe 
Spanish  discipline  and  valor  maintained  their  wonted 
superiority.  The  I'eruvians  were  repulsed  with  such 
slaughter  thai  a  great  part  of  their  army  dispersed,  and 
vMinagro  proceeded  to  the  gales  of  Cuzco  without 
interruption. 

The  I'izarros,  as  they  had  no  longer  to  make  head 
against  the  i'eruvians,  directed  all  tlu'ir  attention  to- 
wards their  new  enemy,  and  took  measures  to  obstruct 
bis  entry  into  liie  capital.  Prudence,  however,  re- 
strained both  parlies  for  some  time  from  turning  their 
arms  against  one  another,  while  surrounded  by  com- 
mon enemies  who  would  rejoice  in  the  mutual  slaugh- 
ter. iJifferent  schemes  of  accommodation  were  pro- 
posed. Kach  endeavored  'o  deceive  ihe  other,  or  to 
corrupt  his  followers,  i'iie  generous,  open,  affable 
temper  of  Almagro  gained  many  adherents  of  the  I'i- 
zarros, who  were  ilisgusled  with  their  bardi,  domineer- 
ing manners,  Mncouraged  by  this  defection,  he  ad- 
vanced towards  the  city  by  niu'ht.  surprL-ed  the  senti- 
nels, or  was  admitted  by  iheni,  and,  investing  the  house 
where  the  two  brothers  resided,  compelled  ihem,  after 
an  obstinate  defence,  to  surrender  at  discretion  Al- 
magro's  claim  of  jurisdiction  over  (yii/.co  was  univer- 
sally ncknowleclged,  and  a  form  of  administration  esta- 
blished mills  name. 

Two  or  three  persons  only  were  killed  in  this  first 
act  of  civil  husttbty  ;  hut  it  wa.H  i^  '  ii  followed  by  scenes 
more  bloody  Francisco  I'izar;  saving  dispersed  the 
Peruvians  who  had  invested  I.iim.and  received  some 
considerable  reinforcements  from  1/  spaniolaand  Nica- 
rairua,  ordered  five  hundred  men,  under  the  command 
of  Atonzo  de  Alvarado.  to  inarch  to  Cuzco,  in  hopes  of 
relieving  his  brothers,  if  they  and  tueir  garrison  were 
not  already  cut  o(I  by  the  Peruvrins  This  body, 
which  at  that  period  of  Ihe  Spanish  power  in  America 
must  be  deemed  a  considerable  force,  advanced  near 
to  the  capital  before  tliev  knew  that  ihey  had  any  eiieuiy 
more  lor.iiulable  than  Indians  to  encounter  Ii  was 
Willi  ttstoiiisliment  th^t  they  betuilu  thtir  cuuiitryir.n 


posted  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Abancny  to  oppOM 

iheir  progress  Almagro,  however,  wished  rather  to 
gain  than  lo  conquer  tlie;n.  and  by  bribes  and  pro 
miscs,  endeavored  to  seduce  their  leader  The  tidi  hly 
of  Alvarado  remained  unshaken;  but  \i\s  talents  for 
war  were  mtt  equ-d  lo  hi-,  \irtue.  .\hiiagro  aniu.-.ed 
bun  with  various  movements,  of  which  he  did  notioin- 
prehend  the  meanuig,  while  a  large  detadmient  of 
chosen  soldiers  pasM-il  the  river  by  night  IJuly  Vi],  tell 
upon  bis  camp  by  surprise,  broke  bis  tmop.'*  before  they 
had  time  to  form,  and  took  him  prisoner,  logether  with 
his  principal  officers. 

lly  the  sudden  route  of  this  body,  the  contest  bu 
twcen  the  two  rivals  must  have  been  decided,  if  .\I- 
n.agro  had  known  as  wr-ll  how  to  improve  n^  bow  to 
gam  a  victory.  Uodngo  Orgognez.  an  olbcer  of  great 
abilities,  who  having  served  under  the  t.'onsiable 
Hourbon,  win  n  he  led  the  imperial  army  lo  Home,  had 
been  accustomed  to  bohl  and  decisive  measures,  ad- 
vised him  instantly  lo  issue  orders  for  puUing  to  death 
Perdinand  and  (ionzalo  I'izarros,  .Mvaratio,  and  u  few 
other  persons  whom  he  could  not  hope  to  gam,  nnd  to 
march  directly  with  bis  victorious  troops  lo  Lima,  before 
the  governor  bad  time  to  prepare  for  his  ilel'eiice,  IJul 
Almagro,  tliougb  he  dis'-erned  at  once  tb(^  iitililv  of  the 
couiit^el,  and  though  he  h;'d  courage  to  ha\e  carru'd  it 
into  execution,  suffered  himself  lo  be  influenced  by 
sentiments  unlike  those  of  a  soldier  of  fortune  grown 
iHd  in  service,  and  by  .scruples  which  suited  not  the 
chief  of  a  party  who  bid  drawn  his  sword  in  civil  war. 
Peelings  of  liumanity  resir^inied  him  from  shedding  thu 
blood  of  bis  opponents  ;  u  '  ihe  dread  of  being  deemed 
a  rebel  deterred  him  from  tering  a  province  which 
the  king  had  allotted  to  ar  her.  Though  he  knew 
that  arms  must  lerminate  th  qiute  helween  bim  and 
Pizarro,  and  resolved  not  tt  in  that  loode  of  deci- 
sion ;  yet,  with  a  timid  delicacy,  preposlirous  at  such 
a  juncture,  be  was  so  solicitous  that  Ins  rival  should  be 
considered  as  the  aggressor,  that  he  marclu-d  quietly 
back  to  Cuzco,  to  wail  his  approach, 

Pizarro  was  stiil  unacquainted  with  all  the  interest- 
ing events  which  bad  liappened  near  Cuzco  Accounts 
ofAlmagro's  return,  of  the  loss  .if  the  capital,  of  Ihe 
death  of  one  broiSer,  of  the  miprisoi, merit  of  the  other 
two,  and  of  the  defeat  of  Alvarado,  were  brought  to 
him  at  once.  Such  a  tide  of  mislortunes  almost  over- 
whelmed a  spirit  which  had  coiitinu(;d  firm  and  erect 
under  the  rude.-^  shocks  of  adversity  Itut  the  necea- 
sily  of  attending  to  his  own  safely,  as  well  as  the  de- 
sire of  reveiigi.',  preserved  Iiim  from  sinking  under  it. 
He  took  measures  for  both  with  his  wonted  siigacity. 
.\s  \iv.  had  the  command  of  the  s(Mcoast,  and  (expected 
considerable  supplies  both  of  men  and  military  htores, 
it  was  no  less  hts  interest  it)  gam  time,  and  to  avuid 
action,  than  it  was  that  of  .\lmagro  to  precipitate  ope- 
rations, and  to  bring  llie  eoiitesl  to  a  speedy  i.-sue.  lie 
had  recourse  lo  arts  which  he  bad  formerly  [iraeiisid  with 
success  ;  and  Almagro  was  again  weak  enough  to  suffer 
himself  to  be  amused  with  a  pro.--pecl  of  lermmating 
their  differences  bv  uoine  anucabb!  accommod.ition. 
Hy  varying  his  overtures,  and  slnfiing  bis  ground  as 
ofte;i  as  it  suited  his  purpose,  sometimes  seeming  to 
yield  to  every  thing  which  bis  ru.il  could  desire,  and 
then  retracting  all  that  he  had  granted,  Pizarro  dexter- 
ously protracted  the  negotiation  to  suolt  a  leiigili.  that, 
though  everv  day  wa.«i  precious  to  Almagro,  several 
montlis  elapsed  without  coming  to  ativ  final  agreement. 
While  i\n'-  attention  of  Alm.igro,  and  of  the  ollicera 
with  whom  he  consulted,  was  occupied  jti  detiH'tiiig 
and  eluding  the  fraudulent  mtenlions  of  the  governor^ 
(ionzalo  Pizarro  and  Alvarado  found  means  lo  corrupt 
the  soldiers  to  whose  custody  they  were  committed, 
and  not  only  made  their  ese.ipe  themselves,  but  per- 
suaded sixiv  of  ibe  men  who  formerly  guaided  them  to 
accompany  their  (light.  Fortune  having  tluis  delivered 
one  of  bis  brothers,  the  governor  »cru|.'ied  not  at  mie 
act  of  perfuly  more  to  procure  the  relea>e  of  the  other. 
He  proposed  that  every  pouit  in  controversy  between 
Almagro  and  hiinsulf  should  tut  tuhmitted  to  the  deci- 
sion of  their  sovereign  ;  thai  until  bis  award  was  known, 
each  should  retain  undisturbed  posse.^sion  of  -wbalever 
part  of  the  coui.try  he  now  ticcupied  ;  that  Kerdinand 
Pizarro  should  I  e  set  at  liberty,  and  return  instantly  to 
Spain,  logelber  with  the  otiicera  whom  .Mmagro  pur- 
posed to  send  'hither  to  represent  the  justice  of  hia 
clai:ns.     Obvious  as  the  de^^ign  of  Pizarro  was  in  thoso 

^lroposllions.  and  familiar  us  bis  artilices  might  now 
lave  been  lo  bis  oppom-nt,  Almagro,  with  a  credubly 
approaching  to  infatuation,  relied  on  Ins  sincerity,  aitd 
concluded  an  agreement  (m  these  terms 

The  moment  liiat  I'erdin.md  Pizarro  recovered  hid 
liberty,  thu  ^over.-.or,  no  longer  fettered   -u  hts  oiHim 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


113 


aiicay  to  0|i]i0ft6 
wislifil  railicr  to 
liril)i-»  unJ  |)iu 
lliT  TliirtHitlity 
lit  iiiN  lult'iits  lor 
Alm.i^ro  amuM'ii 
li  lie  ilui  iioUoin- 
V  drtiii-liiiifnt  ol 
^rlii  [July  I'JJ.lcIl 
inmjii^  licfoic  tlify 
HIT,  tiii;(ilnr  \Mlh 

',   llic  rontfst  l*u 
ni  ili'ddtil.  if  Al- 
iijinivc  ii:*  liow  to 
till  ullifi-r  of  ^rciit 
IT  llu:    Coiisialilfi 
nny  to  Uuine,  liad 
iiv*'  iiH'a»uri'f«,  uil- 
ir  |)iiltin^  to  death 
Iv.irmlo,  uiid  u  fi'W 
)]il>  til  giiiti,  iitul   to 
)|is  to  l.inui,  Ittfurc 
Ins  ileU'iicc.      IJiil 
•f  thr  utility  of  tlio 
u  to  ha\t'  tiirrit'd  il 
I   be   mllut'ticcd  l»y 
•  of  fortune  ^rowii 
icii  Hiiiicd  not  the 
<w»r(i  III  nvil  vvjir. 
I  from  ^llrddlIl•»tho 
ad  of  lu'iii^  deumt'd 
!i    proviiux'  which 
Tlioiiyh  he  knew 
e  hrlvvetMi  liiii)  and 
thai   mode  uf  deci- 
oposti  rous  ul  such 
.  his  rival  should  ht 
he  niarelifd  quietly 

ilh  all  the  interest- 
r  Cu/xo     Accounts 
tltu  t-a|iilal,  of   the 
x.im-nt  of  the  olliof 
lo,  were  l)roiij,'lit  to 
)rtimL'H  iilmost  over- 
lucd  firm  and  erect 
|ty       Hut  the  neceH- 
,  as  well  un  llie  de- 
III  siiikiht^  under  it. 
iih  wonted  sagafily. 
joiisl,  and  expected 
and  iniinary  htores, 
time,  iind  lo  avuid 
I  lo  precipitate  ope- 
speidy  i?»ue.    lie 
iirrly  pMCiihcd  with 
ik  enuuj,'h  to  siitfer 
■t  of  terminalinj» 
accomintKl..lioii. 
,111^  Ins  ground  as 
netiuH  s  scemin}^'  to 
.1  could  destre,  and 
d.  Pi7..irro  dexlef- 
iuch  a  lrii:;ih.  Hut, 
Alina^ro,  M>V(Tal 
,  lln.il  ;i;'reeineiil. 
mil  of  the  ollicer* 
pic'l   III    deUvthi;^ 
ir,  of  the  j;o\ernor, 
means  to  corrupt 
were  coiiuiiilted, 
mselves.  hut   per- 
„iiai(led  theni  to 
, villi,'  liius  delivered 
Tiiplcd  not  at  one 
■lease  of  the  other. 
iuiirt)verMy  holween 
iHMit'ed  tu  the  dcci- 
nward  was  known, 
•.^sion  of  Avhiilevor 
tl  ;  tliat  rerduund 
return  msl.inily  to 
hohi  .Mnmf^ro  pur- 
the  justice  of  his 
'iz.irro  was  in  thoso 
riilues   ini^hl   now 
TO.  With  a  credulity 
Ml  hissiiiceriiy,  aiti] 
rms 

;jrro  reeo%erw1  hi* 
■red   Mi  his  oiwm 


rlv 


V 


tioiw  by  •nxiely  about  his  brother's  life,  ihrew  off  every 
disguise  which  his  concern  for  it  had  obliged  him  to 
nsfuiine.  The  treaty  was  for^'olten  ;  pacihc  and  I'on- 
rilmlniK  ineaMuns  were  no  more  menliOded  ;  il  was  in 
ihc  fii'ld  he  openly  declared,  and  not  in  the  cahinet, — 
by  arum  and  not  Iiy  nei^otiation, — that  it  must  now  be 
drterniined  who  hliouhl  be  maHter  of  I*eru.  'I'he  ra- 
pidity of  his  preparations  suited  such  a  decisive  resolu- 
lion  Seven  hundred  men  «ere  soon  ready  to  march 
towai.ln  **u7,ro  The  command  of  llie*c  was  given  lo 
hi.i  two  hroihers,  in  whom  he  could  perfectly  confide 
for  the  exeeniion  of  his  most  violent  schempa,  as  they 
were  iiriied  on.  not  (uily  by  ihc  enmity  tlowniH  from  the 
nvaUhii)  helwcen  their  funiilv  and  Alinayro,  hut  ani- 
niHled  with  the  desire  of  vetijieance.  excited  by  recol- 
lection of  iheir  own  recent  disgrace  and  rtutrerings. 
Afier  an  iinsncce!'>ful  attempt  to  cross  the  mountaina 
m  the  direct  road  ln'tween  Limti  and  ('uzco,  they 
inarciied  lovitnls  ilie  south  ahui;;  the  coast  as  far  as 
Na.'tca,  and  llu  n  lununy  to  Ihe  left,  penetrated  throuyb 
the  detlles  in  ili;it  branch  of  the  Andes  which  lay  be- 
tween them  and  tlie  capital.  Alm:iKro,  instead  of 
bcarkenini,'  lo  some  of  Ins  ollicers,  who  advised  iiim  to 
Httempt  the  defence  of  tho'-o  dillicull  jfasses,  waited  the 
apnroach  of  the  eiu  rnv  in  the  plain  of  (^uzco-  'I'wo 
reasons  seem  to  liave  iinluced  liirii  to  lake  this  resolu- 
tion. Ills  follower.-  aniounled  hardly  to  live  hundred, 
and  U?  was  afraid  of  weakennii?  such  a  feehL  body  by 
Bending  any  diTai'hnient  towards  the  mountains,  Uia 
cavalry  far  exceeded  that  of  ihe  adverse  party,  botn  in 
nimiher  and  disr]{iline,  ami  it  was  only  in  an  open  conn- 
trv  that  he  conli!  a\uil  himself  of  ijiiil  advantage. 

The  !'i7.arros  a(lv;;nced  without  aTiv  obstruction,  but 
what  arose  bmn  the  :iature  of  the  .jesert  and  horrid 
r"gums  throuL'h  v%hiib  they  marched.  .\s  soon  as  they 
reached  the  pl,iin,  both  factions  wi.Te  cpiall/  impatient 
to  brmg  this  long  protracted  contest  to  an  issue. 
Thou'ili  countryunn  and  Ineiuls.  the  siibjicts  of  the 
same  soM-reii^n,  ami  each  with  tlie  royal  htandanl  di><- 
plavid;  and  tl;')u>>h  lliey  beheld  the  mountains  that 
Burroundrd  the  plain  in  which  they  were  driwu  i  p,  co- 
V(Ted  with  a  vast  multitude  of  Indians  assembled  to 
enjoy  the  spect.icle  of  tin  ir  imitiml  carnage,  and  pre- 
pared to  al1a<-|<  whati  V4T  parly  remained  master  of  the 
field  ;  so  fell  anil  nuplai  able  was  the  rancor  whii'h  had 
taken  posse>Moii  of  e\(ry  brea.st,  that  not  one  pacific 
counsel,  not  a  .>mgte  overture  towards  accomnuidation 
proceeded  Irom  either  side.  I'nfortunately  for  Alma- 
gro.  he  v\.is  Mi  worn  out  with  the  faligue.s  of  si  rvice,  to 
which  bis  advanced  age  was  uneipial,  that,  at  this  crisis 
of  bis  fate,  be  civjid  not  evert  Ins  wonted  activity,  and 
he  was  o)ilii;e<l  to  commit  the  leatling  hi^  troops  to  ( )r- 
goiiiie/.  \^ho.  ibougii  an  ollicir  of  great  merit,  did  not 
possens  the  .viine  asD'ntlaut  either  over  the  spirit  or 
alleclions  of  the  soUln-rs,  as  ihe  chief  whom  they  had 
long  been  accustomed  to  follow  and  revere 

The  conlbcl  was  furce,  and  maintained  by  each 
party  with  e»pial  courage  [April  2tiJ.  On  the  side  o( 
.'.  hiiagro  were  more  xettTun  soldiers,  and  a  larger  pro- 
porlnm  of  cavalry;  but  thesis  were-  couiitfTbalanced  by 
Pizarro's  superioriiv  in  numbirs.  and  bytwocompa- 
n:e«  of  well  disciplined  musketeer^,  wliirh.  on  receiving 
an  Rctouni  of  the  msurrecliou  of  the  Indians,  the  em- 
peror had  sent  from  .Spam.  .'\s  the  use  of  tire  arms 
was  not  Ireipienl  iiiiKUti.'  tiie  adventurers  in  America, 
hastilv  C'pnpped  tot  service,  at  llieir  o\\ri  expense,  tins 
btiiall  hand  oi'  ^olllle^.■'  r^'unl.trly  trained  and  armi  d.  was 
a  iio\e|iv  m  IVru.  ai.d  tlecided  the  tate  of  the  tl.iy 
^\  nerevtr  it  advanced,  trie  wei^lii  of  a  heavy  mn\  well 
sustained  hre  t'ore  down  hor-^e  and  hiot  behire  it  ;  and 
Orgogne/.  while  he  endeavored  to  rallv  and  animate 
bis  troops,  having  received  a  dangerous  wound,  the 
route  heeinie  gem  ral  The  liarbariiy  of  the  eoiiipier- 
ors  slamett  ihe  glory  vKliteh  they  acqiired  by  tins  com- 
ple'e  vidorv  The  itolence  of  civil  rage  hurrietl  on 
some  to  ?<laugbter  their  countrymen  with  indlsermimate 
cruelty  ,  ihe  iiieanneHH  ol  private  revenge  mstiiiaied 
others  to  single  out  mdividnuts  as  ibe  objects  of  their 
vengeance  t 'rgogne/.  and  several  otlicers  of  distinc- 
tion were  ninssacred  in  cold  blood  ;  ahovi;  a  hundred 
and  foriv  soldiers  fell  in  the  lieUl  ,  a  lar^e  proportion, 
wlien-  the  nuudur  ol  i-ombatanls  was  few.  and  the  lie.it 
of  liie  contest  soon  over  .Mmagro.  though  so  feeble 
that  he  coub)  not  b<  ar  the  motion  of  a  liorse,  hail  in- 
aiated  on  being  earned  ni  a  liitiT  to  an  eunnence  wliii  h 
overlooked  the  lield  of  battle  rroiii  thence,  m  the 
utmost  agitali  m  ot  mind,  he  vimved  the  various  move 
ments  of  lH>ih  parties,  and  at  last  beheid  lUv.  total  defeat 
of  hiH  own  troops,  with  all  thi>  passionate  iiidiL'nation 
ol  n  veicTan  leailcT  long  ai'cust<Mned  lo  victory  Me 
tiideavorett  lo  savi-  himsell  by  Ili<rbl.  hut  wa<>  taken 
pnaonert  and  guarded  with  the  atriclesl  vigilanct*. 


The  Indians,   instead   of  executing  the  resolution 

which  they  hafi  formed,  retired  (piii  ily  alter  the  battle 
\\aso\er  ;  and  in  ibc  history  of  the  New  World,  thrrc 
is  not  a  inon  sinking  iiisianceof  ibe  \\onib  rlul  aseetid- 
ant  which  the  Sp.iniards  had  actpiirrd  over  its  inhabi- 
tants, than  tb.it,  after  seeing  one  of  the  contending  pat- 
ties ruined  and  dispersed,  and  the  other  weatiened  and 
fatujued,  tliey  had  not  courage  to  fall  uptri  their  ene- 
mies, when  fortune  presented  an  opportunity  of  attack- 
ing them  with  such  advantage. 

(■^iizco  was  pillaged  by  the  victorious  troops,  who 
found  there  a  considiTable  booty,  eoiisiating  partly  of 
the  gleanings  of  the  Indian  treasures,  and  partly  of  tho 
wealth  amassed  by  their  antiigouists  from  the  spoils  of 
Peru  and  (.'lull.  IJut  so  tar  did  this,  and  v\hatt  Vf  r  tho 
bounty  of  their  leader  could  add  lo  it,  fall  below  the 
bigh  ideas  of  the  recompense  which  they  conceived  to 
be  due  lo  their  merit,  that  Ferdinand  Pizarro,  unable  to 
ijraiifysiich  extravagant  exjiectations,  had  recourse  to 
the  same  expedient  uhicli  his  brother  had  employed  on 
a  similar  occasion,  and  endeavored  to  find  occupation 
for  tl'is  turbulent  ussiimmg  spint,  in  order  to  pn-vent  it 
from  breaking  out  into  open  mutiny.  With  this  \iew, 
be  encouniged  ibi;  most  a<:tive  ollicers  lo  attempt  the 
discovery  and  reduction  of  various  pro\ince9  whicli  bad 
not  hitherto  submitted  to  the  Spaniards.  To  every 
standard  erected  by  the  leaders  who  undertook  any  of 
those  new  expeditions,  volunteers  resorted  wi'h  the 
ardor  and  hope  peculmr  to  the  age.  Several  of  .\Ima- 
gro's  soldi(Ts  joined  them,  and  thus  Pizarro  had  the 
satisfaction  of  being  delivered  both  from  the  importu- 
nity of  his  discontented  friends,  and  the  dread  of  his 
ancient  enemies. 

Almai.'ro  himself  remained  f»)r  several  months  in  cus- 
tody, under  all  'In-  aiigiiu^h  of  suspense.  For  abhougli 
his  doom  was  determined  by  the  I'tzarros  from  themo- 
iiietit  mat  be  fell  uito  tluir  hands,  prudence  constrained 
iheni  to  defer  gratifying  their  \engeance,  uiitil  the  sol- 
diers who  b.ul  served  iridtT  him,  as  well  as  several  of 
their  own  h)llo\<ers  in  wlioiii  they  could  not  perl'ectly 
confuh'.  had  left  i'uzco.  As  soon  as  they  set  out  upon 
their  dillerent  expeditious,  Alni.ii;ro  was  impeached  of 
treason,  formally  tried,  and  coMdeiiined  to  die.  'I'hu 
sentenci;  astonished  lum  .  ami  though  be  bad  ulieii 
braved  death  with  undaunted  spirit  m  the  field,  iis  ap- 
proach uixler  this  ignominious  fonii  apiiallcd  bmi  so 
much,  that  be  lind  recour.'^e  lo  abject  su|)plieatioiis  un- 
worthy of  his  former  fame.  He  besought  the  Pi/.arros 
to  remember  the  ancient  frifTidship  tietween  their  bio- 
tlier  and  him,  and  how  much  be  had  contnbiited  to  llu* 
prosperity  of  their  family  ;  he  reminded  them  of  the 
hunmnity  with  which,  m  opposition  to  the  rejieaied  re- 
inonslranc<'s  of  his  own  most  atlnched  friend.s,  be  bail 
spared  tbeir  lives  when  he  tiad  them  in  bis  power;  he 
conjured  them  to  pity  his  age  ami  inlirniities.  and  to 
Miller  l:iin  to  pass  the  wretched  nuiiaiiKb  r  of  his  days 
m  bewailiug  his  crimes,  and  m  making  his  pe.ice  with 
I  lleav<>n.  The  entreaties,  savs  a  .Spanish  bisiori.in,  of 
I  a  man  so  niueli  beloved  touched  many  an  unlcelmg 
j  heart,  and  drew  tears  from  many  a  sleni  eye.  Jhit  the 
I  brothers  remained  index ihhv  .\s  soon  as  Alniagri> 
knew  his  fate  to  be  inevttalile,  he  met  it  with  ihe  dig- 
nity and  forlitnde  of  ,1  veteran  He  was  ."trangled  iii 
prifion,  and  afterwards  pubbclv  beheaded,  lie  sulVered 
in  the  seventy-liflh  year  of  hts  age.  and  left  one  sou  by 
an  Indian  woman  of  I'anama,  whom,  though  at  that 
time  a  prisoner  in  i.inia.  be  named  as  succe^^sor  to  his 
t^overnment,  pursuant  to  a  power  which  the  emperor 
h  ul  irranted  him. 

l^i'.yj  ]  As,  dmnig  the  civil  dissensions  m  Peru,  all 
intercourse  with  Spam  was  suspended,  the  detail  of  the 
exlraurdm.iiy  transdctions  there  did  not  s')on  reach  the 
court.  I  Jitortunatelv  fur  the  victorious  facMon.  the  tint 
intelligence  was  brought  tlulher  by  some  of  Almagro'a 
otiicers.  who  lel't  the  country  upon  ihe  rum  of  their 
cause  i  ..lid  they  related  what  haci  happened,  with  every 
circumstance,  unfavorable  to  Pi/.arrn  and  his  brothers. 
Their  ambition,  their  breach  of  the  most  solemn  engage- 
ments, thetr  violence  and  cruelty,  were  painted  with 
all  the  inuhgiutv  and  exaggeration  of  party  haired 
r*erdinand  Pi/arro.  who  nrrived  soon  altiT,  and  appeared 
III  court  with  ex»aordinary  .iplendor,  endeavored  to 
etl'act;  the  impression  which  tin  ir  accusation  luiil  made, 
and  to  justify  ins  brother  and  himself  by  repreftenimg 
AlmaLTo  as  the,ii>gre8sor.  The  emperor  and  his  minis- 
ItTs,  though  they  could  not  ,)roiioiince  which  of  the 
contending  factions  was  most  criminal,  clearly  discerned 
the  fatal  tt>ndency  of  their  dissensions.  It  was  obvious 
that  while  the  leaders,  intrusted  with  tho  conduct  of 
two  iMJant  eoloiites,  employed  the  anus  which  should 
have  tH  I  n  turmd  agalu^l  the  coiuinori  enemy,  ,i\  dc- 
stio>iuy  une  unotlier.  all  attention  to  the  public  giHMl 


must  cease,  and  there  was  reason  tn  dread  that  the 
Imhaiis  nuL>hl  improve  the  advantage  which  thi-  d"ii- 
ninii  <»f  Ihe  Spamardr)  preseuled  to  :bern.  and  extirpate 
both  the  victors  atid  vaii'pnshed  Hut  the  evil  wu« 
more  apparm;  ibai.  the  rniudv  M'bere  ibe  inJurnui- 
lion  whii  b  had  been  receivi  tl  was  so  defective  and  mis< 
picious,  ami  lh(>  si-erie  ol  acnon  so  remote,  it  wan 
almost  inipossible  to  chalk  out  Ibe  line  of  conduct  th..t 
ouijht  to  be  followed  ;  and  before  any  plan  that  should 
be  approved  of  m  Spain  <'Ould  he  earned  into  cxeeu- 
tton,  the  situation  of  the  parties,  and  the  circtimstancea 
ot  affairs,  might  alter  so  entirely  us  to  render  its  ellectii 
extremely  perfiicious. 

•Nothing  therefore  remained,  but  to  send  a  person  to 
Peru,  vesleil  with  extensive  and  diseretionarv  powtT 
who,  after  viewing  delibenitrly  the  pjstun'  of  alburn 
with  his  own  eyes,  and  iiHpnnng  upon  the  spot  into 
the  conduct  of  the  dillerent  leaihus,  should  be  autho- 
rized to  establif^li  the  L'overniiieul  m  llut  lormwliicti 
j  he  deemed  most  conducive  to  the  mliTesl  ot  the  parent 
state,  and  the  welfare  of  the  colony.  The  luan  se- 
lected for  this  important  charge  was  <^hrl^tJvat  \'aca 
de  ('astro,  il  judge  in  the  court  of  royal  audience  at 
,  Valladohd  ;  and  his  iilutities,  inleL'rily,  and  tirmiu'sii 
juslilled  the  choice  llis  instructions,  though  .iiiiple, 
\*ere  not  such  as  lo  fetUT  hiin  m  Ins  operalions  Ac 
cording  to  the  dillerent  aspet^t  of  alfairs,  be  had  power 
to  take  upon  lum  dillerent  charantcrs.  If  be  found  the 
goviTiinr  siill  alive,  he  was  to  assume  only  the  lille  of 
judge,  to  maintain  llie  appe.iraiice  of  acting  in  concert 
with  lum,  and  tu  giuird  ugamst  giving  any  just  ea  ixu 
of  ollencc  to  a  man  who  imd  nuTited  su  highly  of  his 
country.  IJul  if  Pizarro  were  dead,  he  was  mi  rusted 
with  a  commission  that  he  tiiighl  tlieii  produce,  by  which 
he  was  apiioiuted  his  successor  in  the  goyernmeiit  of 
Peru.  'Ibis  attenlutn  to  Pizarro,  however,  seems  lo 
have  (lowed  ratluT  from  dread  of  hi.s  power  than  lioui 
any  appiobalion  of  his  measures;  for,  at  llur  v*  ry  tinm 
that  the  court  seemed  so  solicitous  not  lo  irnta'e  liini 
his  brother  Ferdinand  was  arrested  at  Madrid,  and  cuii- 
I  liiu  d  lo  a  prison,  where  he  rcinamed  above  iweniy 
j  years. 

'      |.')40  ]   Willie  Vaea  de  Castro  was  preparing  for  hiu 
voyage,    eveiils  of  grt'at   momenl  happeneil   in   I'eru. 
'  The  governor,  consulermi.'  himself,  upon  thi*  death  of 
Almagro.  as  the  unrivalled  possessor  of  that  vasl  em- 
pire, proceedtd  to  parcel  out  its  territories  among  the 
compierors  ;  and  bad  litis  division  been  made  with  any 
degree  of  impartiality,  the  extent  of  country  which  he 
had  lo  bestow  was  sittlicienl  lo  bare  gratitied  his  friends, 
audio   have   gained   bis  enemies      iJnt    i'lzarro  con- 
ducted this  transaction,  not  with  the  eipnty  and  candor 
I  of  il  jikIl"'  attiiitiye  to  discoviT  and   to  reward   merit, 
I  but  with  the    illiberal  spirit   of  a  party  leader       Large 
'  dtstnets.  m  parts   of  the  country   mo>t   cnltivattd  and 
j  populous,  were  set  apart  as  bis  own  properly,  or  granted 
'  to  his  brother*,  his  adherents,  and  lavtinte.s.     To  oih- 
ers,  lots  less  valuable  and  mviliug  w(  re  a.->sigtied.  The 
followers  (»f  .Mma^ro,   aniongsl  wjiom  wt-rtr  many  ol 
th(;  original   ailvetilurcrs   lo  whose   valor  and  pcrseve- 
Tiun'v  Pizarro  was   indebted    for  his  .success,  were  to- 
^  tidiy  excbuled  Irom  any  portion  m  those  lands,  towards 
I  the  .iccpiisition  of  which  the)  had  conlnbutt  d  so  largely. 
I  As  the  vanity   of  every  individual  set  an    immoderate 
value  upon  his  own  si-rviees,  and  ihe  idtui  ot  each  coii- 
cermni;  the  recompense  due  lo  them  rose  gradually  to 
a  more  exorbitant  height   in  proportion   as  their  eon- 
fpie^ls  extended,  all   who   wtTe  disappointeil  in  their 
ex[iectalions  exclaimed  loudly  against  the  rapacious- 
nt  ss  and  parliatity  o\'  the  governor.     The  partisans  o. 
i  Almagro  murmured  m  secret,  and  meditated  revenge. 
I      Uapul   as  the  progress  of   the  Spaniards  in  South 
'  America  bad  been  since  Pizarro  laiided  in  Peru,  their 
avidity  of  dominion  was  not  yet  satislied.      'I'he  ollicers 
to  whom  Ferdinand  Pizarro  gave  the  coinniand  of  dif- 
ferent deldchmenis,  penetrated  into  several  new  pro- 
vinces ;  and  though  some  of   them    were   exposeu  lo 
great   hardships   m   the  cold  and  barren  regions  of  the 
Andes,  ami  others  sutlered  distress  not  inferior  amidst 
the   woods   and    marshes  of  the  plains,  they  made  dis- 
coveries and  coiKpiesls  which  not  only  extt  tided  their 
knowledge  of  tho  country,  but  added  considerably  to 
I  the  territories  of  Spam   in  the  Sew  World.     Pedro  do 
i  Valdivia    reassutned   Alinagro's    scheme   of   invading 
I  Chill,  and  notwithstanding  the  fortitude  ol  the  natives 
I  in  delcndmg  their  iHisse.ssiun8,  made  such  progress  in 
[  the  conipiest  of  the  country,  that  he  foutided  ihe  city 
of  St.  Jcgo,  and  gave  a  beginning  to  the  establishment 
of  tho  Spanish  doiniiiion  in  that  province      Hut  of  all 
[the  enterprises   undertaken   uhuut   this  period,  that  of 
i  (ionzohi  j'lzarro  was  the  inofit  remarkable,     The  go- 
i  vernor,  who  accins  lo  have  retolvcd  tlut  nu  person  in 


144 


noHKRTS0N'9    HISTORY    OF 


i  ' 


! 


:    I 


■  :     f. 


ViiTw  sIkiiiM  |m)sn('*('*  liny  ^liilinn  of  ilmUn^ni^lird  rtiii- 
Oenci- or  .luUmritv  I'lit  ihox-  nl  Ins  ihmi  riiiiiilv.  Ii^iit 
deprived  |t('ti.ilt-a/.iir,  the  i-oiiipirrur  of  C^'iiiio.  ol  Iiih 
coiiun.irid  it)  tluit  kiiit^doiu.  tind  iippoiri'cd  h\^  linillkcr 
(iuii/iiln  10  t:ik(>  llic  u'»^('r'>ii«'ii(  el  >l  til'  iiistnirtrd 
Unit  to  allftiipt  ihf  diM'Ovrry  and  nmtiui'f*U)l'  rlifcnmi- 
trv  lu  (111'  (>H^l  ot  tlif  Andt'K,  v\liii  li.  iitt  urdiii^  to  itic 
inrurniaClun  of  llu-  Indiana,  ultotiiidcd  with  fiiinainori 
and  oilier  loliiulde  ttpiceA.  (iunziilo,  not  inrerior  (o 
any  of  hm  ttroliirrn  in  rniira^e.  nnd  no  lei*.-*  uinhilitMi!* 
ol  ueipnnn^  diFtlinriiori.  i'a<.M'rly  <■^gH^ed  in  ihiN  ditli- 
cult  KiTVirr.  Me  ttt-l  out  t'ruin  (Jiiito  at  tjie  head  of 
tlirrt'  hundred  and  forty  mildierH,  near  one  h-iilut  whom 
wpre  liornetnen  ;  wiih  four  llio'isand  Indiarm  to  carry 
thrir  provmionti  In  fomii^  Uieir  way  ihroiiKh  the  de- 
files, or  over  the  ridyes  of  the  Audrn,  exresH  of  i-olil 
and  fatiiiiie,  to  neither  of  which  they  wt-rr  dccnsturni-d, 
provf'd  fatal  lo  ilio  greater  pari  of  tlicir  wretched  at- 
tendants. The  Spaniard*,  thoii^li  more  robust,  and 
inuffd  to  a  \Hnety  of  cliiniite.'*,  mitlrred  considerably, 
and  loMt  some  men  :  hut  when  ihey  deM-endcd  uilo  the 
low  country,  iheir  dmlrrss  increa»rti.  During;  two 
inontim  it  nined  inretisanlly,  without  aiu'  mlerval  oi 
fair  weather  lon^  enouyh  to  dry  ihcir  rlothe»  'I'lio 
iininriiNir  plains*  upon  which  iiiev  were  now  fntfirinj,'. 
eitinT  alioyether  without  inhahilantH.  or  occupied  hy 
the  ru'lfftt  and  least  induNlnuuM  Irihi'ii  in  tliu  New 
Vork,  viehleii  little  Nuhsi^tence  Tliey  could  not  ad 
vuiu'fc  a  e<trp  hul  aa  tliev  cut  a  road  lhrou^h  woihIn,  or 
made  it  lliront'h  marshes.  Such  nicessant  loil.  and 
Loiitinuui  Hurcitv  of  foiid.  Aocin  more  than  Hudinent 
to  have  cKhauHttd  and  disjuritcd  any  troopn.  llul  the 
foriKude  and  persevtrdnce  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  aix- 
tet'iilh  century  were  insuperable.  Allured  by  freipirnt 
but  fiil'-e  a<  counts  ot  rich  countricn  biforc  them,  they 
persisted  m  strunirtnin  on,  until  thev  readied  the  banks 
of  the  To-M  or  Napo,  one  of  thr  larfje  rivers  whosi' 
wuiers  |>our  into  (he  ^1a^a^nou,  and  contribute  to  its 
^niidcur.  'riierc,  with  intinile  labor,  they  built  a 
bark,  which  they  rxpi'cied  w<>uld  provo  of  incat  ulilily 
in  conveying  them  over  rixTs,  m  procurlnjj  provisioiif, 
and  m  explorini;  the  country.  Tliis  was  manned  with 
fifty  M>lduTs,  under  the  conunund  of  I'Vancis  Orellana, 
the  ollicer  next  in  rank  to  I'lznrro  The  btieani  car- 
ried them  ditwn  with  such  rapidity,  (hat  thoy  were  soon 
farahcail  of  their  countrynion,  who  followed  tdowly  and 
with  ditlicutty  by  land. 

At  this  disitince  from  bis  coimnander,  (')rrllana,  a 
vouni;  man  of  an  a.^junni;  mind,  beirau  to  fancy  himself 
independent  ;  and  tran^^ported  vviih  the  predominant 
passion  of  the  aye,  he  formed  the  achcmc  of  distinmiish- 
nii;  him.'-eir  as  a  discoverer,  by  following  (be  course  of 
the  Mara^Mion  until  it  jnined  tlie  ocean  :ind  by  survey- 
iii^i  til,'  vast  reiiioiis  ihrouiib  which  it  flows.  Tins 
•(lie  me  oft  )relliina'»  was  as  liold  as  il  was  trearbrrous. 
For,  il  he  be  ebar^eiible  with  the  nuilt  of  bavniji  VHW 
lated  Ills  duty  to  bis  commander,  and  with  bavini; 
abandoned  hi''  fellow  soldiers  m  a  pathless  desert, 
where  they  bad  haidly  any  hopes  u(  snt  ee.-»s,  or  even 
of  safety,  but  what  were  lonnded  on  the  service  which 
they  exfiecied  from  the  hark  ;  his  cnnu'  is  in  some 
ineasurr>halanced  hy  ihr  ylory  of  bavniL'  vonturcd  n[ton 
a  na\  Illation  of  near  two  tbotiHand  Iea^;ues,  throuuh 
unknown  natiuus,  ui  a  vt  ssel  hastily  constmeted,  with 
^reen  tnnber.  and  bv  very  iinskilhil  hands,  without  pro- 
Vii'ions,  w  itbout  a  compass,  or  a  pilot.  IJul  his  courage 
and  alacrity  supplied  evrrv  defect  Committmi!  bint- 
felf  fearlej'slv  lo  the  uuidancc  of  the  hlreaiu,  the  Napo 
bore  hnii  aliuiL'  to  the  south,  until  hfi  reached  the  yreal 
channel  of  the  MaraL'iion.  Turnmjj  with  It  towards 
the  i-oasi,  he  held  on  his  course  in  that  direction.  Ho 
made  freipienl  det-cents  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
Hunetnnes  seiziujf  by  fore*- of  arms  the  provisions  of 
the  fierce  sava!_M>R  seated  on  its  banks  ;  and  soinetimea 
procurmu  a  f-upplv  of  food  bv  «  friendly  intercourse 
wiih  mort.'  ireutle  inbea  After  a  loiu;  "wrie*  of  dan- 
peis,  whieh  hr  encountered  with  amazing  fortitude, 
and  of  ilistrcBses  which  he  supported  with  no  leso 
inHiinammilv,  be  rraciied  the  ocean  [IH*.]  where  new 
perils  awaited  him.  These  he  likewise  Hurinounted, 
and  i:ol  safciv  to  the  Spanish  settlement  in  the  island 
of  ('ubttyua;  frotn  thence  be  sailed  to  Spain.  The 
vaniiy  natural  to  travellers  who  visit  rci;ions  unknown 
to  the  rest  of  mankind,  ai  d  the  art  of  an  adventurer 
pidiciious  to  maunify  his  own  merit,  concurred  in 
promptiiii;  him  to  mini^le  an  extraordinary  proportion 
of  the  niarvellouB  in  the  nnrralivo  of  hm  voyage  Jle 
pretended  to  have  discoveretl  nations  so  rich  that  tiie 
roofs  of  their  temples  were  covered  with  plates  of  gold  . 
Fiid  described  a  republic  of  women  so  warlike  and 
powerful,  as  to  have  extended  their  dominion  over  u 
•omidoray^  Irtcl  of  the  fertile  plains  which  hu  had 


visited  Kxtravagant  as  those  tales  were,  they  gave 
rise  (o  an  opnuon,  ihal  a  re>.Mim  aboundin;;  with  pold, 
disliui;uislud  bv  the  name  of  /-.'/  Ihntiiia,  and  a  coiii- 
ninuily  tif  Amazons,  wre  to  be  found  in  tins  part  of 
the  worhl  ,  and  such  is  the  propensity  nt  mankind  to 
bt!ti\e  will'  i-  uondiil'.l.  thai  it  Im-*  been  slowly  and 
with  diiriciiiiv  in.it  rra.^oii  ai.ii  obseivatinn  have  ex- 
p.odt  d  ihoac  fjbled.  The  voyage,  however,  cvn  when 
stripped  ot  every  romantic  emhellisbrnent,  deserves  to 
he  recorded  not  only  ait  one  of  the  most  memorable 
oi'currences  in  that  adventurous  nj:e,  but  as  the  first 
event  which  led  to  any  certain  knowledge  of  tiie  exten- 
sive countriCtt  that  sttetch  eaatward  from  the  Andes  to 
the  ocean. 

No  words  can  deaerilH!  the  conaternation  of  Pizarro, 
when  he  did  noi  find  tlie  bark  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Napo  antl  Maragnon,  wiiere  he  had  orilercd  Orellanu 
to  wait  for  him  He  would  not  allow  himself  to  sus- 
pect that  a  man,  whom  be  bad  intrusted  with  such  un 
important  eoimnaiid,  could  be  so  base  and  so  unfeeling 
as  to  desert  hiin  at  such  a  juncture,  llul  imputing  his 
absence  from  ttu'  )ilace  of  reiide/vinis  to  some  unknown 
accident,  he  advanced  above  fifty  leagues  along  the 
banks  of  (he  Maragnon,  expecting  every  moment  to  see 
the  bark  appear  with  a  supply  of  provisions  [  1541].  At 
length  he  came  up  with  an  idlicer  whom  Onlhina  had 
left  to  perish  m  tlu  desert,  because  he  had  the  courage 
to  remonstrate  against  his  pert'ttty  From  bun  be  learned 
:he  extent  of  Oretliiia's  crime,  and  his  followers  per- 
ceived at  onc(>  their  own  desperate  situation,  when 
deprived  of  their  only  resource  The  spirit  of  the 
stoutest  hearted  veteran  sunk  within  him,  and  alt  de- 
mandeil  tube  led  hack  instantly  I'l/arro,  though  he 
assumed  an  appearance  ol  traiKpnlhty.  did  not  oppose 
their  niclniation.  Hut  he  was  now  twelve  hundred 
miles  from  i^uito  ;  and  in  that  long  march  the  Spaniards 
encountircd  hardships  greater  than  those  which  they 
had  endured  in  their  pn^gress  outward,  without  the 
alluring  hopes  winch  then  soothed  and  animated  thein 
under  their  sutl'crings.  Hunger  conipelhil  them  to 
feed  on  roots  and  berries,  to  eat  all  thi  ir  dogs  and  ; 
horses,  to  devour  the  most  loathsome  leptihs.  aiul  even 
to  gnaw  the  le:itlier  of  their  saddles  ami  swordb-'lt-s. 
I'\inr  thousand  Indtans,  and  two  hundred  and  tfn  Spa- 
niards, perished  in  tins  wild  tlisastrous  «'Xpedition, 
which  continued  near  two  years  ;  anil  as  (ifiy  men  wiTe 
aboard  the  bark  with  Orellaiio,  onlv  four  score  got  back 
to  C^nito.  These  were  riakti'  like  savages,  and  so 
rmaciatinl  with  famine,  or  worn  out  with  fatigue,  tliat 
thev  had  more  the  appearance  ol  spectrt  a  than  of  men 

lint,  iu.*tead  of  returning  lo  rnjoy  the  repose  which 
bis  ccMidition  re<piired,  I'lzarro,  on  entering  t^uito,  re- 
ceived iiccounts  of  a  fatal  event  that  threatened  cala- 
mities more  dreadlul  to  hini  than  those  through  which 
he  had  passad-  rrorn  tlie  tune  that  his  brother  made 
that  partial  divisniu  of  his  cmxpiei-ts  which  has  been 
mentioiu  d,  tlie  adherents  of  Ahuagro,  coiistdermg 
themselves  as  proscribed  by  the  party  in  power,  no 
longer  entertained  anv  hope  of  bettering  their  condition, 
(iri-at  numbers  indesjiiur  resorted  to  Lima,  where  the 
iionse  of  voting  Almagro  was  always  open  to  them,  and 
tiie  slender  portion  of  his  father's  fortune,  which  tlie 
governor  alloAed  him  lo  enjov,  was  spent  in  all'ordiug 
them  subsistence  'I'he  warm  attachment  with  which 
every  person  who  had  served  under  the  elder  Almagro 
devoted  himself  to  hi-  interests,  was»piickly  transferred 
to  bis  son,  v^llo  was  now  grown  up  to  the  age  of  man- 
hood, and  posse-scd  all  the  ijii,ililn-s  which  captivate  the 
alb  ctioiis  of  soldiers  ( )f  a  L'raceful  appearance,  dex- 
terous at  all  martial  exercist  s,  hold,  open,  generous, 
lie  seemed  lo  be  tonued  for  command  ;  and  us  his 
father,  convnous  of  his  own  lut'erionty  fiom  the  total 
want  of  educiilion.  h-id  been  4-xireine|y  attentive  lo  have 
him  instructeti  in  every  science  l»ecouiiug  a  gentleman  ; 
the  accomphshmenis  which  lie  had  acipnretl  heiL'htened 
the  respect  of  his  followers,  as  they  gave  him  distinc- 
tion nnd  eminence  among  illiti-rale  adventurers.  In 
(his  voting  man  the  Almagrians  found  a  point  of  union 
which  thev  wanted,  and,  looking  up  to  bun  av  their 
head,  were  ready  to  undertake  any  thing  for  his  ad- 
vancement Nor  was  affection  for  Almagro  their  only  in- 
citement ;  they  were  urged  on  by  their  own  distresses. 
Many  of  them,  destitute  of  common  necessaries.  [UIHJ 
and  weary  of  huternig  awav  life,  a  burden  (o  tl.eircliief. 
or  lo  such  of  their  associates  a.^  had  saved  some  rem- 
nant of  tneir  fortune  from  pillage  and  conliscation. 
bulged  impaiiently  for  an  occasnui  to  exert  their  acli- 
vilv  and  courage,  and  began  to  deliberate  how  Ihey 
might  be  avenged  on  the  author  of  all  their  misery. 
Their  fretjuent  cabals  did  not  pass  iiMobserved  ;  anrl 
the  governor  was  warned  to  he  on  his  guard  aguiitKt 
men  who  meditated  aome  deupcratc  duod,  and  hud  ro* 


solution  10  execute  it      Hut  either  from  the  iiiilivo  in- 
I  Irepiditv  of  his  mind,  or  lur  coiilcinpl  of  persons  vvlio«e 
poverty   seemed  to  render  llieir   mactinialioivs  of  liillt* 
I  coiiseipience,   he  disregaided    the    aduiouititiiis  of  hi^ 
friends      "  IJc  in  no  pam."   saul  he  ••ariles.'^lv,  "  about 
;  mv  III-       it  iH  perh'rtly  saf* ,   as  huig  as  evrrv   man   in 
I  I't  lu  Knows  iliit  I  I'.tu  111  a  muuieitl  cut   olf  any   head 
which  dares  to  harbor  a    thought    flgamsi    it  "     Thin 
Becnrily  gave  the  Almagrians  full   leisure  lo  digest  and 
;  ripen  every  pari  of  their  Fclieme  ;   and  .liiaude  jlerrado, 
Bii  ollicer  of^  great  abilities,  who  had  the  charge  of  Al- 
I  magro's  education,  took  the  direclion  of  their  consiiltiw 
lions  with  all  the  zeal  which  tins  ciHinectiou   inspired, 
'  and  wiih  all  the  authority  whit  h  the  ascendant   thai  ho 
was  known  to  have  over  the  mind  of  his  pupil  gave  linn. 
*hi  Sunday  the<4wenty-sixth  of  June,  at  midday,  thn 
'  season  of   traticpiilbty  and  repose  m  all  sultry  climaiea, 
Ilerrada,  at  the  head  of   eight4'en  of   the  most  deter- 
'mined  conspirators,  sallied  <mi)  of  .Mmagro's  house,  ii. 
complete   armor,   and,  <lrawing   iheir   swords,  as  ihey 
advanced  iiastity   towards   the  governor  s  palace,  cried 
out,  "  Long  bve   the    King,    but    let    the    tyrant  die  !" 
I  Their  associates,  warned   of  ibeir  motituis  by  a  signal, 
I  were    in   arms   al   dilferent    stations   ready  to  support 
I  them      'I'huugh    I'rzarro   was    usually    sorrou tided    t.>y 
such  a  nninerous  tram  of  attendants  as  sinled  the  mag- 
tulicence  of  the    most   opulent    subject    of  the  age  in 
which  he   lived  ;  yet   as   he  was   jusi  risen  from  table, 
and   most   of  the  domestics    had    retired  to  their  own 
apartments,   the  conspirators  passi  d   tlirough  the   two 
outer  courts  of  the  palace  uiiobsirved      They  were  at 
the  bottom  of  the  stair  case   before  a  page  in  waiting 
could  give  the  alarm  to  his  master,  who  was  conversUl^ 
Willi   a    few    friends   in   a    large    hall      The  guvi'rnor, 
whos4t   sleaily  mind    no   lorin   of  ilanger  could   appal, 
starting  up,  called  for  arms,  and  commanded  Kranciscj 
di-    Chaves    to  make  fast  the  iloor       Hut   that  ofiiccr. 
who  did  not  retain  so  much  pres4'nce  of  mind  as  to  obey 
this  prudent  order,  running  to  the  top  ut  the  staircase, 
wildly   asked   the   conspirators  v\hat   thev   meant,   and 
whither  they  were  going  \      Instead  of  answering,  they 
stabbed  him  to  the  heart,  and  burst  into  thi'  hall     Some 
of  the   persons  who  were  there  threw  themselves   from 
the  windows  ;  others  attempted  to  llv  ;  and  a  lew  tlraw- 
ing  their  swords  followt.-d  their    leader   into   an   inner 
aparlmen*.      The  conspirators,  animated   vvnh    havintj 
the  object  of  their  vengeance  now  in  view,  rusheil  for- 
ward uJter  thi'in.     I'izarro,  with  no  other  arms  than  hm 
sword  and  buckler,  dehuided  the  luitry  ;  ami.  supported 
l>y  hm  half  brother  Alcantara,  and   Ins   little    knot   of 
friends,  he  maintained  the  um><pial  contest  with    intre- 
pidity worthy  of  his  past  exploits,  and  with  the  v  igor  of 
a  youthful  combatant.      'M'ourage  "  cried    he,  "com- 
panions !  we  are  yel  enow  to  make  those  traitors  repent 
of  their  audacity.''      Hut  tli<>  armor  of  the  conspiiatora 
proLf  cted    them,    while   every   thrust    thev   made    took 
effect       Alcantara  fell  dead    at   his  brother  s  feet  ;    his 
other  defenders  were  mortally  wounded    'I'he  iroveiuor, 
so  weary  that  he  4-(Uild  hardly  wield  his  sword,  aii'l  no 
longer  able  to  parry  the  many  W4Nipons  binnusly  niiii'd 
at  htm,  received  a  deadly  thrust  bill  in  his  throat,  suiib 
lo  the  ground,  and  expired. 

As  soiui  as  he  was  f*lain,  the  assassins  ran  out  into 
tiie  strcet.-i,  and,  waving  ttieir  blood v  swords,  jiro- 
claiiiH'd  the  di;ath  of  the  Ivraiit  Above  two  hundred 
of  tlieir  as^oclatcs  havin-j  joined  them,  ihey  conducted 
voung  Almagro  in  soleuni  procession  tnroiigh  the  city, 
•ind.  assembling  the  m.iu'istrates  and  principal  cili.'.ma, 
ciunpelh'd  them  to  aikiiowhclgi-  him  as  lawlui  sue- 
cis,M)r  to  bis  fatiier  in  liis  government.  Tlie  palace  of 
Pizarro,  together  with  the  liouses  of  several  of  his  ad- 
herents, was  pill.igtcl  by  tlie  soldiers,  who  iiatl  the  salt;*- 
faciion  at  once  of  being  avt  ii'jed  on  t)ie:r  enerntes,  and 
of  enrn'hing  tliem*'e|ves  by  the  spoils  of  those  throegl; 
whose  iiandn  all  the  weattli  of   Peru  liad  passed 

'I'lie  iioldiicsK  and  succf  ss  of  the  conspiracy,  as  well 
as    the   name   <tnd  popular  (pialitic>s  uf  .Vlmagro,  drew 
maiiv    soldiers  lo    his  standard       Lvery  adventurer  ol 
despiTate  foriniie.  all  who  wen'  dissatistied  with  Pizarni 
(and  from  the  lapaciousness  of  Ins  government  in  thu 
'  latter  vears  of  his  lilc  the  number  of  inaleeont4>Tits  wan 
j  considerable),  declared    without   hesitation  m  favor  of 
I  Almagro,  and  lie  was  soon  at  tiie  head  of  eight  hundred 
of  tiie  most  gallant    veterans  in   Peru.      As  his  youth 
and  inexperience  dismiahlied  bun  from  taking  the  com- 
mand of  them   himself',  tu;  ap|Hnnlrd  Ilerrada  to  act  a3 
general       Hut  though  Almagro  speedily  ctdiecled  such 
a  respectacle  force,  the  acipm^scence  m  his  governiiient 
was   far  from   being   general       Pizarro  liad  left  many 
'  fniuids  lo  whom  his  memory  was  dear ;   the  tiarliarous 
as!4,usiuatiou   of  a   man  to  whom  hi^  <  ouiilry  was  i«} 
Ihigiily  indebted,  tilled  every  impartiil  ;>ersun  with  hor 


SOUTH    AMEIUCA 


IM 


nlliiT  from  ihr  nntivo  in. 
■iinlciii|ii  (ifiicrsoiis  u'liow 
icn-  ri>.u'|jiii:iii,ius  or  liiild 

I  llll'  IKhllllllllKllin  1)1  |||<l 
Mini  hi'  nirilchsly,  ••  H|,„ut 

lis  loiicj  US  iirrv  ninii  in 
iiuiiii'Mi  fill  nll'.inv  liiiid 
iiiiL'lil  aKiiiiml  It  '■  ■riin 
i  lull  !i-i»iiri-  In  cli)>c»l  niij 
III-  i  dml.luuiiili'  liirruilo, 
vlio  liail  tlir  ilwr^.,.  of  Al- 
lim-iioii  uf  ilirir  <-oii»iili». 

Iliiii  roiinci'iioii  iiiK|>iri'ili 
nil  llic  iiwnidaiil  tliiit  he 

imillof  lllH  ||||||||  yuvi'  liiiii. 

Ii  of  .1.1111.,  at  iiiiilcliiv,  ilm 
"i»c  III  ull  miliry  rhiiwii.g, 
ilciii  uf   ili(.  nioHl  ililcir- 

I  of  .Miiui|;ni's  lioiiM',  II. 
ii){  llii'ir  KrtonlH.  an  ili(,y 
!■  j.'oviTiiiir  «  |iuhu-«,  irinl 
lull  ii'i  III),  lyriiiil  iliti  !" 
llicir  iiiiiliiiMH  hy  a  iilKiml, 
laliiiiw  rc'iidy  to  iiii|i|iorl 

iiwiiilly    wirroiiiKlcil    by 
icluills  an  Niiitril  tlir  111111;- 

II  nulijvcl  of  llll.  am.  Ill 
an  JUKI  risi'ii  from  Inlile, 

liiiil  rrlircil  to  llinr  own 
[lanncd  throinjli  ||||.  two 
Imrrvcd  'Ihiy  win.  >t 
liilori'  a  pajji.  m  wailing 
sliT,  who  wan  roiiu.rniiiij 
i**  hall  'i"hr  irovrriior, 
of  daiiiicr  loiiid  a{i|iul, 
d  I'oiilliiaiiili  d  Kraiicinnti 

door  Ilm  thai  iilliicr. 
^riK'f.  of  iiiiiid  an  10  olif.y 
llll'  lop  uf  lli|.  Nlair-cano, 

what  lli(.y  uifaiil,  and 
ti'.id  of  aiiswrnii;;,  lliry 
irni  ihtn  ihi.  hall     .Soilli! 

lliri'w  Ihi'iiinilvrs  from 

10  lly  :  and  a  (ewdraw- 
r  h'ailcr   iiilo  an  inin.r 

aniinali'd  with  hailii({ 
ow  hi  view,  rushed  lor- 
I  nil  oihrr  aiiim  than  hii 
'  i.iilry  ;  and.  .sii|,|,orlc.d 

and  his  lillh'  knot  of 
lal  ronlonl  wilh  intrt.- 
n.  and  wiih  lln.  nj.or  of 
ai;<'  "  iTiid  hr,  ■•  roin- 
kc  Ihiisi.  traitors  rr|iinl 
nor  ol  tin-  ruiispnalurn 
hriisl    llii.y   luadf    louk 

his  hrulhiT  s  feel  ;  hln 
nindiil    'rii(.  novel  nor, 

leld  Ins  sword,  an.l  no 

apuiis  hiriously  ulluej 

lull  m  his  tlirual,  sunk 


assassins  ran  oiu  into 
iloody  swords,  pro- 
Ahuve  two  hundred 
leill.  lliey  cuntlurlrd 

isioii  lliroujih  the  city, 

ind  prinripal  eili/.eiu, 
hnii  as  lawful   >ui- 

iiieiil  The  pahiL-e  of 
of  several  of  Ins  ad- 

n,  wh.i  nad  tin-  saii*. 
iil  Ihlir  etieinie.s,  and 

ioil«  of  those  ihroi.){li 

ril  had  passed 
!■  ennspiracy.  as  well 
■s  of  .\liiia(^ro,  drew 
Kvery  udvenlnrer  ol 

isalished  with  I'ljjrro 
Koverninent   in  ihii 

ol  maheonlents  waa 
ilalion  111  favor  of 

lead  of  eidhi  hundred 

*eru.     As  Ins  youth 

from  takiii);  the  coin- 

nii  ilerraJa  to  aet  ta 
idily  eolhxled  such 
e  III  hi.s  (juveriinicnt 

/.arro  hid  left  many 

dear ;  till'  harharouif 
111.  I  iiiiniry  was  n.) 

Uil  ;.ir.'ion  wiih  lior 


ror.  'I'll©  ipnomiinoiia  Inrtli  of  Alinatrro,  ua  well  as 
lh«  doiiliilu!  lull,  on  wliieh  he  loiiiidid  Ins  preieiisiuiis. 
led  others  10  i-oimider  liuii  us  a  usurper  'I'lie  ollieers 
wl.o  ( iiniinanded  111  Muiie  pruvinees  refused  to  rieuj,'- 
Mi/.e  jiin  aulliiinty  until  it  was  (-onlirini'd  tiy  llie  em- 
peror  In  oiliers,  partieularly  at  tuieu,  the  royal 
sMiidard  was  ereeled.  and  |  -.parallons  wi're  he|{llli  in 
urdi-r  to  revenue  the  iiiurder  uf  their  .ineient  leader- 

'I'liuse  Sleds  ol  disiurd,  wliieli  lould  nut  liau.  lain 
l'ili(j  doriiianl,  Bc.plired  yreal  vij|ur  and  aclivily  when 
Ihe  arrival  of  Vae,i  de  Caslruwas  known  Alter  u 
luiii;  aiitl  disastrous  vo\ai;e.  he  was  driven  liy  stress  ol 
weather  into  a  small  liarhur  in  the  |iruviiK'e  ol  rup.lyan  ; 
und  proeeedlliH  from  theiiee  liy  land,  alter  a  juurney  no 
less  lediiiiis  than  ilill'u  iilt,  he  reaelied  iiMu.  In  Ins 
way  he  reiened  ai'i'ouiils  ol  I'lzarto's  death,  uiid  uf 
the  eteiils  whiih  lullowed  iipuii  it.  lie  Immediately 
prudiieed  liie  ruval  euminlssiuii  apputnttn^  hilii  ^uvemiir 
of  I'erii.  with  tiie  same  privih  ues  and  aiiihorily  ;  and 
his  jurlsdirllon   wan  aekiiowled^pil   wilhuiit   henilallun 

hy  llenalea/.ar,  adelanlado  ur  lieiile il  general  lur  the 

•.Ml|.eror  111  ropavan,  and  hy  I'l  ilrii  .le  I'liellis,  who.  ill 
llie  .ilinenee  ol  (ion/alo  Ih/arpi,  had  llie  eunimand  ol 
the  Iruopn  lell  111  CJinlu  Vara  di.  Castro  nut  only 
tiSHUliied  the  supreme  Hllthurily,  hilL  nliuwed  lli.il  he 
possessed  tlie  talents  wliieh  the  exercise  ul  it  at  that 
■imetiire  reipnred.  Ity  Inn  inllueni-e  and  adilress  he 
suuii  asseiiililed  siieli  a  hudy  uf  truups  as  nut  uniy  tii 
net  liliil  alio\e  all  fear  of  helii^'  e.xpused  lu  any  insult 
from  the  ud\irse  parly,  hut  en.ihled  hnii  to  ailvanee 
fioin  l^ililo  with  the  dignity  whieti  hei-alne  Ills  cliarae- 
',er.  by  despatehui^  liersons  ui  eunlidim  e  to  the  dll- 
Urt.nt  ee'lienieutn  111  IVtii  with  a  lurnial  iiulilieatiun  ul 
nin  arrival  and  uf  his  euiiinnssiun,  he  eommiiniealed  to 
nin  coiintrymen  the  royal  pleasure  with  resjieel  to  the 
^uvernment  of  the  eutintry.  IJy  private  eiiiissaries,  he 
exciletl  such  olliiers  as  had  discovered  ilieir  disappro- 
tialton  of  Alma^ro'K  proceednit.'s,  to  nianilest  liieir  dillv 
to  their  sovereiiMi  hy  siippurtin^  the  person  hunured 
Willi  Ills  coinniis.sion.  Tliuse  measures  were  jiruductive 
of  ^reat  elfecls.  Kncoura^n-d  hy  the  approach  uf  the 
new  K"verliur,  or  prepareii  hy  his  inachiiiatiuns,  the 
loyal  were  eunfirmed  111  their  prilic  ;  '-  ,  and  avowed 
them  with  yrealer  huldness ;  the  1  ,.1  \ciituriil  to 
declare  their  sciitlinenls  ;  the  iieutr.d  and  wa'.iriii;.', 
lilldili^  It  necessary  to  chusii  a  side,  began  to  lean  tu 
that  which  now  appeared  to  he  thu  safest  us  well  as  the 

lllOSl  Jlltit. 

Alma^rro  uhserved  the  rapid  projjress  of  this  sjtirit  of 
dlsdllcction  to  lii.s  cau^e  ;  ami  in  order  to  give  an  ellec- 
tual  check  to  It  helure  the  arrival  ul  \'aca  de  i 'astro, 
he  net  out  at  the  head  of  his  truups  fur  (.'ii/co,  [l.Vt'^.J 
where  the  most  considerahle  huily  uf  opponents  had 
ereeled  the  royal  standard,  tiiidi  r  tlio  coiniiiand  ui  I'e- 
dro  Alverez  llolguin.  iiiirin;^  his  march  tliitiier,  ller- 
rada.  the  skilful  ^iiide  uf  his  yoiiili  and  ul  Ins  counsels, 
died  ;  und  from  that  tune  liis  measures  were  conspicu- 
jiis  lor  their  violence,  iiiit  cuncerti.d  with  little  sagacity, 
and  executed  with  no  addrens  llulniiin,  who,  wilti 
forces  far  inferior  to  those  of  the  oppesite  party,  was 
desceiidliig  towards  the  coast  at  the  very  time  that 
Almagro  was  on  his  way  to  I'lizco,  tleceived  lii.i  inex- 
perienced adversary  hy  a  very  simple  stratagem,  avoided 
all  ellgageinenl,  and  etieetcd  a  Jlinctiun  with  Alvuradu, 
an  olllcer  of  note,  who  had  been  the  lir&L  to  declare 
against  Ahnagro  as  a  usurper. 

•Soon  after  \'aca  de  Caslru  entered  their  camp  with 
thu  truups  which  he  brought  Iroin  Quito  ;  and  ereclnig 
the  royal  sland.ird  helure  his  own  tent,  lie  decl.ired  lliat, 
as  governor,  he  wuiild  discharge  m  person  all  the  liinc- 
tioiis  of  general  of  their  cunihmeil  forces.  Though 
funned  by  the  tenor  ul  his  past  hie  tu  the  habits  ul  a 
sedentary  and  pacllic  prute.-siuii,  be  at  once  assinmd 
the  activity  and  discu\ei'eil  llie  deciMun  ol  an  ullicer 
long  aceiistumed  tu  eonini.ilid.  Knuwing  bis  sirenglh 
to  lu-  now  lar  siipi nor  to  that  ul  the  enemy,  he  was 
itiipatieiiL  to  tennniale  the  contest  by  a  battle.  .\ur 
tlid  the  lollowers  uf  Almagro,  who  had  no  hopes  of 
obtaining  a  jiardon  for  a  eriliie  su  .ilrociuils  as  the  iiiiu- 
der  of  the  governor,  decline  tli.it  mode  of  decision. 
'I'liey  met  at  I'liiipi/,  [.Sept.  Hi,]  about  two  hundred 
miles  from  ('iizcu.  and  fuiight  with  all  the  fierce  um- 
niosity  inspired  by  the  violence  uf  civil  rage,  the  ran- 
cor ul  private  eimilty,  the  eagerness  of  revenge,  and 
the  last  eliurts  uf  despair.  Victory,  after  remainmg 
long  duiibtfiil,  dedari'il  ul  last  fur  \'ucu  de  Castro. 
The  superior  miinher  uf  his  truups,  his  own  intrepidity, 
and  the  martial  talents  of  i'Vuncisco  de  (.'arvajal,  a 
veler.m  ollicer  formed  under  the  great  captain  m  the 
wars  of  Italy,  und  who  on  that  day  laid  Liie  luunilatiun 
uf  his  fiiiure  fame  in  I'eru,  triuinphed  over  the  bravery 
uf  Iu9  uppononls,  though  led  on  by  young  Aliaajjru 
11 


Willi  n  ^nll.irit  npiril  wnrlliv  (if  a  bclicr  raiuc,  and  de- 
Kirvinji  iiiioiluT  tiitp.  'I'lir  rnrtiiiL't'  wus  jjri'nt  in  pro- 
|K»rtioii  lu  llir  iiuiiibi-r  ul'  llii-  t-orittiuliiiitti.  Munv  ol  llit 
Viiniiiiisl.cd,  rf*|im.illy  '•urli  as  vvrni  ruimrioiii*  tli.il 
tlit-y  iiii^lii  \>v  cliiir^i'd  with  tu'iri^'  arfCNhury  lo  tlir 
iiH<4aHniiiiituin  ut  I'l/arro,  ruxliirifj  oi)  tint  ^wonl*  ol  llic 
riirriiy,  clumt.'  lo  lull  liko  Mdldirr*  rilhrr  tlmii  wait  iiii 
i;;ii<»niiriii)UH  duoiii  Of  luuriLfn  limiurtd  mrti,  tlir 
titlal  aiiiuuiit  nf  rnmlialuiiH  nii  liolli  nu\vn,  live  liiiiidn  (t 
liiV  diail  oil  tilt'  lirUl,  und  tlio  miiiibiT  of  ilm  wouiulnl 

If  the  iinliUry  laUrils  dtiplayrd  liy  Vu'-n  di;  Castro, 
Imlli  III  lilt!  cotiiicil  mid  in  llie  lirld,  nurprisfd  iht-  ud- 
vniltirc.a  iii  IVni,  tlii-y  wrrn  aIiII  iiiort-  ustoniMhcil  al 
liiH  conduct  alter  llu'  victory  Ac  In*  was  liy  iialurt'  a 
ri'^id  diMpftimrof  ju^Ucc,  and  persuadt-ii  that  it  retpiin-d 
r.(ainplc«  uf  citraordiniiry  «r\rrily  lo  rrNlrain  the  lii'cn- 
iK.iiM  spirit  of  jtuldirrs  ^o  l.tr  rcinovrd  from  llit:  scat  of 
i;o\r*rnnic»t,  he  prnreedcd  directly  to  try  hm  prisoinT-H 
as  .'/els  l-'oriy  were  condemned  lo  siiMer  ihe  death 
of  triiturs,  utliers  were  haiiished  from  I'cni.  Their 
le.idei,  who  made  hiM  eseupu  from  (he  hatlle,  Im-iiii; 
hrtravf'il  hv  M)inc  of  hi»  oliicern.  wax  puhiicly  heheaded 
Ml  Cii'co;  and  in  Inm  llie  iiamtMif  Alnia^ro,  and  iho 
spirit  of  thu  partv.  was  exliiutt. 

Dnriiiif  those  \iolent  convulsions  in  feni.  the  eiiipr- 
n>r  and  Ins  miin>lers  were  intently  eiiiployed  in  prepa- 
riiiii  re;,'iilatinns.  Ity  whicli  ihc-y  hoped  not  only  to  re- 
e^lahhsli  irampiillily  there,  lint  to  introduce  a  more 
prrlect  Nvslein  of  miernid  j>ohcy  into  all  their  iieltte- 
inents  in  the  New  Worhi.  It  is  maniftsl  Tpin  all  the 
events  recorded  in  llic  history  of  Ameiica,  tliat,  ra|iid 
and  exleiiMve  as  the  Spanish  coiiipiests  there  had  heen, 
ihcv  were  not  carried  on  hy  any  re^nilar  exertion  ol  the 
niilional  force,  hut  liy  the  occasional  ctl'orts  of  private 
advtMiturers.  Alter  lilting  out  n  lew  of  ihe  lirst  anna- 
iMtiils  h)r  discovering  new  regions,  the  court  ol  Spam, 
tluriiii;  the  hiisy  reigns  of  Kerdmiind  uml  (  harlcii  \'., 
the  lonner  the  niAst  intrtiruui;^  prince  of  the  u^;e,  and 
the  latter  the  most  anihilious,  was  eiicuinhered  with 
such  a  inulliplicily  of  «cliemes,  and  involved  in  war 
with  so  many  naiions  of  Knrope,  that  he  had  not  lei- 
sure lo  alleiid  lo  dist.Hit  and  less  mterestin;^  ohjccts. 
The  care  of  prosicutinjf  iliscoverv.  or  of  aitemplHiii 
compiest.  wasahaialonetl  lo  inilividual.t ;  and  with  such 
ardor  did  men  push  lorvvard  in  this  new  career,  on  which 
iiuveltv,  the  spirit  of  adventure,  avarice,  ambition,  und 
the  hope  ul  meriting  luraven,  promjilcd  thc>m  with  cum- 
hined  mlhience  lo  enter,  that  in  less  than  half  a  cen- 
tury uhiiosi  the  w'iiole  oi  that  extensive  empirtr  which 
Spam  now  possesses  in  the  New  World,  was  suhji^cted 
lu  Its  tlummioii-  As  the  Spanish  court  conliibuli^d 
nothiii<;  towards  the  V'^notis  expeditions  undertaken  in 
America,  it  was  not  mlitled  to  claim  much  from  their 
success.  'J'hc  sovereij/iily  of  the  conipiered  provinces, 
with  the  (ifih  of  the  i,'oUl  and  silver,  was  rei*orved  for 
llie  crown  ;  every  thinjj  else  was  seized  hy  the  asso- 
ciates in  each  expedition  as  iheirown  rij^ht.  'J'he  plun- 
der of  the  countries  which  ihey  invaded  served  to  iii- 
deiunify  them  for  what  [\u-y  had  expended  in  eipiippm^ 
themselves  jor  the  service,  and  the  conipiered  territory 
was  divided  ainoiii,'  ihem,  according  to  ruh  s  which  cus- 
tom hail  inlrodijced,  as  permanent  est.ihh>hmeiits  which 
their  suceessjul  vaUir  nii'r:led.  In  the  inlaiicy  of  those 
settlements,  when  their  extent  as  well  as  Iheir  value 
was  unknown,  many  irro^idarities  escaped  observation, 
and  It  was  found  iieces:<ary  to  connive  at  many  excesses. 
The  conipiered  people  were  freijuently  pillaged  with 
destructive  rapacity,  and  iheir  country  parcelled  out 
:iinoiii{  Its  new  inaslcrH  in  exorbitant  tiliare*},  lar  ex- 
ceedm^  llie  higliei»t  recompense  due  to  their  services. 
The  rude  conipierors  of  America,  incnpalile  of  forming 
their  estahhshments  upon  any  general  cir  extensive  plan 
of  policy,  atti^ntive  only  to  private  interest,  unwilling 
lo  torego  present  gam  from  the  prospect  of  remote  or 
public  henetit,  seem  to  have  hail  no  object  but  to  amass 
budtiin  wealth,  wilheut  regarding  what  might  he  the 
conseipiences  of  the  means  by  winch  they  acipiired  it. 
Uut  when  time  at  length  discoveied  lo  the  Spaobih 
court  the  miporlanee  of  its  American  possessions,  the 
necessity  of  new-modelling  their  wliole  frame  became 
obvious,  and  in  place  of  the  maxims  und  practices  pre- 
valent among  luihtary  adventurers,  it  watt  found  rcqui- 
sittf  lo  »uUlitute  the  institutions  of  regular  govern- 
ment. 

(Jne  evil  in  particular  called  for  an  immediate  reme- 
dy 'Ihe  contpierors  uf  Mexico  and  IVrn  imitated  the 
fatal  example  of  their  eouiitrynieii  settled  m  the  islands, 
and  employed  themseUes  in  bearelnng  for  gold  and  sil- 
ver Willi  the  same  mcoiisiJerale  eagerness.  Similar 
elVects  lollowed.  The  natives  employed  in  this  labor 
by  inosicra,  who  in  imposing  tusku  had  no  regard  either 


to  what  they  fell  or  to  what  they  wi>ro  able  to  perfonn. 
pined  awav  nnd  periHhrd  so  fani,  iliat  there  was  reanoii 

lo  appri'liend  that  Spam,  insicid  ot  posdesHing  countrn-H 
peopled  to  niich  a  degree  as  to  be  nunceptiblt  ol  pre- 
gresNive  impruwment,  would  Roon  remain  proprietor 
only  of  a  vatt  uninhabiied  desert. 

'i'he  emperor  und  lim  imnisiers  were  ho  »eii'Utile  of 
t)ilH.  and  hO  solicitous  to  jirevent  the  rxlmclion  of  ihti 
Indian  riice,  which  lhreat<'ned  to  render  thrir  ucipiiHi* 
tiouH  of  no  value,  that  from  time  lu  lime  various  lawa, 
which  I  have  mentioned.  h<id  be<  u  made  for  steurinK 
10  ihut  unhappy  peopb*  mure  gentle  and  e<|Uilahle  treat- 
ment, llut  the  dtsiiinee  of  America  from  the  neat  uf 
empire,  the  feebleness  id'  government  in  the  new  colo- 
nies, the  avarice  und  audacity  ui  holdiirs  unaccnsluined 
lu  restraiiil,  prevented  these  salutary  ri'uul.itions  from 
operating  with  uny  considerahle  inljiienee.  The  evil 
eontmued  to  grow,  and  at  ihis  liiiM<  ihe  emperor  luuiid 
an  interval  of  leisure  from  the  allairs  of  Murope  to  lake 
It  into  attentive  cunsideriition  He  consulted  nri  only 
with  his  imnisterfi  and  the  members  ol  the  councd  of 
the  Indies,  but  called  upon  I'everal  persons  who  h.id 
rcKided  long  in  the  iNevv  W'orht  to  aid  them  wiih  Ihe 
rejiult  of  llieir  exp(  rience  and  observation  I'ortnnately 
h)r  lb"  people  uf  America,  ammig  these  was  Marthoio- 
mew  de  las  t'a.nas,  whu  happened  lu  he  iheii  al  Madrid 
on  a  mission  from  a  <  hapier  of  Ins  order  at  Chiapa, 
Though  since  ihe  nnsearriage  of  his  former  schemun 
for  '.he  relief  of  the  Indians,  he  had  continued  shut  up 
in  his  cloi^ii  r,  or  occupn-d  in  religious  lunctioris.  Ins 
/•■al  in  bi'half  of  ihe  former  objects  of  Ins  pity  was  so 
far  from  abating,  llinl,  from  an  increased  knowledge  of 
their  ^uHermgR,  lis  ardor  had  augmented  Ho  siii/.cd 
eagerly  thi.-«  opportunity  <d  reviving  his  favorite  inaxiinn 
concernmg  the  treatnu'iit  of  tlie  Inilians.  With  llio 
moving  eluipience  nalural  lo  a  man  on  whose  mind  thu 
scenes  .vhicli  he  ha<l  beheld  had  made  a  deep  impres- 
sion, he  described  the  irreparable  waste  of  the  liuinun 
species  111  the  .New  World,  the  Indian  race  almost  to- 
tally swept  awav  in  the  islands  in  less  than  lifty  ycarif, 
und  hasleiimg  to  extinction  on  the  runtinetit  with  the 
same  rapid  decay  Willi  the  decisive  tone  of  one 
slromily  prepus*>(s.«ed  with  the  truth  of  his  own  system, 
he  imputed  all  this  lo  a  single  eause,  to  lint  exactions 
and  ercehy  of  his  countrymen,  and  contendi^d  that 
notlii'i'.'  could  prevent  ibe  de[K)pnlaliun  of  America,  but 
the  lb  hiring  of  its  natives  lo  be  freemen,  and  treating 
them  as  subjects,  not  as  slaves,  Xor  did  he  contido 
for  llie  success  of  this  propusid  m  tin-  powers  of  his 
oratorv  a!onl^  In  order  to  enforce  them,  he  cumposed 
bis  famous  treatise  concerning  the  destruction  of  Ame- 
rica, in  which  he  relates,  with  many  hornd  circum- 
stances, but  with  apparent  marks  of  exaggerated  de- 
scription, the  devastation  of  every  province  which  had 
been  visited  hy  the  Spaniards. 

'i'he  emperor  was  deeply  atUirtr.d  with  the  recital  of 
so  many  actions  shocking  to  humanity,  llut  as  his 
views  extended  far  beyond  those  ot  Lis  Casas,  he  per- 
ceived that  relieving  the  Indians  from  oppression  was 
hut  one  step  towards  rendering  Ids  possessions  in  tho 
New  \\*(Mld  a  vabinble  acipiisiiion,  and  would  he  of 
little  avail,  unless  he  could  circumscribe  the  power  atid 
usur[>atioiis  of  liis  own  subjects  there.  The  compierois 
of  America,  however  great  their  merit  had  been  towards 
their  country,  were  mostly  persons  of  such  mean  birth, 
and  of  such  an  abject  rank  in  society,  as  gave  no  di.-^- 
tinciion  in  the  eye  of  a  innnarch.  The  exorbitant 
wealth  with  which  souk-  of  ihem  returned,  gave  um- 
brage to  an  age  not  accustomed  to  see  men  in  ii.ferior 
condi'.ion  elevateil  above  Iheir  level,  and  rising  to  emu- 
late or  to  surpass  the  ancient  nobibty  in  splendor,  '['ho 
lerrit'irics  which  their  h  .iders  had  a[>pruiinated  lu  tliem- 
.selvoa  were  of  such  enurmous  »  xteni  [  \'Mi],  that,  if  ilm 
country  should  ever  be  improved  in  proportion  to  the 
fertility  of  the  soil,  they  must  grow  loo  wealthy  and  loo 
powerful  for  subjects.  It  appeared  to  ('harles  that  tins 
abuse  reipnred  u  remi'dy  no  less  than  the  other,  and  that 
the  regulations  concermng  both  must  be  enforced  by  a 
mode  of  government  moru  vigorous  than  had  yet  been 
introduced  into  America. 

With  this  view  he  framed  a  body  of  laws,  containing 
many  salutary  appointments  with  respect  to  the  consti- 
tution and  powers  of  ihe  supreme  council  of  the  Indies, 
concerning  the  station  and  jurisdiction  of  the  royal  au- 
diences in  diU'crent  parts  of  America  ;  the  administra 
lion  of  justice  ;  the  order  of  governinent,  both  eeclesi- 
n.slical  and  civil.  These  were  approved  uf  by  all  ranks 
of  men.  But  together  with  them  were  issued  the  fol- 
lowing rt-gulations,  winch  excited  universal  alarm,  and 
occasioned  the  most  violent  convulsions  :  "  That  as  the 
ripttrlimiintos  or  shares  of  land  sei/ed  by  scvi'ral  jn-r- 
80119  appeared  to  bo  cjtccsaivc,  tho  royal  audioncca  ore 


IIA 

r!ni»owrrrd  to  rrdure  tlirm  to  a  modpratp  rxtrnt :  Thnt 
uimn  thn  di>nlh  of  uny  cnii.nHnir  or  (il.mtrr,  the  UmU 
fiml  huliiinii  ^raittcil  (o  tiiiii  bthtll  luit  dt'sriMitl  to  lii» 
widow  or  rlnldrcii,  liiit  rctuni  lo  llir  crown  :  'I'tiiit  tlir 
IndmiiA  bIiuII  hrurrlDrih  br  ntrinpi  Iron)  pergonal  *-vi 
¥|pe,  and  ithidl  not  he  ('oiii|'<ll(  d  It)  rarry  llm  b.iL'l^i'iM' 
of  trnvrlli'M,  to  labor  tn  llif  iniiir^,  or  lo  dtvo  in  thr 
pcurl  t'lNlitTii-N  :  'I'liDt  tlir  rtliili  il  tribute  diir  by  tlirni  lo 
Ihi'ir  ftuprnor  tthidl  be  iiii'i'itainid,  iind  llu-y  >b)dl  bt* 
paid  us  MTvanls  lor  any  work  they  vobintanly  |H'rtiinn  : 
That  nil  prrsoitN  \\\\o  nn-  or  liavc  been  in  pnblii'  oll'u  i"*, 
all  i>i  i'U>Hiiiti|i('-4  of  fvcrv  ilnioinnmiion,  all  ho^|iit8lsaiid 
inoniiMtrru'N,  ^hall  br  dr|iri\i'd  ot  the  l.uid^  and  ImliaiiH 
nllultrd  to  ihrin,  and  tlirM'  tie  tttinexed  to  tiiii  •Tuwn  : 
That  every  prrsion  in  I'ern,  wlio  had  any  eriniinal  eon 
renin  mi  thf  conleMt  between  I'l/arro  luid  Alnia^To 
bhuiild  forfeit  Iiin  laiuU  tind  IndiaiiN  " 

All  the  S|Kini.'4h  iiiintsters  who  had  hitlterto  been  in- 
trnvted  with  (lie  direetion  of  AiniTican  .-tliiirN.  and  who 
were  Itest  ar<|uainted  with  ihe  Malv  of  (lie  etniiitry.  re- 
inunalruled  against  lliorte  re^nbitioint  at  rninoUN  to  their 
infant  coloinen  They  reiireftenttd.  that  the  nundier 
of  SpanKtrdM  w!i<i  had  hitherto  enn^ratf  d  lo  ihe  New 
World  waH  ho  extreinelv  Ninall,  that  nolinn*;  eoubl  be 
expected  from  any  ctlorl  of  theirs  Inwards  nnprovnin 
tho  vast  rr^ions  itver  which  ihi-y  were  scattered  ;  that 
the  success  ol'  rvrrv  seht'inc  for  lliis  pnn'Oso  nnist  dc- 
|>end  upon  the  ministry  and  service  of  the  Indians, 
wbosn  native  indolence  and  aversion  to  labor,  no  pros- 
pect of  henelit  or  promise  of  reward  could  ^urnuunt ; 
that  the  moment  the  n^lil  of  imposin<r  a  task,  and  ex- 
ticttn^r  the  perfuriimnce  of  ii,  was  taken  from  their  inas- 
lers,  every  work  ot  industry  must  cease,  and  all  ilic 
Murces  from  winch  wcaltli  beiran  to  pour  iv.  upon  Spam 
must  be  stopped  lor  ever.  Hut  (./harles,  tenacious  at 
all  times  of  his  owii  opmions,  and  so  much  iinpri.ssed 
at  present  with  the  view  ol  the  disorders  which  reij^ned 
in  America,  that  be  was  willing  to  hazard  Ihe  applica- 
tion even  oi  a  danj;erous  remedy,  persisted  in  his  reso- 
lution of  '  .sbnig  the  laws.  'I'hat  they  mi^dit  be  ear- 
ned Hit  ''  e-'ulion  wiih  ^jreater  vl^•er  and  JiUthonty.  be 
aiilliBriie  yrancisco  Tello  de  Sandv)val  to  repair  to 
Mexico  as  r(jir;/fi(i(tr,  or  superintendent  cf  thai  counlry, 
and  lo  lo-operule  with  Antonio  de  Mendozo,  llie  vue- 
roy  in  enforcing  tbcin.  lie  appointed  Itlasco  Nuijiiez 
Vela  to  be  governor  of  Peru,  with  the  title  of  viceroy  ; 
and  in  order  to  strengthen  his  lulni'Mhlralion,  be  e^tuh- 
lished  a  court  of  royal  audience  ni  Ijiina  [151:1J,  in 
which  tour  lawyers  of  ciainenco  were  to  preside  as 
judges. 

The  viceroy  and  8U|M'rintendcnt  sailed  at  the  same 
tiiiio  ;  and  an  account  of  the  hws  wh:cli  they  were  to 
enforce  reache*!  America  before  them.  'Ihe  entry  ol 
Sandoval  inio  Mexico  was  viewed  us  the  prelude  of 
general  rum.  The  unlimited  ^rant  of  liberty  to  the 
Indians  affected  every  Spaniard  in  America  without 
dittHnction,  and  there  was  hardly  one  who  nuKht  not  on 
acme  pretext  t>e  inclvided  under  the  other  re^ndations, 
and  aulfer  by  ihem  Hut  the  colony  in  .New  Spam 
had  now  been  so  long  accustomed  to  the  reslramts  of 
law  and  authority  unuerthe  steady  and  prudent  admin 
istration  of  Mendoza,  thnt,  how  much  soever  the  spirit 
of  tho  new  statutes  was  detested  and  dreaded,  no  at- 
ten^pt  was  made  to  obstruct  the  publication  of  them  by 
any  act  of  violence  unbecominjj  subjects,  'I'he  maj;i8- 
tratcs  and  principal  inhatnlanis,  howcvrr,  presented 
dutiful  addresses  to  the  viceroy  btid  superintendent 
representing  the  fatal  conseipienct's  ot  enlorcmij  them 
Happily  for  Ihem,  Mendoza,  by  long  rcMdence  in  llie 
country,  was  so  thoroughly  acipiamled  with  its  slate, 
that  he  knew  what  was  for  its  interest  as  well  as  what 
it  could  bear ;  and  Sandoval,  though  new  in  ott'ice,  dis- 
played a  degree  of  moderation  seldom  possessed  by  per- 
ions  juat  entering  upt)n  the  exercise  ol  power.  They 
engaged  to  suspend,  for  some  tune,  the  execution  ol 
whit  was  olfensive  in  the  new  laws,  and  not  only  con- 
nenled  that  a  deputation  of  citizetm  should  be  sent  to 
Europe  to  lay  bt'lure  the  emperor  the  apprehensions  ol 
hia  subjects  in  New  Sj  ain  with  respect  to  their  teii- 
dency  and  ell'ecti*,  but  they  concurred  with  them  m 
tu|)portin<r  their  huUiinenis.  (Charles,  moved  by  the 
opinion  of  men  wliose  abilities  and  integrity  entitled 
thein  to  decide  conejnnng  what  fell  imineduitely  under 
their  own  view,  granted  such  a  relaxation  of  the  rigor 
iif  the  laws  as  re-estabhshed  the  colony  iii  ita  former 
trtnquilhty. 

In  Peru  the  alorm  gathered  with  an  aspect  stdl  more 
fierce  and  threatening,  and  was  not  so  soon  di>pel|ed 
Tho  conquerors  of  I'eru.  of  a  rank  niueli  inferior  lo 
those  who  had  subjected  Mexicu  to  llie  Spanish  crown, 
further  removed  from  the  in.spection  of  the  parent  ^Iale, 
tind  intoxicated  with  llio  •ludden  acquisition  of  wttallh, 


ROHKHTSON'S    HISTORY   Of 


earned  on  all  their  operations  wilh  gnater  license  and 
irregulantv  than  any  body  of  advenluit  rs  in  the  New 
\Vor!d  Amidst  Ihe  yeiunil  subver'«ion  of  law  aral 
order,  nccasiuticd  by  two  s'itcessive  civil  vvars,  win  n 
I  a.  h  individual  was  at  liberty  to  decide  for  himsell', 
wiihoiit  any  guule  but  his  own  inten-st  or  pasaions. 
this  turbiilirit  j-piril  rose  above  all  sense  of  suboribiia- 
tion  To  men  Ihus  eorrupled  by  anarcliy,  the  mlro- 
tluction  of  regular  go\enHnenl.  the  power  of  a  viceroy, 
and  tlie  authority  of  a  respectable  court  of  judicature, 
would  of  themselves  Ii,t\e  appeared  formidable  re- 
slininls,  to  which  tiiev  wtnild  have  snbinilted  with  re- 
liii  tance.  Hut  they  ii  volted  witli  intligniiiion  against 
Ihe  idea  of  complying  with  laws,  by  which  ihey  werelo 
be  stripped  at  once  of  all  thev  liud  earned  so  hardly 
during  many  years  of  service  and  sutl'enng.  As  the 
account  of  the  new  laws  spri-ad  succeshively  through 
Ihe  ditVereiit  setlleineiits,  tlie  inhabitants  ran  togt  llier, 
the  women  in  tears,  and  the  men  exclaiming  agamst 
the  mjii!«tire  and  ingratitude  of  their  sovereign  in  de- 
priving them,  unheard  and  unconvicteil,  of  iheir  ptis- 
arsBions.  *•  Is  this,"  cried  ihi'y,  "the  recompense  ilur 
to  persons,  who.  without  public  aul,  at  thetr  own  ex- 
jieiise,  aiiti  by  their  own  vabir,  have  subjecit  d  to  the 
crown  of  rastile  terrinrien  of  such  imtnense  extent 
and  opulence  !  Are  these  the  rewards  hestowed  hir 
having  endured  unpurailelitl  di.  'ress.  for  having  encoun- 
tered every  specioua  of  danger  i  i  'he  service  of  their 
country!  Whose  merit  is  so  great,  whose  conduct 
has  been  so  irreprochable,  that  he  may  not  be  con- 
demned by  some  penal  clause  m  regulations,  eom-eived 
in  terms  as  loose  and  eomprebensive,  as  if  it  had  been 
intended  that  all  ^hould  be  entangled  in  their  snare  ! 
I!\ery  Spaniard  of  note  in  i'eru  has  hehl  some  public 
otfice,  and  all,  withunl  distinction,  have  been  con- 
strained to  take  nn  active  jiart  in  the  confest  betweiii 
the  two  rival  chiefs.  Were  liie  torn  .  r  to  be  robbed 
of  iheir  property  because  tiny  bad  done  thetr  duty  ! 
Were  the  latter  to  be  punished  on  account  of  what 
they  could  not  avoid  !  Shall  the  conquirors  of  this 
i;reat  empire,  instead  of  receiving  marks  of  ili>linction. 
be  depnved  of  the  natural  consolation  of  providmg  for 
their  widows  and  children,  uiid  leave  them  lo  depend 
h)r  sulisislence  on  the  scanty  supply  ihey  can  e.vtorl 
from  unreeling  courtiers  '  We  are  not  able  now," 
Ciuitmued  they,  "to  explore  unknown  regions  in  qui  st 
of  nion' secure  settlements;  our  constitutions  dehili- 
lateil  with  age,  and  our  bodies  covered  with  wounds, 
are  no  longer  (it  lor  active  service  ;  but  still  we  pos- 
sess vigor  suirictenl  to  assert  our  jusl  rights,  and  we 
will  not  tamely  sulVer  them  to  be  wrested  from  us  '' 

Ilv  discourses  of  this  sort,  uttered  with  vehemence, 
and  liBlened  to  with  universal  approbaiinn,  their  pas- 
si<nis  were  mllamtd  to  such  o  pitch  that  tiiey  were  pre- 
pared for  the  most  violent  measures;  and  began  to 
liold  consullations  in  ditlerent  places,  how  th«-y  might 
oppose  the  entrance  of  the  viceroy  and  judges,  and  pre- 
vent not  only  the  execution  but  the  proinulgatiiui  of 
the  new  law*.  I'Vom  this,  however,  they  were  diverted 
by  the  address  of  Vaca  de  C'astro,  who  llattered  them 
with  hopes,  that,  as  soon  as  the  viceroy  and  judges 
sliould  arrive,  and  had  leisure  lo  examine  their  petitions 
and  remonstrance?,  they  would  concur  with  them  in 
endeavoring  to  procure  some  mitigation  in  the  rigor  ol 
laws  which  hid  been  framed  vviihoul  due  attention 
either  to  the  slate  of  the  country,  or  to  the  sentiments 
of  tlie  people.  A  greater  degree  of  accommodation  to 
these,  and  even  some  concessions  on  liie  part  of  go- 
verinn*Mit,  were  now  become  recpii'iite  to  compose  ihe 
present  ferment,  and  lo  soothe  tlu^  colonists  into  sul)- 
inission,  liy  insjunng  iIimh  with  cjiibdence  in  their 
superiors.  Hut  wiibout  profound  diseeininent,  eon- 
eiliatmg  manners,  and  tl  xibility  ol"  temper,  such  a  plan 
could  not  be  cirried  fii  Tho  viciToy  posse*'^ed 
none  of  these.  (H  alt  .in- cpiabties  thai  lit  men  for  high 
command,  he  was  \'ii;)  twed  only  with  inlegnly  and  cou- 
rage ;  the  former  h'ls^  and  uncomplying,  the  latter 
bordering  ^o  fretpienll)  u  ugliness  or  ob^tlnJcy,  thai, 
in  bis  situation,  they  wt'  defects  rallier  iban  viitues. 
From  the  moment  that  h.  \inded  at  Tuinbez  [March 
■1],  Nugiie/,  Vela  seems  to  have  considered  liimself 
merely  as  an  executive  oHicer,  vitbout  any  discretionary 
power;  and  rcgardb-ss  of  whatever  he  observed  or 
heard  concerning  the  state  ol  the  country,  he  adhered 
lo  the  letter  of  the  regulations  wiili  unrelrntmg  rigor. 
In  all  the  towns  through  which  be  passed,  the  natives 
were  declared  lo  be  fn  e,  every  person  in  public  ollice 
was  deprived  of  his  lands  and  servants  ,  and  as  an  ex- 
ample of  obedience  lo  others,  he  would  not  sutler  a 
single  Indian  to  be  employed  in  carrying  Ins  own  bag- 
gage in  his  march  towards  Ijiiui.  Amazement  and 
consleraation  went  before  luni  as  he  nptjroached  ;  and 


HO  little  solicitont  was  he  to  prevent  these  from  aug- 
inenling.  that,  on  entering  the  capital,  he  openly  avowetl 
that  be  came  lo  obey  the  orders  of  his  sovereign,  not 
to  diNpifiHC  with  bis  lawa.  This  harsh  declaration  was 
accmnnanieil  with  what  rendereil  it  still  more  intole- 
rable. Iiaiiiibtmess  in  deportment,  a  tone  of  arrnganco 
and  ileeision  in  discourse,  and  an  iiisulence  of  olhctt 
grievous  lo  men  little  accustomed  lo  hold  civil  aiithu- 
iity  III  high  respect.  Kvery  attempt  to  procure  a  mu*- 
pensiiui  or  miiigalion  of  the  new  laws,  ihe  viceroy  eon- 
sidereil  as  Mowing  Iritm  a  spirit  of  disalleetioii  ihul 
tended  lo  n-belhon  Several  persons  of  rank  vverecoic 
tilled,  and  Noine  put  to  death,  without  any  form  of  triid. 
Vaca  de  ( 'asiro  was  arrested  ;  and  notwithstanding  tho 
dignity  (if  hm  fonner  rank,  and  his  merit,  in  liuviiif/ 
prevented  a  geiy*ral  nisurreciion  in  Ihe  colony,  ho 
was  loaded  with  chains,  and  shut  up  in  the  eonimoii 
jad. 

Hut  however  general  the  indignaiion  was  against  such 
prticeedmgs,  it  is  probable  ibe  hand  of  aulhority  woiihj 
biive  been  strimi}  enough  lo  suppress  il,  or  to  prevent  it 
bursting  out  with  open  violence,  if  the  inalecimtent.'i 
had  not  been  pr«)vided  with  a  leadi  r  of  credit  and  emi- 
nence to  unite  and  to  direct  tlnur  etlbrls.  I'roin  llio 
time  that  the  pur).ort  of  the  new  regulations  was  known 
in  Peru,  every  Spaniard  theri;  turned  bis  eyei  towardif 
(ionz.do  Pi/arro,  as  the  only  person  able  to  avert  llkt 
ruin  with  which  they  llirealened  llie  cohmy.  Krom  all 
quarters,  Irtlers  antt  aildresses  were  sent  lo  him.  con- 
luring  bim  lo  stand  forth  as  their  common  proteclort 
and  otVirmg  lo  .mpport  linn  in  the  attempt  with  llicir 
lives  and  lortunes.  (ionzalo.  thouifli  infirior  m  lalenti 
to  Ins  other  brothers,  was  equally  ambittiuis,  and  of 
courage  no  less  daring.  The  behavior  of  an  imgratelul 
court  towards  bis  brothers  and  himself  dwelt  eoiitinU' 
ally  on  bis  mmit  Ferdinand  a  state  pnsoner  in  Ku- 
rope,  the  children  of  the  governor  in  custody  of  the 
viceroy,  and  sent  aboard  Ins  Meet,  himself  redurej  to 
the  condition  of  a  private  citizen  in  a  counlry  for  tho 
discovery  and  conquest  of  which  Spain  was  indebted 
tt)  Ins  lamily — these  thoughts  proriijited  him  to  seek  for 
vengeance,  and  lo  assert  the  rights  of  his  family,  ol 
winch  be  now  considered  biin^df  an  the  guardian  and 
the  heir.  Ibit  as  no  .Spaniard  can  eas.ly  surmount  that 
veneratnui  for  his  sovereign  whn  b  .sei mn  in  be  inter- 
woven in  his  frame,  the  ub-a  of  marching  m  arms  againnt 
the  royal  stand  ird  lilted  him  wiili  honor.  He  hesitated 
lung,  and  was  still  unresolved,  when  the  violence  of  tbn 
viceroy,  the  universal  call  of  Ins  countrymen,  and  tlxv 
certainly  of  becoming  soon  a  viciiin  himself  lo  tho 
Hcveniy  of  die  new  laws,  moved  liim  to  quit  his  re.ii- 
deuce  at  (.'huquisaca  de  la  IMala,  and  repair  lo  (luzco. 
All  the  inhabitants  went  out  to  meet  him,  and  receivinl 
him  Willi  transporlsof  joy  us  the  deliverer  of  the  colony. 
In  the  fervor  of  their  zeal,  they  elected  hnn  procurator- 
general  of  the  Spanish  nation  in  iVru,  to  solicit  tho 
repeal  of  the  late  regulations  They  enqiowered  hiifl 
to  lay  ibeir  remonstrances  before  the  royal  audieruM-  in 
I. mm,  and  upon  pretext  of  danger  from  the  Indians, 
authorized  hnn  to  march  thither  in  arms  [I.M-lJ.  l.'n- 
der  sanction  of  this  nomination  I'lzarro  look  possession 
of  the  royal  trea.4ure,  appointed  otlicers,  levied  'ildiens 
neized  a  large  train  of  artillery  which  Vuca  de  Castio 
liad  deposited  in  (inmanga,  and  Ni>t  out  for  l.ima  as  if  be 
had  been  advancing  against  a  public  enemy.  HiHallee- 
lion  having  now  assumed  u  regular  form,  and  tieni^; 
united  under  a  chief  of  such  distmi.niished  name,  mal<^ 
persons  of  note  resorted  to  his  standard  ;  and  u  consi- 
derable part  of  the  troops,  raised  by  the  viceroy  lo 
oppose  his  progress,  deserted  lo  him  in  a  body. 

Hetbre  Pizarro  reached  Lima,  a  revolution  bad  ba'»- 
pened  tliere,  which  encouraged  hnn  to  proceed  wt.h 
almost  eert.iintv  o!  Miiceess.  The  violence  of  the  vice- 
roy's ndmnnstratton  was  not  more  lormiilable  to  the 
Sp.niiarils  ol  Peru  than  his  overbearini;  haughtiness  wis 
odious  to  his  asHoriati's,  the  judges  of  the  royal  au- 
dience. During  their  voyage  from  Spain,  some  symp 
loins  of  cotdnetis  betw(>en  the  vici-roy  and  ihem  began 
to  appear.  Hut  as  soon  as  ihey  entered  upon  Ihe  ex- 
t  iLise  of  their  respective  otiices,  both  parties  wt  re  so 
niueh  exasperated  by  frequent  contests,  arising  from 
interference  of  jurisdiction  and  contrariety  of  opinion, 
ihat  their  muitial  de^gust  soon  grew  into  open  en- 
mity. The  judges  thwarted  the  viceroy  in  every  mea- 
sure, set  at  liberty  pnsoners  whom  he  had  conhned,  jua- 
tilied  the  inalecontents,  and  applauded  their  remon- 
strances. v\l  a  time  when  both  depurlmenls  of  govern- 
inerit  should  have  united  uganisl  the  approaching  enemy, 
they  were  contending  wilh  each  other  for  supenoritv. 
TliejuiL'cs  at  length  prevailed.  The  viceroy,  univer- 
sally  odious,  and  ubamloned  even  by  his  own  guards, 
was  tteiKtd  lu  his  |mUec  [Sept.  18),  and  carried  to  a 


w 


3  prpvpiit  thonn  from  aiig- 
fM-upitiil.  hpopnily  svov»«| 
(iirit  (if  lijH  Hovcrci^Mi,  not 
'I'liiH  liiirNli  (Irclurntion  wjH 
ridrmi  it  fttill  innrr  iiitolo- 
riirril,  ii  (unr  of  orro^rnncu 
1111(1  Hfi  insiilpncc  rtf  odlcn 
toiiicd  to  hold  civil  atilhi). 
rttUrnpl  to  [irocurii  a  mh*. 
new  liivvjt,  ilio  virrrov  ron- 
Rpint  of  (IiHiiMcrtimi  thai 
;1  pcrHoim  of  rank  wrro  cnn- 
,  without  any  form  of  Irml. 
I  i  HiKlnotwiiliNtiiiidiiiK  (ho 
and  liJH  lurnt,  in  iiavin/^ 
rcctlun  in  tho  colony,  ho 
i  hliiit  up  in  thu  roniinon 

diKiiation  wan  apainnl  surh 
ir  hand  of  authurttv  woulil 
.npprcjiH  H.  or  to  prrvput  it 
■lire,  if  tlic  inah-(-onlrMl4 
a  Icadt  r  ot  credit  and  ciiu- 
Ilicir  rtfortH.  rrom  iho 
(*w  regulations  was  known 
T  turned  iim  vyvn  towiirdd 
.■  pprMin  ahli)  lo  avert  tifi 
ned  the  colony.  Troni  all 
.'»  wero  milt  lo  Inin,  con- 
s  ihfir  common  proterlt.r, 
ill  the  utteiiipt  with  their 
I.  though  inCerior  in  talrntn 
equally  amhiiiouN,  mid  of 
!■  hehavior  of  uh  niiyratt'lul 
nd  hmiM'ir  dwelt  eoiitinu- 
id  a  stole  priHoiier  in  Ku- 
>vernor  in  eunlodv  of  lli« 
(left,  liiinself  redneeJ  to 
izen  ill  a  country  for  (lio 
which  Spain  was  indehled 
f  prompted  liim  lo  seek  (or 
r  riyhls  of  hiH  family,  ul 
ii^tll  aM  ilie  1,'uardian  and 
d  I. in  eas.ly  sunnomil  that 
whn  h  .HecniN  In  In'  inter- 
I  liiiirctittiH  in  anusa^faiiKit 
with  horiur.  He  hesitated 
wliin  ihe  viuleiice  of thn 
Ills  eouiiirymen,   and  tlio 

leliin  hiiiiMeir  lo  ihn 
ved  liim  to  ipm  lus  re.*i» 

<  and  repair  lo  (luzco. 

leet  liiin,  and  reeeivifl 

lelivererof  the  colony. 

Ircted  hint  procurator- 

I  i'erii,  to  solicit  tho 
'hey  enipowertid  liiin 

Ihe  royal  audience  in 
T  from  the    Induinn, 

II  arms  f  151-IJ,  L'n- 
i/.arro  took  pussession 
liccrs,  levied  ■•Idler*, 
Inch  \'uca  de  ('aslio 
tout  for  Lima  as  if  hu 
he  enemy.  l)i»t:Ufe(;- 
iilar    fiirin,  and   Oeiiijj 

tni:ui!*hed  name,  inaii^ 
iiiidard  ;  and  a  consi- 
mI  by  tho  viceroy  lo 
um  III  a  l)odv. 
a  revotuiion  hud  ha'>- 
hiiii  to  proceed  wih 
le  violence  (if  the  vic-> 
note  lormidahle  lo  the 
ann^  h.iu^'hiinrss  w  m 
il;.'es  ol  the  royal  ai- 
oin  Spam,  some  Kymp 
iceroy  and  ihein  he^tan 
entered  upon  Iho  ex- 
holii  parlicrt  wt  rv  so 
conti-sis,  arisinjr  from 
conirariety  of  ojaiiion, 
^rew  into  open  en- 
viceroy  in  cK-ry  inea- 
1)  he  had  confined,  jua- 
pplanded  their  renion- 
lepartinentN  of  ^overn• 
he  approaching  enemy, 
other  for  superiority. 
'Ihe  viceroy,  umvur- 
liy  his  own  ^uirds, 
IH),  and  carried  tu  a 


SOUTH  A  mi:  km;  A. 


147 


Tl 


iin^^c 


1  i 


tloHrrt  islana  on  thr  roant,  to  bo  kept  there  until  hr 
could  be  Hcnl  lioine  to  Spain. 

'rhe  jiultics.  Ill  coiiNetiueiicr  of  ihir,  hnvinff  assumed 
thu  HMpri me  direclion  ol'  alfairs  into  llieir  own  hiiiiUs, 
ihsucd  a  prochnnation  su^prndiiiK  the  eicciilion  of  the 
obnoxious  laws,  iiiil  sent  a  messujre  lo  I'l/.arro,  reipiir- 
injj  him,  as  they  had  already  Kranled  whatever  he  could 
request,  to  dismiss  Ins  troops,  and  to  repair  to  Lima 
Willi  lifleeii  or  twenty  attpndjriis.  Tiiey  could  hardly 
rxpect  that  n  man  so  darui<;  and  ainhitioiis  wonhl  lamely 
coinpiv  wiik  tins  rripiisiiion.  Il  was  made,  probatilv, 
\%-iil)  no  such  altenlion,  Init  only  to  tliiow  a  decent 
veil  over  ineirowii  conduct  ;  for<-'epeda,  the  picsidcnt 
of  the  court  of  aiiilinnce,  n  praiirnalical  and  aspirnij^ 
lawver.  seems  to  haio  held  ft  secret  correspujidenco 
with  l'i/4rro,  and  bsd  already  formed  the  (ilaii,  which 
he  utterwards  executeil,  of  devoting  himself  to  his  ser- 
vice. The  imprisonment  of  tne  viceroy,  the  iruirpation 
of  U»o  judi^es.  io;;eihcr  with  the  nmversal  contusion 
and  anarchy  tonspiiuent  up(m  events  so  singular  and 
uriexpeoleii,  opened  new  and  vast  prospects  lo  I'l/.arro. 
||i<  now  behehl  the  siii.reme  power  within  his  reach. 
Nor  did  he  want  courage  to  piLsh  on  towards  the  objert 
winch  hirtnne  presented  to  his  view  (^arwijal,  the 
prompter  i»f  l.i-t  resolnlioiis,  and  Linub'  of  all  his  actions. 
Ii.id  loiiji  li)["d  his  eye  upon  it  as  tlu^  only  end  at  which 
Pi/.arro  oul'IiI  H»  ami.  Instead  of  the  inferior  function 
ut  procurator  lor  the  S|iiipush  setllemenls  in  Peru,  he 
opeidy  demanded  10  lie  <,'Overiior  and  < 'iptain-^enoral 
of  the  wliole  province,  and  nnpiired  llie  court  of  au- 
dience lo  yrant  hiin  a  coniinission  to  that  eti'ect.  At 
the  bead  of  iwelvi^  hundred  men.  within  a  mile  of 
Lima,  where  there  was  nikiiher  leader  nor  army  lo  op- 
pose linn,  such  a  re<piest  earned  with  il  the  aulhonty  of 
a  command.  Kut  liie  judges,  eillier  from  unwilbiii,'- 
iiess  lo  rebinpii'<h  power,  or  from  a  desin!  of  preserviin^ 
■omi!  att(Mititin  to  appeirances,  hesitated,  or  sectnrd  to 
husitatp,  about  complyniir  with  what  he  demanded 
(^arvajal,  impatient  of  delay,  and  im|ietuous  in  all  lus 
operations,  manlieil  into  the  city  by  iiiubt,  seized  se- 
veral ollicers  of  di'ttinclion  obnoxious  to  I'lzarro,  and 
h.uiiM'd  them  willioul  the  lorinably  of  a  Irial.  Next 
inornini;  the  conn  of  auilicnee  issued  a  commission  m 
the  em|irrt)r's  name,  appoinliiii;  !'i/.arro  iioveriior  of 
Peru,  with  full  powers,  civil  as  well  as  tnibtary,  and  he 
<<iitered  the  town  that  day  with  exlraorduiury  pomp,  lo 
Uko  [)osse?'sion  of  his  new  dii^mlv. 

Oct  'ZH  1  Hul  amidst  tin  disorder  and  turbulence 
which  accouipamed  this  tolal  dissolution  of  the  frame 
ofuovernmenl,  tlie  inindsof  iiieii.  set  loose  from  the  or- 
dmarv  restriiints  ot  law  and  autboniy,  acted  witli  sucli 
(Uplicious  irregularity,  that  events  no  less  extraordi- 
nary than  nnexpecled  followed  m  rapid  succession 
Pi/arro  had  scarcely  beiiuii  lo  exerciM"  tlie  new 
iwwers  with  which  he  was  mvoled,  when  he  beheld 
forinidaiilc  enemies  rwe  up  to  oppo'-e  htm.  The  vice- 
roy haviiiij  been  put  on  board  a  vessel  by  the  judges  of 
the  audience,  m  order  tliat  he  rui^'ht  be  carried  to 
Spam  under  cu-i(odv  o\'  Juan  Alvarc/.  one  of  their  own 
number  ;  as  sotui  as  they  W(-re  nul  al  sea,  Alvarez, 
either  touched  wilh  remorHC,  or  moved  by  fear,  kneeled 
down  to  his  prisinu-r,  declared  hini  troin  that  moment 
to  bu  free,  and  th.it  he  himself,  and  every  person  m  ihe 
tthip,  would  obey  him  as  ilut  le^at  rcprespntaliv(t  ol 
their  sovereign  Nu^nez  \'el:i  ordered  tiu^  (ulol  of 
the  vessel  lo  ^hape  lus  course  toA'ard-t  Tumbcz,  ami  as 
KOtm  UH  he  landed  tlien*.  erected  I  lie  royal  standard,  and  re- 
sumed bis  fuiM'timis  ofvicrrov  Several  persons  of  note, 
lo  whom  the  coiitamon  of  the  sedilueis  muni  which 
riM'^nt-d  ul  I'u/co  and  Luna  had  not  r<ai'hed,  instantly 
Bvovveit  their  resolution  to  support  his  auiliontv.  'i'be 
vi(dence  of  Pi/.arro's  i,mvrrnMu-nl.  w!io  ob^ervtMl  every 
individual  with  the  jealousy  nalnral  lo  usurp<'rs,  and 
wiio  puntsht-d  everv  appe.iraiici>  of  disilVectioii  wiih 
niifor^ivmii  srveriiy.  soon  au<j;iniMiled  the  mnnlicr  ol 
t\w  vieerov's*adhi'reiil.s,  as  it  lorced  some  Icadini;  men 
in  the  colony  to  t!y  to  him  for  ret'ut^e  While  Ik-  was 
jjallierniLi  such  Htreiiijth  .it  Tiiinlie/,.  that  his  forces  be- 
wail lo  assuinr'  the  appcirance  of  whil  was  consulereil 
as  an  army  m  America,  i)ict»o  ('enteiio.  a  bold  and  ac- 
tive odicer.  exasperated  by  the  (truelly  and  oppression 
of  PiZft'ro's  beuienanl-yovernor  in  the  province  of 
L'lian'a!<,  formed  a  c  onspiracy  a^rainst  his  lifu,  cut  him 
ofT.  and  declared  for  the  viceroy. 

154.')]  Pizarro,  though  alarmed  with  those  Apj"  ir- 
ancps  of  hostility  in  the  opposite  cxtrpiiies  of  the  em- 
pire, was  not  disc*oncertrd.  11(7  prepared  to  assert  the 
aulhonlv,  to  which  he  lutd  att:tined,  with  the  spin!  and 
conduct  of  anollict'  acciiHiomed  to  command,  and 
marched  directly  aijainst  the  viceroy  a.-*  the  enemy  who 
waa  nearest  as  well  as  most  formidable  As  he  was 
uii^f'c  of  the  public  revemirA  in  Peru,  and  most  of  the 


tnditary  men   were  Attached  to  hia  family,  hia  troopa  i 
vvere  so  numerous,  that  the  viceroy,  nnitble  to  face  them, 
retreated   towards  C^uito.      Piztirro  l'>llowed  hiin  i  and 
III  that  lonir  iinircb,  throll^h  a  wild,  lutnintamons  coun- 
try, ■ull'eied   hardships,    and  encountered   diMicnlties, 
which  no  troops  but  those  accnstomed  to  aerve  in  Ame- 
rica conld    have   endured  or   surmounted    [MO]     The 
Viceiny  had  scarcely  reached  Quito,  when  the  vanguard  ■ 
of    Pizarro's   forces   uppenred,    led  by  Carvajal,   who, 
though   near    fourscore,    was  a.i   hardy  and   active  as  [ 
liny  voting  soldier  under  his  roininand      Nnuiiez  Vela,  | 
instantly  abandoned  a  town  incapalde  of  defence,  and, 
with  a  rnpidity  more  resembbnu   a  tli^ht  than  a  retreat,  ! 
marched  into  the  province  of  Popayan       I'lzarro  cunti-  | 
nut  (I  to  pursue  ;   tmt,  tiiidmu   it  iiiifMts.iihle  lo  overtake  ' 
hnn,  returned   lo  Quito.      From  thence  be   despatched 
('arvajul  to  oppose  (lenteno.  who  was  ^rowm^   formi- 
dable III  the  soiithi'rn  provinces  of  the  empire,  and  he 
himself  remained  there  lo  make  bead  a^uinat  the  vice- 
roy. 

Hy  his  own  activity,  and  the  nssistnnce  of  fienalca- 
mr,  Nu^nez  Vela  soon  assembled  four  hundred  men  in 
Popayan.  As  lu>  retained,  amidst  all  Ins  disasters,  the 
same  eleviiiion  of  mind,  and  the  same  hi^di  stMise  of  Ins 
own  diiinilv,  he  rejected  with  disdam  the  advice  of  some 
of  bis  lollowers  who  uri;ed  him  lo  make  overlnres  of 
accoiimiodaiion  to  Pizarrn.  declaring  thai  it  was  only 
by  the  sword  that  a  contest  wilh  rebels  could  be  de- 
cided Willi  ihis  intention  he  marched  back  Ut  Quito 
[iTvId  ]  Pizarro  reiving  on  the  superior  number,  and 
still  inor(!  on  the  discipline  and  valor  of  Ins  troops,  ad- 
vanced residntely  lo  me('l  hini  [Jan  IH],  The  battle 
was  tierce  and  bloody,  both  parties  fi^htini;  like  men 
who  knew  that  llu-  pu«session  of  a  ^^eal  (unpin-,  tlut 
fate  of  their  leaders,  and  their  own  future  fortune,  de- 
pended ujioii  tlu!  issue  of  ihul  day.  IJut  Pizarro's  vete- 
rans pushed  forward  with  such  regular  and  well  directed 
force,  that  they  wooii  be^an  lo  make  impression  on  Iheir 
enemies  The  viceroy,  by  extraordinary  exertions,  in 
which  the  abilities  of  a  coimnander  and  llii;  couraj^e  of 
a  soldu^r  were  e<piully  displayed,  held  victory  for  some 
lime  in  suspense.  At  length  he  fell,  pierced  with  many 
wrmnds  ;  and  the  route  of  his  lollowers  becaine  gene- 
ral They  were  hotly  pursued  His  liead  was  cut  otf, 
ami  placed  on  the  public  gibbet  m  Quito,  which  Pizarro 
eiilereil  in  triumph  Thi^  troops  assembled  by  ( '(  nleno 
were  dispersed  soon  alter  by  t^'arvajal,  and  he  biinsi  If 
couipelh'd  to  tly  to  the  inounlams,  where  he  remained 
lor  several  months  concraled  in  a  cave.  Lvery  persMi 
III  Peru,  from  the  frontiers  of  I'opayan  to  thost!  of  (!hib, 
s  ibinitleil  to  l^/.arro  ;  and  liy  Ins  Meet,  utider  Pedro  de 
llinojosa,  hi^  hail  not  only  the  urrivalled  command  of 
the  Siiulh  Sea,  tnit  li.id  taken  possession  of  Panama, 
and  placed  a  garrison  m  Noiiibre  i\v  Dios,  (HI  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  isthmus,  wbicli  renderi'd  hnn  master  of 
the  only  avenue  of  conminnicalion  between  Sjmin  and 
Pern,  that  was  used  at  that  period. 

After  this  decisivt;  victory,  Pizarro  and  hia  follow- 
ers remained  for  some  time  al  Quito;  and  dorin^  thn 
tirst  transports  of  their  exultation,  they  ran  into  c-very 
excess  of  licentious  indulirence,  wiib  the  riotous  spirit 
usual  anionic  low  adventurers  upon  extraordinary  sue- 
ec'ss.  itut  amuUt  this  dissi|)uti(m,  llieir  chief  and  his  con* 
lidiints  were  obbijeil  to  turn  tlieir  thouj^hts  homeliiiies 
to  what  was  serious,  and  deliberated  with  much  sob- 
i*itude  conc(>rninLr  th<!  part  that  he  ou^lit  now  lo  tak(v 
Tarvajal.  no  less  bold  and  (lc(  isive  iii  council  than  m 
Ihe  tield,  had  I'rom  the  bei.Mnnin<(  v.arned  Pizarro,  that 
in  the  career  on  whicli  In;  was  entering,  it  Wiis  vain  to 
think  of  hoMmi;  a  middle  course  ;  liiat  he  must  eitlier 
boldly  aim  at  all,  or  allempl  nolhmi;.  From  tin;  tune 
that  Pi/irro  obtaimd  possession  ol  i\iv  ifovermnenl  of 
Peru,  heinciiliMted  the  ^arne  ina\iin  willi  jjreaU^r  earii- 
cstiM'ss.  Tpon  receiving  an  .icr.mnl  of  the  victory  ut 
Cjuiio,  he  ren'.xMti rated  with  him  in  a  tone  atdl  more 
pereinptorv.  "  Von  have  usurped,"  said  he,  m  a  letter 
writ' (Ml  lo  Pi/.arro  on  llial  occasion,  *'  the  supreme 
power  in  this  country,  ui  contempt  of  the  emperor's 
commission  to  the  viccr»:y.  Vi>n  have  marched  in  hos- 
tile array  uifamst  tlie  royal  standard  ;  you  have  attacked 
the  represetrativi!  of  your  sovereijjii  in  the  tiehi,  liave 
di  lealed  bim,  and  cut  otf  his  h(!ad.  Think  not  ihal 
ever  a  monarch  will  forj»ive  such  insults  on  his  dignity  ; 
or  thai  any  reconciliation  with  him  can  he  cordtal  or 
sincere.  Ditpeud  no  loiiiTi-r  on  thu  precarious  favor  of 
another  Assume  yourself  the  aovereijinly  over  a 
country  to  the  dominion  of  which  your  family  has  a 
title  founded  on  the  rijjhts  both  of  discovery  and  eori- 
iiueat.  Il  in  in  your  power  to  attach  every  Sjianiard  in 
I'ern  of  anv  eous(Nnience  mviol.ildy  to  your  interest, 
hy  liberal  ijrants  of  land  and  Indians,  or  by  instilntin^f 
ranks  of  nobility,  and  creating  tillcii  of  honor  suniUr  lo 


those  which  arn  courted  wilh  ao  ninch  pn^erneaN  in  Km- 
rope.  Hv  pktablishin^  orders  of  kni^htboiMl,  with  pri- 
vileges and  distinctions  resembling  lIuHe  m  Spam,  you 
may  Ih'hIow  a  ^ralllicatlon  iipmi  the  olDi'ets  m  your 
Rtrvice,  nulled  to  ihe  ideua  ol  military  men  Nor  is  il 
lo  your  countrymen  only  that  yon  ou<<ht  lo  attend  ; 
endeavor  lo  ^ain  the  natives  liy  niitrrvm^  thi*  Coya 
or  danuhter  (d  the  Sun  next  in  Nuccessinn  to  the  crown, 
you  will  induce  itm  Indians,  out  (d  venerntion  bir  tho 
blood  of  their  ancieii  princes,  lo  unite  hhIi  the  Spa* 
niarda  in  support  of  your  autliority.  Thus,  at  the  head 
of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  I'iru,  as  well  as  of  thu 
new  settlers  there,  you  niiiv  sei  at  defiuncu  the  power  of 
Spain,  and  repel  with  ease  any  feeble  force  which  il  can 
aend  at  such  a  distance."  (!epeda,  llie  lawyer,  who  waa 
now  Pizarro's  conlidentiul  eomintdlor,  warmly  seconded 
i  'arvnjut'a  exhortations,  and  employed  whatever  b>arn- 
iri;r  be  possessed  in  demonstralui^,  that  all  the  loundi  m 
of  ^real  inonarchies  had  been  raised  to  preeminence, 
not  by  the  anlii)nity  of  their  lineage,  or  the  validity  of 
their  ritrhls,  but  by  their  own  aspiring  vulor  and  per- 
sonal merit 

Pizarro  listened  attentively  to  both,  and  eoiild  not 
conceal    th(!   satisfaclion  with  which   \w  eoiilemplaled 
the  oliject  that  ihey  presented  lo  his  view       Hut,  hap- 
pily  for   the  trampiilhty  of  the  world,  few  men  possess 
that  superior  stren^ili  of  mind,  and  extent  of  abilities, 
which  are  capable  of  forming  and  executing  such  during 
scbenieH,  uj*  cannot  be  accomplished  wiihoul  overturn- 
iiii;  the  established  order  of  society,  and  violatmir  thoho 
maxims    of  duty    which  men  are  acciislonied   to  hold 
sacrid       The  mediocrity  of   Pi/.arro"*   talents  circum- 
scribed tiis  ambilion   within    inor(7  n<irrow  limiltf.      In- 
stead of  uspinnji  at  mdependenl  power,  he  contincd  hlM 
views  to  the  obtaining  from  the  court  of  Spam  a  con- 
lirmaiion  of  the   aulhonty  which  he  now  possessed; 
and   for    that  purpose  he  sent  anollicerof  dialmetion 
thither,  to  i;ive  biich  a  repn^senlution  of  his  conduct, 
and  of   the  state  of   the  country,  as  mii^lit  induce  tho 
emperor  and  hiti   mmisier^,  either  from   inclination  or 
from  necessity,  to  coiiFinue  hnn  m  his  present  atation. 
While  Pi/irriJ  was  dtliberatini;  with   respect  lo  tho 
;  part  which  l,e  sliould  lake,  consulliliona   were  held  in 
,  Spam,  with  no  less  solicitude,  concerning  the  meaanrea 
which  oii^ht  to  be  pursued  in  order  to  re-establish  tbo 
emperor's    authority    in    Peru.     'I'hou;rli   unacipiainted 
witli  the   last  excesses  of  outrage  to  which  the  male- 
contents  liad  proceeded   in  that  country,  the  court  had 
reciuved   <in   account   of   the   insurrection    anmnsl  thu 
viceroy,  of  his  imprisonment,  and  the  usur|iation  of  thu 
*rovernmciit    by    Pi/arro.      A    revolution    so    abirining 
called  for  an  imiiK^diale  interpuHitiun  of  tht!  emperor'B 
abilities  and  anthorily.     Uul  us  he  wuh  fully  o<:cupied 
at  lliat  time  in  (iennany,  in  comluctin<^  the  war  against 
the  famous  ]eu^nu  of  Smalknide,  one  of  the  most  mlc- 
reslint!  and  arduous  enterprises  m  his  rei^n,  the  care  of 
providing  a  nniedy  fur  the  disordera  in  Peru  devolved 
upon  hia  fon  Philip,  and  the  counsellors  whom  Charles 
bad  ap|H>mled  to  assist  him  in  ihe  goveriiinent  of  Spain 
durinij  Ins  absence.     At  tirst  view,  the  actions  of  Pi- 
zarro and  his  adherents  appeared  so  repugnant  lo  tho 
duly    of   Kiibjects   towards    their    sovereign,    that    tho 
ixrealer  |mrt  of  tho  inimstt-rH  insisted  on  declaring  ihuin 
:n:ilanliy  to  be  u'uiliy  of  rebeltion,  and  on  proceeding  lo 
punish  them  with  eKunplary  riyor.     Hut  when  the  fer- 
vor of  their  zeal  and  indignation  be^nn  lo  abate,  innu- 
merable obstacles  to  llio  e.\(;cution  of  this  measure  pre- 
sented themselves.      The  veteran  baii<ls  of  infantry,  llie 
strent^ih   and  ijlory  of  the  Spanish  annies,  were  then 
employed  in  (ifriitaity.      Spam,  exhausted  of  men  and 
moiuy  by  a  lon.r  senes  of  wars,  in  which  she  bad  been 
involved    by    the  restUsA  ambition  of  two  successive 
monan-hs,  could  not  easily  e>piip  an  armament  of  snlli- 
cHMil  t'orce  lo  reduce    Pi/.arro.      To   trandpuri  any  re- 
npectabtr  b(Mly  of  troops  lo  a    comitry  so  remote  aa 
Pcni,  appeared  a]mo>>t  im[>ossible.     While  Pizarro  con- 
limied   masii-r  of   the  South  Sea,  the  direct   route  by 
Noinbre  de  l>tos  and  Panama  was  nnprccticabb'.      An 
atleinpt  to  marcli    to   Quito   by   laud  through  the  new 
.  kmi;dom  of   (iranadt,   and  the  province   of   Popayan, 
'  across  re^iims  of  prodii:;iouH  extent,  de.soli»le.  unhealthy, 
or    mhaluied  by  liene  and  hosiile  inbes,  would   ho   at- 
tended with  insurmountable  daiif^er  and  hardships.  The 
passage    lo  the  South   Sea  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
was  HO  tedious,  so  unc«)rlam,  and  so  little  known  in 
that  a^e,  that  no  conl'idonee  could  be  placed  in  any  etfort 
carried  on  in  a  course  of  navigation  so  remote  and  pre- 
carious.     Nolhiiii^  then  remained  but  to  rehntpiish  the 
system  wliich  the  ardor  of  their  loyally  had  tirst  sutr- 
<resled,  and  to  attempt  by  lenient  Inea^nreA  what  could 
not  be  elVected  by  h)rce       It  wa-*  inanileHt   from  Pizar- 
ro's aolicilude  to  represent  tus  conduct  in  a  favorablo 


148 

light  to  Ihe  cinneror,  Ihnt  notwirhnlnmlint;  thr  ricetun 
uf  wliicli  hf  Imii  t)('f>n  uuilly,  in-  hhII  rt'iuiiictl  lii'iitinipniB 
of  vciirriiliDi)  lor  Iiin  novt  n  i^'ii  1)\  ii  prupcr  n|>|i|ii*ii- 
lion  lu  llit'Kf,  to^i'lliiT  with  HiMiir  Ktirli  cniii'i  '«Hiurm  uh 
I'luultl  ilmcuviT  a  ii|iirU  ul  iiUMlcrtilUMi  arul  InrluMiuiier 
in  ^uvrriiriinii.  lliiTr  wnit  mill  room  tu  \\o\>o  ihnl  lie 
lui^^lit  III'  \vi  rt-L-liiiinnl,  or  the  iili-an  nl  lo)(illy  nnturiil 
to  S|iiiniuri]ii  lnl^lu  »u  lar  r<'\ivu  ainun^  liia  MlowtTi. 
thut  thry  woiilil  itu  lun^ir  UmuI  thtir  aid  tu  upliutd  hm 
jaurncd  uuihurily. 

'I'ne  Hui'ccMa,  liowrvrr,  of  this  nrf^otiation,  tio  toM 
dvltcalc  lliai)  il  wa>  iiDpurtarit.  (l(<[ifii(U  il  iMitirrly  uri 
lh«<  nhilities  and  udilriNit  ul  i\w  pt'inun  to  wliurn  it 
•liniitd  * .  cumnntltd  Aftrr  wi'i^lniiK  with  much  at- 
It'iiliuii  the  roiiip.iruttvt'  inrnt  ul  variuun  pi'mons.  tlir 
Simnmh  niinixli-rs  tixrd  willi  untiniinily  of  chuicu  uihiii 
IVdro  do  U  (ittaca,  a  pnrHt  in  no  higher  r«tiitioii  than 
thnt  of  ruiiiisillor  lo  the  tnt|uiitiuuii.  Thoii^'h  in  no 
putihc  otliiH,  \w  had  htM-n  urcuNionally  oni|iloy('d  l>y  ^u- 
VfTMHiciit  in  aMairn  ul  tnml  and  roimrtincnco,  and  had 
condnctcd  ihi'in  Willi  no  WrtH  skill  than  fnit'Ci-M  ;  dm- 
pluYing  a  ^M-dtle  and  iiimiiuaiintf  Icuipi-r,  accunitianicd 
with  nuirh  ttniMiCKH  ;  proliily.  flnpcriur  to  any  ti'clin^  o| 
private  inliTrHt ,  and  u  ciiutiuns  cirt'tniiffpcction  in  run- 
ccrlirig  ineatturefi,  fullowcd  hy  anch  vi^ur  in  executing 
Uietn  an  >.  rarely  found  in  alliance  with  the  other 
Tilt xe  ipialitiea  iimrked  linn  out  for  the  function  to 
whicl)  he  wjs  declined.  'I'lio  emperor,  lo  whom  (iaitca 
waa  not  unknown,  warmly  approved  of  \\\*i  elioice,  and 
comnuiniritrd  it  to  hiin  m  a  tiller  coiitnininjj  cvprex- 
Hioiit  of  ^ood  wilt  and  confulence,  no  ttsii  hunorable  to 
the  prince  v\ho  wrote,  ih^in  lo  the  suhjecl  who  rccetved 
it  (iuKca,  nutwithittandin^  Iiih  advanced  aji^e  and  fee- 
ble C'Miatitutton,  and  thiiu;;h,  Irom  llio  apprelieiiMiond 
natural  lo  a  man,  who,  durmtf  the  cour'«e  of  liis  life, 
had  never  heen  out  ot  hia  own  country,  he  dreaded  the 
etleds  of  a  luni»  voyai,'e,  and  of  an  unhealthy  climate, 
did  not  hesitate  a  moment  about  complvin^  with  the 
will  o**  iiiM  ftoverei^n  Hut  as  a  proof  tlut  it  was  from 
this  principle  alono  lie  acted,  he  reluKcd  a  hixliopnc 
which  was  otlen-d  to  iiim  in  order  that  he  miuhl  appi'ar 
in  Peru  witli  a  more  dignified  character;  lie  would  ac- 
cept of  no  lusher  title  than  th.tt  of  IVcHident  ol  Ihe 
Court  of  Audience  m  hmia  .  and  drcl.ircd  that  he 
woiilil  receive  no  walary  on  account  ot  hi;*  discluirjiiri;.' 
the  diilu"*  of  that  otlice.  All  lie  reipiircd  was.  that  the 
expense  ot  su(>portin<r  hi^  family  hhuiild  ho  defrayed  l>v 
the  pnhlic  ;  and  as  he  wan  to  j/o  like  a  minister  of  peace 
with  his  ^nwn  and  hreviary.  and  without  any  reiniuc 
but  a  few  duineHliea.  this  wuuld  not  load  the  revenue 
with  any  enurmou«i  hurden. 

Uut  wh.le  he  discovered  snch  disinterested  modern- 
tion  With  respect  to  whatever  related  personalty  lo  him- 
self, he  demanded  his  otlicial  powers  in  a  very  dilferent 
tone.  He  insisted,  as  he  w.ts  to  he  employed  in  a  coun- 
try so  remote  from  the  seut  of  government,  wticre  ho 
could  not  tiavo  recourse  lo  Inn  sovereign  for  new  in- 
Htrncttond  on  every  emergence  ,  and  as  the  whole  suc- 
cess of  his  negotiations  must  depend  upon  the  confi- 
dence which  the  pi'ople  with  whom  ho  had  to  treat 
could  place  in  the  extent  uf  his  {wwers,  that  lio  oii^ht 
to  l>e  invented  with  unlimited  authority  ;  tltat  his  juris- 
diction must  rracli  lo  alt  persons  and  lo  all  causes ; 
that  he  must  he  empowered  to  pardon,  lo  punish,  or  to 
reward,  as  cin'mnstances  and  the  behavior  of  different 
men  mij;hl  require  ;  that  in  case  of  resi^itdneo  from  the 
inaleronients,  he  mi>rht  be  authori/.ed  to  reduce  them 
to  obedience  by  force  of  arms,  to  levy  troops  for  that 
purpo.tt'.  and  to  call  for  assistance  from  the  j^overnors 
of  alt  the  Spanish  settleineiits  m  America.  These 
|>owers,  tboui;h  manifestly  conducive  to  the  ^reut  ob- 
lecti  of  his  mission,  appeared  to  th(r  Spanish  ministers 
to  be  inalienable  prerogatives  of  rovallv,  which  ouyht 
not  to  be  delegated  to  a  subject,  and  they  refused  to 
j»rant  them,  tint  the  emperor's  views  were  more  en- 
Urued.  As,  from  ihe  nature  of  his  emplovmont,  (iasca 
nmst  t)c  intrusted  with  discretionarv  power  in  several 
pumlH,  and  all  Ins  etfurts  mi^bt  prove  inetreciu.d  if  lie 
was  circumscribed  m  anv  one  particular,  Charles  scru- 
pled not  to  invettt  him  with  aulhoniy  to  the  full  extent 
ttiat  h«  demanded,  llitihty  satisfied  with  this  fresh 
proo!  of  his  master's  confidence,  (insca  hastened  his 
dci-'it'Orr,  and.  without  eithttf  money  or  troops,  »el  out 
li)  'pielf  a  fonnidahte  lebcllion. 

f>n  (iv  irnval  il  Noinbre  dc  J)ios  [July  S7].  he 
found  M*«rinan  M*«ia,  nn  otticer  of  note  posted  there, 
by  ordei  t>i  Pi«arii.  ^Cith  a  considerable  body  of  men, 
lo  oppiwc  ttui  mjRT.iic  of  any  hostile  forces.  Hut  ( iasca 
■ppeurerl  m  Hur:*  pacttic  tjuise,  with  n  tram  so  tittle  for- 1 
midablo,  and  with  a  title  of  no  sueh  dignity  as  to  ex- 1 
cite  terror,  that  he  was  received  wi!.h  much  respert  [ 
rrma  Noinbre de  Diua  he  advanced  to  P«i:«iaa,  audi 


RonruTsoN's  iiisTonr  ot^ 


nut  with  a  similar  reception  from  Mmojosa.  whom 
I'izarro  had  mtriiNted  with  the  ^nvrnnnent  of  that 
town,  and  the  cnimniiud  of  Ins  Itett  staluined  tin  re 
In  both  places  he  liehl  the  same  lan^uui^e,  drcKtrin^ 
that  he  was  sent  by  thtir  sovereign  as  a  mcnHt'l1^er  of 
peace,  not  as  a  imnister  of  vengeance  ,  that  he  camo 
to  redresM  all  their  unevanees.  lo  revoke  the  laws  which 
!iad  ei<  iied  alarm,  to  pardon  past  otVences,  antt  in  re- 
estiihliHli  order  Hiitl  justice  in  Ihe  ujveriimeiit  of  IVru 
Ills  mild  deportment,  the  siinpliciiy  of  his  inannera,  the 
sanctity  of  his  profession,  and  »  winning  appearance 
of  candor,  ^anied  credit  lo  Ins  declarations.  Thu 
veneraliun  due  to  a  person  clothed  with  le^al  untbority. 
and  acting  in  virtue  of  a  royal  commission,  be^an  io 
revive  niiion^  men  accustomed  for  some  tiinu  to 
nothing  more  respectaltle  than  a  usurped  jurisdiction. 
Ilmojosu,  Mcxia.  and  several  other  ollicers  uf  distinc- 
tion, to  each  of  whom  Ciasca  applied  separately,  wero 
^ainctl  over  lo  his  interesl,  and  wailed  only  lor  some 
decent  ocrnmon  of  declarini,'  openly  in  his  favor. 

This  the  viidenco  of  INzarro  soon  afforded  incin. 
As  soon  as  ho  heard  ot  tiasca's  arriv.il  at  I'aniima, 
ihoiiuh  ho  received,  at  the  same  tune,  an  account  of 
Ihe  nature  of  his  commission,  and  was  nilorrned  of  his 
otfers  not  only  to  render  every  Spaniard  in  iVru  easy 
conce^nln^  what  was  past,  by  an  act  of  general  oblivion, 
but  secure  with  respect  to  the  future,  by  ripealini(  thu 
obnoxious  laws  ;  instead  uf  aeceptinir  with  ^ratitutle 
his  Muverei^n's  uracious  concessions,  he  was  so  much 
exasperated  on  finding  that  he  was  not  to  be  eot'jtmued 
in  Ills  htation  as  governor  of  the  country,  that  he  in- 
stantly resolved  to  ojipu-iu  the  president's  entry  into 
IVru,  and  to  prevent  his  exercising  any  inriMliction 
there.  'I'o  this  <iesperale  resolution  he  added  another 
highly  preposterous,  lie  sent  a  n^w  depnlatiun  lo 
Spam  to  justify  this  conduct,  and  to  insist,  m  name  of 
uti  the  coinmiinilies  m  IVru,  tor  a  conlirmalion  of  the 
government  to  himself  during'  life,  us  the  only  means 
of  preserving  iraiKpnlbty  there,  The  persons  intrusted 
with  this  siranire  commission,  inlimalnl  the  intention 
of  Ptzarro  to  the  president,  and  retpiired  him,  in  his 
name,  to  depart  from  rananni  and  return  lo  Spam 
Thi'y  carried  likewise  secret  instructions  to  lltnojosa, 
direcimi;  hnn  to  oll'rr  (i.t.sca  a  present  ot  hf'ly  (hou.sind 
prso-s,  if  he  would  comply  vubmlanly  vviin  what  was 
demanded  of  hnn  .  and  \i  he  should  (oi  liniie  obsiinale, 
lu  cut  htm  off,  either  by  assassination  ur  jiooion. 

Many  circumsianct's  concurred  in  piislnn^jon  I'l/arro 
to  tliosc  wild  mcasurei.  llavin;^  been  once  aecus- 
tonied  to  supreme  comnmnd,  he  could  not  bear  the 
thoughts  descending  lo  a  private  station.  Conscious 
of  his  own  demerit,  he  suspected  that  the  cmp(>ror 
studied  only  to  deceive  hnn,  and  would  never  pardon 
the  oiilrages  which  he  had  committed.  Ills  chief  con- 
lidanls,  no  less  guilty,  entertained  the  same  apj>rehen- 
sions.  The  approach  uf  (jasca  without  any  military 
force  excited  no  terror.  There  were  now  above  six 
thousand  Spaniards  settled  in  IVru;  and  at  the  head 
of  these  he  doubled  not  to  maintain  his  own  indepen- 
dence, if  the  court  of  Spam  should  refuse  to  grant  what 
he  required.  Hut  he  knew  not  that  a  spirit  of  defec- 
tion had  already  beirim  lo  spread  among  those  whmii 
he  truslful  must,  llinojosa,  amazed  at  I'lzarro'u  pre- 
cipitate rcsululion  of  >elling  himself  in  oppusilton  lo 
the  emi)eror"s  commission,  and  dtsdainmg  to  bo  his  in- 
Hlrnment  in  perpetrating  the  odious  crimes  pomteil  out 
111  his  secret  mslructions,  publicly  recognised  the  title 
of  the  president  lo  the  supreme  authority  in  IVru 
Tlie  otlicers  under  his  command  did  the  same.  Such 
was  the  contigious  influence  uf  the  example,  that  it 
reached  even  the  deputies  who  hail  been  sent  from 
IVru  ;  and  at  tho  time  when  J'izarro  expected  lo  hear 
either  o(  (iasca's  return  to  Spam,  or  of  hi.i  death,  he 
received  an  account  of  his  being  master  of  the  fleet,  of 
Panama,  ami  of  the  troops  stationed  there. 

15'17.  ]  Irritated  almost  lo  madness  by  events  so 
unex[>ceted,  he  openly  prepared  for  war ;  and  m  order 
to  give  some  colur  of  justice  to  Iks  arms,  be  a])[iomted 
the  court  of  audience  in  l.ima  to  proceed  lo  the  irud  of 
(iasca,  for  the  crimes  of  having  sei/.ed  his  sliips, 
seduced  his  officers,  and  prevented  his  deputies  from 
proceeding  in  their  voyage  to  Spain.  Cc|)eda,  though 
acting  as  u  judge  in  virtue  of  the  royal  commission,  did 
iifH  ncruple  lo  prostitute  the  dignity  of  his  function  by 
finding  (tasca  guilty  of  treason,  and  condemning  him 
to  death  on  that  account.  Wild  and  even  '•idiculous 
aa  this  proceeding  was,  it  imposed  on  the  low  illi- 
terate adventurers,  with  whom  IVru  was  filled,  by 
the  Hcndtlance  of  a  legal  sanction  w.irrair.lng  Pizarro 
to  carry  on  ho.stibties  against  a  convictLHl  traitor. 
Koldiers  accordingly  resorted  from  every  (p:.;rtcr  to  his 
Htandanl,  and  he  was  soon  at  the  bead  of  a  ttkuuaaad 


men,  the  beat  equip|)ed  that  had  ever  taken  the  Aeld  In 
Peru. 

(iasra,  on  hi*  part,  perceiving  that  furee  muit  bo 
employed  m  order  to  uccompliih  Ihe  purpose  ol  Km 
inissiun,  was  no  less  ussiduoit-  m  rollecling  troops  (lORI 
Nicaragua,  Carthagenn,  and  uHicr  selllrmenlA  on  tho 
eonlment;  and  with  such  success,  that  he  was  soon  iu 
u  condiiiun  to  detach  a  squailron  of  his  Heel,  with  • 
considerable  body  of  soldiem,  to  the  coast  of  Porrt 
r  A  lint].  Their  apnruraiice  excited  a  dreadful  alarm; 
and  though  they  dni  not  Hllein|)t  forriome  time  lo  maku 
any  descent,  they  did  more  elleclual  service  by  setting 
ashore  in  different  places  prrsons  who  dis^  rrsed  copies 
of  the  act  of  general  mdemiiitv,  and  the  revoeutioii  uf 
the  late  edicts  ,**  and  who  made  known  every  whore 
tho  pacific  intentions,  as  well  as  mild  ti-niper,  of  tho 
president  Tho  etfcct  of  spreading  this  nifornmtioii 
was  wonderful.  All  who  were  dissatisfied  with  Pizar- 
rn's  violent  administration,  uU  who  retained  any  suiiti* 
inents  of  fidelity  to  their  sovereign,  began  to  meditalo 
rev»lt  .Some  openly  deserted  a  cause  which  itiey  nowr 
deemed  lo  lie  unjust,  (.'enteno,  leaving  tlie  euve  in 
wliirh  he  lay  conceab'd,  assembled  about  fifty  of  hia 
former  adherents,  and  wth  tins  feeble  half-armed  band 
advanc(  d  boldly  lo  (.'iixco  lly  a  sudden  attack  .n  I'o 
night-time,  in  which  he  displayed  no  less  mil!tar«'  skiII 
than  valor,  he  rendired  liinuH'tf  master  J  *.^at  capital 
though  defended  by  a  garrison  ol  five  Hundred  men 
Most  of  these  having  ranged  themselves  under  his  ban- 
ners, he  liad  soon  the  command  of  a  respectable  bodjr 
of  troops 

Pizirro,  though  astonished  at  beholding  one  enemy 
approaching  tiy  lea,  anil  another  by  land,  at  a  tinio  when 
he  trusted  to  a  union  of  all  Pern  m  his  favor,  was  of  u 
spirit  more  undaunted,  or  more  accustomed  tu  tho 
vicissitudes  of  fortune,  than  lo  be  disconcerted  or  ap- 
|»atled  As  the  danger  from  Cenleno's  operations  wa« 
the  most  urgent,  be  instantly  set  out  to  oppose  him. 
Having  provided  liorses  for  all  Ins  .nuldiers,  he  marched 
with  ama/mg  rapidity.  Hut  every  morning  he  found 
his  force  diminished,  by  numbers  who  had  left  him 
during  the  night ;  and  though  he  became  suspicious  to 
excess,  and  punished  witliout  mercy  all  wliom  ho  svis- 
pecled,  the  rage  of  desertion  was  loo  violent  to  bo 
checkei)  Ilel'ore  lie  got  within  sight  oi  the  enemy  at 
Iliiarina,  near  the  take  of  Tiiiaca,  he  could  not  mush  r 
more  than  four  hundred  sohtiers.  Hut  these  he  justi/ 
considere<l  as  men  of  tried  altachinent,  on  whom  be 
might  depend.  They  were  indeed  the  buUtest  and 
must  desperate  of  tiis  followers,  conscious,  tike  him- 
self, of  crimes  for  which  they  could  fiardty  ex|»ect  for- 
giveness, and  without  any  hope  tint  in  the  success  o' 
their  arms.  With  these  he  did  not  hesitate  lo  ultaek 
Cenleno's  trooj)s,  [Oct  tiU,]  thougli  double  to  Ins  owi 
in  number.  '1  he  royalists  dtil  not  decline  the  combat. 
Il  was  the  most  obstinate  and  bloody  that  had  Iv'hor'u 
l)uen  fought  in  IVru,  At  tenuth  the  intrepid  viloi*  if 
Pi/.arro,  and  the  superiority  of  t'arvajal's  military  ta- 
lents, triumplied  over  numbers,  and  obtained  a  om- 
pleto  victory.  The  Imoty  was  iinme>nse,  [141]  and  tho 
treatment  of  the  vanquished  cruel,  Hy  this  signal  suc- 
cess tho  reputation  of  Pizarro  was  re-eslahliahcil ;  and 
being  now  deemed  invincible  m  the  field,  his  army  in- 
creased daily  in  number 

Hut  events  happened  in  other  parts  of  Peru,  which 
more  than  counterbalanced  the  splendid  victory  at  llua- 
rnia.  Pizarro  had  scarcely  left  Kima,  when  the  ciu 
zens,  weary  of  his  oppressive  dominion,  ceded  the 
roval  standard,  and  Atdana,  with  a  detachment  of  sol- 
diers from  tlie  licet,  took  possession  of  the  town. 
About  the  same  time,  (iasca  landed  at  Tuinbrz  with 
five  hundred  men,  Kncouragcd  by  tiis  presence,  evtrv 
settlement  in  tho  tow  country  deelart'd  for  the  king 
The  situation  of  the  two  parties  was  now  perfectly 
revcrsi'd  ;  t'uzco  aiul  tlie  adjacent  provinces  were  pos- 
sessed l)y  Pizarro  ;  all  the  rest  of  ;l:e  empire,  from  (Juito, 
southward,  acknowledged  the  jurisdiction  of  the  presi- 
dent. As  his  numbers  augmented  fa.st,  (iasca  advanced 
into  the  interior  part  of  the  country,  fits  t>ehavior  still 
continued  to  be  gentle  and  unassuming;  he  expresned 
on  every  occasion,  his  ardent  wisli  of  terminating  tho 
contest  without  bloodslied.  More  solieitons  to  reclaim 
than  to  punish,  tio  upbraided  no  man  for  past  otfeiice?, 
but  received  them  as  a  fattier  receives  penitent  children 
returning  to  a  sense  of  ttieir  duly.  Though  desirouti 
of  peace,  he  did  not  slacken  his  preparations  for  war. 
He  appointed  the  general  rendezvous  of  bis  truops  in 
the  fertile  valley  of  Xniixa,  on  the  road  to  ('uzcu. 
There  he  remained  for  some  months,  not  only  that  tie 
might  have  lime  to  make  anottier  attempt  towards  an 
accommodation  with  Pizarro,  but  that  he  lui^ht  train 
hia  new  ttotdiers  to  tlie  ue?  of  anus,  and  accuatom  Uivm 


NOIITll  AMERIOA. 


140 


hid  ever  ukciii  (lie  Mi  In 

I'lvinR  ilmt  f„rrB  muil  ho 
"|>li'<li  iho  iMirpoiio  ol  hia 
I-  I"  colliTiiii^  ir,M)|n  rioia 
iilhcr  >nllli!j|„'nia  on  Ulo 
i-rc«ii,  ih.il  ho  wuii  sunn  iu 
ilron  of  Inn  flcci,  wiih  « 
rn,  lo  thr  ('(Mnl  of  I'om 
•'Jcilcil  a  clrrailful  oluriii ; 
iipt  for  »oino  tunc  tn  inoku 
llwiiial  ncrncc  hy  •riling 
ions  kIio  (linnirii'il  co|iii'» 
itv,  uiid  liif  ruvoi-ulion  ul 
iiUci   known  rvory  whcra 
•II  a»  mild  liinpor,  of  llio 
rvMUiiff  this  niforinolion 
'■  'liMutiHl'ml  Willi  I'lzur- 

I  who  riliiiricd  iinv  iiuiilj. 
"ii«n,  hcniiM  to  nifditalo 

«  cMuiii'  which  Ihcy  now 
lo,  IcuvniK  'lio  tuvf  in 
•mhl.'d  nlmiil  (ifty  of  his 
»  fcflilc  hiilf-arincd  b«iij 
y  a  «uddi'ii  aitHck  m  no 
cd  no  Ivnii  inilitiin'  tKJII 
'  iniistcr  ,1  vhai  capital 
n  of  live  nundrt'd  inun 
oriisclvt's  miller  hia  ban- 
id  of  II  roapcctabic  body 

t  bcholdiiiR  one  enemy 
I'y  liiid,  atalimowhoii 

II  111  hit  favor,  was  of  u 
re  arciisioiiud  lo  Iho 
111-  disionc'criod  or  «p- 
'iiitno's  opuralions  waa 
"rt  out  lo  uiipose  hini. 
IS  .suhliors,  ho  marched 
cry  uiununx  I"'  luuiid 
ITS  who  had  |,.f|  hiiii 
'  becaini!  Huspiciouj  to 
crcy  all  whom  ho  sua. 
vas  loo  violent  lo  ba 
»l«ht  of  the  enemy  at 
1,  he  could  1101  iiiusli  r 

Unl  these  he  jusi,v 
ichmenl,  on  whom  he 
Iced   the  boldest   aul 

cunscioiia,  hke  hini- 
lid  hardly  ejpeot  for- 
Iml  in  the  auccesa  o' 
not  hesitate  to  attack 
igli  double  lo  Ins  owi 
II  decline  the  coinbm. 
lody  that  had  h;-hei'o 

tliu  intrepid  vilof  if 
arvajiil's  military  l>- 
iiid  ohiained  t  mn- 
mense,  [141]undtho 
Uy  this  signal  anc 
I  ro-eslabhahuil ;  and 
le  field,  hia  army  m- 

lurls  of  Peru,  which 
ndid  victory  at  Una- 
'inia,  when  the  citi 
iiiinion,  e.ecled  the 

detachment  of  sci- 
ssion of  the  town, 
cd  at  I'uinhrz  with 

his  pru.seiice,  cvurv 
clariMl  for  the  k,nj> 
was  now  perfectly 
irovnices  wore  poa- 
empire,  from  yuilo, 
liction  of  the  prcsi- 
St,  liasca  ailvanced 
Ills  behavior  still 
iinjr ;  he  expressed 
uf  teriiiniatini;  Iho 
olicitona  to  reclaim 
I  for  past  oirences, 
•II  penilent  children 

'riiou;;h  desiroua 
nparations  for  war. 
IS  of  his  troops  m 
e  road  lo  (;iizco. 
I,  not  only  that  ho 
tempt  towards  an 
al  he  might  tram 
lid  accuMom  tjiviii 


M 


|t>  liiiD  (liMMpIiitP  of  i  camp,  hi-furf  liv  tid  thi'rn  auuinnt 
t  body  ol  vK'tonuuN  vi'lfruni.  I'l/urni,  niloxicati-il 
Willi  lilt*  hiH'ci'^!*  vvliit  li  h.iil  lullicrlii  un  <iiii|NitiU'il  liifi 
uriiiH,  and  fUtrd  willi  havihit  »Kaii)  iii  ar  ii  ttintiHuiid 
iiirti  iiiiili  r  hiN  i-oiiiiii.iiid.  r<-lii»rd  lo  IihUu  Id  hiiv  tiTiii^, 
ullliouuli  Criiidii,  lojtt'tluT  witli  wvrrdl  ot  lun  nllictTn, 
uimI  t'vrri  farvujal  liimm-lt,  \\\U]  jjim-  it  an  tlicir  ud- 
tier,  to  closfj  witli  llin  prrjtuli  nlV  ollrr  of  »  j,'nirnil 
indtMiiiiiiy,  Hiid  tlio  rrvoi-iilion  ol"  llii-  olmo-tioim  lawn. 
liHwcii.  Ii'ii\!nn  Irird  in  vuiii  rvrrv  I'lWfdiciit  lo  uvoid 
itiibrutii^  iiiii  hiiiMU  m  lltr  l)|t»)J  of  lux  (-ouMtrynini, 
iM-yaii  lo  niuvc  lownrd-*  Cuzio  t'*'*'  '-^^J  "^  1'"^  *"^*"1 
ul  (tixtrcM  hundred  im-n. 

TiZiirro.  (oiirulcnt  of  vinory,  RidVcrfil  (hr  royalmts 
to  |iu»s  nil  tli4'  riviT)*  wlucli  In'  helwrcn  (itiainnn^ii 
and  Cii/j-o  willumt  (ippoMlioii,  (IMH)  niul  lo  ad- 
vance witliiii  four  Itunut'ft  uf  lliitl  riipital,  Jlillrriii;^ 
himself  (Imt  u  di  tVal  in  toifh  ii  hitiiiilion  an  reiidnrid 
tscupo  luiprurlu'iildr  would  at  one*'  lerminale  the  war. 
Jie  llieii  niiiri'hed  out  lo  meet  llu;  eiieiiiy.  and  t.'arvajul 
iliosc  hiM L'umnd,  and  made  the  djuposiimn  of  llie  irwipn 
Willi  the  diseeinmj/  rve  and  pioluiind  kiiowledgi:  ih  UH* 
brt  of  war  rouHpienouH  in  all  liif*  t^periilioim.  A*  the 
two  armies  moved  liirward  tdowly  lo  the  charge,  [Aprd 
».]  tilt!  Hppearmire  of  each  was  nmmilar.  In  thut  of 
J'lzarro,  eoinposed  of  men  enruhed  Willi  the  HpoiU  ot 
the  niOMt  opu'ent  eointry  ni  Aiiutum,  every  ollieer,  and 
uliiiUHt  all  III*-  privatt!  men,  were  rlulhed  in  bIiiIIh  of  filk, 
ur  Irofitdt),  enihroiilrnil  Willi  tjold  and  fulver  ;  und 
their  liorwiM,  their  arms,  their  i*tan(tiird!*.  were  adorned 
with  all  the  pride  jf  inihlary  pomp.  'I'hat  of  Uasoa, 
though  not  so  Hp  endid.  exhihiled  uluit  was  no  leim 
Blnkm^r.  lie  liir  IS*  If,  ni-eoiiipiinied  I'v  the  ait'Mn»hop 
of  l.ima,  the  tiif^liopjt  of  Ijinlo  and  ('u/<'0,  itnd  a  great 
niimher  of  eetleHiuHiicH,  inareliinj,'  ulon^rilu.  hm's,  hleKs- 
iu)],  the  men.  and  <'neoura^Mng  ihuin  to  a  rexolulv  diH- 
clmr;;H  of  their  duty. 

When  boih  arinied  wern  jnst  reatly  to  cnpflgp,  ('t- 
peda  set  cpurs  to  his  ImrM'.  tialloped  oil",  and  Hlirreii- 
dered  himm  If  lo  the  prewidenl.  (Jiireilasso  do  ta 
Vc<»a,  und  other  ollu'ern  ot  note,  followed  Iiih  example. 
Till'  revolt  of  per>on.^  m  huiIi  hi^'li  rank  Ktruek  all  with 
umnztmenl.  'J'he  iiuiinul  conlidenco  on  which  the 
union  and  M(reiii,'lli  of  armies  dt  penil,  ceaned  at  once. 
Dit^trmit  and  coii^Iernalion  hpreud  Iroin  rank  to  rank, 
.Noint:  JMlently  ^ilpped  away,  others  threw  down  their 
arms,  the  greatest  mmiln^r  went  over  lo  llif  royalists, 
I'l/arro,  Curvajal.  and  some  leaders,  employed  author- 
iiv,  threats,  and  enlrealien.  lo  slop  them,  hul  in  vain. 
In  lesN  ilian  half  an  hour,  a  hody  of  men,  which  mi^ht 
have  decided  llie  fate  of  llie  IVnivian  rmjiire,  was 
totally  dl^per'^^'d.  l*l/nrro.  seeniy  all  irretrie\dhly  lust. 
cried  out  in  uma/.eiiu'iil  lo  a  few  olllcers,  who  Klill 
lanhfiilly  adhered  to  hnn.  "  What  remains  for  us  to 
Jo!" — "I.et  ns  rmdi,"  replud  ono  of  them,  "upon 
tho  enemy's  llnnest  hattalion.  and  die  hke  Kont  intt." 
Dejected  with  such  a  reverM-  of  fortune,  he  had  not 
Bpirit  to  follow  this  Holdierly  counsel,  and  wilh  a  tame- 
nus8  divjrraeefid  lo  hi»  former  fame  he  surrendered  lo 
one  of  Liasea'a  ollicers.  Carvajal,  endcavormy  to  es- 
cape, was  overtaken  and  seiztd. 

(I'asca,  happy  in  this  hloodle^s  victory,  did  not  stain 
it  Willi  cruelty.  r;7.arro,  ( 'arvajal,  and  a  small  nuinhir 
of  the  most  dl!^lln^;mMiu■d  or  notorious  olKiiderw,  were 
jmmshed  capitally.  I'l/.arro  was  heheiuh  d  llie  day  after 
he  surrendered.  lie  suhmilled  lo  his  fale  with  a  com- 
posed di^'iiitv,  and  seemed  desirous  to  atone  by  repen- 
lance  for  the  crimes  which  he  had  eominilted.  i'he 
end  of  (.'arvajal  was  suitahle  to  his  life.  (Jn  Ins  trial 
he  odered  no  defence-  Winn  the  sentence  adjud^nui,; 
hnn  lo  he  hanjjed  was  pronounced,  lie  carelessly  re- 
piiOil,  "One  can  die  hul  once"  Ihirm;!  the  interval 
Iteiwern  the  .sentence  and  exeeutKui,  he  discovered  no 
Rijin  either  of  remorse  fur  the  past,  r)r  of  f-olicitude  alioul 
lilt  future  ;  scolHni;  at  all  who  visiled  hnn,  in  his  usual 
Bttrca.Hlic  vein  of  mirth,  with  the  same  quickness  of 
rep'irtt'e  and  ^jross  jdeasantry  as  at  any  other  period  o( 
his  lift*.  Cepeda,  mure  crmnnal  than  either,  ou^ht  to 
have  sliared  the  samu  fate  i  hut  the  liieril  of  haviufr 
deserted  his  associates  at  such  a  critical  moment,  and 
with  fiuch  derisive  ell'ect,  saved  him  from  inmiediale 
punishment.  He  wnj  sent,  however,  as  a  prisoner  to 
Spain,  and  died  in  continenicnt. 

In  the  minute  details  which  the  contemporary  histo- 
rtiins  have  givm  of  the  cird  dissensiuti^:  that  ra<rt-d  m 
Peru,  with  httlt:  interruption,  during  ten  years,  many 
circumstances  occur  so  strikintr,  and  which  indicate 
u<tch  an  uncoininun  state  of  manners  as  to  merit  par- 
ticular attention. 

'I'novigh  the  Spaniards  who  lir!«l  invaded  Peru  were 
of  the  lowest  order  in  society,  and  the  greater  part  of 
'iiosi'  who  afterwards  joiiiud  thum  wero  persons  of  dcs- 


pcMle  forMme,  v<'l  m  all  the  hodies  of  ttiK/pn  hronght 
into  the  til  Id  hy  ihi'  didereiil  leaders  who  eoulrnded  tor 
noperionl),  iM'i  itne  man  acted  as  n  liirfd  ^oIdler.  llial 
lolUiws  Ills  -uindard  for  pay.  Hverv  adventurer  m  i'eru 
considered  hunsilf  ns  a  coii'pieror.  tntitleii  hv  his  ser- 
vices, Iu  an  eslahlinhment  in  llial  country  wfiich  had 
hern  .tnpnrcd  hy  his  valor.  In  the  conle»ts  hetweni 
the  iival  cliiefrt.  each  chose  his  siile  as  he  w;is  directed 
hy  hn  own  ju'lginenl  or  adections  Mi-  joined  fiis  eoin- 
niander  as  a  comnafiion  of  his  fortunes,  and  disdained 
•o  degradft  hiiiisejf  hy  receivniK  the  wages  of  a  merce- 
nary. It  was  to  their  sword,  nol  In  pre  ciiuncficd  in 
otlice.  or  nohihty  of  lurth.  that  imml  of  the  lenders 
whom  they  followed  were  mih-hted  for  their  levation  ; 
and  each  of  their  adherents  hoj«d,  hy  the  hhiiio  means, 
to  open  a  way  for  hiinitdf  to  Ine  poasesaion  of  power 
ant)  wcahh 

Kut  though  the  (roops  in  IVrn  served  without  any 
regular  pay,  thev  were  rinsed  at  imineiise  expense. 
Among  men  aci  i-^tomul  to  divide  the  spoils  of  an  opu- 
lent eountrv,  llic  desire  of  ohlaming  weatlh  acfjnired 
incredihle  force.  'I'lio  ardor  of  pur-'uit  angmented  in 
proportion  to  the  hope  of  success  Where  all  were  in- 
tent on  the  same  ohject,  and  under  the  diiminion  of  llie 
same  passion,  there  was  hut  one  mode  of  gaming  men, 
or  of  securing  ilieir  attachment.  <  )iricers  of  i'.,ime  and 
influence,  hen.des  the  pronnse  of  future  estahlishments. 
received  m  hand  large  (,;ra1uities  from  the  chief  with 
whom  lliey  engaged.  (Jonzalo  I'l/arro.  in  order  lo 
raise  a  thousand  men,  advaiicttl  live  hundred  thou- 
sand pef>os.  (iasca  expended  in  levying  llie  troops 
whi'-li  he  hd  against  I'l/arro  nine  tiundnd  thousand 
pesos.  The  distrihution  of  property,  hestowed  us  the 
reward  of  srrviees,  wtw  still  more  exorbitant.  Ci'peda, 
as  the  recompense  of  his  perfidy  and  address,  in  per- 
suading the  cour'.  of  royal  audience  lo  givts  the  sanclion 
of  Its  authority  to  the  usurped  jurisdiction  of  I'izarni, 
received  n  grant  of  lands  wh*ch  yielded  an  annual  in- 
come of  a  hundred  and  lifty  thousand  pesos  llinojosa, 
who  hv  his  early  defection  from  l*i/.arro,  and  surrender 
of  the  tieet  to  (lasca.,  decided  the  fale  ol  I'eru.  ohUined 
a  district  of  eountrv  atfording  two  hundred  thousand 
pesos  of  yearly  value.  While  stich  rewards  were  dealt 
ntil  to  the  principal  othcers,  with  more  ihaii  royal  inu- 
nilicence,  proportional  shares  were  coiiferrel  upru  tho.se 
of  inferior  rank. 

Such  a  rapid  change  of  fortune  produced  ■*  natural 
etrects  It  gave  hirih  lo  new  wants  and  n'iw  desires 
Velerans,  long  accustomed  to  hardship  and  toil,  ac- 
quired of  a  sudden  n  taste  for  profuse  ami  inconsiderate 
(lissipalion,  and  iniluli;ed  m  ult  the  excesses  of  militarv 
licentiousness  'I'he  not  of  low  di-hnucherv  occupied 
some;  a  relisliforexpfiisiveluxurip.-.  spread  among  others. 
The  nieanesl  soldier  in  IVrn  would  have  thought  him- 
stlf  degradi  d  l»v  marching  on  foot  ;  and  at  a  tune  when 
the  prices  of  horses  in  that  counlrv  were  exorhitant. 
each  insisted  on  being  furnished  with  one  before  he 
would  take  the  tield.  Uut  though  less  patient  under 
ihe  fatigue  and  hardships  of  service,  they  were  ready  to 
itivp  danger  and  death  with  as  much  intrepidity  as  ever 
and  aiiimaled  hy  the  hope  of  lU'W  rewards,  they  never 
faded,  on  the  day  of  buttle,  to  display  all  their  ancient 
valor. 

Together  with  their  courage,  they  retained  all  the 
ferocity  hy  which  ihey  were  originally  distinguislii'd 
Civil  lii.scord  never  raged  with  a  more  fell  spirit  than 
among  the  Spaniards  in  IVru.  To  all  the  passions 
which  n.iually  envenom  contests  among  countrvmen, 
avarice  was  added,  and  rendered  their  enmity  more 
raniorons.  Kuiicrness  to  seize  the  valuable  forfeitures, 
e.vpected  upon  the  death  of  every  opponent,  ihut  the  door 
against  mercy,  'i'o  he  wealthy  was  o(  itself  suHicient 
to  expose  a  rnan  to  accusation,  or  to  subject  him  to 
punishment.  On  the  slightest  suspicions,  Pizarro  con- 
demned many  of  the  most  opulent  inhabitants  in  i'eru 
lo  death,  t'arvajal,  wiltiout  searching  for  any  pretext 
to  justify  his  cruelty,  cut  otrniany  more.  The  number 
of  tho^e  who  sutUTcd  I'V  Ihe  bands  of  the  eiecutiouer 
was  not  much  inferior  lo  what  ft-ll  in  the  field  ;  [MUJ 
and  the  gr^-ater  part  was  condemned  without  the  forma- 
lity of  any  legal  trial. 

The  violence  with  which  llie  contending  parties  treat- 
ed their  opponents  was  not  accompanied  with  its  usual 
attendants,  attachment  and  lidelity  to  those  with  whom 
ihey  acted.  Tlie  ties  of  honor,  which  ought  to  he  held 
sacred  among  soldiers,  and  the  principle  of  integrity, 
interwoven  ns  thoroughly  in  the  .Spanish  character  aa 
in  that  of  any  nation,  seem  to  have  been  ecpeilly  fur- 
gotten,  Kvt'ii  regard  for  drcenev,  and  the  sense  uf 
shame  were  totally  lust.  During  their  dissensions, 
there  was  hardly  n  Spaniard  in  I'eru  who  did  not  aban- 
don the  party  which  ho  had  uri^imiHy  espuuiied,  helray 


the  associates  with  whom  he  had  nniled,  and  violate  tho 
eii>(ngeinentM  under  which  he  had  come  The  \iceroy 
Niigiie/.  Vela  was  ruined  hy  ihe  tmicliery  of  CepnU 
ami  the  other  judges  of  Ihe  royal  audienci-,  who  werH 
bound  by  the  duties  of  lliiir  function  lo  have  supported 
his  auihonly.  The  chii  f  advisers  ami  companions  o( 
<ionzalo  I'l/arro's  revolt  were  the  lirsl  lo  lormike  hiuit 
and  siibmil  lo  Ins  enemies  Ihs  tleet  was  given  lip  to 
Oasc.i  by  the  man  whom  he  had  Hini^ded  out  among  hm 
ollicers  Iu  mtn'st  with  that  important  command  (Ml 
the  day  thai  was  to  decide  his  Lite,  an  iiriny  of  veterana, 
in  sight  of  llie  enemy,  threw  down  llieir  ann«  wilhoui 
sinking  a  blow,  and  deserted  a  leader  who  hail  often 
conducted  tlu'in  to  victtiry  liistaiicen  of  such  general 
and  avowed  contempt  ol  the  principles  and  obligiliont 
which  atlacli  man  lo  man,  and  Innd  them  togt  tlier  lit 
nocml  union,  rarely  occur  in  tiislury.  It  is  only  whero 
men  are  far  removi  d  from  the  tteal  of  government, 
where  the  restraints  of  law  and  order  art!  little  felt, 
where  the  jiruspect  of  gain  is  unbounded,  and  whero 
mimense  wealth  may  co^er  the  crimes  by  which  it  in 
acfpiired,  thai  we  can  hnd  any  parallel  to  the  h'Vity.  iho 
rap:ieiousiie<<s,  the  pertidy,  and  corruption  prevalent 
among  the  SpauMrds  in  Peru. 

(hi  the  death  of  I'lzarro,  the  malecontents  in  every 
corner  uf  I'eni  laid  down  their  arms,  and  trauipiilhty 
seemed  to  he  perfectly  re-establisli»d  Uiit  two  very 
interesting  objectrt  Kttll  remained  to  occupy  llie  jiresi- 
dent's  niteiilion.  The  one  was  to  find  nnmedtately 
such  employment  for  a  nndtitiidt!  of  lurbuleMt  and  dar- 
ing adventurers  with  which  the  country  vvas  hllrd,  at 
might  prevent  llietn  from  exciting  new  coinmoiions. 
The  other,  to  bestow  ]iroper  graifications  upon  thoso 
to  whose  loyally  ai  d  valor  he  had  been  intlebted  for  hit 
succesM.  'i'he  foru'er  of  iliesewas  in  some  ineasura 
accompli>-hed.  by  ap,  (unting  IVdro  de  \'aldivia  to  pro- 
secute the  coiupiest  oi  <hih  ;  and  by  empowering  Diego 
Cenleno  to  undertake  iht  discovery  of  the  vast  regioiit 
borderiMir  on  the  river  De  h  I'lala.  The  reputation  of 
those  leaders,  together  wi.h  the  hopes  of  acquiring 
weallh,  and  of  rising  to  eon.  eqiience  in  some  unex- 
plored country,  altuntig  many  oi  the  most  indigent  and 
desperate  soldiers  to  follow  their  i  landards,  drained  olf 
no  incontiidcrahlu  portion  of  that  in  itmous  spirit  whicb 
( iasca  dreadcil. 

The  latter  was  on  affair  of  grealor  difTiciiIty  and  to 
be  adjusted  with  a  more  altentivo  ond  delicate  band. 
The  ri'piirlimtnifos,  or  allotments  of  lands  and  Indtana 
which  fell  to  be  distributed,  in  ctmseipience  of  the  death 
or  forfeiture  of  the  forim-r  possessiirs,  exceeded  two 
millions  of  ju'sos  of  yearly  rent,  (iasca,  when  now 
absolute  master  of  this  iminrnse  property,  retameil  iho 
same  disinterested  SfiitimerilH  which  he  had  originally 
professed,  and  refustd  lo  reserve  the  smallest  portion 
of  It  for  himself  Hut  the  number  of  claimants  wai 
great ;  and  whilst  the  vanity  or  avarice  of  every  imll* 
vidual  fixed  the  value  of  Ins  own  s<  rvices.  and  esti- 
mated the  recompcn.^e  which  ho  thought  due  to  him, 
the  pretensions  of  each  were  so  exlravagent  that  it  wad 
impo.-tMblc  to  satisfy  all.  (iasca  listened  to  them  ono 
by  one,  with  the  most  [latient  attention  ;  and  that  ho 
might  have  leisure  to  weigh  the  cumparative  merit  of 
their  several  claims  with  accuracy,  he  retired,  with  tho 
archbis'hop  of  Lima  and  a  single  secretary,  to  a  village 
twi'lvt  hag  vs  fiom  (>usco.  There  he  spent  tteverai 
days  in  allotti.tg  lo  each  a  district  uf  lands  and  iiiiinbL  ' 
of  Indians,  m  proportion  to  his  idea  of  their  past  ser- 
vices and  future  importance.  But  that  he  might  get  be- 
yond the  reach  of  ihe  tierce  storm  of  clamor  and  rage, 
winch  be  foresaw  would  hurst  out  on  the  publication  of 
his  decree,  nolvvithstandmg  the  impartial  equity  with 
which  he  bad  i^rained  it,  he  set  out  for  liiina.  leaving 
the  msiruinent  uf  partition  sealed  up,  with  orders  not 
to  open  It  lor  some  days  afler  his  departure. 

Tht  indignation  excited  by  publishing  the  decree  of 
partition  [Aug.  '^l]  was  not  jess  tlian  (iasca  had  ex- 
pected. Vanity,  avarice,  emulation,  envy,  Bhaine,  rage, 
and  alt  the  other  passions  which  most  vehemently  agi- 
tate the  minds  of  men  when  both  their  honor  ami  their 
interest  are  deeply  atl'ewted,  conspired  in  adding  lo  itt 
violence.  It  broke  out  with  all  the  fury  of  military  in- 
solence, ('uluinny,  threats,  and  curses,  were  ponrnd 
out  upcidy  upon  the  president.  lie  was  accused  of  in- 
gratitude, of  partiality,  and  of  injustice.  Among  sol- 
diers prompt  to  action,  such  seditious  discourse  would 
have  been  soon  followed  hy  deeds  no  less  violent,  and 
they  already  began  to  turn  their  eyes  towards  some  dis- 
conlented  leaders,  expecting  tliein  lo  stand  forth  ii. 
redress  of  their  wrongs.  Uy  some  vigorous  interpohi- 
lions  of  government,  a  timely  check  was  given  to  ihi-i 
mutinous  t>nirii,  and  the  danger  of  another  civU  war 
was  averted  for  tho  present. 


i    ! 


150 

IMO]  Oaiti'i*  howpver,  perceiving  that  the  flame 
was  nupprcssrd,  ralhrr  than  rxlini.niiHhfMl,  inhorrd  wiih 
the  iilriioftt  Rftsitluilv  (o  snnthr  (ht>  Diithroiiti'iit^,  hy 
tM'ttlovsiiig  hir^e  jjruiuiUrs  on  M)riir.  I»v  i'rtmii!«iii^  rrpat- 
tiitmntox,  \\\\v\\  ihi'V  U'W  ViicHnl.  In  oihtrs,  arul  by  tu- 
rrs^iii^  anil  thittiTiii^r  :ill.  ItuI  that  l)ie  |Uihl;o  Ktcjnty 
ntiuht  n>\.  nil  a  founi)aiu>n  more  ntiihlt-  than  thrir  guoU 
alU'Clinri,  hr  rtulf.ivorfd  [o  ftrrnt^lhiii  th(^  Imnds  ol  his 
■uccr^^orit  id  nilirr,  hv  rt>-rstati]  t«hini!  t)io  rr^nlar  ad- 
inimtrtrationor  jvistire  in  rvery  part  of  ihi'  cuipirr  He 
ir.lrotiiicf'tt  o.i'f'r  anil  siinphniy  into  th<>  iiiodr  of  col- 
h'rtnij;  the  nurfl  n-vnuuv  lie  i^jtui'd  rfj;uIaiioiH  ron- 
rt  rnin<r  thr  trtalnH-nl  ol  (he  IiitlianM,  wril  riiK'nlulctl  la 
protect  thtiu  trnn  opprrssion.  aiul  to  provide  for  ihrir 
.hhtruclion  in  tiic  prinnpirH  of  ri  lijjion,  witliont  depriv- 
int{  the  Spinuirds  of  iltt>  hiMictit  iiccrnin;;  from  (lifir 
.ttlwr.  Having  now  acromphtthrd  i-vrry  ohjfil  of  his 
iniflHir  (ia9<M,  l<)n<^ing  to  rcln'n  n^nin  to  a  private 
lilntion,  coininilti'd  tin*  noviTinniiit  ol  I'lru  lo  tlie  conrt 
of  audience,  and  st  t  out  (or  Spain  f  IVb  I,  ir)50J.  As, 
dnnn;:  ihc  onanliy  and  tiirbuli-'ncc  of  the  four  last  years, 
there  had  been  no  reiniUance  made  of  the  roval  reve- 
mir,  he  carried  uith  hun  thirteen  lirndrcd  thou.taiid 
pehos  of  public  money,  which  llu!  economy  and  order 
of  his  admii::«tratioii  "iiaided  him  to  save,  aftir  p»;'i  ig 
ull  the  cipenM'p  of  the  war. 

He  was  received  in  b  **  nali\''  .onn  ry  with  univernal 
udmiratton  of  bis  abdiliert  and  of  bis  virtue.  Itoih 
were,  indeed,  bi^blv  con.spicuons  Wiihont  army,  or 
tle(^  or  pnhhc  foiid^  :  witli  a  train  h<\  Hiinpte,  lliat  only 
three  tbouKniid  ducats  were  r.t)iended  in  eipiippinir  bun, 
he  t<et  out  to  oppose  o  lorinidable  rebellion.  By  biH 
addresK  and  talenttt  he  (supplied  all  thoite  defcrtA,  and 
seemed  lo  cr"ale  inslrnment!*  for  executing  hisi  desijjiiJ*. 
He  acipiired  siicb  a  naval  fitnu*  an  gave  biin  the  corn- 
ma"  lO  c*'  •*•?  Kca,  lie  raistd  a  body  of  men  able  lo 
rope  with  the  ^ « temn  bunds  which  ^.'ave  laws  to  IVru. 
He  vanquif-ht  d  I'u'ir  leader,  c>i  wbo^c  arms  victory  had 
hitherto  alteiuied,  and  in  plaet  of  anarchy  atid  usurpa- 
tion, be  e!tiiibb>hed  tlie  j;overninent  of  lawH,  and  the 
anil. only  of  the  riiihtful  sovereijrn.  Hut  the  praise  be- 
Btowed  on  his  abdities  wa!>  exceeded  by  I'lat  which  his 
virtue  merited  After  rrsidiri'^  in  a  cciuntry  where 
wnnliti  presented  albireinetils  wliidi  had  >educed  every 
perKon  wht*  bad  bilherio  possessed  power  there,  he  re- 
turned fron.  tliat  tr\in^  .^'..utoii  with  inte;:rity  not  oiilv 
nntaiiiled  but  unniepected  After  dhstrihiiting  amoiii; 
Hh  «'ouniryinen  p^tiieitRions  of  j,'realer  extent  and  value 
than  had  ever  been  in  the  dl^J^ositl  of  a  i.iiiijee(  in  any 
a^e  or  nation,  he  himself  remained  in  h  ^  "ii^mal  stale 
of  poverty  ;  and  at  ihe  very  Dine  when  fte  hrouiiht  such 
a  larye  recruit  to  the  royal  iriusury.  he  was  oblijjed  to 
applv  bv  petition  for  u  miiuU  sum  lo  discharge  some 
petty  debts  which  be  bad  c>.ntracti>d  dnrin^r  the  coiiihe 
of  bis  seivice  i'harles  was  not  insenMblc  losuchditi- 
inleresled  merit,  (iahca  was  received  by  hun  with  ihe 
most  distil  puishini*  nmrkf  of  eiieem  ;  and  lieinj;  pn>- 
moted  lo  t  le  bishopric  of  I'alcncia.  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  'lis  davH  in  tlie  iran>piittit\  of  retireinifit, 
^e^peefed  by  l--  country,  honored  by  bm  sovereign. 
anti  beloved  by  all. 

NotwilhslandinR  all  ( Irisca's  wise  n'liulations,  the 
tranipiillity  of  IVru  was  not  of  loni;  eoniimiance.  In  a 
couriir\  vvhtre  the  nutliority  of  ^•o\ernment  had  been 
almovi  foruollen  durin<j  tiie  loiif;  prevalence  of  iinarcbv 
and  mi-'rule,  wherr  ibere  were  disappointed  leaders  ripe 
for  revolt,  and  sediiiDiis  soldiers  re.idy  I'>  lollow  Ihem, 
It  was  not  dillicult  to  raise  c(.inlMislion  Several  sue 
ccsive  tiHurrectioiis  deso'uled  tlie  country  fur  some 
years.  H'lt  as  iho-^e,  tbonjjh  tierce,  were  only  transient 
^tormfl,  exuted  r-ilb'T  by  the  ambition  and  turbulence 
of  particular  men,  than  bv  general  or  public  niotivo. 
the  detail  of  them  is  not  flio  object  of  thin  historv. 
'^le^e  commolioiiH  in  I'eru.  like  every  thui^  of  exirerne 
violence  either  m  the  natural  or  political  IhmIv.  were 
not  of  loni'  duration  ;  and  bv  carrvniL'  oil  the  corrupted 
humor*  which  hud  yiven  rif*e  (u  ilie  disorders,  they  con- 
tributed in  ibe  end  to  slreiiirthen  the  MVielv  whirb  at 
tirsl  they  tiirfatened  to  destroy.  Unrinj;  iheir  (ien-e 
roiite»ts,  several  of  the  lirst  invaders  of  iVru.  and 
many  of  those  licentiiiUH  adventurer*  whom  ibe  fime 
of  thiir  succehs  liad  alb  red  tliilher,  '"ell  by  each  other  s 
hands.  Kach  of  the  prtflies,  as  they  alternately  pre- 
vaileil  in  the  strum^le.  ^^adually  cleared  (lie  country 
of  a  mimber  ot  turbulen*  spinis,  by  exeeiitinn.  pro- 
scribing, or  banislun^  their  iippttnenls  Mm  lesH 
enter[lrlslllL^  le»H  ili"-,..  Mte,  and  more  arcu.^lomrd 
U)  iiove  III  the  palb  ol  Miber  und  |iea'-ealilc  uidustry, 
Kitled  in  I'eru:  and  the  royil  fitborilv  wan  gra- 
dually eatahlished  oh  liiiul)'  there  as  m  oilier  Sp.inihb 
e^oiiie* 


nOBEIlTSON'S   HISTORY   OP 


BOOK    VII. 

View  of  ihi*  jn^tiiiiimn*  hikI  uuiuners  of  the  Mriimns  ami 
I'l  iiivuiu^— t  uni/oil  stall!*  iii  cniii|>ariMUi  <il  etluf  Aun'- 
in-uiis— Itrreiil  nriuu)  111  the  Mexu'anx  —  Fiicts  m  liirti  itni\c 
Itinr  pini.'ri-ss  ii,  nvili/alioii — View  ot  tlii'ir  [tnliry  in  Its  va- 
rio'is  l>raii('ltes~ofi!ti-ir  arts — Facts  wlueh  imliniUr  a  small 
prnnress  U)  civiIi/mIiou  — What  njimum  slmuld  be  lorincii  im 
ciiiparimt  \\\**so  einUratllclory  lacl.t— iJeiiius  nf  tliejr  re- 
l.iiiuii— Pcriivinii  uHiniirchv  iiinro  iu»*ierit~its  pohcy  fouii'i- 
eil  oil  reht'HUi-SiiiR'ilar  elfects  of  this— Peculiar  htati-  ot 
projuriv  anions  the  Prruvmns— 'Hn'ir  |)iiltlic  wmik.*  ami 
.tils-roaiU—hncl^'CH—huJlilliiKii— Their  uiiv\arlikn  !*iiiti*  - 
\'\vw  of  (illuTiloiiiiimtiis  .•■  Spiuii  iti  AiiHTica  -  Ciiialoa  iih<l 
S.iiior.T— i'aliforiin— Vnciitaii  aiiH  Hotiihir.is-Ctiih  -Tuiu- 
iiiHii-Kiii^fdoiuol  Tii-rra  K:iint'--NfA'  Kiuxiloin  of  (iiHiiada. 

As  the  conrpiesi  of  the  Iwo  iireat  empires  of  Mexico 
ami  i'eru  forms  t!ip  most  splendid  and   iiitere.'liiii»  pe- 
riod in  the  btslorv  of  America,  a  view  of  their  political 
I  iustitctions.  and  a  d-vscnptioii  of  their   i  ational  mnn- 
I  tiers,  will  exhibit  the  human  species  to  tiie  eouteinpla- 
'  tion  of  mtellioeiit  observers  in  u  vc*  niuguhir  sUfre  of 
lis  progress.  ( HI] 
j      When  eom[iared  with  othei*  parts  of  the  New  Wo;ld. 
I  Mexico    and    I'eru    may     be    ■.■oimidered    as    polished 
statCii.      Iiif'.ead  of  sni.ui,  inpedendeiit,  hostil     tribes, 
striio^liiiQ  for  HuhsisleiH'e  amidst  wootts  and   marshes, 
Ntran;;ers  to  industry  ntul  arts,  unacquainteii  with  sub- 
ordination, and  abiiost  without  the  appearance  of  reou- 
lar  i!"viTiinienl.  we  tlnd  cmintries  of  ^reat  extent  sub- 
jcrled  to  the  dominion  of  one  sovereiirn.  llie  iulia!>itaiils 
collected  toirether  in   cities,  llie  wisdom  and   forisi;iht 
of  ruler;*  emphived    in  providini;  for  the  mamieiiancr 
and  Heenrity  of  the  people    the  empire  of  laws  m  some 
measure   established,  tlie    anthority   o't  religion   recoi;- 
nized,  many  of  the  arts  essential  to  life  brou^l    to  some 
de^jree  of  maturity,  and  the  dawn  of  sueb  a  .  are  orna- 
mental be^innm^  to  ap|)ear. 

Ibit  if  the  comparison  bo  made  with  I  .e  people  of 
the  ancient  continent,  the  mteriuriiv  o  Aiuencn  in 
improvement  will  bo  conspicuous,  and  lie  'lier  the  .Mex- 
icans nor  Peruvians  will  be  entitled  to  rank  w'i*h  tbuse 
nalions  which  merit  the  r.:(ine  of  civiti/.ed.  The  p.eopb' 
of  both  til*'  ofcat  empiri  s  in  America,  like  the  rude 
lril>es  around  tlieui.  w<  re  tutaltv  un;n'<piainted  will)  'bi- 
usebil  metals,  and  the  pro>>ress  whicli  they  had  inade 
m  extcnduii.'  ibeir  dtuninion  over  the  animal  creation 
was  inconsiderable.  The  Mexicans  bad  yoiie  iio  fur- 
ther than  to  tame  and  rear  turke\s,  dm  ks,  a  species  uf 
Hinall  do^s,  and  rabhil^.  I',  this  feeble  essay  of  in;;e- 
nuity,  the  nieaiis  of  siibsijitence  were  rendered  some- 
what  more  plentiful  and  secure  than  when  men  d(>peiid 
solely  on  huntiri<r  ;  hut  ihey  had  no  idea  of  atteinpim^' 
lo  subdue  the  more  rolnisl  animals,  or  of  deriving'  any 
ail]  from  their  muusiry  m  eairvmi;  on  works  of  labor 
The  I'eriivians  seem  to  have  ne^dected  the  inferior  ani- 
inalti,  and  had  not  rendered  any  of  Ih  'in  domestic  ex- 
cept the  duck  ;  but  they  weie  more  lortunate  in  taming 
tlie  Mama,  an  animal  pfeuliar  to  tlieir  counlrv.  of  a  lorui 
winch  bcirs  some  re>emblance  lo  a  deer,  and  some  to 
a  camel,  and  ts  of  a  sr/e  somev\liAt  larger  ttiati  a  sheep 
1  lulcr  the  jirotfrtion  of  man,  this  species  multiplied 
■jreatlv.  Its  wool  turnished  the  I'eruvians  willi  clo- 
tbiii;;.  Its  llcsh  with  fooil  It  wa.s  even  eiiiployid  as  a 
beast  of  bnrilen,  ar..!  carrn  d  a  moderate  loail  with 
much  patience  and  docilitv  It  was  never  used  for 
dratiL^bt  ;  anil  the  hried  bemi;  4'ontiiied  to  tlii*  moiin- 
l.iiiK.iis  country,  its  shmcc,  it  we  may  jud^e  liy  mi.i- 
dents  which  occur  in  the  early  Spanish  writers,  was  not 
very  extensive  among  llio  Peruvians  in  their  original 
state. 

In  tracini*  the  Ime  by  which  nations  proer-d  lovvanls 
civih/alion,  the  disioverv  of  the  iiselul  metals,  and  the 
acipiisition  of  dominion  over  Ihe  animal  creation.  ha\e 
been  marked  as  steps  of  c.ipital  importance  in  their 
proitrcHH  In  ourcoutmenl.  Iunl:  alter  men  had  aiiaimd 
l)Oih.  society  continued  m  'Kit  slate  wlueli  is  denomi- 
nated harb.irous  Kven  wiili  all  that  coimnaiul  over 
natun  wbuh  tlii'se  conbr,  many  tiijes  elapst?  before 
inilustry  becomes  so  rci.'ul.tr  as  to  render  siibsistenee 
secure,  before  the  arts  which  supply  tiie  wants  and  fur- 
nish the  accommodations  of  lit(>  are  brought  to  any 
coiijitderable  deyree  of  perfi'ction,  and  before  aey  idea 
istoiiceived  of  various  institutiuns  reipiisitu  ui  a  well 
ordered  society.  The  Mexicans  and  I'ernviins,  with- 
out knowledge  of  the  usual  ni«  lals,  or  the  aid  uf  domes- 
tic aminaU,  labored  uiidi'r  disndvanta^'es  which  must 
have  greatly  retartled  their  proj^ress,  and  in  their  lush- 
est state  of  improvement  their  power  was  so  lin.ited, 
and  iheir  operations  so  feeble,  that  they  can  hardly  be 
consideretl  as  Imv  iir  advanced  beyond  the  mlancy  of 
i-ivil  hfe. 

After  this  general  obaervatioii  coiiecrninft  the  mo^t 
sinnular  and  diMiiit;nishin(f  eircunintanees  in  the  slate 
oi  both  the  preat  ernpirea  m  Aniericu.  I  kbalt  »iideavor 


lo  |;ive  such  a  view  of  the  eonsiitutioii  of  ihe  interim 
police  of  each  us  may  enable  iis  lo  iseeriani  their  place 
m  the  political  scale,  to  allot  llieiii  llieir  proper  blattoe 
between  the  rude  tribes  m  the  New  World,  and  the 
polished  slates  oi  the  ancient,  and  to  determine  how  lar 
they  had  risen  above  Ihe  former,  as  well  as  how  much 
they  h'il  below  tlie  latter. 

Mexico  was  (irst  subjected  to  the  Spanish  crown. 
Hut  our  acipiamtance  with  its  laws  and  manners  is  not, 
from  thftt  circumstance,  mo-e  complete.  What  I  have 
remarked  coneernmj^  the  d(  fe»:tive  and  iiiacciirale  mlor- 
mation  on  vvbich  we  must  rely  v\itli  tespeci  lo  tiie  con- 
dition aiiu  ensltnns  of  the  savai^e  lrihe.i  ui  AiiuTtca, 
may  he  appheil  likewise  lo  our  knowledge  of  the  Mexi- 
can empire,  ('nriea,  am!  the  rap.icious  ad^enlurera 
who  accompanied  Inm.had  not  leisure  or  capacily  lo  en- 
rich either  civil  or  natural  history  v\\\\  new  ohseiva- 
tioiiS-  They  undertook  their  expe<lilion  m  ipiest  of  one 
object,  and  seenu'd  hardiv  to  ha\e  turned  iheir  evea 
towards  any  ot!.er.  Or,  if  during  some  short  inteival 
of  traiHpiillity,  when  the  oc<'upiitions  of  war  ceased,  and 
the  ardor  of  plunder  was  sus]iended,  the  institulioiid 
and  manners  of  ilu>  people  whom  they  invailcd,  drew 
their  attention,  the  impiiries  of  illiterate  soldiers  were 
conducted  with  so  biUe  faoacity  and  precision,  that  the 
accounts  ::iven  by  them  of  the  policy  and  ord'  r  esta- 
blished in  the  Mexican  imuiarrbv  are  snperlicial,  con- 
liised.  and  inexplicable.  It  is  rathe.  Irom  incidents 
which  ibey  relate  occasionallv,  ihan  Innn  their  own  de- 
dticlions  and  remarks,  that  we  are  enabled  to  furiii  toino 
idea  I't  the  genius  and  manners  of  that  people.  'Uio 
obscurity  in  winch  the  i^norinte  of  lis  compierors  m- 
\olved  the  annals  of  Mexici>,  was  mi^inentid  by  the 
superstition  of  tbrsr  vvho  succeedei'  tin  m  As  Uie  me- 
mory ol  past  events  was  preservet  amotifX  the  Mexi- 
cans by  li^iires  p»mted  jii  skins,  oit  colton  cloths,  on 
a  kiiHi  of  pasteboard,  or  on  the  hark  ol  I'l-es,  ibe  early 
nlls^<l  jiiarie.s,  unable  to  comprehend  their  meaiiui^,  and 
struck  with  their  uncouth  lorms,  ruriceued  them  lo  bo 
mornunents  of  nlolatrv,  wlitrb  otioht  to  he  destroyed  iii 
order  lo  facilitate  the  cimversiou  of  the  Indians  lu 
obi>dience  to  an  edn  i  issued  bv  .Itian  de  /uminaru^a, 
a  rrancisean  monk,  the  lirsl  bisiioji  of  Mexico,  as  many 
r'-cords  of  the  ancn  nt  Mexican  story  as  cinilil  bt;  col- 
lected uere  committed  to  the  liaines  In  fonse<pience 
o\  this  fanatii  al  /.eal  of  the  monks  who  hrst  visaed  New 
.Spam  (whn-b  ibeir  suece.-isors  soon  be^ian  lo  lament), 
whatever  knowledjje  of  remote  evinls  such  riu!'-  iiionu* 
iiienis  contained  was  abno>.t  enlirelv  lost,  and  oo  mlor- 
mation  remained  coneernin^  the  ancient  revolutions  and 
pulley  of  the  empire,  but  what  was  den  vt  d  from  tradition, 
or  from  some  Ira^Miients  oltbeir  historical  paiium^s  that 
esea|K-d  the  barbarous  ri  scan  lies  ot  /ummara<'a.  I'roin 
the  i-xperience  of  all  nations  it  is  maniie^^t,  ibut  the  ine- 
inury  of  past  transact  lo  •*  ran  neither  be  l'>iio  pre<>ei\ed, 
nor  be  Iraiismilted  with  any  lideb'y.  bv  tradition.  The 
Mexican  paintings  which  an  sepposed  to  have  si-rxed 
as  annals  of  tbeir  i>iupire,  are  lew  in  number,  and  uf 
ainbii;uvjus  meaiini>r  'I'hiis,  aie  .tst  the  uncertainty  of 
the  loriner,  and  the  obscurity  ,if  the  latter,  we  must 
ulean  what  inlelli;ri>nce  can  be  cidlected  Irom  (he  seaiily 
materials  scattered  in  the  Spanish  writers. "^ 

*  111  tliu  lirst  <  ilttliin,  I  >li<ii-rvi'>l  Hud  iiiri)NM>'iiU'iii  e  i>l  Ida 
ih'.stnielinii  o|  Hie  uucu'iii  .Mtiuaii  (laiMlliKs,  oi  tasioncit  dv 
lilt'  /<  111  of '/inmnaratia,  v.lialrvi)  kixiwu  .t^r  ilo-s  iiui>ht  li.nu 
I  I'lm  \etl  was  enlirelv  io>t.  V.\v.\  t  .uxliU  iim.Ut  ■misl  liavo 
ptTi'enetl  Dial  the  ex[>resHioii  was  ifiariiirate ;  as  iii  a  lew 
tiufSiiltrrwiirils  I  oieiitiun  Miiiii>aiirieiit  |)aiiitink;s  toht-  still  ti* 
t.iht.  M.CIavi^iTo,  not  sattslii-U  vvit'i  laving  lioM  o|  Duk  iiiae- 
I  iir:i(  V,  whii'li  I  corrrch-.l  in  tin-  <o|l>.^<  ')iii  ut  i-Uitioim,  hi'iors  In 
reit'ter  it  iiiorr  Khoint:  \>\  the  ma. etc  ui  uliirh  tie  iiuote.s  Ihit 
teiuaiiiiut;  pari  ot  the  NtnU-iire.  iie  fi'prt  heii'ls  wr.li  wrrat 
a.si'ciitv  tilt'  ai  ci'init  \\\\\\\\  I  it^vc  ol  \\w  »r;ihtv  n);Ui  ri.il.t  lor 
u'ltiiii!  llii<  aiiiK-iit  hl->lnrv  tif  .Mixtt  o.  V,i|  I,  A*  <-<Miiit  of 
UiUdsn  tiM.  Vol.  n,:tHI.  Mv  w.i|,l>,lio\\i  \ir.  iiM'iilirio.,t 
the  Kami'  vm:Ii  Iliost'ol  i'or<|m>rti.i<la.  v\  Ito  -ii  rnih  to  haw  Itrra 
l«  Itei  lit '|ii;iitit('il  »ltti  till-  aiK  H  III  moiiimit-iitH  ol  i|ii>  Mi-xi- 
tans  ihiii  jni\  Sitani>li  inUhor«hoMi  works  I  haif  .sei-ii. 
I.ili.  iii\ .  r.  ll.  M.  rial  iL'iTo  h|m^<•ll  kiwh  u  Uesenpimn  ot  tlm 
t|<-vtriirtioii  of  nut  lent  painl'iii^s  m  nlmoHt  the  moiie  leniM  I 
ha\«'  ii^fl ;  ainliiiriilioiis  a?f  luiadili  itiiml  reiisoii  o|  Hi  >rt>  lit'tng 
NO  ,iin)1  a  iiiniihrr  ol  aiieii'iil  pitliituiF:^  kiiovMi  I  itlm  .s^inmar'lx, 
that  llif  iiitl.n's  havr  (Mtroim*  hii  Koliritous  to  |ire.H»rve  aii.l 
coiirt'al  tlii'iii,  th'il  It  IS  '  tlitlinilt,  if  rioi  mi|)ossiiilc,  lo  make 
I  limn  |iiol  w  II  h  turn  of  Miein."  Vol.  I.  -llC.  II  |:M.  .No  pomt  riiii 
lie  morr  oHcertanu'il  Ihan  that  ft-i*  ol  the  Mi'iu'uii  hi.ttoiicttl 
pamlmtts  hav«  Im-i-ii  preserveil,  Ttiotuih  nrveral  NinouHnii 
iiavn  rarnetl  on  luiiuiries  ii.lo  the  anti'pulies  ol  ihe  Mexican 
empire,  no  eiiKiaviiitts  troiii  .\lfxu  an  piuiilinttH  ha\e  tii'ciKuni- 
iimiiuateil  to  tiie  piihlir,  exrt'|it  ihoHu  liy  Purchas,  (•miielll 
Ciirreri,  ami  borin/aiia.  It  aitonls  iiiesmne  Hati^iactton,  that 
111  the  i-mirsn  ot  my  ri-!te:.icheN  I  have  diM-oveit'tl  two  i  ullt-c* 
ttoiis  (if  Mt'Xlcaii  pniillmu's  uluih  were  uitkliowii  to  innner 
m<piirers.  The  cut  whirli  I  pulilinhrtl  is  un  i>xiu-t  cot>\  ^f  thn 
onumal,  ami  j.W\-%  no  hiuh  iiica  of  the  priMue^s  whiih  tho 
Mifliraim  had  mmli*  iii  lh<'  ail  oi  |>aiiiliti^.  I  <  aiuiot  « >mj<'.  Uum 
what  cmild  imlurt'  M.  Cjaiifeio  tut'ipri'ss  somi'  Ui^salistae- 
lion  witll  me  forliavmx  puiill<'hi^<l  it  witlmtil  tl.c  >t.ii:if  i  olnn 
It  has  111  tho  oriituial  iiHiiiim^,  p.  n\)\.  He  ini»;hl  lin\c  recul 
lectoJ,  that  neCLS'  I'urchas,  nur  (Juinuili  (ativri,  nur  Luroa 


itiitioi)  of  llio  iiitrriOi 
ii  isft-rtam  i!u-ir  plare 
I)  Uu'ir  propiT  itl.iliur 
■Nrw  World,  anil  iho 
.1  to  (It'trrnniii!  iiuw  far 
an  well  utt  liuvv  iiiucli 


:o  the  Spani?*!!  crown. 
\A  iiiid  inaiincrit  im  iiol, 
iiplcKv  What  t  Itave 
[■  and  Miitrriiraii!  iiilur- 
nil  ti<>pn-t  lo  the  fOii* 
;('  tnl»c»  Ml  AiiHTica, 
luiwlfdiif  ot'ilif  Mcs!« 
rapacioii.s  adu'Jilurt^ra 
iMiriMir  ciipaniy  lo  en- 
ry  v*iili  iii'W  olmi'iva- 
icdilion  in  ipir.Hl  of  uiie 
iivt'  liiriird  llifir  v\v» 
il  soint'  i*horl  tiiU'i  vul 
oim  of  war  t-easi'd,  niid 
ndi'd,  thr  inslituiioiid 
in  llit'V  mvadrd,  drinv 
iltitt-rale  Mildiirtt  wt-re 
and  pnriMion.  tliiit  tho 
'nlu'v  and  ord<  r  calii- 
ly  arc  siiprrlioial,  I'ou- 
Ditlu-.  trt)ni  inntlt'iiti 
lan  Iroin  llit'ir  own  dc- 
>  niulilrd  to  lonii  hume 
of  tluU    people,     '["ho 

•  ot"  Its  coiiipuTors  in- 

•  VH  ati^iiK'iiud  by  tlio 
Ici'  tli(  in  As  tliiMniJ- 
vi't  anion;;  iho  M*'»i- 
t,  oil  roltoii  i-lotliH,  on 
lark  ol  I'lTs,  iIh!  rariy 
lid  llinr  niraiiiii^,  and 
roncrivc'l  tliini  to  ho 

.^'lit  lo  In;  dtnlroyi'd  in 

I  ol    lilt!   Iiidi.in.s       In 

.liiaii  di>  /iiininara^a, 

tp  of  Mi'.vii'o,  as  many 

Hlory  as  coiiltl  Im;  I'ul- 

!iirs       In  const'tpHMice 

s  wlio  lirsl  visiU'd  New 

ouM  lM-<.'aii  lo  laintnt), 

i.'(-nis  NiK'h  riii!<*  innnii- 

ri'lv  lor^t,  iirul  iiu  intor- 

K-nt  n'Vtduiionsaiid 

nvi  il  iVuMi  tradition, 

iiriral  painit(i>^s  timt 

/urninarai>a.    I'roni 

ianili-.-;(.  ilial  lite  inc- 

I'fiij,'  prf'>><-i\rd, 

tr.ttlitioii.     Thu 

loscd   lo  have  Kt'r\ed 

III   rnnnl)er,  and  of 

^t  the  urii-erlaiiity  of 

he   latter,  wo    in'i>l 

-led  trotii  the  Hcanly 

writera* 

it  iii<-i]iiKi>i|ntMH'e  III  the 

lllhtlllljH,    OCIMHIIMIt'd    (ijr 

iv\li'il^i-tlicy  iiiixht  liam 
'  '\  leailiT  Miusl  huvo 

urate  ;  an  III  a  luw 

it  |>.iiiitiri('H  totjf  Mill  I'l- 
i^ltnhlui  tliiNinac- 
il  ethtii'im,  liiipors  to 
iti  uliirh  III-  >|iiiite.s  lli6 
ri-|in  tini'ls  vmIi  t;rritt 
M  .iiiiv  ni.iti  rial.s  iiir 
\.>|.  I.  Ait-oiint  (if 
liiivvi  viT,  iiir  aliiiiMt 
I  SI  I'Mislii  liu\t>  liern 
niiii-iils  .Il   lilt'  Men- 

\\  I'tks     I     \\A\0     SVVn. 

<>  a  <li's(  n|:tii)ii  ot  Ihfi 
'•>l  the  siitiM!  liTiiM  I 
al  rt-UMPDiil  III  ne  being 
MiKA\i  I J  the  .Si)aiiiar>lii, 
itiiitN  til  |>rt'!<iTV()  anif 
tiiipussiiile.  iti  niHke 
li.l.M.  N.I  point  I  im 
r>  MrjLiiaii  hlAtoncul 
umli  Hrvt'ral   ^naiUHrdi 


■1" 


It:. 


mil  KPU'ral  ^naniarc 

.  liitiicH  III  thi!  Muxiia.. 

uiitiiiuK  have  tieftieuni- 

liv  I'liri-luiH,  (•eiiielll 

home  N.'itirliirtion,  that 

ihsrowieiltMo  Killrc* 

'I'  unknown  Ici  loiiiier 

la  jn  I'Kiiit  riiti\  r>l  itut 

<•  pro'tieiiH  Which  11)0 

n,'.  I  I'.innot  loiijerliuii 

rehH  home  ilissatinfae- 

itlioul  Ihi-  H.it.-u'  euUiri 

Me  iniKlil  hnvo  rei'uk 

till  raiiuri,  nor  Luroa 


6=" 


c 

H 


^litMP" 


!     I 


i  I 


l\\ 


Ijii-i 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


151 


According  to  tho  account  of  ibo  M<^xicani  itirin- 
nulvrn,  li.eir  ciiipiro  wan  not  oi  lon^  duruliuii.  Tlit^ir 
counlrv,  an  ihcy  rrlnttr,  waM  originally  |>osM'»Mt'tl,  ratiuT 
than  ))fU|ilL'il,  bv  hiiiuII  iiiilrpemlrrit  trilic>^,  \\liui!ic  modi' 
Dl  lift!  and  niannerK  rcHciiiliIrd  those  ol  the  riidcsl  suva- 
y,vH  wliirh  viv  ti.ivr  dcscrdicd.  Dili  aUoitt  a  {icnod  tnr- 
rt^ttpoiidiiiK  to  the  bcffmiiinK  of  the  lentli  ccniury  in  iln- 
<'lirintian  t>ra,  Hcvcnii  tribi-H  moved  in  auct-osHivi'  mi 
^raiioiiH  Iroiii  unknown  rr^ionn  lowartts  tliu  north  nnil 
horlhwrHt,  and  bctlh'd  nt  dillrrrnt  provinrrs  of  Ann- 
huiir,  lint  am-icnt  namit  of  Nt-w  .S|)ain.  Thrsr,  innrt- 
civili/rd  than  tho  onirtnal  mhahitantu,  Itcpin  to  lorm 
tlifin  lo  thr  aria  of  MOfiat  hfi;.  At  Icn^lh,  toward."  lUv. 
coinini'Mcnni'iit  o\  tlic  tlnrrcftnth  ci'iitiiry,  lh«  M(  ki- 
cana,  a  pfopU'  more  poli.Hluxl  than  any  of  ihc  funniT, 
advani-rd  tnnn  tho  border  of  the  Cdlifonnan  ^nlf,  and 
luuk  |K)M!ieMsion  of  the  planiH  adjacent  lo  tho  f^reat  lake 
near  ih«  centre  of  the  rounlry  After  reHidtn^  there 
about  fifty  years,  they  founded  a  town,  Huiee  distin- 
(iul^hed  t)y  the  name  of  Mriuih  whicli,  from  iiumbb- 
bejinnmiiH,  soon  ^rew  to  be  the  most  coiiaiderable  city 
in  the  New  \N'ond.  'i'he  Mexioann,  li"itj  aller-  thev 
were  e!itabbslied  in  (lieir  new  pussessioos,  eoiituiurd, 
like  oiIht  iiiarlut  tnhes  m  Ainenea,  tmac«iiumled  wilh 
n.'L'al  dominion,  and  were  m»verind  m  peace,  and  con- 
diu  led  III  war,  by  biich  as  were  eiitilled  to  pre-emiiieuee 
by  their  vMsdoin  or  thrir  valor,  liut  among  ihcm,  as 
in  ottier  fifties  who^e  power  and  ttrniones  hecome  ex- 
luii.sive.  the  siipreitu'  .uithontv  erutereJ  at  last  m  a  Mil- 
fl'.v  per.-*oii  ;  and  whiii 'lie  Spaniards  undi-r  ('ortrs  m- 
vadeil  the  country,  Moitte/.unta  vvas  the  ninth  monarch 
in  order  wim  bad  swayed  the  Mexican  sceptre,  not  by 
beredilary  ri^lit,  but  by  election. 

Such  IH  the  tradiiioiial  late  of  the  Mexicans  concern- 
ing the  proi*reM  )f  their  own  empire.  Aecordmtr  lu 
thi.t,  it.i  duraiion  was  very  short.  From  (lie  first  ini- 
(Tration  of  ihrjr  piircnt  tribe,  tliev  can  reckon  little  nioro 
than  three  huinlreii  vears.  I''rom  tin;  eslalilishinenl  o( 
monarchical  pnernuieiit,  not  ahove  a  liundrcd  mid 
thirty  years  according  to  one  account,  or  a  hundred 
»m'  nin-'tv-Mevrn  accordin^i  to  aiiolher  compulation, 
b  I'l 'I'lp^i! 'I  If.  oil  one  h.iiid,  we  KUppose  ihe  Mexi- 
t  .;!  >i.iif  N'  lave  iK-en  of  lusher  anli«piity,  and  to  have 
k  ■  '  I  ''  .urm;^  mich  a  leii|>th  of  lime  a^  the  .Spiiiush 
accountu  i  ^  its  civilt/ation  would  iiHturally  lead  us  to 
conclude,  it  is  ditlicuU  to  conceive  how.  animi>;  a  peo- 
ple who  poKKi'sscd  the  art  of  recordmj;  event.t  by  pic- 
tures, ami  who  eohsiilereit  it  as  an  e^Kenlial  part  of 
thetr  national  education,  lo  teach  llieir  <  hildren  to  re- 
peat ihe  hixiorical  kou^h  which  eetebral<'d  the  exploits 
cf  tlicir  ancestor.^,  Ihe  kuowlt'd;:e  of  past  transactioiiH 
ehotild  he  so  sleiidiT  and  Imiiled.  If,  on  the  other 
iund,  we  adt>pl  their  own  svMtein  wUh  renpcct  lo  the 
■ntuimdes  ot  llietr  nation,  it  is  no  less  diMicull  to  ac- 
ciumt  either  lor  that  iin)>r()ved  stale  ef  rtocuMv,  or  for 
tiie  evteiiHive  doniiiiion  to  whicii  their  empire  had  at- 
tained when  t'lrst  visited  by  the  Sp.irmirdH.  The  in- 
laiicy  of  nations  in  so  Ion;;,  and,  cmii  vxlien  every  cir- 
cumstance lit  favoraiile  to  their  pro>;resM,  they  advance 
HO  ^lowly  towards  any  maturily  ol  strength  or  policy, 
that  the  recent  oriLfiu  of  the  Meiicmis  seems  to  be  a 
ftlriMi»i  presumptnm  of  si)mii'  e.va;,'^eriition  in  tiie  splen- 
did dchiriptinns  which  lia\e  been  ^Mven  of  iheir  govern- 
ment ami  mamiers. 

lint  It  Is  tiol  liy  theory  or  con|ectures  that  history 
decides  Willi  re;;.ird  lo  the  state  or  character  of  natiuns. 
It  produces  hu'is  as  the  louiid.ili>)u  ol  everv  jiuiu'inent 
which  It  Ventures  to  pronounce  In  collii'imi,'  tho^e 
which  must  regulate  our  upmion  in  the  present  nupiirv, 
some  occur  that  sni:i;est  an  ide.i  of  eoiisider.tbh-  pro- 
trress  01  civib/.alion  in  llie  Mevicin  empire,  and  oihcrs 
wbich  seem  to  indiciitc  t'lal  it  hid  advinced  liut  litllt 
lievond  ;lie  saxii^rc  trihe.4  .irouud  it  Hoth  sh.dl  he  ex- 
bilMted  to  the  view  of  tlie  render,  ihil,  from  compaiin;; 
tliem,  he  may  leterimne  uii  which  t>ide  the  evub-iice 
pre poiidf  rates 

In  llu-  Mexican  empire,  the  n^lit  of  private  propcrtv 
waH  pirfoctly  understood,  and  eslabbstied  m  its  full 
rxteht.     Anions  several  savage  tribes,  wo  have  seen, 

i:ina,1lii>UKhl  It  ni>ii-<i«;ii\  lorolor  tin' (inittx  whit  h  they  t)i<vt< 
piiMl^heil,  uit'l  Ihcy  lisv,'  mi  trr  lieirii  cenHi|[i'<|  on  llial  uc- 
Kiunt.  He  Ml  IV  ift  ii!i.^iii)  <1,  iliitl  tliouf!li  ttii'  ciitor*.  ni  itie 
V^nntniK-i  hi  ttie  lin|><-iul  Lilirsrv  are  r<-riiiirkiii>h  l>ruhli  tlu'v 

lire  lai«l  on  witliniii  nrl, I  Mnhntit  "  luiv  ol  Itr.t  ri'iinrU  (o 

liKht  <^<i(l  Klintle,  nf  (lie  riii)-<«  of  pi'rs|ici'itvi',"  which  M.  <:ia- 
vl((*rorf.iuiri'S.  Vol.  ||.  .i:h  It  Mie  |mMiC  i'*|»reHH  itnv  ilo- 
•ire  to  hnvi'  Ihe  seven  |isiiiniii;s  m(iI1  ui  niv  iMiHsi-t-  ion  i-in-tiit  <il, 
I  sin  ri'sttv  (>i  euinttiniiir  Or  ihrin.  Tin'  |>init  |>iittit%||i'<t  hv 
Opniullt  t'srrt'ri,  n|  (he  routi'  of  tiie  anritnt  Miak  aip>  ulnii 
thtiv  Irn^elli'i)  towariN  tin-  hike  on  uhhh  llic\  l>uilt  ll»'  <  .i)ii- 
tsl  ol  llH'ir  enipue.  (ih. it. hill,  V.»|,  jV.  |<  |^|.)  i,  iiu.  u,.,s\ 
Imisliiul  nionilinent  >m  iirl  lirouuht  liom  tin-  Ni  ^\  \\\r,  til,  ;ni>t 
yi't  s  \t'rv  slik'hl  iniiiixMiiori  ol  it  will  Nali^fv  vwrv  une,  'liril 
ii>v  annalH  ot  a  natmn  cunvoved  tn  this  iiiatnier  must  tiu  very 
tuodgra  and  nnjwrluct. 


that  the  idea  of  a  title  to  tbo  separate  and  cxrbisivo 
IHiHsession  of  iiiy  object  was  hardly  known  ;  and  that 
nmoti^  all  it  was  extremely  limited  and  ill  defined. 
Hut  III  Mexico,  where  afinculture  and  indnstry  hail 
made  some  progress,  the  dislinciion  between  prop<'rty 
in  land  and  property  in  ^oods  had  taken  place.  Hoth 
111  '.  he  transferred  from  one  persvii  lo  another  by 
S.I,  or  h.irter ;  both  iiiii»ht  descend  by  inheritan<.'e. 
Kvery  person  who  <-otild  be  denounnatcd  a  freeman  had 
property  m  land.  This,  however,  tliey  lieM  by  various 
tenures.  Some  ])OAses.>i(Hl  it  in  full  rioht,  and  it  de- 
•ceiided  to  their  heirs.  'I'lie  litle  of  others  lo  tlnir 
lands  was  derived  from  the  otlice  ordii;nity  which  lln-y 
enjoyed  ;  and  when  deprived  of  the  tatter,  ihey  lost 
possession  of  the  former.  Hoth  tlicse  modes  of  occu- 
pying land  were  deemed  noble,  and  peculiar  lo  ciluens 
oi'  the  highest  class.  Tlio  tenure  by  winch  tlie  jjreal 
!)0<iy  of  ttie  people  held  their  jiroperty,  was  very  dif- 
ferent. In  every  district  a  certain  quantity  of  land  was 
measured  out  m  prnpurlion  to  tlie  number  of  families 
This  was  cuttivateil  by  tlie  joint  latior  of  Itie  wliole; 
lis  produce  was  de|tosited  in  a  common  storehouse,  and 
divided  ainon^j  tliein  according  to  their  respective  exi- 
^M  ncies.  'i'he  members  of  the  fV//)u//(r,  or  associa- 
tions, could  not  nbeiuite  tlieir  share  .>f  the  eomiium 
estate  ;  It  was  an  indivisible  permanent  property,  des- 
tined for  the  support  of  tlieir  families.  In  consetpicnco 
of  this  dislrdnition  of  the  territory  of  the  state,  every 
man  liad  an  interest  in  its  welfare,  and  llie  happiness 
of  the  individual  was  connected  with  llie  public  secu- 
rity 

Another  striking  circumstance,  which  distinmiisbes 
the  Mexican  empire  from  those  nations  in  America 
we  liave  already  described,  is  the  number  and  ^ri>at- 
ness  of  its  cities.  W'liile  society  conliiujes  m  n  rude 
slate,  Ihe  wants  of  men  are  so  few.  and  they  sl;uid  so 
tittle  in  need  of  mutual  assistance,  lliat  their  induce- 
ments to  crowd  loijelher  are  extremely  b-eble.  'I'lic' 
imlustry  nl  tlie  same  time  is  so  nnperfect,  that  it  ea  <- 
not  sicure  sulisistence  for  any  considerable  nuinber  ot 
faimhes  »-etlted  in  one  spot.  They  live  dispersed,  at 
this  periiMl,  from  choicr ,  as  welt  as  from  necessity,  or 
at  the  utmost  assemble  in  small  hamlets  mi  *he  banks 
of  tilt!  river  which  supplies  tliein  with  biud.  or  on  th.* 
border  of  some  plain  left  open  by  nature,  or  cleared  by 
their  own  t.ibor.  The  Spanmrds.  ac<'ustomed  to  this 
niode  of  habitation  amoii^r  all  tiie  sava^rc  mlies  with 
which  tliey  were  lutherio  acquainted,  were  astunishcd, 
on  entering  New  Spam,  lo  lind  the  natives  resulini;  in 
towns  of  such  extent  as  roeinbled  those  oi'  Kiirope 
In  tiie  lirst  fervor  of  their  adimnHion,  they  compared 
Zempoalla,  lhouL;li  a  town  only  of  tlie  second  or  llurd 
s:/e,  to  the  cities  of  greatest  note  in  their  own  country. 
When,  afterwards,  ihey  visitid  in  siiecrssion  Tlascala. 
Chobita,  'I'acuba.  'IV/eueo,  and  Mexii-o  ilsi  If,  their 
ama/enient  increased  so  nmch,  that  it  letl  ;hem  to  con- 
vey ideas  of  their  maijmliide  and  populousnes.*  boriler- 
iii^r  on  what  is  incredible.  liven  when  there  in  leisure 
tor  ob.servation,  and  no  interest  that  Icad:^  to  deceive, 
eonjci-tiiral  estimaM-s  of  the  nuinber  of  piople  in  citicA 
are  extremely  loose,  and  usually  much  exap'i'i  rat"tl. 
It  IS  not  surprising,  then,  that  Cortes  and  his  coin- 
|)anions,  little  accustomed  lo  such  eomputations.  and 
|H>wirfiillv  tempted  to  tna^idfy,  m  order  lo  exalt  the 
tiien'  of  the:r  own  disco\ cries  and  coni;uests,  stunild 
have  bet  ti  hi  trayed  into  this  cinnmon  errf>r,  autl  have 
raised  their  descriptions  considerably  alHive  truth.  For 
this  reason,  some  eonsideralile  ali.itement  ouubt  lo  Im- 
matle  tnmi  their  calcul.itions  of  the  miinlKT  ot  mhabi- 
t. lilts  HI  the  Ml  ^tean  cities,  and  we  may  fix  iIh>  si.iii- 
d.ird  of  tlieir  populaium  mucli  hiwi  i  tliaii  tliiy  have 
done  ;  but  si;ll  tin  y  will  appenr  lo  be  eities  of  such 
eoii>eipirnee  as  itre  not  lo  iie  found  but  aiming  pet>ple 
wilt)  lia\e  m.ide  some  con.^nleiidile  jirt)i.'rt  ss  m  the  arts 
!■}  social  tile  [14')]  IVom  their  arrounis,  we  can 
Itaritly  supftuse  Mt  xtco,  the  capital  ol  the  empire,  to 
ba\e   con:ained   fewer  than  sixty  thou^and  mhalntants 

The  separatum  of  profesHnnis  anion;/  llii'  .Mexican.4  is 
a  svniplum  of  miproxenn  nt  no  I'-'s  reiii'irkable.  .\rts, 
in  the  early  ajjes  tj|  society,  ar"  .>o  lew  aiitl  so  "imple. 
'hat  each  u.ati  m  sutliciently  ninstt r  ttf  them  all,  'o 
^ratI!y  every  dt  inaiitl  ol  his  own  limitid  tlesires  The 
suvaire  can  form  Ins  bow,  poml  his  arrows.  rv,\T  his  hut, 
anil  hollow  bis  canoe,  without  calling  in  the  aid  of  any 
hand  more  skilful  than  Ins  own.  'I'mie  must  have  aug- 
mented the  wanl.-t  of  im  n.  and  ripened  their  mgemnty, 
beftire  the  proiluclions  of  art  became  st)  coiii|^icatetl  in 
tlie;r  structure,  or  so  eiinous  m  tlieir  fabric,  tliat  a  par- 
ticular etiur.-ie  of  etiucatlun  was  requisite  lt)wards  form* 
iiit»  the  arlilicer  to  e^pirlne.-'H  in  roiilri\  iiici*  and  wmk- 
Miaii'-hip       In    propoiiion   as    retinenn-iit    spreads,    tlie 


out  into  more  numerous  and  jninute  subdivibions. 
Amon^  i\w  Mexicans,  tins  He|iaralion  of  the  arts  ncf  ea- 
sary  in  life  bad  taken  place  to  a  considerable  ext'.uit. 
The  functions  of  the  mason,  the  weaver,  the  goldsmith, 
the  painter,  and  of  several  other  crafts,  were  carried  on 
by  different  persons.  Kacli  was  ret;ularly  instructed  in 
his  calling.  To  it  nlonu  his  industry  was  confined, 
and  by  assiduous  application  to  one  object.  tOf;clher 
with  the  persevernif;  patience  peculiar  to  Americans, 
their  artisans  attaiiHd  to  a  decree  ol  neatness  and  per- 
fection III  work,  far  beytmd  what  could  have  been  ex- 
pected from  the  rtitle  tools  which  they  employed. 
I'heir  various  productions  were  brought  into  commerce; 
and  by  the  exchange  of  them  in  llin  staled  markets 
held  m  the  cities,  not  only  were  their  mutual  wants 
supplied,  in  such  orderly  intercourse  as  characterizca 
an  itnproved  state  of  society,  but  their  industry  was 
tiailv  rendered  persevering  and  inventive.  ^[^ 

Tiie  distinction  of  ranks  established  m  the  Mexican 
empire,  is  the  next  circimiHtanre  that  merits  attention. 
In  siirveym<;  the  sava^'e  tribes  of  America,  wc  ob- 
served, that  conseimisness  of  equality,  and  impatience 
of  subordination,  are  fieiitnnenis  natural  to  man  in  the 
infancy  of  civil  life.  During  peace,  the  authority  of  a 
supchor  is  hardly  felt  aiium^  tliem,  and  even  in  war  it 
IS  but  little  acknowledged  Stran^t  rs  to  the  idea  of 
property,  the  diflerence  in  condition  lesullinj;  from  the 
inetpiabty  of  it  is  unknown.  Hirlli  or  titles  confer  no 
pre-eminence  ;  it  is  only  by  personal  merit  and  accom- 
plishments that  distinction  can  be  ac(piircd.  The  form 
t)f  society  was  very  tiifl'ereiit  amunt;  the  Mt>xicans. 
The  great  body  of  the  people  was  in  a  most  liumiliatm^ 
state.  A  considerable  numt)er.  known  by  the  name  of 
J/(n/(ii/t/rv,  nearly  resembled  ineoudilion  those  pensanla 
who,  under  variou.s  dencmmatnms,  were  considere<l 
during  th>'  prevalence  of  the  feudal  system,  as  instru- 
ments of  lahor  attached  to  the  soil.  The  Mayaqufa 
could  imi  clianoe  their  place  of  residence  without  per- 
misMoii  of  the  superior  on  whom  tliey  dtjientled.  'I'hey 
were  conveyed,  Itigether  with  the  lands  on  which  they 
were  settleil.  frtun  one  proprietttr  to  another ;  and  were 
tioiintl  to  cultivate  tin-  groiuul,  ami  to  perform  several 
kiiitls  of  servile  work.  IHhers  were  rediiceti  lo  tho 
lowest  form  of  si'l))erIion,  that  of  diunestic  servitude, 
and  felt  ttio  utmost  riijor  of  that  wretched  state.  Their 
condition  wa^  heltl  to  be  so  yde,  and  their  lives  ileemcd 
of  .HO  bitle  value,  that  a  person  wjio  killed  one  of  theso 
slaves  wiis  not  ^snlijeited  to  any  punishment.  V  .,» 
those  con  idered  n^  freemen  were  treated  by  their 
haugby  l-utis  n.%  beings  of  an  inhTior  species  'I'lio 
nobles,  jk  ssessed  of  unipte  territoric.*,  were  d)\ided 
into  various  cta.t>es.  to  each  of  which  peculiar  titles  of 
honor  belonged  Some  of  these  titles,  like  their  laiuU, 
de>'cendetl  frmii  father  to  sun  in  perpetual  sncci^ssuui. 
Others  were  aiine.xetl  to  particular  i>tiices,  or  conferred 
during  tile  rs  marks  of  personal  distinction.  The 
monarcli,  exalted  above  alt,  eiiji>yetl  extensive  jiower 
and  liupreme  dignity  Thus  the  distinction  of  ranks 
was  coinplclelv  est  ihlishett,  in  a  line  of  regular  subor- 
dinalnm,  reailung  fnun  the  liiohest  lo  the  lowest  mem- 
ber t)f  the  lommuintv  liach  ..<  lh(>e  kiH'W  what  ho 
cmitd  claim,  and  what  he  owed.  The  people,  who 
were  not  allowed  to  vMar  a  dress  of  the  same  fashion, 
tir  to  dwell  III  tiouses  of  a  form  similar  lo  those  oi  the 
nobles,  accosted  them  wnli  the  most  submissive  revtv 
rence.  In  the  preseiirr  of  their  soven  lun,  they  dursl 
not  l.fl  ilieir  eves  from  the  groiiti'l,  or  look  bun  in  llio 
\acv.  The  iiohles  themstlves,  when  ailmitted  to  an 
aiuiieiice  of  ttu'ir  sovereiiiii,  enltred  barelootetl,  in 
ini'ati  ga'menls.  and,  as  his  slaves,  paiil  liim  htmnt|;o 
approaching  to  adtuatum  Thi.s  re'»pecl,  due  from  in- 
lenors  lo  those  abtive  thi'in  m  rank,  was  presiribed 
with  such  ceremonious  iimiriicv.  that  it  incorptiraled 
with  the  lingiiaof,  and  influenced  it<<t  genius  and  idimn. 
The  Mexican  tongue  aWountletl  in  expressions  ot  reve- 
leiice  anil  ctuirtesy.  The  style  ami  appellations  us<hI 
Ml  the  intercourse  bt  tween  equals  would  have  been  so 
nnlxM'jining  in  the  mouth  ol  one  in  a  tower  sjihetc, 
when  he  accusted  a  peiMUi  in  higher  rank,  as  to  tio 
deemed  nn  insult  I  1-llij  ll  is  only  m  soeieties,  wliteh 
tune  and  tlie  mstitntmn  of  regular  govermm  nt  have 
moulih'd  into  form,  thai  we  find  such  an  orderly  ar- 
rangement of  men  into  ditbrent  raiiki,  and  such  nicu 
attention  paid  to  their  various  righla. 

The  H))irit  of  the  Mexicans,  thus  fainiliari/ed  nnd 
beiuled  to  subordination,  was  prepared  for  .siibmittm;* 
lo  monarchical  guvernnu'ul.  Hut  the  description  of 
iluir  pt>licy  and  laws,  by  Ihe  Spaniards  who  overturmd 
them,  are  so  inaccurate  and  ctuitradiiiory,  that  it  Is 
dillicult  to  dl  lineate  tlir  loviii  of  their  cini^tmitioii  with 
I  any   precision.      Sometimes    ihev    represent  the    nion- 


distuictjutk  uf  LrolLSfiions  mcrcaye^,  and  they  brunch  I  urchs  of  Mcsico  os  absolute,  duciding  accoriiiiig  tn 


i.ia 


ROHERTSON'S   HISTORY    OP 


:  IP: 


their  pleasure  with  respect  to  every  operation  of  the 
atate.  On  other  occasions,  we  diarovri  the  tnrrn  of 
established  customs  and  laws,  framed  ni  order  to  cir- 
cumscribe the  power  of  the  crown,  and  we  mrct  witli 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  noliles  whicli  scrincd  lo 
be  opposed  as  barriers  against  its  rncrnachmenls. 
This  appearance  of  mcunsisienrv  has  arisen  from  in- 
attention lo  the  innovations  of  Montezuma  upon  the 
Mexican  policy.  Hia  aspinni;  ambition  subvened  Uic 
original  system  of  government,  and  introduced  a  pure 
despotism.  He  disretrarded  the  ancient  laws,  vjolitrd 
the  privileges  held  most  sacred,  and  reduced  hn  sub- 
jects of  every  order  to  the  h'vel  of  slaves,  'i'lie  chiefs, 
or  nobles  of  the  firat  rank,  submitted  lo  *hv  voke  with 
puch  reluctance  tliat,  from  impaticTice  to  shake  it  oil', 
and  hope  of  recovering  their  nshts.  nuiiv  of  them 
courted  the  protection  of  Cortes,  and  joined  a  foreign 
power  a^^inst  their  domestic  oppressor  It  is  not  then 
imdcr  tlie  dominion  of  Montezuma,  but  under  the 
govertiment  of  his  predecessors,  that  we  can  discover 
what  was  iho  original  form  and  genius  of  Mexican 
policy.  From  the  foundation  of  the  monarchy  to  the 
election  of  Montezuma,  it  seems  to  have  subsisted  with 
little  variation,  That  body  of  citizens,  which  may  be 
diatingnir.hed  by  the  name  of  nobility,  formed  the  chit  f 
and  most  rcspectalilo  order  in  the  state.  They  were 
of  various  niiiks,  as  has  been  already  observed,  and 
their  honors  were  acquired  and  tiansnntled  in  ditferenl 
manncra.  Their  number  seems  lu  have  been  great. 
According  tc  an  uulhor  accustomed  to  examine  with 
attention  what  ii"  relates,  there  were  in  the  Mexican 
empire  thirty  of  this  order.  e.irh  of  whom  had  in  his 
teriilories  about  a  h  indred  thousand  people  ;  and  sub- 
ordinate to  these,  there  were  about  three  thousand 
nobles  of  a  lower  etiss.  The  terrilorics  belonging  lo 
the  diiefs  of  'I'ezeuco  and  'I'acnba  were  hardly  inferior 
in  extent  to  liiose  of  ihe  Mexican  fuonarch.  Each  of 
these  possessed  co-npleie  territorial  jurisdiction,  and 
levied  taxes  from  their  own  vassals.  Uut  all  fulUmed 
the  standard  of  Mexico  in  war,  serving  with  a  number 
of  men  in  proportion  to  their  domam.  i.nd  mo»t  of  them 
paid  tribute  to  its  nonarch  as  their  superior  lord. 

In  tracing  those  great  lines  of  tlie  Me^fican  constitu- 
tion, an  iioage  of  leuddl  puhcv.  in  its  most  rigid  form, 
rises  to  view,  and  wc  dl^ce^n  its  tliree  distinguishing 
characteristics,  a  iiobiliiy  possessing  almost  iiuiependont 
authority,  a  people  depressed  into  the  lowest  slate  of 
Bubjcclinn,  and  a  king  inrrusted  with  the  executive 
po^%'er  of  the  state  Its  spirit  and  |)rinciplcs  seem  to 
nave  operated  in  the  New  World  in  the  same  manner 
as  IP  the  aiu-ient.  The  jurisdiction  of  tlie  crown  was 
extremely  limited.  All  real  and  effecUve  authority  was 
ret^  :ied  by  the  Mexican  nobles  in  their  own  hands,  and 
the  ahatlow  of  it  only  left  to  the  king,  .lealuus  to  ex- 
cess itf  tlH'ir  own  riglit.H,  they  guarded  with  the  most 
vigilant  aiuiety  sgninsl  the  eiicroaclnueots  of  their  sove- 
reigns. By  a  fundumental  law  of  the  empire,  it  was 
providtd  that  the  king  should  not  dete.  .,ine  concerning 
any  point  of  general  im|'ortance  without  the  epproba- 
lion  of  a  council  composed  of  the  prime  nobility.  I'n- 
less  he  obtained  their  consent,  he  couh)  iiotfugage  the 
nation  in  war,  nor  could  he  dispose  of  the  most  con- 
Biderahle  branch  of  the  pulilic  reveniM;  at  pleasure  ;  it 
was  a['[>ropriated  to  I'lrtaui  purposes  Irom  which  i( 
could  not  lie  diverted  'jy  ti.e  regal  aulhontv  alone.  In 
order  lo  secure  full  i  llect  to  those  coiistitutional  re- 
flraints,  the  Mexican  noMes  d:d  not  permit  their  crown 
to  descend  liy  mheriunce,  but  dnpOM-d  of  it  Iiy  eh-c 
lion  Ttie  right  of  election  .■«eenis  lo  liave  been 
onginatlv  vested  in  the  whole  body  uf  nobility.  Imt  was 
afterwards  coTnmil  led  lottix  rleclurs,  of  whom  the  duels 
of  Tezeuro  and  Taeuba  were  always  two.  From  res- 
pect for  the  f.irnily  of  their  monarchs.  the  choice  lell 
generally  I'pon  Mune  person  sprung  from  it.  liul  as 
th"  uclivity  and  valor  of  their  prince  were  of  greater 
moment  to  a  peojde  perpeiiially  enuaged  in  war,  than 
a  strict  adhcrenrc  ut  llie  onler  of  birth,  collaterals  ol 
mature  age  or  of  ilistingiuslied  merit  were  often  pre- 
ferred lo  those  who  were  nearer  tlie  throne  in  iiireet 
descent.  To  this  maxim  in  iheir  pohev.  the  Mexicans 
appear  to  be  indebted  for  such  a  succession  of  able  und 
warlike  princes,  as  taised  their  empire  in  a  short  (leiod 
to  that  exlraordinarv  height  of  power  which  it  had  at- 
tained when  rorirs  landed  in  New  Spain, 

While  ilic  juriMliction  of  the  .Mex-can  riionan'h  con 
tinned  to  be  limited,  it  is  iTobwhle  that  it  was  i-xercisetl 
Wt(!i  ItMle  oiteiitaiion  lint  as  tin  ir  uiithurilv  bc'ii'tic 
in^re  extensive,  the  ^ph•lRlur  of  their  go^ermuent  aug- 
mented It  was  in  this  bst  slu*e  tiiat  the  .Spaniards 
beheld  i(  ;  and  ^lnlck  with  the  appearance  of  Monte- 
auma*B  (  otirt,  thev  d(  scrihe  hh  (lomp  at  ureal  length, 
anU  with  much  admiration     The  number  of  bia  aitend- 


ants,  the  order,  the  silence,  and  the  reverence  with 
which  they  served  him  ;  the  extent  of  his  royal  man* 
sion,  ih'i  variety  of  lis  apartments  allotted  lo  diiriTcnt 
otiicers,  and  the  ostentulion  with  which  his  grandeur 
wa.s  displayed,  whenever  he  permitted  his  suiijects  to 
behold  liitii,  seem  lo  resemble  the  magniticeiice  of  the 
ancient  monarchies  in  Asia,  rather  than  the  bhnplicity 
o(  the  infant  state.-*  in  the  New  World. 

Hut  it  was  not  in  the  mere  parade  of  royally  that 
the  Mexican  potentates  exhibited  llieir  power  ;  ihey 
luaiiifested  it  more  betielicially  in  the  order  und  regu- 
larilv  with  which  they  conducled  the  internal  adminis- 
tralion  and  police  of  iheir  durniuituts.  Coinpleie  juris- 
diction, civil  as  well  as  criminal,  over  its  own  imme- 
diate vassals,  was  vested  in  the  crown.  Judges  were 
appointed  for  each  ilepartment  ;  and  if  we  iimv  rely  on 
the  account  which  ihe  Spanish  writers  give  of  the  max- 
ims and  laws  upon  which  thev  founded  their  dectsions 
with  respect  to  the  distribuiion  of  property  and  the 
punishment  of  crimes,  justice  was  administered  in  the 
Slexican  empire  with  a  deyree  of  order  and  eipniy 
resembling  what  lakes  place  in  societies  hightv  civilized. 

Their  attention  in  providing  for  llie  support  of  uovern- 
ineiit  was  not  less  sagacious).  Taxes  were  l.iiil  upon 
land,  upon  the  acquisitions  uf  industry,  and  upon  com- 
modiltes  oi  every  kind  exposed  to  sale  m  the  public 
markets.  These  duties  were  considerahle,  hut  not 
arbitrary  or  eMcqual.  They  were  iniiiosed  according 
to  established  ..iles,  and  each  knew  what  share  of  the 
common  burden  he  had  to  bear.  As  the  use  of  money 
was  unknown,  all  the  taxes  werr  ■  ..u  in  kind  ;  and  thus 
not  only  the  nalunil  prmluclions  of  ill  the  ditVerent  pro- 
vinces lu  the  empire,  hut  t-very  sj)eeies  of  manufacture, 
and  every  work  of  ingenuity  and  art,  were  colhcted  m 
the  public  storehouses.  From  those  the  emperor  sup- 
plied his  numerous  train  of  alleitdanis  in  [>eace,  and  his 
armies  during  war,  with  food,  with  clulhes,  and  orna- 
ments. Feople  of  itilerior  coiublion.  neitlier  possess- 
ing land  nor  eng.iged  in  commerce,  were  l»ound  to  the 
performance  of  various  services  By  their  fttuteii  labor 
Ihe  crown  lands  were  cultivated,  public  works  were 
carried  on,  anil  tiie  various  houses  belonging  to  llie 
einiieror  were  built  and  kept  m  repair.   [14?J 

The  mi|iroved  stale  of  governmenl  among  the  Mex- 
icans is  conspicuous,  not  onlv  m  jioinls  essential  to  the 
being  of  a  well  ordered  society,  Inii  in  several  regul.i- 
tions  of  inferior  conseijiience  with  respect  lo  polici-. 
The  instilution  which  I  have  ulreadv  inentioncd,  of 
public  couriers,  stationed  at  proper  intervals,  to  con- 
vey intelligence  from  one  part  of  the  empire  to  the 
other,  was  a  retineriH'nt  in  police  not  inlrotluced  into 
any  kingdom  of  Kurope  at  that  period.  The  structure 
uf  the  capital  citv  in  a  lake,  with  uriilicial  dykes,  and 
causeways  of  great  lenglli,  which  served  as  avenues  to 
It  from  ditlerent  rpiarters,  creeled  in  the  water,  with  no 
less  ingeiiuily  than  labor,  seems  to  be  an  idea  thai 
coiihl  not  ha\e  occurred  to  any  hut  u  civilized  peojile. 
The  same  observation  may  be  applied  to  the  structure 
of  tlie  aqueducts  or  eonduils.  by  winch  thev  conveyed 
a  stream  ef  fresh  water  from  a  considcruhlu  distance, 
into  the  city,  along  one  of  the  eauaewavs.  f  I'WJ  The 
appointment  of  a  number  of  pirsons  to  ch-an  the  street.^, 
to  light  them  bv  tires  kinilhd  in  dillerent  places,  and 
to  patrol  as  waichmen  during  the  tiiuhl,  d!!«eovers  u 
degree  of  attention  wiiieb  even  polished  nations  are 
late  in  acquiring. 

The  progress  oi  Ihe  Mexicans  in  various  arts  is  con- 
sidered as  the  MUJst  deeis've  proof  of  their  superior  re- 
tinemi  nt.  Curli.*  and  the  e.irly  Spanish  authors  de- 
scribe tins  witii  raplun.aiKl  uiamtaiii.lh.it  the  most 
eelelirated  liUropeun  artists  could  not  surpass  or  even 
equal  lliein  m  ingeniiiiy  and  neatness  uf  workmansiup 
Tlicy  represented  men,  auniidls,  and  oilier  ohjrcts,  liy 
such  a  dispotilion  of  various  colored  feathers,  as  is  said 
to  have  proiliiced  all  the  e!leeti4  of  light  and  shade,  and 
lo  have  imitated  ualuru  wilh  truth  and  dehcacv  'Hieir 
ornaments  of  gold  and  silver  have  been  dcKcnhed  to  be 
of  a  f.ibnc  no  less  curious.  But  in  forming  any  idea 
from  general  doscriptioriH,  concerning  the  state  of  arts 
among  nations  iin{>erfectly  polished,  we  are  extremely 
ready  to  ea.  In  examining  the  works  of  people  whose 
ailvances  in  improvement  are  nearly  the  saint  with  our 
own,  we  view  them  wilh  a  critical  and  often  with  a 
jealous  eve  Whereas  when  conscious  of  our  own 
Miperiority.  we  survey  the  arts  of  nations  comparatively 
rude,  wc  are  usioni^hed  at  works  executed  by  Uiotu 
uii(!er  Niich  manifest  distidvaiitHues.  and,  m  the  warmth 
ol  our  admiraiion,  are  apt  lo  rt  present  them  asiirodui- 
tioiii  more  tinuhed  ihaii  they  really  are.  To  the  inllu- 
ence  of  this  iPusion.  withoul  supposing  any  inleiition 
to  decetve,  we  may  impute  ihe  exaggeration  of  some 
Spanish  authors,  m  thetr  ucounu  of  tho  Mexican  artt. 


It  is  not  from  those  descriptions,  but  from  eonairier- 
ing  such  specimens  of  their  arts  as  are  still  preaervcA 
that  we  must  decule  concerning  that  degree  of  merit. 
As  the  hinp  in  which  (-'orles  ^ent  to  Charles  V.  the 
most  curious  productions  of  the  Mexican  artis.inflt 
which  were  collected  by  the  Spaniards  when  ihey  (irst 
pillaged  the  enq)irp,  was  taken  by  a  french  corsair,  the 
remaiiii'  of  their  ingenuity  are  less  numerous  than  those 
of  the  I'eruvmns.  Whether  a  i\  of  their  works  with 
feathers,  in  imitation  of  pain  iii^.  be  slill  extant  in 
Spain,  I  have  not  learned  ;  but  ^iianv  oi' their  ormuiients 
in  i!ohl  and  Kilver.  as  w"!!  .i,-,  .arioiis  nlensds  employed 
in  common  lite,  are  deposited  iit  Ihe  magniticeiil  ca- 
binet of  natural  and  atliticial  productions  lately  opened 
by  the  king  of  Sp.im  ;  -iiid  1  am  mlonuetl  by  lUTNons 
on  whose  judgment  and  la:*ie  I  can  rely,  ihat  these 
boasted  ellorts  of  their  art  are  muouih  rejin'sentationa 
of  common  objects,  or  very  coarse  images  of  the  human 
and  some  other  forms,  destitute  of  grace  und  propriety. 
[149]  The  justness  of  t!iet«e  observations  is  eonlirmed 
by  inspecting  the  wooden  prints  and  cojiper  plates  of 
llieir  paintings,  which  have  been  pubbslicd  by  various 
authors.  In  them  every  figure  of  men,  of  quailriipeds, 
or  birds,  as  well  as  every  representation  of  luanimatdd 
nature,  is  extremely  rude  and  awkwird*  The  hardest 
Ku'Vptian  style,  still"  and  imperfect  as  it  was,  is  more 
elegant.  The  scrawls  of  eiuidren  delineate  ••bjects 
almost  aa  accurately. 

But  however  low  the  Mexican  paintinns  may  bo 
ranked,  whiui  viewed  merely  as  works  of  art,  a  very 
ilili'erent  slalu)n  helongs  lo  lliem  when  ronsidered  as 
the  records  of  their  country,  as  hisiorical  monuments 
of  Its  policy  and  transactions;  and  ihey  become  cu- 
rious OS  well  as  mleresting  objects  of  attention.  'i"ho 
noblest  and  most  benelicial  invention  of  whicu  human 
iiiL'cmiuv  can  boast,  is  that  ot  wnnng.  But  the  first 
essays  of  this  art,  which  hath  contributetl  uiore  ihaii  all 
olh<rs  to  the  iiuprovement  ot  tue  species,  were  very 
rude,  antl  it  advanced  towards  pertrction  slowly,  and 
bv  a  gradual  proiiression.  When  llie  wiirnor,  eagci 
lor  fame,  wished  to  Iraiistuit  some  knowled<^^u  of  hid 
exploits  to  si'cceediiig  ages  ;  wlien  the  jiratitude  of  a 
people  to  their  sovereign  prompted  tliein  lo  hand  down 
an  account  of  his  benetii-eut  deed?  to  poslerily  ;  the 
t'lrst  method  of  accomplishnn;  this,  which  >eeuis  lo  have 
occurred  to  them,  was  to  delinealc,  in  the  best  munoer 
Ihey  could,  hguri--"*  representitig  the  aclion,  ot  which 
thev  weru  solicitous  lo  jireserve  ihi?  memory.  Of  this, 
winch  has  very  properly  been  calle<l  putiire  trritin<s, 
we  find  truces  among  some  of  tlie  most  suvagb 
tribes  of  America.  Wlieii  a  Ie;ider  returns  from  llio 
liehl.  he  strips  a  tree  of  its  bark,  and  wilh  red  paint 
scratches  u|H>n  it  some  uncouth  ligurcs  which  represent 

*  As  as)M>ciim}i)  of  ihu  spirit aii<l  siylti  in  wlucti  M.  Chtvi- 
ceri>  niakL-.s  liin  titt  icturt-.n  U|kiii  iii>  iliiilory  o(  AiiiL-ricu,  I  sh.iil 
|>uIiIimIi  lii.s  ri'ii.arks  upon  lliis  puftsagr.  "  Thus  lar  llolwrt- 
smi;  tuwhnin  wo  answer,  iirsi,T>uit  there  i»  no  reaittu)  to 
lieliuve  lliHt  tl..it,(-  ru<lr  works  wt;ru  riiiihy  Mrxicaii:  iccuiiilly, 
Thiit  iit'ithei  tin  \se  kii'ivv  uliether  thiisu  [h-'ihiiiih  hi  whoso 
jMtl«iiieiil  hrcoiitiitcs,  in;iy  he  perHnnMit  lo  merit  our  t-iith,  tte- 
riiuse  we  have  <il»M'rvi>il  Ihat  itoln-rtiioii  truxlH  fre<(ueiitly  to 
tliL'  testiuioiiy  ui  (latte,  t'orreal,  Ibtitfiie/, ami  ulhur  such  au- 
Ihum,  who  are  enti.'t^ly  uuileservuiit  ot  crciiii :  thiritly.  It  is 
Mi.xe  probahie  (h;it  llie  arms  of  copper,  l<*lu'vecl  hy  ihoKe  in- 
i«hii,'eiit  jn'l«('H  to  he  CLTlnuily  Uiitiiilal,  are  re.illy  Mexican." 
Vol.  II.  ;t'JI.-~NVIiuh  HO  author,  not  entirely  Uesiiiule  ol  in- 
It  irnty  or  tlmci'miiR-iit,  ami  \%ho  |iu.i  soniL>  MiliL-itu^lt:  aixait 
ins  owncharaciir,  a.sseri.-i  that  he  recnvivl  lu.n  iiilorni:itina 
conetruinjt  any  particular  point  Imm  err(»on»  "  on  whoso 
juil«iiiL'nl  uinl  lasif  he  can  rvly  ;"  u  vejy  nit'iider  dc«reo  of 
I  amlor,  oou  shoiiia  Ihiiik,  iiUKtit  iii'lucu  the  rcidt-r  lo  ih^Iiuvu 
that  \w  (loiM  not  I'utU-nvor  to  iniposu  upon  thi>  puhlu-  hy  iin 
appeal  lu  lesiniioiiy  aituuelliurunnorlin  ol  credit.  .M>  inlor- 
iiiatum  (oncvrhUiKllic  Mexican  worKsoi  .nrt,  :MtnUeii  m  lliu 
kiii){  uf  Spain's  cuhiuet,  was  r'.ceivi-tj  lioiri  '  iti  latu  Lurii 
(Jrantliaiu,  snilinssiiilur  eMraonliiiaiy  iiuui  ilnni)urt  of  Loi»- 
tiiin  to  that  lU  MiiUrnl,  ami  Ironi  Mr.  Anhuearon  WrtUdilove, 
(hapluinto  Ihu  emhaMtty  i  aii>t  it  was  upon  their  iu)th«nly  that 
I  proiioiuieeil  tlutcuulol  annor.  nicntioiu-il  iii  tlie  (lolu.tobti 
ol  Oriental  tuhrir.  As  they  went  Ixali  ai  Mtuliidni  iheu  pub- 
he  (  har.ictcr,  when  Ihe  firnt  udltlon  ol  the  Mistorv  of  America 
Wii.s  puttliKhc'l,  t  thou'-'ht  It  iliiproprr  nt  ihat  linir  lu  nientiuii 
their  nunie^.  th>l  (hen  ileciNion  (-oiii-rriunuautsllerol  lante, 
Ol  their  tfisiiriiuiiv  coiiceruuiK  a  imihiI  ui  luI,  sta.ut  ih  ueetl 
ofconlirmalion,  I  uil«ht  prinluce  the  oii.lence  ol  an  intelll- 
^eht  travf  Hit,  wIiu,  iatlescribma  lliu  rovalcahinel  ol  MaUriii* 
takes  iiouce  that  it  cuitlaius  "  s^fceiuii^n.^  ol  .Stexiean  ai.d  Ve- 
ruvianutrn.silii,  va.>es,  &c.  la  eartheiiwure,  wretchol  both  n 
ta»t8  antl  exeration."  UilloirsTraveli  throunh  S|.aui,  p.  77. 
As  lJft«u  eoaiposeii  tus  Survey  "l  New  Spam  with  all  tlio  zeal 
auit  aeniiioay  of  a  now  cunvurt,  I  havu  (uiil  hUhi  rcKard  to 
\\\h  tesliihoay  with  re«i>«cl  to  iKunln  reliitiiiK  I"  rchsina.  Bui 
as  he  reitiilKil  m  iftveral  pnivnictis  iii  Nuw  Hpaiii.  whnti  tra 
velluis  selduiii  visit,  add  an  hn  iteeins  to  have  nhservud  Iholi 
inaatieri  and  laws  with  an  inielhiieai  eye,  I  have  availed  aijr* 
Kt  11  uf  III'*  tiiltrnnatioii  with  re  •perl  lonnttters  wliire  lehtjloiM 
opiiiioa  I  oalti  have  little  uittucntc.  Correal  I  iiavi  .seuttun 
<(U»teil,  and  never  restnd  uikui  hinnvidonce  aloiio  Tho  »ta^ 
uon  la  which  lt>at(n<:K  vvsk  uaiphnvd  m  Aiaenc.i,  as  well  ua 
11(0  ciedU  (jiveu  to  his  vcnieily,  iiv  prinlmi<  hu  Hemio  Jesu- 
iii.o  aiaonx  th"  laiK*'  colh-etion  o|  do.  uintiits  piiiili'.hpd  (as 
1  hui'vve  hv  nulhonly)  at  Madrid,  A- U.  17«7,juaiiUe»  tnc  far 
a^'t'v'aling  to  jus  tuttaanty 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


from  rons»ln^ 
'  "iill  pmervcd 
lii'Krci'  of  merit. 
If'liarlcs  V.  the 
I'Jiiian   arlisans, 
livhrii  they  iir»t 
[Mill  comair,  tho 
irons  than  those 
|t'ir  works  with 
"III!  I'jiurit   ill 
|th<>irorn;iiiirnts 
I'lisils  c'ilijiloycil 
IllliUMillici'luV.v 
li»  liilrly  n|ii<ncd 
IiikmI  hy  prTsoiis 
Iri'ly,  that  ihcsu 
1  ri  pri'si'nlalions 
IPS  of  ihu  hiiinaii 
|i"  ami  |)ro[irii'ty. 
lins  i.s  lonlirimil 
|o|i|«'r  pljics  of 
Vird   by  various 
of  i|iiaclrii|iiMl3, 

'  of  inai aliid 

*  'Ihu  liardcst 
I  it  was,  IS  more 
I'hm'alc   .'lijecls 

"linus  may  bo 
of  art.  a  very 
coimiilcri'd  as 
lal  iiionumi'iiis 
ly  Imtouk:  ni- 
lii'riiinn.     'I'ho 
"liHu  hiiMian 
iiut  tl.c  lirst 
1  n.orc  than  all 
rii's.  Ki'w  very 
ion  hlinvly,  mij 
warrior,  cai;ci 
.>«liilu'o  of  hid 
liratiiiidc  of  a 
1  (0  hand  down 
|MiMiTiiy  ;  the 
.MiMiis  to  have 
III'  lii'st  iihiniii'r 
I'lion,  of  which 
nory.     ( )('  ihia, 
iiiliirr  irriliii!,', 
:    most   huvnfie 
inriis  from  tho 
will)  red  jiaint 
vhli'h  ri'iiri'scnt 

»lm:li  .M.  l'Ijh- 
AniLTira,  I  sli.ui 

'lius  tar  H.itwrt- 

IH  no  roaHiiii  ui 

xican ;  iL-t-uiitily, 

riiuuH   III  wliuso 

■ritiMirl.iitli,  he- 
ll* fu'.)iu'iitiv  to 
otIiL-r  Mirli  an- 

I .  llur.ll),  li  I., 

|>'I  liy  lli..»o  111- 

Mlly  Mi-iiiMii." 

(JcXIIIllli-  »|    111- 

I'llL-nuiic  alMtut 
Ills  liil<>riii.ilit>i) 
w   "  on  wfKwo 
■iitler  dciirtio  «f 
."li-r  In  nclii.vi) 
K  imlilir  l,y  im 
'lit.     M)  liilor- 
poMled  in  Ihu 
■  u)  latu  LoM 
iimirl  iiri.ui|. 
Ml  VVKiiililuve, 
aullii.nty  Ihkt 
lliu  noiu,  ttilje 
Klinllii-irpiib* 
T*  "1  AiiRTica 
IP  lu  iiiinitiuii 
lall'T  ol  CmIo, 
tl^i.id  111  iieuu 
"I  an  nilulli- 
nel  ul  Miidnii* 
xii'ait  ai.il  J>0. 
t>li.'.l  both  n 
h  f^i'ain,  p.  77. 
Ill  all  llio  iral 
111"  ronard  10 
'c'lmiun.  Out 
n.  wliK'h  Ira 
JisiTVHd  thafi 
0  availed  my- 
licrt-  ii'liffloiul 
liavi  .svlili'in 
10      Tint  al^ 
1.  an  vvi'll  ua 
Ht'uau  Je»u» 
imlili^hml  (a> 
stulec  me  for 


168 


Chn  order  cf  hi*  march,  the  luimbcr  of  his  follovvcrfi,  the 
enemy  whtm  he  ittucked,  the  scalps  and  captivcn  which 
^  liruiight  home.  To  thofp  fliinph;  annals  he  tni'^is 
for  reiinw.-t,  and  sootltea  himself  with  hope  that  by  their 
mfians  hi'  shall  receive  praise  from  llie  warriors  of  fu- 
ture times. 

(Compared  with  those  awkward  essays  of  their  aavngc 
countrvmen,  (he  paintinL's  of  the  Mrxirans  may  he  cun- 
ftidi-ri-c  as  works  of  cun)|H>Kitioii  and  di^si^n.  'I'htiy 
were  not  flcqiiamtcd,  it  is  true,  with  any  other  metliod 
of  recording  transactions  than  that  uf  dtlmuating  the 
objects  which  they  wislitd  to  represent.  But  tliey 
could  exliitut  n  more  complex  series  of  events  in  pro- 
pressive  order,  and  describe,  by  a  proper  disposition  of 
figures,  the  occurrences  of  a  kin^^'s  reiyn  from  his  ac- 
cession to  hi.s  dejth  ;  the  pro^resH  of  an  infant's  edu- 
cation from  itH  birth  until  it  attain  to  the  years  of  ma- 
ttinty  ;  the  ditVerent  recompenses  and  marks  of  distinc- 
tion conferred  upon  warriors,  in  prufiortion  to  the 
exploits  which  they  had  performed.  •Some  singular 
Npecimcns  of  this  picture  writm>;  have  been  preserved, 
which  are  justly  considered  as  tlie  most  curious  monu- 
nicnts  of  art  brought  from  the  New  World.  'I  he  most 
valuable  of  the^o  was  published  by  Purchas  in  sixty-aix 
plates.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts.  The  first  con- 
tains the  hiHtnry  of  the  Mexican  empire  under  its  ten 
monarch^.  The  second  is  a  tribute  roll,  representing 
wlia*.  each  eniiqucred  town  paid  into  the  royal  treasury. 
The  third  is  a  code  of  their  inslitulions,  domestic,  po- 
litical, and  military.  Another  specimen  of  Mexican 
fuintiug  has  been  published  in  thirty-two  plates,  by  the 
present  archbishop  of  Toledo.  To  both  is  annexed  a 
full  explanation  of  what  the  figures  were  intended  to 
represent,  which  was  obtained  by  the  S[>aniaril.s  from 
indians  well  acquainted  with  their  own  arts.  The 
Btyle  of  paiti'ing  in  ill  ihtsr  is  the  same  Tliey  reprn- 
•rnt  thint:s,  not  tmrds.  Thev  exhibit  imagi>s  to  tlie 
eye,  not  ideas  to  the  uiiderstandinj^.  'J'hey  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  the  earliest  and  mo.^t  imjurffct 
essay  of  nun  in  their  proiiress  towards  discovering  the 
art  of  wTitmg  'I'he  defects  m  this  mode  uf  recording 
transactions  must  have  liecn  cnrly  IcU  To  paint  every 
ucciirrcnct!  was  from  its  nature  a  Vi  ry  tedious  opera- 
tion ;  and  a*-  affairs  became  more  complicnted,  arid 
t'vents  multiplied  in  >iny  society,  its  annuls  must  have 
swelled  to  HO  enormous  bulk.  Desides  this,  no  objects 
could  he  delineated  but  those  of  sense  ;  the  concep- 
tions of  tlie  m.nd  had  no  corporeal  form  ;  and  as  lung 
as  picture  writmg  could  not  convey  an  idea  of  llirse.  it 
must  have  been  a  very  imperfect  iirt.  The  necessity 
uf  improving  it  must  have  loused  and  sharpened  inven- 
tion ;  and  llie  human  uund,  holduig  the  same  course  in 
the  New  World  as  m  the  Old,  mit*lit  have  advanced  by  the 
name  successive  steps,  first,  from  an  actual  picture  to 
the  plain  hicrni:typhic  ;  next  to  the  alle<^oricul  svmbol  ; 
then  to  the  arbitrary  character  ;  until,  at  length,  an 
alphabet  of  letters  was  discovered,  cnpalile  of  express- 
ing all  the  various  combinations  of  sound  emploved  in 
speedi.  In  the  paintings  of  ihc  Me.tirans  vvi- accord- 
ingly perceive  that  this  progress  was  begun  among 
them.  Cpon  an  attentive  msjMctiun  of  'he  plates, 
which  I  have  mentioned,  we  may  observe  some  ap- 
proiich  to  the  plain  or  sintiile  hieroglyphic,  where  some 
pnncipiil  part  or  circuin*<tatice  in  the  subject  is  inudt*  to 
st.tiiil  (or  the  whole  In  the  annals  of  ihnr  kings,  pub- 
hsluil  by  I'urchas,  the  towns  conquered  by  each  are 
llui!orinly  represented  in  llie  s:iine  manner  by  a  rude 
delineurion  of  a  house  ;  but  in  order  to  point  nut  the 
pailirutar  towns  whicii  submitted  to  their  victorious 
arms,  peculiar  emblcm«».  someitmeB  natural  objects, 
and  sometimes  urtiticial  llu'ures,  nr*?  emploved.  In  the 
tribute-roll  pubhshed  liy  the  Archbishop  of 'I'olcdo,  the 
hou.se  which  wa.H  properly  the  picture  of  the  town,  is 
oinittcd,  and  the  emideiii  uluoa  is  en.ploved  to  represent 
it  'I'he  Mexican.^  s*em  avcii  to  hiive  made  some  ad- 
vances beyond  this,  towards  the  um-  of  the  more  tiirura- 
tive  and  fanciful  hieroglyphic.  In  order  to  describe  a 
monarch  who  had  enlarged  his  dommious  bv  tbrce  of 
arms,  they  painted  a  target  ornamented  with  darts,  r.nd 
placed  it  bctweun  him  and  those  towns  which  he  sub- 
dued. Hut  II  IS  only  in  one  instance,  tho  notation  of 
DiunbfTs,  thav  wp  discern  any  atieiii|ii  to  exhibit  ideas 
which  had  no  corporeal  lorm.  The  Mexican  painters 
had  invented  artMicial  maik^,  or  siijns  uf  conrentum 
for  this  purpow*  By  means  nf  these,  they  computed 
Uio  veurs  of  tlieir  kings"  reign!",  us  well  as  the  aaioum 
of  Inbijto  to  be  paid  into  the  royal  treaiurv  Tlie  liumn 
of  a  ciirle  represented  unit  ;  and  in  small  numberf 
the  ci,inputali(m  was  made  by  repeating  it,  lArivr 
numbers  were  expressed  by  a  peculiar  mark  ,  and  ihrv 
lud  such  as  denon .'  all  mtegial  numbers,  from  twvKtr 
-JO  jight  thuakand.     lliu  short  duration  of  lotur  eiuiitf* 


prevented  the  Mexicans  from  advancing  further  in  that 
long  course  winch  conducts  men  from  the  laiior  of  de- 
lineating real  objects,  to  the  simplicity  and  ease  of 
alphabetic  writing.  'I'heir  records,  notwithstanding 
some  dawn  of  such  ideas  as  might  have  led  to  a  more 
perfect  style,  can  dc  considered  as  little  moT'.;  than  a 
species  of  picture-writing,  eo  far  improved  as  to  mark 
their  sujieriority  over  the  savage  tribes  of  America  ;  but 
still  so  defective  as  to  prove  that  tliey  had  not  proceed- 
ed far  beyond  the  first  stage  in  tiiat  progrt  ss  v\hich 
must  bn  completed  before  any  people  can  be  ranked 
among  pohslud  nations.  [ir>OJ 

Their  mode  of  computing  time  may  be  considered 
as  a  more  decisive  evidence  of  their  progress  m  im- 
provement. 'I'hey  divided  their  year  into  eighteen 
months,  consisting  of  twenty  days  ;  amounting  in  all 
to  three  hundred  and  sixty.  But  as  they  observed  that 
the  course  of  the  sun  was  not  completed  in  that  time, 
they  added  live  days  to  tho  year.  These,  which  were 
properly  intercalary  days,  tliey  termed  aupernumerarxj 
or  waste  i  and  as  they  did  not  belong  to  any  month,  no 
work  was  done,  and  no  sacred  vilo  performed  on  them  ; 
they  were  devoted  wholly  to  festivity  and  pastime.* 
'I'his  near  approach  to  philosophical  accuracy  is  a  re- 
markable proof,  that  the  Mexicans  had  besiuwed  some 
atteiuion  upon  inquiries  and  speculations  to  which  men 
in  a  very  rude  state  never  turn  their  thoughts. 

Such  arc  the  moat  striking  particulars  m  the  manners 
and  policy  of  the  Mexicans,  which  exhibit  them  to  view 
as  a  people  considerably  refined.  Hut  from  otlier  cir- 
cumstances, one  IS  apt  to  sus|)€Ct  that  their  character, 
and  many  of  their  institutions,  did  not  differ  greatly 
from  those  of  the  other  inhabitants  of  America. 

Like  the  rude  tribes  around  then.,  the  Mexicans  were 
incessantly  engaged  in  war,  and  the  motives  which 
prompted  them  to  hostility  seem  to  have  been  the 
same.  They  foiiyht  in  order  to  graiify  their  vengeance 
by  sheddnig  the  liiood  of  their  enemies.  In  battle  they 
were  chielly  intent  ou  Inking  prisoners  ;  and  it  was  by 
the  number  of  these  that  they  estimated  the  glory  of 
victory.  No  capti\e  was  ever  ransomed  or  spared. 
All  were  Kacriliccd  williciit  mercy,  and  iheir  (lesh 
devoured  with  the  same  barbarous  joy  as  among  the 
fiercest  aavages.  On  some  occasions  it  aro.-ii:  to  even 
wilder  excesseH.  Their  jiruicipal  warriors  covered 
themselves  with  the  skins  of  the  unhappy  victims,  and 
danced  about  the  streets,  buastmg  of  their  own  valor, 
and  exulting  over  ihctr  enemies.  lAcn  m  their  civil 
mstitutiuns  we  discover  traces  of  that  barbarous  dis- 
position which  their  system  of  war  itispired.  The  four 
<hief  counsellors  of  the  finpire  were  distiupuislipd  by 
titles,  which  coiild  have  been  assumed  only  by  a  peo- 
ple who  delighted  in  bkod.  [151]  This  ferocitv  "f 
character  prevaded  amo..g  all  the  nations  of  New 
Spain.  The  TIascalans,  the  people  of  Mechoacan,  and 
otlier  states  at  enmity  with  the  Mexicans,  dehglited 
equally  in  war,  and  treated  their  prisoners  with  the 
same  cruelty.  In  proportion  as  mankind  combine  in 
social  union,  and  live  undi>r  the  influence  of  equal  lawn 
and  regular  [>olicy,  their  manners  soften,  sentiments  of 
humanity  arisi*,  and  the  rights  of  the  species  come  to 
lie  undirstood  The  fiercen"ss  of  war  attates,  and 
even  while  engaged  in  liostuity,  men  remember  what 
they  owe  one  to  another.  'Hio  savage  fiL'hts  to  de- 
stroy, tho  citizen  to  conquer  The  former  neitiicr 
piiies  no*  spares,  the  latter  has  acquired  sensibility 
winch  tempers  hi6  rage  To  Oi.s  sensibdity  the  Mevi- 
caiis  seem  to  hive  been  perfect  strangers  ;  and  amimg 
them  war  was  carried  on  with  so  much  of  itn  original 
barbaritv.  that  \\v.  cannot  but  susjiect  their  degree  uf 
civiliialion  to  have  been  very  imperfect 

Their  funeral  ritea  were  not  Icbs  bloody  than  those 
of  the  nioftl  savage  Irilfea.  On  the  death  of  any  dis- 
tinguished peraonage,  mpecia  ly  of  the  emperor,  a  cer- 
tain number  of  his  attendant)  were  chosen  to  accom- 
pany bun  to  the  other  world  ;  and  those  unfortunate 
\icliins  were  put  to  death  without  mercy,  and  buried 
111  the  Maini!  tomb. 

Though  tbi  ir  agriculture  wa}  more  extensive  than 
that  of  the  roving  tribes  who  liusted  chiefly  to  their 
bow  fur  hiod,  it  seems  not  to  have  supplied  them  with 
sudi  Bubsistrnce  as  men  ret,ure  when  engaged  in 
"fforls  of  active  uidu?trv  The  .Spaniards  appear  not 
to  have  been  struck  with  anv  superiority  of  tho  Mexi- 
cans over  the  other  people  ol  America  m  bodily  vigor 
Ihuh,  accorJiig  to  their  observation,  were  of  such  a 
h  rt'le  frame  as  to  be  unable  to  endure  fatt^ue,  and  the 

•  'llif  M.  iiciin  TTi'ide  III  roinimtina  linie,  aiut  every  nilipr 
pnrticuliii  .1  Mttttit  to  Tlieir  cnrnnolrtrv,  lisvt- N  en  tuiiitiiliT- 
nlily  e)i>'  -tatfl  by  M.  Claviftrro.  vol.  i.  t8n;  vul.  ii.  *Jd6,  .be. 
Ttw  otHM  -vitltnns  aiiil  thiiorios  of  tbo  Mniu-ans  conceniinij 
*lkt«o  nut  I  u  Uiscuver  a  nT*>atcr  pmprrss  in  fpeciil»tivo 
u>»..t  wu  t)Xk<l  among  any  i^eojtle  ir  'ixfy  Nnw  WuiM. 


strength  of  one  Spaniard  exceeded  that  of  several  In- 
dians. This  they  imputed  to  their  scanty  diet,  on  poof 
fare,  sullicient  to  preserve  life,  but  not  to  give  firmncaa 
to  their  cunstilutiun.  Such  a  remark  could  hardly 
have  been  made  with  respect  to  any  people  furnished 
plentifully  with  the  necessaries  of  life.  The  difficulty 
which  (?urtes  found  in  procuring  subsistence  for  his 
small  body  of  soldiers,  who  were  often  constrained  to 
live  on  the  spontaneous  productions  of  the  earth,  seems 
to  confirm  the  remark  of  the  Spanish  wiiters,  and 
gives  no  high  idea  of  the  slate  of  cultivation  in  tho 
Mexican  empire. 

A  practice  ihal  was  universal  in  New  Spain  appears 
to  favor  tins  opinion.  The  Mexican  women  gave  suck 
to  their  cliildren  for  several  years,  and  duiing  that  Urn" 
they  did  not  cohabit  with  their  husbands.  This  pre- 
caution against  a  burdensome  increase  of  progeny, 
though  necessary,  as  I  have  already  observed,  among 
savages,  who  from  the  hardships  of  their  condition,  and 
the  precariousness  of  their  subsistence,  find  it  impossi- 
ble to  rear  a  numerous  family,  can  hardly  be  supposed 
to  have  continued  among  a  people  who  lived  at  cuso 
and  m  abiinrtnnce. 

'J'lie  vast  extent  of  the  Mexican  empire,  which  has 
been  considered,  and  with  justice,  as  the  most  decisivo 
proof  of  a  considerable  progress  in  regular  government 
and  police,  is  one  of  those  facts  in  the  history  of  iho 
New  World  which  seems  to  have  been  admitted  with- 
out due  exanmiHtion  or  sufficient  evidence.  The  Spa- 
nish historians,  in  order  to  magnify  the  valor  of  tiioir 
countrymen,  are  accustomed  to  represent  the  domirooa 
nf  Montezuma  as  stretching  over  all  the  prorinci'S  ol 
New  Spain  from  the  Nortliern  to  the  Southern  OceOD. 
But  a  great  part  of  the  mountainous  country  wa^  pos- 
sessed by  the  Otomtrs,  a  fierce  uncivilized  people,  who 
seem  to  have  been  the  residue  of  the  original  inhabi- 
tants. The  provinces  towards  the  north  and  wei»t  of 
Mexico,  were  occupied  by  the  Chichfmecas,  and  other 
tribes  of  hunters.  None  of  these  recognised  the  Mex- 
ican monarch  as  their  superior  Kveii  m  the  iiilprior 
and  more  level  country,  there  were  several  cities  and 
provinces  which  had  never  submitted  to  the  Mexican 
yoke.  TIaseala,  though  only  twenty-one  leagues  from 
the  capital  of  the  empire,  was  an  indepeiulenl  and  hos- 
tile republic,  (^olula,  though  still  nearer,  had  been 
subjected  only  a  short  tune  before  the  arrival  of  tiio 
Spaniards  Tepeaca,  at  the  distance  of  thirty  leagues 
from  Mexico,  seems  to  have  been  a  separate  state, 
governed  by  its  own  laws.  Mecboacar,  the  frontier  ol 
whicli  extended  withm  forty  leagues  of  Mexico,  was  u 
powerful  kingdom  remarkable  for  its  inqdacahle  enimty 
to  the  Mexican  name.  By  these  hostile  powers  tho 
Mexican  empire  was  circumscribed  t-n  every  quarteri 
and  the  high  ideas  which  wn  are  apt  to  form  of  it  from 
(he  description  of  the  Spanish  historians,  should  be  cod- 
Bidcrably  moderated. 

I  n  consequence  of  this  indcpendt  nee  of  several  statca 
in  New  Spam  upon  the  Mexican  empire,  there  was  not 
any  considerablu  intercourse  between  its  various  pro- 
vinces. Kven  in  the  interior  country  not  far  distant 
from  the  capital,  there  seems  to  have  been  no  roads  to 
lacilitate  the  cninmunicalion  of  one  district  with  ano- 
ther;  and  when  the  Spaniards  tirst  attempted  to  pene- 
trate into  its  several  provincs,  they  had  lu  open  their 
way  through  forests  and  marshes  fortes,  m  his  ad- 
venturous march  from  Mexico  In  lloudtiras,  in  iri'^sri. 
met  w.ili  obstructions,  and  endured  hardships  little  infe 
nor  to  those  wiili  which  he  must  have  struL'^led  in  tho 
most  uncivili/cd  regions  of  America  In  some  placet* 
he  could  hardly  furcc  a  passage  throuuh  im|iervioua 
woods,  and  plants  orerflowed  with  water.  In  others 
he  found  so  little  cultivation,  that  his  troops  were  fre- 
quently in  dinger  of  perishing  by  famine  Such  facts 
correspond  ill  with  the  pompous  description  which  thft 
Spanish  writers  give  of  Mexican  pohce  and  industry, 
and  convey  an  idea  uf  a  country  nearly  suuilar  to  tlint 
possessed  by  the  Indian  tribes  in  North  .\merica.  Hero 
and  there  a  trading  or  a  war  path,  as  they  are  c«l!rd  m 
North  .\merica,  led  from  one  settlement  to  another ; 
but  generally  there  appeared  no  sign  of  any  estubliMiied 
communication,  few  marka  of  industry,  and  fewer 
monuments  of  art. 

A  proof  of  this  imperfection  m  tiieir  commercial 
intercourse  no  less  sinking  is  their  want  of  money,  or 
some  universal  standard  by  which  to  estimate  the  valuo 
of  commodities.  'I'he  discovery  of  this  is  among  tho 
steps  of  greatest  consecpience  in  the  progress  of  na- 
tmns  Until  it  bus  been  made,  a\\  ti  cir  (runs«ctton>> 
must  be  so  awkard.  ho  opt  rose,  and  so  liuit'ei).  that  we 
may  boldly  pronounce  ihat  they  have  adv.tu<  *ii  Hut  a  ht* 
lie  way  in  their  career.  The  inventioti  of  suvh  i  ckto- 
incrc  «l  ktandard  is  of  lucu  high  antiquity  in  nur  hem  » 


154 


ROUKUTSON'S    HISTORY   OP 


^    (' 


pliftt*.  ami  riM*B  io  fir  bfyond  the  rr&  of  aiitlirtuic  hin- 
lory,  at  lo  apprar  uliJ:oHt  cufval  wiili  thr  cxisli-nct!  of 
•ocirty.  The  prrcioun  int'tuU  sirm  to  have  I'Pf  n  f-arly 
einpioyrtl  for  ttiia  piirfiose  ;  and  from  llicir  pftrinarirnl 
value,  their  divitobihty,  and  many  other  4)ualitii's,  they 
are  hrlter  adapted  to  avr^'o  as  a  romiiion  standard  than 
anv  otht-r  suhMance  of  which  nature  has  K>vt>n  ua  the 
command.  Dut  in  the  New  World,  where  those  nu'tuU 
abound  moat,  the  use  of  them  was  not  known.  The 
exigencies  of  rude  tribes,  or  of  monarchies  iniperfcctly 
ciTilized,did  not  call  for  it.  All  iheircummtTcml  inter- 
course was  curried  on  by  barter ;  and  thiir  ignorance 
of  Any  common  staiidard  by  which  to  facilttate  that 
eicban^e  of  commodities  which  contribiiteri  so  tnn.'h 
towards  the  comfort  of  life,  may  Ite  juatly  nii't.tiomd 
as  an  evidence  of  the  infant  stale  of  (heir  jwhcy  lint 
even  in  the  New  World  the  inconvenience  of  wantmsr 
some  general  instrument  of  commerce  In-^an  to  be  Ittl 
Qud  some  elVoris  were  makni^  towards  supplying  that 
defect.  The  Mexicanti,  amon^  wlioii)  the  iiuinber  and 
greatness  of  their  cities  uave  rise  to  a  more  eiiended 
commerce  than  m  any  other  part  of  Aiiurica,  li.id  lie- 
ffun  to  employ  a  cotninon  standard  of  value  which  ren- 
nered  small*>r  trnnsactions  much  more  easy.  As  cho- 
colate was  ilie  favorite  drink  of  persons  m  every  rank 
of  lifr,  the  nuts  or  alni'jiids  of  cacao,  of  which  it  is 
compO(>ril,  wi.re  of  mwU  universal  cutiKumption,  that, 
in  their  slated  mar'.ets.  these  were  willingly  received 
in  return  for  i.oii;moditie3  of  small  price.  Thus  they 
cnnie  to  he  cM^idered  a:"  the  insinimrnl  of  cornmerce 
and  the  vahie  oi  what  unc  wished  to  dispose  of  was 
estiinatet!  bv  the  numhi-r  of  nuts  of  the  cacao,  whii'li 
he  mi^»!it  expert  iii  exrhange  for  it,  This  seems  to  l>e  I 
the  luino.st  lenuih  wliici)  the  Americans  had  advaiu  i-d 
towards  the  discovery  of  any  expedient  for  supplying 
the  use  of  money.  And  if  the  want  of  it  is  to  be  held,  : 
on  one  hand,  as  a  proof  of  their  barharicVi  (Ins  expe-  I 
dieiit  for  supplvni<;  lh;it  want  should  Ite  admitted,  on 
the  other,  as  an  evidence  no  U-hs  ;->niistymu  of  soiiie 
pro^^es8  which  the  Mt  xicins  had  made  in  lefmeiiu  iit 
and  civdization  beyni.d  the  sa'.n^e  tribes  around  liu-in. 

In  such  a  nidi*  st.ite  wcrr  manv  of  the  Mexuun  pro- 
vinces when  firs'  isitcl  by  tlieir  coiiciiierors.  K\en 
their  cities,  exit  ii^i  <.  and  populous  us  ihey  were,  seem 
more  til  to  he  lie  habitation  of  men  just  enuT^in^ 
from  barbarity,  tl  >t.i  (he  residence  ot  a  polislied  people. 
Tlie  drscriplioii  of  Tlascala  nearly  re.ii'inhli"*  thai  of 
an  Indian  villai^fe.  A  number  of  low  sirag^linK  huts, 
sca([4Ted  atKJiii  irregularly.  a<. cording'  (u  ilie  caprice  oi 
each  proprietor,  built  wiiii  turt  and  suine,  and  limtrlu-d 
with  reeds,  without  any  liu'ht  hut  what  thev  received  by 
a  door,  so  tow  tnai  it  cuiild  not  be  entered  upri;,dit.  In 
Mexii  o,  thou^li  from  the  peculiarity  oi  Us  siiuatton,  the 
disposition  of  the  houses  was  more  orderly,  the  struc- 
ture of  the  (rreater  part  WHS  eijually  mean  Nur  does 
tlie  fabric  of  their  leruples,  and  other  public  edifice:*, 
appear  to  have  been  such  as  entitled  ihem  to  the  lii^i) 
praise  bestowed  upon  tiiem  bv  many  Spanish  authors. 
As  fur  as  one  can  gather  from  their  obscure  and  inaccu- 
rate descriptions,  tin;  ^rcat  (emple  of  \fexic(),  the  niusl 
famous  tit  New  Spam,  winch  has  been  represented  as 
a  inauniticent  building,  rui:^ed  to  such  a  hei>;ht.  that  the 
ascent  lo  it  was  by  a  tli^'hi  ot  n  hundred  and  fourteen 
steps,  was  a  solid  mass  of  rarth  of  a  sijuare  form,  faced 
partly  with  storio.  Its  base  on  ruch  side  extended 
ninety  feel  ;  and  decroasiiij»  (gradually  as  it  advanced 
in  hei<;ht,  it  terminated  m  a  fpiadranple  of  abniil  thirty 
foot,  where  were  phiceil  a  shrine  of  the  deity,  and  two 
altars  on  which  the  vtctimH  were  sacrificed  .\il  the 
other  celei'raleil  temples  ol  New  Spam  exactly  resfin- 
bled  that  of  Mexico,  [l-'i*!  Such  structures  convey  no 
hi)jh  idea  of  j)ro<;ress  in  art  and  ingenuity  :  and  one  can 
hardly  conceive  that  a  form  niore  rude  uikI  smiple  could 
have  occurred  to  a  nation  in  ils  first  elt'oits  towards 
erettiiiii  any  yr'*"*  work. 

(ircater  ^klll  and  uiijenuity  wcru  displayed,  if  wv 
may  believe  the  Spaninh  historians,  in  the  houses  of  the 
emperor,  and  in  those  of  the  principal  nobility  There 
aotne  elegance  of  design  was  visible,  aiul  iico  iiinodious 
arraniJenu'nl  of  tite  apartinei.ts  was  attended  to.  Dut 
if  bnildinKscorrps|K)ndii(i^  lo  such  descrijilions  had  ever 
existed  in  the  Mexican  cilier',  it  in  proltabft  ih.it  ^ome 
remains  of  ihein  would  still  be  visible  Kroiii  the  man- 
ner in  wiuch  ( 'ortes  condiicU'ii  the  siege  of  Mexico,  we 
con  indeed  easily  account  for  the  total  destruction  of 
whaleverhud  any  appciintnci'  of  hplendor  in  (hat  capital, 
iiulas  only  twocnturies  and  u  half  nave  elapsed  since 
the  conquest  ol  New  .Spiiin,  it  seems  idtogether  inc»e- 
dible  that  in  a  period  so  short,  every  v*'stige  of  this 
boasted  elegance  and  grandeur  should  have  diHap|ifrared; 
ftl^  that  in  the  other  citie<4,  particularly  in  those  which 
dj'l  not  aulTcr  by  the  destructive  hand  of  ttm  con«iuer- 


or»,therearenotany  ruins  which  con  be  conaidered  as 
monuments  of  llieir  ancient  magnificence. 

Kven  in  a  village  of  the  rudest  Indians,  there  are 
buildings  of  great!  r  extent  and  elevation  than  common 
dwelling  houses  Such  as  are  destined  for  holding  the 
conned  of  the  tribe,  and  in  which  uU  assemble  on  oc- 
casions of  public  festivity,  maybe  called  stately  rdi- 
liees,  when  compared  with  the  rest.  .As  among  the 
Mexicans  the  distinction  of  ranks  was  established,  and 
property  was  uneipiallv  divided,  the  number  ot  distiii- 
giiished  structures  in  their  towns  would  of  course  (rr 
greater  than  lu  oilier  parts  of  America.  Ilul  these 
neein  not  to  have  be*,  u  ritluT  t-o  Nolid  or  ir:ignificent  as 
!o  iiient  tlie  |Hmipous  epithets  which  sonic  SjmhiisIi  lU- 
thor.H  employ  in  desi  >ihing  ihem.  U  is  probable  that, 
though  more  ornamented,  and  built  on  a  larger  scale, 
they  were  erected  with  the  ^a^ue  sl-ylit  materials  which 
the  Indians  employed  in  their  common  t.iuld.ngfr,  1  S-'^i*] 
and  Time,  in  a  space  much  lesa  than  two  hundretl  and 
(iltv  years,  may  liave  swept  away  all  reiimins  of  them 

[i.ijj. 

tromthis  enumeration  of  facts,  it  seems,  upon  the 
whole,  tu.  be  evident,  that  the  slate  of  society  in  Mexico 
was  considerably  advanced  beyond   that  of  the  savage 
tribes  which    we  have   delineated       But    it   iti   no  less 
inaiiirest    that,    with    respect    to  many  particulars,  the 
Spanish  accounts  of  their  progress  appear  lo  be  highly 
embellished.     'J'here  is  not  a  mure  freipieiit  or  a  more 
fertile  source  of  deception   in  describing  the  manners 
and  arts  of  savage  nations,  or  of  such  us  are  imperfectly 
civili/.ed.  than  that  of  applying  lo  them  the  names  and 
phrases  appropriated  to  the  instilutioiis  and  refmeinenta 
!  of  polished  life.      When  the  leader  of  a  small  irihe.  or 
ilie  head  of  u   rude  commnnity,  is  dignilied  with  the 
limine  of  King  or   Kinperor.  the  place  of  his  residence 
,  <:an  receive  no  other  name  than  that  of  his  palace  ;  ami 
I  whatever  his  attendants   may  be,  they  must   be  called 
j  h.s  court.      I  "nder  such  appeilation.*  they  acquire,  in  our 
'■  estiiiiHiiun,  an  unportance  and  dignity  which  does  not 
!  bi  long  to  them.     The  illusion  spreads;   and  giving  a 
I  false  color  to  every  part  of  the  narrative,  the  iinagina- 
,  lion  IS  so   nnich  carried    away  with   the   resemblance, 
!  that    It  becomes  dilVicult    to   discern    objects   as  tliey 
1  really  are.      The  Spaniaids,  when  they  lirsl  touched  on 
ihe  Slexican  coast,  were  so  much  struck  with  the  ap- 
pearance of  attainments  in  policy  and  m  the  arts  of  life, 
far  superior  lo  those  of  the  r\ide  tribes  with  which  lliey 
were  hitherto  acipiainted,  that  they  fancied  they  had  at 
Icngtli  discovered  a  civilized  people  in  the  New  World. 
This  comparison    between   the    people   of  Mexico  and 
their  unculiivated  neighbors,  they  appear  to  have  kept 
constantly    in    view  ;     and     observing     with     admira- 
tion    many    tliinus    which    marked    the   pre-eminence 
of  the   former,   they    employ,    in  dcsciibing   their    im- 
fierfect   policy  and    inhint  arts,  such  terms  as  are  ap- 
pli'-alile  to  ilu' m^^titutions  of  men  far  heyuiid   them   ni 
improveuicnt.     Uoih  *hese  circumstances  concur  m  de- 
tracting from  tlie  credit  due  lo  the  descriptions  of  Mexi- 
can manners  by  the  early  Spanish  writers,      liy  draw- 
ing a  parallel  between  them  and   those  of  people  so 
inuoh   less    civilized,  they  raised    their  own  ideas  too 
high       Uy  their  mode  of  describing  lliein,  tney  conveyed 
ideas  to  oiher.s    no  less   exalted    above   truth.       Later 
writers    have  adopted   the  style  of  the  original  histo- 
rians, and   improved    upon  it.      'I'hr  colors  wuh  which 
L)e    Sobs  delineati  s    the    character  and  describes  the 
actions  of  Montezuma,  the  splendor  of   his  court,  the 
laws  and   [tulicy  uf  Ins  empire,   are  the  same  that  he 
must  have  employed  m  exhibiting  to  view  the  monarch 
and  institutions  of  a  highly  polisht'd  people. 
;      B  it  though  we  may  admit,  that  the  warm  imagination 
i  of  Uie   Spani>>h  writers  has  added  some  embellishment 
I  tu  their  descriptions,  tins  will  not  justify  llie  decisive 
I  and  pi'rem|it(>ry  tone  with    wlurb  several  authors  pro- 
j  iiounce  all  their  accounts  of  the  Mexican  power,  policy, 
I  and  laws,  lo  be  the  licttous  of  men  who  wished  to  de- 
I  eeive,  or  wlio  ''elighted  m  the  marvellous.      There  are 
I  few  hisiorical  facts  tiiat  can  be  ascertained  by  evidence 
I  more  uncxccptionahte,  than  may  be  produced  in  support 
I  of  the  material  articles  in  the  dcscri|»tion  of  the  iMexi- 
!  cm    constitution  ami   manners.      liye-witnesses  relate 
I  what  tbey  beheld.      Men  who  had    resided  among  the 
j  Mexicans,  both  before  and  after  the  comiuest,  dcscriho 
I  institutions  and  customs  which  were  familiar  to  them. 
I  Persons  of  professions  so   ditrerent  that  objects  nuitil 
j  have  prc%enU:d  themselves  to>tlieir   view   undtT  every 
I  various    us-iect  ;    soldie.s,    priests,    and    lawyers,    nil 
!  concur    in    their  testimoiiy.       Had    (.'orles    ve  nlurcd 
•o  impose  upon  his  sovereiijn.  by  exhibiting  to    hini 
a    |Mctnre  of    imaginary   manners,  there    wanted    not 
I  eheiniea  and  rivals  wliu  were  (jualilied  to  detect  his 
!  deceit,  and  who  would  havo  rejoiced  in  exposing  it. 


But  according  (o  the  jiiit  remark  of  an  author,  vrhone 
ingenuity  has  ilhistraled,  and  whose  t  lotpiencc  h-u 
adorned,  the  history  of  .\nierica,  this  supposition  ia  ill 
Itself  us  improhahle  as  th)>  atienipt  would  have  beena'>i 
dacious.  \\'lio.  among  the  de.  troyers  of  this  great  em 
pire,  was  so  erilighleriid  by  science,  or  so  attentive  ta 
the  progress  and  operaiiuns  of  men  m  social  hie,  as  to 
frame  a  ficlitmns  sysii'iii  of  policy  so  well  combrned 
and  so  eon^^istent.  as  that  which  lliey  dehneate  in  then 
Hccounta  nf  the  Meiieaii  government  I  Where  could 
they  have  borrowed  the  ide.i  of  many  institutions  in 
legislation  and  police,  to  which,  ut  that  period,  there  waa 
nothing  parallel  m  the  nations  vMth  which  tlu^y  woro 
ncipinmled  .'  There  was  not,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sitl«-entli  centMi'v.  a  regiilltr  islablisbment  at'  posts  f;)r 
conveymg  intelhfjence  to  the  sovereign  of  any  kmgdoni 
111  Ktirope.  'J'he  t>a:i]e  observation  will  apply  to  wliut 
the  Spaniards  relair  wuh  respect  to  the  ritruciure  of  the 
ciiv  of  Mexico,  the  regu'iiiions  concerning  Us  police, 
and  various  laws  establislud  lor  the  udni.nistrution  uf 
justice,  or  securing  the  happiness  of  liie  eotinnunity. 
Whoever  is  accustoimd  lo  contemplati-  the  progress  of 
nations  will  often,  at  very  eaily  i*!..;:!  s  of  it,  tlccover  a 
premature  and  nnexpectt'l  dawn  ol  those  ideas  which 
gave  rise  to  institutions  that  are  the  pride  and  nrna- 
ment  of  its  most  advanced  period.  Kven  in  a  state  as 
imperfectly  puhshetl  as  the  Mexican  empire,  the  happy 
genius  of  some  sagacious  obst  rver,  txciietl  or  uided  tiy 
cireumstan''es  unknown  to  ns,  iniiy  have  mtroduceil 
institutions  which  are  seldom  found  hut  in  sociutiea 
highly  rehned.  Itut  it  is  almost  nupos^ible  that  the 
illiterate  compierors  of  the  New  Worhl  slionld  havu 
formed  in  any  one  instance  a  conception  ol  cuslonia  and 
!aw9  beyond  the  stan.lard  of  iinprovcinenl  in  their  own 
age  and  country.  t>ril  t'ortcM  had  been  capable  of 
this,  what  mdiicement  bad  those  by  wlioni  he  wass.j(Hr- 
seded  to  continue  the  ihception  '  Why  .Wiould  t'orita, 
or  Mntolmea,  or  Acosta,  ha\e  amiiseil  their  soti'rei^n 
or  their  tellow-cili/.ens  with  a  tate  purely  labulotis  ! 

In  one  purlicular.  however,  the  guides  whom  we 
must  follow  liave  represented  the  Mexicans  lo  be  more 
barbarous,  perlia|»s.  than  they  really  were,  Their  reli- 
gious tenets  and  the  rites  of  iheir  worship  are  descritied 
l)y  them  as  wild  and  cruel  in  an  extreme  degree.  Kt;- 
ligion,  which  occujucs  no  cimsiderable  place  m  tlia 
thoughts  of  a  savage,  whose  conceptions  of  any  su- 
peiior  power  are  obscure,  and  his  Sc-cied  rites  lew  aa 
well  as  simple,  was  lorined,  annuig  the  Mexicans,  mlo 
a  regular  system,  willi  its  (Oinplete  tram  ol  priests, 
temples,  victims,  and  feslivals.  'I'his,  of  it.sell,  is  a 
clear  proof  thai  the  stale  of  the  Mexicans  was  very 
ditFerenl  from  that  o(  tiie  ruder  American  tribes.  Dut 
from  the  extravagance  ol  their  reb^nons  notions,  or  the 
barbarity  o(  their  rites,  no  conclusion  can  be  drawn 
with  c*'rtainty  concernmg  the  degree  ol  their  ci\ili2a- 
lion.  Kor  nations,  long  after  tlieir  ideas  begin  lo  en- 
large, ond  their  miuiners  to  rebne.  adhire  Iti  »\sliinsof 
superstition  founded  ou  the  crude  concepiions  ol  early 
ages,  l-'roin  the  genius  of  the  Mexican  religion  we 
inav,  however,  forma  most  jusl  coucbisum  witli  respect 
to  Its  mnueiice  upon  llie  character  ol  llie  people  I'lie 
aspect  of  superstition  in  Mi-xico  v\a.-  gloomy  atiJ.  atro- 
cious. Its  divinities  were  <  lulhed  wiUi  terror,  and  de- 
bglited  in  vengeance.  They  wcce  exiubtled  lo  the 
people  under  detesiahle  forms,  whicJi  *re.»ti'd  horror. 
The  figures  of  serpents,  of  tigers,  and  ol  mher  destruc- 
tive animals,  decorated  their  'einples.  IVar  was  ihfl 
only  principle  that  inspired  their  \ouries.  Tasts,  mor- 
liticaliuns,  and  penances,  all  ngul,  and  many  of  itiein 
excruciating  lo  uii  extreme  drgrit,  were  liie  means 
employed  lo  appease  the  wralli  ol  iheir  god>.  and  ihu 
Mexicans  never  approached  iheir  ultirs  wiihnut  sprink- 
ling them  with  blood  itrawn  troni  liieir  o\mi  bodies. 
Hut.  of  all  ollerings,  human  si'critices  were  dieiued  the 
most  acceptable.  This  religious  belief  min;:liM;j  with 
tho  implacable  spirit  of  vengi  ance,  and  audiiig  new 
force  to  It,  every  captive  taken  in  war  was  brougiit  to 
the  temple,  was  devoted  as  a  vicimi  to  the  ileily,  atid 
sacrificed  with  rites  no  less  solemn  than  cruel,  [loftj 
The  hear'-  and  head  were  ibe  portion  const  cratud  to 
the  gods  ;  the  warrior,  by  whose  prowess  the  pn.-'oner 
had  lu  en  seized,  carried  oil' the  body  to  feast  ujkui  it 
with  his  friends.  iJniler  the  impression  of  ideas  so 
dreary  and  terrilde.  and  accustomed  djily  to  scMes  ol 
bloodshed  rendered  awful  by  religion,  ihe  heart  of  niau 
must  harden  and  be  steeled  to  every  scuinnent  of  hu 
muiitv-  The  spirit  of  the  Mexicans  was  accordingly 
unfeeling  ;  and  the  genius  of  their  religion  so  tai  couii 
ti'rbalanced  the  nilhuMice  ot  policy  and  arts,  th.it  nob 
witlistaiiding  their  progress  in  botli,  their  manners,  in 
stead  of  softening,  became  more  fierce.  To  what  cir- 
cumstaiiccs  it  was  owinj(  that  aujiurstition   assumed 


SOUTH   A  M  Kill  C  A. 


t59 


inch  «  droftdfiil  form  amonfi  tho  Moiicinii,  we  hivn 
not  MtiHiciuiil  knowledKf)  of  their  hi:«lory  io  (trtrrmiiir 
Uiit  its  influtnc?  is  visibli',  and  produced  an  rllcct  Umt 
is  ain^uUr  lu  tt  t*  history  of  the  liiiinun  Hpcrioii  The 
nianiiors  of  tie  people  in  the  New  W'urhl,  who  had 
made  (ho  gretlest  progrexs  in  the  artii  of  |K)hry,  were, 
ill  fceTcral  reii|>ects.  the  most  fiTuno'in,  stid  the  bur- 
hanty  of  so,iie  of  ihcir  customs  exceeded  even  lliuve  of 
the  savage  slate. 

Tlie  empire  of  Peru  hoasis  of  a  higher  aiilupiity  ilinn 
thill  of  Me.trco  Accnrdmg  to  the  trudittniiary  aecoiinls 
coUerted  hy  the  SpHiiiardH,  it  hud  sul)'4i)itL'd  futir  hun- 
dred vearn,  Uiidrr  twelve  surcrHmve  iiiurmri'li'*.  Hul 
the  kni'wh'dgu  of  'heir  ancinit  story,  which  the  IVru- 
vians  ro^dd  cotnmunirale  to  their  eon<pierorN,  iittiKt 
have  he<>i)  hoth  iinperfert  and  iincerdiin  [ir>ftj  Like 
the  other  Anieiicun  iiatHHin.  they  were  (olally  nnjie- 
qiiiinted  with  (he  art  of  venting,  tiiul  deit'jtute  of  (lie 
ofily  iji/uiis  hy  which  the  memory  of  pnnt  tranR4irliOMS 
ean  bi;  ptcservd  witli  any  degrer  of  iicruraey.  Kvcn 
among  people  to  whom  (he  uhu  uf  letters  i^  known, 
iho  tjru  where  the  aallienticily  of  luMory  commenrrs 
IS  mneli  pontrnor  to  the  introduetion  of  writing.  Th.it 
iiuhle  invention  rontinued  every  where  to  he  Ions'  snh- 
■ervu'nt  to  (tic  mmnion  hnsiness  and  wants  of  life,  he- 
foi'e  it  ivas  employed  in  ret'ordtng  events  with  u  vn-w 
of  lOiiv^'Vini/  tiifor  .ation  front  one  age  to  nrodier.  liut 
in  no  roiintry  chd  evcrlritilifion  iilone  carry  down  his(o- 
ncal  knor. Irdg^,  in  hkv  Jul!  continued  8(ream,  during 
a  piriud  of  half  the  Irngth  that  tho  monarchy  of  Peru 
^)i  ttnid  to  have  »nhsisted. 

The  Qitfpos,  or  knots  on  cords  of  dilferent  colors, 
w)r:ch  are  ct  K'hrated  by  auUiorrf  r>nd  ut  the  marvellous, 
kK  .fthey  had  iH'f->n  regular  annals  of  tin-  empire,  iniper- 
fet'.ily  anpplu'd  the  plaer  uf  writing.  Accordnig  to  the 
obsrure  deHrnjHiofi  of  them  by  AcoMtn.  which  Uarci- 
lusso  de  la  Ve^'a  ha  v  adopted  with  little  variation  and 
no  iiiTprovrnuMtl,  tlie  '|uipu>i  seem  to  tiave  been  adevire 
for  rendering  calcnlulioi;  more  exptditious  and  accu- 
rate. Hy  llie  various  colors  ditlerent  ottjects  were 
denoted,  and  by  eaeh  knot  a  iliKtnict  niiniber.  Thus 
un  account  was  tiiken,  ami  a  kind  of  regmter  kept,  of 
tilc  iidiahitai  ts  in  each  provmce,  ur  uf  the  several 
product ion:s  collected  there  foi  p'lbiic  ine,  Uut  hi  these 
KiiotN,  however  varied  or  combined,  no  mural  or  ■%]}■ 
•tract  idi^a,  no  operation  or  ipialitv  of  the  mind  rouhl 
be  represented,  they  eontribuitd  little  luwardH  pre- 
serving the  memorv  of  ancient  events  and  iiiHittutioiw. 
Ity  the  Mexican  painMiigs  and  symboltt,  rude  as  tliey 
were,  more  knowledge  of  reniot.<?  tranwuctiouH  mm'iiis 
to  have  been  conveyed  than  thi;  Peruvians  could  derive 
fnirn  their  boasted  tpiipos  Mad  the  latter  been  i  ven 
of  more  extensive  use,  and  better  adapted  to  supply 
the  plaee  of  written  records,  they  pensliej  hO  generally. 
together  with  other  ntonnnients  ui'  Peruvian  ingenuity, 
in  the  wri'ck  occasioned  by  t'le  Spanish  conipietl,  and 
the  civil  wttrs  subse(pieut  to  i(,  that  no  arcessiun  of 
bglil  or  know|edg(«  comes  from  (hem  All  I  in  zeal  oi 
(■arcilasHO  de  la  Vega,  for  the  boiior  of  that  race  of 
monarchs  from  whom  he  descendetl,  all  the  industry  ol 
bi!>  researches,  and  the  superior  advantages  witli  which 
he  carried  (hem  on,  opi'iied  no  source  uf  inlormtiion 
unknown  to  the  SpaniMli  authors  wl.o  wrote  before  mm 
In  hiH  lii'i/.il  Ciiinnu H.'arif.t,  he  contines  luniftelf  to 
ilh. strati  wtial  thev  had  related  cuiicernmg  the  uiitiipn- 
tu"i  atid  nuttiiiir:oii'«  jf  Peru;  and  his  illu.stnitiuns,  like 
their  aecountv  ure  derued  entirely  from  tho  tradition- 
ary tales  current  among  l,i*  eiMiiitrynien. 

Very  tittle  iiredit  th<M  >«  din>  to  the  niimite  details 
which  have  been  given  «»!  tlie  exploits,  the  battles,  the 
conipu>si.s.  and  private  etiaracler  of  the  early  Peruvian 
munarchs.  We  can  n-si  upon  iiothiug  m  their  ^lo^y  a^ 
auihentic,  but  a  tew  factn  so  iM<erwo\en  in  the  nysteni 
uf  their  religion  and  poliev,  as  preserved  the  meiuorv 
of  them  Iron)  beiuix  h'^t  ;  and  upon  (he  description  ot 
such  cus(oins  and  ni^liliitions  a>  eontinued  m  force  at 
the  time  of  the  cunipiest.  and  fell  uuib  r  the  immediaii- 
observation  ol  the  Spaniards.  Hy  attending  carefulU 
to  these,  and  endeavoring  to  Hep,irati<  them  fiom  vvhal 
appi'ars  to  be  talnthnis  or  of  doubtlul  aulliuntv,  1  have 
tatiori'd  to  lorm  an  idea  ot  the  Peruvian  government 
ami  mnnners 

The  people  of  IVru,  as  I  have  already  observed,  had 
not  ad\aiiced  iM-yond  the  rudest  lorm  ot  savage  lile, 
when  Maiico  t'apac,  and  his  consort  Manni  <  k-otio, 
appeared  to  mstruet  and  eiMti/e  them.  Who  ihe^i 
fxtraurdiiiiry  per.sonagei  were,  wbetlnr  tliey  iio;»irte>l 
their  8\*teiu  of  legi^l.ition  and  knowledge  ol'  arts  I'rom 
iiome  country  more  improved,  or,  if  nalivos  uf  Peru. 
how  they  acipnr*yl  idcus  so  far  Mip«»rn"  .u  tlwse  of  Uw 
peopio  whom  ttivv  addresse<l,  are  •ircuinslances  with 
itMpccl  to  which  the  Peruvian  iraduiuu  conveys   nu 


information.  Manco  Capac  and  bia  consort,  taking:; 
advantage  of  the  propeuMty  in  (he  Peruvians  to  super- 
Ktition,  ami  particularly  of  their  veneration  for  the  Sun, 
preteiided  to  be  children  of  that  glorious  luminary,  and 
(o  deliver  their  instructions  in  his  nnme,  and  by  autho- 
rity from  hirn.  'I'lie  multitude  listened  and  believed. 
What  reformation  in  |>ulicv  and  manners  the  Peruvians 
aacribt'  (o  those  toniiders  of  their  empire,  and  how,  from 
the  pff-ceptH  of  the  IncA  and  his  cmisurt,  (heir  ances- 
tors giaduallv  acipnred  some  knowledge  of  those  arts, 
and  some  relish  for  that  industry,  which  reiHler  sub- 
sijttenre  secure  and  life  corifortable,  hath  been  lorniiTly 
related.  Tlioi'e  blessing  i  were  originally  eunl'med 
v.ithm  natrow  nrecincts;  but  in  process  of  time,  the 
snceessurs  of  Xlanco  ('apac  extended  their  dominion 
over  all  the  regions  that  itretcli  to  the  west  of  the 
.Andes  from  <'hi;i  to  C^iilo,  establishing  in  every  pro- 
vince their  peculiar  policy  Piid  religious  lustitnttons. 

'I'he  most  singular  and  striking  circnmstiince  m  the 
Peruvian  government  is  the  nillnencu  of  religion  upon 
Its  genius  and  laws.  Ueligious  ideas  make  b.ieh  a  fee- 
ble impression  on  tho  mind  tif  a  savage,  (hat  (heir  ellict 
upon  Ins  sentiments  and  manners  is  hardly  percepli- 
Ine  Among  the  Mexicans,  religion,  reduced  into  a 
regular  system,  and  holding  a  considerable  place  in 
their  public  institutions,  operated  with  conspicuous  edi- 
cucy  m  forming  the  peculiar  clurarter  of  that  people 
Mut  in  Peru,  the  whole  system  uf  policy  was  founded 
un  religion.  The  Inca  appeared  not  only  as  a  lirgisla- 
tor,  but  as  the  messenger  of  Heaven.  Mis  precejitf. 
were  psri'ived  not  merely  as  the  injunctions  of  a  supe- 
rior, but  as  the  maiidites  of  (he  Meity.  His  race  was 
to  he  held  sacred  ;  and  in  order  to  preserve  it  di.-ttincl, 
without  being  poltutiHl  by  any  mixture  of  less  noble 
blood,  the  Sf>ns  of  .Manco  ('upac  married  their  uwii } 
Sisters,  and  no  person  was  ever  ailmiKed  to  tlu;  t'ir.one 
who  eould  nut  claim  it  by  such  a  pure  deitcent  To) 
thostt  i'luidiin  cj  the  Sun,  for  tliat  was  tlie  appellation  i 
bestowed  upon  all  the  ulispring  uf  (he  llrst  Inca,  the  { 
people  looked  up  with  ilie  reve.enee  due  to  tiemg;*  ol  a 
superior  'irdcr.  Tin,  were  •leenied  to  be  under  tin- 
lui'iiediale  protection  of  the  deity  from  whom  they 
issued,  and  by  I.m"  ev^.v  order  of  the  reigning  Inca 
was  supposed  to  lu-  dictated.  | 

Prom  those  ideas  two  consequences  resulted.      The  | 
authority  of  (he  Inca  was  unlimited  and  ahsolute  in  the  i 
most  extensive  meaning  of  (he  words       Whenever  the  | 
decrees  of  a  prince  are  considered  as  llie  commands  ol 
the  Mivinitv,  It  IS  not  only  an  act  ot   n.-belliou,  but  oi 
impietv,  to  dispute  or  oppu.se  his  wilt.      Ohedience  be- 
cuim  s  a  duty  uf  religion;   and  as  it  would  be  profane 
to  eonttol  a  monarch  who  is  believed  to  be   under  (he 
guidance  uf  Heaveii,  and  presumptuous  tu  adxise  linii, 
nothtng   ri-nianiM  but  to  sut)iml  witli  tniplicit  respect 
This    iiiu.tt    neresfiantv  be  (he  etl'ect  of  every  govein- 
nient   estahlish«-d    on    pretensinnr'  of  mttrcuurs't   with 
.Hiiperior  |K)w'er*      Such  accordingly  was  the  blind  sub- 
mi-sstoa    which    the    Peruvians    yielded   (u  their  sove- 
reigns     The    persons   of   Inghest    rank    and    greatest 
powt'r  in   their  donmuons  scknowletlged  them  tu  be  ut 
a  mure  exalted  nature  ;   and  in  testimony  of  this,  when 
ailmitteil  into  iheir  pri'.^eiice,  they  entered  with  u  bur- , 
den  U|>on  their  shoulders,  us  an  emblem  of  their  servi- 
tude, and   ^vlllmgness   to   bear  whatever  the  Iiica  was  { 
pleased   to    impose       Among  their  s-ibjects,  force  was ' 
not  retpnsite  to  second  their  -umman.ls      Iv.  ery  olbcer  > 
intrusted  with  the  execution  of  Itieiii  was  re.-ered    and,  I 
according   to   the  account  of  an  intelligent  v-bserver  <  f 
Peruvian   manners,  he   might  proceed  alone  from  one  | 
exlreiuity  of  the  empire    to   another  w.lhout    meetin;rj 
opposition;   for,  on    pruducing  u   Iri'ige  from  the  royal  i 
fiinlit,  an  orn.imeiit  of  the  he.id  peculiar  to  th';  reigning 
I  Ilea,   (he   lives  and  torluiies  ul  the  peupte  were  at  Ins 
disposal  { 

.\iiuther  conseipionce  of  establishing  governiiieitt  in  | 
Pirn  un  the  foundation  of  religion  was.  that  all  crimes' 
were    punij-hed   ca[utally.      Thi'y   were  not  considered 
.1:;  transgressions  ut  human  law>    hut  as  insults  utfurud 
to  the  Meitv       llaeli,  withoii*  any   dislmction  between; 
such  as  were  slight  and  ^<ich  as  were  atrocious,  calleil 
tor  MMgeaiice,  and  <'ould  Im  expiated  only  by  the  blood 
of  (he  otb'iider       ( 'onsiniautly  to  the  same  ideas,  pun-  ] 
i.tlnmnt  toUowt  d  the  tre.opass  with  inevitable  certainty, . 
Itecause  an  olb  nee  against  Heaven  was  deemed  such  a] 
le^ii   enormity  as  could  not  be  pardoned       Among  a  [ 
people  of  corrujiteil    murals,   luaxmis  ut  jMrisprudence  i 
so  severe  and  nnreleiiling.  hy  tendering  men  ferocious 
and    desperati',   would  be   mure  apt  to  multiplv  ermies 
ttnii  10  restrain   them       Hut  the  Peruvians,  ot   Min|fle 
mamiern  and  urisuspieiuus  faith,  wi-re  held  m  such  awe 
by   this   rigid   dr-cipbue,   that   the   number  of  utl'enders 
was  extremely  small.     Veneration  for   monarclts  en- 


lightened and  d-rrcleil,  an  they  believr<l,  by  the  divmily 
whom  they  adored,  prompted  them  to  their  duty  ;  iho 
dread  of  punif.'.nieid,  which  they  were  (aught  tu  con- 
sider tn  nuavoMlabte  vengeance  inlbcled  hy  ntVendotI 
Heaven,  witldr.id  (hem  from  evil 

Tho  system  o(  sniterstttion,  on  which  the  Incan  in- 
grafted their  pretensions  to  such  high  authority,  was  of 
a  genius  very  ditrerent  from  that  estaltlisbed  among  the 
Mexicans  Maiico  (^apac  turned  tho  veneration  of  hi* 
followers  entirely  towards  natural  objects.  The  Sun, 
as  the  great  source  uf  light,  of  joy,  and  fertility  in  the 
creation  attracted  their  principal  homage.  'I'he  Moon 
and  Stars,  as  i  n  opcruiing  with  him,  were  entitled  t'9 
secondary  honurs.  Wherever  (he  propensity  ii.  (ha 
human  mind  (o  acknowledge  and  to  adore  some  anpe- 
rior  pow(>r  takes  this  directum,  and  is  employed  in  cuii- 
templating  the  order  and  benellcence  (hat  really  exists 
m  nature,  the  spirit  ol  Huprrstidun  is  mild.  Wherever 
iniagiiiary  beings,  created  by  the  fancy  and  the  fear«  of 
men,  are  snppo.sed  to  preside  m  nature,  and  become  tho 
objects  uf  worship,  superstition  always  assumes  a  moro 
severo  and  atronuus  jurm  Of  the  latter  we  have  an 
example  among  the  Mexicans,  nt  the  former  among  tho 
people  of  Peru  The  Peruvians  hud  not,  indeed,  made 
such  progress  in  observa'ion  ur  inquiry,  as  to  have 
attained  just  conceptions  uf  the  Deity;  nor  was  thern 
m  their  language  any  prujier  name  or  appellation  of  tlin 
Supreme  Power,  winch  intimated  that  iliey  had  formed 
any  idea  uf  ium  as  the  Crtulur  arid  (loveriior  of  tho 
world. 

Hut  by  directing  their  veneration  to  that  glorious  lu- 
minary, which,  hy  its  universal  and  vivifying  energy,  is 
the  best  emblem  uf  Jbvine  beiieiicence,  the  rites  and 
observances  which  they  dtemedacciptabie  (o  Ium  were 
innocent  and  humane.  They  olfered  (o  tim  Sun  i  part 
ol  those  proiliictions  which  his  genial  warmth  had  called 
forth  from  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  and  reared  to  leatu- 
rity.  They  sacnliced.  as  an  oliiution  of  gratitude,  soiiio 
of  the  animals  which  were  indeliK  d  to  his  mllueme  lor 
nourishment  They  -resented  to  him  choice  specimene 
of  those  works  uf  ingenuity  which  his  light  had  guidud 
the  hand  of  man  in  forming.  Hut  tlie  Incas  never 
stained  his  uli,trs  with  human  blood,  nor  could  they 
conceive  that  their  beiielieent  lather,  the  Sun,  would  bn 
delighted  with  such  horrid  viclims  [IT)?]  Thus  tho 
Peruviifti!.,  miaeijuamted  with  those  barbarous  rites 
winch  oiiuguish  seiisihility,  and  suppress  the  teebngs 
of  nature  at  the  ^igtit  'if  hninun  suM'enn^.>,  were  formed 
by  the  spn>t  of  the  superstition  which  they  had  adopted, 
tu  a  national  c^aracter  mure  gentle  than  that  ol  any 
peojde  in  America. 

The  inlluenc'j  of  this  superstition  operated  in  the 
same  manner  u))on  their  civil  mstitntums,  and  tended 
to  curri  ct  in  them  whatever  was  adverse  to  gentleness 
of  charicter  'Hie  domitnon  of  the  Incus,  though  the 
mo.si  absolute  of  all  di'spodsms,  was  imiigated 
bv  Its  alliance  willi  religion.  The  mind  was  not  hum- 
bled and  depressed  by  the  idea  of  a  turced  subjection 
to  the  will  of  a  superior  ;  obedience,  paid  (o  one  who 
was  believed  to  be  clothed  witli  l>i\ine  authority,  was 
willingly  yielde'!,  and  implied  no  degrailatiim.  Tlir 
sovereign,  conscious  that  (he  submi.ssive  reverence  o( 
his  peoplu  llu\^ed  tVom  then  belief  uf  Ins  heavenly 
descent,  was  continually  reimuded  uf  a  distinction 
which  prompted  him  to  imitaie  that  In  nelicent  power 
which  he  was  suppo.sed  tu  represent.  In  cunseqnenee 
of  those  impressions,  (here  hardly  oceurn  in  the  tradi- 
tional history  of  Per.i,  any  instance  of  rebellion  against 
the  reignmg  pnnce.  and  umong  twelve  succesaivo 
monnreh.4  tliere  was  nut  one  tyrant. 

Kveii  the  warn  in  which  the  Incas  engaged  were  car- 
ried un  with  a  spirit  ver>'  ditlerent  trum  that  of  other 
Ameriean  iiaduii^  Thev  toiight  r<o'.,  like  ravages,  to 
destroy  and  to  exterminate,  or.  like  the  Mexicans,  to 
glut  bloiKl-thirstv  divinities  with  human  Nacrilices. 
They  cimipiered,  iii  order  to  reclaim  and  civilize  tho 
vanquished,  and  to  ditl'use  the  knowledge  of  their  own 
iiistilutiuiis  and  arts.  Prisuiicrs  seem  not  to  hive  been 
exposed  to  the  insults  and  tortures  which  were  their  hit 
in  every  other  part  of  the  New  World.  'I'hn  Incas  tonic 
tho  people  whom  they  subdued  under  their  protection, 
and  admitted  them  t't  a  participation  of  all  the  udvanta- 
ges  enjoyed  by  their  original  fubjecls.  'I'Ins  practice« 
so  repugnant  to  Amerieiin  lerocity.  and  resembling  thft 
humanity  ol  the  must  |>ulislied  nations,  must  be  ascribed, 
like  other  peculiarities  which  we  have  observed  in  Uio 
Peruvian  manners.  <o  the  gi>mus  of  (heir  religion,  'lbs 
lueas,  eoiisidermg  the  homage  paid  to  any  uther  object 
th.iii  to  the  lieavi  iilv  powers  wliirb  tliev  iiilored  as  im- 
pious, were  fond  of  gaming  proselytes  to  their  favorite 
system.  The  idols  uf  *  very  conquered  pruvnice  were 
:  curried  in  ttiuniph  to  (he  jjreal  temple  at  {'u*co,  and 


150 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   UK 


placed  there  »■  trophiea  of  tho  mipcnor  powrr  of  the 
diTinity  who  w«s  the  protector  of  Ctinr  cinpirn.  The 
pcoplf  were  Ireatrd  with  lenity,  and  iuMtructi'u  in  the 
reli^iDiis  tf  nets  of  their  new  mastiTH,  Ihiit  the  coiii(uerur 
mifiht  ha\n  the  glory  of  havnig  addtd  lo  the  number  ol 
Uie  voturies  of  hia  father  the  Sun. 

1'he  fltate  of  property  in  IVru  waa  no  leaa  ainf^ilar 
than  that  of  reh^ion,  and  contributrd,  hkewiae,  towardH 

{[ivinff  a  iniM  turn  of  rharnrler  to  the  ptople.  All  (he 
anda  capable  of  cultivation  were  divided  into  three 
ahnrea.  One  wan  contierralcd  to  the  Sun,  and  the  pro- 
duct of  it  WHS  uppltcd  to  tlie  erection  of  trinpira,  und 
furniithii-K  whut  waa  rcquiaite  toivurdM  n^lcbrntniir  the 

iiublic  rites  of  religion.  'J'he  becoiid  U'loUKid  lo  the 
nea.  and  waa  (>et  apart  aa  the  provision  niude  by  the 
community  fur  the  supjwrt  of  uovernineut  The  third 
and  largest  share  was  reserved  for  tlie  maiuteiiance  of 
the  people,  among  whom  it  waa  parcelled  out.  Neither 
tndividuala,  however,  nor  rommunttirs  had  a  right  of 
exclusive  propt'rty  in  the  portion  set  a\wtt  for  their  use. 
They  possessed  it  only  for  a  year,  at  the  expiration  of 
which  A  new  diviaioii  w.ia  made  in  proportion  to  tho 
rank,  tho  number,  and  eiigenciea  of  cblIi  fiimily.  All 
tliose  .anda  were  cultivated  by  the  joint  industry  of  the 
community.  The  j>eopIe  summoned  by  a  proper  oiricer, 
repaired  .n  a  oody  to  the  fields,  and  performed  their 
rommon  taak,  while  songs  and  musical  inatruiucnts 
cheered  them  to  their  lalmr.  Uy  tliis  singular  distri* 
bution  of  territory,  as  well  aa  by  the  mode  of  cultivat- 
ing it,  the  idea  of  a  common  intereit,  and  of  mutual 
aubserviency,  was  continually  niculeaied.  Kach  indi- 
vidual fell  ins  connexion  with  those  around  him,  and 
knew  that  he  depended  on  their  friendly  aid  for  what 
increase  he  was  to  reap.  A  state  thus  constituted  may 
oe  conaidered  us  one  great  family,  in  which  the  union 
of  the  nienib^tH  was  so  complete,  and  thn  exchange  of 
good  offices  so  [•erceptible,  as  to  create  stronger  at- 
tachment, and  to  hind  man  to  man  in  closer  intercourse 
than  Buhsialed  under  any  form  of  society  eMtablmhed  in 
America.  From  this  renulird  gentle  manners  and 
mild  virtues  unknown  in  the  savage  state,  and  with 
which  the  Mexicans  were  little  acquainted. 

But,  though  the  institutions  of  the  Incas  were  so 
framed  aa  to  strengthen  the  bonds  of  alfectiun  among 
their  subjects,  there  was  great  inequality  in  their  con- 
dition. J'hc  distinction  of  ranks  wua  fully  estahip  "d 
in  Peru.  A  great  body  of  the  inhabiianta,  under  the 
denomination  of  Ytniacoiias,  were  held  in  a  stale  of 
servitude.  Their  garb  and  houses  were  of  a  form  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  freemen.  Like  the  Tamcnca  of 
Meiico,  they  were  employed  in  carrying  hurdens,  and 
in  |)erfonnmg  every  oilier  work  of  drudgery.  Nexi  lo 
them,  ii'  raiik,  were  such  of  the  people  as  were  free, 
but  distinguished  by  tio  oHieial  or  hereditary  honors 
Above  them  were  raised  those  whom  the  Spaniard^ 
call  Orejottfs,  from  the  oniainents  worn  in  their  ears. 
They  formed  vvliat  nmy  be  denominated  the  order  of 
nobles,  and  in  peace  as  well  as  war  held  every  office  uf 
power  or  trust.  And  the  head  of  all  were  the  children 
of  the  Sun,  who,  by  their  high  dcKcent  and  |>eruliur 
privileges,  were  us  much  e.cnlted  above  the  Orejones, 
aa  these  were  elevated  above  the  people. 

Such  a  form  of  society,  from  ttie  union  of  its  mem* 
bera,  as  well  as  from  Mie  diHtinctiun  in  their  ranks,  was 
favorable  to  progress  m  tlie  arts.  But  the  Spaniards, 
having  been  ucquuiiiied  with  the  improved  state  of 
various  arts  in  Mexiru  several  years  before  tliev  diKro- 
vered  Pi-ru,  v  ere  not  ho  much  struck  with  what  they 
observed  in  the  latter  country,  and  describe  the  ap- 
pearancea  of  mgenuity  there  with  less  warmth  of  ad* 
miration.  The  Vei'u\iuntt,  nevertheless,  had  advanced 
far  beyond  the  .Mexicans,  both  in  the  necessary  arts  of 
bfe.  and  in  such  as  have  some  title  to  the  name  of  ele- 
gant 

In  rem,  anriculture,  the  art  of  primary  necessity  in 
aocial  life,  wca  more  extensive,  and  carried  on  witli 
greater  skill  than  in  anv  p<irt  of  America.  The  Spa- 
niards, in  their  progre&s  through  the  country,  weru  so 
fully  supplied  with  provisions  of  every  kmd,  that  in  the 
relation  of  their  adventures  we  meet  with  few  of  those 
dismal  scenes  of  distress  occasioned  by  famine,  in 
which  the  conquerorH  of  Mexico  were  so  often  inxulved. 
'J'he  quantity  of  fioil  under  cultivation  wan  nut  left  to 
the  discretion  of  individujl.i.  but  re^rulated  by  public 
authority  in  pro|)ortion  to  the  exigencies  of  tho  commu- 
nity. Kven  the  calamity  of  an  unfruitful  aeason  was 
but  little  felt ;  for  the  product  uf  the  lands  consecrated 
to  the  Si>n,  as  well  as  those  set  apart  for  the  Incas, 
being  deposited  in  tho  TamhiLs,  or  public  Hturehouses, 
it  remained  ihero  aa  a  statu!  pruvisiun  fur  tunes  of 
acarcity.  As  the  extent  of  cultivation  waa  deterniined 
WfLth  auch  provident  attention  to  the  demands  of  tho 


stale,  the  invention  and  induslrk-  of  the  IVruviims  were 
called  forth  lo  extraiirdinnry  exerlions,  by  certain  de- 
fects peculiar  to  their  climnte  and  soil.  All  the  vast 
rivers  that  llow  from  the  Andes  take  their  course  enst- 
word  to  the  Alhintu:  Oeeiin.  I'erti  is  watered  only  by 
some  streima  winch  rush  down  from  the  mountains 
like  toirenta.  A  great  part  of  the  low  country  is  sandy 
and  barren,  and  never  refreshed  with  ram  In  order 
to  render  such  an  unprnmising  region  fertile,  the  inge- 
nuity of  the  IVruvians  had  recourse  to  various  ex|H-di- 
ents  Ity  means  of  artilicial  canals,  comtucled  willi 
much  patience  and  consiilerahle  art  from  the  torreutit 
that  poured  across  their  country,  ihey  conveyed  a  regu- 
lar i*uiiply  of  tnoisture  lo  their  fields  [IftH)  They  en- 
riched the  soil  by  inunuring  it  \Mth  the  dung  of  sea 
fowlf.  of  wluch  thry  found  an  inexhaustible  store  on  all 
tho  islands  scattered  along  the  coasts  In  describing 
the  eiistoma  of  any  nation  thoroughly  civilized,  auch 
practices  would  hardly  draw  attentiun,  or  be  mentioned 
as  in  any  degree  remarkable  ;  hut  m  the  history  of  the 
improvident  race  of  men  in  the  New  World,  they  are 
entitled  to  notice  as  amgular  proofs  of  industry  and  of 
art.  The  use  of  the  plough,  indeed,  was  unknown  to 
the  Peruvians  They  turned  u|>  the  earth  with  a  kind 
of  mattock  of  hard  wood.  Nor  was  this  labor  deemed 
so  degrading  as  to  be  devolved  wholly  upon  the  women. 
Both  sexes  joined  in  performing  this  necessary  work 
Kven  the  children  of  the  Sun  act  an  example  of  indus- 
try, by  cultivating  a  (iehl  near  t^uzco  with  their  own 
hands,  and  they  dignified  this  function  by  denominating 
it  their  triumph  over  the  earth 

Tho  superior  ingenuity  of  the  Peruvians  is  obvious, 
likewise,  in  the  constniction  of  their  bouses  and  public 
buildings.  In  the  extensive  plains  which  atretch  along 
the  Pacitic  Ocean,  where  the  sky  is  perpetually  serene, 
and  tho  climate  mild,  their  houses  were  very  properly 
of  a  fabric  extremely  slight.  But  in  the  higher  regions, 
where  lain  falls,  where  the  vicissitude  of  seasons  is 
known,  and  their  rigor  felt,  houses  were  constructed 
with  greater  solidity.  They  were  generally  o(  a  square 
form,  the  watts  about  eight  feet  tugh.  built  with  ttricks 
hardened  in  the  sun,  without  any  windows,  and  the 
door  low  and  atraight  Simple  as  these  structures 
were,  and  rude  as  the  materials  tn^iy  seem  to  be  of 
which  they  wcic  fonned,  they  were  so  durable  that 
many  of  them  stdl  subsist  in  ditVerent  parts  of  Peru, 
long  after  every  monument  tliat  might  have  conveyed 
to  ua  any  idea  of  the  domestic  state  of  the  ottier  Ame- 
rican nations  baa  vanished  from  tho  face  of  the  caith. 
But  It  was  in  the  temples  coiiHecruted  to  the  Sun,  and 
in  the  buildings  destined  for  the  residence  uf  their  mon- 
archs,  that  tlic  Peruvians  displayed  the  utmost  extent 
of  their  art  and  conlrivaiicc  i'he  descriptions  of  them 
by  such  of  the  Spani.<h  writers  as  had  an  opportunity 
of  contemplating  them,  while  in  somo  measure  entire, 
might  have  appeared  higldy  exaggerated,  if  the  rums 
which  still  remain  did  not  vouch  the  truth  of  tlieir  rela- 
tions. These  ruins  of  sacred  or  royal  buildings  are 
found  m  every  province  of  the  empire,  and  by  their  fre- 
quency demonstrate  that  they  are  monuments  of  a 
powerful  people,  wlin  must  have  subsisted,  during  u 
period  of  some  extent,  in  a  state  of  no  inconsiderable 
improvement.  They  appear  tj  have  been  cdihcea 
various  m  their  dimenaiona  ;  somo  of  a  moderate  size, 
many  of  immense  extent,  all  remarkable  for  solidity, 
and  resemhiiitg  each  other  in  the  style  uf  architecture. 
The  tenqile  of  Pachacamac,  together  witli  a  palace  of 
llie  Inca,  and  a  fortreas,  were  so  connected  together  as 
to  form  out!  i;reat  s;nicturc  altove  half  a  league  m  cir- 
cuit. In  Ibis  prodigious  pile,  tim  same  aingular  taste 
in  building  is  couspictioua  aa  in  other  works  of  the 
Peruvians.  As  they  were  unacquainted  with  the  use 
of  the  pulley,  and  other  incclianical  powers,  and  could 
nut  elevate  the  larj:e  slunes  and  bricks  wliirli  they  em- 
[iloved  in  building  to  any  considerable  height,  the  walls 
of  this  edifice,  in  which  they  seem  to  h.ive  made  their 
greatest  eti'ort  lovvaids  magnitiience,  did  not  rise  aliove 
twelve  feet  from  the  ground  Though  they  had  not 
discovered  the  use  of  mortar  or  of  any  other  cement  m 
building,  the  bricks  or  stones  were  joined  with  so  much 
nicety,  that  the  aeams  can  hardly  be  discerned.  [IfiOJ 
'fhe  apartments,  us  far  as  the  distribution  of  thein  can 
be  traced  in  die  rutn<i,  were  itl  disposed,  and  atVordcft 
little  accommodation.  There  was  not  a  single  window 
in  any  jiart  uf  tho  building  ;  and  us  no  light  could  enter 
but  by  the  door,  all  the  apartments  of  Ijrge.tt  dimen- 
sions must  either  have  been  perfectly  dark,  or  dluini- 
nated  t>y  some  other  means.  But  with  alt  these,  and 
many  other  imperfeelious  that  might  be  nientiuued  in 
their  art  of  building,  the  wurka  ot  the  Peruvians  which 
still  remain  must  he  considered  as  stupendous  etforta 
of  t  people  unacquainted  witit  the  use  of  iron,  and  con- 


vey to  us  a  high  idea  of  the  |>owcr  |K>aafaaed  by  their 
ancient  inunarchs. 

These,  however,  were  not  the  noblest  or  most  useful 
works  of  the  Incus.  The  two  great  roads  from  ('uzco 
to  (juito,  extending  in  an  uniiilerrupicd  stretch  alK>vr* 
fifteen  hundred  ituler  are  entitled  to  still  higher  praiao 
The  one  was  conducted  lhroitf;h  the  interior  and  moun- 
latiious  cmntry,  ihe  otiier  through  the  plains  on  the 
sea  coast  From  the  langiuigu  of  admiration  in  which 
some  of  the  early  writers  express  their  astonishment 
when  they  first  v".  wed  those  roads,  and  frnin  the  mom 
pompous  deseript'ou  of  Liter  writers,  who  hbor  to  au|f- 
port  some  favorite  theory  concerning  America,  one 
might  be  led  to  coinpire  this  work  of  the  Inras  to  the 
famous  military  ways  v\hieh  remain  as  monuments  ol 
the  Human  power ;  but  in  a  country  where  there  was 
no  tame  aniinul  except  the  llama,  whieh  was  nevei 
u»ed  for  draught,  and  hut  liltle  as  a  ^enst  of  burden, 
where  the  high  ro:ida  were  si'ldoiii  trod  by  any  but  a 
hui;  1  foot,  no  great  degree  of  labor  or  art  was  re- 
qui..ite  in  forming  them,  'fbe  Peruvian  roads  were 
only  fifteen  feel  in  breadth,  and  in  many  places  sti 
alightly  formed,  that  tune  has  ell'jeed  every  ve.siige  ol 
the  course  in  which  lliey  ran.  In  tho  low  country 
little  more  seems  to  have  been  done  than  In  plant  trees 
ol  to  fix  posts  at  certain  intervals,  in  order  lo  murk  tho 
proper  route  to  travellers.  To  open  a  path  through  tho 
niounliinous  country  wiis  a  in(*re, arduous  task.  Kmi- 
neni-ea  were  levelled,  and  h.tlluws  filled  up.  and  for  tho 
preservation  of  the  mad  it  was  fencetl  with  a  bank  ol 
t'irf  At  proper  distanees,  'I'ainlios,  or  storehouses, 
were  erected  for  the  accominmlatioii  uf  tlie  luca  and 
his  attendants,  in  their  proi^ress  ihrougli  his  dominions. 
From  the  manner  in  which  the  ro.id  was  originally 
formed  in  this  higher  and  more  impervious  Pinion,  it 
has  proved  more  durable  ;  and  though,  from  llu>  inat- 
tention of  the  Spmiurds  to  every  object  but  that  of 
working  their  inines,  nothing  has  been  done  towardu 
keeping  it  in  repair,  its  course  may  still  be  traced 
Such  was  the  celebrated  roud  of  the  Incas;  and  even 
I'rnin  this  description,  divested  of  every  circumstance 
uf  manifest  exagueralton  or  of  suspicious  aspect,  it 
must  be  coiiHidered  as  a  striking  pr>  'an  extraordi- 
nary progress  m  improvement  an  ;icy.  To  tho 
savapo  tribes  of  America,  the  idea  oi  t^cililating  com- 
munication with  places  at  a  distance  had  never  occured. 
To  the  Mexicans  it  was  hardly  known.  Kv(n  in  the 
most  civilized  countries  in  Kurope,  men  had  advanced 
far  in  rehnemenl,  before  it  became  a  regular  object  ol 
national  police  to  fonn  such  roads  as  render  nitercuurse 
commodious-  It  was  a  capital  object  of  Unman  pidicy 
to  open  a  communication  with  all  llie  provinces  of  then 
extensive  empire  by  means  of  those  roads  which  are 
justly  considered  as  one  of  the  noblest  inotiuments  both 
of  their  wisdom  and  their  power.  But  during  the  long 
reign  uf  barbarism,  the  Hoimm  roads  were  neglected  or 
destroyed  ;  and  at  the  time  when  tlie  Spaniards  entered 
l*eru,  no  kingdom  in  Kurupe  could  boast  of  any  work 
of  public  utility  that  could  be  compared  with  the  great 
roads  formed  by  the  Incas. 

The  formation  of  those  roads  introduced  another  im- 
provement in  Peru  equally  unknown  over  all  the  rest  of 
America.  In  its  course  from  south  to  north,  the  road 
of  the  Incas  waa  tnlcrsected  by  all  the  torrents  which 
rull  from  the  Andes  tuwards  the  Western  Ocean. 
From  tho  rapidity  ol  their  course,  as  w(  11  as  frnm  the 
frequency  and  violence  of  tin  ir  inundation,  these  were 
not  forduble.  Some  expedient,  however,  was  to  bo 
found  for  passing  them.  The  Peruvians  from  their 
unacquamtancc  with  the  use  of  arches,  and  their  in- 
abil 'V  lo  work  in  wood,  could  not  construct  bridgea 
cilJi<  ,  of  stone  or  timber.  But  necessity,  the  parent  of 
invention,  suggested  a  device  which  suppli'.d  that  de* 
feet.  They  tunned  cables  of  great  strength,  by  twist- 
ing together  somo  of  the  pliable  wilhs,  or  osiers,  with 
wiiich  their  country  abounds  ;  mx  dI  Ihene  cn.hlrs  they 
stretched  across  the  stream  |iarallel  lo  une  another,  and 
made  them  fast  on  each  side.  Tliese  they  bound  tirn  ly 
together  by  interweaving  smaller  ropes  m)  close  as  to 
form  a  compact  piece  af  net-work,  which  bemg  covered 
with  branches  of  trees  and  earth,  they  passed  along  it 
with  toleruiile  security.  [UiO]  Proper  persons  wero 
appointed  to  attend  at  each  bridge,  to  keep  it  in  repair, 
and  lo  assist  phssengeiei.  In  thu  level  cour^lry,  where 
tho  rivers  hecamu  deep  and  bread  and  still,  they  aro 
passed  in  haJ:iis,at  floats  ;  in  the  construction,  as  ^velt 
aa  navigation  of  .vhich  the  ingenuity  of  the  Peruvtaita 
appears  to  be  far  superior  to  ttial  of  any  people  m  Ame- 
rica. Thcbe  had  advanced  no  further  in  nav,d  hIuII 
than  the  use  of  the  paddio  or  oar ;  tho  Peruvians  ven- 
tured to  raise  a  mast,  and  spread  a  sail,  by  means  o( 
wluch  their   balzaa  not  onlj  wont  nimbly  befoie  iho 


*iL 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


wind,  b'lt  contil  vrcr  ami  taik  win.  prrut  celerity. — 
Nor  w(ri)  tlir  inKcniiiiy  uiul  art  of  tliu  I'enivtjDM  roii- 
fintd  flo  fly  to  oltjt'ctn  of  rsHcntial  utililv  Tlify  Imd 
inadu  Kuriu!  [iro^rrM  in  arln,  wluch  iii-'  >o  •  'illcd  t-li> 
pant.  They  [KisHCHScd  llir  prfciuuft  t  .  .Uiht  tn  ^n-uliT 
ahiindancp  tltiin  uriy  pcupU'  of  Aiiirrit  «.  'i  lii'y  ulttiiiiird 
fjuld  in  the  siinie  inannrr  with  iho  Mf-xtciriK,  tiy  uturch- 
lii^  in  the  rhanm-lii  of  nvem.  or  v^u^hln^  ihu  larth  in 
witich  partii-leM  of  it  wt^rn  cuntiiinrd-  lint  in  order  to 
piornro  silver,  lliry  extrlrd  no  inconNiihri'ilL*  de^'ree 
of  skill  and  invention.  They  hfid  nut,  iiuhtd.  attained 
the  art  of  ninkniK  a  nhaft  into  (lie  huvvt'ln  of  the  earth, 
niid  )irnetratiii;{  lo  the  riches  conreah  d  there  ;  but  ihey 
liolhiAcd  deep  caverns  on  the  hanks  of  nvir^  and  tl:e 
BidcHof  inuiiiUains,  and  emptied  ^ni  li  \eiiiM  as  did  not 
d:p  suddenly  heyond  their  riiieh.  In  oiher  phire-*, 
wfierfl  the  vein  hiy  near  the  siirriire,  ihey  diiij  pits  to 
inch  a  depth,  that  tim  person  mIio  worked  helow  could 
throw  out  the  ore,  or  hand  it  up  in  Imrtkets,  'I'liey  hiid 
discovered  the  art  of  smelting  umi  relniin^  tins,  either 
by  the  simple  upplu-ation  of  (ire,  or,  where  the  ore  \\u-i 
mure  slnhlioriior  iinprei*nated  vvidt  fnrei^rn  Hiibsiuin-en, 
by  placing  it  in  small  uveiiA  or  fnriuicei,  on  lii^h 
({rounds,  so  artiticiallv  constructed  that  the  draught  of 
air  perfornied  the  function  of  a  bellows,  an  enL'ine  with 
which  they  were  totally  nnac(|uainted.  I)y  this  simple 
device,  the  purer  ores  were  smelted  with  facility,  and 
the  quantity  of  silver  in  Peru  wa»  so  considerable,  that 
many  of  the  utensils  employed  in  the  functions  of  com- 
mon life  were  made  of  it.  ^»eve^al  of  those  vessels  and 
trinkets  are  said  to  have  merited  no  small  dearer  o( 
estimation,  on  account  of  the  nrutnesH  of  the  work- 
manship as  well  as  the  intrinsic  vulue  of  M  e  nutermls. 
Uut  as  the  conquerors  of  America  were  well  aciinainted 
uilh  tho  latter,  but  h<id  scarcely  anv  e<Hiceplioii  of  ilie 
former,  moht  of  the  silver  vessels  and  triiikt Is  wire 
melted  down,  and  rated  according  to  the  weiijht  and 
tinenesaof  ihc  metal  in  the  divisiun  o{  the  h|>oiI. 

In  other  works  of  inero  curiosity  or  ornament,  their 
ingenuity  has  been  highly  celebrated.  Many  specimens 
of  those  have  been  diiir  out  of  the  (iunrajt,  or  iiuiundH 
uf  earth,  with  which  the  IVnivtans  covered  (he  bodn  s 
of  (he  dead  Among  these  are  mirrors  of  \ur1011.4  di- 
metisiuns,  of  hard  shining  stones  highly  polished  ;  ves- 
sels of  earthen  ware  of  dillerent  forms  ;  hjtehet}*,  and 
other  instruments,  some  dcKtmed  for  war,  and  others 
for  tabor.  Some  were  of  tlint,  some  of  co|)p(  r,  hiir- 
deiied  to  such  a  degree  by  an  unknown  process,  as  lo 
supply  the  niacc  of  iron  on  several  oecasioiis.  Had 
the  use  of  tliose  tools,  formed  of  eopper.  teen  general, 
the  progress  of  the  IVrnviuns  in  the  arts  iniglit  have 
been  such  as  to  emulate  that  of  moie  cultivated  naMuns. 
Itiit  either  the  metal  was  so  rare,  or  the  operation  by 
which  It  was  hardened  so  tedious,  (hat  tlieir  instru- 
ments of  cop|>er  were  few,  and  tto  extremely  small,  that 
Ihey  seem  to  have  been  emph>>ed  only  in  simhter 
works.  Hut  even  to  such  a  circuniMirihed  use  ol  tht:^ 
imperfect  niet<il,  the  IVriivians  were  imlehted  fur  their 
HU|H-riority  to  the  other  people  of  Amencu  m  various 
arts.  The  sanieohservuiiun,  however,  may  be  n|)plK'd 
to  them,  which  I  formerly  made  with  respeet  lo  the 
arts  of  the  Mexicans,  i'roni  several  speennens  of  IV- 
ruviaii  utensiU  and  ornainenls,  which  are  deposited  in 
the  roval  cabinet  of  Miidrul,  and  from  some  preM  rved 
in  ditlcrcn'  collections  in  ulher  parls  u(  Europe,  1  have 
reason  to  believe  that  (lie  workinaii?hip  i»  nmre  lo  be 
odintred  on  account  of  the  rude  touls  wiih  ^  \v\i  it  was 
executed,  than  on  account  of  Us  inlrniMic  tn  atness  and 
elegance  ;  and  that  the  IVru\ians,  thuugli  ihe  most 
improved  of  all  the  Americans,  were  not  advanced  hu- 
yoiid  the  infancy  of  urls. 

lint  noiwithslatidnig  ^o  many  particulars,  which 
seemed  lo  indicate  a  high  degree  of  nii|irovemenl  in 
JNtu,  oilier  circuinslancea  oi-eur  th;it  suggest  the  idea 
of  a  soeiety  sliU  in  the  hrst  stages  of  its  transition  from 
barbarism  to  ci\ihzaliuii.  In  all  the  dominions  of  the 
Incas,  ('nzco  was  Ihe  only  place  tliat  had  the  appear- 
ance, or  was  enlitb-d  to  the  name,  of  a  eitv.  Kvery 
where  eUe  the  |H-uplu  lived  iuuhiIv  m  detached  habita- 
tions, dispersed  over  (he  country,  or,  at  the  ulinost, 
settled  together  in  small  villiges.  Hut  until  men  are 
brought  to  assemble  in  iinmerouH  bodies,  and  ineorpo- 
rated  in  sucn  close  union  as  lo  eiijoy  tVetiuenl  inter- 
course, and  to  feel  mutual  dependrnce,  Ihey  nevi>r  im- 
bibe perfectly  tho  spirit,  or  assume  iho  mannerK  of 
social  life.  In  a  country  of  immense  extent,  with  only 
one  city,  the  progress  of  manners,  and  the  nnprorement 
either  of  the  necessary  or  more  ret'med  arts,  must  liave 
been  so  slow,  and  curried  on  undf>r  Nuth  di^advanlages, 
tliat  It  is  mom  surpri^^mg  the  Peruvians  shonhl  have 
advanced  so  far  in  relinetneiil,  than  iliat  they  did  not 
jtrocecd  further. 


I  In  consequence  of  this  state  of  hnperfcct  union,  tho 
sejiaration  of  professions  in  Peru  was  not  no  complete 
as  among  the  Mexicana.  The  less  closely  men  asso- 
ciate, the  more  simple  are  their  mamiera,  and  the 
fev\er  their  wants.     The  craft*  of  common  and  most 

I  necessary  use  in  life  t\o  not,  in  such  a  state,  become  so 

I  complex  or  dilliculi  as  to  reinler  it  rei|UiNile  that  men 

'  shotihl  be  trained  lo  them  by  any  particular  cui.rse  of 
education.  All  the  arts,  accordingly,  which  were  of 
ilaily  and  indispensihle  utility,  were  exercised  by  every 
Peruviun  indL-icnminately.  None  but  the  arti.sts  em- 
ployed 111  works  of  mere  curiosity,  or  ornament,  con- 
stituted a  separale  order  of  men,  or  were  distinguished 
from  other  citizens. 

I'rom  ihe  want  of  cities  in  Pern,  another  conscquencu 
followfd  There  was  little  commercial  intercourse 
among  the  mhabitanls  of  that  great  empire.  The  ac- 
tivity uf  commerce  is  coeval  with  the  foundation  of 
»itii*s  ,  and  frtHu  the  moment  that  the  members  of  any 
coiniin:nity  fettle  m  considerable  iiinnbers  m  one  place, 

i  itsoperations  become  vigorous.     Theciti/.en  must  de- 

!  peml  for  subsislenee  or  (li4>  labor  of  lliose  who  cuttivalo 
the  ground.  They,  in  return,  must  receive  some  equi- 
valent. Thus  mutual  mtercuursc  i^  established,  and 
the  productions  of  art  are  regularly  exchanged  for  the 
frniis  of  agriculture.  In  the  towns  of  the  Mexican  em- 
pire, stated  markets  were  held,  and  whatever  could 
supply  any  want  or  desire  of  man  was  an  object  of 
connnercn.  Hut  in  Pern,  from  the  singular  mode  of 
dividing  property,  and  the  manner  in  which  the  people 
werp  settled,  there  was  hardly  any  species  of  commerce 
carried  on  between  dillerent  provinces  and  the  com- 
munity was  less  acquimted  with  that  active  intercourse, 
which  is  at  onco  a  bond  of  union  and  an  uiccntive  (o 
improvement. 

Dot  the  unwarlike  spirit  of  the  Peruviana  was  the 
most  rtmarkabU;  as  well  as  the  most  fatal  (defect  in 
their  character.  The  greater  part  of  the  rude  nations 
of  America  opposed  their  invaders  with  undaunted 
ferocity,  though  with  iitlle  conduit  or  success.  The 
MexicjTis  maitilaiiu'd  the  Rtr.iggle  in  defence  of  their 
liberties,   with  such  pe^^everlllg  h)rlilude,  that  it  was 

'  With    dillieulty    the   Spaniards   triumphed    over  them. 

;  Peru  was  subdued  at  imce,  and  almost  without  resist- 
ance ;  and  the  most  favorable  opportunities  of  regiiin- 
iiig  their  freedom,  and  uf  cnishuig  their  oppressors, 
were  U.st  through  ih"  tiinnhty  of  the  people.  Though 
the  traditional  history  of  the  Peruvians  ri'present^  all 
the  Incus  as  warlike  princes,  frequently  at  the  head  ol 
armies,  whnh  they  led  lo  virtory  and  conqtiist,  few 
symploms  of  such  a  martial  spirit  appear  m  any  of  iheir 
operations  .subsequent  to  the  invasion  of  thf^  Spajnards. 
The  mtluence,  perhaps,  of  ihu.M'  nistilnttuns  which  ren- 
dered their  manners  grntlc,  gave  their  minds  this  iin* 
manly  softness  ;  perhaps  the  eonstont  serenity  and 
nuhlness  of  the  climate  may  have  enervated  the  vigor 
iif  iheir  frame;  perha|>9  some  principles  m  their  go- 
vermncnl,  unknown  tons,  was  the  occasion  of  this 
political  debility.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause, 
the  fact  IS  certain  ;  and  there  is  not  an  instance  m  his- 
tory of  any  people  so  little  advanced  m  retineinenl.  so 
totally  di'^tiiule  of  military  enterprise.  Tins  character 
has  descended  to  their  poalerity.  The  Indians  of  Pervi 
are  now  more  lame  and  depressed  than  any  people  of 
.^merlca,  Their  feebli!  spirits,  relaxed  in  lifeless  inac- 
tion, seem  haidiy  capable  of  any  bold  or  manly  ex- 
ertion. 

Ilut,  besides  these  capital  defects  In  the  political 
state  of  Pern,  some  detached  circuinstanoes  and  facts 
occur  III  Ihe  Spanish  writiTs,  winch  discover  a  cunsidt: 
ru'ile  renunnder  of  barbarity  in  their  manners.  A  cruel 
custom,  that  pievailett  in  some  of  tho  most  savage 
tribes,  subsisted  .miorig  the  Peruvians.  On  (I.e  death 
ol  the  Incas,  and  ot  oihiT  eminent  persons,  a  conside  - 
rable  number  of  their  attendants  were  put  to  death, 
anil  interred  around   their  ( I'liacas,  that  they  might  ap- 

'  |>ear  in  the  next  ivurld  with  their  hirmer  dignity,  and 
tie  serv(  (1  with  itie  same  respect.  I  hi  Ihe  death  of 
lluana  (.'a|tac,  the  must  powerful  of  their  inonarchs, 
above  a  tlioitsnnd  victims  were  doomed  lo  accompany 
him  to  itie  tomb.  In  one  particular  their  manners  ap- 
pear to  havi'  been  niori>  ttaibarous  than  those  of  most 
rude  tribes  Though  utquainted  with  the  use  of  hre 
111  preparing  maize  and  other  vegetables  for   food,  thi-y 

I  devoured  both  llesh  and  tisl  perficity  raw,  and  aston- 
ished the   Spaniards  with  a  practice   rtpugnantto  the 

'  ideas  of  al!  civilized  people. 

But  though  Mexico  and  Peru  are  tlic  possessions  of 
Spam  III  ihe  Ni  w  \\'urld.  winch,  on  ac<-ounl  botii  of 
tin  ir  ancient  and  present  state,  have  attracted  (he  great- 
est attention  ;   her  other  dominions   there  are  far  from 

'  being  inconsiderable  either  in  extent  or  value.     The 


1«7 

I  greater  part  of  them  was  reduced  to  subjection  during 
the  first  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  by  private  adven- 
turers, who  fitted  out  their  small  armaments  either  ill 
Ilispaniola  or  in  Old  Spain;  and  wero  we  10  follow 
each  leader  in  his  progress,  we  should  discover  the 
\  same  dann^  cuurajre,  the  same  persevering  ardor,  the 
:  same  rapacious  desire  for  wealth,  and  the  same  canacity 
for  enduring  and  surmounting  every  thing  in  oruer  to 
attain  It,  which  distinguished  the  operations  uf  Ihe  S|)a- 
iiturd.1  in  their  greater  American  conquests.  IJut,  in- 
stead uf  entering  into  a  detail,  which,  from  the  aimi- 
larily  of  ihe  transactions,  would  appear  almost  a  repe- 
tition of  what  has  been  already  related,  I  shall  satisfy 
myself  with  such  a  view  of  those  provinces  of  tho 
Spanish  empire  in  Anicica,  which  have  not  hilhertu 
been  menlto.ed.  as  v^'j  convey  to  my  readers  an  ade- 
quate idea  of  its  greatmss.  fertility,  and  opulence. 

I  begin  with  the  countries  conligunns  to  the  two 
ereat  monarchies  of  whose  hisiory  and  institutions  1 
nave  given  some  account,  and  shall  then  brie Hy  describe 
the  other  districts  of  Spanish  America.  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  liic  viceroy  of  New  .Spain  extends  over  seviraj 
provinces  which  were  not  subject  lo  the  dominion  of 
the  Mexicans.  ']'hc  countries  of  Cinaloa  and  Sonom 
that  stretch  along  the  east  side  of  the  Vermilion  Sea, 
or  (iulf  of  California,  as  well  as  the  immense  king- 
doms uf  New  Navarre,  and  New  Mexico,  which  bend 
towards  tho  west  and  north,  did  not  acknowledge  tho 
sovereignly  of  Montezuma,  or  his  predecessors.  These 
regions,  not  inferior  in  magnitude  to  all  the  Mexican 
empire,  are  reduced  some  to  a  greater,  others  to  a  leas 
degree  of  subjection  to  the  Sjiamsh  yoke.  They  ex- 
tend through  the  mosi  delightful  pari  of  the  tcmperato 
zone  ;  their  soil  Is,  in  general,  remarkable  fertile  ,  and 
all  their  productions,  whetlier  animal  or  vegetable,  arc 
most  perfect  in  their  kind.  They  have  all  a  conimunl- 
eation  either  with  the  I'acillc  ocean,  or  with  'he  Oull 
of  Mexico,  and  are  watered  by  rivrrs  which  not  only 
enrich  them,  but  may  become  subservkMit  to  commerce. 
The  number  of  Spaniards  se<llcd  in  these  vast  countries 
is  iiulei'd  extremely  small.  They  may  be  bald  to  havo 
subdued  rather  than  lo  have  occupied  them.  I3ut  If 
thr  population  in  their  ancient  eslublishmenls  tn  Amo- 
rica  shall  continue  to  increase,  they  may  gradually 
spread  over  those  provinces,  of  which,  however  invt- 
ling,  ihey  have  not  hitherto  been  able  tu  take  full  pcM 
session. 

I  One  circumstance  may  contribute  to  the  !>pcrdy  po- 
pulation of  some  districts.  Very  rich  mines  both  "/ 
I  gold  and  silver  have  been  discovered  in  many  of  the 
I  regions  which  I  have  mentioned.  Wherever  these  aro 
I  opened,  and  worked  with  sucihss,  a  multitude  of  peo- 
I  pie  resort.  In  order  to  supply  them  with  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  cultivation  must  he  increase  1,  artl.'^ans  of 
various  kinds  must  assemble,  and  inilusiry  as  well  as 
wealth  will  be  gradually  ditl'used.  Many  examples  of 
this  have  occured  in  dillerent  parlsof  Ainer. 'a  since  they 
fell  under  the  dominion  of  the  Spamards.  Populous  vil- 
lages and  large  luwri.s  have  suddenly  arisen  amidst  unin- 
habitable wilds  and  mountains ;  and  the  working  of  mined 
though  far  from  being  ihe  most  proper  object  towarda 
which  the  attention  of  an  ti.faiit  society  should  be 
turned,  may  become  the  means  both  ol  prumoliug  use- 
ful activity,  and  of  angimnting  the  number  of  people. 
:\  recent  and  singular  :n.-itance  of  this  has  hap))eiied, 
which,  as  It  Is  but  little  known  in  Kiirope,  and  nmy  hu 
produciive  of  great  elFecls,  merits  attention.  The 
.Spaniards  settled  in  the  provinces  of  ('inaloaand  Su- 
iiura  hiid  been  long  distjrhed  by  the  depretlations  of 
some  tierce  tribes  of  l:ulians.  In  the  year  1765,  Iho 
iiiciirMoiis  of  llio-te  savage.-t  became  so  fretpient  and  so 
destructive,  ihat  the  Spanish  inhabitants,  in  despa.i, 
applied  lo  the  .Marquis  tie  Croix,  viceroy  of  Mexiro, 
for  such  a  body  of  troops  as  might  enable  them  lo  drive 
lho.-«e  formidable  invaders  from  their  places  of  retreat 
111  the  mountains  Hut  the  treasury  of  Mexico  was  so 
much  exhausted  by  the  large  sums  drawn  from  it,  in 
order  to  support  the  late  war  against  Great  Uritam,  that 
the  Viceroy  could  all'ord  them  no  aid.  The  respfcl  due 
to  his  virtues  accomplished  what  his  otFicia.  power 
could  not  eti'ect.  lie  prevailed  with  the  merolj<ints  of 
New  Spain  to  advance  about  two  hundred  the  isand 
iH  sua  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  exp-  ii'ioii. 
The  war  was  ccmducted  by  an  otl'icer  of  abihtiet.  ;  and 
after  being  protracted  for  three  years  chnflv  by  ihe 
dilliculty  of  |)ursning  the  fugiiive.i  out  the  mtunlams, 
and  through  detiles  which  were  almost  impat^iablr.  it 
(ernnnated,  In  the  vear  1771,  in  ihe  final  ^ublnlsslon  of 
the  tribes  which  had  been  so  long  the  object  of  terror 
to  the  two  pr'ivinci'B  In  the  Lourj-e  of  this  service, 
ihe  Spatuin't  marched  through  countries  into  which 
[  they  Bceoi  not  to  have  ptnetraleii  belcre  ttwt  lime,  ^nU 


168 


ROBERTSON*S     HIRTOUT    OP 


diicovered  mincR  of  turh  value  ai  wi«  ■stoniahinfr  rven 
to  uwn  acqimiulrtl  with  the  rtcUcn  roiiUiiitd  in  the 
mounUina  nl'  the  Nfw  W'orlil.     At  ('iiii'^uilln,   in  tlic 

t>rovinc«  of  fjonors,  they  entrrrd  a  )>l«iin  of  fourti-ifn 
eaguea  in  extent,  in  witich,  at  tho  ilrplh  of  only  six- 
teen inchea,  '  "lund  f{oltl  in  ^rtiina  of  ancli  a  aixe, 
that  aoinu   ,■   '<     <   weighed   ninu   marks,  and  in  auch 

aiiantitiea,  that  ir,  <i  short  time,  with  A  few  Uborera, 
lev  rollected  a  thonaaiid  niarka  of  gold  in  firaniN,  even 
without  taking  (imo  to  wash  the  earth  that  had  heen 
dug,  which  appeared  to  bo  ao  rich,  that  nrrionn  of  akill 
computed  that  it  might  yield  what  would  Iw  f'(|Uiit  in  va- 
>ue  to  a  million  of  pcsua  Before  the  end  of  the  year 
1771,  above  two  thouund  pcrnona  were  aettted  inCnut- 
gnilU,  under  the  aovcrnment  of  pro[>or  inagintratca,  and 
the  inapcction  of  several  ceclesiaatics.  As  aevoral 
other  minea,   not  inferior  in  richncsa  to   that  of  ('ine- 

fpnlla,  have  been  diacovereil,  both  in  Sonora  and  ('ina* 
oa,  [161 J  it  is  probable  that  these  neglected  and  thinly 
inhabited  pioviticea  may  soon  become  as  {wpulotia  and 
valuabio  as  any  part  of  the  Spanish  empire  of  Aine- 
ricB. 

The  peninsula  of  California,  un  the  other  side  of  tlin 
Vermillion  ^Sea,  seems  to  have  been  less  known  to  iho 
ancient  Mexicans  than  the  provinces  which  i  have  men- 
tioned. It  was  discovered  by  ( -ortes  in  thn  year  ITiJO. 
During  a  long  period  it  continued  to  be  so  little  fre- 
quented, that  even  its  form  was  unknuwn,  and  in  most 
charts  it  was  represented  as  an  island,  not  as  a  |>enin- 
aula.  [  102]  Though  the  climate  of  this  country,  if  we 
may  judge  from  ils  situation,  must  be  very  desiruhb', 
the  Spaitiards  have  made  small  progress  in  peopling  it. 
TowartU  the  close  of  the  last  century,  the  Jesuits,  who 
had  great  merit  in  exploring  tins  neglecteil  province, 
and  in  civilizing  ila  rude  inbubilantif,  imperceptibly  ac- 
quired a  dominion  over  it  na  complete  as  that  which 
tney  possessed  in  their  missions  in  Paraguay,  and  they 
lalwred  to  introduce  into  it  the  same  policy,  and  to 
govern  the  natives  by  the  same  maxims  In  order  to 
prevent  the  court  of  Sjtain  from  conceiving  any  jea- 
lousy of  their  designs  and  operations,  they  seem  stu- 
diously to  have  depreciated  the  country,  by  represent- 
ing tho  climate  as  m>  disagreeable  and  unwholesome, 
and  the  sod  as  so  harrrn,  that  nothing  l)ut  a  zealoiM 
dci*ire  of  converting  the  natives  could  have  induced 
them  to  settle  there.  Several  public  spirited  citizens 
endeavored  to  undeceive  their  sovureigna,  and  to  give 
them  a  better  view  of  ('ulifornia ;  but  in  vain  At 
lenirth.  on  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  the  Spa- 
nish dominions,  tlic  court  of  Madrid,  as  prone  at  that 
juncture  to  suspect  the  purity  of  the  Order's  intentions, 
as  formerly  to  confide  in  them  with  implicit  trust,  a{>- 
pointed  Don  Joseph  (ialvez,  whose  abilities  have  since 
raised  him  to  the  hii^h  rank  of  minister  for  the  indies, 
to  visit  that  peninsula.  HiS  account  ol  tho  country 
was  favorable  ;  he  found  the  pearl  fishery  on  its  coast 
to  be  valuable,  and  he  discovered  mmes  of  gold  of  a 
▼cry  promising  appearance  From  its  vicinity  toi'inn- 
lo.i  and  Sonora,  it  is  probable  that,  if  tho  poputution  of 
these  provincea  shall  increase  in  the  miinnrr  winch  I 
have  supposed,  California  may,  by  detiriM's,  receive 
from  them  such  a  recruit  o(  iulmbilanta,  ns  to  bo  no 
longer  reckoned  among  tho  desolate  and  useless  dititiict:* 
of  the  Suanish  empirn. 

On  tlie  east  of  Mexico,  Yucatan  and  lloMduras 
was  comprehended  in  the  government  of  New 
Spain,  though  anciently  they  can  hardly  bo  said  to 
have  formed  a  part  of  the  Mexican  empire.  These 
large  provinces,  stretching  from  the  bay  of  Cani- 
pcacb/  beyond  Ca]K  firacios  a  Dios,  do  not,  lik<' 
the  otter  territories  of  Spain  in.  the  New  World,  de- 
rive their  value  either  from  tho  fertility  of  their  soil. 
or  the  richness  of  their  mines  ;  hut  they  produce  in 
greater  abundance  than  any  part  of  America,  the  lu<{- 
wood  tree,  which,  in  dying  some  colors,  is  so  far  pre- 
ferable to  any  other  inateri:d,  that  the  .  onsuinption  of 
it  ill  Knrope  is  considerable,  and  it  has  become  an  arti- 
cle in  commerce  of  great  value.  l)urinjr  a  long  pe- 
riod, no  Kuro|)ean  nation  intruded  upon  tht;  Spaniards 
in  those  provinces,  or  attempted  to  obtain  any  sharo  in 
this  branch  of  trade.  Hut  after  the  conqucMt  of  Ja- 
maica by  the  English,  it  soon  appeared  that  n  formida- 
ble rival  was  now  .."ated  m  the  neighborhood  of  iheSpa- 
niflh  leiritories.  One  of  the  firstobjccta  which  tempted 
the  English  settled  in  that  island,  was  the  great  profit 
arising  from  the  logwood  trade,  and  the  facility  of 
wresting  some  portion  of  it  from  the  Spaniards.  Some 
adventurers  from  Jamaica  made  the  first  allempt  at 
Cape  Catoche,  the  soutlicasl  promontory  of  Vutatan. 
and  by  cutting  logwood  there  carried  on  a  gainful 
tradic.  When  most  of  the  trees  near  the  coat't  in  that 
place  were  felled,  they  removc<l  to  the  island  of  Trisl, 


Ml  the  hay  of  CamfH'achy,  and  in  later  times  their  prm* 
cipul  station  has  bt  en  in  tlie  liav  of  llonduns.  The 
Spamardn,  alartned  at  thm  crirKmelunent,  endi>avored 
by  negotiation,  reiiiunstrat:ci>s,  and  open  foree,  to  pre- 
vent the  English  from  obtaining  any  luoling  on  tliot 
part  of  the  American  continent.  Uut  after  struggling 
against  it  for  more  than  a  century,  the  disusierA  ol  ihe 
lui  t  war  extorted  from  the  court  of  Mudnil  a  retuclunt 
consent  to  tolerate  this  setllement  of  foreigners  m  the 
heart  of  its  territoriis.  'I'he  pam  which  this  hunittting 
concession  m-casioned  seems  to  have  prompted  the 
Spaniards  to  devise  a  methtMl  of  rendering  it  of  little 
conscfpience,  more  ellei-tuil  than  all  the  etibris  of  ne- 
gotiation or  violence.  The  logwood  produced  on  the 
west  cOBiit  of  Yucatan,  where  the  soil  la  drier,  is  m 
quality  far  superior  to  that  which  grows  on  the  marshy 
grounds  where  the  English  are  settled,  lly  etuourug- 
ing  the  cutting  of  this,  and  permitting  the  iiu|Mirtation 
of  It  into  Spam  without  fuymg  any  duty,  such  vigor 
has  been  given  to  this  branch  of  commerce,  and  the 
logwood  which  the  Englisii  bring  to  market  has  aunk  so 
much  in  value,  that  their  trade  to  the  hay  of  llundiirah 
has  gradually  declined  [Ifl^lJ  since  it  obtained  a  legal 
sanction  ;  and,  it  is  probable,  will  soon  be  linally  aban- 
doned. In  that  event,  Yucatan  and  Honduras  will 
become  possessions  of  considerable  im|H)rtance  to  Spain. 

Still  further  east  than  llnnduras  he  the  two  pro- 
vinces of  Costn  Kica  and  Versgua.  which  tikinvise  ne- 
long  to  the  viceroyaliy  of  New  Spuin  ;  but  both  have 
been  so  much  negle<!ted  by  the  SpHiiiards,  and  are  ap- 
parently of  such  small  value,  that  they  merit  no  par- 
ticular attention. 

The  moNt  ini[>ortant  province  depending  on  the  vice- 
royalty  of  IVru  IK  ('lull.  The  Iiieas  had  established 
their  dominion  ni  some  of  its  northern  dn'tricts  ;  but  in 
the  greater  )>art  of  the  country,  it*(  ^;allant  and  high 
spirited  inhabitanis  maintained  their  indepemleme. 
The  Spaniards,  allured  by  the  fame  of  its  opulence, 
early  attempted  the  conquest  of  it  under  Diego  Alma- 
gro  ;  and  after  his  death  Pedro  do  V'uhlivia  resuiifd 
the  design  Hoth  met  with  tierce  o|iposit.imi.  The 
former  relm)uiKhed  the  enterprise  in  the  manner  I  have 
meiitionnd.  The  latter,  after  having  given  many  dis- 
plays both  of  courage  and  mihldry  ^kill.  was  eut  oil. 
together  with  a  considerable  body  o' troops  under  his 
rommand.  EranciNca  dv  Villagra,  V'aldivia's  lieute- 
nant, by  his  spirited  conduct  checked  the  natives  in 
their  career,  and  saved  the  remainder  of  the  Spaniards 
from  destruction,  llv  degrees  all  tbi' champaign  coun- 
try along  the  coast  was  subjected  to  the  .Spanihh  do- 
minion. The  moiintainous  country  is  still  possessed 
by  the  Puelches,  ArauL-os,  and  other  tribes  uf  its  ori- 
ginal iiibabitunta,  formidable  neiglilmrs  to  the  Spa- 
niurds  ;  with  wIhiiu  during  the  coursn  of  two  centurie.'t, 
tliey  have  been  obliged  to  mamtain  un  almoftt  per|ietual 
hostihty,  suspended  only  by  a  few  nilcrvaU  of  insecure 
peace. 

That  part  of  <!7hili,  then,  which  may  properly  be 
deeiutd  a  S|)amKh  province,  is  a  narrow  district  ex- 
tended along  tho  coast  from  the  de!it-rt  uf  .Vtacainas  to 
tho  island  of  (/hihte.  above  nine  luindn  d  miles.  Us 
climate  i«  the  most  deliLMOtis  in  lln^  New  W  iirld.  and  is 
hardly  equalled  by  that  of  any  regnin  on  the  incv  of  the 
earth.  Though  l>ordi-ring  on  the  Torrid  /one,  it  never 
fetlsthe  extreinily  of  heat,  being  screened  on  the  east 
by  the  Andes,  and  refreshed  from  the  west  by  cooling 
sea  breezes.  'I'hc  temperature  of  the  air  is  so  nnhl  and 
equable,  that  the  Spqniards  give  i*.  the  preference  to 
that  of  the  southern  provinces  iri  their  native  cou'-iry 
The  fertility  of  the  sod  eorres(iondH  with  the  benignity 
of  the  climate,  and  is  wonderfully  accommodated  to 
European  productions,  'i'he  moat  valuable  of  these, 
corn,  wine,  and  oil.  ahound  m  ('hili  as  if  they  had  been 
native  to  the  country  All  the  fruits  inmorted  from 
Europe  attained  to  full  maturity  there.  The  animals 
of  our  hemisphere  not  only  multiply,  but  improve  in  | 
this  delightful  region.  The  horntd  cattle  are  of  larger 
size  than  those  of  .Spain.  Its  breed  of  horses  surpasses, 
both  in  beauty  and  spirit,  the  famous  Andahisian  race, 
from  which  they  sprung.  Nor  has  nature  exhausted  her 
bounty  on  the  surface  of  the  eurth  ;  she  has  stored  its 
bowelf  with  riches.  Valuable  mines  of  gold,  of  silver, 
of  copper,  and  of  lead,  have  been  discovered  in  vanoci 
parts  of  it. 

A  country  di^LJnguished  by  so  many  blessings,  wo 
may  be  apt  to  conclude,  would  earlv  become  a  favorito 
station  of  the  Spaniards,  and  must  have  been  cultivated 
with  peculiar  predilection  and  core.  Instead  of  this,  a 
great  part  of  it  remains  unoccupied.  In  all  this  extent 
of  country,  there  are  nut  nbovo  eighty  thousand  white 
inhabitunts  and  about  three  times  tlejt  nuinhor  of  Ne- 
'  grccs  and  peupl)  of  a  mixed  race.     The  most  furtde 


•oil  i:i  Atneriea  lies  uncultivated,  and  oome  of  ita  mfM^ 
prnniiNmu  mines  remain  unwruu^ht  Sliunge  as  thin 
neglect  ol  the  Spanuirdft  lo  uvml  tliciitNehen  of  udvaii 
tages  which  seemed  to  court  their  ar-ceiitance  may  ap- 
|M!ar.  the  causes  of  it  can  be  traced  The  only  inter- 
course of  Spmn  with  its  rolonies  in  the  South  Sea  wa« 
carried  on  during  two  centuries  by  the  annual  Heet  to 
I'ortu  Ut'lto  All  the  protlnce  of  ibeiie  tMiloiiiea  wof 
shipped  III  the  ports  of  Callao  or  Arica  in  IVru,  foi 
Panama,  and  carried  from  ihenctt  across  the  latbmua. 
.Ml  the  commodities  which  they  received  from  the  mo- 
ther cduntnes  were  conveyed  from  Panama  to  ilie  same 
harbors  Thus  buili  the  exports  and  iin|H}fls  of  Chili 
passed  through  the  hands  ol  merchants  M'ltled  In  Peru. 
riiene  had  of  course  a  prolit  on  eich  ;  and  in  both 
tran tactions  the  Chilene  felt  their  own  subordinalum 
and  having  no  direct  intercourse  wmIi  the  parent  state, 
they  depended  u|Hm  anoiher  pro\ nice  for  the  diNiKiHal 
of  their  nroducltonn,  as  well  us  b>r  the  supply  of  iheir 
wants,  rndei-  such  discoiirugeinentn,  population  could 
not  increase,  and  industry  was  destilnte  of  one  chief 
incitement.  Hut  now  that  Spam,  from  motives  which 
1  shall  mention  hereafter,  ban  adopted  u  new  syotem, 
and  carries  on  Iiit  commerce  with  t!)i>  colonies  m  tho 
.South  Sea  by  ships  which  go  unual  ( 'a|H'  Horn,  a 
direct  mtercuur^e  is  opened  between  4'hil.  and  the  im> 
ther  country  The  gold,  the  silver,  and  the  other  cimii- 
nuHlities  of  the  province,  will  he  e.vc|ianged  in  iIm  own 
liarlHirs  for  the  manufactnris  o*^  Europe  Chili  may 
s|teedi|y  rise  into  that  iin|M)rtaiice  umnng  the  Spanish 
settlenn-nt^'  lo  which  it  is  entithd  by  Mh  natural  advan- 
tages. It  may  become  the  graiiarv  of  Fern,  and  tho 
other  provinces  along  the  Pucillc  ( icean  It  may  sup- 
Illy  them  with  wine,  with  cutlle,  with  horses,  wiih 
lemp,  and  many  'the  articlet  lor  which  they  now  do- 
peitd  upon  Enrop  '.  I'hongh  the  new  system  has  Inen 
CHtablmhed  only  '  iVw  years,  those  elfeets  of  it  begin 
already  to  be  ub»-'  r«ed  If  it  shall  be  adhered  lo  with 
any  steudinesH  f'  iialf  a  centurv,  omt  may  venture  to 
foretell  that  popi.  atiori,  industry,  and  opulence  will  ad- 
vance in  this  province  with  rapid  progress. 

'i'o  the  east  of  the  Anden,  the  provincts  of  Tiicuman 
ami  Kio  de  la  Plata  lioidcr  un  Club,  and  like  it  wero 
depemh  nt  on  the  vireroyalty  of  Peru.  I'liesc  regiona 
of  irnmeiiHe  extent  stretch  in  length  from  north  lo  south 
above  thirteen  hundred  indes,  and  m  breadth  moro 
thiiiih  thousand  This  country,  which  is  larger  than 
mo^t  Ei.ropeaii  kingdoms,  naturally  forms  itself  into 
two  great  divisioiiN,  one  on  the  north  and  the  other  im 
the  south  of  Kio  de  la  Plata  The  formor  comprehends 
Paraguay,  the  famous  missuni*  of  the  Jesuits,  and  se- 
veril  other  districts.  Hut  aHtlMputi.*  have  long  sub- 
sisted between  the  couriH  of  Spuin  and  Portugal,  con- 
ceiiiing  Its  bound.ines,  which,  it  is  probable,  will  bo 
soon  liually  ascertained,  eillier  ttinicibly  or  by  the  de- 
cision of  the  sword,  I  clioose  to  reserve  my  iccou  it  of 
this  northern  division,  nnld  I  enter  upon  (he  history  of 
Portuguese  .\mericj,  with  which  it  is  intimately  con- 
nected ;  and  in  relating  it,  I  nhall  he  able,  from  authen- 
tic nialernds  supplied  liolh  by  Sp.un  and  Portugal,  to 
:;ive  a  full  and  accurate  tlescripliun  of  the  op4'ralimiS 
and  views  r.f  the  Jesuits,  in  rearing  that  singular  fabric 
u(  policy  in  America,  winch  has  drawn  so  much  atten- 
tion, and  has  been  so  iinperleclly  understood.  Tho 
latter  division  of  the  province  contains  the  governments 
of  Tiicuman  and  Buenos  Ayres,  and  to  these  I  sliull  at 
present  conliue  my  observations. 

The  Spaniards  entered  this  part  of  America  by  tho 
river  De  la  Plata  i  and  thcugh  a  suacession  of  cruel 
disaslerH  befell  them  in  their  early  attempts  lu  ehtablibli 
their  dommiun  in  it,  they  were  encouraged  to  pernist 
in  the  dcHign,  at  first  by  the  hopes  of  discovering  mines 
in  the  interior  country,  and  ultiTwards  by  the  neeesNily 
nf  occupying  it,  in  ordi>r  to  prevent  any  other  natioi 
from  settling  there,  f*nd  penetrating  by  this  route  into 
their  ncli  pONsessiuns  in  Peru.  Hut  e.xcepi  at  Huenoa 
.\yres,  i  ley  have  made  no  settlement  o(  any  conse- 
t|uenc<>  in  all  the  vast  space  which  I  have  mentioned. 
There  are  indeed,  scattered  over  it,  a  few  places  on 
which  tliev  have  bestowed  the  name  of  towns,  and  lo 
which  they  have  endeavored  to  add  some  dignity,  by 
erecting  tliem  into  bishoprics  ;  but  they  are  no  bettei 
than  paltry  villages,  each  with  two  or  tbreo  hundreu 
inhabitants.  One  circumstance,  however,  which  wat- 
not  originally  foreseen,  has  contributed  to  render  thii 
district,  though  thinly  peopled,  of  considerable  impur 
tunce.  The  province  of  Tucuman,  together  with  tin 
I  country  lo  the  south  of  tbn  Pkta.  instead  of  being  co- 
',  vered  with  wood  like  other  parts  of  America,  furnife 
I  one  extensive  open  plain,  almost  without  a  tree.  Tho 
t  soil  IS  a  deep  fertile  mould,  watered  by  many  streumt 
'  descending  from  the  Andes,  and  clothed   in  perpetual 


flOUTII   AMRIUGA. 


rortliiro  In  l\x\*  nrli  |HiMtiirn0r,  tlic  hortcinml  nttlo 
iiiiporli'tl  by  iIh'  S|iariinriU  rroiii  Ki]rii|>p  Imva  iiinlli|ilir<l 
to  A  (li'^rro  Miniii  hIiimmI  I'trn-di  lic|ii-r  TIiih  Iijm 
ciiubloil  tlic  iiilmhiUntit  nut  only  lo  ()|tiMi  a  tiitrroiivi) 
trade  will)  INtu,  l>y  ■u)>|ilyini;  il  with  rnttlr,  liorHm, 
■nt)  iniiltiA,  )iut  III  carry  tin  n  (Miriiuirri'r  nu  Icnm  luni'li- 
ciiil|by  thu  <ixtiuriuiioi)  (>l  IiuIin  tu  Kuropr.  Truin  Itutli, 
tho  colony  lian  <lrri\rit  ^nut  iulvllrltll^^H.  lint  iln 
cuininutliuiii  niluulion  for  t-iirrvin<;  on  roDlraband  trudtt 
ha*)  hui'it  tint  oIimT  nouho  nl'  lU  |iroH|H'rily.  Wlnlr  Utv 
court  uf  Madrid  adlirnd  (o  iih  unritMit  iiy«ti'ni.  wilh 
rfHiirrl  'O  lilt  co'iiiiiiiiiicaiioii  vmIIi  Aint-rica.  llie  river 
Do  la  IMiita  l.iy  mi  nnirli  nut  u(  tlin  i-uuntn  uf  Simiimli 
navi){atiun,  tliat  nilfrloiicrti,  alnioal  wiiiioiit  any  rmk  uf 
boinH  oitlicr  olmorvnl  ur  olmtructtd,  4'ouM  ikkk  in  Ku- 
rofican  nianti  fact  urea  in  nticU  <|uaniitit'fl,  tliat  llicy  nut 
only  ftU|i|ilicd  tlio  wantn  ot  llif  colnny.  Iiut  wcrt*  run- 
vi'yt'd  irilu  all  tlir  riiNimi  diHtru-Uuf  I'uru.  Wlii-n 
tho  Porlii^iicfir  ill  llraiil  rxlriidrd  tlirir  M-ttlnncntik  to 
Uifl  hankii  nt  llio  dn  la  I'lata,  a  new  rlunnri  wvh 
0|HM)rd,  liy  witii'li  pruliibiii'd  ruininoditirH  llowtd  iiiio 
llio  S|iaiiith  tt'irituiic!!  with  Mill  iiuirr  t.inlity,  and  in 
^rcatur  almndanrr.  'I'lim  illruiil  tritllr.  hnwi'vrr  dctri- 
inoiital  to  tlin  panMit  itutr*  rutiinlnitrd  to  llif  iiirrfiipii) 
of  the  arttlrrni'nt  vvtiinii  had  tlii<  iininrdmti)  bi'iictit  ol  it, 
and  Hnrnun  Ayrra  laranio  i>ruiltially  a  |m>|mi1oiih  and 
0|)iilrnt  town.  \Vh.it  niiy  bi>  tho  rllt'cl  oi'  iht^  altrra- 
tlun  iatrlv  nindv  in  thf  ^ovrrnnitMit  of  thia  rolonv,  ihr 
iiaturo  o(  wliirli  ahall  ho  drccribcd  in  thu  aiiliHri|iii'iit 
Hook,  rannot  hitla-rto  bo  knoivn. 

All  tho  other  tcrntoricN  uf  Sfiain  in  tho  Now  \Vorlil, 
(he  iHtandM  rxi'cpli'd,  of  whono  diMruvcry  mid  rrdiirtiun 
I  havn  fomuTlv  ^ivrii  an  Hcrotnit,  jro  roin|ir(-hondi'd 
under  two  khmI  divtaiona  ;  tho  fortntT  dcnoiniiiati'd  the 
Kingdom  of 'I'lerra  1*  irnio,  tho  provniiTH  of  whirh  utrotch 
feluiiK  the  Atlanltc,  front  tho  odtttorn  frontier  of  New 
8|mtn  to  tho  month  uf  the  ( Irinocu  ;  the  latter,  tho  New 
Kin;{doin  of  (iranada,  aituated  in  tho  interior  cuiintrv. 
With  a  abort  view  uf  tliuac  I  ahatl  cloao  tliia  purl  uf  my 
work. 

To  llin  raat  of  Vera^iia.  tho  InAt  province  anbjrcl  to 
thr  virorny  of  Moxicu,  lioa  the  iilhimiM  of  Ihirien 
Though  It  waa  in  thii  pait  of  thu  continent  that  the 
SpaiiiiirdH  first  bo^an  tu  plant  cotunioH,  thoy  Iiavo  made 
no  connidorablo  pro^reas  m  p<'oph^^  it.  Aa  tho  coun- 
try IS  rxtrrnu'ly  niuiintainoua,  iie|u(fod  with  rain  during 
ft  ^o(»\  part  of  tho  your,  roinarkuhly  iiidiraltliful,  and 
contains  no  nnnoa  o(  ^roat  value,  tho  SpaniufdH  wuiihl 
probably  havo  abandonod  it  nllot^etlior,  if  they  hfid  n<it 
been  allured  to  continue  by  the  excellcnco  ui"  tho  har- 
Ixrr  uf  Portu  Bellu  un  tho  one  aoa.  and  that  of  I'ananui 
on  V  other,  'riiono  havo  been  calhd  the  kevn  to  tho 
CO.  .inicatiun  between  the  norib  and  M>u(b  mm,  lie- 
twren  Spam  and  her  inoMt  valuahte  culonioA  In  con- 
inpieitco  of  tbnt  udvuntajre.  I'aniina  ha*!  btreoine  a  con- 
pidcrublo  and  tbnvniK  town.  'I'lie  peculiar  nuxtoufine«a 
of  Its  clnnaie  has  prevented  Purto  Delhi  from  mcreat*- 
in^t  m  the  aaine  proportion  Ah  tho  intorcourNo  will) 
the  settlenicntA  in  tlie  I'acilic  Ocoitn  is  now  i  arried  on 
by  another  channel,  it  ix  probable  that  both  I'orlo  Hrllo 
and  Panama  will  doclino,  when  no  Ioniser  noiiriNJied 
and  enriched  by  that  commerce  tu  which  lliey  were  in- 
debted for  their  proMtoritv,  and  ovon  their  exiHtenco 

Tho  provinces  of  ('arlhaj.'!  na  urui  Santa  Marl  ha 
•trel<  h  tu  the  eantwurd  of  (be  islliuni!*  oi  D.irien.  Tlio 
cunntry  ittill  conttiuien  imiurilainouN,  Imii  iIh  vallovN 
be^iii  to  expaiH*.  arc  well  \walered,  and  extrontelv  br- 
lilc.  Pedro  do  lleri'tlia  jitiltjecte'l  iIuh  part  of  Ainoncn 
to  tho  crown  of  Spam  about  llie  year  l^'A'i.  It  ik 
thinly  peopled,  ami  of  cuufM  ill  cultivated  It  produces. 
however,  a  variety  of  valuable  dni;;*,  unit  aoire  pre- 
cioiH  atones,  particularly  omcraldH.  Hut  iIh  eliicf  im- 
purtance  if  derived  from  the  harbor  of  CariliH^eiia,  the 
aaleat  and  boMt  fortilled  of  any  in  tlie  American  do- 
niimonn  of  Spain  In  a  nitualion  ho  favorable,  cum- 
inerce  ttooii  be^jan  to  llourish.  As  eariv  ax  the  year 
IT) It,  It  Roenifl  tu  have  boon  a  'own  of  Kome  note  Hut 
when  <'artha>rena  wna  choHOii  as  the  port  iii  which  the 
galeons  ahould  lirst  be^in  to  trade  on  tlieir  arrival  from 
Kuropo,  and  lo  which  ihey  wero  directed  to  return,  in 
order  to  prepare  fur  their  voyajjo  bumo^anl,  the  eom- 
tnerce  of  its  inhabitants  wan  ho  much  lavond  by  this 
arrangement,  that  it  aoon  became  one  of  ibo  must  popu- 
lous, opulent,  and  beautiful  cities  in  America.  'I'bere 
in,  however,  reaMUt  to  apprehend  that  it  has  reached  Us 
biRhcat  point  of  exaltation,  and  that  it  will  bo  ho  far 
atfecled  by  the  change  in  tho  Spamsh  system  uf  tradi 
with  America,  which  has  Withilrawn  trom  it  tho  desiri- 
bic  visits  of  ihe  iialouns.  ns  tu  feel  at  lenvt  a  temporary 
decline.  Hut  the  weallh  nuw  cultecled  there  will  suon 
lind  ur  create  employment  fur  itself,  and  may  bu  turned 
with  advaulu;jo  into  suiuo  new  channel.     lia  liarbur  la 


»o  aafo,  and  ao  conveniently  situated  for  rccriving  com* 
moditiua  from  Knro|»e,  ita  merclumta  havo  been  solon^ 
accuatumetl  to  convey  thciio  iiitu  all  tho  adjucont  pro- 
vinces, that  It  IN  iiruhahle  they  will  still  retain  this 
brunch  of  trade,  and  l-urlliayena  eonliniie  lo  bo  a  city 
uf  ureal  irnportanco. 

'riie  provincoa  cunliKuuiia  to  Santa  Marthii  on  tho 
euHt,  was  liral  visited  by  Alonso  do  Ojedd,  in  tho  year 
I'lUU  ;  and  the  Npaniurifs,  on  their  laiidiiiK  there,  huvmjj 
ubserved  some  liuls  in  an  Indian  vilbi);o,  built  u|M>n 
piles,  in  order  lo  raise  ihem  above  Ihe  nla^nated  water 
which  covered  the  plain,  wore  led  to  bestow  upon  ii 
the  name  ol  Vetir/ucla,  ur  little  Venice,  by  their  usual 
properimtv  to  bnd  a  resembliinco  between  what  they 
discovered  in  Anienca,  and  the  ubjecls  which  wero 
familnr  lu  them  in  Kuro|to.  They  madu  some  attoiiipta 
tu  setlbi  there,  but  witb  lilllu  auccesa  The  Ihial  re- 
ducliuii  uf  tho  pruvmco  was  accomplmhed  by  means 
very  dilVeront  from  ihuno  to  which  Snain  waa  mdibted 
bir  lis  other  aciimsitiuns  in  the  Now  Wurhl.  Thu 
amhitiiiri  of  Charles  V.  ol'ion  enquired  lum  in  operations 
of  such  vunelv  aiul  evli nt,  lliut  his  reveiiuos  wort!  iiol 
sutlicient  lo  defray  tho  expense  of  carrying  them  into 
exocutiun  Ainoiii(  other  oi|iediriita  fur  supplying  tho 
deficiencv  of  his  funds,  ho  hail  Imirowed  lartfo  sums 
Iruin  tho  S'eUers  uf  Auusbur}^,  the  inusl  opulent  iiier- 
cbunts  ut  that  lime  m  Kuropu.  Hy  way  ol  rolributiun 
hir  iboHO,  or  in  hopes,  perhaps,  of  oblamm^  a  new  lOkri, 
he  hestowid  upon  llioin  tho  province  of  Veno/uela,  to 
be  hehl  as  an  berediiary  t'lef  from  thu  cruwii  uf  ('astilo. 
on  eoiidiiion  that  within  almntid  tiino  they  should  ren- 
der themselves  masters  uf  Ihe  cuunlry,  and  establish  a 
colony  ttiero.  I'nder  the  direction  uf  such  persnns,  it 
mi^lit  have  been  expected  that  u  setllemeul  wuuld  have 
been  estahlislu'd  on  maxima  very  diiroront  from  ihosu 
uf  the  Spaniards,  and  better  calculated  to  encoura;.'o 
such  us(:lul  industry,  as  mercantile  propriolurs  mi^ht 
bavo  known  lu  be  the  most  certain  source  of  prosperity 
and  uputenco.  Hut  unfortunately  they  committed  llio 
oxeciiliun  of  their  plan  tu  sumu  of  those  soldiers  uf 
fortune  with  winch  (ionnany  ahuunded  in  the  MXieenlli 
century.  I'liesi'  adventurers,  impatient  tu  umans  riches. 
thai  they  im^ht  speedily  ahanduii  a  station  which  they 
Mtoii  disco.vered  to  ho  very  uncimilortahle,  mslcad  of 
pluritin;;  a  colony  in  order  lo  cultiv.ile  unil  improve  llio 
country,  wandered  Iruni  district  tti  ilistnct  m  search  of 
mines,  plundering;  tlia  natives  with  unfeeling  rapacity, 
or  oppressing;  thorn  by  the  impusition  of  inluierahle 
tasks.  In  the  course  of  a  lew  years,  iboir  avancu  and 
exactions,  m  cuinpuriMUi  with  winch  thus4>  of  the  Spn- 
iiiards  wore  mudorute,  desolated  the  province  so  cum* 
pletely.  that  it  cuuld  liardlv  .itlord  them  sulisistence, 
and  the  Vetsers  ri'liiKpiislioil  u  propcrtv  from  which  the 
iiH  rmiiderale  conduct  uf  their  a^jents  left  them  nu  hupe 
uf  ever  denvini;  any  udvanta^e  When  the  wretched 
remainder  of  the  (leriuans  deserted  Venezuela,  tho 
Spaniards  a^iiiii  tuok  possessiun  uf  it  \  but  iiotwith- 
standiii^  many  natural  advantaues,  it  is  one  ol  their 
nioHt  lanumshini;  and  miproductivo  sottlcments. 

'I'ho  provinces  of  I'araccas  and  (Humana  are  the  last 
ol  tho  Spanish  terntunes  un  this  const  ;  but  in  relating 
the  origin  and  operations  uf  the  morcnnlde  com|iany  in 
wliich  un  excliisivo  riirhl  uf  tradu  with  them  Ium  been 
Vented,  I  shrill  hereafter  have  occasion  tu  cunsider  their 
state  ami  pruduclions. 

Tho  New  Kin<rdum  uf  (tranada  is  entirely  an  inland 
country  of  ^real  extent.  This  important  aitdilioii  was 
maili!  tu  the  doniimotis  of  Spain  ahuut  the  year  lAIJtt, 
by  Sebasliau  de  Hetialcazar  and  (iun/.alu  Ximenes  do 
(^uosad.i,  two  of  the  bravest  and  most  uccomplihheil 
oMictTs  emploved  in  the  coinpiest  uf  America  Tht> 
former,  who  commanded  at  that  time  in  Cjtiitt>,  attacked 
It  from  tho  south  ;  tiie  latter  made  his  invaMOii  Iruni 
Santa  Martha  un  the  north  As  the  ori|;ina!  inh<ibitaiit.s 
of  this  reKion  were  further  advanced  iii  luipruvemcnt 
llian  any  po(<pti>  in  America  hut  the  Mexicans  and  Pe- 
ruvians, liii'v  defended  iheniselves  with  ^reat  resolution 
Riid  ^ood  euniluct.  Tlie  abilities  and  porsevercnco  ul 
Henatca/.tr  and  (juesaila  sumiuuntod  all  opposition, 
though  not  without  encountering  many  dati^era,  and 
reduced  the  country  iiitu  ibn  form  uf  a  Spanish  pro- 
vince. 

The  New  Kingdom  of  Granada  is  so  fur  elovaiod 
above  the  level  uf  the  sea  that,  though  it  Hpproaclu'8 
almost  to  the  equator,  thu  climate  is  remarkably  tem- 
perate The  fortuity  of  its  vallvys  is  not  mfcnoi  to 
that  of  the  richest  districts  in  America,  and  its  liiKhor 
^loiinds  yield  ^^ohl  and  preciou.'*  stones  of  various  kinds 
It  IS  not  liv  diirijini;  into  the  bowels  of  the  eurth  that 
this  ^uld  IS  found  ;  it  is  minified  with  t'io  sud  near  tlie 
fiirfaco.  and  separated  frum  it  by  repeated  waDhiu^ 
with  water.     This  operatiun   is  earned  on  whully  by 


m 

Negro  alavea ;  for  though  the  chill  auhterranetn  air  ha* 
lieoii  discovered,  by  ox|)enence,  l»  l»e  sj  fatal  lo  thein, 
that  Ibey  ciiniiot  be  employed  with  advantage  in  tho 
deep  silver  mines,  ihey  are  more  capable  uf  perforin- 
m^  tho  other  siieeios  of  lutwr  than  Indians.  As  thft 
natives  in  the  New  Kingdom  of  (irariadu  are  exempt 
front  ihat  service,  which  has  wasted  their  race  so  ru* 
pidly  m  other  parts  of  .America,  ihu  country  is  aiill 
romarkahly  |H>pulous  Some  districts  yield  gold  with 
a  prubisiun  no  loss  wonderful  than  that  m  thu  vale  ol 
('ineguilU,  which  I  have  birnierly  mentioned,  and  it  la 
uflen  fuund  in  large  prhtan,  or  grams,  which  maniftial 
Iho  abundance  iii  wbu  h  it  is  priHliicod.  On  a  nsing 
ground  near  Pamplona,  sm^rtn  laborers  hivu  collected 
III  a  day  whit  was  equal  in  value  lo  a  thousand  pesos. 
A  late  govurnur  uf  Suiita  Pu  bruught  with  him  to  Spain 
a  lump  uf  puro  guhl,  estimated  to  bo  wurtli  seven  hun- 
dred and  forty  pounds  sterling  This,  which  is  jier- 
baps  tho  Icr^esl  and  liiiost  specimen  ever  fuund  in  the 
Now  World,  IS  now  deposited  in  the  royal  cabmot  of 
Madrid  Hut  wiihout  loundmg  any  calculation  on 
what  IS  rare  and  extraordtnary,  the  value  uf  the  guM 
usually  collected  in  this  country,  particularly  in  the 
provinces  of  Popayaii  and  ('huco,  is  of  considorablu 
amount.  Ita  towns  are  populous  and  lluuri-'iing  Tliti 
number  of  inhabitants  m  almust  every  part  oi  .he  cuun- 
lry daily  increases,  (.'ultivation  and  industry  uf  varioua 
kinds  begin  lo  bo  enciiuraged,  and  to  prosper.  A  cun- 
Hulerabte  trade  is  crirrted  on  with  Curthngena,  the  pri>- 
duce  of  the  mines,  and  other  commodilies,  being  con- 
veyed down  tho  yreul  river  of  St  .Magdalene  lo  that 
city.  On  another  quarter,  the  New  Kmudum  of  (ira- 
nadii  has  a  cuinmumcution  with  thu  Atlantic  by  ilia 
river  Orinoco  ;  but  the  country  which  sirelclics  ulung 
Its  banks  towards  tho  east,  is  little  known,  and  iin|ter- 
fectlv  occupied  by  llie  Spaniards. 


BOOK    vin. 

Vuiw  onitfl  inlcrioi  i(<u'i>riun<Mit.  coininercn,  Ac.  o{  the  Spa 
iiihIi  niliMiiL'S— l>L'|Mi|iii|.ttiiiii  ul  Aiiiuricu— lirst  ollucts  uf 
thi-ir  Mt-itltMiii-tits  -not  the  ciiuHfiiuouce  nf  niiy  iiyiitrm  of 
|M>liry— nor  li>  Ik>  Iini»ui<->1  In  rehh'ii>i)'~Nuii)t)ur  4i|  Indiana 
liiill  ruiniuiiiini— Fiuiiliiiiienlal  inaxims  on  whtcti  the  Spu- 
nitli  nyiili-iiior  ciiluiiixatiiiu  M  fouittlu(l~( Gondii  u  n  of  dllter* 
nit  (inlcri  of  inoti  m  Ihnr  colonies— t!|ia|ietuu«s—(*rr»lea 
— Netfrors— I'ulians— Kcclf^iiaHticnl  sintn  and  (sihcy — t^Ua- 
rariiT  of  ttt'ciil.ir  slid  re^'uhir  clergy— Small  progress  uf 
IMuiHtiaiulv  arnoiii;  the  iialives— .Mines, cluerohjuct  nf  their 
attention— Nb>de  ol'  working  these— their  produce— Eil^cta 
or  t'licoaruginx  lliis  hihtiok  of  induilry— Other  corn 
inodiiii-H  ur  S|iaiii)ih  Ainerlca — Fust  elPects  uf  this  new 
cniiuiifrce  with  Aniericii  on  S|)nin— W)iv  the  Spanuti 
colonies  have  not  livuu  u«  henuliciat  to  the  parent  ntato  as 
those  of  other  nations— Brrorti  in  thu  t)|ianish  syHtein  of 
reKuliitiiiKlhis  coiiitniTiT — coniined  Itmne  port— earned  on 
liy  aiiiiiiiil  ftiTlN -Contnihand  trade— Uucline  of  Suaiit  Indh 
in  population  ami  weallh  — Ht-inodie.^  projKi^ed- View  of 
the  wiHi*  rettuliiiioiiH  of  thu  UourtMfii  princuH — A  nuw  aii'l 
limrf  Itlteral  syntiMii  irdrtNluced — tH>nelinal  eltects  of  lliis— 
urohiililc  coiiNe'iueucoH— Tradn  ln'twcfUi  New  S|iain  und  llio 
l*hili|)iiine<i~~Ilt-v(-niie  of  Spain  fiom  Aniorica— whuitco  it 
ari.-<uH— to  what  it  aimuints. 

Aktkr  tracing  the  projjress  of  tho  Spaniards  in  their 
discuveries  and  cunqiiesis  during  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury, I  have  conducted  them  to  that  periotl  when  thoir 
authority  was  established  over  almost  .dl  the  vast  re- 
gions in  tiio  Now  World  still  subject  'o  their  dominion 
i'ho  etieet  of  their  settlements  upon  the  countries  uf 
wbic!)  they  took  posse.HMion.  tho  niaxnmt  which  they 
adopted  in  formino  iheir  new  colonies,  tho  mteriur 
structure  and  puliry  of  these,  together  with  the  mllu- 
enco  of  their  progressive  improvement  upon  the  parent 
state,  and  upon  the  commercial  uuercuurso  of  nations, 
ar<^  the  ohjectH  to  winch  we  now  turn  our  attention. 

The  tirsl  visible  consequence  uf  the  establishments 
made  by  llu;  Spamrirds  in  America,  was  tlie  dimiuutioa 
nf  tho  ancient  lohaliilants,  to  a  decree  equally  astomsh- 
mi;  and  depluruhle.  I  have  already,  on  dilVeronl  occa- 
MiuiiH,  mentioned  the  disastrous  r.illuonco  under  which 
tne  connection  of  the  .\mericana  with  tho  peojite  ai  our 
hoinisphcro  ciunnienced.  both  in  the  islamls  and  in 
several  parts  uf  the  cuntirKiU,  nnd  havo  touched  upon 
various  caiiset:  of  their  rapid  consumption.  Wherever 
tho  inhabitants  of  America  bad  resolution  to  take  anna 
in  defence  of  their  liberty  and  rights,  many  pori.shed  iti 
the  unetpial  contest,  and  were  cut  off  by  their  ticr.-e  m- 
viders.  Hut  the  greatest  desolation  followed  after  the 
sword  was  sheathed,  and  the  conquerors  wore  settled 
in  tranquillity.  It  was  in  the  islands,  and  in  tliuso  pri»- 
vmces  of  the  continent  which  stretch  from  the  Uulf  o( 
Tnmdad  to  the  confines  of  Mexico,  thai  the  fatal  elFccta 
of  the  Spanish  doininiun  were  first  and*  most  aensihlv 
Icll.  All  those  wore  occupied  either  by  wandering 
tribes  of  hunters,  or  by  such  us  had  made  but  tniaU 
pro>rress  in  cultivation  and  mdustrv.  When  they  weiu 
cuuipetlud  by  their  new  masters  to  take  uu  a  fired  rcaU 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'SIM  m 

» ill 


116 


2.2 
12.0 


u  mil  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


s 


,\ 


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V 


4^ 


N> 


O"^ 


^#»" 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


%^ 


Q, 


C/j 


ICO [ 

dence.  and  to  apply  to  rogiilar  labor ;  when  tasks  were 
imposud  upon  ihrm  di»proportionc(l  to  their  Htrcngth, 
and  were  enacted  with  unrelenting  severity,  ihny  po.s- 
Besscd  not  vigor  cither  of  miud  or  of  liody  lo  siisliiiti 
this  unuaual  load  of  oppression.  Drjection  and  du- 
gpair  drove  many  to  end  their  lives  by  violence.  Fa- 
tigue and  famine  destroyed  more.  In  all  those  exten- 
sive regions,  the  original  race  of  inhabitants  wasted 
away  ;  in  some  it  was  totally  extinguished.  In  Mexi- 
co, where  a  powerful  and  martial  people  distinguished 
their  opposition  to  the  Spaniards  by  efforts  of  courauo 
worthy  of  a  better  fate,  great  numbers  fell  in  the  field  ; 
and  there,  as  well  as  in  Peru,  still  greater  numbers 
perished  under  the  hardships  of  attending  the  Spanitfh 
armies  in  their  various  expeditions  and  civil  wars,  worn 
out  with  the  incessant  toil  of  carrying  their  baggage, 
provisions,  and  military  stores. 

But  neither  the  rage  nor  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards 
was  so  destructive  to  the  people  of  Mexico  and  Peru, 
as  the  inconsiderate  policy  with  which  they  established 
their  new  settlements.  The  former  were  temporary 
calamities,  fatal  to  individuals:  the  latter  was  a  per- 
roament  evil,  which,  wil.i  gradual  consumption,  wasted 
the  nation.  When  the  provinces  of  Mexico  and  Peru 
were  divided  among  ttie  conquerors,  each  was  eager  to 
obtain  a  district  from  which  he  might  expect  an  in- 
stantaneous recompense  for  all  his  services.  Soldiers, 
accustomed  to  the  carelessness  and  dissipation  of  a 
military  life,  had  neither  industry  to  carry  on  any  plan 
of  regular  cultivation,  nor  patience  to  wait  for  its  slow 
but  certain  returns.  Instead  of  settling  in  the  valleys 
occupied  by  the  natives,  where  the  fertility  of  the  soil 
would  have  amply  rewarded  the  diligence  of  the  plartcr, 
they  chose  to  fix  their  stations  in  some  of  the  moun- 
tainous regions,  frequent  both  in  New  Spain  and  in 
Peru.  To  search  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver  was  the 
chief  object  of  their  activity.  The  prospects  which 
this  opens,  and  the  alluring  hopes  which  it  continually 
preacnts,  correspond  wonderfully  with  the  spirit  of  en- 
terprise and  adventure  that  animated  the  first  emigrants 
to  America  in  ever'  part  of  their  conduct.  In  order  to 
push  forward  those  favorite  projects,  so  many  hands 
vere  wanted,  tliat  the  service  of  the  natives  became 
indispensably  requisite.  They  were  accordingly  com- 
pelled to  abandon  their  ancient  habitations  in  the  plains, 
and  driven  in  crowds  to  the  mountains.  Thie>  sudden 
transition  from  the  bultry  cliiUite  of  ihe  valkys  to  the 
chill  penetrating  air  peculiar  to  high  lands  in  ihe  torrid 
zone  ;  exorbitant  labor,  scanty  or  unwholesome  nourish- 
ment, and  the  despondency  occasioned  by  a  (.pecics  of 
opnrrssion  to  which  they  were  not  accustomed,  and  of 
which  they  saw  no  end,  alfected  them  nearly  as  much 
as  their  less  industrious  countrymen  in  the  islands. 
They  sunk  under  the  united  pressure  of  those  calami- 
ties, and  melted  away  with  almost  equal  rapidity.  In 
consequence  of  this,  together  with  the  introduction  of 
the  small-pox,  a  malady  unknown  in  America,  and  ex- 
tremely fatal  to  the  natives,  the  number  of  people  both 
in  New  Spain  and  Peru  was  so  much  reduced,  that  in 
u  few  years  the  accounts  of  their  ancient  population 
appeared  almost  incredible.  [16*1] 

Such  are  the  mott  considerable  events  and  causes 
which,  by  their  combined  operation,  contributed  to  de- 
populate America.  AVithout  attending  to  these,  many 
authors,  astonished  at  the  suddenness  of  the  desolation, 
have  ascribed  this  unexampled  event  to  a  system  of 
policy  no  less  profound  than  atrocious.  The  Spaniurd.s, 
08  they  pretend,  conscious  of  their  own  inability  to  oc- 
cupy the  vast  regions  which  they  had  di.-icovcnd,  and 
foreseeing  the  impossiliihty  of  mamliiining  their  au- 
thority over  a  people  infinitely  superior  to  tiiemselves 
in  number,  in  order  to  preserve  the  possession  of  Ame- 
rica, resolved  to  extenuiiiiLte  the  irihabitunts,  and,  l)V 
converting  a  great  part  of  the  country  into  a  desert, 
endeavored  to  secure  their  own  duniinion  over  it,  [Iti.'iJ 
But  nations  seldom  extend  their  views  to  obje.Us  so 
remote,  or  lay  their  plans  so  deep  ;  and  for  the  honor 
of  humanity  we  may  observe,  that  no  nation  ever  de- 
liberately formed  such  an  execrable  scheme.  T'.'- 
Spanish  monarchs,  far  from  acting  upon  any  p"  tvs- 
tem  of  destruction,  were  uniformly  solicitous  for  the 
preservation  of  their  new  subjects.  With  Isabella, 
zeal  for  propagating  Ihe  Clirislian  faith,  together 
with  the  desire  of  communicating  the  knowledge  of 
truth,  and  the  consolations  of  religion,  (o  people  desti- 
tute of  spiritual  light,  were  more  than  ostensible  mo- 
tivcu  fcr  encouraging  Columbus  to  attempt  his  disco- 
veries. Upon  his  success,  hIic  endeavored  to  fulfil  her 
piouH  purjiose,  and  manifested  the  most  lender  concern 
to  secure  not  only  religious  instruction,  but  mild  treat- 
ment, to  that  inotfcnstve  race  oi  men  subjected  to  her 
crown.  [106]    Her  successors  adopted  the  samo  ideas ; 


ROBEUTSON*S   HISTORY   OF 


and,  on  many  occasions,  which  I  have  mentioned,  their 
authority  was  interposed,  in  the  most  vigorous  exer- 
tions, to  protect  the  people  of  America  from  llie  op- 
pression of  their  Spanish  subjects.  Their  regulations 
for  this  purpose  were  numerous,  and  often  repealed. 
They  were  framed  with  wisdom,  and  dictated  by  hu- 
manity. After  their  possessions  in  Ihe  New  World 
became  so  extensive  as  might  have  excited  some  ap- 
prehensions of  difficulty  in  retaining  their  dominion 
over  Ihcm,  the  spirit  of  their  regulations  was  as  mild  as 
when  their  selilemcnts  were  confined  to  the  islands 
alone.  Their  solicitude  to  protect  the  Indians  seems 
rather  to  have  augmented  as  their  actpiisitions  increased: 
and  from  ardor  to  accomplish  this,  they  enacted,  and 
endeavored  to  enforce  the  execution  of  laws,  which  ex- 
cited a  formidable  rebellion  in  one  of  their  colonies, 
and  spread  alarm  and  disaffection  through  all  the  rest. 
But  the  avarice  of  individuals  was  too  violent  to  bn 
controlled  by  the  authority  of  laws.  Rapacious  and 
daring  adventurers,  far  removed  from  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment, little  accustomed  to  the  lestraints  of  military 
discipline  while  in  service,  and  still  less  disposed  to  re- 
spect the  feeble  jurisdiction  of  civil  power  in  an  infant 
colony,  despised  or  eluded  every  regulation  that  set 
bounds  to  their  exactions  and  tyranny.  The  parent 
state,  with  persevering  attention,  issued  edicts  to  pre- 
vent the  oppression  of  the  Indians ;  the  colonists,  re- 
gardless of  these,  or  trusting  to  their  distanre  for  im- 
punity, continued  to  consider  and  treat  them  VJ  Haves. 
The  governors  themselves,  and  other  otl'icers  employed 
in  the  colonics,  several  of  whom  were  as  indigent  and 
rapacious  as  the  adventurers  over  whom  they  presided, 
were  too  apt  to  adopt  their  contemptuous  ideas  of  the 
conquered  people  ;  and,  instead  of  checking,  encou- 
raged or  connived  at  their  e-xcesses.  The  desolation  of 
the  New  World  should  not  then  be  charged  on  the 
court  of  Spain,  or  be  considered  as  the  eilect  of  any 
system  of  policy  adopted  there.  It  ought  to  be  im- 
puted wholly  to  'ihe  indigent  and  often  unprincipled 
adventurers,  whose  fortune  it  was  to  be  the  conquerors 
mid  first  planters  of  America,  who,  by  measures  no  less 
inconsiderate  than  unjust.  counleracttJ  the  edicts  of 
their  sovereign,  and  have  brought  disgrace  upon  their 
country. 

With  still  greater  injustice  have  manv  authors  re- 
presented the  mtolerating  spirit  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion,  as  the  cause  of  exterminating  the  Americans, 
and  have  accused  the  Spanish  ecclesiastics  of  ani- 
mating their  countrymen  to  the  slaughler  of  that  inno- 
cent people,  as  idolaters  and  enemies  of  God.  But 
the  firt'  nisiionaries  who  visited  Americn,  tlionirh 
weak  and  illiterate,  were  pious  men.  They  early  es- 
poused the  defence  of  the  natives,  and  vindicated  their 
character  from  the  aspersions  of  their  conqueror.i,  who, 
describing  them  as  incapable  of  being  formed  to  the 
ollireaof  civil  life,  or  of  comprehending  the  doctrines 
of  religion,  contended,  that  they  were  a  subordinate 
race  of  men,  on  whom  the  hand  of  nature  had  set  the 
mark  of  servitude.  From  ihe  accounts  which  I  have 
given  of  the  humane  and  persevering  zeal  of  the  Spa- 
nish missionaries,  in  protecting  the  lielpless  Hock  com- 
mitted to  their  charge,  they  appear  in  a  light  which  re- 
flects lustre  upon  their  function.  They  were  ministers 
of  peace,  wJio  endeavored  to  wrest  tlie  rod  from  the 
hands  of  oppressors  To  their  powerful  interposition 
the  Amerii'uiis  were  indebted  for  every  reurulation  tend- 
ing to  mitigate  the  rigor  of  their  fate.  The  clergy  in 
the  .Spulli^h  settlements,  reguhu  as  well  as  secular,  are 
still  considered  by  the  Indians  as  tlieir  natural  guar- 
dians, lo  whom  they  have  recourse  under  the  h;'rd- 
shqis  and  exactions  lo  which  they  are  loo  often  ex- 
posed. ll()7J 

But,  notwithstanding  the  rapid  depopulation  of  Ame- 
rica, a  very  considerable  number  of  the  native  race  still 
remains  bolh  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  espewally  in  those 
jmrts  which  were  not  exposed  to  tlie  first  t^ury  of  the 
Spanish  arms,  or  desolated  by  the  first  efforts  of  their 
industry,  still  more  ruinous.  In  Ciuatimala,  Chiapa, 
Nicaragua,  and  the  other  delightful  provinces  of  the 
Mexican  empire,  which  slrelch  along  the  .South  Sea, 
the  race  of  Indians  is  still  numerous.  Their  settle- 
ments in  some  places  are  so  pojmlous  as  to  merit  the 
name  of  cities.  [108 J  In  the  three  audiences  into 
which  New  Spain  is  divided,  there  are  at  least  two  mil- 
lions of  Indians;  a  pilifut  remnant,  indeed,  of  its  an- 
cient population,  but  such  as  slitl  forms  a  body  of  peo- 
ple superior  in  number  to  that  of  sU  the  other  inhahi- 
t;tntsof  this  extensive  country,  flODj  In  Peru  several 
districts,  particularly  in  the  kingdom  of  Q'iito,  are  oc- 
cupied almost  entirely  by  Indians.  In  other  provuues 
they  are  mingled  with  the  Spaniards,  and  in  iniiiiy  of 
their  soltlcmunts   are  almost  iho   only  persons  who 


practise  the  mechanic  art.s,  and  fdl  most  of  the  inferior 
stations  in  society.  As  the  inhabitants  botli  of  Mexico 
and  Peru  were  accustomed  to  a  fixed  residence,  and  to 
a  cortian  degree  of  regular  industry,  less  violence  wae 
requisite  in  bringing  then  to  some  conformity  with  the 
European  modes  of  civil  ife.  But  wherever  the  Spa- 
niards settled  among  the  s-a  'age  tribes  of  America,  their 
attempts  to  incorporate  with  them  have  been  always 
fruitless,  and  often  fatal  to  llie  natives.  Impatient  of 
restraint,  and  disdaining  labor  as  a  mark  of  servility, 
they  either  abandoned  their  original  seats,  and  sought 
for  independence  in  mountains  and  forests  inaccessible 
to  their  oppressors,  or  perished  when  reduced  to  a  stale 
repugnant  to  their  ancient  ideas  and  habits.  In  tKo 
districts  adjacent  to  Carthagena,  to  Panama,  and  to 
Buenos  Ayres,  the  desolation  is  more  general  than 
even  in  those  parts  ol  Mexico  and  Peru  of  which  the 
Spaniards  have  taken  most  full  possession. 

But  the  establishments  of  llie  S|>aniards  in  the  New 
Wjorld,  though  fatal  to  its  ancient  inhabitants,  were 
made  at  a  period  when  that  monurchy  was  capable  ot 
forming  them  to  best  advantage.  By  the  union  of  all 
its  petty  kingdoms,  S])ain  was  become  a  powerful  state, 
equal  to  so  great  an  undertaking.  Its  monarchs,  hav- 
ing extended  their  prerogatives  far  beyond  the  limits 
which  once  circumscribed  the  regal  power  in  every 
kingdom  of  Curope,  were  hardly  subject  to  control, 
either  in  concerting  or  in  executing  their  measures. 
In  every  wide-extended  empire,  the  form  of  govern- 
ment must  be  simple,  and  the  sovereign  authority  such, 
that  its  resolutions  may  be  taken  with  promptitude,  and 
may  pervade  the  whole  with  sufficient  force.  Such 
was  ;he  power  of  the  Spanish  monarchs  whe:  they 
were  called  to  deliberate  concerning  the  mode  ol 
establishing  their  dominions  over  the  most  remote  pro- 
vinces which  had  ever  been  subjected  lo  any  European 
state.  In  this  deliberation,  they  felt  themselves  undei 
no  constitutional  restraint,  and  that,  as  independent 
masters  of  their  own  resolves,  they  might  issue  the 
edicts  requisite  for  modelling  the  government  of  the 
new  colonics,  by  a  more  act  of  prerogative. 

This  early  interposition  of  the  Spanish  crown,  in 
order  to  regulate  the  pobcy  and  trade  of  its  colonies, 
is  a  peculiarity  which  distinguishes  their  progress  from 
that  of  the  colonics  of  any  other  European  nation. 
When  the  Portuguese,  the  English,  and  French  took' 
pos.«cssion  of  the  regions  in  America  which  they  nov- 
occupy,  the  advantages  which  these  promised  to  yield 
were  so  remote  and  uncertain,  that  their  colonies  were 
suffered  to  struggle  through  a  hard  infancy,  ulmoAt 
wiiliout  guidance  or  protection  from  the  parent  stale. 
But  gold  and  silver,  the  first  productions  of  the  Spanish 
settlements  in  the  New  World,  were  more  alluring,  and 
immediately  attracted  the  attention  of  their  monarchs. 
Though  they  bad  contributed  little  to  the  discovery,  and 
almost  nothing  to  the  conquest  of  the  New  World,  they 
instantly  a.ssumcd  the  function  of  its  legislators  ;  and 
having  accpiired  a  species  of  dominion  formerly  un- 
known, they  formed  a  plan  for  exercising  it,  lo  which 
nothing  similar  occurs  in  the  history  of  human  affairs. 

The  fundamental  maxim  of  the  Spanish  jurispru- 
dence, with  respect  to  America,  is  to  consider  what  has 
been  acquired  there  as  vested  in  the  crown,  rather  than 
in  the  state.  By  the  bull  of  Alexander  VT.,  on  which, 
as  its  great  charter,  Spain  founded  its  right,  all  the  re- 
gions that  had  been  or  sliould  be  discovered  were 
bestowed  as  a  free  gift  upon  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
They  and  their  successors  were  uniformly  held  to  bo 
the  universal  proprietors  of  the  vast  territories  which 
the  arms  of  their  subjects  conquered  in  the  New  World. 
From  them  all  grants  of  land  there  flowed,  and  lo  them 
they  finally  returned.  The  leaders  who  conducted  the 
various  expeditions,  the  governors  who  presided  over 
the  different  colonies,  the  officers  of  justice,  and  tlio 
ministers  of  religion,  were  all  appointed  by  their  uiilho- 
rity,  and  removeahle  at  their  pleasure,  'i'he  people 
who  composed  infant  settlements  were  entitled  to  no 
privileges  independent  of  the  sovereign,  or  that  served 
as  a  barrier  against  the  power  of  the  crown.  It  is  true, 
that  when  towns  were  built,  and  formed  into  bodies 
corporate,  the  citizens  were  permitted  lo  elect  their 
own  magistrates,  who  governed  them  by  laws  which 
the  community  enacted.  Eve"  in  the  ino.st  despotic 
states,  this  feeble  8|)ark  of  liberty  is  not  extinguished. 
But  m  the  cities  of  Sjianish  America,  this  jurisdiction 
is  merely  municipal,  and  is  confined  lo  the  regulation 
of  their  own  interior  commerce  and  police.  In  what- 
ever relates  to  public  government,  and  the  general  in- 
tererti.  the  will  of  the  sovereign  is  law.  iSo  political 
power  originates  from  the  peo|ile  All  centres  in  tho 
crown,  and  m  the  officers  of  its  nomination. 

^Vben  the  voiu^uests  of  tho  Srmniards  in  America 


I  he  inferior 
I  of  Mexico 
|i(!0,  and  to 
vlctico  wae 
ly  with  the 
ft  the  Spa* 
fcrica,  their 
Icii  iitwtiya 
Inpatient  of 
servility, 
Ind  sought 
Piificessihle 
1  to  a  titale 
In  tho 
Jia,  and  to 
licral  than 
Iwliich  the 


SOUTH   AMEPIUA. 


Ifll 


wcru  co:i;|pIru  d,  ihcir  nioiiiirclif,  in  rctmin;^  ihv.  phm  of 
inltTtiul  polii'v  lor  Uu-ir  iitw  doniiNinns,  divuh  .1  ihcrn 
lino  iwn  inl!llt■n^t■  ^uviTuriHiiIs,  one  suhjcct  hi  Uie 
vitLToy  of  New  S[i.iin,  ihi!  otiitr  lo  llu:  vicciov  of 
IVrii.  Tiic  juriMhctioii  of  ihc  furincr  cxiciuh-d  over 
all  tlic  proviriLcs  l)c!oii;^iny  to  Spaiii  in  llio  norllicrn 
division  of  ilin  Ainericuii  coiilim-nt.  rndcr  that  of  tiie 
latter  was  cniiijiriliciidi^d  wlhitrvrr  shi'  |'0^st■ss('d  in 
So.ith  AincTica.  'Jhis  urrautrcincnt,  which,  from  the 
bcgiimitig,  was  aUendi-d  with  many  inconvt'nicncics. 
brcanic  mtolcrahlc  when  ihc  rciiiolu  province.-  of  each 
victTOjally  hcj^an  lo  improve  in  industry  and  popula- 
tion. 'J'hc  people  compliiinrd  of  thi-ir  subjection  lo  a 
superior,  whose  place  of  residence  was  so  distant,  or 
so  inaccessible,  as  jlinost  excluded  lliein  from  any  in 
lercourse  with  the  seat  of  |iOverrnnenl.  'I'lie  uuthoritv 
of  (he  viceroy  ovcrdistriclsso  far  removed  from  his  own 
eye  and  obsiervalion,  was  unavoidably  both  feeble  and  HI 
directed.  As  a  remedy  for  those  evils,  a  third  vicr- 
royally  has  been  established  in  the  present  century,  at 
ISanla  Fede  lJoi;ota.  the  capital  of  the  new  kinjjdom  of 
Granada,  the  jurisdiction  of  which  extends  over  the 
whole  kingdom  of  Tierra  Firmc  and  the  province  of 
Quito.  'I'liose  viceroys  not  only  represent  the  person 
of  ibcir  sovereign,  but  possess  his  regal  prerogatives 
within  the  precincts  of  their  own  governments  in  their 
titmost  extent.  Like  him,  they  exercise  su]>rcnie  au- 
thority in  every  depart  i  ent  of  govr  rnment,  eivil,  mili- 
tary, and  criminal.  Tliey  have  the  sole  right  of  nomi- 
iiaiing  the  persons  who  hold  many  oHices  of  the  highest 
importance,  and  the  occasional  privilege  cf  snpplying 
those  which,  wiien  they  become  vacant  by  death,  are  in 
the  royal  gift,  until  the  s  ccessor  appointed  by  the 
king  shall  arrive.  The  external  j)omp  of  their  govern- 
ment is  suited  to  its  real  dignity  and  power.  Their 
courts  are  formed  upon  the  model  of  that  of  Ma- 
drid, with  horse  and  foot  guards,  a  household  rcg\ilarly 
established,  inimerons  attendants,  and  ensigns  of  corn- 
mind,  displaying  nuch  magnilicence  as  hardly  retains 
tne  appearunce  of  delegated  authority. 

Hut  UF  the  viceroys  cannot  discluirge  in  person  the 
functions  of  a  supreme  magistrate  in  every  part  of  their 
cxlensivo  jurisdiction,  they  are  aided  in  their  govern- 
ment by  otficers  and  trilninats  similar  to  those  in  Spain. 
The  cotiduct  of  civU  affairs  in  the  var'ous  provinces  i.nd 
dislrictf,  into  which  the  Spanish  dominions  in  Ame- 
rica are  divided,  is  coininilted  to  magistrates  of  various 
orders pnd  denominations  ;  some  appointed  by  the  king, 
others  by  the  viceroy,  but  all  subject  to  the  command 
of  the  latter,  arid  amenable  lo  his  jurisdiction.  The 
adinini  itration  of  justice  is  vested  in  tribunals,  known 
by  the  name  o(  AtidHnrfs,  and  formed  u[)on  (he  mode! 
ol  the  court  of  Chancery  in  Spain.  These  are  eleven 
in  number,  and  dispense  justice  to  as  many  districts 
into  winch  tho  Sp,inish  dominions  in  America  are  di- 
vided [170]  The  number  of  judges  in  the  Court  of 
Audience  is  various,  according  to  the  extent  and  im- 
portance of  their  jurisdiclion.  The  station  is  no  less 
nonordble  than  lucrative,  and  is  commonly  lilled  by 
persons  of  such  abilities  uid  merit  as  render  this  tri- 
bural  txtremely  respectable.  Both  civil  and  criminal 
causi«8  come  under  their  cognizance,  and  for  each  pe- 
culiar judges  are  set  apart.  Though  it  is  only  in  the 
most  despotic  governments  that  the  sovereign  exercises 
in  person  the  formidable  proro(;alive  of  adminislering 
justice  to  his  subjects,  and.  in  absolving  or  condemn- 
ing, consults  no  \am  but  what  i.t  deposited  in  his  own 
breast ;  though,  in  all  tlie  monarchies  of  Kurope.  ju- 
dicial aulhorltv  is  eominittitl  to  the  it. agistrates.  whose 
deciiions  are  regulated  by  known  laws  aiu!  eslubhslicd 
forms;  the  Spanish  viceroys  have  oOen  aitempled  lo 
intrude  themselves  into  tlie  seat  of  justice,  luid,  with  an 
BinlMiion  which  their  distance  iVom  the  con'ml  of  a 
superior  rendered  bold,  have  umpired  <it  a  power  which 
their  mante'-does  not  venture  to  assume.  In  order  lo 
check  a  us'iri  ation  which  must  h:i'  e  iiiuihililed  'uatice 
and  security  in  the  Spatitsh  co!o:iies,  in  sulijecimg  ihe 
lives  and  property  ol  all  lo  the  will  of  a  single  man,  the 
viceroys'  have  been  prohibited  in  the  most  explicit 
terms,  by  repeated  laws,  from  interfering  in  the  judicial 

1)roceedings  of  the  ('ourls  of  Aiidience,  or  from  de- 
ivering  an  opinion,  or  giviiig  a  voice,  with  respect  to 
any  point  lit  gated  beloic  them  In  some  particular 
eases,  in  whic  i  any  question  of  civil  right  is  involved, 
wen  the  political  regulations  of  the  vicerov  may  be 
Drought  under  the  review  of  the('ourt  of  Audience. 
which  in  those  instances  nmv  be  deemed  an  inU'r- 
mediale  p«»wer  placed  between  him  and  the  people,  as 
B  constitutional  turner  to  circumscribe  his  jiuisdution 
Bui  i»  legal  restraints  on  a  person  wlio  represents  the 
sovereign,  and  is  'Mothtdwith  his  authority,  are  little 
ftuiied  to  the  geni.^i  i>f  Spanish  policy  ;  thr*  bcsilatiou 

12 


[;ind  reserve  with  which  it  confort?  i;iis  power  on  the 
I  ('ourls  of  Audience  are  remarkable.  They  may  advl^e, 
,  lliev  may  rcn.onstran- ;  bin,  in  ihe  event  iif  a  'irec; 
i  collision  between  their  opinton  and  the  will  of  the  vice- 
I  rov,  wliiit  he  determines  innsi  be  carrj,  ■!  nilo  execution, 
and  noihmg  reniains  for  thi m,  liiit  to  '.ly  ihc  nuttier 
before  the  ",ing  and  the  Council  of  the  Inilies.  Hut  lo 
be  eiuith'i  lo  reiiionstrate,  and  inform  against  a  person 
bt.'fore  whi  in  all  others  must  be  silent,  and  tamely  suh- 
■.lit  to  his  decrees,  is  a  [)rivilegc  wliich  adds  dignity  to 
tlie  Courts  of  Audience.  This  is  furUier  augmented 
by  onoliier  ciremnstance.  Upon  ihe  death  of  a  vice- 
roy, witho.  t  any  provision  of  a  successor  by  the  king, 
the  snprenij  power  is  vested  in  the  (vouri  of  Audience 
resident  in  the  capital  of  tiie  viceroyaity  ;  and  the  senior 
judge,  assisted  by  his  brethren,  exercises  all  the  func- 
tions of  the  viceroy  while  the  othce  continues  vacant. 
In  matters  which  come  under  the  cognizance  of  the 
.Viidiencrs,  in  the  cMirseof  their  ordinary  jurisdiction, 
as  courts  ofjnstice,  their  sentences  are  tinal  in  every 
litigation  concerning  property  of  less  value  than  si.\ 
thousand  pesos  ;  hut  when  the  Ruiijecl  in  dis|)ulc  ex- 
ceeds that  sum,  their  decisions  are  subject  to  review, 
and  may  be  carried  by  appeal  before  the  royal  Council 
of  the  Indies. 

In  this  council,  one  ol  the  most  considerable  in  the 
monarchy  for  dignity  and  power,  is  vested  the  supremo 
government  of  all  the  Spanish  dominions  in  Americi. 
It  was  first  established  by  Ferdinand  in  the  year  1511, 
and  brought  into  a  more  perfect  form  by  Charles  V.  in 
the  year  i')£4.  Its  jurisdiction  extends  to  every  di>- 
partmenl,  ecclesiastical,  civil,  military,  aiul  commer- 
cial. All  laws  and  ordinances  relative  to  the  govern- 
ment and  police  of  ihe  colonies  originate  there,  and 
nmst  be  approved  of  by  two-thirds  of  llie  members  be- 
fore they  arc  issued  in  llie  name  of  tire  king.  All  the 
offices,  of  which  tlie  nomination  is  reserved  to  the 
crown,  are  conferred  in  this  council.  To  it  each  per- 
son employed  in  America,  from  the  vicewv  downwards, 
is  accountable.  It  reviews  their  conduct,  rewards  their 
services,  and  inflicts  the  punishments  due  to  their  mal- 
versations. Before  it  is  laid  whatever  intelligence, 
either  public  or  secret,  is  received  from  America  ;  and 
every  scheme  of  nnproving  the  adminislration,  the  po- 
lice, or  the  commerce  of  the  colonies,  is  submitted  to 
its  consideration.  From  the  first  institution  of  the 
Council  of  the  Indies,  it  has  been  the  constant  object 
of  the  Catholic  monarchs  to  maintain  its  authority,  and 
to  make  such  additions  from  time  to  time,  both  to  its 
power  and  its  sph-ndor,  as  might  render  it  formidable 
to  all  their  subjects  in  the  New  World.  Whatever 
degree  of  public  order  and  virtue  still  remains  in  lint 
country,  where  so  many  circumstances  conspire  lo  rehix 
the  former,  and  to  corrupt  the  latter,  may  be  ascribed  in 
a  great  measure  to  the  wise  regulations  and  vigilant 
inspection  of  this  respectable  tribunal. 

As  the  king  is  suppoied  to  be  always  present  in  bis 
Council  of  the  Indies,  its  meetings  are  held  in  tlic  [ilace 
where  he  resides.  Another  tribunal  has  been  instituted 
in  order  to  regulate  such  commercial  afHiirs,  as  reipnred 
the  immediale  and  personal  inspection  of  those  ap- 
[lointed  to  superintend  them.  Thi-^  is  called  (\t.sa  tlr/a 
Vontratacion^  or  the  bouse  of  trade,  and  was  eslabbshed 
in  Seville,  the  port  to  which  commerce  with  the  New 
World  was  contined,  ap  early  us  tlie  year  1501.  It 
may  be  considered  both  as  a  board  of  trade,  and  as  a 
court  of  judicature.  lu  ihe  lormer  capacity  it  takes 
cognizance  of  whatever  rekiles  h)  the  intercourse  of 
Spain  wiih  America,  it  regulates  what  commodities 
should  be  exported  lliither,  and  has  tlie  inspection  of 
such  as  are  received  in  return.  It  decides  concerning 
the  departure  of  the  fleets  for  the  West  Indies,  the 
freight  and  burden  of  the  sbip.s,  their  etpiipment  and 
destination.  In  the  latter  capacity,  it  judges  with 
respect  to  every  question,  civil,  conimercial,  or  crimi- 
nal, ari.iing  in  consequence  of  the  transaclions  of 
Spain  with  America  ;  and  in  both  these  departments 
i  8  decisions  are  exempteil  from  llie  review  of  any  court 
hut  thai  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies. 

Such  is  the  great  outline  of  that  system  of  govern- 
ment which  Spain  has  established  in  her  .\merican 
colomes.  To  enninerate  the  various  subordinate  boards 
and  olRcers  employed  in  the  admini.stration  of  justice, 
in  collecting  the  public  revenue,  and  in  regulalini;  the 
interior  police  of  the  country  ;  to  descritie  their  dilVer- 
ent  functions,  and  to  inquire  into  the  mode  and  effect 
of  their  operations  ;  would  prove  a  detail  no  less  intri- 
cate than  minute  and  uninleresling. 

The  first  object  of  tlie  .Spanish  monarchs  was  to  se- 
enre  the  productions  of  the  colonies  to  the  jjarent  .^ta'e, 
by  an  absolute  prohibition  of  any  intercourse  wiih 
foreign  nations      'J'liny  look  possession  of  .America  by 


right  of  conquest,  and  conscious  not  only  of  the  fceblo- 
IM.SS  of  their  inlant  seltlcmeiits,  but  aware  of  the  dif- 
ficulty in  establisliing  their  dominion  over  regions  po 
cxtiMiMve,  Of  in  retaining  so  many  reluctant  nultona 
under  the  yoke,  they  driaded  ihn  mirusion  of  strangers  ; 
lliey  even  shunned  their  inspection,  and  endeavored  to 
keep  them  a-l  a  distance  from  iheir  coasts.  'J'bis  .^^pirit 
of  jealousy  and  exclusion,  which  a<  first  was  natural, 
and  perliajis  necessary,  augmented  as  their  possessions 
in  America  extended,  and  the  value  of  them  came  to 
be  more  fully  understood.  In  consequence  of  it,  a 
system  of  colonizing  was  introduced,  lo  which  there  had 
hitberlo  been  nothing  similar  among  mankind.  In  tho 
ancient  world,  it  was  not  uncommon  lo  send  forth  co- 
lonies, But  they  were  of  two  kinds  only.  Tliey  were 
either  migrations,  which  served  lo  disburden  a  state  ol 
its  superfluous  subjects,  when  they  multiplied  loo  fast 
for  the  territory  which  ihey  occupied  ;  or  ihcy  were 
military  delHchnienls,  slationed  as  garrisons  in  a  con- 
quered province.  The  colonies  of  some  Greek  repub- 
lics, and  the  swarms  of  northern  barbarians  which  6cl- 
lied  in  different  parts  of  Kurope,  were  of  the  first  spe- 
cies. 'J'he  Homan  c^jlonics  were  of  the  second.  In 
the  former,  the  connection  with  tho  mother  country 
quickly  ceased,  and  they  became  independent  slates. 
In  the  latter,  as  the  disjunction  was  not  complete,  tbe 
dependence  continued.  In  their  American  settlements, 
the  Spanish  monarchs  took  what  was  peculiar  to  each, 
and  studied  to  unite  thorn.  By  sending  colonies  to 
regions  so  remote,  by  establishing  in  each  a  form  ot 
inffrrior  policy  and  administration,  under  distinct  go- 
vernors, and  with  peculiar  laws,  they  disjoiiicd  them 
from  the  mother  country.  By  retaining  in  their  own 
hands  the  righl.s  of  legislation,  as  well  as  that  of  im- 
posing taxes,  together  with  the  power  of  nominating 
the  persons  who  tilled  every  department  of  executive 
government,  eivil  or  mihtary,  they  Rccnred  their  de- 
pendence upon  the  parent  state.  Happily  for  Spain, 
the  situation  of  her  colonies  was  such  as  rendered  it 
[tossible  to  reduce  this  new  idea  into  [iractice.  Almost 
all  the  countries  which  she  had  discovered  and  occu- 
pied, lay  willim  the  tropics.  Tbe  productions  of  that 
large  portion  of  tbe  globe  are  different  from  those  of 
Liurojie,  even  in  its  most  soulhern  provincofi.  'i'ho 
qualities  of  the  climate  and  of  the  sod  naturally  tbiii 
the  industry  of  such  as  settle  there  into  new  channeU. 
When  the  Spaniards  first  took  possession  of  ihe-.r 
dominions  in  America,  tlic  precious  metals  whicli 
they  yielded  were  the  only  object  that  attracted 
their  attention.  Fvcn  when  their  eflbrls  began  to 
take  a  better  direction,  they  employed  themselves 
almost  wholly  in  rearing  such  peculiar  productions 
of  the  cliinat-o  as,  from  their  rarity  or  value,  were 
of  chief  demand  in  the  mother  country.  Allured 
by  vast  prospects  of  immediate  wealth,  they  dis- 
dained to  waste  their  industry  on  what  was  less 
lucrative,  but  of  superior  moment.  In  order  to  rendei 
It  impossible  to  correct  this  error,  and  to  prevent  them 
from  making  any  efforts  in  industry  which  might  inter- 
fere with  those  of  tiie  moiher  country,  the  estabhsh- 
meul  of  several  species  of  manufactures,  and  even  the 
culture  of  the  vine  or  olive,  are  prohit)ited  in  the  Spa- 
nish colomes,  [171]  under  severe  penalties.  They 
must  trust  entirely  to  the  mother  country  for  the  ob- 
jects of  primary  necessity.  Their  clolhcs,  their  furni- 
ture, their  instruments  of  labor,  their  luxuries,  and  even 
a  considerable  part  of  the  provisions  which  they  con- 
sume were  imported  from  Spain.  Duriirg  a  great  part 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  Spain,  possessing  an  extensive 
oinmerce  and  flourishing  manufactures,  could  supply 
with  ease  the  growing  demands  uf  her  colonies  from 
her  own  stores.  The  produce  of  ilieir  ''ines  and  plan- 
tations was  given  in  exchaniie  for  these.  But  all  that 
the  colonies  received,  as  well  us  all  that  il>  'y  gave,  w  as 
conveytd  m  Spanish  bottoms.  No  vessel  beloii'iing  to 
the  colonies  was  ever  perniitted  to  carry  tho  coiumndi- 
ties  of  America  to  Kurope.  Kven  the  comincrciul  in- 
tercourse of  one  colony  with  anoliier  was  either  abso- 
lulely  prohibited,  or  hunted  bv  many  jealous  restric- 
tions. All  that  America  yields  flows  into  the  |K>rts  ol 
.Spain  ;  all  that  it  coiisuiiu-k  must  istue  from  them.  No 
fbreiuner  can  enter  its  cojomes  without  express  per- 
mission ;  no  vessel  of  any  foreign  nation  is  received 
into  their  harbors  ;  and  the  pains  of  deatli,  with  confls- 
cation  of  moveables,  are  denounced  against  every  inha- 
bilaiit  who  presumes  to  trade  v.ith  tiiem.  Thus  the 
colonics  are  kept  in  a  state  of  perpetual  pupilage;  aiid 
by  the  introduct.'on  of  this  commercial  ilependence,  a 
lefineinent  in  policy  of  which  Spain  set  the  first  exam- 
ple lo  Kurojtean  nations,  the  supremacy  of  the  parent 
stale  hath  been  maintained  over  reiiH)te  colonies  during 
two  centuries  and  a  half 


.»,V.'-'>  -■-■■  'tSriJli*. ^mJ 


163 


RODEKTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


Such  arc  iho  capital  maxims  to  which  the  Spanish 
moiiarchs  mcciu  o  hive  ntti'iiilcd  in  forming  ihnr  new 
ijotllpnicnts  in  America.  IJiil  llicv  coiihl  not  i)lanl  with 
the  »aine  rapidity  that  they  i)>itl  dt'^slroycd  ;  and  Ironi 
many  roncurrni^  causes,  their  prouress  Ims  ht  en  ex- 
tremely blow  in  lilhu;;  up  die  inunensc  vuid  which  their 
devastations  liad  occasioned.  As  soon  as  the  r.ij>n  fur 
discovery  and  adventure  he<;an  to  ahate.  llie  Spaniards 
opened  their  eyes  to  dangers  and  distresses  wliich  iit 
first  they  did  aot  perceive,  or  had  despised.  The  nn- 
mtiou"  hardships  with  which  tlie  niendiers  of  infant 
colonies  have  to  strugirU',  the  diseases  uf  unwhuU'Somc 
climates  fatal  to  the  coiistitntinn  of  Europeans;  the 
difiiculty  of  lirmying  a  country  covered  with  forests 
into  culture ;  the  want  of  hands  necessary  for  lahor  in 
aomn  provinces,  and  the  slow  reward  of  industrv  in 
all,  unless  where  tiie  accidental  discovery  of  mines 
enriched  a  few  fortunate  adventurers,  were  «  vils  uni- 
\er8ally  fell  and  ma^riilied.  Uiseouraj^ed  hy  the  Mew 
of  these,  the  spirit  of  iniuration  was  so  much  damped, 
that  sixtv  years  iifier  llie  discovery  of  the  New  World, 
the  numher  of  Spaniards  in  all  its  provinces  is  com- 
puted not  to  have  exceeded  lifleen  thousand.  [It'-i] 

The  mode  in  which  property  was  distrihuted  in  the 
Spanish  colonies,  and  tlie  regulations  estahh^hed  with 
respect  to  the  tniiisTUissJon  of  it,  whether  hv  descent 
or  hy  (iaie,  were  extremely  unfavorahie  to  population. 
In  order  to  promote  a  nipul  "ucreaso  of  people  in  any 
new  setllenieiit,  jiroperly  m  tund  ou}»ht  to  he  divided  into 
small  sliares,  and  theahrnation  of  it  should  he  rendered 
extremely  easy.  Hut  llie  rapaeiousness  of  t!ie  Spanish 
coiupierors  of  the  New  World  paid  no  regard  to  this 
fundamental  maxim  of  polii-y  ;  and,  as  tliey  possessed 
power  which  enuhhul  them  to  jiratify  the  utmost  extra- 
vagance of  their  wishes,  many  seized  districts  of  great 
extent,  and  held  them  as  rnvomicndas.  i)y  decrees 
tliey  ohiained  the  privdeire  of  eohvertiM|j;  a  part  of  these 
ii;lo  Mfiijorax^os,  a  species  of  fief,  introduced  into  tlic 
Spanish  system  of  feudal  jurisprudence,  whicli  can 
neither  he  divided  nor  alienated.  Thus  a  f;real  portion 
of  landed  properly,  under  this  rigid  form  of  entail,  is 
withheld  from  circulation,  and  descends  from  father  to 
son  unimproved,  and  of  little  value  either  to  the  pro* 

{U'ietor,  or  to  the  communily.  In  the  account  which  1 
javc  given  of  the  reduc'ion  of  Peru,  various  examples 
occur  of  enormous  tracts  of  country  occupied  hy  some 
of  the  coiujuerors.  The  excesses  in  other  provinces 
were  similar;  for.  as  the  value  of  the  lands  which  the 
Spaniards  acquired  was  originally  estimated  according 
to  the  number  of  Indians  winch  lived  upon  them,  Ame- 
rica was  in  general  so  thinly  peopled,  thiit  only  districts 
of  great  extent  could  alford  such  a  numl)er  o  tahorers 
as  might  he  employed  in  the  mines  with  ary  prospect 
of  considendde  gam.  The  pernicious  e(i'e.:ts  of  those 
radical  errors  in  the  distrihulion  and  nature  of  property 
in  the  Spanish  settlements  are  felt  throng.*  every  de- 
partment of  industry,  and  may  he  consideied  as  one 
great  cause  of  a  progress  in  popuhtion  so  u.uch  slowci 
than  that  which  has  taken  place  in  hett'i'  constituted 
colonies.  [I73J 

To  this  we  may  add.  that  the  support  of  the  enor- 
mous and  expensive  fahric  of  their  ecclesiastical  esta- 
blishment has  been  a  burden  on  the  Spanish  colonies, 
which  liHS  greatly  retarded  the  progress  of  ptipii latum 
and  industry.  'I'lie  payment  of  tiilies  is  a  heavy  tax 
on  industry  :  and  if  the  »'xactioii  of  ihem  he  not  regu- 
lated and  circumscrilied  hy  the  wisdom  of  the  civil 
magistrate,  it  becomes  i'llolcrahle  and  ruinous.  But, 
instead  o(  any  reslraini  on  the  claims  of  ecclesiastics, 
the  iuconsiderat4*  zeal  of  the  SjMuish  legisljiors  admit- 
ted them  mto  America  in  lliiir  full  exleul,  and  at  once 
imposed  on  their  infant  colonies  a  burden  which  is  in 
nu  slight  degree  oppressive  to  society,  even  in  its  mo>t 
Hnprovetl  slate.  As  eiirly  a.i  llie  year  loOl,  tiie  pay- 
ment of  tilhes  in  the  coloiiie.s  was  enjoined,  and  the 
mode  of  It  regulated  bv  l.iw.  Every  article  of  primary 
necessity,  toward*  wluih  ihe  attention  of  new  settlers 
nui.st  iialundly  be  turned,  is  suhjeoted  to  that  grie\i>ns 
LKaetion.  Nor  were  the  demanda  of  Ihe  clergy  con- 
fined lo  articles  of  simple  and  easy  culture.  Its  more 
artificial  and  operose  productuiiis.  such  ua  sugar,  indigo, 
and  cochineal,  were  soon  declared  to  be  titheable  ; 
and  thus  the  indu  'ly  of  the  planter  was  taxed  in  every 
stage  of  ita  progress,  from  its  rudr-st  essay  to  its  high- 
est improveineut.  To  the  weight  of  tliis  legal  imposi- 
tion, the  bigotry  of  tlie  American  Spaniards  ha.-*  made 
iiiativ  vuluntury  iidditiono  I'roin  their  fond  delight  m 
the  external  pomp  and  parade  of  religion,  and  from 
Huperstitious  reverence  for  eeclesiaslics  of  every  deiio- 
minalion,  they  have  ln'stowrd  profuse  donatives  on 
i'hurclies  and  monastarirs, and  have  unproliluhly  wasted 
\  larue   piuportion  of  that  wealth,  which   ni'ght  havo 


!  nourished  and  given  vigor  to  productive  labor  in  grow- 

I  ing  colonics. 

I  Itut  >o  fertile  and  inviting  are  the  regions  o(  Aine- 
!  rica.  wlndi  tlu'  Spaiiiaul-  hiivr  occupied,  that,  notwiih- 
I  standing  all  the  cireuuistaiu'ei  which  hiive  cliecked 
j  and  leiarded  jiopulalion,  it  has  gradually  increased, 
and  filled  the  colonies  of  Spmn  with  citizens  of  various 
1  orders.  Aiinmg  these,  the  Spamaids  wtio  arrive  from 
Kurope,  dislmguished  by  tlie  naine  of  C/utprloncs,  are 
the  first  in  rank  and  power,  l-'roin  the  jealou.s  iitten- 
lioti  nf  the  Spanish  court  to  secure  the  depenrleuce  of  llie 
co!'  c's  on  llu!  |iarent  slate,  all  departments  of  conse- 
ipu  nre  are  filled  by  persons  sent  from  Kurope  ;  and  in 
order  to  prevent  miy  of  dubious  tidehtv  Iruu  he  ni.'  em- 
ployed, each  must  hring  proof  of  a  clear  descent  from 
u  family  of  Old  C/irtxhuns,  untamted  with  any  mixture 
of  Jewish  or  Mahoinelan  blood,  and  M'.v.or  disgiaeed 
by  anv  eensnre  i)f  the  Iiiipiisition.  In  such  pure  hands 
power  IS  deeuK  .i  to  oe  sufely  lodgid,  and  almost  every 
I'unction,  from  tlie  viceroyalty  downwards,  is  committed 
to  them  alone.  Kvery  person,  who,  hy  his  birth  or  re- 
sidence in  America,  I'lay  he  suspected  of  any  attach- 
ment or  interest  adverse  to  the  i.iother  country,  is  the 
oliject  of  distrust  lo  such  a  degree,  as  amou.Us  nearly 
to  an  exclusion  from  all  oilices  of  conlidencc  er  autho- 
rity. [174]  IJy  this  conspicnoiis  predileetio.i  of  the 
court,  the  (!"hnpetoiies  are  raised  to  such  pre-eiMtnuiwH 
in  America,  thai  they  look  down  with  d.sdain  upon 
every  other  order  of  men. 

The  character  and  slate  of  the  Cn'olrs,  or  descend- 
ants of  Kuropj^nns  settled  in  America,  the  second  class 
of  subject.*  in  the  Spanish  colonies,  have  enabled  the 
(^hapelones  to  acquire  other  advantages  hardly  less 
considerable  than  those  which  they  derived  from  the 
partial  favor  of  government,  Though  some  of  the  ('re- 
olian  race  are  descended  from  the  conquerors  of  the 
New  World  ;  though  others  can  trace  up  their  pedigree 
to  the  noblest  families  in  Spam  ;  though  many  are  pos- 
se.ised  of  ample  fortunes  ;  yet.  by  the  enervating  iiitlu- 
ence  of  a  sultry  climaie,  l*y  the  riiior  of  a  jealous  go- 
vernment, aiifl  hy  their  despair  of  attaining  that  dis- 
Ijnction  to  which  .r.ankind  naturally  aspire,  the  vigor  of 
their  minds  is  so  entirely  broken,  ihat  a  great  part  of 
Ihem  waste  life  in  luxurious  indulgences,  niiiigleil  with 
an  illiberal  superstition  still  more  debasing. 

Languid  ami  miemerprisinif,  the  e.-w,i„Mons  of  nn  ac- 
tive extruded  commerce  would  he  lo  ti,'.Mn  jo  runiher- 
somc  and  oppressive,  that  in  almost  every  part  of  Ariie- 
rica  t''  di-cbne  engauitig  in  it.  The  interior  trallic  ot 
every  colony,  as  well  as  any  trade  which  :a  permitted 
with  the  neighboring  provinces,  and  with  Spain  itself, 
is  carried  on  ehielly  Itv  the  Chapetones ;  who,  as  the 
recompense  of  their  indus'ry,  amass  immense  wealth, 
while  the  <.'reoles.  sunk  in  sloth,  are  satisfied  with  the 
revenues  of  their  paternal  estates. 

From  this  staled  competition  for  power  and  weallli 
between  those  two  orders  of  citizens,  and  the  various 
passions  excited  by  a  rival.ship  so  interesting,  their 
hatred  is  violent  and  implacable.  On  every  occasion, 
symptoms  of  this  aversion  lireak  out.  and  the  common 
appellations  which  each  bestows  on  the  other  are  as 
contempiuous  as  those  whicli  llow  from  the  most  deep- 
rooted  natioiiul  ant'paihv-  Tin;  rtmri  ol  Spain,  from  a 
rebnemem  of  distrustful  policy,  cherishes  those  trids 
o'l  discoi.i,  and  knuenls  tins  mutual  jealousy,  which  not 
only  |.re"*c:i**  the  two  most  powirbil  classes  of  its  sub- 
jects in  li.c  r»ew  World  from  coinhininy  against  the 
parent  state,  but  prompts  each,  with  the  most  vigilant 
zeal,  ti>  observe  the  motions  and  lo  counteract  the 
scheme*  of  tht  other. 

The  iliird  class  of  iidinbitanls  in  the  Spanish  colonies 
is  a  niix'd  race,  the  ollfpriUii  nthtr  of  a  Kuropean  and 
a  Negro,  or  of  a  Kuropean  and  Indian,  the  foriner 
called  MiltUtors,  tin-  hitler  Mtsftzox.  As  the  court  of 
Spam.  so:ici'ous  to  incorporate  its  new  vassals  with  its 
ancient  SI  bjecls,  earlv  encouraged  the  Spaniards  setlle  1 
m  America  to  marry  the  natives  ol^  that  country, 
several  alltaiices  of  this  kmd  wete  foruud  in  their  m- 
laiit  colouiea.  Hut  it  has  been  more  owing  to  licen- 
tious indulgence,  than  lo  compliance  with  this  iiijnnc- 
lioii  of  their  sovereigns,  that  this  mi.\ed  brei  d  has  mulli- 
pbed  so  uri'atly  as  to  consiiliite  a  considerablr  part  of 
the  population  in  all  the  Spanish  s(  tllenu'iils.  The 
seviral  stages  of  descent  in  this  race,  and  the  gruilual 
varialiuiis  of  shade  uiild  the  African  black  or  llie  copper 
color  of  America  brighten  into  a  Kuropean  coinph'.xion. 
ari>  accurately  marked  by  the  Spaniards,  and  eacli  d:s- 
tinguisiii'il  by  a  peculiar  name  Those  of  the  hrst  and 
secoiul  geiieralioiis  are  considered  and  tre.iled  as  mere 
Indians  and  Negroes;  but  ui  the  ihiid  descent.  Ihe 
cliarai.teri>lic  hue  of  the  h>rimr  disap(u-ais  ;  and  m  the 
fifth,  the  deeper  tint  of  the  latter  is  so  entirely  ellaeed, 


that  ihev  can  no  longer  he  distinguished  frjin  Europo 
aus.  and  become  eiililled  lo  all  their  privileges.  It  ife 
ehielly  bv  this  mixed  race,  whose  frame  is  remarkubly 
robust  and  li.irdy,  fhit  the  mechanic  arls  are  carried  or. 
in  the  Spamsh  tseltlernents,  and  other  aciuc  luuctions 
in  society  are  discharged,  which  the  Iwo  higher  classes 
of  cili/ens,  from  pride,  or  trom  indotence,  disdam  tc 
exercise. 

The  Negroes  hold  tlie  fo'irth  rank  anwng  the,  inhabi- 
t'ml?  of  the  Spanish  <olonies  The  introdviction  of 
tl  at  unhappy  part  of  the  human  species  into  America 
io,»ether  with  their  services  and  snllerings  there,  sha' 
he  fully  evplained  in  another  place  ;  here  they  aru 
Mic  itioned  ehielly  in  order  lo  point  out  a  peculiarity  in 
iheir  situation  under  the  Spanish  dominion,  '.n  severa 
of  their  settlements,  particularly  in  New  Spain,  No- 
groLP  ar'"  inosMy  cnqiloyed  in  domestic  service.  They 
tonr  d  pnnc.pal  part  in  the  train  of  luxury,  and  are 
che.  Bhed  ami  caressed  by  their  superiors,  to  whose 
vanity  and  pleasures  they  are  etpially  subservient. 
Their  dress  and  a))pearance  are  hardly  less  splendid 
than  that  of  ilicir  masters,  whose  manners  they  imitate, 
and  whose  passions  they  imbibe.  Klevaled  by  this  dis- 
tinc  ion,  they  have  assumed  such  a  lone  ti  siiperiorilv 
ovei  the  Iiid-ans.  and  Inat  them  with  such  insolence 
and  scorn,  that  the  antipathy  between  the  two  races  has 
beccme  iinplacablo.  Kveii  in  I'eru,  where  iNegnn'S 
seem  iv.  *»u  more  numerous,  and  are  employed  m  field 
work  as  well  as  domestic  service,  they  mairitam  their 
ascendant  over  the  Indians,  and  the  mutiuil  hatred  of 
one  lo  the  olher  subsists  with  eqvial  violence.  'I'ho 
laws  have  industriously  fomented  this  ave^^ion,  lo 
which  accident  gave  rise,  and,  hy  most  rigorous  injunc- 
tions, have  endeavored  lo  prevent  every  intercourse 
that  might  form  a  bond  of  union  between  the  two  races 
Thus,  by  an  artful  policy,  Ihe  Spaniards  derive  strength 
from  that  circumstance  in  population  which  is  the  weak 
nc-^s  of  other  Kuropean  colonies,  and  have  secured,  as 
associates  and  defenders,  those  very  persons  who  clse- 
wlure  an;  ottjects  of  jealousy  and  terror. 

The  In<liaiis  form  the  last  and  most  depressed  order 
of  men  in  the  country  which  bi-Ionged  lo  their  ancestors. 
f  have  already  traced  the  progress  of  tlie  Spanisn  ideas 
with  respect  lo  the  condition  and  treatment  of  that  peo- 
ple ;  and  have  mentioned  the  most  important  of  tlieir 
more  early  regulations,  concerning  a  matter  of  so  much 
coiiseip.ience  in  the  administration  of  their  new  domi- 
nions lint  since  the  period  to  which  I  have  brougnt 
down  the  history  of  America,  ihe  informalioi:  and  ex- 
perience acquired  during  two  centuries  have  enabled 
the  court  of  Spain  to  make  such  improvements  i:.  *.hi9 
part  of  its  American  system,  thai  a  short  view  of  the 
present  condition  of  the  Indtatis  may  prove  both  cuiicus 
I  and  intertwtinii. 

liv  the  famous  regulations  of  Charles  V.  in  1543. 
which  have  been  so  often  mentioned,  the  high  piclen- 
sions  of  the  conquerors  of  the  New  Worhl,  who  con- 
sidered Its  mhahiiants  as  slaves  to  whose  service  they 
had  acquired  a  lull  riLdit  of  property,  were  linally  abro- 
ualed.  From  that  period,  the  Indians  have  bei  n  re- 
puted freemen,  anil  entitled  to  the  privileges  ol  sub- 
jecls.  When  adinilted  into  this  rank,  it  was  dee  meJ 
just  th^t  they  should  eonHibule  towards  the  siipjiort  and 
improvement  of  the  society  which  had  adopted  them  ivi 
memberis.  Ibit  as  no  cotisiderable  beiielit  could  be  i  .t- 
pecled  from  the  voluntary  edorls  i^  men  unuc(pia:nted 
with  regular  mduslrv,  and  aver.-e  to  labor,  the  court  ol 
Spam  b'und  it  necessary  to  tix  and  secure,  by  proper 
regulation'*,  what  it  thought  reasonable  to  exact  Iroiu 
them.  With  lliis  view,  an  annual  tax  was  imposed 
upon  every  nude,  fiom  the  age  of  •'inhteen  to  fifty  ;  and 
at,  the  s;,ir.e  Jmh"  tl,,.  uature  as  -veil  i.s  the  exieiU  id' llio 
scrvn-r.i.  whidi  they  might  he  r.-qmreu  to  perl'irm,  was 
ascer'ained  with  pieeituon.  Th-i  Iribule  ■.  iries  in  d.i- 
h'l'.  ut  nrovmces ;  but  if  we  tike  that  punl  m  New 
.''qiam  as  a  medium,  its  annual  ainount  is  nearly  foul 
s  ullnigs  a  head  ;  no  exorhilaiit  sum  m  eounlries  where, 
as  ii;  :\.c.  r.u'i'cc  of  wi'alth,  the  value  of  money  is  ex- 
tremelv  low.  [Hit]  1  iie  right  of  levying  th  s  tribute 
likewise  varies.  In  America,  every  Inilian  in  either  an 
liiimediate  vassal  of  the  crown,  or  depends  upon  somt 
suhp-:t  to  v.lioin  the  district  ill  which  he  resides  has 
hei  u  ^rallied  for  a  limited  time,  uiubr  the  denomina- 
lion  of  an  tm-i)m}iniht.  In  the  former  case,  about 
thr(  e-roiirlhs  of  the  tax  is  jiaid  into  the  royul  treasury  ; 
111  ihe  later,  the  same  proportion  of  it  itelongs  to  iho 
holder  of  the  grant  When  Spam  tirst  look  pusBcssion 
of  America,  the  greater  part  of  it  was  parcelled  out 
amoii'.:  us  conquenut,,  or  those  who  fir-*!  seliled  ihcro, 
and  but  a  small  porium  reserved  f  r  Ihe  e  r  nvn.  As 
lliose  grants,  which  were  made  for '.wv  lives  only,  ru- 
verted  successively  to  the  sovereign,  U'  '  ad  it  in  his 


^SA 


.SOUTH    AM  KRIC  A. 


power  citlirr  'o  (l;M"usr  lii>  fuvors  \>\  [»raiu.  lo  ih'w  pro- 
(iririur.H.  <u  '.1  nuu'intni  'ii>  oAn  rcvcijin' hv  v.ilu.ihli' 
uiriicxnt.)  US  [I7)ij  (If  liii'sf,  liir  l.iUrr  hits  hi'iti  irv- 
(j':eiilly  flioncii  ;  llit'  minilur  o\  Iiitli.mf*  now  (ii'|niidiii<j 
iinMii'tliiilcIv  (III  lli(!  <'ruwn  is  rnurli  urciUr  lluiri  in  llio 
lirsl  Hiiijn*  iiticr  llif  itumiicsi.  ;iik1  iliis  hr.uifli  of  tiic 
roviil  ri'veiiun  roiiiiimcs  lo  cxti'tul. 

'l\n:  lurif til  lirisini;  Iroiii  ilie  services  of  the  Inili-nis 
necrues  (m'Iht  lo  Uie  croAn.  or  lo  the  hoMcr  of  tin- 
ciifomnntiti,  arronlirii;  to  the  rhiiic  rule  oliserved  in  (he 
|>!iynient  of  tribute.  Tliose  .serviceH,  hovvcver,  wlitrh 
can  now  be  le^nlly  exarleil,  are  very  (blVcrent  from  the 
taHk.-4  oriirinally  itu|i()se<l  upon  liic  Indiuns.  'Die  nature 
of  tho  work  wliich  tliey  must  perforin  ih  dclined.  and 
an  eipiitablo  reeoiupeiii^e  is  ^ranird  for  their  labor. 
The  stated  servicis  deuiaiidcd  of  the  Indians  luav  ho 
-Jivided  into  two  branches  They  are  eitiiet  ouipb)ved 
in  works  of  primary  necessity,  wiihout  which  societv 
caruiot  subsist  cuuiforiablv.  or  are  couipdU'd  to  labor 
in  the  niir.es,  from  which  the  Spanish  colonies  derive 
iht'ir  chief  vabii*  and  iniporf.iiice.  In  consequence  of 
the  former,  they  are  obliged  lo  assist  in  the  culture  of 
mai/.o,  and  other  ^rain  of  necessary  consumption  ;  in 
tending  cattle  ;  in  erecliuf^  edifices  of  public  utility  ; 
in  building  bridi^es  ;  and  in  fonning  bi<;h  roads  ;  hut 
they  ci.nnoi  be  constrained  lo  labor  in  raisni};  vines, 
ohvcs,  and  sugar-canes,  or  any  species  of  culliv.'tioii 
whicli  has  for  it"*  object  the  gratiticalion  of  luxury  or 
commercial  profit.  In  consequence  of  tlic  lalttr,  the 
Indians  are  compelled  lo  undertake  the  more  unplea- 
BBut  task  of  extracting  ore  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth, 
and  of  refniing  it  by  successive  processes,  no  less  un- 
wholesome than  operose.  [I77J 

'I'he  mode  of  exacting  both  these  services  is  the  same, 
and  IS  under  regulatmns  framed  with  a  view  of  render- 
ing it  as  little  oppressive  as  possible  to  the  Indians. 
T!i"v  arc  called  out  successively  in  divisions,  termed 
Mitax.  and  no  person  can  i>e  compelled  to  gn  but  in 
his  turn.  In  Peru,  the  number  called  out  must  not 
exceed  Itie  seventh  part  of  the  inhabitants  m  any  dis- 
trict. In  New  Spain,  where  the  Indians  are  more  nu- 
merous, it  is  tixed  at  four  in  the  hundred.  During 
what  time  ihc  labor  of  such  Itulians  as  arc  employed  in 
agriculture  continues,  1  have  not  been  able  In  h*arn 
(178]  Hut  in  Peru,  each '»//(/,  or  division,  destined 
for  the  mines,  remains  there  six  months  ;  and  while 
engaged  in  this  service,  a  laborer  never  receives  less 
than  two  shillings  a  day,  and  often  earns  more  than 
doiible  lliat  sum.  No  Indian,  residing  at  a  greiter 
distance  than  thirty  mdes  from  a  mine,  is  included  in 
the  mita,  or  division  employed  working  it ;  nor  are  the 
inhabitants  of  tde  low  country  exposed  now  lo  certaiTi 
defltKrtion,  as  they  were  at  hrsl  when  under  ihr-  do- 
minion of  the  conquerors,  by  compelling  ibem  to  remove 
from  tliaf  warm  clinuile  to  tlie  cold  elevated  regions 
where  inmeruls  abound.  [179] 

The  Irulians  who  live  in  the  principal  towns  are  en- 
tirely subject  lo  the  Spanish  laws  and  magistrates  ;  bii( 
in  their  own  villages  they  are  governed  by  eaziqucs, 
Borne  of  whom  are  the  descendants  of  their  ancient  lorcis, 
others  are  named  bv  the  Spanish  viceroys.  These 
regulate  the  |)ctty  atVairs  of  tlu:  people  under  (liem,  ac- 
cording to  ma.\ims  of  jufttice  transmilled  lo  them  bv 
Iradihon  from  their  ancestors.  To  the  Indians  tins 
jurisdiction,  bulged  in  sMcb  frieiidlv  hands.  alVords  some 
consolation  ;  and  so  little  formidable  is  this  dignitv  to 
their  new  masters,  that  they  ofieii  allow  if  to  di  sccnd 
by  hereditary  right  Tor  the  further  relief  of  men  y.o 
nmch  exposed  to  opprissioii.  the  Spanish  court  h^is 
HpjKiinted  an  oHicer  in  every  district  v%ith  the  title  of 
I'rotec'or  of  the  Indians.  It  is  bis  function,  as  the 
name  implies,  lo  assert  the  rii^bts  of  the  Indiaiis  ;  to 
appear  as  their  defender  in  the  eourls  of  justice  ;  and, 
by  the  interposilion  of  his  auihorily,  to  st  t  houmls  to 
the  enrroacbments  and  exactions  of  bis  couiitrvmen. 
A  certain  portum  of  the  reserved  fourlh  of  the  annual 
trilnile  is  destined  for  the  salary  of  the  ra/iques  and 
protectors;  another  is  nppiietl  to  tlie  inaitiieiiance  of 
the  clergy  employed  m  the  instuiction  of  the  Indians 
Another  part  seems  to  be  appropriated  for  the  beiietit 
of  ihe  Indians  themselves,  and  is  apphed  for  the  pav- 
inenl  of  their  Irinnle  in  years  of  famine,  or  ulicn  a  |>ar- 
ticular  district  is  allecicd  by  any  extraordinary  hn'al 
calamity.  Ilesidcs  this,  jirovistou  is  made  by  various 
Irtws,  that  hospitals  siiall  lie  founded  m  every  lU'W  set- 
tlement for  the  reception  of  Indians.  Such  bo>))Mals 
l.ave  aeeordiULdy  been  erected.  Itoili  for  the  mdigeni 
tnd  infirm,  in  Ijina.  in  C-uzco.  and  in  Mexico,  wiuie 
ho  Indians  are  tre.ited  with  tenderness  and  lunnaniiv. 

Such  are  the  Iea4!ing  principles  in  the  jurisprudence 
•ind  i^J.icv  by  wbieb  the  Indians  are  now  governed  in 
ttto  proviticcj   belonging  to  Sfiain.     in   tho!>o  regnU- 


tions  of  the  Spanish  monarchs,  we  discover  no  traces  } 
f)f  llial  cruel  svsietn  of  extenninaliou,  which  they  have 
been  charired  with  adopiiuiy;  and  if  we  atlmit  tli.it  llic 
necessity  of  sccitring  subsistence  Inr  ibeir  eoUuiies.  or 
(he  adviiiil.tges  dcnved  Irom  working  the  miMe."«.  gi\c 
tlu-in  a  riL'hl  to  av.iil  llieinsi'hes  id"  the  labor  of  thr  In- 
d I  ins,  we  must  allow,  that  the  attention  with  which  j 
they  regulate  and  recompense  that  labor  is  provuh-nl  j 
and  :*agacious.  In  no  code  of  laws  is  greater  solicitude  | 
displayed,  or  precaution*;  multiplied  with  more  prudent . 
eoncern.  for  tlie  preservation,  the  security,  and  the  hap- 
piness of  the  subject,  than  wii  discover  in  the  coileciion 
of  the  Spanish  laws  for  the  indies.  Hut  lho.se  laiter 
regulations,  like  the  more  early  edicts  whicli  have  been 
already  mentioned,  have  too  ofien  proved  inelVectual 
remedies  against  the  evils  which  tliev  wen;  intended  to 
jirevent.  In  every  age.  if  the  same  causes  coi.tinue  lo 
operate,  the  sauK!  fllecls  must  h)llow.  From  fiie  im- 
mense distance  between  the  power  intrusted  with  the 
execution  of  laws,  and  that  by  whose  aiUhortly  they 
are  enacted,  the  vigor  even  of  the  most  absolute  go- 
vernment must  relax,  and  the  dread  id"  a  superior,  too 
remote  to  observe  wiili  accuracy  or  lo  punish  with  de- 
spatch, must  insensibly  aitate.  Notwithstanding  the 
numerous  injunctions  of  the  Spanisli  monarch,  llie  In- 
dians still  siilfer,  on  many  occasions,  both  from  the 
avarice  of  intlividtials.  and  from  the  exactions  of  the 
magistrates  who  ought  to  have  protected  them  ;  unrea- 
sonable tasks  are  imposed  ;  the  term  of  their  labor  is 
prolonged  beyond  the  peiiod  tixed  by  law,  and  they 
groan  under  many  of  the  insults  and  wrings  which  are 
tlu^  lot  of  a  dependent  people.  [180]  From  some  in- 
formation on  which  I  can  depend,  such  oppression 
abounds  more  in  )'eru  than  in  any  other  colony.  Unt 
it  is  not  general.  According  to  the  accounts  even  of 
those  aulhors  who  are  most  disposed  to  exaggerate  the 
sutl'erings  of  the  Indians,  they,  in  several  provinces, 
enjoy  not  only  ease  but  atlluence  ;  they  possess  large 
farms  ;  they  are  masters  of  numerous  herds  and  Hocks  ; 
and.  by  the  knowhdge  which  they  have  acipiired  of 
Fiiropean  arts  and  industry,  are  supplied  not  only  with 
the  necessaries  hut  with  many  luxuries  of  life. 

After  explaining  the  form  of  civil  government  in  the 
Spanish  colonies,  pud  ihe  state  of  ihe  various  orders  of 
persons  subject  to  it,  tlie  peculiarities  in  their  ecclesi- 
astical constitution  merit  consideration.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  s.iperstilious  veneration  with  which  the  Spa- 
niards are  devoted  lo  the  Holy  See.  the  vigilant  and 
jealous  policy  of  Ferdinand  early  prompted  him  to  take 
precantitms  against  the  inlrodnction  of  the  Papal  domi- 
nion in  America.  With  this  view,  he  solicited  Alex- 
ander \'f.  for  a  grant  to  the  crown  of  the  ti'hes  in  all 
the  ncwlv-diseovered  eounirien,  winch  be  obtained  on 
condition  of  his  making  prov's.on  for  the  religious  in- 
struction of  the  natives.  :."0.i  after  Julius  II.  con- 
ferred on  hnn  and  his  successors,  the  right  of  patronage, 
and  the  absolute  disposal  of  all  ecclesiastical  benehces 
there  IJul  these  Pontifl's.  unacquainted  with  the  value 
of  what  he  deinanJed,  bestowed  these  donations  with 
an  inconsiderate  bberuhly.  wbieli  their  successors  have 
often  lamented,  and  wished  to  recall.  In  consequence 
of  those  grants,  the  Spanish  monarchs  have  become  in 
elfect  the  heads  of  the  American  church,  In  them  the 
administration  of  its  revenues  is  vested.  'I'lieir  nomi- 
nation of  persons  lo  supply  vacant  benefices  is  instantly 
continued  by  the  Pope.  Thus,  in  all  Spanish  America, 
authority  of  every  species  centres  in  the  crown.  There 
no  collision  is  known  between  spiritual  and  temporal 
jiir!>d!ct!on.  The  King  is  the  only  superior,  his  name 
alone  is  heard  of,  and  no  dependence  upon  anv  foreign 
power  has  been  introduced.  Papal  bulls  cannot  be 
admitted  inlo  .\inerica.  nor  are  tlu-y  of  any  force  there 
until  thev  have  been  previously  examined  and  appro\ed 
of  by  tlie  roval  council  of  the  Indies;  and  if  any  bntl 
should  be  surreptiiiouslv  introduced  aiul  circulated  in 
America  witliout  obtaining  that  up])robalion,  ecciesia?t- 
tics  are  required  not  only  lo  prevent  it  from  taking 
effect,  but  to  seize  ul!  ihe  ccpies  of  it,  and  Iransinil 
them  to  the  ccuticil  of  the  Indus.  To  this  liniuation 
of  tl.e  Papal  jurisdiction.  e(piallv  singular,  whether  we 
consider  ttie  age  and  nation  in  which  it  was  devised,  or 
the  jealous  attention  with  which  Ferdinand  and  Ins  suc- 
cessors have  studied  to  numtain  it  in  full  force,  Spam 
IS  indcbled.  in  a  great  measure,  for  the  uniform  tran- 
quilliiy  which  has  reigned  in   her  .Anurican  iloimnious 

The  hierarchy  is  esiaidished  in  America  in  the  same 
form  as  in  Spain,  with  its  lull  tram  <)f  archbishops,  bish 
ops,  deans,  and  other  dii^natanes.  The  inferior  clergy 
are  divided  m'o  three  classes,  under  the  dei.ominaaon 
of  ('urns,  I  )o>- 1 1  III  Hi 'ft,  and  MiNSUitirros.  The  first  are 
parish  priests  in  tho.<e  pails  of  lh« country  wliere  the.Spa- 
mards  have  settled      Tiie  so*  oiid  have   the  charge  of 


such  di.''tricta  as  are  inhabited  by  Indians  svjhjecled  lo 
the  .Spanish  government,  and  living  under  its  protec- 
tion. The  third  are  employed  in  msiructing  and  con- 
verting llutse  tierccr  tribes  which  tlisd.iin  subiiit.''-«it'(i  lo 
the  .Spiinish  yoke,  and  live  m  ri'inote  or  iii.uce.-^sihlo 
rei^ions  lo  wbirh  llie  Spaiii.fh  arms  h.ive  not  pi  netrated. 
So  numerous  'ire  the  ecelesiastic.-i  of  all  tlio.^f  variiMiu 
orders,  and  such  the  profuse  liberality  with  which  many 
oi  them  are  endowed,  that  thi^  revenues  of  ihe  church 
in  America  are  immense.  The  Kitmish  superstition 
appears  with  its  utmost  ponqi  in  the  New  World. 
( 'hurehes  and  convents  there  arc  inagintictnt,  and  richly 
adorned  ;  and  on  high  festivals,  the  disj.lav  of  gold  and 
silver,  and  precious  ."tones,  is  siicli  as  cxcci-ds  the  con- 
ception of  a  Kuropean,  An  eccle-siastical  esiabhsh- 
ineiil  so  splendid  and  extensive  is  imlavorahle,  as  has 
been  lornierlv  observed,  lo  the  progress  of  rising  culo- 
iiies  ;  but  in  countries  wher**  ricbis  abound  and  the 
people  are  so  delighted  with  parade  ihat  religion  must 
assume  it  in  onter  to  altraci  their  veneration,  'bis  pio- 
pensity  to  ostentuiion  ha3  been  indulged,  and  becomes 
less  pernicious. 

The  early  institution  of  monasteries  in  the  Spanish 
colonies,  and  the  inconsiderate  /eat  in  inul'iplving  them, 
have  been  attended  with  consequences  more  fatal.  In 
every  new  settlement,  'be  lirst  object  shoiihl  be  to  en- 
courage population,  and  lo  incite  rverv  citizen  to  con- 
tribute towards  augmenting  the  number  and  sirenglh 
of  the  community.  During  the  youth  and  vigor  of 
society,  whib^  there  is  room  to  spread,  and  susU;iianco 
is  procured  with  facility,  mankind  increa.se  with  amaz- 
ing rapidity.  I!ut  Ihe  •Sjiantards  had  hardly  taken  pos- 
session of"  America,  when,  willi  a  most  preposterous 
policy,  they  began  to  erect  convents,  where  perstms  of 
both  se.xes  were  *»hut  up.  innler  a  vow  to  deleaf  the 
purpose  of  nature,  and  to  counteract  the  tir.sl  of  Iilt 
laws.  Intluenceil  by  a  misguided  piety,  which  asc.ibes 
transcend.iiU  merit  to  a  stale  of  cehb.u'v,  or  allured  by 
the  prospect  of  that  lislhss  ease  winch  in  sultry  eh- 
males  is  deemed  supreme  lelicnv.  numbers  crowded 
into  those  mansions  of  sloth  and  sU]perstii;on,  and  are 
lost  to  societv.  As  ruuie  but  persons  ul  .Spjiush  ex- 
tract are  admitted  into  ihe  monaslenes  of  liii'  New 
World,  the  evil  is  more  sensiblv  felt,  and  eveiy  monk 
or  mm  may  be  emisidcreil  as  an  active  person  with- 
drawn from  civil  life.  The  improprMtv  i>f  such  foiia- 
tialionj  m  anv  situation  where  the  extent  of  territory 
requires  additional  hands  to  improve  it.  is  so  oluioiis, 
that  some  1  '.itliolie  si-iies  ha\e  expre.-sly  prohibited 
any  person  in  their  colonies  Irom  lakitig  the  monastic 
vows,  Fven  the  Spani.sb  monari:iis.  on  some  occa- 
sions, seem  to  have  bei'ti  alarmed  wiili  the  spreading 
of  a  spirit  so  adverse  to  llie  increase  and  jirosperity  o( 
iheir  colonies,  that  they  have  endeavon-d  to  ctieck  it. 
Hilt  the  .Spaniards  in  America,  more  ilioroughly  under 
the  iiilbienee  of  superstition  than  their  countrymen  ;n 
Kiirope.  and  directed  by  ecclesiastics  more  bigoted  and 
illiterate,  have  conceived  such  a  high  opinion  of  iiionas- 
tic  sanctity,  iliat  no  regulations  can  restrain  their  zeal  ; 
and.  by  the  excess  of  their  ill  jiulged  i)ouniy.  religions 
houses  have  multiplied  to  a  degree  no  less  amazing  than 
pernicious  to  socie'y.  [181,  j 

In  viewing  the  stale  of  colonies,  where  not  only  tho 
number  hut  ndluence  of  ecclesiastics  is  so  great,  the 
character  of  this  powerful  body  is  an  object  th.it  merit* 
particular  attention.  A  considerable  [lart  of  (he  secu- 
lar clergy  in  Mixico  and  Pern  are  natives  of  Spain. 
As  persons  long  accustomed,  by  their  educ  ition,  lo  iho 
retirement  and  indolence  of  academic  life  are  more 
ircapabie  of  active  enlerpri.-*i',  and  less  disposed  lo 
strike  Jito  i.ew  pa'hs  than  anv  order  of  men,  the  eccle- 
siastical adventurers  by  v  hoin  the  American  church  is 
recruited,  are  cotnmonlv  such  a>,  Irom  merit  or  rank  : 
hf'e,  have  httle  prospect  of  success  m  their  own  coun- 
try. Accordingly,  ihe  secular  priests  in  the  New 
World  are  sldl  less  distinguished  than  their  brethren  in 
■Spain  for  literarv  accomplishments  of  any  sjtecies  ;  and 
though,  bv  the   a'liple  provision  '<  has  been  mado 

for  the  American  church,  many  o:  k^  members  enjoy 
the  ease  and  independence  which  are  fa\oralde  lo  tho 
culti\ation  of  science,  the  body  of  secular  clergy  has 
hardly,  during  two  centuries  and  a  half,  produced  ono 
aiiliior  whose  works  convey  such  useful  mforinalion.  or 
possess  such  a  degree  of  merit,  as  to  be  ranked  among 
those  which  attract  the  atlentuui  of  etibghli-ned  na- 
tions, Ilut  the  greatest  pari  of  the  ecclesiastics  m  the 
Spanish  seltlemenls  are  regulars.  ( )ii  the  discovery  ol 
America,  a  new  field  opem  I  to  the  pious  zeal  of  tho 
monastic  orders  ;  and,  with  a  becommg  alacrity,  they 
iminediatcly  sunt  forth  missi^maries  to  hibor  in  it.  Thn 
lirst  attempt  to  instruct  and  convert  ihe  Ainenc  ins  was 
made  by  monks;  and  as  soon  as  the  conquest  ol  anv 


i 


,164 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OT 


I 


ii 


province  was  complrted.  and  its  ccclcsiastiral  cKtn- 
blishment  bpjjnn  to  nasurnc  some  form,  the  Popes  por- 
mitteJ  ihc  nii!*»ioii;irics  of  the  four  inctHiicjiiit  nnlfrs, 
&B  a  reward  for  tlii'ir  scrvici'.*,  tn  arrt'pi  of  piinn-lital 
charges  in  Amcricii,  to  perform  nil  spiriliiul  fiinclioii!*, 
and  To  rrcrive  the  tithes  and  oilier  einoluinenls  of  the 
bciiefire,  without  depeiuhng  on  tho  jurisdirtion  of  thi; 
bishop  of  the  diofe.'*ft.  or  licinj;  subject  to  Ins  censure.s, 
In  corisecpicnce  of  this,  a  now  ciireer  of  usefulness,  an 
well  ns  nfw  objects  of  ambition,  presented  iheniscives. 
Whenever  a  cull  is  nKule  for  a  fresh  supply  of  mission- 
aries, men  of  the  most  ardent  and  aspiring  rnnids,  )m- 
patient  mider  the  restraint  of  a  cloister,  we.iry  of  its 
insipid  iniiforinity,  and  fiitiiriicd  with  the  irksome  rejie- 
tition  of  its  frivolous  functions,  otVer  llieir  sirvicc  with 
eagerness,  and  repair  to  the  New  World  in  quest  of 
liberty  and  distinction.  Nor  do  tliey  pursue  distinction 
without  success.  The  liiijhest  ecclesiastical  honors, 
as  well  as  llie  most  bicralive  preferments  ifi  Mexico 
and  l*ern,  arc  often  in  the  hands  of  regidars  ;  and  it 
is  chiefly  to  the  monastic  orders  that  the  Americans  arc 
indebted  for  auv  portion  of  science  which  is  cultivated 
amonj;  them.  'I'hey  "re  almost  the  only  fSpanisb  eccle- 
siastics from  whom  we  have  received  any  accounis 
either  of  the  civil  or  nalural  history  of  the  various  pro- 
vmces  in  America.  Some  ol  them,  tlioutfh  deeply 
tinged  with  the  indelliule  superstition  of  their  profes- 
sion, have  pnblislied  books  which  »:ive  a  fivorable  im- 
pression of  their  ahiliiies.  The  natural  and  moral  his- 
tory 01  the  Now  World,  by  the  Jesuit  Acosta,  contains 
more  accurate  observations,  perhajis,  and  more  sound 
Bcicnce.  than  are  to  be  found  in  any  description  of  re- 
mole  countries  published  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Hut  the  same  disjrust  with  monastic  life,  to  which 
America  is  indebted  tor  some  instructors  of  worth  and 
abilities,  tilled  it  with  others  of  a  very  ditlercnl  clia- 
racler.  'I'lic  giddv,  the  prolligate,  (he  avaricious,  to 
wtiuni  the  poverty  and  riifid  discipline  of  a  convent  are 
intolerable,  consider  a  mission  to  America  as  a  release 
from  mortttiralion  and  bondage.  There  they  soon  ob- 
tain some  paroehi'il  charge  ;  and  far  removed  by  their 
situation,  from  the  inspection  of  their  monastic  su- 
periors, and  exempt,  by  their  character,  from  the  juris- 
diction of  their  diocesan,  they  are  bSidly  sul)jected  to 
any  control.  According  to  tiie  testimony  of  the  most 
Jealous  catholics,  many  of  the  regular  clergy  in  the 
Spanish  settlements  are  not  only  destitute  of  the  virtues 
becoming  their  profession,  but  regardless  of  tiiat  exter- 
nal decormn  and  respect  for  the  opinion  of  mankind, 
which  preserve  a  semblance  of  worth  wheie  the  reality 
is  wanting.  Secure  of  impunity,  some  regulars,  m 
contempt  of  their  vow  of  poverty,  engage  openly  in  I 
commerce,  and  arc  so  rapaciously  eager  in  amassing  i 
wealth,  liiat  they  become  the  most  grievous  oppressors  i 
of  the  Indians  whom  il  was  their  duty  to  have  protected. 
Others,  with  no  less  flagrant  violation  of  their  vow  ofj 
chastity,  indulge  with  little  disguise  in  the  most  disso- 
lute licentiousness.  [18«J 

Various  achemes  have  been  proposed  for  redressing 
enormities  so  manifest  and  so  otlensive.  Several  per- 
sons, no  less  eminent  for  piety  lh:in  discernmrnl,  have 
contended,  that  the  regulars,  in  conformity  to  the 
canons  of  the  church,  ouglil  to  be  confined  within  the 
walls  of  their  cloisters,  and  should  no  longer  be  per- 
mitted to  enroach  on  the  functions  of  the  secular  clergy. 
Some  public-spirited  magistrates,  from  conviction  of 
its  being  necessary  to  deprive  the  n'lrulars  of  a  privi- 
lege bestowed  at  first  with  good  intention,  hut  of 
which  time  and  experience  ha  :  discovered  the  per- 
nicious elfects,  openly  C0(mtciiaticed4bc  secular  clergy 
ill  their  atH-inpts  to  assert  their  own  rights.  'I'he 
prince  D'Ksqmhrhe,  viceroy  of  I'eru  under  PhUlip 
ill.,  took  measures  so  decisive  and  elfeclual  for  cir- 
cumscribing the  regulars  wiihm  their  proper  sphere  as 
Atnick  them  with  general  consternation.  [IHUJ  Tliey 
had  recourse  to  their  iisual  arts.  They  alarmed  the 
superstitious,  by  representing  the  proceedini;9  of  the 
viceroy  as  innovations  fat;d  to  religion.  'I'hey  em- 
ployed all  the  refinements  of  intrigue  in  order  to  gain 
persons  in  power;  and  seconded  bv  the  powerful  influ- 
ence nf  the  .lesiiits,  who  claimed  and  enjoyed  all  the 
privileges  whicli  bulonge<l  to  the  Mendicant  orders  in 
Aincriia,  they  made  a  deep  impression  on  a  bigoted 
prince  and  a  weak  ministry.  The  ancient  practice  was  . 
tolerated  'I'he  aluises  which  it  occasioned  continued 
to  increase,  ind  the  corrujition  of  monks,  ex  'inpl  from 
the  restraints  of  disctplmo,  and  the  inspection  of  any 
superior,  became  a  disgrace  to  religion.  At  last,  as  the 
veneration  of  the  Spaniards  for  the  monastic  orders  bn- 

8 an  to  abate,  and  the  power  of  the  Jesuits  was  on  the 
eclinu,    Ferdinand    V[.  ventured    to   apply  the   only 
effectual  remedy,  by  issuii.g  an  edict  [June  23,  1757,J 


proliibi*|n<T  regulars  of  every  denomination  from  taking  ] 
the  charge  of  anv  pansli  with  the  cure  of  souls  ;  ami  | 
declaring  that  un  the  demise  of  tlie  present  iiicumlit-iils,  j 
none  but  secular  priests,  subject  lo  the  jurisdiction  of 
iheir  diocesan.^,  shall  be  presinlcd  lo  vacant  beiiefice.s. 
If  this  regulation  is  carriiil  into  execution  witli  .sieadi- 
ness  in  any  deureo  proportional  lo  the  wisdom  wit!> 
which  it  is  tVamed.  a  verv  considerable  reformation  may 
take  place  m  tlie  ercle-iasiirul  >iale  of  Spanis-h  Ame- 
rica, and  the  secular  c!tr:fy  mav  gradually  become  a 
respeclable  body  of  men.  The  deportment  of  many 
ecclesiastics,  even  at  present,  seems  to  be  decent  and 
exemplary  ;  oIlH'rwi^e  we  can  liardlv  suppose  that  they 
would  be  field  in  such  Wi\i\\  esiimalion,  and  [joss<\ss  such 
a  wonderful  ascendant  over  ihe  minds  of  their  roun- 
irymen  throughout  all  the  Spanirli  selllements. 

IJut  whatever  merit  the  Spanish  ecclesiastic?  in 
America  may  possess,  the  success  of  their  endeavors  in 
communicating  the  knowledge  of  true  religion  to  the 
Indians,  has  been  more  imperfect  than  might  have  been 
expected,  cither  from  the  degree  of  their  /eal,  or  from 
the  dominion  which  ihev  hadacipiired  overthal  people. 
For  this,  various  rea-^ons  may  be  assigned.  The  (irst 
missionaries,  in  iheir  ardor  to  make  ]uoselvteii,  admitted 
the  people  of  America  into  the  (christian  eliurcb  with- 
out previous  instruction  in  thiMloctrines  of  religion,  and 
eveii  before  they  themselves  had  acipiired  such  know- 
ledge in  the  Tiulian  language,  as  to  be  able  to  explain  to 
the  natives  the  mysteries  of  faitii.  or  the  precejils  of 
duty,  nesting  upon  a  subtle  distinction  in  scholastic 
theology,  between  that  degree  of  assent  which  is 
fouridcd  on  a  complete  knowiedire  and  conviction  of 
duty,  and  that  whxh  may  he  yielded  when  both  tliesii 
are  imjierfect.  they  ado|>ted  ihis  strange  practice,  no 
less  inconsistent  with  the  spirit  of  a  religion  which  ad- 
dresses itself  lo  the  undtTslandmg  of  men,  than  repuij- 
nant  to  the  dictates  of  reason.  As  soon  as  any  liody 
of  people  overawed  by  dread  of  the  Spanish  power, 
moved  by  the  example  of  their  own  chiefs,  incited  by 
levity,  or  yielding  from  mere  ignorance,  expressiMl  the 
slightest  desire  of  embracing  the  religion  of  their  con- 
querors, they  were  instantly  baptized.  While  this  rage 
of  lonversion  continued,  a  single  clergyman  baptized 
in  one  day  above  live  thousand  Mexicans,  and  dtd  not 
desist  until  he  was  so  exhausted  by  fatigue  that  he 
was  unable  to  lift  his  hands.  In  the  course  of  a  few 
years  after  ihn  reduction  of  the  Mexican  empire,  the 
sacrament  of  bapM.^m  was  administered  to  more  than 
four  miiliona.  J'roselyies  adopted  with  such  inconsi- 
derate haste,  and  wiio  were  neither  in.strucled  in  the 
nature  of  the  tenets  to  which  it  was  supposed  they  had 
given  assent,  nor  taught  the  absurdity  of  those  which 
(iiey  were  reipiired  to  relinquish,  retained  their  veneri- 
lion  for  their  ancient  superstitions  in  full  force,  or 
mingled  an  attachment  to  its  doctrine  and  rites  with 
that  slender  knowledge  of  (.'hristianity  which  they  had 
accpiired.  Tficse  senliiuents  the  ntu'  converts  trans- 
mitted to  their  posterity,  into  wliose  minds  ihey  have 
sunk  so  deep,  that  the  Spanish  ecclesiasticn,  with  all 
their  industry,  have  not  been  able  to  eradicate  them. 
The  reliijious  institutions  of  thnir  ancestors,  are  still 
remembered  and  held  in  honor  by  many  of  the  Indians, 
both  in  Mexico  and  Peru  ;  and  whenever  they  think 
them-'elvt .  out  of  reach  of  inspection  Iiy  the  Spaniards, 
they  assemble  and  celebrate  their  idolatrous  rites, 

Bui  tV.'s  is  not  the  most  unsnrinountable  obstacle 
to  the  progress  of  Christianity  among  the  Indians  Tlie 
powers  of  their  uncultivated  u'ulerslandings  arc  so 
limited,  their  observations  and  reflecihipj  reich  so  little 
beyond  the  mere  objects  of  sen.se,  that  t!:ey  acem  hardly 
to  have  Oie  capacity  of  forining  abstract  ideas,  and 
possess  not  laii'juage  lo  express  tliem  To  such  men 
the  sublime  and  sjuriiual  doctrines  of  (.'liri.uianity  must 
he,  in  a  great  measure,  incomprehen-sible.  The  nu- 
merotis  and  splendid  ceremonies  of  ihe  Popish  worship  I 
catch  the  ce,  please  and  interest  them  ;  but  when  ; 
their  inslruclers  altcmpl  lo  explain  the  articles  ol'  faiih  | 
with  which  those  external  olisrrvances  are  coimecle'. 
though  the  Indians  may  listen  with  patience,  they  so 
little  conceive  the  meamuii  of  what  thev  hear,  that  their 
acquiescence  does  not  merit  ihe  name  of  belief.  Their 
indilVerence  is  still  greater  than  their  incapacity,  At- 
tentive only  to  the  present  moment,  and  eiinrossed  by 
the  objects  before  them,  the  Indians  so  seldom  reflect 
upon  what  is  j)ast,  or  take  thought  for  what  is  to  come, 
Ihat  neither  the  promises  nor  threats  of  relii^ion  make 
much  impression  upon  them  ;  and  while  their  foresiglu 
ra.ely  extends  so  far  as  the  next  day,  it  is  almost  iui- 
jiossiblH  to  iiisjurtr  them  with  solicitude  altoul  the  con- 
cerns of  a  future  world.  Astonished  eipially  at  their 
slowness  of  comprehension,  and  at  tJui.r  insensibility 
some  of  tlifi  early  missionaries  pronounced  them  a  race 


of  men  so  brutish  as  to  he  incapable  of  understanding 
the  lirst  pnncplisof  religion,  .\  coimcit  held  at  l.inm 
decreed,  that,  on  account  of  tiiis  mcapanty.  lln'v  ouuht 
lo  he  excluded  tiom  the  sacranicul  of  the  Kncharist. 
Though  Paul  III.,  by  Ins  famous  bull  is-ued  intheyta* 
trj:J7,  lU  dared  them  to  be  ratio  lal  creatures  eiriled  to 
all  the  privileges  of  (.'hiislians ;  yet  alter  the  lapse  oi 
two  centuries,  durin>j  which  they  have  bet  ii  mem  1m  id 
ofilie  church,  so  impeilict  are  their  attainments  in 
kiiouledge  that  very  lew  po.ssess  such  a  portion  of  spi- 
ritual discennneiit  as  lo  be  deemed  worthy  of  beiiitt 
admitted  to  the  holy  cmnmiinion.  From  this  idea  ol 
iheir  incapacity  and  imperfect  knowledge  of  reliijioii, 
when  the  zeal  of  Pliilip  M  established  the  inquisiiion 
in  America  in  the  year  l."»7l),  the  Indijiis  were  exempted 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  lliat  se\ere  tribunal,  and  sldl 
continue  v  ider  the  inspection  ol  llieir  diocesans.  Fven 
after  ihe  mut,i  perfect  instruelion.  their  fauh  is  held  to 
he  feelde  and  dubious  ;  and  lliouyh  some  of  them  have 
been  taught  the  learned  languages,  and  have  gone 
through  the  ordinary  rourse  of  academic  education  with 
applause,  their  fVailty  is  slill  so  niucli  suspected,  that 
few  Indians  are  either  ordaincu  priesis,  or  received  into 
any  religious  order.  [  \H^] 

From  this  brief  survey  some  idea  may  hv.  formed  ol 
the  inlerior  state  of  the  Sj)anisli  colonics.  The  various 
productions  with  which  they  supply  and  enrich  the  mo- 
iher  couiitr)',  and  the  sy.slem  of  commercial  intercourse 
between  them,  come  ne.\t  in  order  lobe  explained.  If 
the  dominions  of  Spain  m  the  New  World  had  been  of 
such  moderate  extent  as  bore  a  due  proportion  to  tlio 
parent  state,  the  progress  of  her  colonising  might  have 
been  attended  with  the  same  benefit  as  lhat  of  other  na- 
tions. Itut  when,  in  less  than  half  a  ceiunry,  her  incon- 
sideralc  rapacity  had  seized  on  countries  larger  than  all 
Kurnpe,  her  inabibiy  to  fill  such  va.st  regions  with  iii- 
hahiiants  suflicient  for  the  cuitiva:ion  of  them  was  so 
obvious,  na  to  give  a  wrong  (tirection  lo  all  the  clForts 
of  the  colonists.  They  did  not  form  compact  settle- 
ments, where  industry,  circumscribttd  wiliiin  proper 
limits,  both  in  its  views  and  operations,  is  conducled 
with  that  sober  persevering  sj)irit  which  gradually  con- 
verts whatever  ii  m  its  possession  to  a  projier  use.  and 
derives  thence  the  greatest  udvanlJL'c  Instead  q\'  this 
the  Spaniards,  seduced  by  the  houndtes*  prospect  wfiicli 
opened  to  them,  divided  their  possessions  in  America 
into  governments  of  great  extent.  As  their  number 
was  too  small  to  aileinpt  the  regular  cuUiire  of  the  im 
mense  provinces  which  they  occii|  d  rather  than  peo- 
pled, they  bent  llieir  attention  to  a  few  objects  t.'.ac 
allured  tliein  with  ho]ios  of  su'Men  and  eicrbitant 
gain,  and  turned  away  with  contempt  from  iho  hum- 
liler  paths  of  industry,  which  lead  more  slowly,  but  with 
greater  certainty,  to  wealth  and  increase  of  national 
strength. 

Uf  all  the  methods  by  which  riches  may  ho  acquired* 
that  of  searching  for  the  precious  metals  is  one  of  the 
most  inviting  to  men  who  are  either  unaccustomed  to 
the  regular  assiduity  with  which  the  culture  of  the  earth 
and  the  operalion.s  of  commerce  must  be  carried  on,  or 
who  are  so  enterprising  and  rapacious  as  not  to  he  sa- 
tistied  with  the  gradual  returns  of  profit  which  thev 
yield.  Accordingly,  as  soon  as  the  several  coimtrics 
in  .\merica  were  subjected  to  the  dominion  of  Spain, 
this  was  almost  the  only  mi.>ihod  ol  acquiring  wealth 
which  occurred  lo  the  adventurers  by  whom  thev  were 
conquered  Such  provinces  of  the  continent  as  did 
not  allure  them  to  settle,  by  the  prospect  of  iheiralTord- 
ing  gold  and  silver,  were  totally  neglected.  Tliose  in 
winch  ihcy  met  with  a  disappointment  of  the  sanguine 
expectations  they  liad  formeil.  were  abandoned.  Kvim 
the  value  of  the  islands,  the  first  fruits  of  their  disco- 
veries, and  the  first  oliject  of  llieir  atifntion,  sunk  so 
niiM'b  in  their  estimation,  when  the  inmcs  which  had 
been  Ojiened  in  thein  were  exhausted,  that  they  were 
tieserted  by  many  of  the  planiirs.  and  left  to  bo  occu- 
pied by  more  industno'i.s  possessors  All  crowded  to 
\I<  -.ico  and  Peru,  where  the  quantities  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver found  among  the  nalives,  who  searched  for  iheru 
With  hltlc  industry  and  less  skill,  promts*'d  nn  unex- 
h,iusted  store,  as  the  recompense  of  more  intelligent 
and  persevering  efforts. 

During  several  years,  the  ardor  of  ih'ir  researches 
was  kept  up  by  hope  rather  than  success  .\t  length, 
the  rich  silver  mines  of  I'otosi  in  Peru  were  acctdenl- 
ally  discovered  in  the  year  IHVr)  by  an  Indian,  as  ho 
was  clambering  up  the  mountains  in  piirsuit  of  a  llama 
which  had  straved  fVoni  his  (lock.  Soon  after,  tho 
mines  of  Sacoiecas  in  New  Spam,  hllle  inferior  to  the 
oilur  in  value,  were  opened.  From  that  time  succes- 
sivt>  iliM-overies  have  been  made  in  both  colonies,  and 
stiver  mines  are  now  ro  numcro  is,  that  the  working  ol 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 

tlium,  and  of  Bomc  ft'w  mines  of  gold  in  the  provinces  pemirious  industry,  an  is  now  enijiloyed  in  allnrinj;  I 
of  Tierra  Firnir,  iind  tlie  new  kinydoin  ol  ( lr,iiiadii,  has  ,  thnn  towjirds  it.  *'  l'ro|eets  of  iinninfT,"  snys  a  yood  ! 
bcrOMie  the  eapilid  occupation  of  ihe  Spinuiirds.  and  is  j  judixc  of  llit^  poliliciil  eonducl  ol  niitioiis,  "  inslracl  of 
rediiceil  inU)  a  t*ysh  ni  no  less  coinphcali  d  ihaii  ni- j  repiaeini;  the  e.ipit.il  employed  ni  ihein,  tOffetlnT  with 
terestnii;.  I'o  de^crilie  the  nature  iit  tlie  \arioiis  ore.*,  the  ordm.iry  (irotil  of  stt)Lk,  coniin'>"ily  ali^orli  holli  eapi-  j 
the  mode  of  e.\lraelm;:  theni  jnini '.K' howels  of  the  j  lid  and  prolit.  They  are  t!it  , /ojrels,  thcrefDre,  to  ' 
carlli,  and  to  expl.ini  i\w  M-veviii  pio^-ef^ses  hy  which  which,  of  all  olhcM.  a  prudent  hiw^nver.  wln»  desired  to 
ihe  niet-ils   art*    .--ip.iraKd    from    the   siihslances  with  I  nicreuM' the  capilal  oi  his  nation,  would  least  choose  to 


uhtcli  they  are  tnnii^led,  eitlier  hy  the  action  of  lire,  or 
ihe  attractive  pow  .th  of  niercnry,  is  the  province  of 
the  natural  philosopher  or  chynnst,  rather  than  of  the 
historian. 

The  exnherant  profusion  with  which  the  mountains 
of  the  New  World  poured  forth  their  treasures  as- 
tonished mankind,  who  had  heen  aecustonied  hitherto 
lo  receive  a  penurious  supply  of  the  precious  inelals 
from  the  more  scanly  stores  contained  m  tlie  nnnes  ot 
the  Miicii-nt   lienn:>pliere.     According  lo  principles  ul  j  its  approhation,  aui^inunts  that    inconsiderate  credulity 


apita 
^ive  any  extruordniary  encourii^i'incnt,  or  to  turn  to- 
wards liieni  a  t;reater  share  of  that  capita!  than  would 
iXO  ro  thrill  ol  Its  own  accord.  Such,  in  reality,  is  the 
iihsiird  contidence  which  all  nn'ii  have  in  their  own 
yood  lorlune,  thai  wlierever  tiiere  is  tlie  least  prohn- 
Inlity  of  success,  too  threat  a  sliare  of  it  is  apt  to  go  to 
tfiein  of  Its  uwii  accord."  Hut  in  tin;  Spanish  colonies, 
iiovernment  is  studious  to  cherish  a  spirit  which  it 
-•liould  have  lahored  to  tiepress,  and,  hy  the  sanction  of 


eompiitaliuu.  which  appear  lo  bv  e.vlremely  moderate, 
tiie  ipiantitv  of  (rold  and  silver  lliat  lias  heen  regularly 
entered  in  the  jtorts  of  .Spain,  is  eipial  in  value  to  four, 
nnlhons  hierhng  annually.  rccktMiing  front  the  year 
WJ'i,  in  winch  Ajiierica  was  discovered  to  the  present 
time.  Tiiis.  in  two  hundred  and  eighty-three  years, 
amounts  to  eleven   hundred    and   thiriv-tvvo  millions 


which  has  turned  the  active  industry  of  Mexico  and 
I'eni  into  such  an  iniprojier  channel.  To  this  may  hv 
imputed  the  slendes  progress  which  Spanish  America 
has  made,  during  two  centuries  and  a  half,  either  m 
useful  manufactures,  or  in  those  lueralivo  hraochcs  of 
cultivation  winch  furnish  the  colonies  of  other  nations 
with  their  s^laplo    connnodilies.      In   comparison  witli 


Iimnense  as  this  sum  is,  the  Sjianish  writers  contend,  (he  precious  metals  every  hounly  of  nature  is  so  much 
that  as  much  niorc  ou^^ht  to  he  ad<le'l  to  it  in  considcra-  despised,  that  this  extravagant  idea  of  their  value  has 
lion  of  treasure  which  has  heen  extracted  from  the  mingled  wiih  the  idioin  of  language  in  America,  and 
nines,  and   imporlcd    fraudulenily  into  Spain  without  '  (he  Spaniards  settled  there,  dcnoininatc  a  country  nrli. 


paying  duty  lo  the  King.  Hy  this  account,  Spain  has 
drawn  Irom  the  New  World  a  supply  of  wealth 
umountmg  at  least  to  two  thousand  imtlions  of  pounds 
sterling   [185] 

The  nnnes,  which  have  yielded  this  amazing  tpnin- 
tily  of  treasure,  are  not  worked  at  the  exjM'nse  of  ihe 
crown  or  of  ihi-  puhlu-.  In  order  lo  encourage  private 
adventurers,  the  person  who  discovtrs  and  works  a 
new  vein  is  entitled  to  the  pioperty  of  it.  lljion  lay- 
ing hh-  claim  to  such  a  discoT(rrv  helore  the  governor 
of  the  province.  :i  certain  extent  of  land  is  !neas:red 
oil',  and  a  certain  nmuher  of  Indians  allotted  '.iin, 
under  the  ohligation  of  his  opt'iiing  the  mine  witlim  a 
limited  time,  and  of  his  paying  the  customary  duty  to 
the  King  tor  what  it  shall  produce.  Invited  hy  the 
facility  with  which  such  gran'.s  are  ohuined,  and  en- 
couraged hv  some  sinking  examples  of  success  in  this 
line  of  ai'vcntnre,  not  only  tho  sanguinis  and  the  hold, 
but  the  tiinid  and  ditiident,  enter  upon  it  with  astonish- 
ing ardor.  With  vast  objects  always  iit  view,  fed  con- 
timiallywith  hope,  and  expecting  every  moment  that 
fortune  will  unveil  her  secret  stores,  ai.d  give  uji  the 
wealth  which  they  contain  to  their  wishes,  they  deem 
every  ether  occupation  insipid  and  nnlntere^'lmg.  The 
charms  of  this  p.irsuit,  like  the  rage  for  dei  p  play,  are 
so  hewitchmg,  and  lake  soch  full  possessioi;  of  the 
mind,  as  even  to  give  a  new  bent  to  the  natural  tem- 
per. I'nder  its  iuHnence  the  cautious  become  enter- 
prising, and  the  covetous  profuse.  I'owerful  us  ihis 
ciiarin  naturally  is,  its  force  is  augmen'ed  hy  the  arts  of 
an  order  of  men  known  in  i'eru  hy  tho  cant  name  of 
scarcluTs.  These  arc  commonly  persons  of  desperate 
fortune,  who,  availing  themselves  of  .some  skill  in 
mineralogy,  accompanied  with  the  insiiiuatiiig  manner 
and  contident  pretensions  peculiar  to  projectors,  ad- 
dress the  wealthy  and  the  credulous.  Hy  plausible  de- 
scriptions of  the  a|ipearance8  which  they  have  disco- 
vered of  rich  veins  hitherto  unexplored  ;  by  producing, 
when  reipnsite,  specimens  of  promising  ore  \  by  atlirin- 
ing,  widi  an  imposing  assurance,  that  success  is  eer 


not  from  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the  abundance  of  il 
crops,  or  die  exuberance  of  its  pastures,  but  on  accouiil 
of  the  minerals  which  its  mount. ims  contain.  In  cpiesi 
of  these,  they  abandon  the  delightful  plains  of  Peru  and 
Mexico,  and  resort  lo  barren  and  uncomfortable  regions, 
where  they  have  built  some  of  the  largest  towns  which 
they  possess  in  the  New  World,  As  the  activity  and 
enterprise  of  the  Spani.irds  originally  took  this  direc- 
tion, It  IS  now  so  dillicult  to  bend  ihein  a  ditl'erent  way, 
that  although,  from  varicnis  causes,  tiie  gain  of  working 
mines  is  imich  decreased,  the  fascination  continues,  and 
almost  every  person,  who  lakes  any  active  part  in  the 
commerce  of  New  Spain  or  Peru,  is  still  engaged  in 
some  ydventure  of  tin  .  kind.  [IHfiJ 

13ut  though  mines  are  the  chief  object  of  the  Spa- 
niards, and  the  precious  metals  wiiicli  these  yield  lonn 
the  jirincipal  article  in  tlicir  emmnerce  with  America; 
the  ierlile  eoiinlnes  winch  they  ]iosse8s  there  abound 
w  ilh  other  commodities  of  such  value,  or  scarcity,  as  to 
attract  a  cousideral)le  degree  of  attention.  Cochmea! 
IS  a  production  almost  peculiar  lo  New  Spain,  of  such 
demand  in  commerce  that  the  s:ile  i.i  always  certalu, 
and  yet  yields  such  jiroht  as  amply  rewards  the  labor 
and  care  employed  in  rearing  the  curious  insects  of 
which  this  valuable  drug  is  composed,  and  preparing  it 
fur  the  market,  t^ninipnna,  or  Jesuits'  Uiirk,  the  most 
salutar '  siiniile,  jierliaps,  and  of  most  restorative  virtue, 
that  Providence,  in  compassion  to  human  intirinity,  has 
made  known  unto  man,  is  found  only  m  Pern,  to  winch 
11  allord.-i  a  lucrative  branch  of  coinm  rce.  Tiie  Indigo 
of  (lautimala  is  superior  in  (pialiiy  to  that  of  any  pro- 
vince ill  America,  and  cultivaied  to  a  eonsiderable  e.t- 
tent.  Cacao,  though  not  peculiar  to  the  .Spanish  colo- 
nies, attains  to  its  highest  state  of  perfection  there,  and, 
from  the  great  comsumption  of  chocohite  in  Kurope.  as 
well  as  in  America,  is  a  valuable  coimnodily-  The 
Tobacco  of  Cuba,  of  more  exquisite  llavor  than  any 
brought  from  the  New  W'nrld  ;  the  Sugar  raised  in 
that  i.--land.  in  lli.-'iiaMiola,  and  in  New  Spain,  together 
with  drugs  111  various  kinds,  may  be  mcnlioiied  among 


fdil  (0 persuade.  An  association  is  formed;  a  sinal 
sum  18  advanced  by  each  copartner ;  the  mine  i: 
opened  ;  the  searcher  is  intrusted  with  the  sole  direi* 
lion  of  every  operation  ;  unforeseen  ditlitmlties  occur 
new  demands  of  money  are  made  ;  bul,  amidst  a  sue 
cession  of  disappointments  and  delays,  hope  is  never 


tain,  and  that  llie  expense  must  be  Iritling,  they  seldom  |  ihr    natural  productions  of  America  which  enrich  the 

"  '  Spanish  commerce.  To  these  must  he  added  an 
article  of  no  inconsiderable  account,  the  e.\port,iiion  of 
hides  ;  for  which,  as  well  as  lor  inaiiy  of  tho^e  which  I 
have  enumerated,  the  Spaniards  arc  more  mdcbled  lo 
ihe  woiidert'iil  fertility  ol  the  country,  than  lo  their  own 
foresight  and  industry.  The  doincslic  animals  of 
extinguished,  and  the  ardor  of  expectation  hardly  |  Kurope,  particularly  horned  cattle,  have  mnllipbed  in 
abates.  Tor  it  is  observed,  that  if  any  person  once  et.-  ;  the  New  World  with  a  rapidity  which  almost  cxccinIs 
ters  this  seducing  padi,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  ;'!turii,  |  belief.  .V  few  years  after  the  Spaniards  settled  there, 
lii.4  ideas  alter,  bo  seems  to  be  possessed  with  another  i  the  herds  of  tame  caliie  became  so  numerous  that  iheir 
hpiril ;  visions  of  iinaginaiy  wealth  are  continually  be-  j  proprietors  reckoned  ihein  by  thousand!!.  Kess  utten- 
fore  his  eyes,  and  he  Ihinks",  and  speaks,  and  dreams  of  lion  being  jiid  to  them  as  they  continued  to  increase, 
nothing  else.  they   were  sutiercd  lo  run  wild  ;  and  spreading  over  a 

Such  is  the  spirit  that  must  be  formed,  wherever  the  i  country  of  boundless  exieni.  under  a  mild  elimute  and 
active  exenooh  of  any  society  ai-e  chielly  employed  in 'Covered  with  rich  pasture,  their  number  became  im- 
working  mines  ef  gold  and  s'ilvet.  No  spirit  is  more  '  mense.  They  range  over  the  vast  plains  winch  extend 
■dvcrso  to  sn.:h  improvements  in  agriculture  and  com-  !  from  Ibienos  Ayri^ti  towards  Ihe  Andes,  in  herds  of 
mercc  as  render  a  nation  really  opuhint.  If  the  system  I  thirty  or  forty  thousand  ;  and  the  unlucky  Irafeller  wiio 
of  admimatration  in  the  Spanish  colonies  bad  been  once  falls  in  among  them,  may  proceed  several  days 
founded  upon  principles  of  sound  policy,  the  power  and  before  he  can  disuntanglo  himself  from  amo  ;  ihe 
tjigpMuity  of  the  legislator  would  have  been  exerted  i  crowd  that  covers  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  seems  to 
«ith  iB  inucn  ardor  in  restraiuing  its  subjocta  from  Buch  '  hart  no  end.     They  are  hardly  less  numerous  in  New 


lOr, 

Spain,  ami  in  several  other  province's ;  thny  arc  killed 
merely  for  the  sake  of  their  bides  ;  and  the  slaughter 
at  certain  seasons  is  so  great,  that  ihc  stench  of  llio 
carcasses,  which  i're  left  m  the  tield.  would  iiitect  the 
air,  if  large  ueks  of  wild  dogs,  and  vast  Hocks  ol 
L'ii!lnhi:<is,  or  American  vultures,  the  most  voMcious 
of  all  the  feathered  kiiul,  did  not  nistanlly  devour 
lliein.  The  number  of  lliose  bides  exported  in  every 
(leet  to  Kurope,  is  very  great,  and  is  a  lucrative  branch 
of  commerce. 

Almost  all  these  may  bt.  considered  as  staple  com- 
modities peculiar  to  .\merica,  and  ditferent,  if  wc  except 
that  last  mentioned,  from  the  productions  of  the  mother 
country. 

When  the  importation  into  Spain  of  thoso  vnrioui 
articles  from  her  coloniesfirsi  became  active  and  coii- 
sidcrahle,  her  interior  indusirv  ami  inamifaclnreH  were 
m  J  state  so  pro^perous,  that  with  Ihe  product  of  lliese 
she  was  able  both  to  purchase  the  coinniodtties  of  the 
New  Worlil,  and  to  answer  i's  growing  dem.intls.  I'n- 
der the  reigns  of  Kerdmand  and  Isalielluand  Charles 
\'  ,  Spain  was  one  of  the  most  industrious  countries  in 
Kurope.  Her  manufactures  in  wool,  and  llax,  and 
silk,  were  so  extensive,  as  not  only  to  furnish  what  was 
siitlicient  for  her  own  coiisiimpiion,  but  to  alford  a  sur 
plus  for  exportation.  When  a  market  for  them,  for- 
merly unknown,  and  to  whuii  she  alone  had  access, 
opened  in  America,  .she  had  rerourse  lo  her  demesiic 
store,  and  found  there  nn  abundant  supply.  [187J 
This  new  employment  must  nalur-illv  have  adiled  viva- 
city to  the  spirit  of  indusirv.  Nourished  and  invigo- 
rated hy  It,  the  manufactures,  ihe  population,  and 
wealth  of  Spain,  might  liavt?  gone  on  increasing  in  the 
same  proportion  with  the  growth  of  her  colonies.  Nor 
was  the  slate  of  the  Spanish  marine  at  this  period  less 
tlourHlnng  llian  that  ol  its  manufactures  In  the  be 
g:nning  of  tlit;  sixteenih  ceiitnrv.  S|iain  is  said  to  have 
possessetl  above  a  thousand  merchant  sliips,  a  number 
probably  far  sup<'rior  to  that  of  any  nation  in  Knropo 
111  that  age.  U\  the  aid  which  foreign  trade  and  dome-*- 
tic  industry  give  reciprocally  to  each  other  in  their  jiro- 
gress,  the  augmentation  of  hutl;  must  have  been  ra|iul 
and  extensive,  and  Spain  might  have  received  the  saino 
accession  of  o]iulence  and  vigor  from  her  accpii.-'itioiis 
in  the  New  Woild  that  other  powers  have  derived  from 
their  colonies  there. 

lint  various  causes  prevented  this.  The  same  thing 
happens  to  nations  us  to  individuals.  Wealth,  whiLh 
tlows  111  gradually,  and  with  moderate  increase,  feeds 
and  nuuti.shes  that  activity  winch  is  friendly  to  com- 
merce, and  calls  it  forth  into  vigorous  and  well  con- 
ilucted  exertions  ;  but  wiien  opulence  pours  in  suddenly, 
and  with  too  full  i:  stream,  it  overturns  all  sober  plans 
of  industry,  and  brings  alon/  with  it  a  tasie  for  what  ia 
wild  and  (\vtrav'igant  and  daring  in  bustness  or  in  ac- 
tion. Such  was  the  great  and  sudden  augmentation  of 
power  and  revemio  that  the  possession  of  America 
tirongiit  into  Spain  ;  and  some  symptoms  of  its  per- 
nicious influence  upon  the  political  operations  of  that 
inoiidrchy  soon  began  to  appear.  For  a  considerable 
time,  however,  the  supply  of  treasure  from  the  New 
World  was  scanty  and  )>recarious  ;  and  rho  genius  of 
('liarles  V.  conducted  public  measures  with  such  pru- 
dence, that  the  elfects  of  this  mtlucnce  were  little  per- 
ceived. Uut  when  Philip  II.  ascended  the  Spanish 
throne,  with  talents  far  interior  la  diose  of  his  father, 
and  remittances  from  tiie  colonies  became  a  regular 
ami  coii.-«iderahie  branch  ttl  revenue,  the  latal  operation 
of  this  r.ipid  change  in  the  stale  of  the  kingdom,  both 
on  the  monarch  and  his  peojile.  was  at  onr:(>  conspicu- 
ous. Philip,  jiossessing  that  spirit  of  undaunicd  assi- 
duity which  often  characterues  ihe  ambition  of  men  of 
moderate  talents,  entertained  such  a  high  opinion  of  his 
own  resources  that  he  ihought  nothing  U)o  arduous  for 
him  lo  undertake.  Shut  up  himself  in  the  solitude  of  the 
Ksciirial,  he  troubled  and  annoyed  all  tho  nattons  around 
him.  He  waged  open  war  with  the  Dutch  and  Knglish  ; 
he  encouraged  and  aided  a  rebellitnis  faction  in  France  ; 
he  eompiered  Portugal,  and  maintained  armies  and  gar- 
risons in  Italy,  Africa,  and  botli  the  Indies.  Itv  such 
a  multiplicity  of  great  and  complicated  operations,  pur 
sued  witl>  ardor  during  ihe  course  of  a  long  reign 
Spam  was  drained  both  of  men  and  money  I'ndi'i 
the  weak  administralion  of  his  successor,  Philip  III., 
[A.  D.  1011,]  the  vigor  of  the  imtion  continued  to  de- 
crease, and  sunk  into  the  lowest  <lecline,  when  tho 
inconsiderate  bigotry  of  that  moicirch  expelled  at  onco 
near  a  mi'ilioii  oj"  Ins  most  industrious  subjects,  nt  the 
very  lime  when  the  exhausted  state  of  Ihe  kingdom 
reipiired  some  extraordinary  exerlioii  of  political  wiN- 
doni  to  augment  its  numbers,  and  lo  revive  its  strength 
Early  in  th'j  scyunt^^th  century,  Spain  <V«U  auch  «; 


£4 


138 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OF 


li 


Oimiiiiition  in  the  numher  of  her  people,  that  from  ina- 
liiiiiv  to  rfrrm*  her  iinnicN  n\\c  was  oijliiiri)  to  i-oiilnict 
her  tipiTalious.  Ilrr  llourishiu^  inainifacturrs  were 
fiillfii  into  (lecuy-  llrr  iU;c\»,  wliich  had  brim  ilir  Itr- 
ror  of  all  Kiiropf,  witu  rniiicil.  IltT  extensive  lb- 
rei^ti  eniniiHTCt;  wa^  lost.  The  trade  brtweeii  iIitltT- 
fnt  parts  of  her  own  (loiniiiion  was  intcrrupteil,  and 
the  ships  wliich  attt'ni|ited  to  carry  it  on  were  take  n 
und  iilundcrcd  hv  rnennoa  whom  she  once  despised 
Kvi'ii  uirnculinre,  the  prlniary  nbjeot  of  industry  in 
every  prosperous  slaie,  was  nej»lecled,  and  one  of  the 
most  fertdc  coiintriea  in  Kuropu  hardly  raised  what  waa 
sulFieu-nt  for  the  jtupport  of  lis  own  inhahitanla. 

In  proportion  as  tiie  population  and  niaiuifactnres  of 
'he  parent  slate  declined,  the  demands  of  her  coloincs 
(ontmued  to  inerrase.  The  Spaniards,  tike  iheir  mo- 
narchs,  intoxicated  with  the  wealth  which  poured  in 
annually  upon  them,  deserted  ihc  paths  of  industry  to 
which  they  had  been  accustomed,  and  repaired  with 
eafierness  to  those  reirions  from  which  this  opulence 
issued.  Hy  this  ra^e  of  emioration  another  drain  was 
opened,  and  the  !stren;.'th  oi  the  colonies  augmented  hy 
exhinstin!r  that  of  the  mother  country.  All  (hose  erni- 
grants,  as  well  as  the  adventurers  who  had  at  first  set- 
tled in  America,  depended  ah'iiolutely  upon  Spain  for 
almost  every  article  of  necessary  consumption.  Kn- 
ga<»ed  in  more  aliurint;  jind  lucrative  pursuits,  or  |)re- 
vented  liv  restraints  which  government  imposed,  they 
tMuld  noL  turn  ilicir  own  attention  towards  eslabtitihiii<r 
»he  manufactures  re<;uisite  for  coirifortnble  subsistence. 
'J'hev  received  (as  I  have  observed  in  another  place) 
their  cloihinti,  (lieir  furniture,  whatever  ministers  to  the 
rase  or  luxury  of  life,  and  even  their  instruir.cnts  nf 
labor,  from  Kuropc.  Spain,  thinned  of  people  and  de- 
creasiny  in  industry,  was  unable  lo  .-:u[)ply  their  "row- 
ing  demands.  She  liad  recourse  to  her  neighbors. 
The  manufactures  of  the  Low  Countries,  of  Kngland, 
of  I'Vance.  and  of  Italy,  wlncli  her  wants  called  into 
existence  or  animated  with  now  vivacity,  furnished  in 
abimdance  wimtever  she  required.  In  vani  did  the 
fundamental  law,  concerniufr  the  exclusion  of  furei^Mi- 
er?  from  rrade  with  America,  oppose  Ibis  innovation. 
Necessity,  more  powerful  than  any  statute,  defeated  its 
opt.iation,  und  constrained  the  Spaniards  themselves  to 
concur  in  eludiriff  it.  'I'he  Hnyhsli,  the  I'Vcnch.  and 
Dutch,  relying  on  (he  fidelity  and  and  honor  of  Spanish 
merchants,  who  lend  their  names  to  cover  the  deceit, 
Bend  out  their  manufactures  to  America,  and  receive 
the  exorbitant  price  for  which  Iheyarc  sold  there,  either 
in  specie,  or  in  the  rich  comu.oditiesof  >he  New  World. 
Neither  the  dread  of  danger,  nor  the  allurement  of 
profit  ever  induced  a  Spanish  factor  to  betray  or  de- 
fraud the  ))er»on  who  confided  in  him  :  and  that  probity, 
which  is  the  pride  und  distinction  of  the  nation,  con- 
tributes to  its  ruin  In  u  short  time,  not  above  a  twen- 
tieth part  of  the  commodities  exported  to  .America  was 
of  Spanish  growth  or  fabric.  All  the  rest  was  the 
property  of  foreign  merchants,  though  entered  in  ♦.he 
name  of  Spaniards.  'I'he  treasure  of  the  \ew  World 
may  be  said  henceforward  not  lo  have  belonged  to 
Spain.  Ucfore  it  reached  Kurope  it  was  anticipated  as 
the  price  of  goods  purchased  from  foreigners.  That 
v^'eatth  which  by  an  internal  circulation,  would  have 
spread  through  each  vem  of  industry,  and  have  con- 
veyed life  and  movement  lo  every  branch  of  manufac- 
ture, flowed  out  of  the  kingdom  with  such  a  rapul 
course  as  neither  enriched  nor  animated  it,  On  the 
other  hand,  the  artisans  of  rival  nations,  encouraged 
by  this  quick  sale  of  their  counnodities,  improved  so 
much  in  skill  and  industry  as  to  he  able  to  atlbrd  them 
at  a  rate  so  low,  (hat  the  manufactures  of  Spain,  which 
could  not  vie  wiiii  tlieirs  either  in  quality  or  cheapness 
of  work,  were  stdl  further  depressed.  This  destructive 
commerce  drained  otf  the  riches  of  the  nation  faster 
and  more  eomph:tely  than  even  the  extravagant  schemes 
of  ambition  carried  on  by  its  inonarchs.  Spain  was 
•o  much  astonished  and  distressed  at  ')cholding  her 
American  treasurefi  vanish  almost  as  soon  as  tiiey  were 
imported,  that  i'hilip  III.,  unable  to  supply  wiiai  was 
requisite  in  circulation,  issued  an  edict,  by  wbicii  he 
endeavored  to  raise  copper  ?uoney  to  a  value  iii  cur- 
rency nearly  equal  to  that  of  silver ;  and  the  lord  of  the 
Peruvian  andMezica  i  mines  was  reduced  to  a  wretched 
expedient,  which  is  the  last  resource  of  petty  impo- 
verished states. 

Thus  the  possessions  of  Spain  in  America  have  not 
proved  a  source  of  population  and  of  wealth  to  her  in 
the  same  manner  a«  tliose  of  other  nations.  In  the 
countries  of  l^uropt,  where  the  ifpirit  of  industry  sub- 
sists m  full  vigor,  every  person  settled  in  such  colonies 
as  are  similar  in  their  situation  to  tliose  of  Spain,  is 
MippORcd  (0  givo  Mii|»Ioyiaent  to  tbrce  or  four  at  home 


in  supplying  his  wanl«.  Cut  wlitrevor  the  mother 
country  caiiriot  afford  ibis  ^tqiply.  every  ei  ;ii:rafil  iimv 
he  coiisiden  d  as  a  citi/<ii  lo-i  to  the  eoniiniiiiiiy,  and 
strangers  must  reap  all  the  benefit  of  aiiswurnig  Ins 
dei'uinds. 

Such  has  been  the  internal  state  of  Spain  from  the 
close  of  the  sixlcenth  century,  a.'id  such  lirr  inability 
to  supply  the  growing  wants  of  Iier  colonies.  Ttie 
fatal  ellects  of  tlusdi^-proportiou  bel^veen  iheir  demaTtds, 
and  her  capacity  of  answering  ihe.u,  hau;  been  much 
increased  by  the  mode  in  wlucli  Spain  has  endeavored 
to  regulate  the  iinercourse  between  the  mother  country 
and  her  colonics.  It  is  from  her  ideu  of  monopolising 
ihc  trade  with  America,  and  debarr.ng  her  subjects 
there  from  any  communication  with  foreigners,  that  all 
her  jealous  and  systematic  arrangements  have  arisen. 
These  are  so  singular  in  thi-ir  nature  and  conse<piences 
as  to  merit  a  particular  explanation.  In  order  lo  secure 
the  monopoly  at  which  *ihc  aimed,  .Spain  did  not  vest 
llie  trade  with  her  colonies  in  an  exclusive  company,  a 
plan  wliich  lias  been  adapted  by  nations  moif?  commer-^ 
eial,  and  at  a  period  whci;  mercantile  policy  wan  an 
objecl  of  greater  atleruion,  anil  niiirht  to  have  been 
belter  understood.  The  Diitrh  g.iv«  vn  the  wiiole 
trade  with  their  colonies,  both  in  the  Kasl  nA  West 
Indies,  to  exclusive  companies.  The  K.ii,tish,  the 
French,  the  Danes,  have  iniilatcd  their  e.tan.j]e  with 
re.sppct  to  the  Kast  Indian  coinmerce  ;  am',  the  two 
former  have  laid  a  similar  restraint  upon  some  branches 
of  il.eir  trade  with  the  New  World.  The  wit  of  man 
cannot,  perhaps,  devise  a  method  for  checking  the  pro- 
gm^ss  of  industry  and  population  in  a  new  colony  more 
effectual  than  this.  The  interest  of  the  colony,  and  ol 
the  exclusive  com|)anv,  must  in  every  point  bo  diame- 
trically opposite  ;  and  as  the  latter  possesses  such  ad- 
vantages in  this  unequal  contest,  that  it  can  prescribe 
at  pleasure  the  terms  of  intercourse,  tlu*  former  must 
not  only  buy  dear  and  sell  cheap,  but  must  sutf-r  the 
mortification  of  having  the  increase  of  its  surplus  sio(;k 
discouraged  by  those  very  persons  to  whom  alone  it 
can  dispo.se  of  its  productions. 

Sjwin.  it  is  probable,  was  preserved  from  falling  into 
this  error  of  poUcy  by  the  high  ideas  which  she  early 
formed  concerning  the  riches  of  liie  New  World,  f  !old 
and  silver  were  coinmoilities  of  loo  iiigh  a  value  to  vest 
a  monopoly  of  them  in  private  liaiids.  The  crown 
wished  to  retain  the  d.rection  of  a  commerce  so  invit- 
ing ;  and,  in  order  to  .-secure  lii.it,  ordained  the  cjrgo 
of  every  ship  fitted  nut  for  America  to  be  inspected  by 
the  ollicers  of  the  Cuxa  dr  Cuutratanon  in  Seville  be- 
fore it  could  receive  a  licciusc  to  make  liic  voyage  , 
and  that,  on  its  return,  a  report  of  the  eommudiiics 
which  it  brought  should  be  made  to  the  same  board 
before  it  could  be  pnrmitled  to  land  them.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  regulation,  ail  the  trade  of  Spain  with 
the  New  World  centred  originally  in  the  port  of  Seville, 
and  was  gradually  brought  into  a  form,  in  wliich  it  Itas 
continued,  with  little  variation,  from  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century  almost  to  our  own  times.  For  the 
greater  security  of  the  valuable  cargoes  sent  to  Ame- 
rica, as  well  as  for  the  more  easy  prevention  of  fraud, 
the  commerce  of  Spain  with  its  colonies  is  carried  on 
by  fleets  which  sail  under  strong  convoys.  These 
fleets,  consisting  of  two  scpiadroiis,  one  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  the  Oalmns.  the  otlier  by  that  of  the 
FloM,  ir?  equipped  annually.  Formerly  they  took 
their  depari,;''*^  from  Seville  ;  but  as  the  port  of  Cadiz 
has  been  fju.ta  more  commodious,  they  have  sailed 
from  it  since  the  year  1720. 

The  (Jaleons  .i'^stined  to  supply  Tierra  Firme,  and 
ihe  kingdoms  of  F'tu  and  Chili,  with  almost  every 
article  of  luxury  or  necessary  consumption,  that  an 
opulent  people  can  denuiid,  touch  first  at  ('artbagena, 
and  then  at  I'orto  Hello.  To  the  former,  the  merchants 
of  Santa  Martha,  (--'araccas.  ihe  New  Kingdom  of  Clra- 
nada.  and  several  other  provinces,  resort.  The  latter 
is  the  great  mart  for  the  rich  commerce  of  Fern  and 
('hili.  .-Vt  the  season  when  the  (ialeons  are  expected, 
the  product  of  all  the  mines  in  these  two  kingdoms,  to- 
gether with  their  other  valuable  commodities,  is  trans- 
porti  d  by  sea  to  Fanama.  From  tlieu>'e,  as  soon  as 
the  ajipearance  of  the  fleet  from  Europe  is  announced. 
Lliev  are  conveyed  across  the  isthmus,  partly  ou  mules 
an;  ,j-  rtly  down  the  river  Chagre  to  I'orio  IJelln.  This 
paltiy  village,  the  climate  of  which,  from  the  jiernicious 
union  of  excessive  heat,  continual  moisture  ;  and  the 
putrid  exhalations  arising  from  a  rank  soil,  is  more  fatal 
to  life  than  any  j'crhap.^  in  the  known  world,  is  imme- 
ditftely  filled  with  people.  From  being  the  residence 
of  a  few  Negroes  and  Mulalloes,  and  of  u  miserable 
garrisQu  felieved  every  three  mouths,  Forto  Uello  as- 
sumes suddenly  a  very  different  «spcct,  and  its  streets 


ore  crowded  with  opulent  merchants  from  every  corner 
of  I'eru  and  the  adjacent  provinces.  A  fair  is  opened, 
tlie  wraith  of  :\nierira  is  e.schanged  for  the  mariufu'- 
Itires  of  llurope;  and,  during  its  prescrilnd  term  of 
forty  dayH,  the  rich)  si  trallic  on  the  f,ice  of  Uu-  e.iriti  le 
begun  and  llnislied  with  lli.tl  sMiiplicilv  of  t^ull^a('IMm, 
and  that  unboiimhd  rouildence,  wjiicli  aeeomp.itiv  ex- 
tensive eonnnerte  llJ^H]  The  l-'iftta  boldu  lis  coi  ise 
to  \'era  Cruz,  The  trea.-^ures  and  coiniMuihtics  ,)( 
.\ew  Spain,  and  the  depending  provinces,  whirli  were 
deposited  at  i'uebia  de  los  Xngelcs,  m  e.xpeclal  on  id 
its  arrival,  arc  carried  thither;  and  llie  <  omiuerci  il 
operations  of  Vera  (.'ru7.,  eunducted  in  the  same  man- 
ner with  those  of  Forlo  Delhi,  are  inferior  to  ihem  only 
in  importance  and  value.  Uoth  fliels,  a-*  soon  as  they 
have  completed  their  cargoes  from  America,  reiidez- 
vona  at  llie  Havana,  and  return  iii  company  lo  Kurope. 

The  trade  of  Spain  with  her  colonies,  while  thus  let- 
tered and  restricted,  came  necessarily  to  In?  conductod 
with  the  same  spirit,  and  upon  the  same  principles  as 
that  of  an  exclusive  company.  Being  eontined  lo  a 
sinijle  port,  it  was  of  course  thrown  inlo  a  lew  hands, 
and  almost  the  whole  of  il  'vas  gradually  enixroi-scd  by 
a  small  number  jI  wealthy  houses,  fonnerlv  in  Seville, 
and  now  in  Cadi/.  These  by  eomluriations,  winch 
ihey  can  easily  form,  may  altogether  prevent  that  com- 
petition which  preserves  commodities  at  their  uatiiral 
price  ;  and  by  acting  in  concert,  to  which  they  are 
prompted  by  their  mulnal  interest,  they  may  raise  or 
lower  the  value  of  them  at  pleasure.  In  cousequenco 
of  this,  the  price  of  Furopean  good:*  in  America  is 
always  liigh,  and  often  exorbitant.  A  hmulred,  Iwc 
hundred,  and  even  three  hundred  per  cent.,  are  protits 
not  uncommon  in  the  commerce  of  Spam  with  her  colo- 
nies. From  the  same  engrossing  spirit  it  frequemiy 
h;»ppens  thai  trader'*  of  the  second  order,  whose  ware- 
huuse»  do  not  contain  a  complete  assortment  of  (0in< 
modilies  for  the  American  market,  cannot  purchasu 
from  the  more  opulent  merchants  such  goods  as  they 
want  ai  a  lower  [trice  than  that  for  which  ihey  aro 
sohl  in  the  colonies.  With  the  .same  vigilant  jealou.sy 
that  an  exidusive  company  guards  against  the  intrusion 
of  the  free  trader,  those  overgrown  monopolists  endea- 
vor to  check  the  progress  of  every  one  who.sc  en- 
croachments ihey  dread.  This  restraint  of  the  .Ame- 
rican commerce  lo  one  port  not  only  affects  its  domes- 
tic state,  but  limits  its  foreign  operations.  A  monopo- 
list may  acquire  more,  and  certainly  will  hazard  less, 
by  a  confined  trade  which  yields  exorbitant  protit,  than 
by  an  e.vtensivo  commerce  in  which  ho  receives  oi,lv  a 
moderate  return  of  gain.  It  is  often  his  interest  not  to 
enlarge,  bill  to  circiimscrihe  the  sphere  of  bis  nc'.iviiv; 
and  instead  of  calling  forth  more  vigorous  ex'  riions  oi 
commercial  indu.stry,  it  may  be  the  object  oi  bis  atten- 
tion lo  check  and  set  hounds  lo  them.  Uy  some  .-uch 
maxim  the  mercantile  policy  of  Spain  seems  to  have 
regulated  its  intercourse  with  America.  Instead  o» 
furnishing  the  colonies  with  European  goods  in  sncU 
quantity  as  might  render  both  the  price  and  the  protit 
moderate,  the  merchants  of  Seville  and  Cadiz  sccmu  lo 
have  supplied  them  with  a  sparing  hand,  that  the  eager- 
ness of  competilion,  among  customers  obliged  to  pur- 
chase in  a  scanty  market,  might  enable  the  Spanish  lac- 
tors  to  dispose  of  their  cargoes  with  exorbitant  gam. 
About  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  when  ihe  exclu- 
sive trade  to  America  from  Seville  was  in  its  most 
flourishing  state,  the  burden  of  the  two  united  sqtia- 
dronsof  the  (ialeons  and  Flota  did  not  exceed  twentv- 
seven  thousand  Ave  hundred  tons.  The  supply  which 
such  a  fleet  could  carry  must  have  been  very  inadequate 
to  the  demands  of  those  populous  and  extensive  colo- 
nies, which  depended  upoi.  it  for  all  the  luxuries  and 
many  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 

Spain  curly  became  sensible  of  \wr  declension  from 
her  former  prosperity  ;  and  many  respectable  and  vir- 
tuous citizens  employed  tlieir  thoughts  in  devising  me- 
thods for  reviving  the  decaying  industry  and  commerco 
of  their  country.  From  the  violence  of  the  remedies 
proposed,  we  may  judge  how  desperate  and  fatal  the 
malady  appeared.  Some,  confounding  a  violation  of 
police  with  criminality  against  the  slate,  contended 
that,  in  order  to  check  illicit  commerce,  every  person 
convicted  of  carrying  it  ou  should  be  punished  with 
death,  and  confiscation  of  all  his  effects.  Others,  for- 
getting the  distinction  between  civil  otfences  ard  aciM 
of  impiety,  insisted  that  contraband  trade  shouli'  bo 
ranked  among  the  crimes  reserved  for  the  cognizance 
of  the  Inquisition  ;  that  such  as  were  guilty  of  it  might 
be  tried  and  punished  according  to  the  secret  aiid  sum- 
mary  form  in  which  that  dreadful  tribunal  exercises  iti 
jurisdiction.  Others,  uninslructed  hy  observing  llio 
penacio'is  effec's  of  monopolies  in  every  ciuntrv  where 


SOi;  lit   AMERICA 


from  every  corner 

A  I'.iir  i.-4  opcrn'i!, 
il  for  rlu>  iiiiMiul'ii'- 
rcsrrtliHl  n-riii  of 
ui'c  of  ilii-  p.irrii  If) 
ily  of  lraii>iirrion, 
ell  iic((»in|„iiiy  ox- 
.1  linM'j  lis  cot  ISO 
I  coMiinodiltr^  .)t' 
im-i's.  wliicli  were 

in  <'.\|ic'criii  on  ol 
!  llio  (O)nriiorfi;il 
II)  the  siiiiio  iiiun- 
iTior  Id  tliciii  only 
s,  ill  8O0M  a?*  tiiry 
Ainrrica,  rciulcz- 
iipaiiy  to  Kuropo. 
's,  whili!  thus  (I't- 

lo  he  (;oiiiliiclod 
iiiif  principles  ud 
ili  confiru'd  to  a 
into  a  few  hinuls, 
lily  engrossed  hy 
rijcrly  in  .Sovilli*, 
iliKiiiiions,  which 
rcMMit  tliiU  coin- 
s  at  ihrir  iiiilural 

which  they  .iro 
icy   may  raise  or 

In  corisL'cpienco 

in  Anierifa  is 
A  hiin(lr(!d.  Iwc 
cent.,  arc  protii^ 
in  will)  her  rolo- 
rit  it  fretpieiuly 
er,  whose  warc- 
irtincnt  of  torn- 
:aniiot  piirchaso 
I  jjoods  an  they 

w  hu  h  they  aro 
iifiiaiir  jealousy 
1st  the  inlrusiiin 
lopolists  endca- 
OMO  whose  en- 
It  of  the  Aine- 
leets  its  doines- 
13.  A  inonopo- 
ill  hazard  has, 
ant  profit,  than 
rceeives  oi.lv  a 
i  interest  not  to 
of  his  iic'iviiv  ; 
tus  ex'  riioiis  oi 
cl  at  hid  alien- 
liy  some  ^•^lch 
seems  lo  have 
a.  Instead  ot 
floods  in  siicli 
and  the  profit 
Cadiz  seiMii  to 
that  the  ea^'cr- 
oblijrcd  lo  piir- 
le  Spanish  fac- 
xorhitant  yam. 
leii  the  c.xclu- 
13   in   iis  most 

united  sqiiu- 
xcecil  twentv- 

siipplv  which 
ery  inadequate 
xli'iisive  colo- 

luxuries  and 

lension  from 
lahle  and  vir- 
dtivihinir  me- 
nd cotnniert» 
ihn  remedies 
and   fatal  the 
violation  of 
c.  contended 
every  person 
unishcd    with 
Others,  for- 
ices  aid  acin 
shoult'   t.v 
cognizaiicc 
ty  of  It  might 
ret  and  sum- 
exorcises  Its 
)bscrving  thn 
luntrywhc'rt 


Itiry  have  hccn  etitahliitlted.  have  proposed  to  vest  tlie 
iMili'  with  America  in  cxcluMve  <oihpames,  which  in- 
l(i(>t  would  niider  the  ri.ost  vigilant  guardians  of  the 
Npiiii.-*li  coimiierce  ayamat  tiie  tiicroachnient  ol'  the 
inii'.Iojiirs. 

itesidcs  these  wild  prnjecls,  many  schrnies.  lietlcr 
di^iesled  and  more  henelicial.  were  suL'^osied.  IJiit 
iiiulcr  the  tcelile  monarchs  with  whom  the  rci;r'i  nf  tli(^ 
Austrian  line  m  Spain  <  loscd.  incapacity  and  indecision 
ire  coiispicuouH  in  every  dcparlinent  ol  ^(ivcrnmi'nt. 
liL-lead  ol  takiU'T  for  Ihetr  mndcl  ihe  actne  aduunislra- 
tiou  ol  Charles  V.,tliey  alfecled  H)  iinilaH  tlie  cautious 
jirticrasiinatnitr  wisdom  ol'  IMiilipll.;  and  dcstiiute  of 
Ins  talents,  tlicy  deliheraled  perpttuaily,  hut  determined 
liothiii;,'  .\o  remedy  was  applied  to  the  evils  under 
whicl'  the  national  cominercv,  domestic  as  well  as 
foreiyn  lanmiishcd.  'I'hesn  evils  continued  lo  m- 
cri'ase  ;  and  S|>ain.  with  dominioni*  more  exteimivc 
and  more  opulent  than  my  Kuropcan  state,  post^essed 
in'iiln  r  vij.'ur.  nor  money.  [IH'JJ  nor  industry.  At 
li'iiL'lh,  liir  vutleiit  e  oj  a  ^re.it  uationid  cun\ulsion 
roused  the  sluinlicrin^  ^'cnius  of  Spam.  The  etlbrts  ol 
till'  two  contcinliii},'  parties  in  the  civil  war  kindled  hv 
tin*  dispute  coiici'riiin;^  the  succession  of  the  crown  at 
llie  he^uiniiiM  ol'  this  century,  called  forth,  in  some  de- 
jrree,  ihc  aii-nenl  spirit  and  vi«^or  ol' ihe  nation.  Whili; 
mm  w.'-ie  llius  fitrmiii^',  c.ip.ilile  (if  adopting  senlimetits 
more  lihcral  than  those  which  had  innuencid  the  coun- 
c.ls  ot  the  monarchy  durinj;  ihe  course  ol'  a  century. 
Spam  thrived  from  an  unexpected  source  tlie  means  of 
a\iii|jui;  r.self  of  their  talents.  Tiic  various  po^vurs 
v\hola\ornl  liie  pretensions  either  of  the  Austrian  or 
liuuihon  candidr'le  for  tlu-  Spanish  throne,  sent  formi- 
dahle  llccts  and  armies  to  their  support ;  France,  Kni(- 
land,  and  IlutlanJ  remitted  nnmenso  ruiiis  to  Spain. 
These  were  sjient  in  the  provinces  which  hecame  tlic 
theatre  of  war.  Purt  of  tlie  American  treasure,  ol' 
which  foreitrners  had  drained  the  kin^fdom,  llowed  hack 
thilher  From  this  era  one  of  the  most  int(  tiiL'cnl  Spa- 
nish anlliors  daies  the  revival  of  the  monarcliv  ;  and. 
however  huimlialin;^  liie  truth  mav  lie,  he  acknowhdires. 
th.it  11  IS  to  her  enemies  his  country  is  induhted  for  the 
acipiisition  of  a  fund  of  circnlalni^  specie  in  some  mea- 
eiire  adequate  to  tiin  exij^encies  of  the  puhlic 

As  soon  as  the  Uourbons  obtained  quiet  possession  of 
(he  ihrnne.  ihey  discerned  this  cbanjje  in  lln;  spirit  of 
the  people  and  in  the  state  of  the  nation,  yiid  look  ad- 
vantage of  It;  for  altliouirb  that  fannly  lias  not  given 
nionarclis  to  Spam  remarUal)le  for  superiority  of  genius, 
they  have  all  lieen  beneticent  princes,  alteulivi^  to  the 
happiness  of  their  subjects,  and  solicitous  to  promote 
it.  It  was.  accordniL'ly,  the  tirst  object  of  I'liiiip  V.  to 
suppress  an  innovation  wliicli  had  crept  in  during  the 
course  of  the  war.  anil  had  overturned  the  whole  system 
of  the  Spanish  commerce  with  America.  The  Knglish 
and  i)uich,  by  ibeir  superiority  in  naval  power,  having 
acqiiiied  such  conimaud  of  the  sea  as  to  cut  off  all 
inlercour^e  between  Spain  and  her  colonies,  Spain,  in 
order  lo  furnish  her  subjects  in  America  those  necessa- 
ries of  hie  without  which  they  could  not  exist,  and  as 
tlie  only  means  of  receiving  from  thence  any  part  of 
their  treasure,  de))arted  so  far  from  the  usual  rigor  of 
its  maxims  as  to  open  the  trade  with  Peru  lo  her  allies 
the  i'reiich.  The  merchants  of  St.  Malo,  to  whom 
l.onis  \\V.  granted  the  privilege  of  this  lucrative  com- 
merce, engaged  in  it  with  vigor,  and  carried  ii  on  upon 
principles  very  dilferent  from  ihoM:  of  the  Spaniards. 
They  supplied  Peru  with  liuropean  commodities  at  a 
moderate  price,  and  not  in  stinted  quantitv.  The 
goods  w'nic;h  they  imjiorted  were  conveyed  lo  every 
province;  of  Spanish  America  in  such  alnindance  as 
had  never  been  known  in  any  former  jieiioil.  If  thia  I 
intcrcoiirs(!  had  been  continued,  the  exportation  of 
European  commodities  from  Spain  must  have  ceased, 
and  tilt;  dependence  of  the  colonies  on  the  mother 
country  have  been  at  an  end.  The  mos;  peremptory 
inji;neiious  were  therefore  issued  [1713,]  pioliibiting 
the  admission  of  foreign  ve.-'sels  into  anv  port  of  Pern 
or  tJhili,  and  a  Spanish  squadron  was  employed  to 
clear  the  South  Sea  of  intruders,  whose  aid  was  no 
longer  n<-cessary. 

Ilul  though,  on  the  cessation  of  the  war  which  was 
lenninated  by  the  treatv  of  rirecbt.  Sp.iin  oblained 
relief  from  one  encroachmnnl  on  her  comnu.'rcial  sys- 
tem, she  was  e'xjiosi'd  to  another  which  slie  deemed 
tiurdly   less   perni(;ious.      As  a;i  inducemeul  that  might 

frevail  with  Queen  Anne  lo  conclude  a  peaci-,  which 
'ranct  and  Spain  desired  with  equal  ardor.  Piiilip  V., 
not  only  i-onveyed  lo  CJreat  Britain  the  Assicnto,  or 
contract  lor  supplying  llie  Spanish  colonies  with  Ne- 
groes, whicli  had  formerly  been  enjoyed  by  France,  but 
granted  it  the  more  extraordinary  privilege  of  sending 


{annually  to  (be  fair  of  Porto  IMlo  a  snip  of  five  hun- 
dred tons,  l.iden  with  Knropean  commoditicj'.  In  con- 
j  sequence  of  Ibm,  UnI|^ll  lactones  wen- exlabbshed  at 
<*arlliagena,  Panama,  \  eca  I'm/..  Iliu  iios  .\\rrs,  and 
oilier  Sp.iuish  sellicmenls.  The  veil  with  which  Spain 
hai!  Imberto  covered  Ibe  state  and  iransactioiH  of  her 
colonies  was  removid.  The  agents  of  a  rival  nation, 
residing  in  ihe  towns  of  niost  extensive  trade,  and  of 
chief  resort,  had  the  best  opportuniiiis  of  becoming 
acipiainted  wiih  the  interior  condirion  of  the  American 
provinces,  of  ob.serving  their  stall  d  and  occasional 
wants,  and  of  knowing  what  coinmodilies  might  be  im- 
ported into  them  with  the  greatest  advantage.  In  con- 
sequence of  mlonnalion  so  aviihenlic  and  expediiious, 
ihe  merchants  of  Jamaica  and  oiher  Knglish  colonies 
who  traded  lo  llie  Spanish  niain  were  enaliled  lo  assort 
and  proportion  their  cargo)  s  so  ex:ictly  to  the  demands 
of  the  market,  that  the  ronnaband  eoninicrce  was  car- 
ried on  with  a  facility  ami  to  an  extent  imknown  in  any 
former  period.  This,  however,  was  not  the  most  fatal 
consequence  of  the  Assienio  lo  the  traile  of  Spain. 
The  agents  of  the  Mnlish  South  Se,i  (.'onipany.  under 
cover  of  the  importation  which  tliev  were  auilion/.td  to 
make  by  the  ship  sent  uniiually  to  Porto  Hi  No,  poured 
in  thetr  connnodities  on  the  Sjiariish  conlinent  without 
limilalion  or  restraint,  Insiead  of  a  sinp  of  five  hun- 
dred tons,  as  slipnlaled  in  the  treaty,  they  usually  em- 
ployed ono  which  exceeded  nine  hundred  tons  in  bur- 
den. She  was  accompanied  by  two  or  three  smaller 
vessels,  which,  moo  nig  in  some  neighboring  creek, 
supplied  her  claiides:iiiely  with  fre.^h  hales  ot  ifuods  lo 
replace  such  as  were  sold,  The  in.speclors  (d'  the  fair, 
and  ollicers  of  the  revenue,  gained  by  exorbitant  pre- 
sents, connived  at  the  fraud.  [I'JOJ  Thus,  partly  hy 
the  operations  of  the  company,  atid  partlv  by  the 
activity  of  private  interlopers,  almost  the  whole  trade 
of  Spanish  America  was  engrossed  by  foreigners.  The 
immense  commerce  of  tlie  (ialeons.  formerly  the  pride 
of  Spain,  and  the  envy  of  other  nations,  sunk  to 
nothing  [1737]  ;  and  the  squadron  itself,  redureil  from 
fifteen  thousand  to  two  thousand  tons,  served  hardly 
any  purpose  but  to  feicli  home  the  royal  revenue 
arising  from  the  lifih  on  silver. 

While  Spain  observed  those  cncrachment.s.  and  felt 
so  sensibly  their  piTiucious  rtfects.  it  was  iuqio.^siliU; 
not  to  make  some  elforl  to  restrain  th.iin.  ller  first 
expedient  was  to  station  ships  of  force,  under  the  appel- 
lation of  ffuui'da  cnsfas,  upon  the  coasts  of  those  pro- 
vinces to  which  interlopers  most  frequently  resorted. 
As  private  interest  concuried  with  the  dulv  wincli  they 
owed  lo  the  public,  in  rendering  the  ollicers  who  com- 
manded those  vessels  vigilant  and  ai'lue,  some  check 
was  given  to  the  progress  of  the  conlrahand  trade, 
though  in  dominions  so  (extensive  and  so  accessible  by 
sea,  hardly  any  number  of  crui.scrs  was  sulVicieiit  to 
guard  against  its  inroad.s  m  every  quarter.  This  inier- 
ruplion  of  an  intercourse  which  had  been  carried  on 
with  so  much  facility,  that  the  merchants  in  the  British 
colonies  were  accustomed  to  consitler  it  almost  as  an 
allowed  branch  of  comnierci-,  excited  murmurs  and 
comjiluinls.  These,  anlliorized  in  some  measvire,  and 
rendered  more  interesting  hy  several  unjuslitiable  acts 
of  violence  commitled  by  the  captains  of  the  Spainsh 
guarda  coslas,  preci|nluled  (ireat  llntain  into  a  war 
Willi  Sjuin  [  17;J'JJ  ;  in  consequence  of  wliich  the  latter 
ohtained  a  liii.d  rele.ise  from  the  Assiento.  ami  was  left 
at  liberty  lo  regula'e  the  commerce  of  her  colonies 
without  being  restrained  by  any  eng.igement  wilh  a 
foreign  power. 

As  the  formidable  encroachmetils  of  the  Knglish  on 
their  American  trade,  had  discovered  to  the  Spaniards 
the  vast  '■onsmn[ilioii  of  Ijurojteaii  gc»oJs  in  their  colo- 
nies, and  taught  them  thtr  advantage  of  accommodating 
their  importations  to  the  occasi<Miat  demand  of  the 
var.uus  provinces,  they  perceived  the  necessity  of  de- 
vising some  method  of  supplying  their  colonies,  tbf- 
ferenl  from  their  ancient  one  ol  sending  thither  jieriodi- 
liil  lieets.  T' at  mode  of  comnumicaliuii  had  been 
found  not  on',  to  Ik;  uncertain,  as  iln;  depiriure  of  the 
(ialeons  aua  Plota  was  souietimes  retarded  bv  various 
accidents,  and  often  prevented  hy  the  wars  which 
raged  in  Kurope  ;  but  long  experience  had  shown  it  to 
bu  ill  adapted  to  atfoitl  America  a  regular  and  timely 
supply  of  what  it  wanted.  The  scarciiy  of  Kur<>pean 
goods  in  the  Spanish  settlements  frequently  became 
cvcessive;  their  price  rose  lo  an  enormous  height; 
the  vigilant  eye  of  inercaiilile  attention  did  not  fail  to 
oh(!ervo  this  favorable  opportunity  :  an  ample  sn[)ply 
was  poured  in  by  interlopers  from  the  Knglish.  the 
French,  and  Dutch  islands;  and  when  the  Cialeons  at 
length  arrived,  they  found  the  markets  so  glutted  by 
(his  illicit  commerce,  that  there  wan  no  demand  for  tho 


w 

rommodities  wr.h  wliuh  they  were  loaded.  Ii  urder 
to  remedy  this,  Spain  has  permitted  a  considerable  part 
of  her  commerce  with  America  to  be  carried  on  by 
nu'isfir  .tfiifi/t.  Thesi'  are  htled  out  during  Ihe  iii'er- 
\als  between  tbi!  stated  seasons  when  the  (iaiions  and 
Flola  .^dil,  by  inerchanls  in  Seville  or  Cadiz,  upon 
obiamtng  a  license  fiuin  the  coun':il  of  the  Indies,  lni 
which  tiiey  pay  a  very  iugh  premium,  and  are  desun-d 
lor  those  ports  m  .\menca  where  any  exiraordmary 
deniJiid  is  foreseen  or  expected.  Jlv  this  expedient, 
such  II  regular  supply  of  the  comiiudit'es  tor  whnii 
'.here  iH  the  grealesl  demand  is  conveyed  to  liie  Aim- 
rieaii  market,  thai  the  interloper  is  no  longer  allured  hy 
liie  same  prospect  of  excessive  gain,  or  the  people  in 
the  colonies  urged  hy  the  same  necessity  to  engage  in 
(he  h.i/ardou.-*  adventurea  of  contraband  trade. 

In  jn<q)orlion  as  "xperience  niambsied  the  advanta- 
ges of  carrying  on  irade  m  lliis  mode,  the  miinb(  r  of 
register  shijis  increased;  and  at  lenglh,  m  the  \e.ir 
17'1H,  the  (ialeons.  alter  having  been  eniphnid  ujt- 
wards  of  two  ceiiinries,  went  (in. illy  laid  aside,  from 
that  period  there  has  been  no  intercourse  wiin  <  'hill  and 
Pern  hut  by  single  shqis,  despatched  Irom  lime  to  time 
as  occasion  requires,  and  when  the  inerehanls  expect  a 
prohlalile  market  will  open.  Tin  se  ships  sad  round 
('ape  I  loin,  and  convev  directly  lo  the  ports  )n  the 
Soiilh  Sea  the  productions  ami  inannlacturtM  of  Kurope, 
fur  which  (he  people  settled  in  those  counlries  vvi  re  lur- 
inerly  obhged  lo  repair  to  Porio  Bello  or  i'anaina. 
Tlie.se  towns,  as  has  been  formerly  ohserved.  must 
gradually  decline,  when  di  prived  ol  lliai.  Cdinmerce  lo 
which  they  owed  their  prospeiilv.  Tins  (iisadvant.ige, 
however,  is  more  than  compensated  by  the  benelieial 
eti'ecls  of  this  new  arrangement,  as  ihe  whole  continent 
of  South  America  receives  new  supplies  ot  limope.m 
commodities  with  so  much  legul.irily,  and  in  such 
abuntlaiiee,  as  must  not  only  conlribute  gre.itly  to  the 
happiness,  but  increase  the  popnlaiion  ol  all  the  euh)- 
iiies  sedled  (here.  But  as  all  ihe  register  ships  des- 
tined for  the  .So  lib  S;-,is  neisl  still  taki!  tlieir  departure 
Irom  Cadiz,  and  are  obliged  to  reiurn  tluuier,  tins 
hranch  of  tbi*  .\niericau  couiniero'.  even  in  its  new 
and  improved  form,  conlimies  subject  to  the  re.stramls 
of  a  species  of  nionoptdv.  and  feels  those  purmcious 
elfects  of  It  which  I  have  already  de-eiibed. 

Nor  has  the  atU^nlion  ol  .Sp.nii  bii-n  conlincd  to  regu- 
lating the  trade  with  lis  more  nourishing  colonies;  it 
has  extended  likewise  to  the  reviving  commerce  in 
thuse  setdemenls  where  it  was  neglecled,  or  had 
decayed  Among  the  new  tastes  wliicn  the  people  of 
Furope  have  acquired  in  consequence  of  nn|i(>rting  thn 
production.^  of  tliost;  counlries  which  they  conquered  m 
.\merica,  that  for  cho:'nlate  is  one  ol  the  most  uni- 
versal. The  use  of  tins  liquor,  made  with  a  paste 
formed  of  the  mil  or  almond  of  the  cacao  tree  com- 
jiounded  with  various  ingredients,  the  Spaniards  first 
learned  from  the  Mexicans;  and  it  has  appeared  to 
ihem,  and  lo  the  other  Kurupean  nations,  so  palatable, 
so  nourishing,  and  so  wholesome,  that  il  has  become  a 
commercial  article  of  considtrable  importancu.  The 
cacao  tree  grows  spontaneously  in  several  piris  of  the 
torrid  zone  ;  but  the  nuts  of  the  iiest  qiiahty,  next  to 
those  of  (Juitimala  on  the  South  Sua,  are  produced  in 
the  rich  plains  of  t.'araceas,  a  province  o'  Tierra  Firmc. 
In  consequence  of  this  acknowledged  sujierionty  in  tho 
quality  of  cacao  in  that  pruvmci!,  and  lis  conimuincalion 
with  the  Atlantic,  which  facihlates  the  conveyance  lo 
Kiirope,  the  culture  of  the  cacao  there  is  more  e.xten- 
sive  than  in  any  district  of  America.  But  Uie  Dutch, 
hv  the  vicinity  of  their  vitlements  in  tlie  smalt  islands 
of  Curazoa  and  Buenos  Ayre^.  to  the  coast  of  Carac- 
cas.  gradually  eng^o^s^ed  the  greatest  part  of  the  cacao 
trade.  The  tralfic  with  the  mother  country  for  this 
valuable  commodity  ceased  almost  entirely  ;  and  such 
was  the  supine  negligence  of  the  Spaniards,  or  the  de- 
fects of  thetr  commercial  arrangements,  that  they  were 
obliged  to  receive  from  the  liands  of  foreigners  this  pro- 
duction of  their  fiwn  colonies  at  an  exorbitant  price. 
In  order  to  remedy  an  evil  no  less  disgracetui  than  per- 
nicious to  his  sniqects,  Philip  V.,  in  the  year  ll'Zri^ 
granted  to  a  body  of  merchants  an  exclusive  right  tQ 
the  commerce  with  Caraccas  and  (Juinaiia,  on  condition 
of  their  employing,  at  their  own  expense,  a  sutUcient 
number  of  armed  vessels  lo  clear  the  coast  of  interlo- 
pers. This  society,  distinguished  liOinetinvtJs  by  ihe 
name  of  the  ('oinpany  of  <iuipu:>coa,  froia  the  province 
of  Spain  in  which  it  is  established,  and  sometime-s  by 
that  of  the  Company  of  Caraccas,  from  llie  district  ol 
America  to  which  it  trades,  has  earned  on  its  operaUons 
with  such  vigor  and  success,  that  Spam  has  recovered 
an  important  branch  of  commoccc  which  she  had  suf- 
fered to  be  wrested  from  her,  and  is  plentifidly  suppheU 


wnJtriM^i 


1G8 


with  ail  nniclr  or  oxtcnnlvo  ronautnption  at  !i  rnudrrato 
pricr.  Nnl  only  tlir  |)ur(Mil  uliilc.  liiit  thr  colniiv  ol" 
CnracraN,  li.i^t  ilcnvcd  urcnt  ai)v;tiitii;:rK  t'rotii  iIiin  iiieii- 
tuliurt ;  for  ulihoi)<>ti.  iil  itir  tirni  iiM|icct,  it  may  <i|i]K'.tr 

to    llO    OWV    of    lIlOSC    lll'lll(l|i(illC«i    \\lu)H(!    tl'in]('(l<'y    !•*   I'> 

clirck  llir  spirit  of  miliintry  itiHtcinl  of  ciillm'.'  it  forili  lo 
ripw  c'xcrtuitn.  n  li.in  Ihtti  jtri'vcntt'd  from  opTiiliiiii  hi 
lliis  ihiUiiuT  by  sPMT.iI  ji.ilut.iry  rrijiihilioii!*  fiiiimd  ii|Kin 
fnr^sl^'ilt  of  xui-li  \nu\  rllccts.  iind  on  [utrposc  to  oli\iiite 
llirin.  'rill*  iiliintiTN  in  (lie  Cir.utMH  iirt'  nv\  li'li  lo 
il('|H'ii(l  entirely  uii  llie  eompiiny,  ciiIut  fur  llie  iinpurtii' 
tion  of  I'liiropeini  eorntiioilitu  s  or  (he  nAv  o\  (heir  oaii 

IiroJtirlioiiN.  The  inhaliitiitils  of  the  ('auary  iHlamU 
nvv  thu  pnvilr^^p  of  snuhiii^  (hither  iiniiiially  u  re^iKler 
ship  of  eoiiRuierahU^  hunlrn  ;  and  from  V'eraCrviz,  iii 
New  Spam,  a  free  iraile  ih  permilted  m  every  port  eoiii- 
prehended  in  tlie  eharler  of  llie  roiiipaiiy.  In  conse- 
qncnre  of  this,  there  m  fltieii  ti  coinpcltlion,  that  hoth 
with  respcrt  lo  what  the  cohmio!*  piirehaso  and  what 
tlioy  scU.  \\\v  price  seemH  to  he  fixed  at  itH  natural  and 
eipiitablc  rale  The  eoinpany  ha.s  not  tho  power  of 
raisini;  the  former,  or  of  <irj;radini;  the  latter,  at  plea- 
Bure ;  and  areordini»K",  cilice  it  was  CHtahiished,  lliu 
increase  uf  culture,  of  populalioi],  and  of  live  Mc.  k,  m 
tfie  province  uf  Curaecus,  lias  been  very  conrtidctable. 

Dut  QUI  it  is  slowly  that  nations  roliii'piish  any  sy:Uctn 
which  timo  has  rrndcred  venerable,  nml  as  it  is  still 
niorp  slowly  that  comincree  can  bo  diverted  from  tho 
channel  in  v^hich  it  his  long  been  aecustomeil  to  llow, 
Philip  V  ,  '11  his  new  renulatious  concurnini;  the  Ame- 
rican trade,  paid  such  deference  to  tiie  ancient  maxim 
of  Spain,  concerning  the  limiiation  of  importation  from 
the  New  World  lo  one  harimr,  hs  to  ob!:i.'L'  both  thf 
register  ships  which  returned  from  TiTU,  and  thi-r...-  of! 
the  Guipnscoan  ('oinpany  from  ('araccas,  to  deliver  | 
ihoir  cargoes  in  tho  port  of  (.*adi2.  Since  his  reign,  j 
Bentiinenls  more  liberal  and  enlarged  begin  to  spread  iii 
Spain.  The  spirit  of  philosophical  impiiry.  which  it  is 
the  glory  of  the  present  age  to  have  turned  from  frivo- 
lous or  abstruse  speculations  to  tho  business  and  atluirs 
of  men,  has  extended  its  intlucnce  beyond  the  ]*yre- 
necs.  In  the  researches  of  ingenious  authors  concern- 
ing the  police  or  commerce  of  nations,  the  errors  and 
defects  of  the  Spanish  system  with  respect  lo  both  met 
every  eye,  and  have  not  only  been  exposui  with  seve- 
rity, but  arc  held  up  as  a  warning  to  other  states.  Tlie 
Spaniards,  stung  with  the  reproaches  oi  these  authors, 
ot  convinced  by  tlieir  arguments,  and  admonished  l>y 
several  enlightened  writers  of  their  own  country,  seem 
at  length  to  have  discovered  the  destructive  tendency 
of  those  narrow  maxims,  which,  by  cramping  com- 
merce in  all  i>s  operations,  nave  so  lung  retarded  its 
progress.  It  is  (o  the  monarch  now  on  the  throne  that 
Spain  is  indebted  for  the  tirsl  public  regulation  formed 
in  consequence  of  such  enlarged  ideas. 

While  Spain  adhered  with  rigor  to  her  ancient  maxim 
concerning  her  commerce  with  America,  she  was  so 
much  afraid  of  opening  any  channel  by  which  an  illicit 
trade  might  find  admission  into  the  colonies,  that  she 
almost  shut  herself  out  from  any  intercourse  with  them 
but  that  which  was  carried  on  by  her  annual  fleets. 
There  was  no  establishment,  for  a  regula-'  ommunica- 
tion  of  cither  public  or  private  intelligence,  between 
the  mother  country  and  its  American  settlements.  From 
the  want  of  this  necessary  institution,  the  operations  of 
the  state,  as  well  as  the  business  of  individuals,  were 
retarded  or  conducted  unskilfully,  and  Spain  often  re- 
(reived  from  foreigneis  her  lirsi  information  with  respect 
to  very  interesting  events  in  her  own  colonies.  But 
fjbougti  this  defect  in  police  was  sensibly  felt,  and  the 
remedy  for  it  was  obvious,  tliat  jealous  A|)irit  with  which 
4he  Spanish  monarchs  guarded  thu  exclusive  trade, 
restraincql  thcin  from  applying  it.  At  length  (.'horles 
III.  surmounted  iliofin  cou.siderations  which  had  de- 
terred his  piedcc,ctiSor8.  sud  in  the  year  I7tH  appointed 
|)acket  boats  to  he  dcspatclijcd  on  the  first  day  uf  each 
month  fcQin  Corugua  to  tiie  Havana  oi  Porto  Rico. 
From  th>'!nce  letters  are  conv.ey.cd  iu  smaller  vessels  to 
Vera  Cru?  and  Pgrto  Ijellu,  an^  traijiajnitted  by  post 
through  the  kingdoms  of  Tierra  Firme,  f^r^nada,  Peru, 
And  IVew  ^pyin.  With  no  less  regularity  p^ieket  boats 
sail  onee  in  two  monllia  to  Uio  de  la  Plfita,  Cor  the 
jQccominodatiou  of  the  provinces  to  the  ea^t  of  t\)e 
^ndes.  Thus  prgvtsion  is  made  for  a  speedy  and  cet- 
iaio  circulation  />f  intelligence  throughout  the  vagi 
tdorainiou'i  of  Spaiu,  from  which  equal  advantages  must 
fedound  to  the  political  aud  mercantile  ioterest  of 
ibe  kingdom.  With  this  new  arrangemcut  a  scheme 
*ji  extending  csmmerce  has  beeo  more  imnpedi^tely 
conHected.  Each  of  the  packet  boats,  whic^  arc  yes- 
«tilB  of  sowo  coo8i4er»lile  burdea«  is  jUIovrp^  W  .tttK** 


HO  iJKRTSON'S    IIISTOUV   OF 


in  half  a  Imiding  of  such  entnmodities  as  arc  the  pro- 
duct ufSp.tiu,  and  mo'^t  in  demand  in  the  ].ortH  whither 
tliey  are  bound.  In  return  for  ihefiC,  they  may  bring 
liouM'  to  Turuyna  an  equiil  (piiintitv  of  American  prn- 
dMciions,  ThiK  may  be  cmisulereii  us  the  fir.-*t  relixa- 
lion  of  lbo<4i'  riL'iil  laws,  which  confined  the  tr.iile  witti 
llie  .New  World  to  a  sini;le  port,  and  the  lir.'^t  atleiiipt 
to  admit  the  rest  of  ihe  kingdom  lo  some  sh.ire  in  it. 

It  was  soon  followed  bv  one  more  d'-cLHive.  In  ihe 
yar  iHut,  (.'h.irhs  III.  laid  open  ihe  trade  to  tlie  wind- 
ward Inlands,  Cuba,  Ilispaniola,  Porto  Kico,  .Margarita, 
iind  Trinidad,  to  bis  subjects  m  every  province  of  Spain. 
He  permitted  them  to  sail  from  ce.tain  ports  in  each 
province,  which  are  specified  in  the  edict,  at  any  sea- 
son, and  with  whatever  cargo  they  deemed  most  proper, 
V,  iiliout  any  other  warrant  than  a  s.mple  clearance  from 
l\\v  custom-house  of  the  place  wh.iico  they  took  their 
departure.  He  released  them  from  the  nuineruus  and 
oppressive  duties  imposed  on  goods  exported  to  Ame- 
rica, and  in  ])lace  uf  the  whole  substituted  a  moderate 
tax  of  n\x  in  the  hundred  on  the  coiumodities  sent  front 
Spain.  He  allowed  them  to  return  cither  to  the  same 
port,  or  to  any  other  wiu-re  tlie/  mi,iht  hope  lor  a  more 
advantai^eous  market,  aiid  there  to  t  liter  the  huine-.vard 
caryo  on  payment  of  the  usual  duties.  This  ample 
jirivilege.  which  at  once  broke  through  all  the  fences 
which  the  jealous  policy  of  Spain  had  been  laboring  for 
two  cciituries  and  a  h.ijf  to  throw  round  it.-*  commercial 
intercourse  with  tlie  New  World,  was  soon  alter  ex- 
tende<l  to  I.ouisiana,  and  to  tho  provinces  of  Yucatan 
and  Campeachy. 

The  propriety  of  this  innovation,  which  may  be  con- 
sirlered  r.s  tlie  most  liberal  et'.brl  of  Spanish  U-gislation, 
has  appe.'.ird  from  its  elfects.  Priof  to  the  edict  in 
favor  oi  ihe  free  trade.  Spam  derived  iiardly  any  beneru 
from  its  :iegtecled  colonies  in  HisjKtnutla,  I'ortu  Uico, 
Margarita,  ai/J  Trinidad.  Its  coniini'rce  with  ('uba 
was  inconsiderahit',  and  that  of  Vucil:in  and  t'am- 
peachy  was  engrossed  almost  entirely  by  interlopers 
Hut  as  soon  a>  a  general  tilierly  of  trade  was  pennitted, 
the  intercourse  with  those  provinces  revived,  and  has 
gone  on  with  a  rapidity  of  |irogression  i>f  which  there 
arc  few  examples  m  the  history  of  nations.  In  less 
tiiau  ten  yfar.*,  tiu*  irz'}'*  of  Cuba  has  been  more  than 
tri|jled.  Kven  in  those  settleuicii's  wherH,  from  the 
lingui.shmg  state  of  industry,  grea'er  efforts  were  re- 
quisite to  restore  its  activity,  their  romnierec  has  been 
doubled.  It  is  computed  thit  such  a  nuinbci  of  ships 
is  already  employed  in  the  frcf  trade,  that  the  iCMinage 
of  them  far  exceeds  that  of  the  (>ateo:>s  and  Flola  at 
the  most  llourisliMig  era  of  their  coumurcc.  The 
benelits  of  this  arrangement  are  not  conlined  to  a  few 
merchants  eslalilished  in  a  favorite  jiort.  They  are 
ditfused  througti  every  province  of  tlie  kirgdoui  ;  and, 
by  opening  a  new  -narket  for  their  various  [iroductions 
and  manufactures,  must  enconiage  ana  add  vivacity  to 
the  industry  of  the  farmer  and  arlifici'r.  Xor  does  the 
kingdom  protit  only  by  wlut  it  experts  ;  it  derives  ad- 
vantage likewise  from  what  it  receives  in  reiurij,  and 
has  the  prospect  of  being  soon  able  to  supply  itself 
with  several  commodities  of  extensive  coiiAumption, 
for  which  it  formerly  depended  on  foreigners.  The 
consumption  of  sugar  in  Spuiri  is  jHThaps  as  great,  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  its  inliabilauts,  a3  that  of 
any  European  kingdom.  Put  though  possessed  of 
countries  in  the  New  W'orid  whose  soil  ai'.l  Lii.Mate 
are  most  proper  for  rearing  the  sugar-cine  ,  though  i!"! 
domestic  culture  of  that  v:dual)tu  plant  in  the  kingdom 
of  (iranada  was  once  coii'iiderable  ;  sucl.  has  been  the 
fat,il  tendency  of  ill  judged  institutions  in  .\mcrica,  and 
such  the  j)ressure  of  improper  taxes  m  Kiirope,  tb.'it 
Spain  has  lost  almost  entirely  this  branch  of  industry, 
which  has  enriclied  other  nations.  This  commodity, 
which  has  now  become  an  article  of  primary  necessity 
in  Kurope,  the  Spaniirds  were  obliged  to  purchase  of 
foreigners,  and  had  the  mortification  lo  see  their  coun- 
try dramed  annually  of  great  suins  on  that  account, 
liiit,  if  that  spirit  which  the  permissioii  v(  free  trade 
iiaH  put  in  motion  shall  persevere  in  its  efforts  with  the 
samo  vigor,  the  cultivation  of  sugar  in  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  may  increase  so  much,  that  in  a  few  years  it  is 
probable  that  their  growth  of  sugars  may  be  equal  to 
the  demand  of  the  kingdom. 

Spain  has  been  ind'iced,  by  her  experience  of  the 
beneficial  consequences  resulting  from  having  relaxed 
fiV'/iewhat  of  the  rigor  of  her  ancient  laws,  with  respect 
to  t^  commerce  of  the  mother  country  with  the  colo- 
nies, t9  permit  a  more  liberal  intercourse  of  one  colony 
wit^  aiiolUer.  By  one  of  the  jealous  maxima  of  the 
old  system,  ^  the  provinces  situated  on  the  South  seas 
were  prohibii^j  under  the  most  severe  penalties,  from 
holding  %ny  c9r{it9ji;au>itioa  with  udo  another.   Though 


each  of  these  yields  peculiar  prnduciion.^,  the  reeiprorul 
exeliauge  of  winch  miLilit  have  added  to  tli'-  li.ippUieNS 
of  their  respectivf  inii.ibilants,  or  have  facibhiti  d  tlieir 
proiiress  in  industry,  ho  moIiciIo  is  was  llie  Council  ot 
llie  Indies  to  prevent  their  receiving  imv  t*iippiv  of  their 
wants  but  by  the  perindir.d  thels  Irom  Muio|ie.  thiil.  in 
order  to  guard  a^.'auu't  ihi'*,  it  cruelly  debiured  the  Spa- 
niards m  Peru,  in  tiie  southern  provinces  of  .Ni-vv  .Sp,n(i, 
m  finatimata,  and  the  new  k  ni>dtiin  of  (iranada.  from 
such  a  corre-'potKlniei'  with  their  ft  Now  sn'tjecls  a.-! 
tended  maiiilestly  to  their  mutual  pn*  ;.«. ntv.  nf  ,tll 
the  mnneroiis  restriclii>ns  ili'Vjtied  by  .Sjiain  tor  srcu'iiig 
the  excluMive  trade  with  her  .Xinericau  .•^ettleiiM'iilH, 
none  perhaps  was  more  illiberal,  none  seems  iit  h.ivo 
been  more  sensibly  felt,  or  to  have  produced  more 
hurtful  etU'Cts.  Thi.'*  grievance,  coeval  with  tiie  m  iile- 
lUf-^its  of  .Spiiin  in  the  eoiinlries  situated  on  the  Paciiie 
(tceaii,  is  at  last  redressed.  In  Ihe  vear  177-1.  l^'liarles 
III.  piil'lislu'il  an  edict,  <:ranttii<;  lo  the  four  gre  it  pro- 
vmres  wlucb  I  have  mentioned  the  j)ri\de:4e  of  a  freo 
tridi!  with  each  otiier.  [U)'i\  What  uiav  be  the  ell'ects 
yf  opening  this  commimicalion  between  eouutries  des- 
tined liy  liieir  siluiititm  for  reciprocal  inlercourse,  can- 
not  yet  be  determined  by  experience.  They  can  hardly 
fail  of  hemti  benetieial  aud  extensive  The  motn  es  for 
granting  this  permiHsion  are  manifestly  no  less  laudable 
than  the  principle  on  which  it  is  I'ounded  is  liberal  ;  aud 
botli  discover  the  progress  of  a  s[)irii  in  Spain,  far  ele- 
vated above  the  narrow  prejudices  aud  maxims  on 
winch  her  system  for  regulating  the  trade  and  conduct- 
ing tho  government  uf  her  colonies  was  originally 
founded. 

At  tho  same  time  that  Spam  has  been  intent  on  in- 
troducing regulations,  suggested  by  more  enlai*i»ed 
views  of  policy,  into  her  system  of  .\mencan  commerce, 
she  has  not  been  inattentive  lo  the  interior  governiheut 
of  her  colonies.  Here,  too,  there  was  much  room  foi 
reformaliun  and  improvement ;  and  Don  .loseph  CiaUez, 
who  has  now  the  direction  of  the  department  uf  Imhan 
atfairs  in  Spain,  has  enjoyed  the  best  opportunities,  not 
only  of  observing  the  defects  and  corruptio.i  in  the  [O- 
litical  frame  of  the  colonies,  but  of  discovering  tho 
sources  of  those  evils.  After  l>eing  employed  sevtn 
years  in  tlie  New  World  on  an  extraordinary  mission, 
and  with  very  extensive  powers,  as  inspector-general 
of  New  Spiin  ;  after  visiting  in  person  the  remote  pro- 
vinces of  Cmaloa,  Souora,  and  California,  and  makin-^ 
several  important  alterations  m  the  state  of  the  puhco 
and  revenue  ;  he  Iwgan  his  ministry  with  a  general 
rcf'.vmation  of  the  tribunals  of  justice  in  America.  In 
coiiseipience  of  the  progress  of  population  and  wealth 
in  the  colonies,  the  business  of  the  ('ourts  of  Audience 
has  increased  so  much  that  the  number  of  judges  of 
which  they  were  originally  composed  has  been  found 
inadetjuate  to  the  growing  labors  and  duties  of  the 
ollice,  and  the  salaries  settled  upon  them  have  been 
deemed  inferior  to  the  dignity  of  the  station.  As  a 
remedy  for  both,  he  obtained  a  royal  edict,  establishing 
an  additional  number  of  judges  in  each  Court  of  .\u- 
dience,  with  higher  titles,  and  more  ample  appoint- 
ments. 

To  the  same  intelligent  minister  Spain  is  indebted  for 
a  new  distribution  of  government  in  its  American  pro- 
vinces Kven  since  the  establishmenl  of  a  third  vice- 
royally  in  the  new  kingdom  of  (iranada,  souieat  is  tho 
exte.it  of  the  Spanish  dominions  in  the  New  Worbl, 
that  several  places  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  each 
viceroy  were  at  such  an  enormous  distance  from  the 
capitals  in  which  they  n-sided,  that  neither  their  atten- 
tion nor  authority  could  reach  so  far  Some  provinces 
subordinate  to  the  viceroy  of  New  .Spain  lay  above  two 
thousand  miles  from  Mexico.  There  were  countries 
subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Peru  still  further  frorn  Lima. 
The  people  in  those  remote  districts  could  hardly  he 
said  to  enjoy  the  benetit  of  civil  govtrnment.  Tho 
oppression  and  insolence  of  its  inferior  ministers  they 
often  feel,  and  rather  submit  to  these  in  silence  than 
involve  themselves  in  the  ex[H^nsc  and  trouble  of  re- 
sorting to  the  distant  capital,  where  alone  they  can  (itwi 
redress.  As  a  ren>edy  for  this,  a  fourth  vicerovalty  has 
been  erected,  [Aug.  1770J  to  the  jurisdiction  of  wliirh 
are  subjected  the  provinces  of  Rio  de  la  Plata,  iJuenos 
Avres,  Paraguay,  Tucuinau.  Potosi,  St,  Cir.:  de  !j 
Sierra  (>harcas,  and  the  towns  of  Mendoza  ami  S'. 
Juan.  Hy  this  well  judged  arrangement  twu  aihm. 
tages  are  gained.  All  the  inconveuiencies  occasioned 
by  the  remote  situation  of  those  provinces,  which  li.ui 
been  long  felt,  and  long  complained  of,  are  in  a  great 
measure  removed.  The  countries  most  distant  from 
Lima  are  separated  from  the  vicetoyalty  of  Pern,  and 
united  under  a  superior,  whose  seat  of  government  hi 
Buenos  Ayret  will  bo  commodious   and  accessible, 


.SOUTH    AMKHliJA. 


IH) 


Th*'  i-onlriihauil  tr.iilt.  with  ihc  I*orlu[;iit'tio,  whirh  watt 
lifcotiu'  ^<i  r\lfn'<ivi-  im  iiiiinI  iiuvi  put  a  liiial  sIojp  tc 
thf  r  .porialMHi  »!  romiiioiliuiH  Inuii  Sji.un  lo  tifi 
RoulluTii  roIuiiirM,  iiiiiy  lit'  I'licfki'fi  muri!  tln)riniL,'iilv. 
and  \Mth  ^riMirr  l.iriliiv.  wlitri  liic  Ntiiirrtiu'  ui<i;iiNtr.iU>, 
by  tiif*  vu'Miily  to  iln*  |i|.ui'h  in  vUmli  it  \mih  carrml  on. 
fan  VH'W  lis  JlU>^ir^■^h  iiiiil  clU'L-i.'*  Willi  U\n  uvmi  iw?* 
l)uii  I't'iliii  /i-Viillua,  v> lid  lias  lilt  II  raiM'tl  tu  iImh  ik  w 
ui^iutVi  ^Mth  a|)|u>iniiiifnlM  ciiimI  to  tliiiMr  of  tiic  ntlu-r 
Mi-rniVH,  IS  \t'('ll  U('i|iiainU'il  Imlli  wuli  lljf  slali- .ilnl  tLr 
iiil(-r('>lH  nl  llir  {'(MintncH  uvir  wluili  lie  iy  to  |'ri  ^xlr. 
Iiiiviui.'  MTVcd  Ml  tlirin  lun>;,  iind  with  di»tiiiclioii.  Ih 
thm  dminnnlirniiciit,  Hiici-oiMlinK  ilmt  wlii^li  took  |>larr 
ol  tlio  rri'clion  of  llic  vicrroviiliy  of  ilit-  m-w  kmiidimi 
of  (iruiiudu,  ulinosi  uvo-lliird  pari^  ul  llic  I  rrntonts  ori- 
ginally rtiilijcfl  to  tlic  vifcroys*  ul'  I'crii,  tin:  now  lup|i(d 
otr  fruni  llinr  junsdi'lion. 

The  Iitiiitst  ol*  ilir  vu'iroy-dly  of  New  S|i;iin  Uavv 
likewihL'  lirni  coiii'idiTahly  cirriiinscrilpi'd.  and  wiili  no 
Icsn  proprit'tv  and  liiM-rnniutit  I'mir  of  it?t  mnit  rcinoir 
piovnici'^,  ^onor.i,  (iti.iloii,  l '.iliturina,  ami  New  Na- 
varrt',  have  lucii  loniu'd  iii'o  a  M'paiati-  ijincriiiin  nl 
'i'lir  C'lu'valuT  du  rmix.  who  im  iiitriislid  with  tins 
roiniiiaiid,  t:)  not  di;rnili'0  with  tlic  tilh'  ol  vu'oroy,  tiur 
ttucs  he  ciijov  the  a|ip(>.  itiiH  Ills  hi-lonuriiii,'  to  thai  rank  ; 
Imii  hiH  pirisdji-lKiii  IS  ahowclhiT  nuli'pi'iidLfil  on  tli<- 
Vlt-rroyalty  oi  Nrw  Spai.i,  Tin;  t'rtrtion  nl  ihi.-*  l.l^t 
^uviTninnit  hrrrns  to  ha\i'  lu-fii  Niiii^c^utl  nut  oiilv  l>y 
tl.ti  cciiflidcralion  of  the  n-nii)lt>  >iination  of  thoM'  pro- 
vineeH  from  Mivviro,  hut  hy  atlcnliun  to  tlir  late  tliM-i)- 
vcriett  made  tlirrc  which  I  have  nitnitoncd.     t'onntrics 


nioniirchfi  of  the  Aui»lrian  liiir,  ua  proiTrcRAniudt  apinar  gloho.  In  tht;  infancy  of  thm  (rado,  it  win  rnrrit'd  ou 
ronsidiraiili*.  iiihi  is  sutHrii  nl  tuahirin  iht'jciilunsy.  and  I  with  rall.io.  on  ihr  roa-^t  of  I'trn  ;  hill  (Vipcriiwn'r  ha? 
lot-all  forlli  the  iiiOMt  vii^oruii.H  iiroru  of  tlm  nalunis  !  m^  diM-uvcn-il  ihf  tinproprirtv  of  tixin^  upon  ili.it  u 
now  Ml  poi!t('i4Kion  of  the  hirrat  vc  ir^idt'  whirh  llir  Spa-  |  l!iu  poil  ul  corntniinicalioii  w  ith  Mainl.i,  Ihn  ttlaplo  ot 
nnrds  ai:n  al  wri-slmi;  fnmi  lln'in.  (  hu-  (■in'unistani-u  ,  lli'Toinmciri'  hrivM'.-n  ihr  Ilasi  ami  W'l  si  \\.\h  riMiovt'U 
Jii.iy  nndcr  ihn.x*  l^^l■rlll^n^  ol  Spain  a^i  nhjirt  til  niorr  Irimi  Cillao  lo  Arapulcu.  on  the  roi^l  ol  .Sew  .Spun. 
MTiuiiN  ;tll(  iilion  lo  llii-  oil. IT  Muri)|ii'an  powers.  I'lii'V  i  .Xl'lir  vaiious  ariiin^<  iiiruls  i;  has  Iummi  lMO'.i::hl  into 
afr  not  to  ht>  am-nhtd  wholly  lo  iliu  tnllucii'T  of  ihc  a  rf|^i;lar  I'unii.  Onu  nr  two  r<liips  dcpaii  unnnally  hoiii 
crown  and  Um  niiriiHliTH.  'I'ht-  fi'iitiiiutilD  and  spirit  of  Acapuico,  which  aro  ptTinitlciJ  lo  rarr>  on'  Nilvir  to 
(lie  piopic  seem  (o  Atcotid  tlx'  provident  Ctrr  ol  Ihtir  |  Ihi^aniuunl  ol  live  hniiilrcd  li  iiONand  pesos;  hut  llii'\  havu 
lnon.ln■h.^.  and  to  ^i\c  il  t;rcat(r  ctlcct  Thr  nation  '  hardly  any  ihinii  cUr  ol  vahh- on  hoard;  in  return  loi 
has  a.iopU'd  iiuirr  liht^al  ideas,  nut  unl^  Mth  itspcct  to  |  which  ihcy  llrnl^  h.ick  hpiccs,  drn^s.  chtna,  and  japan 
cointiifrcc.  hiii.  ilonicslic  policy.  In  all  un  laUT  Spa-  i  v\arcs. calicoes,  cinnl/,  inu.slins,  silks,  and  every  prrciood 
ni»h  writers,  defiTls  in  llie  arrunj^enu'tit  of  lluvr  coiiniry  j  article  witli  which  the  heiiij{inly  of  tin-  clnnale,  or  thfl 
coiiceriuii};  both  are  acknowh-dued.  and  remedies  pro-  i  ingenuity  of  Ha  people  has  eiiahled  the  li.tsi  lo  »npply 
pu^cd,  which  luniuratice  rendered  their  aiice.siors  inca- j  the  rest  of  the  wo.iil.  For  siune  lime  the  tnerchanls 
pahk-  of  discerning,  and  pride  would  not  h.ivc  utlowed  of  IVrii  wen-  adiintted  (u  participalt!  iii  this  irallic,  -iild 
iheiii  lo  coiifcsH  [IIKIJ  Mut  after  'dl  that  tlie  Spaniard.s  j  nii<rht  Mend  annnally  a  Hhip  to  Ac.ipiilco,  to  wall  the 
iiave  done,  much  renlaln^  to  i\o  .Many  periiictous  iiisti-  I  arrival  of  the  ves^d.s  from  Mainla.  and  n-i'eive  a  pro- 
tulions  and  al>usc»,  deepiv  Hicorporali  d  with  the -syslein  I  portional  sh.ire  of  the  couuiiDdiues  which  ihev  im- 
of  lulenial  poiicv  and  la.xaiion,  which  h.is  heen  lonj*  e;i-  |  purled.  At  leii;,'lh  the  lVrn\ians  were  excluded  from 
tahli-licd  Ml  Spain,  must  he  .ihoh^hcd  hefore  industry  '  this  trade  hv  most  ri^oroi.i  edicts,  and  all  the  CDmino- 
and  inanufuclurcj  can  recover  an  extensive  activity.        diiu  »  from  the  llaal  rusiervud  solely  for  tliu  coiiftuniplion 

Still,  however,  the  coiiimercial  re^nilalions  of  Spain  j  uf  New  Spam, 
wiih  respect  lo  Inr  eoiomes  are  lou  ri^jid  and  systema-  j  liuoiisecpu  nee  of  this  induli,'ence,  .he  inhahil  tuts  o( 
Ileal  to  he  carried  into  complelei  \ecutioii.  'I'lio  leyis-  !  tlial  country  enjoy  advaiilaijes  mikno.Mi  in  the  other 
laluie  that  loads  trade  with  impositions  luo  heavy,  or  !  Spatn.-^h  colonies.  'I'he  niaiiuf.icUire.^  of  the  Mast  aru 
letters  it  hv  re.>trjction3  loo  M'vere,  defeats  its  own  |  not  only  more  suited  lo  a  warm  cliinaie,  and  mure 
niteiiuon,  and  is  only  mitlnplvini^  the  iiidueemeiils  lo  »>lu>wy  liian  those  of  Kurope,  hut  can  he  ."old  at  a  lower 
violate  Its  slatules,  and  proposing  a  hit^h  premium  to  ,  price  ;  while,  at  (he  sain<  'iiiie,  the  proliis  upon  theni 
'I'he   Spamarils,   holh   m  l'!u-  ,  are  so  eon.Milcrahle 


eiicoura|xe  illicit  tratlic.  I'he  Spamarils,  holh  m  l'!u- ;  are  so  con.Milcrahle  as  to  enncli  all  liio-^e  who  are  em- 
conlamiuir  the  richesl  riimes  of  t^oM  that  have  hilherlo  I  rope  and  .\iiierica,  heiri^  circumscrihed  in  their  niuliiai  ,  ployed  either  in  hriii;4m<.'  tlicni  from  Manila  or  vendinjr 
been  discovered  in  the  New  World,  and  winch  proha-  intt  rcii:;r.-^e,  hy  the  jealousy  of  the  crown,  or  oppressed  ^  them  ui  New  Spam  A?,  the  mlercMt  hoili  of  the  huvel 
bly  may  rise  into  ftreater  importance,  reipured  the  iin-  by  lU  e.xaiiions,  have  their  mv(  ntion  conlmually  on  the  :  and  seller  concurred  m  favorinij  this  hranch  of  com- 
inodia'e  inspection  of  a  t.'overnor  to  whom  ihey  should  [  slreteh  how  to  elude  its  edicts,  'i'he  vi^iilance  and  m-  j  merce.  il  li.is  continued  to  evleml  in  .-pile  of  regulations 
Im  specially  committed  .\s  every  cou-^ideraiion  of  crenuitv  of  private  inteiest  discover  means  of  eirecliri"^  '  concerted  with  ihe  most  anxious  jealousy  'o  cnciim- 
duly.  of  interest,  and  of  vanity,  must  concur  Ml  prompt- I  this,  which  puhlic  wisdom  cannot  foresee  nor  piihlic  i  scnhe  it.  I'nder  cover  of  wli, it  tin-  laws  permit  to  ho 
ing  those  new  <;overnors  to   encourajic  such  cverliuiis  [  aulhoritv    prevent.     This  spirit,  coimleractini;  that  of  j  imported,  yreat  (pianiilies  of  Imha  i;i»tKl.>  are    poured 

w.s,  pervades  the  commerce  of  Spain  with  Ame-  ;  into  the  markets  ot    New  Sjiaiii  ;  [ItUJaml   wluwi  ihu 


i  lend  lo  dittu.>e  opulence  iiiul  prosperity   throu^rh  tht;    the  law.s,  p 


nca  11) 
inems 
very  odicers  appomted  to 


provinces   committed  to    their  ehari:e,    the  henullcial 

t:l1ecls  cf  (his  arran^einenl  may  he  cuM>tderahle.   Manv 

districts  in  America.  Ioul' depressed  hy  the  lan;4Uorarid 

frelilcness  natural  to  |irovinces  which  compose  the  e.\-  |  ofieii  employed  as  lustrutneiUs  incarryinij  it  on  ;  and  the 

iremilics  of  an  overgrown   empire,  may  hu  aiiimaled 

•Kilh  vi^or  and  activity  when  hron^hl  si>  near  the  tseul 

of  power  as  to  feel  its  inviijorating  influence. 

Such,  since  the  accession  of  the  princes  of  the  house 
ot  liourhon  to  the  throne  of  Spam,  has  heen  the  pro- 
grcHs  of  their  regulations,  and  the  <;radnul  expansion  of 
their  views  with  respect  to  the  commerce  and  yovern- 
Uieiil  of  iheir  American  colonies.  Nor  has  iheir  atten- 
lion  heen  so  entirely  eii»fro.^sed  hy  what  related  to  the 
more  remote  parts  of  ilieir  dcmniions,  a.s  to  render 
them  iie<;lecll'ul  of  what  was  still  more  iinportaiit,  the 
reformation  of  domestic  errors  and  defects  in  policy. 
Tullv  scnsil)le  of  the  causes  lo  wlilcli  the  deelensioii  ol 
Npam  from  her  former  pruspiTity  out,'hl  to  Ih>  imputed, 
they  iiave  made  il  a  ^'real  ohjecl  of  then  policy  lo  re- 
vive n  spirit  of  iiiduslry  ainonn  their  suhjecis,  ami  lo 
give  such  extent  ai.d  perfection  to  their  inaiiiifaclures 
us  may  enahle  ihetii  to  supply  the  demand.s  of  Americ.i 
Irom  their  owi:  stock,  and  to  e.\ehide  forei^nertt  hoin  a 
hraiieh  of  (!oininerce  wli..'h  has  heen  so  fatal  to  ihe 
kini^iloni.  'I'lii.s  ihev  have  endeavored  (o  accomplish 
by  u  variety  of  edicts  issued  .snice  the  [icice  of  I'lrechl. 
'I'hey  have  granted  hounlies  lor  the  ciicoura|iemi'nt  ot 
iiome  hraiiches  of  industry  ;  they  have  lowered  the 
tu.xcs  on  others  ;  tliev  have  entirely  prohitnted,  or  have 
loaded  with  additional  diiLies,  such  forei>^n  luaimfaetures 
as  come  in  compitition  with  their  own  ;  ihev  have 
insliluied  societies  lor  ihe  im[)roveuient  of  trade  and 
agriculture;  they  have  planted  colonies  of  Inuiband- 
mcn  m  some  uncultivated  districts  of  Spam,  and  divided 
amon<;  them  the  waste  fields  ;  they  have  had  recourse 
to  every  e.xpedient  devised  hy  commercial  wisdom  or 
eoinmercial  jealousy,  for  reviving:  their  own  liuhisiry, 
and  disconnlenuncing  that  of  oilier  nations,  'i'hese, 
liovvevcr.  il  is  not  my  province  to  explain,  ur  lo  in<]mre 
into  their  propriety  and  cli'ects.  There  is  no  etVort  of 
Icgislalion  more  arduous,  no  exprrimcnl  in  policy  more 
uncertain  than  an  alletnnt  lo  revive  the  spirit  of  iiidus- 
Iry  where  it  has  declined,  or  to  introduce  it  wlierc  it  is 
unknown.  Nations,  already  possessed  of  extensivo 
commcrec,  enter  into  competition  with  such  advantages, 
derived  from  the  large  capitals  and  extensive  credit  of 
their  merchants,  the  dexterity  of  their  manufacturers, 
and  the  alcrlncss  acquired  by  habit  in  every  depart- 
ment of  business,  that  the  state  which  aims  at  rivatliiia 
or  snpplantinir  them,  mu.st  expect  to  slru^;^le  with  many 
diHtcuities,  and  be  content  lo  advance  sh)wiy.  If  the 
quantity  of  productive  industry,  now  m  Spain,  bo  eom- 
paied  with  that  of  the  kingdom  under  the  last  listless 


11   Its  branches;  and  from  the   lushest  dispart-  j  Klota  arrives  at  \'era  Cru/..  Irom  Duiope,  it  olien  I'mds 
overnmenl  descends  lo  the    lowest.     The  |  the  wants  of  the  jieople  alieady  supplied  hy  cheaper  and 


heck  coiitrahand   trade  are  I  more  uceejilahie  commodilies 

There  is  not,  in  tin'  commercial  arr.ini;ements  of 
tmards  instituted  to  restrain  and  puntsii  it  are  the  chaii-  |  S|)ain,  any  eircumslancu  more  inexpttcahle  than  the 
nels  through  which  it  tlovvs.  The  king  is  supposed,  hy  |  pernussiori  oi  this  trade  between  New  Spain  and  the 
the  niost  intelligent  Spanish  writers,  to  he  defrauded,  |  I'hihppmes,  or  nrjre  repugnant  to  ilsi  fundamental 
hy  various  arlitices,  of  more  than  one  half  of  the  ri*  venue  |  ma.xnii  of  holding  the  colomi  s  m  perpetual  depeudeiiLM 
which  he  ought  to  receive  from  America  ;  and  as  long  |  on  the  mother  oomilry,  by  prohibiting  any  commercial 
as  It  is  the  mierest  of  so  many  persons  lo  screen  thosi?  intercourse  that  might  suggest  to  them  the  idi-a  of  re 
arlilices   from   detection,  the  knowledge  of  ihem   will 


never  reach  the  throne.  "  How  many  ordinances,"  says 
(-'orita,  '•  how  mariy  mstructioiis,  how  many  letters  from 
our  sovereign,  are  sent  in  order  lo  correct  abuses  I  and 
iiow  little  are  they  observed,  and  what  small  advantage 
is  derived  from  them  I  To  iiu*  the  old  observation  ap- 
pears just,  that  where  there  are  many  physicians  and 
many  medicines,  there  is  a  want  of  healili;  where  there 
are  many  laws  and  many  juilges,  there  is  want  ol  jus- 
lice.  We  have  viceroys,  presidents,  governors,  oydors, 
corrigidors,  alcaldt^s  ;  and  thousands  of  algua/.ils  attound 
every  where  ;  but  notwithstaiidirig  all  these,  publu 
abuses  continue  to  multiply."  'I'lme  li.is  increased  the 
evils  which  he  laimnied  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Philip 
11.  A  spirit  of  corruption  has  infected  all  the  colonies 
of  Spain  in  Anierir:a.  Men  far  removed  from  the  seat 
of  gowrmnent  ;  impatient  to  acitnire  wealth,  that  they 
may  return  speeilily  from  what  they  are  apt  to  consider 
as  a  i^tale  of  exde  m  a  remote  utiheallhful  country  ;  al- 
lured hy  opportunities  too  templing  to  be  resisted,  ami 
sCilueed  by  the  t  xanipte  of  those  arojndthem;  Iind 
their  sentiments  of  honor  and  of  duty  gradually  relax 
In  private  life  they  yive  themselves  up  lo  a  ilissolnte 
lu.xuiv.  while  in  their  public  conduct  they  become  mi- 
inimlfiil  of  what  ihey  owe  to  their  sovereign  and  to 
their  I'ouiitry. 

IJelore  I  close  this  account  of  the  Spanish  irade  in 
America  there  remains  one  detached  iiuL  important 
hranch  of  it  to  he  ii;eiitioned.  Soon  after  his  ac<:ession 
to  iLe  throne,  I'hibp  11.  formed  a  s.'heme  of  planting  a 
colony  in  the  I'hilippme  islands  wliuh  had  been  ne- 
glected since  the  time  of  iheir  discovery  ;  and  he  ac- 
coInph^hed  it  by  means  ol  an  armament  tilted  out  from 
New  Spain  [  I5f)4].  Manila,  m  the  island  of  l.uconi.i, 
was  the  station  chosen  lor  the  capita!  oi  this  new  esta- 
blishinenl.  From  it  an  active  commercial  mleicomse 
began  with  the  (Chinese,  and  a  considerable  nmnher  oi 
that  industrious  jieoplc.  allured  by  the  prospect  of  gain, 
settU'd  in  the  Philippine  islands  under  the  Spanish  pro- 
tection. They  supplied  the  colony  so  amply  with  all 
the  vabiuble  productions  and  inaiiufaclure-t  of  the  Kast 
as  enabled  il  lo  open  a  trade  with  America,  by  a  course 
of  imvigation  ihc   k)n^st  from  land  lo  land  on   our 


ceivmg  a  supply  of  their  wants  from  any  other  tpiarter. 
This  permission  must  appear  still  more  e.xlraordiuary, 
from  considering  that  Spam  herself  carries  mi  no  direct 
trade  with  bet  seitlemenis  m  ibe  Philippines,  and  graiilii 
a  privilege  to  one  of  her  American  colonies  which  alio 
denies  to  her  subjects  m  lOuiope.  Il  is  probable  that 
the  colonists,  who  originally  took  possession  of  the 
Philippines,  having  been  sent  out  irom  Ni^vv  Spam, 
liegan  this  intercourse  with  a  country  which  iney  con- 
sidered, Ml  sonu-  measure,  as  the  p.ireiit  state,  before  t ho 
court  of  Madrid  was  awan;  ot  its  conseipiences,  or 
could  establish  regulations  m  order  lo  [.revent  it.  Many 
reinonsiranees  h.i\e  liceii  presentt  d  against  this  trade, 
as  de'riinenlal  lo  Spam,  by  diverlinu  into  aiioiher  chaii* 
net  a  larire  portion  of  th,a  treasure  v\hii'h  ought  lo  llovv 
into  the  kin>:doiii,  as  tenilmg  to  give  rise  lo  .i  s{)irit  of 
M. dependence  m  the  colonies,  and  lo  encourage  innu- 
merable frauds,  .iirainst  which  il  is  impossible  to  guard, 
in  transactions  so  lar  removed  from  the  mspe(;'iori  of 
government.  Put  as  :i  reipiire.>  no  slight  ellort  of  po- 
htii-al  wi.sdom  and  vi^or  lo  ahi)h*.h  any  pr.ictice  which 
numbers  are  interested  in  supporting,  and  lo  which 
lime  has  ailded  the  sanction  of  its  authority,  the  com- 
nierce  betwee"  New  Spam  and  .Manila  seems  lo  be  as 
considerable  as  ever,  and  may  be  coiisidereil  its  oi  o 
elm  t  cause  ol  the  elegance  and  ;.pIendor  conspicuous 
in  this  part  of  the  Spanish  donmnons. 

But  nolwlth^taudlng  this  general  corruption  in  tlio 
colonies  of  Spam,  and  the  diminution  oi'  ihe  income  ho- 
longing  to  tlie  {lubhc,  occasioned  by  the  illicit  mipnria- 
tions  made  by  foreigners,  as  well  as  by  ilr  various 
iVaiiils  of  which  the  colonists  themselves  are  guilty  in 
their  commerce  vvMh  the  parent  slate,  the  Sj  mish  mo- 
narehs  receive  a  very  considerable  revenue  oin  their 
American  iloimnioiis.  This  arises  from  taxes  >f  various 
kinds,  which  may  be  divided,  into  three  Ciiptta  branches. 
Ti.e  lirsi  contams  what  is  paid  to  lb-;  king,  as  lovereign, 
or  supc nor  lord  ol  the  New  World  ;  to  this  cL'  is  belongs 
tlie  duly  on  the  gold  and  «ilver  raised  from  the  imm'B, 
and  the  iribtile  exacted  from  the  Indians:  the  lormer 
is  lermetl  by  the  Spaniards  the  ni^fit  nj  .sr^umiy,  iiio 
laiier  H  the  duty  of  iuixsalagc.  The  sett-nd  branch 
com|tfrhcmU   X\\**   numerous  duties    upo..  vomniereo 


matn.pai-^'rj^/ 


170 


I  'I 


which  nrcompany  ami   o(i|)r<'(i»  it  in   cviTV  Mrp  of  it* 

pmun-'*'*.  fruin  \Uv  ^trcili  nt  triin^artiniiN  nl'  thr  wlmh'- 
hd\v  iinTih.inl  In  llic  |irliy  Ir-illii'  o|  thr  vcruirr  hy  ro- 
tml.  Thf  third  iiK'hi<)<'!'  wlhii  ni-rrum  in  ilir  kinu,  iiit 
b'ad  uf  llir  I'hiiri'h,  hiuI  adininiiitrator  of  rt'rlritiai^tD'jl 
tttridH  in  the  New  WUrld  In  ronti('i|iirn<-(' of  (hiM  lie 
rtfi'ivii  (lie  tir:*t  fniii^.  wrmiiirt.,  N(tnil«.  and  olhrr  npi- 
rilvial  rrvrntici.  Irviril  hy  llu'  ii|in»li)hi*  i-haiiihir  ni 
iMinijir  ;  tttnl  m  i-iitiHril  likrwinr  to  tiic  |>rt)h(  unrni^ 
(Vuni  the  hjU*  dI'  the  hull  ol  ( 'ni/ado  Thin  hull.  VNhirli 
i"  piihhshrd  i-vrry  (wo  yruM.  cDhMMis  an  .ilinulntiun 
fioin  p.i«l  utU'hCPf*  h"  thf  Pope.  and.  innoini  oilier  mi- 
niimiiir*.  a  ptTinission  to  ral  Hrvcral  knidn  ot'  p'ohihil*  d 
food  (hiriiiij  Lent,  and  uii  mcMyrt*  dav^  Thr  monk;* 
rinph)\i<d  in  (h>tprrMn^  lliox-  ImlU  rxlul  thrir  virlurH 
witli  all  tho  frrvor  of  I'ltrrrstrd  cloipicnrr  ;  thr  p4'Op|r, 
i>;noru(it  and  rrrdnloiK,  hKini  with  unphcil  a^hrnt  :  and 
I'vrry  prfttun  iii  the  .Spaiii?*h  r(ih»iiir.H.  of  Kitropran.  or 
(-'rrnhtin.  or  niixtd  rare,  piirrhaHm  a  ImiII,  whirh  itt 
dreiiu'd  o-frtrntial  to  hi«i  salvation,  at  thr  ralr  *.fl  ujion 
it  by  (lovrrnrnrnt.  [1U.">J 

What  may  hv  thr  aiiioimt  of  thodr  various  fuitdfl,  it 
is  alinosi  iinposmldr  to  drtrrniinr  witli  prrcision.  'I'ht! 
extent  of  thr  SpaiiiHh  doininion>  in  Anicrira,  (ho  jra- 
lousy  of  Kovrrnmrnt,  which  nndrrs  thrin  inarcessildr 
to  forrijjiirrs,  the  mysterious  >ih'iic(!  which  thr  SpaniiirdM 
are  arrusioined  to  ohscrvr  with  rrsprrt  lo  thr  interior 
state  of  their  mlonips,  roiiilunr  in  rovenni;  ihiH  suhjrrt 
with  a  vril  which  it  is  not  ea.'»y  (o  rrmovr.  Hut  an 
ftccount,  apparently  no  lettii  arciiratr  than  it  in  cu- 
rious, has  lately  hren  puhhshrd  of  thr  royal  rrvriiue  in 
New  Spain,  from  whirh  we  may  form  somr  idea  with 
respect  to  what  is  collrcird  lii  thr  oilier  proviiicei, 
Aecordmj;  to  that  ncrount  the  crown  does  not  receive 
from  dii  !h«!  drpiirtmrnt:*  of  taxation  m  New  Spam 
above  a  million  of  our  ii.onry,  from  which  one  half 
must  hr  deducted  as  the  expense  of  the  provincial  es- 
lahhshmeiit.  [1!MJ]  IVni.  it  is  prohalde,  yirhU  a  t^uni 
not  inrerior  to  (hts  ;  and  if  wc  suppose  tliat  all  ihu  olhrr 
r.'^Muns  of  America,  itichulm^  the  islands,  funiish  a  third 
olure  of  etpial  value,  we  shall  not  perhaps  he  fur  widr 
from  the  tnitli  if  \vr  conrlude  that  the  net  public  reve- 
nue oi'  Spain,  raised  in  America,  doro  not  exceed  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  sterling  This  falls  far  short  of  tlie  im- 
mense sums  (0  which  suppositions,  founded  upon  con- 
ifcture,  have  raised  the  .Spanish  revenue  in  America. 
[I'JTJ  It  IS  remarkable,  however,  upon  one  account. 
Spam  and  Portu«jal  are  the  only  European  powers  who 
drrtve  a  direct  revenue  from  (lieir  rolonirs.  All  thr 
■dvaiilayr  that  accrues  to  olhrr  natioiis  from  their  Ame- 
riiMii  dominions  arise*  from  the  exclusive  enjoyment  of 
their  trade  ;  hut  besides  this,  .Spam  has  brought  her 
colonies  towards  increasing  the  power  of  the  state,  and. 
in  return  for  protection,  to  bear  a  pro{>ortional  share  of 
the  common  burden. 

Accordini.'ly.  the  sum  which  I  have  computed  to  be 
the  amount  ol  thr  Spanish  revenue  from  America  arises 
uliolly  from  the  taxes  collected  there,  and  is  far  from 
being  the  whole  of  what  accrues  to  thr  king  from  his 
doniinioiis  in  the  New  World.  The  bravv  dulir.'*  im- 
posi'il  on  the  coniinodiiies  exported  from  Spain  to 
America  [11*8].  as  well  as  what  is  paid  hy  those  which 
»he  send*  home  i  return  :  the  (a.v  upon  the  Neijro 
slaves  with  which  Africa  supplies  the  New  World.  lo- 
^eilier  with  several  smaller  branches  of  linancc,  hr.  »(t 
large  sums  into  the  treasury,  the  precise  extent  of 
which  I  cannot  pretend  to  ascertain. 

Uut  if  the  revenue  which  Spain  draws  from  America 
be  great,  the  expense  of  administration  in  her  colonies 
liearj  proportion  to  it.  In  every  department,  even  of 
her  domestic  police  and  linances,  Spain  has  adopted  a 
system  more  complex,  and  more  encumherrd  with  a 
variety  of  tribunals  and  a  multitude  of  olficers,  than 
that  of  any  European  nation  in  which  the  sovereign 
possesessueh  extensive  power.  From  the  jealous  spirit 
with  which  Spain  watches  over  her  American  settle- 
ments, and  her  endeavors  to  guard  against  fraud  in  pro- 
vinces so  lemote  from  inspection,  hoards  and  orticera 
have  been  multiplied  there  with  still  more  anxious  at- 
tention. In  a  couiiirv  where  the  expense  of  living  is 
great,  the  salaries  allotted  to  every  person  in  public 
oflicc  miist  Ito  high,  and  must  load  the  revenue  with  an 
immense  burden.  The  parade  of  government  greatly 
augments  the  weight  of  it.  The  viceroys  of  Me.xico, 
Peru,  and  the  new  kin:;doir,  of  tiranada,  as  representa- 
tives of  the  king's  person,  among  people  fond  of  osten- 
tation, maintain  all  the  state  and  dignity  of  royalty. 
Their  courts  arc  formed  upon  the  model  of  that  a*.  Ma- 
drid, with  horse  and  foot  guards,  a  houseliold  regularly 
established,  numerous  attendants,  and  ensigns  of  power, 
displaying  such  pomp  as  hardly  retains  the  aj.pcarance 
of  a  delegated  authority.     All  the  expense  incurred  by 


ROHEUTSON'S    lIlSTiHtV    (»r 

siipporliiii:  the  e\irr)ial  and  pi'rmanciit  order  ul  goverii- 
miht  is  delVaved  bv  llic  crown  The  vicerovs  have, 
,  hesidrs,  peeuJMr  .ippHmiiiicia*>  tuiiid  In  Uicir  exatled 
j  »tati»n  Till'  f  jiaries  Iixed  hy  |.»\\  arc  iiidei d  t  xlrenirly 
|moderle;  lii.il  ol'  the  viceroy  of  I'eru  is  tnily  thirty 
llidusaiiit  duel's  ;  and  that  of  thr  viceiov  of  Mexico 
j  twenty  thousand  ducats.  l>f  lato  ihi  y  have  hern  raised 
I  to  lorty  thotiMand, 

Thenr  salines,  however,  conslitute  tint  a  r>n*all  part 
of  ihi'  reNcmir  riijoved  by  the  viceroys.  Thr  exercise 
of  nn  absohile  aulhonly  rxtending  lo  every  department 
of  govcrnmeiil,  and  ihe  power  of  disposing  of  many  lu- 
crative nll'-ces.  nllbifl  them  many  opportuiutirs  of  accu- 
niula'.it'g  wealth  To  these,  whiili  mas  lir  cunsiJcred 
as  legal  and  allowed  emolunienls,  large  suiii'^  arr  often 
added  by  (i::actions.  which,  in  countries  so  far  removed 
from  llie  seat  of  govrrrnieni,  it  is  not  e.isv  lo  discover, 
ami  impossible  lo  resli.im.  Uy  inoimpuliMng  soiiia 
branches  of  ccmnune.  by  a  liicralnr  cmuerii  in  oiliers, 
by  conniving  at  the  frauds  of  mrrchants,  a  viceroy  may 
raise  such  an  annual  revenue  as  no  subject  of  anv  Eu- 
ropean monarch  enjoys.  [I'.I!(J  Krom  itir  Rin;;lr  article 
ofpresmts  niadr  to  him  on  thr  annivi  rsiiy  of  his  A'l/mtf- 
[(/(((/  (which  is  always  obsrrved  as  a  liiu'li  'estival),  I  am 
informrd  that  a  viceroy  has  been  known  to  rrceive  sixty 
thoiij-aiid  pesos.  According  to  a  Spanish  s.iving,  tho 
legal  rrvrnnrs  of  »  viceroy  are  unknown,  hts  real  pro6ts 
lirpriul  upon  hisopporlunitir.s  and  his  con.-'ciriicr,  Sen- 
stblr  of  this,  the  kings  of  Spam,  as  1  have  luriiierly 
oliTr^rd.  grant  a  coinniiasion  to  their  vicrroys  only  for 
a  few  years.  Tliis  circumstance,  bowtver,  rendera 
them  ot*trn  more  rapacious,  and  adds  to  the  iuiirnuily 
and  ardor  whrrrwilli  thry  labor  to  improve  rverv  rao- 
mrni  of  a  power  which  tlirv  know  is  hasirnmg  last  to  a 
period  ;  and  sliort  as  .Is  duration  is,  it  u-«ually  atl'ords 
sufficirnt  time  for  repainiiLr  a  chatterr*!  fortune,  or  for 
crr:iting  a  nrw  one.  Hut  even  in  situations  so  Irving 
to  linmaii  frailty,  iherr  are  inslancrs  of  virfiir  that  re- 
mains uiisediiced.  In  (lie  year  177*.  tlie  Mar.piis  do 
('roix  linislied  the  term  of  his  viceroyalty  in  New  Spain 
with  unsuspected  inteirnly  ;  and.  instead  of  bringing 
home  exorbitant  wraith,  returned  with  the  admiration 
and  anplanseof.i  grateful  people,  whom  his  govern- 
ment had  rendered  happy. 

BOOK  IX. 

Decline  of  Hnain  nnd  failure  of  her  colonlEntlon.— Sopa- 
rntbm  or  Itrnzil  and  Independence  of  the  several  States 
of  Houth  America. 

\Vk  now  enter  upon  ii  period  where  nn  entirely 
now  phase  of  eireumstunees  is  nroM'ntrd,  a  period 
wlileh  differ.-*  from  till  others  in  the  worbl's  history, 
und  which  murks  n  nrw  era  not  4uily  in  the  polity 
mid  limits  of  the  nations,  but  in  the  iietive  elements 
of  hutnun  progress.  To  iimlrrstaiul  the  initure  of 
the  ehi'iiges  in  nrminizatiim  ami  government  among 
the  various  divi>hms  of  the  South  Ainrriran  eon- 
tinent,  which  wc  >|iall  have  to  follow,  it  Is  neeessary 
lo  lake  a  grn«'ral  but  somrwhal  eomprelieiislvij  view 
of  the  eomiitiona  that  were  now  surroundinir  the 
luitions  of  Europe,  and  also  of  thr  puliry  rhosrii  by 
Si>aln  as  a  guidimee  In  the  manaireinVnt  of  her 
e.ilonies.  We  have  seen  in  the  previfpus  chapter,  as 
throui^h  a  cloud  of  other  historical  facts,  thr  gradual 
weakening  t)f  Simni.sh  power.  The  brilliant  lustre 
that  surrounded  the  throne  of  Ferdinand  and  I.-^a- 
bello,  and  which  shone  with  undiinini>bed  splendor 
thmiighout  the  bmu^  reign  of  Charles  V.,  waned 
rapidly  ilurlng  the  rnio  of  his  bigoted  and  despotic 
Bon.  Philip  II.,  on  the  rrBl;rniition  of  Charles,  en- 
tered upon  the  j;nuidest  Iiriitage  wliirli  the  world 
had  Boeu  siner  the  downfall  of  tho  Kouian  empire — 
one  which  has  had  no  pundlel.  save  in  the  imperial 
sway  of  Great  Britain  at  the  present  tiay. 

The  sovereignty  of  Spain  wae  aeknowledged  not 
only  in  ?.Iexieo  ainl  throughout  the  larger  portion 
of  South  Ainrriea,  hut  in  iilmost  all  thr  islands  of  the 
Atlantic,  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  in  Italy,  in  the 
northern  portion  of  Africa,  aud  throughout'many  of 
the  riehe^t  islands  of  Asia.  Her  ariuirs  were  the 
finest  in  Europe,  and  her  navies  carried  the  flag  of 
CaBtile  into  every  known  portion  of  tlie  seas.  No 
prince  ever  assumed  the  regnl  authority  with  better 
jirospcets.  none  ever  had  had  a  grander  dominion  or 
a  finer  opportunity  to  enhuuce  the  glory  of  his 
country,  and  muic  tv\\  Into  a  lower  drgradution. 

ArrogiUit  and  tyrannical  in  the  highest  degree, 
Philip  II.  ,iddcd  to  the  worst  qualities  of  the  human 
heart  ft  blind  infatuutiou  for  the  Church.  The  ter- 
rors that  bignalized  tho  reign  of  his  English  wife, 
Queen  Mary,  were  as  nothing  eompared  with  the 
Rtudird  rrueltieB  \.-Iirreby  he  drlighteii  to  torture 
tho.s  '  of  his  HUl>jects  whi>  refused  to  accept  the  ex- 
tremest  doetiinrs  of  the  Papacy.  To  his  perjured 
eonseieuee  tlie  viul.ition  (tf  soleuin  obligations  was 
no  crime,  but  a  virtue,    lie  ruled  with  tlie  rcfluc- 


'  ■■ .•..«  ...  ^. .•.■••••■<.>> 

he  epirit  of  iiideprndenee 
Hid  mulve  ItM'tfMt.     llis 


inent  of  infntny.  To  hfm  the  honor  of  Spain  wiw  ii 
lauuhinf;-Btoek'.  lie  (Iiihl'  Irei'l'H  In  «hreds  to  llio 
winds,  ttiut  he  iniirht  tb  lii:;e  lin  ^(^>  .  Ir^  with  blood, 
till  at  le  iiith  rehelll^ii  res.- out  of  popnl.ir  despeni- 
tjoii,  uiKi  Ini'  f  I  ir  of  Spiinlsli  power  began  to  M>t  for 
ever. 

It  wtif  not  in  the  dismal  hulls  of  the  Inmiisitlon 
only  tlixt  the  Hliiidow  first  lirLzati  to  fall.     'I  lir  nlro- 
eitle^  w  lileh  Philip  attempted  to  Justify  ar*  "  Aet^  of 
Kaith"  'vould  ulonr  liaxe  sut.ieed  to  brand  hlin  as 
pre-eminent  in  erucltv  and  rrliifimis  biu'otry.     But 
these  have  not  lirrn  alwj>M  ineiunpiillldr  with  tho 
hitrher  powers  of  government.    There  was,  however. 
In  Pliilii's  character,  noHUlHeieiit  redeeming  (luulity. 
,  lie  was  the  foe  to  liberty  in  every  form,  nn  lie  was 
also  Ihe  enemy  of  toleration,     lie  atleeted  to  dcsplsu 
'  bis  projde,  and  dtdnt;  so  he  forlnidr  them  the  riglils 
to  wliieli  they  were  riitltlrd,  and  strove  by  every  de- 
vici'  within  his  reach  to  tleprive  them  <if  the  few  that 
I  bey  iilieady  bad.     lie  set  laws  ut  deliaiier.  wniiii; 
i'Piirr>sive  iaxrs  from  both  rich  and  poor,  trampled 
upon  ancient  privilei^es,  set  vinh-nl  rchtrictions  upim 
tr.ide  and  ind'i>try,  iind,  in  short,  rrdiierd  thr  wliolo 
of'lhe  nat'-.ii  to  ii  state  of  terror  aud  tiegradatlou, 
lint  he  did  not  erusli  out  the 
that  even  In  (hose  days  ei 
Moori.^h  subjects  Intbe  Houtheni  pro\  luces  broke 
out  into  open  rrludlioii.    The  I'Memings  in  tlu>  north, 
under  the  guldiuiee  of  the  Prince  of  tlrange,  on- 
spired  to  free  themselves  from  a  furt'lgn  yoke  which 
had  become  Intolerable,  and  a  similar  wish  spread 
through  the  Italian  provinces  of  the  kingdom,    Tho 
severest  mriisures  were  t*iken  against  tlHise  who  had 
rebelled.    The  public  executioner  was  a  funetltmary 
uttucbed  to  all  the  armies  of  Pliiti)t  which  were  ^ellt 
to  control  his  sulijeets.    Hut  towns  laid  waste,  whole 
,  regions  desolated,  and   men,  women,  and   children 
■  slaughtered  lis  victims  to  tlie   nioekery  of  justice, 
did  not  iirevciil  the  Dutch  Uejiulillr.  the  retiiidiation 
!  of  the  Papacy  in  tlie  Low  Countries,  the  ch-etioii  of 
I  11  Stadtlioldef  In  the  person  of  Prince  \ViUiuni,  Hud 
;  therelty  the  first  and  grciitcst  blow  that  was  struck 
I  ut  the  tyrannical  supremacy  of  Spain. 

But  these  rcbellioiifl  we're  not  the  only  fruits  of 
'cruelty  and  fauuticlsiii.     The  vast  wealth  that  had 
j  begunto  pour  into  Spain  fnmi  her  American  dencn- 
[  deneies  was  abs-irlicd  in  their  suppression.     Men, 
i  and  niomy  too,  were  lavished  in  warlike  expeditions 
I  in  I'Vance'  and  Portui;;al.  and  in  the  ^reat  armada 
that  dissolved  so  miserably  when  hurled  against  tlio 
homes  of  Kiighuid.     The  nldll^triert  of  the  country 
were   paralyzed.     Moimpidies  estublishcd   ti)  force 
the  colonics  into  trade  with  Spain  failed.     Foreign- 
ers, and  especially  the  Knglish,  supplied  the  ctdo- 
nists  witli  urticles'wiiicli  they  could  not  procure  In 
the  p.irent  country,  and  thus  began  to  undcrinino 
the  whole  falirie  of  Spanish  commerce.     The  cur- 
rents of  gold  and  silver  which  had  been  llowing  from 
Mexico  and  the  ^o^lth  were  turnetl  away  from  those 
norts  in  Spain  whither  the  government  had  mi  use- 
lessly ordered  that  that  they  slnmld  be  directed,  and 
lieiicefortb  they  went  to  euri<-li  the  treasuries  of  Lou- 
don aud  Amsterdam.     For  tnule  then  as  now  was 
gi>vei'iictl  by  enterprise,  and  could  not  be  created 
1  thoui;h  it  nuiiht  l)r  ruined  l)y  imperial  deerccs. 
!      The  evil  infiueiiee  of  this  decline  in  the  national 
]  vigor  was  made  more  evident  after  the  death,  with- 
'  out  issue,  of  Charles  11.     The  treaty  of   Itrecht, 
which  clo.-^ed  the  ctuite-t  that  liatl  been  raging  lie- 
twecn  the  Archduke  I'tiarlcs  and  Philip  of  Anjou 
since  the  demise  of  that   prince,  furllicr  advanced 
the  disruption  of  the  empire.    The  balance  of  power 
<  had  ulreaily  boconir  a  ficiion  in  Kuropran  juditics. 
To  maintain  it,  Philip,  when  securcil  on  the  throne, 
was  obliged   lo  renounce  all  claim   to  the  French 
crown;  and  u  Hiinilar  renunciation  was  tuken  from 
his  brothers  for  tlie  king<lom  of  S]mtn.      But  this 
was  not  deemed  sulficient,  and  accordingly,  Minorca 
and  (tibraltar  passed  into  the  possession  of  England, 
Sardinia  became  an  api)unage  of  the  house  of  Savoy, 
and  Austria  took  a  part  of  the  Low  Countries,  Milan, 
Naples,  aud  Sicily.      Independent  of  tb"se   direct 
:  losses  Kit  territory,  the  war  of  succession  further 
'  eripided  the  internal  resources  of  the  country,  which 
has  at  all  times  been  remarkable  for  a  lack  of  that 
j  vitality  and  power  of  resuscitation  which  is  a  ehar- 
'  actcrislie  of  more  vigorous  jn-ople.     The  provinces 
I  which   had   advocated   tho  cause  of  Charles   were 
I  never  forgiven  by  I'hilip,  who  deprived  them  of  what 
privileges  they  possessed,  treated  them   in  all   re- 
spects as  conquered  und  rebellious,  and  thus  main- 
tained   a    constant    drawback    to    the    permanent 
strength  of  his  kiugdum.     The  suprennicy  of  tho 
house  of  Bourbon  was  In  many  respects  an  udvan- 
tagc.     The  princes  of  that  house,  or  their  ministers, 
were  shrewd,  politic,  and  capable  of  perceiving  tho 
several  directions  in  which  it  was  neci^ssary  to  work 
in  order  to  cheek,  If  not  to  stop,  the  downward  career 
of  the  naticmal  Infiuencc.    Aud  it  cannot  be  denied 
I  that  they  did  check  it  in  some  measure.     Native  in- 
:  dustries  revived,  and  with  them  a  new  impulse  was 
I  given  to  foreign  trade.     But  it  is  doubtful  whcilier 
I  the  advantages  were  uot  fully  couutorbalanced  by 


HIHTOHY    OK 


«riinif 


•till  itrt'iiliT  evIN.    The  .■miiitri  1 mnu  Invcilvod 

In  ll.ln^'.T.m^  iiml  rsinm^ll'ii;  w'.ivi  vvlilcli  It  I'oiiM 
li.it  iiir.inl,  mill  t\uw  lint  .mlv  iilLiialnl  ilii'  innnil 
H\-.ii|iiilliy  iif  mill. p. 1.-  «  lilcli  ,|i,,ii|,|  I,  u,.  i„vii  Mnuri'.l 
im  rrl.iuln,  hut  it  liiinilli'il  ih,.  niurllliiic  ii.iwrrn  In 
liiliM  c'ViTv  iiciumI.hi  for  w.'iiki'ilMu'  S|MilM  lit  k:\,  iiihI 
tliiTiliv^lrlkiiiK  the  liriivi.'  I  lii.iu«i.ii  ,i  |,|.„.,.  h|„tc 
lliv  wiMilil  111'  miiHi  iirntiiil.  All  iillriiinl  wiia 
iim.lr  1.1  ri'iiiiilliiti'  l!ii.  IriMlv  uf  llnilil.  Iliii  luinllv 
liiiil  II  hrciiiii,.  kiiiiMii.  » III. II II  Ill-Ill, !i  «  imiilniii  iimilc 
IlK  iipii  .|iriiiii.r  111  111"  MnliLTniiiiiii.  nn,!  in  i|,.sir,.v 

lim  11  H|i,iiihli  ili.|.|  tliiil  liii  .ilT  III..  I «t'  iif  ,Si,.iiv 

^lm»■l•ll  Unit  ilii.  liiilu,  in,.  ,,f  III,.  ,.,ii|.|n,  ||,„|  uir,.  ulV 
I..1  f,ir  iihiitcl,  that  |.|iiii.|..»l.iii  i..  ili,.  iluim,.,  n'f 
iilli.'i-  Kiin.|ii..iii  |i,in,.i»  liiiil  ii.iH  li|.i.,.iii..|iiu.i.,^»i|v, 
S,iiiiii  w.irt  nil  l,iii._'|.r  llii.  iiiii,i,.r.il  i.f  |.;iir,i|i..,  Imt,  I'm 

'.'ii'  ■ triir.v,  iiiiiKl  jli'lil  niil.iiii  nlmi  i.i  iiiiiIiuii'k,., 

wlili'li  II  f,.\v  iii'iMTitliiim  lii'Lir,.  ..Ill'  Kiiulil  li.ivf 
iilTi'i-liil  til  iI.'miiIk,..     It  iii.,.||  11, , I  III.  Hii|i|iii,.i.,|  tliiii 

Hill    llilttllfllll     Wll.     Il|.,.,.|iti'.l    Wllllillll     lll.lllV     IllTl'l' 

ulniL'!.'!!'!".    Cm Til.il  ih,iIiii.H  i;iin.  tlii.  |.\'|.|i»i.  f..r 

i.iiiti'.'llii),' til,.  HiiiHTl.irli.v ,if  Kiii,'l,iiiil,  mill  iiniirliilil}- 
Willi  iviiiillrt  Unit  H-iTi.  iiiiiii.  ,ir  Wt.i  niiniMi.<  In 
^|.lllll. 

III  till'  wiir  li<.|w.,.,.|i  Kti|;liiiiil  mill  l.>iiiii.|.,  wliU.li 
lirnl,,.  till'  nhiii-l  iii'ii,.,'  ,if  .\1.\  liilliii|ii.lli.  mill  m|ii. 
lilli',!  ,iiiiiiiiMiiill|,.«  fur  Wll  liliiiii  111  t,i  ill.iil.iv  hl^ 
:r..|lill.-i  111  till'  N.irtli  Aill|.i.ii.|ili('.iliiiili.<,  tin.  ill  lUln-a 
tiKit  li,.f,'ll  111,.  irr,.iil  iiniii...H  uf  l.iiiiln  XV.  ^ii,.|.|iil  II 
ii'iis..  iif  liTiiir  mill  i.iiii,ii.niiiili.ii  tlirniiijli.iiit  tlii. 

I'l'lllllKUlll.        lt«l|«    fl'l|.|.||     tllilt     ||||.    M||.|.,.„»f||l    uci. 

rniln  iirdi.iiii;..  II.  w.iiilil  mil  ,|  iv  tln-ir  |irii(;|.,.Hn  ill 

till'  l''ri.|ii.li  frniitii.r,  nml  bh  iiriv.|.' iIii.  •■  fuiiuly  i 

liirt"  uf  till-  prliiii.n  uf  ll.iiirliiiii,  wliirli  ilrii.-ni.,l 
^liiilii  Into  II  Hur  Unit  wii<  uf  nil  i,ilii.|-,  th,.  muai  ,1m- 
i.ntruii.  Iiitii  ivlilili  l.'i-.iiii-,.  IkiiI  nvi.i-  |.iitiri.||.  I|i-r 
ii.vli'H  wiTi-  williiiu'li  il  nir.iv.-l,  mill  Kiii;li..|i  sii- 
l.r,.iii.ii-_v  m-i-iin-il  nut  unlv  iiV.i-  t'n-  ini-aii,  Imt  in 
111. till  iiiiil  Aiii.-il,-ii.  Tin. 'n-i-v  111,-iiiiH  tiiki-u  111  ill'- 
f  .ml  till.  stn-iiiiUi  uf  tin-  iiiitiuii  |ii-,iv.-il  the  i-iuisi-h  uf 

ll.<  ili-.-ttrin-lii.ii.     Till-  II. mil i ipm-t  was  iii,.|  |.v 

111,.  Iiiiiii,.|ll;iti.ili.|.liiriiti..iii.f  will-  hv  Kiiu'lmnlii'iilin't 
S|.iiiii,  iiiiil  till-  ,-|ii-..il.v  lu-.,  uf  ili,.'l-.|iiii,|s  uf  Miiril- 
iiii|iii.,  (iri'iiiiilii,  St.  Vliii-i.|ii,  mill  St.  I.iiile  \m'ii.  tin- 
llr.sl  mill  vi-rv  ..irly  cuiimiiiiiiii.,...,  uf  It.  Ilavnnini 
f.illiiwi-il  if."   I  -rui-tuiii-i- uf  Iwii  niiintln,  mill  i-iniii 

till'   l'liii,|.i  ;i.       Mirri-mliri.il   In   IlKi'   i in,.,-   t.i  .i 

llrlll.^li  i-iiiiiiiniiii|i.|-.  I'll.  «.-,  mill  utlii-r  lulmilal  imi- 
i|iii.Kti  fi-iiiii  l-'iiiii,.,.  iiH  wi-li  II,  ;,piiin,  liil  til  II  pnic,- 
hii-li  1,'ft  till-  luiiiT  puwi-r  i-iirlaili-il  iniili-rliilly  In 
lii'r  Aiii,.|-|i-iii  piiKsi'sKliiiiH,  Inipiivi'rlHlii'il  In  In-r 
tr.-iiiiiiry,  iiml  ili'inurallzi-il  In  nil  that  Is  ii'i[iil»||,'  tu 

II  Ktruiii:  mill  liilliii'iiUal  piupln.  Hiit  II  illil  nut 
liri.v..nt  n..w  i-ir.ii-is  t.i  ri'!;iiln  ii  purliun,  at  Ifust,  uf 
III.  Il-  fiiriiii-i-  nm.|.iiil.iiii-v.  ntiil  it  \viii<  willi  niiiii-  zi'iil 
til  Ml  illsi-ri'lliin  Unit  tin-  Spanish  C'liuit  at  Ifiiu'th 
yii-M,.,!  tu  til,.  r,'pr,.m'iitntiiiiis  uf  hi'r  ul,l  iillv,  tu  lake 
lip  anna  ami  julii  In  lln-  i-unfi-ili-ralliiii  au'ii'iiiKt  Kin;- 
1  .ml  iliii-ln^'  hi'  Biriiirul,.  <Vilh  thi'  tliirt|...n  nilunii-.i 
uf  Aini'ili-a.  'rin'ili'i-laratiuiiuf  war  liy  (Iri'iit  Hi-ttaln 
ii.r.ilnsl  lliillaml,  an  a  i-iinsi'ipii.'ii,.,.  uf  tin'  Dutch 
tr..iily  with  111,'  (-unfi'ili'i-ai-y  rurini'il  liy  Ih,.  l-".iiipri'S-i 

III  iiii-sla  fur  an  iiriiii.il  in.iitriillly,  !<tr'i.nf,'Uii.|i,'il  Ilii' 
hii;ii.ii  of  s^iaiii  111  iiiiikini;  tlii.s  i.uiii-i.sahui  tu  lln»  ilc- 
iiianii-  uf  Fraiiiu.  ami  sli,'  fiilrri'il  ii|iiiii  ii  ('ainpaii;ii 
nil  the  liiinli-rH  uf  MexU-u  with  iiiiiri'  than  usual  eii- 
( I'lry.  Fliii-lilii,  whiili  at  the  prevliius  peace  »lie  hail 
i-siliaimeil  fur  llavaniia,  wii.i  i-eeuveriil,  ami  In  the 
Kpiee  uf  a  few  inuiilh.-i  the  Spanish  lla^  waveil  over 
many  uf  the  Kmll-li  furts  iluwii  the  euiir-e  uf  tin- 
Mississippi.  Hilt  till-  teiiiis  wliieh  were  iiilliiiati-lv 
III  111.,  fur  the  transfer  uf  these  pussessiiiiis  tu  tlie 
Iniieil  States  K.iveriiineiit  w,-re  nueunipeiisatiun  fur 
III'  iiltiT  ruin  wliieli  this  war  Inul  eauseil  In  the 
Sp.inisli  puwer.  'I'lie  jii'iieral  peaee  uf  IWi  fuiiinl 
her  Willi  the  Ins-i  uf  Uie  Bahanin  islaiiils.  ainl  a  still 
mure  liii|iiiverislieil  ciiiiHIInn  In  rei;iii-il  tn  inlerinil 
r  .-iiiirees  than  hail  ever  lieeii  esperieiiie,!  in  all  Inr 
iliwiiw-aril  i-areer  since  the  tiiiic  uf  t'liarles  V. 
Kvery  etlurt  ha,l  been  siraiiicl,  every  available  iiiaii, 
and  iiinrc  than  iiU  iivailalile  nmnev,  linl  been  u-eil 
t )  sustain  a  strangle  w-hicli  nut  unly  Kfl  tiic  nallnii 
enfecbleil  ami  Irretrievably  puur,  lint  witlnnit  th,. 
ineaiis  uf  reeoverliij;  its  fornier  Iif-.  The  slmek 
which  hail  (l,.privc,l  tlio  Spanish  i-i-nw  n  fruni  lime  tu 
time  nf  its  West  Inilliin  posscssinns  hail  iilsn  ruined 
the  trade  , if  Spanish  Bubjecis  iipuii  tin'  s,-as. 

It  is  reinarkalile  that  tliruHi;li.iut  tli-  uiu'ipial  eon- 
tint  which  KiiKland  wai;,'d  (liiriiiir  tlie  striiic-le  uf 
the  Nui-th  Aiiierieun  ciilonios  fur  iml  |ieiiilenc.',  the 
en,'ri;ieB  of  her  merchants  never  relaxeii.  'I'heir 
■  ipi'Mliniis  widened.  Every  now  ciiniiuest  was  iii- 
Bianllv  taken  adviintaKe  of.  And  thus,  when  pi-aec 
was  (leclarcd,  the  einiinieree  nf  Kin^land  was  snd- 
denly  found  to  be  mure  prusiicruus  I  ban  even  the 
must  suiiguinc  could  have  antlei|iiiteil.  This  wa-i 
line  ti)  several  causes.  The  se|)aratiu:i  uf  the 
V.  Ionics  and  the  stimulus  which  they  received  fi-uin 
liidepenrtcnce  was  one  of  lliein.  Increase  uf  teirltury 
In  all  i|iiartcrs  of  the  world  was  anolher.  lint  vi'i'V 
iniicli  of  the  aeeussion  was  due  to  losses  sii.ilaiiied 
by  Kraiiee  and  Spain.  The  navies  nf  tiie.^c  twn  puw- 
cra  were  for  all  pnictlcal  purposes  annihilate  1,  ami 


I  forulitii  Irailn  could  nut  In  lliuse  ilayn  lie  iniilntatiiei! 

I  wlnTi.  all  iiiarilliiic  suiinimici  w-iis  lu»l.  M,irciivcr, 
the  rcstrlilliiiis  whiih  S|ialii  Inid  bniit  perslstiiilly 
inipus.il    iipiiii   li.r  SiiiiUi  Aiiiirii-iii (uiili.s  wi-re 

i  iinilerliillv  l.iuH,.ii..il.  In  tlie  West  linllis.  liny  well, 
vlrliliilh '.li-ll-uye.i.  If  llii-le  liii.l  li.cli  im  iniUnil 
riailj    lit  till-   inuniinl    In   lake   mluiiit.liv  uf  lli..»|. 

,.iri.|iiiist.|.  CCS,  a  -p.  iilv.  peaiifiil  i p.  titlun  wuiild 

have  iirailiiallv  i-i-siieii.itiil  furelun  Irad.-,  Iml  even 
lln-ii  Simiii,  wreck. il  mnl  liiiiiillliil.il  u"  "he  wiis, 
cuiil.l  mil  liiiM-  l.i-|it  iiaci-  Willi  millniisor  i  ini'u'y  and 
,-iil,.r|irl»e.  As  it  wns.  tin'  uecaslun  was  iiul  alfuriled. 
KiiKlainl  hail  mil  furiulleii  her  nialerial  inlcresls 
Willi.- eiiHHi;e,l  III  the  nviTllirnw  uf  b,'r  i-iiciiilc».  and 

I  wllh  new  lli-Ms  laid  niien.  wlUi  i-uiiMi.irallvely  iarue 
ri-siiiirci-s  ,if  liuth  men  nml  iinHii-v  -till  b-fl,  ami  with 
,.|iin|ileli'  eiiiilrnl  ,.f  111.'  seas,  -he  fiiiinil  nn  liimi-iilly 
In  iiiiiiiii|iiillzlni;  llie  lartti-r  share  uf  Unit  i-uiniin'ice 
wliiili  was  iiuw  in  its  Infain-v,  Iml  which  uvvcd  Its 
•  levciuiiiiienf  M.rv  lar..'..|v  In  tlie  uvirlbruw  n' 
Sp.iiiish  tniillUnns'.  Tims  tin-  par.ilysls  uf  Spain  wa.. 
r,-ii,l,.r,-il  lint  unly  cuini.lile,  lull   pcrnimiiiil.     The 

'  cuuiitrv,  lit  a  lliiie'w  Inn  Inr  best  cllurt-  were  iiec  !..,l 

I  tu   i-efuriii    tl .ilunlal   svstcni,  i.iy    prusliatc  and 

Ihnnilliiili'il,  unable  In  kei'ii  I'nie  willi  the  new  si'ii- 
'dincnls  she  liail  assistcii  tu  ailvaii,-,-,  ami  iilterly  lii- 

!  cnmpeti'iit  In  iiicet  tin-  cniiseipieiices  of  tlieiii  with 
eiltn-r  vli^ur  nr  stal,-sinaiislii|i. 

;  The  pulley  wlil,-li  S|iaiii  liinl  fruiii  III,'  llrsi  ailiipti-d 
t.iwarils  lief  |. ninnies  was  in. I  ,-al,-lllilteil  I.    be  pcr- 

'  niiincnt.  If  the  iiareiit  cunntry  had  I'l-t.ilncd  nn- 
diniinisbeil  tlie  iinwi-r  left  In  till'  cruwii  uf  Spain  by 
l-'erillnmnl  an-  Isabelhi.  the  result  inusl  have  been 
the  same,  an.'  .h,'  ,..i|uiili-s  wuiilil  still  linve  siiec-ss- 
fiillv  i-.-s|st,..|  everv  etr.iri  l-i  liuld  tlicin  In  111,'  r,-strl,- 
Hulls  that  Ihev  bail  had  linp.  '  ipun  tliciii.  lint  In 
Ilie  ,  iiiiililii.il  tn  wlileli  II  was  i.  .'  n-ilii  iil  It  was 
tllljiussliile  lliat  the  llidepi  iideii.  >'  the  far  illstmit 
pinvinces  uf  Suiiih  .Vincrlca  cnii  i  be  iiiiiih  luim'ir 
dclaveil.  The  espcrii  iii-e  u'  i.ic  llrilisli  Nuiib 
Aiinrlean  culunl.s  testllles  n.llli.iciilly  tu  this,  I'Vi.n 
if  th,.  i.um.liisiiin  wi.re  i  .nic  t,i  ^\  bbli  uiir  pre-*''-' 
ai.i|uaint  iin-e  with  pii'  i.  I  aril  8..ii.ii  scieiic-'  n  . 
InevPably  l..iiil.  as  ili  i.y  pnsslbl,'  Issue  f  ,  ,1  ,iiic,l 
eiiiise-.  ".\  vast  I. iluiiial  empire  en  .mil  I  ^,i\criii-il, 
,.v,-n  Ihuiiub  the  system  be  fnin  ;t  I'll  a  Inisis  uf 
lln-  ntiiinsi  liberality,  fiuiii  ui.e  -  at  eenli-e,  iinw- 
I'cr  stroll;^  il  may  lie.  i'-ii!„'i..ii,l  .  ■  ,1  In  the  ci^bt- 
ceiitli  ceiiturv  to  dn  so,  am!  mlb  .  Hut  the  llr.tisb 
|ieii|il,'  |irullt'eil  by  the  i.ssuii  In  u  nlvcii  them;  and 
adnptliiK  a  systini  nf  ilecentralizall.iii,  a  furni  in  fact 
nf  111,'  uranilest  dcvelupinciit  uf  --u  -ilel|iiil  piv.rii 
iiieiil,  tli,.y  iinw  ,-uiilrnl  their  iniii.i-iis.'  eulunial 
empire  with  suci-ess.  .*-|ialii  refused  tin-  li-.-smi.  II.  i- 
systeiii  in  it-clf  was  (nn-  Inr  iiinr,-  ,iesiiiitic  tiinn  an, 
ever  adnpted  by  Km;!. .ml,  but  It  was  adhered  tu  w  itii 
stiiblinrii  pertinacity,  and  ended,  as  w-a.i  tu  I  .-  ex- 
peeled,  In  the  seces".sliin  of  the  pruvlnces  frnin  tin' 
parent  state. 

Sinn,'  Spanlsli  ^vritci-fl  have  sought  tn  ,i,-f,'iid  Ilie 
c. ilunlal  pulley  nf  their  cunntry  mi  the  Krnuiid  tliiil 
It  hud  fur  its  ninilel  tlie  t-u-tmns  uf  the  must  siii-ei'-s- 
ful  eulmiizinv'  iiallun  uf  aiilbpiity.  Ilm  tlii-  ,.ir,irt 
lat.ks  the  lii-st  eli-ment  of  stt-i-n^th'.  If  the  .-sp.iniards 
Willi  lirst  eriissed  the  Atl.intie.  ur  the  mniiiiri.hs  tlicv 
left  hehlnd,  ever  Uiunirhl  uf  the  ,-nliiiili'S  Unit  niiec 
hnd  frini;ed  the  .NJiiliierrniican.  their  linltatinii  uf 
them  was  very  pnor.  In  their  relatiuns  to  tlie 
lnirent  cunntry,  the  Suiitli  ..Vmericaii  setileuieiiLs 
liuro  no  reseinblam-e,  or  iit  the  best  a  very  rcmule 
one,  to  eilln'r  Uic  A"/ ""'I'"'  or  th,' 'i'*i>'.'"i  nf  the 
llreeks.  Tlicie  was  imt  the  licpeiub'lic,'  eiijnycd  tiy 
the  furnicr,  inn-  the  liid,-|'|.|nii'ii,.e  w'lii,.|i  sii^iializcd 
the  latter.  The  enlmiisls  wer,'  sciirccly  citizens  uf 
Spain,  and  assiirciiiy  they  were  nut  iii,liilL;,-il  with 
nnythiiii;  like  the  pn'iitii-ni  iii-i\iict;i.>  Unit  emiHtantly 
were  ilc,..irded  by  the  (i|.,.,.ks  tn  tii.ir  iniu'riitiiiir 
,-,iiiiitryiiieii.  Tlie  (.ninpariumi,  in  fad,  nowli.re 
hill. Is  triiuil.  Spanish  cuiunizatiuii  was  nut  an 
ur^nnlzeil  systi-in.  It  was  nn  system  al  all,  only 
the  rude  liii't  iiatni-iil  i-.-siiit  uf  tbe  ilisenvei-y.  In  aii 
iii^c  uf  adveiitnrc.  uf  a  ri,-b,  new  land,  rull  uf  mim-rnl 
resunrccs.  The  Si'aiiish  cnlunies  wer,-  nut  inililary 
scttlein.-nts  like  tin-  ini-derii  Kreiich,  n.ir  wen-  Un-y 
free  aihlitiuns  tu  tin-  parent  cuniniiinily  like  m.'st 
uf  the  niuilerii  Kiiijllsh.  Men  w-i-iil  lut'  the  iiewly- 
fuuiiil  land  as  niiventiircrs,  tluvsinl  I  as  Ivrimls,  and 
th,-y  were  treated  by  Spniii  "as  little  better  tliaii 
slaves.  Spiiiii  inuUed  up. in  lier  suns  as  sunn  as  they 
had  crussed  the  Atlantic  as  iiiei-,.|y  su  iiiaiiy  aiieiils 
wliereby  the  cullers  uf  the  public  treasury  cnuld  lie 
tlileil  w-iih  K'dd  mill  silver;  and  as  su  many  f.iuis 
wlio  liinl  risked  tlieir  lives  i;i"atiiituusly  tu"  make 
the  native  iinpiilaliuns  snbinlssive  in  her  yuke.  We 
have  seen  the  iiiimcns,'  suiiri-cs  fruiii  wbii-li  iiiuni-v 
was  iiiide  In  Iinw  IVum  lliem  liitu  the  Spnnisii 
tr.. usury.  Tlie  kins  tuuk  tlie  linn's  sliai-e  always. 
Ills  lilies  lirnni^iil  him  iinmens,'  rcM'iiiics.  Tliey 
were  deriv,',l  fruiii  duties  iinpo.s,-,!  up..'.i  ciiimcr,.,-, 
fees  I'lilil  bi  him  as  the  Head  uf  the  t'hiiieb.  the 
India-i  IriiuiU'  or  duly  of  vassahce,  nml  a  liiily  im- 
p  iscil  iiiinii  the  pi-eciuns  metal-,  ui'  llu-  "  rii.lus  uf 
slL'nui-y,"   besides    uuiuberlesi    8m.,l!e.-   snureei   uf 


eiiinlliiiu'iil.  nlileh  Hire  iipei-llii-il  Willi  beeuniliiK 
cure  and  eiifui-eeil  wllh  everv  nceessnry  rlfur.  I  his 
exleiiilcil  niefh'.il  ..f  tiMitl.ni  i-iini  lied  Ilie  ri.\,il 
cuibrs  III  hmiie.  bill  It  lira. II  d  Ilie  wiallli  liiid 
biirdii.ed  tin-  liidnstry  uf  lln-  i-uimilsts  ami  iiiiti\e 
l.upiiiiitimi.  mnl  was  litt.  nib-il  by  iin  e'|iilvn|..iil  ml- 
viiiil,n.'es.      I'lie  Spnnl-li  cubuili-s  d.  rlvc.l  absuiiit..|v 

IIU  'n-nclll  fr Ilnlr  i.unm'iiluii  »itli  Siiilii.      Iliey 

did  II.. I  incd  iiillil  irv  pr.iteelimi ;  nml  when  smin- 1.'( 

U I   did    1   It,  l)iey  dill    mil    U'll    it.       I'licy  wi-l'i' 

lint  nilv  allied  In  tlnir  euinnn  n-nil  intei-cs'.s  ;  fur 
tlii-si-  wer,'  Kliaikieil  by  Spanish  oi-illiinnces,  ami  a 
full  licveinpmeiil  was' fnrliid.len  tu  th  in.  Thiv 
existed  nut  IIS  euiiininnlUi's  Unit  bud  an  liiinieillnte 
iiitei-i-iil  in  tliclr  iiwii  life,  bill  inerclv  as  lunU  fur  the 
,'tirli-liiiii-iit  uf  tlii-lr  Sp.inlsh  in asl.  rs.     It  Is  sunie. 

wliiil   siirpi-lslm;  lliat  fr tin-  tliii,.  wlnii  ('ml,./. 

Iiarburiiiisly  put  In  Uie  tiirtiiri-  tin-  brave  eniiier.ir 
liiiutiinuziii  uf  Mexleii,  and  when  ruli-du  iniirdcred 
lln-  Inst  uf  111.-  Ilie.is  all'iizcu,  iliiwii  In  tbe  piriuil 
wiililn  wbli-ii  We  lire  iiuw  must  liiiiiieillal,-ly  iii- 
t,-resti'il,  the  Spanlsli  i-uimiics  siibmilli-d  willi  a|i- 
piii-,-iil  e,|iimilnillv  tu  tlnir  uppr..  sur-.  l-'ur  inure 
llniii  three  i-entiiries  Ui,-y  siilTereil  tlie  Inirdesl  yuke 
that  has  eier  liei-ii  linfii,.  by  pruple  with  similar 
rclntliiiis  tu  a  illst.inl  iiuwef.  The  caiis.s  which 
were  aili-tfed  fur  till-  rebclllun  uf  the  Niirlli  Amcrleaii 
i-ii|iiiii,-s  w,.r,'Us  iiuUiini;,  either  In  dcitree  nr  In  dura- 

timi,  wli,-n  i ipared  wllh  the   i\i-iiiiiiy  wliieli  the 

S|imiisli  enlmiisls  sn  iuni:  and  su  iiatien'tlv  cmliired. 
1 1  isiiillli-iiit  tnacciiiint  fur  this.  \V,.  sliali  picsenily 
,.|iiiie  111  see  the  Iniliieiiie  w-lilch  till-  American  ilii- 
ilm-.illmi  uf  liiile|i,-inlciici'  had,  lint  llie  aualliy  nf 
the  Siiulherii  piupie  eaniinl  lie  aei-niiiit.il  fui-  bv 
siippiisiii;;  lln-  want  uf  example,  lllstury  Is  full  uf 
iierlnils,  and  act',  iiiid  nysteiiis,  uf  iippi-i-s'slmi.  lint 
it  Is  al  II  full  uf  the  Bliiiu'tfles  of  pcupli' uf  variuns 
iialiiiiialllies  In  atlniii  fr.-e.l.ini,  ur  al  bast  In  lllerate 
tb,.|iisi'lvi.s  frniii  the  uiiiiiiu;  biirdi-ns  impuscil  by 
lyr.mnlenl  rulers.  If  the  Spanish  ,.,iliiiilsls  wanteil 
liistnry  111  siippl\  them  witli  euiinsel,  .hey  iiei-il  mil 
liivi'  'ir-'iie  fill-  r..i  'iislriielliins  li.iw  tu  'i,-t.  Tln-v 
Willi  allri.tid  t.i  ha.e  stiidl.d  the  ilistllntluiis  ii"t 
lir,',',.,'  iniirhl  liave  seen  In  tbe  enlltesl  in-tween 
(iircyra  nml  Cmliiili,  and  e-pei-iuiiy  If  they  ev- 
miiiii,.|l  the  eaiisi-s  nf  it  willi  sulllel,-iit  cire,  an 
,-\niii|ili- whicli  II  inii^ht  tn  have  been  i|iiite  w  itbin 
tlieir  piiv  'r  In  Iniitnle.  Nur  cnuld  they  hnv,-  fni- 
Inwi'd  any  |iiirUiiii  uf  hisiurv,  ancient  iir  ninibrii, 
nali.inal  ur  cuiunlnl,  mnl  fiillcil  tu  tiiid  tin-  lei  sun 
whii-li  withiiiit  duiibt  tliev  iii'i-,l,',I.  Tli,-ir  |ila,-iil 
siibinissiuii  mil. I  be  attrllnited  In  ainilher  e.iiise, 
and  tin-  iiinst  likely  mi,'  that  snuiiests  itsi-if  Is  that 
the  pi-iipl,-  In  till-  i-nlunies  sliarcl  In  the  ,-iif,-,-l.|e- 

I  '  nt  wliieli  distruycl  Uie  old  iiutimial  spiril  uf  the 
parei.;  e..iiiili-y.  Certain  It  must  be  that  Uie  nnii 
Willi  lirst  ,.aiii..il  the  Spanish  llau  viciurimisiy 
tbriiinzb  Mcxii-n  niiil  Suiitii  .'Vmeiii  a.  vvinild  nut  have 
briiukei'  tlie  insults  Unit  wer,  In-uiicil  iipuii  the 
l^ein-rnti  .IIS  Hint  sueeccded  tlieiii.  Tills  deiicneraey 
was  amither  of  the  results  of  Spanish  pulley.  Tli'ii 
iiiiliv,.  races  w,.re  iint  sav-.'^cs.  They  were  p,-upii) 
,if  a  h|.,'li  il>-(;ri-i'  uf  clviliziliuii,  vastly  diirin-nl  riiiiii 
till-  liidlun  Ii-lbes  uf  Nnrtli  Aim-rh-ii,  and  lapable, 
niidi-r  a  w  isc  iiilinini-tr.itimi,  uf  Iniviii!.:  ben  made  a 
siiiii-,-e  ,if  streii(.'Ui  iiisb-ail  uf  wiakness  to  Uie 
Spanisli  setUers.  Dm  Spain  has  never  been  );iiid,',l 
by  liiiiiiaiilly  nr  I  y  stjitesiii.inslilp.  The  prnsperity 
si'ie  once  enjnyed  w-as  nut  a  pi-odiict  uf  llie  l.iii -f, 
and  nuthliii;  in  her  lilst,iry  I'M-r  ri-sitlt,'il  fniin  ilie 
f.irmer;  for  II  liiis  no  iixlslem-e.  Her  pulley  li-uiii 
the  lirst  was  not  to  (-onelliiilt'  the  natives,  but  t.i 
de.driiy  llicni.  Kxt,-riiiiiiatiiiii  was  Uie  rul.-  of  i-un- 
illlet  f'l-iiln  Curie-,',  ibiwn  tu  the  mealiest  Spal.i.i.l 
Unit  i-vi'r  set  fiiui  in  ..\mi.rli-u.  The  l''i-eiii-li  rub-  in 
llayii  w.is  ni.lcd  fur  ti-eaehcry  i-.-nl  crneili,  but  tin. 
nninberuf  iiatives  who  li.nl  pn'vlnusly  ralleii  under 
111,'  niiirderuns  Iniiuls  nf  the  Spaniariis  in  tliat  island 
aliiii,'  has  bell  eumpiited  variuiisly  iii  fium  a  niilli.io 
In  fmirteen  biimireil  Uinllsallil  pers.nis  uf  all  /-^el 
ami  bulb  sexes.  The  visit  nf  Dl-tro  de  Velusiinez  lo 
Ciibii.  and  the  cnminestrt  that  Imineilialeh'  fulluwed 
It,  wer.-  sii;iiiill/i.il  by  biiniint;  at  Ihi'  sink,'  all  t'.ie 
iialive  chiefs,  and  su'me  live  tlinusund  ui  tlieir  piin- 
,-ipiil  iiilhereiils.  In  Purtn  llleu,  the  inhabii.oii,; 
were  rei-klessly  tnunU-red  uii,i,-r  nn  preteiie,'  wii.ii- 
ever,  cxc..pt  tu  siitiut,'  the  Spanisti  ^rcil  fur  unlive 
liliiiiil  In  ilainaica,  ilurin;;  the  lime  thai  ihc 
Spaniards  held  ciiiilml  there,  the  same  thin:;  ueeiii- 
red.  It  is  said  uf  John  de  Ks,iuiincl  ami  hi-  fullu.v- 
crs  lliat  they  never  shi-athed  their  swords  as  luni;  as 

II  ii.itive  iniiabitunt  remiiliu'd  within  reach  uf  tii  -ir 
arms.  Triiildad  also  w-lti'cssed  a  sliuil.ir  sy,|.-ii,  uf 
exit-riiiliiatioii ;  so  too  liid  .Mexico  and  all  lln-  Suiit'i 
Amerlean  colonics.  T'liesc  murders  wi'i-e  nut  nunc- 
einniiunii'd  by  iitlier  outrii|;es  of  the  vilest  ki-'d.  The 
wliule  Spanisli  dnmlmitiun  was  a  rule  uf  lieinls. 
Men  were  sobiected  to  tuitiir,-,  mutilatiun.  and  liur- 
rililc  dealliK  ;  wiinien  and  yuuiis  (;irl8  were  fui-cd 

111  sn'imit  iirst  In  Uu!  inos't  sliocklin;  uuliiv;is,  and 

.then  to  till-  cruel  ,1,'utbs  which  only  the  iniinis  of 

mulls'.,  rs  ,-  .iild  cmiceive.      Ami   Ibis   was   not   ihe 

I  nil  rely    ti-mpiirnry    cumlilion    that    sif;iiidl«e,!    t.ie 


I    ! 


mmmmmsss^ 


173  

eitryiif  llu"  S|»uiliir.lB  u|kiii  tin'  l.ui'l  of  tlw  Ni-w 
Willi  I.  11  n-.m  II  iiiTiMiiii'ii  fiMtiiri"  of  tlii'lr  ("In- 
iiiz;iti  111.  Tlu'  liiKl  fur  liln.iil,  llii'  li'iiilriirv  In  liur- 
liirlr  tnlMimaiiliy,  Im-t  rviT  liccii  iiml  flill  Ih  u  purt 
iif  till'  Spuiii  li  iiiitliiniil  c'hiiriictor.  II  Inm  hiiIj'ItiI 
lilt  1 1'vcrv  M-l  iif  tl;e  iiiiliiiiiiil  lifi',  iinil  U  liiin  lioiiio 
till"  Iruili  iif  ilci'  ^MTiii'y  ami  »iuikiu'«n,  im  wi'll  im 
c'liniiii^'  fur  tlii'  Mpanlanl  ovuii  of  to-diiy  ii  crilaiii 
iimoiiiit  of  loutli'.iiK  iml  I'oiiU'iiipt  on  tlio  imrt  of 
oiviH/tMl  iiiitioiiH.  Men  who  worn  aiiltiiitoil  from 
(jiMii'iulluii  to  KiMionitioii  liy  iirliicipli^D  ntu-li  hh  llii'sn, 
no  iiinltor  wlii'tlu'r  lluiy  nmlildd  in  tliu  piiroiit  coiiii- 
try  or  In  tlio  provlni'cs  of  tlio  Wi's.1,  coulil  not  full 
to'  sink  III  iiiiiiiiiiiciis  nnd  vlK"ur.  Much  u  nnru  iiiuHt 
bi'doiiin  t'lToiiiliuitii ;  iinil  It  aid,  In  every  plaee  wlicr- 
cviT  it  luid  found  n  fooling.  No  iintlon  In  Europe 
ev  T  siuili  Ki>  low  118  Simlii,  nnd  the  di');radutloii 
wliii'li  !■*  snITeiiid  In  the  I'l'iiiuHulii  is  iind  ever  lias 
lii'eii  uliared  In  by  the  setllera  In  every  Spanish 
ooliiny  IhrouLjIioul' the  world.  Sneh  liihiR  the  con- 
dilioii  t  >  whieli  those  people  found  tlieiiiselves  re- 
dm  ed  iit  the  elose  of  tlie  eltfhteenth  eentnry,  It  is 
not  too  iiiueh  to  siiy  that  the  disliitejfratloii  of  tlie 
I'liiiiire  followed  almost  as  a  mattir  of  eourse. 

For  Spain  was  not  only  weak  In  herself,  both 
inoiiilly  and  pliysleally,  a^'well  at  home  as  lu  the 
colonies,  hut  tlie  cireiiinstunees  with  wlileli  she  had 
to  eontend  were  stroiiK.  We  innst  briefly  glaneo  at 
tliese.  The  event  wlileh  more  than  any  other  af- 
feeled  the  eourse  of  polities  all  over  the  world,  dur- 
liis  the  lattiT  half  of  tlie  last  eeiitury  and  tlie  llrst 
half  of  the  present^  was  the  sceessioii  of  the  North 
American  colonies  from  Brltlah  rule  and  their  dec- 
laration of  indcpcndeiiee.  Uul  the  elleeta  of  that 
seeesslon  were  not  foreseen  bv  the  riiilni;  powers  of 
the  time  wlien  It  took  place.    If  Eiiftland  could  have 


pri 
in 


irediclod  the  immense  liciiclit<  that  she  has  derived 
ic  ffi-eat  North  Ameriean 
liepiilillc,  tlie  eoloiil  -ts  would  have  been  cncouratfeil 
ratlier  than  warred  aifulnst  in  their  eilorUi  to  attain 
a  separate  nationality.  Nor  is  it  likely  that  Louis 
XVI.  w.inM  liave  ulibidcd  tlie  assisiimce  that  lie 
rendere.l  to  the  ciiise  of  tlie  colonists,  if  he  had 
been  lile  to  foreshadow  the  spreail  of  repulilie.in 
Ideas  wlileh  he  tliiiB  liel|M'il  to  sow,  and  wlileh  ultl- 
nialelv  hil  liiiii  to  the  sealfohl  and  Hooded  Ills  coun- 
try Willi  the  blooil  of  Its  noblest  citizens.  The 
policy  udojiled  by  tlie  French  leaders  in  those  times, 
IIS  well  as  diiiliii;  the  laii^'uld  war  of  IHl'J,  was  that 
wlii.li  .c  iiied  to  them  to  lie  the  best  adapted  to 
humiliate  tlie  lulUiii  that  h  id  for  m.niy  centuries 
been  tlicir  Ir.uiitioiial  foe.  Yet,  in  reality,  it  was  the 
jioliey  til  it  WIS  most  lienellcial  to  tircat  Kritahi  and 
lior  eoloiiiis.  and  the  most  danirerous  that  could 
]iosail)ly  have  In  en  devised  for  the  peace  and  in- 
ter.sta  of  hotli  i'r.ime  ami  Spain.  Ten  years  after 
the  ind  penileiice  of  the  I'liited  States  had  licen 
formiiiy  aekii.iwledii  .1,  the  head  of  the  Kreiieh 
kin;;  fell  .it  tlioeomiiiaiid  of  tlie  NatlonaH'onventlon. 
The  j^er.iis  of  diseoi  .eni  had  (.Town  Into  revolution, 
and  with  aiti-rn  lin^  leniis  of  violence  and  cxtermil 
traiuiiiiiity,  it  has  eoiittniied  to  Imperil  tlio  social 
fieeuri.y  of  the  people,  and  even  more  than  once  to 
cndan^jir  t!ie  political  existence  of  the  nation,  to  the 
present  time. 

i'liMUuh  the  military  supreinacy  of  Napoleon,  the 
8paniarits  were  a  few  'years  later  coiniicllcd  to  cede 
tlio  wlioie  of  tlieir  extensive  possessions  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  .Mississippi,  which  in  turn  were  transferred 
by  llon.iparte  to  the  I'nited  States,  in  order  to 
weaken  Kniiiainl,  a  result  w  liieli  the  transfer  utterly 
failed  to  aecompllsh.  T'lie  uitiinalc  exhaustini;  w  ars 
whieli  Spain  siillered  ut  the  liaiids  of  the  Frciieli 
cmpiTor,  and  which  increased  the  liopcs  of  Inde- 
P''iidt'nee  In  her  colonies,  was  another  of  tile  fruits 
of  tlie  Ameiiean  revolution,  which  she  had  so  eager- 
ly nliettcd.  Indeed,  every  hope  which  Spain  and 
f  ranee  had  founded  on  the  action  of  the  thirteen 
colonies  was  disappointed.  Not  a  single  anticlpa- 
lioii  was  reaiiied  ;  but,  on  the  eiiiitniry,  tiio  utmost 
iierii  resulted  to  the  iieopic  of  both  nations.  France 
list  internal  peace,  and  Spain  was  soon  deprived  of 
tlie  itrealest  and  most  valuable  portion  of  her  once 
inaiiiiilicent  colonial  c'lipire. 

No  event  In  history  ever  exercised  so  world-wide 
nn  intliienee  as  that  aithiii  of  the  Ameriean  colonies. 
Tile  few  events  we  liave  sfleeleti  for  mention  were 
tlie  direct  and  iininediale  eonaeiiuenees  of  It.  But 
the  aekiiowledu;ment  and  rceo,'iiltion  of  the  L'nileil 
States,  more  tliiiii  their  own  deeiaration  of  iiide- 
peiidenee,  produced  an  illect  which  was  fell  far  and 
wide  among  the  nations.  If  it  stimulated  tlie  ciitiaitte 
of  l'.iris,  and  produced  a  .Marat  and  a  Koluispleire, 
it  also  vibrated  a  eliord  In  the  he.irts  of  everv  op- 
pressed people,  from  the  extreme  limit*  of  Chill  to 
the  northern  frontier  of  .Mexico.  Tlie  llrltlsh  colo- 
nists of  North  Ainct'ieu  liad  shown  to  ail  CfdonlstA 
cvervwliere  that  it  was  possible  to  wage  a  war  of 
freeilom  a;;a[ii8t  a  distant  power,  and,  under  favour- 
ubie  eoiiditioni,  with  sneccaa.  These  eondithins  did 
not  occur  In  the  ease  of  Si>aln  during  the  eighteenth 
centary,  but  they  did  In  the  early  part  of  the  iiiiie- 
teenlli,  and  whenever  taken  advantage  of,  the  end 


HISTORY   OP 

was  favorable  to  the  cause  of  Indepciidenee.  Dur- 
ing the  time  that  Inlcrvened  before  the  opporlunily 
came,  the  prlneipies  that  had  tieen  so  siireessfiilly 
iniiinlained  in  llie  war  of  the  Ki'voliitlon  streiiglli- 
eiied,  and  the  love  for  Uieiii  grew  more  mature.  The 
pixiple  of  Soiilli  .Vnieriea  lost  iiotliing  by  ii«  lay.  it 
was  lictter  that  lliey  did  not  act  as  the  French  in 
France  tiad  done,  iipo'i  the  iin{iiiise  of  the  moiiient. 
'I'iiiic  served  to  more  dei'piy  Ingrain  tlio  desire  for 
freedom  liitollie  lioari.  of  the  masses;  and  when  the 
blow  at  last  was  sli  ..  k.  It  came  with  miillipiieil 
force,  and  was  driven  home  with  increased  (Mer- 
inination— the  determlnalioii  that  diii  not  cobipre- 
liend  defeat.  The  prudence  thus  iiu|illed  must  not, 
howc^vcr,  be  attributed  wholly,  or  perhaps  in  large 
part,  to  the  colonists.  It  was  necessltatetl  liy  eir- 
ciimstanees.  Spain,  dur'ng  tlie  .Ameriean  revidii- 
tionary  war,  was  not  strong.  .M  no  time  duiiiig  tlie 
great  wars  with  Napoleon  was  she  strong.  Hut  so 
liiiig  as  an  alliance  Willi  France  cuiitiniied,  tlie 
colonies  could  not  safelv  have  entered  U|ioii  the 
struggle  for  freedom.  Nloieover,  even  so  late  as 
the  last  cenlury,  inor.il  ii.Mnences  dhl  not  exercise 
the  same  force,  nor  did  they  move  with  tile  same 
speed,  that  Iliey  do  i.  "  The  full  elToct  of  the 
declaration  of  Ameriean  liiileiicndence  was  not  felt 
in  the  South  for  many  y>  irs  after  it  liad  been  made. 
It  was  long  before  the  knowledge  of  Its  existence 
reached  I'erii,  still  longer  before  its  full  meaning 
was  appreciated,  and  longer  again  before  the  Spanish 
colonists  fully  undcrstoiui  that  the  cause  wlileli  liati 
been  so  siieees.-fiiUy  nialntahied  in  tlio  North,  was 
theirs  to  win  also.  If  only  they  were  wiiiiiig  to  bide 
tliclr  opporlunily  anil  act  with  unity  and  decision. 
Nevcrtlieless,  a  ^'clliig  of  liii|iallence  at  the  rule  of 
Spain  was  early  perceplilile.  lint  It  assumed  for 
r,onie  years  a  passive  loriii.  it  was,  however,  the 
llrst  monition  of  future  convulsion.  It  arose  slmul- 
tanooiisly  in  all  the  colonies,  and  was  proliahlv  kept 
ill  abeyance  for  a  lime  by  a  native  insnrreetlon  in 
I'cru,  which,  altiioiiuh  It' was  sustained  with  vari- 
alile  success  for  two  years,  was  at  last,  iirtnight  en- 
tirely under  subjectio'ii  by  the  Spanish  troops,  who, 
as  was  tlieir  en.--toni,  hai'liaroiisly  put  to  death  the 
chief  ineii  of  the  party  In  relieilioii.  and  their  ramllies. 
This  ln'gan  six  years "afler  tlie  "  Deeiaration  of  Inde- 
iieiiden.  ■',"  amrwasthc  re-'iilt  of  Spanish  oppression. 
It  was  purely  a  native  rising.  The  dcscendanta  of 
tlie  iiicas,  from  the  time  when  lluamt  Ca|iuc  hail 
been  mimlcred  liy  I'i/.arro,  had  never  ceased  to  de- 
mand from  their  eomiiieiors  certain  numinal  privi- 
leges, ill  eonsideratlon  of  tlieir  rank  and  former  regal 
power.  Through  a  scries  of  generations  this  was 
jier.--istentiy  rclused,  and  the  refusal  was  In  some 
instances  acconipiiiiied  with  acts  of  barbarous 
cruelty,  as  a  warning  that  the  demand  should  luit  be 
repeaii'd.  Hut  it  was  repeated,  and  with  such  earn- 
estness and  pertinacity  that  the  concession  was  at 
length  granted,  and  the  Spaniards  consented  to  ae- ; 
knowledge  a  title  which  lliey  had  three  centuries  i 
before  tried  to  etfaee  liy  tlic' execution  of  the  last  [ 
liiea  at  Cuzco.  Scarcely  had  tile  concession  been  j 
made  ere  the  Spanish  aiilhoritics  repented  of  their] 
generosity,  and  recalled  the  act.  Stiyii  Tupac,  In  | 
whose  person  this  insult  was  olTered,  Immediately 
raised  the  standard  of  revolt,  and,  declaring  that  the 
moment  had  come  when  his  coniitryinen  should  free  ' 
theniscivcs  from  the  tyr.uinieal  yoke  of  the  foreign- 
era,  soon  gatiiered  around  him  a  powerful  and 
spirileii  ariiiy  of  native  warriors.  For  tlic  siiaee  of 
two  yens  tlie  contest  was  nialntained.  During  llic  ' 
earlier  part  of  that  |ieriod  success  attended  upon 
the  native  troops,  lint  the  Siianiarda,  hicreasing  tlieir 
ellorts  and  their  forces,  at  leiKth  gained  a  decisive 
victory.  C'ondorcanqni,  the  head  of  the  rebel  move-  i 
incut  and  coiiiiiinnder  of  the  armies  of  tiie  I'cnivians,  i 
was  taken  prisoner  and  executed.  Ills  fiimlly,  iii- 
elnding  his  w  ifc  and  ehildren,  sliared  a  similar  fate  ; 
and  were  soon  after  followed  to  the  ecalfold  by  a 
large  number  of  their  adherents. 

fiy  these  means  Spanish  Biipreniacy  was  once  more 
ini'hitaliied.  But  it  w.is  not  to  be  (if  Uing  duration. 
At  tlial  time  tiie  district  known  as  I'erii  extended 
over  the  Kocky  Mountains,  and  comprised  a  vast 
area  of  territory.  The  Insurrection  of  the  natives 
had  shown  the  expediency  of  etiecting  a  closer  eou- 
ccntnition  of  autliority  :  and  to  thai  cud  the  iirovlnce 
was  divided.  Potosi",  l,a  I'lata,  t'harcas,  Paraguay, 
and  Chhinitos  were  formed  Into  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayre-,  under  a  new  vieeroyalty  ;  and  Vene-  \ 
ziieia,  Caracas,  (luateinala,  Cuinana,  and  Chill  wcro  . 
set  apart  iiiulcr  anotlier  administration,  but  whose  : 
southern  limits  were  left  very  undetlned.  This  ap- ' 
peared  to  be  a  measure  of  sound  iioliey,  but  it  had 
not  ail  the  cU'eet  that  was  Intinded.  It  strengthened 
the  Inlluence  of  Spain  for  a  brief  period,  but  it  did 
not  reconcile  the  people  to  her  rule,  nor  did  it  pre- 
vent tlieir  ultimate  Inilcpendence.  For  a  few  years, 
nothing  of  importance  truiispired,  bill  the  fiellug  In 
favour  of  freedom  was  grailually  growing  stronger, 
and  the  eomlition  of  tlio  pareiit  country  was  be- 
coming more  suitable  for  tlio  purposes  o^  the  colo- 
nists. 


We  must  here  return  for  a  moinont  to  the  work 
that  was  being  iiroseciiled  by  Nii|ioleon.  i.ir  It  now 
began  to  exeriiso  a  u'le.iler  aiil  a  more  illreet  in- 
lluence upon  the  (iesliiiv  of  South  America.  Tlie 
Nalloieil  Ciiivciilloii  of  Franco  having  deelare.l  ilui 
iiilriilion  lo  propagate  republli'nn  ideas  thronu'linut 
llii'  monarehies  of  Kurope,  by  ciieouiiigiiig  all  dls- 
aifeeled  siibjccls  of  these  iiiitloiis,  ainl  supporting 
tliein  in  any  revolt  that  tliey  might  nnderlake,  the 
Britliih  government  doimiiideil  an  oxiilanai'  ni,  wiilcli 
btiiig  refused,  the  amlaissador  of  tlie  late  king  rc- 
ciived  notice  to  imit  the  kingdom,  and  in  eoiise- 
(|iieneo  war  was  deidared.  Kvcntfiil  as  this  war 
was,  it  concerns  iis  only  In  so  far  as  It  placed  Spain 
at  the  iiiercy  of  the  French.  A  part  of  those  ariiiles 
of  tile  repnblle  which  overran  the  west  of  Fiirope, 
found  an  easy  eonipiest  in  the  Penlnsuia,  and  it  was 
Willi  comparatively  small  cITort  that  the  goyeriiment 
at  .Madrhl  was  brought  to  the  feet  of  Napoleon.  It 
Wdiihl  have  been  well  If  the  hnniillatlon  had  ended 
there,  but  |iresently  wo  lliid  the  Spanish  goyeriiment 
yielding  to  the  Bolicitatlons  of  the  eoni|iieror,  and 
Joining  In  the  war  against  ICngland.  One  of  the 
llrst  events  tliat  followed  Ibis  rash  enterprise  was 
the  destructhni  of  the  Spanisii  ileet  off  ('a|io  St.  Viii- 
cuiil.  Tills  was  at  the  inoniiMit  a  grievoiiB  loss  to 
France,  but  I'  was  ar  more  serious  to  Spain,  and  it 
left  her  more  tle'i  ver  at  the  mercy  of  tiie  man  wlio 
then  ruled  the  dc^tillieB  of  her  powerful  ally.  Na- 
iioleon  was  not  slow  to  avail  hlinsclf  of  the  fact,  nnd 
Ills  policy  soon  struck  the  llnal  blow  at  Spanisii  su- 
preinacy everywhere,  even  while  ho  was  using  the 
ellemliiate  rulers  at  Madrid  to  servo  his  own  ends. 
Having  fought  his  way,  liy  vhdciicc  and  Intrigue,  lo 
llie  Inipcrial  crown,  ill' planned  the  design  for  invading 
Fiigland,  as  the  only  Knropean  power  wiiich,  remain- 
ing uncoiKpiercd,  seemed  likely  lo  olTcr  any  active  re- 
sistuiice  to  ills  iinliinitcd  eonti*ol  over  the  iilfairs  of 
ttie  Continciit.  In  this  sclicmo  ho  again  compelled 
Spain  to  join  him,  and  to  di'vote  her  entire  cHortji 
with  his  to  destroy  British  supremacy  on  tlio 
seas.  By  that  means  he  hoped  not  only  to  otl'cet 
the  destruclhm  of  British  eommcree,  but  also  lo 
remove  the  only  olislacle  that  presented  itself  to 
tlie  full  play  of  his  own  ainbitioii.  But  the  victory 
of  Trafalgar  destroyed  all  his  hopes,  and  shattoroil 
the  maritime  power  of  Spain  to  a  drgreo  which  ren- 
dered it  iielph'ss.  It  was  the  last  cltort  of  a  fallen 
state,  and  It  failed.  T'lie  once  miglity  force  whieli 
had  been  wielded  by  Ferdinand  and'  Isaliella  was 
now  coinpli'tcly  gone,  and  the  resist;ince  which  tlio 
Spanisii  (lOVernment  at  tliat  inoment  could  have 
olfcrcd  against  any  Insurreclion  in  her  coioniea 
would  have  been  coiiiparativeiy  futile,  lint  still  tliu 
apathetic  people  of  Soulli  Aincrira  were  slow  to 
avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  that  now  Inul 
eonie  to  them,  rhey  seemed  still  to  lack  a  stimulus 
to  aiiioii.  An  iitlack  iiiade  liy  a  sinall  Brilisli  force 
in  18117,  upon  Hueiios  A,^res,  'might  have  been  made 
avallalilc,  but  It  was  no*.  The  niitive  '"'"iMuintH 
were  pas:-lvc,  or  they  opposed  tlie  iissiiihin'  ,  and  It 
reniained  for  otiier  causes  at  leiiglli  to  rouse  them 
into  a  movenient  for  freedom. 

Since  tiie  cv.ieuatlon  of  Hra/.il  by  tiio  nuLCli,  that 
rich  countrv  had  rciiiaiiied  in  the  peaceful  i»  isscs- 
sloii  of  the  Portuguese.  It  had  partaken  of  iiiaiiy  of 
the  restrictions  whieli  had  innieded  tlie  progrcsii  of 
the  Spanish  colonies.  The  House  of  Bragaii/a  has 
shown,  in  siiccessivo  gcncnitions,  a  marked  genius 
for  goveinmeiit,  iiut  in  tlie  early  days  of  South 
American  Bottlement.  there  was  lio  higher  value  at- 
biclied  to  colonics  tliaii  the  w  ealtli  that  iliey  nilglit  bo 
made  to  bring  to  the  Imperial  treasury.  Any  pro- 
gress whieli  Bra/.il  had  made  was  due  to  its  own 
magiiillecnt  resources,  for  their  development  was 
restricted  and  bound  down  by  the  most  vexatious 
decrees  from  the  parent  state.  *  But  again,  Napoleon 
unintentionally  eontributod  to  change  all  this.  When 
Spain  was  no  longer  of  any  use  to  him,  he  sought 
now  cxtiedlents  to  demolish  the  trade  of  Kngland. 
Ills  Berlin  decree  docl  iring  the  Britlsii  ports  to  be  in 
a  slate  of  blockade,  was  one  of  these.  But  the 
friendly  einnmcrclal  relations  that  had  existed  lic- 
tweoii  Portugal  and  Kngland  were  an  Impi'diment  to 
Its  operation.  He  therefore  sent  a  s|ie(ial  onibiissy 
to  Lisbon  Willi  a  request  that  llie  (Jovcrmnent  shoiilil 
at  once  close  It*  porta  against  (ireat  Brilain,  and 
tliat  every  Gnglisliimiii  then  In  the  country  should  be 
arrcBtod  and  his  property  eonliscated.  'I  lie  request 
was  backed  by  a  threat  that  war  would  be  tlio  con- 
sequeneo  of  refusal.  But  the  reply  was  not  Availed 
for,  though,  if  It  had  been,  the  nature  of  it  may  very 
readily  be  anticipated.  Portugal  could  not  have 
conipliod  with  sucli  an  order.  Tier  honour  sbxid  in 
the  way  In  one  dlrcctioii,  and  treaties  which  slie  had 
made,  with  England  woiiM  also  have  precluded  sub- 
nilBsion.  Nevertheless,  ihe  Prince  liegcnt,  to  avoid 
war,  utlempted  a  eoinpromlse ;  ho  did  consent  to  the 
first  part  of  the  demand,  ami  the  ports  were  cloBcd, 
Meanwhile  Portuguese  vessels  In  French  pirts  inul 
lieeii  Bellied,  and  In  a  tew  weeks  a  large  French  army 
was  on  the  niureli  for  Portugal,  under  the  coniiniinil 
of  Marshal  Jutiot,  carrvliie  with  him  a  foruioi  deu- 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


178 


larntioti  from  Nftpoloon  llmt  the  Iioubo  of  BrncranKa  '  the  mnst  coiiBpicnouH  in  tlio  hlstctry  of  South  Amcr- 
wiiH  ilopoHi'd.  Drclhiin^  a  eontcst  on  tonnn  i)f  In-  Inm  Indcpo.iKtt'nrn.  Hut  thin  fort  hud  hecn  iinidc  the 
etpiiillty  which  riMidcrcd  ilcfciit  limvttulilo,  ttm  Kc-  riMMptuch-  fnr  S|miiiHh  piirtunrrH,  who,  tuklntr  a  fii-  i 
Kent  ni'ilrcd  llir  wlinh-  of  the  niitioniil  troupH  to  the  vourahUi  opportiiiiKy,  rosn  to  the  niiinlii-r  nf  ilft-cii  ' 
fli'u  coaHt,  iind  with  IdH  family  and  u  Iuit^l'  hody  of  hnn.ln-d  n>;iiinht  tht-  piiri.ion,  Ivillod  the;  ^;imr(ls.  and 
adhiiiontM  h-lL  thu  cou  try  for  Bra/.lt  wIumi  JiuhjI  tonk  tlic  rltacUd  ;  upon  which  event,  the  phice  wuh  j 
waH  eroHHln^  the  frontier.  The  reception  whieli  he  evaeuiitt'd  liy  the  iiiHurKcntH,  wlio,  l)eiii>;  euinpelled  | 
received  In  tln^  Anieilean  eulony  wiis  of  the  niiml  to  aerept  tlie  lennH  of  pc:iee  ulTcred  them  liy  Mipn-| 
iMithusIimtic  de:scriptl(Mi.  luid  tin' policy  immediately  t-i'venlo,  tmco  more  declared  alle;;l»nee  to  Spain. 
Inaiiiiur.tted  liud  a  niurked  eiTeet  upon  the  wealth  :  Miranda  was  made  nrlHoncr  and  Hcnt  to  Cadiz,  where,  | 
iin.i  dcvi'lopnient  (tf  tlie  euuntry.  KcHlrictlons  were  after  nuveral  yoin-H'  confinement,  ioiidod  with  IrouM,  | 
removed  from  trade,  tii«>  portH  were  opened  to  com-  in  a  dunp'on  of  a  Hnndi  forircHK,  he  died  ndKcr-  j 
ineree,  taxe?*  were  adjusted,  prlvilcKi'H  extended  to    aldv.  j 

the  people,  prinllnt;  prcrtscs  were  inirodueed,  educa-  'iMio  ill  fate  of  hln  eldeftain  Hthnulnted  Hollvar  t.o< 
lion  waH  promoled,  ui.d  in  a  viry  biicf  n\n\vo  the  renewed  exertions  In  the  eauHe  of  lihcriy.  'VUv  , 
province  liiid  cnlTevl  upnn  a  lu^w  era  of  i^xiHlcnce,  p;irent  eouidry  lay  prostrate  ut  the  feet  of  Napoleon,  i 
wliK-h  ^erved  niil  a  llitie  to  ^^ive  tlie  neli^Idiorln^^  and  he  wisely  coiieludi-d  that  Ilui  opportnnity  wiih 
Hpaidsh  eulonlc!*  tiii!  impulse  that,  they  Hcenu'd  l<i  one  that  Khoiild  not  ho  Ioh).  Aeeom|iiuded  l>y  a' 
reipiire.  Hniall   hand  of  Ichh  thiui  a  thouHand   adheri'iit.o,  he  : 

1  he  Htruixtrle  Tor  i?ulepemienco  now  hroke  out  with    sucecHHlvcly  drove  the  Spanisli  troops  fnnn  ntation 
great  violenee  In  liotli  (MiiM  and  Ituenoa  Ayre.-i.     In    to  Nlatiini,  till  he  arrived  at  Ho^^nUi,  at  that  time  the 
the  hitte;  pinvince  tin;  people  Kuddcniy  ro.ie  with  a    centre  of  government  of  New  (iranada.      Here  he 
det'i'mliniii'in  that  was  in  marked  eoniraHt  with  the    was  duly  honored  h>    he  Conj^resrt  of  that  province,  | 
apparent  indill'erenee  llmt  liad  mo  UiuiX  eharaet -rl/ed    wliieh  happened  to  l<e  in  Hcssion  at  the  tinu<: ;  and,  ! 
tliein.     They  were  nniHsaered  with  unrelenting;  fury,    after  havini;  been  fornialty  niaced  in  ouprunn^  coni- 
and  tlu'  utmost  ci-ueliies  were  put  into  operation  to    ni.uid  of  the  forces  of  the  nmnr^ct'Hts,  he  eontlnuetl 
Huppress  thi'.iu.     But  lliese  mL'a.-.ureM  liad  tlieir  ac-  ,  hU  HueccHHfid  man'h  to  (,'nr:icaH,  receivintr  daily  n«'W 
eiKHiouu'il  elTect.     The  sidril.   tiiiit  longed  for  free- !  acipusitlons  tohlt*  Htrenutli  us  he  proceeded.    Si^vcral 
dom  had  now  ;;rown  Into  n  n-Holule  deterridnatioii  to  .  Hkirmlslie.s   to<>k    place   with   r^inall    handH    of    the 
secure  it.     BcfoP- a  year  had  passed  away,  tiie  peo- !  enemy,  in   whieli,  heinur   unlforndy  HUccesfnI.  llie 
pie  redoulded  their  elT(»rts,  and  this  time  with  more  j  tniops    took    fresh    conraire    to    "make    an    attack  , 
Buceeas.     'I'ljcy    d -piMcd    the   Vlci'r.'y,   drove    him  |  upon  the  Hpanisli  jjencral  himself.     In  this  Monte- 1 
from  the  eounlry,  aliolisiuMl  all  cmltlenH  of  Spanish  ■.  v;  rde    was    slirnidly   defeated,   mid    sueli   was    the  : 
imlhority,  and  appointed  a  provisioind  j,'overumenl. ;  r.ipldity  witli  whieli  Uw.  native  army  now  advanceii, 
from  anioiii;  thema -IvcM.  |  that  tlie  Spaniards  were  i;lad   to  come   to  tennrt. 

A   similar    ^ll■u^'^rl.'.    wa*    la-lnii-    enacted    ulnio.'t  j  C.iraeas  soon  after  capilnlated,  an<l  Bolivar  entered 


Hirnultanenudy  hi  I'hlil,  al:hoi',''h  at  oiie  ilme  a 
Span'ihh  army  from  tliu  neig;it)-irint;  province  of 
I'era  tlir.Mteiiod  lt»  obIilv.*rat'  I'le  lio;i,s  of  tin-  pC"- 
l)|r.  Tlic  t'olniiy  hail  i»eeii  divided  into  thirl", mi  tii.-.- 
tr^ct^,  the  whole  heiui"  at  that  tinie  nil  .er  t'.ie  .u;ov- 
cniorshlp  of  (ieneral  I'arrasen.  i''.ir  soaiv*  tlmoslriel 
unanimity  cnidd  not  lie  In-Miii^ht  alio. it  aiii'Mii;  ti.c 
iiihahitailts  in  llicse  several  diairiels,  hnl  at  len;;ili 
an  insurrrtdion  was  hneeeH:iriilly  init  ated,  a'ld  i.  ar 
ra-eo  was  dep;»?<L-d,  The  contest  v  .is  \\a'::i'il  wiili 
nnprecedentcd  vitdeni* '  on  bo.h  Hides,  'I  lie  i^icat 
Kipiare  uf  Saiiltiii;o  h<M>ame  tin*  scne  of  some  oT  (he 
nios?  dcriperale  •■onlhcts  between  llie  pco!,li>  and  the 
Spaid.-*h  iro  »ps.  The  .--treetH  Ilowed  with  bio  )d. 
Worn. 11  aitil  childrtM)  fell  beftn't;  the  mu.Hkt^t  siioi^ 
and  bayonet  cliarL^U'  of  the  infuriated  soldi)  rs.  Btit 
de-pite  repealo  I  reverses,  and  the  neees-ity  for  a 
j)ersl>tent  and  1  niLi'-e  intintious  cITort  on  the  part  of 
tlie  patriot',  t'.ie  cnrrt  nt  id  sucd-bs  for  four  lonu 
years  ran  in  their  favour.  Durini;  th.^  wh^de  of  this 
period  th<'  country  reinaincJ  in  t.ie  bands  of  a  pro- 
visiipiial  government,  ail  atlempts  by  tlie  Spanish 
antliorilie;*  1 1  remove  it  lieinx  un->ncee,-sfnl.  One  of 
til  ablest  leailers  of  the  people  — Don  Juan  Carrera 
-  was  at  the  lie  id  of  tiie  popular  f.nces,  and  the 
energy  and  skill  with  which  he  d<'f(Mided  the  cause 
ieit  tfitle  room  lor  failur.-.  [■'liidini;  it,  at  last,  im- 
po,".sible  tt)  rc;i,dii  tlie  siiiiremacy  by  means  at  their 
disposal  in  tlie  provinci's,  tlic  Spaniard.-*  contented 
themselves  with  a  defensive  strateijy,  but  unule  ex- 
ertions at  till'  simu  time  to  ralt^e  an  army  in  i*crn, 
wiiieli  still  remained  biyat  to  the  (dd  tia;;.  With  I  defeat' 
these  fresh  troop.^  Chili  was  in\aded  by  the  Spanish  |  ments, 


(i  ucral  i'aroj  i.  He  was  met  a  ^liort  way  across  th 
frontier  by  Carr.'ra  and  twice  defeat d.  On  the 
Bic'iud  occa.-ion  he  was  forced  to  retreat  towards  the 
boundary  line  of  ihe  provliue,  tint  b  lii^;  met  on  his 
way  liy  strong  rciiiforccineiiis,  be  aj^ain  jrave  battle 
t » t'he  pni'suin^i  columns  of  the  enemy,  ami  tbls  time 
Willi  more  suee 'ss.  C'arn  r:i  ..as  ». etc  (led,  his  troops 
jtiit  to  Iliyiit,  and  llie  fXie.it  eau-e  for  whieli  they  bad 
tiken  uji  arms  f,-!!  |),ir.ily/..-il  -  Imt  n  it  dead.  I'aroia 
oveirau  the  country  and  lail  it  w.t.-te.     Villages  an(i 


Ihe  place  In  triumph,  prochiimini;  hiiii'^elf  dictator 
and  liber  itor  of  the  western  provinces. 

lint,  unhappily,  the  aucee.-<s  was  not  of  lonj;  dura- 
l.i  in.  1  tii^  man  who  had  t'lus  carried  the  popular 
<'anse  to  ho  i;lorbius  a  result,  failed  to  rtdnin  the 
coulidencc  he  hid  gained.  TbeJilleof  '' dietalor," 
wht'li  he  Ii.hI  a^-isumed,  wa^t  not  to  be  in  bis  iniiid  an 
I'lnpty  n  iinu.  Not  eontent  with  the  luinouru  he  had 
won,  lie  be. an  t>  show  an  iiiclinaHoii  for  securing 
to  liiinsi  if  in  idinost  despotic  power.  At  least,  he 
was  siispi'ct-d  by  tlie  people  of  this  desire,  and  the 
'uspiciim  was  probably  not  without  very  good  cau.ie. 
Dissciir  i(Mi:i,  uecordiiiv;ly,  aro^^c,  and  although  <i  junta 
of  the  leidiug  Inliabitants  prevailed  upon  Bolivar  to 
retain  llie  ;  upn-iiic  uulhorlty,  the  Spaniards  were 
(piiek  to  take  advantage  of  the  tone  of  dUalTeetion 
which  they  iiiitlecd.  (">n  one  occasion,  idmrtly  after 
a  hcssion  of  the  .Junta,  at  which  the  general  had  ex- 
pressed hi- (I -el-;  i(  Ml  to  accede  to  the  wishes  expressed 
to  him,  the  news  came  that  a  Spanisli  force  was 
marching  upon  l.a  l*uerta.  IJoUvar  hastened  to  try 
and  form  a  junction  with  the  small  army  miih-r 
Marino,  and  suci-ceiled  ;  but  the  conibined  forces 
wi  re  immediately  altaeked,  and  dcfcited  with  yreat 
sliuirliier.  Caracas  was  ntaken,  and  Bolivar  tli-d  to 
Tunja,  in  New  (iranada,  wlua-c  CJonyress  gave  him 
incna  cd  powers,  making  him  eommander-in  chief 
of  till'  army,  anil  entrusting  to  him  an  important 
nd.ssion  against  the  <ndv  remaining  Spunisli  (-trong- 
h(dd  in  tinil  province.  This  was  not  carried  out,  but 
he  took  Santa  1<'<'',  ftu'ccd  Bogota  to  capitulate,  and 
the  Spanish  troops  In  several  minor  engage- 
In  llie  midst  of  these  hucccsm's,  news  wa-i 


brought  him  uf  the  expected  arrival  of  i-tnmg  rcii 
foreements  for  the  enemy  from  Spain,  wheri'upon 
he  somewhat  hastily  left  the  country,  and  sailed  for 
damai<-a. 

I^l^  conduct,  ill  thus,  as  It  weri\  deserting  the 
cause  at  a  critical  tuoinciit,  when  his  iircseiieii  was 
most  likclv  to  he  iici'  b  d,  has  been  greatly  con- 
deniiied.  lint,  much  a  an  unfavourable  criticism 
may  apparently  be  jusliiied.  more  light  thau  we  at 
|»resinit  possess,  <ir   perhaps   ever   can    possess,  to 


towns  were  rutliK-.-'sly  pillaijed,  women  and  ehildren  j  show  the  ulterior  motives  that  h.c  h.id.'sliould  be 
insniied  and  Imlchered  at  tlu'  p'.easur.'  of  the  pro- ;  reipilre<l  before  he  is  tiiieipilvoeally  blamed.  The 
illgatc  Sii.misli  tioops  ;  anil,  thus  struck  down,  the  ;  sineer'.ty  of  Bolivar  should  he  judged  by  the  great 


work  which  he  accomplished.  There  Is  no  reas' 
to  (piestion  either  his  cimrage  or  his  patrlidlsni. 
Personal  ambition  sometimes  swayed  his  jmlgmeiit; 
hut  the  dillleulties  that  he  had  to  etieonnter  were 
uxet^odlngly  great,  and  although  at  times  the  means 
he  took  to  surmount  lliem  were  of  a  character  dif- 
ferent from  what  nil:;lit  bu  expected,  as  we  rcvlew 
them  at  the  present  distance,  ami  through  the  mist 


country  had  ouen  more  to  owii  aljogianee  to  th 
t>rannieal  rule  of  its  former  maiteiv.  Tlie  siibniis- 
si'm  was  not  for  1  mg,  however.  The  sweets  of 
liberty  once  t  isted,  were  not  to  be  thus  eisily  put 
aw:iy  forever;  and  In  the  next  struggle  Clilll  not 
only  vindicated  herself,  Imt  aided,  wltu  stnne  foreii^u 
assistftueo,  to  hceure  the  independence  vt  her  nelgli- 
hour. 

The  spirit  of  Insurrection  thus  dominant  hi  the  |  of  imly  partial  knowledge,  they  were  gerorally  at 
South,  was  no  less  active  livthe  North.    While  Chili ;  tcndeif  by  success. 

was  striking  lur  tlr.sl  blows  ft)r  fri.  dom,  the  people  I  lie  renndned  several  numths  at  Kingston,  during 
of  Kcuador  made  several  attempts  to  free  themselves  '■  the  whole  of  which  time  the  Spanish  genend,  Morillo, 
from  Spanish  rule  at  (julto,  and  the  movement  rceetv- 1  was  devastiting  New  <jrcnada  almost  unimpeded, 
ed  tlie  sympatliy  of  the  population  tliroui^hout  V'cne- '  nnd  punishing  the  native  populatlmi  with  the  ernel- 
zuela  'SciciMl  hotly  contested  battles  were  fought,  ;  tie*  iniierent  In  his  race.  But  Bolivar  wa.-i  not  Idle. 
In  which  the  popular  troops  pdneil  signal  sueet'a.es.  At  the  eoimneucemcnt  of  the  Revolution,  he  had 
The  fortress  of  I'u.'rto  Cabello,  tnie  of  the  most  Im-  visited  Kugland,  to  pun  liase  arms  and  to  enlist  the 
portaiil  in  the  province,  fell  hit"  their  iiaiulH.  and  sympathies  of  the  British  puiple.  The  friends  he 
was  plae.'d  r^oon  after  under  the  ketplng  of  the  math'  on  (hat  occasion  now  stood  by  him.  Tle-y 
I'mious  Bolivar,  wh  ise  name,  witli  that  of  .\Itranda,  titled  out  a  vessid  nf  war,  fully  e'.inipiicd,  and 
Ilia  superior  hi  command  at  Iha',  time,  are  aiiiopg    stored  with  arms  and  animuiiltion  for  the  thousand 


mon,  r11  of  which  ho  duly  reeelvod  whon  under  the 
protection  of  the  British'  ling.  lie  also  collected 
several  negro  regiments  In  llaytl,  already  drilled  and 
under  \i.'vy  fair  dlHclpltne.  The  organization  of  ihU 
force  received  Ids  constant  oerKonal  attention  ;  aid 
with  It  he  at  length  set  sail  for  Venezuela,  llero 
the  clVort^  of  the  Spaniards  had  not  ben  very  ener- 
getically directed.  Slorlllo  unwisely  contented  hlni- 
self  with  ovenunnlng  ttrenatla,  ant)  tlu'  neideuanta 
whom  Bidtvar  had  jert  tiehind  him,  taklnt*  ailvantago 
of  the  error,  had  concentrated  their  alttMitlon  chlelly 
upon  the  neighbouring  province,  which  renniineil 
(Irni  ill  the  no  nlar  (ratise.  For  a  long  time,  how- 
e\cr,  per.-onid  jeatousieH  and  rivalries  among  theso 
leaders  was  a  nd^chlevouH  and  almost  fatal  Impedi- 
ment to  the  ed'orts  of  the  eominander  in-chief,  who 
fiiflcred  several  <Iefeats  before  he,  received  tiio 
acknowledgment  that  was  due  him  from  his  ov\ti 
partv.  Treaeherv  in  the  p'lpular  ranks  also  milled 
to  tlie  dltlieullics'  that  he  had  to  contend  with,  and 
notwltlislandlng  all  his  elTorts,  thi^  Spaniards  in  a 
few  months  obtained  porf.-essltai  of  u  vast  territory 
which  had  long  denied  their  anthorlty. 

But  at  this  <l  irk  stagi'  of  all'iirs,  a  ray  of  hope  sud- 
denly gleamed  upon  the  Insurgents.  'I'he  Knullsh 
captain  who  had  been  entrusted  with  thf  vessel  sent 
out  to  Bolivar  In  tiie  We  t  Indies,  had  shortly  before 
appetircd  olT  the  coast  of  iinlana,  where,  in  coneevt 
with  a  native  ehiefiain,  a  t^nccessful  alt  u-k  was 
made  upon  tin-  Spanish  forts,  and  In  a  few  wcel.n 
the  entire  province  was  freed  from  fiu'clgli  yoke. 

This  sudden  good  fortune  inspircil  new  hope>  Into 
Ihe  people;  iind  almost  blniuilaiieously  willi  an  iii- 
teiided  expedidon  into  tireiiaila  there  appeared  upon 
theeoiist.i  llotilhi  from  Kngland  with  strong  rein- 
forecini-iits  in  men,  money,  arms,  and  amiml'lon  for 
the  popular  cause.  Bolivar  now  acted  with  dcter- 
niineil  rcsolulbm.  (.'olleetlng  all  the  forces  at  t  is 
eommand,  be  crossed  the  Anth-H,  and  feigning  u 
inaii'h  through  Vcnezucda,  he,  with  a  few  rcgimeiita 
of  iuigllshnien,  marched  direct  upon  Bogota,  driving 
the  few  Spanish  troops  that  he  met  with  lief;ire  lilni, 
and  without  iiincli  delay  entering  the  eily  i.i  triiim{'h. 
Here  he  re-i-stabllsbed  the  Congress  aie'l  org.uil/.ed  a 
govt  rnment,  placing  Ceneral  Saiitander  In  (ddef 
command  of  the  forces,  and  dellnlng  ttie  authority 
of  various  subordinate  deparlmcnts.  l-'roni  thia 
time  thi^  star  of  Spain  did  not  recover  Us  aseendaiiey. 
Morillo  gradually  retired  before  the  victorion.-  armies 
of  the  iieiiple,  and  soon  aflercoindudcd  a  six  mouths' 
truce. 

But  all  dillleulties  had  not  ceased.  Bolivar  hud 
scarcely  recognized  Ids  Irinmpb  before  the  newa 
was  brought  him  that  Arismcndl,  om^  of  his  most 
trusty  generals,  had  permitted  himself  to  be  chosen 
vice-president  by  the  (.'ongre--s  of  Angostura,  over 
an  otiiecr  who  hail  bt^'ii  jthiceil  in  that  position  liy 
the  Cominandcr-in-Chlef.  An  imniedlale  iidMiiice 
was  made  U|)ou  Ihe  place,  Arlsineiuli  \\as  taken 
juih(Mn'r  and  exiled,  the  formci'  \  Ici'-piesidenl  wart 
replaced,  and  in  a  few  months  the  two  Congresses 
of  .New  (inaiada  and  Venezuela  were  called  to- 
grther.  and  the  provinces  were  at  once  united  Into 
(inc  republic  under  the  title  (>f  Colombia,  with 
Bolivar  as  President. 

Although  in  one  sense  the  eompiestwas  uoweorn- 
plele,  the  Spaniards  continued  for  some  time  to  give 
trouble.     Seven   of  the  provinces  td  New  tirenada 
htiU  remained  subject  to  them,  as  also  dlii  two  of 
the   provinces    iiu  Venezuela.      Tiicy  likewise    lield 
'Cartagena  and    I'anama.     .As  soon   as   Morillo  had 
■  coinpleted   the   arrangement    for  the    six    nnmtli>* 
,  truce,  he  returned  to  Spain  ;  leaving (icneral  .Miguel 
I  dc  la  Torre  In  chlrf  ('(niiimmd.     His  departure  wiih 
:  regarded    with    some    suspicion    by    Boll\ar,   who 
feared  that  reinforcements  might  possibly  be  suit 
I  out  In  response  to  the  represcnt.dioiis  of  the  generul. 
I  He  tu'verthelc-'S   faithfully  adhered    to   tlie    t  rum 
1  under  which  lie  had  agreed  to  snspimd  liosLllitleH. 
;  But    directly   after   the    expiration    <.f    the  period 
agretd   upon,  determined   to  allow    the  enemy  no 
further  opportunily  of  regaining  strength,  Bolivar 
made  a  dchpcrate  attiu'k  ujio!'  the  army  under  La 
Torre  at  i'arabobo,  before  which  the  royalist  troops 
gave  way    on  all  sides.     The  energy  and   rapidity 
I  with  wiiii  h  the   niovoiueiit  was  elii'cted  jiaralyzetl 
resistance.     The  native  troops  cut  down  their  oppo- 
nents in  every  direction,  showing  little  mercy;  but 
rather  a  re.-olve  to  avenge  the  tyranny  under  which 
they  had  so  long  sniTcred.    Their  losses  in  this  short 
j  hut  Inipoitant  eonlllet,  have  been  set  by  "'une  as 
I  high  as  H,(NH)  men,  but  while  this   Is  probably  III 
'  exccBS,  the  actual  amount  was  eertalidy  very  great. 
j  The  whole  of  their  l)aggage  and  lield  artlUcry  fell 
Into  the  possession  of  the  patriots,  who  thus  gave 
the  Dual  tilow  to  Spanish  rule  In  Venezuela.     It  was 
the  decisive  action   of  the   nvolution.     Cartage:  a 
soon   after    eanitulated,   and    the    Spaniards    were 
driven  succepHlvidy  out  of  Buerto  Cabe'Io  and  the 
provlnecH  of  (Jcnfto,   (iuayinpiil  and    IVto,  all  of 
which  were  at  once  Incorporated  Into  the  Bepublle 
of  Colomtda. 

Simultaiieousb,  wlllt  tlic  rising  of  the  people  in 


174 


HISTORY   OF 


Baoiios  Ayros,  of  wliicli  mention  liaa.  been  iniule,  or 
aa  sooii  iifUT  us  the  force  of  the  niovoment  eoiilj  be 
r.iilized,  tiie  l'.ir.i;iiiiyiiii8  iilso  took  ttrtloii  in  tlie 
c.uiHe  of  iiiiii'penJeiU'o.  Uiit  tlielr  elVorts  were  noon 
(l>.-euietl,  null  til'-'  liiHiory  of  llieni  pret^ents  little  ttiiit 
in  uf  interest.  Then  diHatlectlon  took  the  form,  in 
thv^  Ilrot  insomce,  (tf  active  orgaiiiziition.  Tlie  le.ui- 
ci'«  Were  truKtUtl  by  the  |)eo|ile,  uml  a  Juntt  eoui- 
1 1  iiiig  a  uuuiuer  of  the  j>rlncipai  inhabitant.-*  was  ut 
once  Ibrniett.  As  souu  as  this  became  known,  the 
Spanish  aiithurilies  tittcd  out  an  army  in  Uueuos 
Ayres  under  (Jeneral  Belf^rano,  l)ut  it  was  defeated 
with  eonsiderable  loss  ;  and  from  that  time  no  iin- 

fiortaut  ollorts  were  iiiadu  by  Spain  to  strengthen 
ler  position  in  that  rejtioii.  We  sliall  have  to  n^eur 
to  tlie  events  in  Paraguay,  which  was  not  fully 
acknowledged  as  an  inUepeu.ieut  state  till  a  recent 
date,  but  in  the  ineanwiiiie  we  must  return  to  the  ^ 
more  striking  occurrences  tinit  were  taking  place  on 
the  opposite  side  ot  tlie  continent.  I 

The  victories  gained  by  Taioja  over  Carrera,  the  ' 
leader  of  the  iiatiiot  forces  iu  C'iiill,  led  to  the  sub- 1 
jpction  of  th.it  province  for  a  space  of  about  three 
years.    The  work  was,  Uiirlug  that  Interval,  advanced 
quietly  in  La  I'lata,  where  regiments  of  armed  men 
weri:  being  claudcotinely  but  very  etrcclually  drilled 
under  tiie  auspices  of  lieneral  !San  Martin,  a  leader  i 
oniy  second  to  bolivar  iu  patriotic  zeal  and  militury 
genius.     Nothing  could  evince  the  apathy  of  the  , 
ispunish  comman<lcrs  in  America  ut  this  time,  more 
completely  than  the  mistake  of  alluwing  this  army 
to  be  raised,  equipped,  and  disciplined  within  terri- : 
tory  over  wlilcu  tuey  at  lea^t  alfeeted  to  hold  some 
control.      But    no    means,    cerlninly    no    cITectual 
means,  were  taken  to  interfere  with  the  proceedings 
uf  San   iMarlin,  who,    when  ail  was   in   reudine^s, 
crossid  tlie  frouti.^r,  marched  into  Cliili,  gave  liatlle 
to  the  Spaniards  at  Cliucabuco,  and  d  feated  them 
with  great  loss.     The  tide  of  fortune  was  changed 
iu  a  KUbse(|Uent  engagement,  but  success  was  as 
cnorvaung  to  the  Siianiar,;s  as  defeat.     In  this  in-  j 
Blance   more  so,  for,  wliile  leting  in  complacency 
over  the  result  of  a  victory  gained  again.-t  tlie  In— 
Burgents  at  Chancharayada,  tiie  Chilian  general  slid-  j 
demy  fell  upon  them  with  a  strong  force  and  routed  ! 
tliem  conipietely,  imtting  all,  exceiJt  a  very  small  i 
number,  to  the  sword.     This  victory  was  decisive, 
though  not  linal,  since  tlie  Siianish  troops  Ivept  up  a 
(lesuliory  system  of  warfare,  clinging  pertinacioii:<ly 
to  a  few  minor  posts  in  the  country,  from  wiience 
they  liad  to  be  di.-placed  by  successive  .itt.icks.    It 
took  j)lace  in  the  year  18. S,  but  a  constitution  was 
not  tliLilly  completed  till  fifteen  years  after.   During 
the  greater  jiart  of  the  interval,  the  nifairs  of  the 
province  were  in  the  hands  of  a  dlctiilor,  and  it  is  | 
worthy  of  note  that  after  the  framing  of  the  t'onstl- 
tutioii  nearly  live  years  were  occupied  in  consider- 
ing aud  umeiiding  the  drafi,  before  it  w.is  proiiiul- 
gaied.   But  although  this  delay  is  strangely  dlll'erent 
Irom  what  a  more  energetic  people  would  be  likely 
to  tolerate,  it  wa.s  prohahlv  in  great  measure  due  to 
tlie  events  that  were  enacting  In  the  adjacent  prov- 
ince of  fern. 

This  was  the  last  of  the  colonies  to  give  up  al- 
legiance to  Spain.     It  his  liecii  a  i|iiestion  whether 
the  division  of  the  suutlicrn  provinces  into  tltree 
separate  jurisdictions,  to  which  allusion  has  already 
been  maiie,  dcliiycil  or  hastened  tlie  expulsion  of  ili'e 
iSiianiards.     Oiitlie  one  side,  it  is  ur^ed  that  if  the 
division  had  not  talvcu  place,  the   loyalty  that  so 
ioiig  marked  the  Peruvians  would  have  lieen  shared 
in  t>y  the  whole  of  the  provinces.     On  the  other,  it 
is  argued  that  If  the  division  had  not  taken  place, 
Peru  would  have  been  carried  along  in  tlie  cmreiil 
that  roiled  over  I. a  Plata  and  Chill,  and  tliat    U  lii- 
dependence  would  have  be.'U  ace  Miipltshed  earlier 
than  it  was.     it  matters  little  which  view  Ix;  taken, 
but  the  second  seems  to  be  the  more  reasonable,  and 
to  be  the  bet.er  warranted.  Vet  it  only  deluye  1  tlie  i.^- , 
sue  a  very  sliort  time.  The  events  taking  place  In  Chill  j 
were  ii.it  without  their  dlect  upon  tlie  Peruvians,  j 
who  beg.in  to  desire  for  themselves  a  ^llare  of  the  j 
freedom  wiiieii   tiicir  neigijlionrs  had   won.     Two  i 
years  elapsed,   during   wiiicli   the  strengtii   of  the  I 
popular  party  tially  increa.sed,  till,  at  the  end  of  that 
time,  San  .Martin  marched  willi  an  army  out  of  Chili,  j 
and  succeeded,  withoit  niucli  ditlleulty,  in  gaining 
po-session  of  the  capital.     Itemaiiiing  long  enough  ; 
1 1  recruit  the  energies  and  mnnliers  of  his  troops,  ' 
lie  tlien  attacked   the  Spaniards   in   the  Held,  aiid 
drove  tlieiii,  after  a  sneee-slon  of  victories,  irit'i  tlie 
interior.     The   inilnpeiideiice  of  the   province  was 
forthwith  proelaimed,  and  San  Alarlln  iiuincd  pro- 
tector.   Bat  the  eni:iiiy  were  not  yet  tiiially  defeated. 
The  Chilian  general  had  tiecii  unable  to' follow  up 
Ills  Bucce.ises,  partly  from  1  lek  of  iiien,  and  partly 
from  a  w.iiit  of  nc.il  among  the  people,  who,  while 
li.artily  sympatlii/.ing  in  ilie  cause  and  hating  the 
Hpuniards,  iie\ertlicle-s  seemed  to  very  niuidi  prefer 
thai  the  work  of  lilierution  should  he  done  for  Ilieni, 
tlian  that  they  should  he  put  to  too  much  trouble 
themselves.     The  Sp.r.iisii  e  imiihiinler  ki'pt   up  for 
■  iniu  time  a  haiMssing  waiT:<i'e,  wlilcli  Sun  .>la''tin 


found  himself  unable  to  stop,  and  under  those  clr- 
ciimstances  lie  sent  messengers  to  Bolivar  asking 
for  assistance.  This  was  reuiilly  granted ;  but  the 
companilive  failure  which  had  reiniered  the  demand 
necessary,  combined  with  objections  that  had  been 
t:iken  to  other  parts  of  his  pidicy,  liitd  rendered  San 
.Martin  iiiipoinilar.  Diirin.r  a  temp  nary  absence  of 
tlie  general,  some  Sp  iiilsli  forces  had  again  entered 
Lima,  and  raised  once  more  the  standard  of  Spain. 
Bolivar,  therefore,  marched  directly  upon  the  capital, 
the  enemy  deserting  it  on  bis  approac'i.  lie  did  not 
delay,  but  immediately  setaliout  crossing  the  Andes, 
dcici'inincd  to  follow  the  Spanish  troo])s  till  they ! 
w  ere  either  defoited  or  driven  out  of  the  country.       ' 

At  the  head  of  about  ten  tliousand  men,  he  overtook 
them  on  the  plain:,  of  Jtniiii,  and  gained  a  great  vic- 
tory, the  enemv  being,  to  all  appearance,  utterly  de- 
moralized. Bofivar  re'urned  to  i.,iiiia,  leaving  (icnerul 
Sucre,  a  Colombian  otilcer  of  much  repute,  to  com- 
plete the  work,  ho  lilmrelf  undertaking  to  reorganize  ■ 
uiid  establish  the  government,  which,  nndcr  Sau 
Martin,  had  already  grown  inueh  in  need  of  reform. 
But  the  tenacity  with  which  the  Spaniards  clung  to 
their  cause  and  to  their  i)osses8ions  exceeded  his 
anticipations.  Tliey  concentrated  at  Ayaeueho,  u 
town  and  deimrtment  on  tlit*  eastern  slope  of  the 
Andes,  where  they  took  up  a  strong  position,  and 
prepared  ftir  what  they  could  not  '"uTl  to  see  winild 
be  a  llnal  struggle,  In  the  event  of  an  unfnvourable 
result,  it  wa.s'their  lust  stand  ;  but,  like  an  animal 
at  bay,  they  did  not  shrink  from  the  attack.  Their 
nimbers  ut  tills  time  were  about  nine  tliouaand,  and 
the  native  army  that  was  ajiproacliing  them  under 
Sucre  did  not  amount  to  six  thousand,  but  they  were 
well  disciplined  though  rough  troops,  and  flushed 
with  many  previous  viclorles!  They  were  lighting, 
too,  for  llltcrly  and  nationality.  1 

No  time  was  lost  in  prelihiinaries.  As  soon  us 
Gcnenil  Sucre  had  brought  his  troops  well  ii]!,  he 
gave  the  order,  anil  they  rushed  upon  the  enemy 
with  such  Impetuosity  that  the  Spuiiisli  lines  g.ive 
way  at  tlic  lirst  o.i.n't. '  But,  urged  on  by  the  untir- 
ing" elforti  of  their  olllcers,  tlicy  rullied,  and  for 
three  hours  the  light  was  waged  wltli  untlinehlng 
determination  by  both  sides,  (ienerai  Sucre  set 
un  admirable  e\ani])le  at  the  tietid  of  his  men,  and 
Ills  personal  courage  In  grc^it  measure  di^terniined 
the  day  ;  for  williin  tlie  time  mentioned  the  Span- 
iards wcic  irretrievably  beaten.  Their  commander,  ; 
Lascrnu,  who  was  also  viceroy  of  the  province, 
was  taken  prisoner,  anil  .heir  losses  amounted 
to  nearly  ;i,tHM)  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 
The  loses  of  the  native  army  iliil  not  exceed  a 
tbinisind.  | 

I.aserna  at  once  ugrceil  to  a  capitulation.  He 
surrendered  the  rest  of  the  army  on  the  fleld,  and 
agreed  to  give  u|i  all  the  fortilled  places,  troops,  and 
munitions  of  war,  that  then  remained  in  I'eru— thus 
virtually  signing  away  all  claim  which  Spain  had 
ever  had  to  her  South  American  ijosscs.-lons,  and 
ending  for  ever  her  doininion  cm  the  continent  of 
South  .\meriea.  This  occurred  on  the  ninth  of  Dc- 
cenilier,  IHii. 

The  subsc(|ueiit  history  of  tlie  several  American 
republics  is.  lor  the  most  part,  made  up  of  a  long 
scries  of  internal  dissensions,  inlersp';rsed  oecasion- 
utly  Willi  inteniutloiuil  dispiiles.  While  it  Is  not 
onr  pnrpo-e  to  llieorise  on  the  causes  whieli  liave 
jiroliulily  led  ti  M'ry  much  of  the  civil  discord,  it  is 
not  out* of  place  to  refer  tliem  very  prohubly  to  the 
ilellcieney  in  slatesiiian:-lii|)  which  was,  for  the  most 
1)U  t,  illsfiluyeil  by  the  men  who  gelded  the  colonies 
1 1  iiidcpi'iid'eiice.  Motives  of  iieisonal  interest  too 
orteii  Intliirnecd  tlics  ■  iiieii,  who  also  showed  a  want 
of  attention  to  detiils  which,  ullhougli  apparently 
unimportant  at  the  moinciit.  liave  proved  of  great 
c  iiiscipience  since.  At  this  day,  many  of  tlie 
b.iunduries  of  tl."se  republics  are  undetined,  and, 
conseiiiiemiy,  are  a  coiii-tant  source  of  irritation. 
The  illllleulty  of  urranghig  tlicse  would  not  be  great, 
cspeciallv  while  the  jiopiilulion  is  compurulively 
siiiull.  But  interiiul  je.iloiisles  iiresent  a  gieater 
obstacle  than  uny  iiilicrent  in  the  mattj'r  under  ilLi- 

Iiute  ;  and  the  "development  of  the  republics  lias 
leen  proporlionallv  relarded. 

The  policy  followed  by  Bolivar  himself,  after  the 
I  nttle  of  Ayaeueho,  was  in  some  respects  Inexplic- 
able. By  the  constitutions  he  iirciuiied,  slavery  was 
abolished,  but  the  abidillon  was  only  on  paper. 
Slavery  einilinned  to  be  nraeticully  a  Peruvian  Insti- 
tution" till  It  »U8  formiilly  put  down  by  proclama- 
tion in  1S..*».  no  one  ha\ing  previously  altempted  to 
follow  oul  the  law  as  originally  framed.  During 
Bolivar's  dictatorship,  lie  conceived  the  plan  of 
separating  the  southcusterii  part  of  the  province, 
and  lorming  it  Into  a  republic  by  itself.  I'lils  was 
eltected,  and  Bolivia  came  into  existence  neconling- 
ly  ill  iSJ.'i,  with  (ienenil  Sucre  as  I'rcsidenl,  and 
Bolivar  as  eonstlintion  maker.  But  tranquility  did 
not  long  endure,  (leiieral  (hunurra  aspired  to  the 
cliief  maglstpiey,  and  Saere  was  banished,  and  very 
speedily  dfit-r  tliat  ass.isslnated— the  respective  in- 
Uuonees  of  Bolivia  and  Peru  being  the  cause  for 


several  years  of  a  scries  of  revolutions,  anil  the  per- 
petuatliin  of  anarchy  and  misrule.  Marshal  Santa 
Criiz  held  the  prcsideney  for  ten  years,  and  was  suc- 
cessful in  keeping  the  country  hi  a  state  of  eoiii- 
paralive  repo.so.  But  he  did  so  mainly  through  tlio 
fact  tliut  lie  united  in  his  functions  the  two  opposite 
factions  raised  up  In  the  first  instuncc  by  Bolivur. 
lie  was  at  the  same  time  Preshlent  of  Peru.  This 
oceu|>atlnn  of  the  chief  olllee  in  both  States,  wliicli 
might  have  been  tunu-ii  to  good  account  if  there 
had  been  the  men  to  t^ike  advantage  of  it,  served 
only  for  a  time  to  satisfy  those  ojipostng  and  tur- 
I  Inilent  Interests.  A  revolutionary  movement  ut 
I  length  succeeded  in  the  overthrow  of  Santa  Cruz, 
notwithstaiuling  a  popular  demonstration  in  his 
favour  that  sooii  afterwards  occurred.  The  laud  was 
now  laid  waste  by  civil  war,  to  e.irry  on  w  lileh  tlic 
best  resources  of  the  peoiilc  became  very  severely 
taxed  ;  and  a  country  which  began  it«  life  under 
■  auspices  tlie  most  favonratile,  has  been  cursed  with 
poverty  and  much  misery,  through  the  Implacable 
animositv  of  indlviilnalB  who  aspired  to  the  supreniu 
command  of  the  government.  Dr.  Linares,  who,  ill 
1S.5S,  became  dictator,  though  nominally  prisident, 
liau  been  the  leader  in  nine  unsuccessful  iitteinpta 
to  upset  the  de  fnvlo  chief  ;  and  he  hud  few  sym- 
pathizers, when,  after  a  brief  exercise  of  uulhorily, 
lie  WII8  cast  into  prison  by  some  of  his  own  siibor- 
dinates.  A  new  iiresident,  named  by  Congress,  was 
next  deposed  by  means  of  an  insurrection  raised  by 
(ienerai  Mclgarejo,  who,  by  sheer  force  of  arms  and 
some  militury  geiiluB,  rctiiliied  bis  position  at  the  head 
of  the  republic  till  he  saw  it  united  in  an  aHlance  with 
I'cru,  Kcuador,  and  Chili,  against  Spain.  Whether 
sincere  or  not  in  the  wish  expressed,  he  now  dcelured 
that  he  would  not  continue  in  the  iircsiileney  ;  and 
he  went  so  far  as  to  order  an  election,  ut  the  same 
time  proclaiming  that  he  would  not  become  a  can- 
didate. But  when  the  popular  voice  turned  in  favour 
of  ills  predecessor,  who  had  been  duly  uppointed  hy 
Congress,  but  whom  he  now  held  in"  close  eontine- 
nieiit,  his  resolve  melted  away,  and  in  support  of 
bis  own  claims,  he  kept  the  country  In  a  state  of 
civil  war  for  seven  years,  ut  tlie  end  of  wliicli  flnio 
the  lenders  of  the'opposlle  faction  were  fiirced  to 
escape  within  the  liiiiit^s  of  the  Argentine  confedera- 
tion, lie  now  boldly  assumed  the  position  of  dic- 
tator, forced  the  Congress  to  acknowledge  him  in 
tliat  capacity,  and  went  through  the  farce  of  pro- 
eluiming  anew  the  eonstltiilloii,  and  promi.-lng  to 
restore  to  the  people  the  rights  which  had  been 
nominally  secured  to  them  by  that  instrument.  For 
it  was  only  a  farce.  Mclgarejo  continued  to  exer- 
cise supreme  control  fill  after  two  nnsiieeessful 
attempts  had  been  made  to  supplant  him  by  (General 
.Moniles.  The  third— which  occniTcd  in  ISil— was 
siicccssful,  and  the  dictator  lied  into  I'eru,  where  he 
was  soon  after  murdered.  Bolivia  is  no  exception 
to  the  otlier  Simth  Amerieaii  re|iiiblies,  in  having 
thus  brunded  her  early  history  with  assassination, 
civil  war.  anarchy,  and  discord  ;  lint  if  the  peo|  le 
have  snlTereil,  not  only  in  file  lives  of  their  bett-r 
citizens,  hut  also  in  tlie  detriment  that  lias  thereby 
fallen  upon  the  niattm.il  interest.-,  of  flieir  own  eoiii- 
niuiiity,  file  fault  lies  entirely  at  their  own  doors. 
Alfiioiigh  the  Spanish  rule  wu"s  bad,  the  descendants 
of  the  Spanish  colonisfs  have  certainly  failed,  a.-  a 
general  rule,  to  prove  to  the  winid  their  capacity  for 
self-government. 

The  inliinalc  relations  lietwecii  i'lTU  and  Bolivia 
following  naturally  from  flieir  pesiliun  and  former 
union  leii  to  inclilents  more  closely  iiittrwovcn  tliaii 
have  yet  been  fully  developed.  One  of  the  most  liii- 
portant  events  in  tlie  long  presidency  of  Santa  (  ruz, 
to  which  refeienec  lias  been  iiiade,  was  the  Invasion 
of  Peru  iiy  that  general  ut  the  lieuii  id'  u  Boliviuu 
army,  gaihered  together  ut  the  liulfation  of  the 
i'eruvians,  and  wliieli  resulted  in  the  fe.epciiury 
destruction  of  their  untononiy.  As  in  the  .-t:.le«e 
liuve  jll^t  been  considering,  there  ftiiinwcii  to  tlie 
ileelaratlon  of  Independence  11  sense  of  populiii- liis- 
ail'cetlon  and  the  develop"  cut  of  pci'MPiiai  jealousies 
among  would-be  leaders  in  liie  refinblie  of  Peru,  it 
was  one  of  the  factions  thus  formed,  that  with  more 
zeal  than  patriotism,  invited  Santa  Cruz  to  come  to 
their  aid.  He  dhl  so,  and  fought  inuiiy  fierce  battles 
wit!i  the  opiiosing  parties  ;  but  be  then  forgot  the 
clrciiiiit-tanees  under  which  his  presence  had  been 
Bidlelted,  and  forthwith  taking  advaiitiige  of  Ids  suc- 
cesses, lie  overr.m  the  whole  country,  placed  the  in- 
jiabitants  under  contribution,  and  had  llilll^elr  pro- 
elaimed jmitector  of  the  uiilled  republics.  The  con- 
federation thus  formed  laitcd  till  the  overllirow  of 
Santa  Cruz  In  Bolivia  ut  ilie  insurrection  of  IKIllI, 
lieuded  by  Velazco.  The  misfortunes  of  the  Presi- 
dent in  Ills  own  stJile,  encouraged  the  opjionent  fae- 
tioiis  In  Brazil  to  a  new  revoliition,  and  it  was  thus 
tliat  file  confeilenitlon  was  brought  to  a  close  sliiinl- 
faneoiisly  with  Veliizco's  success  in  Bolivia,  ticne- 
ral  (iumurra  succeeded  to  the  I're  idcney  if  the 
i'eruviau  lepiiblic  tlins  separated  once  nii'r'  from  its 
neigblionr,  and  iirobalily  would  have  ellectcd  some 
uictul  works.    But  his'deuUi  in  tlie  butth'  ut  Ingavl 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


lui\  in/; 
tiiilion, 
n'lH  U\ 

llL'lt  T 

H'rcby 

I  coin- 
tlonrs. 

!lillUlU 

lily  fur 

Uulivhi 
fornuT 

II  tliiiii 
)sl  iiii- 

(ruz, 
viiMiini 
Ii\iuii 
if  thci 
UM-Miy 

ll'  Hi! 
(>  Illll 
il-lllfi- 

m.-'ics 
II.     It 

iiHiro 
111'  Id 
..IIU'S 
>l  tlio 

lii'i'ii 

1  I-IK'.- 

hc  In- 

r  i.ru- 

cun- 

w  I  if 

is:i!i, 
I'real- 
il  fuc- 
I  lliti^ 
^iiniil- 
IUmm:- 

f    tllR 

ini  ilH 
tidino 
njjavl 


once  more  created  n  vacancy,  which  this  time  It 
seemed  (lilllcult  to  till.  For  sevcml  years  the  coun-  j 
try  was  tlie  scoiu'  of  civil  wars,  ciiniliu'tcil  Kcncnilly  . 
U|iiiii  iiriiu'l|ile»  lit  the  iitinuHl  liiirl):irily  iiiul  ciifiiul- 
Ized  with  ucts  of  unH|iiii'ing  cruelty,  Biieli  im  coiilil 
ouly  liiive  been  |mriillelcd  uiiilcr  tlie  iilil  8|iiiiilsli 
rule,  it  w.ia  nut  iiiilil  144i>,  when  (iencrul  Ciislilla, 
after  a  ucrics  of  tiuccetisful  eonttlcU,  wu8  choucn  to 
the  presidency  under  the  Constitution,  tliiit  any- 1 
thiii|r  like  peace  was  restored.  L'listilla  lind  been 
oriKiiially  an  ollieer  in  the  iipunlsh  service,  lint  he 
joined  the  uriiiy  of  Independence  mime  time  aftiT 
tile  liberation  o{  Colombia,  uiid  wuh  altuched  to  the 
Btali'of  (icnera!  (ianiurni.  After  iicting  us  Miniater 
of  War  for  a  Biiort  spiice  In  tlie  Peruvian  rcpuiiiic, 
lie  liceanic  Bceond  in  command  of  the  army  that  In- 
vaded Uolivia,  and  Ids  numination  to  tiic  presideney 
arose  out  of  the  reputation  lie  iiad  aci|uired  in  these  ' 
inovonients.  Th.i  scleetiou,  viewed  from  a  l*eruvian 
I't.Diidpoliit,  was  amply  justitled.  Kxccpt  that  Ids! 
policy  was  marived  by  extreme  relit;ioUB  ui);otry,  he 
udiiiiuislcrcd  the  uoviriimeiit  with  considerable 
alidity.  At  the  end  of  his  term  of  olBce,  ho  was 
succeeded  by  (ieneral  Kchiiiliiuc,  but  avaiiinj;  lilin- ' 
self  of  the  uiipuputarity  of  this  man,  lie  insti,i;ated  an  ' 
insurrection,  and  at  length,  after  several  iinportaut 
Bkirmislies,  he  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
I'rosiiient's  army  in  the  neighborhood  of  Limn.  This 
once  more  placed  him  in  supreme  autliority,  and  he 
at  oiiec  elleeted  several  necessary  reforms.  To  liim 
must  he  ^ivcn  the  credit  of  abidlsliing  slavery,  and 
uf  establishing  a  Constitution  that  gave  the  I'oru- 
vians  tile  iirlvilego  of  universal  sultra^e,  Itiit  he 
also  prohibited  tiie  exercise  of  all  religions  except! 
the  lionian  Catholic,  and  imposed  heavy  penalties 
upon  any  pcr.'«in  iiif  ringing  against  tlie  decree  issued 
In  the  niaiter.  A  incisure  of  this  kind  was  strictly 
in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  the  people,  and  it 
was  looked  on  mtiier  as  an  act  of  iiniral  justice  than 
as  one  of  iiitoleraiiee  and  bigotry.  It  was  juslilied 
by  the  surroanding.s,  and  therefore  must  not  be 
juJged  liy  the  nioiv  liberal  sjiirit  of  the  present 
day  and  iinild  cireumBtanccs  wiiicli  are  diilennt. 
I'lvsideiit  Cii.-tilla,  wlio  altlniugli  at  hist  in  the 
Bjianish  .-ervice,  was  a  I'enivlan  liy  birth,  served  Ids 
country  well,  both  in  tlie  Ihid  and  in  tlie  executive, 
but  lie  did  not  escape  the  ordinary  fate  of  South 
American  rulers.  An  insurrection  of  a  formidable 
chai'ucter  was  riUsi-d  against  him;  one  too,  that  was 
then  novel  in  s'liie  a-picts.  This  was  instigated  by 
one  Vlvaneo,  a  man  of  much  pcrsuiial  uinbitioii  and 
power  of  liurigue,  but  far  Inferior  to  Castiila  in  the  | 
quaiilic.ilion.s  for  government.  Vlvaneo  worked 
upon  a  phin  that  hail  not  hitherto  beiii  attempted, 
llie  vessel  wiileli  had  been  sent  out  to  Uolivar 
from  I'^iiglaiul  with  stores  and  Hmtnnnition  to  aid 
his  cause,  had  now  grown  into  a  very  considerable 
navy.  Vlvaneo  slircivdly  judged  tliat  to  giiiu  this 
woiild  he  to  place  hlin.self  in  a  po^iilion  beyond  the 
reach  of  Castiila.  He  therefore  proceeded  1 1  wiu 
over  to  his  Interests  the  eoiiimaiiders  of  one  vess  I 
after  another,  till,  with  the  exce|ition  of  two  .-mall 
steamers,  one  of  which  was  then  on  a  distant  cruise, 
lie  had  the  whole  IVruvian  licet  at  his  dis|iosal. 
With  this  he  attempted  to  take  Callao.  I'rciiii.-iiig 
hi.i  intentions,  Castiila  had  iirevioiisly  garrisoned 
tliat  place  witli  a  force  uf  f.nir  hundred  and  forty 
men,  mostly  Kiigii.-liiiien,  under  the  eomniatid  of  a 
for.igii  artillery  oilier.  The  attack  be.;aii  from  the 
licet  in  early  nioniing,  Vivaneii  not  doubting  that 
the  forts  would  be  uii  ilde  to  make  any  scriou-  reply 
to  his  artillery,  lint  in  this  he  was  disappointed. 
'I'hc  cannonade  was  so  vigorous  and  so  well  sns- 
taiiii.'d  that  Vlvaneo  was  otiiigcd  to  give  up  the  at- 
tack and  to  haul  olt  his  idiips,  but  nut  until  he  had 
siiilered  consid'-rable  loss,  lioth  in  incii  ami  material, 
lie  cunteiited  iiiinself  now  with  taking  pos:esslon  of 
Buiiie  uf  the  islands  belonging  to  Peru,  and  a  part  of 
the  coast  of  the  iirovincc  of  .Vreipiipa,  ami  thereby 
Kucecc.led  ultiintitcly  in  bringing  almut  a  diplomatic 
dilference  between  the  goverinii'eiits  of  Castiila  and 
tile  Cnited  States. 

Many  portions  of  tlie  malnlanil  are  rieli  in  deposits 
of  guano,  but  the  Peruvian  laws  gave  permission  to 
foreign  nations  to  collect  tiial  produce  only  from  tlie 
Clilneiia  Islands,  in  opposition  to  that  law,  luit 
armed  with  a  letter  of  authority  from  the  Insurgent 


their  ships  from  the  coast  of  Arennipa.     The 
uvi'inment  of  Castiila  resented  this  illegal  liitcr- 


generat,  several  United  States  captains  unilertouk  to 
load 
Kuveinn 

lereiiec,  denying  >'lvaneo'8  right  to  exercise  any 
authority  in  the  matter,  and  tliey  seized  the  ships 
and  ill  prisoned  the  captains  uf  two  of  tlieiii.  The 
men  were  liberated  a  day  or  two  afterwards,  liut 
the  U'aeliingloii  govcnimeul  demandeil  the  payment 
of  an  Indeiniiity,  and  upon  the  deinand  being  re- 
fused, tiiey  withdrew  their  representative  from 
Liiiia.  Tlie  refusal,  however,  was  stiililiorniy  maiu- 
ti.ined,  and  public  opiniuii  lias  generally  conceded 
that  the  ai'tioii  of  the  L'nited  Slates  was  Hoinewliat 
liasty,  VIvaneo's  pusitlon  never  having  been  other 
than  that  of  a  rebel  against  t!ie  esiablished  goverii- 
nieiit  of  the  cuuntiy.    The  occurrence  serveil,  him- 


ever,  to  cauflo  Castiila  to  deprive  Vlvaneo  of  wliat 
footing  he  had  gained  on  the  mainland,  and  a<-eord- 
Ingly  an  expeiiitiun  was  sent  against  Arci(iiipa  al- 
most iinmediately  after  the  arrest  of  the  foreign  cap- 
tatiiH.  The  rebels  olTercd  a  vigorous  resistance,  but 
the  place  was  taken  by  storm,  and  m  iiiy  of  the  gar- 
ri.son  rere  inassaereii. 

Castiila  now  grew  ambitions  of  more  territory. 
ife  sent  a  strong  force  into  Keuador,  and  in  a  short 
s])ace  succeeded  so  far  as  to  venture  upon  the  nomi- 
nation of  one  of  ills  own  olIlccrB  to  the  presidency 
of  tliat  state.  Kut  ho  failed  to  maintain  lilm  tiieri^ 
and  tliereliy  increased  the  number  of  Ids  owr.  ene- 
mies at  lioino,  who,  not  strong  enough  to  resist  tlie 
energy  with  wliicli  he  defended  the  government, 
sought  to  assassinate  him.  His  popularity  witli  tlic 
army  saved  him  more  than  once,  and  except  for  Ids  ' 
unsiiecesdful  elforts  to  annex  the  territory  of 
Bolivia,  lie  might  jierliaps  have  remained  some  time 
longer  In  power.  lie  was  succeeded  to  the  Presi- 
dency, In  l!^i2,  by  (jenenil  Han  Uamon,  but  in  tlie 
fullowing  year  we  find  him  In  turn  taking  part  In  an  < 
insurrectionary  movenient,  and  in  tills  kind  of  occu- 1 
pation  he  continued,  at  intervals,  till  his  death  In 
18(17.  Although  Imbued  with  the  restless  and  revo- 
lutionary sjiirit  of  ills  countrymen,  Castiila  was  a 
sagacious  ruler,  an  able  soldier,  and  a  man  of  much 
energy  and  personal  inlluencu  over  his  fellow-men. 
Peru  owes  much  to  him,  but  tlio  control  that  he 
exercised  during  his  presidency  was  the  stnmgcst 
testimuiiy  they  gave  to  his  merits.  i 

A  coninion  danger  is  often  one  of  the  best  means 
of  reconciling  disputants ;  and  a  furcign  war  lias 
often  allayed  civil  discontent,  at  any  rate  for  a  time, 
'i'his  kind  of  remedy  was  ollcred  to  Peru,  and  In  a 
nieasuro  It  was  successful,  but  not  as  com]ilctcly  as 
the  Interests  of  the  people  recpiircd.  Tiie  cireuni- 
stanee  has  already  received  a  passing  mention,  hut 
it  must  now  be  treated  at  some  leiigih  in  order  to 
throw  a  trim  light  upon  tlie  conditions  tliat  sur- 
rounded it,  and  to  set  forth  in  iirujier  colours  the  , 
perfectly  unjiistiliable  policy  to  which  the  Spanl.sh 
governinent  ap})ears  to  be  ever  ready  to  lower  itself 
for  the  purpose  of  gratifying  evil  passions.  [ 

Some  land-owners  in  Talambo  had  procured  a  few  , 
colonists  from  the  Basipie  provinecs  of  Spain  to , 
work  on  their  plantations.  A  dispute  having  arisen 
between  somi^  of  them,  the  exeitcmenl '  spread 
raphlly  among  all,  and  they  sought  to  settle  the  dif- 
ference by  reeourse  to  violence.  In  the  struggh? 
two  persons  were  killed  and  three  or  four  were 
wounded.  The  Peruvian  courts  Inimediately  tool; 
cognizance  of  the  all'air.  The  utlenders  were 
speedily  brought  to  trial,  and  judgment  pronouno'd. 
The  ileeislcin  of  the  h)wer  court  was  appealed  agiinst 
in  the  ordinary  way,  and  the  .'.i..'.l  oiiinion  of  the 
superior  bench  was  about  to  be  rendered;  which 
shoidd  have  ended  the  ease  legally,  and  therefore 
satisfactorily.  But  before  tills  coiiid  lie  reached,  an 
envoy  frum  Spain  made  Ids  ap|iearance  on  the 
scene,  in  the  person  of  one  Senor  .Mazarredo,  with, 
at  his  liaik,  the  Siianish  Admiral  Piiizun,  and  a  lleit. 
.Mazarredo  made  a  request  of  the  Pernv.an  govern- 
ment tliat  ho  should  at  once  be  recognized  in 
the  charaelerof  ciimniissloner,  witli  which  he  had 
been  Invested  for  the  pni  ;>use  of  arranging  tlie  (pies- 
tion  of  indemnity  for  aUeged  injiiiy  su.-tained  by 
iripanish  suljjects.  But  this  woultl  have  been  equiva- 
lent to  admitting  that  Peru  was  still  a  dependency 
of  epaiii,  more  cspeeially  as  the  latter  power  had 
never  otiieially  aeknowledgi'd  tlic  iiiile)ieiidcnco  of 
her  former  "colony.  The  I'eruvian  government 
therefore  replied,  ulieringto  facilitate  tlie  mission  of 
Seiior  -Mazarredu  in  every  way  possibh- ;  but  as  the 
term  "eoininissloner  "  could  not  be  detlned  under 
any  iiiternatirmil  law,  and  as  they  were  desirous  to 
enter  intii  friendly  relations  with  Senor  Mazarredo, 
they  preferred  to  recognize  liini  as  coidldentlai 
Ui^ent,  a  designation  that  was  well  understood. 

Thus  far  there  are  three  points  lobe  noted  the 
view  acted  upon  tiy  Spain  that  the  disturbances  at 
Talambo  came  vvltldn  her  powers  of  intervention 
because  she  had  never  recognized  the  autonomy  of 
theUcpublle  ;  next,  the  fact  that  the  Spanish  goveni- 
iiicut  interfered  wlieii  the  whole  matter  was  in  the 
I'eruvian  courts,  and  there  awaiting  judgment  ;  and 
thirdly,  the  evident  intention  of  Spain  to  make  tlie 
mutter  u  pretext  for  war.  This  last  point  is  at  once 
made  plain.  Tlio  fcccption  of  Scnur  Mazarredo  by 
the  Peruvian  govornment  was  all  that  any  reasonable 
power,  acting  botii  honestly  and  hononralily,  could 
tiesire.  There  w.is  no  necc.isity  to  admit  tluy  right 
of  the  Spanish  court  to  Interfere  at  that  jtiiieture. 
But,  as  an  act  uf  courtesy,  and  to  show  the  willing- 
uess  of  the  ltc|iublic  to  treat  the  whole  question 
upon  an  amicahle  basis,  Scnor.Maz,  nio  was  oITcrcd 
recugnition,  not  in  the  way  that  he  dcinanded  It, 
widen  was  linpussibic,  but  in  the  only  way  that  was 
possible,  and  which,  while  it  ultercii  tlie  forinaiitles, 
left  tlie  practical  nature  of  tlie  iiilssion  untouched. 

The  Spanish  envoy  iit  once  refused  to  aecido 
to  any  modilleatlon  of  his  deinand,  and  forth- 
with  leit   Lima,  liking  the  bellieuso  precaution  of 


175 

first  addressing  n  momurondum  to  the  foreign 
powers,  in  wliiHi  he  siininicd  up  the  claims  of  Spain 

against  Peru,  and  gave  his  own  account  of  his  n p- 

tioii  at  Lim.i,  and  the  n.iture  of  his  coiiiiiinhicatiun 
with  the  Peruvian  government.  Ho  went  to  Cil- 
lao.  and  thence,  with  Admiral  Pinziin,  sailed  to  the 
Cliinelia  Islands,  where,  coiiceiitratlng  th  •  Spanish 
fleet,  they  lost  no  time  In  moving  to  Intercept  tlio 
Pcnivian  squadron  at  Cullao.  This,  again,  was  an 
act  tiiat  was  perfectly  unwarranted  by  any  interpro- 
tutlon  of  International  law  or  custom.  Hut  Spain 
shows  little  regard  for  the  amenities  of  civillzatliin 
in  her  dealing  with  weaker  r.o'vers.  Tlic  act  was 
cue  of  force,  not  of  right.  It  '"ailed,  nevertheless. 
The  Peruvian  fleet,  being  umilile  to  compile  with 
any  elmnee  of  success  against  its  more  powerful 
enemy,  took  refuge  under  the  foits  of  the  city,  and 
Pinzon,  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  attacking  them 
under  those  eunditions,  withdrew  tiie  licet  and  re- 
turned to  the  Chinclm  Islands.  Here  a  formal  ile- 
inand.  In  the  name  of  both  Ptiizon  and  Mazariedo, 
was  sent  to  the  commander  of  a  Spanish  transport 
tliat  happened  to  be  in  harbour,  and  also  to  the 
governor  of  tlio  Islands,  for  their  iinmculatc  suneii- 
uer;  llfteen  minutes  only  being  allowed  lor  the 
reply  to  be  determined  on.  This  reply  was  nut  a 
refusal,  but  a  protest;  the  Spanisii  force  being  an 
overwhelming  one  compared  with  tliat  at  tiie  dis- 
posal of  .Mazarredo.  It  was  met  by  the  lanuing  of 
.VH)  Spanish  marines  and  sailors,  and  tlio  immediatu 
hoisting  of  tlie  Spaiiish  flag  at  the  port  and  the 
gubernatorial  residence.  The  govenior.  captain  of 
the  jiort,  and  principal  olllcers  of  tlie  transpoit,  wi^e 
also  arrested  and  placed  under  close  guard. 

As  soon  as  these  proceedings  lieeame  known  ut 
Lima  the  utmost  excitement  prevailed,  and  u  degieu 
of  patriutisin  was  exhibited  such  as  had  never  lnen 
displ  lyeil  under  the  internecine  civil  qiiarnls  that 
had  marked  the  previous  history  of  the  country.  All 
classes  united  In  one  oiler  of  their  services  in  ile- 
fenee  of  the  national  liimour,  and  both  men  and 
money,  to  the  hill  extent  of  the  people's  aliility, 
were  inimediately  iilaccd  at  the  disposal  of  the 
government.  The  foreign  residents  also  iiiel  and 
proirered  their  assiSLaiicc  and  sj-mpatliy.  Sev- nd 
companies  of  (jiermans  and  Italians  were  at  uimo 
organized  for  actual  service  ;  tlio  citizens  of  the 
United  States  passed  rcsulntions  of  eondulcnce, 
drawn  up  majbe  with  more  zeal  than  dl-ereliun,  hut 
fully  expressive  of  lirni  sympathy;  the  Knglish  suit 
liuiiic  an  apjieai  fur  Ilritisli  intervention  against 
Spain;  and  even  the  Spanish  residents  tiieniscives 
ciiteivd  their  pruicst.  '1  hey  electeil  a  deputatiun  to 
wait  iipun  Adnilrai  PInzoii  for  the  purpose  of  requesl- 
Ing  ol  liim  the  deliverance  of  the  Peruvian  pro- 
vinces; they  also  passed  resolutions  expressing 
their  gratitude  tu  the  Peruvian  antliorltlee  and  the 
Poi-nvian  people  for  their  noble  eondnct  tuwaids 
them  during  'he  exeitemeiit ;  and  they  adopted 
rci-oiiitiuMs  to  i-ciid  at  once  a  eomniission  to  Spain  to 
lav  before  t^uecn  Isabella  a  statement  declaring  that 
all  Spaniards  resident  in  Peru  enjoyed  the  must 
ample  guarantees,  and  needed  iiii  additional  prutee- 
tioii  from  the  liuine  governinent. 

The  feeling  whieli  thus  fur  a  moment  beeaine 
dominant  in  Peru,  was  hardly  less  intense  in  the 
uther  South  American  republics.  In  Chili  it  was 
dovloped  most  strongly,  and  led  to  some  chiingcs 
in  the  ministry.  Sigiior  Toconial,  the  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  and  Sigiior  Saolarria,  the  .Minister  of 
Finance,  n.'.l^ned  in  favour  of  Alvaro,  Covarrublas, 
and  Alexander  Keycs,  who  were  thonght  mure 
nearly  tu  represent  the  pupular  sentiment ;  and 
Congress  at  once  decreed  that  Spaiii-h  war-vessels 
should  he  forbidden  tJi  use  any  Chilian  port,  i  Itlicr  lo 
coal  or  relit.  T'wo  million  dulliirs  were  likewise 
voted  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  navy  liy  the 
addition  of  two  steam  frig.ites  from  Kngland,  and 
resoliitUins  were  come  to,  with  great  unanimity,  in 
favourof  making  common  cause  with  Peru  in  case  of 
open  hostilities  following  the  acts  of  war  committed 
liy  Piiizon  and  Mazarredo. 

Strange  as  it  may  seem,  tlic  spirit  of  dlsscnsiun 
among  themsilvcs,  which  we  have  had  occasion 
often  to  note  as  cliaractertstic  of  tlie  people  of  these 
countries,  was  not  allayed  by  the  danger  that  threat- 
ened in  Peru.  An  appeal  was  made  to  Congress  by 
the  govenunent  for  n  grant  of  ton  millions,  and  for 
permission  to  ineroasc  the  army  and  navy,  the  for- 
mer to  any  required  extent,  the  latter  to  thirty 
thousand  men.  This,  and  more,  was  Ininicdiutely 
conceded,  the  money  grant  being  raised  to  llfty  11111- 
lions,  with  the  condition  only  that  the  manner  of 
expenditure  should  he  fully  reported  to  Congress. 
Otters  of  aid  came  In  from  Chill,  Holivia,  F.euador, 
Colonihla,  Vonczuclu,  and  the  Argentine  Kepnhlie  ; 
and  tiio  jioliey  of  an  imniodiatt;  declaration  of  war 
by  Peru  against  Spain  was  reciMnmendcd.  But  tlie 
Peruvians  could  not  make  up  their  inliids.  In  other 
weirds,  they  could  not  agree  amongthem  elves  what 
should  be  done.  Congress  met  anushuwed  anything 
except  unanimity,  ft  was  only  after  a  twenty  day 
discussion,  of  very  stormy  cbaractir.  that  they  sue- 


H 


i\ 


me 


170 


ci'C(l(^l  In  pasulni;  tt  law  of  two  clauses,  but  of  a 
very  v.i  ;iiu  ill  ir.icIiT.  In  tlic  llr.-t  part  the  executive 
was  rLMj.iiiiHl  t.i  make  use  of  every  orillnary  anil  cx- 
tiMiiiiil.iary  means  wlileli  were  legally  wltlilii  Its 
ji-iwi^ra  to  (k-fcnil  by  force  the  Integrity  of  the  na- 
tional lerrit'.'ry.  In  tile  second,  llie  executive  was  to 
in.iiie  war  uiion  Spa.n,  as  a  last  resource,  U  th  j  Chlncha 
Islands  were  not  restored  uuil  tii<'  Hag  saluted;  to 
obtain  which  end  it  was  empowered  to  employ,  in 
conforjuity  with  its  constitutional  privilegos,  every 
means  allowed  by  the  law  of  nations  for  entering 
Into  oUlcial  relations  with  the  Spanisli  government 
The  laelc  of  decision  here  displayed  was  followed, 
very  naturally,  by  dissatisfaction  at  the  manner  in 
which  the  executive  dlscliurged  their  now  functions, 
and  the  ministry  had  to  resign.  Signor  Caideron, 
who  now  assumed  the  olBee  of  Foreign  Minister,  at 
once  addressed  a  letter  to  the  diplomatic  body  which 
evinced  an  inlontinn  on  his  part  of  acting  with  tlic 
energy  demund.'d  by  the  voice  of  the  people.  He 
knew  that  the  sympathies  of  the  foreign  representa- 
tives were  witli  him,  for  those  had  already  met  and 
expressed  their  regret  at  the  manner  In  which  Pinzon 
and  Mazarredo  had  violated  the  law  of  nations  liy 
their  acts  of  hostility.  But  he  went  no  further  than 
his  predecesiors  liad  done,  and  Congress  tlien  began 
to  recognize  the  expediency  of  acting  with  more 
resolution.  Still  their  advance  was  of  a  very  licsita- 
tive  cliaracter.  They  agreed  upon  certain  resolu- 
tions, and,  what  wa.-  the  more  remarkable,  the  vote 
was  unanimous.  These  resolutions  were  to  the 
efleet  that  the  executive  siiould  give  the  necessary 
orders  for  eireeting  the  removal  of  the  Spanish 
forces  from  tlie  Ciilncha  Islands  s""!  should  report 
to  Congress  witliin  eigiil  days  ;  also  that  the  execu- 
tive slioulU  not  open  any  negotiations  witli  the  gov- 
ernment at  .Madrid  until  the  restoration  uf  the  Islands 
bad  tieen  ucconiplisiied. 

But  time  was  still  wasted.  An  nllimatnm  accord- 
ingly reached  Lima  from  the  autlioritles  at  Madrid, 
before  anytiiliig  had  been  done  to  vindicate  the  na- 
(ionai  honour  ;  and  it  iip|)cars  to  Inive  friglitcncd  the 
IVruvians  consider ilily.  Tlie  Spanish  government 
now  demanded  a  full  and  immediate  satisfaction  for 
nil  the  alleged  grievances,  and  in  defaidt  of  their  re- 
ceiving it,  tlio  envoy,  (ien.  l*areja,  was  to  proceed  at 
once  witti  the  l>oinbariiment  of  all  tile  maritime 
porta  and  the  destruction  of  tlie  Peruvian  licet.  In 
tills  diienuna  a  convention  of  tlie  si.K  rt^pubiics  was 
called  to  meet  at  Lima  for  con8nit.ition.and  advice. 
it  was  there  decided  that  in  the  event  of  any  further 
liostilities  on  the  part  of  Spain  tile  seven  states 
would  act  In  accord^  and  a  notillcatlou  to  tiiat  effect 
was  transmitted  to  Vare^a.  Hut  he  rernsed  to  ac- 
Lnowledge  the  convention,  and  declined  to  hold  any 
conimiinication  whatever  except  with  the  TeruYian 
government.  More  tcniporiziiig  followed  this  re- 
solve, and  a  coniniis.-ioner  in  the  person  of  VIvanco 
was  .■^ent,  witli  full  powers,  to  the  (.'hinclia  Islands 
to  treat  with  the  .Spanish  aiiinirai.  The  basis  upon 
vvhieli  he  was  to  act  was  a  general  concession  to  tlie 
demands  of  Spain,  on  condition  tint  Spain  would 
neknowiedge  tlie  indep;  ndence  of  Peru,  and  retire 
li'oiu  the  islands.  At  one  lime  tills  mission  looked 
li.u'ly  to  be  successfiil,  but  a  com|ilcte  agree- 
ment seeming  afterwards  improbable,  Pareja  ap- 
jie.ircd  Willi  his  squadron  before  Cullao,  and  upon 
tiiat  a  treaty  of  peace  was  speedily  arrived  at.  Hy 
t!ic  terms  agreed  ujion,  Sp  lin  was  to  restore  the 
Ciiincha  isluiids,  and  Peru  was  to  accredit  a  minister 
to  the  government  at  itadrid  ;  to  receive  tile  Spanish 
<!nvoy  as  a  "  Special  Commissioner"  In  the  matter 
of  tile  Taiamlio  riots  ;  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace, 
n.nlty,  navigation  and  eomineree  ;  to  liquidate  all 
the  eiainis  of  Spanish  subjects  ;  and  further  to  pay 
an  iiideiiiullicatlon  of  three  million  pesos  to  cover 
tic  expenses  incurred  liy  Spain  since  tile  refusal  of 
Pern  to  treat  with  her  about  the  conclusion  of 
peace.  i 

The  treaty  was  duly  signed  and  concluded,  and 
a  mutual  intercliange  of  salutes  followed.  But  It  is 
lia.'dly  to  be  supposed  that  an  arrangement  so  liu- 
inillatlng  could  receive  tlie  uuanlmous  U|iproval  of 
the  people.  It  gave  rise  to  inucli  excitement  and 
liidlgnatlon,  ttiid  to  some  dangerous  encounters  be- 
tween Peruvians  and  Spaniards,  both  In  Lima  and 
<.).illao.  Colonel  Prado,  tlio  governor  of  Arequlpa, 
beaded  the  malcontents,  and  openly  declared  that 
tlic   President  had  insulted   the    Kepulilie   by   the 

Iieaee  ho  liad  concluded.  In  this  lie  was  sustained 
ly  t'.ie  entire  population  of  Areiiuipa,  Cuzco,  Puno 
and  ilogncqiic  ;  and  the  wtiole  of  tlie  southern  por- 
tion of  the  state  declared  for  Prado  and  war.  This 
Keal  for  the  national  cause  In  that  particular  locality 
w.is  probably  due  largely  to  the  state  of  feeling  In 
Cliili,  where,  from  a  sympathy  for  Peru,  the  people 
had  been  driven  into  a  personal  feeling  in  the  matter 
In  dispute,  and  tlius  one  republic  urged  on  the  other. 
i<paln  had  protested  against  tlie  part  taken  by  Chill 
It  the  beginning  of  the  year,  but  mutual  explana- 
tions followed,  and  the  prospect  of  any  further  dtf- 
lieulty  for  a  time  disappeared.  The  Spanish  govorii- 
ineiit,  liowcver,  subseiiiiently  rei>iidiattMl  tlic,  acts  of 


HISTORY   OF 


J 


its  cuvoy,  and  ordered  Admiral  Pareja,  as  soon  as  he 
had  settled  with  Peru,  to  go  with  a  squadron  to  Val- 
paraiso and  demand  iniinedlate  and  more  ample 
satisfaction. 

Tills  order  was  obeyed.  Pareja  arrived  at  Valpa- 
raiso In  tlie  Ville  do  .Madrid,  and  sent  a  despatch  to 
tlie  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  In  which  ho  stated 
the  object  of  his  mission,  aud  the  grievances  of 
which  he  had  to  complain.  These  were  of  the  most 
puerile  kind.  One  was  that  some  Cliliiau  citizens 
who  had  uttered  some  cries  hi  the  street  opposite 
"her  Most  Catholic  Majesty's  Legation,"  had  not 
been  sulllclently  punished ;  another  was  that  a 
Chilian  newspaper  had  published  something  against 
Spain  and  against  the  things  that  were  dearest  to 
Spaniards ;  and  there  wore  others  respecting  the 
refusal  of  the  Chilian  authorities  to  allow  Spanish 
men-of-war  to  coal  In  Chilian  ports.  For  these 
grievances  the  admiral  now  demanded  satisfaction, 
and  gave  four  days  for  consideration.  If  an  answer 
was  not  returned  by  the  expiration  of  that  period, 
diplomatic  relations  between  Spain  and  ChUi  were 
to  cease,  and  the  demand  was  to  be  enforced  If 
necessary.  But  the  spirit  evinced  by  the  Chilian 
government  is  In  marked  contrast  to  the  temporiz- 
ing pnsllianlmlty  of  the  Peruvians.  The  Minister 
of  i  oreign  Affairs,  S\,nor  Alvaro  Covarrublas,  in  a 
despatch  dated  on  tlie  fourth  day  after  the  demand 
had  been  made,  reviewed  each  section  of  I'areja's 
letter  with  considerable  skill.  He  averred  that  tlie 
alleged  disturbances.  If  so  tliey  can  be  called,  which 
had  taken  place  before  tlie  Spanish  legation,  Invoked 
no  Insult  wiiutcvcr  to  the  Spanish  Hag,  and  tliat  that 
fact  iiad  already  been  acknowledged  by  the  Sjianish 
government,  and  by  Admiral  Pareja  himself.  Tlie 
iiubiication  of  tlie  articles  complained  of  in  the  San 
Martin  newspaper,  had  been  olready  dealt  with ; 
and  with  reference  to  the  non-coaling  of  Spanlsii  ves- 
sels in  Chilian  ports,  the  Minister  insisted  that  that 
decree  had  been  Issued  when  there  appeared  to  be 
a  state  of  ai^tuai  hostilities  In  existence.  Under  the 
circumstances  the  Cliliiau  governincnt  refused  to 
admit  any  degree  of  culpability  In  the  premises  ; 
and  Seuor  Covarrublas  ended  his  disjiatch  by  "  pe- 
reiiiiitorily  and  ttrmly  refusing  the  liumiliatiiig  and 
disgraceful  proposal  tiiat  tlie  Spanish  flag  should  be 
saliitcd  by  tlie  guiia  of  the  Kepubiic." 

This  was  not  the  kind  of  answer  that  the  Spaniard 
had  looked  for.  lie  therefore  offered  to  give  the 
govornineiit  a  further  respite  of  two  days  duiing 
wliicli  to  rccoiK'ider  the  determination.  But  tlie  gov- 
ernment stood  firm,  and  in  the  course  of  a  reply  to 
a  second  ultimatum  tlie  Foreign  Minister  used  these 
words  : — 

"  Tlie  government  of  the  Uepubllc  henceforth  re- 
fuses, whatever  future  contingencies  may  arise,  all 
demands  for  Indemnilieation  arising  from  the  eiii- 
pioyment  of  tile  forces  at  the  command  of  tliu  Span- 
ish Admiral.  The  entire  ami  exclusive  responsi- 
bility of  the  incalculable  evils  which  the  coming 
coiillh't  will  bring  to  Cliiii  and  her  people,  foreign 
as  well  as  native,  must  rest  upon  tlie  oppressor, 
upon  tlie  government  of  Spain  and  its  agents,  who 
wish  to  submit  tlie  Kepubiic  to  the  most  tlistrcsslng 
and  injurious  proceedings,  witliout  a  siiadow  of 
justice,  witliont  even  a  plausible  pretext.  Conse- 
([uentiy,  this  govcrnnient  will  reclaim  from  that  of 
Spain  the  ainplest  and  most  complete  reparation  for 
all  damages  that  may  be  sustiiliicd  by  Chill  growing 
out  of  the  present  dillleultlcs." 

The  most  energetic  measures  now  followed.  The 
entire  diplomatic  corps  met  in  Valparaiso,  and  sent 
a  strongly  worded  i)iotcst  to  the  Spanish  admiral. 
But  this  lay  unheeded.  Congress  was  convened,  and 
a  declaration  of  war  against  Spain  agreed  to  unani- 
mously. The  executive  was  antliorized  to  raise  a 
loan  of  twentv  miilioiis  for  the  purposes  of  the  wor, 
and  uulimiteit  power-  were  furtiier  conferred  upon  it 
to  increase  boili  the  army  and  navy  to  any  strength 
that  nilglit  be  nccea  ary  in  defence  of  tlie  country. 
All  embargo  was  laid  upon  the  property  of  Spaniards 
witliin  the  Uepublic.  Spanish  subjects  were  placed 
under  close  vigilance  of  the  civil  authorities.  Cus- 
toms ilntles  were  relaxed.  Means  of  communication 
between  many  places  in  the  interior  were  opened  up. 


Telegraphs  were  coiistrnctod ;  and  the  ministry, 
cordially  aiderl  liy  Congress,  succeeded  In  maintain- 
ing perfect  eonlldenee  in  the  national  credit. 

Meanwliiie  the  Spanish  admiral,  with  ciiaracteris- 
tic  bravado,  iiiKlcrtook  more  than  he  found  he  cimid 
accomplish.  The  force  at  his  ccnninand  consisted  of 
six  frigates— the  Villa  do  Madrid,  Kesoluelon,  Nu- 
inancia,  Blanca,  Berenguda,  and  .Marquez  do  la 
Victoria  ;  besides  two  gunboats.  lie  therewith  de- 
clared the  lilockade  of  forty  ports ;  but  was  glad 
almost  Immediately  after  to  reduce  the  number  to 
six.  Even  this  be  found  hlinseif  unable  to  main- 
tain, and  again  he  reduced  the  number  to  four ;  a 
sad  falling  off  from  his  Hrst  pretensions,  and  one 
which  involved  a  mistake  of  very  considerable  im- 
portance In  case  it  shoulil  be  availi'd  of.  But  not- 
wltlistandlng  this,  sinno  Chilian  vessels  of  war— the 
Usmeralda,  corvette,  and  the  cteamcrs  Indcpendencia 


I  and  Malpa— got  through  the  blockading  squadron, 
I  and  were  soon  after  heard  from  In  two  or  three  ae- 
itlons,  which  rcllected  great  credit  on  the  Chilian 
navy.  A  launch  belonging  to  the  Spanisli  frigate 
I  Kesoluelon  fell  In  with  the  Inilependencia,  a  small 
I  tug,  off  tlio  coast,  and  brought  lier  to  with  a  sliot 
i  across  her  bows.  Forty  men  immediately  after 
boarded  tlie  steamer  and  claimed  her  as  a  prize. 
But  her  officers  and  crow  iirot^stod  against  tills  sum- 
mary proceeding  by  seizing  the  Spaniards,  placing 
tlicm  fii  Irons,  taking  the  launch  In  tow,  and  deliver- 
ing up  the  whole  of  them  In  the  port  of  Maule.  Tills 
Hrst  success  was  soon  after  followed  by  another  of 
more  importance.  The  Esmeralda,  wliUe  cruising 
off  Panudo,  descried  the  Spaulsh  gunboat  Covadoii- 
ja,  and  at  once  gave  chase.  She  rapidly  came  up 
with  her,  ond,  getting  Into  close  quarters,  managed 
to  pour  shot  after  shot  into  her  witli  telling  effect. 
The  Spaniard  replied  vigorously,  and  the  contest 
was  carried  on  by  both  sides  with  groat  spirit  for 
about  half  an  hour,  when  the  Sjmnlsh  captain 
hauled  down  his  flag,  having  two  men  killed  and 
fourteen  wounded,  tils  gun  practice  had  been  so 
wild,  that  notwithstandiiig  he  had  expended  as 
many  round  shot  as  he  well  could  witliin  the  time, 
the  Esmeralda  was  absolutely  unhurt  The  Cova- 
donla,  altliough  needing  repairs,  was  a  useful  vessel 
to  the  Chilian  navy.  The  prisoners  secured  In  lier 
were  seven  officers  aud  a  hundred  and  (Iftccn  men. 
For  this  action,  which  produced  a  great  moral  effect 
on  both  sides,  tlie  commander  of  tiie  Esinoraida,  Uoii 
Juan  lo  Kobolledo,  was  promoted,  and  received  the 
liighest  honors  from  the  people  ;  but  Admiral  Pareja, 
oil  hearing  of  the  oeciirreuce,  eommitted  suicide. 
Tlie  command  of  the  Spanish  squadron  thus  devolved 
upon  Commodore  Nunez,  whoso  lirst  act  was  a 
further  acknowledgment  of  weakness— the  raising 
tlie  blockade  of  every  Cliilian  port  except  Valparaiso 
and  Caldera. 

Except  for  the  broach  of  faith  of  which  Sjiain 
was  guilty  In  disavowing  the  action  of  her  Cliiirge  d' 
Affaires  In  Chill,  and  making  new  demands  upon  tlio 
Chilian  government,  it  is  quite  possible  tiiat  tlie  dis- 
affection'sliown  in  Peni  over  the  treaty  made  with 
Pareja  miglit  have  died  away  witliout  producing  any 
very  serious  conse(piences.  But  the  tone  that  was 
adopted  by  Covarriililas  vcrv  much  strcngtliened  the 
policy  taken  by  Colonel  Prado  In  Arequlpa,  who 
found  his  adlicrents  rapidly  Increasing  from  dav  to 
day,  not  In  his  owu  district  only,  but  throughout  tiie 
northern  provinces.  lie  now  declared  openly  against 
the  government.  Colonel  Noya  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  revolutionary  forces  In  the  nortli,  and 
sustained  at  first  a  few  reverses.  But  Prado  inarclicd 
with  ten  tliousand  men  upon  Lima,  being  reinforced 
upon  his  way  by  a  number  of  Noyii's  troojis,  who 
had  retired  from  tlie  coast  for  that  purjiosc.  Arrived 
about  six  miles  from  the  capital,  (iencral  Prado  in- 
countcred  a  force  of  about  half  the  number  of  his 
own  army,  and  a  furious  battle  was  tlie  result  The 
revolutionists  suffered  severely,  butmaiptaiiied  their 
giimnd,  and  on  the  following  day  entered  Lima  with 
but  little  ojipositlon.  They  marched  direct  to  tlie 
principal  platz,  intending  to  seize  possession  of  tiio 
jiaiace  and  tlie  President^  In  tills  attempt  they  met 
witli  a  determined  resistance  from  u  band  of"  gov- 
ernment troops  under  Ccladores,  every  one  of  whom 
perished  in  the  ciniflict  In  the  iiiidsi  of  the  tumult 
the  President  escaped  to  an  English  man-of-war  that 
was  lying  In  the  oiling,  and  twii  days  afterwards  the 
MinlBterof  War  surrendered  both  lilmself  and  the 
fort  of  Santa  Catiilina  to  the  revolutlonaiy  general. 
The  presidency  was  now  conferred  ii|ion  Genend 
Canseco,  and  the  whole  population  speedily  con- 
sented to  acknowledge  the  new  govcrnnient.  Pezet 
was  oiliclally  declared  to  be  a  traitor  and  an  assassin, 
and  an  attempt  was  made,  but  unsiiccessfnily,  lo 
liavc  hhn  given  uji  from  under  the  protec.lon  of  tlie 
Bruisli  flag  for  trial  and  condemnation.  Ills  frleiiils 
and  adherents  were  removed  from  olllce,  and  some 
of  them  ordered  to  leave  the  country.  Yet  this  ar- 
rangement was  but  temporary.  The  elevation  of 
Canseco  was  perhaps  a  mistake,  excejit  so  far  as  it 
proved  to  himself  tiiat  hi;  was  not  tlic  man  for  the 
jieople  at  this  crisis.  In  a  few  montlis  anottier  revo- 
lution was  accomplished,  this  time  without  any 
shedding  of  blood.  Canseco  was  rcmovcil  anil 
(Tcncral  Prado  elevated  to  the  Dictatorship  liy  the 
unanimous  voice  of  tile  nation.  This  choice  was 
fully  jiistifled  by  events,  (iencral  Prado  had  already 
shown  himself  a  man  of  singular  energy,  and  one 
quite  competent  to  ace  tlie  state  of  public  opinion 
and  to  feel  tiie  pulse  of  tlie  nation.  The  fuiida- 
:  mental  basis  of  his  pidicy  was  still  the  same— a  nioro 
'  dignified  attitude  towards  Spain.  But  he  saw  tlie 
necessity  of  preparing  tlie  way  for  what  lie  foresaw 
i  must  tie  ttic  consequences  of  sucii  a  policy.  Ae- 
cordlngly,  the  state  of  the  public  treasury  received 
i  his  first  attention.  He  insisted  on  the  exercise  of 
!  an  increased  economy  In  every  deiiartment.  Several 
'  otilces  wore  abolished,  and  the  admlnistiatioiiof  the 
law  was  made  more  simple  and  speedy.  Taxes 
I  were  levied  upon  many  articles  of  exportation,  and 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


177 


privileges  1111(1  iiionnpiilli'X,  Knintt  (1  by  iinn'lou»gov- 
CTiimmls,  1111(1  which  .vieUhnl  ii(>lhiii);t(>tlK^r('V('iiiU'S, 
Wi'ta  frtoppc'il.  Muiiiiwliilc,  ii(!K()tiiUi(iiW'vv(!re  beiiiK 
aolivdy  ciinica  nii  wllh  the  Chlliiiii  tiDVcriiinciit,  uiiH 
ua  it  iissured  ut  their  »iicce8nf  ill  issde,  n  nimibor  (if 
vcbscIh  were  8(.'lze(l  uiid  detained  in  the  lisirbnurof 
Dullno,  uiuh r  8iis|)l('i(iii  of  their  lieiii);  iii|^'(i;;id  in 
carryhig  8iiii|ilies  to  the  Spaniard-".  A  (Kfensiveand 
(illenslve  Iniaty  between  tlio  two  repuhlies  was  eon- 
eluded  on  ihe  5th  of  Deeenibor,  ISC'i,  ratllled  on  the 
l^itli  u(  the  »anio  month,  and  war  apiiiist  Spain  de- 
clared on  till'  Utli  of  the  followiii;;  January. 

Thu  aetivity  thus  displayed  waa  not  allowed  to 
abate.  The  deelanition  of  war  waa  received  tliroii)j;h- 
iiiit  both  republics  with  the  irrealeat  entliUBlaain  and 
even  rejoleiiiK,  ua  iin  cvl  lenee  that  tlie  national 
Iionour  would  now  be  vi';dleated.  The  Peruvian 
8(iiiiidron  alnioat  imniediiitely  set  sail  to  join  the  Meet 
of  the  ullie,<,  but  aullered  aevere  loas  In  tlie  founder- 
ing of  one  of  their  hirgeat  aliipa,  the  Ania/.otiaa,  of 
44  guii.'f.  The  coinliined  force  eonsl.>(|(.d  of  seven 
vussel.H,  with  167  rilled  guna  of  heavy  calibre.  It  con- 
centrated Ural  near  the  Island  of  Chllnc,  and  here,  on 
the  7tli  of  Kebniary,  aided  the  land  lialteries  in  the 
port  of  San  Carlos  in  resistiiiL'  an  »ll;ick  from  a  part 
of  llio  enemy's  aciuadron.  'fiie  alfair  lasted  nearly 
two  houra,  at  the  end  of  whleli  time  the  .Spaniards 
retired  without  haviiif? either  received  or^jivcn  much 
daniu^je,  mid  returned  to  Vulpiraiao,  tlie  only  port 
under  blockade,  where  they  pniiiarej  to  eoininit  one 
of  the  most  dastardly  ads  that  lias  been  recorded  in 
the  history  of  ci\ilized  warfare— the  hoinbardnieut 
of  an  uidefended  city. 

Tlic  time  that  intervened  before  tliia  was  taken  lul- 
vantago  of  by  the  diiiloiiiatic  corpa  and  forei^fii 
comniandcrs  to  attempt  to  elleet  some  kind  of  an 
arrangement  as  a  preliminary  to  pcaei;.  But  Admi- 
ral Nunez  would  not  consent  to  iiielude  I'ern  or  any 
of  the  sister  republics  in  the  terms,  and  the  Chilian 
iiiinister  very  lion(Uirablv  r(^fiised,  therefore,  to 
listen  to  them,  (leneial  l\ilpalriek  and  CominocUire 
Hodgers,  of  the  riiilod  States  I'aeilie  lleet,  espe- 
cially exerted  theiiiselvcH  in  the  iutereats  of  peuee, 
and  viith  a  view  to  tlic  protection  of  the  lives  and 
property  of  United  States  citizens  in  Valparaiso. 
JJut  their  eltorts  were  rendered  nugatory  bv  the  ol)- 
stiiiaey  of  the  Spanish  adniiriil.  The  arrival  of 
Commodore  De  Coiiiey,  of  the  British  I'aeilie  srpiad- 
roil,  brought  about  li  meeting  of  the  diiilomatlc 
corps,  and  further  elfoits  to  arrange  terms  that 
would  save  the  city.  But  thcv,  too,  were  useless, 
and  were  followed  by  a  manifesto  from  the  Spanish 
admiral,  which,  for  talsillialion  of  tlie  ciicunistaneei. 
1111(1  grand'liKpieiil  jnstilication  of  his  own  eondnct, 
could  scarcely  h;ive  been  surpassed.  Tills  went  forth 
on  the  :i7th  of  the  month,  and  witli  it  a  notice  that 
the  bonibardment  would  comineiiee  on  the  aist.  A 
nie.'ting  of  foreign  residents  was  held,  and  the  pro- 
tection of  their  resiicclive  guveriimeiita  waij 
Boliciied.  But  at  tills  juncture  a  diilerence  of 
oiiinion  arose  among  the' representatives  of  foreign 
iiowera.  Oeneral  Kilpatriek  invited  tlie  Knglisii, 
Krcneli,  Ilailaii  and  I'eruvia  i  ministers  to  meet  him. 
But  the  two  tlrst  named,  very  re.isonably,  and  in  ac- 
cordance with  internallonul  law,  (leeliiied,  on  the 
ground  that  force  could  not  be  used,  and  that  except 
with  that  nothing  could  lie  done  in  tlie  direetion 
wliieli  all  had  at  heart.  Two  strong-worded  protests 
were  now  jireparcd,  ami  forwarded  to  Admiral 
Nunez,  the  one  signed  by  the  eomnils  of  France, 
Kngland,  and  the  Argentine  Kepublle  ;  the  idlier  by 
the  conauls  of  the  United  States,  I'ortiig.il,  Dcii- 
iinirk,  Austria,  Hanover,  I'riisaia,  BremiMi,  Swilzer- 
land,  Oldenburg,  Brazil,  Italy,  Colombia,  Sweden 
and  Norway,  Hamburg,  Sail  Salv.idor,  and  the 
Sandwich  Islands.  The  fiilhnviiig  is  the  eoiicliiding 
paragrupli  of  tlicae  jirolests,  wliieli  were  nearly 
Identical  In  form  : — 

"  History  will  certiiinlv  not  present  in  Us  annals 
any  event  which  can  rival  in  horror  tin'  picture 
which  will  be  presented  by  the  bomhardment  of  this 
city.  It  will  be  an  net  of  "vengeance  so  teriilile  that 
the  civilized  world  will  shiuMcr  with  horror  in  eoii- 
templating  it,  and  tlie  reprobation  of  tlii^  eiitiri^ 
wiirld  will  fall  upon  the  power  which  may  iiavi^  car- 
ried It  out.  The  burning  and  destruction  of  Valpa- 
raiso will  be  Ihe  certain  ruin  and  destruction  of  a 
llourlahlng  city  ;  hut  hi  your  excellency  well  per- 
Huaded  Unit  it  will  also  be  an  eternal  blot  upon 
Spain,  v'alpamis.i  will  rise  from  her  ashes,  out 
never  will  the  stain  be  wiped  out  which  sullies  tlie 
Hag  of  Spain  if  your  excellciiey  persists  in  carrying 
out  so  cruel  an  attempt.  If,  notwitlistandlng  all, 
yinirexcellcncy  carries  ll;  out,  we  aliall  llnd  ourselves 
under  the  inevitable  m^eessity  of  protesting  in  the 
moat  aolenin  manner,  aa,  in  elleet,  we  do  now  |irotcat 
au'aiiist  BUeli  proceeding,  as  againsl  the  biteresls  of 
our  eonstitiienta,  resenlng  to  our  governni(!iits  the 
right  to  n^elaim  from  the  goveniment  of  her  Calholle 
M.ijesty  the  eiiorinoHs  taiurles  wiileb  these  citizens 
will  aiilfiT.  Wo  protest  In  the  face  of  the  civilized 
world,  ugiilnst  the  eonstininnttlon  of  an  net  whUdi  iii 
In  coutradlctlon  to  the  (.ivilizatlou  of  the  age." 


strong  and  truthful  an  this  language  was,  it  was 
receivecronly  In  contemptuous  silence.  In  response 
to  another  appeal  from  the  foreign  residents.  Com- 
modore Hodgers  expreased  Ida  inability  to  Intervene 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States  furtlier  than  he  had 
already  done  ;  and  a  proclamation  issued  by  the 
Chilian  minister  urgbig  the  people  to  have  eoiill- 
deiiee,  tliat,  come  what  might,  nothing  dishonour- 
able woulu  be  acceded  to  by  the  government,  re- 
signed them  apparently  to  the  fate  which  the  brutal 
Nunez  had  promised  them,  lie  was  for  once  true  to 
his  word,  even  though  it  won  for  him  and  for  the 
whole  Spanish  nation  the  just  execration  of  the  civil- 
ized world. 

On  the  inomlng  of  the  31st  of  March,  tho  British 
men-of-war  SuUeJ  and  LeanUer,  the  French  frigate 
Kgerle,  and  tho  United  States  lleet,  anchored  at  the 
entrance  of  the  port,  and  soon  afterwards  the  Span- 
Isli  B(|uadron,  consisting  of  the  Kesoluelon,  Nuinan- 
cla.  Villa  de  Madrid,  Bhuiea,  Veiieedona,  I'aiinete 
de  Maule,  and  the  Bercnguela,  approached  the  city. 
The  Kesoluelon  took  up  her  station  opposite  the 
railway  depot,  the  Villa  do  Madrid  and  Blaiica  were 
about  000  yards  from  the  Custom  House,  and  the 
Vencedona  lay  close  In  shore  and  gave  her  attention 
chielly  to  hiispltala  and  private  houses.  Shortly 
after  nine  o'clock  two  guns  were  tired  from  the 
Nninaneia,  as  a  signal  to  begin,  and  at  eight  min- 
utes paat,  the  tlrst  shot  was  lired  from  the  Blam^a, 
amid  alioiita  of  "  Viva  el  Kelna  "  from  the  seamen  of 
the  lleet.  Not  a  liaiid  was  raised,  nor  a  gun  tired  to 
realst  this  most  dastardly  attack.  The  city  was.  In 
fact,  unprotected.  Under  these  eirciinistances,  for 
tliree  long  hours  the  Spaniards  went  bravely  on,  at 
the  end  of  v.'hich  time  tliey  had  tired  some  ;i,(K)tl 
allot  into  the  city,  ehlelly  ii:i  and  08-poundera.  Two 
days  previously,"  Nunez  had  aeiit  a  retiucat  that  the 
hospitals,  and  other  buildings  of  a  like  kbid,  ahoiild 
be  (llstingiiislied  with  a  while  Hag.  This  was  done, 
but  it  wiis  not  heeded  by  the  Spanish  gunners,  who 
paid  no  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  places  they  were 
destroying.  Hospitals,  ehiirches  and  jirivate  houses 
aull'crcd  the  same  fate  as  the  Custom  House.  Bourse 
Intendencia,  and  other  iiublie  edlllees.  Red  hot 
shot  were  used  In  large  iiiiiiibers  with  the  object  of 
setting  tire  to  the  city  ;  and  tiiey  were  sueeessfiil. 
A  large  porllon  of  It  waa  destroyed  by  lire,  and 
every  building  along  tlii^  shore  utterly  demolislied. 

At  eight  minutes  after  twelve  o'clock,  a  algnal 
appeared  from  the  Numancia  to  cease  tiring.  The 
licet  then  got  under  way,  and  came  to  their  old 
ancliorage,  thus  bringing'  to  an  end  the  act  which 
was  forever  ■'>  redound  to  the  Ignominy  of  the  Span- 
ish character.  The  value  of  projicrty  (lestroyed  was 
estimated  at  over  ten  inllllonsof  dollars,  of  w'liieh  by 
far  the  greater  portion  belonged  to  foreigners. 

Ill  the  manil'eslo  prepared  by  the  diploiiialie  body 
for  the  infoimation  of  tlicir  respective  governmcnis, 
the  nature  of  the  bombardiiieiit  was  boldly  de- 
scribed, and  the  document  atands  as  an  olllcial  record 
of  the  liiliuimmlty  with  wiiich  the  Spaniards  acted 
on  the  occasion.  For  that  reitson,  if  for  no  other,  it 
aliould  be  retained.  It  was  aigned  in  order  by  the 
consuls  of  Portugal,  France,  Kngland,  Hamburg. 
Prussia,  Denmarl;.  Belgium.  Netherlands,  Unite(l 
States,  Sandwich  Islands,  Bnnneii,  Oldenburg,  Han- 
over, Bnizil,  Saxony,  Argentine  Confiuleratkm,  Italy, 
Sweden  and  Norway,  Austria,  Salvador,  Switze'r- 
land,  (Tiiateinala,  Liibeek,  and  Colombia ;  and  it 
eiidiMl  in  the  following  terms  : — 

"  It  is  a  notorious  fact,  witnessed  by  tho  whidc 
population,  that  one  of  tlic  frigates  atatloned  In 
front  of  I'ianeliada  street,  mostly  occujiicd  by  French 
commerce,  tired  directly  on  that  part  of  the  city,  and 
at  a  distance  of  about  one  liuiidred  and  llfly  metres 
from  the  (ioveriior's  house,  at  which  bnilding  an- 
other vessel  was  directing  her  shots.     It  la  eriually 

notorious  that  another  frigate cupled  In  liring  at 

the  railway  station  situated  at  the  extreme  eiul  of 
Valparaiso",  llred  her  whole  broadside,  on  two  aepar- 
ate  occasions,  on  the  centre  of  the  part  called  Al- 
mendral,  distant  about  half  a  kilometre  from  tin* 
railway  buildings,  wliicli  p.irt  of  tlie  city  included 
no  govenimeiit  property,  but  contains  the  hospitals 
ami  charitable  insdtntlons  which  were  under  the 
safeguard  of  the  word  of  tin.'  coinmander  of  her 
Catholic  Majesty's  s(piadron.  It  is  not  lawful  to 
])rcsiiiiie  that  the  aliove-mcnlioned  commander 
wished  to  break  bis  word  ;  but  as  the  lire  of  her 
Catholic  Majesty's  ships  was  not  returned  from 
aiiore,  and  the  coiiiiiiaii(lerof  each  one  of  tln^  veaaels 
eoiild  take  up  his  position  at  will,  and  without  re- 
Bcrve  or  fear  of  being  attacked,  there  is  no  reaaon  to 
Buppoac  that  the  above-mentioned  fads  eouhl  have 
originated  In  a  false  movement,  or  have  had  aueli 
fatal  conseiiucnces.  In  support  of  this  exposition, 
it  Is  the  duty  of  the  undersigned  to  mention  that 
various  projectiles  struck  the  Civil  Hosplt.il.  Among 
tluMii  a  grenade,  wbieli  liap[)ily  did  not  explode,  fell 
In  the  room  wliere  tin;  Si-ters  of  Mercy  were  e(d- 
Iceted,  together  with  the  gir's  from  the  Asylum  of 
Salvador  ;  that  the  Hag  huisled  by  Ihe  A'rgeiitine 
Conauiate-Ueiieral  has  been  traversed  by  a  ball; 


that  various  shots  have  passed  tho  olte  of  the  build- 
ing where  the  French  priests  are  altuated  ;  that  tho 
Matriz  cliureh,  serving  on  that  day  aa  an  liiHrmary, 
has  sulTcrcd  conslderabh;  damage  caused  hv  various 
projectiles,  and  that  all  Ihe  above  bulhlings  are 
situate  far  from  anv  state  property." 

Siieii  was  the  oltleial  form  in  which  thla  action 
on  the  jiart  of  the  Spanish  government  was  do- 
serlbcd ;  and  so  It  will  ever  stand  as  a  truthful  ehargo 
of  barbarism,  cowardice  and  inhumanily  against  the 
people  of  Spain.  The  Immediate  eltect  througlnmt 
Kurope  an(l  America,  and  all  elao  within  the  sphere 
of  civilization,  was  a  loud  and  universal  cry  of 
shame.  The  senao  CTerywhere  experieneed  was  ono 
of  horror  and  execration  ;  and  tlio  world  aeknow- 
ledgcd,  and  will  ever  avow  with  unanimous  vidce, 
the  deep  infamy  into  which  Sjiaiu  in  her  humility 
had  fallen. 

Kven  Nunez  himself  seemed  at  last,  when  he  felt 
the  curses  of  his  fellow-iniMi,  to  recognize  the  base- 
ncbS  of  his  crime.  For  after  fourteen  days  he  de- 
clared the  blockade  of  Valparaiso  at  an  did,  and  he 
drew  off  his  fleet  aa  though  cognlzint  of  the  dis- 
grace that  he  had  brought  up(m  his  Hag.  liullf,outof 
regard  to  the  possibility  of  any  sense  of  humanity 
remaining  his,  we  credit  liiiii  with  this  degree  of 
penitence  for  his  Inhiuitous  act.  It  did  not  long  en- 
dure. He  sailed  with  the  sipiadron  direct  from  Val- 
paraiso to  Calhio,  where  be  arrived  on  the  li.'ith  of 
April.  He  Immedlabdy  Issued  a  manifesto,  announc- 
ing tlie  blockade  of  the  port  from  the  27th,  and  giving 
six  days  for  the  departure  of  neutral  vessels,  ami 
four  days  for  the  removal  of  women  and  children 
and  private  property  from  tlie  city.  He  stated  his 
Intenthm  to  bombard  the  place  on  the  1st,  of  .May, 
and  no  time  waa  lost,  as  It  hud  been  at  Valparaiso, 
in  attempts  at  iiaclUcation.  A  fog  only  delayed  the 
fiilllllment  of  the  threat  to  the  second  of  the  sanio 
inontli.  But  the  Interval  that  had  already  piissitd 
since  the  declaration  of  war,  had  not  be(ni  wasted  by 
the  Peruvians.  Seeing  that  the  Spanlurda  were  not 
civilized  enough  to  spare  an  unprotected  city,  they 
had  been  doing  their  utino.st  to  phuti^  theirs  in  a 
state  of  defence.  They  had  erected  nine  formidable 
batt(Ties;  six  on  the  "west  and  thrive  on  the  north 
side  of  the  town.  They  had  also  two  iron-elads  and 
three  small  gunboats  "in  the  harbour.  The  guns 
mounted  In  the  batteries  consisted  of  Hve  24-pound- 
ers,  twenty-six  3. '-pounders,  four  SOO-iiouiider  Arm- 
strong rlllea,  and  live  4.'>0-pounder  Blukely  riflea  ; 
and  every  |ireparation  was  made  to  give  the  enemy 
a  ineriled  reception. 

At  eleven  in  the  morning  he  got  under  way,  in 
response  to  a  signal  from  the  Hag  ship,  and  formed 
in  two  lines  oitposite  the  opposing  forts.  The  ships 
on  tlie  north  shle  wen'  the  Villa  de  .Madrid,  Altnan- 
za,  and  Bercnguela ;  while  tlie  Numancia,  Hlanca,  and 
Heaoluclon  look  up  positions  opiiosite  the  wc...terii 
fortes ;  the  gunboat  V  eneedona  lying  oil  betW'H-n  the 
two,  to  render  assistiinee  to  either  aa  occasion  might 
recpiire.  The  first  shot  was  llrcd  from  the  land,  and 
struck  the  aide  of  the  Numancia.  This  was  the  sig- 
nal for  both  ships  and  baltt'rhis  all  round  to  open 
lire,  and  In  a  very  few  minutes  the  action  was  gene- 
ral. At  Urst  the' tiring  was  wild  and  uncertain,  but 
when  the  Peruvian  gunners  got  the  range  of  thu 
vessels,  their  shots  began  to  tell  with  good  effect. 
In  twenty  minutes  the  Villa  de  Madrid  made  signals 
of  distress,  and  was  towed  out  of  range,  with  lu^r 
rigging  badly  damaged  and  her  machinery  disabh^l. 
The  Bcrenguela  soon  followed  suit,  having  received 
a  shot  near  tlic  water  line  that  went  eoinplet(dy 
through  the  hull  and  placed  her  In  an  almost  sinking 
condition.  The  other  shl|is,  with  a  short  interval  in 
thu  ease  of  two  of  them,  maintained  the  Hglit  during 
tlie  whole  afternoon,  but  without  In  any  degree 
aluekcnlng  the  Hre  from  the  land.  It  was  not  till 
pastHvc  o'clock,  when  the  Spaniali  admiral,  seeing 
all  ilia  (iforts  futile,  gave  the  signal  to  cease  firing, 
and  took  his  ships  away.  One  battery  of  two  guns 
was  blown  iiii  at  the  beginning  of  the  eiigagcnient, 
and  two  guns  were  dismounted  ;  but,  with  these  ex- 
eeptiona,  there  was  a  continuous  tiro  maintained 
throughoiit  the  day  from  every  gun  on  the  land  sllb^ 
The  Spaniards  aullered  heavy  losses  in  killed  and 
Wounded.  An  .\rnistrotig  "  projectile  that  went 
tliroiigb  the  steam-pipe  of  the  Villa  de  .Madrid 
killed  (ighteen  men  and  wounded  twenty-one  others. 
The  admiral  himself  received  sevenil  wounds,  but 
none  that  were  fatal,  and  all  the  ships  except  the 
Vencedona  were  so  materially  dainaged  as  to  be  al- 
most disabled  for  further  olT(mBlve  operations. 

The  lesson  thua  rendered  was  sulllelent  for  tho 
Spauhirda,  who  ininii  preferred  bombarding  de- 
fencelcas  clllea  to  facing  an  enemy's  battery,  and 
tlu^y  duclhied  to  Interfere  with  either  Chill  or  Peru 
for  some  time  to  eoine.  In  fact,  they  have  never 
Interfered  with  ao  iiiueliencri;y  since.  But  their  at- 
tempt Inid  thus  far  bad  one  good  result.  Fearing  a 
combination  of  all  the  American  provinces  against 
them,  tlie  authorities  at  Madrid,  as  soon  as  war 
against  Cliill  was  dcterndned  on,  sought  to  gain  th.i 
good-will  of  the  Central  lepublks  by  acknowledging 


tumm^i 


r<8 


niSTORT   OF 


their  imlincndciico ;  a  concussion  wlilch  they  hail 
always  hitliiTti),  with  much  sluiw  ot  ilrlcrinhmtlnn, 
refused  to  iiiiil^e.  To  this  cuusi;  llondiinis,  (iuutc- 
nulla,  Nlcaniffua,  Sulvador,  and  Costa  Ulca  owo 
their  rceoLinitiou. 

liul  while  ijpuin  remained  Inactive  the  Peruvliins 
conthitied,  with  much  perseverance,  the  defensive 
works  that  thoy  had  hccun.  Their  lleet  was  phieed 
under  the  command  of  Admiral  John  K.  Tucker,  for- 
merly an  ofllcer  In  thenavy  of  the  Confederate  States 
of  North  America ;  and  (iencral  I'rado,  to  whoso  un- 
tlrluK  exertions  durln;^  the  bombardment  of  Callao 
nincn  of  the  success  of  the  Peruvians  was  due,  de- 
voted hlmsolf  to  the  financial  Interests  of  the 
country,  and  to  the  intellectual  iniprovenicnt  of  the 
))eoi)le.  The  whole  system  of  taxation  received  a 
thorough  reformation,  and  the  customs  duties  were 
protected  as  they  never  had  been  before.  So  satis- 
factory to  the  nation  was  the  jjovcrnnient  of  this 
man,  that  at  the  ensnlng  election  for  President,  which 
took  place  at  the  expiration  of  liio  term  of  his  lile- 
tatorship,  ho  was  unanimously  chosen  by  the  people 
throughout  the  repul)lle  to  that  jiositlon.  Yet  the 
revolutionary  spirit  would  break  out.  Castillu  llrst 
raised  the  Hag  of  Insurrection  In  the  south,  but  died 
suddenly  ero  any  mischief  coidd  bo  done  by  him. 
General  Canseco,  wiio  Iiad  once  before  been  vice- 
president,  soon  after  took  up  tiie  work  where  Cas- 
tilla  left  it,  and  after  several  8ucce.*sc8  agair.st  gov- 
ernment troops,  he  forced  Prado  to  resign  the  presi- 
dency, and  the  latter  fortliwitli  retired  into  Chill. 
There  was  no  reason  for  this,  save  the  restless  and 
revolutionary  spirit  that  seems  to  be  Inherent  in  the 
ijpanish  American  character,  and,  as  we  shall  see.  It 
was  no  Indication  of  tiie  iicrmanunt  will  of  the  na- 
tion. Tito  (|uestlon  that  now  agitated  thcni  was  one 
of  religious  toleration.  By  tiie  rtrat  Chilian  consti- 
tution tlie  Roman  Catholic  religion  was  cstabllsiied 
hi  tliat  republic  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others  ;  but 
in  tlie  year  1M>5  au  Important  umeniiment  was 
agreed  upon.  The  i.''W  then  made  pern)its  worshij) 
wttliiu  private  buildings  to  persons  who  do  not  prtifcss 
Uonuui  Catliolle  doctrines,  and  it  also  permits  sueli 
persons  to  establish  and  sustain  private  scliools  for 
the  initiation  of  their  own  children  in  the  teachings 
of  tlicir  religion.  But  while  Ciiiii  was  thus  advanc- 
ing in  tile  way  to  religious  toleration,  Peru  was  re- 
ceding, and  in  the  beginning  of  tlie  year  lS(i7  Con- 
gress passed  the  three  following  resolutions — the 
lO'st  unanimou.sly,  the  second  witii  three  di^.^enticnts, 
and  the  third  by  a  majority  of  forty  three  against 
forty  ;  — 

I.  That  the  Koman  Cathr.Mc  religion  is  to  be  the 
religion  of  tiie  State,  and  as  siicli  to  be  protected 
anil  inaintuined  liy  the  State. 

II.  That  tiie  Siate  cannot  and  will  not  recognize 
any  other  religion. 

ill.  That  public  worship  by  any  other  sect  or  dc- 
iiominatlou  will  not  be  allowed  or  practised  iu  the 
republic. 

In  jnstlco  to  the  Peruvian  Congress,  it  must  be 
statetl  tliat  tliese  resolutions  were  pas.sed  only  after 
a  long  and  violent  discussion  ;  but,  nevertheless, 
tliey  won  a  place  in  the  statutes  of  tlie  country — an 
evidence  of  tiie  intolerance  of  tiie  jicoplc,  aiuf  as  a 
warning  to  persons  of  any  but  tlie  Koman  Catliolle 
religlou  who  miy  chance  to  coiiteiuplate  u  residence 
within  the  republic. 

Closer  relations  were  now  sought  between  the  rc- 
liublie  and  tliose  of  Chili,  Keuador,  ami  Bolivia,  ami 
treaties  of  fricndsliip,  commerce,  and  navigation, 
identical  in  terms,  were  conclndccl  with  eaciL  Tiie 
jiriucipai  features  of  tills  treaty,  wliidi  |ire3cnts 
many  points  of  interest,  are  the  f. .:;>,„  nig: — 

AuT.  I. — There  fhall  exist  Inviolalile  peace  and 
perpetual  fricndsliip  between  tlie  republics  of  Peru 
and  Chili. 

AuT.  II. — The  eilizens  of  eacli  ot  the  contracting 
jiartlcB  will  enjoy  respectively  in  llie  territory  of  tlie 
other  the  saiue  personal  gu;irantees  and  civil  riglits 
tliat  are  enjoyed  by  their  own  citizens  without  limit- 
ation, and  all  tlie  rights  conferred  by  iho  constitu- 
tion and  laws  to  jicrsons,  property,  corrcsponilencc, 
and  commercial  liberty  to  make  contracts  and  navi- 
gate, and  in  one  word,  to  exercise  any  legal  calling  ; 
to  aciiuire  property,  and  trailifcr  the  same,  cither  by 
vendue  or  by  will",  in  conformity  with  International 
riglit,  private  and  modern,  and  in  compliance  witii 
tlie  siiocial  laws  of  other  of  tlie  republics.  It  is  not 
prohiliiteil  to  tlie  citizens  of  either  of  the  contraet- 
iiig  parties  to  navigate  coastwise,  or  upon  tlic  rivers  of 
each,  or  to  ports  not  dcclan-d  pints  of  entry  to 
general  commerce,  In  vessels  of  any  size  or  tor.niige, 
always  submitting  themselves  to  the  rules,  rcguia- 
ticms,  laws  and  ordinances,  hpeclal  or  otherwise,  of 
the  port  or  ports. 

AuT.  III.— Tlie  principle  of  equality  of  flags  is  ac- 
cepted in  Its  fullest  sciise,  ami  to  this  end  vc;-sels  iic- 
longing  to  each  country  arc  to  lie  eon-idcred  as  If 
Ihev  were  registered  uiuier  the  laws  of  eacii  country. 


AiiT.  IV. — Comiuerco  between  the  high  contract- 1  mensures  to  draw  close  the  bonds  onrt  make  them 
Ing  partlc3  will  bo  treated  by  tiie  rule  of  conipleto  I  more  practical  and  more  permanent  to  the  union  of 
liberty  and  rcciproelty.  In  eonsetiucnce,  the  natural  !  the  allies,  a.lju.sting  more  ileniiltcly  tlio  l''ederal 
>r  manufactured  jirodnct  of  each  will  bo  udmilted  ',  Pactn  and  tlio  allied  constitution. 


Into  the  tenitory  of  the  other  free  of  duty,  local  or 
otherwise,  restricted  only  to  tho  llmltatioiiu  and 
modifications  that  are  expressed  iu  tho  two  articles 
that  follow. 

Art.  v.— With  reference  to  wheat  and  Hour,  this 
special  rule  is  established.  The  llrst  year  of  this 
treaty  the  duty  on  wheat  and  Hour  will   bo  only  .e- 

i  dueed  In  Peru  one-fourth  of  tho  present  duty,  tho 
remaining  throe-fourths  aro  to  be  paid  ;  on  tlie  fol- 

:  lowMng  year  the  otlier  fonrtlis  aro  to  bo  reduced  one- 
liaif,  ami  tiie  next  year  aro  to  be  free.  Tills,  how- 
ever. Is  not  to  prejudico  more  liberal  dlsjiosltions 
that,  through  special  circumstauces,  may  be  adopted 
by  the  Peruvian  nation  with  respect  to  theso  two 
articles  of  Chilian  production. 

[  AitT.  VI.— In  three  years,  to  be  counted  from  tho 
day  in  whieli  tills  treaty  eonie.-*  In  force,  tho   to- 

!  baceo  of  Peru  shall  bo  admitted  free,  botli  iu  its 
hitroductioii  and  sale  in  the  Hcpubllc  of  Chili.  It  is 
also  stipulated  that  in  tho  future  neither  one  of  the 
contracting  parties  sliall  bond  tlio  products,  natural 
or  manufaetnred,  of  the  other. 

AiiT.  VII. — Tiioro  are  no  llseal  duties,  town  duties, 
or  any  other  kind  of  imposts,  to  be  placed  upon  tlie 
products,  natural  or  manufactured,  that  aro  to  b 


'  The  flrst  Assembly  will  meet  at  tho  place  wlicro 
tho  allies  shall  designate.  When  closing  the  sessions, 
tho  Assembly  will  (leslgnato  the  jiiaee  of  meeting  of 
tlio  following  session,  taking  into  consideration  tlio 
nature  of  tho  uucstioiis  tliat  It  has  to  treat  upon,  tho 
iirinclplo  of  alteniity,  and  all  other  eircuinstancos 
liiat  merit  to  be  taKoii  into  consideration  by  tliu 
plcpipotcntlaries.  The  expenses  that  are  attendant 
U|ioii  the  sitting  of  Congress  shall  he  paid  by  tho 
government  In  wlioso  torritorj'  they  shall  hold  their 
session.  The  prlndiilo  of  common  citizenship  and 
tiie  organization  of  a  federal  service,  dijilomatic  and 
consular,  would  probably  ho  the  result  of  the  Federal 
Union." 

While  it  is  necessary  to  remember  that  this  pro- 
posal of  tho  Peruvian  Minister  was,  probably,  meant 
to  be  only  tentative,  it  Is,  nevertheless,  of  value  to 
the,  political  historian.  In  tho  comparison  he  will 
make  between  It  and  tho  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  of  North  Amorlca.  The  important  rcspect-i 
in  which  it  differed  i'l  jirinciple  from  the  document 
that  bound  together  the  thirteen  colonies  are  eurlons, 
and  It  would  have  been  Interesting  to  observe  tho 
operation  of  the  jilan  In  actuality.  But  the  time  had 
not  come  for  any  such  Intimate  union  as  it  Implied. 


exported  for  the  consumption  of  cither  of  the  iiartles  i  An  event  soon  occurred  which  went  to  show  that 
to  tills  contract.  I  the  tics  between  tho  republics  were  not  as  strong 

AitT.  VIII.— The  high  contracting  parties  reserve  !  as  tlio  past  had  seemed  to  Indicate.   Tiie  probability 


of  Spain  engaging  iu  further  liostilltics  had  bccoino 
exceedingly  small.  The  revolution  that  has  left 
that  miscrablo  country  In  a  state  wcll-nlgii  approach- 
ing anarchy,  and  which  has  prevailed  down  to  tlio 
present  time,  liad  begun,  ana  soon  Queen  Isabclhi 
was  to  be  an  exile  in  a  foreign  land.  With  distrac- 
tion pervading  every  town  and  hamlet  at  homo, 
there  could  bo  no  thought  for  waging  an  inglorious 
war  abroad.  But  pride  would  not  sanction  a  pcaee 
which  misfortune  had  already  virtually  proclaimed, 
and  tlius  the  formal  state  ot  war  yvas  allowed  tu 
continue. 

To  strengthen  lior  maritime  resources,  the  Chilian 
government  hud  had  two  corvettes  built  In  England, 
but  the  relations  remaining  the  same  with  laiii,  tho 
Biitisli  governmeiit  had  refused  to  perm  them  to 
sail  for  their  destination.  Negotiations  >.  ere  there- 
upon entered  Into  witii  Lord  Stanley,  then  British 
xnr        --■■-■-         •     .       ..      . 


expressly  tile  riglit  to  suspend,  during  tlie  period  of 
;  the  ])re3ent  treaty,  by  mutual  ugrccment,  any  of  tho 

present  articles. 

I  Akt.  IX. — The  present  treaty  will  be  observed  and 
j  in  full  vigour,  for  tlio  term  of  twelve  years,  to  coin- 
!  inence  and  run  six  months  from  the  excliango  of  the 
,  ratlHeatlons,  but  will  continue  obligatory  upon  both 

l>arties  although  the  time  has  expired,  for  the  space 

of  thirty  nionthn  .iitir  ■■ither  one  of  the  parties  has 
,  notllied  tlic  other  of  his  intention  to  end  It.  This 
I  dispo.sition  docs  not  alTcct  In  tlic  least  the  clauses  of 
I  peace  and  fricndsliip,  which  arc  perjietual. 

It  may  bo  Imagined  that  an  engagement  so  closely 
uniting  the  interests  of  the  several  republics  would 
be  but  a  first  steji  towards  confederation,  and  this 
was  tlie  view  taken  by  tlie  Periivlaii  government, 
wlio  had  at  the  same  time  had  tiiat  proposition  under 

j  coubideration,  and  had  forwarded  a  memorandum  Minister  for  Foreign  AiTairs,  for  Bceuring  tli(!  dc- 
uiion  the  subject  to  Chili  and  Bolivia.     Betivceu  the    partnro  of  tho  two  vessels,  on  tho  basis  of  a  similar 

;  two  latter  states  there  had  long  remained  a  source  of  I  privilege  being  granted  to  Spain,  whose  goviTiiineiit 
irritation  in  dillerenccs  in  regard  to  llie  boundary  line,  j  had  also  had  two  Irou-elads  recently  built  In  England, 
But  these  were  now  entirely  settled,  and  while  Peru  i  and  which  were  similarly  detained.  For  some  rea- 
was  tieaty-niaking  and  conteinplating  coiifeilenitlon,  '  son,  which  has  never  been  very  clearly  explained, 
Cliill  was  (piletly  attending  to  Interiiai  allairs.    A  .  the  Peruvian  Clnirgi*  d'AITaires  in  London  protested 

:  postal  treaty  was  negotiated  witli  tireiit  Britain,  a  against  the  terms  of  the  agreement.  Protests  weri) 
large  loan  was  also  raised  in  London,  and  tlirough  ;  also  made  by  foreign  residents  in  tlic  repniiiie;  hut 
tho  mediation  of  France,  an  exciiangc  of  prisoners  i  tliese  rested  on  tho  belief  that  the  sailing  of  the  four 

j  was  agreed  upon  witii  Spain  ;  but  the  clilef  eltorts  of  i  vessels  would  lead  to  fresh  acts  of  hostility,  which 
tlie  peojile  were  directed  to  internal  iniprovcmcnts,  I  wonid  bo  prejudicial  to  commerce.  The  same  view 
to  remedying  the  evils  brought  about  by  the  war,  !  may  have  aetuatod  the  Pcrnvian  representative,  and 
to  tho  forlilication  ot  Valpanilso  and  a 'few  otlier  ,  so  it  was  regarded  by  the  Chilian  Ccmgress,  whero 
places  on  the  coast,  and  to  the  iiromotlon  of  iiiiiiii-  \  ctlVirts  were  at  once  made  to  show  that  the  arrango- 
gration.  Oilers  of  mediation  by  tiie  United  States  {  mciit  projioscd  would,  under  any  eireiimstanccs,  bo 
to  cU'ect  a  treaty  of  iicace  between  the  allies  and  moat  advantageous  to  the  repuhlies.  But  the  elr- 
S|iain  proved  inclfectual,  but  the  republics  were  con-  j  cumstance  caused  a  sulllcicnt  amount  of  coolness 
tent,  w  iselv,  to  remain  on  llie  defensive,  and  it  was  !  between  Peru  and  Cliiii  to  at  once  set  the  project  ot 
probably  the  necessity  for  this  proceeding  that  sug-   confederation  in  the  background,  and  it  gave  lisc. 


gestedtoSenor  Barrcuccliea  the  project  of  confede- 
ration. Tile  following  is  the  plan  he  sketched  for 
this  design  :  — 

Every  year,  sueeeeding  the  1st  of  March,  1808, 


probably  unjustly,  to  the  impression  abroad  that 
the  relations  between  tiicm  had  never  been  as  cordial 
as  they  had  appear,  d  to  be. 
Botli    republics,   In  common  with  tliose   in  tho 


there  siiiili  he  an  assembly  of  plenipotentiaries  from  i  North,  have  since  devoted  tliemsclves  actively  to 
the  republics  of  the  Union,  tliat  shall  deliberate  on  llio  devchipmcnt  of  internal  resources,  to  Btrength- 
tlie  measures  to  establish  and  maintain  the  federal  [  eniiig  the  social  and  political  condition  of  tlio 
ties,  oecupying  tlieinselvcs  In  preference  witii  tlic  |icople,  and  to  promoting  tlie  general  advancement 
following  :  Toievisetlietreatyof  alliance  of  January  I  of  the  natl'/ns.  In  Chili,  a  parly  of  jirogrcss  has 
IJ,  18li0,  spccillcally  stipulating  all  the  conditions  rela- 1  risen  into  activity,  pledging  itself  to  iinmiote  tho 
tive  to  the  state  of  war  witii  Siuiin,  and  all  that  has  I  enuallty  of  all  citizens  before  the  law,  the  securing 
relation  to  tiie  adjustment  of  iieace  ;  examine  and  j  of  individual  lllierty,  and  tiie  fullest  exercise  of 
decide,  the  (|uestioiis  tliat  may  arise  between  any  of  !  mnnieipal  government.  But  It  has  been  impeded  in 
the  allies,  whether  it  has  rclalion  to  the  cxceulion  j  Its  action,  clilcliy  tlirough  'he  Infiuencc  of  tiic 
and  observance  of  existing  treaties,  or  any  other  I  clergy,  and  next  through  the  want  of  decision  and 
motive;  to  give  uniformity,  so  far  as  possible,  to  tlie  (  unaniniity  that  has  characterized  Its  leaders.  In 
legislatures,  political,  civil,  criminal,  commcreial  and  !  ISIi'.l,  the  iiopuhition  of  Chili  was  not  less  than  two 
public  inatruetlou  ;  also  cu.stom-liouscs,  type  of  |  millions,  but  the  number  of  votes  did  not  exceed 
money,  extradition,  etc.,  etc.,  in  tiie  four  reiiunlics  ; 
to  establish  in  common,  roads,  post  houses,  tcle- 
grajilis  among  tliemsclves  and  in  connection  witii 
otlier  nathfiis  ;  to  adopt  an  intcrnationai  plan  of  Im- 
migration from  Europe  ami  the  United  St)it<'s; 
to  exanilne  existing  treaties  with  foreign  powers, 
whether  political,  commercial,  or  for  navigation,  or 
jioHtal,  or  for  an}*  purpose  whatever ;  ami  t\x  the 
lasls  ujion  whieli  such  treaties  can  he  made,  estal 


thirty  thousand.  The  president,  too,  was  less  tho 
liead  ot  a  republic  than  a  dictator  and  dispenser  of 
patronage.  These  anomalies  were  fully  recognized, 
tiiougli  tiicv  have  never  been  fully  remedied;  but, 
making  duo  allowaneo  for  the  spirit  of  dissatisfac- 
tion witii  every  ruling  power,  which  wc  have  seen  to 
be  a  feature  of  the  Spanish-American  character.  It 
must  be  allowed  that  for  some  time  after  the  de- 
parture of  the  Spanish  fleet,  there  was  left  behind  a 
lishing  tlic  principle  that  no  treatv  can  be  sanctioned  |  very  fair  amount  of  contentment  with  the  proceed- 
without  iirevlous  examination  iiiid  common  apjiro- 1  Ings  of  the  government.  Nor  Is  it  without  cause, 
val ;  to  write  and  stipui.ite  with  foreign  governments  i  Tho  South  Ainoricaii  republics  have  all  been  niak- 
for  treaties  that  would  be  of  practical  utility  to  tlie  ;  Ing  rapid  strides  In  prosperity  and  the  arts  of  peace 
niiion  and  likely  to  pi-omotc  a  good  nndcrstanding  ,  during  the  last  Hve  or  six  years.  Chill,  after  long 
with  all  other  nations ;    to  accord    tlie  necessary   refusing,  at  last  consented  to  o  proposal  of  media- 


SOUTH    AMEllICA. 


170 


^ 


tlnn,  made;  by  tlie  Unltid  Stiilcii,  for  n  ciiucliiHlon  of 
tlio  (lilleroiuTA  with  f^iiuln,  uiul  Mid  ftri^iitiht  troublo 
tliut  hart  bIiicu  ot'tnirri'd  Ir.iH  b'.-i'ii  u  KoriuH  of  opuni- 
tiniix  iiguiii8t  till'  Anuicuiiljiii  IndlnnH,  in  wlilcli  tliu 
Boveriiinciit  (llupliiycd  iiiucli  uirt/,')'  iiiid  tiict.  Awrl- 
culturo  nnd  iiiiiuatrial  cxliU)itlunB,  tiiu  ciin^tructiiiii 
of  railwiiya,  tlie  oponing  of  new  niinon  of  coppur 
niid  Bilvor,  tlio  catiibliBliui«nt  of  uocliinutiziition 
Bocletlcs,  tlio  developinont  of  agriculture,  and  ttio 
promotion  of  education,  arc  tliu  works  to  whlcli 
Chill  has  l)con  now  for  some  time  dovotliig  herself ; 
and  the  frnila  of  this  pulley  are  already  very  ap- 
jmrent,  not  only  in  the  IncreiBcnl  wealth,  InduBtry, 
and  liupplneBB  of  the  people,  hut  in  tlio  enhanced 
Btabillty  of  their  political  InstitutlunB. 

Nor  can  leas  be  said  of  lier  Bister  rcnnbllcs.  In 
ISIKt,  Peru  took  a  step  In  refercnco  to  tlie  rebellion 
with  which  Spain  was  coiiteinling  in  Cuba ;  but 
otherwise  her  policy,  too,  has  been  dlrec^ted  to  tlie 
exploration  of  new  territory,  the  hastening  of  com- 
Diercial  progress,  the  accomplishinent  of  treaties  of 
amity  and  conimeree  with  foreign  nations,  and  im- 
])rovenieiit  in  the  arts  of  peace.  Her  remembranee 
of  tlie  treachery  of  Sjiain  was  shown  in  a  manner 
dlHerent  from  that  chosen  by  Chill,  and  It  must  bi^ 
attributed  to  the  boinljardmciit  of  C';illiio  that  the 
liHUrgentB  of  Culia  received  recognillon  from  the 
governinent  at  Lima,  As  nil  exuiiiple  of  a  somewhat 
vague  an<l  peculiarly  worded  olllcial  doeument,  the 
decree  of  the  Peruvian  I'resident  Is  not  without 
value,  independently  of  a  certain  kind  of  curiosity 
that  it  i>osHesses  from  all  attendant  clrcuniBt:inee«. 
It  ran  thus  : — 

Lima,  May  13, 1SC9. 
Josfi  Bat.ta, 

Con-ililutional  Prt'siiknt  oflirii ; 

Whereas  tlio  Insurrection  in  Cuba  has  for  ItB  ob- 
icet  the  independence  of  tlie  island,  and  that  the 
bunds  are  broken  that  bound  Cuba  to  the  govern- 
ment of  S|>aln,  there  are  two  parties  that  carry  on 
tlie  war  with  a  political  object,  and  should  be  rc- 
garilcd  by  other  nations  in  a  spirit  consonant  with 
international  riglit : 

And  as  tlie  governinent  and  the  people  of  Pern 
pyinpathlze  witli  the  whole  c.iuse  i>rochiiiiied  by  tlie 
Cubans  ;  and  as  the  eomniander  of  the  revolutionary 
fiiri'Cs  of  Cuba  has  asked  the  recognition  of  the 
party  as  bolligereiits : 

And  as  Peru  should  recognize  the  political  status 
of  the  Insurgents,  not  considering  them  as  subjects 
of  a  governinent  actually  at  war  witli  Peru,  and 
without  prejudice  to  the  manifestations  tliat  Peru 
may  hereafter  make  in  tiieir  lielialf,  I  decree  :  — 

I.  That  the  government  of  Peru  recognizes  as 
belligerents  tlie  politleal  party  that  Is  now  struggling 
for  Culian  independence. 

II.  The  citizens,  siilps,  and  other  appurtenances 
of  Cuba,  serving  tlie  cause  of  independence,  shall 
bo  considered  as  friends  of  Peru. 

The  Minister  of  Foreign  Atl'airs  is  charged  witli 
the  execution  and  eirculation  of  this  decree. 


(Signed) 
J.  A,  Baiikengcuea. 


JOSE  BALTA. 


No  practical  result  has  issued  from  this  manifesto, 
wliicii  in  no  respect,  us  a  matter  of  pnlilic  policy, 
had  anything  to  Justify  it.  Tlie  act  tended  rather 
to  demonstrate  a  sentiment  unworthy  of  a  nation 
than  to  display  the  sagacity  or  wisdoni  of  tlic  Presi- 
dent. 

In  the  engernes'i  of  the  governni'Mit  to  develop  the 
Industiial  resources  of  the  country,  and  linding  the 
ellorls  to  attract  European  Immigration  unsuecess- 
ful,  as  from  their  nature  tliey  must  be,  an  attempt 
was  made  in  1H70  to  intnidiiec^  coolie  labor,  on  a 
more  systematic  scale  than  had  hlliierto  been 
adopted.  Money  was  suliseribed  and  an  assoeiation 
of  tlic  wcaltlilest  planters  was  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  introducing  into  the  country  a  better  class  of 
Chinese.  But  the  movemeiit  receive. 1  a  serious 
clieek.  For  a  long  time  tlie  coolies  had  been  suli- 
jcctcd  to  harsh  trcutmeiit  from  native  labourers,  and 
this  had  been  resented  by  freiincnt  risings  that  in 
some  Instances  were  attended  with  fat;d  conse- 
quenccB.  Tiiesc  were  generally  put  down  without 
iiiucli  dilllculty,  ai  d  soon  came,  in  fact,  to  lie  re- 
gjrded  aa  an  essential  concomitant  of  the  system 
wlileli  had  to  be  endured.  In  this  wav  people  were 
placed  off  tlieir  guard,  nnlll,  at  an  opportune 
moment,  a  largo  number  of  Chinese  on  some  planta- 
tions north  of  Lima  rose  suddenly  and  murdered 
the  overseers  and  nil  other  olllcera,  except  one, 
about  the  place;  having  first  stilijeeted  the  women 
and  children  to  the  grossest  aliuscs.  The  Insurrec- 
tion was  well  planned,  and  the  men,  to  tlio  number 
of  some  l,aOO,  acted  under  tlie  leadership  of  one  of  the 
principal  head  men.  But  tliey  received  a  check  in 
an  unexpeeted  moment.  Flushed  witli  their  success 
on  the  plantations,  they  proceeded  to  the  assault  of 
a  small  village,  which  they  ransacked,  and  tlieuce 


advanced  to  a  plantation  adjoining.  Tlie  owner  of 
tills  place,  having  heard  of  their  approacli,  placed 
his  wife  anil  children  for  safety  in  u  small  eliapel, 
unil,  collecting  all  the  llroarms  and  ammunltloii  at 
liaiid,  he  and  a  friend  tlien  also  cntitred  the  jilace 
and  barricaded  the  doors,  detorinlned  to  defend  It 
to  tlio  last.  A  vlgourous  attack  was  mado  by  the 
rioters,  liut  lu  a  short  apace  sixty  of  their  number 
had  fallen  from  the  ritie-bulletB  of  the  littlo  gar- 
rison, and  a  retreat  ujion  the  village  was  detorinlned 
on.  The  Inhaliltants  there  had  erected  a  barricade 
in  the  meantime,  and  a  small  armed  band  of  forty 
men  were  ontrusted  with  thu  defence,  Tlio  Cliincsu 
attack  ujiun  tlieiii  was  furious  tu  desperation,  and  a 
hot  hand-tnhand  cuntlict  ensued.  In  which  the 
coolies  used  their  lung-bladed  knives  with  tearful 
etioct.  At  this  juncture,  the  two  defenders  of  the 
cliapol,  having  llrst  jilaced  the  women  and  children 
111  safety,  aiicT  gathered  up  a  few  recruits,  attacked 
tlic  iiisurgentB  on  the  rear,  and,  after  aBhort  contest, 
put  tliein  to  liiglit.  Thu  loss  to  the  white  population 
was  forty  persons,  killed,  while  mure  tlian  three  liuii- 
dreil  of  llie  Cliinesc  perished.  <Ju  the  following  day, 
two  companies  of  inilitJiry  appeared  on  the  scene, 
but  the  coolies  liad  lied  into  tlio  lUountahiB,  where 
they  formed  a  dangerous  feature  lu  the  border 
population. 

Hardly  had  the  excitement  caused  by  this  disas- 
trous failure  of  tlie  planters  to  obtain  labor  fairly 
subsided,  before  u  wide-spread  conspiracy  to  u|)sel 
tlie  government  was  discovered,  iuvolving  a  Bcheine 
for  obtaining  possession  of  tiio  iron-clad  licet. 
Through  the  ministry  receiving  timely  notice  of  tile 
intentions  of  tlie  conspirators,  tlio  plan  failed,  and 
the  loaders  were  arrested.  A  new  sensation  next 
arose  in  a  twofold  direction.  Tiio  etlorts  of  the 
United  States  to  annex  San  Domingo  gave  rise  tu 
strung  opposition  In  all  the  Soutli  American  repub- 
lics ;  wliere  it  was  regarded  as  a  blow  directed  at 
their  own  independence,  (,'liill  formally  protested 
against  It.  But  in  Peru  it  yielded  In  great  degree  to 
another  excitenient,  produced  liy  the  ueelared  Inten- 
tion of  the  Italian  residents  in  Limatu  eeletirate  tlie 
anniversary  of  Italian  unity.  This  raised  a  religious 
tumult.  The  Koman  Catliolic  clergy  denounced  It 
as  an  Insult  to  the  church  ;  and  to  avoid  disturb- 
ances, which  otherwise  would  have  been  Inevitable, 
tlio  governinent  issued  a  decree  forbidding  tlie 
demonstration.  The  incident,  ncvertlieicss.  Is  jircg- 
nnut  witli  illustration  of  the  scnsitlvo  character  of 
the  peoido  under  the  Inlluence  of  an  equally  sensi- 
tive ecclesiastical  domination. 

It  would  be  dilllcult,  perhaps  impossible,  to  trace 
step  by  step  the  develupmcnt  to  which  tills  pecu- 
liarity of  iiatloiinl  character  leads  in  the  various 
forms  of  local  disatrcction,  or  jiopular  Insurrection 
as  they  appear  in  tliese  republics,  and  notably  in 
that  of  Peru.  The  coolie  trade  was  a  constant 
source  of  irritation.  Tiie  pulley  of  tlio  President 
was  also  not  by  any  means  calculated  to  allay  the 
natural  predisposition  to  ungovernable  excitement ; 
but  Willie  all  this  must  be  admitted,  tlie  fact  still  re- 
nriiiis  that  of  all  the  South  Amorican  republics  none 
have  made  such  rapid  advaiiccs  In  every  direction  as 
Peru.  It  was,  therefore,  nut  withuiit  a  feeling  even 
of  amazement,  that  the  world  In  18?3  heard  of  an- 
other, and  the  most  cruel  rovolution  tliat  had  yet 
disgraecd  tlie  republic.  In  tlie  short  space  of  live 
days  the  city  of  Lima  witnessed  a  scries  of  events, 
which  is  more  remarkable  than  any  that  can  be 
found  tu  the  liistmy  of  South  America.  The  two 
candidates  for  tlie  presidency  that  year.  Dr.  Arenas 
and  Don  .Manuel  Prado,  represented  respectively 
the  party  of  tin;  administration  and  the  democracy. 
Congress  had  been  sitting  in  secret  session  since 
the  thirteentli  of  July,  imt  it  was  generally  uiider- 
dcrstuod  that  Prado  would  be  elected.  To  prevent 
tlii.s,  (icncrul  Gutierrez,  the  .Minister  of  War,  wlio 
exercised  an  undue  and  dangerous  inlluence  over 
President  Ka'ta,  hud  been  striving  to  Induce  him  to 
annul  the  pruecedings.  How  far  he  sueccedcd  Is 
not  clCiiilyVnown,  but  as  suun  as  Balta  discovered 
tliat  the  success  of  Prado  was  well-nigh  secured,  lie 
witiidrew  from  the  scheme,  or  pronounced  his  de- 
termination tu  have  iiuthing  tu  du  with  it.  Imme- 
diately uiKin  tills  becinning  known  to  tlie  Minister 
of  War,  (Jutlerrcz  lllled  the  (luvernment  Bouare  wltli 
troops,  dispersed  the  Congress  at  the  point  of  tlie 
bayonet,  took  Balta  prisoner,  placed  him  under 
close  mllit.iry  gnurd,  and  declared  the  city  under 
martial  law,  and  himself  President  of  the  Kepubllc. 
At  tills  unexiiected  and  despotic  proceeding,  tlio 
people  were  fur  the  niumeiit  utterly  Btnick  down 
with  iistonlshinent  and  surprise.  But  the  feeling 
did  not  last  long.  Gutierrez  attempted  Immediately 
to  form  a  cabinet,  but  noliody  would  join  him,  and 
he  had  to  witness  one  of  the  most  remarliable  pro- 
tests that  has  probably  ever  fallen  to  any  one  at  the 
moment  of  winning,  as  he  thuught,  the  supremo 
power.  Places  of  Inilness  wen;  suddenly  cliised, 
as  If  by  Olio  tacit  but  unaiilnioiiB  consent  of  tlio 
owners.  The  lleet  set  sail  and  stood  out  to  sea. 
The  soldiers  dropped  out  of  the  ranks  and  openly 


deserted.  The  diplomatic  corps  formally  refused  to 
recognize  (iutierrez  in  any  way.  The  newspapers 
were  not  published  ;  and  in  nil  dircclioiiB  the  entire 
social  macliincry  of  the  city  Ktop{ied,  and  refused  tu 
jiroceed  for  a  siiort  time  in  any  direction.  The  protest, 
at  the  time,  was  nurolutely  passive  and  negative,  but 
none  tho  lees  strong,  ft  was,  too,  only  the  lull 
whose  very  deadness  predict*  the  fury  of  the  coining 
storm.  Nor  was  It  long  ere  this  was  heard.  Sllves- 
tro  Gutierrez,  brother  of  tho  dictator,  being  hooted 
by  tho  populace  at  a  railway  station  in  Lima,  drew 
a  revolver  and  Hred  upon  the  people,  whereupon  ho 
was  Instantly  shot  down,  and  the  next  moment  ho 
lay  dead  in  the  street.  The  mob  fell  upon  tho  body, 
stripped  It  of  Ita  clothes,  mangled  it  witli  their 
knives  ond  dragged  it  through  tlie  public  thuroiigli- 
farcs.  Gutierrez,  hearing  of  the  death  of  his  brother 
and  chief  supporter,  Imniediately  dUpatelied  a  guard 
from  the  barracks,  with  orders  to  proceed  to  the  Ini- 
prlsoued  President  Balta  and  assa.ssiiiate  him  witli- 
out  a  moment's  delav.  The  order  was  cxceuted. 
Balta  sick,  and  In  bed,  was  shot  as  he  lay,  by  three 
of  tho  inurdcrcrs,  and  his  body  was  dragged  down 
and  pierced  with  the  bayonets  of  the  soldlerg.  This 
outrage  roused  the  peoiile  to  fury,  and  sliimts  of 
"  Down  with  Gutierrez,"  "Deatii  to  the  murderers," 
rosounded  throughimt  the  city  and  reached  the  earn 
of  tiio  dictator  In  the  gubernatorial  palace.  Priidu, 
and  tlie  leaders  of  the  pupular  party,  bad,  ut  tho 
llrst  assault  made  by  Gutierrez  on  Congress,  lied, 
either  to  the  foreign  legations  or  to  ships  in  tlie  har- 
bour for  safety  ;  but  Colonel  Herenela  Zevallos  now 
came  forward  and  jilaccd  himself  at  tlie  head  of  tho 
people,  amid  the  wildest  demonstrations  of  applause. 
Gutierrez,  seeing  that  his  own  fate  could  not  long 
remain  undecided,  took  eommand  of  the  few  troops 
that  remained  true  to  him,  and  marched  at  their 
head,  pistol  In  hand,  to  tlie  fort  of  Santa  Cutalina, 
w  liere  he  determined  to  defend  liimBclf.  Upon  this, 
Zevailos  took  possession  of  tlie  Government  build- 
ing, assumed  direction  of  state  ttlfalrs,  appointed  u 
Cabinet  and  p oceeded  to  re-establish  order,  which 
ho  found  no  diillculty  In  doing.  He  was  saved  tho 
trouble  of  attacking  the  usurper.  By  degrees  almost 
all  the  troops  whom  Gutierrez  had  taken  with  liiiii 
left  the  fort.  Finding  tiieii  that  to  attempt  a  de- 
fence would  be  Impossible,  lie  had  recourse  to  a 
disguise,  with  the  Intention  of  escaping  l>y  liiglit. 
He  had  succeeded  in  passing  tlirougli  a  great  part 
of  the  city,  when  suildenly  a  passer-by  recognized 
iiini.  Tile  alarm  was  immediately  given,  and  (iu- 
tierrez lied  fur  refuge  liito  a  druggist's  shop  ;  but 
only  to  be  drawn  out  an  Instant  after  i)ierc--d  with 
Innumenible  wounds.  The  body  was  well-nigh  torn 
to  jiicces,  and  beaten  beyond  reeognilton.  it  was 
dragged  to  tlie  public  square  and  tlK^re  hung  ;  and 
on  the  following  day,  togetlier  with  tho  bodies  of 
Sllvestre  Gutierrez  and  aiiotlier  brothc.-.  It  was  sus- 
pended from  the  high  towers  of  tlie  cathedral ;  and 
afterward  all  three  were  burned  to  dust  In  tho  pub- 
lic place. 

lliero  Ib  something  exceptional  and  thcrcforo 
cxtraurdlnary  In  the  scene  thus  presented  of  a 
po]>ular  rising  in  favour  of  the  legitimate  govern- 
ment, and  to  destroy  a  usurper.  And  the  order 
with  wlileli  it  was  conducted  is  noteworthy.  Tho 
people  undertook  of  their  own  accord  the  protec- 
tion of  tlie  public  buildings,  and  only  one  instanco 
of  anything  like  vicdenee  against  either  public  or 
jirivate  property  was  recorded  ;  and  tliat  was  com- 
paratively unimportant. 

T!'«  establishment  in  this  way  of  Signor  Prado  in 

tho  Prosidcuey,  has  been  an  event  of  the  utmost  lin- 

portjincc  111  the  future  welfare  of  the  Kepubllc.     Ita 

foreign  policy  has  presented  littlo  of  moment.     It 

may  be  summed  up  almost  entirely  in  commercial 

treaties,  protestations  against  the  settlenient  of  tho 

United  States  Company  at  Samana,  and  co-opcrativo 

negotiations  in  the  matter  of  an  iiiteroceanlc  canal 

in  Central   Anicriea.     Tlie   PrcBident  took  euro  to 

surround  hiniself  with  the  ablest  men  in  tlie  Kepub- 

]  lie,  and  his  admlnistratlun,  devuted  to  the  internal 

I  Interests  of  the  state,  anil  guided  by  a  wise  and 

j  tciiipcr.ito  jiolicy,  did  much  not  only  to  allay  tho 

}  feverish  excitement  of  tlie  people  wliich  had  bo  long 

prevailed,  but  to  raise  Peru  to  the  position  it  now 

I  occupies  us  the  llrst  nnd  the  most  prosperous  of  tho 

South  Ainerlcan  republics. 

Since  her  Hrst  attainment  of  independence.  Chill 
has  been  perplexed  with  boundary  dilliciiltics.    In 
j  the  south,  tlicso  still  continue,    the  limits  of  tho 
state  there  being  very  imperfectly  dellned,  and  quc8- 
tloiis  of  jurisdiction  between  Chili  and  tlie  Argentino 
1  Kepubllc  are  constantly  arising.    But  In  1873  a  treaty 
;  was  concluded  with  Bolivia,  ty  which  further  trouble 
In  that  direction  will.  It  is  hoped,  be  prevented. 
;  In  this  the  eastern  limits  of  Chill  arv  declared  to  bo 
the  highest  sunimlts  of  the  Andes,  anil  the  twenty- 
fourth  degree  of  south  latitude  the  dividing  line. 
As  in  Peru,  tlio  attcnUon  of  the  govcniment  has  of 
late  been  more  steiidlly  devoted  io  Internal  develop- 
ment, to  the  edueatlun  of  the  peoiile,  tlic  pnmiotiuu 
of  trade,  tit  construetiou  of  railways  uiid  telegnipha, 


180 


IIISTOUY   OP 


mill' 


^  incouraKcnient  of  inlnliie  mid  nfjrifultiirc,  nnd 
iiMiiliiienlH  (if  tli«  Ittws.  Till!  iiiont  imllconhlc 
fuuturo  111  all  tills  Is  the  uiiiioaninio  iif  ii  iiiiiri'  tolrr- 
mit  ruilliig  111  nuittiTd  of  rpllKl"".  wlilrli  lililn  fulr  to 
(levcloii  far  bejoiiil  tlm  limits  of  tlic  C'lillliin  Ki- 
liulillc,  mill  to  remove  ere  loiii;  oiii'  of  the  KriMitcst 
(itwtai'ii's  to  till!  81'ttlemciit  of  IVotcstaut  Iniiiil^raiitu 
In  that  part  of  the  worlil. 

The  iiL'i'esslty  for  surh  extciisioii  of  IHii-nil  opin- 
ions liiis  at  no  time  been  more  I'vlilont  than  It  is  lii  i 
I'erti  at  the  present  moment,  where  rell;;liiUB  hl^totry  ' 
Is  Impeding  the  pro);re»»  of  eilmatlon,  fetteriii);  the 
bands  of  the  Kovernnieiit,  ercnlliiK  loeal  disiillee- 
tlons  uinoni;  the  people,  und  eoverlnj;  with  a  cloud 
of  darkness  the  most  promlalnK  state  npon  the  eon- 
tlnont.  Whatever  may  be  the  polltleal  position  of  a 
nation,  lis  people  are  not  free  when  their  fullest 
liberties  arc  eontracted  by  the  intervention  of  a  re- 
ligious priestcraft. 

Wliilo  the  events  hero  recorded  were  passinp;  on 
the  western  side  of  the  South  American  Continent, 
otlicrs  searcoly  less  Important  were  attractliis  atten- 
tion on  the  east.  The  imniciilate  results  of  tlio 
escape  of  John  VI.  of  Portugal  to  his  Hrazlllan  pos- 
sessions have  been  already  seen,  and  it  would  have 
prevented  some  future  troubles,  in  all  probability.  If 
lie  had  resolved  at  once  to  separate  the  eolonv  from 
tlio  parent  country.  But  after  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo and  the  removal  of  Napoleon  to  St.  llelciui,  the 
king  became  anxious  to  return,  and  he  sought  to 
satisfy  Ills  Brazilian  subiecis  by  assninlng  tlie  title 
of  King  of  Portugid,  Algarve  and  linizii.  Hut  tiio 
Portuguese  Cortes  were  anxious  to  reduce  lirazil  to 
lU  former  jiositlon  as  a  colonial  dependency,  and 
their  action  was  strongly  resented.  An  order  tlmt 
the  iirlnce  regent  should  return  to  llrazil  for  his 
education  compl.ted  the  Indignation  of  the  people, 
and  an  insurrection  being  openly  declared.  Dim 
Pedro  iilaeed  hiiiiscdf  at  the  head  of  it,  and  soon  after 
the  Independence  of  the  empire  wiis  pnielainie;!, 
with  the  regent  as  Hrst  emperor.  Ills  eonniatloii 
took  place  six  weeks  afterwards,  on  tlu'  1st  of  Oe- 
eeniber,  ISliJ.  The  act  was  not  acknowledged  by  the 
Portuguese  government  till  three  years  later,  and  In 
1831  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  became,  by  the  death  of 
Ills  father.  King  of  Portngal.  He  at  once  resii;ned 
the  crown  In  favour  of  his  inf:mt  daughter.  Dona 
Maria,  and  thus  for  n  time  allayed  the  fears  of  Ills 
subjects,  who  began  to  tliinlc  tliut  they  were  once 
more  to  be  dependent  on  the  parent  stale.  A  dis- 
pute which  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  against  the 
Arg'-ntine  Kepnblle  was  soon  after  settleil  through 
the  intervention  of  (ireat  Britain,  but  disalleetion 
still  continued  throughout  the  northern  jiarl  of  the 
empire,  and  after  a  succession  of  insurrectionary 
movements  the  emperor  abdicated  in  INii  in  favour 
of  his  son.  lie  now  returned  to  Portngal,  and  with  tlie 
assistance  of  English  and  French  vessels.  es|ioHsed  the 
cause  of  his  daughter  ogainst  Don  Miguel,  who  hail 
Hsurped  the  throne,  and  he  uitimately  suecceded  in 
vindicating  tlic  rights  of  the  ipiecn,  and  sending  the 
pretender  into  cxVlc.  But  his  influence  was  no  more  [ 
felt  In  Brazil,  where  a  regency  continued  till  1*41,  in  ' 
which  year  the  heir  to  tlie  tlifone  was  declared  to  be  ■ 
of  age,  and  he  was  crowned  on  the  l^tli  of  July.        | 

Brazil  had  for  many  years  looked  with  alarm  on 
the  strengthening  of  the  provinces  that  lay  on  her 
southern  boundary.  This  appears  to  have  been  an 
hereditary  sentiment,  founded  in  ISKl,  if  not  exist- 
ing before,  when  the  Portuguese  took  possession  of 
Monte  Video,  under  the  pretence  of  destroying  tlie 
revolutionary  tendcneics  of  Artigas.  Accordingly, 
when  the  iirovlneeson  the  Parana  and  Uruguay 
united  themselves  with  Buenos  Ayres,  the  Braziliaii 
government  was  dismayed,  and,  soon  after  forcing  a 
declaration  of  war,  blockaded  the  city  of  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  but,  as  we  have  already  said,  jieaee  was  ulti- 
mately made  through  British  Intervention.  It  was 
during  this  time  that  a  popular  leader  among  tiie 
iieopie  of  Buenos  Ayres  arose  in  the  person  of  Juan 
Manuel  de  Kosas,  a  descendant  of  an  anelcnt 
Spanish  family,  and  a  man  full  of  ambition,  daring, 
and  adventure  ;  butwlio,  from  a  life  of  rough  eultuie 
among  the  henlsmcn  and  working  classes  geneniliy  of 
the  Interior,  had  trown  into  a  spirit  of  antipathy  to 
the  reflnement  of  the  aristocnitic  classes  of  the  sea- 
board. The  people  were  thus  divided:  Kosas  lieading 
a  party  which  snppnrtcil  a  federal  form  of  government 
for  the  several  provinces,  In  oiiposition  to  the  eon- 
stitntion  of  isi).  This  had  been  framed  on  the 
basis  of  a  small  but  powerful  aristocracy,  who  now, 
In  eontradistlnelion  to  the  party  of  Kosas,  styled 
themselves  Uritiirios.  Rosas  gained  a  large  nuinber 
of  adherents  from  the  provinces,  and  gradually  so 
Increased  Ms  influence  that  In  18J7  he  mrmallv  pro- 
tested agft'nst  the  eonstitutl  m,  and  tn  a  brief  time 
wielded  sullielent  power  to  place  the  nominee  of  his 
party,  Dorrego,  in  the  position  of  governor  of 
Uuenos  Ayres.  The  treaty  of  peace  which  Dorrego 
made  with  Bi'azii  through  the  ministry  at  Loiitlon 
secured  the  recognition  of  Uruguay  as  an  indepeii- 
ilont  state ;  but  three  years  after  a  eonfedeiatlon  was 


formed  between  tln^  provinces  of  Buenos  Avres, 
Santa  Fe,  Corrlentes,  and  Entro  Klim ;  nnd  within 
another  year  it  embraced  llie  wliole  of  tlie  reinaliilng 
lirovlnces.  Thus  was  fullliled,  Willi  a  trifling  excep- 
tion, the  programme  lirst  marked  down  by  Kosas 
and  Ills  friends,  and  Brazil  began  to  look  with  dis- 
trust upon  the  rising  power  of  the  confederation. 
Meanwhile,  however,  suspicions  arose  among  the 
people  as  to  the  sincerity  of  Kosas,  and  several  lii- 
Biirreetlons  were  started  to  elTeet  a  change  In  the 
government.  These  were  readily  put  down,  till  the 
feeling  took  root  in  the  ranks  of  the  army,  when, 
under  the  leadership  of  (iencral  l.availe,  the  goveni- 
meiit  was  attacked,  and  Dorrego  being  taken 
prisoner,  he  was  shot  without  a  trial.  The  success 
was  of  short  duration.  Kosas  was  not  the  man  to 
submit  to  defeat.  He  immediately  organized  a  new 
force,  and  with  the  active  co-operation  of  I.opez  of 
Santa  Fe  completely  overthrew  LavuUe  and  all  his 
hopes,  Kosas  occupying  the  position  to  whicli  he 
bad  aspired,  and  having  the  army  completely  under 
his  control,  ready  to  obey  his  behests  at  any  mo- 
nieiit.  An  opportunity  presently  occurred,  through 
the  raiild  changes  of  revolullonary  action,  by  which 
tlie  supreme  authority  in  Buenos  Avres  was  at  bis 
disposal,  and  lie  was  not  slow  in  availing  himseif  of 
It.  He  was  elected  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  in 
18;B,  and  held  the  iitllce  with  advantiigi'  to  the 
eoimtry  till  the  expiration  of  his  terni  in  ISll.  Five 
times  he  refused  to  be  nominaled  for  re-election  ; 
but  when  the  terms  were  altered  and  the  word 
governor  was  changed  for  dictator,  be  eagerly  ac- 
cepted the  proposall  and  held  it,  with  tlie  sanction 
of  the  people,  till  1'  v>.  During  tlio  intervening 
jieriod  he  ruled  witli  .item  despotism.  Keeords  of 
the  time  descrilf  ■  him  generally  as  a  tyrant  of  the 
worst  kind,  a  bloodtlilrsty  and  uiipcruiuihius  ruler, 
who  never  hesitated  to  commit  the  most  flagrant 
liijnstlee  when  self-interest  or  the  fiiltlilment  of  ids 
personal  wishes  demanded  it.  But  a  future  genera- 
llcin  will  prolialily  judge  him  less  harshly.  He  held 
enpreiiie  power  during  a  period  of  consiilerabie.  ino- 
ineiit  In  the  future  interests  of  the  country  he 
loved,  and  it  is  very  doubtful  whelhiT  any  man  of 
le~8  character  would  have  borne  it  as  well"  thrnugli 
the  dangers  that  beset  it.  He  devoted  himseif 
with  all  his  energies  to  extend  the  territory, 
or  lit  least  the  iiutliority,  of  Buenos  Ayres  to  the 
jirovinces  of  P.iraguay  and  Uruguay,  and  he  bos 
been  condemned  for  a  jiollcy  of  iiggrandizciiieiit. 
But  any  C"n.leiiination  til  it  iii'rtalns  to  lilm  for  that 
jioiicy'liel'  iLTS  with  eiiuul  justice  to  Brazil.  The 
governnieiLt  of  the  emperor  had  alivavs  seen  tlic 
value  of  the  provinces  that  lay  to  the  iSniziliiin  side 
of  tlie  Parai  a,  both  on  aeeount  of  tlieir  iiitriiisie 
value,  and  also  as  tlierehy  making  the  river  the 
boundary  line  against  a  rcpulilie  whieli  tliey 
never  lilied.  Rosas  saw  in  like  manner  the  cxpe- 
dienev  of  adding  those  provinces  to  Buenos  Ayres, 
as  well  on  aceimnt  of  their  wealth  in  resources  and 
their  breadth  of  seaiioard,  as  from  tlie  check  that 
would  therelty  be  given  to  the  aiiibltlon,  pcrliaiis  to 
the  propagaiuiism, Of  the  Brazilians.  Paraguay  had 
the  good  fortune  at  tliis  juncture  to  be  under  the  ex- 
ecutive control  of  Franela,  a  man  hardly  less  nota- 
ble than  Kosas  himself,  and  who  proved  himseif 
quite  competent  to  keep  tlie  territory  he  ffoverneii 
free  from  any  serious  danger  on  cither  sitie.  Moreover 
the  Brazilian  goveniment,  much  as  it  feared  Kosas 
and  his  policy,  cared  not  to  risk  a  war  for  the  eon- 
quest  of  both  Paraguay  and  Uruguay  at  the  same  time. 
Tliey  contented  themselves  for  some  time  with  di- 
recting their  attention  npon  the  latter  province  only, 
and  agents  of  both  the  empire  and  Kosas  were  at 
work  for  some  time  propagating  the  views  of  their 
respective  governments.  As  usual,  intcnial  disorder 
soon  furnished  an  occasion  for  interference.  Two 
parties  hod  arisen  in  Uruguay,  and  Brazil  gave  open 
siipiiort  to  the  one  headed  by  Rivera,  which  declared 
Itself  In  open  opposition  to  the  |)oliey  of  Rosas,  and 
which  presently  had  tlie  active  support  of  tlie 
Freiicli.  The  faction  favourable  to  tlie  confederation 
was  under  the  guidance  of  Orlbe,  a  direct  ogent  o' 
Rosas,  and  working  entirely  under  his  direction, 
eoiuiition  of  war  soon  followed  the  active  interven- 
tion of  Kosas,  but  it  was  little  more.  The  Interven- 
tion of  the  French  was  nnwarranted,  and  was  soon 
ended  ;  and  the  authorities  at  .Monte  Video  then  saw 
the  expediency  of  coming  to  an  agreement  with 
their  opposite  "neighbours.  But  the  peace  thus  con- 
cluded did  not  last  long.  Brazil  {lersisted  In  looking 
with  a  jealous  eye  npon  the  rule  of  RoeiLs,  and  under 
the  pretext  that  treaties  made  in  18i.S  and  IHK)  had 
been  broken,  the  emperor's  government  applied  for 
assistance  to  Englaml  and  France.  Kosas  had 
meanwhile  closed  the  Parana  to  vessels  belonging  to 
Paraguay,  and  had  threatened  restrictions  uiion  tho 
State  of  Uruguay  except  npon  speellied  eondltions. 
Tlie  appeal  from  the  Brazilian  court  was  speedily 
fcdlowed  liyllie  npiiear.inee  of  a  combined  French 
and  Kngiish  squadron  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata.  Buenos  Ayres  was  blockaded  and  the  Argen. 
tine  fleet  taken  possession  of.    The  allies  also  seized 


the  Island  of  Martin  OarciOj  and  declared  tho  Parana 
open  to  the  navigation  of  Paraguay.  Kosas  oltcred 
a  delcnnlncd  reslstJUice  t>  these  proeecdings,  but 
with  little  etlect  except  to  himself.  The  contest 
lasted  for  three  years,  during  the  whole  of  wliicli 
time  tho  eonfedcmtlon  sulTered  great  losses,  ami  the 
reputation  of  Kosas  in  his  own  country  was  much 
weakened.  Noticing  this,  tho  governor  of  F.iitro 
KloH,  who  had  always  sympathlzod  with  the  Brazilian 
side  of  the  question,  placed  hlinself  at  the  beuil  of 
the  party  opposed  to  Kosas,  and  co-operating  with 
his  enemies,  gave  battle  to  the  Argentine  dictator 
at  Monte  Caseios,  and  utterly  defeated  him.  Kosas 
managed  to  escape  to  England,  and  with  ehaructcr- 
Istle  Ingr.ititude,  the  people  wlioiii  he  hail  advaneid 
greatly  In  material  prosperity,  and  whom.  In  fact,  ho 
bad  been  the  chief  means  of  converting  Into  a 
nation,  hailed  his  departure  with  oxiiressloiis  of  de- 
light. Lopez  now  thought  to  secure  the  dictatorship  ; 
but  the  conqueror  of  Kosas,  with  a  triumphant 
ariny.behliul  htm,  was  not  to  be  denied,  and  in  less 
than  six  inontns  Unpiiza  beeanio  dictator,  and  ut 
once  published  ft  deeree  iii !  nowledging  the  indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay,  and  opening  tlio  tributaries  of 
the  I.a  Plata  to  free  navigation. 

But  it  is  not  to  bo  expected  that  a  ruler  from 
Entre  Khis  would  long  be  toleraU'd.  Having  to 
visit  Santa  Fe,  his  absence  was  turned  to  an  opjior- 
tunity  for  Indulging  once  more  In  revolution.  Ur- 
quiza  was  sunimarily  deposed,  and  ^Isiiia  chosen 
governor  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Independent  of  the  eon- 
fedcriitlon.  Tills  led  to  civil  war.  Alslnn  was.  In 
turn,  removed,  and  tlio  confederation  in  tho  midst 
of  the  turmoil  framed  the  constitution  tliat  waA 
destined  to  endure  for  some  time,  and  Into  which  it 
was  hoped  that  Buenos  Ayres  would  ere  long  bo 
drawn.  Th'-'.  constitution  was  framed  upini  the 
model  of  ,,iat  of  the  United  States  of  North  America. 
It  went  Into  operation  in  1H.51,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment being  flxed  at  Bajaila  del  Parana,  In  Eiitru 
Klos.  It  did  not  hove  the  ImmiMliato  eirect  desired. 
Buenos  .\yrcs  formed  a  new  constitution  for  herself  j 
but  at  the  same  tlnio  a  treaty  was  concluded  with 
the  confederation,  which  brought  It  and  Bueiius 
Ayres  Into  much  closer  relations.  The  favourublo 
prospect  thus  funned  was  destined  soon  to  be  de- 
stroyed. Some  refugees  under  Cieneral  Flores  at- 
tempted the  Invasion  itf  Buenos  Ayres  from  Santa 
Vr,  liut  were  repulsed  by  (iencral  Mitre,  ami  pur- 
sued into  the  province  whciieo  tliey  had  escaped. 
This  led  to  expostulations,  but  the  conduct  of  Flores 
was  nplield  by  his  government,  and  the  ciuifedeni- 
tiini  annulled  the  treaties  of  Wii  and  lN.^i.">  roilhwilli. 
Urqiiiza  at  once  began  to  levy  duties  on  vessels  from 
Buenos  Ayres  bound  up  the  tribubiries  of  the  I.a 
Plata,  and'tiostliitles  ensued  which  lasted  four  years, 
and  ended  In  the  niiioii  of  Buenos  Ayres  with  the 
confederation.  But  national  scnlliiieiit  was  not 
satistlcd,  and  when,  In  ISIK),  the  deputies  from 
Buenos  Ayres  were  refused  seats  In  the  Congress, 
on  the  ground  of  Irregularities  In  their  election,  the 
occoslon  was  taken  h)  renew  the  civil  war.  (ieneial 
Mitre,  to  whom  the  command  of  the  army  of  Buenos 
Ayres  was  entrusted,  having  gained  a  complete  vic- 
tory over  the  Argentine  troops,  was  elected  provis- 
ionally to  the  presidency  pending  certain  aniciid- 
nients  to  the  constitntion.  In  these  Buenos  Ayres 
was  made  provisional  capital  of  the  eonfeileratiiui, 
and  In  IbtU  Mitro  was  chosen  President  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic.  Entre  Klos  wast  Included  in  the  eon- 
federation,  but  not  Willi  the  approbation  of  Urqulzii, 
who,  nevertheless,  soon  after  accepted  the  govenior- 
shlp  of  that  iirovince,  and  gave  in  his  allegiance. 

Matters  being  thus  apparently  settled  In  the  eon- 
federation,  disturbances  of  n  more  prominent  char- 
acter broke  out  In  Uruguay.  At  the  election  in 
IHOl,  Aguirre,  the  representative  of  the  reactionary 
party,  was  cleetiMl  President;  upon  which  Flores, 
the  defeated  candidate  and  reprcscntallve  of  tho 
liberals,  jdaced  himself  at  the  head  of  an  insurrei- 
foil,  and  at  once  received  the  aid  of  Brazil.  An 
imperial  force  even  Invaded  tlie  iirovlnce  ogaliist  the 
.  Ijcted  president  of  the  people,  thus  eoinmitting 
the  government  ot  Rio  to  a  monstrous  intiirferenco 
with  the  constitutional  rights  of  a  neinhbourlng 
nation.  War  against  Brazil  was  immediately  de- 
clared. Flores  laid  siege  to  the  town  of  Paysanda, 
and  a  Brazilian  licet  bloekoded  it  on  the  side  of  the 
sea.  It  wos  nobly  defended  by  a  garrison  of  loyalists, 
less  tiiaii  seven  liuiidn>d  strong,  which  held  out  long 
after  the  city  Itself  had  been  laid  in  ashes,  and  at 
last  fell  victims  to  treachery.  The  garrison  were 
treated  by  the  BrazUiaiiB  with  much  cruelty,  and 
their  commander.  General  Gomez,  was  shot — for  the 
crime,  we  presume,  ot  being  faithful  to  his  goverii- 
nicnt  and  country.  The  iiisurgcnta  unu  their 
Brazilian  allies  tlieneo  marched  on  to  tlic  capital, 
nnd  Monte  Video  was  declared  In  a  state  of  block- 
ade. Upon  this,  Agulrro  resigned  the  presidency, 
anil  being  aneceeded  provisionally  by  VlUalba,  a 
member  of  the  Senate,  negotiations  were  opened 
with  the  enemy,  und  a  treaty  of  peace  was  soon 
agreed  upon.    Ueueral  Flores  shortly  after  entered 


SOUTH    AMEUICA. 


181 


Mniito  Video  III  triiiin|>li,  BiipiHirtiMl  liv  a  lirl^udr  of  I 
llmnllliiii  tri)i>|i>i,  uiiil  iiHHiiiiii'il  till'  lUTHldrno)'— tliu4  | 
M'llliiK  at  dt'lhince  the  |iriiu'l|ilt'H  of  tliv  coiiHtltulloii 
wlili'li    111'  -iwiiro   til   iiKiiiilalii,  iiiiil    liy   the  iilil   <>(  i 
fniei),'!!  liii.viinelH  suliverlliix  the  will  of  the  people,  i 
mill  I'eplai'iii);  the  I'reHldunl  whoiii  they  hail  eliiMeii.  ! 
Much  Imih  liern  said  for  tho  piirpoiie  of  JuMtirylii^  Uie 
I'oiidiiet  of  the  Hruzllhtn  Ko^'^rnnieiit  In  thin  liitiT- 
veiilliiii,  hut  nitieh  more  iiiiiHt  lie  Huld   hefiire  any 
Hiieli  Juxtllleatliin  nil  the  frleiiiLn  of  the  empire  dexlie  ] 
eaii   lueome  |iohHllile.     Tho  fiieln  »peuk  for  tlieiii- 
Ki'lvefl,      Nothing  eiiii  alter  them,  and  uiileHu  they 
were  altered  iiotTiliijj  hut  the  utter  eoiiileiiiiiatloii  lif  j 
Brazil  for  ar.  uiiJuntllluUle  and  cruel  war  would  lie  i 
piiiiHllile.  I 

l,iipez,  the  President  of  Tarafjiiay,  hail  not  failed 
tn  neiid  the  proti'iit  of  IiIh  Htatc  aij^aiiiHt  the  iielloii  of 
llrazll  In  thin  iiiader.  Hut  hid  prole.-t«  were  iweived 
at  Kill  de  •hiiielro  with  iiiHoleiiee,  and  he  retalliited 
speedily  hy  Relzlui;  a  ilruKlllaii  veniiel  wlileli  he 
found  on  her  way  up  llie  raraiia,  and  detahiliii;  her 
erew  and  iMiBSCiijjera  as  prlHonern  of  war.  On  the 
next  day  tlie  reprertentatlvc  of  Mrazil  at  AsHUiielon 
wiiH  forinally  iiotiiled  that  an  IiIh  i;overnniuiit  had 
refiitird  iitte'iilloii  to  the  prote.st.i  of  the  Tretilileiit, 
the  river  would  heneeforth  he  elo.^ed  to  hni/illaii 
veHHelH,  and  tho  Imperial  Ihii;  treated  an  that  of  an 
enemy.  The  llrazlllaii  .Minister  thereupon  deiiiunded 
and  received  ills  passporLs,  iiiid  in  Ic-h  than  a  iiioiith 
a  I'ariiKUav.iii  army  hail  eniered  the  Hrazillan 
luovince  of  Malto  lirosao,  from  which  eoinmunlea- 
tloii  with  the  eapilid  was  now  eoiiiplelely  ent  off. 
After  hoiiibariliii;;  and  eaiTyiiii;  liy  a-xault  the  fort 
of  Novo  Colmhra,  the  mosi  important  in  the 
IHoviiiei',  all  the  iiriiieipal  eiUes,  ineliidini;  at  last 
the  eapilul,  fell  into  tlie  iiamls  of  llie  InvaderK, 

The  treaty  of  peace  wliicli  the  traitor  Florea  en- 
tered into  with  Itnizil  did  not  contain  any  lefereneo 
to  l*ara;|uay,  whose  I'l'cKldcnl  had  thus  iiohly  de- 
fended the  cause  of  lilierly,  In  liehiilf  of  the  Uru- 
^ii'iyans.  it  was  followed  hv  an  oili'UHivc  alllanee 
a;;aiiisl  i.opez  on  the  part  of  llrazll,  Uruguay,  and 
the  Arneiillne  Kepiihiie,  ellcctcil  through  a  'treaty 
whose  political  importance  is  too  ^'nat  to  justify  its 
not  reeciviiifja  place  here.  Kor  a  Ioiik  time  it  was 
kept  secret,  ami  it  was  not  till  tin'  war  had  heen 
eoiitliiiied  several  montlis  that  It  piined  publicity, 
iiiiieh  til  the  annoyance  of  the  Blj^uatorics.  It  waa 
us  follows  ; — 

"The  coveniments  of  the  Oriental  Rppuhllc  of 
I'ruKUay,  of  Ills  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Brazil,  and 
of  the  Aih'eiitlnc  lieiiiihlie  (aKainsl  llie  last  two  of; 
these  war  has  liecn  dechireil  liy  llie  K"^'<'''"""'"' "' ! 
raraniiay,  anil  the  llrst  is  in  a  slate  of  hostilities,  hav- ; 
iiij;  Us  internal  security  Ihreitencd  hy  the  same  (fov- , 
enimeiituf  l'araKiiay,"whicii,  alter  iiavinjr  dlsturhed 
it^  relations  willi  the  nciixldioiirini;  pivernnients  hy 
the  iiioHt  allusive  as  well  as  atri^rerisivc  acts,  has 
violated   its  territory,  lirokeii  Holeinn  treaties,  and  : 
disregarded  tin'  int'eriialional   law  of  eivllized  na- 1 
tioiis   iiy  commlttiii^    the  most  unjnstlliahle  acts),' 
jiersuadeil  that  the  peace,  seeurily,  and  well-lieini;  ; 
of  thi'lr  res|iectivo  nations  are  iiiiiiossllile  wlillc  the 
actual    f:;overiiiiieiit  of    I'arauuay   exists,  and  that 
the    i^rcatest    interests    deiiiumr  as    of    liiiperioiis 
necessity  that  said  fjovcrniiiciit  he  set  aside,  with- 
out, liowever,  any  oll'ence  to  the  sovcrei;rnty,  inde- 
pendence,  and   iiitcirrily   of  said   repulilic  and   Its 
lei-riliiry,   have  re.--oived   to  enter  into  a  treaty  of, 
alliance,  oircnsivc  and  defensive,  in  order  t.i  oritaln 
the  oliject  set  fortli  iiliove,  and  to  this  end  tliey  have 
appointed  as  their  plenipotentiaries,   to   wit:   His 
K.xcelleiiey  the  Provision.tl  (ioveriior  of  the  Oriental 
He|iuhlie  of  Uniituay  ha-i  appointed  1).  Don  tiarlos 
de  Castro,  i:>ecretary" of  Stale  for  Foreii,'n  .Mfairs  ; 
His  .Majesty  tlie  Kinperor  of  llrazll  has  appointed! 
His  K!;celle"ncy,  I).  Doll  Octaviano  do  Almeida  Itosa, 
uf  Ilia  Couiu'li,  Deputy  to  the  tienoral  Le;;i^latlve 
Assemlily  and  Olllclal  of  the  Imperial  Older  of  the  | 
Kosu ;  IiIh  Kxeclieney  the  I'rcsiileiit  of  the  Artjen- 
tliie  t'lnifederatloii  has  uppiiiiited  Dr.  Dos  Hiilino  de 
Elizalile,   Secretary  of    >Hiale    for    t'orclKii  Allairs. 
After  liavin;;  exeliunsed  their  respective  credentials 
and  foiiiid  them  in  ^uoil  and  due  form,  tlieso  pleiil- 
polentlaries  have  agreed  upon  and  entered  hito  the 
tiillowlng  treaty  of  alllanee : —  ! 

"AuticlkI.  Tho  Oriental  Hepuhlle  of  Uruguay,  I 
His  Majesty  the  Kinperor  of  Brazil,  and  the  Argentine 
Itepnhlie,  contract  an  offensive  and  defensive  alllanee 
in  the  war  which  has  been  provoked  by  the  govcrn- 
iiient  of  I'araguay.  I 

"AnT.  II.  Tho  allies  shall  use  all  tho  means  at' 
their  disposal  by  land  or  on  the  rivers,  uceordlnji;  as 
may  lieeoiiie  necessary.  ; 

".\UT.  HI.  As  hostilltlc!!  will  have  to  begin  on  the 
poll  of  the  Ariieiitlne  Ko|iuhllc,  or  on  the  adjoining 
holder  of  the  Paraguayan  territory,  the  eoiiiniand-in- 
eliief  and  direction  of  "the  allied  armlet,  bliail  fall  to 
the  charge  of  Brlgadler-tiencral  Don  Bartolome 
Mitre,  I'resldent  of  the  Argentine  lte|iuhlie  and 
Geucial-iu-C'hiet  of  its  army.     Ihc  naval  forces  of 


tho  allies  shall  be  under  the  liniiicdlate  orders  of  j 
VIee-Adniinilllie  Vlseoiinl  ileTaniiiiidaiv,  ('onimand- 1 
liig-ln-t'lilef    tlie    Hiiiiadron    of    Ills    Majesly   the; 
l''.in|ieriir  of  Brazil.     The  land  forces  of  the  Oriental  { 
Bepiiblic  of  I'riii'ii.iy,  one  ilivlshin  of  the  Argenlliie 
troops,  and  another  of  Brazilian,  to  be  deslgiialed  by 
their  lespectivo  superior  olliccrs,  shall  form  an  iiriiiy  i 
to  be  under  tho  Imiiieillate  eiimmand  of  Brlgadlef- 
tieneral  Don  Vananelo  ii'lores,  I'rovisional  (lovcriior 
of  the  Oriental   llepiiblie   of  l!rnguay.     The   land 
forces  of  Ills  Majesly  the  I^iiiperor  of  Brazil  sliill 
form  an  army  under  tlie   Iniinedlate  command   of 
llrlgailler-tieiieral  Don  Maiiiicl  Idiis  Osiirlo,  Its  lien- 
erariii-Chief.    Allhoiigh  the  liigli  contracting  parties 
are  agreed  in  not  eliaiigiiig  the  theatre  of  the  war's 
operations,  iievertlicless,  in  order  to   preserve  the 
sovereign   rights  of    tlie    three  nations,    they  now 
agree  to  follow  the  principle  of  reciprocity  as  re- 
gards the  chief  comiiiand  of  Hie  allied  army,  so  as 
to  provide  for  any  case  v\'iileli  nilgiit  require  the 
war's  operations  to  be   Irunsferrcd  to  Uriental  or 
Brazilian  territory. 

"Anrs.  IV.  and  V.  refer  to  the  internal  order  and 
regulation,  as  well  rs  pay,  etc.,  of  the  troops,  and 
the  mutual  settlement  of  accounts  oceusioiicu  therc- 

"AiiT.  VI.  The  allies  solemnly  bind  themselves 
not  to  lay  down  their  iiriiis  unless  by  common  con- 
sent, nor  until  lliey  have  overtnriicd  the  actual 
goveriiinent  of  I'aragiiay;  iieltlier  shall  tiiey  separ- 
ately treat  of  or  sign  any  treaty  of  |ieace,  truce, 
armistice,  or  agreement  whatever,  lo  cud  or  suspend 
the  war,  except  it  lie  mutually  agreed  to. 

".VuT.  VII.  .\s  the  war  is  not  waged  against  the 
people  of  Paraguay,  but  against  its  government,  tlie 
allies  may  udiiiit  into  a  ParHgiiayan  legion  all  the 
citizens  of  that  nation  who  may  wish  lii  aid  in  the 
overthrow  of  said  governmeii't,  and  will  fnniish 
them  with  whatever  they  may  need,  in  the  form  and 
under  the  conditions  ttiat  shall  he  agreed  upon, 

"AiiT.  \TII.  The  allies  liiiid  themselves  to  respect 
llie  indcjieiideiite,  sovcrelgnt}',  and  territorial  in- 
tegrity of  the  liciinblleot  Paraguay.  In  eonseiiuenee, 
the  people  of  I'anigiiay  shall  la!  enabled  to  choose 
whatever  goveniiiieiit  and  institutions  may  suit 
them,  without  liaving  to  submit,  as  u  result  of  the 
war,  to  Incorporathin  Willi  any  of  the  allies,  or  hav- 
ing to  iieeept  the  protectorate  of  any  of  them. 

"AiiT.  iX.  The  liidependeiiee,  sovereignty,  and 
territorial  integrity  of  the  KcpuliUe  of  Paraguay 
shall,  ill  aceordiiiico  with  tlie  preceding  Article,  be 
guaranteed  collectively  Ijy  the  high  contracting 
parlies  for  the  term  of  live  yiiiirs. 

".\UT.  X.  It  Is  agreed  between  the  high  eontract- 
liig  parties  that  the  exeiiiptioiis,  privileges,  or  con- 
cessions wliieli  they  may  obtain  from  Hie  governiiieiit 
of  I'aiaguay  shall  be  eoninniii  to  llieni  all— gralnit- 
oiislv  should  they  be  so  olilnliicd,  ami  iipoucommoii 
ciiiKlitions,  if  they  should  be  obtained  coiiilKloii- 
ally. 

"  AuT.  XI.  After  the  present  giiveriinient  of  Para- 
guay shall  have  been  overlliiown,  the  allies  sliall 
proceed  to  make  arrangemeiits  with  tlie  newly  con- 
stituted autliorlty,  in  order  to  secure  tlie  free  navi- 
gation of  tho  rivers  I'arami  and  Paraguay,  so  that 
tlie  laws  or  regulatloiiH  of  said  Uepiililu^  may  not 
obstruct,  Impeile,  or  tax  the  transit  across  or  iiavi- 
gatloii  along  said  rivers  tiy  Hie  iiii>reliaiits  or  war 
ves.-els  of  the  nllled  States,  iiiiund  to  |ioiiit»  within 
their  respective  territories,  or  within  territory  which 
may  not  lieloiig  to  Paraguay;  and  they  shailreipdro 
proper  giiaranlces  to  secure  the  elfcctivciiess  of  Miid 
arrangenu-iits,  but  on  condition  that  said  arrange- 
ments conccriiliig  river  policy — wlu'ther  as  regards 
the  al'iireiiieiitiiined  rivers  or  the  Uruguay  as  well — 
shall  be  drawn  up  In  common  accord  between  the 
allies,  and  whatever  other  littoral  States  may,  wlHilii 
the  period  agreed  niion  iiy  tlie  iillics,  accepi  tho  iii- 
vil.itloii  that  may  be  extended  to  them. 

"Aitr.  XII.  'llie  allies  reserve  to  tlieinselvos  Hie 
right  of  concerting  the  most  suiljible  measures  to 
guarantee  iieaee  with  the  lte|>iiblie  of  Paraguay  after 
Hie  overthrow  of  its  iiresent  governnieiit. 

"AiiT.  XIII.  The  allies  will,  at  the  proper  time, 
iiaiiic  the  plenipotentiaries  w  ho  shall  rciircseiit  tlieiii 
in  eiiiifercnce  to  make  whatever  agrceineiits,  eiinveii- 
tioiis,  or  treaties  may  be  necessary  with  tho  new 
government  that  sliall  bo  cstablislied  In  Piiriiguay. 

"Airr.  XIV.  Tho  allies  shall  exact  from  said 
goveriiinent  payinent  for  the  oxpenscs  caused  by 
this  war— a  war  which  has  been  forced  upon  them  ; 
and  also  reparation  and  liideninllleatloii  for  the 
injuries  uiid  wrong  done  to  their  private  as  well  as 
public  properly,  and  to  tho  persons  of  their  cUlzciis, 
previous  to  any  express  declaration  of  war ;  likewlsu 
for  the  Injuries  and  wrongs  ean.sed  Bulisei|uenlly,  In 
vlolaUon  of  tlie  inineiples  that  govern  in  the  laws  of 
war.  The  Oriental  Iteiiubllo  of  Uruguay  bIuiU, 
moreover,  exact  an  Indi'iiinity  proportionate  to  tliii 
Injuries  and  wrongs  w  iiieh  the  govcrninenl  of  Para- 
guay has  done  her  in  the  war,  Into  which  it  ciiiii- 
pi'lleii  her  to  enter  for  the  defencu  o£  lier  rii^diis, 
threatened  by  said  goveriiinent. 


"AltT.  XV.  Provlden  for  the  miinner  and  form  of 
tho  setHements  to  be  miide,  under  the  prceeilhig 
AHliies. 

"Aiir.  XVI.  In  order  to  avoid  the  diseussionii 
and  wars  that  arise  out  of  i|nestioiis  relating  to  ter- 
ritorial bounilarles.  It  is  agreed  that  the  allies  shall 
reipiire  of  the  government  of  Paraguav  to  make  ii 
M|ieelal  treaty  with  each  one  to  ilellne  their  resiu'elivo 
lioiiiidaries,  on  the  following  basin  :— 

"The  Arp-ntlne  Bepnblle  shall  he  separated  from 
the  Kepublle  of  Paraguay  by  the  rivers  Parana  and 
Paraguay  up  to  the  points  whero  said  rivers  touch 
Braziiliin  soil,  such  |iolnt  In  the  ease  of  the  I'ara- 
guay  Itlver  being  on  its  right  bank  at  the  Balilii 
Negra. 

"The  Kmpiro  of  Brazil  shall  be  sepaniled  front 
Hie  Uepubllc  of  Paraguav.  on  the  side  of  tho 
Parana  by  the  ilmt  river  ubovu  tho  falls  called  tho 
Seven  Cataracls,  the  line  running  from  the  inouHi  of 
said  river  along  its  whole  coiirHe  to  its  source  ;  ae- 
I'ordliig  to  the  new  map  of  Monchez,  said  river  Is  Hiu 
Vgiircy.  th>  the  left  bank  of  the  Hlver  I'anigniiy,  it 
shall  be  separated  hy  the  Klvcr  Apa,  from  its  iiioiiHi 
lo  Its  source.  In  the  Interior,  they  shall  be  se|>arateil 
by  the  Maracnyn  range  of  nionnlaliis,  the  eastern 
slopes  of  w  lilcli  belong  to  Brazil,  and  the  western  to 
Paraguay,  between  tho  two  points  at  which  Hi« 
shortest  straight  lines  can  be  drawn  respectively 
from  the  said  range  to  tho  sources  of  the  Apa  and 
V  i;  urey. 

"Alir.  XVII.  The  allies  mutually  guarantee  to 
each  other  the  faithful  fiilliUmeiilor  the  agreements, 
coiiveiitlons,  and  treaties  that  may  be  necessary  to 
niako  wltli  the  government  that  Is'to  be  estahllslied 
in  I'arngiiay,  in  aei'ordance  witli  the  stipiilatlons  of 
the  present  treaty  of  alllanee,  which  shall  remain  in 
full  force  and  vigour  until  those  stipulations  sliall 
be  respoeted  and  fnllilled  by  the  Hepuhlle  of  Para- 
guay. In  order  to  ohtuiii  this  resull,  Hipy  agrci'  that 
In  case  one  of  the  liigli  eoiitractliig  parties  fan  lo 
olitaln  from  the  government  of  Paraguay  the  fulllll- 
nient  of  its  agri'diieiit,  or  Hint  the  latter  government 
attempt  to  annul  Hie  stipiilallons  agreed  to  with  thu 
allU'H,  the  othi.TS  shall  actively  use  all  their  cMorls 
to  obtain  their  lultilliiieiit.  If  these  arc  useless,  tho 
allies  shall  join  together  all  their  means  to  render 
clfeetlvo  the  stiinilations  made  with  llicm. 

".\iir.  XVIII.  This  treaty  shall  remain  In  secret 
until  the  principal  object  of  the  alUunce  be  ob- 
tained. 

"Aut.  XIX.  Suchstipiilatlonsof  tills  treaty  as  do 
not  need  legislative  ratltliMtion  shall  begin  to  liavu 
elTcct  IIS  soon  as  they  shall  be  approved  by  their 
respective  goveniiiieiils,  and  tlio  remainder  inime- 
diatciy  after  Hie  cxeliaiige  of  ratitlcatlons,  whlcli 
shall  take  place  within  the  period  of  forty  daya 
from  the  date  of  this  treaty,  or  before,  It  pos- 
sible. 

"  III   tesllmony   whereof,  we,  ele.,  etc.,  have  at- 
taelicd  our  names  and  seals.  In  the  city  of  Buenos 
Avrcs,  this  llrst  day  of  .May,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord,  ISlM. 
"(Signed) 

"C.  TlR  CvsTiio, 

"  J.  Octaviano  Dp,  Almeida  Uosa, 

"  lUriNO  De  Klizalue. 


"  PUOTOCOIi. 

"Their  excellencies  the  Plcnlpotenliaries  of  tho 
.\rgentiiio  Kepiiblic,  of  Hie  Ornntiil  liepnlilie  of 
Uruguay,  ami  of  His  .Majesty  the  Kinperor  of  Brazil, 
have  agreed  : — 

"  I.  'I'liat,  in  execution  of  the  treatv  of  alliance  of 
tills  date,  the  fortilleaHoiiK  of  lluiiiaita  shall  be  de- 
molished ;  and  it  sliall  not  be  permitted  to  cri-ct 
olhei's  of  a  like  iiatiiro,  lliiil  niiglil  impede  Hio  faitli- 
fiii  exeeiition  of  said  treaty. 

"  II.  That,  it  being  one  of  the  necessary  measures 
lo  guarantee  a  peace  with  Hie  govei'iinieiit  'hat  shall 
be  eslablislied  In  Paraguay,  there  he  left  in  Paraguay 
neither  arms  nor  mmiitioiis  of  war;  such  as  may  bo 
found  there  shall  ho  divided  lu  uqual  parts  among 
the  allies, 

"III.  That  the  trophies  or  booty  which  may  be 
taken  from  the  enemy  shall  bo  divided  among  tho 
ullies  capturing  Uic  saiiio. 

"  That  tho  coininaiider  of  the  allied  armies  shall 
concert  tho  measures  neccbsury  to  carry  into  effect 
what  is  liereln  stipulated, 

"And  tlicy  signed  this  pr\)locol  in  Puenos  Ajtch 
on  the  llrst  diiy  of  May,  it)t>5, 

"(Signod) 

"  CAiiiog  Dr  Cartho, 

"J.  (Ktaviano  Di:  Ai-meipa  Rosa, 

"  Uiii.Mi  De  Ki.izai.iie." 

Brazil  having  been  the  moving  power  in  this  pro- 
eeediiig,  Hie  ilisgraco  of  It  niiisl  fall  upon  the  eiii- 
plre,    Coualdoring    thu  circunistuiiccs  under  wliicU 


183 


HISTOUY   OP 


till'  troiity  wim  iiiu>li\  iiml  tliiit  tliii  Jimllllcitlldii  uf  It 
ri'ntt'il  ii|>(iii  lui  untruth,  tliii  mily  cndll  that  >  mii  lie 
fiiutiil  for  llni/.ll  »u«  in  tlic  fmt'lliui  lnTK"Vi'niiuint 
win  iisliiuiii'ilot  wliiitlt  liuilclcMii'.  They  wnir  v;i  lly 
illolurbi'il,  or  preliMKlwl  ti>  \m  «i),  ivlii'u  tlii'  iinnu- 
nudit  that  hull  Iwcn  rii'.llluil  with  the  snuthurii  n\- 
i)Uhllcs  beiMinui  known  to  the  worlil,  luiil  when  Ihi'y 
found  publli:  opinion  ilonounelnK  tliviu  for  their 
troiiilicry.  Thu  whole  proieeillnn  U  very  uliuple 
anil  very  b.<il,  niiil  It  eiinnot  be  niaile  In ttir  by  any 
I'ltort  {o  K^w  It  an  iippenrunee  of  eoniplleily. 
Auulrre  was  llie  legally  eleeteil  preslilenlof  Uruifuay. 
Bni7.il,  by  lnterferlii;{  in  L'ru({a.iviin  allulrs,  ami  sup- 
pi  )rtlni;  the  hmurifent  KloreH  In  IiIh  rebellliMi  ti^ahmt 
ALCtiirre,  eoininilteU  u  work  whii-h  no  ar;;iiinent  eun 
Ju-tify,  uikI  one  whieh  Uriizll  dare  not  have  utteinotiil 
in  tile  uilaira  of  any  power  uipial  to  heriielf  in 
strentcth.  Lopez  did  a  perfeetly  JUHllllable  ait  hi  pro- 
tiMtliii;  uir.ihmt  thlH  uinvarnintiiblo  Intirfercnee,  and 
In  tal{tni{  thu  part  of  bin  republiean  nei^'hhoura'jainat 
Imperial  Imperllnence  'Ine  union  of  the  repuliileH 
ui;iiiniit  him  at  tlie  diet4itioii  of  Urazil  was  therefore 
iin  aet  of  treachery  to  theprliieipleit  thev  theni«elve» 
profcKiied,  und  of  ln;;ratitude  to  t!ie  nulion  that  liud 
voluntarily  Btood  by  one  of  tlieiu  in  defenee  of 
liberty  and  eonslltutlonal  riijht-'.  Brazil  wan  the 
llrat  oltender,  und  althongli  liy  force  of  annii  and 
superior  rcrtourect*  she  at  last  dentroyed  tlie  I'reBi- 
dent  of  I'nriiifuay  and  placed  hla  country  at  lier 
merev,  the  name  of  l.opcz  will  ever  be  coupled  with 
the  fume  that  belonKn  to  valour  and  patrioti.sm, 
while  thiit  of  the  empire  nmut  perforce  be  content 
wltli  the  dUu;raee  tlnit  uttachet  to  un  abuse  uf  power. 

I.opez  had  had  reason  to  distrust  the  loyalty  of 
thu  Argentines  for  some  time,  and  without  wuitlns; 
for  av.y  formal  decluratlon  on  their  part,  ho  fol- 
lowed tlie  same  course  th;it  he  had  pur.-uu'il  against 
Brazil,  lirst  seizing  an  Argentine  vessel  on  the  river, 
und  afterwards  sending  an  army  of  invasion  into 
Argentine  territory.  Alutual  declarations  of  war 
uow  took  place,  the  republic  leading  olf  on  tlie  llllli 
"f  April  and  the  Congress  of  I'araguay  following 
suit  two  days  later. 

These  iioiiees  were  followed  by  ucllve  exertions  on 
botii  sides  to  prepare  for  u  vigorous  campuigu. 
I'lmiguay  having  on  her  part  to  re-lst  the  com- 
bined force  of  BrazU  und  lier  Burrouniiing  neigli- 
Uours,  found  it  necessary  to  put  fortii  the  lull 
power  of  her  jieople.  The  position  she  had  guined 
ut  the  outset  wa-,  novurtheless,  lo-t.  An  Aigentine 
ar.ny  under  (ieneral  I'ariuero,  aided  liy  a  Briiziiiun 
llejt,  recaptured  the  city  of  Corientea,  "where  Lopez 
liad  e.-tablished  u  provisional  government,  but  b.-ing 
unatile  to  hold  thu  pl.ice,  it  was  uhandoned  on  the 
following  day.  The  victory,  nevertlicies^,  bclongul 
to  tile  allies,  who  took  three  guns,  u  standard,  anti  n 
eoiisiderable  quantity  of  arms  and  ammunition,  ami 
gained  thereby  a  moral  ailvautiigeof  wldeh  some  of 
tliem  were  much  ill  need.  The  elleet  was,  liowever, 
boon  to  lie  destroyed.  A  few  days  afterwards  un 
army  of  Paraguayans  under  (ieneral  Lagriina,  to  tlie 
number  of  eight  "tlioiisand  men,  forced  the  passage 
of  tlie  Uruguay  at  San  liorja  by  means  of  a  numlier 
i)f  tlat-bottonied  boats  wbie''  thev  had  with  them. 
Before  noon,  under  cover  of  a  few  |iieee»  of  ar- 
tillery und  In  face  of  a  Are  obstliuitely  malutained  by 
u  Brazilian  force  on  the  other  side,  they  had  nearly 
nil  the  troops  landed  on  tiiu  enemy's  territmy,  and 
the  force  lie  had  sent  to  resist  tliem  was  ilrivcn 
back  upon  the  town.  Here  the  Brazilians,  reinfoiecd 
by  a  battalion  of  infantry  and  two  hundred  and  liftv 
cavalry,  prepared  to  make  a  stand.  But  tiny  fell  luck 
at  the  lir.st  uttnek,  and  the  Paraguayans  ciitered  tlie 
jdace.  Kestiiig  there  one  day,  Lagriuia  led  his  army 
to  Uaquy,  and  soon  lifter  occupied  tlie  important 
town  of  Uruguvana.  The  Impolicy  of  this  move- 
in. 'Ut,  successful  though  it  was,  somi  became  mani- 
fest. Tiie  allies  concentrated  tlieir  forces  betwUL'u 
the  Uruguay  and  Parana,  where,  at  a  review  of  the 
ulilednriuies,  it  wasfonnd  they  mustered 'JO,(X)0  men, 
of  wlioni  ;i,0OI)  wi're  cavalry,  and  tliirty-lwo  pieces  of 
eannon.  Florea,  a  few  days  after,  el'rei'ted  a  junc- 
tion with  Parinero,  tliereby  increasing  tlie  men  at 
his  eoniniand  to  «,0',K),  besides  forty  pieces  of  artil- 
lery. With  tills  conjoined  force  he  attacked  a  part 
of  tlie  army  of  Lagrinia,  consisting  of  ;t,OOU  men, 
whicli  had  been  In  eonimunication  with  the  toini  of 
Uruguvana,  but  from  wliieli  it  was  now  cut  oil  by  a 
suiitl  Braziliiu  sipiadron  In  the  Ulo  Grande.  The 
battle  livik  place  clotc  to  the  town  Uestauraelon,  and 
was  furiously  contested  by  botii  sides. 

But  tile  Paraguayans,  overpowered  by  numbers,  at 
last  liad  to  yield,  tiiough  not  till  more  than  a 
fourth  of  tlieir  nuinlier  had  been  killed.  The  allies, 
whose  loss  did  not  exceed  iil),  took  1,000  prisoners, 
including  tlieir  comnniudcr,  und  by  their  victory  not 
only  cleared  the  way  for  the  rcMef  of  Uruguyana,  but 
cut  oil  all  means  of  retreat  from  the  army  then  In 
possession  of  tlie  city. 

While  tiiese  tliiugB  were  going  o;i  on  land,  the 
naval  forces  of  the  opposing  nations  were  not  idle. 
Tlie  Paraguayan  llect.  consisting  of  eiglit  steamers, 
■lid  blx  rafts  armed  with  heavy  guns,  desuciidud  thu 


Parana,  came  In  view  of  lliu  Brazilian  squadron  of 
nine  ships  on  the  11th  of  .hiiie,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Wiacliui'iM,  und  without  stopping,  at  once  gave  balllc. 
iSeldom  has  a  naval  contest  I'ciii  fought  with  more 
d.s|icrale  lielcrmination  on  both  rliies.  At  the  first 
onset  a  Bni/lllan  vessel  w.is  bourdcd,  and  her  Hag 
hauled  down  by  men  from  the  Paraguayan  vessels, 
but  bIiu  whs  Immediately  afterwards  bouiilcd  from 
another  of  thu  Imperiul  squudron,  thu  crew  over- 
powered, und  her  Hag  replaced.  Commanders  on 
liotli  sides  strove  to  place  their  ships  ulongsldu  the 
'  enemy,  and  througlnmt  the  day  a  scries  of  liandto- 
hiuurconlllcts,  In  one  of  wlilcli  the  Paniguayan  ad- 
miral was  wimndcd,  characterized  the  llglit.  A  miiro 
bloody  strnggte  has  seldoin  been  recorded.  It  lasted, 
without  liilemiission,  from  lialf  past  nine  in  ttie 
morning  till  si.>£  in  the  evening,  nor  did  the  Paraguay-  i 

■  uiis  then  retire  till  tliree  of  their  ships  hud  gone 
uground  and  been  destroyed,  another  sunk,  six  of 
tlieir  i.lfts  lost,  and  IKtXI  men  had  been  killed  or 
wounded.  The  Brazilians  stilted  tlieir  loss  at  three 
liundred  ill  killed  and  wounded,  and  serious  dauiuge 
iloiie  to  every  vessel  hi  the  Ueet.  | 

This,  and  the  surrender  of  tlio  garrison  in  Uru- ; 
giiyana,  which  speedily  followed  (he  victory  ot 
Uistauraeloii,  led  to  thu  evacuation  of  the  proilnce 
of  Corrleiitus  by  thu  Paraguayan  general,  who  re- 
treated uumolcfltcd  and  in  good  order  into  his  own 
territory.  The  allies  (Iiereupon,  without  Beeklng  to 
folhuv  him  througii  tlie  floods  and  inarches  (iiat liad 
liecii  swelled  by  the  heavy  rains,  planned  an  Invasion 
of  the  province  by  the  Parana.  The  Brazilian  fleet, 
of  sixteen  ships  and  seventy-seven  guns,  ucconliiigiy 
assembled  at  the  mouth  of  the  Paraguay  to  carry  the 

■  allied  forces  u|)  the  river.  It  being  the  Intention  of 
I  the  eommanders  to  cimceiitrate  (licni  at  Paso  de  la 

Patrla  on  (he  frontier,  and  to  make  an  attack  upon 
the  fortri'ssof  Humaita,  where  the  Paraguayans  took 
extraordinary  measures  of  defence.  I 

;      Still  determined  as  long  as  possible  to  act  on  the  ' 
:  olTeuslve,  a  force  of  Piiriigiiayans  about  (UIO  strong  j 
i  crossed  over  to  tile  .\rgentiiie  side  of  the  river,  near  i 
'  the  frontier,  and  being  relnroreeil   by  4,lKH)  troops, 
that  crossed  immedialely   utter,  gave   battle  to  an  I 
army  of  about  the   same    strenglh   under  (ieiicnil 
Homos,  but  after  a  resolute  struggle,  which  was 
continued   wlMi    varying    fortune    throughout    the 
greater  [lart  of  the  diiy,  the  ParagnayauB  were  at  last 
:  forced  to  reeross  the  river,  leaving  their  ilead  and 
wounded  on   thu  field,     licveises  of  this  kind  did 
not  almte  their  energies  or  resointiou.      for  two 
moiitlis  tliev  eontinued  to  luirass  the  enemy,  Invad-  ' 
lug  his  t;Tritory  and  Inlllctinghcavy  loss,  every  con- 
test being  accompanied  with  greiit  slaughter.     By 
tliut  time  tlie  Bra/tllun  fleet  had  taken  up  position, 
[  one  division  being  opposite  the  Paso  de  la  i'utriu,  and 
the  other  at    tile    junction    ot    the    PaiMguiiy    and 
Parana  rivers.     Tiic  uiiles  soon  posseBsed  tlieinselves 
I  of  11  small  Island  In  front  of  itaplcti,  which  was  re- 
1  garded  of  niueh  strategic  Imporuince  ;  and  in  aiief- 
I  fort  to  recover  possessiiin  of  it,  a  Paraguayan  force 
I  under  Captain  Idmicro  lost  nearly  a  thousand  men, 
I  besides  HDD  muskets  and  thirty  caimons,  the  com-  i 
I  luander  hiiiiself  being  taken  prisoner. 
I     The  allies  now  entered  the  territory  of    the   re-  ' 
1  ni.bllc.     On  the  Kith   of  April,  ISIKl,  they   luished  '. 
I  foiward  an  army  of  l.'),000  men,  under  thu  Brazilian  i 
]  general,  Osorio,  landing  them,  without  opposithni,  I 
i  on  the  Paraguayan  side,  and  at  the  juiictlon  of  Uie  | 
two  rivers.     They  advanced  cautiously  from   this,  i 
under  cover  of  the  fleet,  defeating  at  Intervals  vari- ; 
ons  detaelmieiits  of  the  enemy — never  more   than  ' 
3,t)00  strong  —till  they  became  complete  mastera  of  j 
the  Paso  de  la  Patria  and  tlie  fortress  of  Itapicu,  ! 
which  they  destroyed.     In  this  advance  the  allies  I 
took   several   priso'iiers,  a  standard,   and   two  fine  i 
pieces  of  artillery.     But  Lopez  hastened  to  remedy  j 
the  disaster,  una  thu  eileet  It  hud  hud  upon  his  { 
troops.     l)ii  tlie'Jd  of  Muy,  at  the  head  of  8,01)0  men,  i 
he  advanced  upon  the  position  of  (ieneral  Flores,  | 
anil  In  a  short  time  put  the  whole  army  to  lllght,  not, 
liowever.  till   the   allies   had   lost  nearly  seventeen 
hundred  in  killed  and  wounded,  among  whom  was 
a  large  number  of   olllcers.      Klorcs    lost  all    Ills  ' 
artillery  and  a  great  quantity  of  b  'ggngo.    At  this  ; 
moment,  when  the  utter  destruction  of  Ills  army  i 
scumed  imminent,  he  was  suddenly  and  uucxpccteil- 
ly  reinforced  by  a  iileked  body  of  Brazilian  troops,  ! 
under  the  coin'mand  of  Osorio,  and  by  these  the 
fintunu  of  the  day  was  turned.    They  charged  upon 
the  enemy,  uuder  a  heavy  lire  of  artillery,  and  suc- 
ceeded   in  cutting    completely  througii  Ida    lines, 
compelling  him  to  fall  back  and,  tlnally,  to  retreat 
from  the  ground  liu  had  gained  in  the  morning  from 
Flores.      I'ho    Brazilians    acknowledged    that    the 
regiment  under  O.iorlo,  wlilcU  aceomplislied  this, 
and  which  had  gone  Into  tlie  conflict  nearly  seven 
liundred  strong,  mustered  ouly  forty-one  uicu  at  the 
close  of  the  day. 

The  same  ilesperato  Indlllercnce  to  everything 
save  victory  characterized  the  whole  of  this  devas- 
tating and  uiijiistlttablu  war  —  the  Paraguayans, 
lighting  as  they  weiu  against  euurmous  udds,  cepe- 


cially  signalizing  themselves  for  daring  and  inlrcnhl- 

Ity.      liiree  weeks   after  the   event  Just   ri riled, 

nicy  asseinhled  an  army  of  l:i,(l(KI  Infanlry  und  K.OOII 
cavalry  at  Tugnllz,  Hlicirlhcy  attacked  a  coinblned 
and  stronger  force  of  the  allies,  tmt  were  every  wliere 
repulsed,  after  live  hours'  lighting.  Their  loss  s  on 
tilts  iieeaslon  were  placed  at  4,.')70,  killed. and  v.iiund- 
ed,  four  iileces  of  artillery,  five  standards,  Ihree 
reglmentiil  colors,  and  a  large  quantity  of  arms  und 
ammunition.  The  allies  also  Butl'crcd'  consldenibly, 
losing  :i,!<17  hi  killed  and  wounded,  and  they  appear 
to  have  niilTured  still  more  111  mnnil  ,  for  ilicy  did 
not  follow  up  their  success,  but  allow,  d  Lopez  to 
occupy  the  same  ground  he  liad  held  before,  and.  In 
u  measure,  gave  reason  to  justify  a  re|iort  win  riln 
he  aflerwards  clalmeil  llio  victory.  It  is  iloublful 
whether.  If  ho  hud  acted  vlgoiirously  on  the  oltensh  e 
the  next  day,  hu  might  not  have'  Inlllcted  a  more 
decisive  blow  upon  the  enemy,  but  this  he  could  not 
at  that  time  do.  Iliivlng  a  few  days  aft<'i'  received 
some  heavy  guns,  he  resolved  then  upon  the  at- 
tcinpt,'aiid  on  the  I4lh  of  June,  Ihree  weeks  iiguln 
after  the  battle  of  Tugnllz,  he  began  a  vlgouioiis 
lire  with  (18  and  llO-poiind  shot  upon  the  camp  of 
the  allies,  who  also  hud  remained  inactive  during  thu 
Interval.  Thu  cannonade  was  tremendous.  It  wiis 
estlinutcd  that  more  tliun  Ihree  thousand  heavy  shot 
fell  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  who  had  no 
artillury  ivltli  which  to  rutuni  tlie  fire,  ami  who 
suircrcd  the  entire  loss  of  tlieir  baggage,  c.iiiip 
material,  and  tents. 

The  allies  now  began  to  ace  that  the  work  llicy 
liud  undertakcu  was  no*  to  be  ucconipllshed  wlthiml 
much  dlfllciilty  und  inuiiy  sacrlllces.  A  conference 
of  the  several  commauders  was  tlierciipou  siini- 
moiicd,  and,  after  a  long  illseussion,  It  was  resolved 
to  make  u  Blmultuneous  iittack  upon  the  encniv  willi 
all  their  forces.  The  fleet,  led  by  the  Ironclad  Ulo 
de  Janeiro,  and  carrying  seven  thousand  troo|is, 
steamed  up  the  river  on  the  Jd  of  Seplcniln  r,  but 
their  progress  was  cheeked  by  a  masked  baltery 
near  Curupaitl,  from  which  a  liiavy  flic  was  opeiitd 
US  they  ailvuncetl.  The  Puraguuyans  here  lirst 
availed  themselves  of  the  use  of  torpedoes,  and  onu 
of  the  lirst  resullD  was  the  destruction  of  the  lilc  du 
Janeiro  by  that  means.  The  coinniaiiiler  of  the 
forces.  Baron  Porto  Alcgrc,  then  landed  tliree  thou- 
sand iiien  at  a  s|>ot  a  little  lower  down  the  river,  the 
Admiral  meanwhile  keeping  up  a  sharp  lire  upon 
the  forts.  The  troops  advanced  uiifliiicliiiigly,  under 
u  storm  of  grape,  until  they  came  Hltliln  thn  e  hun- 
dred yards,  when,  with  loud  vivas,  they  stormed  the 
place,  drove  out  the  garrison,  and  In  Ii  few  miiiuics 
had  the  Paraguayan  Hag  hauled  down.  Their  loss 
In  this  alfulr  wus  not  less  than  1,;,00  men,  besiiles 
tlie  frigate,  for  which  they  took  nine  guns,  three 
Hags,  und  some  ammunition. 

An  attempt  was  soon  afterwards  made  to  arrange 
terms  for  pe.ice.  Presidents  Lopez  and  -Mitre  met 
for  this  purpose,  but  nothing  was  iieconipllshcd  ; 
and  the  allies  saw  no  coiirse  open  to  them  but  to 
renew  their  energy.  They  therefore  deterniliu'd  li> 
attack  the  fortress  of  Curupuiti,  two  miU's  further 
up  the  river,  uiul  one  of  the  stronge.^t  In  the  re- 
public. It  WUB  gurrisoned  by  ir>,lKH)  men,  und  de- 
feniled  by  flfly-six  heavy  guns.  On  the  luiiil  side 
tliu  nature  oftlie  country  materially  added  to  ilu 
Btrength,  being  surrounded  on  the  lower  sides  with 
deep  marshes,  which  the  Parngnayans  had  further  de- 
fended with  works  of  considcralilc  ingcnuily.  Tlie 
fort  was  bombarded  on  the  'iiiX  of  September  by  all 
the  vessels  of  the  Heel  with  very  little  eU'ect',  al- 
though the  Urliig  was  continued  without  Intermis- 
Blon  for  more  than  four  hours.  Three  of  the  largest 
iroii-chuls  then  closed  In  to  within  a  liundred  and 
Illy  yards  of  the  walls,  and  opened  a  rapid  iiiid  con- 
tinuous lire.  But  it  was  returned  with  equal  vigour, 
and  the  vessels  received  so  iiiucli  damage  that  It 
becainu  evident  that  success  could  not  be  secured 
from  the  river  side,  (ieneral  Mltrc,  who,  at  (he  be- 
ginning of  the  attack,  hud  udvunccd  from  Curuzii, 
had  by  this  time  carried  tlie  first  line  ot  cnlicncii- 
nients,  tlie  enemy  retiring  before  him,  with  their 
guns,  into  Curniuiiti.  But  the  allies  found  that  the 
niovement  was  to  tlieiii  no  gain.  They  had  now  to 
advance  through  the  wide  swamp  that  Burrounded 
the  fort,  and  that,  too,  under  a  merciless  the  from  tlio 
eiiciny's  artillery,  and  In  about  four  feet  of  water. 
With  much  determination  und  a  bmvery  worlliy  of 
a  better  cause,  they  persevered  in  the  attempt  for 
nearly  two  hours,  but  found  that  they  could  neither 
advance  before  the  pitiless  storm  of  grape  and 
round-shot  that  iiiowud  through  them,  neither 
could  they  make  any  Impression  upon  the  ciieiny. 
Under  these  circuniBtanccs  they  rutreated,  leaving 
tlvu  thousand  of  their  number  dead  behind  them, 
and  giving  up  all  hojio  of  making  any  further 
progruss  In  the  war  for  that  year. 

Curupaitl  was  meanwhile  further  slrengtliened. 
General  Flores  rested  with  his  troops  at  lioiiiu  In 
Monte  Video.  President  .Mltio  retired  to  Tugnltz, 
und  active  exertions  for  a  renewal  of  the  caiiipaign 
iu  the  following  yuur  was  ruverted  by  tliu  uUlus  to 


tlielr  rc'"iii cllvo  ({"ViTiiiiii'iilii.  Ily  llicnc  llii'  |mik1' 
tliin  iif  ulTulrH  wiw  (■(iUHlilenil  wllh  niimlilf r.ilili' 
niixlcty,  iMit  no  iilti>nitti>n  whk  in.ulc  In  the  {•Iitiis, 
mill  111  I  ho  hcitlnnlntf  nf  the  fulliiHind  viur  u  fiiiihrr 
I'ir.pi-t  t'P  umIii  iMi«-iim.lmi  of  ('iinii>u(ll  win  niudi' 
with  nil  the  iitn'ni;tli  of  llii>  ii|||,'h.  Thr  nioilc  iif 
pnu'cduri' illlTrriMl  lltlli'  or  ndthlim  fnun  that  trh'il 
In'rciic,  unci  It  met  with  ii  Kinilliir  rcKnll.  The 
Kni/llhin  lriiii-eliuln  wero  nlniust  illsulileil  liy  tlie 
tire  fnini  th(^  fnrt,  iind  the  tiiiopH  n!  the  iillleh  who 
tiled  to  e.irry  the  pliiee  liy  ii«»iiiilt  on  the  lund  xlde 
were  more  tliiin  deiimiile<l.  To  explain  tlielr  ilefent, 
tliii  llriizlliiiiifi  rtent  out  II  report  that  their  com- 
iiiiiiiiler,  tlie  MiinmU  de  (.'uxliin,  hiiil  heeii  iiei;othil- 
In;  with  (ieiierul  Dliiz,  who,  for  ii  huiii  of  three 
hundred  thouHaiid  dollurA,  hud  uu'reed  to  uilinit  tlie 
llni/.lllun  troops  to  that  iiiirt  of  the  forlre-is  whleh 
was  ent^uiiteil  to  lil«  keeplni;.  There  did  not  appear 
to  he  liny  trulli  in  thin,  or  If  there  was,  Diaz  eiin 
liardly  lie  aeeused  of  treaehery.  lie  iilloweil  tlie 
KruzllhuiH  to  eome  almost  up  to  the  forlllleatloii, 
■when  Biiildenlv  a  withering'  artillery  lire  was  opened 
upon  them  from  every  side.  Dismay  Instantly 
Kel/.ed  all  rankn,  and  .vliile  every  diseharice  from  the 
fortress  cut  them  down,  tho.se  who  were  uhle  sought 
safety  ill  a  preeliiltoiis  retreat.  This  misfortune 
very  mueh  eiioled  the  ardour  of  the  allies,  whleh 
was  further  iesseneii  liy  an  Insiirreetioii  that  liad 
just  previously  hrolieii  out  In  some  provliiees  of  the 
Ar|{eiitiiie  Confederation,  and  wliieli  called  for  tlie 
presence  of  IVesldent  .Mitre  and  a  lari^e  force  of  the 
Ari^enliiie  army.  Tlie  alliei  sulTered  also  exceed- 
ingly from  cholera  and  fever,  ae(|uired  In  the  niardiy 
illstrlctji,  where  their  operations  iiad  reeentiy  heeii 
nitieli  ciHitliied,  tSo  that  it  was  not  tilt  towards  the 
end  of  August  that  iietlve  worli  was  recoiiimenced. 
It  was  then  determined  to  pass  tiy  Curnpaiti,  wlileli 
liad  so  »ucee>sfiiliy  witlistood  the  liest  clTorts  of  the 
Hllies,  ami  forcinii  tile  passinxe  of  the  rivers,  to  ad- 
vaneo  to  lliimaita,  a  place  of  about  eipial  streni^tli, 
but  wlileli  had  now  lieen  rendered,  as  it  was  tliou;(lit, 
iuaecesslbie  by  land  batteries  iinil  torpedoes.  Tlie 
passai^e  by  Curupaiti  was  aeeompiislied  without 
serious  loss,  tiotwlthstaiidlii;;  tliat  iiiaiiy  of  tlie  ships 
were  stnieii,  ut  pidnt-iiiauk  ilistance,  with  projectiles 
varyliiii  from  Sd  to  ■J.'ii)  pounds  weii;lit.  Thus  en- 
couni;^ed,  renewed  advances  were  made  by  land,  and 
A  series  of  eneouiiters,  tvaj^ed  with  varyiiij;  success, 
mark  the  history  of  the  next  few  iiioiitlis.  The 
losses  on  both  siiles  eoiili'iucd  to  be  euoriiioiis  ;  and 
the  heroic  natUK  \.t  iliu  defense,  csiieclally  wlien 
one  remembers  that  the  forces  at  the  disposal  of 
l.opez  were  not  more  than  oiie-h:ilf  the  iiunil)er  of 
those  jilaced  In  the  Held  by  the  allies,  is  worthy 
ot  all  admiration.  Kor  every  reverse  suttered  liy 
tiieinselves,  the  I'arai^uayaiis  iiianau'ed  to  obtaiu 
coinpensation  liy  an  cipiivalcut  (tuinai;!^  Intlieted 
upon  the  enemy,  and  a;;aiii  the  year  closed  witii 
lltlh?  or  no  variation  in  the  poaiMon,  beyond  the  In- 
vestment of  llumaita  liy  the  allies,  the  destruction 
of  several  8hip.4  of  tlie  enemy's  squadron  by  the 
I'arasuayniia,  ami  the  loss  of  s.'ver.il  tlKUisaiub  of 
lives  1)11  both  sides.  The  resources  of  Lopez,  who 
had  entered  upon  the  strii}ci;le  with  full  jireparation, 
aiipeared  to  be  boundless  ;  mid  only  equalled  liy  Ids 
own  and  his  people's  determiiiiithiu  to  defend  their 
country  to  the  last  extremity.  Ills  position,  too, 
was  Btrmifjer  in  every  respect  than  that  of  the 
enemy,  who  surpassed  liini  only  In  numbers.  This 
comliiion,  however.  Is  Bmnetlines  too  much  uiider- 
r.Ued.  The  allies  would,  cveeiit  for  the  bonds  Willi 
whleh  they  had  bound  themselves  In  the  reniarkablo 
treaty  tj;lven  above,  have  t;hully  brought  the  war  to 
a  close.  Yet  so  loti-^  us  they  had  theVorld  open  to 
tlnnn  heliiud,  mid  the  determiniition  to  be  ab.^oliitely 
reckless  of  the  lives  of  tlielr  citizens  us  an  incentive 
in  the  conduct  of  the  war,  it  iiiu.'t  have  been  evident, 
ut  this  state  oven,  that  success  of  some  kind  would 
ultimately  I'c  theirs. 

Hrazil  Biiirered  least  from  this  war.  It  was  rc- 
uioved  a  sutllclent  distance  from  the  inimedialc 
wene  of  the  eontliet  to  feel  it  but  little,  except  in  an 
increase  of  taxation,  lint  tlie  war  was  not  popular. 
*v*.any  of  the  subjects  of  Don  Pedro  openly  avoweil 
the  iiijnstlcti  of  It,  and  more  especially  v/hcu  It  now 
became  evident  that  the  burden  of  it  all  must  fall 
chielly  upon  the  Krazilian  people.  The  Aritentine 
Hepubllc  and  UrUjiuay  liavlni;  been  coiniielleil  to 
relax  their  efforts,  iievv  respoiisibilities  were  thrown 
iilion  the  Kovermnent  of  the  Kniperor,  and  they 
f<iuiid  it  no  easy  matter  to  raise  money  to  meet  the 
Increased  demand  that  was  beliii;  mude  upon  them. 
The  despatch  of  tt  lar);o  body  of  the  National  IJuard 
to  the  seat  of  the  war  wiw  stronj^ly  coiidemned,  and 
|iro<luccd  a  feelinjf  of  Kcnernl  discontent  thront^hoiit 
the  country.  Nevertiieiess  tlio  Emperor  would  not 
desist  froni  the  undcrtukinj;,  and  with  more  obstl- 
naev  tii.iii  wisdom,  he  repentcdly  refused  otl'ers  of 
!iie(liatii:n  from  foreijjn  Kovernnients.  in  his  speech 
to  the  Brazilian  parliament,  delivered  at  this  jierlod, 
occurs  the  foUowiii/^  passaiye  : — 

"In  all  the  provinces  the  public  tranquility  has 
tcmalned  uudisturbed,  and  the  quietness  with  whlcb, 


SOl'TII    AMIMilt'A. 

in  Kciierul,  the  late  elect  oils  wore  condnite.l  Is  an- 
othir  proof  of  the  live  which  the  llrazlllan  people 
fei  1  f..r  the  national  liintltntlons.  Thanks  to  Divine 
providence.  In  the  iriiiiler  [part  of  the  I'.mplre  the 
slate  of  piildle  lieallh  Is  satisfactory.  'I'be  ^coul■l.'e 
of  cholera  inorlnis,  w  iilcii  appeared  In  the  city  and  In 
some  l.iealities  of  Ilio  .laneiro,  M.  I'cilro  do  Klo 
(Irande  do  ISul   unil  8antu  t'atlnirlnu,  rapidly  ilc- 

'  creased,  and  was  les<  diMidly  than  on  Its  lirst  appear- 
aiiee.  The  );overiinieiit  look  all  possible  precau- 
tions.    The  war  provoked  by  the  I'resldeiit  of  I'ara- 

'  K'tay  has  not  yet  .irrived  at  the  desired  result;  but 
Tlraiill  and  the  Ari;.'iitlne  and  Oriental  repuldles  — 

I  faithful  to  the  ailiaiiee  contracted  betwc'ii  tiieiii — 

{  will  shortly  obtain  it.  In  the  dIseliarL'e  of  so  sacred 
a  duly  the  tovernnienl  lias  derived  tlie  most  valii- 

,  able  iis-lsiunee  from  tlie  liidefatlpible  efforts  of  all 
llrazllians,  and  coiilldes  entirely  In  the  valour  of  the 

I  army,  iiuvy,  national  tfiiard,  and  the  voliinteers,  to 

'  whom  is  due  the  deepest  gratitude  of  the  nation. 

!  Tiie  cholera  niorhus,  which  unhappily  invaded  the 
Klver  I'hitte,  lias  made  coiisiderahle  r.iva^fes  aiiionif 
the  allied  forces  in  front  of  the  enemy.  I  deeply 
lainenl  the  death  of  so  niaiiy  br.ivc  ones  who  lonu'ed 
so  ardently  to  risk  their  lives  In  battle'  for  their 
country.  The  coverninenl  of  I'crii  otfered  Its  (;ooil 
olllccs'io  llrazll  ami  the  allied  repiildics,  as  preliin- 
iiiarv  to  the  mediations  of  tin'  same  republic  and 
those  of  Chill,  Bolivia  and  Keiiador  for  the  re-estab- 
llshinent  of  peace  with  I'ara^'uay.  Ui'eciitly  tlie 
Hoveriiment  of  the  I'lilted  States  ciltered  its  kindly 
inedlatlon  for  the  same  purpose.     The  allies,  pr  ite- 

I  ful  for  these  ollei's,  eoiihl  not,  however,  aeeept 
them,  as  they  were  not  consistent  with  the  national 
honour.  I  Uave  the  pleasure  to  coinmiiiiicati'  to  you 
that  llrazll  Is  on  jie.ieeful  terms  with  all  otIiiT  fon  iprii 
powers  wiiose  friendly  relations  the  i;oveniiiieiit 
seeks  to  eiilllvate.  A  decree  ex|ilaiia1ory  of  Arlicle 
VII.  of  the  Consular  coiiventlon  celebrated  witii 
Kranee  has  lieeii  slu'iied  lii  I'arls,  and  Is  now  in  fori'c, 

I  thus  puttim;  an  end  to  the  dlsa^'ieeinent  whleh  Wiis 
evinced  throunh  the  fracture  of  that  convention  on 
the  subject  of  inheritances,  and  llie  e;overiinieiit 
anllclpiites  olitalniiii;  a  similar  result  witli  respect  to 
other  conventions  of  a  like  nature.  1  am  haiipy  to 
announce  to  von  that  by  dceri'e  of  Dee.  7t!i,  In  l.isl 
year,  the  navln.itlon  of 'the  Amazon,  of  some  of  Its 
iitlUients,  and  of  the  rivers  Tocantlns  and  San  Kraii- 
elsco,  Is  from  the  7tli  of  Se)iteiiiber  next,  fr.e  to 
the  nierebanl  vessels  of  all  nations.  This  meas- 
ure, which  coincided  with  the  cxiiei  latloiis  of  Itia- 
zilians  and  foreigners,  promises  tlie.  most  important 
henclltii  to  the  emiilre.  The  public  revenue  con- 
tinues to  Increase,  but  the  cxpendlliire,  especially 
what  the  reciulreineiits  of  the  war  have  (iccasioiieil. 
lias  increased  to  such  an  extent  us  to  produce  a  de- 
licit  in  the  State  bnduet  wlileli  11  Is  of  the  utmost 
importance  to  provide  t.ir,  bv  means  wliieli  Jndi;meii! 
and  patriotism  will  sii!,"-,'est  to  you.  The  servile 
clement  in  the  empire  cannot  but  merit  op|iortunely 
your  considenitioii,  providlu;;  In  such  a  manner  that, 
"respectliii;  actual  iiroiierty,  and  without  n  severe 
blow  to  liur  chief  iudnstry— af;rleiillure— the  grand 
interests  which  bcloii','  to"  cmaiieipalloii  may  lie  ul- 
teiided  to.  To  promote  colonlitation  oiiglit  to  be  the 
olijeet  of  your  partieular  solicitude.  Public  iiistriie- 
tioii  Is  tt  subject  worthy  of  not  less  care.  Amoin; 
the  measures  called  tor'by  the  service  of  the  army, 

i  the  most  Important  are  liiose  of  a  law  for  reerultiiit;, 
of  a  penal  code,  and  of  military  law.     ICx(ierlencc 

1  shows  that  an  ulleiallon  of  the  rank  of  naval  otllcers 
is  absolutely  necessary.  Likewise  the  eonvenience 
has  been  recoirnizcd,  by  jiractlee,  of  nnidifyiiur  the 
ori,'anlzatlou  of  the  National  (iiiard,  prlncipallv  for 
the  purpose  of  (greater  mobilization  in  extraordinary 

'  cireuinstances." 

I  Tlie  stress  w  liieh  the  Emjieror  here  lays  upon  the 
alleu'ation  that  I'rcsidcnt  Lopez  had  provoked  the 
war  had  no  cllect  outside  ot  the  empire,  and  very 
little,  if  any,  in  it.  The  fact  was  too  clurim;  that 
Lopez  had  not  provokeil  the  war,  and  the  conlradie- 
tion  of  it  in  ail  imperial  speueli  docs  not  alter  it. 
Nor  IS  one  much  advanced  In  nppveelation  of  wiiat 
tlie  iMiiperor  chose  to  eon.-lder  to  be  in  iieetirdaiice 
w  Itli  llraziliuii  honour,  wlien  be  refused  to  aeceiit  an 
liuuourable  tcrinination  to  a  dishonourable  war  on  tlie 
ground  that  the  "honour"  of  the  empire  stood  iu 
the  way.  Tills  speech  \.\  Indeed,  a  well-marked 
instuuee  of  Imperial  subterfuge  uiid  disingenuous- 
ness  oil  tlie  one  hand,  uiid  tif  an  Ill-concealed  iit- 
tempt  to  mislead  his  jicoplu  Into  mistaking  a  dis- 
graceful treaty  f  ir  a  eoiniiuct  of  necessity,  on  tlie 
other.  It  is  one  of  those  instances  which  young 
nations  so  often  give,  of  mlstaknig  violence  for 
power,  and  noisy  rioting  for  display  of  national 
dignity,  liul  the  world  is  not  deceived  by  such 
denionstratlons. 

At  the  eml  of  the  year  an  effort  wns  made  by  the 
Ilritish  governmeiif,  through  tlnir  tiecretary  of 
Leg.ition  at  lluenos  .Vyres,  to  mediate  for  the  pro- 
niolion  of  peace.  Ami  ugaiii  it  was  unsuccessful. 
Neither  side  would  yield  auythluL',  nor  aeeeiit  any 
comiironii,-c,  up.iii  wliieli  ulone  the  buiis  of  peace 


I8;i 

I  conM  rest.     Notiiltii;  staved  the  work  of  the  belll- 
g.'ielits.     The   lieglniilng  of  IMIS  fouml  the  llrazll- 
jiaiis  still  Investing  the  fortress  of  lliimilla,  and  on 
the  I'.ltliof  l''eliruary,si\  Iron-clads  niccia'ded.  tlioii).;li 
not  with.Mit  lieavv  ilamagc,  in  forcing  the  pu.^sagc 
of  the  river  ut  thai  jilaee  tliroimh  a  iiolntblimk  lliii 
;  from    Isil  pii'ees  of  heavy  ordnance.     An  outlying 
'  work,  armed  witii  twenty  guns,  was  at  the  same 
time   lukeii  by  storm  by' the   llrazllians  under  tin) 
.Mai'ipils  de  Caxlas. 
I      The  passage  of  the  river  beyond  Iliiinulta  being 
thus  attained,  .\suiieioii  lay  alinost  at  the  mercy  of 
the  enemy,  ami  (leiieral  Liipcz  saw  the  ncces.-ilv  foi 
at  once    adopting    new   tactics.     He    withdrew   to 
Teblcuarl,  a  strong  Inhiiiil  position,  whltber  he  re- 
moved all  Ills  material,  and  (iroeeedeil  at  once  to 
strengthen  the  place  by  a  line  of  earthworks.     Ilu 
abumloned  Curupaiti,  'w liich   was    entered   by  tlm 
allies  Us  soon  us  the  I'aragiiayan  garrison  left.     In- 
Ulecd.  a   [lortlou  still   remulned   wlien   the   udvaniu 
giiunl  of  tlie  enemy  approached,  anil  a  slight  skir- 
mish eiisned.  In  which  about  71X1  men  were  either 
Ullleil  or  woiindeil  on  bidli  sides.    .Meanwhile,  three 
Iroii-elads,  after  teni|iorarlly  reiaihing  duinages  re- 
ceived at  llumaita,  steameif  up  to  the  cuppal,  and 
;  eommenccdubomlMirdment  whleh  was  eontlmied  for 
three  hours;  the  arsenal,  eustomhonse  and  several 
private  Imlhllngs  being  considi'nihiy  injured.    The 
only  resistance  oireied  was  from  a  siiiull  fort  nrineil 
Hithslxly-elglit-iiounders,  Bltiiuteduttheupproaelito 
I  the  town,  iiut  tliesc  iirodueed  little  impressbiii  on 
.  the  Iron  sides  of  the  Ilrazlllun  vessels.     Ail  uttenipl, 
!  well  devised  but  not  well  executed,  was  made  by  a 
strong  force  of  Paraguayans  to  capture  the  clglit 
i  Iron-elads  wli]cli  were  stlatloncd  between   llumaita 
.  and  Ciirn|iMltl,  but  it  did  not  succeed,  and  the  re- 
'  imblleans  snliered    severely.    Two  of  the   vessels 
were  boarded,  but  the  otliei-  ships  directed  their  tire 
upon  lliein  and  swciit  the  dciiis,  killing  friend  and 
:  foe    with    iinrcleiiting    Indill'ereiice.      A    series    of 
similar  reverses  next  awulled  the  repulillcun  arms. 
Several  of  their  slil|is  were  sunk,  and  In  a  iiiiniher 
of  skli'inlshes  on  laud  they  sutlercd  iiincli  loss.    Hut 
the  result  of  an  attempt  upon  llumaita  gave  them 
fresh  conruge.     (ieiieral  Osorlo,  seeing  the  necessity 
of  capturing  this  |ilaee,  us  tlic^  only  renialnlng  ini- 
,  I>edliiieiit  to  the  freedom  of  the  river,  uttaekeil  iniu 
I  of  the  outlying  works  on  the  llllli  of  July  with  a 
force  of  UI.IKKI  pli'ked  troops.     Iluvliig  carried  one 
of  the  redoubts  ut  tlie  point  of  the  buvoiiet,  lie  sent 
for  reinforcements  to  the  Murqnls  de  tuxlas,  liavliig 
in  the  ineantlmc  the  greatest  dltllciilty  to  retain  tlie 
ground  he  liud  gained.     Hut  the  general,  Instead  of 
complying  with  the  reipiest,  ordered  a  retreat.    'I'he 
order  was  com|)Ucd  with  ;  but  the  sound  of  tlitc 
bugle  bei'ame    u  signal   for  instant  confusion.     .V 
panic  selzeil  the  troops,  and  nelllier  Osorlo  nor  Ills 
olllcers  could  restrain  them  from  precipitate  lllglit. 
As  they  emerged  from   the   redoubt,  the  garrison 
open.'il  upon  them  a  tremendous  tire  of  grujic  from 
every  gun  that  cimld  be  bionght  to  bear,  and  thus 
mowed  them  ilowii  from  all  siilis.     Osorlo  had  two 
horses  killed  under  liliii.     In  about  half  an  hour,  all 
of  Ills  start  were  shot  down  except  two,  and  two 
entire  battalions  were  annihilated.    The  loss  to  the 
Bnizllluns  was  aekiiowiedgcd  by  themselves  to  be  a 
thousand  men  ;  but  it  was  uetuully  much  greater, 
iiroliubly  not  less  than  'J,.M).     A  feiuilse  hcareely 
less  Importiint  was  also  suffered  liy  the  allies,  two 
days  later.  In  an  nltempt  to  capture  a  battery  that 
had  been  recently  constructed  by  the  rc|>ublleans  to 
j  iiarass  the    allie'd    iiosition ;    b'lit    notwitlistunditig 
j  these  events  Lopez  resolvccl  to  ubundon  the  rlviT 
:  line,  und  to  stand  upon  the  defensive  in  the  interior. 
j  Tlie  evaenatlon  of  lluniaita  was  accordingly  begun 
I  oil  the  I7tli  or  iNth  of  July,  und  was  continued  for  a 
1  week  without  the  Brazilia'iis  gaining  any  knowledge 
of  w  hat  was  going  on.     First,  the  families  were  re- 
moved,  alioul    a  hundred   boats  having  been  pro- 
vi.led  for  the  pur|)ose.     Tbeii  fcdlowed  the  sick,  the 
■  prisoners,  niiinltlons  of  war,  food,  and   llmilly   the 
g.irrisoii,  the  outiiosts  being  nialntuliied  ull  the 'while 
1 1  deceive  the  enemy.     It  was  not  till  smiie  of  these 
bad  to  be  withdrawn,  that  the  allies  awoke  to  the 
knowiedgo  that  the  great  work  before  tlicin  whleh 
they  hud  sntl'cred  so  mueh  to  secure,  was  compara- 
tively oinpty.     Then  the   most  vigorous  nicasnrcs 
were  taken  to  destroy  wiiat  there  was  left  of  the 
garrison,  and  of  the   people.     In   doing  this  th« 
allies  shot  down  several  women  and  children,  liut 
'  their  efforts  resnlled  in  nothing  more  prolllabie  than 
the  loss  of  life.     \'.  they  hud  ]ierinitl<'d  the  evaena- 
tlon It  would   liave  been   efteeted,   und    the  allies 
:  might  liave  inarched  Into  the  place  without  blood- 
shed.    Hut  It  was  a  craving  for  I'uraginivan  blood 
that  chletly  lutlueueed  the  troops  of  the  allies.  If  we 
1  may  judge  from  their  acts,  niid.  In  this  insUinee, 
tlicy  could  not  resist  the  temptutloii  t.o  sluy,  uiiy 
more  tlinii  tliey  had  evcrbcciuible  to  resist  it  before, 
lioiided  to  r(>s'lr.taiiee  by  tlie  brutal  coiidmi  of  the 
allies,  tlie  small  fraction  of  the  garrison  wiiieli  still 
remained,  determined  not  to  yield  tlio  place.    Two 
',  oUleufs  6cut  to  dciuaud  the  "surreti Jer  wero  shot. 


IM 

At  liwt,  the  ullles  fliiilliiK  thnt  the  coiirae  Umf  had 
inimtivcl  wiM  licit  llki'lv  til  ri'Kii't  In  a  npmiity  open- 
ii.itloii  of  l)ii<  f<irtri'HH,'ciii)5i>THt'il  t<i  II  [irn|Mt.siil  nnidc 
tliciii  Ity  11  Koiiiiui  Ciitlitillc  |irl<-dt,  iiiit*  fi^iiiicin 
KiiMu^nitti,  who  ollt'ri'd  to  clTtM-t  a  (■niiiiiiiiiilriition 
with  thii  riMitililU'uiiH  iind  to  nri'iiiiKi'  fur  u  ciipltuhi- 
tliiii.  In  thin  III'  wiiH  KiU'i'i'xnfwl  ;  lln'  Kiirrliion  oil- 
t  liiilni;  hiiiiiiiinilik'  k'nim.  On  llii'  llllh  of  Aiiuiint, 
IH  (illlci'rn  mill  1,'i'tO  nvn,  with  Colniiil  Miirtima, 
thi'lr  (oniiiiiiiiiliT,  III  thuir  IkmiI.  inarchnil  out  of  the 
pltti'c"  i»»  lii'st  they  fonid ;  fur  tlicv  liiiil  hc'ii  llirco 
iliiyH  witlioiit  food,  iinil  live  liiinilri'il  of  thi^  iiiinilii'r 
WITH  cither  nick,  woiindi'il,  or  prostriiti'd  by  Htiirvii- 
tliiii.  Til''  iillli'i'rs  rctaliii'l  tlu'lr  nwurdu  iiinl  nv 
ci'lvi-'d  piTiiilHHioii  to  ri'tUli'  III  iiiiy  of  tlin  i'e|>nl>lli'ii 
tliiit  tlii'y  niiuht  8i'l"i'l.  'I'lii'  foVtri'ss  wim  li  few 
(liiVH  later  nizid  to  llie  )(rouiid. 

l.'ipi'Z  had  tttlien  up  i\  pcisUlon  iin  the  line  of  the 
Telilcnarl,  hut  with  the  hili'iitloii,  ax  It  appeared,  of 
unliiff  It  til  renl't  the  advanee  of  the  enemy  upon 
the  Interior.  Cromilnjj  the  Juean ,  a  iilreaiii  that 
lloweil  Into  the  Tehleinirl,  the  enemy  tmik  pii»ni'««lon 
of  Motile  rudiintitu  ulon^  the  hankrt  of  the  river  and 
routed  tho  Paranuayan  tioopH  In  two  or  three 
HklrnilHlieii.  Four  Hinall  nionltiir.i  iioir  proeeeiled  u|i 
the  Tehieuarl  a  diMtnnee  of  ten  miles,  and  with  the 
UHMlHtaneo  rendered  hy  then",  the  lepulilleaiH  were 
driven  haek  from  their  whole  line  of  defenee,  leav- 
liiif  hehlnd  llicm  ncveral  (juiH  andahirue  (piantllyot 
iiriivinlon.'*  and  inuiiltlonH  of  war.  At  every  point,  j 
however,  the  progress  of  the  allien  was  opposed,  al- 
wayH  with  lo«n  to  holli  and  often  with  very  ipieH- 
tloinihle  ifain  to  either,  nllliouiih  the  (Jeiicnil  result 
WHS  admittedly  favourable  to  the  allien.  On  the  irdh  i 
of  November  they  liad  advaiieed,  under  (ieueral  I 
Caxlai,  to  Vllleta,"oeeuplcil  at  the  time  by  I'renldeiit 
I.opez.  An  attempt  wan  inadu  to  take  the  plaee  by 
storm,  and  afterwardn  to  I'lTeet  lt<  reduetlon  by 
ineann  of  the  iron-eladn  on  the  liver,  but  In  both  the 
allien  wer>'  repulned  with  eonniderable  lonn.  In  the 
followinu:  month  Lopez  voluntarily  abandoned  the 

fionltliin,  hi  eonnenuenee  of  a  nevere  defeat  niiffereil 
ly  a  I'araifiiavan  foree  of  i.tVM  men  under  (leiii'ial 
C'aballero,  who  were  att  leKed  In  rear  by  an  over- 
whelmln;;  .irniyof  Hrazlliinn  under  t'avlas,  and  after 
u  nevere  iiiid  loni;  fltflit  eompbt  iy  raut''d. 

The  liraziliann,  havlii);  oeeupied  Villeta  In  force, 
proeeed  'd  to  ill:<liiil'.ti'  the  enemy  from  a  line  of 
BtroiiLchiddn  at  Ant^ontnra,  Lotnan  Viilent  jin^,  and 
thi'lr  eiimmunlentlons,  Tliene  workn  nuiuiiled  about 
Blxly  ifiiiiH  and  were  defemled  by  ".mill  I'arairuayann. 
The  atlaeklni;  foree  wan  double  that  number,  iiut- 
wltlmt  indina;  the  lonsen  they  had  Hustalne.l.  The 
llri-t  iiH^aull  wan  made  upon  the  eeiitre  of  the  enni- 
mnnieitloiis,  whieh  the  allien  nueeecded  In  takliiK, 
thereby euttlngolTAnjontura  from  I.oma-iValentina-, 
nnd  eiipturlnu'  at  the  name  time  twenty-two  itniin 
and  Home  amnmiiitloii.  A  eolumn  of  eiivulry  beini; 
sent  to  the  rear  of  the  latter  place,  a  vi:,'iMiroun  elTort 
wan  made  to  obtain  iionse-slon  from  the  front  of  the 
outer  line  of  cntreiielimeuts,  and  at  the  name  time  to 

fireveiit  any  cseane  of  tliu  |rarrlnon.     At  niinset  they 
lad  neenred  the  llrnt  line  of  defence,  taking  sl.'cteeii 
iruiis  and  a  lanje  ipiantitv  of  provinloiin,  and  they 
held  their  ponltlnn  IhroU2;liout  the  ui^ht.   Uelnforee- 
meiitn  beliiir  hurried  to  the  front  from  I'alnnis,  on 
the    'Jlth  of   Deceniber    T,oi»e/.  wan  niiimnoiied  to 
surrender     But    the  proponal  wan  liidiu:naiitly  re- 
funed,  the  President  deelarin;;  it  to  be  tiie  Intenthin 
of  lilmnelf  and  bin  people  to   defend  tlie  eaune  of 
I'araifu.iy  to  the  lant  extremit-'      Preparations  were 
conHeipieiitly  made  for  an  atta,     by  tiie  whole  allied 
fore.     Hatteries  were  eonstrm  leil  from  whlcii  tlie  1 
tire  of  all   the   t^iuiR  at  the  dlnposal  of  the  enemy  i 
C'Hihl  be  eoncentriited  on  Loinas  V'alentlmin,  nnd  oil ! 
tho  mornlm;  of  the  :;7tli  a  furious  cannonade  wnn  i 
directed  asalnst  the  plai'e.     A    force  of  11,0(10  men  i 
uniler   Marsiial  Caxian  marched  at  daylu'eak  to  at-  '■ 
tick  tiie  rear,  while  ii  similar  force  uiidcr  (ieneraln 
Olies  and  Castro  made  a  similar  attempt  uiiiin  tlie 
front.     .Marnhal  Caxiin  carried  the  lirst  redoutit  at 
the  jiolnt  of  tlio  bayonet,  eaptnrins  llierewilh  four- 
teen ){uiis  and  larije  suppllc-"  of  f<i'Hl  and  animiiiii- 
tlon,  together  witli  ail  the  banitiiue  and  much  of  the 
t'lirrospondeneo  of  tliu  Prcnideut  himself.      I.opez 
escaped  to  Cerro  I.eoii. 

On  tho  followlni;  day  a  suinmnns  to  surrender  was 
sent  to  Ani;o»tuni,  but  the  llai;  was  tired  upon,  nnd 
preparations  were  in  consequence  made  to  carry  that 
|)laco  also  liy  assault.  Dut  ut  nl<'lit  a  message  ar- 
rived Informing  the  Rarrlnon  of  the  defeat  mid  de- 
fiftrtureof  Lopez  from  Loinas  Vaientlnas,  xipmi  hear- 
ng  which  a  flajf  of  truce  was  sent  out  wltli  a  request 
that  permission  inlijlit  lie  granted  to  verify  the  re- 
port. This  was  acceded  to,  and  the  Paracuiiyan  olll- 
cers  were  eseortoil  throm^h  the  lines  of  tlie  allies  to 
Loriian  Vaientlnas.  As  so:>n  as  they  reiiizeil  tlie 
actual  condition  of  affairs  ttiere,  an  o'lTer  of  eapilu- 
Iiition  was  sent  to  tlie  allies,  who  granted  tlie  terms 
asked  for  ;  and  six  liours  after,  on  the  llOtli  of  lle- 
ri'inber,  the  garrison  marched  out  wltli  tlie  honours 
of  war  to  tlie  number  of  1,'.J00  men.  Tlie  allien  dc- 
Ntrjyud  tho.works  and  advanced  to  Asuncion,  which 


niHTOUY    OK 


thMTMItored,  hut  found  ilenerUMl.  They  then  hiir- 
1  ri*a  on  to  Orro  Lecni,  where  tliey  expected  to  cap- 
ture the  Pri'slilenl,  but  he  wan  tlieii  nelllier  to  hii 
seen  nor  heard  of,  allhongh  It  became  noon  after 
known  that  he  wan  occupying  a  ntrong  position  tifly 
milen  from  tlio  ca|iltal,  with  u  foree  of  live  ur  xlx 
'  tiiiiiiHand  men. 

Much  of  llie  nyinpalliy  which  had  at  llmt  been  re- 
ceived by  the  Prenident  from  foreign  renldents  In 
Paraguay  wan  lonl  to  liliii  in  tliene  reversen  through  n 
niiirit  of  \loh'nt  opposllion  whtcli  lie  hail  displayed, 
for  Mcveral  montim  past,  to  tlieiii  and  to  the  repre- 
scntatlven  of  their  n-npectlve  governments.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  year  a  conspiracy  aualnsi  the  life  of 
the  Prenldi-nt  was  said  to  have  lieeii  dineovered,  and 
iiirt  nn-'pii'ions  of  treachery  wcri'  further  Increased 
when  llie  allien  fori'ed  the  pan-iige  of  lliinnilta  and 
appeared  before  .Vntincion.  In  tills  iitTair  tlie  iianien 
of  several  foreign  connnin  brgiiii  presently  to  be 
mixed  up,  and  Loiiez  took  violent  iiiearni  to  accoiii- 
pllsli  their  removal.  Mnlimquent  evenln  caused  hliii 
to  direct  his  aniinonlty  clilelly  against  .Mr.  Wanli- 
biirn,  the  represent  itlve  of  the  United  Staten,  wliiiin 
he  accused  of  imrtielpatliig  In  tlie  eonsplniey,  nnd 
who  ultiinalely  lial  to  take  refuge  on  a  t'nlled  Stales 
nlilji  of  war,  whence  he  nent  an  liidlgiiint  piolent 
and  denial  of  the  iiceiisatlons  against  lilni  to  the 
Prenident.  A  new  minister  in  tlie  pernon  of  (ieiie- 
riil  McMahon  wan  soon  after  nent  from  W'lnhingtoii 
In  the  ship  of  Hear-Adiiilr.il  Dtivin,  and  aeeompariled 
by  neveral  Vessels  of  the  I'nited  States  nipiadronthi'ii 
In  Paraguayan  waters.  He  wan  well  rici'lved  by  Pn  sl- 
ilent  Lopez,  who  at  once  eoiinented  to  renew  the 
ino-t  friendly  reiallons  with  the  United  States,  and 
to  com|>ly  with  any  request  einanatlng  I'roiii  tlie 
governinent  at  Washington.  Hut  amicably  an  the 
matter  had  ended,  Lopez  liad  iiiati  rially  w'eakened 
the  Hyni]>atliy  that  the  Justice  of  his  caiine  hitlicrlo 
had  aroused,  nnd  tiierewllli  (lie  strong  moral  assist- 
ance that  he  liad  enjoyed.  Hut  lie  did  mil  despair 
of  the  ultimate  succi'«'s  of  his  ennsc,  or  relax  iiin  ef- 
forts to  sii.-lalii  it.  Having  retreated  to  Ancurrn,  lie 
there  reernited  liln  nhaltered  foreen  to  nearly  1I,(MI0 
men,  and  prepared  once  more  to  raise  about  him  a 
new  stronghnid  of  defence.  In  this  he  was  aided  by 
tile  laxity  of  t!ie  allies,  who  tliroiigh  tlie  illness, 
fi'Igned  or  real,  of  Marshal  Caxias,  were  now  under 
llie  command  of  the  Marsiial  liiiilherme  de  Souza. 
Their  advanee  tliroU','ii  the  eoiinlry  dillered  little 
from  previous  experienci  <,  except  that  It  was  ae- 
compiinted  by  greater  losses  oil  the  part  of  the  allies 
than  they  luid  experienced  In  the  preeeillng  year. 
The  hrsl  attack  upon  Aseurra  signally  failed,  and, 
clianglng  their  tactics,  the  allies  souglit  to  make 
themselves  mastern  of  Perebeliny,  an  outlying 
work,  which  was  In  fact  the  key  to  Aseurra.  In  tills 
they  were  successful  after  a  ntubliorn  contest,  when 
more  than  a  thousand  men  were  put  /**»/•*  d,-  tutmlHit. 
Lopez  lit  once  abandoned  Aseurra,  and  being  forced 
to  accept  a  battle  under  most  unfavourable  condi- 
tions, was  defeated  witli  a  Ions  of  1,^UU  men  and 
twenty-three  guns. 

He 'now  retreated  slowly  nnd  In  good  order  to 
St.  Kstaninlas,  olintlnately  enntesting  every  mile  of 
ground  wiiere  the  enemy  nttenipteu  to  ('heck  hln 
moveinentn ;  and  tlndlng  that  the  latter  w  ere  not 
disposed  to  follow  liliii  with  the  same  vigour,  he 
hirtlier  retired  to  San  •loaiiuin,  and  thence  to  Paiia- 
dero,  carrying  on  a  guerilla  war,  for  whieh  llie  nature 
of  the  country  was  excellently  adapt*'(i.  Hut  ids 
siippiicn  were  now  scanty,  and  ills  troopn  did  not 
niinilier  more  than  l,."iOO  men.  He  was  eompeilcd  In  ' 
eonseqiience  to  ieavt!  beliind  him  all  his  heavy  guns  : 
and  n  number  of  women,  and  to  take  refuge  In  tlie  1 
monntaiiis  of  Manicayun,  wiiencc,  as  was  expeet^'d 
by  the  cneiiiy,  he  Intended  om.'e  more  to  olitain  sup- 
plies from  llic  Hraziiiaii  province  of  Malto  (iroaso. 
(iiner.il  t'aniara,  acting  upon  this  suspiehni, 
liiistencd  to  defeat  any  project  of  the  kind,  and  to 
inirsiie  tlio  President  to  his  last  Ktroiigliold.  Ky  a 
well  devised  pl.iii,  in  wliieli  the  forces  under  hisco'm- 
mand  acted  witli  unwonted  energy,  the  Paraguayan 
outposts  were  secured,  and  tlie  camp  in  wlileli  "the 
small  band  of  half-starved  republicans  iiravely  re-  i 
inained  to  defend  their  beloved  general  to  the  hist,  was  ' 
completely  Invested.  Lopez  was  now  secure  in  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  but  they  were  not  content 
Willi  the  prize  they  had  saerillccd  so  iiiueh  to  win, 
but  would  have  also  the  lives  of  as  many  Panigiiny- 
aiis  as  could  be  had.  Acting  under  the  Ininicdiatc 
orders  of  (icneral  Ctiniara,  a  murderous  tire  was 
opened  by  his  troiips  upon  the  now  well-nigh  de- 
fenseless enemy.  The  slaughter  was  terrible,  the 
republicans  being  out  down  without  olTering  any  re- 
sist.ince,  until  the  whole  of  them  were  cither  slain  or 
wounded.  Lopez  himself,  wltli  a  fev/  of  his  brii'.e 
comiianions,  ntlempted  to  esciijic  into  tlie  bush,  liut 
lie  presently  fell  on  a  grassy  hank,  faint  from 
loss  of  blood  and  fatigue.  There  (icneral  Caniarn 
rode  up  to  him,  nnd  accounts  dilTer  as  to  what  fol- 
lowed. On  th(?  one  hand  it  is  alleged  lliiil  Caniara 
suinmoiied  liim  to  surrender,  and  then  struck  him 
with   the  flat   side  of   his  sword,   whereupon  the 


President  died  I  Tho  other  la  that  Cunmra  Irnped 
from  Ills  home,  and  ran  the  prostrate  Prc-ldent 
llirongh  the  body.  At  thin  time  It  Is  Inq  imsibhi 
to  virify  llie  triilh  of  elllier  of  tliene  slalemenln. 
Probably  It  will  ever  remain  liii|ioitHlble  lo  do  so; 

In  thai  cane  we  shall  have  only  to  ai pt  what  seems 

to  ho  the  more  probable  one,  anil  llieii  then'  can  lie 
little  doulit  but  Unit  the  repuliilion  of  (Icneral 
Caimira  ninnt  sulTcr.  The  war,  iinjustlv  begun  by 
the  Hnizlllann,  had  been  coiidneled  throi'ighont  with 
the  greatest  bnrbarlty  by  the  allleil  armien,  acting 
donbllenn  under  Inntrnellons  of  their  respective 
goveniinenls;  and  everything  hiillealen  tliat  the 
lei'llng  with  whieli  tliev  folioweil  up  I're-ldent 
Lopez  wan  one  of  hatred  and  resenlmeiit,  and  not 
siieli  an  nlioiild  have  inllneiiied  the  iicllon  o(  ii 
gi'ni'roiin  foe.  Cruelty  was  a  |iromliieiil  trait  In  llie 
allied  generals,  and  lienee  tlieie  Is  every  reason  in 
favour  of  tlie  Irntli  of  the  nluleinent  lliat"  I.opez  was 
In  fact  murdered  liy  Caniara,  and  none  whalever  In 
niippor*  of  the  alimird  tiieory  tlial  he  died  through  u 
Idow  received  from  the  tial  side  of  a  nword.  Hrazll 
and  the  allies  were  In  nliorl  disgraced  at  the  begin- 
ning of  tlii^  war,  and  dlnliononred  at  the  end  of  It. 

Laic  In  tile  preceding  year  the  allies  had  cslabilnheil 
a  government  at  Anuiieloii,  and  by  iiicaiis  of  thin  a 
|ii'ovlsiomil  Irealv  wan  In  turn  eon'eluded  with  tiio 
allien  immediately  after  tlie  death  of  Lopez.  Peace 
wan  declared  to  In'  rentoreil,  ami  the  rivern  Parana 
and  Paraguay  were  opened  to  commerce.  Arrange- 
nieiitn  were  aino  elTi'etcd  for  the  organization  of  n 
perinaneiit  government,  and  the  fiiiining  of  a  coiisll- 
tulloii  giiinling  perfect  religions  lllierlv,  a  full  suf- 
frage, and  niipplylng  nieann  for  proinotliig  inimlgra- 
lion,  protecting  property,  and  guarding  against  iiiij' 
monopoly  of  power  by  a  self-elected  lilelator.  This 
wan  not  done  without  many  tlireatened  dintiirlainees 
on  the  part  of  the  pcoiile,  w  lio,  w  bile  galled  by  the 
tyrannical  rule  of  tlie  llrazlllaiin  and  theh' allies,  saw 
all  the  loreii,'ii  resi  leiits,  anil  witii  llieiii  mneli  wealth 
of  llie  eoniiry,  being  lii'lven  away.  Hut  tlii'se  din- 
turhanees  were  promptly  put  dowii  by  tlie  Hrazlliaii 
troops,  Willi  on  more  than  one  oeciinioii  lli-ed  ii]ioii 
the  people  indlscriinlnately,  causing  imneeessary 
bloodshed,  and  thereby  iiicreiising  the  liatrcil  that 
was  felt  towards  tlierii. 

The  Kmpi'i'or  of  Hra/ll,  r.-ferring  to  the  termina- 
tion of  the  war  In  Ills  address  to  tiie  Itriizillan  Parlia- 
ment, naiti  : — 

"  I  eoiigratnlatc  myself  and  you  on  the  happy  and 
glorloiin  terininatlon  of  the  war  we  have  nii..Miiied 
duriii'g  live  years,  itlwayn  with  honour  to  our  arms, 
against  the  ex-Presidentof  tlie  lepiilillc  of  Piiraguay. 
'I  lie  well-groiindeil  hopes  wiiieli  1  iiianirested  at  tho 
opening  of  the  last  leginialive  session  have  been 
realized  of  seeing  our  valiant  nolillcrn  led  to  a  lliial 
vietorv,  under  the  eommand  of  my  inueii  loved  anil 
valued  soninlaw.  Army  Marsiial  llie  Coinle  d'Kn. 
Tlie  Irnst  which  I  reposed  in  Hrazlliaii  llrniness  and 
patriotism  lia.s  lieen  amply  justllhd,  and  hl.-lory  w ill 
hear  witnes  .  in  all  lime  that  the  presenl  geiieiatloii 
showed  Itself  constant  and  imsiiaken  In  the  uiiaiii- 
inoUB  Intent  to  avenge  the  honour  of  Hrazil,  Tho 
rejoicing  of  the  whole  populntloii  of  the  I'lnplrn 
over  the  glorious  eveiitj(  whlcii  liiivi!  placed  an  end 
to  saeritlecn  no  noble,  the  enthnslasm  with  wiilcti  it 
has  shown  Its  gratitude  to  the  volunteers,  tiie  na- 
tional guard,  tlie  army,  and  llie  navy,  are  its  due 
homage  lo  iteroisin,  and  tlie  merited  reward  of  llielr 
proved  ilevotloti  t^i  the  national  cause,  llie  valua- 
llie  and  legal  co-operation  of  our  brave  allies  assisted 
'  greatly  to  tlie  results  obtained  In  the  long,  nliibborn 
j  struggle  111  which  we  were  engaged. 
1  "  If  Brazil  laments  lac  Ions  of  iiiatiy  of  her  gal- 
lant elilldreii,  tiiere  riMiialns  to  the  memoi-y  of 
their  deeds  illustrious  exanqilcs  ol  patriotism  and 
bravery." 

Such  were  the  wonln  by  which  the  Ktii|ieror  at- 
tempted lo  gloss  over  tlie  war  of  which  he  had  lieeti 
guilty,  to  brand  witli  legallly  an  liiterfi'reiice  with  a 
niitio'trn  liberty,  and  to  panidi'  before  the  world 
Hraziiiaii  virtues  wiiieli  lite  world  hail  obsllnaleiy 
refused  lo  see. 

i  It  is  a  relief  to  tnni  for  a  niomcnt  from  this  to 
'  notice  a  nioveinent  tiint  was  now  eotniiig  into  proini- 
i  nencc  in  the  Interior  of  tlie  empire,  and  w  hicli  rc- 
i  fleets  honour  in  place  of  dlbcrcdlt  upon  the  national 
\  reputjitloii.  Kor  some  years  there  had  been  grow  ing 
up  a  liberal  party  bent  upon  thenbolitimi  of  slavery, 
i  It  hiul  hitlicrlo  made  but  slow  progress,  pari  iy  on 
I  necountof  tlie  firm  opposition  of  the  principal  slave- 
holders,  and  partly  from  purely  political  inlluences. 
Hut  it  had  now  become  recognized  on  all  sides  that 
the  time  had  arrived  when  something  must  he  done 
towards  emancipation  ;  and  tiiiiny  owners  of  slaves 
accepted  tlio  fact  so  far  as  to  free  their  own  siines 
on  conditloii  of  serving  for  a  lixcd  term.  The 
Emperor  had  also  done  the  same  witli  many  imiier 
his  control  by  paying  tlieir  value  into  the  public 
treasury.  Hut  the  views  he  eiitertaitied  were  not 
fuliy  participated  In  by  his  niinistry,  and  some  delay 
accordingly  arose  in  the  iutruduciioii  of  a  uieasuro 
into  Parllument. 


SOITTH    AMEUU'A. 


Ill  tlicyiMir  IM()7  llic  fnlli)»lti>cii|i|iiMir«lip|iiiv<!  lu'rn 
\\\r  IiiiiiIh  for  II  mliiuiii'  wlilrli  nut,  wllli  miiKt  ii|>|]nilpi|. 
tliiii  iiniiiiiK  ciTtalii  Mii'Miliiri  nt  llu'  cxi'i'iitlvi' :  -        i 

I.  MluviTV  III  I'li-c  liii.illy  In  till.  jTur  IIKHI,  II. 
Iliu  Ktati'  III  liiiliMiiiiIfy  lliono  I'lUxi'iia  wlm  nmy  Htlll 
own  r-luvcn  ut  Unit  |ii'iliiil.  III.  Knnn  the  ili'ili'  iif 
|in>iiiiil|{iitliiii  iif  thin  ili'ircc,  nil  ililldri'ii  Imrii  of 
HJinci  uR' tip  111' friT.  IV.  TliiiHiM'lillilrni  wlm  may  I 
liL' I'lliiiMli'd  In  till'  liiiiiiiK  (if  lliclr  |>iiri'iilH'  iiiantira 
nliill  HiTvu  tlii'iii  till  llicy  riMch  tlii'tr  Iwcnllilh 
M'.ir,  iinil  will  tlii'ii  liii  rinliircil  to  frii'ilniii.  V. 
riu'H' iiri' tcp  liK  i'hI.iIiIIhIiimI  riMirtH  ipf  iMniiiiil|iiUlpiii 
III  nil  Mil'  toniiK  tip  cnfiiri'i'  tliN  hiw  uikI  niti'  tip  llu 
jiriiipir  I'xi'cnliipii.  VI.  A  llxcil  iiniuiiiit  will  liii  Mi't 
UHlil'  fiir  till'  i'nniiii'l|iiillun  ut  llui  uliivcn  nf  tliu 
null  Ml,  iiml  till' H.iiiic  liTiim  will  lii' iikiimmI  iiijipii  tip 
elfi'i't  till'  lilifnitliin  nf  tin-  n1iivi'p4  ipwiiciI  hy  rulliflniiH 
(irili'i'ft  im  injy  111' iiiuili'  to  |iiirrliuHii  tlio  inu'iliini  iif ! 
ttiip.iii  lii'M  liy  III!'  L'livirnnu'iit.  VII.  'I'lii'rii  nbmilil 
III'  uii|irip|prl-ii('(l  II  fiiiiil  fur  tin'  aiiiiniil  iiuri'liUHi^  iif  ii 
(rrliiln  niiinliir  ut  kIjimk,  hip  tliiit  hut  rt<w  niiiy  liu  In 
liiiiiiliii{ii  wIk'Ii  till!  Iiiiur  ipf  gunerul  ciiiuiicljiiitloii 
in  lit  liuiiil. 

Till'  Ki'iier.il  fi^ntiiroH  of  thlt  plan  were  iiltlnialily 
ailiiiptc'il,  Ipiu  lit  |pr''p<i'nttli('»iilijiirt  liiul  nut  uilvuiu  uij 
niiltli'li'iitly  In  tin'  |iiililii'  niliid,  uUIiiiukIi  it  liit<>  liuun 
iinilur  I'lPimliU'i-.itlmi  fur  ni'i-iTil  yt'iiri*.  A  ciiiihitvu- 
tlvt'  iiiliiMry,  iivrrsi'  to  iilpiplltlmi,  wn»  ii\Mt  in  pnwcr. 
Till'  Kniiii'ror,  liuwi'Vi'r,  rt'iiiiilni'il  llrni  In  liin  rciiiilu- 
llipii.  un.l  uft  'I'  lliiillni;  Hint,  witli  IiIa  |ir('ii>Mit('Hlplni't, 
CiPiiKri'ii.H  wipiilil  (111  iiiptlilii);  iiiipre  In  tli"  rii|iilroil 
diri'i'lliin,  liu  I'liiim'nli'd  Hipnii'wlnit  uliriiptly,  iifli'r  ii 
Hliiprt  ilUi'u.^i.iiiPii  Willi  liU  iiilnlnlurH,  tip  ucn'iit  tlii'lr 
ri'!ii;;n.itliiii  lutlii'r  than  furi'^ii  thu  prliiclplu  fur 
wlili'li  Ik'  cipiiti'iiiU'il. 

The  llinltcil  t'lnuiiiipAtliin  wliUli  liuil  Ix'oii  tlins 
fur  rlli'ili',1  li:iil  lii'i'ii  iitti'iiiU'il  liy  the  iiin^t  fiivipur- 

iihh^  <'ijnm"|ni'i h,  ami  tlio  KinpiTipr  InaUtMcl  that  a 

fnitliiT  ailvi'i  II  thii  umiil  wiirk  niiiHt  liu  iiiailc. 
An  11   |iri'lliii,  flip,   uiiil   til  liviilil   iiniK'ci'a-'ary 

.''PinpllcatliPiih,  ('iiiniii'iiinlKti  wiii  at  hint  iiuri'iMl 
iipipii.  ami  till'  iiiini.'itry  Inlniiliict'il  a  incaHiin'  uliiuli 
priiviileil  tliat  tile  Kiiipi'nir  inlitht  he  rcliuvuil  fnini 
uiiy  paynii'iit  Tnr  Ihi'  nI.ivi'.-4  frL-t'il  hv  lilin,  hut  prunilH- 
lii);  iiiiililnK  niipiu  except  annllleial  ri'i;Utnithp|i  iif  all 
the  Hlavi'rt  n  the  empire  us  a  preliniln<iry  8ti'p  tip 
ttcllon  In  tlie  future.  The  t^ipverniiient  fleenreil  a 
niajiirlty  In  the  liiiime  iipini  thin  hill,  hut  It  did  not 
Hatl.-«fy  the  Kiiipenir,  and  during  ttie  next  inipiith 
there  was  a  ehaiiue  iif  inlnlslry,  the  Vlneiiuiit  de 
Hail  VIeeiite,  a  «tripn<;uli(illtli>iii.'<t  and  ulilc  utateKinaii, 
beliiK  at  the  head  of  the  new  eahinet. 

I'lrllanieiit  did  nut  meet  a);uiii  till  the  fullnwIiiK 
May,  hilt  ineanwiillellie  eauiie  iit  eimiiu'lpatiiin  had 
made  Hteady  and  iiinre  r.ipid  prii;;i'e-H.  A  lilll  wit.-^ 
intrudneud'lii  ,June  after  a  viite  taken  upon  tlio  ah- 
Rtniet  prnpoHJtliin  fipiind  in  tlie  Kniperiir'H  Hpeeeli  at 
theopenini;,  and  in  Septeinlji.'r  it  panned  tlie  Senate 
amid  general  rejoicing,  by  a  iiiajnrity  of  44  ujjainst 

as. 

Tlie  provi.-dims  of  this  measure  redoiiiul  to  the 
Rood  sense  nf  the  Hrazlliaii  peipplu  no  less  than  to 
the  statesmanship  iif  their  rulers.  Aitliiiui;li  pro- 
fessedly based  upon  the  uttliPii  loni;  hefiirc  taken  liy 
the  Hritiali  Ki'^i'f'iii'i'nl,  liiey,  nevertheless,  difler 
iiiueli  In  detail,  and  even  In  jirlneiple,  a|>]proaeliin|; 
more  nearly  tlie  plan  of  1S(17.  Children  burn  of 
slaves  after  the  liiite  of  the  aet  Here  tn  bo  cun- 
Bidered  free.  Willie  Illinois  they  remain  lii  tiie  j 
control  of  the  masters  of  tlielr  mothers  till  eiijlit 
years  of  a^e,  tlie  masters  beiiiij  respinisibic  for  their 
care  duriuy;  that  period.  At  this  ai;e  the  mother's 
master  has  the  option  either  to  necive  from  the 
government  u  coiiipeii'iatioii  of  (KH)  milreis,  or  to 
avail  himself  of  the  minor's  services  up  to  the  full 
BRO  of  twentynne  years.  In  the  former  ease  the 
Knvernmeiit  lakes  eliar);o  of  the  miniir  and  of  his 
ediieatliin.  Every  minor  may  free  himself  by  a 
coiiipeiisation  in  money  to  his  niotlier's  master,  the 
amount  beiiii;  regulated  by  estiinatin;;  the  biilanee 
of  his  term  of  service,  unless  any  special  aijrecment 
Bbonld  exist.  Tlie  ina-ter  is  ohlii;ed  to  feed  and 
educate  tlie  ehlldren  born  of  the  dau,i;liters  of  his 
female  slaves,  as  loni^  as  thi?  mntliers'  services  con- 
tinue ;  but  if  the  female  becomes  free  lier  eliildrcn 
under  eiijlit  years  of  ajf  are  to  bo  delivered  to  her 
without  any  coiii{ieiisatIon,  uiilcas  tliev  remain  witli : 
tlie  master  hy  mutual  consent  of  both  mother  and 
ina>ter.  In  "case  she  Is  sold,  her  children  under 
twidve  years  of  age  follow  licr,  the  new  master  as- ! 
sumlnKtherlghts  andobllirutioiisof  bis  predecessor,  i 
Tlifc  scTvieos  of  the  children  of  female  slaves  cease  : 
In  case  it  is  decided  by  a  court  tliat  the  masters  of 
their  mothers  have  111'  treated  or  beyond  measure  i 
punished  thcin,  or  neglected  their  support  and  educa- 
tion. Tlie  government  may  deliver  tlioBe  children 
born  of  female  slaves  after  the  date  of  tiie  law, 
when  they  are  given  up  by  or  taken  away  from  their 
masters  to  privileged  societies.  Tiicse  societies  are 
tli"ii  entitled  to  the  services  of  sueli  minors  through- 
out tlip  terms  of  their  minority.  Tlicy  may  hire 
them  out,  but  they  are  obliged  to  feed  and  eilueate 
them  ;  to  reserve  a  porllou  of  their  wugea  for  their 


own  ii^e,  and  to  prnvlile  tljcm  siillable  i'iii|ployineiit 

whin  Ihey  1» e  oi  'igc.     If  tlm  minors  are  pliieid 

In  piibilc  iiisliliitlons.  IK  they  may  he  at  the  option 
of  Ihcgiivcriiiiieiit,  the  state  then  assiinics  all  obli- 
gations. 

In  every  province  of  llie  empire  a  ciiiiilii  number 
of  slaves  are  to  be  set  free  aiinnally,  tlic  niiinber  de- 
pi'iidlng  npoii  the  funds  at  disposal  for  the  iinr|iose. 
This  einancipalliin  fund  is  forincd  out  uf  the  slave 
tax,  a  lax  paid  on  transfeirliig  slaves,  the  proeceds 
of  six  yearly  lotteries  and  a  titlii'  of  all  other  aiithor- 
ir.f'l  lotteries,  a  special  tax  iinposed  by  the  bill,  an 
aniiiiiiit  devoteil  froiii  the  linperlal  and  muiilclpal 
Ireusurles,  and  fnnii  coliecllons,  doiiallinis  and  lega- 
cies di'volcd  to  the  piiriinse.  .Slaves  have  a  claim  to 
nianuinissiiiii  at  any  tiine  n  inn  they  can  pay  llie 
ran'oin  llxcd  upon  cither  by  agr-  cineiit  or  csllmalc. 
The  I'ompensutiipii  may  also  consist  In  a  contract 
for  serviees,  iirovldcd  the  term  does  not  exceed 
seven  years.  In  all  ea»cs  of  selling  or  transferring 
slaves,  the  sc|iaration  of  husband  froiii  wife  or  eliil- 
drcn under  twelve  years  of  age  from  their  parents  Is 
entirely  prohibited.  Hcsides  these  provisions  for 
the  gradual  manniiilsslon  of  the  slaves  the  follow- 
ing were  decland  free  hy  the  act  :  I.  'llie  slaves  of 
the  nation  ;  the  governinent  being  responsible  for 
their  proper  employini'iit.  II.  Those  given  to  the 
crown  In  iisiifmct.  III.  The  slaves  of  the  various 
religions  societies  within  seven  years.  IV.  Slaves 
bcloiiging  1.1  vacant  hilicrltance.  V.  Slaves  who 
save  the  lives  of  tlielr  masters,  or  the  parents  or 
clilidrinof  their  inaslers.  VI.  Hlavcs  given  up  by 
their  masters  on  acciiiint  of  physical  Inllrmltles ; 
the  I'csponsililllly  of  feidiiig  tliein  still  reniainiiig, 
however,  with  the  masters. 

The  operation  (pf  this  measure  has  fully  realized 
the  expectations  (pf  Its  promoters.  It  Inn  s.itlslled 
the  slave  owners,  anil,  as  a  rule,  no  dissatlsfaetion 
has  been  felt  among  tlielr  slaves.  (Inly  In  one  or 
two  Instances  have  anything  like  dltllculllis  occurred, 
and  tlicse  have  ticeii  promptly  met  by  the  vigilance 
of  the  anlborltlcs.  burliig  the  twenty-four  years 
since  llie  llra/.ilians  lir.st  began  to  entertain  the'  Ideii 
of  aliolitlon,  the  nnnihcrof  slaves  has  fallen,  aciord- 
ing  to  latest  returns,  from  '.'.OllO.IIOd  to  l,lllli,i!r>'J,  and 
the  proiliictlons  of  the  eoiintrv  have  been  propor- 
tionately  liiireasing.  When  this  act  was  passed  in 
IS7I,  fciirs  were  cnterlalned  liy  many  that  tlie  same 
degree  of  prosperity  could  not  be  m'aiiilalned  under 
lis  operations,  but  these  fears  also  proved  ground- 
less, and  Brazil  Is  at  this  moment  more  iirosper- 
oiis  than  at  any  time  under  the  system  of  slave  la- 
bour. 

liatincalious  of  the  treaty  of  peace  between  Brazil 
and  I'araguav  took  place  In  March,  IH7I.  The 
amount  of  indemiilty  to  be  paid  to  the  government 
of  tlie  Kniperor  was  tlien  fixed  at  *;)IHI,n(KI,IKK),  and 
provision  was  arriinged,  through  a  Joint  coiiimlssion, 
for  its  pa.vment  and  the  settleineiit  of  losses  caused 
to  public  properly.  The  rivers  Parana,  I'araguay 
and  Uruguay  wen?  opened  to  the  commerce  of  all 
nation",  this  liberty  not  heing  extended,  however, 
to  traders  from  poVt  to  port  of  the  same  nation. 
The  same  privilege  was  granted  to  sldjis  of  war  be- 
longing to  the  riverain  states,  as  to  merchant  vessels  ; 
and  they  are  also  declared  free  from  all  dues  and 
formalities.  One  article  capeelallv  pronounces  the 
adherence  of  both  powers  to  the  (Icciarallon  of  the 
Paris  Congress  of  IS.'ill ;  and  while  the  Emjieror 
binds  Iiimsclf  to  respect  the  Independence  of  the 
Kepubile  of  Paraguay  In  ncrpctulty,  and  to  giianin- 
tee  It  for  live  years,  provision  Is  also  made  for  the 
submission  of  any  Inleniational  disputes  that  may 
In  future  arise,  to  tlie  good  oflices  of  a  frienilly 
nation,  before  having  recourse  to  hostilities.  Care 
Is  taken,  bov.'cver,  to  hold  security  for  the  due  fultil- 
mcnt  of  the  frnis  of  the  trcat.v,  and  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Eiii|ieror  Is  allowed  to  keep  In  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Kepuldie  such  an  army  as  be  might  con- 
sider necessary  to  ensure  the  proper  execution  of 
the  agreement  entered  into.  An  extradition  treaty, 
and  another  of  amity,  commerce  and  navigation, 
were  signed  at  tlie  same  time. 

The  boundaries  between  the  two  .-itatos  were  thus 
defined  :  "  The  bed  of  the  Parana,  from  the  month 
of  the  Iguassu  to  the  Salto  (irande  das  8pte  Qiiedos. 
Erom  these  falls  the  line  runs  along  the  highest 
divide  of  the  Sierra  de  Maracnju  to  It*  tcnnination, 
thence,  as  nearly  as  possible.  In  a  straight  line  along 
the  highest  ground  to  the  Sierra  Amambaliy,  follow- 
ing the  highest  divide  of  the  Sierra  to  the  principal 
source  of  the  Apa,  and  down  the  river  to  its  Junc- 
tion with  the  Pamgnay.  All  the  streams  flowing  to 
the  north  and  east  belong  to  Brazil,  and  those  to 
the  south  and  west  to  Paraguay.  The  Island  ol 
Eecho  dos  Morros,  In  the  Upper  Paraguay,  was  as- 
signed to  Brazil. 

The  completion  of  this  treaty  by  Brazil  without 
reference  to  her  allies,  created  a  feeling  of  eonsidor- 
alile  annoyance  in  the  Argentine  Coiifedcration, 
which,  at  (ine  time,  seemed  to  render  anotlier  war 
Iminlnont.  It  was  clearly  a  breach  of  the  spirit.  If  not 
the  letter,  of  the  original  treaty  between  the  alllas. 


18S 

andthegipVerniiii'iitoflhrt'onMhMttMttningly  pro. 
teded  agalllsl  II.  Ho  itrollg  WM  tb»  ICttiT  sell!  to 
Hill  de  .taiielro  bv  Hr.  Tejedor,  the  Argenline  .Minis- 
ter of  Foreign  AlfalrH,  that  the  Brazilian  giiveriiiiicnt 
considered  the  (iiientiiiii  of  ri  senllng  II  bv  'tnother 
But  pxplunallons  iiltlinately  allav'il 
■|.\  iiegol 
tj'rminated  In  the  mutiiiil  iledslon  that  the  Argen- 


appeal  to  arms, 
the  exeltcincnl, 


and  fr|i'iidl.\  iiegollatloiis  too 


ilau'il 
I  uller 


tine  (Nmfedenithin  slioiild  prepare  n  sejiarato  treaty, 
wherein  to  neltli'  the  boiindarbs  lietwecii  the  tun 
states.  A  boundary  dispute  between  Bolivia  and 
tlie  (.'onfcderalloii  was  also  left  to  he  ilciided  In  a 

similar  iiiiti r,  and  aiiolher  lietwcen  (hill  and  tlie 

('onfederiitliin  rciiiuliH  sllll  a  source  of  iniich  Irrll.- 
tiiiii.  Tills  liwolvcs  the  |io:'sesslip|i  of  Patagonl.!, 
wliicli  is  claimed  liy  tlie  Argentines,  and  llieir  right  i 
are  lilspntcd  by  the  Chllhiiis,  wlio,  amhllious  of 
marillme  supremacy,  dexire  to  secure  tlie  eiiiiiinaiid 
of  the  htraits  of  Magellan.  Tlie  Andean  chain  eer- 
taliily  never  was  admitted  by  Chill  as  her  boundary 
ill  Putagonlii.  A  treaty  between  the  two  eipuutriea 
in  INiiil  provided  that  eacli  should  respect  the  ull 
jfiiuiilrliii  of  ISilt,  when  the  llrst  blow  for  liidepen- 
delice  was  struck.  At  that  time  Patagonia  was  lii- 
(luiled  In  the  territory  known  as  the  Wiii'iik  I'/iih'. 
But  if  any  dispnte  should  sulpsei|ueiitly  arise,  the 
treaty  further  |ir(pviiled  tliat  tlie  ijuestlon  between 
I  the  two  countries  sbonlil  be  aiilpiidtted  to  the  me- 
diation of  u  frienilly  power,  Cliill  has  long  desired 
a  settlement  In  this  way,  and  the  Argentine  govcrn- 
I  ment  Is  now  showing  a  lilsposltlipn  also  to  bring  tini 
matter  to  an  end  by  arlil:rutl(iii.  Whatever  might 
be  the  result,  the  feeling  Is  gcuindly  prevalent 
Ihroiighout  the  republics,  tliougb  Instigated  by  the 
Argentine  governinent,  tliat  the  struitji  should  Im 
regarded  as  neutral  territory,  and  tills  view  Is  ei|iially 
I  strongly  entertained  bv  the  maritime  piiweri  of 
Euroiie.  In  his  lust  address  to  the  Argentiiie  Con-- 
gress,  referring  to  a  current  rumour  of  further  dilll- 
cultli'H  having  arisen  upon  tlie  liouiidury  (|Ui'sIIipu 
between  that  repiiblle  and  Brazil,  President  Sar- 
mieiitii  s  dd  :  "  Tliere  Is  no  dispute  w  Itti  Brazil  wbhli 
could  lead  to  a  war,  and  we  are  bound  to  udbcre  to 
tiie  lionourable  ciigageiiient  we  have  made  witii 
Chill,  miituallv  to  spare  ourselves  an  unnecessary 
extieiidltiire  of  money,  blood,  and  time,  and  iiii'<  to 
sutimit  to  the  caprice  of  the  wind  ami  waves,  or  tlie 
incapacity  of  a  general,  misunderstandings  wlilrli 
may  be  peacefully'  settled  by  an  honuumblu  arbi- 
trator." 

Although  none  of  the  republics  have  been  entirely 
free  from  attempted  Insurrectionary  movements  dur- 
ing the  Interval  that  has  elapsed  since  the  terminatinii 
'  of  the  war,  the  vigilance  and  energy  of  the  res|ieetiv,i 
govcrnmeiits  have,  In  everv  case,  sulliccd  to  put 
down  ail  activi!  demonstnitlous  of  discontent,  mid 
the  energies  of  the  jpcopic,  there,  as  well  as  in  Mio 
empire  of  Brazil,  have  been  mainly  devoted  to  tlie 
arU  of  peace.  Attempts  t^i  create  a  current  of  Eu- 
ropean emigration  to  South  America  failed  tlirough 
the  liielliclency  of  the  organization  adopted  for  the 
purpose,  and  subseiiucntly  from  a  breach  of  faith  lu 
non-fullilmcnt  of  the  engagements  entered  into  by 
the  governinents  or  their  representatives.  The  un- 
favourable ellcet  of  this  mistake  still  remains,  and 
time  and  lionest  administration  of  jiubllc  alTaira 
alone  will  remove  It, 

A  dillerence  which  for  some  time  existed  iictwccu 
the  Cblliun  Ciovcrnment  and  that  of  the  Uiiiled  States, 
with  reference  to  the  detention  of  a  ship  called  the 
!  (JiMtl  Jiflitnt,  was  ultimately  proposed  for  settlement 
by  ttrbitnition.  The  (limit  Idliirn  was  a  whaling 
slilp,  but  on  a  suit  Instituted  against  her  on  sus- 
picion of  being  engaged  in  sning<;ling,  an  embargo, 
I  under  judicial  decree,  was  made  by  liic  governinent 
I  of  Cliili.  This  occurred  in  \Xi:'.,  and  tlie  (piestlou 
having  been  made  a  cause  of  rcinoiistrance  by  tlio 
aullioritles  ut  Washington,  it  long  remained  in  abey- 
ance. Arrangcuienta  were  at  length  completed  be- 
tween the  .Minister  for  Foreign  Alfairs  at  Santiago, 
and  the  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  Slates 
:  of  Nortli  America,  for  submitting  it  to  tlie  arldtra- 
I  thin  of  the  Italian  Charge  d'AIIaires.  This  proposal 
I  having  been  brouglit  before  the  Committee  of  (iov- 
ernment  and  Foreign  Affairs,  a  favourable  rceom- 
mciidation  was  sent  to  Congress.  In  this  the  Com- 
mittee expressed  the  opinion  that  tiie  submission 
of  sucii  (luestioiiB  to  the  Impartial  and  strict  Judg- 
ment of  on  arliltrator,  who  will  decide  tliem  uiidi  r 
the  inspiration  of  the  highest  Justice,  is  the  only 
rational  method  of  bringing  them  to  a  satisfactory 
conclusion.  But  the  Coiiimlttce  odded  a  curious  ex- 
pression of  sentiment  as  to  the  Judginent  which  tlio 
Italian  arbitrator,  acting  under  the  inspiration  of  the 
highest  Justice,  sliould  give.  They  pronounced  that 
the  republic  Is  not  fairly  under  any  oldigation  to 
pay  any  sum,  or  rather,  that  It  ought  not  to  be  con- 
deniued  in  any  of  the  damages  claimed  liy  the  United 
States  (ioveniment,  because,  taking  into  consiilera- 
\  tion  the  time  when  the  Coinl  Jirtiirn  was  detained, 
the  motive  that  caused  her  detention,  tiie  authori- 
ty that  issued  tlie  order,  and  the  Impossibility,  at 
that  time,  of  aduituisteriiij;  iiuick  and  speedy  justice, 


IflO 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


iipIIIkt  tli(^  (sovcrimicnt.  (if  tlw  rcpulilli'  nor  llic 
aiitliiirlllc'K  (iiniTiillv  Blmuld  bi'  liliimi'il  fur  any  net 
Involvliijj  rcKponsllilllly.  lliivlni;  llnis,  with  more 
will  thmi  illncn'tliiii,  f.'tlcii'd  tlicfi-riMlniii  iif  llio  ftrlil- 
triitnr,  the  ('iiniiiillli'r  i-xjiri'iisiMl  tlio  tlumKht  tliiil, 
iin  II  WUK,  (if  III!  Ililiiifi',  linivirliint  to  give  »(lllH^  Irrc- 
fr.iKuhli'  iPHtiiiKiny  !•>  "tlicr  nntloiiB  tlml  tlio  rcimliUc 
In  niiiiiiiilcd  by  »iMitlmiMit»  of  ^ocd  *'"  "i"'  Jui-tlci' 
to  fori'lRn  powcrH.  It  bccnmo  ndvlfnlilc,  uotwltli- 
(iliUKlInK  their  lU'iiinl  of  ic«iioimlblllty,  to  ciiiimwor 
the  I'n'sldriit  to  nottlo  tbii  ()ii('iitloii  In  thn  nuiniior 
pronoHcd,  mid  i)  hill  for  tlio  piirixmo  wii8  thereupon 
driiflpd,  iind  neoniinouded  to  llie  llousv  of  Kepre- 
Hentutlven. 

The  proeeedlnu  tlins  no  fur  lulvnnreil  exhthltfl  the 
oxt(Mmion  of  the  pritu'lplii  of  Hettliuff  tfc  certain  elasB 
of  Interniitioniil  (UnpiiteH  by  KUlimltlinv:  them  to  the 
nrliltnitlon  of  ii  nniiposed  hnpiirtliil  tribnnid,  bnt  it 
eunnot  ho  exrtinined  witli  etire  in  oil  It,-*  detiiilf,  wUh- 
(Mit  exiioKlnij  the  eonipliciited  form**  whieh  even 
nnder  tne  new,  iind  In  sonic  rcspeett*  Hlinple,  conHtl- 
liitlim  of  the  Soulh  AmcriiMin  rcpnhlicH,  nnittcra  of 
tlilH  kind  have  to  ^o  thr(iup;h. 

The  prcjndieis  wliich  the  people  of  Chill  cntertiiln 
airidnMt  forcl;;n('n*  are  doing  much  t(>  impede  the 
protfress  of  tin'  country.  Forelifiicra  arc  thereby 
pivvcnted  from  •(cttllntr  in  the  republic,  and  forel);n 
capital  and  enterprise  arc  In  like  iniinncr  excluded. 
In  all  trades  and  profcsaion.H  the  nntlvcs  arc  protected 
against  alien  innovatlouH,  and  immigrants  tind  It  dilll- 
ciilt,  If  not  Imiioasiblc,  notwitlistdinliuK  special  abib 
ltiC8  and  (|nalilleatlon8  posscnaed  by  tliciu,  to  outer  In- 
to the  purauitdf  their  special  cuilini;.  A  more  liberal 
policy  in  Ibis  respect  would  have  placed  the  republic, 
lon^  ere  this,  in  advance  of  itj*  present  nositidu,  but 
It  Is  less  due  to  the  conduct  of  the  aulhorilies  than 
It  is  to  the  illiberal  Icmleneics  of  tlio  national  char- 
uctcr.  A  remedy  will  therefore  not  very  readily  be 
found  until  time"  lia«  helped  to  riiisc  up  a  more  cos- 
mopolitan feciini''  aniont;  the  population.  This  may 
be  assisted  by  the  pivemmciit,  wbieli  cxhibita  iit 
tile  Mresent  time,  in  vurioiis  wiiys,  a  ijooil  liitentioii 
to  p'roniotc  the  nnitcrlal  Interests  of  the  country. 
With  that  view,  a  second  iiiternatloniil  exhibition  of 
the  pniduet.s  of  ii);riciillure  and  industry  of  Chill 
and  all  fiircii;n  countries  is  liciiu;  prcpiifcd  for  the 
autumn  of  Ihi-  current  year,  and  bnihlinus  for  tlio 
iiiirpo.HC  have  tieeu  creeled  al  Siiiitiai^o,  which  an* 
Inirliiy  creditable  to  the  arcliifectiiial  tx-tc  iniii  utili- 
tarian ch:»racter  of  tec  irovermiieiit.  The  foreign 
tr.idi'  of  tlh'  country,  which  ttiis  is  cxpeet/il  to  stiiu- 
nbitc.  amounlvd,  ill  ISoi,  to  ab.ait  SSO.uiHI,^!!) ;  In 
isr.'  it  was  $71.7S(),:KS.  of  whidi  the  imports  were 
valued  at  $:M.(k"ir,ll.'S,  and  the  exports  at  *;iT,l'.'.\4(;0. 
And,  ascvideiKeof  the  rapid  advances  tiiat  are  la  Inir; 
made,  it  is  wurlhy  of  notice  that  these  llcurcs  very  ] 
larirely  exceeded  ihnse  of  ISTI.  .Viriieiiltiiir  is  in 
an  advanced  .»tate.  lleinii.  tlax,  silk,  ami  wheal,  of 
the  tirst  ipiaiily,  are  ]iro(iuecd  in  abundance,  'riie 
miiiitit;  interest,  too,  has  a('(piired  a  .^reat  develop- 
ment. It.  has  been  claimed  tliiit  the  copper  pro- 
('uecd  in  tlic  republic  is  two-lhirds  of  the  total  pro- 
duce of  the  world,  but  this  claim  is  not  su>taimd  ; 
the  amoiinl  is,  however,  l.irire.  The  silver  mines  of 
Copiap.i,  lluasco,  Klor-idii,  and  others,  arc  remaik- 
a'lie  for  tlicir  ncluicss  ;  and  u'old,  in  sntlleicnt  (juan- 
til>  to  be  remuner.itive.  is  found  in  many  |iails  of 
the  coiitiiry.  C'oal  dcposils,  liotii  here  and  in  I'cru, 
are  found'  aloii>i:  the  coast.  Many  of  these  arc 
workiil  oil  a  larije  scale,  and  l-.a\c,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, att.'eted  the  trade  Willi  the  mines  of  Newcastle, 
and  olliers  in  Australia.  Iron  ore  is  found  variously 
thr.iuixli;oU  the  greater  part  of  the  sonthcru  re- 
IMililics. 

.\  more  just  policy  than  lias  hitlierto  been  adopt- 
ed towards  foreigners,  would  be  more  udvaet.iscoiis 
than  any  artilicial,  ami  too  often  delusive,  mea.-nrea 
for  proiiiothig  eniiitration,  and  it  « nuld  serve,  beyond 
iinijlit  else,  t.i  citccl  the  development  of  these  L'leat 
/ntural  res.iurees,  whieh  cipialiy  alioiind  in  the  Kast- 
cni  and  Western  rcpuldies.  as' well  as  tlironi;lMul 
the  ciilirc  empire  of  Brazil.  Tlie  spirit  of  old  Spaii- 
iji'  excuisivenes-i  has  done,  and  is  doinu'— for  it  bus 
no(  vi-t  dieii  out  -inucb  bi  retard  the  material  pro- 
(iress  of  the  wliolp  of  Smth  .•\incrica,  even  us  tlie 
s.inic  tipanih  spirit  of  disaltectiou  has  kept  the  rc- 
pulitieau  iiorti.'ii  of  tlie  continent  hi  a  permanent 
(iiiidition  of  political  and  social  dlsqiiicliide.  That 
this  is  slill  iniMhicvously  at  wcirk  is  apparent  In  an 
iiiiident  which,  while  we  write.  Is  recorded  in  the 
Arirentine  Republic,  where,  in  the  darkness  and  ei- 
lenec  of  tlie  nishi,  twenty  human  lieini.'s  have  been 
a  sassinated,  bv  the  autliorily  of  the  )t(iveriiineiit,  in 
tlie  province  of  Kulro  Kios,  for  havim;  formerly  t.ikcn 
p.irt  Willi  Lopez.  The  i;iivcrmin  lit  ha\inir  idlered 
an  amnesty  on  condition  tliat  the*  ■  nieu  would  t;i>e 
thei.iselvcs  up  from  their  hiding-places  In  the  forest 
(■r  .lala,  they  trust-  d  in  tie-  sain  tity  of  the  iruaraii- 
trc  tiitl-  ti\"en.  and  presented  tlielnselves  bef.ire  th.' 
aulliorities.  But  their  tril-t  was  ill  iilaced.  Thev 
wcr^'  arrcstc'l.  tlirown  into  jail,  iitid  in  le-s  than  Ihr-e 
iiiubls  all  liad  ceased  to  exist.  They  were  rnllilcssly 
luurderuil  by  the  orilcrs  of  that  same  (jinerumciit 


which,  (inly  «  few  daya  before,  had  promised  thorn 
Immunity  from  pnnlsrinipiit.  It  la  etimes  like  llicsi; 
that  now  most  dIsKrarn  tliii  South  American  re- 
publics. 

HellKloun  freedmn  la  another  neecssltv,  lioforn 
complete  nalhinal  iirosperity  can  bo  attained.  Ill 
Uio  Western  rcpiiblies,  cspeciiilly,  party  fcoUiijr  on 
the  ipiostinu  of  religions  (llsahiliiica  liiia  run  hijili, 
and  been  a  fertile  topic  of  dlacnsslon.  In  the  ('liilian 
Congress  It  Is  now  iindertroliii;  debate,  and  althoiiKli 
the  opposition  party  art"  violent  In  tnvoctlve,  the  aup- 
portcia  of  the  caime  rest  uiioii  IorIo  uiiiI  the  I'xperl- 
ciice  of  history,  and  are  eontldunt  of  siieceBS.  Tho 
pniposal  to  remove,  or  at  Icist  to  lessen,  their  dls- 
iibilities,  has  received  the  Niinetion  of  soiiio  of  tho 


ina.-!,  Kroin  diis  he  ndvaiK-cd  to  a  loilter  proinontdrvj 
whieii  he  iiiimed  VVii-  Siiiilli  Horn,  and  whicli  is  iiiniii- 
feslly  <'ii|ie  lie  T'res  I'linlas,  alioiil  live  dcurces  norlh 
ot  llie  line  .All  the  cireiiinsliiiices  euiiliiincd  in  Ilio 
short  ulislracl  ol  Ins  idiinnd,  wlm-h  is  lianilcd  down  to 
us,  cdiiceniliiu'  llie  iip|ii',iiiiiice  mill  stale  of  the  cdiiii- 
tries  (III  ihc  coasi  iil  ,\lriea,  are  rdliliriiicd  iinil  illiis- 
tniled  by  a  eoiii|iarisdii  willi  the  necoiinls  of  nidilcrn 
nnvii;at(irs  |-:\eii  liaise  ciremiislaiiccs  which,  from 
llicir  sceiiiin;;  iMipriihaliihly,  have  hecii  produced  lo  iii- 
valldiile  Ihe  ercdiliihly  of  Ins  rclalloii,  tend  lo  rolirin  it. 
Ho  dliscrves,  that  m  ihc  coiiniry  lo  the  soiiili  „\  I  ■erne, 
u  prol'diind  silence  riij;iied  iliroii|;h  llie  day  ;  bin  diiriM)^ 


clernv,  and  It  has  boon  sliiU'd  bv  a  liluh  olllcial  In :  J»"  ""-'lit   imnnncraliie    tires   were  kindled   nliais;  the 

the  republic,  that  in  Mouth  America,  as  In  F.iiropo,  |  ™"l<»  "'   'I"'  rivers,  and  ihe  iiir  res alcd  with  tlio 

tho  time  Is  at  hand  wlicn  no  ceelesiastlciil  authority  |  noise  of  pipes  imd  drums  and  cries  oljdv  The  Mima 
win  he  aUowod  to  snslain  alleged  rlKhts  of  the  I'opc,  1  thiiif;,  ns  Kainiisio  observes,  siill  lakes  place.  The  i  x- 
cmilrary  both  to  tho  laws  of  the  country  and  to  tho  cossive  hcul  ohhijcs  the  .\(  yrocs  hi  lake  ^heller  in  llic 

prineiplea  thus  Indleated,  totfethi  r  Willi  the  nnt  r  ni;  ,i,,,  .„„  „„, ,  ,i„,..  .,,||,.  ,„,,   ,.„  ,  i.„  ,      , ,,  ,  ,  ., 

eltorts  that  are  I.elnK  miiilo  tlir.  i.Khont  the  whole  o7     ,    """  "'    ''  ""  >  ""'  >  ,""' ''  '''    "",l'l  t:!"  '■"J"v  I  .0 

the  continent  Ui  promote  odueatioii  and  tocneimniKO  P''""-'""'  >"  '""»"'  and  d.inem.r,  111  win.  Ii  ih,  y  s,,, ml  the 
conimerco  and  every  form  of  Imliistrhil  pursuits,  to  '">■''"•  liaiims,  1  1  Id  I-.  In  niioilicr  [ilai c,  he  mcii- 
cimstrnct  railroada 'and  tclennipha,  lo  ilcvelop  the  '"""•  ''""  '•''"  "»  liiiriiiiii;  with  tn.-renls  ot  lire.  What 
mineral  and  ai;rieuUunil  resonrecs  of  Ihe  several  orriirtcd  lo  M.  .Vdansoii,  on  the  same  coast,  may  1  \- 
einintrios,  and  liy  all  means  to  advance  the  Interests  iilaiii  this:  ••  .\»  soon,"  says  he,  "  as  the  hiiii  dippci) 
of  the  people.  Justify  the  antielpalhm  that  an  era  of  iienciuh  Ihe  honzdii,  iind  iiielil  (iverspicad  llie  carlli 
prosijei  Ity  has  been  oiitcre.l  upon  from  which  the '  ,viih  darkness,  die  sea  lent  ns"  its  Irien.  Iv  b;;hl  Wliilo 
world  at  laritc  must  bonctlt.     For  rtcsp  tc  a     the  ,i„,  „.,„„  .,1  .„,,  ,„    ,1,1       1     1  .1     ,  . 

Ininbles,  inlorind  and  oxternal,  wlileli  have  been  re-  -""  ''"","'  ""^,  ''-•I  I  '""f;  '"I  'I')'   "V  ""'fl'".  d 

corded  In  cimiiection  with  the  liistorv  of  the  repub-  ;'"'"'"'  '"  "','   ""'"'  ""  ""  ""'■      "'""  "''  "'"''''  '"  " 

lies,  thev  have  advanced  to  a  lii)fii  i|et;ree  hi  inatcriali  bininioiis  inelosiirc,  wIn-.-li    siirr idcd  us  like  a  lareo 

proirrcss  ;  and  they  form  already  a  noble  vindication  I  ■'"'^lo  "'  ''lys.  Iroiii  whence  ■.larlcd  in  ilic  w.ike  ol  iIk 
of  ihe  striifjiiics  for  ludopcndenee,  iw  widi  ns  aii-!alii|i  a  lonir  stream  nf  a  liylit.  '  Voy.  to  .Sncyal,  p. 
other  (jrcat  tribute  lo  the  virtues  of  political  and   17(1.     This  appcanuice  of  the  sea,  o|ps.'r\cd  hy  llnnicr, 


elvil  liberty. 


N  0  T  K  S    A  X  II 

IxOTK  [I]     TaOK    (0. 


II.  I.U.STHATION.s. 

— T'vro  wii 


iluatcd  at  such  a 
distance  from  the  .Xinbian  (iiill',  o,  i(cd  Sea,  us  made 
it  itnpraclicaiilc  in  cdiivey  coniiiKiditics  iVoiii  liiciu-c  lo 
that  city  by  land  currianc.  T'liis  induced  the  I'liiciii- 
ciails  lo  render  lliciiisclvca  iiiusu  rs  of  l\ii  nmrnrit  or 
Khintirulurti,  the  nearest  port  in  the  .Mi-dilcrrancan  to 
llie  lied  .Sea.  T'liey  hiiidcd  Ihe  cariToes  which  they 
purchased  in  .\raliia,  Kllnopia.  and  India,  at  Klalli,  tiic 
safest  hatlior  in  ihe  Keil  .Sea  towards  the  .\orili 
Tliciicc  they  were  carru il  liy  land  10  lihinocuhira,  tiic 
distance  not  iieiiiir  very  eonsulcralile  ;  and,  liciii^  rc- 
sliipped  in  lliat  port  were  traiis|i(iile(l  to  T'yre,  and  ilis- 
tnlmlcd  over  the  world.  Straluin  licojir  edit.  Casaiib. 
lib.  XVI  p  H'Jf*  Uiodur.  Sicul.  Uiblioih.  llistor.  edit. 
Wcssclmyii,  hh.  i.  p.  70. 

.NoTK  ['J),  p  70  —  I'ho  Pcri|ihis  Ilannonis  is  the 
only  aiiihciilie  inonnment  of  die  ('artliajrintaii  skill  111 
naval  nll.iirs,  and  one  of  the  lost  eiinoiis  frai,Miienls 
transiinllcd  10  us  by  anlapnly.  T'lie  learned  and  nidiis- 
Irio  s  Mr  Uodwcll,  in  a  dissctiaiion  prehxed  lo  ihc 
rcrijiliis  of  Ilaniio,  in  the  edition  of  llie  .Sliiiur  ticojjra- 
piicrs  jMihlislicd  at  Oxford,  endeavors  to  prove  that  tins 
IS  spiirioiir-  work,  llie  eoinposiiidii  of  sdiiie  (ircek, 
who  asKuined  llaiilio's  inline.  Ibil  M.  ib^  .Monlesipncn, 
in  his  ri-)s|iril  des  Loix,  hh.  m  c.  8.  and  .\I.  de  Itoii- 
ffatiivitie,  in  a  dissertation  piihlislied  lom.  xxvi.  of  the 
Nieiiidires  de  i'.Vcadcinic  des  Inscriptions,  iVc.  have 
cstahlislicd  Us  niiilienticity  by  armiments  wliicli  to  mo 
appear  imaiisweralilc,  Uamnsio  has  accdiii{iaiiied  his 
translation  of  dnii  ciirioiis  voya^'o  with  a  dissertation 
teiidin);  to  illustrate  it.  Uacolle  dc  Viapt'i,  vol.  i.  p. 
in.  .M  de  lluiijrainvillc  has,  with  great  Uarniiif;  and 
■luiilv,  treated  the  same  subject.  It  appears  that  Man- 
no,  nccordinu  to  llie  inot'.p  of  ancient  navigation,  under- 
took this  voya|rc  in  small  vessels  so  eonstmctcd  that 
he  could  keep  close  in  with  the  coast.  He  sailed  from 
ficdcs  to  the  island  of  (.'erne  in  twelve  davs.  This  is 
prohahly  what  is  known  to  the  inodenis  liy  the  name  of 
the  Isle  of  .-Vr^iiiin.  Il  becaine  the  eliief  station  of  tho 
C'artliatrinians  oa  tliat  coast;  and  M.  do  Hongainville 
coniends,  that  tiic  cis,eriis  fuiind  there  are  nioiiuineiits 
ol  the  I  arthaiiuiian  power  and  iiii,»eiiiiily.  IViyCecdiiio 
from  ('erne,  and  still  lol'uwiinr  ilie  windtnu  of  tlie 
coast,  he  urrMid  in  sevcnieeii  days,  at  a  proinontorv 
which  lie  oiled  The  WcmI  Hum,  probably  Capo  I'ali- 


has  been  mcniioncil  as  an  aryimieiit  ay.iiii.a  the  uiillicn- 
licity  of  Ihi!  I'cripliis.  It  is,  hovNcMr.  a  phi  rionicnoii 
very  coininon  in  warm  cliniales  ('apl.iiii  Cook's 
second  voyage,  vol.  1.  p    I.'i.      Tlie  renpliis  of  llaniio 

has  hecii  tr.inslated,  and  every  point  wiili  rcs| 1  10  it 

has  been  illnslrated  with  inncii  learnin;;  and  lii^'eniiiu, 
in  a  work  published  liy  Hon  I'cdr,  Kodnj;  I'anipo- 
niaues,  cnlllled,  .\lili;.,'iicda>l  lliarilnn.i  ih'  Carl,i;;o,  eon 
el  1'  ripio  de  sn  (Iciicral  llaniioii  traibicuio  c  liiiisirailo. 
Mud.  n.lli,  Ito. 

NoTK.  [;t]  p.  70.— I.oiiir  iilicT  111,.  iiavit;alioii  of 
the  I'nienici.in  .  and  of  I-jidoxiis  round  .Virici,  rob  Inns, 
the  most  inlclli(;ciit  and  best  iiiliirnicd  liisiorian  ol 
aiiiiipiiiy,  and  parliciilarly  distiii<;iiislicd  liv  Ins  alien- 
tidii  to  (;ei.'^iapliical  rcscaiclics,  Hlliinis,  liial  il  was  nut 
known.  111  ills  nine,  wliellier  .\lrica  was  a  cdiiliiniid 
coiitinenl  slretciinin  to  the  .-uiiili,  or  wheilicr  1:  was 
eiiconipassed  |.y  Ihe  sea  I'olyliM  llist  lib  m  I'liiiy 
the  iiaiiiralist  usscris,  that  llierc  can  he  no  coniiiniiiic.i- 
tion  bctwei-n  tiic  soiithcm  ami  nortbcrii  lcni|.cr.iio 
/.ones,  riniii  Hist.  Natiir.  edit,  111  iisimi.  Ihipli. 'lio. 
hli.  u.  c.  (IS.  If  they  li.id  nivcii  lull  cndil  ui  tin' 
accounts  of  those  voyages,  the  hirincr  could  not  liaie 
cntcrtaiiicd  such  a  doiilit,  llie  laitcr  could  not  liavs 
ilchvcrcil  such  an  o|iniioii.  Sir.ilio  ineiiiions  llic  vov- 
a^e  of  I'hidoxns,  lint  treats  il  as  a  faliiiioiis  tale,  liii.  11. 
p.  l.'i.'i ;  and,  ucciirdinj;  lo  his  account  of  it,  no  ollici 
jnilKnioni  can  lie  lornicd  with  rcspeci  lo  11.  Sirabo 
seems  not  to  li.ivc  known  any  tinii;,'  wiili  tirUiiiiiv  con 
ceriiiiig  the  I'oriii  and  stale  of  ilic  souilnrii  parts  ol 
.\irica.  (ieo>;r  lib.  iMi,  p.  1  bSO.  rioicmy,  llie  most 
iiiipiisitive  and  learned  ol  all  liie  ancieiii  i^co^rai'licrs, 
was  cc|iiully  imacipiamted  Willi  aiiv  pans  ol  .\lnca  siiii- 
ated  a  ft.w  deorecs  lu-yoiid  liic  (-.juihocli.il  line  ;  lor  ho 
supposes  thai  tiiis  (Treat  coiiiinciil  w.is  noi  surrounded 
by  the  sea.  but  that  it  strclclicd,  wiliioiil  iiiu  rruplion, 
towards  the  .^oiilll  pole  ;  and  he  so  far  mistakes  ils  true 
hiinre  that  he  dcscniica  the  coiiiinent  us  he -uiiiiiu,' 
iirodder  a-id  iiroad-r  as  it  advanci  d  lowards  the  rcif.i-.. 
I'loieinr)!  (leojrr.  iih.  iv.  c.  U.  Unciii  I'araihla  (iciwr. 
vctcris  0   nova,  p  81). 

NoTK  [4J.  i>  71.— A  fad  recorded  bv  Sirnbo 
atTords  a  very  sironj;  mid  siii;;ular  projf  of  ihe  il>iio- 
raiicc  of  the  ancieuls  witli  respect  to  the  siiiiation  of  llio 
varioas  parts  of  the  earth.  When  .•Mcxaiidcr  inarcliKl 
alolif!  10  hanks  of  the  llydaspcs  mid  .Acesiiie,  two  of 
the  rivers  which  fall  into  the  Indus,  lie  observed  that 
there  wcru  many  crocodiles  in  tliose  rivers,  ami  ih.ii  the 
country  produced  beans  of  the  same  species  wilii  iho.sc 
which  were  conmioii  in  I'+'vpl.  l-'roin  these  circiini- 
stuiices  he  eonclilded  that  lie  had  iliscnvered  the  soiirco 
of  tho  Nile,  and  prepared  a  Heel  to  sail  u'owii  llic  Hy 
duspra  lo  F+'vpl  Strab.  tleimr.  lib,  xv  p.  l(l'.;b 
T'his  aiiiaziiii;  error  did  not  arise  Irom  unv  ienorance  ol 
yeouraphy  peculiar  10  iii.it  inoiiiircli ;  for  we  arc  in- 
binned  liy  Sirabo,  llial  Alcxaiidei  applied  Willi  pallieu- 
lur  attention  in  order  to  uccpnre  tlie  knowlcd^je  of  lliia 
Bciet'.co,  Slid  had  uceurale  maps  or  descriptions  of  llic 


Countries  ihrotiKh  which  hr  Minri.-h('<I.  I.iti.  ii.  p.  120. 
Tut  in  his  b^c  the  kituwlcdiro  ot  l)io  f  iriH-kH  did  nol 
extend  bryond  Iho  liiiiiln  uf  llie  Meditcrruntun. 

NoTK  '!S].  p.  71. — Ah  ihr  lliix  iiiul  nlliix  of  llir  mni 
in  rt'inurkiihly  ^rcul  al  tho  riiuiiili  ul'  tii<;  river  Iiidii.H, 
thiK  would  rriuliT  \\w  |ih('iiriiiiriioii  more  luniiiduldL'  tii 
Uio  (ircvktt.     Viircii  (ito^r   vn|.  i.  p,  *^,')I. 

NoTK  jTi].  p.  71  "It  is  prtilmMc  thfil  the  imciuntM 
wcrr  Hiddoin  tndih  rd  In  ii(l\.iiit-(>  mi  t;ir  iih  ihv.  mouth  ol 
Ihi!  (iaii^CM,  citht-r  hy  iiioii\(i  ol  cunoMty  or  vmws  of 
routiiKTciid  iidvitnliigc.  In  iiMi'^ciiui'ncc  uf  thin,  thrir 
ide  '  roncrriiMii,'  tlic  pot-itKni  ul  ihal  j^re  il  rivtr  \m\h  vi-ry 
rrroncuMN.  I'lulniiv  pi. ices  thai  hriimh  of  iht  (iuiii^cs, 
whitdi  Uv  (hstiiiiruishi's  hv  ihr  ii.inic  of  thr  (irci't  Mouth, 
ill  (he  hundred  iiiid  fortv^iiUi  denree  ot  httuf.tude  frnii) 
hiH  |ir>l  nieridiaii  in  the  roriuiiuic  lKlami:t.  Itut  its 
true  hni^ntude,  coinputed  fiuui  that  iiiendiaii,  is  now 
deterNiiueil.  hy  asiroMotnn-iil  ohHerviitionH,  to  he  only  a 
hundred  and  hve  de»,'reeH  A  m'O^raplier  no  eiiunent 
nniMt  have  heen  helruyed  Into  un  error  of  tins  iii.i^ni- 
ludi'  hy  the  niiperfeeliun  of  the  iriloruialion  vslucli  hi- 
liad  reeeivt  d  ronernun^  lliuse  dihlaiit  remons  ;  and 
this  ullords  a  striking  prttof  of  the  inlcrcourM:  with  lh<'iii 
heinj^  i-xlreine|y  ruir.  With  respect  to  the  rounlnes 
of  Iniha  lieyond  the  (iani/en,  his  intethj^ence  Wiis  still 
more  dt  leeiive,  and  hi;*  errors  mure  enorinoii.H.  I  shall 
have  oeejiHion  to  observe,  ni  aiiolher  place,  ih.U  he  ha^ 
plared  the  eountry  id  tlie  .SercH,  or  i  'htna,  no  h-><4  than 
Hixty  (h'^reeii  further  eadt  than  its  true  position.  M. 
d'Ahville,  one  of  the  inOHt  learned  and  intelligent  of  iUv, 
modern  m'o^rapluTN,  han  .set  this  matter  m  a  eli.ir  lii^ltl, 
in  two  diMsertalionn  ptihlislied  m  Mum  ile  rAcadein 
des  luflcripl.  lVc.  torn.  x.\xii.  p.  573.  tiUl. 

NoTK  [7].  p.  71. "It  is  reninrkahle,  that  the  dis- 
coveru;s  of  the  ancients  wvxc  niade  chii  lly  hy  land  ; 
thoH»  of  the  miidt  riiH  are  canied  on  elittrlly  hy  sea. 
'i'hi:  proyresf  o!  eomiuest  led  to  the  former,  thai  ol 
cuininercu  to  the  hitter.  It  ih  a  judicious  uhservation 
of  Strnho,  liiat  the  eoiupiehls  of  Alexander  (lie  (ireat 
made  known  the  Mast,  tlio.se  id'  the  Kiimins  opened  tlie 
Went,  and  those  of  Mithndates  Kiny  of  routus  the 
Nurdi.  lab.  i.  p.  '2t».  When  dmcovery  is  carried  on 
i>y  land  alone,  its  proirress  must  be  slow  and  il.s  o[>era- 
lions  conlined.  When  it  u  earned  on  o-  ;v  hv  sea,  its 
RphuTK  may  he  more  extenttive.  and  tis  advances  more 
rup:J  ;  hut  it  labors  under  peculiar  deh'cts.  'riiouirh 
it  may  make  known  the  poKiiion  of  ddlerent  countries, 
and  ascertain  their  boundaries  as  tar  a.s  llie-e  are  deler- 
inincHl  by  th(>  ocean,  it  haves  us  m  iiftKjraiice  with  re- 
Bpecl  to  their  interior  state.  Above  two  centuries  and 
a  half  have  elajised  since  the  liuropeans  saih-il  round 
tho  southern  ^iromonlory  of  AlVica,  and  have  traded  tn 
most  uf  Its  i.'irts  ;  but,  in  a  considerable  pari  oi  thai 
great  conlnu'iit,  '.hey  liave  done  little  more  llian  Burvry 
Its  coa.sts,  and  innik  its  capes  and  harbors.  Its  Uiterior 
regions  are  m  a  ;;real  mea.suie  unknown.  The  an- 
cii-nls,  who  had  i  very  iniperbet  kmiwledi^e  of  Us 
coasts,  except  where  they  are  washed  hy  llu*  Medi- 
terranean or  Hed  Sea,  wen;  accii.stonied  tti  peiii'trale 
into  Its  in'ir.d  provini-es.  and,  if  we  nuv  rely  on  thi 
testiiiHV.ji  jf  Herodotus  and  Diudoriis  Sicuius.  lud  e.v- 
ph'nt  many  parts  of  it  now  aboLjelhrr  unknown.  In- 
Ata  both  modes  of  discovtrv  he  united,  the  ;_'i'iiirraplu- 
cjI  knowled}^e  uf  the  earth  must  remain  incomplele  and 
iimccurale, 

NoTK  [M].  |j.  7!2.-"'riiP  notions  of  the  ancients  con- 
cernin;^  such  an  excessive  deirree  of  heat  m  the  torrid 
zone  as  reiulcred  it  unmhabituble,  and  ihetr  persisting 
in  tins  error  hniy  alter  they  bei^an  to  have  stinie  com- 
iiiercial  intercourse  wi:h  m  veral  part-^  ot  India  Ivihl' 
within  (he  tropics,  inu.'^t  appear  >o  Mu^ular  and  ah>urd, 
that  It  may  not  he  unacceplalde  to  some  ol  inv  reader^ 
to  produce  evidence  of  their  lioldin>r  ilus  opinion,  and 
to  iiccoimt  fur  the  apparent  inconsistence  of  their 
theory  with  their  experience.  I'icero,  who  liad  be- 
stowed attention  upon  every  part  of  plnhisoplv  known 
to  tho  iinctcnts,  seems  to  \u\r  htdieved  tliat  .ne  torrid 
sour  was  iiinnhabitablc,  and,  of  eonset)uunce,  lliat  there 
could  he  no  intercourse  between  the  northern  and 
BOulliern  temperate  zoiich.  lie  mtrodiiccs  Al'ricaniis 
tlius  addressing  the  youn^ir  Scipio  :  "  Von  sec  tlu-s 
eurtli  encom[fas8ed,  and  as  ii  were  Ipouiid  in  hv  certain 
lones,  of  wlucii  two,  at  lliii  greatest  distance  from  each 
Other,  and  sitstdinm^  'lie  opposite  poles  of  heaven,  are 
frozon  with  perpetual  cold  ,  the  middle  one,  and  thr. 
largest  ot  all,  is  burnt  with  the  heal  of  (he  sun  ;  two 
aro  habilubhi  \  itie  peoide  m  the  Houlhern  uiio  are  unti- 
(oJea  to  us,  with   wuuiu  we   have  tiu  coiinucliun." 


SOUTH    AM  IMUC  A. 

Sdiutniim  Sn/niiiiifi,c.  6.  fiemmus,  adreok  pliiIoAoher,  [ 
r  'it'i'inporary  with  H'tcrro,  deiiiers  the  same  doctrine,  ; 
not  ii..  ^  "■  •  lar  work,  but  in  Ins  I  iijy.iyfj  nv  'Inkio/khi,  i 
a  irffttise  purely  srientitie.      "When  we  speak,"  aays  j 
be,  "of  tlieMiuthern  temperate  zoim  ami  its  inhabitants,  i 
and  conceriiinK  those  who  are  called  aniipodf  s,  it  must 
be  alwavH  understood,  that  we  have  no  certain  know-  j 
iedjte  or  information  coiirernm^'  (lie  southern  temperate  j 
zone,   whellitr  it  b(i  inhabited  or  nol.      Hut  fr(un  tho, 
spherical  (ii:nr(l  of  the  lurlh,  and  the  course  which  the 
sun  bnhis  between  lh(!  tropics,  we  conclude  that  tlierc  , 
IS  aiinther  /one  sitnattd  to  the  south,  which  enjoys  the 
same   dej;ren   of   temprratiire  with   the   nortlu  rn  one 
which  we  inhabit."     Cap.  xm,  p.  Ml.  np.  I*ct-.ivn  Opus 
de  Doclr.  'I'empor.  in  (juo  rranoloui-iin  sive  Sy.Hteinata 
var.  Anctorum    Amsl.  171*5.  vol.  M.     The    opinimi  <d 
iMmy  the  naturalist,  wilh  respect  to  both  these  points, 
was  the  s.'diie  :    "There  are  hvc  u.'-isMins  -d  the  earth, 
which  are  called    zones.      All  that  pori:<ji  wliieb  he., 
near  to  the  two  opposite  jinles  is  oppns^rtl  with  v<lie- 
incnt  cold  and   eiernal   ln>st.     'I'liere,  unhle-srd  with 
the  aspect  of  milder  stars.  per|ietiial  darkness  rctL'ns,  or 
at  the  ntim  .t,  a  feeble  lif^hl  retleeted  Imin  surrounding 
snows.     'I'he  middle  of  the  earth,  in  wlm  h  is  the  orbit 
of  the   sun,  is  scorched  and  burnt  up  wiih  fl.nnes  and 
(ii'ry  va|K»r.      IJclween  these  torrid  and  frozen  th^-lnetj* 
he  two  other  portions  of  the  earth,  wluch  are  lemperale  i 
but,  on  account  of  the  hnrnini.'  ref»ion  interposed,  there 
can  he  no  eoin.nunicatiun  lielween  them.     Thus  Hea- 
ven has  deprived  us  of  three  parts  of  the  earth."      Lib. 
n.  c.  fiS.     .Strabo   delivers  (lis  opinion   to  tho    same 
clfect,  m  terms  no  le?s  explicit ;   "  The  portion  of  the 
earth  whndi  lies  near  the  eipiator,  in  the  torr:d  Z(jnc,  is 
rendered  uninhahilahle  by  heat."      I.iti.  n    p.  151.    To 
lhe.se  I  im;;lit  add  the  authority  of  many  other  respecta- 
ble pliilosojiliers  and  historians  of  anti'pnty. 

In  order  to  i'xplain  the  sense  in  winch  this  dnctrin* 
was  licnerallv  n  eei\ed.  v^e  may  observe,  that  I'arnie- 
iiides.  as  wn  are  informed  i)y  Strabo,  was  the  brst  who 
divided  the  earth  into  live  zones,  and  extended  the 
limits  of  the  zone  which  he  supposed  to  be  umnhalnia- 
ble  on  account  of  heat  bpyond  the  tropics.  Aristotle, 
lis  we  leiirii  likewise  I'rom  Strabo,  lixcil  the  bounilarn  s 
of  lUv.  dill'erent  zones  in  the  same  manner  as  tiiey  are 
di'lined  liy  modern  ^.'eoyraphers.  Hut  the  progress  ol 
discoverv  haviii;f  tfradually  demonstrated  that  several 
iei;ions  of  the  earth  v\huli  lay  withm  the  tropien  were 
not  only  habitahle,  hut  pofMilous  and  ti  rlite,  this  induced 
later  yeonrapliers  to  circumscrilie  the  limit*  of  the  torrid 
zone.  It  IS  nol  easy  to  a.tcertaiii  with  precision  the 
boundaries  which  they  allotted  it.  I'Vom  a  pas^al;e  m 
Strabo,  who,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  the  only  author  of 
anliijuity  troin  whom  we  riceive  any  htnt  concerning: 
this  subject,  I  should  conjecture,  that  llioie  who  calcu- 
lated aecordmji  to  tlin  measurement  of  the  earth  by 
Kratusilu  nes.  uiipposi  d  the  torriil  zone  to  comprehend 
near  sixteen  deijrees,  about  eii.'ht  on  each  side  of  the 
erpiator  ;  whereas  such  as  followed  the  coinpul  itfon  ot  ■ 
I'osidonius  allotted  about  twenty-tour  di-iirees,  or  some- 1 
what  more  tliaii  twelve  dcijrees  on  e*ch  side  of  the 
eipialor  lo  the  torrid  zone.  Strabo,  lib  ii  p  151.  Ac- j 
cordimr  *o  the  tormer  opininn,  attout  two-tli:rds  of  (hat  '■ 
portion  of  the  earth  which  lies  between  the  tropics  was  , 
ctiniidired  as  habitable  ;  acconlini;  lo  the  laUcr,  ahoiit 
one-l.alf  of  it.  \S'ith  ih:s  rcslru'Iion,  the  doctrine  of 
the  aiicient-i  conctrninii  the  torrid  zone  appear*  less 
ab.siird  ;  and  we  can  conceive  the  reason  of  their  as- ; 
sertiiii;  this  zone  to  be  unmhahilable,  even  after  they  : 
had  opened  a  ct)imniintcat!0::  with  severid  places  within 
ihe  tropics.  When  men  of  science  spoke  .\\  the  torr'd 
zone,  tlicv  considered  it  a.>  it  wa-*  limited  by  the  deti- 
nitioii  uf  ;;eo;(iapherit  to  si.xtceii,  or  at  the  utmost  lo 
tweiitv-Iour  iteiirces  ;  and  as  they  knew  almost  nothiU)^ 
of  the  couniries  ncarci  lo  the  cipiaiorthey  mitrhi  still  suit- 
pose  them  to  he  uninliabitahlc  In  loo>e  and  popular  dis- 
course, the  name  ot  the  torrid  zone  contiimcd  to  be  yivcii 
to  ul!  that  poition  of  the  earlli  which  lies  wilhm  the  tro- 
pics, ( 'icero  seems  to  have  heen  unaci|uamted  with  iho-i* 
ideas  of  ihc  later  jjeo^raplicr*  ;  ami.  udlicrmj*  to  tliC 
division  ot  I'armcmde.-i,  describes  the  toriid  zoih'  as 
the  largest  of  tlic  live.  Some  of  the  annenls  rejtvted 
ihc  notion  coucerninj;  the  tnlolerable  heat  of  the  torrid 
zone  as  a  popular  f  rror  This  we  are  told  by  Pbitarch 
was  the  sentiment  of  Pythagoras;  an  I  we  learn  tVoin 
Strabo.  that  Kralosthencs  and  I'dlvbius  had  a't'»pted 
the  aami'  opinion,  lib.  ti  p  151.  I'tolemy  seems  t;> 
have  paid  no  ri'<:ard  to  the  ancient  doctrine  diid  opinions 
concerning  the  torrid  2.<j\w. 

NoTK  [0].  p  71. — The  court  of  Iti.pnsiiion,  v^liich 
etrectiially  checks  a  cpiril  of  liberal  in«piiry.  and  of  lite- 
I  rary  iinprovemenl,  wlurever  U  u  csUblisiK^d,  was  m)- 


187 


known  in  Portugal  in  iho  fifteenth  century,  when  llta 
ncopleuf  that  country  hej'an  their xoy  ayes  o(  discovery. 
Nlure  than  a  century  elapsiil  hehire  ii  was  mlrnduced 
liy  .luhii  III.,  whose  re'gn  commenced  A.  L).  15*21. 

NoTK  [  H»J  p.  75. — An  instance  of  this  ib  related  by 
llakhivt.  upon  the  authority  oftht^  Portuguese  historian 
(Jnrciade  Kesende.  Some  Knyhsh  merchants  having; 
resolve  d  to  open  a  trade  with  the  coa»l  of  Guinea,  John 
ii.  of  Portugal  dr  Mpatclud  ambassadors  to  I'ldward  I\'  , 
in  ordi  r  to  lay  before  hiin  ihtr  n^ht  v\hu'h  be  had  ar- 
ipiircd  hy  tht  Pope's  hull  to  the  dominion  of  thai  conn 
liy,  and  to  retpiest  of  bim  to  prohibit  hts  Hiil>jecls  to  pro- 
seeiile  their  intended  vo\.i^;e  Ddward  w.im  .»o  much 
satislied  with  Ihe  exclusive  litte  of  the  Portuym-sr,  that 
he  iH.^iieii  his  onlers  in  tin-  ti  nns  v  hicii  they  dejored. 
Hakluvl,  Navi^^aUoiis,  X'uvaj^es,  and  Tratlics  of  tlio 
Mn^jlish,  vi>i    II.  part,  ii    p.  i. 

NoTK  fll].  p  7fi  — The  time  of  < 'ohunhiis's  death 
may  he  nearly  ascertaim  d  by  the  ''•dlowt:i(;  circum- 
stances  It  apjie.irs  Irom  lh(!  fraymi  nt  of  a  Idler  ad- 
dressed by  hiin  to  I'erdimnd  and  Isabella,  A.  i'  l.'iDlt 
rhal  he  had  at  that  time  )ic<  n  en^at^ed  forty  year.4  m  a 
sea!arini.f  bfe,  In  another  b  tti  r  he  inlorms  tliein  that 
hi:  went  to  Hca  at  th(r  aye  of  fotirleen  :  from  those  fact« 
It  follows,  that  he  was  born  A.  \).  I  M7.  Life  ot 
f'lirista.  ('oluinhus.  hv  his  son  I'on  Perd'nand.  (^hurc- 
hid'."  (,'ullection  of  Vuyapes,  v»d.  ii.  p.  iHi,  4S(5 

NoTK  [12]  p  77 — The  spherical  fiijnrc  of  the  earth 

was  known  to  Ifie  ancient  neoyraphers  T.hcy  invented 
the  method,  still  in  use,  ol  computing  the  longitude  and 
latitude  of  ditlt  rent  places.  Acconiiny  to  iheir  doc- 
trine, the  eipialor,  or  imaginary  line  which  encom- 
passes the  earth,  rontained  three  huridred  and  siily 
decrees;  these  they  divided  into  twenty-four  parts,  or 
hours,  eacli  eipial  to  lilieen  dei/rees.  'Ihe  country  t»f 
the  Sinjt  or  Snur,  bein^'  the  furlh'-st  part  of  India 
known  lo  the  aiK  ii  iils,  was  suppostd  by  Marinns  'I'y- 
nus,  the  most  emnnnt  of  the  ancient  geographers  be- 
fore I'tolemy,  to  l)e  blieeii  hours,  or  two  hundred  and 
twenty-live  deirrces  lo  the  cast  of  ihe  lirst  meridun, 
passiiiiT  through  the  Fortunate  [sh-^nds.  ]*;utt:rn'i'i 
(ieoyr.  lib.  i,  c.  11.  If  this  supposition  was  well 
founded,  the  country  of  the  Seres,  or  China,  was  only 
nine  liours,  or  one  hundred  and  ihirly-livc  degree.-*  wsi 
from  the  Kortutiate  or  Canary  Island  ;  and  ihc  naviu'a 
lion  III  that  direction  wa.i  much  shiirti  r  than  by  'l-n 
course  which  the  Portuguese  were  puraning.  Marco 
Polo,  m  his  travels,  had  des<-rihed  cotmlries,  parlKU- 
larly  the  island  of  fJi|iango  or  Zipangri,  supponed  :a  i>o 
.hipan,  considerahlv  tii  the  ea-tt  of  atiy  part  of  Asia 
known  to  llie  ancifnts.  Marcus  P"dii»  de  Region. 
Oriental  lib.  ii.  c.  70.  lib  m  c.  *i.  Of  coutm:.  ihis 
country,  as  it  extended  further  to  the  east,  wai  s'.iil 
nearer  lo  the  Canary  Islands.  The  conclusion*  of  Co- 
hmibus,  though  drawn  from  inaccurate  ubserva'.ions, 
v^ere  jusl.  It  the  suppositions  of  Maruuis  h.td  been 
well  toundi'd,  and  if  the  countries  which  Marco  Polo 
visited,  had  he(  n  situated  to  the  ea?tt  ot  'ihose  whosn 
ioiigilude  Marinus  had  ascertained,  ihr  proper  and  near- 
e-t  course  to  the  Kast  Inihes  must  have  tn^en  to  steer 
directly  west  Hcrrera.  dec  1,  lib  i.  c  *J.  A  more  ex- 
ten-'ive  knowbilifc  of  the  ylobe  ha.4  now  discoverid 
the  great  error  of  Marinu.H.  m  supjiosuiff  *  'luiu  to  Iw  t'lf 
tcfn  iii)urs.  or  two  hundretl  and  tw(  nly-(ive  decrees 
cast  from  the  Canary  Ulands  ;  and  that  even  Ptob  my 
was  tnisidken.  when  he  reduced  the  hniiiitude  of  China 
to  twelve  hours,  ur  one  hundred  and  (liihty  degrees. 
The  1  jn;;itude  of  the  we^tl  rn  frontier  of  thai  vast  em- 
pire IS  seviu  hours,  or  one  hundred  and  lituen  degrtea 
from  the  meridian  of  the  Canary  UUnds.  Uul  Colum- 
bus followed  the  hi;ht  which  his  age  aifoidtd.  md  reliid 
n[H>n  the  autlLoritv  of  wriiers.  who  wea^  at  that  tiu.e 
regarded  as  the  mstructerf  and  gutdca  uf  mankind  in 
the  science  of  geojjrapny. 

XoTK  [13]  p  79 — As  the  Portu^iMC,  in  trtakinj 
their  discoveries,  dui  not  di  part  far  from  the  coa.-t  'I 
.\Iiica.  ihcv  concbuled  that  birds,  v^hi^e  ihght  ihev  o:^- 
^orved  with  great  aitcution.  did  nol  vcnl'ire  toanv  con- 
dtdersble  distance  from  land  In  the  intancv  of  navi- 
gation It  was  not  known  that  bird*  olien  stretched  ihcT 
lliglit  to  an  nnmense  distance  from  sny  shore  In  »aiU 
lug  towards  the  West  Indian  Islands,  birds  are  often 
seen  at  the  distance  of  iv%o  hundred  leaiT'ie*  I'rom  ih* 
nearest  coast  Sloane'*  Nat  llivt  of  Jaiiu  a.  vol  t. 
p  illt  Caleshv  saw  an  o.vl  al  sea  w!nn  I.ie  ^:'n  w  ^ 
MX  bnndrt'd  leagues  di^latll  from  Und  Nat  H:si  of 
Carolma,  pn  f.  p  i,  Ht«l  Naturcllc  de  M  Uuirun^ 
torn.  XVI   p.  U'i.     From  which  it  ap[H?ara  ihil  Uus  ind; 


188 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


cation  of  land,  on  whirh  Columbus  scorns  lo  have  rc> 
lu-d  with  some  coiiliiJcncc,  was  exlrcniely  uncertain. 
I'his  ohficrvation  is  cunnrincd  hy  Cupi.  (.'ook,  tho  tnoat 
extensive  and  experienced  navigator  of  any  Dge  or  na- 
tion. "  No  one  yet  knovvi*  (saya  he)  to  wliat  distance 
any  of  the  oceanic  birds  go  to  Aca  ;  for  my  own  part,  I 
do  not  believe  thai  there  is  one  in  the  whole  tribe  that 
can  be  relied  on  in  pointing  out  the  vicinity  of  land." 
Voya^o  towards  the  South  I'ole,  vol.  i.  p.  275. 

NoTK  [14].  p.  81. — III  a  letter  of  the  Admiral's  to 
Ferdin.ind  and  Isabella,  he  de»crtbc8  one  uf  the  har- 
bors in  Cuba  wi'.h  all  thf  enthusiastic  adinirjtion  of  a 
discoverer.  '*  I  discovered  a  river  which  a  galley 
might  easily  enter:  the  hcauty  of  it  induced  me  to 
Aound,  and  I  found  from  five  lu  ei^ht  fathuin:!  of  water. 
Having  proceeded  a  consideruliI<!  way  up  the  river, 
every  thiny  invited  me  to  aelile  there.  The  beauty  of 
the  rivet,  the  clearnes.s  of  the  water  through  which  I 
could  see  the  sandy  (>otlom,  the  multitude  of  palm 
trees  of  dilfercnt  kmd.s,  the  tallest  and  fineMt  I  had 
Been,  and  an  infinile  number  of  other  Ur^'e  and  flou- 
rihhing  trees,  the  bird.i,  and  the  verdure  of  the  plums 
&re  80  wonderfully  beautiful,  that  Ihi.s  country  excels 
all  others  as  far  as  the  day  surpasses  the  nifrht  in 
brightness  and  splendor,  so  that  I  often  said  that  it 
wonid  be  in  vain  far  nie  to  attempt  lo  g've  your  llif^h- 
ness  a  full  account  of  it,  for  neither  my  ion^iie  nor  my 
pen  could  come  -.ip  to  the  truth  ;  and  indred  f  am  »(i 
much  amazed  at  the  .ii^^ht  of  such  heaiity,  ibal  I  know 
not  bow  to  descriU:  it.''     Life  of  Coluiiib.  c.  30. 

Note  [15J.  p-  §1- — The  account  which  (Jolun^.l-ui 
gives  o(  ihe  humanity  and  orderly  hehavic:  of  th':  iw- 
tivcs  on  ihis  occa.sioii  is  very  striking.  '•thLltir.^ 
(says  he  in  a  letter  to  Ferdinand  and  Is.ib(.lla)  haMr.;; 
Iteun  iiifonned  of  our  misfortune,  e.xpre.sscd  great  gnrf 
for  our  Io.-»3,  and  imiiiediiitely  sent  aboard  all  iho  peo- 
ple in  the  place  in  many  hir;^^  canoes;  vvc  soon  un- 
loaded the  ship  of  every  thin;r  that  was  upon  deck,  as 
the  king  gave  us  great  as-HLitance  :  he  himself,  with  his 
hrolhcrs  and  relations,  look  :ill  possible  rare  Uut  every 
thing  should  be  pru[>erly  done,  both  aboard  and  or:  «)>nre. 
And,  from  time  to  tune,  he  sent  ^iomc  of  his  relations 
'A'cepiiig,  to  beg  of  me  not  lo  be  deject(<d,  for  lie 
would  give  me  all  thai  t.u  had.  [  ran  assure  your 
Highnes.ses,  that  no  mi:rh  rare  could  not  have  been 
taken  in  securing  our  elFrcts  in  any  part  of  JSpain,  as 
ail  our  pro|K>rty  was  put  togetlier  in  one  place  near  his 
palace,  until  the  houses  which  be  wanted  to  prepare  for 
the  custody  of  it  wrre  emptied.  \lc  immr^liately  placed 
D  guard  of  armed  men,  who  watched  during  the  whole 
liigtii  and  tliose  on  shore  lamented  as  if  Uiey  hdd  been 
in:ieh  'nterested  m  our  loss.  The  people  are  .so  atrec- 
lionale,  r-o  tractable,  and  so  peaceable,  tb»t  I  swear  to 
your  Higliiic;"es,  that  there  i.s  not  a  liotter  race  of 
men,  nor  a  better  rnmilry  in  the  world.  They  love 
their  neighbor  as  thfiinselven  ;  their  conver.sjtiun  in  (he 
sweetest  and  mildest  in  the  world,  clieerful  and  ^^Iwavs 
accompanied  with  a  smito.  And  although  it  is  true 
that  thcv  go  naked,  yet  your  Higlines.scN  may  be  as- 
sured that  they  have  many  very  coimnuMKible  customs  ; 
the  king  .s  served  with  great  state,  and  his  hcliavior  is 
ao  decern  that  it  ih  pleasant  lo  see  him,  as  it  is  likewise 
to  observi:  the  woiidiTrul  memory  whicli  llnse  people 
have,  and  their  dt.sire  of  kiiownig  every  thtrij;.  winch 
leads  Ihem  to  impJire  into  Hscauhe  and  effects."  Lijc 
of  (-olumbu.-i.  c  ;J2  It  is  probable  that  the  .Spaniards 
were  indebted  for  Ihis  oiriciuus  attention  to  the  Ofiinion 
which  the  Indians  eiitertdiiit-d  of  them  as  a  superior 
order  of  beintj's. 

Note  [\fy].  p  8'-i — K\ery  monument  of  such  a 
man  a™  (,'obnnbii'  is  valuable.  A  leiler  which  he  wrote 
to  l''cr<Jinand  arnl  Nabelta,  descnhing  what  passed  on 
this  occasion,  exhibit!!  a  most  striking  picture  of  his 
intrepiditv,  bis  buniiinity,  Ins  prudence,  his  public  spi- 
rit, and  cmirllv  adilress.  "  I  would  have  been  less 
concerned  for  this  misfortune  had  I  alone  been  m  dan- 
ger, both  beraune  my  life  is  a  ilebl  that  I  ov\e  to  the 
Supreme  Creator,  and  because  I  have  at  otlier  timc.-t 
been  exposed  to  the  most  iinmineut  hazard.  l)ut  what 
gave  me  inliiute  grief  and  vexation  was,  that  after  it 
had  pleased  our  Lord  to  give  ine  fjiib  to  undertake  this 
enterprise,  in  which  I  lutd  now  been  ^o  succchsfitt,  that 
Tiy  opponents  woiiM  have  been  conviiK'r'cl,  and  tlu^ 
glory  of  your  Higliiie-'.ses,  and  the  extent  of  your  ter- 
ritory. I'lcreasel  by  me  ;  it  shouhl  pleai-e  the  Ouiiie 
Majesty  to  sloj)  idl  by  n.y  death.  All  this  would  ba\(:  , 
ucen  more  tolerable  had  it  not  been  attended  witii  the 
lots  of  ibose  men  whom  I  had  carried  with  ine,  upon 
ptomise  of  the  ^leutest  '  rospcnly,  who,  st'em^  them- 


selves in  such  distress,  cursed  not  only  their  coming 
along  wall  me,  but  that  fear  and  awe  of  me  whu  h 
prevented  th< m  from  ret  timing,  as  they  otien  bad 
rusoivcd  to  have  done.  Itiit  lie-iides  alt  (his,  my 
sorrow  was  greatly  increased  by  rtcollecting  that  I  had 
left  my  'wo  sons  at  school  at  (.'ordova,  destitute  of 
friends,  m  a  foreign  country,  when  it  could  not  m  all 
probability  be  known  that  I  bad  done  such  service)*  as 
might  induce  your  llighnesseii  to  remember  them 
And  thoiigli  I  comlorled  myself  with  tne  faith  that  our 
Lord  v\ould  not  permit  that  which  tended  so  much  to 
(he  glory  of  hi.-i  (.'hurch,  and  which  I  h.id  brout.dit  about 
with  fit  much  trouble,  to  remain  inijterftct,  yet  I  con- 
sidered, that,  on  account  of  my  sins,  it  wa.->  lits  w.ji  to 
deprive  me  of  that  glory  which  I  might  have  attained  in 
i  this  world.  WInle  in  this  confused  state,  I  Ibought  on 
the  good  fortune  which  accompanies  your  Ilighiiesses. 
and  imagined  that  allhougb  1  should  peri.-^h,  and  the  ves- 
sel be  lost.  It  waH  possitdc  tlial  you  miijht  nomehow 
come  to  the  knov^  ledge  of  my  voyage,  and  the  success 
with  which  It  wu.s  attended.  I'or  tlmt  reason  I  wrote 
upon  parchment  with  the  brevity  wiiich  the  situation 
recpiircd,  that  I  liad  discovered  the  lands  which  I  jiro- 
mised,  m  bow  many  days  I  liad  done  it.  and  what  ccurse 
I  had  followed.  1  mentioned  the  goodness  of  the  co-m- 
Iry.  the  character  of  the  inhabitants,  and  that  vi  iir 
Highnes.ses'  subjects  were  left  in  po.MHessnin  of  all  that 
I  had  discovered.  Having  sealed  this  writing.  I  ad- 
dressed It  lo  your  liiglinesses,  and  promised  a  thou- 
s.ind  ibicats  lo  any  person  who  shoiihl  deliver  it  scah-d. 
so  thai  if  any  foreigner  found  it,  the  promisi'd  reward 
migli[  prevail  on  lliem  not  to  give  the  inrormation  to 
another.  I  then  caused  a  great  cask  to  he  brotighi  to 
me,  iind  wrapping  up  the  parchment  in  nn  oiled  cloth, 
and  alierwards  in  a  cake  of  wax,  I  put  ii  into  the  ca.sk, 
anil  having  slrij.oed  it  wt-il,  I  cast  it  into  iht;  sea.  All 
the  men  believed  that  it  was  some  act  of  devotion. 
In;  urimiig  ihal  this  mi^ht  never  (-hance  to  be  taken  up, 
as  the  t!;ii)g approachid  iiearcrto  Spam,  I  made  another 
acket   like  tSe  first,  hud  pb.ced  it  at   the  top  of  the 


\ 

poop,  so  that,  if  the   ah.;)   sunk,  the  cask    remamin 

above  water  might  bo  conMuitted  to  the  guidance  uf 

fortune." 

NoTK  [17].  p.  H2 — Sumo  Spanish  outhofH,  with  the 
mrauiie:>s  of  national  ji-atou?/,  huve  einlcavored  to  ih;- 
tract  from  the  glory  of  CoUnnbua,  hv  insinuating  that 
he  was  led  to  tfic  discovery  (it  ine  Nev^  World,  not  by 
his  own  inventive  or  eii'eqjrisinj;  genius,  but  by  infor- 
mation whtcli  he  had  rec(:ived.  .According  to  their  ac- 
count a  vessel  having  been  driven  from  its  course  by 
easterly  winds,  was  carried  before  them  far  to  the 
we-il,  and  landed  on  the  coast  of  an  unknown  country, 
from  which  it  returned  with  dilHculty  ;  the  pilot  and 
three  sailors  being  the  only  persens  who  survived  the 
distresses  which  the  crew  sulfered  from  want  of  pro- 
visions and  fatigue  in  Ibis  long  voyage.  In  a  fewdavs 
after  their  arrival,  all  ibe  four  diet!  ;  but  the  pilot  hav- 
mi'  beei*  receiv('d  into  the  bouse  of  Columbus,  his  in- 
timale  friend  disclosed  lo  him  before  his  death,  the 
secret  of  the  discovery  which  be  had  accidentally  made, 
and  left  him  bis  [lapers  containing  a  journal  of  the  voy- 
age, which  servr-d  as  a  guide  to  (■olumbiis  in  his  un- 
tertakiiig.  (iomara,  as  far  as  I  know,  is  the  first  au- 
thor w!io  published  this  story.  Hist,  c.  13,  Kvery 
circ'itnstauce  is  destiiuie  of  evidence  lo  flupport  il- 
.Neither  the  name  of  the  vessel  nor  its  destination  is 
known.  Some  prelenil  that  it  belonged  to  one  of  the 
seajfOrt  towns  in  .'\iid<dusia,  and  was  sailing  either  to 
the  ('anaries  or  to  .Maileira;  others,  ihat  it  was  a  IJis- 
eayner  in  iLs  way  lo  I!ngiaiid  ;  others,  a  I*i)rtuguesr 
sliip  trading  on  the  coast  of  Tiuinea.  The-  name  of  the 
pilot  IS  alike  unknown,  as  well  as  that  of  the  port  in 
which  he  laiidtd  on  bis  return.  Aecordmi,'  lo  some,  it 
was  111  I'ortug.tt  ;  according  to  others,  in  Madeira,  or 
the  A/.or(  s.  The  ytar  m  which  this  voyage  w,is  made 
is  unless  uncertain  Mmison's  Nav.  Tracts.  Cliurchill 
III.  371.  No  iiienlion  is  made  of  this  pilot,  or  bis  dis- 
coveries, by  And.  IJernaldes,  or  Pet.  Martyr,  the  con- 
temporaries of  (,'oluinbus.  Hrrrera,  with  bis  usual 
judgment,  passes  over  it  in  silence.  Oviedo  lakes  no- 
tic(^  of  this  report,  but  considers  it  as  a  tale  fit  only  to 
amuae  the  vulgar.  Ilisi.  lib.  ii.  c  2.  As  ('olumbus 
held  liii  course  directly  west  from  the  (yanaries,  imd 

I  never  varied  it,  some  later  authors  have  supposed  that 
this  unifurmily  is  a  proof  of  bis  being  guided  by  some 
previous  mformation.  Dot  they  do  not  recollect  the 
prmcijfles  on  v^liieh   be  fouudeil  alibis  llOpf^s  of*  suc- 

.  fesi,  lint  by  h(ddiiig  a  westi-rlv  eoiirxe  be  must  cor- 
taiiily  arrive  ut  those  regions  of  the  east  described  by  the 
ancients,      llis  firm  belief  of  bis  own  system  led  him  to 

I  tako  that  courisOf  and  to  pursue  il  without  dcviilioii 


Tho  Spaniards  are  not  the  only  penpln  who  haT« 
called  in  (piet<tiuii  Culuinhus's  claim  to  the  honor  ot 
tuning  discuveri'd  America.  Some  <ierinun  mill  or« 
ascritied  thih  honor  to  Martm  llehaim  their  coontrvm  in. 
He  was  of  the  nobb- faimiy  ot  the  lb  liaiins  of  Si  itwani- 
bach,  cili/ens  uf  the  \\t>\  r.iiik  m  the  tiiipenal  town  uf 
.Nuremberg.  Having  Mudit  il  under  the  celebrated  John 
.Muller,  better  known  by  the  name  uf  KegiootOntanua, 


ac/pured  such  knowledge  of  cosmo^rapliv  as  excited 


h< 

a  desire  of  e.vploring  those;  regions,  tlie  situation  and 
(jiialiiies  of  which  he  bad  been  iiccustomed,  under  tha* 
able  mahlcr,  to  investigate  anil  ilescribe.  I  nder  tho 
patronage  of  the  I)iitcbe'*s  of  HorLMindy  he  repaired  In 
Lisbon,  wbittier  the  fame  of  the  I'ortiiguei-e  di.^covericH 
inviled  all  the  ailvenlurons  sfurits  of  the  ai:e.  'i'herc, 
a:^  we  learn  from  Herman  Scbi-del,  of  who;^);  ( 'ftioiu.ioti 
.)/r/;n/f,  a  (ierman  translation  was  printed  at  Nurein* 
berg,  A.  I>.  \^M'.\,  his  nieril  as  a  co^lno^rapller  raised 
him,  in  conjunction  wilh  Hie^'O  Cano.  lo  the  cominund 
of  a  s*|uadron  filled  out  for  discoverv  in  the  year  l-ts:t. 
In  that  vovage  lu^  is  saiil  lo  h.ive  (tisiover<d  llie  king- 
dom of  (.'oii^o.  He  srtlhd  in  the  kihL,Mhim  of  I'aval, 
one  of  the  X/ores,  and  was  n  particular  friend  of  i.'o- 
lunibiis.  Herrera,  die.  1  lib  i.  e  ti  Magellan  had 
a  terristrial  gloiie  made  by  lleh.iim.  on  which  bf;  de- 
monstrated the  course  that  be  propowd  'o  hold  irj 
search  of  the  communication  with  liic  .*^outh  Sea,  wiiicb 
be  afterwards  discovered,  fiomara  Hist.  e.  Ill,  Her- 
rera. i\vc.  11  lib,  II,  c.  HI.  In  lite  year  111)2.  iteliaim 
visited  \\\v  relalmns  in  .Nurt  nduTL'.  and  lefi  vvilli  tlieiii 
a  map  drawn  with  hi.^  o.-  n  hand,  wbab  is  .siill  preservt  il 
among  the  archives  of  the  family.  Thus  fir  llie  slory 
of  .Martm  Bebaim  seems  to  be  well  aulheniicated  :  but 
the  account  of  bis  having  discosered  any  pii:t  of  thi' 
New  World  appears  to  be  merely  eonjectural. 

In  the  tirst  edition,  as  I  b.id  at  that  lime  luirdb^  any 
knowledge  of  Hebaim  hut  what  I  denvt d  from  »  ,riut- 
loiis  (bsj^ertation  '  l)e  vero  .\ovi  ()f!;is  Inventore,'  pul)- 
li-bed  at  Frankfort,  A,  I),  1714.  by  Jo  |-"rid  Stuvc- 
iiiiis,  I  was  induced,  by  the  autborily  of  Herrera,  to 
suppose  tlial  Hetiaim  was  not  a  native  of  (armany  ; 
b.ul  from  more  full  and  accurate  information,  communi- 
cated to  rm-  by  Ihe  learned  I)r  John  Iveinhohl  f'or^ler, 
I  am  now  satisbed  thai  I  was  mistaken  Dr.  Forsler 
lias  l)een  likt^wit^e  so  good  as  to  lavnr  me  wiih  a  copy 
of  Ilehaim'H  map.  as  puhli.-^lit  <!  by  ni)|ipelmi:yer  in  bis 
account  of  the  .Miibemalii-iaiis  and  Ariists  o!  Nurem- 
berg Troni  this  ntip  the  iinpertection  of  cc>.Mnogra- 
phical  knowled;;e  at  thai  period  is  maitifesl.  ):ardly 
one  place  is  laid  down  in  its  true  situation.  Nor  can 
I  discover  from  ilnny  reason  to  suppose  that  ilehami 
bad  the  least  kno\vle(lge  of  iinv  rcuoon  in  .\merica.  He 
delineat(-s,  indeed,  an  aland  to  which  l.e  ^/ives  the  name 
of  St  Brandon,  'iliis,  it  is  imagined,  may  be  soiue 
part  of  (iuiana,  supposed  al  first  to  be  an  island.  He 
places  it  in  the  same  latitude  with  the  (Jape  \erd  isles, 
and  I  Rus{)ect  it  to  be  an  imaginary  ishu.d  which  Ins 
beeti  admitted  into  some  ancient  maps  on  no  better 
authnrily  than  the  legend  of  the  Irish  St.  Brandon,  or 
lJr(;ndan,  whose  story  is  so  childishly  faliulnus  as  lo  he 
unworthy  of  any  notice,  (iirald.  ('ainbrensis  gp.  Mis- 
singham  riorilegium  Sanctorum,  p   427. 

'I'he  preteiiMioiis  of  ihe  Wel^h  to  the  discovery  of 
America  seem  not  to  rest  on  a  foundation  much  nioro 
solid.  In  the  twelfth  century,  aecorchng  to  I'owell.  a 
dispute  haviny  arisen  tmiong  the  sons  of  Owen  !tuy- 
netb,  King  of  North  Wales,  concerning  the  succession 
lo  his  crown,  Madoc,  one  of  their  number,  weary  of 
ihis  contention,  bi  took  himself  lo  .sea  in  ipieil  of  a 
more  <piiet  selllement.  Wf  steered  due  west,  leaving 
Ireland  to  the  North,  aiul  arrived  m  an  unknown  coun- 
try, which  apipeared  to  bim  so  ilesirahle,  that  be  ro 
turned  to  \\  ales  and  carried  ibilher  several  of  liii 
Hilherenis  and  companions  Tbi^  is  said  to  have  ha[i- 
peiied  about  the  year  1170,  and  afier  that,  be  and  his 
eo'onv  were  heard  of  no  more.  But  it  is  to  be  obierved, 
that  i'oweil,  on  whose  leslimony  the  authenticity  (.f 
ihis  slory  rests,  published  his  bisif}ry  above  lour  centu- 
ries from  the  dale  of  the  event  which  be  relates.  Among 
a  people  as  rude  and  as  illiterate  as  Ibe  Welsh  at  that 
period,  he  memory  of  a  traiiHaelion  so  remote  must 
have  been  very  imperfectly  preserved,  and  would  re- 
ipitrc  to  be  confirmed  by  some  author  of  greater  credit, 
and  nearer  to  the  era  of  Madoc's  voyage  than  I'oweil. 
Later  anliipiaries  have  indeed  nppeahd  to  the  testi- 
mony of  Meredith  up  Kees,  a  Welsh  bard,  who  died 
A,  I)  1477,  But  he  too  lived  at  such  a  di-^tance  ol 
tune  from  the  event,  ib.il  be  cannot  l>e  coii'-idercd  as  a 
witness  of  much  more  credit  liian  J'owell.  Besities, 
hi-*  verses,  published  by  Hakhiyt,  vol,  ni.  p,  1.,  convey 
no  information,  but  thai  Madoc.  dis'>atislied  with  his 
domcfitic  suuation,  employed  himself  m  searching  *ho 


A 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


"cetin  for  npw  nosR^-Mion^.  iiiH  even  if  w.;  ..ilinit  ihc  I 
■i^iiit-iiiicity  of  I'owrll's  ^'ory,  a  'I*"  '-  "l  tullow  ihit 
tj'<'  iiiikiiijwii  country  wlnrli  .Mi"ln,:  diwovertd  l.y  st.  rr-  I 
i'l.'.wt:.-,!,  Ill  such  a  coufM;  hs  lo  ItMve  In.Utui  in  liii- 
riorUt.  wan  any  pjrt  ol  Ainrnca.  TiKs  iu\ai  s'^ill  nt 
(in:  \Vi-l»h  in  lliL'  twi-Udi  ccnhiry  was  liardly  ciju.d  to 
siicli  a  voyaiTo.  If  lir  muhIi!  any  diHcovi  ry  at  all,  il  i.s 
n.urc  probufilft  that  it  was  Madiira,  or  wmik;  o:!ii  r  r>| 
tilt-  wtsUTii  laU-.s.  Thti  iillinily  nf  thi;  \\'iW.\  l.iiii^n.iL''- 
With  sotiio  (]iah;cl«  ^|lokt•n  in  Ann.TM-.i,  ha>i  Ijcrri  niiMi- 
lioni'd  as  a  circufiiHt>iiire  whn-li  coidiniis  ih<:  truth  of 
Muduc'H  voyage,  liut  ttiat  alliiiity  has  hctn  uUsi  r\cd 
in  HO  h;w  insianrfts,  and  in  wjnieoi  thou  is  so  ohM-un-, 
or  so  fanciful,  lliat  no  cont'lufuori  i:aii  he  drawn  Ironi 
the  casual  rcfieiiihlancc  of  a  small  iiuinhcr  of  words. 
'I'litrt-  i.i  a  hird,  which,  as  far  as  is  yut  known,  h  found 
only  on  tin;  coasts  ol  South  Ann-ric.i,  (ro:n  I'orl  iJi-Mn- 
to  thr  Nirails  of  Ma^<-!liin.  It  is  dishni|ui^lied  liy  the 
liniMc  of  l*,-ti'^r,int.  This  word  in  the  W'vW.i  Inij^ium- 
eundics  W'hitthnul.  Almost  all  the  aolhor.-*  who  t:ivor 
the  |»ri'l<;nsioiis  ot  the  Wtdnh  to  lh<;  discovery  ot  Ainu- 
ric.i,  mention  this  as  an  irri-fr.iL:-t!'!c  proof  ol  thr  alli- 
nity  of  the  WcMi  ]an;.n.ai:c  uHli  tn.il  .-j.okcn  in  tins 
rt-^'ioii  of  Ami-rica.  JJnt  Mr.  I'cnifU,  wl.o  lias  t;ivt'n 
a  description  ul  tlwi  I'cnoum.  ohhcrvc?.  that  idl  the  hirds 
of  tins  (TtMius  have  hiack  heads,  "so  ihat  wu  mnst  re- 
»ij,'n  every  hope  (adils  he)  foiinch  (|  on  this  hypolhesis 
ol  retrieviii;r  tin-  fy'amliriaii  race  in  the  .\ew  World" 
IMidos.  '1  r:in>art.  \ol.  Iviii  p.  IM,  iVc.  liesidcs  Ihis, 
if  till;  WeUh,  towards  the  clo-ic  of  the  twidfih  century, 
had  settled  in  any  part  of  Ann-riea,  st)iiie  lemanis  ul 
the  (^hrisliai)  do<:trine  and  rites  must  hav(r  Itet-n  lonrid 
amon^  their  docemhints,  wlu'n  liny  were  discoverMJ 
ahout  three  hnndr(  d  years  po>tiTU)r  to  thrir  migration  ; 
»  period  n»  short  that,  m  the  course  ol  it,  we  cannot 
welt  >supprjse  that  ail  Kuropean  ideas  and  artn  would 
lie  totally  hjri,'nrteii.  Lord  I.yttleton,  in  Ins  notev  to 
the  httti  hook  of  hii^  History  of  Henry  H.,  p-  WiX,  lia^ 
CTamuied  what  IViwell  relates  concernin;^  the  discove- 
ries made  hy  Madoc,  and  invahdales  the  truth  of  his 
Htory  hy  other  ari^uments  of  ^reai  weit^ht. 

The  pretensions  of  (he  Nor^vt  t^iatts  to  the  discovery 
of  America  se(>in  to  hv.  Ix-tter  founded  than  thohc  of  the 
(leriiians  or  Welsh,  'i'lie  iidiahitants  of  .Sctndiiiavia 
were  remarkalite  in  the  middle  a;_'es  for  the  holdness 
and  e.xtenl  of  iheir  maratinie  excursions.  In  H'iX,  the 
Norwi'(;iansdivo\ered  and  planted  a  colony  m  Iceland. 
In  !>8«,  I  hey  discovered  (ireenUiul.  and  estahlished 
selltementH  there,  l-'rom  that,  some  of  their  naviga- 
tors proeeediil  towards  the  v\e-il,  and  discovered  a 
country  more  invitniir  than  those  horrid  re;^ioiis  with 
which  they  were  ai.tjUainted.  Accor'linj^  to  iheir  re- 
preheiilatioh,  this  eountrv  was  sandy  on  thecna-its,  hut 
III  tiie  interior  parts  IcMd  and  (covered  with  wood,  on 
which  aecount  they  j.ra\e  it  the  name  of  JhUc-lanil, 
and  Maik-liind,  and  liuvinj^  afterwards  found  some 
lil'ints  of  the  vine  which  hore  nrjpes,  they  called  it 
\Vin-lituil.  'I'he  credit  of  this  story  rests,  os  far  as  I 
know,  on  the  authority  »tf  the  ftai^a,  or  chroiiicde  of  Kini* 
Olaus,  composi'd  hy  Snorro  Sturlonides,  or  '*!ilinluxi>iiy, 
pulilished  liy  iVrinskiold,  at  Siockhohii,  A.  IJ.  Hiir/ 
As  .Snorro  was  horn  in  the  year  117'J,  his  chronicle 
liii[{ht  he  compiled  ahout  two  centuries  alter  tlu^  event 
which  he  rejutes.  His  account  of  the  iiavi^^alion  and 
discoveries  of  Hioni,  and  his  coinjianion  ('Xj,  is  a  very 
rude  eonlused  tale,  p  lUI.  1 10.  WZd.  It  is  impiis.^ilih 
tu  discover  from  hiin  what  part  of  America  it  was  m 
which  the  Norwemaiis  landed.  Accordmii  to  his  ac- 
count of  the  lt;nj,nli  of  the  days  and  niylits,  it  must  h:ive 
been  as  far  north  as  the  tifty-eiMhih  deort  e  of  latitude. 
on  9unie  part  of  the  coast  ol  Lahradore,  ap|iroachiii;f 
near  to  the  entry  of  Hiid.-'On's  Straits,  (irajies  cer- 
ttiiiity  are  e  i  the  production  of  that  country  Torti^is 
BUppose»  that  there  is  an  error  in  the  text,  hy  rectify- 
ing of  which  llie  place  where  the  Norwegians  landed 
Inay  he  tiupposed  to  he  situat4-d  m  lalilii.le  -Vy'.  Hnl 
lieilher  is  that  the  ri'trion  of  the  vine  m  America 
I'Voin  pertisino  Snorro's  tale,  I  hhould  think  that  the 
situation  of  Nev^fonndhind  correspori<ls  heot  with  that 
of  the  country  discovered  hy  the  .\orwe^lans.  ( irapes, 
however,  are  not  the  production  of  that  harreii  f^latul 
Other  conjeclures  are  mentioned  hy  M.  Malh  t.  Introd 
a  rilist.  do  Daiinem.  L7&,  6iz  1  am  init  sutricienliy 
4C'|uaiiited  with  the  literature  of  tlio  imrth  to  examine 
them.  Il  seems  manifest,  that  if  the  Norwc-ifians  did 
discoTer  any  part  of  America  at  that  period,  their  at- 
ICMiipt  lo  ])lant  colonies  proved  iinsui  cessi  .],  and  all 
kiiowlo  yu  of  it  was  boon  lost. 

NoTB  [IS),  p  82.— Peter  Mart\r,  ub  AnHhria.  a 
Mdaiiero  ^e.  tleniaii,  residing  at  that  time  in  the  court 
ol  Spain,  whcse  lettern  contum  uit  pccouiit  of  ihu  trans- 


actions of  that   period,  in  the  order  wherein  they  oc-  \ 
currtd,  descrihes  the  sentiments  with  winch  he  himself 
and  his  learned  eorrespondeiits  wire  allected  in  very  , 
striking  terms      "  I'r;i'  helitia  prosihii^-'C  te,  vixipie  a  I 
lacliryniis    prat  ;jaudio  lemperassc,  ipiando  lileras  adn-  i 
[lexisti  meas  (piihus,  dt;  antijiodum  orhe  Ial4'nu  hactu- 
iius,  te  ctrtioi'ciii  leci,  mi  suavissime  I'ompoiii,  insimi- 
asti.      V.t  tills  Ipse  hteris  colhi^o,  ipiid  senseris,     ^{^n- 
si.iti  aulein,  tantiij'ie  rem   fecisti,  (pianli  virmn  snmina 
doctrina  insigniium  decuit.      (Juis  nam-pie  cilms  '•uhli- 
inihua  pra-stari  potest  myt  nns,  isto  suaMor  I  ipioil  eon- 
dirnnitum  ^'ralmn  !     A   nit:  fjcio  coiijeciuram.     iieati 
>entio  ^plrllus  meo^,  iptando  accitos  allotpior  pnidcntes 
ali'|uos  ex  his  qui  uh  ea  redeimt  provincia.      iinphcrnt 
amino:*  pecuniaruni  cumulis  au^endis  iniseri  avail,  iihi- 
dinihus  ohsonii  ;   nostras  nos  mi  iiles,  po-.t<piam   Ueo 
pleiii  ahijuaiulo  ft'ernnus,  conleiiifdando,  huju?^ceniodi 
rcriini   notiliu  demulciaiaus."     Dpisl.    IW,  I'umpomo 
I.elo. 

NoTK  [19]-  p-  M  — So  firmly  were  men  of  science, 
ill  thai  ai,'e,  pi f-uadcd  tlial  th(  countries  which  Cohim- 
hits  li.id  diicovered  \\t  re  connected  with  the  Dasl  In- 
dies, that  IJi.-nahlcH,  the  (Jura  d(,  los  I'alacios,  who 
•seetns  to  iiave  hiien  no  incoiibiderahlc  proficient  in  the 
knortlidtre  of  cusmo|^'raphy.  contends  that  t'uha  was 
not  an  ij^land,  hut  a  part  of  the  eonlment,  and  united  to 
the  donnmons  of  tluMlreat  Khan.  This  he  delivered 
as  his  opinion  to  C'olumhus  liiiii.->f  If,  who  was  his  gui^t 
for  some  time  on  his  return  from  his  seconil  voyai^e  ; 
and  he  supports  il  hy  several  argnmenis,  mostly  foundtd 
on  the  aulliority  of  iSir  John  Mandeyille  MS.  priits  mr. 
Antonio  (iidio,  who  was  secrolary  to  the  magistricy  ol 
lienoa  towards  the  close  of  the  lifleenth  century,  piih- 
h'-hed  a  short  aeeotiut  of  the  navigiitions  and  discoveries 
of  Ills  countrynian  (-'olumhiis,  annexed  to  his  Upunctila 
Hislorica  de  J{thus  I'opuli  (jcnuensis  ;  in  which  he 
informs  us,  from  letters  of  (Johimhus  wlucli  he  liiiiiscll 
had  seen,  that  it  was  his  opinion,  found)  d  upon  nautical 
ohxTvation.s,  that  one  of  the  islands  he  had  dis<'overed 
was  distant  only  two  hours  or  thirty  degrees  from  ("at- 
tigara,  whi.h.  in  liie  cliarts  of  the  L'eo;^r  iphers  of  that 
a;,'e,  vvas  l.tid  down,  upon  the  authority  of  I'loleiny,  tih 
vii.  c.  !J,  as  the  most  easK.Tly  place  in  Asia.  l"'roin  this 
he  concluded,  that  if  some  uiikno\vn  eonlment  did  nut 
ohstrnct  the  navigation,  thert;  mu.-t  he  a  short  and  easy 
access,  hy  holding  a  westerly  course,  to  this  extreme 
region  of  the  liast.  Muratori  Scrij)tores  Rtr.  Italica- 
riiin,  vol.  xxiii.  p.  301. 

XoTK  ['-OJ.  p.  84  — IJernalde.^,  the  Ciira  or  Hector 
de  io.s  i'alacios,  a  contemporary  writer,  says,  that  live 
hundred  of  lliesi'  captives  were  stmt  to  Spain,  and  sold 
piihlndy  in  Seville  as  sl.ives  ;  hut  that,  hy  the  change 
of  cliMMle  and  their  m.ihility  to  hear  llie  fatiijue  of  hihor, 
they  all  died  m  a  short  tune.      MS    ^cncs  mc. 

Norr,  [*1  ].  p  80. — (.'oluinlms  seems  lo  have  formed 
sonic  very  singular  opinions  concerning  tiie  countiies 
which  he  hiid  now  dt.scoyered.  The  vioh:nt  swell  and 
agitation  of  the  waters  on  the  coast  of  Trinidad  h  d  him 
to  conclude  this  to  he  the  lughest  part  (d  the  lerraipie- 
ous  glohe,  and  'u;  nnaginnl  that  various  ein:uinslances 
concurred  in  proving  that  the  sea  was  here  visihly  cdc- 
vated.  H.iving  adopted  this  i.rroneous  principle,  the 
apparent  hcauly  of  the  r-ounlry  induced  him  lo  fall  in 
with  a  notion  of  Sir  John  MandeviHe,  c.  lOiJ,  that  the 
terreslri.it  paradise  was  the  highest  I^md  in  the  earth  ; 
and  he  helieved  ihat  he  had  t>een  ^o  fortun.ite  as  to  dis- 
cover this  happy  ahode  Nor  ought  we  lo  think  it 
strange  llial  a  person  of  so  innrh  sagacity  shtuild  he 
inlhieiiced  hy  the  opinion  or  reports  ol  sucii  a  f.tlMilous 
autiior  as  .ManileviHe.  (Johimhus  and  llie  other  disco- 
verers were  ohiiged  to  folhiw  siich  guides  as  they  could 
nnd  ;  and  it  appears  liom  sever.d  pas.-ai.res  m  the  rnaiiu- 
flcrijit  of  Andr.  Hernaldes.  the  friend  of  I  'ohiiiihiis,  that 
no  iiKtOMMder.ihle  degree  oi  credit  was  given  to  ihe  tes- 
timony of  .Mandeville  in  that  ago.  Uernatdes  fre'jUcntlT 
quotes  him,  and  always  with  respect. 

N'orK  [*'U],  p.  H7.  — It  is  reinarkd)le  that  neithi-r 
(itunar.i  nor  Oviedo,  tin-  most  ancient  Spanish  histo- 
rians of  America,  nor  Herrera,  consider  Ojeila,  or  his 
companion  Vespucci,  as  the  lirst  discoverers  of  the  con- 
tinent of  America.  They  nniforndy  ascrihe  this  honor 
to  Columlui.i  Some  h.ive  -upposiil  that  national  ri'- 
senlinent  against  Ve-jiucci,  (or  ile--erlinL'  the  service  of 
Spam,  and  entering  into  that  of  I'ortuiial.  iiiav  liavi: 
prompied  theve  writers  lo  conceal  the  actions  winch  he 
perhiniied.  Hut  Mariyr  and  tlen/ont,  hoili  Italnns. 
could  not  he  warped  hy  llie  Siiine  prejudice.  Mariyr 
was  a  conleiii|Mjrary  author ;  he  resided  in  the  court  oj 


180 


S[)ain,  and  had  the  hcst  opjKii.unily  to  he  ciaclly  i> 

forniid  with  respect  to  all  piihlic  transactions  ;  and  yet 
neither  in  his  Decads,  ihu  first  general  history  pnbli!*he(J 
of  the  New  World,  nor  in  his  l'!juslle,  which  eontaiq 
an  nccoiint  of  all  the  remarkahle  events  of  his  time, 
does  he  ascrihe  to  Vespucci  the  honor  of  having  first 
discovered  the  c(Uitinrnt.  ilenzoniwent  as  an  adven- 
Uirer  to  Anu  riea  in  the  year  ID-Il.  and  resided  there  a 
His.derahle  iimr!.  He  uppears  to  have  heen  aniinalcd 
with  a  wnnn  zcitl  for  the  honor  of  Italy,  his  native 
country,  and  yet  does  not  inenlion  the  exploits  and  dis- 
covt  nes  of  Vespucci  Herrera,  who  compiled  hia 
general  history  of  .\merira  fiom  the  most  authentic  re- 
cords, not  only  tollows  ihosr  early  writers,  hot  accuses 
Vespucci  of  falsdying  the  d.ites  of  hoth  the  voyaged 
which  he  made  to  the  New  World,  and  of  confounding 
the  OIK!  with  the  oiher,  in  ordi;r  tliil  he  might  arrogato 
to  himself  ihe  glory  of  having  dis(ov(  red  the  continent. 
Her  dec.  1  hh.  iv.  c.  U.  H<  asserts,  that  m  a  judicial 
irifpiiry  into  this  mailer  hy  the  royal  fis<  al,  it  was 
proved  hv  the  testimony  of  Ojeda  hiin-^elf,  that  ho 
touched  at  H:'-panii.»la  wiien  returning,' toSpain  from  his 
tirst  vov.i:.'e  ;  whereas  \'espu'ci  gave  out  that  ihey  re- 
turned directly  to  (,'adi/,  Irom  the  coast  of  I'aria,  and 
touched  at  Hispaniola  only  in  their  second  voyage  ;  and 
thai  he  h.id  finished  the  voyage  in  Ww.  months  ;  whereas, 
according  to  \'espur-ci'»  account,  he  hiitl  employed 
seventeen  months  in  performing  it.  \  aggio  prmiodc 
Am  \'espucci,  p.  IJG.  \  lag.  secundo,  [i.  \^i.  Herrera 
U'lvesamore  full  account  of  this  iiHpiest  In  another 
p.irt  of  his  Decads,  and  to  the  same  cllect.  Her.  dec. 
I.  hh.  VII.  e.  5.  fvolumhus  was  in  Hispaniola  when 
Ojeda  arrived  there,  and  had  hy  that  time  come  to  an 
aorecnunt  with  Iloldan.  who  opposed  Ojeda's  attempt 
to  excite  a  new  insurrection,  and,  of  conseipienee,  his 
voyage  must  have  been  posterior  to  that  of  iho  ad- 
iiiir.il.  Life  of  (.'ohmiiius,  c.  81.  Accfirdiiig  to  Ves- 
pucci's account,  he  set  out  on  his  first  voyage  May 
lOth,  1497.  Viiig.  priino,  p.  0.  At  that  lime  Co* 
lumhiis  was  in  the  court  of  Spain  preparing  for  his  voy- 
age, and  seems  lo  have  enjoved  a  coiisiderahh;  degree 
ol  favor,  'i'he  all'.nrs  of  the  New  World  were  at  ihii 
juncture  under  the  direction  of  ;\titonio  Torres,  a  friend 
of  (Joluinluis.  It  '\r,  not  pro!Ml)le  tiiat,  at  that  period,  a 
commission  would  he  granted  to  another  person  lo  an- 
ticipate the  admiral  hy  undi:rtaktng  a  voyage  which  hft 
himself  intended  lo  |(erform.  ToiLseca,  who  palroiiized 
( tjcda,  and  granted  the  license  for  his  voyage,  was  riot 
recalh  d  to  court,  and  reinstated  in  the  direction  of 
Indian  alfairs,  until  the  ilealh  of  I'niK  e  John,  which 
happened  Septemher,  1197.  (I',  Mariyr,  Kp.  182.) 
sever.d  nionlhs  posterior  to  the  time  at  whicii  \\  spiicci 
pretends  to  have  set  out  upon  hi.-ivowige.  A  life  of 
Vespucci  was  puhhshed  al  I'lor)  ncc  liy  the  Ahate  IJan- 
dun,  A.  \).  1V15.  4to.  It  is  a  work  of  no  merit,  writ- 
ten with  little  juilginent  and  less  candor.  He  contends 
for  his  countryman's  title  to  tiie  discovery  of  the  con- 
tinent with  all  (he  hliiid  zeal  nf  national  partiality,  hut 
produces  no  new  evidence  to  support  il.  \\'e  learn 
fr.Mii  him  ihit  Ve^piicera  account  of  his  voyage  was 
puhlishid  as  early  as  the  year  I.'JIO,  and  prohatily 
sooner.  Vita  di  Am,  Vtsp,  p.  fj'-I.  At  what  time  tho 
name  of  Amkimi  .\  came  to  he  first  given  lo  the  New 
World  IS  not  certain. 

NoTB  [23.]  p.  02. — The  fr)rm  emploved  on  this 
f)cca.'>ioii  hcrved  as  a  model  lo  the  Spaniards  in  all  their 
siihseipient  c(ui'pu;sts  in  America.  Il  i.-i  so  extraordi- 
nary III  its  nature,  and  gives  u.s  sucli  an  idea  of  the  pro- 


eedii 


of   the 


^I'^i 


ards 


nr.d  the  [irmciplrs  upon 
which  they  founded  iheir  rigiit  to  the  exlentsive  domi- 
nioiiH  which  they  acipnred  in  the  New  \\  orld,  that  it 
will  merits  the  attention  of  the  render.  "  I  Alonso  d« 
Ojtd.i,  servant  of  the  most  high  and  powerful  kings  of 
<'astiU:  and  I.eoii,  the  compieinrs  of  harharous  nations, 
their  inessenger  and  eaplain,  notify  to  you,  and  declare 
in  as  ample  torm  as  I  am  capahK',  that  f  iod  our  Lord, 
who  1.^  one  and  eternal,  created  thi'  heaven  and  ihu 
earth,  and  one  man  and  one  woman,  of  whom  you  and 
we,  and  all  the  men  who  have  heen  or  shall  he  in  the 
world,  are  descended.  Dnt  as  it  has  c«me  to  pass 
through  the  miinher  of  generations  during  more  than 
five  tliousand  years,  that  they  have  Ix^en  dii'prrsed  into 
dilh'rent  parts  of  the  world,  and  are  divided  into  various 
kingdoms  and  provinces,  because  one  country  was  no 
aide  lo  contain  them,  nor  could  they  have  found  m  oni) 
t!ie  means  of  siihsistencc  and  preservation  :  thereforo 
( iod  our  1.01(1  gave  llic  charge  of  all  K\\aM'  people  to  one 
man  named  St.  I'eter,  whom  lie  constituted  Ihu  lord  and 
head  of  all  the  human  race,  that  all  men,  in  whatever 
place  they  arc^  horn,  or  in  whatever  faith  or  place  they 
arc  educated,  nii^iit   yield  obedience  unlu  him      llf 


m 


j: 


100 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORV    OP 


huth  sutijvctrj  llie  wholn  wnrM  to  his  jiirisiliction,  and 
coiiiiiKindcd  Iiini  to  (:)tatlll^l]  his  ruHulrncu  in  Uoinc,  as 
the  most  proin-r  yhn'v.  Tor  llic  ^ovtinintMit  of  the  worM. 
He  likewHu  prouiisid  tnid  gave  him  |iowi>r  to  estitbli^h 
his  autliunty  in  every  othtT  part  of  lliu  world,  and  to 
jiidj^c  and  p)wni  all  ('^lri8liilIl^.  Moors, .lc\\>,  (ieiiliUs, 
and  all  olhrr  pi-oplc  uTMliatovrr  sect  ur  hMtii  ihcy  mny 
he.  To  him  is  j^ivtn  ihc  name  of /'"/ye.  which  signi- 
Hc8  admiraMt'.  j^ri'iit  bthcr  and  gnardian.  hecanKR  he  is 
the  lather  and  coventor  of  all  men.  Tliose  who  lived 
in  the  Inne  of  tins  holy  Tiilier  oheycd  and  acknowltdfiud 
him  us  their  l.urd  and  Km<j,  and  ihe  Huperior  of  ihe 
tmiver^e.  'I'iic  same  has  been  observed  with  respect  to 
them  who,  since  his  lime,  have  been  chosen  to  llie  pon- 
tificate. Thus  It  now  continues,  and  wdl  cuniinuc  to 
the  end  of  the  world. 

**  One  of  these  l*ontitr«,  as  lord  of  the  world,  hath 
made  a  grant  of  these  island's,  and  of  tho  'i'ierra  Firme 
of  the  ocean  .sea,  10  the  Catholic  Kings  of  Castile,  Don 
Ferdinand  and  Doima  Isabella,  of  glorious  [nernory,  and 
their  successors,  our  sovereigtia,  with  all  they  contain, 
as  is  more  fully  expressed  in  certain  deeds  passed  upon 
(hat  oc'.'asion,  which  you  may  »('*■  it  you  Jesirc  it. 
'I'hus  His  M.ijcsty  is  King  and  lord  of  the-jo  islands,  and 
of  the  continent,  in  virtue  o(  this  donation  ;  and,  ns 
King  and  lord  aforesaid,  most  of  the  island.*  to  which 
his  title  bath  been  notified,  have  recognised  His  Ma- 
iesty,  aiid  now  yield  obedience  and  subjection  to  him 
us  their  lord,  vohintanly  and  without  resiitqucc  ;  and 
instautlv.  as  soon  as  ihey  received  information,  they 
obeyed  the  religions  men  sent  by  the  King  to  preach  to 
them,  and  to  mstruct  them  in  our  holy  ifaith  ;  and  all 
these,  of  their  own  free  will,  wuho\it  any  recompense 
or  gratuity,  became  Christians,  and  continue  to  bu  so ; 
amT  His  Majesty  liaving  received  them  graciously 
under  his  protection,  has  commanded  that  they  should 
be  treated  in  the  same  manner  ashis-uher  subjects  and 
vassals.  Yon  are  bound  and  obliged  to  act  in  the  same 
manner.  Therefore  I  now  entreat  and  r'lquirc  you  to 
consider  attentively  what  I  have  declared  to  you  ;  and 
Ihut  you  may  more  perfectly  comprehr'id  it,  that  you 
take  such  time  as  is  reasonable  in  order  that  you  may 
ocknowlLdge  the  Church  1.-.3  the  suprrmr  and  guide  oi 
the  universe,  and  likewise  the  holy  father  called  tho 
Tope,  in  his  own  right,  and  his  Majesty,  by  iiis  appoint- 
ment, as  King  and  sovereign  lord  of  these  Islands,  and 
of  the  Tierra  Firme  ;  and  that  yovi  e.jusent  tiiat  the 
aforesaid  holy  fathers  shall  declare  and  preach  to  you 
the  doctrines  above  mentioned.  If  youUo  this,  you  act 
well,  and  perforin  that  to  which  you  are  bound  and 
obliged;  and  His  Majesty,  and  I  in  his  name,  wilt  ic- 
ccivc  you  Willi  love  and  kindness,  and  will  leave  you, 
your  wives  and  children,  free  and  exempt  from  servi- 
tude, and  in  the  enjoyment  of  all  you  possess,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  inhabitants  of  tlio  islunds.  Ue- 
sides  this,  His  Majesty  will  bestow  uron  you  many 
privileges,  exemptions,  and  reward*,  lliu  if  you  will 
iiot  comply,  or  maliciously  delay  to  obey  -ny  injunction, 
then,  with  the  help  of  (Jod,  I  ivill  enter  your  country  by 
force,  I  will  carry  on  war  against  you  wiih  the  utmost 
violence,  I  will  subject  you  to  the  yoke  of  obedience  to 
tho  Church  And  King,  I  will  take  your  wives  and 
children,  and  will  ninke  them  slaves,  and  sell  or  dis- 
pose of  thcin  according  to  His  Majesty's  pleasure  ;  I 
will  seize  your  good-*,  and  do  you  all  the  mischief  in 
luy  power,  as  rebellions  subjects,  who  vVjiI' not  acknow- 
ledge or  submit  to  their  lawful  sovereign.  And  I  pro- 
test, tliat  all  tlie  bloodshed  and  cal;imiUi-»  which  sliall 
follow  are  to  he  imputed  .)  you,  and  not  to  Mis  Ma- 
jesty, or  to  me,  or  the  gem!  uueu  who  serve  under  me  ; 
and  as  I  have  now  mmlc  tins  declaration  and  requisi- 
tion unto  you,  I  require  tlu;  notary  here  present  to 
grant  me  a  certificate  of  thi.5.  subscribed  in  proper 
form."     Hcrrera,  dee,  1.  hb.  vii.  c.  14. 

Note  [24].  p.  04. — Hiilboa,  in  his  letter  to  the  king, 
observes  that  of  the  hundred  and  ninety  men,  whotn  lie 
took  with  him,  there  were  never  aliovc  eighty  tit  for 
Hcrvice  at  one  tune.  No  imieh  did  ihey  sutfer  from 
hunger,  fatiu'ue,  and  sickness.  Uerrcra,  dec.  1.  lib.  z. 
c.  10.     W  Mart,  deoad.  2UH. 

NoTK  i'i^i].  p.  9.'). — Fonseca,  IJishop  oTalencia,  the 
principal  director  of  American  AHairs,  hud  eight  hun- 
dred Indians  m  properly;  tho  conunendator  Lope  de 
Conchillos,  his  chief  associate  in  that  depTrtnieiit, 
rtcveii  hundred  ;  and  other  favorites  had  considerable 
numbers.  'J'hey  sent  overseers  to  the  islands,  and 
hired  out  ihoso  slaves  to  lliu  planters.  Herrera,  dee. 
1.  hb.  iz.  c.  U.  p.  'A'i5. 

Note  [20].  p.  98 — Tliough  America  is  more  plenti- 
fullj  Kupphed  with  water  than  the  other  regions  of  the 


globe,  (here  is  no  river  or  etream  of  water  in  Yucatan. 
'I'his  peninsula  projects  from  the  continent  u  hundred 
leagues,  Init,  where  broadest,  does  not  extend  above 
twenty  fi\e  leagues.  It  is  an  exlennive  plain,  not  only 
witiinut  nionniains,  hut  almost  without  any  inei^uahly 
of  ground,  'i'hc  inhahilants  are  supplied  with  wal<-r 
fioni  pits,  and,  wherever  they  dig  them,  find  it  in  ubun- 
danci\  It  IS  probable,  from  all  thone  cireumstunces, 
that  this  eonnlry  was  formerly  covered  by  the  sea. 
Herrera;  Descriptio  Indian  Occidenlalis,  p.  14.  llis- 
loire  Naturelle,  par  M.  de  liulfon,  tom.  i.  p.  G9.'). 

Note  [27],  p.  98 — M  Clavigero  cfntmrcs  me  for 
having  represented  the  Spaniards  who  sailed  with  (,'or- 
dova  and  (irijalva,  as  fancying  in  ihe  warmth  of  their 
imagination,  that  they  saw  cities  on  llie  coast  of 
Yucatan  adorned  with  towers  and  cupolaA,  I  know  not 
wliat  translation  of  my  history  ho  has  consulted  (for 
his  quolatiou  from  it  is  not  taken  from  the  original,) 
hut  I  never  imagined  that  any  building  erected  by 
the  Americans  eould  suggest  ihc  idea  of  a  cupola  or 
dome,  a  structure  which  tlieir  utmo.'^l  skill  in  architec- 
ture was  incapable  of  rearing.  My  words  are,  tliat 
they  fancied  the  villages  which  they  saw  from  their  ships 
**  to  be  cities  adorned  with  towers  and  pinnacles." 
IJy  pinnacles  I  meant  some  elevation  above  the  rest  of 
the  building  ;  and  the  pasr-age  is  translaled  almost  lite- 
rally from  Herrera,  dec.  2.  lib.  iii.  c.  1.  In  almost  all 
the  accounts  of  new  countries  given  by  the  Spanish 
discoverers  in  that  age,  this  warmth  of  admiration  is 
conspicuous  ;  and  led  them  to  describe  these  new  ob- 
jects in  the  most  splendid  terms.  When  Cordova  and 
his  companions  first  beheld  an  Indian  village  of  greater 
magnitude  than  any  they  had  beheld  in  the  islands, 
they  dignitied  it  by  the  name  of  Grand  Cairo.  U. 
Uiaz,  c.  2.  From  the  same  cause  Unjalva  and  his 
associates  thought  the  country,  along  the  coast  of 
which  they  held  their  course,  entitled  to  tho  name  of 
New  Spain. 

Note  [SS].  p.  99— The  height  of  the  most  elevated 
point  ni  the  Pyrenees  is,  according  to  M.  Cassini.  eix 
thousand  six  hutidred  and  forty-six  feet.  The  height 
of  ihe  mountain  (lemini,  in  the  canton  of  Ih'rne,  is 
ten  thousand  one  hundred  and  ten  feet.  Tho  height  of 
tho  IVak  of  TeiieritVe,  according  to  tlie  measurement 
of  P.  Feuille,  is  tliirteen  thousand  one  hundred  and 
seventy-eight  feet.  The  height  of  Chiinhora/.o,  the 
most  elevated  point  of  the  Andes,  is  twenty  lhoui*and 
two  hundred  an  1  eighty  feet  ;  no  less  than  seven  thou- 
uand  one  hund.ed  and  two  tcet  above  the  highest  moun- 
tain in  the  ancient  continent.  Voyage  de  L).  Juan 
Clloa,  Obserialions  Astron.  el  Physiq.  tom.  li.  p.  114. 
The  line  of  congelation  on  Chimborazo,  or  that  part  of 
the  mountain  wiiicb  is  covered  perpclually  with  snow,  is 
no  less  iliau  two  thousand  four  huiiitrcd  feet  from  its  sum- 
mit.    Prevot  Hist,  (iener.  dcs  Voyages,  vol.  lii.  p.  CU6. 

NoTF  [29].  p.  99.— As  a  particular  descripliou  make's 
a  stronger  impression  than  general  aisertions,  I  sliall 
give  one  cf  Rio  de  la  Plata  by  an  eye-wttncss,  i*.  (.'at- 
lanco,  a  Mudenes^e  Jesuit,  who  landed  at  IJueno.s 
.\yres  in  1719,  and  thus  represi-nts  what,  he  felt  when 
such  new  objects  were  first  presented  to  his  view. 
"  While  1  resided  in  Furope,  and  read  iu  books  of  his- 
tory or  geography,  that  tho  mouth  of  the  river  do  la 
Plata  was  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  breadth,  I  con- 
sidered it  a;i  an  exaggeration,  because  iu  th:s  hemis- 
phere we  have  no  example  of  such  va.it  rivers  When 
I  approached  its  mouth,  I  had  the  most  vehement  desire 
to  ascertain  the  truth  with  my  own  eves  ;  and  I  found 
the'  matter  to  he  exactly  as  it  was  represenU^d.  This  I 
deiluee  particularly  from  one  circumstance  :  When  wo 
look  our  departure  from  Monte  Video,  a  fort  situated 
umre  than  a  hundred  imlrs  from  tho  mouth  of  the  river, 
and  where  it.s  breadth  is  considerably  diiuinished,  we 
saded  a  couiplete  day  before  we  discovered  the  land  on 
the  opposite  Side  of  the  river ;  and  when  we  were  in 
the  mi(!dle  of  the  channel,  we  could  not  discern  land 
on  either  .-iidc  vuu  saw  nothing  but  the  sky  and  water 
as  if  we  had  lieen  in  boiiio  great  ocean.  Indeed  we 
should  have  taken  it  to  he  sea,  if  tho  fresh  water  of  the 
river,  which  was  turbid  like  the  Po,  had  not  satisfied 
us  that  it  was  a  river.  Moreover,  at  lluenos  Ayres. 
another  hundred  miles  up  the  river,  and  where  it  is  still 
much  narrower,  it  is  not  only  imposrtible  to  discern  the 
op[io^ite  coast,  which  is  indeed  verv  low,  but  perceive 

I  the  house*  or  the  tops  of  the  steeples  in  the  Portuguese 
seltlement  at  (,'oloma  on  ihc  other  side  of  the  river," 
I.eltrra  prima,  published  by  Murutori,  II  ChnsUanc- 

'  siiiio  Felice,  &c.  i.  p.  S57. 


I  Note  [^0],  p.  flO—Newfounduiiid,  part  of  Nova 
I  Scoiia,  and  (  tinada,  are  the  countries  which  lie  in  t.ie 
1  same  piirallel  of  lalilude  with  the  kingdom  of  Franco; 
land  in  every  part  of  these  ihe  water  of  the  rivers  is 
I  Irnzen  during  wniter  lo  the  ihickiiess  of  several  feel ; 
;  liie  em  ill  is  covered  with  Miow  as  deep ,  almost  all  tho 
I  hnds  fiy  during  thit  season  from  a  climate  where  they 
I  eoiiM  not  live.  Tlu-  country  of  the  Fskiuiaux,  jiart  ol 
I  Labrador,  and  the  countries  on  the  south  of  Hudson's 
1  Day,  are  iu  the  same  par<d!el  nith  (ireat  Hritain  ;  and 
,  yet  in  all  these  ihe  cold  is  so  inlense  lluit  even  the  in 
dnstry  of  Furopeaus  has  not  atlcmplLd  cultivalion. 

Note  [31].  p.  99.--Arosta  is  the  first  pliilo.><o|ihrr, 
as  far  as  I  kuovv.  who  ciidtavored  lo  account  for  tho 
diilerent  degre(>s  of  heat  iii  the  ohl  and  new  continents, 
by  the  agency  of  the  winds  which  blow  in  cieh.  His 
loire  ?dor<il.  \c.  lib.  ii.  and  ni.  M.  dt;  Ihitlbn  adopts 
this  thuory,  and  has  not  oulv  improved  it  by  new  ob- 
servations, hut  has  emjihned  his  aiiKiziiig  powers  ol 
deaicriptivi'  etoipirnce  in  <  niht  llishing  it  and  placing  it 
in  ihe  mo.Nt  sinking  light.  Some  remarks  may  bo 
added,  which  tend  to  illti.-^irale  more  ftilly  a  doctrim^  of 
much  imnortaiice  in  every  nnjuiry  eoncerniiig  tlie  tem- 
pt ratine  ol  various  climates. 

WIkui  a  cold  wind  blows  over  land,  it  must  in  its 
passage  rob  the  surface  of  j'Oine  of  its  heal.  IJy  means 
of  this  the  coldness  of  the  wind  is  abated.  Put  if  it 
continue  lo  blow  iu  the  sanu^  direcluni,  it  \m11  come,  by 
degrees,  to  [lass  over  n  surface  alrtady  cooled,  and  will 
suli'er  no  longer  any  abatement  of  its  own  keenness. 
Thus,  as  il  advances  over  a  large  tract  of  land,  it  brings 
on  all  tho  severity  of  intense  frost. 

Let  ihe  same  wind  blow  over  an  extensive  and  deep 
sea  ;  the  superficial  water  must  be  immediately  cooled 
to  a  certain  degree,  and  the  wind  proportionally 
warmed.  Hut  the  snperlicial  and  colder  water,  be- 
eoming  specifically  heavier  than  the  warmer  water 
below  It,  descends  ;  what  is  warmer  sujiphes  its  place, 
which,  as  it  comes  to  be  cooled  in  its  turn,  continues 
to  warm  the  air  which  passes  over  it,  or  lo  diminish  its 
cold.     'Ibis  change  of  the  superticial  water  and  suc- 

.  cessivu  ascent  of  that  which  is  warmer,  and  the  conse- 
quent successive  abatement  of  coldness  in  the   air,  is 

!  aided  by  the  agnation  caused  in  the  ^e:l  by  the  mecha- 
nical action  of  the  v\ind,  and  also  by  the  motion  of  the 
tides.  This  will  go  on,  and  the  rigor  of  the  wind  will 
continue  to  diimnisb  until  the  wliule  waier  is  so  far 
cooled,  that  the  water  on  the  surface  is  no  longiT  re- 


j  iuovtd  from  the  action  of  the  wind  fast  enough  to  hin- 
i  der  It  fiom  being  arrested  by  frost.  Whenever  the 
I  surface  freezes,  the  wind  is  no  longer  warmed  by  the 
water  from  below,  and  tt  goes  on  with  undiminished 
cold. 

From  those  principles  may  be  explained  the  severity 
of  winter  fronts  in  exteiLsivt^  coulmenis  ;  their  mildne.ss 
m  small  islands ;  and  the  superior  rigor  of  winter  iu 
those  parts  of  North  America  with  which  we  are  bes* 
acquainted.  In  the  north-west  part.-*  of  Kurope,  tho 
severity  of  wintt  r  is  mitigated  by  the  west  winds, 
which  usually  blow  in  the  months  of  November,  De- 
cember, and  part  of  January. 

On  the  ollu  r  hand,  when  a  warm  wind  blows  over 
land,  it  beats  tlie  surf.ice,  wliieh  nn  st  therefore  ceaso 
to  abate  the  fervor  of  the  wind  Hut  the  same  wind 
blowing  over  water,  agitates  ii,  brings  up  the  colder 
water  from  below,  and  thus  is  eoulinually  losing  soino- 
what  of  Us  own  heat. 

Put  the  great  power  of  the  sea  to  mitigate  the  heat 
of  i.u?  wind  or  air  passing  over  ii,  proceeds  from  the  fol- 
lowing eircuiuslance  :  that  on  acfiHint  of  the  transpa- 
rency of  the  sea,  its  surface  einnot  be  healed  to  a  great 
degree  by  the  sun's  rays;  wlureas  the  ground,  sub- 
jected to  iheir  infiueuce,  very  soon  acquires  great  heat. 
When,  therefore,  the  wind  blo\'.s  over  a  torrid  coiili- 
nent,  it  is  soon  raised  lo  a  lieat  almost  inioltTahle  ;  but 
during  its  passage  over  an  extensive  ocean,  it  is  gra- 
dually coolvd  ;  so  that  on  its  arrival  at  the  furthest 
.*!horn  it  is  again  fit  for  respiration. 

Those  prnicqiles  will  account  for  the  sultrv  '.cats  ot 
large  contMients  in  the  torrid  zone  ;  for  the  nulrl  cli- 
mate of  islands  iu  the  same  latitude  ;  atid  fo'  the  Mipe- 
rior  warmth  in  summer  which  lar^eeouiineut^,  situated 
in  the  temperiite  or  colder  zoiies  of  the  e.irth,  enjoy 
when  compared  with  that  of  islands.  The  In-at  of  a 
climate  depends  not  only  upon  ih*-  imtneduite  elleet  ot 
the  sun's  rays,  but  on  their  conimiud  operation,  on  tho 
etVect  whi<'h  they  have  formerly  pnidiierd.  and  which 
reniains  for  seme  tune  in  ihe  trronnd  This  is  ihc  rea- 
son why  the  day  is  warmesl  about  two  in  the  aftt  rnoon, 
the  summer  warmest  about  the  middle  of  July,  atiH 
the  winter  coldest  about  the  middle  uf  January. 


SOUTH   AMEUICA. 


101 


I? 


Tho  forcfits  wiiicli  cover  Aiiuirica,  and  hintlcr  the 
8Uiil)eiims  from  hcatinj;  tbt!  yrouiid,  arc  u  frrt-at  cmiso 
oC  the  tuinpi.Tatc  chiiiiit*)  in  the  eqmitorial  parts.  Tho 
;roiiii(i,  not  hciiig  lieatrd,  cannot  licit  the  air  ;  and  Ihe 
c3\v»,  whu'h  U'ccivc  the  riiya  ihlcrt'cjjU'd  from  the 
linmnd,  have  not  u  mass  of  matter  sutliciiMit  to  absor'' 
heat  enough  fur  this  pnrposc.  Uisidcs,  it  is  a  known 
fact,  thiit  the  vegrlativc  [lowerof  a  plant  oi-casmim  a 
pcrspiralion  I'rom  the  U'aves  in  proportion  lo  the  liirat 
to  which  they  are  exposed  :  and,  from  the  natnre  of 
Dvaporution,  this  per^pl^atio^  produces  n  cold  in  tiie 
lc:if  proportional  to  the  perspiration.  Thus  the  effect 
of  the  leaf  in  lieating  the  air  in  contact  vviih  it  is  prodi- 
giously diminished.  For  those  observations,  whicli 
throw  much  additional  li<;ht  on  this  curious  sunject,  I 
am  indebted  to  my  ingenious  friend,  Mr.  itobison, 
profcssof  of  natural  phdosophy  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgli. 


Note  [il3J.  p.  99. — The  cliniate  of  I3r'i/,il  has  been 
described  by  two  eminent  natiir.ili.sts,  I'lso  and  Mar- 
grave, who  oliserved  it  with  a  philosophical  accuracy 
lor  which  we  search  in  vain  in  the  aceonnis  of  many 
Other  provinces  in  America  Koth  represent  it  as  lem- 
pe'atc  and  mild  when  compared  witli  tlic  climate  of 
Atr.ea.  They  ascribe  thi-s  cliicHy  to  tlie  relreshmg 
wind  which  blows  continually  from  tho  sea.  The  air 
is  not  only  cool,  hut  chilly  through  the  night,  insomuch 
that  the  natives  kindle  tires  every  evening  in  their  lulls. 
Piso  de  Medicina  Unsilicnsj,  lib.  i.  p.  1.  &c.  Mar- 
gravius  llistor.  Uerum  Natural.  Brasilia?,  lib.  viii.  c.  3. 
p.  264.  Nieuhoir,  who  resided  long  in  Urazil,  con- 
firms their  description.  ChurehiU's  Collection,  vol.  ii. 
p.  26.  Uumilla,  who  was  a  missionary  many  years 
among  the  Indians  upon  the  river  Oronoco,  gives  a 
similar  Icscription  of  the  temperature  of  the  climate 
there.  Hist,  de  rOronoque,  lorn.  I.  p.  26.  P.  AcDgna 
felt  u  very  con.sidcrahle  degree  of  cold  in  tlie  countries 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Amazons.  Hclat.  vol.  ii.  p. 
fi6.  M.  Diet,  who  lived  a  considerable  time  in  (Jay- 
cniic,  gives  a  similar  account  of  the  temperature  of  that 
climate,  and  ascribes  it  to  the  same  cause.  Voyage  de 
la  Trance,  Eipiino.x,  p.  330.  Nothing  can  be  more 
dillerent  from  these  descripliom*  than  that  of  the  burn- 
ing heat  of  the  African  coast  given  by  M.  Adanson. 
Voyage  to  Senegal,  passim. 

NoTK  [33].  p.  99  — Two  French  frigates  were  sent 
Ujwn  a  voyage  of  discovery  in  the  year  1739.  In  lati- 
tude 4'P  south,  they  began  'o  feel  a  considerable  de- 
gree of  cold.  In  latitude  43°,  thoy  met  with  islands 
of  (loaling  ice.  lliitoire  des  Navigations  aux  Tcrres 
Australes,  toin.  ii.  p.  256,  &e.  Dr.  Ualley  fell  in 
with  ice  in  latitude  59^.  Id.  torn.  i.  p.  47.  Commo- 
dore IJyron,  when  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  hUitude 
f)0^  33'  south,  on  the  fifteenth  of  Decentber,  which  is 
midsummer  in  that  part  of  the  glotie,  the  tvveiity-hrst 
of  December  beiii^  the  longest  day  there,  compares  the 
climate  to  that  of  Kngland  in  the  middle  of  winter. 
Voyages  by  llawkesworth,  i.  25.  Mr.  Hanks  having 
landed  on  Terra  del  Piiego,  in  the  iJay  of  (.Jood  Suc- 
cess, latitude  55"^,  in  the  si.xteenth  of  January,  which 
corresjionds  10  the  month  of  July  in  our  hemisphere, 
two  of  his  attendants  died  in  one  night  ol  extreme  cold. 
and  all  liie  party  were  in  the  most  imminent  danger  of 
perishing.  Id.  ii.  51,  52.  Uy  the  fjurteenth  o\'  March, 
corresponding  to  Se|>lember  m  our  hemisphere,  winter 
was  set  in  with  riijnr.  and  the  mountains  were  covered 
with  snow.  Ibid.  72.  Captain  Cook,  in  his  voyage 
towards  the  South  Pule,  furnishes  new  and  sinking 
in.'^tances  of  the  extraordinary  pnrdoinmance  of  cold  in 
this  region  of  the  globe.  "  Who  would  have  thought 
(says  he)  that  an  island  of  no  fjreater  extent  than 
sevenly  leagues  in  circuit,  situated  between  the  latitudo 
of  54^  and  55  \  should  in  tlie  ver\  height  of  summer 
be,  in  a  manner,  wholly  covered,  niiny  fathoms  deep, 
with  frozen  snow  ;  but  more  e^pecially  the  S.  W.  coast  ! 
'J'he  v"ry  summits  of  tlic  lofty  mo -ntiims  were  cased 
witii  snow  and  ice  ;  but  the  (pian'  ity  that  lay  in  the 
▼alleys  is  incredible  ;  and  at  the  bottom  of  tim  bays,  the 
coast  was  terminated  by  a  wall  of  ico  of  considerable 
'eitilil."     Vol.  ii.  p.  217. 

In  some  places  of  the  ancient  lonlinent,  an  extraor- 
dinary degree  of  cold  prevails  in  very  low  latitmles, 
Mr.  liogle.  in  his  embassy  to  the  court  of  the  Delai 
l.ama,  pas.-*ed  the  wintrr  of  the  yi-ar  1774,  at  (Miam- 
jianning.  in  latitude  31^^  39'  N.  Ho  often  found  the 
thermomeler  in  his  room  twenty-nine  degrees  under  the 
freezing  point  by  Fahrenheit's  scalr  ;  and  in  the  middlt 
of  .\pril  the  stamlnig  waters  wi-re  till  frozen,  and  heavy 
■howers  of  snow  freipiently  fell.  Tlie  exiaordmary 
elevation  of  the  euuntrv  seems  to  ue  the  cause  of  llus 


excessive  cold.     In  travelling  from  fndQstan  lo  Thibet, 

the  ascent  to  tho  summit  of  the  Boutan  Mountains  is  | 
ver\'  great,  but  the  descent  on  the  other  side  is  not  in 
equal  proportion.  The  kingdom  of  'I'liihct  Is  an  ele- 
vated region,  extremely  bare  and  desolate.  Account 
of  Thibet,  (ly  Mr.  Stewart,  read  in  the  Uoyal  Society, 
p.  7.  The  extraordinary  cold  in  low  latitudes  in  Ame- 
rica camiot  be  aecouiiled  for  by  the  same  cause.  Those 
regions  are  not  rem:irkahlc  for  elevation.  Some  of  them 
are  countries  depressed  and  level. 

The  most  obvious  and  probable  cause  of  the  supe- 
rior degree  of  cold  towards  the  southern  extremity  of 
America,  seems  to  be  t!ie  form  of  the  continent  there. 
Its  breadth  gradually  decreases  as  it  stretches  from 
St.  Anlonia  southwards,  and  from  the  bay  of  St.  Julian 
to  the  Straits  of  Magellan  its  dimensions  are  much 
contMcted.  On  the  east  and  west  'ides  it  is  washed 
by  the  Atlantic  ami  Pacific  Oceans.  Prom  its  southern 
point  it  is  proliable  that  a  great  e.xte  t  of  .sea  without 
any  considerable  tract  of  land,  reachci  to  the  Antarctic 
pole.  In  whii^hever  of  these  directions  the  wind  blows, 
It  is  cooled  before  it  appro;iches  the  .Magi !' mic  regions, 
by  pa.'sing  over  a  vast  bodv  of  water ;  nor  i^  'he  land 
there  of  such  extent,  that  it  can  recover  any  consiJera- 
hle  degree  of  heat  in  its  progress  over  it.  These  cit- 
cutnstances  concur  m  rendering  tlie  temperaturo  of 
the  air  in  this  district  of  America  more  similar  to  that 
of  an  insular,  than  to  that  of  a  continental  climate,  and 
hinder  it  from  acquiring  the  same  degree  of  summer 
heat  with  places  in  Europe  and  Asia  in  a  correspondent 
norlliern  latitude.  The  north  wind  is  the  only  one  that 
reaches  this  part  of  America,  after  blowing  over  a  great 
continent.  Hut  from  an  attentive  survey  of  its  posi- 
tion, this  will  be  found  to  have  a  tendency  rather  to 
diminish  than  augment  the  degree  of  heat.  The  south- 
ern extremity  of  America  is  properly  the  termination 
of  the  immense  ridge  of  the  Aiiden,  vMch  stretches 
nearly  in  a  direct  line  from  noith  to  south,  through  tho 
whole  extent  of  the  continent.  The  most  sultry  re- 
gions in  South  America,  Uuiana,  IJrazil,  Paraguay,  and 
Tuccuinan,  lie  many  degrees  to  the  east  of  the  Magel- 
lanic regions.  The  level  country  of  Peru,  which  en- 
joys the  tropical  heats,  is  situated  considerably  to  the 
west  of  them.  The  north  wind  then,  though  it  blows 
over  land,  does  not  bring  to  the  southern  extremity  of 
America  an  increase  of  heat  collected  in  its  passage 
over  torrid  regions  ;  but  before  it  arrives  there,  it  must 
have  swept  along  the  summits  of  the  Andes,  and  he- 
comes  impregnated  with  the  cold  of  that  frozen  region. 

Though  it  be  now  demonstrated  that  there  is  no 
souiherii  tontinent  in  that  region  of  the  globe  which  it 
was  atlp|u^ed  to  occupy,  it  appears  to  be  certain  from 
Capia  I.  (-ook's  discoveries,  that  there  is  a  hrge  tract 
of  lat.i'  I  ear  the  south  pole,  which  is  the  source  of  most 
of  the  :ce  spread  over  the  vast  southern  ocean.  Vol. 
ii.  p.  2.10,  239,  tVc.  AVhether  the  inHucncc  of  this 
remote  frozen  continent  may  reach  the  southern  extre- 
mity of  America,  and  alfect  its  climate,  is  an  iui^uiry 
not  unworthy  of  attention. 

Note  i34].  p.  100.— M.  Condamine  is  one  of  the 
latest  and  must  accurate  observers  of  the  interior  state 
of  South  America.  "  After  descending  from  the  Andes 
(says  he,)  one  beholds  a  vast  and  unilorm  prospect  of 
water  and  verdure,  and  nothing  more.  One  treads 
upon  the  earth,  but  does  not  see  it ;  as  it  is  so  entirely 
covered  with  luxuriant  plants,  weeds,  and  slirub;i.  that 
it  would  reiijuirc  a  con.siderable  degree  of  labor  to  clear 
it  for  tho  space  of  a  foot."  Relation  abregee  d'un 
Vovage,  (Jte.  p.  4H.  t)ne  of  tho  sir.gularities  in  the 
forests  IS  a  sort  of  osiers,  or  withes,  called  /if:jii'0.t  by 
the  Spaniards,  luims  by  the  French,  and  mhhis  by  the 
Indians,  which  are  usually  employed  as  ropes  in  Ame- 
rica. This  ir.  one  ofllu!  parasitical  plants,  which  twists 
about  the  trees  it  me(  ts  with,  and  rising  above  their 
highest  branches,  its  tendrils  descend  perpendicularly, 
strike  into  the  ground,  tnke  root,  rise  up  around  another 
tree,  and  thus  mount  and  di^scend  alienutely.  Other 
tendrils  are  carried  obliquely  by  the  wind,  or  some  ac- 
cident, and  form  a  confusion  of  interwoven  cordage, 
which  reseinl'les  the  riyning  of  a  ship.  IJancrofi,  Nat, 
Hist,  of  tiuuina,  99.  Theao  withes  are  often  as  thick 
as  the  arm  of  a  man.  Id.  p.  7ii.  M.  iJoguer's  account 
of  the  forests  in  Peru  perfectly  resemble.*  this  descrip- 
tion. Voyages  au  Peru,  p.  16.  Oviedo  gives  a  similar 
description  of  the  forest.^  in  other  parts  of  America. 
Hist.  lib.  ix.  p.  144.  I).  The  country  of  the  Moxos  is 
so  much  overllowed,  that  tliey  are  obliged  to  reside  on 
the  summit  of  some  risini;  eround  during  some  part  of 
the  year,  and  have  no  ^'ommunicatiou  with  their  coun- 
trvmen  at  any  duttance.  Lettres  IMiliantes,  toin.  x-  p. 
IH'/      Garcia  gives  a  full  and   just  dcseiiplion  of  the 


rivers,  lakes,  woodf,  and  marshes  in  those  countries  ol 
America  which  lie  between  the  tro|iic8.  Origcn  de  lun 
Indios,  lib.  ii.  c.  5.  ^  4,  5.  I'he  incredible  hardship* 
to  which  Gonealez  Pizarro  was  exposed  in  Qttemptm»{ 
to  marcli  into  the  country  to  ttic  cast  of  the  AndcBi 
convey  a  very  striking  idea  of  that  part  of  America  iu 
its  original  uncultivated  state.  Gareil.  do  la  Vega, 
Uoyal  Comment,  of  Peru,  part  ii.  book  iii.  c.  2—5. 

NoTK  [3.')]   p.  100. — Tho  animals  of  America  seem 

not  to  have  been  always  of  a  size  inferior  to  those  in 
other  quarters  of  the  globe.  From  antlers  of  the  moose- 
deer  which  have  been  found  in  America,  it  appears  lo 
have  been  an  anim:il  of  great  size.  Near  the  banks  of 
the  Ohio,  a  considerable  number  of  Iiones  of  an  im- 
mense magnitude  have  been  found.  The  place  where 
this  discovery  has  been  made  lies  about  one  hundred 
and  ninety  miles  below  the  junction  of  ihe  river  Scioto 
with  the  Ohio.  It  is  about  four  miles  distant  from  the 
banks  of  the  titter,  on  the  side  of  the  marsh  called  tho 
Salt  lick.  The  bones  lie  in  vast  (pianttlies  about  fivo 
'>r  six  feet  underground,  and  the  slr.ittim  is  visible  in 
the  bank  on  the  edge  of  the  Lick.  Jaurmd  of  Colonel 
Ucnrgc  Cro^'lun,  MS.  pnirs  inc.  This  spot  seems  to 
be  accurately  laid  down  by  Kvans  in  his  map.  These 
hones  must  have  belonged  to  animals  of  enormous  bulk; 
but  naturalists  being  acquainted  with  no  living  creature 
of  such  size,  were  at  tirst  inclined  to  think  they  were 
mineral  substances.  Upon  receiving  a  greater  number 
of  specimens,  and  after  inspecting  tliein  more  narrowly, 
they  are  now  allowed  to  be  the  bones  of  an  animal.  As 
the  elephant  is  the  largest  known  quadruped,  and  tho 
tusks  which  were  found,  nearly  resembled,  both  in  form 
and  quality,  the  tusks  of  an  elephant,  it  was  concluded 
that  the  carcasses  deposited  on  the  Ohio  were  of  that 
species.  But  Dr.  Hunter,  one  of  the  persons  of  our 
age  best  qualitied  to  decide  with  respect  to  tiiis  point, 
having  accurately  examined  several  parcels  o(  tusks, 
and  grinders,  and  jaw-bone-i,  sent  from  the  Ohio  to 
London,  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that  they  did  not  belong 
to  an  elephant,  but  to  some  huge  carnivorous  animal  ol 
an  unknown  species.  Phil.  Transact,  vol.  Iviii.  p.  34. 
iloncs  of  the  same  kind,  and  as  remarkable  for  their 
size,  have  been  found  near  the  mouths  of  the  great 
rivers  Oby,  Jeniscia,  and  Lena  in  Siberia.  Slraldcn- 
hcr<rj)aicript.  of  yorlh  and  East  Paris  iff  Kurnpc  and 
Asia,  p.  402,  &c.  The  elephant  seems  lo  be  coiilined 
in  his  range  to  the  torrid  zone,  and  never  multiplies 
beyond  it.  In  such  cold  regions  as  those  bordering  on 
the  frozen  sea,  he  could  not  live.  The  existence  of 
such  tari^e  animals  in  America  inigiit  open  a  wiitc  tield 
for  conjecture.  The  more  we  contemplate  the  face  of 
nature,  and  consider  the  variety  of  her  productions,  tho 
more  we  must  be  satisfied  that  astonishing  changes 
have  been  made  in  the  terraqueous  globe  by  convul- 
sions and  revolutions,  of  which  no  account  is  preserved 
in  history. 

Note  [36].  p.  100. — This  degeneracy  of  the  domes- 
tic  Kuropean  animals  in  America  may  be  imputed  to 
.•jomc  of  these  causes.  In  the  Spanish  settlements, 
which  are  situated  cither  within  the  torrid  zone,  or  in 
countries  bordering  upon  it,  the  increase  of  heat  and 
diversity  of  food  prevent  sheep  and  horned  cattle  fioin 
attaining  the  same  size  as  in  Europe.  'I'hcy  seldom 
become  «o  fat,  and  their  llesli  is  not  so  juicy,  or  of  such 
deliealo  Havor.  In  North  America,  where  the  climate 
is  mure  favorable,  and  similar  to  that  of  Kurope,  tho 
(piality  of  the  grasses  which  spring  up  naturally  hi  their 
pasture  grounds  is  not  good.  Mitchell,  p.  151,  Agri- 
culture is  still  so  much  in  itj  infancy,  that  artificial 
food  for  cattle  is  not  raised  in  any  quantity.  During  a 
winter,  long  in  many  provinces,  and  rigorous  in  all,  no 
proper  care  is  taken  of  their  cattle.  The  general  treat- 
ment of  theii  horses  and  horneil  cattle  is  injudicious 
and  harsh  in  alt  the  Fnglish  colonies.  These  circum 
stances  contribute  more,  perhaps,  than  any  thing  pecu- 
liar in  the  quality  of  the  climate,  to  the  degeneracy  of 
breed  in  the  horses,  cows,  and  sheep  of  many  i3\  tho 
North  American  provinces. 

NoTK  [37J.  p  to,).— In  the  year  1518,  tho  island  of 
Hispaniola  was  adiicted  with  a  dreadful  visitation  of 
those  destructi\e  insects,  the  particulars  of  which  Her- 
rera  describes,  and  mentions  a  singular  instance  of  thu 
superstition  of  the  Spanish  planters.  After  trying  vari- 
ous methods  of  exterminating  the  anis,  they  resolved 
to  implore  protection  of  the  saints  ;  but  as  the  calamity 
was  new,  they  were  at  a  loss  lo  find  out  the  saint  who 
could  give  them  the  most  eti'ectual  aid.  They  east 
lots  in  order  to  discover  the  patron  whom  they  should 
invoke.     The  lots  decided  m  favor  of  St.   Satuminus 


^ 


103 


ROHKKTSON'S   HISTORY    OF 


They  ccleliratt'd  hi.f  fcntival  with  Kreat  solc-imiily,  and 
iininrdtolely,  uiKIh  ihv  historian,  the  calamity  bt'uun  to 
abate,     llcrrcra,  dec   2.  hb.  iii.  c.  15.  p.  107. 

NoTB  [38].  p.  100.— The  author  of  Ucchorchca  Phi- 
losophiqix'tf  tiur  U>s  Ainericaiti!)  siijipOKcs  this  dillrrcncc 
in  heat  tu  be  ctpial  to  twelve  d^'^Tces,  a''d  tlmt  a  [il:ice 
thirty  degrees  from  the  Ciiuator  in  the  old  continent  i.s 
aH  warm  as  one  situated  eighteen  denrces  frorn  it  in 
America,  lorn.  i.  p.  U.  I)r.  Mitcia  11,  after  observa- 
tions carried  01)  dnrii);r  thirty  Ycar»,  cuiiieiuls  tliat  llie 
ditfercncc  is  equal  to  fourteen  or  fifteen  degrees  of  lati- 
tude.    Prcaeiit  State,  &c.  p.  257. 

NoiK[39J.  p.  100.— uaiumry3d.  176:),  Mr.  Bertram, 
near  the  head  of  St.  John's  river,  in  Kast  Florida,  ob- 
served a  frost  po  intense  that  in  one  niglit  the  ground 
was  frozen  an  inch  tliick  upop  the  banks  of  the  livcr. 
The  limes,  citrons,  and  banana  trees,  at  St.  Augustin, 
were  destroyed.  Uertram's  Journal,  p.  20.  Other  in- 
ittance?  of  the  extraordinary  operations  of  cold  in  the 
Bonthern  provinces  of  North  America  are  collected  by 
Dr.  Mitchell.  I*resent  State,  p.  200,  &c.  February 
7th,  1747,  the  frost  at  Charleston  was  so  intense,  that 
a  person  having  carried  two  quart  bottles  o(  hot  water 
to  bed,  in  the  morning  they  were  split  lo  piccc^f,  and 
the  water  converted  into  solid  lumps  of  ice.  In  a 
kitchen  where  ihero  was  a  fire,  the  water  in  a  jar  in 
which  there  was  a  live  large  eel,  was  frozen  to  the  bot- 
tom. Almost  all  the  orange  and  olive  trees  were  de- 
stroyed. Description  of  South  Carolina,  8vo.  Lond. 
1761. 

NoTK  [40J.  p.  100. — A  remarkable  instance  of  this 
occurs  Ml  Dutch  Ciuiana,  a  country  every  where  level, 
and  so  low,  that  during  the  rainy  seasons  it  is  usually 
covered  with  water  near  two  feet  in  height.  This  ren- 
ders the  soil  80  rich,  that  on  the  surface,  for  twelve 
inches  in  depth,  it  is  a  stratum  of  jierfect  manure,  and 
as  such  has  been  transported  lo  Uarbadues.  On  the 
banks  of  the  Kssequibo,  thirty  crops  of  rutan  canes 
have  been  raised  successively  ;  whereas  in  the  West 
Indian  islands  not  more  than  two  is  ever  expected  from 
the  rirhcst  land.  The  expedients  by  whieli  ilie  planters 
endeavor  to  diminish  this  excessive  fertility  of  soil  are 
various.     Dancroft,  Nat.    Hist,   of  Guiana,  p.  10,  tkc. 

NoTB  [41  J.  p.  103. — Muller  seems  to  have  believed, 
witiiout  dullicient  evidence,  that  tiie  Cape  had  i>een 
doubled,  lom.  i.  p.  II,  &.c.  ;  and  the  imperial  academy 
of  St.  Pclersburgh  give  some  countenance  to  it  by  the 
manner  in  which  Tsckukolskoi-twss  is  laid  down  in 
their  charts.  13ut  I  ain  a.ssured,  from  undoubted 
authority,  that  no  Russian  vessel  has  ever  sailed  round 
that  cape  ;  and  as  tiie  country  of  Tahutki  is  not  subject 
to  the  Russian  empire,  it  is  very  imperfectly  known. 

NoTB  [42].  p.  102. — Were  this  the  place  for  enter- 
ing into  a  long  and  intricate  geographical  disxjuisuion, 
many  curious  ol)seryaii<i'is  might  arise  from  couq)aring 
the  accounts  of  the  two  RuEsian  voyages  and  the  charts 
of  their  respective  navigation.s.  One  remark  is  appli- 
cable to  both.  We  cannot  rely  with  absolute  certainty 
cu  the  [HJsition  which  they  assign  to  several  of  'be  pla- 
ces which  tliey  visited.  The  weather  was  so  extreiuely 
foggy,  that  they  seKloin  saw  the  sun  or  stars  ;  and  tlie 
position  of  the  islands  and  supposed  coittiticnts  was 
commonly  determined  by  reckoning,  nut  by  observa- 
tion, liehring  and  Tscinrikow  proceeded  much  fur- 
ther towards  the  cast  than  Ivrenitzin.  The  hind  dis- 
covered by  Dehriiig,  which  he  imagined  lo  be  part  of 
the  American  conlinent,  is  in  the  236th  degree  of  lon- 
gitude from  the  first  meridian  in  the  isle  of  Kerro,  and 
in  bS'^  28'  of  latitude.  Tschirikow  came  rpon  the 
same  coast  in  loii'Mtude  241 ".  lat''-,.de  5*:''.     Muller.  i. 


248,24!).     The  fun rv 

1  •' 

Ji3;jccil  60  degrees 

from  tlie  port  of  V      »■ ., 

-t;i  which  he   took 

his  di'|urturc,  am'  i      ;,ii 

.  •■• 

.     •'<.      lijt  from  the 

charl  of  Kn-,  ■: 

•*.  ■'  , 

'hat  he  did  not 

Mail  further  i" 

,-,    .1..  . 

.  atiSili  dc!,'ri-e, 

and   only  32  'h  .  ■ 

'       tr- 

VI 1,.      In  1741, 

Uchring  and  'J      :t|' 

..■■•-    1  rcturninir, 

held  a  course  which  tta 

) 

■   ,,.     •  juth  of  that 

chain  of  islands,  wi,j<  1)  ti; 

.)  ilt^-.^ 

: ,  ,':,J  ohaervini^ 

the  mountains  and  rugged  aspect  ol  the  headlands 
which  they  descried  towards  the  north,  they  supposed 
thern  to  be  promontories  belonging  to  some  part  of  the 
American  continent,  which,  as  tfiey  fancied,  stretched 
as  Tir  south  as  the  latitude  50.  In  this  maniur  thi.'v 
are  laid  down  in  the  chart  pulilished  by  .Muller,  and 
likewi.su  in  a  manuscript  chart  drawn  by  a  mate  of 
BuUhiig's  ship,  coniinmiicaled  lo  me  by  Mr.  Profe&ior 


HobiKon.  Diit  in  17RU.  Krenil/in,  after  wintering  in 
the  island  Alaxa,  stood  so  far  louards  (he  north  in  liis 
return,  that  his  course  lay  liirough  the  inkldle  of  what 
Ik-bring  and  Tschirikow  had  supported  to  be  a  conti< 
tient,  which  he  found  to  be  an  open  sea.  and  that  ihey 
had  inistakeri  roekv  isles  for  the  beadlnnds  of  a  conti- 
nent. It  is  probable,  that  the  countries  discovered  in 
1741,  towards  the  east,  do  not  belong  to  the  American 
continent,  but  are  only  a  cuntiuiuition  of  the  chain  of 
Inlands.  The  number  of  volcanos  in  this  region  of  the 
globe  is  remarkable.  'I'here  arc  several  in  Kanit- 
chatka,  and  not  one  of  the  ishinds,  great  or  small,  as  far 
as  the  Russian  navigation  extends,  is  without  them. 
Many  are  actually  burning,  and  the  mountains  in  all 
t>car  marks  of  having  been  once  in  a  state  of  eruption. 
Were  I  disposed  to  admit  such  conjectures  as  have 
found  place  in  other  inquiries  eoneerning  tlie  peopling 
of  America,  I  might  suppose  tliat  th's  part  of  iho  earth, 
having  manifestly  fluU'ered  \iolent  convulsions  from 
earthquakes  and  volcanos,  an  isthmus,  which  may  have 
formerly  united  Asia  lo  America,  has  been  broken,  and 
formed  into  a  cluster  of  islands  by  the  shock. 

It  is  singular,  that  at  the  very  time  the  Russian  navi- 
gators were  attempting  to  make  discoveries  in  the 
north-west  of  America,  the  Spaniards  were  proset  utiiig 
the  same  d»:ign  finm  another  quarleiv  Iti  17ii'J,  two 
small  vessels  sailed  f'oiii  Loretio  in  Oidilbrma  to  ex- 
plore the  coasts  of  the  country  to  the  north  of  that 
peninsula.  They  advanced  no  further  than  the  port  of 
Monte-Rey,  in  latitude  3(i.  I3nt,  in  several  suere.'isive 
expeditions  fitted  out  from  tlie  port  of  St.  lllas  in  New 
Galicia,  the  Spaniards  have  advanced  as  far  as  the  lati- 
tude i')8.  (iazrta  dc  Mmhiil,  .March  10,  and  .May  14. 
I77G.  Hut  as  the  journals  of  those  voyages  have  not 
yet  been  publi.>hed,  I  cannot  coiuparo  ttinr  progress 
wiili  that  of  the  Russians,  or  sliow  bow  near  the  navi- 
gators of  the  two  nations  have  approached  to  each 
other.  It  is  to  be  hoped  lliat  the  enlightened  mini.ster 
wlio  has  now  tlie  direcliun  of  Amerieaii  utfatrs  in  Spain, 
will  not  withhold  this  information  from  the  public. 

Note  [43].  p.  102. — Our  knowledge  of  the  vicinity 
of  the  two  continents  of  Asia  and  Anu'rica,  which  was 
very  imjierfect  when  I  publibhed  tlie  History  of  Amerti-a 
in  the  year  1777,  is  now  complete.  Mr.  Coxe's 
account  of  the  Russian  Discoveries  between  Asia  and 
America,  printed  in  the  year  1780,  contains  many  curi- 
ous and  important  facts  witli  respect  to  the  various 
attempts  of  the  Russians  to  open  a  communication  witii 
the  New  World.  The  history  of  tb.e  great  voyage  of 
Discovery,  beijun  by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  a!id  com- 
pleted by  Captains  Clerk  and  (iore.  published  in  the 
year  1780,  communicates  all  the  inforinatiou  that  the 
curiosity  of  mankind  could  desire  with  regard  lo  this 
subject. 

At  :ny  request,  my  friend,  Mr.  Playfair,  Professor  of 
Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Kdinburgh,  lias  com- 
pared the  narrative  and  charts  of  those  illustrious  navi- 
gators with  the  more  imperfect  relations  and  maps  of 
the  Russians.  The  result  of  this  comparison  I  com- i 
muhicate  in  his  own  words,  with  much  greater  coiiti- ' 
dence  in  his  scienlitic  accuracy,  llian  I  could  have  ven- 1 
turcd  to  place  in  any  observations  which  I  myself  might  I 
have  made  upon  the  subject.  j 

*'  The  discoveries  of  (>aptain  Cook  in  Ins  last  voyage  j 
have  conlirmed  the  conclusions  which  Dr.  Rober;son  j 
had  drawn,  and  have  connected  together  the  facts-  from  I 
which  they  were  deduced.  Tiiey  b.ive  now  rendered  j 
it  certain  that  Ueliring  and  Tschirikow  touched  on  the  i 
coast  of  America  in  1741.  The  former  discovered] 
land  in  latitude  .')8"',  28',  and  about  230"  east  from  I 
I'erro.  He  i.as  given  such  a  description  of  the  Bay  in  1 
which  he  anchored,  and  the  high  niounlaiti  to  the  west-  ] 
ward  of  it  which  he  calls  St.  Klias,  that  tlioug!i  the 
account  of  his  voyage  is  much  abrulged  in  the  Unglish 
translation,  ('aptaln  Cook  recognised  the  place  as  he 
sailed  along  the  western  coast  of  America  in  the  year 
1778,  The  isle  of  St.  Ilermogenes,  near  the  mouth  of 
Cook's  river,  Schumagins  isles  on  the  coast  of  .Vlashka, 
and  Poggy  Isle,  retain  in  Captain  Cook's  chart  the 
names  which  they  had  r-.oeivcd  from  the  Russian  navi- 
gator.    Cook's  V'oy.  vol.  ii.  p.  347. 

"  Tschirikow  came  upon  he  same  coast  about  2° 
30'  farther  south  than  Dehring,  near  the  Mount  Edge- 
cumbe  of  Captain  Cook. 

**  With  regard  to  Krcnitzin,  wo  learn  from  Coxe's 
Account  of  the  Russian  Discoveries,  that  he  sailed 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Kamlchatka  river  with  two  ships 
in  the  year  1708.  With  liis  own  ship  he  reaclird  the 
island  of  Oonolashka,  in  which  lliere  had  been  a  Rus- 
sian settlement  since  the  year  1702,  wh'-re  he  wintered 
probably   in   the  same   harbor  or  bay  where  Captain 


Cook  afterwards  anchored.  The  oiher  ship  winferrd 
at  Alashka,  which  was  .supposed  lo  be  an  island,  lhout;h 
it  be  in  f.icl  a  part  of  the  American  continent.  Kro 
nitzin  accordingly  returned  without  knowing  that  either 
of  his  ships  had  been  un  the  coast  of  .\iiieriea  ;  and 
this  is  the  more  surprising,  because  ('a|)tain  (.'ook  has 
informed  ns  lliat  Alashka  is  understood  to  be  a  great 
continent,  both  by  the  Russians  and  the  natives  of 
(Jonolashka. 

*'  According  to  Krcnitzin,  the  ship  which  had  win- 
tered at  Alashka  had  hardly  sailed  3()'*  to  the  eastward 
of  the  harbor  of  St.  Peter  and  St,  Paul  in  Kamtchatka  ; 
but,  aeeordiiig  lo  the  more  accurate  charts  of  ('aptain 
Cook,  it  had  Mailed  no  les.i  than  37"  17'  to  the  eastward 
of  (bat  harbor.  There  is  nearly  the  same  mistake  of  5° 
in  the  longitude  which  Krenilzin  assigns  to  Oonolashka. 
It  is  remarkable  enough,  that  in  the  chart  of  those  seat, 
put  into  the  hand  of  (Japtain  Cook  by  the  Russians  un 
that  wland,  there  was  an  error  of  the  same  knid,  and 
very  nearly  of  the  same  extent. 

"  IJut  what  is  of  most  consequence  lo  he  remarked 
on  the  subject  is,  tliat  the  discoveries  of  Captain  Cook 
have  fully  verilied  Dr.  Robertson's  coineclure  '  that  it 
is  probable  that  future  ii-.ivigaturs  in  those  seas,  itff 
steering  farther  to  the  north  than  Bebring  and  Tschiri- 
kow or  Krenitzin  had  dune,  may  find  thiit  the  continent 
of  America  approaches  still  r.ean  r  to  that  of  .\sia.  See 
p.  102.  It  has  accordingly  been  found  that  these  two 
continents,  wiiich  in  the  parallel  of  ,'>r»'^,  or  that  of  tho 
southern  extremity  of  Alashka.  are  about  four  hundred 
leagues  asunder,  !ipproa<'h  continually  to  one  another 
as  iliey  stretch  together  toward  the  north,  until,  witliin 
less  than  a  degree  from  ihe  polar  circle,  they  are  ter- 
minated by  two  capes  only  thirteen  league.s  distant. 
Tiie  east  ca)te  of  Asia  is  in  latitude  fiO^  0'  and  in  lon- 
gitude 100'  22'  east  fiom  (Jretnwich ;  the  western 
extremity  of  America,  or  IVmce  of  Wales'  Ca\H},  is  in 
latitude  05"'  40',  and  in  longitude  lOP  45'.  Nearly  in 
liie  midtUe  of  the  narrow  strait  (Hehring's  .Strait)  which 
separates  these  capes,  are  the  two  islands  of  St.  Dio- 
mede,  from  which  both  continents  may  be  seen.  Cap- 
tain Kin^  informs  us,  tlial  as  he  was  sailing  through  this 
strait,  July  5,  1770,  Ok;  fog  having  cleared  away,  he 
enjoyed  the  uU  asure  of  seeing  from  the  ship  the  eonti 
neiUs  of  Asia  and  America  at  the  same  moment,  to 
gether  with  the  islands  of  St  Diomcde  lying  between 
them,   (book's  Voy.  vol  iii.  p.  244. 

"  Beyond  this  point  the  strait  opens  towards  tho 
Arctic  Sea,  and  tiie  coasts  of  Asia  and  America  diverge 
so  fast  fioin  one  another,  that  in  the  parallel  of  69" 
they  are  more  than  one  hundred  leagues  asunder.  lb. 
p.  277.  To  the  month  of  Ihe  strait  there  are  a  num- 
tierof  Islands,  Clerk's,  King's,  Anderson's,  «Vc.  whicn, 
as  well  as  those  of  St.  Dioinede,  may  have  facilitated 
the  migrations  of  the  natives  from  tlic  one  continent  to 
the  otiier.  Captain  Cook,  however,  on  the  authority 
of  the  Russians  at  Oonolashka,  and  for  other  good  rea- 
sons has  diininislied  the  number  of  islands  which  bad 
been  inserted  in  former charlsof the  northern  .\rchipclagO' 
Ue  baa  also  placed  Alashka,  or  the  promontory  which 
stretches  from  the  conlinent  of  .-\merica  S.  W.  towards 
Kamtclialka,  ai  the  distance  of  Ovo  degrees  of  loiigi- 
tiide  firther  from  the  coast  of  Asia  than  it  was  reckoned 
by  (Ik;  Russian  navigators. 

"  The  geograpliv  of  the  Old  and  New  M'orld  is 
therefore  equally  indebted  to  the  discoveries  made  in 
this  memorable  voyage  ;  and  as  many  errors  havo 
been  corrccterl,  and  many  delieiencies  supplied,  b*- 
means  of  these  discoveries,  -^o  the  accuracy  of  some 
former  observations  has  been  i'stablisbed.  The  basis  of 
the  map  of  the  Russian  eiiqure,  as  far  as  regarded 
Kamtchatka.  and  the  country  of  tho  Tsehutzki,  was  tho 
position  of  four  places,  Vakulsh,  Oehotz,  Bolcheresk, 
and  Petropawlowski,  which  had  been  determined  hv 
the  astronomer  Krassdnieow  in  the  year  1744.  Nov. 
('ommenl.  Petrop.  vol,  iii.  p.  405.  tVc.  But  the  accu- 
racv  of  iiis  observations  was  contested  by  M,  Kngel, 
and  .M.  Robert  de  \'aui,'ondy  ;  ('oxe,  Append,  i.  No.  2. 
p.  207.  272.  and  the  former  of  these  geographers  ven- 
tured to  take  away  no  less  than  2S  degrees  from  tho 
longitude,  which  on  the  faith  of  Krassilnicow's  observa- 
tions, was  assigned  lo  tho  eastern  boundary  of  the  Rus- 
sian emp-ire.  With  how  little  reason  tliis  waa  done, 
will  npficar  from  considering  that  our  British  naviga- 
tors, having  deterinined  the  position  of  Petropawlowski 
by  a  ureal  number  of  very  accurate  ohservationn,  found 
the  longitude  oftliat  port  158"*  43'  K.  from  (.Jrecnwich, 
and  its  latitude  53  '  1' ;  aijreeing.  the  first  lo  less  than 
seven  minutes,  and  the  second  to  less  than  half  a  ml* 
nute,  with  the  calculations  of  tlie  Russian  aslronnnier 
H  coincidence  wbieli.  in  the  situation  of  so  reinot4>  a 
place,  does  not  leave  an  uncertainty  of  more  than  foui 


i 


l4 


m 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


103 


,. 


it 


Knglish  miles,  nml  wliirli.  f(ir  i!io  rrcdit  of  !*rii-ri'-o.  I 
dettcrvRH  to  \w.  puriicuhirly  ri'iniirkal.  'riuM-hii-r  error  ' 
in  liiu  Itiisniiiii  Miiips  has  lircii  in  not  rxUMuIirii^f  tliu 
boiiiiu'iricd  ot  lliat  empiru  siiniciontlv  towards  llm  '.msi. 
For  as  thorr  was  iintliin;r  to  connrci  llio  iatu!  nf  tin; 
Tacliiit/ki  ami  the  norili-cisi  poitil  of  Asia  wilij  tliost- 
plin•c^  wlitrpof  the  position  haJ  been  carrfully  asccr- 
tuinnd,  cjfci'pi  the  imperfort  accounts  of  Hciiriiiir's  and 
Syrid's  vovu^cs,  considiTtililt!  orrors  noiild  not  fail  to 
be  iiilrodiicfd,  and  thai  point  was  laid  down  as  not 
more  than  13!J^  2'  oast  of  the  meridian  of  Pelropaw- 
lowski.  Coxc,  App.  1.  No.  2.  IJy  tlie  observations  of 
rapiiiin  Kin^.  the  ditFerence  of  longitude  between  I*e- 
tropawlovvski  and  Ihe  Kast  Cape  is  31°  9';  that  is, 
d"*  7'  jjreater  than  it  vvas  supposed  to  bo  l»y  the  Rus- 
sian geographer.*."  It  appears  from  ('ook's  and  ICiiijr's 
Voy.  iii  p.  273.  that  the  continents  of  Asia  and  Ame- 
rica are  nsually  joined  tonolhcr  by  ice  dnrinij  winter. 
Mr.  Saniwellrontinns  this  account  of  his  superior  ntficer. 
*'  At  thi8  place,  viz.  near  the  hititudo  of  66°  N,  the 
Iwo  coasts  are  otdy  thirteen  leagues  asunder,  and  aliout 
midway  between  ihem  lie  two  islands,  the  distance 
from  each  to  either  shore  is  short  of  twenty  miles.  At 
this  place  the  natives  of  Afiia  could  lind  no  dilHculty  in 
passnig  over  to  tlic  opposite  coast,  which  is  in  sight  of 
their  own.  Thi-t  in  a  course  of  years  such  an  event 
would  happen,  either  through  design  cr  accident,  cannot 
admit  of  a  doubt.  Tiic  canoes  which  we  saw  among 
the  Tschulzki  v^ere  capable  of  performing  a  much 
toiiifcr  vova^e ;  and,  however  rude  they  may  have 
been  at  some  distant  period,  we  can  scarcely  suppose 
them  uncfpial  to  a  passage  of  six  or  seven  leagues, 
people  nnght  have  been  carried  over  by  accident  on 
floating  pieces  of  ice.  'J'bey  might  also  have  travelled 
across  on  sledges  or  on  foot  ;  for  we  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  strait  is  entirely  frozi-n  over  in  the  winter ; 
80  that,  during  that  season,  the  continents,  with  respect 
to  the  cotnrrnniication  between  them,  may  be  consi- 
dered as  ofw  land."  Letter  from  Mr.  Samweli,  Scot's 
Magazme  for  1788,  p  601.  It  is  probable  that  this  in- 
tere.ilnig  portion  of  geographical  knowledge  will,  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years,  receive  farther  improvement. 
Soon  after  the  publication  of  (Captain  Cook's  last  vo- 
yage, the  great  and  enlightened  Sovereign  of  H.n^•sia, 
attentive  to  every  thing  that  may  contribute  to  extend 
the  luMinds  of  science,  or  to  render  it  more  accurate, 
formed  the  plan  of  a  new  voyage  of  discovery,  t:i  order 
to  explore  tliose  parts  of  the  ocean  lying  between  Asia 
and  America,  which  (captain  Cook  did  not  visit,  to  ex- 
am'ne  more  accurately  the  islands  which  stretch  from 
one  contmcnt  almost  to  the  other,  to  survey  the  norfh- 
easl  coast  of  the  Russian  empire,  from  the  mouth  uf  the 
Kovyma,  or  Kolyma,  to  the  North  Cape,  and  to  settle, 
by  astronomical  observations,  the  position  of  each  place 
worth  notice.  The  conduct  of  this  important  enter- 
prise is  committed  to  Captain  Hillings,  an  Knglish  offi- 
cer in  Ihe  Russian  service,  of  whose  abilities  for  that 
station  it  will  be  deemed  tlie  best  evidence,  that  he 
accompanied  (!^aplain  Cook  in  bis  last  voyage.  To 
render  the  expedition  more  e  'ensively  useful,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist  is  appointed  to  a'^'^nd  Captain  Hillings. 
Six  years  will  be  recpii.^ite  for  accomplishing  the  purposes 
of  the  voya;»e.  (-oxe's  Supplement  to  Russian  Disco- 
veries, p.  27,  &c. 

NoxR  [44].  p.  103  —Few  travellers  have  had  such 
opportunity  of  observing  the  natives  of  America,  in  its 
various  districts  as  Don  Antonio  I'lltia.  In  a  work 
latelv  published  by  him.  be  thuA  describes  the  charac- 
tcristicrtl  features  of  tlie  race:  '*  A  verv  small  fore- 
head, covered  wnb  hair  towards  its  extrennties.  as  far 
as  the  middle  of  the  eye-bnnvs;  liitle  eyes;  a  thin 
nose,  small  and  bending  towards  the  u|)per  lip  ;  the 
countenance  broad;  llie  ears  |ari:e ;  the  hair  verv 
black,  lank,  and  coarse  ;  tlie  limbs  well  turned,  the  feet 
Bmall.  the  body  of  just  proportion  ;  and  altogether 
smooth  and  free  from  hair,  until  old  age.  when  thev 
acquire  some  beard,  but  never  on  the  cheeks."  No- 
ticias  Americanas.  (Sic.  p.  307.  M.  Ic  Chevalier  de 
Pinto,  vsho  resided  several  years  in  a  part  of  America 
which  I'lloa  never  visited,  gives  a  sketch  of  the  gene- 
ral aspect  of  the  Indians  there  '*They  are  all  copper 
color  with  .-foine  diversity  of  shade,  not  in  proportion  to 
their  distance  from  the  equator,  but  according  to  the 
degree  of  eirvation  of  the  territory  which  ihey"iiihabit. 
Those  who  live  in  a  high  country  are  fairer  than  those 
in  the  marshy  low  lands,  on  the  roast.  Their  face  is 
round,  fnrthet  removed  perhaps,  than  that  of  anv  peo- 
ple from  an  oval  shape  Their  forehead  is  small,  the 
extremity  of  their  ears  far  from  the  face,  their  lips  th'ck, 
their  nose  llal,  their  eves  black,  or  of  a  chesnni  color, 
amall,  but  capable  of  discerning  objects  at  a  gre^it  dis- 


tance. Their  hair  is  always  thick  and  sleek,  and  with- 1  five  and  seven  inches  in  height.  Phil.  Trans,  vol.  Ik. 
(Hit  a.".;  tendeiiey  to  curl.  They  have  no  hair  on  any  p.  22.  Thc-^e.  however,  seem  to  have  been  the  very 
part  of  their  body  but  the  head.  At  the  tirsi  tispect  a  |  people  whose  size  had  been  rated  so  liigli  in  the  year 
MUiitierii  American  appears    to   he  mild  and  innocent,  |  1761 ;   for  >everal  of  them  bad  beads  and  red   bai/.o  of 

thi!  same  kind  with  what  had  been  put  on  board  Cat)- 


14 


but  on  a  more  lUlenti'.e  view,  one  discovers  in  his 
coimienanre  somelhing  wild,  distrustful,  and  sullen," 
MS.  pnirs  mr.  The  Iwo  portraits  drawn  by  hands 
very  different  from  those  of  coininnn  travellers,  have  a 
near  resemblance. 

NoTB  [4r>].  p.  104.  Amazing  accounts  are  given 
of  the  persevering  speed  of  the  Americana.  Adair 
relates  the  adventures  of  a  Chickkasah  warrior  who 
ran  tlirough  woods  and  over  mountains,  three  hundred 
computed  miles,  in  a  day  and  a  half  and  two  nights. 
Hist  of  Ainer.  Ind.  396. 

NoTK  f46J.  p.  104.  M.  (lodin  T,c  Jcune,  who  re- 
sided fifteen  years  among  the  Indians  of  Peru  and 
Quito,  and  twenty  years  in  the  French  colony  of  Cay- 
enne, in  which  there  is  a  constant  intercourse  with  the 
(iaiibis  and  other  tribes  on  the  Oronoco,  observes,  that 
the  vigor  of  constitution  among  the  Americans  is  ex- 
actly in  proportion  to  their  habits  of  labor.  The  Indians 
in  warm  climates,  such  as  those  on  the  coasts  of  the 
South  Sea,  on  the  river  of  Amazons,  and  the  river  Ori- 
noco, are  not  to  be  compared  for  strength  with  those 
in  cold  countries  ;  and  yet,  savs  he,  boats  daily  set  out 
from  Para,  a  i'ortuguese  settlement  on  the  river  of 
Amazons,  to  ascend  that  river  against  (he  rapidity  of 
the  stream,  and  with  the  same  crew  they  proceed  to 
San  Pablo,  which  is  eight  hundred  leagues  distant.  No 
crew  of  white  people,  or  oven  of  Negroes,  would  be 
found  equal  to  a  task  of  such  persevering  fatigue,  as 
I'nc  Portuguese  have  experienced  ;  and  yet  the  Indians 
being  accustomed  to  this  labor  from  their  infancy,  per- 
forin it.     Ms.  pr.ncs  mc. 

Note  [47].  p.  105.  Don  Antonio  Ulloa,  who  visited 
a  great  part  of  Peru  and  Chili,  the  kingdom  of  New 
Uranada,  and  several  of  the  provinces  bordering  on  the 
Mexican  Gulf,  while  employed  in  the  same  service  with 
the  French  Mathenialicians  during  the  space  of  ten 
years,  and  who  afterwards  had  an  opportunity  of  view- 1 
ing  the  North  Americans  asserts  "  that  if  we  have  seen 
one  American,  we  may  be  said  to  have  seen  them  all, 
their  color  and  make  are  so  nearly  the  same."  Notic. 
Americanas,  p.  328.  A  more  early  observer,  Pedro 
de  Cieca  dc  Leon,  one  of  the  conquerors  of  j*eru,  who 
had  likewise  traversed  many  provinces  of  America,  af- 
tirins  that  the  people,  men  and  women,  although  there 
is  such  a  multitude  of  tribes  or  nations  as  to  be  almost 
inimmeralde,   and    such  diversity  of  climates,  appear 

,  nevertheless  like  the  children  of  one  father  and  mother. 

I  Chronica  del'  Peru,  parte  i.  c.  19.  There  is,  no  doubt, 
a  certain  combination  of  features,  and  peculiarity  of 
aspect,  which  forms  what  may  be  called  a  European  or 
Asiatic  countenance.  There  must  likewise  be  one 
that  may  be  denominated  American,  common  to  the 
whole  race.  This  may  be  supposed  to  strike  the  tra- 
veller at  lirst  sight,  while  not  only  tiic  various  shades, 
which  distinguish  people  of  different  regions,  but  the 
peculiar  features  which  discriminate  individuals,  escape 
the  notice  of  a  transient  observer.  Hut  when  persons 
who  had  resided  so  long  among  the  Americans  concur 
in  bearing  testimony  to  the  similarity  of  ttieir  appear- 
ance m  every  climate,  wo  may  conclude  that  it  is  more 
remarkahln  than  that  of  any  other  race.  See  likewise 
(iarcia  Origen  de  los  Indies,  p.  54.  242.  Torquemadd 
Monarch.  Indiana,  ii.  571. 

NoTK.  [48J  p,  105,— M.  le  Chevalier  de  Pinto  ob- 
serves, that  in  the  interior  parts  of  Hrizil,  he  had  been 
informed  that  some  persons  resembling  the  while  peo- 
ple of  Darien  had  been  found  ;  but  that  the  breed  did 
not  continue,  and  their  children  became  like  other  Ame- 
ricans. This  race,  however,  is  very  imperfectly  known. 
MS.  pcn/:s  me. 

NoTK  [41)].  p.  105. — The  testimonies  of  different 
travellers  concerning  the  Patagonians,  have  been  col- 
lected and  slated  with  a  considerable  degree  of  accu- 
racy by  the  author  of  Recberches  Philosophiqucs,  &c. 
torn.  i.  281,  6l.c  iii.  181,  &.c.  Since  the  publication 
of  his  work,  several  navigators  have  visited  the  Magel- 
lanic regions,  and  like  their  predecessors,  differ  very 
widely  in  their  accounts  of  its  inhabitants  Hy  Coin- 
modure  Hyron  and  his  crew,  who  sailed  through  the 
Straits  in  1764.  the  common  size  of  the  Patagonians 
was  estimated  lobe  eight  feet,  and  many  of  them  innch 
taller.  Phil.  Transact  vol.  Ivii  p  78.  Hy  Captain 
Wallis  aii<I  Carteret,  who  actually  measured  them  in 
1766,  Ihey  were  found   lo  be  from  six  feet  to  six  fcot 


lam  Watiis's  ship,  and  he  naturally  concluded  lliat  they 
had  got  lhc«e  from  Mr.  Hyron.  Hawkesw.  i  In  1767 
they  were  again  measured  by  M.  Hongainville,  whose 
account  differs  little  from  that  of  <>aplain  Wallis.  \'uy. 
12U.  To  these  I  hhall  add  a  testimony  of  great  weight. 
In  the  year  1762,  Don  Uernardo  Ifiegnez  do  Kchavarri 
accompanied  the  Marquis  do  Valdelirios  to  Huer.oi 
Ayres,  and  resided  there  several  years.  He  is  a  very 
intelligent  author,  and  his  rejnitation  for  veracity  nnlin- 
peached  among  his  countrymen.  In  speaking  of  the 
country  towards  the  southern  extremity  of  America. 
"  Hy  what  Indians,"  says  he,  "  is  it  possessed  I  Not 
certainly  by  the  fabulous  Patagoiiians  who  are  supposed 
lo  occupy  this  district.  I  have  from  many  eye-wit- 
nesses, who  liave  lived  among  those  Indians,  and  traded 
much  with  them,  a  true  and  accurate  descrqition  o" 
their  persons.  They  are  of  the  same  stature  with  lh»j 
Spaniards.  I  never  saw  one  who  rose  in  height  two 
raruji  and  two  or  three  inches,"  i.  e.  about  86  or  8 1  332 
inches  Knglish.  if  Kchavarri  makes  his  computation 
according  to  the  ram  of  Madrid.  This  agrees  r^arly 
with  the  measurement  of  Captain  W'allis.  Keyno  Je- 
suitico.  238,  Mr.  Falkner,  who  r''sided  as  a  mission- 
ary forty  years  in  tfie  southern  parts  of  America,  says 
that  the  Patagonians.  or  I'uelcbcs,  are  a  large  bottled 
people  ;  but  I  never  heard  of  that  gigantic  race  which 
others  have  mentioned,  though  I  have  seen  persons  of 
all  tlie  different  tribes  of  southern  Indians,"  Introd 
p.  26.  M.  Dobrizbotfer.  a  .lesuit,  who  resided  eighteen 
years  in  Paraguay,  and  who  had  seen  great  numbers  of 
the  various  tribes  which  inhabit  the  countries  situated 
upon  the  Straits  of  iMagelhin,  conlinns  in  every  p-.'int, 
the  testimony  of  his  brother  missionary  Falkner.  Do- 
brizbotfer enters  into  some  detail  with  respect  to  the 
opinions  of  several  n*ithors  concerning  the  stature  of 
Ihe  i*ata<;onians.  Having  mentioned  the  re|H)rtM  of 
some  early  travellers  wilii  regard  to  the  extraordinary 
size  of  some  bones  found  on  that  coast  which  were 
sn|)posed  lobe  human  ;  and  having  endeavored  to  show 
that  these  bones  belonged  to  some  large  marine  or 
land  animal,  be  concludes,  "  de  hisce  ossibns  crcJe 
quiequid  hbuerit,  dunmiodo.  me  siusore,  Palagones  pro 
gigantibus  desinas  habere."  Hist,  de  Abissonibuu, 
vol.  ii.  p.  19,  &.C. 

Note  [50],  p.  106.  Antonio  Sanchea  Ribeiro,  a 
learned  and  ingenious  physician,  published  a  disserta- 
tioii  in  the  yca-r  1765,  in  which  he  endeavors  to  prove 
that  this  disease  was  not  introduced  from  America,  but 
look  its  rise  in  Europe,  and  was  bronirlit  on  by  an  opi* 
demical  and  malignant  disorder.  Did  I  chose  to  enter 
into  a  disquisition  on  this  subject,  which  I  should  not 
have  mentioned  if  it  had  not  been  intimately  connected 
with  this  part  of  my  inquiries,  it  would  not  be  dittifult 
to  point  out  some  mistakes  with  respect  to  the  facts 
upon  which  he  founds,  as  well  as  some  errors  in  the 
consequences  which  he  draws  from  them.  The  rapid 
communication  of  this  disease  from  Spain  over  Eu- 
rope, seems  however  to  resemble  tfie  progress  of  an 
epidemic,  rather  than  that  of  a  disease  iransmittcd  by 
infection.  The  first  mention  of  it  is  in  the  year  1493, 
and  before  the  year  1497,  it  had  made  its  appearance 
in  most  countries  of  Europe,  with  such  alarming  symp- 
toms as  rendered  it  necessary  for  the  civil  magistrates 
to  interpose,  in  order  to  check  its  career.  Since  iho 
pulilicalion  of  this  work,  a  second  edition  of  Dr.  San- 
chez's Dissertation  has  been  communicated  lo  me.  It 
contains  several  additional  facts  in  confirmation  of  hi.^ 
opinion,  which  is  supported  with  such  plausible  argu 
ments,  as  render  it  a  subject  of  im^utry  well  Ueservmp 
the  attention  of  learned  physicians. 

Note  [51].  p.  106 — The  people  of  Otahcite  have  no 
denominaiion  for  any  number  above  two  hundred,  which 
is  sntficient  for  their  transactions.  Voyages  by  Hawken- 
worlh,  ii.  228. 

NoTK  [52]  p  107. — Ah  the  viow  which  I  h»ve  given 
of  rurle  nations  is  extremely  different  from  that  exhi 
bited  by  very  respectable  authors,  it  mav  be  proper  lo 
produce  some  of  '.he  many  authorities  on  which  I  I'ounil 
my  description.  The  manners  of  the  savage  tribe:*  in 
America  have  never  f)een  viewed  by  persons  more  c* 
pable  of  observing  them  with  discernment,  th^n  the 
philosophers  employed  by  France  and  Spurn,  m  th» 
year  1735,  to  delernnnc  the  figure  uf  the  earth.  M- 
Hougucr,  D.  Antonio  d'Ulloa,  and  D   Jorge  JuaUi  TO 


m 


m 

wtiiid  long  among  the  natives  of  the  least  civih/cd  pro- 
vinces III  Prru.  M-  (Ic  la  Condamint*  had  not  only  the 
euiiic  advantHgcs  with  thciii  lor  ohscrvatiun,  Init,  in  \m 
voyu^c  duwri  lltu  iMuru^iioii,  ho  hdd  an  opportunity  of 
hiMpruinig  llie  !«tiitf  ot  (iio  various  nutioiiH  soHtod  on  its 
hunk».  in  ltd  Vii!<i  courae  across  the  continent  of  fioulh 
America.  There  is  a  woiulerfiil  resemblance  in  their 
rpiireaeiitatioii  of  the  character  of  the  Amcrirans. 
'•  They  are  all  extremely  indolent,"  snys  M.  l)ouf>ner, 
**  they  are  stupid  ,  they  pass  whole  days  sitting  in  the 
same  place,  without  moving,  or  speaking  a  sini^le  word. 
It  is  nut  easy  to  descrilic  the  degree  of  their  inuitt'ercnce 
for  wealth,  and  all  i(h  advautafres.  One  dues  not  well 
know  what  motive  to  pro[>osc  'o  them,  when  one  would 
iwrsuade  them  to  pcrlorm  any  service.  It  is  vain  to 
olfer  them  money  ;  they  answer,  that  they  are  not  hun- 
gry." Voyage  an  Peron,  p,  102  "  If  one  considers 
them  as  men,  the  narrowness  of  their  understanding 
eeems  to  ho  incomputihle  with  the  excellence  of  the 
soul.  Their  imbeciliiy  is  so  visible  that  one  can  hardly 
form  an  idea  of  them  dill'erent  from  what  one  has  of  the 
brnlea.  Nothing  disturbs  the  tranquillity  of  their  souls, 
equally  insensible  to  disasters  and  to  prosperity. 
Thon^'li  half  naked,  they  are  as  contented  as  a  monarch 
in  his  most  splendid  array.  Uichesdo  not  attract  them 
in  the  finalleitt  de;irec,  and  the  authority  uf  dignities  to 
whirh  thev  may  aspire  are  so  little  the  objects  of  their 
ftinbilion,  that  an  Indian  wilt  receive  with  the  same  in- 
ddiereiic'j  the  ollice  of  a  judge  (Alcade)  or  that  of  a 
haiigniHii,  if  deprived  of  ihe  former  and  appointed  to  the 
latter.  Xotniug  can  move  or  change  them.  Interest 
has  no  power  over  iheni,  and  they  often  refuse  to  per- 
form a  ^inall  servirc.  ibouyh  certain  of  a  great  recom- 
pense. Fear  n.dkf »  no  impression  upon  them,  and  re- 
speel  as  tittle.  Thetr  disposition  is  so  singular  that 
there  is  iu>  method  of  inthiencmg  them,  no  means  of 
rousing  tiicm  from  that  inditfercni>e  which  is  proof 
Dgainst  all  the  endeavors  of  the  wisest  persons;  no  ex- 
pedient which  can  induce  them  to  abandon  that  gross 
igiMUance,  or  lay  a^iJc  that  careless  negligence  which 
liihconet  rl  iho  prudence  atid  disajipoint  the  care  of  such 
as  .Tre  attentive  to  their  welfare."  Voyage  d'L'tloa, 
torn,  i  n;tft.  ;jr)6.  Of  those  singular  qualities  he  pro- 
duce? mjnv  extraordinary  instances,  p.  336.  :)47.  "In- 
scnsibilitv,"  says  M.  de  la  ('ondamine,  **is  the  basis  of 
the  Ameiican  character.  I  leave  others  to  determine, 
whether  this  should  be  dignitied  with  the  name  of 
apathy,  or  disgraced  with  thai  of  stupidity.  It  arises, 
wiihuul  doiib!,  from  the  small  number  uf  their  ideas, 
which  do  not  exieiid  beyond  their  wants.  Cilultons 
even  to  voracity,  when  they  have  wherewithal  to  satisfy 
their  appetite.  Temperate,  when  necessity  obliges 
them,  to  such  a  degree,  that  they  can  endure  want 
wilhunt  seeming  to  desire  any  thing.  Pusillanimous 
and  cowardly  to  excess,  unless  when  they  are  rendered 
desperate  by  drunkenness.  Avt-rse  to  labor,  inditforent 
to  every  motive  of  glory,  honor,  or  gratitude  ;  occupied 
entirely  by  the  object  that  is  present,  and  always  de- 
termined by  it  alune,  wiihout  anv  solicitude  about  fu- 
turitv  ;  incapable  of  foresiuhr  or  of  reflection  ;  abandon- 
ing themselves  when  uiultir  no  restraint,  to  a  puerile 
joy,  which  lliey  cxprcs  by  frisking  about  and  immode- 
rate tils  of  lauitjiter ;  willwut  object  or  design,  they 
piss  their  life  without  thinking,  and  grow  old  without 
advancing  beyond  childhood,  of  which  they  retain  all 
the  delects.  If  this  description  were  applicable  only 
to  the  Indians  in  some  provinces  of  Peru,  who  are 
slaves  in  every  respect  but  ihe  name,  one  might  be- 
lieve, that  this  degree  of  deiieneracy  was  occasioned  by 
the  .servile  dependence  to  which  ihey  are  reduced  ;  the 
example  of  the  modern  Greeks  being  proof  how  far  ser- 
vitude may  degrade  the  human  species.  But  the  In- 
draiis  in  liie  missions  of  the  Jesuits,  and  the  savages 
who  rttdl  enjoy  unimpaired  liberty,  being  as  limited  in 
their  faculties,  not  to  say  as  .stupid,  as  the  otiier,  one 
cunnot  observe  without  humiliation,  that  man,  when 
abandoned  to  simple  nature,  and  deprived  of  the  advan- 
tages resulting  from  education  and  society,  ditfers  but 
little  fcom  the  brute  creation."  Voyage  de  la  Rtv.  de 
Ainaz.  .V^  53.  M.  de  ('hanvainn,  an  intelligent  and 
philoso[ihical  observer,  who  visited  Marlinico  m  1751. 
and  resided  there  six  years,  gives  the  following  de- 
■cfiption  of  the  Caraibs  :  '*  It  is  not  the  red  color  of 
their  complexion,  it  is  not  the  sini;ulirity  of  their  fea- 
tures, which  constitutes  the  chief  difference  between 
them  and  us.  It  is  their  excessive  simplicity  :  it  is  the 
hmiled  degree  of  their  faculties.  Their  reason  is  not 
more  enlightened  or  more  provident  than  the  instinct  of 
brutes.  The  reason  of  the  most  gross  peasants,  that 
of  tlie  negroes  brought  up  in  the  parts  of  Africa  most 
remote  from  intercourse  with  Kviropeans,  is  such,  that 
we  discover  apptfarances  of  intelligence,  which,  though 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY   OF 


I  imperfect,  is  capable  of  increase.  But  of  this  the  on* 
j  dtTstandiiig  of  tlie  ("larnibs  seem*  to  be  hardly  siisrep- 
llihle.  If  sound  phiIo.-o[)hy  ami  relii^ion  did  not  ntlord 
i  us  iheir  light,  if  \vn  were  to  deride  acrordmi.'  (o  the 
\  lir>t  impresi«ion  whit  h  'lie  v.'ew  of  ilial  people  makes 
upon  the  mmd.  we  tilioiild  he  disposed  lo  believe  that 
Uiey  do  not  hilong  (o  ilie  same  speries  with  us.  Their 
stupid  eyes  are  tht  true  mirror  of  their  souls  ;  it  ap- 
pears to  be  without  functions.  Their  indolence  is  ex- 
treme ;  they  have  never  the  leasi  solicitude  about  the 
moment  which  is  to  succeed  that  which  is  present." 
Voyage  a  U  Martinique,  p.  44,  45.  ftl.  M.  de  la 
Borde,  Tcrtrc,  and  I^orhefort,  confirm  this  description 
"The  characteristics  of  the  (."alifornians,"  says  P. 
Vcnegas,  *'  as  well  as  of  all  other  Indians,  are  stupidity 
and  insensibility  ;  want  of  knowledge  and  reflection  ; 
inconstancy,  impetuosity,  and  blindness  of  appetite  ;  an 
e.xcessivc  sloth,  and  abhorrence  of  all  labor  and  fatigue  ; 
an  excessive  love  of  pleasure  and  amusement  uf  every 
kind,  however  trifling  or  brutal ;  pusillanimity  ;  and,  in 
line,  a  most  wretched  want  of  everv  thing  which  con- 
stitutes the  real  man,  and  renders  him  rational,  inven- 
tive, tractable,  and  useful  to  himself  and  society.  It  is 
not  easy  for  Kuropeans,  who  never  were  out  of  their 
own  country,  to  conceive  an  adequate  idea  of  those 
people;  for,  even  in  the  least  fretpicr.ted  corners  of  the 
clobe,  there  is  not  a  nation  so  stupid,  of  such  contracted 
ideas,  and  so  weak  both  m  body  and  mmd,  as  the  un- 
happy Californians.  Their  understand. ng  comprehends 
little  more  than  what  they  see  ;  abstract  ideas,  and 
much  less  a  chain  of  reasoning,  being  far  beyond  their 
power;  so  that  they  scarce  ever  improve  their  first 
ideas,  and  these  are  in  general  false,  or  at  least  inade- 
quate. It  is  in  vain  to  represent  to  them  any  future 
advantages  which  will  result  to  them  from  doing  or 
abstaining  from  this  or  that  particular  immediately  pre- 
sent ;  the  relation  of  means  and  ends  being  beyond  the 
stretch  of  their  faculties.  Nor  have  they  the  least  no- 
lion  of  piirsuini;  such  intentions  as  will  juocure  them- 
selves some  future  jjood.  or  j/nrd  them  against  future 
evils.  Their  will  is  pronnrlional  (o  their  faculties,  and 
all  their  jjassions  move  in  a  very  narrow  sphere.  Am- 
bition tbev  have  none,  and  are  more  desirous  of  being 
accounted  strong  than  valiant.  The  objects  o(  ambi- 
tion with  us,  honor,  fume,  reputation,  titles,  posts,  and 
distinctions  of  superiority,  are  unknown  among  ihem  ; 
so  that  this  powerful  spring  of  action,  the  cause  of  so 
much  seeming  uood  and  real  evil  in  the  world,  has  no 
power  here.  This  disposition  of  mind,  as  it  gives  them 
up  to  an  amazing  languor  and  lassitude,  their  lives  fleet- 
ing away  in  a  perpetual  inactivity  and  detestation  of 
lai>or.  so  it  likewi.^e  induces  them  to  be  attracted  by  the 
first  object  which  their  own  fancy,  or  the  persuasion  of 
another,  places  before  them  ;  and  at  the  same  time  ren- 
ders thrin  as  prone  to  alter  their  resolutions  with  the 
same  facility.  They  look  with  indifference  upon  any 
kindness  done  them  ;  nor  is  even  the  bare  remembrance 
of  It  to  be  expected  from  them.  In  a  word,  the  un- 
happy mortals  may  be  compared  to  children,  in  whom 
the  dcvelopcment  of  reason  is  not  completed.  They 
may  indeed  be  called  a  nation  who  never  arrive  at 
manhood."  Hist,  of  California,  English  Transl.  i. 
64.  67.  Mr.  Ellis  gives  a  similar  account  of  the  want 
of  foresiirht  and  inconsiderate  di.*iposition  of  the  people 
adjacent  to  Hud.>*on's  Hay.      Voyage,  p.  194,  !£).'). 

The  incapacity  of  the  Americans  is  so  remarkable, 
thut  negroes  from  all  the  diiVerenl  provinces  of  Africa 
arc  observed  to  be  more  capable  of  improving  by  in- 
struction. They  actpiire  the  knowledge  of  several  par- 
ticulars which  the  Americans  cannot  comprehend. 
Hence  the  ne'jrocs.  tliough  slaves,  value  themselves  as 
a  superior  order  of  beinus,  and  look  down  upon  the 
Americans  with  contempt,  as  void  of  capacity  and 
of  rational  discernment.  I'lloa  Nolic.  Americ.  332, 
323. 

XoTE  [53J.  p.  in7.--Dohrizhoffer,  the  last  traveller 
I  know  who  has  resi<led  among  any  tribe  of  the  ruder 
Americans,  has  explained  so  fully  the  various  reasons 
which  have  indticed  their  women  to  suckle  their  child- 
ren long,  and  never  to  undertake  rearing  such  as  were 
feeble  or  distorted,  and  even  to  destn)y  a  considerable 
number  of  iheir  offspring,  ns  lo  throw  great  liubt  on 
the  observations  I  have  made,  p  144.  154.  Hist,  de 
.\bis8onibus.  vol.  li.  p.  107.  231.  So  deeply  wore 
these  ideas  imprinted  in  the  minds  of  the  Americans, 
that  the  Peruvians,  a  civilized  people  when  compared 
with  the  barbarous  tribes  whose  manners  I  am  descri- 
bing, retained  them  ;  and  even  their  intercourse  with 
the  Spanianis  has  not  been  ubio  lo  root  tliem  out. 
When  Iwmsare  born  in  any  family,  it  is  still  co.isidertMl 
as  an  ominous  event,  and  the  parents  have  recourse  ti 


rigorous  acts  of  »     -'Uication,  in  order  to  avert  the  CEr 

lainities  wuh  whifh  they  are  threatened.  When  a 
child  is  born  with  any  rhiformily,  thry  will  not,  if  Ihey 
can  pos?.ib|y  avoid  it,  bnni;  it  to  he  kijitised.  and  V.  is 
with  ditliculiy  lliey  can  be  broiiglil  to  rear  it.  Arriagft 
l:;.\tirpac.  de  l.i   Idolal.  del  Peru,  p.  32,  33. 

NoTK  [54]  p.  108  —The  numi.er  of  the  fi.th  in  \U4 
rivers  of  .South  Aim  rica  is  bo  extraordinary  as  to  meril 
parliculdi  notice.  '•  In  the  Marairnun  (says  P.  Aciigna) 
flsh  are  so  plentiful,  that,  without  any  art,  they  may 
lake  them  with  the  hands."  p.  138.  "  In  the  Orinoco 
(says  P.  Gumilla,)  besides  an  infinite  variety  of  othci 
tish,  tortoise  or  turtle  abound  in  such  numbers,  that  I 
cannot  find  words  to  express  it.  I  doubt  nut  but  (hat 
such  as  read  my  account  will  accuse  uie  of  exaggera- 
tion: but  I  can  affirm  that  jt  is  as  ditiiculi  to  conn, 
them  as  to  count  the  sands  on  the  banks  of  that  river. 
One  may  judge  of  their  number  by  the  ninazmg  con 
smrp.fon  of  them  ;  for  all  the  nations  contiguous  to 
the  river,  and  even  many  who  are  at  a  distance,  flock 
thither  at  the  season  of  breeding,  and  not  only  find 
sustenance  during  that  time,  but  carry  uH' great  num- 
bers both  of  the  turtles  and  of  their  eggs."  Hist,  do 
rOrcnoque,  ii.  c.  22.  p.  59.  M.  Do  la  t.'ondnmme  con- 
firms their  accounts,  p.  159. 

Note  [.55].  p.  108— -Piso  descriljcs  two  oi  thesp 
plants,  the  Curuniape  and  the  (iiuijana'Ttmho.  1;  la 
remarkable,  that  though  they  have  this  t'utal  effect  upon 
fishes,  they  are  so  far  from  being  noxious  to  the  human 
species,  that  they  are  used  m  mediLine  with  success. 
I'iso,  lib.  iv.  c.  88.  Bancroft  menijons  another,  tlie 
Hmrtrc,  a  small  quantity  of  which  is  (iuflieieni  to  mo- 
briate  all  the  fish  to  a  considerable  distance,  so  that  in 
a  few  minutes  lliey  float  motionless  on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and  are  taken  with  ease.  Nat.  Hist.  )f 
Ciuiana,  p.  106. 

NoTK  [56].  p.  108.— Kcmarkable  instances  occur  uf 
the  calamities  which  rude  nations  suller  by  laimne. 
Alvar  Nugnez  Cabrca  de  Vaca,  one  of  the  most  gal- 
lant and  viituous  of  ihc  Spanish  adventurers,  residi-d 
almost  nine  years  among  the  savages  of  I'lorida.  '1  ht-y 
were  unacquainted  with  every  species  of  agriculture. 
Their  subsisiencu  was  poor  and  precarious.  ••  'J  hey 
livo  chielty  (says  he)  upon  roots  of  different  pianis, 
which  they  procure  with  great  dilbculty,  wandering 
from  place  to  place  m  search  of  them.  Komeiimei 
they  kill  game,  sometimes  they  catch  fish,  but  m  such 
small  quantities,  that  their  hunger  is  so  extreme  as  com- 
pels them  lo  eat  spiders,  the  eggs  of  ants,  worms, 
lizards,  serpents,  a  kind  of  unctuous  earth,  and,  I  am 
persuadeil,  that  if  in  this  country  there  were  slonea, 
they  would  swallow  these.  They  preserve  the  bones 
of  fishes  and  serpents,  which  they  grind  mto  powder 
and  eat."  The  only  season  when  they  do  not  sutler 
much  from  famine,  is,  when  a  certain  fruit,  which  ho 
calls  Tunas,  is  ripe.  This  is  the  same  wiili  the  Opui' 
tia,  or  prickly  pear,  of  a  reddish  and  yellow  color,  wiiti 
a  sweet  insipid  taste.  They  are  soinctiines  obliged  to 
travel  far  from  their  usual  place  of  residt'iicc  m  order 
to  find  them.  Naufragios,  c  xviii.  p.  20,  21,  22.  la 
another  place  he  observes,  that  tliey  are  fretpienlly 
reduced  to  pass  two  or  three  days  without  food,  c.  a&iv. 
p.  27. 

NoTK  [57],  p.  108. — M.  Fcrmin  has  given  an  accu- 
rate description  of  the  two  species  of  manioc,  with  an 
account  oj^  its  culture,  to  which  be  has  added  some 
experiments,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  poKtonous  quali- 
ties of  the  juice  extracted  from  that  species  which  he 
calls  the  bitter  cassava.  Among  the  Spaniards  it  is 
known  by  the  name  of  Yuva  brava.  Descr.  do  Surin. 
tom.  i.  p.  66. 

Note  [68].  p.  108. — The  plantain  is  found  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  as  well  as  in  America.  Oviedo  contendM, 
that  it  is  not  an  indigenous  plant  of  the  New  World, 
but  was  introduced  into  the  Island  of  Hispaniola,  in 
the  year  1516.  by  Father  Thomas  de  IJerlunga.  anil  that 
he  transplanted  it  from  the  Canary  Islands,  whither  the 
original  slips  had  been  brought  from  the  Kast  Indies. 
Oviedo.  hb.  viii.  c.  I.  Hut  the  opinion  of  Acosia  and 
other  naturalists,  who  reckon  it  an  American  plant* 
seems  tube  better  founded.  Acosta  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  iv. 
21.  It  was  cultivated  by  rude  tribes  in  America,  who 
had  little  intercourse  with  the  Spaniards,  and  who  were 
destitute  of  that  ingenuity  which  disposes  men  to  bor- 
row what  is  useful  from  foreign  nations.  CiuiuU.  ut 
186      Wafer*!  Voyage,  p  S7. 


1*1 


r 


h 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


NnTB  [59].  p.  108.— It  is  remarkable  that  Acoata, 
ont:  of  the  rnosl  accuraic  and  hcnl  inlnnncd  wrilcrs 
concerning  th«;  W'vm  Indicit,  athnns  ihdt  niui/r,  ihon^h 
ciilii\dU*d  in  till)  (-untnii'nt,  ,vu!4  nut  known  in  (he 
i^Undn,  ilir  nih.ilutantH  ut'  which  had  none  ttul  tuHflada 
hriad.  Iii«t.  Nat.  hh.  iv.  c.  Ifl.  Hut  I*.  Martyr,  in 
the  lirst  hunk  ol  hm  lirat  Uerud,  which  wua  wnticn  in 
the  >e.ir  Mlr<t,  upon  the  return  of  (^oluinhus  Iruin  hiH 
tirst  voyage,  cipresaly  inenliunH  inajzo  aa  a  plant  which 
(he  islundrrs  cultivated,  and  of  which  they  niadt;  l>reud, 
p.  7.  (Jornora  likewme  aascrta  that  they  were  ac- 
ipiaintcd  Willi  the  cuttiiic  of  inaizo.  Hiator.  Uener. 
cup.  '^8  Ovicdo  descrihea  ir.aizc  without  any  intiina- 
lioii  ul  iiH  heing  a  jdanl  that  waa  not  natural  to  Hia- 
paniutd.      I.ih.  vii.  c.  1. 

NorK  [ftOJ  p.  109— New  Holland,  a  country  which 
fornirrly  wa.i  only  known,  has  lately  been  visited  by 
intelligent  oliMrver:}.  It  lies  in  a  region  of  the  globe 
whiru  It  inu»t  enjoy  a  very  favorable  climate,  aa  it 
utretclu's  from  the  lOih  to  the  38th  degree  of  aoulhern 
latitude.  It  m  of  great  client,  anil  from  ila  square 
form  must  be  much  mure  than  equal  to  all  Kurupe, 
'J'he  people  who  inhabit  the  vdrlous  parts  of  ir  appear 
t(i  be  ol  one  rucu.  They  are  evidently  ruder  than  most 
of  the  Amuricaiis.  and  have  made  still  lens  progress  m 
iiiiproviMiieni  and  the  aria  of  life.  There  la  not  the 
led>t  appearance  ui  tuliivatioii  m  any  part  oi  this  vaitt 
region.  The  llihabllallt^  are  extremely  few,  so.thal  the 
country  appears  ulinost  desolate.  Their  trihea  arc  still 
mure  meor.sidcrablc  than  those  of  America.  They 
depend  for  sub-smtence  almost  cniircly  onlishing.  They 
do  not  settle  in  one  place,  but  roam  about  in  quest 
of  loud.  Uolh  sexes  go  stark  naked.  'I'heir  habi- 
tations, utensils,  &.C.  are  more  simple  and  rude  than 
those  o(  the  Americans.  Voyages  by  Ilawkeswortli, 
iii.  B'i'Z,  \c.  This,  perhaps,  is  the  country  where  man 
has  been  discovered  in  the  earliest  stage  of  his  pro- 
^reaa,  and  exhibits  a  miserable  specimen  of  hia  condi- 
tion and  poweis  in  that  uncultivated  siute.  If  this 
country  shall  be  more  fully  explored  by  future  navi- 
gators, iho  comparison  oi  the  manners  of  Us  inhabi- 
tanls  with  those  of  the  Americans  will  piovc  an  in- 
structive article  in  the  history  of  the  human  sjiecics. 

Note  [61].  p.  109. — P.  Gabriel  Marcst,  who  tra- 
velled from  hi!*  station  among  the  Illinois  to  Michili- 
markinac,  thus  describes  the  face  of  tlie  country  : — 
*'  We  have  marched  twelve  days  without  meeting  a 
single  human  creature.  Sometimes  we  found  ourselves 
III  vast  meadows,  of  wbirh  wc  could  not  sec  bound- 
aries, turougii  which  there  flowed  many  brooks  and 
rivers,  but  without  any  path  to  conduct  us.  ISomc- 
times  we  were  obliged  to  open  a  passage  across  thick 
furesls,  through  bushes,  and  underwood  hllcd  with  briars 
and  thorns  Someiimes  we  had  to  pass  through  deep 
marshes,  m  which  we  sunk  up  to  the  middle.  After 
being  fatigued  through  the  day,  we  had  the  earth  for  our 
bed.  or  a  few  leaves,  exposed  to  the  wind,  the  ram,  and 
all  tne  injuries  of  the  air."  Lettr.  Editiantes,  ii.  SfM). 
Ur.  Birknell.  m  an  excursion  from  North  Carolina  to- 
wards the  mountains,  A.  D.  17^)0,  travelled  fifteen  days 
witboui  meeting  with  a  human  creature.  Nit.  Hist,  of 
North  Carolina,  38'J.  Uirgo  de  Ordas,  in  attempting 
to  make  a  seitlenient  in  Soutli  America,  A.  D.  1&3U, 
marched  tifly  days  through  a  country  without  one  in- 
habitant,    llcrrera,  dec  5.  lib.  i.  c.  11. 

Note  [62].  p.  109. — I  stron<jlv  suspect  that  a  com- 
munity of  goods, and  an  undivided  store,  are  known  only 
among  tlie  rudest  tribes  of  hunters  ;  and  that  as  soon 
as  any  ^jiecies  of  agriculture  or  retriilar  industry  is 
known,  the  idea  of  an  exclusixe  right  of  prop'Tty  to  the 
fruits  of  them  is  introdMCcd.  I  am  coniirmed  in  this 
opin.on  by  accounts  which  1  have  received  concerning 
the  state  of  property  among  the  Indians  in  very  diN 
ferent  regions  ol  America.  "  The  idea  of  ttie  natives 
of  lirazil  concerning  property  is,  that  if  any  person  cul- 
tivate a  field,  he  alone  ought  to  enjoy  the  produce  of 
It.  and  no  other  has  a  title  to  pretend  to  it.  If  an  indi- 
vidual or  family  go  a  hunting  or  lishmg,  what  is  cauglit 
belongs  to  the  individual  or  to  the  family,  and  they 
communicate  tio  part  of  it  to  any  but  to  their  cazique, 
or  to  such  of  their  kindred  as  happen  to  be  indisposed. 
If  any  person  in  the  village  come  to  their  hut,  he  may 
pit  down  freely,  and  eat  without  asking  liberty.  13ui 
this  ia  the  consequence  of  their  general  principle  of  hos- 
pitality ;  for  1  never  ohservul  any  partition  of  the  in- 
crease uf  their  lieids,  or  the  produce  of  the  chase, 
which  I  could  consider  as  the  result  of  any  idea  con* 
cerning  a  community  of  goods.  On  the  contrary,  they 
uv  so  luUiih   attached  to  what  they  dsem  to  bo  their 


I  properly,  that  it  would  bo  extremely  dangerous  to  en- 

I  crodch  iqion  it.  As  far  an  I  cur.  see  or  can  learn,  there 
in  not  one    tribe  of   Indians  m  South  America  among 

,  whom  the  communily  of  goods  which  han  been  so  highly 
extolled  is  known.  The  circumstance  m  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Jesuits,  most    irksoino  to  the  Indians  of 

j  i'araguay,  was  the  community  of  goods  which  tbove 
fathers  introduced.     This  was  repugnant  to  the  original 

I  ideas  of  the  Indians.  They  were  acquainted  with  the 
rights  of  private  exclusive  properly,  and  they  submii- 

I  ted  with  impatience  to  regulations  which  destroyed 
them."  M  le  Clieval,  do  Puuo.  M.S.  penes  me. 
"  Actual   possession  (says  a  missionary  who  resided 

[several  years  among  the  Indians  of  the  live  nations) 

I  mvea   a  rii»bt  to  the  snil :  but.  whenever  a  possessor 

I  sees  fit  lo  quit  it,  anuther  luis  a«  good  right  to  take  it 
as  he  who  left  it.     This  taw,  or  custom,  respects  not 

1  only  the  particular  spot  on  which  he  erects  his  house, 
but  also  his  planting-ground  If  a  man  has  prepared  a 
particular  spot  of  ground  on  whicli  he  designs  in  future 
to  build  or  plant,  no  man  ha.'<  a  right  to  incommode 
him,  much  less  to  llie  fruit  ofliis  labors,  until  it  appears 
that  he  voluntarily  gives  up  bis  views.  But  1  never 
heard  of  any  formal  conveyance  from  one  Indian  to 
another  in  their  natural  state.  The  limit  of  every  cantoii 
IS  circumscribed  ;  that  is.  they  arc  allowed  to  hunt  as  fai 
as  such  a  river  on  this  band,  and  sncli  a  mountain  on  the 
other.  This  area  is  occupied  and  unproved  by  individuals 
and  their  families  :  individuals,  not  the  communily,  have 
the  use  and  profit  of  their  own  labors,  or  success  in 
hunting."     MS.  of  Mr.  Gideon  Hawtey,  ;«/(t»  me. 

Note  [63].  p.  109. — This  diirerencc  of  temper  be- 
tween the  American.-*  and  Negroes  is  so  remarkable, 
that  it  is  a  proverbial  saying  in  the  French  islands, 
*'  Kegarder  un  sauvage  de  travers.  c'cst  le  battre  ;  le 
battre,  c'est  le  tuer ;  ballro  un  Negre,  c'esl  le  nourrir." 
Tertre,  ii.  490. 

Note  [64].  p.  109  — The  description  of  the  political 
state  of  the  people  of  ('inaloa  pertectly  resembles  that 
of  the  inhabitants  of  North  America.  "They  have 
neither  laws  nor  kings  (says  a  missionary  who  resided 
long  among  them)  to  punish  any  crime.  Nor  is  there 
among  them  any  species  of  authority,  or  political  go- 
vernment, to  restrain  them  in  any  part  of  their  conduct. 
It  is  true  that  they  acknowledge  certain  caziques,  who 
arc  beads  of  their  families  or  villages ;  but  their 
authority  appears  chiefly  in  war,  and  the  expeditions 
against  their  enemies.  This  autliority  the  caziques 
obtain  not  by  hereditary  right,  but  by  their  valor  in 
war,  or  by  the  power  and  number  of  their  families  and 
relations.  ISoinetimes  they  owe  their  pre-eminence  to 
their  eloquence  in  displaying  their  own  exploits." 
Kibas  Hislor.  de  las  Triumph,  &c.  p.  11.  The  state 
of  the  Chiquitos  in  South  America  is  nearly  the  same. 
"  They  havh  no  regular  form  of  government  or  civil 
life,  but  in  matters  of  public  concern  they  listen  to  the 
advice  of  their  old  men,  and  usually  follow  it.  The 
dignity  of  Cazique  is  not  hereditary,  but  conferred  ac- 
cording to  merit,  as  the  reward  of  valor  in  war.  The 
union  among  them  is  imperfect.  Their  society  resem- 
bles a  republic  without  any  head,  in  which  every  man 
is  master  of  himself,  and,  upon  tlie  least  disgust,  sepa- 
rates from  those  with  whom  he  seemed  lo  be  con- 
nected." Kelacion  Historical  de  las  Missiones  de  los 
Chiquitos.  por  P.  Juan,  Patr.  Fernandez,  p.  32,  33. 
Thus,  under  very  dilferent  climates,  when  nations  are 
in  a  similar  state  of  society,  their  institutions  and  civil 
government  assume  the  same  form. 

j  Note  [65].  p  111. — "!  have  known  the  Indians 
(says  a  person  well  acquainted  with  their  mode  of  life) 
to  go  a  thousand  miles  for  the  purpose  of  revenge,  in 

I  pathless  woods,  over  hills  and  mountains,  tlirough  huge 
cane  swamps,  exposed  to  the  extremities  of  beat  and 
cold,  the  vicissitude  of  seasons,  to  hunger  and  thirst. 
Such  is  their  overboiling  revengeful  temper,  that  they 
utterly  contemn  all  those  things  as  imaginary  trifles.  If 
they  arc  so  happy  as  to  get  the  scalp  of  the  murderer, 
or  enemy,  to  satisfy  the  craving  ghosts  of  their  de- 
ceased relations."  Adair's  Hist,  of  Amer.  Indians, 
p.  150. 

I  Note  [66].  p.  Ill — In  the  account  of  tho  great 
j  war  between  the  Algonquins  and  Iroquois,  the  achieve- 
jments  of  Piskaret.  a  famous  chief  of  the  Algonquins, 
!  performed  mostly  by  himself  alone,  or  with  one  or  two 
'  companions,  make  a  capital  figure.  De  la  Potherie,  i. 
,297,  tScc.     Colden'a  Hist,  of  Kivo  Nations,  125,  &c. 

Note  [07]  p.  HI. — Tho  life  of  an  unfortunate 
leader  is  often  in  danger,  and  he  is  always  degraded 


195 


from  tho  rank  which  ho  had  acq  tired  by  his  fomMtx 

exploits.     Adair,  p.  388. 

NoTK  [68].  p.  111 — As  tho  ideas  of  tho  North 
Americans,  with  respect  to  the  mode  of  carrying  on 
war.  are  generally  known,  I  have  luunded  my  oliBer^a- 
tioiiH  ehielly  ujrnn  the  icstiinony  of  the  aultior.'t  '^hodu- 
scribe  them,  iiut  the  same  maxims  look  place  among 
other  nations  in  the  New  World.  A  judicious  missiOM- 
ary  has  {{iven  a  view  of  the  military  operations  of  thu 
people  in  Gran  Chaco,  in  South  America,  perfectly 
sunilar  to  those  of  the  Iroquois.  *'  They  arc  much  ad- 
dicted lo  war  (saya  he),  which  they  carry  on  frequently 
amonu  themselves,  but  perpetually  against  the  Spa- 
niards. Hnt  Ihey  may  rather  be  cnMed  thieves  (hsn 
soldiers,  fui  they  never  make  head  against  tho  Spa- 
niards, unless  when  they  can  ai^sault  them  hy  stealth, 
or  have  guarded  against  any  mischance  t>y  spies,  who 
may  he  called  mdefiitig^lile  ;  Ihey  will  watch  the  set- 
tlements of  the  Spaniards  for  one,  two,  or  three  years, 
observing  by  night  every  thing  lliat  pa.s.ses  with  the  ut- 
most soliciludc,  whether  they  may  expect  resistance  or 
not.  and  until  they  are  perlectly  secure  of  the  event, 
they  will  not  venture  upon  an  attack  ;  so  ihut,  when 
they  do  give  the  assault,  tbry  nro  certain  of  success, 
and  free  from  all  danger,  'i'hese  spies,  in  order  that 
they  may  not  be  otisiTved.  will  creep  on  all  tuur  like 
cats  in  the  night ;  but  if  tliey  are  discovered,  make 
tlicir  escape  with  much  dextenly.  Hut.  although  they 
never  choose  to  face  thu  S|>aiiianl.i,  if  they  bo  sur- 
rounded in  any  place  whence  ihey  cannot  escape,  they 
will  fight  with  desperate  valor,  and  sell  their  lives  very 
dear."     Lozano  Descript.  del  Gran  Chaco,  p.  78. 

NoTK  [60],  p.  111. — I.ery,  ^^ho  wns  an  eye-witnest 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  Tuup'iinm'-vs,  a  Uni:>tlian  tribe, 
m  a  war  against  a  powerful  n<itiuii  uf  tlici/  enemies, 
describes  their  couijge  and  fenicUy  in  very  sinking 
terms.  Kgo  cum  Uallo  altcro.  |muIu  curiosius,  ina^no 
nostro  pencuto  (si  cnim  ab  bo.snbuu  capii  ant  Icsi  fuis- 
semus,  devorationi  fuissemus  duvoii,)  buibarns  nostros 
in  miliiiam  euntes  comitah  volui.  Hi,  numero  4(H)0 
capita,  cum  boslihus  ad  littus  decertarunt,  tanla  feroci- 
tate,  ut  vel  rabidos  et  fuiiosos  quusquu  supcrarent 
('um  pnmum  bnstus  conspexcre,  m  inagnos  atque  edi- 
tos  ululalus  perrepcrunt.  Hajc  gens  adeo  ffra  est  et 
truculeiita,  ut  taii'isper  dum  virium  vel  lantillinn  restat, 
contmuo  dimiccnt,  fugamque  minquam  capessanl. 
Quod  a  natiira  illis  indilum  esse  reor.  Testor  mterea 
me,  qui  nun  semel,  tiim  pedituin  t  un  cquilum  copiaa 
ingentcs.  in  aciem  mstructas  hie  conspexi,  taniu  nun- 
quam  voluptate  videndis  peditum  legionibus  armis  ful- 
gcntibus.  quanta  turn  pugnaniibui  istts  percussuin 
iuisse.  Lerv  Hist.  Navigat.  in  Brt*sil.  ap  de  Ury,  iii. 
207,  208,  2t)9. 

Note  [70].  p.  111. — It  was  originally  the  practico 
of  the  Americans,  as  well  as  of  other  savage  nations,  to 
cut  otV  (he  heads  of  the  enemies  whom  they  slew,  and 
to  carry  them  away  as  trophies.  But.  as  they  found 
these  cumbersome  in  their  retrcit,  which  they  always 
make  very  rapidly,  and  often  through  a  vast  extent  of 
country,  they  became  satisfied  with  tearing  oil"  their 
scalps,  'i'his  custom,  though  most  prevalent  in  North 
America,  was  not  unknown  among  tho  Southern  tribes. 
Lozano,  p.  79. 

Note  [71].  p.  112 — The  terms  of  the  war  song 
seem  to  be  dictated  by  the  same  fierce  spirit  of  revenge 
"  I  go  to  war  to  revenge  the  death  of  my  brothers  ;  I 
shall  kill ;  I  shall  exterminate  ;  I  shall  burn  my  eneinica; 
I  shatt  bring  away  slaves  ;  I  shall  devour  their  heart, 
dry  their  Hesh,  drink  their  blood  ;  I  shall  tear  olf  iheii 
scalj)s,  and  make  cups  of  their  skulls,"  Uossu's  Tra- 
vels through  Louisiana,  vol.  i.  p.  102.  I  am  informed, 
by  persons  on  whose  testimony  I  can  rnly,  that  as  the 
number  of  people  in  the  Indian  tribes  has  decreased 
so  much,  almost  none  of  their  prisoners  are  now  put  to 
death.  It  is  considered  as  better  policy  to  s|)are  and 
to  adopt  ihoin.  Those  dreadful  scenes  which  I  have 
described  occur  now  so  rarely,  that  missionaries  and 
traders  who  have  resided  long  among  the  Indians,  never 
wero  witnesses  to  them. 

Note  [72].  p.  112. — All  the  travellers  who  have 
visited  the  most  uncivilized  of  (he  American  tribes, 
agree  in  this.  It  is  confirmed  by  two  remarkable  cir- 
cumstances, which  occurred  in  the  rompiest  of  ditleren* 
provinces.  In  tho  expedition  of  Narvaez  hito  Fluridft 
111  the  year  1528,  the  Spaniards  were  reiluced  to  such 
extreme  distress  by  famine,  that,  in  order  to  preserve 
their  own  lives,  they  ale  such  of  their  comoanions  m» 


i  3 


.-»-''* 


196 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OP 


hippeiuHl  to  die.  Tliia  appeared  bo  shorking  to  the 
DHlived,  who  were  ncciifltoinrd  to  devour  noun  tint  pri- 
•oiirm.  UiHl  it  tilled  thrm  wilh  horror  und  nidii^iniiiori 
AgrtiiiHt  ihe  Sparuurds.  Tonpiuiimdu  >^niurrh.  Iml.  ii. 
p.  584.  NH'ilidgiON  de  Alv.  NtigneH  (.flIuTit  de  Viicu, 
c.  XIV.  p.  1>*).  Uiiniig  the  sir^c  of  Mexico,  lhuni>ii  Iht- 
Mexiraiid  dovjured  with  greediness  the  SpaiiiitrdN  itnd 
TlairaluiiH  whom  they  toi)k  prisoners,  the  utmost  rl^u^ 
of  the  fainine  wtiich  they  sutlered  could  not  uiduee 
them  tu  touch  the  dead  bodies  of  their  own  couiitryinrn. 
Bern.  Diaz  del  Castillo  Conquist.  de  la  N.  Ktipayna,  p. 
166. 

NoTK  [73].  p.  113  Many  singular  circumstances 
concernin<r  the  treatment  of  prisoners  among  the  people 
of  Brasil,  aro  conliiined  in  the  narrative  of  Stadius,  a 
German  oflicer  in  the  service  of  the  Portuguese,  pul>- 
lialied  in  the  year  15.'J6.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Toupniamhuii,  and  remained  in  captivity  nine  years. 
He  was  often  present  at  thuse  horrid  festivals  which  he 
describes,  and  was  destined  htinself  tu  ihn  same  cruel 
fato  with  other  prisoners.  But  he  saved  his  life  by  his 
extraordinary  eflurls  of  courage  and  address.  Uc  liry* 
hi.  p.  31,  tVc.  M  de  l-ery.  who  accompanied  M.  de 
Villagagnon  in  his  expedition  to  Brasil  in  the  year 
1556,  and  who  resided  soiuo  time  in  that  countrv. 
agrees  wiih  Staduis  in  every  circumstance  of  import- 
ance. He  was  frequently  an  eye-witness  of  the  man- 
lier  in  which  the  Bnisdiuiuf  treated  their  prisoncr.i.  De 
Bry,  iii.  31U.  iSeverul  striking  particulars  omitted  by 
them,  aro  mentioned  by  a  i^ortugueae  author.  Purch. 
Pilgr.  IV.  1394,  &c. 

NoTK  [74].  p.  112.— Though  I  have  followed  that 
opinion  concerning  the  apathy  of  the  Americans,  which 
uppeared  to  me  most  ratiomil,  and  supported  by  the  au- 
Umrity  of  the  ino6t  respectable  authors,  other  theories 
have  been  formed  with  regard  to  it,  by  writers  of  great 
ominence.  D.  Ant.  L'lloa,  in  a  late  work,  contends 
that  the  texture  of  the  skin  and  buddy  habit  of  the  Aine- 
licaus  IS  such,  that  lliey  arc  less  sensible  of  pain  than 
llie  rest  of  mankind.  He  produces  several  proofs  of 
this,  from  the  manner  in  which  they  endure  the  most 
cruel  chirurgical  uperationa,  Ac.  Nottcias  Arnerican- 
■8,  p.  31.'),  314.  The  same  observation  has  been  made 
by  surgeons  in  BrasU.  An  Indian,  they  say,  never 
complama  under  pain,  and  will  bear  the  amputation  of 
ft  leg  or  an  arm  without  uttering  a  single  groan.  M^S. 
ytjtes  mc. 

Note  [75].  p.  112— This  is  an  idea  natural  to  all 
Judu  nations.  Among  the  Homans,  in  the  early  periods 
of  their  coinmonweulth.  it  was  a  maxim  that  a  prisoner 
"tum  di-cessmse  videtur  cum  captus  est."  Digest. 
Ub.  xlix.  tit.  15.  c.  18.  And  afterwards,  when  the  pro- 
gress of  retinement  rendered  them  mure  indulgent  with 
respect  to  this  article,  they  were  obliged  to  employ  two 
fictions  of  law  to  secure  the  property,  and  permit  in 
return  of  a  captive  ;  the  one  by  the  Lex  Cornelia,  and 
the  other  by  the  Jus  Postliminii.  Hcincc.  Elem.  Jur. 
Civ.  sec.  ord.  Pand  ii.  p.  294.  Among  the  Negroes 
the  same  ideas  prevail.  No  ransom  was  ever  accepted 
for  a  prisoner.  As  woon  as  one  is  taken  in  war,  he  is 
reputed  to  bn  dead  ;  and  he  is  so  in  elfect  to  his  coun- 
try and  his  famdy.  Voy.  du  Chcval.  des  Marchais,  i. 
p.  369. 

Note  [76].  p.  113. — The  people  of  Chili,  the  most 
gallant  and  high-spirited  of  all  the  Americans,  are  the 
only  exception  to  this  observation.  They  attack  their 
enemies  in  the  open  field  ;  their  troops  are  ranged  in 
regular  order ;  their  battalions  advanco  to  the  charge 
not  only  with  courage,  but  with  discipline.  The  North 
Americans,  though  many  of  them  have  substituted  the 
European  fire-arms  in  place  of  their  ov  n  bows  and 
irrows,  stiU  adhere  to  their  ancient  maxims  of  war, 
and  carry  it  on  according  to  their  own  peculiar  system. 
But  the  Chilese  nearly  resemble  the  warlike  nations  of 
Europe  and  Asia  in  their  military  operations.  Ovallc's 
Relation  of  Chili.  Church.  Cull.  iii.  p.  71.  Lozano's 
Hist.  Parag.  i.  144,  145. 

NoTK  [77].  p  113. — Herrera  gives  a  remarkable 
proof  of  thii.  In  Yucatan,  ttie  men  are  so  solictioub 
ibout  their  dress,  that  they  carry  about  with  them  mir- 
rors, probably  made  of  stone,  like  those  of  the  Mexi- 
Cina,  Dec.  iv.  lib.  iii.  c.  8,  m  which  they  delight  to 
view  themselves  ;  but  the  women  never  use  them 
Dec.  iv.  lib.  x.  c.  3.  He  takes  notice  that  among  the 
fierce  tribe  of  the  Punches,  in  the  new  kingdom  of 
Granada,  none  but  distinguished  warriors  were  per- 
mitted either  to  pierce  their  lips  and  to  wear  green 


stones  in  them,  or  to  adorn  their  heads  with  plumes  of 
fentliers  Dec.  vit,  lib  ix  c.  4  In  some  provinces 
ut  iVrii,  lliougli  that  empire  litul  iiiiide  considerable 
projjresM  in  civih/.iiliun,  the  !>iiue  of  women  was  little 
iiiipru\ed.  All  the  toil  of  culuvatioi;  and  domestic 
work  was  devoI\c'd  upon  them,  and  they  were  not  per- 
mitted to  weur  brueelets.  or  other  ornaments,  with  wbieli 
the  men  were  fund  uf  deckmg  themaulves,  Zarate 
I  list,  de  I*eru,  i.  p.  15,  10. 

NoTK  [78j.  p.  113.  -I  have  ventured  to  call  this 
mode  of  annumling  and  painting  iheir  bodies,  the  lircua 
of  the  AmencaiiH.  This  in  agreeable  to  their  own 
idiom.  As  they  never  stir  abruad  if  they  are  not  com- 
pletely annointed  ;  they  excuse  tiiemflelves  when  in 
this  situation,  by  saying  that  ihey  cannot  appear  be- 
cause  they  aro  naked,  (iumtlla,  Hist,  de  I'Urenonue. 
1.  191. 

Note  [79].  p.  113— Some  tribes  in  the  province  of 
Cmaloa,  on  the  gulf  of  Ciilifurnia,  seem  to  be  among 
the  rudest  people  of  America  united  in  the  social  state. 
They  neitijer  cultivate  nor  sow  ;  they  have  no  houHcs 
m  which  they  reside.  Tliose  in  the  inland  country  sub- 
sist by  hunting;  those  on  the  Meacoast  cbielly  by  lish- 
ing.  Both  depend  ufion  the  spoiitaneoim  productions 
of  the  earlli,  fruits,  plants,  and  routs  of  various  kinds. 
In  tiie  rainy  oeatiun,  as  tlu-y  have  no  habitations  to  af- 
ford thein  shelter,  they  gutlier  bundles  of  reeds,  or 
strong  grabs  ;  and  bindtng  them  together  at  one  end, 
tliey  open  them  at  llie  other,  and  titling  them  to  their 
lieads,  they  are  covered  as  with  a  large  cap,  which,  like 
a  penthouse,  throws  otT  tlie  rain,  and  will  keep  them 
dry  for  several  hours.  During  the  wiirm  season,  they 
form  a  shed  with  the  branches  of  trees,  which  pro- 
tects them  from  the  sultry  rays  of  the  sun.  \\  hen 
exposed  to  cold  they  make  large  fires,  round  which  they 
sleep  in  the  open  air.  llistoriade  los  Triumphoa  do 
Nuestra  Santa  Ve  entre  Centres  las  mas  Barbaras,  6lc. 
por.  P.  And.  Perez  de  Kibas,  p.  7,  &c. 

NoTK  [80J.  p.  113. — These  houses  resemble  barns. 
*'  \Ve  have  measured  some  winch  were  a  hundred  and 
fifty  paces  lu'ig,  and  twenty  paces  broad.  Above  a 
hundred  persons  resided  in  some  of  them."  \\'tlsoir8 
Account  of  (iuiaiia.  Purch.  I'llgr.  vol.  iv.  p.  12()3. 
Ibid.  1291.  '*The  Indian  liuuses,"  says  Mr.  Barrere, 
"have  a  most  wretched  a]ipearance,  and  are  a  striking 
image  of  the  rudeness  of  early  tunes.  Their  huts  are 
commonly  built  on  (>ome  rising  ground,  or  on  the  banks 
of  a  river,  huddled  sometimes  together,  sometimes 
stnigghng,  and  always  without  any  order.  Their  aspect 
is  nielancboly  and  disagreeable.  Une  sees  nothing  but 
wliat  is  hideous  and  savage.  The  uncultivated  fields 
have  no  gayety.  The  silenco  which  reigns  there, 
unless  when  interrupted  by  the  disagreeable  notes  of 
birds,  or  cries  of  wild  beatits,  is  eiiremely  dismal.*' 
llelat.  de  la  Prance  Ecpiin.  p.  146. 

Note  [81].  p.  113. — Some  tribes  in  South  America 
can  send  their  arrows  to  a  great  distance,  und  with  con- 
siderable force,  wiliiout  the  aid  of  the  bow.  They 
make  use  of  a  hollow  reed,  about  nine  feet  long  and 
an  inch  thick,  which  is  cutied  a  ^itihacane.  h\  il  lliey 
lodge  a  small  arrow,  with  some  unspun  cotton  wound 
about  its  great  end  ;  this  conlines  the  air,  so  tliat  they 
can  blow  it  with  astonishing  rapidity,  and  a  sure  aim, 
to  the  distance  of  above  a  hundred  paces.  These  small 
arrows  are  al  iy.->  poisoned.  Fcrinin.  Desc.  du  Sunn.  i. 
55.  Bancrufl*."*  Hist,  uf  Ciuiana,  p.  281,  &.c,  'i"he  Sar- 
bacane  is  much  u^cd  in  some  parts  of  the  East  Indies. 

Note  [82].  p.  113. — I  might  produce  many  instances 
of  this,  but  shall  satisfy  myself  with  one  taken  from 
the  Kskimaux.  '-Their  greatest  ingenuity  (says  Mr. 
Kllis)  IS  shown  jn  the  structure  of  their  bows,  made 
commonly  of  three  pieces  of  wood,  each  making  part 
of  the  same  arch,  very  nicely  and  exactly  joined  to- 
gether. They  are  coiiiinonly  of  fir  or  larch  ;  and  as 
this  wants  strength  and  elasticity,  they  supply  both  by 
bracing  the  back  of  the  bow  with  a  kind  uf  thread,  or 
line,  made  of  the  sinews  of  their  deer,  and  the  bow- 
string of  the  same  material.".  To  make  them  draw 
more  stilHy,  they  dip  them  into  water,  which  causes 
both  the  back  of  the  bow  and  the  string  to  contract,  and 
consequently  gives  it  the  greater  force  ;  and  as  they 
practice  from  their  youth,  they  shoot  with  very  great 
dexterity."     Voyage  to  Hudson's  Bay.  p.  134. 

Note  [83].  p.  113. — Necessity  is  the  great  prompter 
and  guide  of  mankind  in  their  inventions.  There  is, 
however,  such  inequality  in  some  parts  of  their  pro- 


gress, and  some  nations  get  fo  far  (he  start  of  olhert 
m  circumMtanecH  nearly  "iitiil.ir.  that  wo  miist  ascrit»o 
this  to  some  cveiitH  m  llieir  bturv,  or  to  some  [leculi 
anty  in  their  situation,  \Mth  winch  we  are  imacfpiainted 
The  people  m  the  i>hiiid  o\  (Ualuile,  lately  discovered 
in  the  South  Sea,  far  excel  ino^t  uf  the  Ainenca.  f  S. 
the  knowledge  and  practice  uf  the  arts  of  ingen.i.l), 
and  yet  they  Imd  not  invented  any  method  of  boiling 
water  ;  nnd  having  no  vcHseJ  that  cutild  luMr  the  lire, 
they  had  no  mure  idea  that  water  euuld  be  made  hot, 
than  that  it  rould  be  made  solid  Voyages  by  llawkes- 
worlh,  1.  4G6.  484. 


NotK  [84].  p.  118.— One  of  these  boats,  which 
would  carry  nine  men,  weighed  onlv  sixty  jmunds. 
(Josnol.  Uelal.  des  \'oy.  a  la  Virgin.  Uec  de  Voy.  an 
Nord,  loin.  v.  p.  403. 


Note  f85].  u.  113. — A  remarkable  proof  o(  this  is 
produt'ed  by  I'lloa.  In  weaving  hammucks,  coverlets, 
and  other  coarse  cloths  which  they  are  aecustomed  to 
manufacture,  their  intliislry  has  discovered  no  inoro 
expediiious  method  than  to  lake  up  tliread  alter  thread, 
and,  after  counting  and  sorting  Ihem  each  time,  to  pass 
the  woof  between  them,  ho  that  in  finishing  a  siiull 
piece  of  those  stutl's  they  frei|uently  spend  mure  than 
two  years.  Vuy.ige,  i.  336.  Bancroft  gives  the  saii.o 
description  of  tlie  Indians  of  Cuiana,  p.  255.  Accord- 
ing to  Adair,  the  ingenuity  and  despatcli  of  the  North 
American  Indians  are  nut  greater,  p.  422.  From  one 
of  the  engravings  of  the  Mexican  paintings  in  Purcha.i, 
vol.  iii.  p.  1106,  I  think  it  probable  that  the  people  of 
.Mexico  were  unacquainted  with  any  better  or  more 
expeditious  mode  of  weaving.  A  loom  was  an  inven- 
tion beyond  the  in:'<>nuity  of  the  most  improved  Ame- 
ricans. In  all  their  works  they  advance  so  slowly,  that 
one  of  their  artists  is  two  months  at  a  tnbaL'co-nipo 
with  bis  knife  before  he  finishes  it.     Adair,  p.  423 

Note  [86].  p.  114.— The  article  of  religion  in  P. 
Lafitau's  Mcrurs  des  Sauvages  extends  to  347  .edious 
pages  in  quarto. 

NoTK  [87].  p.  114. — I  have  referred  the  read^^r  'o 
several  of  the  authors  who  describe  the  most  uncivili/.ed 
nations  in  America.  Their  testtmuny  is  uniform.  That 
of  P.  Hihas  concerning  the  pcujde  of  Cmaloa  coin- 
cides with  the  rest.  *'  l  was  extremely  attentive  (sav? 
he),  during  the  years  I  resided  among  them,  to  aseer- 
tain  whether  they  were  to  be  considered  as  idolaters ; 
and  it  may  be  altlrmed  with  the  most  jierfeet  exactness, 
that  though  among  some  of  them  there  nuiy  be  truces 
uf  idolatry,  yet  others  have  not  the  least  knowledge  uf 
tiud.  or  even  of  any  false  deity,  iior  pay  any  formal  adora- 
tion to  the  Supreme  Being  who  exercise.^  dominion  over 
tl.o  world  ;  nor  have  they  any  conception  of  the  jirovi- 
deiicc  of  a  ('reater,  or  (iovernor,  from  whom  they  expect 
in  the  next  life  (he  reward  of  tlieir  good  or  the  punish- 
ment of  their  evil  deeds,  Neither  do  they  publicly  join 
in  any  act  of  divme  worship."  Kibas  Triumphoa,  <Scc. 
p.  16. 

Note  [88].  p.  114. — The  people  of  Rrasil  were  so 
much  atlVighied  by  thunder,  which  is  frequent  and  aw- 
ful in  their  country,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the 
torrid  zone,  that  it  was  not  only  the  object  of  religious 
reverence,  but  the  most  expressive  name  in  their  lan- 
guage for  their  Deity  was  Toupaii,  ihc  same  by  which 
they  distinguished  thunder.  Piso  de  Medcc.  Brasil. 
p.  8.     Nieuholf.  Church.  Coll.  ii.  p.  132. 

Note  [89].  p.  115. — By  the  account  which  M.  Du- 
inont,  an  eye-witnesss,  gives  of  the  funeral  of  the  great 
chief  uf  the  Natchez,  it  appears  that  the  feelings  uf  the 
persons  who  sutlered  on  that  occasion  were  very  diH'er- 
ent.  Some  solicited  the  honor  with  eagerness  ;  others 
labored  to  avoid  their  doom,  and  several  saved  their 
lives  by  Hying  to  the  woods.  As  Ihc  Indian  Brahmins 
give  an  intoxicating  draught  to  the  women  who  are  to 
be  burned  together  with  the  bodies  of  their  husbands, 
which  renders  them  insensible  of  their  apprachmg  fate, 
the  Natchez  obliged  their  victims  to  swallow  seieraJ 
large  pills  of  tobacco,  which  produces  a  similar  elicct. 
Mem.  de  Louis,  i.  227. 

Note  [90].  p.  115. — On  some  occasions,  particularly 
in  dances  instituted  for  the  recovery  of  persons  A-ho 
are  indisposed,  they  are  extremely  licentious  and  inde- 
cent. De  In  Potheric  Hist.  Ac,  ii.  p.  42.  CbdHov.  N. 
Fr.  iii.  p.  319.  But  the  nature  of  their  dances  iscotn- 
monlv  sDch  as  I  have  described. 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


107 


r  f 


NoTK  fOlJ.  p  115— Tho  OthomaroaM,  a  tribe 
■entnl  on  tlic  hmiku  of  the  Orinoco,  rmploy  for  tho 
sainr  imriio-o'  a  cumim^'itiori  wliirli  they  ciill  Yiipa  U 
IH  fnrini'tl  of  llif  sii  lU  of  nn  unliiiowii  [ihinl  rpducrd  to 
[iow(hT.  and  rtTlain  n\n'\U  hurru-'i  and  [inlvrrizfd.  Tho 
I'trtTie  of  ihtH  when  drawn  up  inio  tlic  nosiriln  wre  bo 
vioKmiI  that  ihcy  rcsciiiblf  nmdncss  rathir  than  Intoxi- 
cation     Ounnlhi,  i.  SHO. 

NoTK  [021  p.  lift— Thotidh  thii  ob«erv«lion  holdn 
true  anions  llio  nrraler  pnrt  of  the  ^oulhrrn  tnbrs,  tbrrr 
arc  some  m  which  the  iiitcinpfranre  of  the  woiiien  is  an 
rxci'HHivo  an  that  of  tlio  men.  liancroft's  Nat.  Hiit.  of 
(jiiiaua,  ]>.  <27&. 

NoTK  [ftii]  p.  110 — Even  in  the  most  intelligent 
writrrs  coiifiTtiinn  the  uiannrrs  of  the  Americans,  one 
mcels  wilh  niconsiHtenl  and  inexplicable  circumstances. 
The  Jesuit  Charlevoix,  who,  m  conscijuence  of  a 
controversy  between  hm  order  and  that  of  the  Krancis- 
rans.  with  respect  lo  ihe  talcnti  and  ahihliea  of  the 
North  Americans,  is  disposed  to  represent  their  intel- 
IrcHial  ns  well  as  moral  qualities  in  the  most  favorable 
lii»ht.  asserts,  that  they  are  ciijiaRed  in  continual  iieyo- 
liations  with  their  neighbors,  and  conduct  these  with 
the  most  re'ined  address.  At  the  »ame  lime  he  adds, 
"  tliat  It  behooves  their  envoys  or  plenipotpntianes  to 
exert  tlieir  abilities  and  eloiiuence.  for,  if  the  terms 
which  they  otl'cr  are  not  accepted,  ihey  had  need  to 
stand  on  their  miard.  It  frequently  happens  that  a 
blow  with  the  hatchet   is  the  only  relurn  (riven  to  their 

Kroposiimns.  Tiie  envoy  i^  not  out  of  danger,  even  if 
i«  IS  so  fortunate  as  to  avo;d  Ihe  stroke  ;  he  may  ex- 
pect to  he  imrsucd,  and.  if  taken,  to  be  burnt."  Hist, 
N.  Kr.  iii.  *'»I.  What  occurs,  p.  147.  concerning  tlie 
manner  in  which  the  TIascalans  treated  the  ambassa- 
dors from  Zeinpo.illa.  corresponds  with  the  fact  related 
by  ('harlevoix.  Men  cipahle  of  sucli  acts  of  violence 
Btttii  to  he  iiii.icquaiMted  wiih  the  first  [irinciples  upon 
whicli  tiie  intercourse  between  nations  is  tomided  ;  and 
instead  of  the  perjietual  nejrotiations  whidi  Cliarlevoix 
mentions,  il  seeniK  almost  inqiossible  that  there  should 
bo  any  corresjiondence  whatever  among  them. 

NoTK.  [Olj.  p.  117. — It  is  a  remark  of  Tacitus  con- 
.rerning  tho  fiermans,  "(Jaudent  muneribus.  sed  ncr 
data  iinputant.  nee  acceptis  oliliganfur."  ('.  "Zi.  An 
author  who  had  a  good  opportunity  of  observing  the 
principle  which  leads  savages  neillier  to  express  grati- 
tude for  favors  which  Ihey  had  received,  nor  to  expect 
any  return  for  such  us  they  bestowed,  thus  ex[.'lain.s 
their  ideas  •  "  If  (say  they)  you  give  me  this,  it  is  be- 
cause you  have  no  need  of  it  yourself;  and  as  for  me. 
I  never  part  with  that  which  I  think  necessary  to  me." 
Memoire  aur  le  Oahbis ;  Hist,  des  I'lantes  do  la 
Guiane  Francoise  par  M.  Aublut,  torn  ii.  p.  110. 

NoTK  [Oij].  p.  lis. — And  Bprnaides.  the  contempo- 
rary and  friend  of  Columbus,  has  preserved  f^ome  cir- 
cumstances concerning  the  liravery  of  tlie  Caribhees. 
which  are  not  mentioned  by  Don  Ferdinand  (.'ohirnbus, 
or  the  other  historians  of  lliat  period  whose  works  have 
been  published.  A  Caribbean  canoe,  willi  four  men, 
two  women,  and  a  bov.  fell  in  unexpectedly  with  the 
fleet  of  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage,  as  it  was  steer- 
ing through  their  islands.  At  first  tliey  were  struck 
almost  stupid  with  astonishment  at  «uch  a  strange 
spectacle,  and  hardly  moved  from  the  spot  for  above  an 
hour.  A  Spanish  hark,  with  twenty-five  men,  advanced 
towards  them,  and  the  Hcet  gradually  surrounded  tiiein, 
HO  as  to  cut  otr  their  communication  with  their  shore. 
"  When  they  saw  that  it  waa  impossible  to  escape 
(says  the  historian),  they  seized  their  arms  with  un- 
d.*i;nted  resolution,  and  began  the  attack.  I  use  the 
L-»prtssion  v-ith  undaunted  resolution,  for  they  were 
few,  and  beheld  a  vast  number  ready  to  aasault  them. 
They  wounded  several  of  the  Spaniards,  although  they 
bail  larguts,  as  well  as  other  defensive  armour ;  and 
evr-n  after  tiieir  canoe  was  overset,  it  was  with  no  little 
dltlieuUv  and  danger  that  part  of  them  were  taken,  as 
they  coiilimnid  to  defend  themselves,  and  to  use  their 
bows  with  great  dexterity  while  swimming  in  the  sea." 
Hl^t.  de  D.  Fern,  y  Ysab.  MS.  c.  119. 

Note  [90].  p.  118. — A  probable  conjecture  may  be 
formed  with  respect  to  the  cause  of  tho  distinctien  in 
character  between  the  (^aribhees  and  the  inhabitants  of 
the  larger  islands.  The  former  appear  manifestly  to 
he  a  separate  race.  Their  language  is  totally  dilVerent 
from  that  of  their  neighbors  in  the  large  islands.  They 
themselves  have  a  tradition,  that  their  ancestors  came 
originally  from  Aome  part  of  the  continent,  and,  having 


conquered   and  exterminated  the  ancient  inhabitants,  I 
took   possession  of  their  lands,  and  of  their  women. 
Uochefort.  'AH\.     'IVrtro.  M».      Hence  ihey  call  ihem-  | 
telves    Hanarer,    which    sigimlieM  u  nnn    come    from  i 
bt'vond  sea.     Lahat,  \\.  UH.     Aecoidingly,  ihe  Carib-  i 
bees  still   use  two    distiiu'I  l.lll^u.lge^,  one  peciilhir  to  ! 
the   men,  and   ttie  other  to  the  wtnrien.     'i'ertre.  ".1(11 .  I 
The  hinguage  of  the  men  has  nothing  coinnum  wiib  | 
that   spoken  in  the  large   i>latulH.     Tho  dialect  of  (lie 
women  considerably  resembles  it.      I.abat,  1*9      'I"his  , 
strongly  eunfirms  the  tradition  which  I  have  mentioned 
The  Caribhees  theinselvrs   imagnie  that  they  were  a 
colony  from  the  (ialalus,  a  powerlul  nation  of  (Juiaiia, 
in    South    America,     'I'ertre.   'MW.     Uochefort,    IHH, 
But  as  their  fierce  inaniierHB|)projch  nearer  to  those  of 
tlie  people  in  the  northern  cimtinent,  tliaii  lo  those  of 
tho  natives  of  South  America;  and  as  their  language 
has  likewise  some   atlinity  lo  (hat  spoken  m  Florida, 
their  origin  should  lie  deduced  rather  from  iho  former 
than  from  the  latter.      I.al)at,  128,  Jkv.      Herrera,  tb'c, 
i.  lib.  IX,  c,  4.     In  their  wars,  ihey  still  observe  their 
ancient  nraetice  of  destroying  all  the  males,  and  pre- 
lorving  the  women  eillier  for  servitude  or  for  breeding. 

NoTK  [97]  p.  197. — Our  knowledge  of  the  events 
which  happened  in  the  conquest  of  New  Spain,  is 
derived  from  sources  of  information  more  original  and 
authentic  than  that  of  any  transaction  in  the  history  of 
America.  The  letters  of  Cortes  to  the  Kmperor 
Charles  V,  are  an  historical  monument,  no*,  only  first 
in  order  of  time,  but  of  the  greatest  authenticity  and 
value.  As  Cortes  early  assumed  a  command  indepen- 
dent of  Velasquez,  it  brcainc  necessary  to  convey  such 
an  account  of  his  operations  to  Madrid,  as  nnght  pro- 
cure biin  the  approltation  of  his  sovereign. 

The  first  of  Ins  despatches  has  never  been  made 
public.  It  was  sent  from  Vera  Cruz,  .fuly  IBth.  1519. 
As  I  imagined  that  it  might  not  reach  the  KmjTeror 
until  he  arrived  in  (iermany,  for  which  he  set  out  early 
in  the  year  ITiSO.  in  order  to  receive  the  Imperial 
crown  ;  1  made  diligent  search  for  a  copy  of  this 
desj)alch,  both  in  Spain  and  m  (iermany,  but  without 
success.  This,  however,  is  of  less  consequence,  as  it 
coiild  not  contain  any  thing  very  material,  being  writ- 
ten so  soon  after  ('ortea  arrived  in  New  Sjmin.  Hut, 
in  searching  for  the  letter  from  Cortea,  u  copy  of  one 
from  the  colony  of  Vera  Cruz  to  the  Kniperor  has  been 
discovered  in  the  Imperial  library  at  Vienna.  Of  tliis 
I  have  given  some  account  in  its  proper  place,  see  p, 
122.  The  second  despatch,  dated  October  IJOlb,  l.V-iO, 
was  |)iihli.^lied  at  Seville  A.  1-),  1522,  and  the  third  and 
fourth  soon  after  they  were  received.  A  Latin  trans- 
lation of  them  appeared  in  (iermany  A.  D.  15112.  Ra- 
inusio  soon  after  made  tliein  more  generally  known,  by 
inserting  them  in  his  valuable  collection  They  con- 
tain a  re',^ular  and  minute  history  of  the  expedition, 
with  many  curious  particulars  concerning  the  policy 
and  manners  of  the  Mexicans,  The  work  does  honor 
to  (.'ortes  ;  the  style  is  simple  and  persjucuous  ;  but  as 
it  was  manifesily  his  interest  to  represent  his  own  ac- 
tions in  the  fairest  light,  his  victories  are  probably  ex- 
aggerated, his  losses  diininishud,  and  his  acta  of  rigor 
and  violence  softened. 

The  next  in  order  is  the  Chronica  de  la  Nueva 
Kspagna,  by  Francisco  Lopez  de  (iomara.  publislied 
A,  U.  1551.  (ioniara'.s  historical  merit  is  considera- 
ble. His  mode  of  narration  is  clear,  tlowing,  always 
agreeable,  and  someiinics  elegant.  But  he  is  fro- 
qucntly  inaccurate  and  credulous  ;  and  as  he  was  the 
domestic  chaplain  of  Cortes  after  his  return  from  New 
Spain,  and  probably  composed  his  work  at  his  desire, 
it  is  manifest  that  he  labors  lo  magnify  the  merit  of  his 
hero,  and  to  conceal  or  extenuate  such  transucticnis  as 
were  unfavorable  to  his  character.  Of  this,  Herrera 
accuses  him  in  one  instance,  Dec.  li.  lib.  iii.  c.  2,  and 
it  is  not  once  only  that  this  is  conspicuous.  He  writes, 
however,  with  so  much  freedom  concerning  several 
measures  of  the  Spanish  Court,  that  tho  copies  both  of 
his  Historia  de  laa  Indias,  and  of  his  (.Chronica,  were 
called  in  by  a  decree  of  iho  Council  of  the  Indies,  and 
they  were  long  considered  as  prohibited  hooka  in 
Spain  ;  it  is  only  ol  late  that  license  to  print  thcin  has 
been  granted.     Pinelo  Biblioth.  5S9 

The  Chronicle  of  Gomara  induced  Bemal  Diaz  del 
Castillo  to  compose  his  Historia  Verdadera  do  bi  ('on- 
quista  do  la  Nueva  Kspagna.  He  bail  been  an  adven- 
turer in  each  of  the  expeditions  to  Now  Spain,  and  was 
the  comp<imon  of  Cortes  in  all  his  battles  and  perils 
When  he  found  that  neither  bo  himself,  nor  many  of  bis 
fellow  soldiers,  were  once  mentioned  by  Ooinara,  but 
that  the  fame  of  all  their  exploits  waa  ascribed  to  (for- 
tes, the  gallant  veteran  laid  hold  of  his  pen  with  indig- 
natiooi  and  composed  his  true  history.     It  contams  a 


prolix,  minute,  confused  narrative  of  all  ( 'Ortoi'i  o\\fx\' 

tions,  m  such  a  rude  vulgar  style  as  might  he  rxpr.'ted 
from  an  illileriile  soldier.  Hut  as  he  relates  irinnac* 
lions  of  which  he  was  witne.ts.  and  in  whicii  he  per- 
formed a  considerable  piirt,  Ins  account  hears  alt  tho 
marks  of  aulheniiciiy,  and  is  accoinp.iiiied  with  such  a 
pleasant  iturntr,  wiih  such  interesliiig  details,  wiih  such 
aiuustng  v-imly,  and  vet  ho  pardonable  in  an  old  soldier 
who  had  l)een  (as  he  boasts)  in  a  hiin<lred  and  niiieteeii 
battles,  ns  renders  his  book  one  of  the  most  s'lngiil.ir 
that  IN  to  b(i  touml  in  any  language 

I'et,  Martyr  ub  Angleria,  m  a  treatise  De  IiiKulis 
nuper  inventis,  added  to  his  Decades  de  Kebus  Oceani- 
ns  et  Novo  (tiiie,  gives  some  account  of  Cortea's  ex- 
pedition. But  he  proceeds  no  further  than  to  relate 
what  happened  ufl(  r  his  first  landing.  This  work, 
which  IS  brief  and  slight,  seems  lo  eontain  the  infornu- 
(ion  transnntled  by  Cortes  in  his  lirst  despatches,  em- 
bellished with  several  particulars  cominiinicaicd  to  the 
autlior  by  the  ollicers  who  hrouglit  the  letters  from 
Cortes 

But  the  book  to  which  the  grenirr  part  of  modern 
hislorians  have  had  recourse  for  information  concerning 
the  conquest  of  New  Spain,  is  Historia  de  la  Conquista 
de  Mexico,  por  D  Antonio  de  Sobs,  first  published  A. 
D.  16H1.  I  know  no  author  in  any  language  whoko 
literary  fame  has  risen  so  far  beyond  his  real  merit. 
De  Sobs  is  reckoned  by  his  countrymen  one  of  the 
purest  writers  in  (he  Ca.-tliltian  tongue;  and  if  a 
foreigner  may  venture  to  give  his  opinion  concerning  a 
matter  of  which  Spaniards  alone  are  tptalified  to  judge, 
he  is  entitled  to  that  praise.  But  though  Ins  langnago 
be  correct,  his  tavte  in  composition  is  far  from  being 
just.  His  peiiods  are  so  iiivich  labored  as  to  be  often 
^t.l^,  and  sometimes  tumid  ;  tl;e  figures  which  he  em 
ploys  by  way  of  oriiament  are  frequently  trite  or  im- 
proper, and  bis  ob.servaiions  supenicial.  These  ble- 
mishes, however,  might  easily  he  overlooked,  if  he  were 
not  defective  with  respect  to  all  *he  great  quahtica  of 
an  historian.  Destitute  of  that  patient  industry  in  ru- 
searcli  whicli  coiiilucts  to  the  knowledge  of  iriilh  ;  a 
stranger  lo  that  miparlialily  which  weighs  evidence  wilh 
cool  attention  ;  and  ever  eager  to  establish  his  favorite 
system  of  exalting  the  character  of  Cortes  into  that  of 
a  perfect  hero,  exempt  from  error,  and  adorned  with 
every  virtue  ;  he  is  less  sobeitous  to  discover  what  was 
true  llian  to  relate  what  might  appear  splendid.  When 
I.e  attempts  any  critical  discussion,  his  reasonings  are 
fallacious,  an  1  founded  upon  an  imperfect  view  of  facta. 
Though  he  HOinelimes  (pioles  the  drufiatchru  of  ('ortes, 
he  seems  not  to  have  consulted  them ;  and  though  he 
sets  out  wilh  some  censure  on  (iomara,  he  frequently 
prefers  his  authority,  the  most  doubtful  of  any,  to  that 
of  the  other  contemporary  historians. 

But  of  alt  the  Spanish  writers.  Herrera  furnishes  the 
fullest  and  most  accurate  information  concerning  tho 
conquest  of  Mexico,  as  well  as  every  other  transaction 
of  America.  Tiie  industry  and  attention  with  which 
he  consiiltt.d  not  only  the  books,  hut  the  original  papers 
and  pul)lic  records,  which  tended  to  throw  any  light 
upon  the  subject  of  bis  inquiries,  were  so  great,  and  he 
usually  judges  of  the  evidence  before  him  wilh  so  much 
impartiality  and  candor,  that  bis  Decads  may  be  ranked 
among  ttu;  most  judicious  and  useful  historical  collec- 
tions. If,  by  attempting  to  relate  the  various  occur- 
rences in  the  New  World  m  a  strict  chronological 
order,  the  arrangement  of  events  tn  his  work  bad  no* 
been  rendered  no  perjilexcd,  disconnected,  and  obscure 
that  it  IS  an  unpleasant  task  to  collect  from  dttt'erent 
parts  of  his  hook,  and  piece  together  tho  detached 
shreds  of  a  story,  he  might  ju3tly  have  been  ranked 
among  the  mo.st  eminent  historians  of  his  country. 
He  gives  an  account  of  tho  materials  from  which  he 
composed  his  work,  Dec.  vi.  lib.  iii,  c.  19. 

NoTK  [9S].  p.  119 — ('ortes  purposed  to  liave  gor.e 
m  the  train  of  Ovando  when  he  set  o\it  for  his  govern- 
ment in  the  year  1 502,  but  waa  detained  by  an  accident. 
As  he  was  attempting  in  a  dark  night  to  scramble  up 
to  the  window  of  a  lady's  bed-chamber,  with  whom  he 
carried  on  an  intrigue,  an  old  wall,  on  the  top  of  which 
he  had  mounted,  gave  way,  and  he  was  so  much  bruised 
by  the  fall  as  to  bo  unfit  for  the  voyage.  Gomara, 
Cronica  dc  la  Nueva  Kspagna,  cap.  1. 

Note  [99].  p  1 19 — Cortea  had  two  thousand  pesos 
in  tho  hands  of  Andrew  Dnero,  and  be  b(  riowed  four 
thousand.  Those  sums  are  about  equal  in  value  to 
fifteen  hundred  potmds  sterling  ;  hut  as  the  price  of 
every  thing  was  extremely  high  in  Americ.i,  they  made 
but  a  scanty  stock  when  applied  towards  the  cquipmnn* 
of  a  military  expedition.  Herrera,  dec  ii.  bb.  ili.r  9 
B.  Diaz,  c.  30. 


1D8 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OF 


NoTB  [100]  p.  119— Th«  namPH  of  thoiie  Rallnnl 
olfiLTrN,  wfiiih  will  iiftpn  occur  in  the  mihucijiicnl  «lory, 
wiTt'  Jiiari  Vrl<)iii|iipz  ile  l<i'on,  AIodhu  Hcriiniitlt'/ 
1*1)1  tiH'iirri'ro,  FritiiciNro  tie  Moiitcjo,  (Mirintoval  ilt^  Oliil, 
Jii.iii  (Ic  Kiii'iilaim*,  |-V.iiK'ii«('o  i)i>  MorLi,  IViIro  lU*  AU 
vai.tili),  t'raiK'iHCii  ill' .S.ilci'il.i,  Jii.in  Ju  KsC4>l).ir,  (.liiirH 
do  .\>>rti'it.  Cnrtt'H  hirnit«*ir  roiniiiiindril  thr  Cipilaiiu, 
ur  Atlitiinil.  Krniu'iHco  do  Oro/eo,  an  ntViccr  rnnuiMl 
in  ihr  WAT*  o(  Italy,  hH<l  the  cnniindiiil  o(  (lie  nrtillcry. 
Tlic  ex|itirit'uee(l  AUmiiioii  acted  as  chief  pilut. 

NoTK  [101]  |>.  110— In  thone  difTerent  conflictN, 
the  S|Miiiardii  IdmI  only  two  men,  hut  had  a  cnnviderahle 
nuuiber  wounded.  Thoii){h  there  ho  no  occaiiun  for 
rerourRti  to  any  Hiiiternatural  cauHe  to  account  cither 
for  the  ^reatnem  of  their  victoriei,  or  the  Hmallncm  of 
their  loan,  the  Spaniiih  hiHtorians  fail  not  to  ascribe 
both  to  the  |tatronat{e  of  St.  J.i^o,  the  tutelar  iiaint  of 
their  country,  who,  aHthey  relate,  fnu^fht  at  the  head  of 
their  eiMinlrvinen,  and,  by  hid  proweKB,  jjavo  a  turn  to 
till'  I'aio  of  llie  ballle.  (iiitn.'ira  i«  the  tir«t  who  men 
tiiiiirt  tlim  a|t|i;irition  of  St.  Jaruei*.  It  it  auuiHini;  to 
uhncrve  (he  einbarraxHtuenl  of  U  t)ta/  del  CaHtitIo,  or- 
.M^iiini'ii  hy  ibe  Hiruji!{le  telween  hi*  uuperHtitioii  and 
hiK  veracity  The  fttrui  -r  dlii|ioKed  hirn  to  believe  thin 
niincli',  (he  latter  rcHlraiicil  him  tVom  attei«tin^r  it.  **  1 
acUnovvleil,'e,"  Hays  he,  "  that  all  our  exph»ilH  and  vic- 
tories are  owiri:;  to  our  l^ird  Jcmus  ChriHt,  and  that  in 
thi.H  bailie  (here  wax  hucI  a  number  of  Indians  to  every 
)ne  of  us,  that  if  each  had  thrown  u  handful  o(  earth 
'hey  miirtit  have  buried  us,  if  by  the  great  mercy  of 
Uod  we  had  not  been  protected.  It  may  be  that  the 
pernon  whom  Himara  inuntionti  as  having  appealed  on 
a  mottled  ^rey  horMC,  wai  thv  f^lorious  apotitio  Si^nor 
Salt  Jaj^K,  or,  Si^nor  San  Pedro,  and  that  I,  as  bein:;  a 
tiinner,  wan  not  worthy  tu  see  him.  Thin  I  know,  tint 
I  rtaw  Krancixco  de  .\iorla,  on  such  a  horse,  but  as  an 
unworthy  tranutrressor,  did  not  deserve  to  hco  any  of 
the  holy  apostles.  It  may  liave  been  the  will  of  (tod, 
dial  it  was  so  as  (vomara  relates,  but  until  I  read  his 
rhronicle,  1  never  heard  among  any  of  the  conquerors 
Ihjt  eucli  a  thing  had  happened.'*     Cap.  '3\. 

NofK  [103]  p.  120. — Several  Spanish  historians  re- 
late this  occurrence  in  Huch  terms  as  if  they  wiHhed  it 
should  be  believed  that  the  Imlians,  loaded  with  the 
presents,  had  carried  them  from  the  capital,  in  the  same 
fliort  space  of  time  that  the  couiiers  performed  ihat 
journey.  This  is  incredible,  and  (loinara  mentions  a 
circumstance  which  shows  that  nutbing  extraordinary 
happened  on  this  occasion.  Thi*i  rich  preftent  had  been 
prepared  for  Grijalva,  when  he  touched  at  the  same 
place  some  months  before,  and  was  now  ready  to  be 
Jelivcred,  as  soon  as  Montezuma  sent  orders  for  that 
purpose.     Uoinara  Cron.  c.  xwii.  p.  28. 

According  to  B.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  the  value  of  the 
Milver  plale  representing  the  moon  was  alone  above 
twenty  thousand  pesos,  above  five  thousand  pounds 
sterling. 

NorK  [103.]  p.  131. — This  private  trafBc  was  di- 
rectly contrary  to  the  instructions  of  Velasquez,  who 
enjoiiied,  that  whatever  was  acquired  by  trade  should 
be  thrown  into  the  C/minon  stock.  I)ut  it  appears 
that  the  soldiers  had  each  a  private  assortment  of  toys 
and  other  good.<t  proper  for  the  Indian  trade,  and  Cortes 
^ined  their  favor  by  encouraging  this  underhand  barter. 
B.  Uiaz,  c.  41. 

NoTB  [104].  p.  12^. — Gomara  has  published  a  cata- 
logue of  the  various  articles  of  which  this  present  con- 
sisted. Cron.  c.  49.  P.  iMartyr  ab  Angleria,  who 
Biw  them  atler  they  were  brought  to  Spain,  and  who 
seems  to  have  cxamitied  them  with  great  attention, 
^ives  a  description  of  each,  which  is  curious,  as  it  con- 
veys some  idea  of  the  progress  which  the  Mexicans 
had  made  in  several  arts  of  e''igince.  De  Insulus  nu- 
pcr  inventis  Liber,  p.  354,  4tc. 

Note  [105].  p.  123. — There  is  no  circumstance  in 
the  history  of  the  conquest  of  America  which  is  more 
buestionable  than  the  account  of  the  numerous  armies 
brought  into  the  field  against  the  Spaniards.  As  the 
fvar  with  the  republic  of  TIascala,  though  of  short  du- 
ration, was  one  of  the  most  considerable  which  the 
Spaniiards  waged  in  America,  the  account  given  of  the 
riascaluH  armies  merits  some  attention.  The  only 
authentic  information  coxioerning  this  is  derived  from 
three  uutho^s.  Cortes  in  his  second  despatch  to  the 
Emperor,  dated  at  Segura  de  la  Krontera,  Oct.  30, 
1.620.  thus  estimates  the  number  of  their  troops;  in 
Um  hrei  boitje  tiOOO;  la  the  second  battle  100,000;  in 


Ihe  third  battle  150,000  Kelat  ap.  Hanius  iii  22H.  | 
I  Dernat  Diaz  del  (7aktillf>,  who  was  an  eye  witneHS,  and 
en|ifiii{ed  in  all  the  actionn  of  thiH  war,  thus  reckons 
tluir  niitnbers  :  in  the  lirHt  battle,  3IMH),  p  13;  in  (he 
.  seeond  batlle  0000,  ibid;  in  the  thirl  battle  riO.OOl), 
p.  45.  Oornarn,  who  was  ('orleH*s  elMplnin  after  his 
return  to  Sp.iiii,  aiitl  published  his  Cni'ttrii  in  l.Vi'J, 
follows  the  I'oinputalion  id'  (/ortes,  except  in  the  se- 
eond  battle,  where  he  reckons  the  Tlasculans  at  00,000, 
p,  40.  It  was  manifestly  the  interest  of  ('ortes  to 
magnify  his  own  dangers  and  exploits.  For  it  was 
only  by  the  merit  of  extraordinary  services  that  he  could 
hope  to  atone  for  bis  irregular  conduct  in  assuming  an 
independent  command.  Bern.  Diaz,  though  abun- 
dantly disposed  to  place  his  own  prowess,  and  that  of 
his  fellow-conquerors,  in  the  most  mlvantageous  point 
of  lif^ht,  had  not  the  same  temptation  to  exaggerate ; 
and  It  is  probable  that  bis  account  of  the  numbers  ap- 
proaches nearer  to  the  truth.  The  assembling  of  an 
army  of  150,000  men,  requires  many  previous  arrange- 
menls,  anil  HUch  provisions  for  their  nut>sistence  as 
seems  to  be  beyond  the  foresight  of  Americans.  The 
degree  of  cultivation  in  TIascala  does  ni)t  seem  to  have 
been  so  great  as  to  have  furnished  such  a  vast  armv 
with  provisions.  Though  this  province  was  so  much 
belter  cultivated  than  other  regions  of  New  Spain  that 
it  was  called  the  rountr}/  of  breads  yet  the  Spaniards 
in  their  march  sulfered  such  want,  that  they  were  ubli- 
grd  to  subsist  upon  'Vunns^  a  species  of  fruit  which 
grows  wild  in  the  fields,  llerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  c.  5. 
p.  182. 

Note  [lOfl].  p.  123. — These  unhappy  victims  are 
said  to  be  persons  of  dislinrtion.  It  seems  improbable 
that  so  great  a  number  as  fitly  should  be  emjdoyed  as 
Hpies.  So  many  priKoners  had  been  taken  and  dis- 
missed, tind  the  TIascalans  had  Kent  so  many  mcMfageH 
to  the  Spanish  quarters,  that  there  appears  to  be  no 
reason  for  hazarding  the  lives  of  so  many  eotLniderable 
people  in  order  to  procure  information  about  the  posi- 
titm  and  folate  of  their  camp.  The  barbarous  manner 
which  Cortes  treated  a  people  unacquainted  with  the 
lawsof  warestaldisbed  anion*;  polished  nalionx,  appears 
so  shocking  to  the  later  Spanish  Wiiters,  that  they  di- 
minish the  number  of  (hose  whom  he  punished  »>o  cru- 
elly, llerrera  says,  that  he  cut  off  the  hands  of  seven, 
and  the  thundts  of  some  more.  Dec.  ii.  lib.  ii.  r.  8. 
De  Soils  relates,  that  the  hands  of  fourteen  or  tifieen 
were  cut  olV,  and  the  thumbs  of  all  the  rest.  I<ib.  ii. 
0.  20.  Uul  Cortes  himself,  Kelat.  p.  228.  b.  and  atU>r 
him  Gomara,  c,  48,  affirm,  that  the  bands  of  all  the 
fifty  were  cut  otr. 

Note  [107].  p.  124. — The  horhes  were  objects  of 
the  greatest  astonishment  to  ail  the  people  of  New 
Spain.  At  first  they  imagined  the  horse  and  the  rider, 
like  the  Centaurs  of  the  ancients,  to  be  some  numslrous 
animal  of  a  terrible  form  ;  and  supposing  that  their  food 
was  the  same  as  that  of  men,  brought  flesh  ami  blood 
to  nourish  them.  Kven  after  they  df^irovered  their 
mistake,  they  believed  the  horses  devoureit  men  in  bat- 
tle, and,  when  they  neiglied.  thought  that  they  were 
demanding  their  prey.  It  was  not  the  interest  of  the 
.Spaniards  to  undeceive  them.  Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib  vi. 
c.  11. 

Note  [108].  p.  124.— According  to  Bart  d<'  J..s 
Casas,  there  was  no  reason  for  this  massacre,  and  it  j 
was  an  act  of  wanton  cruelty,  perpetrated  merely  lol 
strike  terror  into  the  people  of  New  Spain.  I\*e'.''  .  <i.  ' 
la  destruyc.  p.  17,  Ac.  But  the  zeal  of  Lan  ('.Lia.-, 
often  leads  him  to  exaggerate.  In  opposition  to  him, ' 
Hern.  Diaz,  c.  83,  asserts,  that  the  first  missionaries 
seiit  into  New  Spain  by  the  Emperor,  made  a  judicial 
inquiry  into  this  transaction  ;  and,  having  examined  the 
priests  and  elders  of  Cholula,  found  that  there  was  a 
real  conspiracy  to  cut  oil*  the  Spaniards,  and  that  the 
account  given  by  Cortes  was  exactly  true.  As  it  was 
the  object  of  Cortes  at  that  time,  and  manifestly  his 
interest,  to  gain  the  good  will  of  Montezuma,  it  is  im- 
probable that  he  should  have  taken  a  step  which  tended 
so  visibly  to  alienate  him  from  the  Spaniards,  if  he  had 
not  believed  it  to  be  necessary  for  his  own  preservation. 
At  the  same  time,  the  Spaniards  who  served  in  America, 
had  such  contempt  for  the  natives,  and  thought  them 
so  little  entitled  to  the  comn.  n  rights  of  men,  that 
Cortes  might  hold  the  Cholu.aus  to  be  guilty  upon 
slight  and  imperfect  evidence.  The  seventy  of  the 
punisliment  was  certainly  excessive  and  atrocious. 

Note  [109].  p.  124.— This  description  is  taken  al- 
most literally  from  Derual  Diaz  del  Castillo,  who  was 


NO  iin.iequainted  wilb  the  art  of  eompoHilion  as  to  !)• 
inrapabb'  of  enibeltiiilHnu  liis  narinlive  f  e  relates  in 
a  r'liripli' anil  rude  Ntvie  what  paxHi-d  in  his  own  imnd 
ani)  ibittof  his  fellow  soldiiTH  nil  lhat  oci-.iiiiou  ;  **  and 
let  it  nol  be  Ibouijlit  Htrange,"  oavH  be,  "  (bat  I  fiboiiid 
write  in  this  manner  of  what  then  happened,  fur  it 
ought  to  be  constdereil,  that  it  is  one  llinig  to  relate. 
another  to  have  beheld  ihinKs  that  were  never  before 
seen,  or  heard,  ur  spoken  of  among  men.**  ('ap.  t>8, 
p.  64.  b. 

Note  [110].  p.  120 — I)  Diaz  <Ie|  CaiUillo,  gives  us 
some  iilea  of  the  fatigue  and  bardrthips  they  underwent 
in  performing  this  and  other  parts  of  duty.  During  thr 
nine  months  that  they  remained  in  Mexico,  every  niaii| 
without  anv  distinetiim  between  olVuers  and  siddiers, 
slept  on  his  arms  in  his  (|uilted  jacket  and  gorget  They 
lay  on  mats,  or  straw  spread  on  the  floor,  and  each  was 
obliged  to  bold  himself  as  alert  as  if  be  had  been  on 
gi/hrd.  **  This,"  adds  he,  **  became  so  habitual  to  me, 
that  even  now,  in  my  advanced  a^e,  I  alvvavM  ^leep  in 
my  clothes,  and  never  in  any  bed.  When  I  visit  my 
Enromirn'h^  1  reckon  it  suitable  to  my  rank  to  b.ive  a 
bed  carried  along  with  my  other  bagijage,  but  I  nevei 
go  into  it  ;  liut,  according  to  ciiNlom,  I  lie  in  niyeloibex, 
and  walk  frequently  during  the  night  into  the  open  air 
to  view  the  stars,  as  I  was  wont  when  in  seivice." 
(^ap.  108. 

Note  [111].  Jt.  120. — Cortes  himself,  in  liis  Necond 
despatch  to  the  Kmperor,  does  not  explain  the  tiMitlves 
which  imiuced  him  cither  to  condemn  ijualjiopoca  to  (be 
flames,  or  to  put  Montezuma  in  irons.  Kamus.  iii.  23(1. 
H.  Diaz  is  Nileiit  with  respect  to  his  reasonx  for  the 
former;  and  the  only  cauHC  he  asniirns  tor  the  latter 
was,  that  he  inight  meet  with  no  interruption  in  exe- 
cuting the  sentence  pronminced  against  ijtialpopoca, 
c.  xev.  p,  75.  Uul  as  .\lonte/.uina  w.is  bin  privniier,  and 
absolutely  in  bis  power,  he  had  no  reasmi  to  dread  Idtn, 
and  the  insult  ottered  to  that  monarch  could  have  no 
effect  but  to  irritate  him  nnneressarily.  (iinnara  sup' 
poses  that  <\irtes  hail  no  other  object  than  to  occupy 
Mont4'Zuina  with  his  own  distress  and  sulferin^^rt,  that 
he  might  u'ive  less  altentioN  lo  wli.it  befcl  i^u-ilpopoca. 
Cron.  c.  80,  Herrera  adi)pts  the  same  opinion  Dee, 
ii.  lib.  viii,  c.  0.  Hut  it  seems  an  odd  expi'dienl,  ifi 
order  to  make  a  person  bear  one  injury,  to  load  bini  willi 
another  that  is  greater.  De  Solis  imai>ines,  thai  Corlis 
bad  nothing  elso  in  view  than  to  intimidate  .Moott  zmni., 
so  thai  he  mit;ht  niaK-'  no  attempt  to  rescue  the  viiiiiiu 
from  their  fate  ;  but  (be  spirit  of  that  monarch  was  sa 
submissive,  and  be.  had  so  tamely  given  up  the  prisoiiers 
to  the  disposal  of  Cortes,  that  he  bad  no  cause  lo  ap* 
prebend  any  oppo.sition  from  him.  If  the  explanaiioii 
which  I  have  attempted  to  give  of  Cortew's  prtweedinua 
on  this  occasion  be  not  admitted,  it  appears  to  nie,  tbul 
they  must  be  reckoned  amoni;  the  wanton  and  b arba 
rous  acts  of  oppression  which  occur  too  oOen  in  the  his 
tory  of  the  conquest  of  America. 

Note  [U2].  p.  120. — De  Solis  asserts,  lib.  iv,  c.  3, 
that  the  proposition  of  doing  liomat»e  to  the  king  of 
.Sjiain  came  from  Montezuma  himself,  and  was  niaile  in 
order  to  induce  the  Spaniards  to  depart  out  of  his  donu- 
-lions.  He  describes  his  conduct  on  thin  occasion  as  if 
i(  'i-"!!  been  founded  upon  a  scheme  of  profound  policy, 
.mi'  tvxecuted  with  such  refined  addreNs  as  to  dcn-ivc 
Cir'.es  himself.  Hut  there  is  no  hint  or  circumstance 
i'  the  contemporary  historians,  Cortes,  Diaz,  or  Go- 
mara, to  justify  this  theory.  Montezuma,  on  other  occa- 
sions, diticovered  no  such  extent  of  art  and  abilities 
The  anguish  which  he  felt  in  performing  this  bumbling 
ceremony  is  natural,  if  we  suppo.se  it  to  have  been  in- 
voluntary. Hut,  according  to  the  theory  of  De  Solis, 
which  supposes  that  Montezuma  was  executin't  Mial 
he  himself  had  proposed,  to  have  assumed  nn  appc.ir- 
ance  of  sorrow  would  have  been  prejiosterous,  and 
inconsistent  with  his  own  design  of  deceiving  the  Spa- 
niards. 

Note  [113].  p.  127. — In  several  of  the  provinces, 
the  Spaniards,  with  all  their  industry  and  inHuenc-', 
could  collect  no  gold.  In  others,  they  procured  only  a 
few  trinkets  of  small  value.  Montezuma  assured 
Cortes,  that  the  present  which  he  offered  to  the  kins;  of 
Castile,  af\erdoin|^  homage,  consisted  of  all  the  trea- 
sure amassed  by  his  father;  and  told  him,  that  be  had 
already  distributed  the  rest  of  his  tfold  and  jewels  among 
the  Spaniards.  U.  Diaz.  c.  104.  Gomara  relates. 
that  all  the  silver  collected  amnunttd  to  500  marks 
Cron.  c.  83.  This  agrees  with  the  account  given  by 
Cortes,  th:it  the  royal  firth  of  silver  wiw  100  n>arks. 


H 


.J 


HOUTH   AMERKJA. 


.^.I 


Rclttl.  SnO.  1),  Ho  that  {\w  mini  lotui  of  iilvcr  wiim 
unly  4000  oiiiKft,  nt  (lit*  ru(o  of  t'l^lit  (imiora  a  mnrk, 
wiiicii  tli'iiiuiiHlruiOK  lliu  |iru|iortioii  ul  niUcr  lo  j^ohl  (n 
ttivo  Itti'ii  cxci'i"*ii  ^ly  small. 

NoTK  [UAJ.  p.  I'jr— Oe  Solin,  lih.  iv.  c.  6  citU  iii 
qut-Niiuit  iIk-  Initit  nt  tliH  tr>inrt>ii'iiuii,  iVuiii  no  litiit  i 
rea^iiii  ihiiii  Ui>it  il  wiim  iri(:niiii'>U'iiL  Willi  that  jinuliMi'-r 
wlticti  di!tliM;^uiHli('.>4  Uir  cliaraLlcr  of  (JtirliH.  Ilui  lie 
xigtit  ii)  liuvii  riTullfi'ud  ttiu  iiii|i('IuoNiiy  ol  Inn  zi'al  ut 
TiifCttta,  wliieli  wuh  iio  Icnit  iniprudnit.  lie  at^.-^crtM, 
.h«l  Oiv  uvidcDCo  lor  il  rt'MtH  ii[ioii  ilie  ti-Ktnnony  <it  II 
Dia  [ill  (.'uHlitln,  ol  (ioiiiiira.  and  ul  llrrnru.  liny 
•11  cpriciir,  iitdi'i'di  in  ini'ntioinn^  llim  iiicoiit4idr'r.il(-  bliji 
wtiicli  (  orU!s  took  ;  ttiid  lln-y  l>'id  I'nod  n^uHuii  to  do 
ao,  tor  Corit'S  liinuuH'  rulali'v  ihiH  i  i|')oil  In  Ihn  Hi'cuiui 
ditii|mich  lo  the  KnipLTor,  uiid  iii'ii>-  lu  ^lory  ni  it 
Curt.  Ril.it.  Uariuiti.  tii.  MO.  i)  Tlim  Ih  one  in- 
iliiiicr,  uiiu>n^  iiidiiy,  ut  L)u  Sotl.<t'H  having  cuiisnltcd 
with  htilc  attention  thu  luitt-rtt  ulCoitt^H  lo  ('hark'N  V. 
from  'vliuli  till-  inoHt  anthtnlir  inforinatioii  withrcti|icct 
to  liin  o|it'raiiuni  iiiuHt  be  dcnvfi! 

Nunc  [1  UJ.  p.  137.  —  llurreru  nnd  do  Soli«  suppoj^c 
that  Vclantpicz  wuii  eiiconni^t-d  to  iM|viip  this  arnianitnt 
•t|{aintil  CitT'.vn  by  tliu  ui-cuiinl  which  hi;  rtTcivtd  IVoin 
Spain  conccninii^r  (liu  rt'ceptioii  ol  (In*  B^'t-ntii  Hcnl  hv  tint 
t'olony  ol  Vera  l.'rii/,,  and  tin;  warniUi  wih  whn-li  Fon- 
9tch  lli^itiop  ul  lliir^'uH  tiad  fsjtouMi'd  lint  inli-n-iit,  and 
condi.tnnt'il  iht;  proci-fdin^s  ul  (.'urtrii.  llcrrcra,  dt-i-. 
ii.  III).  IX  c.  la.  \)u  .Sulni,  hi),  iv.  c.  5.  Hut  tho  chro- 
nolu^u.-al  order  ol'cvi-iitH  rcfuteitilnH  Hupjiosiiion.  I'or- 
tocarrcro  and  Montfjo  saded  Ironi  Vfra  l/rnz,  July  V(i, 
1510  llcrrrra,  di'f.  11.  Iih.  v.  c.  4.  'I'ticy  landed  at 
St.  Lucar  in  Ocioiier,  aecordin;.;  to  llcrrura,  (hid.  l)u( 
I*.  Martyr,  who  ullendid  (he  court  ut  that  tunc,  ami 
coinnaiiiieali'd  every  uccurreneu  of  moment  lo  Ins  eor- 
rcapundtnit.s  day  hy  d.iy,  menliuns  the  arrival  ot  these 
agents  lor  thu  first  time  in  Dceeinher,  iind  HpcaliH  ot  R 
as  a  recent  event.  Dpist.  050  All  the  historians 
agree  that  thu  a^ent.i  ul  (>ortes  had  their  I'lrsl  auilienre 
ol  thu  l-imperur  at  Turde^ilhiH,  when  hu  went  to  that 
town  lo  visit  his  mother  m  Inn  way  to  St.  .la<;o  de  (^'oin- 
poxti'ita.  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  Iih,  v.  c.  4.  De  SuIih,  lih. 
IV.  c.  fi.  Jlul  tiie  llnijMTor  .set  out  from  Vallidohd  for 
Tordc«illas  on  the  II th  of  Man-h.  Ifv-iO.  and  V.  Mar- 
tyr meriltmis  hi»  having;  seen  ut  that  tnue  tin?  |lre.^ents 
tuude  to  Charles.  Kpist  Ititio.  The  armanieni  under 
Niirvaez  nailed  from  (.'ul»a  in  April  15*J0.  it  is  maiii- 
fost  'hen  that  Velusijuc/  could  nut  receive  anv  account 
of  what  passed  m  ihm  interview  at  turde^illa^  previoun 
lo  tilH  liostitu  preparations  a^rainst  ( -ortcrt.  Ills  real 
motived  Hcuiii  lo  hu  ttiosc  whicli  [  havo  inonlionud. 
The  patent  appointing  Inm  AiIiIuhIikIo  ol'  New  Spain, 
with  juch  extensive  powers,  hears  date  Noveniher  13, 
1540.  lierrera  dec.  >i  hi)  in.  c.  11  He  miijht  ru- 
cuive  il  ahout  the  l>e<{inmng  of  January,  liomara  lakes 
notice,  that  as  isoon  as  tins  patent  wa;*  delivered  to  him, 
lie  bpfjan  to  equip  a  Hcul  and  levy  forces.     Cron.  c.  00. 

NoTB  [llCJ,  p.  Iii7.— i)t!  Holla  contends,  that  as 
Narvaez  hid  no  interpreters,  hu  conld  hold  no  inter- 
course wiih  the  people  of  tiie  provinces,  nor  converse 
with  'hem  in  any  way  hut  by  si«;ns,  tliut  ii  was  cipially 
imposMble  for  him  to  carry  on  any  eonimuniralion  with 
Monrcznrna.  Liv.  iv.  c.  7.  Jiut  it  is  upon  thu  au- 
thority uf  Cortes  himnelf  that  I  relate  all  the  paiticn)ar» 
ol' Narvaez's  correspondence  bulh  with  Monte/uma  and 
with  hi8  subjects  in  llie  maritime  provinces.  Itelat 
Hamua.  in.  '-^44.  A.  C.  Cortes  alVirms  tliat  there  was 
a  mode  of  intorconrse  between  Narvaez  and  the  Mexi- 
cans, but  does  not  explain  how  ii  was  carried  on.  Uer- 
nal  Uiaz  suftplies  this  defect,  and  informs  us  that  tho 
three  deserters  who  joined  Narvaez  acted  as  interpru- 
lers,  having  ac(piirctl  a  competent  knowludi^u  of  the 
languaiic,  c.  1 10.  Witli  bis  usual  minuteness  ho  men- 
tiotis  iheir  names  and  characters,  and  relates,  in  chapter 
128,  how  they  were  punished  for  ilieir  perfidy,  'i'he 
Spaniard.-i  hud  now  resided  above  a  year  amony  thu 
Mexicans  ;  and  it  is  not  surprisinf^  that  several  amon'T 
thorn  should  liavo  made  sonic  proficiency  in  speakinir 
tlieir  laiif^inige.  This  senms  to  have  been  tho  case, 
Hcrrera,  dec.  2.  lib.  x.  c.  1.  Both  D.  Diaz,  who  was 
present,  and  Hcrrera,  tho  most  accurate  and  best  in- 
formed of  all  the  Spanish  writers,  airree  with  Cortes  in 
hin  account  of  tho  secret  correspondence  carried  on  with 
Montezuma  Dec.  2.  lib.  x.  c.  18.  19.  De  Solis 
BMins  to  consider  it  as  a  discredit  to  Cortes,  his  hero. 
thai  Montezuma  should  havo  bepu  ready  to  engage  in 
a  correspondence  with  Narvaez.  He  siip|ioses  that 
monarch  to  have  contracted  such  a  wonderful  aOection 
fur  thu  Spaniards,  that  bo  was  not  aolicitous  to  be  deli* 


vered  from  them.  After  the  indignity  with  whirh  he 
had  been  treated,  «urh  an  alleeiiott  m  incredibh' ;  and 
even  De  .Soh--^  in  uMi^^eil  to  acknowledge,  that  it  mii»l 
ht'  hitiki'tl  upon  an  one  ol  lli<  niiraehs  wlnelt  Cud  li<id 
wrought  to  tai'iliiate  the  conipieHi,  hh.  iv  c.  7.  The 
truth  IS,  .Moiile/uma,  however  nineh  overawed  by  his 
diead  ol  the  Njianutdii,  wu»  (Xtuinely  impatu'iil  lo  re- 
cover his  liherly. 

Nort  [117].  p.  120 — Tlieco  words  I  havo  borrowed 
from  the  anonymonri  Account  tti  the  Kuropeait  Settle* 
ini'iitM  in  Ameriea,  pni)li»htd  hy  Dod.^ley.  m  two  vo- 
lumes Hvo  ;  u  work  of  so  iniich  imrit.  that  1  bhonid 
think  there  is  hardly  any  writer  in  the  age  who  ought  lo 
be  asliumed  of  ucknowjcdgiiiy  hiiiuvU  lo  bu  tliu  author 
ul  It. 

NoTK  [USJ  p.  130. — Thu  enntoinpurary  hiiitortaii9 
diller  eunsnUrublv  wilh  respect  tti  the  Ioms  ut  the  .'Spa- 
niards on  tins  oceusion  (orteMiii  his  hucoiul  di  hpatch 
to  the  Kinperor,  makes  tho  iinmher  only  \<yO.  lletat. 
ap  KumuH.  111.  p.  210  A  Hut  it  was  inamlestly  bin 
inlerest,  ut  thai  juncture,  lo  conceal  Irom  the  court  (d 
Spam  tim  lull  exli'iit  of  the  lo'.s  which  he  liad  sustained 
Ue  .Sobs,  alvvay.<^  Htudiou.s  to  dimini.sh  everv  mislDrlune 
that  befell  his  country  men,  rate.t  ilieir  los*(  ut  about  two 
hniidred  men.  \aU  iv  c,  10  Ii  Uiuz  allirniM  that 
ihey  lost  HVO  men,  and  that  onlv  440  o^caped  troiii 
.Mexico,  c  12H.  p.  lOH.  IJ.  ralafo.?,  Ilifhop  of  1,uh 
Angeh'ri,  who  seems  to  have  impiired  into  the  early  tran- 
sacliuiiM  of  Ins  eomitryineii  in  New  Spam  wiih  great 
alteiition,  conlirms  the  uccount  of  IJ.  Duz  with  respect 
to  the  extent  of  their  loss.  Virtndes  iltl  Imlio,  p.  22. 
(iomaru  «tales  their  luhs  at  4.')0  men.  ("ron  c.  100 
Some  niotilh-^  ufterwards,  whuit'ortes  hail  rectivid 
se\eral  reinlorecmenl»,  he  mn^^tered  his  troops,  and 
found  them  to  be  only  500.  Kelat.  ap.  Kainns.  m. 
p  2.')r>.  Iv  Now,  'js  Narvaez  brought  880  men  into 
New  Spam,  and  about  400  ol  Cortes's  doldiers  wi  te 
then  alive,  it  ise\ident  that  bis  loss,  in  the  retreat  truin 
.Mexico,  must  have  been  inucii  mure  considerable  than 
what  he  mentions.  \i.  Diuz.  soiicittnis  to  magnity  the 
duiiger.<-'  and  sutli  rings  to  which  hu  and  his  fellow  con- 
ipiuK  "-s  were  exposed,  may  have  exugijerated  ihcir  loss  ; 
hut,  in  my  opinion,  it  cannot  well  be  eslunated  at  luss 
than  600  men. 

NoTtfllO].  p.  i;J2, — Some  remains  of  this  great 
work  are  still  visible,  arid  the  spot  where  the  brigaii- 
tines  were  built  and  lannclied  is  siill  pointed  out  lo 
strangers.  Tonpiuniada  viewed  them.  Monarq,  In- 
diana, vol.  i.  p.  5J1. 

NoTK  [120],  p.  133.— The  station  of  Aivarado  on 

the  causeway  of  'I'aculia  was  the  nearest  to  the  citv. 
Cortes  observes,  that  there  ihey  cniilddistmctlv  observe 
what  passed  when  their  countrymen  were  sucriticcd. 
Kelat.  up.  Kanius.  in.  p.  273.  iv  U.  Diaz,  wlio  be- 
longed to  Alvarado's  tiivision,  relates  what  liu  beheld 
with  his  own  eyes.  C.  151.  p.  148.  h.  140.  a.  Kike  a 
man  whose  coiinge  was  t-u  clear  as  to  be  above  suspi- 
cton,  be  describes  with  Ins  usual  simplicity  the  impres- 
sion winch  this  spectacle  m.ule  npoii  hiin.  "  Uefore 
(savahe)  I  saw  thu  brea.sts  of  my  companions  opened. 
their  hearts  yet  lliitlering,  olleTtd  to  un  accursed  idol, 
and  their  (lesh  devoured  by  their  exulting  enemies  ;  I 
was  accustomed  to  enter  a  buttle  not  unly  v.-itbout  fear, 
but  wall  high  spirit.  IJut  from  that  tiuie  I  never  ad- 
vanced to  light  with  the  Mexiraiis  wnliout  a  secret  hor- 
ror and  unxn  ty  ;  my  boarl  trenibted  at  tlu!  th',".:i:his  of 
the  death  which  I  had  seen  them  sutler."  He  takes 
care  to  add,  that  as  !>ooii  as  tlie  combat  began,  his  ter- 
ror went  otf;  and  indeed,  his  adveiiiurons  bravery  on 
every  occasion  is  full  evidence  of  this.  U.  Dui,  c. 
156.  p.  157.  a. 

NoTK  [121].  p.  133. — One  circumstance  in  this  siego 
merits  jiarticular  notice.  The  accov.nt  which  tho  Spa- 
nish writers  give  of  the  numerous  armie.-*  employed  in 
the  attack  or  defence  of  Mexico  suenis  to  bo  incredible. 
According  to  Cortes  himself,  he  had  ut  one  lime 
1.50.000  of  auxiliary  Indians  in  his  service.  Uolat. 
Uainus.  ill.  275.  K.  Comara  asserts  that  they  were 
above  200.000.  Cron.  c.  13G.  Herrcra.  an  author  of 
higher  authurity,  says  they  wore  about  200,000.  Dec. 
iii.  lib.  i.  c.  10.  None  of  ihe  contemporary  writers 
ascertain  explicitly  the  number  of  persons  in  Mexico 
during  tho  scige.  Uut  Cortes  on  aovcrul  occasions 
mentions  the  number  of  Mexicans  who  were  slain,  or 
who  perished  for  want  of  foo<l ;  and.  if  we  may  rely  on 
those  circumstances,  it  is  probabio  that  above  two  hun- 
dred thousand    must  have  boun  shut  un  in  tho  town. 


lOtt 

Itut  llie  fpinntity  of  provmionit  neccHMry  for  \\\v  r*  dihitt- 

eiice  of  KUi'h  VHDt  imi|tiiud''ii  Hfnemttied  in  oni  p'licft, 
during  three  monilirt,  in  so  great,  ihal  it  rctpiiret  no 
much  lore!>tgltt  and  arrangement  to  euliect  tin  ne,  m  d 
l.iy  Ihem  up  m  maga/ineN,  so  ii.«  to  be  eerlaiii  of  a  rt  gn 
lar  Mupplv,  that  uiie  can  hardly  lubeve  lli.it  thin  tonld 
be  avcomphslu  d  m  a  coiiniry  wheic  :i|,'neullurf  uusiin 
inipt  rfect  at  in  the  .Mexican  empire,  win  re  there  wern 
no  tame  uninni)'*,  uml  by  a  people  naltirallv  mo  impruvi- 
deiil,  and  no  meipulde  of  executing  ii  cr.oplKated  plan, 
aH  tnu  most  improved  .\niericaiis  '1  he  Spainardt, 
with  all  iheir  care  and  attention,  tared  very  poorly,  and 
were  often  reduced  to  extreme  dislreiiA  tor  want  ol  pro- 
visions. U.  Diaz.  p.  142  Cortes  Kelat.  27).  1>. 
Cortes  oil  one  uccanioii  mentions  slightly  tlie  subsist- 
ence of  hiM  army  ;  and,  alter  ackiioMJedging  tliat  they 
were  often  in  great  want,  udds,  tliat  they  received  kUp- 
plies  Irom  the  p<'oplu  of  the  couulry.  of  lish,  and  ut 
some  Iruit.  which  he  culls  ihe  cberrii  s  ot  ihe  tountry. 
Ibid.  U.  Diaz  says  that  they  had  cakes  of  maize,  and 
serasas  de  la  litrra  ;  and  v. lien  the  rea.sun  ot  lliest  wai 
over,  anullier  frnit,  whicii  he  calls  'funis;  but  their 
most  coinlortublu  subsistence  was  a  rotit  winch  tho 
Ii'diaiiH  use  us  lood,  to  which  he  gives  llie  name  of 
Quiiiliii,  p.  142.  Tiie  Indian  uiuiliaries  bad  one 
ineaiiM  of  snbsisiince  more  than  the  Spaniards.  They 
fed  upon  the  bodies  of  the  Mexicans  wlioiii  they  kdli'd 
ill  battle,  ('ortes  Helat.  IVO.  C.  1)  Diuz  tonlirmo 
hi.4  relation,  un>l  adds,  tluil  when  the  Inilians  relurni'd 
trom  Mexico  to  their  own  country,  iliey  carried  with 
them  large  ipiuiitities  o|  llrsh  of  (he  Mexicans  salted  or 
dried,  us  a  must  acceptable  jireseni  to  their  trunds,  that 
they  might  ha\e  the  pleasure  (d  leeding  upon  the  bodicn 
of  their  enemies  iii  lln-ir  lelivals.  p  157.  De  Sulis, 
wlu)  seems  to  eonsidcr  il  as  un  impiitalion  oi  •  n  dil 
lO  his  cunmrMiieii,  dial  ihey  hhouM  act  m  coih  ah 

auxiliaries  who  led  I'pon  human  tle!-h.  is  »oi<  ^  to 

prove  that  Ihe  Spumaids  endeavored  lo  pre\' 
associates  Irom  luling  the  bodies  of  the  ,\ie,\K.. 
V.  c.  24.  Hut  ho  has  no  aulhonty  for  this  lif  ...^ 
original  hihtoriuns.  Neither  Curtew  liintfilf  t,  *' 
Diaz  seems  lo  bavt^  bud  any  such  scruple  \  and  uti 
many  occasions  ihuy  meniiun  tin.'  Indi.in  repasts,  which 
were  become  familiar  to  Ihem,  without  any  mark  of 
abhorrence.  Kven  with  tins  udditioiial  slock  of  loud 
for  tlie  Indians,  it  was  hardly  pos!<il)Ie  to  procure  sub- 
sistence fur  uriiiics  amounting  to  such  in  inbers  us  wn 
Iind  III  the  .Spanish  writers.  I'erliups  the  best  solution 
uf  the  ditliculty  is,  to  adopt  ihe  opinion  of  Ii.  Diaz  del 
(.'uslillo.  the  most  artless  of  all  the  Utstui  nuiorcs  pnnn- 
itfo.%.  "  When  Coinura  (says  he)  on  some  occasions 
relates,  thut  there  were  so  many  thousand  Indians  our 
auxiliaries,  and  on  others,  thut  iheie  were  so  inai^y 
tliousand  houses  in  this  or  that  town,  no  regard  is  lo  bo 
paid  to  his  enumeration,  as  he  bus  no  uMlhorily  lor  tt, 
the  numbers  not  being  in  reality  the  lilih  of  what  ho 
relates.  If  wu  add  together  liio  dill'erenl  nuirtbers 
which  he  mentions,  that  cuunlry  would  cunlam  mure 
niillions  than  there  are  in  Castile."  ('.  120.  liut 
though  .<oinu  considerable  deduction  should  certainly  be 
made  from  itio  Spanish  accounts  of  llie  Mexican  lorces, 
thev  must  have  been  very  numerous  ;  for  nothing  but 
an  nnmunsu  superiority  m  number  could  have  enabled 
liiem  to  withstand  a  body  of  iiiiio  hundred  S|mniaid8, 
conducted  by  a  leader  uf  such  abilities  as  Cortes. 

NoTK  [122].  p.  135. — In  relating  thu  oppressive  and 
cruel  proceedings  of  thu  compierors  of  i.'ii'W  Spain,  I 
have  not  followed  Ii.  de  las  Casus  us  iny  gu.'de.  His 
account  of  tliein,  Kelat.  de  la  Dcstruyc.  p.  18,  Ac.  is 
manifestly  exaggerated.  U  is  from  the  tostimony  ol 
(.'ortes  bimsulf,  and  of  Ciomaiu  wliu  wrote  under  bis 
eye,  that  I  have  taken  my  account  of  the  punishmLiit 
of  tlie  Panucaiis,  and  they  relate  it  wilhout  any  dis 
approbation.  B.  Diaz,  contrary  to  bis  usual  custom, 
mentions  it  only  in  general  terms,  c.  IG2  lierrera, 
aolicitous  to  cxteuuute  thi.s  barliarous  action  of  his 
countrymen,  though  ho  mentions  63  caziques,  and  400 
men  of  note,  as  being  condemiicd  lo  tlic  llamrs.  as.serls 
that  30  only  were  burnt,  and  the  ro.<tt  purdoned.  Dec. 
3  lib.  V.  c.  7.  Uut  this  is  contrary  to  iho  tesiimony 
uf  tho  original  historians,  particularly  of  (iomara.  whom 
it  appears  he  had  consulted,  a.^  bo  adopty  several  of  his 
expressions  i'  this  passage.  The  punishment  of  C'.ia- 
timozin  is  related  by  the  most  authentic  of  the  Spanish 
writers.  Torquemada  has  extracted  from  a  history  oi 
Tczeuco,  composed  tn  the  Mexican  ttmgue.  nn  uccoun* 
of  this  transaction,  more  favorable  lo  Cautinio/Jn  ifur. 
that  of  the  Spanish  authors.  Mon.  Indiana,  i.  H'iSi. 
According  to  the  Mexican  account.  Coiicn  liad  searci.;!y 
a  shadow  of  cv  denco  to  justify  such  a  v\anton  act  of 
cruglt^t     U.  Diaz  aflirms,  that  Gautuuozin  otmI  kia 


J  'ill 


200 

Mlow-suflfrers  anscrtrd  their  innocence  with  their  last 

breath,  and  that  many  of  the  Spanish  soldiers  con- 
dcnuicd  this  action  ot'  (.'ortcs  as  equally  imntcessary 
and  iinjtist,  p.  *^U0.  b.  301.  a. 

NoTK  [123].  p.  135. — The  motive  for  undertaking 
thia  expedition  was,  to  punish  Clinsioval  dc  Ohd.  o\w 
of  his  olHcers  who  hud  revolted  uj;a'nht  hini,  and  anned 
at  estahhshint*    an    indept  ndent  jiirisdiclion.     Corles 

^ardrd  thi**  uisurrcotion  as  of  such  diin;;erous  cxani- 
\.  md  dreaded  so  nutch  the  abilities  and  popularity  oi" 
Its  author,  that  in  person  he  led  the  body  of  troops 
destined  to  suppress  it.  lie  marched,  nccording  to 
Uoinara,  three  'liousand  miles,  through  a  country 
abounding  with  thick  forests,  rugged  mountains,  deep 
rivers,  thinly  inhabited,  and  cultivated  only  in  a  few 
places.  What  he  siiflercd  from  famine,  from  the  ho.s- 
tilily  of  the  natives,  from  the  climate,  and  from  liard- 
ships  of  every  species,  has  nothing  m  history  parallel 
to  it,  but  what  occurs  m  the  adventures  of  (lie  other 
discoverers  and  conquerors  of  the  New  World.  Cor- 
tes was  emploved  in  this  dreadful  service  above  two 
years;  and  though  it  was  not  distinguished  by  any 
splendid  event,  he  exhibited,  during  tbe  course  of  it, 
greater  personal  courage,  more  fortitude  of  mmd,  more 
perseverance  and  piiience  than  in  any  other  period  or 
scene  in  his  life.  Herrcra,  dec.  3.  hi),  vi.  vii.  viii.  ix. 
Oomara,  Cron.  c.  163—177.  U  Uiaz.  171—190. 
Cortes,  MS.  pcucs  mr.  Were  one  to  writo  a  life  of 
Cortes,  the  account  of  this  expedition  should  occupy  a 
splendid  place  in  it.  In  a  general  history  of  America. 
as  the  expedition  was  productivo  of  no  great  event, 
tho  mention  of  it  is  sutlicumt. 

Note  [l*i]-  p.  13n. — Acco'^ding  to  Ilerrora,  the 
treasure  which  Cortes  hrougla  with  him,  consisted  of 
fifteen  hundred  marks  of  wrought  plate,  two  hundred 
thousand  pesos  o  tine  gold,  and  ten  ilioiisand  of  in- 
ferior standard,  many  ricli  jewels,  one  in  particular 
worth  forty  thousand  pesos,  and  several  trinkets  and 
ornaiuenis  of  value.  Dec.  i.  lib.  in.  c.  S.  lib.  iv.  c.  I. 
He  alierwards  engaged  to  give  a  portion  with  his 
daughter  of  a  hundred  thousand  p(■^os.  (ioinara  Cron. 
c.  237.  The  lortune  which  he  left  his  sons  was  very 
considerable.  Hut,  as  we  liave  before  related,  the  sum 
divided  among  the  couqucrors,  uii  the  first  reduction  of 
Mexico,  was  verv  small.  Tin  a*  appears,  tlien,  to  be 
Bome  reason  for  suspecting  that  tlie  accusations  of  Cor- 
les's  enemies  were  not  altogetlier  destitute  of  founda- 
tion. Thev  charged  him  with  lutMiig  apphed  to  his 
own  use  a  disproporiiOMale  share  of  x\h-  Mexican  spoils  , 
with  having  concealed  the  royal  treasures  of  Monte- 
zuma and  (iuatimozm  ;  with  defrauding  tho  king  of  his 
fifth ;  and  robbing  his  followers  of  what  was  due  to 
them,  llerrera,  dec.  3.  I;b,  viii.  c.  l^.  dec.  4.  lib.  in. 
c.  8.  Some  of  tlu'  conquerors  themselves  entertained 
auspicious  of  the  same  kind  willi  lespecl  to  this  part  of 
his  conduct.     B    Diaz,  c.  157. 

NoiK  [125].  p.  136- — In  tracing  (he  progress  of  the 
Spanish  arms  in  New  Spam,  we  have  followed  Cortes 
himself  as  our  most  certain  g\iide.  llis  desjintchrs  to 
the  Kmperor  contain  a  minute  account  of  his  operations. 
But  the  unlettered  coiupieror  of  Peru  was  incapable  ot 
relating  his  own  exploits.  Our  inforinution  with  respect 
to  them,  and  other  transactions  m  Peru,  is  dt  rived. 
however,  from  contemporary  and  respectable  authors 

The  most  early  account  of  I'lzarro's  transactions  in 
Peru  was  published  by  Kraiicisco  de  Xerez.  bi3  secre- 
tary It  18  a  simple,  unadorned  narrative,  earned  down 
no  further  than  the  death  of  Atahuatpa.  in  1533  ;  fur 
the  author  returned  to  Spam  in  1534,  and,  soon  after 
he  landed,  printed  at  Seville  his  short  History  of  (be 
Conquest  of  IVru.  addressed  to  the  tlmperor. 

Uon  Pedro  Saiicho.  in  oHicer  who  served  under  Pi- 
zarro,  drew  up  an  acroun'  of  liis  expeditioi.,  which  was 
translated  into  Italian  by  Kamusio,  and  mserteu  in  his 
valuable  collection,  but  lias  never  been  published  in  its 
original  language.  Sancbo  returned  to  Spain  at  the 
same  time  with  Xerez.  (ireat  credit  is  due  to  what 
both  these  authors  relate  concerning  tiie  progress  and 
operations  of  Pi/.arro  :  but  the  residence  of  tbe  Spa- 
niards in  Peru  had  been  so  short,  at  the  tune  when  they 
left  it.  and  their  intercourse  with  the  names  wf<s  so 
fliender,  that  their  knowledge  of  the  IVruvian  mi'nners 
and  customs :«  very  imperfect. 

The  next  conlemiMirarv  historian  is  Pedro  Cieza  de 
Leon,  who  publisiied  his  Cronica  del  Peru  at  Seville  in 
1553.  If  he  had  finished  all  that  he  purposes  in  the 
general  division  of  his  work,  it  would  have  been  the 
inoat  complete  history  which  had  been  ptibliRhed  of  any 
region  in  the  N'  w  W'orld.     He  waa  well  qualiticd  to 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY    OF 


execute  it,  having  served  during  seventeen  years  in  ! 
.■\merica,  and  having  visiicd  iit  person  most  of  the  pro-  1 
vinces  concerning    which   he   had   0'-ca>ioii    to    wnle.  ; 
Hut  only  the  hrst  part  of  his  ehronicle  has  been  prmled 
Ilconlamsa  description  of  Peru,  and  several  ol   liie  j 
adjacent  provinces,  with  an  account  of  the  iiistiiuiioiis 
and  customs  ot  the  natives,  and  is  written  \\ltll^o  liille 
art,  and   such  an   apparent  regard   tor   (riiih,  thai  one 
must  reizret  llie  loss  of  the  ot;,i  i  parts  of  his  work. 

This  loss  IS, imply  supplied  by  I*  ">  .Xnyusiiue  Zarate. 
who  published,  in  155.').  his  His"  t  a  del  Uescubninieiilo 
y  Conquesta  dc  la  Provincia  uel  I'eru.  Zarate  was  a 
man  of  rank  anri  education,  and  employed  in  Peru  ds 
comptroller-general  of  the  public  revenue.  His  history, 
whether  we  attend  to  Us  matter  or  coinposilion,  is  a 
book  of  considerable  merit :  as  he  had  an  opportunity 
to  bo  well  informed,  and  seems  to  have  been  inquisitive 
with  respect  to  the  manners  and  transactions  of  the 
Peruvians,  great  credit  is  due  to  hir.  lesumony. 

Don  l3iego  Kernandez  published  his  Historia  del 
Peru  in  1571.  His  sole  ohjict  is  to  rei.'te  the  dissen- 
sions and  civil  wars  of  the  Spaniards  in  that  empire. 
As  he  served  in  a  public  station  in  Peru,  and  was  well 
acquainted  liolh  with  the  country  and  with  the  iTiiicijuil 
actors  in  liiose  singular  m(  nes  wliich  he  describes,  as 
be  possessed  sound  uiiderstaiidingand  great  impartiality, 
his  work  may  be  ranked  aimmu  iliosu  of  the  lustorians 
most  distinguished  for  their  industry  in  research,  or 
their  capacity  in  judging  with  respect  to  the  events 
which  they  relate. 

The  las*  author  who  can  bo  reckoned  a.'iong  the 
contemporary  historians  of  the  contpiest  of  Peru  is  Gar- 
cilasso  de  la  Vega,  luca.  For  though  the  lirst  part  of 
his  work,  entitled  (\mimrntin}i>s  Hcalcs  did  (hif^in  tic 
los  Incus  Rnci  dtl  I'rrii.  was  not  pubhslied  sooner 
than  the  year  1009.  sevcnly-six  years  alter  the  death 
of  Atahualpa  the  la:*t  Kmperor.  yet  as  he  was  born  in 
Peru,  and  was  the  son  of  an  uilicer  of  distinction 
.ini'jng  the  Spanish  conquerors,  liy  a  i'oi/n,  or  lady  of 
tlit^  royal  race,  on  account  uf  whicii  lie  always  took  the 
name  of  Inca  ;  as  he  was  master  ul  the  language  spoken 
by  the  liicas,  and  acfpiamted  with  the  traditions  of  bis 
countrvnien,  his  autlionty  is  rated  very  high,  and  often 
placed  above  that  of  all  the  oilier  hisiurians.  His 
work,  however,  is  little  more  than  a  coiumeiitary  upon 
the  Spanish  writers  of  the  Peruvian  story,  and  composed 
of  quotations  taken  Irotn  the  authors  whom  1  have 
luentioned.  J'his  is  the  idea  which  iie  himself  gives  of 
ii.  lib.  i-  c.  10.  Nor  is  it  m  ihe  account  of  tjcts  only 
that  be  follow,  them  servilely.  Kvcn  in  explaining  the 
institutions  uid  rites  of  his  ancestors,  his  mloriiiation 
seems  not  to  be  more  perfect  than  ilieirs.  His  ex- 
planation of  the  Ijuipos  IS  uliiiost  the  sunie  wiih  that  of 
.Acosta.  He  produces  no  spc ciinen  of  Peruvian  poetry, 
but  that  wretched  one  which  he  borrows  from  iilas 
Valera.  an  early  nussiouary,  whose  meiiioirs  have  never 
been  puhlisheil.  I.ib.  ii.  c.  15  As  tor  coinpositiuii, 
arrangement,  or  a  capacity  of  disimguislmig  between 
what  IS  fabulous,  what  is  probable,  and  what  is  true, 
one  searches  for  them  in  vaiii  in  the  commentaries  of 
the  inca.  His  work,  however,  notwith^taiidiug  its 
great  defects,  is  not  altogether  destiiute  of  use.  Some 
traditions  vvhich  he  ricnvid  from  bis  coMiirvih--n  are 
preserved  in  it.  His  knowledge  of  the  I'eniviar  lan- 
guage has  enabled  him  to  correct  ?ome  errors  of  the 
.sp.inish  writers,  and  he  had  in^erled  in  it  some  curious 
iUcts  taken  from  autuurs  who>e  works  were  never  pub- 
lished, and  are  now  lost. 

NoTK  [I2(i]  p,  130  -One  may  form  an  idea  both 
of  the  liardships  which  tliev  endured,  and  of  the  un- 
healthy climate  in  the  regions  vshich  they  visited,  from 
the  extraordinary  mortality  that  prevailed  among  them. 
Pizarro  earned  out  112  men,  Abnagro  "lO.  In  less 
than  nine  months  130  of  these  died.  l''ew  fell  oy  the 
aword  ;  most  of  them  were  cut  oil  by  diccasca.  Xeres. 
p.  180. 

NoTK   [127],  p.  137.     This  island,  says  llerrera,  is 

lendered  so  uncomfortable  by  the  unwholesomeness  of 
Us  climate,  its  imperu'trable  woods.  Us  rugged  inoim- 
lams,  and  the  multitude  uf  insects  and  reptiles,  that  n 
IS  seldom  any  softer  epithet  than  that  of  \nlenial  is  cm- 
ployed  HI  describing  it.  The  sun  is  almost  never  sf  en 
there,  and  tiiroughont  the  year  u  bardiv  evpr  erases  to 
ram.  \)vc.  iii.  lib.  x.  c.  3.  Oainpier  touched  at  this 
isl.ind  in  the  year  IGH5  ;  and  his  account  of  the  climate 
IS  not  more  f.ivorabje,  Vol.  i.  p.  1V2  He,  during  his 
cruise  on  the  coast,  visited  moAl  of  the  ,i|ac4's  where 
PizaiTo  landed,  and  his  description  of  them  tlirowa  light 
on  tho  narrations  uf  the  early  Spanish  bi^'uiian;). 


NoTK  [128].  p.  138.— By  this  time  horovi  had  mul» 
tiplied  greatly  in  tlie  Spaniah  settlemeits  on  tbe  con- 
tinent.  When  (fortes  began  his  expedition  in  the  yeni 
1518,  thungii  his  anuamenl  vmls  more  ennsiderabU 
than  that  ol  Pizarro,  and  coinp<i>ed  of  ]iersous  ^^iqienor 
111  rank  to  those  who  invaded  Peru,  be  could  procure 
no  more  than  sixlei>ri  hoises. 

NoTK[I29]   p.    139— In  the  year   1710,    I).  Aid. 

riloa  iiiid  1).  (ieorge  Ju'::.  lavelled  from  (liiavaqnil  to 
Molnpe  by  the  same  -o..le  which  Pizarro  took.  From 
the  description  uf  tht;r  journey,  one  may  form  an  iilcu 
of  the  ditlicully  of  h;s  nianh.  The  sandy  plains  be- 
tween St.  Michael  de  P:eura  and  .Motupc  extend  1)0 
miles,  without  water,  without  a  tree,  a  plant,  or  any 
green  thing,  on  a  dreary  stretch  of  burning  sand.  Voy- 
age, tom.  1.  p.  399,  &c. 

Note  [130J.  p.  139. — Tins  extravagant  and  uufea- 
souiblde  discourse  of  Valverde  has  been  censured  by 
all  historians,  and  with  justice,  lint  ihongh  he  scem-i 
to  lune  been  an  illiterate  and  bigotled  monk,  nowiso 
re.>euil»hng  the  good  Olincdo,  who  accompanied  (.'ortes; 
the  absnrdity  of  bis  address  (o  Atnhual))a  nutst  not  be 
charged  wholly  upon  hnn.  His  harangue  is  evidently 
a  translation  or  paraphrase  of  that  lorin,  concerted  by  a 
junto  of  Spanish  divines  and  lawyers  In  the  year  1509, 
for  explaining  the  right  of  their  king  to  the  sovereignly 
of  the  New  World,  and  for  directing  the  otHcers  em- 
ployed in  America  bow  they  >hould  lake  possession  of 
any  new  country.  See  Xole  23.  The  seutiihent.s 
contained  in  Valvcrde's  harangue  must  not  then  be  im- 
puted to  the  bigotted  imbecility  of  a  particular  man, 
but  to  tliatof  the  age.  Hut  (lomara  ami  Hi  iizoni  relate 
one  circiimsljnce  concerning  Valvt  rde,  which,  if  au- 
thentic, renders  him  an  objict  not  of  contempt  only 
hut  of  horror.  They  assert,  that  during  the  whole  ac- 
tion \'alverde  continued  to  ex<  ite  the  sokhers  to  ^laugh- 
;er,  calling  to  them  to  strike  the  eiieinv  not  wi;h  the 
edge  hut  with  the  points  of  ibeir  swurds  t'oin  ("ron. 
c.  113.  Henz.  Histor,  Nov,  Crbis.  lib,  lii,  c.  3  Sueh 
behavior  was  very  ditlercnt  from  that  of  the  Hotnan 
Catholic  clergy  in  other  parts  of  Americi.  where  tliey 
nniformlv  e.xerted  iheir  inllueiice  to  protect  the  In- 
dian.*, and  to  moderate  the  ferocity  of  their  country- 
men. 

NoTK  [131],  p.  139. — Two  dilferent  systems  liave 
been  formetl  cimccrtung  tbe  conduct  ol  .\tahualpa. 
The  Spanish  writers,  m  order  to  justify  the  violence  oi 
tht  ir  conntrvmen.  contend  that  all  thi>  Inca's  piDte:.- 
Mons  of  friendsbi|>  were  feigned  ;  and  that  his  intention 
m  agreeing  loan  interview  with  Pizarro  at  Caxamalc.i, 
was  to  cut  otV  bill)  and  his  followers  at  one  blow  ;  that 
for  this  purpose  be  advanced  with  snch  a  nutnerouti 
body  of  atteiidants.  who  bad  arm^  concealed  under 
their  garments  to  e.\ecule  :!iis  ^cheme,  This  is  the 
areouMt  given  by  Xeres  and  '/crate,  and  adopted  by 
llerrera.  Hut  it  it  had  neeu  the  plan  of  liie  Inca  to 
destroy  tbe  Spaniards,  one  can  h.irvlly  im.igiue  that  lie 
v\onld  have  permitted  them  louLireh  ihrourh  the  desert 
of  Motupi',  or  have  neglected  to  deteiid  Hie  pusses  in 
the  mouMtams,  where  they  might  liave  hi  en  iUtis-ked 
with  so  mnch  ailvanijge.  It  ihe  P*  ruvtan.*  nu'iched 
to  Caxamalca  with  an  intention  to  fall  upon  the  Spa- 
niards, It  is  uiionceivahle  that  of  so  great  a  body  of 
men,  prepared  for  action,  not  one  .-heuld  alttiupi  to 
make  resistance,  but  all  tamely  snller  ih<nisetve.s  tube 
butchered  by  an  enemy  wl'jui  they  were  arniid  to  at- 
tack. .Vtahualpa's  mode  ul  advancing  to  ilie  niterviow 
has  tbe  aspect  of  a  peaceahl.t  procesMon,  not  of  a  mili- 
tary enterprise.  He  himselt  and  his  lullowers  were  \v 
their  habits  of  cerenionv,  preceiled,  a.s  on  d.ivs  of  s»- 
lemnity.  by  unarmed  harluiigers.  Thongh  rude  nationa 
are  frequently  cnnmng  anil  lalae  ;  yet  it  a  scheme  ot 
deception  and  treachery  must  be  imputed  eilU<  r  to  u 
monarch  that  had  no  great  reason  to  be  ahirined  at  >i 
visit  from  strangers  who  vulicited  admission  inio  hii 
presence  as  I'nends,  or  to  an  adventurer  so  daring  and 
.so  little  scrupulous  as  Pizarro,  one  eannol  hesitate  m 
determining  where  to  fix  tbe  presumption  of  uudt. 
Kven  amidst  the  endeavors  of  tbe  Spanish  writtrt-  to 
palliate  tbe  proceedings  of  Pizarro.  one  plainly  per 'eives 
lliat  It  was  hi',*  intcnt.on.  as  well  as  his  interest,  tii 
8t>iz(^  the  Inca,  and  (hat  he  had  takeit  measures  for 
that  purpose  previous  to  any  suspicion  of  <hat  mo- 
narch's designs. 

Carcilasso  de  la  Vega,  extremely  solicitous  to  vmdi- 
rnto  his  countrymen  the  Peruvians,  from  il.e  rriiite  of 
having  conceriea  the  destrucnon  of  I'lzarro  and  hi4 
followers,  and  no  less  afraid  to  charge  the  .Sp.miarda 
with  improper  conduct  towards  the  Inca,  has  fratueil 


^ 


■ 


SOTITH    AMi:U  IC  A 


201 


Another  eiyt*toin.  He  relatrs.  that  n  man  of  mdjrstic 
'iinn,  wi'h  u  ionir  hcunl.  ami  ^iirnients  rrncliiny  lo  the 
{(toumi,  havin<:  a|ipt'ar(il  in  a  vision  (o  Virarorha,  lliu 
I'l^htii  Inca,  and  ihTlared  that  hu  Wj.s  a  rhild  id"  iliu 
Sun.  tint  nu}iuirrh  huMt  a  It  ni|)h'  in  honor  oi  ih\^  pci- 
Biin,  and  ciTrU'd  an  una;;!'  vt  hini.  rtM-nilthMti  as  nt'iirU 
QHpostilile  tiie  Miipdar  lorni  in  whifh  he  hud  (xhihiltd 
liiintth  to  h;s  vu-w.  In  this  innplr  divme  honors  wire  , 
|>uid  to  httn  hy  itir  nanu>  ol  Niracui-ha.  IV  i.  hh.  i\ 
c.  21.  lili.  V.  c.  "ii^Z.  \\  hen  thf  Spmiards  first  appeared 
in  I'eru,  tlie  length  of  ihtir  litardM,  and  iht-  dress  they 
wore,  flnu-k  evcrv  pt  rsor.  so  imu-h  wiih  Iheir  likeness 
lo  the  linage  uf  Virarocha.  liiat  llicy  su[|  o>(d  thcin  lo 
hv  chihlreii  of  tlie  Sun,  who  had  dcscdKhd  from  hea- 
ven to  earth.  All  eoi.ehidcd  lliat  ihe  fatal  period  of 
the  JVruviaii  empire  was  now  approaching,  and  that 
the  throne  wouhi  lit' oeeiipicd  hv  nt  \\  pn.'si'ssors.  Ala- 
hnatpa  Imnsi'll,  eonsititTini;  the  .Spaniards  as  mt-sscn- 
gers  troin  lieavtMi,  "Aas  so  far  from  enteriannnii  any 
thoughts  of  retiistnii;  (hem,  that  hr  deltTrnnitd  to  yield 
implicit  olietlieiiet'  to  tlieir  connnands.  l''rom  ilit-se 
senUinenLs  tlo^sctl  his  protcssions  of  love  and  respect. 
To  those  wrre  owinn  the  cordial  n'ctptioti  of  Soto  and 
Fertlinand  i'lzarro  m  his  camp,  and  the  suhnnssive  re- 
verence with  which  lie  himself  udvanced  to  visit  the 
Spanish  general  m  his  ipiarters  ;  hut  from  (he  ^ross 
ignorance  ot  IMulipillo,  the  interpreter,  the  declaration 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  his  nn^wer  to  it,  wcrt'  so  ill  ex- 
plaiied,  (hat.  hy  their  iiniiual  inahihly  to  eumprelicnd 
each  other's  mteniions.  the  fatal  rencontre  at  (.'a.\anial- 
ca,  with  all  Its  dreailful  conseipietiees  was  orca:^ioned. 
It  IS  lemarkahle,  that  no  traces  ot  lliis  superstitious 
vcnenlion  of  the  I*ernvians  for  the  Spaniards  are  to  he 
found  e'*her  in  Xeres.  or  Sancho,  or  Zarate,  previons 
to  the  mteniLw  r.*. '.'axamalea  ;  and  yet  the  two  lor- 
iiier  served  under  Pizarro  Lt  that  imie  bih)  the  latter 
visited  i'eru  soon  al'UT  the  coiKjuest.  If  either  the 
Inca  himself,  or  his  messeni;crs,  had  addressed  the 
iSpaniardd  in  llie  wortis  which  Warcitasso  puts  m  their 
nioulhi!,  ihev  must  have  bt^en  slru-.'k  with  such  suhtms- 
f  ive  declarations ;  and  they  'vould  certainly  have 
tivailed  *hemselves  of  llu'in  to  accomplish  itieir  own 
desitxnH  Willi  greater  facility.  (larcilasso  himself, 
though  his  nirrative  of  the  intercourse  hetwet  ii  the 
Inca  and  the  .Spaniards,  jireettling  the  reiiconire  at(  'axa* 
iiiulca,  IS  louiided  on  tin:  supposition  of  his  licheving 
them  to  h(  V'lracoclias,  ortiivnit;  tieings,  p.  li.  lih.  i.  e. 
1  7,  <Sic.,  yet,  with  his  usual  inattention  and  maccnraey, 
he  udmit!t  III  another  place  that  the  l'<  ru\  lans  ijid  not 
recollect  tln^  resemhlance  hetvveen  them  and  the  god 
Viracocha,  uiiiil  the  lalal  thsasters  suhsecpien;  lo  the 
defeat  at  ('axamaica,  and  then  unlv  hegan  to  call  them 
Viracochas.  1*.  i.  Iih  v.  c.  *«!.  This  is  contirmed  hy 
Herrera,  dec.  v.  lih.  n.  e.  1-.  In  many  dillereiit  parts 
of  America,  if  we  may  lulievc  the  Spanish  writers, 
tiieir  cou!iIryinen  were  coiisidert  d  asih\me  heingswlio 
had  descended  tVom  heaven.  lint  m  lliis  insiaiice,  us 
ill  many  winch  occur  m  the  imercourfo  heiwiea  na- 
tions whose  piotrri'ss  in  refinement  is  very  nnei[iial.  the 
ideas  ul  those  who  used  llie  e.\prt'ssion  were  ddterenl 
from  those  who  heard  il,  for  siicii  is  the  uliom  ot  llu- 
Indian  langua<:ek>,  or  ^ucll  is  the  simplicity  of  those 
who  speak  them,  that  when  they  see  anv  thmir  with 
wh'.ch  they  were  h)rmerly  nnacipiainted.  uiiu  ol  which 
Ihey  do  not  know  the  iirigm,  tliey  say  that  it  came 
down  iVoni  heaven.      NiiL'nez    Kam.  in.  3*47.  ('. 

The  account  which  I  have  given  of  ihe  senliment.s 
aiid  proceedings  of  the  Peruvians,  appears  to  he  moie 
natural  and  consistent  than  either  of  the  two  preceding, 
and  is  bettor  supjmrled  hy  the  facts  related  by  the  con- 
temporary historians. 

According  lo  Xercs,  p.  200.  two  ttioujiand  iVruvians 
wt-r*!  killed.  Sancho  makt  s  the  mimlier  ot  the  sbin 
■ix  or  seven  thousaiul.  Kam.  ni.  274.  I).  Ily  (iai- 
cilasso's  account,  live  thousand  were  massacred.  I',  ii. 
bb  i.  c.  25.  The  number  which  I  have  mentioned, 
being  the  niedmin  between  the  cxlremes,  may  probably 
bo  nearcit  the  truth. 

NoTK[132].  p.  '39— Nothing  can  be  a  morti  stri- 
king proof  of  this,  than  that  three  Spaniards  travelled 
from  Caxamaica  tn  Cuzco.  The  distance  between 
them  is  six  nuudred  miles.  In  every  place  throughout 
litis  great  extent  of  country,  they  were  treated  with  all 
tlie  honors  which  the  IVruvians  paid  lo  iheir  sovert  igna, 
and  even  to  iht-ir  divinities.  Under  pretext  of  amass- 
ing what  waa  wanting  for  the  ransoti  of  the  Inca,  they 
demanded  the  plates  of  gold  with  which  the  walla  tif 
the  Temple  of  the  Sun  m  Cuzco  were  adorned  ;  and 
though  the  priests  were  unwilling  lo  ahenale  those  sa- 
cred ornaments,  and  the  people  refused  to  violate  the 
■hnuH  uf  their  God,  tho  three  8pajiiardi,  with  their  own 


hands,  robbed  the  Temple  nf  purt  of  this  vulnahle  trea-  i  which  ;lisimgu!i.hes  the  one  sex.  mingled  with  the  sen- 
sure  ;  and  Mich  was  ihe  reverence  of  the  natues  lor  i  sihility  and  lirihrniss  |etiih:tr  lo  llie  udier.  l^ittiy 
their  persons,  that  though  ihiv  bihild  ihis  act  of  sain-  '  de  M.  (.iodin  a  M.  tie  la  ( 'undanniie. 
h'L'c  wilhastoiiu-hineiil,  they  t!id  not  at'iinpl  to  prevent 


Zaraie.  hh.  ii.  c.  G. 


or  tlistmh  (he  eominission    of  it. 
.Sancho  aj).  Uamus.  ni   375.  i). 

Note  ri33J.  p.    141 — Aceordinu'  to  Ilerrera,  the 

s|(Oil  of  Cuzco  after  setting  i\part  the  King's  /'Jlli, 
was  di\ided  among  480  persons       Kac!i  rcened  4U00 

pesos.     This  amounts  to    l.it'JO.OOO   pc»^os       I'ec.  v.  ■ ^ , ~.^ 

lib.  vi  r.  3.  Hut  as  the  general  and  otht  r  ollicer?  were  '  Iriend.'  and  companions  wi  re  so  much  afraui  of  i:i\mg 
ei. titled  to  a  share  far  greater  than  ihal  of  the  private  '  oHeiice  lo  I'lzarro,  that  they  durst  nol  t  nicrtam.  or 
men,  llie  sum  total  must  have  risen  much  beyoi;d  what  j  even  con\erse   with   them.     One  may  conceive  what 

I  hav(!   mentioned,      tioinara.  c.  123.  end  Zavale,   hh, 

II  c-  8,  satisfy  themsrUes  wiih  aPserUng  in  ijeMcral,  that 
the  plunder  of  theCnzco  was  of  grcatt  r  value  liian 
the  ransom  of  Ataliuahm. 


NoTi:  [138].  p-142 — Iltrrera  gives  a  strik^oi:  pic- 
ture ol  iheir  indigence.  Twilve  ^it  nili  iiieii.  \\lio  tiAd 
been  otlio  rs  of  di^tlnctlon  tindtr  Ainagio.  kul'.id  m 
the  same  house,  ami  having  hut  one  cloak  among  ihem, 
it  was  worn  alt<  tmiielv  hv  hiiii  vvho  had  occasion  to  a|H 
pear  in  public,  vnIiiIc  'he  rest,  Ironi  ihe  want  oi  adicent 
dress  were  obliged  to  keep  v  illun  tlitors.     'I  heir  lorinel 


NoTK  [134]  p.  141  —No  exiudition  in  the  New 
World  was  conducled  with  more  persev  ring  courage  viii.  c.  G 
than  ihal  of  Alvarado.  and  in  none  were  grcatt  r  hard- 
ships endurid,  Maiiv  of  tiie  persons  engaL'ed  m  it 
were,  like  lluir  leatler.  veterans  who  had  servid  under 
Cortes,  mured  lo  all  ihe  rigor  (d  American  war.  Such 
of  my  readers  as  have  not  an  opjiortnnity  of  perusii.g 
the  striking  dtseripiion  of  their  sntUrings  hy  ZaraU-. 
or  Ilerrera,  niav  lorm  some  iiha  of  llie  nature  t>l  tin  ir 
march  from  the  spa-coast  to  i^uilo.  by  consulting  the 
account  which  i).  Ani.  I'lloa  gives  of  his  ov\n  jourmy 
in  173G,  nearly  in  ihe  same  route.  \o\.  lom  i  p. 
IIH.  iVc  .  or  th.il  nf  M.  H(»nguer.  who  prticeeihd  from 
I'uerlo  Vit.o  to  Uiiito   hy  the  same  road  which  .Mva- 


was  the  condition,  and  what  the  indignation  of  men 
once  acctisloined  to  power  ami  opuhnce,  whin  they 
ft  It  themselves  |)Cor  and  despised,  w  itliout  u  roof  under 
which  to  shelter  their  In  ads,  while  ihey  btlicld  tithe  rs, 
whose  tneiits  and  terviceswere  nol  tipudto  theirif, 
living  in  splendor  in  smn[)tiJons  iditices.     L)ec.  6.  hb. 


NoTK  [139].  p,  HT*. — Ilerrera,  whose  accuracy  en 
titles  him  to  great  credit,  asserts,  that  Cionzalo  I'lzarro 
possessed  domains  in  the  neighborhood  ol  (  Inupusacn 
de  la  Plata,  which  yielded  liim  an  annual  revnmo 
greater  than  that  of  the  Aichbishop  of  Toh  Jo,  the 
best  endowed  see  Knrope.     Dec.  7.  lib.  vi  c.  3. 


NoTK  [140).  p.  147.— All  the  Spanish  writers  dc- 
scitbe  lus  march,  and  ihe  tlistres.-<es  id  both  parlies, 
verv  minulelv.  Zarute  observes,  that  hardly  any  paiallel 
lo  It  occurs  in  histttry,  eilher  with  respect  to  the  length 


rado  ttmk.  '  He  compares  Ins  own  journey  with  that  of  i  id"  tiie  retrtal.  or  ihe  ardor  of  the  pursuit.  I'lzarro, 
the  Spanish  leadi  r,  and  hy  the  comparison  gives  a  nmst  ,  according  to  his  compnliitimi,  followed  the  vicert)y  up- 
striking  idea  of  ihe  boldness  and  patience  td'  Alvarado 


in  forcing  his  way  through  so  many  obstacles.    Voyage 
de  I'erou,  p.  28,  A:c, 

NoTK  [135],  p.  141 — According  to  Ilerrera,  there 
was  entered  on  account  of  the  king  in  L'old,  1. ').'). 300 
pe.-.os,  and  ri.-ii'OG  marks  (each  8  otinccii)  of  stiver,  he- 
sides  several  vessr-ls  and  ornamenls,  some  of  gold  and 
others  t)f  silver;  on  account  of  private  persons,  in 
gold  4yi*.000  pesos,  and  54.000  marks  of  silver.  Dec. 
5.  lib.  VI.  c.  13. 


VNards  of  three  thousand  miles.      Lib. 


to. 


NoTK  [13G].  p.  142,— The  Peruvians  not  only  imi- 
tated the   niilitarv   arts  of  the  Spaniards,  but   had   re- 
I  course  to  devices  td   their  ov\n.     As  the   cavalry  were 
!the   chief  objects  of  llieir  te-ior.   lliey  emleavored   to    the  priest  issues 
1  ;"Mder   till  in  incapable  of  acting  by  means  of  a  long  j  good    and  cheap 


Note  [M*^]    p.  I'18 — II   nniounted,   accortlmg  to 
Pernandez,  'ha  best   inltrmed  historian  ol  that  ptnud, 
i  to  one  million  four  bundrtd  lliousanil  pe><os.      I  ib.  li. 
Ic.  70 

Note  [142]  p.  141). — Carvajal.  from  the  beginning, 
'had  Lieen  all  advt'cute  tor  an  accommotlatiou  wnu  tius- 
lea.  Pmding  P, -.ario  incapable  ot  holdeig  ihal  bold 
'course  winch  he  originally  siiggesiitl,  he  ri  roinineiided 
!  to  him  a  lii:!eiy  Hi'bmission  to  his  Mivireign  f*  ilio 
I  sales!  meuiiure.  W'i.i'ii  die  president  s  oilirt;  wdc  'ir-t 
!  coinmiimcalea  to  <"arv,ijal.  "  IJv  our  I.ady,  (savs  lie  m 
'that  strain  i-l  butiomu  ry  w'uich  w:is  lainilui' 'o  bin.,) 
acuMi:,  bulh-.  lie  give- Ifie'ii  both 
let    tis  not  only   acce|it  tin  m,  luil 


I't  riiunde:: 


thoig  wilh  a  sione  fistened  to  each  end.     This,   when  i  wtar  them  as  relupies  about  our  necks." 
I  ihn  wn  by  a  skilful  hand,   twisted  about  the   hors^^  and  [  hb.  ii.  c.  b3. 
!  Its  niter,  and  eniai.ghd    them  so   as  to  obslriu  t   iheir  l 

i  motions.  Ilerrera  tnenlions  llns  as  an  mveiilioii  of  their  I  Noik  [143]  p,  149 — Dnrmg  ihe  rebelltoii  ot  (Jon- 
own.  Dec.  T).  lib.  viil.  c.  4.  IJul  as  1  have  observed,  p.  zalo  Pr/ano,  se\eii  hundnd  mc:i  wete  killut  m  bailie, 
113,  this  weapon  is  conunon  among  several  barba-  ,  and  lliree  hundred  and  eighty  wt  re  hdiigul  ur  hrbeudeil. 
rous  tribes  towards  the  e.vtreimlv  of  South  -Vinerica  :  ,  lleireia,  dec  8  lili.  iv ,  e.  4.  Abi>ve  three  hiu  dred  ul 
and  II  IS  more  i-robahle  that,  the  Peruvians  had  ot'serveti  ]  these  were  cut  otV  by  Carvajal.  i  eniandez,  lili.  u.  c. 
the  dcxlenly  wi.h  which  iliey  used  it  m  Imnting,  and  '  01  Zaraie  makes  llie  nmntier  ol  tht,se  put  lo  a  vio- 
on  this  occasion  udopied  it  ihrniselvcs.  'l"he  Spaniards  ;  hut  deaih  live  huiidred.  l,ib.  vu.  «:  1 
were  coiistderablv  annoyed  liy  it.      Ilerrera.  ibitl.   Ano-  I 

ther  instance  of  ibe  mgenuitv  id  the  IVrnviaiis  deservt  s  Norr.  [114].  p  I.'d) — In  my  impiiries  conrerning 
mention,  liy  turning  a  river  out  of  its  channel,  ihey  !  llie  manners  and  puhcy  of  ihe  .\lt\uaNs,  I  h.ivt  re- 
overllowed  a  valh-y.  m  which  a  body  of  ihc  enemy  'ii.ved  much  iidormatmii  from  a  largo  aiamiscripl  of 
was  posted,  so  suddenly,  that  il  was  with  the  nlinosl  ;  Pon  Alonso  de  Ctjrila.  one  of  the  judyt  s  m  itie  I  ttuit 
ditliculty  t..c  Spaniards  made  Iheir  escape.  Ilerrera,  !  of  Audience  ul  Mtxico.  In  the  year  loiVd,  J'!.!:;.  II. » 
dec.  4.  lib.  vm.  c.  ft.  !  in  order  to  dis.over  'he   mode  ol    b  vymg  tnbuie  lu-m 

'his  Indian    s'ibjeels,  that  vmmiIu    he   n.osi    henelKial    to 

NoTR  [137].  p.  142.— Herrera's  account  of  Orella-  '  the  t  lowii,  and    least  opprtssive   to  tliem.  nddrtsscd  a 

na's  voyage  is  the  most  minulc  and  apparenilv  ihe  must  !  mandate  to  all  the  Courts  of  .Xudieii'-e  ui  Amen.^a.  i-n- 

accuraie.      It  was  probably    taken  Iron,  the  journal  of  joining  ihem  toaiiswer  certuimpierie-' whit  h  he  pioptt'-ed 

Ul  ihitii  eonceruuig  the  ancient  lorm  ol  government 
I  stabhshed  among  ihe  variouh  nations  of  Indians,  ^nd  ihe 
inoile  m  which  ihey  had  bt  en  uccustomtd  It)  pay  ta.xes 
to  ilieir  kings  or  duels.  In  ohi-dieiice  to  this  mandiite, 
near  si'vep  months  in  the  voy.ige.  M.  de  la  Cmida- i  Idriia,  who  bad  resided  nmelren  years  m  America, 
mine  in  '!ie  vear  1743,  sailetl  Iiom  Ciienca  lo  Pura.  a  J  loMrleen  ot  which  he  passed  m  New  .Spain,  cumposid 
settlem  .'id  of  the  Portuguese  at  the  miiu'.h  (d"  the  rivtr.  the  work  of  which  1  nave  a  ciipy.  He  aciiuamis  lus 
a  navi  ;alion  much  lont'er  than  that  of  Oielijiia.  m  less  sovereign.  lliJt  he  made  il  an  oli|ect.  during  his  reai- 
than  four  months.  N'ovage.  p  170.  IJul  ihe  two  ad-  deme  in  America,  and  ni  all  its  privinces  wliuh  he  had 
venturers  were  very  dillerentlv  piovidi  il  lor  the  vtiy-  visiud,  lo  nupiire  diligently  mlo  liie  manners  and  cus- 
age.  This  hazardous  umh  rtaking  lo  wnich  umbition  toins  of  llie  natives  ;  that  he  had  conversed  h  ^is  pnr- 
proiujited  Orella. la.  and  to  which  the  love  of  science  ptise  with  many  aged  a'lid  mtelligeiil  Indians,  and  eon- 
led  M.  de  la  Condamine.  was  undertaken  in  the  year  ifevdtcd  sevt  ral  ot  ihe  Spanish  Pcdesiaslics,  who  undcr- 
HGO,  by  Madame  iiodiii  des  ( fdonais  iVoin  conjugal  '  slood  the  Inttian  language  most  pertecily,  pur'icuUrly 
adeclion.  The  n.irralive  of  the  huidsbips  which  she  i  tome  id  iIiosl-  who  landed  m  New  Spam  s'.xjii  al-.^r  tho 
su  lie  red.  ot  the  dangers  to  wluch  she  was  exptistti.  antl  t  ctuHiuesl  Coritu  appears  to  be  u  mint)!  some  b-irti- 
uf  the  disasit.:' which  beled  her.  is  tuie  ol  the  most  I  ing,  and  to  have  curried  on  his  iiupiiries  wiin  iii<- Jl'U 
singular  and  alK  cting  stones  m  anv  language,  exhibit- |  geiice  and  accuracy  to  which  ho  pretends.  (ireatAi 
ing  in  her  conduct  a  Mtriking  picture  of  tiie  furtiludu   credit  m  due  tu  hia  tuHtimony  from  one  cttcumstAUc& 


(hellaiia  himself.  Put  the  dales  are  not  distineily 
niarku!.  Ilni  nav.giition  tlown  ihe  Coca,  or  .Napo. 
tiegan  early  in  Pehruary,  l.''»4I  ;  unit  he  arrived  at  iht 
mouth  td'  the  nver  on  the  2Gih  of  August,  iniving  spent 


Ul 


I       ! 


11 


m$ 


His  work  wat>  not  composed  with  a  view  to  piiblica- 
lion.  or  in  s  ipport  of  unv  |iiiriiriildr  ihpory,  hut  conlains 
8iin|il<- lUo.i^ti  hill  iii>^\(-r.s  to  qii<>ri('8  |)ro|iO!<ed  tu  hiin 
oiHi'Mllv.  r;toii<iii  ItrrriTj  does  no:  mention  liiin 
antuii«;  (he  auiliurs  wliuni  h(;  had  fullowctl  a^  (.'uid'^s  in 
his  ll.^torv.  I  jiiut.ild  Mi|>|)0»i\  truin  srverrflfiiclsof'  wnicli 
he  ukv.*  notice,  a^  well  as  from  several  expressiuii^ 
whit'li  lie  use5,  tli.il  Itiis  memorial  of  Corita  was  nul 
acknuwn  to  htiu. 

NoTK  [M3].  p.  131. — The  early  Spanish  writers 
were  so  tia.<ily  and  inaccurate  in  esitmaliut;  the  nuniher.i 
of  people  in  ihe  provinces  und  town»  in  America,  that 
it  '.A  impossilile  to  ascertain  (hat  of  Mexico  itself  with 
any  decree  of  precision.  Cones  dencrihea  the  exlenl 
o.:J  populoiisness  of  Mexico  in  jjener.il  terms,  which 
iiu|»lv  ihal  it  was  not  infenor  to  the  jjreiitest  cUies  in 
Europe,  (jornara  is  more  explicit,  and  alfirma.  that 
tlii-re  were  60.01*0  houses  or  families  in  Mexico,  t^ron. 
c.  78.  Herrera  adopts  his  opmuin.  Dec.  3.  Iih.  vii.  c. 
13  .  and  (lie  ^jeiieral.ty  of  writers  follow  them  implicilly 
wiilionl  inipiirv  or  scruple.  Accordiiii;  to  this  account, 
the  inluhilania  of  Mexico  must  have  been  ahoutUOO, 000. 
Tonpiemada,  with  his  usual  propensity  to  the  marvel- 
lous, asserts.  th;tt  there  were  1*0.000  houses  or  fami- 
lies tn  Mexico,  and  conspipienlly  about  600.000  inha- 
bilanis.  I. lb.  111.  c.  CU.  13ut  m  a  very  judicious  ac- 
count of  the  Mexican  e^uinre,  by  one  of  (,'ortes's  olfirers, 
the  population  is  tixcd  ai  fll>.000  people.  Kamusio, 
iii  309.  A.  Kven  by  this  account,  which  jirobably  is 
im.ch  nearer  the  truth  than  any  of  the  forCffoini;, 
Meiico  was  a  great  city. 

NoTB  [146].  p.  151. — It  is  to  P.  Torribio  de  Uena- 
ven'c  that  I  am  indebiivl  for  this  cniious  oliservalioii 
Pal.ifoi.  Bishop  of  Cnidiid  do  la  Puelija  I*o.s  Anijeles. 
conhriiis  atid  illusirales  it  more  fully  Tiie  Me.xican 
(«yi  he)  IS  (he  only  laniiuaiic  m  whuli  a  termination 
itui  "Mtirii:  respect.  .•tiltir<i.<  rcci'.ri'.ntuilfs  i/  (/«■  rorfrsm. 
niav  Ite  .itrued  to  evcrv  word.  liyadJiiiii  (he  tin.d  .syU 
lahlti  zni  or  aztn  to  any  word,  it  becomes  a  proper  e.\- 
|.re--'on<jf  Vfiieifttion  inlhoinonih  of  an  inferior.  If, 
ii  -iieakiniT  loan  eniulthe  word  Frtther  is  tobeu?cd, 
'A  •!«*../.',  but  an  lulcrior  says  Tiilztn.  One  priesi 
apeakmt;  to  another,  culls  him  TeopiX'/nr;  a  person  of 
inlVnor  --ank  calls  iimi  Tri>pixretzi/i  Tlir  name  of  the 
cin(Hror  who  reigned  when  (\»rtes  invaded  Mexico, 
was  Miiiitczunid  ,  but  Ins  vass.ils.  from  reverence,  pro- 
nounced It  .ytoithzumuzin.  Torribio.  MS  Palaf. 
Virtudes  del  Indio.  \).  6.'i.  The  Mexicans  bid  not  only 
reverential  nouns,  hut,  reverenti;d  verbs  The  manner 
n  wiiicii  tiiese  are  formed  from  the  verbs  m  common 
UBt  is  explained  by  D.  Jos.  An^'.  Aldama  y  Guevara  in 
hia  Mexican  Grammar.  Nu.  188. 

NoTB.  [I47J  p  1.V2  — From  comparinir  several  pas- 
■aires  in  ( 'orita  and  lltrrera.  wo  may  collect,  with  some 
deurcM-  ol  accnrarv.  the  various  modes  in  which  the  Me- 
Xicatis  ctiutribiued  towards  the  support  of  novcriimenl. 
Some  persons  of  the  tUst  oribT  seem  to  hive  been  ex- 
empted from  the  pavineiil  of  any  tribute,  and  as  their 
Oiilv  diilv  to  the  |:ublii',  were  bound  to  perifonal  service 
in  war,  and  to  follow  the  banner  of  (heir  sovereign  witli 
their  vass.ds.  *.  The  immediate  vassuls  of  the  crown 
were  hound  not  onlv  to  pergonal  militirv  service,  but 
paid  a  certain  proportion  of  the  produce  of  their  land.-*  m 
Kind.  3  Those  who  held  otlices  of  honor  or  trust 
paid  a  certain  .^hareof  what  ihev  received  in  conscipience 
of  holdinij  these.  4.  K.ich  ('iiiiulla\  or  association, 
cultivated  some  part  of  (he  field  allotted  to  it,  for  the 
behoof  of  the  crown,  and  deposited  the  produce  in  the 
Toytl  granaries.  5.  Some  part  of  w  hatever  w  as  brought 
to  the  public  markets,  whether  fruits  of  the  earth  or  the 
Various  productions  of  their  artists  and  manuiacturers. 
Was  demamled  for  the  public  use,  and  the  merchants 
who  paid  this  were  exempted  from  every  other  tax 
6.  The  .yfatfe'/ifs  or  adscrtpti  ^lihir,  were  hound  to 
cultivate  certain  districts  in  everv  province,  which  may 
be  con*idered  tn  rrntrn  lands,  ani\  broui»lit  the  incrr-a<*e 
in(o  public  siorehouses.  Thus  the  sovereiLni  received 
some'pnrt  of  whatever  was  useful  or  vabiable  in  (he 
cnii.itry,  whether  it  vva.i  the  natural  production  of  the 
rod,  or  aci]iiired  hv  the  industry  of  the  people  What 
each  contributed  towar<)s  the  siipport  of  government 
•eems  to  have  lieen  iuconsiderable  Cnrita.  in  answer 
to  one  of  the  queries  put  to  thi'  Audience  o*"  Mexico  by 
Philip  II  .  endeavors  to  estimate  in  money  the  value  of 
wh»t  each  ciiizen  iniirbt  be  supposed  to  pay.  and  does 
not  reckon  it  at  more  than  three  or  four  mils,  about 
eighteen  pence  or  two  sbillni;;s  a  head. 

NoTX  n^l  V  1^>*  --■t'O"^*^  who  secni  to  have 
buoa  ttJ  much  sstouithed  at  this*  a«  with  any  iiuitaiu:e 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORY   OF 


of  Mexican  ingenuity,  gives  a  particular  description  of  i 

i(.     Aiong  one  of  the  causeways,  says  he,  by    which  i 
they  enter  (he  city,  are  conducted  two  conduits,  com-  j 
posed  of  clav  tempered  with  mortar,  about  two  paces  in  i 
iireafith.  .iiid  laised  about  si.x  feet,      hi  one  of  them  is  ; 
conveyed  a  .-.tream  of  excellent  water,  as  .arttv.  as  the  j 
body  ol  a  man,  into  iIk-  centre  of  the  cilv,  and  supplies  j 
all  ihe  intiabitaiits  plcMlifully.     Tlie  other  is  empty,  that 
wiieii  It  IS  necessary  to  clean  or  repair  the   former,  the 
stream  of  water  may  be  turned  into  it.      As  this  conduit 
passes  alony  two  of  the  bndijcs.  where  there  are  breeches 
in  the  causeway,  throu|^h  winch  the   salt  water  of  the 
lakes  llows,  it  is  conveyed  over  them  in  pipes  as  larije 
as  the  body  of  un  ox,  then  carried  from  the  conduit  to 
the  remote  quarters  of  (he  city  m  canoes,  and  sold  to 
the  inhabilanls.     Kelat.  ap.  Ramus.  241.  A. 

NoTK  [140]-  p.  152. — In  the  armoury  of  the  roval  pa- 
lace of  Madrid  arc  shown  suits  of  armour,  which  are 
called  Montezuma's.  They  are  composed  of  thin  lac- 
quered copperplates.  In  the  opinion  of  very  intellijrent 
judt^es,  ihey  aro  evidently  eastern.  The  forms  of  the 
sdver  ornaments  upon  them,  representini^  drajjons,  tVc. 
may  be  considered  a  conlirmation  of  this.  They  an; 
iiiiimlely  su|»erior,  in  point  of  workmanship,  to  anycHbrl 
of  American  art.  The  Spaniards  probably  received  from 
them  the  Philippine  islands.  The  only  unquestionable 
specimen  of  .\icxican  art,  that  I  know  of  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, IS  a  cup  of  very  hue  yold,  which  is  said  to  have 
beloiiij'ed  to  .Montezuma.  It  weiirhs  .')oz.  12dwt.  Three 
drawiiij,'s  of  it  were  exhibited  to  (he  .Society  of  Aiiti- 
(piaries,  .lune  10,  176;').  A  man's  head  is  represented 
on  this  Clip.  On  one  sule  the  full  (a-e.  on  the  otlier 
the  prohh',  on  the  tliinl  the  back  parts  of  the  head 
The  rebtrvo  is  said  to  have  been  produced  by  pnnching 
the  mside  of  the  cup,  so  as  to  make  the  representation 
ol  a  lace  on  the  outside,  Tlie  features  are  <:ross,  hut 
n-presented  with  some  deirree  of  art,  and  certainly  too 
ruile  lor  Spiimsh  workinanslnp.  This  cnp  was  pur- 
cliased  by  Kdward  Karl  of  Oxiord,  while  be  lav  in  the 
harbor  of  Cadiz  v-ith  t^'e  tleet  under  Ins  command,  and 
i*»  now  in  the  possession  of  Ins  {grandson,  Lord  Archer. 
I  nm  indebted  tor  tins  infonnation  to  mv  respectable 
and  int.'emoijs  ir.end  Mr.  Barniii^ion.  In  the  sixth  vo- 
lume of  ilie  .\rcha'oloifia,  p  107,  is  published  an  accomit 
ol  some  masks  of  Terra  Cotta.  broiit;ht  from  the  hury- 
inji  •'round  on  the  American  continent,  about  .•seventy 
miles  Irom  the  British  seitb.'ment  on  the  Mosquito  shore. 
They  aie  said  lo  be  likenesses  of  chiefs,  or  other  emi- 
neni  persons.  From  the  descriptions  and  eiiiiravinirs 
of  thein.  we  have  an  additional  proof  of  tbo  imjierfect 
state  of  arts  aino  ,[»  the  Ainericaii«. 

NoTK  [130J.  p.  l.')3.— The  learned  reader  will  per- 
ceive how  much  I  have  been  indebted,  in  this  part  of 
my  work,  to  the  yuidance  of  the  Bishop  of  (iloncester, 
who  has  (raced  the  successive  steps  by  which  the  hu- 
iiiLin  mind  advanced  in  tins  line  of  its  protrress,  with 
much  erudition,  and  t^reater  in;.'enmty,  lie  i.s  the  first, 
as  tar  as  I  know,  who  formed  a  rational  .iml  coiisistent 
theory  conecr  imjf  the  various  modes  '>f  writmi;  prac- 
tisul  by  nations,  aecor<liiij;  to  the  various  denrecs  of 
their  improvement.  Div.  J^ei^ation  of  Moses,  ni.  60, 
^Vc.  Some  important  observations  have  been  added 
by  .M  le  President  de  Bro>scs,  the  learned  and  inlelli- 
m  nt  author  of  the  Traile  de  la  Formation  Mecanique 
(ies  Lan^'ues,  tom.  i.  SOA,  Ac. 

As  the  Mexican  paintiiies  are  the  most  curious 
monumenis  extant  of  the  eaibest  mode  of  writmn,  it 
will  not  be  improper  to  give  some  account  of  the  means 
by  which  they  were  pre^e.vi.l  from  the  jieneral  wreck 
of  every  work  of  art  in  Ainencii,  and  commnmeated  lo 
the  public.  For  the  most  earlv  and  complete  collec- 
tion of  these  pnbbsiied  by  Purchas.  we  are  indebted  to 
the  attention  of  that  curious  itupiirer,  Hakluvt.  Don 
Antonio  Mendoza,  viceroy  of  New  Spam,  having 
deemed  those  iiaintiiigs  a  [troper  present  for  Charles 
v..  the  ship  ill  wliieli  tbey  were  sent  to  Spain  was 
taken  by  a  French  cruiser,  and  tl.ey  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  Tlievet.  the  Kimij's  ucograpber.  who.  having 
traVL-Ucd  hmisr If  mto  the  New  Worl  '  and  described 
one  of  Its  province  8.  was  n  curious  observer  of  whatever 
tended  to  illustrate  the  manner.^  of  the  Americans.  On 
Ins  death,  ihcv  w(~re  purchased  bv  Ilakbivt.  at  that  time 
chaplain  of  the  Kiigli>li  ambassador  lo  the  Frofich 
court  ;  and  being  left  by  him  lo  Purchas,  were  pun- 
lished  at  the  d.sire  ol  the  bariied  antiipiarv.  Sir  Henry 
Spelman.  Purchas.  in  106;').  They  were  translated 
from  KiiLdish  into  Fienrh  by  Melcbr/.edeck  Tlievenol, 
and  published  in  his  collection  of  vovasicK.  A    1)    liiHil 

Tlie  fcecoiid  specimen  cf  Mexican  piclure-writmg 
wtu  pubhffhcd  by  Dr.  Franris  Guuielli  Carren,  in  two 


copper-plaits.     The  first  is  a  map,  or  representation  ol 

the  progress  of  tl:c  ancient  Mevirnns  on  their  first  ar- 
rival m  ine  country,  end  of  the  various  -^fations  in  which 
they  settled,  befoii'  iliey  founded  the  eapitid  of  their 
empire  in  the  lake  of  ^iexlco.  The  second  is  a  Chra 
nolotjieal  Wliecl,  or  ("irclc.  represenriiij;  the  manner  in 
which  they  conqpiiled  und  marked  their  cycle  of  tifty- 
iwo  years.  He  received  both  from  Don  (.'arlos  de  Si- 
guenza  y  Congorra,  a  ddinent  collector  of  ancienl 
Mexican  Documents.  But  as  it  seems  now  to  be  a 
received  opinion  (founded,  as  far  as  I  know,  on  no  good 
evidence),  that  Carrerl  was  never  out  of  Italv,  and  (hat 
his  famous  (iiro  del  Mumh  id  an  account  of  a  fictitious 
voyage,  I  have  not  mentioncii  these  paintings  in  the 
text.  They  have,  however,  manifestly  the  appearance 
of  being  Mexican  productions,  ind  are  allowed  to  be 
BO  by  Boturini.  who  was  well  qualified  to  determine 
whether  they  were  genuine  or  supposititious,  M.  ('la- 
vigero  likewise  admits  them  to  bo  genuine  jiaintings  oi 
the  ancient  Mexicans,  'i'o  me  they  always  appeared 
to  be  so,  though  from  my  desire  to  resl  no  part  of  my 
narrative  iqton  queb'ionable  authority,  I  did  not  refer 
to  them.  The  style  of  painting  in  the  former  is  eonyi- 
derably  more  perfect  than  any  other  8[)eciinen  of  Mexi- 
can design  ;  but  as  the  original  is  said  to  have  been 
much  defaced  by  time,  I  suspect  tin:*,  it  has  been  im- 
proved by  some  touches  from  the  hand  of  a  Knropean 
artist.  Carreri,  (_'hurchill,  iv.  p.  487.  The  Chrono- 
logical Wheel  is  a  just  di  Imealion  of  the  Mexican  inodo 
of  computing  time,  as  described  by  Acosta,  lib.  vi.  c. 
2.  It  seems  to  resemble  one  which  that  learned  .le- 
suit  had  seen  ;  and  if  it  be  admitted  as  a  genuine  monu- 
ment, It  proves  that  the  Mexicans  bad  artilic'al  or  arbi- 
trary characters,  which  represented  several  things  be- 
sides numbers.  Fach  montli  is  (here  represented  Viy  a 
symbol  expressive  of  some  work  or  rite  prcubar  to  it. 

The  third  specimen  of  Mexican  painting  wav  disco- 
vered by  another  Italian.  In  17'.i6,  Forenzo  Botnrmi 
Benaduci  set  out  for  New  .Spam,  and  was  led  by  se- 
veral incidents  to  study  the  language  of  the  Mfxicans, 
and  to  collect  the  remains  of  iheir  tii>(orical  inonmnciiti*. 
lie  j>ersisted  nine  years  in  his  researches,  with  tlie  en- 
thusiasm of  a  projector,  and  the  patience  of  an  aiiti- 
(jnarv.  In  1746,  be  published  at  Madrid,  Idra  dt  una 
yucra  Histinui  (iincrol  dr  la  Aniiricd  Scptoitrmiuilf 
contaitiirig  an  account  of  the  result  of  Ins  inqnirirs  ; 
Hiid  he  added  lo  it  a  catalogue  of  Ins  American  llistori- 
cal  Museum,  arranged  umii  r  tliirty-si\  dillereiil  heads. 
Ills  idea  of  a  New  History  appears  to  me  the  work  of 
a  whimsical  credulous  man.  But  bis  catalogue  of 
Mexican  maps,  paintings,  tribule-roHs,  calendars,  Ac, 
Is  much  larger  (ban  one  could  \u\v  expected.  I'litor- 
tunalelv  a  ship,  m  which  be  b  nl  sent  a  (-(msiderable 
pjrt  of  them  (o  Furope,  was  lakm  by  an  Fiiglisli  pri- 
vateer during  the  war  between  ( Iieat  BriJain  anil  Spain, 
which  commenced  m  the  year  1  T.VJ  .  and  it  is  probable 
that  lliev  peiished  l)y  falliiiL,'  into  the  bands  of  ignorant 
Cit[)tors.  Bofurini  hnnselt'  mcurred  the  tlisplcasure  of 
the  S[ianish  court,  and  died  m  un  bo>pn,il  at  Madrid. 
'I'be  history  of  which  the  lilnt,  \e.  whs  only  a  prcsprr- 
fiis,  was  never  jMiblished,  The  remainder  of  Ins  j\lu- 
senm  seems  to  have  been  dispersed  Some  part  of  it 
came  mlo  the  possesMon  of  the  ]ireseiif  :\rcbbishop  of 
Toledti,  when  be  was  primate  of  New  Spjiiii  ;  and  he 
published  from  i(  that  curious  tribute-roll  which  I  have 
mentioned. 

The  only  other  collection  of  Mexican  paiiitings,  as 
far  as  I  can  learn,  is  in  thi'  Imperial  Library  at  \'n una. 
iJv  order  of  their  ImiMrial  Majet-ties  I  have  obtained 
such  a  specimen  of  these  as  I  desired,  in  ei^ht  paint 
ings  made  with  so  much  lidebty,  that  I  am  informed 
ibe  copies  could  hardly  be  dlstlllLMIl^hed  from  the  origi- 
nals. Accordini:  to  a  note  in  this  Cm/*  j  Mrxtrtintis,  il 
np[tearH  lo  have  been  a  present  from  I'mmanuel.  King 
of  Portugal,  lo  Pope  Clement  \  11  who  died  A  I). 
ITi'V,].  Aft(  r  passing  tbrougii  the  hands  of  sever.il  il- 
lustrious proprn  tors,  it  fell  mlo  those  of  the  Cardinal 
of  S.ixe-Fisenach.  who  presented  it  *o  the  Fmptror 
I.eojiold.  These  paintings  are  mamtesily  Mexican, 
but  ihey  are  in  a  style  very  difb'reiit  frfun  any  ni  the 
former.  An  engraving  has  been  made  of  one  of  them, 
in  order  to  gratify  such  of  my  readers  as  may  deem 
this  an  object  worthy  of  their  attention  Mere  it  an 
object  of  .snrttcienl  importance,  it  might  perhaps  be 
possible,  bv  recourse  to  the  plates  of  Purelius.  and  the 
Archbishop  of  'I'oledo,  as  a  ki  v.  to  form  plausible  eoii- 
jectiires  roiicermng  the  meaning  of  this  picture.  Many 
of  the  figures  are  evidently  similar  A.  A  are  (argel-i 
and  darts,  almost  jn  the  same  form  w itli  those  pidibsb'd 
by  Purcluih,  p.  1070,  1071,  Ac.  B  B  are  b^uri'i. 
of  temples,  nearly  reBtinbbng  ibo^e  m  Pi;rch„M\  d 
UOU  and   Uia,   and  ui  Lorenvuna.      Pluti:   U    t 


m 


SOJJTH    AMERICA. 


SOS 


is  a  bale  of  manlier,  or  cotton  cloths,  the  li^iire  of 
which  ocrvirc  iii  .iliiio^it  e\t'ry  pliite  of  Purchas  nnil 
IjortMi/.iinn.  K.  K.  K  sut'in  to  hf  Mt'xicnii  caw- 
lains  111  the  r  war  dros.s,  the  raiitj^^tic  onininfiits  tif 
whirh  reseiiihU'  the  tijriires  in  I'lirclDs,  p.  1 1  ID,  1 1 1  I, 
Slin.  I  si)uiil(l  .suiipost;  litis  piclurf  lo  he  a  inlMii)!- 
roll.  lift  thfirnioth'  of  tmliiig  niiiiihcrf*  occurs  l'rc<|mfiily. 
1).  I).  1)..  <.Vc.  AcLonhiii;  to  Hotiirnii,  l\\r.  i\unU\  ol 
(-niii|>iitaiiot)  by  the  iiiiinlicr  of  kiiot;i  was  known  to  ihc 
MexuMOs  us  well  as  to  the  Prnivums,  p.  85.  and  the 
manri'.T  in  which  the  number  ol'  units  is  rcprpsentcd  in 
the  Mexican  painlui^s  hi  my  posscspion  s(;enis  to  con- 
firm this  opinion.  'I'hcy  plauily  resemble  a  string  of 
knotu  on  a  cord  or  slondtir  rope. 

Smre  I  puhlislicd  the  formt-r  edition,  Mr.  Waddilovc, 
who  IS  still  pleaded  to  continue  his  friendly  attention  tu 
procure  me  information,  has  discovered,  in  die  Library 
of  the  Ksrurial.  a  volume  in  folio,  consisting!  of  forty 
sheets  of  a  kind  of  pa^toboard,  each  the  size  of  a  com- 
mon sheet  of  writini;  paper,  wiih  yreat  variety  of  un- 
couth and  whimsical  tit^ures  of  .^Iexlcall  panuini;.  in 
very  fresh  colors,  and  with  an  explanation  in  Spanish 
to  most  of  them.  The  tirst  twenty-two  sheets  are  the 
sijins  of  the  months,  days,  ikc.  About  the  middle  of 
each  sheet  are  two  or  more  larire  tij^ures  for  the  month, 
surrounded  hy  the  sitjns  of  the  days.  The  last  eighteen 
hhects  are  not  so  filled  with  tiijures.  They  seem  to  be 
si^ms  of  Uetties.  and  imai^es  of  various  objects.  Ac- 
cording to  this  Calendar  in  the  Kscurial,  tiie  Mexican 
vear  contained  ilvSfi  davs,  divided  nilo  'Z'Z  months  of  \'.\ 
days,  Kach  day  is  represented  by  a  dttl'erent  sign, 
taken  from  some  natural  object,  a  serpent,  a  doi:.  u 
lizard,  a  reed,  a  house.  ^Vr.  'I'he  sifres  of  days  in  the 
Calendar  of  the  Ilscurial  are  pr''''is(ly  the  same  with 
those  mentioned  bv  IJotunni.  Idea,  iS;c.  p  45,  Hut, 
if  we  may  'jive  credit  to  that  author,  the  Mexican  yeir 
"ontamrd  llfiO  davs,  divided  iiuo  18  months  of  20  days. 
The  order  of  davs  m  everv  month  wa»  computed,  ac- 
cording to  him,  tirst  by  what  he  calls  a  tndervnnanj 
prntTiTssion  of  days  from  one  to  thirteen,  in  the  .same 
manner  as  m  the  Odl'»iidar  of  the  Kscnria!,  and  then  by 
a  septenanf  |)roi;rrssion  of  days  from  one  to  seven, 
making  in  all  twenty  In  this  ('alendar,  not  only  llie 
niiins  whi-'h  distinijmsh  each  day,  but  the  <)ualaies  snp- 
po>ed  to  \w  peculiar  to  each  month  are  marked  There 
arc  c(  rtain  weaknesses  which  seem  to  accompany  the 
human  mind  through  every  stiiire  of  its  progress  m  ob- 
Bcrvalion  and  science.  Slender  as  was  the  knowlediie 
of  the  Mexicans  in  asironomy,  it  appears  to  have  het  ii 
already  connected  with  judicial  astrolojjy.  'I'he  fortune 
and  character  of  persons  born  in  each  month  are  sup- 
posed to  be  decided  hv  some  superior  intbience  pre- 
doimnaiit  at  the  time  of  nativity.  Hence  it  is  foretold 
in  the  Calendar,  that  all  who  are  horn  in  one  muntb 
will  be  ricli,  in  another  warlike,  in  a  tlnrd  luxurious,  &c 
The  pasteboard,  or  whatever  substance  it  may  he  on 
which  the  <'alcndar  in  the  Kscnrial  i«  painted,  seems, 
ny  Mr.  Waddilove's  description  of  it.  to  resemble  nearly 
that  :•.;  'bn  hi-^t-'ial  Library  at  Vtc'ina,  In  several 
particulars  the  Ui-urcs  bi-nr  i^onie  likeness  to  those  in 
the  plate  which  I  have  published.  The  tij^ures  marked 
I),  which  induceil  me  to  conjecliire  that  this  paititiui;  I 
mJL'lit  he  a  tribute  roll  similar  to  ttiose  published  hv 
I*nrcha9  Hiiu  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  Mr.  Waddilove 
supposes  to  be  si^ns  of  davs  ;  and  I  have  such  conti- 
dciice  in  tlie  accuracy  of  his  observations,  as  to  enn- 
ehide  Ins  opinion  to  be  well  founded  It  appears,  from 
the  characters  in  which  the  e.Tphinations  of  the  tiijures 
are  wriitrn.  that  this  curious  monument  of  Mexican 
art  has  been  ohiained  soon  after  'he;  conquest  of  the 
Kinpire.  It  is  sintzutar  that  it  should  never  have  been 
mentioned  by  any  Spanl^h  author. 

NoTK  ri51]  p.  153 — The  tirst  was  called  the  Prince 
of  the  Deathful  Lance  ;  the  second  the  Divider  of 
Men;  the  tlnrd  the  Shedder  of  Blond;  the  fourth  liie 
Lord  of  the  Dark-house.     Acorta,  lib.  vi.  c.  2b. 

\orK  [LVi].  p.  l,-).}.— The  temple  of  (^liolula,  which 
wa.i  deemed  more  holy  than  any  in  New  Spam,  wa^t 
likewise  the  most  constderahlc.  Jtiit  it  was  nothing 
more  than  a  mount  of  solid  earth.  Aecordini»  to  Tor- 
quemnda.  it  was  above  a  quarter  of  a  leanne  in  circuit 
at  the  base,  and  rose  to  the  heii,'ht  of  forty  failunus, 
Mon  Iiid  lib  iii.  c.  19.  Kven  .M.  (/Uvti;ero  iieknow- 
|ei|jes  that  all  the  Mexican  temples  were  solid  struc- 
tures, or  earthen  moun's,  and  of  consefpience  cannot 
be  considered  as  any  \  -idcsnce  of  their  having  \\\u\i.' 
miy  coi.sidcrable  progro.<9  iu  the  art  of  building.  ('Iu\it'. 
ii.807. 

'  Frotjl  inxpputini;  various  figures  of  lempb  s  in  the 
(uintinga  engraved  by  Purchas.  'here  seems  to  ho  some 
KUdoii  for  f(i»ptctmg  Umt  all  their  tciuplub  weru  con- 


structed  in  the  same 
lilO,  1113. 


manner     Seu  vol.  iii.  p.  IIU'J, 


XoTK  [1531.  p.  l.M  — Not  only  in  Tlascala  and  Te- 
peaca.  but  e\eii  in  Me.\ico  Usdl,  iIh;  houses  ol  the  peo- 
ple were  mere  huts  built  with  turt'  or  mud.  or  the 
liranchcs  of  trees.  'J'hey  were  exiremcly  low  and 
shirht,  and  without  anv  furniture  hut  a  lew  <  artlien  ves- 
sels. I, ike  the  rudcsi  Indians,  several  families  reMdfil 
under  the  same  roof,  without  liavmg  any  separate  aparl- 
incntH.  llerrera,  d(c  "Z.  lib.  vii.  c.  13.  Iih.  x.  c.  "Z'i. 
dec.  3.  Ill),  iv.  c.  17.     'J'orqucm.  lib.  m.  c.  -3. 

NoTB  [154J.  p.  154. — I  am  infnrmed  hy  a  person 
who  lesitled  long  m  New  Spam,  and  visited  almost 
every  province  of  it.  that  there  is  not.  iu  all  the  extent 
of  that  vast  empire,  anv  monument  or  vestige  of  any 
building  more  iineient  lliun  the  conquest,  nor  of  any 
bridge  or  liighway.  except  some  remains  of  the  cause- 
way from  (iiiadaloupe  to  that  gate  of  Mexico  by  which 
(-'ones  entered  the  city.  MS.  pturs  mc.  'I'he  author 
of  another  account  in  manuscript  observes,  "That  at 
this  day  there  does  not  rtinain  even  the  smallest  vei- 
tiije  of  tlie  (XL-itenee  of  any  ancient  Indian  building. 
pui»lic  or  private,  either  in  Mexico  or  in  any  province 
of  New  Spam.  I  have  travelled,  says  he.  through  all 
the  countries  adjacent  to  them,  viz.  New  (ialicia.  New 
Biscay,  New  Me.\ico,  Sonora.  ('inaloa,  the  New  King- 
dom of  Leon,  and  New  Santandcro.  without  having 
oh.served  any  inonument  worth  notice,  except  some 
rums  near  an  anrienl  village  in  the  valley //*•  Ca.\a.s 
(iiiiuiiis,  in  hit.  N,  3-'.  46'.  long.  a58-'.  24'.  from  the 
i>land  of  Tencrilfe.  or  400  le  igues  N.  N.  \V.  from 
Mexico,"  He  descnhf  s  these  rums  minutely,  and  the\ 
appiNir  to  be  the  remains  of  a  paltrv  l>uilding  of  turl 
and  stone,  plastered  ovit  wiih  white  earth  or  lime.  A 
missionary  informed  tliat  gentleimm,  that  he  had  dis- 
covered the  rums  of  another  edifice  similar  to  the  for- 
mer, about  a  hundred  leatfues  towards  N.  \V.  on  the 
hanks  of  the  river  St.  Pedro.     MS.  firncs  me. 

These  testimonies  derive  great  credit  from  one  cir- 
cumstance, that  they  were  not  given  in  support  of  any 
particular  svstem  or  ilieorv.  but  as  simple  answers  to 
queries  which  I  had  proposed.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  when  these  gentlemen  assert  thai  no  rums  or 
monuments  of  any  ancient  work  whatever  are  now  to 
he  discovered  in  the  Mexican  empire,  they  meant  that 
there  were  no  such  rums  or  mojuments  as  conveyed 
any  idea  of  grandeui  or  magnihcence  in  the  works  of 
its  ancu-nt  inhabitants.  For  it  appears  from  the  testi- 
mony of  several  Spanish  authors,  that  in  Otiimlm,  Tlas- 
cala, Cholula,  tVc.  some  vestiges  of  ancient  buildings 
are  jitill  visible.  Villa  Segnoi  Theatro  Amer.  p.  14J. 
308.  353.  D.  Fran,  Ant.  Lorenzana,  formerly  Arch- 
bishop of  Mexico,  and  now  of  Toledo,  in  hi^  introduc- 
tion to  tlint  edition  of  the  Cartas  de  Kclacion  of  (for- 
tes, which  he  published  at  Mexico,  mentions  some  rui.is 
which  are  still  visible  in  several  of  the  towns  through 
which  ('ortes  passed  in  bis  wav  to  die  ca|ntal,  p.  4,  iVc. 
But  neither  of  these  authors  gives  any  dcscripuon  of 
them,  and  they  seom  to  be  :-o  very  inconsiderable,  as 
to  show  only  that  some  biiildiuiis  liad  once  been  there. 
The  lar«:e  mount  of  earth  at  Cholula.  which  the  Spa- 
niards dignified  with  the-  name  of  temple,  still  remains, 
but  without  any  steps  by  which  to  ascend,  or  any  facitiir 
of  stone.  It  appear^  now  like  a  natural  mount,  covered 
with  yrass  and  shrubs,  and  pu^stltly  it  was  never  anv 
thing  more.  Torquem  lili,  in  c.  19  I  have  received 
a  •ninute  description  of  the  remains  of  a 'tiuple  near 
t.'nernavaca.  on  the  road  from  Mexico  to  Acapulco. 
It  ix  composed  of  large  stones,  tiii-d  to  each  other  as 
nicely  as  those  m  the  huihhiigs  of  the  Pei-iiviaiis.  which 
are  iiereafter  mentioned  At  the  foumLlion  it  forms  a 
square  of  twenty-live  yards  ;  l>ut  as  it  rises  iii  lieight  it 
diminishes  in  extent,  not  gradually,  but  hy  bciug'con- 
tractetl  suddenly  at  regii!:>r  distances,  so  that  it  must 
have  resembled  the  figure  B.  in  the  plate.  It  termina- 
ted. It  IS  said,  III  a  spire. 

\oTK  [155.]  p.  154 — The  cxag^^eration  of  the  Sj,a- 
nish  hiitorians.  with  respect  to  the  number  of  human 
victims  sacriliceil  in  .Mexico,  ap[.ears  to  be  very  great 
.According  to  (!omara.  there  was  no  year  in  winch 
twenty  thousand  liuinaii  victims  were  not  oifercd  to  thir 
Mexican  Divinities,  and  in  some  years  ihev  amounied 
to  lilty  thousand,  Croii.  c.  229.  '  Thi'  >kulU  of  those 
unhappy  pcisi)in  wcri'  ranged  in  ui-iler  m  a  building 
erected  for  ihal  purptjse,  and  two  of  Cortes's  otlicers. 
who  had  counted  them,  informed  (iomara  that  their 
nn;uher  was  a  hundred  and  Ihirlv-six  lliousand  ihal 
c.  82.  llertera's  account  is  sliil  more  incrediblr.  that 
thetumber  of  Vi.rlinis  waw  hq  iireut,  that  tivo  thousjiid 


have  been  sacrificed  in  one  day.  nay,  on  some  or- 
casions,  no  less  than  tvsenty  thous.uid.  Dec  in.  lib. 
n.  c.  Ifi.  Toiquemada  goes  beyond  both  in  e\iravi», 
gaiu'e  ;  for  he  asserts  that  twenty  iliou>and  ehiUiren, 
exclusive  of  oiher  victims,  were  slaiightereii  annually. 
.Mini.  Ind.  lib.  vii.  c.  21-  The  nio>l  r.spet  lahh'  au 
tlionty  III  favor  of  Mich  high  numbers  is  tli.it  ot  /u 
murraga.  the  first  Bishop  ot  Mexico,  who,  in  a  letter  ii' 
the  chapter-general  of  his  order.  .\  D  Iti31 .  asserts, 
tnat  the  Mexicans  sacriticed  annually  twt  nt\  tliou>aud 
victims  Davild.  Teatro  Kccles.  I21i.  In  oppo.^i.ion 
to  all  these  accounts,  B.  di;  las  (.'asas  nbsi'rves.  itiat  il 
there  had  been  such  an  annual  waste  of  the  human 
species,  the  coiuitry  could  never  have  arrived  at  iliat 
degree  of  populou^Miesa  for  which  it  was  remarkable 
when  the  Spaieards  first  landed  there.  This  reasorii.>i^ 
is  just.  If  the  nuinher  of  victims  in  yll  the  provinces 
of  New  Spain  had  been  so  great,  not  only  must  pi>pu- 
lalioii  have  been  prevented  from  increasing,  but  the 
human  race  niust  have  been  exterminated  m  a  shor 
time.  For  besides  tiie  waste  ol  tin-  spt  c  les  hy  ^ueh 
numerous  sacnlires,  it  is  observable  that  whertxer  the 
fate  of  captixes  taken  in  war  is  cither  certain  death  or 
perpetual  slavery,  as  men  can  gain  notlimg  hy  t-uluiut- 
ting  speedily  to  an  enemy,  ihey  always  resist  to  the 
utterniost,  and  w^r  becomes  bloody  ami  destructive  lu 
the  last  degree.  Las  (^asas  positively  asserts,  that  the 
.Mc  xicans  never  sacrificed  inon^  than  fdty  or  'i  hundred 
persons  in  a  year.  Sec  Ins  dispute  with  SepuUeda, 
sul  joined  to  his  Brevissima  Relacion.  p  105.  Corn^s 
does  not  ^peclfy  what  immber  of  victims  was  saertiiced 
annually  ;  but  B.  Diaz  del  ('aslillo  relates  that,  an  in- 
quiry having  been  made  with  respect  to  this  by  the 
Franciscan  monks  who  wer^  >ent  into  New  Spain  nn- 
niediately  after  the  conquest.  It  waj  found  that  about 
two  thousand  five  hundred  were  sacrilicid  i'very  \e.i) 
in  Mexico,  C.2U7. 

Note  [L56].  p.  155, — It  is  hardly  nccessar\'  to  ob- 
serve, that  the  I'^uvian  Chronolo^^y  is  not  unlv  ob- 
scure, but  Tepugnaiit  to  eoncluMons  deduced  lioiii  liic 
moftt  accurate  and  extensive  observations,  concenung 
the  time  that  elapses  during  each  reign,  in  any  given 
succession  of  rrinces.  Tne  medium  ha.--  been  loiind 
not  to  exceed  twenty  years.  According  to  .\co>ia  and 
tJarcilasso  de  Id  Vega,  lluana  <'apac.  who  d,ed  abo.it 
the  year  1.527,  was  the  iwelfth  Inca.  .Accuidmi.'  tu 
this  rule  of  computing,  the  duration  of  the  I'eruv  an 
monarchy  ought  not  to  have  bi-en  reckoned  above  two 
h'lndred  and  tony  years  ;  but  thi^y  airirtn  th.a  it  h.id 
subsisted  lour  hundred  years.  Acosia.  hb.  vi.  c.  19 
Vei^a,  lib.  i,  c.  9.  By  this  account  each  reign  is  e\- 
teiided  at  a  inejium  to  lliirly- three  years,  instead  of 
twenty,  the  number  ascertained  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
ohser\.»lions  ;  but  »o  impcrtect  were  the  PeruM.ni  tra- 
ditions, liiut  though  the  total  is  boldly  marked,  the 
nuinher  of  years  in  each  reign  is  unknown. 

NoTK  [157].  p  !55, — Many  of  the  earliest  Spain>h 
writers  assert  that  the  IVruvians  otlen-d  hutnaii  >acri- 
tices.  Xeres.  p.  190.  Zarate,  lib.  i,  c.  1 1.  Acosta.  hh. 
v.  c.  19.  Bet  (iarcilas.".o  de  la  Vei;a  contend.s,  that 
tl'ouijh  this  barliarous  practice  prevailed  aiuorii;  their 
uncivilized  ancestors,  it  was  totally  abolishril  liy  the 
Incas,  and  that  no  human  vii-tiui  was  ever  oliered  n; 
anv  temple  of  tiie  .Sun  'l"liis  assertion,  and  thr-  ht.uisi- 
i  hie  reasons  with  which  he  ciutiriiis  ii.  are  snilicuMt  to 
refute  the  Spanish  writers,  whostr  accounts  serui  lo  l-i- 
founded  rritirelv  upon  report,  not  upon  what  they  thein- 
seivcs  had  ob.servcd.  Vega,  lib,  ii.  c,  ■».  In  one  ol 
their  festivals,  the  Peruvians  otFered  c  ikes  of  bread 
moistened  wuh  h!ood  dra-vn  iVoui  tlie  ar.ns,  ihe  lye- 
hrows,  and  noses  of  their  childieu  Id  lib  vn  c.  »». 
This  nto  may  liave  been  derived  Iroin  their  ani'unt 
practice,  in  their  uncivilized  state,  of  sacrincmg  human 
victims. 

N'oiK  [158]  ))  150 — The  Spaniu  Is  have  adopteil 
both  those  customs  of  the  ancient  Pcruvinns.  They 
have  preserved  some  of  the  aipieducts  or  canals,  made 
111  the  days  of  the  IncBs.  and  have  made  new  ones,  by 
which  they  water  every  Held  that  they  cultivate.  L'Uoa 
Vttya^c.  lorn  i.  432  477.  They  likewise  continue  to 
iHe  un<iii(i,  or  the  dung  of  set  fowls,  as  manure  L'llo  i 
gives  a  doscri|it>un  ot  the  abnosi  mcttdiMe  quantity  ot 
It  ill  the  kinall  islands  near  the  coast.     Ibid.  481. 

NoTK  [1.59].  p.  1.5(1. — The  temple  of  Cayainho.  tha 
palace  of  the  loca  at  (^allo  m  the  plain  of  Lacatungo, 
and  thil  of  Atun  ( 'nnii.ir.  are  descri'iid  hv  I  iloa,  loni, 
i.  2.Sr».  iVtr  who  inspected  them  wilh  greal  care.  \\. 
de  Condaininc  p'lblistied  d  CLruu-i  me.ito.r  concuriuiig 


204 


ROBERTSON    S    HISTOR?    Of" 


i! 


r- 


ibe  mills  of  Auin-Cannar.  Mem.  do  I'Acadpiaic  do 
Berlin.  A.  D.  1746,  p,  435.  Arosta  describes  llie 
ruins  of  ('uzco,  which  he  bad  examined,  l-ib.  vl.  i*. 
14.  (jurrihii>so.  in  his  usual  style,  gives  pompous  and 
confiisfd  descriptions  of  several  temples  and  other  piih- 
'.ic  edilice.t.     l-ih.  iii.  c,    I.  c.  21.  lih.  vi.  c.  4.     Don. 

Zd|mta,  in  a  lartre  (realise  roncennng  Peru,  wbu'h 

has  not  hitherto  been  published,  communicates  some 
intorination  with  respect  to  several  monuments  of  the 
ancient  i^eruvians.  which  have  not  been  mentioned  by 
other  authors.  MS.  pcnrs  mc.  Articulo  ix,  Ulloa  de- 
senhes  some  of  iho  ancient  Peruvian  fortifications, 
which  were  likewise  works  of  great  extent  and  solidity. 
Tom.  i.  3Ul.  Three  circumstances  struck  all  those 
observers  ;  the  vast  size  of  the  stones  which  the  Pern- 
vijns  employed  in  some  of  their  hmldings.  Acosta 
measured  one,  whicti  was  thirty  feet  long,  eighteen 
broad,  and  six  in  thickness  ;  and  yet.  he  adds,  that  in 
the  fortress  at  Ciizco  thern  were  stones  considerably 
larger.  It  is  ditficnlt  to  conceive  how  the  Peruvians 
could  move  the.se,  and  raise  them  to  the  height  even  of 
twelve  feel.  The  second  circumstance  is,  the  imper- 
fection of  the  Peruvian  art.  when  appbed  to  working  in 
limber.  IJy  the  patience  iiud  perseverance  natural  to 
Americans,  stones  may  be  formed  into  any  shape. 
merely  by  rubbing  one  against  another,  or  by  the  use 
of  hatchets  or  other  instruments  made  of  stone ;  but 
with  such  rude  tools  little  progress  can  be  made  in 
carpentry.  The  Peruvians  could  not  mortise  two 
beams  together,  or  give  any  degree  of  union  or  stability 
to  any  work  composed  of  timtier.  As  they  could  not 
form  a  centre,  they  were  totally  unar(juainted  with  tlie 
use  of  an-hes  in  building  ;  nor  can  the  Spani.-^h  authors 
conceive  how  they  were  able  to  frame  a  roof  for  those 
ample  structures  which  they  raised. 

Tiie  third  circums-tanco  is  a  striking  proof,  which  all 
tlie  monuments  of  the  IVruvians  furnish,  of  their  want 
of  ingenuity  and  invention,  accompanied  witli  patience 
111)  less  a.stonishing.  None  of  the  stones  employed  in 
tliose  works  were  formed  into  -iny  particular  or  uuifonn 
sh-^pe.  which  could  render  tliem  tit  for  heiiig  compacted 
tOL'ether  in  building.  The  Indians  took  them  as  (hey 
leil  from  the  mountains,  or  were  raised  out  of  the  ipiar- 
nes.  Some  were  scpiare.  some  triangular,  some  con- 
vex, some  concave.  Their  art  and  industry  were  (in- 
ployed  m  joining  them  together,  by  forming  such  liol- 
lows  in  the  one  as  perfectly  corresponded  to  the  projec- 
tions or  risings  in  the  other.  This  tedious  operation, 
WiUch  miglit  have  been  so  easily  ahridged  by  adapting 
the  ^^urfilce  of  the  stones  to  each  other,  either  by  rub- 
bing, or  bv  their  hatchets  of  copper,  would  be  deemed 
incredihle,  if  it  were  not  put  beyond  doubt  by  inspect- 
ing the  remains  of  those  buildings.  It  gr.es  them  a 
verv  singular  a[tpearance  to  a  Kuropean  eye,  Tliere 
IS  no  legutar  laver  or  stratum  of  building,  and  no  une 
utore  reseinliies  anotlier  in  dimensions  or  form.  At 
th'j  iame  time,  bv  the  persevering  but  ill  directed  indus- 
try of  l!ie  Ind.ans.  thev  are  alt  joined  with  that  minute 
liii,cly  which  I  hive  mentioned.  I'lloa  made  tins  oli- 
nervation  concerning  the  form  of  the  stones  in  the  t'or- 
iress  of  AMin-C'aimar.  V*oy.  i.  p.  ^^H7  Pernio  givch 
II  similar  desi-ription  of  the  fortress  of  (>uzco,  the  ino.sl 
perfect  of  all  the  Peruvian  works.  Zapata  MS.  penes 
me.  AccordniL'  to  M  de  ( ■ondainme,  there  were  regu- 
lar strata  of  Imildmg  in  some  parts  ol  Atun-('annar, 
which  he  remarks  as  singular,  and  as  a  proof  of  some 
progress  in  improvement. 

Note  [160]  p.  l.')6. — The  appearance  of  those 
bridges  which  bend  with  their  own  weight,  wave  wuli 
the  wind,  and  are  considerably  agitated  by  the  motion 
of  every  perjion  who  passes  along  them,  is  very  fright- 
fr'  -.*.  (irst.  But  the  Spaniards  have  found  ihem  to  be 
the  easiest  mode  of  |ia!»sing  the  torrents  in  Peru,  over 
which  It  would  be  dilKcult  to  throw  more  solid  struc- 
turts  either  of  atom*  or  timber,  'i'iiev  form  those 
bang'iig  bnd'ics  so  strouif  and  broad,  that  loaded  inulei 
pass  along  them.  All  the  trade  of  <'u7.co  is  curried  on 
bv  means  of  such  a  bridge  over  the  river  .\purnnac. 
Ulloa.  tom.  1.  p  338.  A  more  siinplo  contrivance  was 
emitloycd  m  passing  smaller  streaunt  :  A  b.)<)ket,  in 
which  the  traveller  was  placed,  being  suspended  from 
a  strong  rope  stretched  across  the  stream,  it  was 
pushed  or  drawn  from  one  side  to  the  other.     Ibid. 

NoTK  I' 161].  p  \M  — My  information  with  respect 
to  those  events  is  takrii  Iroin  Suhriu  hrerr  de  la  e.xpe- 
dicion  mililar  de  Sinora  y  (,':naloa.  su  exito  fell/,  y 
vantojoso  esiado,  en  'pie  por  eonsecuentia  de  ello,  se 
ban  pile '-III  unilias  provim-iiis.  ptihlii^Iird  at  .Mexico, 
June  17;h,  I7'<  |.  m  f>rdcr  to  satisly  the  curiosity  of  the 
merchants,  who  liad  ruriit<!hcd  the  viceroy  with  money 


for  dcfraving  the  expense  of  the  armament.  The 
copies  of  this  .XoticKi  are  verv  rare  in  Madrid  ;  but  I 
have  obtained  one,  wh'ch  has  enabled  me  to  communi- 
cate these  curious  Ijcis  to  tiic  public.  Accordini;  to 
this  account,  there  was  found  in  the  mine  Yecorato  in 
Cinaloa  a  gram  of  gold  of  twenty-two  carats,  which 
weighed  sixteen  marks  four  ounces  foiirochavas;  this 
was  sent  to  Spain  as  u  present  fit  for  the  king,  and  is 
now  dej)osited  in  the  royal  cabinet  at  Madrid. 

NoTK  [162].  p.  158. — The  uncertainty  of  geogra- 
[ihers  with  respect  to  this  point  is  remarkable,  for  Cor- 
tes seems  to  have  surveyed  its  coasts  with  great  accu- 
racy. The  Archbishop  of  Toledo  has  published  from 
the  original  in  the  possession  of  the  Marquis  del  V'alle, 
the  descendant  of  Cortes,  a  map  drawn  in  1541,  by  the 
pilot  Domingo  Castillo,  in  which  California  is  laid 
de.vn  as  a  peninsula,  stretching  out  m  arly  in  the  same 
direction  which  is  now  given  to  it  in  the  best  maps; 
and  the  point  where  Uio  Colorada  enters  the  gulf  is 
tnarked  with  precision.     Hist,  de  Nueva  Espagna,  327. 

Note  [163.]  p,  158 — I  am  indebted  for  this  fact  to 
M.  I/Abbe  Kaynal,  tom.  iii,  103  ;  and  upon  consulting 
an  intelligent  person,  long  settled  on  the  Mosquito 
shore,  and  who  has  been  engaged  in  the  logwood  trade, 
1  find  that  ingenious  author  has  been  well  informed. 
The  logwood  cut  near  the  town  of  St.  Francisof  Cain- 
peacby  is  of  much  better  quality  than  that  on  the  other 
side  of  Yucatan :  and  Mq  Knglish  trade  in  the  liay  of 
Honduras  is  almost  at  ,in  end. 

NoTK  [164]  p.  lliO — P.  Torribio  de  Benevenle, 
OT  Mololmea,  has  en  iiin  r.ied  ten  causes  of  th<; 
rapid  depopulation  of  Alnico.  to  which  he  gives 
the  name  oi'  the  Ten  Plagues.  *.!anv  of  these  are  not 
[H'culiar  to  tiiai  province.  1,  The  intrnduciion  of  the 
small  pox.  This  di-*c;ise  was  tirst  brought  into  New 
.Spiiiii  in  the  year  lo'.^!!,  by  a  .\egro-siaM.  wlio  attended 
.N^rvacz  in  Ins  expedition  against  (.'ortes.  Torribio 
allirms,  that  one  half  of  the  people  in  the  provincis 
visited  with  this  di-temper  died.  To  this  tnortality, 
occasioned  by  the  small  pox.  Tonpicni-ida  adds  the  de- 
structive etfects  of  two  conlagioiis  dislempers  winch 
ram'd  III  the  year  154.')  and  1576.  In  the  former 
H1K),<I00,  in  the  latter,  above  two  iniliions  perished,  ac- 
cording to  an  exact  account  taken  by  order  ot  the  vice- 
roys. Mon.  Iiid.  i.  64*.;  The  small  pox  *as  not 
introduced  into  Pern  for  several  years  iifter  the  nivasinu 
of  the  Spaniards  ;  but,  thi<re.  too,  that  distemjier  proved 
very  fatal  to  the  n'.lives.  (iarcia  Origin,  p.  88.  2.  The 
numbers  who  were  killed  or  died  ul  lanune  in  tlwir  war 
with  the  Spaniards,  particularly  diiruiu  the  siege  ol 
.Mexico.  3.  Tlie  great  famine  that  followed  alter  the 
reduction  of  .Mexico,  as  all  the  people  engaged,  either 
on  one  side  or  otiier.  had  neglected  ;lie  cultivation  of 
their  lauds.  Something  similar  to  this  happened  in  all 
the  other  countries  compiered  by  the  Spaniards, 
4.  'J'hc  grievous  tasks  imposed  by  the  Spaniards  upon 
the  people  belougiiig  to  tiieir  ile|)artimieiilos.  5.  'I'lie 
oppressive  burden  ol'  taxes  whicli  ihev  were  unable  to 
pay.  and  from  which  they  could  hope  loi  no  exemption. 
U.  Tlie  numherscmployed  in  colleeting  the  ^old  carriiil 
down  by  the  torrents  from  the  iiiounldiiis,  who  were 
forced  from  tlieir  own  babitatious.  without  any  pro- 
vision made  for  their  subsistence,  and  subjected  to  all 
the  rigor  of  cold  m  those  elevated  regions.  7.  'I'iie 
iinnieuse  labor  iif  rebinldiiig  .Mexicii,  which  Cortes 
urged  on  with  such  [»r»  cijulate  ardor  as  destroyed  an 
incredible  number  of  people  8.  Ttie  number  of 
people  condemned  to  servitutle,  under  varioii.-*  pretexts, 
and  emi)loyed  in  working  the  silver  mines.  The.se, 
marked  by  each  proprietor  with  a  hot  iion.  like  bis 
cattle,  were  drivtm  in  herds  to  the  inoimtams.  i).  The 
nature  of  the  labor  to  which  they  were  suhjeeled  there, 
the  noxious  vapours  of  the  iniiica,  the  coldness  of  the 
clmiale,  and  scarcitv  were  so  fatal,  that  'I'orriiuo 
aliirins  the  counlrv  round  several  uf  those  mines,  par- 
ticularly near  (niaxago.  was  covered  wuU  dead  bodies, 
the  air  corrupted  with  their  steiicii.  and  so  many  vul- 
tures and  other  voracious  birds  hovered  alioiil  for  their 
prey  that  the  sun  was  darkened  with  their  flight. 
10.  The  Spaniards,  in  the  ditlereiit  e.xpeditioiis  winch 
they  undertook,  and  by  tbe  civil  wars  which  they  car- 
ried on.  destroyed  m.Luy  of  the  natives  whom  they 
compelled  to  serve  them  as  'I'lini'mrx,  or  tamers  of 
burdens.  This  last  mode  of  oppression  was  particu- 
larly ruinous  to  the  Peruvians.  Prom  the  number  of 
Indians  who  perished  in  Uoiualo  Puarro's  expedition 
into  llie  countrn^H  to  the  east  .)!  the  Andes,  one  may 
lorm  some  idea  of  what  tliey  sull'cred  in  similar  ser- 
vices, and  how  fast  they  were  wasted  by  them.  Tor- 
ribio, MS.     Corita,  in  his  iireve  y  Summana  Helacion, 


illustrates  and  confirms  several  of  Torribio's  obnei- 
vations,  to  which  he  refers.     MS.  peucs  mr. 

Note  [165.]  p.  160  — Kvcn  Montesipiieu  has  adopted 
this  idea.  lib.  viii.  c  18.  But  the  jiassion  ol  that 
ureat  man  for  system  sometimes  rendered  him  inai:en* 
t:ve  to  research  ;  and  from  his  capacity  to  reline,  he 
was  a[it,  in  some  instances,  to  overlook  obvious  and 
just  causot). 

Note  [166].  p.  160 — A  strong  proof  of  this  occurs 
in  the  testament  of  Isabella,  where  she  discovers  the 
most  tender  concern  for  the  humane  and  mild  usage  of 
the  Indians.  Those  laudable  sentiments  of  the  queen 
have  been  adopted  in  the  public  law  of  Spain,  and  serve 
as  the  introduction  to  the  regulations  contained  under 
the  title  0/  the  goud  treatment  of  the  Indians.  Ueco 
pil.  lib.  vi.  tit.  X. 

Note  [167]  p.  160.— In  the  seventh  Title  ol  the 
first  book  of  the  lierofulacmn,  which  contains  the  laws 
concerning  the  powers  and  functions  of  archbishops 
and  bishops,  almost  a  third  part  of  (hem  relates  to  what 
is  incumbent  upon  them  as  guardians  of  the  Indians, 
and  points  out  the  vanous  methods  in  which  it  is  ttieir 
duly  to  mterpo.=je,  in  order  to  defend  them  from  oppres- 
sion either  with  respect  to  their  persons  or  property. 
Not  only  do  the  laws  commit  to  them  this  honorable 
and  humane  otl'iee,  but  the  ecclesiastics  of  America 
actually  exercise  it. 

Innumerable  proofs  of  this  might  be  produced  from 
Spanish  authors.  lint  I  rather  refer  to  (Jage  as  ho 
was  not  disposed  to  ascribe  anv  merit  to  the  popish 
clerii'v  to  which  they  were  not  fully  entitled.  Survey, 
p.  14*.i.  I'J'-i,  Ac.  Henry  Hawks,  an  I^ngbah  mer- 
eliant.  who  resided  live  years  ni  New  Spain  previous  to 
the  year  1572,  gives  the  same  favorable  account  of  the 
pojnsh  clergy.  Hakluyt,  iii.  466.  By  a  law  of  Charles 
V.  not  only  bishojis,  but  other  ecclesiiistics.  are  em- 
powered to  inform  and  udinouish  the  civil  magistrates, 
if  any  Indian  is  deprived  of  bis  just  liberty  and  rights 
Hecn):ilac.  lib.  vi.  til.  vi.  lev  14  ,  and  thus  were  con- 
stituted legal  protectors  of  the  Indians.  Some  of  iho 
Spanish  ecclesiastics  refused  to  grant  absolution  to  such 
of  their  countrymen  as  po.ssessetl  i^nr^miendas,  and 
considered  the  Indians  ns  slaves,  or  euqdoved  them  in 
v»'orking  their  mines.  Uouz.  Uavil.  'I'eatro.  Kccles.  i. 
1.57. 

Note  [1681.  p.  160.— According  to  (lage,  Chiapa 
dos  Indos  contains  4000  families  ;  and  be  mentions  il 
only  as  one  of  the  largest  Indian  towns  m  America,  p. 
104. 

Note  [169.]  p.  160 — It  is  very  dillicull  to  obtain  an 
accurate  account  of  the  state  of  populaiion  in  those 
kiniidoms  of  Kuropr  where  the  police  is  most  perfect, 
and  where  science  has  made  the  greatest  progress.  In 
Spanish  .Xinertca.  where  knowledge  is  still  m  its  in- 
fancy, and  few  men  have  U  isiiro  to  engage  m  r-;- 
searches  merely  spectdative,  little  attention  has  iteeii 
paid  to  this  eunous  ni.pnry.  IJut  m  the  year  1711, 
Plnbp  V.  enjoined  the  viceroys  and  governors  of  tht 
sevcr'il  provHices  in  .\mcriea.  to  make  an  actual  survey 
of  the  people  under  the:r  jurisdiction,  and  to  transmit 
a  report  coucerning  their  number  and  occupations.  In 
eonseqiunce  of  tins  order,  the  Conde  de  Piien-i 'lara, 
\'icerov  of  New  Spam,  appointed  D  Jos  Antonio  de 
Villa  ScLMior  y  Sanchez  to  execute  that  commission  in 
New  Spiuii.  From  the  leports  of  the  magistrates  m 
tlie  several  districts,  as  well  as  from  his  ownohserva- 
liou.^  and  lone  a<'quaintance  with  most  of  the  pro- 
vince.*, Villa  St'i/nor  pnblislied  the  result  of  liis  ,n- 
qunics  in  hit>  Tntfro  Aniericunit.  His  report,  however, 
is  imperfect.  (.)f  the  nine  dioces-;es,  into  winch  ilio 
Mexican  em[  ire  has  been  diviibd,  he  has  publi.'«)ied  ail 
account  of  five  only.  viz.  the  archbishop  of  Mexico, 
the  bishoprics  of  Pmbla  dc  los  .\ngeles,  Mechoacan, 
O.izaea  and  Nova  (ialicia.  The  bisliopiics  of  Vu- 
cataii.  Verapa;^,  ('iiiapa,  and  Ciuatimala.  are  enttrely 
omitted,  though  the  two  latter  compiebeiid  countrie5 
in  winch  the  Indian  race  is  more  numerous  than  in  anv 
part  of  New  Spain  In  his  survey  of  the  extensive 
diocess  of  Nova  (Jalicni,  the  situation  of  the  dill'erent 
Indian  villages  is  described,  but  he  soecifies  the  num- 
ber of  people  only  m  a  small  part  of  it.  The  Indians 
of  that  extensive  province,  in  which  the  Spanish  domi- 
nion is  nnperlectly  established,  are  not  registered  with 
the  same  accuracy  as  in  other  parts  of  .New  Spdin.  Ac* 
cording  to  Villa  Seguor.  the  -n'tual  state  o\  pojiulation 
iti  the  live  dioccHses  above  menlioued  is  of  SpaiuardSt 
negroei.  mulottots.  and  mestizoB,  m  the  diocoftue4  ot 


S^OUTH    AMERICA. 


£05 


Mix  ICO 
liiDS  Angi'le* 

Mechoacan 

Oaxaca 

NavaGnlicia 


Families. 

lori.coa 

30,«00 

30,810 

7,^06 

10,770 


At  the  rate  of  five  to  &  family,  the  total  num- 
ber is 

Tiulian  families  in  the  diocess  of  Mexico 
Ia)s  Angeles         ----- 

Meclioacan       ------ 

Oaxaca         ------ 

Nova  Galicia  -         -         .         -         - 


190,708 


953.r.40 

119.511 
88.240 
30,196 
44,2S2 


294,391 


At  the  rate  of  five  to  a  family,  the  total  liiinibcr  is 
1.471,955.  W'n  may  rely  with  urcat  certainly  on  tliis 
coinpnlation  of  iho  nutnlier  of  Indians,  as  it  is  taken 
from  the  Matrifnln,  or  register,  according  to  which 
the  tribute  paid  by  them  is  colh'cted.  As  four  diocesses 
of  nine  arc  totally  oinitted,  and  in  tliai  of  Nova  <iabcia  | 
the  numbers  are  nnperfecily  recorded,  wc  may  con-  j 
elude  that  the  number  of  Indians  in  tiie  Mexican  eni|iire 
exceeds  two  rmlhons. 

The  account  of  the  tnnnbcr  of  Spanianis.  &c.  seems 
not  to  be  eipiallv  comiiUle.  Of  many  places,  Villa 
Segiior  observes  in  general  terms,  that  several  >^pu- 
niards,  negroes,  and  |>c'ople  of  mixed  race,  reside  there, 
without  sjH'Cifying  their  nmnber.  If,  therefore,  we 
make  alIo».\ancp  for  lliese,  and  tor  all  who  re-^ided  in 
the  four  dioeesses  omitted,  the  nundx  r  of  Spaniards, 
and  of  Uiose  of  a  mixed  race,  may  probably  amount  to 
a  nnlUon  and  a  half.  In  some  jjlaces  V'llhi  .Segiior  dis- 
tinguishes hetwefii  Spaniards  and  tiie  three  inferior 
races  of  negroe*',  mulalloes,  and  mestizos,  and  marks 
their  number  sfparalely.  Hut  he  generally  blends  ilium 
logellier.  Hui  from  the  proportion  observable  in  those 
places,  where  the  mnnber  of  each  is  marked,  as  well 
as  from  the  account  of  the  stale  of  population  in  New 


3  pa  I 


hv  other  authors,  it  is  manifest  that  the  mimlier 


of  negroes  and  persons  of  a  mixed  race  lar  exceeds 
that  of  Spaniards.  Perhaps  the  latter  ought  not  to  be 
reckoned  above  500,000  to  a  million  of  the  former. 

Defective  as  this  account  maybe,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  procuie  such  intelligence  concerning  the  num- 
ber of  people  in  Peru,  as  might  enable  me  to  form  any 
coiiji-cture  e.pially  satistying  with  respect  to  the  degree 
of  Its  population.  I  have  been  mrorined  that  m  the 
year  1701,  the  proK  dor  of  the  Indians  m  the  Mceroyally  |  courts  are  fixed,  that  they  can  derive  little  benefit  from 


authors  whom  I  thougni  worthy  of  credit.  But  I  have 
nhiiimed  an  emiieeration  of  ihe  iiihabilants  of  tin  .owns 
in  the  province  of  t^'iiUo,  on  the  accuracy  of  winch 
1  Ciin  relv  ;  aiKl  I  commuicate  il  to  the  |iul)lic,  both  in 
gratify  curiosity,  and  to  rectifv  the  lnl^taken  notion 
which  [  have  mentioned.  St.  Vt:w  sco  de  Quito  cun- 
ta  iis  between  .'>0  and  00.000  peoph:  of  all  the  dilferenl 
races.  Ilesides  the  city,  there  are  in  ihe  ('inr< I'liniintt^ 
twenty-nine  mras  or  parishes  e.-tabhshed  in  the  prin- 
cipal villages,  each  of  wbicli  has  smaller  hamlets  de- 
peiidmg  upon  It.  'I'hc  inhabitants  of  these  are  mostly 
Indians  and  me.sli/os.  St.  Juan  de  I'aslo  has  between 
0  and  HOOO  inlu.bi'ants.  besides  twenty-seven  di-pend- 
enl  villages.  St  Mtuuel  de  loarra,  7000  citr/eiis  and 
ten  viHayes.  The  disiiict  of  Havalla,  between  18  and 
•^O.OOt)  people.  'I'be  district  of  Tacuna,  hetwetui  10 
and  12.000.  The  district  of  Ambalo.  between  H  and 
10.000.  besides  sixteen  depending  villaues  The  city 
of  Hiobamba,  i)etween  16  and  20.000  inhabitants,  and 
nine  depeiiilinrj  viHanea.  The  district  oi  Cbimbo,  be- 
tween 0  and  HOOO.  Tlie  city  of  (luayaipnl.  from  16 
to  20.000  mhahitai.ls,  and  fourti.rn  depending  villages. 
Tlie  district  of  .\tuasi,  between  5  and  6000  inhabitants, 
aixl  four  depending  villages.  The  city  of  f'lienza.  be- 
tween 25  and  30.000  inliabiiants.  and  nine  populous 
depending  TiIla'Tcs.  The  town  of  l.axa,  from  8  to 
10.000  inhabitants,  and  fonrleen  depending  villaiiea. 
This  deszree  of  iiopulation,  though  slender  if  we  con- 
sider the  vast  extent  of  the  country,  is  far  beyond  what 
is  commonly  supposed.  I  have  omitted  to  mention,  in 
its  proper  place,  tlial  t^nito  is  the  onlv  jirovmce  in  Spa- 
nish America  tliat  chii  he  derionnnated  a  mannfactnrin>/ 
conutrv  ;  bats,  cotton  slutfs.  and  coar.-;e  woollen  cloths 
are  made  there  in  such  (]uantities  as  to  he  snlbcient  not 
onlv  for  tiie  consumption  of  the  province,  but  to  turnisli 
a  considerable  article  for  exportation  into  oilier  parts  of 
.Spanish  America.  I  know  not  whether  the  uncuinmon 
mdustrv  of  this  province  should  be  considered  as  the 
cause  or  the  eO'ect  of  its  jiO|)nlousness.  Hut  among 
the  o-teiitatntus  inhahitanis  of  the  New  World,  the 
passion  for  every  thmi;  that  comes  from  Knrope  is  so 
violent,  that  I  am  informed  the  niainifactnres  of  Cjuito 
are  so  much  undervalued  as  to  he  on  the  decline. 

NoTK  [170].  p.  161 — These  arc  established  at  the 
following  places  : — St.  Domiiigo  in  the  island  of  His- 
paniola,  Mexico  in  New  Spain,  liiina  in  Peru,  Panama 
in  Tierra  rirme.  Santiario  in  (iuatiinala,  (iuadala.iara 
in  New  (ialii-ia.  Santa  I''e  in  the  .New  Kingdom  of 
firanada,  l.a  Plata  in  the  country  of  I.os  ('harcas.  St. 
Prancisco  de  Quito,  St.  Jai^o  ile  Chili,  Huenos  Avres. 
To  each  of  these  arc  subjected  several  large  provinces, 
nd   .•^ome    so   far  removed    from   the  cities  where  the 


of  Peru  compul.'d  that  Gl2, '(HO  paid  tribute  to  the  king 
As  all  females,  and  persons  under  age  are  exempted 
from  ihis  tax  in  Peru,  the  total  number  of  Indians 
oughi  by  that  account  to  be  2,449,120.     MS.  penes  me. 

I  shall  mention  another  mode  by  which  one  may 
compute,  or  at  least  form  a  guess  concerning  the  stale 
of  population  in  Ni'w  Spam  and  Peru.  According  to 
an  account  which  I  have  reason  to  consider  as  accu- 
rate, tiie  number  of  eo[ues  of  the  hull  of  Crnzada  ex- 
ported to  Ptrn  oil  each  new  pntdicaiion,  is.  1.171,953; 
to  New  Spain.  2,010,  326.  I  am  inforincd  thai  but 
few  Indians  piircjiase  hulls,  ami  that  they  arc  sold 
chiefly  In  the  Spanish  iidiabiiantH,  and  those  of  mixed 
race  ;  .^o  thai  the  number  of  Spaniards,  and  people  of 
a  mixed  race,  will  amount,  by  this  mode  of  compula- 
tion, to  at  least  three  nnllioiis. 

The  iiumher  of  inhabitants  in  many  of  the  towns  in 
Spanish  America  mav  give  us  some  idea  of  the  extent 
of  population,  and  rorie(*t  the  inaeeurate  but  popular 
notion  entertained  in  (ireat  Brilam  concerumg  the 
weak  and  desolate  stale  of  their  colonies.  The  city  of 
Mexico  contains  at  least  l.iO.OOt)  people.  It  is  remark- 
able tii.it  Tonpienunla.who  wrote  ins  Mnmfn^uia  Imtiann 
about  the  year  1612,  reckons  liie  mahitants  of  Mexico 
at  tliat  time  to  he  only  7000  Spaniards  and  8000  In- 
dians. I,il'.  iii.  c.  26.  TuebU  de  los  .\ngeles  con- 
tains aliove  60,000  .Spaniards,  and  people  of  a  mixed 
race.  Villa  Segnor,  p.  247.  (luadalaxara  coiUams 
above  30,000  exclusive  of  Indians,  Ibid.  ii.  206.  l.ima 
contains  54,000.  Ue  (,'osme  liueno  Uescr.  de  Pern, 
1764.  Carthagena  contains  25,000.  Polosi  contams 
25,000.  Hueiio,  1767.  Popayan  contams  ahove 
20.000.  riloa,  1.  287.  Towns  of  a  second  class  are 
Mill  more  numerous.  The  cities  in  tiie  most  thriving 
flciilenients  of  other  Kurojiean  nations  in  America  can- 
not berompared  with  these. 

Such  are  the  detaclied  accounts  of  the  niiml)er  ol 
imopU^  ic  several   towiia,  which  I  found  scaltureii  in 


their  jurisdiction.  The  Spain sli  writers  coinmonlv 
reckon  up  twelve  (."ourts  of  Audience,  Itnl  tliey  include 
thai  of  Manilla,  in  the  Philippine  islands. 

NoTK  [171]  p  161— On  account  of  the  distance  of 
Peru  and  ("liili  from  Spam,  and  the  dilbt  ulty  of  carry- 
ing commodities  of  such  bulk  as  wine  and  oil  across 
tht'  isthmus  of  Panama,  llie  Spaniards  in  tliose  piovinces 
l.ave  been  permitted  to  jilaiit  vines  and  olives  :  but 
they  are  strictly  prohduied  from  exporting  wine  or  oil 
to  any  of  the  provinces  on  the  Pacitic  Ocean,  which 
are  in  such  a  situation  as  to  receive  them  from  Spam. 
Keco.  lib.  i,  lit.  xvii.  1.  15—18. 

NoTK  [172].  p.  162. — 'I'liis  compulation  was  made 
by  IJenzoni,  \.  1).  1550.  tilty-eiiiht  y»'ars  after  tlie  dis- 
covery of  .America.  I  list.  Novi  Orhis,  lib,  in  c  21  Knl 
as  Hen/.uni  wrote  with  tlie  spirit  of  a  nialecontent,  dis- 
posed to  detracl  from  the  Spaniards  in  every  particular. 
It  is  probable  that  his  calculation  is  considerabtv  too 
low. 

NoTK  [173]  p.  162. — My  information  with  resjiect 
to  the  diviMon  and  transmission  of  projjerty  in  the  Spa- 
m.^i  colonies  is  iniperlect.  'I'lie  Spanish  authors  do 
iioi  explain  tiiis  fully,  and  have  not  perliaps  attended 
sutliciently  to  the  etbcts  of  llieir  own  institutions  and 
laws.  Solorzano  de  .lure  Ind  (vol.  li  lib,  n.  1.  16.) 
explains  m  some  measure  the  mtrodn'-tmn  of  the  tenure 
of  }{(ii/ti) astro,  and  ineiitions  some  of  its  etfects.  Vdia 
Segnor  lakes  notice  of  a  singular  consequence  of  it. 
He  observes,  that  m  some  of  the  best  situations  in  the 
city  of  .Mexico,  a  good  deal  of  ground  ia  unoccupied, 
or  covered  only  with  liie  ruins  of  the  houses  once  erec- 
ted upon  It  ;  and  adds,  ihal  as  this  ground  is  held  by 
riglit  of  Mai/nrftnon,  and  camioi  be  alienated,  that  de- 
solation and  those  ruins  become  perpetual^  Tcatr. 
Amer.  vol.  i.  p.  34. 


Note  [174].  p.  162. — There  is  no  law  that  excludes 
CrcoUs  bom  (iliices  ciih(  r  civil  or  eccle.-iastic.  On  the 
couliioy.  tlierc  are  many  Ciiliihts.  which  recommend 
liie  ioiiterrnii.'  pl.iees  oi  trusl  iiuLscriminiUelv  on  ihe 
naiivt's  tit  Spam  and  America.  Helancourt  y  Pigucioa 
Derecho.  iSlc.  p.  5.6.  But.  notwiihslanding  ;.ucli  re- 
peated recoinmendalion.s,  preh.Tim  nt  in  alino.-,t  every 
line  IS  conlerred  on  native  Spanmtds.  A  remarkahle 
proof  of  this  is  produced  hy  ihe  author  last  cj  loled. 
Prom  the  discovery  of  America  to  the  vear  1637,  three 
Imudred  and  sixiy-mne  liishops.  or  arehbi>hop-i.  have 
luen  a|i|ioinled  to  the  diOerent  ilioceses  m  tti;it  coun- 
trv,  and  of  all  that  number  onlv  twelve  were  Creolt". 
p,  4t>.  Tills  predilection  for  Pnropejin^  seems  still  t(» 
coMlimie.  Uy  a  royal  mandate.  i}>?<ued  in  17*^6.  the 
cliaj)ler  of  the  cathedral  of  Mexico  is  direcU'd  to  noiiii- 
iiate  Kuroptaii  ecclesiaslich  of  known  merit  and  uhili 
ties,  that  the  King  may  appoint  them  to  supplv  \ac.otl 
heiietices.     MS.  jicncs  iiu\ 

NoTK  [175].  p.  162. — Moderate  as  tliis  triliiite  may 
ap[iear.  such  i,-^  the  extreme  poverty  of  the  Indutns  in 
many  [troviiices  of  America,  that  the  exacimg  of  it  is 
intoleraMy  oppressive.  Pegna  Inner,  par  Paroci"'s  de 
liidios,  p.  192. 

NoTK  [176].  p.  163. — In  New  Spain,  on  acco.uit  of 
the  extraordinary  merit  and  services  of  the  hrst  con- 
(pierors,  as  well  as  the  small  revenue  arising  (r»>m  the 
country  previous  to  the  discovery  of  the  mines  of  Sa- 
catecas,  the  tnaiunrnUas  were  granted  fur  three,  and 
sometimes  for  four  lives.  Uecopil.  lib.  vi,  til.  ii.  c. 
14,  vVc. 

Note  [177],  p.  163.— D.  Ant.  I'lloa  contends,  tl.at 
working  m  mmes  is  not  noxious,  and  as  a  proof  ••(  this 
informs  us,  that  many  .Mestizos  and  Indian.-,,  who  do 
not  belong  to  any  llep-irtimienio.  vohmtarilv  lure  ihein- 
^elves  as  miners  ;  and  several  of  the  Iiubans.  wlieii  ti.e 
legal  term  of  their  service  expires,  continue  to  work 
111  the  mines  of  choice.  I'.nlrrtcn,  p.  265.  IJut  liid 
opinion  eoncernmg  the  wholesoineness  of  this  occupa- 
tion IS  contrary  to  the  expcriei.ce  t»f  all  ages;  and 
wherever  men  are  allured  l>v  high  wages,  they  will  en- 
gage in  any  species  ot  luhor.  however  latiguing  o.  per- 
nicious It  may  lie,  D,  Hern.  Carillo  .Mlamirano  relates 
a  curious  fact  incoin|)atible  with  this  n[)inion.  Where- 
ver mines  are  wrouglit.  says  he,  the  mimher  ot  Indiaiid 
decreases  ;  Init  in  the  province  of  Campeachy.  w.-.cre 
there  are  no  mines,  the  number  of  Indians  has  increased 
more  than  a  ihird  smce  the  coinpiesi  of  .\merica,  ihoui^h 
neither  the  sod  nor  climate  be  so  favor.ible  as  in  Peru 
or  Mexico.  Colltert  Collect.  In  anollier  memorial 
pr(  sented  to  Piiilip  III.  in  the  vear  1609.  ("aptaiii  .loan 
(ionzales  de  Azevedo  asserts,  that  m  every  di>tricl  oi 
Peru  where  llie  Indians  are  compellid  to  lal-or  in  the 
mines,  liieir  numbers  were  reduced  to  the  hall,  and  in 
.some  places  to  the  third,  of  what  it  was  under  the  vicc- 
royaliy  of  Don  Fran.  Toledo  in  1581.     Colb.  Collect. 

NoTK  [178],  p.  163 — As  labor  of  this  kind  cannot 
bt*  prescribed  wilb  legal  accnracv.  ihe  tasks  seem  to  he 
ill  a  great  measure  arbitrary,  and,  like  the  services  ex- 
acted l»y  feudal  superiors  in  cmra  jiiuto,  ant  mesne. 
from  their  vassals,  are  extremely  burdensome,  and  often 
wantonly  oppressive.  Pagiia  llmer.  par  Parodies  do 
Iiidios. 

Note  [179].  p.  163, — The  turn  of  service  known  in 
Peru  by  the  name  of  Mi/a  is  calh  i|  Tanila  in  New 
Spam.  Tiiere  it  continues  no  longi  r  than  a  week  at  a 
time.  No  person  is  called  to  serve  at  a  greater  dis- 
tance from  Ins  habitation  llian  24  miles.  This  arrange- 
ment IS  less  oppressive  to  the  Indians  than  thai  csla- 
Idished  m  Pern.  Memorial  of  Hern.  Carillo  Altaini 
rano.     ('olbcrt  Collect. 

Note  [180].  p.  163.— The  strongest  proof  of  this 
may  be  deduced  from  the  laws  liiemseUes.  Hv  the 
multitude  and  variety  of  regulations  to  prevent  at)uses, 
we  may  form  an  idea  of  the  number  of  abuse.-*  that  pre- 
vail. Though  the  Uws  have  wisely  provided  that  no 
Indian  shall  he  obliged  to  serve  m  any  mine  at  a  greater 
distance  from  his  place  of  residence  than  thirty  miles; 
we  are  miormed,  in  a  memorial  of  D.  Hernan  Carillo 
Altamiraiio  presented  to  the  king,  that  the  Indians  ol 
Pern  are  often  compelled  to  serve  in  mines  at  the  dis- 
tance of  a  hundred,  a  hundred  and  lifty,  and  even  two 
hundred  leagues  from  their  babiialion.  Colbert  Col- 
lect, Many  mmes  are  situated  in  pans  of  the  cnimlry 
so  barren  and  so  distant  fiom  the  ordinary  habitaitona 
of  th*"  Indians,  that  the  n'-cessity  of  procuring  Itboters 


IK    V 


I 


200 

to  work  there  has  ol)li^f(l  the  Spanish  Tnoniirchs  lo 
■ilii[>eii«e  wall  tiu'irown  rc^iil.ttioim  in  tir' criil  insijiiircs, 
and  to  [lurmil  tlu;  viceroys  lo  coih[hI  tlir  [uoplc  of  mori' 
rt'iiioic  [iroviiiccs  to  ruMort  to  iliosi'  riiit;.'s.  Ksirtiloiin 
fjd/.ojtiivl.  i'crul).  1:1).  i.  c  Iti.  Uiit.  in  jiiatico  to  llieiii, 
It  wiiouiil  he  ohserviMi  thut  tliey  \\:t\o.  hc-cii  Riinlioim  to 
allovmle  thi^  oppression  as  much  ah  pu^sililc,  l)y  riijoin- 
intf  iliu  victroys  lo  employ  every  meiiiotl  m  urtk-r  to 
iitJiice  the  Indiana  to  setttc  m  doiito  part  of  the  coiuilry 
adjdCL'nt  to  iho  iniues.     Id.  ibid. 

NoTK  [181].  p.  163. — Torquemada,  after  a  long 
enumeration  which  has  the  appearance  of  accuracy, 
concludes  the  niiinhcr  of  monasteries  in  iNow  Spain  to 
be  four  hundred.  Mon.  Ind  lib.  xix.  c.  32.  The 
number  of  Monasteries  in  the  city  of  Mexico  atoiio  was, 
ill  the  year  1745,  lifly-live.  Villa  Se^nor  Theat.  Ainer. 
i.  34.  UUoa  reckons  up  forty  convents  ni  Lima  ;  and 
mentioning  those  for  nuns,  he  says  that  a  small  town 
nnirht  bo  peopled  out  of  them,  the  number  of  persons 
abut  up  tb'Te  is  ao  ^reat.  Voy.  i.  4*29.  I'jiilip  ill.  in 
m  letter  lo  the  Viceroy  of  Pern,  A.  U.  1G20,  observes, 
thai  the  number  of  convents  in  Lima  was  so  (rreat.  that 
they  covered  more  ground  than  all  the  rest  of  tlienty. 
Solorz.  lib.  ill  c.  "ZX  n.  57.  Lib.  lii.  o.  16.  Tor- 
quem.  hb.  xv.  c.  3.  The  first  monastery  in  New 
Spain  was  foundf:d  A.  L).  1525,  four  years  only  after 
the  conquest.     Torq.  lib.  xv   c.  10. 

Ac<:ordiiig  to  Ciil  Gonzalez  Davila,  the  complete 
catabli:»h(nent  of  the  American  church  in  all  the  Spa- 
nisii  eetllements  was.  in  the  year  IGIU.  1  patriarch,  G 
arclibishops,  32  bishops,  31G  prebcnd-i.  3  alibots,  5 
royil  chaplains,  840  convents.  Tealro  Hcch^siastico 
de'  las  Ind.  Occident.  Vol.  i.  Pref.  Wlicn  the  order 
of  Jesuits  was  expelled  from  all  the  Spanish  dominions, 
the  colieL'e.H.  professed  bouses,  and  residences  which  it 
possessed  in  the  provmre  of  .\ew  Spain  were  thirty,  in 
Quito  tiixteen.  in  tiie  \ew  Kingdom  of  (Jranada  thir- 
tocN,  in  Peru  seventeen,  in  Chih  einlneen,  in  P.irat;uay 
i;i!>nieen:  in  all,  a  hundred  and  twelve.  Collectiou 
General  de  Providencu!)  hasla  aqui  tomadas  sobre 
esirananiento.  iVc.  do  la  Oumpd:,niia,  part  i.  p.  19 
Tlie  number  of  .Jesuits,  priesis,  and  novices  in  all  these 
amouiiied  to  2245.     MS.  pnux  inc. 

Ill  the  vear  IG44  ihocilyof  .Mexico  presented  a  peti- 
ti(»n  to  the  knii;.  pravinj^'  thai  no  new  monastery  miijlit 
be  founded,  and  that  the  revenues  of  those  already 
established  ini^^ht  be  circuinscnhed,  olherwi.HC  the  reli- 
gious bouses  would  soon  acquire  the  property  of  the 
whole  country.  The  petitioner-^  request  likewise,  that 
Ihe  bishojis  miijht  be  laid  under  restric'ions  in  ronfer- 
riui!  hoi)  orders,  as  there  were  at  that  time  m  New 
Spam  above  SIX  thousand  cleriiyiuen  wiihuut  any  living,'. 
Ibid.  p.  10.  These  abuses  must  have  been  rnonnouH 
indeed,  when  the  auporsliuon  of  AnuTiran  Spaniards 
was  shocked,  and  induced  to  remons'raic  against  them. 

NopK  [132],  p.  100. — This  description  of  the  man- 
ners of  the  Spanish  cleri,'v  I  should  not  tuive  vt  ntured 
to  tiive  upon  t'  ^stimonv  "f  Protestant  aulbors  alone, 
as  tliey  may  peeled  ol  prepidice  or  exai,'i^eratioii. 

Gaiio.  in  part  ..r,  who  had  a  bftler  opnorlnniiy  than 
any  Protestanu  to  view  the  inierior  slate  of  .Sparusli 
America,  describes  the  corruption  of  the  church  which 
he  had  forsaken  with  so  much  of  the  acrimony  of  a  new 
copverl.  tbil  I  should  have  distrusted  his  evidence, 
though  it  communicates  some  very  curious  and  Mtrikinij 
facts  Bui  IJen/.oni  mentions  the  prollwiicy  of  eccle- 
fciastics  in  AiiUTica  at  a  very  early  period  after  iheir 
ftcttlement  there,  llisi,  lib  ti.  c.  19.  20.  M  TrezK-r, 
an  intelbsfent  observer,  and  zealous  for  his  own  religion, 
piints  the  dissolute  manners  of  the  Spuniih  ecclesias- 
tics in  Peru,  particularly  tiie  rci^'ulirs.  in  slronyer  colors 
than  I  have  employed  Voy.  p  51.  215,  iVc.  M 
Gentil  conlirms  this  account.  Voy.  i,  31  (Correal 
concurs  with  both,  and  add.i  many  remarkable  circiim- 
etances.  Voy.  i.  01  15.').  lOl.  I  have  ttood  reason  lo 
believe  that  the  manners  of  the  reirular  clerify,  parlicn- 
larlv  in  Peru,  are  siill  extremely  mdefeut.  .\cosla 
himself  acknowled.v^'i  that  ifreal  corruption  of  manners 
had  been  the  consequence  of  perinitfnij  monks  lo 
ftirsake  the  retirement  and  discipline  of  the  cloister,  and 
to  luini^le  a*r,iin  with  llie  world,  by  ii:.derlakmir  the 
charge  of  ihelndian  parishes.  De  Procur.  Ind  Salute, 
lib.  iv.  c.  13.  Ac.  He  mentions  p.ir:icularlv  those 
vices  of  which  I  have  laken  notice  and  considers  the 
temptations  lo  them  us  so  formidable,  ".hat  he  leans  to 
the  opiinon  of  those  wh-)  ludd  that  the  regular  clergy 
hIvjuUI  not  he  employed  as  parish  prtents.  Ltb  v,  c 
211.  Even  the  advocates  of  the  regulars  admit,  that 
inaiiv  and  irreat  eiiormitKs  altounded  amon^  th(!  monks 
v(  (liHoToul  orders,  when  set  free  from  the  restraint  of 


ROBERTSON'S    HISTORV   OF 


inonantir  discipline;  and  from  the  toneof  their  dcfoiire, 
one  may  conclnde  iImI  the  eb.iru'e  lirou^'lit  ajrinnst  them 
was  not  (Icstitiite  ol  'mill.  In  the  Kreneh  colonies  the 
state  of  ttie  re-^iil.ir  i  Irri'V  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  the 
Spanish  setileMH-nls,  and  llic  saino  consequences  liavo 
followed.  M  Miet.  miperior  of  ibe  secular  priesfft  in 
Cayenne,  inquires,  with  no  less  appearance  of  piely 
than  of  candor,  into  the  causes  of  this  corruption,  and 
imputes  It  cbietly  lo  the  exem|)tion  of  regulars  from  the 
jnrsdiction  and  censures  of  their  diocessans ;  lo  the 
temptalions  to  which  •' .  ,  arc  exposed;  and  to  their 
engaging  in  commerce.  Voy.  p.  321).  It  is  remarkable, 
that  alt  the  authors  who  censure  the  licenlionsnn.ss  of 
tlie  Spanish  regulars  with  the  greatest  seveniy.  concur 
in  vindicating  the  conduct  of  the  Jesuits.  Formed 
under  a  discipline  more  perfect  than  ttiat  of  tho  other 
monastie  orders,  or  animated  by  that  concern  for  (he 
honor  of  the  bociety  which  takes  such  full  possession  of 
every  member  of  llie  order,  the  Jesuits,  hoih  in  Mexico 
and  Peru,  it  is  allowed,  maintain  a  most  irreproachable 
decency  of  mannen.  Krezier,  223.  (ienlil.  i.  34 
The  same  praise  is  likewise  due  to  the  bishops  and 
most  of  the  dignified  clergy.      Frez    Ihid 

A  volume  of  the  (Jazetle  de  Mexico  for  the  years 
1728,  1729,  1730.  having  been  eommnnicated  to  me, 
I  find  there  a  striking  confirmation  of  what  I  have 
advanced  concerning  the  spirit  of  low  illiberal  supersti- 
tion prevalent  in  .Spanish  America.  From  the  news- 
papers of  any  lation  one  may  learn  what  are  ihe  ob- 
jects which  chiefly  engross  lU  attention,  and  winch 
apfiear  to  it  most  interesung.  The  Gazette  of  Mexico 
is  (i|b-'d  almost  rutirelv  with  accounts  of  religious  func- 
tions, with  descri|i'iuns  of  processions,  consecrations 
ol  churches,  be,  ;iti'  liom*  of  samta.  fc^itivnls,  autos  de 
fe,  iVc.  ■■il    o  iiercial    atrairs,  and   ove-i  the 

transact'  !>*>  c(  .  ,  .  occnpv  but  a  small  corner  in 
this  magazine  of  niurithly  intcllM^etice.  f'rotn  the  titles 
of  new  hooks,  which  are  remil.irlv  iuherled  iM  ihis 
(iazeit"  •  .ippf^ars  that  two-durds  of  them  arc  tnititCi. 
of  8c:iuu(  ;t»o  Lhi;«jli'»v  or  of  I'l'^'i'ish  devotion. 

I 

NoTK  [183]    p    I'lt — Sninr/..ino,  al'ter  mentioning  i 
the  corrupt  morals  of  some  of  the  regniar  clergy,  w:'h| 
that  cautious  reserve  which  became  a  Spanish  layman 
in  lOiirhiiig  on  a  suhiect  so  delicate,  gives  his  opinion 
verv   CTplicitly,  and  with  mucii  lirmness.  against  roin- 
miilmg  parochial  charges  lo  monks,      lie  produces  ihe 
testimony  of  several  respectable  authors  of  his  country, 
boll)  divines  and  lavvvers,  in  contlrination  of  his  opinion 
De  Jure  Ind   n.  lib.  ni.  c.  10.     A  sinking  proof  of  the 
alarm  excited  by  the  attempt  of  the  I'rince  dKsquilacbe 
lo  excludt!   tiie  regulars  from  parochial  cures,  is  con-  i 
tained  m  the  Colbert  collection  of   pipeis.      Several] 
memorials  were  presented  lo  the  king  by  the  procura- 
tors for  the  monastic  orders,  and  replies  were  made  to 
these  in  iia.ne  of   the  secular  clergy.      .\n  ea;;er  and 
even  rancorous  spirit  is  manifest  on  both  sides  m  the 
conduct  of  this  didpute. 

NoTK  fl84.]  p.  104 — \ot  only  the  native  Indians,! 
but  the  .)/''A/f:".v,  orchildren  of  a  .Spaniard  and  Indian, 
were  oriLnnallv  excluded  from  the  priesthoott.  and  re- 
fused adinissuni  m'o  any  rehgi-ms  order.  But  hy  a 
law  issiii'd  Sept.  2Hlh,  1588,  Piulip  II.  required  the 
prelates  of  .Vmerica  to  ordain  such  mestizos  born  m 
lawful  wedlock,  as  they  should  find  to  he  pniperlv 
qiinlilied.  and  to  permit  them  lo  take  the  vows  in  any 
monastery  where  ihey  had  gone  through  a  regular 
noviciate.  Kecopil.  lib  i.  lit.  vii.  1.  7  .Some  retrard 
seems  to  have  been  paid  to  this  law  in  ,\(;w  Spun; 
but  none  iii  Peru.  L'p""  'i  representation  of  thi-  to 
Charie.s  H.  m  the  year  1097,  he  issued  a  new  edict, 
( nforcing  the  observation  of  it,  ami  professttii;  his 
desire  to  hive  all  bi.s  suhjects.  Indians  unci  mestizos, 
as  welt  as  Spaniards,  adinilted  to  the  eiijoymeni  of  the 
same  privile;.'es.  Such,  however,  was  liie  aversion 
of  thi!  Spaniards  in  America  ti)  the  Imlians  and  their 
race,  that  this  seenis  to  have  produced  little  ellect  ; 
for  in  the  year  1795  Philip  V.  was  obliged  to  renew 
the  injunction  m  a  more  [leremptory  tone.  Hut  so  un- 
surmountat)le  are  hatred  and  contempt  of  the  Indians 
among  the  Peruvian  Spaniards,  that  llie  prcseiit  king 
has  been  conslrained  to  enforce  the  former  edicts 
aiM'W.bya  law  published  September  11,  1774.  Ileal 
Cedilla.  .MS   /»r;i/-.v  mc 

M  Clavigero  has  contradicted  what  I  have  related 
concrrnnig  the  ecclesiastical  stale  of  the  Indians,  par- 
ticularly their  exclusion  from  ihe  saerainetil  oi  the  eu- 
cbarist.  and  from  holy  ordeis.  eiiher  as  seculars  or  re- 
tiubirs,  in  such  a  manner  as  cannot  fad  lo  make  a  deep 
impression.  He,  from  hi.s  own  knowied^e,  asseiia, 
'*  tbat  in  New  Spain  not  nnlv  aru  Indiaim  permitted  to 


partake  of  the  sarnunent  of  the  altar,  hut  that  In,1iDD 
pr.i'.its  are  so  numrrous  that  they  inav  be  counted  b*" 
bundred.s  ;  and  among  ihrse  have  lieen  inanv  bundredh 
ot  rector**,  canons,  and  doclors,  .tml,  as  report  goea, 
even  a  verv  learned  bishop,  \l  present  there  are  nianv 
priests,  tind  not  »  few  rectors,  among  whom  there  havi? 
been  three  or  four  our  own  pupils  *'  Vol  II  3tH,  «)cc. 
I  owe  It.  therefore,  as  a  duty  to  (be  public  as  well  an 
to  myself,  to  consider  each  of  these  points  wilh  care, 
and  to  explain  the  reasons  which  induced  me  to  adopt 
the  opinion  which  I  have  published' 

1  knew  that  in  the  (Jiiristmn  church  there  is  no  dis 
tinction  of  persons,  but  that  men  of  every  nation,  who 
embrace  the  religio.  of  Jesus,  ar"  equally  entitled  to 
every  Christian  priv.'ege  which  they  are  qualified  tc 
reccnve.  I  I.  !"w  lik 'wibc  that  an  opinion  prevailed, 
not  only  among  most  of  the  Spanish  laity  settled  in 
.America,  but  among  "many  ecclesiastics  (I  use  the 
words  of  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ii.  c.  15),  that  the  In- 
diana* were  not  perfect  or  rational  men.  and  were  nol 
possessed  of  sucli  capacity  as  qualified  them  to  partake 
of  the  aacramenl  of  the  nllar,  or  of  any  other  hcnetii  ol 
our  religion."  It  was  against  thi;i  opinion  that  lias 
('asaa  contended  with  the  laudable  zeal  which  1  have 
described  in  Hooks  III.  and  VI  Itut  as  the  I3tshop  ol 
Oarien,  Doctor  Sepulvida,  and  other  respectable  eccle- 
siastics, vigorously  supjiorled  the  common  opinion  con- 
cerning the  incapacity  of  the  Indians,  it  became  nccea- 
sary,  in  order  lo  determine  the  pomt,  that  the  authority 
of  the  Holy  .See  should  be  interposed  ;  and  accordingly 
Paul  HI.  issued  a  bull,  A.  I),  1537.  in  which,  after 
rondemning  the  opinion  of  those  who  held  that  the  In 
dians,  as  being  on  a  level  with  brute  beasts,  should  be 
reduced  lo  servitude,  he  declares  that  they  were  really 
men,  and  as  such  were  capable  of  cunhracmg  the  (Jbris- 
lian  religion,  atid  participating  of  all  its  blessings.  Mv 
account  of  this  bull,  notwithstanding  the  cavils  of  X{ 
Clavi;;ero,  must  appear  just  to  every  prraon  who  tako) 
the  trouble  of  perusing  il ;  and  my  account  is  the  same 
with  that  adopted  by  Torquennda,  lib  xvi.  c.  25,  and 
by  ( Jarcia,  Grig.  p.  31 1.  IJul  even  after  this  <ieciaion, 
so  low  did  the  .Spaniards  residing  in  America  rate  tho 
capacity  of  the  natives,  that  the  first  council  of  I^iina 
(I  call  It  by  that  name  on  the  Bi.thorily  of  the  best  Spa- 
nittl^  authors)  disLountenanced  the  admission  of  Indians 
to  the  holy  communion  Torqiiem.  lib.  xvi.  c.  20.  In 
New  Spam  the  exclusion  of  Indians  frooi  the  aacrament 
wus  still  moio  explicit.  Ibid,  .\fter  two  ceniuriea 
have  elapsed,  and  nulwith.^tandmg  all  the  nnprovement 
that  the  Indians  insy  be  supposed  to  have  derived  from 
their  intercourse  with  the  .Spaniards  during  that  period, 
we  are  informed  hy  L).  Ant,  IJlloa,  that  in  Peru,  where, 
as  will  appear  in  the  sequel  of  Ibis  note,  ihey  are  sup- 
posed to  l>e  better  instructed  than  in  \ew  Spam,  their 
Ignorance  is  so  prodigious  that  very  few  are  (lerinitted 
to  communicate,  as  being  altogether  de.siitnte  of  tho 
requisite  capacity.  Voy.  1.311,  (Sec.  Solorz.  Poht. 
Ind    I.  203. 

With  respect  to  the  exclusion  of  Indians  from  the 
priesthood,  either  as  seculars  or  regulars,  we  may  ot>- 
scrve  that  while  it  continued  to  be  the  common  opmi?u 
that  the  natives  of  America,  on  accmmiof  their  ii)i:apa- 
cily,  .should  not  he  periniited  to  [i.irtake  of  tne  holy 
sacrament,  we  cannot  suppose  tliat  they  would  be 
clothed  with  that  pacred  character  which  entilled  them 
to  consecrate  and  to  dispense  it.  When  Torquemada 
composed  bis  Miinarqtna  Indiana  it  was  almost  a  cen- 
tury after  the  I'onquesl  uf  New  Spum  ,  and  vet  in  his 
time  It  was  still  the  general  practice  to  exclude  Indians 
from  holy  oiders.  Of  this  we  have  the  must  satisfying 
evidence.  TorquiuiiMla  having  celebr.tled  ihe  virtuea 
and  graces  of  the  Indians  at  great  length,  aad  \Mth  all 
the  complacency  of  a  missionary,  be  stalls  as  an  objec- 
tion lo  what  he  had  asserted,  "  If  tiie  Indians  really 
(iOssesH  all  the  excellent  qualities  rt'hich  you  have  de- 
scribed, why  are  they  not  permitted  to  assuine  the  reli- 
gi(nis  habit  I  Wliy  arc  they  not  ordained  priests  and 
bishops,  a.*  the.  .lewish  and  Gentile  converts  were  in 
the  pnmilive  church,  cspeci  illy  as  they  iniifbi  be  cm- 
[tloved  with  such  superior  advantage  to  oiber  persons 
in  the  instruction  of  iheircounlryinen!"    Lib  xvii.  c.  Hi. 

In  answer  to  this  objection,  which  ^stahliKbes,  in  iho 
most  unequivocal  manner,  what  was  the  general  prac- 
tice at  tbiit.  jienod,  Torquemada  olisrrves,  that  althou;jh 
by  their  natural  disposili  us  the  Indians  are  well  fitlfd 
for  a  sul)ordiiiate  aitualiu  i,  Ihey  are  destitute  of  all  the 
([uabties  requisite  in  any  station  of  dignity  and  a.iiho* 
rity  ;  and  that  they  are  in  general  so  adilicted  lo 
drunkenness,  that  upon  the  sliLditi-st  temptation  mio 
caniml  promise  on  their  behaving  wilh  the  decency  sui- 
table to  the  clerical  cliaracier  The  propriety  of  ex- 
cluding them  from  It,  on  these  accounts,  was,    ho  ob- 


ii 


m 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


207 


I 


porvcd,  so  well  jualiiind  by  experience,  that  when  a  fo- 

roijjnrr  of  frrnit  crmliiion.  who  cmiig  from  Siuiii.  cnn-  ' 
ricuiiuMi   Um!  jirarlu'i'  of  Ihi*  Mlwumh   rhiiirh,  hn  \\.\n  I 
coitViMcrd  of   his  iin.st.)k(!  iii   .i  piitilir  ilts|iiit.ilioii  wiih  ! 
tht'lcariH-il  and  iiio^l  rrli;,Moiis  Kiiii.iT  I)  Jn.iiulr  (i.mn.i. 
aiul  htH  nirartioii  is  siill  riLiiil.     TunpiLMiuKla  iikIci  il 
ackiiowlctl^cH.  11?*  .M.  (JliiviiriTo  iihscrviH  with  iiih'^n-f  ' 
ol  cxullaliui).  thai  in  lim   own    tinu'  !*oinc   Imliaiis  h.id  j 
hi't'ii  a(li)iiLli>il  into  iiionaitf'rn'fl  ;  hut,  \\n\\  the  .in  of  a  | 
(iispHlaiil,  ho  lur^o's  lo  iiinitioii  thai  Tonjurinaila  njm--  | 
ciliL-.s  only  lv\o  cxaiiiptrs  ut  this,  aiiil  t  ikr»  rioiirr  iii.ii 
in  liolii  iii!slaiiL'('H  lho^c   !ri<lians  hail  hci'ii  aihoiitcil   t>v 
liiislakc.      Krlviiitr  upon   th(!   aiithonlv  *>!  'I'onpiriiiad.i 
with  r(-<;ai(l  lo  .S<-vv  Spain,  ami  ol  I'lin.i  wilh  ir^.ird    lo 
I'rni,  and  r<iii.ii(h'iin;r  iiic  huiiiihalMi^  (h'jircr^snni  of  the 
Iiidiain>  III  all  ilic  Sp.irii-^h  M-liliiiicnL.-.,  i  i-(ni<-liidrd  lh,U 
they  were   not   adiinlti-d  iiilu   (In:  (MMlcsia^tical   ordtr, 
which  iM  lii'ld  in  ihi'  higlit.-Hl  vcuerutioti  uU  over  iho  N'tw 
World. 

Uut  wiini  M.  Clavii^iTO,  upon  liis  own  knowlfd<f0 
a.H.st:rtt:d  f.icis  so  rcpuaii.iiil  to  tlic  coucln^ion  I  h.id 
loinn-d,  I  t)(>^aii  to  dusini^l  ii,  and  to  wi.sli  lor  fiirllirr 
inlorination.  In  order  to  olilani  tlu.-t,  I  iip|iht-d  to  a 
Spiniirtli  nolth-inan,  lii;;h  in  othcf,  iiiiil  (^niiiii'nl  tor  his 
uhihtics.  'Alio,  on  dithrcnl  oci-asioiiH,  has  prrniitti d  nir 
tu  liavo  liio  honor  and  hcin^lii  of  corrr^|iondiii>r  with 
hint.  I  havi  h(  (.11  lavorrd  with  Iho  lullo\Mn^  aM.s\v<-r  : 
*'  Whal  yon  havt^  written  court  rnnig  thr  adniis.iion  ol 
Iiidiaiis  into  holy  orders,  or  iiilo  inoua>terii-H,  in  ilook 
\  Hi.,  f'spi-t  lully  a.i  It  IS  c.iplained  and  limited  in  Nolo 
]i\.\.\\'lll.  ol  ihr  tpiarto  edition,  is  iii  ^rrueral  aeon- 
rdte,  and  confortnalile  to  the  aiiUiortlieM  which  you 
qiiotr.  And  alllion^h  iht.' rou^re^ution  t)f  the  eouueil 
rf^ol\ed  and  ileelared,  VvU.  i;j.  A.  IJ,  UiS'J.  that  ihu 
circuinslaiK't*  of  hiMiijr  jm  Itidtan,  or  niulallo,  or  incs- 
ti/.o,  did  not  disipial.ly  any  porstni  troni  heiii^r  ailiutlted 
into  holy  order.s,  il  he  w.ii  jiiis>c>sed  of  wn.it  was  re- 
quired hv  llie  e.iMOUs  to  rnlllU'  htm  to  th.tl  privilege  ; 
tnis  only  pro\es  mii'Ii  ordiuaiioiis  to  he  Ic^^al  and  valid 
{vi  whii'li  Si>lor/..nio  anil  the  Spanish  lawver.-i  aiid  his- 
torians tpioied  hy  hnn,  I'ol.  Ind.  hh.  u  e.  "Z'J,  were  per- 
suaded), huL  It  neither  proves  the  propriety  of  admillinir 
Indians  lulo  h(dv  orders,  nor  wliat  was  then  liie  euni- 
nion  pr.ieliee  wiUi  re>pei'l  lo  tins  ,  hiit,  on  ihe  eoiitrarv, 
it  shows  ih.it  liiero  was  some  donht  eoiieurnuij*  iht;  or- 
daininL^  ol  Indians,  and  some  repuirtiance  toil. 

"  Siiii'e  that  lime  llieru  have  In-en  some  examples  of 
adnutliiiur  Indians  inio  holy  orders.  \\\:  have  now  at 
Madrid  an  a;;rd  priest,  a  ualivf!  ut  'I'laseala.  llis  naiinr 
in  \).  Juan  t.'iTilo  do  ('astilla  A<piihnal  (Jaltehnltle, 
descended  of  ii  caznpie  converted  lo  ('hristianitv  »oon 
nfler  the  compicsi.  lie  sindird  the  ccclesiaslical  fici- 
eni^cs  111  a  seiuniary  of  I'lirhU  do  lus  Angeles.  1U> 
was  a  candidate,  iieverlheU'ss,  for  (en  years,  and  it  re- 
quired miieh  interest  helorc  Bishop  Ahren  would  con- 
sent lo  ordain  him.  Tins  ecclcjijstic  was  a  man  of 
utiexcepiioiialdu  eharacler,  modesl,  self- denied,  and 
with  a  ):ompet(;nl  knowledan  of  what  relates  to  hi:* 
clerical  functions,  lie  came  to  Madrid  above  thirty- 
lour  years  ayo  with  tliu  I'olo  view  of  Hohcitinj^  admis- 
sion for  the  Indians  into  the  colle<res  and  M'luiiiartes  in 
New  .Sjiaiii.  that  il.  after  heiii;,'  well  mslrneti'd  and  tried, 
they  snoiild  lind  an  ineJm.iliuu  to  enter  into  ilie  ecclesi- 
asficjl  .sljie.  they  nni^iii  enilirace  it,  and  perform  its 
functions  wiili  the  "ireale* .  henefil  to  their  countrymen, 
whom  they  could  addr'>s  in  (heir  iiativi!  tonjxuii.  lie 
hasohtained  various  rei^ulatious  favorahle  to  his  scheme, 
parlicularly  that  the  flr^t  colleifc  which  hocainc  vacant 
in  coiiseijuenci^  of  the  cxchision  ot  the  .lesuils  should 
he  set  apart  lor  this  purpiMc.  Ijut  tieiiher  these  rei^,i- 
latioiis,  nor  any  simd-ir  ones  inserted  m  the  laws  of  the 
Indies,  have  produceil  any  etri-ct,  on  account  of  objec- 
tions and  representations  from  the  {»r<!ater  [tart  of  per- 
sons of  ehief  cimsideration  employeil  in  .\ew  Spam. 
Whether  their  op|)03ition  he  well  foimdrd  or  not  is  a 
problem  dillicnlt  lo  resolve,  and  towards  the  solution 
of  winch  several  distinctions  and  inodificalions  are 
refjuisitc. 

"  According  to  the  accounis  of  this  errjcsiaslic,  and 
the  information  of  other  persons  who  havo  resided  in 
the  Spanish  dominions  in  .\inerica,  yo'i  may  rest  as- 
sured, thai  III  ihe  kingdom  of  'I'lerra  Kinne  no  such 
thii  J?  i*  known  as  either  an  Indian  secular  priest  or 
morirt  ;  and  that  m  New  Spam  (here  are  very  few  eccle- 
Biasiics  of  Indian  race.  In  Peru,  jierhaps.  the  number 
may  he  greater  as  in  thai  country  there  are  more  lii- 
Jians  who  possess  the  means  of  acquiring  such  a 
learned  education  as  's  necessary  for  persons  who 
aspire  to  the  clerical  chji:(Cler." 

NoTK  [ISr))  p  Ifift  -I'/.iari/.  an  accurate  and  cau- 
tioua  Cdtcululur,  seems  lo  admit,  that  the  quantity  of 


silver  which  docs  not  pay  duty,  may  be  stated  thus 
hiiih.  Aecordiii;^  lo  llerrera  theri!  wa?*  not  above  a 
third  of  wh'il  was  e.xlraciird  from  l'ott>Hi  thai  ji.iid  ihe 
kini^'s  llllli.  Dec  H,  lib,  n.  c.  IT).  Solor/atio  n-scrls 
hke^Mse,  I  hat  the  ipi  milt  y  of  silver  whit  h  Is  fi.iudiileiillv 
CHi-iilati'd,  IS  far  •;r<  <iii'r  Ih.ui  lli.it  winch  is  re;4iilarlv 
si, iTupcd,  after  paviii;,'  Itie  tilili.  IJ-  Ind.  .lure,  vol.  it. 
hh.  \.  p   Hlli. 

N'orK[IH()J  p  Ki.'i. — When  ilie  mines  of  I*oiosi 
were  diseiivered  in  the  year  l;')!'),  the  veins  were  so 
near  the  siirlace,  that  ihe  ore  was  easily  e.xiracleil,  and 
so  ricli  llial  It  was  relinrd  witb  liille  troimle  and  at  a 
small  expense,  merely  hv  llie  action  ol  fire.  The  sini- 
pli!  mode  of  retinm^r  ity  luston  alone  continued  nnlil  the 
year  I'i7-1,  when  iiie  use  of  merenry  in  retinin^  silver, 
.IS  well  as  ^'old,  w.i.h  disi-overed.  'I'lio:*!-  mineM  havui<r 
been  wroiit^iit   without    interruption  lor  (wo  ciMilnries, 


lh(^  veins  are  now  sunk  ^o  tle,-p,  that  (he  expen.«.(!  ol 
extraciiii;^  ibe  ore  is  tireitly  iii.  rca.sed.  Ilchides  this, 
the  richness  of  the  ore,  ccnitrarv  to  whal  happens  in 
inosi  oilier  mnips,  !•  is  become  less  :is  llie  vein  coiitiniKMl 
lo  dip.  The  vein  i  .is  likr^MM*  ditniiiislied  to  such  a 
dei/ne,  that  one  is  ama/(  d  that  the  Spaniards  should 
pei.-<isl  in  workinii  '^  '  )lht^r  rieh  iiiines  have  been  siie- 
ee^Hi^ely  iliseovered,  hnl  in  ^'ener.d  tlur  value  ol  the 
ores  lias  deere.iseil  so  much,  whih;  the  expense  of  ex- 
trarLtn^r  tliein  has  au;;inented.  ihat  llie  court  o\'  Spain 
in  the  yeir  \TM\  reihiced  the  duty  pavablc  lo  the  kiu^ 
iroin  a /('///(  to  a  tfufh.  All  the  quiv-ksilver  used  in 
I'eru  IS  extracted  from  the  famoii.-i  mine  of  ( Jiiaiica- 
beliea,  discovered  m  the  year  l-'iti;!  'I'h';  crown  has 
reserveil  ihe  property  of  tins  ninn.'  to  itself ;  and  llie 
persons  who  pnrehase  the  ipiicksdver  p.iy  iiol  uiilv  tiie 
price  of  It,  but  likewise  d  fifth,  as  a  duly  to  the  kiii|^ 
Ihil  in  the  year  l7fU  this  duty  on  (pncksdver  was  aho- 
hshed,  on  accoiitit  of  the  meriMM;  of  expense  in  work- 
in;,'  mines.  Llloa,  Kntrelenmnenlos,  xn  —xv,  \'oy- 
a^^e,  1.  p.  r>{).'».  fi^lj.  In  coiiseipienco  of  tins  al>oblioi) 
ol  \\iv  J  ijlli,  and  some  sub.-ieqnetit  abatenienis  of  price, 
which  became  necessary  on  uecounl  of  the  incrtMsm^i 
expens',  of  uorkiii'^  mines,  qun-ksilver  wnseh  was  (or- 
merlv  sold  al  eii,'hty  [le'-os  the  ijuiutal,  is  now  didivered 
by  the  kini;  at  (he  r.ilt,-  of  sixty  pe.-sos.  (Jampoiuams, 
l')due.  I'opul.  II.  K)«,  note.  'Ihe  duly  on  jruiii  ts  re- 
duced lo  a  fwf.nfnth,  or  live  per  cent.  Any  of  my 
rtfaders  who  are  desirous  of  bein^T  aci|Uiiinted  wilh  (be 
mode  m  which  tln^  Spaniards  eondiut  itie  workiu<r  ol 
their  mines,  and  the  retinenient  of  the  ore.  will  linil  an 
accurate  description  of  the  ancient  nualiod  hy  A<-osta, 
lib.  IV.  c.  l  — i;i,  and  of  their  more  recent  improve- 
ments 111  the  mctallnr>ric  art,  hy  (.ijinbo.i  '^Jominenl.  a 
las  ordenanz.  de  Mmas,  c.  2'^. 

NoTK  [1H7]  p.  Ifir) — Many  reinarkalile  proofs  oc- 
cur of  the  advanced  stale  of  industry  in  Spain  at  the 
bei^mmnil  of  the  sixteenlh  century.  The  umnluT  of 
cMties  in  Spam  was  considerable,  and  they  w(;re  peopled 
fir  beyond  the  proportion  that  was  cotmnon  m  oilier 
p.irts  ot  I'iurope.  The  eans(!s  of  this  I  have  expl.itnid 
I  list,  ol  (Iha.  v.  p.  68.  W'here'ver  cities  are  popnloiis 
thai  species  of  indnstrv  v\birh  is  peculiar  to  them  m 
creases  :  artifieers  and  manufaclnrers  abmind  Tiie 
eirect  of  the  American  trade  in  t,'ivinif  activity  to  these 
Is  rnamfesi  from  a  sm^mlar  fact.  In  the  vear  lol,'), 
while  Spam  continued  to  depend  on  its  own  mduslry 
for  the  supply  of  Us  own  colonies,  so  much  work  was 
bespoke  Irom  the  manufacturers,  that  it  was  supposed 
they  could  hardly  linisb  it  in  less  than  six  years,  t'ain- 
poni.  1.  'lOli.  Such  a  demand  must  have  put  much  ni- 
duslry  m  motion,  and  have  excited  extraordinary  ef- 
forts. Accorilini,dy,  we  are  informed,  that  in  the  bemn- 
nin^  of  Thibp  II. 's  reiirii.  the  city  of  .Seville  alone, 
where  the  ir.ule  with  .\nierica  centered,  t,Mve  empiity- 
nient  to  no  fewer  th:in  Hi, DIM)  looms  in  silk  or  woolen 
work,  and  that  above  UIO.OOO  persons  had  occupation 
in  carryint;  on  these  manufacturt^s  ('ampom  ii.  47'J 
Hut  .so  rapid  and  ()ernicions  was  the  operalion  of  the 
causes  which  I  shall  enumerate,  that  before  I'bibp  111. 
ended  hi.-i  reitin  the  looms  in  Seville  were  reduced  to 
400      llztariz,  r    7. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  first  edition.  I  have  the 
satisfaction  to  fiml  my  ideas  eoncernin<i  the  early  com- 
mercial interroursc  between  Spam  and  her  colonies 
conhrined  and  illustrated  hy  I).  Hernardo  \Var<i,  of  the 
Junto  de  Comercio  at  Madrid,  m  Ins  I'roifirto  Ev.tmn- 
iniro,  part  u  r.  i.  "  Under  the  reigns  of  Charles  V. 
and  Philip  II."  says  he,  "  the  manufactures  of  .Spain 
and  of  the  Low  (^Minlries  snhjeet  to  her  dominion 
were  m  a  most  dourishiiii^  Htaliv  Those  of  !•' ranee  and 
Iln'.'land  were  in  their  infancy.  'I'he  renuhlie  of  the 
United  I'rovir.ces  did  not  then  eiibt.     No  Kurupoan 


iKiwer  but  Spam  h-nl  colonies  of  nnv  vabie  in  the  New 
\Vorlil.     S|(,nn  co  dd  supply  her  setileineiits  there  v\iib 
Iht^  prudiiclMHis  ot  her  o.vii  sod,  the  labrics  ^\roui!ht  b) 
ibe  liantls  of  her  emu  ariisins.  anti  all  fhe  reeeived   in 
rctiMu  lor  tlieoe  hetonu'id   lo  hnself  .ilone,      Tiieii  ihe 
eicbisiori  of  lorei:^u  iiMMulacIures  wa-*  proper,  bec.oiso 
ill  mii^'hl  be  reiidt-reil  rll'echial       Then  Spain  ini<.du  lay 
I  heavy  duties  upon  i,'oods  exported  lo  America,  or  im* 
I  ported  iVom  it,  and  niii>hl   nupo.M!  what    resuainis  sjio 
deeini'd  pioper  iijion  a  i^onuniTce  entirely  in    her  own 
I  bands.      Itut  when  time  ami  successive  revolnlions  had 
occasioned  an   alteration  in   all   tho-^e  crcunctancea, 
when  llie  niannbicturi's  of  Spam  he<jan  to  dechne.  and 
the  demands  of  .\mvrica  wert;  su|ipb(  d  hy  loreij^ii  fa 
brics,   the  orii^inal    maxims   and   re^ul.iiions  of  Spain 
should   have   been  at^i-oni'ood.iled  to  the  eh.itiL'e  in   hel 
situation.     Tiic  pulny  lliat  was  wise  al  one  period  be- 
came absurd  in  thn  other." 

NoTK  [I8SJ.  p.  Kifi  — No  bale  of  ^oods  is  ever 
opened,  no  che.it  of  trea-^ure  is  examined  IJoth  are 
ri-r'cived  on  the  credit  ot  the  persons  lo  whom  tl-ey  be- 
long ,  and  only  one  itistanee  of  fraud  is  recorded,  ^Inr- 
m^  the  loti|^'  period  in  whii  h  trade  wascarnetl  on  with 
ihis  liberal  contldeiice.  All  the  coined  stU'cr  that  was 
broui^itt  ftotri  Peru  to  Por'o-bello  in  tht^  ve.ir  l(>r>l  w.is 
lound  lo  be  ndulteraled,  and  tu  be  intn:ih>tl  Milb  a  lifih 
part  ot  ba.se  melal.  The  Spanish  mercbanl.-t,  wiiti  sen- 
iiinenlK  siiitibh;  to  their  usual  mte^intv.  sustainei  the 
whole  loss,  and  mdenimlied  the  biiei^ners  by  whom 
iliey  were  CMnfdoved.  'I'be  fraud  was  detected,  and 
llie  treasurer  of  the  reyi'iiue  in  Peru,  the  aiilhor  of  it, 
was  publiely  burnt.  H  I'lloa.  KelahliH.  de  Mannf., 
lVc.  hv.  II    p    iOZ. 

NoTK  tlHO.J  p.  Ifi? — .Many  striknig  proofs  nreur  ol 
the  scarcity  of  money  m  Spam.  Of  all  the  immenso 
sums  wbtcti  have  litren  inijtorled  frmii  Americii,  tho 
amount  ot  which  I  shall  afterwards  bavc>  occasion  to 
menlion,  Moneatla  asserts,  that  there  did  not  remain  m 
Spam,  in  lOl'.),  above  two  bundred  milltons  of  jir.tiKi, 
one  half  m  coined  money,  the  other  in  p'.  ic  and 
jewels  Restaur  de  KsjiaL'tia,  disc  iii  c.  I ,  I  )/,- 
lan/.  who  published  his  valu.ibb'  work  in  IT^t,  eon- 
tends,  thai  m  money,  plate,  and  jewels,  then;  did  not 
remain  a  hundred  million.  Theor.  tVc  c.  !I.  (!ain- 
{Himines,  <ui  (be  aulhorily  of  a  renion-^lranee  from  (lie 
rominuniiv  of  men  b'lnls  in  Toledo  to  Pliihp  111  ,  rn- 
lates.  as  a  eeriani  proof  how  scarce  easli  h.id  becime, 
lh.it  persons  who  b'lil  money  received  n  third  of  llio 
sum  which  they  advanced  an  mlerest  and  preniiuin 
Ivbie.  Popul   i."'U7. 

NorK[19f»Jp  Ifi?— -The  account  of  the  mode  in 
whieb  the  factors  of  the  South  Sea  company  condu.-ted 
Ibe  trade  in  llie  fair  of  Porlo-hello.  wliic-h  was  opened 
to  them  hv  the  .\ssieriio,  I  hav<-  taken  from  Don  Dion. 
Alcedo  v  llerrera.  president  of  the  c-ourt  of  .\udieuc6 
III  t.^iiito,  and  lioveriior  of  thai  province.  Don  Diony- 
sio  was  a  person  <)f  sni'h  resperiable  character  lor 
probity  and  discernment,  that  bis  lestimony  in  any 
pomi  would  be  of  much  weiudil ;  hut  ^.Teater  credit  is 
due  to  It  III  till-'  case,  as  he  was  an  eve  witness  of  (be 
Iran-actions  which  lie  relates,  and  was  often  employed 
111  deteclmuaiid  autheudcatini^^  the  tramls  which  he  (ti»- 
scribe.i.      Il    IS    probable,    bowi-vrr.  iliat    bis   repreM-n- 

of  the 


talion.  I)einif  composed  at  the  cotnmeiiceim;iit 
war  wbieh  broke  out  between  (Jreal  llritam  and  S|taiu, 
in  ttie  vear  173!(.  niav.  in  some  instances  thscover  a 
poruoii  of  the  acrimonious  spirit  natural  at  that  junc- 
ture. His  detail  of  facts  is  curious;  and  even 
Kniilisb  aulhors  conhrin  ii  m  Koine  clei»ree,  liy  adinit- 
tniii  both  that  various  frauds  were  practised  in  the 
transactions  of  tlic  annual  shqi,  and  (hat  the  contra- 
band trade  from  Jamaica,  and  oilier  IlritiKh  fobimes, 
was  become  enornionsly  (»reat.  but  for  the  credit  of 
the  Knalish  nation  it  may  bo  observed,  that  those  frau- 
dulent operations  arc  not  to  he  considered  as  deed^  of 
the  company,  hut  as  the  dishonorable  arts  of  iheir 
factors  and  ayeiits.  The  company  itself  sustained  a 
coi  siderai)h?  loss  hy  the  AsHiento  trade  Many  of  its 
sonants  acquired  immense  fortunes.  Anderson  ('hro- 
nol.  deduct,  ii.  :W8. 

NoTK  [lUI]  p  1B8. — Several  facts  with  respect  to 
the  institution,  the  progress,  and  the  effects  of  this 
company,  are  ennons.  and  hut  little  known  lo  Kni;!ish 
readers.  Thounh  the  province  of  Venezuela,  or  (Ja- 
racca.-i,  extends  four-liundred  miles  alonn  the  coast,  and 
IS  one  of  the  most  fertile  in  America,  ii  was  so  much 
net^lecled  hy  the  Spaniards,  that  durinir  the  twer.ly 
years  prior  lo  the  establishment  of  the  company,  only  five 


i^\ 


It:     ^1 : 


208 _^ 

•<i.ipH  Hiiilcti  Irnin  Sjmin  lo  that  province;  and.  during 
six'i-rn  vc.irs.  trorn  17011  lo  17*2.  iiol  a  single  sliip 
arriv(<i  rrom  ilic  <  imu-cas  in  Spam.  Noitciiis  ilr  Htal 
Cainiani.i  ih;  Curiiccas,  p  2*^.  During  \\\\h  pcruKi 
Spiiin  must  li.tvi*  hrrn  ituppltcd  ulmo^t  rnlirclv  wtth  a 
large  (piiiutity  of  cacao,  which  it  coMf^umcH,  liy  ruiri^:i- 
rrs.  hcfore  the  erection  of  llie  company  nrithtr  to- 
hacco  nor  hidea  were  imported  from  (luriccas  into 
Spain  Il)id.  p.  117.  Smcc  the  commerciDl  o,>cra- 
lions  of  the  company,  hogun  in  the  year  1731,  thn  im- 
portation of  cacao  into  Spain  han  increaArd  amazingly. 
During  thirty  years  aubaripient  to  1701,  the  num- 
her  of  J'anrfja.<i  of  cacao  (each  a  hundred  and  ten 
poundf))  importer!  from  Caraccas  wa»  fi'lU.al.'i.  Du- 
ring eighteen  year*  subsei^uent  to  1731,  the  nunihnr 
n\  janrfTtis  imported  was  SHU. 247  ;  and  if  we  sup- 
[>nse  the  imporlalion  to  he  continued  in  the  xaine  pro- 
jmrtioii  dunng  the  remainder  of  thirty  years,  it  will 
antoniit  to  I  1 18,746 /anr^faj,  which  is  an  mcrease  of 
805,531  fanrfrui.  \u.  p.  148.  During  eight  years 
Bnl)se<)nent  to  1756,  there  have  heen  int|iortf'd  into 
Spain  ity  the  company  88,482  arr(*ft(jj»  (each  iweniy-fivf 
pounds)  of  tohiicco ;  and  hides  to  the  number  of 
177,354.  Id  161.  Since  the  publication  of  the  No- 
tirias  de  Compania,  in  171;*,  its  trade  seems  lo  be  on 
the  increase.  Durinir  the  years  aubsetpient  to  1709, 
it  has  imported  179,156,  fanrfias  of  cacao  into  S|)ain, 
30,208  arrohas  of  tobacco,  75,496  hides,  and  221,432 
ppHOrt  Ml  specie.  Campomancs,  ii.  102.  The  Inst  ar- 
licle  IS  a  proof  of  the  growing  wealth  of  the  colony.  It 
receives  cash  from  Mexico  in  return  fur  the  cacao,  with 
which  it  supplies  that  province,  and  this  it  remits  lo 
Spam,  or  lays  out  in  purchasing  European  goods.  But, 
Dcnides  this,  the  most  explicit  evidence  is  produced, 
ihut  the  quantity  of  cacoa  raised  in  the  province  is 
doiiblo  what  it  yielded  in  L731  ;  the  number  of  its  live 
Btoi'k  is  more  than  treble,  and  its  inbabitants  much  aim- 
mented.  The  revenue  of  the  bishop,  which  arises 
wholly  from  tithes,  has  increased  from  eight  to  twenty 
thousand  pesos.  Notic.  p  60.  In  consequence  of 
the  augmentation  of  the  quantity  of  cacao  imported  inio 
Spain,  lis  price  has  decreased  from  eighty  peso.n  fur 
the  funepa  lo  forty-  Ibid.  61.  Since  the  puliltcation 
of  the  tirMt  edition,  I  have  learned  that  (tuvana.  includ- 
ing alt  the  extensive  provinces  situated  on  the  banks  of 
Orinoco,  the  Islands  of  Trinidad  and  Margarita  arc 
added  to  the  countries  with  which  the  companv  of  Ca- 
raccas bad  liberty  of  trade  by  their  former  charters 
Heal  Cedula,  Nov.  19,  1776.  But  I  have  likewise  been 
Informed,  that  the  institution  of  this  company  has  not 
been  attended  with  all  the  beneficial  etfects  winch  I 
have  ascribed  to  it.  In  many  of  its  0)ierations  the  ilti- 
boral  aud  oppressive  spirit  of  monopoly  is  «till  conspi- 
cuous But  in  order  to  explain  this,  it  would  be  neces- 
•ary  to  enter  into  minute  details,  which  arc  not  suited 
to  the  nature  of  this  work. 

NoTK  [192].  p.  168. — This  first  experiment  made 
by  Spain  of  opening  a  free  trade  with  anv  of  her  colo- 
nics, has  produced  eflects  sn  reipirkable,  as  (n  men* 
some  further  illustration.  The  towns  to  which  this 
liberty  has  been  granted,  arc  Cadiz  and  Seville,  for  the 
province  of  Andalusia;  Alicant  and  (^arihagena,  fur 
Valencia  and  Mnrcia ;  Barcelona,  for  Caialonta  and 
Aragon  ;  Santatidor,  for  Castile;  Corugna,  for  (inlicia  ; 
and  Ciijon,  for  Astiirias.  Append,  ii.  a  la  lOduc 
Popul  p  41.  These  are  either  the  ports  of  chief  triidt? 
in  their  respective  districts,  or  those  most  conveiiienily 
nitualed  for  the  exportation  of  their  re-^perlive  jiroduc- 
tions.  The  following  facta  give  a  view  of  the  increase 
of  trade  In  the  settlements  to  which  the  new  regulations 
extend,  Prior  to  the  all.iwanre  of  free  trade,  tl'.e 
dudes  collected  in  the  custom  house  at  the  llavanna 
were  computed  to  be  104.208  nc^os  annually  During 
the  live  years  prercedmg  1774.  they  rose  at  a  medium 
to  308.000  pesos  a  year  In  Yucatan  the  duties  have 
arisen  from  8000  to  15.000  In  Hispariiola,  from 
3500  to  5600.  In  Porto  Rico,  from  1200  to  7000. 
The  total  value  of  goods  imported  from  (Jiiba  into 
Spaii.  was  reckoned,  in  1774,  to  be  1,500,000  pesos 
^onc    i'opul.  i.  450.  Ate. 

NoTK  [193],  p,  169  —The  two  treatises  of  Don 
Pedro  Kodriguez  (>ainpomdiies.  Fiscal  dfl  n:al  Consi'jo 
y  Snprr.ino  (an  ntlicer  m  rank  and  power  nearly  similar 
to  that  of  Atlornev-Oeneral  in  England),  and  Director 
of  the  Royal  Acadwny  of  History,  the  one  entitled 
Discnrso  sohre  el  Fomento  de  la  Industria  Popular ; 
the  .nber  Discurso  sobre  la  Kdncation  Popular  de  los 
Artesanos  y  su  Fomento  ;  the  former  pul>lished  in 
1774,  and  the  latter  in  1775,  atVord  a  striking  proof  of 
diie      Abnost  uvury  pmnl  uf  inipurtance  with  ru:tpbcl 


ROBERTSON'S   HISTORY    OF 


to  interior  pnhco.  taxation,  agriculture,  manufactures, 
and  trade.  doriii>stic  as  well  ;is  foreign,  is  exanuiit  d  in 
ihe  cour^e  of  the.^e  work«  ;  and  llii  re  are  not  many 
autlioi's,  even  m  llie  nations  most  eunneiil  for  commer- 
cial kiun\tfM!<jr,  who  have  earned  on  their  iiii[Uirii'.s 
with  a  more  ijiurutii^b  kunwbd^r  of  lho)»e  various  sub- 
jects, and  a  more  perfect  frcciloin  rr(uii  vulgar  anil 
national  prejudices,  or  wlio  have  tniiieil  more  liap|iilv 
the  calm  re«earches  of  philosophy  with  the  ardent  /cal 
of  a  p';nlic  spiriied  citizen.  These  hooks  are  in  high 
estimation  among  the  Spaniards  ;  and  it  is  a  deriNive 
evidence  of  the  progress  of  their  own  idea*",  iliut  ihey 
are  capable  of  relishing  an  author  whoau  sentinmnis 
are  so  liberal, 

NoTK  [194],  p,  169. — The  gnleon  employed  in  tliat 
trade,  instead  ol'  the  six  hundred  toiih  to  which  it  is 
limited  by  law.  Itecop.  lib  xlv.  I  15,  is  commonly  from 
twelve  hundred  to  two  thousand  tons  burden.  'I'he 
ship  from  Acupulcu,  taken  by  Lord  Anson,  tiiHtead  uf 
the  500.000  pesos  permuted  by  law,  had  on  board 
1,313,843  pesos,  besides  uncoined  silver  equal  in 
value  to  43,611  pesos  more.     Anson's  Voy.  :)84. 

NoTB  [195).  p.  169.— The  ])rice  paid  for  the  bull 
variea  a'.cording  lo  the  rank  of  ditlerent  persons. 
'i'hosc  in  the  lowest  order  who  aic  servants  or  slaves, 
pay  two  reals  of  plate,  or  one  shilling  ;  other  Spaniards 
pay  eight  reals,  and  those  in  public  otlice.  or  who  hold 
encorniendas.  sixteen  reals.  Sulorz,  de  Jure  Ind,  vol, 
li.  lib.  iii.  c,  25  According  to  (."biltun,  an  Krigbsb 
merchant  whu  resided  long  m  the  Spanish  settlements, 
the  bull  of  Criizado  bore  a  higher  price  in  the  year 
1570,  beintr  then  sold  for  four  reals  at  the  lowest. 
Ilaklnvt,  ni.  401,  The  price  seems  to  have  varied  at 
dilferent  periods.  Thai  exacted  for  the  bulls  issued  m 
the  last  Preilifanon  will  appear  from  the  ensuing  table, 
which  will  giv('  some  iiiea  of  the  proportional  iiumbcr«! 
of  the  dill'erent  classes  of  citizens  in  New  Spain  and 
Peru. 


There  were  issued  for  Now  Spain- 
Bulls  at  10  pesoij  each     -         -         - 
at  3  pesos  each 

at  1  peso  each         -         -         - 
at  2  reaU  each 


4 

22,601 

164.221» 

2,402,300 


2,649,32;; 


For  Peru — 

at  16  pesos  4i  reals  each 
at  3  jtesus  3  reals  each 
at  i  peso  51  reals  each 
at  4  reals  each 
at  3  reals  each 


3 

14,202 

78.822 

410.325 

668,601 

1,171.953 


Note.  [196]  p  169. — As  Villa  Segnor,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  fur  this  information  contained  in  his  Tliea- 
tro  Ariiericano,  published  in  Mexico  A.  D.  174(!.  was 
accornpant-gencral  in  one  of  the  nioal  considerable 
departments  of  the  royal  revenue,  and  by  that  means 
had  access  to  proper  information,  Ins  testimony  with 
respect  lo  this  point  merits  great  credit.  No  such 
accurate  detail  of  the  Spanish  revenues  in  any  part  of 
America  has  hitherto  been  piibliKhed  in  the  Knglish 
language  ;  and  tlie  particulars  ol  it  may  appear  curious 
and  interesting  to  some  ot  my  readers. 

From  the  bull  of  (-rtizado.  published  every 
two  years,  there  ariaes  an  annual  revenue 

in  pesos 15'J,000 

From  tlie  duty  on  silver        -         -         -  700.000 

From  the  duty  on  gold       -         -         -         .  60.000 

From  ta.t  on  cards         -         -         .         .  70,000 
From  tax  on  pulque,  a  drink  used  by  the 

Indians 161,000 

From  tax  on  stamped  paper            -         -  41,000 

From  ditto  on  ice      -         -         -         -  15,522 

From  ditto  on  leather             -         -          -  2,500 

From  ditto  on  gunpowder           -         .         -  71,550 

From  ditto  on  salt          ....  32,000 

From  ditto  on  copper  of  Mcchoaehan           -  I.OIM) 

From  ditto  on  alnrn       ...  6,500 

From  ditto  on  Juego  do  los  gallos       •         -  21.100 

From  the  half  of  ecclesiastical  annate  49,000 

1,381,1721 


From  ntyal  ninths  of  bishoprics,  &c. 
From  the  tribute  of  Indi.ins 
Friim  Abavala,  or  duty  on  sale  of  goods 
From  the  Almajorifusgo,  custom  house   - 
From  the  mint  .... 


1.381,172 
tiH.HOO 
6.^)0.000 
721.875 
3'(  3.333 
357,500 


3.552,680 


This  sum  amounts  to  819,161  sterling,;  and  if  wo 
add  to  it  the  profit  accruing  from  the  sale  of  5000 
quintals  of  quicksilver,  imported  from  the  mines  ot 
.Mnindan.  in  Spam,  on  the  King's  accunnt.  and  what 
accrues  from  the  Arfriii,  and  some  other  taxes  which 
Villa  Segnor  does  not  estimate,  the  public  revenue  in 
new  Spain  may  well  be  reckoned  uhovc  a  million 
pounds  sterling  money  Theal,  Mex.  vol  i.  p,  38.  iVc. 
Accurdmg  to  Villa  Segnor,  the  total  produce  of  (he 
Mexican  initu-s  amounts  at  a  inedmm  to  eight  nnlliona 
of  Pesouin  silver  annually,  and  to  5912  marks  of  gold. 
Ibid,  p,  44.  Several  branches  of  the  revenue  have 
been  explained  in  the  course  of  the  history  ;  some  o( 
which  there  was  no  occasion  of  mentioning,  require  a 
particular  illuslration.  The  right  to  the  titfirs  in  the 
New  World  is  vested  in  the  crown  of  Spain,  by  a  bull 
of  .Alexander  VI.  Charles  V.  appointed  them  to  be 
applied  in  the  following  manner  :  ( >ne  fourth  is  ullollotl 
to  the  bishop  of  the  dioceas,  another  fourth  to  the  dian 
and  chapter,  and  other  oOkers  of  the  cathedral.  The 
remaining  half  is  divided  into  nine  eipial  parts.  Two 
of  these,  under  the  denomination  of  Ion  ilns  yorrnoa 
realr.i,  are  [)aid  to  the  crown,  and  constitute  a  branch 
of  the  royal  revenue.  The  oilier  seven  parts  are 
applied  to  the  maintenance  of  the  parochial  clergy,  thu 
building  and  support  of  churches,  tind  other  pioua 
uses.  Recopd.  lib.  i.  tit  xvi,  I,ey,  23,  «.Vc,  Avcn 
daiio  Tbesaiir.  Indic.  vol.  i   p.  184. 

The  Alcavala  is  a  duty  levied  by  an  excise  on  thft 
sale  of  goods.  In  Spain  it  ainonnis  to  ten  per  cent. 
In  America  to  four  per  cent  Salurzaiio,  I'olit.  Indi- 
ana, lib.  VI.  c.  8.     .Xvendano,  vol.  i,  18(». 

The  Abnojtinfasm,  or  custom  paid  in  America  on 
goods  imported  and  exported,  may  amount  on  aii 
average  to  llfteen  |ier  cent  Recopil.  lib.  vm.  tit.  xiv. 
Ley.  1.      Aveiidano,  vol.  i.  p.  IH8 

The  Arrno,  or  tax  jiaid  on  account  of  convoys  to 
guard  the  ships  sailing  to  and  from  .Xim^nca,  was  tirst 
imposed  when  Sir  Francis  Hiake  filled  the  New  Wurld 
with  terror  by  his  expedition  to  tiie  South  Scii,  It 
amounts  to  two  per  cent,  on  tiie  value  uf  goods. 
Avendano.  vol.  i,  p.  189,  Kecopil  lib.  ix.  lit.  ix. 
Ley,  43,  44 

t  have  not  been  able  to  procure  any  accurate  detail 
uf  the  several  branches  of  revenue  in  Peru  later  than 
the  year  1014.  From  a  curious  maiiiiMTipi  coniainmg 
a  state  of  that  viceroyally  in  all  ils  departments,  pre- 
sented to  the  Marquis  of  Montes-Claros  by  Fran. 
Lopez  (,'aravantes,  aixomptant-gencral  in  the  tribunal 
of  Luna,  it  appears  that  the  public  revmne,  as  nearly 
as  I  can  conipnte  the  value  of  the  money  in  which 
Caravaules  states  his  accounts,  amounted  m  dnciis  at 
\s.  Wd.io 2.372.708 

Expenses  of  government  -         -  1,242,992 

Net  free  revenue     1.129.770 


The  total  in  sterling  money 
FxpL-nsea  of  goyernmcnt 


Not  free  revenue      277,735 


But  several  articles  appear  to  be  omitted  in  this 
computation,  such  as  the  duty  on  stamped  paper,  lea- 
ther, ecclesiastical  annats.  Ac.  so  tliat  the  revenue  <i| 
Peru  may  be  well  supposed  equal  to  that  of  Mexico. 

Li  computing  the  expense  of  goveriunent  in  New 
Spam,  I  ma;  lake  that  of  Pern  as  a  standard  Thern 
the  annnal  cstabbahmenl  for  defraying  the  charge  oC 
administration  exceeds  one  half  of  the  revenue  col- 
lected, and  there  is  no  reason  fur  supposing  it  to  be  less 
in  New  Spain. 

1  have  obtained  a  calculation  of  the  total  amount  of 
the  public  revenue  of  Spain  from  \mericd  and  the  l*hi- 
lippines,  which,  as  t,ie  reader  will  perceive  from  the 
two  list  articles,  is  moio*  recent  than  any  of  the  former. 


Alcavulas ( Fxcise)  and  Aduanas (CustOiUs), 

&c.  in  pesos  fuertes         .         -         - 
Duties  on  gold  and  stiver        .         .         - 


2.500.00C 
3  000,000 


fi.600,000 


THE   HISTOIIV   OF  NORTH   A  M  K  R  1  0  A. 


209 


!,6H0 


Uroujlit  forward 

Dull  of  (■in/..i(lo         .... 

Trihiiii'  of  llw  inihiiii"     .         -         .         - 

l)v   iiiilo  of  i|iiii'k»iln'r         ... 

Papir  ii|iorlwl  on  llin  kinjj's  account,  anil 
sold  III  ilio  royal  warcliousca 

Stuiii|ird  paper,  toliacco,  and  oilier  small 
diinrs     - 

Duly  on  coinage  of,  at  llie  rate  of  one  real 
do  la  I'lala  for  each  mark    - 

Fiom  the  iradi'  of  Acapulco,  and  tlio  coasl- 
nm  trade  from  province  to  province 

Asrtionto  of  Ne^roe.H       .... 

Kroin  the  trade  of  Malhc,  or  herh  of  Para- 
guay, formerly  monopolized  liy  the  Jo- 
luils 

"''rom  other  rovciiues  formerly  belonging 
10  that  order      


ri..MHI.(HIO 

l.UDU.DOO 

2,0110.(11)0 

SOO.OOO 

3UO,U0O 

1,000,000 

300,000 

,')00,000 
200,000 

500,000 
400,000 


Total    18,000,000 


Total  in  stcrlini,'  money  X2,700,009 


Deduct  half,  as  llie  expeiuse  of  adniini»tra- 

lion, and  there  reniaiiid  net  free  revcnuo  XI, 350, 000 

NoTK  [107].  p.  Ifi'J. —  Ati  author  Ioii;t  converHant 
ill  comiiiercial  bpccni.ition  liar*  computed,  iImI  troiii  the 
mines  of  New  Spam  uloiie  the  kini^  received  annually, 
US  llin  fifth,  the  »um  of  tMO  milltons  of  our  iiioiiey. 
Harris,  (/'olh'ci  of  Voy  ii.  p  It'll.  Aecordiri>  to  this 
calcntution,  the  total  produce  of  the  mines  iiin.st  he  ten 
millions  sterhni; ;  a  sum  so  cxnrhitaiit,  uiid  so  little  cor- 
responding nith  all  accounts  of  the  aiiiiiinl  impor'ation 
from  America,  that  the  infurmatioii  on  which  it  ia 
founded  must  evidently  he  erroiienua.  According  to 
Cainpomaiics,  the  total  product  of  the  American  mines 
may  lie  computed  at  thirty  millions  of  pesos,  which,  at 
at  four  shillings  and  sixpence  a  peso,  amounts  to 
7,42,5.000/.  sterling,  the  king's  fif'jfi  of  which  (if  that 
were  regularly  paid)  would  he  1,4S.''>,000/.  Hut  from 
this  auin  must  he  deducted  what  is  lost  hy  a  fraudulent 
withholding  of  the  6fth  due  to  the  crown,  as  well  as 
the  aum  necessary  for  defraying  the  expense  of  admini- 
stration. Kdiic.  Popular,  vol.  li.  p.  131.  nolo.  Both 
iheao  aums  arc  considcrablo. 


THE 


NoTK  [19H].  p.  Ifi'J. — According  to  Uern.  de  i;iloa, 
all  foreign  goods  exported  from  Spain  in  .Xnicrica  pav 
duties  of  various  kinds,  unioiniling  in  all  to  more  than 
2.')  per  cent.  .Vs  most  of  the  gootU  wiili  which  .Spain 
supplies  her  colonies  are  foreign,  such  a  tax  ,ipoii  a 
Irane  so  extensive  must  yielu  a  coiisiderahle  revenue, 
lletahhs.  de  Maiinf.  et  dii  (Joiuiiieree  tl'Ksp.  p.  l.')l. 
He  computes  the  value  of  goods  exported  annually 
from  Spain  to  .America  to  he  aliout  two  inillioiis  and  n 
half  sterling,  p.  U7. 

NoTB  [199].  p.  109— The  Manpiis  do  Scrralvo, 
according  to  Oage,  hy  a  monopoly  of  salt,  and  hy  cm- 
harking  deeply  in  the  maiiilla  trade,  as  well  as  m  that 
to  .Spain,  gained  annually  u  million  of  ducats.  In  one 
year  ho  remitted  a  million  of  ducats  to  Spam,  in  order 
to  purchase  from  the  t^oiido  Olivares,  and  his  crea- 
tures, a  prolongation  of  his  government,  p.  61.  Ho 
was  successful  in  his  suit,  and  continued  in  olHco  from 
1624  to  1C35,  douhlu  the  usual  time. 


HISTORY   OF    NORTH  AMERICA. 

BY  JAMES  GRAHAME,  ESQ. 


277,735 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 
IlATiNa  presented  to  our  readers  two  interesting  worka,  "  Belknap's  Biograpliiua  of  Iho  Early  Discoverers  of  America,"  and  "Rohcrlson's  History  of  South  America,," 
works  which  wdl  hold  a  high  rank  ill  the  estimation  of  many  generations  yet  ui.bom,  wo  shall  now  begin  in  good  earnest,  upon  the  History  of  llie  North  American  Colo- 
nics which  in  little  more  than  two  centuries  have  grown  up  into  a  great  nation,  whose  history  will  hereafter  bo  sought  for,  not  only  hy  Americans,  but  by  every  civilized 
nation  under  the  sun,  as  most  of  the  reform  going  on  in  the  world  sprung  from  the  influence  of  our  institutions.  Several  writers  of  distinction  have  made  great  reaearcboa 
among  tbo  worin-oatcn  pages  of  manuscripts,  pamphlets,  and  partial  histories  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  rise  and  progress  of  this  nation  from  its  beginning  up  to  it* 
pr:>senl  growth.  Foreigners  have  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  subject,  and  several  of  them  have  written  on  it  with  great  candor  and  ability.  Among  these  historians  no 
one  stands  higiicr,  in  the  estimation  of  the  judicious  and  discriminating,  than  James  (j'rahame,  Esq.  Ho  writes  without  prejudice,  in  a  stylo  of  neatness  and  perspicuity 
which  often  rises  to  eloquence.  Every  history  adds  something  to  enlighten  the  puhlic.  Like  stars  in  the  miHy  way  although  of  ditfcrent  magnitude  and  brightness 
these  works  shed  a  lustre  on  each  other  and  increase  the  glory  of  the  hemisphere  of  knowledge. 


PREFACE. 


TnF  composition  which  \  now  deliver  to  the  public, 
IS  the  lir.st  of  a  threefold  scries  of  works,  which,  when 
coiniileliid.  will  form  Y'/if  Histi'rt/  of  Ihr  llmleil  Slii.'rs 
of  ynrtfi  .iturrim.  from  the  I'lti illation  of  the  JCiit^lixh 
Colonics  to  the  ilstahhshmrnt  nf  thnr  liulrpendenrv.. 
My  plan  is  restricted  to  the  history  of  those  provinces 
of  North  .^nlcrlcl  (originating  ail  except  New  York 
and  Delaware,  from  Uniish  cotomzatinn,)  which,  at  the 
era  of  the  .Vincrican  RBVolnlion,  were  included  in  the 
United  States  ;  the  illustration  of  the  rise  and  fornia- 
tion  of  this  great  republic,  being  the  end  of  my  labors. 

The  [ireseiit  work,  the  first  of  the  projected  series, 
emhrarcs  the  riseof  »nch  of  those  Stales,  comprehended 
within  my  general  plan,  as  were  foundeil  prior  to  the 
British  Revolution  in  10S8,  and  traces  their  progress 
till  that  epoch.  In  some  instances  1  have  found  it  ne- 
cessary to  carry  forward  the  history  of  p«j-ticular  slates, 
somewhat  beyond  this  precise  boundary  ,  parllv  because 
the  inflnr-ice  of  the  lirifsh  Revolution  did  not  immc- 
diataly  extend  to  tliein,  and  partly  in  order  to  exhibit  a 
roinpleto  view  of  certain  interesting  tranaactiona,  of 
15 


which  the  account  would  otherwise  he  broken  and  dc- 
feclivi).  A  second  performance,  for  which  \  have 
already  collected  a  considerable  mass  of  materiah,  will 
embrace  the  ftiriher  history  of  these  earlier  states, 
toj^ether  with  the  rise  and  ]iroi;res«  of  those  which  were 
subsequenlly  formed,  till  tlie  coinmeiu'ement  of  the 
Ameriran  Kevolution.  This  f^econd  work,  which  like 
the  present,  will  occuiiy,  I  believe,  two  volumes,  I  con- 
aider  the  inodl  ditlinilt  ami  important  portion  of  mv 
labors.  Two  additional  volumeo,  f  trust,  will  enable 
me  to  complete  my  j»eneral  plan,  and  embrace  the  his- 
tory of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  tlie  cstablish:nent 
and  consoluhition  of  the  North  American  Kejnihlic. 

In  the  collection  of  materiaU  for  the  composition  of 
this  work,  I  have  been  obli^jed  'o  incur  a  deijree  of 
labor  and  expense,  which,  had  I  originally  foreseen,  I 
doubt  »  I  cuuld  have  ventured  to  encounter.  Conai- 
durini;  the  connection  that  ao  long  subsisted  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  Ameriean  States,  the  information 
concerning  tlie  earlv  history  of  many  of  these  provinces, 
which  the  public  libraries  of  Great  Britain  arc  capable 
of  aupplynitf,  is  amazingly  scanty-  Many  valuable 
worka  illustrative  of  the  history  and  statistics  both  of 
particular  states  and  of  tho  wholt;  North  American 


commonwealth  ;*  a  defect  the  more  discreditablo,  as 
these  works  have  long  enjoyed  a  high  repute  at  the  scats 
of  learning  on  the  condnenl  of  Europe,  and  as  the 
greater  part  of  them  might  be  procured  without  diHi- 
cully  in  London  or  from  America. 

Alter  borrowing  all  the  materials  thai  I  could  so  nro 
cure,  and  purchasing  as  many  more  as  I  could  fmd  in 
Britain,  my  collection  proved  still  so  defective  in  muny 
respects,  that  in  the  hope  of  enlarging  it,  I  undertook  a 
journey  to  fJottingen  ;  and  in  ihe  library  of  this  place, 
as  I  had  been  taught  to  expect,  I  found  an  ampler  col- 

*  In  till!  Advocjiic'R'  Library  of  Eiiiiibiirsh,  for  example, 
there  is  nnt  a  Miiijle  separate  history  of  Rhoile  hland,  Con 
nci'tirut,  New  Hampshire.  Maine,  Marytancl,  New  Jersey,  of 
IVnnsylvania;  there  is  nut  onu  of  the  statisttca)  works  of 
I'ltkinor  S(>yl)crt ;  and  allhouKh  there  are  the  tirHt  vulurnea. 
rt'spectivc-ly,  of  Itutrhinson's  History  of  Majtsictiussetta 
ami  of  Hazard's  Hi.tturical  L'ollcctioiut,  nuike  oi  the  posterti>r 
vohimttsor  these  uUerestm;;  works  have  everl>cen  procured. 
Hut  the  negative  catalogue  uf  the  Advocates  Library,  in  tUia 
department,  is  too  ropuius  for  further  ((untation. 

Tottiu  llritiKh  Museum  1  am  indi'Ucd  for  thA  poniial  of 
several  works  of  very  great  rarity;  particularly  Unnlon'a 
duncriptmn  of  New  York,afid  Arclidah*'s  Desi-riptloii  of  Caro- 
lina, iliit  this  colleclici^  tlioush  much  richer  Ihnn  the  Ad 
voc?ates'  Library.  Is  yet  exceedingly  defective  tn  Amentan 
liiHtory. 


810 


THE   niSTOK  V    OF 


I 


loolion  of  NurtI)  Ainrricnn  liu<raiur<.<,  ihnii  any  or  iridcril 
all  tlie  til>rari(>H  nf  llntiiin  rotild  Hii[>|ily.  Kroni  tlir 
rustiiinTH  ul  lliu  (iiiltin^i'ii  liilirary.  aiUrd  tiy  the 
liIuT.tlity  with  wliu'li  lis  ailmiiii!ilruti>rs  ;iri>  ulw.iys  wil- 
liii;»  l()  rt'iuiiT  It  Hiih«(Tvu;iit  to  llic  [M)r[»)WH  ol  literary 
iinnnry,  1  Imve  ilerivcd  tho  ^ri'ati'f*l  d(lvanta;;t'  ariit 
asMslaiHT.  Vi't  even  iliis  adiiiirablc  r('|)ositury  nf  his- 
tory iri  not  L'lilirrly  [lortVct  ;  niitl  I  havt-  s\i\\  to  lainnil 
my  iiialtitily  to  procire  Hoiiir  work^  ilhiHtralivu  of 
inv  siihjrrt,  whirli,  whalcviT  may  he  tht-ir  value,  it 
would  ti.ivi!  hct'i)  t«uti>^ta('t<>ry  to  have  had  an  (>)i)iurlii- 
niiv  »r  iicnisiii;;;.  Ilonkin'n  llititory  of  I'rovkU'Mte  in 
(urticular,  Vundcrdonck's  IIiHiory  of  \fW  Mcilirrlaiids, 
and  Holni's  lli.slory  of  .Swrdcland  in  Aintrici.  arc 
books  which  I  h:ivu  hecti  hitlii-rto  unahlu  (o  {irecurr. 
'I'hr  h-arnt'tl  Khi'hni,' has  ciiariirtiTi/cd  llie  first  of  tlicst! 
a.H  a  hook  not  rasilv  nu't  with  ;  and  that  I  am  not 
chir^rahle  with  nfi^iij,M'iit  ini|iiiry,  may  he  mferred,  I 
think,  from  tlie  fad,  that  I  liave  surccuded  in  [iromir- 
inij  and  coiisiillinjj  various  works  whudi  Kltcliiiix  coii- 
fl'^•^l•s  Ins  inalnhly  to  ohtuin,  hcsidi's  many  of  wliosn 
I'Xislcncc!  lie  M't'ins  not  If*  have  been  awarn*  Kvcii 
tlioso  whu'ii  for  tho  [ire-Hrnt  I  am  ohhgcd  to  diapunse 
with,  as  well  as  various  other  works  of  mfrtijucnt  oc- 
currence and  applu'ahle  to  a  later  iioriion  of  lime,  I 
■till  liope  to  procure  for  the  elncuiation  of  llin  vast  and 
varied  snlnect  of  my  second  composition. 

History  addresses  her  lessons  to  all  mankind;  lint 
when  bhe  records  llie  forimies  of  an  exislin;f  j)eople, 
it  is  to  them  that  her  admomlioiis  arc  esjiecially  di- 
rected There  his  never  heen  a  |U'Oplt'  on  whose 
character  tlu'ir  own  historical  recollectioiiit  were  calcu- 
Jated  to  exercise  a  more  ammaliiiij  or  salutary  mtlu- 
emu,  than  the  nation  whose  history  I  have  midertakeii 
to  relate. 

In  national  societies  established  after  the  manner  of 
the  Uniled  States  of  North  America,  history  does  not 
be<,'iiiwith  obscure  or  falndous  h'i,'ends.  The  orii,'in 
of  the  nation,  and  tlio  nso  and  )irogress  of  all  its  m- 
BtitiJtions,  may  be  distinctly  known.  The  people  may 
obtain  an  accurate  and  famdiar  ac«piainlance  with  the 
character  of  their  cirliest  national  ancestors,  and  of 
every  suecceding  veneration  throu<.'h  which  the  inheri- 
tance of  the  national  iiaine  and  forliines  has  devolved 
to  themselves.  When  this  inlerestiiii^  knowledge  is 
blended  with  the  inl'ormaiion  iliat  tlieir  existence  as  a 
jTOple  originated  in  the  nolijest  etforts  of  wisdom, 
fortitude,  and  magnanimity,  and  that  every  successive 
acquisition  by  which  their  hberty  and  happiness  have 
been  extended  and  secured,  has  arisen  from  the  exer- 
cise o(  tho  same  ijualaies,  and  evince'  .heir  faithful 
preservation  and  unimpaired  elbracy,— respect  lor  an- 
tiiiuily  becomes  the  motive  and  tiie  pled^n;  of  virtue  ; 
the  whole  nation  feels  itHelf  ennobled  by  ancestors 
whose  renown  will  continue  to  the  end  of  time  tiie 
honor  or  reproach  of  their  successors  ;  and  the  love 
of  virtue  is  so  interwoven  with  patriotism  and  with 
national  ylory,  as  to  prevent  the  one  from  becoming  a 
sellisli  priiici])le,  and  the  o:her  a  spleinlid  or  mis- 
chievous illusion.  If  an  inspired  apostle  niiirht  with 
complacency  proclaim  himself  a  nlizcn  of  no  mraii 
rihj,  a  .\orth  American  may  feel  grateful  exultation  m 
avowing  himself  the  native  of  noij^Mioble  land, — but  of 
a  land  that  has  yielded  as  jt^reat  an  increase  ot  ^lory  to 
(tod  and  of  happiness  tn  man,  as  any  other  portion  of 
the  world,  since  the  first  svllable  of  recorded  time,  li 
ever  had  the  lionor  of  producing.  A  noliler  model  uf 
human  character  could  hardlv  In;  proposed  to  the  iiiha- 
tants  of  .New  Kngland,  Pennsylvania,  and  otlier>  of  the 
North  American  Staler",  than  (hat  which  their  own  early 
history  supplies.  It  is  at  once  their  interest  and  their 
honor  to  preserve  with  sacred  care  a  model  t>o  richly 
fraut^hl  with  the  instructions  ui  wisdom  and  tlie  inciie- 
ineiiis  of  duly.  Tint  memory  (d  the  saints  and  heroes 
whom  they  clai.'n  as  their  natural  or  narional  ancestors 
will  bless  all  those  who  account  it  blesst  d  ;  and  tiie 
ashes  of  their  fathers  will  tTi\u  forth  a  nobler  inlluence 
iLan  the  bones  of  (he  prophet  of  Israel,  m  reviving 
piety  and  inviijoratinf^  virtue.  .So  mncii,  at  the  same 
tiiiH.,  of  human  weakness  and  imperfection  is  discerni- 
Me  III  the  conduct,  or  is  attested  by  tho  avowals  of 
these  eminent  men,  and  so  steady  and  explicit  was 
their  reference  to  heavenly  aid.  for  all  the  {^oud  they 
were  enabled  to  jterforin  or  altain,  that  the  admiratinn 
they  so  stronyly  claim  never  exceeds  a  just  subordina- 
tion to  the  ylory  of  the  Most   lli<;b,  and  enforces  the 

*  1  am  inflebtcii  toilie  jinvati'  mlliTtionf.  ol  ^:ll:^^us  indivi- 
duals fur  tliC  perusal  uf  snrrn'  verv  rareaiiil  imt  less  jnltTcst- 
Ini?  works;  uiul  in  partitular  I  ln-t,'  h-ave  to  aiknt)^\|eil;.'e  tin; 
knulness  w.tii  which  the  v&Uiable  lil)rarv  of  the  hite  (irori;i> 
Chalmers  was  snhrnittcd  to  my  i-xaininatum,  Ijv  Ins  nejihcw 
aiul  ttiecutori  Mr.  James  Cliahiiers  f>f  LutiUon. 


scnptmal  testimony  (o  the  riches  of  divine  grace,  and 
the  relleeted  lustre  uf  htnnnn  virtue, 

The  most  important  relpll.^lte  of  historical  composi- 
tions, and  that  in  which.  1  suspect,  ihey  are  commonly 
mist  di'feclive,  is  truth — a  rcipusite,  of  which  even 
the  .tincenty  of  lh<>  liislonan  is  insuillcieiit  to  assure  us 
In  tracing  ascertained  and  imporiant  facts.  cMIht  back- 
ward in*)i  their  orij^iiial,  or  forwanl  into  their  operation, 
the  hisiuri.m  frequently  encounliTs,  on  either  hand,  a 
perplexing  variety  of  dissimilar  causes  and  diverjfinu 
etiects ,  amont;  which  it  is  no  less  ditlicult  than  im- 
portant tu  discriminate  the  peculiar  springs  of  action, 
and  to  preserve  the  nior.d  sln.Mm  of  events.  Indis- 
crnmnaie  detail  would  produce  intolerable  fati^rtie  and 
confnston  ;  while  selection  itievitalily  infers  the  risk  of 
error,  The  sacreil  historians  often  record  events  with 
little  or  no  reference  to  Iheir  hisluricid  pedi^free  ;  and 
have  thus  given  to  some  parts  jf  the  only  liislory  that 
is  infallibly  authentic,  an  appearance  of  improbability, 
whicii  the  more  reasoning  productt(njs  o{  uninspired 
narrators  have  exchanged,  at  least  as  freqnentlv.'for 
siibslaniial  inisrepresenlalion.  It  may  be  thought  an 
mi[iriu!ent  avowal,  and  yet  I  have  no  desire  to  coneea!, 
that,  in  eidinming  and  comparing  historical  records,  I 
have  often  been  forcibly  rcmmdtul  of  Sir  Robert  Wal- 
polf'fl  assurance  to  his  son,  that  "  Hi.stintj  must  f>c 
/(//.ST."*  Happily,  this  apophtliegm  applies,  if  not  ex- 
clusively, at  least  most  forcibly  to  that  which  Walpole 
probably  regarded  as  tho  mam  trunk  of  history,  but 
which  IS  really  the  most  insignihcant  branch  of  it, — 
ihn  intrigues  of  cabinets,  tin;  secret  machinations  and 
designs  of  ministers,  and  the  contests  ot  trading  poli- 
ticians. 

In  surveying  the  contests  of  human  brings,  it  is  dif- 
ticnlt,  or  rather  it  is  im|)Ossible,  for  a  man  of  like  feel- 
ings with  themselves,  to  escape  entirely  tlu'  contagion 
of  those  passions  winch  the  contests  arose  from  or 
engendered.  Thus  partialities  are  secretly  insinnaied 
into  the  mind;  and  in  balancing  opposite  testimony, 
these  partialities  lind  a  sure,  though  secret  means  of 
exerting  their  inlluence.  I  am  not  desirous  of  con- 
cealing llial  I  fell  such  partialities  wiihm  invself ;  and 
if  my  consciouhtiess  of  their  existence  uhoold  not  ex- 
empt me  from  their  inlluence.  I  hope  the  avowal,  at 
least,  will  prevent  the  error  from  extending  to  my 
readers.  I  am  sensible  of  a  strong  predilection  in 
favor  of  A'lierica,  and  the  ni/uiiiul  .vn/c  in  the  great 
controversies  between  her  jteople  and  t!ie  Ilritish  go- 
vernment, which  must  oi'ciipv  so  prominent  a  place  in 
tlie  ensuing  pai;&s.  Against  the  intluence  of  ihis  pre- 
dileclion,  1  hope  I  am  sullicientlv  on  my  guard;  and 
my  apprehensions  of  it  are  moderated  Ity  thi-  recollec- 
tion that  there  is  a  wisdom  which  is  divinely  declared 
to  be  inlfomi  jxirltali/jf,  und  icifhimt  hypocrisy,  and 
attamabh^  by  all  who  seek  U  in  sincerity  from  its  hea- 
venly source. 

I  am  far  from  thinking  or  from  desiring  it  should  he 
thought,  that  every  part  of  the  conduct  of  America 
throughout  these  controversies  to  winch  I  have  alhuled, 
was  pure  and  blameless.  Much  guile,  much  evil  pas- 
sion, violence,  and  injustice,  dishonored  many  of  the 
councils  and  proceedings  of  the  leaders  and  assemblies 
of  America;  and  it  was  the  conduct  of  one  of  the 
States,  the  most  renowned  for  piety  and  virtue,  that 
suggested  to  her  historian  tlie  melancholy  olpservation, 
"  that  in  all  ages  and  countries  communities  of  men 
have  done  that,  of  which  most  of  the  individuals  of 
whom  they  consisted  would,  acting  separatalv.  have 
been  ashamed. '^t  iiut  mingled  masses  are  justly 
deiioinmated  from  the  elements  and  (pialilies  that  pre- 
ponderate 111  their  composition  ;  and  sages  und  patriots 
will  be  eipially  voted  out  of  the  world  if  we  can  never 
recogntxe  the  lineaments  of  worth  and  wisdom  under 
the  ratis  of  mortal  imperfect  ion.  There  exi^ts  m 
.some  romantic  speciilitivc  minds,  a  plalonic  love  o| 
libertv,  as  weil  as  virtue,  that  consists  with  a  cordial 
disgust  for  every  visible  and  actual  incarnation  of  either 

•Horace  W.iIjM.li 's  woiks.— A  curmiis  illustration  rtf  his- 
fiiricidiriHccur:icv  \\:\s  rrlalcl  tiy  the  l.tte  I'riisuliMit  .leirirr.son 
1.1  an  iiilellii:eiiri:ri-h>li  tr.tv.^liir.  The  AM.o  Uayiial,  in  his 
History  of  till!  Hil'isli  ?i(-Ule!iu'iiIs  in  Amerira,  has  rLTninileil 
rt  u'liiarkablo  story  which  unplies  tins  existence  of  ft  j)articu- 
h^r  law  ill  New  ICn^huiU.  Some  Aiiivricans  l)eing  in  coinpnuy 
uiili  the  Abbn  at  I'aris,  'luesttoiicd  t)it*  truth  of  tliu  story,  id- 
Ifu'Uiu  lli;it  no  suili  law  hail  ever  existed  in  New  Enfjiaiul. 
'I'he  Aiilie  iiiiimtauicl  tlie  auli.ent icity  ui  his  history,  till  hu 
%sas  liiterniiilt'd  liy  Dr.  Franklin,  u  ho  was  present,  und  aftur 
listening  lor  some  lime  in  silence  t'l  the  dispute,  saiil,  *•  I  can 
account  lor  all  tins  :  you  took  tho  aneeilole  Imrn  a  iit'Wspaper, 
of  uliK  h  I  was  lit  that  lime  editor,  ami,  liapiieiini;;  to  be  very 
shoit  of  news.  1  loiuposed  and  inHcrttnl  the  wtioie  story." 
Hall's  Travels  in(':iiiada  and  the  iJliltud  Status,  p.  3H3,  3t>J. 

f  IliUehiiisiurs  IlisStry  of  Mussacliiisults,  vol.  i.  \\.  IStl. 
Tins  observation  ndeired  to  the  dispute  bctwoen  Miiss;irliu- 
aetts  Olid  the  conttderaled  Slates  uf  Nuw  Kiiffland  m  lOlU. 


of  these  principles;  and  which,  whon  not  corrected  by 

sense  and  eiperience,  conducts  to  endless  error  or  m- 
cnratde  mmanlhropy. 

Whoever  exnmmes  the   histories  of  iiidividtiaU  or 
communities,  must  expect  to  be  disappmiited  and  per* 
plexed   by  tiuinljcrless    incoiisislennes.      Much    error 
IS  produced  and  coiilmnrd   in   the  world  bv  niiwilhng- 
mss  or  inabibly  to  make  candid  conccistons,  or  indutHi 
to  distinguish  candor  from   sinceriiv — to  ailiinl   in  an 
adversary  (be  exct  Hence  that  condemns  onr  vehemer' 
{hale;   m  a    friend   or   hero,    the   delects    ihal   sully  the 
I  pleasing  image  of  virtue,  thai  diminish  our  exiil.alion, 
I  bid  tis   cmsf    litiin  man,  and    sliew  us  thf  end  of  all 
\^jici/tcti(in.      With  partial  views,  we  encounter  the  oi>- 
I  posite  |iariialilies  of  anlai^miisis,  inul  bv   mutual  com- 
mission iind  perception  of  injustice,  render  e.icli  other's 
misapprehei'.sion.^  incurable.      It    sliould   be  the    great 
end  of  Ins  histoi-v  to  correct  the  errors  by  winch  expe- 
rience is   llius  rendered  nseli'ss :  and   tins  end   I  liavo 
proposed,  in  bumble  reliance  on  Uivmu  (Juulance,  to 
pursue. 

Ilaslings,  January,  lf<'i7. 

HOOK   I. 

VIUtJINIA. 

OIlAPTKIl  I. 

Cabot  despatched  l>v  Henry  the  Seventh— vlidts  tJicCoa.il  o| 
North  America— NeKlect  ot  Henry  In  proili  tiy  Cabot 'a  Uis 
i-ovi-ry—and  of  his  iinmedmie  Siiccessorh— KeiKi'  of  Eliza- 
bi  til— fiivorarple  to  riiiiriliinr  A"lveiitiires~Klse  ol  tho  Slave 
Trade— Sir  Walter  Ilalei«h— i>rnj.cts  a  colony  in  N<trtl» 
Ainf!ncii--lirsi  Kxpedition  trills— Kli/abetli  iiaiups  Iha 
Counlry  Virirniia  — tiienivilhr  despalcln-.l  |jv  HaleiKh— 
estabitslies  a  folonv  at  Uoallo,-kk-'^1l^^llrhllles  of  the  Co- 
lonists-their  U.'inri.  -Tse  ol  Tol.iic<<.  uilr«Mhiced  in 
KiiKlund-  I-'ailher  Klf'irtsid  ltalt#.;h-  trnninate  nnsiiccess- 

fidly— Acces uf  Janus  totbe  h:ni.'li>h  (ro^Mi -lio.4iio|il'a 

Voynite  — Its  Hirects  -Jatm  Minnies  Niirlli  A rica  Ijelwecii 

two  Coiiiiianies—Teiior  ot  tloii  (liarters— Ho\al  (  ode  of 
LawH-Tlie  lirs*.  Hoily  m  I'oi. mists  embarked  by  the  l.on 
don  ("ompanv— arrive  in  the  H.iy  of  diesapeak— found 
James  Town -Disseiitlons  ol  (be  i  ^>lol)l.^ls-Hostlllt  v  of 
the  Iiuliaiis  -Distress  and  ('nnliision  of  Dn- Colony- Servi 
res  of  Ciipliiiri  Smith  — In-  H  taken  l'ri-opierb\  the  Indiain  — 
hlsLibeiatii'Ti— he  preserves  IheC.lonv  -Tiie  Cotonislsde- 
cfiMrtl  bv  Appearances  ot  Coid  -Srinlli  Surveys  tlit;  H.iy 
of  (In  -iape.ik-  il.cled  I'n-sl.lenI  ol  tlir  Colony  -Nriv 
Chaiter  -l.ord  Ibl.iw;ne  api'-'liited  Covemi.r  Ne«)->ut, 
(tales,  ;ind  SoiiH'is  sent  onl  to  presulr  till  Lord  Delauare's 
Arrnal-^ire  wrecked  on  the  Co.iht  iil  llcnnuda.s— tapt.i.n 
Smith  Uetiuns  to  Kot^laiid. 

Ir  was  on  tin'  third  of  Atigu.^t,  H93,  a  little  bof'im 

snn-ri>e,  that  ('hristophcr  ("obimhus,  nnderti^kmg  the 
most  memorable  enlerjirise  that  human  genius  ev.-i 
planned  or  human  skill  and  coura<re  ever  performed, 
set  sad  from  .Spain  for  the  di?'Co\ery  of  the  western 
worlil.  On  the  \'M\\  of  October,  about  two  hours 
before  midnight,  a  light  m  the  island  of  .San  Salvad'.Jf 
was  descried  by  (.-'obimbus  from  the  deck  of  his  vessel, 
and  .America  for  the  first  time  beheld  by  Kuropean 
eyes*  Of  the  vast  and  important  eonseipienees  that 
depended  on  this  spectacle,  perhaps  not  even  the  coii' 
prehensive  mind  ol  Columbus  was  fully  sensible  ;  bu* 
to  the  end  of  time,  the  heart  of  every  human  beiiiL, 
who  reads  llie  storv  will  confess  the  interest  of  thai 
eventful  moment,  and  partake  the  feelincs  of  that  illus- 
trious man.  On  the  following  day,  the  ailventiirem, 
preceded  by  their  commaiider,  took  possession  of  the 
soil  ;  and  a  connexion  that  was  to  subsist  lor  ever  was 
establisncil  between  iOurope  and  America,  'i'he  rros* 
was  planted  on  thi;  shores  of  the  western  world  ,  and 
in  the  hour  that  wi'.nessed  tins  great  r(;-uiiioii  oi  man- 
kind, th(!  knee  was  bo^veil  to  that  Itemg  who  has  pro- 
claiiiK'd  himself  the  brother  of  the  whole  human  race, 
and  the  author  of  a  common  satvition  lo  .ill  the  endti 
of  the  earlh. 

'i'lit!  intelligence  of  ibis  successfiil  voyage  was  re- 
ceived 111  Kurope  with  the  utmost  nur|irise  and  arlmira- 
tion.  In  I'ingland,  more  espe<-ially,  it  was  calculated 
to  produce  a  very  powerful  impress(«i,  and  to  awaken 
at  once  emulation  and  regret.  While  Columbu.n  waa 
proposing  his  schemes  with  little  prospect  of  success 
at  the  court  of  .Spain,  he  had   despatched  his  brother 

*  Dr.  llolK>rlM)n  i.sof  opinion  that  the  Ancieiit.s  had  no  notion 
of  the  existtnici- uf  the  western  worbl,  mid  hiM  collectnd  Iioin 
ancH;nl  writers  many  proois,not  onlyofignoniice,  liut  rj|  most 
tiarbarous  error  respeclim,'  the  territorial  reaource*  of  tho 
eartli :  Jlist.  of  America,  I).  1.  Vet  a  Hoiiian  writer,  tu  whose 
sentiments  he  has  not  adverted,  is  supiHixed  to  haw  pruptie* 
sied  the  discovery  of  America  14UU  yean  beh)rK  this  event 
to4k  place.    Tho  passage  uccuis  in  unu  of  Sencca't  tra^odieM 

"  Veiiient  aimis 

Serula  seris,  <|uibus  uceanus 

Vincula  reruin  laxtd,  el  inuens 

Tateal  tellus,  Tiphysi(]ue  novos 

Uetei-Ht  orbes;  nee  sit  terns 

Ultima  Tliule." 

MIDU4.  Act  U.  Ctwnic. 


hnn  not  rorrrciid  by 
►  iiiillcHN  iTfor  or  m- 

irn  of  iuiltvidiiiilH  or 
iMappoiiitiMl  uihI  prr- 
■lu'icH.  Murli  I'trur 
'■  \vi>rl(t  l)V  uii\vi||iii|;{- 
:)rici':*!'ii)ri?*,  or  nidoiMj 
rity — to  iiitiiiit  HI  an 
(ifiiiiiH  our  vcliciiiur'- 
I'liTiH   ili.iL  Hully  the 

llll^ll  IMir    t!Xul.ilttO[|, 

w  Uf*  thr  end  of  all 
vr  rrii'oiiiiltT  tins  ojw 
itrit)  Itv  iiiuiuiil  rum- 
■.  rciuirr  i.m'Ii  otlirr's 
should  be  tlir  ^rt'ut 
rrors  hv  wliirli  i-xpo- 
uiid  tliiH  i-hd  1  huvu 
Uiviiiu  (juklutice,  to 


dc 


iilh— vlsitd  theCdasl  at 
to  |>ro|ii  hy  <'(il>ut'M  Dim 
CHfioro— llfiKii  ot  Kli/a- 
iirfH— KlNi'  el  the  SUvo 
•IH  a  n.hmy  in  Norlli 
Kh/iiljfth  niiitiPH  the 
p.'iii'hixl  l>v  Hult'iKli— 
^ll^fnrtlun■s  of  llic  To- 
iiiitcni  intrtMliK-i'tl  lit 
-  ttriiiiiiatr  uiisiic<-i''*s- 
U'h^h  (■(..«  II -C.siiol.l-. 
Niiiili  Aiiitricn  tii'iwfi'ri 
:irtt'rs-Rn>al  ^  i'.lr  of 
ciiiliiirkiMl  liy  (ho  I.mh 
»f  l'lics;i|ti!iik  — Itiurul 
('"loriisis-IloHliljtv  III 
I  t>l  llic  C.ilniiv-  SiTVi 
ri-oii.Tl>v  tin-  ir).li:ui>- 

"(IV  -Till'   Cfplntlists.lr- 

until  .Siirvcvs  Itw  ll.iy 
I'l  III.-  r..|iiriy  -Nriv 
i  (JoviTIiiT-  Ni;\\|J.tlt, 
■  Irllll  I.nr.|  Drlltwart-'fl 
ol  Krrmuiia.t— fiij>l.i.ll 

|m!)2.  ii  hll!e  b.-lTP 
iiiub'ri.^kinji  tbo 
laii  ycimis  rv.'i 
I'Vfir  prrloriTird, 
ot'  iht^  rtcstrrii 
[ilioiit  two  tiuurs 
ui  Sim  S;ilv:id'jr 
ct'k  ot  hiM  vfsM'l, 
irld  liy  Knrojicari 
on!«('(|iM'nrrs  (luit 
lul  I'vcii  thr  coir 
illy  si'iisildc  ;  Im- 
ry  human  bcniL, 
inlt-rrst  of  lliaL 
(  of  tliat  illiis- 
(lic   iidvnittirtTti, 

lOhSCMSIOtl  of   llio 

sisi  for  rvor  was 
ricii.  Thi'  cToa-i 
■  Irni  world  ,  arid 
ri;-iiiiMiii  of  rnari- 
n;,'  who  hii.H  pro- 
ii'lf  iiuinan  r:nH'. 
I  10  all  ihu  fiidd 

111  voyage  was  ru* 
irprisc  and  aibiiira- 
It  wa.s  ralciddlfd 
ni,  and  to  awaken 
ill'  rolurnl)on  wan 
ijsprct  of  tiUfceHS 
Itched  hiH  brother 

ciL'tiln  ha<)  Hi*  tiotmii 
I  hai  ri.llciiod  irom 
nor'ilite,  hut  r)l  ijioHt 
il  icHiiurrt'it  ol  tlie 
lan  wrilrr,  to  whose 
'il  Ni  have  proiihe- 
belori!  Ihis  ovi-iil 
Sciicca't  iragoiiieii 
iiii» 


Act  II.  Cttimu. 


dill 


iili^i 


NORTH    AM  I:K  I  C  A. 

narthnlomow  to  ihr  rourl  of  llrnrv  ..  '  Vllth  ni  Ktij{-  '  bnjrlv  havi-  rcHiinicd  \n*  viivayi  »*  in  Ihf  mrvicc  of  I'n'f- 
land.  iIhtc  id  solicit  patruiia<.M'  anil  uIVit  llir  Iniits  of !  land,  lint  lie  found  tlia'  in  Iiim  abpti'iiif  llir  kuit,''M  ardof 
dl^co^t'^v.  Uartjioloui'-'.'  wa^  lakcn  priM)ti(T  by  piralcK,  '  for  diM-ovc-ry  liad  ^ri-allv  abiilt-d.  Scaled  on  ii  thro^tc 
and  alli-ra  loriL' di  Icntion  Wiis  rtduci  d  (o  Mjrh  poverty  '  whii-h  In-  liad  LMMicd  by  conipirnl  in  it  roiintry  vx 
tli.il  on  liiH  arriMil  ui  l.oiidnii  he  w.is  c<nnpell<-il,  by  the  Inuxtf  d  bv  civil  w.trn.  involved  in  liottilitieH  willi  Nrni- 
lahor  <d  MiH  liainU.  Id  procure  (lie  nie.iii-*  ol  arrav  in^  land,  and  li.ira>sed  hv  lIc'  niHurreciiottr*  of  Iuh  toihp  cit 
liunndf  111  haluinnentt  ><ji'e<I  to  In^  nilerxnw  vMtli  a  atal  the  inachuiatioiii  of  pretender^  to  his  crown, 
monarch.  On  inch  nb^jhl  rircninfilaiiceH  tiie  tale^  ol  i  llenry  bail  little  leisure  lor  llie  cKeculioii  of  diMatil  pro- 
naiioiiM.  at   tiiiieM,  Nccni   to  depend  i   wlule   in   reabty.  i  jeclp*  ;   and  hm  sordid  di-po^iilion  found  bttle  allraclion 


III  the  pro'ipert  of  a  coloni.t'  ^-ellle 
likely  to  be   productne   of  nniiiidiate 
lluwas  eii<.Mi5(  d.  too.  at  tins  tiine,  in  nc^j 


vhich  WAH  not 
pecnui.irv  ;.Min. 
iitialiiiii  tlie  mar 


ria^e  ol  hi^  ftoii  wi 
uiiil  must,  tlierefoi 


lierefore,  have  felt  hinitclf  adilitioually  di-^in- 
clu'cd  lo  pur>ue  \  pro|ect  lli.it  contil  not  lad  (o  L.'i\e 
uioliri<>e  lo  this  jealous  prince,  who  it.imn  <1  liie  wnidc 
conlinenl  of  Aimrica,  in  vtilue  of  a  donilion  Irom  llic 
I'opc  Nor  were  the  snbieclM  of  Menry  in  a  condition 
lo  avail  liieiiiKcIvcs  of  (be  ample  held  that  ('Hbol'.-i  dis- 
cny.Ty  h:id  opened  to  their  entc^p^l^e  and  activitv. 
'I  lie  civil  war-"  had  di.'Si))ated  ucaltb,  n  pri'ssed  coin- 
ini  rce,  and  even  e.\(  hided  the  i)ii<.di^)(  people  from 
Mli.irnit;  in  ibc  ^M'ikt.iI  impro\<-nicnt  which  the  iiatiom* 
ot  Kiiropc  had  now  beiiun  lo  experience.  All  llie  ad- 
viuiiaoe-i,  then,  llial    DoL'land,  lor  the  present,  derived 

(roin  the  vova^'e  of  ("abut  wa>(.  that    rn^ht   of  proj.erty  la  !*vslcni  "O  over^'rown   wilh   a' 
which  if4  suppoMi'd  to  an-e  from  prioritv  of  discoverv —  ;  tiutrv,  whercii  r  il  oblained  adin 


»n 

for  inanv  viMifft  aliHorbcd  bv  the  wafft  und  nilrii.'nni  i.f 
the  cuutineni  .  autl  the  miMMalion^  in  rcl:)>iiin<t  diHJ* 
irine  and  recb'^ia-Htical  coiistinitiun  that  aliiiidid  itii 
cloNC.  lonntl  ample  emplovrncnl  at  hoiiir  lor  the  mii.iU 
of  Ihe  kmu',  iiiid  of  the  ure.il  bulk  of  the  people  Ii  wan 
during  tics  rei:.m  that  the  lull  IihIh  <it  the  U<  lormation 
brnkc  liirili  III  tiennanv,  and  waH  rapidiv  dilhi»id  over 
i'iurope.  Henry,  at  lirxl,  rr:<o|nlely  oppo<ied  hniiNcll  lu 
the  advcrHaricH  of  tlm  cbnrch  of  Komi-,  aiid  i-wn  at- 
templed,  bv  hin  pi  n.  to  stem  the  pro:,'te-H  -il  iln'  inno- 
v.itiouH  Hot  btH  hiili<sei|ue(it  coutr<iver>.\  witli  tha 
I'apal  .Sie  evcitcd  and  Nanclioned  a  ><piMt  ol  n:'|Ujry 
amonif  liw  ownsuhjecl  .  \*. Inch  >pread  l<ir  bevond  bis 
eTpcclatioiiH  and  dc^'irc',  and  eluded  all  bis  allcmpts  lu 
cmitrol  and  rc.'traui  it  A  di^cu^nnni  ol  the  pM  ten- 
sioiiH  of  the  chnrt  II  ol  Itomc  natiinillv  l>i';.-ot  nnpory 
into  her  doctriiH  >* ;  for  her  u'f'ind  prr  tetiHious  to  intal- 
libihty  binned  the  onlv  authority  to  which  miiIIiv  ol  tbcMt 
doctrincH  v\ere  indebted  tor  their  reception.  The  wry 
art  (lilt  had  iieen  empNivcd  (-av- an  miieuioiis  philoM)- 
pher)  to  weave  tl,c  whole  ot  the  ptiplvji  oisliiut  loiiH 
into  one  coherent  nv*>tein,  and  lo  iii<ikc  ever;  s'lper- 
tttiMoiiH  devicf^  repoKC  on  the  aiitliorilv  and  conduct*  lo 
the  ncjirandisrnient  of  the  church  ol  ItoMie.  now  emi- 
trihuled   to  ai'cehratc  ami  complete  her  dowul.dl.      In 

the    spirit   ol   m- 
could  not  tad  Uj 


tlicy  ar<-  over  ruled,  rml  bv  cjr<um.>taiiciM.  bul  by 
tint  Ml  I  Mi,'  vMio  airan;,'es  and  di^po'cs  ciri'um>tance.H 
in  haiiiiony  vvilli  iti<-  predetermm  itioiis  of  Ins  ovmi 
will  I  he  propo<>itionH  of  Itartliolome.v  VM-re  favora- 
bly reccivtd  bv  Hciiry  :  but  bctore  a  delinilive  nrran^e- 
nieiil  w.o*  eoncluded.  Hartholomew  w.is  recalled  by  the 
inlelli;'euce  iji  ii  Ins  broiher's  ptaiiN  had  al  Icru^lh  lieeu 
iiiiiriioned  and  adopted  by  rerdinaiitl  and  I>ah(lla  ol 
.S|,:,IM. 

If  ili<!  (MiitiniiH  Ictnptr  and  frim-il  ilinpitMitiiir)  ui 
llctirv  ( niilnlxlli'il  (!'  (Iliiuiil^li  Ins  rrnrrls  tor  the 
illiilutliiilTlU'llt  ol  u  li:i/illi)r)us  HMI  i\,i<'lisi\r  iiiiilr  rlak- 
Ilii:.  llir  ustoiilsitin;,'  KiiiTcspt  Willi  wlili-h  Its  actu.il  |prii- 
Hcrutioil  Ity  otIliTs  li.ul  lici  ll  attilMliil,  ri'Vlvi-ii  tlii-  lor- 
iiiiT  |iro|>'i'tH  ul  Ins  iimikI,  unil  \\liriti  <1  it  to  ii  ilrL.'rc<'  ol 
l'MtiT|ins('  lliat  siniwcd  lillil  liotll  liistrilrttil  iind  pni- 
vnki'd  tiv  Ills  d  s,i}>|toi  itini'iit  III  tins  (li.s|)nsiinni  lie 
livtinn-d  n-'idily  to  tin*  projjos.ils  ol  our  (><il>.ito  or  t'li- 

luit.  II  \  I  iirl ri'sidiiii;  111  llnstol  ;   wjio,  Iroiii  iumm-  i  u  rifjlit  wliu-li,  Ircnii  tlir  ixliiit  ol  till'  lirnliirv.  the  mild-  i  lirticl  rrror  ;   and  rvcii  a    siiii;lh   iiislaiirc   of  siirli  clc- 

(liTliiiX  t'l"-'  iIiscoviTU'W  of  ColniiilMis  towards  tin-  soiitli-  1  iiiss  of  its  cliiiiatr,  ami  tlir  li-rtilily  of  its  soil,  aljordctl  I  ti-flion.  liy  loosi- tiiiij,'    tin'    i-oniiT-stonr  ol   iiil.illiliilitv, 
west,  had    loniifd    the  Djiliiioii    tliat    lands  nili^lil    liki--  i  ati  alii|ilc  [iro.iprct  of  a.iviilitaLM  (Mis  cololiizatlon.      Mot  i  sliook  tlic  whole   (dilirn    to    its   l.<iind:iIloii       'Ihe  |.ro- 

wise  he   disciin-rrd  towards   tin'   iiortli-wrsl,  and   now  |  froio  the  iirnuiistaiii:cs  in  wliii'h  llir  iiat was  plaiTd,  :  (iri'ss  of  tins  spirit  of  iiii|iiiry  I'Vernsed  a  pinvedid  anil 

oUcri'd  the  kmj;  to  rondni't  an  ixprdllloii  111  lliis  direi- I  or  rather  from  tin'  de»l;!lis  of  thai  rroviileiiee  wlileli 
lion,  llenry,  proiiipled  liy  Ills  avarieu  and  stun;;  liv  |  i;overiis  nreiimslanees.  and  renders  tlnni  siihserneiit  to 
his  disappomtnii  lit,  eaL'erly  I'lnliraei  d  the  proposals  ol  ;  the  destinies  of  nations  and  indimlinils.  was  IhiLdand 
Caliiit,  and  not  only  granted  hiiii  a  eoniinisMon  of  dis-  i  prevented  from  oreiipyinf;  tins  imporlanl  lii'ld,  till  the 
covery,  Imt,  on  two  sniise.pient  oerasions,  issued  simi-  |  nioral  and  reliL'ions  advaneenniit  whieli  her  people 
lar  niiiimissions  for  thu  discovery  and  uppropnation  of'  were  soon  to  nnderuo,  had  ipnilitled  her  to  Iteeome  the 
iillknowii  lernlories,  |  parent  of    North  AiiieniM       ('.iliot  hiidnii,'  that    lleiirv 

The  eomiiiission  to  Caliot,  the  only  onii  wliirh  v^'as  |  had  ahaiidoned  Ins  eoloni.d  projiets,  soon  alter  trans- 
prodoetive  of  interesliiij;  (•unse.pienees,  was  (.'runted  I  ferret!  his  services  to  the  .Spaniards  ;  and  the  Miiohsli 
on  tlici  rith  of  .Manli,  llUo,  (ihoiit  two  years  allc  r  tlm  I  seemed  eonlenleil  lo  surrender  llieir  diseovenes  and 
return  ol  roluinliiis  troiii  .\iiieriea,)  and  einpowerid  j  the  diseovi'rer  to  the  snperuir  fortune  of  thai  siieee^^sful 
this  adventurer   and  his   sons   to  sid    under  ihi-  11, in  oflpiople,      'I'lie   only  lllimi  diatc    fruit    that    Iji^l.ind   de- 

I)ii;riaiid  111  ipiest  of  eouiilries  yet  nn.n-cupied  hv  any  i  rived  from  Ins  enterprise  is  said  to  h,ive  lueii  the  iiii- 
ihristian  slati'  ;  to  taki'  posses.sion  of  thiuil  in  the  naini'  i  portation  Irom  .\ilieiiea  of  the  hrsl  turkeys'  that  had 
of  llenry.  and    pi, ml  the    liliiihsll    haliner  on  the   walls  I  ever  hein  seen  lil  Ihirope. 

of  lh(  ir  c.islhs  and  eitiis,  and  lo  maiui with  the  in-  j      It  is  remark.ihle,  lh.it  of  tin  se  first  e.vpeditioiis  to  the 

h,iliitants  a  tr.illii-  *'xcliisi\e  of  all  coniiielilors.  and  1  western  world,  hy  Sp.im  and  Kn;;l.iiid.  not  one  w.is 
rxeni|iled  Iriiiii  enslonis  ;    under  the   eondition  of  pay-  I  eilher  projertiil  or  eommanih  d  liv  .i  eiti/.i  n  .il  the  stale 

ills;  1  I'lllll   part   ol   the  In  i' protit  on   every    voya;;e  to  I  which  supplied  the  sidiordinati'   lulveliliirets.  defrayed 

fill'  crown.      .Miout  two  years  after  the  dale  of  Ins  coin-  |  the  expense  of  the  eipiipment,  and    riMipid  llie    henetil 

inission.    (1-11I7.J    Cahilt,  with  Ins   seeolid    miii,  Selias-  [  of  the  enterprise       'I'lie  honor  of  tli.- arliieveinenl  was 

llaii.  emliarkiil  al  llnstol,  III  a  ship  turnished  hy  the  !  thus  nion' w  idely  distnhnled.  The  .'Spanish  udvcnlur- 
kiiin,  anil  was  attenihd  liy  four  small  vessels  e.pilpped  i  ers  wen-  condiH'led  hv  ('oliimhiis,  a  native  of  (lerioa  ; 

the  liniilisli.  hy  .lohii  (hiliot.  a  citizen  of  N'eniei'  :  and 

though  Sehastian  ( "allot,  whose   .superior   genius  soon 

assumed  the  chief  ilirection  of  the  enlerpnse,  had  liilii- 

elf  heeli   horn   In  l^n^l.ind.   it    was   hy  the   ixperii'lici. 

of  (;uliol  is  associaled.  :  imj  nislnielions  of  Ins  lather  thai  liis't;enius  had  heen 

The  naviL'ators  of  that  at;'.;  weni  riol  less  innucnccd  1  trained  to    naval   affairs,  and  it  was  lo  the  father  that 

hy  the  opinions   than   incited   hy  the   example   of  (.'o-jlhe  projection    of  the  voyane    was  due,  and  tin'  chief 

hnnhns,  who  erroneouslv   siipposeil  that  the  islands  lie  j  coniiiiand    mlrilsted.      Happily    for    the   honor  of   the 

liad    discoverfd    111  his  tirsl  voyaite  wen-  outskirts   or  |  IJn-lish  nation,  Ihe   parallel    extends   no   farther  ;   and 

dependencies   of  India,  and  not   l,ir  rem.iti'    Iniin   the    the  Inatment   winch    the  two  discoverers  expirieii'-cd 

Indian  coiitilienl.      Inlliieneed  liy  tins  notion,  Sihastiaii  |  from  the  countries  thai  had  emplovi  d  them,  .lillend  as 

(.'allot  conceived  the  hope  that  hy  steerini;  to  the  north-  |  widely   as  the  histories  of  the  two  enipins  which  they 

west  he  iniL'ht  liilhl  the  dcn.i'ii.  and  even  improve  ihe  I  respectively    coiilriliiited    lo    found,       Ciiliimhus    was 

performanccofCiilnmhiis,  and  reach  India  hy  a  shorter  !  luadeil   wilhchuns   in  the  coiinirv  which   he    li.id   the 

course  than  Ins  predecessor  hail  taken.      I'lirsiimir  tins  mlorv  of  disi  oveniiL',  and  died  the'viclim  of  ;ni;ralilude 

track,  hi;  di.scovered  the  islands  ol   .NcwfounilUnd  and  j  and   ilisappuinlment  ainoiii;  the    people  wlioiii"  he  had 

St.    John;    and    still    coiitiinnn;;    lo    hold    a    westerly  1  conducted   lo  so    much  wealth   anil    n-now  i        :■;    ol, 

course,  soon  reac-hed  the   coiitm,  iil  of  .North  .America,  I  alter  spending'  some  vears   in  the  service  o''     ,   ,  v.      so 

and  sailed  aloiiij  it   from  the   contines    of  l.ahrador  to  ,  experienced  her  iii!;r.ililiide  ;   and  returnili",  in  ins  old 

the  coa.st  ol  Vir^' Thus  colidu,-lcd  hy  Cahot,  who  |a^'e.  to  IliiL'laiid.  he  ohtained  a    kind  and   iMini.r.dilc  n- 

wus  liilnsell  suidiil  liy    the  l-iihus   of  Coluinleis,  did  i  c.  pnoii  faun  Ihe  rnilion  which  had.  as  v.l.  ilenved  only 

ihe  Knyhsh  achieve  tin;  honor  of  heiiii;  the  second  lia-  jharnn  hopes,  and  a  seemiiii.lv  r.  hii.piisiied    title   from 
stem  wiuld.  and   the  lirst  I  hn  expedition      lie  nieiveii  the  iliiinitv  of  kniirhthiiod. 


hy  the  meichants  of  thai  city.  .Sehastian  Cahot  ap- 
pears to  have  ^n•atly  excelled  Ins  father  in  (,'etims  and 
nauilcal  science  ;  and  it  is  to  Inn)  alone  tli.il  liisloriaiis 
have  ascrihed  all  the  duscoverics  with  which  the  name  i 


ii.'u  inai.  ii.i.i  iisi.e.i  iMe«esieiii  niuni.aiiu  ti.e  tirsi  |  Ins  cxpcililioii  I  le  Mieiveil  the  ilii;iiity  ol  Uiiu'lithood 
that  had  discovered  tiial  v.isl  cnnlineut  that  sintchcs  I  the  appomtmeiit  of  lirand  I'dot  of  Tjc'land.  aird  a  pen 
Irom  Ihe  (iiill  ol  .Mexico  towards  Ine  .\orlh  I'ole.  For  |  slim  that  enahled  hnn  to  spend  li;s  old  a"e  m  circiini 
it  was  not  till  the  followtiiK  year  tl-l'.IS]  that  Coluinlius,  i  stances  of  honor  and  comfort. 


ill  Ilia  second  voyaijr,  was  enalihid  lo  complete  Ins  own         Krom  tlrs  pcrioil  till  ihe  reiL'ii  of  Kli/.alielh,  no  uene- 
discovery,  and  proceed  heyond  the  islands  he  hud  liral  |  ral  or  dehherate  desinii  was  formed  m  IhiL'land  for  the 

piisitioii  of  lerrllorv,  or  the  eslalilislimeiit   of  colo- 

II  .\merica.      Duriii!;  the  nui.'u  of  llenry  the  \'lllth, 

f  the  l-jij;lish  iiovernmcnl  were 


vl&ttcd,  lo  the  i-ontineni  of  .Viiirri 

(,'alioi.  ilisappoiiiled  III  his  main  olijeot  of  thidmj; 
wi's'i  ni  passaye  to  India   retiiriidl  to  Kniiland  to  rehile  i  Iheviu'or  and  attention 

the  discoverieii   he  had    already   ellected.   wilhoul   at-'-         " -       - 

tcmptiiii.'  cither  hy  acttlciiieiii  or  coii.piesl  to  fain  a 
foutnii!  nn   the  .Vin.Tic.ui   coiiliiietil.*      He  would  vvil- 


.iin|.. 


;.Iuirctnll'«  Cnlleitloll  ul  Vi,>)ii;es,  lll'jll,      Mr 
an  his  return,  a  iIihiI  "t  liii'  u  lioU'  Neilh  Ainellcaii 
Thu  liilcicsiniit.locuMienttatlached  lii«h;,h  was  a  purtrait 
"t  Ihi!  Naviijuur,  iiiii  a  brief  accuuiil  uf  his  n.jaue)  »  as  Iwin 


ialiervi 

I  Willi. 

lall,  aii.l 

IS    Sll|.p.. 

■  tin'  wl 

d 1 

.n.'iltli: 

1  ilail.rv 

lll'l.     1 

iillckM 

.11.  Hist 

lit  tin-  1. 

su,^jifiHl(!il  In  the  I'rivv 
ti>  have  [lefishci  hv  11 
thi'reiu'iiorWilhoiilht 
War,  y.il.  \.  \>.  IC.'.r 

•  Whv  tills  liir-l  recrived  llie  nainp  il  cnjov^  in  niiuliml. 
h;i^  iiev.r  l.«-i-ii  s.itisfa.-ti.nly  expl;ui:i"i.  IJy  the  Frfmli  il 
was  called  "t;<M|  ti'lnii«',"nii  account  ot  its  Ainerii  an  oniiina); 
Anitrica  boinKthen  jjeiierally  termed  Wujiern  bidii. 


iihitarv  mllueiice  on  ibe  cli.ii,i<-ier  and  bnlum  ot  every 
naMon  m  winch  it  l'I'IIii  d  ailimssioo  A  subject  ot  in- 
tellectual cxcrci^r  bad  at  leni^lh  been  lonnil,  thai  could 
interest  the  dullc'.t,  and  en^ros.s  the  most  vii/oroun 
facullies  ;  tbo  contaL'ion  of  lervenV  /eil  and  eariic^l 
niipiirv  waH  rapidlv  propa^titrd  .  a  univers.d  promotion 
of  miiid  attended  lln'  spread  of  the  relormed  lUutrines, 
and  every  nation  into  which  tin  v  Ibiwcd  v\as  eb'valul 
in  the  !4calc  of  moral  and  intellectual  bein^'.  Inlro- 
iluci-d  into  lliii^lind  by  the  power  of  a  han^hly,  ea- 
pticious,  and  b.irbarous  tvrant,  wIiohc  oliject  was  nut 
till'  I  UMTicipaliun  of  his  ^ohjects,  but  the  dehveran<  o 
ot  hiiu>ilf  from  a  po\M'r  wincli  he  wrisled  Irom  ibif 
I'o|.c  only  to  ex.rciM;  w  ilb  tn.t  own  haiid->  ,  it  was  some 
time  hehire  lhe;<e  doctrines  worked  tlutr  way  into  thti 
imniU  (d  the  people,  and,  expellini^  the  corruptiuiis  and 
adulterations  uf  the  royal  teichir,  atl.iined  tlieir  full 
tukturitv  of  inllueiice  and  vi^Mtr.  Hesidcs  b-uveinn^ 
tlie  national  creed  wiib  much  of  thu  ancient  Hnper- 
.tlilUHi,  lleurv  encninbered  tlie  national  worship  with 
many  of  the  popisli  msiiiiitiou»  :  retauiinir  wlialever 
was  calculated  to  provi^  u  uselul  auxdiary  lu  ruyul  au- 
thority, or  to  ^rality  llic  poinji  and  pride  of  Ins  own 
sensual  imai;ination.  In  the  cuinpoMlion  ef  the  ec- 
clesiastical hudv,  he  preserved  the  powerful  bicrurchy, 
and  m  the  solemTJitus  ot  vvor'^hip  itic  ^otm'ous  cere- 
monial ol  the  cluirrh  of  Koine.  !lut  In;  lound  it 
easu  r  lo  eslabltsh  ecclesiastical  runstiliitions,  than  to 
limit  the  stream  of  human  opmiun,  or  s'ay  the  Iteaveiily 
shower  by  which  it  was  slowly  but  ^'radiially  reiiiforcid 
and  enlarged  ;  and  in  an  nller  a^e,  the  repn:)nanco 
'hat  manilestiil  itself  between  the  constitution  of  ihn 
llfiuhsh  chunh  and  the  rebmoiis  scnlimenls  of  lint 
iin^disli  people,  produced  conseipiencrs  of  very  ^ real 
miporlancf>  in  the  history  uf  L'jii.dund  and  the  s  "^:- 
(tient  of  America. 

The  rupture  between  Henry  the  VIHlhand  the  Uo- 
man  see  removed  whatever  obstacle  the  |)opisli  dona- 
tive to  .Spain  iiii<<lit  have  interpose.l  to  the  appropriation 
of  Aimrican  territory  by  the  liuyhsh  crown  :  hut  of 
the  two  immediate  successors  ot  thai  monarch,  the  oiitt 
iieiilecird  this  advaiitiiLTc.  and  the  other  renounced  ii. 
|)iiriii;:  the  reii.Mi  of  Kdward  the  Vlth,  the  court  of  iho 
royal  tumor  was  disir.icted  by  tiiction,  or  occnpitd  by 
the  war  will.  Scolland  ;  anil  the  alttntion  of  tiir  kiii^r 
Old  people  was  eni,'riisscd  liy  the  care  ol  extendni;^  and 
ciuitirnnii^  the  estabhshinent  of  the  protc-tr-nt  doc- 
trines Introduced  by  Henrv,  and  patronized  bv  Kd- 
ward,  these  doctrines  multiplied  iheir  converts  with  n 
facility  that  savored  soiuewhat  of  the  weii,'ht  ot  Inininti 
authonlv,  and  the  iidbicnce  of  Mcular  .ntere!<tM  ;  till, 
under  the  dinction  of  Providence,  iho  same  earthly 
power  that  bad  been  employed  to  facilitate  the  intro- 
duction of  truth,  was  permitled  loatieuipt  it.-  siippris- 
sion  The  royal  authority,  wtiieh  llenry  had  blindlv 
tiuide  subservient  to  the  t- stublishnn  nl  i)i  the  protca- 
taiil  doctrines,  waH  now  employed  by  Mary  v^itli  eipial 
blindriet)H  as  lui  instnmionl  to  silt  and  purilv  the  pro- 
li  slant  bodv.  lo  se|i!irate  the  ticmnni?  Irom  ihe  nusoiimi, 
atid  lo  enab!'  Hie  true  believers,  by  more  (ban  mortal 
furtiliidc,  faUUtalncs>i,  and  patience,  *.o  make  full  proof 


S 


—    1 


S19 

of  rhriAli.U)  chariu-trr  arul  divirir  |^M<'r,  'I'lti^t  |)riiit-(t 
ri'iioniii;  Itu*  rorinr^ioii  lM't\M-(M)  Kri^'litrid  iiitd  ilic 
chiin'lt  n|  Konir,  luid  iimit-d  iti  ni<irriiii;('  tu  I'liilip  ul 
Spoil),  wii.H  tioiMid  liy  doiililc  ticx  to  niritin  liom  t-oii- 
ti'-^liiit;  llir  S|i.iiiiHh  rl.iiiiiM  uri  Aiiifririt.  I'  \\,in  nui 
till  ihi-  n-iu'ii  lit  i:ii7.ilii  ill,  •li.il  titi-  oli.M.u-lt-M  i-n.itnl  t>y 
(lit-  |irrlni<*iiiii^  iit'  S|>.tiM  were  liihilly  riiiiiiM'd,  .did  tlip 
|irti,|n'i'l  111*  ii(lli!*inn  wiili  llii'  df*i^ij?<  of  tli.it  |K)\Sfr,  ^o 
f.ir  IriMii  ii|i')i',iriii;.'  olijcrliniiiitilc,  |ir<'!4<'iiifd  ttu;  vtiuii^- 
(-Kl  iillriii-liriiM  111  till*  iiiiiiil.t  ot  till'  Kii<.di!4li. 

IliiF,  itlilii<Ui;ii  diiriii>;  tins  Uiii^  juriiKl  ilii-  n(!cii|ialinit 
oC  AiiitrHM  had  Imimi  uttrrlv  m^lirlrd,  tiiu  iiitva)  rr- 
»iit)rct-H  adapted  lo  iIm'  litrm.ilhMi  and  inaiitlinaiu'c  ot 
coloiiu's  vvcrr  diliir*'Mllv  rultiV'ili'd  iii  lini^latid,  aihl  n 
viyiiruiis  iiiijnilsr  was  niiniiiuiiicalrd  tu  llit'  i*|iirit  i*t 
roiimiirt'ial  iiiicrprist'  I  iidi  r  tlic  diriTimns  ul  Ciliui, 
in  lilt'  rt'1'11  1)1  llniry  the  V 1 1  lili,  llw  lin^li^li  mm  r- 
i-lia>ils  visiifd  (he  rua^l  of  llr.i/.d,  atid  traded  wttli  the 
seUh'inents  dI  ihu  INirtii^^iiese,  In  llie  rei^'ii  ol  Kd- 
ward  tlie  Vllh.  (lie  llnhertr?*  on  the  liaiik'<  til"  New- 
foiiiidlaiid,  whu-h  liad  heeii  |irevMiiisIy  e>lahhslied.  wvtv. 
extended  .ind  eneoiiiaiied  ;  and  an  asMieialmn  ol'  nd- 
veiilurer^  Inr  ihe  di^eovery  of  tunv  eouiitries  was  iiieor- 
porated  hv  rnyal  eharter.  liven  Marv  eontnlMiU-d  I<» 
proinoie  tins  direeium  ol'  the  iiatunial  s|iiril  ;  she 
|oii!ided  lh(>  <'()i'pi>raliMn  o\'  MerelikiitH  tu  Uussia,  and 
rndeiMireil  lo  proleel  llieir  irallie,  hy  eslaUhr.hini^  a 
iVtendly  relation  with  tho  sovereign  ol'  that  eouiitry. 
DnrniL,'  her  rei^jn.  an  allenipt  lui^hly  creiiitahle  tu  the 
imtluiial  eiier:_'V.  and  not  wholly  nnsueeessrul.  was  made 
to  reach  India  hv  hud  ;  and  a  eoinnirreuil  intercourse 
waa  ostahlished  with  the  eoa-^t  of  \trica.  Many  synip- 
tonis  eoiwjtired  to  induMti-  with  what  steady  vi^or  and 
persevering  .mlor  the  people  of  ijiirhiiul  ini;ilit  he  ex- 
jiecfed  to  iiitpnne  every  opporlniiily  of  exereiMiii;  and 
i'Xtenihni,'  tin  ir  ri»>oiirces.  and  liow  hi^h  a  rank  tin  v 
were  desUned  tu  hold  in  the  scale  of  iialiuns,  win  n  the 
sireiimh  of  their  character  should  he  ihoroiii^lily  deve- 
loped hv  the  proi^ress  of  their  recent  iinprovement,  and 
the  principles  and  policy  of  (heir  i^oveniiiK'iit  shotiM 
mure  happily  concur  wiih  the  genius  and  seiilinicnts  uf 
the  people. 

The  Spiniards  in  the  iiieantiino  had  extended  ilieir 
ultieinenlit  over  the  eonltneiil  of  South  America,  and 
achieved  an  extent  of  coinpiesi  and  acee.ssejil  of  tre.i- 
O'.ire  that  daz/led  the  eyes  and  excited  the  crnnl.ition  of 
all  Kurope.  'i'he  inure  active  spirits  ainunj.*  Ihe  Sji.i- 
liisli  peoiile,  restr.tuicd  at  hoin<>  hy  (he  llitia  r.d  ;:eniiis 
of  llieir  yuverniJH'iit.  ea^'erlv  rushed  intu  the  uutjet  of 
enterprise  presented  to  iIm-iii  on  the  vast  theatre  of 
iViexieo  and  I'eru.  The  paiitnisin  of  the  natives  ol 
tin  >e  rctjions  allured  the  uivasitui  of  hijjotn  lony  wed- 
ded tu  ;i  f.)ith  (hat  reeojiiis'd  eompulsion  as  an  in-'ru- 
liieiit  of  con\ersion  ;  and  their  wealth  and  elleiiiiiiaev 
nut  less  powerfully  tempted  thf^  cupidKy  of  rut  n  :n 
wlioin  prid(!  inllametl  ihe  desire  of  riches,  wliih'  it  in- 
spired contempt  of  mctuslry,  Thus  everv  ]irosp(ct  thai 
eould  address  tiself  pri  v.nhtiL'  to  iiumaii  desires,  ur 
to  the  peculunties  of  Spam-*h  character,  r<Mitrihu(e<l  to 
promote  (hat  ueries  of  rapid  and  viijorous  invasions,  hv 
which  the  Spaiiiard.i  ovcrr.m  so  lari»e  a  portion  of  the 
coiitiiiunt  ol  St.'ulh  America.  The  real  and  lastiii),' 
illeot  of  iheir  dcijuisiitions  has  corresponded  in  n  man- 
lier very  salislac(ory  lo  (he  moral  eye,  wiUi  the  charac- 
ter and  merit  oi  iho  achievementit  hy  which  Itiey  were 
earupd.  The  history  oi  the  expeditions  uhich  termi- 
hated  in  the  coiiijuesl  of  .Mi-xuo  and  l*eru  dis)il.ivs, 
perhaps,  more  strikniudv  ihaii  any  uihrr  poriion  of  ihe 
records  of  the  human  race,  what  amaxin;;  vxt  rtiuns  llin 
mind  of  man  can  proiuj.'t  him  to  altenipl,  and  riustain 
iiim  (o  endure — how  Menially  ho  is  capahlc  uf  inisili- 
rectmi;  thceiicruies  with  which  hi.'^  ('reatur  has  i  ndowed 
liini — and  Innv  fatally  di-^posfd  lu  exercise  ihem  more 
vi^M)rouslv  m  the  comini^^Ktn  of  wirkediiess  than  the] 
prai'ticp  of  virtue.  W'iiolly  revolted  from  (iotl.  in  liie 
darkness  of  a  disordered  nalure,  aii<i  ne\er  whullv  re- 
turning; in  (hi>  lih'  to  an  entire  suhurduMtion,  men  seem 
to  he  capaide  of  ohi:jinmLr  a  mure  perfi'ct  co  operation 
of  tiicir  active  facullies.  and  ri.'irt?  extensive  coiilrilni- 
tiui.  of  the  resoureeri  of  ihi-ir  nature  iu  tiic  prodiictioii 
of  evil  than  lo  the  pro--eeution  of  t,'nod  *  To  considiT 
l!iL'  courai^e,  the  patience,  the  viijor,  the  furlitndi', 
evinced  hy  the  rontpierors  of  iSoiUh  America,  in  eon- 
junction  wilh  the  sordid,  unjust,  and  liarharou;*  ends  to 
which  lliey  weri'  mule  suhiervH  lit.  mi|.'ht  deifrade  these 
virlnos  for  ever  m  our  esteem,  if  we  did  not  recoiled 
that  enertry  is  (he  i,nfl  of  (lod.  and  the  ahuMJ  of  it  the 
iiiveiiOon  of  man  ;  and  that  tzenius  and  valor,  even 
wlipii  employed   to  dehase  ,ind  oppress   inaiiktiid,  are 

•  (f  v<Miieeximi{.Ies  xn  theliislurvi.f  llii'  worlil.  .iml  even  in 
lIlP  rolniiizatiun  <1  (NortlnTFi)  AitnTica,  seem  to  (hspilti!  tluit 
poittioii|U)oy  ctiii  only  turn  auniveisalijitua  gcncial  maxim. 


TU  i;  iiis'i'ou  V  OF 


not  more  justly  ohtioxioii!!  to  repioneh,  than  the  wmo 
which  ollen  wa.«tes  the  Hlren|;th  it  wan  uivcii  lo  reNlore, 
ur  the  juutl  \\  hi(  h  noun  limes  ahml^es  ihe  lile  it  was 
meant  lo  juoluiiu'  The  intlexihle  pritle  and  delihenh^ 
tvraiiiiy  ol  these  adventurers,  Iht  ir  ari'ut^anl  iliNre^.trd 
I'f  the  rights  ni  human  iMiure,  lunl  calm  fiurve"  ul  Ihe 
ih  Md.ition  ul  empires  anti  deslrurtiun  ol  happinesH  and 
life,  IS  rer. tiered  llii>  more  strikiiii^  aii<l  m^trueiive  hy 
llii'  Imimhlv  itf  their  own  oriyiiial  circnm.-^lanees,  which 
seem<'d  lo  level  and  mute  them  hy  hahit  ami  sympathy 
with  the  mass  uf  maiikiiiil.  WJieiice  we  n  asunahly 
cunchide,  th.it  thr  illu'^iun'*  of  royalty  are  not  mdispeii* 
sjlily  reipii^Ke  lo  distend  the  heart  with  pride  and  to 
iiavdcn  it  with  erueltv,  and  ihal  I'yrrlnM  and  Alex.uidi  r 
wixv  compuied  iif  the  hann-  material  willt  Curies  and 
I'l/.arro.  lin-  coiiipieBls  of  the  .Sn.un.ird-*  wire  ac- 
coin|)]isln  d  with  such  rapidity,  ami  lollops ed  with  such 
h  trharous  oppresMini.  thai  a  verv  few  years  siilliced  not 
only  enlirelv  lo  snlijuifate,  lint  almost  whullv  lo  e.xtir- 
pile,  Ihe  slothful  arni  elVennnate  idolaters  whom  it  t\,'s 
the  will  of  (iod  lo  destroy  hv  tl  eir  hands,  The  «( t- 
tlemeiits  that  were  founded  m  the  ccni  pn  rctl  eonntries 
jprodiiCi'd,  from  the  nature  of  the  miil,  .i  \ii*t  inlliix  of 
i.'uld  and  silver  into  Spiun,  and  llnally  exi  rcisctl  a  most 
pernicious  inlliu-nce  on  Ihe  liherty,  indiisUv,  and  pros- 
peiity  of  Inr  people.  Hut  it  was  loni;  lielore  the  hit- 
ler harveU  ul  tins  ^'olden  shower  was  rr.iptd  ;  ami  in 
an  a^e  so  it.rnoraiit  o\'  political  science,  it  could  not  lie 
toreseeii  llirou<.h  the  pomp  and  renown  wiih  which  the 
ac<}uiMlnm  of  so  much  empire,  and  the  uilmimstratnm 
ul  so  much  treasure,  seemed  lu  invest  ihe  Spatiish 
monarchy,  'i'he  achievements  of  the  oriL'inal  uilveii- 
tnrers.  eml»e||ished  hv  ttie  romantic  genius  of  Spam, 
and  softened  hy  nalional  partiality,*  had  now  uccupnd 
the  pens  of  Spanish  hislnriaiis,  and  <vxcit<'tl  a  thirst  h)r 
similar  projects,  and  hopes  o]  Miiiil.tr  i  nrichtinnt  in 
every  nation  where  the  tidin^'s  were  iiLide  known.  The 
study  of  the  Spaiutli  laniiuaL^e,  and  th"  acipiaintanee 
wiih  Spanish  literature  which  the  marriai.'e  of  Philip 
.md  Mary  introdiieed  into  Km^l.md.  awakemd  the  more 
actiTC  spirils  in  this  counlrv  to  Miinlar  views  and  pro- 
jects,   and   ^'ave    to  the  rl^mJ;  spirit  of   aiKeninre  -» 


strotii'  I 


fi ;-     •"r<    •  I " 

determination  towards  tho  continent  of 


Am 


IIIH. 

'J'lie  reiijn  of  Kliznbeth  was  prodnclivis  of  the  lirsl 
attempts  that  the  KiiLdisli  had  ever  nnide  lo  ostabltHh 
a  permanent  seithrnenl  in  Americi.  Hut  maiiv  causes 
eontrihuied  to  iiilerhlc  thiir  cxertiuris  tor  this  piirpusc, 
and  lo  retard  ihe  accomplishment  ul  this  ^rcit  de.«ii,'n. 
I'liP  civil  ^'ovemment  of  Kli/iihelh  in  thu  comimuice- 
im  nt  of  her  reiirn  was  hitrhly  acceplahle  to  her  snh- 
p'cts  .  and  her  commercial  poln-y,  ihoUL'li  freipientlv 
piTverled  hy  the  iiiteresfs  ol  arhilrarv  power,  and  the 
principles  ot  a  narrow  nnd  erroneous  system,  was  in 
the  mam.  perhaps,  not  less  laudahly  tlesii^ned  than  jn- 
dieiously  din  'Mi  'I  lo  tiie  euliivalion  of  their  resources 
and  ihe  promuiiun  uf  their  prusperity  Hv  permittm(» 
a  free  expuriation  of  corn,  siie  pronnMcd  at  once  the 
a^ricultnri!  and  the  commerce  of  Kuiflunil  ;  and  hy 
treaties  with  foreiu'n  powers,  she  ende.ivored  to  esta- 
hlish  commercial  relations  In  tvvppii  their  suhjecls  and 
her  own.t  Sensihle  how  much  t!ie  strength  ami  safety 
uf  tin:  state  and  the  prosperity  of  the  people  ninsl  ih-- 
pend  on  i  navai  iorce,  .ihe  look  everv  means  lo  eneu,i 
ruiiv,  naviL'atioii :  nnd  so  much  increaHed  the  ship|*ni:; 
of  the  kmi^ilom  hoth  hy  huildniii  lart;e  vi'ssels  herst  If. 
and  liy  proumiin^  sh![»-liuildinir  iunon^  the  mereh.inls. 
th.it  she  was  sty|i;d  hy  hi-r  subjects  ihe  Kestorer  ol 
naval  iilory,  and  the  Queen  of  lln;  northern  seas.  Ki- 
i.'idlv  just  in  discharijmj;  the  ancient  debts  of  the  crow  n, 
ts  well  ,is  111  fullilhiiLj  all  her  own  eiiLfaj^ements,  >el 
lorhearniL;  towards  her  people  iri  tin'  impo,>iiiott  of 
taxes  ;  Iiuijal  in  the  expenditure  of  her  resourees.  and 
vet  eyiueiutf  .1  steady  viL'or  in  the  [iroseciiliun  of  v\e!l 
(lirecli'd  projects  ;  ihu  policy  ot  her  civil  uoyernmrnt 
lit  once  cimveyed   the  Wisest    lessons  to  her    subjects, 

•  Tia'li  IS  [ii.iv.Miii.iily  ihi'  'l.ni,*liifi  ni  Tmie;  ami  tin*  luo- 
verli  lia.-i  Imimi  ri-ni  irkaljlv  verilii-U  ny  llic  pniijress  of  1. 1101:111 
npnimn  wii!i  ri'sincl  In  liu' coniinit  of  the  S|nuii;^h  cnn-iu- r- 
urn  lit  Si. Ill  h  Aiiiiri.-a.  Some  sji.cirMei.s  ot"  llii;  mimraniT  tiril 
[..-ovaile'l  at  a  [Tfltv  lale  piTiml  in  Ki^'Uli'l  on  Mils  su''jt  1 1 
will  I..'  foun'i  in  Ni-ti-  II. 

t  She  o!.!.iiin'<i  Ir'un  .hilni  Hasihilos,  the  c/nr  of  Muscnvy,  a 
patinr  wtn.-ti  ri<nf'Trr.l  tin-  wliol,.  traile  ul  his  do'iiutMns  uu 
til*'  liufii-ti.  With  tins  L'raiit  the  tyrant,  whii  livi-.i  m  .-.n- 
I'lHial  .jrea-lufa  revitjl  ctf  ins  suliiprts,  jiurcliasi:<l  frurn  l-:ii;a- 
I'llti  the  a^•-n^all<•e  <it  an  asyhiin  frnni  their  furv  in  lln^'laiil. 
lint  liii  snri  Tin-Mil. re  revuKcii  it,  au'l  ainwerod  t.i  the  liufiirs 
ri'ni')n-.lraaics.  that  In'  was  iletiTininetl  tu  roli  tnithcr  Ins  own 
sulijfti-i  n<ir  fiT'-iimers  i.y  suNiccUinr  to  tnonttpi'in's  wh.it 
sI)omI'1  Ite  free  t.)  ail  nianknul.  Cain.li'n,  p.  i'X\.  So  superior 
was  the  tninineriial  poiiry  wlneli  nalnral  insticf  tani;lit  this 
l>:irliarian.  to  tin'  system  wlinh  Kli/ahetli  ilcrived  fmtn  he/ 
liiiHste'l  tcairitnu'  ami  renownrtl  niiiiily.  and  wituli  loaded  Iho 
freedinn  and  industry  of  her  tieupk'  with  patents,  iiionopoUes, 
and  exc!u:jive  cumpauien 


umt  happily  ronciirred  with  the  ueneral  frame  of  Ihclf 
neiilimi'titM  and  eharaeler.  I'erhapM  ihere  never  was  • 
liumaii  bi-itiLt  (assuredly  lievei  a  woman)  so  liille  amm- 
Ide,  who,  as  .1  sovertu^n,  vyas  so  popular  and  Mt  iimcli 
resiD'cted 

I'urm^  a  reiirn  "O  favorable  to  coiimuTcial  niter- 
prise,  the  spirit  th.il  hail  been  lonn  ^Towinir  tip  in  thu 
minds  uf  Ihe  lln^dish  was  called  lorili  mui  vi^'orourt 
and  perseyeriiii,'  exertion.  I  nder  the  p.itruna^'e  (if 
I'mlUy,  Karl  ot  Warwick,  ami  eonducudbv  .Martin 
r'rolusin  r,  an  expnlllnm  vv.in  desp.itclnd  lor  (he  dm- 
riiyery  ol  ,\  nurlli-west  pis^aoc  lu  Imlia,  hul  allerex- 
plurm:'  1  he  ci Lists  ul  I,.iliradoT  and  ( Jreetilainl,  l''rolii>her 
was  coiiipi  III  d  III  return  willi  the  tidiniis  ut  ths.ippuint- 
imiit.  [lo7H  ]  ll  theanlur  ul  Ihe  lin^lish  wasdamind 
hy  the  result  of  tins  eiiti  iprise,  it  v\as  tpnckly  revi  eil 
hy  ihe  succesnl'id  ixpeditioa  ul  Sir  I'ranr  ''•■tke, 
who,  with  u  feelde  si|Uadrun,  iindt  rlook  u 
plishdl    the    tiame  enterprise    that  lor  sixt)  J 

lurmeil  the  peculiar  ylurv  of  lln-  l'urtut.Mies(  ,^alor 

Magellan,  anil  ohtaineil  for  lln^^taiid  lIu'  nuiior  ol  heiuir 
the  sccuitd  ii.ition  lhal  had  eumplelely  iurcuriiiiavt<;aleu 
the  yiohc.  A  ^uieral  enlliUHiasm  Was  excited  by  this 
splendid  arlneveimuit,  ami  a  passion  fur  nuval  exploits 
laid  hold  of  tlie  spirits  of  almost  all  the  emim  nl  leaders 
iti  the  nf.'e. 

Hut  still  ii'.i  project  of  etrecMii);*  a  p*  rmanent  settle- 
metit  uhroad  had  been  rnterlaimd  or  ultempted  111 
Kn<.dand.  The  bapjuness  that  was  enjoyed  by  tho 
subp-cts  of  |-!li/.abelli  enforced  lliusr  alliaclions  that 
hiiid  the  hi  arts  of  men  to  their  iiaiive  land,  and  which 
are  r.irely  sMrmonnM  d  hut  hv  the  experienci'  ot  111- 
loler.ihle  hardships  .11  home,  or  (he  prospect  ol  sudden 
enrichment  abroad  '  Hut  llie  lerrilorv  of  Norlh  Ame- 
rica held  out  none  of  the  nllu:'eme',is  th  it  had  inviled 
ami  rewarded  the  .Spanish  advc'lurers;  il  presented 
110  hopes  hut  of  distant  ^'ani,  and  invited  tin  exertions 
but  of  pati'-ni  mdu.stry.  The  prevalence  ol  the  pro- 
testant  doctrines  m  Kn^laiid,  and  the  mcreasm>r  tn- 
Ib'eiiee  of  a  sense  of  rt  liL'ton  uii  the  minds  uf  the  peo- 
ple, disinclnii'd  many  to  ahatuhm  the  only  country 
where  the  Ueformalion  aiipiared  to  be  securely  f>tu- 
hlished  ;  eiiL'russed  the  iiiuids  of  others  with  sehemea 
fur  ihe  improveimnt  of  the  eonsMtution  and  r  '  of 
tlieir  iiatnuial  clinrch  ;  ami  prub.ibly  repressed  o 

ardent   spirits  the  t  pnlemical  thirst  ot    advei  ^ 

recunciled    them   to    thai    nntderaie  eompelei 
the  slate  u(  society  in  l!uii|,iiid  rendered  e.isii,  .. 
hie.  ami  the  simplicity  of  m.iiniers  preserved  Irom  eon- 
tem|il 

Hul  if  the  iminedtate  intbience  of  reli^iions  prmeipip 
was  imfavorahle  to  projecKs  o|  enuuralnm,  it  was  to  tht* 
further  develupuieni  of  this  nuhh-  principle  '(lal  liii;,'- 
land  was  suuii  to  be  indehted  lur  her  j:reatest  .ui'l 
most  illustrious  colonial  establishment.  The  eetdesi- 
Hslieal  ))obcv  uf  Idi/aheth  was  lar  from  ^ivnit!  (hu 
same  ye.eral  salisfac'ion  lliat  Iht  civil  Government 
allordril  If)  her  suhjecls.  Inlierilini,'  the  arrui^mil  tem- 
per, the  lofty  jjreteiisiuns.  I'lid  ambitions  taste  ul  her 
lather,  with  iitlle  uf  his  zeal  and  none  of  his  bigotry, 
rehi^ions  considerations  often  mui;.ded  with  her  policy  ; 
)>iil  ri  liL'ious  siuitimeiils  liad  but  little,  if  any.  milneiicu 
un  Inr  heart.  I. ike  hini.  she  wi.'^hed  lit  adapt  the  es- 
tahlishmeiits  o\  chrisluimly  lo  the  pomp  and  vanity  of 
rovalised  human  nature  ;  ami  by  a  splendid  hierarchy 
and  ^'oriicous  cereniunial.  imdiate  an  a;:reciiiant  be- 
tween ihe  liiltiness  uf  her  heart  ami  the  hiiimhty  uf  the 
U'uspel.  Hut  the  pe'seeulnm  thaf  the  Knulish  piul(  s- 
laiits  had  tindi'r;;une  Iroin  M  try  had  not  only  deepeiicd 
and  purilied  the  re  hiiiuiis  sentiments  of  a  i,'real  body  of 
(lie  people,  but  assuei.itcd  with  many  of  (he  ceremonies 
retaineil  in  the  nalnnial  church  the  idea  of  po|)ery  ami 
the  reciilleeliou  uf  prrseciitiun.  This  ri'puonance  be- 
tween the  sentiiiienl.s  of  the  men  who  now  liei.Mn  lo 
he  leniied  purilans,  ami  ihe  eecle^iaslieal  policy  of  thu 
Kiii/lish  euvernmint,  conlimied  (o  increase  duriiii'  iho 
whole  rejoii  uf  Kh/.ahelli  :  hut  as  the  mlliience  which 
It  exercised  on  llie  eoloni/,itiiMi  ol  Amerie,i  did  not 
ap))ear  till  the  fullowin:,'  niirn.  I  shall  deft  r  the  furlher 
a'-eiMinl  vif  It  till  we  come  tu  trace  its  elb-cis  m  thu 
rise  and  pru^ress  iif  the  colonies  ol  New  lln^dand. 

Murmu'  this  reiu'ii.  there  was  nilrotiuced  into  I'nn- 
land  a  brani;h  of  th.it  inhuinan  tratlle  in  mirro  st.ives, 
which  aftarwards  engrossed  so  lar^e  a  portion  of  her 
comir.erei.il  wealth  and  adventure,  and  converted  a  nn- 
inerons  body  of  her  merchants  into  11  conhderacy  ol 
robbers,  and   much  of  what   she  termed  her  trade  into 


*  Wli')  IS  lie  lliat  li::'.li]udi;iiiciit,  conrai;e,  and  any  liu:  istr) 
nr  (pialil\,  vMlli  undt'tstioiilini,',  vMJi  leavu  Ins  country.  Ins 
hopes  at  home,  his  certain  estate,  lil-t  friends,  pleasures,  litierty, 
and  tlin  prelernmiit  lliat  Kin:iand  doth  utford  to  nil  dcKiees, 
were  It  Mot  to  iidvaiice  Ins  lortiinex  by  eiijoyiiig  hli  dt'SCrts  P 
Stmt  hi  Hist,  jf  Virginia,  dec.  il.  vi. 


n  unirriil  frnu\o  of  thoit 

'rlhl|)H   llnri'  III'MT   WAS  • 

it  wuihiui)  Nil  htilr  iiiiiiu- 
>*t*  |M)|iiilar  und  .-•o  iinirh 

(•  to  t'Ointni'nMDl  nitrr- 
I  liiiiit  |;ftn^lll^  U|i  Ml  llm 
ilti'il  Inrilt  mill  viu'Dnmrt 
iniir  tin-  |.,iirnn.ti:''  *i( 
nil  cniuliii'it  il  hv  M.irliii 
tlt'>li,iirlii(i  lor  iIk'  llm- 
'  In  liiiliii ;  lull  itflcrcx- 
kiiil  (irmil.iiiil,  rriil'hlii'r 
ihr  tiilitiLiN  1)1  iliH,iji|i(iiiit- 
Ititt  I'in^li^li  viiiHiLinipi'il 
',  It  vMi«  i|ui('kly  ri'Vi.i'tl 

of  Sir  Kratir      "'•'ikc, 

umli  I'iDok  a 
lli.il    tor  MVt>  U 

ir  l'urtMitiU!*i  .^iilor 


^l.iiitl  tilt'  liiiiMir  4>l  linii^ 
ipU-tcIv  rirriiiiiii.ivt«f.tlrj 
DiHia  w.i^  isriuii  liy  tins 
ii>^ioii  tor  iiiiviil  i'\|iloitM 
«l  iill  the  I'liiiiiiitt  Icudcrt 


tjiii'  .1  |)«riniititMit  srttlo- 
taiMKl  ur  iil(('iii|ilt'il  111 
It  \v>iH  iMjiiytd  hy  lliw 
il  tlid^f  ,itii!H-litMi.-«  llmt 
r  iiiiiiM-  land,  and  v\IiK'Ii 
)v  till'  rx|iiTU'iu-t'  id  in- 
r  till'  prosjiict  lit  MidiU'n 

trrriiorv  nl  Norili  Aiiu-- 
;i'iiH",is  tint  had  iiivili-d 
ivi'Mnrrrs  ;  it  pr('?*riilfd 
and  inviti'd  no  I'xcrlioiiii 
i<  iircvalcrit'i'  ot  tht>  pro- 

iitid  thr  liH-rcitsiii^  lli- 
tiii  tilt:  tiiitids  ol  the  pco- 
iidiiii  the  oiilv  cuuiitry 
ircd  lo  III'  Mi-iircly  c-'tu* 
4  ol  othiTs  Willi  Hchi'int-n 
-DtiHiiiiuiuii  und  r'  '  of 
liiihlv  r(*prt'f<scd  o 

Ihiix  ol    ad\i'i  ' 

I T'lU'  foinpfli'i 
I  ri'iidrrrd  immi*  « 
rs  pri'.siTvt'd  Iroiii  con- 

ot"  ri'lii^ioiis  priiin|»Ie 

•irattoii,  It  was  to  the 

V  prmriplc  that  Kiijj- 

(I    lor  her   ^rciitf^t  and 

lisjiini'iil.      Till'  ( ri'li'!ti- 

lar    linin   t.'i\m:^    iho 

liir  n\il    liovirninunt 

iliny  till-  iirmifaiit  tern- 
ihitioiiN  ta>ic  (d  litr 

id  iiDiK-  ol  hts  hii;i)trv, 
_dtd  with  licr  policy  ; 
iith'.  il  any,  inllnciice 
..-•iMd  lo  adapt  tin-  «s- 

tlu-  pomp  arid  \aiiilv  of 

hv  it  ^pli'iidid  liK  nirchy 
Ir  an  ii:.'r(('iihiiil  ho- 
ld ihi'  liunnhtv  of  thu 
,i'  ihr  l!li;ih'>h  pioit  s- 
,id  not  tMiiv  d('('p('iii-d 
n?s  ot"  a  i.'rral  hodv  of 
i:iv  nt"  (lie  fiTfiiumU'S 
-  idt-it  o(  popery  and 
Tins  ri-piit;Miinf('  hc- 
n  who  now  hi';.Mn  to 
>ia>tu'al  polu'v  ol  tliu 

0  unrra-sr  dumij;  llm 
as  the  iidlnrni-t'  which 

01  Ainrriia   ditl    nut 
.h.ill  ilrltr  till-  rnrtliiT 
I'l     Its  I'tfiTts  in   Ih'j 
il  New  Kii^iand. 
itrodiKM-d    nin)    Kiim. 

trallif  in  nri^ro  :»lavi's, 
^     a  portion  ot   hrr 

',  und  foiivcrttd  u  nii- 
iito  11  (-ontf'dcriicy  ui 

tcrini'd  her  trade  into 

aiirai^i',  and  imy  iinl  i.stry 
1  Icitve  Ins  rouiitrv,  Ihm 
riciids,  iilLMSurcs.  Iiherty, 
ith  fiMord  to  all  de^'ieeii, 
ly  enjoying  tuiiicicrti  P 


, 


1',     ' 

I'  '    ' 

r-   i 


\ 


NORTH   AMEUrCA. 


213 


lets  ot  di'Iilirnui;  fravi'.l  mid  atrocious  violonco.  Tim 
firat  Kiigli>lirnan  who  hrou^ht  this  guilt  upon  hiinself 
and  liis  country  was  Sir  Jolm  Hawkins,  who  aficr- 
Witrds  QtUincd  so  nuich  nautical  celehrily,  niu!  was 
crratcd  an  adtiuni!  and  treasurer  of  the  Brilisli  navy. 
His  father,  an  I'xiirrt  Knglis'h  seaman,  liaviuir  mad" 
several  voya«?c»  to  the  coaat  of  Guinea,  ijud  from 
thence  to  Brazd  and  ihtj  West  Indies,  had  acquired 
coiiMideralilc  knowledge  of  these  countries,  which  \:v 
ti-ftnsinitted  to  his  son  in  the  copious  journals  of  h> 
V  >ya«TCs  and  olise.'vations,  which  he  left  behind  him  at 
his  iltath.  In  these  compositions  he  described  the 
soil  of  America  and  the  West  Indies  as  endewed  with 
extraordinary  richness  and  fertility,  but  utterly  neg- 
lected from  the  want  of  cultivators.  The  natives  of 
Kuropc  were  lepresented  as  uneipial  to  the  tod  of  agri- 
culture in  so  sultry  a  climate  ;  but  those  of  Africi  n.s 
peculiarly  well  adapted  to  tlu.s  crnploymciit.  Torcihly 
struck  with  the-^.e  remarks.  Hawkins  deduced  from 
them  the  project  of  transporting  Africans  into  the 
weittcrn  world  ;  and  having  drawn  up  a  plan  for  the 
execution  of  tliis  design,  he  laid  it  before  some  of  his 
opulont  neighbors,  ami  solicited  their  approbation  and 
concnrrence,  A  subscription  was  opened  and  speedily 
completed  by  Sir  I/onel  Ducket,  Sir  Thomns  Lodge, 
Sir  \Vilham  Wutter,  anil  others,  w.'o  plainly  perceived 
the  vast  emolument  that  might  bo  derived  from  such  a 
tralfic.  By  their  assistance  Ha  vk'ns  was  enabled  to 
set  sail  for  Africa  in  the  year  15G'J,  and,  having  reached 
Siirra  I-eone.*  he  benan  his  commerce  with  th«  negroes. 
While  he  IraiV.cked  with  them  ii.  the  usual  articles  of 
barter,  he  took  occasion  to  yivo  them  an  inviting  de- 
scription of  the  countrv  to  wiiich  bfi  was  bound,  con- 
trasting the  fertdity  of  Its  soil  and  tlie  enjoyments  of 
its  inhabitants  with  the  barrenness  of  Africa  and  the 
poverty  of  the  African  tribes.  Finding  that  the  unsus- 
pecting negroes  listened  to  him  with  implicit  belief, 
and  were  greatly  deliubted  with  the  F.uropean  insn- 
ries  and  ornaments  which  he  displayed  to  thcin,  he 
otVered,  if  any  of  them  were  willing  to  exchange  their 
destitute  circumstances  for  a  happier  condition,  to 
transport  them  to  this  more  bountiful  region,  where  he 
assured  ihrin  of  a  kind  reception,  and  of  an  ample  par- 
ticipation of  the  luxuries  with  which  he  had  made  them 
nc(]uainted,  as  the  certain  recompense  of  easy  labor. 
The  negroes  were  ensnared  by  his  flattering  promises, 
and  three  hundred  of  them,  accepting  his  olfer,  con- 
sented to  embark  along  with  bini  for  Hispaniola.  On 
the  iiiLdit  before  their  embarkation,  they  were  attacked 
by  a  hostile  tribe  ;  and  lUwkin:*  hastening  with  his 
ert-w  to  their  assistance,  repulsed  ti.r;  assailants,  and 
carried  a  nninber  of  them  as  prisoners  on  board  Uxs 
vessels.  The  next  day  he  set  sail  with  his  mixed 
cargo  of  human  creatures,  and  during  the  passage 
treated  the  negroes  who  had  voluntarily  accompanied 
him  m  »  dilferent  manner  from  bis  prisoners  of  war. 
On  his  arrival  at  Hispaniola  he  disposed  of  the  whole 
cargo  to  irreat  advantdue.  and  endeavored  to  inculcate 
on  the  Spaniards  who  bought  the  negroes,  the  same 
distinction  in  the  treatment  of  them  which  be  him.*elf 
had  ob.*erved.  But  hnvmg  now  put  the  fiiltilment  of 
his  promises  out  of  his  own  power,  it  was  not  permit- 
led  to  him  so  to  limit  the  evil  consetpiences  of  his  per- 
lidv  ;  and  the  Spaniards  having  purchased  all  the  Afri- 
cans at  tlie  same  rate,  considered  them  as  slaves  of  the 
same  conditioii,  und  consetpicntly  treated  them  all 
alike. 

When  Hawkins  returned  to  Eni;land  with  a  rich 
freight  of  pearls,  suj.'ar.  and  i;mger,  wluch  he  had  re- 
ceived in  e^chiintre  for  his  slaves,  the  success  of  his 
vovage  exciteil  universal  interest  and  curiosity  respect- 
iu;:  ihis  novel  and  extraord'uiary  description  of  trade. 
At  first  the  naliim  was  sliocked  with  the  barbarous  as- 
pert  of  a  tralFic  in  the  persons  of  men  ;  and  the  public 
feeling  hiivuiL'  penetrated  into  the  court,  the  (pieen 
sent  for  Hawkins  to  iutpiire  in  what  manner  this  new 
branch  of  coiiunerce  was  conducted  ;  declaring  to  him 
that  "  if  any  of  the  .\fricaus  were  carried  away  with- 
out their  own  consent,  it  would  be  detestable,  and  call 
down  the  venijeance  o;'  Heaven  upon  tlie  undertakers." 
Hawkins,  in  repiv,  assured  her  that  no  expedition  where 
ho  had  the  command  should  any  of  the  natives  of 
Africa  be  carried  awav  without  their  own  free  will  and 
ronsent,  except  such  captives  as  might  be  taken  in  war  : 
and  be  declared  that  so  far  from  feeling  any  scruple 
roncernini5  the  justice  of  his  nn,''  rtaking.  lie  considered 
It  an  act  of  humanity  to  carry  men  from  a  woise  con- 
dition lo  n  belter ;   from  a  state  of  heathen   barbarism 


*  It  is  renmrknblp!  that  this  shnuM  lie  the  /erv  siH»t  w)ipre, 
twocf'hturieit  Hner,llie  nmsl  tlistlriitiiiBheii  iUTtirts«if  Hu' Kiur- 
i\hh  have  twun  made  to  prauiuto  thu  liburty  aiiil  haiiitiness  ur 
Ui«  AAicani. 


to  an  opportiui'ly  of  sharing  the  blessings  of  civil 
society  and  the  -Jiristiaii  religion.  It  is  believed,  in- 
deed, and  hcems  consonant  with  probability,  that  Haw- 
kins, so  far  from  intending  that  the  negroes  whom  he 
sold  should  be  coosigned  lo  a  stale  of  perpetual  slavery, 
expected  that  they  would  be  advanced  to  the  condition 
of  froo  ervants  whenever  their  labors  had  yielded  lo 
their  ma;iters  an  equivalent  for  the  expense  of  their 
purchase.  The  queen  np|)cared  to  he  satistied  with  his 
account,  and  dismiii^.sed  him  with  llie  ns^:urance  that, 
white  he  and  bis  associates  acted  with  humanity  und 
justice,  they  should  eiijoy  her  countennncfr  and  protec- 
tion. 

The  very  next  voyage  that  Hawkins  umlertook, 
demonstrated  still  more  clearly  the  decciifulness  of 
that  unction  which  he  had  applied  lo  his  conscience. 
and  the  futdity  even  of  iho^e  intentions  of  which  the 
fullibnent  seemed  to  depend  entirely  on  himself  In 
his  passage  he  met  with  an  English  ship  of  war,  which 
joined  itself  lo  the  expedition,  and  accompanied  him 
lo  the  coaot  of  Africa.  On  his  arrival,  he  began  as 
formerly  to  trallic  with  the  negroes,  and  endeavored, 
by  reiteration  of  his  former  topics  of  persuasion,  lo 
induce  tlum  to  embark  in  his  vessels.  But  they  had 
now  become  reserved  and  jealous  of  his  designs,  and 
as  none  o(  iheir  neighbors  had  returned,  they  were 
apprchrn^ivo  that  the  English  had  killed  and  devoured 
them  ;  i>  :>upposition  which,  however  otfcusive  to  the 
Engiisb.  did  greatly  and  erroneously  extenuate  the  in- 
humanity of  wliich  they  had  been  actually  guilty.  The 
crew  of  the  ship  of  war,  observing  *!ie  Africans  back- 
ward and  suspicious,  began  to  deride  the  gentle  and 
ditatof)'  methods  of  proceeding  to  which  Hawkins  con- 
fined himself,  and  proposed  having  immediate  recourse 
10  violence  and  compulsion.  1'bc  sailors  belonging  to 
bis  own  Heet  loined  with  the  crew  of  the  man  of  war, 
and,  Qppliuding  the  proposal,  began  to  make  prepara- 
tions for  carrying  it  into  etl'ect.  Hawkins  protested 
against  such  unwarrantable  cruelty,  and  vainly  endea- 
vored to  prevad  on  them  to  desist  from  their  purpose  ; 
the  instructions  of  the  queen  and  the  dictates  of  con- 
science were  inetfectualiy  cited  to  men  whom  he  had 
initiated  in  piracy  and  injustice,  ard  who  were  not  able 
to  discover  the  moral  superiority  of  calm  treachery  over 
undisguised  violence  They  pursued  tbeir  design,  and 
after  several  unsiiucessful  attacks,  in  which  many  of 
them  lost  their  lives,  the  cargo  was  at  length  completed 
by  force  and  barbarity.  Such  was  the  origin  of  the 
English  brancli  of  the  slave  trade,  which  I  have  related 
the  more  minutely,  not  only  on  account  of  the  remarka- 
ble and  instructive  circumstance  that  attended  the 
coinmoiicement  of  the  practice.  [See  Note  1]  but  on 
account  of  the  influence  whicb  it  snbseqmnlly  exer- 
cised on  (he  colonization  and  condit  on  of  some  of  the 
provinces  of  North  America. 

The  spirit  of  adventure  which  had  been  excited  in 
England  found  a  more  inviting  scene  for  its  exertion  in 
the  southern  than  in  the  northern  regions  of  Anurica  : 
and  when,  after  twenty  years  of  peace,  Elizabeth  was 
involved  in  hoslilties  with  Philip,  the  prospect  of 
enrichment  and  renown  by  the  plunder  of  the  Spanish 
colonies  opened  a  new  career,  which  was  eargerly  em- 
braced and  succes.sfullv  prosecuted  by  the  cnierprising 
spirit  of  adventurtrs  of  all  ranks  in  England,  .\ccord- 
in^dy,  for  many  years,  the  most  eminent  and  popular 
exploits  of  the  English  were  performed  in  the  predatory 
wars  which  they  wa^ed  with  the  colonies  wiid  cidonial 
commerce  of  Spain.  Even  in  scenes  so  unfavorable 
to  the  production  or  di.splay  of  the  better  tpiabties  of 
human  nature,  the  manly  character  and  moral  t^upe- 
rionty  of  the  English  wore  frequently  and  siKuatly 
evinced.  Drake  and  many  others  of  the  adventurers 
in  the  same  career  were  men  equally  superior  to  ava- 
rice and  fear,  and  who,  bow  willing  soever  to  encoun- 
ter danger  in  quest  u(  wealth,  thought  it  not  valuable 
enongli  to  be  obtained  by  cruelty  or  fr'uul. 

And  yc'.  it  was  to  this  spirit,  so  unfavorable  to  in- 
dustrious ;olonizalion,  and  so  stronirly  attracted  to  a 
more  coe  lenial  sphere  in  the  south,  that  North  Anicrica 
was  ]u<.i.  bttd  for  the  tirst  attempt  to  colonize  her  ter- 
ritory. Thus  irregular  and  incalculable  (lo  created 
wisdom)  is  the  iidbn^nce  of  human  passions  on  the 
stream  of  human  atTairs. 

The  most  illustrious  adventurer  in  Tngland  was  Sir 
Walter  Ilaleigh,  a  man  endowed  witli  brilliant  genius, 
unbounded  ambition,  and  utieonquerahle  aetivily  ; 
whose  capacious  mind,  stronuly  impregnatei^  with  the 
enl'-  ihiasm,  credulity,  anil  sanguine  expertation  pe- 
cul  i\T  lo  the  age.  no  sm^^le  project,  however  vast, 
co.ild  fill,  and  whose  ardent  spirit  nosiuj^Ie  enterprise, 
however  arduous,  could  abiorb.  The  extenl  ol  bin 
capaeity  ccnbined   acquirements   that  are  cuiniiiouty 


esteemed  remote,  and  almost  incompatable  with  each 
other.  He  was.  at  once,  the  most  industiious  scbolnr 
and  the  most  accomplished  courtier  of  hir.  age  ;  n  pro 
found  and  indefjtigahle  ))rojeclor,  yet  a  gallaiU  soldier 
so  contemptible  (says  an  old  writer)  that  he  iniybt  have 
been  judged  unfit  for  action  ;  so  active  that  he  seemed 
to  have  no  leisure  for  speculation.  Whatever  was  suli- 
lime  and  brilliant,  touched  his  kindrcdsiul;  and  what- 
ever he  c.ndertook,  he  seemed  to  have  been  born  for. 
Enconlrolled  by  steady  principle  and  sober  calculation, 
his  fancy  and  bis  passions  so  far  prevailed  over  his 
moral  sentiments,  as  sometimes  to  sully  his  clmracter.* 
and  something  of  tb"  boundless  and  trunscendenl  so 
mingled  with  his  designs^  as  freipiently  to  mar  his  con- 
duct, and  discomlit  bis  undertakings.  But,  though 
adversity  might  cloud  his  forumes.  it  could  never  de- 
press his  spirit,  or  strip  his  genius  of  a  single  ray. 
The  frustration  of  his  ellbrts  and  the  wreck  of  his  prt»- 
jects  served  oidy  lo  display  the  cvhaustlcss  opnlcnco 
and  indestructible  vigor  of  that  muid.  of  which  no  ac- 
cumulation of  disaster  nor  variety  of  discouragement 
could  either  repress  the  arder  or  narrow  the  range. 
Amidst  disappointment  and  impoverishment,  pursued 
by  royal  iiatred,  and  forsaken  by  his  |)opuIarity,  he  con- 
tinued to  project  and  attempt  the  foundation  of  em- 
pires ;  and  in  old  age  and  a  prison  he  composed  the 
History  of  the  World.  Perhaps  there  never  was  a 
distinguished  reputation  so  much  indebted  to  genius, 
and  so  little  lo  success.  So  powerful  indeed  is  the 
association  that  connects  merit  with  success,  and  yet  so 
strong  the  claim  of  Ualeigh  to  evade  the  censure  that 
this  rule  implies,  that  it  is  with  the  greatest  dillicuhy 
that,  even  amidst  uninterru]ited  disaster,  v\e  can  bring 
ourselves  to  consid(>r  him  an  unsuccessful  man.  He 
had  unfortunately  adopted  the  maxim  tliat  "  whatever 
is  not  extraordinary,  is  nothing  ;"t  and  his  mind  (till 
the  last  scene  of  his  life)  was  not  sutricienlly  pervaded 
by  religion  to  recognize  that  nobility  of  purpose  which 
ennobles  the  coininonet>t  actions,  and  directs  to  iho 
attainment  of  a  dignity  that  consist  less  in  performing 
things  great  mi  themselves,  than  in  doing  ordinary 
things  with  an  extraoidmary  elevation  of  soul.  What- 
ever judgment  may  be  formed  of  his  character,  we  musl 
acknowledge  that  in  genius  he  was  worthy  of  the  honor 
which  he  may  jierbaps  be  considered  to  have  attained, 
of  originating  the  fceuleinents  that  grew  up  into  tbo 
North  American  republic. 

In  conjunction  with  bis  half-brother  and  kindred 
spirit,  Sir  Humphry  (lilbert,  Ualeigh  projected  tbo 
establishment  of  a  colony  in  that  quarter  of  America 
wliich  Cabot  bad  visited  ;  and  a  patent  for  this  purjioso 
was  procured  without  dilHculty  in  favor  of  Gilbert,  from 
Elizabeili.  [ISTS]  This  patent  authorized  bun  to  dis- 
cover and  appropriate  all  remote  and  barbarous  lands 
unoccupied  by  chrislian  powers,  and  to  hold  them  of 
the  crown  of  England,  wiib  the  obligation  of  paying 
the  fifth  part  of  the  produce  of  all  pold  or  silver  mines; 
it  permitted  the  subjects  of  Elizabeth  to  accompany 
the  expedition,^  and  guaranteed  to  them  a  continuanco 
o(  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights  of  fiee  denizens  of 
England  ;  it  invcsttd  tiilherl  with  the  powers  of  civil 
and  criminal  le^iislation  over  all  the  inlnbitants  of  the 
territory  he  might  occupy  ;  but  with  this  provision, 
that  Ins  laws  should  be  framed  with  as  much  conformity 
as  po.seible  to  the  statutes  and  policy  jf  England,  and 
should  not  derogate  from  the  supreme  allegiance  duo 


*  Dneoftlie  iiiK^l  ttMUULl:iblt- charges  tii  wtuchthc  rliamclrr 
of  Raleii,'li  lias  luen  e\(io.sed  is  ilenvcii  trmii  Ihu  inuiistrmis 
lirlioiM with  vvlucli  Ins  account  ol  (juiaim  is  rejilLte.  But 
Hiiino  aiul  the  iuIiit  writers  who  tiavi;  Itmdeil  luin  ^v|th  tim 
uuilt  of  tliisc  tniioi\s  iiave  very  unfairly  oinitti-d  i,o  notico 
Unit  nut  oiii-  oi'iliriii  is  relatrilon  lusuwii  avithoiity.  Me  has 
ituTelv  rfpnUcil  (im  doiitit  in  a  iiiaiiner  very  little  credituljln 
to  his'iiwn  jikIlmik'HI)  the  fables  timt  were  related  to  tniti  liv 
lilt'  ii;in\csVMlli  wlioin  he  conversed.  Savages  and  barlia- 
ri'iiis  sire  veryjirono  to  practi^u  such  deceits  upon  travellera. 
Ttii>  ll.irhai  y  Nioiirs  nut  only  descrilied  a  petrif.cd  city  to  Urucu » 
hiu  [HTsi^ted  intlieirsiury  till  theycatnc  near  to  the  ^luce. 

t  l.loyd.  fiTl.  Tills  wUl  reiiiind  the  clnssical  render uf  tli« 
visinn  of  iili<iiiid  iiiMiii-iisuin  nUiiutuTniiue,  that  wanned  the 
faiu'V  of  Cii  (TO,  I'lit  eiMiUl  not  uetuatc  his  d)Hi)nsitiuiiur  uttlU'< 
(Mice  his  conduit  Hilh  tlu;  same  power  whldi  it  excited  over 
the  coi.re|iiions,  the  undertHkuit(s,  and  ttie  fortuu^ii  of  Ka 
leiKh.  To  the  Knulislunan  inuy.  wttnft>'tuiil}UMUrc,tie  »)i|ilit'(| 
that  Iteniitilul  u{iestroi<lie  to  the  iiieru'ry  ui  the  lloiniui— 
"adniirntiile  pontcr'"  mltUis  luxviiiuin ;  el  unu  pru&ciiptuj 
sa!culi>,  pioitcnhcH  tyrauni.m  onuiibuit." 

t  Strange  ns  U  may  ui)|K)ir,this  pro\;Bim  was  ..t»>ohitely 
necessary  to  evade  the  ott-stiuctton  uf  Ite  exiktinK  law  o| 
Kn»:hMid.  Ily  the  aitnont  law, as  declared  in  the  tireat  Char* 
ter  of  Ktnt{  .lo)ui,i(U  nien  tiUifht  |i*>  I'mdy  uu*.  uf  thekin»;doni, 
snvini;  their  fnllti  due  tu  the  Knu{.  But  nu  «urh  r lnusv  up* 
pe:irs  intht)  eliuUTuf  IiIr  siiceeiitior;  and  duitnn  the  rfttlii  u' 
Kli/aheth  it  wa»  enaeted,  that  any  Hui>!eet  UepHrtnig  th« 
nalin  wiUiout  a  liiense  uniier  the  (Ircai  Seat  thutUd  fi>rfe:t 
luH  I'vriionril  t'KtiUe,  and  U)su  Itio  profits  of  his  lainU  for  hfo. 
t)9  Klii.CRp,  111.  Even  now  a  klittttif  England  inny  riijuniBhy 
j  ot  Ills  Kutijectn  not  tu  leavo  the  kiiigJoin,  ur  liaviitR  telt  It,  to 
I  return,  tmd  enfurco  hli  iiyuncliou  by  the  »vveie«i  i'viialliea 


214 


THE    IlISTOUY   OF 


i! 


W     I 


10  the  Knglish  crown.  The  enJuraiico  of  this  patent, 
in  so  far  as  related  to  the  appro|iriation  of  territory, 
wn»  limited  to  sn  years;  and  nil  persona  were  pro- 
hihitcd  frcun  establishing  themselves  witliin  two  hun- 
dred leaciics  of  any  spot  which  the  adventurers  might 
occupy  during  that  period. 

'I'he  extraordinary  powers  thus  committed  to  the 
leader  of  the  expedition  did  not  prevent  the  accession 
of  a  numerous  body  of  subordinate  adventurers.  f!il- 
bert  liad  gained  distinction  by  liis  services  both  in 
France  and  Ireland  ;  and  the  weight  of  his  charm  Ur 
cotu'iirriiig  with  the  spirit  nf  the  tunes,  .ind  powerfully 
aiiled  by  the  zeal  of  liaietgh,  whose  admirable  genius 
peculiarly  litied  him  to  obtain  an  ascendant  over  tho 
minds  of  men.  and  to  spread  the  coniaginn  of  his  own 
e'lthiisiasm.  soon  collecied  a  sudicieiit  body  of  associ- 
ates, and  effected  the  eijuipment  of  the  first  expedition 
of  British  emigrants  lo  America.  Uut  in  the  com- 
position of  this  body  there  were  eleinenls  very  ill  lilted 
to  establish  an  infant  society  on  a  solid  or  respeclahlc 
basis  ;  the  olficers  were  disunited,  the  crew  licentious 
and  unoovcrnable  ;  and  happily  for  the  credit  of  Kng- 
land,  it'was  not  the  will  of  Providence  that  the  adven- 
lurers  should  gain  a  footing  in  any  new  region.  Gil- 
bert approai  hing  the  comment  too  far  towards  the 
north,  was  dis.nayeu  by  the  inhospitable  aspect  of  the 
coast  of  ('ape  Breton  ;  his  largest  vessel  was  sliip- 
VNrecked;  fl580]  and  two  voyages,  in  the  last  of 
which  he  himself  perished,  finallv  terminated  in  the 
frustration  of  the  enterprise  and  dispersion  of  the 
adventurers.* 

But  the  ardor  of  Raleigh,  neither  daunted  by  diffi- 
culties nor  damped  by  miscarriage,  and  continuallv 
refreshed  by  the  siiggesiions  of  a  fertile  and  uncurbed 
imagination,  was  incapable  of  abandoning  a  project 
that  had  gained  his  favor  and  exercised  his  genius. 
Applying  to  the  queen,  in  whose  esteem  he  then  held 
a  distinguished  place,  he  easily  prevailed  with  her  lo 
gr.'int  him  a  patent,  in  all  respects  similar  to  that  which 
had  been  previously  intrusted  lotiilbert  [l.'>84.]  Not 
less  prompt  in  executing  than  intrepid  in  projecting  his 
schemes.  Ilaleiirb  quickly  dcsp.ilched  two  small  ves- 
sels commanded  by  .-Vmadas  and  Barlow,  to  visit  the 
diiitricis  he  intended  to  occupy,  and  to  examine  Ihe 
acconimodations  of  their  coasts,  the  productions  of  the 
soil,  and  the  circumslances  of  the  inhabitants.  These 
ollicers,  avoiding  the  error  of  Gilbert  in  holding  too  far 
north,  steered  their  course  by  the  Canaries,  and, 
approaching  the  North  -Xmerican  continent  by  the 
Gulf  of  Florida,  anchored  in  Uoanoak  bay,  which  now 
makes  a  part  of  Carolina.  Worthy  of  the  trust  reposed 
in  them,  they  behaved  with  great  courtesy  to  the  in- 
habitants, whom  they  found  living  in  all  the  ru<le  in- 
dependence and  lalwrlrss,  but  hardy,  simfilicity  of  sav- 
age life,  and  of  whose  hospitality,  as  well  as  of  the 
mildness  of  the  climate  and  fertility  of  the  soil,  they 
published  the  most  llattering  accounts  on  their  return 
lo  Kngland.  The  intelligence  dilfiised  general  satis- 
faction, and  was  so  agreeable  to  iilizabetli,  that,  in 
»'xercise  of  the  parentage  she  proposed  to  assume  over 
the  country,  and  as  a  memorial  that  this  acquisition 
originated  with  a  virgin  queen,  she  tlioiiglit  projier  to 
bestow  on  it  the  name  of  Virginia. 

This  eiicoiirauing  prospect  not  only  quickened  the 
diligence  of  Raleigh,  but,  by  its  indiience  on  Ihe  public 
mind,  enabled  him  the  more  rapidly  lo  complete  his 
preparations  for  a  permanent  set'lemeiit ;  and  he  was 
soon  enabled  to  equip  and  despatch  a  squadron  of 
tevcn  ship*  under  the  cnminand  of  .s-.r  Richard  (iren- 
ville,  one  of  the  most  trpiierou*  spirits  of  ilie  time,  and 
eminent  for  vahtr  in  the  age  of  the  brive.  But  this 
gallant  leader  unfortunately  was  more  infccled  wiib 
the  spirit  of  predaiorv  enurprise  Ihrn  so  prevalent 
miionii  the  I!ni;lisli,  tban  endued  with  the  qualities 
mhich  bis  peculiar  duty  required  ;  and  commencing  his 
rxpi-dilinn  by  cfuisiiig  among  the  West  India  islands 
and  caplurma  the  vessels  of  ,Spain,  he  fimiliari/.ed  !.;i- 
folloHC.-t  to  halms  and  views  very  remote  from  pacifir 
industry,  patience,  and  moderation  .At  length  he 
landed  a  hundred  and  eight  nient  [.Aug    I.'iS.'i]  at.  Raa- 


•  H;ikliivt.  111.  H.I.  Ilaklitvt  lias  jirevcrveil  (p.  Ill  a  very 
niaslirh  |i.'rl..MM.iiln'  from  llii>  \>tn  n(  Sir  lluni|>hrev  llilliirt. 
«ntillf<l  "A  lli^ronrsf  id  piovp  a  paifintc  tiy  the  uorUiv/ost. 
til  llin  Kail  lnilii>«,"\r.  Tlie  ilylc  nf  ilim  irnalise  pLicoM 
ttliiaullior  nil  a  levflwith  ItiR  most  distiitauUIiml  wnli'rs  pf 
Ml  ane.  Ill  the  HnuRo  of  Commons  he  w  as  hiililv  adinireil 
for  Inn  sliHini-nce, aiiit  not  less  rsipriiicil  fur  hii  palrioliain  and 
Intpiinlv.  The  inoitt  n<linirahln  fniurH  in  his  clinrHvler  was 
Ins  htronn  oiifl  I'cfviMit  plclv.  In  the  cxlrf  niitv  nf  (imucr  at 
•c«,  hi)  was  olmcrvcd  «ii|hw  illiinovi',1  in  Ihe  stern  of  his  ship  . 
with  a  nihil?  Ill  his  hsii.l,  ami  often  hcani  tn  mv,  "Courage,  i 
oiy  Inits  !  wt' arc  nsof'iir  heaven  nl  snii  nn  nl  land."  | 

t  Smith  11. 1.    llnliirHnn  has  rrruiicouily  slated  ib»  num- 
txr  lit  a  Imndted  and  einlily.  I 


I  iioak,  and  left  tlicni  there  to  attempt,  as  they  best 
'  could,  the  arduous  task  of  founding  and  maintaining  a 
!  social  establishment.  The  command  of  this  feeble 
{  body  was  euinmitted  to  Captain  Lane,  assisted  by 
I  some  persons  of  note  ;  of  whom  the  most  einment  were 
I  Amadiis,  who  had  conducted  the  former  voyage,  and 
Thomas  Ileriot,  the  celebrated  improver  of  algebraical 
I  calculation,  a  man  whose  sense  and  virtue  might  have 
I  saved  the  colony,  if  they  had  been  shared  by  his  asso- 
t  ciates,  and  whose  unremitted  eiuleavors  to  instruct  the 
I  savages,  and  diligent  inquiries  into  their  habits  and 
character,  by  adding  to  the  stock  of  human  knowledge, 
I  and  by  extending  the  example  of  virtue,  rendered  the 
I  expedition  not  wholly  unproductive  of  benelit  to  man- 
kind, and  honor  to  their  (;reator.  The  selection  of 
such  a  man  to  accompany  and  partake  the  enterprise 
rellects  additional  honor  on  his  friend  and  patron  Ra- 
leigh. Heriol  endeavored  to  avail  himself  of  the  admi- 
ration expressed  by  the  savages  for  the  guns,  the  clo^k, 
the  telescopes,  and  other  implemcnls  that  attested  the 
superiority  of  the  colonists,  in  order  to  lead  their  minds 
to  the  great  Source  of  all  sense  and  science.  But 
while  they  hearkened  to  his  instructions,  they  accom- 
modated their  import  to  their  own  depraved  notions  of 
Uivino  Nature  ;  they  acknowledged  that  the  God  of  the 
strangers  was  more  powerful  and  more  bcnelicciit  to 
his  people  than  the  deities  they  served,  and  discovered 
a  great  anxiety  to  touch  and  embrace  the  Bible,  ami 
apply  it  to  their  breasts  and  heads."  In  the  hands  of 
an  artful  or  superstitious  priest,  such  practices,  and  dis- 
positions would  probably  have  produced  a  plentiful 
crop  of  prentcnded  miracles  and  imaginary  cures,  and 
terminated  in  an  exchange  of  superstition,  instead  of  a 
renovation  of  nature.  But  Ileriot  was  incapable  of 
flattering  or  deceiving  the  savages  by  encouraging  their 
idolatry  and  merely  changing  its  direction  :  he  labored 
to  convince  them  that  salvation  was  lo  be  attained  by 
acquaintance  with  the  contents  of  the  Bible,  and  not  by 
an  Ignorant  veneration  of  the  exterior  of  the  book.  By 
these  labors,  which  were  too  soon  interru|)ted,  anil 
which  have  obtained  but  little  notice  from  the  historians 
of  the  visible  kingdoms  of  this  world,  he  succeeded  in 
making  such  impression  on  the  minds  of  the  Indians, 
that  Wingiua,  the  king,  when  attacked  by  a  severe  dis- 
order, rejected  the  assistance  of  his  own  priests,  and 
sent  to  beg  the  attendance  and  prayers  of  the  Knglisli ; 
and  his  example  was  followed  by  many  of  his  subjects. 
But  unfortunately  for  the  stability  of  the  settlement, 
the  majority  of  the  colonists  were  much  less  dislin- 
guished  by  piety  or  prudence  than  by  a  vehement  im- 
patience to  acquire  sudden  wealth  :  their  first  pursuit 
was  gold  ;  and  smitten  with  the  pursuasion  that  every 
part  of  .\inerica  was  pervaded  by  the  mines  that  en- 
riched the  Spanish  colonies,  their  chief  ell'orts  were 
directed  to  the  discovery  and  attainment  of  treasures 
that  happily  had  no  eiistencc.  The  natives  soon  dis- 
covering the  object  which  they  sought  with  such 
avidity,  amused  them  with  tales  of  a  neighboring  coun- 
try abounding  in  mines,  and  where  pearl  was  so  plenti- 
ful, tiiat  even  the  walls  of  the  houses  glittered  with  it. 
Eagerly  listening  to  these  agreeable  fictions,  the  adven- 
turers consumed  their  time  and  endured  amazing  hard- 
ships in  pursuit  of  a  phantom,  to  the  utter  neglect  of 
the  means  of  providing  for  their  future  subsistence. 
The  detection  of  the  imposture  produced  mutual  sus- 
picion and  disgust  between  them  and  the  savages,  and 
finally  led  to  open  enmily  and  acts  of  blood>hed.  The 
stock  of  provisions  hronghi  from  Kngland  was  ex- 
hausud  ;  ihe  additional  8U|  plies  they  had  been  taiiaht 
lo  expect  did  not  arrive  ;  and  the  liiislilily  of  the  In- 
dians left  them  no  other  dependeiu  ■  than  on  the  pre- 
carious resources  of  the  woods  and  riveis.  Tims 
str,iiieiied  for  provisions  and  siirroiindeil  by  enemies, 
the  colonisls  were  reduced  to  the  extremity  of  distress 
and  danger,  when  a  prospect  of  deliverance  was  niiex- 
pecledly  presented  to  them  by  the  arrival  of  Sir  l''raiicis 
Drake  with  a  (leet  which  he  was  conducting  home  from 
a  successful  expediiion  against  ttie  Spaniards  in  the 
West  Indies.  Drake  agreed  to  furnish  them  wiili  a 
reiuforcenient  to  ilieir  nninbers,  and  a  liberal  supply  of 
provisioua  ;  and  if  this  had  been  efl'eci"d.  it  seems  pro- 
bable that,  from  th"  ample  aid  soon  after  Iransmitled 
by  Rah'igh,  the  colonists  might  have  been  able  to 
maintain  their  fuutiiia  iii  .\merica  But  Drake's  iiileii- 
liona  were  fruslrated  by  a  violent  hloriii  winch  carried 
out  tu  sea  the  very  ship  which  lie  li.id  freighted  wiih 
these  iieees>ary  supplies.  .\iid  as  he  could  iint  alhird 
to  weaken  Ins  fleet  by  a  further  contribution  for  their 

'  Ileriot,  apod  .Smith,  B.  i.  p.  II  llrncd  lisa  nrd  escaped 
the  liiipulaluiii  of  deiMn.  Iliil  Irom  this  iliarire  lie  niia  de- 
finilc'J  hy  llislinp  Criibet,  who  declareil  (hat  "  J(u|)ol's  deep 
uiiiio  was  williout  dross,"    Htitli,  |i,  W. 


I  defence  or  subsistence,  the  adventurers,  now  romp)«'nlv 
exhausted  and  discouraged,  unanimously  determined  to 
abandon  the  country.  In  compliance  with  their  unitf  d 
request,  Drake  accordingly  received  ihem  on  board  hia 
vessels,  and  reconducted  ihein  to  England.  [l.'iSG.] 
Such  was  the  abortiive  issue  of  the  first  colony  plaiitcd 
by  the  English  in  .'\merica. 

Of  the  pol;:;'nl  conseipiences  that  resulted  from  ihii 
expedition,  the  catalogue,  though  not  very  copious,  it 
by  no  means  devoid  of  interest.  An  important  acces- 
sion was  made  to  the  scanty  stock  of  knowledge  re- 
specting North  .\merica ;  the  spirit  of  nulling  adven- 
ture received  a  signal  check  ;  and  the  ime  of  tobacco, 
already  introduced  liy  the  Spaniurds  and  rurtuguese 
into  other  parts  of  Europe,  was  now  inipuried  into 
England.  Tins  herb  the  Indians  esieeined  their  iirinti- 
p.il  medieine,  and  ascrilied  its  virliies  lo  the  inliubila- 
tioii  of  one  of  those  spiritual  beings  which  ihey  sup- 
posed to  rcaide  in  all  the  extruordiiiary  productions  ol 
nature.  Iy.inc  and  his  associates,  acipiiring  a  relish  for 
its  properties,  brought  a  quantity  of  tobacco  wiih  theiii 
to  England,  and  taught  the  uso  of  it  to  their  couiilry- 
inen.  Raleigh  eagerly  adopted,  and  wiih  the  help  ol 
some  young  men  of  fashion,  cncniiraged  the  practice, 
which  soon  established  and  spread  itself  with  a  vioor 
that  outran  the  help  of  cour'-  id  defied  the  hiiider- 

ancn  of  kings,  and,  creating  and  almost  universal 

appetite  in  human  nature,  i  ed  an  important  source 
of  revenue  to  England  anil  multiplied  the  ties  that 
united  Europe  with  .\iiierica.* 

But  the  disasters  that  attended  this  unsuccessful  un- 
dertaking did  not  termmale  with  the  return  of  l^ane  and 
his  followers  to  England.  A  few  days  after  their  de- 
parture from  Roanoak,  a  vessel,  despatched  by  Raleigli, 
reached  the  evacuated  settlement  with  a  plentiful  sup- 
ply of  whatever  they  could  reijiiiro  ;  and  only  a  fort- 
night after  this  bark  set  sail  to  return  from  its  frinlleea 
voyage,  u  still  stronger  reinforcement  of  men  and  pro- 
visions arrived  in  three  ships  eipiipped  by  Raleii>li,  and 
commanded  liy  Sir  Richard  (irenvilic.  Disappoinied 
of  ineetmg  the  vessel  that  had  preceded  linn,  ai.d  un- 
able 10  obtain  any  tiilmos  of  the  colony,  yet  uiiwilliiig 
to  abandon  the  possession  of  the  country,  lirenvillo 
landed  fifty  men  at  Roanoak.  and  leaving  iheiii  in  pos- 
session of  an  ample  supply  of  provisions,  reiurned  to 
England  tocoininumcate  the  state  of  alliiirs  and  obiaiii 
further  directions. 

This  succession  of  disasters  excited  much  gloomy 
speculation  and  superstitious  surmise  in  England,  but 
could  neither  vanquish  the  hopes  nor  exhaust  iho 
resources  of  Raleigh.  In  the  following  year  [1587]  he 
fitted  out  and  despatched  three  hhips  under  the  coin- 
maiid   of  ('aptaiii  While,  wiih  directions  to  join  tho 

i  small  body  that  (treiiville  had  established  at  Roanoak, 
and  thoncn  to  transfer  the  settlement  to  the  bay  of 
t-'liesapeak,  of  which  the  superior  advantages  had  been 
discovered  in  the  preceeding  year  by  Eaiic.  .\  chartei 
of  incorporation  was  granted  to  \\'hite  and  twelve  ol 
his  more  emineiit  assuciales,  as  Governor  and  Assist - 
tants  of  tho  city  of  Raleigh,  in  Virginia.  Instructed 
by  Ihe  calamines  that  bad  iH'fallen  the  former  expedi- 
tions, inure  ellicacions  means  were  adopted  in  ihu 
equipment  of  this  sqiiadruii  fur  preserving  and  coiiliiiu- 
ing  the  colony,  'i'lie  slock  of  provisions  was  more 
abundant ;  the  number  of  ineii  greater,  and  the  means 
of  recruiting  their  nuinbers  aliurded  bv  a  compeient 
inlermixtiire  of  women.  But  the  full  extent  of  the 
preceeding  culainltles  had  yet  to  be  le^ir  led  :  and  on 
l.indlllg  at  Ruailnak  in  quest  of  the  deliK-llliienl  lliat 
(irenville  had  placed  there.  While  and  his  eoinpanions 
eonhl  find  no  oilier  trace  of  lliein  than  tl  e  signilicanl 
meiiiorial  presented  by  a  riiiiuJ  lori  ;,iiil  a  parcel  u4 
scattered  bones.  The  apprebeiisiohs  exeiled  by  llil* 
melancholy  spedat  !e  were  conlirnud  by  the  inlelli- 
geiice  of  a  friendly  native,  who  infurined  them  that  tliei: 
coiintryinen  had  fallen  victims  to  the  enmity  of  tho 
Indians.  Instructed  rather  than  discouraged  by  this 
cnhiinity,  they  endeavored  to  etl'ecl  a  reconciliation 
with  the  savages  ;  and,  deterinilnug  lo  relimin  at  Roa- 
noak, they  proceeded  to  repair  the  houses  and  revive 
the  colony.  t)iio  of  tho  natives  was  baptised  into  the 
ehrisliaii  faith,  and,  retaining  an  unshaken  allachment 
to  the  English,  eontribnled  h's  elVorls  lo  pacify  and 
conciliate  his  conntryinen.  But  finding  iheinselves 
destitute  of  many  articles  which  they  judged  essential 
tu  their  comfort  and  preservation  in  a  country  covered 

*  III  the  year  IdSU,  llial  is,  lliirty-six  years  iifli-r  lis  lirsl 
llllroihiellnii  liilo  Kiiuliiiid,  anil  seven  years  aflrr  lis  lirst 
ciillivalioii  III  an  lliiiilish  eolniiy,  the  annual  iiM|H>rl  nl  inlmccn 
lino  KiiKlniid  ainnuiiie.l  lo  an  luuidied  and  iorly-IMn  thousand 
aiitl  eli{ht\-live  (moiios  weijilil.  Slilli,  p  246.  V*'t  Hits  quale 
tuv  appears  quite  liisiiniiiii-ant  when  coiiipaied  with  the  ^i« 
lent  coniunii>tiou  ul  tobacco  ui  Dnlam 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


216 


rs,  nowromptetolv 
nsly  deterininod  to 

0  with  linMr  uniKd 
iheni  oil  bonrd  hia 
Kngliini].  [l.")8fi.J 
irat  colony  plaiiic'd 

resulted  from  thii 
ot  very  roiuoiis,  it 
)  iinporianr.  acces- 
t  of  knowledge  rc- 
of  niiniiit;  adieu* 
ic  line  of  lolmtco, 
Is  and  i-orlii^ije»e 
ow  iiiiporied  into 
'eiiK'd  liicir  pniu  i- 
*  to  the  inlwluta- 
<A  which  ihey  sup- 
ry  productions  o( 
liiiniiir  a  reh.sh  for 
ohacco  with  them 
t  to  their  coiintry- 
tl  with  the  help  ol 
aged  the  practice, 
itself  with  a  vtaor 
deHed  the  hiiuler- 
J  almost  univer}<ut 
important  Hoiirco 
lied  the  tie^  that 

iinauccessful  iin- 
L'turnof  J^aneand 
lys  after  their  de- 
tched  hy  Kaleigh, 
h  a  plentiful  sup< 
:  uiid  only  a  fort- 
froiii  Its  fnmk'fca 
of  men  and  pro- 

1  hy  KaleiL'li,  and 
e.  L/isajipoiiiied 
dt.-d  hill),  iii;d  tin- 
ny, yet  uiiwilhnjj 
iuniry,  (Jrenville 
"ing  I'liern  in  poa- 
110118,  re'urntd  to 
ttlair:!  Olid  ohiaiii 


iviih  forestd  and  peopled  only  by  a  few  scattered  tribr^ 
of  ravages,  the  colonists  deputed  their  governor  to 
solicit  'or  them  the  requisite  supplies  ;  and  White  pro- 
ceeded for  this  purpobc  to  Kngland.  On  his  voyage 
thither,  ho  touched  at  a  port  in  Ireland,  where  lie  is 
said  to  have  left  some  specimens  of  the  potatoe  plant 
which  he  htd  brought  with  him  from  America.  Dot 
whether  this  momorublo  importation  was  due  to  him, 
or,  as  some  writers  liavc  maintained,  to  certain  of  lh(' 
earlier  associates  of  Ualcigh's  adventures,  it  must  be 
acknowledged  that  to  the  enterprise  of  Raleigh  and  the 
soil  of  America  Ureat  linlain  \a  indebted  for  her  ae- 
quaiiitanco  with  the  potatoe,  and  with  tobacco,  the  sta- 
ple article  of  diet,  and  the  most  cherished  as  well  as 
must  iniiucent  luxury  of  a  great  proportion  of  her 
people. 

White  arrived  at  a  juncture  tbe  most  unfavorable  for 
the  success  of  his  mission.  All  England  was  now  en- 
grossed with  the  more  immediate  concern  of  sclf-prc- 
■ervation  :  the  formidable  armada  of  Spain  was  prepa- 
ring to  invado  her,  and  the  whole  naval  and  military 
resources  of  the  empire  were  under  requisition  for  the 
purposes  of  national  defence.  The  hour  of  his  coun- 
try's danger  rjiild  not  fail  to  6nd  ample  employment 
fur  the  geiie.ous  spirit  of  Raleigh  :  yet  he  mingled  with 
his  disltm^iiished  elforts  to  repel  the  enemy  some  exer- 
tions for  the  preservation  of  the  colony  he  had  planted. 
For  (his  purpose,  he  had  with  his  usual  promptitude 
eejipped  a  smalt  squadron  which  he  committed  to  the 
rjiiduct  of  Sir  Richard  (Jrenville,  when  the  queen  in- 
terposed to  detain  the  ships  of  force,  and  to  prohibit 
Grenvilie  from  leaving  Kngland  at  such  a  crisis.  [1588.  J 
White,  however,  was  enabled  t"  •■eimbark  for  America 
with  two  vessels  ;  but  yielding  to  tiic  temptation  of 
trying  his  fortune  by  the  way,  in  a  cruise  against  the 
Spaniards,  he  was  beaten  by  a  superior  force,  and  to- 
tally disahled  from  pursuing  his  voyage.  The  colony 
at  Roanoak  was  therefore  left  to  depend  on  its  own 
feeble  resources,  which  probably  the  hope  of  fo- 
reign succour  contributed  to  render  the  less  available. 
What  Its  fate  was  may  bo  easily  guessed,  but  never 
was  known.  [I5SU.]  An  expedition  conducttnl  by 
W^hiie  in  the  following  year  found  the  territory  cvacu- 
oted  of  the  colonistH ,  and  no  further  tidings  of  their 
destiny  were  everohta  ned. 

'J'his  last  expedition  was  not  despatched  hy  Raleigh, 
but  by  his  successors  in  the  American  patent.  And 
our  history  is  now  to  lake  leave  of  that  illustrious  man, 
with  whose  schemes  and  enterprises  it  ceases  to  have 
uny  furtlier  connexion.  The  ardor  of  his  mind  was 
not  exhausted,  but  diverted  by  a  multiplicity  of  new 
■nd  not  less  arduous  undertakings.  Intent  on  peo- 
pling and  improving  a  large  district  in  Ireland  which  the 
queen  had  conferred  on  him  ;  involved  in  the  conduct 
of  a  scheme,  and  expcnt'O  of  an  armament  for  estab- 
bshing  Uon  Antonio  on  the  throne  of  Portugal  ;  and 
already  revolving  his  last  and  wildest  project  of  an  ex- 
pedition fur  the  discovery  of  mines  in  (>uiana  ;  it  be- 
came inipostiible  fur  him  to  continue  the  attention  and 
prolong  the  ell'orls  he  had  devoted  to  his  Virginia 
ciiloiiy.  Desirous,  at  the  same  time,  that  a  pruject 
which  he  had  carried  so  far  should  not  be  eiitirelv 
ubandoiicd,  and  hoping  that  the  spirit  of  commerce 
would  preserve  an  intctcourse  with  Virginia  that  might 
terminate  m  a  colonial  establishment,  he  conrA'nted  to 
BKKtgii  his  patent  tu  Sir  Thnmas  Smith,  and  a  company 
of  mercliants  in  London,  who  undiTlook  to  establish 
and  maintain  a  tratllc  between  Kngland  and  ^'irgiiiia. 
The  patent  wdich  he  thus  transferred  had  already  cost 
him  tlie  enormous  sum  of  40,000/.,  without  atlording 
him  the  slightest  reluiii  of  pecuniary  proiit  :  yet  the 
only  personal  consideration  for  wliieli  b<^  .stipulated  with 
the  assiynees  was  »  small  share  of  wliatever  gold  or 
silver  ore  thev  might  eventually  discovi-r.  It  is  iinpos- 
fiilile  to  cunsider  the  fate  of  this  Ins  earliest  and  mo^t 
dluslnors  project— the  unrivalled  genius  to  whicli  it 
owed  its  conception — the  steady  vigor  with  which  it 
was  pursued — the  insurmountable  patience  with  which 
It  was  revived  from  disaster  and  disappointment — and 
the  surprising  tram  of  incidents  by  which  the  design 
was  so  often  hatlled,  and  success  only  brought  no  near, 
lliat  It  miglit  seem  as  if  by  some  fatabty  to  elude  his 
grasp,  without  acknowledging  that  the  course  of  this 
world  it  overruled  by  a  higher  Power  than  the  wisdom 
of  man.  and  that  human  exertion  has,  m  itself,  lu)  clFi- 
cacy  to  accomplish  its  designs.  The  same  Almighty 
Deing  that  eiiatiles  created  agency  to  advance  a  certain 
liMigih,  enjoins  that  it  prevails  no  fartluT  ;  aud  it  glori- 
fied alike  hy  the  magiiitudu  of  human  elforts,  and  the 
fi\iltire  uf  human  designs. 

It  appeared  very  sth.Mi  that  lUleigh  bid  traniferred 
ttif  |M*.unt  to  lisniis  verv  diUeront  fruia  \u»  own     The 


last  mcnliohed  expedition,  which  was  productive  of 
nothing  hut  tidings  of  the  destruction  of  those  ad- 
venturers whom  White  had  conducied,  was  the  most 
coiisiderabte  ctlurt  that  the  London  company  performed. 
Satisfied  with  a  paltry  tradic  carried  on  by  a  few  small 
ve-isels,  they  made  no  attempt  to  take  po^session  of 
the  country  :  and  at  the  period  of  Klizabeth's  death, 
not  a  single  Knglishman  was  settled  in  Anierira.  'I'hc 
exertions  of  Raleigh,  however,  had  united  t;  -  views 
and  hopes  of  his  countrymen,  by  a  strong  association, 
with  settlements  in  Virginia,  and  given  a  bias  tu  the 
national  mind  which  only  the  eiicouragement  of  more 
favorahle  circumstances  was  wanting  lo  develop.  IJut 
the  war  with  Spam,  that  endured  till  the  close  of 
Klizabeth's  reign,  allured  men  of  enterprise  and  activ  *y 
into  tlie  career  of  predatory  adventure,  and  obstructed 
the  formation  of  peaceable  and  commercial  settlements. 

[16011. J  The  accession  of  James  to  the  Kngliah 
crown,  was  by  a  singular  coincidence,  an  event  no  less 
favorable  to  liie  colonization  of  America,  than  fatal  to  (he 
illustrious  projector  of  this  design.  Peace  was  imme- 
diately concluded  with  Spam  ;  and  Kngland,  m  the  en- 
joyment of  uninterrupted  tranquillity,  was  enabled  to 
direct  to  more  bloodies.*  pursuit.-*  the  energies  matured 
in  a  war  which  had  strongly  excited  ihc  spirit  of  the 
nation  without  impairing  its  strength.  Krom  tbe  ina- 
bility of  government  in  thit  age  to  collect  and  blend  all 
the  resources  an*'  'vield  with  its  own  hand  all  the  dis- 
posable force  of  t  !i  empire,  \^'a^  was  chiefly  productive 
of  a  series  of  partial  etfurts  and  privateering  expe- 
ditions, which  widely  dili'used  the  allurements  of  am- 
bition, and  multiplied  the  opportunities  of  advancement. 
This  had  been  remarkably  exemplilied  in  the  war  with 
Spain  ;  and  many  anient  spirits  to  which  it  had  supplied 
opportunities  of  animacing  exertion  and  tlattering  as- 
cendency became  impatient  of  the  restiaint  and  inac- 
tivity to  which  the  peace  consigned  them,  and  began  to 
look  abroad  for  a  new  sphere  oi  enterprise  and  exertion. 

The  prevalence  of  this  disposition  naturally  led  to  a 
revival  of  the  projects  for  colonizing  North  America, 
and  was  the  more  readily  guided  into  that  direction  by 
the  success  of  a  voyage  that  had  been  undrriaken  in 
the  last  year  of  Klizabeth's  reign.  IJartholoinew  Uos- 
nold,  who  planned  and  performed  this  voyage  in  a  small 
vessel  containing  only  thirty  men,  was  led  by  bis  expe- 
rience in  navigation  to  suspect  that  tbe  right  track  had 
not  yet  been  discovered,  and  that  in  steering  by  the 
(Canary  Islands  and  the  (julf  of  Florida,  a  circuit  of 
at  least  a  tliousaiid  leagutis  was  unueccssarilv  made. 
In  prosecution  of  this  conjecture,  he  abandoned  the 
southern  track,  and,  steering  moro  to  the  westward. 
was  the  tirst  who  reached  America  by  this  directer 
course.  He  found  himself  further  north  than  any  of 
Raleigh's  colonists  had  gone,  ond  landing  in  the  region 
which  now  forms  llie  province  of  Massachus.=etls*  bay, 
he  carried  on  an  atlvanlageous  trade  with  the  natives, 
and  freighted  his  ves.sel  with  abundance  of  rich  peltry. 
He  visited  two  adjacent  island.-*,  one  of  which  he  named 
Martha's  Vineyard,  the  other  Klizabeth's  Island.  The 
aspect  of  the  country  appeared  so  inviting,  and  the 
climate  so  salubrious,  that  twelve  of  the  crew  at  first 
determined  to  remain  there :  but  retlecting  on  the 
melancholy  fate  of  ihu  colonists  at  Roanoak.  theii  reso- 
lution failed  ;  and  the  whole  party  reluctantly  quitting 
j  this  agreeable  quarter,  returned  to  Kngland  after  an  ab- 
j  scenceof  less  ihan  four  months. 

The  report  of  this  voyage  proiluced  a  strong  impres- 
'  sion  on  the   public  mind,  and    led  lo  important  conse- 
'  queiices.     (iosnold  had  di«,-overrd  a  route  that  yroatly 
^  'Jiortcned  the  voyage  to  Nortli  Amenta,  and  found  a 
hi'altliy  climate,  a  fertile  sod,  and  a  const  iiboundiniT 
i  with  (  xcellenl  harbours.     He  had  seen  many  fruits  es- 
■  ti'cmcd  111   Kurope   growing    plentifully  in  the  woods; 
I  and  having  sown  some  Kuropean   grain,  had  toiind  it 
I  grow  .vith  rapidity  and  vigor.     Knciniraged  by  his  suc- 
'  ces't,  and  perhaps  not  insensible  to  the  hope  of  liiiding 
'  gold  and   silver  or  BOinn  new  and  lucrative  siihject  of 
commerce    in   the    nnexplorcd    interior   of   so    fine  a 
''ounlry,  he  endeavoretl  to  proi-ure  associates  in  an  un- 
I  dertaking  lo  transport  a  colony  lo  America.     Similar 
plans  began  '.o  be  formed  in  various  parts  of  the  king- 
dom ;  but  the   spirit  of  adventure  Was  controlled  by  a 
a.duiary  caution  awakened  by  the  ncollectiou  of  past 
,  disappointments. 

These  projects  were  |K>werfiilly  aided  by  the  judici- 
ous  counsel    and   zealous  encouragement  of  Richard 


*  111'  apocar^  In  havolxMn  thn  stcon.l  ^txhitltinan  who 
limlo'l  111  Now  Knuland.  Tho  first  wtis  Sir  Krancis  Drake, 
wlm  ri'inaiiiptl  tlicru  a  ffw  d.ivs  anil  tru'loil  with  th*?  native* 
III  lift  rt'tiini  Iroiii  ilu)  Wost  Inlies  fi  l-W.  U  la  i-vim  s:inl 
ilidi  DniK*-  piTaiLvlud  ont>  nf  Hki  lifhaii  fltieli  uf  tliiit  rettum 
lo  lifMian!  Ills  liTrilnrrirs  Mudjwt  lo  queen  titUobgtU.  Old- 
inixon's  Unt.  Kinp.  in  Aiue;  |.  H. 


Ilakluyt,  prebendary  of  Westminster,  a  man  of  eminent 
attainments  in  naval  and  commercial  knowledge,  thj 
patron  and  counsellor  of  many  of  the  Knglish  cxpcdi 
tions  of  discovery,  the  correspondent  of  tho  leaders 
who  conducted  them,  and  the  historian  of  the  exploits 
they  gave  rise  to.  [IG03.]  Ijy  his  persuasion  two  ves- 
sels were  fitted  out  by  the  merchants  of  Bristol,  aitc 
despatched  to  examine  the  discoveries  of  (iosnold,  and 
verify  his  statement.  They  returned  with  an  amjdo 
confirmation  of  his  veracity.  [1605.  J  A  similar  expe- 
dition was  equipped  and  despatched  by  I>ord  Arundel 
uf  Wardour,  which  not  only  produced  additional  Icsti- 
in<my  to  the  same  etUct,  but  reported  so  ntdiiy  addi- 
tional particulars  in  favor  of  the  country,  that  all  doubts 
were  removed  ;  and  an  association  sutficienlly  nume- 
rous, wealthy,  and  powerful,  lo  attempt  a  settlement 
being  soon  formed,  a  petition  was  presented  to  tho 
king  for  his  sanction  of  the  plan  and  the  interposition 
of  his  authority  towards  its  execution. 

The  attention  of  .lames  had  been  already  directed 
to  the  advantages  that  might  be  derived  from  colonies, 
at  the  time  when  he  altemped  to  civilize  the  more  bar- 
barous clans  of  his  ancient  subjects  by  planting  de- 
tachments of  industrious  traders  in  the  Highlands  ot 
Scotland.  Well  pleased  to  resume  a  favorite  specula- 
tion, and  willing  to  encourage  a  scheme  that  opened  a 
safe  and  peaceful  career  to  the  active  genius  of  his  new 
subjects,  he  listened  readily  to  the  application,  and, 
highly  commending  the  plan,  acceded  to  the  wishes 
of  its  projectors.  Letters  patent  were  issued  [IBDO,] 
to  Sir  Thomas  Ciutes,  Sir  Cieorge  Somcrs,  Richaut 
Hakluyt,  and  their  associates,  granting  to  them  thosu 
territories  in  America  lying  on  the  sea-coast  betwec" 
the  thirty-fourth  and  furty-filth  degrees  of  north  latitui'  , 
together  with  all  islands  situated  within  a  hundred  mi^.s 
of  their  shores.  The  design  of  the  patentees  is  de- 
clared to  ho  **  to  make  habitation,  plantation,  and  tu 
deduce  a  colony  of  sundry  of  our  people  into  that  part 
of  America  commonly  called  Virginia  ;"  and,  as  tho 
main  recommendation  of  tho  design,  it  set  forth,  that 
'•  so  noble  a  work  may,  by  tho  providence  of  Almighty 
God,  hereafter  tend  to  the  glory  of  his  Divine  Majesty, 
in  propagating  of  christian  rchgion  to  such  people  as 
yet  live  m  darkness  and  miserable  ignorance  of  tho 
iruc  knowledge  and  worship  of  Uod,  and  may  m  timo 
bring  the  infidels  and  savages  living  in  those  parts  to 
hvimaii  civility,  and  to  a  settled  and  quiet  governmenl.'* 
The  patentees  were  re<[uired  to  divide  themselves  into 
two  distinct  companies,  the  one  consisting  of  London 
adventurers,  termed  the  first  or  southern  colony  tho 
ttccond  or  northern  colony  composed  of  merchants  be- 
longing to  Plymouth  and  Itristol.  The  territory  a|>- 
prupriated  to  the  first  or  soulhern  colony  was  generally 
called  Virginia,  and  retained  thai  appellation  after  iho 
second  tr  northern  colony  otitamed,  1 1  ItiM,  the  name 
of  New  Kngland.  The  adventurers  were  aulhonztd 
to  trant,)ort  to  their  respective  lerritorits  as  many 
Knglisl  subjects  as  should  bo  willing  to  accompany 
them,  ind  to  make  shipments  of  arms  and  proviKions 
for  tliCir  use,  with  exemption  from  custom.-  for  tho 
spare  of  seven  years.  The  colonists  and  their  children 
were  to  enjoy  the  same  hherties  and  privileges  -n  tho 
American  settlements  as  if  they  bad  remained  or  Aero 
born  in  Kngland.*  The  administration  of  each  of  tlio 
'  colonies  was  committed  to  two  boards  of  council ;  tlm 
I  supreme  government  being  vested  in  a  board  resident 
in  Kngland,  to  be  nominated  by  the  king,  and  directed 
.  )>y  such  ordinances  as  lie  miglit  enact  lor  their  n!>e  ;  and 
I  the  subordinate  jurisdiction  devolving  on  a  colonial 
{  cuuncit  f'tpially  indebted  lu  the  appointinunt  and  sub- 
Ijocted  to  the  instructions  of  iho  king-  Liberty  lo 
t  search  for  and  ojieii  mines  (winch,  under  all  ihe  feudal 
governiiients,  were  supposed  to  have  been  originally 
reserved  by  the  sovereign),  was  conferred  on  the  colon 
ists,  Willi  an  ajipropriation  of  part  uf  the  pruduce  to 
ihe  crown  ;  iiinl  the  moro  valuable  pnviU-geif  unre- 
strained liberty  of  trade  with  other  nalmns  was  also 
extended  to  ihein.  Tho  president  and  council  within 
the  colonies  were  aiitburised  tu  levy  duties  on  foreign 
eoinnuKlities,  which,  fur  twenly-unc  years,  were  to  tio 
applied  to  tbe  use  of  tho  adventurers,  and  afterwards 
to  lie  paid  inio  the  royal  exchequer. 

•  Tills  iiruvi&ion  (whi'lhei  «uttge<ti-ii  liy  the  cnulinu  dI  tint 
prinro  or  the  iip)>r(-lionslon  »rUic  cniuiu-slit)  occurs  m  alinutt 
all  the  culuntnl  tharturs.  It  is.  ho\\»'Vi'r,<)iii)iU'(l  lit  llic  iiiik^t 
accurate  ol  tliuni  all, tho  rhaitL>rMt  lVlln^>lv)ullil.  wliuli  uus 
attwnlively  ruvuetl  ami  ailnmtu.i  by  thm  cminenl  li^wycr  lo 
hunt  KtH>iii'r  tiuiiilloril.  Wlieti  King  William  \Mts  hIhiul  lu 
ri'Ucw  Ihu  charter  ot  Mniisurhii^ettK,  after  the  Ki'volulnui,  Im 
w»s  ailvisud  hy  l\\v  atdtrst  lawjiT-s  in  Ktii^laiul  thui  mk  h  f| 
provision  was  nuKaluiyi  the  |i  w  nL'(v^s(lll>  iiiU-irini;  tliul 
the  culjiuals  were  Kriifli^hnici,.  ainl  tjoili  rnliiliM  i-f  llifi 
r-ghlt  nixl  Ijurtliineil  with  tho  ilu-  .cs  atlactiud  tu  thiit  Cl-AtU> 
ter.    Ch&Uiiets'i  Annals,  p  lA. 


210 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


Tho  terms  of  this  charter  strongly  illustrates  both 
the  character  of  the  monarch  who  grnnipd,  and  tho 
designs  of  the  persons  who  |)rocurcd  it.  Neither  of 
these  parties  seem  to  have  intended  ur  foreseen  the 
foundation  of  a  great  and  opulent  society.  The  urbi- 
trary  spirit  of  the  royal  grantor  is  discernahle  in  the 
subjection  of  tho  emigrant  body  to  a  corporation  in 
which  they  were  not  represented,  and  over  whoue  dc- 
liberations  they  had  no  control.  There  is  likewise  a 
manifest  inconsistency  between  the  reservation  to  the 
coloniiits  of  all  the  ptivdeges  of  Englishmen,  and  the 
assumption  of  tegistalivo  power  by  the  king,  the  con- 
irol  of  whose  leglttlativc  functions  constitutes  tho  must 
valuable  political  privilege  that  Knglishmen  enjoy,  liui 
we  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  charter  was  un- 
accepluble  to  the  palrntet^s;  on  the  contrary,  its  mo.-^l 
objeciioiiable  provisions  ure  not  more  cungcnial  to  the 
character  of  the  king  than  conlormable  to  the  views 
which  the  leading  members  of  that  body  plainly  appear 
to  have  adopted.  Their  object  (notwithstanding  the 
moro  liberal  designs  professed  in  the  charter)  was 
laiher  to  explore  the  continent  and  appropriate  its 
treasures  by  tho  agency  of  a  body  of  adventurers  over 
whom  they  retained  a  complete  control,  than  to  es- 
tablish a  permanent  and  extensive  settlement.  The 
instructions  to  the  colonial  governors  which  accom- 
panied the  second  shipment  sent  out  by  the  London 
company  demonstrated  (very  disagreeably  to  the  wiser 
emigrants,  and  very  injuriously  to  the  rest),  that  the 
chief  objects  of  their  concern  were  not  patient  indus* 
try  and  colonization,  but  territorial  discovery  and  im- 
mediate gain.  In  furtherance  of  these  views  they 
took  care,  by  mixingno  women  with  the  first  emigrants, 
to  retain  the  colony  in  de[)endcnco  upon  England  for 
its  supplies  of  men,  and  to  give  free  scope  to  the  cu- 
pidity  and  the  roving  spirit  of  minds  undivided  by  the 
hopes  and  unhxed  by  the  comforts  and  attatchmcnls  of 
domestic  life. 

Lightly  as  we  must  esteem  the  wisdom  and  lihcralilv 
of  Jameses  institutions,  it  will  enhance  our  estimate  of 
the  difficulty  of  his  task,  and  abate  our  censure  of  his 
performance,  if  we  compare  him  as  a  maker  of  consti- 
tutions with  the  most  eminent  philosopher  that  England 
has  produced,  aided  too  by  the  knowledge  and  experi- 
ence of  an  additional  century  The  materials  for  this 
judgment  will  be  supplied  when  the  progress  of  our 
history  shall  have  reached  the  setttemenl  of  Carolina  . 
but  I  will  venture  to  anticipate  it  by  affirming,  that, 
unfortunately  for  the  credit  of  philosophy,  the  produc- 
tion of  James  will  rather  gain  than  lose  by  comparison 
with  the  performaiice  of  Locke. 

The  king  appears  to  have  been  more  honestly  occu- 
pied with  genuine  colonizing  ideas  than  the  patentees. 
\Vhile  their  leaders  were  employed  in  making  prepiira- 
tions  to  securo  the  benefits  of  the  grant,  James  was 
assiduously  engaged  in  the  task,  which  his  vanity  ren- 
dered a  rich  enjoyment,  and  the  well  guarded  liberties 
of  England  a  rare  one,  of  digesting  a  code  of  laws  for 
the  colonies  that  were  about  to  be  planted.  This  code 
being  at  length  prepared,  was  issued  under  the  sign 
manual  and  privy  seal  of  England.  [1606.]  Itenjoined 
the  preaching  oi  the  gospel  and  the  observance  of  di- 
vine worship,  in  conformity  with  the  doctrines  and  rites 
of  the  church  of  England.  The  legislative  and  execu- 
tive powers  within  the  colonies  were  vested  in  the  colo- 
nial councils ;  but  with  this  important  provision,  that 
laws  originating  there  should  in  substance  be  consonant 
to  the  English  laws,  that  they  should  continue  in  force 
only  till  modified  or  repealed  by  the  king  or  the  siipteine 
council  m  England,  and  that  their  penal  inflictions 
should  not  extend  to  death  or  demembration.  Persons 
attempting  to  wiilidraw  the  people  from  their  allegimice 
to  the  English  cmwn  were  to  be  imprisoned ;  or,  in 
cases  highly  agirravutnd,  to  be  remitted  fur  trial  to 
England,  ruiuults,  mutiny,  and  rebellion,  murder  and 
incest,  were  to  be  jMinishcd  witti  death  ;  and  for  these 
the  criminal  was  to  be  tried  by  s  jury.  Inferior  crimes 
were  to  be  punished  in  s  summary  way  at  the  discre- 
tion of  tho  president  and  r<ounci|.  J.4nds  were  to  be 
(lulden  by  the  same  tenures  that  were  established  in 
England  ;  biU  lor  live  years  after  the  settlement  of  earh 
colony,  a  community  of  labor  and  gains  wm  to  have 
place  among  the  colonists.  Kindness  to  tlie  heathen, 
and  the  communication  of  rsligious  itisiructLon  to  ttirin, 
were  eiijoinf-d  And  finally,  a  puwur  was  reserved  lo 
ttke  king  and  his  siireessors  to  cnijct  fu/ttier  laws,  pro- 
vided they  sbo'jtd  be  consistent  with  l)w  jurisprudunce 
of  Englatul. 

The»e  reguUt'oiis  iii  the  main  arc  cr<tdituble  to  the 
unvcreign  who  enacted  tliuin.  .\o  attempt  w-js  made 
uor  riuht  pretended  to  legislate  for  tho  Indian  Utiws  ; 
•lid  il  tiie  ancient  territories  which  they  rather  claimed 


than  occupied,  were  appropriated  and  disi>osed  of  with- 
out any  regard  to  th'Mr  pretensions,  at  lensl,  no  juris- 
dictiun  was  aiisumed  over  tlicir  actions,  and,  in  point 
of  personal  liberty,  they  'veru  regarded  as  an  independ- 
ent people.  This  was  an  advance  in  equity  beyond 
the  practice  of  the  Spaniardi),  and  the  ideas  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  whose  patents  asserted  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  English  crown  and  of  tho  colonial  laws  over  tho 
old  as  well  as  the  new  inhabitants  of  her  proiected 
colonies.  In  the  criminal  legislation  of  this  code,  we 
may  observe  a  distinction  which  trial  by  jury  has  ena- 
bled to  j>revail  over  that  ingenious  and  prrhups  neces- 
sary principle  of  ancient  colonial  jmlicy,  which  intrusted 
the  proconsular  governors  with  the  power  of  inflicting 
death,  but  restrained  them  from  awarding  less  formida- 
ble penalties,  as  more  likely  to  give  scope  to  the  ope- 
ration of  interest  or  caprice.  If  the  charter  evinced  a 
totol  disregard  of  political  liberty,  ihc  cotle,  by  intro- 
ducing trial  by  jury,  interwove  with  the  very  origin  of 
society  a  habit  and  practice  well  adapted  to  keep  ulive 
the  spirit  and  principles  of  freedom. 

The  London  company,  to  which  the  plantation  of  the 
southern  colony  was  conunitted  applied  themselves  im- 
mediately to  the  formation  of  a  settlement,  lint  though 
many  persons  of  distinction  were  included  among  tho 
proprietors,  ihcir  funds  at  first  were  scanty,  and  their 
first  efforts  proportiunably  feeble.  Three  small  vessels, 
of  which  the  largest  did  not  exceed  a  hundred  Ions 
burthen,  under  tho  command  of  Captain  Newport, 
formed  the  first  squadron  that  was  to  execute  what  had 
been  so  long  and  so  vainly  attempted,  and  sailed  [Dec.  J 
with  a  hundred  and  five  men  destined  to  remain  in 
America.  Several  of  these  were  of  distinguished  fa- 
milies, particularly  George  Percy,  a  brother  of  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland  ;  and  several  wero  officers  of  repu- 
tation, of  whom  we  may  notice  Bartholomew  Gosnold 
the  navigator,  and  Captain  John  Smith,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  persons  of  un  age  that  was  prolific  of  me- 
morable men. 

Thus  at  length,  after  a  research  fraught  with  per- 
plexity and  disappointment,  but  I  hope  not  devoid  of 
interest,  into  the  sources  of  the  grea:  transatlantic 
commonwealth,  we  have  reached  tho  first  inconsidera- 
1/ie  spring,  whose  progress,  feebly  opposed  to  innume- 
rable obstructions,  and  nearly  diverted  in  its  very  out- 
be>,  yet  always  continuous,  expands  under  the  eye  of 
patient  inquiry  into  tho  majestic  stream  of  American 
population.  After  the  lapse  of  a  hundred  and  ten 
years  from  the  discovery  of  the  continent  by  Cabot, 
and  twent)  two  years  after  its  first  occupation  by  Ra- 
leigh, were  the  number  of  the  English  colonists  hinited 
to  a  hundred  and  five;  and  this  handful  of  men  pro- 
ceeded to  execute  the  arduous  task  of  peopling  a  re- 
mote and  uncultivated  land,  covered  with  wood.s  and 
marshes,  and  inhabited  only  by  tribes  of  savages  and 
beasts  of  prey.  Under  the  sanction  of  n  charter  which 
bereaved  Englishmen  of  their  most  valuable  rights, 
and  banished  from  the  American  constitution  the  first 
principles  of  liberty,  were  the  foundations  laid  of  the 
colonial  greatness  of  Pmgland,  and  of  the  freedom  and 
prosperity  of  America.  From  this  period,  or  at  least 
very  shortly  after,  a  regular  and  connected  history 
arises  out  of  the  progress  of  Virginia  and  New  Eng- 
land, the  two  eldest  born  colonies,  by  whose  example 
all  the  others  were  engendered,  and  under  whose  shel- 
ter they  were  successively  planted  and  reared.* 

Newport  and  his  sipiadron,  pursuing  for  some  un- 
known reason  the  ancient  circuitous  track  to  America, 
did  not  accomplish  their  voyage  in  a  sliorter  period  than 
four  months  ;  but  its  termination  was  rendered  pecu 
liarly  fortunate  by  the  effect  of  a  storm  which  over- 
ruled their  destination  to  Koanoak,  and  carried  them 
iriio  the  bay  of  Chesapeak.  [April,  1607.]  As  they 
advanced  into  the  bay  that  seemed  to  invite  their  ap- 
proach, they  beheld  all  the  advantages  of  this  spacious 
haven,  replt'iiished  by  the  waters  of  so  many  nrcit 
rivers  that  fertilize  the  soil  of  that  extensive-  district  of 
America,  and  afford. iig  commodious  inlets  into  the  in- 
terior parts,  facilitate  their  foreign  commerce  and  mu- 
tual communication.  Newport  first  landed  on  a  pro- 
monlary  forming  the  suuthrrn  boundary  of  the  bay, 
which,  in  honor  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  he  named 
(>Hpe  Henry.  Thence  coasting  the  southern  shore,  ho 
entered  a  river  which  the  natives  called  Powhatan, 
and  (  .,  '.jred  its  banks  for  tho  space  of  forty  miles  from 


»  ,  "Illy,  or  ut  k'ttsl  liontTally,  llitir  arcoin[)lisliin(>nt, 
wfiurli  protlnccs  ttic  lii»ti>m'til  priMlirliutis  of  pot-irv-  Ttui 
HUbsi'<iii«iit  [(rcmresis  of  Anierifa  luis  cnahleJ  one  of  Iilt  srho- 
i.iri.  Ut  tjiffci  iHir  :illt!iition  to  tliitt  (tiii«u  nf  her  hiMury  iii  \\\v 
luliuwini!  Jiin'H'. — 

**  lu^riiiuni,  piotas,  nrtes  ar  iH'ihrn  \trtus, 
Hue  prutujite  vciiirnl,  rt  rcfiiia  ilUiMtiia  t-ondent; 
JJt  duiitinft  Itis  Virtus  cnt,  et  Furtuna  luiiuslra.*' 


its  mouth.  Strongly  impressed  with  tho  superior  ad- 
vantages of  the  coast  and  region  to  which  they  had 
been  thus  happily  conducted,  the  adventurers  unani' 
n)ou:»ly  determined  to  make  this  flic  pluco  of  their 
abode.  They  gave  to  their  infant  settlement,  as  well 
as  to  the  ncigtibnring  river,  tho  name  of  their  king ; 
and  Jamestown  retains  the  distinction  of  being  the 
oldest  existing  habitation  of  the  English  in  America. 

But  the  dissensions  that  broke  out  among  the  colo- 
nists soon  threatened  to  deprive  thcin  of  uU  the  advan- 
tages of  their  wfll-selected  station.  Their  animosities 
were  powerfully  inflamed  by  an  arrangement  whicli,  ii 
it  did  not  originate  with  the  king,  at  least  evinces  a 
strong  affinity  to  that  ostentatious  mystery  and  dnftlcss 
artifice  which  he  aflected  as  the  perfection  of  politieiU 
dexterity.  The  names  of  the  colonial  council  wrre  not 
commuiiiraled  to  the  sdvenlnrers  when  they  departed 
from  England  ;  but  the  commission  which  contained 
them  was  inclosed  in  a  scaled  packet,  which  was  di- 
routed  to  be  opened  within  twenty-four  hours  after  their 
arrival  on  tho  coast  of  Virginia,  when  tho  counsellors 
were  to  be  installed  in  their  ofFice.  and  lo  elect  their 
own  president.  The  dissensions  incident  to  u  long 
voyage  and  a  body  of  adventurers  rather  conjoined  ihun 
united,  had  free  scope  among  men  unaware  of  the  rela- 
tions they  were  to  occupy  towards  each  other,  and  of 
the  subordination  which  their  relative  stations  nnght 
imply  ;  and  when  the  names  of  the  council  were  pro- 
claimed, they  were  far  from  giving  general  satibfactiun. 
Captain  Smith,  whose  superior  talents  and  courage  had 
excited  the  envy  and  jealousy  of  his  colleagues,  was 
excluded  from  the  scat  in  council  which  the  commis- 
sion conferred  on  him,  and  even  accused  of  traitorous 
designs  so  unproved  and  improbable,  that  none  less 
believed  the  charge  than  tho  parties  who  preferred  it. 
The  privation  of  his  counsel  and  services  m  the  diffi- 
culties of  their  outset  was  a  serious  loss  to  the  colo- 
nists, and  might  have  been  attended  with  rum  to  the 
settlement,  if  his  merit  and  generosity  had  not  been 
superior  to  their  mean  injustice.  The  jealous  suspi- 
cions of  tho  person  who  had  been  elected  president 
restrained  the  use  of  arms,  and  discouraged  the  con- 
utruction  of  fortifications;  and  a  misundcrstaiidin;; 
having  arisen  witli  the  Ind.ans,  the  colonists,  unpre- 
pared for  hostilities,  suffered  severely  from  one  of  the 
sudden  attacks  characteristic  of  the  warfare  of  these 
savages. 

Newport  had  been  ordered  lo  return  with  the  ships 
to  England  ;  and  as  the  time  of  his  departure  ap- 
proached, tlio  accusers  of  Smith,  afl'ectmg  a  humanity 
they  did  not  feel,  proposed  that  he  should  return  with 
Newport,  instead  of  being  prosecuted  in  Virginia.  But, 
happily  for  the  colony,  he  scorned  so  to  compnunise 
his  integrity  ;  and  demanding  u  trial,  was  honorably  ac- 
quitted, and  took  his  seat  in  the  council. 

The  fleet  had  been  better  vutualled  than  the  stores 
of  the  colony  ;  and  while  it  remained  with  them,  the 
colonists  were  permitted  to  share  the  abundance  en- 
joyed by  the  sailors.  But  when  Newport  set  sad  foi 
England,  [June,]  they  found  themselves  limited  to 
scanty  supplies  of  unwholesome  provisions  ;  and  tho 
sultry  heat  of  the  climate,  and  moisture  of  a  country 
overgrown  with  wood,  concurring  with  the  defects  of 
their  diet,  brought  on  disi'ases  that  raged  with  fatal 
violence.  Before  the  month  of  September  one  hall 
of  their  number  had  perished,  and  among  them  was 
Bartholomew  (losnold,  who  hud  planned  the  expedi- 
tion, and  eminently  contributed  lo  its  accomplit^hmen:. 
This  scene  of  distress  was  heightened  by  internal  dl^- 
Rensions.  The  President  was  accused  of  embuz/lmg 
the  stoies,  and  finally  detected  m  an  atteni{)t  lo  seize  a 
pinnace  and  escape  from  the  colony  and  its  culamities. 
At  length,  in  the  extremity  of  their  distress,  wliun  rum 
secmeit  alike  to  impend  from  lannne,  and  tlit!  fury  of 
ihe  savages,  the  colony  was  delivered  from  danger  tiy 
a  supply  which  the  piety  of  Smith  is  not  ashamed  to 
ascribe  lo  the  influence  of  (lod  in  suspending  the  pas- 
sions and  controlling  the  sentiments  of  men.  I'ho 
savages,  artuaied  by  a  sudden  change  of  feeling,  pre- 
sented them  with  a  supply  of  provisions  so  atninJant  as 
at  once  to  dissipate  their  apprehensions  of  faminu  and 
hostility. 

Resuming  their  spirit,  the  colonists  now  proved  them- 
selves not  entirely  uninstructed  by  their  misfortunes. 
In  seasons  of  exigency  merit  is  illustrated,  and  tho 
envy  that  pursues  it  absorbed  by  interest  and  alarm. 
Their  sense  of  common  and  inevitable  danger  sug- 
(^eitied  and  enftirced  submission  to  the  m<in  wll0^e  ta- 
lents were  mo»t  likelv  to  extricate  them  Iruin  ilie  ditli- 
euhies  with  which  they  were  surrounded.  Every  eye 
vvas  now  turned  on  Smith,  und  all  williii<^ly  devolved 
I  on  him  tho  authority  which  they  had  foriiicrly  evmced 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


217 


•o  much  jeulousy  of  his  acquiring.  This  eminent  ^)CT• 
Bon,  whose  name  will  be  t'oi  ever  associated  with  the 
foundation  of  civilized  society  in  Ainerca  watt  de- 
scended of  a  respectalilc  family  in  J^mcohislnrc,  and 
born  to  a  competent  fortune  At  a  very  curly  age  hi.^ 
ardent  mind  hud  been  s'rongiy  HUiitlen  with  tlio  spirit 
of  adventure  that  prevailed  bo  powerfully  in  Kiiglaiid 
during  tlio  reign  of  Elizabeth  ;  and,  yielding  tu  hm  in- 
clinations, ho  had  passed  through  a  vast  variety  o'  mi- 
litary service,  with  little  gain,  but  great  reputation  and 
with  the  acquisition  of  an  experience  the  more  valua- 
ble that  it  was  obtained  without  exhausting  his  ardor 
or  tainting  his  morals,  The  vigor  of  hit,  constitution 
had  preserved  his  health  unimpaired  .imidst  the  general 
Bickitess  ,  bis  undaunted  temper  retained  his  sj)trits 
unbroken,  and  his  judgment  unclouded,  amidst  the  ge- 
n»ial  misery  and  dejection  ;  and  tlie  ardor  uf  his  dis- 
position, which  once  subjected  him  to  the  reproach  of 
overweening  ambition,  was  now  felt  to  ditfusu  an  ani- 
mating glow  of  hope  and  courage  among  all  around 
him.  A  strong  sense  of  religion  predominated  in  the 
mind  of  this  superior  m<iii,  combuicd  and  duly  subor- 
dinated all  his  faculties,  refreshed  his  contidcnce,  ex- 
tended and  yet  regulated  his  views,  and  gave  dignity 
to  his  character,  and  consistency  to  his  conduct  As- 
Duming  the  direction  of  tho  all'airs  of  the  colonists,  he 
instantly  adopted  the  only  plan  that  could  save  them 
from  destruction.  Under  his  directions  Jamestown 
was  fortilied  by  such  defences  as  wero  siillicient  to 
repel  the  attacks  of  the  savages ;  and,  by  dint  of  great 
labor,  which  he  was  always  the  foremost  to  share,  the 
colonifits  were  provided  with  dwclhngs  that  alfnrded 
ahelter  from  the  weather,  and  contributed  to  restore  and 
preserve  their  health.  Finding  the  supplies  of  the  sa- 
vages discontinued,  he  put  himself  at  the  heud  of  a 
detachment  of  his  people,  and  penetrated  into  the 
country  ;  and  by  courtesy  and  liberality  to  the  tribes 
whom  he  found  well  disposed,  and  vigorously  re- 
pelling the  hostilities  of  such  as  were  otherwise 
mmded,  he  obtained  for  the  colony  the  most  abundant 
supplies. 

In  the  midst  of  his  successes  he  was  surprised  on  an 
expedition  by  a  hostile  body  of  savages,  who,  having 
succeeded  in  making  him  prisoner,  after  a  gallant  and 
nearly  successful  defence,  prepared  to  inllict  on  him 
the  usur.l  fate  of  their  captives.  Ijis  eminent  faculties 
did  not  desert  him  on  this  trying  occasion.  He  desired 
to  speuk  with  the  sachem  or  chief,  and,  presenting  him 
with  a  manner's  compass,  exp:itiated  un  the  wonderful 
discoveries  to  which  it  had  led.  described  the  shape  of 
the  earth,  the  vastness  of  its  lands  and  oceans,  the 
Ck^urse  of  the  sun,  the  varieties  of  nations,  and  the  sin- 
gularity of  their  relative  position^,  which  made  some 
of  them  antipodes  to  the  others.  ^  With  equal  prudence 
and  magnanimity  he  retrained  fitim  all  sulicitations  for 
bis  life,  which  would  only  have  weakened  the  irnpres- 
aion  which  he  hoped  lo  produce.  The  savages  listened 
with  amazement  and  admiration  They  had  handled 
the  compass,  and  viewing  with  surprise  the  play  of  the 
needle,  which  they  plainly  saw,  but  found  it  impossible 
to  touch,  from  the  intervention  of  the  glass,  this  mar- 
vellous object  prepared  their  minds  for  the  reception 
of  those  vast  impressions  by  whieh  their  captive  endea- 
vored to  gain  ascendancy  over  them.  I'or  an  hour 
alli-r  he  had  finished  his  harangue  they  seem  to  havf 
reiuained  uiHleculed  ;  till  their  hiilutuul  aentiments  re- 
viving, they  resumed  their  suspeiidcd  purpose,  and, 
having  hound  Inin  to  a  tree,  prepared  to  despatch  him 
Willi  their  arro.vs.  IJut  a  strurijer  impression  had  been 
maile  on  th(  ir  chief;  and  his  soul,  enlarged  for  a  sea- 
Boii  by  the  admission  of  knowledge,  or  subdued  by  the 
influence  of  wonder,  revolted  from  the  doininion  of  ha- 
bitual ferocity.  This  chief  was  iiiinuil  Operlianra- 
iioui;!i,  and  destined  at  a  future  period  lo  invest  Ins  har- 
biiroiis  name  with  horror  and  celebriiv.  Ilotdnig  up 
the  compass  in  his  hand,  he  i,'ave  the  signal  of  reprieve, 
and  Smith,  though  still  guarded  at  a  pnsoiirr,  was  eon- 
dueled  to  a  dwelling  where  he  was  kindly  treated  and 
plentifully  enlertimed,*     Bui  the  strongest  impressions 


*  Smith,  n.  ill.  p.V.  Slith,  p.  5I.--Thiiadmir;ililfttriu(n|ili 
of  kmiwleilt^cand  tfcnUis  uver  li^irh^nty  an>l  fiTucity  has  been 
obscured  by  the  tiiarrtiracy  uf  Dr.  Unbprtni>n,  who  has  as- 
cnt>cil  Siiiith'tt  ilclivoraiu-e  on  llus  orcasion  to  his  ariitirf*  tn 
BiiHHiii)(  the  savaKt-'s  with  wnnderful  arrounts  of  thi^  virtups 
of  tho  cotniiaits.  Marshall,  the  hioxraplier  of  Washinntnn, 
haH  traiisfLTred  tlii.i  nud-.Hlateineiit  into  (he  pint's  of  hts 
history  also.  Had  Smith  reanrled  to  artifirp,  he  winild  nrilT 
bavo  avBiicd  hhnsclf  of  a  rt-soiirce  which  t^olumhus  hiul  pn-- 
vnmsly  employed,  whiMi  hi)  rmnd  his  advuiitairo  iii  iinposmn 
on  a  Navai^e  trilMt  the  prodiciiitii  for  tho  prolurtmn  of  an 
eclipse.  Hut  Smith's  attempt  wa^  at  oncu  moio  onu'imil  eiihI 
nioro  honoralile.  The  ilwwc  uf  r.ilumhuH  tiad  been  siuvo-s- 
fully  pMitifted  hy  a  Ilofriim  gum.Tiil,  and  is  rclatfd  hy  Livy. 
Smith,  uniisHi.sted  iiy  pri'.ndi'iil,  and  Biiided  only  hy  that  "  In* 
•piratlon  of  tho  Aliiilnhiy  winch  givetb  understtuidiny,"  ap- 


pass  away,  while  the  inlluencc  of  habit  remains.  After 
vainly  endeavoring  to  prevail  on  their  ca|)tive  to  betray 
the  Knglish  colony  into  their  hands,  they  referred  his 
fate  to  I'owhutan,  the  king  or  principal  sachem  of  the 
country,  to  whose  presence  they  conducted  him  in  tri- 
umphal procession.  The  king  received  him  with  much 
ceremony,  ordered  a  plentiful  repast  lo  he  set  before 
him,  and  then  adjudged  liiii;  to  sullir  death  hy  having 
his  head  laid  on  a  stone  ond  eeat  to  pieces  with  clubs. 
At  the  place  appointed  for  this  huibarous  execution,  he 
was  again  rescued  from  imjiending  fate  by  the  interpo- 
sition of  I'ocationtas,  the  favorite  daughter  of  the  king, 
who,  finUing  her  first  entreaties  disregarded,  threw  her 
arms  around  the  prisoner,  and  declared  her  determina- 
tion to  scvc  him  or  die  with  him.  Her  generous  af- 
fection prevailed  over  the  cruelty  of  her  tribe,  and  the 
king  not  only  gave  Nmith  his  life,  but  soon  after  sent 
htm  back  to  Jamestown,  where  the  benelicencc  of 
i'ocahontas  continued  to  follow  him  with  supplies  uf 
provisions  that  delivered  tho  colony  from  famine. 

After  an  absence  of  seven  weeks  Smith  returned  to 
Jamestown,  barely  in  time  to  prevent  tho  desertion  of 
thu  colony.  His  associates,  reduced  lo  the  number  of 
thirty-eight,  impatient  of  farUier  stay  in  a  cour'ry  -Ahere 
Ihey  had  met  with  so  many  iliscouragements,  and  where 
they  seemed  fated  to  re  enact  the  disaslers  of  Koaiioak, 
were  preparing  to  abandon  the  settlem.-iit ;  and  it  was 
not  without  the  utmost  diiliculty,  and  alternately  cm- 
ploying  persuasion,  remonstrance,  and  even  violent 
interference,  that  Smith  prevailed  with  them  to  relm- 
quit'h  their  design.  The  provisions  that  i'ocahontas 
had  sent  to  him  relieved  their  present  wants ;  his  ac- 
count of  the  plenty  he  had  witnessed  among  the  savages 
revived  their  hopes  ;  and  he  endeavored,  by  a  ddtgent 
improvement  of  the  favorable  impressions  he  had  made 
upon  the  savages,  and  by  a  jtidiciouti  regulation  of  the 
intercourse  between  them  and  the  colonislB,  to  etl'ect  a 
'.inion  of  interests  and  mutual  jiarticipations  of  advan- 
tages between  tho  two  races  of  people.  His  generous 
etlorts  were  successful  ;  ho  preserved  plenty  among 
the  Knglish,  and  extended  his  lutluence  and  repute 
among  tho  Indians,  who  began  to  respect  and  consult 
their  former  captive  as  a  superior  being.  If  Smith  had 
sought  only  to  magnify  his  own  repute  and  estabhsb  his 
dominion,  he  might  easily  have  passed  with  the  savages 
for  a  demi-god  ;  for  they  were  not  more  averse  to  yield 
the  allegiance  which  he  claimed  for  their  Creator,  than 
forward  to  render  it  to  himself,  and  to  embrace  every 
pretension  he  might  advance  in  his  own  behalf,  lint 
no  alluring  prospect  of  dorr.;r.:c"  over  men  could  tempt 
him  to  lorgct  that  he  was  the  servant  of  (.iod,  or  aspire 
to  he  regarded  in  any  other  light  by  hi.'*  fellow  creatures. 
He  employed  his  best  endeavors  to  divert  the  savages 
from  their  ululalrous  superstition,  and  made  them  all 
aware  that  the  man  whose  superiority  they  acknow- 
ledged (lc.«piscd  their  false  deities,  adored  the  true  Ciod, 
and  obtained  from  Him,  by  prayer,  the  wisdom  tliey 
so  highly  commended.  The  etl'ect  of  bis  pious  endea- 
vors was  obstructed  by  imperfect  acquaintance  with 
their  langua'je,  and  very  ill  ceconded  by  the  conduct  of 
his  asaociates,  which  contributed  to  perauade  the  In- 
dians that  his  religion  was  something  peculiar  to  him- 
self. 'I'he  induence,  too,  of  liumun  superiority,  how- 
ever calculated  to  impress,  is  by  no  means  formed  lu 
convert  the  mind.  It  is  so  apt  lo  give  a  wrong  direc- 
tion to  the  impressions  which  it  jiroduces.  and  is  so 
reinotn  from  the  channel  in  wliich  Chrislianily  from  the 
beginning  has  been  appointed  to  llcw,  that  ihu  lirMuiu) 
most  successful  elforts  to  convert  mankind  were  made 
by  men  who  possessed  litlb'  of  it,  and  who  renounced 
tlie  little  they  possessed.  Smith,  partly  from  the  ditli- 
cultiesofhis  situation,  partly  from  tlie  defectiveness  of 
his  instruction,  and,  doubtless,  in  no  small  degree,  troin 
the  stubborn  blindness  and  wilful  ignorance  of  the 
persons  be  atteinped  to  instruct,  succeeded  no  f.irtluT 
than  Hcnot  had  lorinerly  done.  The  savages  <  xteniled 
their  respect  for  tlie  man  to  a  Ueiiig  whom  they  termed 
'•  the  (iod  of  (.'api.iin  Smith,"  and  some  of  them  ac- 
knowhdged  that  this  Hcmg  excelled  their  own  deities 
in  the  same  proportion  that  artillery  cxcellid  uoas  and 
arrow.s,  and  sent  to  Jamestown  to  entreat  that  Smith 
would  pray  for  rain  when  their  idols  seemed  to  refuse 
a  supply. 

[ItiOH  ]  While  the  aifairs  of  the  colony  were  thus 
pruipermg  under  the  direction  of  ('aptain  Smith,  a  re- 
irilorce:nenl  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  men,  with  an 
abundant  stock  of  provisions,  and   a  supply  of  seeds 

pt'ftrs  iKd  to  hnvf  iiltrred  a  ^ilnlfIe  woni  to  the  savages  Ijmt 
Wiis  iii'i  sttutly  ttui',  The  triiiiiiph  wim  vi-ry  uri-at ;  fi>r  ;l 
wiis  ohl;iirii*d  Mvt?r  tiTority  Hii-iilciUcd  hy  odiniHU'ti  mid  cnii- 
rirmed  by  hultit.itod  T(-\<'iit;f  rxciU'd  by  tla-  di>ath  of  huiiiu  of 
ttiti  savuygs  w  bom  he  hud  killed  .n  deiciidtiig  tumaelf 


and  inalrumenis  of  hushandryt  arrived  in  two  vessels 
from  Kngland.  Universal  joy  was  excited  among  the 
colonists  by  this  accession  to  their  comforts  and  their 
force.  But.  unhappily,  the  jealousies  which  danger  had 
restrained  rather  than  extinguished,  reappeared  in  this 
ray  of  prosperity ;  thu  iuHucncc  of  Captain  Smith 
with  tho  Indians  excited  the  envy  of  the  very  persons 
whose  lives  it  bad  preserved,  and  b.s  authority  now  be* 
gan  visibly  to  decline.  Nor  was  it  long  before  the 
cessation  of  bis  Influence,  together  with  tho  defects  in 
the  composilion  of  the  new  body  of  emigrants,  gave  riuo 
to  the  most  serious  mischiefs  m  the  colony.  I'bc  res- 
traints of  discipline  were  relaxed,  and  a  free  tratlic  per- 
mitted with  the  nativcj,  who  soon  began  to  complum 
of  fraudulent  and  uneipialdealinj^,  and  lo  resume  their 
ancient  animosity.  In  an  infant  settlement,  where 
habits  of  life  arc  unfixed,  and  habitual  submission  to 
authority  has  yet  lo  be  funned,  the  well-being,  and  in- 
deed the  existence  of  society  are  much  more  dtqiend- 
enl  on  the  manners  and  moral  character  of  individuals, 
than  on  the  intluence  of  laws.  Uut  in  recruiting  the 
population  of  this  colony,  too  little  consideration  was 
shown  for  th'  •''  habits  and  pursuits  which  must  every 
where  form  the  ha^  '  of  national  prosperity.  This  arose, 
as  well  from  th'  pe  ^ul'^r  views  of  the  proprietors,  as 
from  the  circuiiistances  ol  '^c  Knglisb  peojilc,  whoso 
working  classes  where  by  no  n.-.'^ns  overcrowded,  and 
among  whom,  consequently,  tho  perboiis  whoso  indus- 
try and  moderation  best  htted  them  to  form  a  new  set- 
tlement  were  least  disposed  to  abandon  their  native 
country.  Of  the  recruits  who  had  lately  arrived  in  tho 
colony,  a  large  proportion  were  gentlemen,  a  ft-v  wero 
laborers^  and  some  were  jewellers  and  rejiucrs  of  ^old, 
I'lifortunalely,  some  of  this  latter  description  of  artists 
soon  found  an  opportunity  uf  exercising  their  peculiar 
departments  of  industry,  and  of  demonstrating  (but  too 
late)  their  utter  unskilfulucss  even  in  the  worthless  qua- 
lifications they  professed. 

A  small  stream  of  water  which  issued  from  a  bank 
of  sand  near  Jamestown  was  found  to  deposit  in  its 
channel  a  glittering  sediment  which  resembled  golden 
ore,  and  was  fondly  mistaken  lor  that  precious  material 
by  the  colonists.  Only  this  discovery  was  wanting  tu 
re-excite  the  passions  which  America  had  so  fatally 
kindled  in  the  bosoms  of  her  first  invaders.  The  de- 
positation of  the  ore  was  supposed  to  indicate  the  neigli- 
iiorhood  of  a  mine;  every  hand  was  eager  to  explore  ; 
and  considerable  quantities  of  the  dust  were  amassed, 
and  subjected  to  the  scrutiny  of  ignorance  prepossessed 
by  the  strongest  and  most  deceptive  of  human  passions, 
and  misled  by  the  blundering  guidance  of  snperlici.il 
pretenders  to  superior  skdi.  Captain  Smith  exerted 
himself  to  disabuse  bis  countrymen,  and  vainly  strove 
to  stem  the  torrent  that  threatened  to  devastate  all 
their  prospects,  and  direct  to  the  pursuit  uf  a  phantom, 
the  industry  on  which  their  subsistence  must  speedily 
depend.  The  worthless  dust  havmgundergone  the  un- 
skilful assay  of  the  refiners  who  had  recently  buen  united 
to  the  colony,  was  pronounced  lo  be  ore  of  a  very  rich 
(piality,  and  from  that  moment  the  thirst  of  gold  was 
inflamed  into  a  rage  that  reproduced  those  extravagant 
excesses,  but,  happily,  without  conducting  to  the  same 
profliiiate  enormities  for  which  the  followers  of  (.'orles 
and  Pizarro  had  been  dLstinguished,  A!!  productive 
industry  was  suspended,  and  the  operations  of  mining 
occu[)ied  all  the  conversation,  eiigro.^sed  every  thought, 
and  absorbed  evrry  etfort  of  the  colonists.  The  two 
*.T.~:iv.L.  iiiat  had  brought  their  late  supplies  returning  to 
Knglaml,  tho  one  laden  with  this  valueless  dross,  and 
the  othei  wiili  .djr  wood,  carried  the  first  remittanco 
that  an  Knghi^h  colony  ever  made  from  America.  They 
carried  hack  with  them  also  some  persons  who  had 
been  invested  and  sent  out  to  the  colony  with  tho  ab- 
surd appointments  of  admirals,  recorders,  chronologers, 
and  justices  of  the  peace — a  supply  as  useless  to  Ame- 
rica as  the  remittance  of  dust  wa?«  to  Kurope. 

Koreseeing  '.he  disastrous  issue  to  which  the  delu 
sion  of  the  colonists  inevitably  tended,  (,'a|)tam  Smith, 
in  the  hojio  of  preventing  some  of  its  most  fatal  conse- 
ipiences,  adopted  the  resolution  of  extending  his  re- 
srarches  far  beyond  the  range  they  had  hitherto  at 
tamed,  and  of  exploring  the  whole  of  the  great  bay  of 
(vhesapeak,  for  the  pirpose  of  ascertaining  the  cualitics 
and  resources  of  its  territories,  and  promoliug  a  bene- 
ficial intercourse  with  thu  remoter  tribes  of  its  inhabi- 
tant.". This  arduous  der-ign  he  executed  with  bis  usual 
resolution  and  success  ;  and  While  his  fellow  colonists 
were  actively  engaged  in  dissipating  the  hopes  of  Kng- 
land,  and  rivalling  the  sordid  excesst-s  that  had  charac- 
lerized  tlie  adventurer.-)  uf  Spam,  hr  singly  siisUiineti 
the  honor  of  his  country,  and.  warmed  with  a  nobler 
emulatiuii,  achiuvcd  an  enterprise  that  equaU  the  moat 


I 


818 


THE   HISTORY  OF 


f  ulebratcd  exploit*  of  the  Spanish  discoverers.  When 
we  compare  the  Blemlerness  of  the  auxihary  means 
which  he  (lossesscd,  with  the  magnitude  ol  the  ends 
wluch  he  accompUshcd,  the  hardMhips  he  endured,  and 
the  dilficultics  he  overcame,  we  recognize  in  tliis 
•chitivcmont  a  monument  of  human  power  no  U'hs  emi- 
nent than  honorable,  and  willingly  transmit  a  model  so 
well  c.tculatcd  to  warm  the  genius,  to  animate  the 
fortitude,  and  sustain  the  patience  of  mankind.  With 
his  friend,  Ur.  Russell,  and  a  small  company  of  fol- 
lowers, whoso  courage  and  perseverance  ho  was  fre- 
quently obliged  to  resuscitate,  and  over  whom  he  pos- 
sessed no  other  authority  than  the  ascendant  of  a  vigor- 
ous character  and  buperior  mind,  he  performed,  in  an 
open  boat,  two  voyages  of  discovery  that  occupied 
more  than  four  months,  and  embraced  a  navigation  of 
atwvo  thiee  ihouMnd  miles.  With  umnensc  labor  and 
danger  he  visited  every  inlet  and  bay  on  both  sides  of 
the  (Jhesapeak,  from  Ca|K)  Charles  to  the  river  Susque- 
bannaii ;  he  sailed  up  many  of  ihe  great  rivers  to  their 
fulls,  and  diligently  examined  the  successive  territories 
into  which  he  penetrated,  and  the  various  tribes  that 
possessed  tbcin.  He  brought  back  with  hiiu  an  ac- 
count 80  ample,  and  a  plan  so  accurate,  of  that  great 
portion  of  the  American  continent  now  comprehended 
in  the  provinces  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  that  all  the 
subsequent  researches  which  it  has  undergone  have 
only  expanded  his  original  view  ;  and  hia  map  has  been 
made  tlie  groundwork  of  all  posterior  delmeations,  with 
little  other  diversity  than  what  the  varieties  of  appro- 
priation and  the  progress  of  settlements  have  riecessa- 
riiy  effected.  But  to  come  n"»t  to  see  were  not  his 
only  objects  ;  to  overcome  vva&  also  the  purpose  of  his 
enterprise,  and  the  attainment  of  his  exertions.  In  his 
intercourse  with  the  various  tribes  which  he  visited,  he 
displayed  the  genius  of  a  commander  in  a  happy  exer- 
cise of  all  those  talents  that  overcome  the  antipathies 
of  a  rude  people,  and  enforce  the  respect,  and  even 
good  will,  of  mankind,  liy  the  wi!«dom  and  liberality 
with  which  he  negotiated  and  traded  with  the  friendly, 
snd  by  the  courage  and  vigor  with  which  he  repelled 
and  overcame  the  hostile,  he  never  failed  to  inspire  the 
savages  with  the  most  exalted  opinion  of  himself  and 
his  nation,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  an  mtercourse 
that  promised  the  most  bcneticial  results  to  the  Virgi- 
nian colony.  This  was  indeed  the  heroic  age  of  North 
America  :  and  such  were  the  men,  and  such  the  labors, 
by  which  the  first  foundations  of  her  greatness  and 
pro8{>erity  were  ap|)ointcd  to  be  laid. 

While  this  expedition  was  in  progress,  the  golden 
dreams  of  tbe  colonists  were  at  length  dispelled  ;  and 
they  had  awaked  to  all  the  miseries  of  sickness, 
scarcity,  disappointment,  and  discontent,  when  Smith 
once  moie  returned  to  them,  to  revive  their  spirits  with 
his  successes,  and  relieve  iheir  wants  b)  the  resources 
he  had  created.  Immrdiaiely  after  his  return  he  was 
[lOlh  Sept]  chosen  president  by  the  council ;  and. 
accepting  the  otfif'e,  he  employed  hia  influence  ^o  suc- 
cessfully with  the  savages,  that  present  scarcity  was 
banished,  and  exerted  his  authority  so  vigorously  and 
iudiciously  in  the  colony,  that  a  spirit  of  industry  and 
good  order  began  generally  to  prevail,  and  gave  pro- 
mise of  lasting  plenty  and  steady  prosperity.  If  we 
compare  the  actions  of  Smith,  during  the  period  of  his 
presidency,  with  the  enterprise  that  immediatrly  prc- 
ceeded  his  elocliou,  it  may  appear,  at  first  sight,  that 
the  sphere  of  his  exertions  was  both  narrowed  and 
degraded  by  this  event,  and  we  might  almost  be 
tempted  to  regret  the  returning  rejsonabiciicns  of  the 
(.olonists,  which,  by  confining  this  active  spirit  to  the 
petty  details  of  their  government,  withdrew  it  from  a 
range  more  congenial  lo  its  excursive  vigor,  and  more 
advantageous  to  mankind.  Yet,  reflection  might  per- 
suade us  that  a  truly  great  mind,  especially  when 
united  with  an  ardent  temper,  will  never  be  contracted 
by  the  seeming  restriction  of  its  sphere  ;  it  -aiII  always 
be  nokilv.  a.s  well  as  nsefully  employed,  and  not  the  less 
nobly  when  it  dignifies  what  is  ordinary,  and  improves 
the  models  that  invite  the  •  idest  imitation,  and  are 
most  level  with  the  opportunities  of  mankind.  Ac- 
cordingly, when  we  examine  the  history  of  that  year 
over  wliich  the  otHcial  supremacy  of  ('aptain  Smith 
was  extended,  and  consider  the  results  of  Ihe  multifa- 
rious deidits  which  it  embraces,  we  discern  a  dignity  as 
real,  thonuh  less  glaring  than  that  which  invests  his 
celebrated  voyage  of  discovery,  and  are  sensible  of  con- 
eequences  <^ven  more  iiiiere«iting  lo  human  :iature  than 
any  v%hich  that  expedition  produced.  In  a  stnall 
society,  where  the  cncinns'iunres  of  all  tli.-  members 
were  nearly  equal,  where  power  derived  no  aid  from 
pomp  and  ciicumstancc,  and  where  he  owed  his  office 
to  tU«  appointment  uf  his  associates,  ai:d  held  it  by  the 


tenure  of  their  good  will,*  he  preserved  order  and  rii- 1 
forced  mondily  among  a  crew  of  diswolutr  and  discon-  i 
tented  men  ;  and  so  successfully  opposed  his  authurily 
to  the  temptations  to  indolence  arising  from  their  pre- 
vious habits  and  dispo.sitiuns,  and  fortiticd  by  the  com- 
munity of  gains  that  then  prevaihd,  as  to  introduce  and 
maintain  a  respectable  degree  of  laborious,  and  even 
contented  industry.  What  one  governor  afterwards 
effected  in  this  respect  by  the  weight  of  an  imposing 
rank,  and  others  by  the  strong  engine  '  martial  law, 
Smith,  without  these  advantages,  and  wiih  greater  suc- 
cess, accom|iltshed  by  the  continual  application  of  his 
own  vigor  and  aclivny.  Some  plots  were  formed 
against  him  ;  but  tli<  he  detected  and  defeated  with- 
out either  straining  uj  compromising  bis  authority. 
The  caprice  and  suspicion  of  ihe  Indians  assailed  him 
with  numberless  trials  of  his  temper  anil  capacity 
Kven  Powhatan,  notwithstanding  the  friendly  ties  that 
united  hiin  to  his  ancient  guesit,  was  induced,  by  the 
treacherous  artifices  of  certain  Dutchmen,  who  de- 
serted to  him  from  Jamestown,  first  to  form  a  seciet 
conspiracy,  and  then  to  excite  and  prepare  open  hos- 
tility against  the  colonists.  [1G09.]  Some  of  the  fraud- 
ful  designs  of  the  royal  savage  were  revealed  by  the 
unabated  kindness  of  Pocahontas,  others  were  detected 
t)y  Captain  Smith,  and  from  them  all  he  contrived  to 
extricate  the  colony  with  honor  and  success,  and  yet 
with  little,  and  only  defensive,  bloodshed  ;  displaying 
to  the  Indians  u  vigor  and  dexterity  they  could  neither 
overcome  nor  overreach — a  courage  that  commanded 
their  respect,  and  a  generosity  that  carried  his  victory 
into  their  minds,  and  reconciled  submission  with  their 
pride.  In  thus  demonsirating  (to  use  his  own  words) 
"  what  small  cause  there  is  that  men  should  starve  or 
be  murdered  by  the  savages,  that  have  discretion  to 
manage  them  with  courage  and  industrv  "  he  be- 
queathed a  valuable  lesson  to  his   succt rs  in  the 

American  colonies,  and  to  all  succeeding  settlers  in 
the  vicinity  of  savage  tribes  ;  and  in  exemplifying  the 
power  of  a  superior  people  to  anticipate  the  cruel  and 
vulgar  issue  of  battle,  and  to  prevail  over  an  inferior 
race  without  either  extirpating  or  enslaving  them,  he 
obtained  a  victory  which  Ca>siir,  with  all  his  boasted 
superiority  to  the  rost  of  mankind  was  too  ungenerous 
to  appreciate,  or  wm  incompetent  to  achieve. 

liut  Smith  wad  not  {>crmittcd  to  complete  the  work 
he  had  so  honorably  begun.  His  administration  was 
unacceptable  to  the  company  in  Knglaiid,  for  the  same 
reasons  that  rendered  it  beneficial  to  the  s-ettlers  in 
America.  The  patentees,  very  little  concerned  about 
the  establishment  of  a  happ)  and  respectable  society, 
had  eagerly  counted  on  the  accumulation  of  sudden 
wealth  by  the  discovery  of  a  shorter  passage  to  the 
South  Sea,  or  the  acquisition  of  territory  replete  with 
mines  of  the  precious  metals.  In  these  hopes  they 
had  been  hitherto  disapjwirtcd  :  and  the  state  of  affairs 
in  the  colony  was  far  from  beiokening  even  the  retri- 
bution of  their  heavy  expenditu.'o.  The  prospect  of 
a  settled  and  improving  siatu  of  society  at  Jamestown, 
so  far  from  meeting  their  wishea,  threatened  to  promote 
the  growth  of  habits  and  interests  perfectly  incom- 
patible with  them.  Still  hoping,  therefore,  to  realize 
their  avaricious  dreams,  they  conceived  it  necessary 
for  this  purpo.se  to  remove  all  authority  into  their  own 
hands,  and  to  abolish  all  jurisdiction  originating  in 
America.  In  order  to  enforce  their  pretensions,  as 
well  as  to  increase  their  funds,  they  now  courted  the 
acquisition  of  additional  members  ;  and  having  streng- 
thened their  interests  l)y  the  accession  of  some  per- 
sons of  the  highest  rank  and  inthieucc  in  the  nation, 
tiiey  applied  for  and  obtained  a  new  charter. 

[2'M  May.]  If  the  new  charter  thus  arbitrarily  in- 
troduced showed  an  utter  disregard  of  the  rights  of  the 
colonists  who  had  emigrated  on  the  faith  of  the  original 
one  Its  provisions  equally  demonstrated  the  intention 
of  restr  cling  their  privileges  and  increasing  their  dc- 
pendenci  on  the  Knglish  patentees.  Tiie  new  charter 
was  grant  "'  to  twenty-one  peers,  ninety-eight  knights, 
and  a  great  multitude  of  doctors,  esquires,  gentlemen, 
merchants,  and  citizens,  and  sundry  of  the  coqiorations 

*  It  was  Ihe  leUimonyof  tns  soldiers  and  fellow  adven* 
turer.-i,  says  Stith, '*  that  he  was  cvt-r  fruitlul  in  expedicittii 
to  provide  forllic  people  iitidor  his  rDiiiinniid.wJHpm  tic  wnuld 
rieviT  suiter  in  want  nn>  thiiii^hc  eitlier  liad  or  could  procure; 
that  he  ratiier  choose  to  lead  than  Hisiid  Ins  soldiers  into  duii- 
liLT ;"  that  hi  all  llicir  expediiioiis  he  partook  the  coinmori 
(lire,  and  ni'ver  gave  a  coiiimaiid  that  he  was  not  ready  lo  ex- 
eniie  ;  *'  that  ho  would  suffer  want  rather  than  tiorrow,  and 
tit'irve  sootier  than  not  pay;  that  lie  liad  nothing  in  linn  rouii- 
terleit  or  8hy,  but  was  opiMi,  hoiiesl,  and  sinrere."  Slilh  adds, 
rc.tprrtliii(  this  tuiindiT  ot  civili/.'jd  xoi-u'ly  in  Norlli  Aiiieru'ti, 
what  the  son  of  Colmiihiis  lins,  with  a  nniilu  ei;il'«m,  recorded 
of  Ilia  fattier,  that  thouifli  hal)it  Jated  to  naval  manners,  and 
to  itiL>  rontiiiand  of  factious  and  licentious  men,  lio  was  never 
tioard  to  utter  an  oalli. 


of  London,  in  addition  to  the  former  adventurers ;  nnti 
the  whole  body  was  iiirorporried  by  the  title  of  "  Tho 
TreaBiirer  and  ('mnpaiiy  of  .\dveniiir(  rs  of  the  (>'ity  of 
London  (*>t  the  first  colony  m  Virginia."  Tho  bouiida- 
ries  of  the  colony  and  the  jHiwer  of  the  eorporalioii 
were  enlarged  ;  the  ottices  ul  president  and  council  in 
Virginia  were  obolislied  ;  n  new  council  was  esta- 
blished in  Kngland,  and  the  company  empowered  to 
fill  all  future  vacancies  m  it  by  election;  and  to  this 
council  was  committed  the  power  of  new-mndetling  the 
magistracy  of  the  colony,  of  enacting  all  the  hiws  that 
were  to  have  place  in  it,  and  iiomiimtingall  the  officers 
bv  whom  these  laws  were  to  be  earned  into  execution. 
Nevertheless,  was  it  slill  provided  that  the  coloiiisis 
and  their  posterity  should  retain  all  the  rights  ol  Kng- 
lishmen.  To  prevent  the  doctrines  of  ilie  ehureb  of 
Rome  from  gaining  admission  into  tlie  planiations,  it  was 
declared  tfiat  no  persons  should  pass  into  Virginia  but 
Fuch  as  should  first  have  taken  the  oath  of  supremacy- 

The  new  council  appointed  Lord  Delaware  go\ernor 
and  euptain-general  of  the  colony  ;  and  the  hopes  in 
spired  by  the  distingui.shed  rank,  and  not  less  eintne!it 
character  of  this  nobleman,  contributed  to  strcii;^tiien 
the  company  by  a  considerable  accession  of  fiinds  aiiU 
associates.  .\ vailing  themselves  of  t!ie  favourable 
disposition  of  the  public,  they  (piickly  ei)u!{.ped  a 
sipiadron  of  nine  ships,  and  sent  them  out  with  t\\v 
hundred  emiffrants,  under  the  coninand  of  (*aplain 
Newport,  who  *vas  authorized  to  supersede  the  exist- 
ing aduimi8lratt«Mi,  and  to  govern  the  colony  till  tho 
arrival  of  liOrd  Delaware  with  the  remainder  of  tho 
recruits  and  supplies.  Hut  by  an  unlucky  combination 
of  caution  and  indiscretion,  the  same  powers  wero 
severally  intrusted  to  Sir  Thomas  Ciates  and  Sir 
George  Soiners,  without  any  adjustment  of  precedence 
between  these  gentlemen  ;  and  theyfindii;g  themselves 
unable  to  settle  this  point  among  themselves,  agreed 
to  embark  on  board  the  same  vessel,  and  to  be  com- 
panions during  the  voyage — thus  deliberatelv  hazard- 
ing and  eventually  effecting  the  di.sappoinlment  of  the 
main  object  which  their  association  in  authority  was  in- 
tended to  secure.  The  vessel  that  contained  the  tri- 
umverate  was  separated  from  the  fleet  by  a  storm,  and 
stranded  on  the  coast  of  Uermudas.*  The  residue  of 
the  squadron  arrived  safely  at  Jametown,  but 
so  );ttle  were  they  expected,  that  when  they  wero 
first  described  at  sea  they  were  mistaken  for  enemies ; 
and  this  rumor  gave  occasion  to  a  very  satisfactory 
prt- -:  of  the  friendly  disposition  of  the  Indians,  who 
came  forward  with  tl  e  utmost  alacrity,  and  offered 
to  fight  in  defence  of  tn .  colony. 

I'heso  apiirehensions,  which  were  dissipated  by  tho 
nearer  approach  of  the  fleet,  gave  place  lo  more  sub- 
stantial and  mure  formidable  evils  arising  from  tho 
composition  of  the  reinforcement  whicli  it  brought 
lo  tiie  colonial  body.  A  great  proportion  of  these 
new  emigrants  consisted  of  profligate  and  licentious 
youths,  sent  out  by  their  friends  with  ihe  hope  of 
changing  their  destinies,  or  for  the  purpose  of  screen- 
ing them  from  the  justice  or  contempt  of  their  country  ; 
of  indigent  gentlemen  loo  proud  too  beg,  and  loo  lazy 
to  work;  tradesmen  of  broken  fortunes  and  broken 
spirit ;  idle  retainers  whom  the  great  were  eager  to 
get  rid  of ;  and  dependents  too  infamous  to  bo  de- 
cently protected  at  hon.e ;  with  others,  like  these, 
more  fitted  to  wa.ste  and  corrupt  a  commonwealth  than 
to  found  or  maintain  one.  Tfie  leaders  of  this  perni- 
cious crew,  though  totally  unprovided  with  legal  docu- 
ments entitling  ihem  either  to  assume  or  supersede 
authority  proclaimed  the  changes  which  the  eonstitu 
tion  of  the  colony  had  undergone,  and  proceedi'd  to 
cxecjte  that  part  of  the  innovation  which  consisted 
in  the  overtlirow  of  the  colonial  presidency  and  coun- 
cil. Their  conduct  soon  demonstrated  that  their  title 
to  assume  authority  was  not  more  defective  than  their 
capacity  to  exercise  it.  Investing  tlicmselves  with  the 
powers,  they  were  unable  lo  devise  any  frame  of  go- 
vernment, or  establish  even  among  themselves  any 
fixed  subordination  ;  sometimes  the  old  commissiuii 
was  resorted  to,  sometimes  a  new  model  attempted  , 
and  the  chief  direction  passed  from  hand  to  band  in 
one  uninterrupted  succession  of  presumption  and  in- 
capacity. The  whole  colony  was  involved  in  distress 
and  disorder  ny  this  revolutionary  state  of  its  new  go 
vernment.  and  the  Indian  tribes  were  alienated  and  ex 
asperated  by  the  turtiuleiicc,  injustice,  and  insolence  of 
I  the  new  settlers 

I  •  It  was  this  disaster,  no  douht,  which  prodiircU  the  onli 
nllusioii  wliith  Slmkespeare  ever  iiuikes  to  the  leftioiii  uf 
I  Ameriia.  In  The  Tenipetit,  wliirti  was  composed  alHtiit  tlret 
I  years  after  this  period,  Ariel  celebrates  ths  stormy  coast  u( 
I  '•  tho  still  vskM  Ueriiiudas." 


NORTH   AMKRICA. 


310 


This  emergency  strongly  called  on  ihc  man  who  tud 

•u  ol'len  rcHCiicd  the  Htitlement  frum  ruin,  aiinwi  tu  at- 
teinpt  ilH  diihvorance;  the  cull  wuh  secunded  hy  the 
wiKJicn  of  iho  best  and  wiseit  of  the  colonists  ;  and, 
ftided  aM  much  by  the  vigor  of  U\n  uwn  character,  us  by 
the  cooperation  of  these  individuils,  .Smith  oner  more 
asAinned  his  natural  a»cctidant  and  uHiciiil  supri  iniicy, 
and  declared  his  mtenlion  of  retaining  the  uullioriiy 
created  by  the  old  commission  Idl  a  re<jal  revocation 
of  It  and  legitimate  siiL-crs*turft  to  linnsell'  should  arrive. 
He  boldly  unpri^oned  the  chief  promutiTH  of  tumult; 
and  huvni)^  restored  regularity  and  uheiliLMicr,  be  en- 
deavored lo  prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  forinrr  mis- 
chiefs by  Jeluchinji  from  Jamestown  a  pnrtiiui  of  the 
new  coh>niHtH  to  form  a  subordinate  Hetilcment  at  some 
distance.  This  was  an  unfortunate  step;  and  it  is  re- 
markable that  the  oidy  M^nai  failure  in  the  policy  of 
thit>  eminent  man  seems  to  have  arisen  from  ihu  only 
instance  m  which  he  showed  a  distrust  of  his  own 
vigor  and  capacity.  The  detadiments  which  he  re- 
moved from  Jamestovvn  conducted  themselves  so  nn- 
prudenlly  as  to  convert  all  tlie  neiylihorini;  Indians 
mto  enemies,  and  to  involve  (hemselves  in  continual 
ditllculty  an.l  danger.  The  Indians  assailed  him  with 
complaints,  the  detached  settlers  with  retpiisitions  of 
counsel  and  assistance  ;  and  Smith,  who  never  spent 
in  larnenlini;  misfortunes  the  lime  that  might  be  em- 
ployed in  repairing  them,  was  exerting  himself  with 
his  usual  vigor  and  good  sense  in  re-lressing  these  dis- 
orders, when  he  received  a  dangerous  wound  from  thn 
accidental  explosion  of  a  quantity  of  gunpowder. 
Completely  disabled  by  this  intsfortune,  and  destitute 
of  surgical  aid  in  tlie  colony,  be  was  compelled  to 
resign  bis  command,  and  take  bis  departure  for  Kng- 
land.  He  never  returned  to  Virginia  again.  It  was 
natural  that  be  should  abandon  with  regret  the  society 
he  bad  so  often  preserved,  the  settlement  he  bad  con- 
ducted through  diHicukie.s  as  formidable  as  the  infancy 
of  Carthage  or  Uoinc  had  to  encounter,  and  the  scenes 
he  had  dignified  by  so  much  wisdom  and  virtue.  Uut 
our  sympathy  with  his  regret  is  abated  by  tlie  redeetion 
that  a  longer  residence  in  the  colony  would  ttpeedtly 
have  consigned  bim  to  very  subordinate  oilier,  and 
might  have  deprived  the  world  ;)f  iliat  stock  of  valu- 
able knowledge,  and  his  own  character  of  that  acces- 
sion of  fame,*  which  the  publication  of  bis  travels  has 
been  the  means  of  perpetuating.  .Such  rellections  arc 
not  foreign  to  the  purpose,  nor  inconsistent  witli  the 
dignity  of  history,  which  may  well  be  allowed  to  linger 
with  interest  on  the  fortunes  of  ibis  excellent  person, 
and  is  well  employed  in  teaching  by  example  how 
powerfully  an  enlargement  of  our  view  contributes  to 
purify  the  moral  aspect  of  events. 


CHATTKR    H. 

Tlie  Colony  a  Prey  to  Anarchy— and  Famine— CJ ate s  and 
Suiiiers  arrive  I'roin  llcrniudas — AtiaiidDiiinunt  nl  l\w  Uolnny 
detRnnined- [ircventiMl  \>y  U\c  Arrival  uf  Lord  Di'luware- 
IliH  wixe  AilininiKlraiiun—his  Itoturn  to  England— Sir 
Tlinniaji  Dale's  Adiniiiistrntion— Martial  Law  estulilislii^d— 
Indian  Cliiufs  UaM};ht<>r  SLized  by  Captain  Arijal— niiirncd 
to  .Mr.  Kolfe— ItiKtituf  private  Propt  rty  iii  Land  iutrodur(>d 
tntu  the  Colony— Exprtulmns  of  Ariiiil  ntjitniMt  Port  Itoyul 
anil  Nnw  York— Tolmrro  cnlnvated  hy  the  roluiust-i  —  l-'irsl 
Assembly  of  Ki!prest'ri:;itive.s  cnnvtMicd  id  Virginia— New 
Cnnstilulionof  ihu  (Jolmiy  — hiiriKluri:"ii  ol  Ntyro  .Slavery — 
Minratlon  of  ynuMR  Women  fmtii  Kiiulaiid  to  VirKinia  — 
Dispute  heiween  the  Kiric  and  Ihc  c'oUmy — Conspirairy 
of  the  llldldn^ — .Massacri'  vi  the  CoioiiistH— Uisseiitioris  of 
the  Lniidon  Company— Ttn-  ri)m|i;ii'.y  dis.iolved— tint  KiuK 
assumuR  the  (ioviTiuncnt  ot  Ihr  Uoloiiy  — his  DMatli— 
Charles  I.  pur.ines  hi."*  tallu-r's  iirhitrary  Views— Tynumiral 
(iovermneni  of  Sir  John  H.irvcy  — Sir  Wilharn  Uerkeley 
appdiiitcd  tiofernor— The  popiUar  A>stiiilily  restorrd— 
Vtretma  csiKtilsi's  the  Itoyal  Ciiii-e— su>hhii'<i  hy  \iu-  Loiik; 
Pailiaiiieul— Hi'.siramts  iinposi-d  on  the  Trade  of  ihe 
C"o|oiiy— llevoll  of  Dm  Coiony-  Sir  WiUiani  lU'ikt-ley  ru- 
snnie!<  the  I'uvernmrnl— Ut-st'  ratmn  >ii  <  harlt-t  II. 

[IfiO'J.]  Smith  left  th'.-  colony  inliahited  by  five 
hundred  persons,  and  anuiy  provKli>d  with  all  necessa- 
ry stores  of  arms,  pr<',,.*;on8.  cattle,  and  implennnts  of 
agriculture  :  but  the  !>ense  to  improve  its  opiuirtunities 
was  wanting,  and  its  lurtune  departed  will)  biin.  Tor 
a  short  time  the  command  was  intiusted  to  Mr.  Percy, 
a  man  of  worth  but  devoid  of  the  vigor  that  gives  etii- 
cacy  to  virtue  ;  and  the  direction  of  aifairs  soon  fell  mto 
the  hands  of  persons  whom  their  native  country  had 
cast  from  it  as  a  useless  burden  or  intolerable  nuisance. 
The  colony  was  debvcred  up  to  the  wildest  excesses  of 
a  8editiou*(  and  distracted  rabble,  and  presented  a  scene 
of  not,  folly,  and  profligacy,  strongly  invoking  viridic- 
live  retribution,  and  speedily  ovritaken  by  it.  [KilO  J 
The   provisions  wore  i^uukly  exhausted ;   and   tlie    In- 

*  He  liccarnn  mo  famous  m  Hnffland  Ijeforo  his  deaili,  that 
hU  adventures  wero  dram.itt9ed  and  represented  on  the  «(ti{u, 
la  his  own  great  annoyance.    Slith,  p.  112. 


dians,  incensed  by  repeated  injuries,  and  aware  that  the 
man  vvliom  they  so  much  rospected  had  ceased  to  go- 
vern tin-  rolonistfl,  not  only  refused  ihern  all  assistance, 
but  tiiiTUsfcd  them  with  continual  attacks.  Funiine  eii< 
hued,  and  curnpleted  llieir  misery  and  degradation  hy 
transforming  tbein  into  cannib-.iU,  and  forcing  them  to 
subsist  on  the  bodies  of  the  Indians  they  had  killed,  and 
of  their  own  companions  who  perished  of  hunger  or 
disease.  Si.x  monibs  after  the  departure  of  Sniiih  there 
remained  no  more  than  sixty  persons  alive  at  James- 
town, still  prolonging  their  wretchedness  by  a  vile  and 
precanoun  diet,  but  dally  expecting  Us  hnal  and  fatal 
close. 

In  ihis  calamitous  stale  was  the  colony  found  by  Sir 
Thomas  Gates,  Sir  (ieorge  Somers,  and  ('aptaiii  New- 
port, who  at  length  arrived  from  Iterniuda.'i,  where  the 
shipwreck  they  bad  encountered  bad  delaint^t  them  and 
their  crew  for  ten  months.  The  bounty  of  Nature  in 
that  de'igblful  region  maintained  them  m  comfort  while 
lluv  bill.'  the  vi's.sels  that  were  to  transport  them  to 
Jamestow  -.  and  might  have  supplied  them  with  ample 
stores  for  the  use  ol  ihe  colony  ;  but  they  bad  neglected 
these  resources,  and  arrived  almost  empty-handed,  in 
the  expectation  of  receiving  from  the  magazines  of  a 
thriving  settlement  the  relief  that  was  now  vainly  im- 
plored from  themselves  by  the  famishing  remnant  of 
their  countrymen.  'I'heir  disappointment  waseipiallcd 
only  by  the  d;fliculty  of  comprehending  the  causes  of 
the  desolation  tbcy  beheld,  umidst  the  mutual  and  con- 
tradictory accusations  of  the  surviving  colonists,  itut 
there,  was  no  time  for  deliberate  inquiry,  or  adjustment 
of  complaints.  It  was  immediately  determined  to 
abandon  the  settlement,  and  with  this  view  they  all  em- 
barked in  ihe  vessels  that  had  just  arrived  from  Bermu- 
das, and  set  sad  for  Kngland.  Their  stores  were  in- 
Huflicient  for  so  long  a  voyage  ;  but  they  hoped  to  oh- 
t:iin  an  additional  supply  at  the  Kughsh  lishing  station 
on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  Such  a  horror  had 
many  of  them  conceived  for  the  scene  of  tliuir  misery, 
that  they  were  importimale  with  the  commanders  lor 
leave  to  burn  the  ftirt  and  houses  in  Jamestown,  liut 
SirTl'omaj'  Gates  could  not  lind  in  their  or  his  distresses 
any  reason  for  demolishing  the  buildings,  that  might 
atl'ord  shelter  to  future  settlers  ;  and  h.ippily,  by  his 
interposition,  they  were  preserved  fromde.-^iriiction,  and 
the  colonists  prevented  from  wreaking  additional  ven- 
geance on  themselves. 

Kor  it  was  not  the  will  of  Providence  that  this  set- 
tlement should  perish  ;  the  calamities  with  which  it  had 
been  visited  were  commissioned  to  punish  merely,  but 
not  utterly  to  destroy  ;  and  the  more  vvorthlefi>i  mem- 
bers being  now  cut  off,  and  a  memorable  lesson  atl'ordeil 
both  to  the  governors  who  collect,*  and  the  members 
who  compose  such  communities,  a  deliverance  no  less 
signal  was  vouchsafed  by  llie  Disposer  of  all  events, 
just  when  hope  was  over,  and  the  colony  advanced  lo 
the  very  brink  of  annihilation.  Defore  the  fugitives  had 
reached  ihe  mouth  of  James  river  they  were  rnet  by 
I*ord  Delaware,  who  arrived  with  three  ships,  contain- 
ing u  large  supply  of  provisions,  a  considerable  number 
of  new  settlers,  and  an  ample  stock  of  every  thing  re- 
ipiisite  for  defence  or  tuliivation. 

This  nobleman,  who  now  presented  himself  as  cap- 
tain-general of  the  colony,  was  eminently  well  lilted  for 
the  exigency  of  the  situation  in  which  he  was  thus  un- 
expectedly involved.  To  exalted  rank,  in  an  age  when 
such  dislmciions  were  regarded  with  much  veneration, 
he  joined  a  nol)le  demciinur,  a  disir.lerested  character, 
and  a  manly  understanding,  'ihe  hope  of  rendering  an 
important  service  to  Lis  country,  and  the  generous 
pleasure  of  cooperating  in  a  great  design,  bad  induced 
bim  to  exchange  Ins  ej.se  and  .splendor  at  home  for  a 
situation  of  the  ditlicultitd  of  wliich  he  was  perfectly 
aware:  and  the  same  tirinness  and  elevation  ol  purpose 
preserved  hifu  undaunted  and  unperplexed  by  the  scene 
of  calamity  bo  encountered  on  his  arrival  m  Virginia. 
Stemming  the  torrent  of  evil  fortune,  be  carried  hack 
the  fugitives  to  Jamestown,  and  began  his  administra- 
tion by  attendance  on  Divine  worship  ;  and  having  held 
a  short  consultation  on  the  affairs  of  the  settlement,  he 
summoned  alt  the  colonists  together,  and  addresseil 
tiiem  in  a  short  hut  forcible  ami  digmlied  harangue, 
He  justly  rebuked  the  pride,  and  sloth,  and  immorality 
that  had  produced  .^uch  disastr>rs,  and  ( nruestly  recom- 
mended a  return  to  the  virtues  most  likely  to  repair 
them  :    he    declared  his  determination  not  to  hold  the 

~'*  'riurTiiii'  lit  tiiis'si'iiliMncnr  prohahly  suif^eHted  to  Lord 
Dai-nn  the  lnllowinK  passui;*'  in  his  c.tany  uii  Planlalions. 
"  It  M  a  shuineful  and  unMc.i.iud  Ihing  to  taku  the  srum  uf  the 
people,  ariil  wicked  (-(iiidemried  men,  to  l)0  the  peoplt:  with 
wliuiii  we  plant ;  and  not  only  ko,  hut  it  spuiletli  Itie  phuil-t- 
ttoM  ;  for  tliey  will  ever  live  )iki>  rogues,  and  not  fall  to  work, 
I  but  be  lazy,  and  douiiaclucf,  and  si>end  vicluulsi." 


sword  of  justice  in  vain,  but  to  punish  the  first  recur- 
rence of  oisorder  by  shi  ddicg  the  blood  of  the  Uelin- 
<tuents,  though  he  would  inhmiely  rather  shed  his  own 
to  protect  the  eolunv  from  injury.  He  nominated  pro- 
per  ollicers  for  every  deparlment,  and  allotted  to  every 
man  hi.i  particular  place  and  business.  'I'bis  address 
was  received  wuh  general  applause  and  satisfaction  ; 
and  the  idle  factious  humours  of  a  divided  multituda 
soon  appeared  lo  be  substantially  healed  by  the  sph-n* 
dor.  unity,  and  authority  of  Lord  Delaware's  admini- 
stration. [lUll  J  Uy  an  assiduou;>  attention  to  hiiidn'.y, 
aiul  a  happy  union  of  qualities  h.ted  eipully  lo  mspiro 
esteem  and  enforce  submission,  be  succeeded  in  mam- 
tQining  peace  and  good  order  in  tln^  settlement,  in  ilif- 
fusing  a  spirit  of  indu.<«try  and  alacrity  among  the  colo- 
nifils,  and  in  again  impressing  the  dread  and  reverencn 
of  the  Kiiglish  name  on  the  minds  of  the  Indians. 
This  promising  beginning  was  all  he  was  permitted  to 
effect.  Oppres.sed  by  diseases  occasioned  by  the  cli- 
mate, he  was  compelled  to  (put  the  country  ;  having 
first  committed  the  adimiiisiration  to  Mr.  Percy  [3J. 

The  restoration  of  iIikh  gentleman  to  the  supremo 
command  seems  to  have  been  attended  with  the  samo 
relaxation  of  discipline,  and  would  probably  liavR  led 
to  a  repetition  of  the  same  disorders,  that  bad  so  fatally 
distinguished  bis  former  government.  Rut  happily 
for  the  colony,  a  s(|iiadron  that  had  been  despatched 
from  Kngland  before  Lord  Delaware  s  return  with  a 
supply  of  men  and  provisions,  brought  also  with  it 
Sir  'I'honias  Dale,  whose  commi!?sion  authorised  him, 
in  the  absence  of  that  nobleman,  to  assume  the  admin- 
istration.  This  new  governor  found  the  colonists  fast 
relapsing  into  idleness  and  penury ;  and  though  he 
exerted  himself  strenuously,  and  not  unsuccessfully, 
to  restore  better  habits,  yet  the  loss  of  Lord  Delaware's 
imposing  rank  and  authoritative  character  was  sensibly 
felt.  \Vhat  he  could  not  accomplish  by  milder  means, 
he  was  soon  enabled,  and  compelled  to  effect  by  a  sys- 
tem of  notable  rigor  and  seventy.  A  code  of  rules 
and  articles  had  been  compiled  by  Sir  Thomas  Smith, 
the  treasurer  of  the  company  of  patentees,  from  thn 
martial  law  of  tho  Low  Countries,  the  most  severe  and 
arbitrary  frame  of  discipline  that  then  existed  in  tho 
world;  and  having  been  printed  by  the  compiler  for 
the  use  of  the  colony,  but  without  the  sanction  or  au- 
thority of  the  co;mcil,  was  transmitted  to  bim  by  llio 
governor.*  [4J  This  code  did  not  long  remain  mope* 
ralive.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  caused  it  to  be  proclaimej 
as  the  settled  law  of  tho  colony  ;  and  some  conspiriv- 
cies  having  broken  out,  be  enforced  its  provisions  wuh 
greit  rigor,  but  not  greater  than  was  judged  by  all  who 
witnessed  it  to  have  elf'.cted  the  preservation  of  the 
settlement.  Tho  wisdom  and  honor  of  the  governor, 
who  thus  became  the  first  depositary  of  Ihese  loimida- 
ble  powers,  and  the  salutary  consequences  that  resulted 
from  the  first  exercise  of  them,  seem  lo  have  prevenled 
the  alarm  which  the  introduction  of  a  system  so  do* 
blrnctive  to  liberty  was  calculated  to  provoke.  Dalo 
was  succeeded  in  the  supremo  command  by  Sir  Tho- 
mas Gates,  who  arrived  with  six  vessels,  containing  a 
powerful  reinforcement  to  the  numbers  and  reaourcea 
of  tlie  colonists.  Tlie  late  and  the  present  governors 
were  united  by  mutual  frietidshq)  and  similarity  of  cl.a- 
rjcter.  Gates  approved  and  pursued  the  system  of 
strict  discipline  and  steady  but  moderate  enforceineiiC 
of  the  martial  code,  that  had  been  introduced  by  Dilc; 
and  uiuler  the  directions  of  Dale,  win*  continued  in  the 
country  and  willingly  occujned  a  subordinate  station, 
various  bodies  of  the  colonists  began  to  form  additional 
selltements  on  the  banks  of  James  river  and  at  some 
distance  from  Jamestown. 

[lOI'J.J  An  application  was  now  made  by  the  cotn- 
jiaity  of  patentees  to  the  king,  for  an  enlargement  of 
their  chirier.  Tlie  accoiinU  they  bad  received  from 
the  persons  who  were  shipwrecked  on  Hermudas,  of 
the  fertility  and  agreeableness  of  that  territory  im- 
pressed them  with  the  desire  of  obtaining  pos.sc-ssioii 
of  Us  resources  for  the  supnly  of  Virginia  t  Their  in 
creasing  influence  enforced  their  request  ;  and  a  iicv 
charter  was  issued,  investing  them  with  all  iho  islaii.lh 
situated  within  three  hundred  leagues  of  the  ;oa»t  of 
Virginia.  .Some  innovations  were  made  in  the  struo 
ture   and  forms  of  the  corporation;  the  term  of  ex- 

*  Stith,p.  \'£i.  NuthinK  tan  be  nioru  faniillil  ur  erroneuiu 
than  Ur.  Kohertsoirn  account  of  llio  intpMluction  of-  this 
system,  wlnrli  witliuul  lliu  sln(htest  reason  he  aimtius  to 
the  HdvH'o  of  l.ortl  Uacon,  and,  in  opptitntion  to  mU  cvi- 
dctire,  rvpreseiits  as  tlit;  net  of  i)io  eonipthv. 

t  Siith,  p.  VZa.  AUiut  this  time  the  patentees  promoted  s 
nuh.sirnpii'in  amony  dov<Hit  person.-t  in  London  lor  huildir.i^ 
chiirchi's  in  tlic  eolemy  ;  hut  llie  money  was  diverted  to  othi-l 
purpusr>M,  and  It  wa.s  nut  till  souie  years  after  Ihat  r:)inri-i)t>« 
wvre  huiit  in  Virifmia.  Oldniulun's  Unt.  Enip.  In  Amtr.  i 

aai.  300. 


sao 


THE    IIISTOIiy   Of 


5        I 


eiii|itJOit  from  piirineiit  of  duties  on  coininotlilioa  ex- 
ported l)y  thoiii  was  proloiigud  ;  iho  coin|iaiiy  wjs 
ciniiowcred  to  ap|jrclivnd  and  remand  persona  retiirnnig 
by  stcallh  from  the  scttlcmoni,  in  violation  ol'  tlicir 
rnyageincnlii ;  and,  for  the  mora  ctfvctuji  advancuiiient 
of  thu  colony  and  indeinnilication  ol  llio  largo  sums 
that  had  be«n  expended  on  it,  license  wa^  given  to 
open  lotteries  in  any  part  of  England.  Tho  lottery 
which  was  set  on  foot  in  virtue  of  this  license,  wis  the 
first  csialilishment  of  tho  kind  that  had  ever  received 
public  countenance  in  England  :  it  brought  twenty- 
nine  thousand  (lounds  into  the  treasury  of  the  company, 
but  lo.idud  It  with  the  reproach  of  defrauding  tho  \>co- 
pie,  by  alluring  them  to  play  a  game  in  which  they  must 
certainly  bo  tho  losers.  'I'lio  Houso  of  Coninionii, 
which  then  represented  tho  sense  and  guarded  the  mo- 
rality of  England,  remonairated  against  this  odious 
concession  of  their  ignoble  sovereign,  as  a  measure 
equally  unconstitutional  and  impolitic  ;  and  the  license 
was  soon  after  recalled.  Happy  if  their  example  had 
been  copied  by  later  times,  and  the  rulers  of  mankind 
restrained  from  polluting  their  (inancinl  adininisiration 
by  a  system  of  chicane,  and  promoting  in  their  sub- 
jects that  gambling  habit  of  mind  which  dissolves  in- 
dustry and  virtue,  and  is  generally  tho  parent  even  of 
tlio  most  altrocious  crimes  I  Notwithstanding  the 
eagerness  of  the  coinpanv  to  acquire  the  Uermuda  isl- 
and.*, they  did  not  retain  them  long,  but  sold  them  to 
certain  of  their  own  members,  who  were  creeled  into 
K  separate  corporation  by  the  naiiiu  of  the  Soiner  Isl- 
ands (Company.  * 

The  colony  of  Virginia  had  onco  been  saved,  in  tho 
person  of  its  own  deliverer  Oaptain  Smith,  by  I'oca- 
hontas  the  daughter  of  the  Indian  king  Powhatan. 
She  had  ever  since  mainUincd  a  friendly  intercourse 
with  tho  English,  and  she  was  destined  now  to  render 
them  a  service  of  the  highest  importance.  A  scarcity 
prevailing  at  Jamealown,  and  supplies  being  obtained 
but  scantily  and  irregularly  from  the  neighboring  In- 
dians, with  whom  tho  colonists  were  often  embroiled. 
Captain  .\rgal  was  despatched  to  tho  Potomac  lor  a 
cargo  of  corn.  Here  he  learned  that  Pocahontas  was 
living  in  retirement  at  no  great  distance  from  hiui ;  and 
hoping,  by  possession  of  her  person,  to  attain  such  an 
ascendant  over  Powhatan  as  would  enforce  an  ample 
:ontribution  of  provisions,  he  prevailed  on  her  by  some 
•rlilice,  to  come  on  board  his  vessel,  and  then  set  sail 
vith  her  to  Jamestown,  where  she  was  detained  in  a 
Slate  of  honorable  captivity.  But  Powha'an,  more  m- 
:!'gnant  at  such  treachery  than  overcome  by  his  misfor- 
tune, rejected  with  scorii  the  demand  of  a  ransom  ;  he 
even  refused  to  hold  any  communication  Willi  tho  rob- 
bers w  10  still  kept  his  daughter  a  prisoner,  but  de- 
clared that  if  she  were  restored  to  him  he  would  forget 
the  injury,  and,  feeling  himself  at  liberty  to  regard  them 
as  friends,  would  gratify  all  their  wishes.  Uut  the 
colonists  were  too  conscious  of  not  deserving  the  pcr- 
formanLC  of  such  promises,  to  be  able  to  give  credit 
to  them  ;  and  the  most  injurious  consequences  seemed 
likely  to  arise  from  the  unjust  detention,  which  they 
could  no  longer  continue  with  advantage  nor  relinquish 
with  safety,  when  all  at  once  the  aspect  of  alfairs  un- 
derwent *  surprising  and  beneticial  change.  During 
her  residence  in  the  colony,  Pocahontas,  who  is  repre- 
sented as  a  woman  di.ilinguished  by  her  personal  at- 
tractions, made  sucb  impression  on  iNfr.  Rolle,  a  youiiii 
man  of  rank  and  estimation  among  the  settlers,  that  he 
oll'ered  her  his  hand,  and,  with  her  approbation  and  the 
warm  encouragement  of  tlie  governor,  solicited  the 
consent  of  1'u.vliatan  to  their  marriage  :  this  the  old 
prince  readily  granted,  and  sent  some  of  his  relations 
to  attend  thr  ceremonial,  wliich  was  perforined  with 
cxliaord;nuv  pomp,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  linn 
and  sincori'  i'ncndahip  between  his  tribe  and  ilic  Eng- 
lish. Tins  nappy  event  also  enabled  tho  colonial  go- 
vernment to  cnnclude  a  treaiy  with  the  (Jlnccihomi- 
nie.*,  a  brave  and  martial  trilie,  who  conseiiled  t'>  ac- 
knowleilge  themselves  suDjocis  ol  the  Uriiish  inoii.rcli. 
and  style  themselves  heiicelbrwurd  tinglishmeii.  to 
assist  the  colonials  with  their  arms  in  war,  and  to  |>ay 
an  annual  tribute  of  Indian  corn. 

[1613.]  But  a  material  change  which  now  took  pla<.e 
in  the  interior  arrangements  of  the  colony  coninbuted 

•  Slilh.  p.  IIT.  His  said  llisl  Waller  the  |)iiel  siibse.iuciilly 
heraiiie  a  par'ner  of  this  company,  aiiJ  tliat  duririi;  Ins  tjumsii- 
meiit  from  Engliinil  he  resideJ  some  tuns  lu  Uonimilas :  a 
statetiielit  tiiat  seoiiis  to  derive  some  rontirmatlun,  from  the 
minute  tlescnptloo  of  the  sciMiery  and  produce  "t  tlie  phlfe 
in  Ids  poem,  "Tho  lliltio  of  the  Somor  Isiaiids."  It  is  h 
pity  tliat  liia  muso  of  W.iller  and  of  .Marvel,  wiiirli  travelled 
u  far  across  the  Allafilir  as  llermiidiis.  should  iiol  have  e«- 
tended  her  range  to  that  liluslnous  coiniiu'iit  whose  aspect 
was  abis  to  transform  Uishop  Berkeley  fro  ii  a  inetapliyaician 
Into  a  poet. 


to  establish  its  prosperity  on  foundations  more  solid 
and  respectable  than  ilie  alliance  or  tlepnidence  u{  the 
Indian  tribes.  The  indiislrv  which  had  been  barely 
ke[)t  alive  by  the  severe  discipline  of  martial  law,  Ian 
giiihlird  under  the  discouragement  of  that  cuminnnily 
of  property  and  labor  which  had  been  introduced,  as 
we  have  seen,  by  the  nrovisions  of  the  original  charter. 
.\s  a  temporary  expedient,  this  syalein  could  not  have 
been  easily  avoided  ;  and  the  censure  which  liistoriuiis 
have  so  liberally  brstoweil  on  its  introiluction  seems  to 
be  quite  misplaced.  The  impolicy  consisted  in  pro- 
longing its  duration  beyond  the  time  wlii'ii  the  colony 
acquired  slabtlily,  when  nnxles  of  life  ciiiiic  lo  lie  tixetl, 
and  when  the  resources  of  the  place  and  Ihe  proiluctive 
powers  of  labor  being  fully  unilerslood,  the  governinenl 
might  safely  and  aiivanlageoiisly  remit  every  individual 
to  the  stimiilous  of  his  own  interest  and  dependence  on 
his  own  industry.  But  at  first  it  was  unavoidable  that 
the  government  should  charge  itself  with  Ihe  auppurl 
of  its  subjects  and  the  regulation  of  their  industry  , 
and  that  their  first  experimenia]  exertions  should  be 
referred  to  the  principle  and  adapted  to  the  rules  of  a 
system  of  partnership.  How  long  such  a  system  may 
endure,  when  originated  and  mumtaiiied  by  a  strong 
and  general  impulse  of  that  (Christian  spirit  which 
teaches  every  man  to  regard  his  ollice  on  earth  as  that 
of  a  steward,  his  life  as  a  stewardship,  and  the  supe- 
riority of  his  powers  as  designating,  not  the  extent  of 
nis  interest,  but  the  increase  of  his  responsibility,  is  a 
roblem  to  he  solved  by  the  future  history  of  mankind. 
But  as  a  |>erinaiieiit  arrangement,  supported  only  by 
municipal  law,  it  attempts  an  iinposHibilily,  and  coin- 
mita  the  enforcement  of  its  observances  to  an  iiitluence 
destructive  of  its  own  priiici[ites.  As  soon  as  the 
sense  of  individual  inlerest  and  security  begins  to  dis- 
solve the  bond  of  cominnn  hazard,  danger,  and  ditli- 
culty,  the  law  is  felt  to  bo  an  intolerable  restriction  , 
but  as  in  theory  it  retains  a  generous  aspect,  and  its 
inconvenience  is  at  tirsl  evinced  by  the  idleness  and 
immoralily  which  it.s  secret  suggestions  give  scope  to, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  rulers  should  seek  to 
remove  the  effect  while  they  preserve  the  cause,  and 
even  by  additional  securities  of  regulation  extinguish 
every  remains  of  tho  virtue  they  vainly  atlompt  to 
revive. 

Sir  Thomas  Dale,  ny  his  descent  from  the  supreme 
direction  of  affairs  to  a  more  active  participation  in 
the  conduct  of  ttiem.  was  enabled  to  observe  with  an 
accurate  and  unprejudiced  eye  the  operation  of  the 
colonial  laws  on  the  dispositions  of  the  colonists,  and 
in  particular  the  utter  incompatibility  of  this  regulation 
wilh  all  the  ordinary  motives  by  which  human  industry 
IS  maintained.  He  saw  that  every  one  was  eager  to 
evade  or  abridge  his  own  share  of  labor ;  that  the  uni- 
versal reliance  on  the  common  stock  impaired,  in  every 
iidividual,  the  efforts  on  which  its  replenishment  de- 
pended ;  that  the  slothful  reposed  in  dependence  on 
the  industrious,  while  the  industrious  were  deprived  of 
their  alacrity  by  impatience  of  supporting  and  conlirin- 
iiig  the  alutiiful  in  their  idleness  ;  and  that  tho  most 
honorable  would  hardly  take  as  much  pains  for  Ihe  com- 
munity in  a  week  as  he  would  do  for  himself  in  a  day. 
Under  his  direction,  the  evil  was  redressed  by  a  radi- 
cal and  effectual  remedy  :  a  sullicient  portion  of  land 
was  divided  into  lots,  and  one  of  them  was  assigned 
11  full  property  to  every  settler.  From  that  moment, 
ndustry,  freed  from  the  obstruction  that  had  relaxed 
Its  inciteinents  and  intercepted  its  recompense,  took 
vigorous  root  in  Virginia,  and  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony  evinced  a  steady  and  rapid  advaneement.  [1814.] 
dales  relnrniiig  to  England,  the  supreme  direction 
again  devoKed  on  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  whose  virtue 
seems  never  to  have  enlarged  with  the  enlargement  of 
his  authority.  He  continued  for  two  years  longer  in 
tlie  coloiiv  ;  and  in  his  domesiic  ailmmislration  con- 
tinued to  I  rnmote  Us  re.il  welfare  ;  but  he  launched 
into  foreign  operations  little  prodiiclive  of  advantage, 
and  siill  less  of  honor.  In  (.'aplain  .Vrgal,  the  author 
of  the  fortunate  seizure  of  Pocahontas,  he  found  a  tit 
instrumenl,  and  perluips  a  eounsellor,  of  designs  of  a 
similar  character  and  ti  ndeiKV.  The  French  settlers 
in  .^cadie  had,  in  the  year  IliOJ,  built  Pott  Knyal  in 
Ih"  Bay  of  Fuiidy,  and  had  ever  since  retained  quiet 
possession  of  the  country,  and  successfully  cultivated 
a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  neighboring  Indians. 
Under  the  pretext  that  the  French,  by  settling  in  Aca- 
die,  had  invaded  the  rights  derived  by  the  English  from 
the  tirst  discovery  of  the  continent,  was  .Argal  de- 
siiatched  in  a  time  of  profound  peace,  to  nuke  a  hos- 
tile attack  on  thisselllement  Nothing  could  be  more 
unjust  or  unwarranted  than  this  enterprise.  The  Vtr- 
Iginian  charters,  with  the  onforccmcnt  of  which  alono 


Sir  Thomas  Dale  waa  intnisted,  did  not  embrace  Uw 
territory  v^lm■h  he  now  presumed  to  invade,  and  which 
llie  French  had  peaceably  possessed  lor  ncurly  trii 
years,  in  virtue  of  charters  liuin  iheir  sovereign  li,'nry 
the  IV  til.  ,\rgal  easily  succeeded  III  surprising  and 
plundering  a  cuininiiniiy  ihat  were  totally  uiisiispicioua 
ol  liustilily,  and  unprepared  for  defiuice  ;  but  leaving 
ho  garrison  in  the  jdace,  the  Frtiieh  soon  resumed  their 
station,  and  the  expedition  pioduced  no  otliei  perma- 
nent elfect  than  the  recollecuoiis  it  left  in  the  minds  uf 
the  l''reiu-li,  and  the  impression  it  priMlucetl  on  the  seii- 
tinienls  of  the  Indians.  But  a  b'W  years  elapseil  Ih*- 
fore  an  attack  on  themselves,  by  their  own  Indian 
iit>iglibi)rs,  eipially  iniipiitousuiul  fur  mure  fatal  aveiigeti 
the  outrage  on  Port  lluyal,  and  taught  the  goverimient 
of  Virginia  to  detest  the  policy  vthicb  it  had  thus  sanc- 
tioned by  Its  example  Keturiniig  Iruni  ilus  expedi- 
tion, Argal  executed  a  siinilar  enierprise  against  .New 
York,  wlitch  was  then  in  possession  of  ilie  Dutch, 
whose  claim  v\as  derived  ftoin  Capiain  Hudson's  dis- 
covery or  visit  to  the  territory  m  lliO'.l,  wlieu  he  com 
manded  one  of  their  vessels,  and  was  employed  ir 
their  service.  But  -Xrgal  inaniiained,  tliut  lliidsuii 
being  an  I'higlisliman,  there  accrued  from  his  acquisi- 
suion  an  indefeasible  right  to  bis  country  ;  and  the 
Dutch  governor  being  iiii|irepared  for  resistance,  watf 
compelled  to  submit  and  declare  the  colony  to  be  a 
dependency  of  England,  and  tributary  to  Virginia. 
But  another  governor  arriving  soon  alter,  with  belter 
iiieana  of  asserting  the  title  uf  his  countrymen,  tho 
concession  was  retracted,  and  the  English  claim  suc- 
cessfully dehed. 

[1613.]  Due  of  the  first  objects  to  which  tlio  increaa- 
imi  industry  of  the  colonists  was  directed,  was  Uio  cul- 
tivation of  tobacco,  winch  was  now  for  the  hrst  tune 
introduced  into  Virginia.  King  .lames  had  conceived 
a  strong  antipathy  to  the  use  of  tins  weed,  and  in  bia 
celebraied  L'uaiUcilitajH  u^'ui/i.v/  Tuliiiciu,  bad  endea- 
vored to  prevail  over  one  of  the  strongest  tastes  o( 
human  nature  by  the  force  of  fustian  and  pedjiilry. 
The  usue  of  the  contest  corresponded  better  with  Ins 
interests  than  his  wishes  ;  bis  testimony,  though  pressed 
with  all  tho  vehenience  of  exalted  folly,  could  not  pre- 
vail with  his  subjects  over  tlie  evidence  of  their  own 
senses ;  and  though  be  suininoned  Ins  prerogative  to 
the  aid  of  his  logic,  and  prohibited  the  pollution  of 
English  ground  by  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,*  he  luiinJ 
it  inipossihle  lu  withstand  its  importation  from  abroad 
the  demand  for  it  rapidly  extended,  and  its  value  and 
consumption  daily  increased  in  England.  Incited  by 
the  hopes  of  sharing  a  trade  so  piolitable,  the  colonist* 
of  Virginia  devoted  their  lields  and  labor  almost  exclu- 
sively to  the  culture  of  tobacco.  .Sir  Thomas  Ualo 
observing  their  inconsiderate  ardor,  and  sensible  ol  tho 
danger  of  neglecting  tho  cultivation  of  the  humbler 
hut  more  necessary  productions,  on  which  the  subsist- 
ence of  the  colony  depended,  interposed  his  authority 
to  check  the  excesses  of  the  planiers  ;  and  adjusted 
by  law  the  proportion  between  the  corn  crop  and  tho 
tobacco  crop  iS  every  jiroprictor  ol  land.  But  after 
his  departure,  [1010,]  his  wise  policy  was  neglected 
and  his  laws  forgotten  ;  and  the  culture  of  tobacco  so 
exclusively  occupied  the  attention  of  the  settlers  that 
even  tho  streets  of  Jamestown  were  planted  with  it, 
and  a  scarcity  of  provisions  very  soon  resulted.  In 
this  extremity  they  were  compelled  to  renew  their  cx- 
aclions  upon  the  Indians,  and  involved  themselves  in 
disputes  and  ho.stilities,  which  gradually  alienated  tho 
regard  of  these  savages,  and  paved  the  way  to  one  of 
those  schemes  of  vengeance  which  they  are  noted  for 
forming  with  tiie  most  impenetrable  secrecy,  maturing 
with  consummate  artilice  and  executing  with  unrelenling 
rancor,  t  This  fatal  consequence  was  not  liilly  expe- 
rienced till  after  the  lapse  of  one  of  those  intervals 
which  to  careless  eyes  appear  to  disconnect  the  nus- 
coiidnct  from  the  sulleriiigs  of  nations,  but  inipre=s 
rellective  minds  with  an  awful  sense  of  that  strong  nii- 
broken  chain  which  subsists  undialnrbed  by  time  or 


*  Tho  f(dlowing  prtaniblo  to  one  of  his  proclamations  on 
this  suliject  IS  highly  characteristic  ;— "  Whereas  we,  out  of 
the  dislil<e  we  had  of  the  use  of  tobacco,  tending  to  a  general 
and  new  corruption  h*itli  of  men's  bodies  and  manners,  and 
uuvcrtiieless  holding  it  of  tho  two  more  honorahlo  lh,it  tho 
same  should  he  .iiported  among  other  vanities  and  supcr- 
lluiticswhicli  come  Irom  lieyonil  the  seas  than  be  peimlUed 
to  he  planted  here  wUhiu  thu  realm,  whereby  to  abuse  am) 
misemploy  tlie  soil  of  this  fruitful  liingdom,  did  pruhlllt  the 
plaiillilK  of  It  in  England,"  4c.  llyuier,  vol.  xm.  p.  !tl3 
Hazard,  p.  V3. 

tSimlh,  11.  IV.  Si;th,  p.  140,  147,  IM,  lf>8.  Purclias,  iv 
iri7.  In  the  year  llilJ  was  published  ul  bondoii,  "  A  true 
Discourse  of  the  present  State  of  VirBima,"  liy  Halph  Haniiur 
secretary  to  lli5  colony  ;  a  tract  » Inch  has  nu  other  iiieril  Uut 
Its  scarcity 


i  i 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


221 


diHtimrc,  Atid  t»>tli  picKcrvc!!  arid  t^tteiidii  tliu  moral 
roNMiMjuriu-OM  nf  luim^in  actions. 

Uiit  a  nuhltT  plant  ilian  lohiircn  wan  prciiarin^  to 
riHr  in  \'ir|;inii ;  unil  wt>  arc  now  to  cuntrtn|>lati!  the 
tirst  indtt'^iiion  uf  that  active  [irMici[ilo  uf  lihorty  whicli 
WHS  (IfNtinnl  to  hci'OMic  the  must  conKulrrutilu  staple 
and  appropriate  moral  produce  oC  ArmTica.  Wlicii 
tSir  'nionia.<t  Dale  retnrned  to  Kn^land,  lie  had  ront- 
inill'.'d  llu*  jjovernmrnt  to  .Mr.  (icorj^e  VeanUey,  whose 
lax  admnnMnitiun,  if  it  removed  a  lisel'iil  reKlniitit  on 
the  improvident  rn|tidity  of  the  pUnlerR,  enabled  them 
U)  tanle,  und  prepared  (hem  to  value,  (lie  dignity  of 
liidepeniUMiee  and  the  hteH^in^H  of  tiheriy.  lie  wus 
succeeded  (I017J*  hy  Captain  Ar^al.  a  man  of  coii- 
nideraiile  tulent^  und  re!«ohiiion,  but  8i>lhMh,  liau<;h(y, 
and  tyramiu'al.  .\r<ral  provnUd  with  uhilitv  for  the 
wutits  ol  (lie  tudony,  and  mirodiiecd  .some  UHtful  re^u- 
latioiiH  of  the  tratlie  and  nilereoiirsu  vvtih  the  Indians  ; 
but  lie  encmtiliercd  personal  liberlv  with  iieedlesd  mid 
inii'Ulc  restriiMioiiH.  and  entor'-ed  their  ohservanee  by 
a  hdr»h  and  eiMislant  exerriite  of  martial  law.  While 
he  pretended  t(i  promote  piety  in  others  by  punishing 
abMonec  from  ehnrch  with  a  temporary  ^lJVery,  he  post- 
poned ill  hiR  own  practice  every  otluT  coiiAideraiion  to 
(he  acipiisitioii  of  wealth,  which  he  clfected  by  a  pro- 
fligate abu!})!  of  the  opportumliea  of  his  olHce,  and  de- 
fended by  the  terrors  of  despotic  authority.  I'mversal 
diRConteiil  wa^  excited  by  his  adnimistration,  und  the 
coniplaiiitH  of  (he  colonlHtn  at  leiiirth  reached  the  ears 
of  the  eompaijy  ni  Kii^land.  In  Lord  Delaware  their 
interests  had  ulwavu  found  a  zealouH  friend  and  pow- 
erful advocate  ;  and  he  now  consented,  for  their  deli- 
verance, to  resume  his  former  otlicc,  and  again  to  un- 
dertake the  direction  of  their  alVairs.  He  embarked  for 
Viruinia  with  a  splendid  train,  but  died  on  the  voyatre. 
[1618.  jt  Ills  loiis  wus  deeply  lamented  by  the  colo- 
nists ;  but  it  was  in  (ho  main,  perhaps,  an  advantageous 
circuin!>tance  for  them  that  an  admmistrat'oit  of  hucIi 
pump  and  digni(y  vv3s  thus  tinieously  intercepted,  and 
the  improvement  of  their  alTairs  eommided  to  men  and 
manners  nearer  the  level  of  their  own  condilion  ;  and 
it  was  no  less  advantngeous  to  the  memory  of  Lord 
Liclawarc,  that  he  died  in  the  demonstration  of  a  gene- 
rous willingness  to  attempt  what  it  was  very  unlikely 
he  could  have  succeeded  in  etfectin^.  The  tidings  of 
bis  deatli  were  followed  to  LngUnd  by  incrensiii<r  coni- 
plaintj  of  the  odioui  and  tyrannical  proceedini^s  of  Ar* 
gal ;  and  the  company  bavmjr  conferred  the  ottice  of 
capiairi-gencral  on  Mr.  Yeardley,  (he  new  governor 
received  the  honor  of  kni^'hthood,  and  proceeded  to 
(ho  srene  of  his  administration.  [ItilD.J 

Sir  George  Yeardley,  on  his  arrival  in  Virginia,  tolh^ 
inexpressible  joy  of  the  inhabitants,  declared  his  in- 
tention of  reinstating  them  in  full  possession  of  (he 
privileges  of  Englishmen,  by  convoking  a  colonial  as- 
sembly. This  first  legislative  body  that  America  ever 
produced,  consisted  of  the  guvernor,  the  council,  and 
burgesses  elected  by  the  seven  existing  boroughs,  who, 
osseinbling  at  Jamestown,  in  one  apartment,  conducted 
their  deliberations  with  good  sense  and  harmony,  and 
debated  all  alfairs  that  involved  the  general  welfare. 
The  laws  which    ihey  enacted    were   transmitted   to 


i   . 


"This  year  tlicil  INicalioiitas.  She  hail  accoinpanie't  her 
tiushiiiul  un  a  vitiit  to  En^laiKJ,  where  her  history  exriled  uiii- 
veriiatinlurest,  and  the  urace  and  (hcnitv  of  '..vt  iiuinner  no 
lesfi  respect  niid  adiniratioii.  Captain  Smith  introduced  her  lit 
till)  nueeii,  ami  tier  society  was  courted  tiy  the  most  einineiit 
of  the  iiobiliiy.  Uut  the  inean  soul  of  the  kinn  rrijurded  her 
Willi  jealousy,  and  expressed  Hltornate  niunnurN  at  Itotfe's 
pr<'suinption  m  inarryin;;  a  princes.-*,  and  alarm  at  the  title 
that  Ins  posterity  inii;ht  acquire  to  thfl  sovereignly  of  Viruuna, 
Pocntioiitasdietf  in  the  fatili,  and  with  the  seiilinients  Htid  de- 
meanor of  a  t'hrisliaii.  Slie  lel^  a  son  hy  Mr.  Rolfe,  whose 
deiiccndants  iii  VirRinia  unile  ihe  tilood  of  the  uUI  and  new 
races  of  Iho  inhabitants  of  America,  Smith,  II.  iv.  Stilh, 
p.  l«-fi. 

t  This  year  was  productive  of  an  event  innro  intnrestmit 
to  the  fcelltmsthanlrilhe  lurtutu'sof  the  people  ot  America  — 
the  death  ol  Sir  Walter  Ual''ii:h.  Alter  a  career  oi  daz/lun; 
hnllliincy,  hut  not  n(  unstained  vniue,  or  unclouded  popularity, 
he  loutid  ni  the  severe  alllntion  of  his  cIumhk  -^ccno  a  remedy 
for  tho  errors  of  Ins  own  eharactcr,  and  itie  envy  hihI  odium 
in  u'tiirli  they  had  mvolveil  lum  :  and  the  sun.<>et  of  his  life, 
gilded  by  the  pure  and  Rcnth'  iiehi  "f  rel'iiion,  added  Ihe 
tender  respect  and  compassion  uf  mankind  to  the  various 
•entiments  whicli  hii  history  liad  excited.  On  the  niirht  be- 
fore his  Rxecutiotiho  composed  fuino  beautiful  lines  ou  his 
approacliiuff  fate.  Ferliapi  calmer  contemplation  of  death 
wa.s  never  evinced  than  in  thu passage  where  he  prays  that 
Heaven  would 

"  Just  at  the  stroke— wlien  my  vrxnn  start  and  aproad— 
Set  on  my  soul  an  everlasting  head," 

His  pleisini;  to  observe  hiiw  the  earlier  historians  of  Amo- 
nea  elaun  kindro'l  between  him  and  their  cnuiitry,  and  blend 
uiU'  *.aeir  narrative  occasional  reference  to  his  fortunes  and 
fate.     When  wo  eonsidor  tho  jealousy  with  which  t hi!  kin« 

tiirsued  hiin,  i(scr>Tiis  fortunate  for  America  that  his  Interests 
ad  so  Ion;;  hern  separated  from  hors. 


Kiigland  for  the  approbation  of  thu  treasurer  and  com- 
pany, and  are  no  longer  extant;  but  they  aro  declared 
by  coiiipi'ient  judges  to  liave  been  m  the  mam  wisely 
and  judiciously  framed,  though  (as  might  reasonably  be 
expected)  siuiiewhat  intricate  and  nnsysteinatical,* 
The  company  sometmie  after  passed  an  ordinance  by 
whicli  they  s'ubstaiitmliy  approved  and  establiHhed  this 
coiiftKiition  of  the  Virginian  legislalnre.  They  re- 
served, Iniwever.  (o  ihemselves  the  creation  of  n  coun- 
cil of  state,  which  hlionld  assi.tt  the  governor  with  ad- 
vice in  the  executive  administralion,  and  should  aUo 
form  a  part  of  (he  colonial  assembly  ;  and  they  provid- 
ed, on  the  one  hand,  (hat  the  enactments  of  the  assem- 
bly shoidd  not  have  tlie  force  of  law  till  ratified  bv  (he 
ciinrt  of  proprietors  in  Knglaiid ;  and  conceded,  on  (he 
other  hand,  (hut  the  orders  of  (his  court  should  have 
no  force  in  Virginia  till  ratified  by  the  colonial  nsM-m- 
bly.  Thus  early  was  planted  in  America  that  repre- 
sentative system  thai  forms  the  soundest  political  frame 
in  which  liberty  was  ever  einliodied,  and  at  onen  the 
safest  and  most  *?tVicieiit  orL'nn  by  which  its  eneiuies 
are  ex»,Teised  and  deveh)ped.  So  strongly  cinbued 
were  (he  minds  of  Knirlishmen  in  this  age  with  the  vi- 
gorous spirit  of  thit  liberty  whieh  was  rajiidly.  advan- 
cing to  a  first  manhood  in  their  country,  that  wherever 
they  settled  themselves,  the  inaiilnlions  of  Ireedom 
look  root  und  grew  np  along  witli  thent. 

It  had  been  happy  for  the  morals  and  (he  prosperity 
of  Virginia,  if  her  inliabitants,  like  their  brethren  in 
Massachusetts,  had  oftener  elevated  their  eye  from  sub- 
ordinate agency  to  the  great  First  Cause,  ond  had  re- 
ferred, in  particular,  the  signal  blessing  that  was  now 
bestowed  on  them  to  the  will  and  gift  of  (iod.  Li- 
berty HO  derived  acijuirea  at  once  its  tirmest  and  no- 
blest basis — It  becomes  respected  as  well  as  beloved  ; 
the  dignity  of  the  origin  to  which  it  is  referred,  inllu- 
ciices  the  ends  to  which  it  is  made  subservient  ;  and 
all  are  taught  to  feel  that  it  can  neither  be  violated  nor 
abused  without  provoking  (he  Divine  displeasure.  It 
is  this  preservative  principle  alone  that  prevents  the 
choicest  blessinos  and  most  estimable  i)i)aliiies  from 
cherishing  in  human  hearts  an  ungrateful  and  counter- 
acting spirit  of  insolence  and  pride — a  spirit  which  led 
the  Virginians  too  soon  to  plant  the  rankest  weeds  of 
tyranny  in  that  field  where  the  seeds  of  liberty  had 
been  so  happily  sown. 

The  company  had  received  orders  from  tlic  king  to 
transport  to  Virginia  a  hundred  idle  diss-olute  p'-rsons 
who  were  in  custody  for  various  misdemeatiuars  in 
London. t  These  men  were  dispersed  throngh  the  colo- 
ny as  servants  to  the  planters  ;  and  the  degradation  of 
the  colonial  character  and  manners,  produced  by  such 
an  intermixture,  was  overlooked,  in  consideration  of  the 
assistance  that  was  derived  from  them  in  executing  (he 
plans  of  industry  that  were  daily  extending  themselves 
11620.]  Having  once  associated  felons  with  their  la^ 
bors,  and  committed  the  cultivation  of  their  fields  to 
servile  hands,  the  rolouista  were  pre|»ared  to  yield  to 
(be  temptation  which  speedily  presented  itself,  and  to 
blend  in  barbarous  combination  the  character  of  oppres- 
sors witb  the  claims  and  condition  of  freemen.  A 
Uutcb  ship,  from  the  coast  of  tiuinea.  Laving  sailed  up 
James  river,  sold  a  part  of  her  cargo  o\'  Negroes  to 
the  planters  :  and  as  that  hardy  race  was  found  more 
capable  of  enduring  fatigue  in  a  sultry  climate  than 
Kuropcaiis,  the  number  was  increased  by  conlinnal 
importation,  till  a  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Virginia  were  reduced  to  a  stale  of  slavery  by  the  sel- 
fish ingratitude  of  men  who  turned  into  a  prison  for 
others  the  territory  that  bad  proved  a  scat  of  liberty 
and  happiness  to  themselves. 

llut,  about  this  time,  another  addition,  more  pro- 
ductive of  virtue  and  felicity,  was  made  to  the  numlier 
of  the  colonists.     Few  women  had  as  yet  ventured  to 


*  Ilolfe,  apnd  Sinith,  ».  iv.  Slilh.  p.  |fi(t— The  As.sctnbly, 
when  Ihey  trmsmiited  their  uwn  enactments  to  Eiisiand,  re- 
quested the  nem'ral  court  to  prepare  a  diKesi  for  VirKUua  of 
the  laws  of  Hmjlaiui  «inl  to  procure  for  it  the  sandiuii  of  the 
kins'.*  approbation,  ndding, "  that  it  was  nut  til  that  his  suli- 
jerts  should  ho  governed  by  any  other  rules  than  such  as  re- 
ceired  iheir  infinence  from  him."— Chalmers,  p.  44. 

t  Stith,  p  ii>7— ('aptain  Smith  observes,  that  since  his  de- 
parture tiom  the  cohmy,  the  number  of  felons  and  vat;atM»iid.i 
transported  to  VirKinia  liromtht  such  evil  report  on  the  placi- 
•'  that  some  did  rliiKtso  to  be  hanged  «ro  they  would  ({o  thither, 
ami  were."  Not  long  after  the  massacre  in  IdW,  however,  he 
remarks,  that  "  there  are  more  honest  men  now  suitors  to  go, 
than  ever  have  been  eoTislrained  knaves."  Many  persons 
liavo  been  transported  as  felons  to  America  whom  no  com- 
mumly  wouUI  bu  ashamed  to  recoKUize  as  fellow  citiZLUs. 
'I'lie  crews  of  the  first  squadron  conducted  by  Coiumbus  to 
America  were  partly  composed  of  convicts,  pardoned  on  eon- 
diiioM  of  undertaking  the  voyai^e.  In  the  leiitn  of  fluirles  II. 
Iicfure  the  vohuitary  etnisjrulion  of  ilie  Quakers,  a  consider- 
able ruiiiibur  of  those  sectaries  were  Iranspurtud  as  Icluns  to 
America. 


cross  tho  Attnniic  ;  and  the  Kngli^h  being  restrained 
by  the  jirido  and  rigidity  of  their  character  from  thai 
iiicorjiuration  with  the  native  .\mericaiis  which  the 
l-'rencb  and  Pordignesc  have  found  so  ronducivr  (0 
their  interests,  and  so  accordant  with  the  pliancy  of 
their  manners  and  disposition,  were  generally  destitute 
of  (he  comforts  and  connexions  of  married  tile.  Men 
so  situated  could  not  regard  Virginia  as  a  permanent 
resultnce,  but  proposed  to  themselvoc,  after  amassing 
a  competency  uf  weallli  as  expeditiously  as  possible,  to 
return  to  their  native  rountry.  Such  views  are  inco'i 
sisteiit  witb  jialient  industry,  artl  with  those  extended 
interests  that  produce  or  support  pa'.riotism  ;  and  under 
the  more  liberal  system  which  lie  company  liad  no  v 
begun  to  pursuo  towards  (he  ''iilony.  it  was  prupos'  '1 
to  send  out  a  hundred  young  women  of  agreeable  per- 
sons and  respectable  characters,  as  wives  for  the  sct- 
llers.  Ninety  were  accordingly  sent,  and  the  speen- 
ladon  proved  so  proti(able  (n  the  company,  that  a  repe- 
titiiin  uf  It  was  suumesied  to  the  emptiness  of  their  ex- 
rheipier  in  the  following  year,  f  16*^1, j  und  sixty  moro 
vsere  collected  and  sent  over.  They  were  immediately 
disposed  of  to  tho  young  planters,  and  proiluced  fliicti 
an  accession  uf  happiness  lo  Ihe  colony,  that  the 
second  consignment  fetched  u  belter  price  than  ibt* 
lir.s(.  The  price  of  a  wife  was  estimated  lirst  at  a  hun- 
dred and  twenty,  and  afterwards  at  a  hundred  and  tifty 
jiounds  of  tolmcco,  of  which  the  selling  price  was  ihcii 
three  shillings  per  pound;  and  the  subject  of  the  trans- 
action was  held  to  impart  its  own  dignity  to  the  debt, 
which  accordingly  was  allowed  lo  take  precedence  ol 
all  oilier  engagements.*  The  young  women  were  not 
only  bought  with  avidity,  but  received  with  such  fond- 
ness, and  so  cuinfortably  established,  that  others  were 
invited  to  follow  their  example,  and  virtuous  sentiments  ■ 
and  provident  habits  spreading  daily  among  the  idaii 
lers,  enlarged  the  happiness  and  prosperity  ot  ttiH 
colony.  To  tho  blessings  of  marriage  nalnrally  sue 
ceeded  some  provision  for  the  benetits  of  education 
.\  sum  of  money  had  been  collected  by  the  English 
bishops  by  direction  of  the  king,  lor  tho  mainlenaiice 
uf  an  institution  m  Virginia  for  the  christian  educulion 
of  Indian  children  ;  and  in  emulation  of  this  good  ex- 
ample, various  steps  were  taken  by  the  company  (o- 
wards  the  foundadon  of  a  colonial  college,  which  was 
afterwards  completed  by  William  and  Marv. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  rise  of  liberty  in  .Xmerica 
was  nearly  coeval  with  lier  first  dispute  with  the  go- 
vernment of  the  mother  country,  and  that  the  earlies* 
of  those  dissensions,  which  in  a  succeeding  generation 
were  destined  to  wrest  America  from  t'ngland,  oc- 
curred with  a  province  long  distinguished  lor  ihe  ardor 
of  its  loyalty  to  the  Knglish  cro*^  n.  With  the  increas- 
ing industry  of  the  colony,  the  produce  of  its  tobacco- 
fields  became  moro  than  suflicient  for  the  consumption 
of  England,  where  its  disposal,  too,  was  severely 
hampered  by  the  weak  and  unsteady  counsels  uf  the 
king,  in  granting  monopolies  for  the  sale  of  it,  in  limit- 
ing the  ijuantities  to  be  mi[>or(cd,  in  appointing  com- 
inissionera  "for  garbling  the  drug  called  tobacco.'' 
wilh  arbitrary  powers  to  seize  whatever  purdons  uf  it 
(hey  might  consider  of  inferior  quality,  in  loadint;  the 
importation  with  a  heavy  duty,  and,  at  tho  same  tune, 
encouraging  the  import  of  Spanish  lobacco.  The  com- 
pany, harassed  by  tlie.*io  vexatious  regulations,  had 
opened  a  trade  with  Holland,  and  eslabbslied  ware- 
houses there,  to  which  they  sent  their  lobacco  directly 
from  Virginia ;  but  the  king  interposed  to  prohibit  such 
evasion  of  his  revenue,  and  directed  that  all  the  Vir- 
ginia tobacco  shmild  be  brought  in  the  first  instance  to 
Kngland.  A  lengtheneti  and  acrimonious  dispute  arosu 
between  tins  feeble  prince  und  the  colonists  and  colo- 
nial company.  Against  the  muno)>oly  established  in 
Kngland,  tluy  petitioned  the  llou.^e  uf  Cunimutis ; 
and  111  support  of  their  right  lo  trade  directly  with  Hol- 
land, they  both  contended  for  ihe  general  privilege  of 
Englishmen  to  carry  their  connnodities  to  the  best 
market,  and  pleaded  llie  particular  concessions  uf  their 
charier,  which  expressly  conferred  on  ibem  unbmiteil 
liberty  of  comnierco.  At  length,  the  dispute  wa& 
adjusted  by  a  compromise,  by  which  the  compr.ny 
obtained,  on  the  one  hand,  the  exclusive  right  of  im- 

•  Stitli,  p.  106,  1V7— A  very  ditrerenl  account  has  heiii 
transmittea  tu  us  of  the  first  female  emigration  to  ('ana<ia. 
About  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  French  tio- 
vernuieut  sent  out  several  ship  loads  of  prostitutes  to  ihis  pro- 
vince, as  wives  to  the  settlers.  Tliou>?h  the  Jcmaiid  wa.< 
f^o  pressing  that  ihey  were  all  disposed  tif  in  \cm  than  tiltcen 
davs,  Ihe  colonists  showed  more  regard  to  virtue  in  selti  dug 
tlieir  mates  than  their  government  had  Uell'^  in  Rssornn^  the 
cari^o.  The  tallest,  wc  arc  teUi,  were  in  m;>^t  request,  la-ing 
judged  Iraift  active  and  vulattle  (consequently,  it  wh:,  hopfd* 
mt)st  faithful,)  and  best  able  dure  tho  culd.— NouvcauS 

Voyages  de  La  lloutan.  Vol.  t.  ^  'Ire  ii. 


229 

porting  lobaccu  inlo  Iho  kingdoiii,  and  ciigiKoli  o"  <li'' 
olhiT,  to  pay  on  iiii|iorl  iluiy  of  nMie|.i'nci!  per  puuinl. 
uid  tu  aon<l  all  llio  pruiliicc  ill  VirKiina  tu  Kiiijluiiil. 

But  a  clouil  hud  hcuii  Tor  aoiiiv  tiiiio  galliurni);  oyer 
the  colony,  and  nvin  the  circnm»tance«  that  ino..t  lor- 
cilily  indicated  llio  growing  prosperity  of  the  pljiitiri 
were  hut  inviting  andenahling  the  atorni  to  hur.it  »nh 
more  destructive  violence  on  their  lieada.  Kitiriially 
at  peace  with  the  Indians,  unupprelicnaivu  of  danj^er. 
and  wholly  engroaaed  with  the  prohtahle  cultivaliun  of 
ihcir  fertile  lerrilory,  their  increasing  nuinhers  had 
spread  ao  eitonsively  over  the  province,  that  no  leas 
than  t'ighty  •eltleinents  had  already  hceii  formed ;  and 
every  planter  heiiig  guided  only  by  his  own  convenience 
or  caprice  in  the  choice  of  hia  dwellnig,  and  more  dispo- 
•cd  to  ahun  than  to  court  the  neighborhood  of  hia  coun- 
trymen, the  settlements  were  univuraaliy  atragghngand 
iincompact.  The  .Scriptures,  which  the  coloniata  re- 
ceiv.'d  aa  their  rule  of  faith,  bore  ample  teatiinony  to 
the  cruelty  and  treachery  of  mankind  in  their  natural 
state  ;  and  their  past  experience  might  have  convinced 
Ihiiiii  that  the  aavagea  by  whom  they  were  aurrounded 
could  claim  no  nxuinption  from  this  testimony  of  Divine 
winloin  and  truth.  Vet  the  pious  labors  by  which  the 
evil  dispnsilioiis  of  the  Indians  might  have  been  over- 
come, and  the  mililary  cjercisea  and  precautions  by 
which  their  hostility  might  have  been  overawed  or  re- 
pelled, were  eipially  neglected  by  the  colonists,  while, 
at  the  some  tune,  they  contributed  to  fortify  the  martial 
habits  of  the  Indians  by  employing  them  as  hunters,  and 
enlarged  their  resources  of  destruction  by  furnishing 
them  with  hre-arms,  which  they  quickly  learned  to  use 
with  dexterity,  'i'hc  morriogn  of  iMr.  Holfe  and  Poca- 
hontas had  not  produced  as  lusting  a  good  underslund- 
iiig  between  the  Knglish  and  the  Indians  us  it  had  at 
first  seemed  to  betoken.  The  Indians  eagerly  courted 
a  repetition  of  such  intermarriages,  and  were  deeply 
olfi fiideu  with  the  prido  with  which  the  Lnglish  rcceilcil 
from  their  advances,  and  declined  to  become  the  hiia- 
bunds  of  Indian  women.  The  colonists  forgot  that 
they  hud  indicted  this  mortilication  ;  but  it  was  remem- 
bered by  the  Indians,  who  never  forgot  or  forgave  an 
HlFront.  Numberless  earnest  recoinir.cndaiions  had 
been  transmitted  Ironi  Kngland  to  attempt  the  conver- 
sion of  the  savages  ;  but  these  recoir.inendatiuns  had 
not  been  enforced  by  a  sullicient  attention  to  the 
means  requisite  for  their  execution.  Vet  they  were 
not  wholly  neglected  by  the  colonists.  Some  atteinjils 
at  conversion  were  made  by  a  few  pious  iiidividuul», 
and  the  auccesa  of  one  of  them  undoubtedly  mitigated 
the  dreadful  calamity  that  was  impending;  but  these 
elfnrts  were  feeble  and  partial,  and  the  majority  of  the 
colonista  had  contented  themselves  with  cultivating  a 
friendly  intercourse  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Indians,  who  were  admitted  at  all  times  inlo  their  habi- 
tations, and  encouraged  to  consider  themselves  as 
familiar  guests  *  It  was  in  the  midst  of  this  free  and 
unguarded  intercourse  that  the  Indians  formed,  with 
cold  and  unrelenting  deliberation,  the  plan  for  a  gene- 
ral massacre  of  the  English,  wliicli  should  involve 
every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  colony  in  indis- 
criminato  slaughter.  The  death  of  I'owhaton.  in 
1618,  devolved  the  power  of  executing  a  scheino  so 
detestable  into  the  hands  of  a  man  fully  capalile  of 
contriving  and  maturing  it.  ()|>ecliancanougli,  who 
succeeded,  not  only  to  the  supremacy  over  i^owhalan's 
tribe,  but  to  his  inlluence  over  all  the  neighboring 
tribCH  of  Indians,  was  distinguished  tiy  his  fearless 
courage,  Ins  profound  dissimulation,  and  a  rancorous 
hutretl  and  jealousy  of  the  new  inhabitants  of  America. 
He  renewed  the  pacific  treatyt  which  I'owhaian  had 
made,  nnd  faithfully  kept,  with  the  lOnglish  after  the 
marriage  of  Pocahontas  to  Mr.  Kolfc ;  and  he  availed 
himself  of  the  tranquillity  it  produced  to  prepr.re, 
during  the  four  ensuing  years,  his  friends  and  follower..* 
for  the  several  parts  they  were  to  act  in  the  tragedy  he 
projected.  The  tribes  in  the  neighborhood  of  tlie 
English,  except  those  on  the  eastern  shore,  whom,  on 
account  of  their  peculiar  friendship  fur  the  coloniats- 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


*  Slilh,  p.  310— To  tho  romonstranceB  of  some  persons  in 
the  colony  agninst  tht-ir  worship  of  demons,  some  of  ihc  In- 
liisiiis  of  VirKiiiia  nii»\v(!i(^(i  that  Ihey  believed  in  Iwo  great 
Kptrits,  a  |{<>"*1  Ai>'l  't"  evil  one  ;  that  the  flrtst  was  a  IpcinK 
Slink  in  the  enjoyment  of  everla.<ttlni(intli)lence  and  ease,  wlto 
Rhowcred  down  blessihgx  indiscnniinately  from  Iho  skies, 
leavitig  men  to  scramble  for  them  as  they  chose,  and  totally 
indiirerent  to  tlieir  concerns;  but  that  the  second  was  an 
active  jealous  spirit,  whom  they  were  obltKed  to  propittalo 
that  ho  might  not  de-.lMy  Hieni— Ol.imtxlon,  i.  aH3. 

t  Stilh,p.  153 — Opt  (Imncanoti^h,  in  iniitatinnof  thr  Fnglish, 
had  built  himself  u  hou-ie,  and  was  so  diligliled  with  the 
contrivance  of  a  lock  and  key,  thai  he  nsed  to  spend  whole 
hoi.rs  tn  the  rcpriiticm  of  the  experiment  of  lucking  and  untuck' 
li'fi  U.&  door— OldmU ton,  i.  23a. 


tin  did  not  venturo  to  inlniHt  with  ihu  plan,  wcro  tiic- ! 
cecMvely  L'iiini'd  over ;  uiid  all  co-npcraird  wilh  that 
Ritiglo-iitinuedneRN  and  inleiiHitv  of  purpose  chariictcr- 
mtic  of  H  project  of  Indian  revenue.  In  a  trihu  of 
tttvjgc  idulaltTA,  (he  imHsionft  of  men  ntv  left  tinpiiri- 
tii'd  by  the  intluencr  of  rt-lij^ion,  and  unresiruined  by  a 
Bound  or  cicvnted  inoralily  ;  nnd  human  character  it 
not  tiuhjcclcd  to  that  variety  of  iinpiilsu  and  JmprLsiiioti 
which  It  undergood  in  cilvilized  Hucicty,  Tho  Mcnti-  i 
inents  inculcated,  and  tho  diapotfitionn  conlniclcd,  in 
thr  fiiuiily  and  in  tho  trihe,  in  doinr^tir  education  and 
in  public  life,  in  all  tho  nccnea  throufrh  winch  tho 
savage  pnsHoa  from  his  cradlo  to  hia  grave,  aru  tho 
aamu  ;  there  ia  no  contest  of  oppositn  princiitlca  or 
conriictiiig  habitd  to  dissipato  hia  mind  or  weaken  its 
detcnninationa  ;  and  the  syvtein  of  morals  (if  it  may 
be  so  called)  which  ho  embraces,  being  tho  offspring 
of  wisdom  and  dispositions  congenial  to  his  own,  a 
seeming  dignity  arises  from  tho  vigor  and  consistency 
of  that  conduct  which  his  moral  sentiments  never  dis- 
turb or  rcproich.  The  understanding,  unoccupied  by 
objects  suitable  to  its  dignity,  and  unemployed  by  va- 
riety of  knowledge,  instead  of  moderating  the  paiisions, 
becomes  tho  instrumont  of  their  doaigns,  and  the  abet- 
tor of  their  violence.  Men  in  malice,  but  children  in 
understanding  ;  it  is  in  the  direction  of  cunning  and 
dissimulation  that  tho  intellectual  faculties  of  savages 
are  chiefly  exercised  :  and  nrcU  in  the  perfect  harmony 
between  their  passions  and  their  reHective  powers,  thut 
the  same  delay  which  wouhi  cool  the  cruelty  of  more 
cultivated  men,  serves  hut  to  confirm  their  fi' icily, 
and  mature  the  devices  for  its  gratification.  Nut- 
wiihstiinding  the  long  interval  that  elapsed  between 
the  formation  and  the  execution  of  their  present  enter- 
prise, and  the  perpetual  intercourse  that  subsisted  be- 
tween them  and  the  white  people,  the  most  iinpenelra- 
hlc  secrecy  was  preserved  ,  and  so  consummate  and 
fearless  was  tlicir  dissimuhition,  that  they  were  iteciis- 
tomed  to  borrow  boats  from  the  English  to  cross  the 
river,  in  order  to  concert  and  conununicate  the  pro- 
gress of  their  design. 

An  incident  which,  though  minute,  is  too  curious  to 
be  oinilled,  contributed  to  sharpen  the  ferocity  of  the 
Indians  by  the  sense  of  recent  provocation.  There  was 
a  man,  belonging  to  one  of  the  neighboring  tribes, 
■mined  ISeniatlanovv,  who.  by  his  courage,  crift,  and 
good  fortune,  had  attained  the  highest  repute  among 
hiH  countrymen.  In  tho  skirnii!<hes  and  engagemrints 
which  their  former  wars  wilh  the  Knglish  produced, 
he  had  exposed  bin  person  with  a  bravery  that  com- 
manded their  esteem,  and  an  impnnily  that  excited 
their  astonishment.  They  judged  him  hivulnerable, 
whom  so  many  wounds  seemed  to  have  approached  in 
vain  ;  and  the  object  of  their  admiration  partook,  or  at 
least  encouraged,  the  delusion  which  Kcemed  to  invest 
him  with  a  character  of  sanctity.  Opcchancanough, 
the  king,  whether  jealous  of  this  man's  reputation,  or 
desirous  of  embroiling  the  English  with  the  Indians, 
Kent  a  message  to  the  governor  of  the  colony,  (o  ac> 
quaint  him  that  he  was  welcome  to  cut  Nemattanow's 
threat.  iSuch  a  representation  of  Indian  character  as 
this  message  conveyed,  one  would  think,  ought  to  have 
excited  tho  strongest  suspicion  an'',  distrust  in  the 
minds  of  the  Knglish.  Though  the  otTer  of  tiic  king 
was  disregarded,  bis  wishes  were  not  disappointed. 
Nemattanow,  having  murdered  a  planter,  was  shot  by 
one  of  hiK  servants  in  an  attempt  to  apprehend  him. 
Finding  the  pangs  of  death  coining  strong  upon  him, 
the  pride,  but  not  the  vanity,  of  the  savage  was  sulnlued, 
and  he  entreated  his  captors  to  grant  his  two  last 
recpiests,  one  of  which  was  that  they  would  never  re- 
veal that  he  had  be.ni  slain  by  a  bullet,  and  the  other, 
that  they  would  bury  him  among  the  English,  that  the 
secret  of  his  n  irtality  might  never  he  known  to  his 
countrymen.  '1  ne  request  seems  to  infer  the  possibility 
of  its  being  complied  with,  and  the  di.sclosure  of  the 
fatal  event  was  no  btss  imprudent  than  disadvantageous. 
The  Indians  were  filled  with  grief  and  indignation  ; 
and  Opechancanough  inflamed  their  anger  by  pretend- 
ing to  share  it.  Having  counterfeited  displeat^uro  for 
the  satisfaction  of  his  subjects,  he  proceeded  v.ilh 
equal  success  to  counterfeit  placability  for  the  delusion 
of  hia  enemies,  and  assured  the  English  that  tho  sky 
should  sooner  fall  than  tho  peace  bo  broken  by  him. 
Hut  the  plot  now  advanced  rapidly  to  its  maturity,  and, 
at  length,  the  day  was  fixed  on  which  all  the  Knglish 
settlements  were  at  the  same  instant  to  be  attacked. 
The  respective  stations  of  the  various  troops  of  assas- 
sins were  assigned  to  them ;  and  that  they  might  be 
enabled  to  occupy  them  without  exciting  suspicion, 
some  carried  presents  of  fish  and  game  into  the  interior 
of   the  colony,  and   others  presented  themselves  as 


guests  soliciting  the  hospitality  of  their  Kngliih  friendv, 
on  (he  evening  before  the  in>iK.sacre,  Ah  the  fatal  hour 
drew  iiigli,  the  rest,  under  \unutis  pretences,  iirid  with 
every  ilemonstrutiitncit  kindness,  ahKcinbled  around  tho 
detaelit'd  and  ungnardeil  sttlleriit  nis  ut  ilie  cnluniKtn; 
and  lint  B  senliiiient  of  euiDpunciiou,  not  a  ra«h  eX' 
presstiin  of  h:ile,  nor  an  unguarded  Umk  ot  cvultaliuiij 
liad  occurred  to  discuneert  or  disclose  the  designs  of 
their  well  diseiphned  ftroeity. 

The  universal  destruction  of  the  rolonisls  aepmed 
unavoidable,  and  was  prevented  only  by  the  eoime* 
quenech  of  an  event  whi«'h  perhaps  appeared  but  of  litlla 
consequence  in  tho  colony  at  the  tune  when  i(  took 
place — tho  conversion  of  an  Indian  to  the  Christian 
faith.  On  the  night  before  the  mashacre,  (hi»  man  was 
made  privy  to  it  by  his  own  brother,  whoconiinumcaird 
(o  him  the  command  of  his  king  and  Ins  i-oiiiitrymen  to 
share  in  the  exploit  that  would  enrich  their  race  wih 
spoil,  revenge,  and  glory.  The  e.xh(trtatiou  wa**  pow- 
erfully calculated  to  impress  a  savage  mind  ;  but  a  new 
mind  had  been  gi\en  to  this  convert,  and  as  soon  as 
hiH  brother  left  him  he  revealed  the  alarming  init  lli- 
gence  to  an  Englibh  gentleman  in  whose  hou^e  he  was 
residing.  This  planter  iminediatety  earned  the  iidingi 
to  Jamestown,  from  whence  the  alarm  was  communi- 
cated to  the  nearest  settlers,  barely  in  time  to  pre\ent 
the  last  hour  of  the  perlidtous  truce  Irom  b<  ing  (he  hist 
hour  of  their  lives. 

]$ut  the  intelligence  came  too  late  to  lie  more  gene- 
rally available.  At  midday,  the  moment  t|ii-yliud  pre- 
viously fixed  for  this  execrable  deed,  tlie  Indians,  rai.s- 
ing  a  universal  yell,  rushed  at  once  on  the  Knglmh  in 
all  their  scattered  settlementH,  and  butchered  miii, 
women,  and  children  with  undistinguisli;ng  lury,  and 
every  aggravation  of  brutal  outrage  and  eiionnoi.s  eru- 
elly.  In  one  hour,  thre<!  hundred  and  forty-seM  n  per- 
sons were  cut  oil",  almost  without  kiiownit;  by  wlinse 
hands  tliey  felt.  'J'he  alaughter  would  have  been  aiitl 
greater  li 'he  Engl'ah  e^ei'  in  tfcmo  of  tlio-^e  di>lriela 
where  the  warning  that  saved  othersdid  n<it  reach,  hud 
not  Ilown  to  their  arms  with  the  energy  of  Oe>[ia,r,  ?nd 
defended  themselves  so  liravely  as  to  n  piiUe  llie  aa- 
sailanlH,  who  almost  univcrsallv  di.-'played  a  eo\>anIi.-e 
proportioned  to  their  cruelty,  and  111  d  ul  thr  si^ihl  of 
arms  in  the  bunds  even  of  the  womin  and  hoy.^.  \\liOiii, 
unarmed,  they  were  witling  lo  attack  uiid  destroy.  If 
in  'his  foul  and  revolting  exhthilion  of  huinaniiy,  sumo 
circumstances  appear  to  be  referable  to  (lie  prciiliantira 
of  savage  life  and  education,  we  shall  greatly  irr  il  wo 
overlook,  in  its  more  general  and  imporlunt  features, 
the  testimony  it  has  given  lo  the  deep  depravity  of  fallen 
nature.  The  previous  inas.Hacre  of  the  Krench  pniles- 
tanis  on  the  day  o(  St.  Ihirtliohniiew,  and  the  suhse- 
(pienl  massacre  of  the  Irish  protesianls  in  1641,  pre- 
sent, not  only  a  barbarous  people,  but  a  civilized  nation 
and  accomplished  court,  as  the  rivals  of  these  American 
savages  in  perfidy,  fury,  and  cruelty. 

The  cidony  had  received  a  wound  no  less  deep  and 
dangerous,  than  painful  and  alarming.  Six  of  the  mem- 
bers of  council,  and  many  of  the  most  eminent  and  re- 
spectable inhabitants,  were  among  the  slain  ;  athomeof 
the  netltements  the  whole  of  ttieir  popululion  had  been 
exterminated  ;  at  others  a  remnant  had  escajied  the  ge- 
neral destruction  by  the  etlbrts  of  despair ;  and  the  sur- 
vivors were  impoverislied,  terrified,  and  confounded  by 
a  stroke  (bat  at  once  bereaved  iheni  of  friends  and  for- 
tune, and  showed  that  they  were  surroundt  <i  by  legions 
of  enemies,  whose  existence  they  had  never  dreamt  of, 
and  whose  brutality  and  ferocity  t*eemed  lo  proclaim 
them  a  race  of  fiends  rather  lliaii  men.*  To  tho  iiias 
sacrc  succeeded  a  vindictive  and  exterminating  war  bo* 
t..i.iulhc  English  and  the  Indians:  and  the  coloiustrt 
were  at  last  provoked  to  retaliate,  in  some  degree,  on 
their  savage  adversaries,  the  evils  of  which  they  had  set 
so  bloody  an  example,  and  which  seemed  to  be  the  only 
weapons  capable  of  waging  etiectnal  war  upon  them. 
Yet  though  a  direful  necessity  might  seem  to  justify  or 
palliate  thu  measures  which  it  I  :giU  the  colonists  to 
apprehend  and  provide  for,  their  warfare  was  never 
wholly  divested  of  Lunor  and  inagnannnity.  During 
this  disastrous  period,  tne  design  for  erecting  a  colonial 
ccllege,  and  many  other  public  institutions,  was  aban- 
doned ;  the  number  of  Uho  settlements  was  reduced 
from  eighty  to  six ;  and  the  afllictioii  of  scarcity  was 
added  to  the  horrors  of  war.f 


if 


*  It  was  long  betbro  any  of  thu  Uritish  colonies  were  pro- 
perly on  their  guard  agatiiiit  tlio  rliarncuits  of  men  capable 
oi  sucli  consummate  ireu.ncry,  and  who  *'in  anger  were  noti 
hkc  the  Kitgiian,  laikativc  and  boisterous,  nut  sullen  and  re< 
vengflul."    Trumbull's  Connecticut,  i.  44. 

t  Stith,  p.  iVJ,  235,  !i3ti.  As  far  afc  1  am  able  to  discover, 
the  retaliatory  diiccit  practised  by  the  colonists  in  their  boa- 
tihtioM  wilt  the  Indianx  has  been  ^rea'.l;  u'crralcd.    Ttiruu^b 


tl. 


err  il  wu 

Ifiilnrrs, 
k-  oflalUn 

n-    SllliSt'- 

1«41,  pri- 
zed IIUUUII 

American 


»s  tlfcp  and 

Ul'  lilt!  HICIU- 

iHiil  und  rc- 

. .  Ht  snint'  o{ 

iun  hud  bucn 

ijH'd  tlie  gc- 

aiid  lilt'  Bur- 

itoinidfd  by 

lids  and  lor- 

d  l>y  U'^'oiis 

■r  dri'aiiil  of, 

to  proclaim 

'Vo  ilio  III'IS 

iiijn  war  bo- 

lit'  I'olonistrt 

d('[^ri'<'»  ou 

ihcy  hadfcl 

ilic  only 

llpUll  tlltMll. 

m  juMiily  or 
coloittstH  to 
was  never 
ily.  During 
11^  a  coloiual 
t,  was  aban* 
kras  reduced 
scarcity  was 


v.e»  were  pro- 
\  men  tnpable 
iigcr  were  not} 
liiullen  and  re* 

lie  to  discovoft 
Is  In  ItiL'ir  ttos- 
Itea.    TUruugb 


When  inipUif^pnce  of  this  cahinity  arrivid  in  Kri^. 
[and,  Il  I'xnU'd.  wiih  nnicli  dmapinnlialionof  ihf;  di'Icc- 
(ivc  (mjIicv  and  inrirn'irnt  pn-ciiiliotis  of  the  roiiipaiiy. 
d  [towcrltd  Hyinnalliy  with  lliu  danger  'iiid  di:^tn-ft?«  ot 
t\w  coloniBla.  liy  ordrr  of  thn  kmj;,  ii  supply  of  iirniH 
from  the  Tower  was  drliveri'd  l»  iho  trr.i!*un'r  niid 
rompanv  ;  and  iri'n.'«el»  wi-rr  dcupalcliid  with  (-iiruMXH 
of  mich  ariicUi!*  ut  tlio  ivti^jcricy  of  the  [mw  M-i'mid  lo 
render  must  prtHsm^Jy  re>|uiHile.  Captain  Smith  tiuh- 
niilted  to  th«  roinpaiiy  ii  project,  whirh  he  olfered  to 
conduct,  fur  eH'cctini;  the  rcMoratMui  uf  peace  hy  the 
r:(piilsiuii  or  Nuhju^aliun  of  thn  Hav.i^f-s ;  hut,  lliou<;li 
^(Mienilly  approved,  it  was  not  adujited.  My  dint  nf 
the  exerttoim  they  inadn  m  their  own  behalf,  with  the 
assJHtttnco  uf  the  supplies  that  were  uetuatly  itent  to 
thuni  fruin  lOngland.  the  cnluni^iit  were,  barely  Niived 
fruin  periHhm^  with  huufier  ;  and  il  wait  not  till  ofler 
t  lout*  siriiijyio  with  iheir  calamities,  that  they  were  al 
UMti^th  enabled  a^ain  to  resume  their  proMpects  and 
extend  their  settleiueiUs.* 

More  ample  Hiipplics,  and  more  active  assistanee, 
would  have  been  rendered  to  ihn  ruluniHta  from   \'M'^- 
land,   but  for   the  disi^eusionv   amon^    (ho   patentees, 
which  had  been  spn^^dm^  fur  a  considerablu  period, 
Olid  had  at  this  juncturo  attained  a  height  lh)t  mani- 
festly  tended   lo   the  dinsolution  of  the  corporation. 
The  romjmny  was  now  a  numerous  body,  and  bein^ 
composed  of  able  and  enlerprisiiifj  men  drawn  from 
every  class  in  society,   it  represented    very  faithfully 
the   state  of  party  feeling  in  the    nation  ;    while   its 
freipient  courts  atforded  a  convenient  arena  in  whici 
the  parties  tried  their  Htren<;lh,  and  a  powerful  oraaii 
by   vvhteh    the    prevaibnu    ftentiinenla   were    publicly 
enpressed.     At  every  mectintr,  the  proceediii|^s  were 
impeded  by   the   inlri«;ues  of  rival  factious,    and  the 
debales  intlamed   and   lenmhened  by  ihrir  vehement 
lUercatiuiis.      At   every  eleclion,   the  olFiccii    of  the 
company   were  courted  and   contested   by  the    most 
eminent  periious    in   the  statu.     The  distinction   be- 
tween the  court  parly  and  tlio  country  party  that  was 
epreadin;;   throu^li  the  nation,  was   the   more   reidilv 
inainuated  iulu  the  counsels  of  the  co  npany  [  li\'Z',\\  from 
the  iiifreipieiicy  and  irrtfjularity  of  its  more  le>;rilimUe 
theatre,    the   parliament  ;    3nd  various  circumstances 
in  the  history  of  the  company  (ended  to  fortify  and 
inaintuiu   this  distinction.     Many   of  (he  proprietors, 
dissattstied   with  the  slender  returns  that  ihe  colony 
had    yielded,    were    disposed    to    blame   the    existinj,' 
uflicers  and  administration  for  the  disappointment  ol 
their  hopes  :  not  a  few  resented  the  procurement  of 
the  tliird  charter,  the  exclusion  of  Captain  Smith  from 
the  direction   which    he    had    shown    himself  so  welf 
qualified  to  exercise,  and  the  insi^niticaiice  lo  which 
they  were  themsrivos  condemned  by  tlic  arbitrary  en- 
larifement  of  (he   association  ;  and  a  small  but  active 
and  iutri;,'uin^'  party,  who  had  labored  with  earnest  but 
unsuccessful    rapacity,    lo  engross  the  oliicea  of  tin 
company,   lo  usurp  the  direction  of  its  atliiirs,  and  to 
convert  the  trade  of  the  colony  into  their  own  private 
patrimony   by    monopolies    which    they    boii^rht    from 
needy  courtiers,    naturally  rantrod   themselves  en  the 
Bide  of  the  court,  and  by  their  complaints  and   misre- 
presentations to  the  kiii^'  and  privy  council,  sought  (o 
interest  them  m  the  ipiarrels,  and  infect  them  with  sus- 
picions of  tlio  corporation.      At  the  head  of  this  least 
numerous  but  most  danijeroiis  faction,   was  the  notori- 
ous Captain  Argal,  who  continued  lo  dispUy  a  ran- 
corous enmity  to  the  liberty  of  the  coloiiv,  and  hoped 
to  coiupas.H  by  iiilrit»ue  and  servility  al  home  the  same 
objects  which  he  had  pursued  by  lyraniiy  and  vioU  nee 
abroail.     Sir  Thomas  Smith  (oo,  the  treasurer,  whose 
predilection  for  arbitrary  government  we  have  alre.idy 
had    occasion  to  notice,    encotirai/ed  every  coin)ilamt 
and  proposition  tlial  tended  to  abndire  llie  privileges  of 
the  coloi^iy.  and  mve  lo  Hs  administration  a  less^popn- 

tho  (1(111(1  of  itassKm  arut  asloniHhnu'iit  that  tUa  riKissiin 
oxcUed,  Iho  truiU  wiis  ii<il  ea-.ilv  .lisiiTin'il.  Sliili  s.  .rns  to 
havo  inistakPii  expn'ssn.ns  tif  iixlii-triiiDn  lur  th'liiiiTate  .it*- 
BiRUH;  and  Dr.  HotHirtsun  li.is  iii;iijiiiiied  the  error  l.y  n'lisl. ik- 
ing the  puriMues  f(ir  the  execulUin  tliev  n^'vor  atiained  Stitli 
has,  wilh  suriirisiiiK  niarcumcy,  charge.!  Captain  Smith  wuh 
doclariuK,  that  tlio  iiiaHHacru  was  a  foriiiriate  circthiisuncc 
inasmuch  as  it  ontilled  ihd  colomsis  to  treat  the  IhImus  !> 
shivtts,  or  utterly  to  extirjiate  them.  .Siith,  p.  a33.  \\'ti,>ic'is 
SmUh  recites  tins  Imrbarous  undervalue ui  rtie  ma-isacre  «mlv 
to»:omicnmil.  Smilli  H.  iv.  See  note  II.  Tlio  coiitonntlition, 
aivl  e*i»ociallytlie  endnnmce  of  cruelly,  tends  to  make  incii 
cruel;  y.-l.  tntlio  lunmr  of  the  rol-miHs  he  it  remembered 
that  ev(  n  durUii,'  the  prevalence  of  those  hoslilitios  a  de- 
l.herstc  altemijt  to  cozen  and  snlijiuale  a  b.Hiy  or  Vndians 
was  prosecuted  as  an  oiFence  airainst  tlie  law  of  God.  and  the 
Uwa  of  nature  an  i  nations.    Siith,  p.  3.|()  ' 

•  Kven  II)  Decemb-r.  11123.  dm  aiMrcay  was  so  great,  ilial 
Wl.  sterliriK  wan  paiJ  u,ra  lw?shfl»i  of  mi-ai,  m,d  31  st.'rlinil 
Si.*         *51» '** ''  chickena.  in  Vir^mia.   l»iifchas'«  INlyrS, 


NO  HTII    AMKUIC  A. 

Ur  form.  The  arbitrary  alterations  of  the  charter 
lauijlil  all  tlie  malcontt  nts  to  look  up  lo  the  crown  for 
iicli  further  changes  as  inii^bt  remove  liii-  rxi'»tni(;  oh- 
Ntrm-tions  to  their  wishes;  utul  llie  coiiiph  to  aHceii- 
deiicy  which  the  couniry  party  ac.piired  in  th"  company, 
strongly  diKpu>cd  ihe  kiiij,'  lo  suppress  or  modily  im 
instiiutioii  tliat  served  to  cJitTir>ti  public  spirit  and 
disMininaU;  liberal  oplnion.^.  The  spirit  wuicli  the 
company  had  displayed  m  their  bite  dispute  with  him 
errnn^  llie  restriclioni*  of  ibeir  tobacco  trade,   the 


223 


Thin  arbitrary  proceeding  excited  ath  Ufjiruio  and 

const!  rnalioii  in  the  ahseli.i'led  court  of  prupiielora, 
llial  a  loM^  and  deep  sden.'e  followed  llie  reiitling  ul 
llie  order  of  couiuil.  Uul  rcMuminjj  iheir  spirit,  they 
proposed  to  defend  their  nt'hts  wi.h  a  reKolution  which, 
if  It  cdidd  not  avert  ibi  ir  late,  at  least  rinleemed  their 
characLcr.  They  indignantly  r*  lu^ed  lo  satK'iioii  tliu 
sli^m.i  alDti'd  to  tlieir  eiuiduct  by  the  order  of  council, 
III  siirremler  the  l^allchl^es  wlucd  thi'V  had  legally  oh- 
taihrd,  and  on  the  laiih  of  wliieh  tbey  had  (  xpcnded 
lar>;e  auins  uf  luoiiey,  or  to  consent  lo  ttie  abobUo:i  ol 
a  popular  government,  and  deliver  up  their  cuuntryinen 

I  depend- 
•  ntimenls 


COlIf  ^ 

freedom  witli  which  his  jioluy  bad  been  canvassed 

tlieir  deliueratiuiis,  ihii  Iirmness  with  which  his  mca' 

Mures  had  been  resisted,  and  the  conteuipl  they  bad  |  m  \  irjjima  to  the  dominion  of  a  narrow  ju 

shown  for  the  supremacy  alike  of  his  wisdom  and  hii*  I  cut  on  the  pleasure  of  the  kiny.      kt  tin 

prerogative  in  cuinptamin^  lo  the  House  ol   Connnons,  ,  lUfv  persistrd  m  spiiu  of  all  ihe  threats  tiiiu    .>ruinineti 

eradicdled  from  the  mind  of  James  all   that  partiality    by  wlitch  iheir   hnuiiisHwas  assailed,  ana   i.  a  vote, 


to  an  institution  of  his  own  creiiion.  thai  mij;bt  have 
shellcred  It  Irum  ihu  dislike  and  suspicion  with  winch 
he  rej^arded  Iho  intlueiice  of  a  popular  assembly.  iJ>it 
the  same  influence  tliat  rendered  them  odious,  cau>ed 
liiein  also  to  appear  soniewlmt  formidable,  and  enlorced 
sonic  altenlion  to  eipiilablo  appearances,  and  deter- 
fiico  to  public  opinion  m  wreaking  his  displeasure 
upon  them.  The  murnmrs  and  disconieiils  lliat  were 
excited  by  the  intelligence  of  the  massacre,  lurmsbed 
liim  with  an  opporiumty  which  he  did  iiul  fail  lo  im- 
prove. llavin;r  signalized  his  own  concern  for  tne 
misfortunes  ot  the  colony  by  sending  thilhcr  a  supply 
of  arms  for  defence  against  tlie  Indians,  and  by  issuing 
ills  orders  to  the  company  lo  despatch  an  ample  supply 
of  provisions,  he  proceeded  to  institute  an  impiiry  into 
the  cause  of  the  disaster,  and  the  conduct  of  the  com- 
pany. \  commis.<)ion  was  directed  to  certain  uf  the 
Kngbsh  judges  and  other  persons  of  distinction,  re- 
|uiriiig  them  to  examine  the  transactions  of  the  coiU' 


which  only  Ihe  dissenl  uf  ("aptain  Argal  mil  seven  of 
Ills  adbi  nil'  4  rt  lukred  nnl(piite  unanimouK,  ;  '  v  hnally 
rejected  .nekirii^'s  pri'io^al,  atil  declared  llien  lelerini 
nalioti  to  di'b'iid  thenii^elvisag.inist  any  process  he  mighl 
insiilule.  [  It)'.;!.]  Incensed  at  ilu'ir  presumption  in  dis- 
puting bis  '.mII,  Jauies  directed  a  VNril  of  r/iic  u-iiirunto 
lo  be  isMied  Hgtinsl  ihe  cotnp.my.  m  order  lo  try  th« 
V'thditv  of  iheir  charter  in  the  King's  Il(>ncli.  In  the 
hope  of  coUeclmg  uddilional  piools  uf  iheir  inaUdmin- 
istratum,  he  despatelied  cominissioiu  rs  lo  Virginia  tu 
inspect  tlie  state  of  the  lohm),  and  turiideavor  lu  form 
a  parly  theie  opposed  to  the  prtteiisions  ot  ihe  com- 
pany, 'i'ln:  commissioners  llnding  the  ctplniu  d  assem- 
bly embodied,  endeavored  VMth  great  artilic(  and  mag- 
inticent  promises  of  military  aid,  and  oilier  marks  ol 
royal  favor,  to  detach  them  from  their  connexion  with 
tilt!  company,  and  lo  procure  an  addre>s  lo  the  king, 
expressive  of  "their  willingness  to  Mubmil  tbcmselvea 
tu  bis  princely  pleasure  in  revoking  llie  ancient  patents." 


piiiy  since  its  first  establishment,  and  to  report  lo  tlio  |  Ijut  their   endeavors  wtre  unsuccessful.     The  assem- 
privy    counril  the  causes  tiiat  might  seem  to  them  tu  !  |,ly  transnntttd  a   [.elition  lo  the   king,  acknowledging^ 

lliL'ir  satisfaction  lo  tiiid   itieiiiselves  tlie  objects  ol  Ilia 


have  uccasioecd  the  misfortunes  of  the  coh>ny,  and 
the  measures  most  likely  to  prevent  their  recurrence. 
To  obstruct  the  ellbrls  whiclf  thu  company  inighL  have 
made  m  their  own  vindication,  and  lo  discover,  if  pos- 
sible,  additioti.d   mattei   ol    accusation  against    ibein. 


especial  care,  beseeching  Inin  lu  contniiie  tliu  ixiftuig 
form  uf  government,  and  s(dicitiiig,  that  it  the  promiseu 
iniliUry  force  should  be  granted  to  Ibein,  it  might  be 
subjeclid    to   the  control    of  their  own  governor  and 


measures  still  more  violent  and  arbitrary  were  resorted  j  bouse  uf  rt  presciitalives.  'i'his  was  ihe  last  ussemldy 
lo.  All  their  charters,  books,  a, id  papers,  were  seizid,  I  itmt  Virginia  was  lo  enjoy  lor  a  considerable  piriod. 
two  of  their  principal  ollicers  were  arrested,  and  all  !  |ts  donitsiic  legislation  was  marked  by  the  same  good 
Icilers  from  the  colony  intercepted  and  earned  to  tho  Lcnst,  and  patriotism  that  appeared  in  ilie  rccepiion 
privy  council.  Anioiig  the  witnesses  whom  ihc  coin-  |  winch  it  gave  to  the  propositions  ol  '.he  royal  commis- 
niissioners  examined  was  (;aplain  Sinilb,  who  niigiit  I  suiners.  The  governor  was  deprived  of  an  arbitrary 
reasonably  be  supposed  lo  entertain  lillle  favor  lor  ibe  auihority  winch  he  had  hiiherio  exercised.  It  was 
exihiing  consiiluiion  of  the  company,  by  whitli  his  ^,„^i.t,,j  tint  be  should  no  longer  have  power  lo  with- 
career  of  honor  and  usefulness  had  been  aliridged,  and  j  Jraw  liie  inhahiiants  fioin  their  private  labora  to  bia 
who  had  recently  sustained  llie  luorlilication  uf  seeing  '0^,1  strvice,  and  sliuulJ  levy  no  taxes  on  thu  colony 
his  offer  to  undertake  ihe  deb-nee  of  the  colony  and  |  |,„i  ^^^^.\l  j,a  t|,(,  general  a.-*s'embly  should  luipose  and 
subjugation  of  the  Indians  disreyarded  by  the  company,  juj,|,ruj,riale.  Various  other  wise  and  judicious  lawa 
noiwiihstanding  the  approbation  uf  a  numerous  party  |  ^\,,r,.  enacHid,  for  llic  rifunnuliun  of  maiinir-',  the  sup- 
of  the  proprietors.  Smith  ascribed  the  mislurlunes  ol  |  port  u\  divine  worship,  the  security  of  civil  and  polili- 
the  colony,  and  the  blenderncss  of  the  income  that  had  \  ca\  tVeedom.  the  regulaiiun  of  Irall'ic  wuh  the  Indians, 
been  derived  from  il,  lo  the  neglect  of  milildry  [irecau-  I  and  Inu    observance  uf  precauliuns  conducive  lu  thu 


lions ;  the  rapid  succession  of  governors,  which  m- 
flamed  the  rapacity  of  their  dependents;  the  multt- 
phciiy  of  otiices,  by  which  industry  was  loaded  and 
eiiioluineiit  absorbed  ;  uiul,  in  general,  to  the  inability 
of  a  numerous  company  to  conduct  an  enterprise  so 
complex  and  arduous.  He  recommended  ihe  annexa- 
tion uf  thu  colony  to  the  crown,  the  inlrodiiclion  of 
greater  simpliciiy  and  economy  into  the   frame  uf  Ha 


general  safety. 

Whether  the  suit  lietweeii  ibc  king  and  llie  company 
was  proi-ecuted  lo  an  issue  or  not,  is  a  point  involved 
in  some  unceitainly,  and  truly  of  very  little  importance, 
for  the  issue  of  a  suit  between  the  king  and  the  miIi- 
ject  in  that  age,  could  never  be  doubtful  for  a  moment. 
Well  aware  of  this,  the  company  looked  to  protection 
more  etlicietit  than  the  law  could  allord  them,  and  prc- 


government,   and  aii  ubaiidoniuent  of  thu  practice  of  j  .sciited  a  petition  to  llio    House  uf  Comniuiis,  emii'ie- 
liansportmg  criminals  to  its  sliores*.  ]  rating  tiieir  grievances,  and  soliciimg  reilress.     Ttnir 


I'tie  eommissiuiiers  did  not  communicale  any  of 
tlu'ir  proceedings  to  the  comiiany.  wiio  were  tirsi  ap- 
prised of  liie  terms  of  the  report  by  an  order  of  the 
king  and  privy  council,  signifying  to  them  tlia:  iie  niis- 
tiirtunes  of  \  irginia  fiad  arisen   fruin  their  mu'overn- 


iipphcation  vvas  iMirtaiiied  by  the  Iloust!  hO  r:ordiaily, 
that  had  it  been  presented  at  an  earlier  period  it  iniglit 
have  saved  the  corporation  ;  but  they  hud  deferred  tins 
la^l  resource  till  so  late  a  period  ui  thu  sesMon,  that 
there  was  not  time  lo  enter  on  so  wide  an  impiiry  ; 
'=*  ;  and  fearing  to  exasperate  the  king  by  preferring  odious 
charges  which  tliey  could  not  hope  to  .^tibstantiale,  they 


inent,  and  thit,  lor  the  purpose  of  repairing  them, 

niaje.sly   bad    resolved    lo  revoke  llic   old  charter  und  ;  i-barges  which  tliey  could  not  hope  to  Mil 

isMie  a  new  one,  winch  should  connuil  ihe  powers  of  i  4;ui,jnied  their   pleading  before  the  House  to  the  dis- 

government  to  fewer   hands.      In  order   to  (piiet   'he  j  eourugement  of  their   tobacco   trade,  which  the  Com- 

iiiiiuls  of  tile  colonists,  It  wa,,  docfareil  that  private  oro-  \  „i„„^    uecordingly    voted    to    be  a  grievance,     'i'hey 

perty  should  be  resptcied,  and  ull  past  grants  of  laiid  |  gamed  no  other  advantage    from  their   complaint,  nor 

' * "  "" '   "  "'  '' ■"  The  king  enraged  at  their 


remain  mviolale.  An  instant  surrender  of  lliei'  privi- 
leges was  reipiired  from  the  company  ;  and,  it.  default 
uf  their  voluntary  submission,  they  were  as.-.tred  that 
the  king  had  resolved  lo  enlorcn  his  purpose  oy  process 
of  law.t 

'  Siiiiiti,  U.  IV.  Sumh's  answers  to  the  conninssioners  de* 
moiisirale  Uia  usual  ^uoU  sense,  inoderatior  and  liuinauit)'. 
ill)  warmly  coiiimemK  llie  active  and  Uisinte.  eslt-d  elt'trts  ol 
many  01  the  leiuliit«  ineml.ers  ol  llie  cuinpan)  lor  tho  advan- 
lano  ot  the  ctili.ny.  Ureal  errors,  he  uUserves,  had  inicn 
c.omunlleil  in  the  aUministraliohiU  lis  tUTairs;  but  lie  declines 
t<>  particul.tnsu  the  laulis  ol  any  one  imlividual— adding,  *'  1 
liavt'  Ml  lunch  ado  to  amend  my  own,  I  have  no  leiauri;  to 
luo.k  into  any  other  inuirN  pariuuiar  laihm;!*," 

t  Stiih,  i>.  3U3,  301.    Il  wdt  in  ttiu  nuU^l  of  tlioso  di&trac- 


Irom  their  Imutaliou  of  it. 

jiresumption,  and  encouraged  by  their  timidity,  issued 
a  proclamation,  suppressing  ihu  courts  of  llio  com- 
pany, and  committing  the  teinporaray  adinmisiralion 
of  the  colonial  all'aira  to  certain  of  liis  privy  counsel- 


tions.  sa)s  stith,  that  llie  Muses  for  Uio  tirat  time  uponeij 
lltetr  lips  ill  Nkirth  Aincru-ii.  One  of  tiic  earliest  literary  pro- 
ductions of  the  Knglish  colonists  was  a  IranslaMun  01  UviU's 
Metamerpliosui,  composed  in  I6*i3  by  IJeor^je  Sandys,  tresisu- 
rer  of  the  Viruinia  company.  It  was  uHerwards  puijiiittied  in 
tln^land,  and  dedicated  to  L'barles  the  first.  Siiilt  tvrms  U 
"a  laud.'Uile  perfoinianco  fur  tin;  tuius;"  and  Dijiitu  nitn 
tionsthe  author witit respect  in  the  pnluce  to  Ins  owu  tniti 
l:iUons  from  Ovid. 


f 


m 

Ion  in  comuiM'tioii  with  8ir  Thomaa  Smith  and  ionini 
other  genlli'incit  Thv  coinpiitiy  wam  tlius  (IihhoIvciI, 
«ml  ita  ri^'liitt  uiul  |inviU>gc(i  it'-jliMurtiLtt  by  (ht^ 
crown  • 

Jainci  Hid  not  aiitrrr  the  nitwora  he  hud  rrttiirnrd  to 
rrinain  lunjf  niirxvrciHrd.  ll*-  i«irtin'il,  very  nhorlly  iil- 
ti^rwardfl,  a  himtiuI  roiiuiiDiaion,  iippoindnij  ii  ^MiuTriur 
aiid  tvvi-lvu  cDiinxt-tlura,  to  whom  i\w  vwiiw  tliru'tit))! 
of  the  olfuirK  of  (he  rolony  whh  nitruKlid.  No  iiicti 
lioii  wiiH  niadi!  of  u  Iioiikc  uf  rriircHiiitiilivra  ;  nor  had 
thf  kiri^  tht!  Rh^hlc«t  intention  lo  ix-rnui  (he  conlnni 
ihce  n(  nnv  auch  tnidy.  'I  Ih<  ronMinM<4iuii  aacnbe!!  ihtf 
diaaatrrn  ol  (he  ix'ttlcrrn'm  lo  iltr  popiilur  Nhiipc  uf  the 
lalf  Hyiitrrn,  whuh  hud  itilt^rcfidcd  mid  wcitktMit'd  tlio 
U'lielichilinlluf  net-  of  liii>  kiii^'n  hn|)t<rior  undiTHtuiidui^r, 
and.  in  Rlranis  of  ihr  tnont  vulvar  und  ItinriuiiM  ai'lf- 
coMiplaeciu-y.  Hnliri[iulr!*  the  pruxpc'rily  which  ihv  rolo- 
ny laiial  rapidly  ottiuii  when  lilcsmd  with  lhc>  dirt-clrr 
rtya  of  royul  wiadom.  With  thin  RiiI'Vprsioii  ul  hhirty, 
ihiTO  Wim  iiiingh'd,  howcvei,  »onie  atlnition  lo  the 
intiTcsls  of  iho  cuhMii^tA  ;  fur,  in  coniit 'pitnco  uf  thi* 
feinunHlraiirv  of  ihf*  r)ii){h&h  parhuiunit.  \w  lasucd  a 
prucUinutioii  fL-nrwiiiu  Ins  forinrr  prohihilion  of  thu 
culture  of  lohdcco  in  Tingldiid.  and  rrfftnetin^  thu  ini- 
porlation  of  it  to  V'lr^nnu  and  the  Soincr  Uloti,  and  lo 
Toaarla  hvlon^in^  lu  British  auhjccts  'I'hia  waa  hm 
laat  public  ai-t  in  rrlation  to  the  colony  ;  [  HVZCt]  for  hu 
intcntiona  of  roni[K)Hin^  j  code  of  lawn  fur  its  doinr.t- 
tic  adininistratiun  were  frustrated  by  his  death.  Uu 
died  the  lirat  Untish  Hovrreign  of  an  established  em- 
pire in  America,  and  closed  <«  rei^n  of  which  the  only 
illiiatrioua  feature  was  the  colunizalion  which  he  im> 
pelled  or  promoted.  To  this  favorite  object,  both  the 
virtues  and  the  vices  of  his  character  proved  sulwer- 
vient.     If  the  merit  he  ini^rht  claim  from  his  oriLMnul 

Catrona<;e  of  the  Virginian  colonists,  bo  cancelled  by 
is  8ubse(|uent  etVorts  to  bereave  them  of  their  liberties. 
and  if  his  prosecution  of  the  puritans  in  their  native 
country  ho  hut  feebly  counterbalanced  hy  his  willing- 
ness to  grant  them  an  ai^ylum  in  New  Kn^land  , — his 
ulitMnpIs  to  civilize  Ireland  by  colonization,  connect 
hun  more  honorably  with  the  ureal  events  of  his  rctgn. 
Harassed  by  the  turbulent  and  distracted  state  of  Ire- 
land, and  av.rse  to  resort  lo  iiiiluary  operations,  lie 
endeavored  to  infuse  a  new  character  into  tis  popula- 
tion by  ptuntin^  colorues  of  the  Englisli  in  thu  six 
northern  counties  of  that  kingdom.  He  jirosecuted 
this  plan  w:th  so  much  wisdom  and  steadiness,  that  m 
the  space  of  nine  years  ho  made  greuler  advances 
towards  the  reformation  of  that  kingdom  than  had  buen 
made  in  ihe  four  hundred  and  forty  years  that  had 
claused  since  the  conquest  of  it  was  tirst  alleinpted, 
and  laid  the  founJation  of  whatever  atHuonce  and  secu- 
nly  it  has  since  been  enabled  to  attain.  It  is  ditticutt 
to  recogniHo  the  do^rmatical  oppressor  of  the  puritans 
antt  the  weak  and  arrogant  tyrunl  of  Virgiiiid,  in  the 
wise  and  huinano  legislator  of  Ireland.  The  expe- 
rience of  such  inconsistencies  of  character,  sugj^c^ts 
the  likehhuud  of  their  existing  more  frequently  and 
extensively  tnan  they  are  displayed  ;  enforces  candor 
and  indul^enci!  ;  and  abates  the  fervor  both  of  inordi- 
nate dislike  anil  extreme  admiration. 

T^o  fall  of  the  Virginia  company  had  excited  the 
less  Bympathy,  and  the  arbitrary  proceidings  of  the 
king  the  less  odium  in  England,  from  the  disa)),K>inl- 
ments  and  calamities  of  which  the  st-lilemcnt  had  bt.i-n 
productive.  More  than  a  hundred  and  lilly  llioucand 
pounds  had  been  exjiended  on  the  colony,  and  upwards 
uf  nine  thousand  inhahitants  had  been  sent  to  it  trom 
the  mother  country.  Vet  at  the  dissolution  of  the  com- 
pany, the  value  of  the  annual  imports  fruii)  Virginia 
did  not  exceed  twenty  tlioustitu)  pounds,  and  its  popu- 
lation was  reduced  to  about  eighteen  hui'dred  persona 
The  effect  of  this  unprosptrous  issue  m  facilitiliiig 
the  overthrow  of  this  ccirporation,  may  be  regarded  as 
a  fortunate  circumstance  for  America  ;  for  however 
unjust  anri  tyrannical  were  the  designs  and  proceedings 
of  the  king,  they  were  overruled  lo  the  production  ol 


TMi;    HISTORY   OK 


ii! 


*  It  is  stated  by  Chalmers,  and  repeated  by  (lorilDn,  Ru)>erl> 
■on,  and  Marxliall,  that  in  tlit*  proces.*  ot  <(iio  warrantu,  jutlg- 
niunt  was  pntiiuuiictidiiijiunst  thu  tuiiipan)  Ml  June.  I()21.  It»- 
bertsunrtilurstothGcuTriiiiiiiMiMiin  Aii|{ii.st  16'jt, which  rmduubt 
c»iiiaiiis  a  il.iinG  SL-ttiriR  forth  that  the  quo  warranto  hadUcen 
issued,  and  adding,  that  the  cliarter  wa<t  now  Ibi^uDv  annulled. 
Thf  same  lorui  oi  wonis  ui-curs  in  thu  prior  proclauialion  in 
July,  1034  ;  but  no  jud;>:nf'iit  of  ihi-  Couit  of  Kniif's  Hunch  is 
either  expresidy  mentioiicd  or  rcli-rrpd  to.  Captain  Smith,  on 
the  othor  hand,  aftur  nienlionin);  the  writ  of  quo  warranto, 
refers  not  to  miy  judifnu-nt  upon  it,  hut  tuthe  pruul;imatioii  in 
July,  a.H  haMii^  JiasoU-im)  the  company.  D.  iv.  p.  itiH.  Ntiih 
likewise  asotrts  expressly,  that  tin.s  proclamation  waa  Issntid 
while  the  ituo  warranto  was  depcndin»i.  and  that  no  Mitli^meni 
on  the  quo  warranto  was  ever  pronounced,  p.  32U,  330.  Il  i> 
rary  niunaterial  whelhur  Ihc  kmt:  aceunipli.shed  his  arbitrary 
pu*|>uae  by  superseding  or  perveiiing  the  forms  of  law. 


a  most  im)>urtanl  Itenelit  to  the  eolony.  in  the  removal 
of  an  institulinn  that  would  ba\r  d.ingeroui>ly  loaded 
and  rcslrained  its  growing  jreedoni  and  prowpenly       It 
IS  an  obKcrvatiori  of  the  most  emiiii  iit  leaclirr  ol  poti- 
iical  Acieme.  that  of  all  the  expetlienln  thai  could  poi<- 
•.ilily  be  contrived  to  stunt  the  natural  growth  of  a  new 
colonv.  the  institution  ol  an  exclusive  coinptiny  m  ihi- 
most  cdectual  ;   and  the  obnfrvatum  is  mnply  conlirrned 
liy  the  experience  of  history.      In  Burve\  mt;  the  cmirtii- 
lutioim  and  tracing  the  progress  of  the  various  colonnil 
establtihincnts  which  the  nations  of  Kuropi^  have  sue- 
ce*sively   fnrined.  wc  tind  a  close  and   mvaridbhi  con- 
nexion between    the   decline  und   the  revival  of  their 
prosperity,  and  the  ascendancy  und  overthrow  of  sove* 
reign  mercantile  coriionilions      Tin  adniniistratit'ii  ot 
the  Dutch  and  the  l.nglish   ^!ast  India  eompanu's  has 
demonsiratcd  on  a  l.irger  and  distmcter  scule  how  in- 
consislenl    the  genius  of  tin  exclusive  rontpany  will 
always  prove  with  the  liberty  and  happmes^^  of  itit  sub- 
jjects.    and   what   powerful  temptations,  und    not   le>s 
I  powerful  means,  it  possesses  of  Hacrihnng  their  lusting 
I  advantage  to  its  own  inmH-diate  proht,      A  sovereign 
j  company  of  merchants  must  ever  consider  their  power 
I  but  as  an  upendage  to  their  trade,  and  as  deriving  its 
chief  value  from  the  nieann   it  gives   thcni  lo  repress 
.  competition,  to   buy  cheaply  the  commodities  they  ob- 
:  lain  from  their  subject  customers,  und  to  sell  as  dearly 
as  possible  the  articles  with  winch  they  supply  them— 
that  is,  to  diminish  the   nicitenienl  und    the  reward  of 
induBtry  to  their  subjects,  by  restricting  their  facility  of 
aci)ninng  what  they  need,  and  disposing  of  what  they 
have.     Their  mercantile  habila  prevail  over  their  inte- 
rest as  sovereigns,  and  lead  them  not  only  to  prefer 
transitory  prnlit   to  permanent   revenue,  but  to  adapt 
:  their  adininislrdtion  to  this  preference,  and  lo  render 
I  government  subservient  to  tbeintires:  of  monopoly. 
I  i'hey  are  almost  necessarily  led  to  devote  a  large  dis- 
cretionary power  on  their  colonial  otticers,  over  whom 
j  they  retain  at  the  same  time  but  a  very  feeble  control. 
[  Whether  wo  regard  the   introduction  of  martial  law 
into  Virginia  as  the  act  of  the  company,  or  (as  it  really 
seems  to  have  been)  the  act   of  thu  iri  usurer   and  llie 
^  colonial  governors,  the  prevalence  it  obtained  displays, 
;  in  either  ease,  the  unjust  and  arbitrary  policy  of  an  ex- 
clusive company,  or  the  inability   of  such  a   sovereign 
j  body  lo  protect  its   subjects  against   the  oppression  of 
I  Its  oirieers.     How  incapjbte  a  body  of  this  descrplion 
must  bo  to  conduct  a  plan  of  civil  policy  on  permanent 
I  principles,  and  how  strongly  its  system  of  government 
I  must  tend  to   perpetual  llucttiution,  is  evinced  by  the 
fact,  that,  ill  the  course  of  eighteen  years,  no  fewer 
than  ten  successive  governors  had  been  appointed  to 
preside  over  the  province.     Kvcn  after  ihe  vigorous 
spirit  of  liberty,  which  was  so  rapidly  gaming  ground 
in  that  age,  had   enabled  the  colonists  to  extort  from 
the  company  the  right  of  enacting  taws  for  the  regula- 
tion of  their  own  cominunily,  still,  us  the  company's 
sanction  was  requisite  to  give  legal  esrabtishnietit  to 
the  enactments   of  the  provincial  legislature,  the  para- 
mount authority  resided  with  men  who  had  but  a  tem- 
porary interest  in   the   fate  of  Iheir  subjects  und  the 
resources   of  their   territories.     While,    therefore,  wo 
sympathize  with  the  generous  indignation  which  the 
historians  of  America  have  expressed  ut  the  tyrannical 
proceedings  by  which  the  company  was  dissolved,  we 
must  congratulate  their  country  on  in  event  which,  hy 
the  means  that   led  to  it,  'nculcated  an  abhorrence  of 
arbitrary  power,  and  by  its  operation  overthrew  a  sys- 
tem under  which  no  colony  tiaa  ever  grown  up  to  a 
vigorou.s  maturity. 

Cliarlcs  the  First  inherited,  with  his  father'a  throne, 
[March]  all  the  maxims  that  had  latterly  regn!  tted  Ins 
colonial  policy.  Of  this  he  hastened  to  give  assur- 
ance to  his  sul)jecls,  by  a  series  of  proclamations  which 
he  issued  soon  alter  hia  accession  to  the  crown,  and 
which  distinctly  unfold. 'd  the  arbitrary  principles  he 
entertained,  and  the  tyrannical  administration  he  had 
determined  lo  pursue.  He  declared,  that,  after  ma- 
ture deliberation,  he  had  adopted  his  father's  opinion, 
ihut  the  misfortunes  of  the  colony  had  irisen  entirely 
from  the  popular  shape  of  its  late  administration,  and 
the.  incapacity  of  a  mercantile  company  to  conduct 
even  the  most  insignilicunt  affairs  of  state  ;  that  he 
held  himself  in  honor  engaged  to  accomplish  the  work 
that  James  had  begun  ;  that  he  considered  the  Anieri- 
can  colonics  to  be  a  part  of  the  royal  empire  devolved 
to  him  with  the  other  dominions  of  the  crown  ;  that  he 
was  fully  resolved  to  establish  a  uniform  course  of  go- 
vernment llirouch  the  whole  Ilritish  monarchy  ;  and 
that  henceforward  the  government  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia  should  immcdtalely  depend  upon  himself. 
But,  unless  we  should  suppose  that  he  meditated  even 


thru  a  violent  innovation  of  tht  whole  Ilril.ih  oonaU* 

Intnm,  we  niiiNt  conclude,  from  the  provisions  which 
h>|lo'V  this  pieainhh'.  that  he  lonsidered  the  colonies  tu 
Ntanil  in  a  vi-rv  ilitl'erent  relation  to  him  from  that 
which  the  ternltiry  of  lireat  llniain  erijoyid,  and  t<i 
hawMlesemdeil  to  him  as  i  personal  entule  iinlepin* 
dent  ol  Ins  crown  or  [Kibtic^l  capicity.  I'or  he  pio 
creded  to  declare,  (hut  the  wlnde  iidmmitiration  of  tho 
Virginian  government  should  be  vente  1  in  tx  council, 
nominated  and  directed  by  luntMt'lf,  und  rcponsible  to 
Inm  ulone.  \\  liile  he  exprrnkivd  llie  ntniost  srorn  ol 
the  capacity  nf  a  inir<*antile  corporition,  he  did  not 
dimlain  to  assume  its  illiberal  spirit,  and  copy  Us  iii- 
teiested  policy,  As  a  specimen  of  the  extent  of  tegisU' 
tive  authority  which  he  intefided  lo  exert,  and  of  the  pur- 
poses to  \t  Inch  he  ineunt  to  render  it  subservii  nt,  he  pro- 
liibitetl  the  Virgmiuns,  nniler  the  most  absurd  t.iid  frivo- 
lous pretences,  Irom  At^lling  their  tobacco  to  any  pi'rsona 
but  certain  conmiiKsioncrs  uppomted  by  himsell  to  pur- 
ichase  It  on  his  own  account,  Tims  the  colonisls  lound 
liiemselves  suhjeclei)  lo  uii  administration  that  com- 
bined the  vices  uf  lM)lh  its  predecessors — the  unlimited 
prerogative  of  an  arbitrary  prince,  with  the  narrowest 
maxims  of  a  mercantile  corporation  ;  and  saw  iheir  le- 
gislature superseded,  their  luws  utiolisheil,  all  the  pro- 
tits  of  their  industry  engrossed,  und  their  only  vuluublo 
commodity  inonopotr/e(l,  by  the  soyereign  vs  Im  pretend- 
ed to  have  resumed  the  government  of  the  colony  only 
III  order  lo  blend  it  moie  perfctly  with  the  rest  of  the 
llriiish  empire. 

(  harles  conferred  tho  otlico  of  governor  of  Virginia 
on  Sir  Ctcorgo  Veardley,  and  empowered  him,  in  eoii- 
jiinction  with  a  council  of  Iwdve,  lo  exercise  supremo 
authority  there  ;  to  make  and  execute  laws  ;  t.i  imposo 
and  levy  tjxes;  to  seize  the  properly  of  thu  late  com- 
pany, and  apply  it  lo  public  uses ;  and  to  transport  the 
colonists  to  Kni;land,  tu  he  tried  there  for  oH'encea 
committed  in  Virginia.  Tho  governor  and  council 
were  specially  directed  lo  exact  the  oaths  of  altegianco 
and  supremacy  from  every  inhabitant  of  the  colony, 
and  lo  conlorm  in  every  pmnt  to  the  instructions  which 
from  time  to  time  the  king  might  transmit  lo  them 
flU!{7.]  Vcurdley's  early  death  prevented  the  full 
weight  of  his  authority  from  being  experienced  by  liie 
colonists  during  his  short  admimstration.  He  died  in 
the  bpgmnmg  of  the  year  t6'J7,  und,  two  years  after, 
was  succeeded  by  Sir  John  Harvey.  During  this  pe- 
riod, and  for  many  years  aher,  the  king,  who  seems  to 
havu  inhentetl  his  fattier's  nrejudtces  respecting  to- 
bacco, continued  lo  harass  the  importation  and  aale  of 
It  by  a  series  of  regulations  so  vexatious,  o|tpre8Aive, 
and  unsteady,  that  it  is  dillicnit  to  say  whether  they 
excite  greater  contempt  for  the  tluctuations  and  cunnco 
uf  his  counsels,  or  indignant  pity  for  ihe  wasted  proa- 
pcnty  and  insulted  patience  of  his  people. 

[  irrJ'J  J  Sir  John  Hurvi  y.  the  new  governor,  proved 
a  fit  Mi>trumenl  in  Virginia  to  carry  the  king's  sysicni 
of  arbitrary  rule  into  complete  eiecution.  Haughty, 
rapacious,  and  cruel,  he  exercised  an  odious  autho- 
rity with  the  most  olfcnsive  insolence,  and  aggravated 
every  legislative  seventy  by  the  rigor  of  his  excculivo 
energy.  So  congenial  was  his  disposition  with  tho 
syitein  he  conducted,  and  so  thoroughly  did  he  perso- 
nify, as  well  as  administer,  tyranny,  as  not  only  to  at- 
tiact,  but  to  engross,  in  his  own  person,  the  odium  of 
which  a  large  share  was  undoubtedly  due  lo  the  prince 
who  employed  hun.  Uf  the  length  tu  which  he  earned 
bis  arlntrary  exactions  and  forfeiturca,  some  notion 
may  be  fonned  from  n  letter  of  instructions  by  which 
the  royal  committee  of  council  for  the  cittonii -i  m 
Kngtand  at  length  thought  it  pnident  to  •  '  k  :u^ 
cesses  [July.  1(>!)4.]  Il  signit  •  1.  that '  %ing,  ol  In 
roval  favor,  and  for  liie  eiiconr.  i 

d(  sired    tliat   tho    inlere-' 


ic  plantera. 

HT'i  acquired 

iipted  from  for- 

ue  present^  tiiight 

Ueeilom  and  pnvilegu 

"f  the  pate   f  "      Wo 

late  of     II  eastern 

1(1   indei       he  rapacl- 


under  the  corpoiation  si. 
feiture,  and  that  ihe  coloi. 
enjoy  their  estates  with  iht 
as  they  did  before  the  rce.> 
might  suppose  this  lo  be  tin 
sultan  to  one  of  his  bashaws 

oils  tyranny  of  the  governor  seenn<  uardh  or*-  odious 
than  tliR  cruel  mercy  of  the  prince,  who  hiterposed  to 
mitigate  oppression  only  when  it  had  reached  an  oi- 
Iremc  whicli  is  proverbially  liable  to  inflame  the  wise 
with  madness,  and  drive  the  patient  to  dea|>air.  The 
mo^t  significant  comment  on  the  letter  is,  that  Harvey 
was  iieilher  censured  nor  displiced  for  the  excessea 
which  It  commanded  him  to  restrain.  Thu  etfecl,  too, 
which  It  was  calculated  to  produce,  in  ascertaining  tho 
rights  and  quieting  the  apprehensions  of  the  colonists, 
was  counterbalanced  by  targe  and  vague  grants  of  tcr 
ntory  within  the  province,  which  Charles  inconsidcr 


111 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


-rill  lilt-  niloiiii'ri  tu 
tu  hint  troiii  that 
It)  rii|oviil,  mid  !•* 
iidl  i-ntdU)  imlr|H-ii* 
icily  I'or  Ih'  |mo 
liniiii'«tralt()i)  ui  ihfl 

t'NU'  1    til    i\    IMllllU-lIt 

mill  ri-'iHiiiHiliU?  to 
hr  titinuHi  Hriirii  ol 
iniiuii,  hi^  iliii  not 
It,  iiiiii  ro|iy  im  iii- 

hi-  t'xli'iit  "I  Iriiiitlti" 

U'T\,  rtllllul  thi-  |nir- 
mihMTVH  in.  hr  pro* 
Nt  iiliHunl  ..ml  trivo- 
i)it-L-o  III  liny  iiiTHijiin 
il  by  hiMiMi  II  to  |Mir 

till)   l-uluill!lll4   luilllll 

iiNtruliuii  thai  roiii- 
MUS — ihr  uiiliiiiiti-il 
Willi  iht)  n.irfovM-Mt 
I ;  anil  navv  iliiir  le- 
oliflhi'il.  ull  the  pro- 
1  itit-ir  only  valuuhlo 
iTiMjLju  who  prcU'inl- 
l  ol  the  roluiiy  only 
with  thu  roHt  of  the 

ovprnnr  of  Virginia 
)\vi'ri!il  hiin.  in  coti- 
lo  I'xrrciso  tiu|iii'iiitt 
,iii>  \aw»  ;  t.i  irnposo 
riy  ol  iho  luUt  coni- 
aiiii  to  irauHport  iho 
il  thcri)  for  olI'iMici'd 
vcriior  and  council 
c  oattm  of  allr^ianco 
itaiit  of  thu  colony, 
ic  iiistriictioiis  which 
t  tran&iuit  to  thcin 
prrvuntcd  thu  full 
[  expcricncL'il  hy  the 
iraliuii.  Hi!  (licil  in 
i:i(l,  two  years  alter, 
ny.  During  ihis  pn* 
king,  who  Hueiiia  lo 
ices  respecting  lo- 
|iiirl.ilion  and  aale  of 
xaiiuutf,  upjiresAive, 
o  »ay  whether  they 
tuutioiiD  and  caunco 


■U<|y  boatowed  on  Ina  coiirlieni  IHA  WhIlbgITt  ri»  (U 

tiuiiKroiiti  iiicrimihineiit^  on  Hlablivhtd  pOMCtMion, 
Mild  i-Acili'd  univciHul  ilinlniRt  of  (hr  validity  of  tiili-N, 
4nd  the  mahiliiy  ol  iifopi-rty  'llu-  i-lUct  ot  unr  of 
iUvse  ^riintd  wan  ihr  loriii.ilion  ol  the  uliiU-  of  Mary- 
land, hv  dmnirinhrring  n  larK«  puriion  ol  tt-rntory  that 
h.al  tu'i'ii  prt-Moiifly  annixid  lo  Viruiimi  Fur  inuny 
yfum  tlili*  e\Mit  pruvid  u  nourcr  of  inmh  dim  onlirit 
and  Ri-nou»  inroiivniirnro  In  thr  VirKiiiiaiirnioniMH, 
who  h.iil  i<ndra\nritl  to  iinprovr  tlii'ir  Iradi-  by  nHlnct- 
111^'  (hniiM-lvi-!!  10  Ihr  i-xpnrt.iluin  oiilv  <d  Inhiii  co  of 
HHpiriitr  r|iiiililv,  and  mtw  lotiml  thi'iiiM-lvi'ii  dt-pri\rd  of 
all  ihr  ailvHiit^ine  of  llui*  ninrilici-  hy  ihf  trannli-nin-i! 
of  a  portion  of  thrir  own  li-rritory  lo  ncinhhorB  who 
rufuHcil  to  unite  in  tht-ir  rcunhilionH. 

Tlif  riJ'lnrt 1  |-ri'Hi-rihril  hy  the  Irltcr  of  the  rnyiil 

connnilhe,  left  llarvi-y  hhII  hi  ponBi-Mfion  of  ainpli- 
Hcopc  to  hi«  tyrminy  ;  and  thr  coUinml:*  ri-ttpi-ctinj;.  or 
ovrrawi'd  hy,  the  auihonty  with  which  he  was  invchliMJ, 

for  a  loii^  III tidured  U  wilhniit  n-rimtance.      ItouKt-d, 

ut  h'n;^th,  hy  rt'itrraiid  pro\ocalion.  |  Hi^Ml. ]  unil  ini- 
pall)  III  of  fartlicr  Millcnii^.  the  VirKiniaii'*.  in  a  iranw- 
poil  of  ytiirr.il  fijic  »ri/id  the  pirt^un  of  Har\('y,  and 
hem  hitii  a  priMtner  to  Knirlarid,  alolt^  willi  two  ilipn- 
iten  from  ihnr  own  body,  v%ho  wire  rhar^ied  willi  the 
duly  of  n  pri  mr.inii  llie  pro  \aiiiii*  ol  the  ctilony  and 
Ihe  iiiiweotiilurt  ol  the  gouriior.  Ibit  thiir  reliance  un 
the  jiiMtice  ot  the  kiii^  pr()vi-il  in  l-e  very  ill  tounded. 
CharlfH  WHii  f.iiiil  to  learh  Inn  Mihjectn.  that  if  ihey 
meant  lo  n  lam  llieir  libertiiM,  they  niUNl  prepaie  to 
dt  fi'iid  them  ;  ilial  iieitlier  enduring'  jiatiriice  nor  re- 
apectfiil  reinonNlr.nire  eould  amiiI  lo  relax  or  divert  Iiih 
urhilrary  purpose  ;  and  that  if  they  would  obiaiii  )U»- 
liet  to  ilieiiiM  lve>i,  itii-v  mu»>t  deprive  hiiii  ol  the  power 
to  withhold  It  The  mil  ibitants  of  \  irirnua  liad  never 
irril  ited  ihe  kiMi^  by  di:*puliii^.  like  tliiir  b-lle\v-mibjerlH 
in  Kn;^l.ind,  the  \alidily  ol  bu*  in  il  or  eecleMit^lital 
cdiriM  ;  lliev  had  entered  into  no  eonlot  with  hiin,  and 
lieilhiT  portscxsid  (orein  iiur  prelended  lo  pri\ilrj;eii 
which  could  alarm  hiH  jealoii»v.  'I'hey  had  Itorne  ex- 
treme oppresNion  ;of  whicii  he  tiad  already  etiiictd  hm 
conHcioimm--^)  \\  uli  loii^  patience,  unil  even  wiien 
driven  to  despair,  had  sliown  iIkiI  lliey  neilher  impulid 
their  wroiij»rt  to  hiin  in>r  doubled  hi.-*  jiiftiee.  Oeleiire- 
lusH  and  tippn-HM  d.  they  appealed  to  htm  iik  their  pro- 
tector;  ami  tittir  appi-a!  wan  enlorcid  by  e\ery  eir- 
einn!*tarice  lli.il  'ould  impress  u  jucl,  or  move  a  ^nie- 
roud  nitnd  Vet  so  lar  Irom  comniist-ralitiii  ihcir  Mithr- 
inn[.H,  orniln's?uini  their  wronijs.  Cliarb'--*  n^/anhd  ihi'ir 
conduel  u^  an  act  of  pri'Htim|iluouH  a  td.icity  little  ^ho^t 
Ol  rebellion  ;  and  all  the  applicalimis  of  ibrir  diputieM 
were  rejeiled  willi  '-aim  iiijuslice  and  nillexihle  diHlaiii 
He  relu.^ed  i-vi  ii  to  udmit  them  to  b:H  presence,  or  to 
hear  a  smtile  ariiclf  of  their  charjieM  u^aiiiHl  Harvey  ; 
and,  haMii>^  reiiiMlated  thai  obnuxiouf  uovernor  in  hi» 
otlicf.  [  lliMT.J  In-  sent  hiin  back  to  \  ir^Muia,  with  an 
ample  renewal  o*^  the  powers,  winch  he  had  so  grossly 
ahuNi'd.  There,  elated  with  his  iriinniih.  iinil  inllamcd 
with  raue.  1  larvey  resumed  and  n^jifravaled  a  lyrar.- 
nieul  swa\  that  lia^  '.-ntaited  infamy  on  liimsrlf  and  dm- 
frrace  on  tiis  sovereii^n,  and  pruvuked  eoniplainlH  tio 
loud  and  veiieinent  llial  they  l<e^;in  lo  peiietrale  into 
Kn^laiid,  and  pruilucr  an  iinpre^^ion  on  the  immlH  of 
the  piopli-  which  could  not  be  daftly  disregarded. 
It  IS  m  llio^e  scenes  and  circumstances  in  which  men 
feel  tbeiiiselveii  entirety  delivered  from  restraml.  that 
their  natural  character  most  dislinctly  betrays  itself. 
Unjoymij  ultsolule  power  over  \  irginia,  Charles  has 
iii-icrihed  his  rharaeter  more  leL'ibly  on  the  liiwtory  of 
that  province,  than  of  any  other  portion  of  hia  do- 
nnimiim. 

1 10:W  ]  Had  the  tjovrrnmenl  of  Sir.lolm  Harvey  been 
conitnued  much  hunger,  it  mu.sl  have  i  luled  in  ilie  revolt 
or  till'  rum  of  the  colony  St>  tfrrat  was  tlie  disirens  it 
oeeasioned,  a.^  lo  exciie  the  attenluui  of  tlie  Indians, 
and  uwakin  itu-ir  sbnnheriM>!  enniily  hy  su^^esliui.'  the 
iiope  of  revenue.  n|iei-hai;<-anou((|i,  the  ancient  eiii-'iiiy 
of  ihe  cutonists,  was  now  far  adviiu-ed  in  years  ;  bill 
age  had  iiol  diinmrd  lii»  discernment,  nor  exlm;.'uished 
his  animosity.  Sfizini.'  the  favorable  occasion  presented 
hy  the  dwlructcd  slate  oi'  the  province,  he  again  led  his 
wariiors  to  a  sudden  and  furious  attack,  wbicli  the  co- 
'onistb  did  not  repel  without  ihe  toss  of  five  hundred 
■ion.  A  general  war  ensued  between  them  and  all  the 
Indian  tnticM  under  the  iiiHiience  of  Opechaneaiiough. 

11639.  J  lint  a  L^reat  change  was  now  at  liand, which  was 
to  reward  the  patience  of  the  Virniiiians  with  a  bloodless 
redress  of  their  grievances.  The  public  discontents 
wiuch  had  for  timny  years  been  inulliplying  in  Kngland, 
were  now  advancing  with  rapid  strides  to  a  full  maturi- 
ty, and  threatened  the  kingdom  with  some  gr'-at  con- 
vuUiiiii.  After  a  long  intermission,  (Jharles  was  forced 
10 


In  contemplate  ihr  re-asMemblmg  ol  ii  parliunipnt ,  and, 
well  aware  ot  the  ill  bunior  whicli  lu»  government  it 
hiiiin-  jd  exeiliil,  he  bad  llir  >trongiMl  reaxon  to  drrad 
that  ihe  diKpli-aniire  of  the  eommohM  would  he  inlhmed, 
and  then  wor'^t  nuKpiciimN  eonlirnitd,  by  complainU  and 
tleM-nphoiiH  of  the  dcKpotisin  tlial  had  been  exercinetl 
III  \irgiiiia.  There  was  yet  lime  lo  nootlie  llm  irrita- 
imn,  and  even  neciire  the  udlierence  of  ii  people  who, 
III  hpiie  of  everv  wrong,  retained  a  generomt  ailaeh- 
inerit  to  ihe  priin'e  VNbose  novereigrily  was  tell  still  to 
iinilc  ihi-m  wnh  llie  parent  state,  and,  Irom  the  pro- 
p.igalion  of  the  ctMn)>lamts  of  colonial  grievances  in 
I!ni;land,  there  was  every  reason  lo  appretiend  that  the 
redri'^H  of  tbi  in.  il  limgi-r  withhtld  by  the  king,  would 
be  granlid,  to  the  great  delnmeiil  of  his  credit  ni.d  in- 
Ibii  i.ie,  by  ihe  parhaimiit.  To  that  body  the  Virnmiaiia 
had  appliiil  IU1  n  tormiT  occasimi,  and  the  encouragr- 
nii  nt  Ihey  bad  met  wUh  irierea«eil  the  probability  both 
of  a  npilition  nf  ihi  ir  Jiipbcution  and  of  aaiiccfsHful 
i^iue  In  It  'I  bescciiiiMderalions  alone  xeein  lo  account 
lor  the  Mudden  and  lot.il  i  lian^e  which  the  colonial  po- 
licy of  the  king  now  eviiieiil.  Harvey  was  recalled, 
and  the  jjoveriiinenl  of  Nirgmia  commilted  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam llerkelev,  a  person  not  oiilv  of  MUpenor  rank  and 
abililie!-  lo  bis  pri  dccesM)r.  hut  diHtinguifhi  d  by  every 
popular  virtue  of  which  Harvey  was  dehcieut — of  up- 
ri::lil  and  hohorabb-  character,  mild  and  pnideiil  temper, 
iind  manners  at  once  digiuhed  t\\\t\  engaging.  A  change, 
not  less  gratifying,  was  mlruduced  into  the  system  ol 
L;overmneht.  Tin;  new  governor  wan  matriuled  to  re- 
store the  ( 'oluiual  Assembly,  and  to  invile  it  to  enact  a 
body  of  laws  fur  the  province,  and  to  mifiruve  llie  ud- 
nunislralHiii  of  )u«tice  by  iniriHluclion  of  tiie  lorms  of 
Kni^li.-hjuilietal  procedure,  riiiis.  all  at  once,  aial  when 
ihev  least  exjiected  it,  \»as  re.stond  lo  ihe  coIohisIh  the 
syj-lem  of  treedom  wlneh  they  had  originally  deii\i-d 
Irom  liie  \  irgima  coini)anv  ;  which  had  been  involved 
in  the  sune  mm  with  that  eorporalion,  nnd  ihe  rceol- 
leclion  of  which  had  been  aihblioiiallv  endeared  lo  them 
I'V  the  oppre.'^sion  that  had  succeeded  its  overllirow  — 
Iriiversal  joy  and  gratiliide  was  excited  throughout  the 
c<donv  bv  ibi.s  signal  and  hii|ipy  cliaiiL'e  ;  and  Uie  king, 
will),  amMl.-<l  the  htistility  that  was  gaihemig  around  htm 
in  everv  oiIuT  (iuurter.  was  addressed  m  the  language 
of  allection  and  attaehmenl  by  ihm  people,  seems  lf» 
haM'  been  Munewbat  struck  and  softened  by  the  gene- 
rou>  .setitiineiilH  which  be  had  so  little  deser\ed;  and 
wliicb  hircihly  proveil  lo  him  how  clieap  and  easy  were 
the  means  hv  whicti  princes  niav  n  nder  their  subjeels 
L'ratef'.l  and  liappv.  And  yet  hO  btrong  were  th'-  illu- 
sKins  of  Ills  Kelf-love,  or  so  deliberate  his  artihce,  that 
in  his  answer  to  an  address  of  the  colonists,  he  eagerly 
appropriated  the  praise  for  wbith  he  was  indebted  to 
ibeir  generosity  iilone.  and  endeavored  to  extend  the 
application  of  their  grateful  exprrssions  even  to  llie  nd- 
mmisiralioii  whicli  he  had  abandoned  la  order  lo  pro- 
cure them. 

[imO-l  While  Charles  thus  ngam  introduced  the 
principles  of  llie  British  constitution  into  the  internal 
governnieni  of  Virginia,  be  did  not  neglect  to  lake  pre- 
eauiions  for  preserving  its  connexion  with  the  mother 
countrv.  and  securing  lo  |]iiglan<i  an  exclusive  posses- 
sion of  the  colonial  tratle.  For  this  purpose  Sir  vViI- 
ham  Berkeley  was  iimlructed  to  prohibit  all  commerce 
with  other  nations,  and  lo  take  a  bond  from  the  ma.iter 
of  every  vessel  that  sailed  from  Virginia,  obliging  him  to 
land  his  cur<ro  in  some  part  of  the  king's  dominions  in 
Kurope,  Vet  the  prcs.^nre  of  tins  restraint  was  more 
than  counlerbalaneed  bv  the  Iiheralily  of  the  other  in- 
structions ;  and  with  a  free  and  mild  i^uvcrmncnt.  which 
ulliTcd  a  peaceful  a.ovbim,  and  dislrii)uted  ample  tracts 
of  lanil  to  all  who  sought  its  proteclmn,  tiu' colony  ad- 
vanced so  rapidly  in  prosperity  and  population,  that  at 
the  beginimiii  of  the  Civil  Wars  it  contained  upwards 
of  twenty  thousand  inbahiiaiils  [lti4I.]  Bv  ibe  vigor 
and  condiicl  of  Sir  \\  illiam  Ih*rkelcy,  the  Indian  war, 
atler  a  tew  expeditions,  was  brought  to  a  successbil 
close  :  Opecbaiicanough  was  taken  prisoner  ;'^  and  a 
peace  concluded  with  the  savages,  winch  endured  for 
many  years. 

It  was  happy  for  Virginia  iba'.  the  restoration  of  lis 

•  Hfverley,  p.  52,  53.  Il  was  lliu  iiilciition  of  Sir  William 
Ilcrkilcy,  to  have  setu  this  renmrkahle  persormire  to  Kiixlan"'  i 
hut  ho  was  shot  alter  l>einif  laki-n  prisoner  oy  a  soliher,  in  re- 
seiilnieiit  of  the  eHlaiiilties  Im  had  iiiIIm'(i:>I  uii  the  ptuvince. 
Ho  li'igereil  under  ihu  wound  lor  st'*i'ral  days,  middled  wiUi 
tho  pride  and  t'lrnuiess  uf  an  old  Itoniati.  IndiKimiit  at  the 
crowds  wlio  raine  lo  gaze  at  tuin  tin  his  denth-hed,  ho  ex- 
claimed, "  If  I  had  taken  Sir  William  HerkL-iey  prisoner,  I 
Would  nut  have  fX|iosed  liiin  as  a  »Ik»w  to  the  ueoplt-."  Per- 
h.ips  he  riMiienitnTed  that  ht)  had  savi'd  the  hlii  nl  Ca|)tain 
biiituh.  nnd  liifjL>ot  the  iiuiiiljurless  instariceH  iii  winch  liu  had 
exposed  uthur  pritiuuurs  tu  public  derlilun  and  Unguriug  tor- 
ture. 


:>:»5 

domeslirronititntioilllMMtMiylWwdlnlbU  mnniiir. 
and  not  deferred  till  ft  toltr  pfriod.  whill  It  would  pro- 
Imldy  liNvu  been  accompanied  by  u  rmloration  uf  the 
exelusivc  rompany  To  this  ronsimunution  mhiic  of  thn 
membi  rN  ot  that  body  had  hern  eagerly  louking  fur- 
waid  .  and  nolwithstuniling  the  diKappomlmeni  that 
their  bopen  had  (in«'ainitl  by  uie  reilress  of  ihose  griev- 
ancift  which  would  have  loicetl  their  prelen-uoiis,  they 
endeavored  to  avail  ibiiiiNelveH  of  the  avulily  with 
winch  everv  e<)mplainl  against  the  king  was  r<  leived  by 
the  l.img  I'ariiaint  nt,  by  presenimg  a  peliiion  in  the 
I  nume  ot  the  assi  nihly  ol  Virginia,  praying  for  a  restora* 
I  lion  uf  the  ancient  palents  and  government.  This  peti- 
I  lion,  Ihoiigh  supfuirted  by  some  of  Ihe  eoluiiuL.  who 
'■  were  justly  diKr>atiMhed  with  the  discmirageinenl  which 
the  puritan  doetrmes  and  ll'c  pn  aehers  tit  them,  whom 
'  tliey  had  inviled  Irom  Massacbiisells,*  had  experienced 
I  from  the  gnvernmeiil  ol  Virginia,  was,  iiiiduubtedly,  nul 
ihe  act  ol  the  assembly,  nor  the  expressinn  of  the  pro 
I  vailing  Mntiment  in  Ihe  colony  'Ihe  assembly  bad 
I  laste<l  ihe  hweels  of  unrestrietid  Ireedom,  and  wero 
not  disposed  to  hi/ard  or  encumber  iheir  syBteiu  of 
liberiy,  by  reullachmg  it  to  ihe  mercantile  corpora- 
liun  from  which  it  had  been  ongiiiHlly  derived  Nu 
sooner  wiire  ihev  apprised  of  itu'  petition  lo  the  Housn 
(i|  Coinmoim  than  they  iransmituil  an  explirii  disavowal 
ol  It  ;  and  at  the  name  same  tune  presented  art  address 
to  the  king,  acknowledging  his  bounty  and  favor  lu 
them,  and  desiring  tu  eontinue  under  liiit  immediate 
proiection.  In  the  fervor  of  their  luyulty,  they  enacted 
a  declaration  [HVI'iJ  ••  that  they  weru  burn  under  mo- 
iiarcby.  and  wouhl  never  degenerate  Irom  the  cundition 
nf  their  births  by  being  subject  lo  any  other  govern- 
inrnt."  The  only  misfortune  attending  the  manner  m 
".Inch  the  \'irumians  had  regained  their  libi  rties,  waf 
that  It  thus  allied  ibeir  partial  regards  to  an  authority 
winch  wan  desimed  to  bo  overthruwn  in  the  approach- 
ing civil  war,  and  which  couhl  no  more  reward  than  it 
dt  served  their  adherence.  During  the  whole  of  tho 
sirugtile  between  the  king  and  parliament  in  Kr. gland. 
they  remained  unalterably  attached  to  the  roya!  cause; 
ami  alier  Charles  the  First  had  been  beheaded,  and  hia 
sun  driven  out  of  the  kingdom,  acknowledged  tho 
fugiiive  prince  as  their  sovereign,  and  conducted  their 
government  under  a  commission  which  ho  IransmitteU 
lo  Sir  William  Berkeley  from  Breda  t  The  royal 
family,  though  they  had  little  uppurtumiy,  during  their 
exile,  [.liine,  HioO,]  of  cultivaling  their  tnteresl  iri 
\irgiiuu,  were  no;  wholly  regardless  of  it.  Henrielia 
Maria,  the  (piecn  mother,  oblamed  the  assisiaticc  of 
the  I' tench  goveriunent  lo  the  execution  of  a  schcrno 
projected  by  Sir  William  Davenaiil,  the  poet,  of  enii- 
gratmg  m  cmiipany  with  a  largo  body  of  artilicers,  whom 
he  collected  m  France,  and  t'ounding  with  them  a  now 
planiation  in  Virginia.  The  expedition  was  intcr- 
cepled  by  the  Knglish  fleet ;  and  Davenant,  who  was 
taken  prisoner,  owed  his  safely  to  tho  friendship  of 
Mdion.t 

But  the  parliament  having  prevailed  over  all  op[}08i- 
lion  HI  Kngland,  was  not  disponed  to  sulTer  its  au- 
thority to  bu  (piestioned  in  Virginia.  Incensed  at  this 
open  dehanre  of  its  power,  it  issued  an  ordmanco, 
[October.]  declaring  that  the  settlement  of  Virginia 
having  been  fuunded  hy  l-!nglisbmen  and  Kngltsh 
money,  and  hy  the  authority  of  the  nation,  ought  to  ho 
subordinate  to  arut  dependent  upon  the  Knglish  com- 
monwealth, and  subject  to  the  legislation  of  parlia- 
ment;  that  the  colonists,  instead  vf  rendering  ibij 
dutibil  submission,  had  audacimi.sly  disclaimed  llio 
supremacy  of  the  state,  and  rebelled  against  it ;  and 
that  ihey  were  now  tliereloie  denounced  as  noloriotia 
rolibers  and  traitors.  Not  only  was  all  connexion  pro- 
hibited With  these  refractory  eolunisls,  and  the  council 
ol  slate  empowereil  lo  send  out  alhet  and  army  lo 
enforce  their  obedience  lo  the  auihonty  nf  parliament, 
but  all  foreign  stales  were  expresnly  interdicted  from 
trading  with  any  of  the  Kiiglkth  selllements  in  Amerie;i 
It  might  reasunably  be  supposed  thai  this  tatter  restnc 
lion  would  have  created  n  common  feeliii*;  throughout 
all  thu  Brilisb  colonies  of  opposition  lo  the  Knglish 
government.  But  the  colonists  uf  Massachusetts  were 
much  more  cordially  united  by  similarily  uf  political 
senliments  and    religious   opinions  with  the  leaders  of 


•  This  transaction  will  furin  a  part  of  the  History  of  New 
En  ([la  lid. 

t  JIuuin's  En^land,  vol.  vh.  p.  21)5.  Chabuers,  p.  192.  This 
yi!ar  a  tract  was  piihlishedat  London  hy  one  KdvMird  Wilhama, 
recommending?  Ihe  cultuioof  silk  in  NuKinia. 

t  J'thnson's    I.il'n   of     Milton.     KiH'yclop.i-dia    Hntanmca, 
V.  ttby.    Uaveiianl  repaid  Milton's  kindness  afierthc  Kesttom 
lion.     Cowley,  ma  poein  addressed  to  Davenant,  says, 
Sure  'twas  the  noble  boldness  of  the  muse 
Did  thy  deiUc  tu  seek  new  worlds  infuse.'* 


I!- 


n 


M 


200 


THE   HISTORY  OF 


tliu  cumnioDwt-a'.Ui,  than  l>y  ulcntity  of  i-oininercml 
inicrcal  with  the  iiihahitntiln  of  Vir^niiia.  'I'hr  ri'hj'ittits 
views  iti.il  had  touridctt  thrir  colniiiiil  estuhhshiiu'iit, 
hiii;;  rt'i^iihitcil  all  its  [johcy,  ami  prcvaili'ii  over  cvfry 
olhtT  consuliTJtioii.  AntI  im  .■•ooiut  wrrc  the  pcuiile 
ol'  Ma.t>iU'hii8cii»  a|>nrist'd  ol'  tlu^  parhuinciUary  urdi- 
lintit-r,  than  they  hantciird  to  I'litorcc  its  pruhilMliDii  ot 
inlcrcoiirnd  with  Vir}»iiiia.  hy  a  corrfs|»oiKhiig  i'iiai:l- 
iiifiit  of  ilu'ir  own  |(M*islature. 

'i'iie  rH'oriH  of  th«  parliarucntary  rulers  of  Kii^daiid 
wvTo  IIS  |)riiin[)t  and  vi^oroti^i  as  their  declaralioiis. 
Thcv  ']iiii'kly  dospntched  a  iiowerlid  aniiaiiiint  under 
hv  eomiiiarid  of  Nir  tieorge  Aysouo  to  reduce  all  their 
enetiiu'8  to  t(iiliiMts.>«ioii.  Thu  eoniinishioiuTs  wtioiii 
they  api)Uii)ted  to  acrompmy  thu  expedition  wore  fur- 
nl^hell  with  iiistrnetions  whieh.  if  they  retleet  eredit  on 
ihe  viyor  of  the  pjrli.iinrnt,  convey  a  very  unfavorable 
iinpre.thtun  of  their  moderation  nnd  huinatnly.  'riii'iiv 
functionaries  were  cinpowtred  to  try,  ■;)  the  tirsl  m- 
Btanco,  the  etiieary  of  pardons  and  uIIkt  peaceful 
pro[)osiliona  in  hnnj^iiiji  the  coloni>ts  to  ohedience  ; 
but  if  then*  should  prove  ineirectnal,  they  were  then 
to  iMnplov  every  act  o(  hostdity  to  set  free  t!ie  ser- 
vants ami  slaves  of  all  llie  planters  who  continued  ro- 
fraclorv,  and  furin^li  them  with  arms  to  assist  in  the 
suhjnynlion  of  tluir  masters.  Such  a  plan  of  hos- 
tility resendiles  Iti--^  a  war  than  a  massacre,  and  sn^- 
gusls  the  puinful  retiectioii  that  an  assenddy,  possessed 
vi  alisolute  power,  and  professnijj  ihe  ylory  of  (Jod 
und  the  lihertv  of  mankind  to  be  the  duel  ends  for 
which  lliey  held  it,  nevir  once  projected  the  'jheration 
of  the  neirro  slaves  in  their  own  (lj:ninions,  except  for 
the  purpose  of  ennvertmg  thuiu  into  an  mslruimnt  of 
bloodshed  uiid  cornpiest. 

'I'lie  Kiijilishs-inadron.  after  reducing  the  colonies  m 
Itaihadoes  and  the  other  islands  tt>  submit  to  the  com- 
monwealth, eiilirid  ihe  hay  of  I'hcsaneak.  [Hiol  J 
Derkeluv,  apprised  of  the  invasion,  made  iiasle  to  hire 
tlie  assistance  of  a  tew  Dutch  shitis  which  were  then 
trading  to  Virginia,  contrary  both  to  the  royal  and  the 
parliainentary  hmmiwIi"""  wr.tX  with  more  conr.iiie  than 
prudence  prt-paretl  to  oppose  this  lorniidahle  ar'u.iineni; 
but  ihon^ih  he  was  cordially  supported  hy  the  loyalists, 
ivho  lornit'd  tht>  t>reat  ma|oritv  of  the  mhahitaiits,  he 
i'<uild  not  loti^  maintain  m)  iine*inal  a  contist.  Vet 
his  ('allanl  resistance.  tlioni:h  nnivadiMi;  to  repel  the 
invaiiers,  enabled  him  to  prcu'ure  t.ivorable  lernis  ot 
fliibinission  to  'lir  colony.  Hy  the  articles  nf  surren- 
der, a  complete  indei,  .;y  was  stipulated  for  all  past 
olleoces  ;  and  the  colom^'•*.  while  ilicy  recoijm>ed  the 
anthonlv.  were  admitted  inlo  the  hosoni  ol  the  com- 
monwealth, and  rxprp,s>ly  assured  of  an  eipial  partici- 
Italton  111  nil  the  privileges  of  the  tree  people  ol  Hn;i- 
and.  In  particular  it  was  provided  tint  (he  yeiu'ral 
usseiublv  sboulii  transact  as  hirnifrly  tiie  atbiirs  of  llu- 
settlement,  and  e(iji>y  tb.e  exclnsive  rii*ht  <Tf  taxaliiu)  ; 
and  that  "  the  people  of  Virginia  shall  have  a  free  trach-, 
as  the  people  nf  llni^land.  to  all  pl.ice>'  and  with  nil 
nations.'*  Hrrkcley  disdainetl  to  make  any  stipulation 
for  hiiuself  with  those  whnni  his  priiu  tph'S  of  loyalty 
taui»ht  him  to  con'*tder  a*  usurpers.  Without  Icavinj^ 
Virirmia,  he  willidrew  to  a  retired  situation,  whert;  lie 
conlinned  to  reside  as  ti  private  individnal,  .inivvrHallv 
b*'|oved  and  respec'ed.  till  a  new  revolution  was  again 
to  call  hini  to  presule  once  more  over  the  cidony. 

liul  It  was  the  dependence  and  not  the  allianc:^  of 
the  coloiues,  that  the  rulers  of  the  lln^lisb  '"oiuiiion- 
wealth  were  concerned  to  iiblain  ;  nnd  in  llieir  sli.  ine- 
less  disrei:ard  of  the  treaty  concluded  by  their  con. inis- 
Btoners,  they  si«;riallv  proved  with  how  little  upnty 
absolute  power  *  ixercised  even  by  those  who  have 
shown  thein:telv  s  most  prompt  to  re>ent  and  most 
vii^orous  to  res  *!  the  endurance  of  its  excesses.  Ilav- 
in^  sui.eeedcd  ,  \  obuimini;  trom  the  colonies  a  reco:»- 
lulion  of  the  auiluinly  which  they  admim.-stered,  they 
proceeded  to  the  ailoplit>ii  of  mi'a<ures  cab  idateij  to 
cntorcc  their  depeudetM-e  on  liiiLilaiid,  and  to  secure 
the  excbisivi'  possosion  ol  tlieir  lucreasini;  coiniucrce. 
With  this  view,  as  well  as  tor  the  purpose  of  p-ovok- 
iuii  iiostihtn-H  with  the  Pntch,  by  aiminii  a  bl.nv  at 
their  carrvin,!  Ir.ide.  the  parliament  not  oidv  tor.iore  to 
repeal  tl-.i-  oidinari.c  of  the  precednij;  year,  which  pro 
hibilcd  cotniuerci.il  iuten-ourse  beiwecn  the  .'obniies 
and  f'lreiirn  slates,  but  Irat.ieil  another  taw  which  was 
to  introduce  a  new  n'ra  of  conimeicial  jurisprudence. 
and  to  1  )und  the  celebratad  navi>;ation  system  of  K\\\f 
laud.  This  leiuarkable  law  enacted  that  no  produc- 
lion  of  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  should  be  imported 
into  Ihe  doimmons  of  tiie  cominonwealth.  but  in  ves 
aeis  belou;;ini:  to  Kn^li^h  i)wners  or  ibe  inhaliitanl.*  of 
the  Knjjliih  coUmies,  iind  navij;.itcd  by  crews  of  rt Inch 
it>r  caiitain  ami  the  inaj'jiity  uf  the  sailors  should  be 


vected  their  imprudent  temerity  m>o  inerituncua  set 
vice,  and  enabled  llieiu  safely  loexuilin  the  sinjr'darily 
which  lliey  loii^  mentioned  with  Irnuiiph.  that  tlicy  had 
been  the  last  ot  (!ie  Dritish  subjects  who  had  renounced 
and  Ihe  first  who  ha<.  resumed  tliLir  alli-^'iance  tu  lh9 
crown. 


Knglishmen.*     Milling  iit  the  same  time  to  encourage  '  according   lu  all   appearances,  involved  a  conteM  with 

*he  cultivation  of  the  staple  commodity  of  Vir;:inia,  the    the   anna   of  Croniwell   and   the    wl    '«   resonrcea   lA 

nirhament  soon  after  (  UkV.2.]  passed  nii  act  coiilirimn^    Kn^t-md.      llappdy  fur  the  colony,  the  distructuHis  thai 

al'  the  royal  jiroclamutions  against  planlinj;  tobacco  in    ensued    in  Kn;^land  deferred  the    veiiyeaiu-t*  which  the 

Kn^'i.'iid.  ,  rnlm^  jiowtrs  had  eipial  ability  and   inclination   lo  m- 

'I'his  unjust  and    injurion.'*   trealnirrit   kepi  alive   in    llct  upon  it,  till  the  sudden  and  uiuxptcteti  lestoration 

Virj^nna  llie  attachment  to  the  royal  canse.  which  was    of  Charles  to  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  [  ttiGO,]  eon 
'  farther  maiiuanud  by  (he  emij;ralions  of  the  distressed 

cavaliers,  who  re.-iorted    in  such    numbers   to  Viri;inia. 

that  the  population  of  the  colony  amounted    to  thirty 

lhoiL*and  persons  al  the  t  poch  of  the  restttralion.      Knt 
I  Cromwell  had  now  jirc vailed  1 11j'>n,]  over  the  )mrhamentt 

ei.d  held  ilie  n  ins  of  the  eommonwealth  in  his  viynro:? 

hands  ;   and    thonirh  the   discontents  of  Jie  \  ir^Miiians 

were  se;retly  intlamed  i»y  the  seventy  of  his  pol.cy  and 

the  invidioius  disti'ictions  which    it   evinced,  their  e*:- 

pressiun  was  repressed  by  the  terror  of  his  name,  and 

the  energy  which  he   infvisetl   into  every  departn  ,  nt  of 

his  adiniuistratioil ;   and  ntidrr  the  snpeniiteridence  of 

l^overnors   appointed  by  him.  the  exterior,  at   Icasl,  of 

traiicpnlhty  Mas  maintauieil    in  Vir<rinia  tiM  the  |>eriod 

oi  his  ilealh.      Warmly   attached   by  simihirity  of  reli- 

f;ious  and  political  sentiments  to  the  colonists  of  Mas- 

sachiiaetts,  Cromwell  iudulj;ed    them  with  a  di'^pensa- 

lion  from  the  commercial  laws  of  the  l.onir  Parliament. 

while  he  riiiorimsly   exacted    their  observance  in  Virgi- 
nia.      'I'he    »'ntorceineiit  of  'liese   rey'rictious  on  the 

obnoxious   colonists    at    a    lime   whi-n    Knjiland   could 

neither  all'ord  a  suiVicienl  market  to  their  produce  -.lor 

anndnpiale    supply  to    their  wants,  and   while  Massa- 
chusetts enjoyed  a  monopoly  of  the  advantai;es  of  which 

they  were  deprived,   slror-jlv    impeacheil   the   mnjiiia- 

nimity   of  the    protector  and    the    feaihsa  justice    by 

which  he  profesHcd   to   tiiirnify    his  usurped  dominion 

and  proved  no  less  burtl.;-nsoine  than    irritatin 

Virginians 


CHAI'TER    III. 

The  Navnialiim  Act— itt>  bnpnlicy—  Discontent  anJ  DiBlrrsa 
ut  the  Coltihislh  —  Niituruiuatioii  lU  AheiiM— I'lUKress  ■>!  tho 
citldiiial  Discunteiit— Indian  host  lilt  ieh--Uacuirs  Kehi'lluui  — 
Death  of  Uacuii--aiiii  Ueaturatfiui  ui  Tran<iuillity  — Mill  nt 
Attainder  pHssed  hy  ttio    t'ohiiual  Asscnihiy— Sir  Wi)li:iiii 

'  III  iki-ivy  Hupursedfii  liy  t'cUimel  Jeirroys— Partiality  ui  the 
new  (joveriuir— Dis|nilL'  with  tlie  AsncihIiIv  — Uenewal  of 
Di:sciiiitents— Lord  t'ul(H'[ier  a|iptiiiited  liuveniui  —Severity 
and  Rapacity  ni  Jus  AdiiuiuMtr:iiioii -An  Inmirrection^ 
I'unishinent  of  Ihe  insur^eiils— AHutrary  Measures  uf  thii 
i'rown— James  the  Stroud— uuKnients  the  Uuiueiis  of  thu 
t'olonisls— t'orni|it  luid  opiiiossivo  (iuveiniiient  of  Loot 
Kilintthani— ItuvohitUM)  m  lliitain— t'oiiiplHiuts  of  tlie  Co* 
Innies  aKainst  tin*  loriiicr  (toiernors  tlisconra»;ed  hy  Kiiii; 
WiHiatn— KlNxtuf  the  tlngluli  Kuvoliition  on  tlie  AuieiitMii 
(■(thiMies— Mate  oi  Viiyiiua  at  tins  i'criud— I'ojmlalum— 
Laws— Manners. 


TiiK  intelligence  of  the  restoration  aoor.  reached 
Aim  rica,  and  excited  in  tht;  ditferent  colonies  very  dif- 
ferent emoii^^nn.  In  Virginia,  whose  history  wc  must 
still  separately  j)iii.ti:e,  it  waa  received  like  'he  surpri- 
siiitT  fullilment  oi  an  afireeable  dream,  and  haded  vMtli 
ibt  '  acclanialion;i  of  unfei^'ned  and  nni.oonded  joy.  These 
Such  partial  and  illiberal  policy  suhverls  ;  •'»'"tm»"iil'*.  '-*>'ihrmL'  by  the  gracious  expicsions  of 
in  the  minds  of  subjects  tlio.i' srnliineuls  which  faeili- i  *'s»lt'>'"^  *i>il  good-will*  which  the  king  very  readiiy 
tale  the  administration  of  human  atlairs  and  tissure  j  ▼•""'hsafed,  excited  hopes  uf  substantial  favor  and  re- 
the  stability  of  ;:overiiinent,  and  habituates  them  to  i  ^'^'"|»*""«*' ^ln^'h  it  was  not  ensy  lu  gratify,  and  which 
ascribe  e\ery  burden  and  restrictitm  which  Mews  of  I  were  late  I  lo  undergo  a  speedy  and  severe  disappoinl- 
piiblic  exiH'iiirncy  may  impose,  lo  causes  that  provoke  ment.  Kor  a  short  time,  however,  the  Virginians  wero 
enmity  and  redouble  impatience.  In  the  minds  nf  ihe  ;  permittud  to  indulge  their  satisfaclion.  and  some  of  ihu 
Viri»iiiiaiis  It  produc'-d  not  only  this  evil  habil,  bnl.ither'  pioceedii  gs  oi  the  lirst  colonial  assembly  that  waa  held 


MO  less  imlortunalo  coiiscpiences  ;  for  relnrtiivr  the 
di;  like  with  which  they  found  themselves  treatid.  and 
eiiciniiiternig  the  paruahty  of  their  adversaries  wiili 
prejudice.^  cpiaMy  unjust,  they  conceived  a  violenl  an- 
ti|Kit!iy  igamst  all  the  doctrmt-*.  senluiunts.  and  prac 


alter  the  lestoration  demonstrate  that  this  event  was 
by  no  means  unproductive  of  imporliint  beuehts  to 
them  Trial  by  jury,  which  had  been  discunrumed 
during  I  lie  usurpation,  was  now  again  restored,  and 
judicial    proceedings    were   diseiicniiibered    of  various 


tices  thai  seemed  preuhar  to  till' puritans,  and  rejected  i  abu"*es    and  considerably   imnroved.      It   was   enacted 
ll  communication  of  the  l.no^xletli'e  that  fbuirislied  in    ih.U    no  county  should   send  more   than  two  burgesses 


lo  the  SKsemblv  ;  and  that  every  district  wlueli  >liould 
"  )ieopli-  an  hundred  acres  of  land  with  as  many  tilhe- 
able  persons,"  slioidd  actpnre  the  priuiege  ol  being 
leprciieDted  in  that  body.  The  church  ot  Kngland  w.<s 
t.%tabluhed  by  law  :  provision  was  made  for  its  miius- 
ters  ;  t  *id  none  but  tht>se  who  had  received  their  tudi- 
nalion  from  some  bishop  in  Kngland.  and  \^  ho  ^llOuld 
enbscrdie  mi  engau'emeiit  of  eonloi.nily  id  the  onlers 
and  CO  islitutions  of  the  e.>labli>hrd  church,  wi  re  per- 
mitted to  preai-h  eilhcr  publicly  or  prnalelv  within  the 
colon).  A  law  was  shortly  niter  pa>>rd  against  the 
import  itioii  of  ipiakers  under  the   penalty  of  live  ihou- 

iiporters   ol    them  ; 


Massachusetts.  Irom  liat.cd  of  th<'  authority  niuier 
whose  shelter  it  grew,  and  of  the  principles  lo  whose 
support  il  seemed  to  adullnl^tcr  t  Al  length  tlie  dis- 
gust and  impatience  of  the  i.ihabilants  ot  Virginia  could 
no  longer  be  restrained.  [KiriH]  Matthews,  the  bst 
governor  appiumed  by  Croniwell,  ibcd  nearly  al  the 
same  period  with  the  protector;  and  the  Viri^mians. 
though  !iot  yet  apprized  of  the  full  extent  of  iheir  de- 
liverance, took  advant.i^e  of  the  suspensuui  of  aiilho- 
rily  caused  by  the  gourner's  demise  ;  and  having 
forced  Sir  Wilhani  \\t  rkcley  frmn  his  retiremeii'  niiaiii' 
mously   elected    him   to   pri-side    over   the    colony. J—, 

Ib-rkeley  refusing  lo  act,  uiuler   usurped  anthonly,   ihe  !  sand  ; 'Minds  of  tobacco    on    the 
colonists  boldly    erected    the   royal    st^mlar-*.  -,.,1   pro-  i  but   with  a  special  exception  of  such  ipiakt  rs  as  inigiit 
clainHd    ('harlrs    the   Second  lo  he    their  lawful  sove-    be  trai  sported  from  llnj^land  b)r  breach  of  the  laws. 
reign,   thus    yeuturously    mbipling   a   measure   wluch.  |       'I'be  same  I'rineiples  nf  government  which  prevatled 

-   -  -   -  -    -  -        -     in  lingland  during  this  reign  con^laiiilv  entendeil  iheir 

'*'''''';r^*';'^!?i'l^'-""l!:.*?;f^.'V"^^^^^^^  inlUien-e,  whether   ^alntary  or  banehii.  a.-ross  the  At 

Untie  ;   and    the   colonier>,   no    lon<.;er   dtemed   by   the 
court  the  mere  prujierty  ui  the  prince,  were  reeoonc/ed 


letn  <i|  |n)Lic)  occurs  in  l'.iii,'lish  Lt^ttislatiini  »>•  e-t^\y  ;ts  tlv 
>tMr  kTHJ,  when  it  wiis  enacted  \>\  the  sliUiDr  ol  b  Itii  li.  II. 
i-.t|>.  .t. '  that  to  iticrcHite  Die  n:ivv  of  Kiit'lHiid,  no  t{""<ii  or 
rii.Tctiaiidi/,f»»li.ilt  he  eitlu-r  cX|»orti'(l  or  niiportixl  t'lU  oii'y  in 
stiiiiH  lndinHuiK  to  the  kiny't  sulMrrt*."  This  t'tiaclincrU  *:is 
l>ri-ni  itare,  and  »ooii  lilt  into  diMUe.  An  a<'l  to  f^Mve  it  to 
a  iMix'ed)  ti<-nt  in  MtUI.  wn-t  :t-jectud  h>  Ileiirv  Uo'  Suih. 

t  TIm'  |>ritj  tlirrs  ol  an  t  Id  c.ivuIut  wti'itiid  ii>'<|iiirfd  tin* 
h.Oat.  -^o  it<'iu  ral  and  invrlcrali-  in  sr.i'^'iii.s  <ii  violcnl  i>;)t'.y 
nnilfiiiHMi*-,  o'  Iti.trimi,'  lu-.   o|titiio.is  ai)>l  takinif  tin  iii  in  the 

whether    hy  Assent  to   lu-*   fniMi'ls  tir  O|l|^»l^HJ0ll  l 
.idv 


exteiisions  of  the  llritish  territory,  and  ciuiMdired 
iis  subp  el  to  p.irliainentary  leoist.it ion.  The  strong 
declarat  ons  ol  the  Long  I'arbaineiit  inlrndnc*  il  (irmn- 
ples  whi  'h  received  the  sanclion  of  tin  c-uiris  ol  \\  i'>l- 
minstei  iCill,  and  were  tiius  interwoven  witli  the  labrc 
uf  KnL'liih  law  In  a  varn>lv  (d  ea<>i's  which  invoUnl 
dver«irii-!^.  an  dk played  U\  ..n  Wiliium  licit.',  lev  in  .i  liiier|  this  great  coirtiluticnial  point,  the  judges  declared  that 

.':^;'!!::!::::.'^.':'^.r!;::'';:L^:^:l"'?:.-r^:!';..:::!",:!':r^.!:^     »>rtue  of  those  mmcmies  ..i 


nl  tin 


-omm 


ui  l.iw  whit  h 


..,  -toralion.     "l    thank    tJnd."  lie  s.ivs  "  Iherr  .ve  n.>  fr..e  1  I'.'   '"'""  "'    •"»«.    pniicipl 

..,'io..Ui'.ir  prmtiuit ;  ,inil  I  ho)H-  wf  simllitoi  Uavp  tlu-nHhuiio  I  binil  the  teriitories    lo   Ijie  state.  Ibe    plantations    were 

li'hMi.-d  veirt.     ¥  It  l.'irnuM  ii;  s  hrot^ht  hereiiv  *iid  disot».i-  ni  all  resjects  like  the  other   subonlinaie  doimmons  o' 

di.M..-..  :u.d   s,..-H   .nlo  the   worM.  rtnd   nriMliiui  Irts  divulgrd  ^  ^      „,„|  i,|^„  ,i,^       equally  bound  by  ai  Is  of  pal 

iht'in.  and  liNls  aiT.'li.hi  tlic   t't-st   mnerninetil;  tlod  keip  us  ,  ,  i>  *       i  i  . 

Iroini'Mih'"     Chain  ers,  p.  3'jH.  Iiaiiii-nt   v  hen   specially    named,    or   when    neccj'Siiril) 

J  I'li.d  CroinweU  hid  inetlitsted  '*oinr  important  cli.niircs  la  Rupposid  within  the   contemplation   id  the  legislature 

Vir^invwhirli  death  i.revNU.'d  him  Iro.n  atieinptm*  lo  re-  'n^^,   tivcli  rations    ..f  the   courts  of  instice   were  eon 

;ill/,f.  inny  tic  mtiTrrd  ifoin  llu-  piltdir;ition  of  a  sniitl  lie.itis  t _.^__ I  ,         

ill  l.i'hdi.i'.  in  the  vii    ll.'tT,  rnliUed  "  PuhUc  i'o.>d  witliont  ■    '  "  ' 

.iti-  int   rost."  y  '    *■  n  tiy  Dr.  Catlord  and  dfdiiated  to  the  '      *  Rn  Wiiiiam  Herketey,  who  made  a  journey  to  Kngland  It, 


111  ltu«  litlhi  work  the  |»ri>teclor  is  a.ln^cl  ti 
i->nn  the  nufierons  atuisi"*  crtroit  m  Viri;itii;i -the  flisreijard 
of  rellKloii— (hn  iieirlecl  uf  Kiliictition'-and  the  rnoidiib'n*. 
d.  ;i!tMi!-*  of  the  planter'"  witli  'Ii.-  IndiuiH  ;  on  ;i]l  w  ni-h  topics 
the  aulhor  d^■^caMt■t  M'ry  l-.n  diii  ni  tl  ik  Iinilise.  h*.  welt 
an  of   ll<>'  irat-ts  l>v  II.iiin  r.  and   Wdhaoiv.  and  some  mSiTf, 

\>liii'li  I  Itave  )i«d  ot  ( -IS t itii  r  rlsrwlit  rr,l  fouiiii  i:o)>'t  s 

in  the  hhrary  af  the  late  lii'or|;p  (.'lialiner*. 


roni<rHtuliite1he  klllKtiil  his  restoratton,  was  reciived  al  contt 
With  di-duiKUishittt  rettiiiit ;  and  riinilis,  ni  lionor  oi  his  io\^il 
ViiuiniaMs,  wore  at  Ins  •  'Unnaiion  a  ii'in  inionifai  tuiedid  \'ir- 

KIIIIIOI  hllk.      (MdllUtof). 

This  was  not  the  tirst  rovnl  mhe  that  Aiinitia  supplied 
'jiiecn  Klixalx'th  wore  \»towri  made  ot  Mn  r-ilkiiiats.  id  wlii'.l 
tiih-idii's  r:-loi>isi>i  M'M  a  <|uanlit|  to  KnglaiiU  Cuxe'«  UV' 
icrliitiuii  uf  C'aro'.!n'>,  p.  \i). 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


iivolvi'd  a  content  wiib 
0  \\\  'u  rt-Huiiri'(>8  vi 
ly,  thu  (lislruclioim  lliat 
veiiyt'ance  winch  Ihtf 
nmt  ini'linatioti  tu  iii' 
tin(-\[t(.cU'(l  iCMturaUui) 
ituH^lurH,  [lt)tiO,J  coit 
!  iiiii)  iiiLTtiuriGUB  sor 
fxuli  iti  tlu>  siri^'iUnly 
.  triuin|ili,  iha(  tlicy  liaO 
cts  vvliu  had  rciiuuiiccJ 
hcii  all('''iiuici'  to  Ui« 


III. 
OiMnhiritt  nnil  PiiitrOM 

t  u■^  -  ■  llui-oir<(  Ki'i'i'llion— 
I  ol  TraiKiuiillty  — llill  of 
I  Assciiihl)— Sir  Williiuit 
leirrrys— raitiality ul  the 
Asfiumlily— Ui'iiowal  of 
iitctl  IJoviTiiui  "StviTitjr 
ilHui— An  IiiHiirrcctiiiti— 
irliitrary  Mt;a.stirL>M  ul*  tliii 
leiiU  ttiu  UtiiULMiN  itf  thu 

-U     ((UVftllllHMlt     uC    Loill 

— t'oinplttinlH  of  the  I'vi- 
lors  ili»i'i)iini»;rd  by  Kin^ 
vohition  on  the  Anieiiraii 
Ins  I'criutl—l'opula'.ion— 

lontion  soon  rcathrd 

;rciit  colonu's  vi'ry  dil- 

hottn  history  vvu  ntust 

ceivrd  like  thr  Hurpri- 

Iri'atn,  and  Imikd  witlt 

rii.oomlfd  joy,    Thi'se 

uciouit   t>x|ii cations  uf 

tlir   kin^  very  rraiiiiy 

hslaiitial  favor  and  rc- 

'  to  gratify,  and  which 

and  wevrre  di8a|)|»oiiU- 

iT,  tiie  Vir!;mians  werw 

etion,  ami  :*vti\v  of  tlic 

iMsenihly  that  was  held 

r   lli.it    lliis  event  wa^ 

itii|Hirlaiit   lieitelils  lu 

ad    hi>en   disconiinned 

V   ajjain   resiored,  and 

u'ui.iiMTed   of  variolic 

kill       It    wa.s   e:iat'Ud 

than  two  liiir^esMH 

dinirii't  wliieh  ^hontd 

I  with  an  niariv  tilhe- 

he    pruiit-^'e    ol    heiii^ 

hutvh  ol  l'jiu|,iiid  was 

lA  iii:ii)t'  fur  ii.s  mnns- 

iid  reerut'd  Ihrir  onh- 

l.itid,  mill  ^^llo  should 

ifoi.liilv  |o    llir  orderb 

led  <  hurt  h,  vvi  le  per- 

jiiivalrlv  v\  ithni  the 

pa^^ed   a<:ani>t  the 

•I'tiiihv  of  hve  ihoii- 

iiporters  ol    iheiii  ; 

h  ijiiakers  aK  ini^nt 

I'aeii  n|   the  laws. 

nit  whuh  prevaiU'd 

itiv  extended  llieir 

liil.  aeroitft  the  At 

i:rr  lUrnied  hv  the 

■f.  were  reeoi»n(/ed 

>rv,  and   enriMdered 

.itioii.     'I'he   htronij 

ii  iiilrnihitrd  iinnri- 

III*  e-Miris  ol  W'esl- 

>\iii  vvilh  the  lahrie 

\\rn  whiell  nt\uU»  ti 

jndj^es  de<-|.ired  thai 

niiinon  l.iw  whii  h 

le    |ilan(ati(MiH    were 

rdinaie  (hHiiinitiiiH  u' 

loiiiiil  hy  a<  t^  ot  ji<it 

or  when    iiei-c>>^.tril) 

n  of  the  Ie<iif*lalure 

f  jiiKtife   were   eon 

I  jnnrni'V  l<i  fc^tiulaitil  lit 
I,  w.m  ri'(  rm'il  ;it  nniri 
,  HI  honor  ol  liiM  mval 
niioiiit.e  inioloi  Vir* 

liat  Attn  tiiii  ^nppllnil 
HuMlkitiasi.  ol  wUv.t 
KiijjUiul     CuX(''»  Uu 


007 


-*^". 


finned  and  enforeed  hy  tic  niiirorni  tenor  o(  ll.r  \int- 
Iianirnl.iiv  prorcethno^  ;  lunl  the  eolonisls  soon  per- 
ceived lh.it  ahlion^h  the  I.on^  I'arliarnent  was  no  nmre, 
It  had  hiitlitiihy  he«tneatlied  lo  itN  ^n(-ce!>^nr8  tht:  »yril 
whirl)  inllneneeil  it.t  ronnneretid  dehheratiuiiH.  The 
lluiiAe  of  Connitons  delerniined  not  only  to  retain  the 
eoinniernal  sv^^leni  which  the  I.on^  Parliament  had 
mlrodiiced,  hut  10  mntiire  and  I'Xleiid  it,  10  'eiider  the 
(i.de  of  ihe  roloines  eomplelely  suhjeet  to  (larhainen- 
larv  Ii'oif'lalnre,  and  ("xeliisivclv  unliservh-ru  to  Knt»ltf-h 
loiiinierce  and  navionlion.  No  sooner  wa.-*  ("harle.s 
seat<-d  on  (he  throne,  than  they  voted  u  dnty  of  tiv(^ 
prr  fi  lit.  on  all  rnerehandize  exported  from,  or  imported 
into,  anv  of  (he  dominioiiH  In'lont^mtr  to  (lie  erown  : 
and  the  nuwv  sosnni  prodnced  the  eeleitratt-d  AartfSO' 
tiou  .1(7,  (hr  niu.st  memoralde  Htadite  m  (he  lln^lihli 
''onitnerrial  eode.  ])y  tltm  t^latiUe  (in  adilidon  (o  many 
ottier  imporiani  provi.sioriii  which  are  lorei)fn  to  onr  pre- 
siMit  euiiMidiTuMon),  it  was  enacted  (hat  no  commodi- 
(11  s  should  he  nnpnrted  into  any  Hrili<>h  settlement  ni 
Asia,  Alrica,  or  Aineriea.  or  (XimittHl  from  (hem,  Init 
111  vessi'U  hnill  in  i'jioliirul  (.Tthi-  plantation;*,  and  I'mIv:* 
^.ited  hv  crews  of  which  (he  masters  and  llirt  e-tonrlhs 
of  the  inarin«T,H  should  he  Kiiolmh  ttvilijcts,  nnder  the 
penalty  of  h>rfeiliire  ot  sliiji  ami  ear^o  ;  that  iiono  hnt 
n;'liiral-l)orn  >nhj>c!M,  or  such  as  juid  iieen  naturalised 
^llonld  rxerciM'  (lu-  occnpation  of  mereliJiit  or  fui;tor 
m  anv  Ilnlill^h  >ett!enienl  nnder  ihe  penally  of  lor- 
(ritiire  ol  t;ouds  and  chattels  ;  that  no  snoar,  lohaeco, 
coilon.  wotil.  inirioo.  jjinoer,  '.>r  woods  used  in  dvino, 
proiluccil  or  maiinla<-tnred  in  the  colonies,  ^ihould  he 
shi|>peil  from  lliein  to  any  otiier  connlry  than  lji;>hinil  ; 
am'  to  yccnre  ihe  oh^ervance  of  this  t^i;iihttion,  the 
ou  nrs  were  rennirtd  hefore  sailuii:  to  oivc  honds  w:th 
snr  My  for  vnms  proportioned  (o  the  rale  ol  (heir  ves- 
seh  .  The  re>lrictcil  articles  have  in  en  termed  rH»- 
vutatnt  rohinn-iiifKs ;  and  when  new  articles  of  eido- 
ind  proiluci',  as  ihe  rice  (»f  Caroliiia.  or  (he  copper  ore 
-if  (he  northern  colontrs,  were  r.iisid  nito  importance 
and  hroiii;ht  into  conumrce  hy  the  uienasiiio  industry 
of  the  <'olonists.  llu-y  were  suceessivelv  added  to  the 
lisl.  an<t  snhjecd'd  (o  (he  same  reonhiiioiis.  As  stnne 
ctnnpensation  to  ihr  rolonit  s  lur  t!ie>e  connmrcial  re- 
Mr.iint'*.  liil'  p.irli.ini.nl  at  (he  ^alne  turn-  conferri  d  on 
lliiin  the  e\iliiM\e  supply  of  lohaeco.  hv  piohihilini; 
Its  enltt\ati(ni  in  Kn;^land.  Ireland,  (iiieiiiKev,  or  Jer- 
sey 'i'he  n,ivioalion  act  was  ^0(MI  alter  enhirycd,  and 
adflilioiial  re-.tr.Mnt«  nnpo^etl  hy  a  i.ew  l.iw,  [  lliOIi,] 
which  prolnhtii'd  the  iniporiatiori  of  i'!uropi>an  coinino- 
(lit  ts  into  the  rulonH's,  except  m  \e>>.-it  Is  laden  m  Kii",'- 
lund.  and  nav  i^iited  and  manned  accordioo  to  ihe  pro- 
vishhis  o(  the  oriiiinal  statute.  More  elh  final  pro\i- 
sion  waN  made  hv  this  !;■••■  •"•"■  tMiln'tM..'  tiic  m  n-iltics 
ultached  to  the  (raiisoression  ot  the  naviijation  act  ; 
and  till'  princtj.lcs  of  commerend  policy  tin  which  (lie 
v\lioh'  system  i>  founded  were  opciilv  avowed  in  a  de- 
elarnlii.'i  lliat,  as  i(  was  (he  iiNai^e  of  other  iiations  to 

kei'p  111"    Irade  of  their   phmtaiions   to    tl selves,   so 

tiie  coll  i;es  lh.it  were  foniiiled  and  peoph  il  hy  KiiL'h^h 
snhji  cl^  ouohl  to  lie  retaimd  m  linn  di[iciidence  nptni 
I!no|.iiiu,  and  made  to  contrihuie  to  In  r  advanlaoe  ni 
(he  emphpvnieri(  of  Knohsh  ^htppnlo.  the  vent  of  Kfi^r. 
Ii--h  coniinodiin's  and  in.inMlaclnn's.  ami  the  rernhniiii 
of  llir^liiinl  a  ^t.lph^  not  tmly  id  the  prmlnctions  of 
her  colonies,  '  :ii  aUo  «pf  micIi  comnioditns  of  other 
4iMintries  as  the  colomeH  iheinseKes  niiohf  rcipim'  to 
he  siipi  iu'd  with.  Advancino  a  !*te|i  tnrtlier  in  (hi* 
prosecii.ion  ef  its  encioachiiiu  policy,  the  parliament 
pioii  eth  d  to  tax  the  Irade  of  (he  several  culonn-s  w)(h 
eaclioiher.  anil  a>  theact  of  n.ivto.uion  had  lell  all 
(hi  colonists  at  liheny  to  »  xporl  l''e  (numerated  con* 
iiioilii-es  trom  one  settlement  to  nnoihiT  without  pav- 
mo  anv  tinlv.  (le-  exemption  w.is  siiliM-ipiently  wilh- 
dr.i'.vn.  .\m\  ihev  wert*  Mihiected  to  a  tax  e<piivalen(  (o 
whit  w.i.-*  levied  on  the  coiiMimplion  of  these  citmiiio- 
dities  in  I'lnoiand, 

The  sysiein  pursued  :ind  estahlished  hy  (liese  rejjn- 
lation?..  ol  ^ecnrmo  iti  I  Inojand  a  monopoly  of  (he  tr.ide 
1)1  her  colonn'N  by  ^l^llllnir  "p  evi  ry  other  t  hannel 
which  eoinpetiiion  mioht  have  formed  tor  i(.  and  loto 
Which  mterot  ntioht  have  caiiM-d  it  pn-ferah|y  to  Mow, 
evcited  the  iilinutt  di«»i.'n>t  and  imli^nation  in  the  ninid!i 
ul  Ihe  inhahitants  ot  (he  colonie-*.  and  was  jiistly  de- 
nounced hy  (hem  us  a  mantfe.st  violation  of  (he  iiios( 
sacred  and  nnilouhted  nights  (d  mankind.  In  Kn^Iand 
it  was  loiiji  apphoiihd  le*  a  master  piece  of  pohtnal 
sa^'acily,  i-nhnced  and  cheri>hid  as  a  mam  source  of 
opiih-nri.  and  power,  and  di'teiuied  mi  the  p!ei  of  that 
eipeilieocy  which  its  siipposi-d  advanlat^es  were  held 
«o  iihnndantiv  (o  denionstt^e  Hut  the  philostiphy  of 
|K»liiicaI  scieiii  e  lia-  a(n|ily  refilled  (his  iliiheral  i\ot- 
tltnu  Hiul  woiili!  lohjjago  liuvu  vorrccti-U  thu  vievss  mid 


ninended  (he  iiistilntions  winch  it  was  thought  ludanc- 
tion,  hut  (na(,  Irom  the  previdence  of  various  jealouMes, 
and  of  those  ohstmat*  and  passionate  p^epnp^esf^lons 
(hat  constitutt!  wilful  lontirunce,  (he  tllecls  of  philoso- 
phy have  iniicli  more  Iree  lently  lerininated  in  (he  pro- 
duction of  knowledoe  Pi-Tely  speculadve,  than  vwt- 
cised  any  visihle  uperado  1  in  the  improvement  of  hu- 
man conduct,  or  the  inc-ease  of  huin.in  h:ippines>*. 
Nations,  biassed  hy  enmlt]e^  (o  their  netohhors,  as  well 
as  partialities  to  tiirmselves.  have  hullered  uu  illiberal 
Jeaiou^y  of  other  stales  lo  contract  the  views  they  have 
lonin-d  of  (heir  ov\n  interests,  and  to  indrce  u  line  ot 
policy  of  which  the  operation  is  to  procure  a  smaller 
portion  of  exi-.liisive  ^.iins,  m  prelerencc  lo  a  larger 
condn^ent  m  the  parl:cipatinn  of  a  (general  advanla^ie. 
'I'oo  yross  sij;hled  to  use,  or  (00  pas.*umate  to  feel,  (he 
bonds  (ha(  connect  the  interests  of  all  the  inemhers  of 
the  ^ri'at  family  uf  mankind,  lliey  have  accnnnled  (he 
exclusion  of  their  rtvaU  etpiivalenl  lo  an  exteiiMon  of 
the  advanta^^i  s  re.served  lo  iheinseives  ;  eommittini; 
herein  the  same  error  (ImI  pervades  tlu'  pt>licy  of  slave 
owners,  and  Uwdf  them  to  suppose  thai,  to  intlict  de- 
pnssion  am!  privation  on  otiiera,  is,  by  necessary  coii- 
seijuence,  to  enliame  their  own  elevation  and  cnrich- 
ment.  In  such  ini.staken  pohcy  nations  are  apt  to  be 
cunhrnud  by  the  interested  representadons  of  the  lew 
who  conlrive  to  extract  n  lenijtorarv  and  partial  advan- 
tao<'  from  every  ahii>e,  however  t:eneia!ly  pernicious  ; 
and  if,  III  spite  of  the  d*  h  cts  of  its  policy,  the  pros- 
perity of  the  (ountiy  should  he  increased  hv  the  h)n'e 
of  Its  natural  advaiilaoes,  ihis  elKcl  vvill  he  eaoerly 
ascnhed  to  (he  very  causes  that  abridor,  (houoli  they 
may  he  insullicient  lo  prevent  it.  The  cliscuveries, 
liow(  ver,  which  ihe  cnUivation  of  political  science  has 
yielded,  liavi-  in  tins  respect  conhrined  the  diclales  ol 
relioion,  and  demonstr.iieil  that,  in  every  transaction 
helweeii  nations  and  indivulunls,  tht*  intercourse  most 
solidly  and  lastinoty  henelicial  lo  both  and  each  of  .he  par- 
ties, i>  thill  which  IS  loniided  on  the  [irinciples  ol  a  fair 
reciprocity  and  miidnil  siihscrvient  e  ,  that  an  indi^po- 
sili.}n  to  re}:ard  (he  interests  of  others,  iinphcA  a  nar- 
row and  perv(rte<l  view  ot  onr  own;  and  that  tt>  do  as 
we  would  he  dune  |iy.  is  not  less  the  nia.xtm  of  prii- 
(hnce  than  the  preci'pt  of  piety.  .*no  coherent  inn«l 
due*  philosophy  ever  be  with  the  dictad-s  of  l)iviue 
VMsiloiii.  Hilt  unhirdin.itely  this  coherence  has  not 
alwavs  been  rccojmst  d  even  bv  iho^-e  philo.sophers 
whose  spe('ul.itn>ns  have  tended  lo  its  display  ;  unil 
contimii;;  themselves  to  reasoninos,  Millicitnlly  char 
<md  eonvmcin;;,  no  Ooutit.  lo  pi  r^ons  contemplatin;' 
hiiinan  atlairs  m  the  Minpiicity  and  dl^lnteTe^tcd  .il>- 
slraciion  of  lluorelical  survey,  the)  iiave  neo|ecdd  to 
elilorce  the  aceeplance  ul  mipi'ri.inl  trullis  by  reference 
to  those  principles  that  ihriv-  iln  in  Irom  bivii.e  wis- 
dom, ui'i!  .oimcLi  them  with  the  »i:onocsl  hunelions  ot 
hninan  diity 

They  have  demnnstriite<l*  that  n  parent  state  by  re- 
straining the  conmit  rce  ot  her  colonies  with  other  na- 
I  lions,  depn-sses  tlic  industry  and  proilucliveiuss  both 
I  ol  the  colonies  and  ol  l(»reii;ii  nations  ;  and  heme,  hv 
I  entct  hlin;^  (he  <letnaiid  ot  lorejon  purchasers,  which 
I  ime't  l>e  proportioned  to  llieir  ahibtv,  and  lc.s^enln^  the 
'•pianlity  of  t  oloninl  conimodides  actually  produced,  en- 
haiico  the  price  of  the  colonial  produce  to  herself  as 
[  well  as  lo  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  so  far  diimnishes  its 
■  power  to  increase  ih.'  enjovmenls  and  anirmenl  llie  in- 
I  diislry  ol  her  owj,  citi/ens  as  well  as  ol  other  ^tates 
]  Itesides,  the  moiiopnly  of  the  cohniy  trade  produces  so 
I  liioli  a  rate  of  proiii  to  (he  merchants  wh^;  carry  it  on, 
'  a**  to  attract  into  tins  channel  11  ^leal  tieal  of  ihe  cap.- 

*  11).  t  woiilil,  in  (he  natural  cour-e  of  lliiii;js.  be 
''iiccleil  It)  tnher  br. indies  of  trade :  and  in  (Inst 
!  I'laiiches,  (he  prolits  ninst  ( (tnsei|neiitly  he  augment!  .1 
I  ii,  propmli.;::  •"  "he  dimmi'*hed  conipelitum  ol  the  ca 
pit. .Is  enipltiyed  in  lliem  Itut  wli.itcver  rai.ie:'!  in  any 
coimiiy  die  ordinary  rale  of  protii  hi;;ln  r  than  il  oilnr- 
wise  wonhl  be,  neces>aiily  suhjtcif.  ihiit  cunnirv  to 
orcat  disadvaiita;;e  m  every  branc-h  of  tr.ule  o'  winch 
.die  has  not  the  monopoly.  Her  merch.mts  cannot  ob- 
tain this  liioher  prolii  without  selling  dearer  than  (hey 

'  Siiiiili'H  Wealilioi  .Nunons,  H.  iv.  cap,  7.  Ttie  eiiunent 
pill  lo  ,11). Ill  I  ot  vvllo^e  reasonin.;  I  h.ivi*  1  ikU  avoreil  to  (itritt'iit 
acoinlensi'il  i  uw  tti  lliin  pjnayr.iph  lU  the  \v\\,  is  paittt  iilarly 
ii|iiio\|iiiiM  tiMhe  cliaiv'f  ol  iiol  iiiereiv  mvlecliok',  hut  wilhilly 
Mippie^sjoj,  lilt*  rerui.;iiilion  ol  thai  todlirmal  ion  which  iliviiio 
leniiiiiohv  tlcilu'H  IroiM  an  eiila'kjet)  ucw  ot  human  interolH, 
.-.^•^UUllClll^,al^.la^tloll^.  [ii  (he  lust  cilition  >•!  lii^  "  Ttiettry 
1*1  Moral  Senlirnt  III.-,"  Iir  eoiilil  not  nli.nii  Imtn  avowui^'  the 
C(*lieieiii'e  whti'll  he  phniiU  ohserv  i-d  he t ween  the  tloi  t luifM  .•[ 
•  lit  111'- re\i  laiioii.  ;ui>l  Ihii  tciitiiiii  nt!(  ot  men  in  all  awe.'i  aiul 
ii.ill'ilit  oil  the  'iitiiril  ot  N.iCiuic"  Hint  I'ort  lijri  |iitcrcf*sioii. 
I'm  11.  ^  '.VaO  t.iH  tn.  ltiil,iiil^ieiMi>  ttuence  IhImU  hotiilietl, 
lie  e\piiii;,<.'il  lliis  ^lutsasjc  Iiuiii  tilt*  iiulj:iU<|Uunl  etlitiunsul  the 
wuik 


Otherwise  would  do,  hoih  ihe  tommodities  jf  foreign 
connines  which  (hey  imiiort  mm  their  own.  and  the 
ooods  of  (heir  own  conniry  which  ihcv  carry  abroad 
'I'he  country  thus  hnds  herself  lit-ipH*niJy  undersold  in 
torei^n  markets  ;  ami  the  more  .«o,  because  m  foreign 
states  much  capital  has  been  forced  mio  these 
hr.uuhcH  hy  her  exclusion  of  hneiotiirs  I'lom  her  colo- 
nial trade,  which  wonhl  have  iibsoitiid  11  p.irt  of  (hem 
Tims,  by  the  tiperalion  of  a  inoiiopoiy  ul  ihe  colonial 
(r.ide,  ihe  purent  state  ohlains  an  overorowth  ol  one 
branch  ol  dl^lant  datl'ic.  at  the  i-xpen*^e  ol  dimiiiisliin^ 
the  advantaoes  which  her  own  cili/ens  miohi  tierivo 
from  (he  pnidnce  of  the  colonies,  ami  of  impainno  ah 
(host*  other  hraiiehes  of  ncirer  tr.ide  which,  by  tho 
greater  freipiency  o.  liieir  returns,  allord  the  lar^e:jl 
and  most  heiieficial  excitement  to  the  industry  of  the 
conntrv.  Mer  commerce,  instead  of  llovvm^  in  a 
j»reat  nnn'oerof  small  channels,  is  tauohl  to  run  prin- 
cipally .11  one  ^reat  conduit;  and  hence  the  whole 
system  of  Iter  trade  and  industry  is  rendered  Itsa 
st'cnie. 

lUit  tlio  iiijnrtotiR  conscfiunnccs  of  thin  cxcluslvo 
system  are  not  confined  to  its  immediate*  opera tioii 
upon  traile.  The  proon  s.-*  of  our  hi^lmy  will  ubnii- 
ih'iilly  show  th.it  the  ct)nne.\'ion  ^vhicli  a  pari'nt  stato 
seeks  lo  maintain  with  its  colonics  by  the  aid  of  mivU 
u  syst'.  III.  carries  within  ilselt  the  principh  ti  of  itn 
c.tii  dissohidon.  During  the  infancy  ol  lln*  colonics, 
d  perpedi.il  and  vexatious  e.\ertitui  is  reipined  Iroiii 
the  parent  slate  to  I'liforctr  ami  extend  her  restrain- 
ing laws,  and  endeavors  no  less  imretnitlini;  are  mado 
by  the  colonies  to  obsiruct  or  elude  their  operation, 
livery  risiiio  hrancli  of  trade  which  is  hit  for  a  time, 
or  Itir  ever.  Irce  to  the  colimists,  si-rves  by  ihe  f  licet 
of  coiiirasl,  to  rentier  more  visihUi  the  th>advanlaj;rs  of 
their  situation  in  the  reoidated  branches  ;  and  every 
extension  of  the  reslncdons  alVonls  un  occasion  of  re- 
newed discontent.  As  tin*  colonies  increase  their  in- 
ternal strenoth,  ami  loiike  advances  in  the  pos>essiuti 
■md  appreciation  td  tidtional  const  i|uence,  tin*  disjo.M- 
don  ot  their  inhahitants  to  em.mcipatt*  themselves  troin 
such  restraints,  is  coudiinetl  with  ability  (o  ellecl  their 
lU  liverancc,  hy  (lie  very  eircnmstances,  antl  ut  the 
vt  ry  ptrio''.  wloch  will  involve  (he  (raile  of  (he  (lareiit 
state  111  the  ^Tcatcsl  hiss  ami  disorder.  And  the  ad- 
vaiilaoes which  (he  ct)!iiinerce  of  other  nations  inn.st 
expect  liom  the  desirnctit)n  of  lln*  iinmoptdy.  umli*s  tiie 
vvislns  ot  the  whole  worhl  with  the  revolt  tif  the  colu- 
niiw,  ami  oues  assurance  of  the  most  pt>vvcrfn[  assih- 
(ance  lo  cttect  it. 

A  better  apology  for  the  system  which  Knyhiiid 
■idnpted  towards  her  colonies,  (hail  the  boasted  e.\- 
pedieiicy  of  her  me.i.svui*.--  vvouhl  (hns  appear  (o  supply, 
may  be  tlenved  from  (ne  ailnntted  iact,  (hat  her 
policy  on  the  whole  was  much  less  illibcrid  and  op- 
jirosive  than  that  which  any  oilier  nation  of  Knropn 
ins  ever  bten  known  to  pursue.  While  the  loiei;*!! 
trade  of  the  colonies  was  n'strained,  for  (lie  sup|iOseU 
advantage  of  the  pan'iit  stale,  whose  Nrospcrity  (hey 
parlot)k,  and  hy  who.se  power  lliey  wen*  dcteiuhtl,  their 
internal  liberiy  was  siilfercd  lo  ^row  np  under  thu 
shelter  of  wise  and  libtral  lll.^l;tllllollS  ,  and  even  tiie 
commercial  restrn-doiis  imposed  on  them  were  inucli 
It  ss  r:^t)rons  and  injurions  than  ihe  ctdt)nieH  ol  I'ranee, 
Spam.  Poituoal.  and  Oenm.irk.  wtrt*  compelletl  to 
nnilcr^'O  t'roin  their  respective  parent  countries.  Tliu 
trade  of  lln*  [tntish  setllenients  was  not  cotniniKed, 
accordm<*  lo  the  practice  of  stum*  of  (lii*se  s[ates,  tu 
exclusive  companies,  m)r  restrictetl,  at  cording  tti  (hu 
praclice  of  others,  to  a  partn  ular  ptirt  ;  hnt,  heiuK 
I  lell  tree  to  all  the  suhjeci.s,  and  admitied  lo  all  liio 
h.irhors  t)t  liiii^land,  et*ipl>i\t d  a  hotly  t>|  Dntisii 
d.nlers  too  numerous  iiinl  tlisperscd  to  admit  t)l  their 
supersedin<r  imitnal  coinpetitnm,  and  unidnn  m  a 
.;i  iieral  tonftdtracv  to  oppress  ihe  colonies  .mtl  ex- 
tort I  xlitirbUatil  prolits  to  (hemselves.  This  apt>lii<.'v 
IS  t'hvioiisly  very  unsati.-faclory,  as  every  aitt  nipt  lo 
Oil  bate  injustice  must  necessarily  he.  It  w.is  nroid 
Willi  a  very  l>ad  j/r.ice  by  the  peoph-  of  Knohmd,  iind 
iilterlv  di.->reoarthil  hy  the  mhabitant.->  of  .\menca 

111  none  ul  the  .Vmenciin  colonies  ditl  this  upprcM- 
sive  system  excite  greater  indionation  ihan  in  \  ir- 
^lllla  where  the  laij;er  coininen'e  and  pre  eminent 
loyalty  of  the  people  rendered  tin;  pnssnre  uf  Ibn 
bunleii  more  nevere,  and  the  mlliction  of  it  inoro 
exasperalm^*^.       No   sooner    was    the    navigation    act 

*  It  was  to  VirKinia  alone  llinl  M<>iUes.(:n(-u's  jii<«iiih-aloiy 
pniiClpU'  ot  lliv  HyctltMii  i>(  rcTil  net  I'll  tiaile  c.iiihlhe  cutiiiMereiJ 
Si*  liiaio  ili'ijrrHBpphcaMi'.  "  Il  iias  liet  11  i*-iahli>hi'vl,"  >n\<* 
Ihis  writer,  "  that  the  niolher  coiintrv  ajoir  <-hHll  tra<le  in  thu 
coionie-i,  niitl  tliul  li'ont  very  Kotul  reason.  In  >  tiiisr  tht  .li  si^n 
ol  the  sftllcineiil  was  the  exit  iihion  ol  roimnert  t>,  and  not  .„• 
loanUatiuii  ot  atity,  ur  ul  a  new  (uiijhii)."    .spirit  ni  Li^w.t,  i| 


immmmmmmmmmm 


I 


228 


THE    HISTOPY   OP 


il 


known  in  Virginia,  and  its  nlfrcts  fxptTirnccd,  than 
thn  colony  warmly  rcrncnstraleil  agamsl  it  as  a  gricv- 
aiici;,  mitl  [utiiioncd  narni-'slly  for  relief.  Uiil,  al- 
though the  l:]iigliifh  moiia.chs  wrro  accuittomcil  at  this 
jjenotl  to  cxcrciso  a  liispcnsiny  power  over  the  laws  ; 
—III  8U  much  that  when  the  court  at  a  I.Uer  period 
ventured  to  adopt  a  plan  of  arhitrjry  |,'Overninent, 
even  llic  act  of  navigation  itself,  so  great  a  favorite 
with  the  nation,  wa»  Hiispcmled  for  a  wlulc  hy  an 
eserlion  of  this  stretch  of  prerooativo  ;  yet,  durin;; 
tho  earW  period  of  lu^  reign,  ('hartes,  unassured  of 
ihe  titahility  of  his  throne,  and  surrounded  by  iniiiis- 
lers  of  eonslitutioiiul  principles,  was  coinpeUid  to 
uhservu  the  limits  of  a  le^ul  adinint^Iration,  and  to 
interpose  his  authority  for  the  enlorctnient  even  of 
those  laws  that  were  most  npugnaiit  to  his  principles 
arid  wishes*.  So  far  from  leiuimi^  a  favorahio  car 
lo  the  fitriiiionover Virginia,  ("iiarles  and  \uv  ministers 
adopted  measures  for  carrying  llio  act  into  strict  exo- 
cuiion.  Iiiielhgence  having  hecn  received  that  its 
provisions  were  almost  as  generally  disregarded  as 
lieieaud,  and  tha*  llio  colonial  authorities  were  not 
prompt  to  enforce  what  they  saw  was  so  disagrccahle 
lo  till!  persons  oi  whom  they  presided,  instructions 
were  issued  to  (he  govt  mors  of  ihc  seltlemcnty,  repri- 
manding them  lor  the  "  neglects,  or  rather  con- 
tempts," which  the  law  had  sustained,  and  enjoining 
their  future  attention  lo  its  rigid  enlorcement ;  and 
in  Virginia,  in  particular,  deinonsiraiiun  wa»  made 
of  the  determined  purpose  of  the  Kiiglish  goverimient 
to  overcome  alt  resistance  to  the  act,  hy  the  ereci:on 
of  forts  on  the  banks  uf  the  priii'-ipal  rivers,  and  the 
appomimeiit  of  vessel"  lo  cruise  on  the  coast,  llut, 
nolwilhslinding   the   threatening    measures   employed 

10  overawe  ihcin,  and  the  vigilance  with  wliicii  they 
were  watched,  the  Virginians  contrived  lo  evade  the 
law,  and  to  obtain  some  vent  to  the  accuniulaliiig 
Btorcs  of  their  depreciated  produce  by  a  chindrstiiie 
trade  with  the  sutildmenl  of  the  Dutch  on  liiuUon's 
river.  The  relief,  however,  was  inconsiderable,  and 
tho  discontents,  intlained  hy  tiie  hostilities  which  the 
frontier  Indians  now  resumed,  began  to  spread  so  wide- 
ly as  to  ni>pire  tiome  veltran  soidiers  uf  C'roin\\(ll, 
who  had  been  banished  to  Virginia,  wii'.  the-  liupe  ut 
rendering  ihemseives  masiera  ol  ihe  colony,  and  de- 
livering It  from  tho  yoke  ot  Kiiglitnd.  A  eom-piracy, 
which  has  received  the  name  v(  Jiirfiiufuaiis  I'lut^ 
was  formed  lor  this  purpose;  but,  haMiig  been  de- 
tected tiefore  the  design  was  ripe,  it  was  easily  sup- 
pressed by  the  prudence  of  Nir  William  lierkeley, 
and  with  no  tarttier  bloodshed  than  the  execution  of 
four  of  the  conspirators. 

The  distress  uf  the  colony  continuing  tc  increase 
with  the  increasing  deprpciaiion  of  toliaccu,  now  con- 
tined  almost  eiitiniy  to  one  market,  and  the  augmenta- 
tion of  the  price  uf  all  foreign  commodities,  now 
derivable  only  tiom  tlie  tiupplies  whirlt  out;  country 
could  furnish,  various  elloris  were  made  from  lime  lo 
lime  by  the  colonial  assembly  tur  the  reliel  ot  their 
constituents.  Ketaliatitig  to  ^ome  extent  the  injustice 
with  which  they  were  ireated,  it  was  enacted  by  a 
.-olonial  law,  that  in  the  payment  of  debts,  country 
creditors  should  have  the  priority,  and  that  all  courts 
of  justice  sliould  give  precedence  in  jiidgim^nt  to 
contracts  made  within  the  colony.  Acta  were  passed 
fur  restraining  the  growth  of  tobacco  ;  and  attiinpts 
were  made  lo  introduce  a  new  st-iple,  by  encouragni^' 
the  plantation  of  inultierry  trees  and  the  mannluciure 
of  mlk  ;  but  neither  of  ihese  de^lgn8  was  successiul. 
[166fi  J  Numerous  French  protesiaiic  rehigees  being 
attracted  lo  Maryland  hy  the  naturalualion  act  wtiicti 
that  settle. neiit  passed  in  their  lavor  in  the  year  Itilifi, 
the  Virginian  assembly  endeavored  lo  recruit  the 
\*-ealth  and  population  ol  its  territories  from  this  hource, 
Ity  training,  m  like  manner,  a  siru's  ul  taws  which  em- 
powered Itie  governor  to  I  jiiter  on  aliens  taking  the 
uath  uf  allegiance  all  the  privileges  of  naturalizadun  ;t 

XII.  cap  17  riUH  was  m  soiiit)  irina.snre  irue  as  ic  Vnmiua, 
tluHit^lt  Its  lirftt  ( liartiT  prulVitNt's  niur<j  i.'iildrKeil  <lc.<<i)jtii, ;  hut 

11  was  iii>l  iruu  a.4  tn  Ni>w  Kiitflaiiii,  Mar>laiiJ,  ur  llic  ulliir 
|t(>?<iiTiur  t<ctllt'tiiunt<>  ol  liie  Kiit;li!ili. 

■  Wlicii  the  parlmiiient,  iii  lOtM,  mtriHluceil  the  urijUHt  and 
vtnk'iitttct  aitainst  tlie  iiiiportalion  ut  Irish  calili.'  iikiu  Kni;laii(l, 
the  king  wa«  so  much  struck  witlt  tlie  ruinuiistraiice»  ut  IIil- 
Iri^lt  people  a^aiiiKt  this  memmru,  that  he  nut  utily  u.ii-il  all  hiii 
liilereiittu  oppitMe  the  htll,  hut  (ipuiily  ileclart-U  that  ho  cuuUl 
iiMt  Hive  hi.s  UK.ii'iit  toll  withanalocontciL'hL'o.  llut  the  cum- 
innnii  were  riNulute,  and  th«  kiiiK  was  cnmiHlhui  lu  suliiiil. 
"Tin-  ipirtt  t  ;  Uratiny,"  says  lluiiie,  "ot  whtih  iialionn  are 
MA  iuscpptibk-  n,s  utiiividuals,  had  exlnfiiu-ly  antmiilcd  IIil* 
KiiKh'.h  to  oiert  their  aulliuril)  uver  Ihuir  dfucudi-iit  stile." 
\u.44M. 

t  It  wa«  not  till  after  file  R,.inlution  of  JrtHMthat  the  pupuia- 
luin  o'  Virginia  rccuived  any  iki  i<fiiii>ui  Iniiri  tlie  iiiil'ii  ul  theNu 
«r  ulbir  (urvljfiieft.    iu  1071,  Sir  \ViU«Ju  Ikrkelvy  ihu*  de- 


but It  was  provisionally  subjoined,  that  this  concession 
should  not  be  construed  lo  vest  alienv  with  the  power 
uf  exercising  any  function  which  they  were  disabled 
from  performing  i)y  the  ac's  of  the  Knglish  parliament 
relative  to  tlie  colonies.  This  prudent  rehn^nce  to 
a  restriction  which  the  culonial  letters  of  naturali/a- 
tion  innst  inevitably  have  received  from  the  coimnon 
law,  was  iiileiidi(l  lo  guard  against  the  losses  and 
disputes  which  might  ensue  from  the  atlempls  of  the 
naturalized  aliens  lo  infringe  the  navigation  act. 
lint  the  precaution  was  unavailing;  and  at  an  after 
period  many  forfeitures  of  properly  were  incurred, 
and  much  vehement  dispute  created,  liy  the  Iratlic 
which  aliens  in  ihe  colonies  earned  on  under  the 
authority  of  general  letleis  of  denization  granted  to 
ihem  by  the  ignuraiice  ur  inattention  of  the  roval 
governors.  Their  [ireteiisions,  though  tiatly  op|Mt:,ed 
to  the  acts  of  navigation,  were  supported  by  the 
American  courts  of  justice,  but  uniformly  disallowed 
by  the  I'iiighsh  government,  which,  after  repeatedly 
enforcing  the  principle  that  the  acts  of  a  provincial 
legislature  canniit  operate  against  the  general  juris- 
prudence of  the  empire,  at  length  prolnbiled  the 
granting  of  farther  denizations. 

The  disconten's  in  Virginia,  so  far  from  being  abated 
hy  the  lapse  of  time,  were  maintained  by  the  constant, 
pressure  of  the  coimnercial  restrictions,  and  the  repeal- 
ed attempts  to  provide  more  eirectually  for  their  en- 
forcement. Vanous  additional  causes  concurred  to  iri- 
ilame  the  angry  feelmgs  of  the  colonists  ;  and  a  conside- 
rable native  population  having  now  grown  up  in  Virgi- 
nia, the  tliscontenls  of  these  persons  were  no  way 
abated  by  Ihe  habitual  regard  and  lond  remembrance 
winch  emigrants  retain  for  the  parent  state  which  is  also 
the  land  of  their  individual  nativity.  The  defectiveness 
of  iheir  instruction,*  prevented  the  tnlhience  of  ednca- 
lion  from  acting  in  this  respect  as  a  .suhslttute  lo  (>.tpe- 
rience  ;  aiu'  they  knew  Iitlle  of  Kngland  be)ond  the 
wrongs  which  they  heard  djily  imputeu  to  her  injustice. 
The  Indian  hostilities,  alter  infesting  the  fiontiers,  be- 
gan to  penetrate  into  ihe  interior  of  the  province  ;  and 
while  the  colonists  were  thus  reduce  I  to  defend  tlieir 
propi  rty  at  the  hazard  of  liu'ir  lives,  the  most  alarniiiig 
apprt lunsions  of  the  security  of  that  property  were 
created  hy  the  large  and  imprudent  grants  which  the 
king,  after  the  e.xiinple  of  hts  father.  \ery  lavislilv  ac- 
curdi.'d  to  the  solicitalums  oi  his  favorites.  [U>7;J  ]  The* 
late  of  ill  It  parent  had  warned  him  to  avoid,  in  generul. 
rather  the  arrogance  that  provoked,  ilian  the  injustice 
that  deserved  it  ;  and.  m  granting  these  a[iplications, 
without  embarrassing  himself  by  any  inuuiry  into  their 
merits,  he  at  once  indulged  the  indulenoe  of  his  dispu- 
silion,  and  exerted  a  hberatitv  that  co»l  him  nothing  that 
he  cared  for.  These  grants  were  nul  only  uf  such  ex- 
orbiunt  extent  as  tu  be  unfavorable  to  the  progress  of 
eultivadun.  but,  from  ignorance  or  inaccuracy  in  the  de- 
llnilionof  their  boundaries,  wen  fretpiently  made  lo  in- 
clude tracts  uf  land  that  had  already  been  planted  and 
appropriated.  Such  a  eomplica'um  of  exasperating 
tircumstaines  brought  the  (liseonteuis  uf  the  colony  to 
a  crisis.  In  the  begmmni:  of  the  year  U)7r),  two  slight 
insurrectioin,  which  were  rather  explosions  of  popular 
impatiencf  than  the  conseMpience  ot  matured  designs, 
were  easily  suppressed  by  the  prudence  and  vigor  of  the 
governor,  but  f,ave  sigiulicant  intimation  of  the  state 
and  the  tendency  of  pulilic  feeling  in  \'irginia.  In  the 
hope  of  averting  the  cri.sis,  and  otitaining  redress  oi  the 
more  recent  grievani-r  s  which  were  provoking  and  ma- 
turing It,  the  assembly  despatched  dcnutipft  lu  Kngland, 

srnln-s  the  stale  nf  \\s  populalmn.— "  Tl.ot b  wo  ui  Virginia 
iilM)Vf  -lO.ono  peiMoiis,  jriiri,  wutiieii,  and  childreti;  of  wh»;h 
Uiire  are  a,l)OU  liiaik  slaves.  fi,(HN)  rhii-slian  borvantn  lur  a 
shi.ri  lime,  and  Uie  rest  have  heen  honi  in  Die  country,  or 
have  eiriiit  in  tu  selih',  it  serve,  in  h'ipi.  ol  Ixsttorinff  tlit-ir 
ciindiiitpii  III  a  grov\iii«  ii'uiit;  V.  Vearly,  wu  lupin.PH.  Ihore 
tuiiir  tn  el  seiv.tni!*  iiit.mi  |,51HI.  ul  winch  niu^t  are  Knghfth, 
lev?  ScuU'li,  uuil  tewcr  liinh  i  and  nut  ahovo  two  o.'  iltruc 
ship.-*  Ill  neitri'ts  m  svww  yejn>."  Auhwers  tu  llif!  I.u.<ls<f 
Diu  Cuniitn'teu  ul  i;t)U>nies,  apiid  t  l)alnierH,3l  i'il.  Thri  <v\ 
tneHuis  iin|M)rla"ioii8  ut  servants  nieiitionml  hy  Sir  Willldm 
ilei  keley  »  ere  pmbahly  ilmkc.l  hy  the  iroutiles  that  pret  «dert 
and  attended  Uunni's  ItticllnMi.  The  liter  iiiipurtaliims 
were  mure  nvailatdi!  than  the  earlier  ones  ;  the  diseases  of 
the  country  having  duiuniihetl  in  ire'pif-ney  an^  viulrnce  us 
tho  woods  were  prngrtssively  rut  duwn.  Thu  inurlality 
aniung  the  new  comers,  wu  learn  Iroin  Sir  Wjihain  Heik'^ley. 
wa-i  at  tirst  tnuniious,  hut  had  btcunie  verymiiina  prior  lo 

i(i;i. 

•  We  haw  Keen  Sir  Willinin  Herkeley,  with  the  prejudice 
or  a  cavahei,  buii>t  ol  Iht*  utiserice<d  the  seditiiUHinlluenL-eul 
learning,  tmt  a  few  ycirs  prior  to  lhnsi<  violent  diNiurlmnces 
hy  whit  h  Vngnna  was  («-euliarly  dnlingui'*lied.  The  eoni- 
inonwealth  parts. and  espicially  those  wli.i  wero  termed  I'u- 
rilaim,  tlioug'i  repruarhed  as  Ihe  ene mies  of  literature,  were 
III  reality  Its  mnitt  saccesHrul  rullivutorti,  and  iikmI  zealous 
palnins.  The  repruacli  has  been  rienrt)  related,  hlid  Iheir 
<iiiitnsHbh  and  succesNluHy  vnidicattd  hy  the  Utv  Mr.  Ornie, 
mhli  lafu  ot  I'r.  Julji  Uwia 


who,  after  a  tedious  negotiation  with  the  king  and  hi^ 
ministers,  had  brought  matters  lo  the  point  of  a  liuppv 
.idjusinient.  when  their  expeclation^  were  frustrated  and 
the  proceedings  suspended  hy  mtelbgenci.- 01  n  formida 
hie  rebellion  m  the  colony.  [UwO]  A  tax  which  had 
been  imposed  by  the  assembly  to  di-lrav  tiie  expense  uf 
the  deputation,  had  irritated  the  discontents  winch  tho 
deputulion  was  intended  to  compose;  and  when  thu 
dilatory  proceedings  of  the  Kiiglish  government,  who 
disdained  to  allow  the  intelligence  of  past  insurreelioiis, 
or  (he  appreliensions  uf  future  rehellion,  to  ipncken, 
their  ilihgence,  seemed  lo  confirm  tli<>  asMiraiices  uf  thti 
factious  leaders  ui  ihe  colonists,  that  t^ven  their  last 
sacrifice  had  been  thrown  away,  the  tide  of  rage  and 
disalfection  began  again  to  swell  lo  the  point  of  rebel- 
lion. It  did  not  long  wait  for  adtlitional  provoration  lu 
excilp,  or  an  able  leader  to  impel,  ils  furv.  Kor,  tu 
crown  the  colonial  distress,  the  war  with  the  Niisipie* 
hannah  Indians,  which  had  continued  lo  prevail  not- 
withstanding all  the  governor's  attempts  to  suppress  it, 
now  burst  forth  wiiji  redoubled  rage,  atid  threatened  a 
lornndable  addition  of  danger,  hardshiji,  and  expense. 
Kveii  the  popularity  of  their  long-tried  and  magnani- 
mous friend.  Sir  U'llliam  lierkeley,  was  overcast  by 
ihe  blackness  of  this  cloud  of  calamities.  The  bpirit 
and  fidelity  with  which  ho  had  adhered  to  the  colony 
through  every  variety  of  fortune,  the  t>arnestness  with 
which  he  had  remonstrated  with  the  llngbsh  govern- 
ment against  the  commercial  re^lramts,  and  thedtsinte- 
ri;stedness  he  had  shown  in  declmirg.  during  the  nn- 
prosperous  atutc  of  the  culonial  linanees,  lo  accept  tho 
addition  which  the  assembly  had  made  to  his  emolu- 
ments, were  disregarded,  denied,  or  forgotlen.  Tuhia 
age  and  incapacity  were  atlnbnted  ihe  burdens  of  tlio 
m  opie,  and  the  distractions  of  the  tunes  ;  and  be  was 
loudly  accused  of  wanting  alike  honesty  to  resist  the 
oppressions  of  ihe  mother  country,  and  courage  to 
repel  the  hostility  of  the  savages.  Stich  ungrateful 
Utjustice  IS  rarely,  if  ever,  evinced  by  the  people,  hut 
when  the  insidious  acts  of  factious  leaders  tnve  im- 
posed on  their  credulity  and  mtlamed  tneir  passiuns. 
'i'he  pupniace  of  liolUnd,  when,  a  few  years  before 
tins  period,  they  tore  in  pieces  their  benelaclor  John 
l)e  \\"itt.  were  not  unlv  iernli(d  by  the  progress  ol 
llieir  national  calamities,  hut  deluiled  bv  the  prolliu'ato 
reiauiers  of  the  Or-inge  jtarty.  To  similar  inlluenco 
(and  111  snnilar  circmnsiaiiees)  were  ihe  Virgmiana 
now  exposed  Irom  the  artifice  and  amhiinui  of  Aa- 
tlianiel  Bacon. 

This  man  had  been  trained  lu  the  profession  of  the 
law  in  Kngland,  ami,  oidy  three  years  before  this  period, 
had  emigrated  to  Virginia.  'I'his  short  interval  hatl 
sutliced  to  advance  him  lo  a  conspicuous  siluatimi  in 
the  colony,  and  to  indicate  the  disposition  and  talents 
of  a  ]iopular  leader.  The  consideration  he  d<'rived 
Irom  his  legal  attainments,  and  the  esiteni  lie  acipiired 
by  un  nismualmg  address,  had  ipnckly  procured  bun  a 
seat  m  ihe  council,  and  the  rank  ol  colonel  m  the 
nnlitia.  llut  his  temper  was  not  accommodated  to 
subordinate  ollice.  and.  unfortunaictv,  the  discontents 
of  the  colony  soon  presented  bun  with  a  sphere  o( 
action  inure  congenial  tn  Ins  character  and  capacity. 
Voniig,  stinguine.  ehxpient,  and  daring,  he  mixed  with 
tile  inalconients,  and,  by  Ins  \ehemi>nl  harangues  un 
the  grievances  under  which  they  labored,  he  .nllamed 
then-  passions  and  attracted  their  favor.  He  was  ini- 
phcateil  III  the  msurreclion  of  the  pn-cedmg  year,  and 
had  been  taken  pr'soner,  but  pardoned  by  the  governor  . 
hut  less  uflecled  by  thu  clemency,  than  encouraged  by 
the  impunity  which  he  had  experienced,  and  sensihlii 
thai  t!ie  avenue  tu  legitimate  promotion  was  lor  ever 
chisid  against  him,  he  determined  lo  ca^^l  iii  nia  lot 
will,  the  malconli'iil  parly,  and,  taking  advantage  of 
their  present  excitation,  he  now  iigam  came  forward, 
and  iidtlressed  them  VMtli  arliltce  wlneli  tiieir  uniii- 
Htnided  unilerstandmirs  wcie  unalde  to  deled,  anil 
eloipience  whici)  their  imtamed  passions  rendered 
utterly  irresistible.  Finding  that  the  seiitimenis  im».-.t 
prnvalent  with  his  auditory  were  the  alarm  and  indigna- 
tion ixciled  by  ihe  Indian  ravages,  he  boldly  charged 
the  governor  with  neglect  or  incapaeity  to  exert  ihn 
vigor  that  was  n'tpiimle  U\t  the  general  salety  ;  and, 
having  cxftatialcd  un  the  facility  with  which  the  wholo 
Indian  raco  might  bp  exterminated,  he  exhorted  thorn 
to  take  arniH  in  iheirown  defence,  and  accomptith  tho 
tkliverance  thoy  must  no  longer  expect  Irom  any  olhnr 
<|uarliT.  So  Accoplable  was  this  addre.ss  and  its  autlHkr 
lo  ihv  dis{M)sitionof  (he  |)Opular  mind,  that  his  exhnii4« 
tion  was  instantly  roinjdied  with,  and  liia  mam  object 
no  less  successfully  otfi'cted  A  great  multitude  pro* 
eeeded  lo  einbotly  thert.RoWea  for  an  expedition  ngainst 
the  Indiuiis,  ind,  ek-cUntf  iJacun  tu  be  tlicir  goiieril, 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


229 


cominitled  ihcinselves  to  his  dircctio?).  Ho  a^.^urcd 
lliom,  111  rt'lurn,  th.it  he  woulil  nt-vcr  lay  down  hisurms 
till  lie  had  avttngtd  their  siitliTings  uiul  redressrd  tlifir 
({rifvaiieea.  To  give  aoni''  "olor  of  jf^^itiiihicy  to  the 
aiuhunty  ht;  hnd  uciiuired-  •  ( ,  purhaps,  expcctintr  to 
prici|iiidt(;  matters  'r.  iw .  eitpinity  which  hu  inu?ri'!it 
rci|iiirfd  that  l'  .^v  '**'ould  spet-dily  reach,  he  applied  to 
the  (ruveriior  for  an  otlicial  rontiriiiatiuii  of  the  popular 
cluciioii,  and  offuriid  >•  ..(.anily  to  inarch  against  thu 
cOMiinon  cn'Miiv  iJerkelcy,  suspficltng  hm  real  dc- 
aii»iiH.  thou'*'.i  It  prudt-nl  to  tiMiiporiAC,  and  try  the 
I'lhci  r1  iii'uM)iialioii ;  hilt  he  had  to  deal  with  a  iiiau 
wliost!  own  ariilice  kept  him  uii  hi.i  ^niard  against  the 
mi'ires  of  oihtTs,  and  vsho  was  well  aware  iliat  pronipti- 
Indu  and  resolute  pirrsi'vcr.iiu'e  aloite  ronld  extricate 
hiin  with  saji'ly  or  crtdit  from  tin-  dangrrs  of  Ins  silua- 
tiun.  I'rusftrd  for  an  answer,  arid  tinditi^  that  the 
applicants  were  not  lo  lit-  soothed  hy  hm  concihalnig 
dtitneanor,  Itcrkflt'y  isRiied  a  proclainalion,  command- 
iiiL'  llie  innllitude,  in  tlie  kiiii;''*  name,  to  dl^pe^se  im- 
mriliatrlv  under  tlie  |)ain!i  of  rehellioii. 

Itucun,  no  more  disconcrrled  hy  tho  vigor  of  tliia 
addresH  than  he  had  hern  duped  hy  tho  negotiation  that 
precfded  it,  inslanlly  m-JThed  to  Jamesiown,  at 
llie  lu-ad  of  si;,  hunii-ed  o'"  his  followers,  and  siir- 
Foundiu';  till!  house  where  the  governor  and  asscnilily 
were  en^'a^ed  in  their  delilieraUoiis.  he  demanded 
the  cumini.'<sion  which  Ins  p[ocerdni<;s  and  retinue 
showed  how  jiitle  he  cither  needed  or  regarded. 
Herkelev,  undisma>ed  hv  the  daiiirers  that  environed 
hun,  cleirly  perceived  his  inahiiiiy  lo  resi!«t  the  force 
of  tlie  insurgenlii,  and  yel  disdanied  to  yield  to  their 
preteiisiuus.  Confronting  with  nivincihlc  courage 
the  men  who  liad  ciiargetl  tnm  with  defect  of  that 
virlui',  he  peremplnrily  commanded  them  to  depart, 
and.  wlien  they  relui^eil,  he  presfiiteJ  his  hreast  to 
tlu'ir  v\eapui).s,  and  calmly  awaited  ttie  last  extremity  of 
their  rage,  liut  the  eouneil,  more  considerate  of 
their  own  safety,  and  fearful  uf  driving  the  multitude 
to  despair,  hastily  prepared  a  coinunssion,  hy  which 
Uaeoii  was  appointed  captain-general  of  all  the  forces 
of  Virginia,  and.  hy  dint  of  the  most  earnest  entreaty, 
at  len;^ih  prevailed  with  the  governor  to  snhscrihe  il. 
The  nisurijedis  having  rewarded  their  actjuiescenre 
with  insulting  aeclauiations,  retired  in  triumph  ;  and 
the  asM'uihly  no  sooner  felt  themselves  delivered  from 
the  immediate  preseiiee  of  danger,  then,  passing  from 
the  extreuie  of  timidity  to  the  height  of  presumption, 
they  ^oled  a  resolution  annulling  the  rommissmn 
I'lev  I,  -'  granted,  as  extorted  hy  force,  denonnciiig 
llaroi)  ..  A  rehct.  commanding  his  lullowers  to  deliver 
hiiii  up.  and  niimmoiiiiig  the  inihlui  to  anifs  in  de- 
lener  uf  llie  eonsiitution.  They  found  to<»  litvle  dilli- 
euhy  in  prevailing  with  ihn  governor  to  couhrni,  hv 
ins  t«ar>(-tion.  this  indiscreet  assimiption  of  a  vi^or 
which  they  were  totally  incapihle  of  iiumta-ning.  The 
coiise.}uenceM  might  hav^huen  easily  fori.»ern.  Hacon 
and  Ins  army,  lluslnd  with  their  recent  triumph,  and 
jnceuseil  at  this  iin|Jteiit  monace,  which  lliev  de- 
lionuced  as  the  height  of  h;i8onefis  uud  ireaelie  v, 
'elurneil  imiueiliatelv  fo  Jatuestowu,  ar.d  rhe  jjove'-iior. 
unsupported  hy  any  etrretivc  forte  that  eoiil-*  cope 
with  the  insurgents,  retired  aer*»s«  tlie  nay  lo  A  uk, 
on  llie  eastern  shorn.  Some  of  the  eoniicni  •  .■• 
coinpaiiird  hmi  lliilher ;  the  r:'st  mired  to  tlien  own 
|tljiil<itiiins  ;  the  frame  of  the  eolnnial  adnnnistr.itioti 
seemed  to  he  diSM>Ued,  and  llacoii  look  unresisud 
posM'SMion  of  the  vacant  g»)vi  nuuent. 

The  anthonty  which  he  Ii:id  thus  acjuired  hy  the 
vigor  of  his  proceedings.  Udcon  eiupioved  with  gre.il 
address  to  aild  (iiretigth  ami  reputation  to  Ins  party 
To  give  lo  this  usurped  jurisdietutn  tiie  appearance  of 
a  leg  I.  esliihli.^lunriil.  he  called  a  convention  of  the  gen- 
tlemen of  the  roniitrv.  and  prevailed  with  i  luiintronn 
hody  of  li.em  (o  pledge  theincelves  hy  oath  to  Mipporl 
his  auihcr.ily  and  rcHist  Iiih  eiieiuie».  A  declaration 
was  pnhli-hed.  m  the  name  of  this  hody,  setimg  forth 
that  Sir  William  IJerkelev  had  wickediv  fomenteil  u 
civil  war  among  tlie  peopli",  and  that,  alter  thus  violat- 
ing Ins  trust,  he  had  abdicated  ihe  government,  to  the 
wreal  asioinshin.nit  of  the  country;  thai  the  general 
had  raised  an  army  for  the  puhlic  Mcrvice,  and  with  the 
puhlic  approiialion  ;  that  the  hue  governor  having,  as 
was  reported,  laUely  informed  the  king  ihat  ihe  genenil 
■ml  his  followera  were  rehela,  and  advised  his  majeslv 
to  MMul  forces  to  suhdne  them,  the  welfare  of  ihe  colony 
and  llieir  true  allegiance  to  his  most  saered  maji  sty 
e<)ually  rcipiired  that  they  oppose  and  suppress  all 
forces  wtiatsoever,  lilt  the  kr,g  he  hilly  i.iform  d  o;  ihe 
true  Stan-  of  the  ease  hy  siielt  person-  a.*  Mhonld  he  hint 
to  him  hy  .Xalhaiiiel  Ilacon.  to  whom  in  the  imenm 
lUI  the  inhabitaiUK  weru  required  to  lake  an  oath  of  alle- 


giance. It  was  remarked  hy  the  wise,  thai  ihis  decU"  son  winch  bhe  afipcars  never  to  have  understond  ttll 
'  ration,  which  might  have  hteu  expected  to  display  the  |  tho  loss  of  her  colonies  illustrated  Us  meaning,  and  th*i 
;  genuine  cause  of  the  revolt,  mentioned  none  of  the  j  conscijucncc  of  disregarding  it.  For,  alter  every 
,  origMiat  suhjectH  of  diseonlent  ;  and,  hence,  they  justly  ;  allowance  for  ihe  ability  and  arlilico  of  Uacon,  it  wa^ 
'  siif  peeled  tiial  the  leader  of  tho  insurgents  had  designs  |  maiiift'Sl  that  his  inllueiicc  had  been  originally  derived 


of  his  own,  to  which  the  discontents  of  his  followers 
were  merely  subservient,  which  extended  beyond  the 
temporary  precaution  of  hostilities  with  the  Indians, 
and  had  already  suggested  to  him  a  specious  plea,  on 
which  he  pri>|iosed  to  mvolvt;  the  colony  in  a  war  with 
the  forci's  of  the  mother  country.  Vet.  such  was  tho 
spirit  of  the  limes,  and  the  sympathy  with  resistance  to 
every  branch  of  an  administration  which  ('harlea  was 
daily  rc-ndenng  more  and  inoie  odious  and  sus|)ected, 
that,  wlnn  this  declaration  was  imide  known  m  Kug- 
land,  It  met  with  many  advocates  among  the  people, 
and  even  within  tiie  walls  of  that  parliament  whose  in- 
justice formed  the  only  griuvance  that  Virginia  had  yet 
to  coiupiam  of. 

Sir  William  IJerkeley,  in  the  moan  time,  having  col- 
lected a  force  from  levies  among  the  planters  who  re- 
mained well  atrecled  to  him,  ai.d  from  the  crews  of  the 
Knglish  shipping  on  the  coasts,  commenced  a  Bcri<;s 
of  attacks  on  the  forces  of  the  usurper,  and  several 
:diarp  encouiiters  ensued  between  the  parties  witli 
various  siicccsh.  All  tiie  horrors  of  civil  war  began  to 
descend  on  the  colony.  Jamestown  was  reduced  to 
ashes  by  the  insiirgenls;  the  estates  of  the  loyalists 
were  pillaged,  their  friends  and  relatives  sei/cd  as 
hostages,  and  the  rieliest  plantations  m  the  province 
were  laid  waste.  The  gofcrnor  was  compelled,  hy 
the  rage  of  his  own  pariiians,  to  retaliate  iliese  cx- 
ireinili.  s,  and  even  lo{.tecute  some  of  the  insurgent.-* 
hy  martial  law  ;  and  the  animosity  of  both  parties  was 
rajmily  imnmiing  to  a  pitch  that  ihrealened  u  war  of 
mutual  extermination.  The  superiority  of  the  insur- 
gent fitrce  had  Inihtrlo  contincd  ihe  ellorts  of  the 
loyalists  in  the  held  to  mere  skirmishmg  engagemeuts  ; 
hut  liie  lidings  of  an  approacliing  armament,  winch  the 
king  had  despalclied  from  Kngland  under  .Sir  .lolm 
iJerry,  to  llie  assistance  ot  tlie  governor,  gave  promise 
of  a  wider  range  of  carnage  and  desohiiion.  (-harles 
had  issued  a  proclamation,  decKirmg  Haeon,  a  traitor 
and  the  soh^  promoter  of  the  nisurreciioii  ;  granting 
pardon  to  all  his  Inilowers  who  snoiild  forsake  linn. 
and  olVenng  freedom  to  all  ^laves  who  ^^ould  asMst  in 
supjirenMi.g  the  revolt.  However  elated  the  loyalists 
might  he  wi'h  the  intelligence  of  the  apjjroaching  suc- 
cor, l\w  leader  of  the  insurgents  was  no  way  dis- 
mayed hy  It ;  and  !i<s  inttueiict:  over  Ins  followers  was 
unbounded.  Conscious  now  that  his  power  and  his 
llie  wore  inilissolnbly  connected,  he  deterinnii-d  to 
encounter  wiiatever  force  might  he  sent  again»l  him. 
He  was  aware,  at  the  same  time,  of  llie  nuporlance  ol 
striking  a  decisive  blow  while  the  advantage  of  imin- 
hcrs  reiaamed  with  him  ;  and  wiin  this  view  having  en- 
l.:rgetl  his  resources  by  procl.iimiug  a  general  lorkilure 
of  the  projieriy  of  all  who  either  oppused  his  pieleii- 
Mons  or  even  all'ected  neuirality,  he  was  preparing  to 
tike  the  held,  when  his  career  was  arresti'd  by  that 
power  \\hicli  tfxttuina  the  riitiaindir  uf  human  irrulh, 
and  can  wither  in  an  instant  the  uplifted  arm  of  the 
destiuyer.  Happily  lor  lii-s  country,  and  to  Ihe  nmm- 
fusl  ijvantage  nol  less  of  his  toliowers  than  his  adver- 
saries, Haciin  nnexjiectediy  sickened  ami  died-  (Uii?.] 

How  entirely  this  extraordinary  m.in  had  been  ihe 
so:d  of  his  party,  was  atrikingly  evinced  by  the  etieil 
of  his  death  on  their  Rentimeiits  and  proceedings, 
'i'he  band.-,  of  tlieir  confederacy  M'emed  to  be  cut  asiu- 
d.r  hy  ihe  |o!ts  of  their  general,  and  no  successor  even 
i'tliuijiud  lo  re-uuile  them.     To  iheir  sanguine  hopea 

.1  re.sulute  adherence  to   llacon,  succeeded  mutual 


from  the  general  discontent  and  irrilalion  uecasionrd 
by  the  commercial  restrictions;  and  it  required  littlo 
sagacity  to  foresee  that  these  sentiments  would  be  ren- 
dered inoro  inveterate  and  more  formidable  by  thu 
growth  of  the  province,  and  hy  the  increased  con- 
nexion and  sympathy  with  the  other  colonial  settle- 
inents,  which  the  lapse  of  tune  ami  the  habitual  con- 
sciousness of  comiiion  interests  and  grievances  would 
infallibly  promote.  Had  Uucoii  been  a  more  honest 
and  disinterested  leader,  this  lesson  would  porhap4 
have  been  more  clearly  expressed,  and  the  rebellion. 
It  la  proliable,  would  not  have  ended  with  hnuself. 
iiut,  instead  of  amccrely  cmbracmg  the  cause  uf  his 
associates,  he  contrived  to  render  their  passions  sub' 
servient  to  his  own  ambitious  purposes.  The  asscrtors 
of  tho  interests  of  Virginia  were  thus  converted  into 
the  partizans  of  an  individual ;  and  when  his  presence 
and  mtluencc  were  withdrawn,  they  perceived  at  onco 
that  they  were  embarked  in  a  contest  which  lo  them- 
selves had  neither  interest  nor  object. 

No  sooner  were  the  insurgents  disbanded,  and  the 
legiiimate  government  restored  than  Sir  Wdham 
iierkeley  convened  the  colonial  assembly,  to  assist,  by 
lis  deliberdlions,  in  (ho  re-estahlishinent  of  public 
order.  'J'he  acts  of  this  assembly  have  received  from 
some  writers  tlio  praise  of  moderation,  which,  no 
doubt,  they  must  he  admitted  to  evince  in  a  degree  no 
less  honorable  than  surprising,  if  wc  confine  our 
attention  to  tho  ciroumslance  of  its  having  met  but  b 
few  weeks  after  Uacon's  death,  when  the  memory  of 
insulls  and  injuries  was  recent,  when  the  passions  of 
the  parlies  were  yet  warm,  and  the  agitations  of  the 
contest  had  barely  subsided,  liy  others,  ihey  have 
been  loaded  with  a  reproach  which  they  plaiidy  appear 
to  deserve,  when  we  recollect  that  UiL'y  were  infrac 
tii'Ms  of  the  treaty  with  the  insurgents.  Still,  with  all 
their  imperfeclions,  they  will  he  admitted  by  every  one 
who  IS  acipiamted  with  the  history  of  civil  coinmuliona, 
to  form  a  fairer  model  than  the  records  o(  any  other 
people  have  ever  transmitted  of  the  moderation  of  a 
successful  parly  in  a  civil  war.  Uacon,  and  a  few  of 
ins  prmripal  otlicors,  who  had  perished  m  the  contest, 
were  attamied ;  none  of  the  survivors  of  the*  party 
were  punished  capitally,  but  a  few  of  the  more  noted  ol 
tbein  were  Riibjeeled  lo  tines  and  di.>..ibilnieH  ;  and 
with  these  exce[itions,  tlic  promise  of  general  indemnity 
was  conlirmed  by  law.  An  atlaindir  of  tne  dead 
seems  an  arrogant  atleui[)t  of  human  power  lo  extend 
Its  arm  beyond  the  hounds  of  life,  to  invade  with  iia 
vengeance  the  inviolable  dominion  of  tlie  grave,  and 
to  reclaim  to  the  jurisdiction  of  delegated  authority  and 
fallible  judgment  the  otlendcr,  who  has  already  been 
removed  by  the  act  of  Sovereign  Power  to  abide  ilio 
decree  of  its  iiifjllible  justice,  it  was  probably  resorted 
to  on  this  occasion  in  order  to  assert  the  vindiclivo 
power  of  the  Ijw,  without  inlnnging  tl;.-  indemnity  that 
had  been  slipulated  to  tlie  insurgents.  Hut,  m  Eng- 
land, It  was  regarded  as  un  act  of  .sovcrrigtiiy  beyond 
the  competence  of  a  siiburdmale  lei»i>Mture,  and  held 
lo  lie  void  Irom  defect  of  po'.ver  ;  ami  all  the  other  acts 
of  the  assembly  m  relation  to  the  insurgents  wi.-re  dis- 
allowed hy  tho  king  as  derogatory  lo  the  terms  of  hw 
proclaniulion.  Tne  attainder,  boweve;.  was  aflerwarda 
re-enacted,  hy  passing  a  bill  ;o  tnal  eHeet,  winch  was 
framed  in  tinglaiid,  and  transmitted  under  the  great 
veal  lo  the  colonial  assembly. 

The  tardy  aid  which  hail  been  detached  from  Kng- 


TIUl 

di?itni,-^t  and  universal  despondency;  eagerm'ss  forM**'"'  *'•  ^'"'  deleuee  ot  ihe  colonial  governmenl.  dTd 
balth'.  and  dreams  of  ctnupiest,  gave  place  M  aii  ""^  reach  \  trginia  till  afiei  the  compUte  rc-e>tabli8h- 
eariiest  rmicern  to  secure  tin  ir  own  safely,  and  ellect  ">'""l  '*'  traii.iuillit) .  With  the  (bet  arrived  Colonel 
an  acruniuiodalion  with  ihe  anc-ienl  government  ;  and.  Jelierys,  ai>pointed  by  the  king  to  Mgnify  thu  recal  and 
alter  a  short  treaty  they  laid  down  their  arms,  anJ  '  succeed  lo  the  ollice  of  Sir  William  Berkeley,  who  now 
submitiid  to  Sir  Wilhani  Iierkeley.  ow  condition  of :  ^'^f^^'*!  ">  I'*''""*' -*"  "^""'"**"'atioii  of  nearly  forty  yeart; 
receiving  a  gent  lal  pardon.  'I'hus  suddenly  and  provi- i  ""^'  shortly  alter,  closing  his  life,  may  be  sai-l'lo  havo 
deiitialiy  was  di'-sipaled  a  tempest  that  seemed  to  por-  \  J'^'*'  ">  ^'"'  s^TVice  of  Virginia.  This  gallant  and 
tend  the  inevitable  ruin  of  Virginia.  Kroin  the  man  I '*'*'""""''''^' '"'"  ^^'^^  ^''*""*I"*f*'il  *''"  ""J'^'hcation  of  he- 
whose  evil  gemus  excited  and  impelled  its  (ury,  this  1 '>^''*'"'t.' ^''*' "'J'"*'""^' '■^''^'> '•^'t"'>  ^l'*' r^Val  aulliority  waj 
inaurrectiou  has  hei'ii  dislinguished  Ity  the  name  of  i  b^'^"  "'^''^ ''"'l'l'*>*''' '" ''I'^'^'t*'" ''•'•  f^*""'.  ""d  to  vieaken 
Huron's  Hthtilinn  It  placed  the  colony  for  seven  ^1'  ^''"**  sentiments  of  loyalty  in  the  colony  which  it 
j  months  m  the  power  oi  that  daring  usurper,  involved 


iiiuMiii:^  Ml  lue  imwer  oi  iiiai  uaring  nsurner.  invo  ved  ,.  ,  .  ,    .         .  

tb.'  inliil.ii»i04  .liir.n.r  »ll   tl.ot  ...r,  Tl  ,.   M      II     I       i  »>"' '"'"tsos  ami  rircninilancos  of  tlus  fel-elh.-n.  riiirertii^  mat 

tlie  inlululants  during  all  that  period  in  bloodshed  and  t^rwlly  fmrntluit  which  Ihave  «,in(,iml,  vet)  UiMreJit-iM..  t,I 

confusion,  and  was  productive  ol  a  devastation  of  pro-  Sir  William  Berkeley,  and  iinnmriHJualjly  lavoral.Ie  i.i  B*  on 

perly  lo  thi    extent   of  at   least  a    hundred  thousand  V:''""^  "*  "i'' -^t''""""* '"*'".'. ''^^^  *"'*"""  "'^^'"I'^'-'-ua's 

vor-.,!  Illi.l..ry,  III.  5JH.    S,r  W.llK.n,  Kolll,',  lli,l.,rv  .,f  V„.  |  al,l,.  „,,„unn  wliul,  1.    kW,  v  l,aj  eluri.m.a  uf  tl,'   I  .nu-  . 
8lnl»,  1.    li»-llll.    O.almi'rs.  334-335.  JSO.     All  «auiuu  .-I  |  ul  Noilll  l.\u.>lmu  ul  llui  in-'twa.  H  i"ii  oi  ui,    |.l«nur. 


230 

hat]  bt'en  tlip  great  ohjt-ct  of  his  wishes,  and  in  no  smnll  \ 
dcarce  the  elVecl  of  Ins  adminiMralion.  to  cultivnlti  and 
inainliiin.  lloUlin«;aII  thr  nnnri|tlc'i»of  an  nUl  cavalier ; 
cndowctl  with  a  characttT  well  fonnrd  to  recoinrncini 
hitt  iiriiiciph's  ;  and  |irc»idn»s  in  a  colony  where  the 
prevaihnjj  senlitnents  of  the  iicoule  were  ron;;enial  with 
hi8  own,  he  liad  hoiwd  lo  make  Virninia  .m  a«yluin 
where  the  Ifivalty  that  was  lanpnishini»  in  Kurope 
mi^ht  be  renovated  by  tranHinigration  uito  a  yonng  and 
grownifj  body  pobuc.  and  expand  lo  a  new  and  more 
vinornns  maturity.  Unt  ihis  was  not  (lie  destmation 
of  the  provuices  of  Amenea.  StroiiL'Iy  nifected  with 
the  prejudices  of  his  a|>e  and  party.  Herkcley  v^s  al- 
ways more  willtni;  to  make  ihe  most  t»encrm.,  exer- 
tions for  a  people  who  cninmitled  tlieir  nilere:*ts  to  hi.i 
prol4-ctiini.  tlhin  to  enliiihieti  ihcin  with  the  knowledge 
tliat  would  have  enabled  tliem  nu.re  justly  to  upprermie 
and  more  estciisively  to  administer  Those  niterests 
themselves.  Tlic  naked  republican  pruiciple  that  sub- 
stitutes the  respect  and  ap])robation  of  rilizem!  to  their 
maiiisirate,  in  place  of  the  reverence  and  attachment  of 
subjects  to  their  novereiLni,  was  held  by  all  the  cavaliers 
in  utter  al)horrence  ;  and  a  more  favorahU'  specimen  of 
the  opposite  principle  which  they  momlained,  and  of 
that  mixed  8v»tem  of  opinion  and  sentiment  which  it 
tended  to  produce,  will  not  easdy  be  found  than  m  .he 
aJministration  of  Sir  William  IJerkeley.  The  cour.iiie- 
jus  regard  he  demonstrated  for  the  peopU-,  not  otdy 
fxeited  their  grateful  adiniralion.  but  recommended  to 
their  esteem  the  generous  loyalty  to  his*  king  with  which 
it  was  in  his  language  and  demeanor  insepar.dily 
blended  ;  and  while  he  dawned  iheir  sympathy  with  his 
loyalty  lo  ibeir  common  sovereign,  be  naturally  asserted 
his  own  share  in  the  sentunent  as  tiic  delegate  of  ihc 
crown.  The  exalted  dicimrtion  which  he  ihought  due 
to  rank  and  otVwe.  be  employed  to  give  tdicaev  to  pru- 
dence, moderation,  and  benevolence;  and  tempering 
the  dignity  of  arisiocrutical  elevation  with  the  kindness 
of  a  patriarch  and  llie  mild  courtesy  of  a  gentleman, 
his  administration  realized  lliat  elegant  resemblance 
wbicli  many  have  jtreferred  to  more  renl  and  sulistantml 
eipiality  :  a?  ihiTC  are  manv  wlio  confess  that  they  lind 
politeness  more  gratifying  than  solid  henefiiction  lie 
was  a  wise  legi.^lator.  as  well  as  a  lieiievolent  and  iip- 
riglit  magislrite;  and  we  nre  informed  bv  ihe  editor 
of  the  laws  of  Virginia,  tlial  ihe  most  judicious  and 
most  popular  of  lliem  were  framed  bv  Sir  William 
Herkeley.  When  his  death  was  made  known,  and  be 
was  no'  longer  an  object  of  (lattery  or  of  fear,  the 
assembly  recorded  the  sentiments  which  the  colony 
cntcrtamed  of  his  conduct  in  llie  graleful  declaralnui 
"ihal  he  had  b'-en  an  excellent  and  well  deservniL'  go- 
vernor;" and  earnestly  recdininended  his  widow  lo  the 
justice  and  generosity  of  the  king,*  Happily  perhaps 
for  ibcmselvea.  the  bosom  of  the  king  was  cpiiie  a 
stranger  lo  any  such  sentiments  ;  and  his  administra- 
tion was  calculated  to  dispel  instead  of  conhrming  the 
impressions  of  cavalii-r  loyally,  and  to  teach  the  \  ir* 
giiiian  colonists  that  tlie  object  of  iheir  late  governor's 
homage  was  a  very  worthless  idol,  and  tlie  ammaiing 
nrmeiple  of  bts  political  creed  a  mere  dlusion  of  hn* 
■jwn  irenerous  imagination. 

Tiie  most  remarkaiile  event  tliat  distinguished  the 
government  o(  C'nlonel  .lefVerys  wis  the  eonrhision  ot 
the  Indian  war.  which  had  raijed  so  lung,  and  contri- 
buted, with  other  cau>rs.  to  the  production  of  the  l.tie 
rebellion,  by  a  treaty  winch  gave  universal  satisfaction 
This  too  \vas  the  onlv  act  of  his  administration  that 
was  atli'nded  with  rotise.piences  so  agreeable  .lef- 
f)  rvs.  together  with  Sir  .lolm  iJerry  ai:d  ( 'oloni-l  Mory- 
son.  had  been  appointeil  commissioners  lo  in. pure  into, 
and  report  on.  the  causes  of  IJacon's  n-belhon.  'I'hev 
connnenced  their  niquiric  s  with  an  avowed  prepns.ies- 
Mon  in  favor  of  the  insureenis.  and  conducted  liieni 
Willi  ihe  most  indecent  parlialny,  The  lem|italions 
which  their  oHice  presented  to  nnKjnify  the  importance 
of  ilieir  labors,  bv  new  and  striking  discoveries,  and 
to  [irove,  by  censi.re  of  the  late  adminisiration.  that 
Ihey  had  not  been  appointed  lis  arbiters  in  vain,  co- 
perated.  no  doubt,  to  produce  the  malignity  and  injus- 
lice  whieii  they  displayed  m  a  degree  lliat  would  other- 
wise seem  quite  unaccountable.  Instead  of  indemni 
fying.  or  even   applauding,  they  dirtcountenancrd  the 

•  llijilm)T^,(i  :i3fi.  T.  I'rcfacc  ti'  Mc.rvsitn's  IvIllK'nof  tin- 
Laws  <if  Virf-Mina.  l-ifo  of  Sir  Willuun  lltihelcv.  The  vciv 
^T^pat  (inrli.iiiol  tlus  ciiMnchl  [lei-on'N  life  wliicli  wa*  I'li  Ulilieil 
Willi  Itir  hi.lorv  i.(  tliH  lolotiv  "lU  m-cmlnnxriiNC,  I  lii'pe,  the 
"nuth  iif  lti:s  iilliision  lo  his  mten'^imir  chanulrr.  Tlicmlv 
rrlcf  nee  I  liavn  ..iivi-rvnl  \n  Ills  rni.r*'s^i<ifts  In  the  stam  nl 
reliKinn  m  ihf  clunv.  or  to  Ins  nwu  *.i'iititiu-nts  then  ii|.uii. 
WCiirsin  Iilf  nnsMcfs  ti.lhr  l.onis  nf  lin'  C'ltniiuUer  n)  ('(il.i- 
niHS.  where  tie  snvs,  "  Our  iinnisU  rt  an-  well  |iHi«l.fiinl  l<v  ttiv 
ronsent  nhoiiht  Ih-  lietti-r  ii  they  wimld  pray  oftencr  ami  preadi 
leu."    Chklinera,  p.  t36. 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


loyalists  wiio  bud  rallied  in  the  time  of  danger  rouiid 
the  person  of  the  governor  ;  and.  having  invitc-d  all 
tiu'  persons  who  bad  been  eiitjaiied  in  ihe  insurrtcl";!i 
to  corne  forward  and  state  their  grn'\anccs  without  fear, 
and  uneijiiivocdlly  denionsirated  the  favorable  accept- 
ance wi  ich  such  representations  might  exp?ct.  they 
revived  in  the  colony  all  the  angry  passions  hat  had 
been  so  bapptlv  composed,  and  collecled  a  inasj  of 
senseless  and  inconsistent  eomplaints  which  bad  never 
beeri  uttered  betbre,  and  winch  they  compiled  mio  a 
liodv  of  chr.rires  against  Sir  William  Herkeh-v  and  h.s 
council.*  While  their  follv  or  maligiiitv  thus  leiidcl 
to  rekindle  the  dissensions  of  the  colonists,  their  in- 
lem|)erance  involved  ihem  in  a  dispute  that  muted  all 
parlies  against  themselves.  Having  violenllv  taken 
Ihe  rei:ords  of  ihe  a.-^semhlv  o*il  of  the  hands  of  its 
clerk,  the  house,  incensed  at  Ihis  insnll.  demanded  sa- 
lisfaction  from  JetVerys  ;  and  when  he  ap|M'ale(l  to  llie 
authority  of  the  great  sea!  of  Knglaiid,  under  whieli 
the  commissioners  acted,  tliev  declared  to  hnn.  in  lan- 
guage worthy  of  the  descendants  of  Knglishmen.  and 
the  parents  of  Americans,  "  that  such  u  breach  of  pri- 
vilege could  not  be  commanded  under  the  great  seal, 
heeauso  they  could  not  fir.d  that  any  king  of  Kngland 
had  ever  done  so  in  former  tiiUiM.'*  Tlie  spirit  of  the 
assembly  will  appear  ihe  more  c.immeiidahle  if  we  con- 
sider that  a  body  of  regular  troops,  the  tirst  that  had 
ever  bet  n  sent  to  Virginia,  wtre  now  stationed  in  tlu' 
e(»|ony  under  the  command  of  Sir  .)ohn  IJerry.  In- 
formed of  ihiM  proceeding,  the  king,  in  strains  that  rival 
the  arrogance  of  his  father  and  grandfather,  commanded 
the  governor  "  to  signify  the  royal  indignaiion  at  this 
seditious  declaration,  and  lo  give  the  leaders  marks 
of  the  royal  displeasure."  Uerry  and  Moryson  hoon 
after  returned  lo  Kngland,  leavmn  the  eoloiiv  in  a 
slate  of  ferment,  and  all  parties  disgusted  and  ilis- 
appoinled. 

To  ihe  other  causes  of  discontent,  was  added  the 
burtlen  of  supporting  the  soldierv.  who  receiving  no 
remittances  of  pav  from  Kngland.  lived  al  free  tpiar- 
ters  upon  the  inhabitants.  Their  impatience,  however. 
was  mitigated  by  the  friendly  and  prudeni  diMiu'anor  of 
an  aged  otiicer,  and  venerable  man.  Sir  Ileiirv  I'hiche- 
ley,  to  A-hnn,  as  lieiiteii..ii.  governor,  the  administra- 
tion devolved  on  the  dealh  of  Jetlervs  :  [KIVS.]  and 
as,  during  his  presidency,  the  large  and  impnn  ideiit 
L'rant-'  of  the  crown  that  had  been  so  much  complained 
of  were  recalled,  and  some  olher  grH'vances  corr*  cte<l, 
a  short  gleam  of  prosperity  wai  shed  on  the  colony, 
md  an  interval  of  comparatixe  repo^i*  gave  the  people 
tune  to  breathe  before  the  resumpiion  of  tyranny  with 
a  violence  which  wa  lo  endure  till  liie  era  of  the  revo- 
lution. 

It  was  not  to  the  intentions  of  i!ie  king  that  the  colo- 
nists were  indelMed  b»r  the  mild  admiiiistralioii  of  Sir 
Henry  t'liichelcv.  Charles  had  stiineiune  before  con- 
ferred the  government  on  Lord  (.'ulptpper,  who  though 
very  willing  to  accepi  the  nnportani  ollire.  showed  >-> 
liule  n'adiness  to  perform  the  duties  of  it,  that  it  was 
not  till  lie  had  been  reprimaiidid  by  the  king  for  his 
negleet.  that  hr  at  lenijtli  made  Ins  vovau'C  to  \'irL;iiua. 
[^IfiSOJ  His  adminislration  was  conducted  wiih  llu' 
siine  arbitrary  spirit  iiiat  the  royal  government  h.id 
now  br^jun  lo  exercise  without  control  m  the  niotht  r 
couiiirv.  ila\ing  wnsted  from  the  a>*-;emblv  the  rinmi- 
natioii  of  Its  own  most  contldeiitial  otbcer,  the  secretary 
who  kept  lis  journals  ;  having  abolished  the  power  it 
hail  hitherto  exercised  of  arhitratini:  appf  als  Irom  tin* 
decisions  of  ihe  provincial  iudicalones  ;  and  having 
endeavored  to  silence  all  complaint  of  his  ivrannv  bv 
estal>h^hlng  a  law  that  prrihiluleil.  under  the  :$evere»l 
penalties,  all  disrespecllul  speechi's  aL'uinst  the  gover- 
nor or  bis  adiuinislratuui,  he  relurned,  aficr  a  very 
short  stay  in  \  irumia.  to  enjov  in  Kngland  the  iiiomv 
he  had  contrived  lo  divert  from  the  revenues  of  the 
colonial  government.  Vet  on  this  ignoble  lord  did  the 
king  confer  the  commission  of  governor  for  hie.  and  a 
salary  twice  as  large  as  the  emobmienls  of  Sir  William 
Herkeley.  'J'he  irritation  which  his  jtroceedings  had 
created,  sharpened  the  uen.se  nf  the  hardships  which 
the  colomst.'t  were  now  enduring  from  the  di-pressed 
price  of  tobacco  ;  and  at  lengtli  the  public  nnpationce 
exploded  inatumuhnarv  attempt  tf)  (U'strov  all  the  new 
tobacco  plantations  that  threaiciied  to  incrense  Ihe  di^- 
pression  of  price  bv  inulti|>lvinif  sliM  larllier  the  <pian- 
tities  of  ppulur-e  fKW'J]  The  insurrection  might 
have  procei'di  d  to  verv  serious  extreimtie-*.  if  the  pru- 
dence and  vigor  of  Sir  lleiirv  Cluciieley  had  not  again 

'  'I'lie  niMuory  nl  Sir  WiMiain  Heikelev  vvnstteti'rvle(l.ii:nin.''l 
the  iiuorepreseitlnlioiis 'U  llir  r<iiMinisM<iiMTs,  hy  Ins  liruthtT 
L.inl  Herkeii'v  (1  (ialmer«,  p.  :)il)),  anil  his  fame  sufTured  nn 
dimine'.iun  (rutn  Ihtur  tepurt 


been  exerted  lo  compose  the  public  diseontcul,  and  pre- 
serve the  peace  of  the  cohtny  To  a  mind  intluenred 
iiy  liberal  justice,  or  siiscepiihie  of  hniiiaiie  iin|iressions, 
this  short  and  beble  niMirrection  wa.-*  pov\'erfuIly  re- 
commended lo  an  indulgent  coiiMtb  ration.  It  was  but 
a  momenlary  expres.-.ion  of  popular  impalien''e  erealril 
by  undonitted  sutfenng  :  and  the  earne.-t,  thiMiL'h  inrf. 
feciual  addresses  by  which  the  ussemhlv  had  reeenll" 
solicited  from  the  king  a  prohihiiion  nf  the  increase  of 
tobacco  ]iIantalions.  hid  both  snuL^estcd  and  hceined  to 
sanction  the  ubjf  cl  lo  winch  ihe  \nilence  of  the  rioters 
was  (l:;i-cled.  Hut  lo  the  king  it  appeared  in  ihe  light 
"f  .■•n  ouinge  which  Insdignitv  could  not  sufler  lo  pass 
without  a  severe  vinibctive  retribution  ;  arul  Kord  ('ul- 
pepper.  again  o'-evniL'  itie  roval  mandale  to  proceed  to 
Virginia,  t  aused  a  number  of  the  insiir-jenls  to  be  tried 
hir  high  treason  .  and  by  n  series  of  bhMidv  execulioii,s 
(hllused  tliat  terror  which  tyrants  denominate  iramjiiil- 
lity  Having  thus  enforced  a  siilunission,  nole.-»snr;- 
j  propitious  to  the  colony  than  the  lerment  which  had 
attended  his  fornnr  depart'in^.  Konl  Culpepper  again 
set  sad  for  Knuland.  wheri-  he  was  iinmedialely  ordered 
into  confmemeni  for  returning  withmtt  leave  i  and  on 
a  charge  of  misappropriating  the  colonial  reveniieB 
was  shortly  alter  arraigned  before  a  jury,  and  in 
eon:iie«,uence  of  their  venlict,  deprived  of  his  commis- 
sion. 

In  displacing  this  nohh-man.  it  was  the  injury  dona 
to  himself  and  not  the  wroiiMS  of  Ihe  colonv.  that 
Charles  intended  to  rerlri-ss  Tlie  last  act  of  Ins  roval 
authority,  of  which  Virginia  was  sensible,  was  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  .-successor  to  Culpepper,  in  Lord  Ktling- 
ham.  [lfi»^:».j  whose  characler  wa.s  very  hllle.  if  al  all, 
siipernT.  and  wliom,  among  other  instructions,  he  ex- 
pressly comniandul  lo  suMer  no  persen  wiilun  ihe  co- 
lonv to  make  use  of  a  prin'ing  press  on  anv  occasion 
or  pretence  whatsoever  Along  wilh  itie  new  irovernor 
was  sent  a  fri^'ate.  which  was  appointed  to  be  stationed 
on  ihe  coa^t  forthe  purpose  of  enforcing  a  stricter  exe- 
cutuni  of  the  naviLMlion  act  than  that  ohnovious  mea- 
sure li.id  vet  lieen  able  to  oinain, 

fMW.'v]  On  Ihe  death  of  Charles  the  Second,  hid 
successor.  James,  was  proclaimed  in  Virginia  vviih  de- 
moiistralions  of  joy,  e.xpressive  |es  i  of  ibe  acipia  nt- 
ance  of  the  colonists  with  ihe  eharacter  of  their  new 
sovereion,  than  of  that  impitieiil  ho|  e  withvv)u.''h  mei.. 
under  the  pressure  of  extreme  discontent,  are  readv  l(» 
hail  any  chaiiL'e  as  desinhle  Acihimatiotis  much  niorn 
(  xpressive  of  hope  and  joy  had  attended  the  commenet!- 
ment  of  the  preceding  reign  :  an<l  if  llie  hf!pes  that 
W)"-e  enlertained  mi  llie  present  occasion  were  m<irp 
moderate,  they  were  not  on  that  account  the  less  falla- 
cious. Till'  colonists  s<ion  learned  with  regret,  that  m 
Ins  first  |>arliament  .laint  .^  had  procured  the  imposition 
of  u  lax  on  the  consumption  of  tobacco  m  Ki.g.and; 
and  m  implormg  the  suspension  of  ihis  lax,  winch 
thn-atened  still  (.irlhcr  lo  depreciate  iheir  only  coniino- 
dily.  they  descended  lo  an  ah|cctness  of  enln-aty  whn"h 
produced  no  other  elleet  than  to  embitter  iheir  disgust 
with  ibe  consciousness  of  unavailing  degradatii>n. 
Though  the  asst>nibly  was  cninpelled  to  present  an  nd- 
dre.-^  of  febcilation  lo  the  king  on  the  defeat  of  Mon- 
iiitMitli'-i  inva.^ion  of  IjiLdaml.  the  colonisi-!  * -nnd  <.;) 
opportunity  »)f  indulging  very  dilli  rent  senliments  on 
lliat  occasnm  m  the  kindness  with  which  they  treatfd 
iliose  of  the  insurgents  whom  .lanu"*,  from  a  saiielv  o^ 
I  hhmd>lied.  which  lie  termed  the  pteninub-  of  roval 
niercv.  appointed  lo  be  tr  inspoited  to  Ihe  plantations  ; 
and  even  the  assembW  paid  no  regard  lo  Ihe  siL'inlic-a- 
iKMi  of  the  roval  desire  that  ihev  should  frame  a  law 
lo  prevent  these  nnforiun.ite  persfuis  from  ndeemimi 
themselves  from  the  servitude  to  which  lliev  h.ni  been 
consigned.  This  condui-t.  I  owever.  of  the  cojone^ls 
and  their  assi  tublv.  iii  .«o  fir  as  it  was  not  prompted 
bv  pimple  humamlv,  indicated  merely  iheir  dissalisfdc- 
lioii  with  the  kind's  trealmnit  of  iheniselves.  and  pro- 
ceeiled  from  no  participation  of  ihnr  w  ishcH  or  opinions 
in  the  de.-»ign.<  of  Monmouth  'I'lie  general  discontent 
was  increaseri  by  ihe  person.d  char.icier  of  the  gover- 
nor, through  whon;  ihe  rays  of  roval  infliirnci.  were 
iransmilted.  Lord  Kllingliam,  like  his  predecessor, 
eni»rafied  the  vices  of  .-i  sordid  disposition  on  the  nrbt- 
trary  administration  which  he  was  appointed  lo  conduct 
He  instituted  a  court  of  chancery,  in  which  he  Inmsell 
presided  as  judge  ;  luiil.  besides  multiplviiiL'  and  en 
hancmg  the  fees  altached  to  Ins  own  peculiar  biuciions, 
he  e(Miile'«ceiided  to  share  wnh  ihe  clerks  ihe  meaner 
jpenpnsites  of  ministerial  ollice-*  I'or  some  linin  hn 
[ctniinved  to  stille  the  ri'tnonstrances  which  Ins  exlor- 
linus  produced,  by  arbitrary  imprL-onrnenl  and  oilier  se- 
j  verities  ;  but  at  length,  ihe  public  dis|tleusure  became  so 
'  general  and  uucoitlrollable,  that  he  luuiid  U  iin|)oi»itddu 


NORTH    AMUIIICA. 


2S1 


li«rori(f'ut,  and  pre- 

I  a  nnriil  itiHurnred 
iiiiiunt*  iin[pr('Hsicna, 
MX.-  iiowrrt'ully  r»- 
nitioji  It  WiiH  Init 
itnpntirriT  rrratrtl 
rri(\->t.  thiMiifli  iiirf- 
cinlily  l):i(l  nTcntW 

n{  ilip  inrnMsp  of 
srt'd  anit  M'nnril  to 
Irucc  of  the  riolrrs 
|i|if'nr.'il  in  ihc  h^ht 
»i  not  siillrr  Ic)  jmH9 
oil  ;  iiiitl  I.onI  ('III* 
i.ihitr  lo  [iroeml  to 
'iiriMhts  to  lir  irird 

Itlootlv  I'vrniliofis 
i-noMiMKilo  [rjii(|iiii- 

lissioil,    no  U'riH  111!' 

ItTriitnt  hIiuIi  liad 
ni  ('iil|U'[)|)(r  .i*:ain 
rnntcdiiiirly  ordrrcd 
■out  It'iivr  ;  utui  oil 

foloiiiiil  rcvriiiifB 
'0  a  jiirv,  and  Id 
lod  of  1)18  t-on)iiii9- 

vas  the  injury  done 
)f  \\iv  rolohv,  that 
hist  net  of  liis  royal 
risilili'.  was  the  ap- 
jiiT,  in  l,ord  Kllirii;- 
vrry  lutlr.  if  ut  all, 
insinictioiis,  he  vk- 
rcmi  within  \Uv  rn- 
SH  on  any  ocriisiDii 
III  llic  ni'w  uMUcrnor 
ntcd  to  lit-  stalioiird 
rniii,»  a  strictrr  I'xr- 

Ull   l)l»l!0\IOUS   lIU'il- 

va   llio  Scroiid.   hid 

II  ^'iri/ttiiu  vMih  iic- 
s,  of  tilt'  ii('«iiui  ni- 
liicIiT  of  tlicir  lu'W 
j  1*  v^illi  \»lr.,'h  iin'i.. 
>nU'nt.  arr  rcadv  to 
nialintis  nim-li  nioro 
d('<)  till-  (-oniinnii-o- 

if  thr   )io|i<'s   lint 
ision  wvTf  nioro 

mil  tin-  less  f:ill.l- 

iih  rc^'nt,  lli.it  It) 

i-d  tlii>  ini[iosiiMiii 

rro  tn    Ki.t.'..iinl ; 

tins    lax,    wiiicli 

irir  onlv  comino- 

i)f  riilrf.ity  whirh 

liter  lln'ir  disttiist 

I'll,'    dt'LT-idation. 

lo  prrsint  an  ad- 

•  drtVat    of  Mon- 

loni?'t9   f'Miiid  bii 

it    ft'iiliiiu'iits  on 

hull  ilicy  trcalrd 

Iroiii  a  siini'lv  of 

I'lniiidt'  of    roval 

th(*  phiiitatMiiis  ; 

d  to  (lie  M;,rintica- 

'ild  IriiiiH'  a   law 

Imm   rt  dct'iniiiir 

1)  thi'v  hill)  lifi  ii 

,  of  ihn   colohi'^tH 

was  not  |>rtiniptt  it 

tlii'ir  (liHsatiNfdt'- 

insi'lvrs,  and  pro- 

Mfihi  K  or  opiniotDi 

icncral  disrontrnl 

iiT  of  till'  i»ov('r- 

1  inlliirncb  Wfro 

his   prrdciM'SHor, 

ition  on  ihn  nrbi- 

nntrd  In  rondiirt 

vvhti'h  lir  hiniActi 

lM|ilvinL^  and  i  n 

Tiiliar  tiinclioiis, 

■rkn   llio  niraiK-r 

ir  soino  tiiiip  lui 

whirli   hts  (■xt»)r- 

nit  and  nlinT  sr- 

'umirc  Imtjiih'  so 

ind  il  iinjiowHihle 


lo  prevent  llie  complaints  of  llic  colony  from  hcio^' 
earned  to  Kn^'laiid,  hr  wliich  counlry  hi-  ni  coiihi- 
i]ueiH-e  resolved  himself  to  cndmik.  in  onier  lo  he  prr- 
fienl  at  his  own  arraii/utnenl.  (n»8M  J  He  wacaicoin- 
puiiied  hy  Colonel  Ludwell.  whom  the  a.shenihly  iiud 
appointed  their  ajjtnt  lo  ad\oeate  llie  coinplainla  of  hia 
conduct  and  urge  his  roinuvul. 

Uul  before  the  governor  and  hi*  accuser  arrived  in 
KuKland.  the  revolution  which  tho  tyranny  of  James 
at  leiiirtli  provoked  in  that  counlry.  had  transferred  iho 
alli^fianee  of  all  parties  lo  new  sovereigns.  The  Vir- 
tpiiuiiis,  iho'.ij^li  thev  readily  acpiiesred  in  llic  ehaii||^e, 
aipearlohave  surveved  with  very  litllu  einoUon,  an 
event  wliii'h  coincided  with  none  of  iheir  anticipations, 
and  to  llie  prodtiction  of  which  their  concurrence  had 
never  liet-nilemandi'd.  WhaU'Ver  niiilht  he  its  reinolir 
coiiseipiences.  its  immediate  ellect  was  forcibly  lo  re- 
mind iliem  of  lluir  own  insiiinilicance,  m  the  appen- 
d.i^'ea  of  a  distant  empire,  whu.se  political  changes  tliev 
were  fated  to  billow,  hul  unable  to  coniroi.  Tlie  most 
deep-seaicd  and  lastini;  grievances  under  which  liiey 
labored  haviiiij  proceeded  fioin  the  nation  and  the  par- 
iMiiieiil,  were  such  as  lln;  pres-cnt  event  cave  no  pro- 
mise of  imtit?aiiii!.v     'I'heir  immrdiate  complanils  were 

lt>  he  sut ited  U  sovereigns  of  whom  they  knew  ab- 

lobitely  nolliiiif;  ;  and  llieir  late  experience  nud  abated 
;heir  trust  in  princes,  and  their  hope  troin  chaiigei  of 
royalty  'I'lie  coolness,  then,  with  which  llie  Virjjmians 
are  f-iid  lo  ba\e  regarded  the  great  event  of  the  Kng- 
IikIi  revoluiioii.  so  lar  from  implying  that  their  mmda 
were  not  touciied  with  a  sense  of  freedom,  may.  wilh 
inucli  greater  piobabiliiy.  be  referred  to  iho  ardor  with 
which  they  cherished  a 'regard  for  liberiy.  and  the  deli- 
berate reliection  with  which  tlx'V  combined  it.  In  some 
respects,  loo,  the  acts  of  the  new  governinenl  were  very 
IilUe  calculated  to  convey  to  them  more  salisfactory  im- 
pressions of  iheeliango  thai  had  taken  place, or  lo  excite 
ibeir  sympathy  witli  the  feelings  of  tnal  portion  of  their 
b'llow-.Mibjecls  by  whose  exerliuns  it  had  been  eilecled. 
Notwiihsiaiiding  the  representations  of  Colonel  Lud- 
well  (who  hiin>elf  was  gratilied  with  the  a[ipomtineni 
of  governor  of  * 'arolin.i.)  Kin^j  Wdlum,  unwilling. 
mid  perhaps  onante.  to  dispossess  such  of  the  olHcers 
of  the  old  government  as  were  willing  lo  transler  their 
personal  and  otVicial  service  lo  the  new,  continued  Lord 
Kllhiiibam  m  the  governmenl  of  Virginia  ,  but  he  never 
petiimed  limber  again,  and  as  long  aj  his  cominiwion 
was  sudered  to  enilure,  the  administration  was  con- 
ducted by  a  deputy  governor.  He  was  removed  m  the 
\ear  lGU*i,  and  replucrd  by  a  successor  still  more  ob- 
loxMHis  to  the  colomsls,  Sir  Kdmiind  Andros,  whose 
Ivraiinicd  proceedings  under  the  late  reigns,  m  iho 
govermiienl  of  ot'ier  American  pro»inces,  more  justly 
incrued  a  capital  punishment  than  continuance  m 
odice.  If  such  apponilmcnts  remind  us  that  the  Kng- 
hsh  inmisiry  was  still  comjtosed  of  many  of  ihe  per- 
HOns  who  tiad  dispensed  patronage  in  the  preceding 
reigns,  they  may  also  in  part  bo  accounletl  for  by  other 
consideraiions.  Of  tho  otficers  who  were  thus  •indc- 
iervedly  retained,  home  pretended  to  grcit  local  ex|'e- 
ricuce  and  oiricial  ability.  'I'his  was  particularly  the 
rase  witli  Sir  Kdmiind  Andros,  whose  atlmmistranon 
proved  highly  beneficiiil  to  Virginia.  And  llify  excused 
the  arbitrary  proceedings  ibey  had  condicted  in  the 
former  rcjigua,  by  pleading  the  authority  of  the  sove- 
reign whose  command  thfy  had  obeyed — a  pb'a  wh:«h 
always  linds  favor  with  a  king,  when  not  opjiosed  lo 
wrongs  wtuch  he  dcerus  personal  lo  bimst-lt*.  Uesides. 
the  eomplamls  of  the  colonists  were  not  always  ar-cu- 
rate;  for  anger  is  a  more  co[mous  than  discriminslmg 
accuser.  Justice  siilh^red,  as  usual,  from  the  passion 
and  partiality  with  which  it  was  comended  for  ;  and 
the  guilty  artfully  availed  themseUes  of  th«  undiHcern- 
ing  luge  thoy  had  provoked  in  their  accusers,  to  defeat 
vtr  enfeeble  the  charges  thf  y  preferred.  The  insolence 
and  seventy,  for  example,  llul  had  pervaded  the  whole 
ot  Lord  Kiringham's  governmenl,  had  produced  many 
representations  of  grietances  m  which  the  accusers 
h  id  either  neglected  or  been  unable  lo  discriminate  be- 
tween the  legality  of  odicial  acts,  and  the  tyrannical 
demeinor  or  malignant  motives  of  the  party  by  whom 
they  hid  been  performed.  Accordmi^ly,  whi.'e  S';;'ie  of 
the  remonslrancps  which  the  Virginians  transiuitleU  lo 
Kngland  by  <'olonel  liudwell  were  complied  with,  thein 
t.t-ie  oiiiers  (hat  produced  only  eiplanaiiona.  by  which 
the  Assembly  w:is  given  to  understand  that  it  bad  mis- 
taken  certain  points  of  Knglish  cnnstilutional   taw.* 

»  H.-veiHiv.  (•.«!.  VU.ttl.Otl.  rti.iliiuTs.  3 IT.  **.  S.'il*.  Oni'  oi 
llir  «in'iariri'?ir"iiuilaiiH'il  of  liv  iln'  as^emltlv  of  Virginia  Wii-., 
that  l.ofil  KiKii^tmin  havuiKi  1>V  a  prut  liiinniinn,  dei'lareil  ih(> 
r'lval  ilisteiit  to  an  art  nf  aitit'inlily  wliu-h  repealed  a  furinrr 
t«w,e;ivoiii)it<'e  that  tin- ntirotial'U  l.iw  whnnow  mfnrce.  I'lnt 
Mrax  tir'oiitijuxty  dL>eiiii'il  by  (he  assembly  an  art  uf  legislaliun. 


I  Tn  the  infancy  of  a  free  state.  coIIimoiin  and  disputes 
'  not  nnlreipiently  arise  fiom  the  discordant  claims  of 
the  ditlerent  branches  of  its  constitulion,  belore  time 
,  hasgivdi  consistence  lo  tlie  whole,  and  tl  Jse  limits 
j  which  reason  linds  it  dillicult  to  assign  to  the  respect- 
1  ivc  parts,  have  been  determined  by  the  convenience 
of  practice  and  the  aulhority  of  'ircccdenl. 

'i'he  revoluiiim  of  vlie  iirilisu  goyernmen*.,  both  in 
Its  immediate  and  Us  remote  op<  ration,  wan  attended 
with  const ipietices  highly  bencticial  to  Virginia,  in 
common  with  all  the  existing  states  of  Auuricrt.  Cn- 
dt  r  the  patrunage,  and  by  the  pi  cuniary  nid,  ot  M  il- 
liaiii  and  Mary,  the  college  winch  had  been  projected 
m  the  reign  of  James  the  I'lrsl  was  established.  'I'he 
political  m>tilutiinis  uiub  r  whicii  the  manly  char,  .er 
o(  Knghshiuen  i»  lormed.  had  already  been  planted  in 
tho  »oil  to  which  so  Urge  «  t>ortion  ol  tbeir  race  hiul 
migrated  :  the  literary  and  nvgious  ln^lltutlon.•^,  by 
which  that  character  is  retined  and  i;;ipro\ed,  were 
now,  in  like  manner,  transported  to  Virginia  ;  ami  a 
fountain  opene<l  within  her  own  terriiory  which  pro- 
mised to  disjieiise  to  her  children  the  streams  of  science 
and  the  water  of  hie. 

lint  the  most  certain  and  decisive  iidluence  which 
the  IJrilish  revolution  exercised  on  the  condition  of  the 
colonies,  consisted  m  the  abrulgment  and  almost  total 
overthrow  of  liieir  dependence  on  the  personal  charac- 
ter of  the  sovereign.  A  conservative  principle  was 
infused  by  this  great  yvenl  into  the  brilish  constitution 
at  home,  and  into  all  the  shoots  from  the  parent  stem 
that  had  been  planted  in  the  scttlemi-nts  abroad.  I'he 
permanence  and  the  supremacy  which  the  parlianieiit 
acquired  in  IJritam,  extended  the  con^titiiuonal  superin- 
tendence of  tins  (ody  to  ivery  subordi.iaie  organ  of 
popular  privileges;  and  if  in  the  oppression  of  their 
trade,  iho  provinces  of  America  still  continued  lo  teel 
the  har.^h  dominion,  in  the  .security  of  their  legislative 
cunstitutions  they  now  began  to  experience  fln!  power- 
ful proleclioii  of  tne  strong.  The  king  stil!  continued 
to  appoint  the  governors  of  Virginia  and  ol  >oine  ol  the 
oilier  settlements  ;  and  :nen  ol  .sordid  dispositions  and 
of  weak  or  prolbgate  character  were  lie^uentlv  the 
objects  of  this  branch  of  the  nnal  patronaLie.  Hut  the 
powers  of  these  otiicers  were  abrulgid  and  deliiied  ; 
and  the  uithience  of  the  colonial  assemblies  was  able  to 
restrain,  and  even  overawe,  the  most  vigorous  admiin- 
stralion  of  ihe  cxecniive  functionaries.  Whatever 
evil  influence  a  wii-ked  or  iirilul  governor  might  exert 
on  the  harmony  of  the  people  among  themselves,  or 
their  good  will  towards  the  aulhority  whuh  he  repre- 
sented, he  could  commit  i:o  serious  inroad  on  the  c<ui- 
sliiulion  of  the  proviiuM*  over  which  he  pri  >ideil.  Kroin 
tins  period  an  ecpial  and  inipartial  pi.licy  disiiiigiiishtd 
the  liriluh  dominion  o\er  the  .\mm  rican  provinces  :  the 
diminution  of  the  person  il  influence  of  the  sovcreii<n 
put  an  end  to  the  ineipialities  of  treatment  that  were 
produced  by  the  ditbTcnt  di  gms  of  I'avor  with  whicli 
he  regarded  ihe  religious  or  political  sentiments  of  the 
people  of  the  respective  stales,  and  consctjuently  c.\- 
linguished,  or  at  least  greatlv  abated,  the  jealousies 
they  had  hillierto  entertained  of  each  other.  \  farthir 
abatement  of  the  mutual  jealousies  of  the  slaU-s  was 
produced  by  the  religious  toleration  which  ihe  provin- 
cial governments  were  hiMiceforward  compelled  to  ob- 
serve. Kven  when  intolerant  statutes  were  permuted 
to  subsist,  tneir  enforcement  was  disallowed  ;  aiid  the 
princ;pb's  cherished  in  one  statu  could  no  longer  be 
persecuted  in  another. 

We  have  now  to  transfer  our  inquirie.i  to  tho  rise  of 
the  oilier  colonies  in  North  .America  which  were  loiuub-d 
anlecedeiitlv  to  tiie  Hritisb  Uevobition.  and  to  tract 
their  separate  progn'ss  till  that  era.  IIul  before  vvitii- 
drawin;^  our  undivided  atlnition  from  this,  the  earliest 
of  the  settlements,  I  shall  subjoin  a  few  particulais  of 
lis  civil  and  domes'.ic  coodilion  ut  the  period  ut  which 
we  have  now  ajrivcd. 

Novwithslandmg  the  unfayorable  cirtumstances  lo 
which  the  colony  h^d  been  exposed  m  a  gn  ater  or  less  j 
degree  e»er  niiice  the  Uestoration.  ihc  nuinher  of  its  i 
iidiabilants  had  continued  to  increase.  The  depulie.,  ] 
that  were  sent  to  t'barles  the  .Second  in  Ifi7r>,  repre- | 
sented  the  population  to  amount,  ut  that  Im.e,  to  5U,<I00  , 
persons.  If  their  statement  were  not  ctnggerated  (as 
I  ihmk  il  probablv  was)  we  must  suppose  that  llacon's 
rehelbon.  u?ul  the  aubscmient  lyranny,  gave  a  very 
severe  check  lo  tins  lapid  increase  ;  for  l  think  there 
IS  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  colony  contained  a 
much  greater  number  than  .Mi.OlU*  at  the  Uevoluiion  of 
lliH8,*     I'Vom  a  table  appended  to  the  I'lrsl  edition  of 

•  IV.  IluhiTtson,  ni.ltnU.  si  itfS  the  |»>)>iil:itl<<it  nl  VirKUUa 
at  tllP  ne\oluil''ii  tti  lia\f  exfi'.'.li'.t  tUUKK)  |iirsi>tis.  lUiU  pro* 
tessestuilertve  tiis  stalcMiont  from  Chuluitrs.    Uul  tliurefur- 


Ileveriev's  History,  it  appears,  thai,  in  1703.  the  popu- 
lation of  \'irgima  (e.\cbisive  of  8Utl  French  refugees 
Hrul  over  by  King  William)  amounted  to  fiU.tiOU  souls. 
<  'f  this  number,  *^l),0*:i  were  til/ualilr.s  (a  deiioniinatioii 
embracing  all  white  men  above  the  age  of  sixteen,  and 
all  negro  slayes,  male  and  female,  abuve  that  age;,  and 
;j.*i, 583  children  of  both  races,  and  white  women.  Many 
circrumstaiices  contnhuted  tt>  give  Iree  scope  lo  the  ui* 
crease  of  the  colonial  populali.>n,  and  tocounterbalancn 
tlie  mlluence  ot  commercial  restraint  and  despotic  ad 
nnnisiration.  'J'lie  tiealtbfuhiHss  of  the  betllenieiit  had 
greatly  increased;  and  the  diimnutiun  of  disease  not 
(Mily  shut  up  the  drain  that  had  been  ongmallly  created 
by  a  frefpient  mortality,  but  rendered  the  general  strength 
more  available  to  the  general  support  Tho  use  ut 
tobacco  now  prevailed  extensively  in  Hurojie  ;  and  tho 
dinimution  of  Wa  price  was  in  some  degreu  compeit- 
sated  by  the  increased  demand  for  it  In  1671  it  was 
computed,  that,  on  an  average,  NO  vessels  came  annu' 
ally  trom  thigland  and  Ireland  lu  Virginia  for  tobacco. 
Ill  lti7.'i  ther«  wereex(iorte»l  from  Virginia  above  ^^l.OUO 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  and  in  the  following  year  upwards 
oi'  *000  more.  In  this  latter  year  the  customs  on  to- 
bacco from  Virginia  and  Marvlaiid.  collected  m  Kng- 
land,  amounted  lo  i;J5.()U0/.  '  Sir  William  Beikeley 
rates  the  ntiiniHT  of  the  militia.  m  the  year  IHHl,  at 
nearly  HOOO.  ai.d  adds,  that  the  people  were  too  poor  la 
atlord  an  efpnpmenl  of  cavalrv.  In  the  year  lt)80  thu 
iniiitia  uinonnted  lo  SoOH,  oi  whom  KlUO  served  as 
cavalry.  Our  estimato.  however,  of  the  increased 
wealth  which  the  cavalry  esti.ii)lisliinenl  seems  to  indi- 
cate, must  bo  abated  by  the  consideration  of  the  in- 
creased exertions  whicii  the  Indian  war  and  Hacoira 
rebellion  had  rendered  neeesnary.  In  tin?  year  1703, 
we  learn  from  Heverley,  that  the  inihtid  ani'junted  to 
\i'y2'2,  of  whom  ii;tO;j  were  light  horse,  and  ihe  remain- 
der foot  ami  dragoons  ;  and  that,  as  lew  of  the  planters 
were  then  destiiute  of  borse^i,  it  was  considered  that 
the  gn  ater  part  of  them  mig  it,  if  necessary,  be  con- 
verted into  :iraguons.  in  I'l'^^  he  calculates  the  num- 
bers of  the  imlitia  at  IS. 00(1  men.  Kvery  freeman  (u 
deiiommaliun  endiracing  all  xh':  inhabitants  (  xcept  ibu 
slaves  and  the  indented  S4'rvan.s)  from  sixteen  lo  sixty 
ve.irs  of  age,  was  enrolled  in  the  mdilia  ;  and  as  tho 
people  were  accustomed  all  their  lives  to  shoot  in  tho 
woods,  they  were  universally  '  .iperl  in  the  use  of  tire- 
arms.  The  militia  was  commanded  by  the  governor, 
whose  salary  was  1000/  a  year,  till  the  ap|)omlinent  of 
Lord  t 'ulpepper,  who,  on  the  plea  of  peerage,  procur*;d 
It  to  be  doubled. 

The  twelve  councillors,  as  well  as  the  govenior,  wore 
a[)pointed  by  the  king  ,  and  a  salary  of  ;Jot>/.  was  a»- 
sigiK  d  to  the  whole  body,  wbub  they  divided  in  propor- 
tion to  the  public  services  wbn-h  each  performed.  In 
all  matters  of  imjiortancc  lheconcurret.ee  of  itie  coun- 
cil with  the  governor  was  indispensably  requisite.  Tho 
t'obunal  Assembly  was  composed  of  llit  councillors, 
who  termed  themselves  the  Ipper  House,  uid  exer- 
ci.sed  ihe  privilege  of  the  Knghsb  House  of  Lorus,  uiid 
Ihe  burge^sc.s,  who  were  elected  t»v  the  freemen  of  -U** 
respective  counties,  ami  pi  rfornicd  the  functions  ol  the 
Hmise  of  ('ominons.  receiving  wages  proportioned  to 
their  services,  and  dcnveil,  like  all  llii-  other  colonial 
s.ilarirs,  friun  ihe  colonial  laxc^.  t'ntil  Ihi'  year  ItiHO. 
the  several  brandus  o."  the  ftsseinbly  had  formed  ouo 
deliberative  body  ;  bill  in  that  year  the  councillors  se- 
Uiiattd  iheinselves  trom  the  burgesses,  and  lornu-tl  a 
distinct  house.  In  conjunction  with  the  goviTiior,  tho 
couiii:illor»  formetl  the  supreme  tribunal  of  the  province  , 
from  whose  judgments,  however,  in  all  cases  iirolvinjj 
more  than  IlOO/  ,  an  apneal  lav  to  to  the  king  and  privy 
council  of  Kunland.  In  MJHl  ttie  province  cHJiitamed 
twenty  counties  ;  in  170^  it  contained  twenty-live.  A 
(put  rent  of  two  shillings  lor  every  hundred  acres  of 
land  was  paid  by  the  plaiiti  rs  to  the  crown- 
In  Ihe  year  IfiHS.  tlie  piovince  contami^d  forty-eight 
parishes,  emhracmg  upwanU  of  '-£00,000  acres  of  aii- 
proprialed  land.  .\  cluirch  was  built  lu  every  parish, 
and  a  house  and  glebe  assigned  to  the  clergyman,  along 
rnre  ih  err<>iii'i>o>  ;  aril  tlial  llie  >tateint:iil  itstMl  i.s  no  le.^N  so, 
SM  MIS  l<>  fnllow,  fiy  very  stuai*;  inliieiue,  Irom  lleverk-y's 
laMe.ini't.lii'iicil  ut  Ihe  tVit.  Tiiere  l>  no  reason  l.i  Uniiiit  the 
ariiir:u>  of  lliat  tatile  ;  aiii!  ren.-istently  Willi  it,  we  iMUmil 
aitinil  the  jimiracv  of  Kolicrtson's  I'stiniale,  witliont  lu-liev- 
inK  that  Oik  r<>|oii'>  haU  niUleil  3(i,0INi  to  its  mnnlxTH  m  ihti 
course  of  .Hcveiitern  years,  notwltliHtanchn«  the  raviines  of 
rivi!  v*.ir  anU  the  Uistress  ocrasionod  hy  i>raniucal  mivorn- 
nient,  huU  only  nlHOtt  (UH)  to  its  nuiiiliern  thirmK  tillcen  sut»c- 
iiuciit  veiis  "t  iiicrea-tPd  freeiloin  ami  |tr»»i>oril¥: 

'Hie  AM>e  lta>iiul  has  no  carelenslv  lonM-lind  pi'verlov's 
l;itile,  as  l.'lilUiuMctlrtlHKU.i  Its  returns,  an.ltohavesiif.itoNed 
till-  Mm-  wni'Miiit  ol  Iho  w  lire  [Mijiulati. Ill  aloiir.  'I'his  error  lias 
If.l  liiin  It.  «ushi  hismi:!  'iity  in  cnnjectnrn^' tin- causes  why 
th«'  pupulalion  of  VtrKinia  novur  afterwurils  inu  eased  so  ra- 
pidly. 


239 


TIIK    11 1  STORY   OF 


I,: 


t 


wiiha  btipenil,  which  wa«  lixtd  liy  law  at  10,000  pounds 
of  lohicco.  This  mode  of  reinum-ration  obvioimly 
teiidn  lo  yivp  u  sfcnhir  rasl  lo  {\w  hiv  and  cliar.ulLr  ol' 
lUf  minihlt'r«,  and  lo  tniaugh'  ihcni  with  coiu-crfis  rt'- 
imiKi  froiii  their  Kpininjl  wurUrtv  The  c<piah/.;ilion 
which  U  propoitfs  tu  i-tri-ct  m  quite  fallacious  ;  titi-  dif- 
ferent dogrt't's  of  ftrlility  of  ditromil  panihrs  reiuliT 
iiitr  ihe  liurdun  uu(-<{ual  to  thu  pi'ople,  and  the  vrry  dil- 
fpiint  unality  ol  tho  tohacco  pruilucod  ui  dilferrnt  mxIh, 
making  the  remuneration  unequiit  tu  the  cler^ry.  The 
pre^ontatiun  lo  the  livings,  prior  to  the  Ku^lixh  Uevo- 
lutiuii,  belonged  to  the  governor,  but  was  gviiorally 
URurpid  or  controHed  by  tlie  parjshionrrs.  Alter  the 
Uevolutiun  it  devolved  into  the  hand^  of  parochial  ves- 
tries. *hich,  thiMiiih  ori^Miiully  elected  liy  the  people, 
came,  in  [troeeD»  of  liiiie,  to  exercise  the  power  of  bup- 
plyiii^  vaeaiu-ieA  ni  their  nunihers  by  their  own  appntnt- 
nuiit.  'i'he  liishiip  of  London  was  aceounied  tiie  dio- 
ce.Naii  of  the  proMiiee;  and  a  resident  eouinii^sary 
ytiierally  a  ineniher  of  tlie  council)  apponiled  liy  that 
ureUle,  presided  over  the  clerj^'v,  with  the  power  ol 
convoking,  censuring,  and  even  ^uKpending  tlu  in  m 
cases  of  neglect  or  immorality.  'I'iie  docirirus  and 
rites  of  the  church  o(  Knijland  were  est;dtlished  by  law  ; 
oitendaiice  ondiviiie  worshipat  the  parochial  cliurches, 
and  the  observance  of  the  sacramenir*  of  the  church, 
enjoined  under  heavy  penalties;  tiie  preaching  ol  dis- 
senters, and  the  participation  in  the  ortluKince.-  ol  dis- 
senting congregations,  vvi-re  prohibited,  and  h  ihji-ettd 
lo  various  degrees  of  pniiishtneiit.  'i'liere  nas  one 
bloody  law,  winch  subjected  (juakers  retnrni.ig  from 
banitduuent  to  the  punishment  of  death  ;  but  no  exe- 
cution ever  took  place  in  coiisciineiice  o(  'Ins  enact- 
ment, and  it  was  repealed  soon  alter  the  revolution  ol 
1G88.  The  other  laws  were  not  then  repe.iled,  but 
they  were  no  longer  enforced  ;  and  though  the  statute- 
book  continued  lojirohibit  tiie  preaching  and  practices 
of  dissenters,  the  prohihilion  was  utterly  dl^rtgarded, 
and  liberty  ol  conscience  practically  realized.  In  10H8, 
almost  the  whole  body  of  the  ptopk'  belonged  to  the 
estatdished  church,  lltlier  opinions  and  practices.  Iiow- 
ever,  began  to  arise,  and  were  aided  prubal)|y  by  tlie 
tnllueiice  of  the  lit  e  schools,  of  which  a  consideruble 
number  were  founded  and  endow*  d  »oo(i  alter  tiiat  pe- 
riod ;  and  the  government  ht-ing  rt  str.iiiied  fron;  eii- 
foiciiig  the  intoterjiit  laws,  endeavored  to  cliensti  its 
own  cliurch  estalihshment  by  heaping  teiuporai  advan- 
tages upon  Its  ininiKters.  'i'liis  policy  produced  its 
Ubual  truits,  and  introduced  so  much  indolence  and 
worthlt-ssuess  into  liie  order  of  ihv  state  der^'v.  that 
at  the  era  ol  t!ie  American  r<  volul'on  luo-ihirds  of  ^he 
ill!latula^ts  of  \'irgima  had  become  dissenters,  and 
were  subject,  on  that  account,  tu  the  ban  of  their  own 
municipal  law. 

Of  every  just  and  humane  system  of  laws,  one  mam 
object  bhould  be  to  protect  tiic  weak  .i»;aHisl  the  s-lroiig. 
and  lo  correct  instead  of  confirming  and  perpetuating 
the  inequalilies  of  comli'ion  that  Irom  time  to  timi 
arise  from  inequalities  of  slreni«th.  ^kill.  success  or  vir- 
tue, 'i'his  wise  and  bt  nevohnt  principle  must  lu*  sa- 
criticed,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in  the  co.l^'  of  evrry 
country  where  slavery  is  adimlted.  Uy  the  hnvs  of 
Virginia,  all  persons  hronght  mio  the  colony  by  sea 
or  land,  not  having  been  ihrtsiiaiis  in  tliesr  native 
ceunlry,  were  .subjected  to  .slavery,  even  though  they 
migbl  be  converted  to  ehri.Htianity  after  llieir  arrival- 
A  slave  comnnlting  a  capital  crime  was  appointed  to 
be  tried  by  comnufsioners  named  bv  the  novi-rnur, 
witliont  the  intervention  of  ii  jiirv  ;  and  if  '.lie  punisli- 
iiicnt  of  death  were  inllii-ted,  indemniliealinn  to  the 
extent  of  the  value  of  the  hlave  was  awarded  from  the 
public  revenue  to  the  master  In  tlie  year  HitiO,  u 
was  enacleil  th.U  the  death  of  a  slave  occ.isiomd  by 
the  correction  of  a  ma>ter.  should  not  be  accomidd 
felony;  "since  il  cannot  be  prf^umed."  says  Ihe  act. 
"  that  prepeiiti-d  malice,  wliicli  alont?  iiiaki'"  murdt.'r 
felony,  should  ttidnce  any  man  lo  destroy  Ins  own  es- 
tate "  Hut  e.tperiencc  jiiis  amply  refuted  tins  perni- 
cions  toplnslrv,  which  ascribes  to  absolute  purser  a 
teudency  tu  repress  human  irascihibtv,  and  accounts 
avarice  and  selliMlmrs.i  snlficienl  motives  aiul  sureties 
of  justice,  humanity,  and  librralily  Nnther  inhilels 
nor  negroes,  mulattoes   nor   [ndtans,  wen;  allowed  to 

(turchase  eliristian  white  lerrants  ;  and  if  any  person 
laving  cliri-stian  white  servants  should  mirrv  an  mtitlel, 
or  a  ne^ro.  muLittu.  or  Indian.*  all  such  servants  wi-re 
iiiiide  free.     Any  free  while  person  mtermarrvmg  wiili 

*  It  «uiil»l  not  luvi'  lieen  v-^sy  t<i  iiiiluco  tin- fi«nier».  u(  this 
law  lo  tuiic^e  iliat  a  tmu-  nn^;tt  c«.-in'  wlim  the  leiiij.laiuit' 
of  "irciiiiA  v^nuUl  ii.'rmi]'<lv  Pe.u  rtaiii  a  pn>[HiMiI  ot  |<ruirioiinu'. 
tr  a  huuiity.  the  inarnntics  oi  iht-  wluti-  iiil.iil.iianis  ami  the 
Tidiaos.    Yi'l  a  IjiU  fur  litis  parjiohe  was  aclually  iiitroduLiti 


a  negro  or  luulatlo,  and  any  minister  celebrating  such 
mnrringe  was  punished  with  fine  an.*!  imiirtsonment.  It 
will  excite  ihi'  niernmeiit  ol  a  satirist,  the  surprise  of 
a  philo.sophi'r,  and  the  mditinani  concern  of  a  christiiui, 
to  lind.combineil  with  such  mliumaii  and  insolent  laws, 
the  strictest  injiincrions  of  the  worship  of  that  greut 
pattern  oi  love  and  humility  who  commamled  his  wor- 
shippers to  do  good  to  and  honor  all  men  ;  together 
with  many  solemn  denunciations  and  penal  enactmenls 
ai»amst  Irarcllin};  ci  SunJiii/,  projiiitc  cursins^  or  prn- 
fiincly  ;jrt(in'!  itrmik.  liui  thus  mnnkind  attempt  to 
unite  what  reli\;ioii  has  sundered,  the  service  of  (lod 
and  the  service  of  maminun  :  and  tu  .<uinder  what  reli- 
i^ijti  has  united,  the  rendering  of  glory  to  (lod  and  the 
demonstration  of  good  will  to  men.  Justices  of  the 
peace  were  coimnanded  to  hear  and  ileterinuie  the  com- 
pLiints  of  all  stirts  of  servants  ix<  rjif  s!iirt:t,  against 
their  nnisters  ;  various  rei^uhiiions  were  made  lor  se- 
curiiiL[  mild  and  dpiihible  Irciimi  nt  to  indented  ser- 
vants ;  at  the  elosi-  of  tlu  ir  p'Tiod  ol  service  they  re- 
jceived  from  their  masters  each  a  musket,  a  stiidll  sum 
of  money,  and  a  quantity  of  com;  but  if  during  the 
;  currency  of  tluir  term  of  wer\ice  they  slwuld  iiresume 
I  to  marry  without  the  consent  of  their  master  or  mis- 
j  tress,  they  were*  punished  with  an  additional  year  of 
I  servitude.      All    persons    riotously  asst  niblin^   to   tlie 


nun. her  of  eiulil  or  more,  fur  the  purpose  of  destroying 


!  tobacco.  Ml  re  subjectid  to  the  p.iinsuf  treason,     Kvery 
I  person,  nut  being  a  serv.iut  or  slave,  committing  adul- 
tery or  foriuc.-\lion.  \^as,  for  the  greater  olfeiice,  lined 
1000,  for  ihe  lesser  r»00  pounds  of  tobacco       VVoinen 
convicterl    of  slander  were  ordered  to  be   ducked,  m 
dcfatitl  of  their  liusliands'  con>eniing  to  redeem  them 
fro'u  immersion  by  payment  of  a   line.     There  being 
no  inns  m  the  country,  strangers  were  entertained  at 
j  the  houses  of  tlie  mhabilants,  and  were  freipiently   ni- 
I  volved  111   law-suits  by   the   exorbirant    claiins  iH   liu'ir 
'  host.s  for  indetimilicalion  of  the  expen?es  uf  their  eiiter- 
I  tainment  ;   for  remedy  when  of  it  was  i-nacteil,  that  an 
,  mhalulant  nejjlectini:   m  such  circumstances  to  lore- 
j  warn  his  ijuesl,   and  to   make  an  express  paction  wiih 
:  him,  should  be  reputed   to  have  entertained   him  from 
mere  courtesy.      All  these  laws  coulmued  in  furce  lor*,' 
'  alter  the  Itntish  Hevolution. 

j      It  would  appear,  from  the  first  of  the  statutes,  that 
I  even  their  Indian  neighbors  conuni.'  into  thu  territories 
I  of  the  state  were  liable  iti  be  madt;  sl.ives  hy  the  *-olu- 
^  iiisls  ;  and  we  are  informed  by  Mr.  Jellerson.  that  the 
',  practice  of  »uislavino  these  people  dul  at  one  tune  ac- 
:  tuallv  prevail       Hut  with  the  IndiaM  tribes  sitiuiltii   m 
tlieir  immediate  vieimty,  and  couiprehendtd  in  tlie    pa- 
cifiration   iliecied    by    Colonel  .Uib-rys,  the  colonists 
}  mamlaint  d  relations   more   approachiri>;   lo  tnrndship 
I  and  equality.     'I'he  Indians  paid,  iniieeil,  in  contormity 
!  rtilh  the  treaty  of  jieace,  an   annual  tribute  of  lieaver 
j  skins  to  the  coloiual  government       Hot  their  tcr  itories 
!  were  ascertained  by  the  treaty,  and  guar.uileeil  lo  them 
!  so  securelv  bv  law,  that  all  bargains  and  sali-s  by  which 
■  the  colonists  mi;:ht  acquire  or  jiretend  right  tuauy  pur- 
:  lion   of  till  :n.  were  di.^alluwid  and  declaieil  null  .ind 
I  void  ;  and  every  wrong  they  mii;lil  sustain  at  the  hands 
of  any  uf  iho  colonists  was  punished  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  if  It  had  been  done  lo  an  Knglishm.in.     Hy  the 
aid  of  a  donation   from  that  illustrious  philosopher  and 
ctiristi..n  plulat.lhropisl,    the   honorable    Ktdierl  Hoyle, 
an  altempt  was  made  lo  render  tlie  institution,  which, 
from  Its  *u'.uiders,  has  been  called  \\  illiam  and  Ma'v 
College,  subservient  tu  the    instruclion  (d"  the  Indians 
Some  vonno  persons   beionifinn  tu  the  ineiidly  tribis 
received  m  tins  manner  'he  ilernenls  oi  ci\il  and  reli- 
Ijious  edncation  ;   end  the  colonisls,  setisihle  of  the  ad- 
v,i!il!ii»es  thev  derivetl  from  the  posMSMoii  o|  those  who 
nui^lit  be  eon-^ulered  host.i'jes  lor  the  p.icilic  demeanur 
ol  their  parents,  pievailed  wiili  some   ol  the  more  re- 
mote naliuns   of  the   Indians   to  send   a   b'W  ot  their 
cliudrtu  to  drink  cf  the  same  tonntain   ol  kno\\ledge 
Hut   as  the    pupL-*  wire  restored  to  their   respective 
tribes  when  ihev  attained    tlie  age  that  lilted  them  b)r 
hnuting  and  other  warlike  exercises,  it  is  not  likely  that 
this  instilutiui    nrotbiced  anv  general  or  permanent  im- 
pression on  the        laeter  of  the  Indnins,  or  made  any 
.idequate  cumpcfif ..turn  lor  the  de;;trnctive  vices  ami 
diseases  which  thi    liuropeans  were  iinha|)pily   much 
mure   succi'ssful  lo  imparting-     Attempts   lo   convert 
barbarians  very  fiequemly  disappoint  their  prouuiters  ; 
and  nut  those  onlv  v\hu   have  assisted  the  u'lderlaking 
from  secular  ends,  hut   those  also  who  trulv  rei^anling 
the  {)i(ine  ^lory  m  the  end,  dl^re;.'Hrd,  at  le.ist  in  sume 


into  tho  Hsseiui'lv  iliiririK  Ihe  rev"tii!iiin:irv  u,ir,  aiil  tiiiir 
havnm  lieeii  Ivvn'e  riad,  wiih  lusl  at  tiie  thirl  ri'a<linj  in  ron- 
»e>)iii  riro  i»f  Iho  Htiscii.'e  "t  tlie  tiiiuiiIht  wJik  had  mtruiiuced 
It.     Will's  l.ifu  of  iiov  riior  lleiir) ,  p.  >^11. 


measure,  the  Divine  agency  m  ihe  nu^aiiB  Aa  an  in 
striiment  of  civih/.aliun,  the  prc^aehmi;  of  the  pispol 
will  i'\er  be  louiul  to  disappoint  all  those  who  have  :iu 
hi^;h(  r  or  tiltiTior  views.  In  a  civilized  and  christtati 
land,  the  great  bulk  of  the  people  are  ebiisliaus  mi  rely 
III  na:iie  ;  reputation,  convenience,  and  habit,  are  the 
sources  ut  iheir  jirolcpsiun  ;  vices  are  so  disguised, 
that  llie  testimonies  of  christian  prea.'hcrs  against  ihoin 
olten  miss  their  aim  :  and  a  sceiniiii;  service  of  Uod  II 
easily  reconciled  with,  and  esteeim d  a  decent  livery  uf, 
the  real  service  of  mammon.  Hut  among  heailiens  and 
savages,  a  ciuivert  must  change  Ins  w.iy  of  hie.  xno 
come  his  habits,  iuid  h>rleit  his  reputation  ;  and  nono, 
or  at  least  very  few,  becume  pruhssurs  unless  Irom  the 
inlbience  ot  real  eonvictiuit,  mure  or  les^  laslmg  and 
[ircdonnil.  Those  who  remain  iincmiveried.  if  itiev  bu 
honestly  addressed  by  Iheir  missiuimnes,  are  incensed 
at  the  leslmiony  against  their  ev.l  ileetls  and  evil  na- 
ture ;  and  the  conduct  uf  many  prufessm^  clirisiiaud 
amung  their  civilized  nei^nbors  lou  ullen  eoiicurn  to 
mislead  and  cuniirm  them  m  error.  !tui  this  topic  will 
derive  an  ampler  illustration  Irom  occurrences  that  ro- 
tate tu  otheis  of  tlu*  North  .Vmericaii  States,  than  tno 
early  history  of  \'ir>;iiua  is  hticd  tu  stjpply. 

Literature  was  nut  much  cultivated  ill  \'irginiiU 
'I'here  was  not  nt  this  periud,  iiur  tor  maiiy  years  uliur, 
a  single  liuokseller's  shop  in  the  colony  *  Vet  a  his- 
tory ol  Virginia  was  written  some  yi'ars  afier  by  He- 
verlcy,  a  native  of  the  province,  who  had  taken  an  ac- 
tive part  m  public  alfnrs  prior  lo  the  Kevuhition  of 
lliHH.  The  hrst  edittun  ot  this  work  m  1705,  and  a 
later  t  lun  in  I'i'Z'i,  were  published  in  Knnlaiid. 
Iteverley  ^  a  brief  and  rather  a>;reeable  analist,  and  has 
a|ipendeL  i  his  iiarrati\e  uf  events  an  ample  account 
of  the  m  tioiis  of  the  province,  and  uf  the  manners 
of  the  ci..  al  and  aliorii;inal  inhabitants,  lie  it» 
chargeable  with  great  ii;noraiice  and  incorrectness  m 
those  parts  uf  his  narrative  that  embrace  events  uccur- 
ing  m  Kngl'tid  or  elsewhere  be)ond  the  immedialo 
precincts  uf  Virginia.  t>nly  tlu^  initial  letttrs  of  his 
n:ime  appear  on  the  lille-page  ul  Ins  book,  uhenco 
Oldmixon  was  led  mto  the  mistake  ol  suppo->ui^  hm 
name  lo  have  been  Hullock  ;  and  m  some  ol  the  criti* 
i'al  calaluifues  ol  llermany  he  has  received  the  erro- 
neous appellaliou  ul  liiiil  t  A  much  more  eni.ir.^ed 
and  elaboraie  history  oi  N'lrginia  (but  tinlwrttin.iiely 
carried  no  lurllier  down  than  the  year  10'*4)  was  writ* 
ten  at  a  later  period  by  Stiili,  also  a  native  of  ihe  pro- 
vince, ami  on.  ot  llie  ^'uvernurs  of  William  and  M.irv 
<  'ulle>re.  .Siiih  IS  a  catiilid,  jccnrate  and  accomplished 
writer;  tediously  miiinte  m  rel.iting  the  deii.iUs  in  the 
Cuurt  uf  I'foprielurs  of  the  \'irgmia  t'umpany,  and 
their  disputes  with  the  king,  tuit  generally  iinpres»ivD 
and  interesiiiiLr.  A  manly  and  gem-rutis  spirit  pervades 
every  page  ol  his  wurk,  which  was  lirsl  j.>ubli»hed  al 
Wiliiamshurg  in  17-17. 

Heverley  warmly  extuls  the  huspilality  of  his  coun- 
trymen ;  a  cummenddtion  which  the  peculur  circum- 
stances ol  their  condition  riiiders  very  mneraMv  cre- 
dible, though  the  preamble  of  one  of  llieir  laws,  which 
we  have  already  noticed,  demtm.strales  that  its  applica- 
tion wai  liy  no  means  nmverhal.  lie  reproaches  them 
with  indolence,  which  he  ^scribes  to  their  residence  in 
scatlertd  dwellings,  and  thtur  destitution  of  thai  col- 
lected life  winch  mvigoratt  s  industry,  excites  active 
thoiioht,  and  generat"S  adventurous  speculation.  It 
may  be  ascribed  also  tu  the  intluence  ut  slavery  in  aug- 
menting jiride  and  degrading  labor.  A  hie  like  that  uf 
the  lirst  Virginian  colonists,  remote  from  public  haunt, 
unoccupied  liv  a  crowd  ut  busy  purposi's,  uiul  sequi'S- 
tiTed  Irom  the  inlclli^'ence  of  passing  events,  is  the 
hb>  of  those  to  whom  the  <oinp.iiiy  ol  sirano<rs  is  pe- 
cuhiirly  accept, ibU'.  .Ml  ihe  oilur  circmnstances  ol 
such  d  lot  contribute  lo  tlie  priMuolion  ut  hus|iit.ili|e 
habits.  As  lor  many  uf  their  hours  tin  y  can  imd  no 
such  inteiestm;^  occupation,  soformuchof  their  super- 
lliious  [>roduce  they  can  liud  no  more  prolitable  iisii 
than  the  eiilerlauimenl  ul  visitors.!    The  inten  si  which 


*  The  literature  el  North  America  was  si  this  iniie  iiinno- 
|H))i£t:(l  alinoHi  L'litireiy  l>y  New  KiiKhiinl.  In  tlie  t<t>Kimiin»;  tt( 
the  tlKliteenlh  eeutiir>,  Ahell  U<>»lnn  cotitauieil  live  print ii()i 
<rtliri-H  unit  many  huukM'lli  rs'  kluqis.  there  waK  hut  (iiic  lutok- 
heiii-r's  r-hap  in  New  Yiuk,  and  nut  one  in  Vnuiiiia,  .Marvhuul, 
nrl'arohiia.  NealV  Hi.-itory  of  New  EiiKJaml,  u,  5H7.  "Fniiii 
the  Meuieirs  ut  Dr.  Fraiikhiill  niipears  that  even  at  s»  lalu  a 
('.riiKl  Ji«  the  >ear  ItlTU,  there  was  nut  one  gomi  himksL-llei's 
slid))  III  Ft}nns)tvarua. 

t  Wanlen,  a  lalu  Anieruan  writer,  lins  repeateil  thi-«ern.f, 
unit  ilesiTil'i'tt  as  the  i<r<  .liiilUMi  ol  llinl,  what  in  reality  naa 
tlie  fir^tetlil  ion  n|  Hevii  lev's  work. 

1  "  Mr.  Jrfh  rsnti  loiil  iiii'  that  in  hix  lather's  time  It  vvus  nn 
uiicoMiiiion  ttiln^'  lor  ^eiiliinien  to  |iiiNt  their  serianls  on  ihu 
iiiaui  roail  lor  the  |»iit(xisi>  lU  aniicahly  wa>lavuiK  ami  hiiiiKUu 
to  their  houses  any  traveUers  'Alio  niiKlit  ihain'e  in  pMa^ 
UhUN  Travels  in  Canada  aitJ  ilk  Uiiil«>i  Slatcn,  i\9. 


NO  urn   AMEUIC  A. 


nioana  As  an  in 
'limij  of  the  j,osp«tl 

lli(>>e  will)  l.iive  no 
vilizfd  iiiid  clirii^tuu 
rt<  clintttiiius  till  rt'ly 
,  anil  li.ilni,  urt-  Itie 
1  arr  so  diHgiiiscii. 
ii.'hiT!*  ii<riiiii»t  lliein 
ii;  Ni'ivii't'  ol  ( iiul  ifl 
il  i\  ili'ci-Mt  livery  uf, 
iiiiiuii:;  IkmiIu'iih  and 
H  W.I)  III  liti',  o\er- 
iiliitioii ;  iiiid  rioiio, 
iturs  tiiili'sH  Irojii  the 

or  \vn^  taf'tin^  mid 
DiiverU'd,  il  itu-y  he 
imnc!*.  ixrv  iiiriMiscd 
diiiU  and  t-\d  IM- 
irtili'ijHirii;  curisiutiid 

0  ullfii   cuiii'ur.i  to 
.'till  lliis  tuple  wdl 

K'nirrt'iu:fs  lliut  re- 

'Itll  Stati':^,    lllilll  tliu 

)  supply. 

ivait'd  in  \  iri:iiUiL 
or  many  years  alier, 
olony  '  Vi't  a  Ins- 
vt'iirs  afuT  liy  ii«- 
hu  lud  taken  an  uc* 

1  the  lu'viilutiun  of 
u)rk  in  lido,  and  a 
lihlied  Ml  l'ln;)taiid. 
■ahle  anuliHl,  uiid  lias 
Is  an  uiii))le  aecuuiit 

and  lit  lilt!  inaiiiitnt 
nludiitanU,  lie  tu 
.nU  incorroetnotiH  lit 
iliracu  e\t'iits  oceiir- 
iiiid  the  nnniediate 
niiiial  leltt  r.H  ol'  hiH 
r  hiM  houk.  wlieiice 
ke  til  snppo^iiij,'  tim 
I)  MMiie  ot  tlif  i'riti- 
,s  rect  ivcd  the  *rro- 
niu-h  more  eiilai^ed 
>  (ImiI  nnltruiiiaU'lv 
ear  H»*^|)  \\,is  wni- 
a  n.itivc  (ij  ilie  pro- 
It  U'llhani  and  Nlary 
,te  and  ai'ei>inplistu-il 
lh(!  dehalt »  in  Ihe 
la  Cotnpanv,  ant. 
;fiu'rally  mipresNive 
riytiM  spirit  pervaili'H 
lirst    puhlihhcd   ut 

Mtahty  t»r  his  (mhih- 

pecuhir  etrcum- 

\i'ry  ^;enerally  cre- 

Id  their  Uiws,  whtili 

thai  ilM  applu-a- 

lie  repru.iehes  them 

iheir  resuleiice  m 

tntiun  ul'  that  eol- 

^try,   fxi'ites  active 

•I   sptcnlalion.      It 

ol  i^laverv  in  uii^- 

A  hie  like  tliat  ol 

I  Iroiii  piihhe  haunt, 

es,  and   se'pies- 

l   I'ViMits.  IS  the 

j|  ulrani^t  rs  is  pe- 

i'irL'iiin>taneeM  ul 

llion    ol   hospit.dile 

till  y   ean  lind   no 

H'li  ol    iheir  .Hiiper- 

Lore   prolilahle  wnu 

li'tie  iniert  Hi  vshich 

I  It  thiM  (line  MioiiD- 
lii  the  t>eKiiuiiiit>  of 
llniiitMl  five  (inniinK 
■  Man  but  ui)i>  iHMik- 
■i  VuKiiiia,  Marvland, 
ll.iiKl,  )i.  &H7.     From 
I  I'venal  itn  latu  ii 
'  gutul  iHMiksulliM's 

J  rcjieati'tl  llii-*  erriiT, 
Ixtltiit  III  reality  \va,i 

Ilier'K  tiiiir  il  xvii>  no 

■ir  senaiiis  .III  iliu 

klaVliit!  )in<l  tiiiii!!lll;j 

t'haiii'e   to  pMH*' 

aU'A,  418. 


all  nion  feel  in  the  concprna  of  thnr  fellows,  ia  refined  >  Sparta  it  has  over  held  trno.  that  none  are  so  completely 
ftnd  rxtcnded  hv  crowded  nnd  polished  MU'iety  ;  'n  re-  '  t  tiiluved  a>  the  sl.iven  ul'  the  (ree.  llimian  character 
moth  disincl.s.  e.Hneriallv  if  thev  he  iiihalnted  hy  men    is  as  much  corrnpli  d  and  dejiraved  by  llie  Kpint  ol  do- 

lavery  in  a 


whose  oriom  nr  recollerlions  eoimctt  ihem  \vi 


h  \  dh 


tent  .x)iiiitrv.  It  nf>>»iinieii  the  shape  of  an  intense  and 
ipinmewhai  indiiicnminaif  cnriosiiy — a  (piality  tor  winch 
th**  Americans  Save  hern  always  distmtruihhed 

liarilv 


as  hv  the  yoke  ot"  mtv 


itiide 


slate  wherein 


Ulith    i 


other   to  hi.t  inch 


it  v^'a(«  the  reinarkahle  and   ndvan(Hi;eous  pccti 


if  their  1  jcal  mlvialu 


n,  mat  preven 


tedi 


[.eo| 


lie  so  early 


hurl.     The  same  wi>di>m  which   Hssij^ned  to  man  his 
duties,  adapted  thein  to  the  developemeiil  of  his  under- 


ul   lh< 


le  relini'inent   oi  liif»  seiisi 


hitilv 


I'hi 


<levoled  1 1  cemmcrce  as  llie  \'ir^iniaiii*  have  hren. 
from  coiiiirefTBiin^'  m  lari,'e  towns,  and  tbrimns crowdid 
marts  of  trade.  'I'lie  same  pecnlianlv  helonus  to  that 
portion  of  tlieir  ori>;nial  territorv  that  now  forms  the 
province  \ii  Mirvhind,  and  has  iherc  heen  attended 
with  tlu^  saineclleet  The  whole  of  that  vast  eonntrv 
IS  pervaded  hv  iiimieroin*  sirrams,  thai  unjiart  ferlihtv 


adaptation  is-  patticularly  vi.Mlde  in  the  duties  lliat  ri'u'n- 
lale  the  nnitiial  iiilercoiirse  o{  men.  To  violate  therein 
the  law  of  kindness  and  the  principles  of  eiiiiily,  is  to 
warp  the  niiderstaiidinj^'  as  well  as  to  corrupt  the  licart  . 
to  lower  the  diomiy  of  rational,  and  tlie  happnii  sa  ot 
ser.Piiile  hcmi;.  There  is  a  continnal  reciproc.ilion  ot 
evil  hclwecn  a  niafter  and  his  slaves  Ills  injustice 
sii,nis  liitm  to  tlieir  present  slate  .  and  the  evil  i( 


to  the  land,  and  cnrv  the  produce  they  have  nouriihed  i  lities  that  this  state  fiiofiidcrs  tend  coiilmually  to 
to  ihe  jireal  highway  of  nations.  Kront  ihe  hay  ol  '  provoke  his  iM.scihihly  llis  power  etl'ecls  tlieir  dcL'ra- 
Chesapeak.  where  all  these  slre;iiu»  uiiile.  the  jireater  !  dation  ;  and  their  deoradalion  at  once  tempts  and  faci- 
numher  of  them  atl'ord  un  extensive  iia.t;».ition  into  the  !  liiales  (ho  excesses  of  hrs  power.  Hence  the  com- 
inierior  of  the  coimirv  ;  and  lli"  colniusts,  prrceiviiii;  |  merce  lielweeii  master  and  slave  exercises  and  exhiiuls 
that  m  order  tt>  enihark  their  produce  llu  v  tieedf  d  not  |  all  that  is  halelul  in  human  passion  and  ctMitemptihli 
to  ipiil  their  plantations,  hut  mii;lit  load  the  merchant  i  in  human  conduct.  'I'he  delicate  suseeptihilily  ol  wo- 
«liips  at  the  doors  of  their  country   warehouses,  dis-  '  men  js  exposed  to  the  impression  of  tins  spectacle,  and 


per'^ed  tlieuiselves  aloni*  the  hanks  of  the  rivers,  and 
nniteil  Ihe  "iweets  <d'  rui  1  life  with  the  advantaL^ea  of 
commerce,  Kxeept  ttic  small  town  of  WilIiainslKirnh. 
winch  siiececdeil  .lamesiown  as  .'ip  eipiial  of  Virginia, 
and  Annapolis,  the  capit.il  of  Marvljiitl,  no  cities  t;rt^w' 
up  for  a  very  lonu  period  in  eiihtr  of  thc'*e  seltleimMils, 
Tins  state  of  life  has  proved  hi^lilv  favoralde  to  those 
(wo  ijreat  sources  of  national  hiippmess.  ijood  morals, 


of  till-  oppitrtnnilii's  of  conl'ederaev.  vice,  anil  .-Niieller,  ' 
that  lar^re  towns  atlnrd,  either  ipnltetl  the  settlement  at  I 
the  expiration  of  tlieir  periods  of  ftervice  ;  iir,  iin-  | 
presseil  with  the  ■-.■Ivanlaoes  which  the  country  po  hhe-  | 
rally  held  hirth  \o  iiuliistry  and  morality  they  mel'cd 
into  the  mass  of  hunihie  ami  respec!i:hle  free  laborers.  [ 
Tu  this  impc.ilant  etass  of  society  the  virtues  of  indui- 


233 

purchade  of  the  colonists  were  delivered  from  the  hold 
of  a  slave  sliip  and  the  criH-ity  of  ihe  Dutch.  When 
.•lavis  were  neither  nnmerous  nor  tuniodahle,  they  ap- 
pear to  have  heen  kindly  treated  ;*  and  their  inasters 
perlia[!H  intended  to  einancipate  them  at  thai  conve- 
nient   season    for    adjiisIioH    the  accounts   of  interest 


anil    conscience,   w 


hich 


iddeil 


ind 


aildition  to  ihcir  iinmher."  leiuled  still  farther  to  p 


(>ry 


lone. 
ncss. 


ISo  ^reat  is  the  deceivahleiiess  of  unn>;hleout«- 


Ncjiro  slavery  linjrered  lonif  in  the  settlemeiils  of 
the  puritans  m  New  Kn^iand,  and  of  the  iptakets  in 
I'eniisvlvania  ;  \,\n  ('anus,  «i>  distinuui^hed  hy  let 
•■ompa.-sion  tor  the  nnforlun  ile.  tirsl  siioiiested  its  in- 
iroilnclion  into  Mexico  and  Peru;  (ieorj^e  Fox,  the 
mo.tl  intrepid  and  enlhnsi.istic  of  rehirnurs,  demanded 
no  more  ot  Ins  folhiwers  lliaii  a  mili^ation  of  Us  seve- 
nty in  IJ.irliadoes  ;  and  .lolin  I.ocke,  the  olory  of  mo- 
di-rii  philoMiphv,  and  the  ch.impton  ^yi  rehoious  and  poli- 
tical ireedoni,  mtroilnred  it  into  the  fniulainental  con- 
stitutions of  Caiolma.  Cousideraiions  such  as  these 
are  calculated  lo  increase  at  once  our  charily  for  man- 
kind, and  our  abhorrence  of  that  insidious  and  fonid 
dable  eMl  which  has  so  siL.'naliy  liatHctI  the  penelratiuii 
of  the  wise,  and  Iriumphed  over  the  beiielicenco  ol 
the  humane. 

It  IS  in  those  colonial  plantations  where  the  residence 
of  llie  free  inhabitants  is  merely  temporary,  that  slavery 
exhibits  Its  worst  features,  and  prod  ices  its  most  de- 
hasmtj  ellects,  Wlierevr  a  respectable  station.iry  po- 
pulation of  freemen  exists,  a  resirdminy  principle  arises 
to  control  and  ipialifv  lliose  evil  confeipiences.  The 
har.-'hcr  slave  law.-*   have  heen  loni»   since   repeated  m 


the  imilalive   character  of  cliiUlren   lormcd  amidst  il« 

continual  displ.iv.      The  female  .slaves   lose  alike  thi- 

virtues  and  the  riolits  of  women,  and   introduce    iiilo 

rural  life  the  worst  vices  and  most   dangerous  tenipia- 

tions  of  pinlli;.'ale    cities.      Kvery  description  of  work 

that  IS  coinmitied   to  the   slaves  is   performed  wilh  as 

much  iicirlect  ami  mduleiice  as  they  dare  to   mdulije, 

and  IS  so  degraded  in  conmion  estimation,  thai  the  |ioor- 
and  Ihe  facility  of  L;aimnL;  by  nidiistry  a  inodiTate  com-  j  est  treeman  disdains  to  perform  it  except  when   he  is 

petence  and  a  re.>^pei'ta!-'e  -lake  ni  society.     The  con*  j  workiiiL!  Ittr  himself      A.s  the  mimliers  of  the  si  a  ve.'^  are  j  Viri^mia,  and  the  Irealmenl  of  the   slaves  in  this  pro- 
vuls  who  were  tr.insported  to  the  colony,  tnidiiii'  none  ,  multiplied,  the  industry  of  the  free  is  ilius  depressed  |  vince  has  lonj;  heen    noted    for   comparative  mildness. 

by  the  extension  of  slave  labor,  and   the  sately  ul  the  |  An  l!ni;lishman  who  should  suppose  that  humanity  and 

slate  Is  eiulaii;:ered  by  the  slreiioth  of  a  body  of  inter-    delicacy  could   not  exist  m  u   piovmce  where  sluvery 

ual  enemies  ready  lo  conspire  against  its  ir.iiiipu.hty  or  |  prevailed,  would   cominit   as  yreat  a  practical  error  as 

join  Its  hrst  mvatler  t     Ttie  iinmber  of  the  slaves  and  [  an  American   who  Nhould  maintam  the  mctnnpatdpihty 

^dadi.ilors  coiitrilHiU'd  lo   the  downfall  of  Rome;   and       *     '  -  .     . 

indeed,  every  body  politic,  compounded  of  parts  ho  he- 

teioi<^'neous  as  truemen  and  slaves,  plainly  contains 
try  and  economy  were  reroinmended  by  prizes  bo'h  i  within  itself  a  principle  of  destniclion.  .Such  a  luix- 
jjrealer  and  neaier  than  any  other  country  has  ever  pre-  '  tore  tends  ali.o  to  pervert  and  confound  the  moral  seii- 
seiited.  Labor  was  so  vabial>|e.  and  land  so  clica[i.  ,  tiinetils  of  all  manknul.  and  to  de^'rade  the  value  of 
that  a  very  h-w  years  of  industry  could  promote  the  \  those  free  institutions  which  are  seen  to  form  a  canopy 
laborer  lo  the  rank  of  a  propnetnr  ;*  lunie  ueedid  to  I  fer  ihe  shelter  of  domestic  Ivrannv,  to  mock  one  por- 
despair  of  a  ccnnpetence  ;  and  none  found  it  practica-  ;  fion  of  the  people  with  suoh  iiberty  and  dignity  as  jail- 
hle  lo  amass  enormous  wealth.  Tod.  no  loiiiier  the  '  ors  enjoy,  and  to  load  all  the  real  with  sucti  ft'ltera  as 
bailee  ot  hopeless  poverty,  was  respected   as  the  cer-    otilv  felons  should  wear. 

tain  passport  to  independence;  nor  was  tiicre  a:iKMi<r  j  Si'cli  lon^  coiiseLjucnces  have  cnill  and  injustice  1 
ihe  tree  population  any  distinction  of  rank  which  -.ndus-  I  The  t^rst  introduction  of  slavery  into  a  country  plant.-* 
try  and  virtue  were  unable  to  surmount.  A  constant  i  an  evil  of  which  the  lull  mischief  is  not  felt  till  m  an 
ai.d  iLjeneral  prooression,  etl'ecled  without  scramble  or  !  alter  a^c,  when  il  lias  attained  such  an  extent  that  its 
peril.  j:ave  a  ipnet  alacrity  lo  life;  and  fellow-tee!- |  ejirr^alMn  bcjomes  almost  nnpossihle.  This  conside- 
i»  i;  was  not  obstructed,  nor  insolence  and  servdily  j  ration,  while  il  increases  our  uhhorrence  ul  a  sysiein 
eniiendered,  hy  numerous  mstances  of  a  wide  incipiahty  |  so  fiuuglu  with  cvd  and  dauner.  abates  the  severily  of 
of  eondilion  ,    they  were  and  are  undoiiiitedly  a  happy  ■  cur  ceiisiit.?  o'l  iho-^e  to  whom  the  system  already  ma- 

tmcd  bv  loiii*;  endurance  has  unfortutiately  di  sceiided 

And  even  with  re;;ard  to  the  race  wiio  tirsl  introduced 

It,  we   sh.ll'   TvH   fulhl  the  duty   o(  fellow-men.  it  we 

uiiut  to  cons.der  the    apologies  which   prol)ably  misled 

llieir  understand'nos,   and   veiled    from  their   view   the 

wickedness  they  committed  and  the  misery  thi-y  intro- 
duced.    The  nc|jroes  thai  were  first  broujjht  to  \  ir^i- 

nia  were  enslaved  before  they  came  there,  and  by   llie 


pt'Ople        Iiul    h.'nv    happy   had    tiny   been,    had    tliey  ' 
rii^lnly  known  llieir  happiness  ;  had  they  imbibed  witi. 
the  KWtelness  of  then  lot,  the  spirit  oi  Us  author,  and  j 
in  the  abmK..incc  of  his  ^roodncss  recoontbod  the  extent  I 
of  his  claims  !  | 

Two  causes  have  contributed  in  this  and  others  of' 
the  American  provinci's.  to  impede  the  operation  uiitt 
nhr;di;e  the  inlluence  of  circumstances  so  ta\orable  to 
happiness  and  virtue,  i^  these,  hv  far  the  mosl  im-  ' 
portant  is  the  institniion  of  domestic  slavery  ;  an  insti- 
tution Irauolit  wi'h  incalculable  evil  to  the  morals,  man- 
ners, and  lejiciiy  of  every  counlry  into  which  it  has 
gained  ailmisston.  Tlie  slaves  iire  ii'duced  lo  a  .state 
of  miserv  and  dejrrailatioii  ;  to  a  state  whu-li  has  al- 
ways bfi'ii  lonnd  so  destructive  ;i)  virtue,  that  in  many 
lanj»uat;es  a  slave  and  a  thief  arc  ex|iressed  by  the 
same  word.  The  masters  are  pisily  loaiicd  with  the 
ffiiill  of  all  the  wreii'hedness  and  worthlessiicss  which 
that  state  mcviiably  infers  ;  every  mind  is  lainted  with 
the  evil  winch  il  enoender.<i  Hiid  displays,  and  sustains 
ail  abaiement  either  of  liHppJness  or  virtue.  Kverv 
master  of  a  slave,  whether  he  term  himself  citizen  i)r  i  sn  vaiions  on  tlie  slavepopnliition  in  Uns  province,  "whenl 

.u.,..r,,  ,s  a  ,„o,u.r,.h  ..,„l.,w...i  vv,M,  ,„ore  "".-onuoUnl  |  [;;;;-> ,;|--;;;;;|,'M;.»u^.i.a.  I^;;^ju^^ 

auiliority  than  any  8.ivereii»n  in  huropo  enjoys  ;  and  ,  f,Mi.!nn.in  .>t  ilie  wheel  ut  lorlmie,  aneichauKeoi  suinilionis 
every  countrv  where  slavery  is  admitted,  whether  it  i  amoui;  iiu>sit.ii' cvfiu.s;  that  it  may  heroine  (iruliahie  hysnper- 
calU  Itself  k-nmiom  or  rei.ubhc,  is  a  Cinmtrv  subicct  to  .  "^*'"^'l  u.i.  inrciue'  Tiio  Ahnmhiy  has  no  attrilmte  wliicli 
.1        ,  "f.  '      V-  I  ti        I     .    I  can  take  si'le  with  iisiii  such  a  roiUesl.  '     Notes  on  \ir(,Mma, 

ttie  (lommii.o  ot  tyrants.  Aay.  the  more  liberal  its  |  ^^  i;^  seneca  lel.Ues  ili,it  it  wiis  once  pnnM.so.l  at  Home  to 
political  constitution,  the  more  severe  in  general  is  its  '■  diMrmmiaie  ihe  slave.<  hv  n  (HTuliar  hahU  ;  tmt  U  was  jnsitv 
system    of    domestic    tyranny;  for   tVoui    the   ilavs  of  ■  «lM'r«*luMiilc.t  that  there  iniahi  h.i  some  .lan^^^^^^^^ 

•  "  I  reiiu'riilier  t  lie  time  wlitil  ti\  e  I'oun.l  wi-^  ielt  l'\  ;u  h  ili- 
tlhlo  It-slatortnthe  poorol  ihepr.ii'ili  tie  iue-l  m,aii  I  li  lav  imie 
years  helore  tin-  i-xecutorscoiil  i  liixloiiM  po.iri'iioiiijii  in  lie  eiill- 
lltMllo  aiiv  part  ot  tins  iei.icy ;  ant  :■!  I,<v(  it  w;is  itil  uivun  lo 
oneoM  wuhmh.  So  that  tlii^  a  ay  in  truth  h«<  tenm^il  Die  hcsl 
puur  iiiui'^cuuntryiiUhe  woild  '    Ueverley, II. iv.  p.  3tf. 


of  the  same  (piilities  wilh  those  spectacles  of  vice  and 
misery  t  xluhiled  in  the  ^m-at  towns  and  public  placea 
uf  Knolund.  In  both  countries,  doubtless,  hmnaii  cha- 
racter is  evil  atl'ecii'd  by  the  contemplation  of  evil  , 
hill  m  both,  the  taint  is  ubstrncted  by  delusions  thil 
di.s>,'uise.  by  humanity  that  deplores,  or  by  virtue  that 
labors  lo  imtioale  ami  linatly  elface  the  evil. 

The  other  cause  to  whicti  I  have  alluded,  as  hayiuij 
exercised  an  nntavorahle  intluence  on  the  prosperity  ol 
VirLtinia,  is  the  inordinate  eulliyalion  of  tobacco  .V.s 
loiii»  as  Viri,Mma  ami  Maryland  were  the  only  provinces 
oi  .North  .Vmerica  where  this  commodity  was  produced, 
their  inhabitants  devoted  theinsilves  almost  tixctusivelv 
lo  a  culture  which  is  attended  with  much  mconvenicnco 
to  ihost;  eni;aoi'd  in  it,  and  no  small  tlisadyanta>.'e  lo 
ihcir  country  evin  when  moiK-ratelv  pursued  It  rc> 
.piircs  unusually  fatiuMim^;  lalior  from  the  enllivators, 
ami  exhausts  the  fertility  of  the  soil  .  and  as  little 
food  of  any  kind  is  raised  on  the  tobacco  plantalions, 
the  men  ami  cattle  em[.loyed  on  ihem  are  liailly  ted, 
I  and  the  .sod  fzradiially  iinpoverishcd.  This  evil  cou- 
{  liiiued  lon<;  to  be  tell  in  V  iiomia  ;  but  has  been  di- 
nnnushcd  hy  tlie  introdiicium  into  the  m.irkets  of  llu- 
ropc  of  the  touacco  produce  of  territories  more  reeenlW 
cultivated. 


•  An  lUiislra'aon  of  tins  reinaik  mav,  perhaps,  tic  derived 
(r»>iii  the  a|lolo^■^llc  tlieory  which  philo-iophical  .iiaw  owm-is 
hiUe  inlroiliieed  mm  the  worlil.  that  the  iiet;roes  are  a  sepa- 
i.t'.e  and  iiiteiior  Mce  lU  iiirii -a  iioiuni  hy  whuh  the  dtLjr.iila- 
ti.Mi  thai  iiieii  iiillic:  on  their  lellovvs  h>  redm  ititf  liieui  to  the 
level  ot  the  hrutecre.Uioii,  IS  i  liiriie.l  .m  Him  who  inadn  man 
111  llie  iniai;i'ol  liie  tJodhead,  and  wtiose  w.ird  assures  us  tti.U 
lie  |:i<liiLiiied  all  souls  nlikc.  In'ere?<t  and  prids  harden  the 
hearl  ;  the  lU'ceitluliicss  ol  the  iieail  perwrts  liieuiulerstand- 
liiii  ;  and  men  find  il  at  ree.ilile  lo  consider  those  as  hiiites 
wli.Mi'hev  Ihmk  11  coiu-enieiit  totreatas  such.  Tiio  ht'st 
leliit  Uion  ol  this  ttieorv  Ihal  I  have  ever  seen  is  the  produc- 
1 1011  til  an  .\iiierican  w  filer.  It  oc.iirs  m  [>r.  S.  Smith's  mler- 
I  siiiiti  "  I-:>sav  on  the  causes  ol  the  variety  oliigure  and  cam- 
ph-\ion  in  the  liuinan  species." 

t  "  t  tieniiiU-  lor  my  country,"  says  .Mr.  JelVerson,  in  hi.t  oti 


wilhlheirownmimtKTs.  This  mtorination  iseonveyed  lo 
llieiie-ioes  i.y  their  color;  and  this  col-. r  lieina  always  a  mirk 
til  conii-iiii't,  even  Ihose  nenroes  whoheeonie  tree  in  conn- 
tin-s  where  their  .ace  is  Kinerallv  eii-Unod,  eonlliou'  -iH:cd 
holh  hv  Ihe  iMOht  inilatlim  teelmcs  and  hy  tin  syini...'h\  Ihi'v 
must  iMiteitam  lor  menot  the  s  one  complexi'il,  wilh  ai'  IIiosl' 
vvlio  ruinain  in  a  utatu  ul  boiida;;c. 


HOOK    II. 

TiiK  m:\v  kmji.and  statks 

<:HAI»TI;u  I. 

Attempt.i  of  the  Plymouth  Conipanv  In  colonize  the  Northern 
i.'oasts  ol  America  Popliioii  e.^t,il'li.-.|u's  a  eolony  al  Furl 
S;iiiil  Ceorwe— Snlleiuiiis  and  KtMurn  ot  llie  Loioninli*— 
CaplainSiiiitli's  Voviiiie  itnd  Survey  oltlie  I'ouiilry  — w  hlch 
is  n-oiied  New  KiiHland— Mis  inellectiial  Allciipt  to  eon- 
duct  at'oloiiv  lliithiT— The  Conipanv  relin.[ni.ih  Ihe  Ursntii 
of  coloni;.iii-4  New  Kiik'tand- llislorv  and  I  haracler  ol  tho 
Puiilana -111-.!'  iit  the  Hiowiii>*Ih  or  liidepeiidtMiIs  — A  t'on- 
Kieiialiun  ot  IndepeiideiUs  retire  tt>  Holland— they  resoleo 
to  settle  in  America— their  iiei;utl.il|on  with  Kinif  James— 
they  arrive  in  Ma.-<sacliu.setts— ;iiid  lound  New  PIvmoulh— 
ll.irdshiiis—aiid  Virtue  o(  ihe  ("■)loniHts  -'I'lieir  nvil  hisii- 
luliims-Connnumty  ol  Property- Increase  ot  civil  jiud 
ecclesiastical  Tyrainiy  in  Ennland  -Project  of  a  new  t 'olony 
In  Massadnisetis— Sjileni  huilt— Charter  ol  .Ma»s;i-lnisetl!i 
H.iV  ohtanied  from  ('harlen  the  First  hv  an  A.ssocirIkiii  of 
Puritans— Kmharkatioii  ol  \\u\  KmiKranls— Arrival  al  Saleiii 
-Their  Consiiiiuion  m  I'liurch  and  State— Two  Person* 
hanisle-ii  from  Ihe  Colony  lor  Schism— Inlulerance  of  soma 
of  the  Puritan!!. 

f  lliOB  ]  Whkn  Jiitues  the  First  pave  bis  sanction 
to  the  project  of  coloin/.iiii;  the  vast  div-tnct  of  i\\)rtli 
.\inerica  which  was  i-omprehended  al  that  lime  un- 
der the  name  of  Viruima.  he  made   a  purttlion  of  (hi) 

•  The  treatment  of -da7t'^  at  Home,  latierlv  dtsiincuisheil 
hy  the  most  iMioriiious  cruelly,  w,is  orntmally  kind  and  hu 
niaiie.    Plutarcti.    l.tlu  uf  Coriolamuit 


-T' 


234 


THE   HISTORY   OP 


Mi 


!:!! 


II! 


I' 


ttrrritnrv  belwren  two  tru'liiii;  ou(iip:inieH,  ami  esU- 
blislicd  liir  n^siilcncc  of  llie  mir  at  Luntlun,  nml  nf  tht! 
other  at  IMymouth.  If  tlu>  uUjerl  of  iIiih  piiriittori  w<ih 
to  ilinitiiinh  ihn  iru'onvt'tiii'iice  uf  nioiioi>olv,  niitl  ilif 
fiiMi'  ilio  lirnetit  of  culoiiuti  rrlulioiis  iiioru  cxlfMisivt'ty 
in  Kn;,'l.ii»i,  iho  inriins  vvt-re  very  ill  luLijitcil  to  tluv 
Ctrl.  conHcqupntly.  the  t;tl'cct  was  far  from  rorrt'^iiond- : 
ini;  with  the  dtMinn.  'I'ho  resources  of  tltr  adveiiUi-, 
rem  who  had  already  prepared  to  iindert.tke  rolonial 
projects  were  divided  t>o  uiiei^iially.  and  yel  so  inncli  lo| 
ttio  disidvdtil3i!c  uf  all  parties,  ihut  (he  more  povvi-rfiil 
coinpaiiy  fontid  iu  vi^or  and  Hiirceits  ronsult-nibly 
■hridi;ed,  while  the  weaker,  witlioul  aliihty  lo  ellet'l 
the  purpose  uf  its  astiociatioii,  ntiiiiied  only  the  privi- 
lege of  deharrinij  others  from  altempliiii^  it.  We  li^ive 
seen  that  (he  southern  eoluny,  ihoiitrh  promoted  hy  a 
rompanv  wliieli  reckoned  anions  Uh  inemlM  rs  ooiiie  ol 
the  ruhest  and  ino!!>t  powerful  ini-n  in  tlie  slate,  and 
c-Tjjoved  liie  advantaiie  of  tieuiij  Kitiia'ed  in  the  place 
which  (hen  alisorlied  almost  all  the  coinmeicial  weallli 
Qnd  activity  ot  Kni;laiid.  was  yel  i  iiahled.  with  all  these 
liUvaTita|;en.  to  make  hut  slow  anil  laiiorious  advances 
l»  a  secure  e«tahli>hmeiu.  The  Plwuoulh  company 
posse.-*Miij;  much  narrower  resources,  ami  a  very  infe- 
riur  ttituatiun,  ltd  etforts  were  propurliuhally  feehle  and 
unavttilin<;, 

The  most  einltient  members  of  the  Plynioulli  coni- 
pmy  were  Sir  John  rophain.  Chief  Justice  of  Kiiiilaiid, 
Kir  rerdinando  (ior*:ei'.  the  (Jo\ernor  of  IMymouth  furl, 
and  Sir  John  (iilhert.  the  nephew  of  the  first  patentee, 
and  leader  of  emiirranls  lo  America.  Animated  hy 
the  zeal  of  (hene  men.  and  especially  of  I'opliain,  who 
assumed  the  principal  direction  ot  their  iiroceidiiiL'^i 
the  Plymouth  company  very  early  despatched  a  small 
vessel  to  inspect  their  territories;  bul  had  «oon  the 
inorliiicalion  of  ]eurnin<;  thai  it  had  been  nt(ackcd  and 
eaptured  bv  the  S|iaiiiard».  who  still  pretended  a  ri^hl 
lu  exclude  every  oilier  people  from  llie  iiaMijaTion  u\ 
the  American  seas.  'I'he  chief  jiii<tic(!  and  his  friend.^, 
however,  were  loo  nincli  bent  on  (he  prosecution  of 
then  purpose  to  be  discoura^'ed  by  this  disaster.  At 
his  ovMi  expense,  Pophain  ipnckly  despatched  another 
Vessel  tu  resume  ibe  survty;  and  ba\inu  ricdved  a 
favorable  report  of  ihe  uppiarances  of  the  country,  he 
availed  himself  of  the  iiiU  lli;;encc  to  raise  a  Miltiiunt 
HUpplv  of  men  and  money  lor  the  formalion  of  a  colo- 
ny. [1GU7.J  I'lider  (lie  commaiid  ol  Ins  brother.  Henry 
Po|iham.  and  of  Uate^^ll  (nlliert.  brother  of  Sir  John. 
two  vessels  freighted  with  a  hundred  emigrants  pro 
needed  to  ihe  terril<)ry  of  what  **as  6till  called  Noriliern 
Virj^inta.  and  landing  in  autnum,  thry  took  nossession 
of  a  juece  of  ground  near  the  river  Sa^ahailoc,  where 
ihcy  bmli  Port  Saint  (ieorj^o  The  district  wliere  they 
csi.\hhshed  tln'lll^elves  was  rocky  arui  barren,  ami  (heir 
pro\  isions  so  scanty,  ihat  (hey  were  obli*:ed,  soon  after 
their  arrival,  to  k  nd  back  alt  but  furty-li\e  of  iheirown 
nundier.  Tlie  winter  proved  extremely  severe,  and 
confiii'd  this  small  remnant  to  their  miserable  dwt  llin<.r, 
and  a  hilptess  ;oiiteiii|Jatiun  of  the  dreary  waste  ihat 
snrro'Midcd  Ukm;.  Uisi  ase.  (he  otlsprinfr  of  famine  and 
hardship,  ani^meited  (he  general  ^luom  ;  and,  before 
the  return  of  Spring,  he\Lral  of  ilicir  iiiiniber,  and 
ainon[r  ollurs  ihetr  pr<>bident,  Henry  IV'phani,  had  sunk 
into  the  urave.  Willi  the  sprini.'  arrived  a  \essel  wilh 
supplies  from  Kn^jland,  but  the  ii.teliiiiente  thai  a'-com- 
patiied  these  .-supplies  n.ore  liiaii  counlerl)alancid  the 
fcalisfiiction  thi-v  allurded  ;  fur  the  culoiii.>ls  were  now 
infoiimd  oi  the  ihalhs  of  Chiif  Justice  Popham  and 
Sir  John  (iilberl,  the  most  povserful  of  their  patrons, 
and  most  active  of  their  benefactors.  Their  resolution 
WHS  coinpletelv  vani]ui>bid  by  so  many  ml^f>•^tunes  ; 
and  sit  rxclaimiiif.'  against  loiitrer  contmnance  ni  scenes 
t>o  di.snial.  thov  hirsook  Uie  settlement  and  returned  lo 
Kiiiilaiid.  [lUOS.J  which  they  filh  d  with  the  most  dis- 
heartening accounts  uf  the  soil  and  climate  ol  .Northern 
V'iri:niia.  'i'he  American  historians  are  caiefid  lo  noie 
thai  this  disastrous  expedition  ori<.Miiattd  with  the 
judi;e  who  three  years  before  had  presided,  with  the 
most  Kcanddlouii  injustice,  at  the  trial  of  Ualeigh, 
and  condemned  to  an  infamous  death,  (he  man  (o 
wlioin  Kngiand  and  America  had  been  so  highly  in- 
debted ♦ 

The  frustration  of  this  er.lerprise.  and  the  evil  report 

•  (till*  Ariieriraii  wrilrr,  huwever,  hatt  tip^ii  hetraxpil  \,y 
carelirssiiesH  into  nn  otjitervaunn  at  very  (lifliTcnt,  iliat  tiu  r«.- 

f>r<>S('nts  Italeuili  as  one  of  (htM^DiinnnndiTKiif  (his  iiii!iitrri"^<.'. 
ai  ( ipc'litl'in.  .Marshall's  l.lfe  of  Wasliiniftoii,  \  ol.  i.  p.  T.I. 
Tins  writer  has  inislaketi  ll!ili,i(»lt  fiilliert  lor  l«ii|!CJ-Mms.  Sir 
Waller  wa.s  ni  Ihis  iirnc  aiinsninT  m  the  Tiswer.  umler  sen- 
teiire  of  <l(>ath.  I  have  inurt'ilian  ntice  hud  occasion  to  notice 
inaicuinrtcs  oceurrmn  in  the  lirsl  volume  of  Marshall's  (aic 
of  Waslnnutori ;  a  volmiie  wtiirti  all  who  have  ri-a<l  (tiL-oth«Ts 
naisl  rc^rrct  lliat  ho  ever  [Uihlished.  Ii  haBifreativ  otisirucieJ 
tne  popularity  uf  a  moat  cxceUent  and  interesilDK  work. 


that  w  is  raised  ai^ainsl  the  land,  deterred  tho  euinpaiiyj 
for  Nome  time  from  anv  Innlier  attempt  to  erect  a  sellle-  j 
rnent  1 1  Notlhern  Viru'Uiia,  and  produced  an  impression 
on  the  iiiinds  of  the  people  \erv  nnhtvorable  to  tm\- 
oratmii  lo  thit  territory.  l''or  sever.d  ye-trs,  llic  adven- 
tures of  (he  company  were  conlliied  to  a  few  lishmtr 
voyages  to  (.\ipe  Cod,  and  a  (ratlic  in  peltry  and  oil 
with  the  natives.  At  leuj^th  their  prospects  were 
cheered  by  a  i^lcani  of  belter  foilunc  ;  and  tho  intro- 
duction of  Cjplain  Sniiili  into  their  service  seemed  to 
betoken  more  vigorous  and  successful  enterprise.  Sir 
Kerdmamlo  (iorL<es,  and  some  odier  h-adniL;  members 
of  Ihe  Ply  mouth  (.'onipany,  justly  appreciatmir  ijic 
merit  of  (his  extraordinary  man,  inailt?  Iia.ile  to  appro- 
priate his  valitable  sirvices.  which  (he  Virginia  t.'oni- 
pany  li.id  so  ntkvvorlhily  nei^dected  [H'llt]  Six  years 
after  the  return  of  llie  settlers  at  Saifaliadoc,  (wo  ves- 
sels weri'  despatched,  umier  the  conimaiul  of  Captain 
Sniilh  and  Caplain  Hunt,  on  a  voyaL;e  of  trade  uiuP 
discovery  to  the  cornpaiiy>  t<rrit(>'-'es.  Sinilh,  havinj^ 
concluded  ins  tratl'ic  with  the  natives,  lift  his  crew  en- 
<;a;>eil  in  hshiiiit  on  the  coant,  and,  accompanied  hy  only 
etoht  men,  travelled  into  the  interior  of  the  cfMiutry. 
surveyed  its  condilion,  explored  with  jjreat  care  and 
diliifeiice  the  whole  coast,  fr.itn  < 'ape  ('od  lu  Penob- 
scot, and  composed  n  m.ip.  in  which  its  appearance 
was  accurately  delineated.  On  his  return  to  Knohind, 
he  pri'senled  Ins  map.  with  an  acconnl  of  his  travels 
and  observations,  to  i'rince  Charles,  who  was  so 
much  pleasdl  with  tho  country,  that  he  bestowed  on 
It  the  name  of  .New  Kngland,  which  it  haii  ever  since 
retained. 

The  success  of  Captain  Smilh's  voya^^,  B';d  the 
favorable  acconiils  thai  be  pave  of  (he  country,  thon^di 
they  contnhuled  not  a  litHe  to  slimnlale  the  vi<for  ot 
couiinercial  adventure,  conhl  not  overcrune  the  general 
aversion  to  a  pcrinaneiil  settlement  in  the  terrilorv. 
v\hich  the  niish>rtiines  uf  the  hrsi  colonists  had  creal<  d 
III  Mn^land,  and  \\hicti  was  appomltd  to  preserve  thtit 
<'oriier  of  (he  .Mmi^hly's  creation  fur  (he  mhalMlatiori 
|Of  the  most  lailhlul  and  i)ppressed  of  his  petiple.  Tlie 
tmpetliinents  to  a  cojoinal  estahlishnient  in  New  I!n;!- 
lai.d  were  greatly  n.criastd  bv  the  conduct  of  lliuit, 
wlio  had  been  as>ocialed  wiih  Siiiitli  in  the  late  voyam'. 
This  sordid  and  protli;_Mte  man,  un\Mllin^  that  the  hene- 
lit  of  the  existing  narrow  trallic  with  the  company's 
territories,  which  was  excbisivelv  shared  bv  himself  and 
a  ifw  olbers  who  were  aware  of  its  ad^anta^'es,  should 
be  more  ijeiuraitv  diiTused  by  the  tormalion  of  a  colony, 
resolved  to  deh  at  the  desijiii  by  embroilinj;  his  coiin- 
tryincn  with  the  natives;  and  fur  this  purpose,  having 
enticed  a  iimnher  of  iliese  people  on  board  Ins  ship,  he 
set  sad  with  them  for  Mata^ra,  where  he  had  been 
ordered  to  (oueli  on  his  homeward  voyaj^'e.  ai.d  sold 
them  for  slaves  lo  Ihe  Spaniards.  The  cumpanv,  in- 
di^iianl  at  his  wickedness,  mstuntly  dl.^mlssed  him  from 
their  service  ;  lutt  the  mischief  was  done,  and  ihe  next 
vessel  that  returned  fioni  New  Kn^dand  brouy;hl  intelli- 
tfcnce  of  ibe  vmdiclive  tiostihtn  s  of  iho  sava^'es.  Cii- 
diiiiiiayed  hy  all  these  ditHcuUies  and  dan^irs,  Smith 
det(  rmined  to  make  an  etU'rl  for  the  colonization  of  the 
northern  territory  ;  and  having;  infused  his  own  rcsohile 
hope  and  conriioe  into  some  of  the  Iea<lin^  patentees, 
he  was  enabled,  hy  ilieir  assistance,  to  equip  a  small 
squadron,  f  Itiir),]  and  set  sad  at  the  head  of  n  hody  of 
emi;;rant8  lor  New  Kni*land.  'I'hns  far  could  energy 
prevail ;  but  m  a  stru|:^te  with  Ulo,  farther  advance- 
ment was  impracticable;  and  (■apium  Smith,  havmo 
now  accomph'^hcd  all  that  man  could  do,  was  destined 
lo  experience  that  all  was  iinavaihiijj.  The  voyage 
wa.i  one  iininterrupled  scene  of  disaster.  After  en- 
counlermy  a  violent  tempest,  hy  which  the  vessels  had 
n<  arly  perished.  .Smith  found  his  authority  invaded  by 
ihe  mutinous  tltsposiiion  of  ins  crew  ;  and  in  ihis  silua- 
iKjn  be  lell  an  easy  prev  to  a  squadron  of  French 
i  pirates,  who  confiscated  bis  ships,  and  detained  linn 
lonjj  in  captivity.  It  was  happy  for  biinself  and  tor 
mankind  that  he  lived  to  return  to  bis  country,  and 
write  ihe  history  uf  his  travels,  instead  of  reaching  New 
Knt'laiid  ;  where  bis  blood  woidd  proliahiy  have  stained 
the  I'jiul  which  his  talent  and  virliie  had  eonlrihuted  to 
illustrate.  [lOP)  J  Several  years  afterwards,  the  com- 
pany havinir  discovend  that  an  Indian  named  Sifuanto, 
one  of  the  per^mis  whom  limit  had  kidnapped,  had 
exraped  from  (he  .Spaniards,  and  tumid  h  s  way  to 
iJntain,  acquitted  themselves  to  his  satisfaction  of  (he 
injury  be  liad  suirered,  loailed  him  will)  kindness,  and 
sent  him  back  to  New  1  ji;:lauit,  aloii>;  with  a  small 
i^X)tedition  commanded  by  one  iMrtner,  who  was  in- 
slrncied  to  avail  lnm-.elf  ol  .Sqnanto's  as-i>larice  m  re- 
gaining the  friendship  uf  llie  Indians,  itul  aUlioni;h 
Squaiito  carncfftly  endeavored  to  conciliate  the  tniiids 


nf  hia  ruiinlrynicn,  end  aNAiircd  them  thai  Hunt** 
treachery  had  been  reprobated  and  )iniiislied  n  I'hig* 
land,  (hey  refused  (o  he  pncitied,  and  walelim<j  a  favor* 
able  opportunity,  attacked  and  danijeronsly  wounded 
Dormer  and  iiniiiv  of  his  party,  who,  esCI|pn)^  wiih  ilif- 
liculty  from  the  hoslile  return,  hit  Stpuinio  behind  to 
enfoFie  at  more  leisure  ami  with  bi  tier  succi  ss  Ins 
topics  of  apolo>jy  ami  concilialion  iJifLinsted  by  so 
many  disuppomlmeiits.  (he  company  laid  aside  all  far- 
ther tliou^diis  of  eslahlishni;/  colonies  ni  New  IJi^land. 
.\ri  iiisi|^rnilicant  trallic  boundi  d  their  own  adw-ntnri  s  ; 
Jiid  (hey  made  no  other  exiriine  of  their  domuiiuii 
over  (he  territory  than  hy  disposing  of  small  portion:^  uf 
the  mjriheni  quarter  ul  it  to  private  adventurer^,  who 
occupied  Ihem  in  summer  as  intTcanttle  lactones  <ir 
victualling  stations  for  llu^  Ubes  uf  veasels  resorting 
diere  for  Irade. 

We  hive  suliicient  assurance  that  the  eonrsp  of  ihia 
world  is  not  j»uveriied  by  chance  ;  and  t'l-.l  Ihe  >eriert 
o\  events  is  regulated  by  itiviue  urdiiiance,  ami  ad  iptiMl 
to  wi-e  lhoni;h  often  inscrutable  purposes  As  il  could 
not  (hen  he  without  desiun,  su  it  seem»  lo  hive  been 
h>r  no  comnioii  object  that  discouililnre  was  thus  en- 
tailed en  the  counsels  of  princes,  the  selieuics  ut  (Iip 
wise,  and  the  ed'orts  (d  Ihe  btave.  il  was  hir  no  ordi- 
nary peiqili!  that  Ihe  land  was  reserved,  and  of  no  conv- 
mon  ipndilies  or  vuloar  superiority  that  it  was  ordained 
to  be  the  prize.  New  Fnuland  was  (he  »lestined 
asylutn  of  oppressed  pielv  anil  liberty  of  conscieme; 
and  Its  roloinzalion,  deiiu  il  to  the  pretensions  ol  great- 
ness and  the  i-lIor,ts  of  iiii>>ht,  was  reserved  lor  men 
whom  the  ^real  and  mi^hlv  despised  for  (heir  littlenesH, 
overcome  trom  their  wnikrn'ss,  and  persecnled  hir  (heir 
inlegrily.  'J'he  recent  ^irowlli  of  (he  Virj:iniaii  colony, 
and  the  repeated  attempts  to  form  a  settlement  in  .\ew 
Kn^land,  iiHlurallv  turmd  to  this  quarter  the  eves  u( 
men  who  felt  little  reluctance  lo  iors.ike  a  country 
where,  hir  conscience's  sike,  they  had  already  imiined 
the  loss  of  all  things;  whcni  persecution  luid  loitilied 
to  the  endurance  of  hardshqi,  and  piety  bail  tanuhi  to 
dt  ^jpise  It.  It  was  at  thi.t  juncture  aeci>idm^lv,  th.it 
the  project  of  eoloni/.iiifj  New  lingljud  \\;is  iinderukrn 
hy  the  puritans  ;  a  bmlv  (d  men  ul  whose  rise,  s<  nil- 
iiients,  and  previous  history,  it  is  proper  that  we  In  lo 
subjoin  some  accumit. 

Of  uU  the  national  churches  of  Kurope,  which  at  llie 
era  of  the  iUddrmation  renounced  the  (luclnne  and  re- 
volted trom  the  dominion  ot  tne  setr  ut  Uome,  there 
was  none  in  which  the  urigm  ol  the  relt>rm  had  heeu  su 
discreditable,  or  the  mmiediaie  proceeding's  to  which 
It  gave  rise  so  unrtasonable  and  ineqnitahh;  as  Mie 
church  of  Pngland.  'I'his  arose  partly  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  iIh^  reform  in  this  church  having  origi- 
nated exclusivelv  with  the  temporal  niaoistrate."  and 
partly  from  tho  character  of  the  indivntual  hy  whom 
this  interposition  of  mugistenial  authority  was  einplowd. 
In  (he  I'alalinale,  in  Itraiulenhurgh,  llulland.  tieneva, 
and  Scotland,  where  the  relorm  proceeded  Iriun  tho 
general  conviction,  the  doctrine  and  con.ititution  ol  the 
national  churcii  etprresponded  with  the  religious  si  nti- 
nients  of  the  people,  'i'he  biblical  Christianity  lauijht 
bv  (>alvin  and  l<ulher  (vvith  varietits  ocrasioni  d  hy 
variety  of  human  weakness  and  iiirqnality  ot  atlain- 
inenl)  siip(;rseded  the  traditional  dtminas  i<l  the  ehnr<h 
of  Kume  ,  and  the  primitive  sinqilicitv  of  the  pn  ^tiyte- 
rian  admmislration  (with  smiiliar  varieties  of  smnlai 
origin)  supersi'ded  the  pompous  pageantry  o(  her  eccle- 
siastic.il  constitution.  In  iln^land,  (lie  rehirmatioii 
ongmadng  trom  a  very  ditbrent  smirce.  its  mstitntion.'t 
received  a  strong  Imcture  from  qualities  p'roporttoniilly 
ditlerent.  'i'he  same  haughty  and  imperious  dj.>po>i 
lion  that  had  piompted  Henry  the  i  Jijhih  to  alioli!-li  tho 
authority  of  ihe  church  ol  Rome  in  his  dominions,  regn- 
laled  all  Ins  proceedings  in  construciing  a  snliMiiute 
for  the  system  he  had  taken  iiway.  .Mteiied  by  a  crew 
of  servile  dependants  and  sortlid  nobles,  whom  he  t  n- 
nched  vvilh  the  spoils  ot  the  plundertd  moiia.tteries, 
and  by  a  compliant   llonsf!  uf  Commons,  whose  pro- 


*  It  lias  heen  asserteil  hv  a  host  uf  Kti^hsh  wriiers  that, 
(ivvniK  to  Una  interi«<>.iiion  of  the  lna^l>t^ate,  the  m\  asion  ot 
su^'jMised  righlii  aiulol.iMi^lieil  |)l>^^L'SMoh!»  thul  I'liMittl  tui 
the  Itt'lorniution  wus  eotKluilt'il  with  much  ^irater  sotjiitty 
and  equity  in  Kn(ilami  than  m  Sicdlaml.  The  very  ^^v^'r^e, 
appeara  to  niu  ajustt;r  proposition.  Henry's  rohherics  o|  ihu 
ticcloiasiicat  orilers  were  ili(>  iiinre  inequitalilc  in  proportion 
to  their  tlehlicrHlioM.  TlicSinteh  iMi|julacQiosem  tuinultnoiis 
mil.^'natuai  against  tht  iro|>prcssiiis.  Henry  trampled  on  lht> 
ili'ieiiceless,  nnil  arruve'l  lus  rapine  ni  Ihe  huleinn  ap|)att-l  ol 
in<:acts  ol  hiate.  'llie  csgilostoiis  of  popular  juslice  an.- 
utlf  DtlL'il  w'llh  a  niarki'il  violeiuf-,  ami  liave-  hut  a  short-lui  •! 
duration.  As  palprilile  devialionn  Ironi  the  urtlmury  line  ul 
human dcthiii, their itiHuL'iice docs  not  ath-ct  tjrneral  niora'iiy 
'I'he  actiliKi*  »<  tleKpotlsiii  covi-r  iheir  violence  wilhaKratP 
distiuisr;  and  HHtociaiiut;  iticm  with  piincipk-s  and  piectdtnii, 
ireiidur  tlitir  evil  lulahty  pennaneiit 


'-■'^^^m»mmmmmtm 


NOUTII  AM  r.H  ir.\. 


285 


tlicm   tliui   Hunt** 

il  |itii)islit'<l  ti  I'iiig- 
itl  \viit('liin<;  a  I'dvor* 
iiil^iTonsiy  WDuiitlnl 

),  ('n(M||i|j)i^r  V,HU  lllf- 

I  Si)iiaiiiii  l>t-liiiid  lu 
)m  tttr  Hiicrt  MS  Ills 
V  l)ir<i!ii)<lt'il  liy  fto 
riy  laid  aMtIo  ull  far- 
i  H  111  .\fw  iji^iUml, 
ir  lUMi  udwiiiurt  !•  ; 

<    Df   llll'ir    lliMllllllllM 

of  Miiatl  |i')rtiuiiA  (if 
iv  iKl^t-httircrfs,  x\tit> 
rtiiiitilc  t.uiiirMs  or 
ot  vi'».<4i'U  ri'Mirliti;^ 

at  l!ii'  rourno  of  ihis 

mid  I'l.tt  tin'  MTU  n 
ihaiici',  aiiil  jd  ijiU'd 
"jiust-s.  Ah  II  I'dulil 
!«rt'iMn  In  li'iVf  lu-t  n 
iililurr  w.it  itniK  iii- 
.  (lie  schni.rs  ol  lllf' 

It  M.1S  t'lir  nu  unli- 
rvid.  and  of  no  4-tni>- 
lliat  It  was  ordiiiiird 
I    was    the    ticsliiird 

ITfV    of   fOIIMCICIlt  t- ; 

jinicnMOiis  of  irrt'ut- 
as  rthirvi-d  for  iiu'ii 
d  for  tlicir  littlniiKH, 
I  piTscrtiti'd  for  llicir 
ill'  Virginian  rt)luiiy, 
a  st'lllnnt'iit  lit  New 
i  (jiiarlrr  l!if  eves  of 
I  lurHakt'  :i  counirv 
had  almiily  iiiciiiK'd 
scriitiDi)  liail  toilMii'il 
1  {Ht'ty  had  taught  ut 
IIT  atLHiuitHi'lv.  lll.il 
laud  v\aH  iilidrrmkri) 
ol  wlioce  riBf,  ^ttl■.l• 
|»ro|«'r  that  \\f  hf  ii; 

iMiropr,  wtiich  at  the 

the  ih)i')rini'  and  ru- 

MT  ot    Koiiic,  tht-ie 

ri  U)r!ii  had  hi-cii  so 

iriHTcdiii/s  to  whu  II 

1  iii<'i(iiilidilr  ds  'ht> 

partly    fmiii  Ihf  cir- 

( liunii  havii;;::  (in^i.- 

|ra]  iiiauisrruir,'  and 

indiMdual  hy  v\liuiii 

lOrilv  w.if  t'liiplou  il. 

1,  Holland,  (MMirxa, 

pri>i-r<-tl('(l  Iroiii  ihu 

I  ton.^litiitioii  ul  tlu! 

thi'  rflijjiovis  M  lUl- 

I  ('hriMli.iiitiv  laiiLiht 

s  ona^ioiiid  hy 

pialitv  ot  uttaiti- 

\,i>  \'\  llir  rtiiin  li 

■ii\  ol  (he  prt  sliylf- 

arii'Di!*  of  Miiidai 

aiitry  of  hrr  vn'\v- 

1,    tlir    ri'fortna'iDit 

inc,  it-i  iiiNtilutioi'.A 

itii-s  proportioiii.lly 

imprrums  di.*poM 

iL:hih  to  ahoh^li  ttu* 

IS  doMiinton^.  rii^ii- 

iii-Mhit  a  siihntiliitd 

\luiu-d  hy  a  inw 

hh'^.  \slioiii  he  tii- 

,l( nil  iiioiia.'«tt<rics, 

ions,  vvluisc  pro- 


fciitflish  urii(>rs  that, 
|ratc,  till'  iiivaMiiii  t>| 
iliat  t-nMii'il  iiri 
|(-h  ^icaliT  Noliiiity 
Tin;  very  fRM'rsf, 
Iry'H  ri>>ilii<riC!i  ol  lliu 
liiitulile  III  proportKiii 

IciMJCllltUlllllllHOIIM 

liiry  Iruiiipluii  on  ilii* 
Mtti'iiiii  u|i|iurt'l  III 
■  ipiikir  jii-'iiti'  ;ti); 
vrliut  a  >lit>r1-nv(<l 
:ir  ii[(luiar>  Inn  ul 
|i-l  t;<M)i-ral  iiiorii'iiy 
■HIT  with  a  ([ra**» 

lik'HIIIIll  {>IL'i'L>tltlilt, 


fcsdioii  of  faiih  vrrrrd  about  with  i-vcry  viirinlioii  of  the 
roval  criTd,  he  paid  no  rri^pcft  whatt-vcr,  in  the  in«ti- 
tnliorm  wliirh  ht'  siicrcnsivcly  c^tahhslnd,  to  tho  Kciiti- 
nipnt.n  of  the  Imdv  ol  tin-  prtiph'— a  portion  of  hm  fuh- 
iccts  to  vvlinm'  prlitioii^<  hr  oni'c  nnswf  red,  hy  a  puhlu* 
proi-Iaination,  that  ihi-y  were  "  hut  UtmIva  and  incxport 
fjik,"  and  nn  unlit  to  adviNi>  fiiin  an  hhnd  mm  wi-rc  lo 
judjfii  of  cohirs.  III!*  ohjcct  was  to  sidisiitulr  him-clf 
nnd  his  ^iicrrssorn  nu  heads  of  the  t-lnirch  in  phifc  of 
thr  pope  ;  and  for  ihr  inaintrnanrr  of  this  usurpi  d  do- 
intnuin.  hv  riUiinrd,  Iiolh  in  tho  crn'riionirs  of  wofMhip 
mill  the  cor.-slituiion  of  ihi'  nunnlry.  a  yrriit  dral  of  the 
inm-hincrv  vhuli  his  prrihTecttor  in  the  Riipmnacy  had 
found  umIuI.  'I'hf  iflu'iiicnro  of  his  rhamricr  de- 
trac-ti'd  Munewhal  from  the  policy  of  hi«  dovirrs,  and 
vcrv  mill  h  ahalid  thiir  pohlir  njiprrtranre  hy  that  r*how 
of  ijood  fai'li  and  Murerily  whieh  acrompanicd  all  his 
acliorifl.  and  whu'h  was  hul  (lie  nalural  result  of  smrn-i- 
and  vehenii'iit  si  hi>hi.rsi<.  and  an  uiidouhlin^' ronvic- 
tioii  of  tho  snpiTiorilv  of  Ins  undiTstaiidinj^  and  the  in- 
fallihihlv  of  his  juilj.'m»'iit.*  While  he  rigidly  denied 
the  riiilit  of  pri^aic  jud^nneiil  to  liin  suhjeels.  his  own 
inorduiate  excrriM'  of  this  ritfht  rontiniially  tempted 
thnn  lo  partake  the  sat.sfaction  il  peenii-rf  to  alford 
hiin  ;  and  the  fn'<|miit  vurialions  of  (he  rreeds  ht;  im- 
posed, at  oiire  exi  Hed  a  spirit  of  !«prriiintion  aKin  to 
Ins  own.  and  prarii<-allv  refuted  the  on!/  pretriu*'-  that 
rould  entitle  his  judiriiH  nt  to  ihe  imphrit  nsseiit  of  fal- 
hhli-  men.  Tlie  pope,  expressly  inaiiitnimnij  I'.iat  he 
rould  never  he  in  the  wroiiL',  was  dl^ahU'd  from  eorrert- 
ni;^  lioth  his  own  errors  and  tlmse  heipieaihed  lo  him  hy 
his  preih'fessors.  Henry,  merely  pretendini;  to  the 
pnvdejfe  of  helnj;  always  m  llie  ri(.'ht,  defrnled  this  pre- 
leiision  hy  the  varutv  and  meoiisistenrv  of  the  ereeils 
to  \^llteil  he  applied  U,  \Vlule  he  insisted  oii  retaiiiitiir 
niurh  of  llic  preuhar  doctrine  of  the  ehiireh  of  Home, 
he  attacked.  In  its  lufalhhdity.  a  doetrin"  not  only  hi^jhty 
iinport.iiit  in  itself,  hut  the  sole  sarietioii  nnd  foundation 
of  a  ^nal  uiativ  others,  NolwithstaiuliiiLMill  his  exer- 
tions, and  aid(  d  itideeil  hv  some  pirt  of  Ins  omii  con- 
duct, a  spirit  of  f'  Il  I. MLS  iiitpiiry  heu'an  lo  ari-^e  anioni» 
the  nniltilude  ol  pi.iicsors  wlio  hlindiv  or  inlerestediv 
had  foHowi  (1  liie  fortunes  and  the  variations  of  the  royal 
freed  :  .md  the  knowlcdL'e  of  divine  truth,  comhined 
with  an  ardent  nuard  for  simpheity  of  divuu;  worship 
orisnitr  Cirst  in  ||,(.  junhrr  elas.ses,  spread  downwards 
throutfh  the  Hueressive  j^rades  of  society  in  this  and  the 
followniu'  reigns.  'I'lie  administration  of  inipiiKiiortal 
oatti.s,  and  ttie  inthrtion  m  various  instances  of  decapi* 
talion,  tort^ire.  and  hurnm^,  for  the  crime  of  heresy 
durinjf  lldiry's  riiyn.  demonstrate  how  fully  he  had 
cinhraced  tlie  diaracter  as  well  as  the  prcieiisions  of 
the  Hoinish  see,+  and  how  inetleclually  he  had  lihored 
to  impose  his  own  helero^eneuus  creed  on  the  under- 
Bidnduiijs  of  his  suhjects.  K»en  in  his  hfelune.  the 
iiroteMaiit  doctrines  liad  spread  far  heyond  the  limitn  ()f 
his  own  creed,  and  in  their  ille^itMuale  exlenl  had 
made  niinierons  proselytes  m  Ins  court  and  kinjidom. 
The  propaiialioi)  of  lliem  was  aided  hv  the  tratislalion 
and  ditiusujii  of  the  Scripture.s,  which  he  vainly  en- 
deavored to  prevent,  and  which  en.dihd  Iii.h  |it'oph-  to 
draw  truth  hi;  tliemseUes  unstinletl  and  unadulterated 
from  Its  e\erlastinti  wells,  'i'he  optjii  profession  of 
these  itlictl  opinuins  was  in  many  instances  n-pressed 
hy  the  terror  ot  lii>  inlU'Vihle  cruelty,  and  hy  tiie  inllu- 
ence  over  his  nieastireji  wliuh  his  lay  and  clorual  conr- 
liers  found  it  easy  lo  iihl.iin  hy  feiamni»  imphcit  suhmis- 
hum  to  Ins  capriciouH  and  impcrioii^  temper.  The 
teinptattoiis  whicli  ihese  men  were  expost(i  to  nroved 
filal  in  some  instances  lo  iheir  virtue;  and  scvt  ral  of 
them  (even  tlie  virtuous  Cramuer)  lliouyht  themselves 
ohh;.M'd  ihouiiti  rehiet-iiitly  to  concur  in  punishing;  hy 
fire  and  fair^'ol  the  open  profession  of  the  aenliineiils 
which  lliey  secretly  ehrri.shed  in  their  own  hreasts. 
They  were  afterwards  compelled  themselves  lo  drink 
ot  the  same  Clip  ,  and  enahled  to  make  some  atone- 
ment to  the  ea  i-c  of  Irulh  liy  ihf  heroisrn  with  which, 
in  Mary's  hhiudy  reit,'n,  they  suirered  for  the  doctrines 
whuh  they  had  persecuted  hefore. 

liy  the  death  of  lli-nry  the  Ki^lilh,  his  protesttint  snh- 
jects  were  exempted  Irom  thr  necessity  of  farther  dissi 
rntilalioii.  In  the  reij>ii  of  Kdward  tho  Sixth,  thr  pa- 
tliolic  doctrines  were  expuiiircd  from  llie  nalionul  creed, 

*  The  |Mihhc(hH|»n1iiliNii  whuh  he  held  withniipof  his  suh- 
jects. til'-  nMljir-jiiinilol  lhrni;:li  uiiforturiiitf  Lamhert.  who 
(letitctl  the  it'><iiiiir«ii  the  icai  proscnce,  wuR.pt'ihaps  reciml- 
cii  at  the  lime  a*  an  act  oi  lulmiruhli'  zral  and  iiii>»t  «  Microns 
corniest  rnsiiiii.  Il  iiii^'ht  have  im;ntcd  tins  pratxc  if  tin?  horrid 
dcatli  l)y  wtiiiti  he  rc\cii;;fd  the  niijH.l.ncc  ot  Ins  locic,  di.l 
not  prove  ii  to  havo  hccii  nil  overflowing  uf  anoj-imco  und 
vain  L'lory. 

t  (hie  of  his  lawR  (3t  Hrnrv  VIII.  capi.  |4  )  liears  the  pre 
mm|iliious  title  nf  "An  act  lor  aNiluiiini{  diversity  of  opl- 
uuiis  in  curtain  articles  concurniDg  the  Chiiitioii  religion  " 


and   the    fimdamental   art 
reeoynivtd    nnd   isi.dilislii 


i-les  of  the  proti  i4l:inl  fa'lh 
I  11,'  l:iw.  As  annui^  thi 
other  practices  of  the  precedrnti  reion,  the  wiak  ami 
wicked  policy  of  eriloicm^  unilornulv  ot  I:iith  .t:id  wor- 
kup hy  persecution  was  nidi  ri'tained.  liie  intluenee  of 
temporal  fear  and  favor  contrihiited,  no  donhl,  to  eii- 
eumher  the  proicstanl  church  with  many  n  luctant  and 
hvpocritieal  professors.  In  the  hope  of  reconcilmo  the 
iiiindH  of  men  as  extensively  as  possihle  lo  the  Bysteni 
which  they  had  esiahhshed,  the  minisiers  of  Kdwurd  pie- 
served  not  only  the  eccle:*iasticiil  constiliilioii  which 
Henry  hail  retntned,  hul  a.^  much  of  the  ancient  cere- 
monial of  wiirsliip  as  they  thought  woidd  gratify  the 
taste  nnd  predilections  of  mitids  that  still  hankrred  after 
catholic  paoeantrv  They  rather  yielded  to  the  neces- 
sity of  the  limes,  than  nululu'id  tlit  tr  own  sentiments  or 
followed  out  llieir  principles  ;  and  pretty  plainly  insi- 
mnled  tlieir  opinion,  that  whenever  the  times  could 
hear  it,  a  further  reforinalion  shoidd  he  introduced  into 
ihe  eatahhshineni.  hy  m^ertinu  n  prayer  to  ih.il  purpose 
in  the  I.iiuroy.  Hut  in  this  attempt,  the  rulers  of  the 
Kn^lish  relormed  church  encountered  a  spirit  of  restst- 
alice,  oriLMnalin^  in  the  protesUnl  hodv,  of  which  they 
considered  themselves  the  heads,  thirini;  the  lute 
reion  the  disatl'eciion  that  had  heeii  cherished  in  secret 
towards  the  national  church  had  not  contined  itself  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  eslahhfliment.  which  many  proles- 
taiilH  connected  in  their  opinion  and  esteem  with  tlie 
ceremonial  rites  and  clerical  hnhitH  that  had  lor  qocs 
heen  (heir  inveterate  associate  and  distinctive  livery. 
\\  111)  their  enmity  to  popish  iloctrine.  thry  comhined  an 
aversion  lo  those  ceremoni<  s  which  had  proved  so  suh- 
servieiit  lo  popish  imjiosture  ;  which  seemed  to  ow(< 
their  Kiirvivance  in  tho  imtionul  mvatem  to  the  same 
error  liiat  had  relumed  so  iniKli  catholic  heresy;  and 
which  diverted  the  inmd  from  that  spiritual  worship 
claimed  hy  I  Inn  who  is  a  spirit,  nnd  has  command<-d  all 
nun  to  worship  him  in  spirit  and  in  triiili.  These  sen-  [ 
timents,  \\hicli  were  suhseipunlly  matured  into  the  | 
doctrines  of  the  puritans,  had  already  taken  possession 
ol  the  iiimdri  of  some  of  tho  l')n^hbh  prolestants  :  hut 
their  o|terdiion  was  as  yet  neither  very  powerful  nor  j 
extensive.  One  of  liio  most  powerful  imhealions  of  I 
their  intltience  that  has  heen  transmitted  lo  us  was  \ 
evinced  hy  Hisfiop  Hoojier,  who,  in  the  reion  of  Kdward,  i 
refused  to  he  consecrated  to  his  otlice  in  what  he  deemed 
the  superstitious  hahils  appropri'ited  hy  the  church  to  ' 
the  episcopal  ordtT.  His  proicstant  opinions  had  ren- 
dered him  an  exile  from  Kni.dand  durino  the  latter  jiart 
ol  the  precedmi;  reion,  and  his  puritan  sentiments  had 
het  n  contirmed  liy  the  conversation  of  the  preshyterian 
teachers,  with  whom  he  associated  during  his  residciict' 
uhroad.  C'raniner  and  llidlev,  who  wert^  afterwards  j 
his  fellow  inariyrs  under  the  persecution  of  Mary,  re-  I 
sorted  to  arjjuments,  threats,  I'lilreaties,  and  nnpnson-  ! 
liieiit,  to  overcome  Hooper's  ohjeclions  ;  and  il  was; 
not  witho\it  very  great  ditlicnlty  that  Ins  mllexihle  spirit  ' 
condescended  to  terminate  the  dispute  hy  a  compro-  ! 
misc.  'i'he  sentiments  which  had  thus  receivid  the  I 
sanction  of  a  man  so  dlstiniTut^hed  hy  the  excellence  of  ' 
his  character  as  well  as  the  eminence  of  his  station  in  ! 
the  church,  continued  to  manifest  tliemselves  throuoh- 
out  the  shori  reion  of  Kdward  ;  and  there  was  scarcely 
a  rite  of  ihe  estaldished  worslnp,  or  liahit  of  ihi-  clerov, 
thnt  escapcil  ohjection  and  contention.  'I'he  dt  tenders 
of  ihe  practices  that  were  thus  assailed  did  not  contend 
tlial  they  were  of  divme  appointment,  or  in  tlieinsel\cH 
of  es>enlia!  iinportunce.  'i'iiey  maintained  that  they 
were  III  themselves  inotVensive.  and  that  hy  lon^r  ( stah- 
Itshmenland  inveterate  association  they  had  taken  pos- 
session of  the  reverence  of  the  people,  and  altacheil 
their  allcctions  to  the  national  worship.  'I'hey  admitted 
that,  ns  useless  appendaoes,  it  was  desirahle  lliat  time 
and  rensmi  should  ohhterale  these  prac'.iees  :  hut  in- 
sisted that  It  wonhl  he  hoth  unwise  and  ilhheral  lo  aho- 
lish  them  forcildy,  nnd  at  the  risl.  of  unhinomif  the  mi- 
porlanl  sentiments  with  whicii  they  had  accidentally 
connected  themselves.  This  reasoning  was  very  mi- 
aatiafactory  to  the  puriians,  who  rejected  such  tem|K»- 
rizinc  poln-y  as  tho  counsel  of  hikewarm  piety  and 
worldly  wisdom,  and  rejjarded  with  ahhorrenee  the 
inixluro  of  superstitious  attractions  with  the  motives  to 
that  which  should  he  entirely  a  reasonalile  service,  nnd 
whatever  weioht  the  aroiiinents  of  llie  pievailmo  party 
may  he  considered  to  possess,  ihny  cerlamly  raniiol  he 
allowed  lo  justify  their  violent  imposition  of  ohservan- 
ces,  which  at  hest  they  regarded  a.>  inoll'eiisive,  on  per- 
sons who  considered  tiiem  as  smfiil  and  pernicious. 
Hut  the  doclrines  of  the  puritans,  whether  supported  or 
not  hy  superior  weiohi  of  reason,  were  overhorne  liy 
Ihc  weij^ht  of  superior  numhers  ;  and  their  senliments 
might  perhaps  have  gradually  died  awoy  if  tliu  reion  of 


Kdwartl  had  hern  much  farther  prolonged,  or  his  scpptro 
Itecn  transmitted  lo  a  proteslant  successor.  Dnl  iho 
reiMii  of  Mary  wa»  appointed  not  only  to  purify  the  pro* 
li'slant  hodv,  hv  separating  the  true  from  the  false  of 
formal  professors,  hul  Itt  radicale  every  proteslant  se^>- 
iimerit  hy  exposing  it  13  the  litry  test  of  papal  rago 
and  persecution. 

The  adimnislralion  of  Queen  Mary  was  pro4iuch"0 
of  events  that  tended  lo  revive  and  dis.^eminale  the 
purilaii  sentiments,  aiul  at  the  same  tmie  to  ronnrni 
llu!  opposition  of  some  of  iheir  adversaries  Diinny 
the  heat  of  her  hhmdy  peisecutuui,  many  of  the  pni- 
tesinnls  forsook  thi'ir  country  nnd  took  refuj^e  m  iho 
proteslant  states  of  *  It  rnniny  and  Sw  n/erland.  Then', 
in  reonlaimu  for  themselves  the  hinns  and  ordinnnces 
of  divine  worship,  iheir  ancient  (hspuies  nnliirally  re- 
vived, antl  were  animate<l  Iw  tht^  apjuoach  of  the  two 
parties  to  an  ei|ualiiy  of  numhers  that  had  never  heforo 
siihsi!>ted  hel^een  them,  and  protracted  hy  the  utter 
want  of  a  tipint  of  mutual  htrheurance.  nnd  the  uhsencn 
of  any  Irihimal  from  which  an  aiithoriialive  decision 
could  he  ohiamed.  Thi>  puritans  heheld  with  pleasure 
m  the  continental  churches  the  estahhshmeiit  of  a  eon* 
slitnlion  and  ritual  which  had  heen  the  ohject  of  Iheir 
warm  approhatton  and  earnest  desire;  and  they  either 
cfHii|ioseu  for  lliemselves  a  formula  of  religious  asso- 
cnlion  on  a  similar  modi  t.  or  entered  into  communion 
with  the  churches  estaldished  in  the  places  where  they 
resided.  Their  opponents,  on  the  other  hand,  cliin^ 
more  lirmly  than  eviT  lo  their  nncient  practices  :  they 
refu-'*ed  to  surrender  any  one  of  llie  iriNtitntions  of  the 
faith,  for  the  sake  of  which  they  had  forsaken  then 
country  ;  and  they  plumed  themselves  on  revivin^f 
amidst  the  misfortunes  of  llieir  church  at  home,  an  en- 
tire and  accurate  model  of  her  ordmanceH  in  the  seeno 
of  iheir  hanishment.  Iiolh  parties  were  willing  to  havo 
united  in  church  fellowship  with  each  other,  if  either 
could  have  yielded  in  Ihe  dispute  concerning  forms  of 
ollice,  hahit>,  and  ceremonies.  |)ul  though  each  con* 
sidcreil  itself  stronj»cst  m  failh.  neither  felt  disposed  on 
that  account  to  hear  the  inhrmities  of  the  other ;  nnd 
tfiou^h  united  in  the-  ureat  fundameiitjl  points  of  chris* 
lain  helu  I,  and  associated  hy  tlie  common  calamity  that 
rendered  iliPin  fellow-exiles  m  a  foreign  land,  their 
fruitless  controversies  separated  them  more  widely 
than  tiiey  had  ever  heen  helore,  and  ilitlamed  ihem  willi 
mutual  dislike  and  animosity.  On  the  death  of  Marv 
holh  parties  returned  lo  Kn^laiid  :  the  one  jovfully  ei- 
peciin^^  to  see  their  ancient  worshij)  restored  :  the  olh» T 
more  hrmly  wedded  lo  their  puritan  Kentimenls  hy  the 
opporlumiy  ihey  had  uhtamed  of  freely  induloinir  iht-m, 
and  etiteriamin^  (in  common  with  many  who  had  re- 
mained at  home)  an  increased  antipnlliy  to  tho  liatiit;* 
iiid  cerenionies  which  the  recent  ascendancy  and  pro- 
ceediiiL's  of  the  catholics  hud  stron^dy  nssoc  ated  with 
the  odious  features  of  popish  fraud,  delusion,  and 
cruelty. 

'i'he  hopes  which  the  puriians  derived  from  the  ac- 
cession ot  llh/alielh  were  secoiuh d  hy  the  disposition 
of  m.iiiy,  even  of  ilirir  opponents  aiiiono  the  leadm;^ 
proteslant  churehinen,  who  had  wi'alhert'l  the  storm  at 
home.  Several  of  the  most  distmoiiiiihcd  persons  of 
this  class  expressed  llie  stronocst  reluctance,  in  restor- 
ino  fhc  proteslant  coiistitiUion  to  initrwi-ave  with  it« 
lundaMieifl.d  canons,  any  suhordinate  re<riil.ilions  that 
imolit  he  injurious  to  men  endeared  to  ihem  hy  their 
coniinon  eahiimlv.  nnd  so  recently  associated  with  Ihem 
as  I  ontessors  for  the  sulislance,  not  tin-  mere  forms  of 
reli;iioii  Some  of  the  puriians,  no  iloidit.  were  heiit 
on  rediiciti>;  liie  model  of  the  church  to  a  conformity 
with  their  own  seiilimenis  ;  and  some  of  their  oppo- 
nents wire  as  eu^er  to  prohihit  and  suppress  every 
trace  of  puritan  practice,  The  majority,  howevtr,  as 
well  as  the  leadm^j  tnemhers  of  holh  parlies  were 
earnestly  desirous  lo  etlect  an  arconiinodution  on  tho 
pnncijiles  of  mutual  forhearance,  and  willingly  agreed 
that  tho  disputed  hahils  ami  ceremonies  should  be  re- 
tained in  the  church,  as  observances  of  a  discretiotmrv 
and  iiidillerent  rmliire,  not  to  be  controverted  bv  thi« 
one  nor  enforced  by  the  other,  but  left  to  he  conlinnid 
or  abolished  by  the  silent  proirress  of  sentiment  and 
opinion  lint  the  hopes  of  the  zealous  and  the  conces- 
stons  of  the  candid  were  frustrated  hy  the  character  i>f 
the  quren  ;  whose  strong  band  and  imperious  temper 
soon  defaced  the  fair  prospect  of  concord  and  happi- 
ness, and  involved  the  people  committed  to  her  care  in 
a  lon^  and  widonino  scene  of  sirile,  inah^tnty.  and 
misery.  I-'hzabeth  inheriteil  llie  hauiiiity  character  of 
her  lutiier  and  his  taste  lor  splentlid  paoeantrv.  Ami 
thonuh  bhe  had  heen  educated  with  her  brotiier  lOdw.irU, 
and  her  understanding  had  received  a  strong  tincture  of 
prolestunl  opinions,  her  sentiments  powerfully  biasied 


280 


THE    HISTOUY   OF 


bor  in  favor  of  ihe  rilM,  diiciplin«.  and  e»rn  doclriim    Whilpift  llunK  hiiimrlf  on  hii  km-rn  biforo  iho  qiu-rn 


ui  till*  ciilli.ilii''i — of  every  thirty,  in  Hlmrt,  ihul  roiild  l  nnd  iniplon  d  Ixr  to  u|iliii1il  itif  finking  rliiiii  li,  und  (u 
lend  an  nnpoxih^  aft|iert  lo  (lir  inlublinhniont  ol  vvliirli  |  Riiticr  no  iilicrtition  ihat  would  nwv  mm  ItM^c  lo  oay 
slir  \\»»  the  hU|irrniP  hrud,  und  nirrt-usi*  ihe  Ntru-tncNit  |  that  .shr  had  inuiHtainttt  an  trmr  lli^  liuniilMiion, 
of  tlir  donninon  which  nhc  wuh  ri'Nolvfd  to  nianit.iiii  |  nto»<t    prnlmhly,  wum  |)roin|>tid  nithcr  l>y   tlittt*  ly  tliin 

(Var  ;   lor  Illi/.iilM'tli  h.ni  nhown  no  iik  iniiilion  whiitcvt-r 


ovir  ihi!  drr^v.  She  nuhhrly  ihaiiki'd  one  of  hrr  chap- 
lains lor  preichnig  in  di>ft  nrr  uf  thr  real  prcnrntc,  and 
Willi  hull*  ri'viTi'iici 


to  initii*alr  itn  ini|ii  rioiis  pohcy  xo  rori^rnnd  to  her  own 
rliiiracliT.      'J'ht*  ctilort-in^  of  iin|di(-il  dil'crcnrn  lo  htr 


rfhukcd   anoihrr  for  mon(tollnl^ 

Uie  |)opmh  notion  of  an  nilirri-nt  virtur  ni  the  Hynihul  jiulirinitit,  and  oi  ri^id  coiilonniiy  to  tlu!  nioili  I  rthr  iiad 
of  the  cross.  She  di'sircd  lo  make  tho  clcray  |>iU'»Ih,  ,  rn.icii  d,  was  llic  ri-snlt  nl  lur  early  and  Htuhlmrn 
Ltid  not  prpuchrrw  ;  discouraged  their  ttermonx  ;  and  .  choice,  and  tn.uiiuiituil  wtih  her  u<«ua]  M^or  and  vehe- 
wouhl  havii  inliTdicled  tlirin  from  in.irriu^'p  had  she,  incnce  ol  deH  rmiiiatuui.  She  overhore  all  opposition  , 
not  lipcn  rcKtramed  hy  tlifl  riMiioiinlratices  of  her  rni- '  and  the  priiiia!'- and  hin  a!<-'*ocidle!»  liiin^  eiicouramtl  lo 
nmter  l*ori!  nurleiyh.  L)i!*rei;;irdinj(  tho  wibIich  and  i  proceed  m  ihe  couihc  tliey  had  he^nn,  their  zeal  enhirjj- 
piitreatiiM  iHilh  of  churchmen  and  puniaim.nlie  reiiiorid  .  mi;  us  it  Ilowed.  Mton  transported  them  heyond  all 
Kmj{   Kdward'a  conntitutions  with  no  other  alteralion  |  luiumU  of  decency  and  humanity.     Tliey  wen- allowed 

nnssunuTs  lor  ihe  tieleclion 


than  the  ormHition  of  u  few  pa-i»*aj;es  in  the  liiuriiy  •  to  eslahlish  a  court  of 
wliuli  were  olVeii-ive  to  the  c.iihohci*;  and  caused  a  '  of  noii-coiilurmily.  ^^liich  even  the  privy  council  reinon- 
law  to  he  framed  for  Iho  enforcement,  hy  line,  iiiipri-  :  str.ited  a^auisl  as  a  copy  of  the  Spanish  iiupiisiti'in. 
uf  n  fitnct  uniformity  ol  re-  i  Hy  the  asHistaricn  of  tliitt  tyrannical  engine,  iliey  made 


Konment,  and  deprivation, 


l^loull 


wo  ml 


up. 


This  was  the  first  «lep  in  a  hue  of  i  freer  course   f 


Mcventies  uf  the  Uw  ;   and  havii 


iHdicy  which  tho  church  of  Kn^land  has  had  deep  and  i  rcridere'!  intei!rity  hazardous,  lliey  niade  pruih'iice  uu- 
listing  cause  lo  deplore,  and  which,  hy  compelhii^  |  avaihn^r  tj  the  puritans  In  \ain  were  they  reiinnded 
thousands  of  her  hest  and  f.ldest  inimslers  reluctantly    of  ihe  maxim  of  the  first  christian  c 


to  forsake   her  cu 


nion.  alHicIrd  her  with  a  decav 


1,  which  recom- 
ided  ihe  imposition  of  no  greater  hurlhen  on  the 
of  internal  piety,  from  winch,  after  the  lap.-e  of  many  I  people  than  the  ohscrvaluni  of  necegsary  llmiiB.  For 
generations,  shn  has  even  now  Init  imperfectly  rtvived.  the  purpose  ot  impit^ui^  a  load  of  ceremonies,  which 
Hut  this  Uw  Wdi  for  »ome  time  very  feehly  ami  mi-  v^itlionl  the  actual  prolension  of  popery  they  could 
perfectly  enforced.  The  queen  could  not  at  once  find  [  never  repn  sent  at)  oh.servunces  es.'.enlial  to  s.dvalion, 
a  snllicient  number  of  men  fitted  lo  sustain  the  di^inly  i  Uiey  comnnlied  Huch  op|iri\-*sion  as  rciulered  tiie  cere- 
of  episcopal  elevation,  and  yet  willnip  to  become  the!  monies  lliein.-'elves  lentold  more  ohmniouM  to  those  to 
inslrmnents  of  her  arbitrary  desi>;iis ;  tior  couM  all  her'  whom  e\en  indulgent  treatment  \^onld  have  failed  (o 
elForts  for  sonic  time  eicite  general  strife  and  ill-will  '  recnniinend  them,  and  roused  the  opposition  of  others 
among  men  of  whom  so  ni:uiy,  llionph  ditlerini;  t'roni  i  who  would  willingly  have  conijilied  wtih  the  ceremonial 


each  other  on  suhordinate  points.  h,id  hut  lately  heen 
united  by  coinmumiy  of  senliment  and  sullenn^  in  the 
noblest  cause  that  can  inlerext  human  iiearts.  Her 
tirst  bench  of  bishops  were  not  only  ea>:er  to  clear  ihiin- 
Ht'lves  of  the  reproach  of  having;  composed  or  approved 
the  existing  laws,*  hut  by  a  (general  lorhcarance  to  en- 
force (hem,  enabled  tUe  puritan  miinsters  nnd  practices 
to  obtain  a  considerable  fooling  in  the  church  And 
though  she  reprimanded  the  primale  Parker  for  his 
li<>L;li|Tence,  and  at  len«;lli  stimulatetl  hiin  to  the  exer- 
tion of  some  sevirities  in  the  enforcement  of  ihe  act  of 
umforinity.  it  was  far  from  receiving  treneral  execution  ; 
and  by  various  acts  of  connivance  on  the  onv  »ide,  and 
jirudent  reserve  on  the  other,  the  puritans  were  enabled 
to  enjoy  some  semblance  of  peace.  Their  tran«piitlity 
was  lengiliened  and  increased  by  the  sucti-A-Mon  ol 
(■rir.dall  tc  the  primacy.  The  lil)cral  princi)  les  iit'd 
humane  disposition  of  this  man  rev»''*>'.i  at*aiiist  itie 
tyrannical  injustice  which  he  was  re<piired  to  enforce  ; 
and  at  the  expense  of  his  own  iinpnsoninent  und  thi 


oiilinances  if  they  h  .1  been  proposed  to  (hem  merely 
as  niatters  of  con\ciinMit  observunce,  but  revolted  from  j 
them,  as  frau;;ht  willi  danger  uiid  mischief,  when  it  \saH  ' 
a'lenipted    to   hind   then,  on  the  conscience,  and  place 
tliein   on  a  le\el    with    ihe    mo.>t    sacn  d    otili^'^tion?i.  . 
The  nio.*t  signal  frmt  it\  ihi»  increased  seventy  was  the  | 
enkindling  of  greit    additional  zeal  and   fervor  in  the 
mmdH  of  the  puritans  ,   a  rapid   imiltiplication  of  their  j 
numbers   hy  sliong  svinpatiiy  with  their  courage,  and  | 
compassion  for  tin  ir  sutlcnn^s  ;   ami  a  growing  abhor-  ! 
rence  in  llieir   body   to  the  order  of  bl^hltps  and  the  , 
whole  frame  of  a  church  which  to  lliem  was  an  origan  i 
of  injustice  and  tyranny.      It  is  certani  that  the  piinta'is  | 
of  thofe  times  were  exceediiiL'lv  averse  to  separate  Irom  J 
(he  church  of  t'jiglaiid  ,   and  iheir  niinisUrs  were  kIiU 
more  riluctani  to  ahel  n  srhisin  am!  renounce  ilieir  pre- 
ferments.     They    williniily    allowed  her  lo  he  u  true  i 
cliurcii,  and    merely  claimed   indulgence  m  the  matter  ! 
of  a  few  ceremonies  which  dui  not  alVect  her  conslitu-  j 
lion.      Hut  llie  injurious  treatment  they  received,  held  { 


dislavor  of  Ins  temporal  sovereign,  he  pruloniicd  the  out  a  premium  to  very  ditleniit  considerations,  and  not 
duration  of  lenient  polirv.  und  the  peace  i^l  the  church,  only  inlluenccd  their  pa.-^siions.  hut  stinuiljicd  their  iii- 
.■\l  leiigih,  on  the  death  of  (Jriiulall,  the  iiriinacy  was  ;  tiuiries  utid  extended  their  oitjections.  Cast  out  ol  the 
beslowed  on  Wlnlgilt.  a  man  of  severe  tein|ier.  a  rigid  I  r.ational  church,  tliey  were  forced  fo  iri<piire  if  they 
votary  of  the  discipline  and  policy  uf  the  church,  and  i  could  nut  do  without  (hat  which  lluv  fuund  thev  couhl 
an  implacable  adversary  of  tlie  puritans,  aLiamsl  whom  |  not  have;  and  were  easily  led  to  ipiesdon  if  the  fea- 
lie  had  repeatedly  directed  tiie  hostility  of  his  )ien,  and  '  tures  of  a  true  church  couhl  be  discerned  in  that  body, 
was  ea^er  to  be  mlrustei!  wilh  the  exercise  of  a  more  which  not  only  rejected  hiit  persecuted  them  for  a  con- 
forinidahie  weapon.  From  this  period  all  the  force  of-  s'lcntiotjs  adherence,  m  a  matter  of  ceremonial  ohserv- 
ihe  Uw  was  Mpeiil  :n  lif.mterrupleil  tlforis  to  vex  the  ance.  to  what  they  believed  to  be  the  will  of  Christ 
persons,  or  violate  (he  consciences  of  the  p;:ritans  A  j  As  (he  puritan  principles  spreatl  through  the  mass  of 
numerous  body  of  puritan  ministers  were  depttved  of  i  society,  and  encountcretl  m  their  progress  a  greater 
their  livings;  and  many  of  their  parhhioners  were  |  variety  of  character  in  their  votaries,  and  of  treatment 
punched  by  fine  and  imprisonment  for  fuliowing  their  :  from  their  adversaries,  considerable  dillerences  and  in- 
inimstry  into  the  fields  and  woods,  wliero  they  con-  eipiahties  of  sentmieiit  and  conduct  ap[feared  in  dif- 
tiniied  to  exercise  ii.  (ireat  endeavors  were  used  by  ,  ferent  portiuns  of  the  puritan  body.  Soino  of  them 
(he  wise  and  good  to  move  the  ipieen,  ere  yet  it  was  ,  caught  ilie  spirit  of  their  oppressors,  and,  in  words  at 
(t)o  late,  lo  stay  the  waters  of  strife  she  was  letting  out  i  least,  rtahated  the  unchristian  usage  ihey  underwent, 
upon  the    land.      Hurleii^h  and  Wulsinghain  earnestly  .  'I'hey    combined  the  doctrines   of   the  New  with  the 


intercedi'd  for  the  suspended  ininisters,  and  pressed 
every  consideration  of  the  indulgence  due  to  their  con- 
it(Meiilious  scruples,  the  hmnane  concern  to  which  their 
families  were  entitled,  and  the  respect  which  policy  de- 
manded for  the  sentiments  of  so  great  a  body  of  the 
people  by  whom  they  were  esteemed  and  beloved. 
The  House  of  Commons  too  showed  a  desire  to  pro- 
cure   some   relief  for   the   oppressed    puritans.      Hut 


*  In  Ilieir  letters  to  their  fnenils  at  lionie  and  aliniad,  thcv 
not  only  ro|iiul)ute  tlie  ulinoxiuus  tnsiitutiuns,  tint  iironnsf*  'h 
witlistHmi  tliem  "  till  they  Ke  smt  liark  to  liell,  Imni  wlienco 
Ihcy  cariie,"  to  sow  iIlhcdhI,  cinifusion,  and  vain  lorniaiity  ni 
Ihn  cliurrh  nurnet,  [mrl  in.  p.  314.  Neal,  i.  49.  There 
sefnis  lo  Itn  very  liltic  diirftrence  hetv^-ecn  tln'se  expres- 
Bioti'«  of  Kiuii>)i  bi.iliops  uikI  ihii  hiiiifiintte  of  a  Scntcli  presliy- 
Irriaii  miiii>ier  aUnit  tho  same  Iiiiif,  who  pniriuumi'.l.  ni  a 
aennnn,  tliiit  tlio  ymrn  of  Kimlund  was  no  tictitr  than  an 
athei-^t.  mill  "all  kliii!?<  wen-   tin' .I.m  ilN  chihlifh,"     .'^|M)ttis. 

W'omie's  Ui^torv  ol   th«  (  hurcli  ,.|    S.o'laUil.     Td.-  dKlficiire  \  witli  which  tliey  endured  the  scveiities  ot  ecclesiahtical  ven 
w»,  that  thi>  '■oiidiict  and  lanmianeo.  '.lie  .)i,«  were  more  con-     jt.ance.     Nor  was  their  .tatinice  und  niagiMuiinitv  less  con 

I  ipicuoua  ill  Uic  eiiUuranco  ut  civil  tyrami/.    A  puritan  having 


practices  of  (he  Old  Ti-itament,  in  o  manner  which  will 
not  excite  the  wonder  of  those  who  recollect  that  the 
very  (irst  little  flock  of  Christiana  who  were  collected 
in  the  world  connnitled  the  same  error ;  and  so  far  for- 
got the  spirit  they  had  received,  as  even  in  (he  presence 
of  their  Divine  Mead  to  propose  the  invocation  of  fire 
from  heaven  on  the  men  who  bid  insulted  thcin.  Hut 
the  instance),  of  this  spirit  were  exceedingly  rare  ;  and 
it  was  not  till  the  lullowini;  reigns  that  It  prevailed 
either  strongly  or  widely.  In  general  tho  oppressed 
puritans  conducted  themselves  with  the  fortitude  of 
lieroes  and  tbn  patience  of  saints ;  and,  what  is  sur- 
prising, they  made  more  zealous  and  successful  etrtrts 
to  maintain  their  loyalty,  than  the  queen  and  (he 
bishops  did  to  extinguish  it.*     Many,  m  delianr.u  of 

'  Niintherless   nistances  iniulit  he  adduced  ol  the  pnlieiict 


aiiteitt  llian  tliostf  o(  Uiu  ulliur. 


cverv  dangpi,  followed  the  prraebintf  of  thru  .nmihlvrt 
into  (he  luoliWHVH  and  lit  his,  or  anseir^led  priva't-ly  III 
eonvenlicles,  which  the  iieiieral  nvmpalhy,  or  the  ctili- 
nivaiiee  of  llieir  setret  partisans  wttlnii  (he  church, 
somel tines  preservi-il  lioni  th  tectioii  Many  reluct 
aiilly  abided  in  the  iialional  church,  nnwe.iriedly  pnr> 
suing  their  inetltclnal  attenipls  lo  promote  parlia- 
merilary  intrrlererice  in  hi  half  ol  ihe  puriliins,  und  east* 
tn^  a  WHtl'ul  eve  tm  (lie  presnmpdve  succi'SHuiit  ol  a 
ptitice  who  bad  been  e.lnc.iteil  in  a  preshylenan  t'Ocietv. 
Some  at  leii^tb  openly  disclaimed  (he  national  esin- 
blirhinenl,  and  were  led,  bv  (he  cruel  exces.-^eji  of 
human  authority,  (o  die  cnnvieiinn,  (hat  hmnan  an- 
thoiiiy  had  no  proper  place  in  the  admimslrution  of  the 
kihudom  of  ( 'hrist. 

'Ihe  proceedings  of  (be  ((uern  were,  doubtless,  ror- 
dially  aheKed  by  the  uimry  zeal  ol'  those  ihurcluneii 
who  had  partaken  of  the  coi.lroversy  th.it  had  ragi  d 
between  (he  two  parlies  during  their  exile  on  (lie  con- 
tinent Ml  the  preceeding  reiL'ii.  Hii(  (he  whole  eivd 
and  ecclesiastical  policv  of  this  reion  was  mainly  and 
esNentially  the  olf:^priii<^  of  Kh/.dMili's  own  eliaraeter. 
The  I'uritan  writers,  beslowmg  an  undue  pn'purlioii  of 
their  resentment  on  the  persons  wIiom- liiiu-iions  rt  n» 
dered  thein  (he  iiistriimenls  as  well  as  the  apoloijisis 
of  (lieipieen'secrlesiaMical  s\  sM  ni.  b.ive  been  disposed 
lo  iinpnte  the  tyrannical  baiures  uf  this  !,\,Hieiii  exehi 
sively  (o  the  bishops,  and  pariienlarlv  (o  Whitnift, 
whose  inlluence  with  Lh/ahelh  llii'V  ascribe  lo  his  con- 
stant habit  of  addressing  her  on  bis  knees  Hut  Whit- 
U'lft,  m  abetting  her  eninilv  to  the  Fiinlans.  merely  paid 
his  court  to  a  disposition  which  she  had  already  evnn  t  d 
in  the  strongest  manner,  and  swam  with  the  tide  of 
(hat  resolute  determination  which  he  saw  must  pre- 
vail.  The  atiject  homage  which  he  paid  her  was  no- 
thing more  than  she  was  universally  ai'cusloimd  to  re- 
ceive ;  and  (he  ob^ervatlon  wliieli  it  h.is  seemed  to  de- 
serve Irom  the  Punlans,  denotes  rather  a  peculiarity 
in  their  own  manners,  than  uiiv  thing  remarkable  in  the 
conduct  ot  Iheir  adversary  Not  one  ot  her  snlijecla 
ever  addres>i  d  the  queen  VMihont  kin'clmi; ;  wlierevrr 
she  turned  In  r  i  ve,  evt  rv  one  fell  mi  his  knees  ;  and 
even  in  her  absence,  ihe  n"l'ihlv,  who  were  ahmo 
thought  worthy  to  cover  her  lal'le,  ni.tde  three  iienn- 
flexions  every  time  thev  appioachcd  or  rilirid  Irnn  it 
It)  the  perrormaiice  of  their  menial  duty.*  This  waa 
an  exact  connterpari  of  tin'  liomaue  rendered  by  the 
calhohcs  to  (he  Ueal  rroeiue,  which  tin  y  believed  ta 
reside  m  the  Host  ;  and  (he  heiitiments  which  it  It  nded 
to  form  both  in  the  party  receiyniL'.  aiul  the  parlies  who 
rendered  it,  were  conlirined  by  the  langnaL'e  of  Parlia- 
ment, in  which  (he  (pieen  was  couimuallv  tiatlertd  wiili 
praises  and  attrihnies  appropriattd  (o  ihe  .Supremo 
Heiiig.  Nor  was  (his  senile  system  of  nian.iers  pecu- 
liar lo  llie  reign  of  Klizabelh  On  the  etnilrary.  it  had 
been  carried  even  to  a  greater  exieiit  undi  r  the  govern- 
ment of  her  predecessors  ;  and  her  mmisUrs  freqnenlly 
iiotetl  and  deplored  the  decay  ot  lliat  fcarfiilneSM  and 
reverenc**  ol  their  superiors  winch  h.nl  formerly  cha- 
racterised the  inh nor  e>t  i  s  of  the  realm  Seii>K 
A:<d  reason  participattd  in  (he  i<:nonniiv  and  dt  iiratta- 
(ion  of  manners  ;  urrouunce  disordered  the  niidi  rsiaiid- 
tng  of  the  prmci',  while  serviliiv  delormetl  the  Fcnli 
inetits  ol  the  people:  and  if  ilenrv  the  Kii;hili,  by  a 
royal  proclamation,  assured  the  ptqtulace  that  they  were 
hrutcs,  the  same  populace,  in  tht  ir  petitions  'iL'amsl 
his  measures,  representetl  the  promotion  of  hnr-hofn 
persons  to  public  trust  and  honor,  as  one  of  (he  most 
serious  and  inleltrablc  grievances  that  they  had  to  com- 
plain of. 

'i'lie  sentiments  which  such  practices  and  manners 
teiiiled  to  form  in  (he  mind  of  the  queen,  enhanced  the 
displeasure  with  winch  she  rcL'ardt  li  tin  I'uritans,  wlm 
were  fated  to  offend  her  by  tlnir  polilical  conduct,  an 
well  as  their  religious  opinions.  Many  of  (lie  tnoro 
eiiiment  persons  uinonir  them  obtained  seats  m  Parlia- 
ment, where  they  endeavored  to  revive  a  spirit  of  liberty 
and  direct  its  energy  (o  the  protection  of  their  oppre.^sed 
bretbreii       Impelled  by  the   seventy   of  the   restraints 

written  a  ixiok  atrainst  ttio  danecr  winch  iniirht  attend  the 
l^;l^^la^c  o(  Ihetiueeli  with  a  pi>pisli  prince,  was  contluintieii  to 
lose  Ins  riKhl  hand  as  a  lil>ellcr.  The  niKtnnl  the  hlow  wiis 
struck,  he  took  ofT  his  hat  with  hisother  hand,  and.wavnitr  it 
in  the  air,  cried  "  tiod  save  the  queen."  The  puritans  wcro 
iniicli  more  afriid  of  the  revival  of  [M>pery  in  Kiudand.  tli;iu 
of  tho  seventy  itf  those  ecclesiastical  law  s  under  w  Inch  i.apist  s 
nnd  puritans  were  efiually  liahle  to  oppression.  To  ihi"  i\- 
liMit  tiiey  concurred  v.iili  Ihe  ecciesiajitical  policy  ol  Eliza- 
oetli. 

•  Hrnl/.ner'ii  Jonrnrv  into  Kinjland  in  IS^  (Slrnwlwrry  IMl 
P(rilioii)..i.  ,^0.  51.  ThH  at'jrct  ctTeiiioiiial  was  aboliMhi-d  hv 
Knm  James,  wlio.llioiish  hifthlv  pleased  with  adulation,  i<«iiid 
himself  eiiiltarrnssed  hy  a  iiuhU-  of  displavniit  it  at  ill  suited  to 
ills  awkward  niannen  anil  uiikoiiiI)'  ap^aronce 


NoUTM    AMKKICA. 


887 


liMiif  of  ihrii  jiiniMtrt 
ti'titi'ii'')tfil  priMt'Liy  111 
MVin|iiiiliy,  or  tlir  ciMi* 
iM  vMtliiri  till)  cliurclt, 
i-i-i  11)11  M.iny  rclurt 
irrli.  utivtr.irinlly  inir* 
H  to  |>rnint>tr  harliu- 
llir  iiiinlDiiH,  und  caxt* 
ii|j|ivc  »iirt'<'K<4ioti  ut  a 
n  |irt'p<)>vl('riti[)  Kixiitv. 
ii'd  till'  iiiiliDinil  l'^tll• 

\\V     ITllCl     ('(llTitJ*!'*     («f 

lioi).  lliHt  htiiiiiin  »()• 
*  BdiiiirtiatrutioM  of  itie 

wrrr,  donliilf)*!*.  cot- 
of  lIlOKC  (  liDrcliDicii 
viTHV  111. It  ii.itl  r.1^1  il 
))Mr  ix\\v  on  llic  cuti- 
Hiit  llic  wlitilr  I'lvil 
'n>fti  w»H  iiiaiiilv  HM(I 
Iti'lii')*  ovMi  rli.irjcdr. 
ri  iiiiiliK-  [troportuiti  of 
wlioM-  tiiiirtioii^  rt  n> 

Vill    iOt   till'    H|JolOi.M>[!t 

II,  Ij.nc  lifcii  diNposi  i) 

ot'  tlllH  iiXNlnil  rXi-|ll 
Hularlv  to  \VliitL>iH, 
H'\  ii-rrihc  rti  iil?*  (■nil- 
Is  k(M  It  Hut  Willi- 
I'unl.uis.  iiirrrly  |iiii<) 
ic  li.iil  iilri'.MJy  I'Virirt  (t 
kiirn  Willi  tlir  lull'  of 
Il  li<>  i^.iw  niiii'L  pre- 
lir  piiiil  her  was  rio- 
llv  ii('rii!ttoiiir(l  to  rr- 
I  It  li.is  Kri'Micd  to  (Ir- 
■s  r.iilii  r  il  pcnilianty 
iirii^  rciiiarkahlf  in  ihr 

I  otic  ot  her  MthjcclH 
kin't'liiii;  ;   \\luTOvrr 

II  on  lii.t  kiuM'N  ;  ami 
iiv,  »lio  wt'it-  iilorie 
It'.  im.kIi'  tliri'f-  !>(  iiu- 
liitl  or  rctiKtl  Iritii  it 
<.il  tliilv.*  'riii.i  ».is 
iiur  rcmlcrcd  liy  llic 
litrli  llu  y  IhIii'VciI  to 

:.s  Mhirli  II  II  iidi'd 

d  the  piirtH'H  who 

irit»niii.M'  ol  I'iirliii- 

itill>  tiallind  Willi 

to    (lie    Supremo 

ol'  niaii.H'rn  pfcii- 

-onlrary,  U  had 

iiiidi T  ihi'  ^ovi'rn- 

nUts  frctpH-ntly 

tiartutncM.'*  and 

m\    foriimiv  cliii- 

('   rf.iliii       Scn^f 

.iiiv  and  dr  iirada- 

d  ihr  iimli  rsiaiul- 

jniKMl  th«'  Fi'iili 

llu-  Kii^htli.  by   II 

I'f  that  ijii'v  were 

JH'llIIOIIH    <|fr,U[l>t 

iioiion  of  linr-/n-in 
lino   ot'  ihc  niONt 
ml  ihi'V  had  tt<  t-oiii- 


.  Il 


mini 
II 
I   I 


d.-t 


I" 


ict's  and  iiiaiini'rs 
it'cn.  nihanci'd  tin* 
tho  Puritans,  who 
ilit-al  c-oi:di)rt.  au 
iinv  ol'  iho  nioro 
d  HratR  ni  Parlia- 
e  a  fipint  of  librru 
of  their  oppri'Rhod 
of  lh«  rotrainls 

h  nuifht  ntiiMid  ilit> 
.  waM  ronttL'iiiiH'il  to 
tant  thi>  liJDW  was 
:oi(l,  and.  wnvinit  it 
The  |ii}ritHii!i  wiTO 


Uie  miritHiiii  wcro 
<ry  in  Kiivliiiiil.  Diaii 
iiiiiirrnliii-h  pa|Hstt 

fiHion.  To  ihw  r\- 
iral  pt>liry  ol   Eiiza- 

S\W  (Strnwl«»Trv  llill 
wnn  Htii>ti»lit'(l  l>v 

>lUliUlulilll<iil,  lo'Mld 

lint  It  $(i  tUauili'il  to 
ranee 


thcv  rxt"'^'*''*^**^'*^*  ^^  invri«lit(iitf  ihn  hoktii(Lirii"t  of  llmt 

n'lltioriiv   fnmi  wliirh   ihi-y  oriLiOMlrd.  and    n':,'iil iuii:( 
their  m-nintifiit'*  rather  hv  the  eoti^e.pieiu'ei*  they  hire- 
^.lvv  than  hv  the  {trecrdenii  that  ronlronled  lliciii,  llieV 
ipu'rttioni'd  the   iiio-ti    mvi'lriate   iihmiert,  and    olitamed 
Ihc  foiilidf  nic  ol   the    pctipic   hy  !»hoA!ii;f  themselvei* 
the  Inderal iiiahlc  and  tearlenn  drfcnderH  of  iheopprcsmd. 
In  the  iinnalM  of  thcHU  limr^,  vvc  tiiid  llieiii  coniiniMiIyi 
Kiip|Hirtiii;^  pelKiona  in  parlianicnt   ii^'unHt  monopolies,  , 
and  adviK-.iiit.^r  inotioim  for  relurni.ilion  o*'  rrcleHinMli-  i 
lmI  alMiNeH       Attraelnitf  popular   lavor,  and   willing  loj 
iiiiiler^ro  the  lni.iu:>  td  parlianicnlarv  atli'nd.iiiee,   they! 
ynitliiallv  III  iltiplied    >!n'ir    iiuinlicr!i    in   Ihc    IIoiimo  ol' 
< 'onnnoiis.  and  aripnred    an  aM'rnd.int  over  tt**  dehh(<-j 
ratioiM.     'Ihc  <picen,  ohHcrvini;  iiiat  ihr  I'liritati!*  were 
llic  'tdle  aliiilor'*  of  ineaHnren  cah-iihiU'il  lo  rc!«lru-l  hcrl 
prcroi»alivi',  i\an  ea«ilv  led  lo  UM-rihe  llic  peenliarity  ol' 
Hieir  re|iL*ioii<4  and  pohtu-al  opinions  lo  llic  haiiu^  nour<'e! 
— n  niah^naiit  aversion  lo  (liijintie^.  'ind  nnpalience  ol 
mhordin.itnni.      Their  reUuMance  lo  lendei  lo  llie  Ih  iiv  I 
Ihiil  et Temonioiirt  hoina!.'e  which  the  nin<«t   illn^lnoiiK 
p<  rnoii!^  Ill  ihc  land  rnidend  to  herHcIf,  and  ilieir  eai^er- 
in  K»   lo  eontrol    her   preroi.'rtli\e,  which    nowhere  cNc 
experieiM-rd  rc<<ihtaiicc,  appeared  to  her  llu;  iiidicaltoii'* 
of  an  indolent  di!tiei<ard,  no  le<i  of  the  Siipreinc  Hein^ 
than    of  hermit — llm    aeknowIedL'ed    vii-ej;ereiit  and 
rcpreM'iitutivc  ,   a  presntnphionn  iiiAnrrecnon  tif  npiril 
n^aniNl  the  reverence  dne  tu  <iod.  and  the  hivallv  due 
the  pnnee  *      Nothnio  could  he   more  nnjn^l  and  falhi- 
cious  than  llii.i  roval  re-i!>oinii<.r      The  religion,  itH  well 
at  the  lovallv.   of  the  INinlaii^,  wa«  llie  low  cereino- 
niouK,  only   hci'aiiKc  tl   was   the  more  rellii'livc,   pro- 
found, and  HnliHlantiaJ.     To  preitcvr  a  tjood  ctniitcirnec. 
ihry  meuunlereil  the  e.\lreiiulics  off  eclrtia'>li<'al  i  iijor 
In  «pilc  ot  everv  wrnnu.  ihev   i  viiuM'd  a  rcf*o!nlc  eon- 
t»1ainv    of  re^iuTil  to  iheir  «ovcreii.Mi       And  iicillier  m- 
liniid.iled  hy  daiii/cr  nor  dn«|Mrilcd  hv  ilefcat,  lliey  main- 
tuined  a  i-ontmual  edort  lo  ehci  k  llie  cxccmch  of  den- 
potic  authority,  and  to  rear  niid  eheri»htlio  pnl  he  Ithi  r- 
ties  of  their  country.     'I'ht  v  have  hern  elmrLMd  wilh  a! 
^oiir  and  caustic    spirit,  hy    those  who  hireed   ihetn  lo 
rat   their  hrcad   in  hillemcsR   and   carry  ihi'ir  li\c»  mj 
Iheir  lianilK  ;  of  an  enniitv  lo  lilerature,  and  ati  e\clu- ' 
sue  reference   to   the    Hiiilc.    hv  llio^p  who   deslroved! 
tiieir  vvntuii,'!*,  coinmiitcil   tJie  press  to  episcopal  liccn- 
BCTH,  and  (lepri\cd  theni   of  everv  noiircc   of  comfort 
and  direelitui  hut  what  ihi'  llihlo  could   supply  ;   of  an 
I'xajjijeraied   eHtiinato    of  l:t'!'.'  OiinK^.    by    those  who 
made   such    thinirs    the    cuiisu   ot  erue!   sntrfrini,'  nnd 
enornioua  wroui.'  ;   of  a   stern   jealousy  ci  civil  powiT, 
by  those  who  made  it  Ci>nlmnallv  their  interest  iuijuu(>- 
tion  and  abridge  llie  aulhontv  hy  tvlnch  thev  were  op- 
pressed      Ii  IS  acknowh  d>ird    bv    an   eminent  philoso- 
phic historian,  who  will  not  he  snsprcted  of  anv  niidue 
parli.ihly  hir  these   people,  lliat  the   pnnlans  were  Ihe 
preservers  of  rivil  and   rehijions   libcrly  m   Kiiiilatidt 
It  wa»  a  scion  of  the  same  stock  that   was  debliiied  lo 
propagate  these  blest-ini:s  m  Anierna. 

'rlie  minds  of  a  consulerahle  party  amonc  the  Puri- 
tans hud  been  crudiialiy  prepared  lo  tlisclaini  the  anil.o- 
rity  of  Ihe  national  church,  und  to  deny  the  lav\ fulness 
ot  holdniir  couimuinoti  with  it  ;  insomuch,  that  when 
these  o|)mion9  were  llrst  puiilnlv  preached  by  Itoheri 
IJrowii  111  IJHO,  Ihev  rapidly  obtained  the  ai-sent  and 
open  profession  of  imiliitndes.  IJrown.  who  lmuiciI  | 
the  dislniciioii  of  bestowmi;  his  name  on  a  aect  which 
denved  very  little  credit    from  the    appellalion,  was  a 

*  InaniH-erh  Irnmiln' thrniif.  hIii-  inH-niiriltlir  ritiiinnniji  (ahrr 
n  I'aiiiliit  ciiiit.'-'f'iiiii  (hat  flu*   Itnew  imtM-tlv  w|m  hiul  rci.t  or 

r^llerlt'd  as   iiimli  us  Iicrsi'li  )  dmi  hI ver  nnaik.-il  ilu^  r"ri. 

«iiiiiijiiii9  of  the  cliiiri"h,  filainItTi-.i  lirr  ;i*  in  kuit.'iiu' 
lu'iid,  divinely  ainv.inlfil  ;  nnililini.  iIOm-  p.ipi'i-*  v.fn*  invrn- 
raifl  I'liftnii'-  in  ln-r  piT^'Ui,  dit'  iii'Mlfru  ■.'■<  i  iru"*  witi-  im  Ifs* 
lorniidahir  i<iall  ktniriy  I'Mvi-rnMii'iil.     Slir  ^.i.lt'il,ih;il  slic  «a- 

d'-U'viiii i  111  f.n[ii)ri'->  ihrir  iniTli.-l.hirHrt  in  itn-siimpluiMiHlv 

priiiiniiiL' ilm  will  of  liiul  Alinejliiy,— ilius  prcHiiiiiint,  I'v  ili"c 
wmhI  t>f  her  iiumtli,  i.>  arri'--i  ilu'  wtaylrsn  (•iHir'»t' ii{  tiiMUu'lu. 
and  priK-UiMlly  H|iiiro|iri.itm?  ihe  |k)\vit  of  ihni  Bcini'  wh't^- 
honor  f<he  iirrtt'iuli-d  (n  Unduuic.  U'KwR.t'  Arrou.it  ol  (^ni-i'ii 
Kli/ahrtli'»  l*iirIiaiinMiH.  p.  .TJS.  Thf  rruel  law  ilinl  was 
p-f^-it'd  Ml  (hi-  ihirlv-lirth  yrar  ol'thf  (piei  n>  rclmi,  aconsl  all 
reru!4aiiis  in  uiiend  tlie  nniidiial  church,  is  pniiilnt  "  An  an  in 
rciain  tn-r  nmjfsty'H  mitijecis  in  ihrirdiie  idu'dii-iirt*,"  nnd  was 
inn'mtiMl.  llu  llic  prcamhif  dfclnrcd,  (ii  rcpifs  ihe  I'vit  prac- 
in'1'soi  "  ncdinoijs  ^ccnirics  and  disloyal  pprmuii*,"— sri.uny- 
iiii>tMilt'scrlpiion«  orL'iiilt  ill  the  fsiiiiiiiiion  nrKlizHhcih. 

t  "  So  absolute  indeed  was  Iho  autlumiv  nflhecrown  that 
the  prcclou'*  spark  of  JitHrrly  had  l>con  kiiu'l-d  and  was  pre- 
•prvcil  by  the  puritans  alune :  and  it  was  lo  tins  srct,wli«>i< 
prtMcinles  appear  so  rnvolon^  and  hahils  ho  riiliculoii<i.  that 
the  Kiifilish  owo  tliu  whole  lu'i'doni  uf  Iheir  coiistitiilion." 
Hume's  Knitland,  vol.  v.  p.  |.s3.  Aiiain,  "  It  was  nn)v  d'lriiiir 
the  neit  Kencration  that  Uin  noble  pnncipIeHof  libcrlv  took  < 
root,  and.  spreadliiff  themselves  under  tlie  shelter  of  pnritani- . 
f al  absurdities,  itecame  fashionable  amuuK  the  |H'«>pU'."  Ibid. 
p.  4W>.  The  only  fault  that  tins  histnriau  can  tiiid  wilhihe' 
puritans  I'',  that  ttiey  were  cinbued  with  the  only  prinriplrs' 
which  can  inspi,-*  tiitiu  with  aC'iuruge  iniurmountablu  i>y  any 
buinai)  motive. 


yoiiiiit  elrr^\min.  of  i{ood  faiiidy,  eiidoweil  williarvat- 
less,  d.iniii^'  cnaracler,  ti  I'lerv  temper,  iiiid  a  hi'art  of 
eonirovertiy  llncounlerinu  the  wrath  ot  Ihe  eceh-^nis- 
tics  vviih  til  r>  er  wrath,  and  tr.implin^  on  their  arro^ince 
with  more  than  clerical  pride,*  be  roamed  uhoul  ihc 
coiiiilry  irivei;{lnii;{  a^^aiiist  hioliops,  ecch'^niHticid  cuiirls. 
ceremonn"*,  und  urdiii.ilion  ol  iiiinislers,  and  exnltin^', 
above  all.  lit  Ihe  h.'ast  iliat  he  bad  hefii  eommiircd  lo 
ihirlvlwo  prisons,  in  so'iu'  of  which  he  lOiild  not  mr 
his  band  at  noon-dav  His  ini|ietuous  and  illiberal  spi- 
rit accelerated  Ihe  itetlaration  of  opitiions  which  were 
not  vet  riiatureil  in  Ihe  purii.iii  body,  and  whn  b,  liul  lor 
his  iiiisr.isonal'le  inlerpo^Miou  nnd  pervt  riin^  tnlbience, 
mi^ht  Soulier  have  been  ripened  into  the  syth  ni  ot  llie 
inih  pendeiils.  The  <piei  n  and  Ihc  b|^||ops  applied  the 
ii^ualrenndy  of  per-^t  I'ntnni  lo  this  mnovalion,  with 
e\en  more  than  Ihe  usual  evidence  of  the  nntiutess  of 
llieir  ptdicy  to  edict  iIm  object  .Supported  by  power- 
ful ar^niiients.  mainliiiied  with  zeal  and  eonrai;e,  und 
opposed  by  cniellieH  ihal  di«.;.'raei  d  the  Maine  of  n  li^iiJii. 
the  principbi  of  the  llrowrnsis  spri'ail  wnhlv  llimu^di 
ihe  land.  Itrowii  hnnsell,  and  a  coiit^rei^ahon  more 
nnmediali  U'  alhiched  to  him.  expatriated  to  Middle- 
bnrub,  ni  Zealand,  where  they  were  perintlted  to  tsia- 
blL-h  ibemselvcs  unmolested  Ibil  Wiow  ii  linl  colU  ried 
aroniid  hiiii  ir|»irils  loo  coiiLienial  to  his  own.  lo  pre*t  rve 
Iheir  nnioii  when  the  slrouir  band  of  oppression  was 
withdrawn.  The  conureL'atum  crumbled  mm  parlies, 
and  was  koou  dissolu'd  ,  and  Brown,  relnrnuiif  to 
lln^land.  jtuiictl  ihr  nalioiial  elinn  h.  and,  coiiUaclini.' 
dissolute  hibits,  eiidetl  his  davs  ni  indolence  und  con- 
tempi  Hut  llie  doclrmcs  which  he  bad  been  ibe 
means  of  inlrodiicmo  to  public  notice  had  lirmlv  rooted 
llienisi  IvcA  m  the  puritan  body,  and  received  dailv 
accession)*  to  thu  nuiiiberi  und  renpeclabibly  of  the 
votaries 

'I'lie  Hrownistsdid  not  ditVerfrom  the  church  of  Knif- 
latid  III  anv  of  her  articles  of  taiih.  but  ihey  looked  upon 
her  discipline  as  popi-^Ji  ami  .u ill  t  iiri>lian.aiid  all  her  sa- 
craments and  ordiiiatict  s  ,i>.  invalid  ,  ami  lliey  renounced 
communion,  not  only  wiih  her.  ImiI  willi  e-.iTv  otln  r 
proiesiant  church  tb.it  was  not  conslructed  on  the  same 
modi  hi!*  their  own,  Their  model  was  dinved  from 
ihe  closest  imilation  of  the  primitive  in*t  inlious.  as 
di  Imeated  in  scriplnre.  Wln-ri  a  chun  h  was  lo  be 
Uathcred,  all  who  ib  sired  to  be  memlier.^  of  it,  made  a 
coidessuui  of  their  faith  before  one  another,  and  Hii,'ned 
a  covenant  hy  which  ihev  obli^/ed  ihe-nsrlvis  to  walk 
toiictlier  III  the  older  of  llie  ^o-pel  li.nh  conorei.M- 
lun  birmed  un  indipcndent  church,  and  (he  adinis 
sion  or  exclusion  of  imuiiM  rs  rcMded  with  ihe  bietbren 
composiiii,'  It.  Their cliurcbollicerji  were  elected  from 
ainonir  themselves,  mid  sepiraied  to  iheir  f-cveral  of- 
liiesof  pnacbiiiij  the  woid.  admimstenno  iheir  ordi- 
nancis,  and  takiiiii  care  of  the  poor,  by  fa>Iiiit;  and 
praver  and  tiie  imposinon  of  the  bands  of  s(Mne  of  the 
breibren.  They  dnl  not  allow  the  prie-slhood  lo  he  a 
distinct  order,  or  to  iM\cst  u  man  wiiii  an  indchlile  cha- 
racter ;  but,  as  the  apponitment  of  the  church  conhrred 
histuncttoii  twl'"'l^  111  Its  i-xerciM*.  too.  w.is  limited  lo 
the  special  lunlv  to  which  he  was  ultached).  so  the  same 
anlhonty  was  sullicicnl  lo  deprive  him  of  u.  It  was 
lawliil  for  any  one  of  the  brethren  lo  exercise  the  liberty 
of  prophesying',  as  it  was  called,  wbieb  meant  the  liiv- 
iiit;  a  word  of  exhorlalion  lo  the  people;  and  it  was 
ii!»nal  tor  >onie  ot  them,  alter  sermon,  to  ask  .piCNtnuis. 
and  reason  upon  the  doctrines  that  had  bi  en  preachi-d 
The  cmiilition  lo  which  the  puritans  were  rcilucid  by 
thetr  oppressors,  favored  the  acceptame  of  all  that  was 
Mparaiini;  and  unsocial  in  the  principles  o\  ih--  Hrown- 
isi  teachers;  for,  while  every  conoreoation  bad  to  as- 
seinblo  by  str.dib.  u  \m,s  niiposMble  lo  maintain  any 
interconr?^.'  In'tween  their  cliur.-hes,  or  to  ascertain  how- 
far  they  mutually  uKrced  in  doctrine  und  discipline. 

.\t:aiTist  these  men,  m  whose  characters  wi're  united 
more  piety,  virtue.  conrai.'f.  and  loyalty  than  nny  ..ther 
portion  of  her  people  displayed,  did  Kh/abeth  and  her 
ecclesiaN'i.-al  couiisillors  direct  ihe  whole  tury  of  the 
law.  .b.lm  I'dall,  one  of  their  riimislers,  was  irnti  in 
the  year  l.Mn,  for  haviri^»  published  a  defence  of  ihrir 
lends,  which  he  entitled  .1  Ihmnn.strnhun  of  thf  Ihs.i- 
l>linc  irhirh  ChiKst  hath  pir.\rnf>ni  in  his  Won!  f„r  iht 
(iormiment  of  the  Churrh  in  all  Tnnrs  ami  l*lan\s 
until  thr  World's  I :iul.  This,  consiatcntlv  with  Kliza- 
beth's  declaration,  that  whoever  atlackcd  the  church, 
slandirpd    the    queen,  wa.s  rci»arded  us  a  scandalous 

*  Ilisirranilfallicr  ha!  a  chariiT  tVoiu  Ib-nrv  the  Ki-hih, 
conllrnird  liv  act  ol  Pari!  inicnt,  "  lmvuic  biin  iVavt' (o  pm  on 
htscap  in  lb.- pre-rnr.- i.t  i|i,.  kin-,  or  bis  h.-trs.  or  anv  |„rd 
spiniual  or  UMupHritl  in  thi'  taint,  and  uoi  io  put  ii  off  bm  lor 
hisowneasi-orpl.-a-uri!."  Thc.ap  si-enw  i.  h.iv.>  ir.tn.smm.il 
iM  pr.  ptTilis  with  us  piivilt'iie^  lo  lb.-  ijrandiun  of  hnn  wIiom- 
arro^'antc  could  solicit  sucti  a  UuiiiiCtiuii. 


libel,  and  I'dall  wan  urruiuMiid  fur  a  capital  ftloiiy. 
When  he  was  told  I'V  one  id'  the  judj/es  that  a  book  re- 
|ilete  Willi  siiilimenls  so  iticonsisleni  wilb  ihr  estv- 
bhshetl  mslilntiouN,  tended  to  the  overlll^ow'tl.^  of  ihu 
••lale  and  ihe  ronstui;  of  rebellion,  be  replied,  "  My 
birds,  that  be  far  t'rom  me  ,  for  we  teach  Ihal.  n  fornt* 
m^  ihm^s  amiss,  if  the  prince  wdt  not  consent,  tlia 
wcipons  that  subjects  are  lo  linht  willi  all,  urc  repent- 
irirr  and  pra\ers,  pain  nct«  and  tears"  The  judm» 
od'ered  bun  his  lift-  if  be  wouhl  recant  ,  and  added,  that 
he  was  now  readv  to  pnuionncn  senlmcf  of  dealb 
*' And  I  am  ready  to  receive  it,"  crnd  this  iiiaiinaiii- 
inoiM  man;  "tor  I  protest  behire  ( Jo4i  (not  knowiiitf 
that  I  am  to  live  .ui  luuir)  that  the  cansr  is  ^ood.  anu 
I  urn  coiileiitid  lo  reci'ive  sentence,  so  that  I  may 
h  avc  il  lo  poslrnty  how  I  have  sutlired  lor  the  caii^e  " 
lit'  was  coudenmed  to  die;  and  bcin^  siill  ur^ed  lo 
siibinil  lo  the  tpicen,  be  wil!ini:lv  expresHcd  his  sorrow 
III. It  luy  of  his  writin^rs  should  have  ^lven  her  oll'ence, 
and  diM-lamied  anv  such  wi^li  or  mleiitiou,  but  reso- 
luiely  refund  lo  disown  what  he  believed  to  he  tho 
cause  of  irutb  uiid  of  IiIm  rty  of  conscience  \\y  ihn 
interest  of  some  powuibd  tin  nils,  n  cinnliiionut  pardon 
W.IS  obtained  b>r  limi ;  but  Ih  tore  the  teriiiH  of  u  conttl 
he  adjUHlcd,  or  the  tpu'cn  prt  vadeil  on  to  si^n  it,  be 
Idled  III  prison  Penrv,  <ireenwond.  M.'irrow,*  und 
Ihnnis,  ol  wlioiii  the  llrMi  two  were  i  lerovmetnand  tho 
others  1  lynien,  were  footi  after  tried  imi  similar  clkirues, 
ami  perislieit  hv  llie  li.mds  ol  the  exei  ulioner.  Theso 
men  were  olVered  a  pardon  if  they  would  retract  their 
profession  ;  but,  tiispired  by  a  iourai»e  whn  b  no  eirlhly 
motive  could  overcotiie.  tiny  eluti[r  ui  their  prmeipleii, 
and  conumltcd  their  hie  to  its  author.  .Souie  oiheri* 
were  hauijed  tor  ilispersinir  the  w  riliuos.  ami  se\eral 
hir  ntieiidin;;  the  de<cinirsi-s.  of  llie  ltro\Mii:<ts.  Many 
more  endured  tiie  torture  of  sevi  re  imprisonment,  and 
numerous  bniidieK  wtre  reduct  d  to  nnli>;ene(^  by  heavy 
tines  As  the  most  virtuous  and  honorable  are  ever, 
on  such  ih'i'iisions,  most  expitscd  |o  d.ini;er,  e\erv 
slroki-  of  the  opjire^sor's  arm  is  aimed  at  those  very 
|>pi.ili(us  Ml  Ins  iidversaries  ilial  coii'<lilule  Ins  mvii  ilc- 
jlence  and  securily  ;  uuil,  lieme,  severities  so  od:ou.i  to 
mankind,  and  so  calculated  to  unite  by  the  stronof^t 
sympailiv  the  minds  of  ijii'  spcci.itors  anil  sullerers  to- 
1,'elher,  are  more  likelv  to  (lii,tiun.h  tin-  virtue  liiaii  tho 
iiumbeis  of  a  p.irtv.  Hv  dim  of  lonii  couimnanre,  and 
of  Ihe  exeriioi)  of  ibi  ir  iiitlui  nee  on  a  oreaier  variety 
of  character,  they  hnallv  divenicd  a  ^reat  many  of  iho 
puritans  of  the  spirit  of  niei  ktic:*-*  and  mm  ri  ■•i-.ianco 
for  which  the  tatiier-.  of  the  party  Ind  been  so  conspi- 
cuous. Hnt  this  truit  was  not  i.MlIn  red  till  a  Nulmo* 
•  pieni  rei^ii ;  and  their  tirst  etUirt  ^^as  not  only  to  inul- 
nply  the  nnmbers,  but  to  conlirm  the  virtue  ot  the  puri- 
tans When  perseculuMi  had  as  \t  i  luil  mviiiorated 
their  torlitudc  without  inspirino  lerociiy,  a  portion  of 
ihis  people  was  happily  condiiclid  to  the  retreat  of 
Anienca,  there  lo  platil  and  extend  ihe  prmciphs  of 
Iheir  noble  cause,  while  their  hreihreii  in  l!n;;laiid 
remained  behind  lo  aveuoe  its  accumulated  wronos. 

When  the  ijiueii  was  mlormeil.  by  Dr  KeMioNU.  of 
ihe  calm  pietv  which  lhe>e  marlvrs  had  displayed,  ho'.v 
ihi  y  bad  blo.Mil  their  pervecntmii  Rovereiu'ii,  and  turned 
ihe  sc.illnld  to  which  she  had  coii.^iifued  lliein  into  an 
altar,  whence  tliey  had  praved  h)r  her  lotio  and  liappy 
rei;.'n,  her  heart  was  touched  wiifi  a  sentiment  of  nt- 
mor'-e.  and  she  expressed  n  lti  I  that  she  had  taken 
iheir  lives  away.  Hut  repen'iiice  with  all  mankind  la 
loo  (dlen  but  a  barren  an>.Mii>!i  ;  and  princes  have  been 
known  lo  bewail,  even  with  It  ars,  the  mortulitv  of  iiuil- 
lilndis  whom  thev  were  conducting  to  slanL'liter,  and 
the  shortness  of  tint  lite  winch  ihey  were  rontnhutmi; 
still  farlhiT  to  abridge  Kh/.abetb.  so  tar  t'rom  ahatinu, 
mcrcixd  the  leoislaiive  fevcnties  whose  eirects  she 
had  deplond  ;  und  was  fated  never  to  see  lier  errora 
nil  It  was  loo  late  lo  repiir  them  In  the  year  lAWS. 
a  tew  months  after  the  executions  which  we  have  alln- 
did  to,  a  new  and  severer  law  was  ( naclcd  against  the 
pnnlans  This  body  was  not  only  exlendmy  lUclf 
every  day,  but  so  rnjndiv  adopting  the  independent 
opinions,  that,  in  the  deliale  which  took  place  m  the 
Mouse  of  Commons  on  the  introduc'ioii  of  this  law, 
Sir  Waller  Italciijb  stated,  that  the  numbers  of  pro- 
fessed Hrownisis  alone  tiien  amounted  to  twenty  thou- 
sand.    The    hninant}    ari^uments,  bowever,  which  he 

•  This  man,  whili*  liiiceriiiir  In  ihr  ihinp'on.  wtiere  Ut 
awaiii'd  his  lute,  pri'siMind  »  Hiipplicaiionio  piirhanirnt.  which 
ciiniains  B  friL'hiluI  picturi' itf  the  Iiorrors  ot  iiiiprisoiniii-ni  In 
ihai  aire.  "  \Vv  crave  lor  all  of  us.'*  In-  nay.i.  *'  but  the  lllirriy 
r'iiliiT  to  die  openly  or  to  livi<  openly  in  tht>  landnrnur  nativity. 
It"  we  deserve  death,  it  ticsceiiirth  ihe  niiiji'sty  of  jll^tict•  not  lo 
«(■«  us  flosely  uiurdercd,  yra.  started  lo  disilh  witli  hunger 
andcold.  Hii.l  stitlfd  in  toiilb^-'Ui.' diinyooiiN,'"  kc.  Ncal.  i.  M. 
IliM  tbf  )'  ill  iincnt  was  coin|>' IK  d  to  lea^c  llarrnw  iind  hil 
ft'llow  BUtli  rcra  to  the  incrcv «.  t  ilto  iiuuen  and  ihu  biabops- 


I  I 


i 


M8  >  

drt.%f.d  from  tint  tfMtl^llMlMlllrtiiltttmiltria  to  pri 
vent  thi  ii.iKKinu'  oft  law*  wnleh  vniwimi,  th.a  unv  pi*r- 
•nil  iiltDVi-  Rixlctii  vcaro  of  RijiMxlio  i>li)ilii>iitt'lv  ri'fti»ri)t 
during  liir  f\m'v  itf  •■  mhmiIIi.  Id  itllriut  puhlir  \%orN)ti|i. 
1.I11M1I1I  |)r  cniMMiitlrd  lo  |>^l^oll,  tii.it,  il  li«' ihtkihu.,! 
tliriM'  iiKMiliii  111  hiH  ri'lii  .il.  hi'  iiiiii't  til>jiiri'  tlir  riiiliii  , 
uiid  tliiit,  il  ill'  riiliiT  r('lu!4rd  iln'*  I'niiitiiioii.  or  n  turni  d 
il'liT  liaitmiitiinil,  lii>  ulioiill  mitli  r  ilrulh  nn  u  iVIoii  II 
tlit«  iicl  \Mi!<  not  iiuirr  lurtiiiiitti-  itiaii  i'^*  |>ri  ili-i'i'iiM>rH 
III  .11  r(iiii|ilir>)iiiii{  tlic  iiiiiiM  ii*'|t'i'|  III  rliCi-liinii  llit' 
^ri>\Mli  (d  |iiiritiiii  |iri<H'i|)|i'H,  m  I'lli-t-u  d  tit  li  ii^i  llic  ttidi* 
urdiii>ilr  ji'irpitiir  nl  dn\iMi;a  i5rf'.it  iiijmv  ulliit'  |iri)li's- 
norx  ol  iiii)i'|>i  iiili'iicv  oul  III  l!i)<„'l.iiul  Oiif  IiihIv  of 
tlii'HP  fuuitivi-<4  \\,i:*  i'i)lli'i-tril  nlioul  llir  cloni'  of  llir  nix- 
ti'i  mil  ri'iiuirv,  ill  Atii^urd  nil,  vNlit^rc  iIk'V  lloiirit*i)i'd 
III  \HAVv  mill  jiiriv  for  upwards  of  u  liuiidn'd  yrtrit. 
niltiTii  rrhri'd  to  liilli  rrrit  prolr:<tji)t  Alatcs  uii  tiir  roii- 
tiiH'Dl,  VNiinuT  with  luiid  dflu!«uo  liii|ir.  tlirv  rKpri-ud 
to  )m>  rt>i'iilU-d  lo  llinr  nalisr  l.iiid  liv  tiic  .ircrnHion  of 
Mli^aiictirfl  p>U('i'^^^u^■  Tiic  rniuindiT  conti toted  in 
Ki'ui.uid  to  (liirlu.iti'  lu'l^MTii  tltr  rviittioii  uiid  llii'  mo- 
lalion  of  Iho  law,  ciMrixlito^  with  llieir  {itiiiri|i|rK  a  hirrii 
iiii|iii(it'iu  r  arixiiii;  rriiiii  tlic  ^illin^  ri  -^iraiiils  lluil  iiii- 
iii'drd  (licir  fxiircffjon  ;  and  )('t  ntaiiit'd  ni  !iii)Miii!t«ioii 
nv  (III'  )iO{)(*  \vhit'li  HI  coiiiMioii  witti  tlir  vwWa  llicy  in- 
dul^"il  of  a  initi^Miion  o\  llirir  »iitli'riiii;i>  ui  (lir  di-niiMC 
of  itir  iioirn  Stiiiir  lii!>toriaim  lia\('  I'Siin-fHtd  no 
Hiiiall  wuiiitt  r  nt  (l)«>  unu'r-ilt  Ini  niipaiiroi-r  for  a  nrw 
m^Mi  tliat  v\ait  iiiitiitt'Hti'd  111  tilt-  cIo<<e  4if  I'lizalu'lirs 
life,  mtd  at  tin*  very  Aiiddcii  dir^i^unt  wi.u-li  (lie  ^omto- 
mciil  of  lirr  muHM  iisor  rxprru'iui-d  Uut  llu-hf  Mt'iii- 
uiii  iiH-oiis^iHtrric-icM  uroHi'  lro-u  ilic  naiiir  caimr  lAua- 
hrtii  l).id  i-xliaoMlfd  ilic  patiiiu'c  and  loyally  of  a  ^rral 
hodv  of  tuT  sutijt'ct<i  ;  and  11. r  adlicrtMicf  (o  iuT  imlii-y 
whicli  licr  Kiii-tTssor  »o  uiit'xpi'ctidlv  iiianilfsifd,  dm- 
nppoihtt'd  all  tie  liopfs  liy  wliicli  tlu't>e  virtues  liud 
bi'cn  niiMtuintd. 

Tin'  liopi'H  oi  till'  puriian*  woro  drrivej  from  llu* 
rdu<'aiio:i  of  ilir  ScottiHli  knt;;,  and  tnipporlrd  by  iiianv 
of  lii.i  dccl.iraiion^.  vliicn  werr  t'ai»i  rly  rtprated  111 
Kn<>liiiid  .I.iiiir-*  liad  tu't  11  tirrd  a  prc^livteriaii ;  lit> 
had  puMirlv  d-'clarnl  llial  tlir  Ivirit  ul  Scolland  vvuj 
till'  piir(>l  i'lii;rfli  III  tlic  world,  mid  ili.it  tin-  i;o;:lish 
l.iltir^y  MXiiidt'd  111  \i\ti  iMTn  like  (j/(  tU-inuntl-.'nl  mita.t. 
On  liiH  tt<-4-('!4sioii  to  the  10n^li!«li  crown.  In;  wati  t'.i^crlv 
a«»ail(d  l>y  pcdiionx  ftoni  llii>  piiritiiii!*  ,  :i(id  at  tir^t  lie 
sUovM  1]  liiin>t'lf  Ml  tar  diHpo^rd  to  atlnid  to  tlinr  wi>ti(  s 
an  lo  appoint  u  holeiiui  confi  riiici'  hiiwicn  ihcia  anil 
the  lieaiU  ol  the  i  liurcli  p.iriv  ui  ll.nnploii  Courl.  liiil 
the  hopis  iiispirid  liy  tin;!  loiilerrme  \\ere  compli-tilv 
di5.ip|iuinled  hv  itH  rr^ult  [Jan.  ICiOlJ.  If  .laineH  had 
ever  Im  II  snu-i  re  111  preUrrm^  .t  pre>l)yleriini  to  an 
episeopal  ('sijlih>liiiinit,  his  opinion  w.ih  iiiiirilv  rc- 
ViTM-d  Uy  till'  oppoihinilv  lie  now  enjityrd  of  coni|  ann^ 
them  with  earli  oilier,  and  hy  llie  \ery  dilleriiit  treat- 
ineiii  ill' i'xpeneiicid  from  ine  niiiiisiirs  of  hoiii.  In 
Scotland  ne  had  Im  iti  nixoUed  in  pt  rpetnal  conleNtioim 
with  liie  eler^iy.  wiio  did  not  recoijiiiM'  in  In-  rei'd  of- 
fice anv  !<npreiiiai-y  ovt  r  tluir  cliurcii.  and  who  diltered 
from  liim  exciM-dinijiv  in  tlieir  e.">lini.ilf  of  hin  pu  tv.  ca- 
purity.  and  atlaiiitnerits.  IVecludi  il  liv  lii^  poverlv 
from  a  di>plav  of  ro\al  pomp  iliat  iiii;.'lit  have  il.i//.led 
their  eyes  and  hid  ihe  man  In  iiinii  the  kii.i:,  he -.tood 
plainly  revealed  to  llieir  keen  iflaiue,  nil  awkward  per- 
Honilirutioi)  of  conceit  and  peilaiitrv.  ohstiii.ile  Imt  on- 
Htfjdy.  fraiiijlil  willi  learnmi.'.  voui  uf  knowhdj^e.  Tliev 
have  been  accused  ol  dis-lnrlmiH  Ins  izovemimnt  iiv  ex- 
ercising a  censtonal  power  over  It  ;  Imt  il  was  hmihelf 
that  tir^t  tani^ht  tliem  thus  to  overstep  their  fmiciion.H. 
Kxlendini;  Iim  administr.itMm  into  tlieir  peculiar  pre- 
vince,  where  it  liad  no  ri^iht  to  peiietr:ite,  lie  seemed  to 
le^iliiui/e  a>  well  as  provoki>  thi'ir  cen>ortal  btricture9 
on  hm  mtriiMoii,  MiM^iliiiL;  reliomii  with  hi'«  politics, 
he  alleiiipli  d  to  reinotlel  ilie  clmrih  ;  arid  (he  rii  r^'V. 
ininiilniL:  politics  witli  llieir  duimiv.  complained  of  his 
interterence  and  censured  Ins  couTiiment  Urfeiiditio 
inNtiliitiuns  not  lesn  reffpected  than  hrlo\ed  t>v  tlie  peo- 
ple, ihey  easily  uhlanied  the  victory;  and  .lame*i  met 
with  the  same  coccess  in  atteniptiiii.'  to  control  ilie 
Bentimeiils  of  the  Scotch,  that  m  his  tolmcco  coiitro- 
vcrhy  he  afterwards  experienced  in  altemptim:  to  pre- 
vail over  the  senses  of  the  Knyhsh.  One  of  the  mi- 
iiiotem  had  cone  tlie  lenjrth  of  declarintj  that  "  all 
kmjis  were  the  drul's  children;"  and  the  knit.' retorted 
the  discourtesy  when  he  found  hnn-elf  safe  in  l-Jinland, 
by  vehemently  proiestini,Mhat  "  a  Scottish  preshvierv 
agrees  as  well  with  nion.irchv  as  (Jod  and  the  devil  " 
The  sentiment'*  that  iialiirally  resulte.l  from  otrended 
ttrrn^allce  and  niorlilicii  preMimption.  were  expamled 
to  their  anif.le^t  plenitmie  hy  the  hla/n  of  tlittery  and 
adulation  wiili  which  the  ditjintarirs  of  the  Kni^Iisli 
thurcl;  fcrtived  lum.     Uy  them  lie  was  readily  hailed 


Til  K    III  ST  nil  V    OF 


the  •npreine  head  of  iheir  est.ililifhmi  hi,  Ihe  prolei  tor 
of  Its  pri\  ite;.'iii,  the  t-oiin  e  i<t  ii^^  hpli  ndor,  the  p;itr')n 
of  Its  diijnilMs.  and  \\'hiii'>fl  went  i>o  far  an  lu  de- 
clare, in  the  conference  al  ILimpUm  rourt.  ihit  iin- 
douhtt  (Hy  hiK  nNi)e-lv  spake  l>v  tin'  speci.d  a«"i«l.(nci< 
ol  Ood's  H|>irit  'rhi!«  was  ihi  l.i-"!  impure  that  Whit- 
^itt  wa^  al<le  lo  h  iid  to  roy.d  pride  ^'tid  hillv  < 'on- 
founded  al  Ihe  niii\rrMl  explosion  of  pnrilnn  senli- 
menlft.  wliicli  he  had  llaltend  liiiiiself  willi  the  hope  of 
liauhL'  ahn.isl  comph-u  Iv  exdiii^iM'^hi  d.  Ins  ^rief  and 
concern  so  \  loli  tiilv  .illectt  d  In*  n;jed  hodv  .is  to  ciuse 
his  dealit  \erv  shtuilv  alier  llul  lie  had  alieadv  cmi- 
(riliiiti'd  lo  revud  the  ecch  siat)lical  spinl  ol  Mi/ahetli 
m  the  mind  oi  her  successor  ;  and  J.iine«.  inllamed 
with  admiration  ol  a  church  which,  like  a  faithful  mir- 
ror, so  fairlv  rethcted  and  illustrated  his  roval  pi  Flec- 
tions, hecaiue  heiicelor^sard  the  iletermnieil  [i.itron  of 
the  eslahhsliment,  and  the  prrsecutor  ol  iill  whoop- 
noHCil  Its  institutions  Mis  natural  urro^.inci .  t'oriilihid 
hy  such  unexceptionahle  lestimonv,  soared  Eo  a  hei;_'lit 
winch  iioihinu  hut  rovallv  or  a  diHordend  nndeiNtand- 
in^  has  ever  ultaiucil  ,  and  he  who  m  Scotlanil  had 
loiind  himse'f  ciirlxd  111  everv  attempt  tit  intertere  Willi 
tliti  religious  ni'^titulions  of  his  tiwn  narrow  realm,  now 
thoii^lil  jiimself  entitled  lo  dictate  llie  ecclesiastical 
policy  of  foreign  nations.  ll.ivin^  enteri'd  mio  a  ilis- 
pule  Willi  \'orslius,  prolessor  of  theoloijv  m  a  Uiitch 
iimver  .ttv.  and  findtui.'  his  adversary  in>i  iisihle  lo  the 
wei^hl  oi  Ins  ar^mm  tits,  he  resolved  to  make  hirii  feel 
at  leas'  the  weiL>ht  and  leiiuth  of  Ins  arm  ;  and  roused 
to  a  de^ree  of  enerizv  and  hauuhtiness  to  which  no 
oilier  forei;jn  concernmi  lit  waHrTcridtle  to  excite  him, 
he  renioiK'.traled  so  vi^;oroiisly  with  the  states  of  Hol- 
land, that  lo  put  an  end  lo  his  clamor,  tliev  suhimltcd 
to  the  mean  injustice  of  deposing;  and  hanishin;;  tlie 
profrssor.  AViih  this  saciilice  to  Ins  insultid  lo>tic, 
.l.imen  was  forced  to  he  conietited,  ihouuh  he  liad  en- 
deavored to  rt>use  his  ri-pnhlican  allies  to  more  roval 
re\eiii.'c,  hy  lnfo^lUln^  thein  "  th,it  a*  lo  the  hinnin:,' 
of  Vurstius  for  his  hlasphemies  and  atheism,  lie  hit 
Ihein  to  their  own  christian  wisdom  :  hut  surely  never 
heretic  hitter  deserved  the  liaine>  "  He  dul  not  lad 
lo  reintorce  tins  ch.iritalile  coiin>i-l  hv  his  own  t  tainple  . 
and  m  Ihe  course  of  hiH  reii.iii  huriied  .it  the  s^lke  two 
persons  who  were  so  unhappy  as  to  entertain  the 
Anaii  III  resv.  and  an  unldrtunate  lunatic  wlio  mistook 
himself  lor  the  Ihily.*  and  whose  frenzy  was  thus  cru- 
eli\  tre.iti  d  hv  u  much  more  danL'i  rous  and  deliher.itr 
mvatliT  of  tiie  di\ine  attrihules  If  James  had  not 
lieeii  restrained  hy  the  ).'rowini;  politic. il  a>cendancv  ol 
till  puritans,  tinre  would  prohahlv  have  heeii  more 
of  such  executions  m  Knuland.  He  did,  however,  as 
much  as  he  dart  d;  and  litidiiiL;  in  llancroft  a  tit  suc- 
cessor lo  \\  hit^ifl.  lie  made  with  his  asMsLmce  so  vi- 
jiorous  a  eomiiienceiiient,  that  m  the  hisoi.d  vear  of  his 
riit:n  three  hundred  puritan  minislirs  were  deprived, 
imprisoned  or  ham-^liid.  To  ))revinl  the  cominmn- 
cation  of  li^ht  from  aliro'ul,  the  nnportation  of  anv 
liooks  hostih-  to  thr  rislr.unts  nnpos<il  hv  the  laws  of 
the  realm  or  the  km>j's  proclamations,  was  loihiilden 
under  Ihi-  severest  penallie*,  to  prevent  its  ri>e  atul 
repress  iis  spn  ad  at  home,  no  hooks  were  sullered  to 
he  printed  in  Knulaiul  without  the  consent  of  a  com- 
mittee of  hishops  or  their  deputies;  and  arhiirary  ju- 
risdictions for  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical  olleiiccs  were 
multtphed  and  cxteniiiil.  Tersons  su^pecttil  of  en- 
tcrliinmi;  puritan  seniimenls,  even  though  ihev  adhered 
to  the  churkli,  were  sultjecled  to  line  ami  imprisonment 
for  harely  rcpealini.'  t«>  their  families,  in  the  evemiiL'. 
the  siilpsiance  of  the  discourses  they  liad  lieard  at 
church  diirin>;  ihe  dav,  under  the  pretence  that  this 
constituted  the  crime  of  irrej^ular  preaching  Soineuf 
the  puritans  havinti  conceived  the  ilesiijn  of  wilhilraw- 
in<j  to  \'ir<imia,  where  ihev  lioped  that  ilisiaiice  would 
at  least  tmiiLjate  the  vinlence  of  oiiprdMon.  a  miihII 
nninhi  r  of  them  proceeded  to  carrv  their  purpose  into 
elfect  ;  and  a  lar^rer  hoilv  were  prcparnii^  lo  follow, 
when  Bancroft,  apprised  of  their  intention,  olitauied  a 
proclamation  f;jm  the  kin^,  coinmanilm;;  tliat  none  ot 
ills  suhjccts  'iliould  settle  m  Vir;rinia  without  an  ex- 
press licence  umler  the  yreat  seal.  Thus  harassed 
and  oppressed  in  Kiiijland,  ami  deprived  of  a  refiijje  m 
Vir;rinia,  the  puritans  he^an  tt>  retire  m  considerahte 
nuinhers  to  the  protestant  >tates  of  the  roniineiii  ;  and 
the  hopes  of  the  hIiII  greater  and  increasing!  tiumhers 
who  remained  at  home  were  fixed  on  ihr  House  of 
Commons.     In   this  assemhty  the  puritan  ascendancy 


•  OiiP  uf  ilifnt!  vicniiH  is  icrriiBtl  liv  h'uller,  in  tiir.  Clniri  ii 
H.-i..ry  <li.  K.  ^^  n.  "Our  Ki.!.'li>lt  Vur-iiitn."  Tlio  kmtr.  in 
iiiiicatli-it  .if  Hi'Mfv  (he  F.ifrliilrrtLfin:r(t«iiy  lo  l,.iinlirrt,  lul.l  a 
|Mi'>iiiial  (tiM|iitif  uiih  iiiiii.  an.l  ruiKlndril  it  by  Ui-liVLTirij;  hiiii 
tu  Itie  haiiilt}  uf  llic  cxccuuuiur. 


ut  l<  ..t!ih  became  KO  manifest,  that  m  spun  of  ihe  kind's 

pr  icIainationH  for  ericourai^m^  miriMul  ^ames  un  Suti 
dav,  u  bill  was  inlrmlnced  lor  eompeilmi;  a  more  slriet 
and  solemn  observance  of  the  d.iv,  lo  which  il  i,'ii\e  Iho 
denuniui  ■' oil  of  iheKahbilb;   and   when  one  ineinher 
'objeclid  i-i  ties  as  ,1  punl.in  .ippelladon,  .ind  ventured 
,  to  |iisiitv  ilincinu'  hv  a  ^av  iiii'>applicaUon  of  some  pas* 
I  saL'es  III   scripture,  he  was.  on    the  sui*ircstion  ol   Mr. 
i  INm.  ex)ielled   the  house   for  his   prol,imlv.      Hut  we 
have  now  reached  Ihe  period  at  whic!i,we  must  forsake 
,  the  III  nil  stream  of  Ihe  lii^iorv  o|  ihe  pitrilans.  to  billow 
.  the  loiiiini's  of  llhil   ilbistrtou.i  br.ineh  wliuii  wan  des- 
'  lineii  to  visit  and  ennoble  ihe  de-i    K  of  Ann  rica.      In 
reviewniK  the  wtranire  sncccsMoii  .  .   even!*  which  wo 
,liave   behrld,  and    ilii>  varions  imp: '  ssions   liny   h..vo 
'  produced  on   onr  iinud^,  it  may  peihaj's  occir  to  sumo 
as  a  huniibi>)n<.r  consideration,  tlial  tlir  crimes  .md  b)l- 
I  lies,  the  cruellies  and  weaknes!4i  <«  which  would  excitn 
!  no  other  seuliments  bill  those  ot  horror,  urief,  or  pity. 
'  in  an  aiii^ebc  behobbr,  are  cajuble  of  preseiitiiiii  llieni 
selves  111  ••ncli  an  aspect  lo  less  purilii  d  eves,  as  to  ex- 
cite the  splenetic  mirilieven   ot  tho'tc  whose  n.iluru  11 
di'i^radeil  bv  Ihe  odious  or  <ib<<iird  dHptay. 
;      i'l  the  vear  Hi  1(1,  a  con^rcuaiionof  I Irowiiists,  driven 
by   roval  and   eccliM.istical  tyranny  fioin   their  native 
I  hiiiil.  iiad  removeil  lo  I.evden,  where  Ihev  were  penmt- 
led  lo  establish  themseUe-.  in  peace  undtr  the  miiiislry 
loflheir  pastor,  .lohn    llobuiNon  "      Tins  excellent  per- 
I  son  was  the  fiitlier  of   the    independents,    h.ivi'i^'  been 
I  the  first  who  reab/etl  a  middle  course  belweeii  the  p.illi 
I  of  Hrownism  and  the    I'resbylenan  svHiein  ,  lo  one  or 
other   of  which   the  views  and   desires  of  the  I'urilaiis 
;  were    muv  i^enerally  temhiij;,      'llie    senlnneiils  which 
he  entertained  when  lie   lirst  ipntled   his  country,  boro 
lite  inijtress  of  the  perseciilion  muler  which   tliev   l;.id 
I  been  lonned  ;   and  when  he  be^an  Ins  inmistrv  at  I.ev- 
Idriihewasa   riLTid   Drownist  .   but    alter  he   bad   i^een 
more  of  the  world,  and  been  en.ibled  li>  converse  in  a 
Irieiidly  manner  wiih  leariud   and    ^ood  men  of  did'ei- 
.  eiit  ecclesiastical  deiion.malions.  he  be^an  to  enterlHm 
a   more  cbaritabbi  .ipinnm   of  tho<>e  minor  ditl'ereni  es, 
which  he  pla::.iv  )iercei\ed   mi^ht  siibsiet,  vvilhoiit   m- 
)urv  to  the  esNeiiliiils  ol  reliL'ion,  ami  wilhoui  viol.ilni^ 
chanty,   or    inciinn:   pcrsecu'ion       'rboiiijh  he   alwavs 
I  iieiint allied  the  lawfulness  and  i-xpediency  of  separatmi* 
I  from    those    {."Libb^lied    proles|iint    e'liirches     aiiioii^ 
'  wbicli  he  livtd.  he  wiUinoK  allowed  them  the  character 
of  true  t  hiirchi  s  ;  e>teeuied  it  l.iwful    to  communicite 
VMlli   lliem  in  pn  u  liiMi.'  and  [iraver,  lliouuh  not   in  the 
sacniineiits  and    discipline;    and  Irecly  atbmtted    their 
inemberH  to  parl.ike  the  sacraineiit  witli  bis  cou^re;^,t- 
tioii       He  inainlAined   ihal  each   parlicnlar  church,  or 
••oeietv  of  ( 'linsluins,  was  vested    with   the    power  of 
cliootint;  Its  own  ollicers,  admiiiistetin^  the  l;o^pol  or- 
dinanci*,  and  exer<*isini»  over  its  own  uieinbers  everv 
necessary  act  of  cliscipbne  and  iiutbonty  ;  and   cmise- 
tjueiitlv,    thai  it     was    comph-letv    independent    of    all 
cl.i>ses,  synod--,   cmivocations  and   councils.      He   ad- 
mitted the   expeiliency  of  svnoiis  and   councils  h>r  ihu 
rifoncilnnj  ol    ililierences  aniou^    churches,  and    tlio 
iindernii!  of  Iriendlv  advice  lo  them;   but  deiitid  their 
competence  to  exercise  iiiiy  act  of  jurisdiction,  or  au- 
tliorilatively  to  impose  any  articles  or  canons   of  doc- 
tniie.      These  ^entlmellts  Mr.  UobniKon  recommended 
to    e.*teem  liy  exeinplifymii,   m  his  lib-  and    dcmeanot 
the  fruil-*  of  that  spirit  by  whose  teachini;    they  wero 
I  commumcatetl  ;   iiv    a  ciiar.icter,   in    which   the    most 
eminent    faculties,  and  the  luiihest  uttuirmienls,    were 
'  ah'^orlud  bv  the   predominating  power  of  a  solLunn.  af- 
I  lectionate  pietv 

Knjovinn  the  counsel  and  direciUMi  of  wuch  a  pastor, 
'and  blessed  willi  an  ailetpiale  snn.->e  of  his  value.  Iho 
Ktijilish  conyrejjation  remained  for  ten  years  al  I.ey- 
deti.  111  hinnony  with  each  other,  and  at  peace  w'th 
their  nei^^litiors.  Hut.  at  the  end  of  that  penoil,  thu 
same  pious  Me\<  s  that  had  prompteil  their  oriL^mal  tie 
pariure  from  Kn^laiid  mciled  them  lo  undertake  a 
more  distant  mi^'ration.  They  beheld  wiiii  deep  con- 
cern Ihe  loose  profane  ni.inners  that  prev.iiled  vciv 
;»enera)lv  around  thi'in.  ami,  m  particular,  the  utter 
ncjilect  amon^'  the  Dutch  of  a  reu'rential  tdiservaiice 
of  Shiiday  ;  and  thev  reflected  with  apprehen-'ion  on 
the  dangi'r  lo  which  their  chiltlren  were  exposed  from 
the  natural  contaoion  manners  so  niifavor.ible  to  serious 
niely  ;  their  country  too,  still  retained  a  hold  on 
llieir  alfeclions  ;  and  thev  wne  tolh  to  ^ee  iheir  poste- 
rity united  into  the  Hutch  popnbitioii.  The  fewness 
of  their  numbers,  and  tin-  ihiierence  of  lan^'uaj:e,  bir- 
bade  the  hope  of  propapitin^r,  m  Holland,  the  princi|>le9 

•  t'linhliiil  Ufhlivt  ;:lii).  In  Iih  Aceonni  ul'  llir  I'lilU-iJ  rri>- 
riiu  fs.  <li'iicril)t'>i  ihciii  us  a  ht  .*y  nl  KiiL'tiHli  puiilatid,  v\li<i  titfl 
ruMoiicil  tu  Hi))laiiJ  lur  pui^iuiii'd  ul  cuiiiiiicrci'. 


1.U  iriMfiiriutrilir  king'4 

Murtliiiil  ^.iiiiivH  un  Sun 
tMM|«tlliiii»  11  mow  Ntnct 

•IV,  (()  mIiIi-1)  It  1,M1\<*  t!io 

iiriii  wIm'ii  iirii'  iiinntifr 
i|)<'litilini),  imhI  vrntiiri'il 
i|>j>li('.iiiiMi  ol*  mmir  |um- 
tlu-  i»iii.'i»»'''iKi)i  1. 1  Mr. 

ll!«     |iri»I.MlllV.        Hut    VSM 

v\liuli.wr  iitiiNt  CiirHakp 
>l  il)i>  iMiriMnx,  lt)riillow 
Itr.irirh  whii  11  wm*  ili'»- 
('»"    Is  ot  Auk  ru'ii.     In 

)ll  1/    I'VCflli    wltii'li   wu 

inipn  HNUMiH  ilicy  luivo 
|»rlij|in  m-("ir  In  nomti 

J*!  ?*  whii'l)  \\iniU\  fxniit 
)l  Imrriir,  urirf,  or  pity. 
I'll' uC  pri'M-ntiii).'  llii-m 
piinfiiil  v\in,  u*  ro  cx- 
I  ilui-^t'  wluiHp  ii.iiiiro  II 
r.l  .ii-pLiv, 

iDiiul  lliiiwiiiKlit,  ilnvi'ii 
iiiiiy  Iroin  llicir  ii.Uivt* 
ilnTi*  ilirv  ttorr  pcnnil* 
I'.uT  titiiltr  ilir  iiuiiii»try 
'  Tiiift  cxctHrtil  piT- 
IK'iiili'iitH,  li.ivi'ij.'  Ihtii 
oiirxc  lictrtrrti  llii'p.ilti 
'laii  AVNtcin  ,  to  otii-  or 
ivy>\TVH  ol  tht'  riiril.iiiii 
I'lic  ^friliiiii'iit!*  wliK'fi 
ihmI  Ills  roiiiiirv.  Itoro 
Miidrr  wliirli  tlii-v  l;.i'l 
III  lii.H  iiiihiMirv  at  I.cy* 
I'lit  ulirr  lie  Ii.i(]  sf-cii 
il'lfkl  to  ciMiVfrnc  m  ii 
)t)  ^oimI  iiK'it  1)1'  (lilVcr- 
.  Ill'  ln'«,'.iii  to  nilirlHiii 
io>f  iiiiiior  ililVrn'm  )  H, 
lit  Nii)>?«if.t.  wiilioiit  in- 
,  aixl  witliotil  viol.ittii^ 
I  'l"lioii!»li  lie  aUvayi* 
())riliiiiiv  ot'M'p.ir.ilinif 
hint  f'luriJH'!*  itiiMMi^ 
mm!  tlii'Jii  tln'rli.iracUT 
v^tul  III  i-iMnniMMitMli' 
vcr.  iliouifh  not   111  tin- 


i-ly  uiliiiiiicii 
\Mlh  111:*  coiiurrii.i- 
rtinii.ir  tliiurli.  or 
Willi  till'  portcr  of 
tiiiL;  till'  ),Mi!.pi'l  or- 
wit  iiiriiiJti'rH  I'very 
loniy  ;  ,111(1    I'lHiH**- 

Itprmlfht  of  all 
■oiiiii'ils.  Ho  ad- 
Ill  rinMn'il>  fur  tint 
'linrt'lii's,  and  tint 
i  Itiit  iloim-d  iluir 
iirisdidion,  or  hu- 
i»r  caiions  of  -Anc- 
onn  rcconinitMidn) 
If  iHid  (Iriiifaiiot 
iiclmii;    llicy  won* 

wIikIi   tho    iiiORt 

UtlailKlll'lll.'*,     \MTI) 

r  ol  ft  solt'iiin.  uf- 

of  !«uch  n  pastor, 
V  of  ||i<4  \alnc,  Ilip 

It'll  yi-ars  at  I,ry- 
arid  at  pcarr  wuh 
ol  lliat  piTiod.  Iho 
i  tlifir  on^Mirtl  de- 
ll lo  iniilrrtakr  a 
Id  Willi  dri'p  roii- 
I'lt  jircvaiUd  \riy 
rliiiilar.  the  iilitT 
lial  nii>4'rvaii('i' 
i  appnlifii-iori  on 
iTf  ixpoM'il  from 
iivorahlf  10  sprious 
allied  a  hold  on 
o  MM-  llicir  postr- 
n       Tilt'   Irwni'ss 

of  liifi^ma;.'!'.  lor- 
and,  (he  priiK-ipIt'^ 

"•r  (lif  I'hUf.l  I'ro- 

It  I'Utlt.tlid,  wild   liu'l 

LTCC. 


tl 


I  ^ 

i    MM 

1:  533 


il 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


2^0 


whifh,  with  so  tivicli  ffiitrmnir  :iiiil  lM/..tr'l,  tlirv  had 
htlhiTto  iiiumlaiiu'ii ;  ami  ihe  nUlv  of  iho  KhmIinU  yo- 
\rri)ti)eiit  rxtinuuiMhed  every  ho\tv  ufEuliTaiiuii  lit  llicir 
ii.Ttive  liinil.  In  ihc^u  ciri'iim-^iaiiiM"*,  it  (n-t'iirnnl  lo 
thi'tn  that  ihry  ini^iit  roinhinr  tin*  iiulul^ciiru  «tt'  llinr 
|iniriotic  allachiiU'rit  with  the  |irn|>a<;alioi)  of  thrir  rt'li- 
^noiis  priiu'iplos,  hy  rstnlihshm^  Ihnnsclvcii 'in  unnio 
tiintaiit  ijuartiT  of  ihi<  KnirliHh  ili)iniinotiH  ;  am),  ulirr 
mariv  days  of  r.irncHt  sii|tphciitui'i  for  ihii  i-iiiiusil  :ind 
(lirt-L'lioii  of  Ht'avcn,  ihrv  uiiannnnnsly  tlctcrinuud  to 
iraii.tjtorl  Ihi'instlvt's  and  thoir  laiinhcM  tu  ihc  Irrri'ory 
of  Aincrira.  It  whh  rcHolvcd  that  a  part  of  the  cun- 
^rr^atioii  r<lioiild  ^o  out  hclort*  iho  riHt,  to  prepare;  a 
Bfttlenifitt  for  t!iu  vvhoh> ;  and  lliat  tlic  niuni  hody  nhonld 
till  then,  ruinjin  hchmd  at  I.i'vdrn  with  llu-ir  pastor 
In  choosing  the  parlicul;ir  scvuv  of  ihtir  rf*li:hhr*hniuiit, 
Ihrv  htMitalrd.  ftir  moiim'  ImU',  h(  Iwtcii  the  Irrritory  of 
(iiiiana.  of  which  Sir  Wahrr  ItaU'iizh  h.id  puhh>h»'d  a 
niOMt  dazzhiii;  and  faucifiit  dtsi-ripliDii.  and  the  pnivitit-e 
of  Virghiia,  to  whirh  Ihry  latterly  ijavo  llio  pnle- 
rcncc  ;  but  the  hand  of  IVovidenre  was  cxertid  no 
]p!t»  ill  llic  jientra!  direrliMii  of  llutr  coiiiiseU,  than  m 
tho  runlrol  of  tluir  pohiioal  prooeedmns,  mid  iln'ir 
re»ideiice  was  orilained  tu  be  established  in  Nuw  Eng- 
land. 

'Hironjrh  the  medium  of  a^cntii,  whom  they  deputed 
to  sulicit  the  interposition  of  tho  proper  itulhnnlieit, 
they  represented  lo  the  KiiHlish  p>vernment.  *'ihal 
thev  were  Will  weaned  from  the  dthcale  milk  of  thi  ir 
mother  roimtrv,  and  inured  to  the  dillieullies  of  u 
fltran^c  hind  .  tiiat  thev  were  knit  lo;relhi-r  in  i  slriel 
and  sacred  bond,  by  viitiio  of  whirh  they  ht  M  them- 
selves bomid  to  take  rare  of  the  ^nnd  nf  t  .ic\\  other, 
and  of  ihe  whole;  that  it  was  not  with  ihein  an  wtlh 
other  men,  whom  finall  thinjfs  eould  tliseonrd|;e.  or 
small  di.teonlenl  cause  lo  wish  lliemselvcs  at  home 
a^'ain."  The  knit;,  waverin(i  between  lim  tiesire  to 
proitiole  the  rolomzuttoii  of  America,  and  his  reluc- 
tance to  Hulfei  the  conscieiiies  of  any  portion  of  his 
subjects  to  bo  emaneipatcJ  from  his  control,  refused 
Intrant  them  a  charter  assunn:;  the  free  exercise  of 
their  religion,  but  promised  In  connive  at  (heir  prac- 
tices, and  on  nuaccu.int  to  molest  ihetn.  Tt-'V  were 
forced  to  accept  this  precarious  fleciinly  ;  but  relied 
with  moro  reason  on  their  distance  from  the  Spiritual 
Courts  of  Kn^land,  and  from  the  eye  and  arm  of  iluir 
persecutini;  soverei;«n.  lluvin^  procured  from  the  \  ir- 
giiiiu  (.'umpany  n  ^rant  of  a  tract  of  land,  lv!tll.^  as 
was  RUpiiused,  within  Ihe  limits  of  its  potent,  several 
of  the  congregation  sold  their  estates,  and  \Mth  ihe 
money  eipiipped  two  vessels,  in  which  a  hundred  and 
twenty  of  their  numiier  were  appointed  lo  embiirk  from 
An  Kn^lish  port  for  America 

All  thmfis  beinjj  ready  for  the  departure  of  this  de- 
ichmrr;!  of  tho  conjireyation  from  iJelfi  haven,  where 
the',  took  leave  of  their  friends,  for  the  Knu'lish  port  of 
'  >nbarkat|on,  Mr.  Uubinson  held  a  day  of  Holeinn  wor- 
ship with  hiH  people,  to  implore  a  hles^in!*  upon  the 
hazardous  eiiterprife  He  preaclud  a  sermon  to  them 
from  Kira.  vni.  'jl  ; — /  tmuUumtd  a  fast  ihrf  at  the 
rirn  Ahiira,  that  we  uu^ht  aJJ\tft  our  soiiLt  hrforr  (iiut. 
to  mcJr  of  hiin  a  riijht  trin/  for  mjt,  and  for  our  httlr 
onei,  and  for  all  our  Mulmtance.  Me  concI,ided  his 
discourse  with  the  following  nolile  exhortation,  to 
which,  with  all  its  intrinsic  merits,  our  sentimentH  will 
fail  to  do  jUHiice,  if  we  nei:!  ;ct  to  remember,  that  such 
a  spirit  of  rtiristtan  liberty  as  it  lirealhes  was  then 
hardly  known  m  the  world  "  Hrethren,  said  he,  "we 
are  now  quickly  to  part  from  one  another,  and  whether 
I  mav  ever  live  to  si-e  your  laces  on  fanh  "iiv  more, 
the  ti.»d  of  Heaven  only  knows;  but  whether  the 
Lord  has  appointed  thai  or  no,  I  charL'c  yoii,  hefure 
<Mtd  and  his  bhssed  aiifrfU.  that  yon  follow  me  no 
farther  than  vou  Imve  seen  me  follow  the  Lord  Jesus 
(;hrHt. 

"If  (lod  reveal  any  tliini;  to  von.  by  anv  other  in- 
rtniment  ot  Ins,  be  as  rrsidy  to  receiv(>  it  as  ever  you 
were  to  receive  any  truth  by  inv  ministry  ;  for  I  am 
verilv  persuaded,  I  am  very  eitnliderit,  the  Lord  lias 
more  truth  yet  lo  nieak  forth  out  of  his  holy  word.  I'or 
my  part,  I  cnnnot  sudiciently  bewail  the  condition  of 
till)  reformed  churches,  who  are  come  to  a  period  in 
rebuJon,  and  will  jio  at  present  no  far<her  Uian  llie 
instruments  of  their  refornnitton.  The  Lutherans 
einnot  be  drawn  to  ^o  heyoinl  what  Luther  saw  ; 
whatever  part  of  his  will  our  piod  (lod  has  revealed 
to<.'alvin,  they  will  rather  <lie  thar  embrace  it ;  and 
tho  (-'alvinists.  yon  nee,  stick  fast  where  they  were 
left  by  that  i;reat  man  of  (lod,  who  ^et  saw  not  all 
thniL'N. 

**  This  i>  n  misery  much  to  be  lamenod  ;  for  thmi^h 
Ihey  wer*)  burniii;;  and  ibiniiijf  lights  in  llicir  tuut's. 


yet  they  penetrated  not  into  the  whole counselt)f  God; 
b.it,  were  they  now  living,  would  be  as  willing;  to 
e  nhriice  farther  linht,  as  that  which  they  first  reeeiveil 
[I'i'-JO.]  I  beseech  you  rememhef  it,  lis  an  iirticle  of 
yoiireluirch  covenant,  that  you  be  ready  to  receirr.  trhat- 
cpir  truth  shall  Iw.  made  known  to  you  funn  the  wnttni 
Word  iif  (ind.  Uemendier  tha\  and  every  other  article 
of  your  Bacred  coveniiiit.  Hut  I  must  berewillial  ex- 
hort vou  lo  take  heed  what  you  receive  as  truth.  Kx- 
amine  it,  eoiiNitler  it,  and  cimipare  it  with  other  Hcri)>- 
tures  of  truth  U'fore  you  receive  it ;  for  'lis  not  portsi- 
ide  the  christian  world  should  eoine  solately  out  of  an* 
licbrislian  darkness,  and  that  perfection  of  knov/ledgo 
lihoitl.l  I're.ik  forth  at  once. 

"  I  must  alho  advise  you  to  nbandon,  avoiil,  and 
shake  oll'the  name  of  Itrowiiist  ;  'lisa  mere  nickname, 
and  a  brand  for  the  makin*;  reli;rion,  and  the  proles- 
sors  of  it.  (hHous  to  the  Chrisliiin  wnrhl."  Ilaviii<Tsai<l 
thus  much,  he  exchanged  with  them  enibraees  and  •>( 
fivtionate  f;irewells;  and  kneelin*;  ilown  with  them  all 
on  the  sea  slinre,  commended  them. in  a  ferviMit  prayer, 
to  Ihe  blcssiiiiT  ;uiil  protection  ol  Heaven.  Such  were 
the  men,  nobler  than  all  his  tribe,  whom  the  Kii^h»b 
monarch  cast  out  of  his  dominions;  and  such  were  the 
Hceiiea  of  wisdmii  and  piety,  which  the  eotilrol  of  Pro- 
vidence elicited  from  the  Killy,  insolence,  and  bi<tntry. 
(if  ;i  tyrant. 

The  emigrants,  afier  liavini;  been  once  driven  back 
by  a  storm,  and  lo.-4t  one  of  their  vessels,  tinally  em 
barked  frmii  IMynioulh,  in  the  other,  <iii  the  t>ixlh  ol 
September,  and.  after  a  \o\\\f  and  danijeroiis  vo\ai:e. 
re.icheil  tlie  coast  of  Americ.i.  Hudson's  river  had 
been  the  place  of  their  destinatioiif  ami  its  banks  the 
Hcene  of  their  intended  Hetllenient ,  but  the  Dutch, who 
conceived  that  a  preferable  ri^ht  to  thih  territorv  ac- 
crued It)  them  from  its  diticovery  by  Captain  Hinlson, 
had  maintained  there,  for  some  years,  a  small  eniii 
merciaj  establishnient,  ami  were  aelnally  projecting!  a 
Hcheme  ot'mnre  extensive  occupation,  which  they  were 
neither  disiiosed  to  forego,  nor  yet  prepared  tiutefeiid 
III  onlcr  tniiereai  uie.iesii;n  of  wie  Kurdish  en.'.nraiits, 
Ihey  bribeil  the  captain  of  iheir  vessel,  who  was  ;i 
Utilchnian,  lo  carry  them  so  far  towards  the  iiorih, 
tha:  the  first  land  which  they  made  was  Cape  Cml,  a 
re>:ion.  not  only  beyotitl  the  precincts  of  their  ^'ranl. 
hut  b.>yoiid  the  lerrilurie.s  of  the  company  (Voin  which 
tlie  irn  111  was  derived.  Hut  the  hiteness  of  thr  seasiui. 
and  Ihe  sicklim^s  occasioned  hy  the  hardships  of  a 
loni»  voy.'ee,  coinpi'lleil  Ihe  adventurers  to  settle  on 
the  soil  to  which  their  dchliiiy  had  emiilucted  them, 
and  which  s-emeil  to  have  been  expressly  pii  pared  and 
evacuate<l  fo.'  their  rece|>'.iun  by  a  pestihntlal  disease, 
which,  in  the  f.trmer  ye.ir.  had  swept  away  ninetentlis 
id  its  savage  and  idolatron>  population.  Alter  explo- 
rin;»  ihe  coast,  they  eho>.e  (or  their  blation  a  place  now 
belonirini;  to  the  proxince  ot  .\tiis.t;i(*!iusetts  bay.  to 
which  Ihi'y  f»ave  Ihe  nameof.Nevx  Plymouth,  either 
as  a  testimony  of  respect  to  the  company  within  whose 
jurisdiction  they  fmind  themselves  situated,  o-  in  com- 
memoration of  the  city  willi  wbii  h  their  last  recol 
lections  of  Kiii»lanil  were  asstHiale  1.  To  remedy  in 
lome  measure,  Iheir  defect  ot  ftirmal  title,  they  coin- 
nosed  and  subscribeil  an  instrument  declaratory  id  ihe 
purpose  with  which  they  had  come  to  .\merica.  re- 
voijnisinj;  the  authority  of  ti.e  Kn^disli  crown,  and  ex- 
preasing  llnnr  ovmi  eouibinatitut  into  a  civil  body  poli- 
tic, ami  their  de'ermination  to  enact  all  just  and  ne 
eessary  laws,  and  honour  them  hv  a  due  oliedience-* 
Here.  then,  remote  from  the  seen,'^  and  [lalhs  of  Im 
man  grandeur,  these  men  emiKirked  on  a  career  o( 
life,  which,  if  the  trill-  'hiinit^  ..I'  ,-!i'>nM  he  di-nved 
from  the  motives  thai  prompt  Ihein,  the  pniuiples  they 
express,  and  the  end.i  they  coiitemplale,  I  cannot  term 
otherwise  thai:  elevated  .iiid  aihinr.ible. 

The  speedy  approach  and  intense  severity  of  their 
first  winter  in  Anierit-a  paiiitiiily  eonvineed  the  settlers 
that  a  more  unfavouralile  season  tif  the  year  could  nol 
have  been  selected  for  the  formation  ol  their  colony  ; 
and  that  the  slender  stort^  with  which  they  were  pro 
vided  were  far  short  of  what  was  reijnisiie  to  ettm- 
forlahle  subsistence,  and  conslitut«Ml  a  very  inade- 
ipiale  prepa  ition  to  meet  the  rigour  of  tin'  chmaie 
'i'heir  exertions  to  proviile  themselves  with  siiiialile 
I  dwellings  were  obhtrncted,  lor  some  time,  hy  the  hos- 
tile attacks  of  some  of  the  m'ijjhlioiirin^  lihlians,  who 
had  not    forgotten  Ihe  proviH'alion    they  had  receivetl 

•  Miirlifr.  Ii.i.  I'up.  ti.  5.1— 4i.  Neal  i,  SO— sj  m7.  (M 'mix. -it. 
i.  vVt.  lliiirt)iii.«on,  it.  Ap|'»"i  I  AM  Ttii'  fratnl,  hv  whiiii  ili. 
DiHrli  liiiil  coiiirlvuil  I'l  ilivfrt  llu'-.'  rmtiTiint-*  (r  "M  Hnil-ioi,*- 
river.  «a»  ili-<.MVfrctl  mil  man-.l  m  n  himiI'Tiii.  wtui  h  \\n» 
nalihilu-it  iit  KnL'l.-iiiil  t..-(*.trf  ilio  rl.Mf  uf  ijiiit  year  OIWj. 
Frtiice'a  New  KhijIaiitlCUruiinlutfy,  p.  tjl. 


from  (Captain  Hunt  ;  and  the  eoloni.sl8  had  scarcely 
succeeded  in  repuisint;  them,  when  tlisease  occaHtonru 
by  scarcity  of  provisions,  and  the  increasing  horrora 
ol  the  Heasnii  efllicted  them  with  n  calamily,  perhaps 
less  dan};reroua  to  their  virtue,  but  more  deslnietivc  to 
their  strength  niid  numbers  than  the  perils  of  war.— 
More  than  one  half  of  their  nundier,  including  John 
(*arver,  their  first  f^overnor.  perished  of  hunger  ordis* 
ease  before  the  return  of  spring;  and,  during  the  whole 
of  the  winter,  but  few  were  capnhle  of  providin;*  for 
themselves,  or  rendering;  nssistnnco  to  the  rest ;  but 
hope  and  virtue  survived,  and  rising;  into  greater  vi- 
gour beneath  the  pressure  of  accumulatetl  sulferinj;, 
aurimmnted  and  einnddcd  every  calamity.  [lOUL] 
Those  who  retained  their  strength  became  the  ser- 
vants of  ihe  weak,  the  sick,  and  the  dyin^,'  and  none 
disiiiiiriiishcd  himself  more  in  (his  lioinmrable  duly 
than  Mr.  (*arver,  the  i;o\ernor.  He  was  a  gentleman 
of  larue  estate,  but  larjjer  heart;  he  had  spent  hia 
whole  fortune  on  this  project;  and  now,  willingly 
eoMtributinif  his  life  to  its  aeeomplishment,  he  eX' 
hausled  a  feeble  body  in  laboriously  discharging  the 
meanest  oMices  ot  kindness  and  service  lo  the  sick. — 
When  the  distress  of  the  colony  was  at  its  height,  tho 
approach  of  a  powerful  Indian  chi'd"  seemed  to  por- 
leiiil  the  litter  tleslriiction  of  the  settlers  ;  bill,  happily, 
in  the  train  td"  this  persona-ie,  was  the  ancient  guest 
and  friend  of  the  Kn-;lish,  Sipianto.  who  eagerly  iind 
succeriMfully  lahoureil  to  metliatea  good  understanding 
between  them  and  his  countrymen.  He  atfrwards 
canci>lled  the  merit  of  this  useful  service,  an.l  .ndea- 
vouied  lomai:ndy  hi.s  own  importance  by  (ahr,cattng 
char^'es  of  plots  and  conspiracies  against  sop.e  of  the 
neighboring  Iribe:*,  while  at  the  same  lime  li<>  kept 
ihi'se  tribes  in  terror,  by  secret  information  thai  the 
Ki  :!lish  were  in  possession  of  a  cask  filled  with  the 
plagiii',  whi<di  only  his  inllnence  prevented  tliem  fnmi 
selling  abroach  for  ihe  destruction  of  Ihe  Indiana. 
Hut,  before  he  resorted  to  ihis  inischievous  policy,  thu 
eolonisis  had  become  indepemlenl  of  his  services. 
Some  of  the  neijjhliourintr  tribes,  from  lime,  lo  lime, 
'made  alarming  demon^Iratiorls  of  hostility  ;  but  they 
I  were  at  length  ctunpletely  overawed  by  Ihe  courage 
I  anil  resolution  of  Captain  Miles  Standish,  x  gallant 
!  and  skilful  ollicer,  who,  with  a  handful  of  men,  was 
li'lways  ready  lo  encounter  their  u'reatest  force,  and 
i  anlieipate  their  most  rapid  iiiovenieiils.* 
\  With  the  rrival  of  »\iniiiier  the  health  of  the  coL-« 
nistswere  restored,  and  their  nnnd>ers  continued  to 
Ihe  reinfor<'ed  from  time  to  lime,  by  successive  emi- 
'  ifralions  td' their  Iriends  from  Kurope.  l)ul  these  ad- 
jililions  fell  far  short  of  their  cxpreiations  ;  and  of  the 
Miain  reinforcement  wbii  b  they  had  looked  for  from 
I  the  accesfiion  of  the  remainder  of  the  rciigregation  at 
Leyden,  they  wi-re  utterly  disappointed  The  uiiex- 
jiecled  death  of  Mr  Kcdiinsoii  deprived  liis  people  at 
Leyden  of  the  only  leader  whose  aniinat'iig  counsrls 
could  have  overcome  the  limidily  nispiret  by  the  ac- 
counts of  the  distresses  sustai.ied  by  ihei  friends  ill 
New  Knglaml  ;  and,  acconlingly.npon  that  event  Ihe 
i:rcat«T  pail  of  those  who  had  remained  iH'hinil  nt 
Leyileii  now  retired  to  join  thetther  Mn^ilish  exiles  at 
.Xnisienlam,  anil  very  few  bad  the  eouraije  t  >  procce*! 
to  .New  I'lyinoulh.  'This  small  loloiiy,  bow.iver.  had 
eviiuN' 1  a  hardy  virtiu'  that  showe  I  it  was  fo.mitl  (or 
endurance;  aial  having  surmounted  its  tirst  misfor- 
tunes, continued  tt)  thrive  in  the  cultivation  of  piety, 
and  iheenjoMuent  of  lilieity  of  coiiseicnce  and  politi- 
cal freedom.*  A  mdile  atlachnienl  was  firmed  to  the 
sod  which  had  been  earned  with  '  '  u.vh  \irtui,  and 
lo  the  society  whose  contiimaiit .  <ed  so  manly  a 

eonlesr  and    so  si^iiial  a  victory   •••.,.  y  variety  ot 

ill  \\  hite  they  ileiUMiislraled  a  prop.  ,  respect  ho  the 
claims  of  the  original  inhabilanls  of  the  couiilry,  by 
purchasing  from  tbeiii  the  territory  over  wliieh  llio 
hettlcmeiil  exteinled,  they  neglected'  no  preparation  li> 
ilefentl  Iiv  force  what  ihey  had  ac<piired  with  justitr, 
and,  alarmed  by  the  tidir'irs  of  the  massacre  of  their 
countrymen  in  Virginia. they  ereclnl  a  timber  fort,  ind 
adopted  other  prudent  precautions  for  theii  delenre. 
Tins  purchase  fnuii  savayes.  who  rather  occasionally 
tranTseil  than  continually  occupied  the  tertitory,  is 
perhaps  ibi'  firM  instance  on  record  of  the  full  preva- 
leoee  of  the  prineiplesof  justice  in  a  treaty  between  a 
civilized  and  a  barbarous  people  :1(»21— l]  The  eon- 
s'liulion  of  their  church  was  the  same  with  that  which 

•  M.0I11T.  N.mI.  VrU'T  Mniiyr  ilffhirt'H  iliai  \hv  Imnlstiips 
.■riilnrfiiltv  the  Hj  snittriis  In  8.uuh  Aiieri.a  "rri'  «mhnsti,if,e 
ti.'l  SfpioiiiirilR  Ci.uM  hnvi-  siippniicl  Hmi  iIh-  'i.Tnt»lo(>H  «u«. 
isiiH'.l  tiv  ihr  flrvt  n.l.u.lMjt  i.l'  I'lvino-iti  npprsr  In  Imve  rx- 
M'Htletl  iIk'iii  (Hiiti  III  Ouraiiop  and  intcutay.    Hlc  HuickiiuHirt, 

llAppri..!     IT7. 


) 


\ 


m 

which  had  hi'tii  rHtaMinlK'iJ  al  Ltydi'ii,  and  iSt'ir 
eyBteiii  of  civil  ^nverniiiunt  was  fuiuidi-d  on  thoHv 
ideas  of  thu  natural  <M|nalit}'  among  nirn  to  which 
thoir  ecclt'tiiastitjl  {>olicy,  so  lari>;  iiw  main  uhji-ct  of 
their  concern,  liud  Imbilnatud  tlirir  niindt*.  Thr  nn- 
premo  Irgiwlatlvt  body  was  ronijioHid  ol'nil  thn  trri'- 
imMi  who  wcri!  niciiihcrR  of  Ou^  cimrcli,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  year  1G3!)  that  they  I'Htablitihi'd  a  houtiu 
of  rcprcsenlatives.  The  executive  powtr  w«h  com- 
mitted to  a  <>overnor  and  oonuLiI  ani'.uully  <'terted 
l»y  the  nu'nibera  of  the  ie«ialiitivc  usHend>tv.  Tliiir 
juriMprudeniu'  wnn  founded  on  the  luwiii  ol  Kn,<;land, 
with  8om>'  diversity,  however,  in  the  ttcalc  of  puninh- 
inentH,  which  wan  more  nearly  approxiinuteil  to  the 
Motiuic  institutions.  C'on!*ider)n>;  the  protection  uf 
morals  nmrc  important  tluin  the  pre8frvulion  of 
wealth,  thi>y  puninhed  fornication  with  llo^<;in>;,  and 
adultery  with  death»  while  on  foryery  llu-y  intlictcd 
ordy  a  moderate  fine.  The  cU-arin^tind  cultlvuliori 
of  the  <rrounil,  liHlnni;,  and  thi'  curing  of  tin^h  for  ex- 
portation, formed  the  occupHttun  of  th<-  colomstH. 
The  pceuliarit)  of  ihrir  ttituulion  nuturiilly  led  them,  < 
like  the  Vir^nniiuiH,  for  some  time,  to  throw  ult  thrir  i 
property  into  a  common  stock,  anti,  like  incmberH 
of  one  lamily,  to  carry  on  every  woi  :  of  industry  by 
their  joint  labor  for  the  pubhe  bihinif.  Hut  the  reh> 
gioos  7.eiil  which  enforcrd  tins  sclf^denyiiii;  poUcy 
was  utuibb'  lo  overcome  the  (htHcullies  which  niUHt 
always  attend  it,  and  whieli  are  coiitiimally  revived 
and  au<;merited  in  a  society  ilerivini;  its  incr:>use  not 
Bo  much  fiuin  iu  own  internal  •growth  a:'  from  the 
oondueiice  of  slrun;;ers.  About  three  years  afler 
the  fouiidHtion  of  New  IMyinoui!., :;  was  judi^ed  pro- 
per lo  introdnee  separation  of  possessions^,  though 
the  full  ri>;ht  of  separate  property  was  not  admitted 
till  a  much  liter  period  ;  and  even  that  ehan<;e  is 
repi't'seiit'Ml  as  liavm>;  prndiiced  a  <;real  anil  mani- 
fest increase  of  the  industry  of  the  pi'opje.  The 
idow  iiurease  which,  for  a  considerable  period  of 
time,  the  numbers  of  the  colonists  evinced,  has  l>een 
liseriliefl  to  the  |irolon«;ed  operation  of  tins  system 
of  etpiality;  but  it  s^tius  more  likely  that  the  slow- 
lli'Srt  of  the  inerea^e  (ocensiiund  by  lie  poverty  of 
the  doil  and  the  tidin;;s  of  the  hardships  attemliri!;  a 
flettb-ment  in  New  Kn;:Iai\<i)  was  the  cause  of  the 
retardatiuo  of  the  eompbte  establislinient  of  the  i 
ri;;?iL  of  private  property.  In  the  (irsi  soiiely  of  men  j 
culteetrd  by  the  bond  uf  Christianity,  una  adililion-  I 
mllv  united  by  persecution,  wv  tind  an  attempt  made 
to  abolish  individual  pioperty;  and,  from  tlr*  apos- 
tolic direction  that  Hr  Ufko  vould  not  .,'ork  ikoufd  not 
eaif  wu  may  conclude  that  the  disadv  inta<;<'  which 
the  operation  of  this  principle  is  exposed  to  ir:  a 
floeiety  deriving  its  increase  from  lliP  continual  con- 
Huence  of  stran;;er8  of  di'^nimilar  characters,  was 
pretty  early  experienced.  In  Pttrnmiay,  the  Jesuiis 
formed  a  setllemiMit  where  this  peculiar  disa<lvan- 
tage  wos  not  experienced,  and  whicli  atrtrtls  the  only 
instance  of  the  introduction  and  proloo<^e<l  snbsi»'t- 
lUice  of  a  state  of  e(|ualily  in  a  numerous  society. 
But  there  the  irreat  fundamental  ditfienlty  was  rather 
evaded  than  encountereil  I»y  a  system  <if  tuition 
adapted,  with  extpiisite  okill,  to  confound  all  diversi- 
ties of  t:ilent  and  disposition  union;;  the  natives,  in 
an  unbounded  and  (ie>;rading  dependence  on  their 
Jesuitical  instructors, 

[Iti'il.]  After  having  continued  for  flonie  years 
without  a  patent  for  their  occupation,  the  colonists, 
whose  numtters  now  antiiun*ed  to  a  hundred  and 
eighty,  emploved  one  Tierce  as  their  ai;ent  in  Kn^- 
land  to  solicit  u  vrant  of  this  nntur*>  fnun  the 
Ku'ilish  irovernment  and  the  i;rantl  council  of 
riynioutli — a  new  cot^iorutinu  by  which  .laincs,  in 
thir  year  ItJ*iO,  had  superseded  the  ori<;inul  I*ly- 
mouth  compauy,  unil  (o  whirli  he  had  «:runted  alt 
the  territory  lyinv;  wiuun  the  fortieth  and  forty- 
eighth  df  ijreeH  of  iiorlhi  t  n  tutitude.  This  corporate 
body  roiitinufd  to  subfisl  for  a  consideiahle  time, 
notwitbslandinc;  a  vote  of  liif  House  of  Commons, 
in  the  year  utter  its  cr«^utiim,  derlarin;;  its  privi- 
leges a  grievance,  and  its  patent  void,  Tif^rce  pro- 
rured  a  charter  from  thf  council,  and  caused  it  to 
be  fraineil  jti  his  own  name,  with  the  upproprintion 
of  lar^e  territories  and  privileges  to  himself  and  his 
family:  hut,  havinir  enibarkcfl  with  a  utimerous 
body  of  associates,  whom  he  had  collected  in  Kng- 
Itiid,  lo  arcompao)  him,  and  assist  tn  the  cnfort  e- 
•T^nt  of  his  di'Hiuins,  hi^  vessel  wits  shipwreeked, 
and  Pierce  hiniscK  mt  (ti-4rnaye<l  with  the  tlisastrous 
lasue  of  Ids  iiiiuslice.  that  tie  eonfexsed  wtuit  he  liad 
done,  and  resi>:ned  his  patent,  Ttie  coloiiifits,  in- 
formed  of  lus  treachery,  sent  over  Mr.  Wmslow, 


Tin:  HtsTou V  of 


one  of  their  own  number,  to  resume  the  solicitation 
fur  a  charter,  lie  appeuts  nut  to  have  been  able  to 
procure  a  |iutent  from  ttie  crown,  but  he  obtained, 
after  loni;  delay,  u  ^rant  of  land  and  charter  of  privi- 
lo^t's  from  the  council.  It  was  directed  to  William 
Urudfofd,  llie  existing  governor,  and  ttie  iinmiinities 
it  cont'erred  wen-  appropriated  to  liim,  his  lieirs, 
associates,  and  assignees;  but  Mr.  Uruiltord  wil- 
lingly surrendered  all  that  was  personal  in  the 
;j;raiit,  and  aswuciated  the  •General  coiiit  of  tliu  fn-e- 
nicn  lo  all  tlie  priiilcyes  it  conft  rre:!.  ity  this  ;»ront 
of  the  ^raiid  rtiuni  ii  of  riyinouth,  tlie  cotonists 
were  aulboriscd  Ui  choose  n  >:overnor,  councit,  and 
general  cmirt,  for  the  eitactin<{  and  cxecutinj;  all 
taws  wdiich  should  be  jud;;i'd  necessary  for  the  pub- 
lic ^ood.  The  cotoniul  historiuna  have  inistakeu 
ttiis  ;;rant  fur  a  pati  nt  from  the  crown.  Hut  no 
sucli  patent  was  ever  issued  ;  and  the  settlement 
.if  rs'rw  Plynionlti  was  never  incorporated  into  a 
body  politic,  but  remained  a  subordinate  and  volun- 
tary association  until  it  was  united  to  its  more 
nowerful  ne)»libor  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
Hay.  Holli  before  and  alter  the  reception  uf  this 
charter,  the  colonists  were  pware  of  the  doubts  that 
m)>;ht  be  entertained  of  the  validity  of  the  acts  of 
Uoverument  which  ttiej  cxercjsed.  Perhaps  this 
detect  was  not  alto;;ether  unfavorable  to  ttie  in- 
terests and  happines>)  of  the  si  i  lers,  uiid  may  havo 
contribuled  to  the  moderate  p  .  ■  otes  and  concilia- 
tory strain  liy  wtiicli  their  adni  .  irution  was  hono- 
rably distiuf^uisbed  tVom  that  which  afterwards  un- 
fortunately prevailed  anions;  their  nei>;hborR  in 
New  England.  Hut  the  soil  around  New  Ply- 
mouth i-  •  t  so  meagre,  and  the  supplies  they  re- 
ceived '  .tin  l^urope  so  scanty  and  infrequent,  that 
in  the  tenth  year  of  their  colonial  existence  their 
numbers  did  rot  exceed  three  hundred.  Hut  their 
exertions  were  not  destitute  of  ^reat  and  important 
coiiseiiuences.  Th:'y  held  up  to  the  view  of  the 
oppressed  puritans  in  the  parent  state,  a  scene 
where  persecuteil  virtue  miiint  retire  to,  and  where 
only  ttie  hufdy  virtui'  that  could  wittistand  perseeu- 
tiim  seemed  f:tted  to  obtain  a  |iermanent  estulilisli- 
lO'^nt.  At  the  expense  of  the  noblest  sacrilices  and 
i'..)st  undaunted  idForts,  this  handful  of  men  laid  ttie 
foundations  of  New  Knutand,  A  lew  years  after 
their  first  estabtishmeiit  at  IMymotith,  a  !nessen<:er 
arrived  at  ttiis  settlement  from  the  i^overnor  of  the 
Dutch  )dantation  on  llndson's  river,  witli  letters 
congratulating  ttie  Kngtish  on  their  prospi-rous  and 
commenduble  enterprise,  tendiring  ttie  good  will 
and  friendly  services  of  tlie  nutcti,  and  propo.^ing  a 
rommercial  intercourse  between  the  two  settle- 
ineiits.  Tlie  governor  and  council  of  Plymoiitli 
returned  a  corteous  answer  to  ttiis  < <unmunieation, 
expressing  a  thankful  sense  of  the  kindness  whieti 
tii'V  had  received  in  tlie  native  eoinitry  of  itie  Hotcti, 
ano  a  grateful  areeptmice  of  itie  profiled  fiiend- 
stiip.  Nottiiiig  furtht  r  seems  to  have  cnsiieil  frnm 
this  overture  than  a  series  of  small  coiuniereial  deal- 
ings, an  H  an  occasional  interctiange  of  similar  civili- 
ties, wtiit'*,  but  a  lew  yeors  after,  gave  place  to  ttie 
most  inveterate  Jealousy,  und  a  Cf>ntinuat  reciproca- 
tion of  complaints  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Kng- 
listi  colonists. 

Various  attempts  had  been  made  during  ttiis  in- 
terval to  emulate  the  sucees^ful  eslablistiment  of 
New  Ptyuiotilli ;  but  they  ha  1  all  failed  from  in- 
abilitv  to  emulate  the  virtues  trom  which  ttie  success 
of  ttiis  colony  was  denved.  In  ttie  year  Iti'i'J,  a 
rival  colony  was  planted  in  New  Kngland  by  one 
Weston  and  a  troop  of  disorderly  adventurers,  who, 
in  spite  of  ilie  fiiendly  assistance  of  the  settlers  at 
New  Plymouth,  'juickly  sunk  into  such  tie|plessneH>< 
thai  some  uf  tliem  condesrended  to  become  servants 
to  the  Indians,  some  ptrisbed  of  hunger,  oltiers 
turned  robbers,  und  by  ttieir  depreilations  invidvid 
both  themselves  tiiu\  ttie  cotoiiiitt^  of  New  IMyniouth 
in  hostilities  with  the  natives,  and  the  rei^t  were 
glarl  to  find  their  way  back  to  Knglund.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  nn  ntlemfit  of  greater  importance  was 
made  under  the  patronage  of  tJie  grand  r  ^tincil  of 
Plymontti,  wtiich  bestowed  on  Captain  0"rge.>»,  the 
leader  of  the  expedition,  the  title  of  governor-general 
of  the  wtiole  country,  w!th  an  ample  endowment  of 
arbitrarv  power,  and  on  a  cbrgymon  whom  he  hud 
liroiight  wilti  him,  the  olfice  of  bifitiop  and  siiperin- 
tcr.dent  of  ull  the  cliuri  he".  Hut  New  Kngland  wii** 
not  in  iiuch  a  condition  lliiit  an  estatilishoient  of  this 
dest  riplion  i  (.iild  take  root  in  it  ;  mid  the  governor 
and  his  liishop,  deserting  their  ctiarge,  made  hast'* 
to  return  to  a  ctiiuatt  uiurv  coiigeui&l  to  the  growth 


of  temporal  dominion  and  ucclesiastical  dignity.  Of 
their  followers,  some  retired  to  Virjeiitia,  and  others 
returned  to  Pjiglund.*  At  u  later  period  a  similar 
undertaking,  conducted  by  Captain  Wollaston,  was 
attended  with  u  rep"titioii  o\'  (he  same  disastrous 
issue.  Vet,  all  these  unsuccessful  plantations  wcro 
allempted  on  land  nnue  fertile,  and  at  u  situation 
more  conimodiuus,  than  the  settlers  ui  New  Ply- 
mouth eiijoyeil.  Tbu  situation  whicti  they  pitched 
upon  was  that  of  MassucliusettH  Hay,  where,  u  few 
years  alter,  a  colony,  w  liieli  w  as  formed  on  the  suiiio 
principles  that  had  foiindcil  New  PImiiouiIi,  and 
whose  origin  1  now  pioceed  lo  relate,  uiruidcd  the 
second  exumpio  of  u  auccessful  establitibmenl  in 
New  Kngland. 

The  leigii  of  Charles  the  First  was  destined  to  pro- 
duce the  consummation  and  the  r<ttribution  oi  royal 
and  ecclesiastical  tyranny,  (.'harles  committed  lliegu- 
•verninent  (d'the  church  to  men  who  openly  professed 
the  most  arbitrary  principles,  and  whose  inclinations 
curried  them  much  more  strongly  to  enforce  an  ap- 
proximation to  (he  church  of  Koine,  than  to  promote 
agreement  aimuig  the  protessors  ol  the  protestant 
futth.  Abbiu,  the  Archbishop  <d' Canterbury,  bi  in«' 
restrained  by  the  luodeiation  of  his  principles  and 
ttie  mildness  of  his  tem])er  from  tending  his  mstrii- 
mentalily  to  ttie  designs  of  the  court,  was  treated 
willi  harshuesH,  und,  at  length,  suspended  from  Ins 
onice,f  [ir>'27]  of  which  the  fuiictioufl  were  commit- 
ted to  a  board  of  prelates,  of  whom  the  most  emi- 
nent was  Laud,  who  ufterwardn  succeeded  to  the 
primucy.  From  this  period,  both  in  the  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  ailministration  of  the  realm,  a  system 
of  deliberate  and  insolent  invasion  of  whatever  was 
most  valued  by  freemen,  or  most  revered  by  protest- 
ants,  wa-^  pursued  with  stubborn  pride  ant!  folly, 
und  eiiforcefl  by  cruelties  that  at  length  exhausted 
the  jiatience  of  mankind.  To  the  liistorian  of  i'<ng' 
land,  the  political  abuses  that  distinguished  this 
period  will  probably  appiur  the  most  interesting 
features  in  its  history  ;  und,  doubtless,  tlu-y  coiitii* 
buted  at  least  us  powerfullly  us  any  other  cause  to 
the  production  of  the  great  convulsions  that  <  iisiied. 
But,  us  it  wa.i  ;'ie  ecclestustical  administration  that 
mainly  contributt  '  to  the  peopling  of  America,  it  is 
ttiis  branch  of  the  English  history  that  cluelly  me- 
rits our  attention,  in  investigating  the  souices  uf 
the  colonizutioM  of  New  Kngland. 

Not  only  were  ttie  ancient  ceremonies,  which 
long  oppression  had  rendered  so  obnoxious,  enforced 
with  additional  rigor  on  the  increasing  numbers  of 
ttie  puritans,  but  new  and  more  oHensive  rites  were 
ititroduced  into  the  church.  A  design  seems  tn 
have  been  formed  of  ennbling  the  church  of  E;ig- 
hind  to  vie  with  the  Koini:di  see  in  th'^  splendor  of 
its  pageantry,  the  snperslitious  cere  iionial  of  Hh 
wtuship,  and  the  power  of  its  hierarchy.  Laud, 
indeed,  boasted  that  be  had  refused  the  off'r  of  u 
cardinal's  hat  from  Rome  ;  but  the  ofler  was  justly 
considered  a  mm  h  more  signilicant  cireumstanco 
(tian  the  refusal;  und,  having  already  assumed  \o 
himself  till-  papal  title  of  His  HolinctiS,  which  ho 
substituted  in  place  of  His  (Jruce,  his  style  would 
have  been  lowered  instead  of  elevated  by  the  Ko- 
tnish  pKHiiotiim  which  lie  rejeeted.  The  commu- 
nion table  was  converted  into  an  altar,  and  all  per- 


*  Tha  mnxi  im|H>rtnni  nri  i>f  Cnpiiiin  Uorirrp'  nJniiiiUirHHon 
that  tiQ!*  tiriMi  (rnniimutt  il  to  im,  U  eiii*  whiili  iorunlH  nn  f-xnhi' 
iiHliim  III"  il  piiiyni^f  ill  lliulilinii,  wlier*-  llie  Nfw  KnvhonliTi 
nn-  jrriisrii  uf  hniit'ililt  »ll  iniKirrr.l,  tiill  tip<lritl,  wt-utiT,  In 
Kiciul  lit  u  i-'iiilty,  tint  UM>riil,ri>liliI(T— 

■-Ttiiit  )>iiiiier>«  niiiy  .iii)i|ily  iho  plaee 

(>l':^tJliTinu  f>niiilt«,  i-i  a  plain  cuiin. 

Our  lirrtlireii  nf  New  Kiitrlaiiil  iioo 

(tiuirn  iiiali>rHi'ferH  (o  fxrtine, 

Ami  liaitit  thf  g  lilllrsH  In  llieir  Mrad, 

Ol  wliiirii  llti-  ihiinlii'H  liiivr  Icmk  mr<'»l— 

Att  liilfly  liii|'|ii'nril.     In  ii  inwii 

There  liveil  n  fuMtli-r,"  kr.l!uililira»,  Canin  i|. 
Siinia  (if  n<iri!i's'  iifnplf  hml  rMnuiiiiitnl  ilppri'ilniinnw  nn  ilir  In- 
ilinnn,  wlm  iiMixti-i)  tlial  (iin  rilif IimkIi'i  kIiodIiI  Iw>  put  tn  tifiith 
(LifLi'M  RiittKntMl  aiiit  ilerrivnl  ilirrii  hy  lianpjnii  up  rrihrr  a 
ilyirif  man  nr  n  ilt-ail  IxhIv.  Ilnit-liiiimiDi  i.  p.  H.  Uiitfur'N  winy 
iniilicf,  Miitljnun  to  ilpfnmi'  ilic  pnriiani*,  tian  rPKnicii  fmiii 
olilivtmi  ail  aoi  of  wtiirh  liie  mIioUi  incr;!  or  itf  luer*'. '.«  cxvU\- 
Hivciv  (hii>  ti>  )i'h  nwii  pnriv. 

t  i"hp  pri'ini  fotniii  >riiy  B(i-*li:nril  fnr  Alihn|'«  i!i*irrHrp  in, 
thai,  111  nhoniiiii,'  at  a  dcvr  wiili  a  rroMB  Imw,  hr  tmil  arnilent- 
nliy  killi'tl  a  inuii.  Hitt  tit>  )mit  lit-en  anlniiiilr  aripiiiird  of 
tliH  rliarK>*,  S'xl  ilcctnreit  cxempi  f'rniii  all  its  ri>tiM>i|iif)ir«A, 
loTiir  bditri'  lie  W:is  ffipii'^iffn-il  freni  «rrIi'iiln(iurHl  fm.rimtiH  ; 
•ml  llif  rtvil  <"nii»i'«nl'hi«li'mp(ir«l  iljarrare  BPf  m  lo  liavp  hv^u. 
Ilial  ti"  npiviscil  itif  |le^^t'^ultnnnr^ll(•  piirilaiiN,  Ihitt  he  reCiixfd 
in  III  I-I, "I*  a  >;iTiinin  ihni  lihil  lu'i-n  iiri'.irticil  in  mippnri  n(  iho 
kinii'H  riclit  tn  iiix  thn  p<'iiii|r>  witlmiii  ilir  inii-rveMtinii  nfitar- 
Ii:inM'i>l.  anil  iti.ii  ln>  i-onlil  iml  lii>  ptrvailvil  ttjtti  m  rninar- 
^liiitri'  the  inlioniniH  prnrrflilint's  (nr  ihi*  (Itvnrre  n|  ihi'rnunU'M 
nf  Ki*-i'x.  W.'liiou'tJ  fnurt  uiul  iltarucitr  nf  KiitK  Jamfs. 
Kuitar'i  Wi<(Uiio3. 


uf^mmiMSSSBSSSt 


iii«liiiii  <lij;nily.  Of 
Virj^inio,  »rul  others 
iitrr  mriml  ii  oiiiiilar 
tnill  Wnllostoll,  WM 
(1it>  9ani(>  (linaHtruiifl 
fill  I'lniitntiiiiis  wt  ro 
1',  mill  ut  u  nit.iBlion 
illliirn  HI  N«w  I'lv- 
1  vhicli  tiny  iiitclitd 
»  Iky,  wlnrr,  u  IVw 
it'oiiiii'il  UM  tlii'iainu 
s'cw  riuiiiiiilli,  aiul 

I  ri'latc,  uIVuiiIkI  tliu 
I'lil  I'StHlillKliiiK'nl  ill 

waailmtlni'd  lopro- 
!•  rilributiiiii  ot  royal 
Ifmuiiimittiil  lliego- 
vliii  i)|i(iily  iinilrsHcil 
hI  wIiubc  iiii'liiiutiiiiia 
C.ly  to  nilurre  nil  up- 
oiiii',  llinii  to  |)rniiiul« 
irH  n(  llir  pruttstuiit 
ol'  Cuiiti'iliiiry,  brill" 
)!'  Iiiii  |)riiu'i|)l<'!>  and 

II  liiiding  liii  inftrii- 
K  couit,   was  triutril 
,  siispi'iidcd  from  lii" 
iii'tiuiifl  were  (•oiiiiiiil- 
wlioiii  llw  most  fiiii- 
rds  succoedod  to  tlio 
liolli  ill  till  civil  mid 
r  tlio  realm,  ■  ayntcrn 
mm  of  wimlcvvi-  wa» 
ut  ri'VPrid  by  prutiBt- 
uirii   pridi'  am!  folly, 
;  at  Iriislli  pxliaiii'tiii 
1  till'  liintorian  of  l'.»«- 
ui   di!itin>!iiifi1iL'd  tliia 
the    moat  intiTi'sting 
lotibtlri's,  llwy  coiitii- 
[18  any  otlirr  i-auN<>  to 
iiviilsions  tlinl  iiiBiiid. 
al  ndiniiii.itrntioii  that 
pliii"!  of  Ami'riia.it  ia 
itory  iliat  c-liiclly  iin- 
jntnij;  the  aouicca  of 
mil. 

It   (■eromonic",   wliiili 

III  oliiioxioim,  inforci  d 
K  riaHiii!;  iiiiiiibcrf  of 

•  olli'imivi'  rit.-s  wiTO 

A  <liiii);n  niTina  to 

^  till!  iIiuitIi  of  Eiiy- 

iro  ill  thi!  apli'ndor  of 

8  L'orriiniiial  of  itH 

Is  hicrnrcliy.     Land, 

[ri-riiHi'd  till'  ofliT  of  a 

il  Ihi-  odir  was  justly 

ilicaiit  lininimliiiK'u 

already  aRKUiiird  lo 

Hdlinen,  whiili  li" 

rail-,  IiIh  olyli"  would 

I'livatrd   h'y  tlie  Ko- 

I'tld.        Till'   lOIMIIIIl- 

an  nllar,  and  all  piT- 

|iii  llorfffF*  niliDiiiiHlrHlinii 
wliii-ti  iiiriTii"  Hii  exniii- 

((tTf  ttii'  Nt'W  Kni.'IaiiiliT( 
iDit  tirilrlil,  wiMMT,  in 

t  Ihfl  place 

iIhIii  t'UKI*. 

Iiilnnil  line 
rii^p, 
|i  llivir  Htnad, 

•   ll'HH   IIITil 

|ii  town 

kr.HuililimH,  rRlitii  it. 
<>il  ilpprrilntiniiK  i>n  Ihr  hi 
[•I  hIimuIiI  Iw  pill  III  ilrath 
liv  liaiiKiitS  up  citliiT  a 
|m'.  i.p.  rt.  Uiiiltir'n  willy 
iiliiiiK,  liiiH  rpfriifil  from 
|iht;i  or  ilf  liiurH  ;»  exrlii- 

for  Alihot'fl  ili^Brni-p  i^, 
|h  how,  hf  hml  arriilfiit- 
n  iiolcliiiily  Rri|iiillrd  of 
Mil  all  ila  roniMMHi*i'ce«, 
crrli'iilnalii'Hl  riii<rli'i|iM ; 
rrart'  at-fiiltn  liavr  lit-eii. 
rilaiH.  lliBt  he  rfliixed 


NOIITH   AMER[C.\. 


I'li.'ci  in  liiiiiiuin  ol  llm 
Il  lllr  iniiTVf  rilloll  nrpur- 

nittol  uiili  III  r IP- 


iln 


III  llii> 


itucur  iif  King  lainrfc 


mns  commaiiucd  to  bow  to  it  on  cnlerini;  the  church- 
All  the  wcek-Juy  tccttires,  and  all  tiflciiioun  acriiions 
Ull  .SuiiddV.  were  nliolislied,  and,  iiisileud  ol  ttii-in. 
{;»inta  and  uporia  were  pernntted  lo  all  the  people,  "12- 
rfplinjf  known  reciJ»antK."  who  were  lliii-  ^lUl  matcti- 
lesn  ahaiirdity  debarrrd,  an  a  ptinlslriieiw  from  proc. 
tiecs  which  they  regarded  wilh  the  iitinoai  deiealalion. 
Kvery  niiniater  waa  coininanded  to  lead  the  royal  pru- 
claination  of  gamea  and  sfiorts  fruin  liia  piil[iit,  nnder 
the  [lain  of  dcpriv.ilion.  'I'hia  ordinance,  like  all  ilie 
other  iiiiveliieti,  v%ur  productive  oi  the  greater  discon- 
tent and  diMittrhanre,  iVoiii  Ihe  extent  to  winch  pnnlan 
Kentinienin  liad  made  their  way  into  (tic  church,  and 
the  number  of  piirilan  nimistcra  witlnn  the  ealablish. 
inent'  whom  habit  had  tauojit  to  lliicliiale  between  the 
perlunnaiiee  and  the  e';u.si(iii  of  the  ancient  obnoxious 
eiiiiona,  anil  trained  lo  aubmil,  wilhuilt  at  all  reconcibno 
to  ilie  burden.  Noihing  could  be  more  ill  tiiiied  tbdii 
an  aooravation  of  the  load  under  which  (licse  men  were 
laburiii]^  ,  it  reduced  niuny  to  despair,  provoked  utliers 
to  ihc  moat  vi-henienl  indiirnaliiiii,  and  di  privcd  ibe 
church  ol  a  iiiiineruiis  body  of  her  mosl  atiaclicd  and 
most  pii|iiilar  mimalers.  Nor  were  ihcae  the  only  inea- 
Biires  iliut  were  calculated  to  excite  discontents  wtihiii 
aa  well  as  wiilioiil  llie  esiahlisluneni.  'riiree-fuiirllifl 
of  ilie  Knglish  clcrfv  were  Calvimsis  ;  hut  l.aud  and 
the  rulinij  prelates  beiiiir  .\riniiilalis.  Ui(  y  caused  a  royal 
proelaiiialliin  lo  be  iss  led  against  the  prcacluno  of  the 
Calvuiislic  leuels  :  and  while  the  .\riniiiian  pulpits  rc- 
sniiiided  w.lh  the  sharpest  iiiveclives  a;.i.aiiist  them,  a 
ainiile  sentence  that  could  be  construeil  into  llieir  de- 
fence exposed  the  preacher  to  the  pains  of  conlemjit  of 
I'      king's  aiithonly. 

in  the  reign  of  Kli/.abelh,  Ihe  churchmen  had  been 
eager  to  shift  from  iheu:  selves  upon  ilie  courts  ol  com- 
mon law  as  much  a.«  pussililc  of  ihe  odium  of  enlorcing 
the  eccleaia.llical  slaliiles  Hut  I.aud*  and  his  asso. 
elates,  maccesaibte  to  fear,  remorse,  or  shame,  courled 
the  olHce  of  persecution,  and  m  the  court  of  coinims- 
sion  exercised  such  arbilrary  pow  er.  and  1  omiuiiled  aiich 
enormoiis  cruelly,  as  pnicuied  lo  that  odious  tribunal 
the  name  of  Ifif  fiwttslam  'm/iiixttnm.  Fines,  niipri- 
sunmenl,  lianishnienl,  Ihe  pillory,  were  among  tin  iiiosl 
leiuelil  of  Ihe  piiiusliiuenls  nillicled  by  this  trilMilial 
lis  vicliiua  were  Ireipic  nily  condeinned  In  have  their 
tlcbli  lorn  from  iheir  boilici  by  the  lash  of  Ihe  execu- 
tioner, their  ni)>irils  sin,  and  their  ears  cut  oil',  anil  111 
this  coimIiiioii  exhibiied  lo  the  people  as  miinuiiienis  ol 
what  WIS  termed  llii  justice  of  ihcir  .sovereign  and  llle 
zeal  of  Ihe  piilales  t  If  the  ixlenl  a.s  well  as  ihe 
sevinty  lo  winch  lliii;  arbilrarv  sysleiii  was  pushed, 
some  iiolion  may  be  lorined  from  llie  a'coiints  lliat 
lli\e  been  Iransiiiilled  lo  us  uf  llie  proceedings  williiu 
llie  diocese  of  Norwich  alone.  In  llie  articles  of  im- 
pcHchiiii  III  alierwards  cxlubiied  against  Hisbop  Wren, 
il  IS  staled,  that  iliirnig  Ins  possession  of  that  diocese, 
which  Lisied  only  for  two  >ears  and  a  half,  fifiv  iiiiiii- 
slers  were  deprivid  for  not  cuinplying  wiih  ihe  iiinuva- 
liona,  mill  lliree  ihniisaiid  of  Ihe  laily  compelled  lo 
abandon  ihe  kingdom  t  In  perfect  liarmoiiy  wiiii  ihe 
ecclesiaclical,  was  ihe  civil  |Kilicy  of  fliarles's  adinini- 
stratio*  .\rbilrary  imposilions  aiipeisi  ilnl  the  fiiiic 
turns  of  purlianient  :  Ihe  palenla  of  jmlicial  ollice  had 
their  tenure  allered  from  llie  good  behavior  of  the 
jiidgea  lo  llie  good  pleasure  of  llie  king  ;  eveiy  organ 
ol  hlierly  was  siisiiended  or  per\  cried  ,  and  the  king, 
doiil  at  lenglli  Jiibjecled  lo  the  exclusive  doioimon  of 
a  Blcrii  and  imcontrolled  prerogative.  Insult  was  eiii- 
ployed,  as  if  piir|Hisely   to  Blimulaln    iho    sensibilitv 

•  It  i^  iin|Hi>iilile  lo  reail  lliG  .t|>i'eclieii  o(  lliis  iirelale  outhe 
i.liils  III   Ihe  iiuntaiis  villliolU  a.<liiiii.>hMielll    al   lliu  alruilKe 

nii'.ilcv  111  Kin.  Il  Ills  ,1  MUH  inni|»i»e,l.     I...arnini(  amleli-. 

liKiu  •■  aieiiiii <r.l  « nil  vulitai  lailiiiii  mi'l  oliscem-  iil.al.lty  ; 

ami  liie  iiu)t.t  Is  i.  Iliill  tleiltiealioiis  nl  rlulhlian  ii|iliilie!,s  anil 
meic),  »illl  llie  |irii|»i»lliciii  „r  a|i(iriilia'.ii.ii  iil  timliclivu 
^rlll■llll■^  Ihal  iviiiilil  hale  illMirainl  an  Aiiiillcali  saiaKe. 
'llic  liulit  uilltiii  liiiii  was  ilarkiies.s;  anil  Ins  aiiiiialiilaini' 

Willi  Ihe  lliiiiry  III  riMmoii  »i |.,|  nnlvlo  illve  hllii  ilssuraiiei' 

111  lii»s,ii.u  anil  reiiiinih.ui  |iraiiiralt>  illsreicnnliiiK  it.  Tiie 
seiiienie.  |.r,i|i.iM.|l  i,-,  tin.  I,i,h.i|i»  m  liin  .Star  riiaiiilier  well' 
always  Ki'veier  Ihai.  ne  Mik'neslinni,  ,i|  tile  lay  jiidiies.  Tiir 
liishii|is,  no  iliiiihl,  were  Irninenlly  ekas|ierol|.||  hy  ihe  aar- 
insii.h  III  iheii  yi.liois,  llaslwirk,  iKUore  his  trial,  wrote  i> 
hiurlo  I. ami  hnnilily  |Hlili<inini|  ioi  a  intlaiiie  Iruiii  Ihe  ar. 
clin-|.i.ni|iai  ircasiire,  In  .sn|i|mrl  lini'  In  prison,  ami  roiiclii.lnii; 
lluis:  .."  lli.w  tlioii  iairi'st  10  Ihv  palace,  lieiiiaiii.eth,  in  Iniilio 
paliuiii,  Jolin  llaatwnk."  due  o|  Iho  lav  jml«e»  intheStar 
Chainher,  iiii  mio  mcaaion,  ailUrnsio.t  a  |iiitilaii  011  hia  Irial 
With  •  tell  of  which  thv  hiahups  jirohahly  ilnl  nol  a.liniri'  Ihe 
*p|;liraliun--"llo  not  iiijliloiiiia  oyer  niiieh ;  neither  tnnke 
Ihyaetl  over  wise:  why  sliiiulilal  llioii  ilesln.vthvsell  I"  See 
lloweil't  .state  Tiiala,  Vol.  111.  Nim.  I34,  |m,  hj,  14J,  i|j,  . 

t  .Neal,l.  lir— 111.  Tiiese  bis|io|,«.  aaiil  a  inonihiii  iit  the 
Loiin  Pailianienl,  "  placeil  tin.  eirelluncy  of  priest liimil  111 
worlillv  |s>ni|i  ami  Bn-alniis.i,  anil  gave  Hit.  nlory  of  the  in- 

Viailileljoi  lo  putures aij,!,,  ami  altars;  Iherelore  l.'tHl 

nave  ihunini.  to  yile  altCi  li.ms ,„  iiupl,,,  aiile,  u rcUiil, 

and  wulioul  iialiualaHucUua  "    tlnwell's  Slate  Tn.ils  iv  37 

17 


which  injuries  might  not  have  auiriciently  excited.  A 
clergvinan  having  mniumined  in  a  seriiion  bclore  the 
king  that  Ins  iiiajesiy*s  simple  rcipiisition  i>(  m'oiiey 
from  las  subjects,  uliliged  tlieiii  to  comply  with  it  "  un- 
der pain  of  eternal  •hinmation  ;"  (.'harles  at  first  ob- 
acrved  that  he  owed  the  niuti  no  thanks  for  giving  him 
his  due  ;  but  a  ceiisure  of  the  Mouse  of  tjunimons 
having  followed  the  discourse,  the  preacher  ivas  lorth- 
wiih  accoiitiled  a  projier  object  of  royal  favor,  and  pro- 
moled,  first  lo  a  valuable  living,  and  afterwards  lo  a 
bislioprick.  .\  sysieiu  of  such  dillusive  and  exasperat- 
nig  liootihty  waged  by  the  govermnent  against  the  peo- 
ple, wauled  only  a  suiricieiit  dtiralion  to  provoke  from 
universal  rage  a  vindictive  retribution  the  more  to  he 
dreaded  from  the  patience  with  which  the  heavy  arrear 
of  injury  had  been  endured  and  accumulated.  IJut  tic- 
fore  Ihe  system  of  oppression  had  tune  10  mature  the 
groyviiig  (JiscDiitenls,  and  lo  produce  extremities  so 
perilous  to  the  virtue  of  all  who  are  called  to  abide 
ilieni.  It  was  destined  lo  give  occasion  lo  eflbris  of 
nobler  energy  and  purer  virtne  ;  and  miich  good  was 
yet  III  bedeiliicetl  out  of  all  this  scene  of  evil,  and  great 
and  hap[iv  couseipieuces  were  yet  to  he  ell'ected,  by  the 
domunon  of  I'rovidence  over  the  pa.ssiuns  of  men. 

'I'lie  scTenties  exercised  on  the  puritans  in  Kiigland, 
and  Ihe  gradual  extinilion  ui  the  hopes  they  had  so 
long  entertained  of  a  luiligatioii  nl  ecclesiastical  rigor, 
h.id  for  some  lime  direcied  their  thoughts  to  that  di>- 
laiit  lerrilorv  in  yvhieli  their  breihren  at  New  Plyinontli 
had  achieved  a  secure  cslalilislinieiit  an  1  obtained  the 
eiijoyment  of  civil  and  religiuus  liberty  In  the  last 
yejr  of  James's  reign,  a  few  noii-conforunst  faimlies 
had  rcinoved  lo  New  Kiiglaiid  and  taken  possession  of 
a  corttcr  of  Massacbiisells  Uay  ;  hut  lieiiig  dlsappotlitcil 
in  the  hope  lliev  had  eiilertaiued  ol  the  aceessit'ii  of 
nuinbers  sullicieiit  to  found  a  peniKinent  society,  they 
were  oil  Ihe  )  oiiit  of  returning  to  Knglund,  when  they 
rrceiveti  the  agreeable  intelligence  of  liie  apiiroach  of 
a  niiiueroiis  and  powerful  reiiiforceiiH  nl.  Mr.  White, 
a  noii-conforinisl  ininislerat  norcliester,liail  projected  a 
new  setlleinent  at  Massachiiseltis  Day,  and  by  Ins  zeal 
and  aclivily  he  succeeded  111  forming  an  associaliou  of 
a  number  of  tlie  gentry  in  his  iieighborhood  who  had 
llnbibcd  the  puritan  seuMinenls,  hir  llle  purpose  of  cou- 
ducting  a  coiiniy  lo  that  region.  'I'lie  views  and  feel- 
ings that  aetuatid  the  leaders  of  this  enlerpristi  yvere 
ciuiiiiiilleil  lo  wriliiig,  and  i-ircutated  among  their  Irienus 
miller  the  title  of  Hiit'iiit  t'tinsiitt  ruliti/iJi  lur  Ihr  I'titti- 
fiilHiii  nj  tS'iw  tCitfjlff/it  'i'lie  fraluers  of  tills  remarka- 
ble and  cliaraeterisUc  docniueiil,  began  by  adverling  In 
tlie  progress  of  llie  .leaiitl  eslablislinients  111  South 
.\nierii-a,  and  to  Ihe  d'lty  and  adyaiiUge  of  connler- 
actnig  Iheir  mthience  by  ihe  propagaiion  ol  the  gospel 
ill  that  quarter  of  the  world.  They  observed  that  all 
the  other  churches  of  I'.uriipe  had  been  brought  under 
desiilalions  ,  tliat  the  same  l.ite  seemed  to  Impend  over 
Ihe  church  of  Knota'id  ;  and  that  it  might  reasonably 
be  supposed  that  tiod  had  piovided  this  imoccnpieil 
territory  as  a  laud  of  refuge  for  iiuiiiy  whom  he  piir- 
poseil  to  save  from  the  general  desirucuoii.  Kngland, 
ihey  alleged,  grew  weary  of  her  inliabilants  ;  Insomuch 
lliat  man,  which  is  the  most  precious  of  all  creatures, 
wa.s  there  more  vile  ami  base  than  the  earth  he  trod 
upon  ;  and  children  aiul  fr;enits  (if  iiuwcallhy)  wern 
accoiitiled  a  hiirdensume  liiciiinliralice,  instead  of  lieiiio 
hailed  as  the  choicest  eaniily  blessings.  .\  taste  for 
expensive  living,  they  added,  prevailed  so  strongly,  and 
the  means  of  nidulgnig  it  Innt  become  so  exelu'sively 
the  objeit  of  nieii's  desires,  that  all  arts  and  trades 
were  lainled  by  sordid  luaxiuis  and  deeellliil  practices  ; 
and  the  scimiiaries  nl  learning  aboiiuded  wilh  so  many 
spectacles  and  temptations  ol  dissolnle  irregiilarily,  lliat 
vice  was  there  Ilinre  elfeelli  illy  coiniiiiliilcaleil  by  ex. 
alllple,  lllall  knowledge  or  yirllic  yyere  imparled  by  pre- 
ce|it-  "'I'hc  whole  earth,"  they  proclaimed,  "is  ihe 
Lord's  gh.deii,  ami  be  lialh  given  U  10  the  sons  of 
.\ilalil  til  be  tilled  and  linproiiil  by  tliein  :  Why,  then, 
should  any  slaiid  slarviiig  here  lor  pl.ices  of  babllatliiu, 
aiul.  in  the  iiieaii  lime,  auller  whole  eotintries,  us  pro- 
lilalilc  lor  the  use  of  mail,  lo  lie  waste,  without  any 
miprovemcnl  '"  'I'hey  ciincliided  by  adyerting  lo  the 
Bitiiatioii  of  Ihe  cnloiiy  of  .New  riymoiiih,  and  strongly 
enforced  'he  duly  of  siip|iorling  the  lufaiu  church  which 
had  there  been  so  happily  plained  .\ctcaled  by  such 
views,  these  maguainmous  projectors  purchased  from 
the  council  of  I'lynioiilh  all  Ihe  lerrilorv  exiiinlmg  m 
lenglli  from  three  iiiih  s  iiorili  of  the  river  Merrimack  10 
three  miles  south  of  Charles  river,  and,  in  lireadlli, 
fioui  Ihe  .Vtlanlic  to  the  Soiiihern  Ocean  Then  nets 
were  as  vigorous  as  their  designr  were  elevated.  As 
the  precursors  of  ihe  main  body  of  emigrants  vihom  it 
vas  intended  to  iraiispurl,  a  (u.all  body  uf  planters  and 


Ml 

!  servants  were  despatched  under  Mr.  Endicot,  one  of 
the  leading  projectors  ;  who,  arriving  safely  in  Masu- 

i  chusctis,  flti'JH,]  were  cordially  greeted  and  kindly 
assisted  hy  the  colonists  of  New  I'lvnioiith.  and  laiii 
the  foundationc  of  a  town,  which  they  denominated 
ISalem,  from  a  Hebrew  wortl  that  signifies  Peace. 

Hut  zealoiib  as  these  projectors  were  to  acconip*;sh 
their  favorite  purpose,  they  very  soon  perceived  ihcit 
total  inahiliiy  to  maintain  elfectiial  possession  of  such 
an  exlensive  territory,  without  the  aid  of  more  opulent 
coailpitors.  Of  these,  by  the  inllnence  and  activity  of 
.Mr.  While,  they  obtained  a  sullicieiit  numlier  in  Loif 
don,  among  the  commercial  men  who  openly  professed, 
or  secretly  favored  the  leuels  of  the  piirilans.  These 
auxiliaries  brought  an  accession  of  prudent  precantion, 
as  well  as  of  pecuniary  resources,  to  the  eondiirt  of  thu 
design  ;  and,  justly  donliting  the  expedicney  of  founding 
a  colony  on  the  basis  of  a  grant  from  a  private  com- 
pany of  patentees,  who  might  convey  a  right  of  pro- 
perty in  Ihc  soil,  but  could  not  confer  jiirisdiclion,  c 
the  privilege  of  goyerning  the  society  which  il  was  pre 
posed  to  establish,  they  persuaded  their  associates  I 
unite  with  them  in  an  application  lo  llie  crown  for  a 
royal  charter.  The  readiness  with  which  this  applica- 
tion was  granted,  and  the  terms  in  whnh  the  chaiter 
was  framed,  are  nbsoliiiely  unaccoiinlable,  except  011 
the  siip[iosiiion  that  Charles  and  his  ecetesiasitcal  coiiii- 
sellors  were  willing,  at  this  lime,  lo  disenct  nilier  tlio 
church,  in  which  tiiey  inedilaiedsnch  exlensive  imiova- 
tioiis,  of  a  body  of  men,  from  whom  the  most  unbend- 
ing oppastttoii  lo  their  measurea  mighi  he  expected  ;  a 
hue  of  policy  which  appears  nerfecily  credible  ;  al- 
thniigh,  at  a  subseqiient  period, I liey  endeavored  to 
coiiiileract  it,  when  ihey  were  sensible  of  the relhclivu 
inllucncc  exercised  011  the  puritan  bodv  in  Kngland  by 
the  spread  and  prettoiniiiancn  of  their  tenets  in  Ame- 
rica. It  seems  impossible,  on  any  other  supposition. 
In  accniint  for  the  remarkable  facts  that,  at  Iho  very 
time  when  this  monarch  was  iniroducnig  despotic  au- 
thority into  Ihe  gnyernineiit  of  Virginia,  he  extended  to 
a  colony  of  pnntnns  a  aunstiliition  contaimng  all  tho 
nnninnities  of  which  the  Virginians  beheld  Ihemselve* 
so  unjustly  deprived  ;  and  that,  well  aware  of  the  pur- 
pose of  the  applicants  In  escape  from  the  constitulious 
of  Iho  church  of  Kngland,  he  grat^'--  ■  .hem  a  charier 
colilannng  ample  coilliiienilatioii  oi  the  religious  ends 
they  fall  lit  view,  without  the  imposition  of  a  single  or- 
dinance respecling  the  coiistiinuon  of  iheir  church  go- 
vernmeul,  or  the  tonus  aiul  ceremonies  of  their  wor- 
ship ;  nay,  so  coinpletrly  m  this  instance,  did  he  sur- 
render Ihe  luainns  of  his  colonial  policy  to  lite  wishes 
of  the  projectors  of  a  puritan  colony,  that,  although  ho 
hail  recently  declared,  in  a  public  pioclamaliou,  that  • 
mercantile  company  WuS  iitlerly  until  to  adimmster  ilia 
alfairs  of  a  reinule  colony  ;  yet,  on  the  present  occasion, 
he  scrupled  nol.  in  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  tha 
mercantile  part  of  the  adventurers,  to  commit  the  «ii- 
pieiiie  direction  of  '!  e  colony  to  be  planted  in  the  pro- 
vince of  .MassHchiiselis  llay,  lo  a  cor|ioration  conststiiif^ 
chiefly  of  merchatits  resident  in  Irfinilon.  The  nev» 
adveiiliirers  were  incorporated  as  ■  bmly  politic  ;  and 
their  right  10  the  lerrilorv  which  they  liad  purchased 
from  the  eoiincil  of  I'lyinoulh  lieiiig  conhrined  by  the 
king,  they  were  einpo.vered  to  dispose  of  the  lands, 
and  10  govern  the  people  who  should  setlle  uiion  them. 
The  lirsl  governor  of  the  eompnny  and  his  council  wero 
mimed  liy  the  crown  ;  the  right  of  electing  their  suc- 
cessors was  vericd  in  the  members  of  the  corporation 
The  excculive  power  was  ciimimtled  lo  the  governor 
ami  a  ciiiiucil  of  assistants  ;  llie  legislative,  to  tho  body 
of  pruprieiors.  who  might  make  and  enfcrco  statute! 
and  orders  fur  the  good  of  the  community,  not  iiicon- 
aisieiit  with  the  hwa  of  liujland  They  Qblanied  tho 
s'liiie  teiii|iorary  exemiiiion  that  had  been  granted  to 
tile  Virginian  company  from  iiiieriial  taxes,  and  from 
duties  on  goods  cxporled  or  importiMl  ;  and  nolwiih- 
siandiiig  Ihcir  mignliun  to  .\iucrica,  they  and  their  de- 
siendaiits  iveri'  declared  lo  be  einitled  to  all  the  rigliU 
ot  naliiral-liorn  subjects. 

The  meaning  of  this  charter,  with  respect  to  the  re- 
ligious rights  of  the  colonists  of  .Massachuseitt  Hay, 
has  giTcn  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  discussion.  Uy  lli« 
piirilans.  and  tho  puritan  writers  of  that  agr,  it  was 
umversally  regarded  as  liesloving  on  them  the  aiiiplcsl 
liberty  to  regulate  their  worship  by  the  dictates  of  their 
own  cnnacienee.  And  this,  I  think,  is  maiiifeslly,  its 
import.  The  grantors  wern  fully  aware,  and  the  Vri.n- 
leea  hid  neither  the  wish  nor  the  power  lo  conceal,  that 
their  object  yy  as  lo  make  a  peaceable  secession  from  a 
church  winch  they  could  no  ;,  nger  conscientiously  ad- 
in  re  to,  and  lo  estalili..h  for  themselyes,  at  Mas^schu- 
si;lts  Uay.  .111  ecclesiastical  coistitution  atiiulat  to  tbal 


943 

which  was  already  r9tal)liahc(l  and  maintained  without 
IiiolMtalion  at  Now  I'lyiiiouth.  A  adrnt  ac(|inc»i-ciiC6 
in  auoh  doniKiis  was  all  that  could  rcusoiiaWy  be  ex- 
|iected  rniin  the  kln)r  and  his  ministers :  and  when  this 
I'mpha.ic  silence  on  i  point  which  ia  quite  ludicrous  to 
•upiHisa  could  havi  escaped  the  attention  of  cither 
party,  is  coupled  with  t*uch  a  ready  departure  from  all 
the  arbitrary  principles  which  the  kins  was  preparing  to 
enforce  in  every  other  branch  of  his  domestic  and  colo- 
nial adminiatration,  it  seems  impossible  to  doubt  that 
Charles  was  at  this  time  not  unwilling  to  mdke  a  tem- 
porary sacriticc  of  authority,  in  order  to  nd  himself  of 
these  puritan  petitioners,  and  that  the  interpretation 
which  they  gave  to  their  charter  was  perfectly  correct. 
And  yet  writers  have  not  been  wanting,  whom  enmity 
10  the  puritans  has  induced  to  explain  this  ch  irter  in  a 
minner  totally  repugnant  to  every  rule  of  legal  or  cqui- 
tuble  construction.  It  is  a  maxim  of  law,  and  the  dic- 
tate of  common  sense  and  universal  equity,  that,  in  all 
cases  of  doubtful  construction,  tlio  presumption  lies 
■gainst  that  party  whodc  oHice  it  was  to  speak,  and  who 
had  the  power  to  clear  every  ambiguity  away.  In  de- 
fiance of  this  rule,  these  writers  have  insisted  that  the 
silence  of  the  charter  respecting  the  ecclesiastical  con- 
etitution  of  the  colony,  implies  the  imposition  on  the  colo- 
nists of  every  particular  of  the  constitution  of  the  church 
of  England.*  The  most  eminent  writer  of  ihiii  parly  has 
taken  occasion  from  hence  to  reproach  the  colonists  of 
Massachusetts  Hay  with  having  laid  the  foundations  of 
their  chu,.  h  catahlisliinent  in  fraud.  "  Without  regard," 
aays  this  distinguished  author,  "  to  the  sentiments  of  ihut 
monarch,  under  the  sanction  of  whose  authoriiy  they 
fettled  in  .\merica,  and  from  whom  they  derived  right 
to  act  as  a  body  politic,  and  in  contempt  of  the  laws  of 
England,  with  which  the  charter  required  that  none  of 
their  acts  or  ordininces  should  be  inconsistent,  they 
adopted  in  their  infant  church  that  form  of  policy  which 
has  since  been  distinguished  bv  the  name  of  indepen- 
dent." He  accounts  for  the  silence  of  the  charier  on 
a  point  which  was  unquestionably  U[iperinost  in  iht? 
minds  of  both  parties,  by  remarking,  that  "the  king 
seems  not  to  have  foreseen,  nor  to  have  suspec;cd,  the 
secret  intentions  of  those  who  projected  the  measure ;" 
and  he  explains  the  conduct  of  llic  colonists,  by  pro- 
nouncing that  they  were  "animated  wiih  a  spirit  of  in- 
novation in  civil  policy  as  well  as  in  religion."  Hut, 
truly,  it  eeems  not  a  little  unreasoiiabln  to  make  it  mat 
tcr  of  reproach  to  the  puritans,  who  were  driven  by 
opfiression  from  their  native  land,  that  tliiy  did  not 
cross  the  Atlantic  and  settle  in  a  savage  desert  for  the 
purpose  of  cultivating  a  more  perfect  conformity  to  the 
sentiments  of  their  oppressor.  The  provision  in  their 
charter,  that  the  laws  to  be  enacted  by  them  should  not 
be  repugnant  to  the  jurisprudence  of  Kngland,  coiilil 
never  be  understood  to  imply  any  thing  farther  than  a 
general  conformity  to  tho  common  law  of  Kngland, 
aiiitalile  to  the  acknowledged  dependence  of  the  tuloiiv 
on  the  main  body  of  the  liritish  dominions.  The  un- 
suspecting ignorance,  too,  that  is  nnpuled  to  the  king 
and  his  counsellors,  appears  perfectly  increJilile,  when 
^  we  consider  that  the  example  of  New  IMymoutb.  where 
'  a  bare  exemption  from  express  restrictions  had  been 
followed  by  tho  establishment  of  the  independent  mo- 
del, was  fresh  in  their  recollection  ;  that  it  was  avowed 
and  notorious  puritans  who  now  applied  lor  perinissinn 
to  jToceed  to  the  land  where  that  con.stitntton  was  es- 
tablislied  ;  and,  above  all,  that,  in  their  appliraiiin  to 
the  king,  they  expressly  desired  leave  to  wiihilraw  in 
peace  from  the  bosom  of  a  church  lo  whose  ordinaiices 
they  could  not  coiisciciitiou!)ly  conCorin.  Wlieiiicr  tin' 
king  and  I.aud  were,  or  were  not,  aware  of  the  inten- 
tion... of  the  puritans,  they  must  s  'rely  bo  allowed  lo  be 
the  best  judges  of  what  they  thc.nselves  had  intendiil 
to  convey  ;  and  tlieir  acquiescence  in  ihc  coiisliiniion 
winch  the  colonisis  of  .Mafacliuselis  Hay  proceeded 
forthwith  lo  esiabhsh.  denionstr.-ites.  m  the  strongest 
inaiiner,  that  they  were  aware  liiry  had  no  vjolalion  of 
the  charier  to  coni|ildin  of  When  tliey  al'terwards  be- 
came sensible  iluvt  the  [irogress  of  piiriian  estabtisli- 
ments  m  New  Kngland  increased  tlio   ferment   which 


THR   HISTORY  OF 


•  (.'liBlmers  atlcrnjits  to  siii'|s>rl  dm  interprf  utlon  liy  rilin..' 
from  ttie  rjisner  tlie  fi)ll,i\vifi«  «  Liiisi',— "  Thtil  the  oalli  of 
sufieinnry  thall  itesilmiiinf.TtMl  in  every nni.  wlwi  Khali  pass 
to  Itie  culiinytuinnatiit  llifrc."  Animin,  |t.  141.  |lr.  ,(i>l,i>rt- 
soil  cites  tlie  samp  wonis  fur  tlie  snine  (iiiriM»»r.  Dutlltrre  is 
nil  siiili  rlsuso  in  Ills  charter.  There  is  a  clsusp,  nm  re- 
HUirnii:,  l"lt  rnipiiwirinii, tile  Koveriiui,  ■(  lie  tliliik  |iiu|jer.  In 
ailiiiliilsler  tlif  eslh  of  allexiancfl  aiu)  sii|ireniacy.  t'lial- 
intrs  inalies  himself  elcppilinnly  merry  niHi  Iheii.thuslasin 
of  tho  I'lintai.s,  wlin  "  conslilereil  the  rliartcr  as  sacreil, 
tK'cause  tliuy  suiipfurd  il  to  Iw  ilenvol  Intin  the  |>rr,v|iti'ni:e  .»f 
heaven," p.  I3tf.  Dr.  Rnhprtson  is  less  rhmltahlo.  Ho  tiip- 
pnsesthe  imriliins  to  liavc  wilfiillv  mlMnteri.nlijil  the  charier 
W'hicti  he  hiiuiAir  nusmpresents. 


their  ineasnres  were  creating  in  the  parent  state,  they 
mter|M)sed  to  check  tlic  intercourse  between  the  two 
countries,  but  tacitly  acknowledged  that  the  system 
which  they  followid  so  rigidly  in  Kngland  was  ex- 
cluded by  positive  agreement  from  tliu  colonial  ter- 
ritory. 

(Soon  after  the  power  of  the  adventurers  to  establish 
a  colony  had  been  rendered  complete  by  the  roval 
charter,  they  eiiuippcd  and  desjialched  I'lvc  ships  for 
New  Kngland,  containing  three  hundred  and  fifty  emi- 
grants, cTiieHy  zealous  jiuritans,  accompanied  bv  some 
eminent  non-conformist  ministers.  'I'lie  regrets  which 
ail  eternal  farew'ell  In  their  native  land  was  calculatiu 
to  inspire,  the  distressing  inconvenience  of  a  long  oy- 
age  to  persons  nnaccusioined  to  the  sea,  and  the  b>r- 
midalde  scene  nf  toll  anil  danger  that  confronted  them 
ill  the  barbarous  land  where  so  many  preceding  adven- 
turers had  found  an  untimely  grave,  seem  to  have 
inished  entirely  from  the  inmds  of  these  men,  sns- 
uiiied  by  the  worth  and  dignity  of  the  pnrfio.se  which 
they  had  combined  to  pursue.  Their  hearts  were  knit 
to  each  other  by  coinmnnity  of  generous  design  ;  and 
they  experienced  none  of  those  jealousies  which  inevi- 
tably spring  up  in  confederacies  for  ends  ineicly  sellish, 
among  men  unequally  qualified  to  obtain  the  object  of 
their  association,  llelimd  them,  indeed,  was  the  land 
of  their  fathers  ;  hut  it  had  lung  ceased  lo  wear  an  as- 
pect of  parental  kindness  towards  them,  and,  m  for- 
saking it,  they  lied  from  the  prisons  and  scatfolds  to 
which  Its  saints  and  patriots  were  daily  consigned. 
Hefiire  them  lay  a  vast  and  dreary  w  ildcrness  ;  but  they 
hoped  •''  '..adiate  its  gloom  by  kindling  and  preserving 
there  .lie  sacred  tires  of  religion  and  liberty,  which  so 
many  etiorts  were  made  to  extinguisb  in  :he  shrines  of 
Eiigiand.  whence  tliey  carried  ilicir  embers.  Thev 
contidently  hoped  that  tiic  religious  and  political  senti- 
ments winch  had  languished  under  such  protracted 
persecution  in  Kiirojio  would  now,  atleni.'tli,  shine  forth 
m  their  full  lustre  in  .\inerica.  Kstablishlng  an  a.sybim 
where  the  professors  of  their  sentiments  iniglil  at  M 
tunes  find  shelter,  ihey  justly  expected  to  derive  con- 
tinual accessions  lo  the  vigor  of  their  own  virtue  from 
the  resolute  character  of  men  who  might  hereulter  be 
prompted  to  forsake  their  native  habitations,  and  be 
willing,  like  lliein,  to  recogni/.c  their  country  wherever 
th<!y  could  find  the  lineaments  of  tniili  and  liberty. 
They  did  not  postpone  the  pructii'o  of  pietv  till  tlu' 
concbision  of  tl.eir  voyage  ;  but,  occupied  continually 
with  the  exercises  of  devotion,  they  caused  ihe  ocean 
which  they  tr.iversed  to  resound  wiiii  unwonted  acclaim 
of  jiraise  anil  tiianksgivmg  to  its  great  (.'reator.  The 
•eainen,  partaking  their  spirit,  readily  joined  mail  their 
religions  exercises  and  ordinances,  and  expressed  lintr 
belief  that  ihey  bad  practised  the  first  .lea-Jusln  that 
had  ever  been  kept  in  the  world,  .\lier  a  prosperous 
voyage,  the  emigrants  had  the  lia|>piuess  of  re-uiiiliiis; 
tliemselvL'S  to  their  friends  already  estalillshed  at  Sahni. 
miller  Mr.  Kndicot,  wlio  had  been  appointed  deputy- 
governor  of  the  colony. 

To  the  boily  o(  men  thus  collected  together,  the 
institution  of  a  church  appeared  the  moit  iiiieresting  of 
all  their  concerns,  and  it  occupied,  accordingly,  their 
earliest  ond  most  solemn  deliberation.  'I'liey  bad  liien 
advised  before  they  quitted  l-lngland  lo  agree  among 
theinielTes  on  the  firm  of  cbiircli  gnverninent  which 
was  to  be  established  in  llie  colony  ;  but,  neglecting 
this  advice,  tliev  bad  gone  no  farther  than  lo  (xpres.< 
their  general  concurrence  in  the  principle  that  Ihr  rrfur- 
nttitwtt  of  Ihc  ii'iurrh  }rnx  tti  br  nutrnri'Tfil  arrurdnn:  tit 
the  imttt'n  iriini  of  dint.  Thev  now  applied  to  lii.ir 
brctiiren  at  I'lymoulh,  and  desired  to  be  acqn.inilid 
with  tile  grounds  of  Ihe  consittiiiioii  wlncb  bad  iliere 
been  esljlihslied  ;  and,  having  heard  llice  liillv  explain- 
eil.  iiiiil  devol.'d  some  tune  to  i\  ililigent  comp.in^ijn  of 
till'  iiiodrl  with  the  wiirraiils  of  scripiure  wliicli  were 
cited  III  lis  vindication,  and  nrnevlly  bi'soiight  the 
enliglilenmg  ahl  of  linn  who  alone  can  teach  Ins  crea- 
tures how  to  worship  him  with  acceptance,  they  declared 
Iheir  entile  npprolmllon  of  the  sister  chiirih.  and  pro- 
ceeded lo  copy  bir  slriicliire  in  the  eslnlilisbnicnl  of 
their  own.  They  iiniled  togeiher  in  religions  socn  ly 
by  a  covenant,  m   winch,  after  a  solemn  dedication  of 

thomselves  to  live  in  the  fear  of  (i.ul ,|  lo  walk  in 

hie  ways,  so  fur  as  he  should  be  pleased  In  reveal  Inm- 
s'lf  lo  Ibein,  they  e.ng,inci|  in  ,..i,.li  ui||,.r  lo  cullivale 
walclifuhiess  and  tenderiies  i  m  ilieir  mutual  intercourse ; 
lo  avoid  jealousies,  suspicions,  and  secret  'sings  of 
spiril  ;  and  in  all  cases  of  olt'eiice  lo  bear  and  forbear, 
give  and  forgive,  after  tb"  example  of  ileir  Divine 
patiein  They  promised,  in  the  congregation,  to  repress 
Iheir  forwardness  to  display  their  gifts  ;  and,  in  tlieir 
inlercoutie,  whether  with  niter  churches  or  witii  the 


mass  ol  inanKind,  lo  .study  a  conversation  remote  from 
the  very  appearance  of  evil.  They  engaged,  to  aduti- 
ful  obedieiico  to  all  who  should  he  set  over  them  in 
church  or  commonweallli,  to  encoiirago  thcni  to  a 
faithful  performance  of  their  duty  ;  and  they  expressed 
their  resolution  to  approve  themselves  in  theii  particu- 
lar callings,  the  stewards  and  servants  of  (I'rii,  ahun- 
iiiiig  idleness  as  the  bane  of  every  cominunily,  and 
dealingliardly  or  oppressively  with  none  of  Ihc  human 
race  The  form  of  policy  which  they  adopted  was 
that  *hii  ">  distinguished  the  churches  of  the  independ- 
enlf,  and  which  I  have  already  had  occasion  lo  describe. 
Ihe  form  of  public  worship  which  they  instituted, 
rejected  a  liturgy  and  every  siiperlluous  ceremony,  and 
was  adapted  to  the  strictest  standard  of  ("alvinistic 
simplicity.  They  elected  a  pastor,  a  teacher,  and  an 
elder,  whom  they  set  apart  for  their  respective  olficea 
by  imposition  of  the  hands  of  the  brethren.  All  who 
were  thai  day  admitted  mombera  of  the  church  sigmlied 
their  assent  to  a  confession  of  faith  drawn  up  by  ilieir 
teachers,  and  gave  an  account  of  the  fouiidaiion  of 
Iheir  own  hopes  as  christians  :  i;tl  it  wis  declari^ 
that  no  [lerson  should  thereafter  be  permitted  to  sub- 
scribe the  covenant,  or  be  received  into  communion 
wiih  the  church,  unlil  he  had  given  satisfaction  to  the 
elders  with  respect  to  the  purity  of  hia  faith  and  the 
coiiMsicncy  of  bis  conluct. 

The  consiitutioii  ol  which  we  have  now  beheld  an 
abstract,  and  especially  the  covenant  or  social  cngage- 
iiieiit  so  fraiiglii  with  sentiments  of  genuine  piety  and 
enlarged  benevolence,  his  excited  the  derision  of  some 
writers,  who  refuse  to  consider  tho  speculative  liberal- 
ity which  It  inilicales  in  any  other  point  of  view  than 
as  contrasted  with  the  practical  iiilolerance  which  the 
colonists  soon  after  I  isplayed.  Hut  however  agreeable 
tbi.s  aspect  may  be  to  eyes  that  witch  for  the  frailties 
of  the  good  iiiid  the  weaknesses  of  the  strong,  this  ii 
not  the  only  light  in  which  it  will  present  itself  to  hii- 
iiiane  and  liberal  minda.  fhilosojihy  admits  that  Ihe 
soul  IS  cmlarged  by  the  mere  pur|Hi»c  of  excellence  ; 
and  religion  has  pronounced  that  even  those  dcsigiij 
which  men  are  not  deemed  worthy  lo  perfoiu),  it  may 
be  well  for  them  to  have  enteriained  in  iben  minds. 
The  error  of  the  mhabilanis  of  Salem  was  the  univeraal 
error  of  iheir  age  ;  the  virtues  tliey  demonslrated  were 
peculiar  to  tlieiuKelyes  and  their  puritan  brethren.  In 
the  rcclesi.isiical  eonslitution  wliicl:  they  established 
hir  tlienifelves,  and  the  sentiments  winch  they  .leer- 
wovn  with  It,  thev  remlered  a  siiu-erc  and  laudabl.i 
liomago  to  the  rights  of  conscience  and  Ihc  require- 
ments of  pieiy  ;  and  these  principles,  no  doubt,  excr 
cised  a  highly  beneficial  ndlucncc  on  the  practice  which 
iinhuppily  they  did  noi  entirely  control.  Thn  indiienco 
of  principles  that  tend  to  Ihc  resirainiof  hiiinan  bro- 
city  and  intolerance  is  frequenily  invisible  to  mortal 
eyes,  liecause  it  is  productive  cluelly  of  negalr.i  con- 
sequences :  and  when  great  provocation  oi  „;jrin  has 
led  the  professors  of  tliew'  principles  to  violate  the  re- 
straints they  impose,  they  will  be  judged  Willi  little  jus- 
tice, if  chanty  neglect  to  «ii|'|ily  the  imperfection  of 
that  knowledge  to  which  we  are  limited  while  we  sen 
but  in  part,  ami  to  suggest  the  eecret  and  honorablo 
lurlieurance  winch  may  have  preceded  the  visible  action 
which  we  condemn  or  deplore.  In  the  very  first  in- 
siance  of  intolerant  proceeding  wiih  which  the  odver- 
sarles  of  Ihe  puritans  have  reproached  this  American 
colony.  It  appears  lo  me  lh:it  the  inlbieiice  of  genuinu 
piety  III  nntigatiiig  human  impatience  is  very  sirikmgl/ 
apparent  It  ua  notabl"  fact  that,  alllioiigli  IbeBOenil- 
grants  were  collected  Iroin  a  body  emhracnig  such  di- 
versity of  opiiiioi  respecting  cbiirch  government  and 
llie  rights  ol  worship  os  then  prevailed  among  the  uuri- 
lalis  of  Kngland,  and  though  ihey  hid  'anded  in  .Vnie- 
rica  wilhoul  baving  previously  ascertained  bow  bir  they 
were  likelv  to  ic'rie  on   this  very  point,  lor  the  sake  li' 

winch  llli'V  imd  incurred  lianisi nl  train  Kiii:laliit    the 

cinistlt  illnii  which  was  .'opied  Iroin  Ihe  ciiiircli  ol  .New 
i'lyinoiilh  gavi'  sallstaclion  lo  almost  every  individiial 
anion;;  tliein  'I'wo  brothers,  however,  ot  Ihe  name  ol 
llro'vi  e.  one  a  lawyir,  and  Ihe  oilier  a  merchant,  IkuU 
of  Ilicin  men  ol  iinie  and  among  the  nillnbe.'-  of  the 
nrigin.d  patentees,  dissented  Irom  this  canstitntion.  and 
argiiM.g  with  vehement  ah-urdi,y  Ihat  all  wl..^  adhered 
to  It  wouM  mlallibly  become  analiaptisis,  endeavored 
to  obtim  converts  to  their  opinion,  and  to  eslab'lsh  n 
teparaie  congregation  on  a  model  more  approximated 
to  the  loriiis  of  the  cliiirch  of  Kngland  The  delecl- 
iveness  of  their  argument  Ihey  endeavored  to  siippl'/ 
by  the  vehemence  of  tlieir  clamor  ;  and  thev  obtained 
\  I)  lavor.ihle  audience  from  a  few  wli'.i  regarded  witli 
1  unrrieiidly  I'Vethe  discipline  which  the  culuinal  church 
'  was  dis|H>sed   lo   cxerciie  upon  uH'jiiduts  wuiul  tt»\ 


I  oorivcrttation  remote  from 

Tli<>y  enffa^i'd,  to  a  duli- 

lotild  \w  »H  over  them  in 

tu   oncouraf^o    them   to  a 

duty  ;  Hiid  ihcv  nii|imt»cd 
heinsi'lvfB  in  thoii  nartinu- 
iid  servants  of  <ifd,  shun- 

of  every  rornininnly,  and 
ly  with  none  of  the  human 
which  they  ndoplcd  w»a 
^  ohnrchrs  of  the  nuieprnd- 
[|y  hnd  nccasion  todescribo. 
hip   which  they  instituted, 

superfluous  cerrinoiiy,  and 
^nt  atnndard  of  (.'alvinistic 
A  pastor,  a  teacher,  and  an 

for  their  respective  olHceti 
of  the  hrethren.  Alt  who 
ibcrs  of  the  church  si^nilied 
of  faith  drawn  up  by  their 
count  of  the  foundaiion  of 
ians  ;  l;»1  it  was  declari<d 
eafter  be  perniittrd  to  sub- 
received  into  connnunion 
ad  f^ivcn  satisfaction  to  tha 

puniy  of  his  faith  and  the 

ch  we  have  now  beheld  an 
covenant  or  social  cngage- 
nents  of  genuine  piety  and 
L-Kcited  the  derision  of  some 
lider  the  speculative  liberal- 
ly  other  point  of  view  than 
'tical  nitolerniire  which  tli« 
mI.     lliit  however  a^reeabla 
that  witch  for  the  frailties 
lesses  of  the  strouf?,  this  is 
It  will  present  itself  to  hu- 
PhiMuphy  admits  that  the 
lerc  pur[>use  of  excellence ; 
ed   that  even  those  desi^nj 
I  worthy  to  perfui'n,  it  may 
enteriaincd   in  theit    ■iiiiida. 
M  of  Salem  was  the  nnivenial 
uos  they  drinoiislrated  wero 
their  puritan  brethren.     In 
ion   which  they  entablishcd 
jentimenls  which   they  tn<er- 
ed  a  sincere   and    luudiibl<> 
DUHCH'tjcc  and   llic   requir*- 
pniiciplt's,   no  doubt,  excr 
uence  un  the  practice  which 
cly  cuntrol.      The  nidnencH 
lie  resiriunt  of  human  fcro- 
puiiitv   invisible   lo   mortal 
cluetly    of  iir^utiM  cun* 
provocation  ot   u!arni  lias 
prniciplca  to  vutlale  llui  ri;< 
ill  he  judged  with  little  jum- 
Ijilv  the    imperlectiuii  uf 
ire  Imiiicd  while   we  sen 
tho   secret   and    lioiiorablu 
prectded  llie  visible  action 
lore.     In  the   very  tirnt  in- 
ling  with  which   the  adver* 
rrproui  bed  tins  American 
llic    iiitbieiirr  of  i»euuino 
patience  I5  very  ntrikiiigly 
(  llint.  alUiou^h  llieaoeini- 
bodv  embracing  such  di- 
g   church  (rovcrniiiint  and 
prcvdded  amoiii!  the  utiri- 
ilii'V  h.ul  'iiiidcd  in  Aine* 
Iv  n»certitined  how  f.ir  they 
vrrv  point,  tor  tlie  Kjke  o' 
«iiiiiciii  bom  Ktii:i.iiid.  the 
1  Iroin  the  chnrch  ol  Mew 
0   Bhiuisl  every  nidividiud 
.  howM'ver,  ot  (he  name  ol 
he  other  a  nurcLint.  Imili 
nion^  the   nmll[ll^'  of  ttie 
Itoin  thin  coiiHtitiitiou.  and 
rdi;y   lh.it  all  \\'..o  adt.ered 
anabaptists,  endesvured 
pinion,  and   to  estab'ish  a 
Id   more  approxnunled 
f  Kn^'hind       The  delmi- 
key  endeavored    to  6Upply 
ainiir  ;   and  they  obtaihcd 
few    wlio  regarded   witli 
which  tlio  culoiuat  church 
n  utV'jiiduri  a^uiwl  th»^ 


NOIITH    AMERICA. 


248 


laws  of  morality.  Mr.  Kndi.^ott,  the  unvernor.  called 
Uieao  niiMi.  lOL'eiher  with  the  luiiiisterH.  before  the  peo 
pie  ;  who.  alter  tieariiiK'  both  parties,  repealed  their 
approbation  of  the  system  they  had  consen'ed  to  ;  and, 
as  ihi.'  two  brothers  still  persiaiid  m  their  d'.iempi^  to 
create  a  srhisin  in  the  church,  and  even  endeavored  to 
eicite  a  mutiny  ajjaiiisl  the  poverninenl.  they  were 
judijed  until  to  remain  m  the  colony,  arid  sent  back  by 
the  vessels  in  which  they  hud  accompanied  the  oilier 
ei.'n^nints  in  the  \ovai;e  from  Kn^jhiud  *  Their  ab- 
aeni.'e  restored  unity  ot  fentimrnt  lu  the  colonists,  who 
were  proceedmu  to  complete  their  setllcinriit  and  ex- 
leitJ  thuir  occupation  of  the  country,  when  they  were 
inlerrupted  by  the  approach  of  winter,  and  the  rnvajjes 
of  ilisctse.  which  ipiickly  deprived  them  of  nearly  one 
half  of  their  number,  )>ut  produced  no  otlier  change  on 
tlicir  minds  tluii  tu  cause  the  sentiments  ui  hope  and 
fear  to  converge  more  ateidily  lo  the  Author  of  their 
existence. 

Nolwith^taiidmR  the  sarcast'C  comments  which  the 
baiii.tliment  ol  tlie  two  individuals  whoso  cuj*e  1  have 
jiiMt  related  has  received  from  some  eunneiit  writers, 
the  justice  of  the  proceeding  cannot  fail,  I  think,  tu 
cuuimetid  iti>elt  to  tlu^  sentitnenls  of  all  impartial  men  : 
Olid  1  siiould  hardly  have  thought  it  necea!4.iry  to  notice 
tbt.f  charge  of  intolerance  to  which  the  colonisls  have 
been  subjected,  if  their  conduct  had  never  given  greater 
•ccasiun  to  it.  lint  unfortunately  a  great  proportion 
of  the  puntani  ut  this  period  were  strongly  iiitecied 
wtt.i  the  prevalent  error  of  their  age, t  and  regarded 
the  peareublo  coexistence  ol  dillereiit  sects  in  the 
adine  cummiinitv  as  nearly  impossible — a  notion  which, 
it  nnut  be  confessed,  the  trealmeiil  \\ivy  receiied  from 
thfir  adversaricri  tended  very  siron^^ly  lo  enlorce.  If 
11  was  right  that  thev  who  bad  sutlered  from  persecu- 
tion, should  iheiiisetves  abstain  from  what  their  own 
exjicriencc  bad  letluiirlv  shown  tu  be  so  tiuN^hil  and 
odious.  It  was  natural  tliat  lly^.^  to  deserts  for  the  sake 
of  particular  opiniouh,  they  should  ex|iect  to  «':e  these 
opimuns  tluunsli  immoiested  and  ui'd<«p;::rj.  Tht; 
Bullermgslliey  liad  endured  from  their  adver^srirS,  they 
regardetl  us  ime  of  the  leiiilim-i'"  coiisetpieiice?  ot  the 
pvrniciuu.-*  errois  tli.i*.  these  advcrs.ines  had  imbibed  ; 
and  titev  cudlomanlv  regarded  tlieir  opponent;,  a^  Ihe 
ene.iues  of  their  |ler^on»  as  well  a^*  persecutors  of  tlieir 
opinions.  I'lie  activity  of  goverr:inent  in  support  ol 
the  national  opinion,  they  were  lar  trom  coiid'-i.inm<.;  in 
the  alistracl.  They  adinitu-d  (lie  h-giimiacy  of  Mi<-h 
interpohilioii,  and  C(>ndeinncd  it  only  wlieii  It  .^eeincd  to 
them  erroneously  directed.  liven  when  oppres>ed 
iKemselves,  they  exclaimed  against  Midiscrimiiidle  tole- 
ration. They  contradicted  so  far  their  own  principles  , 
and  maintained  tlul  liuiuan  t>eings  mi^ht  atid  ouglit  to 
punish  wiidt  tiod  alone  couUl  correct  and  alter  [  Some 
ui  them,  no  doubi,  had  already  anticipated  the  senti- 
meiits  which  at  a  later  period  came  to  lie  geiierallv  clu- 
racleristic  of  the  independents,  and  which  iiubu-ed 
t''em  to  reject  all  connexion  between  church  and  state, 
and  di!>dllovv  the  coiMptlenc<.'  ol  the  inierposiuoii  ot 
human  autliorivy  lo  sustain  one  church  or  to  suppress 
another.     IJntoruinately  some  of  ttie  early  votaries  of 

•  MiUM;r.  11.  I.  c.ii).  *.  jttittt.  iNe;il,i.  I'W.  On  their  rt'turn 
t»  Ijih'i'iinl  i|i<>  f'leli-ned  a  heu\  >  i-i)in|il:itilt  K^'uui^t  Hit 
i.t|<.i,i.<tt:<  111  iip}iri-ssiv-u  il<>iiieaimr  to  lhi;MiHi>lvi-9  ami  iMinutv 
tn  V.if:  I'hurrh  ul  bimlainl.  '\'\w  toUl  <liiirL>i;.-irtl  whirli  ttii-it 
lotiiplautl  i'X|niu-'iceil  (rh.ilr?ier«,  (i.  H»»l  f>tioii|[l)  tuiiliiiiii 
tie*  i>itiiiiuh  )  liuvf  t:xj>re»>e.l  ul  the  unileM.  id.u.jjiituli  ^inrlus 
with  re){iirU  lotiie  lerti  nn[>(irl  of  the  churitr. 

t  Tilt!  nclu't't  i-Kiltiwineitt  ot  reasitit  coulJ  not  exempt  Hie 
ftriiait'xt  dl  pliilunopherk  thtitt  uit(i|t:rance  ;  nor  couul  the  ci- 
pvrii-ii('i'  ol  iferHecuuiiii  tully  e\incu  Us  imu^iltre  •^veii  loiis 
own  vunrnt.  l.ot>\  H.iciiii  tlioiifjlii  thHt  uttiliirnniv  in  relti{ioiu 
ftL-iiliiiii  ni  jimI  woiatiip  wascsKrMittnl  to  tlie  kii|)|Nirl  o)  ^'oxrrit- 
iiieiil.ani  Hud  iiu  loliTKtiun  ('oul<l  with  ^ately  he  crniiti'il  lo 
seciarii-i.  Hiioii,  Ih- unitate  ect-lesue.  Liiiriiiv  the  adiiiiiiit- 
trttUttn  ot  ('roiiiwi'll,  un  eiiinieiit  presliyli^ruii  iiiiiuslfr,  uho 
iin<l  limt^fM  i<'|t  ilto  hiuiil  of  |ii>Mecuiioit.  puhh^lied  a  trniit'^e 
ii;.oii«t  wli.illiu  u.t.s  [tlea>r<l  lo  ti-nii  "  tins  ciirscil  iiitolcriihir 
tolei;itiiHi  "    Unne's  bile  of  Uwoii. 

'I'.,  lilt'  oi'joclioii  tli.tt  [•er>ri-iiiioii  serve*  in  nnke  men 
hviMHTltt'N,  rtii  eoiineiil  iiiltlistei  in  New  KiiutiOiil  :U)k\m  it-il 
"  lltiVtor  totur.itu  hV|>iHTiti>M  aiiillarc.^,Ui;iii  linam  aiiUllioinH." 
AnuMmr,  lu  a  work  t>uUhnhc<l  iii  ltVI5,  tliu^  txprcsM-n  luiii^tell. 
"  It  14  ami  ihat  men  outttiL  to  tuive  Ultt-rty  of  <-itiidni'iu-i-.  ami 
th.ii  It  IS  t>erst)rtitloii  to  ili-tur  tl))>in  ol  il.  I  ran  r»tlii'r  ^lIUlll 
iiM):u«ti  iiiaii  rtMily  to  tins.  It  is  an  s^toriishnient  tint  th<' 
brains  ot  mkminIiou.  '  '«  partioUpj  m  snclnnipiou!!  i^noraiue." 
Ui-lkiLii>'!>  lltftlof)  ot    New  Hampshire,  vol.  l.  cn|).  3. 

:  Noiir  liavo  roiulflinnuil  Ihuin  tnoro  stroiiKly  iU*n  \\\r> 
p4ipi<tii  titeoto;tiaus,  who  ha\'o  insiihiiizlv  ur«eil  tlini  ivi»tf 
rutiun,  however  congenial  to  the  Uoiiihu  catliulir  pin*  ^lU-. 
ul  suiiiinitiiiK  ail  prnam  judgim-iit  to  thi- rcttulaiioi)  oi  ^t  in- 
fsliioli)  iloireh,  was  tolnlly  repu^naiit  to  the  lunilimt  nial 
principle  of   iirotestaiie^in,   vvjnt-h   ■s.serts  the  Ku^rert^i  \  .>i' 

tinvitto  jui/inent  uii.l  iniliviaual  upim<Mi.     But  iUt-tt    ■>  n  u 
[icvhurc  :  tor  nhliokift lithe  (wrtiLular  tlof rnuk  of  v:iV     ;>   r 
liiu:'  ho  diTiveit,  not  iiitnK*ili.tti>ly  from  privittr  iu<tii'.-    ■      ■•\t 
ftom  iMo  r:iiioiis  uf  the  ctiiinh,  il  iini^l  iw  t-^  tiif  |i.i>  ->  •   tiuitk- 
iiiuut  of  uvury  catliolir  lliui  thift  church  i»  in  latitvil  .. :  Mm  re- 
coi(iuti<inof  lis  authority  tu  tmact«ucUraiiDMs 


these  liberal  sentimeutn  combined  with  them  a  set  of 


political  opinions  which  it  would  not  be  easy  to  realize 
wiihout  nubviTtiiig  civil  society.     ()f  this,  a  remarki-  , 
ble  instance  will   very  shortly  occur  in  the  progress  of  I 
our  narrative,      lint  very  opposite  aenlinients  prevailed  i 
among  the  bulk  of  the  coIoiiinIh  of  Ma.^sacbusetts.  who  : 
came  tu  America  fresh  from    the  inHiience  of  persccu-  ( 
tion,  and  had  not,  like  their  brethren  at  New  riymoulh,  ; 
thu  lidvanijoe  of  an   intermediate  residence  in  a  land  : 
where   a  peaceful   co*existeiice  of  di''erent    sects  was  ! 
demnnstraled  to  be  not  only  practicable,  but  eininenlly  ' 
conducive  to  the  prnniotiun   <»f  those  excellent    graces 
of  chriHiian  character,  patience,  chanty,  and  n  kjiirit  of 
forbearance.      Much  might  be  urged  and  will  doubtless 
suggest  ilKelf,  in  extenuation  of  this  enor,  which  long 
remained    a    root   of  bitterness   to  <listurb  their  peact- 
and    felicity.      Itut    the  coiiHiderulums   which    may  be 
allowed  to  nntioaie  our  censure  of  the  intolerant  s|Hrit 
which  these  people  displayed,  can   lu'ver  be  permitted 
to  traiiHlonn  it  into  a  virtue.      It  was  sharpened  by  the 
copious  inbisioiis  vvhu-li  the  colony  receued  of  the  ftel- 
inus  excited   in  KngUnd   by  the  mcreised  severity  of 
persecution,  from  winch  ihc!  victims  began  to  My  in  in- 
ereasinu  niimtu'rs  to  Aim  rtca. 

The  ilriiisli  dominion  in  .\merica  underwent,  about 
tilts  period,  some  vicissitudes  vvhich  m  nfter  years  af- 
fected materially  the  prusperily  both  of  New  Kngland 
and  of  the  other  colonial  e.siablishme;ils  in  the  same 
quarter  of  the  world  The  war  which  the  kii  g  so  wan- 
tonly declared  against  France  iri  lb'.i7,  and  wliicli  pro- 
dnce<t  only  disgrace  and  disaster  to  the  British  iinns  in 
Kurope,  was  attended  with  events  of  i  very  ditrereiit 
complexion  in  America.  .Sir  IXtvid  Kirk  having  ob- 
tained a  commission  to  attack  the  American  dominions 
of  l-'rance,  invaded  Canada  in  the  summer  of  lti«8  , 
and  so  successful  was  the  expedition,  that  m  July, 
\i'r*i\i,  (Juebec  was  redoccd  to  surrender  to  the  arms  of 
Kngland.  'J'hus  was  the  capital  of  New  Fiance  sub- 
diic'l  by  the  Knolisli,  about  one  bundrtd  and  thirty 
years  before  they  achieved  its  bnal  coinpiest  by  the 
jtword  of  WoUc  'I'hiH  st^nal  event  was  unknown  in 
Kurtipe  when  peace  was  re-established  betwi  r<n  Fiance 
arid  Kngland  ;  and  (.'liaries,  by  the  si]bsei|uent  treaty 
ot  St.  tieruiam,  not  or,  t  restored  tins  vubi.ible  actpii- 
sitioi,  to  Frjiice.  but  expressed  the  cession  he  niiule  in 
tirnis  uf  such  extensive  applicaltoii,  as  undcMi.ibly  ni- 
tiTfeil  a  recognition  of  the  I'renrii,  und  a  surrender  ol 
the  IJriiish  cbiiins  to  the  province  ut  \i)v:i  Sculia. 
'i'his  arranoement  inainlesliv  threatened  no  .<>nmll  pre- 
judice to  tlie  scttlemenib  ot  tiie  Kngbsh  i  and  wc  "hall 
spet  dily  liiid  that  what  it  tlircatciied,  it  dtd  nut  fail  to 
produce. 


CHAPTER     11. 

The  Charter  Oovcrruneiit  tnnsferreii  fri>m  Enjlmd  to  Mnn- 
»;ii'iiiissptt«— Niiiiieioiis  Ennnralion—Fou, illation  of  Uos- 
tnii— ILirilsliips  lU  the  .New  .^oltlti'*  -DisiramhiseMient  of 
|)isM'iilcrs  in  the  t'olony— luliueii' e  of  the  colonial  »ier,{V— 
John  CottKii  aiitl  tiis  t'ollenuiirs  nnil  Snccensors— Wilhains' 
Schism  -I.*-  (toiiuK  Froviih'iv'e— Kepresentalive  Assenihly 
estnhhsheil  in  M;nsiu'husKi!tt.t— Anival  of  l.'tiQh  I'elers— 
ami  llflnry  Vmir,  who  is  eU'Cieil  (i'Mcrnor— roiniiliuion  of 
fonneclicni  — mill  New  Hiivimi  — War  willi  the  Peqnoil 
Indians — Seveniies  exe rci-*ui|  h>  ihi)  vh'torious  CoIotiisIh — 
Disturtianri,'!-  r.i.oedhy  Mrs.  Hutchinson -fdhiniz.uioii  ot 
Itliode  Uliiixl -iiid  i>l  New  Ihinip^liire  .md  Maine— Je;i- 
Unisy,  niid  fl.uloatwi?  fondnrt  of  the  Kmu  — Meii-oir''-* 
adojufd  ttKam.-i  the  l.iheriii*^  »)f  M.i**afhii!.Hctis  -inn-r- 
riiplfd  liylh.'  itvU  Wars-Slate  -.1  Nl-w  Kht;land— I'opu- 
Islioii  -l^HWs— .Miiiiiifr». 

TiiK  directors  of  the  Massachusetts  Hav  company 
111  i^^ii*land  inr.inwhde  exerted  their  utmost  endeavors 
to  reinforci-  the  colonv  vviih  a  numerous  body  of  ndib- 
tional  settlers.  Their  dc-^ions  were  promoted  by  the 
ri;!or  and  intolerance  of  Ii.iud's  adniiiiistnilion,  which, 
daily  mulliplvino  the  luirdslnps  imposed  on  all  who 
scrupled  entire  coidormitv  to  the  e^■cle«l.l.^^lcal  ordi- 
nances, proportutiidbly  dimiiiished,  in  their  estimation, 
the  danoer  and  hardships  titleiidini;  a  retreat  to  Ame- 
rica. Many  persons  bej^an  to  tre.it  witii 'lie  cumpanv 
for  a  settlement  in  New  Knohiiid,  and  several  ot  these 
were  per,,.le  of  distingnitlied  lamilv  and  titrinne.  Ilnl 
foreseeino  the  misrule  in*e(.arrtble  trom  the  residence 
of  tlif  b'^islatire  power  in  Britain,  they  detnanded.  as 
A  previous  condition  of  theHr  emiKraiion  tlul  tlie 
charter  and  all  the  powers  of  guvcrnment  should  be 
transferred  to  New  Kngland.  and  exiTcised  withm  the 
lerntorv  of  the  colony.  The  company,  who  hiid  inciir- 
Fim!  .\  coni^iderable  ex[iense  wil!i  bttle  prospect  of 
j  s|it  .dv  remuneralion,  were  vt-rv  well  dispo-^nl  to  obtain 
mil  ii|iorl;int  ani  b-.  einlir.icing  the  iin',ts'iie  that  was 
proj.nstd  to  l!ir:u  bii'.  doubiino  it"  loi»alitv,  thev 
tUonghl  proper  to  consult  Ltwyer^  ol  eminence  on  the 
subject.     iMiJccountable  as  it  must  appear   lo  every 


person  in  the  slighteM  degreo  conversant  with  legal 
considerations,  they  received  nn  opinion  favorable  to 
the  WMhes  of  the  emigrants;*  and  accordingly  it  wad 
determined,  by  general  consent,  "  that  the  charter 
should  be  transferred,  and  the  government  bo  settled  in 
New  Kngland."  To  the  members  of  tne  corporation 
who  choose  to  remain  at  home,  was  reserved  a  nhare 
in  the  trading,  stock,  and  prohtn  of  the  com|iany,  for 
the  term  of  seven  years.  By  this  transaction,  one  ot 
the  most  singular  that  is  recorded  in  the  history  of  a 
civilized  pcoplf.  the  lilierties  of  the  New  KngUnd 
communities  were  plaitd  on  a  sure  and  respeciabb' 
basis.  Wbrii  we  consider  the  niean.H  by  which  this 
was  effectf'd,  wc  (ind  ourselves  eiuMunpassed  wilh 
doubts  and  ditliculiiefl,  of  which  the  only  solutio.i  that 
1  am  able  to  discover  is  the  opinion  I  have  already 
expressed,  that  the  king  was  at  tliM  tr.ne  exceedingly 
dt^sirous  to  rid  the  realm  of  the  puritans,  and  had  unu- 
i)uivocally  signilied  to  them,  that  if  they  would  bestow 
their  presence  on  another  iiurt  of  Ins  dominions,  and 
em|)loy  their  energies  in  peopling  the  deserts  of  Ame- 
rica, instead  of  dislurlung  bi.^  operations  on  the  church 
of  Kngland,  they  were  free  to  arrange  iheir  internal 
constitution,  whether  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  according 
to  their  own  discretion.  .\n  lingbkh  corporation, 
appointed  by  its  charter  to  reside  in  London,  resolved 
Itself,  by  Us  own  act,  into  an  American  corporation, 
and  transferred  its  resideiice  to  .Massachusetts  ;  and 
this  was  openly  transacted  by  men  whose  principle* 
renderird  them  peculiarly  olmuxions  to  tlnur  rules,  and 
under  the  eyes  of  a  prince  no  less  vigilant  to  observe, 
than  vigorous  lo  repress  every  encrojchiuent  on  the 
liiniis  ot  Ins  prerogative.  So  far  was  Charles  from 
eiiterlaming  the  slightest  dissatisfai-iton  at  this  pro- 
ceeding, or  from  desiring,  at  this  period  of  his  reign,  to 
olistrucl  the  removal  of  the  puritans  to  New  Kngland, 
that  about  two  years  after  this  change  had  been  carried 
into  ell'cct,  when  a  complaint  of  drbttrary  and  illegal 
proceedings  was  preferred  agamsi  the  colony  by  a 
papLst  who  iiad  been  bdiiished  from  it,  and  who  was 
supported  by  .Sir  Ferdmai.du  (iorges,  the  king,  after  a 
full  hearing  of  the  case  in  the  pnvy  council,  issued  a 
proclaiiMlien  not  only  jostifying  but  cominendmg  the 
wlude  conduct  of  the  eolor.ial  government,  reprobating 
the  prevalriit  reports  that  he  "  lu'l  no  good  opintoti  o( 
tliat  plantation,"  and  en^aomg  not  onlv  lo  inainlam  the 
[irivdeoes  of  its  inli  ibitanis,  but  to  supply  whatever 
else  miohi  contribute  lo  tlieir  fiirtiier  i  oinfort  and 
pro.^peniy  t  From  the  terms  of  this  docntiient  (of 
winch  no  notice  is  taken  by  the  writers  mimical  to  the 
piiritani.)  and  from  the  whole  complexion  of  tlie  king's 
conduct  towards  the  founders  of  this  settlement,  it 
would  appear  tliJt,  whatever  designs  he  might  secretly 
cherish  of  adding  the  subjugation  of  New  Kngland,  at 
a  future  period,  to  that  ol  bis  British  and  Virginian 
uutniiiions.  his  policy  at  this  time  w.is  to  persuade  thr 
leaders  of  the  puritans,  that  if  they  would  peaceably 
abandon  the  contest  for  their  rights  ni  Knglantl,  they 
were  at  bberlv  to  embody  and  enjoy  them  in  whatcTer 
institntions  they  might  think  fit  to  estalilish  in  .-Vmerica. 
.\nd  yet  some  writers,  whom  it  n  impossible  to  tax 
With  loriorance,  as  they  had  access  to  all  the  existing 
materials  o\'  iMforni:itiun,  whum  it  would  justly  be  held 
presumptuous  to  chari;e  with  defect  of  discernment, 
and  whom  it  may  perhaps  appear  unclia*itable  to  re- 
proach witli  niibgnily  »owards  the  punlan.i.  have  not 
scrupled  ro  accuse  the  founders  of  this  colony  uf  etf*  cl- 
ing their  (Mills  by  a  policy  not  less  impudi  rt  than 
fr.Hidtiil,  and  by  acts  of  disoiiedience  litlle  sliort  of 
rcbrllion.  'I'he  colonists  themselves,  notwithsidiiitnig 
all  the  facilities  which  the  king  presented  tu  them,  hikI 

*  There  is  not  the  !ilti;hlcst  reason  tor  sup|Misinit  *hal  the 
opinion  was  disl'iinvHt,  or  th:il  it  proceedi'd  on  etruneoun  ne 
loiniaiioii.  KviMi  at  a  Mihseipient  periiKl,  ihc  aitoriity-i{iMiu 
r.il.  Stwyer.  Kavi.-  it  iis  Ins  oltici:il  opinion,  "  that  the  [>ateiit 
hiiMiii!  (-rented  thi>  (irantecs  and  '.h<>ir  iissiKiiR.  a  Imdy  rnr- 
I'or.iie,  iliey  iiiiitht  Iraiisfei  their  charter,  and  act  in  New 
Kiulaiid,"  t'liiihiier*,  p.  17^.  lie  had  not  perused  the 
<  h.iili-r  with  »iilIU-ii-nt  altcntxjn.  It  coiiveyt-d  the  koil  n*  tin* 
roi[H>rilioii  and  its  assuins;  but  conferred  tho  |iuvvets  of 
Koveroinent  on  thi^  cor|H>iation  and  Us  sucei'..oi«rs.  lUt  nns- 
lake.liowever,  may  well  seem  to  ar-iuit  the  i  .iteidccs  o|  m- 
tiutional  doviatioi\  front  the  terms  of  Do  u   ^'ruiit. 

t  N'al  i,  137,8.  Thu  pr.M'lamiiion  is  very  artfully  worded, 
inid  Lonta'iis  mdicatlons  of  drep'T  dc^iuns,  whieh  wpre  kept 
III  reiervH  till  tin*  preM'il  |H>lit  y  liail  priMtitced  Ihi*  rifeet  that 
wa.-(  espcrteil  Iroiii  it.  The  ample  imimry  tiui  preieded  Unt 
pnH-l:itn:tti  in,  tnu«t  have  niduci^dthe  punt&it*  it*  in*li<;ve,  that 
the  wliolf  pi.t.-cedings  of  the  t  (ilr)ntrtii  hnd  received  the  royat 
approhituni .  siid  yet  the  plertr«  "i  p.'oieriton  and  security  is 
dexlcroll^|)  i|tialllied  ndh  t|i>  <  oiiditioii  ot  Us  uppesiintf  to  Ihe 
s:iiitiat  lion  uf  the  kini;  tleo  >hi-  charter  had  ht»e(i  in  all  il.init« 
etfoi  Incited  rceordioK  to  lis  tru(>  nicniiinR— an  indit  ation  tliat 
«  d.(>  iniirtit  eoiiic  wlicii  it  would  )ic  mure  convenient  lor  hurt 
to  su(\  lor  nvjiusc  of  ijiiarrcl  willi  llie  lolony.  tia.t  he  sur- 
riu'dud  M  extinguistiiiiK  liberty  in  Euffland,  the  frccduin  of 
Massacbusotts  would  not  lonjt  havu  surviveUi** 


iHHM 


244 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


thtf  iirnvontpd  librralily  and  consideration  with  which  ha 
ithowpd  hiniMpir  witlint;  to  grace  their  departure,  were 
w>  fully  aware  of  his  rooted  enmity  to  their  princi|tles, 
and  so  htile  able  to  reconcile  hni  present  conduct  with 
fais  favorite  policy,  that  they  openly  declared  ihev  had 
been  led  by  rro\idenre  to  a  land  of  n  !it,  ihroiitth  wovh 
that  were  nniniclli^ibln  to  themselves,  and  ihut  ihev 
could  u^crihe  the  blessings  they  obtained  to  nothing 
else  but  the  special  mtcrpt'siiion  of  thnt  Itein^  who 
onIcr,»  all  the  r^irps  of  his  propir,  and  holds  the  hearts 
of  princes  aial  of  all  men  in  his  \m\\uU  It  i*  indeed  a 
stran^t^  coitfcidrr-cr,  tlmt  thi*  orbitrH'-v  prinre,  a»  the 
very  time  when  he  wup  exerriimin  the  sttcnir^l  tles|>o- 
tism  over  the  royalists  in  \'ir};iina,  sbonld  Imve  been 
cherisbini;  the  principles  of  liberty  among  (he  piiriians 
in  New  Kn^land. 

Having  elVected  this  important  rrvolnlion  m  ihnr 
system  of  jjovenunent,  the  adventurertt  proceodrd  to 
make  the  most  vij^orons  exertions  lo  realize  thl'desl^n8 
they  had  undertaken.  In  a  ^eneriil  court,  John  Wm- 
thrnp  was  appointed  governor,  and  Thomas  Dudley, 
dcinty-governor,  and  eijjhlren  ni<siAiants  were  choKeii  ; 
in  wiiom,  together  with  the  Iwdy  of  fnemni  wlioMiotild 
aettlo  in  New  Kn[»land,  were  vesicd  all  the  ri)r[ioraic 
rights  of  the  company.  W'uh  such  xeal  and  nctivity 
did  they  prepare  for  emigration,  that,  in  the  course  of 
the  ensuing  year,  above  fifteen  hundred  settlers,  among 
whom  were  several  wealthy  and  high-born  persons,  both 
men  and  women,  who  chose  to  follow  truth  inio  a  de- 
sert, raihtr  than  to  enjoy  alt  the  pleasures  of  the  world 
under  the  dominion  or  errut',  ^el  sail  aboard  a  fleet  of 
aevciileen  ships  for  New  Kngland.  On  their  arrival  at 
Salem  [1030]  many  of  them  were  so  i)l  satisth'd  \Mih 
its  situation,  that  they  explored  the  country  in  fpieM  of 
better  stations  ;  and  settling  in  different  places  around 
the  hay,  aceordint;  to  their  various  preilileclioTiA,  laid  the 
foundation  of  Boston,  Charbstown,  Dorchester,  Uox- 
bury,  and  other  societies  which  have  since  expanded 
into  consHlerable  towns.  In  each  v(  tlie^e  a  church 
was  established  on  the  same  model  with  iliat  of  Salern. 
This,  together  with  the  care  of  making  provision  tor 
their  subsistence  during  winter,  orcu|ii('d  ibem  entirely 
for  several  months-  The  apiiroaeh  of  winter  was  at- 
ttufledwith  a  repetition  of  those  trials  and  distresses 
through  the  ordeal  of  which- every  body  of  settlers  iti 
IS  ^w  Kngland  was  long  fated  to  puss,  AlHicted  wuli 
aevcre  scarcity,  which  all  the  ^enennn  contributioiih  of 
the  other  settteinentH  m  the  proviiico  were  ible  but 
feebly  to  mitigate,  attacked  witu  various  distempers,  the 
consequence  of  hunger,  cobt,  and  the  peculiariiiea  of  a 
sod  and  climate  uncongenial  to  constitution!*  formed  in 
L'urope.  and  lod|;ed  fur  the  most  part  in  booths  and 
tents  that  atlorded  but  iinperlect  |>ri)t(M'lion  from  the 
weather,  great  numbers  of  ihem  wtre  carried  to  the 
grave.  Hut  the  noble  determination  of  sptnt  which 
had  impellnl  (hem  lo  emigrate,  preserved  all  its  force  ; 
the  >>iirvivors  endured  their  cdaniities  <Mtb  unshaken 
fortitude  .  and  tiie  dying  e.\pressrd  a  iiraieful  exulta- 
tion at  having  at  least  beheld  with  'heir  eyes  the  ga- 
thering of  a  church  of  ('hrist  in  these  desoLite  ends  of 
the  earth  The  contnnianre  of  the  pestilence  enforced 
their  devout  supplications  ;  and  its  cessation,  which 
tliey  recognised  as  the  answer  to  their  prayers,  excited 
their  devotional  gratitude.  This  calamity  waft  hardly 
removed  when  they  were  alarmed  by  thi!  tidings  of  a 
universal  coimpiracv  of  the  nei^diboring  Indians  tor 
their  destruction.  The  coloniats,  instead  of  relying  on 
their  patent,  bad.  on  their  first  arrival,  fairlv  purcliii^ted 
from  the  Indians  all  the  tracr-*  of  land  which  they  after- 
wards {K)s9essed  ;  and  m  ihr  hour  of  their  peril,  both 
they  and  the  'ailhles*  vendors  v.  ho  nunared  them. 
reaped  the  fruit  of  their  concurrence  or  collision  with 
the  di'signs  of  Kternal  Justice.  The  liosidny  of  these 
>.ivai;eswas  interrupted  bv  a  i^esiileiitial  disorder  that 
broke  out  amonu  tlieiiHeUt-s,  and  with  rapid  desolation 
swept  vvbnle  tribes  of  them  away.  Tlii.s  disorder  was 
the  small  po\,  which  has  alwavs  proved  a  much  more 
formidable  malady  to  Indian  than  lo  llurnpean  coiisiitu- 
tiona.  In  spite  of  the  iiioKt  cliantabli-  exertions  on  th^ 
oarl  of  the  colonists  to  arrest  llie  proi»resn  of  ibe  dis- 
temper hv  iheir  superior  ineilical  skdl,  nine-lenihs  ol 
the  neighbormg  savafres  were  cut  off.  and  maiiv  ot  the 
survivors  flying  fiom  the  infection,  removed  their  ha- 
bilaiioiis  to  more  distant  regions 

1631  ]  When  the  restoration  of  plenty,  by  the  arrival 
ofiupplies  from  Kn^land,  and  the  almt* -"ent  of  the  se- 
verity of  wmter,  permitted  the  colonists  to  resume  llieir 
assend>lies  for  the  transaction  of  piiblir  business,  their 
vf>ry  first  proceetlintrs  demonstrated  that  u  groat  ma- 
jority of  them  were  considerably  leavened  VMtli  a  spirit 
of  intoluratice,  and  were  delerinnif  d  in  their  |tractical 
•dnuuiairaiton  to  eiemphfy  a  thuruugh  uitcriniittirc, 


and  mutual  dependence  of  church  and  state.  A  law 
was  passed,  enacting  that  none  shinild  hereafter  be 
admitted  freemen,  or  be  entitled  to  anv  share  in  tlie 
government,  or  he  capable  of  liein*;  chosen  magistrates, 
or  even  of  serving  as  jurvmen,  hut  such  as  had  been  oi 
should  hereafter  lie  received  into  the  church  as  mem- 
bers. This  law  at  once  divested  rvery  person  v*ho  did 
not  hold  the  prevailing  opnmins.  not  mdv  on  the  tireat 
points  of  (toctnne,  hut  with  rei>pect  to  the  disctnhne  of 
the  church  and  itie  cerenioiueM  of  worsliip,  of  all  the 
privileges  of  a  ciii'/en.  An  unconirolled  power  of  ap- 
prnvuig  or  reiecting  the  claims  of  thojto  who  applied 
lor  adniiKsiun  into  rornniumop  with  the  church,  being 
vestid  in  >he  ministers  and  Iiadnig  men  of  each  con- 
gregation, the  most  valuable  fivil  rij^hls  wei.-  mjJo  to 
depend  on  tin  ir  dec'siini  with  respect  to  <piai,!icalions 
purely  ecclesiastical  Kveiuit  a  later  petiml,  wl)on  the 
colonists  were  compelled,  bv  tb''  remonstrances  of 
Charles  the  Second,  to  make  some  alteration  of  this 
law,  they  altered  it  only  in  appearance,  and  enacted 
that  rvrry  candidate  for  the  privilege  of  a  fi'ce-nnn, 
should  produce  a  certificate  from  some  minister  of  the 
estafihsbed  church,  that  they  were  persons  of  orthodox 
[innciples,  and  o(  bi)hesi  life  and  convetsalion— a  cer- 
tificate \\hich  they  who  did  nut  belong  to  the  estabbshrd 
church  necessarily  solicited  wnh  grrut  disadvantage. 
'I'he  conseipuiicc  of  such  laws  wai«  to  elevate  tlie 
clergy  to  a  very  liiyh  degree  of  mtluciiceand  authority;* 
and,  hap[nly  lor  the  roloriv,  she  was  long  blessed  with 
a  KUcce.sNHm  of  ministers  whose  admirable  virtues  were 
calculated  to  counteract  the  mischief  of  this  inordinate 
influence,  and  even  to  convert  it  into  an  instrument  of 
good.  'I'hin;;.'h  dissenters  from  the  culonial  church 
were  thus  deprived  of  political  jinvileoes,  it  does  nut 
appear  that  they  were  subjected  to  any  other  incon^u- 
mence,  except  where  their  tenets  were  considered  as 
blasphemous,  or  when  they  endeavored  by  the  propaga* 
lion  of  them  to  detach  others  from  the  esiabliwhed 
church,  or  bv  the  practical  realization  of  them  to  dis- 
turb the  putdic  peace.  The  exclusion  from  jwlilical 
privileges  to  winch  they  were  subjected,  seems  not  at 
first  lo  have  given  them  any  annovance  ;  hut  to  have 
been  felt  to  be  the  necessary  consccpu  nee  of  that  in- 
(crtexture  of  church  and  commonwealth  in  which  the 
mam  emlof  political  institutions  was  the  preservation  of 
the  church  estate,  and  the  chief  value  of  )K))itical  pii- 
vileges  considered  to  arise  from  tlieir  subservience  to 
this  end.  Vurious  persons  resided  in  peace  within  the 
colony,  though  excluded  from  political  franchises  ;  and 
one  episcop*il  minister  is  particularly  noted  for  having 
said,  when  he  signified  Ins  refusal  to  join  any  of  the 
colonial  congregations,  thnt  as  he  Imd  left  I'!n^land  be- 
cause he  did  not  like  the  lonl  bishops,  bo  they  ini^ht 
rest  assured  he  bad  not  come  to  America  lo  five  under 
the  lord  brctiiren. 

163*^.  J  The  diminution  of  their  original  numbers,  which 
the  colunista  bad  suffered  from  hardship  and  (ilsed.^e,  w  as 
soon  much  more  ihan  comjiensated  by  the  ample  re- 
inforcements which  thevcontimially received  frum  their 
per-'ccutcd  lirethren  in  Iviglund,  [  ItKW]  Among  the  new 
settlers  who  arrived  not  long  after  the  translurencc  of 
the  seat  of  government  to  Mussachureits,  we-re  some 
eminent  puritan  niinisters,  of  whom  tin;  most  remarka- 
ble were  Klliot  and  Max  hew,  the  first  protestant  mis- 
sionaries to  the  Indians,  and  John  Cotton,  a  man  whose 
singular  worth  procured,  and  long  preserved,  to  him  a 
patriarchal  repiito  and  aiiihurity  in  the  colony,  After 
ministering  for  twenty  years  in  Kn^lafid  to  a  conjirega- 
ticn  bv  whom  he  was  liighlv  resjiocled  and  beloved,  Mr. 
Cuttcni  had  been  summoned  before  the  Court  of  High 
Cummission  on  a  cbar<^e  of  neH|ectin|r  to  kneel  at  the 
sacrament.  l.oid  Dorset  and  other  persons  of  distinc- 
tion by  whom  he  was  known  and  vabied.  emploved  the 
stronKcst  inierces.sion  in  ins  bchalt  with  Laud:  but 
their  exertions  proving  unavailin*.',  Dorset  sent  to  in- 
form bim,  "  that  if  it  Ind  been  only  dninkeunest)  or 
adultery  he  had  committed,  be  mi^hi  have  fouiiil  favor, 
but  tlie  fin  ot  piintaniMn  was  unpardonable  "  Mr. 
Cotton,  in  coiisetpience,  retired  to  New  tjiuland,  and 
tound  there  a  Rcene  peculiarly  calculated  to  develope 
and  ^:ve  efficacy  to  Ihs  piety  and  virtue.  To  an  carn?;8t 
concern  for  religion  he  united  a  deep  and  ever  prevail- 

*  Many  iri>t:nK'i'»  <>|  itietr  I  nil  ni  lice  in  niaiteisitf  nniiort- 
lUHc  will  (KT'ir  III  llie  liirllier  prtitiress  of  uur  narialh  e.  An 
|ii.<iinncu  nl  tlieir  cutitml  over  |>ui>lic  <>[iiiiui..  una)K>int  which, 
\>vmn  qiutub(<>*oiKltht!  pruvinccnf  rcaauii,  was  tlie  niorehkely 
til  intireitt  thu  inont  oliKhnatu  and  uiiai> .fail able  prejiulicus,  iit 
nil  iiiti>ne<l  hy  Hutchinson,  p.  133.  Toliaccu  was  at  Dnit  )ini- 
|iii)ltc<l  uiifter  a  penally ;  ami  in  snme  wrttmss  tliai  wert*  |h>- 
pulnr  HI  Uic  colon),  llie  Hinoku  (it  it  i^,  wiili  nn'bt  auilaciuus 
uli&nrUlty,  cuin|iHre<l  Iti  tlie  fumes  ut  Ilu^  iKiltiniilesH  pit.  Uut 
KotikP  of  ihfclerL'y  liav'ni;  falipii  liilu  the  practice  ol  >^ninkniKt 
toharro  wsa  instaiilly,  hy  an  act  ul  ifuvL-rnuieiit,  -'.set  at 
liberty." 


tng  aense  of  it ;  and  continually  marchmg  in  front  oi 
his  dortrme,  he  enforced  its  acceptance  by  the  weight 
of  his  character  and  the  animating  influence  of  his  ex* 
ample.  'I'he  kindness  of  his  disposition,  and  the  cour- 
teous berievolencf  of  his  manners,  enabled  linn,  in  all 
his  intercourse  with  others,  to  diffuse  the  mfluenco  o| 
his  piety  no  less  sensibly  than  agreeably  through  the 
V'uns  of  his  conversation.  The  loftiness  ot  iheslumlatcl 
which  he  had  continually  in  his  view,  and  the  usitimt- 
lating  inHuenec  of  that  .-ttronci  admiration  i.bicfi  he  en- 
tertainei)  for  it,  comninrucaled  to  his  ehnraoter  an  eleva- 
tion that  commanded  respect;  while  the  rontimiat 
sense  of  his  dependence  on  divin'*  aid.  and  of  hia  short- 
coming to  bis  great  pattern,  gnu  eJ  his  nuimie.K  with  a 
humility  that  attracted  love,  and  disaijned  ihe  cortten- 
tiouH  opposition  o(  (wtulenrc  and  «'nvy.  It  is  reci-^id 
ol  him,  tfiat  having  been  once  followed  from  the  rhui'.'h 
I  where  be  Ind  been  preaching  to  bis  house,  by  an  igtio- 
rant  disput.itioua  medianic,  who  told  hi  n  with  a  frown 
that  bis  ministry  had  bpeoi.ic  dark  and  flat,  he  rf  plied, 
"  liofh,  ht'Hhrr.  tt  maif  l>f  fnitK  ,  Ut  me  have  ifutir  jirat/rrt 
that  )l  rnai/ hr  I'MrrirM/"  "  t>n  nother  occasion,  Iwing 
accosted  in  the  sireet  by  a  pragmatical  coxcomb,  who 
insolently  told  him  that  he  wan  an  uld  fool,  Mr.  ('iitoiii 
with  a  imldriesH  that  showed  ho  forgave  Ins  rudeness^ 
and  a  solemnity  that  evinced  he  was  very  far  fmm  dia- 
regarding  the  opinion  of  his  hrelbren,  answered,  "  Iron' 
ft'Ks  I  am  go;  the  Lmd  make  thre  and  me  tattei  than 
irr  a'-f,  erru  muc  unto  salvation.'^  'I'he  character  of 
this  excellent  clergyman,  and  of  many  of  his  cotein- 
poraries  in  the  colonial  ministry,  seems  to  have  been 
formed  hy  Providence  for  the  express  purpoi^e  of  coun- 
teracting, by  strong  individual  influence,  the  violent, 
divisive,  and  contentious  spirit  tlmt  long  continued  lo 
ferment  among  a  eummunity  of  men  whom  persecution 
had  rendered  rigid  and  inHexible  in  following  out  their 
opinions,  whose  senlimenta  had  not  been  harmoni7e<i 
by  previous  habits  of  union,  who  were  daily  receiving 
into  their  body  a  fresh  infusion  of  dissimilar  charactera 
and  exasperated  feeling,  and  among  whom  each  natu- 
rally considered  the  opinions  fur  which  he  had  individu- 
ally suffered,  as  the  most  important  features  in  tho 
common  cause  When  we  recollect  the  presence  of 
such  elements  of  discord,  and  the  severe  and  lengthened 
operation  that  had  been  given  lo  that  influence  which 
tends  to  drive  even  the  wise  to  frenzy,  we  shall  he  test 
dr-iposed  to  marvel  ot  the  vehement  beats  and  acrinio 
niuus  contentions  that  in  aoine  instances  broke  forth  to 
di.^lurb  the  peace  of  the  coluny,  liian  that  in  the  mijjt 
ol  snch  threatening  symptoms  ^o  much  coherence  atnl 
stability  was  preserved,  and  so  much  virtue,  happiness, 
and  pruspertty  attained,  .\mong  the  iistrnmenis  which 
the  l>iviiie  Ih-ing  adapted  and  emploied  to  compose 
ibo  frenzy  and  moderate  the  fervor  of  his  penptc.  were 
this  eminent  mdividu'il  John  Ctitton,  'i'tiuinas  Hooker, 
a  man  very  little  nHerior  to  Inn*  m  worth,  and.  at  a 
later  period.  Dr.  Increist  M.iiiier.  who  succeeded  to 
the  estimalion  whuh  .Mr.  t 'utlon  had  tti,o\vd,  and 
whose  fainilv  supplied  no  less  than  ten  oi  \Uv  most 
popular  minister,*  of  their  age  to  the  church  of  Massa- 
chuselts,  and  pf^nJuced  ihe  ci-lebrated  aiilhnr  of  'ho 
ecthsiasiirHl  hiMorv  ol  New  Knglaiid.  Had  the  colo- 
ni'il  ministrv  f>een  composed  entirely  of  such  or  such- 
like men,  the  agitated  minds  of  the  inbabilanls  might 
have  much  sooner  attained  a  settled  composure  .  nul, 
nnlurtiinately,  the  wild  and  impetuous  hpiril  thai  w«« 
working  in  many  of  them  did  not  ton^  wait  lor  h-aders 
tu  excite  and  develope  its  puwiTs 

The  first  reli(,;ious  dis.sension  vhat  arose  in  the  colony 
was  promoled  by  Kni;cr  Wilhaim',  tlti:J4,]  who  had 
come  over  to  New  Knjiland  in  ItiHtl.  and  (ireached  for 
some  years  to  llie  mhab'lants  of  New  IMvmoiiih,  but, 
not  finihng  there  an  audit  jkc  suitable  to  his  purposes, 
he  bid  solicited  his  d1slnt^Mon,  and  liad  rvi'intlv  been 
a[ipoinled  minister  of  Salriii.  This  m>i'.  W4>  a  rigid 
llrownist,  precise,  illiberal,  unloilieanim.  and  passion- 
:ite  :  be  beg:in  to  vent  from  the  pulpit  whuh  he  hud 
L'ained  hy  his  substantial  piety  and  fervid  zt  al,  a  suigi:- 
lar  niedly  of  notions;  some  wildly  spi-culalive  souiu 
bolilly  opposed  lo  the  eonslilutiwis  of  civil  soiiety,  and 
Miinu  winch,  if  miexcept:oiiable  in  theory,  were  biglily 
unsuitabh'  to  the  place  from  which  they  were  delivered. 
and  the  exercises  and  sentiments  with  which  he  en- 
deavored to  associate  them.  He  maintained  ihat  it 
waa  nut  lawful  for  an  unregenerai  man  to  pray,  nor 
for  chnsiians  to  join  In  family  prayer  witli  ihuae  whom 
they  judged  unregencrate ;  thit  it  was  nut  lawful  tc 
take  an  oath  to  the  civil  magistrate,  not  even  the  oatb 
of  allegiance,  which  he  had  declined  himself  lu  laki>, 
and  advised  his  congregation  cipially  to  refuse  ,  that 
King  Chailea  had  no  right  to  usurp  the  power  of  dis- 
pu?iug  of  the  tcrnlury  of  the  Indians,  and  htiiLu  the 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


345 


nuallv  mtrching  in  front  ai 
R  Bcccptaitce  by  tho  wpif^ 
imiUin^  infliicnco  of  his  rx* 
•I  iliHfMiftition.  and  llic  rour- 
laiuuTK,  eiinhtpil  hiin,  in  all 
to  (iitrnsR  the  intluenco  of 
than  atfrrritltly  thruiifih  the 
[he  luftiMfMiol  iheMaiKlaid 
n  his  view,  and  ihc  ai«i>iint- 
1^  ndiniratinn  i.hirh  he  cu- 
rd to  hJB  rhirai'tur  an  cleva- 
ipcl ;  while  the  rontmuai 
(hvin"  lid.  and  uf  Ins  idiuit- 
,  grat't'J  hJH  mniiiu';«  with  a 
%  and  dit*Ji»KHi  the  eorilrn- 

0  and  tn»y  \i  i«  n-ci-'iid 
:e  lolIoAcIl  front  the  chiK'-'h 
ig  to  hia  hoinit\  hy  an  li^no- 

who  lohl  hi.n  with  a  frown 
.m  dark  and  Mat,  he  rf  plied, 
A,  Ift  mrhare  i/inir  prni/rrt 
On  iiotliff  occasion,  bvinn 
praL.Mnalic&l  coxroinh,  wlio 
v;v«  an  old  fool,  Mr.  (,'iitoii, 
cd  ho  forgavn  hia  niJcncKtt, 
•d  hu  was  very  far  from  dia- 
brethren, an»\v«r»'d,  •*  Icon- 
lake  thf-e  and  tnt  umn  than 
vitltiin."'  The  character  of 
ind  uf  Miaiiy  of  his  cutein- 
iniislry,  aci'ins  to  havt  l)eeii 
he  exprcaa  )mr|>0!«e  of  coiin- 
idunl  intUicnce,  the  viulcnr, 
i|Hrit  that  lon^  coiiUnuid  lo 
ty  of  men  whom  |)eraeculion 
exible  III  following  o'll  their 
18  bad  not  been  hdrniani7(Ml 
n,  who  wcro  djily  receiving 
Nion  o(  dissiindar  characters 
iiid  unionf*  whom  each  natn- 
18  for  which  he  hud  mdividn- 
imi>ortaut  ft-atures  m  tho 
le  ncolli'ct  tho  presence  of 
)d  the  tievero  ami  lenj/theia-d 

1  veil  lo  that  inliuence  which 
w  lo  frrnzy.  we  Ahall  Iw  h'ai 
vehement  JieatH  and  acrlniu 
:»me  mstance.i  broke  forth  tn 
>lony,  liiaii  ibjt  in  tlie  iniJLtt 
Dinit  so  much  luherenLo  and 
.  (to  much  virtue,  ha|i|iine98, 
mon^  the  ti.Htruinenitt  which 
and   I'lnjtloM'd   lo  compose 

ttrvor  of  his  pi'oph'.  were 

[i  Colton,  'I'lionias  lloukiT, 

(i)  luii>  III  worth,  and.  at  a 

.toiiiiT.    who   succeeded  to 

(olton  had    enjiwvd,  and 

l-.'MS  than  ten  oi  (he  moj't 

me  to  iIk-  church  ot  Mansa- 

lebrated.  author  of  *.ho 

w  r.nj;land       liad  lliu  colo- 

d  entirely  of  isuch  or  such* 

i)h  of  the  inhabitants  mi^bt 

I  H  settled  composure  .    UMt, 

il  impulnous  hpirit  tliat  \\%» 

\n\  not  long  wail  for  leaders 

IIIWITH 

ton  ihat  arose  in  the  colony 
ilh.un».  [lti:)4,]  who  had 
in  )t):iO.  and  preached  for 

0  ol  .\i'\%  I'lvinouth  ;  but, 
f  suiiiiblr  to  his  purposes, 
nil.  and  had  recinil\  been 
n.  Tins  rno-.  Wii>  h  rigid 
ihinitteurmu.  and   pasbiou- 

iin  the  piilptt  which  he  had 
etv  and  tervid  zi  al,  a  Kin*»i> 
wddly  speculative  some 
itnliwis  of  civil  aotiety,  and 
lable  III  theory,  were  highly 
which  they  were  delivered, 
itiments  wiih  whicti  he  en- 
lle  mamlamed  that  it 
■egeiierai  man  to  pray,  nor 
uly  praver  with  those  whoir. 
thit  It  was  not  lawful  tc 
agistrule,  not  even  the  oath 
ad  declined  hmiKelf  Lo  tak(>, 
ion  etpialty  to  refuse  .   tnal 

1  to  usurp  ilie  power  of  dis- 
thu  Indians,  and  hencu  ibt 


colonial  |tatcni  wob  ulterlv  invalid  ;   ih.Tl  the  inagistrair 
hud   no   right   to  restrain  or  direct   the  conscieiires  ol 
men;  and  that  any  ihinji  shorl  of  unliimfed  toleration 
for  all  religions  was  tieleslable    per!*eeution,      These 
liberal  priiuiples  ol  toleration  he  combined  wilh  a  spirit 
so  rigid   and    separating,   ih-tl  he  not  only  refused  all 
communion  with  any  who  did  not  proless  every  one  of 
the  foregoing  opinions,  but  lorhade  ihe  minibers  of  the 
church  at  .Salem  to  coniimmu-ate  wiih  any  of  the  other 
rhiirchf')'  III  ilie  c'tlony  ;  and,  when  lliev  refused  lo  obey 
thu   prohibition,  hit  wubdrew  from  them,  aiuJ  set  up  u 
aeparale   iiieeim<.'  m  Ins  own  bouse.      Here  he  was  at- 
tended by  a  select  aiteiiibly  of  zoalous  admirers,  corn- 
linked  ot'  men.  lit  whose  minds  an  mipelnous  leiuper, 
intlanied  bv  persecuiiun.  had  greatly  iniiiaired  ihe  seim* 
of  moral  persperli\e;   who  entertained  diHpro|M)rlioned 
iileas  of   tho.«e   branches  of  the  trunk  o\  godimess,  for 
tiie  sake  of  which  they  had  eridiireil  such  mighty  Huller- 
iiigs.  and  had  seui  worih  and  piety  so  foully  wronged  ; 
and   who  abhorred  every  symbol,  badge,  and  practice. 
that  was  associated  wuli  the  remembrance,  and  spoiled, 
as  they  conceived,  with  the  inu|uity  of  their  idolatrous 
oppreaHora.     Ono   of  bia    lollowirs,    Mr.    Kndicol,   a 
magistrate  of  tho  place,  and  formerly  deputy-governor 
of  the  colony,   in  a  transport  of  zeal  against  supersti- 
lion,  cut  the  red   cross  out  of  the  king's  colors  ;   and 
many  of  the  (rained  bunds,  wlio  bad  hillierto  followed 
these  colors  wilhout  objection,  caught  the  contagion  of 
Kudu'ot's    -u-al,  and    protesltd  thai  they  would  billow 
them  no  Ioniser,  if  t!ie  cross  were  permitted  10  reinam. 
The  riotous  and  \iol(  nt  condhct  of  Kndu-ot  was  uni- 
vcrsjlly  dis;ipproved,  and   the  colonial  authorities  pun- 
ished Ins   m>^deMleano^  by  reprimand  and  ilisability  of 
holding  ollice   for  one  year;   bill  they  were  obliged  lo 
i'oiiiproniise  the  dispute  wiih  the  protesters  among  the 
trutMed    hands,  and  comply,  to  ii  certain  ext(  nl,  with 
their    remonstrance  1.      'Ibey    wero    preparing   lo  call 
Wiliiaius  to  a  j'M*icial  reckoning,  when  Mr.  Cotton  and 
Other  imm-Iei's  nHer|Kised  and  deaired  lu  he  allowed  lo 
fu'ason  wi!h  him.  aHeging  tliat  his  violence  wta  prompt- 
ed rather  liv  a  niU'gMuled  conscience,   tlian    •  editions 
principles;   and  that  there   was  hope  they  might  gam, 
Mislead  of  losing,  iheir  brother.      You  are  ilircircil  in 
that    man,    ij  yun   tktnk  he  u-dl  tumUsand  tn  Uatn  oj 
anif  nj  v"">  was  ihi.'  preihction  oi  the  governor,  and  liie  | 
result  ol    tho  cunference   provinjj    liiu    justice  of  it," 
frenieiice  ol  iiaiiishineiil  from  the  colony  was  forthwith 
pronounced   upon  Williams.     This  senienco  e\ctled  a 
great   uproar    in   Salem,  and    was  so  succe^J-fully  de* ; 
liounced  as  per.secuuun  by  the  adherents  of  Wih.aius, 
that  tliu  bulk  ol  the  nihaliitanta  ot  the  place  were  pre- 1 
paruig  lo  follow  him  into  etile  ;   when  an  eariioi  and  j 
pious   admonition,  tran.suiiUetl  to  them  hy  Mr.  t\illon  ' 
and  the  other  minislcrs  of  Huslon,  induced  them  to  re- 1 
limpiish  their  purpose,  to  acknowledge    the  justice  ol 
the  proceeding,  and  abandon  Williams  to  his  forlnnes. 
He  was    not,  liowevci,  ahuiidoned  liy  his  more  select 
adlierents,   whose   estt  em  anu  atl'ei  U.m  he  had  gamed 
to   such  a  degree,   that   they   resolved  to  incur  evt^ry  ; 
hazard,  in  onler  to  live  and  die  with  him.      Accumpuny-  I 
ing  hnn  m  iiis  exile.  tln'V  directed  their  inapli  Inwards  | 
the  south,  and  settling  at  a  place  beyond  the  jurisdic-  ' 
tion  ol  Massachusetts,  tin  v  bought  a  totisiderable  trac»  j 
of  land  frtun  ihe  Indians,  mid  besUiwcil  on  their  seltle-  | 
incut  the  name  <il  Providence,      liad  tins  iiimi  encoun- 1 
tered  the    ireatment  lo   which   tin'    pnlMicatton  of  his! 
peculiar  t»pinioiis  would  haM-  e\|.'0^<d  him  in  Kngland,  i 
lie   would    proliabty  have  been  driven  to  madrie<4>:   the  ^ 
wiser   and   kinder   treatment  he  experienced  from  the 
Massacliusells   aulhoritns  was   produeiiw  of  bippier' 
elltcls;    and    Mr.    Collini   and    hi>   ii.-.mk  l.tte^  were  md  ' 
dt'ceived,    in    supposing    that    Ihev    would    g.itn    their 
brother.      They  gained  him  m  a   inumier,  indeed,  le^»^  | 
llallering  lu  themselves  than  a  triumphant  issue  ttf  ihe 
coiilerertce  would  baie  been,  but  muili  more  lieneliiiai  ^ 
to   the   mlere^ta  of   America,      lie  etuicurred,  as  wei 
shall  see,  at  a  later   jieriod,   m  tounding  the  htate  of 
Rhode  Inland,  and  was  one  uf  its  most  eminent  bene- 
factors.      He    lived    to  an   advanced    age,    and    soon  | 
throwing  olf  the  wild  and  separating  «p>rtt  with  which; 
hia   seiilmients    had    been    leavened,  he    n  gamed  the 
friendhhip  and  esteem  ol  his  ancient  fellow  oolonisU, 

*  TtiouHti  lie  woultl  not  rt'trart  hi*  doRiitAii,  il  Kcein*  that 
Homn  uf  tlti-  nrKutneiitft  that  H>re  eii)|)hiye(l  with  hint  iank 
into  Ins  itnnd,  iiuU  nt  lea§t  reOiict-il  lilinto  nilenee.  Mr.  Hmiker. 
<aiunitlii  iniiusters  who  wan  urnt  lo  deal  willt  hnn,  U(Ri>d, 
ainonK  uHicr  rt^iisuni  tifis,— "  If  it  ha  unlttwiui  lor  ho  unrrrff* 
nerste  {HTHun  III  |'ri>,  ii  is  unwiwdil  tor  your  unre^eiuTiili' 
child  lo  aiok  A  ItlesNiDifDii  his  iik-«i  ;  and  if  so,  it  in  iitiUwUi!  ri)r 
ItUii  tu  eiit,  Miiee  UhkI  U  HHUctitied  by  priitei.  and  Wlthiiut 
l>raynr  uufinciiii-d  d  Tun.  iv.  1,  .'») ;  and  it  iiiust  he  ciually 
ur.lawlul  luT  you  lo  inutp  hu?i  lo  eat,  xnicn  yuii  ought  noi  tt> 
iempt  Kiiti  to  Hin."  Tu  tlus  lie  ilechnud  makiiiii  any  answer. 
OuttuH  Mtthor. 


and  preservetl  a  friendly  eorres|H)ndeiice  with  Mr.  Cot- 
Inn  und  others  of  ihein  till  his  death.  'I'he  prmciplcti 
of  toleration,  which  he  tiad  formerly  discredited,  liy  ihc 
rigulness  with  which  he  disallowed  ihe  slighteat  dilVer- 
vucv  of  oj  iKions  between  the  members  of  Ins  own  com- 
munion, be  now  enforced  by  e.^crcismg  that  forbear- 
ance by  which  the  dilferences  that  distinguish  chris- 
tians are  prevented  from  divnimg  them,  and  by  culti- 
vating that  chmty,  by  which  even  the  aen^e  of  these 
diderciieeA  is  oftin  melted  down.  The  great  funda- 
menla'  principles  of  chrisiianily  daily  aciiuiring  a  more 
exclusive  and  absorbing  iiiDuencc  over  his  mind,  be 
began  to  tabor  for  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  ;  and, 
in  addition  to  the  benrfits  of  which  his  ministry  among 
them  was  productive  lo  themselves,  he  ac«|Uircd  over 
thcrn  art  inllucnce  which  he  rendered  highly  advaiita- 
geoi-.s  to  hi.4  old  associutiH  m  .Massachusetts,  whom  he 
was  enalded  Ireqneiitly  lo  warn  of  coiispiruciea  formed 
against  ihern  by  the  savages  in  their  vicinity,  and  com- 
mimicaled  lo  bun  by  the  tribes  wiih  whom  lie  mam- 
lamed relations  of  friendship.  The  vehemeneo  that 
Kndicot  had  displayed,  was  not  leas  mellowed  by  time 
and  ihe  ascendancy  of  sour.d  wisdom  and  piely.  He 
remained  in  Massachusetts,  and,  at  a  later  period,  hel  1 
for  many  years  the  chief  otl'ice  m  its  government  wiiii 
greit  advantage  and  general  respect. 

The  colony  of  Ma^sacliusetts  bad  coittinucd  mean- 
while lo  attain  stability  and  prosperity,  and  to  extend 
lis  settlemeiils  ;  and  tins  year  an  tinportant  and  heiic- 
(icial  ehanoe  took  place  in  its  inleriial  coiisiituiion. 
The  mor'.ably  (hat  had  prevaihd  among  the  Indians, 
bad  vacated  a  great  many  of  the  stations  wh..-h  their 
tribes  had  occupied,  and  as  many  of  thc-^e  wero  well 
chosen,  the  coUmi:*l8  took  possession  of  them  with  an 
eagerness  thai  dispersed  their  setllemenl^  widely  over 
'he  province  This  necessarily  led  to  the  introduction 
of  representative  government,  and,  accordingly,  at  (he 
period  of  assemhlmg  the  general  co.irl,  the  freemen, 
instead  of  attending  it  m  person,  accordntg  to  the 
prescripliou  of  tiio  charter,  elected  reprcsentalives  in 
their  several  districts,  whom  they  authorised  to  appear 
III  their  name  and  act  in  iheir  Uehalf.  The  riipresenta- 
tivea  wero  admiiud,  and  henci  forward  con-idtred 
themselves,  m  conjuiKtlton  with  the  gove  nor  and 
assistants,  as  the  supreme  legislative  assumbtv  of  ihe 
colony.  The  abstract  wisdom  of  this  innovation  could 
not  admit  of  doubt,  and,  m  defence  of  their  right  to 
ellect  it.  a  was  forcibly  urged  that  the  colonists  were 
or.iy  making  a  new  way  lo  the  etijuyment  of  a  right 
already  cxlended  to  them,  and  preventing  their  assem- 
blies iroin  becoming  either  loo  numerous  to  tniiisact 
business,  or  loo  thin  and  panial  to  represent  me  inter- 
cls  which  they  wtre  iiKendeil  to  administe'.  and  sup- 
posed to  embrace.  The  number  of  treenien  bad  greatly 
mcreased  since  the  eiiarter  was  granted  ;  many  resided 
at  a  dii-lance  liom  the  places  where  the  supreme  couf'.a 
were  held  ;  perso'ial  attendance  bad  become  inconve- 
nienl  ;  and,  m  such  circumstancet;,  it  will  not  be  easy 
to  bluriic  them  for  making  with  their  own  hands  the 
improvement  that  was  necessary  to  preserve  their 
e.<(isting  rights,  iiislead  of  applying  lu  ihe  government 
of  Kngland.  winch  was  steadily  pursuing  the  plan  of 
subverting  tlu^  orgar.s  of  liberty  m  tho  mother  country, 
und  had  aluady  begun  to  oxhilut  an  allend  couiile* 
nuiiei;  towards  [lie  colony.*  It.  eonsetpience  of  this 
importanl  measure  the  coiony  adv.inced  beyond  the 
slate  of  a  corporation,  and  acjpiired  by  its  own  act  the 
cuiidilion  of  n  society  which  wat:  endowed  witli  politital 
hberlv.  and  which  had  frameil  for  ilsflf  a  gi)\trnment 
(brived  from  the  model  of  the  Kuglish  constittilion. 
Tlio  reprewentalives  having  e>taidislied  tliemsehef*  m 
tlieir  otiicr,  proceeded  lo  assert  the  riglits  whuh  ne- 
cessanlv  attached  to  it.  by  enaclmg  that  no  law  should 
be  pa^seil,  no  lax  imposed,  and  no  public  ollicer 
appointed  hut  by  the  general  assembly. 

*i"be  increasing  violence  and  injustice  of  the  roynl 
ijovernment  m  Kngland  meanwhile  co-operated  n^i 
p.uverlullv  with  the  tidings  that  were  circulated  of  the 
nrospeniv  of  Massachusetts  ;  and  tho  simple  frame  ol 
ecc|e»n»itcal  policy  that  had  been  established  in  the 
colony  preseiitid  a  propped  so  desirable,  and  remlered 
the  gorgeous  liicrarchy  and  recent  superstitious  inno- 
vations in  the  ceremonies  i*f  the  Kngbsh  church  so 
additionally  oditiiis,  that  ihe  How  of  emigration  seemed 


•  hi  the  prenMlmit  yearlho  priw  council,  alarmed  hy  the 
HiroMK  icn-iulitin  whirh  was  excited  in  Einfiand  by  ihf  inlelli- 
triMcu  ot  ttio  happuicaH  eiijoveU  hv  Uio  imruans  under  their 
ei«  IcMBsliial  e^t;it)hshmciils  in  MassaehuM-iti,  issued  lui 
order  to  ilav  crriaut  vessels  which  w em  alsiul  to  proeved 
Ihither  witlu  misrants.-t'halnifrs,  p.  IM  |intt>ahlv  wuli  Ihe 
\n-w  of  mipi'reHsniK  th«  anitatu'iis  aiiil  .lii^eusMuuft  w  hi*  li  ihe 
projcris  of  ciiU)iratiort  eiiDcndcrod.  Thu  order  was  not  car- 
rii  d  into  eiTect. 


rather  to  erdarge  than  subside,  nnd  crowds  of  new  «ot- 
llers continued  tu  llock  lu  New  Kngland  \  Uu\'i\  Aiiiontf 
the  pahsengera,  m  a  llect  of  twenty  vessels  that  arrived 
in  the  following  year,  were  two  persons  who  afterwards 
made  a  distinguished  flguri*  on  a  more  conspicuous 
thealre.  Due  of  these  was  Hugh  Peters,  the  celebrated 
chaplain  and  counsellor  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  the 
other  was  Vane,  wlio-'c  father,  Sir  Henry  Vaiio  tho 
elder,  was  a  privy  councillor,  and  high  in  utFice  and 
rredil  with  the  king.  I'elers  became  minister  of 
•Salem,  and,  |»09sesHirig  a  mind  unusually  active  and 
enterprising,  he  not  only  discharged  Ins  sacred  functions 
with  zeal  and  advantage,  but  roused  the  planters  to 
new  courses  of  useful  industry,  and  encouraged  them 
by  his  own  successful  example.  His  labura  were 
blessed  with  a  produce  not  less  honorable  than  endur- 
ing.  The  spirit  which  be  excited  has  conlinucd  to 
prevail  with  unabated  vigor;  and  i. early  two  centuries 
after  his  death,  tho  |iiety,  good  luoruls,  and  industry  by 
which  Salem  baa  ever  been  disiingui*ihed,  have  been 
traced  lo  the  ell'eets  of  I'elers's  mmislry.  He  reiiiaiiied 
in  New  Kngland  till  the  year  Iflll,  when,  at  the  ro- 
qiieBl  of  the  colonists,  he  went  to  transact  some  busi- 
ness fur  them  tn  Ibo  mother  country,  from  which  ho 
was  fated  never  to  return.*  Vane,  afterwards  Sir 
Henry  Vane  the  younger,  bad  been  fui  sumo  time 
restrained  from  indulging  Ins  wish  to  proceed  lu  New 
Kngland  by  the  prubibiiion  of  h:s  father,  who  was  at 
length  induced  lu  wave  liia  objections  by  the  inlerfer- 
enco  of  the  king.  A  voung  man  of  noble  faindy,  ani* 
mated  with  such  ardent  devotion  to  the  cause  uf  pure 
religion  and  liherlv.  that,  rclinquisbing  all  his  hupea  in 
Kngland,  he  chose  tu  settle  iti  an  infant  colony  which 
as  yel  all'orded  liltle  more  than  a  bare  subsistence  to 
Its  inhubitan:s,  was  received  m  New  Kngland  with  the 
fondest  regard  and  a:lmiration.  Ho  was  then  little 
more  than  twenty-four  years  of  age.  Hm  youtht 
which  setuned  to  magnify  the  sacrifice  he  had  made* 
increased  no  less  the  impression  winch  his  manners  and 
appearance  wero  calculated  to  produce.  Tho  awful 
euiiipo.sure  of  Ins  aspect  and  demeanor  stamped  a  serious 
grace  and  grandeur  on  the  bloum  of  nianluiotl  ;  his 
countenance  appeared  the  mirface  of  a  chitracter  not 
less  resolute  than  profounil,  and  whose  energy  was  not 
extinguished,  but  concentrated  into  a  sublime  and  so* 
leinn  calm.  He  has  been  charged  wiih  cnthusiaMn  by 
some  who  have  remarked  the  intensity  with  which  he 
pursuet)  purposes  whi'h  to  them  have  appeared  worth- 
less and  ignoble  ;  and  with  hypocrisy  by  othera  who 
have  contrasted  the  strength  and  stretch  of  his  resolu- 
tion with  the  calmness  of  his  manners.  Dut  a  joster 
coiisiderr.tion,  )ierhaps,  may  suggest  that  it  was  the  ha- 
hiliial  eiiLTgy  of  bis  deteriiiinatu..i  that  re[u-essed  every 
svmptoin  oi  vehement  impetuosity,  und  induced  an 
equalitv  of  manner  that  scarcely  appeared  to  exceed 
the  pitch  of  a  grave  composure  and  constancy.  It  is 
the  disproportion  so  freipiently  evinced  bitwern  tho 
uenius  and  the  character  of  eminent  men,  that  occasiune 
their  irregular  (onduct  and  impetuous  demeanor.  But 
Vane,  fully  embracing  the  loftiest  projects  of  his  genius 
with  all  the  faculties  of  his  being,  was  deeply  im- 
pressed with  ibe  vast  and  arduous  rature  uf  Mic  work 
lie  undertook,  and  devoted  himself  to  it  with  such  a 
tliligrnce  and  concentralion  of  his  forces  as  to  the  idle, 
the  careless,  and  the  speculative  part  uf  mankind,  ap- 
pears like  msaiiilv.  So  iiiiich  did  his  mind  predominate 
OUT  III?*  senses,  and  the  nobler  control  the  more  igiioblo 
part  of  Ills  being,  tiial,  though  constitutionally  timid 
and  susceptible,  in  no  i  onimon  degree,  of  impressions 
of  [laiii,  yet  his  whole  lite  was  one  conliuued  course  of 
great  and  darmg  enterprise  ,  and  wlien  amidst  the 
wreck  of  his  fortunes  and  the  treachery  of  his  asso- 
ciates, death  was  presented  to  himself  m  the  appalling 
form  of  a  bloodv  execulion.  be  preparid  for  it  with  an 
animated  and  even  cheerful  intrtpidity,  and  encoun- 
tered It  with  dignilied  composure.  The  man  who  could 
HO  subdue  himself,  waa  formed  to  exercise  a  strong  in> 
llueiice  on  ihe  minds  of  others.  He  was  instantly 
com(iimen;ed  with  the  freedom  of  the  colony  ;  and  en- 
forcing his  rianns  to  rcspeei,  by  the  address  and  ability 
which  he  showed  in  conducting  business,  he  waselectcrtl 
governor  m  the   vear  subseipicut  to  his  arrival,  by  the 

*  Bishaj)  Hurnrt  has  termed  tltis  man  "aiieitlhusiastii'al  huf- 
fmm,"  and  reproached  hint  wilh  cowartiice  at  hii  execution. 
Ihit  his  life  (stained,  no  donht,  with  iiiornl  nii[ierfcctiuii) 
evniced  a  piety  that  Unmet  never  knew,  aint  lus  .h'nih  was 
diKiiilied  hy  a  courage  tliat  disiint;uishi-d  hiin  rvi>u»iinnu{  tlio 
reiruides.  Al\er  his  fellow  .siitforer  I'ook  had  t.cen  iiuarlerc'l 
(iiMorehis  face,  the  oxecutiuuer  approut  hed  tuiii,  atiii,  lubiting 
his  hhicMly  haiidH,  tiuid,  'M"omi»,  Mr.  Peters,  how  .1..  y.m  hkt* 
thlK  wnrkT"  I'ulerii  ansvtered,  "I  thank  iJod  lain  n«ii  ti-tii- 
fie.l  at  It;  you  may  do  your  worM."  rnalfuid  UcKllisnl  thu 
Regicides. 


246 


^ 


univuFHal  cunsciit  of  the  cotunuts,  and  with  thr  hi^lictt 
eiperlatiiMis  of  n  hiip|iy  and  Hdvant:i^<>oiifi  admiuiitlra- 
lirm.  [lOMUJ  Thcite  ho|it'f».  however,  \viTtM)iMd|t[iointcd 
Vane,  i  Jl  hiiilini;  the  iiohtiial  uD'uirM  uf  the  cohinm'.A  a 
wide  enough  lield  for  the  excurtiioi)  of  liia  artive  fi|>iril. 
•mharked  hia  energy  \\\  thoir  theological  diseuasiuuit ; 
and,  unfortunately,  coum-ctuii^  hiipMolf  with  a  party 
who  had  conceived  sni)(idarly  juat  and  profound  vicwa 
of  doctrine,  hut  aaaocialed  them  with  aoine  dun^eruua 
crrois,  and  diaercdited  them  by  the  wildcat  vehcinrnce 
and  diaorder,  ho  very  hooh  witnciaed  the  uhnd^eincnt 
of  hia  n«efuliieit«  and  the  decline  ufhm  popularity. 

'i'he  increattin^  nuinhefAol  the  colonists,  cau»iiij(  the 
inhihilantH  of  Homc  of  the  towna  to  feel  thetu.Hi-lven 
atraitenrd  for  room,  suguexied  the  foritiation  of  lul- 
ditjonal  e.4ibl)lii4liinenlH.  A  project  of  fotnulin^  a  new 
acllleinent  on  the  liankn  of  llie  river  ('oniiecticiit  \\a* 
how  cndiraccd  hy  Mr.  Hooker,  one  of  the  ininiatera  of 
Uoaton,  and  a  hundred  uf  the  memhera  uf  hia  con^rejrn- 
tion.  After  enduring  extreme  hardittnp,  and  encoun- 
terin{{  the  uauil  diiricultiea  that  attended  the  founda- 
tion of  a  aociely  in  thia  ipiarter  of  America,  with  the 
(laual  display  of  purilun  fortitude  and  riKulution,  they 
at  length  Hurceeded  in  estahhahini;  a  pbntation,  which 
{gradually  enlarged  into  the  fltMiri.<>hintf  atate  of  (vOii- 
iiecticul.  Some  Dutch  nettlera  from  New  York,  who 
hud  previouitly  occupied  a  post  in  the  country,  were 
compelled  to  surrender  it  to  tlieru  ;  vnd  ihey  ^oon  after 
ohtained  from  I^rd  Brooke  and  Lurd  Say  and  Seh'i  an 
aaaiirndlion  to  a  district  whicti  theac  nuhleinen  had  ac- 
quired in  thia  rciriun,  with  the  inteniiun  of  Hyin^  from 
the  royal  tyranny  to  America*  'I'hey  had  at  tirst  car- 
ried with  them  a  commiKMon  from  the  };uveruiiteiit  of 
MaaNacliusctlH  Hav,  for  the  adininiiitration  of  jut<tice  in 
their  new  aeltlement  ;  hut,  aUerwards  relleclin^  that 
their  territcrv  was  hevuiid  the  juriMdictmn  uf  the  aitho- 
ritiea  from  whom  this  comiuiASion  was  derived,  they 
combined  thenutelves  hv  a  voluntary  as^ociatmn  into  a 
IkhIv  |)olitic,  constructed  on  the  same  model  with  the 
fltatn  from  which  they  had  separated.  They  eontinni  d 
ill  thiH  eondiiion  till  the  UiHiuratum,  whrii  they  ob- 
tained a  charter  for  themselves  from  Kiiii»  (Miarle-*  the 
Secund.  That  this  aecessiun  from  the  culuiiy  uf  Ma.n* 
aachuM-tts  Dav  was  o<casioned  liy  lack  uf  room  in  a 
province  ua  vet  so  imperfectly  peopled,  has  appeared  su 
imprubahlfl  to  some  writers,  that  tiu-y  have  thouirht  it 
necessary  to  assiun  another  cause,  and  have  found  none- 
•o  satisfactory  as  thp  jealousy  which  ihey  conclude  Mr. 
Hooker  nuisl  incvilably  have  entertained  towards  Mr. 
Cotton,  whoso  iiilliience  had  bccunie  so  ^re:it  in  Mab- 
aachnsetts  that  even  a  furinidable  political  di^seimiun 
waa  quelled  hv  one  of  hia  pucitic  <liscourses.  lint  envy 
was  not  II  passion  that  could  dwell  in  the  humble  and 
holy  breast  of  Houker.  Ok  be  generated  bv  such  mtlu- 
cnee  as  the  eharucler  uf  ('olton  was  funned  lu  <  xert 
The  sense  of  a  redundant  population  was  the  more 
readily  experienced  at  first  from  the  unwi|liii};uess  of 
the  ietllcra  to  remove  far  ml  ilie  interior  of  the  coun- 
try and  deprive  themselves  of  an  easy  lommunicaduii 
wi'h  the  coast.  Another  rea.ion,  indeed,  appears  to 
have  enforced  the  formation  oi  this  new  settlement  : 
but  it  was  a  reason  that  art^fiifd  nut  dissension,  but 
community  of  feelini;  and  dem^n  betwe(>ii  the  settlers 
who  remained  in  Massachusetts  and  those  who  re- 
moved to  Connecticut.  Uy  the  establishment  of  this 
advanced  staiioii,  a  harrier,  it  was  hujH'd,  would  he 
erected  8^amNt  the  troublesome  incursions  of  the 
Pc4|Uod  Indians. f  Nor  l.*  it  utterly  improlifibUi  that 
BOme  of  the  seeeders  lo  this  new  settlemeiil  were  actu- 
ated by  a  restless  spirit  which  had  hoped  too  much  from 

♦  I,nr»I  HriM'kf  and  LnM  '<:iv  and  Silc  lu<i  proceedeii  %n  far 
in  thi'tr  dcsittn  as  to  .•'I'ml  ever  an  niri*iil  to  inke  (xiHtrsxinn  ui 
tin  ir  lerr  torv,  snd  liiult  a  dut.  Hititpilv  tor  AintriCB.  i|ir  m-ii- 
tunents  ani)  iinliils  that  ren<l>-i'<'')  (lit* m  niiHi  tnt'iiihiTM  i>r  n  k<i- 
rif-lv  MliL-ri!  ciHiiplete  civil  trrclDin  and  perlcct  Biiiu<iu-ily  of 
maiiiiiTi  werr  exieriiird  re<iuiAito  (d  Ihi*  cruival  )iap|)tnf<(><, 
(irevetited  tlu'se  nnhlciiirii  from  rarrvmr  thiir  prnieet  uiln 
execMUinn.  Tlipy  unipuHrd  in  t-siiiltlifh  an  nnltn  tt(  nnlnhtv 
and  lierothtary  int-eistracy  in  Ainenra  ;  and  eonsiirrn-d  mi 
tiiiii'li  iiriin  ill  arLMunif  this  important  point  hiDi  theothi'r  sot- 
tler!<  whn  wen  to  he  astfnriAied  wiHi  llipni.tlmt  atlenxth  their 
ardor  for  flinnrratiou  abntfd,  and  nearer  nii<t  innre  intMrestiiiv' 
prospcrtH  itpuiK-tl  lo  tht;lr  activity  m   Kn|i;)and.     Ctiaitnerit 

t  MH?lisr,  H  Leap.  A.  sect.  9,  !l.  Uulctiln*  >n.  i.  43— 4.V 
Trumltutr*  IliNtory  of  t^oinn'ctirut,  vol.  i.  et; .  4.  |«  appears 
from  Mnthar'!!  Lives  of  t'uiton  and  llnokpr.  iliat  tlie'e  iiifti 
WTc  knil  toKfllior  III  the  lUniest  bonds ofrhriHian  frii'nd4hip 
a.id  rnrdiivl  esii'(>m.  Paul  and  l)nrn<it>as  fd(Hil)tlf>ss  for  wii^e 
piirpoipxj  were  Hepamled  from  narli  oitier.  So  were  I'nttnn 
and  llookrr,  itioiuh  hy  Irsx  nnplrasiiiti  iii«lrtinieniality,  Tliise 
niiMi  wiio  (iirt'ifik  lumsi-B,  l:iiid<t.  and  coiinlrv  lor  the  snkv  of 
ttii*  w'os'>el,  ari' di'«rrit»cill»T  Dr.  Itolicrtson  n«  "rhal  iMMiipc- 
ti'ors  In  llif  ronten  for  fame  aitd  imwrr  "'  This  is  ihe  onlv 
llirlit  In  which  many  eminent  and  even  reveriml  writers  are 
cap.ioh-  of  regarding  tha  lalwra  of  the  patriot,  tim  lalnt,  and 
tlie  siii[n 


THE   HISTORY   OP 

eitcrnul  chan^r.  and  which  tainly  ur^cd  a  farther  pur- 
suit of  that  spring  of  rontentment  which  must  rise  up 
III  the  mind  of  liiin  who  would  eiijby  it. 

In  tho  immediate  neighborhood  of  this  new  settle- 
mrnt,  another  plantation  was  furmcil  alwtit  two  yeuis 
after,  by  a  numcroua  luxly  of  emigranta  who  arrived 
from  Kn^land  under  (he  guidance  of  Throphilua  Katon, 
a  f^enlleinan  of  fortune,  and  Job,)  Ihivenport,  an  emi- 
nent puritan  minister.  Massachnselts  Hay  appearing 
lo  them  overstocked,  and  iKMnir  mlurmed  of  a  larue 
and  commmlious  bay  lo  the  noiith-west  .tt  Connecticut 
r.ver,  Ihey  purchased  Irum  the  natives  all  the  land  that 
lies  between  that  stream  and  lliidsmi's  river,  whieh di- 
vides the  southern  pariA  of  New  Kn){liud  from  Nt w 
^■urk.  Seating  themselves  in  thia  bay,  they  spread 
aloni;  the  coast,  where  they  built  tirst  the  town  of 
Newhaven,  wlucb  has  ^iven  its  name  to  (he  settlement. 
and  then  the  towns  of  Ciuilford,  .Vtilford,  Stamford, ^aiid 
Drainford.  After  some  time  they  crossed  the  bay,  and 
planted  several  hettlemen  in  I/m^  Island  ;  in  all 
places  where  (hey  came,  erecting  churches  on  the 
model  of  tin-  independents.  When  we  perceive  the  in- 
juslico  and  cruelly  exercised  by  the  ^overmnent  of 
Dritam,  thus  eontributiui;  to  cover  the  larlh  with  cities 
and  10  plant  religion  and  hl)erty  in  the  aavaije  deserts 
of  America,  we  rocoynise  the  overrulinir  providence  of 
ihat  jjreat  Hi  inu  who  can  render  even  (he  lierceness  of 
men  conducivr  to  his  praise.  Haviii;;  no  patent,  nor 
any  other  title  to  their  lauds  than  the  vendition  of  the 
natives,  and  not  bein^r  included  wiiliin  the  boundaries 
of  any  colonial  jurisdicdon,  these  setllcrs  entered  into 
3  voluntary  association  of  the  same  nature  and  fur  the 
same  ends  with  ihat  which  the  settlers  in  (>onnectirut 
had  formed  fur  ihemseUesi  and  in  this  coudiliou  (hey 
remained  till  the  Kestoration,  when  Newhaven  and 
(\>nnecticut  were  united  together  by  a  charter  of  Kiii|^ 
('bartes  (lie  Second  * 

When  the  settlement  of  Connecticut  was  projected,  | 
it  was  hoped  lint  it  niiylit  conduce  to  overawe  the  bos-  | 
tilily  of  the  Indians  ;  but  it  pro<biced  a  perfectly  oppo-  i 
site  effect.  The  tribes  of  Indians  in  the  immediate  I 
vicinity  of  Massachusetts  May  were  comparatively  fee-  I 
ble  and  unwarhke  ;  but  the  ejloniea  of  IVovidence  and  , 
Connreticut  were  planted  in  tho  midst  of  jiowcrful  and 
martial  hordes  Ainon*;  theae,  the  most  considerable 
were  the  Nara^ansets,  who  inhabited  (ho  sliorca  of  (lie 
bay  i\lii<h  hear  (iicir  name,  and  tho  Pniuods,  who  oi-- 
cupied  (he  (erritory  which  stretches  from  the  river  I'c- 
qiiod  to  the  banks  of  the  Cnniiecticnt.  The  ]'e«juods 
were  a  fonuidable  people,  who  could  liritii;  into  the  tield 
a  ihouNaiul  warriors  *iot  inferior  in  couraoc  lo  any  m 
(he  new  world.  Tliey  had  early  entertained  a  jealuus 
hatred  of  iht>  Kuropean  eulonisls,  and  for  some  time 
patvt  hail  liunsscd  them  with  unprovoked  attacks, 
and  excitetl  their  abhorrence  and  indi^iiatiun  by  the 
monstrous  uulrattcs  to  wlucb  they  had  subjected  their 
eiptives,  rnod'eiidmi^men,  wuiticn.  and  children,  who 
had  the  mi*tfortune  to  fall  intu  their  hands,  were  scalped 
and  sent  back  to  their  Iriend.s.  or  put  to  death  with 
everv  circunistancf  of  (nr(urc  and  mdiiinity.  while  the 
aasasMiiswiih  diabolical  joy  called  aloud  to  them  to 
invoke  (he  (lod  of  the  christians,  and  )iut  to  the  proof 
his  power  to  ^avc  them.  The  extenMon  of  (he  I'no- 
lish  selilcmenta  excKed  their  fiirv  anew,  and  prodiiceii 
a  repetition  of  attacks,  which  Mr.  Vane  the  governor 
of  MassacluLsetts,  determined  at  leiiL'th  to  encounter 
and  punish  hv  oll'ensive  oper'itions.  Ueceivitijr  inlelll- 
LM  ncc  of  a  senotis  attack  that  had  been  made  by  the 
IN'-IimmIs  on  tin*  <'oiinectu-ul  settler.',  I  Hill?, J  he  surn- 
inoned  all  the  New  Kuol.uid  communitH's  lo  embody 
the  slroiii/est  force  thev  eon  ^pare,  nnil  inarch  to  de- 
tViid  their  brethren  ard  viULin  ale  the  coiiimon  cause 
The  I'eijiiods.  aware  of  (he  impendiiijr  iiani,'cr,  wrre 
not  wanting  in  endravnis  (o  <iicouitlt-r  and  repel  it 
Kor  this  purpose,  they  soiiirlit  a  reconeitialion  with  the 
.\araj»aiisels,  their  hcreduary  enemies  and  rivals  in 
power,  iind  rcijuested  these  people  to  forget  (heir  an- 
cient anunosities,  and  lor  once  to  co-operate  conlially 
with  them  against  a   common  foe,  whose  proj^rcssive 

•  Ni'sl,  1.  IVJ.  The  nilohisls  of  MaKHailnnods  were  ver\ 
desiinns  Ihat  Mr.  Duviiiport  and  his  assmuates  tiltoiild  settle 
aiiioiiK  iIh'iii.  Uu(  "  It  had  tififu  an  uliSf>rviitiiMt  ot  Mr.  Da- 
vpn|H>rt's,  Ihat  wheriexer  a  n'fonnaiion  hid  Ihtu  i-iii  i  ii-d  in 
any  pari  ofthe  wnttd,  it  had  ri'Htt'd  wlicrc  tt  had  heen  U-lt  hy 
llie  reforini>rK.  It  foiild  noi  lie  iidvanced  anoihcr  sttp.  llv. 
wtitt  ii'iw  einlmrki'd  til  ailemxn  oi  inriiiuiK  anvil  and  nliuioiLs 
rotistiintioi)  a!>  near  iis  posnitilu  tu  scnpliirn  precf  pi  snd  rxini- 
ple.  The  pnnripal  itcnllenim  wliu  had  I'oDowimI  him  to  Aine- 
nrii  had  till'  same  views.  In  IrtyiriK  (ho  I'oiindiiiMiis  of  a  now 
colotiv,  thrre  was  a  Ian  proltshtlily  Hint  llii*v  iimrht  iK-muimo- 
diih"  all  tnaitiTit  ofchufcli  niid  coinmonwfulih  (o  tiu'tr  f>wn 
fi'ehnt!!!  Slid  Ht'iiitinf'ht^.  lint  in  Mnssachusuttt  tlie  pnnnpal 
men  wen-  tixed  in  the  cliirl  seats  of  Kuvernmeiil,  which  they 
were  hkpiv  to  kptui,  imd  thfir  rivil  and  religioua  puiiljr  was 
already  turnied.   **TiuinbuU,u  97 


encrnachmentfl  threatened  to  lonfound  them  both  in 
one  C(uinnon  desiruciion  Hut  the  Naranaiiarta  had 
loiii;  chi-iiHlied  a  vehenuMit  hain  (I  against  the  IVipimls  ; 
iind  less  moved  hy  a  distant  prospect  of  danger  lo  them- 
selves, ihaii  by  the  hope  of  an  mxtant  ijratiiiraliou  oi 
their  implacable  reven^'e,  they  rejected  the  proposals 
of  accommodation,  and  determined  tu  assist  the  Kng- 
liah  in  the  prosecution  of  the  waa. 

The  IViiuutls  incensed,  but  not  disinnved,  by  thia 
disap|ioin(ment.  pioceedrd  h>  the  vijjor  of  their  opera- 
tions to  anticipate  the  jumlion  of  tlu  allifd  colonial 
forces  ;  and  >he  (onneeticut  troops,  while  as  vet  (hev 
had  received  hut  a  small  part  of  I'e  reuHoreemenis 
that  tin  ir  friends  were  preparirijj  lo  srnd  (hem,  found 
it  necestary  to  advance  towards  the  enemy.  The  Pe- 
quods,  commanded  by  .Sassaeus.  iheir  principal  sachem, 
occupied  (MO  fordlied  stations,  aitaiioit  one  of  which 
rnpiam  Mason  and  (he  Connecticol  miluia,  :i(tended 
by  a  body  of  Indian  allies,  directed  their  attack.  Their 
approach  was  ({iiiekened  by  the  information  they  ob- 
tained, that  the  enemy,  deceived  by  a  seeminij  retro- 
grade movement  of  the  colonial  forces,  had  abandoned 
themselves  to  the  eunvicdon  that  the  Kniilihh  dared  nut 
eneountrr  them,  and  were  celeliralini^  in  perfect  secu- 
rity the  supposed  evaeuaiion  of  their  country.  AlKiut 
daybreak,  while  in  deep  slumber  :»nd  s'lpu,.  spcuntv, 
they  were  approachi'd  by  the  Knobfih  ;  and  the  surprise 
would  have  been  complete,  if  tluv  had  not  been  alarmed 
by  the  bark  mi;  of  a  do^  The  war-whoop  was  imme- 
diately soundrd,  and  they  (lew  to  (heir  arms  Tlio 
Kn^lish  rushed  on  (o  the  attack  ;  and  while  some  of 
(hem  tired  on  the  Indians  (hroii^b  the  palisades,  others 
forced  their  way  by  (he  entrances  into  the  fort,  and  set- 
tini!  (ire  to  the  huts  which  were  covered  with  reeds, 
involved  their  enemies  in  the  confusion  and  (error  of  a 
general  contla^ration  After  a  inanlv  and  desperatu 
reMstaiiee,  the  l'ei|Uods  were  totally  (lelealed  with  the 
slantrhter  of  at  bast  live  liimdred  of  their  iribe  Many 
of  the  vvoinen  and  children  pensheil  iii  the  llames  ;  and 
dm  warriors,  in  endeavoring  (o  escape,  were  either 
slain  by  (he  Kiiuli!<li.  or,  falbni;  into  ihe  hind.s  of  ilio 
Indii*'  allies,  who  surroundrd  (he  fort  at  a  di*:(anci<, 
we;  erved   for  a  more  cruel   fate.     Soon  after  tliii 

act.  .,  t'aplain  S{ou^h(oi)  having;  arrived  with  (he  aux- 
iliary troops  from  Mas»achusettfi,  it  was  resolved  to 
pursue  (he  victory.  Several  eiii»aoeun-nts  took  place 
which  tenniiialet)  nnfavorably  for  (he  Peipiods  ;  and  m 
a  short  time  they  sustained  unoiher  ueneral  dtlcat 
which  put  an  end  to  the  war  A  tew  only  of  ihis  once 
powerful  nation  survived,  who,  ahalldolllll^  their  coun- 
try to  the  Knylihli,  disperseil  theiiiM-lves  anioiiu  tlie 
neit/hboriu};  (rihes,  and  los(  their  exis(enee  as  a  di.-tmct 
people.  Sas.socus  had  been  an  object  of  sii|n  rsdtious 
(error  lo  the  Naraoansets,  .|io  had  eiideavoretl  lo  dis- 
suade the  Kiii/hsh  from  ri^kini;  a  per^-onal  encounter 
with  htm.  by  the  assurance  that  his  person  was  divine 
and  mvutnerahle.  After  the  destiuciion  of  his  people, 
when  be  fled  for  refuge  to  a  disiahi  tribe,  the  Nara^Mu- 
sets,  exchan:jinij  tlieir  terror  for  cruelty,  solicited  and 
prevailed  with  his  hosts  to  cut  olF  his  head.  Thu=t  ler- 
mina(ed  a  slru^^le  more  imnortunt  in  its  coii>e(|ueiu'es, 
than  from  the  numbers  of  tiiu  combatants,  or  the  cele- 
brity of  their  names.  On  its  issue  there  had  been 
staked  no  less  than  the  <]uestion,  whether  Christianity 
and  civilization,  or  paoanism  u.id  barbarity  siiould  pre- 
vail in  New  Kngland. 

This  first  militaiy  enterprise  of  tho  colonists  waa 
cunducied  with  vi^rnr  and  alulity.  niid  impressed  on  thn 
abori^'iiH's  a  hi^;h  o|uiiioii  of  their  invincible  courage 
and  superior  skill  Tticir  victory.  lio«.\ever.  \\  must  bo 
confessed,  was  sullied  by  cruellies  which  it  is  easv  to 
a^'i'oiiMt  for  ami  exienu.iie,  but  paiiilul  lo  rt-coPvct. 
The  M.l^sal•husl'lts"  mililia  had  been  exreetliiiolv  dill- 
yeiti  bcbtre  (heir  march  in  puroino  their  ranks  uf  all 
whose  rtdi^ioiis  sentnnents  were  tbtui^lii  (o  .u^tue  want 
or  wtakness  of  lailh.*  It  had  been  well  n  (hey  coiilc/ 
have  pureed  their  own  bosoms  of  ihe  vini.icli\e  feel- 
iiios  which  the  o;itra;!es  uf  the  savages  wtre  hut  toe 
powerhilly  calculated  lo  inspire.  .Some  ol  ihe  prison- 
ers were  turlund  by  the  Indian  allies,  u  c  crurltiea 
we  ran  hardly  dtnibt  that  the  Kn^lish  iii>;;ii-.  have  pre- 
vented :  a  considerable  number  were  sold  aH  slaves  in 
IU'rmud3H,t  and  the  rest  were  reduced  to  servitude  m 
(he  colonial   sctllcincnta.     In  aggravation    Mf  the  vin- 

*  Rettimcnlal  chapliiuis  acciuiipaniud  the  Nvw  EoKland 
fort  en  It)  llie.r  campaigns  ;  and  in  cucuinitattcea  >if  Uoiii  t  or 
diiiitter,  till  chaplain  »as  iir-ited  to  pray  for  divme  dimki'n 
and  assisliinie.  Tnimhutl, ».  m|.  H*).  When  .noTn,M;oidtTin 
chief  w  IS  BpiMiirdfd,  lu*  iiulitary  stair  was  diiliveied  lo  liiuit'V 
out*  u(  the  clertfv.     lb.  9i. 

\  A  similar  p'.ii'ihlimcMt  was  infli*'ied  many  yfin'n  ilirr  in 
Kiiglanr)  nn  soms  of  (h«  r"yalttts  wlio  had  Iwum  unpiic-iteiJ  ic 
rei:rutlt]ocl£*s  iuriiruxtion.    IIuuiOi  vll.  'J44 


NOliril    AMERIC\. 


347 


:o  confoiinci  ihein  ttoth  in 
hut  (Ih>  Nnrn^anKrln  had 
itin  il  HffHiiiNl  l)ir  Peijiioiln  ; 
MO!t|ti'ct  nf  iliiiii;»'r  to  ihcm- 
ui)  iiiKliiiil  i*riititiralinii  oi 
iry  n'jertfd  ilm  |iru|io<i<ili 
nnined  lu  uahisi  the  ICn^- 
I  wu. 

>ur  not  iliiinnypd,  by  thin 
^  llio  viyor  of  their  oprrii- 
.ioii  uf  tlu  aUifd  i'i»li)iiiiit 
c  ir(M>|>A,  whdi-  iitt  M'l  thi'v 
art  i)t'  I'lO  ri'itirorrenirittn 
kririif  l(>  nrnd  (liriit,  found 
irdt  tlir  iMU'iiiv.  I  Im  I'n- 
'UH.  ihfir  |iriiin|)al  Kiirhcin, 
oiiH,  ajjaiiiHl  one  of  whirh 
ini-cticnt  nidiiiii,  iiic-tidcd 
irrried  thrir  atinrk.  'i'lieir 
tho  trifunnulioii  thry  oh- 
'ivt'd  hy  ki  •PC'iiiinij  rciro- 
iriml  fori-c.t,  hnd  ahaitdoiird 
(hut  ihr  Knuhi^h  d.ircd  nut 
I'lrhriilinif  in  p«'rf(M't  scrii- 
uf  ihcir  couiiirv.  Alioat 
nhi-r  »vi\  »M|ni,4'  flcriiritv, 
KiiijItMh  ;  iinil  thr  K<ir|iriHi* 
thi-v  hiid  rinl  limi  ithiriiicd 
lio  w<tr-\\liiH)|)  wiiH  niiriie- 
llt'W  lu  thrir  .irni!!  Tho 
llnrk  ;  iitid  while  hoiiik  of 
'oii^h  tiie  |inhitHd('t).  others 
iicfs  into  ihf!  fort,  iind  set* 
wrrr  covrrrd  wiih  rci-iU, 
'  runfnitiori  and  (error  of  it 
>r  H  innnlv  jnd  dpK|t('nttu 
I'  loliillv  drfraird  with  tho 
idrcd  of  their  tnhe.  M.iiiv 
rri'thed  in  the  Ihiint-N  ;  niid 
i;  to  encrtjie.  were  riiher 
hiii;  into  ihi>  hiiuU  of  iho 
I'd  the  fort  ut  n  divt.inre, 
ni'l  fate.  Soon  after  this 
ivnii;  arrived  with  the  aux- 
nselt.-*.  It  was  restdved  to 
I  i'ii<;atreiiient!t  took  pl.ii'O 
y  for  the  IVijiiodn  ;  and  in 
)  another  ueneral  dtftut 
A  few  oiilv  of  ihiN  onec 
iihaiidonini*  their  i-oini- 
d  thenl^elvl')l  iiiiioiiir  (he 
r  exintenee  as  a  di.«tini-l 
ohjerl  of  niijm  rAiilunis 
had  I'lidtMVoret*.  lo  (hs- 
<;  a  |)er>onal  encounter 
iv.ti  pt  r.Hon  waH  divine 
deMti'iR-lion  of  hiA  |M'0|de, 
hstai.i  irihe,  the  Naranan- 
r  i-niehv,  sulieited  and 
oil'  hi.H  head.  Thn^  ler- 
uiil  111  Its  eon>e(|tieiK'et(, 
coinhalaiitri,  or  the  eeh>- 
istine  (here  had  heeii 
on,  whether  ehn.slianity 
id   liarhanty  hhonld  {ire- 

iif  iho  tM)<oniNt!i  was 
and  iinpres^ied  on  tliM 
iheir  invinnlile  eouraije 
ory.  howev'T.  it  inusl  ln» 
hies»  which  II  IS  easy  to 
It  painlu)  lo  nioi'"«t. 
d  heeii  e«ei'edini;lv  dill 
^i  their  rank:^  ol  ali 
ri!  thouyhi  to  .irmie  waiil 
I  heeii  »\ell  \\  they  coult* 
of  th«  vim.U'tiw  fri'l- 
Havai^ea  were  hut  loc 
•Some  i>t  tlie  |iriNon- 
n  a!hen,  w  c  cruelties 
Kn^liidi  iiiiLiU:  have  |irii- 
r  were  stild  hh  hlives  in 
ri'diiot'd  to  servitude  in 
ai;i;ravatior>    ^(  the  vin- 

ipaniod  ttio  New  EiiKlmxl 
ireuniilniicc*  .if  iloiii  t  nr 
I  pniv  for  tliviiie  OirciCon 
Wlu-n  .1  rniii.iianih'r  ir\ 

jtl  wart  iklnTicil  to  limil>v 

(li'tril  many  year*  itirr  In 
kriiii  hail  Iwuii  iiiiiHiC'iteU  i[ 
,  vl(.  'J44 


dlrlife  ipiril  dinpUyud  in  iUcne  proceediiigt.  it  hat  been  i 
ujged,  hut  with  vury  litllu  ruaiioii,  that  ihf  Peijuods  ^ 
were  eiitillod  to  the  trjitinent  of  un  indeiiendunt  pco-  i 
plo  innkitiK  a  Kul'  m  etiorl  to  defend  their  properly,  j 
their  righla  and  l(  t'.r  freedom,  llut  in  truth,  the  IV- 
juuds  were  the  u;,;uretiftors  in  a  cauiteleaa  c)iiarrel,  aial 
were  fiKl>i")U  i*"  along  in  support  of  harharoua  outrage 
and  purpoKea  of  eiterininution.  Tlio  roluniHla  had 
cunducied  llieinaelven  wilii  uiidcviatnig  justice.  i:h  lity 
rind  piety  towards  the  Indiana.  They  had  (re-j(ed  fairly 
with  them  fur  their  tuiritoiiea  ,  aHHi^ied  them  hy  rouii- 
Ht'l  anil  help  in  their  diMMvm  and  (heir  agriculture,  and 
|.*liored  u>  ronununiuale  M  iheiii  the  hlen«inKHol  religion. 
'I'l  ey  diHjllow-eil  al'.  a(-<{tn!4itiuiiH  of  lerritury  from  (he 
IinliaiiH  hut  HUfli  an  hhoulii  under^io  (he  (terudny  of  tlie 
general  court ,  and  lliey  oll'ered  a  pirliri|iatloit  uf  all 
their  priulei^es  and  pro|ierty  to  every  Indian  wlio  would 
adopt  tlie  rc|i|!iuii  of  a  elirmtiaii  and  (he  inaiiiieri*  of  a 
I'lvdi/ed  hinnan  heing  In  rclurii  Itir  these  demon- 
rtlr:ttioii<  of  good-Will,  tlu'y  were  irealrd  with  oiilrago 
and  Itarharity,  directed  a;!aiiif>t  all  that  they  reverenced 
tir  lined  ;  aiul  were  forcihly  >'iipre».itd  with  tliu  ron- 
vii-tiou  dial  they  iiiuni  extirpate  (heie  aunguinu;  idoU- 
terii,  or  leave  their  felluw-rliriatiana,  their  vvivua,  child- 
ren, and  hrethren.  expired  lo  a  mure  liurnd  deislruc- 
ttoit  from  Iheir  harharoua  hands.*  Kveti  in  the  couthu 
of  the  war,  they  made  pruposiiion^  uf  lenity  lo  the 
sjvagi'a  un  the  conditiun  of  tlieir  deli\erin^  up  (hiMuur- 
derer.H  of  (he  Kn)j;lmh  ;  hut  their  olh-rd  were  uniformlv 
rejeciec.  ;  and  tlie  people  who  adopted  ihr  inurders  uh 
national  .U'Ih,  invited  tiie  avengers  uf  htuod  lo  visit 
ihum  with  n.ilional  puniMiinenta.  The  iiintuul  liodtili 
tiCA  of  Civilized  niLiona,  conducted  by  dmimaaionale 
iuercen>iru:>,  and  directed  hy  leadern  more  eager  fur 
fame  than  prompted  hy  anger  or  perjiona!  uppreheiiHion, 
may  be  athniiiiHtered  un  the  pniicipleii  uf  a  nplemlid 
l(.Line,  llut  ^uch  liu^tihttea  a"  those  wlueh  the  New 
l:Iiigland  ouloniMtA  were  cutn|tellcd  to  urge,  with  the 
hordes  of  .savage  asHaHmmi  who  attacked  them,  will 
nlwaya  displ.'.y  liumaii  paMsiuns  in  their  nuked  horror 
und  ferocity.  'I'tie  perminHion  (for  I  Hujipoae  they 
could  have  prevented  it)  of  the  baiharity  of  their  savage 
allies,  ap|)earH  the  least  excusable  fealure  in  their  con- 
duct. And  yet,  in  considering  it,  we  must  add  to  our 
ullowanc*^  for  passion  (iillamed  by  enormous  provoca- 
tion, the  ri'colh  ction  of  the  danger  and  inexpedieney 
of  clieckin<{  that  mutual  hostility  uf  (tie  savages  which 
prevented  a  rumbinatiun  that  might  have  proved  fatal 
to  (he  European  name.  The  reduetion  of  their  cap- 
tives lo  MTvilude  was  untpiestturubly  a  great  evil;  hir 
one  lor  wliicit  it  would  not  have  been  easy  to  suggu.Ht 
u  ;<  iWstiliite  to  men  too  justly  alarmed  to  permit  the 
ein-niics  whom,  overcoming  ly  force,  tiny  bad  but  half 
p-iiiclued,  lo  go  tree,  and  loo  poor  to  support  (Ik  m  in 
idle  eujitivily.  Tin!  captive  Penuod*  were  Healed  with 
the  ulmost  possilde  kindness,  and  regarded  rather  as 
indenleil  nervantn  (liaii  slaves.  It  rniiHl  bo  iickiiow- 
leil;,'eil  at  lea^l  that  tlie  coluiusts  ob.-«erved  a  ina;^Mani- 
inuu.s  consistency  m  their  inlernational  policy,  an<l  gavtr 
(he  Indiuns  the  proteelion  of  the  same  stern  priiici|j|es 
■jI  pislice  of  whi*'li  they  liad  laiinht  (In  m  lo  fiel  the 
vind.ciive  energy.  They  nol  only  olfered  a  parlu-ipa- 
tioii  of  lueir  own  privileges  and  territory  to  all  eivilii*d 
und  eonvertril  Indians;  but  havm;,'  a((cerlanud  itu; 
stations  which  (he  savages  most  hiiihly  valued,  .mil  (he 
range  of  lerritury  thai  seemed  in  cessary  lu  iheir  coni- 
luri  and  liap)uness.  iiiey  j  ufhibited  and  annulled  everv 
iiansaetuin  hv  winch  tlnse  domains  might  be  ad.bd  li) 
the  Kuropean  acipiisitions.  A  ^ho^l  lime  alter  the 
lerimnatiun  ol  the  j'i'.|Uod  war,  an  Indian  having'  been 
wantonly  kilh-d  hy  some  vagalioiid  Knglisiiniaii,  (lir 
inurderiTS  were  solemnly  trieil  .-inti  executed  Ibr  the 
ermir  ;  and  the  Indians  beheld  with  asto)iis!iiiK>nl  tiie 
blood  uf  thne  men  tiebberalely  shed  in-  liip  slaughter 
of  une,  Tne  senst*  of  justice  eo-uperatiiig  witli  ilie 
repute  of  valor,  secured  a  lung  tiaiii|mllity  to  the  Kii-t. 
-i.-*li  setihMiieni.H. 

Willie  ihe  iiiilitiry  force  of  .Massiicliusetts  was  thus 
emplovfd  in  tui-  m-lil,  the  commonwealth  wa.s  shaken 
untl  torn  hy  inlesime  disputes,  which  had  been  excited 
by  ihruhigical  discussions,  und  inflamed  by  (lie  gall  of 
unruly  toniiues  and  tiie  bitterness  of  railing  accusation. 
It  was  tlie  custom  at  that  lime  m  Huston,  that  the 
members  of  every   rongregation  should    uaaemble  in 

•  The  coloDiiitA  rDHHiilerett  theinnrlvei  in  v^une  ilegrpo  nc- 
ccn.iury  tu  thTriniKs  whirh  tlipy  iiiiqhi  fail  m  prevent  liy  iic- 
Hlfft  it|  any  of  die  menus  wurraiiti*il  hy  «triri  iu.^iicc.  Ilrlkiinn 
cile>i  dm  rolliiMfin?  nnlrv  in  a  M8.  Jnunml  of  nvctiM  In  New- 
Uiii-lrtriil,  soiiieyaan*  |to)«t(>ri<>r  to  diix  |ht|»i|,  "  The  hou-»*  ..f 
Jolni  Ki'iiiHioiiwa.1  liiiriii'.l  aoil  hr  killt'.l  .u  (ln'...il;ni.l  Thf 
liiilmna  arn  Himnn,  Au'lruw,  au<l  I'iMit.  TIimm-  tlirre  wi*  lm,| 
in  priHnn  ami  >hnul.l  have  killetl.  Tht  gooJ  Limlimrdunu.),* 
KUory  of?J«>w  llamiwhir«,  I.  15J 


weekly  meelmgn  to  r<'|MMl  Ibe  ^ermollM  of  the  precetl- 
ing  Sunday  ;  lo  detiale  the  dortrmes  ibry  bad  beard  ; 
lo  revive  ibe  irnpret'SKHis  ibat  hud  been  produced  by 
ttieir  Sabbatical  exerrises  ,  and  extend  llie  .'•acred  in- 
tluence  of  the  Sabbath  (iirougbuut  the  wiek.  Mrs. 
lliilclunsun,  the  wife  of  one  of  the  most  respectable  m* 
babilants  of  the  colony,  u  lady  uf  mafcubiie  opiril  and 
great  subtlety  und  vivacity  of  upprebensum,  submitted 
with  linpalieiii-e  tu  the  regulation  by  vvhich  women  at 
these  ineetinus  were  deliarred  frnin  the  privdege  ol 
juininj  in  the  debates  .  and  al  leot>th.  apprelieiHling 
that  hlie  was  autlinrif>«'d  to  exi'rcise  iier  <piablications 
hy  the  precepts  of  Scripture  wliu  h  enjons  thr  tldir  U'o- 
intn  lo  Itiirh  the  i^nuit^ti;  siie  estaliliKiied  separate 
meetings  of  the  chri^tkaMs  uf  her  uwn  sex,  when  her 
zeal  and  talent  ftoori  prticureil  her  a  numeroun  and  ad* 
miring  audience.  Tliese  women,  wlui  bad  partaken 
the  slruggles  aiut  perils  of  the  male  colomsLs,  liad  also 
caught  no  small  portion  of  the  various  hues  of  their 
spirit ;  and  as  many  of  tbt^m  bad  Ik  en  iiccus'tMued  lo 
a  life  more  replete  witii  external  elegance  and  variety 
of  interesl  and  employment  than  the  stale  of  Ihe  colony 
couhl  Hupply.  they  found  a  tl.^lless  craving  for  sunui- 
ihiiig  to  animatr  und  engage  their  tacullies,  and  judged 
iiuthing  litter  for  this  purpose  than  an  imituiKm  uf  those 
exerciaes  fur  the  pruiiiotiuti  ol  'he  great  common  cause 
vvbicb  seemed  lo  ininister  sucli  cumt'urt  and  suppurt- 
meiil  to  the  spirits  of  (I'c  men.  The  issue  of  (heir 
design  illus(rated  very  signally  some  of  the  bant  esli- 
tiiable  peculiurtlics  of  female  character,  and  amply  de- 
monstrated that  iti  delects  are  not  cured  but  lortilied 
by  Hiicb  irregular  congregaUon.  Mrs.  Ilutchmhon, 
ttici;  leader,  bad  by  her  t  ariiesl  zeal  uamcd  the  cordial 
esteem  of  Mr.  ('ulton,  vvho.-»e  charity  never  faded  lo 
recognise  m  eviry  human  being  llie  slightest  trace  of 
liiuse  graces  vvluch  he  cuntimially  looked  lor;  und  to- 
vvard.4  luni  slie  enlertiined  ami  professed  for  soiin;  lime 
a  very  high  veneration.  The  Iriendsliip  id'  Mr.  Vane 
und  some  others  had  a  les»  favorable  inlbieiit  e  on  Ik  r 
mind  i  and  the  adunratton  ihey  expressed  uf  the  depth 
and  vigor  of  her  rutiocinidion,  i<eems  lu  have  elevalt  d 
111  her  apprehensiuii  the  gilta  of  iidelhcl  above  llie 
f'rac-s  of  chiirracter.  Sliu  acquired  the  tule  of  VVic 
M'tnsiuht  whicli  thu  udimraiion  of  her  followers  hal 
eagerly  derived  from  an  unagrammalical  iranspo.-^iiion 
ol  liie  letters  uf  her  name;  and  gave  lo  her  female 
assemblii's  the  title  o\'  fiojtsti'iiii^.s  ;  a  ti  rin  ut  llial  time 
of  risppctable  iinporl,  but  wind)  ttii^  M'anihdou.H  repute 
ul  It'inale  convenliuiis  and  debates  has  since  cotisigntd 
Iti  ctuiteinpt  and  ridicule.  iJoing  uiniss  what  the 
Scriptures  plainly  forbade  her  lo  du  at  all,  she  con.*U- 
luled  iier.self  a  traclier  oi  ortliodoxy.  and  a  censor  of 
tiio  faiili  of  all  the  ministers  und  inhahitau'.s  uf  tiie 
colony,  tier  caiiuiis  ol  doctrine  were  retU'ived  bv  her 
a:>sociaies  as  the  unerring  slandard  of  trutli,  and  a  de- 
laniatory  pcrsinitioii  was  industriously  waged  against 
all  who  rejected  or  proh'ss.ed  themselves  unable  lo  un- 
derstand them.  A  scrntmy  was  inslituud  into  the 
cliaracters  of  all  ibe  clergy  and  lady  of  the  province; 
und  of  lliose  wito  refused  to  receive  ihe  doctrinal  tesli- 
leony  of  the  conclave,  few  found  it  easy  to  stautl  liic 
li*t  of  n  censorious  gaze,  (piickcned  by  female  pelu- 
lance  and  cuiilroversial  rancor.  Women,  m  ilher  lilted 
by  the  constitution  of  tlinr  nature,  nor  prepared  by  their 
eilucaUmi  and  liahits,  for  the  rougii  contests  and  colh- 
t*ions  ul  tlie  world,  demoii.sirate,  in  ijencral,  greii  per- 
tinacity, severity,  and  in, patience,  wlum  thev  assume 
the  dueclion  ot  allair.s,  oi,  arrogate  a  jurisdiction  :ivrr 
tliOhO  who  conduct  lliem.  Losing  die  gentle  graces  of 
liieir  own  sei  wlien  tiu-y  alep  heyotid  (he  sphvre  uf  its 
duties,  without  acpiiring  the  liardy  virtues  ut  liie  other 
S'X,  wliose  provinco  ihey  invade,  t'leyHliow  themstivis 
keenly  susceptible  and  utH  rly  unlorlM-arin;,',  swifl  to 
speak  and  slow  lu  bear.  Iieadlung  iii  eoiuhut,  p-onipt 
tu  accuse,  in'uleraiit  of  <ontradiction,  acrimonious  .; 
reproacli.  In  liu'so  femalo  assemblies,  ibcre  was 
trained  and  cvnciscd  a  keen  pugnacious  spirit  and  uii- 
hridled  licen>e  of  tongue,  ol  wluch  the  actings  were 
"piickly  felt  m  llic  serious  disturliance,  first  of  domes- 
lie  Imppiness.  and  then  of  llie  public  peace.  The  ma- 
(roiiB  uf  Ib.^tun  were  transformed  into  a  synod  of 
tiitUrs  un,l  (msij  IhhIiis,  \\\m%v  bold  decrees  and  slan- 
derous (iLliberalums  sent  tlieir  inlluence  m'j  (lie  inner- 
most recesses  of  society  :  and  the  spirits  of  men  being 
tn  tliat  comtuistible  sMte  which  the  app'iculion  of  a 
very  feehle  llasli  will  kmdle  into  a  foriuidahle  coiitla- 
gration,  the  whole  colony  was  s  it  on  lire  by  the  ineuii- 
imeiire  of  female  spleen  and  veriiosiiy.  A  bne  of  do- 
ni;u'calion  was  drawn  bet, vet  n  those  wliom  Mrs. 
Ilnlciim.siui  esteemed  the  sound,  und  those  whom  she 
demimma'od  the  unsound  ;  and  all  who  were  mcludeti 
in  ibia  Utter  descripiioit  heard  ihi-iusvlvcs  couUiiually 


s(igm:iti/.(d  as  a  geiieralion  of  iinchriNiion  \iper»,  o| 
lu'tpless  bondhlaves  lu  a  covenant  oi  worKs. 

The  tenets  which  this  facliun,  and  a  few  nimisloni 
wbu  mutid  with  d,  udu^ded  und  mcidcated,  were  dt*- 
nunnced  hy  iheir  adversaries  as  consliiuting  the  henay 
uf  antinomiamsin  — a  charge  which,  when  preferred  by 
the  world  ul  large,  indicates  no  more  than  the  reproach 
which  the  gospel,  from  its  first  promulgaliu.  bus  been 
fated  to  sustain,  and  when  advanced  by  chrisiiuiit 
against  lueinbt  rs  uf  their  uwti  budy,  generally  implies 
nothing  else  than  the  deductions  which  they  draw  from 
certam  views  of  doctrine,  bid  wlucb  the  holders  uf 
these  views  utterly  reject  and  ibsaltow.  Nothing  can 
bo  more  perlectly  iiniinomian  than  Ihe  sysleni  oi  l!io 
gos|»pl  ;  nor  any  thing  mote  powerfully  operative  than 
the  inlluence  which  it  is  htteil  lo  exert.  Mrs.  Iluteli- 
inson  and  her  adherenis  coideiided  more  earnestly  b>r 
llu!  freeduin,  tiian  lor  ihe  coiislraimni;  inlluence  uf 
(livme  grace;  und  with  the  eagerness  and  impetuosity 
of  female  feeling,  were  not  slow  lo  brand  wdh  terms  of 
heretical  and  cunlemptuutis  designatioi.,  every  in' r.hl- 
laiit  of  the  colony,  und  particularly  every  muiister, 
wlio.-ie  views  did  not  coincide  wdh  their  own.  'I'bo 
duclrincs  wlueh  they  );iive  forth,  and  the  censures 
whicli  they  propagated,  were  received  with  eipial  eagcr- 
ne^s  by  a  considerable  parly  ;  und  cipially  provoking 
tiie  displeasure  of  others,  excited  the  most  violent  dis- 
siUHions  ihrougliout  tlio  whole  colony.  Mr.  (.'ottoii 
endeavored  lo  reconcile  or  moderate  Ihe  heals  that 
uruse,  by  represt  idirig  tu  llie  parlies  hat  their  sirifu 
was  prejudical  to  thai  vvhich  be  (irmly  Im  heved  lo  be 
the  great  objecl  of  both,  the  exalting  and  honuring  uf 
divine  grace  ;  Ihr  unr  (said  be)  gfiktiifi  hi  tiJcame  the 
^'inn-  nj  <ivd  ic'thin  us  in  tlir.  tcurk  of  MUiutiJualwn,  th$ 
otkir  mrknii,'  lu  tulntiue  the  f^iuic  of  HihI  wUhunt  ».¥, 
\n  the  imrk  of  jUAfiflmtuni.  Hut  the  strd'e  was  nut  to 
lie  slopped  ;  and  bis  endeavors  to  ariesl  it  attracted 
upon  himself  the  fulmination  uf  a  censure  uf  tintoiouA 
and  purblind  incapacity  Irum  the  assembly  uf  the  wu- 
men  ;  and,  as  even  this  could  not  induce  him  to  lake  ft 
strong  part  against  ihein,  he  incurred  a  leinporury 
abalemenl  of  his  popularity  wilii  the  bulk  of  the  inliubl- 
taiits.  He  could  not  consent  to  roiulemn  Ihe  loriii  uf 
r^ouiid  words  by  which  some  uf  the  teinds  of  the  secta* 
ries  were  peculiarly  dislii.guuthed  ;  but  hu  viewed  vvilti 
grief  and  amazement  llie  lit  no  and  contemptuous 
spirit  with  vvhich  llt:^y  were  mamlained,  and  the  vvilti 
and  dangiTUUs  errors  wilii  which  lliey  very  scon  canitt 
to  he  asMicialed.  The  controversy  raged  with  a  >li>- 
leiice  very  unlt'.vorable  to  the  discernment  ond  rece|>- 
t;ou  of  truth.  Mrs.  llutcliinsoii  and  her  adheretiis, 
iiotii  male  und  female,  persuaded  (and  justly  su,  I  think, 
un  ftume  puints)  of  the  tiipenor  clearness,  truth,  uiid 
simplicity  of  Iheir  system  uf  doclnnes,  furgut  tu  cuii- 
sider  bow  fjr  tiie  opposition  wluch  d  encuuidered  might 
be  traced  to  ihe  oli.scunty  and  imperfeciiuii  wiili  wbicii 
tiiey  themselves  received  and  enforced  it — a  considera- 
tion which  no  human  being  is  enlitbd  to  disregard, 
and  which  is  emtncMlly  tilled  lo  render  superior  aituiii- 
ments  inure  ntiiiahle  and  tHicaciuus,  by  rendering  tlieiii 
more  |iroductive  of  candor  ami  humility.  Tiie  prmci- 
ples  they  di.scarded  from  the.r  creed  laid  hold  upon 
tlieir  5-pirit  ;  und  while  they  contended  fur  liie  sove- 
reignty uf  divine  grace  in  communicating  truth,  lln^y 
attacked  the  sentiments  of  '.heir  udver.ianes  with  an 
acrimony  und  invective  that  might  have  been  lbuni<ht 
to  impiv  lliat  truth  was  easily  and  exclusively  attainabto 
by  tlie  mere  wil!  and  cTub  avur  of  nu  n.  The  most  en- 
ligidened  und  consistent  cliri>iian  will  ever  be  lliu  most 
readv  lo  aeknuv^lellge  that  he  knnii\t  nnlhiuij  ijrt  aa  he 
<in<iht  to  Kitinr,  and  may  have  mure  caii>i  than  he  can 
vet  di.-'cuver,  to  blush  lor  (he  delecliveness  of  a  tesli- 
nioiiv,  which,  exhibited  wiih  more  cieiirness  and  siin- 
phcity.  might  have  touiid  greater  acceptance  with  iiiiiu- 
kiiid.  llut  no  such  cousidt  ralions  sugi;e«ted  ihem- 
selve.'i  lo  iniligaU:  tiie  vehemence,  or  Hollen  tiie  aspe- 
rilv,  of  these  busy,  btild,  and  presumptuous  spuds  ;  nor 
did  d  ever  occur  lu  ihein  that  tin;  trntlis  tlu  y  lidd  Uirilt 
would  he  liaiile  (u  be  evil  spoken  ul,  from  itssociati<<u 
with  the  deadly  puiaun  uf  liiaL  world  id'  inepntv,  an  un- 
tamed, bceldioua  tongue.  It  is  Hsserled  llinl  tiu-  lieat 
uf  their  tempers  gradually  conmiunicaled  iisilf  tu  liio 
underrtlaiidings  of  Mis.  llniclmiKon  and  her  (larty,  ami 
that  in  adddton  to  their  orminal  lends,  tiiat  labeveu 
are  personally  united  with  tlie  spirit  of  Uod.  (hal  com- 
mands tu  wurk  out  salvation  witli  fear  and  Iremblm^f 
lu-loiiguidy  lu  ihuse  who  are  under  a  covenant  uf  works, 
and  (bat  liatietificution  la  not  tlie  proper  evidence  of 
christian  conddinn,  they  received  tliat  unh.tiipy  error  uf 
the  Quakers,  tliat  the  spirit  of  (lod  coniinunicales  with 
tiie  inmds  of  believers  imtejiendentlv  of  tlie  wrdlen 
word  i    and,  in  cQiisisteiicy  wdh  ihu,  recuivi:d  many 


,.A^ 


\ 


i 


248 


rnvrUliuiiH  of  future  ovuiitu  uiniuiiiirnd  to  tliriii  l)V  Mm. 
Hiitrhinitoii  an  p']iiiill)r  inf«lli)>to  with  thn  pruphirifn  of 
Ni-nptiin*.  Dill  the  nrroiiiiln  ilial  .irr  trin^riiittnl  lo  im 
nf  sui'h  (hfoto^inil  iliiiM'ii»ioiirt  ua*  itlwuyn  uliHnirid  Ity 
(t)fl  rliMii)  nf  niiitcni)toriiry  imxHiun,  |iri>jti(liri\  and 
orror  :  liaRty  ptrumoriii  of  )MN»iuii<ito  ioul  art*  iiiml>ikrn 
fur  tlflihiTAie  tentinicnlt ;  arid  tliu  i^xci'xtos  uf  the  /.eu- 
luts  uf  a  party  held  up  hh  thr  alaiidard  by  wliicli  the 
whole  liudy  may  fairly  tw  irii'd* 

ISuiiie  iiiiiiislera  <ldo|)tlll^  Mrn.  l|iitchtni4>irB0pii)ioii«, 
hf^tn  to  enforce  therii  Irorii  ihu  pulpil  with  <*uch  vuho- 
inent  invrclivfi  aKiiiiiM  all  hy  wliuiu  llicy  wt-rt*  njrcl- 
1(1.  i«  at  lri)t;th  hroii^ht  tho  diMHrrKt.ct.a  lo  a  rrtAii ; 
and  Mr  V'ant'  Xwxw'X  coiimdcrrd  ihi'  ciinrcdcrnU'  and 
protector  of  Mm.  lliiirtiitiMnn.  hiH  (-oiiiiiiu.Hict'  iiiotlicu. 
or  distiiiAituI  from  it  ut  the  tipprunchinu  iiiiiiuiil  t'liTtioii, 
wan  the  lir»l  ti*.sl  liy  whu-h  tint  pinirn  wcm  li>  try  wiiti 
wht'  h  of  thtMi)  rcAidcd  the  puwi-rof  iiiipoMing  HikMiro  on 
the  other.  So  niurh  hud  lu-uri  donu  to  i;ull  and  irnlalv 
the  ffi'hntjo  of  the  pcnpli',  and  to  xiniiulatu  ihoiu  to 
mutual  dittliko  and  miNpicion,  tliiil  \W.  ulinuMt  cirortn  of 
thnAoticruiul  huninnu  could  hurcly  prrvi'iit  llu>  day  of 
cluction  from  boii.^  diN^rarcd  liy  a  ijiMicral  not.  All 
the  oxcrtiona  of  Vunc'n  parttzaus  fjiird  to  ulitain  Inn 
ro-appointineot ;  and,  by  a  ^rcat  iiMjoriiv  of  vutua,  the 
govcriHiifnt  was  confi-trrd  on  Mr.  Wmthrop.  Vunn 
■tdl  ramaiiK'd  in  the  colony,  prolcitfin^  his  wdlmgncAA 
to  Hrrvf  tht<  ran  no  of  (iud  in  thu  meanest  c:ipiicily  i 
and  the  followers  of  Mr'<.  llutchiuiton,  regjidin^  Iuh 
deprivation  of  oUke  as  a  din^erous  liUnv  to  theintielvctt, 
ceased  not  to  labor  for  hiM  rnnxlateinent  widi  as  much 
warmth  hh  they  had  exerud  m  the  prupagatioit  of  their 
tenets  The  ^overnnienl  was  loudly  drcUimud  auaimtt, 
and  Mr  Wmthrop  oprrdy  slighted  and  alfronud.  Al 
length  it  wasdetrnuined  by  the  prevailing  party,  to  cut 
np  this  source  of  contention  by  the  roots;  and  a  fu- 
neral synod  of  the  churches  ai  the  colony  hivui^  licun 
aasRinlrlcd,  the  now  opimoriH  were  coiuleuiued  as  erro 
neous  and  heretical.  As  this  proceeding;  seemed  only 
to  provoke  thnr  profesbors  lo  assert  them  witb  ^reuur 
vehemence  than  ever,  the  liader*  of  the  p.irty  were 
Mumiuoned  before  the  general  court.  Mr'*.  UulchinMm 
rebuked  her  jnd;,'es  lor  their  wuked  perNeetiiion  of 
truth,  compared  hiTM'lf  to  Ibo  prophet  iXiuiel  when 
cast  mto  the  den  of  lions,  and  proceedeu  to  complete 
the  comparison  by  vei.turiri^  to  e.xercise  what  she  be- 
lieved to  he  the  fiift  uf  prophecv,  and  prediciinjr  that 
hrr  exile  would  be  afteiided  with  the  rum  of  her  adver- 
saries and  all  their  |H>sterity.t  To  this  puninhment. 
nevertheless,  she  was  cundeinm^d,  together  wiib  her 
brother  Wheelwright,  who  was  a  preacher,  and  had 
been  the  };rcat  pulp.t  chaiupiim  of  her  doctrines  ;  and 
uome  ol  the  mferior  meinbers  \ii  the  I'aetion,  partly  on 
Recount  of  the  violeire  with  which  they  sull  numtamed 
their  lheolni<iral  tenets,  and  partly  for  tliu  Mtdilious  in* 
Bolencft  with  wlurh  they  Ifid  treated  the  new  governor, 
were  fined  and  disfranchiRed.  In  conseipit'iiee  nf  these 
proceed -igs,  Vaiic  nmtted  the  colony  and  returned  lo 
kn^daiid.  "  leaving  a  caveat,''  says  Mather,  "  that  all 
good  men  are  not  (it  for  government." 

From  the  unpleasing  contemp^itions  of  these  re- 
ligious dissensions,  we  now  turn  lo  the  more  a^^ree- 
able  survey  of  some  of  the  cou»e<pie,icesof  which  their 
issue  was  productive.     A  considerable  number  uf  per- 

*  Thai  tri  a  rrnniii  rxif  111,  however,  ibi.s  erriT  )iji<l  (-n>[ii  in 
amoiitf  them,  ^cfin^  uiiiliiii)t.tily  mitiiilrni ;  nml  it  If  rciiijirknhlf 
thai  ihe  iietion  h  htrh  uiiiu-U  lliern  M'lih  the  rniitliuin>nta|  ti-iirl 
«<rilii!  (liiakrr'*  .-IkiiiIiI  have  isHUi-d  from  u  Mnticty  whiih,  wiih 
Tanlicr  io->i'inlilaiire  (>>  th<>(i,i]iikt!r;i,  mtniiuril  itif  aiit)..s'-ri|4ti' 
rat  irrPuMilarity  <>riemalt>  tfiichim;.  ('Hpiaiii  UiHlerhill.  oMf  ui 
Mr.H.  Ilmt  limsoii'fi  |itlltiwi*rs,  carrii'ii  mis  »•  rrnr  to  a  iiiiiiii«tniiiFi 
l<'iii;ih,  .iiitl  i-iiiiiliincil  wiih  it  the  crn-tiiesi  iiuiiuirahiy  ol'  cmi- 
duii.  He  pave  ifreai  ofTL'i.co  Ijy  publicly  maiiituiiiint;  thai  hi* 
huil  recpivtMl  a  s|HTii)t  cuininuiiicatiDii  ofhi.-teverlufiiiiiif  purely 
while  he  was  Hfiioking  u)it|N).  He  was  hanisheil  ulonir  with 
hi'i  patmnoss;  und,  a  tew  yuars  alter,  rnurueil  in  Iloritoti, 
whern  he  inatlB  a  piililir  rnnrfsMiiinnf  hyp(«Tiny,  ailuUory,  hmI 
delusion.  Dvlkiiap's  HIhI.  nf  Nnw  llainiishirc,  vol.  i.  rap.  ii. 
Aiioihrr  nf  Mrs.  UuirhiiHun's  fit||<iwers  was  v  woniaii  nainott 
M^iry  UyiT,  who  reiire.l  tn  Rh<i.le  Island,  where  she  suhie- 
(pieiitly  bt>canicu(liu\ker.  Wiiithrup's  Histury  (S^vaafi'MeJi. 
IKil.V  1.  5fli. 

t  \\*x  presiimpilnu  was  very  nijimlly  pmiLiliftd.  The  riihi 
■he  preilirlei)  as  Ihe  rntiNei|uem'e  (•('  her  exile  Tell  on  herst-lf 
and  her  family.  She  weiil  m  Khmlo  Islaml^biU  not  likini;ihat 
•iiuatinn,  rernoveil  in  mie  of  i)i«  Dutch  seulernenia,  where  she 
and  all  her  laiinly  wero  nnirdered  by  ihe  buljans.  Wo  may 
hops  that  the  error-*,  hy  wliich  she  durkeiie*!  and  discredited 
Ihe  iruih,  were  ofraniimed  hy  a  head  uver-heated  with  coiiiru* 
verty,  and  rendered  iriihty  by  an  undue  cl  viitiiMi.  Belore  she 
quitted  .Mu»sarhusi'ils,  she  signed  a  recantation  of  soma  nt  thr 
•ri»nenii:4  luFiiii-i  »ht>  had  pro|>«Minded  ;  but  maintained  in  ihe 
f:ii\*orilie  ilrureHi  evidence  to  the  contrary,  thai  she  had  never 
eniunaiited  ihem.  Thi-*  was  conHdereil  u  (iroof  id'  dis.-<imula- 
llon.  Perhaps  it  mtght  miher  have  warruiiied  thu  inferenre 
that  ihe  visionary  and  violent  spirit  whi>-li  hati  laid  hold  rd'  her 
had  departed  or  Kiibsided,  'ind  ih.tt  shs  iiu  lon^'er  knew  or  un- 
derMtfKid  the  opiruoos  whirh  ihroiiifh  iia  medium  had  furnierly 
{itMemeJ  themselves  to  her  iinaghiailoa 


THR   HisroKV    OP 


sons,  highly  dissatisfied  with  the  proceedings  of  the 
synod  snd  the  general  rmrrt  of  Massacbuseit.<t,  volunia- 
rilv  birsiMtk  the  eobtny  ;  some  xii  ihenti  proceeded  to 
join  KoLti-r  WilliJins  and  bis  friemls  at  I'rovideuce  ; 
and,  being  soon  after  abandoned  liy  Mrs  lIuicbiiiNon, 
ibey  lell  under  the  ^uidanco  of  that  melioraled  spinl 
which  Williams  had  now  begun  lo  dis|i|ay.  Hy  a  trans- 
action with  the  hidians.  these  asaociated  exiles  nblamed 
a  right  to  a  fertile  island  in  Naraganset  Hay,  which  ac- 
ijuired  the  name  of  Khodu  IsUnd.*  William*  remained 
aimmg  ibeui  upwards  of  forty  years,  respected  as  the 
father  and  director  of  the  colony  which  he  had  plinted, 
and  nf  which  hn  was  several  times  elected  governor 
In  the  year  IIMU.  he  made  a  journey  lo  Kngland,  and, 
tiy  the  interest  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  tibtaiiied  and  brought 
back  to  thei'i  a  parliaineutarv  charter,  bv  which  Provi- 
dence ivitd  Khotle  Islanil  remained  united  till  the  Itestu- 
ration.  Others  of  the  exiles,  under  the  guida*)C|.'  of 
Wheelwright,  belook  themselves  to  the  norlheast  parts 
of  .New  Kngtand  ;  and,  being  joined  by  associates  who 
were  allured  by  the  prusnects  of  rich  bsberies  and  an 
adfanlageiius  beaver  traife,  thev  iTri<dually  formed  and 
jH'opled  ihii  provinces  of  New  Hampshiru  and  Maine 
riieso  province.-*  had  been  respec'ivrly  purchased  hv 
Mason  and  (ior^es  front  the  council  of  I'lyinouth,  and 
many  melleclual  aitempls  were  made  hy  these  iwo  ad- 
venturers to  cotonme  their  acipiisitions  with  advantage 
lo  llieinselves.  Mason  ami  (iorgcs  were  actuated  by 
ifery  dillerent  views  from  those  which  prevailed  in  ge- 
neral among  the  eotonisls  Qi  New  KiigUiid ;  they 
wished  to  become  thtt  proprietaries  or  hereditary  chiefs 
of  vast  manors  and  seigniories,  and  to  establish  m  Ame- 
rica the  msutulious  which  the  emigrants  to  America 
were  generally  seeking  lo  escape  from.  They  found  it 
totally  impracticable  to  obium  a  revenue  from  the  set* 
tiers  m  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  or  to  establish 
a.'.iong  tbetn  a  form  of  government  suited  to  iheir  own 
»'"•»•"  *!'!.int;  iieiitt.r.1,  composed  partly  of  adventurers 
from  Kngland,  and  partly  of  ;;xiles  and  vohinlary  emi- 
grants Iroin  Mass.icliuseil;4,  framed  fur  theinsetves  sc- 
pur.te  goveriirneuts,  under  which  ibey  cmilinued  to 
■iitiMst.  till,  wearii  d  wuh  uiletnal  disputes  and  divisions, 
they  petitioned  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  to 
be  taken  under  Us  prut(:ctioii,  and  were  again  associated 
with  tlu^  colony  from  which  lliey  h<id  departed. 

A  schisnt,  similar  to  that  which  Mrs.  liuichinsun  had 
created,  was  fomcnied  at  I'lymoutb  by  one  .Samuel 
(iorlon  ;  hut  his  career  m  this  place  was  cut  short  hv 
a  conviction  lor  swindling.  'Uteiicc  bo  went  to  Rhode 
Island,  where  he  created  sueh  disturbaiico,  that  even  in 
tins  commumty,  where  unlimited  luleratiuii  was  pro- 
fessed, bo  was  ftcutenced  to  btt  (logged  and  banished. 
I'roeeedmi;  lo  I'rovideiue,  he  had  iicaily  involved  the 
people  of  this  stdilement  m  a  war  with  Ihe  Indians; 
till,  at  lengtii,  on  the  entreaty  of  Hoger  Wilbums,  the 
government  of  Massachusetls  sunt  a  party  to  apprehend 
him,  and,  after  imprisoning  bun  and  some  of  bis  udtie- 
reiils  in  the  workhouse,  obliged  them  to  depart  the 
country. f   [L038J 

The  los-Hcs,  which  the  population  of  Maisachusnctts 
sustained  by  the  various  emigrations  which  we  have 
witnessed,  were  supplied,  in  the  following  year,  by  the 
arrival  of  a  licet  of  twenty  ships,  with  three  ihmiKuud 
Ncttlers  from  Kngland.  The  Hanic  year  wiliMs.>ed  the 
e.ttabtisbmeni  of  an  instituiion  calculated  to  improve 
the  moral  corulition  of  the  peuitle.  Tnis  was  Harvard 
('ollege,  at  (<ambridge,  m  .MaasacliMsselts,  the  lirsl 
seimnary  uf  learning  erected  m  North  America.  So 
hi^idy  prized  were  the  advantagci  of  knowledge  and 
the  inllueiice  oi  education  hy  lliese  gt-neruus  eolouists, 
that,  as  early  as  the  close  of  i1h<  year  lt>30,  and  while 
yet  struggling  with  the  first  dilliculties  und  distretit^es 
of  their  arrival,  the  general  court  ul  Huston  bad  appro- 
pruiied  four  hundred  pounds  to  the  erection  of  a 
seminary  of  learning.  'I'he  hei|i'(;st  of  a  colonial  mi- 
ui.^tcr,  who  dcMred  bis  whole  fortune  to  be  upphed  to 
the  same  design,  enabled  them  now  to  enrich  their 
country  with  on  estabbshment  whose  operation  has 
proved  as  betieticial  to  their  pustenlv,  as  its  institution, 
at  so  early  a  period  of  their  history,  is  honorable  lo 
themselves,  t 


•  The  priiM  paid  to  ihf  Indians  was  flrty  fathoms  of  while 
iKaus.  Ion  coaiH,  and  tuui.  ;-  i*hocs.    ChalnierH,  il71. 

t  (iur^Krt  America  painied  to  the  Life,  Pan  ii.  Cap.  'J4. 
Neil  I.  17a.  ISO  Oorion  went  to  Kngland,  ami,  dnriny  the 
civil  wars,  invnlvtMl  thu  oUiuy  in  no  sniall  truubl«  hy  hn 
coinplainis  nfthe  pursecution  he  bad  undergone. 

\  Mather,  B.  iv.  cap.  i.  Neal,  i.  Ml,  fcr,  Hmchinsnnl.  HU. 
For  smno  nine  the  college  lahoreil  iimler  the  deleit  of  a  library 
Tho  efloriH  id  the  manaiiers  lo  jiaMnnulnie  one,  were  nidrd  Ity 
cunsidershle  donaiionsid'hookH  made  t»  ibom  by  that  f-rea: 
ami  pt>uis  errlosiaijiic  Archbishop  Lsher,  Ihe  celebrated  non- 
coalorniist  mmi^^mr  Hirhard  Baxter,  and  that  dJsiiiii,Mii:*hsd 
warrior  and  philuaupher  ilir  Ksnetin  Dijby.    It  jiaii  inicrost* 


Tho  population  of  New  Kngland  was  now  lo  he  lef^ 
toilrpcnd  on  its  own  resoiircps  ;  and  the  irnpnUo  wh.rh 
had  been  coimnmurated  lo  il  bv  the  siream  of  emi 
gratiuii  from  the  panuit  slate  was  lo  cesse  I'or  some 
lime  past,  the  policy  of  lbi<  Kuulish  go^eriimenl  l.i- 
wards  the  colony  bad  been  singularly  irrekolule  and 
unsteady  .  many  deimmslralioits  had  ht-eii  made  ol 
jealous  dislike  and  tyrannical  design  ,  but,  never  beinv 
earned  inio  exeeulion,  ihey  bail  served  merely  to  kei|- 
thu  colonislfl  uniied  by  a  sense  of  common  daiiLicr,  and 
to  endear  the  institutions  of    liberty  by  (be  de.tiriicliou 

wilh    which    they    were    inelleetiially    na'-ed.       Tlitj 

king  appears   to  have    doubted   pnilv  early   the    cmi- 

gemabty  of  Ins  fir^t  prmeedings  tov\urds  i! nnoraiiu 

with  the  general  policy  of  bis  admmiHiratioit  .  (lie  ex* 
perience  ol  every  year  had  conhrmed  Ins  doubts,  uiitf 
lie  bad  wavered  m  irrennlnte  perplexity  betwri'u  bis 
original  wish  lo  evacume  Kngland  ul  ibe  puniaiH,  an  I 
Ills  apprehension  of  the  dangerous  and  luereasiug  in- 
ItueiKe  which  their  trimnphaiit  establishment  in  Ame 
rica  was  visibly  e.verting.  The  success  of  liia  |H)hitc 
devices  bad  ap|H'ared  at  first  lo  answer  all  his  exjK'C- 
tations,  and  lie  seemed  likely  lo  prevail  over  the  puri- 
tans by  thu  dcmuustraiion  of  a  hollow  goiHlwilt  o. 
Irmly  suspended  rm  the  condition  of  their  abandonm^ 
the  realm.  A  considerahlu  porlioii  uf  the  embers  ut 
iiuntan  and  puiriolic  feeling  liad  been  removed  from 
r^ngldiid.  and  (leemiugly  east  away  m  deserts,  whffe 
as  yrt  no  colony  bad  been  able  lo  survive.  Hut  they 
bail  neither  languished  nor  pen.^ht  d  ;  and,  on  tlin  con< 
trury,  had  kindled  m  America  a  conllagration  so  power- 
ful and  extensive  that  all  Kngland  was  warm*>d  and 
enlightened  by  the  blaze.  The  jealous  attention  of 
Kami  was  soon  awakrned  to  the  disastrous  issue  of 
this  braneli  of  the  roy:il  jwlicy,  and  while  be  meditated 
tho  means  by  which  its  etUcts  might  be  counteracted, 
he  maintained  spies  in  New  Kngland,  whose  inlel- 
ligeiice  confirmed  bi.i  misgivings,  and  who  courted  Iih 
favor  by  trailucing  '.ho  obiecls  uf  Ins  dislike  The  de 
tci-tton  o{  this  correspondence  served  to  animate  the 
resenlmeiit  and  enlorce  the  cauticn  and  the  union  of 
the  colonists.  So  early  as  ibu  year  HiMU,  Ibe  Kiiuh^b 
government,  yielding  lu  lis  lirsl  atann,  made  a  hasty 
and  ill-considered  atlriupl  to  repair  Us  error  by  issuing 
a  proclamation  reprobating  the  designs  that  prompted 
emigration  lo  New  Kngland.  and  ordering  all  ships 
that  were  about  to  proceed  thither  wilb  passengers  to 
be  detained.  It  wasipnckly  leli  that  ibis  measure  was 
premalure,  and  that  it  could  serve  no  other  end  tliaii  lo 
irritate  the  impatience  uf  the  puritans  lo  obtain  eilhet 
at  home  or  abroad  the  lusiiiiitions  which  iluy  hud 
made  preparaMon  lo  realize  and  enjoy.  Not  ordy  was 
the  proclamation  sulfered  to  remain  mienfor«  eil,  but 
even,  at  a  later  period,  t^harb'S  leverled  so  far  to  bts 
original  policy  as  lo  promote,  by  his  own  niter, )osiiion« 
the  expatriation  ot  young  Vane,  of  whose  political 
and  religious  senliiuents  I.e  was  perb-ctty  aware. 
Alter  an  interval  of  hesuulion.  measures  more  de- 
liberate were  adopted  for  subverling  the  cohmial  liber- 
ties. In  the  year  l(U5,  a  coininissioii  was  granted  to 
the  great  ollicers  of  stale  and  some  of  ihe  nobibly  fot 
the  rigntalion  and  gjvirnme.rit  of  the  phtntaituns, 
Hy  ibis  coiuinusion  ihu  aiclibishop  uf  ''anlerbury 
(Kaiid.)  and  a  bw  others,  were  aulhorized  to  make 
laws  and  coiislttulion  for  the  colony;  to  istubbshaii 
order  of  clt  rgy,  and  assign  them  a  main'rnance  ;  and 
to  punish  capitally,  or  mberwiHe,  all  who  ^hnnld  vio- 
late their  ordinaiu-es.  'I'be  gi'in-ral  boily  ol  tl>e  <oin- 
iinssioi.ers  were  directed  lo  examine  all  exinlmg  co- 
lonial patents  and  churiers,  and  if  (hi  if  fintiul  thnl  uny 
hail  i'.iit  undulif  uf»tiiuuil,  or  t/mt  tht-  iifnrtits  ihiy 
rniifiiinl  urn-  hiti/Jul  tothr  fri-nii:ntifr  nnjuf,  to  ntitMe 
tkrm  lo  fir  n  rokrd  unit  q>iashtii.*  The  Kni»lisli  gnu* 
count  il  of  riyiiiouth  wereiaMly  perr«uatlcd  lo  give  iho 
lirst  example  ol  submission  to  this  arbitrary  auihttritv  ; 
aiul,  accordingly,  the  same  year  they  surrendered  their 
useless  patent  lo  the  king,  under  reservation  of  their 
claims  as  individuals  lo  tho  property  of  the  sod. 
These  reserved  chums  gave  occasion  al  an  after  period 
lo  much  dispute,  perplexity,  and  inconvenience.  Th» 
only  proceetiing,  however,  which  inmudiately  ensued 
against  the  New  Kngland  colonists,  wa*  the  insmrtiun 
of  a  proces!<  of  i^no  tcarranto  against  their  charter  in 
the    Court  of  King's  Hcnch,  of  which   no  intimation 

In?  fact,  and  v/hich  si-emx  to  sirengmen  and  dignify  the  rela- 
liunship  hot  wean  Ihe  two  countries,  thai  many  <d'the  must  IIIuh. 
trioMs  inon  that  Kn^lund  has  ever  proddi'eil.'coniribuiuj  to  hiy 
the  liimidation  uf  (ivklir.ei)  snrieiy  it.  America.  The  enumera- 
tion ofihe  iKUeniees  in  the  Vireinian  <  hiriers.  im-Uidcs  alrnost 
every  ilNiintJuished  individual  in  Kniflaml  at  tin-  tune. 

•  This  sir'tn^ly  cnrroltoraiosihe  opinion  I  Imve  exprrssednf 
tho  real  mcnnmi,',  lUidersianding,  indinieniion  of  thu  klni}  and 
Ihe  puriinn  nniftranu  U  the  lime  when  the  Nsw  tngUed  chu 
tar  was  framed  aud  grauted 


NO  II  Til    AMI.  III<;a 


iit(laii(l  was  now  to  hi*  Ifft 
'«  ,  nml  (lir  iii)|miNo  wIi.."!) 
It   hv  Ihr   Mir<Min    nt   iiiii- 

wii>i  III  vvAM-       I'lir  iionif* 

I'inylinli    ({uwri ut    lo- 

niniiiiliirlv  irrt>Kutulr  uml 
Hiim   lull    lit'cri   iiiiHtn    ol 

i)('iti|tri ,  lull,  iM'vrr  Ipciiitf 
nil)  Hrr\r(l  itirrrly  to  k<'t*|< 
It)  (tf  coinriiDi)  (Uri^or,  uiiii 

lilirrty  I'V  Uir  (li-.-inirlioii 
Uctiiully  incriH'ril.  Tlio 
rd  pri  tiv  r.utv  iIm*  cuti- 
(il»ft  lowunis  tlir  nniL'i.tnU 

!«    U(llllllilntr.l||()ll  :    lltf  <)(• 

'OiilirriirtI  tun  tlutitiiK,  untl 
II  prrplcxily  hc'lvvrrri  hit 
LflaiMl  u\  ihi'  )HirituiM,  Hi  I 
iToiiH  aiul  iiu'rruiiiii||(  in- 
It  rHiAlilmlinicnt  in  Amu- 
'lio  AiK'ien*  ol'  his  |M)hHC 
:  to  aiisMur  all  hisi-x|H>(!< 
y  tu  [irrvuil  over  thft  piiri- 
tt  tt  linlluw  );o<>4lwill  o.- 
liliori  lit  thrir  u'liiiuloiiin^ 
iHirlum  of  till'  i>riilirrs  ol 
liii'l  hrrti  niitoved  (roin 
L  away  m  duinTtfl,  whffn 
litti  lo  Hiirvivr.  Utit  Ihey 
r-ri.<<hr(l  ;  mitl,  on  tlin  con- 
Acuiillu^rjtion  ro  po\%er- 
ngland  waa   wurtii*'d  and 

rtit)    Jt'uluOB    DltCMlllOM     of 

I   tim  diK;iKtrutiii   wfur  of 

y.  and  while  he  nirditatrtl 

lit  inii^ht  III'  ruuTiHTactpd, 

<t    Kri<;land,    whonr  nitel- 

ri^s,  mid   ulici  rourii'd  liii 

H  III  hiH  iliHlikc      'I'lic  dn 

•V  Kcrvtd  to  unnnulr  (h« 

OiintiL'Ti  iind  the  nnioti  of 

in  >rur  HIMJ,  iht*  Kn^liiU 

tirsi  dltirni,  niiidii  a  h:iKty 

rtpuir  Us  trror  hy  iNmnnu 

he  <h'M<;ii!4  ihal  prurnptt'd 

I.   inid  ordiTing  all  Hhipn 

iiihtr  with  piiHsen^rrH  to 

tdt  ihut  this  inni:iiire  was 

irvf  no  other  nul  than  to 

piinlaim  lu  ohtain  ctlhrr 

itiitUMiH    wliii'h    r|)i-y  hud 

|id  eiitoy.      Noi  only  was 

n  niJMi  nni-iilor*  I'd,  hut 

a   tfvcrtt-d   so  f.tr  lu  his 

>y  Inn  own  Miter, loMium, 

anr,   ol    whose   political 

wa»  perlritty    awarr. 

Hi,    Mieasiirri*    more  de« 

(Tiin;;  lite  colonial  lilier- 

iiiiu.sHUMi  was  iir.uilcd  to 

huine  o(    the  noluhly  tot 

'tit    i>f    the   plantaiiun!!. 

hhtslioi*    of  ''anlerhiiry 

Tc   aiiihorizi'd   to    niako 

rulimy  ;    to   t  nIuIiIisIi  an 

III  :i  iii;iin(<'iiuiire  ;   and 

',  iitl  ^\lio   tihiiiild    MO- 

tral  liody  ot   ilio  roin- 

arniiie   all    t'Xintin<r  ,0. 

'/   tfinf  fnuml  fhiit  H/iif 

that   ihi'  hhrrtuit  ihn/ 

roiiahvf  rut/Ill,  lo  tnuxe 

'Die  Ki.^'lisli  jrnii' 

>'  pi  rsii-idid  to  cive  iho 

ii!«  iirliiirary  aiithorilv  ; 

thi  y  surrendered  ihetr 

■r  reitervution  of  lluir 

properly  of  ihe    anil. 

isioii  at  an  alter  period 

niconvenienco.     Th» 

h  iiinmdiatelv  ensued 

ts.  wa«  the  nistitciion 

igunist  their  charter  in 

which   no  intiinution 

en  ami  •llgnify  the  r«la. 
|:U  iiiiiny  iit'llK'  ini>.it  illuK- 

I.  r(niinl)iihfj  (.>  lay 

nira.     Tlie  uhuiiitira- 
J  h  irn-r.f.  im-litilfx  ahnust 

Iiiioii  I  linvc  PXprcKhoilnf 
liiid^iitiuii  of  tilt)  kifii;  and 
■ittttilSsw  li^tigUi'ilchw 


WW  riuul*  to  the  partios  mterested,  and  which  waa 
n<*var  pro«eciitrd  to  a  judicial  i«Kiie  *  |i  h  vain  to 
apeculate  on  all  the  varying  inudves  and  purposes  that 
from  tuna  lu  iniie  diruried  and  varied  the  |mliry  of 
the  kint(  lie  was  formed  to  \\*\n  and  oppress  po- 
litical freeduin  and  thu  rtt{hts  of  conscience  ;  hut  fated 
lo  do  thorn  signal  aorvicti  hy  his  unavailing  and  ill-di- 
rectti!  hostility.  In  tho  year  I6U7  he  granted  a  coin- 
niiPMion  lo  Nir  Frrdinando  (Jor^ea,  appmnlin^  liiin 
governor-general  of  New  Kiiglind  mid  msued  a  pro- 
clanialion  pruhihitnig  all  persons  from  transporting 
themselves,  ur  others,  (o  tlial  country  without  a  special 
warrant  from  the  knl^.  which,  it  wtiH  added,  would  he 
f;raiiied  lo  none  who  cuiild  not  prndiicf*  credilile  certi- 
licalc!*  of  llieir  having  taken  iIih  oaths  of  snproinacy 
and  alletfuiice.  and  fully  confurnieil  to  the  disrtpline  ol 
the  church  of  Kn^laiid  lliil  the  critical  state  of 
all'jirs  at  home  prevented  Ihe  adoption  of  measures  re- 
fpiiHitc  to^ive  etliel  to  (iortjes'  conimiM'^inn  ;  and  the 
irresi^ttil'Ie  mipaiirnoe  of  the  oppressed  puritans  and 
Irtendituf  liherty  lo  eacape  from  nnpeiidm^  ruin,  or  ip- 
prnachiM^  civil  war,  rendcrid  (he  rt'sirtclions  impo.^cd 
on  llii'ir  eini;>ratioii  utterly  unavailing  We  have  seen 
lihit,  in  Ihu  year  KKIH,  a  nnmuroii!*  iraii<«portaiiiHi  of 
aildiliontl  eimijrant.t  was  ellecled.  Hut.  in  (he  coumr 
ot  that  year,  (lie  kin^  ut  leiiijth  wis  niiiNcd  lo  u 
vii.'iir  mIocIi  now  ulune  was  wantni(f  to  nulnrr  and  uc- 
celerale  his  ruin  ;  uiid,  alter  this  luiii;  coiir*«e  a',  htiiii 
denii^,  waverllt^,  and  tailiire,  he  mlopled  a  measure 
which,  unlortunately  for  himiclf,  w.ii  ellcctiml.  Uear- 
iiti*  thai  anoiher  lleet  was  ahout  to  nail  for  New  Mn^jhiiiil 
wilti  u  luidy  of  emigrants,  amon<{  whnin  were  Minit^  ut 
till!  nioKl  eminent  leailers  ol  the  patriots  and  puritans, 
lie  cauM-d  uit  order  ot  council  to  be  1 -■sued  tor  their 
detention  ;  and  the  ordi  r  hemn  promptly  inlorccd,  tlit^ 
voya^H  wus  prevented,  thi  hiiaal  lliis  licet  there  ap- 
pear (o  have  licen,  aniiiii^  uitmr  eiriiuriil  nidi\tdiial-4, 
Itatlcri;^',  llampitt'ii,  I'viu,  and  Oliver  t'roniuellf — 
men  lo  whom,  hut  a  tew  yearn  ulter,  he  wa^  fain  to 
tender  the  highest  olliees  in  he.  realm,  and  v^hom  Ins 
injustice  nu.v  duaintdtu  avenge  the  tyranny  hy  which 
ao  inany  ot  their  lirelliren  had  heen  driven  t:  Aay  \  a- 
rious  prochunatioiis  w<-re  irtsni'd  the  same  year  in  re- 
Btrdiiilof  einit;ratiun  to  New  Kii)^land.  v^htch,  Irom  thot 
tune,  accordingly,  apj.eart  lo  liavu  hufri  discontinued,  i 
'J'iiiH  proeccilin^  naturally  mil  tnnd  the  pnble:  nniid  lo 
the  liiuhi'Hi  pitcli  of  iliM'Ohtent.  Kven  the  liospnahiy 
ul  rude  deserts,  it  was  eiclaimed,  was  denied  to  the 
oppressed  inhahitunts  ot  I'Ji^laiid  ;  and  men  were  eon- 
Biranied  lo  m<pnrt!  if  the  eviU  winch  could  not  he 
cvatli'd  mi^ht  not  he  repelled,  am!  Kuicerelreiit  was  :ni- 
pracdeahje,  it  re.-iistanci!  n>  h(  not  he  uiniviidin<;.  Ilv 
|iriimiitni^  emi;rnUion  at  IiimI,  (lie  kiii^  had  opt  iied  >t 
vein  which  it  was  em.nenily  llazarlhlu^  to  cIohi:  ;  and 
the  increased  seventy  of  Ins  adiinm.ilraiion  du^menled 
the  lluw  of  evil  humours  ul  the  very  time  whin  he  lluis 
inipriiilentlv  deprived  them  of  their  accustomed  vent 
'i'he  pievioiiK  •'uii'frjlioii  liuil  alreiidv  draimd  the  pun- 
tun  lioily  ot  a  ^real  numher  of  ihose  ol  lis  meiuhers 
whose  niiMer  tempers  and  more  Mdiiniar>ive  pietv  ren- 
dered litem  more  willing  than  ttuii  hreihren  lo  derhne 


•  CluiliniTs  asHtTin  thill  jtidndicui  was  ynww  ueainxt  ilir 
cidotiy  :  tna  ilic  n-nr-T  apiMMfn  Iroiti  itie  aiiili"riiM-»  10  wtiitli 
he  reli'ni,  iiiiil  shll  iii.ii-riiMrly  rmiit  tltc  rii  cuilot  lliu  proctrJ- 
lit(!d  prcnvrvf.l  III  Ha/anl,  p.  I.'.'i. 

t'l'lial  II«iii|n1i*ii  uiiil  (  riuiirtrll  wiTiMHi  Imuril  tlii-*  tlt-ri,  or 

tliiil   tlii'V   i-w-ii    iiii-iiiii-tl   (II    jiroc I    In   AliK-ru'tt,    lias    hii-ii 

i|,<iil>i.tl.  Iii:t  I  liiiiik  WMli'Xil  any  rcnttiMi.  11iiiim>  Ii.is  rattier 
CMhlllllii'l  (ll.lii  Iciiinvr.l  l||<-  il'ni|>(  |iy  |)if  luatil.i-r  Ml  VVliii'll  tl0 

hat  rt'li'iifili.i  II  p,isMii{t'hi  |liitclMii>'in,  I  tic  uiMuJiii,' '  r  wtiirti 
tie  ti.ii  itiiN'iiily  iitisuiiilfiMiHHi.  Uui  l>r.  >lu(li*ji',  wtio  pre- 
ci'ilctl  Utit'liuirdiii,  ttxpi'  •>sly  iiuiii(>:i  all  tliir  iti>]ivitliuils  nn-ii- 
Iniit'il  ill  ilie  text  as  tiaviitu  prepared  tor  their  v«yai;r,  ami 
Itit'ii  arri-sii-d  t>y  die  onlor  nl  coiincH.  inilniiknii  n-cKux  tlie 
firaia  >>1  lanil  ill  America  \u  lii^nr  <i|'  ILiitipilcii  uiid  nituT!*, 
vvliM'li  ill*.'  viiiit!ninis  wt-ri!  pnu'i'i^iliitg  i<t  mcupy.  .Mallier'n 
tl>a<  iiienl  iHCoiilinitfil  liy  Neul,  ('liirentlon,  Hates,  uinl  Due- 
dale  'i'Vr  siroiii*  iniiiil  nl' trMiiiwell  ap|M<ars  luiif;  lo  have  n  ■ 
laiia'd  die  liiu!!  jl  hail  once  received  ttiWards  eiiiismnon,  ami 
\)\K  rivoralilc  npiiiiui)  ul'  the  senlcrs  ul'  New  th^luhd  rroin 
v^'liicli  tliai  bias  lia-t  Ih-hii  jmrtly  deriveil.  AI'lur  llio  Ht-iii)>ii. 
Ktraiice  wan  viaud  in  itic  Long  rurhaini'iii,  he  told  Kurd  Ktilk- 
I.iitd  ihiil  iT  lilt*  iiuedlioii  tmiT  heci)  loaf  hi)  wa  1  prepareil  iieil 
d;iy  lu  luvu  converted  lili*  eltecls  into  ready  liKiney  and  tell 
tliu  kiiigdoiM.  When  III!  was  luvuMed  will)  Hie  Protectorate 
lie  ireaietl  Massncluuiits  wiih  ■.;>tnii;iiiHliL'd  pHrualiiy.  Hume 
tunsidercd  liiintelf  ax  luvf>lli::r  a  nio:ii  Harcaslic  relluctiun 
Agaiiisi  JIuiii|Mlcn  and  (.'romwe)!,  wticii  he  dobcnbed  tliunt  an 
wtllniK  lu  cross  tlie  Atlantic  o-.ean  tortlie  s^ikeot  sayunt  tlieir 
prayers.  Sornu  writers,  who  partake  the  pobncal,  but  not 
Itie  rehtiiouh,  sentniiciiti  or  tlieau  einirent  per-'ions,  have  been 
very  wiiluiK  tu  delend  them  fiom  so  scandalous  an  uiiputanou, 

t  Mnllie.-,  U.  i.  c&p.  y  Nt'sl,  I.  Il-H,  IIU.  )AI.  Iliitrlunsnii, 
I.  32.  la.Hf..  und  Append.  No,  iv.  (.M.iuxon.  :.4a.  .-vn.l  in  IVef. 
p.  13.  <liahners,  I5S,  \5U,  ino.  101.  Haz;ird.  IJI,  ■IJ'i.  4^3, 
Ac.  43.1,  431.  Tlin  Aiiiericaii  lunlonaiis  ul  tins  pt;rind  ure  t-v- 
cctMniiKly  careless,  niid  inoDt  perpluxne;!^  dKcotdaiit  iii  ilie-r 
notation  of  dates,  as  I  have  rre<4Uf)nilv  cxpi>neiiced,  ttioiit'b 
fiaver  wiih  so  nmeh  nirdiiveiiieiice  as  in  tlio  am  ii  *Dmuiit  uf 
the  HveiKa  rulatml  ui  this  parafrai>yt 


i  conlrat  with  him  :  the  present  nulricthHia  fiMTihly 
retained  in  the  realm  men  of  nioru  ilanni;  N|iirit  and 
trained  in  lon|{  habits  of  enmity  lo  bis  peison  and  op* 
position  ii*  his  meaniina.*  He  had  now  at  length  anc- 
ceeded  ni  stripping  his  sutnecta  of  every  nroteedon 
that  the  law  conhl  eilend  lo  (heir  rights  .  ami  waa  dts- 
tmed  soon  to  expenene«  how  completely  he  had  di- 
vested them  of  every  restraint  tttat  the  law  conhl  imiHiNu 
%i\i  the  vindictive  relnhntion  of  their  wrnn^s.  troni 
this  (leriod  till  the  as^emhlm^  of  the  \m\^  jmrliainent. 
he  pursued  a  abort  and  headlong  career  of  dis^/race 
and  diMitsler,  while  the  cloud  t>f  caUnmties  111  wUteh 
he  hid  iiifolved  him:*elf  seemed  to  vod  his  eyrs  Irom 
the  deslritction  (o  which  he  was  inlalhhiy  advancing. 

In  piirsuunri' of  (he  policy  wIik  >  the  kint;  at  l(>ni>(h 
seemetl  delerinini.d  openly  and  vi^'orously  to  piirsne, 
a  reipiisiiion  was  transnntied  hy  ilie  privy  coum  tl  to 
the  governor  und  uenernl  eui  rt  of  Massachusetts,  emn- 
inandin^  them  lo  deliver  up  their  patent  and  send  i( 
hack  hy  (he  hrsi  Nhip  (hat  niiould  sail  for  Kii^laiid,  that 
il  miifht  abide  (he  i^siie  of  the  jmieess  of  yuo  iranunlo 
that  was  dependint;  uoaiiist  the  eidony.  'to  ihis  reijiii- 
Miiitni  (he  i^enemt  ccMirt  returned  tnr  answer,  a  huinhle 
and  earnest  p4'tition  that  the  coloin-.ts  nn;;ht  be  heard 
before  (hey  were  roruleinned  I'hey  dielareil  that 
they  had  transjiorted  ilieir  families  to  Anu'rica,  and  em- 
bulked  their  birluiie^  in  the  colony,  in  reliance  ihi  Ins 
niaje.4tv's  lieeiiei>  ami  encouraoniient  ;  lltal  ihev  hid 
never  vvilhriijlv  or  knowingly  (di'ended  him,  and  now 
limubly  ileprec.ited  Ins  wrath,  and  solicited  lo  he  heard 
with  their  pHleiil  in  iheir  hands  If  it  wen;  wrested 
from  them,  they  must  either  return  to  Kn^lund  or  neek 
(ill*  hospitality  of  more  distant  reijioiis.  Hut  they 
prayed  that  they  nii^ht  "  lie  HiiHefed  lo  live  in  the  wil- 
derness," where  they  had  us  yet  louml  a  restm^-plice, 
and  niiirht  experience  in  tin  ir  exile  some  of  that  luvor 
fi<nn  (be  ruler  of  their  milive  land  vvliich  they  ha<l 
largely  experienced  fnnn  (he  herd  ami  Jmlye  ol  all  the 
e.irlh.  'I'll' y  retained  pos.iession  of  (heir  palenl  while 
they  willed  an  answer  to  this  petition,  which,  m  the 
sliajie  when-m  they  looked  for  it,  they  were  happily  (le'«- 
(ined  lu'ver  to  receive.  'I'he  insurrections  which  soon 
ulter  broke  out  in  Seoilanil,  directed  the  whole  ultention 
of  the  km^  to  matters  which  more  nearly  concerned  hini , 
and  tiie  lonir  ^'.illirint;  Atorm  vxhub  v\us  now  visibly 
preparmo  tu  hurst  upon  bun  Intrn  every  corner  of  bis  do- 
imnitms,  forcibly  induced  hiin  to  contract  as  far  us  pos- 
silde  the  sphere  of  ho>lility  in  which  he  found  inni.self 
involved  t  Tht^  hcnelil  of  his  altered  views  was  ex- 
perienced by  (he  Vir^'imans,  [Hi:JU.]  in  the  ahohlion  of 
the  deNpolism  lo  whit  h  he  had  lulherto  subjected  ihein. 
and  bv  the  iiihabitunls  of  New  Mnoland,  in  (lie  cesva- 
tioii  ot  Ills  attempts  in  supersede  by  a  similar  despo- 
tism the  liber.il  nistitulions  winch  they  had  hitherto 
enjoyed.  He  vvouhl  donhtlecs  now  hjve  cordially  con- 
sented lo  disencuniber  himself  of  bis  adversarns  bv 
promoting  Ihe  emigration  which  he  had  no  luipnidently 
obstructed  :  hut  such  a  revolution  of  sentunent  had 
now  taken  place  in  Knoland,  and  such  iiileresting 
prospects  be;;an  to  open  lo  the  natriots  and  puritiins 
at  home,  that  ttie  motives  which  iiad  formerly  induced 
them  (0  nu{;rate  to  the  new  world  ceased  any  longer  lo 
prevail. 

I(i40.]  When  the  intorcourso  which  had  for  twenty 
years  subsisted  helween  the  colony  and  the  parent  stale 
underwent  tins  inndilicalion.  the  number  of  the  iiiha- 
liilaiits  of  New  Kn^dand  appears  lo  have  uiuonna-d  to 
ahout  twcnty-ono  thousand  persons. t  or  four  ihotisund 


*  The  coiiiineiict  ineiil  id  resistance  ni  Si  utiaiid  or.t{inali>d 
wdti  Hoine  liidividuaK-d  ilmt  country  wlio  had  purcliu.-«eii  aii 
nllotiiicut  el  tprnlorv  in  New  Knglund,  und  made  preparaliun 
to  t[u,n!'port  Iheni.ieUes  tlilttier,  but  were  pruveided  (it  docs 
not  uppeur  liow  )  iroin  carrymx  thetr  desijtn  into  exucutton. 
Tliey  bad  obtained  tiuiii  Diu  ctil>)ius)  UHsenddy  an  aisuruuce 
ol  liiu  Iree  ejf icwe  ot  iheir  presiiyt^.tnm  lonn  ol  cimrcb  go- 
veriinient.     Maltier,  II.  1.  cap.  S.  nee.  7. 

t  Ilutclnnsoii.i.  tt7.  and  AppiMidix,  No.  v.  ('hfthnrrs,p.  Ifia. 
Tins  >cMir  (103nj  was  di!<ini((iustied  by  nii  earthiuaku  in  New 
Knul.iiid,  Hliich  exieiulud  tliri>ui;ti  ull  Ihe  Meitleiniuits,  and 
slioiik  ttie  sliips  in  Hoaion  harlK)r  nndlhu  neiijldtorinir  islands. 
TliL'  sound  id  It  reinmded  some  of  ttie  colonists  of  ttie  raltlintt 
ol  cuacties  in  the  streets  ul  Itundoii.  Wnilhrop's  Jouin&l, 
IM.     Trumlmll,  1.  U3. 

Tli!«  work  liad  been  for  s'uno  time  in  tliu  press,  vvtu'n  an 
o|i)M)rininty  wasairordcd  inu  thy  tliu  kindness  u|  my  friend  Mr. 
ncrslinl)  ufexninnunsa  recent  Atnurican  publicatiun entitled 
"  Tlie  Hi.-tory  uf  New  Entiland  from  Ifl3(l  lo  IM«, '  l»y  (Jover- 
iior  Winthrop,  id  wbu  h  a  copy  had  tH.-en  sent  as  a  present  tu 
tlip  Uoyal  Sim  leiv  of  London.  It  IK  a  repubiication  of  Wui- 
tbrop's  Journal  (wbicti  I  tiad  aire  itlv  ronsulled  at  t>oitiin;eiO, 
Willi  tliu  lately  diKcovered  conlinuittlon  of  U  till  ItVlil.  Mr 
Sivav'e,  the  edilor.  linH  bcitowcil  iiiiicli  labor  aixt  ioariiini; 
till  (lie  illiistrutl-iii  (d  nwork  vvtucli  I  Itiiiik  liardly  deserved 
su'-li  cnre. 

JJotoTlyn's  Vi-y.Ti'e  n.  Nf^^■  K.i  vtnnd,  p  ■a.fi.  Iltjiduhpon, 
S.  Neat's  prrc.r,  in  reei.puntu.'  il  e  i  tuid'er  <  (  ttie  ppiiIits 
M  only  4000,  tecinn  tn  hnve  luen  rrcasioiipu  liy  the  nrimake 
or  tDiceurary  of  Dr   Uuiher  in  lucntloi.Uit;  iliot  number  ul 


340 

I  families,  indiidini;  attuut  a  hundred  minialera.  'Vht 
I  money  tinit  had  U- en  expended  during  that  period  m 
1  vpiippiii^  vevsvis  and  Iranspuriin^  emi^rauls,  amounted 
lo  ticaHy  two  hundred  thousand  |>uondN— a  priHJigiou* 
sum  III  thai  ii^e,  and  which  notlimtf  hut  the  nohl«  •mi 
nncnuipierubte  principle  (bat  amniuled  the  ptintana 
could  have  persuaded  men  lo  expend  un  (he  pros|>«rl 
of  forming  an  eslablinhmeiit  tn  a  remote  uncultivated 
desert,  winch  oirered  to  its  inhabilunla  only  a  naked 
I  freedom  and  dillicult  subsistence.  When  the  civil  wura 
'commenced,  the  colonists  bad  already  pUnled  Alty 
towns  and  villa^ea  ;  ibey  had  erected  upwards  of  thirty 
churches  ami  minitlers'  bonset  ,  und  eombmin^  wiiti 
their  preponderalmK  regard  to  tbe  lonct  rim  of  reliitioii, 
a  diligent  and  judicmns  conduct  uf  tluir  lein|Hiral  al- 
fairs,  ihey  had  nnproveil  their  pluntaliotiN  tti  a  bi^h  de* 
l^ree  of  cultivation.  Kor  the  nrst  seven  vears  alter  Ihn 
Inundation  of  (In;  seltlenient  that  was  made  in  111,10, 
even  subsistence  was  prnciired  with  ddhciilly,  and 
tiuile  WU-*  iKil  ijeinTilly  utlempted;*  but  soon  alter 
that  period,  they  be^an  to  exti ml  their  lisbeiy  and  t'j 
opi  M  a  trade  in  Inn  ^er,  wliich  hiibseipiently  provcil  iho 
staple  article  of  ilie  tiilmiial  commerce  In  llif  year 
Hi:)7  there  wen'  but  (lnrt\  pluui^bs  tu  the  whole  •  oluny 
ol  .Massat  hiiseds  ;  ami  Ics  ibaii  (he  lliird  o*  tiial  innn* 
bi'r  in  I 'oimeeiienl.  The  culture  ol  the  eurth  vvua 
generally  pertoruo  il  wi'.h  hoes,  and  was  coii'<e<piiiitly 
vtry  slow  and  latHirioiis  liviry  cuiiiinuilily  bme  a 
hi^h  price.  Valuable  us  money  w.is  ul  (lia(  pi  nod  tho 
prue  if  a  };ooil  cow  was  (liirtv  pounds,  Indian  curn 
cost  live  shillings  u  bushel  ;  lal'or  and  every  olber  aili- 
cle  of  use  was  propoitioiiahty  dear.  NectH«*itv  at  lukt 
ihlriiduced  whal  (lie  jurisprudence  of  ilio  cohmisth  af- 
'crwards  conhrmed;  uiid  iliMiing  to  perpetuate  iho 
habits  that  liud  proved  so  conducive  to  pietv  uml  virtue, 
(hey  endeavored  by  h'trislative  i'liaelments  to  exclude 
luxury  and  jimmote  industry.  When  the  asse.'iihhng 
ot  (he  bnio  parliament  opened  a  pro.spcct  ol  satetVt 
and  even  ol  triumph  and  supremacy  lo  ibe  piinlans  in 
Ku^lund,  a  number  of  (hose  who  h:ul  laken  rctn^u  111 
Amerna  retmiied  to  (heir  native  country  .  hullhe^reat 
majority  ol  the  seltlers  had  expenenci  d  so  much  of 
the  liti^  and  lia|ipinesM  of  religion  in  the  societiea  thai 
had  sprung  up  and  the  iimde  of  living  that  had  been 
h>rmed  tn  the  enhmy,  liiat  they  lelt  (bi  m.->elves  united 
lo  New  Iji^rluiid  by  Ntron^er  ties  than  any  that  pjtri- 
otic  recollectmns  could  suppiv,  and  restilved  (u  remain 
III  the  re;^ioii  which  their  virtue  iiad  converted  Irom  u 
wildernesH  into  a  garden.  In  an  infant  colony,  whei;n 
all  hearts  wi  re  strongly  muted  by  coimnnmly  of  leel- 
111^  on  fcuhjects  the  most  inlereAlino  and  imporlaii;, 
where  the  inhnbitunts  were  m  )4enerul  very  nearly  on  a 
Uvel  in  point  of  temporal  condilion,  uml  where  tho 
cwntiexion.t  ot  neit|;iiburhoo<l  were  but  extended  family 
lies,  the  minds  of  men  were  wanned  and  invi^oraled 
by  u  lieedom  and  simplicity  ol  inulual  commumcalioa 
iinrspretsed  by  the  reMtranils  of  cereinnnv,  or  (he  with- 
eriiii;  mlluence  of  thut  pjunl  of  sarcasm,  und  that  dread 
of  ridicule,  which  operate  so  powerfully  in  crowded 
and  lii|,'hly  polished  bocieties.  ,\rid  yet  home  mdicu- 
tions  of  un  urisiocruticul  di.sposition,  urisiii^,  not  unn'\< 
tiirallv,  out  of  some  of  the  pecultur  circuinstunees  m 
the  lonnaiion  of  the  coluny.  did  oeeasioiiully  luanile.sl 
themselves  Several  ot  the  hr.st  planters,  parlrcujiiriy 
Dudley.  Winslow,  Winthrop,  lljaiUord,  Hellmi'hain, 
and  lirudslrei  (,  were  ^'ciidemen  of  eonsideruhle  for- 
tune, and  besides  the  transportation  ol  tlieir  own  fami- 
lies, ihey  had  incurred  the  cipeiist^  of  transpurlniy 
many  pot>r  families  who  must  ollurwise  have  remained 
in  Kn^laiid.  Others  were  members  of  the  original 
body  of  patentees,  and  hud  inc  irred  expenses  in  tho 
procurement  of  the  charter,  the  lormutnm  (d  the  coin* 
puny,  uiid  the  eipiipment  of  the  lirsl  bndy  o(  adventu- 
rers, of  which  lliey  bad  now  no  prospect  of  obtuinmy 
iiidemmlicalton  11  wus  probubly  owin)T  to  the  preva- 
lence of  the  pfcuhar  sentiments  which  these  percons 
may  very  well  he  supposed  lo  have  enleriaincd,  that  in 
the  first  general  court  thut  was  held  m  the  colony,  the 
election  of  ihe  governor,  the  ajipomtmenl  of  all  ihu 
other  olDeers,  and  even  the  power  of  legislation,  weio 


planters  or  tieuds  of  fnindius  in  hiicli  tpriiis  an   seem  tn  coin 

Kreheiid  the  uholelHHlyof  the  inhalidunts.  It  i.-i  amply  refuted 
y  his  own  and  tl.o  other  accounts  uf  ttie  particulars  of  ttia 
sevuralemiu'rations.  In  the  "History  of  New  Knijittnd  fruni 
l((*i8  till  lfi5'J,"  t|>»b|ishud  in  London  111  IOM}lt  is  ^tuled  that 
prior  to  the  ypar  ItMSttierc  had  nailed  lor  New  Kii;;lund  IhM 
ntups  and*^l,>itKieitUKrants   p.  31. 

Jo'oelyii.  v^lio  visited  New  Knuland  mote  tlnin  mice,  was 
it>ir<i>led  '  V  tjiiarles  lite  imet  Willi  some  ot  lits  initricnl  vcr 
MUM-  <')  .Scripluie  lobe  suiimittfd  to  tttu  peruaal  and  coiiiiu»> 

lat <<i  Mr.  ri.tlun.     Josselvn,  p.  3(1- 

•  Yet  il)  the  \enr  Itl30  h  sbip  uf  I'JI  tons  wi.s  laiilt  al  Mir- 
blr  Ill-ad  bv  tiu-  people  of  Salem     Coliecliuns  ui  tliu  Uasiachu 

Nells'  iiitt.soc.  vi.aait. 


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THE   HISTORY   OP 


withdrawn  from  tlm  frotfiion,  aid  vested  in  the  council 
of  assibtanta  ;  and  alilioiigh  the  freemen  reclaimed  and 
renewed  their  rights  in  the  fullowing  year,  yet  the  exer- 
cise of  legiHUtion  was  confined  ahnoi^t  entirely  to  the 
council  of  ansistants.  till  the  introduction  of  the  rcorc- 
aentative  system  in  the  year  1634.  From  xWm  tunc 
the  council  and  the  freemen,  assembled  together, 
formed  one  general  court,  till  the  year  1G44,  when  it 
was  ordained  that  the  governor  and  as&istants  should 
•it  apart ;  and  thence  commenced  the  separate  ex- 
istonce  of  the  democratic  branch  of  the  legislature, 
or  house  of  representatives.  Elections  were  con- 
ducted by  ballott  in  vhich  the  balls  or  ticket:*  ten- 
dered by  the  electors  were  appointed  to  consist  of  In- 
dian beans. 

Some  notice  of  the  peculiarities  of  legislation  that 
already  prevailed  in  the  various  communities  of  New 
England,  seems  proper  to  itluNtrate  the  state  of  sociniy 
ana  manners  among  this  singular  people.  By  a  funda- 
mental law  of  Massachusetts  it  was  enacted,  '*  that  all 
strangers  professing  the  christian  religion,  who  slull 
flee  10  this  country  from  the  tyranny  of  their  persecu- 
tors, shall  be  succored  at  the  public  charge  till  some 
provision  can  bo  made  for  them.*'  Jesuits  and  popish 
priestit,  however,  were  subjected  to  banishment,  and 
in  case  of  their  return,  to  death.  This  persecuting 
law  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  quakcra  ;  and  all 
persons  were  forbidden,  under  the  severest  penallics,  to 
import  any  of  "  that  cursed  sect,"  or  of  their  writings, 
into  the  colony.  By  what  provocations  the  quakcis  of 
that  period  excited  these  severities,  we  shall  have  an 
opporiunily  of  considermg  hercatter.  'J'hese  persecu- 
ting edicts  had  no  place  in  Rhode.  Island,  where  none 
were  subjected  to  active  molestation  for  religious  opi- 
nions, and  all  were  admitted  to  the  full  righis  of  cili- 
lenship  except  Roman  (Catholics.  The  usual  punish- 
ments of  great  crimes  were  disfranchisement,  baiiiah- 
ment  and  servitude :  but  slavery  was  not  permitted  to 
be  inflicted  upon  any  except  captives  lawfully  taken  in 
the  wara  ;  and  these  were  to  he  treated  with  th<!  gen- 
tleness of  christian  manners,  and  to  be  entitled  to  all 
the  mitigations  of  their  lot  enjoined  by  the  law  of  Mo- 
ses. Disclaimi  ig  all  but  dcfeubive  war,  the  colonists 
considered  themselves  entitled  and  constrained  in  self- 
defence  to  deprive  their  assailants  of  a  liberty  which 
they  had  abused  and  rendered  inconsistent  with  the 
safety  of  their  neighbors.  The  practice,  however,  was 
highly  impolitic,  an-i  served  to  pave  the  way,  at  a  later 
period,  for  the  introduction  of  negro  slavery  into  New 
England. 

Adultery  was  punished  by  death  ;  and  fornication  by 
compelling  the  offending  parties  to  m. '  y  (an  absurd 
device,  which  served  to  degrade  the  institution  of  mar- 
riage'^, or  by  fme  and  imprisonment.  Burglary  or  rotv 
bery  was  punished,  for  the  first  offence  by  branding, 
for  the  second  with  superaddition  of  a  severe  flogging, 
and  for  the  third  with  deaih :  but  if  either  of  these 
crimes,  while  yet  not  inferring  a  capital  punishment, 
were  committed  on  Sunday,  an  ear  was  to  be  cut  off 
in  addition  to  the  other  inflictions.  We  must  beware 
of  supposing  that  these  penal  enactments  indicate  the 
existence,  much  less  the  frequency,  of  the  crimes  to 
which  they  refer.  In  those  communities  where  civili- 
sation has  been  a  gradual  attainment,  )}cnal  laws  de- 
note the  prevalence  of  the  crimes  they  condemn.  But 
in  the  colonial  establishments  of  a  civilized  people, 
many  of  the  laws  must  be  regarded  merely  as  the  ex- 
presnion  of  the  opinion  of  the  legislators,  and  by  no 
means  us  indioatnig  the  actual  condition  of  society. 
Blasphemy  and  idolatry  were  punishable  with  death ; 
and  though  it  was  acknowledged  in  the  preamble  tuone 
of  (he  laws,  "  that  no  human  power  is  lord  over  the 
faith  and  consciences  of  men,"  yet  heresy,  by  this  very 
law,  was  punished  with  banishment  from  the  province. 
Witchcraft,  and  perjury  directed  against  human  life, 
were  capitally  punished.  No  capital  charge  was  deemed 
capable  of  being  proved  by  evidence  less  weighty  than 
the  oaths  of  two  witnesses — a  regulation  that  deserves 
to  be  universally  cstabhshed,  as  well  on  account  of  itn 
own  intrinsic  soundness,  as  of  its  original  derivation 
from  the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  and  searcher  of  human 
hearts. 

All  gaming  was  prohibited;  cards  and  dice  were 
forbidden  to  bo  imported,  and  dancing  in  ordinaries 
was  proscribed.  By  a  law  enacted  in  1646,  kisding  a 
woman  in  the  street,  even  in  thn  way  of  civil  salute, 
was  punished  by  flogging.  This  law  was  executed 
about  a  cenfjry  afterwards,  on  the  captain  of  an  En- 
glish man  of  war,  fur  saluting  his  wife,  whom  ho  met, 
after  a  long  separation,  tn  the  streets  of  Boston.  Flog- 
ging WHS  not  cflnsulercd  an  infamous  punishment  by 
Uie  people  of  Mdaoachustctti  \  and  wen  s<)  lato  as  thu 


middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  there  were  instances 
of  persons  who  after  undergoing  this  punishment,  have 
associated  with  the  most  respectable  circles  of  society 
in  Boston.  The  economy  of  inns  was  regulated  with 
a  strictness  that  deserves  to  he  noted  as  explanatory 
of  a  circumstance  that  has  frequently  excited  the  sur- 
prise of  European  travellers  in  America.  The 
intemperance  and  immorality  which  these  places  are 
apt  to  promote,  was  punished  with  the  utmost  rigor  ; 
and  all  innkeepers  were  required,  under  the  severest 
penalties,  to  restrain  the  excesses  of  their  guests,  or  to 
acquaint  the  magislratca  with  their  perpetration.  For 
the  more  effectual  enforcement  of  this  law,  it  was 
judged  expedient  that  innkeepers  should  be  divested  of 
the  temptation  tlial  poverty  presents  to  its  infraction, 
and  enjoy  such  personal  consideration  as  would  facili- 
tate the  exercise  of  their  difricnlt  duty  ;  and,  accord- 
ingly, none  were  permitted  to  follow  this  calling  but 
persons  of  approved  character  and  competent  estate. 
One  of  the  consequences  of  this  policy  has  been,  that 
an  employment  very  little  respecitd  in  other  countries, 
has  ever  been  creditable  in  the  highest  degree  in  New 
England,  and  not  unfrcquently  pursued  by  men  who 
have  retired  from  the  most  honorable  stations  in  the 
civil  or  military  service  of  the  state. 

l^crsons  wearing  apparel  which  the  grand  jury  should 
account  unsuitable  to  their  estate,  were  to  be  admo- 
nished in  the  first  instance,  and  if  contumacious,  fined.* 
Idleness,  lying,  cwvaring,  and  drunkenness,  were  sub- 
jected to  various  penalties  and  marks  of  disgrace! 
Usury  was  forbidden  ;  and  the  prohibition  was  not  con- 
lined  to  the  interest  of  inoiie^,  but  extended  to  the 
hire  of  laboring  cattle  and  implements  of  husbandry. 
Persons  deserting  the  English  settlements,  and  living 
in  heathen  freedom  and  profanity,  were  punished  by 
fine  and  imprisonment.  A  male  cliild  above  sixteen 
years  of  ago,  :iccuscd  by  his  parents  of  rebellion  against 
ihcm  and  other  notorious  olfences;  was  (in  cnnfurmity 
with  the  Mosaic  code)  subjected  to  capital  punish- 
ment ;  and  any  person  courting  a  maid  without  the 
sanclion  of  her  parents,  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 
Vet  the  parental  authority  was  not  left  unregulated. 
All  parents  were  commanded  to  instruct  and  catectiise 
their  children  and  servants,  whom  the  select  men  or 
overseers  were  directed  to  remove  from  their  authority 
and  coniinit  to  fitter  hands,  if  they  were  found  deficient 
in  this  duty  \t  and  children  were  allowed  to  seek  r«- 
dress  from  the  magistrate  if  they  were  denied  con- 
venient marriage.  The  celebration  of  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  was  confined  to  (he  magistrate  or  such 
other  persons  as  ;ho  general  court  should  authorize, 
'i'hi-ir  law  of  tenured  wjs  exceedingly  simple  and  con- 
cise. The  charter  bad  conveyed  the  general  territory 
to  the  company  and  its  assign.!;  and  it  was  very  early 
enacted,  "  that  five  years'  quiet  possession  shall  bo 
deemed  a  suflicient  title."     Instead  of  enacting  or  in- 


«  Tilt:  ri-giil.iti'Mi  IK  apparel  was  considered  a  fit  subject  of 
public  police  in  England  as  late  as  the  reign  of  £liza')eth,  who 
by  a  pruclamation,  appointed  watches  of  grave  citizens  lo  bo 
stationed  at  ttie  gales  of  London  in  order  tu  tircutusrnbe  with 
(heir  scissors  all  llie  ruffs  of  passengers  tliat  exceeded  certain 
legal  diinenrtionp.  Stow.  Cliron.  SOU.  By  an  act  passed  in  tlie 
tinrteenlli  year  ofthesiime  sovereign's  ri'ign,  hats  were  con- 
sidered aa  a  luxury  ;  and  all  persons  under  a  certain  age  coni- 
tnaiideri  lo  wear  woollen  caps.  In  ilie  churcliwardens'  ac- 
counts of  the  parish  o""  Kulliam  is  this  item:  '  IC7b,  paid  for 
diNchar^e  of  tlie  parisli  for  wearing  liats,  contrary  to  tlie  sla- 
Iutf.5s.2d." 

t  That  these  laws  were  not  allowed  to  be  a  dond  letter, 
appears  fri>ni  tlie  foilowiiij,'  extracts  from  tlio  carhesl  record.-* 
nf  Die  colonial  court.  "John  Wedgcwood,  for  being  in  the 
company  of  drunkurdn.tobe  Hvt  in  tlie  storlta.  Caltianne,  the 
wil'«  of  Iticliaril  Cornish,  wa.s  found  su.«|iiciou«  of  incoiuinency, 
and  noMously  adnioinshcd  to.  take  heed.  Tlioinus  Petit,  for 
suspicion  of  slander,  jdlenes.s,  and  stublwrnness,  is  censured 
*i)  1>e  sevcrrly  wlnpped.  C^plani  Lovcl  adinonislied  to  take 
i.co;I  oi  iiL'iit  rarnaiif.  Josias  I'laislowe,  ff»r  slraling  four 
basiets  ofcom  from  the  Indian8,is  ordered  to  return  tlinn)  eiglit 
basketv.to  t)e  lined  live  pounds,  and  licrfUltL-r  to  Ite  called  by 
■lis  name  of  Josias,  and  not  Mr.,  as  formerly  ho  used  to  be.'' ' 
Hiiirhinson,  p.43ti.  Few  obtained  the  title  of  Mr.  In  the  co- 
lony ;  slill  fewer  that  of  Ksijuire,  Goodman  and  goodwifo 
were  the  couinion  appellations.  It  was  to  merit  and  ncrvicos 
rather  than  wealth,  that  the  distinctive  appellations  were 
Kivcn.  Il)id.  The  strictness  and  scrupulosity  of  manners 
affected  by  many  of  ilie  inlialjitants  exceeded  the  standard  of 
the  laws:  and  associations  appear  to  have  been  formed  for 
suppressing  the  drinking  of  hnaltliH.  and  wearing  of  ioni;  hair 
and  of  periwigs.  Ibid.  151.  In  some  instances,  the  purposes 
of  thpse  associations  were  aftorwanis  adopted  and  enforced 
liy  the  laws,  it  is  rela-.nd  of  sumo  of  the  earlier  settlors,  that 
with  a  most  absurd  exaggeration  of  rijiidity,  they  refrained 
from  brewing  on  Saturday,  becaaso  tiie  beer  would  work  upon 
Sunday.  I)ou(>las,  Summary  of  thu  Uritish  suttlomoiiti  in 
America,  i.  3T1. 

t  Such  n'gulfttinns  w^e  not  tinknown  in  Scotland.  So 
lato  as  the  year  IflTS,  a  law  was  enacted  l)y  the  corporation 
of  the  town  of  Rut  t<erglen,coniinandinga)l  parents  to  send  their 
children  to  school,  and  adjudging  that  the  Hclioolmnstcr  should 
l)P  fntlUcd  to  hilt  fees  for  pvery  child  in  the  parish,  v  hether 
sent  lo  Ins  schuoi  or  not.    Vrnu  History  of  Ilutliorglon,  p.  7U. 


tending  that  the  deficiencies  of  their  legislative  code 
should  be  supplied  by  the  common  or  statute  law  of 
England,  it  was  declared,  that  when  the  custoina  of 
the  commonwealth  were  found  defective,  recourse 
should  be  had  to  the  word  of  God.* 

Like  the  tribes  of  Israel,  the  colonists  of  New  Eng- 
land had  forsaken  their  native  land  after  a  long  and 
severe  bondage,  and  journeyed  into  the  wilderness  for 
the  sake  of  religion.  They  endeavored  to  cliersh  a 
resemblance  of  condition,  so  honorable  and  so  fraught 
with  incitements  to  piety,  by  ctdlivating  a  conformity 
between  their  lews  and  customs  and  those  which  had 
distinguished  the  people  of  God.  Hence  arose  some 
of  the  peculiarities  which  we  have  observed  in  their 
legislative  code  ;  and  hence  arose  also  the  practice  of 
commencing  their  sabbatical  observances  on  Saturday 
evening,  and  of  accounting  every  evening  the  com- 
mencement of  the  ensuing  day.  The  same  predilec- 
tion for  Jewish  customs  begot,  or  at  least  promoted, 
among  them  the  habit  of  bestowing  significant  names 
on  children,  of  whom  the  first  three  that  '.ere  baptised 
in  Boston  church  received  the  names  of  Joy,  Kecom- 
pense,  and  Pity.  This  custom  aeems  to  have  pre- 
vailed with  the  greatest  force  in  the  town  of  Dorchester, 
which  long  continued  to  he  remarkable  for  such  names 
as  Faith,  Hope,  Charily,  Deliverance,  Dependence, 
l*rcserved.  Content,  l*rudent.  Patience,  Tliankfui, 
Hate-evil,  Holdfast,  and  others  of  a  similar  character. 


CHAPTER   III. 

New  England  embraces  the  cause  of  the  rarllament— Kedera] 
Union  beiwcen  (lie  Kew  Eiij:land  States — rrovinciul  coin* 
age  id' money— Di8|)Ulet  'iccaaioiieil  liy  ilie  Uisfranchlaenionl 
o)  UisHoiiUTs  in  Mnssu  .insetia— linpeuchment  and  trial  of 
Governor  Winihrnj^— Arbitrary  imicecdimjs  airainsi  ihe 
Dissenterff— AUfinpis  to  lon^ert  ond  civilize  the  fiidians 
-  Character  and  labors  ul"  Elliot  and  Mayhew — Indian 
Bible  printed  in  MaHaachunettH— Kflects  of  the  MiwHiorary 
labor— A  synod  of  the  New  Knylantl  churches— Dispuic  be- 
tween MuHsachuseus  and  the  Long  Parlinmcnt- the  Colony 
foils  the  Parliament  and  is  favored  l)y  Cromwell— The  Pro. 
lector's  administration  beneficial  to  New  KnL'land— He  crm- 
quera  Acadia— Ilia  propositions  to  the  inhabUant-<  of  Mas* 
sachusciis— declinetl  by  them— Persecution  nfihe  Anabaptists 
in  .MasBuchnai-tts — Conduct  and  sufferings  of  the  t^uakers— 
The  Itci-toration— Address  of  Maasachuiietts  to  diaries  the 
Secoini— Alarm  of  the  colonics,  and  their  declaration  of 
Rights— The  kine's  Moanage  to  Massachuseits- how  far 
complied  wi-h- Royal  charter  of  incorporation  to  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence,  and  to  Connecticut  and  iNewhavcu 

The  coincidence  between  the  principles  of  the  colo- 
nists and  the  prevailing  jiarty  in  the  Long  Parliament, 
was  cemented  by  the  consciousness,  that  with  the  suc- 
cess of  this  body  was  identified  the  df.fence  of  the  colo- 
nial liberties  from  the  dangers  that  bad  so  recently 
menaced  them.  [1641.]  As  soon  as  the  colonists  were 
informed  of  the  convocation  of  that  famous  as.semblv, 
they  despatched  Hugh  Peters  and  two  olher  persons 
to  promote  the  colonial  interests  in  England.  'J'he 
mission  terminated  more  fortunately  for  the  colony 
than  for  its  unbaasadors.  Uy  a  vole  of  the  House  uf 
Coramonsf  in  ih-  following  year,  [1(512. J  thii  iiihahi- 
tants  of  all  the  varioui  plantntions  of  New  Kngl.uid 
were  exempted  from  payment  of  any  duties,  eiihtt 
upon  goods  exported  thither,  or  upon  those  whicii  tliey 
imported  into  the  mother  country,  "  until  the  House 
shall  take  further  order  therein  to  the  contrarv"  The 
colonists,  in  return,  cordially  embraced  the  t  ,.iim:  of 
their  benefactors  ;  and  when  the  civil  wars  hrokc  out 
in  England,  they  passed  an  ordinance  expressive  of 
their  approbation  of  the  measures  of  parhanunl,  and 
denouncing  capital  punishment  against  any  who  shunld 
disturb  Ihe  peace  of  the  communwealth  by  endeavoring 
to  raise  a  party  for  the  King  of  England,  or  by  dis- 
criminating between  the  king  and  the  parliament,  who 


*  Aliridgincnt  of  the  t>dinancos  of  New  England,  apud 
Ncal,  ii.  Append.  Lv.  p.  665,  &c.  Trumbull,  i.  l'j-1.  Jusselyn, 
MH.  Burnaby's  Travels  in  America,  146.  Chalmeri.,  107,  8. 
S70.  W;<ithrop's  UiHt.  (Savage's  edition),  i.  73.  Thu  prinntivo 
rigidity  discormblo  in  some  of  these  laws  was  tempered  Sy  a 
pauiarcKiil  benevolence  of  adimnistration.  .^any  instances 
of  this  occur  in  Mather's  Lives  of  the  Governors,  One  I  may 
bepormiiled  to  notice  as  a  tpeclmcn.  Governor  Winthrop 
being  urged  to  prosecute  and  punish  a  man  who  uiJfiged  his 
magazmu  of  firewood  in  winter,  declarnd  ho  would  soon  cure 
him  of  that  nil-practice;  and,  accordingly,  sondinK  for  the 
delmquent,  he  told  him,  "  i'nu  have  a  large  fiimny,  ami  1 
have  a  large  magazine  of  wood;  come  as  often  to  it  as  )ou 
pleasi>,and  take  as  much  of  it  as  y mi  need  to  maka  your 
dwel.iig  comfortable.— And  now,"  lie  added,  turning  to  tna 
friends,  "  1  def/  him  lo  steal  my  fire-wood  again." 

i  The  reasons  assigned  by  the  House  for  this  resolution,  are, 
thaithe  plantations  of  N«w  Kngland  are  likely  |o  comlticr  lo 
:iie  propagation  of  the  gospel,  a-i'  ulre:nly  '  have  by  ihe 
blessing  ol  (he  Atinighiy  had  good  and  proHpcrons  sncce^a 
without  any  nublic  charge  to  lUc  tituie."  Yei,  a  few  year* 
after,  Iho  parliain  vit  expresseil  a  different  opimoti  of  thu  obli 
gations  of  Virginia  toll. e  endownent  ori^e  mother  country 
ihoiigh,  in  this  res|>ecit  tb«  situutluu  a'  tlia  two  culouie*  wa« 
pr^'ciseijr  ths  aaue. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


251 


igislalive  code 
statute  law  of 
the  custoinanf 
live,  recourse 

i  of  New  Eng. 
ler  a  long  and 

wilderness  for 
d  to  clier'sh  a 

and  so  fraught 
g  a  conformity 
lose  which  liad 
ice  arose  some 
aervcd  in  their 
the  practice  of 
es  on  Saturday 
ning  the  corn- 
same  predilec- 
least  promoted, 
Tnilicant  names 
'.  '»ere  baptised 
f  Joy,  Kt'coui- 
s  to  have  pre- 

of  Dorcliestcr, 

fur  sucli  names 

Dependence, 

rico,    Thankful, 

lar  character. 


llnment— Federal 
-l*ro\'(iicittl  Cdin* 
Di-Hrraiicbibcmcnt 
nient  aiiil  tiia]  of 
iiii;s  a^iiinst  the 
ili/e  the  Indiana 
^Iityhew — liiiiian 
'f  the  MisHiiiiary 
hes — Ditipiiif  be- 
iiciit— the  Colony 
niwell— The  Pro- 
.ni;laiid--Ile  con* 
labitutit-t  of  Mas- 
ol'the  Anabaptists 
ul'the  (^.uakers — 
td  to  Churlca  the 
fir  tleclaratinii  of 
hiisetig— how  far 
loratiun  to  Rhode 
It  and  Newhavt-'u 

pics  of  the  colo- 
ong  }'arliament, 
lat  with  ihc  sue- 
;ncc  of  tliu  colo- 
had  80  recently 
e  colonists  were 
inous  assembly, 
>o  other  persons 
England.     'I'he 

for  the  colony 
of  the  Houite  of 
143. J  the  itiliabi- 
f  Mew  Ktio|iiii(i 
y  duties,  mtiti 
hose  which  lliey 
until  the  llouso 
'oiitrnry."  Tlie 
d   tl)(!  i.tii^c  of 

wars  hnikr  out 
:e  expressive  of 

pariiununt,  and 

any  wlio  should 
I  by  endeavoring 
'land,  or  by  dis- 
parliament,  who 

w  England,  uuud 
1,  i.r24.  JuAsflyn, 

Chalnier!.,  1R7,  8. 
73.  The  prniiuivo 
vas  teiDpered  '>y  a 
,  .^aiiy  iitataucos 
mors,  One  1  may 
overnor  Winthrop 
)  who  uUuged  hl« 
)  would  soon  cure 
y,  sondinir  for  thn 
itge  lainfly,  and  1 
often  to  il  as  >ou 
ed  to  tnake  yuur 
led,  turning  to  lita 
attain." 

hiurfsoliition,  aru, 
kely  Id  rotiditre  to 
dy  •  hive  Ijy  the 
trnHpcroii^  nurce.-4)i 

Yel,  a  lew  yeui* 
i[ittiioii  dl'  ihu  ulili 
a  nii)ih«r  coiititry 
I  ivio  culuiiica  WM 


truly  mamtained  the  cause  of  the  king  as  wcU  an  their 
own.  Happily  for  themselves,  they  were  unaMe  to 
BJgnalize  their  predilection  by  moie  active  interference 
in  the  contest ;  and,  with  a  wise  regard  to  their  com- 
mercial interests,  they  gave  free  ingress  into  their  har- 
bors to  trading  vessels  from  the  ports  in  possesions  of 
the  king.  They  had  likewise  the  good  sense  to  de- 
cline an  invitation  that  was  sent  to  the  i,  to  depute 
Mr.  Cotton,  and  others  of  their  ministers,  o  altenu,  on 
their  behalf,  the  Assembly  of  Divines  at  \'''e8tmin8ier. 
Encouraged  by  the  privileges  *!iat  had  be«n  conferred 
on  them,  their  industry  made  vigorous  pngress,  and 
population  rapidly  increased.  From  the  continent,  they 
began  to  c.iund  iheir  occupation  to  th'j  adjacent 
islands ;  and  Mr.  Mayhew,  having  obtained  u  ^rnnt  of 
Marthti's  Vineyard,  Nantucket,  and  Elizabeth  Isles, 
laid  the  foundation  there  of  settlements  that  afterwards 
proved  eminently  serviceable  to  the  conversion  and 
civdization  of  the  Indians.  Hut  an  attempt  which  they 
made  at  the  same  time  to  extend,  if  not  their  settle- 
ments, at  least  their  principles,  in  another  quarter  of 
the  continent,  proved  quite  unsuccessful.  The  colo- 
nists of  Vir»;;inia  were  in  general  stanch  royalists,  and, 
with  comparatively  little  of  the  substance  of  religion, 
united  a  ritron<r  attachment  to  tlie  forms  and  constilu- 
tions  of  the  cliurch  of  England.  Yet,  as  we  have  seen, 
they  had  received,  even  as  early  as  the  reiiin  of  James, 
an  accession  to  their  numbers,  composed  of  persons 
who  had  imbibed  purit.4n  Nontiments,  and  had  fled  from 
ecclesiastical  persecution  in  England.  A  deputation 
from  this  jinrtion  of  llio  Virginian  settlers  had  boon 
lately  sent  to  Uoston  to  represent  their  destitution  of  a 
gospel  ministry,  and  solicit  a  supply  of  ministers  from 
the  New  En[»land  churches.  In  compliance  with  this 
req:  est.  tiiroe  clergymen  wore  selected  to  proceed  to 
Virjrinis,  and  fiirnishcd  with  recommendatory  letters 
from  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  to  Sir  William 
Berkeley.  On  their  arrival  in  Virginia,  they  bciran  lo 
pre;ich  ir  several  parts  of  the  country,  and  the  people 
(locked  tc  hoai  thetn  with  an  eagerness  that  might  have 
been  productive  of  important  consequences.  Hut  the 
puritan  piinciples,  no  less  than  the  political  sentiments 
of  the  colonists  of  New  Eni^land,  were  too  much  the 
objects  of  aversion  to  Sir  William  Uerkeley  to  admit 
of  his  encouragement  being  extended  lo  proceedings 
so  calculated  to  propat^atn  ihoir  influence  among  bis 
own  people.  So  far  from  complying  with  the  desire  of 
his  brother  governor,  he  issued  an  order  by  which  all 
persons  who  would  not  conform  to  tho  ceremonies  of 
the  church  of  England  were  commandod  to  depart  from 
Virginia  by  a  certain  day.  The  preachers  returned  to 
th.C'-t  own  settlement ;  and  thus  was  laid  the  foundation 
of  u  jealousy  wlucli  long  subsisted  between  the  two 
oldoHt  colniiies  of  North  .America. 

The  failure  of  this  endeavor  to  establish  a  friendly 
intercourse  with  the  sister  colony  of  Virginia,  was  am- 
ply conipensared  to  thn  New  England  seltlcmcnts  by 
an  important  event  in  their  history,  which  occurred 
durinti  the  following  year;  [IG43,]  the  formation  of  a 
Icamio  by  which  they  were  knit  together  in  the  frame 
of  a  confedoracy  that  greailv  increased  their  security 
and  power.  The  Naraijanset  Indians  had  by  this  time 
hittl  aiuph'  lei.'iure  to  reflect  on  the  policy  of  their  con- 
duct towards  the  I'etpioils  ;  and  the  haired  which  they 
had  fonnerlv  clterished  against  that  tribe  being  cxtin- 
guiiibed  III  liie  destruction  of  its  objects,  had  been  suc- 
ceeded by  an  angry  jealousy  of  those  strangers  who  had 
abviously  derived  llie  chief  and  only  advantage  of 
v^"-h  that  event  was  productive.  They  saw  iho  terri- 
;or.  s  of  their  ancient  rivals  occupied  by  a  much  more 
powerful  ncitrhbor ;  and,  mistaking  their  own  inability 
to  improve  their  advantages  for  the  effect  of  fraud  and 
injiisiice  on  the  part  of  the  colonists,  who  were  so 
rapidly  surpassing  them  in  number,  wealth,  and  power, 
they  beiiau  to  cnmplam  that  the  plunder  of  the  Pequods 
bad  not  been  fairly  divided,  and  proceeded  to  concert 
measures  with  the  neighboring  tribes  for  an  universal 
insurrection  of  the  Indians  against  the  English.  Their 
deNigns  had  advanced  hut  a  little  way  towards  matu- 
rity, when  they  were  detected  in  consequence  of  a  sud- 
den gust  of  that  inordinate  passion  of  private  revenge 
which  seemed  fated  to  pervert  and  defeat  their  political 
views.  The  colonists,  from  the  groundless  murmurs 
they  found  tlicmHelves  exposed  to,  and  which  proved 
only  the  rooted  dislike  of  the  savages,  were  sensible  of 
their  own  danger  without  yet  being  aware  of  its  ex- 
tent, or  fceliug  themselves  entitled  to  anticipate  uoine 
more  certain  indication  of  it ;  when,  happily,  they  were 
called  upon  to  act  a^  iniipireH  between  two  contending 
tribes.  The  Naragansct.H  liaving  conceived  fsoine  dis- 
gust Against  a  mitrhhoring  chief,  employed  an  assassin 
tc  kill  hiia ;  and  failing  in  this  attompt,  plungod  into  a 


war  with  tho  declared  intention  of  exterminating  the 
whole  of  his  tribe.  This  tribe,  who  were  at  peace  with 
tho  English,  sent  their  chief  to  implore  the  protection 
of  the  Massachii'^fctts  co".oni.;'j,  who  promised  their  in- 
terposition in  his  behalf.  The  Naraganscts,  apprised 
of  this  proctMujg,  recollecting  the  fate  of  the  Pequods, 
and  aware  how  well  they  deserved  to  share  it,  were 
struck  with  terror,  and  throwing  down  their  arms,  con- 
cluded a  peace  dictated  to  them  by  the  English.  When 
they  found  the  danger  blown  over,  they  paid  so  little 
attention  to  tho  performance  of  their  paction,  that  it 
was  not  till  the  colonists  bad  made  a  demonstration  of 
their  readiness  to  employ  force  that  they  sullenly  ful 
filled  it.  Alarmed  by  such  indications  of  fickleness, 
dislike,  and  furious  passion,  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts deemed  it  prudent  to  provide  by  a  mutual  con- 
cert of  ihe  colonies,  for  the  connnon  danger  which  they 
might  expect  to  encounter  at  no  distant  day,  when  the 
savages,  instructed  by  experience,  would  sacrifice  their 
private  feuds  to  combined  hostility  against  a  people 
whose  progressive  advancement  seemed  to  minister 
occasion  of  incurable  jealousy.  Having  conceived,  for 
this  purpose,  a  plan  which  was  framed  in  imitation  of 
the  bond  of  union  among  the  Dutch  provinces,  and 
which  readily  suggested  itself  to  some  of  their  leading 
characters  who  bad  resided  with  the  Brownist  congre- 
gation in  Holland,  they  proposed  it  to  the  neighboring 
settlements  of  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  Newhavcn, 
by  which  it  was  cordially  embraced.  These  four  colo- 
nies accordingiy  entered  into  a  league  of  perpetual  con- 
federacy, ofleiisivc  and  defensive.  Il  was  stipulated 
that  the  confederates  should  thenceforth  be  distin- 
guished by  the  title  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England  ;  that  each  colony  should  remain  separate  and 
distinct,  and  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  withip  its  own 
territory  ;  that  in  every  war,  oll'ensive  or  defensive, 
each  of  the  confederates  should  lurni.-h  its  quota  of  men, 
money,  and  provisions,  at  a  rate  to  be  fixed  from  time 
to  tune  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  people  in  each 
settlement ;  that  an  assembly  composed  of  two  com- 
inisMoncrs  from  each  colony  should  be  held  annually, 
with  power  to  dehberate  and  decide  on  all  points  of 
common  concern  to  the  confederacy  ;  and  every  deter- 
mination sanctioned  by  the  concurrence  of  six  of  their 
number,  should  be  binding  on  the  whole.  The  state  of 
Uhode  Island,  which  was  not  included  in  this  confe- 
deracy, having  petitioned  a  few  years  after  to  he  admit- 
ted into  it,  her  request  was  refused,  except  on  llie  con- 
dition, which  she  declined,  of  merging  her  separate 
existence  in  an  incorporation  with  the  state  of  Ply- 
mouth. Thus  excluded  from  the  protection  of  the 
league  or  union,  the  inhabitants  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  endeavored  to  provide  for  their  security  by 
conciliating  the  friendship  of  tho  Indians ;  and  in  the 
prosecution  of  their  humane  and  courteous  policy  they 
were  eminently  successful. 

The  colonists  have  been  reproached  with  arrogating 
the  rights  of  sovereignty  in  this  transaction,  which  truly 
may  fjc  regarded  as  a  considerable  step  to  indepen- 
dence. Vet  it  was  a  measure  that  could  hardly  be 
avoided  by  a  people  surrounded  with  enemies,  and 
abandoned  to  liieir  own  resources  in  a  territory  many 
thousand  miles  removed  from  the  scat  of  the  govern- 
ment that  claimed  sovereign  dominion  over  them. 
Every  step  that  a  people  so  situated  made  in  enlarging 
tlicir  numbers,  combining  their  resources,  or  otherwise 
promoting  their  security,  was  a  step  towards  indepen- 
dence. Nothing  but  some  politic  system,  or  a  series 
of  events  that  might  have  kept  the  various  settlements 
continually  disunited  m  mutual  jealousy  and  weakness, 
could  have  secured  their  perpetual  existence  as  a  de- 
pendent progeny  of  England.  But  whatever  etlecls  the 
tniiisaction  which  we  have  considered  may  have  secretly 
produced  on  tho  course  of  American  sentiment  and 
opimun.  and  however  likely  it  may  now  appear  to  have 
planted  the  seminal  idea  of  independence  in  the  minds 
of  the  colonists,  it  was  regarded  neither  by  themselves 
nor  by  their  Engli.sh  rulers  as  indicating  pretensions 
unsuitable  lo  their  condition.  Even  after  llie  Restora- 
tion, the  commissioners  of  the  union  were  repeatedly 
noticed  and  recognised  in  the  letters  and  olHcial  instru- 
ments of  Charles  the  Second  ;  and  the  union  itself  with 
somo  alterations  subsisted  till  the  year  1086,  when  all 
tho  charters  were  in  ell'ect  vacated  by  a  commission 
from  King  James.  A  few  years  after  its  establishment, 
tho  principal  concern  lo  which  its  ellorts  and  delibera- 
tiona  were  devoted  was  the  conversion  of  the  Indians, 
in  co-operaiion  with  the  society  instituted  by  parlia- 
ment ill  Unlain  for  propagating  the  gospel  in  New 
England. 

While  the  colonists  wero  thus  employed  in  measure? 
calculated  to  &ecure  and  protect  tbcir  institutions,  the 


parliament  passed  an  ordinance  carrying  a  most  formi- 
dable aspect,  and  fraught  with  consequences  the  most 
injurious  lo  their  rights.  It  appointed  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick governor-in-chief,  and  lord  high  admiral  of  tho 
colonies,  with  a  council  of  five  peers  and  twelve  com- 
moners to  assist  him  ;  it  empowered  him,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  aF>sociatea,  to  examine  tho  state  of  atfairs 
in  the  colonies ;  to  sfmd  for  papers  and  persons  ;  to 
remove  governors  and  officers,  and  to  appoint  othern 
in  their  place,  and  delegate  to  them  as  much  of  iho 
power  granted  to  himself  by  the  ordinance  as  he  should 
think  proper.  This  appointment,  which  created  an  au- 
thority that  might  have  now-modelled  all  the  colonial 
governmenta,  and  abrogated  all  their  charters,  was  not 
suffered  to  remain  entirely  inoperaiive.  To  some  of 
the  settlements  tho  parliamentary  conned  e.'ctended  pro- 
tection, and  even  granted  tiew  patents.  IIa|}pily  fur 
Massachusetts,  either  the  favor  which  it  was  thought 
to  deserve,  or  the  absorbing  interest  of  ihe  great  con- 
test tlmt  was  carrying  on  in  England,  provtiiled  the 
council  from  interfering  with  its  institutions  tilt  a  period 
when  the  colonial  assembly  wore  able,  as  we  shall  see, 
to  employ  defensive  mensiircs  that  defeated  its  unde- 
sirable interposition  without  disputing  its  formidablo 
authority. 

Various  disputes  had  sub.Mstcd  between  the  inha- 
bitants of  New  England  and  the  Erench  settler*  in 
rVcadia.  [1644]  'I'hese  were  at  length  adjusted  by  b 
treaty  between  a  commissioner  for  the  king  of  Erancw 
on  the  one  part,  and  John  EudicotjEsq.  governor  of  New 
England,  and  the  rest  of  the  magistrates  there,  on  the 
other.*  The  colonists  had  already  debarred  themselves 
from  recognising  the  king  as  distinct  from  the  parlia- 
ment ;  and  they  probably  found  it  ditlicult  to  ex])]aiu  to 
the  other  contracting  parties  to  what  denomination  of 
authority  they  considered  tliemsclves  to  owe  allegiance. 
This  state  of  thiniis,  as  it  led  lo  |)r<)cticos,  so  it  may 
have  secretly  fostered  sentiments,  tiiat  savc'ired  of  in- 
dependence. A  practice  stronjily  fraught  with  the  cha- 
racter of  sovcrciyn  authority  was  adopted  a  few  years 
after,  when  the  increasing  trade  of  the  colony  with  the 
West  Indies,  and  the  quantity  of  Spanish  bullion  that 
was  brought  through  this  channel  into  New  England, 
induced  the  colonial  authorities,  for  th^  purpose  of  pre- 
venting frauds  in  the  employment  of  thr  circulating 
medium  in  this  inconvenient  shape,  to  erect  a  mini  fjr 
the  coining  of  silver  money  at  Boston.  The  coin  was 
stamped  with  the  name  of  New  England  on  tlie  ot^e 
side,  of  Massachusetts,  as  the  principal  settlement,  cii 
the  other,  and  with  a  tree  as  an  apt  symbol  of  the  pro- 
gressive vigor  which  the  colony  had  evinced.  Mary- 
land was  the  only  other  colony  that  ever  presumed  to 
coin  any  metal  into  money  ;  and  indeed  this  preroga- 
tive has  been  always  regarded  as  the  peculiar  attributo 
of  sovereignty.  "  But  it  must  be  considered''  saya 
one  of  the  colonial  historian?,  "  that  at  this  time  there 
was  no  king  in  Israel."  In  the  distracted  state  ol 
England  it  might  well  be  judged  unsafe  to  send  their 
Inillion  there  to  he  coined  ;  and  from  the  uncertainty 
respecting  the  form  of  government  which  might  finally 
arise  out  of  the  civil  wars,  it  niight  reasonably  be  ap- 
prehended that  an  impress  received  durmg  their  conti- 
nuance would  not  long  retain  its  favor  and  currency. 
The  practice  gave  no  umbrage  whatever  to  the  Engli.sli 
government.  It  received  tiie  tacit  allowance  of  tho 
parliament,  of  Cromwell,  and  even  of  Charles  tho 
Second  duriui'  twenty  yrars  of  his  reign. 

The  sepnraiion  of  the  two  branches  of  (he  legislaturo 
of  Massacliusriis  naturally  gave  rise  to  some  disputes 
respecting  the  boundaries  of  jurisdiction  in  a  constitu- 
tion not  yet  matured  by  practice.  But  what  precedent 
could  not  supply. '''e  induence  and  estimation  oflhc  cler- 
gy of  the  province  js  able  to  effect.  [  1 64r)]  By  common 
consent,  all  the  luit.  steis  were  summoned  to  attend  tho 
session  of  ihe  assembly.and  the  points  at  issue  being  »ub- 
miited  to  them,  their  judgment  was  willingly  embract  d 
and  assented  to.t     But  in  the  following  year  [1646]  a 


*  Journals  of  tho  House  of  Lords,  vol.  vi.  p-  MI.  Cha'uicrs, 
175  6  Tho  poople  of  Maine  appear  lo  have  sohcited  the  pro* 
leclionol  the  cumuli  in  1051.    JIaiard,  559.         ,        ,       .     . 

t  Hulcluiisoii,  143,4.  One  of  tho  controversies  that  had 
occurred  at  this  lime  hctween  the  two  houses  orighiated  in  a 
matter  not  mure  lllutitrious,  than  a  diirurenco  of  sentiment 
respecting  Ihe  idontuy  of  a  sow,  which  was  claimed  from  tlm 
herd  ot  a  richer  noml.lmr  Ity  a  poor  woiuiui,  wlio  prclendnii 
tlmt  11  had  straytid  ifroEn  her  some  years  before.  Ilchold  how 
Kreata  [natter  a  lutle  firo  will  kindle!  Notlheconrt  uidy.but 
ihu  whole  country  was  divided  by  this  cjueslion,  winch,  pi>. 
verty  concurrniB  with  resentment  of  imposition  on  the  one 
imrt,  and  uuliKiiation  at  a  charse  that  enected  his  charncler  on 
till-  other,  induced  the  parlies  to  content  wiUi  Ilio  ntinoit  r^go 
mid  perlmacity.  Thn  ideuiUy  of  Martin  Guerre  was  not 
more  keenly  contruvirtod  in  France.  Lompiixsion  lor  i\\0 
poor  woman  provailea  with  tho  poorer  cluss  of  people  ovhi 


THE   HISTORy  OP 


' 


(iisuniion  much  more  violent  in  its  nature,  and  much 
less  creditable  aiid  satiafa'vtory  in  ita  iai'je,  was  occa- 
eioned  in  this  state  by  the  intolerance  which  we  have 
already  noted  in  its  original  institutions.  With  the 
increasing  prosperity  and  importance  of  the  colony, 
the  value  of  its  political  franchises  had  been  propor- 
tionably  augmented  ;  and  the  increasing  opulence  and 
respectability  of  the  dissenters  seemed  to  aggravate  the 
hardship  of  the  diafranchisement  to  which  they  were 
Buhjected.  Some  of  these  having  violently  assumed 
the  privileges  from  which  they  were  excluded  by  law, 
and  d^Kt  irhed  an  election  by  their  intcrrcrence,  were 
puniaheu  by  Mr.  Winthrop,  the  cl'puty-govornor,  who 
vigorously  resisted  and  defcatiu  their  pretensions. 
They  complained  of  this  treatment  to  the  general  court 
by  a  petition  couched  in  very  strong  laiiguagc,  demand- 
ing leave  to  impeach  the  deputy-governor  before  the 
whole  body  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  to  submit  to  the 
same  tribunal  the  consideration  of  their  general  grie- 
vances, as  well  as  of  the  particular  severities  they  bad 
experienced  from  Winthrop.  The  grievancis  under 
which  they  labored  were  enumerated  in  the  petition, 
which  contained  a  forcible  remonstrance  against  the 
injustice  of  depriving  them  of  their  rights  as  freemen, 
and  of  their  privileges  as  christians,  because  they  could 
not  join  as  members  with  the  congregational  churche.4, 
or  when  they  Holicited  admission  into  them  were  arbi- 
trarily rejected  by  the  ministers.  They  petitioned  that, 
either  the  full  rights  of  citizenship  might  be  communi- 
cated to  them,  or  that  they  might  no  longer  be  required 
10  obey  laws  to  which  they  had  not  given  assent, —  to 
contribute  to  the  maintenance  of  ministers  who  denied 
them  the  bcnefil  of  tlicir  ministry,  and  to  pay  taxes  im- 
posed by  an  assembly  in  which  they  were  not  repre- 
sented. The  court  were  so  far  moved  by  the  petition, 
or  by  the  respectability  of  its  proiHoters,  that  Mr.  Win- 
throp waa  commanded  to  defend  himself  publicly  from 
the  charges  which  it  advanced  against  him. 

On  the  day  appointed  for  his  trial  he  descended  from 
the  tribunal,  and  placing  himself  at  the  bar  in  presence 
of  a  numerous  assemblage  of  the  inhabitants,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  vindicate  his  conduct  to  his  judges  and  fellow 
citizens.  Having  clearly  proved  that  his  pioceedings 
bad  been  warranted  by  law,  and  had  no  other  end  than 
to  maintain  the  existing  institutions,  by  the  exercise  of 
the  authority  which  had  been  connnitted  to  him  for  that 

{>urpose,  he  concluded  an  excellent  harangue  in  the  fol- 
owing  manner*.  "  Though  I  bo  justified  before  men, 
yet  it  may  be  the  Lord  hath  seen  so  much  amiss  in  my 
idministralion  as  calls  me  to  be  humbled  :  and  indeed 
for  me  to  have  been  thus  chargf  ^y  men  is  a  matter 
of  humiliation,  whe  eof  I  desire  to  niake  a  right  use 
before  the  Lord,  if  Miriam's  father  spit  in  her  face, 
she  is  to  be  asb'^med."  Then  proceeding  to  enforce 
some  considerations  calculated,  he  said,  lo  rectify  the 
opmions  of  the  people  on  the  nature  of  government : 
"  The  questions,"  he  observed,  •'  that  have  troubled  the 
country  have  been  about  the  authority  of  the  magi- 
stracy and  thr  liberty  of  the  people.  It  ia  you  who  have 
railed  us  ^nto  this  office ;  but  being  thus  called  we  have 
our  authority  from  God  Magistracy  is  the  ordinance 
of  God,  and  it  hath  the  image  of  God  stamped  upon  it ; 
and  the  contempt  of  it  has  been  vindicated  by  God  with 
terrible  examples  of  his  vengeance,  i  entreat  you  lo 
consider  that  when  you  choose  magistrates,  you  take 
them  from  among  yourselves,  men  subject  unto  like 
passions  with  yourselves.  If  you  see  our  infirmities, 
reflect  on  your  own,  and  yuu  will  not  be  so  severe  cen- 
surers  of  ours.  The  covenant  between  us  and  you  is 
the  oath  you  have  exacted  of  us,  which  is  to  this  pur- 
|K)se,  '  Thai  ue  shall  govern  yon  and  judge  your  causes 
according  to  (iud*s  laws  and  the  particular  statutes  of 
the  land,  according  to  our  best  shll.'  As  for  our  skill, 
you  must  run  the  hazard  of  it ;  and  if  there  be  an  error 
only  therein,  and  not  in  the  will,  it  becomes  you  to  bear 
it.  Nor  would  I  have  you  to  mistake  in  the  point  of 
your  own  liberty.  There  is  a  liberty  of  corrupt  nature, 
which  ia  affected  both  by  men  and  beasts,  to  do  what 
they  list.  This  libeity  is  inconsistent  with  authority  ; 
impatient  of  all  restraint  (by  this  liberty  sumus  omtus 
dfleniiret  i)  'tis  the  grand  enemy  of  truth  and  peace, 
and  all  the  oidinances  of  God  arc  bent  against  it.  But 
there  is  a  civil,  a  moral,  a  federal  liberty,  which  is  the 
proper  end  and  object  of  authority :  it  is  a  liberty  for 


\ 


all  «enie  or  equity:  and,  &t  length,  even  those  magistrates 
who  considered  the  dnfRiidant  in  tlie  right,  runcurrcQ  in  per- 
Buudinft  hirn  to  Hurrendcr  tiieoliject  of  dispute,  and  to  forbear 
to  seek  hiH  own  at  t'le  expense  of  the  tranquillity  of  the 
colcny. 

*  Various  editions  of  tUh  speech  have  been  pubtinhed.  It 
■pp«ars  now,  from  Mie  continuation  of  Winlhro|)'(t  own  jour* 
ntu  'edited  by  Mr.  Savaffe),  that  all  these  woro  abrid^jinents. 
Matlier'f  wtUth  I  Uiivo  roliowod,  la  Uw  boat. 


that  only  which  is  just  and  good.  For  this  liberty  yon 
arc  to  stand  with  tho  hazard  of  your  very  lives ;  and 
whatsoever  crosses  it  is  not  authority  but  a  distemper 
thereof.  This  liberty  is  maintained  in  a  way  of  sub- 
jection to  authority ;  and  tho  authority  set  over  you 
will,  in  all  administrations  for  your  good^  bn  quietly 
submitted  unto  by  all  hut  such  as  have  a  disposition  to 
shake  olT  the  yoke,  and  lose  their  true  liberty  by  their 
murmuring  at  the  honor  and  power  of  authority." 

The  circumstances  in  which  this  address  was  deliv- 
ered, remind  us  of  scones  in  Greek  and  Roman  history  ; 
while  tho  wisdom,  worth,  and  dignity  that  it  breathes, 
rcscmblo  the  magnanimous  vindication  of  a  Judge  of 
Israel.  Mr.  Winthrop  was  not  only  honorably  acquitted 
by  the  sentence  of  the  court  and  the  voice  of  the  public, 
but  recommended  so  powerfully  to  the  esteem  of  his 
fellow  citizens  by  this  and  all  tho  other  indications  of 
his  character,  that  he  was  chosen  governor  of  the  pro- 
vince every  year  after  as  long  as  he  livfd  *  His 
accusers  incurred  a  proportional  degree  of  public  dis- 
pleasure: their  petition  was  dismissed,  and  several  of 
the  chief  promoters  of  it  severely  reprimanded,  and  ad- 
judged to  make  confession  of  their  fault  in  seekmg  to 
subvert  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  colony.  Refusing 
lo  acknowledge  that  they  had  done  wrong,  and  still  per- 
sisting in  their  demands  of  an  alteration  of  the  law, 
with  very  indiscreet  threats  of  complaininw  lo  tho  par- 
liament, they  were  punished  with  fine  or  ii?<prisonment. 
As  several  of  iliese  persons  were  known  tj  he  inclined 
to  the  form  of  presbytery,  and  as  that  constitution  was 
also  affected  hy  the  prevailing  party  in  the  English 
House  of  Commons,  the  menace  of  a  complaint  to  par- 
liament excited  general  alarm  and  indignation  ;  and 
several  of  the  petitioners  having  made  preparations  to 
sail  for  England,  with  very  significant  hints  of  the 
changes  they  hoped  to  effect  by  their  machinations 
there,  Qoine  of  them  were  placed  under  arrest,  and  their 
papers  were  violently  taken  from  them.  Among  these 
papers  were  found  petitions  to  Lord  Warwick,  urging 
a  forfeiture  of  the  colonial  charier,  the  introduction 
of  a  presbyterian  establishment,  and  of  the  whole  code 
of  English  jurisprudence,  into  the  colonial  institutions, 
with  various  other  innovations,  which  were  represent"'! 
as  no  less  accordant  with  legislative  wisdom  and  jus- 
tice, than  adapted  to  the  important  end  of  securing  and 
effectuating  the  supreme  dominion  of  the  parliament 
over  the  colony.  The  discovery  of  the  intolerance 
meditated  Ly  these  persons  served  to  eiasperate  the 
intolerance  which  themselves  were  experiencing  from 
the  society  of  which  they  formed  but  an  insignificant 
fraction .  The  contents  of  their  papers  excited  so  much 
resentment  that  not  a  voice  was  raised  against  the  arbi- 
trary measure  by  which  they  had  been  intercepted ; 
and  the  alarm  was  increased  by  the  conviction  of  the 
utter  impossibility  of  preventing  designs  so  dangerous 
from  being  still  attempted.  The  warmth  of  the  public 
sentiment,  as  well  as  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  subject 
that  had  excited  it,  introduced  this  all-prevalent  topic 
into  the  pulpit ;  and  even  Mr.  Cotton  was  so  far  over- 
taken with  infirmity,  as  to  declare,  in  a  sermon,  "That 
if  any  one  should  carry  writings  or  complaints  against 
the  people  of  God  in  this  country  to  England,  he  would 
6nd  himself  in  the  case  of  Jonas  in  the  vessel."  This 
was  a  prediction  which  a  long  voyage  was  very  likely 
to  realize.  In  effect,  a  short  time  after,  certain  depu- 
ties fnun  the  petitioners  having  embarked  for  England, 
were  overtaken  by  a  violent  storm,  and  the  sailors 
recollecting  the  prediction  that  had  gone  abroad,  and, 
happily,  considering  the  papers,  and  not  the  bearers  of 
them,  as  tho  guilty  parlies,  insisted  so  vehemently  on 
casting  all  obnoxious  writings  overboard,  that  the  depu- 
ties were  compelled  to  commit  their  credentials  to  the 
waves.  When  they  arrived  in  England,  however,  they 
did  not  fail  to  prosecute  their  applicp.'.ion ;  but  tho  at- 
tention of  the  parliamentary  leauern  at  that  time  being 
deeply  engaged  with  more  iiiiporlint  matters,  and  Wms- 
low  and  Hugh  Peters,  on  betv.if  of  the  colony,  actively 
labouring  to  counteract  ihjir  purposes,  they  obtained 
little  attention  and  no  redrf  ss. 

From  the  pahiful  conlem|.)atini.  of  »•■?  intolerance  of ' 
the  colonists,  and  their  inordinate  convt^iriic::^  .iluut 
the  forms  of  religion,  it  is  pleasing  to  turn  to  the  sub- 
stantial fruits  of  christian  character  evinced  by  those 


*  This  excellent  mR^iHlrato  (says  Cotton  Mather)  conti- 
nually exeiii[i|itied  the  inaxirri  uf  Thei>dutiius,  that '*  if  any 
man  speak  evil  of  the  ruler,  if  it  bo  through  lightness,  'lis  lo 
be  condemned  ;  if  it  ho  through  mndneeH,  'tis  to  he  pitied  ;  if 
llirouiih  malice,  'ti»  to  bo  fori^ivon."  One  of  the  colonists  who 
had  lung  mnnifestcd  mucli  HI  will  ttJwardK  his  person,  at 
lenglii  wrote  to  him.  "  Sir,  your  overcoming  of  yourself  Imlh 
ov-erconio  me."  Uis  death,  in  1049,  was  deeply  and  univer* 
sally  btjwftiled  ;  and  all  declared  that  ho  had  been  the  father 
of  tho  (olony,  and  the  Axat  no  lets  in  virtus  than  in  place. 
Mather,  B.  Iv 


noble  exertions  for  the  conversion  of  tho  Indians  that 
originated  in  the  same  year  that  had  witnessed  so  much 
dissension  and  violence.  The  circumstances  that  had 
promoted  the  emigrations  to  New  England,  had  opera- 
ted wilh  particular  force  on  the  ministers  of  the  puri- 
tans ;  and  so  many  of  them  had  accompanied  tho  other 
settlers,  that  among  a  people  who  derived  less  enjoy- 
ment from  the  exercises  of  piety,  the  numbers  of  the 
clergy  would  have  been  thought  exceedingly  burden- 
snmo  and  very  much  disproportioned  to  the  wants  of 
the  laity.  This  circumstance  was  highly  favorable  to 
the  promotion  of  religious  habits  among  the  colonists, 
as  well  as  lo  the  extension  of  their  settlements,  in  tho 
plantation  of  which  the  co-operation  of  a  minister  was 
considered  indispensable.  It  contributed  also  to  sug- 
gest and  facilitate  missionary  labor  among  the  heathens, 
10  whom  the  colonists  had  ascociated  themselves  by 
superadding  the  tiijs  of  a  common  country  lo  those  of 
a  common  nature.  While  the  people  at  large  were 
daily  extending  their  industry,  and  overcoming  by  cul- 
tivation the  rudeness  of  desert  nature,  ihe  clergy 
eagerly  looked  around  for  some  addition  to  their  pecu- 
liar sphere  of  usefulness,  and  at  a  very  early  period 
entertained  designs  of  redeeming  lo  tho  dominion  of 
piety  and  civility,  the  neglected  wastes  of  human 
character  that  lay  stretched  in  savage  ignorance  and 
idolatry  around  them.  John  Elliot,  one  of  the  ministers 
cf  Roxbury,  a  man  whose  large  soul  glowed  with  tho 
intensest  flame  of  zeal  and  charily,  was  strongly  pene- 
trated with  a  sense  of  this  duty,  and  for  some  time  had 
been  diligently  laboring  to  overcome  the  preliminary 
dilRculty  by  which  its  performance  was  obstructed. 
He  had  now  at  length  attained  such  acquaintance  with 
the  Indian  language  as  enabled  him  not  only  himself  lo 
speak  it  with  fluency,  but  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of 
it  to  others,  by  the  construction  and  publication  of  a 
system  of  Indian  grammar.  Having  completed  Ins 
preparatory  inquiries,  he  began,  in  the  close  of  this 
year,  a  scene  of  labor  which  has  been  traced  with  great 
iriterest  and  accuracy  by  the  ecclesiastical  historians  of 
New  England,  and  still  more  minutely,  I  doubt  not,  in 
that  eternal  record  where  alone  tho  actions  of  men  at- 
tain their  just,  their  final,  and  everlasting  proportions. 
It  is  a  remarkable  feature  in  his  long  and  arduous  ca- 
reer, that  the  energy  by  which  he  was  actuated  never 
sustained  the  sligliest  abatement,  but,  on  the  contraryf 
evinced  a  steady  and  vigorous  increase.  He  appe.ari* 
never  to  have  doubted  its  continuance  ;  but,  constantly 
referring  it  lo  God,  he  felt  assured  of  ils  derivation 
from  a  source  incapable  of  being  wasted  by  the  most 
liberal  communication.  He  delighted  to  mainlnin  this 
communication  hy  incessant  prayer,  and  before  hid  mis- 
sionary labors  commenced,  ho  had  been  known  lu  tho 
colony  by  the  name  of  "  praying  Elliot"— a  noble  desig- 
nation, if  the  noblest  employment  of  a  rational  cieature 
be  the  cultivation  of  access  lo  the  Author  of  his  be.iig. 
Rarely,  very  rarely,  I  uelieve,  has  liuman  nature  been 
so  completely  embued,  refined,  and  elevated  by  reli- 
gion. Every  thing  he  saw  or  knew  occurred  lo  him  in 
a  religious  aspect ;  every  faculty,  and  every  ucquis'tion 
ihat  he  derived  from  the  employment  of  his  faculties, 
was  received  by  him  as  a  ray  let  into  his  soul  from  that 
Eternity  for  which  he  continually  panted.  As  he  was 
one  of  the  holiest,  so  was  he  also  one  of  the  happiest 
of  men ;  and  his  life  for  many  years  was  a  continual 
outpouring  of  his  whole  being  in  devotion  to  God  and 
charity  to  mankind.'^ 

The  kindness  of  Mr.  Elliot's  manner  soon  gained 
him  a  favorable  hearing  from  many  of  the  Indiuns  ;  [7J 
and  both  parties  being  sensible  of  the  expediency  of 
altering  the  civil  and  domestic  habits  that  counteracted 
the  impressions  which  he  attempted  to  produce,  lie  ob- 
tained from  the  general  court  an  allotment  ol  land  m 
th<'  i.?ighborhood  of  tho  settlement  of  Concord,  in 
iViassac.iusetts,  upon  which  a  number  of  Indian  families 
pr^^ceeded.  by  his  dirccliona,  lu  huild  fixed  habitations, 
ant  where  thty  m^^ily  received  his  instructions  both 
spiritual  and  secular.  It  was  not  long  before  a  violent 
opposition  to  these  innovations  was  excited  by  tha 
powaws,  or  Indian  priests,  who  threatened  death  and 
other  inflictions  of  the  vengeance  of  ihe.r  idols  on  all 
who  should  embrace  Christianity.     The  menaces  and 


*  Hodiodinthoynar  16'J0.  Ah  his  bodily  strength  decayf^d, 
the  energy  of  his  being  Kccmed  to  retreat  into  his  soul,  and  at 
icngtii  all  his  facullien  (he  said)  seemed  absorl>ed  in  tiuly  tovu. 
Ueing  asked,  sltortly  belore  his  de|iarture,  how  he  ditl,  ho  m- 
pliod,  "1  have  lost  every  ihiin;:  my  uiHlerHtanding  leaves 
me,  my  memory  fails  mc,  my  utterance  fulls  me  ;  but  1  thank 
(;od  my  chanty  holds  out  si. II,  I  liiid  that  rather  grows  thau 
fails."  Kichard  Uuxtcr  declared  Ihiit  lliehc  wurdb  had  given 
liiui  inexpretiMblo  comfort,  :iiid  that  the  acctmiit  of  Elliot's 
lifc,wtiicu  he  read  when  ho  himself  was  latioringunderadaiv 

Serous  illness,  had  recalled  him  from  the  brink  oftlte  grave 
latlior,  U.  UK    Neai,U.47(K 


1 


NOUTH  AMERICA. 


253 


the  Inditns  thai 
tneased  bo  much 
stances  that  had 
land,  had  opcra- 
ilers  of  the  puri- 
panied  the  other 
ivrd  less  enjoy- 
I  numbers  of  the 
ecdingly  burden- 
1  to  the  wants  of 
hly  favorable  to 
iifT  the  colonists, 
ttleinentb,  in  (ho 
f  a  minister  was 
utcd  also  to  sug- 
}ng  the  heathens, 
d  themselves  by 
untry  to  those  of 
e  at  large  wero 
ercoming  by  cul- 
ture, ihe  clergy 
on  to  their  pecu- 
vcry  early  period 
the  dominion  of 
astcs  of  human 
TC  ignorance  and 
icofthe  ministers 
glowed  with  tho 
as  strongly  pene- 
or  nome  time  had 
c  the  preliminary 
was  obstructed, 
icquainttmce  with 
ot  only  himself  to 
the  acquimtion  of 
publication  of  a 
ig  completed  Ins 
the  cluise  of  this 
traced  with  great 
tical  historians  of 
iy,  I  doubt  not,  in 
ctions  of  men  al- 
tfting  proportions, 
r  and  arduous  ca- 
as  actuated  never 
,  on  the  contrary^ 
i&c.  ile  appe4iri* 
i  \  hut,  constantly 
of  its  derivation 
asted  by  the  most 
;d  to  :nainlain  tliis 
md  before  Uii  mis* 
)ccn  known  lu  tho 
t"— a  noble  dt'sig- 
a  ralional  cieaturu 
ulhor  of  his  hetiig. 
uman  n:iture  been 
J  elevated  by  reli- 
occnrred  to  him  in 
il  every  ui-quis-lion 
t  of  hid  faculties, 
his  soul  from  that 
nted.  As  ho  was 
e  of  the  happiest 
rs  was  a  continual 
votion  to  Ciod  and 

anner  soon  gained 
if  the  Indians  ;  [7] 

the  expediency  of 
i  that  cininteructed 
to  produce,  he  ob- 
Itotment  oi  land  in 
It  of  Concord,  in 
rof  Indian  families 
j  lixed  habitations, 
s  inHtruclions  both 
hg  before  a  violent 
as  excited  by  the 
eatened  death  and 
3f  the  r  idols  on  all 

The  menaces  and 

ily  Btrentftli  decayndi 
Lintuliiti  soul,  and  at 
abaorliedin  holylovu. 
>,  liitw  lio  did,  ho  ra- 
itidrrHtaiidiiig  leavee 
fall!*  Die  ;  bill  I  thtintt 
ut  ruUiiT  grows  thai: 
\Lt,c  wordb  had  given 
le  Hi'i'Diiiil  of  Elliut'fl 
lalxinii),'  under  a  dan* 
iQ  brlnlt  of  Ihe  grant 


artifices  of  theae  persons  caused  several  of  the  seeming 
converts  to  draw  back,  hut  induced  others  to  separate 
tncmselves  more  entirely  from  the  society  and  converse 
of  their  countrymen,  and  seek  the  bnnetit  and  protec- 
tion of  a  closer  association  with  that  superior  race  of 
men  who  showed  themselves  so  generously  witling  to 
diffuse  and  communicate  all  tho  means  and  benefits  of 
their  superiority.  A  considerable  body  of  Indians  re- 
sorted to  the  land  allotted  them  by  the  colonial  govern- 
ment, and  exchanged  their  wild  and  barbarous  habits 
for  the  modes  of  civilized  living  and  industry.  Mr. 
Elliot  was  continually  among  them,  instructing,  ani- 
mating, and  directing  them.  They  felt  his  superior 
wisdom,  and  saw  him  continjally  haj)py  ;  and  there 
was  nothing  in  his  circumstances  or  oppcaraiico  that 
indicated  sources  of  enjoyment  from  which  they  were 
debarred  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  was  obvious  that  of  every 
article  of  selfish  comfort  he  was  willing  to  divest  him- 
self in  order  to  communicate  to  ihein  what  ho  esteemed 
the  only  true  riches  of  an  immurtal  being.  He  who 
gave  him  this  spirit,  gave  him  favor  in  the  eyes  of  the 
people  among  whom  he  ministered  :  and  their  affeciion 
for  him  reminds  us  of  those  primitive  ages  when  the 
converts  were  willing,  us  it  were,  to  pluck  ont  their 
eyes  if  they  could  have  given  them  to  their  pastor. 
The  women  in  the  new  settlement  learned  to  spin,  the 
men  to  dig  and  till  the  ground,  and  the  cliitdren  were 
instructed  in  the  English  langnage.  and  taught  to  read 
and  write.  As  tho  numbers  of  domesticated  Indians 
increased  they  biiiit  a  town  by  tho  side  of  (Charles  river, 
which  they  called  Natick ;  and  they  desired  Mr.  Klliot 
to  frame  a  system  of  internal  government  for  them. 
He  directed  their  attention  to  the  counsel  that  .lelhro 
gave  to  Moses  ;  and,  in  conformity  with  it,  they  elected 
for  themselves  rulers  of  hundreds,  of  tiftles,  and  of 
tens.  The  colonial  government  also  appointed  a  court 
which,  without  assuming  jurisdiction  over  them,  olfjred 
tbt  i.ssistance  of  its  judicial  wisdom  to  all  who  siiould 
be  willing  to  refer  to  it  the  determination  of  their  more 
ddKcult  or  important  subjects  of  controversy.  In  en- 
deavoring to  e.ttend  their  missionary  influence  among 
the  surrounding  tribes,  Mr.  Klliot  and  his  associates 
encountered  a  variety  of  success  corresponding  to  the 
visible  varieties  of  human  character  and  tho  invisible 
predeterminations  of  the  Divine  will.  Many  expressed 
the  utmost  abhorrence  and  contempt  of  Christianity  ; 
fiome  made  a  hollow  profession  of  willingness  to  hear, 
and  even  of  conviction,  with  the  view,  as  it  afterwards 
appeared,  of  obtaining  the  tools  and  other  articles  of 
value  that  were  furnished  to  those  who  proposed  to 
embrace  the  modes  of  civilized  living.  In  spile  of 
every  discouragement  the  missionaries  persisted  ;  and 
the  diHicultica  that  at  first  mocked  their  etibrts  seem- 
ing at  length  to  vanish  under  an  invisible  touch,  their 
labors  were  blessed  with  astonishing  success.  The 
character  and  habits  of  the  lay  colonists  tended  to  pro- 
mote the  etlicacy  of  these  pious  tabors,  in  a  manner 
which  will  be  forcibly  appreciated  by  all  who  have  ex- 
amined the  history  and  progress  of  missions.  Simple 
in  their  manners,  devout,  moral,  and  industrious  in 
their  lives,  they  enforced  the  lessons  of  the  missiona- 
ries by  demonstrating  their  practicability  and  beneficial 
etfects,  and  presented  a  model  which,  in  point  of  refme- 
inent,  was  not  too  elevated  for  Indian  imitation. 

While  Mr.  Elliot  and  an  increasing  bodv  of  associ- 
ates were  thus  employed  in  the  Province  of  Massachu- 
setts, Thomas  Mayhcw,  a  man  who  cmnbincd  in  a  won- 
derful degree  an  atfectionate  mildness  that  nothing  could 
disturb  with  an  ardor  and  activity  that  nothing  could 
overcome,  together  with  a  few  coiiljutors,  not  less  dili- 
gently and  successfully  prosecuted  the  same  design  in 
Martha's  Vineyard.  Nantucket  and  Elizabeth  Isles,  and 
within  the  territory  comprehended  in  tho  Plymouth 
patent.  Abasing  themselves  that  tliey  might  elevate 
their  species  and  promote  the  Divine  glory,  they  wrought 
with  their  own  hands  among  those  Indians  whom  Ihey 
persuaded  to  forsake  savage  habits ;  and  zealously 
employing  all  the  influence  they  acquired  to  the  com- 
munication of  moral  and  spiritual  improvement,  their 
labors  were  eminently  blessed  by  the  same  Power 
which  bad  given  them  the  grace  so  fully  to  devote  them- 
selves to  his  service.  [1647.]  The  character  and  maa- 
neis  of  Mayhew  appear  to  have  been  singularly  calcu- 
lated to  excite  the  tenderness  no  less  than  the  venera- 
tion of  the  objects  of  his  benevolence,  and  to  make  them 
feel  at  once  bow  amiable  and  how  awful  true  goodness 
ia.  His  address  derived  a  captivating  interest  from 
that  earnest  concern,  and  high  and  holy  value,  which  he 
manifestly  entertained  for  every  member  of  the  family 
of  mankind.  Many  years  after  his  death  the  Indians 
could  not  bear  his  name  mentioned  without  shedding 
tears  diid  expressing  transpoid  of  grateful  emotion. 


Both  Elliot  and  Mayhew  found  great  advantage  in  the 
practice  ot  selecting  tho  moat  docile  and  ingenious  of 
their  Indian  pupils,  and  by  especial  attention  to  their 
instruction,  qualifying  them  to  act  as  schoolmasters 
among  their  brethren.  To  a  zeal  that  seemed  to  increase 
by  exercise,  they  added  insurmountable  patience  and 
admirable  prudence  ;  and,  steadily  fixing  their  view  on 
tho  glory  of  tho  Most  High,  and  declaring  that,  whether 
outwardly  successful  or  not  in  promoting  it,  they  felt 
themsclvea  blessed  and  happy  in  pursuing  it,  they  found 
its  influence  sufl^cient  to  light  them  through  every  per- 
plexity and  peril,  and  finally  conduct  them  to  a  degree 
of  success  and  victory  unparalleled,  perhaps,  since  that 
era  when  ibe  miraculous  endowments  of  the  apostolic 
ministry  caused  a  nation  to  he  born  in  a  day.  They 
were  slow  to  push  the  Indians  upon  improved  institu- 
tions ;  they  desired  rather  to  lead  them  insensibly  for- 
ward, more  especially  in  the  adoption  of  religious  ordi- 
Uiinces.  Tho.sc  practi-^es,  indeed,  wiiich  they  considered 
likely  to  commend  theirselvef  by  their  beneficial  efllccts 
to  tho  natural  understanding  of  men,  they  were  not 
restrained  from  recommending  to  their  early  adnpiinn  ; 
and  trial  by  jury  very  soon  superseded  the  savage  modes 
of  determining  right  or  ascertaining  guilt,  and  contri- 
bulcd  to  improve  and  refine  the  sense  of  equity.  In 
the  dress  and  mode  of  cohabitation  of  the  .ravages,  they 
also  introduced  at  an  early  period,  alteration.^  calculated 
to  form  and  developc  a  sense  of  modesty,  in  which  the 
Indians  were  found  to  be  grossly  and  univcrHally  defec- 
tive. But  all  these  practices  which  are,  or  ou^ht  to  be, 
exclusively  the  fruits  of  renewed  nature  and  Divine 
lijiit,  they  desired  to  teach  entirely  by  example,  and  bv 
diligently  radicating  and  cultivating  in  the  minds  of 
their  flocks  the  principles  out  of  which  alone  RU"h  prac- 
tices can  lastingly  and  bencfirially  grow.  It  was  not 
till  the  year  I  fifiO  that  the  first  Indian  church  was  founded 
bv  Mr.  Klliot  and  bis  fellow-laborers  in  Massachusetts. 
There  were  at  that  time  no  fewer  than  ten  settlements 
within  the  province,  occupied  by  Indians  comparatively 
civilized. 

Mr.  Elliot  had  from  time  to  time  translated  and 
printed  various  a|)provcd  reli^'ions  works  for  the  use  of 
the  Indians,  and,  at  length,  in  tiie  year  lfifi4,  the  Hihle 
was  printed,  for  the  first  lime  in  the  language  of  the 
new  world,  at  Oamhridtre  in  Massachusetts.  ■"  This 
great  achievement  was  not  clTected  without  the  assist- 
ance of  pecuniary  contributions  from  the  mother  coun- 
try. The  colonisi.s  had  zealoii.sly  and  gladly  co-operated 
with  their  ministers,  and  assisted  to  defray  the  cost  of 
their  charitable  undertakings  ;  but  the  increasing  ex- 
penses threatened  at  last  to  exceed  what  their  means 
were  able  to  supply.  Happily,  the  tidings  of  this 
great  work  excired  a  kindred  spirit  in  the  parent 
State,  and  in  tho  year  1649  was  formed  there,  by  act 
of  parliament,  a  Sockty  for  Prnpnistu'itisr  the  Onxpd 
in  AV  :>  Enn{an>h  whoso  eo-operaticri  proved  of  es- 
sent'-.'l  service  to  the  missionary  cause.  This  so- 
ciety, having  been  dis*!olved  at  the  Restoration,  was 
afterwards  re-erected  by  a  charter  from  Charles  tho 
Second,  obtained  by  the  exertions  of  the  pious  Richard 
Baxter  and  the  influence  of  the  great  Robert  Doyle,  who 
was  thus  the  benefactor  of  New  England  as  well  as  of 
Virginia.  Supported  by  its  ample  endowment.-*,  and 
the  110  less  liberal  contributions  of  their  own  fellow- 
colonists,  the  American  missionaries  exerted  themselves 
with  such  energy  and  success  in  the  work  of  converting 
and  civilizing  the  savages,  that,  before  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  there  were  in  tlie  province  of  Mas- 
sachusetts more  than  thirty  congreiiations  of  Indians, 
comprising  upwards  of  three  thousand  persons  rerlaimed 
from  a  gross  degrading  barbarism.  :nid  advanced  to  the 
comfort  a'ld  respectability  of  civilized  life,  and  the  dig- 
nity and  happiness  of  worshippers  of  the  true  Ood, 
through  the  mediation  of  the  only  name  by  which  men 
can  know  or  approach  him.  There  were  nearly  as  mnny 
converts  to  religion  and  civility  in  the  islands  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Day  ;  there  were  several  Indian  congrega- 
tions in  the  Plymoi  i  territories  and  among  some  of 
the  tribes  that  sliii  i  dhered  to  their  roving  barbarous 
mode  of  life,  there  was  introduced  a  considerable  im- 
provement in  their  cird  and  moral  habits.  When  we 
reflect  on  the  toils  that  these  missionaries  encountered, 
on  the  vast  and  varied  difllcullies  they  were  enabled  to 
overcome,  and  survey  the  magnificent  expanse  of  hap- 
piness and  virtue  that  arose  from  their  exertions  ;  and, 

•  I  Iinve  seen  a  cnny  ofiliU  cdiiion  ol'ihe  Rihli-  itnhn  litirnry 
nfthfl  hue  Ueurge  Chalmers.  It  is  a  beamilul  [liuce  of  typo- 
graphy. 

Many  earlifif  ptibliciiit'tis  hail  alreaity  issued  frnm  ihv.  ferlile 
press  of  New  Kniflaml.  One  i^f  iho  first  wa-*  a  new  nicirirul 
iranfilaiinn  of  tlie  Pflalms — very  hienti,  a)id  very  <iniK»eiiral. 
To  ihis  last  inipntaiinn  iho  Now  Englariders  nnswercif,  "  chat 
Uod'H  altars  needs  not  uur  puiitihing:!.**    Oldiit.\onl.  109,  110. 


when  looking  backward?,  we  trace  the  stream  of  even(# 
to  its  first  spring  in  tho  pride  and  cruelty  that  waa  let 
loose  to  fortify  the  zeal  of  the  puritans,  and  finally,  lO 
drive  them  from  their  native  land  to  the  scene  ap[>oint«d 
for  this  great  and  happy  achievement ; — we  acknow- 
ledge tho  unseen  but  eternal  control  of  that  Being  wbo 
projects  the  end  from  the  beginning,  who  alone  docs  tha 
good  that  is  done  in  the  earth,  and  beneath  whoae  irre- 
sistible will,  tho  depravity  that  opposes,  no  less  than 
the  virtue  that  coincides  with  it,  are  but  the  instruments 
that  blindly  or  knowingly  effect  its  fulfilment. 

Among  the  various  difficulties  that  obalnicted  the 
changca  which  the  missionaries  attempted  to  introduce 
into  the  habits  of  the  Indians,  it  was  found  that  the 
human  constitution  had  been  deeply  deteriorated  by 
ages  of  savage  life.  Habits  of  alternate  energy  and 
sloth,  indulged  from  generation  to  generation,  seemed 
at  length  to  have  given  a  character  or  bias  to  the  ani- 
mal faculties  al.'noat  as  deeply  ingrained  as  the  depraved 
hue  of  tho  negro  body,  and  to  have  seriously  impaired 
tlie  capacity  of  continuous  exertion.  In  every  employ- 
ment that  demanded  steady  labor,  the  Indians  were 
f  jund  decidedly  inferior  to  the  Europeans.  The  first 
missionaries,  and  their  immediate  successors,  sustained 
this  discouragement  without  shrinking,  and  animated 
their  converts  to  resist  or  endure  it.  But,  at  a  later 
period,  when  it  was  found  that  the  taint  which  the 
Indian  constitution  had  received  continued  to  bo  propa- 
gated among  descendants  educated  in  habits  widely 
did'erent  from  those  of  their  forefathers,  many  persons 
began  too  hastily  to  apprehend  that  the  imperfection 
was  incurable;  and  missionary  ardor  was  abated  by 
the  very  circumstance  that  most  strongly  demanded  il3 
revival  and  enlargement.  In  concurrence  with  this 
cause  of  decline  in  the  progress  of  the  great  work 
which  we  have  contemplated,  tho  energetic  gratitude 
of  the  first  converts  from  darkness  to  light  had  sub- 
sided ;  and  the  consequence  unhappily  was,  that  a  con- 
siderable abatement  ensued  of  the  piety,  morality,  and 
industry,  of  the  Indian  communities  that  had  been  re- 
claimed from  savage  life.  But  the  work  has  not  been 
lost ;  Its  visible  traces  wero  never  sutl'ered  to  perish : 
ainid:iL  occdaional  decline  and  revival,  it  has  always  been 
manifest,  and  tho  people  gathered  to  God  from  this 
barbarous  and  deeply-revolted  kindred  have  never  been 
permitted  to  disappear, 

I  have  been  induced  to  overstep  very  considerably 
the  march  of  tune,  in  order  to  exhibit  a  brief  bui  un- 
broken view  of  this  great  scene  of  missionary  labor. 
We  now  return  to  follow  more  leisurely  tho  general 
stream  of  the  atfairs  of  the  colony. 

Shortly  after  ttw  dissensions  that  had  prevailed  in  the 
year  1040,  tho  general  couu  recommended  the  assem- 
hlmg  of  a  general  synod  of  the  churches  in  order  to 
frame  an  uniform  scheme  of  church  discipline  for  all  tlio 
colonial  congiegations.  Tho  proposal  was  resisted  by 
several  of  the  churches,  which  expressed  great  apprc- 
hei'sion  of  the  arbitrary  purposes  and  supt  rsiitiou.s  de- 
vices which  might  be  promoted  by  the  dangerous  prac- 
tice of  cunvocating  synods.  [1018.  J  Uut,at  length,  the 
persuasion  generally  prevailing  tl.ji  an  assembly  oi  thi3 
description  possessed  no  inherent  authority,  and  that  its 
functions  were  conlined  to  the  tendering  of  counsel, 
the  second  synod  of  New  Kngland  was  called  together 
at  Cambridge.  The  confession  of  faith  that  had  reccn'ly 
been  published  by  the  .\ssemiiiy  of  Divines  at  West- 
minster, was  thoroughly  examined  and  uimnimosuly 
approved.  Three  of  the  most  eminent  mi[ii.slers  of  tlto 
colony.  Cotton,  Partridge,  and  Mather,  were  then  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  a  iiiodt-1  of  discipline  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  colonial  churches.  The  Plafjorm  nj  Vhurch 
DigciplinCy  winch  they  composed  accordingly,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  synod,  alter  many  long  debates,  leeeived 
the  general  approbation  and  universal  acquiescence. 

lO'PJ]  A  dispute  had  for  some  time  subsisted  be- 
tween Massacliusetts  and  Connecticut  respecting  a  tax 
which  the  latter  slate  had  imposed,  and  which  Massa- 
chusetts considered  with  good  reason  to  operate  un- 
fairly on  a  portion  of  her  people.  Having  complained 
to  the  CO  *  \>racy,  and  not  obtainining  redress  as  spee- 
dily as  th  ^  jiisidered  themselves  entiMed  to  expect, 
the  legislative  authorities  of  Massachusetts  pa&sed  an 
act  imposing  a  retaliatory  duty  nut  only  on  goods  froia 
I  Connecticut,  but  on  importations  from  all  the  other 
states  of  the  confederation.  This  unjust  proceeding 
could  bo  supported  only  by  an  appeal  to  the  privilege 
j  of  the  strongest  ;  a  privilege  which  .Massachusetts  was 
I  so  well  able  to  enforce,  that  the  other  confederates  had 
nothing  to  oppose  but  the  usual,  though  often  inetfec- 
tual,  ex|)cdient  of  the  weak.  Happily  for  them  and 
I  for  herself,  their  ally,  though  liaSie  lo  be  betrayed  into 
'  error  by  resentment  and  parliabty,  was  not  intoxicated 


2H 


THE    HISTOnT  OF 


with  consciouA  power.  They  presented  a  remonatrance 
lo  th«  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  desiring  it  "  se- 
hoiisly  to  consider  whether  siich  proceedings  agree 
with  the  law  of  love,  and  the  tenor  of  iho  articte*  of 
confederation."  On  receiving  this  remonstrance,  the 
government  of  Massachusetts,  superior  to  the  mean 
■hama  of  acknowledging  a  wrong,  consented  to  sus- 
pend the  ob.ioiious  ordinance.*  [1650.] 

But  Massacb-jsotta,  in  the  following  year,  [1651,] 
%*an  engaged  in  a  dispute  with  a  power  still  more  formi- 
dable to  her  than  ^he  was  lo  her  confederates,  and  much 
less  ansceptible  of  sentiments  of  moderation  and  for- 
bearance. The  Long  Parliament  h;iving  now  esta- 
blished its  authority  at  home,  was  determined  to  ciaci 
an  implicit  recognition  of  it  from  all  the  dependencies 
of  the  state,  and  even  to  introduce  such  recDirnition 
into  all  the  chartnrd  and  ofHcial  proceedin<rs  of  subor- 
dinate commuiiittes.  A  requisition  was  accordingly 
transmitted  to  the  governor  and  asseinbly  of  Massa- 
chusetts, to  send  their  charter  to  London,  to  take  out 
a  new  patent  from  the  keepers  of  the  liberties  of  Eng- 
land, and  to  hold  all  courts,  and  i^sue  a!l  writs,  in  the 
name  of  this  description  o(  authority.  This  com- 
mand excited  the  utmost  alarm  in  the  colony  t  nor 
could  all  the  attachment  of  the  people  to  the  cause  of 
the  parliamentt  reconcile  them  to  a  surrender  of  the 
title  under  which  their  settlements  and  institutions  had 
been  formed,  and  which  had  never  obstructed  their  sub- 
ordination to  the  authorities  that  now  proposed  to  re- 
voke it.  The  parliament  had  no  more  right  to  super- 
sede the  original  patent  of  the  colony,  thun  to  require 
the  city  of  London,  or  any  of  the  other  corporations  of 
England,  to  submit  their  charters  to  similar  dissolution 
and  renovation.  But  the  colonists  were  well  aware 
that  the  authorities  which  had  issued  this  aihitnry 
mandate  had  the  power  to  ei^orce  ir ;  and,  accord- 
intrly.  declining  a  direct  collision,  they  reverted  to  the 
policy,  which  they  had  once  successfully  employed  to 
counteract  the  tyiannical  intentions  of  the  king,  and 
succeeded  in  completely  foiling  this  assembly,  so  re- 
nowned for  it3  success,  resolution,  and  capacity.  The 
general  court,  instead  of  surrendering  the  patent,  trans- 
milted  a  petition  to  the  parliament  against  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  mandate,  setting  forth,  that  **  (hese  ihiuns 
not  being  dune  in  the  late  k.nu's  lime  or  since,  it  was 
not  able  to  discern  the  need  of  such  an  injunction." 
It  represented  the  condition  and  authority  on  which  the 
ietilers  had  originally  come  lo  New  England,  their 
atcdfast  adherence  to  the  CLuse  of  the  purliament 
throughout  the  civil  wars,  and  iheir  present  explicit 
recognilion  of  its  supremacy  ;  and  prayed  that  the  peo- 
ple inijiht  not  now  be  worse  dealt  with  than  in  the  time 
of  the  king,  and  instead  of  a  governor  and  magistrates 
annually  chosen  by  themselve:*,  be  required  to  submit 
to  others  imposed  on  them  against  their  wilU.  The 
general  court  at  the  same  time  addressed  a  Iclter  to  *'  the 


•  Hutchinson  i.  153.  ChaliTurs,  I3-i,  3.  Anmhcr  tli-ipine, 
which  ocnirrcd  aboui  tlireo  vrars  ni'icr  bi-twren  .M.-isHiu  hu- 
seufi  ami  the  other  cnnfederniRit  state:*,  is  re'i(i>>l  wiili  grrni 
nniiutcn^sa.  anil  I  think  with  nn  hiiihII  ii.ju<'tic<>  aiii)  pm-- 
linlity,  hy  thereapecialile  hij»t'iria!i  of  Cinuieriicui.  In  I6.)3,  a 
discovery  was  supposed  to  have  hern  made  of  a  cirispiracv 
between  Stuyvesant,  the  governor  of  the  Dnirh  rnlnny,  nnti 
the  InriiaoR,  iiT  the  exienniniition  of  the  Kn^lish.  The  evi. 
denre  of  this  sansuinary  project  (whtrh  Siuwesantinilienanilv 
tJl.icI«imcd)  wan  held  aumcient,  and  the  remdution  of  aienrral 
war  emhrared.  by  all  the  commissioners  of  the  uninci  exrrpt 
those  of  Ma<*3arhudpiii.  The  general  conrt  of  ihi:*  province 
Judged  the  proof  inconclusive,  and  were  foriSed  in  ihtH  opi. 
nion  by  the  judgment  of  their  clerey,  whirh  ihey  consentpd  to 
abide  bf.  To  all  the  ^emnflrtrallce.^  nf  their  allien,  they  an- 
swered, (hat  no  articles  of  confederation  should  induce  them  o 
undenake  an  offensive  war  whicli  they  con.sidcreii  unjust,  and 
on  which  they  could  not  a«k  or  expect  the  blewsinjof  Ood. 
The  .liatnrian  of  Cormerticni.  not  coriiem  with  reprobating 
Ihia  breach  of  the  articles  of  union,  vehemenily  matniairifl  that 
the  8(TupIea  of  .Ma^sarhusptts  were  insincere.  Trumbull,  vol. 
Leap.  X.  But,  intruth  the  evidence  of  the  Dnicli  p!(U  labored 
«  ider  very  oerinu.1  ilefect*.  which  were  much  more  coolly 
weighed  hy  the  people  nf  MaM.ichu8ctti,  than  bv  the  inhabi- 
UnH  of  Connectirut  anil  Newhaven.  cxaflfwra^ed  by  frequent 
disputes  with  the  Dutch,  and,  by  their  proximitv,  exposed  to 
the  greatest  lianger  from  Dutch  hostilities.  In  the  l)eginning 
oflhe  foUowins  century, the  nittiation  t>fihe  provinces  was  so 
nr  reverted,  that  Ma^.irt.usetts  WBBrompelled  to  noiicitCon- 
n«cticul  for  aid  in  a  general  war  with  the  Indiana  ;  and,  on  this 
OCca.ii.m,  Ctmnerticnt  renioie  from  the  scene  of  Hciiun,  at  first 
rernsed  her  ai.i  upon  scruple'*, which  nhrt  afterwards  awerfained 
•Obefrnnndless.  re9[>ecnng  the  tawfulneisof  the  war.  Trum- 
bull}  Tot.  ii.cap.  5. 

t  Though  attached  lo  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  Ihe  peo- 
pie  of  New  Kngland  had  so  far  f^'reoiien  their  own  wrongs, 
and  escaped  the  mntngion  of  the  passions  enjrendered  In  Ihe 
ciril  war,  thai  the  tragical  fate  o^  the  klnir  appears  to  have 
eKite<li<eneral  grief  and  concern.  The  public  expression  of 
iuch  sentiments  would  have  been  equally  inexpedient  and  nn- 
aT»illn?:  but  that  they  were  enlenained  \o  terv  manifert. 
See  Huichinaon,  i.  157.  In  this  the  puritans  of  America  were 
lim singular  No  man  in  England  lade  creater  efforts  to  save 
OliarVi  lif-  than  William  Prviin  ihe  puritan,  than  whom  no 
inaa  bad  suttercJ  more  ssrerely  from  his  tyranny. 


liOrd  General  Cromwell,"  for  the  purjiose  of  interesting 
his  powerful  mediation  in  their  behalf,  as  well  as  of 
dissuading  him  from  the  prosecution  of  certain  moa- 
suroa  which  he  himself  bad  projected  for  their  advan- 
tage. The  peculiar  character  which  the  New  England 
colonists  had  displayed,  the  institutions  they  had  esta- 
blished, and  their  predilection  for  the  independent 
model  of  church  government  which  he  himself  so  highly 
admired,  had  recommended  them  in  the  most  powerful 
manner  to  the  esteem  of  this  extraordinary  man  :  and 
his  favorable  regards  were  enhanced  by  the  recollection 
of  the  plan  ho  had  formed,  and  so  nearly  realized,  of 
uniting  his  destiny  with  theirs  in  America.  Nor  were 
they  at  all  abated  by  the  compassion  and  benevolence 
with  which  the  colonists  received  a  considerable  body 
of  unfortunate  Scots  whom  Cromwell  had  caused  to  be 
transi^rted  to  Massachusetts  after  the  battle  of  Dun- 
t)ar,  and  of  which  he  was  informed  by  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Cotton.*  He  seemed  to  consider  that  he  had  been 
detained  in  England  for  their  interests  a**  well  as  his 
own,  and  never  ceased  to  desire  th:it  they  should  be 
more  nearly  associated  with  his  fortunes,  and  cheered 
with  the  rays  ol  his  grandeur.  He  had  conceived  an 
ardent  desire  to  be  the  author  of  an  enterprise  so  illus- 
trious as  the  revocation  of  these  men  to  the  country 
from  which  they  had  been  so  unworthily  expelled  ;  and 
as  an  act  of  honorable  justice  to  themselvef,  as  well  fs 
for  the  advantage  of  Ireland,  he  had  recently  broachod 
the  proposal  of  transporting  them  from  America,  and 
establishing  them  in  a  district  of  this  island,  which  was 
to  be  evacuated  for  their  reception.  In  their  letter  to 
him,  the  general  court,  which  had  been  apprised  of  thlH 
scheme,  acknowledged,  with  grateful  expressions,  the 
kind  consideration  which  it  indicated  ;  hut  declined  to 
avad  themselves  of  it,  or  abandon  a  land  where  they 
had  experienced  so  much  of  the  favor  of  God,  and  were 
blessed  with  such  prospects  of  converting  the  heathen. 
They  at  the  same  time  recommended  their  potiiion 
against  the  parliamentary  measures  to  his  friendly 
countenance,  and  heseeched  "his  Excellence  to  be 
pleased  to  »how  whatsoever  God  shall  direct  him  unto, 
on  the  behalf  of  the  colony,  to  the  most  honorable  par- 
liament." It  may  be  presumed,  that Cromwiirs  medi- 
ation was  successfully  employed,  as  th**  requisition 
that  had  been  tnnsinittcd  to  the  general  court  was  not 
further  prosecuted.  + 

The  successes  oflhe  Long  Parliament  had  begotten 
in  its  leading  members  a  growing  spirit  of  dominion, 
of  which  the  colonies  did  not  fail  to  experience  ihc 
operation.  In  the  history  of  Virginia  we  have  beheld 
the  laws  hy  which  the  traffic  of  all  the  colonies  with 
foreign  nations  was  prohibited,  and  the  ordinances  and 
procet;dings  by  whicii  ihe  subjugation  of  that  refrac'ory 
settlement  was  enacted  and  enforced.  The  slate  of 
Massachusetts,  which  was  desirous,  as  far  as  pos^ihle, 
to  act  in  concurrence  with  the  parliament,  and  was  per- 
fectly sincere  in  recogniziny  its  supremacy,  co-operated 
with  its  ordinant'e  ao,iinst  Virginia,  l.y  prohibiting  all 
intercourse  with  that  colony  till  it  had  oeeii  reduoei  hy 
the  pirliiiinentary  forces.  IJut  it  was  not  over  those 
settlements  alone,  which  opposed  its  supremacy,  that 
the  parliament  was  disposed  lo  indulge  the  spirit  of 
duinituon  ;  and  though  .Massachusetts  was  protected 
from  its  designs  hy  the  interference  of  Cromwell,  Ma- 
rNland,    which   had    received    its   esrabliishmetit    from 


*  Cromwell  was  far  from  being  incapable  of  appreciating 
the  merit  or  toleratiii|{  tho  prais-e  tf  a  loe ;  and  the  finest  tn- 
biiie  iliat  was  ever  paid  to  the  dignified  courage  wi:h  wliicti 
Chark-.s  the  Fn.si  encoimtrred  his  late,  is  contained  in  an  ode 
by  tho  patriot  and  poet,  Andrew  Marvel],  addressed  lo  the 
protector. 

t  ll'dchinson  i.  176.  and  Append.  516.  520.  Ilutcliin.snn's 
t^ollecti'in  of  papers,  2.15.  Chalmers,  184,5.  Tlie  conmiis- 
siontT.f  for  New  Kngland,  who  were  sent  thither  bv  Charles 
the  Second  asserted,  in  ilieir  narrative,  that  the  colony  soli- 
fiied  Cromwell  to  be  declared  a  free  state,  llulchmsuii's 
Colleclinnof  papers,  p.  420.  Thia  is  hlghlj  unlikely,  and  w.is 
suggested  perhaps  by  misrepresental  m  or  misappreheiision 
of  tiie  circumstances  related  in  Lhe  tert.  ihe  publication  of 
Governor  Winthrop's  Journal  has  nor-  clearly  proved  that 
the  leading  men  in  Massaciiuseils  entertained  fr-ini  the  be- 
ginning a  considerable  jealousy  of  parti;imeiiiary  jurisdiction. 
*•  In  1041,"  says  Winthrop,  "some  of  our  friends  in  Enifland 
wrote  to  us  advice  to  send  over  some  to  sol.cit  for  us  in  the 
parliament,  givinir  us  hones  that  we  might  obtain  much;  but, 
consulting  about  it,  we  declined  the  motion  for  this ronsidera- 
iion :  that  if  we  should  put  ourselves  under  tho  protection  of 
pari  Btnent.  we  must  then  bo  subject  to  all  such  laws  as  they 
should  make,  or,  at  least,  such  as  they  miijlit  impose  upon  us; 
in  which  course,  though  they  should  intend  our  good,  yet  it 
minrhl  prove  very  prejudicial  to  ui."  Winthrop's  Journal, 
p.  218.  Hence  it  is  obvious  that  the  people  of  New  England, 
in  acknowledging  the  supremacy  of  parliainert,  had  respect 
toil  not  as  a  legislative  body,  but  as  adimnistenmrthe  func- 
tions of  royalty.  They  never  wiliinfly  admitted  that  the  mo- 
ther country  possessed  a  legislative  control  over  them;  or 
that,  in  forsaking  her  sliores,  thevhad  left  behind  Ihcin  an 
authority  capable  of  sending  after  ihemttie  evils  from  whicli 
tlicyliadded. 


Charles  the  First,  was  compelled  to  receive  the  alteiA- 
lions  of  its  ofTirial  style  which  Massachusetts  hftd 
evaded;  [1652J*  and  Rhode  Ir  land  hi  held  the  very  fortn 
of  government  which  it  had  received  fiuni  tho  parliament 
itaelf  in  1643,  suspended  by  an  ordei  of  the  council  of 
fltale.  What  might  have  ensued  upon  this  order,  aiwl 
what  similar  or  furtho  proceedings  might  have  t>oen 
adopted  by  the  parliament  relative  to  the  other  co- 
lonies, were  intercepted  by  its  own  disnolulion,  and 
the  convergence  of  the  whole  power  of  tho  English 
commonwealth  in  the  strong  hands  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 
1653.]  The  ascendancy  of  the  protector  proved 
highly  brnehcial  to  all  the  American  colonies,  except 
Virginia,  which,  on  account  of  the  political  tenets  of  ite 
inhabitants,  he  regarded  even  with  greater  displeasure 
than  the  catholic  eatablishnient  of  Maryland.  Uhode 
Island,  immediately  after  his  elevation,  resumed  the 
form  of  government  which  the  parliament  had  ro> 
cently  suspended  ;  and,  hy  the  decisive  vigor  of  his 
interference,  the  people  of  Connecticut  and  Newhaven 
were  relieved  from  the  apprehensions  they  had  long 
entertained  of  the  ho.%tile  desiuns  of  the  Dutch  colo- 
nists of  iS'ew  York.  All  the  New  Knglami  slates  wero 
thenceforward  exempted  from  tlie  operation  of  the  par- 
liamentary ordinance  against  trade  with  foreign  nations; 
and  both  tliiir  commerce  and  security  derived  a  great 
increase  from  the  conquest  which  the  protector's  arms 
achieved,  of  lhe  province  of  Acadia  from  the  t^rench. 
But  it  was  Massachusetts  thai  occupied  the  hiohest 
place  in  his  esteem  ;  and  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  set- 
tlement he  earnestly  loni»ed  to  impart  a  dignity  of  ex- 
ternal condition  proportioned  lo  the  elevation  which  he 
believed  them  lo  enjoy  in  the  favor  of  the  great  Sove- 
reign of  all  manktnd.  Tho  reasons  fur  which  they  had 
declined  his  otfer  of  a  settlement  in  Ireland,  however 
bkely  to  commend  tlicinsulves  lo  his  apprnbalton,  worn 
still  more  calculaietl  to  draw  forth  his  regard  for  a  pe(^ 
pie  who  felt  the  force  of  such  generous  considerations. 
When  his  arms  had  eH'ected  lhe  coniiuest  ol  Jamaica, 
he  conceived  lhe  project  uf  transplanting  the  colonists 
of  Massachusetts  to  that  beautiful  island  ;  [  lf>5.5,j  and* 
with  this  view,  he  strongly  represented  to  them,  that, 
by  establishing  themselves  and  their  priiiriplea  m  the 
West  Indies,  they  would  carry  the  sword  o(  the  gospel 
into  the  veiy  heart  of  the  ternlones  of  poprry,  and  tliat 
coiiaequenlly  they  ou|fht  to  deem  ihemselves  as  strongly 
called  to  this  ulterior  removal,  us  they  had  been  lu  their 
origiujl  migration.  He  endeavored  to  incite  thorn  to 
embraci!  this  project  by  promises  t.(  his  amplest  coun- 
u-nance  and  support,  and  of  having  the  wliule  powers 
of  government  vested  entirely  in  their  own  hands,  and 
hy  exp  'lating  on  the  rich  productions  of  the  torr:d 
zone,  witn  which  their  industry  would  be  rewarded  m 
this  lie'.'  settlement:  and  with  these  considerations  he 
blended  an  appeal  to  their  conscience,  in  pressing  ihoia 
to  fullil,  in  their  own  favor,  the  promise  which,  he  said, 
the  Almighty  had  given  to  male  his  people  the  head,  and 
not  the  lint.  He  not  only  urged  these  views  upon  iho 
agents  and  correspondents  of  the  colonists  in  Kngland, 
but  despatched  one  of  his  own  officers  lo  solicit  on  tho 
spot  their  conipliance  with  his  proposal.  Uui  the  colo- 
nists were  exceedingly  averse  to  abandon  a  country 
where  they  found  themselves  happy  and  in  possession 
of  a  sphere  of  increasing  usefulness  ;  and  the  proposal 
was  the  more  unacceptable  lo  them  from  the  accounts 
tiicy  had  received  of  the  sickliness  of  Jamaica.  [1656J 
The  general  court  accordingly  returned  an  address, 
declining,  in  the  name  uf  their  fellow-citizens,  to  em- 
brace tho  protector's  otler,  and  wiilml  beseeching  his 
Highness  not  to  impute  their  refusal  to  iiiditl'erencc  lo 
hia  service,  or  to  an  ungrateful  disregard  of  his  concern 
for  their  welfare. t  Thus,  by  the  overruling  influence 
of  that  Power  hy  which  their  slcps  had  been  so  signally 
directed,  were  the  colonists  prevented,  on  two  occa- 
sions, from  availing  themselves  uf  the  injudicious  pro- 
motion which  Cromwell  was  so  eager  to  bestow.  Had 
lliey  removed  to  Ireland,  they  would  themselves  shortly 
after  have   been   subjected  to  slavery  :  had  they  pro- 


*  This  year  Massachusetts  lost  its  eminent  preacher,  pa- 
triarch, and  peace*inakcr,  John  Cotton.  Finding  hiuiseir  dy> 
in^,  he  tent  for  the  maKistrales  and  ministers  of  tlie  colony, 
and,  with  solemnity  and  tenderness,  bade  them  faiewell  for  a 
while.  Few  men  have  ever  occupied  so  largo  room  as  tt'ia 
man  possessed  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen. 

t  Hutchinson,  i.  180.  lUO— ]V».  Chalmers.  S93.  193.  188. 
Hazard,  63t.  A  similar  answer  was  returned  by  Newhaven 
to  a  similar  application  from  the  protector.  Trumlmll,  i.  38t). 
There  were  not  wanting  some  wild  spirits  among  tlie  colo- 
nist:*, who  relis.ed  the  protector's  pro]M)sals.  The  notorious 
Veimer,  who  headed  the  insurieciion  of  the  Fifih  MouHrrby 
men  in  Eni,dand  after  the  Restoration,  wab  fur  some  tune  ua 
irdial)itaiit  of  Salem,  andpievailed  vvittia  pariv  of  ztaluts  iluTe 
to  unite  in  a  scheme  of  emigration  to  the  West  Indies.  Dut 
the  design  was  discouraged  by  the  clergy,  and  intercepted 
by  tho  magistrates.    Oldmuun,i.  47 


lMl'mijU.».      '   ■    '  a.^^-- 


NORTH    AMERICA; 


25.') 


eceive  the  tIteM- 
lassachunettB  had 
held  the  very  form 
uin  thti  parliament 
of  the  council  M 
)n  this  order,  aiid 
mi^ht  have  boea 
to  the  other  uo- 
1  disMolulion,  and 
r  of  the  Knghah 
Oliver  Cromwell, 
protector  proved 
1  colonies,  except 
litical  tenets  of  it* 
uater  displeasure 
[aryland.     Rhode 
iun,   resumed  the 
rliiimenl  had  ro- 
sivo  vigor  of  his 
ut  and  Newhaven 
a  they  had  long 
the  Dutch  colo- 
gl'jrul  stalen  wcro 
ration  of  (ho  par- 
I)  foreign  nations; 
i  derived  a  |rrcat 
protrctor's  arms 
from  the   blench, 
pied    the  highest 
Miants  of  tins  set- 
a  diirnily  of  en* 
levaiion  which  he 
f  the  great  8ove- 
>r  which  they  had 
Ireland,  however 
ipprohation,  wore 
regard  for  a  peo» 
Id  considerations, 
piest  of  Jamaica, 
ting  the  colonists 
nd;  [  1655,]  and, 
ed  to  them,  (hat, 
■  pririfiplca  in  the 
ord  of  the  gospel 
f  pnprry.  and  that 
selves  as  sirongly 
had  been  to  thetr 
to  incite  Iheni  to 
Ilia  amplest  coun- 
the  whole  powers 
r  own  handj,  and 
nis  of  the  torrid 
d  be  rewarderl  in 
considerations  he 
I  in  pressing  them 
sc  which,  he  said, 
ople  the  head,  auU 
e  views  upon  iho 
nists  in  Kngland, 
)  to  solicit  on  the 
1.     but  the  colo- 
andon  a  country 
ind  in  j)038es8ion 
diid  the  proposal 
roni  the  accounts 
Jamaica.  [1656] 
rned  an  address, 
-citizens,  to  eni- 
il  beseeching  his 
to  inJitlerencc  to 
rd  of  hid  concern 
rruling  iuHutMice 
been  so  signally 
ed.  on  two  occa- 
!  injudicious  pro* 
o  bestow.     Had 
emselves  shortly 
f  :  had  they  pro- 

iient  preacher,  pa- 
'mdint;  hitiiseir  dy* 
tors  of  the  colon/, 
Item  faiewell  fur  a 
largo  room  ai  tl'is 
nen. 

Drs.  993.  I03.  18B. 
lied  by  Newhaven 
Trumliull,  i.  tRtk 
s  amonef  the  rulo< 
Is.  The  notorious 
he  FiTih  .Moimrchy 
lur  jiOMie  tniH!  an 
'ty  of  zealuls  tlicrr 
VV«;st  liiilies.  Dut 
',  anU  intercepted 


ceeded  to  Jamaica,  they  would  have  been  exposed  to  a 
strong  and  dangerous  temptation  of  inliictnig  that  in- 
justice upon  others.  In  the  mind  o(  Ciomweli,  a  veiie- 
mcnl  ardor  was  singularly  combined  with  the  most  pro- 
found and  delibcrute  sagacity  ;  and  enlhu.^nistic  senti- 
ments were  not  uiifre(|uently  blended  with  politic  con- 
siderations, in  proportions  which  it  is  little  likely  that 
he  himself  was  aware  of,  or  that  any  .spectator  of  his 
actions  can  hope  to  adjust.  It  in  obvious,  on  the  one 
hand,  that  his  propositions  to  the  colonists,  on  hoth 
ucrasions,  were  connected  with  tiio  securer  establiah- 
ment  of  his  own  dominion  in  Ireland,  and  (he  preserva- 
tion of  his  conquest  m  the  West  Indies.  Hut  it  is 
equally  certain,  on  the  other,  that  the  colonists  in- 
quired neither  displeasure,  nor  even  abatement  of  his 
cordial  friendship,  by  refusing  to  promote  the  schemes 
on  which  he  was  so  sirongly  bent :  nay,  so  powerfully 
had  they  captivated  his  rugged  heart,  that  they  were 
able  to  maintain  his  favor,  eve-i  while  their  iinoU-rance 
discredited  the  independent  principles  which  he  and 
they  concurred  m  professmg ;  and  none  of  the  com- 
plaints with  which  he  was  long  harassed  on  their  ac- 
count bv  the  anabaptists  and  quakers,  wiiuse  proceed- 
ings and  treatment  in  the  colony  we  are  now  to  con- 
sider, were  ever  able  to  deprive  the  people  of  the  place 
they  had  gained  in  the  protector's  esteem. 

The  colonists  had  been  of  late  years  involved  occa- 
sionally m  hostilities  with  some  of  the  Indian  tnbrs, 
and  in  disputes  with  the  Dutch,  by  whose  machinations 
li  was  suspected  Jiat  these  savages  were  more  than 
once  instigated  to  conspire  agiunat  them,  liut  these 
events  had  been  productive  of  greater  alarm  than  in- 
jury :  and  by  far  tne  most  serious  troubles  with  which 
the  colonists  were  infested  were  those  which  arose  from 
religious  dissensions.  Of  all  the  instances  of  persecu- 
tion that  occur  m  the  history  of  New  Kngland,  the  most 
censurable  in  its  principle,  though  happily  also  the  least 
vehement  in  the  seventies  which  it  produced,  was  tlie 
treatment  inflicted  on  the  anabaptists  by  the  govern- 
ment o(  Massachusetts  The  first  appearance  of  these 
sectaries  in  this  province  was  in  the  year  1651,  when, 
to  the  great  astonishment  and  concern  of  the  coinmu- 
nitv,  sdven  or  eight  persons,  of  wliom  the  leader  was 
one  Obadtah  Holmes,  ad  at  once  professed  the  baptist 
tenets,  and  separated  from  the  congregation  to  whicii 
ihev  had  belonged,  declaring  that  they  could  no  lont:er 
take  ccunsci,  or  partake  divine  ordinances,  with  unbap- 
tized  mt-n.  as  they  pronounced  all  the  other  inhabitants 
of  the  province  to  he.  The  erroneous  doctrine  whicli 
thus  unexpectedly  sprung  up  was  at  this  time  regarded 
with  peciihar  dread  and  jealousy,  on  account  of  the 
horrible  enormities  of  sentiment  and  practice  witli  which 
tiie  first  professors  of  it  in  Germany  had  associated  its 
repute  ;  and  no  sooner  did  Holmes  and  his  friends  set 
up  a  baptist  conventicle  for  themselves,  than  eoinptaints 
of  their  proceedings,  as  an  intolerable  nuisance,  came 
pouring  into  the  <reneral  court  from  all  quarters  of  the 
colony.  From  the  tenorof  these  complaints,  it  appears, 
that  the  influence  of  that  infamous  association,  by  which 
the  wretched  Uoccuhl  and  his  frantic  followers  at  Mun- 
iter  had  stained  and  degraded  the  baptist  tenets,  stUl 
preserved  its  force  in  the  minds  of  men,  and  that  the 
profession  of  these  tenets  was  calculated  to  awaken  sus- 
picions of  the  grossest  innnorality  of  conduct.  Holmes 
was  accused  of  having  dishonored  the  Almighty,  not 
only  by  scattering  his  peo))le  and  denying  his  ordinance, 
but  by  the  commission  ol  profligate  impurities,  and  the 
shameful  indecency  with  \Nhicli  it  was  alleged  thai  his 
distinctive  rite  was  administered.  It  is  udinitiod  by 
the  colonial  historians,  that  the  evidence  tlut  was  ad- 
duced i"  support  of  these  latter  charges  was  msutlicient 
to  establish  them.  The  court  at  first  proceeded  no 
farther  than  to  adjudge  Holmes  and  his  friends  to  desist 
from  their  unchristian  separation  :  ar.d  tiiey  wore  per- 
mitted to  retire,  having  first,  however,  publicly  declared 
that  they  would  follow  out  the  leidings  of  their  con- 
sciences, and  obey  God  rather  than  man.  Some  time 
after,  they  were  apprehended  on  a  Sunday,  while  attend- 
ing the  preaching  of  one  Clark,  a  baptist,  from  Rhode 
Island,  who  had  come  to  propagate  his  tenets  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  constables  who  took  them  into  cus- 
tody carried  them  to  cuurch.  as  a  more  proper  place  of 
christian  worship ;  where  Clark  put  on  his  hat  the  mo- 
ment that  the  minister  began  to  pray.  Clark,  Holmes, 
and  another,  were  sentenced  to  pay  smad  fines,  or  he 
flogged  :  and  thirty  lashes  were  actually  inflicted  on 
Holmes,  who  resolutely  persisted  in  choosing  a  punish- 
ment that  would  cnalic  him  to  show  with  what  con- 
stancy he  could  suffer  for  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
truth.  A  law  was  at  the  same  time  passed,  subjecting 
to  banishment  from  the  colony  every  person  who  should 
openly  condeiuu  or  oppose  the  baptism  of  infants,  who 


shou  d  attempt  to  seduce  others  from  the  use  or  appro- 
bation thereof,  or  purposely  depart  from  the  congrega- 
tion when  that  rite  was  adniinistered,  "or  deny  the 
ordinance  of  the  magistracy,  or  their  lawful  right  or 
authority  to  make  war."  From  these  last  words  it 
would  appear,  that  the  baptists  either  held,  or  were  re- 
ported to  hold,  along  with  the  proper  tenet.s  from 
wher""  they  have  derived  llieir  denomination,  princi- 
ples .uat  might  well  he  deemed  adverse  to  the  stability 
of  government  and  the  safely  of  society.  In  addition 
to  this,  we  arc  assured  by  Cotton  Mather,  that  it  was 
the  practice  of  the  anabaptists,  in  order  to  strengthen 
their  party  and  manifest  their  contempt  for  the  clerical 
congregations,  to  receive  at  once  into  their  oody  every 
per^son  whom  tliu  established  church  had  suspended 
from  ecclesiastical  privileges  for  licentiousness  of  con- 
duct, and  even  to  appoint  these  persons  administrators 
of  the  sacrament  among  them.  Yet,  even  with  these 
and  other  extenuating  considerations,  it  is  impossible 
to  acquit  the  government  of  Massachusetts  of  having 
violated  in  this  instance  the  rights  of  conscirucc,  and 
iide  tmr.  otleiiders  for  the  hdelity  wiiJi  whxh  they 
adliercd  (u  what  they  hrinly,  though  crroniou^ly,  be- 
lieved to  he  the  will  of  Uod,  in  relation  of  a  matter 
purely  ecclesiastical.*  The  eagerness  with  which  every 
collateral  cliarge  against  the  baptists  was  credited  in 
the  colony,  and  the  vehement  impatience  with  which 
their  claim  of  toleration  was  rejected,  forcibly  indicate 

he  illiberality  and  delusion  by  which  their  persecutors 
were  governed  ;  and  may  suggest  to  the  christian  philo- 
soptier  a  train  of  reflections  no  less  instructive  than 
interesting  on  the  self-deceit  by  which  men  so  com- 
moiily  infer  the  honcoty  of  their  convictions,  and  the 
rectitude  uf  their  proceedings,  from  that  resentful  per- 
turbation which  far  more  truly  indicates  a  secret  con- 
sciousness of  injustice  and  inconsistency.  There  is 
not  a  more  common  nor  more  pernicious  error  in  the 
world  than  that  one  virtue  may  be  practised  at  the  ex- 
pense of  another.  \N  here  sincerity  without  charity  ia 
professed,  there  is  always  reason  to  suspect  the  profes- 
sor of  a  dishonest  disregard  of  the  secret  surmises  of 
his  own  spirit. 

It    is  niortifying  to  behold  such  tares  growing  up  in 
the  field  that  was  already  so  riclily  productive  of  mis- 

ionary  exertion  and  other  f  uils  of  genuine  and  exalted 
piety.  The  seventies  tliat  were  employed  proved  m 
the  end  totally  inetfeciual  to  restrain  the  growth  of  the 
baptists'  (enels  ;  though  lor  the  present  the  professors 
of  these  doctrines  appear  to  have  either  desisted  from 
holding  separate  assemblies,  or  to  have  retired  from 
Massachusetts,  fcjome  of  tiiem  proceeded  to  Kngland, 
and  coniplanied  to  Cromwell  ol  tl  e  persecution  they 
li'.d   undergone  ;    but  he   rejected  their  complauit,  and 

pplauded  the  conduct  of  the  colonial  auihuriiies. 
I'he  ireaimeiit  which  tlie  quakers  expeneiiced  in 
Massachusetts  was  much  mure  severe,  but,  at  the  same 
time,  undoubtedly  much  more  justly  provoked.  It  is 
dillicult  lor  us,  m  the  calm  and  ruuonul  demeanor  ol 
the  quakers  of  the  present  age,  to  recognise  the  suc- 
cessors of  tiiose  wild  enttiusiasts  who  first  appeared  in 
the  north  of  Kngland,  about  the  year  1644,  and  began 
a  few  years  alter  to  be  distinguisiied  by  ttie  name  ut 
quakeis.  In  the  mind  of  George  i'ojt,  the  collector  ol 
llus  sectarian  body  and  the  launder  of  their  system  oi 
doeinne,  there  existed  a  singular  mixture  of  clinsiian 
sentiment  and  gospil  truth,  with  a  deep  shade  of  error 
and  delusion.  I'loloundly  pious  and  eoniemplitive, 
but  constitutionally  visionary  a. id  hypocliondnacal.i  iie 
appears  at  tirst  to  ha\e  .suspected  that  the  peculiarities 
ol  ills  mental  impressions  might  have  arl^en  Irom  some 
malady  which  advice  could  remove  ;  and  an  old  clergy- 
iimn,  to  whom  he  applied  lor  counsel,  udvnftd  him  to 
seek   a  cure  of  what"  was   spiritual  in  his  disouler  by 


*  Tlie  baptists  who  were  rxiled  irorn  Ma.ssaihusselts  wen- 
allowed  to  suttio  in  the  loUuiy  ol  i'lyiiiouih  (llutclanson,  u. 
476),  whence  it  may  he  sinnigty  ndcrred,  that  they  did  not  in 
reahty  proless  {;is  iliey  were  suiipusedby  tlic  [leople  ol  Mus- 
sacliusclls  to  do)  princiiiies  ad\eise  to  Uie  salcty  ul  society. 
The  charge  prohahly  ongumtt-d  in  the  exiravagauceoi  a  Ilw 
ot  their  own  number,  and  the  iinpatieiico  and  injusiicc  ol 
their  advursaties. 

t  Several  cnihietit  christian  teachers  have  been  nlltioted  with 
hyiv'choi.driaciil  afieciioiis,  and  in  a  greater  or  lea;' dejrree  ilt- 
luded  by  ihe  strange  iinpre3>-Mi3  or"^  which  lh»;y  remler  the 
mind  susceptible.  Thai  great  a. .i  good  niuii,  David  Drainerd, 
in  particular,  labored  under  this  diueasti  all  his  Win;  and 
though  it  dill  not  affect  Ida  viuws  of  docirini.,  h  exeroiseil  a 
iiiosi  unhappy  inllueiice  on  his  sent  line  iits,  and  proilucvd 
much  of  what  is  gloomy  and  visionary  in  the  account  v,  hicli  he 
comiroscii  of  his  own  experience.  This  is  expressly  avowed 
by  Ida  biographer,  Presiiient  Edwards,  who  was  iuiiiimtvly 
acquainiud  with  hini.  ^o  delusive  id  l\m  iiiHidious  iiialudy, 
that  periiaps  none  of  its  victims  h;is  evi'r  bt'i*n  aware  how  lar 
he  was  Hulijeci  to  its  iiilluoncc.  nriuucnl'tf  partial  conscious, 
uess  ut'it,  prevented  it  tVuin  exisnditi|f  its  influence  front  his 
feelings  to  hid  understanding. 


singing  psalms,  and  o(  what  was  bodily  hy  smoking 
tobacco.  Kox  rejected  both  parts  of  the  prescription 
as  unsuitable  to  his  condition,  because  disagreeable  la 
hia  taste  ;  and  being  now  convinced  that  others  were 
incapable  of  understanding  his  case,  he  took  it  entirely 
into  his  own  hands,  and  resolved  to  cherish,  study,  and, 
if  possible,  cultivate  into  distinctness  the  uninteriigible 
motions  ot  his  spint ;  in  short,  to  follow  the  leadings  of 
his  fancy  as  far  as  they  would  carry  him.  Unsuspi- 
cious of  morbid  influence,  or  of  the  deccitfulness  of  his 
own  imagination,  he  yielded  implicit  credence  to  every 
suggestion  of  his  mind,  and  was  given  up  in  an  amazing 
degree  to  the  delusions  which,  by  prayer  to  the  Al- 
mighty, he  might  have  been  enabled  to  overcome  and 
disnel  Yet  the  powerful  hold  which  the  Scriptures 
had  already  taken  of  his  mind,  and  the  strong  determi- 
nation towards  solid  and  genuine  piety  which  his  spirit 
had  thence  derived,  prevented  him  from  wandering  into 
the  same  monstrous  eitravagance  which  the  conduct  ol 
many  of  his  associates  and  followers  very  speedily 
evinced.  In  his  journal,  which  is  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable and  interesting  prnductn)ns  of  tiie  human 
mind,  lie  lia.s  faithfully  related  the  mtluence  which  his 
tenets  ])roduced  on  the  sentiments  and  conduct  both  of 
him*'elf  and  his  followers.  It  displays  in  many  parts  » 
wonderful  insight  into  spiritual  things,  together  with 
numberless  instances  of  that  delusion  by  which  he  mis- 
took a  strong  perception  of  wrong  and  disorder  in  hu- 
man nature  and  civil  society,  for  a  supernatural  power 
to  rectify  what  he  saw  ami.ss.  He  relates  with  perfect 
approbation  many  instances  of  contempt  of  decency  and 
order  in  his  own  conduct,  an  J  uf  most  insane  and  dis- 
gusting outrage  in  that  of  his  followers  ;  and  though  he 
reprobates  the  extravagancies  of  some  whom  he  denomi- 
nates Hanttrs,  it  is  not  easy  to  discriminate  between 
the  extravagance  which  he  sanctions  and  that  which  he 
condemns.  Amidst  much  djrkness,  there  glimmeis  a 
bright  and  beautiful  ray  of  truth  :  many  passages  of 
.Scnpture  are  powerfully  illustrated  ;  and  labors  of  zeal 
and  piety,  of  courage  and  integrity,  are  recorded,  that 
would  do  honor  to  the  ministry  uf  an  inspired  apo.^tle. 
That  his  personal  character  was  elevated  and  excellent 
in  an  unusual  degree,  appears  from  the  ini|tression  it 
produced  on  the  minds  of  all  who  approached  him. 
l*enn  and  liardav  in  particular,  who  to  the  most  emi- 
nent virtue  added  talents  of  the  'ir^t  order,  regarded 
Fox  with  the  utmost  fondness  and  veneration. 

It  was  this  man  who  tirst  f.inbraced  and  promulgatci 
those  tenets  which  have  ever  since  renui.ied  the  dis- 
linctive  pnnciples  of  quaker  doctrine — that  the  Holy 
Spirit,  instead  of  operating  (as  the  generality  of  chris- 
tians htlicve  It  in  all  ordinary  cases  to  do)  hy  insensible 
control  of  the  ordinary  motions  of  the  mind,  act-i  hy 
direct  and  sensible  impulse  on  the  spint  of  man  ;  that 
its  influence,  instead  of  being  obtained  by  praver  to 
Him  who  has  promised  to  bestow  it  on  those  who  ask 
It,  is  procured  by  an  introversion  of  the  inlellettual  eye 
upon  the  inmd  where  it  already  resides,  and  in  the  still- 
ness and  watchful  attention  of  which,  the  hulden  spark 
will  blaze  into  a  eb-ar  inward  light  and  sensible  flame  ; 
and  that  the  iSpirii,  instead  ot  simply  opening  the 
minds  of  men  to  nndersiand  the  Scriptures  and  re- 
ceive their  testimony,  can  and  does  convey  instruction 
independently  of  the  written  word,  and  coinrnnnicaie 
kiiowleilge  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  tjie  .Scriptures. 
Ihese  dangerous  errors  have  never  been  renounced  hv 
the  quakers.  iIioilIi  fhrir  practical  influence  bus  long 
since  abatid,  ai.il  iitietd  had  ctinsiderably  declined 
before  the  end  of  Uiat  century,  aliout  the  middle  of 
which  (hey  arose.  In  proportion  as  they  have  been 
cultivated  and  realized,  has  been  the  progress  of  the 
sect  into  heresy  of  opinion  or  wild  delusion  of  fancy 
and  irregularity  of  conduct  :  in  proportion  as  they  havo 
subsided,  h.is  been  the  ascendency  which  real  piety  or 
rational  and  philosophical  principle  has  obtamid  over 
the  minds  of  the  (piakers.  Even  in  the  present  day, 
we  behold  the  evil  inffuencc  of  these  erroneous  doc- 
trines, in  the  frequently  sdent  meetings  of  the  quakers, 
III  the  licence  which  they  givo  to  women  to  assume  iho 
office  of  teachers  in  the  church,  and  in  the  abolition  of 
the  sacraments  so  distinctly  instituted  and  enjoined  in 
Scnpture.  Dut  when  these  doctrines  were  first  pub- 
lished, the  effects  which  they  produced  on  many  of 
their  votaries,  far  exceeded  the  influence  to  which 
modern  history  restricts  them,  or  which  the  experience 
of  this  cool  and  rational  age  finds  it  easy  to  conceive. 
In  Kngland,  at  that  time,  the  minds  of  men  were  in  an 
agitated  unsettled  state,  inflamed  with  the  rage  of 
speculation,  sirongly  endued  with  religious  sentiment, 
and  yet  strongly  averse  (o  restraint.  The  bands  that 
had  so  long  restrained  liberty  of  speech  being  suddenly 
broken,  many  crud**  thou^htt  were  eagerly  broached, 


S5S 


TllK  HIST  OR  Y  OF 


Mild  niiny  peculiar  noliona  that  liAd  lon{^  Ijecn  ferment' 
ing  in  the  unwhotcaomu  silence  of  locked  up  hosonitt, 
were  hroughl  forth  :  and  all  these  were  nrcsentcd  to 
minds  roused  and  whetted  by  civil  war,  kindled  by  great 
alarms  or  by  vast  and  iiidoterininate  designs,  and  so  ac- 
customed for  a  length  of  time  to  clfect  or  contonplate 
the  most  surprising  changes,  thul  the  distinction  be- 
tween speculation  and  certainly  was  greatly  elfar^d. 
The  preahyteriana  alone,  or  nearly  alone,  appear  to 
have  been  generally  willing  to  submit  to,  as  well  an  to 
impose,  restraint  on  the  lawless  licence  of  speculation  ; 
•nd  to  them  the  qiiakers,  from  the  beginning,  were 
objects  of  unmixed  disapprobation  and  oven  abhorrence. 
But  to  many  other  persons,  this  new  scheme,  opening 
a  wide  field  of  enthusiastic  speculation,  and  presenting 
itself  without  the  restrictive  accompaniment  of  a  creed, 
exhibited  irresistible  attractions,  and  rapidly  absorbed 
u  great  variety  of  liniiiaii  character  and  feeling.  Ueforo 
many  years  had  elapsed,  the  ranks  of  the  quakerswere 
recruited,  and  their  doctrines,  without  being  substan- 
tially altered,  were  moulded  into  a  more  systematic 
sha[ie,  by  such  an  accession  of  philosophical  votaries, 
as,  in  the  early  ages  of  the  church,  Christianity  itself 
derived  from  the  pretended  adoption  and  real  adulter- 
ation of  its  doctrines,  by  the  disciples  of  the  Platonic 
philosophy.  Xiit  it  was  the  wildest  and  most  enthusi- 
astic dreamers  in  tlic  country,  that  the  quaker  tenets 
counted  among  their  earliest  votaries,  and  to  whom 
they  airordcd  a  sanction  and  stimulus  to  the  boldest  ex- 
cursions of  lawless  and  uncertain  thought,  and  a  prin- 
ciple that  was  thought  to  consecrate  the  most  irregular 
and  disorderly  conduct.  And  accordingly  these  sec- 
tarians, who  have  always  professed  and  inculcated  the 
maxims  of  inviolabte  peace,  who  not  many  years  after 
were  accuuiited  a  class  of  phito.<4ophicul  deists  seeking 
to  pave  the  way  to  a  sclicmo  of  natural  religion,  by 
allegorizing  the  distinguishing  articles  of  the  christian 
faith,  and  who  are  now  in  general  remarkable  for  a 
calm  benevolence  and  a  peculiar  remoteness  from  every 
active  effort  to  make  proselytes  to  their  distinctive 
tenets,  were,  in  the  infancy  of  their  body,  the  most  im- 
petuous zealots  and  inveterate  disputers  ;  and  in  their 
eagerness  to  proselytize  the  world,  and  to  bear  witness 
from  the  fountain  of  oracular  testimony,  wliich  they 
aujtposed  to  reside  within  them,  against  a  regular 
ministry  which  they  called  a  priesthood  of  Uaal,  and 
against  the  sacraments  which  they  termed  carnal  and 
idolatrous  observances,  many  of  them  committed  the 
most  revolting  blasphemy,  inJeccncy,  and  disorderly 
outrage.*  'The  iinf.ivurablc  impression  that  these  actions 
created,  long  survived  the  extinction  of  the  frenzy  and 
I'dly  that  produced  them. 

While  in  pursuance  of  their  intentions  to  make 
proBelyles  of  the  whole  world,  some  of  the  quakers 
proceeded  to  Home,  in  order  to  convert  the  pope,  and 
others  to  (.'onstatuinople,  for  the  purpose  of  instructing 
11  c  Grand  Turk  ;  a  party  of  them  proceeded  to  .\me- 
ricn  and  established  themselves  in  Hiiode  Island,  wliere 
persons  of  every  religious  denomination  were  per- 
mitted to  settle  in  peace,  and  none  gave  heed  to  the 
sentiments  or  practices  of  his  neighbors.  From  hence 
they  soon  made  their  way  into  the  I'lymoulh  territory, 
where  they  succeeded  in  persuading  some  of  the 
people  to  embrace  tlic  mystical  dispensation  of  an  in- 
ward light  as  comprising  the  whole  of  religion,  and  to 
oppose  all  order,  both  civl  and  ecclesiastical,  as  a  vain 
and  judaizing  substitution  of  the  kingilom  of  the  flesh 
for  the  kingdom  of  the  spirit.  On  their  first  appearance 
in  Matsachnseelts,  where  two  male  and  six  female 
quakers  arrived  from  Rhode  Island  and  Barbadoes, 
they  found  that  the  reproach  which  their  sect  had  in- 
curred by  the  insane  extravagance  of  some  of  its  mem- 
bers in  England,  had  preceded  their  arrival,  and  that 
they  were  objects  of  the  utmost  teiror  and  dislike  to 
the  great  body  of  the  people.  They  were  instantly  ap- 
prehended hy  the  government,  and  diligently  examined 
tor  what  were  considered  bodily  marks  of  witchcraft. 
None  such  having  been  found,  they  were  sent  back  to 

•  The  frenzy  that  iwasessed  many  orihe  qunkeri  had  reached 
Us  height  hi  the  year  I6j(),  the  very  year  in  tvhicti  the  quakers 
first  presentetl  themselves  in  Massachusetts.  See  the  proceed- 
ings in  tlie  House  of  Cdmmons  against  James  Naylnr,  a  Qua- 
ker, for  blasplieiny.  Howel-a  Stale  Trials,  toI.  v.  p.  901. 
This  unhappy  iiersnn  represented  himself  as  ths  redeemer  of 
the  human  race.  Some  particulars  of  his  frenzy  are  related  In 
Nolo  IX.  He  lived  to  recant  his  errors,  and  even  write  sen* 
•ibiy  in  defence  of  llie  quaker  body,  who  were  by  this  lime  in- 
creasing in  respcctatiilily,  and  wer*  yet  so  magnanimous  as  to 
acknowlatlge  asafriendiheman  who  had  done  such  disservice 
totheir  cause.  It  is  a  remarkable  and  signifl-'snt  fart,  that  at 
the  very  time  when  the  separ.-ite  lenrhiiig  of  the  spirit  was 
most  Blrongly  insisted  on  by  the  qualters,  and  the  olTice  and 
work  of  the  saviour  nf  mankind  of  consequence  least  alluded 
lo,  aaveral  of  their  own  members  (more  or  less  Insane,  no 
imiM)  beUeved  ihli  office  to  be  Tested  hi  ihemselvei. 


the  place  v«heiice  they  came,  by  the  same  vessels  that 
had  brought  them,  and  pruhibled  with  threats  of  the 
severest  penal  i  .llrtiuna  from  ever  again  returning  to 
the  colony.  A  law  was  passed  at  the  same  time  sub- 
jecting every  shqi-inasler  iin|iorting  quakers  or  ipiakcr 
writings  to  a  heavy  lino  ;  adjudging  all  quakers  who 
should  inirude  into  the  colony  to  stripes  and  labor  in 
the  liouse  of  correction,  and  all  defenders  of  their  tenets 
to  fine,  imprisonmenl  or  exile.  The  four  associated  states 
concurred  in  this  law,  and  urged  the  authorities  of  Khodo 
Island  to  co-operate  with  them  in  atemiiiing  the  pro- 
gress of  quaker  opinions  ;  but  the  assembly  of  that 
island  returned  for  answer,  that  they  could  not  punish 
any  man  for  declaring  hia  mind  with  regard  to  religion ; 
that  they  were  much  lis'urbed  by  the  quakers,  and  by 
the  tendency  of  their  doctrines  to  disiiolve  all  the  rela- 
tions of  society  ;  but  that  they  found  that  the  quakers 
delighted  to  encounter  persecution,  quickly  sickened  of 
a  patient  audience,  and  had  already  begun  to  loathe 
Rhode  Island  as  a  place  where  their  talent  of  patient 
sulfering  was  completely  buried.*  It  is  much  to  bo 
lamented  that  the  ailvice  contained  in  this  good-humored 
letter  was  not  adopted.  The  penal  enactments  resorted 
to  by  the  other  settlements,  served  only  to  irflaino  the 
impatience  of  the  quaker  zealots  to  carry  ihcir  leaching 
into  places  that  seemed  to  them  so  much  in  need  of  it ; 
and  the  personst  who  had  been  disappointed  in  their 
first  attempt  returned  almost  immediately,  and,  dis- 
persing themselves  through  tho  colony,  began  to  an- 
nounce their  mysterious  impressions,  and  succeeded 
in  communicating  them  to  some  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Salem.  They  were  soon  joined  hy  Mary  Clarke,  the 
wife  of  a  tailor  in  London,  who  announced  that  she  had 
loft  her  husband  and  six  children,  in  order  to  carry  a 
message  from  heaven,  which  she  was  commissioned  to 
deliver  to  New  Kngland.  Instead  of  joining  wiih  the 
colonial  missionaries  in  attempts  to  reclaim  the  savages 
from  their  barbarous  superstition  and  profligate  immo- 
ralities, or  themselves  prosecuting  separate  missions  of 
the  same  description,  these  people  raised  their  voices 
against  every  thing  that  was  most  highly  approved  and 
revered  in  the  doctrine  and  practice  of  tlie  colonial 
churches.  Having  been  seizeil  and  ilogged,  they  were 
again  dismissed  with  severer  threats  from  the  colony, 
and  again  they  returned  by  the  first  vessels  they  could 
procure.  The  government  and  the  groat  body  of  the 
colonists  were  incensed  at  their  pertinacity,  and  shocked 
at  the  impression  they  had  already  produced  on  some 
minds,  and  which  threatened  to  corrupt  and  subvert  a 
system  of  piety  whose  establishment  and  perpetuation 
supplied  their  fondest  recollections,  their  noblest  enjoy- 
ment, ond  most  energetic  desires.  [1657.]  New 
punishments  were  introtluccd  into  the  legislative  enact- 
ments against  the  intrusion  of  quakers  and  the  profes- 
sion of  quakcrism  ;  and  in  particular  the  abscission  of 
an  car  was  added  to  the  former  ineifectual  seventies. 
[IGiOS.]  Three  male  quaker  preachers  endured  the 
rigor  of  this  cruel  law. 

But  all  the  exertions  of  the  colonial  autliorities 
proved  utterly  unavailing,  and  seemed  rather  to  stimu- 
late the  zeal  of  the  obnoxious  sectaries  lo  oncoiinier  the 
danger  and  court  the  glory  nf  pevsecution.  Clouds  of 
quakers  descended  upon  the  colony  ;  and,  violent  and 
impetuous  in  provoking  persecution,  calm,  resolute,  and 
inflexible  in  sustaining  it,  they  opposed  their  powers 
of  endurance  to  their  odvcrsaries'  power  of  infliction, 
and  not  onlv  multiplied  their  converts,  but  excited  a 
considerable  degree  of  favor  and  pity  in  the  minds  of 
men  whose  own  experience  had  taught  them  to  respect 
and  sympathise   with  the   virtue  of  sulfering   well  t 


•  Gonion  antl  other  writers  have  reprcariiied  tlie  letter  frmn 
Rhode  iHlaiid  lo  MassacliuHelw  as  coiivpyiiic  a  di!jiiilli>d  rj- 
bilke  of  intolerance,  and  have  quoted  a  pasfiage  to  thii  elTect, 
wliirli  lliey  liave  found  somewhere  else  than  in  the  Iciicr 
itself 

Roger  Williams,  who  fontributod  to  found  the  stale  of 
RhiHie  I.slnnd,  endeavored,  some  years  after  this  period,  lo  ex- 
tirpate the  quaker  heresy,  bv  clmileneiiig  aome  of  the  leaders 
of  the  sect,  who  had  come  out  on  a  mission  to  their  brethren 
from  England,  to  tiolil  a  public  diaputalion  with  him  on  their 
teiiet.i.  They  arcepted  his  challenge,  and  their  hialnrlans  as- 
sure us  that  the  dispmatinn,  which  lasted  for  several  days, 
ended  *'  in  a  clear  conviction  of  the  envy  and  prejudice  of  the 
old  man."  Ouugh  and  Scwel,  ii.  131.  It  is  more  probable 
that,  like  other  public  dispiitntions,  it  ended  aa  it  began. 

♦  Except  one  of  the  women,  Mary  Fisher,  who  travelled  to 
Adrianople,  and  had  an  interview  with  tho  Grand  Vizier,  by 
whom  she  was  received  with  courteous  respect.  Bishop,  the 
quaker,  in  his"  New  England  Judged."  observes  tiiat  she 
fared  better  among  heathens  tlian  her  asaociatea  did  among 
pr'ifcsaing  Ciiristians.  He  was  perhaps  not  aware  that  ihe 
Turks  regard  insane  peraoiia  aa  inapireil.  But  whether  insane 
or  not,  she  was  not  allogctherilivesled  of  a  prndcnilal  concern 
for  her  own  safety  ;  for  "  when  they  asked  her  what  she 
tliougiit  of  their  prophet  Mahomet,  she  made  a  cautloua  reply, 
that  ehe  knew  him  not." 

t  A  ""'J  i*  '"'''  ^f  Whitelocke,  p.  SSH,  strongly  tlluslrative 


When  the  quaUera  were  committed  lo  tho  lioiiae  w 
correction,  thi^y  refused  lo  work  ;  wlien  ihoy  were  ml- 
jected  to  lines,  they  refused  to  pay  tliein.      In  the  houe 
of  enforcing  compliance,   the  court  adjudged  twn  of 
these  contumacious  persons  to  he  aoltl  as  staves  in  tiia 
West  Indies  ;  but  as  even  this  appalling  ,)rospr.  t  could 
not  move  their  sluhhorn  resolution,  ihe  coiKi,  instead 
of  executing  its  inhuman   threat,  resortetl  to  the  iiiia- 
vailing  device  of  banishing  them  beyond  lis  jurisdiction. 
It  was  hy  no  slight  provocations,  that  the  quakers  at- 
tracted these  ami  additional  severilies  upon  themselves. 
Men  trembled  for  the  faith  and  morals  of  llieir  families 
and  their  friends,  when  they  heard  the  lilaspheinoiis 
denunciations    that   were    uttered    against  "a  tarnal 
Christ ;"  and  when  they  beheld  the  frantic  and  inde- 
cent onlragea  that  were  prompted  hy  ihe  mystical  im- 
pressions which  the  ipiakers  inculcated  and  profeseil  to 
bo  guided  by.     In  public  assemblies,  and  in  crowdid 
stieets,  it  was  the  practice  of  some  of  the  quakers  to 
denounce  ihe  most  tremendous  maiiirestatiuns  of  divine 
wrath  on  the  people,  unless  they  forsook  their  carnal  sys- 
tem. Others  interrupted  divine  service  of  the  churches, 
hy  calling  aloud    that  tnese   were  not  the  sa.-rilices 
that  Uod  would  ace -pt;  and  one  of  them  enforced  this 
assurance  by  breaking  two  bottles  in  the  face  of  tho 
congregation,  exclaiming,  "  Thus  will  the  I^ril  break 
you  in  pieces."     They  declared  that  the  SLiipliirea 
were  replete  with  allegory,  that  the  inward  liglit  was 
tho  only  infallible  guide  to  religions  truth,  and  that  all 
were  blind  beasts  and  Uam  who  denied  it.     Tin  female 
preachers  far  exceeded  their  male  associates  in  folly, 
frenzy,  and  indecency.     Ono  of  them  presented  herself 
to  a  congregation   with  her  face  begrimed  with  coal 
dust,  announcing  it  as  an    emblem  of  the  black  pox, 
which  heaven  had  commissioned  her  to  threaten  as  an 
approaching  judgment  on  all  carnal  worshippers.    Some 
of  them  in  rueful  atlire  perambulated  the  streets,  de- 
claring the  immediate  coming  of  an  angel  with  a  drawn 
sword  to  plead  with  the  people      One  woman  entered 
stark  naked  into  a  church  in  the  middle  of  diviiio  ser- 
vice, and  desired  the  people  to  take  heed  to  her  as  a 
sign  of  the  times  ;  and  her  associates  highly  extolled 
her  submission  to  the  inward  ligiit,  that  hail  revealed  to 
her  the  duty  of  exposing  the  nakedness  of  others  by  the 
indecent  exhibition  of  her  own  person,     .\nother  wa« 
arrested  as  she  was   making  a  similar  display  in  the 
streets  of  Salem.     The  horror  thai  these  insane  enor- 
mities were  fitted  to  inspire,  was  inflamed  into  the  most 
vehement   indignation,  by    the  deliberate    manner  in 
which  they  were  defended,  and  llie  disgusting  profanity 
with  which  Scripture  was  linked  in  iinprre  as!<ociatioii 
with  every  thing  that  was  odious,  ridiculous,  and  con- 
temptible     Among  their  other  singularities,  the  qua- 
kers  exenijdi'icd   and    inculcated   the   forbearance  of 
every  mark  of  respect  to  courts  and  magistrates ;  ihoy 
declared  that  governors,  judges,  lawyers,  and  consta- 
bles were   trees   that  must  be  cut  down  that  the  true 
light  might  have  leave  to  shine  and  space  to  rule  alone  ; 
and,  forgetting   to  what  diabolical  ends  quotation  of 
Scripture  has  been  made  suliservient  they  freely  indul- 
ged every  contumacious  whimsey,  which  they  could 
connect,  however  absurdly,  with  the  language  of  the 
Bible.     One   woman  who  was  summoned  before  tho 
court  to  answer  for  some  extravagance,  being  desired 
to  tell  wliere  she  lived,  refused  to  give  any  other  an- 
swer than  that  she  lived  in  God,  *'  for  in  him  we  live, 
and  move,  and  have  our  being."     Letters  replete  with 
coarse  and  virulent  railing  were  addressed  hy  others  to 
the  magistrates  of  Boston  and  Plymouth.     Such  was 
the  inauspicious  outset  of  the  quakers  in  .-\merica  ;  a 
country  where,  a  few  years  after,  under  the  guidaneo 
of  better  judgment  and  feeling,  they  were  destined  to 
extend  the  empire  of  piety  and  benevolence,  and  to 
found  estahlisliinents  that  have  been  largely  productive 
of  happiness  and  virtue. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  some  of  the  modern  apo- 
logists of  the  quakers,  that  these  frantic  irregularities, 
which  excited  so  much  indignation,  and  produced  such 
tragical  consequences,  were  committed,  not  by  genuinu 
quakers,  but  by  tho  ranters  or  wild  separatists  from  tho 

of  the  sineularily  wph  wliieh  lb"  quakers  of  tlio^e  times  com 
billed  nil  that  was  franlic  in  anion  willi  all  that  was  dignifled 
and  nflerting  in  sufTerine.  Some  nnakers  at  Haslnglon  In 
Northumberland,  having  intcrrnpted  a  minister  employed  in 
divine  service,  were  severely  beaten  by  the  people.  Inalend 
of  resisting,  thcv  went  oill  of  the  chnrrh,  and  failing  on  their 
kneea,  bc3onghi  Ooil  to  pardon  their  perspculors,  who  knew 
not  what  they  did  ;  ond  ai^crwnrds  addresplng  the  people,  so 
convinced  them  of  the  cruelly  of  their  violence,  that  ihelr  nil. 
ditora  fell  a  quarrelling  among  tbemaelves,  and  beal  one  ano. 
ther  more  than  tiiey  had  formerly  beaien  the  quakers.  Tiieae 
joctnrians  would  seem.  Indeed,  lo  have  imitiued  the  propliuls 
of  the  Old  TaatamenI  In  provoking  their  fate,  and  the  cbrlsloi'l 
apostles  and  mariirn  In  •aduring  tt 


I    iiiniiiflfftaiMw 


NO  RTH    AMERICA. 


m 


to  th«  (loiiHt*  u»' 
'n  Ihry  wero  eiit*- 
in       fn  the  houe 
idjiiHgcil  (wo  uf 
I  as  slavcn  in  uie 
K  jirospnt  could 
be  coiiri,  instead 
irtrd  tu  tlio  una- 
I  it8  juriodiciion. 
ihi3  qtiakrro  ut- 
upon  theinaclvcs. 
of  their  farnilie* 
■ho  t>la»|)hcinoii8 
(Jiiiiiftt  "a  -nriul 
Mrilic  and  indc- 
tho  rnysik-al  im- 
and  profosed  lo 
and  in  nrowdtd 
)f  the  (juakrrs  to 
nations  of  divine 
tlifir  carnal  8Vfl- 
ofthe  chnri'h'es, 
*i  the  sai'hljci^rt 
m  enforced  this 
the  face  of  the 
the  Imu]  hff-iik 
the  SLiiptiircs 
nward  Ii^ht  wa.s 
nth,  and  that  all 
it.     Tin  female 
<ociatej(  in  folly, 
resented  herself 
imed  with  coai 
r  the  black  pox, 
D  threaten  as  an 
ihippers.    Some 
the  streets,  de- 
^el  with  a  drawn 
woman  entered 
e  of  divine  ser- 
leed  to  her  as  a 
highly  extolled 
had  revealed  to 
of  others  by  the 
.     Another  wai 
r  display  in  the 
'se  insane  eiior- 
I'd  into  the  most 
ate    manner  in 
usting  profanity 
lire  association 
:nIoiK'<,  and  con- 
arities,  the  qua- 
forhearancft  of 
il^nstratns ;  (hov 
jrs,  and  consta- 
nt  that  the  true 
e  to  rule  alone  ; 
Is  quotation  of 
ey  freely  indnl- 
lich  they  could 
language  of  the 
ncd  before  the 
,  beinjT  desired 
c  any  other  aii- 
in  him  we  live, 
Ts  replete  with 
cd  i>y  others  to 
th.     Such  was 
in  America  ;  a 
r  the  ^uidanco 
ere  destined  to 
'iileriee,  and  to 
jcly  productive 


ilio^c  (i[iic4  Com 
lilt  wasiliynifieJ 
eit  Ilnstngtnn  in 
Iter  einployeil  in 
people.  IriRteail 
fultuig  on  their 
lorw,  who  knew 
tf  thn  ppfiple,  so 
0,  that  ihtsir  nu- 
lU  betti  one  nno- 
Hinkere.  Thosn 
led  the  proplit-is 
ind  the  cUristoii 


qu.iker  body.  Of  llieso  ranters,  indeed,  a  very  larj;.! 
proportion  a|>p**arto  have  betaken  ihi  mselve^  to  Arne- 
ru'3  ;  attracted  chiefly  by  thr  ylory  of  peraetMittoii.  but 
in  fcome  niHtances,  perhaps  liy  the  hope  of  atlainnit; 
amoMij  their  brethren  in  that  country  a  disiiniMion 
from  ^whreh  they  were  excluded  in  nnuland  by  the 
e^tnidtahed  pre-eminence  of  fieorj^e  Fox  •  It  i»  cer- 
lam,  however,  that  these  persons  assumed  the  name  of 
piakers.  and  traced  all  their  frenzy  to  the  peculiar 
qiiaker  principle  of  seeking  within  themselves  for  »oii- 
aihle  adinouiiitiona  of  the  spirit,  independent  of  the 
written  word.  And  many  scandalous  out^a^es  were 
committed  by  pernons  whose  profession  of  qnakt'r  prin- 
ciples was  rccofrntzed  by  the  (juaker  body,  and  whoie 
siitferiui^s  are  related,  and  their  frenzy  applauded,  by 
the  pens  of  qnaker  writers. 

Kxasperaled  by  the  repetition  and  increase  of  thene 
enormities,  and  the  extent  to  which  the  contai;ion  of 
the  principle  whence  they  seemed  to  arise  was  pm- 
p.iH.Uinif  Itself   in  the  colony,  the  nnigi^ttratcs  of  Mas- 
aiichiissetl.-*  at  Irniith,   in  the  close  of  this  year,  intro 
diced  a  law,  denounemg  the  punishment  of  death  upon 
all  qiia'{ers  reiiiriiini;  from  banishment.     This  l«iw  met 
with  luurh  opposition ;  and  many  persons,  who  would 
have  ha/.jrded  their  own  lives  lo  extirpate  the  opinions 
of  the  qnnkers,  solemnly  protested  against  tiie  crueltv 
of  sheddiuij  their  blood.     It  was  at  first  rejected   by 
the  deputies,  end  linally  carried  by  the  narrow  majority 
of  a  sinffle  voice.     In  the  course  of  the  two  follownii^ 
years,  [lfi5l),   1060,]  this  law  was  carried  into  exoeu- 
tion  on  three  separate  occasions,  when  four  quakers 
three  men  and  a  woman,  were  put  to  death  at  Boston. 
It  does  not  appear  that  any  of  these  unfortunate  per- 
sons had  been  <.'uilty  of  the  ontrajrcs  which  the  conduct 
of  many  of  their  Irrcthren  had  associated  with  the  pro- 
fession  of    quakerism.     Oppressed    by   the  prejudice 
which  had  been  created  by  the  frantic  conduct  of  others, 
they  were  adjudned  to  die  for  returning  from  banish- 
ment and  continuing  to  preach  the  qnaker  doctrines. 
In  vain  the  court  entreated  thein  to  accept  a  pardon  on 
condition  of  abandoning    for   ever   the   colony   from 
which  they  had  been  repeatedly  banished.     They  an- 
swered by  reciting  the  he-ivenly  call  to  continue  there, 
which  on  various  occasions,  they  said,  had  sounded  in 
their  ears,  in  the  fields,  andiii  their  dwellings  distinctly, 
syllabling  their  names,  and  whispering  their  prophetic 
ot!icc    and    the   scene  of  its  exercise. t     \Vlien    they 
were  conducted  to  the  scatfold,  their  demeanour  evinceil 
the  most    infle.vihie  zeal  and  emirage,  and   their  dying 
declar.ttions  breathed  in  general  the  most  sublime  and 
ailerting   pielv.     These    executions    excited   a   great 
rhmor  against  (he  government ,  many  persons   were 
"(Tended    by  ihe   representation    of  severities   against 
which  the  establishment  of  the  colony  itself  teemed 
intended    !o  boar   a  perpetual   testimony  ;  and  many 
were  l.iurhed   with  an  indignant  compassion    for  tlie 
sutferings  of  Ilie  quakers.  that  elfaced    all  recollection 
I'f  the  indignant  disgust  that  their  principles  had  here- 
tofore inspired.     The  people  began  to  flock  in  crowds 
to  the   prisons,   and  load  the  unfortunate  quakers  with 
dt'iiiniislration  of  kindness  and  [liiy.      The  magistrates 
jMihlished  a  very  strong  vindiciiiion  of  their  proceedings, 
for  the  satisfaction  of  their  fellow-t  itizens  and  of  their 
friends  in  other  countries,  who  united  in  blaming  them  ; 
but  at  length   the  rising  sentiments  of  liumanity  and 

•  Due  iil'iht*  nmst  Ti'iiP  1  itl'tiipsf  si-pnraii^is  was  Joiiii  Perrnt, 
wini.  in  ur.lt'r  til  cmviTt  tin-  r-'pp,  hail  inailc  ti  jmirncv  to 
Italy,  vvhrre  he  \v:i.-(riinrtin'>l  fur  sump  linic  as  a  liinntic.  i'liis 
piTseiMiil'tn  LTPjuIy  enilf  ari'il  him  in  the  quaket!*,  ami  exnitcil 
lii'ii  Ml  much  ill  lii.iown  esh'i-ii)  that  ho  liPL'aii  tonmoiiler  him* 
neir  111  tri  cnliL'liieml  than  iJeor^e  Knx.  He  provailfil  with  n 
CdiisiiliT.ilii"  parly  in  the  sect  to  wear  loiitj  hi'anls,  ami  ta  re- 
jcrt  tlir  pr.iriirp  ni"  iincovnriiic  ihfir  ht-aiN  tn  tinio  (if|>rayt'r  as 
a  vain  iMnnality.  Fox  hiivinir  Kiirrppiipil,  hy  ilint  nf  pri'nl  ex- 
erti.iii«,  ii)  yieinmtiiL'  thtift?  iiitKivaiinns,  I'errnt  i)eiii»k  li'iuself 
I't  Amrrica,  whore  he  ajipcars  m  have  muliiplicil  liisaosunli- 
lies,  nml  yrt  prnpajTainl  thnii  aiimng  the  quakern  to  an 
amazincT  extent.  Variiuis  nii.tsioMs  tvere  iinilcrihAen  by 
Oenree  Fox  and  other  English  qiiakern  to  rrrhiiin  their 
brnthren  in  America  from  the  errors  of  Permi,  wlm  finally 
nhamloned  every  preiPiire  to  quakerism,  anil  bcranie  a 
strenuous  as^ertor  of  the  nhscrvances  aganii'i  whii"'!  ho  had 
ftirmrrly  borne  tevtimony.  Cioii^h  and  Sewell's  i  si.  of  the 
Quakpra,  (eilit.  1799,)  i.  I61~|(!.)  :  it.  IJI.  1-1-2,  &  . 

t  The  first  qunkcrs,  instead  of  following  th-  apostolic  in- 
junction to  Christians,  that  when  persecuted  tn  one  city  they 
should  flee  to  another,  seem  to  have  found  sttonealtractions 
In  the  prospect  of  persecution.  One  of  those  who  were  put 
to  dealK  declared,  that  as  he  was  holding  the  plough  in  York 
ihlre,  he  was  directed  hy  a  heavenlv  voice  to  leave  his  wife 
and  cln'.dren,  and  proceed  to  Barhadoes:  hut  hearing  of  the 
hAnishment  of  the  quakers  from  New  England,  and  of  the 
severe  punishments  inflicted  on  persons  returning  Ihero  sfter 
haniflh  nent,  he  hegan  lo  ponder  on  tlie  probability  of  Ins  re- 
ciMvinf*  a  Kpintual  direction  to  proceed  tliithrr,  and  very  soon 
after  ri'c«ivcd  ii  aocnrdinitly.  Tornkm^' and  Kendal's  Lives, 
SiT\  icds,  and  dying  Savings  of  llie  (juaker^,  vol.  i. 

Till!  woman  wlio  was  executed  was  Mary  Dypr,  wlio  twenty 
^'ea^s  before,  liad  bncn  a  follower  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  and  a 
diirtiirbvrofNew  England. 

18 


justice  attained  such  general  and  forcible  prevalence 
as  lo  overpower  all  oppn-siiion     (hi  Hie  trial  nl  I.eiltlr.i, 
the  last  of  the  siill'erers.  anothiT  qnaker    named  Wtn- 
lock  ('hristison.  who    had  bi  m  b.iinshid  upon  pain  of 
de:ith,  came  boldly  ir'o  court  with  hih  ha'  on,  and    re- 
proached the  magisiratcH  for  «heddiiig  innocent  blood 
lie  was  taken  into  cnstoily.  and    soon  iifier   put  upon 
his  trial,     being  called  to  plead   to  his  indictment,  be 
desired  to  know  by  what   law  they  tried    him.     When 
the   last  enactment  against   the  qiukers   was  eiled  to 
him,  he  asked.  Who  empowered  them  to  make  that  law, 
and  whether  it  were  not  repugnant  to  the  jurisprudence 
of  England  !     The    governor   very   inappositively  an- 
swered, that  there  was  a  law  in  Kngland  that  appointed 
Jesuits  to  be  banged.      Hut  Christison  replied,  tliat  they 
did    not  even  accuse  him  of  being  a  .lesnit,  but  ac- 
knowledged him  to  he  a  qnaker.  and  that  there  was  no 
law  in  Kngland  that  made  quakerism  a  capital  offence. 
The  court,  howe\er.  overruled  his  plea,   and  the  jury 
found  hin»  guilt*.     When  sentence  of  death  was  pro- 
nounced upon  hnn,  be  desired  h^  judges  to  consider 
what  they  had  gained  bv  their  cruel  proceedings  against 
the  quakers.    "  l-'or  the  last  man  that  was  put  todeath," 
said  he,  "  here  are  five  come  in  liis  room  ;   and  if  yon 
have  power  to  take  my  life  from  ine,  (Jod  can  raise  up 
the  same  principle  of  lif-    in   ten  of  his  servants,  and  ' 
send  them  among  you   in  my  room,  that  yon  may  have  j 
torment  upon  torment."     The  talent  and  energy  dis-  | 
played  by  this  man,  who  seems  to  have   been   greatly  , 
superior  in   mind  to  the  bulk  of  his  sectarian  assoei-  j 
ates,  produced  an  impression  whicn  could  not  he  wiih-  j 
stood.     The  law  now  plainly  ap, -eared  to  be  nnsup-  I 
ported  by  public  consent,  and  tiie  in.igiHtrates  ha.-.len(>d  j 
to  interpose  between  the  sentence  :ii;d  il.s   execution.  ! 
(Christison,  and  all  llie  other  quakers  who  were  in  ciis-  ; 
tody,  were  forih'vith  released  and  sent  beyond  thi'  pre-  | 
cincts  of  the  colony  ;    and  as   it    was   impossible    to  , 
prevent  them  from   returning,  only  the   minor  punish-  | 
mcnts  of  flogging  and  reiterated  exile  were  employed.  ; 
Kven  these  were  gradually  relaxed  as  the  quakers  be-  I 
came  gradually  a  more  orderly  people  ;    and  m  llie  first 
year  after  the  rcHtoralion  of  Charles  the  Seeoiul,  even 
this  degree  of  persecution    was  suspended  by  a  letter 
from  the  king  to  Mr.  Endicol,'  and  the  otiier  governors 
of  the  New   England   settlements,  requiring  that  no 
quakers    should   thenceforward    undergo  any  corporal 
punishment  in  America,  but  if  charged  with  offences 
that  might  seem  to  deserve  such  infliction,  they  should 
be  remitted  for  trial  to  England.     Hajipily  the  moder- 
ation of  the  colonial  governments  was   more  perma- 
tnent  than  the  policy  ol  the  king,  who  letracted  his  in- 
terposition in  behalf  of  the  quakers  in  the  course  of 
the  following  year. 

The  persecution  which  was  thuo  pnt  an  end  to  was 
not  equally  severe  in  all  the  New  England  states  :  (he 
quakers  sutfered  most  in  Massachusetts  and  I'lymoutli, 
and  comparativelv  little  in  Connecticut  and  Xewhaven. 
It  was  only  in  Massachusetts  that  the  law  intlieting 
capit'il  punishment  upon  them  was  enacted.  At  a  late 
period,  the  laws  relating  to  rui^ahond  q}iakirs  were  so 
far  revived,  that  quakers  disturbing  public  asseiiib'.ies, 
or  violating  public  decency,  were  subjected  to  corporal 
chastisement.  But  little  occasion  ever  again  occorred 
of  enforcing  these  severities  ;  the  wild  excursions  of 
the  quaker  spirit  having  generally  ceased,  and  the 
quakers  gradually  subsiding  into  a  decent  and  orderly 
submission  to  all  the  laws  except  such  as  related  to  the 
militia  and  the  support  of  the  ministry  ;  in  their  scru- 
ples as  lo  which,  tliu  legislature,  with  corresponding 
moderation,  consented  to  indulge  them  + 

During  the  long  period  that  bad  elapsed  since  the 
commencement  of  the  t^nglish  civil  wars,  the  states  of 
New  England  had  continued  steadily  and  rapidly  to  ad- 
vance 111  the  increase  of  their  numbers,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  their  territories.  They  were  surrounded  wilh 
abundance  of  cheap  and  fertila  laud,  and  secured  in  the 
possession  of  their  religious  privileges,  and  of  civil  and 
political  freedom.  The  people  were  exempted  from 
the  payment  of  all  taxes  except  for  the  support  of  their 
internal  government,  which  was  administered  with 
great  economy  ;  and  they  enjoyed  the  extraordinary 
privilege  of  importing  coinmodiiies  into  England  free 

*  Endirot  was  in  an  especial  degree  the  object  of  dislike  to 
Charles  Ihe  Second.  Hutchinson  relates  that  he  had  seen  a 
letter  frumllic  Secretary  uf  Slate  sometime  after  this  period, 
containing  an  intiinntion,  that  *'  the  king  would  take  it  well  if 
the  people  would  leave  out  Mr.  Eiidicot  from  the  place  of  go- 
vernor,"    Hutchinson,  vol.  i.  p.  17. 

t  Mather,  H,  vii.  Cap.  iv.  Neal,  1.291—297.  302— .139.  Hut- 
chinson, i.  Ifll»— o().'i,  ami  Append,  p.  5'2fi.  t'balmcis,  199. 
Hazard,  ii.  S.^2.  5,W.  .'ifiO.  An  ex|j!osion  of  the  anricnt  frenzy 
ofoiirrfd  among  some  prolcssinmpiiikcrs  iii  ('onm-'ctirut  jn 
thebeguming  olthe  eighteeniliceiitury  :  butlt  was  partial  and 
f lioj  t  lived. 


from  that  custom  which  all  ethers  were  constrained  ta 
pav  Hv  the  lav  or  of  {'romwetl,  oo,  tiio  rommerciol 
onlinances  of  the  Kong  Parliament,  of  which  the  other 
plantations  had  ri'ason  to  eontplain.  were  not  enforced 
nv'aiti*<l  tbem.  and  lliey  eonimucd  to  trade  wherevrr 
they  pleased.  T'lesr  paTlii-ilar  canoes,  wliich  had  com- 
bined to  proinoli'  the  [  ro>tpcriiy  which  New  England 
bad  attained  at  the  Hesioration.  contributed  proportion- 
ally 'o  overcast  the  prospects  which  tb.it  event 
awakened.  Therr  was  the  strongest  reasoji  lo  expect 
an  abridgement  of  commercial  advantages,  nml  to  trem- 
li'e  for  the  sccunly  of  relrgions  and  political  privileges. 
Various  other  circumstances  ron'ribuled  to  retard  tiie 
recognitiim  of  the  royal  authority.  On  the  death  nf 
('romwell,  Ihe  colonists  had  been  urged  to  recognise, 
first  his  son  Uiclmtd  as  protector,  afterwanls  the  Long 
Parliament,  which  for  a  short  time  resumed  its  autho- 
rity, and  subseqneiidy  the  Committee  of  Safety,  as  the 
sovereign  authority  of  England.  Hut,  dinihtful  of  the 
stability  of  any  of  ihrne  ftirins  of  adtninistritioii.  they 
had  prudently  declined  to  eommit  them^Tlves  by  any 
deel-iration.  In  llie  month  of  .lulv,  the  iirrivnl  of  n 
vessel,  on  board  of  which  were  (Jeiieials  Wlialrv  and 
(Jolfe.  t.vo  of  the  hitr  king's  jiidifc^,  iinnounced  the 
reslonlion  of  Charles  lli.t  .Srrond  :  but  no  aulhoriiative 
or  otliei.il  ennuniimcatinn  of  tnis  event  was  received, 
and  Kngland  was  rrproenled  a*'  lieit.g  in  a  very  nnsct- 
lled  and  distracted  condition.  The  colony  had  no  in- 
duceinenl  to  imitdte  Virginia  in  a  prein.ilure  dcehira- 
lion  for  the  king:  and  while  farther  iiitelliiience  was 
anxiously  expected,  W'h.ilev  and  UotVe  were  freely  per- 
mitted to  travel  throiii^h  the  states,  and  to  accept  the 
friendly  atli'iitions  which  many  perf-ons  tendered  to 
them,  and  with  which  Charles  afterwards  bitterly  re- 
proached tiie  colotiv. 

At  length  deciRi\e  intelligence  wn^  rernvfd  that  llie 
royal  aiilhoniy  was  finniv  established  m  England,  and 
thill  eomplainls   ngain*^'   the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
had   been  prc'^entid  bv  \arious  rovalists,  quakers,  and 
other  advers:iri('s  of  it-4  in.siiti)tion.-«  nr  aibninisiration,  tn 
the  privy  council  and  the   bouses  of   p.irliainenl.      .\ 
general  court  was  iuiniediatidy  coiiveiieil.  and  an  ad- 
dress votrd  lo  the  king,  in  wbicii.  witli  considerable 
ability,  and  with  that  eonfoimity   which  lliey  studied 
to  the  language  of  .Scripture,  they  ju.'.liht  d  their  whole 
.•onduct,  prole-^i-ed  a  dutiful  allaclunenl  to  their  sove- 
reign, and   cn'reated  Ins  proteLiion  and   fa\or.  which 
they  declared  themselves  the  more  willing  lo  hope  iVom 
one    who,  liaving   been   h-niself  a  wandirer,  was    no 
stranger  to  the  lot  ami  the  feelings  of  exiles.     Having 
defended  their  [iroceedings  against  the  quakers.  by  a 
summary  of  the  heretical  doctrines  and  seditious  and 
indecent  excesses  winch  these  seeiaries  had  introduced 
into  the  colony,  they  desired  permission  to  be  heard  in 
their  own  vindieuiion  against  every  other  charge  that 
iniglil  be  preferred  ugam!«t  them.     "  Eel  not  the  king 
hear  men's  words,"  they  said  ;  "  your  servania  are  true 
men,  fearers  ol  (iod  and  ihe  king,  and  not  given   to 
change,  zealous  of  government  and  order,  orthodox  and 
peaceable  in  Israel.     M'e  are  not  sedilions  as  to  the 
interest  of  Ca'sar.  nor  schismatics  as  to  matters  of  re- 
li;j,ion.      We  distingui-'h   between  churches  and  their 
impurities  ;  between  a  living  man,  though  not  without 
sickness    aiid    infirmity,  and  no   man.     Irregularities 
either  in  ourselv?s  or  others  we  desire  may  be  amended. 
We  could    not  Jive  without  the  worship  of  CJod  :  we 
were  not  permitted  the  use  of  public  worship  without 
such  a  yoke  of  subscription  and  conformny  as  we  could 
not  con.sent  unto  without  sin.      i'lial  we  might,  there- 
fore,  enjoy   divine  woiship  wiihont  human  mixtures, 
without  otieiice  either  to  (Jod  or  man,  or  our  eon- 
sciences,  we,  with  leave,  but   not  without  tcirs,  de- 
parted from  our  country,  kindred,  and  fathers'  houses, 
into  this   Patnios."     They  assinuhted  their  secession 
from  England  to  that  of  "  the  good  old  nonconformist 
Jacob,"  from  8yria  ;  but  declared  that  "  the  providen- 
iial  ex'^eption  of  us  thereby  from  the  late  wars  and 
temptatiGn  of  cither  party,  we  account  as  a  favor  from 
Go((."     They  solicited  the  king  to  protect  their  eccle- 
siastical and  civil  institutions,  declaring  that  they  con- 
sidered the  chief  value  of  the  lattej  tu  consist  in  iheir 
subservience  to  the  enjoyment  of  religious  liberty.     A 
similar  address  was  made  to  parliament  ;  and  Ictterfi 
were  written  to  Eord  Manchester,  Lord  Say  and  Sele, 
and  other  persons  of  distinctian,  who  were  known  to 
be  friends  of  the  colony,  soliciting  their  interposition  in 
its  behalf.     Leveret,  the  agent  for  the  colony,  was  in- 
structed, at  the  same  time,  to  use  every  etl'ort  to  pro- 
cure a  continuance  ot   the  exemption   from   customs 
which  it  had  hitherto  enjoyed.     Dul  before  he  hsdtimfi 
to  make  any  such  vain  attempt,  the  pailiamenl  had  al- 
rearly  estflhlished  the  duties  oi  tonnage  and  poundage 


2n8 


THE    HISTORV    OP 


I        I 


o*er  eTtry  dominion  of  the  crown.  To  mnkn  oincntig 
for  thii  ilisippointmerii,  a  ftrDC'oua  nniiucr  lo  ih»  rnln- 
nial  uililrnss  vmn  ri'tiirjicil  liv  Ihii  kin^,  f  Hini]  nccoin- 
piiniud  by  an  iinliT  for  thn  ii|i|>roht'iisioii  of  Wli  ilcy  and 
OolFe.  'I'his  [iroinpt  dn|>lav  of  fiivor  excited  gpninu 
■atiifiiction,  and  a  day  of  thanhiigivin!;  was  appomicd, 
to  arknowtedirf)  the  favor  of  1  leaven  in  inovinir  the 
heart  of  the  king  to  rco.'ivo  and  incline  to  the  denirea 
of  the  people.  With  reiford  to  Whaley  and  (tolfe,  llie 
colonial  authoritieg  were  gieally  perplcted  between  the 
performance  of  a  duty  which  it  was  irn[)0S3ihle  to  dis- 
cline, ond  reluctance  ;o  betray  to  a  liorriblii  fate  two 
men  who  had  Ipiely  been  members  of  a  ■{overnrnrnt 
recognised  in  ad  the  Itriti.^h  dominions,  who  had  tied 
to  New  Kn^^land  as  an  inviotalito  sanctuary  from  roval 
vengeance,  and  .i.id  Iteen  rerviminendetl  to  their  kind- 
ness by  letters  fri«'n  the  inost  eminent  uf  the  Kn^lish 
independent  ininiHiers.  It  is  j;em'raily  »uppoHcd,  and 
is  highly  probable,  that  intimation  was  conveyed  to 
these  iiidividuiilHof  llie  orders  that  had  been  recnved  ; 
anil,  althouirh  warrants  ftir  their  apprehension  were 
issued,  and  by  the  imliistry  of  the  riiyjliits  a  dili;;eiit 
search  for  their  persons  was  instituted,  they  were  ena- 
bled, by  liie  aHsist.ince  of  tfieir  friends,  l>y  dexterous 
evasion  froui  state  to  sl.ite,  and  by  strict  seclusion,  to 
end  their  days  in  New  I'jujland." 

Rut  tl.e  ai.pri.'hiMisions  which  tlie  colonists  had  ori- 
fiinally  e(it:r*.aiued  of  daii<ter  to  their  inslilulions  in  i 
ihureii  and  .-^taio  were  speedily  revived  by  intelliirence 
liiat  reached  them  from  I'lnsilaiid  of  the  lepresent.ilioiis 
that  A'ere  daily  made  to  their  prej;idice,  of  the  counte- 
nance that  "ihese  representalions  visibly  received  friiin 
the  kintr,  and  uf  llie  forinidahle  designs  that  were  be- 
lieved to  bo  entertained  at^ainst  tlinm.  It  was  stronixlv 
rumored  that  iheir  ciitieucrcial  inIercour.se  with  Vir- 
tjmia  and  the  West  linlia  Isl.iiids  was  tit  be  cut  otT; 
ilial  three  Irmaies  were  prepariiii;  to  .sail  from  Knirl.ind, 
in  order  to  enforce  arbitrary  atithoritv  ;  and  lliat  the  ar- 
miinent  was  to  be  accoinpaiui-d  by  a  uoveriior-fjeneral, 
whoso  jiiriadiciion  was  lo  extend  over  all  tiie  Xorth 
American  plantations.  Ap|irelie[is:oiis  of  Ihesc  and 
other  chanijes  at  leiisjih  prevailed  so  slronnly  in  .\las- 
8achiis(!tt8.  as  to  protluce  a  p  ihlic  measure  of  a  very 
rem-.kattle  character.  The  ^TPm^rjl  court,  havinir  de- 
clared the  neces.sity  uf  promo'.inir  unity  ainonir  the  in- 
habitant.s  in  the  assiTtion  of  their  just  privileires,  and 
the  oli.servance  of  due  lldelity  to  tlie  authority  of  Eng- 
land, uppuintcd  a  cominitiee  of  oi^lil  of  the  most  emi- 
nent persons  in  the  state  to  prejiare  a  report,  ascertain- 
ini;  the  eileiil  of  their  rifjhts  and  the  nature  of  their 
obedience  ;  and,  shortly  after,  the  court,  in  conformity 
wiih  the  report  of  their  committee,  framed  and  pub- 
lished a  series  of  resolutions  expressive  of  their  solemn 
and  deliberate  opinion  on  these  important  subjects.  It 
was  resolved  that  the  patent  (under  Ood)  is  the  first  and 
main  foundation  of  the  civil  policy  of  the  colony  ;  that 
the  governor  and  company  are,  by  the  patent,  a  body 
politic  invested  with  power  to  make  freemen,  and  that 
these  freemen  have  authority  to  elect  annually  their 
governor,  assistants,  representatives,  and  all  other  of- 
nii  .;;  that  the  government  thus  constituted  hath  full 
power,  both  legislative  and  executive,  for  the  govern- 
ment of  all  the  people,  whoiher  inhabitants  or  strangers, 
without  appeal,  save  only  in  the  ease  of  laws  repugnant 
to  those  of  England  ;  that  ihe  government  is  privileged 
by  all  means,  even  by  force  of  arms,  to  defend  itself 
both  t>y  land  and  sea  against  all  who  should  attempt 
injury  to  the  plantation  or  its  inhabitants  ;  and  that  any 
imposition,  prejudicial  to  the  country,  and  contrary  to 
Its  just  laws,  would  be  an  infringement  of  the  funda- 
mental rights  of  the  people  of  New  England.  These 
strong  and  characteristic  resolutions  were  accompanied 
with  a  recognition  of  the  duties  to  which  the  people 
wore  engaged  by  their  allegiance,  and  which  were  de- 
clared to  consist  m  uphuldmg  the  colony  as  belonging 
of  right  to  his  majesty,  and  pieventing  its  subjection  to 
any  foreign  prince ;  in   preserving,  to  the   utmost   of 


•  Mather,  B.  ill.  Cap.  li.  A  Jo.  Noal,  li.  332'  Hutchinson, 
1.  911,  319.  ClialmFrs,23l.  304,  &c.  Small  as  was  tlie  nilin- 
twi  of  reyalisls  in  Massacttusetls,  it  was  too  Rreat  to  enalile 
ttio  people  to  slielter  G  'tn  and  Whaley,  a.s  I  hey  could  liave 
wished  to  (10.  Iliit  in  .Newhaven  there  wero  no  rovalist.'  at 
ail;  aiij; even  those  who <lisap|iroved  of  tlie  i^rcat  action  of  the 
regicides  reRarded  it  {with  more  of  admiration  tlian  hatred) 
as  the  error  of  noble  and  generous  minds,  l.cct,  the  governor 
of  Newhavaii,  and  his  coiinc-il,  when  suminomid  liy  tlie  pur- 
suers of  GolTe  and  Whaley  to  B«8i...t  in  the  apprehension  of 
theni,litst  consumed  ahnnd.ince  of  time  in  dollberaliiujon  thfl 
extend  of  Iheir  powers,  and  then  answered,  tliat,  in  a  matter 
of  lucli  impurtance,  ttiey  could  not  act  withnul  the  orders  of 
aeassemhly.  The  royalLst  pursuers.  Incensed  at  this  answer, 
desired  the  t-overnor  to  say  at  once  whether  he  owned  and 
lioiiored  the  Itins;  lo  which  lie  replied,  "  We  do  honor  l-.is 
majesty;  but  we  tiave  tender  coiuc'mces,  and  wish  first  to 
kTa>w  wiMiher  ha  will  oim  ui "   TnimbtiU,  t.  V43— 34  j. 


iheir  power,  the  king's  person  and  dominions  ;  and  in 
mniniaining  the  pence  and  iirospcnty  nf  ihe  king  and 
iiatiiin,  by  punishing  crimes,  and  by  propngaimg  the 
gospel, 

Tliese  proceedings  indicate  very  p'iiinly  the  alarming 
apprehensions  that  the  colonists  (uiieriained  of  ilio  de- 
signs of  ihrtr  new  sovereign,  and  the  resolution  with 
which  they  .  lung  lo  ine  dciir-boiight  rights  of  which 
they  siispecled  his  inlentioii  lo  bereave  Ihein.  How 
far  they  are  to  be  considered  as  indicitmg  a  settled  de 
sign  to  resist  lyrannical  oppression  by  force,  is  u  mat- 
ter of  niicertam  sprculalion.  It  is  not  improbable,  thai 
tlio  frainers  of  lliem  Imped,  by  strongly  expressing  their 
rights,  and  ■ndicaling  the  cxtreiiillica  which  an  nllempt 
lo  violate  lliein  would  legally  warrant,  and  might  even- 
tually provoke,  lo  caution  the  king  from  awakening,  in 
the  coinincnceineiii  of  his  reign,  the  recollection  of  a 
contest  which  li.id  jiroved  fatal  1,^  his  f.iiber;  and  which, 
if  once  rekindled,  even  lo  an  extent  so  little  formidable 
as  a  colli  roversv  with  an  infant  colony  must  appear, 
might  soon  become  less  uneipial,  by  presenting  an  oc- 
casion of  revival  and  exercise  to  pissious  banllv  yet 
extinguished  in  l']ngliiiid.  If  such  were  the  views  of 
the  colonial  leaders,  the  soundness  of  them  would  seem 
to  have  been  approved  by  the  event.  Hut,  in  the  mean 
time,  the  colonial  authorities,  in  order  to  iiianil'est  their 
willingne.ss  lo  render  a  jiistobedien'-e,  issued  the  strict- 
est injunctioiis  to  cause  se.irch  to  be  made  for  (.rolfe 
and  Whaley.  and  iiiiim.iied,  by  public  resoliiiioiis.  that 
no  per.'-ons  ohiioxioiis  to  the  laws  of  England,  an, I  living 
from  her  IribuiMls.  would  receive  shelter  in  a  colony 
that  rccosriiiscd  her  sovereign  authority.  Having  now 
dcclircd  llie  terms  on  which  t'ley  recognised  the  do- 
niiiiion  of  the  English  crown,  llie  general  court  caused 
the  king  to  be  soh'iiiiily  proclaimed  as  their  niidoulitcd 
prince  and  sovereign  lord.  Tliev  issued,  at  llie  same 
time,  an  order  of  court,  prohiiiiting  all  disorderly  be- 
havior on  ihe  occasion,  and  in  pariicular  commaiuliMg 
lli.it  none  should  jiresiime  to  drink  his  majesty's  health, 
"  which,"  It  was  a.lded,  "  he  hath,  in  an  especial  iiiaii- 
ncr.  forljiddcn" — an  lujunction  very  remote  from  the 
thoughts  and  habits  of  the  king,  and  impuled  to  bliii  on 
no  better  grounds,  ilian  that  drinking  of  healths  was 
prohibited  by  the  ordiiianci's  of  .M.issaehusetts.  This 
meaningless  practice,  on  account  of  its  heathen  original, 
had  been  olTensive  to  the  more  scrupulous  of  the  puri- 
tan settlers,  who  wer,^  desirous  ill  all  things  to  study 
conformity  lo  the  will  of  Clod,  and  accounting  nothing 
unimportant  that  afi'urded  occasion  to  exercise  such 
conformity,  had  at  length  prcvaileil  to  have  the  [);-aclice 
of  drinking  heallhs  interdicted  by  law  ;  and  all  were 
now  desirous  that  the  revival  of  roval  authority  should 
not  be  signalised  by  a  triumph  over  any,  even  what 
ooine  might  esteem  tin:  least  important,  of  the  colonial 
institutions.  Intelligence  having  arrived  soon  al'ter  of 
the  progress  of  the  complaiuta  that  were  continually 
exhibited  to  the  privy  council  against  the  colony,  and 
an  order  at  the  same  time  being  received  from  the 
kin*',  that  depnlie.i  should  be  sent  forthwith  to  Eiig- 
laiiu  to  make  answer  to  tliese  complaints,  ihe  crnirt 
coinmiltcd  this  iinnnrtiint  duty  lo  Simon  Brudstreet, 
one  of  ihe  magistrates,  and  John  .Norton,  one  of  the 
ininisler.».  of  Boston  These  agents  were  instructed  to 
maintain  the  loyalty  and  defend  the  conduct  of  the  co- 
lony :  to  discover,  if  possible,  what  were  the  designs 
which  the  king  meditated,  or  the  apprehensions  Ih.lt  he 
entertained  ;  and  neither  lo  do  nor  agree  to  any  thing 
prejudicial  to  Ihe  charter.  They  undertook  iheir  thank- 
less oirice  with  great  reluctance,  and  obtained  before 
their  departure  a  public  assurance,  tii.it  whatever  danger 
they  might  sustain  by  deiention  of  their  persons  or 
otherwise,  in  England,  should  bo  inado  good  by  the 
general  court. 

Whether  from  the  vigor  and  resolution  that  the  re- 
cent proi'cedings  of  the  colony  had  displayed,  or  from 
the  moderation  of  the  wiso  counsellors  by  whom  the 
king  was  then  surrounded,  enforced  by  the  inllusnce 
which  Lord  .Say  and  some  other  eminent  persona  cm- 
ployed  in  behalf  of  the  colony,  the  agents  were  received 
with  unexpected  favor,  and  were  soon  enabled  to  return 
lo  Boston  with  a  letter  from  the  king.  [1653]  confirm- 
ing ihe  colonial  charter,  and  proinisnig  to  renew  it  un- 
der the  great  seal  whenever  this  formality  should  be 
desired.  The  royal  letter  likewise  announced  an  am- 
nesty for  whatever  treasons  might  liavo  been  conimit- 
led  during  the  late  troubles,  to  all  persons  but  those 
who  were  attainted  by  act  of  parliament,  and  might 
have  fled  lo  .\cw  England.  But  it  contained  other 
matters  by  no  means  acceptable  to  the  colony  ;  it  re- 
quired that  the  general  court  shoulil  hold  all  the  ordi- 
nances it  had  enacted  during  the  abeyance  of  royally 
«B    invalid,  and  forthwith  procoed  lo  renew  them,  aitd 


lo  repeal  eiery  one  that  might  seem  repugnant  to  llit; 
rnval  ailthonlv  that  llie  oalll  nf  allegiance  sliiiiild  In 
diilv  aihiiiiiiHteri  d  lo  every  person  ;  lb  r  lusliie  should 
he  disiribiilei!  in  the  king's  name  ;  that  all  who  desired 
It  sliould  lie  peniillled  lo  use  Hie  liook  •  I  c.  iiininr 
lirayer.  and  lo  perform  their  ilevotiont  according  lu 
Ihe  ceremimial  of  ihe  church  of  England  ;  that,  in  i!,> 
choice  of  the  i;overiior  and  as.sislaiitn  of  the  coloiiv.  iIim 
only  i|u.ililii'allnus  lo  be  reg.irdid  ehoiild  be  wisd  on, 
virliie  ami  inlegriiy,  wiihontany  rrferencn  lo  the  pecu- 
liarities nf  religious  faith  and  prob'ssiou  ;  and  Ilial  a!' 
freeholdi'rs  of  eoinpetenl  I'slales.  and"  not  ncioiis  it 
thiir  lives,  shindd  beadlillllril  lo  vale  In  ihe  election  '.I 
iilliiirs,  civil  and  niibiary.  whaievi  r  might  be  Iheir  opi- 
nion Willi  respect  lo  chtirch-L'overiimeni  "  Wr  c.iii- 
iioi  be  undcrsio.id,"  it  was  auded,  ■•  hereby  lo  direct  or 
wish  thai  any  indulgeiice  should  le  granted  lo  ipiakers, 
whose  principles,  being  inconsisli'iit  with  any  kind  of 
governuient.  we  have  fouiiL*  it  in-cfssarv  w  iili  ihc  ad- 
vice of  our  parliament  here,  to  iiialie  a  sharp  law  against 
lliem.  and  are  well  conlent  you  do  ihe  like  llure." 
However  reason, ihle  so.ue  of  llii-a'  rcipiisilions  may 
now  appear,  the  urealer  nuinbi'r  of  iheui  were  liiolilv 
disigreeable  to  the  colonists.  Tlicv  cotisiilered  llleiii- 
selves  entitled  lo  mainlain  the  form  of  policy  in  church 
and  stale,  which  they  had  fled  lo  a  ile~crt  iii  order  lo 
cullivale,  without  llic  linrusioii  anil  iiiixliire  of  dlirerenl 
principles  ;  and  ihev  regarded  wiih  the  utmost  jealomiy 
the  precedent  of  an  inlerlerence  with  llii  ir  bind.iuieuljl 
consiuiilions  by  a  prince  who.  they  wi'ro  firmly  per- 
suaded, desired  iiolhing  so  much  as  lo  enfeeble  llio 
syslein  which  he  only  wailed  a  more  coiiveiuent  simmiii 
lo  destroy.  To  comply  with  the  roval  iniunctions 
would  be  to  introduce  among  their  cliildieii  the  spec- 
lades  and  corruptions  which  they  had  incurred  such 
sacriliccs  III  order  lo  withdraw  from  liicir  eves,  and  to 
throw  open  every  olfice  in  the  slate  lo  papists,  ,Soci- 
iiians,  and  every  unbeliever  who  might  think  power 
worth  the  purchase  of  a  general  declaration,  tiiai  ho 
was  (according  to  bis  own  unexamined  iiilerpeiratioii 
of  tlic  term)  a  believer  in  ('hristianily.  The  king, 
never  observing,  was  never  able  lo  obliiin  creilit  wiih 
his  subjects  for  good  falili  or  moderation  ;  he  was  Iroui 
the  beginning  suspected  of  a  predil.'ciion  for  popery; 
and  the  various  cllorts  which  he  made  to  procure  a  re- 
laxation of  lite  peii.il  laws  against  ;lie  dissenters  in 
Kligland,  were  viewed  with  jealousy  and  disapprobalion 
by  all  these  dissenters  themselves,  except  ilie  ipia'tera, 
who  regarded  the  oilier  |iroteslanls  and  ihe  papisu  .is 
very  much  on  a  level  with  each  other,  and  wore  made 
coinplctely  the  dupes  of  the  artifices  by  which  l.'harles 
and  his  successor  endeavored  to  iiiirodm  e  all  the  into- 
lerance of  popery  under  the  specious  disguise  of  uni- 
versal loleratioii. 

Of  all  the  rcipiisilioiis  in  the  royal  message,  the  only 
one  that  was  complied  with  was  that  which  d. reeled 
the  judicial  proceedings  to  be  carried  on  in  the  king's 
name.  Tlie  letter  had  commanded  that  its  ioutelit» 
sliould  be  pubh.slied  m  the  colony,  which  was  accord- 
ingly done,  with  an  intimation.  Iiovvc-er,  that  the  reuui- 
sitions  relative  to  church  and  slat  j  were  reserved  for 
the  deliboraiion  wliii  u  would  be  necessary  to  adiiist 
liieiii  lo  the  existing  constituticiis.  The  irealmenc 
which  Ihe  colonial  agents  experie.iced  from  their  eoiiii- 
irymen,  it  is  painbil  but  necessiry  lo  relate.  The  ill 
humor  which  some  of  the  rcqiiisilions  cngendured  was 
unjustly  extended  to  Ihese  men;  and  their  mints, 
though  at  first  eagerly  acknowlcdgco,  were  quickly  lor- 
gotien.  Sirongly  impressed  with  iho  dinger  fro  u 
which  the  colony  had  obtained  a  present  delivcranci', 
hilt  which  still  impended  ovct  it  from  tho  designs  of  a 
prince  who  visibly  abetted  every  complaint  of  Us  ene- 
mies, the  agents  increased  their  unpopulariiy  by  strongly 
urging,  that  all  the  requisitions  should  be  ins:  nitty 
complied  with.  Mr.  Norton,  who,  on  iho  first  inollicial 
intcllioence  that  had  been  received  of  ihi.  king's  resto- 
ration, had  iiieirectually  urged  his  felljw-citizcns  lo 
proclaim  Ihe  royal  authority,  in  now  agaii  pressino  upon 
them  a  proceeding  lo  which  they  were  still  more  aver.^e, 
went  the  length  of  declaring  to  the  genoral  court,  that 
if  they  complied  not  with  the  king's  letter,  they  inusi 
blame  themselves  for  the  bloodshed  that  would  ensue. 
•Such  declarations  were  ill  calculated  lo  roothe  Ihe  popu- 
lar disquiet,  or  recoinuiend  an  ungracious  cause  ;  and 
the  deputies,  who  had  been  actuated  by  the  most  disin- 
terested zeal  lo  serve  rather  ihun  Halter  their  I'ellow- 
ciiizens,  now  found  themselves  opprobiiously  identified 
with  the  grievances  of  the  colony,  and  the  evilii,  which 
it  was  not  in  their  |)Owcr  to  prevent,  ascribed  to  llieir 
neglect  or  unnecessary  concessions.  Bradatreet,  who 
was  endowed  with  a  disposition  aoinc  *hai  stoical,  wa? 
tho  less  mniiibly  touched  with  tliis  ir,f{rstitude :    but 


NORTH    AMERtCA. 


Sli9 


n  rcpiifjnant  (o  tliii 

'^KitH'c    nliniiUI    In 
til  I'   in.stli'r'   sliii.lltl 

lliiil  all  nl.o  (li'-itiil 

liiiiik  •  I    r.  rniMuf 

Mom  accnrdiii;;    lu 

l',\mui  ;  limt,  in  lUi 

of  the  <(il()i;v,  11,11 

liDiild  !)(•  wist!  .Ill, 

ri  ncn  to  the  pi'i'ii- 

iiiiii  ;  mill  iliiii  H.'l 

ml*  lint    virtiins   ir 

■  III  the  i'li'rlio;i  1 1 

niijlit  III!  itw'ir  np\- 

inrnl       "  U'l'  c.iii. 

Ikti'Iiv  Io  (lim't  nr 

UnintiMl  10  iiiiukcru, 

t  Willi    any  kind  o( 

iHirv  Willi  liic  .111- 

a  »liar|i  liivv  n>;niniit 

n   till'  like    iiii-ri'." 

•  ri'ijillMilmiH   in.iy 

llicn   WITI'    lllirlily 

■  CDnsidiTcd  llii'in- 

nf  |i()liry  ill  cliiirch 

di'^crl    III  iirdrr  to 

nulnrii  nl' ililliTcnl 

Ihi  iittnost  jraloiiiiy 

I  llirlr  Innd.iiiu-nlal 

wiTo   liniilv  iKif- 

ilM    to    I'llfl'llllll'  llio 

coiivi'incnt  wimmiii 

rnviil    in|iiiii'tioii9 

Clllllllpll   till'     H|lf'l'- 

liid   ini'iirml  mich 

tncir  cycH,  ,ind  to 

10  jiapiMH,  Soci- 

ni^lit  iliiiik  |ioiv(?r 

laratioii.  lli.it  lio 

incil  iiii.T|)cir.ilioii 

anily.     'I'lio  kiiiir, 

obtain  credit  willj 

lion  ;   liu  was  Irotii 

tioii  lor  [»i[u.'ry  ; 

\c  to  [irociirc  a  re- 

;lio  di:>senl(.-r.i  ill 

ml  dma|)[)rolt:tlion 

^xi;('|il  ilip  qnakfrii, 

unii   ihie  |ia|ii.<t<  .is 

er,  and  wore  ina/Ju 

I  liy  wliicli  Cliark's 

■odui  e  all  iho  iiito- 

m  difi^nisG  of  uiii- 

messagr,  Ihe  only 
hat  which  d.rictod 
!ti  on  III  thi  kinir's 
I  that  its  (ontoiii* 
which  vvaa  accord- 
*'er,  that  the  reijiii- 

wiiru  rosurved  for 
lecessary  to  adiimt 
The  m'atniL'iit 
'd  from  t'u'ii  (.'uiiii- 
to  relate.  The  ill 
18  engendered  was 
ami  thiir  iiunn, 
I,  wen-  quickly  for- 

Iho  dinger  fro  u 
Bsent  deiiveraniM', 
III  iho  design?  of  a 
in{dalnt  of  iid  eiie- 
luiariiy  by  strongly 
lonid  be  insimily 
1  the  firat  inollicial 
if  thi!  king's  rusio- 

felljw-cmzcna  to 
gaii  pressing  n|>oii 
e  stiU  more  aver.^u, 
general  court,  that 
s  letter,  they  iniiiit 

th;it  would  enaiie. 
to  r.oothe  the  po|iil- 
loious  cause  ;  and 
by  the  mo.st  diMin- 
nalter  their  fellow- 
ibiiously  idcntilieij 
ij  the  evilii,  which 
t,  Rscrihed  to  their 
Bradstreel,  who 
c  A'hal  stoical,  was 
I  ir^ratitude :   but 


1  (iillier,  from  iheir  firsi  I'stalilishnicnt 
iiglaml.     Vet  the  iiihaliilanls  of  Uliode  Island 


Norliiii.  who  I"  L'fi'"'  tnreknr^  and  |iielv  united  kern 
fensiliililv.  eo'ilcl  mil  !  i  linld  ilie  v\v>  of  lin  rniiiiiryini'ii 
luriii'il  ii|ii>ii  hiiii  With  dixiippriiliatiiiii,  wiiliniii  the  nuisi 
puinful  tiiiniMin.  When  he  lieiinl  niaiiy  »nv  of  hini. 
that  "he  hud  Lml  the  foiiiiilalion  for  tlie  nun  of  imr 
liliertirn."  he  i-xprmMd  no  rehenlintlit,  lint  sunk  into  a 

pmln I  inehinehiily  ,    and  while  Btrui;i.i|iiii;  wilh  Inn 

urief,  and  riideavorinn  to  ilo  his  duty  to  the  last,  he 
died  siion  .ifier  of  a  broken  heart.  Deep  ami  vehement 
were  then  the  regrets  of  the  people  ;  and  the  universal 
ni.iiirniiig  thol  overspread  the  province  exiireKsed  a  late 
bill  hinting  renienilironce  of  his  virtue,  and  bewailed  an 
ungrateful  error  which  only  repentance  was  now  per- 
mitted 111  repair. 

The  coliiny  of  Rhode  Island  had  received  the  tidings 
of  the  resloruii  in  wiili  much  real  or  apparent  satisfac- 
tion ll  was  Imped  that  the  suspension  of  its  charter 
liv  the  liOiig  I'.irlialiieiit  would  inure  than  coiupeiisate 
tlie  dement  of  having  accepted  a  charter  from  such 
aiilhunty  ;  "iiil  that  Us  exclusion  from  the  confederacy, 
of  which  Ma^sacllllsetts  was  the  head,  would  operate 
as  a  reriinimeiid.ilion  to  rnval  favor.  'I'he  king  was 
early  iiroi'himied  ;  and  one  Clarke  was  soon  after  sent 
a'  deputy  from  the  coliiny  to  Kiigland,  in  order  to  carry 
he  diilifiil  respects  of  the  iiihaliitants  to  the  fool  of  the 
lliroiie.  and  to  solicit  a  new  charier  in  their  favor. 
Clarke  coiidiicled  Ins  iieL'Otiation  with  a  basene..is  ihit 
ri'iidpred  the  success  of  it  dearly  lioilgllt.  He  not  only 
vaiiiiled  llie  loyally  of  'he  inhiiliilants  of  liliode  Island, 
while  the  only  proof  he  could  give  of  it  was,  thol  they 
had  hestoiveil  the  iianic  of  Kina'a  I'rimnrr  on  a  te*ri- 
lory  wliieli  they  had  acquired  from  the  Indians  ;  but 
ineeiiiig  lliis  year  the  deputies  o(  Massachusetts  at  the 
conn,  he  piihliciv  challenged  them  In  mention  any  one 
aelof  dutvorhivally  shown  by  their  constiliieiils  to  the 
pre.ieni  kmi;  or  his  (all 
iiiNew  Kiiglaiid.     Ye' 

had  taken  a  patent  from  the  Long  Parliament  in  the 
coininencenieni  of  its  struggle  with  Chirles  the  Kirsl ; 
while  Massachusetts  bad  declined  to  do  so  when  the 
piirliainent  was  ut  the  height  of  Its  power  and  success,  • 
Clarke  succeeded  in  obtaining  tins  yeart  a  charter 
wliirh  assured  the  inhabilanls  of  idiode  Island  and  Pro- 
vidence of  the  amplest  enjoymeni  of  reliuioiis  liberty, 
and  most  entensivc  privileges  with  regaid  to  jurisdic- 
tion. The  patentees  and  such  as  should  be  admitted 
free  of  the  siicielv  were  incorporated  by  the  title  of  the 
llovenior  and  Com|iaiiv  of  the  Knglisli  Colony  of 
liliode  Island  anil  Providence.  The  supreme  or  legis- 
laiive  power  was  invesled  lu  an  assembly  eoiisisliiig  of 
llie  govenio:.  assistants,  and  represontativos,  elected 
from  ainoiiL'  the  freemen  This  assembly  was  em- 
po'.vered  lu  make  ordinances  and  forms  of  government 
8ii..l  iiiiiL't-'tracy.  with  as  much  conforniily  to  the  laws 
of  England  as  ihe  nature  of  the  place  and  eoiidllioii  of 
the  people  would  allow  :  to  erect  courts  of  justice  ;  to 
regulate  llie  inanner  of  election  to  all  places  of  trust  j 
to  indict  all  lawful  punishments  ;  and  to  exercise  the 
prerogative  of  pardon.  A  governor,  deputy  governor, 
and  ieii  assistants  were  appointed  to  be  anmially  olio- 
Ben  by  the  asscnilily  ;  and  the  first  board  of  these 
olHi-ers,  noiuinaied  liy  the  charier,  on  the  suggclion 
of  ihi.ir  agent,  were  authorised  lo  carry  its  provisions 
into  execution.  The  governor  and  company  were  em- 
powered lo  transport  such  nierchandise  and  per.sona  as 
were  mil  prohibited  liy  any  slaiiite  of  the  kingdiini,  pay- 
ing such  customs  as  are.  or  ought  lo  lie,  paid  for  the 
same  ;  to  exeri'ise  martial  law  when  necessary  ;  and 
upon  jiist  causes  ui  iinade  and  di  .-troy  the  native  In- 
dians or  other  enemies.  The  territory  giaiited  to  Ihe 
governor  and  company,  and  their  successors,  was  de- 
scrilied  as  that  part  of  the  dominions  of  the  crown  in 
New  Kiiglund,  contaium:;  the  islands  in  Narragaiiset 
Hay,  and  llie  couiiiries  and  parts  adjacent,  wliieh  wefe 
declared  to  be  hidden  of  the  manor  of  Kast  (lieenwich 
ill  I'ammon  soccage.  The  inhabilanls  and  llieir  ehildien 
were,  declared  lo  be  entitled  to  the  same  imiiiumtics  as 
if  lliev  had  resided  or  been  born  within  the  realm. 
This.  I  believe,  is  the  tirsl  inslanre  of  the  creaiioii,  by 
a  Unlish  patent,  of  an  aulhoriiy  of  that  peciilior  deserip- 
lioii  which  was  then  estuhhshed  In  Kliode  Island. 
Coporaiions  had  been  formerly  created  within  the 
tealni,  for  the  goveriunciit  of  colonial  pldiilationa. 
Dm  now  a  body  [lolitic  was  created  with  specific 
powers  for  adiiiinlaletiiig  all  the  afTairs  of  tliej:oloiiy 

•  Tlio  Ulioile  Islaiulers  liad  alsu  iiresenled  an  address  lo 
llie  llulers  el'  Eiinlaiiii  in  10511,  tiesoecluni!  favor  lo  llii  in- 
Bfhi.s,  as*'  \  poor  col,>'iy.  .10  (iiilcust  people,  turiiierly  from 
our  tiKitlier  iialiun  In  tliu  liislio)*!'  ilavs,  and  since  fniiii  llie 
New  li.iiilisli  uver-lf.aiuus  cukiiiles."  Douglas'  Seiiinmry, 
h.  till. 

t  Ailhougli  the  clisricr  ws  I'raiiicd  In  1663,  yet,  in  coiisc- 
4'ieiice  of  a  Oisputj  )ii>lwefii  rniiiiectlcul  and  Rtiude  Island, 
It  was  not  flntl!'  p  IS  e  till  July,  11163. 


within  the  colonial  territory.  The  charter  was  received 
with  great  satisfaelinn  bv  the  colonists,  who  entrred 
iminediatelv  into  posi>esNion  of  the  deniorralical  cnn- 
slltiilioii  which  it  appointed  for  them,  and  ciiiitiiuif  tl  to 
pursue  the  same  svslini  ol  i-ivil  and  ecclesiastical 
policy  that  they  had  heretofore  observed. 

Though  the  iiihabitants  of  (.'oiiiieciieiil  iieillier  felt 
nor  atl'ected  the  aaii.e  rejoicing  lliat  Itbode  Island  had 
expressed  it  the  restoration  of  the  king,  lliey  did  not 
fall  to  send  a  deputy  to  Kiigland  to  express  their  recog- 
nition ol  the  royal  aiilbonty,  and  lo  solicit  a  new  char- 
ter.* They  were  happy  iii  the  choice  of  ihe  iiion  to 
^^'honl  they  coinn.itted  this  imporlaiit  duty,  John  W'lii- 
throp.  ihe  son  ol  ii.e  emineiit  person  of  the  same  name 
who  had  presided  with  so  iiiiicb  honor  and  virtue  over 
the  province  of  Massacliiisi. Its.  This  gentleman  deriv- 
ing a  hereditary  chum  on  the  kindness  of  the  king,  frniii 
a  friendship  that  bad  aiibsisled  between  bis  graiidfather 
and  Charles  the  Kirsi.t  employed  it  so  successfully  as 
to  obtain  for  ins  consliliients  a  charter  in  aliiiost  every 
resjiect  the  same  with  that  which  had  been  granteil  to 
Uhode  Island.  The  most  considerable  dilVere'ices  were, 
that  bv  the  (.'oniiecticiit  charier  the  (lovi  riior  was  re- 
quired'  to  adtiiiiii.ster  the  oallis  of  allegiance  and  supre- 
macy to  the  iiiliabitanls  ;  a  fonnahty  which  was  not 
required  by  the  charter  of  Hhode  Island,  where  many 
of  ihe  people  scrupled  to  lake  an  oath  ;  and  that,  by  the 
last-inenlioned  charier,  liberty  of  conscience  was  ex- 
pressly conceded  in  its  fullest  extent,  vvhile  the  other 
made  no  express  mention  of  the  concerns  of  religion, 
and  no  other  allusion  to  tlieiii,  than  what  might  seem  to 
be  implied  in  the  reipiisition  of  the  oath  of  siipri.|iiacy 
IJy  this  charter,  Newhaven  was  iiniied  with  Connecti- 
cut ;  an  arrangenient  winch  fur  some  time  did  not  ob- 
tain ihe  iinaniinous  approbation  of  the  people  of  New- 
haven,  although  they  afterwards  heartily  concurred  in 
It ;  and  the  description  of  the  provincial  territory  was 
mdefmile  and  incorrect.  Dul  on  the  whole  it  gave  so 
much  satisfaction,  that  Winihrop,  on  his  reliirn,  was 
received  with  the  grateful  approbation  of  Ins  fellow 
citizens,  and  amiiially  chosen  governor  of  the  united 
coloiiv  as  long  as  he  lived. 

There  was  thus  established  by  royal  charters,  both 
in  Coiinecticut  and  Khode  Island,  a  perfect  model  of 
democratic  government  ;  and  the  singular  spectacle  of 
subordinate  political  corporations  almost  wholly  discon- 
nected by  any  efficient  lie  with  the  organ  of  sovereign 
aulhoriiy.  Every  power,  as  well  deliberative  as  active, 
was  invested  in  the  freemen  of  the  corporation  or  llu  ir 
delegates  ;  and  the  supremo  executive  magistrate  of 
the  empire  was  excluded  from  every  constituiionol 
means  of  interposiiiou  or  control.  A  conformity  to  the 
laws  of  Kiigland,  no  doubt,  was  enjoined  on  the  colo- 
nial legislatures;  arid  this  confonmty  was  conditioned 
as  the  tenure  by  winch  their  privileges  were  enjoyed  ; 
but  no  method  of  ahcertainiiig  or  enforcing  its  observ- 
ance was  established.  At  a  later  period,  the  crown 
lawyers  of  Kiigland  were  sensible  of  the  oversight  which 
their  predecessors  had  committed,  and  proposed  that  an 
act  of  parliament  should  be  obtained  for  obliging  these 
colonies  to  transmit  their  laws  for  the  inspection  and 
a|)probatioii  of  the  king.  But  this  suggestion  was  never 
carried  into  effect. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

EnilRration  of  ejected  MliiisteiH  to  New  England— Rnya) 
Coiiiiiiissloners  sunt  to  llio  Province— Address  of  itie  As- 
sembly of  Massacliusselts  to  the  King— rejected— Policy 
jmrsued  tiy  the  Coiiiinissionprs— Their  Disputes  with  Ihe 
(ioveMiiiieiit  o*  Massucliussells— and  Return  lu  Eiiglaiiu 
—  Pulley  of  llie  Ciiiiiiiisls  to  coiM  lUate  ttio  King— Ellens 
111  II— l.'ession  of  Acadia  lo  Itie  French— Prosiierous 
Stale  ol  New  Eliglaiid- Cons[iirary  ol  the  Indians — 
rtiilip's  War— The  King  resumes  hi..i  designs  against 
Massarhusctls-  Coiilrueersy  respecling  tlie  Riglit  lo 
Maine  iiiid  New  Ilanipshire— Progress  of  Ihe  Dispute 
hetween  Uie  King  and  the  Colony- State  ot  "arties  In 
Massuchlisells— SlHle  of  Rchglun  and  Morals— Surrender 
of  the  Ctiarler  of  Mossacliusells  deiiiaiided  by  the  King- 
refused  by  live  Colonists — Writ  of  Quo  Warranto  issued 
against  the  lloloiiy- Firmness  of  llie  People— Their  Charter 
sdjutlged  to  bo  lorlelted. 

Settlkr  originally  by  people  of  the  same  nution 
and  whom  the  aaine  motives  had  eondiieted  to  Aiiin- 


'At  Newhaven  the  repulihcan  spirit  was  so  strong,  that 
several  o*'  the  principal  inhabitants  declined  to  act  as  masls- 
Irules  under  the  king.  Trutobull,  1.  S4I.  It  was  here  thai 
(iotle  and  Wtialey  found  tlie  securest  asylum,  and  ended  their 
days.  When  a  parly  of  royal  officers  were  coming  In  pursuit 
ol  ihein  lo  Newtiaven,  Davciijsirt,  the  minister  of  the  peace, 
preached  pulilicly  In  favor  ol  Itie  regicides,  from  the  text 
(Isaiah  Kvi.  3,  4.)  "Take  coanscl,  execute  judunieiit ;  make 
lliy  sliiolow  as  the  luglil  in  tlie  midst  of  the  noonday  ;  hide  llie 
oulcasls  ;  bewray  not  lilin  that  waiiderelh.  Le'  mine  milcusts 
dwell  Willi  Ihee,  Moali  1  be  thou  a  covert  lo  them  from  the 
lace  of  the  spoiler."    Moliues'  American  Annals,  1.  342. 

t  Cotlon  .Mather  relates,  that  when  Winthrup  presented  the 
king  with  a  rini.'  which  Ctiarles  the  First  had  given  to  his 
giaildfalher.  "  the  kin4  not  only  accupled  his  present,  but  also 


riea,  [IRnH.]  and  assimilated  by  their  religioui  Ipncto, 
their  govertitnent,  l.iws.  and  iiiti' tiers,  a  similnr  |>o(irf 
naturally  pervaded  all  llie  colo..les  ol  New  England. 
'Ihe  coiiimi  rcial  sv.lein  whnh  ihe  Kii|;|i"h  l'i>rliamenl 
thoiighi  hi  to  pursue  iciuled  still  h.rll.er  lo  coiiliin  ihia 
ideniity  of  inieresi  and  piirpiiHi'  in  the  i  olonies.  The 
navigation  acts  which  ii  Iraiiied,  and  which  we  have 
i-oiisidered  at  much  leiiyih  in  llie  hisiory  of  \'irginia, 
created  lor  a  lime  more  discniitenl  than  ineonvrnieiice, 
and  served  rather  to  aiinouiice  than  lo  enUircp  the  re- 
sirn  "ions  willi  which  it  was  intended  to  letter  the  colo- 
nial irade.  These  renlnelions  'vere  a  copious  source 
of  displeasure  and  controversy  between  the  two  eouii- 
Iries  The  colonies  had  been  aceusionieil  in  their  in- 
fancy to  a  free  Irade,  and  its  siiirender  was  exacted 
with  the  more  iiijiisitce  and  yielded  with  the  greater 
reluclaiice,  becanse  Kiigland  was  not  then  a  iiiiirt  iii 
winch  all  ihe  piodoce  ot  llie  colonies  coiild  hi-  venditl, 
or  from  which  all  the  vvaiits  ol  llieir  inbabitaiils  could 
be  siipjilied  Even  in  llie  sonlhern  colonies,  wlieio 
similar  reslrainis  had  been  enlorced  liv  f'rumvvell,  tliu 
act  of  navigation  was  executed  very  Imperfectlv  ;  and 
111  New  England,  where  llie  governors  wi-re  ehs-ied  l.y 
the  people,  it  appeals,  for  a  considerable  time,  lo  have 
been  ei.iirely  disregardid. 

If  Ihe  coiiiiiierei>il  policy  of  llie  Knglisli  )iiirliaiiieiit 
thus  Btronglv  tended  lo  iiliile  the  colonies  by  coinmil- 
inly  of  interest  and  opposilion  to  the  parent  slate,  thu 
ecdesiatsicul  policy  which  now  Prevailed  in  Fjigland 
wos  calciilali.d  in  no  sliglil  degree  lo  piomole  the  re- 
lli"ililiraiice  ot  the  original  causes  of  secession  frirn  her 
teiiiiorv,  and  at  once  to  revive  tliiir  iidlueiiee,  and  en- 
force the  virtue  of  toleration  by  sympathy  willi  the  vie 
liiiis  of  an  opposite  policy.  In  consequence  of  th« 
rigid  eiiforceintnt  of  the  act  of  iinitbrniily  m  the  close 
of  the  preceding  vear,  about  two  thousand  ol  the  English 
clercy,  the  most  eminent  of  the  order  for  piety,  virtue, 
and  kiiowltdgc,  were  t.jected  from  the  chiireli ;  and,  lo 
the  aslonishmenl  of  the  prevailing  (larty,  sacritiecd 
llieir  interests  to  their  conscience.  They  were  after- 
wards banished  10  the  distance  of  live  miles  troiii  every 
corporation  in  England,  and  many  ol  tlieiii  died  ill  pri. 
son  for  privately  exercising  llieir  ministry  contrary  to 
law.  A\'liile  the  majority  of  them  reinained  in  Eng- 
land to  preserve  by  their  teaching  and  their  sutreringe 
the  decaying  piety  of  their  iiaiive  land,  a  considerable 
iiiimber  were  conducted  lo  New  England,  tin  re  to  io- 
vigorale  the  national  virtue  by  a  Iresli  example  of  con- 
scientious saeritlce,  and  lo  ioriii  a  living  and  touching 
memorial  of  the  cruelty  and  injusiice  of  intolerance.* 
The  merits  and  the  Biifferings  of  these  men  made  i 
strong  impression  on  the  people  of  New  England  ;  and 
this  year  an  invitation  w  as  despatched  to  ihe  celehralcd 
Ur.  John  Owen,  one  of  the  greatest  scholars  and  divinei 
that  the  world  has  ever  prodoced,  lo  accept  an  eccle- 
siastical appointment  in  Massachusetts,  and  ihe  design* 
winch  he  had  reason  to  believe  would  be  soon  under- 
taken for  the  subjugation  of  its  civil  and  religious  liber- 
ties. Other  countrie."  besides  America  contended  for 
the  honor  of  sheltering  this  dluslrious  man  from  the 
persecHiions  of  the  church  of  England,  and  the  happi- 
ness and  advantage  that  might  be  expecled  from  his 
sojourn.  But  he  preferred  suffering  in  a  country  where 
his  language  was  understood,  to  enjoyment  and  honor 
among  a  people  with  wliom  his  communication  must 
necessarily  have  been  more  restricted.  At  a  later 
period,  when  the  presidency  of  Harvard  college  was 
offered  to  biin,  he  consenled  to  embrace  this  spliere  of 
useful  and  imiiortant  duly  ;  and  having  shipped  his 
effects  far  New  England,  was  preparing  to  accompany 
ihein,  when  his  steps  were  arrested  by  an  order  from 
Charles,  enprcssly  commanding  hiin  not  to  depart  from 
the  kingdom. 

The  apprehension  which  the  Inhabitants  of  Maist- 
chuselta  had  entertained  all  along  of  the  hostile  design* 
of  the  English  govcrnm'int,  and  which  had  been  con 
firmed  by  the  reasons  assigned  by  Dr.  Owen  for  refus- 
ing the  first  invitation  which  they  had  tendered  to  him, 
were  atrengthened  by  all  the  intelligence  they  received 
from  England.  A  great  number  of  the  ejected  non- 
conformist ministers  who  had  taken  measures  for  pro- 
ceeding to  Massachusetts,  now  declined  to  embark  for 
a  country  on  which  the  extremity  of  royal  vengeance 
was  ds'']r  expected  to  descend  :  and  at  length  the  most 
dccixred  that  he  accounted  It  one  of  his  richestjewels,  which 
indeed  was  the  opinion  that  New  Eiiglanil  had  of  the  hand 
that  earned  it."    B.  n.  Cap.  «i.  ♦  J.    See  Note  XI. 

«  When  the  proceedings  againit  llie  coiigregalionahsis  in 
England  were  complained  c  ,  these  maseiiters  were  told  by  an 
eminent  English  prelale  (Stdlliiglleel)  thai  the  seventies 
which  they  so  much  resented  wewe  justilicd  by  the  pruned 
Ings  of  Uieirowii  brelliren  in  New  England  aiianibt  dlssenii.rs 
from  the  estabhslied  we-s'iip  there.  Stillinglli.el's  Visi  hiel» 
of  Separaliun 


MO 


THR   HISTORY  OF 


poiiliTe  informtlion  wat  nH-piffd  lh«t  ihr  kin^  had  do- 
cUrffd  ih«t,  ahhoiinh  he  wad  willinff  to  prpurrvii  llu- 
colonial  rhartrr,  h#»  \*«i  dplrrmmril  \o  ^rnd  out  rnm 
niiMiont'rt  to  iminire  and  n-port  how  f.tr  the  hinvinmiK* 
of  Ihf)  charter  wrrr  li'Httllv  cnnifiliid  with  'ridiiitift  ru) 
Ifia  iridiibitdhle  arrived  noon  afti-r  nf  the  nipliirc  Im- 
twffii  (Jreot  Bntnm  and  llolUnd.  of  the  dt'lrnninaiion 
of  ihA  king  to  drspatch  an  cxmulilion  for  ihn  rcdm-tinn 
of  the  Dutch  apltlcment  of  Now  York,  and  lo  «rnd 
along  with  it  a  boiiy  of  cominiasioin'rs  who  wrrc  nn- 
powcrfd  to  hear  and  dntprminc  (accordina  loilicir  own 
diacrctinn)  all  complaints  in  ranspi*  nvil  or  nnhtiry 
that  might  eiiat  within  New  England,  and  to  Inko  rvirv 
•tcp  that  ihey  might  judge  nrcpssary  for  di'iilina  iIn- 
prnco  and  afpiirily  of  the  coimtry  on  a  solid  foiiiiila- 
tion  Thia  information  was  correct ;  and  a  roinrnm- 
aiun  for  these  piirpodCN,  as  well  as  for  lh«  reduction  of 
New  York,  had  b*pn  issued  hy  the  king  H*  Sir  Uohcrl 
(^arr.  Colonel  Nichols,  (leorgp  f'nrlwright,  and  Sainupl 
Mnvonck.  Thene  tiding)*,  in  rnncurrrncc  with  tlir 
report!*  (hat  had  long  prcvaiird  of  the  drsicns  enter- 
tained by  the  court  of  Knglund  ag.iinHi  the  lit)crlics  of 
the  colonirtts,  were  cnlciiliilcd  'n  nirike  (hrin  \Mlh  dis- 
may, 'i'hry  knew  that  plnumhlc  pretexts  were  not 
wanting  to  ju!*iifv  nn  iriquirv  into  iheir  proceedings; 
but  ihey  were  alco  Hware  thiit  the  dislike  and  suspicion 
wilh  wiii'-h  iliey  were  regarded  by  ihe  king  could  never 
bo  SHtistii-il  by  hiiv  measure  short  of  the  nller  subviT- 
aion  of  llieir  insliiulions.  Various  comroversics  hiid 
arisen  betwren  the  dilVercnt  seiilements  conet:rning 
the  boundaries  of  llieir  rcneclive  territories  ;  and  loud 
roniplaints  were  prefmed  by  the  representatives  of 
Mason,  iind  bv  fJorges.  and  other  members  of  the  old 
council  of  l^lvinoiith.  of  the  occupations  of  dmlricts  and 
sovereiL'niies  lo  which  tliev  elaiined  a  pieferable  right 
The  elaiin  of  Mason  lo  New  Hampshire,  derived  from 
the  assiiinmeiit  of  the  I'lyniouth  council,  bad  never 
been  oxpres.-ily  f<urreu<lercd  ;  and  (Jorgoi'  title  lo 
Maine  had  been  contirmcd  and  enlarged  by  a  grant 
fro  .1  the  late  king  in  the  year  l6',Ji).  As  Oorgrs  had 
adhered  lo  the  royal  cause  in  the  civil  wars,  (he  death 
of  the  king  provetl  the  temporary  death  of  his  )>atent  : 
and  be  as  \M-II  as  Masoirs  heirs  had  long  abundoned 
iheir  projects  in  dispair  of  rvrr  prosecuting  them  lo  a 
auccrssfnl  issue.  IJut  now  the  revival  of  royalty  in  Eng- 
land presented  them  with  an  opportunity  of  vindicating 
tht  ir  clsims  ;  and  the  establishment  of  inlmhilaiits  m 
(he  territories  promiMd  advantage  from  such  vindication. 
They  had  as  yet  got  no  return  for  the  money  they  bad 
expended  on  their  acquiuitions  :  but  they  now  embraced 
the  prospect  and  claimed  the  right  of  entering  upon  the 


ligions  eiijovments  live:  so  shall  we  all  yet  hav*  ht 
ther  cause  In  say  from  our  hearts,  I,el  the  king  live  hi 
evt>r  "  l.eiters  suuig  for  favor  and  fru'iidlv  niedialior 
were  iraii'^ni  Ittd  at  llie  same  tune  lo  !»ever.ti  nf  the 
KngliKh  nubiiiiy,  and  partiftularly  to  (he  ( n.uicellor, 
i.onl  Chiiendon  linl  these  applicanoii?!  were  m 
longer  oitended  with  succea*.  Lord  I  lareiulon  was  nn 
friend  to  puritan  eitlahliNhmenta  ;  he  had  iiinlii.'atrd  ihf 
perserutMiri  that  was  then  carrying  on  against  the  sec- 
taries nf  every  denomination  in  Kiiglaiid  ;  and  he  wai 
al  fuesenl  too  painfully  sensible  of  liia  declnnng  credit 
V*  ilh  the  king,  to  risk  (he  farther  (irovocation  (tf  his  dia* 
pleasure  by  opposing  n  favorite  schemo  of  royal  jHtlicy, 
In  a  Itittpr  to  (he  governnr,  he  defetuled  the  ef)mmirtai(M) 
as  a  ciirmlituiional*  exercise  nf  royal  power  and  wia* 
doin,  and  strongly  indiculiyo  of  hm  majesty's  gnu'e  and 
goodness;  and  reconnneniled  lo  the  colonists,  by  a 
prompt  submission,  to  deprecate  the  indigrialion  which 
their  nngratefnl  clamor  must  already  have  excted  in 
the  breast  of  the  king.  The  an^twer  of  Charlen.  which 
was  iransmiiled  by  Seert  lary  Morrice.  lo  the  addrusa 
loiiave  done'to  ihe  letter  wiiu-h  the  knig  had  addressed  :  of  the  general  court,  excited  less  surprise  It  re- 
to  them  two  years  before  The  vague  myslerious  terms  I  proachcd  ihai  assembly  with  makmg  unreasonable  and 
of  this  communication  were  powerfully  calculated,  and  groundless  complaints  ;  jusiitied  the  comini.-^sioii  as  tho 
would  seem  to  have  been  deliberately  intended,  to  in-  ;  only  jtroper  irnMbod  of  rectifying  the  colonial  disordert ; 
crease  the  distintet  and  apprchctisions  of  the  colonists 
That  they   produced   this  impression  in   a  very  strong 


diers,  and  recollecting  the  periibar   strictnesa   of  the 

coloniiil  laws,  the  ronri  adopted  at  the  R.ime  time  the 
most  pruiletit  precautions  for  preventing  ihe  necessity 
of  efilier  a  li;i/.iftluus  enlorcetneiit.  or  a  itishone^l  ami 
pnstll.iniinous  relaXiilnni  nf  its  mumcijial  ordinances. 

The  royal  expedition  having  arrived  at  IJoston  in  the 
following  year,  (lie  conirnissioners  presented  their  etv- 
'lentials  to  the  governor  and  council,  and  demanded  in 
the  firsl  instance,  thai  u  body  of  troops  should  bo  raised 
to  u'companv  the  llnglish  forces  in  the  iiivasu,,,  of 
New  Vork  [10(U]  The  governor  not  being  empowered 
by  ilie  forms  of  the  consiitution  to  raise  forces  wiihont 
the  consenl  of  the  general  couri,  proceeded  to  convoke 
thai  body  ;  but  tliocnmtnissioners  not  having  leisure  lo 
wail  Its  delibera  ions,  uro-'ccded  with  the  tleel  against 
New  ^  ork,  desning  tlie  colonial  auxiliaries  to  follow 
as  (p)icklv  as  possible,  and  signifying  to  the  governor 
and  council  that  they  bad  many  imporlant  communica' 
tions  to  make  to  lliem  on  their  return  from  New  Vork, 
and  lh:it  in  itie  in. 'an  Mine  tlie  general  court  would  do 
well  to  give  a  fuller  consideration  Ihan  they  seemed  yet 


legrce  is  manifest  from  ihc  proceedings  that  were 
adopted  by  the  general  court.  Hn  liie  assembling  o( 
thai  body  it  was  dtil.irrd  by  an  immediate  and  unani- 
mous vote  lh;it  tiiey  were  •' resolved  to  bear  true  alle- 
glance  (o  his  niaje!«tv.  and  lo  adiieru  (o  a  patent  so 
dearly  oblained  and  so  f 
riuht."     Tney  proceeded  t 


ami  atl'ccled  to  cnnsider  the  ;iddri'ss  as  "  llie  cmilri.*- 
ance  of  a  few  pe^soll.^  who  infuse  jealousies  iiilo  llicJl 
fellow  subjects  is  if  iheir  .'barler  were  in  danucr  " 

Having  elfected  (lie  conquest  of  New  Vork.  the  rom- 

missinncrs  procecdeil  to  the  exercise?  of  ihcir civil  fine- 

lions  111  New  Knglaud   f  lOtt.'>J     One  of  the  Itr-t  olficial 

acts  that  thev  were  calltd  on  to  perform,  was  the  adpul- 

ig   enioved    by   undouhled  ■  '"*""'  "^  "  dispute  respecting  boundaries,  that  aro^e  out 

render  a  orompt  obedience  j  of  the  occupation  of  the  New  Vork  lerrilory.     A  patent 


to  therenniMtion  of  the  commisMoners,  and  had  raised  [ ''"'  ''t'*""  g^uted  to  the  Duke  ol  \  ork  ol  i-)l  ihe  lerri- 
a  re.'rmenl  of  two  hundred  men,  who  were  preparing  to  I  """y  occupied  by  the  Hutch,  mcludmi;  b.ige  diMrirts 
proceed  for  New  Vork,  wi.en  infelljgence  was  received  i  »•'»'  hail  been  already  compreheiided  iii  the  charter  ol 
troni  the  commissioners  that  Uu  place  had  already  stir-    ('"I'lu't'ticut.       A  eonlroversy  coneermng    hmits  had 


rendered,  and  that  llie  junction  of  the  Knglish  and  co- 
lonial forces  was  no  longer  iicce*sary.  The  assembly 
next  resumed  the  consideration  of  the  king's  letter,  which 

bad  been  so  emphalinillv  commended  lo  their  dehbera-  .  - 

tion.  and  passed  a  law  ext.'nding  the  elective  franchise  ;  ^  'uui.ner  which  appears  lo  have  been  highly  satisfactory 
lo  all  the  mliabitanls  of  Kngbsh  or  colonial  binh.  pay    »"  '""  P*'«I''*'  of  Connecticut,  but  which  enlailed  a  greal 


ihus  been  created  by  the  deliberate  act  of  the  crown, 
between  the  slate  of  (7onneclicul  and  the  new  province 
erecled  by  the  patent  lo  the  Huke  of  V<nk.  Their 
boundaries  wero  now  adjusted  by  the  commiosinnen*  in 


pay. 

ing  public  rates  to  a  certain  amount,  and  certified  t>y  a 
minister  as  orthodox  in  iheir  [irinciples  and  not  immoral 
in  their  livet*.  whether  within  or  wiiluiul  the  pale  of  the 
established  church.  They  next  proceeded  to  frame  and 
transmit  lo  the  king  an  address  sirongly  expressive  of 
their  [tresent  apprehensions  and  their  habitual  senti- 
ments.    They  set  forth  at  considerable  length  the  dan 


tabors  of  others,  who  in  ignorance  of  their  pretensions    gtrs  and  ditbcultics  they  had  encountered  in  founding 
i_-_i  _  _     _ ;_  J  __  1  __i  __.:_„.i  _-..!    ...1  L-ii  :.    a„j  rcaniig  iheir  setileiiunt ;  the  explicit  contirmation 

which  their  privileges  had  received  both  from  the  pre- 
sent king  uiiil  his  pr<'deccs8or ;  and  their  own  subjec- 
tion lo  the  royal  authority,  and  willingness  to  testify 
their  duly  in  any  righteous  way.  They  expresdcd  their 
concern  at  the  appointment  of  four  commissioners,  one 
of  ■.vhom,  Maverick,  was  their  known  and  professed 
enemy,  who  were  invested  with  an  indelinitc  authority, 
of     ■     ■      ■ 


had  occupied  and  colonized  a  vacant  sod.  and  held  it 
by  the  title  of  fair  purchase  from  its  native  proprietors. 
In  addition  to  this  formidable  controversy,  many  com- 
plaints had  been  preferred  by  the  royalists,  quakers, 
and  episcopalians,  of  abuses  in  the  eivd  and  ecclesias- 
tical adinimstraiion  of  Massuchuselta.  The  adjustment 
of  lliese  controversies  and  investigation  of  these  com- 
plaints were  the  principal  reasons  assigned  for  (be  com 
mission.*  But,  doubtless,  the  main  object  of  concern 
to  the  Knglish  court  was  the  suppression  or  essential 
modification  of  institutions  founded  and  administered 
on  princip'es  that  had  so  long  waged  war  with  monar- 
chy, and  Sv-  lately  prevailed  over  it.  The  colonists 
very  readily  believed  the  accoun'a  they  received  from 
Iheir  friends  in  Kngland  of  ibis  hostile  disposition  of 
their  sovereign:  and  the  public  orders  by  which  they 
had  cautioned  the  enemies  of  his  government  not  to 
expect  abelter  in  Ma&sacbuBetls,  bad  been  intended  to 
remove  or  appease  it.  When  intelligence  was  received 
of  the  visiiation  that  must  soon  bo  expected  from  Cng- 

Sland,  the  genera]  court  of  Massachusetts  appointed  a 
ay  of  fasting  and  prayer  to  bo  observed  throughout  its 
jurisdiction,  m  order  to  implore  the  mercy  of  God  under 
their  many  distractions  and  troubles  :  and  apprehend- 
ing it  lo  be  of  the  greatest  concenimcnt  that  the  patent 
or  charier  should  be  kept  '*  safe  and  secret,"  they  or- 
dered their  secretary  to  bring  it  into  court,  and  to  deli- 
ver it  to  four  of  the  members  of  court,  who  were  di- 
rected to  dispose  of  ii  in  aurh  manner  aa  they  should 
)*idge  most  ronsialent  with  the  safely  of  the  country. 
Aware  of  th?  usual  licentiousness  of  sailora  and  aol- 


*  In  addition  to  these  reasons,  tbe  contmission  sets  Torib 
that  coniplaints  have  btien  made  to  liis  majesty  of  acts  of 
violence  and  injustice  by  the  colonial  authorities  ai^aiiist  the 
natives  of  AniTica,  "whereby  not  only  our  ifovernment  is 
traduced,  oui  the  reputation  and  credit  of  christian  reliijiun 
la  brought  into  reproach  and  prejudice  with  the  t^entiles  and 
iiihuhitant3  of  those  countries  who  know  not  God  ;  the  reduc- 
tion of  whom  to  the  true  knowlodgu  of  God  Is  the  enduf  the.to 
|4antatlona,*'  &c.— a  statement  of  matctiless  falsehood  aitd 
effkontarv 


deal  of  snb!)e(|ueiil  di.^pule,  Another  conlrove 
which  Cniinecticiit  was  involved,  arose  out  of  a  i  .i.in 
lo  part  of  It.-*  territory  pret'errrd  liy  the  Hnke  of  Hamil- 
ton and  othera,  in  \irlue  of  the  iiybls  liat  had  ac'  «•! 
to  themselves  or  iheir  ancesiors  as  members  of  the 
grand  council  of  Plymouih.  The  commis:*ioners  de- 
sirous of  giving  satisl'action  lo  both  parties,  adjudged 
Uie  property  of  the  di:spiiied  soil  to  liiese  individual 
claimants,  but  declared  llie  riglii  of  government  to  per- 
tain to  Connecticut.  It  apjiears  manifestly  to  have 
been  ilieir  policy  to  dolacli  the  other  New  Knglaud 
states  from  the  obnoxious  province  of  Massachusetts. 
and  to  procure  their  co-operation  by  ibe  example  o| 
implicit  submission  on  their  own  part,  and  the  iieni:nu- 
laiion  ol  complaints  against  that  province,  in  the  design 
of  ibridging  her  liberties  and  allenng  her  insiiuiiions. 
In  the  prosecution  ol  ihi:*  policy  they  were  but  [lartially 
successful.     The  peopk'  of  Comieclicut    received  tho 

and   plainly 
h  aver- 


sion, and  considered  the  cause  of  Mass<ichusells  as 
their  own.  So  strongly  impressed  wero  the  mhabilanla 
of  this  stale  with  the  danger  to  iheir  liberties  from  the 
iiiterpo.siuon  of  such  arbitrary  authoriiv,  liiat  some  dis- 
agreenienls,  which  bad  subsisleil  beiweeii  ("luinecticut 
and  Newhaven,  and  which  b.id  hitlii  rto  prevented  then 


in  the  exercise  of  which  they  were  to  proceed,  not  m 
conformity  with  any  estatilisbcd  law,  but  according  lo  , 

lluiir  own  discretion  ;  and  they  declared,  that  although  I  7'" "i'««|«"*^^«  ^^"''  '"^^  ''""*'**  coldness,  and 
as  yet  they  had  but  tasted  the  words  and  actions  of  j  »''"^^*'*  '^'V'h^.V^•«"^:|^'*'  '''*''M'^^^^^ 
these  persons,  they  had  enough  lo  satisfy  them  that  the 
powers  derived  from  the  commission  would  be  improved 
to  the  complete  subversion  of  the  provincial  govern- 
ment. If  any  profit  was  expected  to  be  gained  by  the 
iiiiposilion  of  new  rules  and  the  bereavement  of  their 

liberties,  the  design,  they  protested,  would  produce  only  ]  ,        ,      ,         ,  ,        ,,■,.,, 

disappointment;  for  the  country  was  so  poor  ihat  ,t  i  ""•«»."'"  «r  ti^e  late  charier  by  wueh  they  had  been 
produced  litllo  more  than  u  bare  subsistence  to  its  in-  I  associated,  were  entirely  composed  by  the  very  lidino^ 
habitants,  and  the  people  were  so  much  attached  to  h^'  the  visitation  of  the  coiiimissiuners  At  Plymouih 
their  institutions  that,  if  deprived  of  ihem  m  America.  !  j''*=  commissioners  met  with  bltle  opposition,  the  inha- 
ihey  would  seek  them  in  new  and  more  distant  habita-  I  *""*"^«  ''^'"'tf  d*-'**'"*^^  ^rom  the  expression  ol  their  sen 
tiona;  and.  if  they  were  driven  out  of  the  country,  it  f'""-"^*  ''^  "  c-nscionsncss  of  ibeir  weakness,  and 
wouldnotbeeasy  to  find  another  race  of  inhabitants  who  *'*^»'iK  "*^'nptcJ  ff"'"  ll'^  apprehensions  that  prevailed 
would  be  willing  lo  sojourn  in  it.*  They  appealed  to  , »"  ^*'^  '»%*^  powerful  states  by  a  sense  of  their  insigm. 
God.  that  they  came  not  into  this  wilderness  to  seek  I  *^*=";'"^''-  *",  ^V"""^*;  '*'**"**  "''^"f,,.^^"  '"^'^  insidious 
great  things  for  tbemselvca.  but  for  the  sake  of  a  quiet  \  P°''*=y  ""^"*1«^J  «"'^  «"«es8.  1  litre,  the  pe(,ple  ro- 
"-         ■    ° ^  ..  -      ^        i  ccived  them  with  every  mark  of  deference  and  atten- 

tion ;  their  inquiries  were  answered,  and  their  mandates 

*  Even  Chalmers,  thoufth  Ihe  pancKynst  of  Charles  and 
his  policy,  and  animated  w.).k  llic  stroiitjeitt  dislike  and  c(>n- 
tnnipt  ul  the  colunint.s,  expiufses  hi»  surprise  that  CiarcnUnn 
should  dffcnd  the  cuiiinu!«sion  as  n  coiiMitutioiml  act;  ul>> 
serving,  that  "  an  act  uf  parhanient  was  assuredly  necessary 
in  ordei'  to  cut  up  elleclually  tlmse  pniiciplesof  intieper-'""'-« 
that  had  rooted  with  the  ticiileinent  uf  New  Eiu^tuiid,"  p.  'iau. 
One  of  the  ariioles  of  itiipearhment  against  Luid  Clareitdoo 
was,  *'  That  he  introduced  an  arhiirary  governnieiit  in  his  rii<i- 
justy's  plmiiationH."  But  this  ihaige  hceu)t<  to  have  rclaiej 
to  Houio  proceedings  in  Uarbadoes  Howel's  ^tate  Trials 
fvol.  vi.p  8ai,4cc. 


Ufe,  and  concluded  in  ibc  following  strains  of  earnest  i   . 
anxiety  :  "  Let  our  government  live,  our  patent  live,  I  \l 


our  magistrates  live,  our  laws  and  liberties  live,  our  re- 

*  It  Is  curious  to  observe  the  expression  of  a  similar  sonti- 
ment  hy  the  inha^iitants  of  the  provicice  of  Arragon  in  Hie 
days  of  their  freedom.  It  is  declared  in  the  preamble  to  one 
of  Ihe  laws  of  Arragon.  that  such  was  ihe  barrenness  of  the 
country  and  the  poverty  of  tho  inhabitants,  that  if  it  were  not 
for  the  sake  of  the  liberties  by  wlAch  they  wore  disliiiguished 
from  other  nations,  the  people  would  abandon  it  and  go  :n  ^luest 
of  a  settlement  to  some  mure  fruitful  region.  Rolert.son'^ 
View  of  the  State  of  Kurope.  sect.  3.  lllstory  of  Charles 
therifUt 


N 


;4     Ii 


^iAjl.-^- 


NORTH    AMERTOA. 


261 


I'D  all  yft  have  ht 
'.vt  rhr  king  live  lot 
'i  fnctnllv  inrdiatior 

IH'  lO    M-VCr.!!  of  ilio 

In  rhf  ( n.iiicf'llor, 
tlu'iiiioni    wvTo   m 
r<l  ( 'l.trrn(lnn  whp  nn 
V  had  iriHlririitcil  thf 
nn  m;,iin!«i  [he  hfc* 
IIIuimI  ;   mill  he  H.n 
tun  (Irclinintf  rrc.ln 
Dvoi'niinii  (if  hif*  ili»< 
'MM'  of  rnvnl  |M)|iry. 
ilnl  tlic  roriuiii^Niui) 
viil  [lowrr  uimI  '.vi*. 
iiiiijtMty'd  j(rit(T  iirid 
till'   rfilniiisiH.  hy  a 
)rii!ij.'n.itmri  wliiclj 
iidy  li.ur  cxtMcd  ia 
r  of  Ch-trlrn.  wliirh 
ru-r.  t(i  the  iiddrefn 
is  HiiriiriNtv      It    rc- 
[  imrcaAOfiahli-  and 
(•niiifiii.'»«ioii  an  (ihi 
rulonial  disorders  ; 
's*  as  "  lliO  rniitn/- 
iralousn'!*  min  Mit-ir 
rrc  in  d.iii^icr  " 
<v\v  Vork,  ihr  coin- 
I't  ihi'irnvd  f-inr- 
ir  ofihrlir-t  (itPn'ifil 
rorin.  wasihi'^idpisl- 
iirwf,  thai  aro-i'  out 
trrriiory      A  [la't-nl 
irii  oli'll   ttit'  tt-rri. 
iiL'    liiiic  ih-striris 
fd   in  tiic  chartrr  ol 
irtTninjT    hrnit»   Inul 
c  act  of  ihn  rroivn, 
nd  the  new  |ir(ivirirc 
Et'  of  Voik.     'i'heir 
he  rornini>Ri(itirr!i  in 
II  hiirhly  satisfacKiry 
hull  ciitaiii-d  n;:rt'al 
ihiT  rnritrovi     '     ui 
out  of  II  ,  M.in 
he  Diiki-  of  Haiiiil- 
|il«   hrii  had  av-   "i| 
us  int'iiihcr!*  of  ihe 
comini«!Sionpr8  do- 
h   |»urticM.  adjiid^M'd 
to  these    individual 
liovrrnnifiit  lo  per- 
riianifciitly  to   have 
ilher   New  Knt-hmd 
[  of  Mahsat-hii»elt!4. 
hy  ihc  exami'U*  of 
irt,  and  the  »iccn:ini- 
ivince.  ID  the  di'Mimi 
Ti:,'  h* T  iriMiiuiioiis 
y  wiTf  Iiiit  parimlly 
fliciit    rereivcd  tli'o 
Idnesji,   and   plainly 
ctedinu'-s  with  avi-r. 
.MassachuMi'tl)!  as 
kcro  tUn  inhiilmanln 
ir  Jihrrtics  from  iho 
nty,  that  somt'  dis- 
tAccn  (.'oniicclicut 
rro  prevented  llieii 
iicli    ihey  had   heen 
hy  the  very  tidiiinti 
'r«      At  J'lynioiuh 
iposirjon,  ih'e  inha- 
eaaionof  their  sen- 
fir  weakness,  and 
ions  that  prcvadefi 
au  of  their  itisijini- 
kds  their   insidious 
-re,  the  people  re- 
ference and  altcii- 
and  their  mandates 

rist  ot  Charles  and 
fest  iii.ilike  and  tcn- 
rprise  tl.itt  Ciarciidnn 
iiMJtutJojial  ael ;  ub- 
asauredly  necessary 
ililes  of  imippei-'— 'r-^ 
ew  EiwIaiiJ,"  p.  3w. 
iinst  Loid  Clarendon 
jvernnienl  in  his  mm* 
;cniH  to  tiavo  relaioj 
uwei's  8t&te  Tr'&lB 


obfyrd  or  amrntod  to  without  any  demur  to  tht  imho- 
Utv  from  whirh  'hey  prorreded  ;  and  during  their  may 
in  this  settlement  they  were  enahled  to  amplify  iheir 
reporta  willi  uurnherless  complaints  a^aiimt  the  injiisliee 
and  nii"j.'overnuieiil  alleged  lo  have  heen  e  »inmMted  in 
M««t*iu  liiiseltH  This  people,  as  we  have  seen,  had  yanied 
their  late  i  harler  hy  a  di.-pluy  of  Niihieriieiice  and  devo- 
tion 10  the  crown  ;  and  ih«  liheral  in-lilutions  whieh  il 
iiitrodnoetl  had  not  yel  hud  linu;  lo  form  a  cpint  that  dia- 
duiiied  to  hold  the  eiijoyim  nl  of  liherty  by  ao  i^(nohlu  u 
tenure  The  freedom  thus  »pnriou..ly  heyoilen  wt»it 
tainted  in  its  hirlh  hy  principles  ihat_  hmtf  rendered  its 
exisieriee  precarioiia  ;  and  we  shall  liiid  the  inhahitaiits 
of  Ithode  island,  a  few  yrara  after,  ahjeclly  olTenng  lo 
Birip  (hemselvca  of  the  privileges  which  ihry  had  gamed 
an  111,  anil  of  whieh  tliey  now  showed  themselves  nn- 
worihy  hy  their  williii«ne»B  to  strenuthen  the  hands  that 
were  ^reparlrl^  to  oppress  the  liherties  of  Massachn* 
setts.  \Ve  imisl  not.  however  discard  from  our  recol- 
luiioii  that  Khode  Island  was  yet  hut  a  fechle  comimi- 
iiitv.  and  that  the  nnfavorahle  Hentimenis  with  winch 
many  nf  it«  mhahitanls  regarded  Massachusetts,  arose 
friiiii  ihe  perft  cntion  which  their  reliijious  tenets  had 
experienced  in  that  province  'I'heir  cotuluct  to  the 
roinniMffioinr?*  received  the  warmeat  npproliation  from 
('ii;irie!4,  wlin  assured  them  tliat  he  would  never  he  un- 
mindful of  the  claims  they  had  actpiircd  on  hi-*  good- 
ness hy  a  demeanor  so  replete  with  duty  and  hnmiliiy, 
III  justice  lo  tile  kini.',  whose  word  was  proverhially  the 
ohject  of  very  little  reliance,  we  may  ohserve  that  he 
does  lint  appear  ever  after  lo  have  withdrawn  Ip  ■  favor 
froMi  Rhode  I^laMd  ;  and  in  justice  lo  a  inon*  lesson 
that  vvoul'l  he  otherwise  incomplete,  we  may  here  so 
far  aiilutpule  the  order  of  linie  as  lo  remark,  that 
when  ('hnrles''s  suc:'e.4Sor  proceeded  lo  extend  lo 
Uhode  Island  Ihe  ileslriiclion  m  which  tiie  Iiherlies  of 
the  other  NeW'  Kuiilind  provinces  had  heen  involved, 
and  when  llie  people  endeavored  lo  a\ert  the  hhiw  hy  a 
repetition  of  the  :ihjeiliirss  that  liad  formerly  availed 
theui.  their  pro.araliiiii  wan  disroi^arded.  and  Iheir  c<nn-  ' 
plele  suhjeclion  pursued  and  etVected  wilhaii  insohuice 
that  feelinyly  lauyht  them  lo  detest  oppression  and  'les- 
pise  .serviliiy. 

It  was  in  Massichusetls  that  llir*  mam  object  of  ihe 
coinmissTij  was  to  be  pursued,  and  from  the  diil'er- 
eiice  between  the  purposes  as  well  as  tlie  opinions  en- 
te  laiiied  by  the  tln;;listi  ijovermnenl  and  the  colonijl 
hulliorities.  It  was  nndouhiedly  foreseen  thai  tiie  pro- 
eeedinus  of  the  commissioners  would  beijet  the  most 
resohile  opposition  Amoiii;  other  connnunicutions 
which  llio  commissioners  were  cliaryed  hy  the  king  to 
impress  on  the  eoloiiisls,  was.  that  be  cniisidered  them 
lo  stand  in  prec;^elv  the  same  rela'.ion  lo  hi:ii  as  (lie  iii> 
h.iliiiants  of  Kent  or  Yorkshire  in  KiiMind  Very  d'f- 
fiTenl  ^vns  lh>'  opinion  that  prevailed  among  the  colo- 
nists. They  considered  that,  luiviiijr  been  forced  hy 
persecution  to  depjrt  from  llic  realm  of  Kngland,  and 
liavini;  established  thiniselves  liy  iheir  own  unassisted 
cihirls  in  territories  which  they  had  purchased  from  the 
unuinal  proprietors,  lliev  retained  no  other  political  con- 
nexion with  their  sovereijjn  than  what  was  created  by 
their  charter,  wliich  they  regarded  as  the  sole  existing 
(Oinpjct  hetv\eeii  Ihe  parijil  stale  and  tlicmseivrs,  and 
us  specilvinii  "'I  ibe  particulars  and  limits  of  their  obe- 
dience. 'I'liey  acknowledged  dit!erenee  of  sentiment  in 
religion  and  politics  between  themselves  and  their  an- 
cieiil  rulers  m  which  their  seiilcmeiit  had  originated, 
and  Ihe  habits  of  seif-government  thai  they  had  long 
been  enabled  to  indulge,  eonlinred  Iheir  prepossessions, 
and  had  tended  generally  and  deeply  to  nnprei>s  the 
cunviction  that  iheir  original  allegiance  as  natives  ot 
Knglaiid  and  auhjeets  of  ibe  crown  was  entirely  dis- 
solved, and  superseded  by  the  slipuluiions  which  they 
had  voluntarily  contracted  by  accepting  tlieir  charter. 
These  opinions,  however  sirongly  cherished,  it  was  not 
prudent  distinctly  to  profess ;  but  their  prevalence  is 
nlle^ed  by  a  respectable  colonial  historian,  on  the 
Qutlionty  of  certain  manuscript  copiposiiions  of  the 
leading  persons  in  Massacbusetls  af  tins  period,  which 
he  had  an  oppotlunity  of  examining.  The  colonists 
were  not  the  less  attacl  ?d  to  these  opinions,  from  the 
apprehension  that  they  would  find  as  little  favor  in  the 
eyes  of  the  English  government  as  those  which  had  led 
to  the  persecution  and  emigration  of  their  ancestors  : 
they  were  indeed  totally  repugnant  to  the  principles  of 
the  English  law,  which  holds  the  allegiance  of  subjects 
to  their  sovereign,  not  as  a  local  or  provisional,  hut  a^ 
a  perpetuai  and  indissoluble  tie,  which  distance  of  place 
does  not  sunder,  nor  lapse  of  time  relax.  Forcibly 
aware  of  these  differences  of  opinion,  of  the  dangerous 
ooUuiona  which  they  might  beget,  and  ot  the  disadvan- 
U^g|Ca  with  which  th«y  must  conduct  i  dibcussion  with 


p«raons  who  sought  nothing  so  much  as  to  (iml  or  make 

ihemottendem,  ihecolonisisuwaitef'  wiit)iniiehanxu\v, 

the  nroceedings  of  ihe  commissiontis. 

'Ihe  temper  and  disposition  of  lheM<  coinmts»ioners 

inereased  the  probabiliiv  of  un  nnlrundlv  is«ue  to  iheir 
tliscusAion.4  with  llie  e  tloniai  aulhontn  s  Ifcuncitiii- 
IKMI  was,  at  the  king  prolessed,  llie  object  whieli  he 
had  in  view  in  issinng  the  cununissittn.  hr  was  singu- 
larly unfortunate  m  the  selet  lion  of  the  instrmnents  in 
whom  the  diSi'harge  uf  its  importarr.  duties  wjsconli- 
(led.  Nicholas  was  a  man  ot  sense  and  moderation  . 
but  It  was  for  the  reduetion  and  suh-Mtpient  settlement 
oi  the  aM'airs  of  New  Vork.  that  he  bad  been  mainly 
a|)potnted  ;  he  remained  at  that  jdace  after  its  rapUula 
tion  ;  and  vshen  he  ufterwurds  rejoined  hi«  colleagm  i, 
he  found  hnnself  unable  to  control  their  proceeding'^,  or 
repair  Ihe  breach  they  had  already  crealeil.  The  other 
coinmissionerA  appear  to  have  been  reinarkabl.  tor  no 
other  ipiahliea  than  inHoltiice,  presumption,  anu  incapa- 
city,* to  which  Maverick  farther  added  an  inveterate 
iiosiitiiy  to  the  colony  winch  had  induced  bim  for  years 
to  solicit  tlie  commission  which  lie  now  eagerly  has- 
tened to  execute.  On  their  return  lo  Doslon,  the  very 
lirsi  re.pjiNilion  which  they  maile  to  the  governor  de- 
mon:*lrated  how  little  they  were  disponed  to  recognise 
the  colonial  anlhorilies  ;  for  thev  retpiired  that  all  the 
hilialiilunis  of  the  pruvince  should  be  assembled  to  re- 
ceive and  reply  to  their  coinmunicatioii  ;  and  when  tiie 
governor  desired  to  ki.  jw  Ihe  reason  for  such  u  proceed- 
ing, liny  answered,  "that  llie  motion  was  so  reasona- 
ble, tiiai  he  who  would  not  attend  lo  it  was  a  traitor  " 
Tliey  atierward--  thouglit  proper  to  ni  ike  trial  of  a  more 
c.r  ifiliatiug  lone,  and  inforini'd  tlic  general  court  tliat 
llie\  '  1  roperly  represenled  to  itie  king  tiie  prompt- 
ness W't.  .  h  his  >oinniaiid.-i  iiad  been  obeyed  lu  the 
raisiiit;  oi  .  )lonial  regiment;  l>ut  it  afterwards  ap- 
jicarid  thai  t.ey  had  aetiially  made  a  representation  ol 
i\  perleriy  opposite  import  lo  the  secretary  of  slate. 
I  h-  si.>picions  whieli  the  comini^-'ioneis  and  ttie  gene- 

r  uuri  rei-i  r 'Cully  enlcrt  .  a  of  each  other,  eti'ecUi- 
>  prevented  any  cordi..  co-optration  between  tiiem. 
Ine  conimu  iicatie:  «  ,\  the  comim!<s)oners  display  tiie 
nio>l  lofty  ■  '"a  i  of  tlictr  own  unliiorily  as  representa- 
tives of  in''  rown.  wiiii  a  priconeeived  opinion  liiat 
llicre  'vaa  a.,  muispositum  o\\  llie  part  oi  llic  geiural 
>'')iiri  to  p:t.  due  respect  to  tii.it  anthoniy.  as  well  as  lo 
tue  Kouii't;  from  whicii  it  was  derived.  The  answers 
of  the  general  court  manifest  an  uii.tious  desire  to  avoid 
a  contest  wiui  i;io  crown,  and  logralily  his  Majusty  l)y 
prolessioiis  of  loyally  and  submission,  and  by  every 
I'iiunge  ihat  seemed  likely  to  :ii<  t  t  his  wisiies,  witltoul 
compromising  the  fiiiulamemsil  principii*.^  ol  uieirinsii- 
uilmiis.  'I'lnv  expresdcii.  at  tlie  same  lime,  a  ddibc- 
rale  conviction  of  iiuvmg  done  iiolinng  tiul  merited  dis- 
pleasure or  reipitred  upolojjy,  and  u  sieady  delernnna- 
tioii  to  abide  by  the  charter.  I'ndcr  t»uch  circum- 
sliiices,  the  coriespundeiice  soon  degenerated  into  an 
aiiircation.  The  eominissioners  at  length  demaiidid 
lro;n  tiie  court  an  t  xpucit  u'.svver  to  the  question,  if 
they  acknowhdged  the  authority  of  his  Majesty's  com- 
niission  !  tiut  ilic  conn  desired  lo  he  cvcnsed  from 
giving  any  oilier  answer,  than  liiat  tliey  ucknowledijed 
die  authority  of  his  Majesty's  charier,  with  which  they 
were  a  great  deal  heuer  ucquainled.  binding  liial 
their  oliject  was  not  lo  he  uUamed  hy  threats  or  expos- 
tulations, the  commissioner.^  alleniptcd  a  practical  as- 
sertion of  their  powers  :  they  granted  letters  of  proiec- 
iion  to  parties  under  prosecution  before  liie  colonial 
court ;  and  in  a  civil  suit,  winch  iiad  been  already  de- 
termined by  the  colonial  jutlgcs,  they  promoted  an  ap- 
peal lo  themselves  from  the  unsuccessful  parly,  and 
summoned  him  and  ins  adversary  lo  plead  their  cause 
belore  them.  Tlie  general  courl  perceived  that  they 
must  now  or  never  make  a  stand  m  defence  of  their 
authority  ;  and,  witii  a  decision  wlueh  siiowed  tiie  high 
value  they  entertained  for  their  privileges,  and  the  vigor 
with  winch  they  were  prepared  to  protect  tliem,  they 
pjoclaimed,  by  ^omid  of  trumpet,  their  diaapprohation 
of  this  measure,  and  declared  that,  ui  discharge  of  iheir 


•  Ttie  scn.selessness  ui'  their  prt'ceediiuis  appears  verynm- 
nifestly  (roin  a  i-aso  rtUti'd  at  coiisideiat)le  Ir-iigtli  by  ihv 
culuiiial  historians.  Tlicy  had  heen  drinking  odh  Saturday 
night  hi  a  tavern  all.cr  the  huurs  vvhen,tjy  the  colonial  laws, 
all  taverns  were  ordere<l  t<>  bo  shut.  A  eu'islable,  who 
warned  them  not  lu  int'iinu'e  Ihe  law,  was  beaten  by  them, 
lleumii,'  that  Musuii,  nnuil.cr  constable,  hud  declared  that  ho 
would  lint  have  been  deterred  by  llieir  violence  I'roni  doing  Ins 
<luty,tliey  sent  fur  him,  and  extorted  from  liiiii  an  adtnissjun 
that  he  would  have  arrested  the  king  lunisrll  if  he  had  found 
hiui  dniikitiK  in  a  public-houiiu  alter  lawi'ul  hours.  They  in- 
sisted that  he  should  be  iricd  for  high  treason,  and  aeiually 
prevailed  lo  have  this  injustice  connnilted.  Tie  jury  ve- 
turnud  a  special  verdii;l;  aitd  the  court,  coiisidtfring  the 
words  otfcnsive  and  iiLsolcnt,  but  not  treasonabie,  inflicted 
only  a  slight  punishiuenu    Hutchinsont  i.  3M,  3AA. 


duty  to  Ood  and  tho  king,  and  of  the  Iriiit  repo«od  io 
liieni  hy  the  king's  good  subjects  in  the  colony,  they 
could  not  consf  lit  lo  such  proceedings,  nor  countenance 
th(»se  wlio  would  conduct  or  ahel  Ihern,  They  accoin- 
piinied  this  vigorous  step  wiih  an  oiler  (o  coinproimitt 
the  mailer  liv  hearing  the  cause  iheniselves  in  presence 
ot  the  cinnim>isioiiers  ;  Init  this  proposition  Wiia  scorn* 
fully  rejtcted.  and  every  ellort  lo  reimite  these  coi  (licl- 
ing  inihorilie.i  provetl  utterly  unavailing 

Suspending  tor  a  lime  their  proceedinga  ut  Dostun, 
the  commissioners  proceeded  lo  New  Hampshire  and 
.Maine,  and  instamly  giving  judgment  in  lavor  of  Ilia 
claims  of  .Mason  and  tiorges  ugiinsl  the  government 
of  .Massaclniselts,  ihey  suppressed  the  rxislmg  au- 
thorities, and  erected  a  royal  gnvermnent  m  each  ul  lliese 
provinces.  Un  Iheir  relurn  to  Moston,  the  general  courl 
declared  that  these  proceedings  tended  to  the  disturbance 
of  llie  public  peice,  aiul  demanded  a  conlerenee  with 
the  commissioners,  which  was  refused  with  a  hilternesa 
oi  expression  liiat  put  an  end  to  alt  further  coinm.imca* 
lion,  Sir  Kidieri  <'arr  even  went  the  lengtli  of  assiir* 
mg  the  general  court  that  the  king's  pardon  lor  liieii 
maiiilold  treasons  durinju'  the  late  rebellion  had  been  en 
tirely  condilional.  and  was  forfeited  by  (heir  evil  beha 
vior ;  and  that  the  conlrivera  n  their  lite  measure^ 
would  speedily  experience  Ihe  punishim  nt  vvlncii  their 
assoeiales  in  rebellion  had  latrlv  mel  with  in  Mngland. 

The  king  havinu  been  apprised  of  these  proceei*ing», 
ami  assured  hy  (he  commissioners  that  it  w.is  Irniilesa 
for  them  lo  continue  a  Ire.ilv  \Mth  per^Ms  who  weru 
delermificd  to  misconslrue  all  their  words  and  aciioiis, 
issued  lelters,  recalling  the  lomnnssioners  lo  England, 
[IKllli.]  ex[>ri'ssinL'  Ins  salisfariiuii  with  all  the  eotomes 
except  MasHaeliUsetts.  and  ccmiiianding  the  general 
conn  of  lliiH  province  (o  send  dtpniies  lo  plead  their 
cause  before  iitmself.  Ibil  llie  liihalutanis  t>r  Massa- 
chusetl.H  were  well  aware  thai  in  such  a  controversy 
they  could  i.ot  liave  liie  tuns'  remote  cliaiu  e  o!  success, 
and  that  it  was  not  hv  ilie  cogency  ol  urtrumint  ihey 
could  hope  to  paeilv  the  di^pieasun;  of  t'.eir  scvereign 
Insif  ad  of  coiiiplvin;.r  with  this  injunction,  tlii.>  general 
court  addressed  a  letter  lo  the  stcretary  of  state,  in 
which  they  binleil  re:il  or  prelendeil  doutns  of  ilie  uu- 
thoritv  ol  the  roval  lelier,  and  deelaied  that  the  -ase 
iiad  already  been  so  fully  phaded  that  '.he  ahlesl  among 
tlieiii  would  lit-  utterly  unable  to  render  it  any  clearer. 
.\l  the  siiUie  time  they  endeavored  to  appease  his  ma- 
jesty bv  lirmlile  addresses  expressive  ol  their  loyally; 
and  111  or.l  r  lo  demonstrate  the  sense  ihey  atlaclied  fn 
tiieir  proh  -isioii?..  Ihey  ji.ireha.sed  a  sinp-load  of  m.utla, 
winch  the  presented  tu  liie  kin<^' ;  and  hearing  thai  his 
fleet  111  the  West  Indies  was  in  want  of  provisions,  li.jj 
promoted  a  contrihii'ioii  among  themselves,  and  victu< 
ailed  It  at  their  own  expense.  The  ki  ^  -iccepled  their 
presents  very  graciously  ;  and  a  letter  under  the  .-.ign 
manual  having  been  transmitted  lo  the  general  court, 
de»  '  Ting  that  ibeir  zeal  for  the  royal  service  was  "taken 
well  bv  his  majesty,"  tiie  cloud  that  had  galliercd  over 
tlie  colony  in  tins  ipiarlcr  seemed  for  the  prescnl  to  be 
dispersed.  Nevertheless,  the  design  ihal  had  been 
prosecuted  lo  such  a  Itngtii.  of  remodelling  the  institu- 
hons  of  New  Kngland.  was  by  in)  means  abandoned. 
'I'lie  report  of  tl,e  commissioners  had  furnisheiJ  Charles 
with  tlic  very  pretexts  that  .' ere  wanting  lo  tiie  nccom- 
ptisliinent  oi  his  ptan^  :  and  the  proceedings  which  at 
a  later  perioti  he  adopted,  evinced  that  it  was  not  the 
dutiful  prolc^.-ions  or  liherdliiies  of  the  colonists  that 
would  deter  lii;n  from  avai!i..g  himself  of  pretexts  winch 
he  had  made  sucii  ellbits  to  ohtam.  Uut  the  great 
plague  winch  broke  out  with  sucli  violence  as  in  one 
year  lo  destroy  ninety  thousand  of  i..e  inliabitasils  of 
London,  and  to  hamsii  for  a  linn'  the  seat  of  govcrn- 
mont  to  Difurd — the  great  lire  of  London,*  tho  wars 
and  intrirues  on  the  continent,  and  the  rising  discon- 
tents of  the  people  ef  England,  occupied  so  enlirelv  tho 
alteiition  of  the  kmg,  as  to  suspend  the  execution  of 
his  designs  against  liie  government  of  Massachusetts. 

After  tho  departure  of  tlic  royal  commissioners,  tho 
provnicos  of  New  England  enjoyed  for  some  years  a 
ipiiet  and  prosperous  condition.  The  only  dulurbance 
which  their  internal  tramjuillity  sustained,  arose  from 
(he  persecuiions  whicii  in  alt  the  states,  except  Khode 
Island,  continued  to  be  waged  against  the  anabaplista, 
as  tliese  sectaries  from  tunc  to  time  altempted  lu  propa- 
gate ihoir  tenets  and  establish  their  ordinances.     Loi- 

•  A  liberal  contribution  was  maiie  by  tlie  people  of  Maa- 
saclmielts,aiid  transinil.ed  to  London  for  ronef  of  the  satfer* 
ersby  tiie  fire,  Iluttiiinson.i.  257.  Tlio  poo  [.I  e  of  New  Luff 
land  liave  always  been  honorablv  distin!.'indied  by  their  chari- 
table pariicipalioii  of  the  niisfofiuucs  of  oHier  -"ommunilieo 
In  Ihe  year  170."1,  they  contributed  2000/  lor  tjie  relief  of  the 
iithsbiiaiits  of  Nevis  aiu  St.  Chnatopheis,  wliicti  had  bcon 
rav^igtiU  by  Uie  French,    ilohnes,  u.  09. 


THE   HISTORY    OF 


t^'K  vf  TO  written  in  their  behaif  to  the  colonial  magis- 
trates by  the  'nost  eminent  diitaenting  minislers  in 
England  :  hut  thongh  it  was  strongly  urjjcd  liy  the. 
writers  of  these  letters,  that  the  sevore  perRccnlion 
whieh  the  anabaptists  were  'hen  en<biring  in  England 
should  rccornmend  them  lo  the  sympathy  of  the  colo- 
nixtK,*  and  that  their  conv(  r-iou  was  more  likely  to  be 
•  tl'ei^ied  by  holding  font  lo  im  in  the  peaceable  fruits 
of  iighleoiisness  than  by  pursuing  their  crrora  and  in- 
linnities  uilh  penal  inflictions,  which  could  hav  no 
other  eliecl  than  to  ensnare  or  oppress  their  consriciices, 
the  intiriiosiiion  of  these  persons,  though  respectfully 
received,  was  utterly  disregarded.  The  colonial  au- 
thorities persisted  in  believing  that  they  were  doing 
Goil  service  by  employing  the  civil  power  with  which 
tl.cy  were  invested,  to  guard  their  territories  from  the 
intrusion  of  heresy,  and  to  maintain  the  purity  of  those 
religious  principles  for  the  preservation  of  which  their 
settlements  had  been  originally  formed.  A  considera- 
ble number  of  anabaptists  were  lined,  imprisoned,  and 
banished  :  and  persecution  produced  its  usual  ell'ect  of 
conlirming  and  propagating  the  tenets  which  it  at- 
tempted 10  extirpate,  by  causing  the  professors  of  them 
to  connect  them  in  their  own  minds,  and  to  eihibit  them 
to  others  in  coiinczinn  with  sutlering  for  coiiscif.net 
sake.  'I'hese  proceedings,  however,  contributed  more 
10  Slain  the  character  of  the  colonies  than  to  dustiir's 
their  tranquillity.  Much  greater  disquiet  was  created 
by  the  intelligence  of  the  cession  of  Acadia,  or  as  it 
had  come  to  be  termed  Nona  Scotia,  to  liie  Trench  at 
the  treaty  of  Hreda.  [IC87.]  Nothing  had  contributed 
more  to  promote  the  commerce  and  security  of  New 
England  than  the  conquest  of  that  province  by  Crom 
well ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  .Massachusetts,  apprif-  d 
of  the  extreme  solicitude  of  the  French  to  regain  it, 
and  justly  regarding  such  an  issue  as  pregnant  with 
danger  to  themselves,  sent  agents  to  Kngland  to  re- 
monstrate against  it.  But  the  influence  of  the  Freiicli 
proved  too  powerful  for  the  interest  of  the  people  ;  and 
the  conduct  of  Charles  on  this  occasion  evinced  as  lit- 
tle concern  for  the  external  security  of  the  colonies,  as 
hi.i  prtv::ui8  proceedings  had  sho'vn  respect  for  their 
internal  liberties.  The  French  regained  possession  ol 
their  ancient  establishment  :  and  both  New  Engl.iiid 
and  the  mother  country  had  afterwards  abundant  eauee 
to  regret  the  admission  of  a  restless  and  liiigiotis  neigh- 
bor, who  for  years  exerted  her  peculiar  arts  of  intrigue 
to  interrupt  the  pursuits  and  disturb  the  repose  of  the 
English  colonists 

The  government  of  Massachusetts  was  highly  accep- 
table to  the  great  body  of  ilie  people  ;  and  even  those 
acta  of  Its  adininrstrstion  that  imposed  restraints  on 
civil  liberty  were  respected  on  account  of  their  mani- 
fest design,  and  tlieir  supposed  efliciency  to  promote 
an  object  which  the  people  held  dearer  than  liberty 
itself.  A  printing  press  had  been  established  at  Cam- 
bridge for  upwards  of  twenty  years  ;  and  the  general 
court  had  recently  appointed  two  persons  to  be  licensers 
of  the  press,  and  prohibited  the  publication  of  any  books 
or  papers  that  had  not  undergone  their  supervision. 
The  licensers  having  given  their  sanction  lo  the  publi- 
cation of  'i'hoinas  a  Kempis'  admirable  treatise  [  1008  ] 
Di  Imilationc  Christi,  the  court  interposed,  and,  de- 
claring that  "  the  book  was  written  by  a  popish  minis-  ] 
ter,  and  contained  some  things  less  safe  to  be  infused 
among  the  people,"  they  recommended  a  more  diligent 
revisal  to  the  licensers,  and  in  the  meantime  suspended 
the  publication.  In  a  constitution  less  popular,  such 
ui  act  would  have  been  esteemed  an  iniquitous  abridg- 
ment of  the  liberty  of  the  subject.  Uut  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts  expressed,  and  was  supported 
by,  the  sentiments  and  opinions  of  the  people  ;  and  so 
acceptable  was  its  administration,  that  the  inhabitants 
of  Jsew  Hampshire  and  Maine  rejecting  the  constitu- 
tion they  had  received  from  the  royal  eomniissioners, 
again  solicited  and  were  received  into  the  rank  of 
dependencies  on  its  jurisdiction.  All  traces  of  the 
vi.ntation  of  these  cominissionera  having  been  thus 
effaced,  and  the  apprehensions  that  their  measures  had 
excited  forgotten,  the  affairs  of  the  colonies  continued 
for  several  years  to  glide  on  in  a  coune  of  silent  but 
cheerful  prosperity,  t     The   navigalion  act  not  being 

•  The  colonists  might  have  pondered,  with  advantage,  an 
observation  of  their  ancient  friend,  that  eminent  and  greatly 
misrepresented  man  Hugli  Peters,  while  lie  was  awHiling  his 
eicculloii  in  Newgale.  Some  In  tlin  prison  speaking  of  the 
ililTerences  in  religion,  Mr.  Polcrs  said,  "  I'ray  talk  not  of  con- 
Iroveitles  now;  we  liave  huta  little  tune  to  live,  and  cannot 
spend  II  in  such  diicoursci."  Trials  and  Deaths  of  the 
Uegicldcs. 

t  In  the  year  1673,  the  laws  o  Connecticut  (till  then  pre- 
Mrved  in  manuscript,  and  promul  tted  by  public  proclamation 
In  the  rsspcctive  towns)  were  collected  into  a  code,  printed, 
■114  puMishtd.    The  prtfacs,  writton  with  a  solemnitjt  that 


enforced  by  the  estalilishment  of  a  custom-ho  ise,  and 
depending  for  its  execution  upon  ollicers  annnally 
elected  by  their  fellow  citizens,  was  entirely  disre- 
garded. [1688 — 1072.]  The  people  enjoyed  a  coiii- 
niercc  as  extensive  as  they  could  desire  ;  a  consequent 
increase  of  wealth  was  visible  among  the  merchants 
and  planters ;  and  a  spirit  of  industry  and  economy 
prevailing  no  less  generally,  the  plantations  were  dili- 
gently improved,  and  the  settlements  considerably  ex- 
tended. From  a  document  preserved  in  the  arcliives 
of  the  colonial  office  of  KngUnd,  and  published  by 
Chalmers,  it  appears,  that  in  the  year  1073  New  Eng- 
land was  estimated  to  contain  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  souls,  of  whom  about  sixteen  thousand  were 
able  lo  bear  arms  ;  and  of  the  merchants  and  planters 
there  were  no  fewer  than  five  thousand  persons,  each 
of  whom  was  worth  3000/.*  Three-fourths  of  the 
vvea  :b  and  population  of  the  country  centred  in  the 
territory  of  Massachusetts  and  its  dependencies.  The 
town  of  Boston  alone  contained  fifteen  hundred  fami- 
lies. Theft  was  rare,  and  beggary  unknown  in  New 
England.  Josselyn,  who  returned  about  two  years 
before  this  period  from  his  second  visit  to  America, 
commci.ds  highly  tho  beauty  and  agrecableiicss  of  the 
towns  and  villages  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut, 
and  the  substantial  structure  and  comfort  of  all  the  pri- 
vate dwellings. t  During  this  interval  of  tranquil 
pro.sperily,  many  of  the  most  aged  inhabitants  of  New 
EnglaiHl  closed  the  career  of  a  long  and  interesting 
life,  and  the  original  race  of  settlers  was  now  almost 
eniirely  extinguished.  The  annals  of  this  period  arc 
filled  with  accounts  of  their  deaths,  of  the  virtues  by 
which  they  had  contributed  lo  the  fouhdatiun  of  the 
new  coininoiiwcalth,  and  of  the  fondness  wilh  vvliich 
their  closing  eyes  lingered  upon  its  prcspi-ntv.  To 
our  view,  enlarged  by  the  ucpmintancc  which  history 
supplies  of  the  approaching  calainiiies  from  which  these 
persons  were  thus  happily  removed,  not  the  least  envi- 
able circtiinstancc  of  their  lot  appears  to  have  been 
that  they  died  in  scenes  so  rraiiglii  with  serene  enjny- 
inent  and  ngrecablif  promise,  and  bequeathed  lo  their 
descendanis  not  only  the  example  of  their  virtue,  but 
the  fruits  of  it,  in  a  prosperit  y  .-is  eminent  as  any  people 
was  ever  blessed  wiili.  Vet,  so  short-sighted  and  im- 
perfect are  the  views  of  men,  so  strongly  are  they  led 
by  an  instinclive  and  unquenchable  propensity  to  ligure 
and  desire  soinetliing  belter  than  they  behold,  and  so 
apt  lo  restrict  to  the  present  fleeliiig  and  disordered 
scene  the  suggestions  of  this  secret  longing  lifter  ori- 
ginal and  iniinorlal  perfection,  that  many  of  the  fathers 
of  the  colony  could  not  refrain  from  lanieniing  that 
they  bad  been  horn  too  soon  to  see  more  than  the  first 
faint  dawn  ol  New  England's  glory.  Others,  wiih 
greater  enlargrnient  of  wisdom  and  pieiy,  considered 
that  the  eye  is  not  siitixfeil  inlh  yenni;,  nor  the  con- 
ceptions of  an  iiniiional  spirit  rapilile  of  being  ade- 
quately filled  by  any  thing  short  of  ilie  vision  of  ils 
l)ivine  Author,  for  whose  conicniphiiion  it  was  cre- 
ated ;  and  were  contented  to  drop  like  leaves  into  the 
bosom  of  their  adopted  country,  in  the  lonbdence  of 
being  gathered  into  nobler  and  more  lasting  habitations. 
1074.]  The  slate  of  prosperous  repose  which  .\ew 
England  had  enjoyed  for  several  ye,irs  was  interriipied 
by  a  formidable  conibination  of  llic  Indian  Irilics,  ihat 
produced  a  war  so  general  and  bloody  as  to  threaten 
for  some  time  ihe  uitiT  dLstructioii  of  ihe  plantations. 
This  hostile  combination  was  promoted  by  a  young 
chief  whose  character  and  history  reminds  ns  of  the 
enterprises  of  Opecbain-anuugli  in  \'irginia.  He  was 
the  seconil  son  of  Massaasoiel,  a  prince  who  had  ruled 
a  powerful  tribe  inliabiiing  lerrilories  adjacent  to  the 
settlement  of  Plymouth  at  the  time  when  the  English 
first  settled  in  the  country.  The  father  had  entered 
into  an  alliance  with  the  colonists,  and,  after  his  death, 
his  two  sons  demonstrated  an  earnest  desire  lo  reiaiii 
and  cultivate  their  Incndship.  They  even  repaired  lo 
the  court  of  I'lymouih,  and   requested,  as  a   mark  of 


might  serve  to  introduce  a  body  of  divinity,  commences  in 
thu  manner :— **  To  our  beloved  brethren  and  niMghlKturs, 
the  iiiliabitanls  of  ColmeclicMl,  Iho  generat  court  of  that 
colony  wish  grace  and  peace  in  iiur  Lord  Jesus."  It  was 
ordered  that  every  householder  sliould  have  a  cop)  at  the 
code,  and  that  lliecapiliil  laws  should  be  read  weekly  in  every 
ramify     Trumbull,  i.  DUO.  3X1, 

In  Cunnecticul,  by  a  law  of  I6(i7  (still  existing,)  three 
yeari  voluntary  separation  of  married  persons  is  held  to  dis- 
solve iheir  matrimomal  eiigageineiit. 

*  John  Uunlon,  who  visited  New  F.ngland  almut  t'\-elve 
years  after  this  period,  mentions  a  nierdiant  ui  Salem  worth 
50,00«(.    Dunton'5  Life  and  Errors,  p.  1*1. 

t  Jo^selyn's  Si-coiid  Voyage.  liven  at  Hits  early  perio,) 
Josselyn  has  remarked  the  prevaluiiceef  that  invelerale  but 
unexplained  peculiarity  of  the  premature  decay  i^  the  teeth 
of  while  periont,  and  eipecially  women,  in  Norlli  America, 
p,  IfiX 


identification  with  their  allies,  that  English  names  might 
be  given  thein  ;  and,  in  comoliancu  with  iheir  desire, 
the  elder  had  received  the  name  of  Alexander,  and  the 
younger  of  I'iiilip.  Hut  it  very  soon  appeared  that 
these  demonstrations  of  good  wdl  were  Inn  the  artilice 
that  entered  into  their  schemes  uf  hivstilny  ;  and  ihey 
were  both  shortly  after  detected  in  an  iueflectuid  uiienip! 
to  involve  tho  Naraganscts  in  hosiilitn-s  with  the  colo- 
nists. Thediappnintmentnfthai  alieinpt  overuhclnie  I 
the  proud  spirit  of  the  elder  brother  witii  such  inn  '■  a- 
ble  rage  and  mo.  titii-ation,  that,  in  spue  of,  and  per- 
haps still  more  deeply  wo'inded  by,  the  conciliaiiiig  de 
meanour  of  tho  colonists,  ho  was  unable  long  lo  sur- 
vive the  detection  of  his  villany  and  discuinfituie  ol 
his  designs.  Philip,  after  ihe  death  of  his  brother,  re- 
newed the  alliance  between  his  tribe  and  tho  English, 
but  intended  nothing  less  than  the  observance  of  his 
engagements.  Daring,  cruel,  and  perfidious,  ho  medi- 
tated a  universal  conspiracy  of  the  Indians  for  the  ex- 
tirpation of  the  colonists,  and  for  several  years  carried 
on  his  designs  as  secretly  and  efiectnally  as  the  nume- 
rous difHcullies  that  surrounded  him  would  permit. 
Next  to  the  growing  power  of  the  colonial  settlements, 
nothing  seemed  to  excite  his  indignation  more  strongly 
than  the  (irogress  of  their  missionary  labors;  and,  in 
reality,  it  w.ik  lo  these  labors,  and  some  of  tlie  coiise- 
quencis  they  had  produced,  that  the  culonisls  weic  in- 
debted lor  Iheir  preservation  from  the  rum  ilii,t  would 
have  attended  the  success  of  i'liilip's  miichinaiions. 
.Some  of  the  tribes  to  whom  he  applied  revealed  his  pro- 
positions to  the  missionaries  ;  and  some  who  had  en- 
icred  iMohis  designs  were  persuaded  by  their  converled 
brethren  to  rinounce  them.  I'lom  lime  to  lime  the 
court  of  Plymouth  had  reinonsirated  wilh  him  on  the 
designs  of  which  they  obiaincd  intelligence  ;  and  by 
renewed  and  more  solemn  engagements  than  befo.-.?, 
he  had  endeavored  to  disarm  their  vigilance  and  ri  inovo 
Iheir  suspicions.  For  two  or  tliree^  years  before  ihiu 
period  he  had  pursued  his  trchiherous  hostility  wiib  >o 
much  success  that  his  proceedings  appear  to  have  been 
wholly  uiisiispecied  ;  and  he  had  succeeded  in  uniting 
some  of  the  fiercest  and  most  warlike  tribes  in  a  con- 
federacy to  make  war  on  the  colonists  to  llie  point  ol 
exterininalioii. 

A  converled  Indian,  who  was  laboring  as  a  mission- 
ary among  the  tribes  of  his  coiiiilrvmen,  having  at  leiioih 
discovered  the  plot,  revealed  it  to  the  governor  ol  I'iv- 
inoulh,  and  was  soon  alter  found  dead  in  a  field,  wiib. 
appearances  that  sirounly  indicated  assa.ssinaiion  .Sus- 
picions having  fallen  on  some  neighbonng  Indnins,  liiey 
were  8p|ireheiided,  and  suleiniily  tried  before  a  jury 
consisting  half  of  English  and  half  of  liulions,  who  rc- 
Inrned  a  verdict  ol  guilty.  At  their  exccuiion  one  of 
them  confessed  the  murder,  and  declared  thai  ihey  had 
been  instiga'-'  1-.  Pliihn  to  couiinii  it  Th;s  iraliy 
chief,  iiicensei'  it  the  e.-.  ciition  of  his  frierids,  and  ap- 
prehending the  vengeance  of  the  cohinisis,  now  ihrew  olf 
llic  mask,  and  suininoiKd  his  cnnlcderalcs  to  his  aid. 
The  stales  nfMassachusetls,  I'lymouih,  and  Connecti- 
cut proceeded  to  arm  for  their  conmion  defence,  liavii'g 
first  em|iloyed  every  means  lo  induce  1  blip  lo  accoin- 
modale  ihe  quarrel  bv  a  fnendlv  ireaiv.  But  a  friendly 
issue  was  not  what  Philip  desirid  ;  [107.51  and  being 
now  fully  assured  that  the  season  of  secret  conspiracy 
was  over,  he  rejected  all  negolialion,  and  coinnieiiced  a 
genenil  war,  which  was  cairicd  on  wilh  great  vigor  and 
various  success  'I'hough  Philip's  own  Irlbe  supplied 
no  more  than  five  hundred  warriors,  he  bad  so  increased 
Ins  force  by  alliances  that  he  was  able  lo  bring  tbreo 
thui'sand  men  into  the  field,  'i'his  formiduble  body, 
conducted  by  a  chief  who  believed  thai  the  war  miisl 
.erininaiu  in  the  total  ruin  of  one  or  other  of  ihc  con 
flicling  parties,  made  exertions  of  which  the  Indians 
had  been  hitherto  supposed  incapable.  Several  bailies 
were  fought,  and  all  the  fury,  havoc,  and  cruelly  winch 
distinguish  Indian  warfare  were  experienced  in  ihcir 
fullest  extent.  Wherever  the  cnemv  marched  their 
route  was  marked  with  murder,  fire,  and  desolotion. 
.Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  wcro  tho  states  that  suf- 
fered principally  from  the  contest.  There,  especiiillv, 
the  Indians  were  so  interspersed  among  the  Eurojiean 
colonists  that  there  was  scarcely  a  part  of  the  country 
in  perfect  security,  or  a  family  which  had  not  to  bewail 
tho  loss  of  a  relative  or  friend.  It  is  a  truth  that  has 
not  been  sufBciently  adverted  to,  that  in  all  the  Iiidiai'. 
wars  of  this  period  the  savages,  from  the  condition  of 
tho  country,  their  own  superior  acquaintance  with  i:, 
and  their  peculiar  habits  of  life,  enjoyed  advantages 
which  might  seem  well  nigh  to  counterbalance  tho  su- 
periority of  European  skill.  Changing  their  own  aet- 
tleincnts  with  facility,  and  advancing  upon  those  of  iho 
coloniats  with  the  deiterouo  secrecy  of  beasta  sf  prey  ; 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


aii;j 


iglish  iiaines  miglil 
iviih  ihi'ir  dmire, 
MpjiiiuliT,  and  tlif 
ooTi  n|iMfiiri'd  ihal 
■KTi'  '".A  ihenrlilice 
ii.slility  ;  iinil  iliny 
irtrculiiul  iiUciii()i 
Ill's  Willi  Iho  rolo- 

|it  onTnliilrne! 
wi;li  such  mil  '■  -i- 
ijiile  of,  and  |,it- 
lie  concilialiiig  dc; 
blc  loiig  to  aiir- 
id  discuiijflliite  ol 
of  his  liruilicr,  re- 
;  and  the  Kiiglish, 
observance  of  hia 
rtidioua,  ho  iiicdi- 
iidians  for  the  ix- 
eral  ytara  rarricd 
lally  as  the  nunie- 
in  would  permit. 
lonial  Heltlcriieiila, 
1011  more  nliongly 
y  labors ;  and,   iii 

e  of  the  conse- 

colonists  were  iii- 

he  rum  ilmi  uould 

ip's  inarhinaliOMS. 

il  revealed  his  pro- 

oine  uho  had  en- 

by  iheireomeried 

lime  10  lime  ihe 

with  him  on   Ihe 

rlli^jeiicc ;   and   by 

enis  than   bcfn.-.>, 

MJance  and  riinuvo 

years  before  Ihin 

18  hoslllity  wiih  ^o 

pear  to  have  been 

■teeded  in  uniting 

e  Irilies  in  a  eon- 

SIS  to  ihe  point  j| 

irin;?  as  a  mission- 
n.  haviiifj  at  leiicirh 

t;overiior  o(  I'lv- 
ad  in  a  lield,  wit'li. 
isasstnalion  Siis- 
'rini:  IfidlanH.  they 
ned   before  a  jury 

Indiau.s,  who  re- 
■  execution  one  of 
ired  Ihal  ihey  Iwd 
.  It.  'I'h:8  crally 
is  friends,  and  a|)- 
iMs,  now  ihrew  oil 
leratcs  lo  his  aid. 
th,  and  Cniinpeli- 
1)  defeiire,  bavuig 

I  blip  to  aeeom- 
Hut  a  friendly 
fi67.')J  and  bein^ 
sei-rel  eoiispiraey 
iiideoiiimeiK'edn 
h  j.'reat  vigor  ami 
wii  tribe  su|iplied 
^had  .-ioinereusiil 
Ic  lo  bring  tlireo 
formidable  body, 
lal  the  war  must 
other  of  ihe  con 
hieh  Ihe  Indians 
Several  battles 
11(1  cruelty  which 
•rienced  in  their 
V  marched  their 

ami  desolatinii. 
)  slates  thai  auf- 
'herc,  especiiillv, 
ig  the  Kuropean 
rt  of  the  country 
lad  not  to  bewail 
a  truth  that  lias 
ill  all  the  Induiit 

the  condition  of 
lintancc  with  i:, 
>yrd  advantagoa 
rbalanee  the  aii- 
tj  their  own  set- 
ipon  those  of  iho 
r  beaata  af  prey  ; 


with  them  there  was  almost  alwaya  tlio  spirit  niid  auda- 
city of  attack,  and  with  their  adversaries  the  disadvan- 
ttgos  of  defence  and  the  conslernntioii  produced  by 
enrpriso  ;  norcnuld  ihe  colonists  olilain  Ihe  means  of 
attarkiiiK  in  iheir  turn  wiilioul  fullowiii);  the  savages 
into  forests  and  swamps,  where  the  heiiefit  of  Iheir  su- 
perior dibci|iliiie  was  nearly  los'.,  and  ihc  peculiarities 
of  European  warfare  almost  impracticable.  Tho  sa- 
vages had  long  been  acqnainicd  wiih  Hrc-arms,  and 
were  remarkably  expert  in  the  use  of  them. 

For  some  time  the  incursiors  of  the  onnmy  could  not 
he  restrained,  and  every  successful  enterprise  or  skir- 
mish that  they  maiutained  increased  the  miinher  of  their 
allies.  Tho  savage  artifice,  however,  which  Philip 
adopted  in  one  iuslancc  for  the  purpose  of  recruiting 
his  forces,  recoiled  with  injury  on  himself.  Having  re- 
paired with  some  of  bis  adherents  to  tho  territory  of  the 
kinliawks,  he  caused  some  of  iheir  people  to  he  sur- 
prised and  assassinated  ;  and  then  proceeding  to  the 
head  ipiarleri  of  Ine  tribe,  be  declaicd  that  he  bad  seen 
the  murder  coiumilKJ  by  a  party  of  the  Plymouth 
soldiein.  Tile  tribe  in  a  iianie  of  passion  declared  war 
oil  the  eohiiiisis:  bul  their  rage  soon  took  another 
dirccliou  :  for  one  of  the  vounded  men  having  re- 
covered bis  senses,  mailu  a  shift  to  crawl  to  ti.e  habila- 
lioiis  of  his  couutrynieu,  and,  though  mortally  injured, 
was  able  lo  disclose  the  real  author  of  the  murder  be- 
fore he  died.  The  Mohawks  in.stauily  declared  war  on 
I'inlip,  and  themselves  ibe  allies  ef  bis  enemies.  Hos- 
tibiies  were  protracted  till  near  the  close  of  Ihe  follow- 
ing' vear.  when,  at  length,  ihe  steady  elluris  and  invinci- 
ble bravery  of  ilie  colonists  prevailed  ;  and  alter  a  sc- 
ries of  defeats,  and  tne  loss  ol  all  his  family  and  chief 
cniiiisellors,  I'hilip  bimself  was  killed  by  one  of  his  own 
tribe  whom  lie  bid  ulfeuded.  IJeprivid  of  its  chief 
ab"[ier.  ihe  war  w.is  so-ju  lerminaied  by  the  submis- 
sion of  Ihe  enemy.  I'roin  some  of  the  tribes,  how- 
ever, tho  eoloiiisls  refused  to  accept  any  submissions, 
and  warned  them  before  their  surrender  that  their 
iiiMcliery  h.id  been  so  gross  and  unprovoked,  and  their 
o  ilr.i^es  so  atrocious  and  nnparduuable,  that  lliey  must 
allele  the  issue  of  erimmal  justice.  In  pursuance  of 
these  decl.iralluns,  sour.;  of  ibe  chiefs  were  tried  and 
f  xeculed  for  murder  ;  and  a  nuinber  of  their  followers 
Here  Irausporled  lo  the  West  Indies,  and  sold  for  .-laves. 
N.  ■  er  h.id  ihe  people  of  New  Kugland  been  engaged 
In  so  fierce,  so  bloody,  or  to  desolating  a  eonlliel  as 
tins  Many  houses  and  tioiirishing  villages  were  rtiluced 
L'  ashes  ;  and  in  ibe  course  of  Ihe  war  six  hundrsd  per- 
fons,  composing  the  llower  and  strength  of  several  ut 
the  districts,  were  either  killed  in  battle  or  iiinrdered 
by  the  savages.  The  iiiililary  ellorts  of  the  eolonisis 
in  Ihcse  campaigns  were  thought,  and  justly  perhaps, 
to  sviuee  less  of  tactical  skill  than  bad  been  displayed 
ill  the  Pcijnod  war.  They  were  indeed  no  luuiier  coiii- 
inaiided  by  the  exiierieneed  ollicers  who  had  accompa- 
nied Iheir  aiicesiors  from  Kurope  ;  and  iliey  were  op- 
pusidioau  enemy  iiiiicb  more  formidable  than  the  Pe- 
ipiods.  But  the  heroic  courage  and  calm  contempt  of 
danger  that  llley  displayed,  was  worlbv  of  ineu  whose 
characlers  were  formed  under  ilislilulions  no  less  f.ivor- 
able  to  freedom  than  virlue,  and  who  loui/hl  in  deleuce 
of  every  thun!  that  was  dear  and  valuable  lo  mankind. 
In  the  cominenccment  of  the  war,  the  surprising 
treachery  lllat  the  Indians  displayed,  excited  strong 
apprehensiuns  of  the  defecUou  of  Ibe  Indiiu  cougrega- 
lions  which  ibe  inissiouaries  had  collecled  and  parily 
civib/.ed.  Hut  not  one  of  these  people  proved  unfaith- 
fvll  lo  ibeir  benelaelors. 

The  Indian  warfare  in  which  New  Kngland  bad  been 
thus  involved,  was  iiol  bounded  by  the  hostilities  v.illi 
Philip  and  his  confederates.  .\u  allack  was  made  al 
the  same  lime  on  New  liampslnre  and  .Maine,  by  ihe 
iriiies  that  were  sitinted  in  the  vicinily  of  these  setlle- 
luenis.  The  Indians  complained  ibat  lliey  had  been 
defrauded  and  insulted  by  some  of  the  Kngb.^h  traders 
in  that  ipiarler;*  but  auspicions  were  girongly  enter- 
tained Ibat  their  hostilities  were  promoted  by  the  French 


*  One  of  these  coinpiaints  was  oce.isioneii  hy  the  lirulal  act 
uf  sunie  Kiiglmll  sallurs  in  overturning  an  ln<Ilan  camie  in 
wiiieli  li.ey  oiiser\eii  an  inraiit  cliilil,  m  enter  to  asceitaiu  llic 
Irutl)  ut  u  slory  they  hail  liearil  that  swmitning  was  as  natural 
ti)  a  vuiing  luilian  as  lo  a  yuunit  duck.  Tue  ehilil  dieil  in  con- 
ecipii'nco  uf  the  iiniuersiiin  il  sustained;  and  its  fattier,  wlio 
V  at  liih'Uly  resjii'cled  a.*  a  uccroinancer  by  the  liidmns,l)ecanie 
tl'K  invnlriale  enemy  of  llie  English.  Uelknap,  i,  133.  An 
ttctiun  lliat  excitttd  slili  greater  resentuienl  was  committed 
bv  Major  WaUiroii  of  New  Haiiipsltire  during  the  war.  He 
had  iiiado  a  treaty  ut  fnendHliip  with  a  liuily  uf  4(lfl  Indians  ; 
bul  on  discovering  that  some  uf  them  had  served  In  l'liiii|i*s 
ailny,  he  laiil  leiiti  uf  Iticsc,  by  a  stralageiu  and  sunt  llietn  hi 

fnsimers  Id  Huslon.  Their  assuciates  never  forgave  this 
reac-heriius  act ;  and  tlnrteeii  years  utter,  a  party  of  them 
bavniir  siiriiriscd  tlie  inajur  in  his  house  by  a  t-lratagein  slill 
utor«  artliil  ttian  his  own,  put  bun  to  death  by  the  most  horri- 
bli)  InSicliaiii  of  cruelty,    lliid.  149.  I4»— IW. 


government,  now  re-established  in  Acadia.  Tho  inva- 
sion of  these  lerritorics  was  distinguished  by  the  usual 
ferocity  and  cruelty  of  the  savages.  Many  of  the  in- 
hahitants  were  massacred,  and  others  carried  into  cap- 
tivity. Prompt  assistance  was  rendered  by  Massachu- 
setts ;  and  after  a  variety  of  severe  engageinents  the 
Indians  sustained  a  consideraule  defeat.  They  were 
still  however  bnih  able  luid  willing  to  continue  tho 
war;  and  both  their  nuinbers  and  their  animusiiy  were 
increased  by  a  measure  which  ihi'  colunlal  government 
adopted  against  them.  It  was  proposed  to  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  to  invite  tlio  Mohawk  tribe, 
who,  from  time  immemorial,  had  bi'cn  the  enemies  of 
llie  eastern  Indians,  to  make  a  descent  on  their  territo- 
ries at  this  juncture.  The  lawfulness  of  using  such 
auxiliaries  was  questioned  by  some  ;  but  it  was  bliongbt 
a  satisfactory  answer,  that  Abraham  had  confederaled 
with  the  Amorilcs  for  the  recovery  of  his  kinsman  Lot 
from  the  hands  of  a  common  enemy  ;  and  messengers 
were  accordingly  despatched  to  the  Mohawks.  Little 
persuasion  was  necessary  to  induce  llieiii  lo  comply 
Willi  tho  proposal,  and  a  body  of  Mohawk  warriors 
quickly  i  irched  against  iheir  hereditory  foes.  The 
expcditiuii,  however,  so  far  from  producing  the  alighest 
benelit,  was  attended  with  serious  disadvantage  to  the 
cause  of  the  colonists.  The  Indians  who  were  their 
proper  enemies,  suH'ered  very  little  from  the  Mohawk 
invasion ;  and  some  powerful  tribes  who  had  been 
hitherto  at  peace  with  lliem,  exasperated  by  injuries  or 
airronis  which  they  received  from  these  invaders,  now 
declared  war  both  against  them  and  their  lOnglish  allies. 
-M  lei'glh,  the  intelligence  of  the  defeat  of  l^hilip,  and 
the  probability  of  stronger  forces  being  thus  enabled  to 
march  against  them,  inclined  the  eastern  Indians  lo 
hearken  to  proposals  of  peace.  The  war  in  this  quaiter 
was  terminated  by  a  treaty  highly  favorable  lo  Ihc  In- 
dians, to  whom  the  settlers  became  bound  lo  pay  a 
certain  quantilv  of  corn  yearly  as  a  kind  of  quit-rent  for 
their  lands.* 

Although  tho  province  of  New  York  was  now  a 
Uritish  seitlemeni,  no  assistance  was  obtained  Iroiii  it 
by  llin  New  Eiiuland  stales  in  this  long  and  obstinate 
coniest  with  ihe  Indians.  On  llie  contrary,  a  hosule 
leinonslralion  from  this  quarter  had  been  added  to  the 
langer*  of  the  Indian  war.  Andros,  who  was  tin  ii 
governor  of  this  iiewlv  acquired  British  province,  hav- 
ing claimed  for  the  Uuke  of  York  a  considerble  pari  of 
the  (Jonneclicut  territory,  proceeded  to  enforce  this 
pretension  bv  advancing  Willi  an  armament  againal  the 
town  and  fort  of  .Saybruok,  which  he  summoned  to  sur- 
render. Tlie  inliabitants,  though  at  lirst  alarmed  to 
heboid  the  Fnglish  liag  unfurled  against  them,  quickly 
recovered  from  llieir  surprise  ;  and  hoisting  the  same 
tlag  on  their  walls,  prepared  to  defend  themselves 
against  iliu  assailants.  Andros,  unprepared  for  such 
resolute  opposition,  hesitated  lo  bre  upon  the  English 
ll.ig  ;  and  learning  that  Captain  Bull,  an  ollicer  of  dis- 
tiiiL.Miisheil  bravery  and  deleriniiiatioii.  had  marcbed 
wiih  a  parly  of  llie  l.'onneclicni  imlitia  for  the  defence 
of  lIlc  place,  judged  i'.  exjicdient  to  abandon  the  enter- 
prise and  relurn  lo  .New  York. 

The  cessaiion  of  the  ludiaii  hoslililies  was  not  at- 
Icnded  with  a  lestoralion  ol  llie  happiness  and  iranqiiil- 
hty  whicli  had  preceded  llieiii.  The  king  had  now 
iniiiured  the  scheiue  of  arbitrary  government  which  be 
steadily  pur>nid  during  the  remainder  of  his  inglorious 
reiL'ii  ;  and  the  colomsls,  while  yet  sinarllng  wllh  the 
sense  of  their  recent  cal  imilies,  were  summoned  to 
abide  a  repelllion  of  their  aucient  euiilest  with  tlie 
crown.  ^  I, I'll  they  had  vainly  hoped  was  forgotten  or 
ahaiidoniil  hy  the  English  governineut.  Instead  of 
apprubation  for  the  bravery  and  \igorous  reliaiiec  on 
Iheir  own  rc-ourcea  with  whicli  tbev  had  conducied 
their  military  operations,  without  involving  the  moilier 
country  in  expenses,  and  repelled  hosuliiies  which  were 
partly  owing  to  the  disregard  which  the  inoliier  eonnlry 
had  shown  for  tlieir  interests  in  restoring  .\cadia  to  the 
French,  they  found  themselves  overwhelmed  with  re- 
proaches for  a  seditious  obstinacy  in  relusmg  lo  solicit 
assistance  from  the  king,  ond  a  sordid  parsimony  in  the 
equipment  of  their  levies,  winch  (they  werc^  lold)  bad 
caused  the  war  to  be  so  greatly  protracted,  and  ren- 
dered them  utterly  unlit  lo  be  longer  intrusted  witli  the 
government  of  a  counlry  in  whieli  their  sovereign  pos- 
aeased  so  deep  a  stake.     Indications  of  this  revival  of 


'  Ncal,  il.  4IKI— 4(1(1.  Hutchinson,  i.  307,  308.  Bellmap,  i. 
can  5.  IliiUlunsuii's  lllstary  uf  Massaehusclts, and  Uelknap's 
History  uf  New  llainiishire,  are  llio  best  uf  tho  nmdern  hla- 
lorical  pruductions  uf  Nuilh  America.  Trumbull's  Mislurv  uf 
Conncclicul  would  have  been  esteemed  superior  to  tliom 
both,  If  the  aulhor  (a  clergymnn)  had  nut  bestowed  a  most 
disproportionod  allenliun  on  Itie  biivsrapliy  of  tiie  clergy  and 
the  proceedings  of  ecclosiastical  synods. 


royal  dislike  and  of  tho  resnmplion  of  the  king's  formet 
designs  had  appeared  before  the  conehjsioii  of  the  wat 
with  Philip.  While  hosidities  were  still  ragmg  in  the 
province,  the  goverinnent  of  MaBsacbnsctls  found  it 
necessary  to  direct  a  part  of  its  attenlion  lo  the  claimH 
of  Mason  and  Ciorges  with  respect  lo  New  Hampshire 
and  Maine.  In  the  sunnner  of  1676  UandoI;;li  a  ints- 
aenger  despatched  by  the  kiiig,  announced  to  the  geiie- 
rel  court  that  a  judgment  would  be  pronounced  by  bis 
majesty  in  council  against  tho  prctenaiuns  ot  the  pro- 
vince, nnlesa  deputies  were  sent  to  jWead  its  cause 
within  six  months  ;  and  as  letters  were  received  at  the 
same  time  from  Ihc  friends  of  ihe  colony  in  England, 
giving  assurance  that  this  resolution  would  be  adlic.*'ed 
to.  and  that  any  instance  of  connimacy  on  the  ))art  of 
the  general  court  would  but  accelerate  the  execution  of 
the  more  formidable  designs  that  were  undoubtedly  in 
agitation  at  the  Kiiglish  court,  the  royal  message  re- 
ceived immediate  atlenlion.  and  .Stoughlon  and  linlkc- 
ley  were  despatched  as  deputies  to  represent  and  sup- 
port the  colonial  interests. 

The  respective  lilies  and  claims  of  the  parties  hav- 
ing been  Hubmiltcd  to  the  consideration  of  the  two 
chief  justices  of  England.  [1677]  the  legal  merits  of 
the  question  were  at  length  extracted  by  their  expe- 
rienced eyes  from  the  confused  mass  of  inconsistent 
grants  in  which  ihey  were  involved.  It  was  adjudged 
that  the  jurisdictioii  of  New  Hampshire  was  incapable 
of  being  validly  conveyed  by  the  council  of  Plymouth, 
and  bed  therefore  reverK^d  lo  the  crown  on  liie  dissolu- 
tion of  the  council,  with  reservation,  however,  of  Ma- 
son's claims  upon  the  properly  of  the  soil  — a  reserva- 
tion which  for  more  (ban  a  cenlury  rendered  all  the 
properiv  in  New  Hampshire  insecure,  and  involved  the 
inhabitants  in  conlinilal  nneasiness,  dispute,  and  litiga- 
tion As  Gorges,  in  addition  to  !iis  original  grant  from 
ihe  Plymouih  council,  bad  procured  a  royal  pateni  for 
llie  province  of  Maine,  the  full  right  boih  of  seignorial 
and  territorial  of  this  province  was  adjudued  to  be 
vested  in  bun.  In  cense, pience  of  this  decision,  the 
jurisdiction  of  .Massachuseita  over  New  Hampshire 
ceased  ;  but  it  was  preserved  in  the  province  of  NIamo 
by  an  arrangement  with  the  successful  claimant-  Tiie 
king  bad  been  for  some  lime  in  treaty  for  the  purchase 
oi" Maine,  which  be  designed  lo  unite  with  .New  liamp- 
shire.  and  to  bestow  on  his  favorite  son  the  Duke  of 
Monmouth  ;  but  straitened  for  money,  and  eipeciug 
no  competitor  in  the  puichaae.  he  had  deferred  the 
coniplelion  of  ihe  contract.  This  was  not  unknown  to 
Massachuscil.s  ;  and  that  colony  being  strongly  urged 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  to  prevent  their  terriiorien 
from  lieiiig  disinembered  from  its  jiirisdiciiou.  directed 
its  agent  to  purchase  the  title  of  (iorges,  wliicb.  he  very 
willingly  sold  lo  them  for  twe!\e  hundred  pounds. 
This  transaction  gave  great  ollencc  to  the  king,  who 
peremptorily  msisled  that  the  aiilhorities  of  Massachu- 
setts should  wave  tlieir  right  and  relinquish  their  co.l- 
tracl  to  hull  ;  but  they,  bleiidiui.'  as  a  siillicieut  apology 
for  what  ihev  bad  iloi'ie,  that  it  had  been  in  complianeu 
with  the  wishes  of  the  people,  retained  Ihe  purchase  and 
governed  the  counlry  as  a  suhordinate  province.  The 
people  of  New  llampshire  were  no  less  rehielaiit  to  be 
separated  from  .Massacbuscils  ;  but  they  were  com- 
pelled to  submit,  and  lo  ri-ceive  a  royal  governor.* 
One  of  llie  lirst  acts  of  their  Icgislainre  was  to  vote 
a"  uirectiuiiale  address  lo  .Massachusetts,  acknowledg- 
ing the  former  kiiiilness  of  that  coionv,  and  declaring 
it  10  have  been  their  general  wish  to  retain  iheir  former 
cunnexion,  had  such  been  the  pleasure  of  their  coininou 
aovereii'ii.  Tbcgovernineiit  Ibat  had  been  forced  upon 
ihem  proved  utlerly  ineipable  of  |ireserviiig  Irauquillitv 
or  coiumandiug  respect.  The  attempts  ihal  were  inado 
10  enforce  .Mason's  lille  to  the  properly  of  the  soil,  and 
to  render  tb(!  inhabitaiilB  Iribulary  to  liim  for  the  pos- 
sessions which  ihey  had  purebased  from  others  and  im- 
proved into  value  iiy  their  own  labor,  exciled  the  moat 
violent  ferments,  and  resulted  in  a  train  of  vexatiouit 
hut  indecisive  legal  warfaro.f  Cranlield.  the  governor, 
after  involving  himself  in  contentions  ,Mid  dltercalioiis 
with  ihc  settlers  end  their  legislative  body,  in  which  be 

»  III  the  first  commission  that  was  issued  fortha  fuveri.nBiil 
of  this  province,  Iho  king  engaged  lo  conllnue  tu  lbi>  pt  'pla 
their  niicienl  priviletro  of  an  asseinbly  "  unless  by  in"  .•  'e- 
uieiice  arising  iherefrom,  he  or  his  lieim  should  see  caune  -o 
alur  Iho  same."    Belknap,  I.  ITl. 

t  The  people  were  eoinethnea  provoked  lo  opitoac  club  taw 
to  parclnnent  law.  An  irregular  juilginoiil  havunr  beim  pro- 
noiniced  in  t'avur  of  Mason  against  some  persons  wlm  ri'tii-'ed 
m  submit  10  il,  Craiiflctil  senl  a  parly  of  stiorifT's  nlliccrs  l-i 

j  servo  a  wril  on  them  wtuie  llicy  were  in  church.    'I'lic  cuncre. 

1  enlinn  was  Incensed  at  S'  .h  a  procoi'iiiiiir ;  a  ymii.ir  vuiuau 

j  knocked  down  a  sheiilTs  ■.i.cer  wilii  In-r  bible;  and  ilieaiuck 
beciiniing  general,  the  whole  legal  army  wa-  rcmi-d.     It  MHi 

I  found  eecenaty  lo  aliandon  the  judgment,    tlelknap. 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


264 

found  i.  totally  unponaible   to  prevail,  transmitted  an    nor  eitcnuatc,  and  they  anxiously  pressed  their  conrti-  with  them  a  letter  rontaimng  the  requisitions  of  th« 

asanranco  (o  the  Uritish  government,  "  that  while  'he    tucnta  to  put  end  to  the  occaition  of  it.     Any  proceed'  king,  of  which  the   inunt  coii«iilprahle  were,  that  tha 

cleriTv  ware  altuwed  to  preach,  no  true  allegiance  could    ings  which  llic  king  niiglil  adopt,  eiihiT  for  the  enforce-  onlh  of  allegiance   should  ho  rendered  more  explicit, 

be  found  in  those  parts."     He  wreaked  his  vengeance  .  nient  of  the  navigation  acts,  or  thn  puniuhntent  of  tho  and  should  be  ndinniisrered  to  every  prraon  hotdnig  an 

upon  snuicnuncunfurinist  ministers,  to  whose  p/eaching    neglect  tliuy  had  hitherto  experienced,  were  thd  more  oHicc  of  trusi ;  that  ull  civil  and  iniliiary  coinnii»»ion% 

ho  un|iuic(l  the  resolute  spirit  of  the  pfrople,  and  whose    likely  to  coincide  with  the  sentiments  of  the  English  shuuld  be  issued  in  the  king's  name ;  and  all  laws  rt 

generul   (lenunciutions  against  vice  ho   construed  into    people,  from  the    interest  of  a  considerable  portion  of  pugnaut  to  the  English  couimerc'al  statutes  Hbolialied. 

per^oiwd  rolKciioii!*  on  hinisulf  and  his  favorites,  by  ur-  i  the  mercantile  class  of  society  in  the  monopoly  which  it  j  The  general  court,  eagerly  indulgmg  the  Kop;i  that,  by 
bitririiv  CO. uiiuiitdnig  them  to  administer  the  sacrament  '  was  the  object  of  lhe>e  laws  to  secure.     A  petition  had 
to  liim  accordniii  to  tin:  liturgy  of  the  church  of  Kng-  \  been  presented  to  the  king  and  privy  council  by  a  luim- 


land,  niiu  comiiiiitiu^r  ilicin  to  prison  on  receiving  the 
refusiil  which  he  expected  H^s  niisgovernment  at 
Ipuirth  provoki'd  a  few  rash  individuals  hastily,  and 
wiihout  concert,  to  revolt  from  his  authority.  They 
were  iusiantly  suppressed  ;  and  having  been  arraigned 
of  high  treusion,  were  convicted  and  condemned.  But 
(/raiihehl,  a.vare  of  the  unpLpularity  of  his  government, 
had  employed  artifices  in  the  composition  of  the  jury, 
which  excited  univrr*(al  indif/nation  ;  and  afraid  to  currv 


her  cf  merchants  and  manufacturers,  complaining  of  the 
disregard  of  the  navigation  acts  m  New  England,  and 
praying  that  they  might  hereafter  be  vigorously  en- 
forced, for  the  sake  of  promoting  the  trade  of  England, 
as  well  as  of  preserving  her  donunionover  the  colonies. 
That  a  stronger  impression  might  be  mado  on  the  pub- 
lie  mind,  the  petitioners  were  solemnly  heard  in  presence 
of  the  council,  and  suffered  to  plead  at  great  length  in 
support  of  their  commercial  complaints  and  political  rea- 


his  sentence  into  etfect  within  the  colony,  he  adopted    uuningd.     The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  alarmed 
tlie  8traiii>e  and  unwarrantable  proceeding  of  sending    by  these  movements,  at  length  intimated,  by  a  letter  to 

the  prisoners  10  be  executed  in  England.     The  English 
g-.>v(friimL'iit  a^'tiiallv  sanctioned   this   irregularitv,  aiid 


were  prep.inti^  to  t'secute  tho  sentence  of  a  colonial 
jjovcrnor.  ami  to  exhibit  lo  the  English  people  the  tra- 
gical issue  of  a  c:iae,  with  the  merits  of  which  tlicy  were 


their  agents,  that  "  they  apprehended  the  navigation 
acts  to  ho  an  invasion  of  the  rights,  liberties,  and  pro- 
perties of  the  subjects  of  his  majesty  in  the  colony, 
they  not  being  represented  in  parUatnent ;  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  u^^ual  savings  of  the  learned  in  the  law,  the 


tot.ilty  unaci|uiiinte'J,  wbtn.  a  pardon  was  obtained  fur  laws  of  England  being  bounded  within  the  four  seas, 
the  unfortunate  |)ei>on8.  by  the  solicitation  of  Cranticld  I  and  not  reaching  to  America."  They  added,  however, 
himself,  who,  lindiug  it  impossible  to  nuiiiitain  order  m  that,  '*  as  bis  majesty  hud  signified  his  pleasure  that 
the  province,  or  to  withstand  the  numerous  complaints    those  acts  should  be  observed  in  Massachusetts,  they 

^ad    made    provision,  by   a   law   of  the  colony,  that 


of  his  injijstice  and  oppreb-sion,  hud  solicited  his  own 
rccal.  Shortlv  after  his  departure.  New  llinnpshire  was 
again  united  to  the  t'overiinienl  of  Maiisachusetts,  and 
shared  her  fortunes  till  the  period  of  the  Uriti^h  revo- 
hilion.* 

1078.]  Altbou^Oi  the  troubles  of  the  Popi^^h  Plot  be- 
gan now  to  ri)^a<>e  the  attention  and  anxiety  of  the 
king,  lie  waf*  no  longer  lo  he  diverted  trom  the  resolu- 
tion he  had  adopted  of  ollecting  the  sulijugat  on  of 
Mas^arhiijells  ;  and  ihoii<jh  the  concern  of  the  Uiike 
of  .Momnoiiih  with  that  celebrated  imposture  and  the 
connexiofiB  he  h:id  formed  wilK  the  protiigate  Shnftes- 
hury  and  its  other  promoters,  might  ihmimsh  the  king's 
regret  for  the  priv.iuoii  of  the  appanage  he  had  meant 
to  invest  him  wiUi,  the  presuntptiiuus  interference  of 
Massachusetts  to  defeat  this  transaction  bad  inthmrd 
his  disfilcasure  and  fortilied  his  resolution.  Thai  ad- 
ditional pretexts  might  not  btt  wanting  to  justify  his 
measures,  every  complaint  that  could  be  collected 
bgalnstthe  colony  waspromo'ed  and  encouraged.  The 
Quakers  who  had  refused,  during  the  Indian  war.  cither 
to  perform  military  service  or  to  pay  the  tines  imposed 
by  law  on  defaulters,  complained  biticrly  of  the  per-se- 
enlion  they  had  undergone  by  the  enforcement  of  these 
fines,  as  well  as  of  thu  law  vvliich  obligt-d  them  to  con- 
tribute to  the  maintenance  of  the  colonial  imniAters. 
When  the  dangers  of  tlie  Indian  war  were  at  tlieir 
height,  somo  of  the  colonists  apprehending  that  these 
calamities  were  a  judgment  of  tieaven  upon  the  l.nul 
for  tolerating  such  heretics  us  the  quakcr.i  within  its 
bosom,  procured  the  re-t'iiactment  of  an  old  law.  pro- 
hibiting assemblies  for  quaker  worship;  and  though 
it  does  not  apfiear  that  this  law  v\as  enforced,  its  en- 
actment was  jusily  regarded  hs  persecution,  and 
alienated  the  regards  of  many  who  had  iiitiicrto  been 
friends  of  the  colonv.  The  aiienis  who  had  licen  de- 
puted to  maiiaue  the  intero.^t.i  of  .Massachusetts  in  the 
Hi.sfiules  respecting  New  Hampshire  and  .\!aine,  were 
detained  to  answer  thrse  complaints  winch  were  gravely 
preferred  by  the  cpiakcrs  to  a  government  which  was 
Itself  enlorcinn  with  far  greater  rigor  U[ion  them  the 
very  policy  whteb  it  now  ein-oiiraued  them  to  impute  lo 
one  of  its  own  provinri.d  dependencies  as  the  most 
icandalous  persecution.  Other  and  more  serious  com- 
pUiiits  coiilnbuted  to  detain  the  agents  and  increase 
their  perplexity.  Kindolph^  whom  the  people  of  New 
England  described  as  "going  up  and  down  seeking 
whom  he  might  devour,"  had  faithfully  complied  with 
his  instructions  to  collect  as  much  matter  of  com- 
plaint as  ho  could  obtam  within  the  colony,  and  loaded 
with  the  hatred  of  the  people,  which  be  cordially  reci- 
procated, he  now  returned  to  England  and  opened  his 
budget  of  arraignment  and  vituperation.  'I'be  most 
just  and  most  formidable  of  his  charges  was  that  the 
navigation  act  was  utterly  disregarded,  and  a  free  tiade 
maintained  by  the  colonists  with  all  parts  of  the  world. 
This  was  a  charge  which  the  agents  could  neither  deny 

•  Hmch'ii-nn,  i.  .llJ-aiS.  ChfihiuTS,  H90,  7.  49i.  493—498" 
BtlHtinp.  i.  cap.  v\.  vii.  Ii  viii.  Thea*  evenm,  aii<l  th«  particu- 
lar liiamry  of  New  HArnpuhire  at  this  |)erli>d,  are  related  In 
ouniiil«rBt)le  detail,  with  svery  appearance  nfaccuracT,  and 
wtth  nucb  spirii,  youd  sunie,  and  liberality,  bjr  Dt  Belknap. 


they  should  he  strictly  attended  to  from  time  to  time, 
although  it  greatly  discouraged  trade,  and  was  a  great 
damage  lo  his  inujesly's  plantation."  These  expres- 
sions, and  the  recent  colonial  law  to  which  they  refer, 
deiiionstrate  the  peculiar  notions  which  wwe  enter- 
tained by  the  people  of  Massachusclts  of  the  connexion 
that  subsisted  between  ihcmst-lves  and  the  parent 
stale.  [lt»79.]  Their  pretensions  were  the  same  with 
those  which  a  tew  years  after  were  advanced  by  the 


a  compliance  with  these  moderate  demands  th"y  could 
appeaoo  their  sovereign  and  avert  his  disptrasure,  pro- 
ceeded instantly  to  enact  laws  in  confurmity  with  hia 
requisitions.  They  trusted  that  he  had  now  aban- 
doned the  deaigns  which  they  had  bueu  taught  to  ap* 
prebend  ;  and  which,  in  reality,  were  merely  suspended 
by  the  influence  of  the  proceedings  connected  with  the 
popish  plot,  and  the  famous  bill  for  the  exctuiion  of  the 
Duke  of  York.  Although  the  requisitions  which  the 
king  had  transmitted  by  the  hands  of  Stroughton  and 
Bulketey  were  obeyed,  he  continued  to  intimate,  from 
time  to  time,  his  desire  that  new  agents  might  be  ap- 
pointed to  represent  the  colony  in  London  ;  but  partly 
from  the  apprehensive  jealousy  with  which  the  colo- 
nists regarded  such  a  measure,  and  partly  from  the 
reluctance  that  prevailed  among  their  leading  men  to 
undertake  so  arduous  and  perplexing  an  employment, 
the  king's  desires  on  this  point  were  not  complied  with. 
The  short  interval  of  inilcpendence  which  the  colonists 
were  yet  permitted  to  enjoy  was  very  remote  from  a 
state  of  tranquillity.  Kaudolph,  who  had  connnended 
himself  to  the  king  and  his  inmisiers  by  the  diligence 
and  activity  with  which  he  had  co-operated  with  their 
views,  was  appomted  collector  of  the  customs  at  Uos- 
ton,  and  a  custom-house  establishment,  which  some 
years  before  had  been  erected  without  opposition  in 
Virginia,  and  Maryland,  was  now  extended  to  New 
England.*  13ut  it  was  in  Massachusetts  that  this 
niL-asure  was  intended  to  produce  the  elVects  which  it 
was  easily  foreseen  would  result  from  its  own  nature, 
as  well  as  from  the  temper  and  the  unpopularity  of  tiitt 
person  who  was  appointed  to  conduct  it.     The   navi- 


people  of  Ireland  ;— that,  although  dependent  on  the  !  gallon  acts  were  evaded  in  Khodc   Island,  and  openly 


crown,  and  obliged  by  their  patent  to  conform  their 
jurisprudence,  as  far  as  possible,  to  the  law  of  Eng- 
l.'id,  the  statutes  of  the  IJrilish  parliament  did  not 
operate  in  the  colony,  till  re-enacted,  or  otherwise  re- 
cognized, by  its  own  native  legislature.  S>o  strongly 
did  this  notion  possess  the  mmds  of  the  people  of  New 
Euglund,  and   so  obstinately  did  their  mteresta  resist 


onlemncd  and  disregarded  in  Connecticut;  yet  these 
states  were  permitted  lo  practice  such  irregularity  with- 
out inolesiiiiiun.  It  seems  to  have  been  less  the  en- 
forcement of  the  acts  themselves  that  tlie  king  desired, 
than  the  advantage  which  would  accrue  from  the  at- 
tempt to  enforce  them  after  such  long  neglect  in  the 
obnoxious  province  of  Massachusetts.     To  this  pro- 


tbe  enlorcemeut  of  the  euinniercial   reguhiiiuns,  that    vinco  he  conhned  his  attention  ;  and  justly  considered 


even  the  submissive  province  of  Khode  Inland,  altliougl: 
about  this  time,  in  imitation  of  Massachusetts,  it  look 
some  steps  towards  a  confurmity  with  these  regula- 
tions, never  expressly  recognized  them  tiH  the  year 
17UU,  when  Us  legislature  empowered  the  governor 
"to  put  the  acts  ot  iiavigution  m  execution."* 

'I'hc  colonial  agents,  aware  of  the  siioug  interests 
that  prevailed  among  theircountrymen  still  to  oversiep 
the  boundaries  ul  tiicir  regulated  trade,  lurnibhcd  them 
with  correct  inlormation  of  the  ihreaiening  aspect  of 
their  atl'airs  in  England,  and  assured  them  tliai  only  a 
thorough  compliance  with  the  navigation  acts  could 
shelter  them  Iroin  the  designs  that  were  eiitt named  by 
the  crown.  These  honest  representations  produced 
the  (00  frequent  ellecl  of  unwelcome  Irulhs  :  they 
dimniiSikcd  tlio  pujiulanty  of  the  agem.-^,  and  excited 
suspicions  in  Boston  that  they  had  nut  advocated  the 
interests  of  the  colony  with  sutliciont  zeal.  The  peo- 
ple were  always  too  a\)i  to  su.spect  thai  their  tleputies 
in  England  were  overawed  by  the  state,  aint  mlected 
with  the  hUbservience  ihal  prevailed  at  Hie  royal  court ; 
and  they  neglected  to  makt.'  due  allov^ance  for  the  dif- 
ferent aspect  which  a  dispute  with  Kngland  presented 
to  men  whobein  Id  face  to  face  her  vast  e^tublishmcnls 
and  superior  power,  and  to  those  who  speculated  on 
the  prcbability  of  such  dispute  at  llie  opposite  ex- 
tremity of  the  Atlantic  tcean.  The  agents  at  length 
obtained  leave  to  return  ;  and  though  some  impatience 
and  ill  humor  had  beiMi  excited  by  their  lidelity  m  the 
discharge  of  an  unwelcome  otlice,  the  deliberate  senti- 
ments of  their  countrymen  were  so  little  perverted, 
that  when  the  king  again  intimated  his  desire  of  the 
re-appointment  of  agents  in  England,  they  twice  agrin 
elected  the  same  persons  to  resume  their  former  duly, 
which  unfortunately,  however,  these  persons  could 
never  again  be  persuaded  lo  undertake      They  carried 


*  Neal,  ij.  M5,  6.  Huichuiann,  i.  319,  MO.  3«,  3.  thai. 
mere,  'J77.  400.  !■  roni  Wanlen's  impiiiuti'in  lolilo-*,  it  npiwarn 
thai  ConnecUcut  dt  lliii.  pcriiHl  {167'J)  mniiiineJ  twelve  tluui. 
aand  five  hundred  lnhabliaiit»i.  haviri)(  Hinttaliifd  a  duntumiun 
of  two  ihounand  fire  hundrnd  linco  the  ypar  ISTO  ( Warden,  ii. 
9.)— a  fact  unexplained  bj  the  hialory  of  ihiH  sUie,  which  had 
sufforad  ooniparaUvely  liule  by  tha  late  Indian  war- 


that  the  issue  of  Ins  contest  with  it,  would  necefsarily 
involve  the  fate  of  all  the  other  settlements  of  New 
England.  Randolph  proceeded  to  exercise  his  otlice 
wan  the  must  oll'ensivc  rigor,  and  very  suoncuinplamed 
that  the  stubbornness  of  the  people  defeated  all  his 
activity,  and  presented  insuperable  obstacles  to  iIih 
execultuu  of  me  laws.  Almost  every  suit  that  be  tn- 
siiiuled  lor  the  recovery  of  penalties  or  forfeitures  was 
decided  against  tiiin.  He  proceeded  lo  England  lu 
order  to  lay  his  complaints  before  his  employers,  and 
returned  invested  wiih  more  extensive  powers,  in  the 
exercise  of  which  be  was  not  more  successful. 
[iUHU.J  He  reproached  the  colonial  authorities  with  in- 
justice and  partultty  ;  and  they  denied  the  charge,  and 
accused  him  of  unnecessary  and  vexatious  litigation. 
Toe  requisitions  and  remonstrances  which  the  king 
conlimied  to  make,  from  time  to  time,  were  answered 
by  piofe^sions  of  loyalty,  and  liy  partial  compliances 
with  what  was  thus  suggested;  but  the  main  subject 
of  contest  still  continued  lo  subsist,  and  the  colony, 
though  repeatedly  desired,  still  delayed,  to  send  depu- 
ties to  England.  The  general  court  was  at  this  time 
divided  between  two  parlies,  who  cordially  agreed  in 
their  estimate  of  the  value  of  their  chartered  privileges, 
but  ditfered  m  opinion  as  lo  the  extent  to  which  tl  was 
advisable  to  contend  for  tbein.  liradetreet,  the  go- 
vernor, at  the  head  of  the  moderate  party,  promoted 
every  compliance  with  the  will  of  the  parent  state,  short 
of  a  total  surrender  of  their  civd  and  ecclesiastical  con- 
stitution. Danforth,  the  deputy-governor,  at  the 
head  of  another  party,  impeded  the  appointment  of 
deputiea,  and  opposed  all  submission  to  the  acts  of 
trade  ;  maintaining  that  the  colony  should  adhere  to 
the  strict  construction  of  its  charter,  resist  every  abridg- 
ment of  It  as  a  dangerous  precedent,  no  less  than  an 
injurious  aggression,  and  standing  on  their  right,  com- 

•  As  a  Dieiiiure,  partly  of  terror,  and  partly  of  puniRhin^iit, 
|(  was  determined  by  the  Kn^litfti  cnuri,  abtiai  thi:«  nine,  "  hu 
iio  Meditorranean  pasnes  mIiiiII  lie  graiiied  lo  New  Kupland  tu 
iiroiect  nsvesHL-JH  itL'uiii  tthe  TurkK,  till  it  \s  Hceii  wlmi  de> 
ImndiMii-i'  it  will  ack'i.owletltfe  on  hii  iiinjesly,  nr  whedier  Km 
luoloin  hntisn  cillicertf  are  received    aa  In  oihar    aolonk'S, 

[Cl.lll'htTi,    lUi. 


NOHTH    AiMEUICA. 


265 


piisitions  of  the 
L-  were,  thai  the 
(i  more  explicit, 
r9on  holding  an 
ury  coinniii)»ioi)« 
uiid  all  liUVH  re 
aliiles  aholmlied. 
lie  hop;;  thut,  by 
ihihIs  lh'7  could 
displnasure,  pro- 
lunnity  wilh  hi* 
hud   now   ubaii* 
ei)  tBitght  to  ap* 
iicrely  Huspeiidrd 
nnected  with  the 
cxcluiioi)  of  the 
itioiis  which  the 
Stroughton  and 
to  intimate,  from 
■Its  might  be  ap- 
idon  ;   but  partly 
which  the  colo- 
partly   from  the 
r  leadmg  men  to 
an  tMnpIoymi'iit, 
ot  complied  wilh. 
tiich  the  co'.onists 
y  remotp   fruin  a 
had  commended 
by  the  diligence 
:)erated  with  their 
!  customs  at  13o8- 
ent,  which  some 
out  opposition  in 
'Xteiided  to  New 
lusetts   that    thia 
!  etl'ects  which  it 
n  its  own  iiuiure, 
ipopularity  ol  the 
;t  it.     The   navi- 
<land,  and  openly 
c'.icut ;  yet  tlieso 
irregularity  willi- 
jceii  less  the  en- 
tile king  desired, 
cruc  from  the  at- 
iig  neglect  in  the 
[8.     To  this  pro- 
juslly  considered 
would  necessdrily 
tllcmenis  of  New 
xercise  his  oliice 
y  soon  cumplumed 
]  defeated  all  hia 
obstacles  to  ihn 
ry  suit  llitK  he  in- 
or  forfeiluies  was 
L'd  In  England  lu 
IS  einpioyers,  and 
vc  powers,  in  tlic 
more    successUil. 
utiiontics  wilh  in- 
[■d  (he  charge,  and 
xalious  litigadun. 
*   which  the  knig 
I',  were  answered 
irluil  cumpliaiices 
tile  main  subject 
L,  and  the  eoluny, 
r'ed,  to  send  depu- 
was  at  this  linio 
ordially  agreed  in 
artered  privileges, 
lit  to  which  II  was 
radelrect,  the   go- 
e  party,  prumoied 
parent  state  short 
ecclesiastical  coii- 
jovernor,    at     the 
le  appointment  of 
lOn  to  the   acts  of 
should   adhere  to 
esist  every  abridg- 
t,  no  less  than  an 
I  their  right,  com- 

irtly  i>f  piiiiiRhiiuiit, 
biiui  thU  nine,  **  lioi 
I  to  New  Kiifluiitt  tu 
I  i(  is  HBfii  wliui  lie* 
JBHty,  nr  wliedicr  ),ii 
In  oih«r   MloDluB, 


mft  the  e^tnt  to  Providence.  Thcie  parties  conducted 
Ihcir  debates  with  warmth,  hut  without  arrimony  ;  nnd 
as  the  sentiments  of  one  or  c:htr  respectively  prevailed, 
i  greater  or  lesser  degree  of  compiirincc  with  the  de- 
mands of  the  king  was  infused  into  tho  undecided 
policy  of  (lie  general  court.* 

The  various  misforlu';e^  in  which  the  colony  had  for 
a  series  of  years  liecrt  olvcd,  did  nut  fdil  to  produce 
D  ;icep  oni  solemn  impression  on  the  minds  ot  men 
hshitualed  to  regard  all  the  events  of  life  in  a  religious 
aspect :  and  conlrihuted  lo  revive  the  piety  for  which 
New  England  had  been  at  lirst  eo  highly  distinguished, 
among  the  posterity  of  the  original  settlers.  A  short 
lime  before  tho  commencement  of  their  troubles,  a 
natural  |)henoinenon  that  excited  much  awe  and  atten- 
tion at  the  lime,  and  was  long  Mcnllectcd  with  solemn 
remembrance,  was  visible  for  several  nights  succea* 
sively  in  the  heavens.  It  was  a  bright  meteor  in  the 
form  of  a  spear,  of  which  tho  point  was  directed  to- 
wards the  setting  sun,  and  which,  with  slow  majestic 
motion,  descended  through  the  upper  regions  of  the 
air,  iitid  gradually  disappeared  beneath  the  horizon. 
'J'lie  inhabitants  were  deeply  struck  wilh  this  splendid 
persoinlicaiion  of  agency  that  seemed  to  unite  the  visi- 
ble and  invisible  world  in  its  range  ;  and  the  colonial 
magistrates,  without  expressly  alluding  to  it,  yielded  to 
its  niHueiice  on  their  own  minds,  and  endeavored  to 
nnprovc  its  effects  on  the  minds  of  others,  by  pro- 
moting a  general  it^formation  of  manners.  Circular 
letters  were  transmitted  to  all  the  clergy,  urging  them 
to  greater  dilitrcnce  in  exemjilifying  and  inculcating 
the  precepts  of  religion,  especially  on  the  young,  and 
instructing  their  parishioners  from  house  to  house. 
The  dupes  of  science  falsely  so  called  may  deiide  these 
impressions,  and  trace  lo  ignorant  wonder  the  piety 
which  they  produced;  but  enlightened  pliilosuphy  will 
confess  the  worth  and  dignity  of  tliat  principle  which 
recognizes  in  every  display  of  the  great  phenomena  of 
nature,  additional  calls  lo  serve  and  glorify  its  Almighty 
Creator,  and  which  elevates  and  refines  human  facul- 
ties by  placing  every  object  that  forcibly  strikes  them 
m  a  noble  and  graceful  light  derived  from  connexion 
with  the  interests  of  morality  and  the  honor  of  flod. 
The  events  of  the  Indian  war,  the  losses  sustained  from 
a  train  of  unfavorable  wiather  that  ensued,  and,  lat- 
terly, the  disquiet  occasioned  by  the  contentions  with 
the  English  government,  served,  in  like  manner,  lo 
hjmble  the  people  beneath  the  Alniighly  Power  which 
controls  the  passions  of  men  as  well  as  the  elements 
of  nature,  and  were  ctpially  productive  of  iiicreiscd 
diligence  in  th*.  ohservanees  of  piety  and  the  reforma- 
tion of  manners.  Ueepiv  lamenting  the  imperfeetinns 
and  deliciencies  of  tiiemselves  and  others,  many  of  the 
minisUTS,  magistratts,  and  leading  men  of  the  pro- 
vince earnestly  besought  iheir  counlrymen  to  consider, 
il  llie  interruption  of  Divine  fjvur  did  not  betoken 
negliTt  of  the  Divine  will,  and  by  precept  and  exam- 
ple hibored  to  eradicate  everv  evd  habit  or  licentious 
practice  tliat  a  state  of  war  and  an  intlu.t  of  commer- 
cial wealth  were  supposed  to  have  produced.  Men 
were  strongly  exlmiied  lo  carry  a  eoiitimial  respect  lo 
tlie  Divine  »ill  into  the  minutest  raimlieations  of  their 
ulfairs,  and  to  ennoble  whatever  iliey  did  bv  doing  il 
to  the  Lord.  'J'he  general  court  published  a  cuialogue 
ol  the  epidemical  vices  of  the  times,  in  whicli  we  liiid 
eiiuiiierated.  neglect  of  the  cducjtioii  uf  eiiildreu,  pride 
di^^played  in  the  liianiier  of  eiitiin^  mid  curliiii!  h:iir, 
excess  of  finery  and  immodesty  of  apparel,  negligent 
carriajje  at  church,  failure  in  due  respect  lo  parents,  a 
sordid  eagerness  of  shopkcisprrs  to  odtain  high  prici  s, 
profane  swearing,  idleness,  and  frequenting  of  taverns, 
t^rand  juries  were  directed  to  make  presontmenl  of 
offenders  in  these  respects  :  but  either  the  happier  in- 
fluence of  example  and  remonstrance  was  sutlicient  to 
control  the  obnoxious  practices,  or  the^  never  attained 
such  height  and  prevalence  as  to  justify  the  intliction 
nf  legal  severities.  In  many  instances  the  scrupulous 
piety  of  the  colonial  authorities  has  reprobated  existing 
vices,  and  the  extent  to  which  they  prevailed,  in  Ian- 
guat^o  which,  when  compared  with  the  common  lone 
of  the  world,  is  apt  to  beget  misapprehension  ;  and, 
hence,  a  writer  no  less  eminent  than  Chalmers  has 
fallen  into  the  gross  mistake  of  deriving  a  chjrgc  of 
unusual  immorality  against  the  iuha.>itants  of  Massa- 
chusetta  from  the  very  circumstancr.a  that  prove  tho 


•  Hutchinson,  1.  319.  321.  310.  3i7.  330  331.  331.  Chalrnrrtt, 
297.  400.  Krjm  a  Ttptirt  nrcseuteil  ihls  yrar(IflBO)  m  the 
lonls  »f  t'nJi,  il  splwara  tnii  Conneriicm.  iheii  In  die  fony- 
fcurili  Trv  of  its  seulomeiu,  cniiiniiiiMl  twf>iiiv-i>ut>  rliitivhen, 
each  of  which  had  its  nuiiiittRr  ;  a  luihtln  of  iSoo  mou  ;  a  very 
Caw  Imknitd  Mrvanu,  and  (hlrtr  slavM.    Holineii  1. 177. 


strength  of  their  piety,  the  purity  o(  their  moral  habits, 
and  thesldl  superior  purity  of  their  moral  aspirations. 
The  strong  sense  that  religion  inspires  of  the  vicious 
propensities  inherent  in  human  niture,  causes  the  ex- 
pression of  the  mnral  sentiments  of  religious  men  to 
appear  to  the  world  as  the  ravings  of  hypocritical  cant 
or  fanatical  dtlnsion.*  | 

The  kmg  had  never  abandoned  his  design  of  -fleet- 
ing a  comptett^  alteration  of  the  consliiulion  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  hut  his  moderation  had  been  enforced  by  the 
more   personal  and  pressing  concern  of  resisting  the 
attempts  uf  Shafl.-sbury  to  re-enact  the  deep  and  daring 
policy  of  the  Duke  of  (Juise,  and  control  his  sovereign 
by  the  formation  and  supremacy  of  a  protestant  lengii% 
in  England.     While  Shaftesbury  and  his  party  were 
able  lo  retain  their  inflence  on  the  public  mind  by  ihc 
artifice  of  the  popish  plot,  and  to  attack  the  monarchy 
by  the  device  of  tho  exclusion  hill,  it  might  well  be 
deemed  unsafe  to  signalize  the  royal  administration  by 
any  public  act  of  extraordinary  tyranny  in  a  province  so 
eminent  for  zeal  in  the  protestant  cau^e  as  Massachu- 
setts. [1G81.]     But  Charles  had  now  obtained  a  com- 
plete   victory    over   his   domestic    adversaries  ;    and, 
among  other  excesses  of  retaliatory  \iolenfe  and  arbi- 
trary power  hy  which  he  proceeded  to  improve  his  suc- 
cess, ho   instituted    writs  of  //»«  irajra/(/u  against  the 
principal  corporations  in  England,  and  easily  obtained 
judgmonls  from  the  courts  ol  law  that  declared  all  their 
liberties  and  franchises  forfeited  to  the  crown.     About 
two  years  before  this  period,  he  had  deliberated  on  the 
pos.siliility  of  snjierseding  entirely  the  government  of 
.Massachusetts   without    the   observance  of  any  legal 
solemnity,  bnt,  on  consultini;  .loiie.s  and  \Viiiningion, 
the  attorney  and  solicitor  general,  he  bad  learned  that 
his  object  ea-ild  not  he  securely  or  etlectually  attained 
except  by  the  instrumeniality  of  a  writ  of  ijuowarranlo, 
which  at  that  time  it  was   not    deemed   cx|  cdient  to 
employ      But  now  every  iiupcdiment  was  removed; 
and  the  colonists    received  the  most  positive  intelli- 
gence from  their  friends  in  England  that  llie  abrogation 
of  their  charter  was  fiiiallv  resolved  on,  and  was  to  be 
in.-<tantly    accompli.-'hed.     Randolph,  who  spent  much 
of  Ins  time   in  ir.aking  voyaues  between  England  and 
.\merica,  and  had   talely   afiixed  a  |frotest  on  the  ex- 
change of  Dnstoii  against  the  acts  of  its  government, 
now    brought    from    J^ondon  a  letter  from  the  king, 
dated  the  2nth  of  October.  1081,  recapitulating  alt  tho 
roiiiplaiiits   iigaiii^t  the  colony,  and  commanding  that  | 
deputies   should    m^taiitly  be  sent  to  him.  not  only  to  | 
answer  these  complaints,  but  "with  powers  lo  submit 
lo  such    regulations    of  government    as    bis   majesty 
should  think   til  ;*'  which  if  they  should  fill  to  do,  it  j 
was  intimated   that  a  writ  of  tjuo  van uiiio  \\ou\il  he  \ 
directed  against  thtm.     A  new  matter  of  eliarge.  S'^g- 
l^ested  by  the  ]ii(|uiMtive  hostility  of  Uaiidolph,  was  ati 
the  same  lime  preltrred  agniust  them, — that  they  coined  i 
nioiiev    within    the  province  m  c  >iiteinpt  nf  the  king's  ; 
prerOL'ative.     The  general  court,  in  answer  lu  this  sud-  [ 
dill  arraignment  of  a  practice  which  had  Ineii  permit- j 
lid  so  long  to  prevail  wilhout  (}ueslion.  explained  how  ' 
ami   when  it  had  oriijinated,  and  appealed  to  tliese  cir- 1 
cumstances  as  decisively  proving  tiial  no  eiuitempl  had  j 
been   designed;    but,   witliul,  declared  that  if  it  were' 
regarded  as  a  lre--<pass  on  his  majesty's  anihority,  lliev  j 
huinhlv  enlreattd  pardon  for  the  ignoranee  under  which  ! 
it  had  been  committed,     .\mung  the  other  comphints! 
that    were  urged  hy  the  king,  were  the  presuinpluuus  j 
|)urchase  of  the  pro\inee  of  .Maine,  which  the  'johnnsls  i 
were  again  commanded  to  surrender,  and  the  disallow- 
ance of  any  other  worship  than  that  of  the  eatahliidied  i 
churches  within  the  i  olony.     To  the  first  of  these  th^y  ! 
answered  bv  repeating  their  former  apology,  and  still  j 
declmiiig  what   was   required    of   them;    and   lo  the! 
second,  that  liberty  of  worship  was  now  granted  lo  all : 
denoumiations  of  Christians   In  Mas8aeliu>elt3.     The 
royal   letter  contained  many  other  elurgis;   but  they 
were  all   answered  by  solemn  protestations  that  either 
the  commands  they  imported  had  been  already  fulfilled, 
or  the  disobedience  they  alleged  had  not  been  comiiut- 
led. 

An  assembly  of  the  general  court  having  been  held 
[1082]  for  the  purpose  of  electing  deputies  to  pro- 


*  Afior  tliiit  matiiipr  the  New  Knglnnd  miiiister'"  wero  nc- 
ciisiomeil  i() adiiresis  their  hearrrs.  *  U  comornrtli  New  K'i«- 
IiihI  alwayu  lo  rrmenihcr  that  they  ara  oritriually  a  plniiiation 
reliKicUD,  not  a  plannii  of  irad^.  Let  iiterrlmntn,  anti  stirh 
as  are  iiicreufliiig  cent  per  rent,  rememiier  thin,  that  wnrlilly 
pain  was  not  ilie  end  ami  desimi  of  the  people  of  New  Enc- 
Innii,  hut  relisinri.  Ami  if  niiv  ninn  aniniie  us  make  reiieinn 
an  twelve,  ami  the  woriii  iis  liiiVieen,  unch  an  one  hath  iiui  the 
iipirit  nf  a  true  New  Kngiishman.'*  HiggiiiRun's  £lectiuii 
Bormon,  IMI,  spud  Ballinapi  h  00. 


ceed  to  England,  and  8toughton  again  declining  to 
accept  this  offlce,  it  was  conferred  on  Dudley  and 
Uirhards,  two  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  respcctabtu 
citizens  of  the  province.  But  as  the  powers  which  the 
royal  letter  required  that  they  should  bo  invested  wilh, 
of  submitting  to  whatever  regulations  of  government 
the  king  should  think  fit,  were  nothing  else  than  powers 
to  surrender  all  the  rights  of  the  colony,  the  court  was 
carcfi.l  to  grant  no  such  authority,  and,  on  the  con- 
trary, plainly  expressed  in  their  instructions  thai  tho 
depulies  were  not  to  do  or  consent  to  any  thing  ihvit 
should  infringe  the  liberties  granted  by  the  charier,  of 
a\l9T  the  existing  form  of  government.  The  depntiet 
set  sail  for  England,  whither  the^  vere  soon  followed 
by  Uaiidol|)h,  to  confront,  op|)ose,  and  counteract  them. 
A  public  fast  was  appointed  to  be  observed  throughout 
the  colony,  to  pray  for  the  preservation  of  their  charter 
and  the  success  of  the  deputation.  Meai«  less  pure, 
though  I  think  by  no  means  unjuslitiabte,  were  adopted, 
nr  at  least  sanctioned,  by  the  assent  of  the  court  of 
assistants,  for  the  promotion  of  the  colonial  mteresLs  in 
England.  Cranfield,  who  was  still  the  royal  governor 
of  New  Hampshire,  being  on  a  visit  at  Hosion,  sug- 
gested to  these  authorities  that  their  agents  shouhl  bo 
directed  to  wait  on  Lord  ll\de,  and  lender  the  sum  of 
two  t!ions:)nd  guineas  for  the  private  service  of  th« 
king,  which  he  assured  them,  from  the  notorious  po- 
verty and  veniality  of  the  court. *^  would  infallibly  pro- 
cure 0  stay  of  all  hostile  proceedings.  They  fell  head- 
long into  the  snare  ;  and  having  written  letters  to  this 
effect  to  the  de|)Uties.  Craiilield  despatched  letters  at 
the  same  time  to  the  king,  which  he  assured  them  con- 
tained the  strongest  recommeudations  of  their  interests 
lo  royal  lavor.  But  ihtiugh  thtse  men  were  willing,  in 
a  cause  where  no  mteresis  hut  their  own  were  involved, 
to  sacrifice  their  money  for  their  liberty,  and  to  buy 
their  country  out  of  the  hands  of  a  sordid  and  disMili.te 
tyrant,  it  was  not  the  will  of  Providence  that  the  M  er- 
nes of  Massachusetts  should  be  bought  with  gold,  nr 
that  the  prayers  which  had  been  associated  with  such 
mean.s  should  prevail.  Letters  soon  arrived  from  the 
depnties,  iulbrmiiiir  that  Oanlietd  hud  written  a  ludi- 
crous account  of  llie  whole  proceeding  lo  the  king,  and 
vaunted  his  dexterity  in  outwitting  the  people  of  Bos- 
ton, whom  he  described  as  a  crew  of  rascals  and  rebels, 
and  that  the  publication  of  the  story  had  exposed  them 
to  the  derision  of  the  whole  court. + 

The  deputies  found  the  king  intoxicated  wilh  pros- 
perous tyranny,  and  incensed  to  ihe  highest  degree 
against  a  province  that  had  so  long  presumed  to  with- 
stand his  wilt.  'I'heir  credentials,  which  they  were 
desired  to  exhibit  to  Sir  Lionel  Jenkins,  the  secretary 
of  stale,  were  at  once  declared  to  be  insutlicieiit;  and 
tlicy  were  informed,  that  unless  others  satisfaitory  in 
every  respect,  were  immediately  obtained,  it  was  his 
majesty's  jileasiire  that  a  iy»o  nuirranto  against  tlieii 
elmrttr  should  issue  without  delay.  'I'he  deputies  com- 
uiiinicaud  this  peremptory  injunction  to  their  consiilu- 
chtK  ;  assuring  them,  at  the  same  time,  that  the  ease 
ol  llie  colony  was  desperate,  and  leaving  iliem  to  deier* 
mine  whether  il  was  most  advisable  to  subuitt  them- 
selves unreservedly  to  his  majesty's  pleasure,  or  lo 
abide  the  issue  of  a  process  winch  would  ceriainly  be 
tatal.  'i'his  important  <piestion,  the  deteiminution  of 
which  was  to  lie  the  last  e.vereise  of  iheir  bthned 
liheriy.  was  solemnly  discii^^^ed  both  in  the  genera, 
('uurt  and,  as  waM  meet,  bv  the  inhalntants  of  the  pro- 
vince at  large  ;  [  Ht8U.]  and  the  general  seiiiiment  was 
declared  lo  he,  "  thai  il  was  belter  to  die  bv  oiher  h;inds 
tiiari  iheirowii."  An  earnest  address  lo  the  king  was 
framed  hy  the  general  court;  a  eurrespoi.dmg  one 
w.'\s  signed  by  the  inhabitants;  and  the  agenlM  were 
directed  lo  present  them  or  not,  as  ihey  sliouid  think 
proper. 

They  were  authorized  to  deliver  up  the  litlen  of  the 
piovmce  of  Maine,  if  by  so  doing  they  could  presei  ve  the 

*  Kvery  thing  was  veiinl  that  Charles  the  Seroiul  oouid  oh 
tain  a  pt^'e  for.  lie  so  il  liia  alimiice  t»  titc  kin^  of  Kranro, 
mid  the  ollicers  of  fjnvenuncni  in  his  own  luinidierit.  Kroin 
the  Memoirs  of  Hir  William  Temple,  it  apiieurs  thai  \\m  o!iii< 
iiciit  per^i'i)  wasohliged,  in  lti74,  to  decline  the  oilii-e  uf  sccre* 
lary  of  Hiaie  from  inahiliiy  to  Hilvanre  61M>0I,  whWh  vmut  tlia 
price  of  il.  Tcniple'ii  Works  (Dean  8wilVs  editiou,  folio,) 
I.  379. 

t  IliltrhioP'itt,  t.  333  333  337.  Chalmers,  40S.  139.  443. 
4>0.  NiPtwiihsiandtiig  the  uiipromitiiii^  aHptct  of  utVntrs  in 
New  Koijlahil  ai  thii  period,  Uer  |>opuljitm»  ri'cciv(!il  freiiueni 
adiliiioiis  from  ihe  emii:rn(ii)n  of  Kiu'll^h  iioncuiirormi^ts. 
Ainotig  a  c(HiHi>lerahle  body  of  those  who  atxitit  the  year  Hi^j 
Hotmht  an  a.sylum  in  Mus^ai'tuisetiii  wan  J  airs  Krauklin,  ihc 
fuiiier  of  ihil  di^Uiiguished  philosopher  (iiid  pntiiirian  who  in 
tho  f(d!nwnii»  century  contribuiej  si>  sicnally  ii'  efft-ci  llie  nulo- 
penJence  of  Ihe  American  muietf.  See  Kiuiikliirs  ML-iiii>ira 
of  hUown  Lilft. 


.^..  J 


t 


I      H! 


I     aii::' 


\ 


cee       

rhnrtrr,  hnt  othorwUe  not;  and  thoy  were  finally  in- 
fnniu'd  of  ilu*  irrcvocnMe  ileterniinAtton  of  iheir  coriali- 
lucntH  lo  iidliiT''  to  ilie  fli;irter,  and  never  to  t«lio\v 
(luMitApIvps  unworthy  of  Iiheriy  l»y  volunlanly  ilisown- 

i'ltf  "I- 

Tlie  roinnvniirationuf  tliiK  inai;nnnirnouH  answer  put 
i.n  vud  to  the  lu-ictiiina  of  (he  (leputies;  utul  a  writ  of 
(/"«•  jr,iintn/n  hiivnin  been  issued  forlliwitli  against  the 
eolony.  Ihiy  d(iiTe<i  leiive  to  retire  from  the  »|rcetaele 
of  'Mieli  I'roi-eedinijs,  and  wer«  |ierrnitled  to  rclnrn  to 
n.».i  n.  Tht-y  were  iuAdinlly  followed  hy  Randol|)l). 
\vi,o  KtuI  premMitoti  lo  the  cninnnttee  of  plantations 
Hrtu'tes  of  hi||!li  eriinea  and  miadenieanora  ajjainst  the 
ivilony.  and  v/as  now  seleeted  to  earry  tiie  fatal  writ 
acK'w  the  Atlantic.  The  uiessaije  was  prrfeelly  suita- 
t'.e  to  the  hand  that  conveyed  it ;  and  Kandol)>ii  per- 
f mmrd  hin  otilce  with  a  triniphatil  ea}>erne8S  that  added 
insult  to  injury^  and  increased  the  detestation  with 
which  he  was  universallv  regarded.  The  kiiijr  at  the 
RdMie  time  made  a  last  at(em))t  to  induce  the  culonifiia 
to  8pare  him  the  tedious  formalities  of  le|;al  process. 
He  irani'nntted  a  declaration,  that  if  before  judgment 
ihi  V  would  make  a  full  suhmissu)n  and  entire  resigna- 
tion to  his  pleasure,  he  would  consider  their  interest  as 
well  as  his  own  service  in  composing  the  new  charier, 
and  make  no  farther  departure  from  the  original  cor.sti- 
lution  than  should  he  necessary  for  the  support  of  his 
governmeni.  In  order  to  enforce  this  suggestion,  the 
colonists  wore  apprised,  that  all  the  corjiorations  in 
KnL'Innd  except  the  city  of  liOndon,  had  surrendered 
their  privileges  fo  the  king  ;  and  copies  of  the  proceed- 
intTs  against  the  charter  of  Ijondon  were  c'ispersed 
throuijh  the  province,  that  all  nnghl  know  that  a  con- 
test with  his  authority  was  utterly  hopeless.  IJut  tlie 
peo[ilc  of  .Ntassachusetts  were  mit  to  lie  moved  from 
their  pnr|(ose  bv  the  ihrea's  of  dcspotie  power  or  the 
eiample  of  general  servility.  Tlu'V  h;td  acted  v  ell.  and 
had  now  to  ftufl'er  well;  and  diMlamfulIv  rcfusi-d  to 
diinini.sli  ilie  infamy  of  their  oppre.s>or  by  sharing  il 
with  hirn.  'I'hr  rnajoritv  of  tliii  court  ot  assistants. 
overwhelmed  hv  their  calaniitics,  \oted  an  address  of 
sulnnissioi)  to  the  king;  ht:t  the  house  of  delegates, 
ainniiiied  witli  the  general  feeling  t)f  the  pioj>le.  and 
flupporied  bv  ihe  approlnliou  of  the  dergv,  rejected  the 
address,  and  adhered  lo  their  former  resolnlions.  The 
proeess  of  tfiio  imnanfo  was  in  coiiscipn'nce  uriied 
icrward  with  all  the  viijor  that  ttie  formalities  nf  law 
would  adtnit.  A  reipiistiion  to  the  colony  to  make 
nppraranec  was  proinptlv  complied  will)  ;  Imt  it  was 
fii.md  that  :he  legal  period  of  appioranet  had  elapsed 
before  the  rei)Uisitiou  was  tranamiited  At  himth.  in 
Trintiv  term  of  the  following  year.  [lOHI. J  ji.dtiiniiit 
was  prouounc(d  ai,'ainst  the  ^jovernor  and  coiiipany  ol 
Mflssachtisetls.  "  Tlial  iheir  lelters  pali'ut  and  ihf  en- 
rolment liiereof  lie  eaneelled  ;"  .Old  in  the  year  al'ier. 
[H»H").]  an  otliciitl  copy  of  tins  judLinieiit  was  reeeivtd 
by  llii^  seerelarv  of  the  jjeneral  coiirl. 

Thus  llie  Iiherlies  of  Mas-^arh'iM-lls  wen-  overthrown 
by  the  descend mt  of  the  princes  w  lictse  opprt  smous  had 
eonirihiited  to  lav  their  f'linulauons  ;  aller  in  iiiif  ile- 
feiided  hv  the  eiuldreii  o\  ihe  orii^iiial  M'ttiers  wiih  the 
same  reso!;ite  nnbendmi:  virtue  th:it  their  fathers  had 
exerted  in  estabhshing  iheiu.  'I'he  venerable  Hrad- 
street,  who  hiul  ai-eoinpanied  the  first  einiurants  (o 
Ma-isachuMlts  in  \C\'il),  was  still  alive,  and  was  go- 
vernor of  the  eolonv  at  the  perioil  »if  the  subversion  ol" 
those  institutions  which  he  had  eontnhuied  orignially  to 
plant  in  the  desert,  and  had  so  long  eotuiuned  lo  adorn 
and  enjov.  IVrhap*.  he  now  discerned  the  vamty  of 
those  sentiments  that  had  prompted  so  many  of  the 
coevals  whom  he  liad  survived,  lo  lament  their  deaths 
as  premature.  Uut  ihe  aged  eves  that  beheld  this 
eclipse  of  New  Knglnnd's  prosperity,  were  not  yet  to 
close  lilt  tliev  had  seen  the  return  of  better  days. 

That  ihe  proceedings  of  the  king  were  in  the  highest 
degree  unjust  and  tyrannical,  appears  manifest  beyond 
all  decent  denial  ;  and  that  the  legal  udjudicatioii  by 
W'iiich  he  masked  hts  tyranny  was  never  annulled  by  the 
English  parliament,  is  a  circnmnlance  very  little  cre- 
ditable (o  Knglisb  justice.  The  House  of  (Commons, 
indeed,  shortly  after  the  Revolution,  intlamed  with  in- 
diginitionat  ihe  (irst  recital  of  ihe  proreediugs  we  have 
seen,  passed  a  resolution  dect.iriiig  **  that  ihoau  ijuo 
warnnlos  a','ainst  the  eharters  of  New  England  were 
illegal  and  void  ;'*  but  thav  were  afterwards  prevailed 
with  to  depsrl  from  this  resolntion  bv  the  arguments  of 
Treby,  Somers,  anil  Holt,  whose  eniiiieut  faculties  and 
constitiilioual  principles  could  not  exempt  them  from 
the  intlupMcc  of  a  superstitious  prejudice,  generated  by 
their  iJrnfesHioual  habila,  in  favor  of  tho  sacredtieaa  of 
k^l  iormilititis. 


THR   HISTORY  OP 


CHAPTER  V. 

Di'ficns— ami  Dcnih  of  rhorlra  the  Sfcnnd— Oovernmenl  cf 

MasHur)n).'<rtiH  under  n  teinfMirary  Conuiiiit^itiu  fnuii  Jniues 
ihi'  Si'cmihI — Aiulros  oinwiiitnl  Oovcrntir  of  Nnw  K.tijilaml— 
Sulunissinn  of  Ktimle  Irtlaml— Urscihiti-  Kft'uri  lo  prcwrvi' 
the  CluiriiT  nf  t'lintirciiriii— n[n»ri'3^ivc  Oiivi-runuMit  «if 
Anilrof— Celnnlnl  I'lUlry  nJllii'  Kiiiir— Sir  Williniii  Phi|i|i!<  — 
Iniiiun  Miistiltiii'fl  rriH'Wci  by  iln-  iiiiritfut'st  of  iIic  Km.rli— 
Iiisurri'Clinh  at  Huciftn— Aiulmn  di'[in:*ril~aiid  tin'  aiii'icni 
(ioviTiunfiit  rrslnrcil—romn'rlirm  a  d  IUhmIl'  IsIhihI  renuino 
Iht'lrCluirit'rit— WiltiamiiiHl  Mary  proclaitnciI—War  wiihilu' 
Krt'iirh  ami  bidiaii;*— Sir  Wjlliarii  I'hijiii'Ji'iuiiniprrt  Armlia— 
Int'flV'Cliial    KK|H<ili(ii'n    agiuiiDi    Uuctici-— hn)KMH-htiioi.i  of 

nisiprH— and  d  sniiiwed— The  Kin^  refuses  m  rp»itir«  die 
anciuiit  (^ln8titutioll  nf  Massarlnisctts — Tt'unr  ef  tlie  .New 
Chiirtpr— Sir  William  rhiiips  Oiivprner— Tlu*  New  Knglmul 
WiitJirnifi— Death  nf  IMtipm— War  with  tho  French  niul 
IiiihAiis— LoriH  (if  Ai-ai)ia~Pt>aco  uf  Ryswick— Mural  anil 
l^xiliiirat  Stale  of  .New  Knglaiid. 

[l68r).J  So  eager  was  Charles  to  complete  the  exe- 
cuimn  of  his  long  cherished  designs  on  Massachusells, 
that  ill  NoTCinher,  1684,  immediately  after  the  judg- 
ment was  pronounced,  he  began  to  make  urrangements 
for  the  new  government  of  the  eolony.  Though  not 
even  a  complaint  had  been  urged  against  New  IMy- 
inoutli,  he  scrupled  not  lo  involve  lliat  settlement  in 
the  same  fate  :  and  as  if  he  intended  to  consummate 
his  tyranny  by  a  measure  that  should  teach  the  inhabi- 
tants of  N\nv  EIngland  how  dreadful  the  vengeance  of 
a  king  could  be,  ho  selected  for  the  execution  of  his 
designs  an  indivutnal,  than  whom  it  would  not  be  easy 
in  the  whole  records  of  human  cruelty  and  wickedness 
to  point  out  a  man  who  has  excited  to  a  jjreater  degree 
the  abhorrence  and  indignalion  of  his  fellow-creatures. 
The  notorious  Colonel  Kirke,  whose  brutal  and  san- 
guinary excesses  have  secured  him  tin  iminorlality  of 
mlamy  in  the  history  of  Kngland.  was  appomietl  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire.  Maine,  niitl 
New  IMvnioulh  :  and  it  was  determined  ihat  no  assem- 
hly  should  lie  permitted  lo  exist,  hut  that  the  |eg)^lu• 
live  and  executive  powers  should  he  coniluned  m  a 
governor  and  council  appointed  ilurnig  the  royal  plea- 
sure This  arbitrary  policy  was  approted  by  all  the 
mmisters  of  Charles,  except  the  Nlar.piis  of  Halifax, 
who  espoused  the  cause  of  the  colonists  with  a  gene- 
rous/eiit,  and  warmly  but  vainly  urged  that  they  were 
entitled  lo  enjnv  the  same  laws  and  msDlulions  that 
were  estahlisiiid  in  Muglaiid.*  Though  Kirke  had  not 
yet  committed  the  cnonnilies  by  which  he  was  destined 
lo  illu.strale  his  name  iii  the  west  of  Kiigland,  he  had 
already  given  sucli  imiicatioMs  o(  Ins  dt.«posilion  m  the 
govcriuncnl  of  Tangier,  that  the  tidings  of  his  uppoiiit- 
ment  lllled  the  inhabnai;ts  of  the  colony  with  horror 
and  dismay.  But  before  Kirke's  couunission  and  in- 
struclmiis  could  be  linally  ael'.led,  the  career  ol  Ctiarlcs 
himself  was  interrupted  by  deatli  :  and  Kirke  was  re- 
served to  eoMlribute  by  his  alrocilies  m  KngUi.d  to 
bring  hatred  and  exile  on  Chaih^s's  sucees.-^or.  This 
suceesKiir.  James  liie  SccoihI,  from  wiiose  stern  iuliex- 
ilile  u  iiiprr,  and  hiijh  toned  opMnoiis  respecting  gou-ni- 
metit,  llii'  niO!'t  gliioiny  |uesaiies  of  tyranny  had  been 
drawn,  was  proclaimed  in  IjosIou  with  inclaucholy 
pomp. 

'i  iicse  presages  were  \erilied  by  the  adiniuistraiioii 
ol  llic  new  iiu)nucli.  Soon  after  liis  accessuui  lo  the 
ill  rone,  u  coumussion  was  issncil  for  the  temporary 
governmeiil  lltMas^a^■hu.sctls,  New  Hampshire,  Mame, 
and  New  I'lynioiith,  by  a  president  and  council  se- 
lected tVoiu  among  the  luliabitaiits  of  Massaeiiusetts, 
whose  powers  were  enlirely  executive  and  jtalicial,  and 
were  to  endure  till  the  nirival  of  a  perinanent  gover- 
nor, riiey  were  direi  led  to  allow  liberty  of  conscience 
to  all,  hut  to  bestow  peculiar  cncuuragunient  on  the 
church  of  Knglaud  ;  to  deierunne  all  suits  originating 
within  the  colony,  but  lo  admit  appeals  from  their  sen- 
tences to  the  king  in  council  ;  and  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  their  government  by  levying  the  taxes  for- 
merly imposed.  'J'his  commission  was  laid  before  the 
(he  general  court  at  Boston,  not  as  being  any  longer 
considered  a  body  invesied  with  |>olitical  uuthonly,  but 
as  being  coiiijiosed  of  individuals  of  the  highest  re- 
spectability and  ndliience  in  the  {^rovmce.  In  answer 
to  the  communication  ihcy  had  thus  received,  [ItiSti.] 
this  assembly  agreed  uuuniinously  to  an  address,  in 
which  they  declared  that  the  inhabitants  of  Massachu- 
setts were  deprived  of  the  rights  of  freemen  hy  tho 

•  Tlie  KriMich  c<Mirt  and  the  Duke  uf  York  rnincuistniiod  with 
(7harles  on  the  linpohcy  of  rt'iuitniig  in  olllec  a  inau  who  had 
liroresrtcil  surh  seniiinentit.  Burillon'8('orrefi[)ttiiilence,  in  the 
Appendix  tn  Kox'x  History  of  Jiitncs  the  Srcnnd.  *'  Kvi<n  at 
itiirt  early  |wriotl,"  miys  Mr.  Kox,  "  a  ciucsiion  rel.tiive  i.t 
North  Ani«rii.'aii  lilieny,  uml  rven  tn  Nonh  AiiKTiran  taxaiioti, 
was  consiilnred  it  ttie  tsat  of  priiiciplss  friendly  or  adverso  tu 
arbitrary  power  at  homo." 


now  system,  and  that  it  deeply  concerned  both  tboM 
who  introduced  and  those  who  were  subjected  to  a  aya- 
tein  uf  this  natu'c.  to  couMder  how  fir  it  was  safe  to 
pursue  it.     'i'hey   added,  that   if  the   newly  appointed 
otlicers  meant  lo   assume  the  government   ot   the  peo- 
ple, though  ihi^y  would  never  give  assent  (o  such  pro- 
ceedings, ihev  would  nevertiieless  demean   themselve!* 
as  loyal  subjects,  and  huiuhly  make  their  addr^'ssts  to 
Cind,  and  in  due  lime  to  their  prince  for  relief.     The 
president  named  in  ihecomniission  was. Mr.  Dudley,  who 
had  lately  been  one  of  the  deputies  of  the  province  (o 
England,  and  w  hose  conduct  had  justitied  iii  some  degree 
the  jealousy  with  which  the  colonists  ever  regarded  the 
men  whom  they  were  coinpelled  lo  lutrual  with  the  per- 
formance of  that  ardtions  duty.     His  pjtriolic  virtue, 
without  being  utterly  dissolved,  was  relaxed    by  tho 
bcums  of  royal  intluence.     Despairing  of  being  able 
to  serve  his  country,  he  applied  himselt  with  more  suc- 
cess to  cultivate  his  own  inierest  at  iho  English  court ; 
and  in  pursuing  this  crookerl  policy,  he  would  .seem  to 
have  been  animated  by  the  hope  tliat  the  interest  of  hia 
fellow-citizens  might  be  more  ellectually  promoted  hy 
hts  own  advancement   to  ollicc  ainoiig  them,   than  by 
the  exclusion  which  he  would  incur,  in  (ommon  with 
them,  by   a  stricter  adherence  to  the  line  of  integrity. 
Tliough  he  accepted  ihe  commission,  and  persuaded 
those  who  were  associated  wiih  hnn  to  imiiaie  his  ex- 
ample, he  eontmiied  to  show  himself  friendly  to  tho 
rights  of  the  people,  and  to  those  institutions  which 
they  so  highly  regarded.     Not  only  was  any  immedialo 
alteration  iii  the  internal   arrangements  of  the  colony 
avoided,  but  the   commissioners,   in  deference  to  tho 
public  leeling,  transinitlcd  a  ineinonal  to  the  English 
inmislers    slating  that  a   well   regululed    assembly    of 
the  represcniatives  of  the  people  was  extremely  neces- 
sary, and  ought  in  their  opimon  to  be  cKlablished  with- 
out delay.     Tins  moderate  conduct,  however,  gave  lit- 
tle salisl'action  to  any  of  the  parties  whom  lliey  desired 
to    please.     'Ihe   people  were  indignant    lo  behold  a 
system  which  was  erected  on  the  rums  of  tlieir  lihert/ 
promoted  hy  their  own   lellow-eiti/eiis.  and  above  all 
by  the  man  whom   they  had    lately  appoinled  to  resist 
its  inlroduction  among  thein ;  and   nothinu  but  the  ap- 
prehensions of  seeing   hmi   replaced  by  Knke,  whose 
massacres  in  Kngland  excited  thetlire.-'l  prtsage  of  the 
fate  of  America,  [irevented  the   siroiigest   expre-    -ons 
of  their  displeasure.       The  condii'l  of  the  roinmissioii- 
ers  was  no  less  unsalislaelorv  both  lo   the   atieltors  of 
arbitrary  government  in  Kngland,  anit  lo  the  creatures 
of  Randolph  willim  the  province,  who  weie  anxious  to 
p3>  court  to  the  king  by  prostiatnig  beneath  his  power 
eveiy   obstacle    lo  the  execution   of  his  will.      Com- 
plaints were  soon  iraiiMiiilted   by  these  persons  lo  tiio 
Kiigli>h   ini!;;strrs,  eli.irgmg    i  lie    eninmissiuners  willi 
conmving  at  former  pr  iciices  m  opposiiiO:i  lo  llie  laws 
{''i  trade,  and  countenanciiig  ancient  principles  in  it  U- 
gion  and  i.Mi\ernment. 

In  aihtiiion  lo  tlii.'se  causes  uf  dissatisfaction  witii 
tilt  coiidnct  ot  the  eonniii.ssioners.  the  king  was  now 
compelled  lo  resume  ihe  proseeulion  ol  Ins  plans  by 
the  impcrtecliOM  ol  the  leuipor.try  airaiigeinenl  he  had 
made.  Il  was  found  Ihal  llie  acts  of  taxation  were 
about  to  expire.  And  the  commissuniers  being  totally 
tlevind  ol  h-oislalive  aullioiiiy,  had  no  pov\er  lo  renew 
ihem.  i'nev  had  cinploved  llnsconsideralmn  lo  entorcn 
iheir  siiggesiion  of  a  lepreseiilative  asscnibU  ;  but  it 
determiiKil  the  king  to  enl.irge  the  arlutrarv  authority  of 
his  colonial  olticers.  antl  at  tlie  same  tune  lu  eslablish  .1 
permanent  ailinimstralion  lor  New  I  Jighnid.  He  had 
eousulled  the  crown  law  vers  respecliug  the  exleiii  of 
his  poweis  ,  and  iliey  had  given  as  tlieir  ollicial  opi- 
nion, "thai  iiotwiihstandin>;  the  forfeiture  ol  theclitirter 
of  Massachusetts,  its  luhahilants  continued  English 
subjecth,  invested  wilh  Knghsh  liberties;"  a  truth 
which,  though  It  required  little  legal  aculentss  to  dii- 
cover,  seems  tu  im[dy  more  lionesiy  than  we  might  be 
prepared  to  expect  from  the  persons  selected  by  this 
monarch  from  a  bar  which,  111  thai  age,  could  supply 
such  instruments  as  JetVries  and  Scruggs.  We  must 
recollect,  however,  that  lawyers,  liiougli  prufessioiially 
partial  lo  the  autliorily  that  actuates  the  sy»iein  they 
administer,  cherish  also  in  their  strong  predilection  for 
those  forma  and  precedents  that  constitute  their  own 
inHucnce  and  the  [H;cuhar  glory  of  their  scionee,  a  prin- 
ciple that  frequently  prelects  liberty  and  befriends  suIh 
htanlial  justice.*     liut  James  was  too  much  enamored 

♦  Many  reinnrknble  iusianrfs  illufiiativr  of  ihisn-niark  tsill 
occur  (o  all  who  are  aciinainleii  uiili  the  hi.-torv  ol  Kngll^h 
jiinsprudenrc  ;  and  il  h  ihin  wlilrli  givc-i  to  the  kni:)i.sh  stats 
triai«,  even  in  the  won^t  of  itinrti,  an  Inierf!-!  which  \\\t>  siaie 
proflucuitonfl  of  no  other  country  poHsexit.  Not  ilie  leail  nutnal 
liielaiiCtt  o\'  tliU  principle  wua  ilmplnyed   ly  Cbtcf  Juttioa 


NOIir  n    AMKIUCA. 


mod  both  thoM 
bjiTled  to  a  8y»- 
ir  It  Man  »h(v  to 

loulv  appOMiieti 
irni  iti  iiif  |>t:0' 
crit  to  Kiirh  nro- 
lean   lluinseivt'fl 

r  ll(lll^^■st;f »  li) 

T  \v\wt'.  The 
-Mr  Dmllcy. who 

llic  pruviiico  (o 
tl  insoiiirttcgrro 
vrr  roKurdrd  ilie 
1181  wiih  the  pcr- 
pitriolic  viriuc, 
relaxed  tiy  thu 
K  ol'  liiMiig  alile 

Willi  more  auc- 
)  KngliKh  court ; 

would  st'eu)  tt> 
11'  inttTi'st  of  hJA 
lly  prouioted  by 
>,'  lhe:u,  (tiau  by 
ri  (uiiunun  wiih 
mv.  ol"  intt'jjniy. 

lUid  iirrjiuiidcd 
>  iiunatL'  bis  ex- 

Virndly  to  tho 
stituiiuns  which 
8  any  iiuinriJialo 
s  ul"  ilic  colony 
iclVrrncc  to  (ho 
I  to  tlic  English 
d  dsscinbly  of 
xlri  rnt'ly  ncccs- 
^t.iblKslird  wi(b< 
DwcviT,  yavc  lil- 
lom  tlicy  d(>sirt-d 
ant    to  heboid  a 

>!'  their  liberty 

and  above  all 
I'Oniii'd  to  redist 
lliinu  but  the  a|>- 
by  Kiike,  whose 
I  )irc>ape  of  the 
;ot  expre-  ■  'ona 
the  I'oiinui^sjon- 
the  alit-iturs  of 
10  the  ercalures 
weie  iinxiuus  to 
'iiealli  Ins  power 
lis    will.       COMl- 

f  porMtns  10  (iio 
iinissioiirrs  with 
itioii  lo  ibe  laws 
irinriples  in  rtli- 


of  arbitrary  power,  to  bo  deterred  from  the  indulgence 
of  it  by  anv  obstacle  inferior  to  invincible  neressily  ; 
and  accordingly,  without  payini;  the  sliifhtest  rej-urd  lo 
an  opinion  supported  only  by  the  pens  of  hivvyers.  lie 
determined  to  establish  a  cinnplcte  tvranny  in  New 
Ens''""'-  ''^'  •'"'nbiiiinii  ihe  whole  lei;islative  and  exeou- 
live  miihonly  of  government  in  llie  persons  of  n  i:o- 
vernor  mid  council  lo  be  nameil  by  bnnsclf.  Kirke  had 
been  found  loo  nsebil  as  an  in.-'trunient  of  Ii  rror  in 
Kiiill.uul.  to  be  spared  to  Ainericn.  Hut  Sir  Kdinund 
Andros.  wlio  h'ul  .Hinudbzed  his  devotion  lo  arbitrary 
po\ver  m  the  lioveriiinenl  of  New  Voik,  was  now  ap- 
npintcil  captiiin-nenerid  and  vice-admirnl  of  Massadiu- 
frett.*..  New  Uanipsbire,  Maine,  New  riyinoutb,  and 
certain  dependent  territories,  during  tbe  pleasure  of  the 
kiiiK-  Jl*'  ^^■'^'*  empowered,  with  consent  of  u  council 
lobe  a_ ;  '  lUed  by  the  crown,  lo  make  ordinances  (or 
the  colonies,  not  mconsistenl  with  the  laws  of  Kn^land, 
and  whirh  wire  to  be  Mdunilted  lo  tbe  kinji  lor  bis 
approlialion  or  <lisseiit.  and  lo  impose  taxes  for  the  sup- 
port of  yovernnient.  He  w.^.s  directrd  to  j;o\ern  the 
|iiople.  aerordirifi  to  the  tenor  of  bis  comnii>tiion,  td  a 
separdte  b'tier  of  iimlriictions  wi:h  which  he  was  at  the 
s.onc  tunc  Uiriii>lied.  and  of  llie  laws  winch  were  then 
in  torceor  iniiibt  be  afterwnnl'*  enacted  The  yovernor 
and  coiin<'il  were  idso  coiislituird  a  court  of  record; 
end  iVoin  ibeir  decisions  an  apptal  lay  lo  the  kin^  in 
council  The  jir-'iitor  part  of  the  iiistruetions  ibnt  wire 
given  lo  Aiulros  are  of  a  iiaiure  tliiit  would  tin  honor  to 
llie  p.itnolisin  of  tiie  kinj>.  if  the  prni.se  of  that  virtue 
were  due  lo  a  biuien  desire  to  |Uoniote  the  welfare  of 
the  people,  acconipunied  witli  the  most  etl('<'tual  vxcr- 
lions  to  strip  t'lein  of  t:\erv  m  euiiiy  by  which  llieir  wel- 
fare nwnhi  be  t»ii:irded.  Amlros  whs  ill^^rlleIed  lo  prt>- 
niote  no  pcr>oiis  lo  otlicrs  of  trust  liut  diose  of  the  l^est 
ehtales  and  ch.iraclers,  and  to  displace  none  w  iljiuut  suf- 
ficient cause  ;  to  coii?tinie  llie  lornier  laws  ot  ihe  conn- 
trv.  so  far  .le  ihev  were  not  uuMUiMstrnt  with  his  com- 
mission or  iiislriietion«  ;  to  dis|.o>p  of  tlu"  crown  lands 
at  inoiierate  i|'iit- rents  ;  "  to  take  away  or  to  liann  no 
nvtus  life,  inember,  treelutld.  or  lioods,  but  by  esta- 
hlishcil  laws  of  ihe  couiitrv.  not  reputrnaiit  to  ibose  of 
thei.'alm:"  lo  discipline  and  arm  the  inbabilaiits  for 
ih-'  defence  of  the  country,  but  not  to  impede  ibeir  ne- 
ees>arv  allairs  -.  lo  rncouraijc  freeilom  of  commerce  by 
rt^trainiiif;  iiiijrossers  ;  lo  InndiT  the  excessive  severity 
of  masters  to  their  servants,  mid  to  punish  witli  death 
the  slavers  of  Indians  or  nt  jjroes  ;  lo  allow  no  priiiltnri 
|\ress  to  exist  ;  and  to  fjive  universal  toleration  m  re- 
lillioii,  but  special  encouragement  to  ihe  eburcli  of 
Euiilaiid.  I'xcept  (be  restraint  of  pnntiiijr,  there  is 
none  of  thcsr  instrurtions  th.il  breathes  a  spirit  of  des- 
ign ism  ;  ami  yet  llie  whole  svslein  was  sileiillv  per- 
Tuled  bv  that  spirit  ;  for  as  there  were  no  seeiirilies 
proviilt'd  for  llie  enforcenienl  of  ihc  kmii's  bnicvoleiit 
directions.  >o  ihcre  were  no  checks  e>iali|ishi'd  to  re- 
strain the  aluise  of  the  powers  with  which  the  rrovrrnor 
was  iiitriisU'd.  'J'hekmy  was  williiifr  that  his  f*ubje>ets 
bliould  be  happv,  but  iioi  that  they  sliould  \n-  iVte  or 
happy  inib'peii'.lently  of  himself  ;  and  this  association  oi 
a  desire  lo  promotr  huniiiii  welfare,  with  an  enmitv  to 
the  means  most  likely  to  secure  it,  8u»;ires(s  the  evpla- 
natum.  perhaps*  the  apology,  of  an  error  to  wbicli  king's 
o:e  iiueterati'ly  liahlc  Traiiud  m  habits  of  induliifiiee 
of  ilieir  will,  and  m  MMitiim  nis  of  respect  for  ii.-  foivt- 
and  etlieacy.  they  come  to  cmiMdi  r  it  as  what  not  only 
ouqbt  to  be.  but  must  be  irre^i.ttiblc  ;  AUi\  Icel  no  hss 
secure  of  ahilitv  to  inaki<  men  happv  without  their  own 
concurrence,  than  of  u  rii^li!  'o  balk  the  natural  d(sne 
of  mankind  to  c  oninnt  their  happiiuss  lo  the  keeiniiL' 
of  iheir  own  courai^i'  and  wisiloni  The  possession  of 
absoUile  power  ri  miers  selfd'-iual  tbe  biybest  edorl  of 
virtue  ;  and  the  absolute  nnmarch  who  shmild  denion- 
•trate  a  just  regard  to  tl.c  riL-his  of  his  t"t  How  creatures, 
would  ilcserve  u  be  honored  as  one  of  the  niost  may 
imiiimous  of  human  beintfs.  l-'unnshid  with  the  m- 
ttrur'iions  wUich  we  have  seen  fur  the  inili^alion  of  bis 
arbitrary  pcwcr,  ami  attended  with  a  few  companies  of 
soldiers  foi  its  enforcement,  .\iidros  arrived  at  Hosion  ; 
and  presentuiir  iumself  as  the  siibsiitiiti'  for  the  dreaded 
and  detested  Kirke,  and  coinmcncino  his  admimstralion 
with  many  graciona  expressnms  of  (rood  will,  he  was 
at  first  received  more  favorably  than  inijjht  have  bec:i 
fKpected  Hut  bia  popularity  was  bhori  lived.  Insteatl 
of  conforming  lo  the  instructions,  he  copied  and  even 
exceeded  the  arbitrary  rule  of  hi»  master  in  Kiijihind, 


JcfTrifti  hiiiHcir.  whu,  al'n^r  ho  hail  irample.l  on  the  pttiiai-st 
pntinplpii  f»f  ju)>iicfl  and  riiiiity  in  <inli'r  tn  pmciiri'  tin- r-tn- 
fttfiiiiii  (if  a  itipieiitiiiKiinniHtcr,  »ii(T«rmi  InmsPif  i<i  bn  iIsucrriMl 
iTom  pauiMg  Renoniro  in  runfunniiy  wuh  ili«  fenhrt,  by  n 
iMnnlcat  objenion  whii-li  i-*  ahiiost  uniniallli^ible.  Cue  of 
SOMIT'I       IlnwdJ'a  Siuiu  Triala,  vul.  x.  p.  147. 


and  committed  ibo  most  tyrannical  violence  and  oppres- 
sive exactions.* 

It  was  ihe  purpose  of  .Tames  to  couMdidtte  the 
f.lreniitb  of  all  the  colonies  in  one  niiitetl  government  ; 
and  HI. ode  Inland  and  ('onneclicut  were  now  to  expe- 
rience that  itieir  destiiiv  was  involved  in  tlu*  laie  of 
Massachusetts.  The  inliabidints  of  Uhnde  Island,  on 
lenrniiiK  tbe  accession  of  ibe  Uw^,  nnmedialely  irans- 
initled  .111  iiildress  eoniiralul.iUjrv  of  that  event,  ackiiow- 
ledgirii!  ibemselves  his  lo\al  .snbjicls,  and  be»."jiiig  his 
proteclioii  of  their  cliarlcrcd  riylits.  Vet  the  huinilitv 
of  their  supplications  could  not  protect  them  from  the 
efVects  of  the  plans  he  had  resolved  to  adopt  in  the 
Boverniiieiit  of  New  Knylaiid.  Articles  of  lii;:h  misde- 
meanor were  exhibited  atfainst  them  before  tbe  lords 
of  the  eominiitee  of  colonus,  charj»int»  them  wiih 
breaches  of  their  charter,  and  with  opposition  to  the 
acts  of  nuvit^Mlion  ;  and  before  the  close  of  the  year 
H'lH.'i,  they  received  notice  of  the  commencoinent  of 
a  process  of  »/»n  iri/rniH/o  against  (heir  patent.  Willi- 
out  hesiiavon  tbey  resolved  that  they  would  not  stand 
suit  with  the  kin<;,  and  passed  an  act,  in  full  assendilv, 
formally  siirrenderiiij,'  llie  char'er  ami  all  (he  powers  ii 
contained  Hy  a  fresh  ndilre.^s  they  ••  liuinbly  pros- 
trated ihemselves,  their  privileges,  ilu-ir  all,  at  the  jpra- 
cious  feet  of  his  nnjeslv,  with  an  entire  restdiition  to 
serve  him  with  faitliful  hearts."  These  fervile  ex- 
pressions dislionored,  but  did  not  avail  ilit  ni  ;  and  ibe 
kini:,  jiulj;ino  all  fmnis  of  law  Miperlbuu:.",  iiicrii'id 
wiiboiit  eereinony,  to  iinj  use  (he  sibjegiition  which 
the  people  sout^hi  to  evade  bv  deserving  ji.  lli^  enper- 
ness.  however,  to  accoinplisb  bis  ob|ccl  willi  rapulitv. 
(bouMh  It  probably  intlicted  a  salulnry  disap)  tuntinenl 
on  the  people  at  the  lime,  pro\ed  ulliiiialely  lilj:lily 
bciH'licial  to  their  political  mtirests,  hy  preser\iP»;  ilieir 
charter  lr(un  a  lei^al  dissolution  :  and  we  sliall  tiiid  that 
this  benefit,  whien,  with  cjual  improvidence,  was  ex- 
teiidcil  to  ihe  pt;op|e  of  (\)nneclicut,  was  scnsiblv  ex- 
perienced at  the  era  of  the  Unlish  revoliuion.  In  con- 
se<juence  of  the  last  address  that  hail  been  (ransiiiitlcd 
by  Uliotlo  Ulaiul,  .\ndios  had  been  charged  lo  extend 
his  <.'overnmeiit  to  this  province  also  :  and  in  tbe  s.une 
month  that  witnessed  his  arrival  at  Itoston.  he  pro- 
ceeded lo  Rhode  Islaml.  where  he  dissolved  tbe  i^o- 
vernment,  broke  its  .seal,  and,  adiiiiIin>;T  ijve  o(  tin 
inhabiinnts  inio  bis  IcL'islalive  council,  assumed  the 
admiiiislration  of  all  the  functions  of  liovernment. 

('onneclicut   bad  also   transniitted  an  aildress  to  the 
kih!:  on  bis  accession,  and   vainly  solicited  the  pieser- 
vation  of  her  privih-ijes      At  ihe  same  tune  ivlieii  tbe 
articles  of  misdciin  anor  were  exliibiful  aijamst  IthiHle 
Island,  a  similar   pro'evdni-f   was  adopted  a;;ainst  the 
governor    and    company    o(    (-oiineelicul,    who    were 
clunijcd   Willi   makmu  laws  ccnitr.irv  to  those  of  Kng- 
larid  ;   of  extorlirii!  ui'n-asonalile  tines  ;   of  eiiforcMiLl  an 
oath  of  lidi  Illy  lo  their  own   corporaimn,  m  (»pi:osiiion 
to  till'  (lath  of  alle^jiance  ;  of  intolerance  in   rebsjiou  ; 
and  of  denial  of  jM.stiee.      These  charjjes,  which  were 
supposed   lo  infir  a  loifiiture  of  the  charter,  were  re- 
milled  lo  Sawyer,  llw  altoriiev-jicnrral.  wuh  ilireclions 
to  I'sne  a  writ   of  (/jjc  irar)>inl(i  a;:aiiisl  the   colonv.  i 
The  writ  was  issued,  and  Randolph,  the  i-emial  enemy  | 
and  accitoer  of  the  free,  ortiicd  his  M-rvices  lo  carrv  it  \ 
.icross  ibe  Atlantic.     The  governor  and  the  assemblv  ! 
of  CtMiiiecttcul   had  for  some  tunc    bclietd   the   storm' 
approacliini;,    ami    knuwiiii;    that    eourai^c    alone    was  i 
vain,  and    re.-istiincc   iinpr.Kticable,  thev   endeavored, 
Willi  considerable  .nhlrcss.  to  t  luile  what  thev  were  un-  ' 
able   In  repel       After  ilelaviii;^   as  loiii;  as   possible   lo 
make  any  sij;nitlcatHMi  of  liicir  iiitenlums.  the  nrrival  \)\' 
Sir  Mdinund  Anilio.^  at  Hosion,  and  Ins  proceedings  m 
Hliode   Island,  seem   to  ha\e   convinced  tin  in    that  tbe  | 
nicisures  of  the  kinj;  were  to  be  vi^onmslv   pursued.  ■ 
aijd  that    they  could   noi    liope  to  be  allowed  lo  dei)l)c-  : 
r;.te  any  lonj^er.      [1()S7  ]  'I  liey  wrote,  a(ciriliii;ilv,  lo  j 
the  secretary  of  stale,  expressin;,'  their  siroiiu  desire  lo  ; 
be  perniilled  to  relain  their  prescnl   eoiistiiulion  ;  but 
retjuestiiii;,   il    it  were    the  ri>yal    purpose  to    dispose 
otberwi.st-  of  ihein,  tliai  they  tnijiht  be  annexeil  lo  .Mas-  ; 
sachusetts,  and    share    the    fortunes  of  a  people   who 
were  their  former  correspondents  and  conlederales,  uiid 
whose  pMiiciples   and    manners  they   undersiood    and  ; 
app.roveJ.     'I'his  was  construed  by  the  Hritisb  j;overii- 
inenl  into  a  surrender  of  the  colonial  privde^cs.  and  [ 
Androa  was  cmniminded  to  annex  this  pro;  nee  al.^o  (o  ' 
bis  jurisdiction.      Randolph,  who  seems  lo  have  been  j 
(]ualilicd  not  less  by  genius  than  mcbnaiion  to  promoie  | 


*  llnicliinsen,  i.S.):i— 3aj.  Chahncis,  4li)~4JI.  During  tlii> 
ailiniiiistranon  uf  Aiiilrefl,  a  now  ({rcaiaeal  was  appoinicii  jur 
New  tiiKland,  wUhlhs  moito  Munquaiu  hberuu  fraloirextut. 
Chaliucrii,  4«3. 


ao7 

(he  e\ecii(ioii  of  tyrannical  designs,  advised  ihr  Kng' 
liflli  minister  to  ;.roseciire  the  i/un  intnanlo  loa  pidietal 
is(«ue  ;  assurini;  them  tha'  the  noveritnn-nt  ot  (tmnei- 
ticiit  would  nev.r  consent  to  do,  nor  acKu'jwIei  nv  ib.ii 
(hev  had  done  what  was  ei)uivalent  to  in  expitss  sur- 
render of  the  iij.'lils  of  ihe  people.  |i  vvas  matter  of 
rei:ret  to  the  ministers  and  crown  lawyer>  of  .i  later 
ai;e,  that  this  poiitic  stij|riresiioii  vv.is  inn  adopted  \^.^^ 
the  kiiiii  was  too  eayer  to  snatch  the  boon  iliat  ^eemeli 
within  his  reach,  lo  wait  the  tedious  tornial  ins  of  the 
law  ;  and  no  furiher  proiefdiiiijs  ensued  on  (he  i/no 
u-itrriinlo.  In  conformity  with  Ins  orders.  Andros 
marched  at  the  bead  of  a  body  of  troops  lo  ll.irtfordr 
iho  seat  of  tbe  [  rovinciid  government,  where  ne  de- 
manded (hat  the  charter  should  Ite  delivered  into  his 
hands.  The  people  bad  been  extremely  desirous  to 
preserve  nt  least  the  document  of  rights,  v\l)ich  the  re- 
turn of  belter  tiinefl  ini^dit  enable  them  lo  assi-rt  with 
effect.  Tlie  cherter  was  laid  on  (be  lable  of  the  assem 
bly.  and  the  Icadiiij^  persons  of  ihe  colony  addressed 
.\ndros  at  consuierabh-  length,  relaimjjr  the  eter'iona 
that  had  been  made,  and  the  hardships  that  bad  been 
incurred,  in  order  to  found  the  m.^titulioiis  which  he 
was  come  lo  destroy  ;  entreat niij  bun  yet  to  spare  lliein, 
or  at  least  to  leave  the  people  iii  possession  of  li.e 
[latent,  as  a  t<>stiiiioiiial  of  the  favor  and  hapfuness  ibcv 
had  formerly  cnjovcd.  Tne  debate  was*  earnest,  hut 
orderly,  and  protracted  lo  a  late  hour  m  the  eveiiiii!;. 
As  the  ilav  decline{l.  Mjihis  v\en'  introduced  in'.o  iho 
ball,  and  it  was  irradually  surrouiidui  by  a  coti:4ideraMe 
body  of  the  bravest  and  most  detmnined  men  m  the 
province,  prepa'^ed  to  defend  ibeir  rl'pre^enldllve» 
apamsl  the  violence  of  .\ridros  and  his  armed  loliowers. 
.\l  lenjjih,  finding  thai  their  arjii'inenls  were  ineirerlual. 
a  measure  that  seems  to  have  been  previously  concerted 
by  the  inliabitan'.s,  was  coollv,  resolutelv,  and  success- 
fully adopted.  The  byhts  were  extini:uished  as  if  by 
ncciileiit  ;  and  1  apiain  \Vad.>«worih  tayin<r  bold  of  the 
charter,  disappeared  with  it  before  thev  could  be  ickm- 
dled.  Me  conveyed  il  securely  throutib  the  crowd, 
who  opened  lo  le*  him  fiass.  and  closed  their  ranks  as 
he  proceeded,  and  deposiicd  it  in  the  hollow  of  a  vene- 
rable dm  tree,  \«Sich  relained  ibe  precious  deposit  tilt 
the  era  of  ihe  I'niilish  revolution,  and  v\as  loiiu  re- 
yarded  with  vrir.  r.ituui  bv  (he  ]ieople,  as  the  conleii,- 
fiorarv  atid  asso'-iale  of  a  transaciion  ."*o  intereslmu  t> 
their  liberties  .\nilros  tindmi;  all  Ins  elloits  metres  • 
tiial  to  recover  the  chartet.  or  aM-ertaiti  ibe  person  by 
whom  It  had  been  seereled.  contented  himself  witli 
ilect.irmj;  the  ancnml  novtirnmeiit  dissolved:  ynd  a.^ 
sumii'^  ll.e  adiomistMlion  into  bis  own  hands,  be  er«- 
ated  two  of  tbe  |  rin(-i))ul  inhabitants  members  of  biit 
trcneral  lej^islative  council. 

liaviuiT  iliiis  u'-.ited  the  v\hole  of  Nev*-  Fiii»land  un- 
iier  one  aibinni-tralion,  Andros  prin-eeded.  wnii  me  a,s- 
sisiaiKc  of  his  i».'aiid  leuislative  council  selected  trom 
the  inhabitants  of  the  several  provinces,  to  enact  laws 
and  rci.nilalions  -■alcnlated  to  t'ortily  his  government, 
ai'i!  til  itrecluale  Ihe  chaiii^es  which  he  dt  ennd  iieces- 
sarv  tl)  lis  securnv.  An  act  revivint;  the  former  ia\a- 
tion  was  obtameil  from  the  council;  and  yei,  even  this 
iiecess.irv  procecilitijj  v\as  obstmcied  by  ihe  reluctance 
with  which  these  persons,  though  selected  by  himself, 
consented  lo  become  the  insiniinents  of  nvetin,'  ihe 
shackles  ol  ihcir  cjuiilry.  Tlie  onlv  fariher  oppiisiiniii 
which  he  expeiieneed,  proceeded  !iom  the  inliabilant.* 
ol  the  countv  of  Kssex,  who.  msistin^r  that  tlicy  were 
Ireerm'ti,  relused  to  appropriate  (he  as.»essinents  ol  a 
taxation  wlncli  'Ley  coiiMdered  unlaw fullv  unpovcil. 
But  tlii'ir  0|ipo>ilion  W!is  easily  suppress!  d.  ami  many 
oliliem  severely  [iiinislied.  Andio.ive  y  <]Uiekly  ft.und 
lh.it  the  revenues  of  the  ancienl  Movernmeni  would  lie 
insullieienl  lo  support  the  expen.-es  of  Ins  more  cosiU 
iulmimslration  ;  and  while  he  nolilied  this  delah  aiioii 
to  the  kini».  be  iiiinnated.  at  tbe  same  tune,  with  a  de- 
cree of  humanity  that  at  least  deseives  lobe  noticed, 
that  the  coiinlrv  was  so  much  impoverished  by  ilio 
etl'icts  of  the  Indian  war  and  recent  losses  at  sea  and 
scanty  harvests,  that  an  mcrcaso  of  taxation  i  oiild  wilh 
didiculiy  be  borne.  Hiii  ibe  kin^r  bad  exhausted  his 
hnmamly  in  the  letter  of  inslrnclions.  and  reuirm-d 
peremptory  orders  to  raise  tbe  taxes  to  a  level  vvilh 
the  changes  of  udimmsiration  ;  and  .\iidros  Ironi  this 
moment,  eilber  stidmii  bis  biinantiy,  or  discarding  his 
snpertliions  respeci  to  ihe  niodetation  of  the  king,  pro- 
ceeded to  exercise  Ins  power  with  ii  risjor  and  mjualico 
that  rendered  his  government  universally  odious.  Tbo 
weiijbt  of  laxaium  was  opprcMKively  aiimnenled.  and 
all  Ihe  fees  of  ollice  screwed  up  to  an  enormous  beiKht. 
The  eereinonul  of  marriaye  was  altered,  and  the  cele- 
bration of  that  rile,  which  bad  been  hiihefto  exercised 
by  tbe  inagi^lratvs,  vvu«  confuiid  to  the  ministers  of 


I 


208 


1  HE    HISTORY   OF 


Ihff  church  of  Kngland,  of  whom  therr  ivaB  only  ono  in 
the  pruvim.p  of  Ma^nnchnsottB.  The  fasts  and  thankn* 
{TivinL'H  Hppointrd  hy  the  conijrctfutionat  rhiirohen  wpie 
arbiiritrily  suppredHfil  by  ihe  Rovcpior.  who  gave  no- 
tice ihat  the  rr^iilation  of  Biicn  matters  hclonged  cn- 
tirdy  lo  the  civil  imwer.  !!«  declari'd  repeatedly  in 
council  thill  the  i-eople  would  find  themsrlvcji  niictaken 
ir  they  siifipoNed  ihnl  the  privileues  of  Englishmen 
wuntd  follow  them  to  iho  end  of  tho  world,  and  that 
ihe  only  dilference  between  their  condition  and  that  of 
plovp!«,  was  that  they  were  neither  housht  nor  aold.  It 
wnn  declared  untawfnl  for  the  coionistfi  to  aa&emhte  in 
pnhlic  meetings,  or  for  any  one  to  quit  the  province 
without  a  passport  from  the  governor;  and  Randolph, 
now  at  the  summit  of  his  wishes,  was  not  ashamed  to 
boast  in  his  letters  thul  the  rulers  of  New  England 
•'were  as  arbitrary  as  the  great  Turk."  While  An- 
droH  mocked  the  people  with  the  semblance  of  trial  by 
jury,  he  easily  contrived,  by  the  well  known  practice 
of  paekiitg  yiTief^f  to  convict  and  wreak  his  vengeance 
on  every  person  who  onfcnded  him,  as  well  as  to  screen 
the  enormities  of  his  own  dependents  from  the  punish- 
ment they  deserved.  And,  as  if  to  complete  the  dis- 
content that  such  proceedings  excited,  he  took  occa- 
sion to  question  the  validity  of  individual  titles  to  land, 
declaring  that  the  rights  acquired  under  the  sanction  of 
the  ancient  government  were  tainted  with  its  vices  and 
must  share  its  faie.*  New  grants  or  patents  from  the 
governor  were  declared  to  be  requisite  to  mend  the 
aofertive  titles  to  land ;  and  writs  of  intrusion  were 
issued  against  those  who  refused  to  apply  for  liuch 
patents  and  to  pay  the  enormous  fees  that  were  charged 
tor  them.  The  king,  indeed,  had  now  encouraged 
Andros  tr  consider  the  people  whom  he  governed  as  a 
society  of  felons  or  rebels  ;  for  he  transmiued  to  him 
express  directions  to  grant  his  majesty's  moat  gracious 
pardon  to  as  many  of  the  people  as  should  apply  for  it. 
l3ut  none  had  the  meanness  to  ask  for  a  grace  ihat 
suited  only  the  guilty.  The  only  act  of  the  king  that 
was  favorably  regarded  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  colony, 
was  his  ihrtaration  of  iiidnirrence^  which  excited  so 
much  dis^iatisfaction  in  Britain,  even  among  the  pro- 
testant  dissenters  who  shared  its  bcne6t.  Notwith- 
standing the  intolerance  that  has  been  imputed  to  New 
Fnnhnui,  thin  declaration  produced  general  satisfaction 
thiro.  though  there  were  not  wanting  some  who  had 
iliscornment  enough  to  perceive  that  the  sole  object  of 
tho  king  was  the  gradual  re  introduction  of  poperv. 

After  many  inefTeotual  remonstrance:^  against  his 
oppressive  proceedings  had  bren  made  by  the  colonists 
to  AndjOH  iiimself,  two  deputies,  one  of  whom  was  In- 
(rease  Mather,  the  most  eminent  divine  and  most  popti- 
!  ir  mini'itcr  in  Massachusetts,  were  sent  over  to  Eng* 
l.ind.  [IfiSS.]  to  submit  the  tjrievances  of  the  colony  to 
the  humane  i-onsidoratiou  of  the  kinir.  Randolph,  who 
was  revellinir  in  the  [irofils  of  ilie  office  of  posi-tnasicr- 
peneral  of  New  En^l  uid.  with  whicli  his  »*ervditv  had 
bren  rrwiinitul,  lubored  to  defeat  tho  success  of  the 
depulalion  hv  wrilinij  lo  tho  Kn^lish  minislv  that  Ma 
ther  was  a  siMlitious  and  profligate  incendiary,  and  that 
bis  object  was  to  pave  the  way  to  the  overthrow  of 
retral  iioverninrnt.  Yot  tlie  requests  of  the '-oloiiists 
were  extronielv  modrrate.  Whaf'ver  thev  might  de- 
sire, all  that  thoy  demanded  was  that  thoir  freeholds 
niiilht  be  respected,  and  that  a  colonial  assemblv  nnght 
Im!  established  for  the  purpose,  at  least,  of  adjusting 
their  taxation.  The  first  of  these  points  was  conceded 
bv  t^" '*■  "g  ;  but  as  to  tlie  other,  be  was  inexorable. 
When  Sir  William  Phipps.  who  had  gained  his  esteem 
by  his  spirit  and  gallantry,  pressed  him  to  grant  the 
colonists  an  assembly,  he  replied,  "Any  thing  hut  thai. 
Sir  William  ;"  and  even  the  opinion  of  Powis,  the 
attoniev-general,  to  whom  the  application  of  the  depu- 
ties had  been  submilte'l,  and  wljo  reported  in  favor  of 
.t,  produced  no  change  in  his  doterinmation.  James 
had  now  matured  and  extended  his  system  of  colonial 
policy.  He  had  determined  to  reduce  all  the  Ame- 
rican governments,  as  well  those  which  were  denomi- 
.latcd  proprietary  as  otherij,  to  an  immediate  depend- 
ence on  the  crown,  for  the  double  purpose  of  etldcing 
the  examples  that  might  diminish  the  resignation  of  the 
people  of  New  EngUnd,  and  of  combining  the  force  of 
fill  the  colonies  from  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  to  the 
Hhures  of  Nova  Scutia,  into  a  compact  body  that  might 
be  capable  of  presenting  a  barrier  to  the  formidable 
encroachments  of  France.  A  general  aversion  to 
liberal  institutions,  no  doubt,  concurred  with  these  pur- 
poses ;   and   the   panegyrics  that  resounded  from  his 


•  The  litleiof  many  nf  the  pntprielors  nf  ef^totos  In  New 
Eiiglanildtpended  uponcniiveyatices  executed  by  the  Indians  ; 
bol  AndroB  declared  that  Indian  dettds  were  no  better  than 

CbeBaniohor«bBU*Bpaw.*'    Belknap,  L  333. 


oppressed  subjects  in  Britian  on  the  happiness  that  was 
reported  to  be  enjoyed  in  America,  contributed,  at  this 
period,  in  no  slight  degree  lo  whet  bis  dislike  to  Ame- 
rican institutions.*  With  a  view  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  this  design,  he  had  in  the  preceding  year  com- 
mainied  writs  of  if  it  o  warranto  to  be  issued  tor  ihe  pur- 
no.>c  of  cdncclliiig  all  the  patents  that  still  romaiiicd 
in  force  ;  and,  ahorfly  before  the  arrival  of  the  deputa- 
tmn  from  Massachusetts,  a  now  commission  had  been 
directed  to  Andros,  annexing  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey to  his  government,  and  appointing  Francis  Nichol- 
son his  beutenant.  Andros  etl'ectuated  this  anncxution 
with  his  ubual  promptitude ;  and.  having  appointed 
Nicholson  deputy-governor  at  New  York,  he  adniiin- 
Btered  the  whole  of  his  vast  dominion  with  a  vigor  that 
rendered  him  formidable  to  the  French,  but,  unhappily, 
still  more  formidablo  and  odious  to  the  people  whom 
he  governed. 

Sir  William  Phipps,  who  had  employed  his  influence 
with  the  king  ia  behalf  of  the  deputation  from  Massa- 
chusetts, was  himself  a  native  of  tho  province,  and,  not- 
withstanding a  mean  education  and  the  depression  of 
the  humblest  circumstances,  had  raised  himself  by  the 
mere  vigor  of  his  mind  to  a  conspicuous  rank,  and 
gained  a  high  reputation  for  spirit,  skill,  and  success. 
He  kept  sheep  in  his  native  province  till  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age,  and  was  afterwards  apprenticed  to  a  ship 
carpenter.  When  he  was  freed  from  his  indentures,  he 
pursued  a  seafaring  life,  and  attained  tho  station  of 
captain  of  a  merchant  vessel.  Having  met  with  an 
account  of  tho  wreck  of  a  Spanish  ship,  loaded  with 
great  treasures,  near  the  Bahama  islands,  about  fifty 
years  before,  he  conceived  a  plan  of  extricating  the 
buried  treasure  from  the  bowels  of  tho  deep  ;  and, 
transporting  himself  to  England,  he  slated  his  scheme 
so  plausibly  that  the  king  was  struck  wiih  it,  and  in 
1683  sent  him  out  with  a  vessel  to  make  the  attempt. 
It  proved  unsucccsb'ui ;  and  all  his  urgency  conld  not 
induce  the  king  to  engage  in  a  repetition  of  it.  But 
the  Duke  of  Albermarle,  resuming  the  design,  equipped 
a  vessel  lor  the  purpose,  and  gave  the  coimnand  of  it 
lo  Phipps,  who  now  realizing  the  expcctaiiuus  he  had 
formed,  siiccet  (tod  in  raising  specie  to  the  value  of  at 
least  300, UOO/.  from  the  bollum  of  the  ocean.  Of  this 
treasure,  he  uhlained  a  portion  sutficicnt  to  make  his 
tbrtunc,  with  a  &ldl  larger  meed  of  general  considera- 
tion and  apptiuse.  The  king  was  exliorled  by  some  of 
his  courtiers  to  confiscate  the  whole  uf  the  specie  thus 
recovered,  on  pretence  that  u  lair  representation  of  the 
project  iiad  not  been  made  to  him  ;  but  he  declared 
that  the  representation  had  been  perhicily  fair,  and  that 
nothing  but  his  own  misgivings,  and  the  evil  advice  and 
mean  suspicions  of  these  couruors  themselves,  had  de- 
prived iiim  uf  the  treasure  that  this  boncsi  man  had 
lalmrod  lo  procure  him.  liu  conceived  a  high  regard 
for  IMupps,  and  cunlerrcd  llie  rank  of  knigliihood  upon 
liiin.  Sir  William  empioyed  his  iiitluence  at  court  for 
the  bcnelji  of  liis  country  ;  .'iiitl  hii  patriotism  seiMus  not 
to  lidvo  hirmed  hiin  iii  the  opiiuoii  of  the  king.  Find- 
ing that  lie  could  not  prevail  lo  obtain  the  rLSturatioii 
ot  llie  charier  privileges,  he  solicUtd  and  received  the 
appoinlment  ot  high  sheritf  of  New  England  ;  in  the 
ho^)e  lliut  by  ii'intdyjug  the  abuses  that  were  coinmil- 
Led  Ml  the  impannellii^  of  juries,  he  might  create  a  bar- 
rier against  tiie  tyranny  of  Andros.  But  tiie  governor 
and  Ins  crciluru?;,  inccn&cd  at  this  interference,  made 
an  aiiempt  to  have  iiim  assusainated,  and  soon  compel- 
led him  to  quit  the  province  and  take  sheller  in  Eng- 
land. James,  shortly  before  bis  own  alhlicaliun,  among 
the  olher  attempts  he  made  lu  conciliate  his  subjects, 
ortered  Pliipps  tlie  government  of  New  England  ;  but, 
iiappity  for  hiB  pretensions  to  an  oflice  he  so  welt 
deserved,  he  refused  to  accept  it  from  a  falling  lyraiu, 
and  under  a  system  whicii,  instead  uf  seeking  any 
longer  lo  mitigate,  he  hoped  speedily  to  bee  dissolved. 

The  dissatisfactions  of  th»  people  of  New  England 
continued  meanwhile  to  increase  lo  such  a  height,  that 
every  act  of  the  government  was  viewed  through  the 
medium  of  a  strong  dislike.  In  order  to  discredit  the 
ancient    administraiion,    Andros    and    Randolph   had 

•  Drydeii,  whn.se  servile  iniiae  raithl'iilly  re-echoed  the  scnli. 
menu  of  the  court,  thua  expresiies  hiniseir  in  a  theatrical  pro- 
lugue  wriiien  in  ihe  year  Iti^ti — 

"  Since  faction  ehba,  and  roginja  grow  outnf  Tashion, 
Their  penny  scribes  lake  rare  to  infoi  m  Iho  naiiun 
How  well  men  thrive  in  this  or  that  plaululion : 

How  Pennsylvania's  air  agrees  wiihquakers, 

And  Caruliiia^s  with  aitsocinters ; 

Buth  c*eii  too  goud  foi  inadiuen  and  fur  traitora. 

Truth  Ifl,  our  land  with  saints  Is  so  run  ^er. 

And  every  age  prmlucei  aur.h  a  store. 

Thai  now  tliox«'s  neiid  of  two  New  Eoglandii  oKin.** 


labored  lo  propagate  the  opinion  that  the  Indians  had 
hitherto  been  treated  with  a  cruelty  and  injustice,  to 
which  all  the  hostilities  with  these  aavages  ought  re^ 
Bonably  to  be  imputed  ;  and  had  vaunted  their  own 
aliihty  to  rule  i hem  by  gentleness  and  Cipiity.*  But 
this  year  their  theory  and  their  policy  wore  alike  diB- 
graced  bv  the  furious  hostilities  of  the  Indians  on  the 
eastern  frontiers  of  New  Kngland.  The  movementa 
ol  these  savages  were  excited  on  this,  as  on  former 
occasions,  by  the  insidious  artifices  of  the  French,  whose 
unprincipled  suppleness  of  character  and  demeanor  has 
always  been  much  more  acceptable  to  the  Indians  in 
their  native  condition,  than  ihe  grave  unbending  spirit 
of  the  Knglish,  and  has  found  it  easier  to  cultivato  antl 
employ  than  to  check  or  eradicate  the  treachery  and 
ferocity  of  their  Indian  neighbors  'i'lic  KnglisJi  set- 
tlers oifcrcd  to  the  Indians  terms  of  accommodation, 
which  at  first  ihey  seemed  willing  lo  accept;  but  the 
eiicouragements  of  their  French  allies  soon  prevailed 
with  them  to  reject  all  friendly  overtures,  and  their 
native  ferocity  prompted  them  to'signalize  ihi.s  declara- 
tion by  a  series  of  un|)rovoked  and  unexpected  inasea- 
cres.  Andros  published  a  proclamntion  requiring  that 
the  murderers  should  be  delivered  up  lo  him  ;  but  the 
Indians  treated  him  and  his  proclamation  with  con- 
tempt. In  the  depth  of  winter  he  found  himself  obli- 
ged to  march  aoaiust  them  ;  and  though  he  succeeded 
in  occupying  and  fortifying  positions  which  enabled  him 
to  curb  their  insolence,  he  made  little  or  no  impression 
on  their  numerical  sireiiuih.  and  lost  a  great  many  of 
his  own  men  in  vain  at  tempt)*  to  follow  them  into  thei 
fastnesses,  in  tlie  nioM  rigorous  season  of  ihe  year. 
So  strong  and  so  undiscriniinating  was  the  lislike  he 
hud  excited  among  the  people  of  New  Kngland,  that 
ibis  expedition  was  uniustly  ascribed  to  a  wish  lo  de- 
ylroy  liie  troops,  whom  he  conducted,  by  cold  and 
famine. 

At  length  llie  smothered  rage  of  tho  people  burst 
forth.  In  the  following  spring  [l(i89.]  some  vague 
intelligence  was  received,  Iiy  way  of  Virginia,  of  the 
proceedings  of  ihe  firmce  of  Orange  in  England.  The 
old  magistrates  and  leading  men  ui'  tin?  colony  ardently 
wished  and  se  reily  prayed  that  success  might  attend 
him;  buMlie»  eterminod  in  so  great  a  cause  lo  com- 
mit nothmg  .meccHsarily  to  hazard,  and  quietly  to 
await  an  event  which  they  snppo.sed  ihat  no  movement 
of  theirs  could  either  occeleraie  or  retard.  Uut  New 
Kngland  was  destined  to  clfect,  by  her  own  elfurts,  her 
own  liberation  ;  and  the  inhabitunls  of  iMassachusetts 
were  now  to  exercise  the  brave  privilege  which  nearly 
a  century  after,  and  iu  a  conlltcl  siill  more  arduous, 
their  children  again  were  ready  to  assert,  of  being  tho 
first  lo  resist  op[.'ression.  and  showing  their  countrymen 
tho  way  to  iiidependeiK'o.  'i'he  cautious  policy  and 
prudential  dissuasions  from  violence  lliat  were  em- 
ployed by  the  older  iniiahitants  of  the  [irovince,  were 
uLierly  disregarded  by  the  great  body  of  the  people. 
>itung  Willi  the  rceollection  of  past  injuries,  tiieir  impa- 
tience, on  llie  first  prospect  of  relief,  could  not  be  re- 
sir-iiiitd.  All  at  once,  and  ap|iarenity  without  any  pre- 
concerted plan,  an  insurrection  broke  forth  in  the  town 
of  IIosloM  ;  the  drums  beat  lo  arms,  the  people  Hocked 
together;  and  in  a  few  hours  llie  revolt  became  so 
universal,  and  the  energy  of  the  people  so  overpower- 
ing, that  all  thoughts  of  resisting  their  purpose  were 
abandoned  by  the  governmenl.  The  scruples  of  the 
more  wealihy  and  cautious  inhabitants  wore  completely 
overcame  by  the  obvious  necossity  of  interfering  lo 
calm  and  regulaie  the  fervor  of  the  nopulaee.  Aiidrna 
and  about  fifty  of  the  most  obnoxious  characters  were 
seized  and  imprisoned.  On  the  first  inielligence  o^ 
the  tumuli,  Andros  had  sent  a  parly  of  soldiers  to  ap- 
preiiend  Mr.  Uradstreet;  a  measure  ihat  served  only 
to  suggest  to  the  people  who  their  leader  ought  to  be, 
and  to  anticipate  the  unaninmus  choice  by  which  this 
venerable  man  was  reinstated  in  the  otHce  he  had  held 
when  bifl  country  was  deprived  of  her  liberties.  Though 
now  bending  under  the  weight  of  ninety  years,  his  m- 
telleetual  powers  seemed  to  have  undergone  but  little 
abatement :  he  retained  (says  Cotton  Mather)  a  vigor 
and  wisdom  that  wouhl  have  recommended  a  younger 
man  to  the  government  of  a  greater  colony.  As  the 
tidings  of  the  revolt  spread  tlirough  the  province,  tho 
people  eagerly  flew  to  arms,  and  hurried  to  Boston  to 
co-operate  with  their  countrymen  in  the  cause  which 
they  found  already  crowned  with  complete  success. 
To  tho  assembled  crowds  a  declaration  was  read  from 
the    balcony   of  the  Court    House,   enumerating  the 


*  It  appears  ihat  Handidph  rntilvated  the  good  opitt'nnot 
William  Penn,  by  writing  to  him  hi  this  vtraiii,  as  welt  as  by 
eondemidng  the  former  peraeciiiion  ol'  the  (juakere  in  Maa- 
BacbUB««tB.    Uuicblnsoo,  164.    Chaluiure,  493,  434. 


«uu. 


"izj^^^-'*"-^  •---,^pi 


■.miauMWJui,';!  »'iUL  \ 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


300 


the  Indians  hid 
and  injustice,  to 
■ogns  ought  r«B- 
iriled  ihfir  own 
i  eciiiiiy.*  But 
were  alike  tlis- 
)  Indian')  on  the 
I'ho  movements 
id.  as  on  former 
cKrcnch,  whose 
id  dempanorhas 
o  the  Indiano  in 
unbending  npirit 
to  cutiivate  and 
'  trcmhrry  and 
riic  l')n|;lisJi  set- 
ai'comniodation, 
nccept ;  hut  the 
»  soon  prevailed 
ruircH.  and  their 
hzo  this  dcctara- 
cxpectrd  masea- 
im  rt'qniring  thai 
to  liim  ;  but  the 
iBtion  A'iih  con- 
nd  hirnsflf  obli- 
Jill  lie  succeeded 
Inch  enabled  him 
or  no  impression 
a  ^reat  many  of 
V  them  into  thei 
on  of  the  year. 
s  the  hslike  he 
;w  F^igiand,  that 
(o  a  widh  to  de- 
ed, by   cold  and 

the  people  burst 
3U.]  some  vayue 
Virt>iniu,  of  the 
Kiijiland.     The 
colony  urdenlly 
esa  mi^ht  ailciid 
L  a  <:ntise  to  com- 
and  quietly  to 
liat  no  movement 
etard.     Hut  New 
r  own  ell'orts,  her 
of  Massachusetts 
le^re  which  nearly 
til  more  arduous^ 
tserl,  of  beiiij^  the 
their  countrymen 
[ilious  ])olicy  and 
c   that   were  e»»- 
tie  province,  were 
(ly  of  the  people, 
juries,  tiieir  iinpa- 
couUi  not  be  re- 
ii  withiiut  any  pre- 
furlh  in  tlie  town 
the  people  Mocked 
revolt  became  so 
pie  so  overpower- 
leir  purpose  were 
le  scruples  of  the 
.8  were  completely 
of  interfering  to 
opulace.     Androa 
IS  characters  were 
rst  inleilrgence  o^ 
of  soldiers  to  ap- 
!  thai  served  only 
>ader  ought  to  be, 
3ice  by  which  tliis 
office  he  bud  held 
liberties.  Tiiough 
Inety  years,  his  ui- 
ider^oiie  but  little 
III  Mallier)  a  vigor 
mended  a  younger 
r  colony.     As  the 
the  province,  thn 
rried  to  Boston  to 
I  the  cause  which 
complete  succeei. 
iou  was  read  from 
enumerating  the 


the  good  npin'nnot 
ffirain,  as  well  ts  by 
the  quakers  in  Ma*- 
U  493,  434. 


gnevanceii  of  the  colony,  and  tracing  the  whole  to  the 
tyrannical  abrogation  of  the  charter.  A  committee  of 
safety  was  appointed  by  general  consent ;  and  an  as- 
•embly  of  representatives  being  convened  .noon  after, 
thin  body,  by  an  unanimous  voie,  and  with  the  hearty 
concurrence  of  the  whole  provinre,  declared  their  an- 
cient charter  and  its  constitutions  to  be  resumed  ;  re- 
appointed Bradstreet  and  all  the  other  magistnitcs  who 
had  been  in  office  in  the  year  1686  ;  and  directed  these 
persons  in  all  things  to  conform  to  the  provisions  of 
ihe  charter,  "that  this  method  of  government  may  be 
found  among  us  whcnorder  shall  come  from  the  higher 
powers  in  Kngland."  They  declared  that  Andros  and 
the  counsellors  who  had  been  imprisoned  along  with 
him  were  detained  in  custody  to  aliide  the  directions 
that  might  be  received  concerning  them  from  his  high- 
ness the  Prince  of  Orange  and  the  English  parliament. 
What  would  be  the  extent  of  the  revolution  that  was 
in  profrress  in  the  parent  state,  and  lo  what  settlement 
of  alfairs  it  would  finally  conduct,  was  yel  wholly  un- 
known in  the  colonies 

The  example  of  .Massachusetts  was  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  the  oilier  provinces  of  New  E^ngland.  When 
the  tidings  of  the  revolution  at  Boston  reached  Con- 
necticut, the  inhabitants  determined  no  longer  to  ac- 
knowledge a  governor  who  from  the  command  of  one 
half  of  the  colonies  wjs  now  reduced  to  the  situation 
of  a  delinquent  in  j.iil.  Their  charter  reappeared  from 
Its  concealment ;  and  thechiirtered  government,  which 
had  never  been  either  expressly  surrendered  or  legally 
dirtsnlvcd,  was  instantly  resumed  with  universal  satis- 
faction. The  people  of  Rhode  Island  had  never  been 
required  to  givn  up  ilie  cliarti-r  whose  privileges  they 
had  so  nolciiiiilv  and  forin:illv  surrendered  ;  and  they 
now  scrupled  not  to  decl.irc  that  it  was  still  in  force, 
and  to  remove  a.^  well  us  they  conid  the  only  obslnic- 
tion  to  this  plea,  by  repealing  the  act  of  surrender. 
New  Ptvmoiilh,  in  like  manner,  resumed  instanta- 
neously its  ancient  form  of  government  In  New 
Hiiinpshire,  a  general  convention  of  the  inhabitants 
xv;:s  called,  and  the  resolution  adoj)ted,  of  re-annexing 
the  province  to  Miissucliuseits.  In  conformity  with 
this  resolution,  deputies  were  elected  to  represent  them 
i,  the  tieneral  court  at  Boston  ;  but  King  William 
refused  to  comply  with  the  wishes  of  the  people,  and 
some  time  after  ap|)oiutcd  a  separate  governor  for  New 
H-iMtpshiro. 

Allhuiii>h  the  people  of  Nfassichusetts  had  at  first 
intimated  very  plainly  their  purpose  to  revive  by  lliuir 
own  act  their  ancient  charter,  the  cool  consideration 
that  succeeded  the  ferment  during  which  this  purpose 
had  been  entertained,  convinced  lliein  that  it  was  ne- 
cessary to  forego  it,  and  that  the  restoration  of  a  charier 
80  formally  vacated  by  the  existing  atuhorities  of  the 
parent  state  could  proceed  only  from  the  crown  or  le- 
gislature of  England.  Hearing  of  the  convention  of 
estates  that  had  been  convoked  by  the  Prince  of  Orange 
in  Eutilauil,  the  provineial  government  of  Massachu- 
setts called  together  a  similarconvciiiion  of  the  counties 
and  tOAus  of  the  {irovince  ;  and  it  was  the  opinion  of 
the  majority  of  this  assembly  tha.  the  charter  could  not 
be  resumed.  Intelligence  having  arrived  of  the  settle- 
ment of  Kiiijland  ami  the  investiture  of  William  and 
Mary  with  tlie  crown,  they  were  proclaimed  in  the  co- 
lony with  extraordinary  soleuiiiily  and  universal  satis- 
faction. A  lettiT  was  soon  after  addressed  by  ihu  new 
8>vereigns,  To  the  Colony  of  Mass.iciiusetts,  express- 
it)'^  the  rova!  allowance  ami  approliation  of  the  laie  pro- 
ceedings of  the  people,  and  authorising  tlie  prcbcnl 
magistrates  to  eontinno  the  admniistratiou  of  the  public 
affairs,  till  their  majesties,  with  the  advice  of  the  privy 
council,  sliould  nettle  them  on  a  basis  that  would  he 
satisfactory  to  all  their  subjects  in  the  colony.  An 
onler  was  transmitted,  at  the  same  time,  to  send  Andros 
and  the  other  prisoners  lo  England,  that  they  might 
answer  the  charges  preferred  against  thetn.  Additional 
deputies  were  chosen  by  the  colony  to  join  Mr.  Mather, 
who  still  continued  in  England,  and,  in  concurrence 
with  him,  to  substantiate  the  charges  against  Andros. 
and,  above  all,  to  endeavor  to  procure  the  re:ftoration 
of  the  charter. 

But  before  the  colonists  were  able  to  ascertain  if 
this  favorite  object  was  to  be  promoted  by  the  English 
iBVoIulion,  they  felt  the  evil  eflfects  of  that  great  event, 
in  the  consequences  of  the  war  that  had  already  broken 
out  between  England  France.  The  war  between  the 
two  parent  states  quickly  extended  itself,  to  their  po»- 
lessions  in  America  and  the  colonies  of  New  England 
■nd  New  York  were  now  mvolved  in  bloody  and  deso- 
'ating  hos'ilitie^  with  the  forces  of  the  Krench  in  Ca- 
niidi.  ;iii'l  ilieir  IiuiKiu  luxihirics  and  allies.  The  hos- 
tilities   iiut   wtr-'    directed    a^rinnt  New    York  bo- 


long  to  another  portion  of  (his  hiplory.  In  concert 
with  them,  various  attacks  were  made  by  considerable 
bodies  of  the  Indians  in  the  conclusion  of  this  year  on 
(he  settlements  onil  forts  in  New  Ilainp.'>hire  and 
iMaiiie  ;  and  in  several  instances  being  crowni-d  with 
success,  ihey  were  productive  of  the  most  horrid  ex- 
tremities of  savage  cruelty.  Fully  aware  that  these 
depredaliona  originated  in  C'lnada  and  Acadia,  the 
general  court  of  .Massachusetts  [irepared  durmg  the 
winter  an  expedition  against  both  Port  Royal  and 
Quebec.  The  command  of  it  was  intnisted  to  Sir 
William  Phipps,  who,  on  the  dis.^olution  of  the  late  ar- 
bitrary government,  had  come  to  New  Kiighind  m  the 
tiope  of  being  able  ro  render  some  service  to  bis  coun- 
trymen. Eight  small  vessels,  with  seven  or  ciubt  hun- 
dred men,  sailed  under  his  cotniimnd  in  the  following 
spring,  and,  almost  without  opposition,  took  possession 
of  i*ort  Koyal  and  of  the  whole  province  of  Aeadia  ; 
atid,  within  i  month  after  its  departure,  the  fleet  re- 
turned loaded  with  plunder  enough  to  defrav  the  whole 
expense  of  the  expedition.  But  the  Count  Prontignac, 
the  governor  of  ('anada,  retorted  by  severe  and  bloody 
attacks  on  the  more  remote  of  the  colonial  settlements ; 
and,  animating  the  hostilities  of  his  Indian  allies,  kept 
the  frontiers  in  a  state  of  incessant  alarm  by  their  con- 
tinued incursions.  Letters  had  been  written  by  the 
general  court  to  King  William,  urging  llie  importance 
of  the  conquest  of  Canada,  and  soliciting  bis  aid  to- 
wards that  attempt ;  but  be  was  too  much  occupied  in 
Europe  to  extend  his  exertions  to  America,  and  the 
general  court  determined  to  |)rosecute  the  expedition 
without  ins  assi-^tance.  New  fork  utid  Connetticul 
engaged  to  furnish  a  body  of  men  who  should  mardi  by 
tlie  way  of  Lake  (Jhanqilain  to  tiie  attark  of  Montreal, 
while  the  troops  of  Massachusetts  should  [iroceed  by 
sea  to  Qsiebec.  The  licet  destined  for  (his  expedition 
consisted  of  nearly  forty  vessels,  the  largest  of  which 
earned  forty-four  guns,  and  the  number  of  troops  on 
board  amounted  to  two  thousand.  The  command  of ; 
this  considerable  armament  was  confided  to  !Sir  Wil- 
liam Phipps,  who,  in  the  conduc;  of  it,  demonstrated 
his  usual  courage,  and  every  (lualiticalion  except  that  '. 
military  experience,  without  v\|iich,  in  warfare  waged 
on  so  large  a  scale  with  a  civilized  enemy,  all  the 
others  will  prove  unav  iiling.  The  troop.^  of  Connecticut  ! 
and  New  York,  retarded  by  defective  arrangements,  j 
and  disappointed  of  the  assistance  of  the  friendly  Indians  ' 
who  had  engaged  to  furnish  them  with  canoes  lor  cross- 
ing t.\\Q  rivers  they  h.id  lo  pass,  were  compelled  to  retire 
without  attacking  Montreal,  and  the  whole  force  of 
Canada  was  tluis  coiicenlraled  to  resist  tiie  attack  of 
Phipps.  His  annament  ariived  before  Quebec  so  late 
in  the  season,  th:it  only  a  rmtp  tk  main  could  have 
enabled  him  to  carry  the  pUcu  ;  but  iiy  unskilful  delay, 
the  lime  for  such  an  attempt  was  sutl'ereil  to  pass  un- 
improved. The  En;'lish  were  worsted  in  various  se- 
vere encounters,  and  compelled  at  length  to  make  a 
precipitate  retreat ;  and  the  fieet,  after  sustaining  i:on- 
siderable  loss  m  the  vovage  homeward,  returned  to 
Boston.  Such  was  the  untortunate  conclusion  of  an 
expedition  which  bad  involved  the  colony  in  an  enor- 
mous expense,  and  cost  the  liv^s  of  at  least  a  thousand 
men.  The  French  had  so  strongly  ajiprehended  tliai 
It  would  he  successful,  that  they  scrupled  not  lo  ascribe 
Its  failure  lo  the  imuieiiidte  inierposiiion  of  Heaven,  in 
confounding  the  devices  of  the  e.ipiny.  and  depriviiiii 
them  of  common  sense  :  and.  under  this  liupression 
the  pL'Ojile  of  Quebec  e:<tablislied  an  annual  procession 
in  commemoration  of  their  deliverance.  It  is,  how- 
ever, a  strong  proof  of  the  good  conduct  of  Phipps,  that 
a  result  so  disastrous  exposed  him  to  no  blame,  and 
deprived  him  in  no  degree  oi"  the  favor  of  h  >  lountry- 
men.  .\nd  yet  the  disappointment,  and  the  etlrcts  that 
resulted  from  il,  were  remarkably  severe.  The  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  had  not  even  anticipated  the 
possibility  of  miscarriage,  and  had  expected  to  derive, 
from  the  success  of  the  expedition,  the  same  reimburse- 
ment of  its  expenses,  of  which  their  former  enterprise 
bad  been  productiyc.  The  returning  army,  finding  the 
govermncut  totally  unprepared  to  satisfy  their  claims, 
were  on  the  point  of  mutinying  for  their  pay  ;  and  it 
was  found  necessary  to  issue  bills  of  credit,  which  the 
soldiers  consented  to  accept  in  pla  ;e  of  money.  The 
colony  was  now  in  a  very  fleprdsed  and  suffering 
slate.  Endeavoring  to  improve  the  calamities  which 
they  were  unable  to  avoid,  the  governmenl  earnestly 
endeavored  to  promote  the  increase  of  piety  and  the 
reformation  of  manners;  and  urged  upon  the  ministers 
and  the  people  the  duty  of  strongly  resisting  that  world- 
Imess  of  mind,  which  the  necessity  of  contending 
violently  for  tho  things  of  this  world  is  opt  to  beget. 
The  attacks  of  the  Indians  on  the  esstern  frontiers  were 


attended  with  a  degree  of  success  and  barbarity  thai 
diffused  general  terror  ;  and  Ihe  colonists  were  expect* 
iiii;  III  thiij  quiirler  to  l)e  drifen  from  their  seltlements, 
when,  alt  ut  once,  (hu«e  sava^'cs,  of  (heir  own  accord* 
proposed  a  )ieuee  of  .'«ix  inoiiths,  wli.eh  .vas  accepted 
by  ihe  government  with  great  vMllingJiess  and  deiout 
gratitude.  Ah  it  was  perfectly  ascerlainrd  that  the 
host  do  proceedings  of  ibese  wav-'ges  were  continually 
fostered  by  the  intrigues,  and  rendered  the  more  for- 
midable by  the  adsistance  and  instructions  uf  the  French 
anlboritics  in  Catiada,  thecoii'iuest  of  (his  province  be- 
gan to  be  considered  by  the  people  of  New  England 
indispensable  to  their  safely  and  trampiillity.  In  the 
;  hope  of  prevailing  with  the  king  to  sanction  and  em- 
brace this  enterprise,  as  well  as  for  the  purpose  of  aid- 
ing the  other  depnties  in  tho  no  less  interesting  iijipli- 
cation  for  the  restoration  of  the  colonial  charter,  .Sir 
William  Phipps,  soon  after  his  return  from  Quebec,  by 
desire  of  his  countrymen  procei'ded  to  Engltuid  * 

[1601.  J  In  the  discharge  uf  the  if  utie^^ol  ilieir  mission, 
the  deputies  appear  to  have  employed  every  elbut  that 
patriotic  zeal  could  prompt,  and  lionorahle  policy  could 
admit,  lo  obtain  salisfacdon  to  (heir  eoiK^itituenis  in  the 
punishment  of  their  oppressors,  uiid  the  restitution  o' 
their  charter.  But  in  both  these  objects  their  eiii^tta- 
vors  were  unsuccessful  ;  and  the  failure  (whether  justly 
or  not)  was  generally  ascrihcl  to  the  unbending  inte- 
gri(y  with  which  .Mather  and  Phipps  rejected  every  art 
and  intrigue  that  seemed  inconsistent  with  the  honor  of 
their  country.  It  was  soon  discovered  ih'tt  the  king 
and  his  minister  were  extremely  averse  lo  un  intpiiry 
into  the  conduct  of  Andros  and  Randolpii,  and  noi  lest 
so  to  the  restitution  of  the  ancient  charter  of  (he  colony. 
'I'he  proceedings  uf  the  British  court  on  this  occasion 
present  a  conliised  and  disgusting  [licture  of  in>rigue 
and  duplicity. t  The  deputies  were  beset  by  pretended 
counsellors  and  partizans,  noine  |>erh.ips  indiscreet,  and 
some  no  doubt  insincere.  They  were  jiersuuded,  by 
cerium  of  (heir  advisers,  to  present  to  tne  privy  council 
the  charges  against  Andros  tinsifjncd,  and  assured  by 
others,  that  in  so  doing  they  had  cni  the  throat  of  (har 
(•(iiinlnj.  When  they  attended  lo  present  their  (^barges, 
they  were  an'icipated  by  Andros  and  Uandolph,  who 
came  prepared  with  a  chariie  against  the  colony  for 
rebellion  against  lawful  authurity.  an''  the  imprisonment 
of  (heir  legUimale  governor.  JSir  John  .Soincrs,  the 
counsel  for  the  deputies  consented  that  Ihey  should 
abandon  the  Mliiatioii  of  accuj^ers  and  stand  on  the  de< 
fensive,  and  lie  tended  the  unsii^ncd  charges  as  aii 
answer  lo  the  accusations  of  Amlrus  and  Uaii'lolph. 
The  council  demurred  to  the  reception  of  a  plea  pre- 
sented in  the  name  of  a  whole  people,  and  required 
tliat  some  iridivtibuils  should  appear  and  nuke  the  plea 
their  own.  "  Who  'vas  it,"  said  the  Lord  President, 
••  that  imprisoned  .Sir  Kdmund  and  the  rest  •!  you  say 
It  was  the  country,  ami  that  they  ro.<^e  as  one  man.  Bvit 
that  is  nobody.  Let  ns  see  (lu?  persons  who  will  make 
t  their  own  cast;.  '  The  deptilies  (lierenpon  otl'ered  to 
sign  the  charges,  and  to  undert.ike  individually  every 
responsibility  for  the  acts  of  their  countrymen.  But 
they  were  deterred  from  this  proceeding  tiy  (he  remon- 
strances of  Sir  John  Somers,  who  insisted  (tor  no  in- 
telligible purpose)  on  persisting  in  Ihe  course  in  which 
they  tidd  liugun.  Some  ol  the  councillors  too,  prole  ned 
against  the  injustice  and  chicanery  of  emimiitermg 
the  complaint  o{  a  whole  country  with  objections  of 
such  a  technical  description  "  Is  not  ii  pl-iin,"  ihey 
urged,  *'  that  the  revolution  in  Massachusetts  was  car- 
ried on  exactly  in  the  same  manner  as  the  revolutp-n 
in  England  !  Who  seized  ami  imprisoned  (Jtiaricelloi 
Jeffries  !  who  secured  the  garrison  of  Hull  !  These 
were  the  acts  of  the  people,  and  not  of  priMitc  inilivi- 
duals."  This  difference  of  opinion  on  a  point  of  form 
seems  to  have  been  the  object  which  the  miuislry  bad 

V^ie.il,  ii.  44;i— ITO.  tlmcliiiiaoii,  i.  3il5 — tOl.  ClJvcrnoi 
Coiiteii's  History  of  the  Five  ludian  Nations  uf  Canaifa,  i 
\?Ji.  CoJilen  erroiicoiisly  supposiis  the  «xpeiliiioii  agaiii^ 
(|iii!bi'C  to  liave  taken  place  in  the  following  yt>ar. 

t  Pliilosuphic  olt^ervers  have  been  struck  witli  siirprtie  ai 
tlie  cotitru^t  beiween  thu  lAni;uai,'c  ami  the  cnmluct  of  the 
Erii-hsh  Whigii  in  ilio  Kevoluiido  of"  ItiSS.  Their  coiitluci  in 
ett'ertitig  ihe  §reat  chani^e  was  liberal  ami  niHiily.  Thefr 
l.Ltigimze,  contracteit  aiuf  prejudlceil,  seemed  inteoiled  to  veil 
the  audacity  of  ilieir  prnceeuni^s  IWn)  the  grussiiLCs  ai  put)- 
lie  view.  They  aoserletl  imletHasible  hereiiiiury  right  with 
thoir  tongues,  while  they  violated  it  with  their  haiiils  ;  antt  r«* 
flnactcd  the  »ettleineiit  of  the  crown  hi  thn  very  words  or  tlial 
act  of  settlement  which  they  had  an  deliberately  uet  aside- 
en  leavoring,  like  the  entailer  ol'  an  e.itiue,  to  th'prive  their 
poHtority  or  the  liberty  that  they  themselves  had  enjoyed  and 
(bund  it  necessary  lu  exercise.  They  s<:eii)ed  to  have  coo 
sidcred  the  Americans  in  some  auch  light  as  they  reifunled 
their  own  [Misterity,  and  to  have  hmkcd  with  very  liiile  lavoi 
on  every  exercise  of  liberty  iiidepei,dein  urilitoHiyvi-H.  While 
they  studied  lo  cluthe  their  own  ivimliiii  i,,  i:.i> -i- ,iti|,|.,ce  » 
precedent,  they  exaciod  a  subtiiaiiiial  ^iilii  ■:....  \>  ,.i.-.-j,i  ui 
trom  their  succesBurd  and  tlici;' di'ptMdi-  i  . 


970 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


•tudied  to  promote.  Without  determining  the  point, 
the  council  interrupted  the  diNcitSHion  by  a  resolution, 
that  the  whole  mutter  sliould  bo  subinitied  to  the  ktn<^ ; 
and  his  inujettty  soon  alter  Rigriitied  hi>«  pleasure  that 
the  complaints  of  both  parties  «hoi;M  bo  disinlnsed.* 
Thus  terminate'!  'he  iinpeuchtiuMi',  of  Andras.  in  a 
manner  very  ill  cakulated  to  impre^d  ihe  people  of 
Massachusetts  with  respect  for  the  jiiatice  of  the  British 
government.  They  had  soon  after  the  inort'hcation  of 
seeing  him  add  reward  to  impunity,  and  honored  with 
the  appointment  of  governor  of  Virainia.* 

The  deputies  finding  that  the  House  of  Commons, 
(hough  at  first  disposed  to  annul  the  proceedings  on  the 

3U0  tearranto  against  Massachusetts,  had  been  persua- 
ed  by  the  arguments  of  Somers  and  the  other  lawyers 
who  had  Heats  in  the  house  lo  depart  from  this  purpose, 
and  that  the  kini;  was  determined  not  to  restore  the 
old  charter,  employed  every  eiTorl  to  obtain  at  least  a 
restitution  ot  the  privile>res  it  hitd  contamed.  Dut 
William  and  his  ministers,  though  deterred  from  imi- 
tating Iho  tyratmiral  proceedm<;s  of  the  former  reign, 
were  heartily  desirous  of  availing  themselves  of  what- 
ever acquisitions  these  proceedings  might  have  made 
to  the  royal  prero(;aiive  ;  and  Hnding  that  the  crown 
had  acquired  a  legal  pretex'  lo  exercise  a  much  stronger 
authority  over  the  colony  than  hud  been  reserved  ni  its 
original  constitution,  it  was  determined  to  take  advant* 
age  of  this  pretext  without  reirard  to  the  tvrannical  na- 
ture of  the  proceeding  by  which  it  had  been  obtained. 
The  restoration  of  their  ancient  privilege  of  electing 
their  own  municipal  officers  was  arden.lly  desired  by 
the  people,  and  contended  for  by  the  deputies  with  a 
vehemence  which  the  kinjj  would  probably  have  re- 
aenied  as  disrespectful  to  himself,  if  he  h<)d  not  felt 
himse'f  bound  to  excuse  the  irnralioii  excited  liy  his 
own  injustice.  He  adhered  intlexihly  to  his  determina- 
tion of  retaiiun<r,  as  far  as  possible,  every  advantajre 
that  fortune  had  put  <nlo  hia  hands  :  and  at  length  a 
new  charier  was  framed,  with  changes  that  materially 
aHected  the  ancient  constiluliou  of  the  colony,  and 
transferred  lo  the  crown  many  valuable  privileges  tliat 
had  originally  hnlonged  lo  the  people.  By  this  charier 
the  territories  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  and  Maine. 
to^'ether  with  the  conquered  province  of  Acadia  or 
Nova  JScotia,  were  unitid  together  in  one  jurisdiction — 
an  arrangement  that  was  hy  no  means  satisfactory  to 
the  p.inies  uu-ludcd  in  it :  for  Plymouth,  which  had 
earnestly  solicited  u  separate  estal)lt>hri'.cm,  was  forci- 
bly annrxrd  lo  Massachusetts;  aiit!  Hampshire,  which 
had  as  earnestly  petitioned  to  be  iiKlu'U-d  in  this  an- 
nexation, was  erircled  into  a  separate  jurisdiction.! 
The  appointment  of  tlie  governor,  dopuiy  governor, 
secretary,  atui  all  ttie  olRcers  of  the  admiraliy.  was  re 
served  to  the  crown,  'rwenty-eijfltt  councillors  wvtc 
directed  to  he  chosen  by  Uic  lloust  of  Assembly,  and 
presented  to  l!iu  governor  for  his  a[)proli.itioii.  The 
governor  was  empowered  to  convoke,  adjourn,  pro- 
rogue, and  dissolve  the  dssembly  ut  plrasun;  ;  lo  nomi- 
nate, e.\clu>ively.  all  imliiary  olhccrs.  and  (with  the 
conseni  of  liis  council)  all  tlit;  juices  and  o:her  ollicers 
of  tiie  law.  To  the  governor  was  reserved  a  negative 
on  the  laws  and  aois  of  ihe  general  Hs>emhly  and  coun- 
cil ;  and  all  laws  enacted  by  these  bodies  and  approved 
by  ihe  governor  were  appointed  to  be  iraiisniitied  to 
Kngland  for  ihc  royal  approbation;  a:.d  if  disallowed 
witnm  the  space  of  ihree  years,  ihey  were  to  be  uilerly 
void 

The  innovations  that  were  thus  introduced  into  their 
ancient  consiiiiuion,  excited  much  uiscouicnt  in  the 
minds  of  the  people  of  Massachusetts;  the  more  so 
because  the  exieusion  of  royal  aulhoriiy  was  not  at- 
tended wiih  a  proportional  communication  of  the  royal 
prutectioT) :  and  the  king,  at  the  very  inne  when  he  ap- 
projiridtcd  the  most  valuable  privileges  of  the  people 
found  himself  constrained,  by  the  urgency  of  his  affairs 
in  Europe,  lo  reftise  the  assistance  which  the  people 
had   besoiiiiht   from  him  to  repel  the  hostilities  of  the 


*  Raiiitoliih  wa-i  iioi  Kent  back  to  America.  He  receiveil, 
however,  an  api^'iatiiiem  in  ttie  VVeut  liiJies,  where  he  diuit, 
reiainiim,  it  U  said,  his  ilit^like  of  the  people  of  Now  Ktiglaiid 
to  the  la^t.  KliMi'ff  Biovraphical  Diaionary  oC  New  KnglamI, 
40-^,3.  CranfleM,  thc'iyrttut  of  New  HumimltirB,  was  ap- 
pelated collectiir  of  Barbadi  ea.  He  rcpeni'id  of  h\s  conduct 
III  New  r.ngland,  aiui  endeavored  to  at. me  for  It  by  showing  all 
the  k'ndiiRss  in  hi^  power  to  the  iruder^j  frjin  that  country. 
Belknap,  i.  ^iil. 

f  The  union,  »i  eaniesity  desired  by  the  people  of  Mas- 
■Bchusett*  und  Nt-w  Hampshire,  was  overruled  by  the  interest, 
and  for  the  ci'nvenienCK,  of  Samuel  Allen,  a  merchant  In 
London,  to  whom  Msiao.i'a  hers  had  sold '.heir  claim  to  the 
aoll  of  New  Ilainpshiro  He  wan  ap|X)lnieil  the  lir.-<t  governor 
ol  the  province;  and  cmph.yii.^  his  authority  in  vexatit.  is 
but  uiisuccea^ful  attempts  to  emctuate  hib  piirrhaseil  claim, 
rendered  himself  extremely  odious  to  the  people.  Belknap, 
t  Up  ix  and  xt.     He   waa   superstded  by  Lord  Beltumuni  in 


fndiana  and  of  the  French  settlera  in  Canada.  The 
situation  of  the  states  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  fsland, 
which  were  permitted  to  renssumo  nil  their  ancient 
privileires,  rendered  the  injustice  with  which  Massachu- 
setts was  trea'.ed  more  riagrant  and  irritating.  Though 
legal  teehniealitics  might  seem  to  warrant  the  advan- 
ti^o  which  those  states  enjoyed,  it  wa.s  utterly  repug- 
nant (o  the  eidargcd  views  of  justice  and  equity  which 
ought  to  regulate  ihe  policy  of  a  legislator.  Only  mis- 
lake  on  the  one  hand,  or  their  own  artifice  on  the  other, 
could  be  supposed  to  entitle  ihem  to  a  distinction  that 
made  the  treatment  of  Massachusetts  inoro  invidious  ; 
and  a  very  dangerous  lesson  was  taught  to  the  colonies 
when  tiufy  were  thus  given  to  understand  that  it  was 
their  own  vigilant  dexterity  and  successful  intrigue,  or 
the  blunders  of  the  parent  slate,  that  they  were  to  rely 
on  as  the  safeguards  of  their  rights.  The  injustice  of 
the  policy  of  which  Massachusetts  now  complained  was 
reniiered  still  more  glaringly  apjiarent  hy  the  very  dif- 
ferent treatment  ohtainetl  by  the  powerful  corporation 
of  the  city  of  Lontlon.  The  charter  of  this  city,  though 
annulled  with  the  same  solemnity,  and  on  grounds  as 
plausible,  as  the  ancient  charter  of  Massachusetts,  was 
restored  hy  a  legit-lative  act  immediately  after  the  revo- 
lution. -Nor  was  any  polilical  advantage  derived  by 
the  Enirlish  government  from  this  violation  of  just  and 
eipntable  principles.  The  patronage  that  was  wrested 
from  the  people  and  appropriated  by  the  crown,  was 
quite  inideipiate  to  the  fortnation  of  a  powerful  royal 
party  in  the  country.  The  appointment  uf  the  governoi 
and  other  otIictTs  was  regarded  as  a  badge  of  depend- 
ance,  instead  of  foriiiing  a  bond  of  union.  The  popu- 
lar asscm1)lies  retained  sullioieni  intluence  over  the 
governors  lo  curb  them  in  the  ent'orcemeut  of  obnoxiouri 
measures,  and  siillicienl  power  to  restrain  them  from 
making  any  serious  inroad  on  the  eoii'Mluiton.  It  is  a 
remarkable  (act  that  ihe  dissensioun  between  the  two 
countries,  which  afterwards  leiininated  in  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  IJriiisii  empire  in  America,  were  m  a  great 
degico  promoted  by  the  pernicious  counsels  and  erro- 
neous iriformaiion  that  the  colonial  governors  of  those 
provinces,  in  svhich  the  a{>puintmeni  to  that  otiice  was 
exercised  hy  the  king,  transnutted  to  the  Knglish  ini- 
uislry. 

Aware  of  the  diss-tisfaclion  with  which  the  new 
charter  was  regarded,  the  minisiers  of  William  judged 
It  priideiU  to  wave  in  the  outset  ilie  full  exercise  of  the 
invidious  prerogative,  and  desired  the  deputies  to  name 
the  person  whom  they  considered  most  acceptable  to 
their  couiilryiueu  as  governor  of  Massachusetts  :  and 
the  deputies  having  concurred  m  the  nomination  of  fSir 
William  PiH))p8,  the  appointment  to  this  oJH^e  was  be- 
stowed on  him  accordingly.  This  act  of  courtesy  was 
attended  with  a  degree  ol  success  in  mollifying  the  ill 
humor  of  the  people,  that  strongly  attests  the  high  esti- 
mation in  which  Phipps  was  held  :  for  on  his  arrival  in 
Boston,  [i()9:j,J  though  some  discontent  was  expressed, 
and  several  of  ilie  meinlicra  of  the  general  court  loudly 
in^^isted  that  the  new  charter  should  be  absolutely  re- 
jected,* yei  tlie  great  tiody  of  the  people  received  him 
wilii  acclamations  ;  and  a  large  majority  of  the  general 
court  resolved  that  the  charter  should  be  thankfully 
accepted,  and  appointed  a  day  of  ihanksgiviug  for  the 
eafe  arrival  of  their  worthy  governor  and  Mr.  Mather, 
whose  services  they  acknowledged  with  grateful  com- 
memoration. The  new  governor  hastened  to  approve 
himself  worthy  of  the  favorable  regards  of  his  counlry- 
men.  Having  convoked  a  general  assembly  of  the  pro- 
vince, he  addressed  them  in  a  bhort  but  characteristic 
speech,  reeomiuendiug  to  them  llie  preparation  of  a 
body  of  gooil  laws  with  all  tlie  expedilion  they  could 
exert.  "Uentlemeu,"  said  he,  **you  may  make  your- 
selves as  eai-y  as  you  will  for  ever.  Consider  what 
may  have  a  tendency  to  your  welfare,  and  you  may  be 
sure  that  whatever  bills  v^o  olfer  to  me,  consistent  with 
the  honor  and  interc  c  of  the  crown,  I'll  pasjt  theni 
readily.  I  do  but  f  k  opportunities  to  serve  you. 
Had  it  not  been  for  ..le  sake  of  this  thing,  I  had  never 
accepted  of  this  province.  And  whenever  you  have 
settled  such  a  body  of  good  laws,  that  no  person  coming 


*  Mr.  Mather  and  the  other  deputies,  wlieii  iliey  found  it  iiu- 
possihle  loobiain  an  alteration  of  tlie  new  charier,  proposed 
ai  tirsl  lo  reject  it  alioyeUier,  and  to  inaliiute  a  process  for 
trying  Iho  valiiliiy  of  the  judgment  pronounced  on  the  quo 
warranto.  Tliey  were  duierreil  from  this  proceeding  by  tlie 
solemn  assurance  of  Treby,  Soincrs,  and  the  two  chief  jus- 
tices of  England,  Hint  if  liie  judgment  were  reversed,  a  new 
quo  warrriinto  would  be  issued,  und  iindiiubtedly  followed  by 
a  judgmeni  exciupt  from  all  ground  of  challenk;e.  These 
learned  persons  assured  the  deputies  that  the  colonists,  by 
erecting  judicatories,  constituting  a  house  of  represenlaiivcs, 
and  incorporating  colleges,  had  forfeited  Uieir  charter,  whicli 
gave  no  sanction  to  such  acts  of  authority.  Hutchinson, 
i.415. 


after  me  may  make  you  uneasy,  I  shall  desire  not  one 
day  longer  to  continue  in  the  (.'overnment  *'  His  con- 
duct amply  corresponded  with  ihese  professions. 

The  administration  of  Sir  W.lliam  IMiipps,  however, 
was  neither  long  nor  prosperous.  Though  he  might 
give  his  sanction  ns  tfovernor  to  popular  laws,  it  was 
not  in  his  power  to  guard  them  from  being  reaeindod 
by  the  crown  ;  and  tliis  fate  soon  hefel  a  law  that  was 
passed  exempting  iho  people  from  all  taxeH  hut  such  as 
should  be  imposed  by  their  own  assemblies,  and  de- 
daring  their  right  to  share  all  the  privileges  uf  Magna 
Charta.  He  found  the  province  involved  in  a  distress* 
ing  war  with  the  French  and  Indians,  and  in  tiio  still 
more  formidable  calamity  of  thai  delusion  which  has 
beeri  termed  the  New  Enirland  wUihcraft.  When  tho 
Indians  were  informed  of  the  appninment  of  Sir  \V\\- 
liain  Phipps  to  the  otiicc  of  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
they  were  struck  with  dinazemcnt  at  the  fortunes  of 
the  man  whose  humble  origin  they  perfectly  well  knew, 
and  with  whom  they  had  familiarly  associated  but  a  few 
years  before  in  the  obscurity  of  his  primitive  condition. 
Impressed  with  a  high  opinion  of  his  courage  and  reso- 
lution, and  a  superstitious  dread  of  that  fortune  that 
srenied  deslined  to  surmount  every  obstacle  and  pre- 
vail over  every  disadvantage,  they  would  willingly  have 
inaile  peace,  b'lt  were  induced  to  continue  the  war  by 
the  artiHces  and  intrigues  of  the  French.  A  few  months 
after  his  arrival,  the  governor,  at  the  head  of  a  small 
army,  in.irchcd  to  Peminaquid,  pn  llie  Merrimack  river, 
and  there  caused  to  be  constructed  a  fort  of  considera- 
ble strength,  and  calculated  by  its  situation  to  form  a 
powerful  barrier  to  the  province,  and  to  overawe  iho 
neighboring  tribes  of  Indians  and  interrupt  their  mutual 
communication.  The  benelicial  uti'ect  of  this  operation 
was  experienced  in  the  following  year,  [1693, j  when 
the  Indians  sent  ambassadors  to  the  fort  at  I*emma- 
quid,  and  there  at  length  concluded  with  Knglish  com- 
missioner.^  a  treaty  of  peace,  by  which  ihey  renounced 
for  ever  the  interests  of  the  French,  and  pledged  ihem- 
seives  to  perpetual  amity  with  the  inhabitants  of  New 
England.  The  coloni.sts,  who  had  suHored  severely 
from  the  recent  depredations  of  these  cavagea,*  and 
were  still  labopng  undei  the  burdens  entailed  on  theni 
by  former  wars,  were  not  slow  to  embrace  the  first 
overtures  of  pcac  * .  and  yet  the  utmost  discontent  was 
excited  by  the  measure  to  which  they  were  indebted 
fer  the  dulivera.iee  they  had  so  ardently  desired.  Tho 
expense  oi  building  the  fort  and  of  maiiilaining  its  gar- 
rison and  store.t  occasioned  an  addition  lo  the  existing 
taxes,  which  was  borne  with  nnich  impatience.  Thu 
party  who  had  (.apposed  subi.iission  tn  the  new  charier, 
eagerly  promoted  every  complaint  against  the  admini- 
staiion  of  a  system  which  they  regarded  with  rooted 
aversion  ;  and  labored  so  successfully  on  this  occasion 
to  render  the  person  and  government  of  Sir  William 
Phipps  odious  (ohiscountrymen,  that  his  popularity  sus- 
tained a  shock  from  which  it  never  afterwards  entirely 
recovered.  The  people  were  easily  led  to  connect  in 
their  apprehension  ihu  increase  of  taxation  with  the 
abridgment  of  their  political  privileges,  and  to  believe 
that  if  they  had  retained  their  ancient  control  over  the 
otficers  of  government,  the  administration  of  their  atfaira 
might  have  been  more  economically  conducted.  But 
another  cause,  to  which  1  have  already  alluded,  and 
which  we  must  now  proceed  more  fully  to  consider, 
rendered  the  inind.>i  of  the  people  at  this  time  unusu- 
ally suaceptibh'  of  gloomy  impressions,  and  suspicious 
not  less  irritatiiig  than  unreasonable. 

The  belief  of  witchcraft  was  at  ihis  period  almost 
universal  in  chnstian  countnea  ;  and  tiic  e.xisiencc  and 
criminality  of  the  practice  were  recognised  in  the  penal 
code  of  every  civilized  state.  Persons  suspected  ol 
being  witches  and  wizards  were  frequently  iried,  con- 
demned, and  put  to  death  by  the  authority  of  the  most 
enlightened  tribunals  in  Kuropc  ;  and  in  particular,  but 
a  few  years  before  this  period,  fSir  Mallhew  Hale,  ti 
man  highly  and  justly  renowned  for  the  strength  of  his 
understanding,  tlio  variety  of  his  knowledge,  and  the 
eminent  christiiin  graces  that  adorned  his  character, 
had,  after  a  long  and  anxious  investigation,  adjudged  a 
number  of  persons  to  die  for  this  otlence,  at  an  assizo 
in  Suffolk,  t    The  reahty  of  witchcraft,  as  yet,  had  never 


*  Tito  situation  of  the  people  of  New  Hampshire,  in  par- 
ticular, had  become  su  irksome  and  dangerous  that  al  une 
time  they  appear  to  have  adopted  tho  resolution  of  abandon- 
ing the  province.    Uulkimp,  i  *.2(ifl. 

f  Howell's  Stale  Trials,  vol,  vi.  p.  647.  Even  so  late  as  tho 
middle  of  the  eigiileenlh  century,  the  conviction  of  tho 
witcliesof  Wurbois,  in  the  reign  ot  tpieuu  Etizabetti,  was  still 
cr.minemorated  in  annual  serniun  at  Hunthigtun.  Johiiiion's 
Works,  Observuiions  on  the  tragedy  of  Muchelli.  The  se- 
ceders  in  Scotland  pubiislunl  an  act  of  their  assoctalu  pres- 
bvtorv  at  Kdinbursh  in  1*43  (reprinted  at  Uiu^^ucw  m  ITA 


uiaww-v-BWi-^wga^'iuHBU 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


271 


liippH,  howeveri 
hoiii;))  he  might 
tiir  t'lWR,  it  watt 
he)iit{  riMcimiod 
a  law  that  was 
.xoH  htit  such  as 
mhlies,  and  do- 
ilcgcs  of  Magna 
ed  in  a  disiroM- 
,  and  in  tlio  still 
iflion  which  has 
ifl.  When  the 
ii-nt  of  Sir  Wil- 
MaflHachiispitat 
ihf  furiunoa  o( 
?ctly  well  knew, 
lialnd  hut  a  few 
litivo  condition, 
nrago  and  rcso- 
at  foriuno  that 
uaclc  and  pre- 
d  wiHingly  have 
niie  the  war  iiy 
A  few  months 
<!id  of  a  small 
lerrimack  river, 
rl  of  considora- 
lation  to  form  a 
to  overawe  the 
ipt  their  mutual 
)f  this  operation 
•.  [16'J3,J  when 
fort  at  l*enima- 
h  Kn^dish  com- 
they  renounced 
I  pledged  ihem- 
jitantH  of  New 
irtered  scvurely 
I  savages/  and 
ntuited  on  them 
inhracc  the  first 
di:}coutent  waa 
were  indebted 
'  desired.  The 
ilaming  it.s  gar* 
I  lo  the  exitiUii^ 
patience.  Thu 
he  new  charter, 
inst  the  admini- 
h1  with  rooted 
)n  this  occasion 
of  Sir  William 
\  popularity  sua* 
jfwdrd.s  entirely 
'd  to  connect  in 
ixation  with  the 
I,  and  to  believe 
:ontrol  over  the 
m  of  their  alfaira 
ondueted.  But 
idy  alluded,  and 
jlly  10  consider, 
lis  time  unusu- 
,  and  suspicions 

s  period  atmoiit 
ic  (!.\isieiice  and 
ised  in  the  penal 
tis  suspected  of 
ently  tried,  cou- 
nty of  the  most 
n  particular,  but 
atlliew  Hale,  u 
e  strength  of  his 
>vledge,  and  the 
i  lus  character, 
tton,  adjudged  ■ 
ice,  at  an  umsIzo 
18  yet,  had  never 

Hampshire,  in  par- 
eruu-s  lh»t  at  one 
utioii  uf  ubandon* 

'veil  so  latea.s  the 
onvictioii  of  the 
::iizultetti,  was  still 
iigtun.  Jiitiiiiiou'a 
lurlitilh.  The  «e- 
i-ir  iissuctalu  prea> 


been  questioned,  nor  were  (here  any  to  whom  it  sp- 
peared  unimportant  or  incredible,  except  those  who 
regarded  the  spiritual  world  altogether  as  a  mere  spe- 
culation, vague,  visionary  and  delusive.  Among  the 
number  of  those  who  every  where  helievrd  in  it,  were 
some  of  the  unforiunalo  beings  who  were  put  lo  death 
as  witches.  Instigated  by  fraud  and  cruelty,  or  pos- 
sessed by  demonical  frenzy,  some  of  ihnso  unhapjiy 
persona  professed  more  qi  less  openly  to  hold  commu- 
nication with  tlio  powers  of  darkness  ;  and,  by  iho  ad- 
nunistralion  of  subtle  poisons,  by  (tiaturhing  the  ima- 
gination of  their  victims,  or  by  an  actual  appropr  ation 
of  thai  mysteriouM  agency  which  scripture  assures  us 
did  once  exist,  and  which  no  equal  authority  ban  ever 
proved  to  be  extinguished,  they  committed  crimes  and 
mtlieied  injuries  whidi  vvtre  punished,  perhaps,  under 
an  erroufon.-*  name.  The  colonists  of  New  Kngland, 
partioipaimi;  in  liie  gi-neral  lielief  of  this  practice,  re- 
garded It  with  a  digreo  of  abhorrence  and  indignation 
becoimr.g  lliR  piely  for  which  they  were  so  remarkably 
diBtiugui.Hhi'd.  'I'licir  experienet!  in  America  had  tended 
to  strengthen  the  sentiment  \  on  this  .subject  which  they 
had  brought  with  lliem  from  Kngland  ;  for  they  found 
the  beliuf  of  witchcraft  firmly  rooted  among  the  Indian 
tribes,  and  ilie  practice  (or  what  was  so  termed  and 
cslueined)  prevjiling  exlensivuly,  and  wiMi  perfect  im- 
punity, uinong  lliose  people  whom  us  heathens  lliey 
jiiBily  regarded  as  the  worsliippers  of  demons.  [13. J 
i'iicir  coiiviclioM  of  the  reality  of  vvilchcraft  must  ne- 
cessarily have  lieen  coiitirmed  by  this  (ividcnce  of  the 
univer.-ial  asst-nt  of  mankind;  and  tht'ir  resentment  of 
its  enormity  pnipurlionnbly  increasud  by  the  honor  and 
a.'ceptJtiee  whii-h  they  saw  it  cnjuy  under  ibo  shrller 
of  sujicr-<titio:is  that  denied  and  dishonored  thu  true 
(Mjd.  Tiie  tir.-t  trials  for  witclieraft  in  New  Knghind 
occurred  iii  the  year  1045,  wheu  four  per.-^oiis  cliarged 
with  this  crnne  were  put  to  death  in  Massachusetts, 
(loirc,  the  regicide,  m  lus  diary,  records  the  cotiviction 
of  three  ollieraal  Ihirrfurd,  in  Connerlicut,  m  1062,  and 
remarks,  itiut  af  •  r  one  of  ihom  w;is  hanged,  the  young 
woman  who  h.ul  lieeu  bewitched  wtis  restored  to  health. 
For  more  titan  twenty  years  after,  we  hear  but  lilile  of 
any  similar  pro.sciMitiona  Hut  in  the  year  lOHS,  a 
woman  was  e'.xeculed  for  witchcraft  at  liosiou,  alier  an 
investigation  conducted  with  a  degree  of  solemnity 
Itiat  mailu  a  deep  impri'ssion  on  the  minds  of  thu  puo- 

file.  An  account  of  the  whole  transaction  was  pub- 
ished,  and  so  generally  were  the  wise  and  good  per- 
suaded of  ihejisiiee  of  the  procet  ding,  tliut  Uituurd 
Baxter  wrote  a  preface  to  the  account,  in  which  he 
scrupled  not  to  declare  every  one  wlio  refu.sed  to  be- 
lieve it  an  oI)durJie  yadducee.*  The  alteiitiou  of  the 
peujile  being  thus  stroiiirly  excited,  and  their  suspicions 
thus  puwertuilv  awdkinied  in  this  direciioii,  ihe  charges 
of  witchcraft  began  gradually  to  nuillii'ly,  till,  at  length, 
there  commenced  at  Salem  tliat  dreadful  tragedy  which 
reiidered  New  Kiigland  for  many  months  u  scene  of 
bloodshed,  terror,  and  imidnes.i,  and  at  one  lime  seemed 
li>  threaten  liie  subveisioii  of  civil  society. 

It  was  111  the  bcgiiinmg  of  the  ye.tr  1692  that  this 
malady  seemed  to  urigih:iie  in  an  epidemical  complaint 
resembbiig  cpilepsv,  and  which  lUe  physician.s,  liuding 
themselves  uiiiible  to  cxpLim  or  cure,  ascribed  very 
rt-adily  to  siipcrnatiirai  micuiriation.  Some  yo;ing 
women,  and  among  others  the  daughters  and  niece  of 
Mr.  Tarts,  the  mmisier  of  Salem,  were  iir.U  attacked 
by  this  distemper,  and  induced  bv  the  declarations  of 
their  medical  attendants  to  a.scnbe  it  to  witcheraft 
The  delusion  was  eiK^ouraged  hv  a  per\erted  ajipiica- 
tion  of  the  means  best  lilted  to  strengthen  and  eu' 
lighten  the  understanding.     Solemn  fasts  and  assent- 


denouncinijibe  rept-al  of  ilie  ponal  lawsa;>;uiist  witclicrall  as 
a  natioiml  .-.in.    Armit's  (.'runinal  Trials  in  Scotland,  3(17. 

In  llie  yeiir  1678  (j*ixty  ye:irs  before  the  act  aijamst  witch- 
craft in  KiiLildnd)  Louii  the  Fourteenth  i:»sued  an  edict  for- 
niddiiig  llic  French  tribunals  to  recuive  accusaliuns  of  witch- 
craft. Hill  this  edict  was  ineirectual.  Voltaire's  Age  of 
Louis  XIV.  cap.  29. 

Tlie  htat executions  for  witchcraft  in  the  Qntisli  donunion-s 
WRie  at  Huntingdon  in  1716,  and  tn  Sutherlandshire  in  1722. 
Amot. 

'Cudwortli  declares  that  all  who  tlislielieve  witchcraft 
mu.st  be  atlieists.  James  the  First  caused  a  book  that  ex- 
posed llie  imposture  of  some  pretended  instances  of  witch- 
craft to  be  burned  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman— a  favorite 
mode  of  reply  wiih  his  majesty  to  the  works  of  his  adver- 
saries. He  had  written  a  work  on  dentonolo^y.  m  which  he 
Ihus  described  a  part  of  the  preparations  for  the  invocation 
of  evil  Rpiriu,— "  Circles  are  matte,  trianeular,  quadrangular, 
round,  dout)iB  or  single,  according  to  the  form  of  the  appa- 
rition they  crave."  How  tlio  runjurors  made  triangular  cir- 
cles, he  has  omitted  to  expliin.  Tbo  famous  Sacheverel, 
who  told  his  hearers  from  the  pulpit,  that  tho  divine  right  of 
kings,  and  the  divine  origin  of  chiistianitj,  *•  concur  hke 
paralle)  lines,  meeiingin  one  common  centre,"  seems  to  have 
Ukheriled  the  mathematics  as  well  as  tho  politics  of  tins 
Vrtnce. 


bliea  for  extraordinary  prayer  were  held  by  the  neigh- 
boring clergy  ;  and  Ihe  supposition  of  vvitchcraft,  which 
in  reilitv  had  been  previou^^ly  assumed,  wa?  thus  con- 
hrmed  and  eonsecraled  in  tlie  apprehension  of  the  pub- 
lic. Tiie  fiincy  of  the  patients,  perverted  by  disor- 
dered sensation,  and  mtlamed  by  the  contagious  terror 
whiel)  their  supposed  malady  excited,  soon  dictated 
accusations  agiiinst  particular  individuals  as  the  authors 
of  their  siiireringa.  The  flame  was  now  kindled,  and 
finding  ample  nonridhmcnt  in  alt  the  strongest  passions 
and  most  invcleralo  weaknesses  of  human  nature,  car- 
ried iiavoc  and  deslruction  through  ti.e  community. 
The  bodily  symptoms  of  the  prevailing  iiiilural  epide- 
mic, frequently  revolved  by  person.s  of  weak  mind  and 
susceptible  frame,  were  propagated  wiih  amazing  rapi- 
dity, and  having  been  once  regarded  as  symptoms  of 
witchcraft,  were  ever  after  referred  to  the  same  diaboli- 
cal origin.  Tlio  usual  and  well  known  contaoion  of 
nervous  di-torders  waa  powerfully  aided  by  the  dread  of 
the  mysterious  agency  from  which  they  were  now  sup- 
posed to  arise  ;  and  this  appalling  dread,  eii''eebtiMg 
the  rea.sou  of  its  victims,  soon  led  tiieni  to  cmfound 
the  visions  of  their  disturbed  apprehension  with  the  re- 
alities of  their  experience.  Symptoms  belbro  unheard 
of,  and  unusually  terrific,'  attended  the  cases  of  the 
suifercr-s,  and  were  supposed  to  prove  beyond  a  doubt 
that  the  disorder  was  supernatural,  and  no  bodily  ail- 
ment;  while,  in  truth,  they  denoted  nothing  else  than 
the  extraordinary  terror  of  the  unhappy  patients,  who 
enhanced  the  mabginty  of  their  disease  by  the  frightful 
agency  to  winch  ihey  ascribed  it.  Kvery  case  of  ner- 
vous derangement  was  now  referred  to  this  source, 
and  every  morbid  afrection  of  the  spirits  and  fancy  di- 
verted into  this  dangerous  channel.  Accusations  of 
particular  individuals  easily  sugcrested  themselvi;s  to 
the  disordered  minds  of  tho  sutferdrs,  and  were  eagerly 
preferred  by  themselves  and  their  relatives,  in  the  hojie 
of  obtaining  deliverance  from  the  calamity,  by  the 
punishment  of  the  gndty.  These  charges,  however 
unsupported  by  proof,  anil  however  remote  from  pro- 
babdity,  alighted  with  fatui  intiuonce  wherever  they  fell. 
Tne  supernatural  intinvjiion  by  which  they  were  sup- 
posed to  l»e  communicated,  supplied  and  excluded  all 
ordinary  proof;  and  when  a  patient,  under  the  domi- 
nion of  nervous  atlections.  or  in  tlie  intervals  of  epi- 
leptic paroxysms,  declared  that  he  had  seen  the  appa- 
rition of  a  particular  individual  intiicting  his  sutl'enngs, 
no  consuleration  of  previous  character  co'ild  screen 
tlie  acousfd  from  a  tnai,  winch,  if  the  patient  per.-^isied 
in  the  ciiarge,  invariably  terminated  m  a  conviciion 
The  charges  were  frequently  admitted  without  any  other 
proof,  for  the  very  re■i^on  h)r  which  tliey  yliould 
iiave  been  utterly  rejected  bv  human  tribmrds — lliat 
they  were  judged  incapat)!e  of  common  proof,  or  of 
being  known  to  iinv  but  tho  accuser  and  the  licensed 
So  powerful  and  universal  Viia  the  belief  in  the  realilv 
of  the  supposed  witchcraft,  ibut  none  dared,  even  if 
they  had  lieen  disponed,  openly  to  deny  tl  ;  and  even 
the  iimoceut  victims  of  th(!  charges  were  constrained  to 
jrgue  on  'In;  assumption  that  the  appariiiona  of  them- 
selves, described  ny  their  accusers,  liad  rejlly  been  seen, 
and  reduced  to  plead  that  their  sembbiiice  had  been  as- 
sumed by  a u  evil  spirit  that  sougiit  lo  .screen  his  proper 
instruments  and  divert  the  public  indiirnation  upon  un- 
olTonding  persons.  It  was  answered,  however,  most 
gratuitously,  but,  unhappily  to  t!u;  conviction  of  the 
public,  that  an  evil  spirit  could  assume  only  the  appear- 
ance of  such  persons  iis  had  given  up  their  bodies  to 
him,  and  devoted  tbeinselves  to  Ins  service.  This  sem- 
bldnc<>  of  legiil  proof,  besides,  was  very  soon  added  to 
the  force  of  these  charges,  and  seeming  lo  establish 
them  m  some  cases  was  thought  to  confirm  them  in  all. 
Some  of  the  accused  persons,  terrified  by  their  danger, 
sought  safety  in  avowing  the  charge,  recanting  their 
supposed  impiety,  and  denouncing  others  as  ilieir 
tempters  and  assocntes  In  order  to  beget  favor  and 
verify  their  recantation,  they  now  declared  themselves 
the  victims  of  the  witchcraft  they  had  formerly  prac- 
tised, counterfeited  the  nervous  affections  of  their  ac- 
cuaers,  and  imputed  their  snfferings  to  the  vengeance 
of  their  ancient  accomplices.  These  artifices  and  the 
general  delusion  were  promoted  by  the  conduct  of  the 
magistrates,  who,  with  a  monstrous  inversion  of  equity 
and  sound  policy,  offered  impunity  to  all  who  would 
confess  tho  charges  and  betray  their  associates,  while 


♦  Swelling  of  the  throat,  in  particular,  now  well  known  as 
a  hysterical  syrnploni,  was  considered  at  this  time  a  horrible 
prodigy.  Medical  science  was  still  dcpr^ived  by  an  admixture 
uf  gross  superstition.  The  touch  of  a  king  was  believed  to 
l)t'  capable  of  curing  some  diseases ;  and  astrology  formed  a 
part  of  the  coursio  of  medical  study,  bflcauje  the  efficacy  of 
drugs  was  believed  to  be  promoted  o  impeied  by  planters 
influence 


they  inflexibly  doomed  lo  death  every  accused  person 
who  maintainerl  liu  mno'-enee.  TIiuh.  one  accii.-iation 
produced  a  mulntiide  of  nihers,  the  accused  l>e<*oinmg 
accusers  and  wiliir.>«srs.  and  hastchuij  to  e.M'apr  Iroiu 
th(.'  diiiigcr  by  mvolvini;  oiher  peiMiris  Mi  it  Krom 
Salem,  where  its  nmn  fury  vvas  exerlcj,  the  evij 
spread  extensively  over  the  proviiii-e  of  Mass-ieliuseirn; 
and  whcreever  it  was  able  to  penetrate,  it  etfectnallv 
Buhverted  the  happiness  and  sreuritv  of  life.  'ITit 
sword  of  the  law  was  wrested  from  the  hands  of  juati-je, 
and  committed  to  the  grasp  of  the  wildest  fear  and 
fury.  Suspense  and  alarm  pervaded  all  r^nks  of  so- 
ciety.  The  first  and  the  favorite  otijeels  of  aeciisutton 
had  been  ill-favored  old  women,  whose  dismal  aspect, 
exciting  terror  and  aversion,  nmic.id  of  pitv  and  kmd* 
nesH,  was  reckoned  a  proof  of  their  guilt,  and  setnued 
to  designate  the  proper  aj/etitn  of  mysterious  and  im- 
earthly  wickedness.  Hut  the  sphere  of  aerusatiuii  wa» 
projjresiively  enhirged  to  such  a  dcL'ree,  that  at  length 
neither  age  nor  »ex,  neither  imiur-inec  dor  mnocinco, 
neither  learning  nor  piety,  neiiher  reputation  nor  olKce* 
could  afford  the  slightest  safe_'uard  ag.inist  a  eharu'e  oi 
witchcraft.  Kvou  irraiional  creatures  were  luvolveJ 
in  this  fatal  charge  ;  ami  a  don  beloni.:mg  to  a  irenile- 
man  accused  of  witchcraft,  was  h.tn>;ed  as  an  accuui- 
plice  of  its  master.  Under  the  dominion  of  terror,  all 
mutual  confidi^nce  seemed  to  be  destroyed,  and  the  best 
feehnirs  of  biimari  nuture  trampled  under  toot.  Tho 
nearest  relations  became  each  other's  accn-sern  iuid  one 
unliap[iy  man,  in  particular,  was  condiunued  and  exo- 
cuied  on  the  testimony  of  his  wiie  arid  daughter,  who 
appear  tn  have  accused  him  inerelv  for  the  sake  of  pro- 
serving  themselves.  Many  re  peclable  per-nons  Hed 
from  the  colony  ;  others,  niaintainmg  their  iniioccneo, 
wore  capitally  convicted,  and  died  wiln  a  deierniiued 
(ourage  and  piety  that  alfected,  but  coild  not  fhs.i- 
biisc,  the  .spectator.!.  The  nccnuii!.^  liMt  bive  been 
preserved  oi  the  trials  of  tiiesc  unfortuiiale  person:^, 
present  a  most  revolting  and  bunnli.iting  picture  o( 
frenzy,  ibilv,  and  injustice  There  were  reecivcd  ni 
ev. deuce  against  the  prisoners,  aci-ouiils  of  lo-ise,*  and 
mishaps  that  had  befallen  the  licensers  or  their  c-tnio 
(in  M>me  cases,  twenty  years  beh)re  liu^  trial)  recently 
after  some  meeting  or  some  disagreemiMit  unli  tlie  pri- 
soners. .Agaui.st  others,  it  v\as  de,  oned  dnt  they 
had  performed  greater  feats  of  sirengih.  and  walked 
from  one  place  to  another  in  a  shorter  sjKiec  of  luno 
than  the  accusers  judged  possible  wiihoiit  diabolical 
assistance.  Hut  the  main  article  of  proof  was  the 
spectral  apparitions  of  the  persons  of  ilit;  supposed 
witches  lo  the  eyes  of  their  accusirs  durinL;  lite  pa- 
roxvsms  of  their  malady.  The  accusers  sometimes  de- 
clared that  they  could  not  see  the  prisoners  at  ihe  bar 
of  the  court  ;  vvhiih  was  construed  into  a  proof  of  ttic 
immedi.ite  e.tertioii  of  Silamc  influence  in  rendering 
their  persons  invisible  to  the  eves  uf  those  who  were  to 
le.'tif*'  against  them.  Tlie  l)odie.s  of  the  prisoners  were 
commonly  examiuiMl  for  the  fiiscoveiy  of  what  were 
termed  witch-marks  -,  and  as  the  examiners  did  not 
know  what  they  were  seeking  for,  and  yetcarneMtlv  de- 
sired lo  find  it.  everv  little  puncture  or  discoloration  of 
the  skin  was  easily  helievcil  lo  be  the  im[)ress  of  dia- 
bolical toucii.  In  yeiKTal  the  accusers  fell  into  lits.  or 
complained  of  violent  uneasiness  at  the  sight  sf  tho 
prisoners.  On  the  trial  of  Mr.  Hnrrouijhs.  a  clergyman 
of  the  highest  respectability,  .some  of  tlie  w.tniisses 
being  alfected  in  this  manner,  the  judge-,  replied  to  his 
protestations  of  innocence,  by  asking  if  he  would  ven- 
ture to  deny  that  these  persons  were  then  under  the 
intlucnce  of  diabolical  ageney.  He  answered  that  ha 
did  not  deny  it,  but  that  he  denied  having  any  concern 
with  it.  "  If  you  were  not  a  friend  of  the  devil,"  re- 
plied the  presiding  judge,  "  be  would  not  exert  himself 
in  this  manner  to  prevent  these  persons  from  speaking 
against  you."  When  a  prisoner  m  Ids  defence  uttered 
3ny  thing  that  seemed  to  move  the  audience  in  his  favor, 
some  of  tho  accusers  were  ready  tn  exclaim  that  they 
saw  the  devil  standing  by  and  putting  the  words  in  his 
mouth  ;  and  every  feeling  of  humanity  was  chased 
away  by  such  absurd  and  frantic  exclamations.*'  Some 
fraud  and  malignity  undoubtedly  mixed  with  sincere 
misapprehension  in  stimulating  these  prosecutions.  The 

*  It  is  impossible  to  read  these  trials  as  they  are  reported 
by  Cotton  Mather  and  Neal,  without  being  struck  with  lh» 
resemblance  they  exliibit  to  the  pruceeitnigs  in  England  on 
the  trials  of  the  persons  accu.sed  of  participation  in  tho 
Popish  IMot.  In  both  cases,  t)ic  grand  engine  of  injustice 
and  destruction  was  the  passion  of  feiir;  a  passion  wtiicli, 
when  strongly  excited,  is  capahie  of  producing  the  moat 
enormous  exceJSftsof  fury  and  cruelly.  In  oolii  euuutne.s  a 
mixture  of  causes  contributed  to  tho  production  of  the  evn  ; 
but  unquestionably  there  was  a  much  greater  decree  of  ar- 
tifice employed  to  excite  and  maintain  the  p'ipular  panic  \\\ 
England  and  in  America. 


aw _^__ 

princip'e  tpat  was  practically  onrorced  in  tho  coiirlN  of 
jurtice.  tiiat  incases  of  wilchcnifr,  acriiMtion  wns  equi- 
valunt  to  cjnviction,  pruttented  tho  most  stilaln  and 
]  oworful  allnreriiunu  to  the  cx|trr8!tioii  of  riutunil  ft>- 
lucity,  and  tno  mJiil^cnce  of  fanlanuc  terror  hiu)  n\\n- 
p;iiuii;  and  there  i«  Init  too  n»in'li  reason  to  Iu'Iuht 
tlial  rapacity,  malice  and  revenue  were  not  v.inily  ni- 
Tited  to  aciso  ihta  opportunity  of  satidtiii};  their  appc- 
tilca  in  confiscation  and  bloodshed.  So  atroitv;  mu<in- 
while  waa  the  |H)putar  delnaion,  th<tt  evun  tho  detection 
of  inanifeat  perjury  on  one  of  tho  irmls  proved  utterly 
inaulHcient  to  weaken  the  credit  of  the  moat  unsup- 
ported accusation.  Sir  William  Phipps  tho  governor, 
■nd  the  most  learned  and  eminent  persons  both  among 
the  clergy  and  laity  of  the  province,  partook  and  pro- 
moted thf*  general  infatuation.  Nothing  but  an  oni- 
rageoua  zeal  against  witchcraft  aeeiniid  capable  of  aa- 
auring  any  individual  of  the  safety  of  his  life;  and 
temptations  that  but  too  frequently  overpowered  human 
courage  and  virtue,  arose  from  the  conviction  impressed 
on  every  person  that  he  must  make  choice  of  tho  ttitua- 
tinn  of  tho  oppressed  or  tho  oppressor.  The  .iffUcted 
(as  the  accusers  ^vcre  termed)  and  their  witnesses  and 
partizana,  began  to  form  a  numerous  and  united  party 
m  every  community,  which  none  dared  to  oppose,  and 
which  none  who  once  joined  or  supported  could  forsake 
with  impunity.  A  magwtrate  wlio  had  for  some  time 
taken  an  active  part  in  examining  and  committing  the 
supposed  delinquent^  beginning  to  suspect  thai  these 
proceedings  originated  in  aomo  fatal  mistake,  showed 
an  inclination  to  discourage  them  ;  and  was  instantly 
aasailed  with  acharge  of  witchcrift  againot  himself.  A 
constable  who  had  apprehended  many  of  the  accused, 
was  struck  with  a  similar  suspicion,  and  hastily  declared 
that  he  would  meddle  in  this  matter  no  farther.  In- 
atuntty  aware  of  the  danger  he  had  provoked,  he  at- 
tempted to  fly  the  country,  but  waa  overtaken  in  hia 
flight  hy  the  vengeance  o(  the  accusers,  and,  having 
been  brought  back  to  Salem,  was  tried  for  witchcraft, 
convicted  and  ezecutcd.  Some  persons  whom  sclf- 
presorvation  had  induced  to  accuse  their  nearest  rela- 
tives, being  touched  with  remorse,  proclaimed  the 
wrong  they  had  don»,  and  retracted  tiieir  testimony. 
They  were  convicted  of  relapse  into  witchcraft,  and 
died  tho  vic'ims  of  their  returning  virtue. 

Tho  evil  at  length  became  too  gre<it  to  be  borne. 
About  fifteen  mouths  had  elapsed  since  the  malady  had 
bi  >ke  out,  and  so  far  from  being  extintinishcd  or  iibutcd, 
it  '-VM  growing  every  day  more  formidable.  Of  twenty* 
eigb'  persons  who  had  been  capitally  convicted,  nine- 
teen i.ad  been  hanged  ;*  and  one,  for  refusing  to  plead, 
bad  been  prenstd  to  death  : — the  only  instjiice  in  which 
this  English  legal  barbarity  was  ever  intlicicd  in  North 
America.  The  nuniher  ut  the  accuser.t  and  pardoned 
witnesses  multiplied  with  alnrniing  rapidiiy.  The  souh 
of  Gcvcraor  lii-adstrcel,  and  oilier  individu'-ils  of  cini- 
nent  station  and  character,  had  fled  from  a  charge  he- 
tied  by  the  whole  tenor  of  their  lives.  An  iiutidred 
and  fifty  persons  were  in  prison  on  the  same  chartre, 
and  compiainl.s  against  no  tc-is  tlian  two  hi'iidred  ulhers 
had  been  pre.sented  to  the  niagiKlrates.  Men  lieL;un  to 
Qsk  ihemsolvps.  Where  this  would  end  f  Tiie  eon- 
•taney  and  piety  with  which  ihe  untbrtunatc  viciiins 
had  died,  produced  an  inipreHsion  on  tf.e  inindH  of  the 
people  which,  though  counlcrbdlanced  at  the  time  hy 
the  testimoriy  of  the  pardoned  witnetises,  be^'an  lo  re 
Tive  with  the  reflection  that  these  witnes.^es  hud  pur- 
chased their  li\es  hy  their  testimony,  winlu  the  persons 
against  whom  they  had  borne  evidenee  hud  sttaled  their 
own  testimony  with  their  blood.  It  was  happy,  per- 
haps, for  the  country,  that  white  the  minds  of  the 
people  were  awakening  to  reflections  so  favorablo  to 
returning  mudcraiion  and  humdnity,  some  of  the  ac- 
cusers carried  the  audacity  of  their  arraignincnt  to  such 
a  pitch,  as  to  prefer  charges  of  witchcraft  against  Lady 
Phipps,  the  governor's  wife,  and  against  some  of  the 
nearest  relatives  of  Dr.  Increuie  jMather.  the  most 
pious  minister  and  popular  citizen  of  MaHAarhiinetts. 
These  charges  at  once  opened  the  eyea  of  .Sir  William 
Phipps  and  Dr.  Mather:  so  far,  at  least,  as  to  induce 
a  strong  suspicion  that  many  of  (he  late  proceedings 
ha<l  been  rash  and  indefenHible.  They  felt  that  they 
had  dealt  with  others  in  a  manner  very  dill'trent  from 
that  in  which  they  were  now  reduced  to  dcsiro  that 


THE  insTonY  or 


^Tliiit  ill  notliing  to  tlie  staughter  that  was  uilicted  in  the 
regular  course  of  justice  or  injustu-u  in  England.  Ilowcll,  iii 
\Vfi  letteri,  one  dated  February  3,  1M6,  ttie  uther  Kel>ru)irv 
SO,  1047,  says  ttiat  in  two  year^  there  were  indited  in  SufTolk 
•  -%il  Rasex  between  200  hundred  and  300  witchei,  n(  whom 
m  ^4  llian  half  wore  exncuio^l.  That  ihis  wa;*  arcounted  no 
ver,'  « '^raordinary  number  uf  exeruiions  in  En^dand,  may  be 
Inferre*.  from  a  variety  of  simi  «i  raiMiicuilectRdliy,Ilarrtngton, 
InhisObaei/auiiktonStai  9    [I^itry  the  Sixth. 


others  should  deal  with  them.  The  same  sentiment 
alio  he<{innmg  to  prevail  in  the  public  mind,  a  resolute 
Hud  snccettsful  attempt  was  made  hy  a  reapeclahlc  citi- 
zen of  lloitun  to  stem  the  furv  of  the^e  terrible  pro- 
acriptiom*.  Having  been  rlmrged  with  witchcraft  by 
sotnn  perMOMS  at  Andover.  he  iintii'i|).iled  ihi  nrre.'^l,  by 
boldly  arresiin^  Ins  accutturs  for  dct'ainalion,  and  laid 
his  damages  at  a  thousand  pounds  The  etrccl  of  thii 
Tigorous  proceeding  surpassed  his  most  aangnme  ex- 
pectations. It  seemed  as  if  a  spell  that  had  been  cast 
over  the  people  of  .\ndovcr  was  dinanlvcd  by  one  Itold 
touch  ;  the  frenzy  vanished  in  a  moment,  and  witch- 
craft was  heard  of  in  that  town  no  more.  The  impres- 
sion waa  rapidly  propagated  throughout  the  province  ; 
and  tho  effect  of  it  was  seen  at  tiiu  very  next  court 
that  was  held  for  tho  trial  of  witchcraft,  when,  of  fifty 
prisoners  who  were  tried  on  auch  evidence  as  had  been 
formerly  deemed  sulHcient,  tho  accusers  could  obtain 
the  conviction  of  no  more  than  tl  rco,  who  were  iinmn* 
diatoly  reprieved  by  tho  govern  ir.  These  acquittals 
woro  doubtless  m  part  producs.1  bv  a  change  which 
the  public  opinion  underwent  a^  to  the  suflicicncy  of 
whu  was  lenominnted  spectral  >'v\dr nee  ot  witchcraft. 
.\n  nssemhly  of  tlie  most  eminent  divines  of  the  pro- 
vince, convoked  for  the  purpose  hy  the  governor,  had, 
after  due  consideration,  given  it  forth  as  their  delibe- 
rate judgment,  '•  That  the  apparil  .ons  of  persons  afflict- 
ing others,  was  no  proof  of  ihoi.  being  witches,"  and 
that  it  was  by  no  means  inconsiftent  with  scripture  or 
reason  that  the  devil  should  aasuii,e  the  shape  of  a  good 
man,  or  even  cause  the  real  aspr.jt  of  that  man  to  pro- 
duce impres.sions  of  pain  on  the  bodies  of  persons  he- 
witched.  The  ministers,  nevertheless,  united  in  utrongly 
reLOmniending  to  the  government  liie  vigorous  prose- 
cution of  all  persons  stilt  accused  of  witchcraft.  Dot 
the  judgment  they  hud  pronounced  respecting  the  va- 
lidity of  the  customary  evidence,  rendered  it  almost 
impossible  to  procure  a  conviction,  and  produced,  at 
the  same  lime,  so  complete  a  revolution  m  the  public 
mind  respecting  tho  late  executions,  that  charges  of 
witchcraft  were  found  to  excite  no  other  sentiments 
than  disoust  and  suspicion  of  the  pnrtie.f  who  preferred 
them.  The  cloud  that  had  so  deeply  overcast  the 
prosperity  and  happinc.'*^  of  the  cotonv  vanished  entirely 
away,  and  universal  shame  and  remorse  succeeded  lo 
llie  frenzy  that  had  lately  prevailed.  Even  those  who 
continued  lo  believe  in  the  reality  of  the  diabolical  in- 
fluence of  which  tho  accusers  had  complained,  were 
satisfied  that  most,  if  not  all.  of  the  unfortunate  con- 
victs had  been  unjustly  condemned,  and  that  their  ac- 
cusers, in  charging  them,  had  been  deluded  by  the  same 
agency  by  which  their  sulFcrings  were  occasioned. 
.Many  of  the  wilnes.ses  now  came  foi-ward  and  pub- 
lished the  most  solemn  reeantittions  of  the  lealimony 
they  had  formerly  yiven,  both  Hiiamst  themselves  and 
others  ;  apoloijizniu'  for  their  perjury  bv  a  prote.-lation, 
of  which  all  were  constrauied  to  admit  the  force,  that 
no  oilier  means  of  saving  their  lives  had  hetui  left  to 
tliem.  Tlieae  te-tunonies  were  not  able  lo  shake  the 
cpiiiion  which  was  !»tiil  retained  liy  a  con-'iiderable 
parly  boih  among  ihe  late  arciiJ*era  and  the  public  at 
large,  that  much  witchcraft  had  mixed  with  the  late 
malady,  wliether  the  real  eul|)ritM  had  yet  been  detected 
or  not.  This  opinion  was  sii[)porteu  in  treatises  writ- 
ten at  the  mic  liv  Dr.  Maiher  and  other  eminent 
divines.  But  it  was  found  imp  8.iible  ever  after  to 
revive  pro.-*ecutions  that  excited  such  painful  reincm- 
branec'^,  and  liad  been  so  lainentahly  perverted.  Sir 
William  Phipps,  soon  after  he  had  reprieved  the  three 
persons  last  convicted,  ordered  all  who  wi-re  in  custody 
on  charges  of  witchcraft  to  be  released,  and,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  dissensions  that  might  arise  from  the  retri- 
buiory  proceediuifs  against  the  accnser.s  and  their  wit- 
nesses, he  proclaimed  a  general  pardon  to  all  persons 
for  any  concernment  they  might  bavo  bad  with  the  pro- 
secutions for  witchcraft.  The  surviving  victims  of  the 
delusion,  however,  and  the  relatives  of  those  who  had 
perislied,  were  enabled  to  enjoy  all  the  consolation  they 
could  derive  from  the  sympathy  of  their  countrymen 
and  iho  earnest  regret  of  their  persecutors.  Tho  house 
of  asseuddy  appointed  a  general  fu^t  and  prayer.  *'  that 
God  would  pardon  all  ihe  errors  of  hia  servants  and 
people  in  a  late  tragedy  raised  among  us  by  Satan  and 
his  instruments."  One  of  the  judges  who  had  presided 
on  the  iMals  at  Salem,  stood  up  in  his  place  in  church 
on  this  occasion,  and  implored  the  prayers  of  the  people 
that  the  errors  he  had  been  guilty  of  ini>rht  not  be 
viaiicd  by  the  judgments  of  an  avenging  God  on  the 
country,  his  family,  or  himself  Many  of  the  jurymen 
subscribed  and  published  a  declaration  lamenting  and 
condemning  tho  delusion  to  which  they  had  yielded, 
and  acknowledging  that  they  had  brought  the  reproach 


of  iniocent  blood  on  their  native  land  Mr.  Paris,  the 
clergyiuan  who  had  instituted  tho  first  proserntiont, 
and  promoted  all  the  rest,  found  hnuAelf  exposed  to  a 
resentment  not  loud  or  violent,  but  deep  and  geiioral» 
and  was  at  length  universally  shunned  by  his  fellow 
citizens,  and  abandoned  by  his  congregation.  He 
appears,  ihroiirthoiil  tho  whole  proceedii:gs,  to  have 
acted  with  p.  rfect  sincerity,  but  to  have  been  trans- 
ported, by  a  vehement  temper  and  a  strung  conviction 
of  tho  rightfulness  of  tho  ends  he  pursued,  into  the 
adoption  of  means  for  their  attainment,  inconsistent 
with  truth,  honor,  or  justice.  White  the  delusion 
lasted,  his  ?iolence  was  applauded  as  zeal  in  a  righieoue 
cause,  and  little  heed  was  given  to  accuaalions  of  artt* 
fice  and  partiality  in  conducting  what  was  believed  to 
be  a  controversy  with  the  devd.  Hut  when  it  appeure^l 
that  uU  these  efforts  hud  in  rcalitv  beer,  directed  to  lli0 
shedding  of  innocent  blood,  his  [KipuUnty  gave  place 
to  universal  odium  and  disgust.  Sensible,  at  length, 
how  dreadfully  erroneous  his  conduct  had  been  [KiUl,] 
he  hastened  lo  mukw  a  public  protesmon  of  repentance, 
and  aoleinnly  begged  forgiveness  of  (iod  and  man.  Uul 
the  people  declaring  that  they  would  never  more  at- 
tend  tho  ministry  of  one  whu  had  been  the  inslruuient 
of  misery  and  rum  lo  so  many  of  their  countrymen,  he 
was  obliged  to  resii^n  his  charge  und  depart  fro;iiSj|em.* 
Thus  terminated  a  scene  of  delusion  and  cruelly  that 
jvistly  excited  the  aatoMishinent  ul  the  civilized  world, 
and  had  exlnbited  a  fearful  picture  of  the  -Acakness  of 
human  nature  in  the  sudden  iranKformation  of  a  peo;il« 
renowned  over  all  ihe  earth  for  pietv  and  virtue,  into 
the  slaves  or  aasociates,  the  terntird  dupes  or  helplesa 
prey,  of  a  band  of  ferocious  tunuties  ujtd  assa^isins. 
.\mong  the  various  evil  conse<]uencea  that  resulted 
from  these  events,  not  the  least  important  was  liio 
elfcct  they  produced  on  the  minds  of  tlie  Indian  triticH, 
who  began  to  eo.'tceive  a  very  unfavorable  opiniun  of 
ihi^  people  thai  could  i;illict  such  burliarnie>  on  llieir 
ovn  countrymen,  and  the  religion  that  seemed  to  arm 
t'le  hands  ut  its  professors  for  their  mutual  (iestrnclioii. 
Tins  iinprestuon  was  the  more  disudvantagtious  to  ihb 
colonists,  as  there  had  exisicd  fur  some  tune  a  compe- 
tition between  their  missiun.iries  and  the  prle^ls  of  ihi 
French  Hcttleinents,  for  the  instruction  and  conversion 
of  the  Indians  :-t  und  It  ^^as  always  found  llial  ttio 
tri!ie.s  embraced  llie  political  inlere^ls  oi  that  people 
whiK^c  religions  instructors  were  most  popular  among 
them.  The  French  did  not  fail  to  iir^jrove  lo  their  own 
advantage,  the  odious  spectacle  that  Hit;  tale  Ireii/.y  of 
the  people  of  New  Kngland  had  exhibited  ;  and  to  ihii 
end  they  labored  with  such  diligence  and  succe.-«s,  iha. 
in  the  following  year,  wlien  Sir  William  I'hipps  paid  a 
visit  to  the  tribes  with  wliom  he  hud  concluded  the 
treaty  of  JVinmaipiid.  and  endeavored  to  tiniie  them  in 
a  solid  and  la.>tting  friendship  vvitli  the  colonists,  he  lound 
them  more  firmly  wedded  ihun  ever  to  the  interi.sls  of 
tlie  Kreneh,  and  under  (he  {lommion  ot  preponseitttiona 
unfavorable  in  the  highest  degree  lu  the  jormatioii  ot 
trieiuily  relations  with  the  Knglish.  'i'o  hi»  propotiiliun 
of  renewing  tiie,  treaty  of  peace,  ihey  agreed  \ery 
readily  ;  but  all  his  instances  lo  prevail  wall  tlieni  to 
desist  iVoni  their  intercourse  with  the  French,  proved 
utterly  unavailing,  'i'liey  reins*  d  to  li-*leri  lo  the  inis- 
Kioiiaries   who  accompanied  hun  ;   tiaving  learned  from 

*  Maiher,  H.  ii.  l.if«  uf  Sir  WlHiarii  I'hiii(»s.  Ini-rcwNS 
Malher's  Cases  of  Cnnru'iL-nre  roiicfrnnin  fivil  S(iirit».  iNiaU 
li.  49tV— Ml.  Mutrhidioif.  ii.  17—63.  Calefs  Wonders  of  thn 
bivi.4iide  World.  **  I  Dud  Ihe.sn  entries  i:i  Itiu  .MS.  Diary  of 
Juil;,'e  Seweli:  *  Went  to  Sa'ein,  where, In  tit*>nieetnig-I:'."('*A, 
Hie  |)cr.-ions  accused  of  wilcluraft  were  exaemied;  a  veiy 
great  a.s.'*eintily.  "I'was  awful  to»*(;e  how  the  ulllicied  person? 
were  agi'.ated  '  Iltit  in  liic  niiugui  i.>i  wriiten,  in  a  iirimiluuK 
hand,  pruhahlyon  a  .si)t)He(|iient  leviuw,  ihir  lamenting  Latin 
interjection.  Vae,  vae,  vae  I"    Iliiliiics,  n.  A,  0. 

t  It  vivus  ii  very  depraved  edition  of  Chn^tlaoily  tliat  was 
preached  to  the  imnans  t>y  tlie  French  priests— a  Kysunn 
iliol  harmonized  perfecily  well  wuh  the  p-i^sinns  and  jienn- 
ments  which  true  Chri:*tianity  most  *troiisly  condpiiiiih.  It 
snbstiluled  the  nics  and  superstitious  niveiitiiiiisof  the  Hotni^li 
chinch  in  the  place  uf  tliuir  aiii-icnt  wuchcniil  and  idulairy ; 
and  sligiiiHtizingtheif  cnemie<4  as  heretics,  iiifurded  aduiuonal 
sanriion  and  iiicilenion*.  to  hatred,  fury,  and  cruelty.  Neal 
has  preserved  (Vol.  I.  p.  306J  a  specimen  of  the  French  Mi»- 
sionary  Catechisfui,  cuidaming  a  tissiie  uf  the  mojii  absura 
and  chitdisli  lictions  gravely  propounded  a.^  tho  articles  uf 
christian  doctrine.  Tiie  followin);  anecdote  is  related  by 
Governor  CoiJen  in  his  History  of  the  Five  Nations.  Vol.  1. 
p.  207.  "  About  the  time  of  the  conclusion  of  the  peace  of 
Kyswick,  Tlierouet,  a  noted  Indian  sachem,  died  at  Moniieal. 
Tho  French  gave  him  christian  burial  in  a  pompous  manner: 
tho  priest  that  attended  liiin  at  his  death  havi.iy  declared  that 
lie  died  a  true  Christian.  For  (.said  tho  priem)  while  1  ex* 
plained  to  hnn  tho  passion  of  our  Savi<mr,  whom  tue  JewH 
crucified,  he  cried  out,  '  Ob!  had  1  tioonthere.  I  wmild  have 
revcMffed  Ins  death,  and  hruu>rht  away  ihoir  scalpn."  The 
li'rench  priests  who  ministered  amonijitt  llio  Indians  vvcre 
Joauits;  und  their  inaxnn,  tliat  it  wa^  unnecessary  to  keep 
faith  with  heretics,  proved  bui  too  congenial  to  tho  savaga 
ethics  of  theu  pupils. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


278 


Mr.  Parin,  the 

<t  proRorutionl, 
■If  fx|)0^t<()  to  a 
■|)  and  i^rrioralt 
(t  hy  hiM  icllow 

;rrr^iltloil.       Hs 

!tlii:^i4,  tu  haVM 
ivo  bent  iraiis- 
^o^^  conviction 
irnut'd,  into  the 
nt,  iiicoiisiKtcnl 

0  tho  drtiision 
al  in  a  righteous 
usatiuiiB  ufarti* 
wai  huhuved  to 
h-li(!ti  It  u|i|ii'iire<l 
,  (lircctf'd  lo  tlis 
irity  (;ave  placn 
Hiltlt!,  at  Inii^tht 
id  bci'ri  [imM.j 
n  uf  rc))L-riliince, 
d  mid  iiiiiii.    IJtil 

iiL'ver  iiiuro  at* 

1  thu  iristruini-ni 
cuiiMiryiiit'ii,  he 
;irt  tn);ii  Sjluin.* 

mid  (.■riicliy  that 
eivthzcd  wurld, 
I  hi!  w<-akri<t:f!(  ul 
iliuii  ut  d  puojiU 
iind  viritit',  into 
itpcis  ur  ht'ipk'td 

!4    UMll    UHSilftMin:). 

ih.il  ri'ituliKd 
porluiit  was  iho 
\c  liidi.111  tnUun, 
irahlc  U|iiniui)  uf 
rhaniii'?*  on  iheir 

stt-nicd  li>  iirui 

lal  uuatruclioii. 

iitagtious  to  thb 
le  tlini'  u  cunipu- 
tlif  |iric>t«  of  tl.i 

and  cunvurston 
.  luuud  ihut  the 
H  of  that  pi'oplc 
Ht  pojinlur  untong 
iiuvu  lo  thrir  uv\n 
itio  lati:  lri'ii/.y  ot 
iiti-d  ;  and  lo  thia 
and  siu-ci's-s,  iha. 
am  I'liippH  paid  a 
lud  conchidud  liio 
to  untie  iht'Ui  in 
uU>ni!ilH,  ill-  lound 

0  till'  inltTf.fltt*  ol 
uf  prrpo^Ki'SHiona 
)  the  hirnialiuti  of 
I'o  his  propo^itiuii 
liey  ugri'td  very 
vail  With  them  to 
lu  Krtiu-h,  proved 
h'<li!n  in  tilt'  inis- 
ving  karnt'd  from 

1  l'liii>(H.  Incri'HHe 
I::vil  SiiJints.  Siixi. 
H%  WuiMltri*  (>r  ilin 
:t  tlie  MS.  Diary  uf 

eiuciiimil;  a  veiy 
llie  uillicitiii  per»uiti' 
ti'ii,  m  a  liriiiiiluiiK 
III'  laiiiuiilin^  Latin 
b.  0. 
I)ri:»tianiiy  iliat  wa^ 

priyni-s — a  kyHiitin 
p'lh.siniiH  anil  ncnH- 
iigjy  cuiidtMniis.  It 
iilKiiiiul  tilt)  Itonii^h 
tcrall  and  ululaiiy ; 
,  allnrdmi  addiiional 

and  crui'lty.  Neat 
uf  lliu  Froiicii  Mi»- 
)f  the  inual   atisura 

a.t  the  nrliclcs  uf 
dutc  i.H  relatiMl  by 
'ive  Nationii.  Vol.  1. 
ion  ol  the  peace  of 
n,  died  at  Montieal. 
I  |)uni[)0U!i  iiinniior : 
lavi.ig  declared  that 

[iriunt)  whiii!  1  ea- 
ir,  wliiiiii  the  JewH 
there,  1  wtuild  have 
thutr  KCitlpii.*'  Tha 
I  the  liiiliaMi  were 
iniieLussary  to  keep 
cum)  lo  the  iav«(« 


tho  French  prieila  to  bdiove  that  Ihii  Kn^lish  were 
horitics,  and  encinica  lo  ihc  true  n-liuion  of  Chrinl. 
Sonio  of  tlieiii  arniplcd  nol  tu  riinark.  that  aince  iiivy 
hud  rcrt-ivud  the  innlnictioni  of  the  French,  witchcraft 
had  entirely  disappeared  from  among  ihem,  and  that 
they  had  no  dcnire  lo  revive  it  by  conununi<  jtion  with 
n  people  among  whom  it  wan  reputed  hIiII  to  prevail 
more  extensively  than  it  had  ever  done  with  ihernaelvca. 

Every  thing,  indeed,  betuknned  the  renewal  of  lion- 
tnitins  between  tho  coloniita  and  the  Indians,  which 
accordingly  broke  out  very  soon  after,  and  was  perhaps 
accelerated  by  the  departure  of  Sir  William  Phippa 
from  New  England.  The  administration  of  thia  gover- 
nor, though  in  the  main  highly  and  justly  nopnlar,  had 
not  escaped  a  considerable  degree  of  reproach.  The  dis- 
contents excited  by  the  tuxalion  that  had  been  imposed 
(or  the  support  of  the  fortification  al  rcmina<piid,  con- 
curring with  the  resentments  and  eninittea  that  tho 
prosecutions  for  witchcraft  had  left  behind,  produced  a 
party  in  tho  province  wlio  labored  on  every  occasion  to 
thwart  the  measures  and  traduce  the  character  of  tho 
governor.  Kmding  their  pxerlionfc  in  Massachusetts 
iiisiiiricient  to  deprive  him  of  tho  esteem  of  the  great 
body  of  the  people,  these  adversaries  transmitted  arti- 
cles of  impeachment  aguiiii^t  him  to  England,  and  peti- 
tioned the  king  and  council  for  his  recal  and  punish' 
ment  'I'he  king  having  declared  that  he  would  liear 
the  cause  himself,  an  ortler  wa.t  iransmitled  to  the  go- 
vernor lo  meet  his  accusers  in  the  royal  presence  at 
Whitehall ;  in  compliance  with  which,  Sir  Wiltiain  set 
sail  for  England,  carrying  with  him  an  address  of  the 
a^seiiihly  expressive  of  the  strongest  attachment  to  his 
person,  and  beseeching  the  king  that  they  might  not  be 
deprived  of  the  services  of  so  able  and  meritorious  an 
jtlioer.  On  his  appearance  at  court  his  accusers  van- 
ished, and  their  charges  weru  withdra\Mi ;  and  having 
rendered  a  satisfactorv  account  of  bia  adminislration  to 
the  king,  lie  was  preparing  lo  relurn  to  hi.t  government, 
wlien  a  malignant  fever  put  an  end  to  his  life.  [16U5  ] 
lie  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  pious,  upright, 
and  honorable  man.  As  a  soldier,  if  not  pre-eminently 
skilful,  he  was  active  and  brave  ;  as  a  civil  ruler,  faith- 
ful, magnanimous,  and  disinlerested  :  it  was  remarked 
of  him.  as  of  Aristidert,  that  "ho  was  never  seen  liie 
prouder  for  any  honor  that  was  done  bun  by  his  couii- 
irymen  ;"  and  though  the  generous  simplicity  of  bin 
manners  added  lustre  lo  the  high  rank  lie  had  attained, 
he  was  never  ashamed  tu  revert  to  the  humility  of  the 
conditioLi  from  which  he  had  sprung.  In  tlie  inidHl  of 
a  lleei  that  was  conveying  an  ariiidment  which  he  com- 
manded on  a  military  expedition,  he  called  to  him  some 
younn  soldiers  and  sailors  who  were  standing  on  the 
deck  of  his  ve.-std,  and  pointing  to  a  particular  spot  o\i 
till-  shore,  said,  "  Voun^  men,  it  was  upon  that  hill  that 
I  kept  sheep  a  few  years  ago  ; — and  since  you  see  that 
Atimghly  (iod  has  b^0ll^)ll  mo  to  something,  do  you 
learn  to  fear  Uod  and  be  honuat,  and  you  don't  Know 
what  you  mav  come  lo." 

On  tlie  departure  of  Sir  William  Phipps,  the  supreme 
aiithoritv  in  .MasKachusetls  devolved  on  Mr.  Stou^hton, 
the  lieutenant-governor,  wlio  continued  to  exer.  isn  it 
during  the  three  following  years;  the  king  beng  so 
much  engrossed  with  his  wars  and  negotiations  o  t  tho 
continent  of  Europe,  that  it  was  not  till  after  the  p  laco 
of  Ilyswick  thai  he  found  leisure  even  to  iiomina  e  a 
successor  to  Sir  William  Phipps.  Uuring  this  per.  )d, 
the  happiness  of  the  p'iople  was  much  disturbed  by  n- 
icrnal  di^rscnsion.  ami  their  prosperity  invaded  by  lie 
calamities  of  war.  The  passions  bequeathed  by  tl  e 
ptr^ecutions  for  witchcraft  continued  long  to  divide  an  I 
agitate  the  people;  and  the  factious  opposition  wliicL 
they  had  promoted  tu  the  government  of  Sir  WiIIihii. 
Phipps,  continued  to  increase  in  vigor  and  virulence 
after  his  tleparturo.  The  mutual  animositiea  of  the 
colonists  had  attained  such  a  iieight,  that  they  seemed 
to  09  ready  to  involve  their  country  in  a  civil  war ;  and 
the  operations  jf  tho  uovernment  were  cramped  and 
obstructed  ai  tl  e  very  time  when  the  utmost  vigor  and 
unanimity  wci  i  requisite  to  encounter  ihe  hoslile  en- 
terprises of  tl  G  French  and  tho  Indians.  Incited  by 
(heir  French  al  ies,  the  Indians  rocommencnd  the  war 
with  the  usual  suddenness  and  fury  of  their  military 
operations.  \\  herevcr  surprise  or  superior  numbers 
enabled  them  li  prevail  over  parties  of  the  colonists,  or 
detached  plantai  ions,  their  victory  was  signalised  by  the 
extremities   of   barbarous  cruelty  t      Tho    colony    of 


*  Hutchinson  (h.  64,  d)  iiays  that  ho  was  sued  at  London  in 
an  HCtion  of  damages,  Imt.  that  it  wa.s  witlutrnwn. 

t  Numerous  cases  are  related  byllio  coKiiual  luatorianaof 
t'ae  torture  and  slavery  inllicied  by  the  iudiun^i  on  tht-ir  cap- 
tives, and  of  the  desperate  elhiits  of  tnariy  of  the  colonists  to 
defend  themselves  and  their  families,  or  to  escape  Train  the 
haodsof  tUeirsavat{u  enemies     Wheiuvcr  the  Indiana  cuiiU 

10 


Acaiija,  or  Nova  Scotia,  now  once  mnro  rcvcrtfd  lo  tho 
dainnilon  of  Franco,  It  had  lieen  annexed,  aa  wo  have 
aocn,  tu  the  jurisdiction  of  MasBachuaotts,  and  guvornvd 
hitlierto  by  ofricers  deputed  from  tho  seat  of  the  an* 
preino  authority  at  Doston.  But  Port  Koyal  (or  .\niia- 
pohs,  an  it  waa  afterwards  termed)  havinu  hecn  now 
recnptured  by  a  Trench  armament,  the  whole  aelllement 
revolted,  and  rc-aiinezed  itself  to  Ihe  Trench  ilomiii' 
ions — a  change  that  nas  ratified  by  the  aulmequciit 
treaty  of  Ryswick.  Rut  a  much  more  serious  loss  waa 
Bustained  tiy  MasaachLietta  in  tho  following  year; 
[lOU'l,]  when,  in  consequence  of  a  combined  attack  of 
tho  French  and  Indians,  tho  fort  erected  by  Sir  William 
Phippa  at  I'eininaqind  was  compelled  to  surrender  lo 
their  arms,  and  was  levelled  with  tho  u'ound.  This 
aevere  and  unexpected  blow  excited  the  utinOMt  diS' 
may  :  and  the  alarming  cunsclousneos  of  the  danger 
that  might  bo  apprehended  from  the  loss  of  a  barrier  of 
such  imporlancc,  rebuked  in  th"  strongest  manner  the 
factious  discontent  that  Imd  murmured  al  tho  oxpenje 
of  inainlainnig  it.  These  apnreliensions  were  but  too 
well  jiifitifietl  Tiy  the  increajeu  ravages  of  Indian  var- 
fare,  and  th')  incrciised  insolence  and  fury  with  which 
lliH  triumph  inspired  the  Indian  tribes.  Mr.  Sioughton 
and  Ins  cuiiiicil  adopted  the  must  vigorous  measures  to 
repair  or  retaliate  the  disaster,  and  despatclied  loicea  lo 
attack  the  eniiny  both  by  land  and  sea  ;  but  miscar- 
riage attended  both  these  expeditions,  and,  al  the  close 
of  the  year,  the  colonial  lorces  had  been  unable,  by  the 
slightest  advantage,  to  check  llio  assaults  of  the  enemy, 
or  to  revive  the  drooping  spirits  of  their  countrymen. 
In  the  following  year,'  [1GU7,]  the  province,  after  being 
severely  harassed  by  the  incursions  of  the  Indians,  waa 
ularineu  by  the  intelligence  of  a  formidable  invasion 
which  the  French  were  nreparint,  with  a  view  to  its 
complete  subjugation.  'Ihe  commander  ol  a  French 
squadron  which  was  crui.iing  on  tho  northern  coasts  of 
America  had  concerted  Willi  the  (Juunt  Fruiilignac,  tho 
guverner  of  Cjiiebec,  a  joint  attack  by  sea  and  land, 
with  the  wliule  united  force  of  the  French  and  Indiana 
on  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  little  doubt  waa 
entertiiined  of  the  coiii|Ue9i  of  the  people,  or  the  com- 
plete destruction  of  their  seillemunts.  Uii  the  lirst  iii- 
lelligenco  of  this  design,  the  ancient  spirit  of  New 
Kngluiid  seemed  again  to  awake,  and,  partial  animosi- 
ties being  swallowed  up  in  a  more  generous  passion, 
the  people  cu-operuted  with  ihe  utiuusl  vigor  in  the 
energetic  measures  by  which  Slouglilon  prepared  to 
repel  the  couiing  danger.  He  caused  the  furls  around 
Boston  10  be  repaired,  the  whole  miliiia  of  the  province 
10  be  embodied  and  trained  with  the  strictest  discipline, 
and  every  other  measure  conducive  lo  an  oH'ectual  de- 
fence tu  be  promptly  adopted.  In  order  to  ascertain, 
and,  if  possible,  anticipate  tho  purposed  operations  of 
the  enemy  hy  land,  be  despatched  a  considerable  force 
to  scour  the  eastern  frontiers  uf  the  province  ;  and  this 
body  encountering  a  detachment  ol  the  Indians,  who 
had  assembled  lojoin  the  French  invaders,  after  a  shun 
engagement,  gave  thein  a  complete  defcBt.  This  un- 
expected blow,  tliough  in  itself  of  little  iinportanco,  so 
deranged  the  plans  of  the  Ficnch  as  to  induce  them  to 
defer  the  invasion  of  Massachusetts  by  land  till  tho  fol- 


peiietriiln,  war  was  carried  into  the  bosom  of  every  family. 
Die  case  ut  a  Mrs.  Uustun  of  Ilaverlnll  in  Masjadiuaelts  u 
remarkable.  She  was  inaUe  prisoner  by  a  party  of  twelve  In- 
(luilis,  and,  Willi  the  iiitant  ut  wlii'-li  she  had  been  delivered 
but  a  week  before, and  the  nurse  who  attended  tier,  lorved  to 
accuiiipiiiiy  lliciii  on  fool  into  the  woods,  iler  lufsnl's  liead 
was  d:ished  lo  ()i,!ces  on  a  tree  before  iier  eyes  ;  and  she  and 
ttie  nurse,  after  latlituing  iiiarclics  in  tho  dcjutl  of  winter, 
lound  Iheinselves  at  an  Indmn  leu  a  hundred  and  futy 
miles  from  tlieir  home.  Here  tticy  were  iiilormed  that  they 
were  to  lie  made  s[:ives  for  life,  but  were  first  to  tie  conducted 
to  a  dustaiit  sclllement,  where  they  would  be  slripiied, 
scourged,  and  forced  to  run  the  gauutlef  naked  between  two 
liles  uf  the  whule  tribe  to  which  their  captors  belonged. 
This  iillell.H'enre  delermincd  Mrs.  Dustan  to  make  a  des- 
pontto  eiforl  htr  her  hberation.  Karly  in  the  niormng,  huvniK 
awaked  hei  nurse  and  a  young  man,  o  fellow-prisoner,  she  got 
possession  of  an  axe,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  tho  young 
man  and  the  nurse,  desp.ltched  no  fewer  than  ten  liidiiins  in 
Iheir  sleep;  the  ulhcr  two  awuke  and  escaped.  .Mrs.  Dusuui 
relumed  in  safety  wilh  her  co.npumons  to  ilaverhlll,  and 
was  liberally  rewarded  for  her  intrepidity  by  liie  legislature 
of  Massacliuselts.     ^Wight's  Travels. 

Whatever  other  cruelties  the  Indians  might  exercise  on  the 
bodies  of  their  captives,  it  is  observable  that  they  never 
atteinplcd  to  violate  tlie  chastity  of  women,  and  that  they 
respected  modesty  in  so  far  as  was  consistent  wilh  tho  in- 
Hiction  of  torture.  Belknap,  1.  1387.  They  had  a  strong 
aversion  lo  negroes,  and  generally  killed  them  whenever  itwy 
fell  into  their  hands.    iM. 

*  In  the  midst  of  these  troubles  died  this  year  the  vene- 
rable Simon  Hradslreet,  the  last  survivor  of  the  original 
plant,  rs,  lor  many  years  governor,  and  teinied  by  Ids  coun- 
IryinLil  the  Nestor  of  New  England.  He  died  in  his  niiiety- 
lillli  year;  earnestly  desiring  lo  lie  dissolved,  and  enter  into 
the  rest  of  Ge,l,  insomuch  (says  Motion  Mather)  that  it 
seemed  as  if  death  were  conferred  upon  him,  instead  of  hfe 
being  taken  from  him. 


lowing  year ;  and  the  French  admiral  linding  his  fleet 
weakened  by  a  sturm,  iiid  apprised  of  tlie  vigoron, 
preparations  fur  his  receptiun,  judged  it  prudent,  in  liko 
manner,  lo  abandon  tho  projected  naval  invasion. 

In  tho  coinmencemciit  ol  the  following  year,  [  1008,] 
intolligenco  was  received  in  .America  of  the  treaty  of 
Kyswick,  by  which  peace  had  been  eunelndcd  lictwecn 
Britain  aiiit  France.  I>y  this  treaty  it  was  agreed  thai 
tho  two  contracting  powers  shniild  iniituully  restore  to 
each  other  all  coiiqnesta  that  had  been  made  during  the 
war,  and  that  commissioners  should  he  ap|iointed  to 
eiamino  and  dolermine  the  rights  and  pretensiona  of 
either  monarch  to  tho  tcrritorie:i  siliniled  in  Hudson's 
Bay.  The  evil  consequences  of  thus  leaving  the  boun- 
daries of  growing  aeltleinents  una  jerlaiiied,  were  tnn- 
•Ibly  experienced  at  no  distant  date. 

Count  Frontignac,  tho  governor  of  Canada,  on  ro. 
ceiving  intelligence  of  this  treaty,  summoned  the  chiefa 
of  tho  Indian  tribes  together,  and  inlurming  theiii  that 
ho  could  no  longer  support  them  in  hoalililics  igainsi 
the  English,  advised  them  to  deliver  up  their  ciptives, 
and  make  the  best  terms  fur  themselves  that  they  cuuld 
ublain.  The  government  of  Massjchiisetls,  on  receiv- 
ing their  pacific  overtures,  sent  two  coinmissinnera  to 
Penobscot  to  meet  with  their  princtpat  sachems,  whc 
endeavored  to  apulogise  for  tiieir  iinprovoked  hoslilitiea 
by  ascribing  them  lo  ihe  ariilice  and  inatigation  of  the 
French  Jesuits.  'J'hey  cxpressc<l,  al  the  same  time,  the 
highcat  esteem,  anil  oven  a  filial  regard,  for  ('mint 
Frontignac,  and  an  earnest  desire  that,  m  case  of  any 
future  war  between  the  French  and  F^nglish,  the  Indians 
iiiighl  be  permitted  to  observe  a  nciilrality  helwccii  the 
belligerent  panics.  After  some  conferences,  a  now 
treaty  was  concluded  with  them,  in  which  they  worn 
made  In  acknowledge  a  more  formal  submission  to  the 
crown  of  Fngland  than  they  lud  ever  before  expressed. 

Un  tho  sellleineni  of  his  affairs  in  Europe,  the  king 
at  length  found  leisure  to  direct  aome  portion  of  his 
altentiuii  lo  America,  and  nominate  a  successor  to  the 
otlice  that  had  been  vacant  since  Ihe  death  of  Sir 
William  Phipps.  The  Earl  of  Bellamont  waa  ap- 
puinted  governor  of  New  York,  Matsaehusctts,  and 
New  Ilaiiip.sliite  :  and,  having  selected  the  former  of 
these  places  for  his  own  personal  residence,  he  con- 
tinued the  immediato  administration  of  the  others  in 
the  bunds  of  Mr.  .Sluughlon  as  deputy  governor. 

Having  traced  the  seiiaralo  history  of  New  England 
up  to  this  perinil,  wo  sliall  now  leave  this  interesting 
province  in  tho  enjoyment  (unhappily,  loo  short-lived) 
of  a  peace,  of  which  a  long  train  of  previoua  hostility 
and  calamity  had  taught  the  inhabilaula  fully  to  appro, 
ciale  the  value.  'I'hey  were  now  more  united  than 
ever  among  themselves,  and  enriched  wilh  an  ample 
stock  of  cx|)«rience  of  both  good  and  evil.  When 
Lord  Bellamont  visited  Massachusetts  in  the  following 
year,  the  recent  lieata  and  animosities  had  entirely  sub- 
sided, and  general  harmony  and  tranquillity  appeared 
to  prevail.  [161)!).]  The  virtue  tl»t  had  so  signally 
distinguished  the  original  settlers  of  New  England  was 
now  seen  to  shine  forth  among  their  descendants  with 
a  lustre  less  dazzling,  but  with  an  influence  in  some 
respects  more  amiable,  rchncd,  and  humane,  than  had 
attended  its  original  display. 

Unc  of  the  causes  that  undoubtedly  contributed  to 
the  restoration  ol  harmony,  and  the  revival  of  piety 
among  the  people,  was  the  publication,  about  thia  pe- 
riod, of  various  histories'  of  the  Now  England  com- 
monwealth, written  with  a  spirit  and  fidehty  well  cal- 
culated  to  commend  to  the  minds  of  the  colonists  the 
just  results  of  their  national  experience.  Tho  subject 
was  deeply  interesting ;  and,  happily,  the  treatment  of 
It  W08  undertaken  by  wi.iers  whose  principal  object 
was  to  render  this  interest  subservient  to  the  promotion 
of  piety  and  virtue.  Though  the  colony  might  bo  con- 
sidered as  yet  in  its  infancy,  it  had  passed  through  a 
great  variety  of  fortune.  It  had  been  the  adopted 
country  of  many  of  the  most  excellent  men  of  the  age 
in  which  it  arose,  and  the  native  land  uf  others  who 
had  inherited  the  character  of  Iheir  a.icestors,  and  trans- 
mitted it  to  their  successors  in  unimpaired  vigor,  and 
with  added  renown.  The  histor"  of  man  never  ex- 
hibited an  effort  of  more  vigorous  a,.d  enterprising  vir- 
tue than  the  original  migration  of  the  puritans  to  this 
distant  and  desolate  region  ;  nor  did  the  annals  of  colo- 
nization as  yet  supply  more  than  one  other  instance  of 
the  foundation  of  a  commonwealth,  and  its  advance- 
ment through  a  period  of  weakness  and  danger,  to 

*  Of  these  productions  one  of  the  earliest  in  point  of  com- 
position was  liovemor  Wmthron's  Joiimal  uf  Events  in  Mew 
England,  from  1030  till  IG44.  But  tins  Journal  was  not  pub. 
hshcd  till  the  year  I7IW  The  continuation  uf  it  till  the  jest 
164tl,  was  nut  (lublisheU  im  13W 


1 


974 


TIIR  HtSTOHY  OF 


iimiftlh  ind  •ertinty,  in  which  thn  prinripnt  nrtnri  hnd 
t«fi  hfhini  thfin  a  ropiitation  At  nncp  in  itliittriotio  anil 
tinaunied.  with  fowrr  inPinoriaU  ralnitatnl  to  prrvrrt 
thfl  morn,  arniin,  or  awskoit  the  rr^'rct  of  iniiikinil. 
Tlio  rHntioti  of  thrir  arhiovrmenta  had  a  powerful  tort* 
dnncy  to  excilo  hono.  and  animatu  prrM'vnrance  ;  to 
impart  courogp  to  Ine  virtuona.  and  to  fortify  thn  virtnn 
of  tho  bravo.  Tliny  could  not  indeed  hoast,  liko  tho  found- 
era  of  the  irttlcmmit  of  IVnn«vlvnnia,  that  hy  a  reso- 
lute profpiaion  of  non'roaintinco  of  injurip",  and  n 
faithful  ndhoronco  to  tiiat  prnfoaiiinn,  thoy  had  so  real- 
itcd  tho  Divine  protrction  hy  an  oxriuflivo  rrlitinrn  on 
it,  as  to  diaarm  Ine  ferority  ot'  hnrlmrianfi,  and  conduct 
the  catabliflhmont  of  thrir  conimnnwraUh  without  vio 
lenro  and  hlooddhcd.  But  if  ihov  wcrn  involved  in 
numeroua  wara.  it  waa  tho  aiuKular  and  hnnoraMo 
charartoriatic  of  ihrm  all,  that  they  wore  invarliihlv  tho 
ofTaprinK  of  aelf-defcnco  anflin^t  tho  unprovoked  ma- 
lisnity  of  their  adver^tarioH.  and  that  not  ono  of  them 
waa  undertaken  from  motives  of  corupieat  or  plunder. 
'Himiffh  thev  conaidered  iheae  wara  as  neconsary  atid 
Miatifiablo,  thoy  deeply  deplored  ihtm  ;  and,  moro  than 
onco.  the  rnoRt  diatrofminit  donhla  were  expronsed,  at 
(ho  cloao  of  thnir  hostilities,  if  it  were  hiwful  for  ehris- 
liana  to  carry  even  tho  riuhts  of  Helf-defenco  to  aurh 
fatal  extrernitv-  They  behaved  lo  the  [tiiliiin  iribca 
with  aa  much  (rood  faith  and  jutttire  na  ihev  pouM  have 
•hown  to  a  powerful  and  rivili/ed  peoplft.*  and  were 
incited  by  their  inferiority  to  no  other  arts  than  a  aerien 
of  tho  moat  maj;nnnimouii  and  laudable  endcnvora  to 
matruct  their  ianorancr,  nnd  elovnte  their  condition. 
If  thev  fell  short  of  the  colonists  of  Pennavlvanin  in 
tho  exhibition  of  chrihtian  meekness,  they  umpiestion- 
•My  e.'cclled  Ihem  in  the  extent  and  nclivity  of  chris- 
tian labor.  The  quakera  aiiceeed'^d  in  disarininp  tlio 
Indiana  ;  the  puritans  lalmrcd  to  convert  them.  The 
chief,  if  not  the  only  fault,  with  which  im|iartial  history 
muBt  ever  reproach  the  con<iurl  of  these  people,  ia  the 
rolisioua  intolornnco  that  they  cheriahetl,  and  the  perse- 
cution which  in  more  than  one  instance  it  prompted 
them  to  inflirt.  Hnppilv  for  their  own  character,  the 
provocation  thev  received  from  the  objects  of  their  per- 
■ecution,  tended  stronely  to  extenuate  the  hloTno  :  and 
happily,  no  less,  for  the  legitimate  induenro  of  thrir 
character  on  tho  minds  of  their  posterity,  the  fiinlt 
itself,  notwilhstandiiiff  every  extennatinu.  stood  so  ma- 
nifeatly  contrasted  and  inconsistent  with  the  very  prin- 
ciples with  which  their  own  fame  was  for  ever  asso- 
ciated, that  it  wai  impossible  for  a  writer  of  common 
integrity,  not  involved  in  the  immediate  heat  of  con- 
troversy, to  remler  a  just  tribute  to  their  excellence, 
without  findinR  himself  oblifjed  to  reprobate  this  sianal 
departure  from  it.  The  histories  that  were  now  pub- 
liahcd  were  the  composition  of  the  friends,  associates, 
and  successors  of  tho  oricinal  colonists,  and  written 
with  an  energy  of  just  encomium  that  elevated  every 
man*B  ideas  of  his  aneestora  and  his  country,  and  of 
the  duties  which  arose  from  these  natural  or  patriotic 
relations,  and  excited  universally  a  cencrous  svmpatby 
with  tho  characters  and  sentiments  of  the  fathers  of 
New  England.  Thcso  writers,  nevertheless,  vero  too 
conscientious,  snd  too  rnlii;hlencd,  to  confound  tho 
virtues  with  the  defectn  of  the  character  they  described  ; 
and  while  thev  dwelt  apolosretically  on  the  causes  by 
which  persecution  had  been  provoked,  they  lamented  tho 
infirmity  that  (under  any  dcpree  of  provocation)  had 
betrayed  ^ood  men  into  so  unchristian  nn  extremity. 
Kvon  Cotton  Mather,  the  most  eneominjtit?  of  the  bis- 
toriana  of  New  England,  and  who  cherished  very  strouL' 
prejudices  ag;.inst  the  qnakers  and  other  persecuted 
acctaricfl,  has  expressed  atill  strnngcr  disapprobation  of 
iho  flcverities  they  encountered  from  the  objects  of  his 
encomium.     These  representations  could  not  fail  to 

firoduce  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  people  of  New  Enjj- 
and.  They  saw  that  the  clory  of  their  country  waa 
associated  with  principles  that  could  never  coalesce 
with  or  sanction  intolerance  ;  and  that  every  instiiuce 
of  persecution  with  which  their  annals  were  aiained, 
was  a  dereliction  of  thnRO  principles,  and  .in  impeach- 
ment of  their  country's  cause.  Inspired  with  the 
warmest  attachment  to  the  memory,  and  the  highest 
respect  for  tho  virtue  of  their  ancestors,  they  were 
powerfully  reminded,  hy  the  errors  into  which  they  had 
fallen,  to  suspect  and  repress  in  themselves  those  in- 
firrnitiea  from  which  even  virtue  of  so  high  an  order 
had  been  found  to  afford  no  exemption.  From  this 
tirno  the  religious  zeat  of  the  people  of  New  England 

*  Not  only  were  all  the  lands  occnplfd  tiy  the  colonists  fairly 
pnrchased  from  ttieir  Indian  owners,  liut,  in  some  parts  of  tlio 
cmntrv,  ttio  lamls  were  suhjert  to  quit-rent.i  to  tlie  Indians, 
•*  which,"  savs  Delknap,  In  n94,  "  aro  annually  paid  to  their 
vosteritr."  p.  74. 


was  no  longer  perverted  by  intolerance,  or  ditgr<ii-ed 
by  persecutmn  ;  and  the  influence  of  ('hri«tianily  in 
mitigating  enmity,  and  promoting  kindness  and  indul- 
gence, derived  a  freer  scojie  from  the  growing  convic- 
tion, that  the  priiiciplen  of  the  gospel  were  utterly  irro- 
concitiihle  with  violence  and  severity  ;  that,  revealing 
to  every  m.m  his  own  corruption  much  more  dearly 
than  that  of  any  other  hutnuu  being,  they  were  equally 
adverse  to  coii(idunce  in  himself  and  to  suopiciun  uf 
others  ;  and  that  a  deep  sense  uf  enlire  dependenco  on 
Divine  aul,  must  ever  be  the  surest  in<liculion  of  tho 
accejitance  uf  human  pur)>nso  and  tho  efficacy  of  human 
endeavor  to  sulmerve  the  divine  cause.  Cotton  Malhor. 
who  has  recorded  tho  errors  of  the  first  colonists,  lived 
lo  witness  tho  success  of  his  representations  in  the 
chanty  and  tiberality  uf  their  descendants.* 

New  England  having  been  culouisid  hy  men,  not 
less  eminent  fur  learning  than  piety,  was  distinguished 
at  a  very  early  period  by  the  bhors  uf  her  schoUra,  and 
tibo  dtdicaliun  of  her  lituruture  to  the  interests  of  reli- 
gion. The  theological  works  of  ('otton,  Honker,  tho 
Slathers,  and  other  New  England  divines,  have  always 
enjoyed  a  very  high  degree  of  esteem  and  popularity, 
not  only  in  New  England,  but  in  every  protesMnt 
country  of  Europe.  The  annals  of  the  colony,  and  tho 
biography  of  its  founders  and  their  iminediato  succes- 
sors, were  written  by  coteinporary  historians  with  a 
minuteness  whrh  waa  very  agreeablo  and  inloreating 
to  the  first  gtneratiun  of  their  readers,  and  to  which 
they  were  prompted,  in  some  mcdsuro  at  least,  hy  the 
conviction  they  entertained  that  their  country  had  been 
honored  with  the  signal  favor  and  more  especial  gui- 
dance and  direction  of  Providence.  This  conviction. 
while  it  niituratly  betrayed  the  writers  into  the  fault  of 
prolixity,  enforced  by  tho  strongest  sanetions  ihu  ac- 
curacy and  tUleliiy  of  their  narrations.  Jtecording 
what  they  considered  the  peculiar  dealings  of  (lod  with 
a  people  peculiarly  hi-<  n^\\\,  they  pres'imcd  nut  to  dis- 
guise the  infirmiliea  of  their  counirymen  :  nor  did  they 
desire  to  magnify  the  Divine  grace  in  tho  infusion  of 
human  virtue,  above  the  Divine  patience  in  enduring 
human  frailty  and  imperfection.  The  errors  and  failings 
of  tho  illustrious  mt^n  whose  lives  they  nlated,  gave 
ailditiuiial  weight  to  tho  impre.Hsion  which  above  all  they 
ilesircd  to  convey,  that  the  culunization  of  New  Eiig- 
tuiid  was  an  extraordinary  work  of  Heaven,  that  '.lie 
counsel  and  the  virtue  by  which  it  had  been  carried  on 
were  not  of  human  origin,  and  that  the  glory  of  t^-Jud 
had  been  displayed  nu  toss  in  imparting  tlie  strength 
and  wisdom  than  in  overniling  the  weakness  and  per- 
versiiy  of  the  inslrumentJ  which  he  deigned  to  employ. 
The  most  considerable  of  these  historical  works,  and 
tlie  most  interesting  performance  that  the  literature  of 
,\ew  England  has  ever  produced,  is  the  "  Magnaliu 
Christi  Americana,"  or  History  of  New  England  ly 
(,'ottori  Mather.  The  arrangement  of  this  work  is  t,x- 
ceediiigly  faulty,  and  its  vast  bulk  will  ever  continue  to 
render  its  exterior  increasingly  repulsive  to  modern 
readers.  The  continuity  of  the  narrativo  is  frequently 
broken  by  the  introduction  of  long  discourses,  epistles, 
and  thrological  reflections  and  dissertations  ;  biography 
is  intermixed  witli  history,  and  events  of  trifling  or 
merely  local  interest  related  with  intolerable  prolixity. 
It  is  aot  so  properly  a  sir^de  or  continuous  historical 
narratiou,  a^  a  collection  of  separate  works  illustrative 
uf  the  variou.'f  portions  of  New  England  history,  under 
the  lit'ads  of  -'  Remarkable  I'rovidences,  Kemarkable 
Trials,"  and  numberless  other  sulidivisions.  A  plen- 
tiful intermixture  of  puns,  anagrams,  and  othei  barbarous 
coiiceitR.  e.vemplitics  a  peculiarity  (the  oilsjiring,  partly 
uf  Imd  tasie,  and  partly  of  superstition)  that  was  very 


*A  Jisrourso  which  ho  puhhslied  some  years  aficr  tins 
period,  rouUiiiis  liie  followini?  passage—"  In  lliis  cnpilfil  ciiy 
of  U'istoii,  there  aro  umi  as.tunililie<t  uf  Chrihtiun.s  uf  dilforcnt 
pcrsuasiriiis,  who  live  so  lovingly  and  peareahiy  together, 
dohig  ftll  thnolfli'tis  of  neighhouriiuud  tor  uiio  another  In  such 
a  nianiiiir,  as  may  give  a  sensilile  rehuke  to  all  tho  lilgoti  of 
iiiiirnruiity,  and  hIi'^w  them  liow  roiisisiLMit  a  varit^iy  v{  rilus 
in  religion  may  l>e  with  tho  tran>iuilhiv  of  hnniiui  soi-ieiy; 
and  may  dernunstrato  to  the  world  Ui:it  ptTsirulimi  for  ron- 
scientious  dissents  in  reliL'ion  is  an  ubonimatioa  of  dcAolalion, 
a  thini;  wlK^reof  all  wise  and  just  men  will  say, '  (Cursed  l>o  its 
aneer,  for  it  is  tiercn  ;  and  its  wrath,  f'lr  it  is  cruel.*  "  Noal's 
Present  State  of  New  England,  p.  fill.  Tlio  tirst  opiscop;il 
society  was  formed  in  Massachusetts  in  IfMW  (befnre  the 
arrival  of  Anriros;)  and  the  lirHt  episcopal  chapel  eroctoil  at 
Boston  m  16^.  CollectlonJ  of  the  Mass.  IIi:«t.  Soc.  iii.  359. 
Ai|UHl<erineetini<-liousuwa><  builtat  Ilastiin  in  1710.  Ibid.  SfiO. 

t  "  If  we  look  nn  the  dark  side,  tho  human  side,  of  this 
work,  there  is  much  of  human  weakness  and  itnperfoction 
hatli  appeared  in  all  that  hath  been  dune  by  man,  ns  was  ac- 
knowledged by  our  fathers  l)eforo  us.  Neither  was  New  Eng- 
land ever  witliout  some  fatiierly  rhastisemcnts  from  God  ; 
showing  that  ho  ii  not  fond  of  the  formalities  of  any  people 
upon  earth,  but  expects  the  realities  of  practical  godhncss, 
according  to  our  profession  and  engagement  unto  him." 
Higginson's  Attentation,  preAxed  to  Cotton  Mather's  History. 


prevalent  among  the  prose  writers,  and  espeeially  tha 
theologians  of  that  age.  Notwith>«tanding  tbrnu  de- 
fects, the  work  will  amply  repay  tlni  labor  of  every 
reader.  The  biogrnphical  portions  in  particular  po^seta 
the  highest  excellence,  and  are  siijierior  in  dignity  and 
interest  to  the  compositions  of  I'lutarch.  ('otion  Ma- 
ther was  ihu  author  of  a  great  many  other  works,* 
many  of  which  have  been  highly  popular  and  eminently 
useful.  One  of  them  bears  the  title  of  "  Kssays  '.u  do 
(lood*  and  contains  a  lively  and  forciblo  repn  stt.tatiim 
(conveyed  with  more  than  the  author's  usual  brevity) 
of  the  opportiinilios  which  every  rank  and  every  rela- 
tion of  life  will  present  to  a  devout  mind,  uf  promoting 
the  glory  of  (Jod  and  the  good  of  mankind.  The  ce- 
lebrated Dr.  Franklin,  in  the  latter  years  of  his  active 
and  useful  life,  declared  that  all  the  good  he  had  over 
done  to  bis  routilry  or  his  fellowcreatures.  must  Ito 
ascribed  to  tho  impression  that  had  been  produced  uti 
bis  mind  by  perusing  that  little  work  in  his  youth.  It 
is  curioufl  to  find  an  inl'idel  philoiupber  thus  ascribe  all 
his  practical  wisdom  to  the  lessons  of  a  christian  diviiio, 
and  trace  the  stream  of  his  boneticenco  to  the  fountain 
of  the  gospel. 

A  traveller  who  visited  Boston  in  the  vesr  lOflH, 
mentions  a  number  of  booksellers  there  who  had  already 
made  fortunes  by  their  trade.  The  learned  and  inge- 
nioua  author  of  the  History  of  Printing  in  America  lias 
given  a  catalogue  of  the  works  published  by  the  first 
New  England  printers  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
('unsidermg  the  circumstances  am)  numbers  of  the  peo- 
ple, the  catalogue  is  amazingly  copious.  One  of  the 
printers  of  that  age  was  an  Indian,  the  son  of  one  uf 
the  first  Indian  converts. 

The  education  and  habits  of  the  people  of  New 
England  prepared  them  to  receive  the  full  force  of  tlioso 
impressions  which  their  national  htcraturo  was  calcu- 
lated to  produce.  In  no  country  have  the  benefits  of 
knowledge  been  ever  more  highly  prized  or  more  ge- 
nerally diffused.  Institutions  for  the  education  ul  youth 
were  coeval  with  the  foundation  of  the  lirst  colonial 
community,  and  were  propagated  with  every  accession 
to  the  population  and  every  extension  of  the  aeltlements. 
Education  was  facilitated  in  this  province  by  the  pe- 
culiar manner  in  which  its  colonization  was  conducted. 
In  many  other  parts  of  America,  the  planters  dispersed 
themselves  over  the  face  of  the  country  ;  each  residing 
on  his  own  farm,  and  placing  his  house  in  the  situation 
most  conducive  to  his  own  convenience  as  a  planter. 
Tho  advantagoa  resulting  from  this  mode  of  inhabita- 
tion wf-re  gained  at  the  expense  of  such  dispersion  of 
dwellings  as  obstructed  the  erection  of  churches  and 
schools,  and  the  enjoyment  of  social  intercourse,  Uiit 
the  colonization  of  New  England  was  conducted  in  a 
laanner  much  more  favoralde  to  the  improvement  of 
human  ohaiactcr  and  the  refinement  of  human  manners. 
All  the  original  townships  were  settled  in  what  is  termed 
the  village  manner ;  the  ii..iahilanls  having  originally 
planted  themselves  in  small  communities,  from  regard 
to  the  ordinances  of  religion  and  the  convenience  ot 
education.  Every  town  containing  fifty  householders 
was  obliged  by  law  to  provide  a  schuulmasler  qualified 
to  teach  reading  and  writing;  and  every  town  contain- 
ing u  hundrcu  househnldera,  to  maintain  a  grammar 
school.  But  the  generous  ardor  of  the  people  con- 
tiu'jally  outstripped  the  provisions  of  this  law.  Wo 
have  seen  Harvard  College  established  in  Massachu- 
setts hut  a  few  years  after  the  foundation  of  the  colony 
was  laid.  The  other  states,  for  some  time  after,  were 
destitute  of  tho  wealth  and  population  necessary  to  8U|i- 
porl  similar  establishments  withm  their  own  territories  ; 
but  they  frequently  assessed  themselves  in  the  u'.cst 
liberal  contributions  for  the  maintenance  and  cnlrtrgc- 
mcnt  of  Harvard  College.  The  contributions,  even  at 
a  very  early  period,  of  Connecticut,  Newhavcn,  and 
New  Hampshire,  have  been  particularly  and  deservedly 
noted  for  their  liberality.  The  close  of  the  same  cen- 
tury was  illustrated  by  the  establishment  of  Yale  Col- 
lege in  Connecticut.  8o  high  was  the  rejuite  tliat  the 
province  long  continued  to  enjoy  for  the  excellency  and 
efficiency  of  its  seminaries  of  education,  that  many 
respectable  persons,  not  only  in  the  other  American 
states,  but  even  in  Great  Britain,  sent  their  children  to 
be  educated  in  New  England. 

A  general  appetite    for   knowledge,  and   universal 


*His  biographers  have  given  ub  a  catalogue  of  his  works, 
amounting  to  no  fewer  than  three  hundred  and  eighty-two— 
many  no  doubt  of  small  dimensions,  but  ottiers  of  consider* 
atilo  bulk,  and  somo  voluminous.  He  was  a  singular  eco- 
nomist of  time,  and  at  onco  tho  mont  voluminous  andpopulsi 
writer,  and  the  most  zealous  and  active  minister  of  his  age. 
AIh>vo  his  study  door  was  inscribed  tliii  Impressive  admo- 
nition to  liis  visitors,  '*  Bo  short."  lie  was  tho  son  uf  Dr.  In 
crease  Mather,  born  in  1663.  and  died  in  1727. 


liL 


NORTH   AMKUICA. 


thfl  vcnr  IGflH, 
who  find  already 
iniud  anil  in^n- 
in  Ainnrica  had 
hcd  by  the  I'lrst 
li'ontli  century, 
ibrrs  of  the  pco- 
Ono  of  the 
I  (ton  of  one  uf 

people  of  New 
ill  force  of  thoso 

turn  was  culcii- 
)  tho  bnnelits  of 
hI  or  more  ^e- 

ucatiun  ul  youth 
ie  lirat  colonial 

every  accession 

the  arttleniLMits. 
vincv.  by  the  pe- 

wan  conducted, 
anters  dixperscd 
t ;  each  rcaidin}; 

\n  tlie  Aituation 
CO  as  a  planter, 
ade  nf  inhabita- 
ch  (lixperKion  of 
if  churches  and 
itercunrsc,     lint 

conducted  in  a 
inipruvcuient  ol 
human  manners. 
in  what  iaienned 
avin^  originally 
icH,  from  regard 

convenieru'e  ot 
fty  bouseholders 
Irnaster  (pialified 
ry  town  contain- 
iitam  a  grannnat 
the  peojde  con- 

this  law.  Wo 
d  in  NfuRsachii- 
on  of  the  colony 

time  after,  wert 
necessary  to  auji- 
'own  territories  ; 
/es  in  the  most 
ICC  and  enbjrgc- 
ibutions,  even  at 

Newhaven,  and 
ly  and  deservedly 
if  the  same  ccn- 
em  <tf  Yule  Col- 
e  repute  that  the 
e  excellency  and 
tion,  that  many 
other  American 

thoir  children  to 

),  and  universal 

[)i$uu  of  his  works, 
I  and  eighty-two— 
Hlitirs  of  eunsiclur* 
as  a  singular  eco- 
liiinus  and  pupulHi 
ilnister  uf  his  age. 
Impressive  admo 
tbo  son  oi  Dx*  In 
K7. 


fainihnritv  with  telKra,  was  thua  maintained  from  iht* 
bflimruna  omonK  llm  people  of  tbia  provnire  The 
ffenenil  diKrouraueineiit  of  frivolous  amusemenrs,  and 
of  every  rerrention  that  bordered  upon  vice,  lindrd  to 
devote  their  teisur*^  hours  to  rendinu  ;  and  the  senti- 
meiils  and  opinioua  derived  throujjb  this  avenue  of 
knowledge,  sunk  deeply  into  vigorous  and  undisHipiited 
minds.  The  historical  retrospections  of  this  people 
were  pfruliarlv  calculated  to  eiereise  a  favorable  m- 
fluenre  on  their  character  and  turn  of  tlunkina,  by 
aw.ikeninir  a  neiieroua  emulation  and  connecting  tbem 
with  a  uniform  and  proiiressivo  course  of  manly,  pa- 
tient, and  siKTi'ssful  virtue 

Notwitlisnnilintf  the  general  difTuaion  of  knowb  dj(n 
BMirnir  the  people  of  New  Kn^laml.  the  lower  <  iaMses 
were  not  ennrelv  I'xempt  from  notiie  nf  the  prevulent 
delusions  nf  the  n\iv  In  particular,  the  i.otiun.  then 
piirrallv  received  ui  the  parent  state,  nl  the  ell'iracy 
of  the  rnviil  tnucli  for  the  cure  nf  the  disorder  culled  the 
kirm's  evil,  appears  l()  have  been  uiriorted  into  New 
Kii.jland,  lo  iheyrrat  inconveinei.ee  of  those  who  were 
so  iinluippv  as  In  ri'ceive  it  Ib-lknap  haa  transcribetl 
fri»m  the  reroriU  (if  the  t<Hvn  of  Porlsiiioiith  in  New 
II  unp-^hire,  iliepriitiitn  of 'in  inhabitant  to  the  court  uf 
tiiit*  province,  in  the  year  1(W7.  for  asrtistnnce  lo  undi-r- 
takr  a  journev  tn  I  jinland.  that  he  miirlit  be  cured  of  liii* 
(hsiate  hv  cniDnri  in  corilaci  with  i  kitiij  ,*  n  eircuin- 
stance  wlii'-b  Heaven  (it  mav  he  hoped)  has  decreed 
slinii'd  never  be  jiossiblo  within  tlie  eoiifiues  of  North 
America 

The  oniount  of  the  populatmn  of  New  Kiiyland  at 
this  period  lia^  been  verv  ditfercnllv  eMtimated  by  ditb-r- 
ent  writer*.  AeiMirdmu  to  Sir  Wilham  I'ellv,  the 
iiinuber  of  inhabitants  anmuntcd,  in  the  year  inUI.  to 
one  hundred  and  (iftv  tliniisnnd.  A  nineli  lower  eom- 
piit'itiou  is  adopted  by  Neal.  and  n  niucb  hiyhi  r  by  a 
liitir  historiftu.  The  population,  it  in  certain,  hud  been 
eonstderably  auirmcnted.  boih  by  the  etniuratioim  of  dis- 
Benlerafrotil  various  of  the  Kuropean  htaien,  and  by  native 
propajiation  in  circMinslances  so  favorable  to  inerease. 
S'et  no  iptarter  of  North  Atnerieahas  seen  its  own  po- 
pulation so  exiensivelv  drained  by  emiKralion  as  New 
Knjihnd,  wbieh.  from  a  very  early  period  of  its  history, 
ha*  lever  ceased  to  send  swarms  of  hardy,  nidustnuus. 
iiul  (diicnted  men  lo  recruit  and  improve  everv  sue- 
c^fsive  *etllcuient  that  Ins  olVered  its  resources  to 
energy  and  virtue  The  total  restraint  of  beeiilioua 
intercourse  ;  the  fariliiv  of  ncipiiriuL'  property  and  main- 
tninini;  a  fainilv  ;  the  discnnr.iL'ciuent  of  idleness  ami 
luxury  ;  and  tho  previleru-e  of  industrious  and  frufjul 
hidiils  amouL'  nil  riassrs  of  peopb'.  conriirred  with  pow- 
erbd  etbcacv  to  render  inarriaL'es  boili  frcijuent  and 
prolific  in  New  Knjil.ind  Hos'on,  the  capital  of  Maa- 
snchusetts,  and  the  larL^'st  ritv  in  North  America,  ap- 
pears lo  have  contained  a  pnpuliition  of  nhout  10,0()0 
persons  at  theclose  of  this  eenturv.  In  the  year  ITliO, 
Its  inhabitants  anmunted  to'^O.OtH).  Kvery  inhabitant 
of  the  province  was  reipiired  by  law  to  keep  a  slock  of 
nrniH  and  ammunition  in  his  house;  and  all  mates 
above  sixteen  vears  of  aiio  were  enrolled  in  the  militia, 
which  was  assembled  for  exercise  four  times  every 
year. 

The  whole  territorv  of  New  Knuland  was  compre- 
hended at  this  period  i[i  four  jurisdietioiis,  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire,  ('onnecticut,  and  Rhode  Island. 
To  Mass.icluisells  there  had  been  annexed  the  seltle- 
menls  of  New  Plymouth  and  Maine,  ond  to  Connecti- 
eut  the  settlement  of  Newbaven.  The  territories  of 
these  ^overmnentn  were  divided  into  constituted  dis- 
tricts called  townships,  each  of  wbirb  WHS  repie.H.ited 
by  one  or  two  deputies  (necordiiii;  to  the  nnmlier  of  the 
freeholders)  in  tlio  assembly  of  the  state.  IJesides  this 
elective  franchise,  the  freeholders  of  each  townslnp 
enjoyed  the  riyht  of  appointing  the  municipal  otbcers 
denominaled  select-men,  by  whom  the  local  adminis- 
tration of  the  township  was  exercised.  The  (pialilica- 
lion  of  a  freeholder  in  Massachusetts  was  dcclari'd  bv 
its  charter  to  he  an  estate  of  the  value  of  forty  shillintrs 
per  annum,  or  the  posaessimi  of  personal  property  to 
the  amount  of  fifty  pounds  ;  communion  with  the  con- 

*  Belknap.  I.  Append.  No.  4ft.  Tlie  followirrjf  ailvt-nisement 
occurs  in  the  London  Oa/etle  of  tlio  2lHli  of  May,  10(:<2,— 
"  Tliese  are  lo  civo  notice  that  (ho  wcallicr  growimt  warm, 
his  majesty  will  not  touch  anymore  for  the  evil  till  towards 
Michaelmas.  And  his  mnjesty's  rhiriirjjpons  desire,  to  pre- 
vent his  nmjesiy  ht'inir  defiauded,  that  preater  cart-  be  taken 
I'U  the  fnturo  in  registcrinif  certificates  given  to  suchascomo 
to  he  touched."  After  the  Restoration,  such  inultiludcs 
nocked  to  the  palace  to  be  touched  that  a  number  of  people 
WR-P  crushed  to  death.  Evelvn's  .lournal,  ii.  5TI.  This  su- 
rerstiliou  (which  it  is  said  that  rromwcll  vainlv  tried  to 
ittach  to  Ins  own  person)  survived  in  Ennlaiid  till  the  reiffti 
t  ^'»''<'n  Aniie,  wlio  lo'iclied  (among  others)  the  inlaiit  frame 
^i  1);.  Joiinsoii. 


Kre^atinnal  chunlKS  having  ceasi  d  foi  ninny  years  to 
be  rci|uisile  lo  tic  enjoyment  of  political  privileges.  In 
the  oilier  slate-  of  .New  Kn^l.uid,  ihe  (pialihcation  wan 
at  thii  period  nearly  the  same  its  in  Mas-tarhusettH. 
The  expen''t.s  of  uuveriiinent  lind  been  defrayed  ormt- 
inilly  by  teinpnrbry  asseasments,  to  which  every  iiiait 
was  rati  d  dccurdin^  to  the  value  of  his  whole  jiropcriy  ; 
hilt  riuce  the  year  HMA,  eicises,  imposts,  ami  poll 
laxt  .  had  bieii  in  me.  'I'lie  judicial  proceedings  in  all 
iht  provincial  courts  were  conducted  with  yreat  eipo- 
■litimi,  cheapness,  and  Minpbcity  of  proci  duru. 

MassaehusetlM  and  New  Hampshire,  the  one  enjny- 
inu  n  churlcred,  the  oilier  an  nncharlered  jurisdiction, 
were  till'  (uily  two  states  of  New    Knj^land  in  which 
the  superior  otlicers  of  government  were  appointed  by 
the  crown,  and  frcnn  the  Inbunsls  of  which  an  appeal 
was  adnntted  to  the  kin^  in  eouncil.      An  New  Ilainp- 
shire  was  too  inconsiderable  to  support   the  auhstaiiCD 
as  \vi>||  aathe  title  of  a  separate  estabhshrnenl,  it  was 
the  |irac(iee  at  this  period,  and  for  sotne  time  after,  to 
appe  III   the  same  perMUi  to  be  t:o\ernor  of  iMassaehu-  ' 
setts  and  New  Ilanipshire.      In  ('oimecticut  and  Khode 
Island,  all  the  ollirers  of  government  (eiceptin^  tho  | 
members  of  the  court  of  admiralty)  w(  re  elected  hv  tho  j 
inhabitants;  and  so  reriobiiely  was  this  highly-valued  [ 
pDviteire   assc>rtcil,  that  when    Kini.'  William  ajipointed  '■ 
r'letehiT,  'he  ffovernor  of  New  York,  lo  commaiid   tlic 
Conncetieut  forces   the  province  refused  to  ohey  htm.  I 
The  |aw*a  of  these  states  weie  not  subject  to  the  ru'^a-  | 
tive,  nor  the  judgments  of  their  tribunals  to  the  leview,  | 
of  ih(>   kirit;.      Hut  the  vahditv  of  tin  ir   la\%a  was  de-  j 
dared  to  depend  on  a  very  nncerlain  eritermti — a  con- 
formity, as  elo^e  as  eircumslanees  would   admit,  to  the 
jiirisjirudeiice  of  Kiiiilatul.*      So  perfectly  democratic 
were  the  constitutions  of  Cuimeeticut  and  Itliode  Utand,  | 
that    111   neither  of  them  was  the  governor  sutl'ered  to 
exercise  a  negative  on  the  resnlnlions  of  tho  assembly. 
The  spirit  of  hherly  was   not  suppressed  in  Massachu- 
setts by  the  encroaclimenls  of  royal  prerogative  on  the 
ancient  privileyes  of  the  people,    but    was   vigorously 
exerted  through  the  reindininu  and  imjiortant  or^aii  of 
the  provincial    assembly.      All   the  patronage  that  was 
ve^tted  in  ihe  royal  governor  was  never  able  to  creates 
mvalist  party  in  this  state,     'i'hi-  f-inctionarie*.  whom  ho 
appointed,  dependetl  on   the  popular  nshcmbly  for  tho 
einobimcnts  of  their  utlice.^ ;  and  it  was  not  till  after 
many  unstircessfnl  ell'orts,  iliat  the  British  government 
were  able  to  free  the  j,'overiior  himself  from  the  same 
dependenie,  and  to  prevail  wilh  the  asnembly  to  annex 
a  lixed  salary  to  his  oHi:;e.     'J'he  people  and  the  po])U- 
lar    authorities    of  Massachusetts    were  always  ready 
to  set  an  example   to  the  other  cotunieH   of  a    deter- 
mined resistance  to  tho  encrodchmenta  of  royat  prero- 
gative. 

In  all  the  colonies,  and  especiolly  in  the  New  Eng- 
land states,  there  existed  at  this  period,  and  for  a  long 
time  afierwards,  a  mixture  of  very  opposite  sentiments 
towards  (ireat  llrilain.  Aa  tho  posterity  of  Knglish- 
inen,  the  colonists  cherished  u  strong  attachment  to  a 
land  which  tlu-y  habitually  termtd  the  Motlitr  Country^ 
or  JlomrJ  and  lo  a  people  whom,  though  contempora- 
ries with  themselves,  they  regarded  as  occupying  an 
anceslnil  relation  to  them.  As  Americans,  their  liberty 
and  happiness,  and  even  their  national  existence,  were 
associated  wilh  escape  from  royal  persecution  in  Bri- 
tain ;  and  the  jealous  and  unfriendly  sentiments  engen- 
dered hy  tbia  coiibitleration  were  prcfcrved  more  parti- 
cularly in  Mussuchusctta  by  the  privation  of  the  privi- 
leges whicli  had  originally  belonged  to  it,  and  which 
('onnecticut  and  Uliode  I.sland  were  still  permitted  to 
enjoy,  and  inamtaitii'd  tn  every  one  of  the  states  by  the 
oppressive  commercial  policy  which  Clrcat  lirituin  pur- 

•There  were  no  regular  ineaiis  of  a>certaining  this  eun- 
rorniiiy  ;  these  slater  not  Ih'iiii;  obliged,  like  Massachuseti.'*, 
to  irniiMiiit  their  la\\s  to  i:ii^'iitiid.  Dm  a  conipluint  from  an 
inhabitant  oi  t.'onin'Clic'tt,  tiiyrievcd  by  th«  operation  of  u 
particular  law.  it  was  dcclareil.by  the  king  in  council,  *•  that 
their  law  concerning  dividing  laiid-iidieritanco  of  an  lutcslate 
was  contrary  to  the  law  of  England,  and  void;"  but  ibe 
colony  paid  no  regard  to  this  deelaiaiion.  Hist. of  the  Drituh 
Doiiinuons  in  North  America,  B.  ii  cap.  ui.  i/  I. 

1  They  have  loft  one  Iniltstructible  mark  of  tlieir  ori^iin, 
aid  tlieir  kindly  renieiubraiicu  of  it,  in  the  Dritish  niiines 
which  they  transferred  to  American  places.  When  New- 
I.ondon  in  (-onnecticut  was  foe.nded  in  the  year  ItVtH,  the  as- 
sembly of  the  province  assigned  its  name  by  an  act  com- 
nienring  with  the  lollowing  preamble:  "Whereas  it  hath 
been  the  coninundablo  pr.ictice  of  ihe  inhabitants  of  all  the 
ci)l<uuc.s  of  these  parts,  that  as  this  country  hath  Us  dcnonii- 
n:ition  from  our  dear  native  country  of  Kngland.and  thente 
is  calleil  New  Kiiiiland ;  so  tiie  plaiiiers,  in  their  ti^^,t  settling 
of  most  new  pl!uiluti(ui»,  have  liiveii  iiameH  in  lliese  ptanla- 
lions  of  some  cilies  vud  towns  in  Knglam),  thereiiy  imendina 
to  keep  up  and  leave  to  posterity  tho  niemnrial  of  Keveral 
places  of  note  there,"  Ac.  "this  court,  considering  that  tliere 
hath  >et  no  place  in  any  of  tbe  colonicii  been  named  m 
memory  of  the  ciiy  of  London,"  4c.    Truuil)ull,i.  ITU. 


975 

•lied  loivanU  iImmii,  iiimI  of  winch  rtiejr  iiiciianmi;  rf. 
BtMirrc.  ri'iiiliTi-d  ilii'in  iitiTriiiiiinily  m-fiHiMd  niiil  pro- 
liiirlliiiiiillv  iiii|inlii  III.  'I'lir  Inyiillv  nf  ( 'imiik  I'llciil  nriil 
Ulmtli'  ii.)iiiiit  wiiH  IK)  wiiv  |iriiiiHi-<'i)  by  ihr  iPli'.fnvi- 
iMin  (if  tht'ir  niincnl  (-li.irtrr!« — iiii  nilvMiiiii^r  «iiirh  thp, 
will  kiiiw  Imil  I.I  I'll  riinc  iilid   lo  ilifm  I'y  iho  Urili.ii 

Koviniiiiriit  with  ilii>  uii t  ri'liiiliiu'e,  oiiil  of  which 

iiuiiiiTiiiiii  mii'iiijitu  III  ilivint  ihi'iii  liy  ml  of  iinrli.'im^iil 

wcni  iiiiilr  hy  hiiiij  Williiiii I   lim  iinnii'iliatii  mic- 

rranora.  Kii'li  llii'  iii  w  rliiirlir  of  Mni.ii.irhuiirlll  wh 
lint  i'iriii|i>rd  frniii  mnh  iiiiinliii ;  and  llm  ili'liinai«e 
•|iirit  lliiit  wuK  Ihiini'xnii'il  mid  kihl  iilitrhy  thii  iig){rr> 
.IVD  |iolii'y  nf  llnlaiii  I'.iiiiriliiiiiil.  no  doiilii,  lo  iiiHii- 
ciiri',  in  a  iimlciiul  di.'<{rt'r,  tlio  fiiiiiro  dL'iliiiii>>  of 
.\iiHTica, 

III  nliirii  for  tlip  nr!iil<»  whiili  thoy  rniiiircd  from 
Kiirn|ii-,  Olid  of  whirh  llir  Kiit>li>li  iiicrrlmiiin  iiiniin|io- 
limd  thr  siiiiiily,  tlir  inhiihiMiiia  of  N'nw   K  K'nud  liiiil 

no   nluplo    I'm odily   hIiIiIi    iiii^IiI    not  ho  nhlmni'il 

rhrii|ii'r  III  K.iirii|n'  hy  ilirir  riiMoiiiirK  'I'lii'y  |iii««i'i.i.i'd, 
inih'id,  ^ood  iiiini'H  nf  iron  ,  ml  i'o|'|ji'r,  ulili  li  iiiijilil 
liuvc  hccn  wroi^jht  willi  iiiKiinMi;r;  lint  llirv  wcro 
rr»lrniiii'd  hy  thr  Knt'li^li  h  i;i»;iiiijri'  from  Mmniifiicliir- 
\\m  ill!  Ki'  iiii-liil'.  nihrr  lor  lioini'  '-oiiKiiinption  or  forriiiii 

('ii|ioriiilion.     Till'  prim  ipil  r lodilirs'i'xporiid  fioni 

Ni'W  Hn;iland  wrrr  tlii'  proiliin  und  rihi»r  of  llii  ir 
fori'. In,  or,  104  II  \v;iii  (-oininnnty  iitiikiI,  hnnhi'r,  iind 
ihi'  |priidiir<'  of  tlii'ir  cod  I'oiliiry.  In  llic  h(Kiniiiii)(  ol 
ihc  ci;;litri'iilli  ccnliiry.  ihc  iinniHil  iinporlii  iiiln  llii'  pro- 
Miici'M  from  Kiinliiiiil  wiri'  ivii'iiiilcd  liy  .Nciil  a: 
lllO.niMI/.  'I'll!' cxporU  hy  llic  jliiijlihli  iniTi'hiinliicon- 
MDirit  of  n  liinidrt'il  ilioini.'iiid  i|iiintjit!.  (the  i|iiinliu 
wiiijliini;  lis  poiinil!.)  of  dried  codlish,  whiili  win- 
i-iilil  III  Kiiropo  for  ND.DOO/.  and  of  I'lrci'  tlioiiKunJ  lo'is 
of  iiaviil  siiirin.  To  ihc  other  Aiicriran  plaiitulioiii, 
New  llnjclami  miil  hiiiihcr,  hsli  and  oilier  pruvimons,  Ic 
Ihe  ninonnl  of  ,5(1,0011/,  minuully.  .An  exien.sivc  iiiunii- 
hicliiie  of  linen  cloth  »<jH  ('.iiiihlinhed  alioil  lhi«  tiino 
III  the  prnvlnce  :  llimuas  an  adviiniudc  for  which  New 
KiiKlniid  wan  iiidehied  to  the  iin^riiiion  of  many  thot- 
•uiid.i  ol  Irish  jircshyteriain  to  her  shore,  ahoiit  the 
herinninij  of  the  eifjhleenih  ceiilnry.  Sliip-hiiildin({ 
was  from  an  ently  period  ci  -ried  on  to  a  roiiiiiderahle 
extent  at  Huston  and  other  t'Ca-port  towns.  It  wa»  the 
practice  of  Kniiie  nierchuiits  to  frei);lil  their  nesKelii  aa 
lliey  hiiill  them,  with  car^ioesi  of  cohinial  prodiiec,  and 
10  si]]  the  vessels  in  the  aaine  perla  in  which  llio  car- 
jjoen  were  disposed  of.  A  (ireat  part  of  the  trade  of  the 
olher  colonics  was  conducted  hy  the  iiliippin|!  of  New 
l'lii|,'land  At  lliia  period,  and  for  many  years  afier- 
wards, specie  was  so  scarce  in  the  province,  that  paper 
money  formed  almost  cxclusivi  ly  the  circiililing  me- 
dium in  use  anion^'  the  inhahilanls.  Ililla,  or  notes, 
were  circulated  for  sniiis  as  low  as  half  a  crown. 

The  soil  of  a  (jreat  part  of  the  district  of  Maine  wai 
erroneously  supposed,  hy  its  first  Kuropeaii  colonistt, 
10  he  iiiifavorahle  lo  ajjricullure,  and  iiica|iahlc  of  yield- 
111(5  a  siillicieiit  supply  of  bread  to  its  inhabitants.  Thit 
notion  produced  tho  deficiency  which  it  presupposed  • 
and,  injurious  as  it  was  to  Ihe  increase  and  prosperity 
of  the  inhahilanls,  it  prevailed  even  till  the  period  of  the 
.American  revolution.  Prior  lo  that  e»cnt,  the  iiihabi- 
laiiis  traded  almost  excliis.vely  in  luinlier,  and  the 
(ireater  part  of  the  bread  they  consniiied  was  imported 
from  tho  middle  colonies.  .All  the  stales  of  New  Eng- 
land were  Ion;;  infested  with  wolves  ;  and,  al  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  laws  were  still  enacted  hy 
tho  New  England  asseiuhlea  oU'eriog  bounties  for  the 
destriiclion  of  lliese  animals. 

Kx'.:ept  ill  lihode  Island,  the  doctrine  and  form  nf  ihc 
congregational  church  (hat  was  established  by  the  lirsl 
cnloiiiits  prevailed  generally  in  the  New  England 
slates.  Every  township  was  reipiired  by  law  to  choose 
a  minisler,  and  to  (ix  his  salary  by  mutual  ogreemeiit  ol 
ihe  parties;  iii  default  of  which  a  salary  proportioned 
to  the  ahilily  of  the  township  was  decreed  to  hnii  b'/ 
the  jiLilicea  of  the  peace.  In  case  of  the  neglect  lit 
any  township  to  appoint  a  niini.'.ter  within  the  period 
prescribed  by  the  law,  the  right  of  appointment  for  the 
occasion  devolved  to  the  court  of  i|ii'rlfr  sessions. 
Hy  a  special  cusioin  of  the  town  of  Uoston,  the  sala- 
ries of  its  tninislers  were  derived  from  the  voluntary 
contributions  of  their  respeclive  congregations,  col- 
lected every  Sunday  on  their  asseinbliiig  for  divine  ser- 
vice ;  and  It  was  remarked,  that  none  of  the  ininiater* 
of  New  England  were  so  liberally  provided  for  as  those 
whose  emoluments,  unaided  by  legal  provision,  thus 
represented  the  success  of  their  labors  und  the  attach- 
ment or  conscientiousness  of  their  people.  In  lllioda 
Island  there  was  no  legal  provision  for  the  obseivaiice 
of  divine  worship,  or  the  maintenance  of  reiigioua  in- 
elilulioiis.     lliis  colony  was  peopled  by  a  mixed  inul- 


mmm 


876 


TIIR    HISTORY   OF 


titiule  of  flcctarians,  who,  having  si'paraleil  ihtniisrlvos 
from  christian  nonclics  in  otht-r  places,  hstd  nmunurtl 
in  a  brokon  aru)  diHunitrd  Hiato  in  thrrr  prfM'nt  h.ihiiu- 
tioii.  Id  lhi:ir  pohliral  capucily,  thry  Hilnnltcd  uri- 
bounJed  hhcrty  of  tonsoiciice,  ami  Jisavuwt'il  all  con- 
iifxiun  betwfi'n  t'htirch  and  nUWa.  In  ihi-ir  chrieiia" 
rt'lutionK.  thry  made  no  ucruimt  of  the  virtue  of  nuiinut 
forbearance,  and  ul'solnlcly  disowned  ihednty  of  sub- 
liutlin);  to  one  another  on  any  poiiii,  whutlicr  cs.-<(-nlial 
or  circumstantial.  Vvw  of  ihem  held  regular  usjieni- 
blics  for  public  worship  ;  ctill  fewer  appear  tu  have  liad 
staled  places  for  socli  aseinhlaije  ;  and  an  nversion  to 
every  ihinjj  llmt  savored  of  ir.v/ffn?j/ or /(>MHi//i^v  P"'" 
vailed  ainoiii;  iheni  all,  Notwithstandui^  (he  uiibnii- 
led  toleiation  tlial  was  profeKsediy  eNlublinhed  m  (his 
»( tlleineiit,  it  appears  that  the  ^ovemtnent,  in  the  year 
ltiG5,  passed  an  onlinanre  to  outlaw  i]nakeri<  and  con- 
fisi:alo  iheir  eslales,  liecnise  lliey  would  not  hear  arms, 
lint  ihe  people,  in  ^rner.il.  resisted  this  refutation,  and 
would  not  snller  it  lo  bo  earned  inio  elbrt,  (Motion 
Matiier  declare!*,  liiat,  in  lli.'ir).  "  Kliode  Ixland  colony 
was  a  colbivie.<4  of  annnoinians,  fatalntl.s,  anubaplist:f, 
unti.sabbatari.nis,  .\nninians.  Socinians,  ipiakers,  ran- 
ters, and  every  tinny  but  liiunan  cailiolies  and  inie 
rhristiuns  ;  fioiui  Inm,  m/i/u /.'vhj."  In  the  town  of 
Providenee.  wliieh  was  included  in  this  colony,  and 
Wd.H  inhatnted  hv  the  drsceiKlants  of  those  ;*chisitialies 
who  bad  acconipamrd  Ko<.<er  Williams  and  Mrs.  Ilnich- 
iiison  in  ihi'ir  exile  Iropi  Mas.Hachu.setts,  the  aversion  to 
all  esiiihhshnu'iit:^  and  every  ;i.>rl  of  Huhordination  was 
earned  to  such  an  exlunie  'iat,  at  ihis  period,  the  in- 
habitants bad  nciilier  iiia); "lutes  nor  iiiini.sii.'rH  among 
them.  They  ei'tettaineu  a.^  invincible  aversion  to  all 
mtes  and  taxes,  as  the  inventions  ot  men  to  support 
hiirlinas,  by  which  opiirobnons  term  they  designated 
all  inagihtraies  and  luinisleis  who  reftised  to  .seivr  them 
for  notliing.  Vet  they  lived  in  grrat  amiiy  with  tlieir 
iioi^ibors.  and,  Ihongh  every  man  did  whatever  seen'  tl 
right  in  his  own  eyes,  it  was  rarrly  that  any  crime  was 
committed  among  them;  "which  may  be  atlribnlcd," 
says  thu  liistorinn  from  whom  this  testimony  is  derived. 
''to  their  gn-al  veneration  for  tlu>  Holy  Scriptures, 
which  lliey  uU  read  from  the  lea.->t  to  the  greatet-i."* 
Mdssarhnsctts  and  ('onnecticnl.  as  tliey  were  the  most 
consideralile  oi  the  New  Knglund  states,  in  respect  of 
wealth  and  populutiun.  so  \\ereti.y  the  most  distin- 
|:nished  for  picly,  niorulity,  and  the  cultivation  and  dif- 
tusinn  of  knowledge.  At  the  close  of  the  sevenieenth 
ctniitry  there  were  an  hundred  r»'l';;ious  asseinhlu  s  in 
Massachnsctis,  exclusive  oi  the  numerous  congiegd- 
t:ons  of  chrisiian  Indians.  The  censorial  disctiiline 
cxenised  by  tho.*.e  socielies  over  their  members  was 
eminently  conducive  to  the  preservation  of  good  morals; 
and  tb«i  ellicacy  of  tins  and  of  every  other  incitement 
lo  virtue  \v.is  enhanced  by  the  thinly  peopled  state  of 
the  country,  where  none  could  screen  his  character  or 
pursuits  from  the  observation  of  the  public  eye. 

IVrhaps  no  country  in  the  world  was  ever  inoro  dis- 
tinguished than  New  Kiighind  was  at  tins  time  for  the 
general  prcvuleiu-e  of  those  sentiments  and  babitii  that 
render  commumiies  respectable  and  happy.  Sobriety 
ond  industry  pervai'.ed  all  classes  of  the  inhahilunts. 
'i'he  laws  against  immoralities  of  every  description  were 
remarkably  strict,  and  not  less  strictly  executed  ;1   and 

•  Npal,  ii.  5U.X  590.  We  liivi?  nn  ar-nimt  of  the  rrliginiin 
coedition  oi  tlhoilc  Lsland,  alxmt  Ihir'.y  years  aflor  tins 
pi-rioti,  from  the  pen  ol  the  ureal  niid  f-,  '.-i  IJihl.up  Ucrkeli'y, 
wlio  resiileU  simu!  years  iritliw  colony.  Ai^..  r\"'til  inuiilcrciKe 
to  reliKJoii,  and  a  great  relnxntion  nf  morality,  hail  hecouii- 
llio  rharacU:ristu'x  of  the  majority  nf  the  prople.  fjeveral 
cliurchei,  ho\ve\  ur,  soinu  uri  lliu  congregational,  and  others 
on  the  eptsrnpnl  inodrl,  liad  Ikocn  cslnttJislKMl;  niid  tlnoii^h 
IliPir  innlritmiMitalitv,  Ihe  Mt'ssinn-i  tif  rehnUin  weni  yet  pre- 
lerveii  in  tlioroloiiy.     Herkuley's  Work,  vol.  h.  p. -1A3,  lAd. 

So  liUc  na  the  tie)ttrinmi(  of  the  nineteenth  centuiv,  tlip 
leKi-iLitiire  !•(  Rhutit;  Island  dtscoiiraKed  the  pii)jei:t  or  a 
litrnpikernad.  illetiini^  that  liiriipiku  dutien  and  erclestastical 
cstal>li.<thmeiits  weie  HnKlinh  practices,  and  hudttesotttluvery, 
Irom  wlucit  their  people  were  diNltnKUished  over  all  the  other 
AuiencniiH  by  u  happv  e.iemption.  It  was  not  till  the  year 
1tM).'ithat  lhon<lvnnliiKe&  of  tunipiko  roads  prevailed  over  the 
tniRginary  diKittty  of  this  exemption.  Dwif^ht,  vol.  ii. 
Lotler  33. 

t  Joh.<ii>lyn,  who  viMted  New  Etikcland,  for  the  Tirst  time  m 
Ifi:w,  relates,  ihat  in  the  villau*'  ot  UoM-jn  there  weru  then 
two  iccn!*pd  mns.  "  An  ollirer  visits  them,"  he  add*, 
*'  wtuMiever  .1  htranger  K'>es  into  them;  aiid  if  he  rali.t  for 
more  dunk  than  the  olticer  thmks  in  )u,s  jtidtfimmt  lin  ran 
Roherly  Itenr  uway,  he  couiiteimands  it,  and  appoints  tlio 
proporiton.  heyonit  which  he  cannot  gctniiudrop."  Josaelvn's 
Voyagn,  17.1.  In  HitH.  the  select  men  of  MasKaclniaelts 
Wore  ordered  lo  hmitt  up  m  every  alehouso  lists  of  all  reputed 
tipplers  and  drunkitnU  >Mihm  their  district-H  ;  and  aleliotifL' 
keep.  •  went  iorhidden  to  »ii|i(i|y  lnpior  to  nny  person  wliDie 
name  wan  thus  posted.  Hidinos,  n.  IH.  Tl^r  inafjKirates  nf 
•ome  of  the  towns  of  Scoilond  appear  to  iinvo  exeriint'd 
eJinilnraetii  of  anthoritv.  An  in.-4tancu  occurred  in  the  town 
Of  Auth«rgleinn  1(W8.    Ure'fl  Misl.c.r  Kutlierglen,|).  71. 


being  cordially  sup.iorted  by  public  opinion,  they  were 
able  lo  render  evt  r;,  vicious  and  prolligate  excess 
eipmlly  dangerous  and  infamous  to  thu  perpetrator. 
We  are  assured  by  a  respectable  writer,  tlitU  at  this 
ptr.od  tliere  was  not  a  single  beggar  in  tite  whole  pro- 
vince. Lalior  was  so  valuabh%  land  so  rbeup,  and  the 
elective  Iranchise  so  extensive,  that  every  iiidnslrious 
man  might  ucipnrc  a  stake  in  the  soil,  and  a  voice  in 
llie  civil  administrdtiuii  of  his  country.  The  general 
dill'nsion  oi  education  caused  the  national  advantages 
which  were  thus  vigorously  improved,  to  he  justly  ap- 
preciated ;  and  an  ardent  and  enlightened  patriotism 
knit  the  hearts  of  the  people  lo  each  other  and  to  their 
country. 

The  stale  of  society  in  New  Kiinlaiul,  the  circum- 
stances mid  habits  of  the  people,  tended  to  form,  among 
their  leading  men,  a  character  more  useful  than  bril- 
liant;—not  (as  some  have  imagined)  to  discourage 
tuh'nt,  bill  to  repress  its  vain  display,  and  train  it  to  its 
legilhnato  and  respectable  end,  cf  giving  eduaey  to 
wisdom  and  virtue.  Vet  this  state  of  society  was  by 
no  iieans  inconsistent  eillier  with  refmetrmt  of  maii- 
nen  or  with  innocent  hilarity.  Lord  liellannnit  was 
agreeably  surprised  with  the  grscefnl  and  courteous 
deinennor  of  the  gentlemen  hiuI  clergy  of  Connecticut, 
and  contesscd  that  he  found  the  aspet.'t  and  address 
"hat  were  thought  peculiar  to  nobility,  in  a  land  where 
this  arislocratical  ilistinetion  was  unknown,  l-'rom 
Dunton's  aceomit  of  his  resitlence  in  Doston  in  ICiHt), 
It  appears  that  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  were 
at  that  time  distinguished  m  a  very  high  degree  by  tin- 
cheerfulness  of  their  manners,  ilieir  t)i>spiiahtv,  and  a 
courtesy  the  inure  estmiablu  that  it  was  iiuh<;ative  of 
real  benevolence.' 

In  the  historical  and  statistical  arcounls  of  the  vari- 
ous sl3tes,  we  contmnallv  met'l  w  ilh  instance.-t  of  tht^ 
benelicial  inllueuce  exercised  l)y  superior  minds  on  tlie 
virtue,  industry,  a'ul  happuu'ss  of  particular  distrii:ts 
and  comnunniies.  In  no  country  has  the  ascendency 
of  talent  been  greater  or  mote  advantageously  exerted. 
T!ie  dangers  of  liidian  invasion  were  eiiromitcrcd  and 
repelled  ;  llie  di-jection  and  tmitdilv  produced  by  liiein. 
overcome;  the  feuds  and  contentions  arising  among 
sctth  is  of  various  countries,  hahils,  and  oninions,  com- 
posed ;  the  temptations  to  slollilnl  and  degenerate 
inotUs  of  living,  resisted  ;  the  stll-dcnial  ri-<[Uisite  lo 
tiic  endowment  of  insliiuMons  for  preuciimg  the  gospel 
and  t'ne  education  of  youth,  re.sobitely  practiseU.  In 
fouiu'  ng  and  conducting  to  maturity  the  settlements 
tliu  .  oii^  time  to  time  extended  iliemsclves  over  the 
8uru.-0  of  the  province,  nieti  of  talent  and  virtue  en- 
joyed a  noble  and  arduous  sphere  of  employment, 
riiey  taught  by  action  and  example.  Tiny  disiin- 
guislied  tbciseives  from  the  rest  of  mankind  by  excel- 
ling them  in  their  ordinary  jmrsnits,  and  tlnnknig  better 
than  they  on  tlic  ordinary  subjects  of  rdtection  and 
consideration.  The  impression  they  produced,  if  cir- 
cumscribed in  its  liinilfl,  was  inlense  in  its  ellicacy  :  the 
fame  they  aciiievcd,  if  neither  noisy  nor  glaruig,  was 
lasting  and  relined.  They  propagated  their  own  moral 
likeness  around  them,  and  rendered  their  wisdom  and 
spirit  immortal  byengiafting  their  own  character  on  the 
minds  of  their  fellow  citizens.  M<inkind  are  more  tipt 
to  copy  characters  than  to  practise  precepts  ;  and  virtue 
is  much  more  etrectnally  recommended  to  their  muta- 
tion and  esteem  by  the  life  of  zeal  tbiin  by  the  weigiil 
of  argument.  Let  the  votanes  of  Kame  remeinber  that 
if  a  life  tlnis  spent  circmnscribe  llie  dillnsitni  of  the 
patriot's  name,  it  seems  lo  enlarge  Ins  verv  bviiig,  and 
extend  it  to  ilistant  generajons  ;  and  that  ifpostlni- 
inous  fame  be  any  tiling  more  than  a  splendid  illusion, 
it  IS  such  distmciiun  as  this,  from  which  the  surest  and 
most  lasting  satisfaction  will  be  derivLd. 

The  esteiMii  of  the  eommnnilv  was  considrred  so 
valuable  n  part  of  the  emubiments  of  o(Ii'-e,  that  Ihe 
salaries  of  alt  public  ollicers.  except  ihoac  who  were 
appoin'.ed  by  the  crown,  were,  if  not  scanty,  yet  ex- 
ceedingly moderate.  In  ('oniiecticut,  it  was  rennirked, 
that  the  whole  annual  expenses  of  its  public  mstitntions 
(about  800/  )  did  not  amount  lo  the  sahiry  of  a  royal 
governor.  The  slender  emohmientn  of  public  ofbces, 
and  iho  tenure  of  popular  pleasure  by  winch  thev  were 
held,  tended  very  much  to  exempt  the  olHces  from  the 
pretcn.sions  of  unworthy  candidates,  and  the  otbcers 
from  cabimny  and  envy.  Virtue  and  ability  were  fairly 
appreciated  ;  and  we  fretpiently  find  the  same  men  re- 
elected lor  a  long  series  of  years  to  the  same  ctlices, 


♦  Uunlon's  Life  and  Errors,  Stage  iv.  Duntun,  who  hud 
sat  at  good  men's  feasts  m  London,  was  yet  stnirk  vviih  the 
plenty  and  elegance  ul'  the  enlertuntneiits  he  wilnesivd  in 
Bustuii. 


and  on  some  occasions  succeeded  by  their  sons,  whom 
inhentanec  of  merit  recommended  inhcritanco  of  place* 
III  more  than  one  of  the  settlements,  (he  first  codes  ol 
law  were  the  composition^  of  single  persons  ;  tho  pro 
pie  desiring  an  eminent  leader  to  compose  for  them  • 
body  of  law,  and  then  legislating  unanimously  in  con- 
forim*y  with  his  suggestions. 

'I'he  most  lasting,  if  not  the  most  serious,  ev:.  with 
which  New  Kngland  has  been  atlbcted,  is  ;no  institu- 
tion of  slavery,  which  continued  tilt  u  late  period  to 
pollute  all  Us  provinces,  and  even  now  lingers,  though 
to  a  very  slight  extent,  in  the  province  of  New  Ilatnp- 
shire. t  The  practice,  as  we  have  seen,  originated  m 
the  supposed  necessity  created  by  the  Indian  hostili- 
ties;  but,  once  introduced,  it  was  f^itally  calculated  to 
perpetuate  itself,  and  to  derive  accessions  from  various 
other  sources.  For  some  lime,  indeed,  this  was  src- 
cessfully  resisted  ;  and  instances  have  been  recorded 
of  judicial  inlerpnsitiuii  to  restrain  the  evil  withih  its 
onginal  limits.  In  the  year  1645,  a  negro  fraudulently 
brought  from  .\fricn,  and  enslaved  within  the  New 
Kngland  territory,  was  liberated  and  sent  homo  by  the 
general  court.  There  was  never  any  law  expressly 
aiilhotising  slavery  ;  and  such  was  the  intluence  of 
reliL'ious  and  moral  feeling  in  New  Ihigland,  that,  even 
while  there  was  no  law  prohibiting  its  conlinuuiicf,  it 
was  never  able  to  prevail  to  any  considerable  extern. 
In  the  year  1704,  llie  assembly  of  Massachusetts  im- 
posed a  duly  of  4/.  on  every  negro  imported  into  the 
province  ;  and  eight  years  oiler,  passed  an  act  prohibit- 
ing the  importation  of  any  more  Indian  servents  or 
slaves.  Ill  Massacliiisetts,  the  slaves  never  exceeded 
the  liftieih  part  of  the  whoh-  population  ;  in  Connecti- 
cut and  lUiode  Island,  when  slaves  were  most  numer- 
ous (m  the  middle  of  the  eighteentii  century,)  the  pro- 
portioii  was  nearly  the  same;  Fid  in  tho  territory  that 
allerwards  received  the  name  of  Vermont,  when  tho 
iiuiiiber  of  inhabitants  amonntetl  lo  nearly  nine  thou- 
sand, there  were  oiilv  sixteen  persons  in  a  state  of 
slavery.  The  cruellies  ond  vices  that  slavery  tends  lo 
engender  were  repressed  at  once  by  this  great  jirepon- 
derance  of  tlie  sound  over  the  unhealthy  part  of  tho 
body  politic,  and  by  the  circumstances  to  which  tins 
preponderance  was  owing.  The  majonty  of  the  inhabi- 
tants were  decidedly  hoside  lo  slavery  ;  and  numerous 
remonstrances  were  addrensed  to  the  IJrilish  goveru- 
ineni  against  the  encourageinenl  she  alVor-ied  to  it  t.-y 
mamlaiimig  the  slave  trade  t  When  America  edecled 
her  independence,  ine  Nvw  Kngland  slates  (with  he 
single  exception  of  New  Hampshire)  adopted  measured 
which,  in  the  course  of  a  lew  years,  aliob.ihed  every 
trace  of  this  vile  institution.  In  New  U  iinpsliire,  it 
seems  to  have  been  rather  a  preposterous  regard  for 
liberty,  and  the  sai  redness  of  existing  possessioiis,  than 
a  predilectnm  for  slavery,  that  prevented  t!us  practuo 
from  hcing  fonnallv  al)olislied  by  the  principles  by  which 
It  lias  been  essentially  inoditied  and  substantially  con- 
demned.'^ 

*  I  had  iniended  here  to  have  KUlijomed  a  list  (extracted 
from  tiie  New  KiikIhiuI  Journals)  oi  persons  in  whose  is- 
mihcs  the  »{ov<-rmMenl  ol  patticiiiur  slates  ;ind  towns  has 
lu'eil  \e!«ted,  with  the  coiimiiI  «'!  llieir  felhiw  tili/riiN,  lor 
I  >-.iiMdeinliU>pcriodsof  Innc.  Ilul  I  imd  Ihe  list  teo  Iodk  lor 
m.-tTlion. 

t  Tlie  assemhly  of  this  province,  ns  early  as  the  reij-n  ol 
(Veorfto  the  Tuht,  pas.'-ed  .i  l;iu,  eiitu'lni^,  ihiil  "if  nny  man 
smili' tml  the  eve  or  to'iili-.i  |,is  niiui  or  maid  .■*ei\;ml,or 
nllierwi.si!  maim  or  (h>(ii:ure  lliem.  he  >hal  let  liim  or  lu-r  yo 
tree  troin  Ins  Mervici'.auil  nhiill  allow  mk  h  hirthiT  rernmpen.Mt 
lit  the  court  ol  qiMrhr  s<-s,.|oiih  sliidl  adjinlve;*'  and  tli.il 
"  It  smy  person  kill  his  [iiili.iii  or  iickto  servant,  he  Kliall  he 
piim^lu'l  vsuh  ileath."  'I'he  slnvio  m  llii»  province  aiesaid 
lo  have  tieeii  Ireateil  m  all  respects  like  white  survanls 
WauU■ll'^^■mled  .^tiUes,  i.   a-.lS. 

t  Ver\  ilHleii'iit  iMltM»^  respi  it  were  (at  one  penoit)  the  con* 
iliirt  and  seiiMiMints  ol  ttir<  puitiimiesi'  i:o\i'rmiieitl  and  tho 
colonists  ot  i)ia/,rl,  where  the  roMij  nullfillv  was  eiidanKClid 
hy  Ihe  eiideavois  ot  theciow.i  lo  mi  ond  llic  policy  ol  the 
jcsuils  fur  e\tlip:tlMiit  Ol  iiMlii::itMi)i  the  evils  ol  liidiau  ind 
liei:ii>  shivery.     Sci'  Souther's  Hi>loiyof  Hi;i/il,  Pml  ii. 

^  'I'lieie  (s  a  straiiRe,  ]  hope  not  a  liiMiijUMinoii'j,  indislmrt- 
ness  Ul  tho  slatemi'iits  ol  some  wnler.>  respertniK  the  unitro 
sliiMry  of  New  Kngland.  Wiiueriiothaiu,  uiuuik  in  IT9A, 
asserts,  that  "thrrii  ari'  no  .tUves  iii  Massachutells."  If  hu 
tueant  lliiil  a  t.iw  had  l)een  nassed  u  hirh  denounced,  niid  was 
gradually  exlm^uishmtt  slavery,  lie  was  llKht;  hut  thff 
litr  ral  sense  *4  his  words  is  cnnlrailicted  hy  Warden's 
'ral'les,  which  demoiiHtrate  that  I'llleen  years  niter  (the  law 
not  yi>i  havinii  piiMluced  its  full  eilect)  there  v  ere  several 
thousand  slaves  in  MasiactuiM  its.  l)wi>;ht  .clatci  his 
tritvels,  in  the  end  of  the  ei^hteenlh  and  tieBinnliiit  uf  thu 
nmeteenih  ceiitiirv,  thro.nth  every  pait  of  New  England, 
without  givintt  us  the  slulittKl  renson  to  supitoin  thai  -«ncli 
iMtiiiKH  ax  slaves  existed  in  nny  one  of  lu  atatos,  eirept 
when  he  .«tnp*  to  drlciid  the  le«islaiurH  ot  I'oniiecticul  from 
an  imputiiiion  f>n  the  manner  in  wiucli  her  share  of  Dim 
nholition  Imd  hoen  conducted.  Warden  litinself  says,tn  one 
pai^o,  that  '*  hiavury  no  lont{ur  esixis  In  Nitw  Kngland,"  oven 
whitr,  in  aiKilher,  hit  iiuheatitH  niul  seeks  to  pnlliate  the  f> 
cuircucu  of  its  extrvnia  vu»tigia  ni  New  llanipsiure 


NORTH    AMKRfCA; 


277 


ly  ihcir  sons,  whom 
ihcritanco  of  pluco.* 
H,  the  first  codes  ot 
u  pcritons  ;  the  pro 
coinposo  for  them  a 
naiitmousty  in  con- 
st «criou«,  ev:»  with 
(<<(),  IS  :no  inatit'j- 
lill  u  late  period  to 
now  linden),  though 
ince  of  New  Hamp- 
Rcrn,  originated  iii 
y  the  Indinn  hostili- 
fntidly  calculated  to 
esHiotis  from  various 
idecd,  this  was  src- 
liavo  lieen  recorded 
n  the  evil  wilhiii  its 
a  iie^ro  fraudulently 
\  within  the  New 
id  sent  homo  by  tho 
r  any  law  expressly 
as  the  intliienco  of 
Kn^lund,  that,  even 
f{  it!«  (onlmuunc**,  it 
ronsiderable  extent. 
>f  MiisAdehusctts  \m- 

0  nnporled  uito  the 
i^i^ed  an  act  prohibit- 

Indian  scrvenls  ur 
vt's  never  exceeded 
lation  ;  in  Counecti- 
L'»  were  most  mnner- 
lii  century,)  tlio  pro- 

1  ill  the  territory  that 
Vermont,  when  the 

to  nearly  nine  thou- 
ersons  in  a  state  of 

liiat  shivery  lends  to 
by  this  great  prejwn- 
nhcaltby  part  of  thn 
stances  to  which  this 
luijortty  of  the  inhabi- 
ivery  ;  and  numerous 
o  tbe  ^klIl^b  govern- 
:  she  alV'»r'!vd  to  it  f-y 
hen  America  elh-cted 
gland  stales  (with  hc 
ire)  ath)pU'd  measurei* 
years,  almliahcd  every 
in  New  lliinpshtre,  it 
reposlerous  regard  for 
sting  posscsKiOHs,  than 
irevcnii'd  tins  prjtlu o 
ihe  principles  hy  which 
and  substanliaily  coil' 


[ijniiH'tl  a  list  (oxtracted 
>i  inTMin.s  II)  whoso  IH- 
M'.siitti's  Hiul  towns  )tas 
;li.Mr  li'llow  iitl/fiis,  for 
liiid  llio  list  ti'i)  IntiK  !')r 

ns  r.iriv  ax  the  rriKi)  <il 
lining',  llml  "  if  any  man 
inaii  ur  tiiai't  soiviiiit,  tir 
111-  t-\\t\'\  k'l  Itiin  or  lit*r  go 


(tmh  tiirlhcr  rocoinpcnsH 
;|i;ill  Bttjuilfic  ;'*  and  that 
i>Krii  MTVJiiit,  liu  Altall  be 

tn  lliib  pntvinru  iiionuhI 
r(*t  liku   while   Kurvaiils 

0  (at  one  [UTJoil)  llie  con* 
i?!ti>  K<*^'erniiiriit  ainl  the 
nuthorily  wim  rmlanKorrd 
Arroiifl  ilic    iMilirv  (it  lliu 

()■<■  I'vits  i>t  lioliiiii  \nd 
rvoi   Hiii/ii,  I'iHi  II. 

1  ilisiiiKtMiiiout,  iiuliNtinrt* 
ili-r.i  rt'S(«'rniiK  Hi"!  neiiro 
hutlinui,  unliiiK  m  I'tfft, 
II  Mus.saclni!((!ltH."  It  liu 
I  hull  itcnmiiKt'il.nnil  wa-f 

hi'  was  iiKht;  hut  thn 
iitratlirtctl  hy  Warden's 
iMMi  VL'ars  nitfr  (the  law 
ili'il)  tliuro  V  lire  several 
Is.  Dwi^lit  .clatci  his 
itli  anil  hi-sinnkiiE  o(  tho 
■  imrt  of  New  tinglsnil, 
iHon  to  Aiippofp  that  tucti 
)ne  uf  tU  Btiitftf*,  ffXcrpt 
ilurH  (if  l.'onnccUcul  from 

whuh  her  Hhare  ot  tliM 
r>tiMi  hiinHcIf  Kays.tn  one 
s  111  Now  Knnland,"  ov«a 
I  seeks  to  palliate  tba  JC* 
I  New  Uampsum 


HOOK    MI. 

MARYLAND. 

rharlcr  of  Mtrylatut  olitaineil  from  Charles  thn  Firat  hv 
i.ord  IltMiitior*'— Kiiil>;raluiii  of  Koinari  Callioltr-s  to  thi! 
I'rovincfi  -FMemlly  Tieatv  with  tho  ItulianH-  '..  ;:"ro»iiy 
of  l.oni  Ha.limon:— tlpitosilion  ami  InlriKues  oi 
horne -First  Atsemhly  of  Mtryland— Kcprcsniitnli.o  (io- 
viTnmcnl  e!iiiil>li!sheil— Early  1  Urodui-tion  of  Neuro  Slavery 
—  All  linfun  War— t"leyl»oriini  Hcliollion— llelii-ions  Tole- 
nilion  esiahlMheii  m  tho  Colony— Sepjirnto  lUiiihlisliinent 
of  the  llniiHi'  of  UurRO-fflOti— I'levhofno  declarcH  for  Crom- 
woll— and  UKurps  tU«  AdniinUtration— Toloratioii  iiho- 
hshed-  i>istrartion«  of  tho  Colony— terminated  l)v  the 
Ursi.iralioii— Eitlihlishinenl  of  a  provincial  Mint— Happy 
Stale  of  Ihe  I'tilonv— Natiinili/alion  Acts— Denth  of  the 
(irst  I*ro»rietnrv— Wuse  (Jovernment  of  his  Sntl  and  Sue. 
,.,,^sor -l.nw  ajiaiii.Hi  imimrtiii«  Felotis—Kstatihslicneiit  oi 
ihi'  (Mmnhnf  Knsland  sunifesled— Dismeniltermonlof  ilie 
Dehnvure  Territory  from  Maryland— ArlMtrary  Projects  of 
j;i[iieM  tlie  Seroti.l— Alarm  of  ti.e  t-oloiusts— Hmnor  of  a 
F.t|ii-.h  I'liit— A  Proleslaiil  Assti'ialion  is  forined—aiid 
usurp!*  the  Adiniiiistralion— The  'VoprM'tary  Covernmcnt 
Fii^iH'nded  Iiv  Kiiiit  Willinm— Kslal  hshmeiii  of  iho  Churrli 
of  Kn^land.  and  IVraerutioti  of  I'to  Catholics— Slate  ol  the 
rrovmre— Manneis— Laws. 

FitoM  the  history  of  Massachusetts  :ind  of  tho  other 
i\cw  Knglaiid  states,  wbidi  were  the  olVspring  of  its 
colonization,  we  are  now  to  proceed  to  consider  the 
est:iblisliinent  of  a  colony  which  arose  from  the  scttle- 
nirtit  o\'  Virginia.  In  relating  the  history  of  this  stale, 
we  have  h.id  occasion  to  notice,  amotig  tho  causes 
that  distpiielcd  its  inhalMtiints  iluring  tho  govern- 
ment of  Sir  Jolin  Harvey,  the  dnniiinlioii  o(  their  co- 
lonial territory  bv  arbitrary  grants  from  the  crown,  of 
LifL^e  tracts  of  country  f'itiialed  within  its  limits,  'i'he 
most  remarkable  of  these  was  the  grant  of  Maryland  to 
]<ord  Ilaltmiore. 

Sir  (Jeorge  (\ilvert,  afterwards  T,ord  naltimorc,  was 
Secretary  ofSt.ite  to  King  .lames  the  First,  and  one  of 
the  original  associates  of  the  Virginian  ('ompany.  Im- 
|ires.sed  with  the  value  of  rohniul  property,  and  the 
improvement  that  it  seemed  likely  t(.  derive  from  the 
progress  of  colonization,  he  employeil  Ins  political  itiflu- 
(Mice  to  siernre  an  ample  share  of  it  to  himself  and  his 
faniilv.  Me  wa**  a  Mrcimous  nsserter  of  ilie  supremacy 
of  that  authoritv  from  the  exercise  of  wliicb  he  expected 
to  derive  his  own  enncbmenl  ;  f  Ifi'^OJ  and  when  a  bill 
was  introduced  into  the  House  of  Coinmons  for  makmo 
the  New  Com  id  land  tisbery  free  to  all  Hrilish  subjects, 
be  ojiposed  it,  cm  the  plea  that  the  American  territory, 
biivm-f  been  acijnired  by  compicst.  was  subject  to  the 
exclusive  regulation  of  the  royal  prerogative.  The  first 
grant  that  lie  succeeded  m  nblaining  was  of  a  district 
m  Nrwfmiiidland  named  A\  \m.  wlirre,  at  a  coiisideia- 
iile  I  speiise,  he  formed  the  seltleinetit  of  Kerrvland  ;' 
( If)'.;!;]  but  fmding  his  expectations  disappointed  by  the 
moil  and  chinate  of  this  iiihos[nlahle  region,  be  paid  a 
visit  to  Virginia,  for  the  purpose  of  aseeriainmg  if  some 
part  o(  Its  ri'-her  territory  might  not  be  rendered  more 
siiltsiTvii  111  In  his  .idv.uilaiie.  Observing  that  the  Vir- 
(,'ini.iii-*  li.id  not  vet  formed  any  settlements  to  the  nor'h- 
Wiird  of  llie  river  Potowinick.  he  deliTmnied  to  obtain 
L  i:raiit  of  terr'torv  in  thai  (piarter  ;  and  easily  pie- 
v;i,!"d  with  Cjiarbs  tiie  i'lrst  to  bestow  on  linn  the  in- 
vestiture he  desired.  With  the  intmiMonof  promoiing 
the  agijranihsement  t>f  bis  own  family,  hecoinbmed  the 
more  uenernns  de-<i^ii  of  fomuliiig  a  new  slate,  and 
eoloiuzmg  It  with  the  persecuted  votaries  of  ibe  ehurch 
of  Uoine,  to  which  be  hati  heeimie  a  convert:  but  llie 
desi>;ii  whicli  he  had  f.icili(ated  by  an  act  of  jiijiistiee. 
be  wiis  not  permit  ti'il  hnnself  lo  rciili/e.  His  proji't't. 
which  ua^  mierrnpted  bv  his  death,  just  whiMi  nil  was 
prepared  tor  carrvmg  it  into  etlict.  was  resumed  bv  bis 
Mill  and  Riiecessor.  Cecilnis,  I.ord  naUnnore.  in  whose 
lavor  tlu'  kiiii;  completed  and  execiileti  the  charter 
[Hy.y:\  tli.n  bad  besn  destined  for  bis  fuller. 

Il  ibe  charter  wliieli  tins  tiioir.ircli  bad  graiiled  a  short 
time  befiiie  to  llic  puritiin  colomst:^  of  Massachusetts 
may  be  regarded  us  Ibe  exercise  of  policy,  the  nivesti- 
tnre  which  be  now  bestowed  on  I.ord  Hallimore  was 
not  less  niamfesilv  the  expression  of  favor.  This  no- 
bleman, like  Ins  father,  was  a  Roman  catholic  ;  and  bis 
jvowfd  purpoj-e  was  to  peojde  the  territory  with  colo- 
iM%iH  ol  llie  same  persuasion,  and  erect  an  asylum  in 
America  for  the  catholic  taith.  IJy  the  charter,  it  was 
declared  that  the  grantee  was  actuated  by  a  laudable 

•  Hit  enliiiiial  policy  is  thus  eontranted  tiy  an  old  writer, 
with  that  id  Chirf  .liisiieo  rophain,  tho  promoter  of  tho  (irst 
Httitiipti  10  ri'liim/r  New  Knclaiul :  "  Jiidije  Popham  and 
Sir  Ceoitje  Ciilv  rt  agreed  not  more  iiiisiuiiioiihIv  in  llie  puh- 
he  desinii  of  pljinluii:,  than  they  dilleied  in  the  private  way  of 
It;  tho  first  wan  fnr  exiirpaima  heatliens,  the  second  for 
cunvorlinir  Ihi  m.  He  k  nt  away  tho  le  v.UmI,  this  the 
boltero'st  people  :  the  one  \v.-»s  f.T  [reso'it  pir.  It, Ihe  <ilher  for 
It  r"HHonHhlt!  expeetation"— "the  lirst  set  up  a  omnmn 
Btoett.  out  of  wiileh  the  people  should  l)e  pinvided  l-y  pro- 
port  Idi  is  j  f  le  seeond  let!  .-v.-rv  one  to  provide  for  himielf." 
Uoyd*i  Stilts  Wortiiies,  7:)l,7Ai 


T.ral  for  extending  tho  eliristian  rcliirion,  and  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  empire  ;  and  the  di>trict  assigned  to  him 
and  his  heirs  and  successors  was  described  as  »'  that 
regitm  bounded  by  a  line  drawn  from  Watknts'  Point 
of  Clirsapeak  Bay  ;  thence  to  that  part  of  the  cstniry 
of  Delaware  on  the  north  which  lies  under  tho  fortieth 
degree,  where  New  Kn<^land  is  termin<ited  :  Ihcnce  in 
a  right  line,  bv  the  degree  aforesaid,  to  tho  meridian  of 
the  fountain  ot"  Potowmack  ;  llience  following  its  course 
by  llio  farther  bank  lo  its  conllucnce."  In  honor  of 
the  tpieeii,  Ibe  province  thus  bestowed  on  a  nobleman 
of  the  same  failh  with  her  ma)rsty  was  dennmirmled 
Maryland  :  and  in  honor,  perhaps,  of  her  majesty's 
failh,  the  emlowmont  was  accompanied  with  immunities 
more  ample  than  anv  of  Ihe  other  colonial  establish- 
ments possessed.  'I'lie  new  province  was  declared  tc 
be  separated  from  Virginia,  and  no  longer  subordinate 
to  anv  oilier  colony,  but  iinmedi.itelv  subject  lo  the 
crown  of  KngUrid,  and  dependant  on  the  same  forever, 
l^ird  Haltnnore  was  created  the  absolute  proprielarv  uf  j 
it.  saving  the  allegia.:'-c  and  sovereign  dominion  due 
to  the  crown.  He  was  »Mnpowered,  with  the  assent  of 
tho  frennen  or  their  delegates,  whom  he  was  required 
lo  assemble  for  that  purpose,  to  make  laws  for  the 
province,  not  repugnant  lo  liie  jurisprudence  of  Kiig- 
laiul ;  and  the  acts  of  the  assembly  bo  was  authorised 
to  execuie.  For  the  population  of  the  new  colony, 
licence  was  given  to  all  his  Majesty's  snhjects  to  trans- 
port themselves  ihilbcr  ;  and  thev  and  their  posterity 
were  declared  lo  ho  liegemen  of  the  king  and  his  suc- 
cessors, and  entitled  lo  the  liberties  of  Knglishmen,  as 
ifilicy  bad  been  born  within  the  kingdom.  I'ower  was 
given  to  the  proprietary,  with  assent  of  the  people,  to 
impose  all  jiisl  and  proper  subsidies,  which  were 
granted  to  liim  for  over  ;  and  it  was  covenanted  on  ihe 
part  of  ibo  king,  that  neither  lie  nor  his  successors 
should  at  any  lime  iinjmse,  or  cause  to  be  imposed,  any 
tallages  on  the  colonists,  or  their  goods  and  tenements, 
or  on  their  comiiiodiiies  lo  he  laden  within  the  pro- 
vince. Thus  was  conferred  on  Marvlaml,  m  perpetinly, 
that  exemption  which  had  been  granted  to  oilier 
colonies  for  a  term  of  years.  Tlic  territory  was  erected 
into  a  palatinate;  and  the  proprietary  was  invested 
with  all  tti(^  royal  rights  of  the  palace,  as  fullv  as  any 
bisliop  of  Durham  had  ever  enjoved  ;  and  lie  was  au- 
thorised to  appoint  ollicers,  to  repel  invasions,  and  to 
suppres.s  rebellions.  The  advowsons  of  those  churches, 
which  sliould  he  consecrile.l  according  to  the  tn-cle- 
siaslieal  laws  of  Kiioland,  were  granted  to  bim.  The 
charter  tiiiallv  provided,  tliat.  incise  any  doubt  ^hould 
trise  ct)iicermng  it.i  tnie  meaning,  the  iiiteri»relatioii 
most  favorable  to  the  proprietary  should  be  adopted  ; 
excliulnig,  however,  any  construction  derogatory  lo  the 
(linstian  religion,  or  to  the  allegiance  due  to  the 
crown. 

Though  the  sovereignlv  of  ihc  crown  was  thus  re- 
served over  the  jirovinee,  and  a  contormtty  eiijomed 
between  its  legislation  and  the  jurisprudence  of  Kng- 
land,  no  means  were  provided  for  the  exereiso  of  the 
nival  dominion  or  the  ascertainment  of  the  stipulated 
conformity.  The  charter  coMlained  no  special  reserva 
lion  of  royal  mterfcrenee  in  the  governnieiit  of  ihe  pro 
viiice,  and  no  obligation  on  the  proprietary  to  transmit 
the  acts  of  assembly  for  co:ilirinatiou  or  disalh^vaiice 
by  the  king.  In  erecting  the  province  into  a  palatinate, 
and  vesting  the  hereditary  covi'minent  of  it  in  tlie  fa- 
imlv  of  l.oitl  Haltnnore,  the  king  exercised  liie  Ingliesl 
atlnbiites  of  the  prerogative  of  a  feuilal  sovereign.  A 
fimilar  irait  of  b-udal  prerogative  appears  n  the  perpe- 
tual exempt  ion  trmn  royal  taxation  which  was  coiiilnni  d 
liy  liie  cliarter,  and  which,  at  a  later  period,  gave  rise  to 
much  intricale  and  elaborate  eoiitrovcrsy.  It  was 
mamlained,  when  tins  provison  liecame  the  subject  uf 
critical  discussion,  that  it  could  never  be  construed  to 
imjiorl  an  exemptmii  from  parliamentary  taxation,  since 
the  king  could  not  be  sepposnl  to  intend  to  abridge 
the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  purbaineiit,  or  to  renounce  a  pri- 
vilege that  was  not  Ins  own  ;*  and  that  even  if  such 
coiislniction  had  been  intended,  the  immunity  was 
illegal,  and  incapable  of  restraining  Ihe  functions  of  the 
I<-gislatiire.  In  addition  to  the  general  reasoning  that 
has  been  employed  to  deiiionslrate  this  illegality,  refe- 
rence has  been  made  to  the  authority  of  a  parliamentary 
proceeding  ineniioned  by  Sir  Kdward  I'oke,  who,  in  a 
debate  on  tlio  royal  prerogative  in  the  year  Hi'-JO,  as- 
sured the  (Commons  that  a  dispensaimn  iioin  subsidies 


♦  Yet  at  nn  ofier  period,  it  waa  consi<lcrcd,  that  an  ex- 
rliiMon  iii  parliatnenlary  hixalion,  whether  eileetimHy  con- 
stituted, woulit  he  nt  least  loiiM^rleit  hy  sneh  a  rl;iuse  ;  nml 
111  llie  l*i>nnsylvaiiiiui  charter  wlien  an  exeuiptioii  ol  this  de- 
(criidioK  wan  coiuedLMl,  it  waKiiuaiiHi  i  hy  hd  uxpttaii  "  saving 
ol  llio  Bulhoriiy  of  Ih«  English  parliauient." 


granted  to  certain  mdivniuals  within  the  realm  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  tho  Seventh,  had  been  snl'seipiently  re- 
pealed by  act  of  parbamenl.  Hut  lo  render  this  ati- 
tlionty  conclusive,  it  wonbl  be  necessary  to  auppoaOt 
that  every  act  of  parliament  that  introduced  aparticular 
ordinance  was  also  ileclaratorv  of  the  gxuieral  law  ;  and 
even  then  the  application  of  this  aulhority  to  the  char- 
ter of  Maryland  may  verv  fairly  be  ijueslioned.  Colo- 
nics, m  that  age.  were  regarded  entirely  as  dependencies 
of  tho  moiiarehtcal  part  of  the  goveniment  ;  the  rule  of 
their  governance  was  the  royal  prerogative,  except 
where  it  wan  specially  limiti^l  orexelmled  by  the  tcrmi 
Ol  a  royal  charter ;  and  t!ie  same  p()\ver  thai  gave  a  po- 
litical being  to  ihe  col  >ny  was  considered  adeqiinle  lo 
determine  thn  political  privileges  of  its  inhaiiitants.  The 
colonists  of  Maryland  uiidoubteilly  conceived  that  their 
charter  bestowed  on  them  an  exemption  from  all  taxes 
hut  such  as  sbnuM  he  imposed  by  llieir  own  provincial 
asscndjiy  ;  for  it  diseharged  them  lor  ever  from  the 
taxation  of  Iho  oiilv  power  that  was  considered  con.- 
peient  to  exen-ise  Ihis  authoritv  over  them,  Not  tho 
least  remarkable  pecubaritv  of  ibis  charter  i.<,  iliat  it 
affords  the  first  examiJi.  of  tho  dismemberment  of  a 
colony,  and  the  creatiori  d' n  new  one  within  its  limits, 
by  the  imTO  act  of  the  crown. 

I.«)rd  Haltimorr  having  thus  obtained  the  charier  of 
Maryland,  hastened  to  exeeute  the  design  of  colonizing 
the  new  province,  of  which  he  appointed  his  brother, 
Leonard  (.Calvert,  to  be  governor.  The  tirst  body  of 
emigrants,  (onsisiing  of  .ibout  two  Imndred  gentlemen 
of  eonsulerable  rank  and  fortune,  cbicllv  of  the  Roman 
catholic  persuasion,  with  a  number  of  interior  adherents, 
saileii  from  Knoland  under  the  command  of  t  .dvert  in 
November,  llil^J;  and  alter  a  prosperous  vovago, 
landed  in  MaryUiid.  near  ihe  inoiiih  of  the  iiver  Potow- 
mack, III  llic  beginning  of  the  lollownig  year.  [Ui33.] 
The  governor,  as  soon  as  lie  landed,  erected  a  cross  on 
the  shore,  and  took  ]iossession  of  the  country,  fur  our 
Sai'iour,  ond  for  our  sori'rni>ii  lonl  (he  kinw  of  Enf^- 
Uiml.  Awan-  that  tlie  first  settlers  of  Virginia  had 
given  nmbraoe  to  the  Indraiis  by  oeeupynig  iJu  ir  terri- 
torv  w itluMii  deinandmg  tlieir  permis.iion,  he  determined 
lo  iimlate  the  wiser  and  jiistvr  policy  that  had  been  pur- 
sued by  the  colonists  of  New  Knglaiid,  and  to  unite  tho 
new  Willi  the  ancient  race  of  inliahilaiit.'-  bv  the  recipro- 
cal ties  of  e.piily  and  goo.l-wilf  The  Indtan  chief  to 
whom  he  submitted  bis  piopusition  of  oceiipying  a 
portion  of  the  eomitiy  ans\\ered  at  first  Willi  a  sullen 
linlitU'ieiice,  the  result  most  probaldv  of  aversion  to  tho 
nieasiire  and  of  conscious  mabihiv  to  resist  it,  that  he 
W4Uild  not  bid  the  Knolish  go.  neither  would  he  bid 
tiiem  Slav,  but  tlial  be  left  them  to  their  own  discre- 
tion. The  liberality  and  courtesy,  however,  of  U,'\ 
governr)r's  demeanor  succeedeil  at  length  in  concili- 
ating his  regard  so  powerlnllv.  that  he  not  only  formed 
a  friendly  league  between  the  colonists  and  his  own 
people,  but  jiersuaded  u.«  other  neighboring  tribes  lo 
aceede  to  the  treaty,  ami  warmly  declared,  I  Itirr  the 
l\ni,!t.sh  so  well,  that  it  thn/  .s/uiulil  mo  a^'out  tu  kill  me, 
\f  i  hail  .vo  mu(h  brctifh  as  In  ypnik,  I  would  comuuimi 
the  pfoplf.  not  to  rrrrui^r  my  death ;  for  I  know  they 
would  not  do  .\iirh  a  ihnti^^  exi'ipt  (,'  wi  re  thntut^h  my 
own  fault.  Having  piinhased  the  riL'hts  ol  the  almri- 
gmes  at  a  prii-e  winch  gave  iliempeileet  satisfaction, 
the  colonists  ohiainetl  possi  ssion  ol  a  considerable  dis- 
trict, iiieludmg  an  Indian  town  which  Ihcv  imineduitely 
proeeeded  to  occupy,  ami  to  wliiidi  they  u-ive  the  namo 
of  St,  .Mary's,  h  was  not  nil  ihcir  numlurs  had  un- 
dergone a  considi  r.ilile  merease,  tli.it  thev  judged  il 
iii'ce,>sary  to  enact  legislative  reeulatioiis.  and  establish 
their  political  coiistiiiition.  They  lived  some  time 
under  the  domestic  regimen  of  a  palriareli.d  family,  and 
eonlined  their  attention  t'»  the  pruMding  of  food  and 
liabil.itions  lor  themselves  ami  ihe  assoeiaies  by  whom 
they  expected  to  be  rrinforeed.  Tlu-  lands  which  bad 
been  cedtd  to  lliem  were  planted  with  facility,  becaiiso 
thev  bad  already  undergone  the  diseiplme  uf  Indian 
idlaiTc  ,  and  this  circumstanec,  as  welt  as  the  proximity 
of  Vngniia,  which  now  alfordcd  an  ulimidant  supply 
of  the  iieeessaries  of  life,  enabled  the  colonists  of 
Maryland  to  escape  the  ravages  of  that  calamity,  which 
had  altlicled  the  infancy,  and  nearlv  proved  fatal  lo  tho 
cxislence  of  every  one  of  the  other  selilemeiils  of  tho 
Knglisb  in  America.  The  tidings  of  tlieir  safe  and 
comfortiible  establishment  m  the  province,  conciirrmg 
with  tho  iineasiiiess  experieii'M'd  by  tht>  Itoinan  catho- 
lies  in  Kngland,  induced  consiilerahle  numbers  uf  tho 
professors  of  this  faith  to  follow  tlie  original  emigrants 
tt)  Maryland  ;  and  no  effort -i  of  wisdom  t^r  generosity 
wcrn  spared  by  Lord  Ualtnnorc  to  facilila:u  the  popu- 
lation and  promote  the  ha))pine  a  of  the  colony  Thd 
transportation  of  people,  and  of  ticccbsa.y  etores  and 


978 


THE   HISTORY  OF 


(jrovimions,  duriiip  the  first  two  yean,  cost  him  upwards 
of  forty  thousand  pounds.  To  every  emigrant  he  as- 
signed Hfty  acres  of  land  in  absolute  fee  ;  and  with  a 
liberality  unparalleled  in  that  age,  and  altogether  sur- 
prising in  a  catholic,  he  united  a  general  establishment 
of  Christianity  as  the  common  law  of  the  land,  with  an 
abflotutc  exclusion  of  the  political  predominance  or 
superiority  of  any  one  particular  sect  or  denomination 
of  Christians.  This  wiso  administration  soon  con- 
verted a  dreary  wilderness  into  a  prot«pcroub  colony. 
It  is  a  proof  at  once  of  the  success  of  his  policy,  and 
tho  prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  colonists,  that  a 
very  few  years  after  tho  tirsl  occupation  ot  the  province, 
they  granted  to  their  proprietary  a  considerable  sub* 
sidy  of  tobacco,  as  a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  his 
liberality  and  benulicence.  Similar  tributes  continued, 
from  time  to  time,  to  attest  the  merit  of  the  pro[>rie- 
lary  and  the  attachment  of  the  people. 

The  wisdom  and  virtue  by  which  the  plantation  of 
the  new  province  was  aignaJiscd,  could  not  atunn  for 
the  arbitrary  injustice  by  which  it;*  lerntoty  had  been 
wrested  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Virginia  ;  and  while  it 
is  impossible  not  to  regret  tho  troubles  which  ori<;iu- 
ated  from  this  circumstance,  there  is  something  not  al- 
together dissatisfactory  to  the  moral  eye,  in  beholding 
the  inevitable  fruits  of  usurpation.  Such  lessons  are 
most  agreeable,  when  the  retribution  which  ihey  reprc- 
Mntis  confined  to  the  immediate  perpetrators  of  wrong  : 
but  they  are  not  Icaftt  salutary  when  the  admonition 
they  convey  is  extended  to  the  remote  arcessarie^,  who 
are  willing  to  avail  themselves  of  the  injustice  of  the 

Srincipal  delinquents.  The  king  had  commanded  Sir 
ohn  Harvey,  the  governor  of  Virginia,  to  render  the 
utmost  assistance  and  encouragement  to  Lord  Balti- 
more, in  establishing  himself  and  his  associates  in 
Maryland.  But  though  the  ijovernor  and  his  council 
readily  agreed,  in  humble  submission  to  his  majesty's 
pleasure,  to  observe  a  good  correspondence  with  their 
imwelcome  neighbors,  they  dotenninsd  at  the  same 
lime  to  maintain  the  rights  of  the  prior  settlement. 
The  planters  of  Viri;inia  presented  a  petition  agiiinsl 
tho  grant  to  Lord  Ilalliniore  :  and  both  parties  were 
admitted  to  discuss  their  respective  pretensions  before 
the  Privy  Council.  After  vainly  endeavoring  to  pro- 
mote an  amicable  adju.stment,  the  council  awarded  that 
bis  lordship  should  retain  his  patent,  and  the  petitioners 
their  remedy  at  law — a  remedy  which  probably  had  no 
existence,  and  to  which  the  Virginiana  nevi-r  thouaht 
proper  to  resort.  For  the  preventing  of  farther  diffe- 
rences, it  was  ordered  by  the  council  that  free  and  mu- 
tual commerce  should  he  permitted  between  the  two 
colonies  ;  that  neither  should  receive  fugitives  from  the 
other,  or  do  any  act  that  might  provoke  a  war  with  the 
Datives ;  and  that  bolli  should  on  all  occasions  assist 
Olid  befriend  each  other  in  «  manner  becoming  fellow 
tmbjcc^ts  of  the  same  empire. 

Hut  although  tho  Viryinian  planters  were  thus  com- 
pelled to  withdraw  their  opposition,  and  the  Virtjiuian 
t[overnmont  to  recognise  tlie  independence  of  Mary- 
and.  the  establishment  of  this  colonv  encountered  an 
obslmalc  resistance  from  tnieresu  muih  less  entitled 
to  respect  ;  and  tho  validity  of  Lord  Baltimore's  grant 
was  vehemently  opposed  by  the  pretensions  of  a  prior 
intruder.  This  competitor  was  William  ('leyborne,  a 
member  of  Sir  John  Harvey's  council,  and  secretary  of 
the  province  of  Virginia;  and  the  frieiulship  between 
Harvey  and  this  itulividiual  may  perhaps  account  for 
a  siiiiTul;irity  in  the  conduct  of  that  tyrnni.ical  governor, 
and  explain  why  on  one  occasion  at  least  he  was  dis- 
posed to  maintain  the  interests  of  the  Virgmisn  plant- 
ers in  oppnsnion  to  the  arlutriiry  purjioses  of  the  king. 
\hout  a  year  preceding  the  d:ite  of  Lord  Bitltimore's 
charter,  the  king  had  granted  to  ('leyborne  a  licence 
under  »iu'  sign  inarunl  to  tralfic  in  those  parts  of  America 
not  comprehended  in  any  prior  patent  of  exclusive 
trade  :  and  for  tho  enforcement  of  this  licence  Harvey 
had  superadded  to  it  a  commission  in  similar  terms  un- 
der the  seal  of  his  own  authority.  Tlie  object  of  Cley- 
borno  and  his  associates  was  to  monopolise  the  trade 
of  the  Chesapeak ;  and  with  this  view  they  had  pro- 
needed  to  establish  a  small  trading  settlement  in  the 
isle  of  Kent,  which  is  situated  in  the  very  centre  of 
Maryland,  and  which  Cloyborne  now  persisted  in  claim- 
ing as  his  own,  and  refused  to  submit  to  tho  newlv 
erected  jurindirtion.  The  injustice  of  a  plea  which 
construed  a  licence  to  IralRc  into  a  grant  of  territory, 
did  not  prevent  the  government  of  Virginia  from  coun- 
tenancing (^leyhorne's  opposition  ;  and,  encouraged  by 
Ihc  approbation  which  they  opeiilv  gave  to  his  preten- 
sion*, he  proceeded  to  enforce  them  by  acts  of  prolli- 
£kte  intrigue,  and  even  sanguinary  violence.  Ho  in- 
>od  hia  own  spirit  into  the  inhabitants  uf  the  ible  of 


Kent,  and  scattered  jealousies  among  the  Indian  tribes, 
some  of  whom  ho  was  able  to  persuade  that  the  new 
settlers  were  Spaniaids  and  enemies  to  tho  Virginians. 
[H)34.]  Lord  Baltimore  at  length  was  ."ensible  of  the 
necessity  of  a  rigorous  defence  of  his  rights :  and 
orders  were  transmitted  to  tho  governor  to  vmdicate 
tho  provincial  jurisdiction,  and  enforce  an  entire  subor- 
dination within  lis  limits.  Till  this  emergency,  tho 
colony  had  subsisted  without  enacting  or  realising  its 
civil  institutions ;  but  the  same  emergency  mat  now 
called  forth  the  powers  of  government,  tended  also  to 
develope  its  organisation.  Accordingly,  in  tho  com- 
mencement of  the  following  year,  fl(i35.]  was  con- 
vened the  first  assembly  of  Maryland,  consisting  of  the 
whole  body  of  the  freemen  ;  and  various  regulations 
were  enacted  for  the  maintenance  of  good  order  in  the 
province.  Ono  of  tho  enactments  of  this  assembly 
was,  that  all  perpetrators  of  murder  and  other  felonies 
should  incur  the  same  punishments  that  were  awarded 
by  the  laws  of  b^nglaiid ;  an  enactment  which,  besides 
its  general  utility,  was  necessary  to  pave  tho  way  to 
tho  judicial  proceedings  that  wore  contemplated  against 
(yleyborne.  This  individual,  accordingly,  still  per- 
sistnig  in  his  outrage-s  wa.t  indicted  soon  after  of  mur- 
der, piracy,  and  sediliot^  Finding  that  those  who  had 
encouraged  his  pretensions  left  htm  unaided  to  defend 
his  crimes,  he  lied  from  jii-stice,  and  his  estate  was  con- 
fiscated. Against  these  proreediiigs  ho  appealed  to 
the  king;  and  peiiiioned  ut  the  same  time  for  tlie  re- 
ncwiil  of  his  licence  and  the  grant  of  an  independent 
territory  adjoining  to  the  isle  of  Kent.  By  the  assist- 
ance of  powerful  friends,  and  the  dexteiily  of  his  repre- 
.sentations,  he  verv  nearly  obtained  a  complete  titumph 
over  his  antagonists,  and  eventually  prevailed  so  far  as 
to  involve  Lord  Baltimore  and  the  colonists  of  Mary- 
land m  a  controversv  that  was  not  terminated  for  iiieve- 
ral  years.  At  length  the  lords  commissioiierj*  of  the 
colonics,  to  whom  the  mutter  had  been  referred,  pro- 
nounced a  final  sentence,  dismissing  Cleyhorne's  ap- 
peal, and  adjudging  that  the  whole  territory  belonged 
to  Lord  Baltimore,  and  that  no  plantation  or  trade  with 
the  Indians  should  be  established  without  his  permis- 
sion within  the  limits  of  lus  patent.  Thus  divested  of 
every  semblance  of  legal  title,  Cleybornc  exchanged 
his  hopes  of  victory  for  schemes  of  revenge ;  and 
watching  every  opportunity  of  hostile  intrigue  that  the 
situation  of  the  colony  might  present  to  htm,  he  was 
unfortunately  enabled,  at  a  future  period,  to  wreak  the 
vengeance  of  dtsap|}Oinled  rapacity  upon  hia  successful 
competitors. 

The  colony  meanwhile  continued  to  thrive,  and  the 
numbers  of  its  inhahitants  to  be  augmented  by  copious 
emigration  from  England.  With  tho  increase  of  the 
people,  and  the  extension  of  tho  settlements  to  a  greater 
di.stance  fro:a  St.  Mary's,  the  necessity  of  a  legislative 
code  became  apparent:  and  Lord  Baltimore  having 
composed  a  body  of  laws  for  the  province,  transmitted 
them  to  his  brother,  with  directions  to  proposo  ihem  to 
the  assembly  of  the  freemen.  The  second  assembly  of 
.Maryland  was  in  consequence  convoked  by  the  go- 
vernor, [1037,]  with  the  expectation  no  doubt  of  an 
immediate  ratification  of  the  suggestions  of  the  propri- 
etary. But  the  colonists,  with  u  cordial  attachment  to 
Lord  Baltimore,  cherished  a  just  estimation  of  their 
own  polilical  rights  ;  and  while  they  made  a  liberal  pro- 
vision lor  the  support  of  his  government,  they  hesitated 
not  a  moment  to  reject  the  code  that  he  tendered  to 
their  acceptance  In  the  place  of  it,  they  prepared  for 
tlicniselves  a  collection  of  regulations,  which  are  credit- 
able to  their  own  good  sense,  and  from  wliich  some 
insiyht  may  be  derived  into  the  stale  of  tiie  settlement 
at  this  period.  The  province  was  divided  into  baronies 
and  manors,  the  pnvileijt^s  of  wiiicii  were  now  carefully 
defined.  Bills  were  framed  for  securing  lh»j  liberties 
of  the  people  and  tho  titles  to  landed  property,  and  for 
regulating  tho  course  of  intestate  succession.  A  bill 
was  passed  for  the  support  of  the  projirietary,  and  an 
act  of  attainder  against  Uleybonie.  In  alino>>t  all  the 
laws  where  prices  were  stated  or  payments  prescribed, 
tobacco,  and  not  monev.  was  made  tho  measure  of 
value.  The  colonists  of  Maryland  appear  to  have  de- 
voted themselves  as  vehemently  as  the  Virginians  did 
at  first  to  the  cultivation  of  this  valuable  article.  In 
their  imliscrimmate  eagerness  to  enlarge  their  contribu- 
tions to  tho  market,  and  to  obtain  a  price  for  the  whole 
produce  of  their  fields,  they  refused  to  accede  to  tlie 
regulation:!  by  wiiicli  llie  planters  of  Virginia  improved 
the  i)uality  by  diminishing  the  quantity  of  their  supply  ; 
ami  this  coliision  was  proi^uctive  of  much  di.Hpute  and 
ijl-hmnor  between  the  colonies,  and  tended  to  keep 
alive  the  original  disgust  witli  which  the  establishment 
of  Maryland  had  been  regarded  by  Virginia. 


Tho  third  asvcmbly  of  Maryland,  which  was  conTokud 
two  years  aftet  wards,  [1639],  was  rendered  memora- 
ble by  the  introduction  of  a  representative  body  into 
the  constitution.  The  population  of  the  province  had 
derived  so  large  an  incrcacie  from  recent  emigration:;, 
that  it  was  impossible  for  the  freeholders  to  contimia 
any  longer  to  exercise  tho  privilege  of  legislation  l.y 
personal  attendance.  A  law  was  therefore  passed  fi.' 
tho  iniroiluction  of  representatives,  and  the  rnoditki'- 
tion  of  the  house  of  assembly.  It  was  declared  by  thia 
act,  that  those  who  should  be  elected  in  pursuance  of 
writs  issued  should  be  called  burgesses,  and  should  sup- 
ply the  place  of  tho  freemen  who  chose  them,  in  tho 
same  manner  as  the  representatives  in  the  parliament 
of  England,  and,  in  conjunction  with  iho.4u  called  by 
the  special  writ  of  the  proprietary,  togtther  with  llie 
governor  and  secretary,  should  constitute  the  general 
assembly.  But  though  the  election  of  representatives 
was  thus  established  for  the  convenience  of  the  people, 
they  were  not  restricted  to  this  mode  of  exercising 
their  legislatorial  rights  ;  for,  by  a  very  singular  clause, 
it  was  provided,  that  all  freemen  refraining  from  voting 
at  the  election  of  burgesses,  were  at  liberty  to  lake  their 
seats  in  person  in  the  as.*embly.  The  several  branches 
of  tho  legislature  were  appointed  to  sit  in  the  same 
chamber,  and  all  acts  assented  to  by  the  united  body 
were  to  lie  deemed  of  the  same  force  as  if  the  propri- 
etary and  freemen  had  been  personally  |- resent.  It 
was  not  long  before  the  peO|>lo  wore  sensible  of  the 
advantage  that  the  democratic  part  of  the  constitution 
would  derive  from  the  separate  establishment  of  its 
peculiar  organ  ;  but  although  this  innovation  was  sug- 
gested by  the  burgesses  very  shortly  afterwards,  the 
constitution  that  was  now  s'lopted  continued  to  be  re- 
tained by  the  legislature  uf  Maryland  till  tho  year  1650. 
Various  acts  were  passed  in  this  assembly  for  the  secu- 
rity of  liberty,  and  the  administration  of  ju.stico  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  and  cu  Uoms  of  England.  All  ilie  in- 
habitants were  retpiired  to  tak  ^')  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  king;  tho  prerogatives  e  proprietary  were 

distinctly  recognised;  and  t  -;t  charter  of  Eng- 

land was  declared  to  he  the  niea^.^..^  of  the  liberties  of 
tho  colonists.  To  obviate  tho  inconveniences  that 
began  to  be  threatened  by  the  almost  exclusive  atten- 
tion of  the  people  to  the  cutiivation  of  tobacco,  it  was 
found  necessary  to  enforce  the  planting  of  corn  by  law. 
A  tax  was  imposed  for  the  supply  of  u  revenue  to  the 
proprietary.  But  notwithstanding  this  indication  uf 
prosperity,  and  tho  introduction  of  representative  go- 
vernment, that  the  colonists  were  not  yet  either  nume- 
rous or  wealthy,  may  be  strongly  inferred  from  the  im- 
position of  a  general  assessment  to  erect  a  water-mill 
for  the  use  of  the  colony.  Slavery  seems  to  have  been 
established  in  Maryland  from  its  earliest  colonization : 
for  an  act  of  this  assembly  describes  the  people  to  con- 
sist of  all  christian  inhabitants,  slaprs  only  excepted. 
That  slavery  should  gain  a  footing  in  any  community 
of  professing  Christians,  will  excite  the  regret  of  every 
ono  who  knows  what  slavery  and  Christianity  mean. 
Some  surprise  may  mingle  with  our  regret  when  we 
behold  this  baneful  institution  adopted  m  a  colony  of 
catholics,  and  of  men  who  not  only  were  themselves 
fugitives  from  persecution,  but  so  much  in  earnest  in 
the  profession  of  their  distinctive  faith,  as  for  its  sake 
to  incur  exile  from  their  native  country.  The  unlaw- 
fulness of  slavery  had  been  solemnly  annoum^ed  by  tho 
pontilV,  whom  the  catholics  regard  as  the  infallible  head 
of  their  church.  Wiieti  the  controversy  on  this  sub- 
ject was  submitted  to  Leo  tho  Tenth,  he  declared,  that 
not  only  the  christian  reliijion,  but  nature  herself,  cried 
out  against  a  state  of  slavery.  But  the  uoo<l  which  an 
earthly  potentate  can  elfect,  is  far  front  heniu  commen- 
surate with  hist  power  of  doing  evil.  When  a  pope 
divided  tho  undiscovered  parts  of  ihe  world  ()elween 
Castile  and  Portugal,  his  arrogant  division  was  held 
sacred  ;  when  another  levelled  his  tiumano  oenience 
against  the  lawfulness  of  slavery,  his  authority  was 
contemned  or  disregarded. 

The  discontent  with  which  the  establishment  of  the 
new  colony  had  been  regarded  by  the  Virginians  was 
heightened,  no  doubt,  by  the  contrast  be'.ween  tho 
liberty  and  happiness  that  the  planters  of  Maryland 
were  permitted  to  enjoy,  and  the  tyranny  that  they 
themsolves  were  exposed  to  from  the  government  ot 
Sir  John  Harvey.  The  arguments  by  which  the  Mary- 
land charter  had  been  succcftsfully  defended  aiiamst 
them,  tended  to  as.sociate  the  los«(  of  their  lihertiei  with 
the  extstnnce  of  tins  colonv  :  for  the  complaint  uf  dn- 
memherment  of  their  original  territory  had  been  en- 
countered by  the  plea,  that  the  designation  of  that  ter- 
ritory had  perished  with  the  chartei  which  contained 
it,  and  that  by  the  dissolution  of  the  company  to  which 


IKiUL 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


279 


ich  wu  conroked 

ndcred  monnora- 

tative  body  into 

the  province  had 

tMit  cniii^rationS] 

(]lts  to  contiiino 

of  legisUtion  l.y 

eforu  passed  fi; 

ind  the  inoUitici'.- 

dccturud  by  thiti 

i  it)  pursuance  of 

and  should  BU|>- 

s*i   them,  in  the 

I)  the  parliumcnt 

tho.st!  ciillcil  by 

together  with  the 

tutc  the  gentTal 

f  reprencntatives 

ice  of  the  ppopie, 

ide  of  exercising 

y  sinirular  clause, 

iniiig  from  voting 

Jerty  to  take  their 

several  branches 

a  sit  in  tlie  satno 

the  united  body 

as  if  the  propri- 

ally  present.     It 

re  sensible  of  the 

the  constitution 

hlishnient  of  its 

tovation  v^'as  sug- 

ly  afterwords,  the 

ntinucd  to  be  ro- 

li|]  the  year  1650. 

nl)|y  for  the  secu- 

of  jmiicc  arrord- 

und.     All  tlie  in- 

alh  of  altegiiince 

proprietary  were 

cliarter  of  Eng- 

of  the  liberties  of 

ouveniences   that 

exclusive  atten- 

of  tobacco,  it  was 

ig  of  corn  by  law. 

a  revenue  to  the 

his  indication  of 

represctitntive  go- 

t  yet  either  nuine- 

rrcd  from  the  iin- 

erect  a  water-mill 

toins  to  have  been 

iest  colonization : 

the  piople  to  con- 

't^s  only  excepted. 

\\\  any  comnnmity 

lie  regret  of  every 

^hrisliuinty  mean. 

r  regret  when  we 

led  in  a  colony  of 

were  themselves 

luch  in  earnest  in 

th,  as  for  lis  Rake 

try.     'I'he  unluvv- 

announr;rd  by  iho 

the  infiilhhio  liead 

versy  on  this  sub- 

.  he  dechired,  that 

tore  horseil,  cried 

lie  uood  winch  an 

n  bfin'^  ('i)tnnien- 

I.     W'inii  a  popp 

lie  world  lielwiu'ii 

livisiuti  was   liehl 

humane  scnieiico 

his  authority  was 

ahlishment  of  the 
le  Virginians  was 
ast  be'.wecn  the 
Iters  of  MaryUnd 
yranuy  that  they 
le  government  ol 
f  whicli  the  Mary- 
defended  ai;ani8t 
heir  liberlitM  with 
complaint  of  dm- 
iry  had  been  eti- 
r.alion  of  that  tor- 
I  wliicb  contained 
.ompany  to  which 


Ibe  cliarter  had  belonged,  all  the  dominion  it  could 
claim  over  unoccupieu  territory  had  reverted  to  tlie 
crown.  From  the  company,  or  at  least  during  its  ex- 
istence, the  Virginians  had  obtained  the  lilierties  which 
had  been  wrested  from  them  at  the  time  of  its  dissolu- 
tion ;  and  hence  their  ardent  wishes  for  the  restoration 
of  their  liberties  were  naturally  connocted  with  the  re- 
establishment  of  a  corporation,  whose  patent,  if  revived, 
would  annul  the  charter  of  Maryland.  It  was  fortu- 
nate for  both  the  colonies  that  the  liberties  of  Virginia 
were  restored  by  tlie  king  without  the  appendage  of  the 
ancient  corporation ;  and  that  the  Virginians,  justly 
appreciating  the  advantages  they  possessed,  now  re- 
garded with  aversion  the  revival  of  the  patent,  and 
were  sensible  that  their  interests  would  be  ralher  im- 
paired than  promoted  by  the  event  that  would  enable 
them  to  re-annex  Maryland  to  liieir  territory.  Ha<l  the 
change  of  circumstant-es  and  interests  been  deferred 
but  a  abort  time,  the  most  injurious  consequences 
might  have  resulted  to  both  the  colonies  ;  [1040]  for 
the  assembling  of  the  Long  I'arlianient,  and  the  en- 
couragement which  every  complaint  of  royal  inisgovern- 
ment  received  from  that  assembly,  inspired  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  Virginia  company  with  the  liope  of  oblaining 
a  restitution  of  their  patent,  Foriitied  by  the  opinion 
of  eminent  lawyers  whom  they  consulted,  and  who 
scrupled  not  to  assure  them  that  the  ancient  patents  of 
Virginia  still  remained  in  furce,*  and  lliat  the  grant  of 
Maryland,  as  derogatory  to  them,  w:is  utterly  void,  they 
presented  an  ajipliciition  to  the  parli.iincnt  complaining 
of  the  unjust  invasion  that  their  privileges  had  under- 
gone, and  demuiuling  that  the  government  of  Virginia 
should  be  restored  to  them.  This  application  would 
umloiibledly  have  prevailed,  if  it  had  been  seconded  by 
the  colony.  Its  failure  was  mainly  occasioned  by  the 
vigorous  opposition  of  the  as.sembly  of  Virginia. 

Under  the  constitution  which  was  thus  preserved  to 
them  by  the  elVorts  of  its  ancient  unlagoni.sts,  the  colo- 
nists of  Maryland  continued  to  enjoy  a  great  degree  of 
happiness  and  prosperity,  [1641.]  Jii.d  to  evince,  by 
their  unabaled  gratitude  to  the  proprietary,  that  tlie 
spirit  of  liberty  rather  enhiinces  than  impairs  the  attach- 
ni'Mit  of  a  free  people  to  its  rulers,  and  that  a  just  sense 
of  the  rignts  of  men  is  no  way  incompatible  with  a 
lively  impression  of  their  duties.  The  wise  and  friendly 
polii-y  which  the  governor  continued  to  pursue  towards 
the  Indians,  had  hitherto  jircservrd  a  peace  which  had 
uioved  highly  benelicial  to  the  infancy  of  the  colony, 
liut  unforluiiiitely  tlie  intrigues  of  Cleyliorne  had  in- 
fected the  minds  of  these  savages  with  a  jealous  suspi- 
cniii.  whicn  the  incri;asitig  power  of  the  colony  had  no 
teiulency  lo  mitig.ite,  and  which  llie  immoderate  avidity 
of  some  of  the  planters  tended  powerfully  to  inllame. 
The  rapid  multiplication  of  the  strangi-rs  seemed  to 
liirealeu  their  extinction  as  a  people  ;  and  the  augnien- 
ttj  value  which  the  territory  they  sold  lo  the  colonists 
had  subseipieully  derived  from  the  industry  .".nd  skdl  of 
ii:*  new  proprietors,  easily  suggested  to  their  envy  and 
ignorance  the  annry  sunnise,  that  they  had  heeii  de- 
frauded in  the  original  vendition.  This  injurious  sus- 
picion was  confirmed  by  the  conduct  of  various  indi- 
viduals among  the  pUniers,  who  procured  additional 
grams  of  land  from  the  Indians  without  liio  authority  of 
government,  for  cousidcnilions  winch  were  exlremely 
inadequate,  and  which,  u[iO'i  relleclion.  lilled  them  with 
anger  and  discontent. t  These  causes  at  length  pro- 
duced the  calamity  wliich  the  iioveriior  had  labored  so 
earnestly  lo  avert.  An  Indian  war  broke  oul  in  the 
beginning  of  the  year  KMtl,  and  coniimied  tor  several 
years  after  to  adiniiUHter  its  accustomed  evils,  wiihour 
the  occurrence  of  anv  decisive  is.iue,  or  the  atlaimnent 
of  any  considerable  advantage  by  either  party.  }*cace 
having  been  with  some  dillicully  re-eslablislied.  [ItM'l,] 
the  assembly  proceeded  to  enact  laws  for  the  preven- 
tion of  the  more  olivious  causes  of  complaint  and  ani- 
mosity. All  acipiisitions  of  land  from  the  aborigines, 
^vithout  the  consent  of  the  proprietary,  were  declared 
derogatory  no  less  to  liis  dignity  and  rights,  than  to  the 
talelyof  the  comnnmity, and  therefore  void  and  illegal. 
It  was  made  a  capital   felony  to  sell  or  kidnap  any 


•This  seoni.i  to  cnrrotmralo  the  suppositou  that  tito  ipio 
warranto  at;ains'.  tliu  Virginia  company  was  not  prusocute  J  lo 
a  judicial  Issue. 

tSiinU^r  caui^es  of  offonco  undoubtedly  l)egnt  or  pro- 
moted niiin>  (if  the  wars  between  the  Indians  and  i\\a  oihor 
ciduiiics.  *'  Such  things."  >tays  the  historian  of  New  Ilaiiip- 
«hirp,  "  wore  iiiJecd  disallowed  by  the  Kuvcrnmeiit,  and 
would  alwnys  havo  been  puiUHli(iil,'ir  iht'  ludiuru  had  made 
f  orii|>laiiit  j  but  they  kn<^w  only  the  law  of  rflaljatloti.  uod 
whtn  an  injury  was  indicted,  it  was  lu.'ver  fnritnHro  till  ir- 
venKcd.'*  Tht>  Traud,  or  sup  losnd  Oaud,  of  ho  iiidividu;it, 
might,  at  the  distance  of  nnny  years  from  Uh  iierpretatiun, 
lnvul?«  the  whole  colony  to  which  he  beluiijed  ui  un  lu  nan 
Mru     Bblknapii  193. 


friendly  Indians;  and  a  high  misdemeanor  to  supply 
them  with  spirituous  liquors,  or  to  put  them  in  posses- 
sion of  arms  or  ammunition.  I'arlly  by  these  regula- 
tions, and  more  by  the  Imniane  and  prudent  conduct  of 
the  proprietary  government,  the  peace  that  was  now 
concluded  between  the  colony  and  the  Indians  sub- 
sisted, without  interruption,  for  a  considerable  period 
of  time. 

Itut  the  colony  was  not  long  permitted  to  enjoy  the 
restoratiiin  of  its  Iranquillity.  fScarccly  bad  the  Indian 
war  been  concluded,  when  the  intrigues  of  Cleyborne 
exploded  in  mischiefs  of  far  greater  magnitude,  and 
more  lasting  malignity.  The  activity  of  this  enterpris- 
ing and  vindictive  spirit  bad  been  embed  hitherto  by 
the  deference  which  he  deemed  it  expedient  to  profess 
to  the  pleasure  of  the  Ilritish  court,  at  which  he  had 
continued  to  cultivate  his  interest  bo  successfully,  that, 
in  the  year  1642,  he  had  received  from  the  king  the  ap- 
pointment of  treasurer  of  Virginia  for  life.  But  the 
civil  wars  which  had  now  broke  out  in  England,  leav- 
ing him  no  longer  any  thing  lo  hope  from  royal  patron- 
age, he  made  no  scruple  to  declare  himself  a  partizan 
oi"  the  popular  cause,  and  to  espouse  the  fortunes  of  a 
parly  from  whoso  predominance  ho  might  expect  at 
once  the  gratification  of  his  ambition,  and  the  indul- 
gence of  his  revenge.  In  conjunction  with  his  ancient 
associates  in  the  i-sle  of  Kent,  and  aideil  by  the  conta- 
gious fervent  of  the;  times,  he  raised  a  rebellion  in  Ma- 
ryland ill  the  beginning  of  the  year  1645.  Calvert, 
unprepared  at  first  with  a  force  snitable  to  this  emer- 
cency,  was  constrained  to  fly  into  Virginia  for  protec- 
tion ;  and  the  vacant  government  was  instantly  appro- 
priated by  the  insurgents,  and  exercised  with  a  violence 
characteristic  of  the  ascendancy  of  an  unpopular  mino- 
rity. Notwithstanding  the  most  vigorous  exertions  of 
the  governor,  seconded  by  liie  wcH-ii'Iecled  part  of  the 
community,  tin'  revolt  was  not  suppressed  till  the  au- 
tumn of  the  following  year  [1646J.  The  alllictions  of 
that  calamitous  period  are  indicated  by  a  statute  of  the 
assembly,  which  rc^ciles  "  that  the  province  had  been 
wasted  by  a  miserable  dis.">eusion  and  unhappy  war, 
wliich  had  been  closed  by  Ihe  joyful  restitution  of  a 
blessed  peace."  'I'o  promote  the  restoration  of  tran- 
cpiillity  and  mutual  contidence,  an  act  of  general  par- 
don and  oblivion  was  passed,  from  the  benefits  of  which 
only  a  few  leading  characters  were  excepted;  and  all 
actions  were  discharged  for  wrongs  that  miglit  have 
Ix^eii  perpetrated  during  the  revolt.  Uut  the  addi- 
tional burdens  which  it  was  found  necessary  to  iin])osc 
upon  the  people,  were  conse<piences  of  the  insurrec- 
litni  that  did  not  so  soon  pass  away  :  and,  three  years 
afterwards,  [1649]  a  temporary  duty  of  ten  shillings  on 
every  hundred  weight  of  tobacco  exported  in  Dutch 
boKoins  was  granted  lo  the  proprietary  ;  tlie  one  half 
of  which  was  expressly  appropriated  lo  satisfy  claims 
produced  by  tliu  recovery  and  defence  of  the  province  ; 
and  the  other  was  declared  to  be  conferred  on  him  for 
the  purpose  of  enabling  him  the  better  to  provide  for 
its  safety  ni  time  to  come. 

In  the  assembly  by  which  the  imposition  of  this  duly 
was  enacted,  a  magnanimous  attempt  was  made  to  pre- 
serve the  peace  of  the  colony  by  suppressing  one  of  the 
most  fertile  sources  of  human  contention  and  a.iimosity. 
It  had  been  declared  by  the  proprietary,  at  a  very  early 
period,  that  religious  toleration  should  coiistiluto  one  of 
the  fundamenlal  principlesof  the  social  union  over  which 
he  presided  ;  and  the  assembly  of  the  province,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Roman  ('atholics,  now  proceeded,  by  a 
ineniorabie  Ad  cnnccrnins  Relivion^Xo  interweave  this 
no!)le  princi[)lc  into  its  legislative  tnsliintions.  This 
statute  commenced  with  a  preamble,  declaring  that  the 
enforcement  of  the  conscience  had  been  of  danoerous 
consequence  in  those  countries  wherein  it  had  been 
practised  ;  and  thereafter  enacted,  that  no  persons  pro- 
fessing lo  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  should  be  molested 
in  respect  of  their  religion,  or  in  the  free  exercise 
thereof,  or  be  compelled  to  the  belief  or  exercise  of 
any  olher  religion  against  their  consent ;  so  thai  they 
be  not  unfaithful  to  the  proprietary,  or  conspire  against 
tlio  civil  government ;  That  persons  molesting  any 
olher  in  respect  of  his  religions  tenets  should  pay  treble 
damages  to  the  party  aggrieved,  and  twenty  shillings 
to  the  proprietary  :  That  those  who  should  reproach 
their  neighbors  with  opprobrious  names  of  religious 
distinction,  should  forfeit  ten  shillings  to  the  persons  so 
insulted  :  'I'hat  any  one  speaking  reproachfully  against 
the  blessed  Virijin  oi  the  apostles,  should  forfeit  five 
pound:^  ;  but  that  blusphemv  against  (ind  should  be 
pniiislud  with  de.ith.  Uy  the  etiactment  of  this  sta- 
tute, the  catholic  planters  of  Maryland  procured  to 
I  their  adopted  country  the  distinguish:  d  praise  of  being 
the  first  uf  the  American  status  in  which  toleration  was 


established  by  law  ;*  and  graced  their  peculiar  faitb 
with  the  signal  and  unwonted  merit  of  protecting  that 
religious  freedom  which  all  other  christian  associalioni 
were  conspiring  to  overthrow.  It  is  a  striking  and 
instructive  spectacle  to  behold  at  this  period  the  puri- 
tans persecuting  their  prntestant  brethren  in  Now  Eng- 
land ;  the  episcopalians  retortmg  the  same  severity  on 
the  puritans  in  Virginia :  and  the  catholics,  against 
whom  all  the  others  were  combined,  forming  in  Mary- 
land a  sanctuary  where  all  might  worship  and  none 
might  oppress,  nnd  where  even  protcstants  sought 
refuge  from  prntestant  intolerance.  If  the  dangers  to 
which  the  Maryland  Calholics  must  have  felt  themselves 
exposed  from  the  disfavor  with  which  they  were  re- 
garded by  all  the  other  communities  of  their  country- 
men, and  from  the  ascendancy  which  their  most  zea- 
lous adversaries  the  presbytcrians  were  acquiring  in 
the  councils  of  the  parent  state,  may  be  supposed  to 
account  in  some  degree  for  their  enforcement  of  a  prin- 
ciple of  which  they  manifestly  needed  the  protection, 
the  surmise  will  detract  very  little  from  the  merit  of 
the  authors  of  ''.lis  nxcellenl  law.  The  moderation  of 
mankind  has  ever  needed  adventitious  support :  and  it 
is  no  depreciation  of  christian  sentiment,  that  it  is 
capable  of  deriving  an  accession  to  its  purity  from  the 
experience  of  persecution.  It  is  by  divine  grace  alono 
that  the  fire  of  persecution  thus  sometimes  lends  to 
refine  virtue  and  consume  the  dross  that  may  have  ad- 
hered to  it ;  and  the  progress  of  this  history  is  destined 
lo  show,  that  without  such  overruling  agency,  the 
C(nnmission  of  injustice  nuiurally  tends  to  its  own  re- 
production, and  that  the  experience  of  it  engenders  a 
much  stronger  disposition  to  retaliate  its  severities 
thin  to  sympathise  with  its  victims.  It  had  been  happy 
for  the  credit  of  the  protcstants,  whoso  hostility  per- 
haps enforced  the  moderation  of  the  catholics  of  Mary- 
land, if  they  had  imitated  the  virtue  which  their  own 
a))preliended  violence  may  have  tended  to  elicit.  But, 
unfbrluuately,  a  great  proportion  even  of  those  who 
were  eonsUained  lo  seek  refuge  among  the  catholicii 
from  the  persecutions  of  their  own  proleslant  brethren, 

arried  with  them  into  exile  the  same  intolerance  of 
which  themselves  had  been  the  victims  ;  and  the  prea- 
bytcrians  UikI  other  dissenters  who  now  began  to  flock 
in  corsiderablo  numbers  from  Virginia  to  Maryland, 
gradually  formed  a  proiestant  confederacy  against  the 
interests  of  the  original  settlers  ;  and,  with  ingratitudu 
still  mure  odious  than  their  injustice,  projected  the  abro* 
gallon  not  only  of  the  catholic  worship,  but  of  every 
part  of  that  system  of  toleration,  uiuler  whose  shelter 
they  were  enabled  to  conspire  its  d^'vufall.  But 
though  the  catholics  were  thus  ill  requited  by  their  pro- 
testanl  guests,  it  would  be  u  mistake  to  suppose  that 
the  calamities  that  subsequently  desolated  the  province 
were  prui'-iced  by  the  toleration  which  her  assemhly 
now  established,  or  that  the  catholics  were  really  losersi 
by  this  act  of  justice  and  liberality.  From  the  dispo- 
sition of  the  prevailing  party  in  England,  and  the  statn 
of  the  olher  colonial  sctllemciits,  the  catastrophe  that 
overtook  the  liberties  of  the  Maryland  calholics  could 
not  possibly  have  been  evaded  :  and  if  the  virtue  they 
now  displayed  was  unable  to  avert  their  fate,  it  ci- 
emplcd  them  at  least  from  the  reproach  of  deserving 
it ;  it  redoubled  the  guilt  and  scamlil  incurrred  by  their 
adversaries,  and  achieved  for  themselves  a  reputation 
more  lasting  and  honorable  than  political  triuin[»h  or 
temporal  elevation.  What  Christian,  however  sensible 
of  the  errors  of  catholic  doctrine,  would  not  rather  bo 
the  descendant  of  the  catholics  who  establi.*lied  tolera- 
tion in  Maryland,  than  of  the  proteslants  who  overthrew 
it! 

From  the  cstablishmen*  of  religious  freedom,  the 
assemhly  of  Maryland  proceeded  to  the  improvement 
of  political  liberty;  and  in  the  following  year  [Ui.'iOJ 
the  couslitulion  of  this  province  received  that  structure 
which,  with  some  interruptions,  it  continued  to  retain 
for  more  than  a  century  after.  So  early  as  the  veai 
1642,  the  burgesses  who  had  been  elected  to  the  exist 
ing  assembly,  whether  actuated  by  the  spirit  natural  lo 
representatives,  or  animated  by  the  example  of  the  com- 
mons of  England,  had  expressed  a  desire  '*  thai  they 
might  be  separated,  and  sit  by  theinaelves,  and  have  n 
negative."  Their  desire  was  disallowed  at  that  time  ; 
but  now,  in  conformity  with  it,  a  law  was  passed, 
enacting  that  membors  called  lo  the  assembly  by  spe- 
cial writ  should  form  the  upper  house  :   that  those  who 

were  cliusen  by  tlio  hundreds  should   form  the  lower 

*Rh"de  Island  was  at  this  time  the  only  one  of  iho  pro 
tei^taiit  flolllcments  in  which  the  principle  of  iMierati.iii  wim 
recoi-'tixod :  and  oven  Iherc,  Uoiniui  ciUholii-ii  weru  excluded 
from  parlicipatinfi  in  tli«  puUiicul  rights  tliul  were  eiyjuyttd  by 
the  ruit  of  the  community. 


mmm. 


280 


THE   HISTORY  O^ 


house  ;  and  that  all  hills  which  should  be  assonted  to  hy 
the  two  branches  of  the  legislature,  and  ratified  by  the 
Ijovcrnar,  should  be  deemed  the  laws  of  tlio  province. 
An  act  of  rocojijnition  of  the  undoubted  rii^ht  of  Lord 
Baliiinorcio  the  (iToprictaryship  of  the  province,  was 
parsed  in  the  same  sedsion.  The  assembly  declared 
Itself  bound  by  the  laws  both  of  God  and  man,  to  sc- 
kriowiedge  his  just  title  by  virtue  of  the  grant  of  the 
late  king  Charles  of  England  ;  it  sitbmittpd  to  his  au- 
thority, and  obliged  its  constituents  and  their  posrerity 
for  ever  to  defend  him  and  his  heirs  in  his  royal  rights 
and  pre-eminences,  so  far  as  they  do  not  inlringo  the 
iust  liberties  of  the  frec-horn  subjects  of  HngUnd  :  and 
It  besought  him  to  accept  this  act  as  a  testimony  to  his 
posterity,  of  ila  fidelity  and  ihankfulness  for  the  mani- 
fold bencfild  which  the  colony  bad  derived  from  him. 
Blending  a  due  regard  to  the  lights  of  the  people  with 
a  just  gratitude  to  the  prnpriotury,  the  assembly  ut  the 
same  time  enacted  a  law  prohibiting  the  imposition  of 
taxes  without  the  consent  of  the  freemen,  and  declar- 
mg  in  its  preamble,  *'  that  as  the  proprietary's  strength 
(loth  consist  in  the  alTcclions  of  his  people  ;  on  them 
he  doth  rely  for  his  supplies,  not  doubting  of  their  duty 
and  assistance  on  nil  just  occasions."  Perhaps  it  is 
only  under  such  patriarchal  admmisiration  an  Maryland 
yet  retained  anadmixtureof  in  her  constitution, and  under 
such  patriarchs  as  Lord  Baltimore,  that  we  can  ever 
hope  10  find  the  realization  of  the  political  philosopher's 
dream  o(  a  svslem  that  incorporates  into  politics  the 
sentimentti  that  embellish  social  intercourse,  and  the 
afTections  that  sweeten  domestic  life.  In  prosecution 
of  its  patriotic  labortt,  the  assembly  proceeded  to  enact 
laws  for  the  relief  of  the  poor,  and  the  encouragement 
of  agriculture  and  commerce  ;  and  a  short  gleam  of 
tranquil  prosperity  preceded  the  calamities  which  the 
province  was  fated  again  to  experience  from  the  evil 
genius  of  (3leyboriie,  and  the  interposition  of  the  parent 
ktate. 

The  parliament  having  now  established  its  supremacy 
in  England,  had  leisure  to  extend  its  views  beyond  the 
Atlantic  ;  and  if  the  people  of  Virginia  were  exposed 
hy  their  political  sentiments  to  a  collision  with  this  for- 
midable power,  the  inhabilants  of  Maryland  were  not 
less  obno*.<ious  to  its  hiijolry  from  their  religious  tenets. 
This  latter  province  was  not  denounced  by  the  par- 
liamentary ordinance  o\'  1650  as  in  a  state  of  rebellion, 
like  Virginia  ;  but  it  was  is»:n[»rohended  in  that  part  of 
Ihc  ordinance  which  declared  thit  the  plantations  were, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  dependent  on  England,  und 
■ubject  to  Its  laws.  In  prosecution  of  the  views  and 
purposes  of  this  ordinance,  certain  commissieiiers,  of 
whom  Clevborne  was  one,  [IG51.]  were  appointed  to 
reduce  and  govern  the  colonies  within  the  buy  of  Clie- 
•apeak.  In  Virginia,  wbere  resistance  Wi-s  rttteinjued, 
the  existing  administration  was  inaiantb'  suppressed  ; 
but  as  the  proprietary  of  Maryland  exprt  .-^sed  i.!s  will- 
ingness to  acknowledge  tlie  p.irhamentiry  jurisdiction, 
lhecommis^«ione^s  were  iiHlrnrted  to  respect  his  rights  : 
[1552,]  and  he  was  sulfered  to  rule  the  province  as 
formerly,  though  in  the  name  of  tlie  keepers  of  the 
liberties  of  England.*  But  rieyborno  was  not  to  he 
Ro  easily  deterred  from  availing  himself  of  an  oppjr- 
Innity  so  favoral)le  for  satiating  bis  malignity  ;  and  un- 
fortunately his  designs  were  fa\ored  by  ihe  dislraclions 
in  England  that  preceded  the  elevation  of  (Jroinwell  to 
ihe  protectorate,  and  bv  the  disunion  which  began  to 
prevail  in  the  province  from  (lit  pretensions  of  the  pro- 
teslanl  exiles  who  had  recently  united  iheinselves  to 
its  population.  Ever  the  ally  of  the  strongest  party, 
Cltyborne  hastened  to  espouse  (he  fortunes  of  Crom- 
well, whose  triumph  he  easily  foresaw;  [1653. J  and 
inddined  the  dissensions  of  the  province,  by  encourag- 
ing the  protestants  to  unite  t!ie  pursuit  of  their  own 
Ascendancy  with  the  establisliment  of  the  protectoral 
government.  The  coiuentions  of  the  two  parlies  were 
at  length  exasperated  to  the  extremity  of  civil  war; 
and  after  various  skirmishes,  which  were  fought  with 
alternate  success,  the  catholics  and  the  other  partizans 
of  the  proprietary  government  were  defeated  in  a  de- 
cisive engagement,  [lti,H  ]  the  governor  deposed,  and 
the  administration  usurped  by  Cleyborne  and  his  as«o- 
ciale**. 

Although  the  victorious  party  did  not  consider  them- 
selves warranted  expressly  to  disclaim  the  title  of  the 
propriotarv,  they  made  haste  to  signalise  their  triumph 
by  abolishing  his  institutions.  Fuller  and  Preston, 
■whom  ('leyhornc  hud  appointed  comniis'sionors  for 
directing  the  alTairs  of  Maryland  under  his  highness  the 
lord  protector,  proceeded  to  convoke  un  ■isseinbly  of 
the  province;  and  some  of  the  persons  who  were 
•tei:ted  burgesses  having  refused  to  serve  m  a  capacity 
mkith  tlify  deemed  iiicoiiflistonl  with  their  obligations 


to  Lord  Baltimore,  the  legi^lative  power  was  the  more 
unreservedly  appropriated  by  the  partizans  of  innova- 
tion. The  assemtily  having,  as  a  preliminary  measure, 
passed  an  act  of  recognition  of  Cronr.vpU's  just  title 
and  authority,  proceeded  to  frame  u  low  concerning 
religion,  which  derogated  not  less  signally  from  the 
credit  of  the  protestnnt  cause,  than  from  the  justice  of 
the  protector's  administration.*  By  this  law  it  was 
declared,  that  none  who  professed  the  duclrines  of  the 
Romish  church  could  he  protected  in  this  province  by 
the  laws  of  England  formerly  established,  and  yet  unre- 
pealed, or  by  the  government  of  the  commonwealth: 
That  such  as  professed  faith  in  Cod  by  Jesus  Christ, 
ihouah  dilJering  in  judgment  from  the  doctrine  and 
discipline  publicly  held  forth,  should  not  be  restrained 
from  the  exercise  of  their  religion  ;  "  provided  such 
liberty  be  not  extended  to  popery  or  prelacy;  or  to 
such  as,  under  the  profession  of  Christianity,  practise 
licentiousness."  Tluis  the  Roman  catholics  were  de- 
prived of  tiie  protection  of  law  in  the  community  which 
their  own  indeiilry  and  virtue  had  collected,  and  by 
those  proteslants  to  whom  their  humanity  had  granted 
a  country  and  a  homn.  This  imworlhy  triumph  was 
hailed  by  the  zealots  against  popery  in  I.on<ion,  where 
a  honk  was  publishetl  soon  after  under  the  title  of 
"  Babylon's  t'all  in  Maryland."  But  the  catholics 
were  not  the  only  parties  who  experienced  the  seventy 
of  the  new  government.  The  protestant  episcopalians 
were  equally  excluded  from  the  proiection  of  law  ;  and 
a  iiurnl>erof  quakers  having  resorted  soon  after  to  the 
province,  und  begun  to  preach  against  judicial  oailis 
and  military  pursuits,  were  denounced  by  the  govern- 
ment as  heretical  vagabonds,  and  subjected  to  the  pu- 
nishment of  (logging  and  imprisonment. 

As  Lord  Bailunore's  right  to  the  proprietaryship  of 
the  province  was  still  outwardly  recognised,  the  c,'«rn- 
niissioners,  either  deeming  it  requisite  to  the  formality 
of  their  proceedings,  or  more  prubahly  wiiii  the  hope  of 
embroiling  him  with  the  protector,  deniandtd  his  assent 
i  to  the  changes  which  had  been  thus  inlroduccfl.  But 
I  ho  firmly  refused  to  sanction  either  the  deposition  of 
his  governor,  or  any  one  of  the  recent  proceedings  of 
the  commissioners  and  their  adiiorents  ;  and  declared 
m  particular,  ilial  he  never  would  assent  lo  tiie  repeal 
of  a  law  which  jirotected  the  most  sacred  rights  of 
mankind.  The  conhuissionerit  did  not  fail  tocouiplain 
of  Ills  contuuiany  to  Cromwell,  to  whom  thev  continued 
from  time  to  time  to  transmit  the  most  claliurate  repre- 
sentations of  the  tyranny,  bigotry,  and  royalist  jiredi- 
lections  of  Lord  Baliiniore,  and  the  exj>odieiicy  of  de- 
priving him  of  the  proprietaryship  of  the  province.* 
[H'loS]  Butall'lheir  representations  were  inellectual. 
Lord  Baltimore  was  allowed  by  Cromwell  to  retain 
the  rights  which  he  was  practically  debarred  from  ex- 
ercising ;  and  the  commissioners  remained  in  the  pro- 
vince to  enact  the  tyianny  and  bigotry  of  which  ihcy 
had  falsely  accused  him.  Tlieir  proceedings,  as  intem- 
perate as  their  councils,  could  neither  preserve  internal 
tranquillity  m  the  colony,  nor  insure  their  own  repose. 
The  people,  lately  so  tranquil  and  happy,  were  now  a 
prey  to  all  those  disorders  which  never  fail  to  result 
from  religious  persecution  embittered  by  the  triumph  of 
party  in  civil  contention.  In  this  situation  an  insur- 
tection  was  easily  in.sed  by  Josias  Feudal,  [lO.'iG.J  a 
restless  and  prolligate  adventurer,  destined  by  his  in- 
trigues to  become  the  Cleyhorue  of  the  next  generation, 
and  who  now  sought  occasion  to  gratify  his  natural 
turliulence  under  pretenre  of  asserting  itie  rights  of  the 
iiroprietary  and  the  ancient  liberties  of  the  province. 
Tills  insurrection  proved  cinnicntly  unfortunate  to  the 
colony.  It  induced  Lord  Baltimore  to  repose  a  very 
ill  grounded  confidence  in  Kendal  ;  and  its  suppression 

*  Cromwtill  is  at  least  obnoxiuu!*  to  the  cliarKu  o(  liaviiig 
sull'erud  the  triuiii^U  oi  his  uwn  anil  ul  Iho  proLustaiilcuu.'.o 
ti>  1)0  fii^nulized  liy  tiiu  suiiprcshiiin  ut  a  iDlcraliun  eatalili.slud 
()>■  Roman  ou'.iiohcs.  Thai  iie  inciied,  ur  uven  approved  tlii> 
procaediiig,  \s  by  no  means  apparent.  In  thn  rueurdii  oi'  tins 
priiviiice.  (here  is  aleuer  fruiii  hiiii  tu  liis  conunis^iiorioni,  de- 
siring them  not  to  liusy  tlieiasclvus  nltuut  reiit;ioii,  Liiii  to 
settle  the  cit'il  gnveriiinciit.  t'liahners,  12.10.  liui  the  pro- 
tector was  much  mnredintiiiguished  hy  tlio  vipor  of  his  con- 
duct than  tlie  perspicuity  of  h{H  diction ;  and  his  corri;- 
BpondciiLS  weri)  SDinntinius  uiiablo  to  discover  the  meaning 
of  his  letters.  It  appears  that,  during  tlie  distiactiotis  of 
this  period,  Viri^inia  evinced  a  disposition  to  resume  hnr  Iniit 
authority  over  Maryland.  This  do!<i4n  was  instantly  cliecked 
byCrotnwell ;  and  iit  oiio  of  his  lulterii  to  the  connniiitiioners 
on  thih  anbtecl,  wo  fhid  liim  rcpreinanding  them  for  not 
havinir  uiidersiood  his  former  comiiiunirations.  Chnlmer<i, 
22.1,  iti\.  llazant,  3U4.  Ho  seein.i,  on  many  occasions,  lo 
have  studied  an  ambiguity  ot  lati)^Mi;ipo  lliat  left  him  free  to 
apiirove  or  disapprove  tlio  proctM-dmi^.s  of  his  oinceis,  aecord- 
iOijto  the  succes.-*  that  miijht  altend  lliem. 

t  Ino^'i'inl's  ttHl'utatioii  of  a  scandalous  pamphlet,  namnd 
tlibvloii's  il'all  In  Maryland,  ritalmers,  p.  331.  Hazard,  p. 
fi-ii|.  rt'Jl-ftia  fiW.  The  only  copy  of  I.in«fnrd*!i  Tract  that  I 
bavievtirmet  with  waa  in  tlio  hbrary  of  Mr.  Chalmers. 


was  attended  with  increased  sevcritiei  from  the  tou* 
missionrrs  and  additional  impositions  on  tlio  people. 

The  alfairs  of  the  colony  continued  for  two  years 
!onL»er  in  this  distracted  co  iditioii  ;  when  at  lengtn  the 
commissioners,  disgusted  wnh  the  disorders  which  ihey 
had  contributed  to  produce,  but  were  uiuble  lo  com- 
pose, and  finding  all  their  etforta  unavailing  to  procure 
Ihe  abrogation  of  Lord  Baltimore's  title,  to  which  they 
ascribed  the  unappeasable  discontent  uf  a  great  part  oi 
the  population,  surrendered  the  adminislratioii  of  the 
province  into  the  hands  of  Kendal,  who  had  ln-en  ap- 
jiointed*  governor  by  the  proprietary.  [HioHJ  But  this 
measure,  so  far  from  restoring  ilie  public  qiriet,  contri- 
buted to  aguravato  the  miechiufs  wli;cl)  had  so  long  in- 
fested the  province  by  giving  scope  to  llie  inaclnna'ioijs 
uf  that  t)nprinci|ih'd  agitator,  whose  habitual  re>>tle  — 
ness  and  iiupetuusity  had  been  mistaken  for  attachment 
to  the  proj>rietary  governme  ■'.  No  sooner  had  he 
called  together  an  assembly,  [lO.'iO]  than  with  unblush- 
ing treachery  he  surrendered  into  the  hands  of  the  bur- 
gesses the  trust  which  Lord  Baltimoio  had  commuted 
to  him,  and  accepted  from  them  a  new  commission  aa 
governor;  and  the  bnrges.ses,  by  his  instigation,  dis- 
solved the  upper  house,  and  assumed  to  themselves  (lie 
whole  legislative  power  of  the  state.  Feudal  and  his 
associates  were  probably  eiicouraged  to  '  ■  me  this 
lawless  career  by  the  distractions  of  the  Engli.-»h  com- 
monwealth that  followed  the  death  of  the  protc^ctor. 
Their  adininisiralion,  wliicli  wasehielly  di»tmgiiii»hed  by 
the  imposition  of  heavy  taxes,  and  ttie  persecution  of 
the  quakers,  was  happilv  foon  terminated  by  the  resto- 
ration of  Charles  the  Second  ;  [IfiHi)  J  and  Fbiltp  C'al- 
vert  producing  a  commisKiun  to  himself  from  the  iiro- 
prietary, and  a  letter  from  the  kin;;  commanding  al! 
otficers,  and  others  his  subjects  in  Maryland,  to  assist 
in  the  re  ciiiahhshment  of  Lord  Baltimore's  jurisdiction, 
found  Ins  aulhonty  universally  recognised  .iiul  peacea- 
bly 6ubmitted  to.  Feudal  was  now  tried  for  high  trea- 
son, and  found  guilty  ;  but  the  clemency  of  the  prprie- 
tary  prevailed  over  his  rc-tentrnents,  and  he  granted  him 
a  pardon  on  condition  of  a  moderate  fine,  and  under 
decUration  of  perpetual  incapacitv  of  public  trust.  Thia 
lenity  was  very  ill  requited  by  its  worthless  objet.t,  who 
was  reserved  hy  fartlier  intrigues  and  treacherv  to  dis 
turb  at  an  after  period  the  repose  of  tlie  province 
[IBfil.J  iliM  ai-co.iiplices.  upon  a  tiinelv  submission, 
were  fully  pardoned  wiilmut  prosecution.  The  recent 
usurpations  were  passed  over  in  wise  silence,  and 
buried  in  a  generous  oblivion  ;  toleration  was  forthwith 
restored  ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland  once  more 
experienced  the  blessings  ol  a  inild  government  and 
internal  tranquillity. 

Happily  for  mankind,  amidst  the  cnntcntions  of  par- 
ties and  the  revolutions  of  government,  lliere  is  a  strong 
under-current  of  peaceful  and  industrious  life,  which 
often  pursues  its  course  with  very  lillle  disturbance 
from  ti^.e  tempests  that  ogiiate  thu  surface  of  society. 
Notwithstanding  tho  disorders  to  which  Marvlaiid  had 
so  long  been  a  prey,  the  province  had  continued  to  in- 
crease m  population,  industry,  and  wealth;  and  al  the 
epoch  of  the  Restoration,  it  appears  to  have  contained 
about  twelve  thousand  inhabitants.  'I'he  re-establish- 
ineiit  of  a  humane  government  and  general  subordina- 
tion, however,  had  manifeslly  the  eli'ecl  of  quickening 
the  march  of  prosperity  ;  and,  accordingly,  about  iivo 
years  after  this  period,  we  (uu\  the  popula'ion  increased 
10  sixteen  thousand  persons.  .At  this  \adir  [leriod,  the 
number  of  ships  trading  from  England  and  other  parts 
of  the  Urilish  tlomimons  to  Maryland,  was  comjiuied  at 
an  hundred.  Ko  great  was  the  demand  lor  lahor  in  tho 
colony,  and  so  liberal  its  reward,  that  even  the  intro- 
duction of  negro  slavery  had  not  been  able  to  degrade 
it  in  public  esteem.  Industry,  amply  recomjtensed, 
was  animated  and  cheerful,  and,  closely  connecied  with 
independence  and  iinproveinenl  of  coiiditioii,  was  ttie 
object  of  general  respect.  Every  young  person  was 
trained  to  useful  labor;  and  though  a  legal  provision 
was  made  for  the  support  of  the  poor,  pauperism  and 
beggary  were  unknown  in  tho  colony,  and  the  public 
bounty,  though  sometimes  delicately  conveyed  to  tho 
necessities  of  proud  poverty  or  modest  misfortune,  waa 
never  known  to  be  openly  solicited. t  An  account  ol 
the  condition  of  .Maryland  was  published  at  London  in 
the  year  1U66.  by  (ieorgo  Alsop,  who  had  resided  in 
the  province  bjth  ))rior  and  subseiiuent  lo  the  Restora- 
tion.    From  nm  representation  it  appears  that  a  great 

*  WintGrbolhain  errunoouily  ascnbod  this  appointuiutit  to 
Cromwell. 

t  AUop'a  Maryland,  13,  Itt.  Tlitt  English  civil  w&ra  appear 
to  havu  produced  aconsidKralilu  niiproveniHiit  uithe  coittiit um 
of  laborers  in  North  Aiaenca,  by  uiterrupnuc  the  einntratun 
of  additional  competitors  for  employment,  Wintlirop'ti  Nu»f 
England,  u.  aw. 


H£4, 


NORTH    AMERICA: 


281 


intentions  of  par- 
,  tlieru  IS  a  strung 
hoiis  life,  wliicli 
Ullu  dittturhdnce 
irfacc  of  society. 
ch  Maryland  hud 

noritiniiod  to  in- 
■uliti ;  and  at  the 
()  have  contjint!<t 
I'he  n^-L'sidhlish- 
rit-rul  Huhurdnia- 
■ct  of  qintkening 
Ini^'iy.  ahout  hvo 
kiU'iun  iricreast'd 
.  _,tcr  [irriotl,  tlifi 
1  and  oilier  parlH 
wa;<  comptiU'd  at 
id  lor  lalpor  in  tho 
t  even  the  iiilro- 
1  uMe  to  dtrLjrade 
ity  recuuipeiii^ed, 
y  cuimirlt'ti  wilh 
jiidiiiun,  was  Ihu 
uiint{  person  wan 
a  le^al  ))rovision 
r,  puiipensin  and 
!,  and  tiic  public 

conveyed  lo  iho 
It  misfortnnn,  was 
An  account  ol 
hcd  at  London  in 
10  had  resided  in 
It  to  llie  Kestora- 
tears  that  a  arnat 

Itis  apiiuliitineiit  tn 

li  rivil  W&T9  appaar 

III  tntit*.'  cnitJinoti 

iiiiK  tlie  eiui]|;raiMii 

.    Wmllirop's  NB»t 


dml  of  the  labor  of  the  colony  was  performed  by  in- 
dented servants  ;  and  that  the  treatment  of  those  pcr- 
Bona  was  so  hninanc,  and  tho  allotment  of  land  and 
iloek  which  they  received  from  their  masters  at  the 
end  of  their  quadrirnnial  servitude  so  ample,  that  the 
author,  who  himself  hsd  served  in  this  capacity,  de- 
clares he  was  much  happier  as  an  indented  servant  hi 
Maryland  than  as  an  apprentice  in  London.  It  was 
common  for  ruined  tradesmen  and  indiijent  laborers  in 
England  to  adopt  this  resource  for  reiiteving  or  im- 
nmvinjT  their  condition  ;  though  many  were  deterred 
by  the  mi^represeiilntions  circulated  by  weak  politicians 
who  dread^'d  the  dejiopniation  of  the  realm,  or  by  in- 
terested employers  who  apprehended  an  augmentation 
of  the  wages  of  lahor.  No  emigrants,  says  Alsop, 
were  more  successful  in  bettering  their  condition  than 
female  s«-rvanls  ;  they  invariably  obtained  an  immedi- 
atoand  respectable  establishment  in  marriage.  Money 
appears  lo  have  luen  very  scarce  in  the  colony,  and 
quite  unknown  in  its  domestic  transactions  ;  tobacco 
being  the  universal  medium  of  exchange,  the  remune- 
ration of  ali  services,  civil,  military,  and  ecclesiastical, 
and  the  measure  of  all  penal  amercements.  This  au- 
thor, when  he  has  occasion  to  mention  the  troubles 
that  preceded  the  Uesloralion,  alludes  (o  them  merely 
as  atfairs  of  stale,  and  events  of  very  inconsiderable 
importance.  Of  some  of  the  personagpa  who  were 
culpablv  implicated  in  them,  it  was  his  opinion,  "  ihat 
their  ihoui^hts  wore  not  so  bad  at  lirst,  as  their  actions 
would  have  led  ihom  pito  in  proce.ss  of  time."* 

A  ureat  proportion  of  tiie  inhabitants  of  Marvland, 
and,  in  particular,  all  the  catholic  part  of  the  popula- 
tion, were  sincerely  attached  lo  the  royal  government ;  + 
and  the  gratification  they  derived  from  the  restoration 
of  llic  king  enhanced  the  satisfaction  with  which  they 
returned  to  tho  patriarchal  sway  of  their  benevolent 
proprietary.  During  the  genera!  festivity  that  prevailed 
in  the  province,  tlic  house  of  assembly  was  convoked 
by  the  governor.  One  of  the  (irst  measures  adopted 
by  this  body  was  an  attempt  to  provide  a  remedy  for 
the  pcarcity  of  money,  which,  it  was  declared,  formed 
a  serious  obstruction  to  the  advancement  of  trade. 
For  this  purpose  they  besought  iho  proprietary  to 
establish  a  mint  in  the  province  ;  and  enacted  that  the 
morey  to  be  coined  should  be  of  as  good  silver  as 
English  sterling,  and  that  (he  proprietary  should  accept 
of  it  in  payment  of  his  rents  and  other  debts.  This 
net.  and  the  New  Kngland  ordinance  in  1053,  are  the 
only  instances  of  the  nssert  ion  of  a  rinht  to  coin  money 
thai  occur  in  the  rolonial  jurisprudence.  A  coinage 
arcordinglv  took  place  in  \farvland  ;  and  the  measure 
seems  neither  to  have  offended  the  Ilrilish  fTOvernment, 
nor  to  have  disappointed  the  colony,  for  the  law  was 
ooiitlrmcd  and  declared  perpetual  by  the  assembly  in 
the  year  IHTfi.  Vet,  in  consequence  perhaps  of  the 
bliime  that  Massachusetts  incurred  for  a  similar  pro- 
ceeding, the  practice  of  coining  soon  after  fell  into 
disuse,  and  the  acts  that  had  introduced  it  were  re- 
poilc'l.  In  the  same  session  there  was  passed  an  act 
for  the  imposition  of  port  duties,  which  conferred  on 
the  proprietary  half  a  pound  of  powder  and  three 
pounds  of  shot  for  every  ton  of  the  burden  of  vessels 
not  belnnLntiff  to  the  province.  This  act.  as  we  shall 
afterwards  find,  yave  liae  to  some  political  controversy 
at  the  period  of  the  IJriti.sh  Revolution. 

The  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  colony  were 
promoted  by  the  arrival,  in  the  following  year.  [11)02.] 
of  Charles  f'.dvert,  the  eldest  son  of  the  [iroprietary. 
whom  his  father  appointed  the  resident  governor  of 
Maryland,  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  him  to  form 
e"(piaintiinco  witli  the  people  over  whom  he  was 
destined  to  maintain  tlio  hereditary  jurisdiction.  From 
the  various  iv-fs  of  irrnlitntlc  (as  ihey  were  termed)  that 
were  passed  by  the  assembly  during  his  administration, 
Charles  ("Calvert  appears  to  have  followed,  with  suc- 
cessful virtue,  the  wise  and  generous  policy  of  his 
father ;  and  his  administration,  both  as  governor,  and 
afterwards  as  proprietary,  proved  no  less  honorable  to 
himself  than  beneficial  to  the  province,  -Legislation 
continued  for  a  considerable  period  to  bo  the  only  pub- 
lic proceeding  in  which  tho  people  were  called  to 
share  ;  and  various  laws  were  enacted  by  the  assembly 
for  the  ascertainment  of  public  and  private  right,  the 
promotion  of  commerce,  and  the  encouragement  of 
iuricultnral  and  manufacturing  iuduslrv.  Acta  were 
pssseil  for  engrafting  more  perfecMy  the  Eniilwh  statute 

♦  Als..).-s  Miirv)am1.31.  35.  37,  3H.  11)1,  103.  Tlie  A.lvocatcs' 
I-ihriirv  of  K.iinhiirtdi  contains  iic'npvot  this  little  work. 

t  Ir  Aras  niic  (if  the  rlinrirrs  pri'fcrrcil  a-jiinst  ilie  propri- 
etary l)y  t^r.MiiwpllV*  rointiiissiniiiTs,  tint  riiirlesthe  Second 
liH»l  iKiun  proclanm-ii  Ity  tho  pcnplo  of  Marvland.  without  any 
•t^nificatioa  of  displeasure  from  Lord  Baltimore.  Hazard, 
OWf  nS'J. 


law  on  the  jurisprudence  of  tho  colony ;  for  securing 
the  stability  of  possessions,  and  the  observance  of  con- 
tracts ;  and  for  the  encouragement  of  the  sowing  of 
English  grain,  and  the  rearing  and  manufactory  of 
hemp  and  flax.  [1066.  J  As  tho  agitations  of  the  pa- 
rent state  had  ever  been  found  to  diHuse  their  intlucuce 
through  the  colonial  territories,  and  the  perturbing 
spirit  of  rumor  to  gain  force  and  falsehood  proportioned 
to  the  distance  from  which  it  was  wafted,  it  was  at- 
tempted to  protect  tho  quiet  of  the  colony  by  an  act 
against  the  divulgers  of  false  news  ;  but  this  desirable 
object  was  much  more  respectably  as  well  as  effectually 
promoted  by  tho  cxccilence  and  popularity  of  the  go- 
vernor's administration.  The  public  tranquillity  was 
threatened  with  some  disturbance  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  Dutch  on  the  western  banks  of  the  Dela- 
ware, and  from  the  hostile  incursions  of  a  distant  trihe 
of  Indians.  But  the  \igorous  remonstrances  of  Cal- 
vert obliged  the  Hollanders  to  desert  tho  whole  coun- 
try around  Capo  Henlor.tm,  of  which  lie  instantly  took 
possession  ;*  and  Iiis  pr  ideiice,  seconded  by  the  friendly 
demonstrations  of  the  I  'dians  who  were  in  alliance  with 
the  province,  restored  p 'acc  with  the  hostile  tribe  by  a 
treaty,  which  was  confin  led  by  act  of  assemldy.  The 
fidelity  of  the  Indian  allie.  was  rewarded  bv  settling  on 
them  and  their  descendants  d.  considerable  territory, 
which,  being  assured  to  them  on  Vurious  occasions  hy 
successive  acts  of  the  assembly,  co.;hnued  in  their 
possession  for  near  a  century  after.  All  tho  Indian 
tribes  wiihin  the  limits  of  the  province  now  declared 
themselves  subject  to  the  proprietary  government,  and 
in  testimony  ol  this  subjection,  the  inferior  chiefs  or 
princes,  on  the  death  of  their  principal  sachem,  refused 
to  acknowledge  ilie  sway  of  his  successor,  till  his  pre- 
tension lo  this  dignity  had  been  recognised  by  governor 
Calvert.  The  removal  of  the  Dutch  from  Cape  Hen- 
lopen  induced  many  of  these  settlers  to  unilo  them- 
selves lo  tlie  colony  of  Maryland,  where  they  were 
received  with  the  utmost  kindness  ;  and,  in  the  year 
1666,  the  asseinhly  passed  ;,i  their  favor  the  first  act 
that  occurs  of  any  colonial  legislature  for  the  natu- 
ralization of  aliens.  Many  similar  laws  were  enacted 
in  every  subsequent  session,  till  the  British  Revolu- 
tion ;  and,  during  that  period,  great  numbers  of 
foreigners  transported  themselves  to  this  province,  and 
became  completely  incorporated  with  the  ancient  in- 
habitants. 

The  principal,  if  not  the  only,  inconvenience  of  which 
the  people  of  Maryland  were  sensible  at  this  period, 
was  that  which  they  shared  with  all  the  other  colonics, 
and  which  was  inflicted  hy  the  parliamentary  acts  of 
navigation.  In  Virginia,  where  the  pressure  of  these 
restrictions  was  sooner  and  more  severely  felt,  an  at- 
tempt was  made  to  enhance  the  price  of  the  staple 
commodity,  by  prohibiting  the  growth  of  lobacco  for  a 
limited  tune;  but.  as  Maryland  refu.scd  to  concur  in 
this  proceeding,  its  efficacy  was  defeated,  and  the  an- 
cient animosity  of  the  Virginians  against  tho  inhabi- 
tants of  the  neighboring  colony  unhappily  revived.  To 
this  animosity  we  must  ascribe  the  various  complaints 
against  the  colonists  of  Maryland  which  Virginia  con- 
tinued from  time  to  time  to  address  to  the  king  ;  alt  of 
which,  upon  examination,  proved  to  be  utterly  un- 
founded.f  As  the  inconvenience  arising  from  tho  navi- 
gation laws  began  to  be  more  sensibly  experienced  in 
Maryland,  the  policy  that  hdd  been  ineffectually  aug- 
gestt  d  by  Virginia  was  more  favorably  regarded  ;  and 
at  length  a  prohibitory  act,  uuspending  the  growth  of 
tobacco,  was  past^ed  this  year  by  the  assembly  ;  but 
the  dissent  of  the  proprietary  and  governor,  who  appre- 
hended tliat  it  might  prove  injurious  to  the  poorer  class 
of  planters,  as  well  as  detrimental  to  the  royal  customs, 
prevented  this  regulation  from  being  carried  into  effect. 
Hie  popularity  of  Lord  Baltimore  and  his  son  appears 
to  have  sustained  no  abatement  tVoin  this  opposition  to 
tho  project  of  the  assembly.  Thougli  averse  to  impose 
any  direct  restraint  on  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  they 
willingly  concurred  in  giving  every  encouragement  that 
was  desired  to  other  branches  of  industry  ;  and  their 
efforts  to  alleviate  the  public  inconvenience  were  justly 
appreciated,  as  well  as  actively  seconded,  by  a  people 


more  attentive  to  improve  the  remaming  advantagM  of 

their  situation,  than  to  resent  the  injustice  by  which 
these  adTaniagcfl  had  been  circnmrcribed.  While  Vir- 
ginia waa  A  prey  to  discontent  and  insurrection,  Mary- 
land continued  to  enjoy  the  bitssinga  of  peace  and 
prosperity,  and  to  acknowledge  the  patriotic  superin- 
tendence of  its  generous  proprietary.  By  an  act  pas 
sed  in  tho  year  1671/  the  assembly  imposed  a  duty  of 
two  shillings  sterling  on  every  hogshead  of  tobacco  ex- 
ported :  the  on^-half  of  which  wa?  to  be  applied  in 
maintaining  a  magazine  of  arms,  and  diszharging  the 
necessary  expenses  of  government ;  and  the  other  half 
was  settled  on  the  proprietary,  in  conaidefa.*;nn  of  hia 
receiving  merchantable  tobacco  for  his  rents  ^nd  aliena- 
tion fines,  at  twopence  a  pound.  This  provision  was 
soon  after  continued  during  the  life  of  the  heir  of  tho 
proprietary,  by  "An  act  of  gratitude,"  [1674,]  ad  tho 
assembly  termed  their  ordinance,  '*  to  Chdrtcs  Calvert, 
the  governor.'' 

Cecilius,  Lord  Baltimore,  the  father  of  the  province, 
having  lived  to  reap  these  hitppy  and  honorable  nuits 
of  the  plantation  which  he  Kad  founded  and  reared  with 
so  much  wisdom  and  virtue,  died  in  the  forty-fourth 
year  of  his  supremacy,  [1676,]  crowned  with  vencrablo 
age  and  unsullied  reputation.  It  was  his  constant 
maxim,  which  he  often  recommended  to  the  legislative 
assembly,  "that  by  concord  a  fmiiU  colony  may  grow 
into  a  great  and  renowned  nation  ;  but  that  by  dissen- 
sion, mighty  and  glorious  kingdoms  have  declined  and 
fallen  into  notliing."  Some  observations  on  the  slato 
of  the  province  at  the  period  of  !)is  veaih  occur  in  a  let- 
ter written  in  the  same  year  by  a  clergyman  of  the 
clmrch  of  England,  resident  there,  to  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  Maryland,  it  appears,  had  been  then 
divided  into  ten  counties,  and  contained  upwards  of 
twenty  thousand  inhabitants.  The  catholics,  says  this 
writer,  bad  provided  for  their  priests ;  and  the  quakera 
maintained  their  speakers  ;  but  no  care  was  taken  to 
liuild  up  a  proiestant  church.  There  were  but  three  or 
four  ministers  of  the  church  of  England  in  Marvland  ; 
and  I'rom  the  want  of  a  public  establishment  for  ihcm 
the  colony,  he  declares,  had  fallen  into  a  most  deplora 
ble  condition,  having  hccowiQ  d^  pcst-hmtsc  of  iniquity^ 
in  which  the  I^ord's  day  was  openly  profaned.  As  u 
remedy  for  this  evil,  he  suggests  an  endowment  of  tho 
cliurch  of  England  at  the  public  expense,  t  The  remedy 
discredits  the  representation,  which,  besides,  is  totally 
unconfirmed  by  any  other  accuuiii :  and  it  seems 
neither  uncharitable  nor  unreasonable  to  suppose,  that 
this  writer  contemplated  the  existing  condition  uf 
society,  through  the  inverted  medium  of  the  same  opi- 
nion that  represented  to  him  thi  future  advancement 
of  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  laity,  originating  from 
the  promotion  of  the  temporal  interests  ol  the  clergy. 
The  brightness  of  distant  hope  tends  to  darken  the 
realities  of  present  experience ;  and  the  assoeiationa 
that  serve  to  dignify  and  illustrate  the  one,  arc  able  to 
degrade  and  obscure  the  oilier.  The  protcstant  part 
of  the  population  of  Maryland  was  less  distinguished 
by  Ihat  christian  zeal  which  leads  men  to  impose  sacri- 
fices on  themselves,  than  by  that  ecclesiastical  zeal 
which  prompts  them  to  exact  sacrifices  from  others, 
they  were  probably  less  wealthy  from  having  been  moro 
recently  established  in  the  province,  than  the  catholics ; 
and  the  erection  of  their  churches  had  been  farther  re- 
tarded by  the  state  of  dispersion  in  which  the  inhabi- 
tants generally  lived.  The  church  o*"  England  mini- 
sters, like  the  clergy  of  cveiy  otlicr  order,  depended  on 
the  professors  of  their  own  particular  tenets  for  support ; 
and  It  is  not  easy  to  sec  the  force  of  the  reasoning  that 
assigns  the  liberality  of  other  sectarians  to  their  clergy- 
men, as  an  argument  for  burtbenmg  them  with  the  8U[)- 
port  of  the  church  of  England  ministers  also, — or  the 
existing  incompetency  of  these  ministers  to  control  the 
immoralities  of  their  people,  as  ari  argument  for  endow- 
ing them  with  a  provision  that  would  render  them  indo- 
pcndent  of  the  discharge  of  ihcir  duty.     This  logic, 


*  A  more  paiticular  account  of  the  dLsputes  and  various 
proceedings  between  the  English  and  the  Dutch  in  this 
quarter  will  occur  in  B.  V.  cap.  f.  post. 

fOno  of  these  complaints,  wliich  the    proprietary  was 

called  upon  to  Jiiiswer,  was  fur  making  partial  treaties  with 

the   Indians,    and  contcntinj  himself  with  eicluditnf  their 

I  liostihiifis.  from  the  Maryhuid  territory,  without  extei.ilinif 

j  the  provision  to  the  province  of  Virginia.    The   committee 

I  of  plautaiions,  to  wliich  the  complaint  was  referred,  on  ex- 

aniiniriir  the  tieiities  of  Imth  panics,  reported  to  llio  king 

that  Maryland  had  Included  Viri{inia  in  all  her  treaties,  hut 

I  tliat  Virginia  had   demonstrated  no  luch  concern  fur  the 

I  interests  of  Maryland.    Ctialinurt,  360. 


*  Bacon's  Laws,  J671,  cap.  11.  '*  Reflecllni;  with  i^ratitiide,'* 

says  the  preamble  of  this  enactment,  "  on  the  unwearied  ciiro 
of  the  proprietary,  and  the  vast  expense  that  he  has  been  put 
to  in  preserving  tho  inhabitants  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
lives  and  |jhertie>^,  and  the  increnso  and  improvement  of  their 
e'«latf  H.''  History  should  delmht  to  record  the  expressions 
of  popular  gratitude  for  conspicuous  service — the  pubhc 
honors  rendered  lo  wisdom  and  virtue. 

The  same  year  there  was  pHssed  an  act  "  for  encouraging 
the  importation  of  neuroes  and  slaves." 

t  Clmluiers,  p.  302,  3fi3.  Yoo,  upud  Chalmers,  p.  375.  This 
rppresentntUm  is  as  incredible  as  the  stuteineiit  llrit  was 
puldished  nliout  twelve  years  after  tiy  the  nrotestant  associ- 
alionof  Maryland  of  the  dmly  murders  aud  persecutions  in- 
cited by  the  proprietary  and  coinnuttcd  by  the  papislH.  Nu 
reliance  can  he  placed  on  tlic  accounts  th;it  men  give  of  the 
rhnracter  and  ennduct  of  those  whom  tliey  are  vreparing  oi 
lunging  to  plunder. 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


however,  proved  quite  satisfactory  to  the  primate  of 
England,  who  eagerly  undertook  to  reform  the  morals 
of  the  peo|ile  of  Maryland,  by  obtaining  a  U>gul  esta- 
blishment and  wealthy  endowment  lo  a  protostant 
episcopal  church  in  the  province. 

The  deceased  proprietary  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Charles,  I^rd  Baltimore,  who  had  governed  the  pro- 
vince for  fourteen  years  with  a  high  reputation  fur  vtr- 
tie  and  ability.  With  the  religious  tenets,  he  inherited 
(he  tolerant  principles  of  his  father;  and  one  of  the 
first  acts  of  his  administration  was  to  coiifinn  the  re- 
markable law  of  1649,  which  established  an  absolute 
political  equality  among  all  denominations  of  (yhristiiins. 
Having  convoked  an  assembly,  in  which  he  presided  in 
person,  he  performed,  with  their  assistance,  wh;it  has 
often  been  recommended  to  other  legisbturcs,  but 
rarely  executed  by  any — a  diligent  revision  of  the  whole 
code  of  provincial  laws  ;  repealing  those  that  witc 
(udgcd  superfluous  or  inexpedient,  confirming  the  salu- 
tary, and  explaining  the  obscure.  In  this  assembly,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  stem  the  progress  of  an  existing 
evil,  by  a  regulation  more  wisely,  perhaps,  than  consti- 
luhonally  opposed  to  the  policy  of  the  mother  country. 
The  morals  of  the  colonists  were  much  more  aeriouslv 
ondangcred  by  the  transportation  of  felons  to  Maryland, 
than  by  the  want  of  a  legislative  rndowmrnl  in  the 
province  to  the  clergy  of  the  English  national  church. 
To  the  common  law  of  England,  this  punishment  of 
transportation  was  quite  unknown  ;  ttiuu>;h  in  some 
cases  it  permitted  the  felon  who  chose  rather  to  Itise 
bis  country  than  his  life  to  abjure  the  reiilm.  It  was  a 
statute  of  Elizabeth  which  first  inflicted  banishment  on 
dangerous  roguf's  ;  and  it  was  James  the  First  who, 
without  any  regard  to  this  law,  but  in  the  plentitude  of 
his  royal  prerogative,  adopted  the  measure  o(  onluriug 
dissolute  persons  to  be  sent  to  Virginia.  Uc  wai  in- 
debted for  the  suggestion  to  Cluef-jusiice  Popham,  who 
being  a  proprietor  of  colonial  territory,  as  well  n4  a 
judge,  conceived  the  project  of  rendering  the  admini- 
btation  of  justice  subservient  to  his  colonial  designs, 
and  had  destined  New  England  in  particular  to  antici- 
pate the  uses  of  Botany  Bay.  The  practice  of  trans- 
porting felons  to  the  colonics  was  resumed  soon  aficr 
the  Restoration,  and  received  so  far  tiie  counlenanre  of 
the  legislature,  that  an  act  of  parliament  authorised  the 
king  to  inflict  thin  punishment  on  convicted  quakers. 
The  eflfects  of  it  proved  so  disagreeable  lo  the  people 
of  Maryland,  that  a  law  was  now  framed  against  the 
importation  of  convicts  into  the  province,  and  after- 
wards re-enacted  at  various  subsequent  periods  till  to- 
wards the  commencement  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 
Whether  any  notice  was  taken  of  this  declaration  of 
resistance  to  a  measure  of  the  British  government  or 
what  were  the  effects  of  it,  I  am  unable  to  discover. 
It  is  certain  that  at  a  later  period,  the  evil  was  con- 
tinued and  increased  in  spite  of  the  remonstraticcs  of 
all  the  respectable  inhabitants  ;  and  shortly  prior  to  the 
American  revolution,  nn  fewer  than  three  hundred  and 
fifty  felons  were  annually  imported  into  iMaryland  from 
the  parent  atate. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  session,  the  proprietary  hav- 
ing announced  his  intention  of  visiting  KuglanrI,  the  as- 
sembly, in  acknowledgment  of  the  many  signal  favors  he 
had  rendered  to  the  people,  and  as  a  token  of  their 
love  and  respect,  unanimously  desired  his  acceplauce 
of  all  the  public  tobacco  which  rcmanied  unappropriated 
in  the  stores  of  the  province.  Lord  Ualtunure  wjs  un- 
doubtedly worthy  of  these  demnnstrations  of  regard  ; 
and  the  experience  of  his  own,  together  with  the  re- 
membrance of  his  father's  merits,  might  have  been  ex- 
pected to  recommnnd  the  system  of  proprietary  govern- 
ment to  the  lasting  approbation  of  the  colonists.  But 
this  species  of  magistracy  was  destined  to  enjoy  a  very 
brief  popularity  in  America.  Allied  to  no  sinuLir  insii 
tution,  and  surrounded  by  no  kindred  order  in  the  pro- 
vincial establishments,  it  stood  wholly  unslielte^'d  froin 
envy,  a  solitary  specimen  of  hereditary  grandeur  ;  and 
\t«  '■'••ictiof.able  features  were  exhibited  in  the  most 
'  '■  .«"i  light,  when,  in  the  progress  of  succedsion,  ex- 
''i;^ni*'  became  the  instrument  of  worthlessness, 
v<'  ...  .  -I'Uui.  of  incapacity.  These  considerations,  it 
.r^wledged,  afford  no  explanation  of  the 
cm\<  .vhich  Lord  Baltimore'd  popularity  was 
i.-v^yerienee ;  and  we  must  seeK  elsewhere 
'  of  that  revolution  of  public  opinion  in 
'  rits  were  so  ungratefully  depreciated  or 
. ;  he  had  lived  in  an  a^'e  less  subject  to 
jeafousy  and  alarm,  or  presided  in  a  colony  composed 
entire  y  af  catholics,  ho  would  probably  liave  enjoyed  a 
larger  narveat  of  popular  gratitude.  But  the  toleration 
which  his  father  had  established,  and  the  naluralizatiun 
ot  loioignen  which  be  himself  had  introduced,  had  at- 


tracted into  the  province  a  multitude  of  protestants  both  |  of  the  country,  abour.ding  with  navigable  rivan.  ftnd 
of  Trench  and  of  Euglihh  extraction.     The  toleratmg  .  from   the  great  viiicty  of  ports  that  were  erected  m 


foigoiH 


principles  of  the  proprietary  were  not  able  to  disarm 
the  Freudi  protestants  of  ilieir  enmity  against  a  faith 
whose  perfidy  and  persecution  they  had  oo  severely  ex- 
perienced ;  and  the  English  protestants,  impressed  with 
the  opinion  which  their  friends  in  the  mother  country 
had  derived  from  the  policy  of  the  kinjj,  regarded  tole- 
ration but  as  a  cloak  under  which  popish  bigotry  dis- 
guised the  most  dangerous  designs.  These  unhappy 
impressions  were  deeply  contirmed  by  the  alarms  and 
intrigues  of  which  the  ensuing  period  of  English  his- 
tory was  .ihundantly  prolific,  and  which  invariably  ex- 
tended their  influence  to  the  minds  of  the  people  of 
Maryland  ;  where  a  mixture  of  opinions  unknown  in 
any  other  of  (he  provinces  ^avc  a  peculiar  interest  to 
the  conflict  of  the  same  opinions  that  was  carried  on  iii 
the  parent  siaic. 

On  his  arrival  in  England,  [1677.]»  Lord  Baltimore 
was  assailed  with  complaints  preferred  against  him  lo 
the  Committee  of  Plantations,  by  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia and  t!ie  prelatrs  of  England.  The  accusations  of 
Virginia,  which  related  to  boundaries  and  Indian  trea- 
ties, were  easily  repelled  ;  but  the  controversy  with 
tho  prelates  was  not  so  satisfactorily  adjusted.  Comp- 
ton,  bishop  of  London,  lo  whom  tlie  primate  had  im- 
parled his  ecclesiastical  project  for  the  colony,  repre- 
sented to  the  connnittre  that  rMigion  was  deplorably 
neglected  in  Maryland  ;  liiat  while  the  Iloman  catholic 
priests  were  enriched  with  valuable  possessions,  tlic 
prolestant  ministers  of  the  church  of  England  were 
utterly  destitute  of  support ;  and  tliat  an  universal  im- 
morality had  consequently  overspread  the  province. 
Lord  Baltimore,  in  justification  of  himself  aud  the  co- 
lonial legislature,  exhibited  tho  act  of  1649,  together 
with  the  recent  confirmalion  of  it,  which  gave  freedo?n 
and  protection  to  every  sect  of  Christians,  but  special 
privileges  to  none.  Ho  stated  that  four  ministers  of 
the  church  of  England  were  In  possession  of  planta- 
tions which  afforded  them  a  decent  subsistence  ;  but 
that  from  the  variety  of  religious  opinions  that  prevailed 
In  the  assembly,  it  would  be  extremely  dillicult,  if  not 
impossible,  to  induce  this  body  to  consent  to  a  law  that 
should  oblige  any  sect  to  maintain  other  ministers  than 
its  own.  Satisfactory  as  this  answer  ought  to  have 
been,  the  impartial  policy  of  the  proprietary  did  not 
meet  with  perfect  acquiescence.  The  committee  de- 
clared that  they  thought  fit  there  should  be  a  public 
maintenance  assigned  to  the  church  of  England,  and 
that  the  proprietary  ought  to  propose  some  means  for 
tho  support  of  a  competent  number  of  her  clergy.  The 
king's  ministers  at  the  same  time  signitied  to  him  the 
royal  pleasure  that  immorality  shuuUl  be  discouraged, 
and  the  laws  against  vice  punctually  executed  In 
Maryland. 

This  last,  and  probanly  the  least  seriously  meant  of 
the  injunctions  communicated  to  Lord  Baltimore  in 
England,  was  the  only  one  of  thent  that  received  any 
atienllou  from  the  colonial  government.  [1678.]  A 
law  was  passed  by  the  assembly  for  the  more  strict  ob- 
servance of  Sundiy;  and  after  the  return  of  the  jiro- 
prietarv,  [1681.]  new  regulations  were  enacted  for  liie 
more  speedy  prosecution  of  offences,  and  the  stricter 
definition  oi"  punishments.  As  the  more  rigid  enfurce- 
incnt  of  the  navlgaiiou  act  began  now  to  occasion  an 
increased  deprecialion  of  the  staple  produce  of  the  co- 
lony, numerous  altempls  were  made  by  the  proprietary 
and  assembly  during  the  two  following  years  to  coun- 
teract or  dnniulsh  this  inconvenience,  by  giving  addi- 
tional encouragement  to  provincial  productions  aud 
colonial  commerce.  Laws  were  enacted  fur  promoting 
tillage  and  raising  provisions  for  exportation  ;  for  re- 
straining the  export  of  leather  and  hides  ;  for  the  sup- 
port of  tanners  aiid  shoemakers  ;  and  for  encouraging 
the  making  of  linen  and  woollen  cloth.  Tlius  early  did 
the  legislature  endeavor  to  introduce  manufactures  into 
the  province  ;  but  the  attempt  was  premature  ;  and 
though  domestic  industry  was  able  to  supply  some  ar- 
ticles for  domestic  uses,  it  was  found  Impracticable 
even  at  a  much  later  period  to  render  Maryland  a  ma- 
nufacturing country.  For  the  encouragement  of  trade, 
various  ports  were  erected,  where  merchants  were  en- 
joined to  reside,  and  commercial  dealings  to  be  carried 
on,  and  where  all  trading  vessels  were  required  to  un- 
lade the  commodities  of  Europe,  and  take  on  board  the 
[,  oductlons  of  the  province.     But  from  the  situation 


*  Tlireo  or  four  of  tho  inlialiitaiiti  of  Marvl^inU  wore  inur- 
lierej  tlus  year  by  a  tiibo  iif  liiilmns  who  wore  at  war  with 
the  cdloiiisls  (jf  Vir^ittin,  aiiii  ;i  grc^it  dual  of  alarm  was 
rreatoil  in  lh«  provnict;.  I>iit  tho  Iinii:u»s  soon  perceived 
th:itt)iey  had  too  hastily  sujipused  that  the  Marylanaurs  wore 
thi'ir  enutTuea,  and  made  satisfaction  far  the  outrage.  Old- 
inixon,  1.  11)3. 


conformity  with  the  wishes  of  the  planters,  ovory  on^ 
of  whom  desired  to  have  a  nort  on  his  own  plantation, 
this  reguldiion  was  attended  with  very  little  effect 
It  was  during  .Ls  ii.terval,  that  tliero  occurred  tho  last 
instance  of  the  expression  of  that  reciprocal  regaid 
which  had  done  so  much  honor  to  the  proprietary  and 
the  people.  By  a  vote  of  the  assembl"  in  the  year 
1082,  this  body  "to  demonstrate  its  j;  .  'itnde,  duty, 
and  aHection  to  the  proprietary,"  desiretl  his  occepi- 
ance  of  a  lihoral  contribution  ;  whicli  he  acknowledged 
with  many  thanks,  but  declined  to  accept  on  account  of 
the  straitened  circumstances  of  the  colunv. 

But,  amidst  all  this  seeming  cordiality,  and  the  mu- 
tual endeavors  of  tlie  proprietary  and  the  {unpie  to  pn>- 
mote  the  general  interest,  there  lurked  in  the  provinco 
tho  seeds  of  present  discontent  and  of  future  insurrec* 
tion.  The  fiction  of  tho  poj)isli  plot  extended  ita 
baneful  influence  to  Maryland,  and'was  by  somj  proflt- 
galo  politicians  within  tlie  colony  made  the  corner 
stone  of  projects  similar  to  those  in  which  It  orlginutej 
in  P^ngland.  The  insurrections  that  had  been  pri>- 
voked  by  the  oppression  of  the  covenanterf*  in  Scot- 
land ;  the  discon'ienls  in  England  ;  the  vehement  dis- 
putes with  regard  to  the  exclusion  of  the  Duke  of 
York  from  the  throne  ;  the  continued  disagreement 
between  the  king  and  parliament;  all  transmitted 
through  tho  magnityingaiid  uncertain  medium  of  rumor 
to  a  country  so  remote  from  the  opportunity  of  ju.st 
informaticn,  seemed  lo  forebode  a  renewal  of  the  con- 
vulsions of  the  preceding  reign.  A  general  ferment 
was  excited  in  men's  minds;  and  in  the  strong  expec- 
tation that  prevailed  of  some  great  clianoe,  parties  and 
individuals  prepared  with  anxiety  to  defend  their  in- 
terests ;  or  intrigued  with  eagerness  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  their  advantages.  The  absence  of  ilie  proprie- 
tary from  the  province  during  his  visit  to  England 
probably  served  lo  promote  the  dct^igns  of  the  factious, 
which,  liowever.  received  a  seasonable  check  from  his 
return.  Feudal,  who  had  raised  insurrection  against 
the  idmlnistration  of  Cromwell,  and  ul'ierwards  be- 
trayed and  resisted  the  govermnent  of  the  proprietary, 
now  availed  himself  of  the  lenity  he  had  experienced, 
to  excite  a  renewal  of  commotions  In  Maryland.  He 
seems  to  have  had  no  other  view  than  to  scramble  for 
property  and  power  amidst  the  confusion  thit  he  ex- 
pecteil  to  ensue  ;  and  he  encouraged  his  partlzans  with 
the  assurance,  that,  during  the  approaching  civil  wars 
of  England,  they  might  easily  possess  themselves  of 
whatever  plantations  they  pleased  toappro|irlate.  But 
Lord  Baltimore,  partly  by  a  steady  application  of  tho 
laws,  and  partly  by  the  influence  of  the  tidings  of  the 
king's  triumph  over  his  opponents  at  the  dissolution  of 
the  Oxford  rarliament,  was  able  as  yet  to  preserve, 
even  without  a  struggle,  llie  tranquillity  of  the  pro 
vince.  Eendal  was  tried  for  his  seditious  practices  In 
the  year  1681  ;  and  though  tlic  acts  of  the  assembly 
had  anitexi  d  the  penalty  of  death  to  the  offence  of 
which  he  was  convicted,  he  was  now  only  fined,  and 
banished  from  tlic  province  for  ever.  Hut  unfortu 
nately  bis  influence  was  not  banished  with  his  person  : 
and  one  of  his  associates,  John  ('oode,  who  was  tried 
along  with  him  but  aopiltled,  renmlned  behind,  to  ef- 
fect, at  0  fittci'  season,  those  designs  which  were  dis- 
sipated for  the  present  by  the  last  ray  of  success  that 
attended  the  proprietary's  administruiioii,  A  few 
others  of  tlie  less  guilty  associates  of  Kerid.il  aud  Coodo 
were  convicted  of  sedition,  ami  punislied  by  fine. 

The  last  years  of  the  proprietary  govL-rnment  wero 
embittered  by  the  retribution  of  that  injustice  in  which 
ik  began  ;  and  the  wrong  that  had  been  done  so  long 
before  to  Virginia,  was  now  avenged  by  the  abscission 
of  a  considerable  portion  of  the  territory  ih.it  had  been 
allotted  to  Maryland.  If  the  historian  of  this  transac- 
tion were  permitted  to  ada))t  the  particulars  of  it  lo  his 
own  wishes  and  conceptions  of  moral  coiislstcney,  ho 
would  ascribe  the  requital  of  the  Maryland  usurpation 
lo  other  instrumentality  than  that  uf  the  venerable  pa 
triarch  of  Pennsylvania.  Such,  however,  was  the 
mode  of  this  occurrence  ;  and  as  ihe  founder  of  Ame- 
rican toleration  committed  the  encroachment  on  Vir 
ginia,  so  another  distinguished  friend  of  tho  rights  ol 
conscience  effected  the  retributory  partition  of  Mary 
land.  On  the  arrival  of  William  Penn  in  America,  a 
meeting  took  place  between  him  and  Lord  Baltimoro 
(two  of  the  most  prudent  and  virtuous  persons  that 
have  ever  ruled  over  mankind),  in  the  hope  of  effecting 
an  amicable  adjustment  of  llie  boundaries  of  their  re- 
spective territorial  grants.  I*enn  was  received  by  Ltird 
Baltimore  with  that  distinguished  respect  due  to  lilus- 
t'lous  character,  and  becoming  christian  couriesy  ;  and 


mimmt/irmtimiku.*"' 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


0  rivari,  ftnd 
re  erected  m 
rs,  ovory  one 

n  plantaliun, 
liliU;  etrcct 
iirrcil  tlic  Ust 
irocHl  regaiJ 
oprictiiry  and 
•  iti  tlie  year 
'ituilo,  duty, 

1  hiti  arct-pi- 
ickiiovvlcdyed 
on  accounl M 

,  and  llic  mu- 
[unpie  to  pi\»- 
1  ihu  provinco 
turo  nisurret'- 
ext<:nded    hs 
V  aonij  |irofli- 
l(!  the  corntf 
1  it  orii;inutc^l 
;nd  bnen  pro- 
iturs  in  Scot- 
Vflienmnt  dis- 
tlie  Dnkc  of 
ilisagrcenicnt 
;   triinsrniltcd 
tinni  of  minor 
lunily  o(  just 
v,i\  o(  ihc  cun- 
iMit^rdl  tVrinunt 
slronjj;  I'xpec- 
re,  {)artic8  and 
TtMid    their  in- 
>r  the  enlar^'O- 
of  the  proprie- 
t  to    Kni^Miind 
)f  the  fa'^tions, 
check  from  hU 
ectiun  againsl 
ul'tcrwards  be- 
le  proprietary, 
;1  experienced, 
laryhind.     He 
o  8cran)hic  lor 
m  thit  he  ex- 
partizans  with 
hinj;  civil  wars 
themselves  of 
;>ropriate.     lint 
ilication  of  iho 
tidn)i;.s  of  the 
u  diijsolntion  o( 
et  to  preserve, 
lity  of  the  pro 
JUS  practices  in 
if  the  as;scnibly 
the  olVcncc  of 
only  fnied,  and 
litit   unfort'i 
rith  his  person  : 
,   who  was  tried 
il  bciiind,  to  ef- 
Lvincii  were  dm- 
i»f  success  thai 
iiiioii.       A    few 
.■hd.tl  and  Coodo 
,'d  liy  tine, 
iivurnnient  wero 
ju:iliee  in  which 
n  done   so  long 
ly  the  abscission 
try  tliLit  had  been 
of  lliis  transac- 
iidursof  it  lo  his 
consistency,  lio 
yhnid  usurpation 
he  venerable  pa 
wever,    was    the 
onnder  of  Ame- 
achnient  on  Vir 
of  the  rights  ol 
irtition  of  Muiy 
\n  in  America,  a 
I^ord  Baltimoro 
3US  persons   that 
hopeof  edectinn 
iries  of  their  re- 
received  by  Jmu] 
pect  due  to  illua> 
an  coujtteay ;  and 


we  may  suppoao  thit  ho  entertained  roiTcsponding  rc- 
rrirds  for  a  ie^inlator  whoso  InBtitutionn  had  long  af- 
forded a  ppflcefid  aayhmi  for  persecuted  quakers.  Hut 
UiB  prctonsiors  of  the  parties  were  so  completely  in- 
consistent with  each  other,  that  it  proved  impoHSihle  at 
(ho  tmio  to  adjust  them  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to 
both.  Pcnn  had  been  authorised  to  appropriate,  amon;^ 
other  districts,  the  whole  of  iho  peninsula  lying  be- 
tween the  bays  of  Chcsapeak  and  Delaware,  which 
formed  a  considerable  part  of  the  territory  included 
within  the  charter  of  Nfaryland,  and  part  of  which  had 
been  colonized  by  Dutch  and  Swedish  settlers  before 
iho  stale  of  Maryland  was  formed.  Lord  Baltimore's 
was  crriindy  the  more  etpiitabln  claim  ;  hut  IVnu  ap- 
pears to  have  been  encourai;ed  to  persist  in  bis  coiinler 
pretension  by 'he  declaration  of  the  ('oinmiltee  of  I*lan- 
talions,  that  it  had  never  been  inteiuled  to  grant  lo  Lord 
Haltiinore  any  territory  except  such  as  was  inhabited  at 
the  lime  bv  savaues,  and  that  the  tract  which  he  now 
claimed  having  been  planted  by  Christians  antecedent 
to  Ins  i;raiit.  was  plainly  excluded  from  its  intendment, 
ihonirh  It  mit;ht  be  embraced  by  its  literal  construction. 
The  controversy  between  the^e  two  distingmshed  men 
was  condui'ttd  witli  a  greater  conformity  to  the  general 
principles  of  human  nature  than  i  find  it  plea.sant  to 
recnnl.  While  the  conllicting  claims  were  yet  unset- 
tled. Penn  proceeded  to  appropriate  the  disputed  ter- 
ritory ;  and  as  Lord  Haltiinore  insiste'l  that  the  inlia- 
bitants  should  either  ackiiovvledge  the  jurisdiction  of 
MaryUnd  or  abandon  their  dwellings,  inulual  procla- 
mations ivere  exehaiiued  by  the  two  proprietary  govern- 
nvT.is  aifanist  each  ollier's  proceedings.  A  recent  and 
deservedly  estei'ined  biographer  of  i'cnii,  whose  |)ar- 
tiiil  ac(piainlance  with  the  grounds  of  iln*  dispute  ex- 
plains without  excusing  his  partial  jn(l[;meiit  on  the 
ineriisof  the  parties,  Inis  termed  Ijord  Jialliniore's  as- 
seriioii  of  hts  rights  an  outrage,  and  cliaraclcnzed  the 
coiihter  proclamation  of  Penn  as  a  lenient  remedy  by 
which  christian  patience  encountered  lawless  violence, 
Hui  IViiii  did  not  content  himself  wtth  this  remedy,  lie 
coinplamed  lo  the  Ku;.dish  L'overnincnt.  and  by  his  in- 
terest at  court  procured  it  to  be  adjudged  that  the  dc- 
bateatilc  territory  should  be  divided  into  two  equal 
parts,  one  of  which  was  appropriated  to  himself,  and 
the  other  to  Lord  Hallimore.  'I'lns  adnidicalion  was 
carried  iiilo  ollect  ;  and  the  territory  winch  now  com- 
poses the  stiite  of  Delaware  was  thus  dismembered  from 
the  provincial  limits  of  Maryland.*  [10:15] 

Meanwhile,  the  into  proceedings  against  Feudal  and 
his  associates  \\ere  made  tlie  foundation,  in  Lni^laud. 
of  fresh  complaints  against  Lord  Hallimore  for  par- 
tiality to  papists.  It  was  ni  vain  for  him  to  represent 
that  the  laws  of  his  province  gave  e(|ual  encourage- 
ment to  (Christians  of  every  sect,  williout  dispensing 
peculiar  favor  to  any;  that  ir.  onier  to  conform  his 
bdmimstration  to  the  principles  of  the  coiistilulion,  he 
bad  always  ''ndeavored  to  tlivide  the  oflices  of  govern- 
ment as  equally  as  possible  among  protestauts  and 
catholics  ;  and  that  lo  allay  the  jealousy  that  had 
taken  possession  of  the  protestauts,  ho  had  latterly  suf- 
fered them  to  engross  nearly  tho  whole  command  of 
the  militia,  and  the  custody  of  the  arm.s  and  military 
stores  of  the  province.  From  tho  record  of  i'Vuiial's 
trial,  he  showed  ihat  the  proceedings  against  this  in- 
dividual bad  been  perfectly  fair  ;  nav,  so  indulgent, 
that  he  had  been  allowed  to  except  anainst  all  Uonian 
catholics  as  jurymen.  Noiwiihstauding  tlie  satisfacto- 
nuess  of  this  explanation,  the  ministers  of  tlic  kiuLf, 
h'ss  ilcsirons  of  doiiiir  justice  to  others  than  of  shiftuii; 
llie  iiuputalion  of  popery  from  theinscives.  commanded 
that  all  the  ollices  of  governinetit  should  m  future  be 
coiuinitted  exclusively  lo  the  hands  of  protestauts ; 
and  thus  meanly  sanctioned  the  unjust  suspicions  un- 
der which  the  proprietary  tiovernment  was  already  la- 
boring. Il  was  less  easy  for  Lord  Hallimore  to  defend 
himself  against  another  charge  which  was  now  pre- 
ferred against  bim,  and  which,  having  some  foundation 
in  truth,  involved  him  in  considerable  diHieuliy.  lie 
was  accu.sed  of  obstructing  the  custom-house  orticers 
in  the  collection  of  the  parliamentary  duties  :  and  it 
did  certainly  appear  that,  biassed  perhaps  by  the  desire 
of  alleviating  as  far  as  possible  the  pressure  of  the 
commercial  restrictions,  he  had  construed  them  in  some 
points  iu  a  manner  too  favorable  to  tho  freedom  and 

•UialrnerK,  fi-lT,  04H.  050.  051.  (WI— OCO.  Clarksuu's  Lite 
of  rfiin,  I.  .136,  33:.  408,40iJ.  Mr.  tl  irkfci'h'a  accmuii  of  Itus 
dispiut^  IK  very  deieciire.  and  temls  to  create  :tii  im[ni's.-*u)n 
of  ilnM-.iii>iiu-i  i-i  l.i.r.l  Hallimore  nni  lehs  uiiiavonihlr  Ui:m 
erruiinms.  ||  |i(>  innsitiereil  tlie  merits  of  llie  rcspeclivi; 
j;:eii.>i  (m»  uumtcrfsitn);  to  dcscrvi^  tils  mijuiry.  iiu  siumid 
liaverolraiiiud  (roin  prun^)iiiiiriin{  or  iiiMiiu.iliiut  auyjudijiiieul 
|»n  liiocompamtlvo  inenia  ol"  ilie  paruoj..  Ttie  cuntroveisy 
W'.WBcu  l.urO  Ualiimnre  and  Tcnu  lit  resunied  am)  farllier  it* 
wUaled  m  llie  lustoiy  of  Pennsyivania,  post,  li.  vn  cap.  I. 


wishes  of  the  colonislif.  While  he  endeavored  unsuc- 
cessfully to  maintain  the  legitimacy  of  his  interpreta- 
tion, he  strongly  charged  the  collectors  of  the  revenue 
with  wilfully  disturbing  tho  trade  and  peace  of  the 
colony  by  wanton  iuttrfcrencn  and  groundless  com- 
plaint. Il  would  appear  that  this  recrimination  was 
well  founded,  and  that  the  revenue  otriecrs,  provoked 
to  lind  that  the  unpopularity  of  their  duties  prevailed 
over  the  respect  they  conceived  due  to  iheir  otHcc, 
had  labored  to  convert  their  own  private  disagreements 
with  individuals  into  the  occasion  of  national  dispute: 
for  when  a  new  surveyor-general  of  the  customs  in 
Maryland  was  appointed  shortly  after,  ho  had  the  justice 
lo  report  that  the  (irovince  had  been  greatly  inisrrpre- 
suited  with  regard  lo  its  opposition  to  tlie  acts  of 
trade.  The  proprietary,  however,  incurred  a  severe 
rebuke  from  the  king  for  his  erroneous  construction  of 
the  law.  Charles  tultcrly  coniplaiiu-d  that  he  should 
otistruct  his  service  and  discourage  his  otiicers,  after 
the  many  favors  that  had  been  heaped  n|)on  hiin  and 
his  father,  and  even  threatened  him  with  the  visitation 
of  a  writ  of  f/uo  wanaiUo.  It  seems  never  to  have 
occurred  to  the  Knglish  govermnent,  iior  did  Lord 
Hallimore  presume  lo  urge,  ilial  the  king,  iu  proceeding 
to  exact  imposts  in  Maryland,  violaKd  the  most  ex- 
press provisions  of  the  royal  charter,  and  appropriated 
lo  himself  what  truly  belonged  to  the  proprietary. 

On  the  accession  of  James  the  Second  to  the  throne 
of  his  brother,  he  traiisniilted  to  the  cotouic-s  a  procla- 
mation of  ibis  event,  which  was  published  in  Maryland 
wiih  lively  and  unallicted  deinonslrations  of  joy.  The 
(Jommiileu  of  iMantations  had  taken  so  much  pains 
during  the  preceding  reign  to  obtain  accurate  informa- 
tion oi  the  all'dirs  of  the  colonies  and  the  temper  of 
their  inhabitants,  tiuit  it  was  perfectly  well  known  how 
much  tl'ty  were  allected  by  reports  from  Kiigland,  and 
what  disiurbancjs  the  prospect  of  confusion  in  the 
moiher  country  was  apt  to  engender.  On  the  inva- 
sions of  Monmouth  and  Argyle,  the  king  transmitted 
accounts  of  ilu^se  occurrences  to  liie  proprietary  ;  as- 
signing as  the  reason  for  this  communication,  the  pre- 
vention of  any  false  rumors  which  might  be  spread 
among  his  people  in  that  distant  province  of  the  empire, 
by  the  lualiciuus  lusinualions  of  evil  disposed  men. 
He  informed  hiin  at  the  same  time  with  marks  of  pe- 
culiar exultation,  that  the  parliament  bud  cheerfully 
granted  him  an  aid,  to  be  levied  on  the  importation  of 
sugars  and  tobacco,  which  he  hoped  would  not  bo  bur- 
densome to  the  inhabitants  of  Marylanil,  as  the  imposi- 
tion was  not  laid  on  the  planter,  but  on  the  retailers 
and  consumers.  Hut  the  imposition  could  not  he  dis- 
armed of  Us  injurious  intUience  by  such  royal  logic  and 
barren  good  wishes  ;  and  both  in  Virginia  and  in  Mary- 
land It  served  to  augment  the  burdens  and  cool  lh<» 
loyally  of  the  people.  As  the  oiher  impediments  of 
commerce  were  found  to  be  aggravated  iu  Marylanil 
by  the  coutuuied  prevalence  of  a  scarcity  of  inoucv, 
[IGSO.J  an  attempt  was  now  made  to  remedy  this  evil 
by  a  law  for  the  admncement  of  coins.  French  crowns, 
pieces  of  eight,  and  rix  dollars  were  appointed  lo  be 
received  iu  all  payments  at  six  shillings  each;  all 
other  coins  at  an  advance  of  ihreeiieuce  in  the  shilling; 
and  ihe  sixpences  and  shillings  of  New  England,  ac- 
cording to  their  denominations,  as  sterling.  As  all 
accounts  at  that  time  were  kept  in  tobacco,  and  in  all 
contracts  it  was  employed  as  the  admeasurement  of 
value,  the  coins  thus  advanced  were  adjudged  to  be 
taken  at  the  rale  of  six  shillings  for  every  hundred 
weight  of  that  commodity.  This  law  tirst  gave  rise  in 
Maryland  lo  the  peculiarity  of  colonial  currency,  in 
conirailislinclion  to  sterling  money. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  king  resolved  to  subvert 
the  consliiuliou  of  Kngland,  he  dctcnumed  to  over- 
throw the  proprietary  governments  of  the  colonies.  It 
was,  he  dedareil,  a  great  and  growing  prejudice  lo  his 
alV.iirs,  both  domesiic  and  colonial,  tliat  such  inde- 
pendent administrations  should  be  maintained  ;  and  it 
was  duo  no  less  lo  his  interest  than  his  dignity,  to  re- 
duce them  lo  im)re  immediate  subjection  to  the  crown. 
Alarmed  by  the  conunumcation  of  this  arbitrary  pur- 
pose, the  pronrielary  of  Maryland  again  proceeded  to 
Kngland,  and  vainly  represented  to  the  indexible 
despot  ihiU  the  administration  of  his  province  had  been 
at  all  times  conducted  iu  conformity  with  the  terms  of 
his  charter  ;  that  be  had  never  knowingly  failed  in  his 
duty  to  his  sovereign  ;  and  that  neither  ho  nor  his 
i  father  had  committed  a  single  act  which  could  infer 
ihe  (orlVilure  of  a  patent  which  they  bad  dearly  pur- 
,  chased,  in  adding,  at  their  own  great  expense,  a  coii- 
j  siderablo  province  to  ihe  euipire.  jl()H7.]  These 
remonstrances  were  disregarded  by  the  king ;  and  the 
'  iillornuy-gentiriil  received  orders  to  issue  a  writ  of  nun 


warranto  ^\Ui.\\\ni  Lord  Ualtiinore's  charter.  The  writ 
was  issued  accordingly  ;  but  from  the  dilatory  pace  ol 
tho  requisite  legal  procedure,  and  the  important  eventi 
that  soon  after  diverted  the  monarch's  attention  to 
nearer  concernments,  no  judgment  upon  it  was  evet 
pronounced.  Thus,  with  impartial  tyranny,  which 
even  the  predilections  of  tho  bigot  were  unable  tJ  con- 
trol, James,  disregarding  equally  the  feelings  of  th« 
puritans  of  Massachuictts  and  the  catholics  of  Mary- 
land, involved  both  in  the  same  undistinguishing  pro- 
ject of  oppression  and  degradation.  Whether  the  sin- 
gular  friendship  which,  in  this  monarch  and  William 
Penn,  soomcd  to  unite  the  two  extremes  of  human 
nature,  might  have  suspended  for  a  while  tho  destruc- 
tion of  the  coiiMtitutions  of  Pennsylvania,  thin  consum- 
mation would  have  infallibly  followed  in  due  time  ;  and 
the  royal  regards  that  Penn  shared  with  Judge  JefTrica 
and  Colonel  Kirke  would  have  procured  him  no  oliier 
advantage  than  that  of  being,  perhaps,  tho  last  of  tho 
American  proprietaries  that  was  sacrificed.  For- 
tunately for  the  interests  of  mankind,  bigotry,  infatu- 
ated by  tyranny,  at  length  obtained  the  ascendancy 
over  the  king\s  mind  ;  and  depriving  tho  bigot  of  tho 
adherents  of  the  tyrant,  involved  even  Jeffries  in  dis- 
grace, tind  constrained  even  the  prelates  of  England 
to  seek  protection  m  the  principles  of  liberty. 

[1088. J  'Ihe  birth  of  a  son  to  James  the  Second, 
which  was  regarded  with  mingled  scepticism  and  dia- 
appoiutmeut  by  his  Fnglish  subjects,  and  contributed 
to  hasten  the  Uevolulion,  was  no  sooner  commumcaled 
by  the  proprietary  (who  was  still  m  England,)  lo  his 
otiicers  in  Slaiylaiid,  than  it  e.xcilcd  general  joy  through- 
out the  province.  In  the  assembly  which  was  convoked 
01)  this  occasion,  a  law  was  passed  for  a  perpetual 
coiiimemoralion  and  thanksgiving,  every  tenth  day  of 
June,  lor  the  birth  of  the  prince.  If  this  proceeding 
seem  lo  indicate  the  prevalence  of  a  feeling  that  may 
be  supposed  peculiar  to  the  catholics,  oilier  parts  of  tho 
conduct  of  this  assembly  strongly  evinced  the  existence 
of  those  jealousies  with  which  the  protestanti  were 
infected,  which  the  mean  injustice  of  the  laic  king's 
ministers  had  sanclioiicd,  and  which  the  unfortuiMto 
absence  of  Lord  Haltiinore  now  contributed  to  pro- 
mote. The  burgesses  at  tirst  demurred  to  take  ihu 
oaih  of  fidelity  lo  the  proprietary  ;  and  afterwards  ex- 
hibited lo  the  deputy-governors  a  list  of  pretended 
grievances  that  indicated  nothing  so  strongly  as  the  ill- 
huinur  and  alarm  of  the  parties  \n1io  declared  tiiem* 
selves  aggrieved  ;  for  the  articles  are  all  so  vague  and 
so  frivolous,  und,  if  true,  related  only  to  such  petty 
and  easily  ivinediablo  violations  of  law  and  usage,  that 
It  is  impo.ssible  to  jieruse  them  without  perceiving  that 
the  complainers  either  sought  a  cause  of  quarrel,  or  had 
already  found  one  which  they  were  backward  lo  avow, 
A  courteous  and  nOligmg  answer  was  relurncil  to  the 
list  of  grievances,  by  the  deputy-governors  ;  and,  as  the 
malcontents  were  not  yet  transported  by  passion  be- 
yond the  limits  of  reason  and  common  sense,  they  re- 
turned thanks  for  this  issue,  {\\\  and  the  Hdme  of  uis- 
conlent  and  suspicion  seemed  lo  be  extinguished.  Hut 
the  embers  remained,  and  waited  only  the  inlluence  of 
the  coming  events  lo  show  what  a  contlagration  they 
were  capable  of  producing.  The  spirit  of  party  m  th« 
province,  excited  and  preserved  by  religious  ditl'ereiices, 
in  an  age  iii  whicii  to  diller  was  to  dislike  and  suspect, 
had  been  hitJiertu  moderated  by  the  liberal  spirit  of  the 
laws,  and  the  prudent  administration  of  the  proprietary. 
Hut  no  sooner  were  ttie  liiltng.s  of  the  Revolution  lu 
Englaiul  conveyed  to  the  province,  than  these  latent 
dissensions,  intlamed  by  fresh  incentives,  burst  forth 
in  a  blaze  of  insurrecliotiarv  violence;  and  those  who 
had  long  been  sowing  discontent  in  the  minds  of  their 
fellow  eiti/ens,  now  prepared  to  rea|>  an  abundant  har- 
vest from  the  prevalence  of  public  disorder.  [KiriU] 

Wlien  the  deputy-governors  were  hrsl  informed  ol 
the  invasion  of  England  by  the  Prince  of  Orange,  they 
hastened  to  take  measures  for  preserving  the  tranqud- 
bty  of  the  province,  where  as  yet  none  could  foresee, 
and  none  hud  been  informed,  of  the  cxtr>iordinary  use 
that  was  to  be  made  of  that  memorable  achievement. 
'I'bey  proceeded  lo  collect  tho  public  arms  that  were 
dispersed  in  the  various  counties,  and  apprehended 
several  persons  who  were  accused  of  attempts  to  dis- 
turb the  public  peace.  Hul  these  measures  were  com- 
pletely frustrated  by  the  rumour  of  a  popish  plot^  which 
suddenly  and  rapidly  disseminated  the  alarming  intelli- 
gence that  the  deputy-governors  and  the  catholics  had 
formed  a  league  will)  the  Indians,  for  the  massacre  of 
all  the  protestauts  in  the  province.  Confusion,  dis- 
may, ami  indignation,  instantly  laid  hold  of  tho  minds 
of  the  people,  and  every  exertion  that  wa?  made  to  de- 
monstrate the  folly  and  absurdity  of  tho  report  provtil 


284 


Tlin   HISTOHY  OF 


incflfertiial.  Like  the  kirdrpd  fiction  in  KngUnd.  the 
tulc  was  corruburatcd  hy  various  untnckvcircumsluiicos, 
that  tended  wonderfully  to  support  thu  general  dcluaiun. 
Though  Ijord  iialtimore  recoived  orders  to  proclaim 
Wilhain  and  Mary,  which  he  readily  promised  and  pre- 
pared to  obey,  yet  some  fatal  accident  intercepted  (ho 
commands  which  ho  tranBrniltcd  tn  his  deputit^s  for 
that  purpoBO :  and  they  atdl  awaited  official  orders 
reapocting  thia  delicate  and  important  transaction,  long 
after  the  corresponding  proclimation  had  hf-en  pub* 
lished  in  Virginia.  It  happened  unfortunately  too, 
that,  at  the  same  conjuncture,  they  had  to  re|>cat  the 
annual  confirmation  of  the  oiisting  treaty  of  peace  with 
the  Indians.  These  occurrences,  distorted  by  the  arts 
of  the  factious,  and  the  credulity  of  the  timid,  increased 
the  prevailing  panic,  and  accelerated  the  explosion  it 
had  long  threatened  to  produco.  A  -protcslanl  tuisocia- 
turn  was  formed  hy  John  Coodo,  the  former  accom* 
plice  of  Feudal,  and  being  soon  strengthened  by  the 
accession  of  numerous  adherents,  took  arms  under  this 
worthless  leader  for  the  dcfonco  of  the  proiestant  faith, 
and  the  assertion  of  the  royal  title  of  William  and 
Mary.  A  declaration  or  maniieslo  was  publiuhcd  by 
the  associalors,  replete  with  chartros  aj|;amst  the  pro- 
prietary, that  reflect  the  utmost  dishonor  on  their  own 
cause.  The  reproaches  of  tyranny  and  wickedness,  of 
murder,  torture,  and  pillage,  with  wliich  Lord  Balti- 
more is  loaded  in  this  production,  arc  refuted  not  only 
by  the  gros^  inconsistency  between  such  heinous  enor- 
mities and  the  recent  limitation  of  tiic  public  grievances 
to  the  frivolous  complaints  exhibited  to  the  deputy-go- 
vernors, but  by  the  utter  inability  of  the  asdociators  to 
establish  by  evidence  any  one  o(  their  charges,  even 
when  the  whole  power  and  influence  of  the  provincial 
government  was  in  their  hands.  With  matchless  im- 
pudence and  absurdity,  the  aftVonts  that  had  been  for< 
metly  complained  of  by  the  cusiom-housc  officers  were 
now  cited  as  an  injury  done  to  the  province  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  who.  if  he  had  ever  participated  in  them  at 
all,  must  have  been  induced  to  do  so  by  resentment  of 
the  real  grievances  with  which  t!ic  province  was  af- 
flicted. A  charge  of  this  description,  however  artfully 
calculated  lo  recommend  the  cause  of  the  associatnrs 
to  the  favor  of  the  British  government,  would  never 
have  suggested  itself  to  a  passionate  multitude  ;  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  whole  composition  was  the  work  of 
Coode,  whose  subsequent  conduct  showed  how  little 
):e  participated  in  the  popular  fcrilinga  which  he  was 
able  to  excite  and  direct  with  such  energy  and  success. 
The  deputies  of  Lord  Baltimore  pudeavorcd  at  first  to 
oppose  by  force  the  deiiictns  of  the  associalors  ;  but  as 
the  catholics  were  afraid  to  justify  the  prevalent 
rumours  atrair.st  themselves  by  taking  arms,  and  as  the 
well- affected  proteslanls  showed  no  eagerness  to  r>up- 
port  a  falling  authority,  they  were  compelled  to  deliver 
up  the  fort,  and  surrender  the  powers  of  government  by 
capitulation.  The  king,  apprised  of  these  jiroccedings, 
hastened  to  express  his  approbation  of  them,  and  au- 
thorised the  leaders  of  the  insuigents  to  exercise  in  his 
Dame  the  power  they  had  acquired,  until  he  should  have 
leisure  to  effect  a  pmnancnt  settlement  of  the  admi- 
itistration.  Armed  with  this  commission,  the  usso- 
ciators  continued  for  Uiree  years  after  lo  administer  the 
government  of  Marylaiid,  with  a  tyrannical  insolence 
that  exemplified  the  grievances  they  had  filsciy  imputed 
to  the  proprietary,  and  produced  loud  and  numerous 
complaints  frurn  both  the  proteslant  and  catholic  inha- 
bitantH  of  the  province. 

King  William,  meanwhile  endeavored  to  derive  the 
same  advantai;e  to  the  roval  authority  in  Maryland,  that 
the  tyranny  of  his  predecessor  bequeathed  to  him  in 
Massachusetts.  But,  to  persist  in  the  iniquitous  pro- 
cess of  quo  warranto,  was  no  longer  practicable  ;  and 
no  other  proceeding  was  left,  but  to  summon  Lord 
Daitimore  to  answer  before  the  Privy  Council  the 
complaints  expressed  in  the  declaration  of  the  asso- 
cialors. After  a  tedious  investigation,  which  involved 
this  nobleman  in  a  heavy  expense,  it  was  found  impos- 
aiblo  to  convict  him  of  any  other  charge  than  that  of 
holding  a  different  faith  from  the  men  by  whom  he  had 
been  so  ungratefully  persecuted  and  so  calumniously 
traduced.  He  was  accordingly  suffered  to  retain  the 
patrimonial  interest  attached  by  his  charter  to  the  office 
of  proprietary,  but  deprived  by  an  act  of  council  of  the 
pohtical  administration  of  the  province,  of  which  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  was  at  tho  same  time  appointed  go- 
vernor by  the  king.*     [1692]  The  unmerited  eleva- 


*  Oldmiton,  vol.  i.  p.  103.  '*  I  know  not  how  it  happnicd, 
but  »o  It  was  timt  in  King  Williaiii'H  rci^n,  ijiioon  Anne's,  Aic. 
there  were  periods  wUen  tho  friends  or  tools  of  ttio  nlxlicated 
king  were  more  hearkened  to  than  tho  inHtruments  of  the  revo- 
InUon.f    Ibid  (3d  edition)  t.  p.  344.    It  is  to  tlie  first  oditioa 


tion  of  thia  wortliless  man  was  no  less  disgraceful  than 
the  unjust  deposition  of  lliu  proprietary.  IjUpI  Balti- 
more having  exercised  Ins  jiower  with  a  lil  nl  regard 
to  the  freedom  of  other  men's  consciences,  now  parted 
with  it  from  a  pious  regard  to  the  sanctity  of  hm  own. 
Andros,  who  hud  fonnerly  acquired  promotion  hy  active 
■ubservicncy  to  a  catholic  despot,  now  purchased  its 
continuance  hy  becoming  tho  no  toss  active  abettor  of 
protestant  intolerance. 

Thus  fell  the  proprietary  government  of  Maryland, 
after  an  endurance  of  fifly-six  years,  during  which  it 
had  been  adininiHtcred  with  unexampled  mildness,  and 
with  a  regard  to  the  liberty  and  welfare  of  the  people, 
that  deserved  a  very  ditrerent  requital  from  that  which 
T  have  had  tho  puiii  of  recording.  The  slight  noticu 
which  the  policy  of  tliis  catholic  Togistator  has  received 
from  (he  philosonhic  encomiasts  of  liberal  institutions 
strongly  attests  the  capricious  distribution  of  fame,  and 
may  probably  hive  proceeded  from  dislike  of  his  reli- 
gious tenets,  which,  it  was  feared,  would  iharo  tho 
commendation  bestowed  on  their  votary.  It  was  ap- 
prehended perhaps,  that  the  charge  of  intoleranco  so 
strongly  preferred  against  catholic  potentates  and  tho 
Koinish  church,  would  be  weakened  by  the  praise  of  a 
toleration  which  cailiolics  established  and  protestanta 
overthrew.  But  in  truth  every  deduction  that  is  made 
from  (lie  liberality  of  catholics  in  general,  and  every, 
imputation  tliat  is  thrown  on  the  usual  influence  of 
their  tenets  in  conlractiiig  the  mind,  ought  to  magnify 
the  merit  of  Lord  Baltimore's  institutions,  and  enhance 
tho  praise  by  demonstrating  the  rarity  of  his  virtue. 
One  of  the  most  respectable  features  of  tho  pro- 
prietary administration  was  tho  constant  regard  that 
was  had  to  justice,  and  to  the  exercise  and  cultivation 
of  benevolence,  in  all  transactions  and  intercourse  with 
the  Indians.  But  though  this  colony  was  more  suc- 
cessful than  the  New  Kngland  states  (who  conducted 
themselves  no  less  unexccptionably  to  the  Indians)  in 
avoiding  war  with  its  savage  nciglibors,  yet  we  have 
seen  that  it  was  not  always  able  to  avert  this  extremity. 
In  both  these  cases,  no  doubt,  the  pacific  endeavors  of 
the  colonists  were  oounteracted,  nut  only  by  the  natu- 
ral ferocity  of  the  Indians,  tiut  by  the  hostilities  of  other 
European!*,  by  which  that  ferocity  was  additionally  in- 
flamed. Vet  the  quakers  of  Puiiiisylvunia  who  were 
exposed  to  the  same  disadvantage,  escaped  its  evil  con- 
sequences, and  were  never  attacked  i>y  tlie  Indians. 
Ilelying  implicitly  and  entirely  on  tho  protection  of 
God,  they  renounced  every  act  or  indication  of  self- 
defence  that  could  provoke  the  antagonism  of  human 
nature,  or  excite  apprehensive  jealousy,  hy  showing  the 
power  to  injure.  But  the  puritan  and  the  catholic  co- 
lonists of  New  England  and  Maryland,  wlule  they  pro- 
fessed and  exercised  good-will  to  the  Indians,  adopted 
tiie  hoalilc  precaution  of  showing  their  power  to  repel 
violence.  They  displayed  arms  and  erected  forts,  and 
thus  suggested  the  susjucion  they  expressed,  and 
invited  the  injury  they  anticipated. 

Before  toleration  was  defended  by  Locke,  it  was 
realised  by  Lord  Baltimore ;  and  in  the  atlcniftls 
which  both  of  these  eminent  persons  made  lo  esta- 
blish the  model  of  a  wise  and  liberal  government  in 
America,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  proteslant 
philosopher  was  greatly  excelled  by  the  catholic  no- 
bleman.^ The  constitutions  of  William  Penn  have 
been  the  theme  of  panegyric  no  less  just  than  general ; 
but  of  those  who  have  commended  them,  how  few  have 
been  willing  to  notice  the  |)rior  establisiimentof  stnnlar 
institutions  hy  Lord  BaUiniore.  Asaimilatcd  in  their 
maxims  of  governmeni,  these  two  proprielaries  were 
assimilated  in  ihcir  political  fortunes  ;  both  having  wit- 
nessed an  eclipse  of  their  pO|iularity  in  America,  and 
both  being  di:4possc8sed  of  their  governments  by  King 
William.     Peim,  indeed,   was   restored  a   few    years 

of  Oldmtxtorra  work  that  I  refer,  wlien  tho  second  is  not 
exprcs.sly  de.si(;nated. 

*  In  a  roni|mny  where  Sir  l.^aac  Newton,  John  Locke  and 
William  Penn  liappcnod  to  meet  tni^ether,  the  ciiiiver.-*alion 
turned  on  the  coinparativo  excellRiico  of  tliP  governrneiitii 
of  Carnlitia  mid  Pennsylvania.  Locke  iiiijeiiuoujtty  yieidcd 
tlie  palm  to  I*enii;  (Clarkson's  Life  of  Penn,  vol.  li,  p.  409.) 
and  would  dnubiless  have  yielded  it  to  Lord  Hiiltiiiiure.  ilul 
I'eim'd  reputation  (froni  the  interfist  which  Ihe'tuakerji  liave 
felt  in  promoiinq  it,  and  tho  willin^Micsa  of  philosophers  to  ni:- 
knowledgu  him  as  an  ally)  has  been  much  better  protected 
than  that  of  Lord  Dultimore:  and  to  this  perhsju  nmy  bo 
ascribed  the  very  different  treatibtint  wliich  the  desceu.lania 
of  these  proprietaries  exptTieiiced  from  theirrcspcelivf  pro- 
vinces at  tlie  Ainehf-aii  revolution.  The  proprietary  uf 
MnrylauU  wan  then  a  minor;  yet  lu.seslate.s  were  cuiitiM-ated, 
nnd  no  jntleinnificatioi)  rould  ever  ho  oblauied.  (Wintcr- 
boihain,  vol.  ill.  p.  4.)  The  descendiiiits  of  Ponti,  after  a 
loiitf  series  of  ijuarrols  wiih  the  jti'0|)lf:,  emliriiced  the  ciiu.se 
of  nntain ;  yet  the  legislature  ol  PentisyU-ania  iiidemnilied 
them  ill  the  most  liberal  manner  for  the  loss  of  ihoir  property. 
(BriRSot*s  Travels,  p.  339.) 


after :  but  Lord  BaUtmore's  deprivation  continutxl 
during  his  life.  On  his  death  in  1710,  his  successor 
being  a  protestant,  was  restored  to  the  enjoyment  of 
proprietary  powers.  Tlieae  powers,  however,  had  in 
the  interim  Hustained  nomc  al»atement  from  an  act  of 
the  Kngl'sh  parlianitfiit,'  which  applied  not  only  to  this 
but  to  all  tho  other  feudatory  principalities  m  North 
America,  and  rendered  tho  royal  sanction  necessary  to 
confirm  tho  nomination  of  the  proprietary  governors. 

Immediately  after  his  appointment  tn  the  office  of 
governor,  Sir  Kdmund  Andros  proceeded  to  Maryland. 
where  ho  convoked  an  assembly,  in  which  tho  tillo  of 
William  and  Mary  was  recognised  by  a  legifslative 
enactment.  In  this  assembly  an  attempt  was  made  to 
di\cst  tho  proprietary  of  the  port  duties  that  had  been 
settled  on  his  family  in  the  year  IfiUl.  The  assemiily 
now  made  a  tender  of  the  produce  of  this  tax  lo  the 
king,  alleging,  that  although  the  provision  had  been 
granted  generally  to  tlie  proprietary,  llie  true  intention 
of  the  legislature  liad  been  to  cmiler  it  merely  as  a 
trust  for  the  uses  of  the  public.  The  king  however 
declined  to  accept  the  oiler,  or  sanction  the  assembly's 
construction  of  the  grunt;  Sir  John  Vomers,  to  whom 
the  legitimacy  of  the  proceeding  was  rderred,  having 
given  It  as  his  opinion  that  the  duly  truly  belongud  to 
Lord  Biilliinore,  and  was  intended  tor  his  own  use,  and 
that  it  would  he  of  dangerous  const  (]U(>iice  to  rtict^ive 
parole  proof  of  an  intennon  in  the  legislature  diUerent 
from  the  plain  meaning  of  the  words  of  the  law.  Tho 
ingratitude  which  was  thus  evinced  towards  the  propri- 
etary met  with  a  just  retribution  from  the  •tdimnistia- 
tioii  of  Andros,  who,  though  he  :s  said  to  have  ap- 
proved himself  a  good  governor  in  Virginia,  appears  to 
have  exercised  no  little  severity  and  rapacity  in  Mary- 
land. Not  tho  least  offensive  part  of  his  conduct  was, 
that  he  protected  Coode  agani.st  the  complaints  he  hud 
provoked,  and  enabled  this  protltgate  hypocrite  a  liltln 
longer  to  protract  tl  c  period  of  his  impunity.  Bui 
Coodc's  fortunes  sooi  became  mure  suitable  to  his  de- 
serts. Finding  hinib^-tf  iKglected  by  Colonel  Nichol- 
son, the  successor  of  Aiulro.'*,  he  began  lo  practise 
against  the  royal  govcri.iner.t  the  same  treacherous  in- 
trigues that  he  hud  en. ployed  with  ho  much  success 
against  the  proprietary  aLl'tiinisirution.  Inferior  in 
latent  to  Bacon,  the  disturber  ul  Virginia,  and  far  info* 
rior  in  sincerity  to  Leisler,  the  contemporary  agilatoi 
of  New  York,  he  was  chiefly  indebted  lor  his  succcbC 
to  the  daring  reliance  which  lie  placi;d  on  tlie  inlluence 
of  panic,  and  the  extent  of  popular  credulity.  He  had 
an  unbounded  confidence  in  tite  power  of  putit^nt  and 
persevering  calumny,  and  endeavored  lo  in. press  it  as 
a  maxim  on  his  conrcderatcs,  that  "  if  plenty  of  mud  ne 
thrown,  some  of  it  will  undoubtedly  stick.''  In  1(>1}5, 
this  president  of  the  protestant  association  of  Maryland 
was  indicted  for  treason  and  blasphemy  ;  and,  justly 
apprehending  that  he  would  be  treated  with  less  lenity 
under  the  protestant,  than  he  had  formerly  experienced 
under  the  i.-alhohc  administration,  he  declined  lo  stand 
a  trial,  and  fled  for  ever  fnun  the  province  which  he 
had  contributed  so  signally  to  dishui:or.t 

The  suspension  of  the  proprietary  government  was 
accompanied  with  a  total  subverston  of  the  principles 
on  which  Its  adminislration  had  been  uniformly  con- 
ducted.  The  puliiicat  equably  of  religious  sects  was 
subverted,  and  the  universal  loleralion  ol  every  form  of 
christian  worship  abolished.  Tlit-  church  ut  England 
was  declared  to  be  i|>i;  eslublislu-d  ecclesiastical  consti- 
tution of  the  state  ;  and  an  act  passed  in  the  year  Hi\)'Z 
having  divided  the  several  counlies  into  parishes,  a 
legil  maintenance  wus  assigned  to  a  mmisler  of  this 
communion  in  every  (uie  of  these  parishes,  consisting 
of  a  glebe,  and  of  an  annual  trihuiu  of  loriy  pounds  of 
tobacco  from  every  clirislian  male,  and  every  male  or 
female  negro  abovo  sixteen  years  of  age.     The  u[ipoinl- 

tT  »nd8  Will.  III.  cap.  3*2  ^  Id.  Tins  wa.s  the  tirKi  iiislante 
in  wtui'li  the  English  pailinmentaHSuuied  the  n^litul  modify 
Hig  tho  charter  and  altering  the  cunsiitutiun  ot  an  Ariiencaii 
province.  III  the  course  uf  the  folluwiii^  century  Una  power 
wai  exorcised  on  several  occasions,  and  very  relutiantly 
submitted  to.  The  preteii-sion  toil  lurined  one  of  the  (rruwids 
of  c|uarrel  that  proihiced  the  AJiienciiii  Kevoiution. 

I)y  another  chuise  iii  the  same  statute,  U  wm  enacted, 
*'  tiiaton  no  pretence  whatever  any  kind  of  goods  from  ihu 
Entflish  American  plantutiuns  Hhall  hereafter  be  put  on  shore 
either  in  the  kingdoms  uf  Ireland  or  Si'uiluud,  without  hemg 
first  landed  in  Eiiijland,  and  having  also  paid  tho  duties  there, 
under  the  penally  of  a  forfeiture  uf  the  ship  and  cargo." 
The  Union  in  17041  rendered  thia  restriction  void,  in  «o  far  oa 
related  lo  Scotland. 

1  Oldiuixon.  vol.  I.  p.  193.  Chalmers,  p.  348.  374.  383,  384. 
Aiiinm;  other  expressions  that  (.'oode's  mdictineiit  laid  tu  lii<t 
chariie,  under  llic  i-ount  of  blaspiicmy,  he  was  acctuieU  u( 
havim;  Kaid  "  thiil  there  wus  im  r(-iigioii  bill,  what  was  in 
Tully's  Ollices."  To  make  these  words  the  moreintetligi.-ile, 
tho  indictment  illustrated  thorn  by  this  innuendo,  "that  Uwf 
were  spoken  of  one  TuUy,  a  Roman  urMor,  meaning." 


^^^Q^JVUPMI 


NORTH    AMKHICA; 


2«5 


mont  of  the  iiiinidtera  was  vcotod  iti  ihe  governor,  anil 
lliu  iiiuiiu^'eniunl  of  imrochtal  alFaira  In  vustri*>8  rieclfd 
tiv  t)i(^  )irolt:»tiint  inli)tl)itaiitti.  I'ur  the  lieltpr  iri«lrtic- 
tinn  ot'  ilio  people,  frre'scliuols  and  pnhlK:  libraries  wero 
eataliliHlied  hy  law  in  all  tlie  |)arl^)les.  mu)  an  ample 
culk'ClHjn  uf  hooks  wah  [irc.tcnted  to  the  libraries  as  a 
coinniencemenl  of  their  literary  stock,  by  iho  I'lshop  of 
IfOndon.  Uut  nolwii^Htandiri^  all  these  oncourt^o- 
mcnls  to  Iho  cnlliva'ion  of  knuwlcd^^e,  and  the  rapid 
increase  of  her  wealth  and  pDjitilaliun,  it  wub  not  nil 
after  her  separation  from  the  parent  statu,  that  ony  coii- 
siderablo  academy  or  college  was  foniud  in  M  tryland. 
All  proleslatit  ditisentcrs  were  declared  to  lie  entitled 
to  the  full  benofil  of  the  act  of  toleration  pasi-ed  in  the 
commencement  of  William  and  Mary*s  reign  hy  the 
English  parlianienl.  Uiil  this  ^race  was  strictly  with- 
held from  the  Koiiian  cathnlies ;  and  the  proteslanls 
who  thus  enacted  luteration  to  llicniselves.  with  the 
IDOSt  impudent  injustice  and  unchristian  cruelty,  denied 
it  to  the  men  by  whoiiu  tuleralion  they  themselves  bad 
been  penmlted  to  ^'uin  an  csiablinhinent  in  the  pro- 
vince. ^>a1lCliolle<l  by  the  antbority,  and  instructed  hy 
the  example  uf  the  Uriiisb  (government,  the  legittlature 
of  Maryland  proceeded,  by  tiie  most  tyrannical  persecu- 
tion of  the  catholics,  to  fortify  and  disgrace  the  jirolest- 
ant  ascendancy.  Not  only  were  lliese  unfortunate  vic- 
tims of  a  conscience,  which  the  actions  of  their  oppo- 
nents contributed  additionally  to  mislead,  cieluded 
from  all  parlicijiation  in  pohtical  privileges,  but  tliey 
were  debarred  from  the  exercise  of  their  worship  and 
the  BdvuiitntrHs  of  education.  Uy  an  act  passed  in  the 
year  1704,  and  renewed  in  the  year  171;'),  it  was  pro- 
vided thfit  any  catholic  priest  attempting  to  convert  >i 
protcstant.  should  he  puinshcd  with  tine  and  imprison- 
ment ;  and  that  the  celebration  of  mass,  or  the  educa- 
tion of  youth  by  a  papist,  should  be  punished  hy  trans- 
portation of  t)ie  otlending  priest  or  teacher  to  Entrland, 
that  he  might  there  undergo  thu  penalties  wliicU  the 
Knglish  statutes  intlmted  on  such  actions.  Thus  in 
their  eagerness  to  deprive  others  of  their  liberty,  the 
protostaiils  of  Maryland  truly  subverted  their  own  pre- 
tensions to  independeiil  legislation.  Tliey  maintamed 
that  the  statutes  of  the  Knglisb  parliament  did  nut 
necessarily  extend  to  Maryland  ;  and  in  conformity 
with  this  supposition,  we  lind  an  act  of  assemhly  in  thu 
year  170(),  giving  to  certain  English  acts  of  parliament 
the  force  of  law  within  the  province.  Uut  it  was  mani- 
festly inconsistent  with  tins  pretended  indcpendeiiLe, 
to  declare  any  of  the  colonists  amenable  to  the  peculiar 
jurisprudence  of  England,  for  actions  committed  in  the 
province  and  nut  punisliable  there.  Though  laws  thus 
unpist  and  oppressive  were  enacted,  it  was  found  im- 
possible to  carry  them  into  rompletu  execution.  Shortly 
after  the  act  of  1704  was  passed,  the  astiembly  judged 
it  expedient  to  suspend  its  enforcement  so  far  as  tj 
admit  of  catholic  priests  performing  their  functions  in 
private  houses  ;  and  the  act  of  1714  was  suspended  in 
a  similar  maimer,  in  coiisoqucitnu  of  an  express  man- 
date to  the  assembly  from  Queen  Anne. 

Thus  were  the  catholics  of  Maryland,  under  the  pre- 
tence of  vices  which  none  realized  more  completely 
than  their  persecutor!?,  deprived  of  those  privileges, 
whicli  for  mure  than  half  a  cfntury  tliey  had  enjoyed 
With  unparralletfd  moderation.  In  addition  to  tlie 
other  odious  features  of  the  treatment  tliey  experienced, 
there  was  a  shameful  violation  of  national  fuiili  in  suf- 
fering protestant  persecution  to  follow  them  into  the 
asylum  from  its  severity  which  they  had  been  encour- 
aged 10  seek,  and  with  laborious  virtue  had  establislied. 
Sensible  of  lliis  injustice,  or  rather  perhaps  willing  to 
induce  the  cathottcs  whom  they  were  determined  not 
to  tolerate  at  home  to  expatriate  to  Maryland,  the  Uri- 
tish  guvcrnmcnt  continued  from  time  to  lime  to  set 
bounds  to  the  eiercise  of  that  colonial  bigotry  which 
its  own  example  had  excited,  and  Us  own  authority 
■till  maintaitied. 

Before  thu  overthrow  of  the  catholic  church  in 
Maryland,  Us  clergy  hud  signalized  themselves  by  some 
attempts  to  convert  the  Indians  to  the  christian  faith  ; 
but  their  endeavors  arc  represented  as  having  been 
neither  judicious  nor  successful.  PJagcr  to  prevail  on 
the  savages  to  receive  the  formalities,  before  they  were 
impressed  with  the  substance  of  christian  doctrine,  they 
aie  iiaid  to  have  administered  the  rite  of  baptism  to 
persons  who  understood  it  so  little,  that  they  con- 
sidered their  acceptance  of  it  as  a  favor  they  had  done 
to  the  missionaries  in  return  for  the  presents  they  re- 
ceived from  tiicm,  and  used  to  threaten  to  renounce 
their  baptism  unUbs  these  presents  were  repeated. 
Uut  if  the  catholics  of  Maryland  were  chargeable  with 
■  superstitious  forwardness  to  administer  this  rite,  some 
of  their  protectant  follow-colonists  evinced  a  seiuimunt 


j  tenfold   more  inexcusable,  in   their  determination  to 

,  withhold  it.     An  act  of  assembly  passed  in  the  year 

1 7 13  declared  that  many  people  refused  to  permit  their 

staves  to  be  baptized,  in  eonaeiiuenco  of  an  ap|>rehen- 

I  sion  that  bapttsut  would  entitle  them  to  their  freedom  ; 

I  and  accordingly,  to  overcome  their  reluctance,  enacted 

t  that  no  negro  receiving  the  holy  sacrament  of  ba^nism, 

should  derive  therefrom  any  right  or  claim  to  be  made 

free.     It  was  the  peculiar  unliappines-*  of  the  lot  of  the 

MarylanrI  protcstants,  that  it  surrounded  them  at  once 

with  catholics,  whom  they  were  incited  to  persecute, 

and  with  slaves  whom  they  were  enabled  to  oppress  : 

and  it  was  not  till  some  time  after  the  Uevoluiion  of 

1688,  that  they  began  to  show  more  genuine  fruits  o( 

the  tenets  they  prufcssed,  than  the  persecution  of  those 

who  ditfered  from  them  in  religious  opinion. 

At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  popula- 
tion of  Maryland  amounted  to  thirty  thousand  persons  ; 
and  whetlier  from  superiority  of  soil  or  industry,  or 
from  the  absence  of  laws  restrictive  of  eiiltivaiion,  this 
province  is  said  to  have  exported  ai  least  as  much  to- 
bacco as  the  older  and  more  populous  province  of  Vir- 
ginia. At  a  later  period,  a  law  was  passed,  prohibiting 
tiie  cultivation  on  any  eatate  of  a  greater  (piaiUity  than 
six  thousand  plants  of  tobacco  for  t;very  taxable  indi- 
vidunl  upon  the  estate.  Maryland  was  the  tirst  of  the 
provinces  in  which  the  right  of  private  property  was 
from  the  beginning  recognised  in  ils  fullest  extent ; 
and  coininumly  of  possessions  bad  never  even  a  tempo- 
rary establishment.  This  peculiarity,  it  is  probable, 
contributed  to  promote  the  peculiar  industry  by  which 
this  people  liave  been  distinguished.  In  the  year 
IfiOl),  Annapolis  was  substituted  for  St.  Mary's  as  the 
capital  of  tlie  province  :  but  the  same  cau.ses  that  pre- 
vented the  growlli  of  towns  in  Virginia,  also  repres-scd 
them  in  Marybiiid.  There  were  few  merebiinls  or 
shopkeepeis  who  were  not  also  planters;  and  it  was 
the  custom  for  every  man  to  maintain  on  his  plantaliun 
a  store  for  supplying  the  usual  accommodations  of  shops 
to  bis  family,  servants,  and  slaves.  Living  dispersed 
over  the  province,  and  remote  from  each  other,  tlie 
elFecis  of  their  comparative  solitude  are  said  to  have 
been  visible  in  the  eonnleuancc,  manners,  and  apjiarel 
of  the  great  body  of  the  [ilaiuers  ;  their  aspect  e.xpresa- 
iiig  le-'is  cheerfulness,  their  demeanor  less  vivacity,  their 
dress  less  aitenlmn  to  neatness,  and  their  whole  exte- 
rior less  nrbanit}/,  than  were  found  in  those  colonies 
where  cities  engendered  and  diUused  the  elegant  virtue 
to  which  they  have  given  a  name.  Uut  even  lluse  who 
have  reproached  them  witli  this  defect  have  not  failed 
to  recognize  a  more  respectable  characteristic  of  their 
situation,  in  that  hospitality  by  which  they  were  uni- 
versally distinguished.*  At  a  later  period,  the  towns 
of  Maryland  seemed  to  acquire  a  sudden  principle  of 
increase  ;  and  Ualtimore,  in  particular,  has  grown  with 
a  rapiditv  unexampled  even  in  the  United  States.  In 
none  of  the  provinces,  have  the  efl'ects  of  a  wise  or 
illiberal  fysiein  of  governnient  been  more  plainly  appa- 
rent than  in  Maryland.  For  nearly  a  century  after  the 
Urilish  Uevoluiion,  ditference  in  religious  opinion  was 
made  the  source  of  animosity  and  oppression  ;  and 
during  all  tliat  period  not  one  consnlerable  seminary  of 
learning  arose  in  the  province.  Wilhm  a  few  years 
after  the  return  of  equal  laws  and  universal  toleration, 
with  i\w  establishment  of  American  independence,  the 
varieties  of  doctrinal  opinion  among  the  people  served 
but  to  illustrate  religious  chanty  ;  numerous  coltoges 
and  academies  were  founded  ;  and  the  same  jieople 
among  whom  persecution  had  lingered  longest,  became 
distinguished  for  a  remarkable  degree  of  courteous 
kindness  and  generous  compassion. 

Duringthe  suspension  of  the  proj)rietary  government, 
the  legislature  of  the  province  consisted  of  three 
branches ;  alter  its  revival,  of  four :  the  proprietary, 
the  governor,  the  council,  and  the  burgesses.  The 
proprietary,  besides  a  large  domain  cultivated  hy  him- 
self, enjoyed  a  quit  rent  of  two  shilling.^  Altrling  yearly 
for  every  hundred  acres  of  approprialcd  land.  This 
was  increased  at  an  after  period  to  four  shillings  in 
some  disincts  ;  and  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made 
to  raise  it  as  high  as  ten  shillings.  The  proprietaries 
had  received  hut  too  little  encouragement  to  rely  on 
the  stability  of  that  gratitude  which  had  been  acquired 
by  their  original  moderation.  The  salaries  of  the  go- 
vernor and  deputy-governor  consisted  of  olHeial  fees, 
and  a  tax  on  exported  tobacco,  enacted  to  them  suc- 
cessively on   their  appointment   to  ollice,  and  propor- 


*  Wiiilerl-othanrs  Vmcrira,  vol.  iii.  p.  42.  "  That  pride 
whicli  uruws  on  slavery,  and  is  habitual  to  those  wiio  froin 
their  iiifimcy  are  latitjhl  to  b;;litivo  and  I'uei  their  .superiority, 
is  a  visUile  characteristic  of  the  iiitiobilants  of  Maryland." 
ibid. 


tinned  to  their  popularity.  The  council  consisted  of 
twelve  persons,  appointed  bv  the  proprietary,  and  dur- 
ing the  alH'vance  of  his  political  rights,  by  the  royal 
governor  ;  each  of  whom  received,  during  the  session 
of  thu  assembly,  an  allowance  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty  ]>ounds  of  tobacco  dailv  from  the  province.  The 
bouse  of  representatives  or  burgesses  consisted  of  four 
members  from  cnrh  of  the  courUies,  and  two  from  tho 
capital  ;  the  daily  allowance  to  each  o(  them  being  one 
hundred  and  sixty  pounds  of  tobacco.  From  the  de- 
cisions of  the  provincial  courts,  in  all  cases  involving 
property  to  the  amount  of  three  hundred  pounds,  an 
appeal  was  admitted  to  the  king  in  council.  The  of- 
fice of  the  select  men  in  New  England  was  performed 
in  .Maryland  by  the  parochial  vestries,  which  engrossed 
the  management  of  all  the  public  affairs  of  their  dia- 
tricts,  and  soon  underweiU  a  remarkable  alwtoment  ot 
tho  popular  form  of  their  oriuinal  constitution ;  fol 
thoM<rh  at  ur-*t  elected  by  the  inh*ibiiants,  thry  held  their 
olfice  for  I'fe,  and  very  early  assumed  the  privilege  of 
supplying  vacancies  in  their  own  number  by  the  election 
of  the  survivors.  In  the  year  17(11,  it  was  provided  by 
>*  An  act  for  the  advancement  of  the  natives  and  resi- 
dents of  this  province,"  that  no  ottice  of  trust,  except 
those  that  were  conferred  byiinmediate  commission 
from  the  crown,  couhl  be  held  by  any  person  who  had 
not  previously  resided  three  years  in  the  colony." 

The  situation  of  slaves  and  of  indented  servants  ap- 
pears to  have  been  very  much  the  same  in  Maryland  as 
in  Virginia.  Any  wliitc  woman,  whether  a  servant  or 
free,  liecoming  pregnant  from  the  embrace  of  a  negro, 
whether  a  slave  or  free,  was  punished  with  a  servitude 
of  seven  years  ;  and  the  children  of  *' such  unnatural 
and  inordinate  connexions,"  were  doomed  to  servitude 
till  they  sbuuhl  attain  the  age  of  thirty-one.  A  whitu 
man  beguiling  a  eliild  by  a  negre^s,  ^as  sut>jected  to 
the  same  penally  as  a  white  woman  committing  the 
corresponding  otfeiice.  An  indented  servant,  at  tho 
expiration  of  his  servitude,  was  entitled  to  demand  a 
liberal  allowance  of  various  useful  commodities  from 
his  m-ister,  some  of  which  he  was  prohibited,  under  a 
penalty,  from  selling  for  twelve  months  after  his  libera- 
tion. A  lax  was  imposed  on  the  importation  of  ser- 
vants from  Ireland,  "  to  prevent  the  importing  too  great 
a  niimber  of  Irish  papists  into  this  province." 

To  prevent  the  eva.sion  of  provincial  dtbts  or  other 
obligations  by  tlight  to  England,  or  to  the  other  Ame- 
rican states,  all  persons  preparing  to  leave  the  colon/ 
were  required  to  give  public  intimation  of  their  depart 
turu.  and  obtain  a  formal  passport  from  the  municipal 
authorities.  An  act  was  passed  tn  ttie  year  16*J8,  in- 
vesting a  large  tract  of  land  in  Dorchester  county,  in 
two  Indian  kings,  who,  with  their  subjects,  were  to  hold 
it  as  a  hef  from  the  proprietary,  and  to  pay  for  it  a 
yearly  rent  of  one  bear  skin.  In  common  with  tho 
other  colonies,  Maryland  was  much  infested  by  wolves  ; 
and  so  late  as  the  year  1715,  a  former  act  was  renewed, 
otrcrmi;  "/Ar  sum  of  three  hundred  pounds  of  toliacco" 
as  a  reward  for  every  wo!l^s  head  that  should  bo 
brought  by  any  colonist  or  Indian  to  a  justice  of  the 
peace.  \n  act  proposing  a  similar  recompense  had 
been  passed  in  Virginia  ;  hut  it  was  repealed  in  tho 
year  166G.  __^.^ 

BOOK    IV. 

NORTH  AND  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

CHAPTEIl    I. 

Karly  Attempts  of  the  Spaniards  and  tho  Frniich  to  colonize 
till.-*  terrilory— Kirst  Cluirler  of  i;.iniliiia  ^-ranted  liy  (>harled 
ttie  Second  to  Lord  Clarendon  and  others— Furinalion  of 
Allicniario  SelileintMU  in  North  Carolina— SeUlunient  of 
Adilej*  River  in  South  Carolina— Second  Charter  of  the 
wliolc  United  Frovince— l*ioceedlnjj!t  at  All>emarte— The 
Propriolanca  enact  the  fundamental  Constitutions  of  (Caro- 
lina—li^xpediiion  of  Krnigrants  to  Soutli  Ciirolina— John 
Locke  created  a  LaiidKriuo— Hostilities  with  the  Spaniards 
in  Fhiridn.  and  wiih  llic  Indinns— Disputes  between  the 
I'ropriutaries  and  ilie  Colonists — t'nlpeppor's  Insurrection 
in  Norlh  (;an»lina— Heis  tried  in  Enifland,  and  aciinilted— 
Di^i'ortl  Hinon^'  the  colunists-dolltors  tyrannical  administra- 
tion—Ho  13  deposed. 

Wk  have  seen  New  England  colonized  hy  puritans 
exiled  by  royal  and  episcopal  tyranny  ;  Virginia  replen- 
ished hy  cavalier  and  episcopal  fugitives  from  republican 
triumph  and  puritan  ascendancy  ;  and  Maryland  founded 
by  catholics  retiring  from  protcstant  intolerance.  By 
a  singular  coincidence,  the  settlement  whoso  history 
we  now  proceed  to  examine,  originally  seemed  to  have 
been  destined  to  complete  this  series  of  revolutionary 
persecution  :  and  if  the  first  colonists  who  were  planted 
m  it  had  been  able  to  maintain  their  establishment, 
Carolina  would  tiave  been  peopled  by  Hugonots  flying 
from  catholic  bigotry.* 

■  At  a  laterperiod  we  havo  seen  tho  descendaiUi  of  oneol 


280 


THE    HISTORV    OF 


TliiN  Krntiirv  lias  licon  llio  Biibject  of  a  vArioiy  o( 
pretotitirtiN,  iiitit  Jislinsuiiiho<.l  at  siiccosMvo  periods  liy 
t  vdriclv  uf  tiaiiu>8.  Tno  cluirn  of  li^ntfUiid  to  the  firat 
diacovory  of  ii  wdr  iliHpiitcd  hy  the  Spaniard^  who 
maiiiuinud  ihit  Culiot  novor  proceeded  ro  far  to  tho 
■oiiih,  rnd  thnt  it  had  heen  yot  unvisilcd  by  any  K'l- 
ro|)can,  when  Ponce  de  Leon,  iho  Spanish  governor  of 
Porto  Uic3,  arrived  on  its  shores,  [15L3J,  as  ho  was 
aaihnf?  in  quest  of  a  land  which  was  reported  to  contain 
ft  fountain  endowed  with  the  miraculous  power  of  re- 
utorinif  tho  bloom  and  vi^or  of  youth  to  ago  and  decrc' 
pitude.  Uidicving  that  lie  had  now  attained  tho  favored 
region,  he  hastoned  to  take  posseniiion,  in  his  aove- 
nign*#  name,  of  so  rare  and  vahiahte  an  acquisition.  Ho 
bestowed  on  it  the  name  of  Florida,  cither  on  account 
of  the  vernal  beauty  that  adorned  its  surface,  or  be- 
canso  he  discovered  it  on  the  Sunday  before  Easter, 
which  tho  Spaniards  call  Pasqua  do  Flores  ;  but  though 
ho  chilled  hn  aged  frame  by  bathing  in  every  stream  or 
fountain  that  he  could  find,  ho  had  tho  mortification  of 
rtfturning  an  older  instead  of  a  younger  man  to  Porto 
Hico.  A  few  years  afterwards,  another  Spanish  ofli* 
cer,  who  was  sent  to  make  a  inoro  rninuto  inspection 
of  the  territory  supposed  to  have  been  thtis  newly  dis* 
covered,  performed  an  exploit  but  too  congenial  with 
the  cotemporary  achievements  of  his  countrymen,  in 
kidnsppini;  a  considerable  body  of  the  natives,  whom 
ho  carried  away  into  hoiidairo.  Some  researches  for 
gold  and  silver,  undertaken  shortly  after  by  succeed- 
ing adventurers  of  tho  same  nation,  having  terminated 
unsuccessfully,  tho  Spaniards  appeared  to  havo  re- 
nounct^d  tho  intention  of  any  immediate  settlement  in 
this  region,  and  left  it  to  repose  under  the  shadow  of 
the  name  they  had  bestowed,  and  to  remember  its  titu- 
lar owners  by  ihcir  cupidity  and  injuslicc.  Tho  whole 
of  this  coast  wn^  subsequently  explored  [1333 — 1525] 
with  consideralile  accuracy  by  Verizzan,  an  Italian  na- 
vigator, in  the  service  of  the  French,  and  whom  Francis 
iho  First*  had  commissioned  to  attempt  the  discovery 
of  new  territories  in  America  for  llie  bonetit  of  tho 
crown.  But  the  colonial  designs  of  tho  French  go- 
Ternmcnt  were  suspended  durnii;  the  remainder  of  this 
reign,  by  th^  favorite  gumi!  of  kmgs  whicli  was  jdayed 
with  such  cajTrr  and  obstinate  riviilry  between  Francis 
and  the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fifth  t  During  succeed- 
ing reigns,  thev  were  impeded  by  still  more  fatal  ol>- 
Btructioiis  ;  and  all  the  advantages  that  Franco  might 
have  derived  from  the  territory  explored  by  Verazzan 
and  neglected  bv  the  Spaniards,  was  |}Ostponed  lo  the 
induli^eiicc  of  royal  and  papal  bigotry  in  a  war  of  exter- 
mination against  the  1  lugunols.  The  advantages,  how- 
ever, thus  neglected  by  the  French  court,  were  not 
overlooked  bv  ihe  objects  of  its  persecution ;  and  at 
leiiijth  the  doterinin.ilioti  of  appropriating  a  part  of  this 
territory  as  a  retreat  fi<r  the  French  proicstanl-s.  was 
embraced  by  one  of  their  loador!^,  tlic  Admiral  Coligni. 
Tvi'o  vcsiels  which  he  equipped  lor  this  purpose  were 
accordingly  dcitpatchLMt  with  a  body  of  protectant  emi- 
grants 10  America,  who  lauded  at  the  mouth  of  Albe- 
marle river,  and  in  honor  of  their  sovereign  (Charles 
the  Ninth),  gave  the  country  the  name  of  Carolina  ;  a 
name  which,  by  a  singular  coincidence,  tho  Kiiglish, 
after  obliterating,  were  destined  to  revive.  Though 
those  colonists  had  only  to  announce  tliem<ielves  as 
strangers  to  the  faith  and  the  name  oi  the  Spaniards,  in 
order  to  secure  the  most  friendly  reception  from  the 
Indians,  they  sutrered  so  maiw  privations  in  their  new 
•ottlement,  from  the  inability  of  tho  admiril  to  furnish 
them  with  adequate  supplies,  that,  after  a  shor'.  resi- 
dence in  America,  they  were  compelled  to  return  lo 
France.  A  treacherous  pacification  having  been  ef- 
fected, meanwhile,  between  tho  French  court  ami  the 


ttie  most  itustrinus  people  or  antiquity  seeking  a  refuse  in  I 
America  from  Turkish  oiipreiision.  Iti  the  latter  part  ui  ttie  I 
eighteenth  century,  Sir  VVilliain  Duncan,  an  eniincnl  English 

f)hyti«"ian,  conceived  the  project  of  founUing  a  Giecian  culuny 
n  North  Arnericn,  and  actually  transportecf,  far  tliis  purpose,  [ 
f«evcral  huniired  UrcokatoEa.it  Florida.    Gait's  Letters  from 
tho  Levant,  p.  318. 

*  Tlie  kings  of  Spam  and  Portugal  remonstrated  against 
the  projects  of  Francis  as  a  direct  impucrnation  of  ecclesi- 
astical authority.  To  this  rcmonstrancH  the  monarch  is  said  : 
lo  have  pleasantly  replied,  "  I  stiould  be  glad  to  see  the 
cliuse  In  Adam's  will,  which  makes  that  continent  their  ex- 
clusive inheritance."    Haynal. 

t  A  siitjht  demonstration  was  made  by  Francis  in  tho  year  ; 
I  MO  of  an  intention  to  colonize  a  different  quarter  of  Ame-  • 
rica,  by  the  letters  patent  which  he  then  granted  to  Jac(|U0s 
Quarlier  fj  -  the  establishment  of  a  colony  in  Canada.     But 
the  French  made  no  pcrmament  settlement  even  there  till 
tho  reign  o     Henry  tho  Fourth.    Escarbot's  Hist,  of   New 
France,  p.   307.    Champlain's  Voyage,  part  i.    In  tlie  com- 
mission to  (juarticr,  tho  territory  is  described  as  '*  possessed 
by  savages,  livmg  without  the  knowludu'u  of  God  or  Mio  use 
of  reason."    Yet  Pope  Paul  (he  Third  had  previously  by  a 
Bull  declared  tho  American  Indians  to  be  rational  creatures,  ; 
possesiiiii}  tlie  naturti,  and  entitled  to  the  rights  uf  men  | 


protestants,  Coligni  ompluyed  iho  interval  of  repose, 
and  the  unwonted  favor  that  ho  seemingly  enjoyed  with 
the  king,  in  provnling  a  refuge  fur  his  p^rty  Irorn  that 
tempest,  which,  though  unhappdy  for  hunstdf,  he  diil 
not  clearly  foresee,  his  oxperionco  and  sagacity  yd  in- 
duccd  him  to  anlicipato.  Three  ships,  equipped  by 
the  king,  and  carrying  oiit  jnother  (jctuclimfnt  of 
Itugunotfl,  [1504]  were  again  despatched  to  Carolina, 
and  followed  soon  after  by  a  more  numerous  licet  with 
additional  settlers,  and  an  ample  supply  of  arms  and 
provisions.  The  assistance  which  the  king  of  France 
thus  vouchsafed  to  tho  Huj^mnots,  riinmds  us  of  the 
similar  policy  by  which  (/harles  tho  First  promoted,  in 
tho  following  century,  tho  departure  of  the  puritans 
from  England.  Tho  French  monarch  was  a  little 
more  liberal  than  the  English,  in  tho  aid  which  he 
granted ;  but  ho  was  intimtely  more  perfidious  and 
cruel  in  the  designs  which  he  truly  entertained,  lie- 
friended  by  tho  Indians,  and  vigorously  applying 
themselves  to  the  cultivation  of  their  territory,  the 
colonists  had  begun  to  enjoy  tho  prospect  of  a  per- 
manent and  happy  ostablishment  in  Carolina,  when  they 
were  suddenly  attacked  by  a  forco  despatched  against 
them  by  the  king  of  Spain.  The  commander  of  the 
Spanish  troops  having  first  induced  them  to  surrender 
as  Fronchtnen,  put  them  all  to  tho  sword  as  heretics  ; 
announcing  by  a  placard,  erected  at  Iho  place  of  execu- 
tion, that  this  butchery  "was  not  indicted  on  them  as 
subjects  of  Franco  but  as  followers  of  Luther."  Nearly 
a  thousand  French  protestants  were  involved  in  this 
massacre  ;  and  only  one  soldier  escaped  to  carry  tidings 
to  France,  which  charity  does  not  oblige  us  to  believe 
communicated  any  surprise  to  the  projectors  of  the 
league  of  liayonne  and  tho  massacre  of  St.  Uarlliolo- 
mew.  Though  tho  colony  had  been  planted  with  the 
approbation  of  tho  French  court,  and  peace  subsisted  at 
the  lime  between  Franco  and  Spur.i,  t!i'!  assault  and 
extirpation  of  the  coto:iists  produced  no  liemunstratioii 
of  resentment  from  the  French  government,  and  would 
have  been  totally  unavenged  in  this  world,  if  Ue  Cior- 
gues.  a  French  nobleman,  incensed  by  such  wicked- 
ness, had  not  determined  to  vindicate  the  cau.se  of  jus- 
tice and  the  honor  of  his  country.  [1567  J  lliivmir 
fitted  out  tliree  ships  at  his  own  expense,  he  sctsiit  lor 
Carolina,  where  tho  Sjianiards,  m  carelus.s  socuriiy, 
possessed  the  fort  and  setUerneiit  which  ihcv  had  ac- 
quired by  the  murder  of  liis  countrymen.  He  easdv 
obtained  the  zealous  co-operation  of  tho  Indians,  and 
with  their  assi»tanee  overpowered  and  slew  all  the 
Spaniards  who  resisted  his  enterprise,  and  hanged  all 
whom  he  made  prisoners  on  the  nearest  trues  ;  erect- 
ing, in  his  turn,  a  placard  which  announced,  tliat  this 
execution  "  was  not  inflicted  on  them  as  Spaniards  but 
as  murderots  and  robbers."  ILivmg  thus  accomplished 
his  purposed  vengeance,  he  returned  to  Franco  ;  tirst 
destroying  every  trace  of  the  settlement  whicli  neither 
Frenchmen  nor  Spaniards  were  destined  ever  again  to 
occupy.*  Ketigious  disputes  excited  a  much  greater 
degree  of  mutual  hiUred  and  of  public  confusion  in 
France  tlian  in  England,  and  were  proportionally  un- 
favorable to  French  colonization.  Canada,  which  was 
the  lirst  permanent  occupation  of  the  French  in  Ame- 
rica, was  not  colonized  till  six  years  after  Henry  tltc 
Fourth  iiaci  issued  the  celebrated  edict  of  Nantes. 

About  eighteen  years  after  Ihe  expulsion  of  the 
French  colony  of  Coligni,  there  was.  settled  m  tho  isle 
of  Roanoak,  in  the  same  territory,  the  lirst  plantation 
eireeted  oy  Kaleigh,  of  whose  enterprises  I  have  given 
an  account  in  tho  history  of  Virginia.  There  was  an 
analogy  between  the  fortunes  of  their  colonial  settle- 
ments, as  well  as  between  tho  personal  destinies  of  Co- 
ligni and  Raleigh  ;  and  transient  as  it  proved,  it  was 
still  the  most  lasting  trace  of  his  exertions  witnessed  by 
Raleigh,  that  the  name  ofthecountry  was  changed  by  the 
English  fiom  Carolina  to  Virginia — a  nnino  uf  which  wo 
have  already  traced  the  final  application  and  peculiar  his- 
tory, t     Even  the  subsequent  colonial  elforts  of  England 

*  L'Escarbol's  Hist,  of  New  Franco,  225.  401.  Oldmlzon, 
1.  327—329.  Howit's  Account  of  South  Curolina  and  Georgia, 
i.  18—20,  Williamson's  History  of  North  Carolina,  cap.  i. 
The  French,  iiowever,  retained  their  pretensions  to  the 
country.  D'Aubigny,  the  father  of  Madame  Maintenon, 
having  formed  the  purpose  of  establishing  hiinsolf  in  Caro- 
lina, found  he  had  incurred  the  serious  di.splcasure  of  the 
French  court  for  having  solicited  a  grant  from  the  Engli<$h 
government.  Voltairo'si  Ai^e  of  Louis  the  Fourteenth,  cap. 
Stt.  Voltaire  is  inistaken  in  supposing  that  tho  future  queen 
of  France  received  her  early  oduratmn  in  Carotina,  where  as 
yet  there  were  none  but  savage  inhabitants.  It  was  to  Mar- 
tinique that  her  father  actually  removed  himself  and  his 
family,  and  whence,  at  tho  ago  of  twelve  years,  this  extra- 
ordinary woman  returned  to  become  the  queen  of  a  country 
where  iho  had  been  born  in  a  prison.  NIeinoiros  ct  Lettrcs 
de  M.imtenon,  vol.  1.    Vie  do  M.  Maintenon,  13. 

t  Tliii  dunuiniiiation  which  ha   hod  bestowed  in  honor  of 


did  not  extend  to  this  terrilory,  till  Iho  year  1433,  wl.un 
several  English  fuinilu'Ft.  tlyin^froin  tlie  mas«acro8  0i  the 
Indians  m  Virginia  ami  New  Kngtund,  sought  refuge 
vviihm  Its  liinilM,  and  are  s.iul  (o  have  acted  the  noble 
part  of  chriHiiaii  nnHHiunnriert,  with  such  success,  tliat 
one  of  the  Indian  princes  vv.is  converted  from  idolatry  to 
liie  gospel.  Tliey  sulfered  extreme  hardithip  from 
scarcity  of  provisions,  and  were  |>resurvetl  from  iierish- 
ing  by  the  generous  coiitrihutiun  tliey  received  from 
the  goveriiinent  of  M.issitchusetts.  whone  asMintance 
ihtw  iiud  implored.  .Vii  ntu*iupi  was  nia<le  to  assume 
a  jiirLsdiclion  over  them  bv  Sir  Rulieri  lleaih,  attorney. 
general  to  Charles  '.he  Firnt,  who  obtained  from  hiii 
master  a  patent  uf  the  whole  of  this  region  by  the  name 
of  Varolana.  Dut  as  he  made  no  altemjit  to  execute 
the  powers  conferred  on  him,  ihe  patent  was  after- 
wards  declared  to  havo  become  vuid,  because  Iho  con- 
ditions on  which  It  had  been  granted  had  not  been  ful- 
filled *  Much  collision  and  dispute  between  claimants 
and  occupiers  uf  colonial  territory  would  have  been 
prevented,  if  the  principle  of  this  adjudication  had  been 
more  generally  e.\lended,  and  more  steadily  applied. 

The  country  which  so  many  unsuccessf'ul  attempts 
had  been  made  to  colonize,  was  indebted  for  ils  final 
settlement  to  a  project  formed  by  certain  courtiers  of 
Charles  tho  Second  for  iheir  own  enrichment,  but 
which  they  were  pleased  to  ascribe  to  a  generous  desire 
of  propagating  the  blessings  of  religion  and  civility  in  a 
barbarous  land.  An  applic.ilion,  couched  in  thofo  terms, 
having  been  presented  to  the  king  by  eight  of  the  most 
eminent  persons,  whose  fidelity  he  had  experienced  in 
his  exile,  or  whose  treachery  had  contributed  to  his 
restoration,!  easily  procured  for  them  a  grant  of  that 
extensive  region,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  be- 
tween the  thirty-sixth  degree  of  North  latitude  and  the 
river  Saint  .Matheo.  [lfi6:)J  This  territory  was  accord- 
ingly erected  inio  a  province,  by  the  name  of  Carolina, 
and  conferred  on  tlio  Lord  Chunceller  Clarendon, 
.Monk  Duke  of  Albemarle,  Lord  (Jraven,  Lord  Rerke- 
Icy,  Lord  Ashley  (afterwards  Earl  of  Shaftesburv),  Sir 
George  Carteret,  Sir  John  Colleton,  and  Sir  \Vitliain 
Berkeley,  the  governor  of  Virginia  ;  "  who  (as  the 
charter  set  forth),  being  excited  with  a  laudable  and 
pious  zeal  for  the  jtropagation  of  the  gor<pel,  beggttd  a 
certain  country  in  the  parts  of  America  not  yet  culti- 
vated and  planted,  and  only  inhibited  by  some  barba- 
rous people  who  had  no  knowledge  of  God."  Ttio 
terrilory  was  bestowed  on  these  personages,  and  their 
heirs  and  assigns,  as  absolute  lord  proprietaries  for 
ever,  saving  the  sovereign  allegiance  due  to  the  crown  ; 
and  they  were  invested  with  as  ample  rights  and  juris- 
dictions within  llieir  American  palatinate,  a»any  bishop 
of  Durham  enjoyed  within  his  diocese.  Tins  charter, 
doubtless,  composed  by  ihi^  parlies  themselves  who 
received  it,  seems  to  havo  been  copied  from  tiie  [irior 
hirter  uf  .Maryland,  the  most  liberal  in  the  coinmuni- 
caiion  of  privileges  and  powers  that  had  ever  yet  been 
granted. 

A  meeting  of  such  of  the  proprietaries  06  were  in 
England  having  been  held  soon  after,  for  the  purpose 
of  concerting  measures  for  carrvi.ig  the  purposes  of 
their  charter  into  effect,  a  joint  stock  wus  formed  by 
general  contribution  for  transporting  emigrants,  and  de- 
fraying other  necessary  expenses.  At  the  desire  of  tho 
New  England  settlers,  who  already  inhabited  the  pro- 
vince, and  had  stationed  themselves  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cape   Fear,  lliey  publi.tlied,  at  the  same  time,  a  docu- 

himsclf  on  a  projected  (own  (see  nntc,  I)  [.  cap.  1.)  wai  re- 
vived and  bestowed  upon  an  actual  city,  more  Itian  two 
hundred  yearn  after;  wlien,  by  an  ordinance  of  the  legislature 
of  North  ('aroliria,  the  name  of  Ualeigh  wis  given  to  iho 
seat  of  government  of  this  province. 

»  Coxe's  Description  of  Caroluna,  Append.  11)9—112.  Hut 
chinson's  Mist,  of  Mansachusetts,  i.  220.  Oidriiixnn,  i.  :i'J'J 
Chalmers,  515.  Ileiith  had  previously  sold  his  patent  to  the 
Earl  of  Arundel  and  Surrey,  who  is  ttr.id  to  have  made  ex 
IMiisive  preparations  for  founding  a  colony,  l)Ut  was  diverted 
from  hii  desifjii  by  a  domestic  calamity.  Daniel  Cuxe,  a  phy- 
sician In  London,  who,  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  hecamo  an  extensive  purchaser  of  proprietary  riijhia 
in  Nortli  America,  contrived,  ainoiiir  oilier  ac^uisiiion-s,  to  oU 
tain  an  a.H>ignalion  to  Sir  Itobert  Heiitli's  patent ;  and  main 
tamed,  witli  the  approbation  of  King  Wtlliam's  ministers, 
that  this  patent  was  still  a  valid  and  subsisting  title,  in  so  fur 
as  it  embraced  territory  occupied  by  the  Spaniards,  and  not 
included  in  any  po.ttcrior  Englisli  patent.  Ili.-t  sun  (the  atithor 
of  tho  Description)  resumed  his  father's  claims,  and  mado 
various  unsuccessful  attempts  to  colonize  the  territory  which 
he  persisted  in  denominating  Carolana.  Coxe,  Pteface,  p. 
30,  and  Append,  p.  113—131. 

t  The  I  wo  perioiia  to  whom  this  least  reputable  claim  of 
merit  chielly  bcloni^cd  were  Shaftesbury  and  Monk.  It 
proved  more  available  to  them  than  the  more  lionorable  ser- 
vices of  tho  others.  Nf  ucli  more  than  his  due  share  of  It  has 
been  ascribed  to  Monk,  whoso  great  service  was  not  that  ho 
contributed  signally  to  efTect  tho  Restoration  (which,  In  truth, 
he  withstood  as  iong  as  tie  could,)  hut  that,  by  liis  artiAces, 
tlie  Restoration  was  utfectod  without  the  constitutional  pre- 
caution of  imposing  conditions  on  Lie  king. 


KM 


NORTH   AMEHICA. 


887 


merit  nmlor  tho  title  of  "  Prop(i«;iU  lo  all  ihnt  will 
rUnt  m  OarolitiJi."  Tlipy  prociinm')!  lli.u  all  [nTftotiH 
(eulin:^  nn  Cliirlca  riviT  id  the  Houihw.inl  of  ('.i[m 
Fi'^r,  and  ron-tf^iiMnij  to  (nko  tlio  o.iih  ol'  iillri^iancH  lo 
Ji«  kiiiij.  and  ti;  rrco^niso  tho  |)ro|irn)iiiry  ifovcnuiu'nt, 
should  tin  entitled  to  conlinuc  tho  oociijiation  thuy  hid 
Msumed,  mid  to  fortify  thmr  iielllcineiit ;  tiinl  thn  Hot- 
Iters  should  present  to  the  propriclarii-M  u  list  of  ihir- 
Uen  persons,  in  order  that  tliny  mi<rht  miliTt  fro'ii 
ihein  a  ffovpfiior  ntid  counril  of  itix,  to  lio  nppointrd  for 
three  years ;  thai  an  assembly,  composed  of  thn  go- 
vernor, coimcil,  and  delegates  of  the  frcuineii,  should 
be  raited  as  soon  as  thn  circiimitlancos  of  the  colony 
would  allow,  with  power  to  make  laws  which  rthoiild  he 
neither  contrnry  to  tho  laws  of  I'jJi^land.  nor  of  any  va- 
lidity after  the  piihlicaiion  of  the  disnent  of  the  proprie- 
taries ;  that  .very  person  should  unjov  thu  most  per- 
fect freedom  in  relij^ion  ;  that  durinij  tivn  yrars  every 
froemin  should  bo  allowed  an  hundred  acrei  of  land 
for  himself  aiid  fifty  for  a  scrvani.  pivin-;  only  an  hill'- 
penny  for  every  acre  ;  and  that  the  Muie  IVeedom  from 
rnstoiU!*  which  had  been  conferred  by  the  royal  cliarter 
flhoiitd  be  extended  to  all  cla^ncw  of  (lie  inhihitantH. 
Such  were  tiio  onijinal  conditions  on  winch  Carolim 
was  planted  ;  and  surely  it  must  strike  every  rolleclinij 
mind  with  surprise,  to  behold  a  rei»ular  system  of  civil 
and  reliirious  freedom  thus  oiiaeted  as  the  basis  of  the 
colonial  institutions  by  the  same  statesmen,  who,  in 
the  parent  counlrv.  had  framed  the  mtolerant  act  of 
uniformity,  and  were  cnforcini;  it  with  tho  most  re- 
lentless severity.  While  they  Hileticeii  sneh  leachern 
88  John  Owen,  and  filled  the  prisons  of  Ku'^land  with 
Buch  victims  ns  Uaxtcr,  Bunyan,  and  Alleine,  ihiw 
otfered  freedom  and  encourai»emcnt  lo  every  variety  of 
opinion  in  (^aroliiu;  thus  forcibly  impeaching  the  wis- 
dom and  (jood  faith  of  their  <lomt!Htic  admiiU'*tr.uion  by 
the  avowil  which  their  colonial  policy  manifestly  im- 
plies, that  diversities  of  opinion  and  worship  may 
peaceably  co-exist  in  the  same  society,  and  that  implicit 
toleration  is  the  sure:<t  politiciil  means  of  makini^  a 
cominonweallh  rtourish.  and  a  country  appear  desirable 
to  its  inh.ibit.mt*'.  Ft  is  humiliatnif^'  lo  olnnrve  a  nvin 
like  liOrd  ('larendon  realize,  in  cinformily  with  his 
privite  inlerest,  the  truth  which  his  larLfc  experience 
and  powerful  uiideratandini;  were  insntR'uent  lo  imlnce 
him,  as  an  Kni^lish  st:ite:iman,  to  etnbraco. 

Besides  tho  settlers  from  New  Knirland  wlio  were 
seated  at  Cape  Kear,  thrro  was  anolhnr  sm  ill  body  of 
inhabitants  already  established  in  a  liiirercnt  quarter  of 
the  proprietary  domains.  In  the  history  of  Viri,nnia, 
we  have  seen  tint,  as  early  as  the  year  lOOD  Captain 
Smith  judijed  it  expedient,  for  political  reasons,  lo  re- 
move a  portion  of  tho  Viri^inian  colonist.=»  to  a  distance 
from  the  main  body  at  James  Town.  With  this  viuw 
he  despatched  a  small  party  to  form  a  plantuiou  at 
Nansemond.  the  most  southern  scitleuient  of  Viri^inia. 
where,  notwithslandini;  tho  formidable  olistructions 
thev  encounieicd  from  the  hostility  of  the  natives,  they 
succeeded  in  miintainint*  and  exiendini^Mheir  eslibbsh- 
ment.  As  the  Indiana  receded  from  the  vicinity  of  the-^e 
intruders,  the  planters  naturally  followed  their  tracks,  ex- 
tending their  plantations  into  tho  bosom  of  the  wilderness 
and  as  their  numbers  increased,  and  the  most  ehjrihle 
situations  were  occupied,  they  traversed  the  fore.>ts  in 
q:icst  of  others,  till  thev  reached  tho  streams,  which, 
instead  of  dischar!»ini;  their  waters  into  the  Ohe.«peake. 
pursued  a  south-eastern  course,  and  (lowed  into  the 
ocean.  Their  numbers  arc  saiJ  to  have  been  aun|. 
mented.  and  their  proi»ress  impelled  by  tlio  intolerant 
laws  that  were  enacted  in  Viririnia  against  sectarians 
of  every  denomination.  At  tho  epoch  of  the  (varolina 
charter  of  1663,  a  small  plantation  had  been  accordingly 
for  some  yoars  established  within  its  boundaries,  on  the 
north-eastern  shores  of  the  river  Chowan,  wliich  now 
received  the  name  of  Albemarle,  in  compliment  to  the 
title  by  which  General  Monk's  services  bad  been  re- 
warded. NotwithstaiuliniT  tho  opinion  of  nn  intelli- 
gent historian  of  North  Carolina.  I  can  see  no  reason 
to  believe  that  the  planters  of  Alhomarlo  were  com- 
posed entirely  or  even  acncrally  of  exdes  for  conscience 
Bake :  yet  that  a  number  of  conscientious  men  had 
mingled  with  them  may  be  inferred  from  tho  fact,  that 
they  purchased  their  lands  at  an  equitable  price  from 
the  aboriginal  inhabitants.  Remote  from  tho  scat  of 
the  Virginian  government,  they  yielded  little  obedience 
to  its  authority,  and  for  somo  time  had  lived  without 
any  perceivable  rule ;  when  at  lcn;»th  tho  governor  of 
Virginia  assumed,  in  a  new  capacity,  a  stricter  and 
more  legitimate  superintendence  of  their  aifatra.  h\ 
September,  1663,  Sir  William  Berkeley  was  e.npow- 
ered  by  the  other  proprietaries  to  nominate  a  governor 
and  u  council  of  six,  who  were  authorised  to  rule  this 


little  commiinitv  according  to  the  powers  granted  by 
tlie  royal  charter;  to  conlirni  formi-r  possessions,  and 
lo  grant  Imids  to  every  one,  jitowiiig  tiit>m  tliree  years 
lo  pay  the  quit  rents  ;  to  m.ike  laws,  with  the  eonsenl 
oi  the  dcleii;iies  oi'  tlie  freemen,  transmitting  them  lor 
the  approbation  of  the  proprtetjries,  Berkeley  was 
reijuested  to  visit  the  colony,  and  to  employ  skilful  per- 
sons to  explore  its  bays,  rivers,  and  shores  ;  a  uiity 
which  ho  performed  in  thn  following  year.  [1661  J 
Having  confirmed  and  granted  lands  to  the  settlers,  in 
conformity  with  his  instructions,  ho  appointed  Uriim- 
mond,  a  man  of  suttloient  prudonce  and  abilities,  their 
first  governor,  and  then  returned  lo  Virginia,  leaving 
them  all  to  follow  their  various  pursuits  in  peace.  The 
colonists  for  lomo  time  continued  perfectly  satisfied 
with  an  arrangement  that  seemed  raiiicr  to  secure  than 
impair  the  advantages  of  their  former  condition;  hut 
as  iho  day  appioached  when  the  payment  of  quit-renlH 
was  to  cotnmence,  they  liegan  lo  manifest  no  smtll 
dissiitisfaction  with  llie  tenures  by  which  thny  held  their 
lands.  In  tlie  year  166(1  they  coustihited  an  assemhly, 
probalitv  the  first  that  was  ever  held  m  f>aroliiia,  and 
from  this  hotly  a  petition  was  transmitted  to  tho  pro 
prietanes,  desiring  that  tho  people  of  Alhem.irle  might 
bold  their  possessions  on  tho  same  terms  that  were 
enjoyed  by  iho  people  of  Virginia.  Ti»e  proprietaries, 
who  were  exceedingly  solicitous  to  promote  tho  popu- 
lation of  the  province,  and  to  avoid  every  proceeding 
that  might  discourage  the  resort  of  settlers,  readily 
acceded  to  this  request,  and  commanded  the  governor 
in  future  to  grant  the  lands  on  the  terms  that  had  been 
prescritied  by  the  colonists  themselvei.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  apostolical  views  which  tho  proprietaries  had 
professed,  not  tho  slightest  attempt  was  made  to  pro- 
vide for  the  spiritual  instruction  of  the  colonists,  or  tlm 
conversion  of  the  Indians;  and  the  colony  continued 
for  a  series  of  years  to  be  conducted  without  oven  the 
somlilance  of  religious  worship. 

Tho  proprietaries  having  thus  endeavored  to  rear  and 
organise  tho  feeble  settlement  of  Albom.irli!,  directed 
their  chief  regard  lo  tho  finer  region  that  extends  along 
the  more  snuthnrly  coast.  Uaviiig  caused  a  survey  to 
bo  made  of  these  shores,  by  a  vessel  wliich  thoy  do- 
sp Itched  fro:n  Virginia,  for  the  pirpoio  of  ascortaiuing 
what  rivers  and  countries  were  the  most  {irop(>r 
for  habitiiion,  they  propo.^ed,  arnong  other  pniji-cled 
setilemoiits,  lo  establish  a  new  colony  to  the  southward 
of  (^ape  Kear,  along  llie  b.inks  of  the  river  ClMrles.  in 
the  district  which  was  now  denominated  thu  county  of 
Clarendon.  Several  gentlemen  of  Barliadoes,  dtssatis- 
fiud  with  thrir  present  condition,  and  desiring  to  be- 
como  the  heads  of  a  less  cousideratite  estulilislMnent, 
had  for  some  time  projected  lo  remove  theuHelves  to 
this  rugiou,  atid  now  siilimilted  j  projiositioti  lo  ih.it 
('lli'ct  to  the  proprietaries:  and  though  their  first  de- 
muids  of  being  invested  wiln  atlisirict  thirty-two  miles 
sipiare,  and  ail  the  powers  of  a  corporation  within 
themselves,  were  refu.sed  by  the  propriet tries,  their 
application,  on  the  whole  received  so  much  eiK'ourage- 
inent  as  determined  them  to  undertake  the  migration, 
[  Ki'i').]  In  furtherance  of  a  project  so  agreeable  to  their 
wLihes,  llie  proprietaries  besto.ved  on  John  Veamans,  a 
rt>spectahle  ptaiitcr  of  Bjrbadoes,  and  the  son  of  u  man 
who  had  lost  his  life  in  tiie  king's  service  iluring  the 
civil  wars,  the  yppointment  of  coinininder-in-chtef  of 
('larendon  county,  strclchmg  from  Cipe  Fear  to  the 
rivor  .Saint  Matimo,  and  o'jtaineil  fur  iiiin,  at  tiie  same 
lime,  the  rank  n(  a  b  irouet,  and  partly  in  recompense 
oi'  tlie  loyalty  of  his  f.imily,  and  partly  in  order  lo  give 
weigiit  lo  ins  station,  and  some  appearance  of  splendor 
lo  the  colonial  esiabluhinunl.  Tne  same  powers  were 
now  conferred,  and  lhi3  same  constitution  eslattlislied, 
as  those  which  liad  given  ronienlment  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Albemarle:  and  Veamans  was  particularly 
directed  to  "  make  every  thing  easy  to  the  people  of 
New  Knglaud,"  I'rom  which  the  proprietaries  declared 
thai  lliey  cipectcd  more  cojuous  emigrations  to  Caro- 
lina than  from  any  of  llie  other  colonies.  Tins  expecta- 
tion, more  cri^ditabic  lo  iheir  discernment  than  lo  their 
integrity,  was  obfiouslv  derived  from  the  into'orance 
which  yet  lingered  in  New  li^ngland,  and  the  elTects  of 
which  were  thus  distinctly  recognised,  and  deliberately 
anticipated,  by  the  same  persons  who  indulged  in  it  so 
uiircservedly  in  llie  parent  state.  An  order  was  made 
at  the  same  time  by  i!ie  proprietaries,  that  the  commis- 
3ion  of  Yoanians  shoulij  not  prevent  the  appointment 
of  another  governor,  lor  a  new  seitlemeut  which  was 
proiecied  in  a  district  to  the  southward  of  Cape  ilo- 
main,  and  which  acquired  soon  after  the  name  of  Car- 
teret. The  policy  which  the  |)roprieiaries  were  thus 
pursuing,  in  iho  establishment  of  a  variety  of  separate 
and  independent  colotitcs  in  Carolina,  each  of  which 


had  Its  own  distinct  assembly,  rnstonif,  and  laws,  iiifH 
plieil  them  at  a  future  period  with  ample  cause  of  nv 
gret,  and  contributed  to  the  prulongi-d  frohlenoas  and 
iltstraciion*  by  which  this  province  was  nnhappitv 
distinguished.  Meanwhile  however,  their  procerdingt 
were  regarded  with  approhaliou  by  tho  king,  who  nr»- 
sented  them  wiib  twelve  pireo*  of  ordnHiicff,  wfiicli 
were  desp.itcbed  to  ('harles  River,  along  with  a  cai> 
sidtTable  quantity  of  military  stores. 

Having  now  nlitained  the  most  ininnto  information 
of  the  whole  coast  of  (Carolina,  and  diseovcred,  on  both 
extremes  of  their  territory,  considerable  tracts  of  land 
that  would  form  very  deftirablo  acceisioim  lo  it,  the 
proprietaries  nasily  obtained  from  thetr  sovereign  a  {{ift 
of  these  additional  pos.sessions.  .\  second  cimrteri 
which  was  accordingly  executed  in  their  favor,  rocited 
and  confirmed  the  former  grant,  and  gave  renewed 
assurance  and  commendation  of  "  the  piuuH  and  nohU 
fmrnnHc"  under  which  these  insatiable  courtiers  judged 
it  decent  lo  cloak  their  amlntton  or  rapacity.  It 
granted,  to  the  namo  patentees,  that  province  i«i(uated 
within  the  king's  dominions  in  .Viii'Tica  extending 
norlh-easiward  to  <>arah(uke-inlet,  and  thence  in  a 
straight  linn  to  Wyonoke,  which  lies  under  the  36lh 
degree  and  3!)tb  minute  of  north  latitude,  nouth-west- 
ward  lo  ihu  t2'Jih  degree;  and  froin  the  oeean  to  the 
South  Seas.  They  were  vested  with  all  the  righta, 
jurisdictions,  and  royalties,  which  the  bisiiop  of  Tlur- 
ham  ever  pos.sessed.  and  were  lo  bold  tlic  territory  as 
a  feudal  dependanco  of  the  manor  of  Kast  Greenwich, 
paying  a  rent  of  twenty  marks,  and  one  fourth  of  the 
gold  and  sdver  that  should  be  found  within  it.  Alt 
persons,  except  those  who  f,hoiild  be  specully  forlud- 
den,  were  allo,ved  to  transport  tliemselviv4  to  Carolina  ; 
and  they  and  thiur  children  were  declared  to  be  deni* 
zens  of  Kii:{laud,  who  slioutd  always  be  considered  us 
tho  sumo  people,  and  possess  tlie  same  privileges,  as 
those  dwelling  witiiin  tho  realm.  Tliey  were  ean- 
powered  to  trade  in  all  commodities  which  were  not 
prolnbited  by  the  stalules  of  Ku^land.  They  wera 
authorised  to  lade  the  prodnetions  of  llie  province,  and 
to  bring  ihnrn  into  Kiiglind,  .Scotland,  or  Ireland  ;  jiay- 
ing  'ho  same  auties  as  oUier  subjects:  .\iid  they  were 
exempted,  for  seven  years,  from  the  payment  of  eua- 
toms,  on  the  importation,  into  any  of  the  dominions  ot 
the  crown,  of  wines  and  other  enurnerated  products  nl 
the  colony.  The  proprietaries  were  (Miahled  lo  make 
laws  for  tlie  province,  with  llie  eon.tont  of  the  freemru 
or  their  dele;;alos  ;  under  the  general  condition  that 
they  should  be  reasonable,  and  as  nearly  cotifonned  as 
miglit  bo  to  the  jurisprudence  of  Kngland.  Tliey  were 
empowered  to  erect  ports  for  the  convenience  oi'  com- 
merce, and  lo  appropriate  such  cnstorns  as  should  be 
imposed  by  the  u.ssemhly.  They  were  allowed  lo  create 
an  order  of  nobility,  by  conferring  titles  of  honor,  dif- 
fering, however,  lu  style,  from  the  titles  conferred  on 
tho  people  of  fclagland.  (Carolina  was  declared  inde- 
pendenl  of  any  othiir  province,  but  8ut)ject  immediately 
to  the  crown  ;  and  the  iniiabitants  were  not  coinpell;i- 
ble  to  answer  to  any  cause  or  suit  in  any  other  part  of 
his  m.ijesty's  dotninions.  except  within  the  realm.  Tho 
proprietane.-*  were  authorised  lo  grant  imlulgence.s  lo 
those  who  might  bo  prevented  by  conscientious  scru- 
ples from  conforming  to  the  Churcli  of  Kngland  ;  to 
the  end  that  all  persons  might  have  litierty  lo  enjoy 
their  own  judgments  .ind  con.-^ciences  in  religious  cun- 
cenis,  provided  they  disturbed  not  the  civil  order  and 
peaeu  of  ihe  province.*  .Such  is  the  tenor  of  the  last 
of  the  (.Carolina  charters,  which  coiilerred  on  ihe  nohle 
grantees  a  territory  of  vast  exleiil.  and  rights  which  it 
IS  not  easy  to  discriminate  from  royalty.  By  a  sirango 
anomaly,  the  kmg,  in  divesting  himself,  as  it  were,  ol  a 
part  of  IiIh  doininion.^.  in  behalf  of  a  junto  of  his  mini- 
sters, was  made  lo  rci'omincnd  to  llieir  observance  a 
system  of  ecclesiastical  polii^y  diametrically  opposite  Id 
tiiu  intolerance  which,  at  the  vt^ry  time,  the  counsels  of 
these  persions  were  breatliing  into  his  own  udintnistra- 
tion.  Ad  Clarendon  still  he.ld  the  ulfice  of  Lord  (Chan- 
cellor, this  charier,  as  well  as  the  former,  in  favor  of 
himself  and  his  colleagues,  was  sealed  by  bis  own 
hands  :  and  when  we  consider  how  liberally  it  en- 
dowed  tho  proprietaries  with  privileges,  at  the  rxpenso 
of  ihu  prerogative  of  tho  crown,  it  seems  the  les!»  sur- 
prising that  he  should  not  have  suggested  a  similar 
objection  to  the  charters  which  Connecticut  and  Rhode 

*  I.awsoii's  MUt.  of  Carolina,  23l)-25t.  Williamson,  t. 
2;t0,  ic,  Tlie  sei'imd  charier  uf  ('arnlina  is  printed  in  both 
tliesQ  works  at  Tull  luii^'th.  01  thu  iirfl,  iho  only  coinplotr 
traiiscripl  I  liave  seen  uccurs  in  a  bumll  cullectiun  v(  Caro 
hiia  papers  pruiteJ  at  Lomluii,  wuhoiit  any  date,  hut  appa 
rcntly  :l)><ii]1  the  end  of  tan  sovcnteeiith  century  Tliero  are 
copies  o\  it  in  I  lie  UrlliaU  Musuuni,  in  ilie  library  of  Guttiiigen, 
and  ni  thu  library  or  the  late  ticorgu-  Chaliuurs 


9M 


THR    HISTOHV   OF 


Nlaiid  ohtainrd  white  thn  firrnt  ncnl  wim  in  hU  krrninj; 
The  ■rltilrary  t'orninuniuti  for  Mrtd^rtrliiivttn.  whuli  wp 
have  icen  him  th  fend,  iiho^vi  tlml  liu  t'ntrrtdinrd  no 
general  ilpiit(n  of  abnilLfing  tlio  ruyal  preru^alivr  la  tlio 
colonial  dorniniont, 

Animated  hy  ihii  frnah  acqiiiiiiion,  thr  prnprictarira 
•lerted  thermelvfi,  for  hcvurni  yuArx,  in  iittract  ndvni- 
lurera  from  Hroitand,  Ireland  the  VVcat  Indiii,  and 
Iha  northern  colomea  ;  hut  notwiihRtandin^  all  ihf  ir  (mi- 
deavora.  their  province,  partly  from  the  unhenlihiiifni 
of  the  climate,  hut  rhioAy  from  tho  state  of  diipemion 
in  which  the  aettlrm  choae  to  live,  advanced  hut  hlov^ly 
in  population  and  power.  In  tho  autumn  of  thin  year, 
the  emigranta  from  ilarbadon,  conducted  by  8ir  John 
Yeamana.  arrived  at  Icntfth  at  their  place  of  dttalina- 
tion,  on  iho  aouihrrn  hank  of  the  river  of  ('ape  Fear, 
whore  thry  had  prcvinudly  fortiliod  thrir  legal  title  from 
the  proprinlaries  hy  an  equitable  purcbaae  of  the  terri- 
tory Irom  the  noiKhhoriiig  Indhina.  Whdo  they  were 
employed  in  the  tirnt  ru<le  toils  that  were  feqiiisito  fur 
their  CBlabliJihinent  in  the  wildenirH!!  whicli  they  had 
undertaken  (o  Rnlidue,  (heir  leader  ruled  them  with  tho 
Rentleneait  of  a  parent,  and  cultivated  the  good  will  of 
the  abori).Mnca  so  aurceMfullv,  that  for  souiii  year*  they 
were  ennbled  to  nroHecu'e  llioir  U  or*  wilhout  dnniter 
or  distraction.  While  the  pUntrrp  opened  the  furest, 
to  make  room  for  the  operalmns  of  lillajje,  ibey  nucea- 
aarily  prepared  limber  for  ibe  uses  of  the  cooper  and 
builder,  which  they  transmuted  to  the  colony  whence 
they  had  emigrated  ;  a  cominencement  of  a  commcrci! 
which,  however  feeble,  atrvcd  to  kindie  thoir  hopes 
and  sustain  ttieir  industry. 

The  inhabitants  of  Albemarle  continued,  moanvvhile. 
to  pursue  their  ori|»innl  employments  m  peace,  and 
from  •ho  ctiltivation  of  tob.icco  and  Indian  corn,  ob- 
tained the  materiali*  of  an  luronsiderable  tratlic  with 
the  merchant  vessels  of  New  Knaland.  About  two  vean* 
after  the  acquisition  of  their  second  charter,  [Ifl(J7] 
the  proprietaries  appointed  Samuel  Stevens,  a  man 
whose  virtues  and  abililica  were  judj,'ed  equal  to  the 
trust,  to  succeed  Drumrnond  as  irovernor  of  Albemarle  ; 
and  at  tho  same  time  bestowed  on  this  settlement  a 
constitution  whidi,  had  it  been  Caithfully  luainlained, 
would  have  preally  nroinotcd  tlie  conieiiiment  and 
prosperity  of  the  people.  Stevens  was  coinmiinded  to 
act  altoifethcr  by  the  advJL'C  o\  a  council  of  twelve,  the 
one  half  of  which  he  was  himself  to  appoint,  and  the 
other  aix  to  he  chosen  bv  tho  assembly.  This  was  an 
appfuaeh  to  a  principle  disallowed  enlirely  in  Virginia 
and  Maryland,  but  realized  still  more  iierfectly  in  the 
New  England  pOTomincnis,  and  by  wnich  the  demo- 
cracy were  admitted  to  a  share  in  composiuj,'  and  con- 
trolling that  body,  which  in  tho  colonial  constitutions 
formed  equally  iho  acnalorial  or  aristorraticul  branch 
of  the  legisUture,  the  privy  council  of  the  supreme 
magistrate,  and  the  court  of  appeals.  The  assembly 
svas  to  ho  composed  of  the  governor,  tho  rounril,  and 
a  hodv  of  delegates,  annually  chosen  by  the  frer-hoUlers. 
The  legislature,  in  which  democratic  interests  were 
admitted  thus  strongly  to  prejjondt'rale.  was  nvcsied 
not  only  with  the  power  of  making  laws,  but  with  a 
considerable  share  ol  the  executive  authority  ;  wilh  tlie 
right  of  convoking  and  adjourning  itself,  of  ap[ioniting 
otftcers.  and  of  presenting  to  churches.  Various  re^i- 
lations  provided  for  the  security  of  property;  and  m 
particular  it  was  announced  that  no  uxva  should  he 
lm|>osed  without  the  consent  of  the  assembly  ;  and  tlie 
lands  were  confirmed  and  grnnK  d  as  now  bolden  by  (he 
free  tenure  of  soccage.  Perfect  freedom  in  religion 
was  offered  to  a  people  who  were  very  willing  to  ac- 
cept th«  freedom  without  concerning  themselves  in  any 
way  about  religion ;  and  all  men  were  declared  to  be 
entitled  to  equal  privileges,  upon  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  king,  and  of  fidelity  to  the  proprieta- 
riea.  Aa  wo  have  but  too  much  reason  to  snjiporte 
that  the  proprietaries  had  no  sincere  intention  of  pre- 
wrving  the  constirution  which  they  thus  olfcred  to 
eatabliah,  it  is  due  to  the  character  of  Lord  Clarendon 
to  remark,  that  ho  had  no  share  whatever  in  ihia  trans- 
action ;  his  impeachment  and  exilo  having  previously 
aequestraled  him  from  all  farther  concern  wilh  the  go- 
Tcmmenl  of  Carolina.  The  system,  however,  which 
was  now  tendered  to  their  acceptance,  was  received  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Albemarle  with  perfect  satisfaction  : 
grM'itude,  perhaps,  it  would  have  been  unreasonable  to 
expect  towards  proprietaries  who  had  no  way  contribu- 
ted to  their  establishment  in  the  province,  but  had  fol- 
lowed them  into  the  desert  with  the  obvioua  int"  \i  oi 
rebp:ng  whore  they  had  not  sown,  and  congrega.  -.g  a 
•catterad  flock  in  order  to  shear  it  the  more  elTectually. 
Il  wac  not  till  two  years  after,  [1669]  that  an  aasem- 
Uy  conitituled  on  tliia  new  model  was  conveued  to 


enact  laws  for  nii  n,  v%lio  being  vet  few  in  number  srem 
to  have  been  go\erned  eliietlv  I'V  llie  cimlonm  lliev  had 
lirunght  with  ilinn  frmn  iIm  ir  uneieiit  eNlaMinhuK'nt 
Their  lifitl  efforts  in  legiil.tiiun  were  strongly  mark*  d 
with  the  character  of  persons  wlio  had  been  long  ac- 
cuHtomed  to  livn  renioie  from  the  enerny  i»f  govern- 
ment, and  to  sluft  their  residence  whenever  it  lieeitine 
disagreeable,  insteail  of  seeking  to  alter  ami  iinprovu 
lla  cirrumntaiices.  From  the  numbers  of  pernons  of 
broken  fortunes  who  resorted  to  the  colonies,  and  from 
thn  conviction  that  was  early  and  most  justly  enter- 
taiiu'd  hy  tho  colonisls,  that  their  industry  was  lelti  red, 
and  their  prolits  impaired,  by  the  legislature  of  Eng- 
land, for  the  bonelit  of  her  own  resident  aubjects,  a 
defonsive,  or  perhaps  retnbutory  spirit,  was  too  readily 
adopted  hy  tho  colonial  legivlaturus  :  and  if  not  an  uni- 
versal, it  was  at  least  a  general  princiiile  of  their  policy 
to  obstruct  the  recovery  of  debts.  Of  this  disposition 
wo  have  already  seen  some  tracea,  about  ibis  period  of 
time,  in  the  legialalion  of  Virginia.  Uy  tho  asseml)ly 
that  was  now  convened  ut  Albemarle,  it  was  declared 
that  BulHcient  encouragement  had  not  yet  been  atl'orded 
to  tho  resort  of  BcttlerH  and  lh.»  peopling  of  tho  pro- 
vince ;  and  to  supply  this  defect  it  was  now  enacted 
that  none  should  be  sued  during  hvo  years  after  h.s 
arrival  in  the  country  for  any  cause  of  action  aristiig 
buyond  Us  limits;  and  that  nonu  of  the  iiilubiianlH 
should  accept  a  power  of  utlorney  to  recover  dubtii 
contracted  abroad.*  Tbeso  coniptaints  of  fuwneas  of 
penplo  eonlinued  long  to  bo  reiterated  by  the  setllertP 
of  (^arolina  ;  though  it  was  afterwards  very  justly  re- 
criminated  upon  ihem  by  the  pro|irieiaries,  that  tho  in- 
convenience they  coinpbmed  uf  was  pronmted  hy  their 
own  averaiou  to  settle  in  towns,  and  by  the  lazy  rapa- 
city with  which  each  desired  to  surround  hunself  with 
a  litrge  expanse  of  property,  over  the  greater  part  of 
which  he  could  exercise  no  other  acl  of  ownership  llun 
that  of  excluding  the  occupants  by  whom  it  might  bo 
advantagioufily  cultivated.  Tho  remedy,  too,  seems 
to  l<n  defective  in  policy,  no  lesc  than  iii  justice.  If 
industry  might  be  expected  to  derive  some  encourage- 
ment, from  the  assurance  that  its  gains  vNcre  nut  to  he 
carried  oil"  hy  former  creditors  in  u  distant  country,  tlie 
naiuri!  of  ibis  eneouraguinent,  as  well  as  its  temporary 
endurance,  tended  to  uitracl  neilber  u  re.spectuble  nu" 
A  Htd|)lc  popnlaiiuu  :  ami  accordingly  this  colony  was 
long  coiiHidered  as  the  refuge  of  the  cnnnnal  and  tiie 
asylum  of  the  fugitive  debtor.  Hut  a  more  proper  and 
natural  mode  of  promoting  pupulaiiun  was  at  the  same 
lime  established,  by  an  act  eoncermnij  niarriige  ;  by 
which  It  was  provided  liiat  an  people  iiiiglii  wish  to 
marry,  and  as  yet  there  were  no  niini.tters  m  the  coio- 
nv,  111  order  ttiat  none  might  be  Itintlrred  Imni  a  work 
so  necessary  to  the  preservation  uf  inankinil,  any  two 
[)ersons  carrying  before  the  governor  and  cuuneil  a  few 
of  their  neighbors,  arut  dei hiring  tiieir  niiiuial  purpose 
to  unite  in  inatrimony,  sboutd  be  deeimd  husband  and 
wife.  Tlie  circumstances  indieated  liy  this  law  forci- 
bly suggest  the  wide  di.slinctiun  between  the  seiiliments 
and  habits  of  the  northern  and  the  southern  uolonidts 
of  America.  Wiulo  all  llie  colonial  esluhh^iliinents  ol 
New  Kngland  were  conducted  by  clergymen,  wlio  long 
directed  wilh  aliimst  equal  uuihority  in  teiii|K)ral  and  in 
spiritual  cuiicerna  ;  not  u  trace  of  the  exi.ttence  of  such 
an  order  of  men  is  to  be  found  in  the  laws  of  Carolina, 
during  the  hrst  twenty  years  of  its  history  ;  and  it  was 
not  till  the  dissenters  liad  enngrated  tlutber  iii  consider- 
able numbers,  tlii:i  \\  ■  hear  of  religious  controversy,  or 
indeed  of  any  ihi  ig  f  oi.r.:r'ed  wiih  religion  in  the  pro- 
vince. O  i^er  legnUiio  i*  besiiles  ihos'.'  winch  we  b;ivn 
already  noticed  w.jie  aciupted  by  this  assembly.  Ni'w 
settlers  were  t  >  .Mie '.cd  from  taxca  lor  a  year;  and 
every  one  v.  j:;  r.fX  iined  from  transferr  ng  his  lands 
for  two  ycau'.  Too  hrst  of  these  Uws  was  intended 
lo  invite  seillers  ;  the  second  appears  to  have  been  a 
politic  device  to  detain  ihem.  A  duly  of  lliirly  pounds 
of  tobacco  was  imposed  on  every  lawsuit, t  in  order  to 


*  Ttie  same  jtnlify  was  pursiiuil  to  n  nmrb  ureater  extent 
hy  the  bucilmU  R<Mii;niH,  of  wlioiii  Ftutarcli  inlurms  us  that 
"  iiuL  \ung  alter  llic  lirat  rouniJatiuii  uf  tho  city,  itiey  opened 
a  sanctuary  of  refugi;  for  (ill  tugiiivos,  wliicti  tlicy  CHlltiii  llie 
temple  of  tlie  gud  Asylaeus,  where  tliey  received  and  pro* 
tecludall,  duhveriiii;  back  neither  the  Hervatitto  \\i%  ma.tter, 
tho  detitor  tu  his  creditors,  nor  the  umrdorer  into  the  hands 
uf  the  Hi!ii{iHtrate."     Life  of  Uoinulus. 

f  It  is  remarkahtu  that  the  Carolinians,  who  thus  ohHtrncted 
hy  a  tax  tlio  legal  adjii.<itniei)t  of  dlNputtis,  have  always  been 
mure  addictud  tu  duulling  than  the  inhabitants  of  any  uf  the 
other  slates.  In  Cunnerticut,  according  to  tho  reptcfteiitaliuii 
of  Dr.  Morsi',  there  is  more  litigation  than  in  any  other  fprnr- 
ter  of  North  America  :  but  a  duel  was  never  known  to  occur 
in  Connecticut.  Warden,  vol.  ii.  p.  II.  In  nut^t  of  thn  pro- 
vinces, legal  controversy  was  prumuted  hytho  uncertainty  of 
tho  iaw :  f<ir  although  a  substantial  conformity  was  pre- 
BcrUwd  between  the  colonial  jurUptudenct*.  and  the  common 


provide  the  funds  rrqni.sito  for  the  expennai  of  th«  go 

vt  riMir  and  council  during  the  sitting  of  nssemhlien  ; 
i"i  i-intrNe  having  >el  been  taken  (says  the  net)  for  dtf> 
b  iv)n</  their  charges.  These  Iswn,  which  procianii  the 
weakness,  and  illuhtraio  thn  rarly  policy  of  this  iii:on- 
siderabln  seiiletuent,  were  ratified  m  the  following  year 
by  the  proprietaries.  As  the  colonists  reieived  liltlw 
aiigmeiitution  from  abroad,  their  numbers  increased  hut 
slowly  ,  and  il  was  nut  till  sometime  after  this  period, 
that  they  extended  their  pidiitations  to  the  southern 
bank  of  the  river  Albemarle. 

Hut  ulthougb  the  pro|trietiiries  were  wilting  to  tender 
every  concession,  ami  encuurago  every  hope  that 
snomcd  calculated  to  fix  or  augment  tho  inhabitants  of 
(Carolina,  it  was  not  for  ihe  pur|>oso  o(  founding  and 
Buperintending  institutions  so  homely  and  popular,  that 
they  had  solicited  the  extraordinary  nrivileges  wbioh 
iheir  charters  conferred.  Their  ambition  aimed  at 
making  Carolina  a  theatre  for  'he  exercise  of  all  that 
grandeur,  and  the  displav  of  all  ihu^o  distinctions,  that 
havi)  over  been  known  to  co-exist  with  thn  forms  ol 
liberty  ;  and  the  plumage  whicli  they  had  stripfwd  from 
the  ruyal  prerogative,  it  was  their  intention  lo  employ 
lor  the  illiiatration  of  their  own  dignity,  and  thu  deco> 
rition  of  their  provincial  organs  and  institutions.  With 
this  view,  about  a  year  before  they  ratified  the  enact- 
ments of  tho  assembly  of  Albemarle,  [Marcli  1*J  they 
had  sulMcribed  that  meinorahle  inslrumenl  which  beare 
Itio  name  of  'Mho  fundamental  consiiiullons  of  (/aro- 
lina,"  and  the  preamble  of  which  assigns  as  the  reason 
for  Us  adoption,  "  that  the  government  of  this  province 
may  he  made  most  aitreeable  to  the  monarchy  under 
which  we  live  ;  and  itiat  wo  may  avoid  erecting  a  nu- 
merous democracy,"  The  task  of  composing  this  [k>- 
luteal  frame  was  devolved  upon  Shaftesbury  by  the 
unanimuns  consent  of  bis  colleagues,  all  of  whom  wero 
stronLdy  impressed  with  the  resources  of  bis  capacity 
and  the  depth  of  his  penelralioii,  and  some  of  whom 
had  experienced,  in  the  intrigues  that  preceded  the 
Kesloration,  with  wliat  consummate  dexterity  he  could 
ell'ect  his  own  purpose,  and  appropriate  the  iitsliumen- 
tahty  even  of  those  who  were  nut  Ics:^  tiMe  than  inte- 
rested tu  resist  It.  The  iuslrument,  indeed,  was  ut 
first  believed  to  have  been  actually  the  production  of 
Shaftesbury, t  but  is  now  recognised  as  the  coinpo.tition 
of  the  illustrious  Juiin  Locke,  whom  be  had  had  lh» 
sagacity  lo  appreciate  and  the  liunor  to  patronize,  and 
who  was  united  to  him  by  u  friendship  more  creditablo 
than  beunlicial  to  the  stute^^man,  and  tu  no  way  udvan- 
tageoiis  either  to  the  clnractcr  or  the  fortunes  of  the 
philosopher.  [ir>J  The  constitutions  uf  Carolina  con- 
tain a  mixture  us  discoriLut  as  the  cliaracteis  uf  tlieao 
men;  lliougb  in  what  proportions  they  represent  tho 
peculiar  seiiiimenis  of  either,  it  is  not  easy  to  guess,  or 
po<tsible  to  determine.  Il  has  been  s.iid  (wbeiber  con- 
jeciiirally  or  uutboriiativelv)  that  Sbaftesbnry,  smitten 
abke  with  reverence  fur  antitputy  and  admiratiun  of 
Itocke,  desired  tu  revive  in  his  person  the  ultiance  that 
once  subsisted  between  j)liil(>sophy  and  legislaiion  ;  to 
restore  the  |(ractice  of  that  age  wiien  coiinnunities  ac- 
cepted their  ronstilutions  more  willingly  from  the  di- 
sciples of  I'yibagoraii  than  from  the  descendants  of 
kings.  It  IS  certain,  however,  that  Sliafte^diury,  along 
with  a  very  high  value  for  the  genius  and  talents  of 
liOcke,  eiiiertained  implicit  coiilidenre  in  bis  own  abi- 
lity to  excite  the  full  vigor  of  Locke's  underslunding, 
and  yet  inject  into  ii  regulating  views  that  would  enahlo 
himself  securely  to  anticipate  and  define  the  results  of 
its  applicalioii.  \\'lut  tnstriiclions  were  coinmnniciited 
lo  liOcko  by  his  patron,  cannot  now  be  kiiovMi :  but  it 
tnusi  be  admitted  that  the  pinlusopher  wus  indulged 
with  so  inuchliberiy  that  healU-rwurds  represented  tho 
c  >ur>iitUt.io:i  as  hi**  own  performance,  and  iuinself  as  a 
compeiiior  witft  'r>'ilham  I'enn  m  the  science  of  legis- 

and  Hlatute  lau  o''  Kngland,  the  asceitiinnncut  of  thn  pru- 
ciao  extent  uf  tlus  comnrmiiy  in  evt-ry  cusc  was  committet' 
to  llie  discretion  of  the  Juut^fs  Einiltt'K  New  York,  p.  31t) 
317. 

•  This  is  I  hn  daln  assigned  to  thn  inslninipfrt  itj  Ol  lupTon, 
by  Wiltiiiinnon,  and  by  thu  uiionymoiis  aiUlior  u,  thu  JlUteiy 
of  tliu  British  Uuininutns  in  Ntirth  America.  It  is  the  date 
also  attached  to  the  13Uth  article  of  the  constitutions  in  tho 
copy  of  them  inserted  in  Locke's  wurks.  Cluilmers  dates 
the  instrument  in  July  of  the  same  year  ;  bnl  it  appears  from 
the  lIluatralioiiB  appended  to  this  portion  uf  his  work,  that 
there  were  two  editions  uf  tho  instrument;  and  I  supposq 
he  has  referred.  In  his  notation  of  the  date,  to  Uic  .secoDi] 
edition,  in  which  the  proprietaries  are  rnpruaclied  with  hsvinr 
uiuoduced  some  changes  derogatory  to  the  liljciiies  delnied 
In  the  rirst. 

+  It  is  so  represented  hy  Ohlmixon.  whose  history  was  pub 
lishedin  1798,  i.  333.  Hut  it  was  afterwards  mser'ed  lo  the 
cullcclKm  published  in  ITIU  by  Ues  Maiseaux,  uf  tho  anoay- 
inous  and  unpnnted  pieces  of  Locke,  from  a  copy  correctM 
by  his  own  hand,  and  winch  he  had  pre^eutcd  to  a  friend  M 
one  of  his  own  works.    Locko.  folio  edit.  iii.  OdS 


^^H^^^ttHig! 


NOKTII  AMERICA. 


280 


IfititHi !  f*i'(l  hnnrn  thin  iiHtriimcnt,  \^hili'vt>r  iniy  If 
tliuiijrlit  nl' itit  intrinsic  iitfriU,  iiiii<*t  rvrr  tii>  rH^inli'tl 
Willi  iiil>-r<<M(,  tM  tlif  link  tlnit  citniit-cU  tlio  gfimiM  ul 
l.tH  lii'  Willi  llnJ  history  of  AimTini. 

Ilv  (liiMi>  {MiiittitdtioiH  it  WiH(|tM>lan'(l  that  tlir*  I'lilcnt 
nfttu*  f'i([lit  prnpriftiirir^  hIioiiKI  Ik'  piiliihiin  of  itm  iim- 
vinrt*  (liiriti)|[  I)ii4  lilt*,  iiml  tliiit  liii*  niHTDiNnr  nlmiilil  al- 
wiiyn  he  tin*  t'lilt-Kt  oC  tin*  mirvivor!*.  Hnvi'ii  olhrr  (it 
•Jm*  rliit'f  (tlHcci*  nt'wtali*,  imiiK'ly,  ihn  oiKrfM  orfMlii)ir:il, 
rliftiiilH'rlitin.*  cliiiih'(!llor,  rcmHlattlf.t  cliirr-jiiHiir**,  Inylt 
ateward,  luid  tnmpiiirrr,  vvi!r«  n|)pro|)riat<M|  cxilii-ivciy 
to  till*  (ilticr  MifVfMi  proprit>tari(!H ;  nml  xUvm*,  hm  well  um 
tliu  otfii'i)  of  paliitiiK*,  might  b«  rxmilcd  hy  (Ifputim 
within  lliK  provintM!.  Corr<*iipnuding  to  thi'Nt'  oIU'ti 
lIuTt'  wi'H'  Ut  Im  (henidt'd  the  oidiriary  foiirti*  of  every 
roiiiitv)  tM^hl  NtipreiiK*  roiirtj*,  In  pncli  of  wliirli  whm 
ariiit'Xi'd  a  rnlltfffit  of  twidvt'  uAMHtaiit!*.  Th*t  palatine 
wan  to  pn!!«idt'  iti  'Uo  ptilatine  roiirl,  of  which  hi;  and 
tlin'o  olncrrt  o\  llt<'  prnprictiiriPH  made  n  <|iiornm ;  und 
(Iii<4  roiirt  ri*pr<  fi-iitrd  tlio  king,  ratitied  or  itogtitived 
lhi<  en  trtniHMli  of  tht*  It'gixlatiirc,  and,  in  gonrral,  wan 
viwIimI  with  till'  adminiMiration  of  all  tlio  tiowcrfl  cnU' 
Orrrit  hy  tlip  roy:il  rhurtcr,  rxrcpt  in  no  lur  at*  limited 
l»y  ilii'«(t>  rnnrlaiiH'ntal  rnnntitutionx.  Hy  a  roniplirnifd 
triiiuc-vvork  oC  roniitieH,  Mignioricx.  haronicH,  precinrtK 
iiitil  roloiiit'fi.  the  whnh'  land  of  the  province  was  divi- 
ilf>d  into  fivi*  L'fpial  portions  one  of  which  wax  nHHigncd 
to  lhi>  propri'-taricM,  anothfr  to  thn  tiohililr.  and  tho  re 
lit  liitinff  threo  were  IcO  to  tlio  people.  'I  wo  clanwH  of 
h'Tt'ditiry  itoliililv,  with  po^nertHinni  proportioned  to 
ilif'ir  r>»ip)'ctive  dignitirH,  and  for  ever  iinalienahle  and 
nii!ivi'*ihlt'.  were  to  he  created  hy  tlm  proprietaries), 
iiMiler  the  titlft  of  landgraves  and  cacitpieH:  and  these, 
toirelher  with  the  depnlieH  of  the  proprieturie!*,  and  nv 
ph'-iMitativeH  chosen  hy  the  freemen,  couHtitiiled  the 
p  iiJiamMit  of  the  province,  which  waH  appointed  to  he 
fiirnniiillv  convoked,  and  when  assemhled,  to  form  one 
d.'lih'Titive  liody,  and  occupy  the  same  chamhor.  No 
iiiitler  or  iiieiisnre  cotild  he  proposed  to  tlie  parliitinent 
liial  had  not  heeii  prev  ioiisly  prepared  and  approviHJ  hy 
til  •  ffrind  council  of  the  jiroviitee.  a  hotly  rcMemhlin^ 
till'  lords  of  llie  arlicliH  in  tlit^  ancient  Cfmstitnlion  of 
Seoiland  and  cuinisting  alinoHt  entirely  of  the  proprie- 
t;tri  •!<'  otlicers  and  llie  nohilily.  iNo  man  w;i.<4  eligil)le 
to  any  ntlire  iintesH  he  possessed  a  certain  definite  ex- 
t'lil  of  hind,  hirger  or  smaller  according  to  the  diffnity 
or  niiMimess  of  the  otlice.  Trial  hy  jury  was  ,-stalilished 
iti  eii'h  of  the  eoiirtn  throitgliniit  the  whole  of  the 
|t'iii;lheiied  ramiticalion  of  jtirisdiclioii;  hut  t!ie  olfice 
of  hir''il  or  profession  il  pleadern  WHrt  denounced  us  a 
his.'  and  sorditl  occupation;  anti  no  man  was  allowed 
to  pli'.id  the  cause  of  another  without  previously  depo* 
fiu-r  on  o:illi  that  he  neither  !iad  received  nor  would  ac- 
c.'pt  the  slightest  reintineralion  for  his  services  To 
avoid  the  ronfiision  arising  from  a  innlliplicity  of  laws, 
ail  acts  of  tli>!  parliament  were  appointed  to  endure 
iiitiv  one  humlred  yeani,  al\er  which  they  ceased  and 
d'-i-'rinmi'ii  of  themselves  without  tlie  foruiality  of  an 
express  rept^al ;  and  to  avoid  the  perplexity  created  l»y 
a  iniiUiplicity  of  commentators,  all  connnentri  what- 
ever on  the  fnndainent'il  constitntlons,  or  on  any  part 
of  (lie  coniinon  or  Htatnte  law  of  l^troliua  were  aliso- 
liit -ly  prohihiled.  T-very  freeludder  was  retpiircfl  to 
p;iy  a  ye;irly  rent  of  a  penny  for  each  acre  of  his  land 
to  the  proprietaries  ;  and  all  the  inhahilants  ahnve 
seventeen  and  under  sixty  years  of  age  were  ohli;;e<J  to 
ln'ar  arms,  ami  serve  as  soldiers,  wlienever  they  shonhl 
ri'ceive  a  stiitiinoiis  to  that  elKeet  from  the  grand  conn 
cil.  lAery  freeman  of  (Carolina  was  declared  to  pos 
M'ss  ahsolui'' power  and  aiidinrity  over  his  ue^ro  slaves 
of  what  opinion  or  religion  soever. t  The  policy  that 
most   reailily  suggests   itself  for  such  n   regulation,   is 


*  Tlie  Cliainlierhm's  v.n\\t\  lind  tlie  curR  of  "  ull  ciTeinonn 
prPCfilenry,  liprnldrv,  ainl  poiliijrei's,"  &.c.  flini  alsn  "po\%-(.T 
(ti  reifuliUe  all  ruNhimis,  liuhit.i,  badsres,  gaint'H,  and  sportit.  " 
Art.  -13.  If  the  fiiiuMioiw  of  ths  bodv  resoiiiblti  Ihr  cere- 
monial Acailmii)'  of  China,  llie  titlR  at  least  of  another  hoilv 
fit  (unctiunaries  rocalLs  the  histitulions  of  oM  Koine.  Tlu' 
a^^sis^lnl8  uf  llio  admiral  bore  the  tift.e  of  proconsuls. 
Art    4t. 

(  This  wiM  a  militnry  oITiCfi,  and  the  members  of  its  rola- 
tivi;  cipllcgo  of  a.ssistaiitH  wore  termed  lioaionaiit-generaLs. 
An.  7f). 

t  It  is  hinniliftling  to  reflect  that  this  roKUlation  was  com- 
posed by  the  hind  Ihti  wniin  the  Kssnv  on  the  Human  Un- 
(Icrtiiindin^.  At  n  later  period  of  his  hfe.  when  the  Knglmh 
Ri; volution  and  the  controversies  it  onscndered  had  en- 
lisjlilened  t.ocke's  ideas  of  the  rights  of  men.  we  find  him 
thus  proimuaciun  lijs  own  condemnation,  while  he  exposes, 
and  confutea  the  servile  iophistry  of  Sir  Robert  Filmea 
"Si,ivrry  u  so  vile  and  miserable  an  estate  of  m.in,  ami  so 
ilinrtlv  o[(posiie  i<)  the  nenerou.t  temper  and  conrajte  of  our 
iiatiim.  that  'tw  hardly  fi  be  conrcived  that  an  Riiitlishman. 
iiuirh  less  a  frentleman,  should  plead  for  It."  "The  perfect 
comiilion  of  slavery,"  he  afterwards  defines  to  be,  *' the  state 
'»f  war  coniinaed  between  a  lawful  conqueror  and  a  captive." 
Locke,  li.  106,  173. 

20 


•\i  |iid>-d  hy  the  fact,  that  al  this  time,  and  long  aOrr, 
ili.ri'  were  no  ni-gro"--.  in  the  pro\inre,  exc  pt  a  very 
'<i  11)1 11  niimlier  whom  Sir  John  Veuiniiii-<  and  his  fidtow- 
'■rs  had  hriMight  wtlh  tlieiii  from  llarhutoi"'. 

A  series  of  regulations  that  not  oiilv  niiporl  the  mnsi 
iimple  toleration  in  religion,  hut  maiiilestly  infer  the 
political  eipiality  of  all  religioiiN  seeiN  and  nNxtrms 
whatever,  wan  iiNheretl  hy  this  remarkahle  iirtl' le : — 
"Since  the  natives  of  the  place  who  will  be  coiieenied 
in  onr  plantation  are  utterly  strangers  to  (*tiri<tHiiiitv. 
whose  idolatry,  tgnornnre  or  mistake,  given  tis  im  ri^lit 
to  expel  or  line  tlieni  ill;  and  those  who  remove  from 
other  purtit  to  plant  there,  will  nnnvoidahlv  he  of  ditt'er- 
ent  opinions  concerning  matters  of  religion,  the  liberty 
whereof  they  will  expect  to  have  alowed  (hem,  und  it 
will  lint  he  reasonable  for  lis  on  (his  acroiiiil  lo  keep 
llieni  out ;  that  civil  peace  may  he  maintained  uiriidst 
(he  diversity  of  opinions,  and  onr  iigreeinent  and  cnui' 
pact  with  all  men  may  he  duly  and  taithfiilly  ohserved  ; 
violation  whereof,  npou  what  nretenci>  soever,  cannot 
he  without  great  otfence  to  Aimighty  <tod,  und  great 
scandal  to  the  true  religion  wliirh  we  proless;  and  ah 
NO  thai  JewN,  heathens,  un<l  other  dissenters  frtnn  the 
purity  of  christian  nligioii,  may  not  he  scared  and  kept 
at  a  distance  from  it,  hut  hv  having  an  opportunity  of 
ac(piaiiiting  themselves  with  the  truth  and  reasoiiiihle* 
nesH  of  Its  doctrines,  und  the  pi'areahlenessunil  iiiotl'eii- 
siveness  of  its  profeiwors,  may  hy  g'>nd  usage  and  jier- 
Mtiusion,  and  all  those  convincing  methods  of  gentle* 
iiefM  unit  meekness  snitahle  In  the  rules  and  d-sign  of 
(he  gospel,  he  won  over  to  einhrace  and  nnfeigiiedlv 
receive  (he  truth;  therefore  any  seven  or  more  persons 
agreeing  in  am/  rrlitjiun,  shall  onstittite  u  church  or 
profession,  to  whii'h  they  shall  give  some  name  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  others."  In  the  terms  of  coiniim* 
nion  of  ewjy  such  church  or  profession  it  vas  re> 
(piired  that  the  three  following  artich's  should  expres-ly 
appear;  tliut  (here  is  a4iod;  that  (ind  is  pnhlicly  to 
he  worshipped ;  and  that  it  is  the  Inly  of  vwry  man 
when  calle<l  upon  hy  (he  magis(rate,  to  give  evidence 
to  (he  truth,  with  mnne  ceremonial  or  form  of  wonU, 
indicating  a  recognition  of  the  presence  of  (iod.  No 
person  who  was  not  joined  as  a  meinher  to  some  church 
or  profession  of  this  description  was  to  he  permitted 
to  he  a  freeman  of  (*arolina,  or  (o  have  any  estate  or 
hahitation  within  the  province;  and  all  per-ons  were 
forhidden  to  revile,  dislurh 


•d.     Itegisl  itort,  who 
Mouti  i<  ihiii   the  ap* 


(he   t )deforv\h*m  he  legislate 

derive  tlieir  o  III  <'  h'Mii   aiiv  other 

puiiitiiM'iit  nt'iliM  peoi'.e,  are  «ii  lit  lie  acciiHlMined  in  tho 
enen  i.e  of  It  to  I  niisiiter  iheiii^eUes  ohliged  lo  do  tO 
olhi'i-t  iiM  (hey  v\iiuld  have  ollii-rs  do  to  (hem,  that  tlin 
partiality  and  ilhherality  of  these  instilulioits  would 
M<  arcel\  merit  iiodre  if  l.ocke  hail  not  heeii  their  uii* 
(hor.  It  was  u  reproach  more  exclusively  due  lo  tho 
proprii'taries,  (hat  good  fuilli  was  violated,  and  existiMfl 
rights  disregarded,  t-'or  u  nninher  of  inhnhilants  had 
already  settled  iii  the  province,  on  conditions  wh.i  h 
(heir  rulers  had  no  longer  the  power  to  (piiilify  or  nhrn 
gate;  and  forms  of  gnvernment  having  heeii  actually 
estahlished,  the  people  Ii;id  acfpiired  all  inti'rest  in 
them,  rvhii'li,  witnont  their  own  consent,  coiitd  not  he 
sacrili  eil  to  these  innovating  regulations.  Tlii<  pro- 
prietaries  might  perhaps  have  het  n  led  to  doiihl  tlio 
soundness  of  their  expectations,  if  not  the  etpiity  of 
their  purposes,  had  ihey  fairly  considered  the  niotiveii 
which  retained  themselves  in  Kiitflatid  and  atiticipiited 
the  prohahle  operation  of  similar  senlimen(s  on  (lie 
ininilsof  the  inliahitanis  of  ('arolin.i.  It  is  reiiorted  of 
some  ancient  legislators,  that  they  sacrificed  tlieir  own 
livi's  in  order  to  secure  the  reception  or  the  perpetuity 
of  ti.eir  ronsiitntions.  lint  while  these  prnprietarien 
could  not  prevail  on  themselves  to  resign  tin*  comfnrlji 
and  luxuries  of  Knglaiid,  an<l  even  deliberately  antici- 
pated their  non-resid"nce,  hy  providing  for  the  vicari- 
ous dist  liarue  of  their  fniictioiis,  (hey  expected  that  an 
infant  colony  of  independent  woodsmen  and  rough  to- 
h.icco-growers  sliontil  at  once  renounce  their  manners 
and  their  hiihits  of  life,  enchain  their  liherties,  abridge 
(heir  gams  and  nearly  nie(  imorphose  theinsidves  into 
a  new  (»rder  of  beings,  for  the  sake  of  accnmuhitmg 
dignity  on  persons  whom  even  (he  eiijoyn,.  nl  of  such 
dignity  could  not  induce  to  live  in  (In-  coi',n(ry.  It  '\% 
hard  lo  say  whether  there  was  a  greater  injustice  or 
absurdity  m   projecting   a  state  of  society  wlu>re   stu'h 


ovi'rweeiimg  cniieerti 
siirh   niter  ilisregard  ■>\ 
own    respective  lutere-'  "■ 

expecleil  to  sacrifice  tin- 
der to  enhance  (he    adv.n 
statioiH,   which   those    I'im 
judged  unworthy  of  tbiit 
ble  that  ."^hanexhiiry  was  at  ; 
party  in  Fitglainl,  and  that  l.o<  k 


bnitted  in   the  rulers,  and 

I  in  till*   peoide,  of  their 

■"•n-  the   iiiiiflilude   were 

ltd  prosperity,  in  oi 

I  I  irlain  coiiopicuotis 

1   they    were   reserved 

'ion.     It  is  remark:! 

d  of  (he  )intic:itbolic 

tsted  with  his  pell  to 


in  any  way  persecute 
the  members  of  any  of  the  religions  associations  thus  propagate  the  snspiiions  which  bis  patron  [)rofessed  lo 
recognised  hy  law.  What  was  rnjoined  upon  freemen  entertain  of  the  designs  of  the  catbolii  s  agriiiisi  reli- 
was  permittai  to  slaves,  by  an  article  which  declared  gioiis  ami  political  freedom.  Vet  if  we  comp.iie  tho 
that,  "since  charity  obliges  lis  to  wish  well  (o  the  siuits  constjtntions  of  .Mar\liiiid  and  Carnlina,  we  cannot 
of  alt  men,  and  religion  ought  to  aller  nothing  in  any  hesitate  to  prefer  the  labors  id'  the  catholic  legi-lator  to 
man's  civil  estate  or  right,  it  mknll  he  tmrfiii  lor  slaves  as  those  of  the  iirotestant  pliihe'opher  and  politician;  and 
well  as  others,  to  enter  themselves,  and  be  of  what  '  to  acknowledge  that  the  best  interests  of  niankind  wero 
church  or  profession  any  of  them  shall  think  best,  and  !  far  more  wisely  and  etVeMually  ptoinoted  bv  the  plain 
thereof  he  as  t'lilly  members  Its  any  freemen."  Hut  the  ,  uiivaiinti'd  capacity  of  Lord  llallimore,  than  Iiy  tlm 
hope  of  political  equality  that  s«-ctarians  might  derive  :  united  labors  of  l.ocki  's  elevated  and  comprehensive 
from  these  provisions  was  completely  subverted,  and  i  mind,  and  of  Sh  iDeobnry's  vigorous,  sagacious,  and 
even  the  .security  of  u  naked  tolerance  was  menaced  hy  I  exjierieiiced  understanding. 

:m  article,  which,  lliongh  introduced  into  these  constitii-  j  The  proprietaries,  however,  were  so  highly  satisfied 
lions  was  neitliercmnposed  nor  approved  by  l.ocke, s^and  i  with  the  fundamental  con.stitiitions.  thai  they  resolved, 
by  which  it  was  provided,  that  when  tlie  country  should  '■  without  del  ly,  to  attempt  their  reali/ation  ;  and.  a.s  a 
liiive  been  sullicieiitly  peopled  and  planted,  it  should  preliminary  step,  exerted  themselves  to  the  utmost  of 
belong  lo  the  colonial  parhamenr  to  take  canr  lor  the  their  ability  to  nromote  the  transportation  of  ailditionuT 
building  of  churches  und  the  public  maintenance  of  di- ,  inhabitants  to  the  prc.vince.  The  Duke  of  .Mbemaric 
vines,  to  he  employed  in  the  e.xerci.se  of  religiini,  ac-  •  was  instidled  into  the  ollice  of  palatine,  and  llie  sum  of 


irding  to  the  canons  o*"  llie  church  of  Kngland 
"  which  being  fV  oniy  trmi  ffui  oTtfunhx,  and  the  iiation- 
ut  religion  of  all  the  king'sdominions,  is  so  also  of  Caro- 
lina: nnd  therefore  it  alonn  ihall  he  allowed  lo  receive 
public  maintenance  by  grni  t  of  parliament.'*  finally, 
it  was  declared  that  thetie  Ainilamental  constitutions 
(^consisting  of  an  hundrfc'  ami  twenty  articles,  und 
lorming  a  vast  labyrintli  of  perplexing  ref,ulations) 
should  be  the  sacred  and  nnnheraldu  form  and  rule  of 
government  of  Carolina  for  ever. 

The  defects  of  this  ftyntein  are  so  nnmemiis,  that  to 
particularize  them  would  be  a  tedious  labor;  and  they 
are  at  the  .same  time  so  gross  and  pJpable,  that  they 


twelve  thousand  pounds expeiidetl  on  the  e(|iiipnient  of 
a  fleet,  which  set  sail  in  the  beginning  of  the  follow 
ing  year[l(>7(l.]  with  a  consideralde  body  of  emigrants 
Tliii*  expedition,  which  was  destined  to  found  a  colony 
at  Port  Royal,  was  conducted  by  Colonel  William 
Sayle,  an  experienced  otVicer,  who  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  governor  of  (hat  part  of  the  coast  lying 
south-westward  of  (.'ape  Carteret.  As  these  emi- 
grant.s  appear  to  havi?  consisted  chiefly  of  dissenters. 
It  is  prohahle  that  religious  toleration  was  the  object 
they  had  principally  in  view;  und  that  they  hud  not 
been  made  acquainted  with  that  article  of  the  corinti- 
tiitinris  by  which  the  security  of  this  important  Idess- 


nmst  readily  manifest  themselves  to  "every  reader  with-   ing  was  so  seriously  endangered.     Indeed  at  a  snhse- 
oiit  any  auxiliary   indicution.      It  muy  be  remarked.  I  oiient  period  the  colonists  bitterly  coinnhiined  that  the 

*  tiindamental  constitutions  had  been  interpolated,  and 


however,  in  general,  that  the  author  of  it,  in  collecting 

materials  for  his  composition,  seems  to   have   lookoil 

very   where  but  to  the  actual  situation  nnd  bnhiLs  of 


Art.  U6.  "This  article  was  not  drawn  up  h\  Mr.  Locke 
but  inscrii'd  hv  soine  r)f  the  chief  of  the  proprietors,  ai;iiin>t 
his  juvig  iH'iit  :  :i-i  Mr.  l.orke  himself  infMrined  one  of  lii> 
friends  to  whom  he  presenled  a  cfipv  of  the-sc  caL-titull'ms." 
l.ocke,  vol.  in.  p  (ITd.  note.  It  was  prohablv  df'se.l  hy 
I,ord  Coriiliurv  <CI  iiendiMi's  son*,)  who  inlu'rilcd  hi.  father's 
liiiiolry  I.ir  the  chiireli  of  KliitliUid,  and  nppe.irs  to  have 
s^<;n«!ii    the     fundttiueotal    coiiKiiiutions,       Olduuxen.    vol.    t. 

p.  xn 


some  of  their  provisions  disingenuously  warped  to  the 
nrejudiro  of  public  liberty.  Suyle  vvus  accompanied 
ny  Joseph  West,  who  for  upwurds  of  twenty  years 
bore  the  chief  sway  in  <'arolina.  and  was  now  intrusted 
with  the  management  of  the  commrrcial  aflair^  of  the 
])roprietaries.  on  whom  the  coloni.sts  contiMiied  for 
several  years  to  depend  exclusively  for  their  foreign 
supplies'.  On  the  arrival  of  the  settlers  at  their  place 
of  destination,  they  prepared  with  more  good  faith 
than  good  sense  tu  realise  the  political  synteui  to  which 


200 


THE    IIISTOKY    OK 


llit'V  wtTo  P'(|uin'i|  !o  ninforin ;  but,  to  tlu'ir  ^n-at 
ftiirprMi'.  tlif  tiret  jfliiiirf;  nl  ih'*ir  uoiiKil  nitiiritiitii  rnn- 
vIihimI  lh''iM  lli'il  lliH  (IcMiyii  wuH  [uTtVclIy  inipruliru- 
bl"  ;  nnd  tli<it  tlii'  nlllrfH  vv|ii<-li  w.-r>^  ;t|i[)(iiiil<-<|  lo  lie 
•stttltlish'd  \v  Ti'  no  li'H-*  uii«tiitiil>1'*  to  llu'  iiiihiIh'M 
liiiii  to  tin  rr(ii|mtiuii-4  nt'tlii'  |ir(i;)l(\  A  wiiii*  sn-iic 
'>\' WMiiU  liilior  l.iy  b'tnri!  ill 'lu.  :iiii)  it  wa-*  obviinM  lln' 
fnr  inmiy  year?)  a  pri'Si^iM*;  i)  -in  iiid  tiir  lalion'r^  idiimI  be 
expcririiml ;  a  ntati*  ot'  things  totally  iiicniniiatibic 
witi)  til-  avO'-atioiH  nroltit  iai  di^iiitaru'r  ami  lln'  iioiii- 
pou.'i  idli'nt'H<<  uf  I'll  ordfr  nt'  iitdiility.  Nnitbrr  I  iiid- 
gravcH  nor  rat  i^|H(^  bad  yet  bt'cii  :ip|)oiiit-Ml  by  liif  pro- 
prii'l:trif'4;  ami  (o  b.ivi^  pi'opli'd  rvcti  tb*'  siiborilinali> 
iiisiitii:ioiH.  would  liavr  bj>on  to  iMiipb)y  all  tlm  in- 
babitint-t  ol  tii"  roloiiy  in  p.'rlor'iiim;  a  nolitirul  drama, 
iiHti'ad  of  providm:?  tlm  innnn  of  ^iiMi^t -m-t'  Vfl 
iillli<nii;ti  tli<'  roloiiis|>«  foitiid  tbtMii-odvi'H  rnti<'traiiii'd 
Hi  oiin-  to  il 'cljiri'  tbat  it  wa-*  impissihh  tit  rrrrutr  the 
irmnd  iiuhIpI,  tbcy  stiradily  p 'rnistfj  in  llh'ir  aiihcri'iH').' 
to  It  and  fxprt's-i'd  tlirir  drtornitnation  to  nnitr  as 
ni'^h  lit  It  tilt  fitssihfr.  Writs  wt-r •  ibi'n«'on'  iniin-dl- 
Tittdy  iis'ii'd.  r'ipiirui;;  ihi  frcfdioM -rn  lo  rliTl  live 
piTson-*,  wlm  with  livi*  ntbiTH  clioHi/n  by  tbc  propri 'ta- 
rit's,  \vrr.»  to  tiiriu  t!»!  ^raiid  roniinil,  witboiil  \vlnm(; 
iisscnt  llii!  ;iov('rii()r  coubl  not  p''rroiiii  tin'  Ct'if'-cti-*  of 
bis  olbrf.  A  parliament.  roinpoHcd  of  tlu'-'**  lumiion- 
ari"*.  aiil  1)1'  iwciity  d  -I'ljitct.  rho^i-ii  by  tin'  sami? 
f«l<'clorH,  wa-i  inv('-*t  mI  witli  li'iflMlalivo  powiT.  So 
prtMt  wi'ff?  th*  ilitiiriillti'H  ntt-'nliiii;  ibt;  lirst  oi-riina- 
tinii  ol'  til*  s.'ttliMU'nt,  tbat.  only  a  tuw  inoiitliM  alV'r 
tb«'ir  arriv:d.  lb"  <-olonisl<t  wcrn  n-lii'vcd  (ro'n  tlm  <'\- 
trniitilitM  n{  dtntr -«'4  by  a  si>;Hon:iblt!  supply  of  pro- 
vi-tion-i.  traii-iinitli'd  to  tlifin  by  tlio  proprictarit's. 
Alon^  wit!)  tills  Miipply.  th-rc  Wfr**  lorwardtMl  to  tin? 
ji{ov(!rn:)r  iwi'iilv-tlir-'r  arlirlcs  of  itHiriiction,  rall'd 
tr.inair'inf  mrritrlin  ftiwi.  rcliiivi!  to  tlin  di.'^tribntion 
of  lull,  and  tb'?  plan  of  a  im  i<!iiilir 'iil  town,  wbicb  be 
wa-(  d '-(ir'd  to  b'liM  wttb  all  ronv'Mii'Mit  di'sn  ilcli,  and 
to  di'itotiiip'iic  ('bill '-i-iowii.  ill  honor  <»f  (be  kin^.  To 
piironrii;'  tin'  rc-iorl  of  s'til'r-*  lo  Port-Koyal.  an  bun- 
dr.'d  and  fith'  arr.M  of  land  wi'rt^  allotted  to  uvi-ry  tMiii- 
f^ranl,  at  a -^m  ill  orl-r'nt,  an  I  rtotht'^  and  provi<(ions 
w:*re  di^lnb'it.'d.  Iro-n  th  '  -^tor-  of  ih"  proprit-larii'-t,' to 
tluT't  whu  w  T*  nn  ihl  •  to  provid  ■  for  tlr'niM'lvi'-j.  Tiic 
ffood  vvdl  oflht'  ii'iifhbnriii!^  [mlians  vvan  purchased  l)V 
ron<'id'rrd'  pii'-iMiIs  to  tbi;  iiilivo  caciipi 'h,  who  tlnn 
p 'rforni 'd  th  '  only  Merviri;  which  tb  it  d^scTiplitni  of 
di:(nitari's  w  h  d*-itiiit»d  fver  lo  ri'iidcr  to  Xhn  rnloriy. 
Wbilf  tb'  cohdiistH  were  loditi^j  to  lay  thi'  f'-iind.ilMHi 
of  civil  sinMi'ly  m  tli  ?  provim't',  ih,'  pi-opri(!iari>'s  wuri' 
procpi?diiu  vt'rv  nniv.isoniblv  to  crert  tin  Hiij»?r-ttrii(*- 
tiiri!  nf  thrt^i  ari-tlorratical  inoiiiiition-*  whirli  ihi'V  d '- 
si'iii'ni  l(»  (■stihlish.  Tho  Diiko  of  Alhi»in:irli!  bavin:; 
di  mI  in  th  ?  rofirsi!  of  tliii*  yi-ar,  v/iv*  siirci'inl'd  in  tin* 
Hii;iiily(d*  palatine  by  Lord  Cravon :  and  Hborlly  afd'i- 
wards  John  l.ocko  wa*  rrt'iit  -d  a  landifrave,  in  rt'coni- 
niMiso  of  bis  s.-rviros;  tuid  tin;  nam'  clovatioii  was 
b(Htnvv;-d  on  Sir  Jolin  \tMinan'<,  and  on  Jam 's  Cart 
rt't.  II  relative' of  on«  tif  tin?  propriutaritH.  IN'rliap-i  it 
III  ly  <>Yi:it«>  soil)!!  olation  in  tin*  iiiitid  of  an  Ann^ncan 
riti/.<>ii.  that  w!iilo  the  order  nf  nobility,  tins  imported 
into  bis  country,  coiitiniu<('  to  (nijoy,  cvimi  a  notnin.il 
.mihsistenc  >,  John  Lock-  wi.' onn  of  its  inTMiibers;  and 
that  wiien  hr  was  expelled  from  Oxfor  I,  and  a  fn^ilivo 
from  l''.r>i{lind,  be  continiifd  to  Iw.  acknowhd^''d  a-i  i 
nohleniin  in  (^arolin  i.  But  it  is  disa^rceablu  to  he 
hold  this  distin:;iii'ili  mI  pbilo-top  nir,  and  truly  csiimabl 
mm,  acci'pt  a  till'  t>f  nobility  to  biinstdf  in  thif  •'ociety 
wbtru  b)  bad  contributed  to  sniction  am)  introduce  tun 
flci(ralin!{  institution  of  ne^ro  pliwery.  Happily  for 
tbi!  country  with  wbicb  Ini  was  thiiHCOuncctud,  anil  for 
hi*  own  credit  with  maukiinl,  thf  mck  of  Carolinian 
nohlen  wanexcRndinely  sbortdived;  and  tbo  attempt  to 
eni^rnfl  foudal  nohtbty  on  tho  irLst'tulions  of  Nurtb 
Amirin,-!  nrovod  ntt'»rly  abortive. 

Sayle  nad  scarcely  estiihlislnid  tho  peopio  in  their 
n-?vv  nettlement  when  he  fell  a  victim  |0  Inn  nnwholt)- 
(iom*nc>s4  of  ihr^  rliuiit'!.  On  bis  dnatli  Sir  John  Vea- 
maiH  claim. !(!  tlieiid  ninistrationnf  the;  vacant  'nlhority, 
as  diiA  to  till'  rank  of  Liiidxnivt*.  which  no  other  inhabi- 
tant of  the  province,  cxr-pt  him-telf,  cnjoyttd.  Hut  tho 
coiim'il,  who  were  empowered  to  elect  a  i;overnor  in 
such  cireuuKlaur  >•*.  pretei.ed  to  appoint  Joseph  Wcsl, 
a  popular  ui  tu  uri;di  e-it-uui 'd  amonjt  ibi*  coIoiihLs  foi 
hirt  activity,  eouritf  ?.  and  prud  'uci*,  until  a  spiMtial  com- 
illissinii  should  arrive  from  KN^^laiid.  West':*  admini* 
atralion  was  but  shortdiv'd;  for,  iiotwttbsUmdinj(  ibiti 
indication  of  bis  ticc  'plahleniws  to  tbo  coIouihIn,  the 
propriutaries  d  'sirous  of  promoting  the  respeelabilily, 
of  tlieir  nolfles.  iiml  liiirhly  s,ilislii>d  with  tbi!  prudence 
nnd  proj^iriety  tint  had  cbiracterised  Veiiuians'  gov(!rn- 
nieiit  ol  tiiH   pUiilttion  arotitvJ   Cape   Koar,  r't'^l'l 


judged  it  expedient  to  externi  bis  counnind  over  the 
m*w  setlteiiieiit  lyinij  south-we-tl\v;»rd  id' < 'api'  (^arleri't. 
The  shores,  the  s1i(<ains.  atnl  tlir  iiiierinr  nflherniin- 
trv,  b-iui;  now  p.-rt'ei-tlv  well  known.  In  conseipiMnee 
of  the  ariirat''  u.vi'vs  iliey  bad  untleri!on  ■,  Ih"  pi  lu- 
l:>rs  fidiii  Clireiiitoii  iri  the  ninth,  and  l'i<<in  Port  Knyal 
on  the  -i.ulb,  i'«vj.iii  lihout  'Ins  p-riod  lo  r-snrt  lo  the 
(•(Mivenient  banks  nf  A-hl'V-riV'-r:  Ami  beie  was  laid, 
during  tile  >.iin<-  ,.  ;;r.  the  foiiinlation  of  Ohl  i'hiirlts- 
linrn,  wbirb  hecanie,  I'or  s(iiih<  timi',  the  capital  of  I  be 
snulhern  seMlenienls.  The  proprt"Iaries,  lui'anwbiie, 
With  the  spirit  that  bad  rbaractensed  Ibeir  former  pro- 
ceedings, proinuli.Mled  tinifninirff  laws  wliit^h  Ihev 
appoint''!  to  be  observed,  till  by  a  sitlfn-ieiit  uicrease 
of  mhaliitanl.s  the  goveriinieiil  could  be  adiiiiui.>^ten!il 
ac<rordiiig  lo  the  fiindauii-ntal  cniisiitulioiis.  t)ne  of 
these  laws,  with  eijual  policy  and  bnmanit> ,  enjoined 
the  colonists  lo  observe  the  utmost  etpiily  ;iiid  courli"*y 
n  Ineir  inlerco:jr-(e  with  the  liiibans:  to  iillord  Ibein 
prompt  and  ample  redress  o  uny  wrongs  Ibey  inigbt 
haiipeii  to  sustain;  and  on  no  pretenci?  whatever  to 
lave  or  send  any  of  tbein  out  id' the  country.  The 
object   of  this   regitlition  was   unfortunately   deliraled, 

ry  soon  aller.  by  lln-  intrigues  of  the  Spaniirds:  and 
the  other  teiuporary  laws  received  very  little  atlenlion 
or  resp'cl  from  iht'  colonists,  who  were  by  no  nieaiH 
lispos.'d  to  acipiiesee  in  such  arbitrary  and  irregular 
governin  uit :  and  wlio  very  jiisily  iboughi,  tint  if  the 
'stablishin^-nt  of  perm  inenl  laws  was  (dtstrinted  by  the 
'ircninnlaiiceH  ot' their  present  condition,  ibe  temporary 
arriin<feinentj4  by  which  sii<-b  laws  were  to  be  su|)plied 
ought  to  originate  with  ihemselves,  to  vvliom  alone  tin' 
exact  nature  of  the  circiiinst  uices  wbicb  were  lo  bt 
f-oiisiilit'd  wan  experimentally   known. 

The  proprielaries  were  niore  snreesst'ul  in  tlnar 
'tVorLs  to  increase  the  iiunib<'rs  of  ihe  colonists  of  Ash- 
ey-river,  llian  in  their  e\;ierimeiils  in  the  science  of 
legi<i|.ition.  T.»  the  puritans,  perseniied  in  Knglaud 
by  the  existing  laws,  and  ndn-iiled  and  insulted  by-  the 
cavaliers,  th"y  olVered  a  serure  .isylum  and  ample  granlH 
of  land  in  ('andina,  on  condition  of  their  transporting 
tbemselvcH  and  iheir  famili'-s  to  this  province.  I'.ven 
the  most  bigoled  cliiirchin -n  in  tin- king's  council  are 
reported  to  Inve  co-oper  i(  -d  with  great  eagernejts  to 
prou<ot<>  Ibis  proj "ct'  eonsidcnng  si'vi-re  labor  a  pow* 
erful  rem  'i!y  foi'  entbrisiasin,  and  einhnsia-iin  an  e\c"l- 
leiil  stiniilus  to  novel  anl  In/iirdmis  nnd 'rt  things ; 
iind  judging  itexpedien  to  diiiiitiish,  by  every  means, 
ill  ^  larther  accumul.itioii  of  punt  in  sentiineuts  and 
Inbiis  in  .Massac!ius<>it^.  And  alihougb  it  was  to  ihi- 
fivoiirite  sceiM)  that  the  sirlch'st  and  the  ino-<t  numerous 
portion  of  the  punlan  emigrants  slill  resorted,  yet  a 
considerable  number  were  lenipled  by  the  llalteriiig 
oll'.'rs  of  the  proprietaries  lo  try  lli"ir  fortunes  in  Caro- 
liin.  ('nfortun  ilely  for  tin-  peace  of  the  province,  the 
invitations  and  cu-oura^zem 'iits  to  emrgrati'  ihitber 
were  tendi'red  inb-^'riinin it'-ly  to  men  of  tin'  luo^t  dis- 
cord int  <'har;i<'i(>rs  and  priueiplt>s.  Kak-s  and  gain- 
hlers,  who  bad  wasted  their  siih-^lame  in  not  and  vice, 
and  cavaliiTf  who  had  bei-n  ruin -d  bv  the  civil  wars. 
were  S4>iit  out  in  cotHiderahl  ■  ntimbers,  to  associate 
will)  di-<j'U-^ted  piirilaiH.  and  lo  a  scene  where  luily 
sevi-re  labor,  and  ihe  -utricle-,!  temperance  ami  t'riig  ilily, 
could  save  ibem  from  perlsliing  witli  hunger.  To  the 
impoverisbeil  oilicers,  and  other  unl'orlnnaio  adbereiiLs 
of  ilie  royalist  p  ;rly.  for  w  bom  ni>  reeninpeiis!'  was  nro- 
vidi-'i!  Ill  lingland,  the  proprietaries  and  the  other  minis- 
siers  of  the  king  olV-red  estates  in  Carolina,  which 
many  of  them  were  fiin  to  embrace  as  a  refuge  from 
beggary.  The  conimiction  between  ibesc  cavaliers, 
who  ascribed  their  rnin  to  the  piiritan-i,  and  the  puritan 
emigrants,  who  imputed  their  exile  lo  ihe  cavaliers, 
cmild  not  reasonably  be  exni'cted  to  prodiico  barmony 
or  trampiility ;  ami  tho  fi'uds  ami  distractions  that 
afterwards  sprung  up  from  the  seeds  of  division  thmt 
iinsi'ason  ibly  imported  into  the  inl'ant  provim'.e,  in- 
tlicted  a  murited  relribiilion  on  tlni  proprietaries  for  the 
utMiselfjssii  '.IS  (iml  iilHiirdity  of  the  policy  they  hnl  pur- 
sued. Tlie  datigerH  and  hardships,  indeed,  in  wtiieb 
thi*  emigrants  found  themselves  involved  on  th  'ir  arri- 
val in  tlie  province,  contributed  I'or  a  tiiin  to  repress 
the  growth  nf  civil  and  reli;;  ..us  disseiisinn:  but.  on 
the  other  band,  the  same  cii.-umstances  tended  to  de- 
velopo  the  evil  coiisetiuences  of  n  -n  ling  worthless  in  'ii, 
whose  habits  were  already  compl.'lely  fixed  and  cor- 
runtod.  lo  a  sci'n  •  wln-re  (miIv  vigorous  virtue  was  cal- 
culated lo  thrive.  Accord  iiLdv.  it  wiw  the  etfeclH  of 
this  part  of  their  policy  tbat  ait'orded  lo  the  proprieta- 
ries the  earliest  mailer  of  npenlame.  Of  tlie  nxtenl 
to  which  disippointm  'titan  I  r|iseont<'nt  prevailed atnong 
111*  «e:il  'rs,  we  nny  judge  from  this  circnmslaiicu,  thai 
one  of  Iheir  earliptii  I  iw*  wns  t\u  ordinnnce  that  no  per- 


son sbonlil  be  )M<rmitteii  to  abandon  the  colony.'— 
[  ITlV']  The  distress  w  hicb  univoldahly  attended  ibe  lirst 
I'tliirls  n\'  the  coloiii-ils  was  severely  aggravated  by  tbo 
bo^lil  '  mtrigiies  and  assaults  of  tlie  Spaniards,  who  had 
estahlivheil  a  g;irrr->on  at  .-\n-!usiine,  in  the  irrriiory  lo 
wliu  b  the  Jipp'tlalioii  ot'  I'litriila  wiw  iinw  restiicled 
frinn  ils  ornrinal  coinpreliensive!i"ss.  Tbese  nnnred- 
iii.'fs  of  llie  Spaniards,  wbicb  even  tin  . '  origiu-d  preteii* 
••lous  would  by  no  meiiiiH  liave  warranled,  were  adoj  *- 
<-d  in  iiianil'esi  violation  of  a  treaty  bv  which  such  pre- 
ti'iisHuis  hail  been  expressly  renounced.  Prior  to  the 
year  U'>i\7 .  no  meiilion  bad  been  inadi^  of  America  in 
any  treaty  between  Spain  and  Kiigland;  the  fiuuiei 
being  contented  to  ret.iin  her  ancient  claims  to  the 
whole  country,  and  the  other  careful  t''  preserve  and 
improve  the  footing  she  bad  already  attained  in  it.  At 
that  epoch,  liowe\er,  wliicti  w.is  but  a  few  vears  posti'- 
rior  to  ihc  occiipalion  of  (*arohna,  Sir  William  (iodnl- 
phin.  concluded  a  treaty  widi  Spain,  in  which,  among 
other  articles,  it  wasairreed.  '•  Tb  it  the  king  of  (ireal 
Britain  should  always  po-tscss  in  full  radit  of  soveieign- 
ly  and  properly,  all  the  countries,  islands,  and  colimies. 
lyini:  ami  ^ilual"d  in  the  West  In. ties,  or  any  pirtof 
Ainerii'a.  which  be  and  his  subjects  then  b'ld  and  pos- 
ses-^ed.  in>ouiui-h  lb.it  ihey  neither  can  nor  oiiuhl  lo  be 
coutesieii  on  any  aceotinl  whaUoevi-r.  Il  was  stiiiulat- 
ed  at  the  s  mie  lime,  that  Ibe  Itritisb  governni'i.l  slionld 
withdr.iw  its  proiectuni  from  the  bmcaneers,  who  bad 
for  many  years  int'esicd  the  ,Spani-'li  dominions  ui  .\ui''- 
rica  ;  and  accordiu'^lv  all  the  couiinis>«ioiis  thai  bad  bei-n 
formerly  granted  to  these  pirates  wt're  recalled  and  an- 
nulled, ity  lln*  sain  '  treaty,  (he  riubt  td'  both  nations 
to  navigate  the  American  seas  was  formally  recog- 
nised; and  it  was  declared  that  all  ships  in  distress, 
wbelher  from  ■storms,  or  the  pursuit  ot'  enemies  and 
pir.ales,  ami  laUiiii;  ret'nge  in  plai-es  belonging  eiiln-r  lo 
llrilain  or  Spam,  should  ri'ceive  proterliim  and  assist- 
ance and  be  pi-rmilled  lo  depart  without  ninlestation. 

Hilt  notwitb^landing  this  treaty,  a  certain  rehgioiiH 
.-ocirtv  111  Spain  coutinueil  to  assert  a  claim  to  the 
wdiole  territory  to  wbicb  the  naniiMd'  I'lorida  had  been 
originally  applicil,  not  onlv  on  ihe  footing  of  prior  dis- 
covery, iiut  by  \  nine  id"  a  sp"i-i  il  grant  fiom  ihe  pope; 
and  the  garrison  that  was  inaintamed  at  .\uuusliiie  re- 
garding tlie  Hnlisli  settleineiil  as  all  eucroacbmiuit  on 
their  possessiiuH.  end  •avored  by  every  a;-l  <d' insidious, 
and  even  violent  molestation,  to  compel  tlii'  ciilonisis  lo 
reliii'piish  the  country.  They  sent  criiissarics  among 
till-  H'ttlers  at  .\slil'y  ri\er.  in  the  hope  of  moving  tliciu 
to  revolt ;  they  eiicoiirag.'d  indented  servants  lo  aban- 
don their  masters,  and  lly  to  the  Spani^^b  lerntmy  :  ami 
Ihey  lahiued  so  sncc''s.stnlly  lo  iiisiil  into  the  savage 
tribes  the  naul  unfavorable  notions  of  Hritish  In-rclics 
that  these  didilded  luiliaui*.  at  the  instigation  <d*  a  peo 
pie,  whose  treachery  and  in|nslice  they  bad  so  seiisi 
iity  experienced,  took  arms  to  extirpate  a  race  whc  bad 
never  injured  ibein,  and  whose  whole  demeanor,  at 
welt  as  thei'xpresH  iiiNtriictions  of  iheir  rub'rs.  indicated 
a  ili'sire  lo  ciiltivale  friiunlly  relations  vvitli  them.  Tho 
colonists  wi're  now  involved  in  a  scene  ol  lahor,  dan* 
g.'r.  and  misery,  which  it  is  impossible  to  contemplate 
wttlioul  ad.niriug  th  •  en  -rjiy  anl  en  luram-e  which  hii- 
niun  beiugd. ire  capable  of  exerting.  I'-xc'-pt  a  wry  few 
negroes,  who  bad  been  imported  by  Vcamans  und  lits  ltd 
lowers  fnnn  Harhadoes.  there  were  no  other  lahorers  hut 
Knmp  'ans  in  itie  colony;  the  brnle  creation  could  not 
parlak"  orsit))plv  bumaii  talior  lilt  the  griHind  had  been 
disencnmbercd  of  wood;  and  the  weak  arm  id'  in. in 
alone  Indio  ciicoiinler  the  hanlship  of  clearing  a  forest, 
wbase  thickness  si'eni  'd  to  bid  d'-liance  lo  bis  utmost 
strength.  The  tod  of  felling  the  large  ami  lolU'  tree-, 
l*y  which  they  were  surrounded,  was  perforin  'ij  by  tb  '. 
ci)|onisi^  under  the  dissolving  beat  id'  a  climate  in  which 
iheir  bodies  were  lolally  aecnstntm.-fl.  and  amidst  >lift 
terrors  of  barbarous  enemies,  whose  siU  nt  approaches 
and  abrupt  assaults  thev  could  liol  other"  ise  repel,  than 
by  keeping  a  pari  of  ibeir  own  number  under  arm-.  In 
proli'cl  the  remainder  who  were  working  in  the  fon--*!. 
or  cultivating  the   Hpaces  that   bad  been  cleared.     The 

*  il.'Wil.  i..')l--.MK  liO  llewil's  vveik  vviis  puhlislied  wi'tionl 
Ills  ii.lill",  HtiU-ll  s.itll.'  Wtlters  Irivi'  siMit  llrvMl.  aiKl  >Hirrs 
H.nvit,  nihers  Irivi- r.iiifln.le.l,  iniiiillii-.  v.in.ili.m,  tlml  tlierr 
were  iwi  wiiIiTS  wIiimm  niitiitts  weie  lii'.irlv  (lie  H:ilii(',  Hiul 
li.ithot  vvli..ai  WKite  liiiI.iri.'H  of  S.>iitli  Cimlliia.  Wanl.-ii  ctr- 
itf'slliiA  iniHlake  ntill  I  trllMir,  niitj  iii  lim  tiitaloiino  of  wnrit*!  rfl- 

litiVe   to   lliiH   statu iitiierates    tltree   iiistune!!    >'e.inni*    llie 

H,iin<*  tiilc,  one  liy  Mcvvit.  oiitt  hv  It  <wat,  iiiiil  fi  thiril  liy  ;tB 
iiii'tiivmoiis  iMUlior.  N. It  is  (Ills  H  s(t|it;irv,i>r  even  h  tiire  »(•*■• 
iirnrri  nf  llin  in  iriiracv  of  Inn  lilerarv  nilaloKtu-H.  Inili-cii 
iKitlwni;  can  l>n  inori'  s|ovi<iilv  <>r  (lerplexnitt  Ih.in  tlin  tnnniipr 
in  wliKh  (iiilhorilies  li;ivf  been  nlc.l  in  iilmuHt  nil  Ihf  work* 
timt  ire^it  "f  AiMfHcaa  liisfrv.  Kvpii  tliu  inimt  correct  of 
lliurri  iMiver  Mi-rnnie  lit  iile  tint  sriiik  niitiiot,  In  une  [>aitair« 
by  his  nainu.  ami  in  inotliur  tiy  tho  \AH  which  lilt  wurli  akhiM 
with  t  hoft  of  flfthw  pPTformaitciiii. 


u& 


NO  RT  II    A  M  i:  It  f  r  A. 


tlifl  rnloiiv."— 
[ith>ii<l<Mt  ill-- first 
;.'r;iviili'il  liy  tlm 
iiiiiinU,  wIhi  liiul 

the  ir-rriinry  to 
I  now   ri'Hinctcd 

'I'lifrtt!  |m)Cf('<l- 

»ri;(iriiii  prcli'ii- 
ti'd,  wi-rf'  .i(!»j  '- 
whirli  ?*iu*li  pr.- 
I.  I'nor  lo  tliM 
>  (>r  Aiiicrir:!  ill 
11(1:  till!  t'nriiit'i 
t  rliiiiiM  III  tlii^ 
t'-  prc-'i'rvt'  !iiiil 
t:iiii'>(l  III  il.  Al 
li'W  vciirs  piMtr- 

Williiiiii  (iiMloU 
1  -.vhirli,  tiiiiiMig 
•  hill*,'  ill'  (ircal 
L'lil  ofsovnr.'iun- 
ih.aml  ruIniiifH, 

tir  i\uy   p  irt  (if 

It  I)  'I.I  iiiid    pos- 

iinr  niitflit  to  Im 

It  \\:i*  ''itipiiliit- 

,l'l'lllll<-I.t  NllOllllf 
lll'''T'*.   who     llil'l 

iitmioiii  III  Ai))'-- 
iiio  tlialliad  livtii 
rri'iillfd  and  all- 
ot' hotli   naliiiiiH 
roriually    n-coi;- 
ihips   111  dixtrrsH, 
ol'  t'lK-iitifs  and 
|i)ii<iiiii;  ('idler  lo 
(-tioii  and   iis»<i>it- 
III  ni(di'.>«tittiiin. 
rnlain   rclii^iniH 
a    clinni    to    tlin 
Florida  had  hi'cii 
liii::  of  prior  di-<- 
t  rimii  llif  pop<': 
it  Auunstimr    r.'- 
'iu'ro:M'hiii''iit  on 
ail  oriiisidioKH, 
I  till'  roloni-'N  to 
ii)i<>sarH'i  ainnM|{ 
of  moving  tlu-iii 
■naiiN  lo   ahiin- 
h   tt'rrilorv  ;  and 
into   the  savant' 
|triii:4li  Ifri'tii-M 
ition  <d'  a  pen 
V   had  (*n  pcnsi 
.1  raro  wlir  hat! 
'   d'.'tiii'aiior,  a* 
rnliTs,  inilicatt'd 
ith  lh"in.     Tho 
ut  lahnr,  dan* 
to  (oitti'iiipiale 
aiK'*'  which  Int- 
r-'pt  a  wrv  I't-w 
nan>i  and  tns  I'nl 
hfr  luhnrtTs  hnt 
atioii  roiild  not 
grontid  had  hi-t'ii 
k   arti)  oC   man 
Irann;;  a  iVtrt"*!, 
>  to   liin  nlinoHl 
and  lohv  In'!"-, 
■rlorni  mI  hy  th  • 
climat'!  In  wliiili 
nd   amidst   tin* 
li-nt  approarhcii 
w  \<p  rt'p''!.  than 
imdiT  arm-,  tn 
iiH  III  ll»^  tort'-tt, 
I  (It-art'd.     The 

liiil>liHltiMl  w>>|)«iiL 
llrvMt.  nixl  >tlii  rs 
ll'iii,  tli:il  llii-M> 
rh  till'  »:itii's  Hii.t 
m;i.  VV;ii.lfii  r  tr* 
ifiio  of  wiitk*  ru- 
ne^ tie.iriDft  tlie 
tiKl  il  tlmd  by  ;ii 
r  rvi'ii  h  mrit  *(«•■ 

l.ll.'Klll'H.         Illllt'fJ 

ili.tti  tho  iiiiiinier 
losi  :ill  ihc  work* 
I  iiioHt  coricct  ()( 
i|,   til  niin   ))tii«ftKt 

b  liu  work  dkWM 


I" 


I' 

di\i 


Dfovi'tiniM  ohtaini'dliy  dim  ofciiph  hardMiipH  wen;  fn- 

ipi.-ntlv  di'voiiri'ij  or  d.'«»troyrd  liy  llicir  "iirimfH:  ati>l 
ill-  n-i  (iiiiji  'ii-if  ol"  a  wlioli-  U'lir'"  toil  di-li-ali-d  ni  one 
iiu;lil  liv  Iht'  \i^'or  and  rrjrrily  ol'  Indian  licpr-'tiation. 
'rhi'HM  *di:*ln'fi:.»'-.  wrrc  a^-yravali-d  hy  III''  Icchlcrii'sH. 
tirlpli's^ni'-H.  ami  ill-hiMMor.  ol'  s'tmc  o("  ihr  n-ri'iitly  ar- 
iivt'd  <'iiii:rr.int<«,  and  liy  IIh>  mislaki's  and  di->appotiit- 
iir-nU  aiHiiiL'  iVcnii  ij:noranci'  ol*  Ihc  pccnhar  mlinn* 
iiiul  pro(lii('<'  appropiiiiic  to  thi*  soil  nt'  < 'arolina,  to 
uliK-li  liii'opi-aiiuraiii  and  lillaf;f  proved  ittlcrly  niMiiit- 
:iii|i>.  So  iiiiKJi  <liiroiiif>nt  and  iiiKiiliordmalion  waii 
prodii'Td  hv  tlifse  ralamitii's,  tliat  il  waK  with  tlii^  nt* 
iiin-I  ditiirnlly   Ih  i'    the    governor  c-onid    pnvrnl   the 

pli*  iVoiii  lihiitjiloiiiii^  ihc  NrtllrnM-nl.  An  iiHiirrcc- 
tiDM  wa-i  '-vn  cxnli'd  hy  rnlpcppcr,  one  ol'thc  provin* 
nil  (iliir.'r-.  hill  il  w.h  ca^ly  snpprctHcd  hy  lln'  rhvit- 
iinr;  ami  ihf  tfiiiily  wcp*  (Mtlirr  mildly  piinifhfd  or 
liiitiiiii''lv  lor^ivcn  in  coiiHidi-raiinn  nl'  the  iinHt-ry  to 
wliuli  ilu'ir  vi(dniii'  was  impiilrd.  Whihi  Veiimait^ 
w:!-*  cxfr  m;;  limi''<'ll*  to  romposM  llicsp  diHordcrs,  tin* 
Spill!''!)  jfnrriMiii  al  Aiiifiixlinc,  rercivinp  inrnrtnatioii 
I'lnai  <iim<'  ru;:itiv<'  nrrvants  ol'  tin*  roloiiiNtit,  ol'  llit>  state 
ol  ilnir  alliiirs,  pitl<;rd  lliin  a  properopportnnity  tOHtrike 
a  il'Ti'ivc  hUtw;  and  arrordiiiffly  dt"*pati'lH'd  a  party, 
wiifi  adv;iiiri-d  an  t'lr  a^  the  isliind  of  St.  Helena,  with 
the  piirp<H''  of  <li<«lodi;inj>  or  (testrnyin:;  the  inliahitant.s 
of  A-iiil-'iV  river.      Itnl  either  their  ('iiiiraKe  was  dinpro- 

liimeil  lo  (li!>ir  animn-itiv.  or  they  had  overr-ilefj  the 
imoMfrlhi'  I  n^lfii  coloniitN:  for  hein^ joined 
hy  (ii)lv  oil''  (railnr  nt'lle'  name  nri'it/patrirk.anit  leurii- 
MIL'  that  Y'  aiiiaii'*  was  not  onlv  prepared  to  receive 
;li<'m.  hut  li:id  h'IiI  ('olonejlMHllrev  with  a  parly  of  tiHy 
viiliiiilcers  til  allark  them  in  St.llidena,  they  did  nol 
wail  (lie  encoiinler,  Iml  evartiatiiif;  llie  ishiiid  relrejili'd 

10  tlieir  ipiiirier-^  at  A'i^'nsiine.  'I'lie  more  fonmdahle 
lin-tililies  of  llie  Indian-^  were  (piellcd  for  a  lime,  parlly 
hy  the  adilrev^  and  ciuirilialitin  of  Veaniaii'',  hiil  chii-tly 
bv  a  w nr  \\ Inch  hroke  out  helweeii  two  of  their  tiwn 
principal  trihes.  the  Woloesand  the  Sereiiiis,  and  which 
wa^c  irried  on  with  such  deslrnclive  ftiry,  that  in  the  i-nd 

11  moxrtl  t'alal  to  them  holh. 
I  11)7:1.)   Diirini;  the  adininistralinii  of  Sir  John  Ve>t- 

III  III",  tlie  colonv  received  a  ^reut  !)il<liti4in  to  its  slren<!lh 
from  the  Miilrh  si'lllemeiil  of  No\a  Itel^^ia.  wliiih  had  \ 
hci'ii  conipiered  hy  (-'ohniel  NielioU,  and  made  siihjeci  ! 
I')  InL'himl.   Charles  ihe  Second  heslowi'd  it  on  his  hrii-  J 
lli'-r  Jiinii's.  who  chanired  lis  imiiii-  it.  Ni-w  York;    and 
liv   ilie  prudence   mid   m'ldne>4s  of   the    first   tM-verimr  ' 
\\li<iiii  l:e  ;ippitiiilrd,  snccreded  for  :i  while  in  reroncil- 
iui;  tlie  inliahilants  to  the  clianp*  of  etnpire.      Hiit  \  an- 
oiiH  rircinn^'an'-es  h  id  siihtecpienily  ocenired  lo  render 
till'  Dutch  disconletiled  with  their  altered  situation,  and 
111  inv  of  them  had  litrim  d  the  intenlinii  of  remo\  in*;  lo  : 
t-oiiif  other  provinco;  wli'-nllie  proprietaries  ol  \Mro-| 
tiiiii.    iiriiler<i(andiii^',  or  anticipMliii^   their  dcKi^n,   tnd  j 
ever  on  the  watch  to  promote  emi^rallon  to  their  o>vn  | 
pdiitjiiate.   prevaili  d  with  lln  in  l)\    iin  oiirafzinp  otVern  | 
lo  ihrccl  their  idiirse  thither,  and  sent  two  of  their  own  I 
vi'i^fls    wliich  con\e\ed  a  nnniher  of  Dutch  faimlies  to  ! 
(.'liiirlexltjwn.     Stephen  Dnll.  the   Mirveyor-j£eiieral  of  i 
llie  colonv.   had    in-irm-tions   to  alloraic  lands    on   the 
i<niith-wesi   sidu   of  Asliley-ri\er  tor  their  acr-ommoda- 
liiiii:  and  here  llie  Dutch  i-iiii^raiits.  Iia\  ini!  drau  n  hits 
fur  llieir  posHessinns,  formed  a  town,  w  huh  v\a-i  lalled 
Jimii-<«town.       This    first     re.-ort    of   Dutch   settlers    In  : 
(.'aruliiia.  opened  a  copious  lUiw  ol   emi^M'aunn  lo    the  [ 
pioMiict';  tor.  ha\  in^ -^11)  iiioiiiited  incn-dilile  li;ird>hips  ^ 
hy  tlif'ir  p  itieiice  and  indnstry.  llie   HiHse^slnl  est.)hli-.h- 
III '111    wlui'h    <hev     iditaiiied,    iiiiliict  d     immy    of  thiir 
ciiiiiiirniii-n  in  .iipii-nt  lte|;(ta,  iil  a  siihsripn-nt  period, 
to  llillovv  them  to  the  western  world.     The    iiilialiiiaiils 
orj.iiiie«|o\vi).  at  leii<;lli  tiiiflinif   lis   precincis    ton    nar- 
row   for     their    ^rowiny    niunhers,    he^aii    lo    spread 
thiMiiH'lve'*   over  the    pro\ince,  till  the  town  hy  ile^reew 
ua-.  entirely  ticserted. 

Till'  proprietaries  had  hilluTto  supplied  the  wantn  nf 
thi>  rolonisiH  with  iin  unsparing  hand r  insomiteh  that  il 
wn'.  hy  their  ample  and  seasonahh*  eonsijinnienls  of 
provisuuis  and  other  ftlores,  lliat  the  Heltlement  hod 
more  than  once  hein  rdialched  Iroin  the  hrink  nf  de- 
Htniciion.  !Iui  then  patience  win  not  proportioned  to 
their  Id.erality  ;  in  the  rxperlatmn'*  they  formed,  of 
ppi-cdy  eir'iliiment  and  ^'ralefni  repard.  Ihey  omitteil  in 
cnii-ider  ihe  i'irriinwtance<4  for  v\hich  they  had  so  lilier- 
iiliy  provided;  and  lnt;illy  forirettin;.'  the  inpisiire  and 
uitprudencr  wit!,  wliiili  they  had  hurried  olf  tfieal 
nnmliers  of  he|p|p<4K  HhtHf 'ss' men.  tn  a  sceiii'  where 
llii\  roiild  (miy  encounter,  ilistinh,  nnd  enconrajfe 
the  mure  nscfnl  ineinhers  f  the  rommimily.  Ilii'y 
wi-re  •.tron::ly  and  excltisivrly  impressed  with  the  larpe- 
nl■^^  of  th.-ir  own  pei-iiniary  sacritices.  which  hceined 
I"  ifiv    thein   full  n-s'iraiKT   that  tiin  cnloni!«ts  had    no 


cailse  whatever  ofconipjaint  a^'ainsl  them.  Ilelnre  tlie 
end  of  the  year  ]i'\~i',\.  u  dehl  ol  m.iny  ll  oiisaud  ponixl^ 
had  hr-eii  iin  iirred  in  this  manner,  hy  the  coloiii.-.i<s  to 
llie  proprietaries ;  and  vet  they  >oliciled  fre>|i  .xupplt<  s. 
without  heini;  ahle  to  <>|inw  how  the  liile  or  llie  fiituie 
expt  nil's  were  ever  to  he  rein.hni-ed;  and  III  alhnhu;' 
lo  Ihe  riiMerily  of  llie  iuudshipr*  tliev  liiid  iiiidci^nne, 
they  roinphiiiied  (W  iie^jt'Ct,  and  iiisinmited  rcpiouh. 
The  proprietaries  were  f'X('eedin;:ly  provoked  and  dis- 
ffiisted  w  Ith  tlii.s  result :  and  iheir  dtsajipointuient,  con- 
curring with  the  Dntch  war,  rendered  their  correspon- 
dence with  the  colony  inneli  lesM  freipn-nl  than  helore. 
Willing  however  In  enronra(ie  the  .-etilers  who  had 
lately  I'lm/ir.iled  from  New  York,  [Iti7-I.]  Ihey  sent 
aiinlher  supple  ,and  promised  an  aniinal  one;  hut  withal 
warned  the  planters  to  consider  hnvv  these  advances 
were  lo  he  repaid,  siiici  they  were  now  deterinineil, 
they  declared,  tn  make  no  more  desperate  dehts.  "  It 
must  he  n  harl  soil,"  they  ohserved,  "that  will  not 
maintain  indiiHtrions  men,  or  v\e  must  he  \eiy  sillv  (hat 
Wdiild  inaintain  the  idle."  They  transmitted  at  the 
same  lime  ti  larpe  nssortment  ol  vines  ,ind  oth"r  useful 
plants,  and  sent  mil  a  nnniher  of  men  who  were  ac- 
nnainled  with  the  maiiii^'enienl  of  them;  hut  they  re- 
Insed  an  appliratinn  for  a  slock  of  c.-ittle.  oh^erv  iii^'  that 
they  wished  not  to  eticoiir;ii.'e  ;:ra/iers  hnt  planters; 
anil  they  slrnn^dy  rec«niiinended  Ihe  enllivatmn  of  to- 
harco,  till  lliort-  lieneticial  >1ap|e>  roiild  he  inlrodneed. 
.Mutual  jealously  and  disr>;itisfactM>ii  he^'an  now  lo  arise 
helween  the  proprietaries  and  the  lolonislx,  and  em- 
hittered  the  whole  of  their  future  inlenoiirse.  Itnt  a 
llsefnl  lesion  was  roiiM  yed  to  llii'  people  hy  the  I'lr- 
riimsiances  which  iliiis  diminished  their  reliance  on  tn- 
rei^'ii  support,  and  enforced  their  de[ieiidence  on  their 
itwn  nnassi^ti'd  exertiotw.  The  propnet.irics  a>eriliei| 
the  iiiiprodiictivem'ss  of  the  colony,  and  the  poverty  ol 
its  inliahilaiits.  to  the  iiiisiinvcrtnnent  nt'Sir  John  Yei- 
mins.  who  in  the  fHnmnencement  of  this  year  had  heen 
forceij  hy  ill  health  In  resign  Ins  comniaiid.  :iiid  try  to 
repair  his  conHtitntion  in  ItarhadoeN.  where  he  <piM  klv 
found  a  pra\e.  The  factions  and  confit-Hion  in  whrch 
llie  colony  was  shortly  aOer  involved,  li.ive  rendered 
the  anni'ls  of  this  period  extremely  peip|i'\in;r  and  in- 
coiiftislent,  and  ohscurctl,  with  an  almost  mipeiietrahh 
cloud,  tlu' real  rharaelers  of  men,  and  the  connection 
of  events.  Vet  ainid.st  rontlirtinp  te*.tiuionies.  I  ain 
sironpiv  inchned  to  h-'lieve  that  these  cjiar^res  of  the 
proprietaries  against  Sir  John  VeamaiH  were  nniii>-t, 
and  I'ither  the  etl'iisiniiH  of  sptfM'ii  and  di^appoiiitiiieiii. 
or  (more  prohahly)  the  artful  su^pestioii  ol  an  apoh)i!\ 
for  the  hody  it\'  the  rolnnists.  with  whom  il  was  not 
eonvenieiit  for  them  to  ipiarrel  irreeoncihilily.  The 
real  nlVeiice  of  \'ein.inH  «eems  to  have  heen  lii-i  eajrir- 
ne^^B  to  jirocnre  amfili*  niipjilies  from  the  propriet,i- 
ries  to  the  rotoiiists;  a  policy  which,  while  ihe  pro- 
prietarie><  were  di'termine<l  to  diM-onrase,  they  were 
nntiifHlly  interested  to  view  and  represent  as  the  ron- 
seipieiire  of  his  own  m  il-aduiinintratlon.  When  lie 
ahdiratrd  his  ottire.lhe  council  a^ain  appointed  Joseph 
West  his  successor ;  and  on  this  occasion  ihe  palatine 
thoii/rht  proper  to  contirm  the  popular  choice,  with 
niiiny  compiimenls  to  the  ohjecl  <if  il,  which,  however 
^rratuitoits  at  the  time,  were  amply  justilied  hy  the  pri 
deiici'  and  success  nt  Ids  aduiinislriition. 

rroni  the  alVairs  of  the  southern  colony,  we  must 
now  transfer  our  attention  for  a  little  to  the  norlheni 
•*eit|em;nt  of  .Mhnn.irle.  The  same  iri>trui-lioiH  who  I 
had  hei'ii  ( ointl'illiicated  to  Savie,  in  the  ye:ir  h'w'.f 
were  iransuiillei!  to  Steven-',  the  fiovernor  ol'  .Alhemirle 
at  the  s.'iiite  period;  hut  a  Nyslem,  pregnant  willi 
it  novatimiH  so  nnliivourahle  to  the  interests  of  free- 
ihmi,  was  re<'i-ived  witli  itis^tivt  and  even  deri'-ion.  hy  a 
people  who  were  no  iiiori'  dispo-ied  Iti  pive  their  con- 
sent t>i  the  fundamental  consliliitions  than  the  propri 
et.irii's  had  been  lo  itemaiid  il.  The  promulf^alioii  of 
this  instrument  produced  no  other  ctlect  than  to  evcite 
the  most  inveterate  jealously  of  the  desipns  of  the  pro- 
prietaries ;  till.  III  process  (d"  lime,  it  r;iuie  l.i  he  reported 
and  helieved,  that  they  had  forineil  the  purpose  of  par 
titioninp  the  piovinccand  heslowinp  Alhemarle  on  Sir 
William  Iterkeley  as  his  portion  of  the  whole.  Thi: 
■,ppreliennion.  ihouph  perteclly  pronndlesn.  prevailed  vo 
•itrotiply,  (  Hi7r>,  ]  that  at  length  the  a.ssemiily  of  Alhf 
niarlo  presentt'd  n  retninwlraiire  to  the  propnelarie 
iipaiiist  a  measure  which  thev  declared  lo  he  no  les 
inpirioiis  lo  individuals  than  t^epradin^r  to  the  country. 
'I'houph  this  ri.'inonstranei'  was  answered  in  a  concdiit- 
iiitf  inamier  hy  ihe  proprietaries,  who  pracimisly  eon- 
fesscd  that  they  had  heen  wanting  in  attention  lo  tin 
people  of  .Mh-marh>,  and  soliMunly  promisetl  to  pre 
serve  Ihe  inteprilv  of  the  province,  tli«  disconteiitM  of 
the  ccdoni^Ui  were  too  ihn-plv  rooted  to  ho  lliun  luusily 


201 


removed,  Little  satislactiou  was  derived  from  thfl  ox 
pel  tiitioii  of  imne  firipn-nt  attention^  from  those  whoM^ 
policv  hail  heconie  ihe  nhje<-t  of  inninilile  snspirioir 
iiiid  a  |i  aloux  and  nlriM  loiy  ^plr^l,  lakiiij.'  |  ossession  of 
the  iiiimU  of  li.e  ).iii|dr.  w'as  at  h-iii'lh  i  xa-peraled  into 
-eiitim.nts  as  host  le  to  Mthonhiiahon.  ;i>  the  pijiiy  o'" 
die  piopMctarii^  was  repiipu,inl  to  liherly.  rronitliiii 
period  ihe  history  of  the  norlhern  province,  for  a  serieii 
of  years,  is  involved  in  mu-Ii  ronlm-ion  and  coiitr>idie< 
tieii,  that  It  IS  iinpossihle  lo  render  it  inlereslinp,  and 
diliiciilt  to  niMke  it  even  iniellipihte.  (■|ialuiers.  llio 
niosl  accurate  of  ils  historians,  has  lueti  enalile<f,  hy  Inn 
access  lo  till'  most  aullieiitie  soiirci-s  of  inloriiiaiio'n,  lo 
rertily  the  mistakes  of  other  writers  lespectuij:  tiie  na- 
ture and  onh-rs  of  the  foltovvin<;  events  ;  hut  has  found 
It  tillerly  impracticahle  to  account  forihem  '  I  iihappdy 
they  have  heen  involved  in  the  (h'cper  confiis'on.  troiii 
heinp  connected  in  some  deprei-.  with  llie  \  iolint  Iml 
unsteady  and  mysterious  politics  of  Lord  Slianeshiirv. 

Shortly  afler  the  remonstrance  hv   the  .-issemhly  Of 

Alhem.irle,  Miller,  a   per-on  of    sm •onsideralioii  in 

the  pioviin-e.was  iicciisfd  of  sedition:  and  haviiiL'iieen 
actpiiited,  iiolw  iihstandmp  the  grossest  irrejinlarity 
ilid  iiijiislice  in  cmidnctinp  his  trial,  he  proceeded 
lo  Lnplaiid  lo  eonijp|,iiii  to  the  projirielnries  of  the 
treatment  he  hail  undergone.  Slepliens  the  povernor 
lied  .vnon  after;  and  the  assemhtv  inarh-  choice  of 
Cartwripht  to  succeed  him  till  onlers  should  he  re- 
ived from  r.npland;  hut  this  man,  al^er  a  short  at- 
tempt  to  rfuidnct  the  adniinislratioii,  was  so  dispiisted 
with  the  dHtra<  tions  that  prevailed  aroitml  him.  that  ho 
ah:indoiied  the  colony  altogether  and  returned  to  Tng- 
lainl,  j  Ht7t;,  ]  whither  he  was  accnmp'uiied  hy  IviHt- 
hitrcli.  a  iii.iti  whose  .iddress  ;ind  ahihlies  hail  raised 
hull  to  the  dipnity  of  speaker  of  the  assemhiy  and  who 
was  ilepnled  lo  repre-^i-nt  to  the  proprietaries  the  exist* 
ini:  slate  of  the  proMlici'.  The  proprietaries  eoiiceiv- 
itip  a  f'lvourahle  opinion  of  l!a«tcliurch,  appointed  hiin 
governor  of  Aiheunrle ;  and  stronply  disapproving  the 
treatment  thai  Miller  had  received,  pave  him  as  a  coin- 
pensalioii  the  ollice  of  secretarv.  lo  which  Lord  Sliaf- 
(eshitry  added  <i  deputation  of  his  proprietary  fhiictions. 
The  coininissioneix  fd'  the  cusionisiippointed  .Mi!ler,at 
the  same  tnite,  the  first  collector  of  the«e  ifntie-*  tn  lliti 
proviih'e.  Ttie  pi oprietaries  had  oi.'-erviil  with  dis. 
satisfaction  how  little  iheir  desipns  hml  hei  n  piniiioted, 
or  their  in-tructions  respected  hy  the  provincial  yoverii- 
lileiif.  They  had  sipiiilied  their  desire  In  lia\e  seltle- 
meut-<  formed  lo  the  southward  of  .Alhemarle  sound, 
and  a  eominuiiic;ilion  hy  land  e--l  ildi-'heil  with  tint 
soot  hern  i  oinny.  liiii  this  sr  hi-nie  had  heen  oh-^t  meted 
hy  the  irovernor  ;iiid  council  of  .Mheniarle,  who  had  eli- 
i^rossed  iieaily  the  whole  of  the  trade  w  itli  the  lieiph- 
hnrinp  Indians,  and  justly  .ippreheiided  tl,.it  the  exten 
lion  of"  the  selllenients  wonhl  divert.  Ihis  protitahip 
iritllie  inio  other  li,'iiids.  The  propiietarie-i  had  no  less 
vainly  endea\ored  lo  alter  the  chanm!  of  the  foreipn 
Irade  of  the  colonists,  ami  lo  siihstitiiie  a  direct  inter- 
coiii'se  with  Itrilarii  forthe  disad\  inl.'ipeHiis  i-ommerco 
to  which  they  had  resfricled  theliise|\es  with  New 
LnL'i;itid.  whose  trailers,  penetralnip  into  the  interior 
of  till'  provinc  ,  ami  hriiipinir  th-'ir  pnmls  ;ii  .-veiy 
man's  door,  had  ohlained  a  umnopdlv  of'  tin  produce 
of  AlheiiKirli',  and  haluinated  the  p[;inlers  to  a  tratlic 
which  ihey  pref'ired,  on  ai-cdiint  of  its  ea-e  and  sun- 
pHciiy.to  the  superior  enioluiiieni  of  iiioredi-innl  com 
iiiereial  tvrinsaclions.  It  was  hoped  hy  the  proprieta 
ni's  thai  an  impnrlam  aiteralioii  in  hoth  the-'e  p.irlicii 
lir-  wniili!  he  etrreled  hv  the  in-  no  tJoiH  w  hiih  they 
now  coiiiinuuieated  to  rasichiircli  ah!  Miller.  |  I'i77.} 
I'lie*;!"  oilif-ers  departed  lo  take  posses-ioii  of  iJii'ir  re- 
speeiive  olhei"'';  hill  I  is!chnrch,  linctiiii!  an  o)iooitii 
iiitv  of  makiiip  a  weallhv  marriape  in  Ihe  West  lmhe*i, 
thonphl  it  pruileiii  to  reiniin  tlierit  till  his  olip-ri  waM 
acconiphsheil.  and  despatched  his  companion  with  dt* 
reciiotis  to  poverri  the  colony  as  pre«ident  lilt  ite  hiiu- 
s(df  should  arrive. 

As  chief  inapt<'lr,'Ue  and  collector  of  the  rov,'il  cus 
toms.  Miller  was  received  with  a  hollow  civihty  and 
treacherous  aeipiiescence.  of  whirh  hehecanietlie  dnjMi 
.ind  ihe  victim.  Not  aware  how  niiacceptahle  his  hw 
tlmrily  was  to  a  considerahle  party   amonp  the  settlorrf, 


"Sui:li." 


IIS  wtite 


I    llie 


.Tuiii.  s;i>,  iiiis  HdUT.  "M  llie  pnrlv  liistnry  i.  iSHrtti 
riir-pUiin.  whicti  is  iirnt»nlily  let  tiiijinrlniit  luxl  iiisl  in>  live  a%  th« 
.'iliiiuls  nf  tdc  iiinnt  ri'lKiwiieii  s'aU-H  nf  :miIi<|iii1  V.  if  vvn  de- 
'Uii'l  frnni  lliPiii  till'  HiTceHhlu  fuliles  wil'    vvtm  Ii  lleir  i'to.^iii>nt 

iiulliors  liavn  ailunit^l  U ."     T.  520     i:       i|   .Ii-«  hues  that   llii! 

iraiisiutinns  nf  rniiiiiiniiwi<allirH  In  tliM<  iiif.nirv  htc  .in  iii|«. 
restaiK  In  the  iiinrnliHt  ii<^  Din  vei!i>iHl|nn  of  |>loits  in  s|innt 
Is  In  tlie  niii'iMil  (ihtloHnpt-cr;  H  seiilliiii'iit  vvlmh.  wliHlevi,i 
insll.i:  It  riiiiv  lie  (heni'ht  tn  jw-ssi-^t,  is  l.ifillv  mai-ili.  :il>le  to 
llie  ,Tnn,il>,  n(  n  p.  ri..il  iliMnrlM'-l  l.v  ci\  ll  t  i.nnn.ilinns,  .le^ninlo 
of  letters,  find  nll^(u^c(l  l.v  itM'HiMsiMii  tritliioni  thu  off 
|s[)iii)K  ol  rvmeniltim  fartiuiiu  and  rei^iprocal  rwicur. 


'H 


A  i 


II 


293 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


lie  nt  oiicp  promulgated  purposes  and  coinmencpd  iniio- 
v;Uion-j  tli;il  pave  orteiiee  :uid  alarm  lo  all.  lie  round 
tliv  rolnnv  to  consist  of  a  lew  insignificant  plantations 
dispersed'  along  the  north-eastern  hank  ol'  the  river 
Alheninrle,  and  di.idjd  into  I'onr  districts.  The  colo- 
nists were  yet  hilt  an  inconslderahle  hndy;  the  /i7/i/i- 
tiies,  under  which  description  were  comprehended  all 
tlie  working  hands  from  sixteen  to  sixty  years  of  ace, 
aiiinnnting  only  to  fourteen  hundred;  and  one  third  of 
these  heiiig  composed  of  Indians,  negroes,  and  women 
Kxclusive  of  the  cattle  and  Indian  corn,  eight  hundred 
Ihniisand  pouiidn  of  toliacco  was  the  annual  produce  of 
their  I'ilior,  and  formed  the  bsma  of  an  inconsiderable 
commerce,  which  wits  carried  on  almost  entirely  hy  the 
traders  from  New  I'.nglaiid,  who  enjoyed  nnhoiiiided 
inllueiice  in  the  colony.  Remote  iroui  society,  aiu! 
utterly  destitute  of  instruction.-,  the  planters  were  re 
iiiarkiible  for  ignorance  and  creiliility  and  were  impli- 
citly directed  l)y  the  counsels  of  these  traders,  who  re- 
garded with  the  utmost  jealousy  the  commercial  designs 
which  .Miller  had  been  instructed  by  the  proprietaries 
to  pursue.  Unsupported  by  any  elfectual  power,  and 
possessing  neither  the  reputation  of  eminent  ability  nor 
the  advantage  of  popularity,  this  man  conmieiiced  the 
work  of  reformation  with  a  headlong  and  impeliions 
zeal  that  provoked  universal  displeasure.  He  was  re 
proached,  and  perhaps  justly,  with  some  arbitrary  exer- 
tions of  power;  but  tlie  rock  on  which  his  authority 
linally  split  was  an  attempt  to  promote  a  more  direct 
trade' with  Britain  and  with  the  other  colonies,*  in  or- 
der to  destroy  the  monopoly  enjoyed  by  the  traders 
of  New  I'.iigland,  whom  the  proprietaries  regarded  as 
iiisiilnoiis  rivals,  and  ilangerousas.sociatea  of  the  people 
of  Carolina.  .\t  length,  on  the  arrestment  of  a  New 
Kligland  trailer  who  was  accused  of  snmgglinz,  an  in- 
surrection t  broke  forth  among  the  settlers  of  l'as(pie- 
l.inke,  one  of  the  distrirts  of  Albemarle ;  and  the  flame 
quickly  spread  through  the  whole  colony.  The  iiisiir- 
peiits  'were  cbiellj  conducied  by  Culpepper,  who  had 
formerly  excited  commotions  in  the  settlement  of  .\sli- 
ley-rive'r.  and  whose  experience,  in  some  enterprises, 
seems  to  have  foriiied  his  sole  recoimneiiilatioi  to  llie 
regards  of  his  present  associ  it's,  .\s  the  govi  riimeiit 
pnssessi'ii  no  power  c.ip;iblt^  ol"  withstanding  fh. mil  they 
soon  anpiireil  nndispnled  piissessiou  of  the  coiiiilry  ; 
and  having  deposed  the  president,  who  was  ihc^  chief 
object  of  iheir  indignation,  they  eominitled  him  and 
•even  of  the  pronrietary  deputies  lo  prison.  They 
•eized  the  royal  reviMiiie.  ainoiiiitiiig  lo  three  thousand 
pounds,  wliicli  tliev  appropriated  lo  the  support  of  the 
revolt;  they  established  courts  of  justice,  appointed 
olHeers.  co'uvok  •  1  a  parliament,  iutiieted  piiiiisbments 
on  all  who  |.ri-siiine(l  lo  oppose  them,  ami.  for  several 
years,  exrrriseil  tlie  aiithorily  of  an  inilepiiident  go- 
vernnii'iit.  .\s  there  had  b.'eii  no  example  of  a  revolt 
unaccompanied  by  a  manifesto,  ih.'  inli.diilanls  of  I'as- 
qiietanki'.  in  conformity  with  this  usage,  had  cmn- 
menced  tlieir  insurrectionary  proceedings,  by  publish- 
ing a  fei'hle  frivolous  composilioll,  enlitled  a  rrmiiii- 
strance  tn  Iht  pciiple  nf  Allitmnrlc.  iit  which  lle'y  coin. 
iLniued  of  niaiiv  oppressions,  whirh  they  imputed  ui 
liller,  and  declared  the  object  they  had  iii  view  In  be 

the  ass hling  of  a  free  p  irliainent,  through  whose  in- 

struinenlalilv  the  grievances  of  the  country  might  be 
represented  to  the  proprietiries.  'I'lie  subseipieiit  eoii- 
diut  of  the  insurgents,  however,  deinoii<tialed  vitv 
clearly,  bow  little  'of  real  deferenee  the  proprietaries 
cnjoved  with  them;  for,  on  the  arriv.il  of  r.aslelmrch, 
[lli7V,]  to  whose  coimnission  and  conduct  no  objec- 
tion could  he  m  ule,  they  derided  his  anihority,  and  de- 
nied him  obedi.'nee.  lie  applied  for  assistance  to  the 
government  of  Virginia;  hut  died  of  vexation  before  a 
force  sudicient  for  his  purpose  coiihl  be  assembled. 

.\rter  two  years  of  successful  revolt,  the  insurgents 
apprehensive!  e  '  an  invasion  from  Virginia,  despatched 
Culpepper  and  Ilolilen  lo  Ijigland,  [lliV!),]  lo  olfer 
submission  tn  the  proprietaries,  on  condition  of  theirj 
past  proceedings  being  ratilied,  and  .Miller  declared  and 
treated  as  a  deiinqueiit     This  nnforluiiale   president, 

*  Virginia,  from  her  •*itiiati'>n,  misihl  tiave  nbsiirbpil  Ihe  whole 
of  this  trallir  of  wliiih  »lio  Ihcn  eiijovecl  only  .1  very  iiii-on>.i. 
dernhlo  [mrlliiii.  Hilt  so  ii:irr"vv  were  the  cotiiinuri-l;tl  views 
tiy  wliicli  she  was  noveriifl.  tlKit  two  years  after  this  jM^rloii 
siio  pAsi'tt  an  ac(  (nolntulii.it  "Ihe  im^iort.itloii  of  tobacco 
froiii  Cir.ilinai  as  II  hail  been  fniiiui  very  prejailiclai."  Laws 
of  Virsinli,  p.  14".  In  the  yearlllsl,  the  unvernor  of  VlrRinia, 
writiiiir  lo  the  l^nzlish  coinnilltce  of  ctibaiies,  declares  that 
"  Caioliii.i  (I  niein  tlio  norlli  part  of  it)  always  was  and 
Is  tile  Milk  of  America,  the  refiue  of  our  reiiei(.idoos,  and 
till  in  better  order,  dangerous  lo  *iis  "  Slate  Papers,  ajiad 
Chalmers,  :150. 

f  Tins  insurreiMion,  it  vvi'l  be  remarkpif,  broke  out  but  a 
fow  iiionlhs  after  the  suppression  of  Uaron's  rebpllion  in  \ir- 
giiiia.    But  no  rotinecttun  hu   b«en  e'er  suppuned  b«tw«en 

lhP»e  two  pvpnts 


!ii 


llit»  aii'i  otluT  otlirrrs,  who  had  liin<!tiish(Ml,  incniiwhile, 
in  Mii|>ris()iiMH'tiI,  h;ivir';j  Inund  nn'aii.-*  to  ('<^rii]n',  np- 
prari'd  ill  r.n^laiitt  at  the  >aini'  titnt'.  [I(i*^().]  and  filh-d 
thf  (-oiirts  and  thi;  iiiitinii  with  romplaints  ot'thcir  o\^n 
Slid":  '■ii!;><.  and  ai'cusalions  of  their  piTsrcniors.  Ifilie 
[iroprii'tarirs  roiild  liavc  vcntiinMl  to  art  with  derision, 
and  in  conlbniiity  with  thrir  own  notions  of  ri^ht.  it 
was  the  comphiint  oftliis  latter  party  that  wonid  donht- 
h'Hft  have  prevailed  with  them.  But  while  they  hesi- 
tated to  einhroil  dieniselvrs  irreroncihibly  with  the  co- 
hmist.-J,  tlieir  perplexity  was  increased  hy  the  encourajre- 
nient  which  Shal^cshnry  thon^^ht  proper  lo  extend,  in 
the  most  open  manner,  to  Cnlpepper.  This  enterpris- 
ing politician,  who  was  now  deeply  engaged  in  his  la^t 
revolntionnry  projects.aiid  whose  resent  espousal  of  the 
popular  cause  in  Kngland  had  placed  hitii  nt  variance 
with  ROine  of  the  brother  proprietaries,  plainly  saw  that 
Crdpepper  possessing  the  confidence  of  the  people  of 
Albemarle,  was  capable  of  hecounng  an  iisetul  instru- 
ment in  the  province,  and  that  Miller,  hi»  ancient  de- 
piitv,  was  utterly  unfit  to  lend  him  any  assistance, 
Cnlpepper,  thus  powerfully  conntenancecf,  seemed  lo 
have  prevail(>d  over  his  opponents,  and  was  ,.reparing 
to  return  lo  Carolina,  when  he  was  accused  b^*  the  com- 
missioners of  the  customs  (at  the  private  instigation, 
most  pr(d)ahlvt  "f  the  palatine,  and  others  of  the  pro- 
prietaries,) ol*  the  otTenres  of  acting  as  collector  with- 
out their  authority,  and  of  embezzling  the  king's  re- 
venue. He  was  seized  on  board  a  vessel  in  the 
Downs,  under  a  warrant  from  the  privy  council;  and 
his  case  being  referred  to  the  romnuttee  of  plantations, 
the  proprietaries  no  longer  scrupled,  nor  indeed  could 
in  decency  refuse, to  come  lorward  as  Ins  accusers;  in 
onseqiience  of  which,  the  report  of  the  committee  im- 
peached him  not  onU  of  emhezzleincntof  the  customs, 
hut  of  havmg  promoted  a  rebellion  in  the  province.  It 
was  in  vain  for  him  to  acknowledge  the  tacts,  and  beg 
for  mercy,  or  at  least  that  he  might  be  sent  for  trial  to 
Carolina,  where  the  otlenees  iiad  been  committed;  his 
powerful  a<cuserswere  dcleimined  to  wreak  the  iit- 
leruiost  vengeance  on  so  daring  au  opponent  of  legiti- 
mate authority;  and  hy  virtue  of  a  statute  of  Henry  the 
iglith.  whirh  enacted  that  foreign  treasons  might  be 
trird  in  rngland,  he  was  brought  lo  trial  in  the  court 
of  King's  llt'uch.  on  an  indictment  of  high  treason  ccim- 
mitted  without  ihi' rcidiu.  There  is  no  defeet  of  jus- 
tice in  reipnring  a  colonial  governor  or  other  public 
odicer  delegated  hy  the  parent  state,  t-?  ::;i.-*vit  oefore 
her  domestic  tribunals,  for  betraying  the  trust,  or  per- 
verting the  power  whi<-K  he  derived  from  her  appoint- 
lueut.  But  Culpepper  had  not  been  an  otlicer  of  the 
British  government ;  and.  however  conscjnant  with  the 
.■statute  law  of  Henry  the  {'iirhth,  it  was  plainly  repug- 
nant lo  the  spirit  of*  the  Kuglish  conmiou  law,  as  well 
as  to  the  principles  of  etpiily,  to  compel  him  to  lake 
his  trial  at  such  a  distance  frnni  his  witnesses,  and  in  a 
lomnninity  where  the  witnesses  on  holh  sides  were  uu- 
Unown,  and  ctmtlictiug  testimony  could  not  probably 
be  ad|usted.  It  nnisl  he  confessed,  howi'ver,  tliat  from 
the  actual  state  of  tlie  province,  the  British  government 
was  redueed  to  the  alternative  of  either  trying  him  in 
!uglaud.or  not  tryini:  him  at  all.  His  destruction  at 
tir.-t  appeared  inevitabh':  for  the  judges  pronounced, 
Iliat  In  Jake  up  arms  airiuu>t  the  proprietary  goveril- 
ineut  wastrea-ou  against  the  kin;!;  and  the  auiptest  evi- 
lienee  wa*  [irndiiced  td' evi'rv  circumstance  re(|iusite  to 
cousiitnte  the  crime.  But  Sb'afti'>hnry.  who  was  then  in  , 
the  meridian  of  his  popularity,  appearing  in  behalf  of  I 
the  nri>ou'r.  and  representing,  conlrary  lo  the  most  un- 
doubted fuels,  that  there  bad  never  been  any  regular 
government  in  .Mbemarle.  anil  Ihat  its  di-iorders  were 
mere  feuds  between  the  planters,  which  at  worst  could 
amount  lo  no  hi^lH'r  olfence  than  a  riot  easily  j>revailed 
with  the  jury  to  return  a  ^-erdiet  ()f  acquittal.  This  was 
the  last  art  by  which  Slian"sl)ury  signalised  his  partici- 
pation in  the'goverumeni  of  <'arobna.  His  attention, 
theiireforward,  was  absori)ed  by  liie  daring  cabals  that 
preceded  his  exile;  and,  about  three  years  aftenvards, 
having  ruined  or  dishonored  every  party  with  which  he 
hud  been  coune<ted,  he  was  obliged  to  fly  from  I'.ilg- 
laiid.  and  implore  the  hospitality  and  protection  of  the 
Dutch,  whom  he  hail  iormerly  exhorted  the  Knglish 
parlian)  'Ut  tn  extirpate  from  the  fare  of  the  earth.  The 
rum  of  this  ablest  of  the  ^irnprietaries  extended  its  in* 
llueuee  in  die  fortunes  ol  the  mo.-*t  disiinguished  of  the 
landgraves.  Locke  had  been  so  intimately  conuerted 
with  Shaftesbury  that  lie  deemed  it  prudent  to  Bhandon 
Kngland  at  the  same  time;  hut  so  remote  was  he  from 
any  acres^iou  to  the  guilt  of  hi"  patron,  that  when 
W'dliani  I'enu  aOerwurds  prevaded  on  James  the  Se- 
cond  to  consent  lo  the  pardon  and  recall  of  I.ocke.  the 
philfMopher  renolutol/  refwrnwl  to   accept  a    pardon. 


declaring  that  he  hart  done  notlnng  that  req^nired  it.* 
Meanwhile  the  palatine,  and  Ihe  majority  ot  the  pro- 
prietaries, reduced  to  Iheir  f  jriner  perplexity  I  y  the  ac 
(luittal  of  Culpepper,  pursued  a  lempotising  p(iiry,tbat 
degraded  then  own  authority :  and  cheri.'-hed  the  fuc- 
lions  and  ferments  of  the  colon  ts.  Fluctualing  be* 
tween  their  resentments  and  Uieir  apprehensions,  they 
alternately  threatened  the  insurgents  and  blamed  their 
own  partisans.  The  inevitable  conseqnenresnf  this  po* 
licy  was,  that  they  further  exasperated  all  parties  in  the 
colony  agaiuiit  each  other,  without  attacliing  any  lo 
themselves,  and  at  length  found  it  too  late  either  to 
overawe  the  insurgents  by  vigor,  or  to  conciliate  them 
by  lenUy.  [KiHI]  They  are  said  to  have  resolved  at 
last  to  abaiidon  a  hopelesft  vindication  of  their  insulted 
authority,  and  to  govern  in  future  according  to  what- 
ever portion  of  obedience  the  colonists  might  be  dis- 
posed to  ^'ield  to  them.  Having  established  n  tempo- 
rary administration,  at  the  head  of  which  they  placed 
one  Harvey  08  president,  they  anaounced,  immediately 
atWr, their  intention  to  .send  out  Seth  ii^otliel,  who  had 
purchased  Lord  Clarendon's  share  of  the  province,  and 
whose  interest  and  authority,  they  hoped,  wouki  pow- 
erfully conduce  to  the  restitution  of  good  order  and 
tranquility.  These  measurefi,  however,  were  produc- 
tive only  of  additional  disappointment.  Little  regmd 
was  paid  to  the  rule  of  Harvey,  by  men  who  were 
already  apprised  that  his  government  would  have  but  a 
short  duration;  and  die  pro))rietaries,  along  with  the 
tidings  of  his  ineftieiency,  rect'ved  intelligence  of  the 
capture  of  Sothel  on  his  voyage  hy  the  Algeriiies. 
rndi.smayed  hy  so  many  disappointments,  the  proprie- 
taries, having  now  resolutely  adopted  n  lenient  and 
conciliating  policv,  pursued  it  with  a  commendable  per- 
severance; and  flenry  Wilkinson,  a  man  fiom  whose 
prudence  the  most  happy  results  were  expected,  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  whole  of  that  jmrlion  of  Ca- 
riduia  stretching  from  Virginia  to  the  river  I'eiidirn, 
and  live  miles  beyond  it.  The  most  earnest  eiideaxots 
were  now  employed  by  the  proprietaries  to  heal  the 
former  disorders.  To  the  covernor  and  c(miiril.  tl.ev 
recommended,  in  persuasive  language,  the  enforreiiiiiil 
and  exemplification  of  mutual  forbearance  and  indid- 
getiee  1  and,  in  compliance  with  their  desire,  an  ait  cf 
oblivion  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Albemarle  in 
liivor  of  the  late  insurgents,  on  condition  of  their  re- 
storing the  money  of  whicli  they  had  plundered  th  ■ 
royal  revenue.  But  it  was  found  easier  to  eiiliur.: 
topics  of  cnuciliation  on  the  parties  who  bad  sud'e..  \ 
wrong,  than  on  those  who  had  done  the  injury;  and  llo 
late  insurgents,  who  were  still  the  strongei-t  nartv.  imI 
only  condemned  the  conditions  of  an  act  wliirli  tliey 
felt  to  be  quite  unnecessary  to  their  security,  init,  iii- 
quiriug  the  command  of  the  assembly,  proceeded,  with 
iriiimnhaut  insolence  and  injustice,  to  denounce  and 
punish  the  party  which  had  so  far  mistaken  itsniinalimi, 
as  lo  prot'er  terms  <d'  pardon  and  liubeuraiice  to  them 
Theymriicted  heavy  lines,  and  severe  im{)risomiient  mi 
dieir  opponents,  who  were  forced  to  dy  lo  \'irgiuia  h-r 
protection  ;t  and  with  whom  every  trace  td'  ju.siice  ainl 
freedom  took  a  long  leave  of  this  unhappy  ccdo.iy.  Tl  e 
lamentable  sreiieof  vitdence  and  aiiarrliy  that  diiis  m- 
sued  was  noway  rbaiiged.nor  was  the  rondilioii  idlln- 
colony  in  any  degree  meliorated,  by  the  arrival  of 
Sothel,  the  governor,  in  the  year  U'}^',*.  The  daugi  rniis 
character  of  this  man  was  displayed  in  the  tir.si  lu  is  ut 
his  admiuistratioii.  Thoimh  required  by  the  pi'n[  r..  - 
tarier.  to  expel  from  the  rouneil  all  lluise  who  had  In  t  u 
conreriieil  in  the  Lite  disnnlers;  tn  eslabli.-h  a  roiirt  ol' 
the  most  impartial  of  the  tiihahilants,  for  Hie  redress  ol 
wrongs  I'onumlted  during  the  distrariioii  of  die  hnii  -: 
and  to  assist  the  olhcers  of  die  rustoms  iii  cnilt  riin;-  :|  e 
royal  revenue,  ami  executing  the  ads  of  navigation,  '.e 
declined  tn  comply  with  any  of  these  mandates;  ai;i'. 
seeking  only  his  own  iinmcdiiite  enrirhnient,  he  dif-re- 
gardi'd  equally  the  happiness  of  the  people,  the  inti  h  >t 
ol  his  eoHeagues,  anti  the  decq)  stake  which  lie  hiuiM  It' 
possessed  in  the  future  welfare  nt'  the  <  obuiy.  Nt  w  ly 
escaped  from  captivity  on  the  coast  of  Barluirv,  he  w;!- 
so  far  from  enlarging  his  own  humanity,  or  fortifyin;; 
his  sense  of  e<piily,  hy  die  experience  of  bar(Mii|  ami 
injustice,  that  he  .seemed  to  have  adopted  the  puliey  of 
his  late  raptors  as  the  model  of  his  own  ^'o\ermii'  nl : 
nor  have  the  annals  (d'  colonial  oppression  recorded  a 
name  that  deser\'es  to  he  transinillcd  to   posterity  with 


•  l.ife  «i  l.iTkn  rt..ik>oirH  l.itc  ..I  ri'iiii  Tliniigii  i.i.ike 
leriiiidio  .-ivail  hinisi'lt' xf  1><  nii's  ^i  D<l  olliri-s,  Ik;  wiia  utt 
rcuaiillpNN  ur  uiiniilliUul  of  tliein  ;  Hint  iiTter  the  KtM-nhiti'  >•  in 
KiiK  iiiitl,  round  an  u|>|)iirlun)iy  of  amply  rei  ayiiig  lliem.  I'o&u 
II    VII.  rap.  a. 

t  Soriie  'if  tln'Ho  iinfeitntKilc  ihtmiiis  (ii'iu-ar  lo  Iijvk  tinii-" 
niillt'il  A.Mir ':-sr<<  mill  ruitijilaiiits  In  t  h»tie!>  Ihe  St  cond,  uO 
vainly  implorefl  hift  prnti*rttnn.  <:halinf>rii.  p.  6fi8 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


2di 


iig  that  req^iiired  it.* 
majority  nl  the  pro- 
r  perplfxity  Vv  theac 
inpoiir^inir'pciioy.tlml 
iH   dicrii-hcd  \\\v  (uc- 

ts.  Klnrimitinp  Im- 
r  nppri'heiisions,  tlie^ 
nts  and  btuinrtt  tlieir 
nsomu'iUTs  oltliiR  po- 
riileii  all  parties  in  the 
i)nt  attarliinti  any    lo 

it  too  late  either  to 
,  or  to  conrlliate  them 

to  have  re.^olved  at 
ition  of  their  insutit  d 
c  acrordinii  to  wliat- 
ilonintfl  nti^ht  he  dis* 
established  a  tenipo- 
if  which  they  plared 
tounced,  inniiediatejy 
Seth  Sothel,  wlio  had 
B  ol'  the  province,  and 
y  hoped,  wonid  pnw- 
n  oC  good  order  and 
iwevor,  were  prochu- 
tment.  I.iltle  repind 
',  hy  men  wlio  wera 
nentwonld  have  hnta 
taries,  alon^  wiili  llio 
i-ed  intelligenee  of  the 
pe  hy  the  Algerines. 
intments,  the  propric- 
Inpted  a  lenient  and 
ha  eontnieiidahle  per- 
in,  a  man  fioni  who>n 
.^  were  expected,  was 
joflhatjiortion  ofCa- 
to  the  river  I'cnihro, 
iiost  earnest  endea\(iis 
iprietaries  to  heal  the 
nor  and  eotnieil.  ti.ey 
mage, the  cnforci'iniiil 
nrhearanre  and  indiil- 
their  desire,  an  art  ef 
nhly  of  Aiheniarle  in 
condition  ot"  their  re- 
?V  had  plnndercd  lli  ■ 
ind  easier  to  enlnri'' 
ties  who  had  sntl<'.<  \ 
me  the  injnry  ;  and  ll:u 
le  strongest  uarly.  n^it 
of  an  act  wliif  li  lln'V 
their  seenrity.  hut.  iic- 
mihly,  proceeded,  with 
:ice.  to  denounce  and 
rniislaki'ii  itstiitnalidM, 
d  foihearancir t(i  tliciii 
•vcre  imprisonment  en 
'd  to  tly  to  Virginia  h-r 
'ly  trace  o\'  jus'ice  Hiui 
(Utdiajipy  cido.iy.  Tl  c 
il  anarchy  that  thus  fii- 
.as  the  condition  of  lli*- 
led,  hy  the   arrival    ol' 

\V}?^\\.  The  (lan^M  roiis 
lyed  in  the  tirst  at  i-  vi 
piired  hy  the  prut  li^  ■ 
all  those  who  had  ho  n 
{{}  eslahli>h  a  rnuil  of 
anlH.  for  Hie  re{|rt's>  nl 
listraclion  ot  the  hii;.  -  ; 
iistonis  in  colli  ctln:^  'I  c 
e  acts  of  navigation.  '.!■ 
'  these  mandatis;  iitu'. 
I  mrichnu'nt,  he  disn- 
ihe  people,  the  int«  lot 
stake  which  he  hiniMlf 
of  the  colony.  Nt  wly 
uiisl  of  llarliury.  he  \\a^ 
hnmaiiity,  or  fortifying 
'rience  of  harddni^  niu\ 
e  adopted  the  policy  »it 

his  own  goveriancnt ; 
oppression  recorded  a 
nitied  to  |iosterily  with 

111  I't-nii  Tlieugh  l.iiike 
poA  oHU-fs,  lit!  was  hi'l 
uui  lifter  llie  Revi.lutu  '<  I'l 
mply  rei  ayuig  lliem.    Post. 

Miiis  iii'iicar  (0  Iijvo  tt:ni- 
)  (  !utile>  the  8i  cuiid,  uid 
ilmerx,  p.  569 


(jTcatt-r  mfamy  than  his.  Rapacity,  cruelty,  and  trearh- 
erv.  ajjpi'ur  to  have  heen  the  prominent  traits  of  his 
atliniiii>tratioi  ivhich,  alter  alllicting  the  colony  for  a 
piTio.l  of  live  years,  at  length  exhausted  tin;  patience 
of  all  p  irtie-*,  and  proihicetl  at  least  one  good  etVect,  in 
uuitirii;  ttie  divided  people  hy  a  iense  of  rumnn>n  snf- 
f.Tin^'  and  dangler.  Driven  almost  to  despair,  the  in- 
halhtaiits  itmvi;rsally  took  arni.s  against  the  government 
iit  l.H-t.  and  having  deposed  and  im|)risoned  him,  were 
prcpiring  lo  send  him  to  Kngland  lor  trial,  when,  de- 
pcndinii  to  the  most  abject  supplications,  lie  entreated 
to  he  judged  rather  by  the  provincial  assembly,  whose 
sentence  he  declared  Inmsetf  willing  to  abide.  If  the 
colonists,  in  granting  this  re(pn;st,  arrogated  a  power 
that  did  not  constitutionally  belong  to  them,  they  at 
least  exorcised  it  with  a  moderation  that  rellect:^  honor 
on  themselves,  and  aggravates  the  guilt  of  the  tyraiuii- 
tal  governor.  The  assembly  declared  him  guilty  of 
all  the  crimes  laid  to  his  charge,  and  ordained  that  he 
should  abjure  the  coitnlry  for  twelve  months,  and  the 
government  for  ever.  When  the  proprietaries  received 
iiik'lli:iem.e  of  these  proceedings,  they  deemed  it  proi)er 
to  signify  that  they  did  not  altogether  approve  the  irre- 
gidir  justice  of  the  colonists;  but  they  e:ipressed  the 
d  -I'pest  regret  for  their  sutterings,  and  the  ntnu)st  as- 
Kuiishment  ''wd  indignation  at  Uie  conduct  of  the  go- 
ViTuor.  Tliey  snnnnoned  him  still  to  answer  for  his 
crimes  liefore  the  palatine's  court  in  Kngland:  and  they 
prot  '"tetl  to  til!!  people,  that,  if  they  would  render  a 
diihl'iil  <d)"dience  to  legal  authority, no  governor shoidd 
ill  fiiiiir.'  he  sutl'Tcd  to  enrich  himself  with  their.spoils.'' 
Si'vi  was  the  condition  to  which  \ordi  Carolina  was 
r'J:i:'.'d  at  the  epoch  of  the  Itritish  Revolution. 


Ail.iirs  I 

p,M.'    I 
1.1  il- 

l.l^-.-- 

llr-i:' 

■2     M,.t    .1 

th"  (■ 

Wis.- 

Ilia  1' 
M.iii;u 


ClIAPTKR  11. 

?')ulh  Cariili'ia— Imiian  War — Practice  of  kidnap- 
iiis— Eaii-;raiits  frufii  Ireland— Sciitlniul—;uiil  Km- 
it,s  ciitfrtaineJ  in  the  coluny— KniiiiraUun  of  l''r.'iirh 
's  t.)  ('aroiuiJi—Uispntes  rriialcii  by  the  Navi»jUiuri 
(i.Tt-'ss  Hi"  Disi-onicnt  in  Uic  Oolnnv — Sothel  usurps 
KMint  — Kniii'iiVdrs  tif  the  Pr.ii.n.-laries  to  roslort* 
r  — N  i!'iiMli/..itirni  of  French  Ilcrniiees  rpsistcil  h\ 
llst^— File  Fujidaniental  Cunstiiriiteus  ahuh>hpd-- 
inni^tn^tioii  nf  Arclniale— Ile.ituralion  of  fieiipral 
V— ICocUsMstioal  Coiulilinn  of  the  I'rtivince— inlole- 
■e.iiiiiis  of  the  i'ropriuiiinu-s— Statu  of  the  IV-oplo — 
Trade,  «tc. 


\Vk  now  resume  the  proirress  of  the  southern  pro- 
»inee  of  Carolina,  which,  iindi'r  the  prudent  admniis- 
(Mlion  of  .(o-eph  West,  whom  we  have  seen  appointed 
iriHeruor  in  li)74.  enjoyed  a  much  larger  share  of  pros- 
p-rily  than  f-'ll  to  the  lot  of  tin;  settlers  of  Albemarle, 
riie  ::overnorha<  heen  highly  celelirated  for  his  courage. 
\vi-i(I(tMi.  and  moderaticm:  and  the  -^tate  of  the  province 
over  wliich  he  was  called  to  pre-^ide,  gave  ample  oci^a- 
sioii  in  the  e\ercije  of  tiie-^'  iiualities.  Strong  svmp- 
tcHiH  of  mutual  jealousy  and  di-^liki'  began  to  manifest 
ill 'iiH.'lve-*  between  the  di-<senters  and  puritan-^,  who 
were  the  most  nuncrous  party  in  the  colonv.  and  the 
cavaliers  and  episeopaliims  who  weri'  tavored  by  the 
proprietaries  in  the  distribution  of  properly  and  appoint- 
m;-nt  to  ollices  of  trust:  ami  although  the  firmness  and 
good  sens  '  of  West  prevented  t!ie  discord  of  these  par- 
lies from  ripening  into  strifi-  and  conlusion.  it  was  he- 
yonJ  his  power  to  eradicate  the  evil,  or  to  prevent  his 
own  council,  which  was  composed  of  (be  hadinir  cava- 
liors,  from  treating  the  puritans  with  iu-oleuce  and  con- 
tempt. The  cavalier  party  was  reinforced  by  all  tlu)»:e 
persons  wlnHn  loose  maimera  and  dissipated  habiN  had 
carried  to  the  province,  [  I  t)7-l — 1077]  not  for  a  cure  but  a 
shelteroftin'irviceM.aniiwho  regarded  the  rigid  maimers 
of  the  puritans  with  as  much  dislike  as  the  cavaliers  enl'r- 
tain:'d  for  their  p<ilitical  principles.  The  adversaries  of 
the  puritans,  timling  that  it  was  in  their  power  to  shock 
and  ollend  them  by  exhibition  of  manners  opposeit  to 
tliL'ir  own,  atre.:ti'd  an  extreme  of  gay  license  ami  jol- 
hty.     Kaeh  party  considering  its  manners  a.s  the  test  of 

'  Williamson,  i.  i:tli— III.  Chahuers,  53S— 510.  Hi-wit.  i. 
I0;i,  104.  Huwit  ims  related  these  proteeilinns  aaahist  Sothel, 
a-i   trjviiii;  oi'curred    in    S.nitli    Carolina.     Nor  ts  this  the  only 

iror  with  uhii-h  he  Is  thar:;pahl(»,  He  perpcluaH'- cotnhiiU's 
t'VtMiis  that  are  totally  unroniieclf<l  wi'.h  each  iniu"-  His 
iKitatiuit  of  dales  is  o.xtreiiii;iv  scaiily,  and  soinetimes  very 
.niccuriite.  While  In*  ahHiains  from  the  diilicull  task  of  ■etat- 
\ui  the  history  of  Norlh  t'arulina,  ho  Hclei-is  the  nios*  Inte- 
ri')diiii(  features  of  its  aimals,  and  transfers  them  lo  tlie  history 
('■  the  seiiUi,-rn  province.  His  erre'-s,  lhou?Il  hardly  honest, 
\\>'f  pr'iii.ildy  red  the  fruit  of  deliheralo  imsrepuseiitation. 
Aiiiiiist  all  the  prior  h;si;iriaiis  of  America  havo  been  hetrayed 

:ii"  siaiilar  inaccuracies  with  respect  to  the  provinces' of 
t',1  (jiiiia.  Kven  that  lahorioiui  and  Kcnerallv  accurate  Wntcr 
Jf.iediHh  Morse  has  been  so  fai  mi.sled  by  defcctivo  inatormis 
a-  i>>  assert  (American  (Jazeieer,  second  odil  1798.  p.  3^1)  nnt 
liie  :  riit  purniaitent  aettlvinent  iti  North  Carolina  was  olTVi^ted 
b>  iLTtaui  Uermaii  rotutjcci  in  1710. 


it.s  principles,  emulously  exaggerated  the  distinctive  fea- 
tures of  the  demeanor  it  embraced  ;  and  a  competition 

of  manners  and  habits  ensued,  in  which  the  riding  par- 
ty gave  countenance  and  encouragement  to  j)racliceH 
very  nnfavourable  lo  the  prevalence  of  industry  and  ac- 
qnixitioii  of  weaUh.  'I'he  proprieuiries,  whose  impru- 
dence had  begotten  these  divisions,  were  the  tirst  suf- 
ferers from  dieir  evil  conseipieiices,  and  found  all  their 
ertorts  tniavailing  to  obtain  repayment  of  the  large  ad- 
vances which  they  had  made  for  din  aetlleinent.  The 
colonisLs  who  had  undertaken  to  pay  the  small  salary 
of  100/.  a  year  allotted  to  the  governor,  found  them- 
selves unable  to  discharge  even  this  obligation:  and  Uie 
proprietaries  found  it  neces.sary,  in  April.  I(i77,  to  as- 
sign to  him  the  whole  stock  of  their  merchandises  and 
debtM  in  Carolina,  in  litpiidatioii  of  his  claims.  This 
transaction  gave  rise  to  the  remark  that  West  wag  per- 
haps the  only  factor,  who,  at  the  end  of  ten  years  of 
confes.sedly  prudent  management,  receiyed,  without  any 
impeachment  of  his  morals,  the  whole  product  of  his 
traHic  as  the  reward  of  his  senices.  Meanwhile  the 
population  of  the  province  received  considerable  acces- 
sions from  die  coniiimed  resort  of  Kngli.sb  dissenters, 
and  of  protestant  emigrants  from  the  catholic  states  of 
lOurope.  In  die  year  lt)79,  the  king,  willing  to  gratify 
the  proprietaries,  and  hoping,  perhaps,  to  divert  the  tide 
of  emigration  from  Massachusetts,  ordered  two  small 
vessels  to  be  provided  at  Ins  own  expense,  to  convey  a 
detachment  ot"  foreign  protestant.s  to  Carolina,  who  pro- 
posed to  add  wine,  nil.  and  silk,  to  the  other  produce  of 
the  territory ;  and  he  granted  to  the  coloni.sts  en  ex- 
emplion  for  a  limited  time  frfun  the  payment  of  taxes 
on  these  commodities,  in  spite  of  the  earnest  remon- 
strances of  the  commissioners  of  customs,  who  repre- 
sented that  Kngland  would  be  ruined  and  depopulated 
if  the  colonies  were  rendered  a  more  desirable  resi- 
doiK^e.  Although  these  new  settlers  were  imt  able  to 
enrich  the  ])rovince  witli  lln;  valuable  connnodities 
which  they  Uiul  so  confidently  promised  tliev  preserved 
their  si'tllement  in  It,  and  funned  a  useful  and  respecta- 
ble addition  to  its  population.  The  proprietaries  hav- 
ing learned  that  the  aareeable  di.strict  called  Oyster- 
point,  formed  by  the  conliuence  of  the  rivers  Ashley 
and  Cooper,  enjoyed  greater  convenience  than  the  sla- 
tion  thai  the  tirst  settlers  had  chosen,  encouraged  the 
inclination  of  the  people,  win)  began  to  remove  thidier 
about  this  time;  ami  here,  in  ]lWO.  was  laid  the  tbnn- 
dation  of  the  modi^ru  <^haiiestown,  a  city  which  in  the 
next  century  claimed  the  highest  consideration  for  the 
eleganei'  of  its  streets,  the  extent  of  its  commerce,  and 
the  reiinement  of  its  society.  It  was  instantly  declared 
the  |)ort  of  tin?  province  for  the  various  j)urposes  of 
trade,  and  the  capital  for  the  general  administration  id' 
irovi'rnmein.  Tor  sonietinie.  however,  it  proved  ex- 
tremely unhealtbful;  iuMnnuch.  that  from  the  month  of 
.lune  tilMh'tober,  the  courts  of  justice  were  annually 
shut:  anil  during  that  interval  no  [)ublic  business  was 
transacted;  and  men  lied  from  the  pestilential  atmos- 
phere of  the  [ilace.  The  inconvenience  at  length  was 
found  to  he  so  great,  that  orders  were  given  to  impiire 
for  situations  more  friendly  to  lieaUli.  But  h;ip[)ily  (in 
consequence,  it  has  heen  supp()sed,  of  (he  i)uriHcation 
of  the  noxious  vapor  by  the  smoke  of  numerous  euli- 
n:iry  fires)  the  climate  gradually  underwent  a  favorable 
chaiiL'e,  and  liuaily  evinced  so  complete  a  revolution, 
ihat  (.'harlestown  was  considereil  lo  enjoy  the  most  sa- 
iiibrioiis  air  of  ('.iridina. 

Xotwitlistanding  the  earne-;t  desire  of  the  jiroprieta- 
v'u-i.  dial  the  colonisH  slioutd  {'uitivate  the  good  will  of 
ibe  Indians,  a  w.ar  that  proved  very  detrimental  lo  the 
settlement  broke  .nil  in  the  year  ItiHl).  wilh  a  i)Owerful 
tril):>  th;it  inhaliiled  the  southern  boundary.  The  war 
seems  to  have  originated,  partly  fnnnthe  insolence  wilh 
which  the  idle  ami  licentious  emigrants  behaved  to  the 
Indians,  and  partly  iVoin  ihe  depredations  of  straggling 
parties  of  (mlians.  wlio  b'in^  accustomed  to  the  prac- 
tice of  killing  whati'ver  animals  they  found  at  large, 
acctnnited  the  planters'  hogs,  turkeys,  ami  geese,  lawful 
!;ame,  and  freely  preyed  upon  them.  The  planters  as 
freely  made  use  of  their  arms  in  defence  of  their  pro, 
perty,  and  sevf^ral  Indians  having  been  killed,  the  ven- 
geance of  their  kindred  tribe  burst  forth  abruptly  in 
general  luHtihtles,  which  for  some  time  threatened  die 
most  serious  conse(pienc(!s  to  the  cohmy.  So  divided 
were  the  colonists  among  theniselves,  diat  the  governor 
found  it  didieitlt  to  unite  them  in  measures  retpiisite 
even  lor  their  conumm  safety,  or  to  persuade  any  to 
undertake  an  etVort  Uiai  did  not  promise  to  he  attended 
with  advantaiie  immediately  and  exclusively  their  own. 
That  he  might  address  himself  etfectually  to  their  seU 
fish  disposition,  he  olVered  u  price  for  every  Indian  who 
Mhould  ue  tukeu  prisouer  and  brought  to  Churleatowni 


and  rai.sed  the  necessary  funds  by  disposing  of  the  cap- 
tives to  die  traders  who  frerpiented  the  (olonies,  and 
who  sold  them  for  slaves  in  the  West  Indies.  This 
policy  was  productive  of  so  much  profit,  and  o!"  enter- 
prises so  agreeable  lo  the  temper  and  liabils  of  some  of 
the  planters,  that  the  war  was  carried  on  with  a  vigor 
that  soon  enabled  the  government  lo  dictate  a  treaty  oi 
peace  with  Uie  Indians.  [|()>'1.J  The  proprietaries, 
desiring  that  this  paciticatmn  should  rest  on  a  htsting 
and  equitable  basis,  appointed  commissioners  who  wero 
empowered  to  decide  all  complaints  between  die  con- 
tending parties  in  future,  and  declared  that  all  die  tribes 
within  four  hundred  miles  of  Charlejitown  were  under 
their  protection.  But  the  practices  that  had  been  in- 
troduced during  the  war  nad  established  themselvea 
too  strongly  to  be  thus  easily  eradicated.  Many  of  the 
colonists  found  it  more  protituhle,as  well  as  more  agree- 
able, to  tratlic  in  the  persons  of  die  Indians,  than  to 
clear  the  forests  or  till  the  ground:  and  not  only  die 
principal  inhabitants,  hut  the  oflicers  of  government, 
fomented  the  spirit  ofdiscord  that  prevailed  among  the 
savage  tribes  and  promoted  their  mutual  wars,  widi  the 
design  of  procuring  to  tbem.selves  die  captives  whom 
they  ])tireha.sed  as  slaves.  It  was  in  vain  for  Uie  go- 
vernor and  council  to  plead  in  justification  of  this  in- 
liunian  policy,  that  hy  occupying  the  tribes,  and  caus- 
ing them  to  expend  their  force  in  mutual  hostilities, 
they!H»cured  the  colony  against  their  attacks:  and  thai 
humanity  sanctioned  the  purchase  of  prisoners  who 
wtmid  otherwise  have  been  put  to  death.  The  propri- 
etaries were  by  no  means  satisfied  widi  these  rea.sons; 
and  strongly  declaring  their  conviction  Uiat  it  was  a 
sordid  thirst  for  private  g.ain.  and  not  a  generous  con- 
cern for  the  public  safety,  that  engendered  a  j)olicy  so 
dastardly  and  dishonest,  they  ce.'Lsed  not  to  insist  for 
its  entire  abandonment.  But  their  humane  interference 
was  long  unavailing;  and  it  was  not  till  atU-r  the  most 
persevering  and  vehement  remonstrances,  that  they 
were  able  to  procure  the  enactment  of  a  law  to  regu- 
late, and  at  length  utterly  prohibit,  Uiis  proUigate  and 
ignoble  practice.  Its  continuance  was  attended  with 
consequences  both  immediately  and  lastingly  injurious. 
The  traders  who  carried  die  cajitives  to  the  West  In- 
dies imported  rum  in  exchange  for  diem:  and  a  de- 
structive habit  of  indulging  t(t  excess  in  this  beverage 
depraved  the  manners  and  relaxed  the  industry  of  many 
of  the  colonists.  A  iUn^p  and  nuilnal  dislike  was  formed 
between  tiiem  and  the  victims  of  their  injustice,  which 
the  lapse  of  many  years  was  unable  to  alla\  ;  and  in 
after  times  the  Indians  indicted  a  severe  retribution  on 
die  posterity  of  those  who  had  been  ihe  authors  of  their 
wrongs  and  the  iusiilious  abetters  of  their  ferocity. 

(lovernor  West  held  a  parlianu>nt  at  (.'harleslown  in 
the  close  of  the  following  year;  [H)Hr>,]  when  laws 
were  enacted  for  sealing  a  militia,  which  the  late  war 
had  shown  to  he  necessary ;  for  making  ways  Uiroiigh 
the  boundless  forest  dial  every  where  surrounded  the 
capital;  for  repressing  drunkennes.')  and  profanity,  and 
otherwise  promoting  the  niorality  of  a  people  who  did 
not  enjoy  the  instruction  of  a  public  ministry.  [KiHU.] 
Shortly  at\er  Uiis  proceeding.  West,  who  had  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  the  proprietaries  by  introducing  the 
traffic  in  Inilians.  and  by  curbing  the  excesses  oi"  tho 
cavaliers,  who  were  accounted  Uie  proprietary  party, 
was  removed  from  bis  command;  and  die  government 
of  the  colony  was  committed,  hy  Lord  Craven,  to  Jo- 
se])h  .Morelon.  who  had  been  recently  created  a  land- 
grave of  Carolina.  'I'his  was  the  commencement  of  a 
course  of  rapid  successi<m  of  governors,  and  alt  tho 
other  public  odicers  in  the  colony:  a  system  arising 
partly  from  unexpected  casualties,  and  partly  from  de- 
fective policy;  and  which  did  not  fail  to  produce  the 
consequences  with  whi<  h  it  has  been  invarialdy  at- 
tended, in  the  degradation  of  government,  and  the  pro- 
motion of  party  spirit  and  cabals.  Htil.  howc\er  much 
Uie  policy  of  tde  pro[.rietaries  might  lliictuate  In  other 
respects,  it  continued  long  to  be  sti  ndily  and  strenuous- 
ly directed  to  the  encour.igement  of  emigration.  Al 
tlie  "  ire  nf  several  wealUiy  persons,  who  proposed  to 
emigrati?  to  the  province,  they  once  more  revised  their 
fundamental  constitutions,  which,  at  ilie  time  of  Uieir 
tirst  enactment,  had  been  dedareil  unalterahie;  now 
again  promulgating  a  similar  declaration  (d'lheir  future 
inviolahihty.  The  obicct  of  the  present  alteration  was 
to  relax  Komewh:it  in  favor  of  liberly,  the  ri;ror  of  the 
original  cotisUtntions:  but  it  is  the  less  neci'ssary  to 
particidarixe  Utem,  as  they  were  never  acknowledged 
or  received  by  Uie  people  of  Car(dina.  whit  were  more 
jealous  of  the  power  assumed  to  introduce  siicli  altera' 
ttons,  Uian  gratilied  widi  Uie  [)articular  a.  vantages  now 
tendered  to  their  acceptance.  The  Hlteralinns,  liow- 
«ver,  proving  latiifactory  to  Uie  parties  who  bud  soli- 


204 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


\  ¥    .'    ;t 


iM 


cited  timin,  one  Ferguaon  soon  afler  conducted  to  the 
colr)»v  iiri  einifp'ntinn  /roni  Iriilaiid,  which  instantly 
niin;;ind  with  tlie  iiiiisn  of  the  inlnhit.'int.H.  Lord  t^'ar- 
ilr(»,-js,  a  8cotti?4li  nohleinuii,  also  led  out  a  coiony  from 
his  native  country  (tlxM)  ^rruuning  iiiider  ttie  harharoii.* 
iiiimiiiistration  o(  the  IJi;ke  of  Lauderdale.)  which  set 
tl<'d  on  Port  lEoyal  island,  and  in  pursuance  of  some 
a;!fre"meiu  or  understun.Iing  witii  the  itr<iprietaries, 
clainie(i  for  itself  co-ordinate  authority  with  tlie  go 
vernor  and  urathl  eoiineil  of  ('harlestown.  Tiiis  claim 
however,  was  disallowed  liy  the  colonial  goverinncnt. 
aiitl  tlie  new  occupants  of  I'ort  Koyat  having  heen  com- 
pelled to  acknmvledge  KuhniiH.sion,  Lord  (^\*irdross, 
whetlier  disappoiiiteil  with  this  result,  or  "atislied  with 
what  he  had  already  accompliijhed,  forsook  the  settle- 
in  >nt  and  returned  to  Britain.  The  settler:!  whom  he 
lel\  hehind,  were  sometime  nfier  dislodged  from  their 
ndvanlageiius  situation  by  nil  expedition  despatched 
against  them  hy  the  Spaniards  \t  .\ugustine,  whom 
tliey  h  id  wantonly  provoked  hy  inciting  the  Indians  to 
make  an  irruption  into  the  rfpanish  territory.  But  the 
most  vahialile  addition  to  its  ninnhers  which  the  colony 
at  this  tiin^'  received,  aro.se  from  the  emigration  of  a 
considerahl:!  hoJv  of  ])ious  and  resjiectahlo  dissenters, 
from  Somersetshire  In  Diiglanil,  This  hoilv  wiis  con- 
ducted hy  Joseph  Blake,  the  hrother  and  lieir  of  the 
renowned'.Adiniral  Blake,  and  who  now  devoted  the 
inoilerate  fortune  which  his  disinterested  brother  h.id 
bequeathed  to  him,  to  facilitate  the  retirement  of  a  mnn- 
ber  of  dissenters,  with  whom  he  wils  connected,  from 
the  persecutions  they  endured  in  England,  and  tfjf 
greater  calamities  they  apprehended  under  the  reign  of 
lilt  popish  successor  »-f  the  king.  Several  persons  of 
similar  principles,  and  considerable  substance,  united 
themselves  to  this  einigr.ition:  and  the  arriv.il  of  thesi' 
peo]  !.>  .served  to  strcngtiien  the  hands  of  the  puritan  or 
sober  party  in  the  colony,  anil  to  counteract,  in  a  salu- 
tary manner,  the  influence  of  circumstances  unfavora- 
ble to  the  character  and  manners  of  the  planti'rs.  I'rom 
Ihe  exertions  of  the  proprietaries,  ami  the  condition  of 
Enaliii  I  at  this  period,  there  is  little  doubt  that  the 
colony  would  have  received  a  much  larger  accession 
to  its  iidialiitants,  if  the  recent  colonization  of  Penn- 
sylvania had  not  presented  an  asvhnn  more  generally 
nttrielive  to  mankinil.  The  liberality  of  Williain 
Peim's  institutions ;  the  friendly  sentiments  with  which 
the  Iiiiliaris  returned  his  kind" and  pacilic  demeanor ; 
the  greater  salubrity  of  the  climate  of  Pennsylvania, 
anilsu|ierior  adaptation  of  its  soil  to  the  cultivation  of 
British  grain,  puwerlully  enforced  the  claim  of  this 
province  to  the  preference  of  emigrants ;  and  such 
multitudes  resnrt.id  to  it,  both  from  l'.u:;laud  and  the 
other  stales  of  lairope,  as  soon  cii.ibleil  it  to  outstrip 
the  olil  'r  setdenient  of  C'aroUn  i,  both  in  wealth  and  in 
population. 

.\  few  luntiths  after  his  elevation  to  the  olFice  of  go- 
vernor. Morelou  asseiuliled  a  parliament,  which  estab- 
lished a  great  variety  of  regulations,  for  the  remedy  of 
those  little  inccmvenieiices  that  are  incidental  to  the 
infaniT  of  all  colonial  settlements.  .\  law  that  was 
now  eiiactinl  for  raising  the  value  of  foreign  I'oinsgave 
rise  to  Ihe  ( iirriuicy  of  Carolina,  which,  in  after  tinn's. 
iiicurr.'d  an  extreme  depreciation.  In  imititiim  of  thi' 
«arly  polic\  of  the  settlement  of  .Mbemarle,  all  prosecu- 
tions for  I'lpreigii  debts  wen;  suspemled.  But  the  pro- 
firietaries,  now  regarding  with  displeasure  what  tln'v 
lad  forui'^ily  coutirmi.'d  without  animadversion,  inter- 
posed to  I)  gative  this  enactment,  deilaring  that  it  was 
contrary  tc  the  king's  honor,  since  it  obstructed  the 
course  of  justice,  and  that  the  colonial  parliament  had 
no  power  tu  fram ;  a  law  so  inconsistent  with  the  juris- 
prudence of  Liigland :  and  the  more  sensibly  to  mani- 
I'esl  their  displeasure,  they  issued  orders  that  .'ill  olfieers 
who  hid  promoted  this  enactiuMit  should  be  displaced. 
-■Vnother  c.iiise  of  dispute  b'tvveen  the  proprietaries  and 
the  province,  arose  from  the  manner  in  wliicli  this  par- 
liauijut  had  heen  constituted.  The  province  at  this 
timj  w,is  diviiled  into  the  three  counties  of  Berkeley, 
Cr,iveu  (including  tlie  district  formerly  called  Claren- 
don), and  Colleton.  The  proprietaries  had  desired, 
that  of  the  twenty  m:!mbers  of  whom  the  lower  liouse 
of  parliament  was  composed,  ten  should  be  elected  by 
each  of  the  counties  of  Berkeley  and  Colleton;  the 
tiiird  being  reckoned  as  yet  too  inconsiderable  to  merit 
a  shire  of  p.irliamentary  represimtation.  Berkeley, 
which  coiitim.-d  the  metropolis,  was  the  only  one  of 
Uie  coiiuti-'s  which  as  yet  possessed  a  county  court ; 
atid  the  provincial  goveriiineiit  hiving  appointed  the 
election  to  be  held  at  Ciiarl  ^town,  tli..'  iiiliabitaiits  of 
lierUfl.'y  ha.l  eombiiiiMl  to  prevent  the  people  of  Colle- 
ton from  voting  at  all,  and  had  themselves  returned  the 
whule  twenty    inamburs.     They   niaiiituined  that  this 


advantage  wa.s  due  to  their  own  superiority  in  number 
of  people:  a  circumstance  which  at  least  enabled  them 
to  realize  the  pretension  it  suggested.  The  proprieta- 
ries, liowe\i.'r.  were  highly  displeased  with  this  con- 
tempt of  their  inslriictioiis,  which  they  were  no  sooner 
iiiforuifMl  of  tti  in  they  gave  orders  that  tiie  parliament 
should  be  dissolved,  and  none  other  assembled  in  so 
irregular  <a  manner.  But  Uieir  commands  were  iinavait- 
iiig ;  and  this  signal  injiistice,  aAer  inaintainiiig  its 
grounil  fur  some  time,  obtained  the  countenance  and 
assent  of  Uic  propriettiries  themselves,  and  contiimed 
to  subsist,  till,  at  u  later  period,  its  abettors  were  com- 
pelled to  yield  to  the  indignant  and  unanimous  voice 
of  the  people  whom  they  had  disfranchised.  The  pro- 
prietaries, meanwhile,  were  exceedingly  displeased  with 
Ihe  reiterated  disobedience  of  their  deputies,  and,  In  a 
remonstrance  which  they  addressed  to  tJie  governor  and 
council ,  they  reniinded  them,  in  language  which  ut 
least  expresses  good  intentions,  "  that  the  power  of 
nrigistracy  is  put  into  your  htinds  for  the  good  of  the 
pi'ople,  who  ought  not  to  be  turned  into  prey,  as  we 
iloiilit  hath  been  too  much  practised."  It  was  remark- 
ed, that  the  greatest  dealers  in  Indian  slaves  were  the 
keenest  opponents  of  the  claim  of  Ccdleton  comity  to 
share  in  the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise ;  exem- 
[dilying  how  the  indulgence  of  .selfishness  and  ojipres- 
sioii  in  any  one  relation  tends  entirely  to  jiervert  or  ex- 
tinguish in  meirs  iiiiuds  the  sense  of  what  is  due  to  the 
rights  of  others.  The  proprietaries,  though  at  times 
they  expressed  themselves,  as  on  this  last  occasion, 
with  vigor  and  wisdom,  seeni  to  have  been  quite  iiica- 
l>acit:ited.  by  ignorance  or  irresolution,  from  pursuing 
or  eiiliiri'iiig  a  consistt?nt  course  of  policy.  It  was 
Ibiind  that  some  of  the  coiinciltors,  and  even  the  coiii- 
nis-ioii'Ts  that  had  been  appointed  to  watch  over  the 
iiitert.'sts  of  the  Indians.  encourag<nl  the  tratlic  in  In- 
di.'in  slaves ;  and  though  .Moreton  was  able  to  remove 
these  delinquents  from  ollice.  they  succeeded  in  ren- 
dering his  own  situation  so  disagreeable  to  him,  that  he 
was  constrained  to  resign  his  ,'iutliority,  which  wits  iin- 
iiiediately  conferred  on  West,  who  siitVeri'd  the  people 
to  continue  the  practice  of  inveigling  and  kidnapping 
tli(^  Indians  without  restraint.  The  prnpiietaries  then 
intrusted  the  government  to  .Sir  Kicharil  Kyrle,  an 
Irislnnan.  who  died  soon  after  his  arrival  in  the  pro- 
vince. [Ili"'4.]  West,  thereupon,  was  again  chosen 
interim  governor  by  ill*'  council,  whose  ap[ioiiitiiieiit, 
on  lliis  occ.-ision,  the  ])ro|irietaries  thought  proper  to 
confirm.  Hi.'  was,  however,  shortly  after  superseded 
liy  Colonel  liuarry.  who  retained  the  olHce  only  till  the 
following  year,  [itK>.]  when,  in  cousequenee  of  the 
couiiteuance  he  was  found  to  have  given  to  piracy,  he, 
in  his  turn,  was  dismissed,  and  Joseph  .Moreton  reiii- 
stateil  in  the  government.* 

The  .\nierican  seas  h.id  long  been  infesteil  by  a  race 
of  daring  adventurers,  privateers  in  time  of  war,  pirates 
ill  time  of  peace,  whose  martial  exploits,  and  success- 
ful d 'predatious  on  tlii^  rich  colonies  anil  coinnii.'rce  of 
-Spain,  enabled  them  to  conciliate  the  ri'gard  or  pur- 
ciiase  the  ciinnivance  of  many  of  the  inhabitants  of' the 
British  settlements,  anil  even  of  the  authorities  supreme 
as  wi'U  a^  subordinate,  of  the  British  empire.  The 
king  himself,  for  several  years  afli'r  his  restoration, had 
extended  to  them  his  p.'itroii.ige,  and  e\'eii  granted  the 
lienor  of  knighthood  to  one  of  their  number,  Henry 
.Moi'gaii.  a  Welsliiii'in.  who  had  plundered  Portobello 
and  Panaiiri.  and  acipiired  a  vast  booty  by  his  acliieve- 
in-'uts.  Thus  reeomtiietided  by  the  king  to  the  favora- 
ble regards  of  his  sutijects.  these  freebooters  found  it 
no  less  easy  than  advantageous  to  cultivate  a  friendly 
connexiiin  with  the  p'-oiile  of  ('arolina,  who  willingly 
opened  their  ports,  and  liirnished  supplies  of  provisions 
to  guests  who  lavishly  spent  their  golden  spoils  in  the 
colony.  The  treaty  of  IliCiT,  together  with  the  in- 
creasingly lawless  character  of  the  adventurers,  had 
withdrawn  the  king's  protection  from  them  ;  but  tliev 
continued,  nevertheless,  to  maintain,  and  even  exteiui, 
their  intercourse  \viili  the  planters  and  authorities  of 
Carolina.  The  governor,  the  proprietary  deputies,  and 
the  principal  inhabitants,  degraded  themselves  to  a  level 
with  the  vilest  of  in  iiikind,  by  .abetting  the  crimes  of 
pirates,  and  becoming  receivers  of  their  nefarious  ac- 
quisitions. The  proprietaries  strongly  remonstrated 
against  practices  that  degraded  the  character  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  depraved  the  iiiantiers  of  all  who  participated 


•  Ollinix.m.  i.  .1.11.  310.  ICo\Til,l.  93,9S.  Chalmers,  515,  .147 
Fnun  <  IMiiiix.in's  Lists,  it  a[)i)3ars  that  ('dlonei  ijiiarry  iielii  olH- 
rial  sitinlMiis  iiiider  lliii  cnnvn  in  sovoral  of  ttio  priivlnres 
at  tlie  suae  liiiu'.  (In  Ins  nmiin  to  Kiialaii.t  in  the  year  ITn3. 
If  (irescitl'' 1  tn  the  innis  cit  Iruit"  a  iiwai  >n.il  en  the  stale  of 
tliu  Aiiii'ncan  colniles.  which  is  preterveii  umoii^  the  lliulelaii 
Cnllpctluii  in  tlie  Bntuli  Museum.  Some  notic*  of  it  occurs  in 
Oldiiuxou's  accuuiit  uf  VirKinm 


in  them;  and  their  orders,  hacked  by  a  proclamiitinn 
from  the  king,  prevaili.d  sc  fir  is  to  restrain  die  colo- 
iiists  fromindulgingan  incf'.natiou  which  they  had  begun 
to  demonstrate  of  iliariiy  r.i  the  enterprises  as  well  as 
the  gains  of  their  piratieij  associates.  But  they  obsti- 
nately continued  to  retain  their  connection  with  these 
adventurers,  which,  dilViisJiig among  ilieiii  ihe  infections 
desire  of  sudden  wealth  end  'he  spirit  of  dissipalum, 
contributed  to  the  forum  li'ci  of  habits  pernicious  to 
every  luiinimnity,  but  mere  piirticnlarly  iiijiirioiH  to  lie- 
prosperity  of  an  infant  sclfeimuit.  Traces  of  lliese 
habits  have  coiitinned  lo.ig  tu  be  discernible  in  the  cha- 
racter and  manners  of  the  inhabitants  of  Carolina. 
The  king  at  length  aroused  by  the  complaints  of  his 
allies,  and  sensible  how  much  the  trade  of  his  own 
subjects  had  been  injured  by  these  lawless  proceedings, 
transmitted  to  the  colony  In  April,  1084,  "  a  law  against 
pirates,"  which  the  proprietaries  required  tlieir  parlia- 
ment to  enact,  and  their  executive  ollicers  rigorously 
to  enforce.  The  first  part  of  this  requisition  was  rea- 
dily complied  with  ;  but  the  evil  had  become  so  inve- 
terate, diat  the  law,  instead  of  being  carried  iulo  ef- 
fect, was  openly  violated  even  by  those  by  whom  it 
had  been  enacted.  It  was  not  till  three  years  after 
this  period,  that  the  evil  received  an  eireciiial  check, 
from  an  expedition  which  Juine.s  the  Second  despatch- 
ed tinder  .Sir  Itnbert  Holmes,  for  the  sujipressiop  of 
piracv  in  the  West  Indies.  Of  this  expedition  die 
proprietaries  sent  intimation  to  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil of  Charlestown.  and  reeomnn-nded  to  thein  a  |irniiipt 
siiliinission  to  the  authority,  and  co-operation  in  the 
designs  and  proceedings  of  Holmes;  and  their  iiian- 
datea  lieingiiow  supported  by  a  force  sufhcient  to  over- 
a\ye  all  opposition,  these  disgraceful  proceedings  sus- 
tained a  complete,  though  iinfortiinalely  onlv  a  tempo- 
rarv  interiupiioii. 

.vlieinwhile  the  obloquy  and  disrepute  which  the  pro- 
vince of  .South  Carolina  thus  deservedly  incurred,  was 
not  the  onlv  iticonvenieiice  that  resulted  from  its  con- 
nexion with  the  pirates.  The  Spaniards  at  St.  .Augus- 
tine had  elways  regarded  the  southern  settlements  of 
the  I'.nglish  w'ith  jealou.sy  and  dislike ;  they  i  .ispected, 
and  not  without  re  isoni  that  the  Scotch"  plinters  at 
Port  Koyai  i.ill.'imed  the  Indians  against  them;  and 
they  beheld  with  indignation  the  plunderers  of  their 
commerce  openly  encouraged  at  Charlestown.  [lli'^ii.J 
i\(\.fr  threatening  to  avenge  themselves  by  hostilities, 
they  at  length  invaded  the  southern  frontiers  of  the 
jirovince.  and  laid  waste  Ihe  settlements  of  I'ort  Koyal. 
I'lie  Carolinians  linding  themselves  unable  to  defend  a 
wide  extended  boundary,  resolved  to  carry  their  arms 
into  the  heart  of  their  enemy's  territory;  iind  acioiint- 
iiig  themselves  authorised  by  the  terms  of  the  provin- 
cial charter  to  levy  war  on  iheir  neighbours,  they  mule 
jircparalions   for  an  expedition   against  St.  .Vugiisiin.'. 

The  proprietaries,    informed  of  this  project,    hast,' I 

to  withslaiid  it  by  their  reiiionsiraiice  and  |iroliiiiilioii. 
Kvery  rational  being,  they  declared,  iiiiisl  have  fore- 
seen that  Ihe  Spaniards,  provoked  by  such  injuries  as 
the  colonists  hail  watiloiily  indicted  iin  them.  wniiM  as- 
siiredly  relalliate.  The  clause  of  the  charter  whieh  was 
relied  on  by  the  colonists  to  justify  their  projected  in- 
vasion lueaiit  no  more  (they  niain'tained)  than  a  pur- 
suit in  the  heat  of  victory,  and  never  could  aiitliorise  a 
(hdiberate  prosecution  of  war  against  tlie  king  of 
.Spain's  subjects  within  his  own  territories.  "  We  our- 
selves," they  protested,  "claim  no  sie  h  power:  nor 
can  any  man  believe  that  the  dependencies  of  r.iigl  iii.l 
can  have  liberly  to  iii.ike  war  upon  lli.i  king's  alii  s, 
without  his  knowledge  or  consent.""  They  iiitiiii:it"(l. 
at  the  same  time,  their  dissent  from  a  law  which  had 
been  p.assed  for  raising  men  and  nioiiey  for  the  jirojei  t- 
ed  expedition  against  the  Spaniards;  and  the  iiilivlii- 
tants,  either  convinced  hy  their  reasonings,  or  disable. 1 
from  raising  the  necessary  supplies,  ahandone.l  the  en- 
terprise. On  learning  this  result,  tlie  pronrietiriis  loii- 
gratiilated  the  governor  and  council  on  their  timely  n  - 
traction  of  a  measure  which,  had  it  been  carried  into 
efTect,  the  promoters  of  it,  they  declared,  niiglil  have 
answered  with  their  lives.  They  instructed  tlieiii  lo 
address  a  eiril  Idler  to  the  governor  of  St.  Aiigiisline, 


*  There  can  he  little  linutil,  I  apprehend,  that  If  Ihi?  pr.t|ihe- 
taries  had  transferred  tlieir  own  residence  to  tlie  cn!oiile.s,  in 
tiad  heen  ahie  to  realize  the  ina^nlticent  srheine  coiitfuiiisl  ir. 
til. 'If  fmutiiint'ntal  ciHlstltutmns,  ihey  w.nil.l  have  put  i  innrh 
freer  llili.Tprptali.in  on  ttic  bellisercnt  pnvilt'i;e  conferrr.i  h\ 
llie  charter ;  an.)  woiil.t  iiavo  made  war  as  InrKely  and  inil... 
pendenllv  as  ihp  I-nittlish  l-'ast  In.lia  t'oaipany  have  .i\ci 
done.  The  acfoni[)il.:hnienl .if  tlieir  oriuliial  views  wnal.t  iiiiit 
eir.'i-lo.l  all  Ihe  iiiisi  lilif  Unit  in  a  later  aun  wiei  'jusllv  .n  ,  r 
rnnei'Msly)  anllcipaleu  from  Ihe  Iiuiia  liill  ..f  Mr.  F.ix  ;  ruij  .jw 
liirh,i.i  the  balaiire  ef  llie  Enjhsli  cunstitulloa  ii\  the  vast  ra 
lownient  oi  power  luid  InlliitnicH  which  i-  woulii  tiav»  tleslow 
«d  «ii  a  jwita  of  th>  Ari»l«'nicv. 


i-fi^***! 


NORTH    AMERICA 


295 


a  proclamntion 
reMtniiii  lite  coIo 
li  tlu.'y  li.id  bcgiiii 
)ri>4L'f4  a.H  vvt'li  hs 
Itiit  they  nbsti- 
tlifjil   with  thfsH 

(111   lIlL'  illlV-CllOIIH 

it  ol'  iliosijviiioii, 
it.<i  pcrtiiL-Kins  to 
y  injurious luiliP 
Triri's  oi'  tliese 
riiihlt!  ill  thech.'i- 
lU  of  Ciirolina. 
oniplaintH  of  hi.i 
•kIu  of  hU  own 
iL'ss  proceedihjfs, 
I,  "  a  law  against 
red  Uit'lr  parlia- 
licer*  rigorously 
liHtion  wiuj  reu- 
H'couie  HO  iuve- 
carrieil  iuto  ef- 
»e  by  wl.oin  it 
ret*  years  alter 
olJuctual  chuck, 
orond  despatch- 
.suppresxiop  ol' 
expedilinii  the 
I'oriior  uiid  coun- 
otlieina  prompt 
ipcration  in  ili<> 
and  their  inan* 
nlhcieiit  lo  over- 
)rocef>dinp^  sus- 
y  only  u  tempo- 

:('  which  tbo  j)ro- 
ly  innjirred,  was 
d  frotn  its  cuii- 
ds  at  St.  AuLMK- 
n  settlementH  nl* 
they  .'.Mpccli'd. 
Dtch  planters  at 
tinst  them ;  and 
ndercr8  of  their 
'stown.  [ItWu.J 
's  hy  liostditit's, 
Iroutiers  ni  the 
;s  of  Port  Koyjil. 
lattle  In  defend  a 
carry  their  arms 
y ;  and  aceoiint- 
'4  of  tli<>  pi'ovni* 
)ourH.  they  made 
4  St.  Auirnstine. 
rojeet.  Iia-itened 
ind  prohiliitioii. 
iiil'^t  liavc  fore- 
sufh  injuries  as 
them,  woiilil  as- 
larler  which  was 
'ir  projeeied  in- 
ed)  than  a  )Mir* 
oidd  unthori^e  a 
St  the  kiiiif  of 
ries.  '•  We  oiir- 
'h  power:  nor 
iries  of  l'.niil:triil 
!w!  kin^f's  alli-<, 
riiey  intiiti:il''((. 
law  wineh  had 
y  for  the  jiriijefi- 
(Uid  tiie  iiiiiaht- 
in<.'s,  or  di-iahied 
aiidnned  the  en* 
ropriettiic-*  con- 

II  their  llinely  r-  - 
en  cairied  iiiio 
ed,  nii^lit  have 
trurtiMl  tln-nt  to 
f  8t.  Augustine, 

hit  if  the  prnprfe- 

0  tho  coluiiles,  m 
hoTiie  ("oTUaineii  in 

1  hJivo  put  1  nuich 
ilL'if6  ciinrerrni  h\ 

Inrgely  and  itxlu- 
[llpniiy    have    .mci 

v\o\vn  wmiliJ  hint 
'  wiei  'jnstiv  I't  ir 
^fr.    Fox  :   rni'l  .i;s 

III  'n  the  va^st  vn 
'ould  httv«  t>e«low 


to  MHjuire  hy  what  HUthority  ho  had  ucted;  and,  in  the 
mean  tune,  to  put  the  provinco  in  the  be.st  position  of 
ilVfjiK-e.  rroiii  tliis  period,  luutnat  dread  and  ani- 
mosity rarely  eeas.-d  to  prevail  betwei-n  the  Sj)ani?iii 
and  i'aigli-ili  colonists  in  tlorida  aul  t'aro'ina. 

When  the  *:overnor  and  council  received  intelligence 
of  the  deatli  oi'  Charles  the  Second,  thev  proclaimed 
his  successor  with  expressions  of  loyalt)  and  joy,  ap- 
p.irenlly  iheeiru.-ionsof  mere  |;?vity  and  love  of  change, 
hut  wiiieli  gave  ao  much  satisfaction  to  James,  that  he 
conveyed  to  them,  in  return,  the  a.s^uraiiceof  his  favor 
and  protection.  His  sincerity  herein  was  ouapar  with 
their  own  ;  for  he  already  meditated  tlie  revocation  of 
the  colonial  charter,  and  the  annihilation  of  all  their 
privileges  He  was  prevented,  however,  from  com- 
pleting tliis  intention,  and  his  reign  was  productive  of 
events  that  proved  highly  advantageous  lo  the  colony. 
Many  of  his  Kngiish  subjects,  apprehending,  from  his 
arbitrary  principles  and  his  bigotry  to  tlie  church  of 
Koine,  the  subversion  of  their  religion  and  liberties,  tied 
beyond  the  Atlantic,  from  the  approaching  rigors  of  per- 
seeuhon:  being  delerintned  rather  to  endure  the  seve- 
r.'st  hirdship^  abroad,  than  to  witness  the  est;d)lishment 
of  popery  and  tyranny  in  Kn^land.  The  population  of 
America,  recruited  by  these  emigrations,  derived  eveii 
II  larger  actpiisition  Iroin  the  persecution  of  the  pro- 
testants  in  France,  that  followed  tlie  revocation,  in 
\uio,  of  the  edict  of  Nanlz.  Above  half  a  niillion  of 
her  most  useful  and  industrious  subjects,  expelled  from 
Krance,  carried  with  them  into  Kngland,  li(dland,  and 
otlh^r  Kuropean  states,  tlie  arts  and  mannfaetiires  which 
h:td  chieliy  tended  to  enrich  their  native  country. 
J.iines,  affecting  tu  participate  the  indignation  that  was 
expressed  hy  his  own  subjects  at  the  persecution  exer- 
cised by  the  French  monarch,  hastened  to  tender  the 
nio-it  friendly  assistance  to  the  distressed  Hugonols, 
who  sought  shelter  in  his  dominions  ;  and  besides  those 
w!io  established  themselves  in  Knglaiid,  considerable 
i;'nnb,;rs  were  enabled  to  transport  themsi'ives  to  the 
Britisli  settlements  in  Ameriea.  Many,  also,  who 
U'eth-'d  not  his  assistance,  and  who  dreaded  his  designs, 
parchased  colonial  property  witli  theirown  money,  and 
retreated  to  the  same  distant  region.  Among  the  other 
colonies  which  thus  reaped  advantage  from  the  oppres- 
sions exercised  in  France,  and  the  apprehensions enter- 
lainei'  in  Kngland,  ('arolina  derived  a  considerable  ac- 
qmsition  of  people.  Many  of  the  protestant  refugees. 
Mi  particular,  having  purchased  lands  from  the  proprie- 
l  in-'*,  wlio  were  ever  on  the  waleh  to  encourage  eini- 
gr.ilioii  to  their  territories,  embarked  witii  their  families 
Ibi  tliit  colony,  Lud  inide  a  valuable  addition  lo  its  in- 
dintry,  prosperity,  and  population. 

.'\htiough  the  colonists  had  as  yet  made  but  small  pro- 
gress in  cultivating  their  territory,  and  still  tbiind  their 
etinrts  impeded,  and  their  numbers  abridged,  hy  tlie 
nbsiruciiuns  of  the  forest  and  the  ravages  of  disease. 
()i -y  were  obviously  beginning  to  surinonnt  the  tirst 
didirulaes  and  disadvantages  of  their  situation.     Their 
iMtlle,  requiring  neitlier  ediliees  nor  atlendauee.  found 
Nijliieient  siii-lter,  and  ample  nourishment,  in  the  woods,  j 
and  mereased  in  an  auri/ing  degree.     They  traded  to  i 
tl< '  West  Indies  tor  rum  and  sugar,  in  return  for  their  ! 
luinb.'r  and  provisions;   and   I.ngland   supplied  tliein  i 
with  clothes,  arms,  ammuiiidon,  and  utt>nsils  for  build-  | 
iiu  uiid  cultivation,  in  exchange  for  their  deer-skiiis,  ; 
flits,  and  naval  stores.     Tins  coiiimeree.  iueonsidera- 
bl..*  as  it  was,  having  begun  to  attract  attenlimi.  a  col-  , 
It'ctor  of  the  customs  was  established  at  (.'harlestown,  ; 
pn.m  aller  tlie  accession  of  James  to  tin'  throne.     The  \ 
pinprietaries,  on  tins  occasion,  transmitted  their  ord^-rs 
lo  tiie  governor  and  council,  to  show  a  heeoiniug  for-  '■ 
\vardiie-;s  in  as-isting  the  collection  of  the  duly  on  to-  ; 
bacco  trau-'ported  to  other  colonies,  and  in  seizing  ships  | 
that  prc-uined  lo  traile  contrary  to  tlie  acts  of  naviga-  i 
tion.     Iliit.alihough  the  propiietaries enjoyed  in  theory  ' 
tile  nio>:  ali-idiile  authority  within  the  province,  and 
seeiiii'd.  indeed,   to  have  engrossed  the  whole  powers 
ofgovciivm  -lit.  they  had  long  been  sensible  of  theprac-  ; 
heal  iui  dicieiiry  of  every  one  of  their  mandates  tiiat  ■ 
w.is  oppitsed  to  till.'  opinions  or  favorite  practices  of  the  | 
pMiple.     This  last  injunction  was  not  only  disobeyed 
l)'.it  openly  and  argnuientatively  disputed  by  tim  colo* 
iiins  and  the  colonial  judges  and  magistrates,  who  in- 
M-ted  that  they  were  exempted  from  the  operation  of 
til '  iiuigation  nets  by  the  terms  of  the  provincial cliar- 
Iv,  iii({iittst  irlwh,  tliey  plainly  informed  tlie  collector, 
that  'they  held  an  act  of  parliament  to  be  of  no  force 
wliatever."     As  the  charier  wa^  posterior  in  dale  to  the 
iiiviifiiion  act,  this  was  in  eirect  to   contend   for  the 
dispen>ing  power  of  tlic  crown  ;  and  to  maintain  against 
I'le  king  himself,  the  very  doctrine  which  hn  forfeited 
hif  throne  by  attempting  to  realize.     Illegal  and  dan- 


gerous, us  a  plea  involving  such  doctrines  may  at  first 
sight  appear  it  will  he  found,  in  pro  torlion  as  we  ex- 
amine a,  that  it  is  very  f;ir  from  ln'in:;  de-^titut^  of  sup- 
j)ort,  either  from  naliird  rt  i-oii  or  legal  priiM-iple.  It 
was  the  diarler  alone  tlial  I.:ul  added  ihe  rolnuial  terri- 
tiiry  to  the  Hrilish  emiviie  ;  and  it  was  to  the  execution 
ami  existence  of  that  c'  arter  alone,  that  (ireal  iJritain 
conhl  refer  for  Ipgal  evidence  ofthe  connexion  between 
herselfand  the  colonial  people.  The  planters,  pos.sess- 
ing  the  power  of  transbrring  their  labors  to  any  region 
wiiert.  tliey  might  please  to  settle,  and  the  beneht  of 
tlieir  allegiance  to  any  sovereign  whose  stipulations  in 
their  f  ivor  might  appear  satisfactory  to  them,  bad,  on 
the  fa  !h  of  this  charter,  and  of  its  due  observance  in 
all  point.s,  formed  and  reared,  at  great  expense,  their 
pre-^ent  colonial  seittement ;  and  in  all  the  courts  of 
iireat  Diitain  the  charter  was  undoubtedly  held  a  valid 
paction  in  .so  far  as  it  imposed  obligations  on  the  colo- 
nists. There  appears,  then,  to  have  been  no  want  of 
justice  or  equity  in  the  claim  of  the  planters,  that  a 
charter  which  fiad  formed  their  original  paction  and 
bond  of  union  with  the  mother  country,  on  the  faith  of 
which  their  subjection  had  been  yielded  and  their  set- 
tlement created,  and  which  was,  on  all  hands,  acknow- 
ledged to  be  strictly  valid  in  so  far  as  it  im])Osed  obli- 
gations upon  them,  should  be  held  no  b-.ss sacred  in  re- 
spect of  the  privileges  which  it  conceded  to  them. 
While  it  was  allowed  to  remain  nnannulled,  it  .seemed 
to  be  entitled  to  entire  and  eijiial  operation :  and  if  it 
were  to  be  .set  aside,  the  grantees  should  have  been 
lell  at  liberty  to  attach  themselves  to  some  other  domi- 
nion, if  they  could  not  arrange  with  Britain  new  lerins 
of  a  prorogated  connexion  with  her.  It  must  be  ac- 
knowledged, however,  that  the  legal  force,  if  not  the 
natural  equity  of  this  plea,  is  considerably  abated  hy 
the  consideration,  that  il  wasdi>claimed  by  the  proprie- 
taries, and  jireferred  exclusively  by  the  resident  colo- 
nial population.  The  proprietaries  vainly  disjiiiled  the 
reasonableness  of  the  colonial  plea,  and  as  vainly  pro- 
hibited the  continuance  ofthe  relative  practices.  Neither 
awed  by  their  authority,  nor  convinced  by  their  rea- 
sonings, nor  yet  deterred  by  the  fretpn'iit  .seizure-: 
of  their  own  vessels  and  luerchandizi',  the  eohniists 
continued  to  defend  the  legality  and  persist  in  the  prac- 
tice of  trading  wheresoever  and  in  whatsoever  commodi- 
ties they  pleased.  While  the  proprietaries  were  labor- 
ing to  prevail  in  this  disagreeable  controversy,  they  re- 
ceived a  new  and  more  painful  addition  to  their  embar- 
rassments, from  the  alarming  intelligence,  that  the  king, 
having  adopted  the  resolution  of  annilidating  all  pro- 
prietary govertnnents.  had  direetetl  a  writ  of  tjuo  icar- 
raututo  In;  issued  against  the  patent  of  Carolina.  Thus. 
neither  their  submission  to  every  royal  mandate,  nor 
their  readiness  to  aid.  with  their  feeble  power,  in  the 
collection  of  the  royal  revemie,  and  the  execution  of 
the  acts  id' navigation,  could  protect  the  chartered  rights 
of  the  proprietaries  from  the  enmity  and  injustice  of 
the  king.  Vet  prudently  bending  under  the  violence 
which  they  were  uiialile  to  resist,  thev  eluded  the  force 
of  an  attack  which  proved  fatal  to  tlie  charter  of  Massa- 
chusetts; and  by  jiroposin::  a  treaty  for  surremler  of 
their  patent,  they  gained  such  delay  as  left  tbein  in  po.s- 
session  of  il.  at  the  pi-riod  of  tlie  lirili«h  Ueyolutioii. 

tiovernor  .Moreton,  atb-r  his  secoml  appointment  to 
ibe  pre-ideney  of  the  colony,  was  allowed  to  retain  it 
little  mole  than  a  year.  Thoiiuh  endowed  wilh  u  coii- 
siderilile  share  of  wisdom  and  ability,  and  connected 
with  several  respect. ible  families  in  llie  colony,  so  in- 
eonsHteiit  were  \\]^  iiisiriictions  from  Kngland  with  the 
prevailing  views  and  interests  of  the  people,  that  be 
found  it  ditlicult  lo  execute  the  duties  of  his  otlice  at  all. 
and  impossible  to  discharge  them  satisfactorily,  lie 
had  been  described  as  a  maiMd's<»her  and  religious  teiii- 

tter;  and  having  married  the  sifter  of  Hiake,  it  was 
loped  by  the  friends  of  pielv  and  good  morals,  that  the 


dent  population,  and  the  prosperity  of  tlie  netllenient. 
In  this  situation  of  att'iiirs,  no  governor  could  lonjf 
niaintain  Ins  authority  among  a  number  of  bold  and 
roiless  adventurers,  averse  to  all  restraint,  and  active 
til  improving  every  opportunity  to  advance  their  own 
interest;  for  whenever  he  altcnipled  to  control  any  of 
their  designs,  by  the  exercise  of  bis  antbor'ly.  tliey  in- 
sulted bis  person,  and  roinplained  of  bisa<lmiiiislratinn, 
till  lliey  prevailed  in  having  him  removed  from  his  of- 
fice. The  proprietaries  tiiiding  that  Moreton  had  be- 
come obnoxious  to  a  considerable  party  among  the  peo- 
ple, now  resolved  with  their  usual  feeble  policy  to  sa- 
crifice him  to  the  enmity. which  his  integrity  had  pro- 
voked; and  having  accordingly  dispatched  him,  they 
appointed  an  bis  successor,  James  Colleton,  a  brother 
of  one  of  their  own  number,  and  on  who.se  aitacluncnt 
to  the  proprietary  interest  they  thought  iheni.selves  enti- 
tled to  rely.  His  fortune  and  connections,  it  was  hoped, 
would  adil  influence  to  his  otlice;  and  lo  tend  him  the 
greater  weight  us  he  was  created  a  landgrave  of  the 
colony,  witli  the  appropriate  endowmeiil  of  I'oiiy-eight 
thousand  acres  of  land.  A  lunh  opinion  had  been  en- 
tertained by  his  constituents  of  his  good  sense  and  abi- 
lity ;  hut  either  it  was  ver>'  ill-founded,  or  he  was  de- 
prived of  discretion  and  self-possession  by  the  confu- 
sions and  cabals  in  which  he  found  hiu'self  involved. 
To  his  great  moriification,  he  was  quick.^  made  sensi- 
ble  that  the  proprietary  government  had  acquired  very 
little  stability,  and  was  continually  declining  in  the  re- 
spect of  its  subjects.  His  own  nnprudence  contribu- 
ted materially  to  increase  tlie  weakness  and  discredit 
into  which  il  had  fallen. 

The  commencement  of  Colleton's  administmtion 
arave  universal  .•satisfaction.  Hut  his  iiistrnctiotis  re- 
piirin:;  him  to  attempt  what  his  antborily  was  iinahlo 
to  etlect,  the  punishment  of  almost  all  the  other  colonial 
olVicers  for  various  instances  of  disobedience  to  th» 
proprietaries,  ami  to  execute  with  vigor  tlie  law  against 
pirates,  ve-y  soon  embroiled  him  with  a  great  body  of 
the  inhaliitants.  The  form  of  the  consiitution.  com- 
posed of  a  variety  of  jurisdictions,  and  ipvesting  Uie 
parliament  with  the  choice  of  members  for  the  gr.Tiid 
council,  gave  rise  to  perpetual  intriLMte;  and  a  diver- 
sity of  factions  sprung  up,  "as  rampant,"  .siys  Old- 
iiiixon.  "  as  if  the  people  had  been  made  wanton  by 
many  ages  of  prosperity."  A  parliamenl  having  been 
summoned  hy  Colleton,  the  majority  of  the  memhen* 
openly  expressed  their  disapprobation  at'  the  fnnda- 
iiieiital  conslitiitions ;  and  having  appointed  a  ciuii- 
mittee  to  revise  and  amend  them,  ibis  body  pii)ceed.?d 
without  delay  to  frame  a  new  and  very  ditf-Teiit  scheme 
of  governtnent,  which  they  di>tingui^hed  hy  the  naino 
ofthe  standing  luirs  of  Ctiroium.  and  transinii'ed  to 
Kngland  for  the  approbation  of  the  proprietaries.  The 
recej)tion  of  such  a  communication  might  have  been 
easily  foreseen.  The  proorietaries  hesitated  not  a  mo- 
ment to  reject  these  standing  laws,  and  to  issue  tho 
most  positive  orders  for  the  due  observance  of  (he  fun- 
damental constitutions  which  had  'n-en  so  irreverently 
haihUed.  IJiit  men  who  bad  deliberately  undertaken 
so  bold  a  measure,  were  not  to  be  d-.-lerrcd  Imm  the 
prosecution  of  it  hy  a  conse(]uence  so  obvious  as  the 
displeasure  of  the  proprietaries ;  and  a  majority  of  the 
assembly  still  oh.stin.itely  refused  to  acknowledge  the 
authority  of  the  fiinJanieiital  con-titiitions.  They 
were  thereupon  expelled  from  the  honai*  by  the  go- 
vernor: ai;d  protesting*  again-<t  the  vabdiiy  of  any 
laws  that  might  be  enacted  liy  a  minority  of  the  com- 
mons, they  retired  into  the  country,  and  eagerly  en- 
deavored to  instil  theirown  principles  and  discontents 
into  the  minds  of  th?  people.  So  successful  were  their 
exertions  fi)r  this  pinidM-,  that  when  a  new  parliiriient 
was  ronvoi.ed,  [lii-^  |  the  undisguised  and  unanimous 
purpoiie  of  the  members  was  to  thwart  and  contradict 
llie  governor  in  whatsoever  proceedings  lie  might  em- 
hands  of  government  wimhl  be  strengthened  bv  this  brace,  recnunneiiil,  or  be  supposed  lo  approv*^.  So 
alliance,  and  an  ellVetual  check  imposed  on  the 'more' pertinaciously  did  they  adhere  to  this  line  of  policy,  us 
licentious  and  irregular  parly  of  the  pi-ople.  Unt  the  j  to  refuse  to  settle  a  militia  !ift.  lliougb  the  salely  of  th' 
'■  ■      ■  very   dif- j  province,  endangered  hy  the  Spaniards  and  their  Indian 


majority  of  his  council  entertained  opini 
fereiit  ironi  his,  wilh  respect  to  the  ctniduct  of  the  pro 
vincial  adininistration.  and  claimed  greater  indulgence* 
for  the  people  than  he  had  authority  to  grant.  Hence 
there  arose  in  the  colony  two  political  parlies;  the  one 
attached  to  the  prerogative  and  authority  of  tho  propri- 
etaries, the  other  devoted  to  the  liberties  of  the  people. 
Hy  the  one  it  was  contended  that  the  laws  and  regula- 
tions tran-*mitted  from  Kngland,  should  he  strictly  and 
implicitly  obeyed:  by  the  other,  more  exclusive  regard 
was  had  lo  the  local  circumstances  of  the  colony;  and 
it  was  niuintained  that  the  freemen  were  obliged  to  ob- 
serve the  injunctions  ofthe  pronrietaries,  only  in  so  far 
as  tliey  were  consistent  with  ine  interest  ai  tlie  resi* 


i"s,  seemed  urgently  to  demand  such  a  ineasuro: 
and,  in  fine,  to  make  sure  of  giving  sanction  to  iiothiu^ 
that  could  be  agreeable  to  the  (iovernor,  they  flatly  d  - 
dined  to  pass  any  laws  at  all.  .\  dispute  in  which 
they  engaged  with  him  about  the  payment  of  (piit  ro  i.s, 
afforded  them  an  additional  opportunity  of  i:dulgiii; 
their  spleen,  and  increasing  ibeir  popularity.  Colleton 
had  attempted  to  enforce  payment  of  ihe  arrears  pfth; 

•  Their  [inilcst,  which  is  proserved  \n  Itiu  archives  ui  th« 
IM.iiiliiliua  OiHce,  at  I.omlun.  is  suhscnlwd  by  niio  t)l  Uip  pro- 
iesl<ir.s  v;iili  his  murk,  ii\  respect  of  fiis  iriat»iliiy  \o  \*riia 
Chalmers,  p.  56^— a  significant  indication,  il  inu-^t  iie  cenfesiit'ti, 
of  tho  extent  of  lUs  pi^tual  knowledgu  aed  kfeii-'tunaj  i\\\\ 
Uticationi 


son 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


i 


Mil 


quit  r  ■111"  ilii!  Iiy  llii-  priijili-.  wliicli  iIiiiiikIi  inronsiilL'- 
ral)I('  in  .uniHinl.  were  rcrMnifilcxIrctrirly  lniriU'n:<mni', 
ti.4  MIX  oil"  iicr*'  :iiii<iiii;a  thoiHaiiil  tor  wliirli  i|iiit  rt-iits 

welt;  'Ii'tll:linl<'(l  \  it'lilcil  IW  V(;t  JIIIV  priitit  to  Ilii'   liolilern. 

rinitii)<;  it  hiipo>.-4ilili>  t(t  ;ircoiiiplisli  a  iiifiHiiri'  so  iiii- 
po|iill.ir.  wliil:' lii>  w;h  lleslitllti!  of  «ilii|ioil  iVoiii  the 
olliiT  jiro\  iiicial  oIlinT'',  \w  winlc  f  tlif  proprictarii'H, 
rfipicsiin^  llit'iii  to  appoint  as  dopiilifs.  rortaiii  pt'r«oiia, 
whom  lii>  knew  to  In*  tavoiirahly  ili.^poTil  towards  their 
j(ovi-rniiit>iit.  and  IVoiii  wlioni  he  iiii^ht  expect  assist- 
aiiCir  III  tho  exeeulioii  of  his  olhce.  Apprised  ol'  thin 
ineiLsnre.  the  adverse  party  seriipled  no  violeii'—  ...  in- 
instiee  to  detent  or  coniiteract  it.  Letters  from  I  jig- 
fiiiid.  rontaiiiini;  deputations  to  persons  ohiioxioiiit  to 
tlie  people,  they  sei/.ed  and  sii])presseil ;  and  theiiisulveii 
appointed  other  men  better  allccted  to  the  popnhir 
cause.  Advancing  in  this  course  of  resohilo  miiirpH- 
tioii.  the  U'aders  of  the  popular  iiarty  proieeded  to  is- 
sue writs  ill  their  own  name.  [U''^'^]  "'"'  '"-''''  !"'«'in- 
bhes  in  opposition  to  the  governor,  anil  in  niter  disre- 
gard of  the  authority  of  the  proprietaries.  HaNingiiii- 
prlsoneil  the  seer.^lary  of  the  proviiiee,  they  took  liir- 
cihle  piis.se.ssioii  of  the  public  records  ;  and  without  ap- 
pearing to  bavi;  ally  fixed  or  delinite  objei'l  in  view, 
they  elfecied  a  complete  siihversiini  of  legiliiiiate  autho- 
rity. Only  a  detennined  anil  active  usurper  wa.<  want- 
ing to  possess  himself  of  the  power  which  they  seemed 
fo  le  more  eager  to  suspend  or  overthrow,  than  pt?r- 
niaiienily  to  appropriate;  and  a  pcr-on.ige  altogether 
fitted  to  i.ik?  adv.iiitagi^  of  the  opporlnriily  did  not  fail 
shortly  afiiT  to  preieiit  hiinself  During  this  scene  of 
ctinliision.  the  tidings  of  the  birth  of  a  Prince  of  Wales 
were  received  in  the  colmiy.  and  celebrated  by  all  par- 
ties with  appearances  of  i  ordial  .sympathy  and  con- 
gratulation;  and  yet  so  nniii'Miiini!  were  llie^e  expres- 
nians.  or  so  absorbed  were  »l,e  co!  iiists  wif'  '  •>  own 
interiiil  cabals,  and  so  regardless  <,,'  ,,|1  civ  .1  .leyoiiil 
their  own  iminediite  sphere,  that  die  ioi  11  .:  11  e  of  the 
revolution  in  laigliiul, though  follovving  the  eller  event 
BO  i-lo-;,'iy,  excited  no  emotioM  whalevi'r,  [lli^:i.]  and 
William  and  .Mary  were  procl.ii'  i.l  'v:lb  the  most  me- 
chanic il  regulinlv   and    illdillereilce, 

Colleioii  inortiti:Ml  by  the  insigiiifu;ain  ■  •hieli   ..  • 

was  re(lu<:eil,  an  1  al.irmed  by  the  hold  an,;  aeilitio'is 
spirit  of  the  peopl  ■,  vainly  perplexed  himself  with  a  va- 
riety of  ineir-eiiial  sch-in,'sliir  recalling  them  to  the  re- 
cognition of  legal  aillliorily.  His  conduct  had  been 
far  from  bliin  -I  -^s.  and  hail  even  attracted  censure  from 
ihc  (jiiarter  wlnnce  he  prinei|i.illy  relied  for  counte- 
nance and  prnt'-ctioii.  .\iiioiig  oliier  irregiila'ities  inle 
which  he  h  11!  been  betrayed,  he  had  imposed  an  arbe 
trnry  tine  ol'  on-  liaiidreij  poiiiuls  on  lie;  miiiisier,  liir 
preaching  wliat  la-  aceounted  a  seditious  sermon;  and 
the  proprietaries  bad  reiint:ed  the  tin",  not  on  account 
of  till!  illeg.ility  ot  its  iiiiliction,  but  lit'  the  extravagance 
of  its  amount.  It  was  at  leiigih  su<ri:esie(l  to  him,  whe- 
ther by  impriiileiit  parli/.aiis  or  iiisidnoiis  counsellors, 
that  to  proclaim  111  irtial  l.iw  was  the  only  means  th.ii 
remained  of  inducing  the  pi-opl-;  to  return  to  bis  go- 
vernance, and  yield  obedience  to  the  person,  who  un- 
der su,-h  a  st.ite  ot'  ihinirs  \voiiIil  alone  have  the  power 
to  punish  tnittiny  and  si.'dition.  .\cfi.ited  no  ilniibi  by 
this  piirpose,  tliongb  professing  to  apprehend  an  iiiva- 
Nion  of  the  Spaniards  and  Indians,  hi-  pnblisbed  an  or- 
dinance d.'claratory  of  martial  law,  and  reipiiriiig  every 
one  to  appear  in  arms  for  the  defence  of  the  province. 
However  i-oiistitiitioiial,  however  consisti-nl  with  the 
provisioiis  of  the  charti.'r,  this  measure  was  impriiilenl 
in  the  extreme  h. 'cause  the  colonists,  tliiis  smninoned 
to  arms,  were  far  more  inclined  to  turn  their  weipons 
against  their  ruler  than  against  the  public  enemy.  'I'tie 
designs  of  the  governor  were  easily  sei:n  throiigli,  and 
not  less  easily  d.-li-ateil.  'riieasseiiibly  Imvingconvnked 
iheinselves,  and  taU'ii  this  measure  into  their  coiisid..-- 
ratiuii,  resolved  rit  once  that  it  was  a  daring  encroach- 
ment on  their  liberties,  and  an  unwarrantable  exertion 
of  power  at  ;i  time  whea  the  colony  \v;is  in  no  danger 
from  without.  Colleton  howeveri  driven  to  the  ex- 
tremity ot'  his  resources,  pi?rsisted  in  his  proclamation 
of  martial  law.  and  vainly  attempted  to  enforce  the  ar- 
ticles ol'  war.  Hut  be  was  very  soon  t.anglit  to  feel 
that  th;.'  disalli-ction  was  too  general  to  admit  of  such 
n  remedy,  and  that  all  his  etVorts  served  hut  to  niiite 
the  body  of  the  people  more  tiriiily  in  opposition  to 
his  government.  It  was  given  out  by  some  of  his  op- 
ponents, that  the  sole  object  of  his  present  proceed- 
ings was  to  actpiire  to  himself  the  monopoly  of  the 
Indian  trade  ;  and  this  fiiirmise,  with  every  other  inipii- 
tatinii,  however  groundless  or  inconsistent,  was  readily 
i^rodited  by  a  people  to  whom  for  years  he  had  been 
U)  object  of  suspicion  and  dislike, ' 

During  tlie  ferment  that  eiuued  upon  theio  proceed- 


lings  Llli'-'tlJ  tSi'lli  Sotliel,  whom  we  have  seen  banished 
from  .Mbemarli'.  and  recalled  by  the  proprietaries  to  jiis- 
'tify  his  conduct,  siidileiily  presciiteil  bimself  at  Charles- 
'  town,  and  in  the  iloiible  capacity  of  a  proprietary  of 
the  province,  and  a  cl'.ampion  ol  popular  rights  against 
proprietary  prcteiisimis,  laid  claim  to  Ihi-  possession 
of  supreme  authority.  Il.-iiledat  once  with  tie*  acclaim 
iif  a  iinmeroiis  faction,  he  succeeded  without  dilliciilly 
in  prevailing  over  the  opiiosition  of  the  governor  and 
the  more  respcctabk-  inhabitants,  and  in  possessing 
hiiiisell'  of  the  reins  of  government,  which  had  long 
awaited  and  invited  the  grasp  of  some  vigorous  hand. 
With  a  gracious  seinblance  of  respect  to  petitions 
which  had  breu  suggested  by  himself,  he  consented 
to  convene  u  parliament;  and  during  the  distraction.s 
of  the  times,  it  waseitsy  to  procure  the  retit'ii  of  ineiii- 
bcrs  who  were  ready  to  sanction,  \r'  tlioir  X'ltes,  wlial- 
iwer  measures  he  iinglit  dictate  to  theiii.  C;  iletoii  was, 
hv  this  assembly,  iinpeachi'd  of  high  crimes  and  inisile- 
nieanors,und  not  only  disabled  from  holding  any  ollice 
ill  the  government,  but  banislu-d  from  the  province. 
Ulliers  who  were  .-iccnsed  of  having  abetted  his  inisgo- 
\erniiieiit,  were  subjected  to  tine,  imprisonment,  and 
exile.  Having  now  obtained  possession  of  the  supreme 
authority,  and  under  pretence  of  graliiying  the  resent- 
ments of  the  people,  enriched  liimsell  by  forfeitures, 
and  diseiK-nmhered  hiiiisell'  of  rival  candidates  for  of- 
lice,  Siithi'l  proceeded  to  exercise  his  power  wiUi  a  tv- 
raiinv  that  etVectually  rebuked  ,-iitd  punished  the  folly 
of  those  who  had  permitted  him  to  obt<aiii  it,  and  soon 
niiib'd  the  southern  colony  against  him  in  the  same 
iinanimoiis  hatred  which  he  had  exciti'd  among  their 
bri-thren  in  \orth  (Carolina,  He  is  said  to  have  tramp- 
led under  foot  every  restraint  of  justice  and  eipiily,  and 
ruled  the  colonists  with  .1  rod  of  iron.  The  re|ileiiisli- 
ineiit  of  his  coffers  was  the  sole  object  of  his  govern- 
ment, and  his  linancial  operations  were  varied  only  by 
varieties  of  rapine.  The  fair  trailers  from  llarbailoes 
Hid  Bermuda  were  seized  by  his  orders,  under  the  pre- 
tended charge  of  piracy,  and  coiii|>ciled  to  purchase 
their  ransom  liiiiii  imprisonmeiit  by  eiioruions  lines; 
.'  'bes  were  accepted  Iroiii  real  Il-Ioiis  to  favor  dieir  es- 
.■ii,,e  from  jiisiice;  and  the  property  of  individuals  was 
"i/.ed  and  coiiliscaled  on  the  most  unjust  and  frivolous 
pretences.  The  proprietaries  hearing  with  astniiish- 
lliellt  of  these  outrageous  proceedings,  [II'p',)I,]  trall.s- 
milled  letti-rs  of  lecal  to  .■sotliel.  and  ibreateneil,  in  case 
of  his  disobedience,  to  procure  a  mandaiiiiis  from  the 
king  to  coin|iel  his  appearance  in  Ijigland  ;  and  their 
oiili-rs  being  now  secoiiiled  by  tl.e  hearty  cunciirrence 
of  the  people,  the  usurper  was  constrained  to  vacate 
his  funciions,  and  abandon  the  province.  [Ili'.l".i].  He 
retired,  however,  no  farther  than  to  .North  Carolina, 
where  he  died  in  the  year  Ki'.ll.* 

The  revolution  of  the  British  government  had  exci- 
ted very  little  attention  in  either  of  the  colonies  of  Ca- 
rolina, which  were  too  remotely  connected  with  the 
higher  institutions  of  the  empire,  to  be  sensibly  alVected 
by  the  changes  they  bad  iinilergoiie.  It  was  from  the 
|iroprietaries  alone  diat  they  could  expect  the  interposi- 
tion of  a  siijierior  nowi-r  to  arrest  or  repair  the  misrule, 
oppression  and  cal.iiiiily-lliat  had  so  longcoiiiposed  the 
chief  part  of  the  history,  both  of  the  northern  i«.id  the 
soiidiern  setilemeiiis.  In  the  hope  of  accomplishing 
this  desir.ible  object,  the  pro|irietaries,  on  the  deposition 
of  Sotliel.  iiitriisled  the  goM-riiiiicnt  of  the  whole  of 
tlii'ir  seiilemi'iits  to  Colmiel  Philip  laiilwell,  a  person 
totally  unconnected  with  the  province,  and  with  any  of 
the  parties  it  contained.  ;ind  who  bad  been  sent  by  bis 
cfliinlrymen  in  Virginia  to  I'ngland,  to  present  the  coin- 
plaints  of  this  province  against  Lord  l.llingbam.  The 
proprietaries  directed  their  new  governor  to  pnbli.sh  to 
the  inhabitants  a  general  pardon  for  all  crimes  that  had 
lieeii  formerly  committed;  to  impiire  into  the  grie- 
vances they  iiiight  complain  of;  and  to  report  to  them- 
selves the  measures  he  should  judge  best  calculated  to 
preserve  order  anil  restore  happiness.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  Sir  .\atliaiiiei  Johnson,  who  had  been  gene- 
ral of  the  Leeward  Islands  in  the  preceding  reign,  and 
who,  having  now  adopted  the  resolution  of  retiring  to 
Carolina,  was  appointed  a  caziipie  of  the  province,  and 
a  member  of  coiiiiiil.  Liidwcll,  who  wa.s  a  man  of 
sense  and  humanity,  and  possessed  considerable  expc- 

•Ilewit,  I  103.  Clmlmcrs,55l,55a,  Williamson,  i,  1«,  143. 
Solhol  left  an  amiilo  estate,  wliicii,  however,  suslailieil  no 
sin.ili  diiiiiiiullon  after  bis  ile.ith  from  numemn.s  decrees  in  fa- 
vor of  parties  wtiein  tie  llnit  pillaged  or  defrauded.  Hut  the 
other  iirnpnelanes,  in  suinn  for  a  lariro  amount  of  rents  h  '0*1 
111;  had  recovered  and  emhczzled,  were  nonsuiled  on  tliL  ab- 
surd existini?  iiiaxmi  iif  tlio  Eiisli.-ili  law,  that  leiidiits  in  coin- 
iiion  could  not  brinit  actions  of  account  against  each  ottier. 
It  wu  not  till  the  rei/[n  of  (Jueon  Anna  that  this  Inliiuitoiu  re- 
gulation wai  repoalad. 


rience  of  colonial  iilVairs,  conmi.'iiced  his  administration 
in  a  III  inner  that  gave  geliel.d  saliNlai'lioii,  and  seemed 
to  have  completely  aljayi-il  the  prevailing  ti-rmellts  of 
the  people.  But  this  iranipiility  w,is  ol  sboii  duration; 
the  minds  of  men  liiiil  been  loo  loiiu  and  too  v.nli  iitly 
agitated  lo  relap-e  at  once  into  11  sriiled  coiopo-ine': 
and  a  circiinisiiiiice  thai  at  lirst  promisid  lo  |iroiliiie  the 

happiest  ell'ecis  on  the  prosperity  oltlie  p|o\  illre.pie\ei| 
the  imiriediate  occasion  of'  the  ri'UWil  ol  public  ilisioti- 
lelits.  Ill  the  year  lllllll.  a  great  body  ol  i  reliili  jio- 
testaiit  exiles  had  taken  reliiL'i-  in   rnglainl.  w  hence   a 

considerable iinmher  of  tlieiii  had  1 11  conveyed. at  the 

ex|ieiise  of  the  llritisb  government,  lo  tbe  colony  of 
Virginia.  Others,  who  were  less  indigent,  piirchasi  d 
lands  in  .South  Carolina,  and  having  transporiid  iliciii- 
selves  and  their  liiniilit-s  to  this  province,  hroiighl  a  \<i- 
In.ihle  iiccession  to  the  iiiimi-rical  strength,  as  well  as  to 
the  inilnstry  and  morality  of  its  people.  'I'bey  had 
taken  the  oath  of  aHegiance  to  the  king,  and  promised 
lidelity  to  the  proprietaries;  and  were  disposed  lo  re- 
gard the  colonists  whom  they  had  joined  in  the  Iriiniily 
light  of  brethren  and  fellow -citi/ens.  But,  iinl,a|>pily , 
these  nkler  colonists  were  very  far  from  regarding  Ibeir 

new   associates   with   cnrresponding   g l-will.      Tie 

immbers  of  the   strangms,  and  the    wealth    by    which 
some  of  them  were  distingiiislied,  excited  their  suspici- 
on and  ii.itional  antipathv  ;  and  when  Lmlwell,  in  1  oiii- 
pliance  wiib  the  instructions  of  tl,e  ]iroprietarii'S,    pie- 
pared  to  admit  the  refugees  lo  a  participation  in  all  lli- 
franchises  and  inimiinities  of  the  oilier  |ilanlei's,  ili.-  I'li,-;- 
lish  and  native  iiili;ibitants  refu.sed  to  acipiiesce  in  ttrs 
measure,  and  ri'solutely  opposed  its  execution.     They 
insisted  that  it  was  contrary  to  the  laws  of  I  nglaiid,  and 
therefore  beyond  the  power   of  tbe  proprietaries,  who 
were  subject  to  these  laws;  and    that  nil  power   but 
^  that  of  the  British  parli.iment   coidd  dispense  w  iih  tin- 
legal  inability  of  aliens  lo  purchase  lands  within  the  1 111- 
!  [lire,  or  incorporah-  them  into  the  British  ( imniiunily. 
■and  make  tliem  partakers  of  the  rights  and  privil,  gcs  ol 
I  natural-born  I'liglishinen.     They  even  iiiainlaiiieil.il:. it 
I  tbe  mieriages  of  the  refugees,  petformed  by  the  1  liigy- 
I  men  who   had   accoiiipanied  them,  were  iiiilawliil.  as 
1  being  celebrated  by    men  who  liad  not  obtained  episio- 
I  pal  ordination;  .ind,  for  themselves,  they    declared  that 
I  they  coidd  not  brook  the  thoughts  of  silting  in  the  s.iiiie 
assembly  with  the  rivals  of  the  I'nglish  intion.  or  of  re- 
ceiving laws  from  rrencbmen,  the  pupils  of  a  sysliin 
j  of  slavery   and    arbilrarv  government.     The    iiiiforiii- 
!  nate  refugees,  alarmed  by  these  menacing  resobiiioiis. 
I  implored  the  proleciion  of  the  proprietaries;  and  Lml- 
well found  it  necessary  lo  suspend  the  measure   be  had 
begun,  :ind  to  apply  to  the  same  ipiarler  for  fiirli.er  1!,- 
rei  lions.     The  |iropriclaries  rcliirm  d  a  friendly  but  in- 
decisive answer  to  the  application  of  tin-  refugees.  \\  ho 
contilmed  in  a  state  of  llie  most  disagreeable  solicitude, 
i  and  entire  privation  of  civil    rights,  for   several   years 
j  alV-r;  when  at  h-ngth  their  humane  and  patient  deiiiea- 
'  nor  prevailed  over  the  antipathy  of  their  former  ;idM-r- 
.saries  who  then  became   the    advocates   of  the   jireleii- 
sions  they  h:id  so  vehemently   opposed,    and    passed    a 
lavy  of  natiirali'/.ation     in    favor  of  the  aliens,  without 
being  disturbed  by  any   scrn|iles   about    invading   the 
functions  of  the  British  parliament.    In  llie  meanwhile, 
the  dispute  that  had  arisen  on  this  subject  was  produc- 
tive ol  a  great  deal  of  irritation  in  the  province,  which 
!  was  incrctiseil  by  the  arrival  of  a  crew  of  pirates,  whom 
I  Liidwell  (-ansed  to  he  apprehended  and  brought  to  trial 
I  for  their  crimes.     The    people   exclaimed  against  the 
severity  of  this  proceeding,  and   interested  themseivca 
so  ell'ectually  in  behalf  of  the  pirates,  who,  previous  to 
their  apprehension,  had  spent  a   great  deal  nf  money 
very   Ireely  in  tlie  province,  that   on  their   trials  they 
were  all   aciptitted,*    and    the  government  was   eveii 
compelled  to  grant  them   an    indemnity.     It   was   not 
till  more  than  twenty  years  after  this  period,  that  Caro- 
lina was  delivered   from  the  resort  ot  pirates,  and    not 
till   after  a  .series  of  bloody   executions,  at  the  last  of 
which  no  fewer  than  forty  of  thes<.>  naval  robbers  wi-re 
put  to  deatli  at  once.     Knrther  disputes  now  arose  be- 
tween the    government  and  tbe  inhahitiinti  aluint  the 
arrears  of  the  quit  rents  that  were  due   to  the  proprie- 
taries, who  ut  length    becnining  impatient   of  this  nil 
toward  issue   of  Ludwell's  administration,  nnil  suspect 
ing  him  of  bending  too  readily  to  the  popular  will,  de- 
prived him  of  oHice,  and  conferred    it,   together   with 
the  dignity    of   landgrave,  upon   Thoinns   Smith,    u 


'  A  few  years  after  this  period,  some  of  the  citizens  of  Lnn- 
don  appeared  to  have  tircii  inrectcd  vvilti  a  similar  favor  fni 
pirates.  In  tlie  year  IftWi,  si-vrral  i-f  these  In  ilutnteis  wi  ri- 
Bciiuitled  at  the  Old  Uailey,  hy  a  verdict  wlilih  thief  Justice 
Holt  (tcclared  was  "a dishonor  to  tho  justlco  of  thp  imtJnn  " 
Stato  Trials,  xili.  *m 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


297 


(I  lii-t  iiiliHini:«lriition 
tiniiitii,  itiiit  -Jfi'iii'd 
vuiliii^'  rcruH-nl-*  iif 
IS  (It  ^llf)|t  (liimtioii : 
IL'  iiiiil  ton  \  .(ill  iilly 
s'>itl('il  ciiniiiD'iiM' : 
llI^<'<|  Id  ]initlii<i.-  till- 


tllf  jii(i\  iUtf.  [ucvril 

itil  III  [iiililic  (hsi  tni- 
ntly  ill    I  rnnii    j  ui- 

i.ll^lilllll,  wllI'lU'C     il 

I'cij  ((nix'-yt'i!,:!!  lilt' 
,  lo  ll.i!  rolniiv  r.\' 
iii(t!<ri'nt,  [iiircliiiMi) 
1^  tr:iii*')><)ili'd  iIkki- 

Ulirr,  lirntl^lit  ii  \  .i- 
Imi^'lli.  11^  well  iis  1(1 
]n'(ij»U*.  TIm'v  liJiil 
kiii^,  niul  |)rc)ini>(-it 
rro  (iispiist'd  In  ii.'- 
oiiM'il  in  llif  rrioiiilly 
H.  lint.  iinLii{i|M!\, 
I'rdni  ri'f.'iinliii'.'  ili»-ir 
ig  ^'omi-will.  'Tie 
I'  wealth  tiy  wImcIi 
I'xcitci)  llifir  sii-.|)ici. 
<>ii  IjiiIwi'H,  In  f Dirr- 
!  ]>r(i|)rii'tarii'H,  pn- 
rticipiitidii  in  :i!l  t):(.- 
icr  planlcr.-.  ill.-  rii;;- 
tn  a('()nu'>('('  in  llry 
Ix  (>\<'('iitinn.  TIh'V 
l;iw.>i  nCI  ii^laiiil.  ami 
?  prdprli'tarii's.  v\lii) 
tiiiit  iMi  power  Imii 
(I  (ii.'pi'iisf  with  iIh^ 
lands  within  \hv  rni- 
Itritish  <  oinninnity. 
hts  and  jirivih  ^v"  td' 
vi>n  inaintaiiK-d.  ll:al 
Dniii'd  liy  iht'  <  l*!;iy- 
,  were  itnlawlul.  a.-i 
not  (ihtuiiH'd  cpiMO- 
1,  llu'y  dcrlarcd  llmt 
nl'  sitting;  ill  tilt!  Mnie 
li^ll  n'ltioii,  nr  of  n*- 
pu|tils  ol'  a  sy>t('ii» 
u'lit.  TUv  nniniiii- 
rnariiip  r".-'«hilinri'i. 
prietaric.-*;  and  l.nd- 
Ihi.'  measure  he  had 
larter  (nr  I'lirtiier  di- 
id  a  friendly  hut  in- 
(t\'  ihe  relupees,  wlio 
a^Ti'eable  >nlirilnd»'. 
,  I'nr  seM'ral  years 
and  patient  deinca- 
tlieir  I'nrnier  ad\er- 
■ales  (d'  the  preteii- 
cised,  and  pa>>ed  a 
the  ahens.  \\  ithoiit 
ahoiit  invadin<;  the 
In  tlie  nieanwhih'. 
snhject  Wiis  prodiic- 
the  provinre.  whiih 
rew  nl"  pirates,  whnni 
jj  hrou^ht  til  trial 
irlaiincd  ii^'aiii>^t  tht; 
llercsliMl    thL'UlselveS 

ivs,  who,  previous  lo 
reat  dual  of  nioiicy 
on  thiur  trials  they 
iernnient  was  even 
innlty.  It  was  not 
Ih  period,  that  Caro- 

ot  pirates,  and  not 
tioiiH,  at  the  last  of 
navul  robbers  wi-rt- 
pntes  now  arose  he- 
iliabitaiit)  ahont  thti 
due  to  tlie  proprie- 
npatieiit  of  this  nn 
itratioii,  and  f^iispect 
the  popular  will,  de- 
[|    it.    logi'ther   with 

Thoniiifl   i!3inith,    u 


f  llie  rilizens  of  Lnn* 
kith  a  Niiinlar  favnr  (ot 
Itieve  [n  iliodeis  wni- 
cl  wliiiii  (  liit'f  JuMir* 
jUHlirn  of  thf>   imUim." 


wealthy  plantor,  and  a  prtnlent,  upright,  and  popular 
man.* 

ri('.!t:t.J  It  was  iutlm  midst  of  these  dispiiti.-s,  and 
with  till*  i^iope  (d'apjieasing  tliein,  thai  tlie  proprietiirie> 
at  leui'lh  delei.aiilt.'d  to  surrender  to  die  ;:eneral  dlshki 
of  th"  piMiple.  the  fundamental  constitutions  which  li:i<l 
been  ori^Miially  deehred  sacred  and  nnallorahle,  hut 
which  ;m  experience  of  iwenty-threi'  years  had  proved 
to  be  ullerly  uorlhle^s  and  Impractieahlo.  Apprised 
of  till!  incurable  averMlon  with  wIiIpIi  thin  instrniuent 
wart  now  re;;arded  hy  all  clusseH  of  the  coloiii^tM,  and 
despairluff  (d"  pver  estahlislung  a  stai)l(!  or  accepUible 
^'overnn;eut  among  them  without  making  some  consi- 
ilerabh*  sa.^rltice  to  their  inrllnatlons,  they  accordingly 
eiiact'd  Iht*  following  resolution  ;  "  That,  as  thu  peo]de 
liave  declared  they  would  nitlior  be  governed  by  tlit- 
powers  granti  d  by  thi;  charter,  without  regard  to  the 
fuudameutalcoiistitiitioits.  it  will  be  for  their  (piiet.  and 
the  protection  of  the  wt'll-disposed.  to  grant  their  re 
qti"st."  Thus  pt.rished  the  legislativp  lahurn  of  John 
l.ocke.  Their  ahu'ilion  was  iinrcgretted  hy  any  party 
for  llif\  had  neither  Insured  obeilieiicc  to  the  govern 
iiienl,  nor  atlorded  lunplness  to  the  people.  What  ih 
Mill  more  singular,  they  seem  to  have  perished  iin 
iiei-ded  ;t  their  abolilioii  exciting  no  sensation  what- 
ever, :md  not  being  even  noticed  in  any  public  act  or 
onh'r  \\  ithiii  the  province.  The  convocations  that  were 
fiirmerly  termed  parliainent:i,  were  now  called  asseni- 
'>lles ;  and  this  was  all  tlie  vislhie  change  thai  took 
phce.  So  perfectly  impractu*'ablL'  bad  the  great  body 
of  these  celebrated  constitutions  been  found.  All  that 
rciiiaiiied  of  them  was  the  titles  of  nobility,  which  con 
tinned  to  drag  on  a  sickly  existence  for  u  few  years 
longer. { 

This  important  measure,  which  nud  been  deferred 
till  the  coiirititutiuiu  which  it  repealed  had  been  pruc- 
tirnlty  nhnigated  by  their  own  in«*fricucy,  and  sunk  Into 
niter  contempt,  failed  to  produce  any  sensible  etrcci  In 
tranipiilll/ing  or  conciliating  the  inhahitanti  of  Carolina, 
(iovernor  Smith,  though  he  exerted  hiuL-^elf  with  a  zeal 
au<i  prtideu'e  that  have  not  been  impeached  by  any 
p  iriy.  lr»  promote  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  set- 
tl.  in  'Ills  intrusted  to  his  care,  found  his  endeavors  so 
un^ucci's>4ful,  and  lii»t  situation  so  Irksome,  that  he  waH 
(imstriiiied  to  solicit  bis  dismission  from  tl"j  proprieta- 
ries, [lii'l]  whom  he  strongly  urged,  as  tin?  only  means 
of  resloriu::  order  and  traiiipiility,  lo  send  over  as  go- 
\  ernnr  nn>'  of  their  own  body,  invested  with  full  power  lo 
hear  and  linally  delerniiueoluhe  spot  the  complaiiiLs  and 
cnntroversies  by  which  the  province  was  distracted. 
The  short  adminlxtratlou  of  Smith  was  signalized  by 
nri^  ocmrrence  that  produced  lasting  and  extensive 
vliecls  on  the  prosperity  of  Carolina.  A  vessel  from 
Madagascar,  on  her  bonieward  voyage  to  Britain,  hap- 
pening to  touch  at  Charlestown,  the  ca|ttaiii.  In  acknow- 
iedginenl  of  the  civilities  of  Suillli,  presented  him  with 
a  hag  of  seed  rice,  which  be  said  he  had  seen  growing 
in  eastern  countries,  where  it  was  deemed  excellent 

•  AiTh.l.il.~"li.  Oldinixmi,  j.  34a7~l:hiilincr(i,  .wa~l*ewii 
I  lO^-llH.  l.ltl.  NO.  WMIi.iuson,  i.  \M,  I.  bi  thi;  accniiin 
of  tliv  !«ucce3riit>ri  nf  (roveniors,  the  aniiats  nf  lids  |)erii>il  iirt- 
i..V()lve<l  ill  iiiiitu»l,  fieiiueiuly  in  oclf  CtMiiradittioii,  and  con- 
luainii  Wilhiiintf.in  auya  ihut  Ludwell  rciaiiivd  ihu  gDvi^rn- 
mciii  r>ir  I'uiir  yriirs :  biu  thin  in  iiiip«!<sihle  :  us  Arrhilute,  ihe 
Bui-cedriiir  of  Sinidi,  wh-*  npjMiji.ied  in  1694.  Oldmixuti  rendtrrA 
citiifiwion  iiioru  riiiifoiiiuh'd  by  his  nitfiiipi  in  reconcili!  con 
irailiciMiy  arcouiild,  ami  to  explHin  saiisdictorily  the  t>c<|iu>iici 
of  eDverfiom,  The  hidtnriuii  ol'  die  Brin.sh  (luiiiimniis  t. 
Nortti  Ann'iii'ft  di-hvctij  his  iiceoiiiit  of  the  iihuht  in  the  Inl- 
lowing  itTina;  "  Thiatias  Smith,  Ksq.  succet'dcil  .Mr.  Cullt'ion 
properly  aa  ijovi-rrior,  ahhoui;h  Culmiel  Quarry,  Mr.  Snuih- 
vvt.-ll,  mill  Ouluiml  Ludwell,  were  iiKerniuMiate  lor  a  shori 
liiiitf  " 

t  Th'!  rfpoal  of  the  funilaniental  criPiitminns  in  nnticeil  in 
a  very  rilmlit  atid  ainliigiiouii  inaniier  by  llewit  (i.  lUJ):  il  in 
nui  nuiicflil  iit  alt  either  by   Wynne  or  by  the  hicitoriaii  of  tlio 

Hritiah    Duirii id   in  Niirth    America;    and    OMni  xnn,    wtm 

wrote  ill  170S,  uaya  '-The  fuiidarnenial  constituiiiMH  kt-fp 
dieir  gniutnl  to  this  day."  i.  34i.  Yet  (HibnixonVs  work,  aa  it 
U  the  farlii'.st,  i>t  u|»o,  next  to  the  rotitieiil  Aiinatd  of  (Mial- 
men,  the  iiuMt  elubnriiit),  as  well  na  ingenious  ami  intereciing, 
i)f  the  g.'iieral  hiaiortes  of  the  Nnrih^American  SeuU-menis. 
A  leni.rk.ihlu  inst.ince  of  the  tgnoranoe  thai  prevails  rt-- 
■rfctiiig  Locke's  cotmt'xion  with  .Vinorira  occurs  in  Ihe  w:iik 
ofu  ir.iveljer  who  visited  the  Unit- d  States  m  1794,  and  who 
asserts  (tin  the  authority  ef  the  American  Oeiiernl  (i.ites,) 
that  Loukti  wasihe  lenislaiorof  Uunneciicui.  Wansey's  Journal, 
p.  M. 

(  The  operation  and  f-it--  of  Locke's  sy^tpm  atrikinaly  ex- 
emplify the  olKiervation  of  an  ciiiliuMit  Ainerit-aii  staiesnian, 
that  "A  limn  niiiy  liefeml  ihe  principles  of  liberty,  and  the 
hehta  *<(  mankind,  wiih  great  abilities  and  success,  and  y.t. 
dfter  all,  when  called  upon  to  produce  a  plan  of  le:?ist.Uioii,  he 
may  otjionl^h  the  world  wah  a  signal  absurdity. "  Adam's 
Dol'MiCeol  the  American  f.'onstltuiionH,  p.  385.  Vm  Home  wrrteis. 
(anil  among  others  the  author  of  a  valuable  Itulu  bioijra|iliic;i. 
wi.iK  'ucly  published  at  Edinburgh)  hav«  n-.t  sciuplell  m  pro- 
nounce tn  ■oonsiituliundufCaiolinaa  model  of  legtstaiive  wiiidom. 
8u  UBiigenus  la  it  to  juiige  works  wiihom  reading  them, 
onU  luaifuutQ,'  iliair  meru  froro  iha  general  ctiarocter  of  ihuir 
auibwB 


food  and  yielded  a  prodigious  increase.  The  governor 
divided  il  between  several  of  his  friemls,  who  agreed  to 
make  the  experiment;  and  planiing  their  parcels  In 
ddVcrent  soils,  toiind  the  result  to  exceed  their  iiiOht 
sanguine  expectations.  From  this  Inconsiderahle  be- 
ginning, Carolina  dates  the  rise  id'  her  staple  couuiio- 
dity,  the  chief  support  of  her  people,  and  the  mam 
source  of  her  opulence 

'I'hn  pioprietaries,  dt^<appoiuted  in  so  many  attempts 
to  e-tabllsh  a  satist'actory  adminisliation  in  the  pro- 
vince, determined  the  more  readily  to  adopt  the  sug- 
gestion of  Smith.  Their  lirst  choice  for  thic  purpose 
fell  upon  Lord  Ashley,  the  grandstui  of  Ihe  notorious 
Shaftesbury,  and  uUerwards  the  author  of  The  tluiruC' 
tcri»tics.  It  WHS  suppo.-^ed  lliat  liiii  shining  talents, 
agreeable  manners,  and  elevated  rank,  would  power' 
fully  conduce  to  the  pacltication  of  the  colony.  Hap- 
pily, however,  for  all  parlies,  bis  lordship,  cither  having 
liltle  inclination  for  the  vovage,  or  being  detained,  an 
he  alleged,  hy  the  slate  of  his  private  atl'airs  in  Kngland, 
declined  the  appointment,  which  wa^  then  conferred  on 
a  far  more  eslmiable  person,  John  Archdale,  another  of 
the  proprietaries,  a  <)naker,  and  a  man  of  great  pru- 
denct  and  sagacity,  and  endowed  with  admirable  pa- 
tience ik'id  coimnand  of  temper.  Accepting  tiie  othce, 
be  was  vested  with  aiithorltv  so  absolute  and  extensive, 
that  the  proprietaries  tliouglil  fit  to  liave  it  recorded  in 
his  commission,  that  such  powers  were  not  to  be 
claimed  in  virttu' of  tills  precedent  hy  future  governors. 
Archdale  proved  iiiiuself  worthy  of  the  disiinguished 
trust  that  had  been  rejiosed  in  him.  lie  arrived  lirst 
in  South  Carolina,  [August.  IfiOo,]  where  he  formed  a 
new  conned  of  moderate  men;  and  In  a  short  time,  by 
remitting  some  arrears  of  rent,  and  by  oUier  conciha- 
tory  mea^tires,  aided  by  a  tirmnexs  and  mild  cnriifio- 
fliire  that  wa*4  neither  to  he  disturbed  nor  overcomir,  he 

Krevailed  ho  far  in  (]uleim<;  the  })ubllc  dlscont'iits,  tliat 
e  ventured  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  general  assembly. 
An  address  of  grateful  thanks  votinl  by  this  body  to  the 
proprielaricii  (the  first  expression  ol  t'licli  senliineiits 
that  hail  ever  been  nttercd  in  Ciirolina)  attests  the  wj«- 
doin  of  Archdale's  administration,  and  justlties  the  opi- 
nion that  notwithstanding  tlie  iiittanmiable  materials 
of  which  the  colonial  society  was  composed,  only  a 
good  domestic  government  had  been  hitherto  wanting 
to  render  the  colony  tlourisbing  andha{»py.  .Moreton, 
Ludwell,  and  Smith,  were,  doubtless,  meritorious  go- 
vernors ;  hut  they  had  been  denied  the  power  that  was 
reipiisite  to  give  etticaey  to  their  wisdom,  and  could 
never  grant  the  slightest  indulgence  to  tht.'  people 
without  assuming  tin'  dangerous  liberty  of  violalmg 
their  ci)mmis.Hinn,or  abiding  the  tedious  fnterveiitlon  of 
a  correspoudeiire  with  Kngland.  Though  Archdale 
wasafpiaker,  and  therefore  opposed  to  mlhlary  opera- 
tions and  Ihe  shedding  of  blood,  yet  he  adapted  his 
regulations  to  the  sentiuienLs  of  the  people  who?^e 
affairs  he  had  undertaken  to  admini>ter;  and  coii-iider- 
ing  that  a  small  colony  surrounded  by  savage  enemies, 
and  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the  Spaniards,  ^houtd 
hohl  itself  in  a  state  of  ronstant  detenr-e.  he  promoted 
a  militia  law,  wlihdi,  however,  exempted  all  persons 
restrained  hy  religmiis  principles  from  bearing  arms." 
lie  was,  at  the  same  tiiiie.  mon^  <leslrous  id'  presiTvIng 
peace  than  of  ensuring  viciorv  ;  and  for  tills  purpo^^e  ex- 
erted himself  so  successfully,  hy  tin'  exercise  (d' courtesy 
and  llherality,  to  f-iiltlvate  the  good  will  both  of  the 
civlli/edand  savage  iieiulihor<  of  the  province,  that  the 
Spaniards  at  St.  Au::iHline  expressed  a  cordial  di-sire 
to  maintain  a  good  eorrespondeiice  with  the  Knglish  ; 
and  various  tribes  of  Indians  einbraceil  their  frIeiuUhip, 
and  placed  themstdves  under  the  proteeliun  of  the  go- 
vernmentof  Carolina.  The  Indians  around  (  ape  Fear 
in  particular,  who  had  long  pursued  the  practiee  ol' 
plundering  shipwrecked  vessels,*  and  murdering  their 

*  'I'lic  1'iillowiiig  i'l,iu:ie,  by  wliich  this  exempnon  \vas  c\- 
prt-B-Hi'd.  strongly  aiteis  the  C(nitiilence  lliiit  Aiclnlide  cnjuy.d. 
with  the  coliMiisis,  *■  Ami  whore.is  there  bo  si'vrr.il  inhnbujiit^ 
(-.tiled  (piakera,  who,  upon  a  con.-,*  n-ntious  ptii.iiple  of  r*  litfion 
raiinot  bear  arms,  an<l  bccinne  in  ntl  other  civil  ni.itltTs  thi  y  li.ivc 
been  fH^rstnisobcdienl  to  i;overninent,  ami  evcrre.idy  to  dislnir-i-- 
their  monies  m  uttier  incerisary  and  public  duties  ;  He  it  ihrre- 
fore  enacted,  tliat  all  such  wtioni  tlie  present  flovernor  John 
Arclulate,  Kaq.  shall  j'i<igc  th.it  they  n  luoc  to  b.-ur  arms  mu  a 
conscie'itiiuis  principle  of  religion  only,  Hhali,  by  arertiiicu(efi<on 
him,  be  excused. "  Arclulale  s  Treface,  p.  3.  WiIImmisom,  i. 
Append.  2:3. 

t  It  IS  remarked  by  a  statis'liciil  writer  {Warden  li.  a73,} 
that  notwithstanding  the  letiiptaiom^  pie^^itaed  hy  the  fie- 
ijueiii-y  of  shipwreck  ou  thtr  co.ist  of  Carolina,  no  ii!:<iaticc 
tins  over  occurred  of  the  plunder  <if  a  wreck  by  the  coi  >iii:-t^. 
In  this  reipect  ihey  h.)ve  b  en  ilisiingnishe  (,  not  nnk-ed  iVmn 
th.!  p''(ilt'  01'  ihe  other  prnvjnres.  but  from  llie  i  liibUu.l:' 
jf  the  p.iieiit  Hijie,  in  wNicli  ihts  lulHiiiiaoity  ohliiined  no  linm 
an  I  uirei  rov.'il  q  prevalence,  tli.it  in  the  iniild.c  oi  the  eigh- 
iC'Miih  century,  Pojn?  represents  tho  Uio  enrichment  •'  ut"  a  citizen 
ofvob.tr  fame"  ua  uriginatiag  ia  two  rich  ihlpwrBcKs  on  Ins  lauds 
tD  CuniWttll 


crews,  renounced,  this  inhuinanity,  and  evinced  thn 
favorable  change  of  tin  ir  disposition  by  miti;.'a(in:;  wild 
friendly  a.-^slstaiice,  ihe  numerous  di^asii  i-.  bv  ul.irh 
tiie  na\igalion  td' thai  coast  was  then  unlmppd'y  m^iuI- 
i/.cd. 

Ill  North  Carolina,  the  adminislration  of  Arcln'ale 
was  attended  with  cipial  succes>t,  ai.d  <  oiitiMcted  v.  ilh 
greater  h-cilily  by  llie  concurreiiee  of  a  nniohei  of 
quakers  who  inhalnted  ihe  nortliein  pioxince.  ai:d  wiih 
v\ horn  he  enjoyed  a  large  share  of  perx'lid  Inl.iu  uce. 
The  esteem  in  which  he  was  In  Id  by  all  raiik<«  nl  m< n 
may  be  inferred  from  the  elation  wiib  wbhh  the  bi>lo- 
riaii  of  North  Carolina  has  rectirded,  as  a  circum^^laiici! 
redounding  to  the i.itnoiirof  this  province.  tliat.Archdale 
purcha.sed  nn  estate  at  Albemarle,  and  gave  one  td  bw 
daughters  in  marriage  to  a  plaiiti  r  at  Pa>(|Uetanku 
Hut  it  wa.s  not  his  intention  to  remain  longer  in  Caru 
lina  than  watt  necessary  for  the  adjustment  of  ihe  ex- 
isting cr.ntroveisies;  and  having  effected  thus  object  ill 
adegre  thai  had  .-surpassed  tlie  expcclationn  of  all  par- 
ties, ht-  returned  to  Lt;nland  in  the  close  of  the  yenr 
HUHi,  loaded  w  ith  the  gralefill  benedictions  of  a  peonio 
to  whose  peace  and  prospt  rify  he  bad  been  so  highly 
inslruineiital.  The  only  porlion  of  the  InbaliitantH  in 
whom  he  had  been  unable  to  gl\e  minph'te  satisfaction, 
where  the  French  refugees,  against  whom  ibe  jealona 
antipathy  of  the  Lngbsh  settlers  bad  not  yet  subsided. 
hut  while  he  soothed  the  puhlie  jealousy' hy  will. bidd- 
ing civil  rights  fiom  the  refugees,  be  nwakci>ed  pnbhc 
generosity  by  an  liiipic-sive  irconiiiiendation  cl  ibise 
unfortunate  stiaiiL'ers  to  ihe  hospitably  .iiid  coinpa.-.  ion 
of  bis  countrymen:  and  to  the  refugees  lliem:>el\es.  b.* 
recommended  a  patient  perseverance  in  those  \iiti!<s 
that  tend  to  disarm  human  eiimlly.  and  liy  the  e\..j  ;  ^ 
of  which  they  were  enabled  etiortly  after  to  overcome 
the  aversion,  and  eventoconciliatc  the  hearty  friendship 
(d'lheir  fellow  colonists.* 

It  was  in  tills  y-ar  that  a  regular  adiuinistratioii  of 
the  ordinances  of  rell<fiou  was  first  lutrodmed  mtn 
Carolina  by  the  friendly  aid  of  th;?  colonists  of  .New 
F.nglaiid.  Intelligence  of  the  destitute  .slate  nf  the 
province,  in  tlii-i  respect,  seconded  hy  die  eariH'sliip]dl- 
cations  of  some  of' the  more  ndigious  planters,  hail  in< 
duced  the  New  F.nglanders,  -r  the  p. receding  year,  to 
form  an  asstHmtion  at  Don  i.'-ster  in  .Ma-^saei.nseiUi 
which  was  designed  to  be  removed  lo  Carolina.  "  ic 
encourage  the  settlement  of  tbiircbi's  and  the  prmno- 
tion  (d'  religi(ni  in  the  soulhern  planlatlons."  '!  he  per- 
sons thus  assoeiated,  having  placed  at  their  he;id  a  diri- 
linguislied  minister  td'  ttie  .New  Liiglaiid  chii relies, 
arrived  in  tin-  liegiimiiig  of  this  year  in  Candiiia.  which 
now  for  llir  first  lime  beheld  the  celehralinii  of  llie  rite 
of  the  Lord's  supper,  rroceedmg  lo  a  spot  nn  iho 
north-east  bank  ol  .Aslil'-v  river,  about  ei^-htern  miles 
from  Charle-tow  n.  the  pious  emigrants  founded  there  a 
setlleinent,  to  w  hit  h  In  t-iiiiinieuioralinn  of  the  pi  ice 
they  had  hd't.  they  gave  the  name  of  l>iufhe.-ter. 

Among  other  extr  ordinary  privileiri-s.  there  had 
been  graiiled  in  Archdale  the  jxiwerof  nominating  his 
smces>cir;  and  In  the  exercise  td"  this  powr  he  pmpa- 
gated  the  benefit  of  his  own  adiiHliistration,  hy  c  otili-r' 
ring  the  odice  of  governor  on  Joseph  HIake  (nephew  of 
the  I'.iiglisli  adniira).  a  man  of  virtue,  pritiletice.  and 
moderation,  acceptable  to  the  peoj)le,aiid  a  proprietary 
of  the  province.  IJlake  ;;overned  ihe  cidimy  wisely 
and  happily  for  a  p-runl  of  ftiiir  years.  .'^brirll\  all<T 
his  elevation  to  oliice.  there  w.i-;  sent  ouMo  CaHdirri  a 
new  eodi'  of  fundamental  coiistitulinns,  siib-crihed  by 
111''  Larl  of  Italh,  who  was  then  palatine,  and  ibe  rulier 
proprietaries  ill  F.nglaiid:  but  it  was  never  recognised 
or  conlirnied  hv  the  provincial  as-^emhly.  Illake  a))- 
pears  tti  buvi.'  exerteil  the  most  laudable  endeaMirs  to 
promote  the  religious  instruclion  of  the  pi'tfpte.  and  to 
tacilliate  the  exerilse  of  worship  (n  all  denontinalions 
of  idiristiaii  pr<d'essors.  In  the  year  lli'.^^.  be  had  the 
salisfaiiion  to  see  John  Cotton,  a  sou  of  the  Cidehrated 
minisier  of  Itosion.  renio\e  from  Plymouth,  in  .New 
l.iigland.to  Charlestown.  In  South  Carolina,  where  he 
galheied  a  ehunh.aiid  enjoyed  a  short,  but  happy  and 
sticeessfiil  mtni-'try.  Though  IJlake  was  lihiiselt'a  dis- 
senter, yet  from  regard  to  the  spiritual  interest  of  the 
episeopalian  portion  of  the  inbabltaiils  of  Cbarlesiown, 
he  caused  a  bdl  lo  be  introduced  into  the  ussemhly  for 

t  Aicliilide,  17.  21,  J3-  (Mdmixon,  1.  319— r.4J.  Ilcwa,  i. 
1211"  1.17.  Wiiliamsoti,  i.  \oi  -158,  and  Apieiiil.  270.  S..nia 
V'iivi.lier  Ills  retuiii  to  Ki  L-lai.tl.  Aichilab' pnhti-hcit  lii<>  S!:lri^ti 

ial  ami  Ilisi>>rii'al  Desiripm f  I'arolt.ui.  a  work  r'plri.'  wiih  wi 

much  aooil  «(.*iise,  hencv.^lein  c.  and  piFiv.  tli.u  11  h  .-iirj  i  i^rntf  it 

^llln;la  never  have    been  repiii  Uil.     Oi  e  nr  two  v.  lv  r-  mii.< 

vi.liioM's   niigbi  In-  ct>nii>.».-iii  by    lopnblical ol   J<>-s;  Ivii's  ut  d 

Dunt.in'^  Tr'ivels  in  New  Knal.md,  ArctHl..leM"..i"lM.a  U- n- 
lo./s  .New  York,  \nn  ofSiniih'a  Virginia,  Asb'p's  Miiryl.»i,J, 
We.-tley'clournal  in  Georgia,  and  otticr  iruciw  relaiiva  tu  lhes.trly 
hiutory  uf  America 


wmmmm 


298 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


Hettling  n  perpetual  provi^tioii  of  15(W.  n  year,  with  n 
hniHo  iiihl  ntiirr  iKlviiiitn^eit.  on  the  epimnpiil  niiiiHtfr 
<it  tti:it  n:y.  Mar^lmll,  tliH  pi^rriou  who  then  otTiipiol 
tlu-i  iMinistrrial  Miniation.  hud  f^uitied  niiivcrrtul  n-ifard 
Uy  his  pifiy  uiid  priidriicc  ;  and  the  disseiitcrH  in  thi! 
hnii4f  ii('niiit'ttc<n^  ni  (lie  in'Mi-tiire,  iVoui  reffaid  to  this 
iri.iividiiiil,  tlio  hnl  wu*  passi'd  iiCo  a  law.  Thone  who 
liiink  tliat  th('  di.<«->^Miti-'rs  acted  amiss,  and  siri'trhtMl 
lii-'ir  hh-rahty  h  ynnd  (he  prnptTcontinofl  ot' thiH  virtm*. 
in  iiiUM  prninotin<;  the  iMrinirif  e^iahhshtnent  ot'a  '  liircli 
(mm  wtiith  ihcy  dissLMited,  wdi  regard  tlie  persi'cut.on 
tiii'V  ''oon  altiT  HUHtainud  tVoin  the  episcopal  party  us  u 
infritt'd  retrihtition  Inr  thrir  nraetical  negation  of  dis- 
K«MitinjE  pr  Mt'ipltM.  Thu-«i>  who  jiidire  more  hMneiiity. 
an  error  (i  it  l)e  jiiich)  whieh  there  iu  little  reason  to 
HttppO'^e  vvdl  ever  he  Irrqiient  in  the  world,  will  reprel 
undeondeinn  the  un^raternl  retnrn  which  the  diMinMilem 
ivxperieueed  iVom  a  party  for  who«e  advantage  tliey  had 
iniMirred  so  preat  a  sanitiee. 

[1700.]  With  the  adnnni»tration  of  Blake;  who  died 
'n  the  year  170U.  ended  the  oliort  interval  of  trannuility 
ivhieli  had  ori(,'inated  with  the  ifovernnient  of  Archdale. 
('nder  the  rule  of  his  Immediate  Hucce^sorx,  James 
Moore  and  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson,  the  colony  was 
harrassed  with  Indian  wars,  in%'olved  in  a  heavy  <h*bt  by 
an  ill  eondaeted  and  frnitles!)  expeditioft  against  the 
Spaniards  at  Augustine,  and  agitated  hy  relif^iou^  dis- 
putes originating  in  a  serieH  of  persecuting  laws  against 
Uie  dissenters.  Henceforward  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment continued  (with  the  exception  of  one  returning 
gleam  of  Huccess  and  popularity  which  it  derived  fmin 
the  administration  ofCharles  Craven  in  171'i')  to  atlliet 
the  pro\inee  with  every  variety  ofniisrule.  and  to  tlurtu- 
ale  between  the  aversion  and  contempt  of  its  suhjeeLs. 
till  they  were  relieved  by  itd  dissolution  in  the  year  I7!:i!*. 
when  the  chief  part  of  the  chartered  interest  was  sold 
t-    decrown. 

The  fir-It  Indian  war  by  which  this  period  was  signa- 
ii/.ed.  broke  out  in  the  year  [I70;i.]  and  was  occasioned 
by  the  intliience  of  the  Spaniards  over  the  tribes  that 
inliabited  the  region  of  Apahtchia.  Kxasperated  by  the 
niHiilts  and  injuries  which  tht'se  savages  were  instigated 
by  the  Spaniards  to  commit,  fiovernor  Aloore  deter- 
mined by  one  vigorous  elfort  to  break  their  power,  and 
bv  a  san<;uinary  example  to  impress  on  all  the  Indian 
tiihi^s  the  terror  of  the  English  name.  At  tlie  head  of 
a  strou:;  detachment  of  the  colonial  militia,  reinforced 
by  a  boily  of  Indian  allies,  he  marched  into  the  hostile 
Kedl.Muents;  defeated  the  enemy  with  the  loss  of  eight 
hundred  iu:m.  who  were  either  killed  or  taken  prisoners; 
laid  waste  all  the  Indian  towns  between  the  rivers  Ata- 
tuiiah  and  Savannah;  and  compelled  the  whole  dis- 
irii  t  of  Apaliichia  to  submit  to  ttie  Knglish  government. 
Til  elfiTtuale  his  concpiest.  he  transported  fourteen 
hundred  of  the  .Vpalachiau  Indians  to  the  territory  which 
iH  iM'W  denominated  (ieorgia,  where  they  were  com- 
pelli  d  t(i  dwell  in  a  stale  of  dependence  on  his  govern- 
menl  "-a  measure  which  appears  to  have  paved  the  way 
to  tin,'  setdemeiit  of  the  I'ngli.^h  colony  which  arose  aboni 
thirty  years  aOer  in  thatregiiui. 

\Vhen  the  propriiMaries  of  Carolina  first  undertook 
Iheir  colonial  project,  they  solenudy  declared,  and  caused 
it  to  he  recorded  in  their  charters,  that  they  were  moved 
to  embrace  this  great  design  by  zeal  for  the  christian  faith, 
and  especially  for  its  prop.igation  among  the  Indian 
tribes  of  America,  Vet  a  generd  provision  in  favor  of 
toleration,  which  they  pemtitted  Locke  to  insert  as  an 
article  of  the  fundamental  constitutions,  and  which  they 
took  care  to  nulify  by  another  article  adjecti-d  to  tiiat 
instrument  by  themselves,  constituted  the  wholi<  amount 
of  Iheir  ecclesiastical  operation  during  the  first  forty 
years  of  the  proprietary  government.  They  never  at 
any  time  made  the  slightest  attempt  to  fultll  their  pledgi 
of  communicating  instruction  to  the  Indians:  and  thi: 
important  field  of  christian  lalior  was  completely  unoe 
C'lpied  till  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century 
when  a  few  missionaries  were  sent  to  Carolina  by  the 
society  incorporated  in  r.n<.'land  for  the  propagation  of 
the  gospel  in  foreign  countrie.'t.  No  visible  fruits  of 
th.!  Ldiors  of  those  missionaries  have  ever  been  menlion- 
»d  Prior  to  this,  the  oidy  Kuropean  instructions  tint 
the  Indians  received  under  the  auspices  of  the  proprie 
tary  gnveruun'nt.  were  coinuuinicaled  by  a  French  danc 
Min  master,  who  settled  in  Craven  county,  and  uctpiired 
a  large  estate  by  teaching  the  savages  to  dance  and  play 
Du  the  flute* 

At  the  close  of  the  Reventeenth  century,  tliere  were 

»  llewit.  i.  927.  OhI. niton,  i.  370.  Oltniix-m  -vas  Mnick 
within;  siiiffiil.iriiy  oi' Kvem-h  .limriiiij  niastiTs  hihI  niiMiri.iiH 
bcint  Htltn.ieil,  iMrtM3f>l,  »ii(l  (•iiri.hfii  at  thf  isnif  linie  bv 
ihc'  r.olxlity  and   gemty  oi'  Loiidun  hiiJ  ihu  dava^ti  abjrigiiios  lir 


only  tlire«  edifices  for  divine  worship  ererted  within 
the  southern  province;  containing  respectively  an  epis- 
copal, a  ])re!>byteriau.  and  a  ipiaker  congregatuin;  and 
all  of  them  suualed  in  the  town  of  CharlL-stown. 
Throughout  all  (he  rest  of  the  province,  there  were 
neither  institutions  of  public  worship  nor  schools  for 
education.  The  first  attempts  that  were  made  to  su|>- 
plv  Oiese  def  cis  proceeded  not  from  the  proprietaries, 
biit  from  Tennison,  Archbishop  of  ('anterburv,  Comp- 
ton,  hishop  of  l.oudon,  and  the  society  for  (lie  propa- 
gation of  the  gospel ;  but  as  in  most  of  these  attempts 
the  paramount  object  was  plainly  to  nnilliply  adherents 
to  the  iiistitutioiijt  of  the  church  of  Kngland,  they  were 
the  less  succe«sl'nl  among  a  people  of  whom  many  had 
personally  experienced  the  persecution  of  this  Lhurch. 
and  more  cntertiuned  a  hereditary  dislike  to  it.  In  the 
year  1707,  the  society  for  jtropngation  of  the  gospel 
maintained  six  episcopal  ministers  in  Carolina,  and  had 
sent  two  thousand  volumes  of  books  to  he  distributed 
gratuitously  aumng  the  people.  In  the  northern  pro- 
vince, which  was  thinly  peo|)led  by  eoh>nists  professing 
a  great  diversity  of  religious  opinions,  there  w:is  as  yet 
no  cinirch  at  all.  An  act  was  passed  by  its  assembly 
in  the  year  170*.^,  imposing  an  assessment  of  'MU.  per. 
annum  on  every  precinct,  for  the  iiiain(enance  of  a 
minister;  and  in  170')  and  170t)  the  first  two  religious 
edifices  of  \ortb  C'arolina  were  erected.  This  northern 
province  had  forniany  years  recei\ed  from  the  proprie* 
tiiries  the  a))])ellation  of  the  counUj  of  Albenuirle  in 
Caroliim,  and  wivi  sometimes,  but  not  always,  included 
in  the  couunission  of  the  governor  of  the  snnthern  set- 
llenieut.  It  now  came  to  be  termed  the  colony  of 
.North  Carolina;  and  at  the  dissolution  of  the  proprietary 
government,  was  made  a  separate  province  with  a 
distinct  jurisdiction. 

.At  length.  alU'r  having  so  long  disregarded  die  eccle- 
siastical concerns  of  the  colony,  the  proprietaries  in  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  turned  their  atten- 
tion til  (his  object  with  a  spirit  tiiat  caused  the  cess;i- 
tion  of  their  prior  indilVereiue  to  be  deeply  regretted  ; 
and  they  made  their  first  and  last  etlbrt  to  signalize 
their  boasted  zeal  I'or  Christianity,  by  the  demonstralion 
of  a  temper  and  the  adoption  of  measures  in  the  highest 
degree  unchristian  ond  tyrannical.  The  otfice  of  pala- 
tine was  now  in  die  hands  uf  Lord  (iranville.  who  en- 
tertained the  utmost  aversion  and  contempt  for  dissen- 
ters of  all  descriptions,  and  had  already  signalized  bis 
bigotry  to  the  church  of  Kngland.  by  the  zealous  and 
vehement  support  he  had  given  in  parlianiriit  to  the  bill 
against  occasional  conformity."  llis  acquisition  of  the 
ofiice  of  palatine  presen(ed  him  with  an  opportunity  of  | 
indulging  his  favorite  sentiments  in  (he  regulation  of  (he  < 
ecclesiastical  polity  of  Car<diiia.  Conlemiiing  the  re-  : 
monstrances,  and  overruting  the  opposition  of  Arch-  | 
dale,  he  eagerly  laid  hold  of  so  I'air  an  occasion  to  exer-  | 
cise  his  bigotry;  and  in  Moore  and  Johnson,  on  whom  | 
he  successively  beslmved  the  government  of  die  pro- 
vince, he  found  able  and  willing  insiruineiils  for  the 
execution  of  his  arbitrary  purpose.  These  men,  not- 
widistanding  the  great  numerical  superiority  of  the  dis- ' 
senters,  by  a  series  of  illegal  and  violent  proceedings 
acfpiircd  for  theniseUes  and  a  party  ot  the  episcopalian 
persuasion^  a  complete  ascendancy  over  the  provincial 
as.send)lies,  which  they  exercised  in  the  enactment  of 
laws  for  the  atlvancement  of  the  church  of  F.ngland, 
and  the  oppression  of  e\ery  other  christian  association 
AtWr  various  preparatory  measures,  which  under  the] 
impudent  pretence  of  promoting  the  glory  of  tied,  had 
the  efieet  of  banishing  every  vestige  of  peace  and  good- 
will from  a  numerous  community  of  his  rational  crea- 
tures, the  episcopal  faction  at  length,  in  the  year  1704. 
enacted  two  laws,  by  one  of  which  the  dissenters  were 
deprived  of  every  civil  right,  and  by  the  other  an  arbi- 
trary court  of  high  commission  (a  name  of  evil  import 
to  Knglishmen)  was  erected  for  the  trial  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal matters  and  the  preservation  of  religious  uniformity 
in  Carolina.  The  society  for  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel, on  receiving  intelligence  of  the  latter  of  tliese 
enactments,  declared  their  res(dulion  to  send  no  more 
missionaries  to  Carolina  till  it  should  be  repealed. 
Uoth  Uie  acts,  however,  having  been  ratified  by  the 
proprietaries,  and  the  ctnnplaints  of  the  dissenters 
treateil  with  derision,  these  oppressed  and  insulted  men 
were  advised  by  the  merchants  of  London  who  traded 
to  the  province,  to  seek  redress  of  their  grievances 
from  the  supreme  power  of  the  state.  A  petition  for 
this  purpose  was  accordingly  presented  to  the  llotue 
ofljords,  who  were  struck  with  surprise  and  indigna- 

•  Tdii  wnn  i\  li  II  inipnsi.i-j  severe  pi'i'tillif*  mi  any  person,  wtm 
h:iviii?  citnl'irriieit  sii  ur  lo  iln- cJnirt'ii  nf  Kiigl.iml  hb  to  rniale 
hiin  111  hold  II  civil  nlHce,  slhiulit  t  vt>r  ulipr  uitcatl  adtMcmiiif 
place  »(  wurttiip.    li  UiU  nut  p«ia  Into  a  law. 


tion  nt  tlio  tyrannical  iiuolence  of  tlieiK  dcupotic  pro 
prietariet  and  their  provincial  oHicers;  ar.  I  forthwith 
presented  an  address toUueen  Anne,  pravT;;  'lei  it)v,ii 
ri'pcal  of  (he  obnoxious  laws,  and  recoinniei,  -ng  (iiat 
the  authors  of  them  shoidd  be  brnuglit  torondi^n  pun- 
ishment. The  lorrls  contmi.ssioners  of  trade,  to  wii.tir 
the  matter  was  referred  by  the  queen,  reported  (o  her 
majesty,  "that  the  making  such  laws  was  an  abuse  of 
the  power  granted  by  the  charter,  and  inferred  a  for- 
feiture of  the  same:"  adding  llieir  humble  aiUice  that 
judicial  steps  should  be  adopted  for  having  the  (brteitnru 
legally  declared,  and  the  government  resumed  by  the 
crown.*  Tlie  queen,  thereupon,  issiie<l  an  order,  de 
daring  die  laws  diat  had  been  complained  of  null  mid 
void,  and  promised  to  institute  a  gnu  trarru»to  against 
the  cbaiter;  but  Oiis  promise  was  never  fulfilled. t  It 
was  alleged  that  the  forfeitfiire  of  the  charter  was  ob- 
structed by  legal  dilficullies  arising  from  the  minority 
of  some  of  the  propriLMaries,  who  coiihl  not  be  nude 
responsible  for  tlie  acts  of  the  rest ;  as  if  the  iuahilitv  of 
these  hereditary  rulers  of  iiiankiuil  to  afford  protection 
to  Uieir  subjects,  had  not  been  the  strongest  reason  why 
they  should  be  depriveil  of  die  power  of  exacting  obe- 
dience fiom  them.  While  incessant  attempts  were 
made  by  the  British  government  to  deprive  the  New 
rnglund  states  of  the  charter  by  which  popular  rights 
were  preserved,  this  fair  and  legitimate  occasion  wa» 
neglected,  of  emancipating  die  people  of  Carolina  from 
a  patent  which  had  confessedly  been  made  subservient 
to  the  most  odious  oppression  md  intolerance:  and 
even  af^er  the  proprietaries  had  publicly  declared  (as 
ihey  were  soon  atU-r  constrained  to  do)  that  it  was  not 
in  their  power  to  defend  the  province  aeainst  the  In- 
dians by  whose  attacks  it  was  menaced,  the  pro))rietary 
government  was  siilfered  ^o  subsist,  perhaps  with  the 
view  of  bringing  colonial  charters  into  iliscredit.  until  it 
sunk  under  die  weight  of  its  own  weakness  and  inciipa- 
cily.  It  was  in  the^ear  1700.  that  the  iniderable  policy 
of  Lord  (iranville  received  this  signal  cbei  k  :  and,  froiii 
this  pniod,  the  dissenters  were  permitted  ( »  enjoy,  not 
indeed  *be  equality,  which  tliey  had  origiiiatly  been  en- 
courageti  to  expect,  but  a  simple  toleration  In  die 
follow  ing  ytar.  an  act  of  assemblv  was  passed  n  South 
Carolina  tor  the  establishment  of' religious  woi  hip  ac- 
cording to  tlie  forms  of  the  church  of  Luglaixl :  t»v  this 
act  die  pro\;r»ce  was  divided  into  ten  parishes,  ami  pro- 
vision made  for  building  a  church  in  each  pari>h,  an  i  for 
die  endowment  of  its  minister.  The  churches  w  -re 
soon  aller  built,  and  supplied  with  ministers  by  tiie 
Knglish  Society  for  the  propagation  of  the  i:(i>pe|. 

'i'be  progress  of  population  is,  if  not  tin-  iiio>(  cer- 
tain, one  of  the  most  interesting  tests  of  the  prosperity 
of  a  stale  ;  but  it  is  a  test  tint  easily  applicable  to  com- 
munities subji'ct.  like  all  the  .American  coltinu's,  to  a 
continual  but  irregular  inlliix  and  ettliix  of  peopli! 
The  population  of  North  Carolina  appears  to  Imve^^us 
tailied  a  severe  check  from  the  troubles  and  conrusions 
that  attended  Culpepper's  insurrection  and  Sotbtp^ 
tyranny;  insoniii  h  diat,  in  the  year  KiiM,  the  lis»  of 
taxable  inliabitauts  was  found  to  contain  only  seven 
hundred  and  eighty  seven  names,  abniM  half  the  nuui 
her  diat  bad  been  in  the  colony  at  (he  conuuenccmi  nt 
of  .Miller's  administration,  rreipieiit  emigrations  \\>  re 
made  I'rom  the  northern  to  the  southern  province:  a  ad 
we  must  conclude  that  the  dinuinition  of  inhabita'its 
ascertained  in  1004  had  been  elVected  in  (Ids  iiKinmr; 
since  prior  to  the  ytnr  170*^.  otilv  two  persons  (a  Turk 
for  murder,  and  an  oldwdinan  for  witchcrafl)had  Ixcn 
executed  in  North  Carolina — a  fact  which,  considering 
the  vitilenl  convulsions  that  the  province  bad  und?r 
gone,  appears  highly  creditable  to  die  humanity  of  ilie 
people.  In  the  beginnini:  of  tlio  eighti'eiith  ceiitui'V, 
North  Carolina  received  an  accession  to  its  inhahilan's, 
first  from  a  body  of  French  refugees,  who  removed  to 
it  from  Virginia,  and  aOerwards  from  a  colony  of  (jer 
mans,  who.  many  years  before,  had  been  expelled  frcrn 
their  homes  by  the  desolation  of  die  palatinate,  and 
since  exjierienced  a  great  variety  of  wretchedness  and 
exile.  In  the  year  1710.  it*  whole  population  amounted 
to  0000  persons,  but  of  diese  not  'iOOO  were  taxable^ 
There  was  no  court-house  in  .\ordi  ('arohna  before  the 
year  ]7'-W;  the  ossemblies  and  general  courts  till  tin  n 
being  convened  in  private  houses.  Priming  was  iiii 
known  in  either  of  the  provinces,  and  the  lawM  were 

*  Tliln  rf>)inrt.  anion^othRr  8ipii;iiitri>!*  Iihh  tliiu  nfrriurihe  pnet 
who  wan  one  (U  tlie  r'tiiimHsicuin'MitfirHdeiii  ilif  nni''. 

t  Ol.Imixnn,  i  3-17— .tll4.  Iti'rtil,  i.  Irta— 177.  Prrpnrnlnr) 
t<»  thi'ir  .iilitreas  to  die  qupet ,  ilu)  tlotise  or  Lurilt  pa<-«ti)  a  rc^i) 
Iniiuu  roiitsiiilMK  ilicrtt-  remarkiililR  ex|iri!SHii>n>i .  iltia  ihu  liiM 
lor  Ptiforring  ronfnriiuty  in  ilif  clmrrli  ol'  Kut'l.'Dtl  m  dir 
Colony  *' ill  an  Piicourukfiiit'iu  m  mhri-in  uimI  iri«' iiri'iii.  r« 
siriiciive  to  trad«,  and  itndntu  ruin  anU  il«(H)pul«iieii  i>(ih«  pre 
vince." 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


sua 


lew.  deiipotic  pro 
rs;  ai.  1   fortliwilh 

|>r'i>  'f<  'it'i  io\  ;i) 

-COIIMIK-Ii  -'11^    tlcil 

ht  In  ri)i)ili^'ii  miii- 

)t'lr:ul('.  lo  wi.i'ir 

II,  rcpiirrtMl  lo  licr 

•«  ^^a^'  un  iihii^o  ot' 

nut  inl'iTUMl  ii  (or* 

iiiitilil)'  mi\  ii')'  that 

iifT  ihe  lorlL'iltird 

It  r<-suined  hy  iho 

iK'ii  fin  nritiT,  de 

lujnrd  of  iiitti  Hiid 

[>  tnirrtntto  n^tiin^l 

ever  rnltillinl.t     It 

II-  iliarUT  wits  ob- 

tVnin  lite   iitiiiority 

nitld  not  I>e  itii  de 

IS  It'llif  ii);tliility  of 

to  atVord  |irott't:li«ii 

im^'esl  rt'asnii  wliy 

?r  (it*  fxatliii^  olie- 

lilt   :itt('iii|)lM  were 

deprive  tlie  New 

hirli  popular  rights 

mate   necasioit  wu« 

li>  otM.'aioliiia  iVom 

made  subservient 

I    intoleraiire  :  and 

ihlielv   declared  (ns 

}  do)  that  it  was  not 

lire  aeainsi  lite  In* 

[•ed,  the  proprietary 

I,   perhaps   with  the 

ito  discredit,  until  it 

eaUiiess  and  ineapa- 

Ite  ini'deralile  policy 

al  ehei  k  :  ami,  Troiii 

niitled  l*  eiijov,  not 

I  originally  lieeii  eii- 

toleratioii      In  tlie 

was  passed  it  South 

'lietotis   woi  liip  ne- 

of*  I'li'daiid  :  hv  this 


publi*li'il  tiy  oral  prortaniation. 

geii'TilK  iii:iil<'  payiihje   in  hide 


ti  parishes,  and  prn- 
each  pari>lt.  an  i  for 
The  rliurehes  w  'ro 
itii   ininisieis  hy  tiie 

m  oftiic  L'0>pel. 

if  not  the  iiin-t  cer- 
^sts  of  (he  prosperity 
ly  itpplicahlf  lo  com- 
eric.tn  cohtnu's,  to  a 

lid  elliux  of  people 
I  iippears  to  ha\e  sih 
>iihles  and  coiilitsions 
-eeiion  and  SoO*"!"!* 
ear   lliiM.  the  li».  of 

contain  only  *<eveu 
ahoul  half  the  ninn 
t  the  coinnieiieenH  nt 
lent  eniifiralions  w  re 
itherii  province;  u.td 
iniiiun  of  inhahitarita 
cted  in  titt.s  nianm  r  ; 

two  persons  (a  Turk 
r  witchcraft)  had  htcn 
,et  which,  considering 

province  had  iuhIt 
)  the  huniaiiily  of  the 
!  ei;jhteeiilh  centiiiy. 
sion  to  its  inhaliitaii's, 
;ees.  who   removed  to 

roin  a  colony  of  (ier 
;td  been  expelled  frcin 
if  the  palatinate,  and 
'  of  wretehedtiesii  and 
•  population  amounted 
I  *>nO(t  were  laxablea 
th  ('arolina  bi-lore  tho 
eneral  courts  till  tin  M 
s.  l*riniinK  wii*i  un 
4,  ami  the  laws  were 

4  ban  tliiit  ori'riurihe  poet 
■Htle  iti  titr'  nni<-. 
i.  |rt:t_i;".  Prt'pnrnior) 
Bti  of  Lonh  p;i»stil  ;\  re-n* 
■xpresxiMiis  .  thiit  chu  U* 
iirrh  Ml'  KuL'l.m.l  m  Hif 
h.'i-m  u:mI  iin-  iifi'm,  .  .■ 
lU  lUpu^uUiii'iKif  the  prp 


prndiieiioii'*  of  the  eourifry.  In  the  ye.ir  ITO.'i.  it  was 
ell  cted  by  law  that  ui;uiii<{es  shunld  he  celebrated  bv 
the  niiniF<t'-rs  of  reliL'ion;  hut  iiiai{istrateH  were  permii- 
ed  lo  perform  ifiis  nlliee  in  parishes  unprovided  with 
lUini-iters.  The  exeeiilive  power  within  the  province 
was  feehle  and  iii'thcient;  partly  in  coiimMpience  of 
:he  stale  of  diopiTsion  an  1  the  la/.y  pleiily  in  which  the 
hulk  of  the  inhahil.iiits  livetl.  anil  jiarlly  from  the  worth- 
les-t  or  instsniiicaiil  chara(  ters  of  many  of  the  executive 
DlHcnrs.*  Ill  the  year  170!*,  Cary,  tlie  collector  of  the 
oroprieiary  ipiil-rents,  resolving  lo  appropriate  the 
imoiiut  of  his  colleclions,  found  it  enny,  with  the  aid  of 
a  few  idle  and  dissolute  partisans,  to  maintain  hiniHelf 
in  a  state  of  opposition  to  the  proprietary  government, 
and  suspend  the  operation!*  of  jmttiee.  The  people, 
tlioiiiih  they  neither  apjirnved  nor  abetted  his  lawless 
proceedinir,  offered  no  resistance  lo  it;  and  the  go- 
vernor, unable  to  reduce  him  to  obedience,  made  appli- 
cation for  assistance  from  Virpinin,  where  some  re>fiilar 
troops  were  cpiartered  at  the  time.  On  the  approach 
of  a  suiutl  party  of  these  forces,  Cary  tied  the  colony, 
and  his  partisans  dispersed.  In  the  year  I7l'i,  this 
pro\iiiee  sustained  a  severe  and  dangerous  blow  from 
a  ennspirtcy  id'  lb''  Coree  and  Tu>corora  tribes  (d*  In- 
dians, who,  reseiitiui;  a  real  or  supposed  encroacliment 
oil  th  'ir  huiittnir  larals,  formi-d  an  alliance  and  project 


Debts  and  reiitJi  were  I  the  province.     No  prin'ms   prcM   was   established  in 
,  tallow,  furs,  or  other    Carolina  till  thirty  years  alt' 


When  the  <lilliculiies  altcnding  the  establishment  of 
the  first  settlers  in  Carolina  had  been  in  some  degree 
overcome,  the  ferlilil>  of  the  sinl,  the  cheapness  ol  pro- 
vixions,  and  the  ugreeahlene>N  and  general  sahihrity 
of  the  climate,  atVorded  the  llighe^t  eticoiirageiiicnt  tu 
national  increase.  Kamilies  often  and  twelve  children 
were  freipienlly  seen  in  the  liotises  of  ihe  colonist.s  at 
the  ctost>  of  the  seventeenlh  century;  and  though  some 
jiarts  of  both  the  provinceft  were  for  u  lime  infected 
with  severe  epidemical  diiierses,  and  otliers  still  con- 
tinue to  he  unfavorable  lo  health  nt  particular  seasons, 
yet  tlie  stalisiieal  accounts  tind  Uie  registers  of  mor- 
tality amply  ilemonstntte  that  the  climate  of  the  whole 
region  is  in  the  main  highly  conducive  to  the  preserva- 
tion, as  well  us  the  {irodnction  of  life.  The  salubrity 
of  these,  a.s  well  as  of  the  other  colonial  m'tllements. 
hiLi  been  greatly  promoted  by  the  progress  of  industry, 
in  opening  the  woods,  tiraintng  the  marshes,  and  con- 
fining the  streams  widiin  a  certain  chann*  1.  Vet  the 
inMiience  of  cultivation  has  been  by  no  means  uniformly 
tavornble  to  health  in  tht^  Carohnas;  and  much  of  the 
disease  with  which  they  are  alllicted  at  certain  sea 
SOILS  is  ascribed  to  the  periodic.il  inundations  whici; 
the  culture  of  tlie  rice  lands  reipiires.* 

During  the  inliint  state  of  the  colony,  the  projirie 
tiries  sold  (he  land  al  twenty  sliillings  for  every  nun- 


wiili  amazing  seerecy  and  gnile,  for  the  total  destruction  dred  acres,  and  .'::ypence  of  (itiit  rent.  They  raise<l  tin 
of  the  Kuropean  settleim>nt.  A  general  attack,  in  I  price  in  the  year  llilM  tf>  thirty  shillings;  and  in  17)1, 
which  a  hundred  and  thirty  seven  of  the  colonists  were  |  to  forty  shillings  for  everv  hundred  acres,  and  one  slnl- 
mass-icri'd  in  one  night. t  gave  the  first  intelligence  of  ;  ling  of  fjiiit  rent.  Laws|)ii.  who  travelled  through  Ca- 
titr'ir  hottilitv.  Happily,  the  alarm  was  given  before  ;  rolina  in  the  year  1700,  celebrates  the  conrtesy  and 
llii' work  of  destructioii  had  proceeded  farther;  and,  j  hospitality  of  the  plitnters;  but  represents  an  aversion 
after  an  obstinate  resistance,  the  colonists  were  ablir  to    to  labor,  and  a  negligent  contentment  with  present  ad- 


k'.'ep  the  enemy  in  check  till  a  powerful  force  was  de- 
spa!c!i''d  to  their  assistance  by  the  governor  and  assem- 
hly  of  the  southern  province.  An  expedition  was  then 
undertaken  hy  the  conthined  fon-es  of  the  two  pro- 
vinces against  the  hostile   Imlians,  who   were  defeated 


vantages,  as  (piilities  very  prevalent  among  them 
Kruil,  he  says,  was  so  plentiful  that  the  hogs  were  \'vt\ 
with  peaches. t  The  Carolinians  have  always  been  chu 
raclerised  hy  a  lasle  for  idleness,  and  a  strong  pretii 
l''etion  for  the  sports  of  the  field.     The  disposition  ihat 


\»ith  great  slaughter,  and  compelled  to  abandon  the  '  was  evinced  at  a  very  early  period  of  the  history  of 
I  oiuilry.  The  assembly  of  8outli  Carolina  voted  4000/.  I  the-<p  provinces,  to  treat  insolvent  debt<irs  with  extreuu 
for  the  service  of  this  war;  and,  during  the  continuance  i  indulgence,  has  eontiniied  ever  since  to  be  a  feature  in 
'if  i!,  the  assembly  of  the  northern  province  wa«  com-  { their  legislation,  and  has  been  thought  to  encourage  a 
p-'lled  to  issue  H()00/.  in  bills  of  credit.  A  few  montlis  |  loose  and  improvidenf  apfilmle  to  contract  debts.  The 
after  its  lermiiiatiou,  North  Carolina  showed  her  wil-  j  most  serious  evils  witit  which  the  two  provinces  have 
liiiuU'-ss  to  repay  the  seasonable  aid  she  had  dr-rived  been  alll'cted  have  arisen  from  the  abuse  of  spirituous 
fioiu  ihe  sister  province,  and  ilespatclied  a  body  of  !  liipiors,  the  neglect  of  ediicaticui.  and  the  existence  of 
troops  to  her  assistance  against  a  hoslilc  movement  of  j  negro  slavery.  It  wa^'  long  before  instiluiions  for  the 
tilt'  Indians  in  tint  ipiarter.  During  the  war  in  North  j  edncafion  of'  yonlh  were  generally  established  in  <'aro- 
Carolini.  the  people  fled  from  the  province  in  such  i  lina;  the  benefits  of  knowledge  were  confined  entirely 
nninhiTs,  that  to  prevent  its  total  deiierlion,  a  law  wa->  ]  to  the  sons  of  wealthy  planters,  who  were  sent  to  the 
passed,  prohibiting  any  one  from  (putting  ili  t'-rritory  !  colleges  of  Kurope.  or  to  the  seminaries  in  the  niiire 
without  a  passport  from  the  governor.  Incouflrmafioii  northern  states;  and  the  co.iseqitent  ignorance  of  the 
of  tliis  edict,  the  governor  of  Virginia  issued  a  proria-  great  bulk  of  the  people,  together  wiih  the  iiitliience  of 
ination.  cominanding  that  all  fugitives  from  (*arolina  <i  warm  climate,  and  the  prevalent  aversion  to  indii-^try 
without  a  passport  Rhonid  be  iippreheiided  and  com-  I  (increased  by  the  pride  which  the  possession  of  slaves 
pelled  to  return.  |  inspires,  and  the  discredit  which  slavery  brings  on   la- 

The  piipidation  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  year  1700,  bor).  promoted  an  intemperate  use  of  ardent  spirit, 
IS  said  lo  have  aimuinted  to  no  mori' than  ;ViOO  perstms,  vvhiclt  contnbiWed  aildilionally  to  deprave  tln.'ir  sentt- 
a  computation  prol)-iI)ly  short  of  the  truth.  In  the  nients.  habits,  amt  tiKiiiiiers.  '  It  was  in  North  (Carolina 
l7'.iM,   it   amounted    to    :W001),    including    l-'OOO    that  all  the  evilswhich  I  have  eniimt  rated  (e\cepniio-e 

iirising  from  negro  si  tveTv,  and  which  art!  nnu-e  <l''plo- 


slaves.  For  several  years  after  the  coloni/.alton  of 
the  territory,  there  were  very  few  negro  slaves  in  Ca- 
rolina; hill  the  demand  for  tliem  was  increased  by  the 
iticrea-iiig  cultivation  of  rice,  which  was  thought  too 
mili'Niltiiy  and  laborious  for  Kuropean  constitutions: 
and  the  slave  ships  of  (ireat  Hritatn,  encouraged  the 
d  luaud  hy  the  readiness  with  which  they  supplied  it. 
At  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  Charlestown 
\v:is  alr'ady  a  flourishing  town,  containing  several 
hand^oiu'  edifices, n  public  library,  and  a  population  of 
liOllO  souls — more  tlian  lialf  of  the  total  population  of 


I  the  rest)    prevailed   longest  and 


apprehension  can  be  more  selvlsh  or  more  pr4ivocativ« 
of  inhnmanity.  ihan  that  wliich  is  inspired  in  men's 
lio.-ouis  bv  lilt-  danger  of  relatiation  for  tl.e  inju-'tH  u 
which  the)  are  coniiiining  loinllat.  In  ,'<outti  (  ..ioh> 
n  I.  (bra  very  cntisidcrable  pcriott.  llie  hiimln  r  oi  ',l.e 
slaves  bore  a  greater  propoit.on  lo  thai  of  ll.e  whok 
populalion  thiiii  in  -iny  ollu  r  ol  the  Noith  Anitruan 
colonies,  rrnni  tie  year  IVJO  till  li.e  veiir  l'.l..*»,  ll.o 
-slaves  in  this  state  <-eiiIiiined  greatly  and  iiicifaoin;:ly 
lo  oiiiliumber  Ihevvliite  mhi.bitun  «•.'  'Ihe  c(iu»e» 
qneiice  of  this  slate  of  things  was,  lhat  the  riaves  of 
the  8outh  Carolina  planters  were  treated  with  exlreint 
severity;  and,  in  the  year  17110,  they  Inrineil  a  conspi* 
racy  for  a  general  massacre  of  Ihi'ir  masleis,  and  jno- 
eded  to  carry  their  design  into  etb-ct  hy  a  daiigeroim 
insurrection,  which  was  suppri'ssed  with  the  ntinoMt 
dillicully,  and  punished  hy  an  exacerbation  of  the  cru- 
elly that  hud  provoked  it.  The  discontents  of  the  staves 
in  this  state  proved  a  formidable  auxiliary  to  the  hos- 
tile designs  of  the  neighboiiriitg  Spaniards,  who  wero 
not  wanting  in  ende-ivors  to  turn  it  lo  their  adviin- 
lage.  AOer  the  American  revolutinii  the  farther  im* 
porlation  of  slaves  into  S<uith  ('arolina  was  Ibrbidileti 
by  law;t  and  the  proportion  between  the  freemen  and 
the  slaves  underwent  a  change  highly  promotive  ol  the 
security  and  humanity  of  the  one,  and  of  llie  cnmlort 
and  consideralioiien|oyed  by  the  other. 1  Neither  here 
ror  in  any  other  country  with  whose  hi>torv  lam  ac- 
fpi'iinted,  have  the  proteslaiit  episcopal  clergy  ever  dis- 
tinguished Ihemsclyes  by  exertions  lo  mitigate  the  eviU 
of  slavery.  Wherever  a  protesiant  epin(  opal  church 
has  been  established  by  law,  the  only  imm-ters  <it'  Ihe 
g(tspel  who  have  shown  themselves  tin-  Irn  mis  oi'  the 
r>iitcasts  (if  the  human  race,  have  been  iiirlhndi<'|s, 
.Moravians,  (pr  dissenters  of  some  other  denoimniilion 
It  has  not  been  so  in  coiinlries  where  lite  calhoiic 
church  has  prevailed.  The  priests  of"  this  per-na-^ion 
have  always  constituted  themselves  Ihe  defemJers  and 
p:ilrons  ol  Indians  and  negro  slaves.  Perhaps  this  has 
arisen  in  part  from  the  peculiarities  of  seiiiimcnt  and 
habit  hy  which  the  calhoiic  prie.sis  are  -.eparalt  d  from 
llie  rest  of  mankind,  and  whicli  may  l<'s>en  in  their  es- 
tiiitalion  the  dilferences  of  temporal  coiulilion  by 
which  Ihe  laity  are  dislinguished. 

It  does  not  appear  from  the  earlier  annals  of  Can^ 
lina  in  what  manner  the  provincial  assemblies  were 
eonsiitiiied,  or  to  what  amoiini  of  ]>ri"pertv  political 
frinchises  were  attached.  .All  the  executive  othcer* 
were  noiriiuated  by  the  proprietaries,  who  -ipeeitied  tlio 
iiiioiint  of  the  salaries  in  the  wainiiits  of  appoiniiiicnt. 
Such  was  the  ditbcully  of  cnll'cting  money  or  produce, 
•pecially  i!i  the  north 'rn  colony,  lhat  the  preprieiarics 
ere  freipienlly  iddiged  to  grani  as^isnalioiis  of  land.-t 
or  quit  rents  lo  their  odicer;  m  order  to  M'cure  Ihe  pr-r- 
forin  inee  of  their  duties.  Sir  .Nathaniel  Johii-on.  v\  lio 
was  appointed  guvernor  of  Carolina  in  the  year  I7'I'J, 
receiveil  a  warrant  for  a  salary  of 'JOO/.  n  year.  'I'he 
other  coteiiijuirary  odieers  had  saltries  of  which  ll.e 
highest  was  (iO/..  jmd  the  lowest  iij.  i  year.  The  go- 
vernor's salary  was  doubled  in  the  year  1717. 

Carolina,  hy  its  amazing  ferliliiy  in  animal  and  \e- 
tallc  produce,  was  eiialiled.  from  an  early  period, 
lo  cirry  on  a  considerable  trad..-  with  Jamaica.  Uaiha- 
iloes.   and  tin.'   leeward   islands,  which,  nt  the  dose   of 


•  ht  1701,  PnrtiT  iiiifiiied  a  tT.an  fnr  fHllinv  hiin  "a  rfieiitiiii; 
rngiit!. '  Tlie  (Icrfridam  Jutditii-il  ific  werdi,  ami,  pruvinif  ifuii 
lli'V  wcrr  [iropeily  appijeil,  w;is  arqutttiil,  and  allnwi-d  Ins  rn^t^ 
trnm  I  tie  proscruinr.  Ycl,  a  few  years  after,  Po  ler  wan  anpnjni. 
ed  ii  prupneiary  ilepiiiy  and  member  ot  council.  WtlljaiiiHoii, 
i.  iiVJ.  i\0.  Ill  17:^6,  lturriii?ti)ii.  ulio  had  previously  field  ttie 
ull'ire  III' enveriicr,  uml  ufterwardu  held  it  again,  wua  indicted 
rTdi'fiunaiiiMi,  in  saying  of  the  existing  eovcrnor,  Sir  Ricliard 
Everanl,  that  "  he  was  no  more  flt  for  a  eovernor  than  Sincho 
Panza,"  and  fur  rloLtUDily  threaieiitrig  lo  scalp  '*  hid  d— d  thick 
•<;iill."  lb.  il.  :iJ9.  Two  years  after,  ilie  grand  jnry  present 
Sir  Rii'h;iril  ilie  governor  f^ir  having  with  his  cane  iwice  or 
thrlr.' strnrk  (leorgtf  Allen."  lb.  241. 

t  The  btdians  look  a  nnmber  of  iirisaners  on  this  occasion, 
arnoii;;  whom  were  John  Lawsmi,  author  of  a  descrifXive  ac- 
cmint,  which  haa  been  iiMpro|»erly  lermed  a  History  of  Carolina, 
and  who  had  been  ai)poinied  surveyor-pcncral  of  the  province, 
and  IJ:ir.in  Or.iffenried,  the  lender  of  the  piilatinn  emiffrants. 
I.tiwsHii  was  murdered  u(  leisure  by  the  oavaiicj";  but  Oraffen. 
ried  fxuicJied  himself  from  the  iame  fate,  (i.r  which  he  had 
been  dcsuMieil,  by  declaring  thai  he  wae  the  king  of  a  distinct 
tritie,  lately  arrired  in  lb*  province,  and  louUr  uoconnwttd 
With  the  lungliah. 


•  W.inlen.  il.  .174  4|j.  Dr.  Williamson  (vol.  ii.  cup.  1.1)  h^is 
L-l-arly  proved  that  the  tminfdlaie  efTicia  of  the  exiirp.ition  nf 
wood  in  Cartlina  have  always  bn^n  unfriendly  in  lie.ilth.  froin 
ihe  exjxisure  toihe  sun  of  a  surface  of  fresh  land  cuvered  wiih 
vegetable  produce   in  u  slate  of  decay. 

t  Lttwson,  p.  6X  H.1  164.  Archdule  (p.  7.)  speaks  In  ncitrlv 
the  same  terms  of  the  fiTlility  of  Carolina.  Ulooine  (p.  I  iJ] 
states,  that  the  province,  in  16S6,  contttioed  many  wealthy  prr- 
aons,  wh<t  had  repaired  to  it  in  a  ^taie  f>f  great  iodiL'i'iice 

\  In  .Mirch,  l/iO,  the  grand  jury  of  AHiemar'e  prescnieil  ihir- 
ly-six  iHTflfHis,  viz.  Heven  for  ilrni.kenness,  ci^ht  i.ir  prrf-m. 
Mwearing,  seven  for  breaking  the  sabbath,  lour  fir  adultery.  fU. 
for  stealing  or  mi^^mtrkine  hofH.  three  for  breaking  the  pra<->-. 
aud  two  for  selling  liquor  without  license."  \Vdli.un-<on.  i.  211 
It  wail  an  unfortunate  HUppiHitioii  (A-lietlier  well  er  ill  foundi-ili 
thai  was  at  one  time  enienninetl,  thai  (he  water  of  Carntix- 
poMCAeed  deliiorioua  qualiiiea  which  an  infuaiun  of  rum  was 
was  necaiaaty  to  counteract. 


ar  I7:J4,  Ihey 
i"  I  ;  a  relative 


pn.j 


ralile  perhaps  ll:     _  .     .,    , _   .      ^  _ 

most  extensively. {     The  improvement  thai  after   times   'he  seventeenth  century,  are  said  to  have  depended  m 
have  witnesvi'd  in  all  these  re-pects.  has  tieeu  C(>n>ide-  ■*  great  inva^iire  on  this  colony  tor  their  mean-  of  suli- 

rahle    in    bodi   the  provinces:  and    the    iidiabilaiits  of  1 — 

South  Car(dina.  in  particular,   have  long  been  disiin-!..  V''".''.':.'V  ^.V''^'''''''^*  P"!'"*"';'".'  >:,'>1''=*.   a  nppei.r?'  ih.-i.  i.,  the 
gui-hed  Ibr  ihi'cullivalion  of  literature,  the  elegance  of 
their  iniinner,  and  their  polite  hospitality. 

In  every  c(unmunity  where  slavery  exists,  the  treat- 
ment which  the  sl.ives  experi'-nce  will  be  regithled  in 
no  small  degree  by  df  proportion  which  they  bear  to 
the  niiinbers  of  Ihe  free,  and  the  apprehensions  which 
they  nriy  consetpM'utly  be  capable  of  inspiriiiL'.  No 
passion  has  a  more  dreadful  or  insatiable  appetite,  or 
prompts  to  nuire  unrelenting  i  ruelty.than  fear;  and  no 


ibered  the  freeiiien  in   llie   pt<>poi 
>riiiin   ii-ver  at  aiiy   other  tinie    koMwn    in 
.til  '  iiirrt.  in  p  mi, re,  though  f.tr  short  o'f  what  previtils  m  many 
i.t  Ihe  Briit.-h  We-i  India  cenlem.  his. 

t  Indi-id.  a  law  [m  tlic  faiiieclltrl  had  hecn  en  ict.'d  by  llie  jik- 
srnddy  ..f  Sniiih  t:.iri>liria  fever.tl  yiur^  lielote  the  reV-luii'ii  ; 
bill  It  w,i,i  dis.ill  iwcil  by  the  iLiy.il  jovernnr  ;i«»  Ci-uliaij  to  ihe 
pi'iiev,  and   inpnious  ii.  the  trade  of  Great  Br  tain. 

I  Wynne,  li  J4l.— d43.  H-wii.  ii.  14  V2~U  y3— <17.  War- 
den, li.  4i;i.  \  6.  Trace-t  ol  the  cruelty  Willi  winch  f  aws  w,  re 
anciemly  tn-an-it  In  S.miiIi  Carolina  li.'ive  linuen-d,  it  nnipi  in.- 
ci'hfeHsed,  nil  a  very  late  (ktimI.  b^-th  ui  iho  laws  <d  ilii.i  pin- 
viiic«  and  the  manners  nl  ila  inhabiuii.tif.  Slaves  are.  m  nil 
very  lately  were,  burned  alive  for  ninrier,  burrhirv,  ur  tjie 
raiding.  In  tlit  year  IliO^,  two  iiPi-rofs  were  i.cuialiy  bnri.<  <l 
alive  over  a  .-•low  flre  iii  the  market  plire  in  Cli.irie.-^lovvn. 
Bri^iedi  ■■  America  and  her  Re:.ouices,*'  p.  |,jj.  "  i  he  gr^uid 
jury  of  Charu-ht.'wn.  for  the  lenii  of  January.  I9I6.  repotle.f. 
as  i\  most  .<i-ri»ii.i  evil.  tl>al  iiiatance.^  nf  negro  hmnii'ide  \tere 
common  wiiinn  the  city  lor  many  years;  the  parlnn  tx.Mrisn.i; 
ti.ilniied  Ciiiiiri'l  a.n  maitt-r.H  iind  tnistressc-i  indui^iu::  iheif 
rni.  I  p.i-tMnns  in  the  bar^Kl^^'U^  tr'niimnt  id'  slare-t,  Ac.  Ac. 
"  and  th  -reby  bri<  gnigon  thi-  cnninmntv.  the  slate,  ami  ihe  i  My 
die  contumery  ami  reproach  of  the  civiUziil  wnt  id."  \V,.rilin', 
li.  437-  They  who  entertam  sm-h  a  fvuto  ut  die  tvil,  will,  it 
mav  be  Ix'ped.  in  time  ftnd  a  cure  fnr  i|. 

What  MCiuge  ii.coii.-istencies  ni.iv  cnexi^i  uiih  evi  n  the  wor  I 
evili  I't' si  ivery.  is  ^lnknl•.'ty  eviined  ni  the  I  fc  il  (I,  I  m  in 
t'Uished  ll'nu'n  wh"  uiiit'd'.ill  iiie  ;.I.-iih(  in  i.:*  ai..l  r- ti.  inn  nt; 
of  Piiha.-orean  p!;do.sonhv  with  the  uh'si  otiious  iidiuuiitiuty  to 
hiasUvttj,    Pluta.ch  i  l.ue  of  .Marcus  Caio 


I 


son 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


'  ■.  iJU 


«  luiirf.  In  »Iii|iIb  rniiiiiindilirK  were  rice,  tar,  mid, 
n  iMv..ir(l-,  iiiilipii.  OldiiiiMiii,  «liiisi'  liimorv  Hui-iiuh- 
liliidiii  dii'  UMr  171)-',  iilwcrn's,  Hull  llm  Irudi' iil  ilu' 
iloiiv  »>lli  rn;:l^iiid  l,nd  iil' lulr  nliliiiiii'd  ii  (ircal  in- 
)M'ii4i' :  "Inr  iinivMiliKlMndiiif!  nil  iIip  di!«oiiriigi'itif'iilii 

I  I  p  iiid.' lii'  under,"  lie  ndds  '  H'H'iitecii  ►lii|i»  tiiiiii' 
}  I  vi'ur  I'mIi-ii  riniM(*:iri)liiui  \\\  >  rice,  >kiiih.  |>it(;lt,  itiid 
:  r.  in  tin-  Virjiiniii  (lii'l,  lii'siili'H  ulriipjlinix  fliijis." 

Hi  :in  iicl   diiil«ii«  |iiisM'd  in    IIib  yi-iir  17lf),  fvery 

I I  intir  urCuiulinii  \tii»  ordered  l»  |>iirrhaiit'  iiiid  cn- 
(.',i>o  a  linriul  (.'round  lor  nil  iierrunH  dying  «n  lii>i 
I  > lite;  and,  lii'liiri' iiiterinent  oT  any  loriMV,  to  cull  in 
ul  least  three  nr  lour  of  Ins  neiglilioiirH  to  view  it,  for 
llii^  |>Mr|Hise  (d'  I'nrtlier  eiujuiry  in  ease  of  nny  sns|iici- 
jiis  a|i|iear.uic'e.  It  has  been  noted,  Ironi  an  early  pe- 
-iod,  as  a  pi^enliarity  in  the  inaiinerii  of  many  ol'  the 
.\ineri<-an  piovinees,  that  t'linerals  are  condneled   with 

iili';;r I  pomp  and  expi'iuie  unknown  to  the  nsafies 

ul  I'nrope.  In  some  of  the  utates,  laws  were  enaeted 
liciii  tune  to  tune  to  restrain  this  vain  and  ill-tiined  pro- 
Jij:ality.  Ill  none  ol'tlieni  has  it  lieen  carried  to  a  great- 
er extreme  than  in  :$nntli  Carolina,  where  the  intennent 
III'  the  dead  has  heen  Keiierallv  eiimbined  with  n  liitnri- 
oiis  enlerluiiiniuiit  and  iiiirotusion  of  good  cheer  to  the 
lixini!.' 


n  o  o  K  V. 

NEW  VOUK. 

CHAT  T  K  R   I, 

Mudffiii'fl  Veynce  (>r  Dl,«riivrry— Kirfli  Hcttlpnicnt  of  tlii'  Diiirli 
ill  A  lianv— 'I'liu  I'reviiiie  cralitnl  liy  ttiti  Stjiirs-Uciicnil  le  ilie 
W.  ,<t  iM.lia  Cnii.piiny  cf  llelUi.il  -Tie-  Diilrli  CoIohIsIh  pxinul 
tli''ii'  8,  ttli'iiK-iiU  iiiln  ('iiiinectiriit— Dii«)iiited  wiili  llie  New 
Ivmiitiiil  t'nliiiiles — l)i?  awure  nri<t  cmoiii^eit  by  tlif  Swoile,*— 
W.tr  lielwfcii  lilt-  Di.rcli  nml  IniliaiiB— Kiinlu'r  ili^fjiulrti  vviili 
N-w  Kiii;!aii,l— Di'ttkiitt  of  Ch. tries  llie  St'Ceml— Alarm  1111,1 
(■■-iTni.-  i.f  lilt    Uiiitli  (Jnvertinr— Till!  ProviiKT  nrwiiinl    Irv 

I  1 1-1,1  till'  lluke  of  Verk— liivaili-J  tiy  an  Kiielisli  Fieri— 

Siiiri'iiiliTi— Wlie  liiivcniiiiei,!  ot  Cnhiiiel  Nn-luils~llt,llaiiil 
rrilei  NiMv  V<irk  t'l  Kii^laiiil— leruplurcs  it — Anally  <  ules  It 
■■•j.ti  ,— .Ni-w  riiaiiiT  irrai'iteil  In  itie  Uiike  of  Vnrk— Arhiinirv 
ll.niTMIiuiil  el"  Aiiilri'S—DJHCnnli'iil  I't  Itle  r()Inlu.*ls— Tile 
D.lki'  I'i'itseiilH  (II  give  New  Vnrk  a  Kri'e  CuiiMliliitinii. 

\kw  Yokk  is  distin<;iiisiied  from  the  other  roloniiil 
sittleiiieiils  whori  iiistor^  we  have  alreadv  considered, 
hiith  liy  tile  ri"'c  of  its  lirst  Kiiropean  settlers,  and  tlie 
iiii-d  '  n\"t'A  annexation  to  the  doiiiinioii  of  Ilrilain,  In 
all  til  other  provinces,  the  first  col'niists  were  Kiiglish- 
iie  II,  and  the  several  occupations  of  Aiiiericati  lerri* 
to-y  ami  eorrespondin;?  extensions  of  the  British  em- 
pi- c,  e.  ere  th  enterprises  of  |-jiglish  snhjecLs,  impelled 
111  llie  spiri.  of  coiiiiiierciid  adventure,  iiitlamed  \vith 
ri  1-^-oiis  /eal,  or  allured  by  ambitious  expectation. 
1  lie  people  of  ('.nirland  had  ileriM'd,  in  all  these  iii- 
ft  iiu'i-s.  ail  incri-'ase  of  their  coiiiuieri'ial  resources,  and 
the  Clown  all  enlarifement  of  its  doiiiinion,  from  the 
ai  ts  ot'  private  individuals,  sanctioned  no  doubt  by  llie 
approiii-iatiiin  iit'piiblii-  atitliorily,biit  wlinlly  unaided  bv 
tji>  fiiii  Is  or  liirce-i  of  the  I'otuintiiiily.  lint  the  terri- 
(ory  of  .New  York  was  ori^Miiully  c-oloni/ed,  not  from 
r.ii;!lai  J.  but  from  lliillaiid;  and  the  incorporation  of 
It  with  the  rest  of  the  British  domiuions  was  etli'cted, 
ii'il  111  setiL'iir>iit.  but  by  conipiesi;  not  by  the  enter- 
prise of  iii.lividiials.  but  by  the  forces  of  the  slate.  It 
IS  a  siii;;utarity  still  more  worthy  of  remark,  and  illustra- 
tive ot  the  sji'iiili'r  iiilliieiice  of  human  views  and  pur- 
poses III  the  pre-adiustmeiit  and  connection  of  event-s, 
liiat  tills  iiiilit.iry  coiiipiesi  proved  the  means  of  esta- 
bli>!iiii!!  a  colony  of  ipiakers  in  .-Vmerica:  and  the 
Kivord  of  Charli's  the  Second,  in  conquering  an  appa- 
ii-i^'e  for  bis  bi^'oi  brother,  prepared  a  tranipiil  esta- 
bhshiiient  in  .New  Jersey  and  I'eiiiisylvania.  for  the  \'0- 
taries  of  peace.  tol,Taliou,  and  pliilanthrophy. 

The  pretensions  of  tJie  Dutch  to  this  territory  wero 
certiiinly,  from  the  lirst,  more  consistent  with  natural 
justice  than  wiili  the  law  of  nations,  and  the  privilege 
which  it  attaches  to  priority  of  discovery.  Kor  if,  on 
the  one  baud,  the  voyajje  of  ('ahol,  and  liis  general  and 
iiidelinite  visilition  of  the  .North  American  continent, 
preceded  by  more  than  a  century  the  occurrence  from 
which  the  Dutch  occupation  orifjinated,  there  neenis, 
on  the  other  baud,  a  monstrous  disregard  of  the  rights 
of  biiuian  nature,  in  111  liiitainins  that  a  claim,  so  pre- 
cariously consiitiiteil.  could  subsist  so  long  unexercised, 
n nil  that  a  nai  igalor.  by  ciLsiially  approaching  North 
.America,  in  a  vain  and  erroneous  search  of  a  passage 
to  the  Indies,  should  acquire,  for  his  countrymen,  a 
right  to  prevent  the  whole  continent  from  being  inha- 
bited for  more  than  an  hundred  years. 

*  Wiiiii'iliiHliaiii.  III.  -j.-ij.  "In  nhiirt.  llie  srripliire  oliserva- 
Uiiii,  ll  is  heller  to  uii  l,i  ilie  ]m\lS'i;  ill' iiioiiriiilie  lIlBll  In  llie  houas 
or  rcaellii;;,  la  uiihilellitiliie,  nml  wliiilly  inapfiliciilile  tiara,  iia  il 
10  thmcult  loiliati'ifuiiti  tlie  «no  from  Iha  other." 


The  prior  rifilil  of  Inglaiid  (yet  unrecognized  by  the 
rest  ol  llie  woild)  had  prndiiced  no  other  permanent 
(K-ciipation  than  a  li-eble  settlenieiil  on  the  distant  ter- 
lilnry  (djaniis  Hiver  in  Viiginia;  whiehhid  now  sub- 
sislcil  for  two  years,  when  Henry  lludKiiii,an  Kii;:lisli- 
man,  ciiiplnved  by  the  lust  India  t 'oiiipuiiy  of  llnl- 
land,  set  sail  LUiCII]  from  the  Texel  fur  the  discovery 
of  a  iiortb-west  passaite  to  India.  Ilniiiig  attenipted 
in  viiln  to  accoii'idisri  the  object  of  his  voyage,  he 
steered  for  Cape  C'ud.nnd  entered  the  bay  of  Chesa- 
peake, where  he  remarked  the  infant  seltleiiienl  of  the 

I  iiglish.  He  unerwards  niichored  his  icsyel  oil' the 
l)eliiware,  and  proceeding  thence  to  Long  Island, 
saih'd  lip  the  river  Manhattan,  on  whose  bunks  the 
chief  fruit  of  his  enterprise  were  destined  to  grow. 
Home  authors  have  iisserted  that  he  sold  his  right  to 
this  territory  to  the  Dutch  ;  but  the  assertion  is  equally 
unproved  and  improbable ;  as  he  could  convey  to  them 
no  right  which  the  voyage  did  not  vest  by  a  much  bel- 
ter title  in  tlieiiiselves.  Several  voyages  were  idler- 
wards  made  from  Holland  to  the  river  Alanliatiun, 
whl<-li,  at  lirst,  was  called  the  North  Hiver,  but,  in  pro- 
cess of  time,  received  the  nanie  of  the  able  and  enter- 
prising navigutor,  by  whom,  if  not  originally  discoier- 
ed.  ll  hud  lieeii  introduced  for  the  first  time  to  the  ac- 
quaintance of  the  Dutch.  This  people  now-  coiiceiied 
that  they  bad  acquired  a  siilhcieiil  title  to  the  adjacent 
territory,  which  they  dlstingni.shed  by  the  name  of  No- 
va Belgia,  or  New  .Netherlands."  The  depending  or 
recent  conllicis  of  rival  provinces,  and  even  rival  na- 
tions, huit  at  one  time  to  all  the  circnmstunces  attend- 
ing the  first  oceiipution  of  this  territory,  an  interest 
which  they  have  lung  ceased  to  posaeiui,  except  in  the 
estimution  of  nniiqnarians. 

The  favorable  report  that  Hudson  had  given  of  the 
oiintry  having  been  conlirmed  by  subsequent  vovages. 

II  liodv  of  Dutch  uierchunts  embraced  the  resolution  of 
stablishiiig  a  trading  settlement   within   its  conllnes; 

[Hil4.]  and  the  States  (ieneral  promoted  the  enter- 
prise by  granting  them  u  patent  for  the  exclusive  trade 
of  Hudson's  river.  Encouraged  by  tills  act  of  favor 
they  proceeded,  in  the  course  of  the  same  year,  to  ap- 
proiiriateasmall  portion  of  ground  on  the  western  bank 
of  tlie  river  near  .-Mbaity,  where  they  erected  a  fort, 
and  intrusted  the  government  of  the  place  to  one 
Henry  Cbristiaens.  This  feeble  settlement  had  scarcely 
been  cstaliHslied,  when  it  w-.as  invaded  by  a  Virginiun 
sipiadron,  commanded  by  ('aptain  .-\rgal,  and  reliiriiing 
from  the  conquest  of  the  l-'rench  possessions  in  the 
bay  of  Fiindy.  Argal  claimed  the  territory  occupied 
by  the  Dutch,  as  iippertaining  of  right  to  the  British 
dominion  in  America;  and  the  governor  was  compelled 
to  obey  a  summons  of  surrender,  and  to  stipulate  alle- 
glaiK-e  to  Kngland.  and  tribute  and  subordination  to  the 
government  of  Virginia.  The  stales  of  Holland  bad 
too  recently  established  an  inde|)endeiice  promoted  by 
the  aid,  and  recognised  by  the  mediation  of  (Jreat 
Britain,  to  make  this  outrage  the  cause  of  quarrel  with 
a  |io\verfnl  alK-,  whose  assistance  they  could  not  vet 
deem  theiuselves  strong  enuugti  to  dispense  with. 
They  tiirliore.  therefore,  to  take  any  notice  of  Argal's 
hostile   proceedings;  and  it  is  even  asserted  by   some 

*  Pu  ch.is.  111.  .iat,  «!-.  I'll  irleviiii.  tbsl.  nf  .\i-vv  Kranr-.  i. 
.'-)!.  Olijiiiixi.ii,  i.  in.  .Siilh-s  Vimiiii.-i,  7.j.  UMimlas's  Slim. 
Ml  iry.  j,2lll.  Siimli  s  Ui-lery  nlNew  Verk,  II.  '.i.  3  All  liiese 
writers,  exeepl  llie  first  two,  represent  Hiiilsnii'rt  Vnyage  as  liae- 
ing  lieeii  perfnniiei]  ill  KiOS,  anil  uniler  die  aiitlinrjiy  of  a  British 
eniiiinis.sinii.  But  they  are  all  mistaken.  They  seem  iintto  have 
Ijei'ii  aware  of  llie  exlslcnreof  any  olher  aiilliority,  fur  the  ac- 
cniinl  wliirli  1  have  preferred,  but  that  nf  Cliarlevnix  ;  and 
Siiiiih-a  npiiiiiiii  is  ohviniisly  not  a  tillle  iiitUieaced  by  tlie  clrculii- 
6taiice  nf  IMiarlevoix  tieinc  a  Krencll  Jesuit,  wlille  Stith,  who 
cnnlrailirls  liiiii  was  an  F.iighsli.nr  at  lea»t  a  \'irl.'iiiia;i  pmlestant 
minjsler.  But  tliejnurnals  nf  all  die  vnyafies  nf  ffudsnii  arc  pre- 
Bcrveil  111  Purchaa'a  rnllectlnn  *,  anil  ihey  cnnAriii  Cliarlevnix, 
anil  contain  the  ucrouni  I  have  ailoplei).  From  these  jnuraals 
also  we  may  lilsrover  the  cause  nf  die  error  cniiimiltcil  nriginally 
by  Olilinixnn,  ami  from  him  traiisiiiitteil  tu  Stith  ami  the  others. 
Huilsoii's  aefnnil  Voyatie.  in  w  hich  lie  visited  Nnva  Zembia,  was 
made  from  London  in  1(K>!J,  ami  with  an  Ktiellsli  cniiimisBlon. 
This  lias  evidently  been  confnuiideil  with  hisiliiril  voyage  in  1609 
from  the  Texel.  The  employment  nf  Hudson,  and  the  dale  of 
his  vnyaee,  are  corrcrtly  represented  in  a  new  wnik,  of  which 
thedrst  part  has  been  very  recently  pulilish^il.— Tiie  History  of 
New  Vnrk,  by  Juhn  Vatea  and  Joseph  Mnuhnli,  vol,  i.  part  i. 
SOS.  SOD. 

This  isiini  has  been  the  more  eagerly  contested,  that  aonia 
timid  or  servile  rivilians  have  ilonbted,  if  Holland,  whole  iiide- 
pendelice  was  nnt  arknnwiedgeil  by  Spain  till  the  beginning  of 
ItlOl},  roulil  be  ri-gariled  as  prevlnusly  adiiiilltcd  Into  the  commu- 
nity of  sovereign  states,  and  capable  of  deriving  rights  from  the 
laws  nf  natinns.  anunder  jnri-ts.  and  more  manly  tliiiikers,  have 
adiiidged,  Indeed,  that  tills  privilege  accines  In  a  people  frnni 
the  tune  wlieii  lliry  nnblicly  assert  a  claim  to  imlcpciidciice, 
wliirh,  though  piirtl  Illy  denieil  for  a  while,  they  finally  succeed 
in  rausiiistn  be  iri  iierally  recneiiizod.  Bill  tliia  liiu-lriile  is  not 
neressary  (n  the  uuppiiit  of  the  ii.tere.st  tit  the  Dulcli  in  Hudson's 
disi-nvery,  which  aas  aume  months  posterior  to  the  treaty  with 
Spain. 


writers,  that,  in  answer  to  a  complaint  by  the  Briliilj 

courts,  of  their  intrii-iiui  inin  A ni.i,  iliey  denied  tlial 

the  si'ltli'liieiil  had  liei-li  I'stablislied  by  ibe'ir  untliorilv, 
allil  n  pri-^eiited  it  as  the  piivate  net  ol  a  ciinipiiiiy  t'lf 
nierchuiils.  The  same  writers  hale  alleged,  tliat  Ibe 
Dutch,  at  the  same  lime,  besiinghi  the  king  In  permit 
a  li'W  trading  houses  to  be  erected  within  //is  territo- 
ries on  Iliidson's  river,  and  that  a  peiiiiis-iiiti  m  this 
I'xtent  was  uctnally  obtained.  Whatever  tiiiih  or 
falsehood  there  may  be  in  'I  I'se  sliUemenls.  il  is  ci  riaiii 
that,  in  lite  year  follow ing  [Hil,''i]  Argal's  iniasion,  a 
new  governor,  Jacob  KIkiii,  having  an ived  at  the  fort 
Willi  un  additional  complement  of  ■etilers,  the  cluiin  of 
the  Knglish  to  the  sli|iiilated  depeiiilence  was  linthwidi 
defied,  and  the  payment  of  tiiliiite  successfully  resisied. 
Tor  tlie  better  protecliiin  of  their  iiidepi  iidenie.  the 
colonists  now  erected  unotber  lint  nn  the  ronUi-west 
iioiiit  of  Long  Island  ;  and  two  others  were  afiei wards 
oiiilt  at  (jood  Iliqie,  on  Ciiniieiii  111  river, and  at  iNiis- 
sun,  on  die  east  side  of  Delaware  Ibiy.  Tliei  contiimed 
for  a  series  of  years,  in  nniiiolested  Iranqtillily,  to  iim- 
litre  their  setllement,  enlarge  their  iiiinibers.  and,  by 
the  exercise  of  their  national  viitnes  of  patience  and  in- 
dustry^, to  subdue  the  first  difllculties  and  hardships  of 
nn  infant  colony." 

The  stales  of  Holland  finding  llieir  commerce  en- 
large Willi  the  coiilinnance  of  freedom  and  the  enjoy- 
ment of  peace,  and  observing  that  their  siibpcls  had 
snceeedeil  in  pri'serving  the  footing  they  had  gained  un 
Hudson's  ri\er,  began  to  form  the  project  of  inipiove- 
iiig  tins  settlement,  and  rendering  it  the  basis  of  more 
general  and  extended  coloni/.ation  in  America.  With 
this  purpose  was  cninhincd  the  scheme  of  their  cele- 
brated West  India  Company,  which  was  established  in 
the  year  lli'.iO,  and  to  which,  in  |iiirsiiance  to  tl.i  ir  in- 
variable policy,  of  coloni/ing  by  the  ageiiev  of  exclu- 
sive coinpanie.s,  it  was  deieriniiieil  to  comuiit  llii  ad< 
niinistriition  of  New  Netlierlaiiils.  Tliey  si  etued  to 
have  watched,  with  an  attentive  eve,  the  proceedings 
of  the  Liiglish  pnrilan  exiles  at  Leyihii.  uiiil  liewed 
with  alarm  iheir  projected  inigralio'n  to  the  hanks  of 
Hudson's  river.  [Hi]  I'nable  or  tinivilling  to  ob.strnct 
the  design  by  an  oppiisitinn  which  iionld  lime  in- 
volved an  immediale  collision  widi  the  pn  tensiinis  of 
Britain,  they  defeated  it  by  bribing  the  Diilch  ciiplain, 
w-idi  whom  the  emigrants  sailed,  to  ciiiiMy  them  so 
far  to  the  iiorlhwaid.  that  their  planlalioii  \i us  finally 
formed  in  the  territory  of  .Mussachii-etts.     This  I'raiid- 

I'til  proceeding,  tl gli  it  prevented  a  rival  setil,  iiieiit 

from  being  established  on  Ilitd-ou's  river  ili-eredited 
their  own  title  to  this  territory,  and  pro|iiirliiiiiahlv 
enforced  the  tide  of  (ireul  lirituin.  wliicb.  in  the  >aiiie 
year,  was  again  distiiii-tly  asset  ted  and  exen-isid  by 
the  gr.-int  of  kiii!;  James's  p-iieiil  to  the  gr.inil  ciiiiiie'il 
of  I'lymoitdi.  The  I'lvnioulh  patent,  hoiicver,  wliiili 
was  declared  void  in  tfie  fiillow  illg  year  by  the  i.ngli>b 
House  of  Coiuinaiis,  and  surrenilered  11  few  years 
•fter  by  the  piUentees,  .seemed  as  little  entitled  to  re- 
spect abroad  as  to  liivor    at  liii ;  for,  eviii  if  lis  ilis- 

regard  of  the  Dutch  oeciipatinii  should  nut  be  suppos- 
ed to  infringe  the  law  of  iialioiis,  it  nnqiii'-tiiiiiably 
merited  this  repriiacb  by  upprnpriatiiig  terntoni-s  ii  hei'e 
the  French,  in  virtue   iif  prei  loiis  i-haileis   liiiiii    llieir 

sovereign,  had  already    e.-lablished    the  settle tits  of 

.Acadia  and  Cauaila.   'The  nttlhty  of  the  I'ly i!li  pa 

tent,  in  Uiis  last  purliciilar,  was  laeitlv  iickiiowli'il<.'i-d  by 
Charles  till' First,  in  lli.lll.  when,  ai  Ibe  tieaiv  of  Si. 
(iermain.  he  restored  the  French  provinces  wliiili  lii.4 
arms  had  coniiiierrd  in  the  preceding  year.  Wbetbi-r 
the  States  of  llollaiid  considered  tlie'  patent  eqiially 
nnavailing  against  duiir  rights  or  not,  they  appear  li) 
have  made  a  grant  of  the  couiitiy  which  was  now 
culled  New  Netherlands  to  their  \'i  est  India  Compa- 
ny, in  the  following  year,  [Ui'Jl]— the  very  year  in 
which  the  Knglish  House  of  Coiiimotis  proiested 
against  a  similar  patent  of  the  same  terriiorv  by  their 
own  monarch,  as  inconsistent  with  the  general  rights  of 
their  countrymen,  and  the  tine  interests  of  trade.  If 
the  Shites  (leneral.  or  the  colonists  nf  Hudson's  river, 

were  acquainted   wdh  this   parliaiiienlary  proc ling, 

they  made  more  iK-count  of  the  benefit  tbat  iiiiuht  ac- 
crue from  it  to  their  territorial  claim,  than  of  the  re- 
buke it  might  be  thought  to  convey  to  their  comm.'rcial 
policy,  ('iider  the  management  of  the  West  India 
Company,  the  setllement  was  soon  both  consolidated 
and  extended.  The  eitv  of  New  .Amsterdam,  after- 
wards called    New    York,  was  bnilt  on  Y'oik  Island, 


*  Oldmixon,  i.  119.  Slilh.  13:1.  Wynne,  i.  170.  8miih,2,  .1 
See  Note  16,  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  In  the  year  16.4.  llie  ex- 
ports from  New  Netherlands  w-ere  •'f.urlhi'U-'iinii  be.ivirs  and 
seven  butldreti  oueiB  eanmated  at  37,150  guilders.''  Hazaid.  t 
l»T, 


NORTH     A  M  K  R  I  C  A. 


HOI 


:  l>y  (he  Brititli 

hfV  ili'iiii'd  tlinl 
ihr'ir  aittlioriiy, 
I)  t  iittii'jiii)  dI' 
llt'^t'd.  that   ihu 

Inn  litu   tiTrllci- 

■  lllS.-loll    III     tluA 

U'\t'r  tiKili  or 
•III",  il  in  ri  rtiiill 
[»\'n  ill\il^t(1n,  n 
vi'd  at  ilif  I'urt 
rn,  tin;  cliiiiii  of 
■(>  wiiH  roilKwIth 
i><4.4riilly  ri'.Hi>t('(i. 
I<>|)t  iiitVurr,  tliu 
I  till'  Kiiitli-wot 
wi'P'  iilli-iwiirdji 
,'i'r.tiMd  ill  NiiK- 
'i'lii-v  nmlimuil 
ini|uilily.  to  iiin- 
iiuln'r-,'  iuid,  liy 
jKitiinco  iind  in* 
lid  hard^lnpH    of 

r   coniMirrrt'  en- 
I  mid  llif  t'lij")- 
iL'ir  t*iili|i(l"  liud 
i>y  iiiid  gjiiiu-d  uii 
tje-ct  lit'  iiiijiiovi'- 
lu'   \nMH  i>l  iiioro 
Aini'iira.      Willi 
WW  of  tln;ir  I'l-ly- 
,v:iri  t>sl!d)li^hi'd  in 
iitiirt^   to  tl.i  ir  iii- 
agi'iK-V   oi"  I'Xflii- 
)  rniiiuiit    l)u    ad- 
Tiny    sieiiud   to 
the    prfii'.-i-(Iiii;iH 
iliii.  and    ^ii'XM-d 
1  to   till'  liaiiks  of 
viiiinj.'  to   niistriut 
would    h:i\t'  in- 
lu'    nil  tctismiiH   of 
lie  l)iit(-li  r:i]itain, 
ronvcy   lliriii  so 
iitalioii  \va.-  tinally 
;c1ls.     Thi-*  fniiul 
II  rival  -I'tili'iiif'iil 
river  di-i-n'dit*Mi 
d    |)ru|>oilii'nal)lv 
htffi.  ill   iIm'  >aiiic 
and    fMrcisrd  l.y 
the  ^'ranil    louiinl 
11.  Ihiwcvit.  wliirli 
car  liy  ihf  l.ni;li>li 
[•red   11  ft'W    yiMta 
ttle  entitled  lo  re* 
(ir.  ev«'H  il'  iiH  dis- 
Id  not  Ix'  Mippos* 
it   uiiciiit-tmiiiilily 
11  iiTnliHio  wlu'ie 
aileo    from    llirir 
lilt?  si'ttli-nniil?.  iif 
tilt'  HyniouUi  |i:i 
vacliiio\\|.'il;:<-d  hy 
thf    tM-aly  (if    St. 
dviiici'!*   wliuii  lii.^ 
vear.     Wlielli.r 
nati-nt   ojually 
)t.    tiiey  upiH-ar    to 
V   which    was   now 
f^t   India  Conipa- 
— the    \ery  year  in 
imiiiionH    prole(*ted 
territory  liy  their 
he  jrcnera'l  rights  ot] 
rt'^ts  of  trailt'.     If 
of  Undson's  river, 
ii'iitary  pron*eding, 
iflil  that    iniiiht    Jir- 
liin.  than  of  the  re- 
to  their  conniL-riial 
of  the    West   India 
both    consolidated 
Anisterdani.  afier- 
It  on  York  Island. 

le,  1.  no.  Sinilh.S,  3. 
1  lilt*  y.-iir  Ili.4.  tlicfx* 
llii<ii--iui<l  be.iViTti  aiiJ 
)  guiUlfVH."    Hiuitid,  I. 


then  known  hy  thn  nnine  of  Mnnhaimn;  and  nt  thn 
di^ilanri'  of  ii  .jin'Ireil  and  tiHy  iiiileM  higher  up  llu- 
lliuNori.  w:iH  laid  the  foundation  of  the  cily  u'' 
Alh;n.v.* 

\V  hat  wax  (he  precisij  eitiMit  of  territory  rlailiied  hy 
(lie  Diih'h,  it'V  i-oMiprehriidod  wiriiin  iheir  eolony  ot 
New  Neilierlimds.  has  huen  dill'erenlly  reon-wnted 
even  hv  their  own  wrilerM,  loino  of  whom  liavu  nol 
m  riipled  to  niainlain  that  it  emhrared  the  whole  eonnlry 
frnnt  Virginia  to  Caniida.  Whatever  waM  iIh  liinlar 
rxtent,  whii'h  wnn  prohahly  nnknown  to  the  rolonistt 
Uietnselves,  they  proieeded  In  enlarge  iheir  oreiipulion 
far  heyniid  their  nnniediate  ine.  and,  hy  their  intrusion 
into  the  ('orineetinit  ami  Delaware  territorii'K,  laid  the 
fonndilion  of  their  fnliiro  drxpnteH with  th(3  colonies  of 
Ni'W  ringland.  While  these  powerful  neighhonrrt  :ls 
yet  possessed  no  other  estahlishiiient  hut  the  Minidl  Hel- 
ili'inent  of  l*ly  month.  In  whirh  the  artifice  of  the  lliitL-h 
had  rorisiirned  the  l'nj;h<'li  enii^^ranlH  from  L/'vden,  the 
1  Tul  anlhoritieH  of  New  Ainsierdiiin  atlempleif  lo  enlii- 
vale  a  IViemilv.or  at  least  a  eoimner(inleorrespnndener 
w.  Il  the  I'jurlish  eolony;  andfortliiH  piirnose  despatch- 
ed their  secretary  Hosier  with  a  conffratulatorvcoinmn- 
niralion  lo  the  governor  of  I'lyniniilh.  [Iti'i?.]  The 
Ijiglish,  from  whose  memory  llie  fraud  that  had  de- 
prived them  of  a  setdemeiit  at  IIiiiIsoii'h  river  had  not 
liatiished  the  recollerliiiii  of  Oiiteh  hospitality  at  Ley- 
Jen,  received  will)  iiiiich  courtesy  the  feliciiationn  o(\ 
their  jineresHfril  rivals  iin  the  eonrageoiis  .ttrilL'gle  they  I 
had  maintained  with  the  dillicnllie.i  of  their  situation;! 
and  as  snine  years  had  yet  to  relapse  liefore  Massachn-  ' 
fielts  hecame  pnpnions,  imd  before  the  Knglish  establish-  | 
infills  in  (*()inr>cticiil  were  begun,  the  Dutch  eidonistt*  . 
were  enabled  to  Hatter  th-mse|ves  ihat  their  slratagetn  | 
would  lint  be  resented,  nor  their  seltlemeiits  disturbed, 
They  seein  to  have  been  aware  of  the  rehli  lance  of 
llieir  government  to  exhibit  publicly  a  title  derogatory 
to  the  prcrensioiis  of  Britain,  and  to  have  eiideax  oitred 
Id  (■(Htnlerar-i  the  restraint  which  liiis  policy  might  ini- 
nose  itn  llieir  future  acipiisitions  by  tin'  eneriry  of  their 
iiniiii'diate  oreiiptiioii.  Their  tirst  settlement  was 
elVerteil.  apparently,  withniil  any  eipiitable  retniinera- 
tiou  to  the  Indian  proprietors  of  the  land;  and  hence 
perhaps  arose  those  dissensions  with  the  Indians  wbieli 
iifl-rwards  prndiieed  a  L'real  deal  of  bloodshed.  Hut 
when  they  «\ti-iided  their  appropriations  lo  Conni-cticiit 
ami  Delaware,  ibey  were  careful  to  facilitate  their  ad- 
missiun  by  nurehasinj;  the  territory  from  its  savage 
owner-. f  II  their  poliev  really  was  (as  we  may  rea- 
Bouiddy  supp<»>ie.  tlioii^li  we  cainiot  pi)sitively  assert), 
to  supply  a  (h'feetive.  oral  least  noii-apparent  title,  by 
extent  and  priority  oforcupition.  it  was  completely  dis- 
appoiiil-'d  by  the  event:  and  when  .New  rnglaiid  and 
Maryland  began  to  be  lilled  with  iidiahitaiits,  the 
Dutch  at  length  di-covered  tli.it  t!ie  early  and  imine- 
diale  ext.-nl  of  their  occn|)atiiMl  only  served  to  bring 
their  riijhts  the  sooner  into  enllisinn  with  the  preten- 
sions nf  neighbours  more  powerful  than  theuiselves  ;  and 
to  direct  a  smerer  scrutiny  into  a  title  which  they  were 
linahle  to  produce,  which  their  detected  stratagem  had 
rontiibiit'-d  to  divcredit.  and  which  the  length  of  their 
possession  was  yet  unable  to  supply.  These  disagree- 
able re-iiilts  were  not  experienced  till  after  the  lapse  of 
several  years  of  iininli'rriipteil  peace;  and  during  t!ie 
ndiniriiMratioii  of  Wout'-r  Van  Twiller,  [HW!t]  who 
arrived  at  Tort  Am-terdam  as  the  first  governor  ap- 
pointed by  t!ie  West  India  rompany.J  ihe  Dutch  cido- 
nists  appear  to  have  enjoy.'d  a  slate  of  calm  and  inono- 

*  Ol.Itmxon,  i.  118.  Smith,  3.  ClialneTS.  j<i!>,  570.  Chal- 
niPM  tiuf.-)iiiin«  ih"  exisienrf  (»'"  (he  uriiMi 'n  the  D inch  Wosi 
Iiiiliii  ri>iii|).iiiv  iiUocrihtT.  Tliinicli  irftjtu'iiily  n-lt'iretl  to  liy 
Diiirli  wnti>rn,'  .inil  hy  ilii-  RoviTiinrs  ot  New  Nrihurlaiiih,  j(  hiia 
iM-vrr  biM'ii  |tul)lirthi-il  ;  iiiiil  it  wan  not  Hull)  riiftit  yi'nrii  after, 
thill  lilt'  Wist  liKJiH  Cmnpiiny  KeiitniH  Viii.  TwiMfr  U*  uHniniie  (he 
pnvfriiiiifni  ill  lliiMr  lirh.iir  Bet  tho  mUhoritics  riied  by  Smith 
(p.  II).  tMLMMtier  witli  varinii3  cinuinsHncea  in  the  Mibseqiient 
hi-'tofv.  KPPin  1(1  me  tu  rr'tttr  ChnlimT«'  ilniibis  iiiirens.>iiablr. 
Tliiil  ilif  prinripii)  ilceii  nf  ^rniit  wan  not  nt  flr^t  trnnsiiiiitfil  tn 
Arn«r|r;i,  it  no  ineri'  lliitn  fmm  (is  iiHlure  we  shmilil  be  li-d  te  ex- 
piTt.  Ill  pruprr  tli'(w»flilnry  w.is  in  thfi  archivesol'  llie  Cnnipmiy 
lu  Holl;niil  Thnt  iii^  iinilientirnted  copy  wa;*  cPiit,  R»-etn»  to  have 
prttrctMlri!  rniin  the  tiniiTous  ami  iuin|xirlziiig  (Mtjicy  ofthe  Sutes- 
gvncr.il 

t  Smiih.p.  .1.  Tliiii  is  iIip  a««eriion  nf  the  Dutch  wriicri ;  nixf 
|li(iiii;liKi<-l(.  i';r  envenior  nfNt^w  Npiherlniiti.-)  in  \(H9.  ckclaicd 
in  hU  ^^?^l(ln!llra1U'l•  »L'niiisl  llm  Sweilish  orcupiilils  nf  Dt-lnwiire, 
lh»r  the  pct^-^eH.-'itms  rlaitihd  bv  thpUntrh  thire  "  hail  bci-p  iiertlcii 
by  then  bt<».t,|,"  (Smith,  p.  4  j  the  two  stati-meiiu  inoy  be  per- 
(ealv  ciin^isteiit  with  facli  oiticr. 

*  Wynne  (vol.  i.  p.  ||3  )  HflriilteH  the  nppnintnirnt  of  Elkin,  ihc 
Ifivlcci'ssnr  of  Viin  'r.viller.  to  tlie  Went  Imlin  Cempnny.  Old- 
l/lixoii  niipihHiw  ('htt^liiiin-s  rtl«n  to  have  l)«en  ap|)ninietl  byihia 
rnr|KiriUiiMi,  whlrh  ili<l  not  cxlsi  nniil  wi'vpr:il  years  after  the 
Appojiitnu'ni  ofthi'in  hntb.  Thi-t  may  be  easily  exphilneil  by 
i»iipp<i!"ii(L',  that  It  w;is  ihe  satne  mirchaiiW  originally  associated 
an  puienti  es  if  the  trade  iif  Uud.sen's  river,  who  were  after- 
wurili  inctirpi>rAtntl  an  the  inomberii  ol  the  WeM  India  Compmny. 


lonoiH  ease.  This  -inte  allorded  Do  nmterials  for  liit*- 
tcin .  :ilid  ser\>-d  but  iiidiMereiitlv  to  prepare  lliem  tor 
their  iinpi-ndiiu  coiiteniioiii*  wtili  men  who-e  friines 
and  spirits  b:td  uiideriifone  the  disripline  of  those 
severe  trials  that  befel  ibe  (ir-^t  utMtlers  in  .\ew  Ijig- 
land.- 

[HtlUl)  It  wiis  near  ihe  riose  of  VaiiTwiller's  iidini- 
niHiration.  that  the  Kniflish  colonists  exleiided  their  Mil- 
tlements  beyond  the  bonndarit^s  nf  .MatwachiisetN  inio 
the  territory  of  roinieciiciit :  an  inirnsion  which  the 
Dntch  governor  relented  no  farlher  than  by  causing  bis 
commisHary,  Vnn  (.'nrlel.  to  intimate  a  harndess  protest 
against  it.  Me  was  Hiicceeded  in  the  following  year 
[  I(>it7]  hy  William  Kiett,  t  man  of  enterprise  and  abi- 
lily,  bill  I'hoh'ric  and  impcrimis  in  temper,  nnforlnnal 
in  condin-l,  and  more  titled  to  eiiconnler  with  spirit 
than  to  stein  with  prndeiice  the  nea  of  troubles  that  now 
began  on  nil  nines  to  invade  the  possessions  of  the 
Dutch.  These  colonists  now  experieiired  a  total 
change  in  the  (oinplexion  of  their  fortniie;  and  their 
bisiorv  for  many  Hiihseipient  yearR  is  lillle  else  than  a 
chronicle  of  their  struggles  and  conlentions  with  the 
r.nsliith,  the  Swedes,  and  the  Indians.  [l(i;tH]  KieiVs 
administration  commenced,  as  Intt  predecessor's  had 
concluded,  with  a  prote>«t  against  the  advancing  seltle- 
ineiils  of(*onneeticut  aiiilNew  Haven,  accoinp.inh'd  by 
a  prohibition  of  tlie  tride  winch  the  llnghsh  were  car- 
rying on  in  the  peigbhourhood  nf  the  fort  of  (lood  Hope. 
His  reputation  for  ability,  and  the  vigor  of  his  remon- 
strance, excited  alllrst  Miuie  alarm  in  the  Dnglish  iiiha- 
hitants  of  ronnecticiit,  who  had  originally  inaile  their 
advances  into  this  territory  in  eipial  ignorance  of  the 
proximity  ami  the  preleteiions  of  the  Dntch;  hiit. 
ipiickly  convinced  that  ibeir  imperious  rival  had  no 
tide  to'  the  cminlry  from  which  he  pretended  to  exclude 
them,  and  encouraged  hy  promises  of  assistance  from 
the  olher  .New  I'.nfflfind  colojiies,  they  disregarded  his 
remonstrance,  and  not  only  retained  their  settlement: 
but  two  years  alter  [llMll]  ciunpelled  llie  Dutch  trarri- 
son  to  evacuate  the  fort  ot  tiooil  Hope,  and  appropri- 
ated this  plantation  lo  themselves.  This  aggressimi, 
tlumgli  passively  enilnred,  was  loudly  lamented  by  the 
Dnich.t  who.  notwithstanding  the  increase  of  their  niiin- 
hers,  and  the  spirit  id'  their  governor,  liisplayed  n  help- 
lessness in  their  contentions  with  the  I'.nglish,  which  if 
partly  occasioned  hy  the  enervating  inlhieiice  of  a  long 
period  of  trarupiility.  seems  also  to  have  been  promoted 
[iy  secret  disiriist  of  the  validity  of  their  claim  to  the  ter 
ritories  ihey  bad  most  recently  occupied.  It  is  certain 
at  least,  tlia'l  the  Dutch  were  not  always  so  forbearing 
and  an  encroachment  which  their  tide  enabled  theui 
moreconsrientioiisly  lo  resist,  was  soon  after  repelled 
by  KielV  with  a  vigor  and  success  which  he  was  noi 
often  enabled  to  display.  Lord  Stirling,  who  had  ol 
taiiied  a  grant  of  Long  Island  from  die  I'ly month  Coiii- 
pany.  IrJiiisferred  a  coii«'iderabIe  portion  nf  itto  cerinin 
(d' the  inhabitants  of  New  Kngland.  who  bad  removed 
to  their  new  acipiisition  in  the  yi-ar  Ill:l'>,  and,  nnino- 
lested  by  the  Dtitcli,  whose  settlements  were  ronlimMi 
to  the  (')pposite  ipiarter.  they  had  pisicealdy  inhabited 
the  eastern  pari  of  the  isli'iiil.  Having  received  a  coii- 
siilerable  accession  to  their  numbers,  they  at  leiigib 
procf-eded  to  take  possession  of  the  western  ipiarter; 
but  from  this  station  they  were  promptly  dislodged  hy 
KietV  who  drove  them  back  to  the  other  end  of  the 
island,  where  they  built  th*  town  of  Sonthaiiipton. 
[KU'i]  and  subsisted  as  a  dependency  of  Connecticut, 

*  The  only  f  ^cl  lliat  has  beeti  rccnnleil,  ns  ilhisiraiive  nf  Van 
TwiiuT'sHii'iiini-trHiinn.  is  the  style  of  envernmeia  rvinced  in 
his  jiatenls  of  l.ind.  which  cominenc pd  after  this  manner  ;  "  We. 
diriTlnrs  and  coiinril.  resi.hni:  In  New  Nethfrlands,  on  the  lal.iiid 
itf  Manhattan,  (Vctrk  Island),  under  the  eovernmenl  of  their 
lliirh  Mightinesses,  Ihe  Loiila  Stales  Oeneral  of  the  Uniied  No 
Ihcrlands,  and  llie  privileged  West  India  Compiiny."  Sin.th 
p.  3. 

t  The  Duioh  prei^  ■■  ip.i.  t  ,r  n  series  of  years,  a  very  mimtte 
and  formal  rer.ird  o,  '-  i.  nce«  which  tliey  laid  to  the  cliaigt 
of  the  Knclish  t'olonisld.  'I  ue  hisiiiiiifieaiire  ot  many  of  thesi 
eomplaiiits,  anil  the  hom^'linefls  of  the  euhject-maiter  of  others 
coniraj't  somewhat  hidicrousiy  willi  the  mmijMUii'neBS  of  the  li 
lies  and  the  bitter  eravitv  of  the  style.  The  following  are  some 
exirarts  from  this  siiifeular  chronicle:— *' 9olh  April,  1610.  those 
ofHariford  have  not  only  usurped  and  taken  in  tlie  laiidsof  Con- 
nertieut,  &c.  hut  have  also  benten  the  servants  of  ibe  llieh  and 
Mighty  amt  Honored  Company  ;  with  stickt  and  ploiiiih-ntaves 
in  Tiosiile  manner  lamine  ihem  ;  and,  airitnig  the  rest,  struek  Kver 
Uurkini?»  a  hole  in  his  head  with  a  sUrk  so  that  the  blood  run 
verv  strongly  down  his  b.idy."  "24ihJune,  1641.  Some  of 
Hartford  have  t  iken  a  hog  out  of  the  common,  and  Khni  it  np  out 
of  mere  hato  or  other  preiudtre.  ransine  it  to  starve  for  Ininccr 
inihfMv."  "SnthMay,  lfll2.  The  Knglish  of  Hartford  have 
violently  cut  hiose  a  horse  of  ihe  Honored  t'ompany  that  stood 
boiiodiipou  the  common."  "23.  The  said  l^nglish  did  again 
drive  the  ('ompatiy's  hoifs  from  the  common  into  th.-  village,  and 
imiinded  (hem."  "  !6th  September,  1643  \sani  thev  sold  a 
young  pig.  which  liad  paMured  on  Ihe  Company'6  land."  Ha- 
i  sard.  vol.  il.p.3M,S65.80G. 


till  Ibev  were  united   lo  the    •Infe   o.'  New  Vo  k    mt  ibrt 

fa. I  id  the  Diitrii  iloi.i til  in  .Norlh   Aiii.io  .■.* 

Ki  It,  ill  the  s.-iine  ye:ir,eipiip|  "d  two  tioops,  wlu^h 
he  de-patched  on  an  expedition agiin-t  :i  bo  y  of  I  iu». 
IhIi  wlio  bad  p'le'trnti'd  Iroiii  the  sell!'  iiiciit--  in  .^Ittry- 
laiid  into  a  distrif  I  within  the  Delaware  lerritorv.  t!,i* 
whole  of  wliicb  wiisi  hiiined  by  ihe  Dnien.  nut  liid  been 
inchideil  in  the  charter  ohiiMiinl  hy  Lord  Itallimrrtt 
from  Charles  the  First.  As  the  number  of  ilieiie  ejni* 
granlflfroin  Maryland  was  inioti  •iderahie,  and  they  \t  ro 
totally  unprepared  to  defend  their  pos-e-vion  iiLMin*! 
this  uiiexperled  attack,  they  were  ea^ilv  dislodged  by 
llie  forces  of  KieO.  lint  iliere  kIiII  remained  in  aiiu- 
therfpiarter  of  Delaware  a  diilen  nt  rice  of -enhrs 
who,  without  nny  legal  claim  whatever  lo  ihe  terniiirv 
they  nccnpied,  possessed  a  streiiglh  thai  pr(»v  ed  of  n  ore 
avail  to  them  than  the  formal  tiile  of  ihe  I  lii:li<-b. 
This  was  n  colony  <d' Swedes,  of  whose  seiileuit  ni«  m 
this  corner  of  .North  America  very  few  parttetilars  havo 
been  transmitted  by  history.  Their  eiiteriirise  appear- 
to  have  originated  in  the  year  Ili'Jtt.  when  (lusl.ivnt 
.Adolphiis,  king  of  Sweden,  having  received  a  inagnili 
cent  account  of  the  country  adjacent  to  the  Dutch  set- 
dement  of  \ew  jXelberlaiid-*,  issued  a  proflatnalion  e\- 
orling  his  snbjeits  lo  associate  for  the  c^lablisbuieiit 
of  a  colony  in  thai  region.  (Considerable  snnis  are  ■*:v.i\ 
to  have  been  raised  accordingly  by  eontribntion  :  and  a 
niiiiiber  of  Swedes  and  Tins  I'inigrated  in  the  ye  ir 
liiVi?  to  America.  They  lirst  lanth-d  at  Cape  llento- 
pen,  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Ibiv,  and  were  ^o 
much  charmed  with  its  a«pect  that  they  gave  it  the 
name  nf  Paradise  Point.  Some  time  nl)er,  they  pur 
chased  fioui  llie  natives  all  the  land  between  that  c;ipe 
and  the  falls  of  Delaware;  and  maintaining  lillle  con- 
nexion with  their  pan-nt  state,  bill  addiclinir  tbeiiiM-tver 
exchisividy  to  agricultural  occnpalion^,  they  |i,-iil  pos- 
ses.sed  Iheir  liew  settleiiient  without  challenge  or  inter- 
riiption,  till  Kiel>  assumed  the  goverinrieni  of  \evv 
.Netherlands. t  Several  of  the  Swedish  colniii'-ts  were 
scalped  and  killed,  and  in  some  in*ilances.  their  cbihlren 
were  stolen  from  them  hy  the  Indians.  Vet.  in  gine 
ral  the  two  races  lived  on  friendly  lernis  together,  an-l 
no  war  seems  ever  to  have  arisen  between  tlu-m.  T*  c 
Indian.s  sometimes  attended  the  religious  assemblies  f,f 
the  Swedes;  but  with  so  litll"  edilication.  tlial  tliey  ev- 
pressed  their  ama/einetit  that  one  man  .should  ileliii  i 
his  tribe  with  stich  lengthened  harangues  wiibont  oiler- 
ing  lo  entertain  them  vviOi  brandy.  Oti"  of  the  earliest 
(d'  Kieft's  nroceediiiL's  bad  been  to  protest  airainst  lliti 
intriHion  ol  the  Swedes,  and  vainly  lo  urge  tln'ir  di|  ur 
lure  fioin  a  territory  which  he  a>snred  ihein  his  conn 
trynieii  had  piircbnsed  with  their  blood.  Hut  as  ibf 
Dutch  (liscovereti  no  iiiclinalion  to  purchase  it  om>i 
again  at  Ibe  same  ex))ense.  the  Sweiie-^.  imavved  bv  ihi% 
governor's  power,  paid  no  n-gard  v\  hatever  lo  his  re 
monstrance.N.  A  war.  as  it  has  been  raited,  siihsisled 
between  the  two  communities  for  sevet.d  years;  bill 
thoni'li  altendi'd  with  a  plentiful  reciprocation  of  ran- 
cor, it  was  nnprodtictive  of  bloinUhed.  At  ibe  treaty 
of  Stockholm,  in  ll).'d).  Swt  den  and  Holland  fori  ore 
to  make  any  allusion  lo  colonial  disputes  or  Aniencin 
territory  ;t  and  the  two  colonies  beinir  left  to  nd|nst 
their  pretensions  between  themselves, i^S  their  aniniositiesi 

•  tlliimlxon,  vol.  I.  p.  Id.     i^7iNliCirT^Tr~rhlHin7TT7r57a, 

■)7I.     Tr hull'*  t'oniiTtn  til.  v.d.  i.  p   ILX  IN.  I  It4.      The    hi*- 

loin-s  of  lhe>e  evei.ts,  hy  Oldniuon.  Siinlli,  aiid  t  h.ihm  rs.  are 
i-MeedinL'ly  confnspil,  and  in  some  pi-inls  error"  >ub.  Their 
■liietmloey.  in  p.iitTCuIar.  is  lemarknlily  rnreless.    li'MiibulJ   in 


always  dii'lhu.'iitshi'd    by    the    acnirary    nf  his  fIhO 

lint  leHS  distthcuishedhy  his  piiitiahiy     tlere,  in    particular,   ho 

related  with   ereat  fidelity    " 'he  offences  of  the   Llnlch,  bnt  pii». 

ses  over  ill  total  eilence  c*  My  charge  of  thi.s  people    iigaiiiM  thr 

Rnplish. 

t  The  Sweili.^li  pnvemmenl  appears  lo  have  made  some  !■ 
tempt  to  obtain  a  reroiiuitmr)  of  it.t  riuhi  to  the  territory.  An  itp. 
plicfUton  to  this  efTctt  was  made  by  Oxen.'*tiern,  the  Sweilish  am- 
bassador  lo  the  Court  of  F.tidand  '■  hut  Iboiiuh  the  Swedes  aflpgej 
that  the  applictilhm  was  successful,  and  the  vnlidiiy  of  their  oeCL 
palon  admitted,  no  proof  of  this  avermeni  was  ever  prodtifed. 
Not  less  hnprohiible  wan  a  pretence  they  feemed  to  have  lefreil, 
of  having  purchased  the  claim  of  the  Dutch.  Saniiiel  Smith*! 
H  story  of  New  Jersey,  p.  J.l.  Thi.'«  Is  a  work  ttf  extreme  rarrely, 
and  has  l)ren  confoiindi'ti  h\  some  wriierii  with  9ni  th's  ni>|ory 
of  Now  York.  The  ropy  ol  whicli  1  have  twen  enabled  to  peruao 
i-t  in  the  library  nf  George  Dillwyn,  Fsii.  It  contains  much  cu- 
rious maltei,  but  Is  written  in  a  very  coidused,  tirepome  manner. 

t  8mith,  5.  Holmes's  American  Annals,  i.  lOf).  FrofesHor 
Kalm'rf  travel*  m  North  America.  v>.l.  il.  p.  \\a,  119.  Iloiieias.  it 
m.  Chalmers.  573.  631,r>;t3.  Chalmers  unforiun.-tlely  seemii  tn 
relax  hi^  tisuni  accuracy  when  he  conaiderA  his  topics  insicnifl* 
cnnt ;  and  from  tliis  delVrt,  as  well  as  the  peculiarities  «f  hia 
Btyle,  it  il  sometimes  diilicTilt  lo  discover  his  meanins.  or  recon- 
cile his  Inconsistency  in  different  pa-siiees,  Donglas's  "  Sum- 
mary," which  is  replete  wnh  pieiu»li<"»*  and  partiality  when  il 
treats  of  New  England  Ptntes,  is  verv  frequently  Inacciiraie  wlu-a 
it  travel!!    bt-yotid  them. 

^  Trumbiil!  represents  the  Pi'tch  .ind  Swedish  poveriiors  ',n 
1613,  as  *'  uniting  in  a  crafty  desisn*'  to  cicludn  an  luhablUul 
of  New  Haven 'V'^m  trading  at  Delaware, 


|[      i&ir-i    J 


i.   .,i 


109 


PMtHid'il  inip  tin  iinrriciidty  |n'iu'i».     r,vnn  Oiin  (l(*frri'u 
nt'iitHiil  iiMiifuhorlHtnil  (li<)  iioi  Miib<>i«t  I'ur  iiriiiy  yiniti*. 

Vl  •iinvvlnti',   iiiiinl)t!il<>f<H  cuiihi-i  tirdi^initi;  vvcri*  ( iMi' 
litnially  nfciirriiiK   liitwiutii   New   Nftlu-rl.iiMlH  iiiiil  lliu 

PllllMI|f4  of  ('(UMIiM-liotlt  hikI  Mi!vv  ll-ivcii;  lllld  tItH 
r.iiKli-ti.  will)  liiul  riiriii 'rly  Iiupii  tli'>  niirti-'^  ('Diiipliiini' 
ot*.  now  b  •riiim!  tliH  ciiiiiiil.iiiiort.  Viwy  cliur^'fd  tli 
Uiiti-h  with  diMtiirlMiift,  kidiniiipirig,  mid  pliiiidi-rin^ 
their  iritdcrx ;  with  Miiiicing  Kt-rMiiiu  to  nd>  iiikI  df^ttrt 
froiii  thuiriiiKNlorrt  ;  ninl  with  xulhnjK  arim*  mid  ainiimiii- 
tiotilothi)  niilivKM.  'V\w  iiiirritrinlly  relutiniK  thiit  xuh* 
■HtiuJ  Im'Iwl'imi  the  lliitrh  tht'iUMtdvmt  and  tho  liidiaiirt, 
would  rmider  tliiit  lu^t  rharffo  ngaiiiKt  thiiiii  Dxircinuly 
imiirolrihlH,  ifit  wt-rt*  tint  kiiovvii  that  tliuir  cimiilrynii-ii 
in  V'.iirojm  lmv«,  on  vnruMin  occuHiniH,  niaiiiirartiirml 
and  MoliMo  tli(!ir  fniMiiit*^  thi>  rannctn  Imltti  whirh  tlit'y 
kiKfW  wnre  tu  hi*  tin*d  back  iiilo  their  own  townt*.  To 
all  thui«u  ci)in|)laiiiN,  tho  Kngli'th  cniild  obtain  no  other 
an!4Wer  rroiii  Kiell  l>iit  hati^hly  rejirnaehefi  and  ungry 
recriiniiiDtioii');  and  it  vvfiiv  partly  (r<Hn  ^iinpirion  ol'  Iin 
de^iiins  mid  lor  the  piirpo.Hu  ordereiidiiix  tlieinmdvf.i 
ogaiii-<l  Ihein,  thoiijfh  chielly,  no  donht,  lor  thuir  own 
lenirity  nffaiiMt  Indian  hoHtilitv.  that  the  New  V.ui^- 
land  eolnnii'H  were  induced  to  A>rin  tho  xrlieine  oftho 
ftib'rul  union,  which  tbev  carried  into  etVect  in  the  year 
lt)i;t.  Tlmt  the  roniplaint.t  of  the  KngliHli  ugain<4t 
Ki'd\  were  by  no  nieaiH  nntbiinded,  may  b»  dtronjrly 
inferred  from  the  Hirt,  that  the  sncceediiiK  governor  of 
New  Neth*'rhiiid«,  though  warmly  attached  to  the  caiiiw 
nf  hit  ronntryinen,  declined  to  make  any  mifiwer  to 
thi'fie  chaigi'x,  and  de^^ired  that  he  mi^hl  not  be  held 
re!<pon<«ibl<*  for  them.  And  yet  iiotwithitunding  their 
mutual  di.-4ngreeinenb(,  the  Dutch  and  Kiifflii^b  coloniHtft 
lir.'ver  HUtFered  tliem^etve^  to  forget  entirely  either  tho 
fornix  of  conrteny,  or  the  ninru  ><nhMtunlia)  rightfl  of 
humanity.  Kielt,  perhaps  with  more  piditeiieitii  than 
Hincerity,  congratulated  the  united  colonicM  on  the 
leagnu  they  had  formed ;  and  when,  in  the  cotirne  of 
the  ii.ime  year  be  applied  to  N"W  Haven  for  ut^irttance 
againni  the  liidiani*.  with  whom  he  w;i<t  mgiiged  in  u 
Idoody  and  da<i^eroiM  war,  the  government  of  thin 
colnny,  though  precliidiMJ  by  the  federal  nnioii  a^  well 
as  by  doithls  ot  the  JiiHtice'  of  the  Oiitch  caiine,  from 
embarking  separately  in  boHtilitie^,  tendered  the  amp- 
lui*t  cuiitribitlion  they  could  ntford  of  provisiotifi  for 
men  and  callle.  to  supply  the  Hcar'iry  that  might  have 
nri'ii'n  from  the  Indian  deva-Htatmiis.  So  iinwartike 
were  the  Dutch  colonists  in  general,  that  they  found  it 
iiiTf'.-tLirv  to  hire  the  nervices  of  (>aptain  I'lKkTliill, 
who  had  been  banished  from  Ho-^toii  us  one  oftbeas^to* 
ciat<"4  of  Mrs.  lliitcbiiHon.  and  wlio  at  the  lieaj  of  u 
niixeij  troop  itf  Kia'lnh  and  Dutch  whom  be  com- 
iii.iiub>d  i>ppo-'<'d  tlx'  Indians  with  a  .«kill  and  bravery 
(oat  provL'd  tiital  In  great  numbers  of  them  both  in 
Long  Island  and  on  the  main  luid.  and  was  thought  to 
have  saved  the  colony  of  New  Netberlaiidr  from  utter 
de-itrucUuii.  Notwithstanding  Uie  lu-fd  he  iiad  thus 
experienceil  of  Kiiiflisb  astii>4tiince,  and  the  benefit  be  | 
bad  derived  fr(  m  it.  Kieft  continued,  during  the  fol- 
lowing vr-ars,  lo  exchange  with  tin  colonies  of  Con- 
necticut and  New  Haven,  not  only  the  most  velii'ineiit 
remonsiranciM  and  vit  iperatinns,  but  miMi.ices  of  lios- 
libty,  which  happily  for  himself,  be  was  no  U'^s  unabb' 
than  tbev  were  unwilling  to  carry  into  etiecl.  lie  con- 
tinued all  this  time  to  he  involved  in  hostilities  with  the 
Indians,  between  whom  and  the  Dutch  there  was 
fought,  townrdd  the  conclu^ioti  of  the  udministration, 
[|t>4;i.]  a  great  and  genera)  battle  on  Strickland's 
Plain,  where,  after  an  obstinate  coiiHict  and  great 
filaugbleron  both  sides,  the  Dutch  with  much  dilHculty 
kept  the  lield,  and  the  Indians  withdrew  nnpursued.* 
kiell  was  succeeded,  in  the  following  year,  [lfJ47]  by 
the  lustoftbcgoveriiorHof New  Netherlands.  Tbiswas 
Peter  Stuyvenant,  a  brave  old  otticer,  and  one  of  tboi<e 
m  i^n^u*iinoufl  xpiriti^  of  which  the  republican  itervice  of 
Holland  was  in  the  ag';  nnusnatly  productive.  By  bis 
justice,  prudence,  and  vigor,  he  appears  to  have  suc- 
ceeded in  restoring  peace  with  the  Indians,  and  pre- 
(terving  it  uninterrupted  during  the  whole  of  hii*  aUini* 
nistration.  Kis  arrival  was  honored  by  an  address  of 
nongratulaticn  from  the  coinmis.sionerH  of  the  united 
colonies  of  New  Knglund,  accompanied  with  un  earnest 
entreaty  for  redress  of  the  grievances  they  bad  endured 

•"Trinnliiill,  1.  I14.~18r-I?.'iriai.  133.— NO.  IJ5  1j7.  161. 
BelkiiJip.  I,  dO.  Vt-t  ttie  ^re)it<>r  number  of  ilie  wriieifl  of  Ami! 
rictii  lii^diry  (cnpying  enrh  nthcra*  Btattfni>-iu<i  without  ex- 
uniinati<iiO  have  iiinen'-ilitiat  the  Duirli  wun'  nevi-rntire  itiv(ilve<t 
bi  a  (|'iarr«t  with  iht'  ritli.itirt.  O  ,e  old  writer,  inJceil,  whoHu 
W'irk  it*  very  scarce,  has  Htatcil  tl)<u  the  Dutch  wnre  continuilly 
bamflMil  lutt  KU'langereil  by  thr  Iiiiilnii.  Brief  Descriptmn 
of  NfW  yurlc,  funiii-rly  caile<l  Nt!'.v  Netlierlaii'la,  by  Daniel 
Dciiinii,  p.  M.  In  Snmucl  Suiittrn  Ifisuiry  of  .New  J>Tat!y, 
(p.  64.)  reference  ia  made  to  tuiiie  bloody  cuuletta  butwaeii  (lie 
DiMBltandlmliuft 


THE   HisToRv  or 


from  bis  predecessor.  One  of  tlin  niont  serioux  ofthe-^c 
grievunres  hud  latterly  been  llit>  fretpii'itt  sei/.iires  anil 
lonliMfNiiiiin  of  the  Knglish  trading  vessi-U,  on  the  pre 
tetico  of  infractions  of  the  custoin-hotise  regiilutioiis  of 
Now  Netherlands,  wliirb  the  Duieh.  with  insob-m  in- 
justice, refuted  to  explain,  and  y<'t  proceeded  to  eii 
force.  Stuyvesant,  though  he  declined  lojuslilv  moiih 
of  the  actsofhtH  predecessor,  returned,  lu  might  liavtt 
l)eHn  expected,  a  counter  claim  of  redress  for  the  wrongs 
of  New  Netherlandii,  iind  in  particular  demandei)  n  re- 
Ntoration  of  the  territories  of  (.'oiineeticnt  and  New 
Haven  this  was  a  hopelesH  demand;  and  Stuvvesant 
soon  perceiving  that  the  state  of  bis  title  and  of  bis 
forci>  would  barely  sulHco  to  prevent  further  invasion 
of  the  Dutch  pretensions,  was  ton  nrndent  (o  persist  in 
it.  AQer  various  negoeiattoiis,  [  IbTM).  J  a  treaty  was  at 
length  roncbided  between  the  commissioners  of  ihu 
Tnited  Knglisb  ('olonies  uikI  tbi.'  governor  of  New  Ne- 
therlands, iiy  which  the  settlements  of  the  resp(>ctive 
nations  on  Kong  Island  were  imitually  secured  to  them, 
and  a  boiindaiy  a-«certainetl  between  the  Dutch  settle- 
ment and  the  Connectirnt  and  \ewhuven  occupations  on 
the  main  land.  [M'><''>l]  This  treaty  was  not  productive 
of  the  good  conseipiences  that  were  expeited  frtnn  it. 
The  r.nglish  liad  passed  n  law  prnbihiting  the  Dutch 
from  trading  within  their  territories:  a  restriction  that 
was  highly  resenb'd  bv  (be  Dutch;  mid  the  disputes 
that  arose  concerning  the  observaiK-n  of  this  law,  toge- 
ther with  the  competiiion  of  the  two  nations,  to  engross 
the  profits  of  Indian  trade,  engeiitb'red  a  degree  ojiiiu* 
tual  jealousy  and  ill  humor  that  caused  them  to  regard 
each  other's  proceeding  and  jiolicy  thrnugb  a  very  un- 
litvorable  mediutn.  Tbe  treaty  seems  not  to  have  em- 
braced any  nrrangeiueiit  with  regard  to  the  Delaware 
territory,  and  Sttiyvesaiit  was  determined  to  preserve 
etitiru  all  that  yet  remained  niiiiivaded  of  the  Dutch 
pretensions  in  this  quarter.  In  support  of  these  pre- 
tensions be  was  soon  cmi-ttrained  to  make  such  ellorH 
to  resist  a  trading  settlement  winch  tbe  colony  of 
New  Haven  attempted  to  e-tablith  oji  tbe  borders  of 
Delaware,  as  lompletely  elVaced  everv  appearance  of 
good  understanding  between  the  Duleb  and  tbe  Kng- 
tisb  provincial  gttvernments.  The  breach  lietweeii  theiii 
was  widened  by  a  panic  excited  in  the  Knglish  settle- 
meiiLs  of  Conneclii'iilanil  New  Haven,  where  annuiber 
of  Indians  \nlunleeri'd  a  confession  of  a  prnjerted  mas 
s;icre  of  tbe  l'.ngli'*b,  to  which  they  declared  that  they 
bad  been  instigated  by  the  governor  of  New  Nether- 
lands, [ItvVJ.]  Tbe  only  conbrmation  of  their  story  that 
they  conbl  produce,  was  the  ninnninition  which  tbe 
Dutch  bad  been  always  in  the  practice  of  selling  to 
them,  and  wbirb  the  llnglisb  now  believed  the  more 
re-idilv  to  li:ive  been  siinplied  for  their  destruction,  as 
the  Indians  bad  frequently  employed  it  for  this  purpose. 
Nolwithsianding  the  coiilident  a.stiertions  ofa  respect- 
able historian  of  Connecticut,  this  cnnt'caon  appears 
to  ine  to  have  derived  tbe  credit  it  received  cbietly  from 
the  fears  and  prepossessions  of  the  r.nglish,  who  suirered 
themselves  to  be  made  the  dupes  of  perfidious  savages. 
whose  eiiinitv  would  have  been  gratified  by  the  de- 
struction of  eftber  of  tbe  races  of  their  powerful  neigli- 
bors.  What  may  be  thought,  indeed,  to  place  this  Ih^ 
yond  a  doubt  is,  that  im  future  conlirmation  of  the 
charge  was  ever  oblamed,  «ven  aller  tbe  fall  of  the 
Dutch  dominion  had  placed  every  facility  for  tbe  pro- 
curement of  evidence  in  tbe  hands  of  the  Knglisb.  The 
governments  of  Connecticut,  \ew  Haven, and  IMymoutb, 
however,  blinded  by  apprehension  and  resentment,  gave 
implicit  tiiith  lo  a  statement  discredited  no  less  by  the 
habitual  fraud  and  treachery  of  the  Indians,  than  by  the 
manly  and  honorable  character  of  Sniyvesant.  To  his 
indignant  denial  of  the  charge  they  uui^wered  by  remind- 
ing him  of  the  ina.ssacre  of  their  conntrytnen  by  the 
Dutch  in  Ambnyna.  about  thirty  years  before ;  and  to 
his  Jtist  exceptions  to  the  value  of  tbe  Indian  testimony, 
ttiey  replied  that  the  Dutch  governor  of  Amboyna  had 
sought  a  pretext  for  his  cruelty  in  the  charges  against 
the  Kngtish  which  he  extorted  by  torture  from  the  Ja- 
panese. The  absurdity  of  this  reasoning  forcibly  de- 
monstrates the  intensity  of  passion  by  which  they  were 
transported;  and  the  repeated  introduction  of  tbe  topic 
of  Ainhoynn  shows  as  clearly  the  strong,  but  uncon- 
scious, dominion  of  national  resentment  and  antipathy 
on  their  minds.  [IO,"»;j]  In  Mastacbti.setts,  the  evi- 
dence of  the  conspiracy  was  not  considered  satisfiictory ; 
nor  could  all  the  instances  of  their  confederates  prevail 
with  this  state  to  join  with  them  in  a  war  against  the 
Dutch.  Judging  their  own  forces  along  inade'piato  to 
such  an  enterprise,  the  other  colonies  applied  for  assist- 
ance to  Oliver  Cromwell,  who  was  tlien  engaged  in 
the  two  years*  war  with  Holland,  which  tlie  long  par- 
liament hud  beguu,  [  Ut34.]  and  who  promptly  uocoded 


In  tbeir  request  by  de'^patrliing  a  Mptadioii  lo  under"  kn 
lit  rniii  iirreiK"  wilb  (he  cnjoiiiid  trnnpn  an  iux.i^ioi    nf 

New  Netberliind-.  The  di'-igii  wa*.  llov^e^e|.  .irr)'«ted 
by  intelbg''nee  of  the  |)eat'e  ibat  hail  been  roiirtuded 
between  the  priiterlur  and  tbe  .^lates-gejieral.  and  Iiin 
Mpiarlriin  ba\iiig  fnriilu'il  (be  '•piril"  of  ibe  I  n^'li-b  < oIk- 
iiisIm  by  demoiistiating  to  tlieiii<.el\e>«  iiid  Unit  id\ei- 
siiries  the  vigor  with  which  a  powerful  govi  intiiini 
would  resent  tbeir  wrongs,  proceeded  kIiII  tiirlber  lo 
augment  their  security,  by  elVecting  the  (-oiii(iii-<<i  of  the 
Trench  province  of  Acadia.*  It  in  reiiiarkuble.  ihat 
the  treaty  of  peace  that  w;h  executed  at  tliiN  iniie  In  ■ 
Iweeu  Knglaiid  and  Holland  contained  no  e\pii-->o  albi- 
sioii  to  tbe  claims  nr  po^isi'SNions  of  either  iii  \oiili 
America;  but  as  it  was  stipulated  that  war  shoiiM 
cease,  and  peace  and  friendship  pn-vail  belvK  eii  all  tbe 
dominions  and  pe-tsesnions  of  tbe  l\^o  cmintn(>!'  in  idl 
oart-  of  the  wor  the  Dnglish  expedition  agaiiHt 

New  Netberlun  upon  ci terinandid,  the 

validity    of  tbe   i  ,aiin  to  this  terriliuy  seeiiM  to 

have  been  inanilestly  iinphed,  and  practualty  ncknow* 
ledged. 

It  was  in  tlic  Delaware  territory  that  Stuyvt*sant  tn<>«* 
resolutely  and  successfully  defend'  d  th(^  claini"  of  his 
countrymen  against  the  inxitions  of  the  .New  r.iigi:.ud 
colonists  and  the  Hweden  As  the  war  between  the 
Dutch  and  tbe  Swedes  during  KieIVs  administration 
had  in  some  respects  resembled  a  pence,  *o  tUv  peace 
that  ensued  bore  no  little  resemblance  lo  a  war.  To 
check  tbe  encrnaehments  wliirh  these  settb-rs  were 
continually  attentpting  Siuy\osaiil  had  erected  a  fort  u 
a  place  then  called  New  Auixtel.  and  aHerwards  \t>w- 
lle.  This  proceeding  ga\e  umbrage  to  the  Swedes, 
who  expressed  their  displeiisnre  in  a  prnlesl,  %\bu'b, 
with  the  usual  fate  of  such  doeiinients,  was  totally  dis- 
regar  ied.  About  n  year  afterwanl-*,  Ki«iingb.  tbe 
Swedish  governor,  proceeded  with  an  armed  vessel 
against  the  Dutch  fort,  and  obtaining  adniis«ii)ii  into  il 
by  a  stratagem  r«oniewhat  diseredilahle  to  bi"  own  buii 

sty,  as  well  as  to  the  vigilance  of  its  defeiMler'^.l  be 

a'fily  overpowered  the  garrison,  and  expelled  them 
with  violence,  but  without  cruelly,  not  only  t'roin  their 

iroiig  bold,  but  from  the conltnes  of  Del:iw:ire  l>uring 
the  diort  time  that  the  fortress  remained  in  bi^  |>o?'s<-s< 
latne  of  <'liristin:i.  in  rtiuipbment 
eden.  Stiiyvesaiil  was  not  of  a 
unely  to  >>uch  ai.  ouir'itf)',  or  to 
iiipli*  recapliiicidllie  l()rl.  He 
..d  subdue  the  whole  Swedish 
sellleinent ;  but  <le>iitute  of  a  force  Hutbcient  for  Ibis 
'titerprise,  and  fully  occupied  at  the  time,  wiih   a  con* 

rover^v  more  dangerous  to  bis  govtirmnent  a-*  well  as 
more  interoting  to  his  honor,  be  wascoiisiraiiied  to  ap- 
ply for  reinforcemeiil  to  the  West  India  company, 
rliis  corporation,  however,  was  then  laboring  under 
*ucli  embarrassments,  thai  it  was  only  by  a  friendly 
-ontribiition  of  tbe  city  of  .\msterdatu.  that  its  admin- 
istrators were  at  leiigib  able  to  supply  ,'^tnyve>ant  with 
mall  body  of  vronps.  Thus  reiiiforced.  he  niarclied 
into  Delaware.  [It!.'!.'),]  wlieie  the  Swedes  bad  employed 
tbeir  leisure  in  erecting  anothei  fort,  as  if  they  bad  in- 
leiided  todefeii'l  their  pretensions  t(^  tbe  lasl  extremity. 
Itiit  no  somier  did  they  find  themselves  ulxmt  to  he 
attacked  in  earnest  by  a  warrior,  whose  liostililieti  were 
not  conlined  to  Ntratagems  and  protesln,  uik*  piiceived 

"iiat  their  forts  failed  to  answer  their  tine  object  of  in- 
titnidaling  the  eneniy  from  approaching,  than  Ibey 
peaceably  surrendered  them,  together  with  the  wliidu 
of  their  .setdiineiiLs,  to  tbe  lorce.s  of  Stnyvesanl.  This 
conquest  of  Delaware  wn.n  ctV.'cled  without  bloodshed  ; 
a  circumstance  the  more  extraordinary,  as  it  certainly 
did  not  arise  from  absence  of  tbe  ]iiission:i  from  which 
this  fatal  extremity  might  be  expected  to  cn»ue:  for 
many  of  the  Swedes  detested  the  Dutch  so  conlially 
that  they  chose  to  return  to  Kurope  and  to  aliandon  a 
country  they  bad  called  a  paradise,  rather  than  submit 
to  a  union  with  tbe  colony  of  New  Netherlands.  To 
this  extremity,  however,  the  rest  were  redneetl.  ami  tbe 
st^ttlenient  for  some  yrnrs  continued  to  be  ruled  in 
peace  by  a  lieutenant-f  •  vernor  appointed  by  Slnyve- 

*  Ol.lmixon,  i.  119  Chio 'lem.  o74.  Trnit.bull.  I.  Mis.  171. 
)H*(.  1»1— 3.  197.  nyi.1(H.  21i,  -.ilf).  'iiO.  2'17.  Suiilh,  (i.  The 
wiinln  vnluniinnUH  r<HTCB|Hii.tlencp  tli.it  look  pliirf,  liudi.  on 
thin  occiflioa  and  nfierwwnln,  liftwreu  ihc  guvfiimrs  ef  ili« 
Diilcl)  iind  Eiigbflh  coUuiies,  is  prcKrved  in  HiiziinlV  Lollection, 
vol.  ii, 

(   "  Rir«ingh,    under  the  disguise  of  friemNhip.   renip  iK'fi)rfl, 

tho  works,  hred  two  sabiie«,  lunl  iHiidHil  thirty  in who  »era 

eiU()rinlne<l  hy  the  roinniaiulmit  h«  triendu ;  hui  he  hml  im  nonn,'! 
ilisrovereil  the  weakness  of  tlie  riirri-*on  ihun  l>u  itiikIu  hluisetf 
uMiitKr  of  it,  flcizmtf  it'^ii' >ip<>»  al<  the  iinununuliin  li'iiise^,  UMd 
oilier  t(Terl:<  of  thu  Wi-nt  linlian  coinphuy.  iind  nnnirt'tliMS  -evcrn 
iif  the  |>tiopleloi-"ear  allegiance  ti>  Chriatam,  (lueen  of  Swedeu 
SniKh. 


sion.  it  received  I 
lo   the   Uneeii 
lisposition  to 
onlent  biuise' 
letermined   U 


N  O  11  T  II     A  IM  I    K  I  C  A. 


to  iimlir*'  krt 
II  iii\ii4iiii  nf 
ii'M'f.  nrrt"*ti'(l 

iMral.  .'tiiil  liiii 

•  I  ii^li-li  Mtti'- 
il   llii  II  ;iil\fi- 

ll    ^IHi  IIMIIt  III 

Ktill  liirllM'r  10 
iill(|llt'<«l  nl'  lint 

iitiiikiilili'.   tliiit 

I  tllH  Iltllf  lu- 
ll l'\|l|V^'.  Illlll- 
tJKT     ill     \(Mlll 

i(   war   jtlioul.l 

ii>t\Nt  ell  all  lli<t 
itlH'ii    111    hII 

iiMlitjoii  ii^;iiii*t 
i-rtiiaii(li-<l.  tlio 
ilmv  Mt'i'iii'*  to 
liiRll)    iukiio'.v* 

Inyvfiiitii  m»'-* 
i»  rlaiin'*  '»''  I'i* 
■  Niw  r.ngiLiiil 
ir  hflwi'fii  the 
iiiJlniiiiMlratiuu 

-I',   fO    llll'    IHMI'l' 

to  a  war,      To 

•  tn'ttlt-ri  wfre 
tTt'ittMl  a  (nrl  u 

to  III.'  Sw.'.lfn, 
prutiNt.  \N  Illlll, 
\\»s  totall)  (lirt- 
*.    Iti^in;.'!..   tliH 

II  IiniHll      Vt'HK.'l 

iiJiiiiNxinii  iiKo  il 
to  \\\<  own  liiMi 
<  (Ii'Ii'IhIitm.I   Iki 

I    t'Xpfllfll     till-Ill 

onlv  iVoni  llirir 
ivvafi'.      iMiritiy 

(I   ill     lil^     pO^JiCH- 

,  ill  roui|>liiiH>iit 
tilt  wa-i  not  ol'  a 
I.  oiitrniff,  or  lo 
nl'tiii'  lort.  Ml! 
whoji-  Swedish 
iillicicnt  lor  llii« 
me,  with  a  roii- 
iineiit  ni  well  as 
otistraintMl  to  np- 
liulia  coiiipaiiy, 

lahoriii^  itmltT 
Iv  hv  a  fViiMiilly 
li.  tliat  it^adiiiin- 
Stnvvf.-ant  with 
ciil,  hf  niar<lM'(l 
hadt'iiiphtviMl 
irthry  liaa  in- 
tin-  lasli-'xtriMiiiiy. 
Ivr-*  alioiU  lo  be 
*(■  linstilili's  wiT.) 
uiu*  prifi'iyiMi 
trill'  ohjt'cl  oliii* 

Inti^,  than  llii'V 
*  Willi  llll'  wholu 
liiyvcsanl.  'I'lii^ 
ithniil  hloiKlshi'il; 
rv.  as  it  t't-rtaiiilv 
>ttoii;>  IVoin  whii-li 
llll  to  i'n>iM';  lor 
iilch  HO  corilially 
atid  lo  atiaiulnii  a 
•iillicr  lliaii  siihinit 
iNfthrrlaniN.     To 

rtMlmi'il.  ami  Ilie 
il  to  he  riilt?<l  in 
)iiite(I  by  Smyve- 

ruti.bull.  1.  Itw-  171. 
2((7.  Stniih,  li.  Tlie 
(link  piiirc.  Will.  'Ill 
l\\n  giivfrimrn  t.r  ihe 
HiixanrifCoMecliun, 

itship,  rniiip  l)pri>rn. 
iliinv  mm.  wli"  were 

tuii'ite  hntl  im  H.>iMi.-f 
Ir.ui  I'l-  iimiU-  liiinself 
niiiiiU'to  ti'iii^'e-'.  'i"ii 
.1(1  n.iDpflli'R  -eviTfl 
a,  liueeii  olbwwlcu 


Mnl.  ThiH  iiii'i>MiMtr(l  hy  i\w  purnit  Htiitt',  It'll  ihn  only 
roioitv  ill  it  Swi'ilrii  i\iT  ha*  po--"!'*-.!!!.  'I'lif  hir>- 
loniiii  VMtiilil  h''^>'  li!tl<'  prrli'ii^inti  lo  pii-ly  nr  \irtiit< 
who  uunlil  ih'ti'lt'  a  MimhiIi  hi  a(l|ii«liii<  iiI  ol  iialion.il 
(li«piii''>«'  Ihii  III  tiiiiiiriHit  li(Mtililii-«,  a  iii'W  li'uiiiri'  itl 
Dpitrnhriiiui  i"  ailil'Ml  to  ilii>  iiinral  a-pi'ii  ol'war  >V  hm 
wi' rerollci  tlli.it  t:ir-«t'  Swl■^ll•^  wif  filKpr  lh»'   *ul)|it  Im 

nrfiii-lauH  AiliilpliK-*.  nr    th*'     in ilialc   ih-«<  I'liiLtiil-* 

(iriiin  ^uhi<'^lN.  ami  wlini  wi>  tco  ihfin  printikr  u  wiir 
by  rriiMil  anil  mitrugi'.  ami  llii-ii  ilrf  Iiiim  it  by  tami'ly 
•.iibmiiliMK  In  lh<-  ohji'it  nl'  lln'ir  iiHiill  iii<l  lialrnl.  il 
mil"!  t»'  arkliowh'ilt'iil  that  liny  liuw  luiarffiil  iIh*  i.i- 
t.ilo^iK- nl'llin"'-  n  iliitiM   whiwr   '•itirit   lia.-'    iii';{i'iiL'ruli'i| 

in  thi'ir  rolomal   ^I'ltl ul>*      'I'm'   hiilili    lia\i'    h> ni 

fCi-n'rallv  nbnoxioiiN  lo  Ihn  rr-iiiark:  ami  thor  rnmliht 
in  Ni'vv  Ni'ilifrlamUwill  m-M-r  hr  >  itcd  uo  mi  r\n*piun( 
1(1  \U  applir  ition.  Ail  thnr  rolun'r*  liavi*  bi'cn  thr 
DirHpriiix  III'  niotivi'**  no  IiikIiiT  tli;in  ihi'  lhir«l  ol  rofii- 
iiicicial  ji'iin  ;  .iiid  tlii'  h:iiiii<  fx-ntiim  nli  which  rnLnif*!! 
thrill  to  i-\l<  nil  tliiMr ilninininiH,  \m\f*  ^.'railiially  ohlili>- 
rated  ihf  i  iicr^'y  that  wan  reipii!>iti'  In  their  di't'eiice 
and  prejuervjitioii.  Tli'  \alnr  n(  Sliiyrs-unl'  rather  le- 
ptnached  than  aitiinaii'd  ihe  fhiff^i<«li -pint  oihU  lellnw- 
rolniiipitx,  whom  hi.<4  example  innld  ne\er  leaili  eillier 
In  ri'|M'l  inimttire  with  -|tiiil.  or  lo  bear  it  wilh  ili^'iiity. 
Net  llnllainl  wiiA  iinw  m  lIu'  iiirrMliaii  ol' her  binie;  and 
tlii>i  wan  the  ajfeol'l  loini)  and  He  Itnyter. 

The  alteiilioii  whiih  liail  been  uwakem-d  in  the 
mother  riutrilry  to  the  Klaie  nC  the  inlnny  ol'  New 
NellierlamN,  was  niainluiiieil  In  the  pruHprrnuH  rej-iilt 
oriiei  reielit  iliterpn-^ition,  and  liirlh*<r  rvinred  il^ell'  In 
llll!  rnllnvvitiK  yi'ar  |  lii.'tii)  by  a  rnn'>li(iitioii  wbieh  wa.i 
t-narteii  hy  tlm  \Ve«t  Imlit  rompaiiy  iiiid  the  hiir^'o- 
inn^ler.i  of  Ani'-lrnlaiii.  and  npjiriued  by  the  Stales- 
^(■m.:il.  Tlii''nistrnin<'nt  pro\  ided  that  the  foliinisis 
ol"  New  .Netlierlaiids  were  tu  he  ruled  in  liiliire  by  a 
fEuvernor  iinintnated  hy  the  d-pniii-s  iil'  Aiii--terilai)) ; 
and  by  bniT^ninasters  iMid  a  town  i-rMinnl  elerted  hy  the 
people  llieinselves;  the  rnniiril  therealb-r  enjoying;  the 
power  nl  tilling  up  all  \  ir  ineie.t  In  hmowii  hmly.  Some 
HUi'h  I'oiHtitMlioii  as  Ihin,  appears  to  have  been  already 
esiuhtlslied  iii  New  Neiherl.inds  ;  and  the  alleiiiiiui  nl' 
till!  nmlher  lotinlry  het.Miiiiin;r  >oon  lo  relax,  with  lie 
rleelini!  of  iIk;  rnlony's  pnt^perity,  no  I'lirllier  ali<  nipt 
nt^enis  Id  Ii,i\e  been  iiiaili'  to  intmilnee  the  proi-'teij 
ulleratinn.  The  \Vi  ^<l  India  roinpaiiy,  linwe\er,  Iraiis 
milted  a!>uiil  this  time  lo  Sinvvesinii,  a  r.ilitiralioii  Ihey 
had  proriired  Iroiii  the  Staies-^eneral  nriiis  treaty  in 
lii.'tO  with  the  ('oiiiniHSKiiiers  of  the  nmied  tji^lmh 
ruliniies.  The  Diilrli  ^'o\ernnr  giive  iintiee  ot'thiseir- 
nnnstanee  In  lli^  t-nnnms.«inm>rs,  in  a  letter  replete 
with  I'lirisiian  henHvolmre  and  piety  ;  nid  proposed  to 
llieiii  that  a  iVieiidly  leaijne  ami  -iii'ere  ^ooil-will 
iiii^hl  thencerorwant  unite  the  entonies  nt'  Knt'laml  and 
Holland.  Hnl  tin*  rn;.'lish  were  aversL'  In  believe  the 
fluieerity  of  a  man  wlioin  tliey  had  recently  ari  used  ol' 
plolliii!:  their  deslrnelioii  with  Ihe  Indians;  ami,  be- 
L'innuit;  to  re^anl  ihe  IMilch  ocmpiitioii  as  allo^etber 
lawless  and  intriiHive,  they  were  determined  nut  lo 
laiu'tinii  il  by  any  iiew  recn^iiltinn.  The  eninini'tsiori- 
eff*  unsweri'd  the  fjovernnr's  cnnimnnitation  with  aii>- 
UTtMivilily ;  re(-niniiieiidni<;  Ihe  ednliiinaiice  of  peaee, 
but  det'liniiif^  either  tn  ratily  llio  lormer  treaty  or  to  ex- 
ectile  ..  new  om;.  They  h.id  be^Min  tn  cnteriaiii  siroiiK 
litipes  liiat  the  Mii^lish  <;overinm'iit  would  iimli>  with 
lliuin  111  re^ardin;;  the  Dnlili  sellter-^  in  Aineiic:i,  As 
iiiiTe  ininidei-s  who  eoiild  ilerive  no  rl.iiin  nl"  rnrbe.ir- 
aiiL'u  rrnin  Ih"  peai'f^  with  llnlland.  and  wlmin  il  would 
he  no  |"ss  put  than  expedient  lo  expel  or  siibdiie. 
Their  tViends  in  r.n;:l:tiii|  succeeded  in  Inipres-^ini; 
liv'se  views  upon  Richard  Cronuvell;  [HmD.]  and  dii- 
r\iii^  bis  short  I'lijoymeiit  of  lilt'  protertorate.  he  nd- 
dressLMl  instructions  to  lii!i  roininanders  for  an  invasion 
ot  i\ew  >ielherhmd!«,  and  wrolH  lellers  to  ihi'  Kn'ilisli 
colonial  govermneiitp,  dcoiring  the  conrurreiirc  ol"  their 
lorcL's  in  liie  enterprise.  But  bin  speedy  deposition 
fpared  hiinthe  actual  guilt  of  attacking  an  nnoll'ending 
people,  whom  bin  hither  had  plainly  considered  luconi* 
prehemled  in  his  pacihcation  wilh  Holland. 

Meanwhile,  Stuyvctant  had  niadu  attenipLs  to  im- 
prove bis  conquest  of  the  Swede;*  hy  extending  the 
liiitch  seltleineiitH  iu  Delaware;  and  e<|uitablti   as  well 

*  Thi.t  i{iilljuit  vetemii  illil  nut  uil  to  allract  a  poriitin  of  that 
jillc  rumor  and  absurd  pxa^itoraliiin  to  which  Koliiary  siipen- 
unty  is  exposml.  To  tlie  Kiitflish  lio  was  a  suhjiM't  ef  contin'ial 
in.irul  ;iiiil  iii>|)ri'iienMnn.  Mn  had  lost  a  U'l'  in  tislttnii!  f«ir  tho 
iiKlcpL'iideiice  m  Mollaiid  :  and  the  Ell^li!lh  iK'lieved  that  his  ar- 
iiiii'  ii  liiiiij  xvas  Hiade  of  silver  (Josselyn.  153) ;  and  wiih  still 
f!iiMir>r  LTtMlulity,  tliat  he  reHtrainod  the  Dulch  colnnistH  rrom 
iMiiiiuiliale  luistilities.  with  Iliem,  tliat  ho  niiitht  dcslrov  thorn 
iiinro  inielly  Us  ih.-  hiii>ls  ol  the  liidiiiii.;  (Tniiiilnill,  WI)  :  so 
"(11  did  lif  covvr  llio  dflU'ii'ticy  of  his  cuuiiirvmrii's  imhtary 
brdjr.    Tliu  UUle  uf  the  ttilvur  luit  U  alio  related  by   niomtt. 


rui  liravr.  he  caused   ibe  territory  which  hf!  nr'  .i|   ,..     .,, 

be  l,iiiU   piiiebaotd   linin  the  IniliiiiH.      hul  '-  -  Mitif-M 

in   iliM  ipMtter  wa<<  imw  driWHU  lo  a   <  ln»e       |-emlal 

lite  ^oM'rnnr  nl    Maryland,  i  Ijiiniril  ibe    drritiiry  nccii- 

iiieil   by    the    Diilib  ami   Hwed* .«.  .ix     inrltided    within 

l.nid   Halllliinre's    f||:ini;    and    llmbllK    thai    SliiyMoiM 

wan  determined  tn  rel.nii  \\\,-  pos-entiitn  jiint  deit  ml  v>i 

Kiippoted    lide    ol' bi4    •  miiitry ,  lie  prneiir*  d    a    r<  imtn- 

^iranie  tn    be    lran«imlled    in    the  name  n|'  ).otd  Ihdn- 

nmre   tn  the  Stales  (Mtieral  ami  the  \\  •>•(  hnha    (niii- 

nany  .whn,  w  itli  an  iiMeroinn  of  tbrir  iioital  pnlicy,  pub* 

ticly  denied  Ihe    prel*  n>iom<  el  the  I  ii)ili«li.    but   al    the 

same  tune  trun'<imil'<l   private  iMib-rs  lo  SliivM^anl   lo 

a\nid  hoi>tilitie4,  it  ihry  fliniild  Hiem  bkely  to  vn^ne,  hy 

letiriiitf  b'-uiiid    Lord    Itahiinore's    alli-ui-il    boundary. 

Tint   ininiK  noil  wascmnphed  with,  ibniiuh   iml  In  lite 

exient    nl'    .ill   entire     e\.iniatmii    ol    Ot-I.iware,   when 

rhailert  Calvert  a  lew  years  aller  asKiinied  the  ^o\ern- 

inent  ol"   Marvlilld.*     Stuyve-aiit  dieply  deplored    Ihe 

lei  ble    pobr\     i>l    those   W  linsr    inaildaleH    he     lilt     II    Ills 

duty    III    oliev  ;     ami    setifihle    ipI    Ihe    total    dlrcreiht   in 

wbieh  the  Oiilch  tilte  would  he  in\oKid  by   lbn<4    prar- 

tieidly  uxowiiitf  that  ils  niainlenaiice    depeiiilid  on  the 

Ibrbeuraiire  ol'  t!ie  l.tttfliHli,  he  earnestly  i-oliiiled  thai  a 

rormal  copy  ol'  the  grant  by  the  SlaUw  (iem-ral    lo  Ihe 

W  e-t   India    i'oiiipany    iiii^r)|(   |,i>    Iraii'^niiiled  lo    .New 

iNetherliindo,  lo  cn.ible  him  in  a^.-^ert,  wilh  pioper  t'orm 

'  and  dignity,  the   inlere-l  he  was    inirnsied    in   didend. 

.  Itnt  his   appliealioiis    prnwd   nietVectnal.     'I'he  Si'Ues 

'  (leiieral  were  now    iiinie  anxiniH   than  e\'     In  a\i..<l  a 

riipliire  Willi  l.n^diind;  and  (lie  W'oi  Indi..  roinpai... 

•  liner    lonrurrili;;  with    tle-ir   policy,  or  lonliollid  b. 

Ibeir  orders.  let'iiM'd   to  exlnhii   a  til'le  [IliliU]  ol"  whirii 

they  (eared  that  Sliiy  ve«aiit  w  oiild  iiiiike  r-ueli  an  iHe  as 

!  would  inrallibly  proMike  lh.it  e\iremily       Perbap"  ibey 

'  tbouubl  thai  Iiih   prudi-m  e    wmild  be  i'ii;orced    by  the 

cniiirionoiiess   oC   a  derecti\e    tille ;    and    such    was  ar 

<  least  Ibe  eU'ert    that    their    policy    ai'lii.illy     produred. 

'  Sliiy  vemiiit,  wilhng  by  any  hdiiorable  nii-aiis  to    propi- 

I  dale  the  I  nuli^h,  and  bopin^  lo  obtain  :i  rei-oumtion  nt' 

'  the  title  which  be  wax  nihible  tn    produce,  xntt   an   em* 

■  liasf.y  In  Sir  William  Herkeley,  the   iin\frnnr   ol   \  irui- 

nia,  to  propose    a  treaty  of  iniitiial  liaile  between  lhi« 

colony  and  .New  .Nelherlands,  and  an    alliance    a^ain>l 

the   liiilian  enemies    nl'   holb.      Herkeley    received    Ibe 

I  ainhasxadors  with   niiicli  rourle''y.  and  d>-spalc|ied  Sir 

Henry  Moody  lo  .New  .\ellierlaud'«,  with  the  terms  ot 

a  cnnmiercial  treaty;  but  he  look  care  to  derhiie  every 

expression  that  nil^ht  seem  eilber   lo   neknowledge,   or 

even  apply,  assent  lo  Ihe  temiorial  pretensituH  id'  the 

Dutch. 

'I'he  nuthnrilicH  whose  dominion  in  Knglnnd  was  ter- 
minated by  lite  Itestnration.  had  been  reparded  with 
eoniiiiual  uneasiness  and  apprehension  by  Ibe  colonists 
of  iN'ew  Netherlands  The  long  parliament  bad  at- 
l.'icked  their  country  men  in  l.iirope;  Croiiiwell  hail 
once  been  on  the  point  ol"  snbdiiinif  the  eolony  ;  and 
only  tlie  deposition  nl'  Ins  siicce-^sor  had  ai'atn  >niltclied 
them  rrom  a  repeliiion  of  tlie  same  daii^nT.  1 H'  tin- 
governnieul  ol'  ('harles  the  Secnml  they  were  di-po-ed 
lo  entertain  more  liivorable  liope<i,  w  liich  uiii.'lit,  per- 
h'i)is,  derive  some  I'oiiftrinalion  I'rom  Ihe  well-known 
Diet,   that  llieir  rivals,  the   New  l!ni;h>h  colonist.s.  were 

as  much  di-^liked  by  the  king  as  they  bad  I n  I'avora- 

bly  rei-ardeil  hv  the  proleeior.  Accordingly,  when  the 
pitrsiierH  nt'linlle  .and  Whallev,  ballled  in  ihiv.  atleinpt> 
lo  recover  the  retreat  ot'  tlie^e  I'ngi  .ve  recieides  m 
.New  riiL'land.  bcMiu^'hl  Stnvvesanl  tn  deny  them  his 
prolectton  in  New  .Nelherlands.  (.Hilil J  (le  readily 
ser/cd  Ihe  opportnnily  nl'  ingralialing  bio  colony  with 
the  Kiiglish  court,  by  undertaking;  tn  giveinvianl  noliie 
of  the  arrival  ol'  any  of  the  regicides  wjrhin  his  juris- 
diclion,  and  tn  prohibit  all  vesseh  Troin  transporting 
IIh'Iii  beyond  ihe  reach  ol'  ibeir  niirsiierH.t  llul  this 
policy,  which,  it  must  he  cont'essi'd,  is  not  the  mosi  ho- 
liorablu  trait  of  his  tiduiinislration.  proved  utterly  un- 
availing; and  every  hope  that  the  Dnicli  might  have  en- 
turtained,  nt"  an    amehuration  of  their  prospects,  was 


•  Sec  ante,  U.  in.  One  I'liuse  of  llie  iii'irlei'l  ularh  New 
NL'thtTlaiiils  exjHTientcd  fiuin  llic  Diilrh  U'esl  Indi.i  Com- 
[Kiiiy,  .seenis  lo  lnvi-  been  lh»t  the  HlttMilmn  and  ri'sr-irccs 
of  Ihe  Coinpnnv  were  ahsorhpd  by  ihe  elTrnts  tlicy  iimde  to 
inniiitain  the  rich  setthMoent  thcv  had  wrested  fmin  Ihe  P'T- 
tn«aeso  in  South  America  Soo  Sotilhey's  History  of  llraxil, 
Part  1. 

t  Trumbull,  i.  'M5  It  wax  mditrinu^,  a:  the  time,  lli.it 
r.offc  and  Whallev  were  sheliere.l  williin  Ilic  leriimry  of 
New  linven,  uhere  Ihe  lor.il  iiuthnnnes  and  the  tiilial>ltaiiU. 
so  far  from  assisting.  ha'I,  with  vrry  litllo  disguise,  olistrurtcii 
and  defeated  the  ati»ni|tis  \n  appreliend  llieni.  This  conduct, 
of  a  ponple  who  !i;id  penilr;iilv  dislHwulshed  themselves  by' 
enmity  to  the  Dntili.  I:  i.i  pM>h:il)lv  smne  wiMshl  in  imlurin? 
S(avve-.ant  lo  ple.]i;o  iniiiM-ii  to  a  procecilmn  which,  he  seems  j 
not  tn  have  been  aware,  won' <  havo  cotnpromi«ed  Uie  honor 
and  mdependenro  of  hit-  rouniTv.  ' 


'Jiecdily  dis^ipited  Dy  IIim  intelligenn-  ol  ileiigun  rfl 
lertaiiicd  hy  Ibe  king  ol  I  ii;  I  .ml  riiArlni*.  ll.nn^b  he 
had    riciweil,  during   llo'    e\di'.  ini>r<     ItKioMup     <ii>l 

ciTihly    Irmn  (he  |)ni' h    llxli    Irnin  any    nib*  i    | ^n 

power,  t  \en  regarded  the*  p»  i.ple  with  i  iimity  and  a\.  r- 
-iniitiiiul  he  w  ,14  the  liinre  ib>*pn>ed,  al  pie-i-m  In 
t  odiracf  ;tiiv  loeofiire  that  nngbl  humble  Die  niliiig 
pjirt\  III  Hntland,  by  the  iMIin  ol  he  lilt  in  a  urjilMi 
raclmn,  at  the  head  oT  w  Im  b  was  his  ii'  pbi  w,  tie  yniiiig 
IVince  ol  *  Iran^ie,  w  Ikmii  he  desired  to  m-c  rein.Hl  il»  d  in 
the  iithce  ol'Sladtholder.  which  Iiin  ancestors  had  po«- 
.,i'«..,.(l ;— uii  olhie  whieh  the  rnbiiL'  parly  hud  plni^ed 
iheinieUi  ..  lo  1'roniwell  ne\er  auain  in  h'e-tnw  on  the 
Hninge  I'amily.  [  Ililiil.J  Tlie-e  xeiinoii  m^  ut'ie  i  u* 
tontd  by  the  iiin'reot  and  nrueiicy  nt  llie  Duk"  id  ^ink 
whii  hail  placed  htni>M-ll  at  the  head  ol  a  Ni  w  Alii'  ill 
lumpany/  and  lound  iln  commetre  nopeoiil  b\  iI.h 
more  siiccensrnl  tralhc  ol'  the  IhiIcIi.  In  iioii.itinii  nt 
die  Other  (onrliers,  ibe  Duke  badalMicaoI  Inn  i  Wx  on 
Ihe  Aiiieriiaii  lerrdoiy,  wbnh  be*  Inolher  wan  now  ilis. 
Iiibuling  With  fO  liberal  a  band;  iind,  ai  i  oidiii!.  ly  .  in 
addilinii  lo  the  nihcr  rcaMtn-*  w  hieh  In'  eiiipln\id  to 
ptnmole  a  rupture  w  ilb  the  Dutch,  he  Mdiciti  d  a  ^iiinl 
id'  Ibeir  .North  Ameriiaii  plaiilalinn-.  on  the  pre\.>iling 
plea  thai  tiiey  had  be*-n  niiffiiijlly  iiMUpi'd  licin  li.e  U  r- 
rilory  pinperly  belnnumg  lo    Itrilain.     The    mtlm  nci* 

ol'  the^e  iiinlivcH  oil  the  lllind  ol'  the  king  wax  i!nubl- 
less  aided  by  ibe  desire  lo  strike  a  Idnw  lliat  wniilil  t  ih 
lone  the  arhilrioy  (onimisHion  be  was  )ireparili(;  lo 
xeiid  lo  \i>w  I  ni'lalid,  and  leacb  the  piiriti.n  i  olnni^tn 
iber-  thai  II  was  m  the  power  ol  their  prince  tn  xubdiie 
!i      "lieuiies  in  .America. 

The  riininr  ol  the  king'n  inteiilioiifi  apjieiir"  lo  havo 
reached  .Viiienea  bel'ore  it  was  griieralls  pn  \alrnt  in 
lairope;  owing  to  the  vigilaine  .'Uid  acliMiy  id' ibe 
niiineroiiM  IricniN  ol'  the  I  ngli^b  coloni.iis.  wl.n  w.ii<h. 
I'll  and  appriM-dlhem  fd'ibc  ileMgiiM  nt'llie  court.  \\  hen 
the  .-i>iMoi'i;iti(ui  ol'  the  rnyal  cniiiinissioii.  wdh  li.e  e.xpe- 
dilinii  agaui"!  .New  .Netherlands,  was  kiiuwii  In  tke  in- 
b.ibiiaiils  ol'  .New  I  ngland,  lln-  hrsi  pieee  ol  iniellii>eiM  e 
appeared  lo  thi'in  much  more  nnweUome  ihan  the 
other  was  satisr.ietory.  In  .\las-ncliu-etls.  parlieiil  irly, 
Ihe  proceeihiig-«  nl' the  geiieial  roiiit  M'lined  to  iiidiciilo 
a  siroiiL'  apprehension  that  the  iniiiiary.  no  \ry»^  th.iiilht* 
eivd  depiirniieril  ol'  the  rxpeibtinii.  was  nil'-iiih'd  tn  Iik 
emplnyeil  aL'aui«l  the  liberties  ol'  the  1  n;'lish  (  nloiii'-ls. 
Sliiyvesant,  whose  anxioui  eye  rxplnreil  the  d.irkeiiing 
bori/on  nl'  Iih  couiilry  's  lorlune.  di'^i-erned  tbeor  ..\  mp* 
loiiH  ol'  dissatislaelioii  in  the  .New  1  ngland  '«i'irleui<  nrs, 
anil  cniice)\i-d  Irom  tliein  the  hold  pinp  it  nl  oblaining 
the  alii  nice,  or  al  least  securing  ihe  neutrality .  nl' bin 
ancient  enemies.  With  this  \iew  (apparently .)  he  iiit- 
derlook.  Ilr>t.  a  voyage  to  .Ma'^sachu^etls,  where  be  wai* 
eiilert, lined  hy  the  i^o\eriinr  and  ma^'inlrales  witl 
much  stale  and  .solemnity.  I'onuer  ri\!tl>lnp  was  lor 
UnMeii  III  the  season  nl'  cnminoii  d. Niger,  nr  liiiieinber 
I  nnly  lo  enhance  the  respect  wilh  whIeh  I  ndicol  and 
luy\es,'iiii  recoi;ni.sed,  eaeli  ill  the  oilier,  an  ageih 
bra\e.  and  \irlunus  cbainpiou  nl'  bis  i oiinlry's  cause. 
I'erhaps  some  inices  ol' the  elllcl  nt' this  cnnt'ereiice 
may  be  ib-reriied  in  the  ."lowiieHs  withwbirh  .Masss- 
cbusells  obeyed  the  reipnsition  ol'  ihe  roy  il  comuiaiiderii 
lo  raise  a  body  of  men  ill  aid  ol"  the  iiivasinti  of  .New 
Netherlands.  Hut  it  was  iuipnssible  that  Stiiv\e*'ant'!« 
negniialinn  could  succeed,  or  bis  proposals,  even  lo 
the  exient  ol' neulrabty.  he  acc<'ded  to.  .Notwilh^land 
in:i  this  ilL-tippointrneiit,  however,  be  proc-'eded  al'ler- 
w  arils  to  rotiueeticut.  where  he  was  engaged  in  vainly 
attempting  lo  bring  a  similar  iiegoclation  to  ii  inoro 
siiiees^riil  Issue,  when  the  intelligence  ol'  the  approach 
id'  the  Itrilisb  Meet  recalled  him  to  the  innnodiatu  de- 
leiicc  ol'  bis  prin  Ince. 

The  king,  who  was  totally  nnnhle  In  nwign  a  juKt 
reason  for  going  tn  war  with  Holland,  at\er  trying  in 
vain  lo  provoke  the  rest>ntnient  ol  the  States  iieneral 
by  the  most  insulting  inemorials,  and  the  inoKt  grinind* 
li-sM  coniplaintti,  determined,  al  length,  to  embrace  the 
suguerttion  of  his  right  to  the  pro\ince  of  iN'ew  Nether- 
lands; e.xpecting.  with  good  reason,  that,  from  the  ni^ 
serlion  of  this  pretended  right,  the  cunse  of(piarrei 
which  he  wufi  indnslrionsly  seeking  would  inl'dlihly 
arise.  In  pursuance  of  this  purpose,  ii  ro\al  cbartei 
was  executed  in  I'avor  of  the  |>nke  of  York,  contain 
ingagrant  of  the  whole  region  extending  from  the  west- 
ern b:iiiks  of  ('onnecticnt  lo  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Delaware,  [HilM,]  together  wilh  the  adjacency  of  Long 


'1 


Tills  company  was  formed  wilii  tliu  view  of  extendio?  and 
apprin>riatlViK  Ihe  sUivo  trade.  Pndi'r  Uic  p;itroM:ii;e  of  Ihe 
Make  of  V'trl(.  It  troaled  every  roiionereial  riviil  wiih  a  vio- 
triicn  and  injiisMce  wotthy  rd  the  purpose  uf  lis  institiilton 
la  return  for  Ihe  proterlion  of  the  Enalish  governinent,  it  lei\ 
itH  aid  to  harais  Ihe  mlonif^s  by  Dmmoting  a  rigid  enforcemsn 
of  thb  Mill  of  navigation.     See  nidinixon,  Vol.  Heap.  I, 


\\{)\ 


T  II  K    II  I  HTO  KY     OK 


l-t.uiit;  aiiit  ronr-iiiiift  ii|iitn  liii  rnviil  tiiftliiicM  ntl  llin 
|tii\vi-i'it  itC  ^nvrtinnfT-  <'<^il  <■»')  milil.irv.  witluii  t|if'si> 
iiinpti' iMiiiihl.nif'.^.     'I'lii{«  giinil  (noli  no  nitirc  itnticp  nl' 


'\i4liii)i    |MM.-«i<iiHi(i()  nt  till'    Diihli.  Ihmi   il  n|itt\vi-il 


i>l  In  i|ii>  ti'Cf'Ml  rliiirli'i'  nl'  ( 'niiih'iiif'Mt,  which 
wlti'lliiT  rnnii  iyiinr:iiiri',  or  Irniii  r.-in'liMtni'Mrt  in  ilif 
(irliinlinn  of  itx*  hninuliirin*,  it  liirjlly  Inil  I'lHiri'ly  n\\ 
|t<>rn-iltMl,  Nn  Mnnncr  iliil  llin  Dnkn  nl'  Vnik  olH'un 
|Im'<  crtint,  lli.iti,  ntlliont  wiiilinfi  tn  ttikn  |Mi<<f*i>)>Hiuii  nl' 
liiH  inxr-tninrn,  lir  iirorrtMlcil  In  i'Y)>rni«<<  hif*  |irn|trii'tiirv 
hOAMTo  111  tliiMr  liilli'Mt  r\tt<iit,  by  onnvnyin^i  tn  l.nrcl 
Uorkclfy  (Hill  Sir  <irk)rir(>  rurlPh't  all  lliiil  jMirlinn  nt 
ltit>  tt  rnlnry  tliiil  InrniH  ilu»  proviiirn  ol  iNcw  Jrrncy. 
Ilnl,  n*  it  was  tn'iMili"<l  lli d  tlun  iiiht  of  tlii!  lulti*  liiiii 
ncir.  iin  U'hn  tliiin  oT  Iiih  a«Hi^iii<ot).  wuulil  rtMpiin*  In  hi 
(•ir.Ttii  iti'i)  hy  II  nnhltiry  (orri>,  on  iirniaiiii>Mt  had  \wvn 
prrpiirril  (or  ihh  ^)iir|HHt>,  wiih  miiiii'  itttt'n'ion  to  ni' 
ori'«y;  a  prtM<aiilinii  whirh,  it'  it  prnviMt  tiirirft'linil.  wan 
no  Ii'sH  niiniTCMHiiry :  aw  (hf  Mati'n  nl"  llnllaiitl  riM-koiit'il 
it  inipossihjp  that  llio  Kin^  woiili)  attack  their  pi)M>4i»i- 
nhMH,  vvilhoiil  the  ttirinahty  oT  a  pic\ioti<<  ilrchiratinn, 
unit  wcr«'  avcrxo  to  prnvokc  hiN  iiiiiMtico  hy  t*i>t>niinf(  In 
rxpcrt  il.  So  htilc,  iiidccil,  was  llic  lio«»lih'  i<nlcrpriNt< 
flguiiMi  New  .NclhcrlaihlH  ncililcil  in  I'.iirnpi'.  thai,  hut 
n  \'f\\  nioiiths  ht'titrc  it  sailcti,  a  vcsm)*!  arrived  at  the 
ntliMu  Irnin  llolliittil,  hriiixiiiff  a  I'lirthcr  niipply  oT  phiii- 
ten,  anil  oT  tninlmivnlM  nl'  hiishaihlry.  StityvcHaiii 
piirncxlly  prcNMni  upon  ihc  Wcoi  India  (^ninpaiiy  (he 
al.iriiiin;;  uilcHiKi'iire  which  he  hail  received;  hut  the 
only  dercii'>i\e  '•tcp  to  which  thev  were  nioved  hy  hix 
iirt(i'iicy  wan,  to  neini  hini  now,  when  it  waw  ton  talc 
Oil'  ori>tin.d  ;:rant  I'nnn  the  SiuMm  lieneral,  which,  nl 
die  period  when  il  ini^lit  liave  availed  Inin,  ho  had  moI 
Cited  III  vain. 

The  cotnin-ind  of  (he  l'n;tli'*h  IrnopM  thai  cinhirked 
(or  iliH  c\pi'dilioii.  and  the  ^o\ernni<Mit  ol'  the  prov  ini'C 
iirniii^l  which  tt  w.-iw  directed,  were  inlrnvted  tn  Cnio- 
iii'l  Nil  hnlN.  who  h;id  Hliidied  the  ait  nl'  war  under  Alar 
•'h  d  TtireiiMe.  and  wlin.  wiih  Ciir.  Cartw ri;:ht.  and 
Mixenck.aNo  held  a  cnnnniMMinii  |o  vinit  ihi  cnioiiie^ 
1)1  New  rni:l:iiid.  and  invesii^.iie  nnd  determine,  ac- 
cordinj;  (o  their  diM-relion,  all  difpiitcH  and  cniitin^er- 
«te.'«  wilhin  the  viiriinis  ctdoniat  iiiriNdiclion"!.  \i\vi 
loachiiig  al  Hostna.  where  an  armed  Inrce  wan  nrdercd 
to  he  raixed  and  went  In  |niii  ihe  expedidon,  the  l|ee( 
tmneedeil  (n  lliidsnn'M  rner,  and  took  il-*  nlali-ni  hel'nre 
(he  i.ipital  o(*  \evv  .Nelherlandit.  The  reipiiMtinii  of  a 
fuh«(diaiy  t'nn'e  iVoiu  liotton  wa;*  no  tarmlv  oheyed, 
that  the  (Miteipreie  was  *>vcr  hefnre  (In*  MaHHae|inst*IlJ» 
trooj  «  were  ready  to  march:  hiil,  on  (he  traiHmiKHioii 
ot'  «  smidar  rei)iii«ition  to  (^>nllecllCllt,  (iovernor  Win- 
ihrop,  Willi  !4e*  era!  ol'  the  principal  inhahitanis  of  the 
pnwinre.  imnii'dietely  repaired  lo  Ihe  r.n^li.Hh  arnia- 
liieiil,  and  joined  tlie  «l,iiid.trd  oT  ihcir  kiiiy. 

The  \eter.in  iriweninr  of  New  Ni'ihcrlauiN,  and  the 
piipd  of  Tiitfiine.  were,  accorditm  lo  inililary  idea-. 
rneinies  w'ortli\  ol'earh  other:  lhnti;;h  ilo)ihtle>«M  it  i<i  a 
nMnile-t  prnt:in:ilinn  nt"  tan^najrc  to  n.i-icil  Ihe  wnrthi- 
ncHi  nl"  two  hrave  and  hnnest  men  tn  sIhmI  cjich  others' 
l)lt>nil.  or  tn  r<*prc*enl  N'lchnU  as  wortliily  eniploved  in 
I'jufiitiiij;  the  l.iwje^-i  ra^e  and  rapacity  ol  a  tyrant  npoii 
an  anoirendin;;  people.  Itnl  the  two  coiiiinande|-<<  weie 
very  nneqndiv  Kiippi>rted.  Stt  yM'HJuit  had  vi^-oion>t\ 
rxerled  him-jclr  to  piK  tin'  city  and  lort  in  Ihe  best  atti- 
title  nl'  ileti-nre :  hitl  he  I'niind  il  tntally  impn-i'tdde  to 
tnnn  (he  hearts  nt'  its  deCeiiders.  I(  must  indeed  ht 
conl'essed  in  ("a\or  nt' ihc"".'  tint'nrliniate  nntchineii.  that 
the  superior  artillery  ami  dHctplmed  forces  of  ihe  v 
iny  n'lidered  sncciMsinl  rcsi!*tunce  iilletly  hnpel 
Their  residence  in  the  cniin'ry  had  hnn  too  dlinrt  tn 
rounpcl  them  with  il  hy  patriotic  ties;  ;iiit  their  nil 
wurhke  hahiis  rendered  them  iiit-rly  nnsnM\  piihle  ol 
impressions  winch  Iheir  po\eriior  derived  trnm  the  pros- 
perl  nf  a  conteM,  where  the  harvest  or#;lorv  w;ls  pro- 
portiiMted  tn  Ihe  hopelessness  nl' Mclory.  They  I'elt 
themselves  unjustly  attacked;  and  their  resentment  of 
Ihi*  injur*  wan  set  sirons.  tiiat  in.uiy  orih-'tn  were  deter- 
tiimeii  not  to  remain  the  snhjects  of  a  tyr::::::;cal  iisiir- 
pr-r;  hut  i(  was  nol  stroni;  enoii;:h  to  o^erroine  the  ra- 
iio-MJ  con*  iritoii.  that  s.iCcty  and  inJepeildei.re  were  (he 
only  worthy  oittert*  nf*  haide.  and  that  wh-Te  indepen- 
J^Mice  co'iid  not  he  paiii'd  hy  liifhlinic.  *.irety  should 
jol  h-  risked  hy  it.  Tn  add  nnneces'N.iry  cninhat  to 
n;|:ivnulahle  dileit.  appe;ired  to  tin  in  a  driltle!!!*  and 
fool-hardy  wi^t-  of  in',. ;  and  if  they  mii-it  surrender 
the  iiuiee  t.ipy  h.id  hnilt  of  their  native  Holland  in  the 
will  'Pi^ss.  they  would  rather  siirren.ltfr  il  entire  tn  tlie 
pnlliitioii  of  hn«!de  occupation,  than  defacfd  l.v  the 
ciii  ion  of  ih?  en-iny.  Tu  7  wen'  wilhne  lo  beroiiif 
pmI.-*  with  their  wives  and  c  lildreii.  or  laborers  for 
llic.r  ■  to  encounter,  in  •hort,  even*  evd  that  hope 
could   alh'viaiH  or  nrtu«  iiiUiua.     But  ^  aJtpoie  tfwir 


kindred,  their  city,  and  tbi'insi-lveti,  tn  tho  rertiiinly  of 
eaptine  hy  sictrm,  and  ihi'  extremity  of  inililary  vio- 
lence, fieeined  tn  iheiii  an  inverMiiui  of  all  lliu  diclateM 
of  wmfltnn.  lutppincHs  and  virtue. 

Widely  dilVereiit  were  the  setiti,,iniits,  tlir  viewx,  nnil 
even  the  delerininatiniiH  of  StuyvcNiint;  unit  for  several 
davfi  bin  undaunted  spirit  upheld   ihe  lintior   and  pro* 
louKi'd  tint  dominion  of  hut  coiinlrv,  in  dertpile  hnlli  nf 
ihn  desertinn  nf  her  nnwailike  cftddreii,  and  Ihe  itii- 
peiidiiifr  vndenre  of  a  slron|[er  foe.     <lii  the  arrival  of 
the  i'.nglmh  annaineiit,  Im  Kent  a  deputation  to   lis  enni- 
niander,  roiiNistinK   of  one   nf  tbn    ininisterN   nf  New 
Ain>ilerdain,  niie  of  tlH>  city  ciHincillorH,  and  (wo  other 
nihahilants,  with  a  courteous  b'lter  desiring  I"  know 
(liereaKonaud  purposi*  of  this  hostile  approach.    NicltniN 
answered,  with   eipial    pohteiieHs.*   (hat   he    wan  coiii- 
inaiided  hy  his  roval  niasli>r  to  taUn  posneHston   nf  the 
HriliMh  territory  wliicb  had  been  iiNurped  by  llie  Dutch, 
whom,  thniiKh  nearly  allied  lo  him,  the  kiiiK  <'*>nld  not, 
con->iNieiitlv  w  illi  bis  linuor.  allow  to  invade  and  occupy 
ihe  dnininious  nf  his  cmwn:  that  he    must   ibrretbre 
nnw  demand  tlio  instant  surrender  of  the   place  1  that 
lie  kiiiff  being   tender    of  the    ell'iitiion    ol  ('hristian 
lond,  liad   authorised    him  to  otVcr    sei'tirity    of   life, 
liberty,  and  estate,  to  all  who  would  reiulilv   sidnnit    tn 
Ibis  reipiisition  ;  but  that    Mich  as    should    oppnse    his 
inajeHty's  graciniiH  iittenliniis  imis|  prejiari    tliemselves 
fnr  the  worst   miseries  of  war.     tio\4'rnnr  Winlhrnp, 
who  was  connected   by   accpiaiiitaiice  and    muliial    es- 
teem with  StiiwesanI  and  tiie  principal  Ihitcli  eili/ens, 
eiilorred  this  suinnions  hy  a  letter,  ill  wlii.'h  he  strongly 
presseil  the  prudence  of  doing  soon    what   must   nna- 
vnidably  be  dnne  at  biMl.      Hliiuesiiui,  nn  receiving  the 
siitmnous  nf  ihe  l.ugbsh    cnumiander.  was    seiisdile  nf 
no  other  consideration  than  of  llie   insolence  and  iliJUN- 
tice  with   whi.'h  his  cniintiy    was  ireated  ;  and  still  eai- 
iiestly  hniiing  dial  her  honor  would   In*   j>resi>rved   un- 
blemished, evi  u  thniigli  her  dninimniiK  should  he  o\er- 
thrnwn.  he  in\  ited  the  biirgniiiasit'iM  iiud  CMitiicil  lo  at- 
tend bun,  and  muiiIv  Idinred  In  impart  a  pnitioii  of  bis 
fi'elings  10  11114  miimcipal   body,     'i'br'\    coolly  desireil 
to   see    the    letters    he    hadrcccivrd;   hut  as  he    pidged 
wiih    good    reason    that    the    easy    leriiH  nf  hiirrender 
that  were  proll'eved  would   not   cnntrihi:te   tn    anitiiali! 
their  ardor  »ir   futlber  his  own  tiiarlial  ihsiHiis.  be    di'- 
cliued  to   gratify  them   in   this   parliciilar;  and  simply 
assured  them  lb  it  llie  l.tiglisb  had    declared   tlii'ir   pur 
pnie  of  di'priiiiig  llnlland  of  its  sovereignty,  and  them- 
selves  nf  their    independ'  lice.      Siispei-ting  the  trillh, 
Ihey  became   tnorc   iinportiinate  in  their   first    ropiest  ; 
witi-ieiipoii  ihe  governor,  in  a  transport  of  indignation, 
tore    Ihe    letlers  in   pieces,  and    Hiatlered    (hem    on    the 
ground  :  while  the  burghers,  in  aina/.einent  and  dismay, 
protested  auaiii'ii  his  rondtict.  and  all  the  coiiseipieiices 
lal  might  alteiid  it.      lint  Sluvve.-.ant's  courage  needeil 
nut   the    aid   nf  sympathetic  hraverv   tn  sustain  it:  and 
iiinri'  incensed  tn  .see  biscniiiitry's  I'onor  desiTted  than 
iippallcd  tn  tind  hitnself  its  only  defender,  he  iletermineil 
(o  tt)  the   ell'ecl   of  an  anpeal  tn  the  Justice  and  gene- 
rosity nf  a  gallant  eiteniv  ;  and  to  express   in  his  reidy 
to  the  siiimnons  nf  the  I'.nghsh  cmninander,  not  wliat 
he  patnliilly   saw,  hut  what  he  niagnaniinou.s|y  wished. 
to  he    the    scntiiiii'nts   of  his  fellow •cili/.eiis.       He    ex- 
hihiti'd  to  a  depntatinii    ent  to  him  by  Ntcbnis,   the  nri- 
giiial  grant  nf  the   Stati's   lieneral,  and   UU   own  coin- 
niissnm   from  the  Wi<si  Ind  a  rnmpany  ;  and  in  a  long 
and  manly  lel(:T.  maintain  mI  that   a    pinviuce  thus  for- 
in.iliv  incorporated  with  the  l>uich  doininiou  could  not 
liwt'ully   he    altack>'d    while    peace    subsisted    between 
Kiiglaiid  and   the  republic,     lie    represented  the   long 
posses'^ion  of  the  lemlory  which   bis   conntrymeii   bad 
enjoyed,  and  the  raiilicatmn  which  the  Knglisb  ctdonial 
govcrinncnt.-^had  given  to  the  Dutch  rlaiin.  hy  the  treaty 
they  toncliided  with  him  in  the  year  ItiTttl:  and  he  pro* 
le«tcd  that   it  was  impoiisihle  that  the    English  mniiarch 
could   have  despatched   this   hostile   armament,  in   the 
kiiowledire  of  these  f,icls.  or  wniild  hesitate  It,  cniinler- 
inand  it   if  they   were   submitteil  lo   bin  consideration. 
Tn  spare  tlie  etntsion  of  hinnd,  he  oirered  a  treaty  ftir  a 
piovi-inu.il  arrangement,  sn>pended   on  the  issue   of  n 
reference  tn  (he   (wo    parent  stales;  and  he  coiirli'ded 
with  this  calm  and  undaunted   reply   to  the   threat   of 


ClulilUTs  »)etri\»  lii-i  iisii.il  parti  ilitv  in  uisrriMnit  this  in- 
terfour>o.  While  he  tien.ie*  ihc  atTcote.I  c|\iliiv  ttSiiiyvcsniit, 
ho  fiimmrnds  tn  Nirhnis  tiic  pti|iirnr!»s  thiit  »i>fl,'ii«  the  rigors 
i>r  war.  Once  fttr  all  1  iiiiiaI  rr>.iiark  on  this  writer,  thnt  Ihe 
cointMisitKtn  ol  his  w.irli  hail  one  great  ^H»ia^  in  view—the  aix»- 
V  of  the  kings  aiul  K"»'erninem  of  Ktijlami  in  all  llieir  Aiiie* 
nc*n  IraiiJiKlinns  Me  ntcadilv  (iiirsuPH  ihisohject :  rtiul  thouith 
l>i>  tumorahie  wiifullv  lo  intsroprrsfnt  f*cts.  in*  is  often  ti>o  i>re- 
ludictMl  to  apprerutp  tliein  raiiiv.     Yet  his  Aniials  are  a  vaIiu- 

i>k'  s.mrro  ui  iiirnrinatian  lo  ttiwe  w  ti  1  catefiilly  coaiult  tliein  ;  .11, 

i-o:ni>inn«  one  portion  with  another,  anJ  ihc  whole  wilt)  colla-    "V"  t^V*^^\  ^"*7"''  ^'"^'1   '"""  »',    ...     , 
toral  authorlMM  which  Charles  after  daapatctiing,  alluctuil  to  Uitavow 


inililary   exnenlinn   in  (ho   event    of  11  ndiisal    to  m\r 
reiidi'r.     "  As  touching   the  Ihieats  in  \oiir  t  niielii''inii, 
wn    have    iinlhing  to   answer,    only    that    wv    hsir    ini* 
thing,  hill    w bat   timl    (\\ ho    is   ns   ju^t    as    inoiiiful) 
shall  lay   npnii    ■■*•,  all  ibings  hi-iiig  111  Iih  ^rin  mmh  ipi). 
pnsal;  and  w      may   iis  well  be  piesi>r\ed  hy  him  with 
small  hirees  iis  hv  a   great  army:  wbnh   inaken  ns   (o 
wish  ynii  all  happiue-«s  and  prnsperily,  and  lecnnniiend 
ymi  In  Ins  nro(ectioii."      Itiit   Sliiv\es.iitt  found  it  mor* 
easy  to  reliile    the    pretensions  tliaii  In  resist  the  loreo 
of  Iiis  opponent,     liven    after  the  r.ngbsb  had   begun 
lo  i*ivest  the  place, and  had  incnpied  posts,  fioin  which 
attack    seeini'd  immediale    and  capture    inevitabli',    hn 
slill   clung  tft  the  hope    that   his   h-llnw-cili/ens  wonhl 
not   surrender  the  rights  of  their  ciinniry  tilt  they  had 
defMinled  llieiii  with  their  lives,  ami  shed    tfie  blond   of 
ihe  invaders.     Iliit  Mclmls   who  had  lenriied  how  little 
the  great  body  of  the  Dutch  partook  the  niarlial  ardor 
of  llieir  governor,  caused  a  prnrlamatinn,"    reiternting 
liis  original  ntfers,  (n  he  nrcnlaled  itiroiigb  llie  cniintry 
anil  mlroihn'ed    into   ihe    town;  a    mensiire    which    tut 
ciMiipletely  disanned  the  spirit   of  the  besieged,  and    ex- 
tinguished   the    aulhority  of  .'^tnyvesaiil,  that    this  stub' 
horn  veteran,  aDer  one  more  frnillcss  ailentpt    tn  eti'ecl 
a   prnvismnal   treaty,  wai  at   buiglli    obligeil  lo  cumin* 
late  for  siirreinler,  in  order  to  prevent  the  pi-op|e  Ironi 
giving  np  the  |dace  wilbout  the   formality    of  capitiibi* 
(ion.      Itv  (he  treaty  which  ensued    it  was  proviib-d  that 
the  Dutch  garristni  sbnnid   march   nut  with  all  the   ho* 
liors    nf  war,  and    that    the  States  (leneral    and    West 
India  Cnnipuiiy  slinuhl  preserve  their  ainniniiiiioii  ami 
pnhlie  slores,  and  he  allowed  within  six  nnnilbsin  trans* 
port   tliein  to  Holland :  (bat  the   inbahitanis  should   he' 
tree  lo  sell  their  estates,  ainl  reliirn  tn   Htdland.  or   re- 
tain them  and   reside   in   the  settlement;  that   all    who 
chose   In  remain  should   enpiy    tln'ir  ancient   ciistoniN 
with  respect  to  inberitatici*  nf  property.  lihiTty  of  eon- 
science  in  divine  worship  ami   church  nrdi-r,  and   per- 
petual I  xeinplion   from  inililary   service.     All   Dnlch- 
men,  either  cnnliiming   in   the  province,  or  aDerwardf 
resnrliiig  (n  i(,  were  lo  he  allowed  a  free  triKh*  with  Hol- 
land ;  a  privilege  whl.t.    n.     *   was  (otatty  repugnant   to 
the  navigalinii   act,  neither    iSi>  iin|<    nnr  e\en  the  kitif( 
could  confer. and  which  accordinu'ly  was  withdrawn  from 
theiii  very   snnu    arter.      As  a  cnncewion  to  the  inllexi* 
Ide  obstinacy  of  the  old  governor,   it    was  very    siiper- 
tlnoiisly  prnvifled, that  ifat  any  time  thereaOerlbe  king 
of  l-'nglaml  and  the   Stales  tieiieral   hIioiiIiI  coiM-iir    in 
desiring  the    province  tn  he    re-ih'li'.ereil    tn  its    fnrtner 
owners, t  their  desire  shoidd  he  mmiintly  complied  with. 
These,  ami  varimts  other   articles,  ol  aihhtioiia)  advaii 
tage   ;o  lb"  Dutch,  forming  perhaps  the   inns'  favoura- 
ble terms  that  a  capitulating  city  ever  ohv  tiiii'd.  were  sa- 
tisfiictory  (o  every  one  excep(  tlie  individual   lo   vvjiose 
solitary  valnr  tliey  vvere  ni  some  degree  k  trihnle  :    ami 
it  was  not  till  two  days  aller   (hey  had  been   signed   hy 
Ihe  connnissioners  im  both  sides,  that   he  could  Im>   per- 
sii.aded  to  ratify  them.     Vet  the  Dutch  West  indii  Cmn- 
pany,  whose  blunders  and  imbecility  had  pr<mioled  the 
fall  nf  a  dominion   which  they  were   nnworlliy   to   ail- 
minisii'r,  had  the  mean  ingralitudt!  to  expn'ss  dissaiis- 
ficiion  with    the  conduct  of  this  magnaninioiis    man 
The   fall  of  the  capital,  wh"  h  now   received  llie    name 
of  New   York,    (a   name    also  exieinlcd    to   the  whole 
provincial  territory,)  was  followed  hy  the  surrender  of 
Alhiniv,  and   thr   general  siilnnissinii    of  the    province 
will)    1     subordinate    setth>iiienl   of  Dutch  and  Swedes 
in    Dc        are.       The  government    of    Itrilain  was    ac 
know!     .  >d  over  the  whole  in  the  beginning  of  Octo- 
ber, l>   .1 

Tim  V  an  act  of  the  most  flagrant  injustice  and 
tyrannical  usurpation,  was  otettbrown  the  Diiich  do- 
minion  in  North  America.  aOer  it  had  subsisted  for 
more  than  half  a  century,  and  ah-orbed  the  feebler  set 
ttcnreiits  of  Sweden,  (t  is  impossible  fnr  a  monienl 
tn  suppose  that  the  king  was  prompted  to  undertake 
this  enterprim*  by  an  bonesi  conviction  of  his  right  to 
the  province;  and  that  he  was  actuated  hy  no  concern 
lor  the  interest  of  his  other  cnlouie;*  was  proved  (if 

*  It  dpi'larcdthfil  all  who  wonhl  "hiihinil  to  tins  hisnrirsty'pi 
govertiinPiit.  ns  his  K<ini|  siihjrcis,  kIiiiII  he  prolrrtt-d  in  Ins 
itiaj<!!ilV*)t  Liws  niut  jntlice,  aiul  iM'iicenhly  eiijov  \\  Ii.iI.sdimit 
(•o<t'R  lilessing  anil  tlieir  iiwii  honcnt  inibiKlrv  hiivi  (tiriM-hed 
then)  with"  Smith,  p.  S.'V.  To  ihe  SwctliNh  siltlrrs  in  Dt-la 
ware,  It  *as  s[»eciiillv  represeiited,  thiit  it  won'  Ite  nii  lumo- 
rahle  rhaiiito  for  Ihrin  lo  n-tiirii  fioin  a  rcpiililii  •\  to  a  iimi- 
narrhical  (lovcrnn)Piil.     S.  SmilhS  New  Jersey,  p,  i  1. 

t  Accnrdinii  to  lliiiae.  It  woiihl  appear  Ihat  IhiA  iinpmb.xhie 
condition  iltil  actiinllv  occar;  for  he  ht»lrs  that  nii  Hie  c<iin- 
plaiiit  nf  Holland,  the  kint  ilis^vnwrd  the  cxpedmon,  and  iiii- 
prlsoncd  tlip  ndmiral.  Hist.  ofKiifilahd,  v<>|.  vii.  p.  .I'.'U, -lOtl.  Hut 
he  has  confounded  the  iiivasiuii  ot  New  York   wiih  the  rxpcdi- 

nrs   lirloiu,  and 


vriii 
li.ni: 
<'l.ili 
lie. 

I'V 

All 
till' 
vvrt 


NORTH    AMKRIOA 


805 


Wiuh  prnof  wiMfl  wnntinjf)  l»v  hia  #iiil><ipqupnl  roiKliicti 
with  rr^tinl  to  Ar.ii|i;i.  TIih  Icrridtrv  '"  wlnrli  lliiv 
Kmi^IihIi  Im<I  nH  linr  n  i:Imrii  n^  to  Nmv  V'>rl(,'  hint, 
h'  •H)  c(»;ii)'H'rni|  frnin  iin  Krcnrli  )n'('ii[)H'rt  I>v  tli.t  I 
iTUinly  luiftlililicH  iif  rrnrtiwdll  ;  inxl  V''t  tin-  I'tirncml! 
ciilriMlifK  (if  Mm  N<'W  DiiffliiiMl  rolnnn'^  roiilil  nol  pri-  I 
reni  ilic  k\\)u,  Irom  D'HtiirniK  il  to  l''rarit'i',  tlioii^h  ii  ; 
nnii/lilHtr  iiiiii'li  Mirtro  iltiti^iTniM  thnii  Mollntifl  lo  liin  i 
.lulijrrifi,  Itiit  ArndiH  WHH  nni,  likn  New  Nniln'rlniMU,  j 
u  Hciili'iiMMil  iii  pniit'HiHnl  n'|)iil)tirniifi,  hiil  iif  ilic  .iiili- 
jrrln  of  a  liroilirr  tlrfi|)()l  lo  wlioiii  (lliarldfi  lir-mi.ir  t 
liintMitHH-r,  mill  In  wliniii  lui  m-nifiti'il  imt  tn  nv\\  txn 
luiii'ii  (il  (Im<  liitrior  ol  Kiiijliinil  hm  wnn  r«}iiil)l<!  of  Ihmii^ 
comvi'V'mI  hy  Inn  luimtN.  Ilm  nlijcrt,  in  mi  fnr  ni  it 
niiUriirt'd  ihit  Kiiulinl)  roluDifiN,  wan  mltifir  Ut  lntiMir<lii)r 
thi'iit,  Minn  1.0  |iroiM<irf  llirir  lulvarttnu'r  Vet  cvriitn- 
ally  It  will  liiry  who  ilrnvnd  tlin  chirf  nilvHtila^n  from 
tlir  Hr'|iiiNiiion  ot  Nrw  Vork  ;  niiil  (hm.  iih  wrll  tin 
rvcrv  f)ilM'r  <'ooi|im'hI  of  Ainfnrnn  Ifrniory  arliinviMl 
liv  f*r«'al  llTit'iMi,  only  tcnilftl  to  i.iiflo  (tin  hiiriilti  by 
hIiicIi  nlir  rrttiirifii  lur  rolotiirn  tri  it  ftintn  uf  di'prnil- 
i>ni'i'.  Ah  iIhv  (r.inrri  lorrcnvii  tnoh'alnlioo  or  [iliiriii 
Iron)  \\w  oi'ijjliliorliood  ol  rival  ncHli'iiinolR,  lliitir 
Kii-riit/,ili  and  ilicir  jtMJoii^v  <'nnvrrt(rd  atC*'!'^^  ^''" 
(lUvviT  and  pri'lt'MsioiiN  of  llir  tiii»lli(>r  rooiilry 

Colonid  Nirliojtt,  vvlio  had  )hmmi  ii|ipoiii(i>d  tlid  fifNl 
Mritiisii  yovrriior  ol  New  Vork,  prfilialdy  Willi  tlin  liii- 
rii.Mio  virw  of  prrwuadniK  hot  imialrr  lo  rcfniin  from 
tiiirdi'nMi;^  or  irritiiliiiir  llin  pniplr  hy  lifiral  nnpomliOMN, 
»i(H'iiiH  to  liiivc  f|(  prrriiitcil,  nctinrwiiat  urijiiNlly,  Ihn 
Hi'liul  roitditioii  of  till'  srltttrnintit,  m  hin  Intlrra  to  tlii> 
Ihiki'ot  \'ork,  Ittii  all  iIm' citrty  wniiTH  luid  Irnvid- 
Irr-*  iiriili'  lit  di'^iTilmig  llii*  |)iili-li  roloiiMl  oii'tropolM 
IM  II  li.iiidHiiiiii'  welt  liiiilt  lowo  ,    and  .loiNf-lvii  dri'larrn 

lli.il  Ihi-  iiii'sl  hoii^i'  III  il  wHi  worth   MMt/       lodi-rcl, 

llir  Viiiiotin  pioviiioim  ihat  wi-rc  iiilrodnri^d  irilo  llic 
nrltrIrN  ol  HiirmidiT,  lo  jtn.ird  iIip  romhiriK  of  lh(>  iii- 
ii.ihil.itiiN  Irittn  invaHKM),  alif'<<t  ilir  onh'rlv  and  plrntihd 
rtiair  whirl)  thi'so  (-oinniHtH  Imd  allttiticd.  an  wrll  an 
rxpltiii  liic  raiinrn  of  ihnr  ntiwiirlikft  wpint.  IT  llin 
niuniirrn  of  the  Dol'h  rolotiiP>!<«  rorri>Npond<-d  with 
lliorti^  of  tlii'ir  roMtitiyiiirti  in  llin  pap-iit  nlalr,  tlmy 
v.vTv  prohiihlv  HO(ii'rinr  m  idc^iin'M'  lo  llii!  iiiaiiiii'i'n 
which  (lii^  l-iii;i|i!*h  (  uluiii-tt  I Duld  diTivr  from  Mimdar 
iinii.itioii.  .S-r  W'llli.iiii  'ri'Mipli'  wtin  anrpri^rd  lo  find 
111  liolhiiid  that  lir  wan  i-xpfi-tcd  mil  lo  Kpit  npoti  thn 
l|iior*«  ol  Ki'iillrnifn'M  lioii!«<>«  f  I V]  ( >l  I  ho  ccdoiiiata 
v\hii  Ihul  laidrly  ii'sorltd  in  i|ii>  proviiiri-,  nomr  wrri; 
prr«otiH  who  ii.nl  iMijovcil  roiiHidir.ihh)  allluciicr  and 
rrH|>t-rl>ilHliiy  III  lloll  ind.  iihil  wtio  iiiiportfd  wiihlhrm, 
find  iii.>»p|.tvi  il  III  ihnr  lion-ri,  cowilv  sirviciiH  of  faiinlv 
pl.iti-.  and  wt-ll  Nr)r<-|ii|  pro'liirlionn  of  ihr  Dn'rh 
M-lii)ol  o!  panilin^.  .No  .ktomiiI  Ii3«  hern  prcfi^-rvi'd 
ol  (In;  total  population  of  lhi>  provmro  and  itn  drpmd- 
riit'M-ri  .  hilt  llif  III  I'll  (ipo||4,  al  lint  linir.  m-ciiih  to  havi> 
<'oiit.tin('tl  ahoni  II.OiM)  pcrtoiw  t  Mon-  than  half  ol 
tluH  nniiilHT  chosi'  to  i-inilnnn'  in  llic  pl.n-c  aftrr  itn 
aiini-xalion  lo  llir  Hrilinh  nnpiri'  :  llir  ri'Mt  nliandoiH-d 
.1  Ncltltiou-nl  wlin-h  wan  no  loni^iT  lo  r^laiii  ita  l>ntrh 
iis|)i  ft  or  nnnir  ,  and  iln-ir  hahitationn  went  Noon  ocrn- 
pK'd  hv  a  Huppiv  ol  4'iin>^r.iniH,  purity  Iroiii  llrilani,  hnl 
-.imtiy  Iroin  .Ni-w  Ijii-I.intl  Thi^  l»okc  of  Vork,  to 
alhiro  llu*  Nrw  Mnyi:ind  plaiilcrs  to  tn-ltlr  in  liia  pro 
v;ni:i',  |  uhli'>h('d  what  hr  tirini-d  >  nmlihon.'t  fur  fit  ant  a- 
ti.iits.  hy  whirli  (iiinonu'  oiIht  proviHionn)  it  wan  di:- 
li.tK'd  that  lito  inhahitaulM  ol  i-\rrv  lownnhip  hh<iniil 
<l('f-l  iliL^ir  own  innii-<)(  r.  and  arran:;'' liH  rmohinifntfi 
hv  pnvaU:  Hyri'i'ini-nt  hiMwri-n  ihi  tn.-.t'Kcn  and  Inm 
Anionjr  llir  Duldi  who  ri-miiincil  n>  Niw  York,  wan 
llir  vrncriihU'  .SinvvtM.ini,  who  Ntiil  adlirrfd  lo  thf! 
wni'k  ol  tin-  MiMliinhonH  and  coniniiiTnlv  ovt^r  w)nr-h 
!)•■  h.id  [■rcMilid,  and  to  tin;  ni-cih-^  ilial  ri-ninidi'il  him 
of  llir  I'xploitH  of  Ins  old  a^i,  llrir.  (or  a  fi-w  yearn 
tnorr,  III!  piolon^t'd  ihi'  miipirr  of  Dutrh  manners  and 
tlic  ri!rtptH:l  of  tin:  Dnii'h  namr.  till  lull  of  daya  and 
liuiior,  hu  hrcathrd  his  lunl  amidnl  tln<  Umth  of  hin 
ru'inirymcn.  Ilis  doscinidantt*  iiiIiitiIimJ  Inn  worili 
and  popularity,  and,  in  thn  fo)towiii<j  rrnhiry.  wrrv  fru- 
ipicntly  tdfcti'd  mio  tin;  m:ii;inlra<-Y  of  Nnw  York 

One  ol  the  lirnl  prorrcdin^jn  in  wliicli  Nirhoh  waa 
rmploycd,  w>ia  in  dutt.Tmmin^  witli  tlin  olhiT  co.  iinin- 
hioiuTs  till-  honndunen  uf  Nuw  Vork  and  ('oi.   "  liciil. 

*  Il  vf  »s  nirhifliMl  ill  the  rlniin  dtriwil  from  (.'nhnrn  voyage, 
fi'Hlliaclhffii  minht  I  lie  nii(ijert<»f  vmii.n^  Rranln  hy  Jamef  llie 
Fir-*!  an<l  Ciinrlfn  the  Fir»t,  to  iho  I'lviiinutli  ((miih-iI  hi  tlie 
firsi  ntstaiirfl,  aiirt  aftiirwnnJH  l<.  I.oni  Stuinin.  Tina  imtile- 
lii.ni  vvm  llir*  kJiin'fi  Hucrftary  of  stau*  in  Siollmul  ;  and  m-e- 
Hiti  til.  Kii«li!ilM*'MirtU'rn  oiflauitnn  uraiiU  nf  Atni'rican  lerri- 
ti)rv,  Iif  niiplli'il  f'lr  a  iilinri< ;  anil  Aradm,  iitHJi^r  tin?  ftniiie  of 
Sn\A  Si'iti'i,  v,.!«  Kraiiii'il  lo  linn  (must  irri'Kiilarly),  tiy  a 
|it'»'iii  innliT  IliP  great  >*r;il  of  Snitl  oid. 

'    *  'oiiiitl  lliii  rairuLilloi ii  U<>|><iil  to  Ilin  lluanl  of  Tmlo 

It  if»  wnrH  ntliT,  |ini>li'>hiMl  i)\  ('iialnier!i.  |>.  M9,  togutlier 
»itli  a  c.Miiidutalion  ol  the  ini«rvuiiiiiy  vvotUd. 

21 


Thr  r'liiinn  of  thr    hitirr  of  tlieap  provinroa  in    lionid 

Inland  wir*'  itinaliowcd,  and    iho    whoh-  ol    (Imt   innolar ' 
rt'ifmn  ntini'Xrd  lo  ihi-  new  DriliMh  |nri>«ili('lion  :   hot  in  | 
tlin  arran^finriil  ol  thr  liootidiiricH  on  llm  main  land,  no  j 
lllllo   iliHpOHilion  wan  cnlt'rltiincil  to  tako   ailvantai;)'   'd  | 
thn    (TionfUM   a)ipr'ipriaiion    in    Ihr    Dnkir   ol     Vork'n 
({rani,    ^so  i:;noranl.  aino  of  (he  loralitifn  of  thr  iMiuniry  i 
wt<rn  till-  cojiiminnimifm,   and  no  iihm'I)  nM'hncd,  at  lh<! 
anmn    time,   lo   ^rnlilv  thn  propio  id   (/omirrtirut,    in 
ordrr   lo  dclach  ihnm   frmn   thn   inii'rcnt  of  MannarhO' 
MUla,  that  thry  nndouhtcdlv   rnrnvfd    iin  nllotmrni  of 
l(!rrilory  far  morn  lihnral  than  npiitahlo.      A   morr  cor- 
rrrt  HiljuNtnif'iit  of  Imiitn  waa  found  nrrfinnary  at  n  nnh- 
nnipictil   pnriod,  and  wan  not  rllorti-d  without  rrnatiiit( 
Ihn  moat  vrlmnifnit  dmpnttm  linlwium  thn  iwu  roloinal 
({ovfsrimH'iila, 

l*i'ir>  J  Lrnvni^  tlio  ollinr  romrninnionrrn  to  procrrd 
to  lli«>  rxcrntion  of  llit-ii  fmictionn  in  New  Kfii^land, 
Nnholn  hf'iook  hmiHrlf  to  'lin  dim-hari^'r  of  hin  own  pe- 
culiar duty  in  the  provinrr,  wlnrh  ho  had  hi'rri  dcpnttrl 
lo  govern,  The.  Oiikr  of  Vork,  who  roniidered  hnn 
mdl  invented  hy  hin  palcnl  with  rifral  Huthorily.  had 
inadn  an  aiiipir  deh;^.ll|<nl  of  hm  powern  to  Iim  deputy  ; 
and  the  prudenre  and  humanily  of  Nnholn  rt^ndernrl 
Iih  udtDiniatration  rreditahle  to  the  proprietary  and  s\v 
cnptahle  lo  ihn  [K'ople.  To  conhrni  llio  acfpiinitMni 
that  hin  anna  harl  gained,  and  to  aNniinilale,  an  far  an 
poanihte.  llin  dillcrerit  raren  of  inliahiianls,  hir  jnil^^cd  n 
fixpedienl  to  iiilrodiKn  nmnn^  them  nil,  an  nniform 
frHinn  of  nvil  policy  ;  and  with  a  prodint  ronlonnity 
to  tho  inntilnlionn  that  had  already  liion  r  Ntahlmhed  hy 
thn  ])uli-h,  hn  ereeied  h  ronrt  of  anmzen,  (-ompoHcd  ot 
the  tfovnrnor,  thn  con  tie'!  and  I  he  jonliren  of  the  peace  ; 
whirli  wan  nutiRted  vuh  every  power  in  liin  lolonv,  le- 
Kinlativc,  executive,  and  judicial  'J'he  only  liheral 
iiinlitiition  that  \w  wun  allowed  to  introduce  wan  trial 
hy  jury  ,  and  to  thm  adintrahh!  cIum  k  i.ti  judicial  innpiily, 
all  cdiinen  and  rotiirovermen  were  niihj»-clwl,  11*!  ini- 
roura([ed  the  colomntn  to  make  pnrchanen  ol  land  troni 
llie  naliven  ;  and  tlient!  purchanen  he  made  the  founda- 
timi  of  griiila  from  hnnnelf,  in  which  he  renervcd  a  'put 
rent  of  a  penny  an  acre.  A  diHpnIe  which  ocrnrred 
nmon){  the  mliahilantn  of  liOt)({  iHlatid  nn^'^enled  lo  hi'i) 
a  aalntary  Tgnlation  which  coniinucd  lotijr  to  olitniii  ir 
the  province.  TiKtcontroverny  had  arir.rn  oiit  of  fiomi 
coiillirtm((  Indian  dei  dn  ;  and  to  prevent  n  rnrnrrenrc 
of  itaa  w'.dl  uaofthi  loom  fatal  di^KcioMuna  which  were 
npl  to  nriM!  frnm  ihene  Irannactiona  with  thr  nativen,  it 
wan  ordaini'd  that  heticeforward  no  purcharfc  from  the 
Indiaiin  nhould  he  valid,  niilenn  the  veiidilinn  werrr  a.i- 
thorined  hy  llie  hctiiM;  from  llie  yovernor,  and  executed 
in  II  K  pren(!tii:c  'I'ho  airen^th  utid  iniinhcm  id  the 
naliven  rendered  it  riecennary  lo  treat  them  with  ntiitn- 
peachaltle  junlice  ;  and  lo  prevent  their  frcfpienl  naie-j 
ol  th(!  name  land  to  ditrcretit  prrnonn  (a  practice  in 
\\|iir-li  they  had  hecti  encouraged  Ity  the  roidtictniir  pre- 
letinioiin  and  occiip>itiona  of  lh<^  Uutch,  Swedei«,  atid 
tiiiirlinhj,  It  wan  expi'dicnt  thai  the  hari^ainn  nl.onid  he 
Mtj|nali/.ed  hv  nomn  niiMiiorahli;  noienimty  The  Iriendly 
rejationtt  thai  were  now  i-alahhahid  helwien  the  Iviro 
pean  colotiiHtN<d  iIiih  province,  and  tin'  powiilnl  fhdiiin 
irihen  kinnMi  hv  the  title  of  the  Kive  Naiions.  and 
which  will  alK-rwardn  demand  a  roiiHiderahte  nhare  of 
(tur  Hlletitioii,  were  jfrea'ly  promoted  liy  the  harmony 
which  had  nnhniftifl  heiween  tlielhitchand  Indiana 
durint,'  ihi  (jovi  rinnent  id  Siiiyvenant,  whose  pri:deri<e 
ihnx  heipieathi'd  a  wim-  h  •'•ton  and  a  valnahic  oppurLu- 
niiv  to  till-'  admimntration  of  hm  Hncce->Kor 

'ihe  court  of  asf^izes  up). lied  itnelf.  without  delay,  to 
collect  inio  one  rode  the  ancM  lit  cuntotiia  of  the  pro- 
vitict*,  Willi  niich  additional  nnprovenientn  an  ihc  cimn^e 
of  empire  nenned  to  render  nccennary,  and  aa  nerved  lo 
inlrodnce  llie  nuprcmacy  ihrtt  was  ascriind  to  the  jnrin- 
prndenn-  ot  lwl^land  In  thin  rode,  wliieli  wan  alltr- 
wariU  ratilied  hy  the  Unkc  of  Vork,  there  occur  aoiiK; 
hiWH  that  neem  to  denote  thn  influence  which  liio  New 
Kn^land  Kcttlertt  m  Long  latand*  iio  doulit  excrcnrd  in 
lln  cQinpU'Ulioii.  Any  rtntd  above  sixteen  yeart  of  a^e. 
Btriking  hia  father  or  mother  (except  in  defence  of  his 
own  life),  "  at  the  roiiiplamt  uf  tlie  aaid  father  and 
tiiolher,  and  not  othcrwiac!,  they  he:iig  auiricicnt  wii- 
nvaflca  thereof,"  waa  adjudged  to  sutler  death.  Tn- 
veiling  on  Monday  was  forbidden  ;  and  fornication  was 
piiiiinhed  by  marriage,  fine,  or  corporal  punishment,  ac- 
cording to  the  dincretion  of  the  court.  'I'he  barbarous 
ata'.e  of  medical  suience  and  practice  was  indicated  by 
an    ordinance,  atnclly  prohibiting   all   surgeons,   phy- 


airinnn,  and  midwirt;*,  from  "(irenuminij  lo  exncMsn  or 
put  forili  anv  act  coti'r:irv  to  the  known  approved  rnlf* 
of  art,'  and  tin  nUHnhdnid  mate  id  ti'itun'  ap|ie.irn 
from  ihe  proponihon  of  rnwnrdn  for  lln  di  .hHucIioii  of 
wolvi-n  III  lion,;  l^l-itid.  The  ciiy  of  New  Ynrk  wlinh 
h.id  enjoyed  extinnive  privi|e(fe«  nndir  tin- old  t.-overri- 
men',  AiiH  tnnv  inrorporaied  a. id  placerl  under  tlie  ad- 
inminlralion  of  a  mayor,  aldermen,  and  shenfl  ;  ihn 
Knt;bnh  oH'icmI  nomeiicl  mire  nervitif.'  adflitinnally  to 
Inik  the  provinruil  innlitnlionn  wnh  I  Jii;lin|i  junnpro- 
dence  t  Jiie  of  llm  hij;lient  acta  of  power  ihal  wan  tn- 
served  to  the  conrl  of  anni7.en  wan  the  nn|ioniiioti  of 
taxen ;  anil  tlnn  it  noon  hafi  occaamn  tn  exercinr  in 
order  to  mfrt  the  exi^eneien  of  ihi  war  which  f^iarlea 
the  Second  had  at  lenifih  niirceeilcd  ni  provoking  with 
liollnnd.  lint  even  ifie  inonl  uTtj^racjonn  actn  of  Nt- 
rlioln  were  d inarmed  of  their  olfenre  hy  the  concilmting 
demeanor  that  canned  the  Ibitch  to  fnri/et  he  had  been 
their  cfimpieior,  ami  hv  ihe  nioderiilirm  hi  '  >ie(;riiy 
winch  fin  uni!ornily  evinced,  atnt  ilte  pergonal  nai  riticen 
thai  he  reiiddy  incurri  d  for  the  pnhlie  Jidvanlai/p  An 
.mnembly  of  depniiet  from  the  |>iilch  and  Kiii/h-*h  plan- 
LilKfnt  in  l.iMig  Inhind,  Alnrh  he  ninnuioncil  to  ail|unt 
the  liriundarien  f>f  their  rmprctive  fi-itlements,  took  tliR 
oppoftoniiy  of  lint,  eoiifrei/atnin  lo  traiminit  an  addrrns 
to  tlie  iJnke  of  York,  ai  know]ed(;in(r  their  depi  inlenre 
on  liiH  novereiL'niy  flccorditiL'  '*»  bin  patent  .  eiij,'agini( 
to  dcfctid  hiv  ri^hin,  and  to  nuhtnit  clieerftilly  lo  what- 
ever lawn  nniihi  he  enacted  by  virtue  rd  htn  aoihontv  ; 
and  rer,nentni^  Ihat  Hi*  ir  df  clarii'iini  mi^ht  he  accepteil 
an  H  inenional  aj^ainnt  them  and  their  hcirn,  if  (hey 
Miouhl  evir  he  found  lo  fad  in  the  performaiiM'  ol  their 
doty.  Vel  one  por'mn  of  ihene  pi  opie  had  hut  recently 
nubn.itiid  to  Nicholn  an  ihe  cnufpii  rint;  b  ader  ol  th# 
tronpn  of  a  foieii^n  usurper ;  ami  the  otbern  b,nl  an  ro- 
cenlly  In  en  nmleil  lo  llie  liberal  inntiiufionn  of  New 
Knghiiid.  .So  ntroiiyly  'lofn  the  univernal  niory  of 
mankind  t  onfirni  the  truth  rif  SuIIv'h  obHervaiion,  that 
where  the  people  are  n'll  deceived  liv  factioiin  le.iders, 
even  arbitrary  power  m  f-eldom  reninted  when  it  tn  hu- 
manely einiiloved  ;  and  lhal  pO[ai|ar  dixconlent  evnn  ta 
inncb  I'SK  Iri  (pi«:nt]y  a  promptitude  to  ann.-rt  jiint  rigtils, 
than  impatience  rit  nr<-inn'il.iied  rndf'  rmtrn. 

IVt'td  I  The  iiiieljiifeiice  ot  the  derhiration  of  war 
wi*(i  llollaitd,  whrfh  wan  f  ominunicaif  d  by  Itu;  I^)rd 
( Jl.aiif'1'or  ((Marendon)  to  roloin  I  Niclmln,  was  ac* 
rntnpat,,!  d  vsith  Ihe  sht^urance  iLiit  the  I*i  i.  h  were  prr- 
p'lring  an  i  xpedilimi  for  u.e  f  co\ery  of  iheir  An.encan 
nettle. nent,  ut  d  iImI  I'e  Knv'er  had  ncdveil  oidern  to 
nad  iniinedi.itt  li  for  .\ew  Vork  +  Nicholn  exerud 
bmipelf,  With  I.m  uiinal  *  it(  rjfy,  (o  rrnif.t  ttif-  honiihiy  of 
no  fortnidahle  n  f<ie  ;  aiid  thout/h  it  appeared  eveniually, 
lhat  either  the  chaiiciilor'n  inlorn>aiioi)  had  iH-eti  erro- 
neoun,  or  that  the  expedition  wan  noHpei.dtd  by  \>t 
Knyter'n  inrire  important  eniplot  uientn  in  Kiirofrf;,  the 
expenne  that  altended  the  preparatiOfin  for  bin  recejitton, 
and  the  other  cr  nnnpK  ncen  of  the  war,  reduod  tho 
province  to  a  ntale  of  conmderable  dmlrens.  .\n  Ihe 
I'lople  wire  denlitute  of  nhip(iing,  iheir  trade,  which  hid 
iifeti  carruid  on  by  I^itcti  vennein,  wan  toldlly  lo^t ;  no 
nu|iplien  were  ner.t  frot:'  Lrj^Und  to  aileviaie  t(iin  t:a- 
lamity  ;  and,  in  addit.on  lo  other  coiicunntaiit  hurdena 
ni  war,  a  yineral  rate  wan  imponed  on  the  entales  of 
the  i.'ihubilantn  hy  the  ronrt  ol  annizen  .Si:l|  Uiere  was 
every  rea^ori  to  n[)pre!,erid  that  tlie  i^inppiy  ttial  was 
rained  would  he  in*i'itli(  lent,  and  llie  prepiirstionn  con- 
aerpiently  inadequate  to  repel  the  ixfrccied  invasion, 
in  this  exireiniiy,  t' .;  governor,  wiibont,  prmning  the 
people  for  further  rontribuiionn  to  defeat  an  enlerpnse 
winch  iiianv  of  them  munt  have  contemplated  witb 
aecT)  I  Jiatihfa. '.ion,  winely  and  hheralSy  atlvrtuctd  bit 
own  nionev  and  ititerposed  Liin  credit  to  supply  the 
pnhhc  exiueticien.  Happily  tor  the  proaperiiy  of  th« 
actth  tneiit,  wtinh  Nicholn,  wilh  the  aid  o\  the  other 
l^n^tinb  colonies,  would  have  defimded   to  the  lanl  ex- 


'  It  wan  inorit  priitial>ty  to  thpin  than  lo  the  iJiitch  that 
Nicli.dn  alluded,  wln;n  hi  a  If'.r  to  the  Duke  of  V..rk  he 
i-xitrc^seil  Inn  lii»pe  Hint  "  now  eviin  Hio  niri*t  tarttnus  repui*- 
h(Hi)9  niiiat  ackii(ivMt"ti!e  itieiiiSfclven  tiutfied  with  the  way 
ttiuy  are  Ut  "    I'liaiinfrs,  M'J. 


*  tiitWi  rne'lirifit  and  k'lrfrrry  wt  rn  lli^n  in  a  vpr)-  ru<l«  *tiU« 
In  Etif^land,  whprt;  Uir  cfficwcy  nf  royal  tout  h  f''r  tiic  kinir'a 
evil  Has  %ii\i  t>*>lieved  maL  trird,  and  Sydeiiliani's  career  tia4 
bi;'.  recently  l<riin.  Notwuinianflirn  a  le<il  detennination 
fironoiincrd  in  Eni^iand.  two  crpiurwa  belore  tin*.  Hiat -' a 
rlnrurifeon  may  cut  off  one  rntniMr  to  save  ttie  reat"  <hiat« 
Trials,  III.  VST},  It  was  in  Frsntc  alone  tliat  a  rnartutacture  of 
•urgiral  innliurnentn  eiitted  till  llie  eml  of  the  scveit'.ccnth 
cr-ntury.  (Jicaelden  told  Voltaiic  that  he  firtt  mlrodurcd  tiim 
nianufactiire  into  En||;larKl  in  IT15.  Afe  of  LfiUii  tSe  Four- 
te*  nth.  cap.  90.  In  Sp«in,  as  late  a.n  the  year  17()fi,  ttie  ire«t- 
■.,,:::'  (if  fever  was  regulaicil  by  law.  Towiisand's  Tra»ei«, 
tn.  14^^-  142,  Ac 

t  Hiio..'  (vii.400)tay«  that  t' Ruyter  srtuaily  r.jnim(it»0 
hoHUi-tien  un  iMtitf  Inland  before  it>e  declaration  of  war, ,» 
revvnite  fur  the  capture  of  New  Vork.  but  De  nu>ier  was 
nut  accuttunied  io  niipcriectly  to  a\enife  the  «ror.|t t  of  hij 
country  :  and  Hume  h.i'<  tw-en  nualed  by  in  erruneouA  account, 
or  maccnrale  reroUet.ltoii,  of  a  more  ivnnus  and  •urrcM*>^ 
attack  on  Nc^k  Voik  t\  the  Uutch  irKMit  se^en  )tin  a.40 
this  per:u(i,  and  in  the  coursa  of  a  suOM'^uAnt  wax. 


800 


THE   HISTORY  OK 


tremity,  neither  the  Slates-general,  nor  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  made  any  attonipt  to  repossess  ihetn- 
aelvcAof  New  Y'orkdiiri:i>r  this  wjr;  and  dt  the  [tiMirof 
Bredu  It  was  ceded  to  En<;land,  in  cxcli:irii;c  for  iior  colo- 
Dv  urSjriiiiin,  which  had  hoen  cun.)iii'r('d  tiy  the  Uiitrli. 
[1H'»7]  This  u*chiuifO  was  no  oiherwwe  ex[)ro48L'd. 
than  by  a  general  dtipulatiori  in  the  treaty  that  each  of 
the  two  nations  should  retain  what  its  arms  hud  ac- 
quirnd  since  hostilities  hegan.  The  Dutch  hiid  no  rca- 
■on  to  regret  the  cxchjngo  ;  for  it  was  iinpos^nbte  ihat 
tney  could  long  have  proacrvrd  New  York  againtil  the 
increasnig  strength  and  rivalry  of  (he  inhaiiitants  of 
New  England,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  It  was  by  this 
treaty  that  Acadta  was  ceded  to  Franco,  which  had 
acted  as  the  ally  of  Holland  during  the  war,  and  was 
the  only  party  that  reaped  advantage  from  it.  England 
B&w  her  characrur  dishonored  by  liio  injustice  of  (he 
war :  the  glory  cf  hrr  arms  tarnished  hy  liie  disgrace  at 
Chatham ;  the  conquest  achieved  lor  her  by  Cromwvtl 
surrendered  ;  and  every  one  of  the  purposes  for  which 
the  coiiK^st  had  been  provoked,  rendered  utterly  abor- 
tive.* 

The  security  which  the  Dritish  dominion  in  New 
York  dorivcd  from  the  treaty  of  lircda,  occurred  very 
seasonably  to  supply  (he  useful  services  of  Colonel 
Nichols,  who,  (iudnig  the  pecuniary  burdens  of  llio  wiir 
pressing  too  heavily  on  liiinaelf,  was  forced,  in  the  be* 
ginning  of  (his  year,  (o  resign  an  appointment  which, 
at  one  lime,  seeuis  to  have  rciultTed  him  a.s  elate  and 
happy  as  it  had  enabled  him  to  nuke  Inuiself  useful  and 
beloved.  The  king,  as  a  te^innuny  of  liiu  approbation 
to  which  his  eminent  .^crvlct-s  were  entitled,  sent  him  a 
prostjiir.  of  iwo  hundred  ponmii ;  and  this  brave  and 
modest  lovalist  was  more  gralilicd  v\tih  the  expression 
ol  royal  id\or  than  dis<i|i|)Oinicd  wiih  the  meaiihess  and 
inadequiiry  of  the  rcinunerauon.  He  was  long  remem- 
bered wit:i  respect  and  kindness  by  a  people  whom  he 
ha<i  found  hostile  and  divided;  and  vvhoin,  noiwilh* 
sianding  ihiit  be  bad  been  constrained  tu  deprive  them 
ol  lil)erty  and  inde|M>hdenc<;,  he  left  friendly,  united, 
and  rontcJited.f  Tlic  beneiit  of  his  successful  exer- 
ttons,  together  with  the  signal  advantage  of  peace,  and 
of  the  recognition  by  Holland  of  the  Uritish  doinnuon, 
devolved  0!i  bis  successor.  Colonel  Lovelace,  a  man  of 
quiet  (emper  and  moderate  disposition,  which  in  tran- 
quil tunes  so  well  supplied  the  ahst-nce  of  vigor  and 
caitacity.  that  the  colony,  during  the  greater  pan  of  v\x 
years  that  he  presided  over  it,  enjoyed  a  noiseless  leiior 
01  content  and  prosperity  ;t  and  '.lie  most  memorable 
occurrence  that  signalised  his  udininistration,  was  the 
nnfurtunate  event  that  brougla  it  to  a  close. 

1672. J  Tlie  second  war  with  Holland,  which  the 
king  undertook  in  siibscrvieuce  to  the  ambition  of 
Louis  XIV.,  was  calculated  no  less  to  injure  ihe  trade 
of  New  York,  than  to  disturb  the  harmony  of  its  iinxerl 
iiilmhitanta,  and  aheiiate  the  re>;ards  of  (he  original 
coloiusts.  The  fjlse  and  frivolous  reasons  that  were 
assigned  by  tiie  KriglL-ih  court  for  this  piotbgatc  war, 
rendered  it  more  oibinsive  to  every  Dulelunan  by  add- 
ing insult  (o  injury  ;  and  the  gallaiit  acbievemeiits  of 
De  Ruvter,  that  extorted  the  admiration  and  applause 
even  of  bis  enemies,  must  iiavc  awakened  in  the  most 
languid  bosoms  uf  the  Dutch  colonists  some  sympathy 
with  the  glory  and  danger  of  ilieir  country,  and  a  reluc* 
:auce  to  (lie  destiny  (liit  had  a.osociuted  them  with  her 
enemies.  Tht*  mlelligence  of  the  Duke  of  York's  re- 
cent prufessioi]  of  (he  catholic  fjith  runtribuled  to  in- 
crease their  disconient,  whicli  at  length  prevailed  so 
far  with  a  cunsiderat>le  body  of  them,  that  they  deter- 
mined to  abuiiduu  .New  Vork.  and  either  return  to 
Holland,  or  setk  nut  anoiher  settlement  in  llio  new 
worid.  Happily  for  Englisii  America,  iboy  were  re- 
tained within  her  lerrnory  by  the  iiddr(ss  of  the  pro- 
prietaries of  Carolina,  who  prevailed  with  them  to  di- 
rect their  footsteps  towards  this  province,  [1073,] 
where,  remote  from  lureign  war,  and  sunnounling  hard- 
ships hy  patient  'ndustry,  they  funned  a  settlement  that 
recompensed   them  for  the   hahttations  they   had   for- 

*  Tlie  elevation  lliat  had  been  projected  for  Ihe  Priiirii  of 
Ctrani^e,  m  particular,  u:i>  iluleatfa  ;— ilie  statoii  t-iigaK>»t(  'u 
iM-Ktow  a  roiisi'lHratiie  ;i|i|Hiinlinent  u()ihi  hiiii  wlien  he  slioulU 

villiani   Teiiiplu'd 

t  Prom  his  ritnimniuiit  in  A'npdnM  churrh.  llnilfunlHhirp,  It 
ttpiHiars  lh»t  NlchulK  wan  kliliMi  on  bujir.!  the  DnkH  oi  Vnik'M 
bhip  In  a  Mea*l)i[lit  with  the  Uutrli  in  1673.  VVitinn  the  i)e(li- 
inent  Is  AkmI  the  ('ai)ii<iii-li;iit  tii;it  killed  hirn,  Hutni'Minted  h>- 
tliii  iii.><t:riiiti.)r(  1  ln>ir)ni)eiiiuiii  mortis  et  iinintirtHlituliit, 

t  A  feetile  aUerii[tt  was  made,  indeed,  in  the  year  IMV,  hv 
one  CuniriKSiUiirk,  a  Swede,  in  eidtn  nn  insurieclioii  uf  Iiih 
conntrynien  in  the  Ueluw,ire  territory  ui{ain:%t  the  Englikii. 
The  alleriipt  was  del'eiited  witntiut  blooiNhed,  nnd  roiitiigi- 
niork  na«  condemned  to  l>e  sold  ak  a  kUvu  in  BarlMwiuo^. 
fttniuni  riniitb's  Uist.  of  New  Jarvev  l>.  j^,  M 


attain  the  a^e  ot  twenty-two,  hut  deiiannff  tlit-ir  urieriiunii- 
ttun   not   tu    make   hiiii  ittadhulder.     ^'ir   W. 
Works  (fuho),  vol.  i.  p.  74. 


saken.  If  more  of  their  countrymen  projected  a  simi- 
lar inignition,  their  purpose  was  suspended  by  an  event 
whicii  Ofcuried  (tie  >ann'  vcir,  and  inviu.d  lliem  lo  em- 
brace a  more  graufvnig  deliverance  from  liie  irksonie- 
]i('s.i  of  ihcir  .situation.  A  small  sqiiadroii  h'jd  been 
despatched  from  Holland,  under  lliu  coinniapd  o( 
Umkcs  and  Kvertzen.  lo  destroy  the  commerce  n{  the 
English  colonies;  and  laving  performed  this  service 
with  great  ellert  on  (he  Virginian  coast,  they  were  in- 
duced (o  attempt  a  more  important  enterprise,  by  in 
telhgencR  of  the  negligent  security  of  the  governor  o( 
New  York,  llcpairiitg  with  secresy  and  expedition  to 
ihis  ancient  possession  of  their  country,  they  had  the 
good  fortune  lo  arrive  at  the  metropolis  whilu  Love- 
lace was  at  a  distance,  and  the  command  was  exercised 
by  Colonel  Manning,  whose  own  subsequent  avowal, 
added  to  the  more  credible  testimony  of  his  conduct, 
has  recorded  his  character  as  a  traitor  and  jioliruon. 
Now  was  rcTcrsed  the  scene  thai  took  place  when 
New  York  was  invaded  by  Nichols.  The  Engli.sh  in- 
habitants prej>jred  to  defend  themselves,  and  offered 
their  assistance  to  Mannnig  ;  but  he  obstructed  their 
preparations,  rejected  (heir  aid,  and,  on  the  tirst  intel- 
ligence of  (he  enemy's  approach,  struck  his  flag,  before 
their  vessels  were  even  m  sight.  As  the  Dutch  Heel 
a<lvaiiced,  bis  garrison  could  not  forbcnr  to  demonstrate 
their  readiness  to  light ;  but,  in  a  transport  of  fear,  he 
forbade  a  gun  to  be  hrnd,  under  pain  of  death  ;  and 
surrendered  the  place  uncondidonally  to  the  invaders.^ 
The  moderation  of  the  conquerors,  iiowever,  showed 
them  worthy  of  their  succees  ;  ami,  hastening  to  as- 
sure all  (be  citizens  of  the  security  of  their  rights  and 
possessions,  tliey  inspired  ilie  Dutch  culoni^is  with 
triumph,  and  left  (be  Knglish  no  cause  of  resentment 
but  against  their  pnsdlaniinons  commander.  The  same 
modcraiion  being  tendered  lo  (he  other  disiru-ls  of  the 
province,  on  condition  of  their  sending  deputies  to 
swear  allegiance  lo  the  Stales  General,  the  inclmatioiis 
of  onu  party,  and  the  fears  uf  (he  other,  induced  the 
whole  to  submit ;  the  Dutdi  dominion  was  reslcred, 
still  more  siiddf^nly  than  it  had  been  overthrown ;  and 
the  name  of  New  Netherlands  once  more  revived.  Hut 
neither  the  triumph  of  the  one  party,  nor  the  morlitica- 
tiou  of  the  other,  was  destined  lo  have  a  long  endu- 
rance. 

Great  was  the  consternation  that  these  events  ex- 
cited m  the  adjoining  colonies  of  liie  Knglish.  Tiif 
government  of  Connecticut,  with  asioniahntg  ttl)sur- 
dity,  sent  a  deputation  to  the  Dutch  admirals,  to  re- 
monstrate against  their  usurpation  of  dominion  over 
the  territory  of  England,  and  (he  property  of  her  sub- 
jects ;  to  desire  them  to  explain  the  meaning  of  their 
conduct,  nnd  their  further  intentions ;  and  to  warn 
them,  thdt  the  umied  colonies  of  New  England  were 
intrusted  with  the  defence  of  their  sovereign's  do- 
mnnuus  m  .\inerica,  and  would  he  faithful  to  their 
trust.  'I'u  (Ills  ridiculous  application,  the  Dutch  com- 
manders returned  a  soldierlike  answtrr,  expressing  their 
surprise  at  (he  terms  uf  it,  but  declaring  that  lliey 
were  commissioned  by  tbcir  country  to  do  all  the 
damage  in  Uieir  power  to  he:  enemies  by  sea  and  land  ; 
and  that,  ^^llIte  they  apptaudi:d  the  tidelily  of  the 
English  colonies  (o  ih<  ir  yoverei/^n,  (hey  would  inii- 
lale  so  good  an  exanqile,  and  eiidravur  to  appruve 
llieinsulves  not  less  zealous  and  laithtul  ni  the  service 
of  (he  Slates  General.  The  most  active  preparations 
for  war  were  forthwith  made  in  Conrieciicni  and  the 
other  eonlederated  coloiuis  :  but  as  each  party  stuod 
on  the  defensivt-,  awatimg  the  nivabton  uf  the  other, 
only  a  lew  insigiiilicaiit  skirmishes  had  taken  place, 
when  the  arrival  of  winter  suspended  military  opera- 
tions. Early  in  the  fullowing  spring,  [lti74j  the  con- 
troversy was  terminated  without  furllier  bloodshed,  by 
the  intelligence  of  (he  treaty  of  peace  coniluded  at 
London,  and  of  the  restoration  of  New  York  lo  the 
English,  by  virtue  of  a  general  slipniaiion,  thai  what- 
soever counlriea  might  have  bevu  taken  during  the 


*  Manninff,  after  ait  this  exirnordiniiry  nnd  unarcountahle 
ronduct,  had  (lie  nnpudiMice  tu  rep.'nr  to  tiiKland  ;  whi*ai:e  lie 
'eiunicii,  or  was  sent  hack,  when  the  province  was  again 
.fivLMi  up  hy  the  Dutch  in  the  lollowinK  >eHr.  He  was  ilien 
Itied  hy  court  mctial  on  HCliari{eot  treachery  and  <'iiWHrdice, 
expre^seu  h)  II  e  Hiron){csl  and  most  revuUin^  lenns.  ('on* 
res-HiiiK  ihiM  charge  to  ht^  true,  he  received  a  Kentenre  ulniodt 
a«  extraordinary  uh  hut  ronduct:  "  iluil  llinui<h  In- dasr^rved 
death,  >et  heciuse  lie  had  sin<:e  the  surrenuer  hecii  in  En^- 
!"■>'!  '••id  seen  the  Kliiil  ainl  the  duke,  it  uah  adjud)teJ  llial  lus 
NWnrd  nhoiild  be  bri)ke  overhh  head  ni  pulihc,  helnre  the  city 
liatl.  and  hnnsen  ruiidert-d  incapahle  ul  wenrmi;  n  KV\ord,  and 
of  kerviiiif  hts  iiiajeslv  tor  the  fntiiro  in  :iiiy  piihlic  triisl." 
Smith,  p.  49,  -IS-  Tlie  'ild  irinxnn  Ihul  wdn  n'operlud  on  Ihit 
OCT  i^-ioii,  timt  grace  m  dihpMi.tfd  hy  ilic  iricie  look  o(  a  kini{, 
wit  domed  a  tuw  years  alter  to  iiu  unfurtunat«  Duke  of  Mon* 
aiDUtti 


war,  should  bo  restored  to  the  power  that  nad  pos- 
sessed them  at  its  commencement. 

Tlieevenis  of  this  war,  botli  in  Europe  and  .^mcricuf 
were  Ht'.ended  with  impurtant  conseipiencert  lo  lh:\t 
portion  of  the  North  .\nien(-.in  populaiton  that  derived 
Its  origin  from  Holland.  The  elevation  (o  the  di>rniiy 
of  Sladdiuldcr,  which  (hu  Prince  of  Orange  had  now 
derived  from  the  fear  and  danger  of  his  countrymen, 
and  from  their  desire  to  propitiate  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, paved  the  way  to  his  advancement  lo  the  English 
throne,  and  consequently  to  a  reign  under  which  iho 
Dutch  colonists,  though  disunited  from  Holland,  ceased 
to  regard  the  13ritish  sovereignty  as  a  foreign  domina- 
tion. The  eriectual  re-conquest  of  the  province  by 
the  Duich  arms,  and  the  final  cession  of  it  to  England, 
by  a  pacific  and  conventional  arrangement,  cured  tho 
wound  that  had  been  inliicted  by  the  iiijjslice  of  Eng* 
land's  original  acquisition.  Many  uf  the  Dutch  c  lo- 
nists,  besides,  apprehensive  of  molestation,  or,  at  Iciat, 
despairing  of  favor  from  a  government  whose  susf  si;- 
sioii  bad  excited  (heir  undisguised  triumph,  were  (hi* 
more  readily  induced  lo  follow  iheir  former  c  j  n- 
panions,  who  had  emigrated  lo  Carulina  ;  and  this  iis- 
|tersion  of  the  Dutch  (ended  at  once  to  promote  ihoir 
friendly  association  with  the  English,  and  to  divcsl 
New  York  of  a  distinctive  character  which  might  have 
ohslruclcd  the  harmony  between  her  and  the  ctliei 
provinces,  with  which  she  was  now  to  be  for  ever 
united. 

The  D  York,  understanding  that  some  donbli 

had  been  k-  ,ested  of  the  validity  of  his  original  grant, 
which  had  been  executed  while  the  Dutch  government 
was  in  peaceable  po.ssession  of  the  couutry,  and  which, 
even  though  originally  valid,  seemed  lo  have  been 
vacated  by  the  intervening  cmujuest,  thought  it  pru- 
dent to  remedy  this  defect,  and  signalise  the  resuinp- 
iion  of  his  proprietary  func(ions  bv  nblainmg  a  new 
patent.  This  deed,  which  was  readily  granted  lo  his 
solicitation,  recited  and  conhrmed  ihe  former  grant  of 
the  province.  It  empowered  him  to  govern  the  inhabi- 
tants "  by  sucli  ordinances  as  he  or  his  assigns  sliu'.<ld 
tisiablish;  and  to  administer  justice  according  to  the 
laws  ol  England,  with  the  admission  of  an  a)ipe.d  to 
the  king  in  council.  It  prohibited  all  per^ons  from 
trading  tlnilier  without  his  purmisbiun ;  and,  thonyli  it 
allowed  (lie  colonists  (o  import  merchandises,  it  sub- 
jected them  to  paynuMit  of  cusiums,  according  to  the 
taws  of  the  realm.  Under  (he  authority  of  this  charier, 
the  duke  eonlmued  lo  rule  the  province  ^diminished 
however  by  the  New  Jersey  teiriiory  which  be  hud 
previously  assigned  to  others)  till  his  proprietary  right 
was  merged  in  his  regal  title.  It  seems  at  first  sight 
not  a  little  surprising,  (hat  neilher  in  this  nor  in  tlio 
former  charter  of  the  territory,  did  the  brother  of  iho 
king  obtain  a  grant  uf  the  same  extraordinary  poweru 
and  privileges  that  had  been  previously  cuuferred  on 
the  proprietaries  of  M'-iryland  and  Carolina.  Uut  rely- 
ing on  ihc  greatness  of  his  connexion  and  bis  prospects, 
thf  duke  was  probably  very  little  solicitous  to  share  (he 
dignities  and  immumties  which  thi.-se  other  propriela- 
ries  bad  [irocured  fur  themselves  ;  and,  while  as  counu- 
palaline  ihey  exercised  every  act  of  governmenl  in 
thf-ir  own  names,  he  cunlented  himself  with  ruling  l.ij 
territory  in  the  name  of  the  king.  The  inisluriu;ie!i 
and  evident  incapacity  uf  Lovela  e  precluded  hi<)  re- 
appointment to  the  oflice  of  goveri  or,  which  wa;  con- 
ferred on  Edmund  Aiidrus,  a  man  who  disgraced  supe- 
rior talents  by  the  uiipnncipk'il  Zealand  acliMiy  with 
^\hich  he  rendered  ihein  subservient  to  the  art>itrar;r 
designs  of  a  tyrant.  [18J  Tins  officer,  whose  suuse- 
qnetit  proctedingp  in  New  England  hsve  already  intro- 
duced him  tu  uur  acquainiattce,  now  cummeiiced  that 
career  in  .\nierica  which  has  gained  him  so  conspicu- 
ous a  place  in  the  annuls  of  almost  every  one  of  her 
slates  for  Iwentv  years  afler  this  period.  He  waa 
ordered  lo  disturb  no  man's  estate  while  he  received 
possession  of  the  province,  from  the  Dutch,  and  lo  dis- 
tribute justice  in  the  king's  name  according  to  tho 
forms  that  had  been  observed  by  his  predereisors. 
Uut  in  order  to  raise  a  revenue  and  detray  the  o.t> 
penses  of  government,  a  great  variety  of  rales  were  at 
the  same  lime  imposed  by  the  sole  authorily  of  till 
duke;  and  one  Dyer  was  appointed  (he  collector  gl 
these  odioua  and  unconsdiulional  impositions. 

The  duke,  in  Ins  inslructions  to  Andros,  had  recom- 
mended to  bun  the  exercise  of  (jenlleness  and  hiH 
mainly  ;  but  his  selection  of  bun  to  udminister  tho  moro 
arbitrary  policy  winch  he  now  bagi  n  (o  piirsne  towards 
the  colonists,  gave  more  reason  lo  suppose  thai  lli6 
admumiion  wus  neces'iHry  than  hat  il  wu.ild  prove 
etleclual  :  and  accordingly  the  r.  w  governor  hud  nut 
be«n  lung  in  th«  province,  wIm    beaidftt  vinbroriing 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


807 


Iiimsplf  with  the  npiaMinring  povcmmfnt  of  Connccti- 
fiit.  lie  e.xciti'd  tliu  rnunnurfl  ami  renionsirunccs  uf  the 
liu.giytr;itcs,  iIh;  clrrj.'V,  <ii»l  tlin  whole  hixiy  of  tlit'  pfo- 
plc.  'i'hc  pressure  of  the  arl  'iiirv  ratus,  sii^j^c^stiTig 
c-ij-criallv  to  llicscirlrrs  in  l^oi.ji  Uliir!-.!  (he  hLMielil  of 
H  rcprfsentativr  assii'tnljly.  tlioy  ht'yiui  at  Iciii;tli  10 
broiiili  this  |irii|io8itioii  a;*  a  inattvr  uf  coriKtitiitionnl 
riu'rit  ;  hill  thiJte  lirst  emotions  of  i;!>«^rlv  were  checked 
by  Andron.  wjili  a  vi^or  and  deciaion  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  ihdnks  of  hifi  master.  A  Dutch  clergyman, 
named  Henslaer,  who  had  been  recommended  hy  the 
duke  to  the  putronairc  of  Andres,  proved  unacceptable 
to  the  people,  and  was  puninhed  by  the  magititratcfl  of 
Albany  for  some  language  that  was  deemed  improper. 
The  governor  interfered  with  his  usual  energy  in  the 
dispute,  and  having  first  loaded  with  insult  a  popular 
clrrgymiin,  whom  Urnslaer  considered  his  rivrtl,  pro- 
ceeded to  adj'idgc  all  the  magistrates  to  find  bail  to 
answer  Kensl.icr's  romplainls,  to  the  extent  of  5.000/, 
each,  and  threw  Leislcr,  one  of  their  nmnber,  into 
prison  for  refusing  to  comply.  But  finding  that  he  had, 
on  this  occHsion,  stretched  his  authority  farther  than  he 
coutd  support  it,  he  wau  compelled  to  recede  barely  m 
tune  lo  prevent  a  tumult  that  might  have  dissolved  the 
guvernmcnt.  Apparently  somewhat  daunted  with  this 
defeat,  he  conducted  himself  with  greater  regard  to 
prudence,  and  was  tible  for  a  while  to  lead  a  quiet  ad- 
uuiiistration  ;  but  the  j'ecd-H  of  jmpular  discontent  had 
beeii  sown,  and  a  strong  desire  for  more  lii>eral  jnsti- 
tuiions  look  iileut  but  vigorous  root  in  the  colony. 
This  disposiiion,  which  t)ie  contagious  vicinity  of 
liberlv  in  New  England  doiiltiless  (ended  to  keep  alive, 
WBS  fomented  by  a  measure  to  which  tiie  governor 
resnrled,  to  Hupplv  the  inadequate  returns  from  the 
colonial  rates;  [  IfiTH  J  the  practice  of  soIu;iting  pecuniary 
lietuvoUncfx  from  liu-  various  couuniinilie.s  and  town- 
ships within  his  jui-diriion.  This  htvU^r  of  had  times, 
us  a  colonial  historian  has  lerinul  it.  is  sometimes  the 
promoter  of  those  rights  whicli  it  attacks  indirectly  and 
yet  HlroiiL'ly  sugijests  In  the  close  of  the  following 
year  [lfi77]  Andros  was  compelled  to  pay  a  visit  to 
tnglaid.  in  order  lo  obtain  furiber  instructions  adapted 
to  ilie  new  tcene  tlmt  was  aboul  to  open. 

The  revenue  which  the  Duke  of  York  Iiad  imposed 
on  the  province,  hud  been  liiniled  to  the  duration  of 
three  years ;  and  as  this  period  was  on  the  point  of 
expiring,  the  intereift  holii  of  the  government  and  the 
people  was  fixed  on  the  issue  to  winch  this  emergency 
would  lead.  The  people  anxiously  hoped  that  the  very 
iua(le<]uacy  of  the  present  system  of  finance  would  in- 
duce their  proprietary  to  consent  to  l!ie  desires  ibey 
hud  (.'X)tresaed.  and  lo  !*w.'k  thit  uuprovement  of  his  re- 
venue from  the  establishment  of  a  representative  as- 
sembly. Uut  llie  duke  was  obstii.ately  determined 
against  this  measure  ;  and  lliounht  that  be  made  a 
Rutiicieul  sacriticc  to  the  advantage  of  the  colonists, 
by  simply  enacting  that  the  former  rates  slioiild  con- 
liiuie  for  three  years  longer.  [l()78J  When  Andros 
returned  to  Ins  government  with  tlis  unwelcome  edict, 
llii'  prr-vince  was  pervaded  by  universal  dMrontrnt  ;  and 
v*lu-ri  a  now  edict,  in  the  following  vciir.  [Ifi7l>]  an- 
nounced an  increase  of  the  la.x  on  ilie  importation  of 
liquors,  the  public  indignalioii  was  expressed  so  velie- 
menlly.  and  so  manv  complaiiils  were  tranHimtu-d  to 
Kn^liiMd,  that  the  duke,  ui  much  surprif^e.  recalled  Ins 
governor  lo  givt^  an  account  of  an  ntlmiiiii^tratiori  tlial 
pluiulv  appeared  to  be  iinivcrsiilly  odious.  [lf)8!)]  Thit) 
pniice  was  determined  that  bis  subjects  should  be  eii- 
Flue<!.  and  at  the  same  time  very  willing  that  they 
sliuiild  be  liappy  ;*  and  seeing  no  inrouipniibility  be- 
twei'ii  tiicse  circumstances,  be  suppo».ril  the  more  rea- 
dilv  that  Andros  might  have  comniittid  some  enor- 
miliea  unconnected  with  bis  otlicial  fnuciions,  and 
called  hnii  home  to  ascertain  if  be  had  really  so  dia- 
credited  legitimate  lyramiy.  The  inquiry,  as  miubi  lie 
expected,  terminated  in  the  honorable  acquittal  of  the 
governor,  who  proved  that  he  had  coinmilted  no  breach 
of  trust ;  that  he  had  merely  evinced  a  temper  suitable 
to  his  arbitrary  functions,   and  enforced    his  masler'a 


■  Such  were  ainn  tliH  BPiiim.enls  of  Cliarlea  the  Sucond. 
Sir  Wilhim  Tem|)lfl,  wlin  (MiivftrKcd  intimately  wuli  lUin, 
navs  tliat  he  wished  that  every  Imdy  should  he  easy,  *' and 
»"iiM  have  bucn  Kind  tu  BOO  the  lenst  of  his  suhiecls  pleased." 
U'iMk.t,  vol.  i.p.  449.  Yet  wlieuTe)it(i|e  anit  Dtiiern  entreated 
I  itn  In  nlleviatn  the  miHery  nl  the  Scotch,  hy  restrainnii;  the 
hloudy  hands  nf  the  duku  <if  I.Hiiderdiile,  they  found  tt  utterly 
iiiip4iHNii>l-«  to  prevnl.  lr>.  330.  I.auderdaln'»  loitduct,  in- 
dHHd,  at  (  ne  liniu  ui  durwriit  a  inriliir  xcrutniy  to  that  which 
we  tiBVi  senn  Aii^.u^  atiule.  The  result  was  neurly  the 
•Bi:  e  .  tl  )  kiDK  (M>-<i  ni!ttio|i  lluriiei)  decliiriuif.  arter  a  full 
ln-|t  itv,  "  1  perccivi'  that  Ltiuderdale  has  heeii  ifuiltyof  many 
bud  tli:u(s  Htininitt  *:  ho  iieople  of  Scotland  ;  hut  I  caniiut  t)n<l 
tha*  *if  h  II  a^teU  ar  v  tiling  conUarir  to  my  iiitereit  *' 


orders  with  the  rigor  that  was  necessary  to  carry  such 
obnoxious  measures  into  execution.  Uut  circuiu- 
srances  whicli  occurred  in  the  cutnnv,  during  the  ab- 
scencu  of  Andros,  determined  ihc  duke  to  forbear  lor 
the  present  lo  re-employ  so  unpopular  an  otl'icer,  or  to 
risk  his  own  authority  in  a  farther  contest  witn  the  de- 
sires of  the  people,  till  his  hand  should  be  strengthened 
by  the  grasp  of  a  dceptre. 

Dyer,  the  collector  of  the  revenue,  had  continued 
ever  since  his  appointment  to  perform  his  functions 
with  great  odium,  but  lit'Ae  opposition.  Latterly, 
however,  the  people  had  begun  to  question  the  lawful- 
ness 1)0  less  than  the  lilierabty  of  a  system  of  taxation 
originating  with  the  duke  aloi..  -  and  when  they 
learned  that  their  doubts  were  sanctioned  by  the  opi- 
nions of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  in  England,  their 
indignalioii  broke  forth  with  a  viohuice  that  had  nearly 
transported  them  to  the  commission  of  injustice  still 
more  outrageous  than  the  wrongs  they  complained  of. 
They  accused  Dyer  of  higli  treason,  for  having  col- 
lected taxes  without  the  authority  uf  law  ;  and  the  lo- 
cal magistrates  seconding  the  popular  rage,  appointed 
a  special  court  to  try  hiin  on  this  absurd  and  unvvar- 
ranialdc  charge.  It  was  pretended  that  although  he 
had  not  committed  any  one  of  the  otreiicea  bpecUied  m 
tho  statute  of  treasons,  yet  it  was  liwful  to  subject' 
him  to  the  penalties  of  this  statute,  for  the  ancient 
and  exploded  crime  o(  encroachiiiir  /joircr;— one  of 
those  vague  and  unintelligible  charges,  which  it  bad 
been  the  very  purpose  of  the  statute  to  abolish.  liiit 
reason  and  humanity  returned  in  tlic  short  interval  be- 
tween the  impeachment  and  the  trial  :  and  when  the 
p..  oner  demanded  to  know  how  his  judges  came  to  be 
invested  with  their  functions,  and  if  they  did  not  act 
under  an  aulhorily  derived  from  the  same  prince, 
whose  commission  he  himself  enjoyed,  the  court  inter- 
posed to  suspend  farther  proceedings  in  the  colony, 
and  ordered  nim  to  be  MCJt  with  an  accuser  to  t^ng- 
lund.  [1681  j  Ho  was  of  course  discharged  immedi- 
ately after  his  arrival ;  and  no  accuser  thouglii  proper 
to  appear  against  him.  iiut  if  this  prosecutiun  was 
any  thing  more  than  a  bold  undesigning  expression  of 
popular  displeasure  and  impatience,  it  completely 
etl'eeted  the  farthest  purposes  of  its  promoters  ;  and  lo 
their  spirited  thougli  irregular  measures,  New  York  was 
indebted  fur  the  overlhruwof  an  odious  despotism,  and 
her  first  experience  of  syatemalic  liberty.  While  the 
duke  regarded  with  astonishment  the  violent  pioceed- 
ing  by  which  bis  collector  had  nearly  perished  a»  a 
traitor,  and  hail  been  banished  from  the  colony  without 
a  voice  being  raised  in  his  favor,  he  was  assailed  willi 
expressions  of  the  same  senliineuls  that  had  produced 
this  violence,  in  a  more  constitutional,  and  therefore, 
perhaps,  more  disagreeable  sliape.  The  governor's 
council,  the  court  of  assizes,  and  the  corporation  of 
the  city  of  Now  Vorki  concurred  with  the  whole  body 
uf  (he  mhabitanis  lu  soliciting  the  duke  to  permit  the 
people  to  participaie  in  the  legi.-.Idtive  powi.r  ;  and 
while  their  cnnduct  enabled  hiin  to  inlerprel  theip  ad- 
dres.ses  into  u  formal  declaration  that  they  wo  ild  no 
longer  continue  lu  pay  taxes  without  possessing  an  as- 
sembly, he  was  given  to  understand,  by  hi«  cuul'Jeiuial 
advisers,  that  the  laws  of  England  would  supprrt  them 
in  till!)  prcKiision.  Overcome  by  the  united  force  of 
all  these  circumstances,  ami  not  yet  advaujcd  to  the 
height  wliiuice  he  wus  afterwards  enabled  to  regard  the 
sngtrestion  of  legal  otistructious  with  a  snubs'  the 
duke  tirat  paused  in  his  irbitrary  career,  tnd  then  gave 
a  reluctant  and  ungrucioni  assent  to  the  demands  of 
the  colonists.  Direclions  were  sent  to  the  deputy-go- 
veniur  on  whom  the  administration  had  devolved  m 
the  absence  of  Andros,  "  to  keep  things  quiet  at  New 
Vurk  ill  the  mean  time;"  and  shortly  after,  [1682]  it 
was  inlimated  to  him  tliat  the  duke  could  condescend 
lu  grant  the  desires  of  the  people  on  condition  of 
llieir  raising  money  aulficiunt  for  the  support  of  govern- 
ment, and  uf  the  principal  inhabitants  couseuttug  lo 
grant  a  written  engagement  that  this  should  be  dune. 
Al  length,  after  wavering  a  little  longer  between  fear 
and  aversion,  the  duke  gave  notice  ot  bis  final  deler- 
luiuation  lo  establish  m  New  York  the  («ame  frame  of 
government  that  the  other  colonies  enjoyed,  and  par- 
ticularly ■  representative  assembly.  The  governor 
whom  he  nominated  to  conduct  the  new  admimstra- 
tion  was  Culonel  Dongan,  afterwards  Earl  of  Limerick. 


*  Sbh  ante,  B.  II.  cap.  A.  One  uii^ht  alinnst  he  tempted  to 
suNpect  Chaliiiers  uf  uii  inteutiun  to  natiTize  the  duke  hy  ex- 
iravaQaiicc  of  uurncritt'd  praise,  when  he  sugKeata  an  tlie 
reanon  fur  his  acipues('eiu:e  on  iln^  ocensiou,  ihiii  "  the  con- 
tinued adversity  winch  had  so  loii){  eiutiittereil  lui  lUe,  nmde 
him  rsfard  ttie  n^M»  and  taul  fur  the  luirenngt  uf  uttieri." 


a  man  of  integrity,  moderation,  and  agreeable  mannerv, 
and,  though  a  professed  |mpist,  which  periiaps  was  bia 
cluef  p.isspurt  to  the  duke's  favor,  yet  ni  the  main  ac- 
ceptable, and  justly  so,  to  a  people  who  regarded  po 
pery  with  su»|uciou  and  dislike.  The  mstrnctiomi  that 
were  commufiicated  to  Dotigau,  required  him  to  con- 
voke an  &sse:iibly,  whi';h  was  to  consist  of  B  council 
of  ten,  and  a  house  of  representatives,  not  exceeding 
eighteen,  to  be  elected  by  tho  freeholders.  Like  tho 
other  provincial  legislatures,  this  body  was  empowered 
to  make  laws  for  the  people,  under  the  requisition  of 
conformity  to  the  general  jurisprudence  of  the  empire, 
and  of  subjection  to  the  assent  or  dissent  of  the  pro- 
prietary. Thus  the  inhabitants  of  New  York,  after 
being  treated  as  a  conquered  people  for  nearly  twenty 
years,  and  governed  by  tiie  arbitrary  will  of  the  Duke 
of  York  and  his  deputies,  were  promoted  by  their  own 
spiiit  and  vigor  to  a  participation  in  legislative  rights  ; 
and  by  a  singular  coincidence  obtained  a  free  consti- 
tution at  the  very  lime  when  their  old  rivals,  the  co- 
lonists of  New  England,  were  deprived  of  it.  NoUiiug 
could  l»e  more  acceptable  to  ibern  ihan  this  interest- 
ing change;  and  the  ardent  gratitude  of  their  ackuow- 
ledgmcnls  expressed  much  more  justly  their  sense 
of  the  benefit,  than  the  merit  uf  their  nominal  bene- 
faclur. 
I  The  most  interesting  monument  of  the  tyrannical 
administration  which  was  thus  suspended,  is  a  report 
prepared  by  Andros,  in  reply  to  ctrtaiu  inquiries  of  the 
English  committee  of  colonies  in  the  year  1678;  from 
which,  and  from  a  similar  communication  by  the  inu- 
nicipabiy  of  New  York  to  the  board  of  trade  a  few  years 
after,  some  insight  may  be  obtained  into  the  condition 
of  the  province  about  this  period.  The  city  of  New 
York,  in  lf)78,  appears  to  have  contained  3,430  inha- 
bitants, and  to  have  owned  no  larger  navy  than  three 
shtpf,  eight  sloops,  and  seven  boats.  No  account  ap- 
pears to  have  been  collected  of  tlic  i  ■piilation  of  tho 
wliule  province,  which  contained  I'  ;uty-four  towns, 
villages,  or  par;.shcs.  About  fifteen  vesnets,  on  an  ave- 
rage, traded  yearly  to  the  port  of  New  \'ork.  import- 
ing English  manufactures  to  the  value  of  50,000/.  and 
oxporitng  tho  productions  of  the  colony,  which  con- 
sisted of  land  produce  of  all  sorts,  among  which  are 
particularised  beef,  jiease,  lumber,  tobacco,*  peltry  pro- 
cured fro.n  the  IndiarKi,  and  60,000  luishels  of  wheat. 
Of  servants  the  number  was  small,  and  they  were  much 
wanted,  tiomc  unfrequeut  and  iuconniderable  impor- 
tations of  slaves  were  made  from  tiarbadoes  :  and  there 
were  yet  but  very  few  of  these  unfortunate  beings  in 
the  colony.  Agriculture  was  more  generally  followed 
than  trade.  A  trader  worth  1,000/,  or  even  &(JU/., 
was  considered  a  substantial  merchant  ;  and  a  planter 
worth  half  that  sum  In  moveables  was  accounted  rich. 
All  the  estates  in  tlic  province  were  valued  at  150,- 
000/.  "Ministers,"  says  Andros,  "are  scarce,  and 
religions  many."  The  duke  mamlaincd  a  chaplain  at 
New  York  ;  which  was  the  only  certain  endowment  of 
the  church  of  England.  There  were  about  twenty 
churches  or  meeting  places,  of  which  half  were  vacant. 
All  districts  were  liable  by  law  to  the  obligation  of 
btjijding  churches  and  providing  for  nimisters,  whose 
emolniuenis  varied  from  40/.  to  70/  a  year,  with  the 
addition  of  a  bouse  and  gartlen.  Uut  tne  presbyteri- 
ans  and  mdependents,  who  fo.uied  the  most  numerous 
and  substantial  portion  of  the  inrabilants.  were  the  only 
classes  wliu  showed  much  willm^^ness  lo  procure  and 
su|  port  their  ministers.  Marriages  were  allowed  lo 
be  aolciunized  cither  by  miiuslers  or  by  justices  of  the 
peace.  There  were  no  beggars  in  the  province  ;  and 
the  poor,  who  were  few,  were  well  taken  care  of.  The 
number  of  the  militia  auionnted  to  2.000  ;  compre- 
hending 140  horsemen;  and  a  standing  company  ot 
soldierb  was  maintained,  with  gunners  and  other  otii* 
cers  for  t)ie  forts  of  Albany  and  New  York.  Such 
was  tho  condition  of  the  province  about  four  years  pre- 
ceding the  period  at  which  wo  have  now  arrived, 
four  years  after  (in  1686,)  it  was  found  to  have  im- 
proved 80  rapidly,  that  the  shipping  of  New  York 
amounted  to  ten  three  masted  vessels,  twenty  sloopfi, 
and  a  few  ketches  of  intermediate  bulk.  Tin.  militia 
had  also  iucrea»ed  to  4,000  foot,  300  horse,  anil  a  cou;- 
paiiy  of  dragoons.  The  augmentation  of  inhabitants, 
indicated  by  this  increase  of  military  force,  appears  tha 
more  considerable,  when  we  keep  in  view,  that  soma 
time  pnur  to  this  last  mentioned  period,  the  Delawsr* 
territory  had  been  partly  siirrenacred  to  Lord  Balti- 
more, and  partly  assigned  to  VVMltam  Peiin. 

•  Denton  states  thfitfhe  Now  York  tohacco  was  r onildrrsd 
•qual  in  ((uality  to  lb*  Qntiit  pruduce  of  Maryland,  p.  3. 


808 


THE   mSTORV   OP 


i|  ^^ 


CHAPTER    II. 

Colonel  Don^nn')!  Ailirilnlstrnilon^Arrniint  nf  the  FIvo  In- 1 
dlBti   NiihoiiH  ill"  r;»nit<i.i— Tliftr  llnsuli.v  in  Uic  Krunch—  : 
Mu-<M>ii«ry  Ljiliors  of  ilie  Frtiiu-h  Jc^uiis— luMie.t  tlic  Sl>- { 
rutiil  dlhihshoa  llie  Lihritii-s  nf  Nnw  York— i-orruri.tml-*  IJitii-  j 
gnn  lu  duaiKlnii  the   Kive   Nd'ums  lo  liin  KrtNu'li— AiuIioh  ! 
■K'tix   ap(>nint«d   tiovi-nmr— VV.ir  between  llio  FieiioliuuJ 
thu   Fue   N.ilionH—Ui«P«»nteiil»  III  New  York— l.oi»liir  ile- 
cUroH  for  Kiiti(  Wnliiim.  iirnl  khhuiiiok  ih«  Uovfrniiioiit  — 
The  French  Bttiirk  thn  Province,  an>l  Onrn  SchenecUily— 
Arrival  of  Oovurnor  Sloni{liter— iVri'loxity  >tr  LuiHlur— IiIh 
'I'rial— «iid   Eionitlon— Wars  and  iimtuaM'ruelliHs  or  ttm 
Vrffitc)!  and  Indiani  -tlovornor  Fliitrlier'n  Ail-nnuslrjiiion— 
Peare  of  Ryawick— Firary  at  New  York— Ciiiilani  Kidd— 
Fai'tlona  ocraaionod  t)y  the  Fite  of  Lemler— TrmI  of  U,iv- 
ard—Corrtipt  and  opprusHivn  AdnUnidlrntioii  of  Lord  Corn- 
burry— State  of  Iho  Colony  at  lliu  Clode  of  the  SuvLntounth 
Century. 

Coi.ONKi.  Doiignn  dul  not  arnvo  at  iho  aont  of  his 
govoriimeiit  nil  a  year  after  tho  date  of  lita  npimint- 
tiient;  [16d:).J  a  (icUy  whirli  aiipoiirs  (o  huvo  cmtod 
some  uiiL'at(inp.Hfl.  ami  was  probalily  hunnriciul  to  tlio 
people,  in  atfordin^  time  for  tlin  lirst  ardor  of  mi  ill- 
iiioritod  loyally  to  cool,  and  su^jtMlinir  ih«  prcmiiilons 
for  preserving  liberty  that  should  ainnaliAU  thu  first  np- 
portiiiiity  of  excrcimnj;  it.  To  rt'liove  (lie  public  np- 
prelioni^ions,  tliu  jfovcnior  proci'i'dt'd  at  once  lo  issiu- 
wntj  to  the  shorilK  to  convene  ihr  fret^hotdi^rs,  for  thi' 
purpose  of  cluclino  tlieir  rrprcsunt'itivow  in  the  .i^suinlily; 
and  this  legisluiivn  l>odv  soon  afturwjrda  held  itA  first 
meeting  ut  Nc^v  V'nrk.  to  tlie  nivm  satisfaction  o^  \\w 
whole  province.  One  of  ihu  first  oidnianccH  which  it 
framed  naturally  arose  from  ihe  mixture  of  nnlioiis  of 
which  the  popnUtion  was  composttd,  ami  whh  an  act  of 
general  luturalizdtion,  9cciirin<{  jihI  cxleiidin>r  eqn.il 
iirivilei;es  to  all.  From  this  period  the  Untcli  and 
English  at  New  York  were  finaly  compacted  into  one 
nnlional  body.  They  saw  ihti  d.inirliter  of  their  com 
mon  proprietary  married  lo  the  Stadtholdcr  of  ilolUnd, 
Rt)d  willinjily  cemented  their  own  union  by  frequent 
intarmarridgr  and  the  ties  of  coiisano.unity  There  wa.i 
|Misaed,  at  the  a^me  time,  an  act  declaring  (he  liberiies 
ol  the  people,  and  one  fordefraymi*  the  reipiibite  charges 
of  government  for  a  limited  iiiiio  Tlie^ie,  with  a  few 
other  \d\VA  regnUling  fhu  internal  economy  of  tlie  pro- 
vince, and,  in  particular,  enactinir  its  division  into 
coM^'io*.  were  transmitted  to  the  O.ikc  of  Vork.  and  re- 
ceived hi4  '*iinliriiution,  as  proprietary,  in  the  Ibllowin^ 
year.  [168-lJ  An  am.cable  treaty,  which  the  t^overnor 
etfected.  about  the  sauie  time,  with  the  provincial  au- 
thorities of  Contiecticul.  terminated,  al  length  tlie  tnng- 
subdisiing  dispute  with  regard  to  the  bouiidunos  of 
Connecticut  and  New  Vork 

B'!t  the  adininislraiiun  of  Colonel  Dongan  was  chiefly 
difttinguished  by  the  atientinn  which  he  bestowed  upon 
Indian  atfairs.  and  by  the  increasing  intlinmco  which 
now  Dcgan  to  he  exerted  on  the  fortunes  of  the  province 
by  the  niato  of  Us  relations  with  the  tribes  coinposing 
the  celebrated  confederacy  of  The  Five  Nitiuns  of 
Canada.  This  feileral  association  is  waid  to  have  de- 
rived Its  origin  from  the  most  remote  anliipiity  ;  and, 
a&  tho  name  imports,  it  comprehended  five  Indian  na- 
tions, of  whicli  the  Mohawks  have  olitamed  the  most 
lasting  name,  and  which  were  united  on  terms  of  the 
•trtctest  ei)uality,  in  a  perpetual  alliance,  lor  united 
conquest  and  mutual  defence  rhe  members  of  this 
united  body  reckoned  themselves  superior  lo  all  llu: 
rest  of  mankind,  and  llie  distinctive  appellation  which 
they  adopted*  was  expreitsive  of  this  opiiiiou.  Uut  the 
vinciplea  of  their  confederacy  display  far  more  policy 
and  relinoment  than  wo  might  e.tpeci  from  the  arrogance 
of  their  barbarous  name.  They  bad  embraced  the 
Roman  maxim,  of  increasing  their  strength  by  mcorpo- 
rating  th>i  people  of  otiier  nations  with  tliemselves. 
After  every  conquest  oi  an  cuemv,  when  they  bad  in- 
dulged their  revenge  by  some  cruel  executions,  they 
exorcised  their  usual  policy  m  the  adoptmn  of  the  re- 
maining captives  ,  and  frequently  with  ^o  ntncb  advan- 
tage, that  aume  of  (heir  most  distingiiisiied  sachems 
tnd  captaina  were  derived  from  defeated  and  adopted 
foet.  Each  nation  had  its  own  separate  republican 
consiiiutkon,  in  which  rank  and  office  were  claimed 
only  by  age,  procured  only  by  mt^nl,  and  enjoyed  bv 
the  tenure  of  public  esteem  ;  and  each  was  divided  into 
three  tribes,  bearing  respectively  for  their  ensigns,  and 
distinguished  by  the  names  of,  thu  Tortoise,  the  Bear, 
and  the  Wolt.  In  no  couiinunity  was  age  graced  with 
more  respect,  or  youth  eti '''■^-^  witb  greater  beauty. 
Such  was  the  etlicacy  of  '  •  mode  of  life  m  develop- 
ing the  fine  profwrtions  v  ^tich  the  human  frame  is 
•uscepuble,  that,  when  the  statue  o(  the  Apollo  Uelvi- 
Ucre  wv  Iwheld,  for  the  fukt  lime,  by  the  American 
ApeUea«  Benjamin  West,  he  started  at  the  uneipecled 
fwcognilion,  antJ  exclaimed,  "  How  like  it  is  to*  ynuiK^ 

*  **  0«f u**t">Awe"— itoal  is,  "  Men  surii«»wiic  aU  utUeu." 


Mohawk  warrior."     The  people  of  the  several  nations,  \ 

and  especially  the  Mohawks,  were  diRtinguished  by  tho 
usual  Indian  qualities  of  allachment  to  iiheriy,  fiiriilode  | 
tU  the  endurance  of  pain,  and  prelerencu  of  craft  and  i 
sintagom  lo  undisguised  operation  in  war,"  and  by  a| 
nure  tl.aii  usual  degree  of  perseverance,  resolution  and  , 
active  intrepidity.  .Vlmoni  all  tlie  trities  iiromid  this 
people,  and  even  many  at  a  great  distance,  who  were 
not  included  in  their  confederacy,  acknowledgerl  u  mub- 
jection  to  it,  paid  a  tribute,  which  two  aged  sachems 
were  annually  deputed  to  collect,!  and  were  restrained 
from  making  war  or  peace  without  the  consent  of  the 
Five  Nations  It  was  tho  policy  of  a4l  the  chiefs  to 
atfect  superior  poverty,  and  to  distribute  among  the 
people  the  whole  of  their  own  abarn  of  tribute  and 
plunder.  All  matters  o(  common  concernment  were 
transacted  in  general  meetings  of  the  sachems  of  each 
nation  :  and  the  inllucnce  of  time,  aided  by  a  long 
course  of  judicious  policy  and  victorious  enierprme,  bad 
completely  succeeded  in  causing  the  federal  character 
and  sentimenls  lo  prevail  over  the  peculiarities  of  their 
subordinate  national  tissociatiotis.  In  the  year  1677, 
the  confederacy  po.sse.ssed  SIM)  ligliting  men.  When 
the  Tuscorora  tribe  was  vaii(piishe<l,  as  we  have  seen, 
at  a  subsequent  period,  and  expelleil  from  its  territory 
by  llic  colonists  of  (*arottna,  the  fugitives  proposed, 
and  wrre  permitted,  to  revive  their  broken  estate  by 
en^'raftmg  it  on  this  powerful  contederacv  ;  and  as  (in 
consequence  of  a  suppiisition  derived  friiin  siimlariiy 
of  language,  of  their  original  derivation  fimn  llie  same 
stock  lo  wtiicli  they  now  returned),  lliey  were  asitociated 
as  a  new  ineinber  of  thu  general  union,  instead  of  being 
inicnuingted  with  anv  particular  portion  of  it,  the  con- 
federacy soon  afier  ol>tauii;d  tiie  ii.in)t>  of  the  Six  Na- 
tKMis.  Doth  the  French  and  the  Knglish  writers,  who 
have  treated  of  the  character  or  atfairs  of  this  people, 
have  concurred  in  desLnbing  them  as  at  once  the  most 
judicious  and  politic  of  llie  native  powers,  and  the  most 
tierce  and  formulalile  of  tho  native  mhahiiaiii.'t  of  Aino' 
rica.  There  was  only  wanting  lo  their  fame,  that 
literary  celebration  which  they  obtained  too  soon  from 
the  neijibborhood  of  a  nice  of  civili/.ed  men,  who  were 
.lesimed  to  eclipse,  and  liiially  extinguish,  their  great- 
nesH  ;  and  particularly  Trom  the  pen  of  a  liighly-accom- 
plishvd  writer,  (^ulwalader  Colden,  one  of  llio  go- 
vernors o(  New  Vork,  they  have  received  the  same 
historic  service  which  hts  own  barbarian  ancestors  de- 
rived from  the  writings  of  ("iesar  and  Tacirus. 

When  ihe  French  settled  m  Canada,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  this  century,  they  found  Ihe  Five  Nations  en- 
gaged in  a  bloody  war  with  tho  [Hiwerful  tribe  of  Adt- 
rotutacks ;  in  which,  after  having  been  themselves  so 
severely  pressed,  that  they  were  driven  from  their  pos- 
sessions round  Montreal,  and  forced  to  seek  an  asylum 
on  the  southeast  coast  of  Lake  Ontario,  the  Five  Na- 
tions bad  latterly  succeeded  in  gaining  a  decided  ad- 
vantage, and  had  in  turn  constrained  their  enemies  to 
abandon  their  lands  situated  above  the  Three  /Jnvr.T, 
and  riy  for  B.ifely  behnid  the  strait  where  Quebec  was 
built.  Tlio  tide  of  succesf*,  however,  was  suddenly 
turned  by  th?  arrival  of  (.'bamplam,  who  conducted  the 
French  colony,  and  who  naturally  joined  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  becHuse  be  had  aultled  on  their  lands.  The 
conduct,  the  bravery,  and  espicially  the  fire-arms,  of 
these  new  allies  of  (he  enemy,  proved  an  overmatch 
tor  the  skill  and  intrepidity  of  the  Five  Nations,  who 
wore  dcfjated  m  several  battles,  and  reduced  lo  the 
greatest  distress.  It  was  at  this  critical  juncture  that 
the  first  Dutcli  .ihip  arrived  in  lIudtEon's  river,  with  the 
colonist.s  who  oatablished  themselves  at  Albany.  The 
Five  Nations,  easily  pruciirni;^  from  these  m.ighbors  a 
supply  of  thai  species  of  arms  to  which  alone  iheir  ene- 
mies bad  been  indebted  for  their  superiority,  revived 
the  war  with  such  impetuosity  and  success,  thai  the 
nation  of  the  .Adiroiidacks  was  completely  annihilated  ; 
and  the  French  too  !>tc  dia' overed,  (hat  they  had 
e»))0used  the  fortunes  of  the  weaker  people.!     Hence 


*  In  t'us  pecuhanly  most  of  tho  Indian  miics  resamhled  the 
ancient  Spartans;  an  thoydid  hImoId  the diUjieiiee  wUh  which 
lltny  cultivated  concineiK'ss  ul  spetich. 

t  "  1  have  ulien  had  opportunity  to  observe  what  anxiety 
the  pour  liiduns  wore  under,  winlo  thostt  two  oltl  men  re- 
iimint'd  Ml  that  part  o'  tlie  country  where  I  was.  An  old  Mo- 
htwk  sachuin,  in  a  poor  iilanket,  and  dirty  xhiit,  may  l)e  seen 
ii!(umi(  hM  orders  wild  as  arbitrary  an  authonty  Sk  a  Roman 
dictator."    Colden,  i.  4. 

t  To  ninuse  tlio  French,  the  Five  Nations,  af  one  time, 
sent  thetn  a  proiMisai  of  peace,  to  which  tho  French  readily 
hiclhnntf,  ruquuittod  thoiii  to  receive  a  deputation  of  .lesuitK, 
whose  exeriioii&,  iliey  exiMjciod,  would  miieernly  conciliate 
their  fnundnhip.  Thu  Five  Nuiioiis  willingly  Ht;reed,  and 
doitired  to  see  the  piinsls  inunwdialely ;  l>ut  the  tnslinl  they 
1^1  hold  of  the;ti,  th«*y  niarcliod  lo  att  i-  k  the  Indian  allies  ol 
Uio  French,  and  lakiotf  the  pneifiH  vtiih  ihum  hh  hoititgo.*,  to 
enlon  p  the  neniraliiy  of  ilioir  couiihymen.gavutUo  Adiroiid- 
aoka  a  atgiial  Ueieat.    Oolden,  i.  m. 


originated  the  mutual  dread  and  enmity  that  so  loitg 

subsisted  between  the  French  and  the  nonfederatca 
Iiulians,  and  i.iilailcd  so  in  my  calamUies  upnn  both. 
The  French,  less  accustmned  to  the  climate,  and  let^s 
acquainted  with  the  country,  than  their  aavage  eneinier,, 
attempted  vainly  to  imitate  their  rapid  and  secret  ex- 
porfitioiis.  A  party  despatched  in  the  winter  of  WiOd, 
by  Courcelles,  the  governoi  of  Canada,  to  attack  (lis 
Five  Nations,  lost  their  way  among  wastes  nf  snow, 
and  after  enduring  the  greatest  misery,  arrived,  with- 
out knowing  where  they  wou.  at  the  village  of  Sche- 
nectady, near  Albany,  which  a  Dutchman  of  consideri<- 
tion,  iianicd  Corlear,*  had  recently  founded.  The 
French,  exhausted  and  stupitied  with  cold  and  hunger, 
recemlilcd  rather  an  army  of  beggars  than  of  hostile 
invaders,  and  would  have  fallen  an  easy  prey  to  a  body 
of  Indians  who  weie  in  the  village,  if  (Jorlear,  touched 
with  conipassiou  ut  their  mistTable  appearance,  bad 
not  employed  noth  inlluence  and  artilice  with  the  Indi- 
ans, to  persuade  them  lo  spare  their  nnfurtnimto  eno- 
inies,  and  depart  to  defend  their  own  people  .igamst  a 
more  formidable  attack  m  a  ditlercnt  quarter,  which  hu 
led  them  to  expect  When  the  Indians  were  gone, 
Corlear  and  Ins  townsmen  brought  refreshments  lo  tho 
fainitiliing  Fnuichmeu,  and  supplied  theni  with  pro- 
visiun.H  and  other  necc>isaries  to  carry  theiu  home  : 
having  taught  liiem  by  a  sensible  leasun.  that  it  is  llie 
inulual  duly  of  men  to  mitigate  by  kindness  and  cha- 
rity, instead  of  aggravalnig  by  ambition  ami  lerocily, 
the  tll.i  liiat  arise  from  the  rigors  of  ttaltire,  and  tlio 
frailty  of  liumaiiity.  Tlie  French  governor  expressed 
much  gratitude  for  (yorlear's  kindness,  and  the  Indiana 
never  resented  his  iMnievolent  slralagem  :  but  their 
mutual  warfare  continued  unabiited.  Al  lengtli,  alter 
a  long  period  of  severe  but  indecisive  hostilities,  both 
imrties,  we. tried  of  war,  b<il  not  e.\liausied  of  animo- 
sity, agreed  to  a  general  peace,  whii'b  was  concluded 
111  the  year  Uiii7,  and  had  subsisted  ever  since  with- 
out any  considerable  inlerruption,  at  tlu'  period  when 
Colonel  Dongan  was  niadt^  g4»vernor  of  New  Vork. 

Of  the  rclaiion  that  sibsisied  between  the  Dutch  and 
(he  Five  Nations,  only  confused  and  uiiceriaiii  accounts 
have  been  |Jie*erved.  The  writers  wln>  have  a.>serted 
(hat  the  Dutch  were  conlinually  in  close  ulliaiice  and 
friendship  with  the  Indians,  seem  to  liav.i  derived  their 
slatemenl.s  entirely  from  their  own  Ideas  of  what  waa 
probable,  and  to  have  miataken  for  an  expression  of 
parMcular  ineiuUhq),  the  indiscriminate  readiness  of 
the  Dutch  lo  trallic  with  Incnd  or  foe.  1»  is  certain 
that  al  one  time  they  were  engaged  in  a  bloody  war 
with  the  Indiana;  though  with  what  particular  tr.bca, 
there  are  no  means  of  asceriainmg ;  and  thai  durii.g 
Siuyvesaiirs  administration  they  enjoyed  a  peace  with 
thein,  of  which  the  benelil  was  iransmilted  lo  the 
English.  When  Colonel  Nichols  assumed  the  govern- 
ment of  New  York,  be  entered  into  a  friendly  treaty 
with  the  Five  Nations  ;  which,  however,  (ill  the  arrival 
of  Dongan.  seems  to  have  been  product!  e  of  no  farther 
eoime.vion  than  an  extensive  commercial  lulercourso, 
in  wbtcli  the  Indians  supplied  the  Knglish  with  peltry 
in  return  lor  arms  and  ammunition,  of  the  ui»e  ol  wlmh, 
us  long  as  they  were  not  employed  against  themselves, 
the  vendors  were  entirely,  and,  as  it  proved,  unfor- 
tunaiely,  regardless.  The  Indians  adhered  lo  the  treaty 
with  strict  Iideiily  ;  but  always  showed  a  scrupulom* 
niceness  in  exacting  the  demoriMrations  of  respect  due 
lo  an  independent  people  ;  and  m  paiticular  w^  any 
of  iheir  lorces  had  occasmti  to  pass  near  ihe  Lngtish 
forts,  they  expected  (o  be  saluied  with  military  honors. 
Ill  ttie  mean  lime  the  French  Canadians  were  not  ro- 
miss  in  availing  themselves  of  their  deliverance  from 
the  hostilities  of  these  fonnidahlu  Indians.  They  ad* 
vanced  their  actllemenls  abmg  the  river  St.  Ijawrenco, 
and  in  the  year  lti7:i  built  Fort  Fronlignac  on  ita  north- 
west bank,  where  il  rushes  from  tho  vast  parent  walere 
of  Ontario.  With  a  policy  proportioned  to  tno  vigor  of 
their  advances,  they  tilled  tho  Indian  setllementa  wilh 
their  misBiunurieh,  who  laboring  with  great  activity  and 
success,  mulliplied  converts  to  their  doctrines,  and  al- 
lies lo  their  coutitrymeii.  Tho  prayiiijj  Indians,  aa  tho 
French  termed  their  converts,  were  either  neutral,  or, 
more  frequently,  their  auxdiariei  in  war.  The  Jeauita 
preached  not  lo  their  Indian  audiiora  tho  doctrines  (hat 
most  deeply  wound  the  pride  of  human  iiatuie,  nor  a 
lofty  morality  which  the  conduct  of  the  bulk  of  its 
nominal  proleasora  practically  denies  and  diagracea. 
They  required  of  iheir  tonverla  but  a  superficial  chango  ; 
an  embracement  'A  one  au(>er8tilion  in  place  of  ano- 


'  Tins  man  enjoyed  fjreal  iiiHiieme  wiili  ih«  Iiullana,  wto, 
after  hi.^  death,  always  addrosied  ilio  )|overnnrs  of  New  Voik 
with  tlio  uile  ol  U.irlear,  u»  the  naino  niokt  oxpieuive  of 
reeyect  that  tte>  vould  emulttf.    Coltlen,  i.  H 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


M 


ity  th«it  80  loiifl 
lu  coiifudurati'a 
lifs  upon  Ljtii. 
Iittuitc,  anil  let;* 
BBvam;  t'tioiniefi, 
1  unii  i«et:rui  ux- 
wiriior  of  l*»05, 
,1.  10  artm-.k  llis 
bvastus  nf  riiow, 
y,  arrived,  will** 
village  of  Schc- 
lan  of  considtTH- 

foimdfd.  The 
i:old  uiid  liiin;!ur, 
s  Lliaii  of  hostile 
'V  prcv  to  a  hodr 
Oorlcar,  toucheil 
»|)|)t:urancc,  tiutl 
i;n  With  Iho  Indi- 
uitfortunaio  tMio- 
in't)|ih!  ■.ii;,iiti8t.  a 
liiiirrcr.  whidt  ho 
iiiiiiH  wtiru  ijoiio, 
rrcMliiiicnis  10  tlio 
ihfin  Willi  pro- 
rry  ihem  hoiitu  : 
MOD,  that  It  IS  iho 
undupifs  and  cha- 
11)11  and  Uirorily, 
f  naturu,  and  tlio 
vernor  rxprcsst-d 
t,  and  ihe  Imlidnti 
aj^t'iii  :    hnt    thoir 

Al  length.  atuT 
IV  ho^lihiH's.  lioth 
uuisU'd  of  aniino- 
•h    WiiH  cotu'UidiMl 

ever  since   wilh- 
ihi'  jH-riod  wlieii 
of  New  York, 
een  the  Dntcli  and 
iiicerlain  accounts 
vlio  have  asserted 
close  ulliiineo  am! 
hiivfl  derived  iheir 
ideas  of  what  was 
an  expression  of 
mate  ruHdinei«s  of 
I'oe.     1'  li*  certain 
d  Ml  a  hloody  war 
I  particular  tr.bta, 
;  and  that  durn.j 
oyed  a  peace  with 
ransinitted  to  the 
isunicd  the  govern- 

0  a  friendly  treaty 

vor,  till  the  arrival 

icli  V.  of  m  farther 

jercial   iiilercourso, 

;n«li8h  with  p'Miry 
>f  liie  nttc  of  wliieh, 
igainst  theniselvR-*, 

1  It  proved,  unfor- 
dhered  to  the  treaty 
nwtd  a  scriipulouD 
ions  of  respect  doe 
ailicvdar  w:       any 

near  the  hngliah 
jih  iiidiiary  honors, 
ilians  were  not  ro- 

dohvuranco  from 
ndians.  They  ad- 
•iver  Si-  liBwrenco, 
ili^ntc  on  US  north- 

I  vaat  parent  waHira 
)ned  10  mo  vigor  of 

II  settleinenla  with 
h  great  activity  and 
r  doctrines,  and  al- 
,..m  IndianA,  as  iho 
e  either  neutral,  or, 

war.  'I'he  Jeanita 
8  the  docinnea  that 
^inan  natuie,  nor  a 
of  the  bulk  of  its 
lies  Slid  diagracpn. 
superficial  chaiigo; 
in  in  place  of  ano- 

/\\U  ihB  huilaw,  wh©, 
tveniur*  of  N*jw  York 
iM  niofti  oxpiesuvfi  of 
n,  1.  H 


iher;  and  they  entortainod  their  senses,  and  impressed 
their  iinaj^ination^,  hy  a  ceremonial  at  onro  pietriresqun 
and  invstenoui  Yet  a-t,  from  the  weakne^is  of  ni<in, 
an  admixture  of  error  ih  innepurahle  from  ihe  hesl  nvh- 
lom  of  dortrni  f,  so,  from  the  giioilnesH  n(  (Sud,  a  ray  of 
truth  i»  found  to  pervade  even  the  worst.  The  in- 
ttniotions  of  Oie  .lesuitH,  fro:n  which  tin.  Iiti-'ainent;*  of 
chriatiiiiity  were  not  wholly  ohliier.iled,  rnny  luve  eon- 
iribntud,  in  some  instances,  to  form  the  divine  imaii^o 
in  the  minds  of  the  Indians;  and  the  ^ood  seed,  iin- 
choked  bv  the  tares,  may,  in  some  places,  have  sprung; 
up  to  cvertastin<(  life.  The  inorAl  and  domnstic  pre- 
cepts contained  in  the  Scriptures  were  rommunicated, 
ill  some  inst<inees,  with  n  happy  elfecl  :  and  various  con- 
ffret^alions  of  Indian  converts  were  persuaded  by  the 
Jesuits  to  build  villaj^es  in  Canada  in  the  same  style  as 
the  Krunch  coItmistA,  to  adopt  Kuropean  liushandrv, 
and  to  renounce  splntnoiiH  liquors.  'Hie  visible  :iepa- 
rution  of  the  catholic  priests  froin  the  family  o(  man- 
kind, hv  a  supnrHlilious  renuiKJatioti  of  enujuiral  and 
parental  ties.  t;A\e  no  'iiuult  sierediiesH  to  their  rliarac- 
*er,  and  a  strori'^  prevailin*;  power  to  their  addresses. 
In  the  disrhar<re  of  what  ihey  conceived  their  duty, 
their  coura'^e  and  perseverance  were  efpialled  only  by 
thoir  address  and  artiviiy.  Tliev  had  )ilre,idv  com- 
parsed  sea  and  land  to  make  prosrlyte.'i.  and  the  threats 
uf  death  and  torture  could  udI  deliT  them  from  exe- 
culiiiij  their  coinrnissiori  Manv  of  them,  though  roin- 
inandcd  to  depart,  eontintied  lo  remiin  amiin<r  trihrs 
that  were  at  war  with  their  coiiiitrvmen  ;  and  some  of 
them,  on  the  princiide  of  beroinin>{  all  ilnu^-t  to  all 
men.  embraced  Indian  hahit.'t  nf  livinir.  One  o(  thi-se 
last,  established  linn-4flf  sn  tinnly  iti  the  alfectiotis  of 
one  of  the  tribes  of  thf  Five  .Xttinns.  tint  alilion^'h  they 
continued  faithful  lo  the  national  eirnitv  a>;.uiist  the 
French,  thev  ado:)ted  hnn  as  a  brother,  and  eh-clfd 
tliin  a  sacbt'in.  With  snrli  indintrv.  resolnfion.  ^ind 
insinuation,  did  Ihe  Freni-h  .Icsmis  exi<rt  tle'rnsi'lvc'i 
to  recOMimetid  tli"ir  *".nr)i  an  I  ihi'tr  co-mirv  to  ihe  af- 
fections of  the  !ndi.»ns.  The  I'Vcneh  l.iliv.  loo.  arid 
cspecialtv  their  rivil  and  military  olli  'ers  and  soldrery. 
sncceedej  belter  thin  the  L'ciuirahtv  of  the  Kn'^lish,  in 
recominetidin;^  themselves  l(.  the  yood  irra'*eH  of  the 
fiava<res.  Freneh  vatiilv  was  prodiielive  of  more  po- 
btenesA  >ind  accouimoilation*  thin  Kn^'lish  pride  ;  and 
even  {hr  displeasure  that  the  French  stMnetiines  ex- 
cited by  the  commission  of  injuries,  was  les.^  Inioli-rahle 
than  the  provocation  ihit  the  Kn'j;Iish  too  fie^pn-nllv 
inspired  by  a  diiplav  of  insolence  Tlie  stuhhorn  dis- 
I  u^ition  of  the  Fufijlisb  was  be^t  fitted  to  eonie-id  with 
toe  obstruction.?  af  nature;  the  pliancy  and  vivacitv 
of  the  French,  to  prevail  over  the  leahmsv  of  the  na- 
tives. There  were  us  yet  no  protestaril  missions  in 
this  quarter  of  Anierica.  which,  in  the  follownii^  cen- 
tury, some  New  Kn^lind  eleii^vmeii.  aidnl  liy  :i  reli- 
gious Hocietv  in  Scotland,  were  destined  to  illustrate 
by  noble  and  succrs.sfiil  exertions  of  mission. irv  lihor. 
Colon(d  Doni;rtn,  who  was  not.  like  his  predecessors, 
encumbered  with  a  monopoly  of  all  the  functions  of  i;o- 
verninent,  nor  absorbed  in  stni^irlea  with  popular  dis- 
content, had  leisure  for  a  wider  survev  of  the  state  of 
bis  countrymen's  relations  with  the  Indians,  and  verv 
booii  {liseovered  that  the  peace  which  was  no  udvan- 
laijeous  to  the  French  ('anadian  colonists,  by  enahlin-i 
them  to  extend  liicir  forti5cdtions  and  their  commerce 
over  a  vast  extent  of  country,  was  pmduetive  of 
nevero  inconvenience  to  some  of  tlie  colonies  of 
Britain,  and  threatened  serious  danger  lo  them  all.  j 
The  Five  Nations,  intlamed  hv  thinr  passion  for  war, 
anil  finding;  a  pretext  for  it.«  gratification  in  Ihe  recol- 
lection of  iiunierous  insults  that  had  been  olfered  to 
them  in  the  season  of  their  adver.*ity,  hid  lurned  iheir 
arms  southward,  and  conquered  the  country  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  borders  of  (Carolina  ;  ex'rrminatniiT 
numerous  tribes  and  nations  in  their  destructive  pro- 
gress. Many  of  the  Indian  allies  of  Virginia  ind  Ma- 
ryland sustaineil  their  attacks  ;  and  these  colonies  them- 
selves were  frequently  involved  in  hostilities  both  in 
defenco  of  thoir  allies,  and  in  defence  of  themselves 
ai^ainst  allies  incensed  by  discovering  that  their  in- 
vaders derived  iheir  means  of  annoyini;  them  from  the 
Kii;T|ish  at  New  York.  Hut*  this  year,  Colonel  Uon- 
gan.  in  conjunction  with  liord  KtHnuham.  the  f^overnor 
of  Virsjiina,  concluded  with  the  Five  Nations  a  defini- 

*  A  riirinn-  tnttacne  ot  the  ciimitlinsiitn'e  uf  tins  peoiilu  is 
relato'l  bv  OMiir.xnii  oi.  *ii^i,  in  Ins  :ii-nniiit  nt  a  trit)c  or  sav- 
agei  who  ^^er^  itreutty  chiknniMl  withtho  ^uott  hret><litit<(>r  the 
Frftiich.m  ulways  ap|Marint{Hlar)t  nakod  iit  tttuir  iinitun)  cori- 
(ufffirttft.  Charlevoix  tioa^ils,  thnt  the  PrRnch  are  the  nnlv 
ruropean  pHOitto  who  have  ever  succuRdn'l  in  romlennii 
tlicinHelvod  AKftmfihlu  to  itie  ImllniiH.  Whatover  resiion  tie 
may  liavn  had  for  this  boast  he  liad  no  rauuii  to  glory  in  tlie 
Ui^ni  by  wlileli  they  courtud  popularity. 


tivo  treaty  of  peace,  embracing  all  the  English  aettlo' 
ments,  and  all  tribes  m  alliance  with  them.     liatchetst 

pro|)ortioneil  to   tlie  nninbers  of  the   Kiif^lish  coloniHts, 
were   solemnly  Inined  in  the  ground  ;   and  ihe  arnis  of 
the  Duke  of  V(n'k,  an  the  ackno\\!edt;cd  siipretne  head 
of  the  l']rii>|ish  .kiid  Indian  eonlV'dcracy,  were  snspcnded 
alonjT  t!ie   frontiers  of  the    ti;rrilt>ries  ul   the  Five  Na- 
tions.'      This   treaty  was  long  inviolably  adhered   to; 
and  the  fiuelity  of  its  ob'^ervance  was  powerfully  anled 
by  a  renewal  of  hotitililie.^  between  the  Five  Nations 
and  their  ancient  enemies  the  French.      It  was  at  this 
time  that  the  merchants  of  New  York  first  adventured 
on  iho  great  lakes  lo  llie  weistwaid,  liopiii;r  to  participate 
in  tlie  tndo  which  the  French  were  carrying  on  with 
much  profit  ill  that  quarter,  and  which  they  endeavored 
to  guard    from    inva:iion    hy  prejudicinL;   the    Indians 
ag'iinsi  the  Frigbsh,  and  by  every  art  that  seemed  likely 
lo  ohs'.ruct  liie  advances  of  llieir  rivalj*.      L>oii;ran  per- 
coiviiiir  tint  disadvantages  to  which  Ins  i!ountrvinirn  were 
exposeo,   solicited   the   ll^nirhsh  inmistry  to  take  iiiea- 
snres  hjr  preventing  the   French   from   navigating  the 
lakes  which  boluni^ed   lo  the   Five   .Xalion-,  and,  co  i- 
seqiienliy,    ui  he    appreheruled.  to   Fngland.      Uut    le 
was  infonniMl  that  it  wa-*  pri^posteron.s  lo  ask,  or  expe.  \,  i 
that  Fran<'<;  wonhl  commanii  ner  snhjt>i!ts  to  desi.^t  from 
an    advanlageons    commerce   for   tlie  henehl   of   llimr  , 
rival.i  ;   and  he  was  (brectcd  rather  Ity  acts  of  kindness  { 
and  courtesy  to   encourage  the  Indians  lo  retain  their  I 
adherence   to  Kngland,  and   to  make  ii  the  inter*  si  of  I 
all  tlie  tribes  lo  trade  with  tiie  Kii;;lish  in  preh-rcnce  to  j 
the  French  ;   oli-tcrving  withal   such  prudence  as  iniglil  j 
prevent  olfence  lo   Furopean   neiuhhors.      So  far  were  I 
these    views    Iroiii  heinir    realised,  that  from  this  time  i 
tlicre  commenced  a  scries  of  disputes  lieiwi^en  the  two  ' 
nation.''.,  wnich  for  tiie  irreater  pari  ot  n  century  engaged  I 
them  in  continual  w.irs  and  ho.siile  intrigues  tint  ihrcal-  '< 
encd  the  destruction  of  their  (olonial  Hetihincnls,  cost  ! 
the  lives  of  ni.iiiv  of  the  Fnropran  colonists,  and  wasted  I 
tile  hlood,  and  prolonged  tnc  harharism,  of  Iho.se  iinfor-  ' 
lunate  Indians  who  were  involved  in  the  vortex  ol  their  I 
hostility. 

IlivS.V]  On  the  death  of  Charles  the  Second,  the! 
Duke  of  York  ascended  his  brother's  tliiotie,  and  the 
provinci:  of  whn  h  lie  had  been  pioprietary  devolved, 
wnh  all  its  dependencies,  on  tlie  crown.  The  people 
of  Ne.v  York  received,  with  impiovideiil  exullation,  ihe 
accounts  of  tlunr  proprietary's  atlvaiicemciil  to  royalty, 
and  proclaimed  him  ixa  tintr  sovereign  with  the  liveliCKt 
denionstratiims  of  altachment  and  respect.  Tliey  had 
been  for  ^Olne  tune  past  sohciliii;:  willi  much  eagerness 
a  formal  grant  uf  the  cou»tiLulion  that  was  now  esta- 
bhstied  ainong  them  ;  and  the  duke  had  not  only  pro- 
mised to  gratify  them  in  this  jiarlicular,  bnt  had  ai:lually 
procetuled  so  lar  us  to  sign  a  patent  in  conformity  witii 
their  wishes,  which,  al  Ins  accession  lo  the  throne,  re- 
(|uired  only  some  trivial  sohunnity  to  render  it  eomplt^te 
and  irrevocable,  lint  JaniCj,  though  he  could  iioi  pre- 
tend to  forget,  was  not  u?ihjined  lu  violait!,  as  lCu;g  of 
Fiigland,  Ihe  promise  which  he  liad  made  when  Duke 
of  York  ;  and  a  calm  and  unblushing  relusa!  was  now 
returned  to  ihe  renewed  hulicitations  of  alt  the  incorpo- 
rated bodies,  and  the  great  hulk  of  the  inhubitdnU  of 
the  piovince.  Determined  lo  establish  the  same  arbi- 
trary syst.  in  in  New  York  which  he  designed  fur 
New  Kngl.Hid,  so  far  from  (onlernng  new  immuni- 
ties, be  vvi'iidrew  what  had  been  fonntrly  coucedeil. 
,  [1086  J  In  the  second  year  of  his  reign  he  invested 
Dongan  with  a  new  eommiss"";,  "utnoweriiiLMiiie,  with 
i  consent  of  a  conned,  to  enact  the  taws,  and  impose  the 
taxes;  and  commanding  Inm  to  antler  no  pr'nltng 
prc.s.s  to  rust.  'I'hougb  he  now  sent  Aiidros  to  Nov 
England,  he  paused  a  white  hrfore  he  ventured  to  re- 
store the  authority  of  that  obnoxious  governor  in  New 
York.  Uut  the  people  beheld  in  Ins  appuintintnl  to 
govern  the  colonies  in  tlieir  neighborhood,  an  additional 
indication  of  their  princes  cliaructer  and  their  own  dan- 
ger, and  with  impatient  disconlentf  endured  a  yoke 
which  they  were   unable  to    break,  and    which    they 

*  When  this  trealy  was  renewed  some  yenrii  afler,  the 
lachein  who  acted  as  orator  tor  the  lodiaim  thus  addrc]».seU 
the  colonial  envoys.  "  We  iri;ikn  fast  tlie  rooti  nl  the  Ireo  of 
peace  and  trait<piillily,  which  is  plantuii  in  thi.s  phicu.  Its 
routs  exUMid  as  fai  as  tliu  iilinost  of  youi  culonioii :  ifllic 
Fronch  should  come  to  siiakn  Huh  tree,  we  would  fuel  it  by 
the  iitotioo  nf  itn  roots,  which  extend  into  our  country."  Cot- 
den,  1.  tuu. 

t  So  crcat  was  the  chain;c  produced  In  the  nenliinenis  of 
the  coUiiu.sls  hv  this  rhan;;e  of  treatment,  that  we  tiod  Uon* 
trail  writinK  tins  year  to  the  En){li.sli  nniu.<(ry,  "I  wish  for 
inoru  lortitlcntions,  as  the  |>eople  every  day  \f\n\v  tnoro  nuinu' 
rouN.  and  are  ol  a  turbulent  dixpoiiitioii."  Stale  Faperi,  apnd 
CliHliners.  flUl.  Tins  censure  seems  to  be  ai  u^JU^t  a^  Ihe 
retort  winch  Iuh  own  ch:iracter  i-xpcriettced  al  Ihe  Ilevidu- 
lion,  when  a  body  of  ihu  Ittlialtiiuiilt  denuuncad  hnn  ai  "  a 
wictted  popialk  goveruor." 


were  prevented  from  exhibiting  to  public  odium, 
and  English  sympathy,  through  the  medium  of  Um 
press. 

Dongan,  having  been  a  soldier  all  his  life,  seems  to 
have  been  fitted  rather  by  bab:t  lo  regard  with   indif- 
fi^rence,  than  by  disposition  lo  enforce  with  rigor,  asys- 
lem  of  arbitrary  power;   and,  accordingly,  the  remain- 
der of  his   administration,  tliongh  less  favorable  to  hia 
popularity,  was  not  discreditable  lo  his  character,  which 
continued   to  evince   the  same   moderation,  and  the 
same  regard  lo  the  public  woal,  os  before.     Though  a 
Roman  catholic,   bo   had   beheld  with  alarm,  and  re- 
sisted with  energy,  the  intrusion  of  the  French  priest* 
into  the  setttementa  of  tho   Five  Nations;  and  even 
when  his  bigoted  niasier  was  persuaded  by  the  court 
of  France  lo  command  him  to  desist  from  thus  ob- 
alructing  ihe  progress  of  popish  conversion,  he  con- 
tinned  nevorllieless  to  warn  his  Indian  allies,  that  the 
adtntssiori    of    the  Jesuits    among   them    would    prove 
fatal  to  iheir  own  interests,  and  to  their  friendship  with 
the  Knglish.     lie  still  insisted  that  the  French  should 
not  treat  with  llic  Indians  in  alliance  with  his  colonyt 
without  bis  privity  and  intervention.-  but  the  French 
''ourt  again  employed  their  interest  wiih  his  master; 
11. 1  he  accordingly  received  orders  to  depart  from  this 
jTi  .ensiCM,     The  Five  Nation.^,  however,  Nitcmed  more 
likely  to  net  J  the  assistance  of  his  forces  than  the  sug- 
gt'sUons  of  his  pi.!:cy.      Their   untutored   sagacity  bad 
long  perceived  \\  hat  the  ministers  of  the  court  of  Kng- 
land  were  not    skilful  enough    to  discern,  that  the  ex- 
tensive projects  of  France   holh  tlireat'.;ned  themsclvet 
with  snhjugatio).,  and   involved,   to  the  manilold  dis- 
ailvanUige  of  tho    Fn>riisii   colonies,    a   diminution  of 
their  trade,  and  a  remuval  of  the  powerful   barrier  that 
still   sep.iruled    them   from  the  rival  tieltlement  of  Ca- 
nada.    The  irejlyllial  excluded  the  Five  Nations  from 
hostile  expeditious  against  the  more  distant  tribes  allied 
lo   ihi'  oilier  Fngli>h  colonies,    gave   Iheiii    leisure   lo 
aitcnti    with    less  dis'ractioii  to  their  nearer  interests  ; 
and  lindin'^  llumiselvis  inconveiiienceil  hy  tiie  snppliea 
wliich  their  numero'is  enemtes  dfirived  from  the  French, 
they  hid  of  late  chosen    to  consider  this   as  a   hostile 
act  which  iht^y  v^'ere  entitled  to  chastise  and   ohHtrnct, 
and  had  coiiHtanlly  attacked   Ihe  (.Canadian  traders  who 
earned   military   stores  lo    any  irihe   with  whom   they 
were  ul  war.     The  French,  under  the  conduct  of  two 
aiiccessive    governors,   De   la  Itarre  and   Nouville,  had 
Vainly  endeavored,  partlv  by  treaty  ant!  partly  by  force, 
lo  repress  proctH'dmgit  so  injurious  to  their  commerce, 
thoir  reputation,  and  their  political  views  ;  when  Don- 
gan   perceiving  that  a  war  would    probably  ensue  be- 
tween   the    rivals  and   the   allies   of    his   countrymen, 
prevailed,  by  the   most  urgent  entreaties,  on  Ihe  Eng- 
lish coiiit  lo  invest  Inm  with  autlionty  to  ai!>8ist  the 
Five  Nilions  ii.  iiie  contest  that  menaced  them.      Uut 
tlie  Fiench  mtnisteri  uainirio  i'>''onnatiQn  of  these  in- 
structions, haste  led  lo  counteract  them  by  a  repetition 
of  arlilices  which  again   [iroved  successful.      They  had 
already  more  than  once,  by  their  hypocrisy  and  cunning, 
succeeded  in  outwitling  the  sincere  bigotry  of  the  Eng- 
li;>h  king;  ami  they  had    now  the  address  to  roncbide 
with  bim  a  treaty  nj  neiitralUy  for  America,  by  which 
it    was    stip. dated    that  neither    party  should    give  aa- 
aifitance  lo  Indian  i/ibes  in  their  wars  with  the  other. 
Armed  with  so  m&!iy  advantages,  the  French  authori- 
ties in  Canada  resumed,  with  increased  vigor,  iheir  en- 
deavors  to   rhaslise   hy  fcree.  or  debauch  by  intriguo, 
the   Indian  trdies  who  had    preferred  the   English  alli- 
ance to  theirs  ;  while  Dongan  was  compelled  to  sacri- 
fice the  honor  of  his  country  to  the  mistaken  pohtica  of 
his  master,  and  lo  abandon  her  ulbes  lu  ihu  hoatibty, 
and  her  harrier  to  the  violation,  ot  an  insidious  and  en- 
terprising rival.     He  could  nut,  however,  divest  him- 
self of  the  interest  he  felt  in  the  fortunes  of  the  Five 
Nations,  and  seized  every  opportunity  of  iinparling  to 
them  advice  no  less  prudent  than  humano.  (or  the  con- 
duct of  their  enterprises,  and  the  treatment  of  their 
prisoners.     Uut  his  mabibty    tu  fulfil  former  engage- 
ments, and  aH'ord  iheiu  farther  aid,  greatly  weakened 
the  eflicacy  of  his  councils.  Though  the  remonstrancea 
of  Dongai.  enabled  the  ministers  of  James  to  discover, 
in  the  following  year,  [1687]   that  tho  treaty  of  neu- 
trality for  America  waa  prejudicial  to  tho  interesta  of 
England,  it  was  impossible  to  prevent   the  king  from 
renewing,  in  the  close  of  the  same  year,  thia  impolitic 
arrangement  with  France. 

Uut  the  king  had  no  intention  of  rebnquiahing  hie 

empire    m  America;  and    his   rrihid,  thoirgh- strongly 

imclured  with  bigotry,  was  not  unsusceptible  of  politio 

Views  ;  though  he  aeeins  rartjy  lo  have  mingled  theso 

I  considerations  together.     As  bis  bigotry  had  prompto^l 

I  bun  to  give  up  the  Indiana  to  the  French,  hia  poUej 


11 


810 

now  Bigitested  the  ineasuro  of  uniting  all  his  northern  1 
coluiiicb  in  Olio  gnvvrnincnt  for  thiir  more  I'lrtfctiinl  do- 
fenco.  It  mtiMt  bti  contrHscd,  indeed,  ihni  iie  lii'ernB  lu 
have  been  at  htast  an  strongly  |)ro'n[tlt'd  t>)  this  dusn^ii 
by  the  dfcsire  uf  t'»nhlutn:g  iii^  own  iiilnltury  ^'overn- 
mcnt  in  tne  colonieti,  sh  hv  I'oncern  I'ur  tlieir  Hiiiety,  ur 
for  tlie  integrity  of  his  doniininns.*  As  his  Hchcinc  in* 
eluded  New  York,  ai.d  ns  ho  thonyht  the  pcouli'  of  lliis 
provnioe  now  sujficienlly  prepared  to  dli.de  iIil-  cxtre- 
mitv  of  his  will,  he  mdulKed  the  mure  readily  the  dis- 
pleasure ihat  Uoni^an  had  given  linn  liy  ohsinicting  the 
Freneh  Jesuits,  which  had  been  a  subject  ol  >ntinual 
complaint  from  the  court  of  France.  'I'hc;  cuu  i^xion 
of  this  meritorious  oflicer  was  accordingly  supiistedid 
by  a  royal  command  to  deliver  up  his  charge  to  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  ;  and  New  York  not  only  reverted  to 
the  dominion  of  its  ancient  tyrant,  but  beheld  its  exist- 
enoe  as  a  separate  province  completely  merited  in  its 
annexation  to  tho  government  of  New  E^ngland.  Androa 
icinained  at  Hoaton  as  the  metropolis  of  his  jurisdic- 
tion ;  committing  the  adniinisir.ition  of  New  York  to 
Nicholson,  hislientenant-guvemor ;  [1()83  ]  and  though 
by  the  vigor  of  his  rciiioiiHlrances,  and  bis  reputation 
for  ability,  he  t-umpelled  tlie  French  lo  suspend  some 
encroachments  which  they  were  making  or  ihrealening 
to  make  on  the  Knglish  territories,  he  could  lend  no 
assistance  to  the  Five  Nations  in  (lie  hodtililicH  that 
were  now  cariitnl  on  between  i  horn  and  tiie  IVeiicli  wttha 
mutual  hirv  and  ferocity  that  seemed  totally  to  uliliierate 
(ho  distinction  between  civilized  and  savage  men.  'J'he 
people  of  New  York,  deprived  of  tlirir  libertK-s.  atid 
moriitii^d  by  their  annexation  lo  New  Kn^land,  felt 
themselves  additionally  ill  used  by  the  ptdicy  which 
compelled  ihem  lo  stand  aloof  and  lu^hnld  the  fate  o\' 
the  dllics  to  whom  they  h)id  promised  protection,  to- 
gether with  their  own  most  nnporiunt  intcrcMs  .sus- 
pended on  the  is.Hue  of  a  contest  m  whidi  they  were  not 
sutlereil  lo  take  a  slidre  ;  vvliile  uil  the  while  their  coun- 
trymen in  the  eastern  part  of  New  Fngland  were  ha- 
rasse<l  by  a  dangerous  Indian  war  whicii  was  believed 
on  strong  reasons  to  have  been  excited  by  the  mlrigiie.s 
of  the  French.  13ut  thouuli  deserted  by  the  Fnt;liJ*h, 
the  Five  Nations  nnintamed  tlie  sirm^gln  with  an 
energy  that  promised  ihe  preservation  of  tlieir  indepen- 
dence, and  linully  with  a  succeiis  that  excited  hope^ 
oven  of  the  aubjugaiion  of  their  civilized  adversaries. 
Undertaking  an  expedition  wiili  twelve  hundred  of  their 
warriors  agamst  Montreal,  they  conducted  their  march 
with  such  rapidity  and  secresy  as  to  surprise  the  French 
in  almost  unguarded  security.  The  suddenness  and 
fury  of  their  attack  proved  irresistible.  They  burned 
the  t'jwn,  sacked  the  planialions,  put  a  thousand  of  the 
French  to  iho  sword,  and  earned  away  a  num1)er  of 
prisoners  whom  they  burned  alive  ;  returning  to  'lieir 
friends  with  the  loss  of  only  three  of  thetr  own  nunuM'r. 
It  waii  nuwthat  the  disadvantage  arising  from  the  iiiu- 
trality  of  the  English  was  mo.st  sensiblv  ft^lt,  both  m 
the  cruelties  wiib  which  the  liidmns  stained  tlie  triumphs 
they  obtained,  and  which  the  intlnence  of  a  humane  ^lly 
might  have  contributed  to  moderate.^  and  also  in  the 
inabdity  of  the  savages  to  improve  their  victorie.s  into 
lasting  conquest.  They  atrained  every  nerve  indeed  lo 
follow  up  tneir  advantage,  and  shortly  after  the  attack 
on  Montreal  possessed  lliemselves  of  the  fort  at  Lake 
Ontario  which  the  garrison  in  a  panic  ubatuloned  to 
them;  and  being  now  reinforced  by  the  desertion  of 
numerous  Indian  allies  of  the  French,  they  reduced 
every  station  that  this  people  pO'tsessed  in  Canada  to  a 
state  of  the  utmost  terror  and  di.-'tres.'*.  Nothing  could 
nave  saved  the  French  from  utter  destruction  but  the 
ignorance  which  disabled  the  Indians  from  attacking 
ibrtified  places  ;  and  il  was  evident  to  all  that  a  single 

*  Chalmer*s  account  of  thii  project  of  the  kin^  and  o(  lUc 
mfasureii  which  it  pritduced  twhurever  tlie  sii>>j<)(-t  enKS>{e!t 
his  altuntion,  hilt  Oipeciully  in  .  up.  10)  is  strangely  erruiii'ini.i. 
He  quotes,  as  wunJs  usud  by  ::.o  kiii^  iii  (-xpliinatiori  of  his 
riewH  (p.  4S5),  expressiuni  einuloyeil  by  a  diircrent  pursmi, 
4nd  not  B8cribe<l  at  all  to  the  King  (llutchUisuii.i.  371).  He 
■KsertK  also  that  Andro«  intile  an  advaiila^eoiis  peace  lor  tlit 
Five  Nations  with  tlie  Fr«i)ch.  Mere  indued  lie  i$  lo  far  sup- 
ported by  an  author  to  whom  iricorn :Cine«i  is  vciy  unusual, 
and  who  says  merely  that  "the  Mohawks  made  peace  with 
the  French  under  the  inluenre  ol  Sir  E-.linund"  (llutrhinaon, 
1.  3*0).  Rut  the  fact  ts,  that  the  Five  Nations  were  at  war 
with  the  French  during  the  whole  of  Andros'i  BdiniiUGtration : 
and  so  totally  unconnected  was  ho  with  iheir  nlFairi,  tliit 
neitliiT  Sirulli  nor  Colden  was  aware  of  his  having  ever  been 
a  i4coiid  tune  governor  of  New  York. 

t  The  conduct  whi''h  we  have  nlready  witnessed  in  some 
of  thb  Indian  allies  of  the  New  England  states,  in  their  joint 
ovarN,  tnay  seem  to  render  this  a  vain  Dpeculalion.  Hut  the 
'ive  Nation*  were  a  far  more  remionHlile  andintelligfnt  race 
of  beings  than  the  IV'inodN  an  I  N:irra>{'i)iTiset)i.  Colonel  I><mi> 
gttn,  whom  thev  irreatly  loved  and  K'sprcied  (iNilden.  i.  ft3f, 
might  Um^-^  III  >;.  .(d  tlieir  hnktilittt-s  l)y  Ins  examelc,  as  Im 
fro«|uently  andn. '  tUtugctlier  niofTectually  attempted  to  do  hy 


THE    HISTOHY   OP 

vigorous  act  of  interposition  hy  the  English  colonists  I 
would  have  sulFiced  lo  terminate  for  ever  the  riviilry  ofl 
Fraiii  e  and  Knglaiid  in  this  quarter  of  the  world. 

liiH'J.J  While  ihi.'*  war  between  the  French  and  the  I 
Indians  wa.n  pruloni;ed  by  indecisive  hostilities,  a  scene  | 
of  the  utmost  importance  was  preparing  to  open  nt  | 
New  Viitk.  A  deep  and  general  disatl'ection  to  the  [ 
governtii'  t  previiihrd  there  among  all  ranks  of  men  ;  j 
and  as  il.'  public  discontents  liad  been  for  some  time 
plai.ity  gathering  to  u  hi^ad.  some  violent  convulsion  | 
WJ3  fearfully  anticipated;  and  periutps  was  suspended 
hy  divisions  in  sentiment  arising  from  the  tldferent  as- 
prctsin  which  the  state  of  the  times  presented  itself  to 
ditferent  minds.  To  the  wealthy  and  the  discerning, 
the  privation  of  liberty  and  the  degradation  of  the  pro- 
vince, appeared  with  justice  the  only  public  disadvan- 
tages which  they  had  occasion  to  deplore,  or  were  in- 
terested to  remove.  Diil  a  dread  of  popery  had  seized 
the  minds  of  many  of  the  poorer  inhabitatits,  and  not 
inily  diminished  real  and  substantial  evils  in  their  es- 
teem, but  gone  far  to  extinguish  common  sensu  in  their 
understandings  and  common  justice  in  their  senti- 
ments. The  king's  well  known  bigotry,  his  altemjits 
to  introduce  pnpery  in  England,  and  his  tyrannical  sup- 
pression of  liberty  among  themselves,  inculcated  tbi.t 
hlitional  apj)ri-hei)sion  on  their  irritated  inind.s  ;  and 
the  uervilc  apu-stasy  of  some  of  the  otliteis  of  govern- 
iiient  at  New  Yoik,  who  endeavored  lo  court  roval 
favor  by  professing  to  adt'pt  the  king's  nliuion,  appealed 
strongly  to  confirm  it.  Some  angry  feebngs  that  had 
been  excited  in  the  commencement  of  Colmiel  Don- 
gau's  atlministration  were  now  setMi  to  re'iive  and  at 
once  augment  and  diversify  tlie  prevailing  ferments. 
At  that  period,  notwiibstaiidtng  the  eierlionsuf  a  former 
L>i>vern  -  adjust  ihi:  boundaries  of  property  in  Long 
Island,  a  great  many  disputes  on  tl,is  snbieci  fTcvitled 
111  tlie  same  ipiarier  between  ditVerunt  ir-cIiviJuai?  and 
ditrercnt  towni-hips  ;  and  on  Uongan  had  devolved  the 
thankless  otlice  of  adpisting  these  conlrover.Mesbv  juf'i'- 
nieiits  wliich  could  hardly  fail  to  engendnr  a  great  d.'.^l 
of  enniiiy  against  him.  In  r.uch  cases  it  loo  rinnmonly 
hap|)ens  that  the  arbiiralor  by  seeking  to  gratify  Imth 
parties,  disuppunils  them  both,  and  is  taxed  on  all  sides 
with  partiality  ;  or  that  studving  only  to  entorce  stru-t 
jiisfice,  he  excites  extreme  discontent  in  those  whtnn 
bis  award  hoih  ilepnves  of  the  )>roperiy  thev  had  hoped 
to  keep  or  ;;ain,  and  stii;inalizes  as  nn)iist  and  unrea- 
sonable men.  Most  n..  ,t  possess  sutlicient  ingenuity 
to  supply  them  with  plausible  reason.s  for  i'nputing  the 
disappatnlmfrnt  of  their  expectations  to  the.  'shonesiv 
of  those  who  oh&tnict  or  withhold  them:  and  disap- 
pointed litigants  have  in  all  ages  been  notorious  for  the 
vebenience  and  acrimonv  of  their  spleen.''  A  gre;il 
many  persons  who  accounted  themselves  wronm  d  bv 
Uongiin's  adjudications,  had  made  no  scruple  to  impute 
their  di.'^appointments  to  the  darkness  and  ulilnpiily  ol 
his  popish  understandini:.  They  comeived  a  violent 
jealousy  of  popish  desiirns,  uhi<h  llie  rtrollectton  of 
tlieir  wrongs  preserved  unimjiaired  by  the  lapse  of  tinu' 
and  the  character  of  Ooinian's  adniininlraiion  'I'liese 
feelings  were  revived  ami  innained  bv  re*ent  events 
and  appearances ;  the  apostasv  of  some  of  the  puhln: 
otlicers  eontirmed  the  a))prehensions  of  popery  ;  and  the 
painful  stroke  intlicteil  by  the  establishment  of  civil 
tyranny  was  (liutly  fell  as  agi/ravating  the  smart  of  a 
former  and  totally  ditferent  injury.  This  class  ol  per- 
sons esteetnei'  jtoperv  tlii!  most  terrible  feat  me  in  the 
aspect  of  the  times,  and  liiemselves  as  eminent  victims 
of  popJAb  p'  rsecution  ;  and  considered  these  ashy  far  the 
tiilest  considerations  to  unite  the  general  resentment, 
and  justify  its  vindictive^  reaction. 

While  the  minds  of  men  were  thus  agitated  hy  com- 
mon resentment,  but  restrained  from  cordial  union  by 
diirercnce  of  opinion  and  variety  of  appreiiension.  the 
public  expectation  was  awakened  and  elevated  by  in- 
telligence from  iMirope  of  the  designs  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  Yet  no  commotion  had  ensued,  when  the  im- 
portant tidings  arrived  of  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary  to  the  throne  of  England,  and  of  the  successful 
insurrection  at  Uoston  which  had  terminated  the  go- 
vernment of  Andros.  Even  the  contagious  ferment 
excited  by  this  lust  intelligence  might  have  subsided 
without  producing  an  explosiou  of  pouular  violence,  if 
the  conduct  of  the  local  authorities  t  New  York  had 
nut  indicated  an  intention  to  resist,  oi  at  least  a  hesita- 

♦  "  May  they  he  perpelunlty  flefeated  In  judicial  controver- 
sies," was  thought  by  the  (Ireeks  a  curse  woilhy  oriieing  iii- 
Keil«d  in  the  denunriHtion  they  pntilished  agnirist  such  as 
slioiild  violnlf  the  Arnpluclinnu'  cnsiitttMrii'Mt.  it  is  nn  nhser- 
vaiioii  of  TUticydides  that  men  nri-  much  more  ciasperalei) 
by  ft  .tiippoaed  injiiiiticu  of  which  the  henetit  accrue!!  to  their 
eiiuaU.  ihan  by  the  most  violent  usurpation  coiniiutted  by 
tbeir  auponeri. 


tion  to  concur  with,  the  general  revolution  of  the  em- 
pire. Nicholson,  the  lieutenant  governor,  and  hia 
council,  not  onlv  refrained  from  pnu-ljimii  %  Williiim 
and  Mary,  but  iiespiitebed  a  letter  to  "overior  Itrad- 
streel,  at  lloston,  commanding  with  haughty  menace, 
the  iminediate  release  of  .\iidros,  and  the  suppression 
of  the  insurrectionary  r.ib!)le*  who  had  presunudto  put 
him  ill  conlinement.  NotwiislandiiiL'  tins  demonstra- 
tion of  opposition  to  the  revolution,  the  more  reflecting 
part  of  the  inhabitant..  <-learly  perceived  that  their  local 
government  must  follow  the  fate  of  the  rest  of  the  nu- 
pire,  and  were  disposed  calmly  to  wait  fur  the  spoiita- 

ons  submission  of  Nicholson  and  his  council  to 
William  and  Mary,  or  the  arrival  of  orders  or  help  from 
Britain  lo  reduce  them.  But  tlie  impatienie  of  a  con- 
siderable  body  of  the  people,  and  especially  of  those  who 
were  panic  struck  with  the  terrors  of  popery,  could  not 
abide  this  tedious  issue,  and  was  inflamed  with  the  Ap- 
prehension of  some  notable  piece-  of  craft  from  Nichol- 
son and  his  associates  in  ollico  t 

This  party  fuinid  a  chief  in  Jacob  Leisler,  a  man  of 
eager  headlong  temper  and  narrow  capacity,  and  whoso 
zeal  against  popery  and  former  ill  treatment  by  Andros, 
reined  to  designate  him  the  proper  leader  of  the  oppo- 
itioii  to  the  political  and  religious  enemies  of  the  pro- 
vince, lie  had  already  committed  the  first  act  of  rc- 
Ristince,  Iiy  refusing  lo  pay  customs  on  some  goods  he 
had  imported,  alleging  that  the  collector  was  a  papist, 
and  that  there  was  no  legitimala  government  in  the  co- 
lony. Nicholson  having  begun  to  make  prqiarationa 
for  defending  the  city  affaiiiNt  a  foreion  invasion,  and 
summoned  the  trained  bands  lo  garrison  the  fort,  a  re- 
port was  cinmlaled  that  the  papists  were  preparing  to 
massacre  the  protestaiiis  ;  and  Keisler.  who  commanded 
a  company  of  the  trained  bands,  instantly  marched  at 
the  bead  of  a  detachment  of  ibis  body,  and  making  his 
way  into  the  fort,  assumed  the  command  of  tt  in  de- 
fence of  the  proteslant  cause,  and  iii  attendarcc  on  the 
orders  of  the  king  and  (pieen  of  Kiiirland.  The  pre- 
cautions of  the  late  king  bad  deprived  ibe  [M'ople  and 
their  leaders  of  ilie  power  of  ditfusing  ibcir  sentiments 
by  the  agency  of  the  press;  but  a  written  declaration 
was  subscribed  by  Leisler  and  bis  folluweri,  importing 
tliat,  alli.ougii  they  had  sulfertd  many  grievances  from 
"a  wickeii  popish  governor.  Dongan,"  they  would  have 
patiently  awaited  reilress  from  England,  if  the  violrneo 
and  oppression  ol  Niehol.son  and  the  schemes  of  the 
papists  had  not  forced  them  lo  take  arms  and  secure 
die  fort,  which  they  were  ready  to  deliver  up  to  such 
profastant  niHcer  as  the  kit.g  and  queen  miubt  send  to 
leceive  it.  Leisler,  tindini;  that  at  first  he  way  not 
ji>ined  hy  any  persons  of  coiKHiderution  in  the  provinco, 
despatched  a  lne.^^elli;e^  to  Ivmg  William,  and  by  r.j- 
goliations  with  Mas>ar|in>-etts  and  (A)iinecticiit,  sue- 
ci'edi'd  III  inlerestinu  the  goverinnenls  of  lhe^e  <-olnnie3 
oi:  his  sitle.  But  a  report  ansiiig  that  an  English  tieet 
was  appro.icltnig  lo  assist  the  iiisurgents.  ibev  were  lo- 
st.milv  joined  by  all  classes  of  peojile  ip  New  York  ; 
and  Niciiolson.  afraid  of  sharing  llie  fate  (d' Andro^.  (le-l 
to  Englanil.  L^nforiunalely  for  Leisler,  the  eoinmand 
which  priority  of  resistance  and  the  favor  of  the  lower 
arders  enabled  him,  liis  natural  temper  etpially  prompted 
linn  to  retain,  tlioiiiih  surroundi'd  hy  men  whodreiitled 
his  violence  and  reliictantiy  .^uhmiltL'd  to  bis  i  levutioii. 
rhese  new  adlieieiits  tiad  influenco  enough  lo  caesu  a 
second  proclamation  to  be  issued,  m  wlneh  the  unwor- 
thy censure  on  Oongan  was  omilted,  and  no  stipula- 
tion whatever  inserted  as  to  the  religi'-n  of  tlie  royij 
olficer  lo  whont  the  fort  would  be  surrendered  It  h.A 
been  bapiiy  for  all  parlies  if  the  jealousy  of  lieijK-.-'d 
rivals  bad  been  salistied  with  this  wise  and  moderavo 
control  over  his  measures.  But  Courllandt,  the  mayor 
of  the  city.  Colonel  Bayard,  Major  Shuyler,  and  n 
number  of  other  gentlemen,  unable  tf  brook  the  snpe- 
riority  of  a  man  whose  rank  and  talents  were  inferior 
lo  their  own,  retired  to  .Mbany,  and,  seixing  the  fort 
there,  declared  that  they  held  it  for  King  William,  and 
would    maintain    no   connexion   witli    Leisler      Each 

*  Chalmers,  m  strains  of  fquHl  arrogance,  iirpiilea  fhe  sub 
sequent  proceedings  at  New  York  to  Ihe  rabble  of  this  plare. 
hut  a  country  where  beggaiy  and  dependence  ore  unknown, 
prmluces  no  class  to  which  surh  an  epithet  can  justly  belong, 
Tlie  whole  account  he  has  given  of  the  proceedings  at  this 
period  is  defaced  by  the  gros!*est  partiality. 

t  Thncydides  thus  characterizes  the  proceeding!!  of  tbe 
populaie  in  one  of  the  revolutions  of  Corcyra  ;— Sucli  ns  hud 
the  least  wit  had  Ihe  best  success  ;  for  l>utii  llnnr  own  defect 
and  tne  sultileiy  of  their  adversaries  puttinK  them  into  a  great 
tear  to  be  overcome  in  words,  or  a  leaxt  in  prein»Hlati»n  by 
tlieir  enemy's  great  craft,  they  therefore  went  roundly  to  work 
Willi  them  with  ilced!..  II.  in.  Ili'hlies  Tianslaiion.  Ilohbon* 
own  summary  of  this  passage  and  I'lO  coniext  Is, '  In  sedi- 
tions and  confusion,  ihey  that  distrust  their  wits  suddenly  uhO 
their  Uandi,  and  defeat  the  stiatageins  of  the  more  aubtl* 
Mrt 


tion  of  the  nm- 
■criior,  niid  hij 
iiiitii  X  Willii.m 
tiovr  imr  iJruil- 
liiuyhly  mtMiiicn. 
llie  8\ii»|iri'B^ioii 
|)r('iiuiiit  d  to  pui 
ihifl  ilfinunsin- 
*  more  rrllri'Miiu 
(I  tliat  iliPir  locr.l 
I'  H'st  of  till-  t-rti- 
l  fur  ihc  spuiita- 
liis  cunncii  to 
[JtTs  or  lit'lp  from 
aliemc  of  ii  con- 
ially  of  thojtr  who 
)0|ifiry,  conUI  not 
Muid  willi  the  dp- 
raft  from  Nichol- 

ipislcr,  a  man  of 
paciiy,  and  whoso 
tinciit  hy  Aiidros. 
uader  of  tho  0|)|hi- 
icmtfs  of  the  pro- 
lie  lirst  Hcl  of  re- 
)ri  point:  goods  ho 
,'ior  wiis  a  papiHt, 
'rnmcni  in  tiir  co- 
liike   prq)arutions 
iiTii   invasion,  and 
i.HOii  llic  fort,  a  re- 
were  preparintr  to 
r.  whocouiuiiinded 
ttantlv  marched  at 
f,  and  niakinj;  his 
inland  of  U  ni  de- 
atlendaf.cc  on  llio 
iitihiiid.     The  pre- 
yed the  jHople  aiul 
ir  their  Mritnneiits 
VDttcn  declaration 
illuweri.  iinpoitiiig 
ny  grievaiires  from 
I,"  they  would  liavo 
and.  if  tlte  violciu-o 
he  schemes  of  ihc 
e  arms   and  seeiiro 
deliver  lip  to  such 

ireii  niiyhl  t»eiu'.  to 
It  lirst  he  wab  not 
ion  m  tht;  province, 
Villiam,  and  by  r.j- 

<;oiin(rtieul,  sue- 
iilsolilu'se  <-ohinie3 
hat  an  Kiinli^h  \\vvi 
^eiits.  thi'V  were  m- 
7ple  II-  New  York  ; 

fatecff  Andros.  tlo.l 
i-ish-r.  the  roininand 
e  favor  of  iliu  h)wer 
lereipially  prompted 
)y  men  who  dreaded 
ned  to  his  (levalion. 
e  eiioiiiih  to  caese  a 
Ml  wliirh  the  utiwor- 
ed,  and    no   stipula- 
rehfji'Mi  of  the  roytd 
snrrendeicd      It  h.*.d 
jealousy  of  LeijK'.-'a 
3  wise  and  inoderavo 
'ourtldiidt,  iho  mayor 
ajor    Shuyler,  and  n 
le  V   brook  the  snpc- 
talents  were  inferior 
and.  seizini;  the  fort 
ar  Kin^  NVdliam,  and 
with    Leisler.     Kach 

uance,  iirpiilen  tlia  siit) 
tlie  rabble  of  this  plare. 
peiuleiife  ore  unknown, 
piiliet  can  juHlIy  belong, 
t  tliri  proceedings  at  Una 
tmlity. 

llie  proireudingR  at  ll.e 
Conyra:— Sucti  as  had 
or  bolii  VM'it  own  defiM-l 
puitmK  them  iiilo  ;i  ureal 
luast  in  preliiAUlalion  by 
ne  went  rountlly  H>  w»nk 
BH  Tiaiiitla'U"'-  H'lhbor,' 
'le  context,  is.  *  I"  ■*cii»- 
it  ihetr  witit  suddenly  ubO 
(eiiiB  of  the  mors  lubtl* 


party  now  profeNoed  adiiereiu'R  to  the  oaiiie  Roverei^ii, 
nnd  dononnrrd  tho  other  as  rebels  lo  his  autiiority. 
Leisler.  thouyh  intruhted  hy  the  inititia  uilli  the  mjle 
coininanri,  jU(I,:<h1  it  priMlml  toassoeialc  Mtnie  respnd- 
alileciiizeiiN  aioii<^  wuli  liiin  in  a  slaiion  thai  vvas  likely 
tn  prove  so  dantrerous.  llaviii<;  forlilied  his  own  power 
bv  ihn  appointineni  of  a  connnitteo  of  safety  at  New 
Vork.  he  despatched  his  ^on  inlaw  Mithonrn,  atr^inst 
the  adverse  fartioii  at  Allianv.  ('omtlaiidt  and  hin 
act-ucidles,  hnrnnii.'  with  n-seiitinent,  hut  averse  lo  shea 
bliHtd  in  such  a  tpiarrel,  were  relieved  from  tlieir  perplex- 
ity hy  a  hostile  irruption  of  Krench  and  Indians,  [  \(M)0] 
which,  hy  the  desolation  it  intlieicd  on  the  surrounding 
country,  either  rendered  their  post  nntcnahle,  or  induced 
them  to  sacrifice  their  pretensions,  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  (heir  countrymen  lo  unite  all  the  force  of  the 
province  against  the  roiiunon  enemy.  Abandunin<r  the 
fort  to  their  rival,  they  took  refuge  in  the  neiirhboring 
colonies;  and  J<eisler,  with  vindictive  rashness,  pro- 
ceeded (o  conliNcate  their  estates.  To  add  sirength 
and  repiitalion  to  his  party,  a  convention  was  sninminied 
bv  Keislt  r  of  dc;Miiit:s  from  all  the  towns  and  districts 
to  which  his  iiitlneiice  extended  ;  and  this  assetnhlv,  ui 
whicil  two  dt  pniies  from  T'onnerticut  were  admitled  to 
assi.it  with  iheir  advice,  enacted  variona  reiruUtions  for 
the  temjiorary  government  of  the  province.  But  the 
acts  of  this  hodv,  and  especiallv  il8  financial  imposi- 
tions, were  diNpuird  hv  a  powerful  party  ainnnir  the 
coloniMs.  whose  mdiiiniition  ayanist  I^eisler  was  con- 
fiiii'il  wiih  dillK-nhv  to  iiisnllsand  menaces  ;  and  many 
of  the  Kni;lish  inhabilants  of  Kono  I.ilaiid,  while  they 
eipre-*8ed  a  reluctant  submission  to  this  chief,  privately 
applied  to  (*onneclicut,  'iiid  solicited  this  state  to 
annex  their  insular  soitlemuats  to  its  jurisdiction. 

In  t'118  unhappy  siatf  r,'  aniuiosiiy  and  contention 
the  colonists  of  Ni;w  Vork  coninmed  altoijcthcr  nearly 
two  years,  no!willisi,iii(tni;r  a  revohition  winch,  by  elu- 
valine  the  htadtholder  of  lloll.iiid  to  the  KtiLflish  tliron<-, 
had  promised  to  niiitt'  ;heni  tu<relher  inor)!  lirndy  than 
ever.  Happily,  (lie  (piarrel  exhtiiiled  no  synipuims  of 
national  aniipalliv  between  the  Duicli  and  Kn^li^h,  who 
without  discrimination  of  races,  embraced  respeciively 
(he  parlv  to  wliicli  their  political  senlimetits  attached 
them  ;  and  ihonoh  much  evil  passion  and  nialt>rnity 
were  eniiendered  between  the  two  factions,  no  lijood 
was  shed  bv  either  while  ihe.r  commoiions  lasttul.  llui. 
uiifortunattlv,  the  miseries  of  lort-tfj;!!  war  and  hostile 
invasKHi  were  sooti  added  to  ihe  eulaniity  of  internal 
discord.  'I'iie  coMdition  of  the  French  in  ('anad.i  had 
t*een  euddenlv  raised  fiom  the  brink  of  rum  hy  the  ar- 
rival cf  a  slroMi;  reinforcement  from  the  p,irent  state, 
jnder  iht  conimand  of  a  >kilful  and  enlerprism^utlicer, 
the  old  Count  de  Krimti^jnac.  who  now  assnincd  tlie 
|iovernment  of  ilie  |-'rench  seltlemenls,  and  quickly 
gave  a  .liirerentcomplcxion  lo  ihe  atfaira  of  hisconntry- 
nien  lie  set  on  fool  a  iruatv  vviih  the  I'*ive  Nations, 
and  s<i(-cei-(Ied.  meanw!iile.  in  obtaining  a  suspension 
of  their  hostilities.  War  iiad  :dieady  been  declared 
between  Trance  and  Ivi-ila'id  ;  and  ihe  dissensions 
anion;!  tlie  inhihilnnts  of  .New  \'ork  secnunt;  lo  mvite 
ail  attack  upon  this  province,  lie  delenuined  to  revive  the 
droopintr  spirits  of  hi.i  people  hy  avaihuir  Inniself  of 
this  lempiiii'j:  t)pnort;tii!tv  of  sui-ces^.  A  eou.-*itlerahle 
body  of  Kreiichand  Indiati.s  w.is  iiceordinjfly  collected, 
nnd  despa'ched  in  llie  depth  of  winter  a;^ainsL  New 
York.  By  a  sir.iui;).'  coincideiice.  which  seemed  to 
have  been  diicreeil  for  thi^  purpose  ol  stain inir  the 
rrench  name  in  .Vmerica  with  the  blackest  tii«^ralituile 
and  dishonor,  this  parlv,  like  llieir  predecessors  in  llt65, 
after  wanderniLT  for  iwenty-two  dava  througli  deserts 
rende  ed  trackless  bv  snow,  approached  the  village  of  j 
Schenectady  in  ho  exhausted  a  condition  ihat  tiiey  had 
deicrnnned  iO  surrender  themselves  to  llie  inhabilantn 
as  prisone-i  of  war.  Hut,  arriving  at  a  lale  hour  on 
Hii  incleMent  ihghl,  and  learniui^  from  the  messengers 
they  hi'. I  sent  forward  that  the  inhabilanls  were  all  in 
bed.  without  even  the  precaution  of  a  public  wuu-li, 
'ney  cxchinued  their  inleniion  of  imploring  mercy  to 
thein!ielves  for  a  plan  of  nocturnal  attack  and  massa- 
cre of  the  defenceless  people,  to  whose  charitv  their 
own  countrymen  had  once  been  so  highly  indebted 
This  detestable  requital  of  pood  with  evil  was  exe- 
cuted with  a  barbarity  which  of  itself  must  be  ac- 
knowledged to  form  one  of  the  most  revolting  and 
lorilfic  pictures  that  have  ever  been  exhibited  of  human 
cruelly  and  ferocity.  Dividing  themselves  into  a  iimn- 
ner  o(  parties,  thcv  set  fire  to  the  village  in  various 
olaces,  and  attacked  the  inhabilanls  vsith  fatal  advan- 
tage when,  alarmed  by  ihe  conflagration,  they  endea- 
vored to  escape  from  their  burning  houses.  The 
exhausted  strcngih  of  the  Frenchmen  appeared  to  re- 
nv«  with  Ihu  work  uf  destruction,  and  to  gather  euorgy 


NORTH    A  MKHIO  \ 

from  the  animated  horror  of  the  scene  Not  only 
were  all  llie  male  inhabitants  they  could  reach  put  lo 
j  death,  but  jireouam  women  were  ripped  up.  and  llieir 
inlaiits  da^hi-d  on  the  walls  of  ilic  hou.-tes.  {U\\  i  iiher 
the  delay  occaMoned  hy  tins  elaimrale  cruelly,  or  the 
more  merciful  haste  of  the  d-.mes  to  announce  the  ea- 
lariiity  to  ihostt  who  ini;L!hi  siill  tly  Irotii  the  dssaHMns. 
eiiahh  il  many  of  ilie  nihattil.ml  n  to  escape.  "I'jie 
ell'orts  of  the  assailants  wen-  also  somewlial  impeded 
by  a  sagaciouft  discriniinaiion  winch  iheythoughi  it  ex 
pidient  lo  exercise.  Though  nnmindfnl  of  benelits. 
liiey  were  not  regardless  of  puhcy,  and  of  a  ninnher  of 
Mohawk  Indians  who  wero  m  the  village  not  one  sus- 
tained an  injury.  Sixty  persons  perished  in  the  mas- 
sacre, and  twunty-Hcven  were  taken  prisoners.  Of  the 
fugitives  who  escaped  half  naked,  and  maile  their  way 
through  a  siurin  of  snow  lo  Albany,  twenty-live  lost 
their  hinhs  from  the  intensity  of  the  frost.  The  French 
having  totally  destroyed  Sfhcnectady,  retired  loaded 
with  plunder  from  a  place  where  I  tlimk  it  must  he  ac- 
knowledged that  even  the  atrocities  ef  their  counlry- 
ineri  in  the  i'alatmate  had  been  outdone. 

The  intelligence  of  this  event  e.xciled  Ihe  utmost 
con.'*teriialinii  in  the  province  of  New  York.  Forces 
were  quickly  raised  to  repel  or  retort  the  hosnlily  of 
tho  French  ;  and,  on  the  application  of  Leitder,  (he 
colony  of  Oonneclicut  sent  a  body  of  auxiliaries  to  his 
aid.  I».  was  found  dilficult  to  excite  the  Five  .Nations 
(ojoin  actively  with  allies  who  had  once  deserted  them  ; 
but  they  duelared  that  no  arts  of  the  French  should 
ever  prevail  with  them  to  take  the  part  of  an  ancient 
eneniy  ag.unst  aii  aiicnnit  friend  .\s  the  province  of 
Massachiisolls  was  severely  harassed  at  the  same  time 
hy  Indian  hostilities  instigated  and  aided  by  (..'ount 
Froiitignac.  a  Hcheim-  was  pfojecled  between  Ihe  .\ew 
Fnol.nid  states  and  New  York  for  a  general  invasion 
of  ("anada.  An  exjtedilion,  eimiiirinded  by  .Sir  William 
rhipp'4,  s, tiled  from  Boston  against  Quebec  ;  and  Ihe 
united  forces  of  ('onnecticui  and  New  York,  under 
the  commnnd  of  (leneri:!  Wmtlirop,  were  lo  march 
ai^ainst  Moiitre<il.  But  l.eialer's  son-in  law,  Milhourne, 
who  acted  as  commissary-general,  had  made  such  ii;i- 
jierfeet  provisiim  for  the  expedition,  that,  partly  from 
tlii.i  di  feci,  and  partly  from  the  mahiluy  uf  the  Indians 
Ii)  supply  as  many  canoes  for  crossing  tho  rivers  and 
lakes  as  it  had  been  hopeii  they  would  furnisli,  the 
general  was  obliged  to  call  a  council  of  war,  and,  hy 
their  unamuious  opinion,  to  order  a  retreat.  The  ex- 
iiedition  agiiinst  Quebec  was  eipially  unsuccessful. 
1-eisIcr,  transported  with  rage  when  he  was  informed 
of  the  retreat,  caused  Wmthrop  to  he  arrested,  but 
was  insiHiiily  eompelted  by  universal  indignation  to 
release  hini.  Infatuated  by  his  dangerous  elevation, 
this  man  began  lo  display  the  spirit  that  goes  before  a 
fall,  'i'he  government  of  Connecticut,  incensed  at  the 
atfront  by  which  he  had  ntvenged  the  result  of  his  own 
incapacity  on  the  best  ollieer  and  most  respected  in- 
habiianl  of  iheir  province,  signified  in  very  sharp  terms 
their  astonishment  and  displeasure  at  his  presumption, 
and  warned  hini.  with  prophetic  wisdom,  that  hiti  state 
needt-d  rare  prudence,  and  that  he  had  urgent  occasion 
for  frieudi. 

King  William  had  received  Leisler's  inpssengcr  with 
the  most  ihittering  encouragement,  and  admitted  him 
to  thi!  Iionm  of  kissing  hts  haiul,  as  a  lestiniony  of  his 
satisfaclioti  with  the  proceedings  at  .New  York.  But 
Nicluilson,  on  his  arrival  in  Knglaiid,  found  means  to 
make  hts  party  good  witii  the  king,  and  instil  into  his 
mind  a  prejudice,  of  which  royalty  rendered  it  very 
susceptthle,  agam:>t  the  in.surgenis  liotli  at  Boaion  and 
.New  Vork.  lie  returned  thanks,  indeed,  to  the  people 
of  New  Vork.  by  Leisler's  niesseiiiier,  for  their  tidehly  ; 
but  in  none  uf  his  communications  with  either  Boston 
or  New  Vork  did  he  recognise  the  governors  whom  the 
people  had  appointed  ;  and  he  demonstrated  to  the  in- 
habitants of  both  these  places  iiow  very  lightly  he  re- 
spected their  compldints  against  .\ndros  and  .Nicholson, 
by  subsequeiiily  promoting  these  men  to  the  govern- 
ment o(  others  of  the  American  provinces.  lie  would, 
doubtless,  have  contiued  to  unite  New  York  and  Mas- 
sachusetts ill  the  same  government ;  but  plainly  fore- 
seeing that  he  must  inevitably  grant  a  charter  to  Bos- 
ton, and  that  he  miglit  hope  to  evade  a  smiilar  conces- 
sion to  New  York,  winch  hail  never  yet  possessed  this 
advantage,  he  consented  to  the  separation  which  both 
desired,  and  in  August,  ItiBU,  committed  the  separate 
government  of  ihis  province  to  (/olonel  JSloughter.  In 
consequence,  however,  of  the  embarrassed  situation  of 
his  master's  alfairs  in  t^ngland,  this  olHcer  did  not  ar- 
rive; at  New  V<nk  till  the  second  year  [1691]  after  his 
appomtment,  and  till  [jciilcr  bad  possessed  power  so 
lung  that  he  was  extremely  unwilling,  and  ex«rciscd  it 


811 


with  so  much  envy  that  he  was  exceedingly  afraid,  (0 
surrender  il  'I'his  ill  fateil  atlventurei  seems  lo  havo 
hoped  to  the  last  that  the  king  wou'J  either  conlinuo 
hiin  111  his  otiice  or  exjuesslv  saneiion  and  reward  his 
services  ;  and  when  he  found  hini-elf  no  otherwise  no- 
ticed than  by  a  summinis  from  (.'olonei  Slough'er  lo 
deliver  up  the  fori,  he  answered  in  llie  language  of 
folly  and  des[iair,  that  he  would  not  give  it  up  but  to 
Mi  order  under  the  king's  own  hand.  Such  a  resolii* 
lion  It  was  unfortunately  possible  to  utter,  ihonuh  quita 
imprac'.icable  to  iiiamtain  ;  and  he  only  sealed  his  fata 
by  this  last  frantic  etibrt  to  evade  it.  and  furnished  his 
eneinie»  with  a  legal  pretext  lo  destroy  him,  which 
otherwise  they  would  have  found  it  no  easy  matter  to 
adduce.  The  new  gover[u>r  s  ears  wtro  now  readily 
opened  10  all  the  charges  that  lieislcr's  enemies  has- 
tened to  prefer  against  him  :  and  though  ho  quickly 
abandoned  the  desperate  purpose  of  defending  the  fort 
he  was  denonnred  as  a  rebel,  and  coniniitleii  to  prison 
with  !iis  kinsman  atid  .Milhourne  various  others  of  his 
adheri'iits  on  a  ehar^'e  of  high  treason. 

('olonel  Sloughhr  having  thus  esiahlished  his  au- 
thority in  the  province.  pro<eeded  to  ijonvoke  an  as-sein- 
bly  which  voted  addresses  in  reprobation  of  Leisler's 
rebellions  conduct,  m  holding  out  Ihe  fort  against  the 
governor.  A  general  act  of  annnlinent  v\as  passed,  not 
only  against  all  the  regulations  that  had  been  esta- 
blished by  former  royal  ^rovernors  and  their  counsels, 
but  even  against  the  laws  that  had  been  enacted  hy  the 
popular  assembly  in  |fi83.  on  the  strangi;  and  unintelli- 
hie  pretext,  that  havinjj  never  been  ohservi.'d  by  the  lale 
king,  they  liatl  ceased  lo  be  hindnig  on  (he  people. 
.As  some  dinibt  had  arisini,  whetln  r,  in  the  absence  of 
a  eharti'r,  tin'  asscnililinir  of  a  repre^enialive  liody  was 
an  inlier<;nt  rioht  of  the  people,  or  a  mere  grace  from 
the  kiiiLT,  tins  asseuibly  pas.^ed  a  remaikabli.'  law,  de- 
elannix  that  Ihi.i  and  all  the  other  hherties  of  English- 
men hehnioed  of  riglit  lo  tlie  colonists;  but  this  art 
was  afliTwards  annulled  by  King  William  heisler 
and  .Milbourne  were  now  brought  to  uial,  ind,  vainly 
pleading  their  inenionous  servti-es  in  originating  the 
revohition  of  llu:  province,  were  convicted,  and  receivt^d 
sentence  of  death.  'Ihe  t.'uvernor  still  hesitated  to  de- 
stroy the  two  persons,  who,  of  all  the  inhabitants,  had 
lirst  declared  themselves  in  favor  ot  his  sovereign  ;  and, 
shortly  after  the  trial,  wrole  lo  the  Kngliuh  itMiii'i'ets  to 
direct  him  in  what  niamier  the  convicts  should  tie  dii- 
posed  of:  but  he  had  hardly  taken  this  step,  when  the 
renewed  instances  of  their  enemies  induced  litin  to 
alter  his  purpo,se,  and  issue  the  warrant  of  death,  which 
was  instantly  carried  into  execution.*  The  adherents 
of  Keis'er  and  .Milhourne,  who  had  been  much  enraged 
at  the  .-ientenee,  were  tilled  with  terror  and  astonish 
ineni  when  they  saw  it  carried  into  etfecl,  and  began 
to  I'y  ill  such  numbers  from  the  province,  that  it  was 
found  necessary  to  piss  in  haste  a  general  act  of  in- 
demnity. l..eisler's  son  complained  to  the  king  of  tha 
execution  of  his  father,  and  the  conliscation  of  his  pro- 
perty ;  and  the  privy  council  reporting  that,  although 
t!ie  trial  and  execution  weic  legal,  it  was  advisable, 
under  all  the  circumstances  uf  tiie  case,  lo  restore  iho 
forfeited  estate,  this  was  all  the  grace  that  could  for 
some  innR  be  obtained.  But  a  compensation  more 
honorable  and  satislaetory  was  awarded  to  ihem  soon 
e'''er ;  and,  under  Ihe  reign  of  the  same  king,  ihe  Kiig- 
lish  parliament  enacted  a  reversal  of  the  colonial  at- 
tainder. The  passions  which  Leisler'd  adniinistration 
had  excited  in  one  party,  and  winch  Ins  execution  had 
communicated  to  the  other,  coniimied  long  to  distract 
the  public  councils,  and  embitter  the  private  intercourse, 
ol  the  inhabitants  o(  New  York. 

The  most  respectable  act  of  Sloughtcr's  short  admi- 
nistration was  a  conference  which  he  held  wiUi  tha 
chiefs  of  the  Five  Nations,  who  admiticd  thai  they  had 
so  far  relaxed  their  hostile  purposes  against  the  French, 
as  to  en'crtain  propositions  lor  a  lasting  peace  with 
them  ;  but  now  wilbngly  consented  to  brighten,  as  they 
termed  it,  their  ancient  l/elt  o/fricntUhip.  and  to  renew 
u  league,  otfensive  and  defensive,  with  the  Lngbsh. 
*•  Wc  nunomher,"  they  declared,  '*  the  deceit  and 
treachery  of  the  French ;  the  belt  they  have  sent  ua  is 
poison ;  we  spew  it  out  cf  cur  mouths ;  and  are  re- 
solved to  ifiskc  war  with  them  as  long  as  we  live." 
On  his  return  from  this  conference,  a  sudden  death  put 
a  period  to  Sloughler's  Bdininistratioii. 

To  animate    the  Indians  in  the  purposes  they  had 


•  When  noottier  measures  could  provati  with  the  governor, 
tradition  informK  us  that  a  sumptuous  feast  was  prepared,  lo 
winca  Colonul  Slougliter  was  invtlMd.  When  liiii  dxceilmicy's 
reason  was  drowneii  in  Ins  cups,  tliu  entreaties  ol  the  com- 
pany prevailed  with  hnn  to  sign  the  doalti*warraiil,and  bofuro 
h«  rocoviired  Ins  stnitus  the  prikuners  w«ru  sxcciittil.**  SmiUii 
104. 


\ 


813 


now  proft'SHod,  ami  lo  ^lIll^|)e^  bv  cxcrci^n  llm'r  lios- 
tiluy  againi't  ih«  Kmirh,  Mitjor  Si-hnylT.  wim  li:i:  ,tc- 
quirt-d  extriiuntinirv  Mifluriiic  wit|>  ihi-  Five  N.iiioiis  hv 
hJJ  cutin^u.  ^oinl  iieiiic,  iitnl  fnonilly  atu-tttiuii  to  ihuir 
ilituroflts,  uridoriouk.  in  iho  t-lomj  of  tlno  your,  nii  uxpc- 
tlitiun  against  Moiitntiil  nt  tliu  ii(>ad  ul'  a  cun^iderahlc 
body  of  colmnul  and  Indiin  turci's.  TholI^h  (he  inva- 
ders wore  linHlly  cuni|K'lled  lo  rflrcat,  the  Kretirli  auk* 
uined  great  loxs  in  eevcral  onronnlers,  and  thu  spirit 
and  aniinodity  of  iho  Fivfl  NMlions  wi-rc  whrltod  to 
such  a  pitch,  that  even  when  thoir  aUirs  reiirt'd.  they 
continued  during  the  winter  to  wage  iiicesHitnt  and 
huraaaing  hoatililiea  with  the  French.  Cutnit  Fionlig- 
nac,  whono  sprightly  manners  and  unergeiic  character 
supported  the  spinia  of  his  countrymen  arnuUt  every 
reverse,  [1693]  was  at  length  so  provoked  with  what 
he  deemed  the  ingratitude  of  the  Five  Naiiuns  for  his 
kindnesn  to  them  at  Schenectady,  that.  l)enules  encon* 
raging  hia  own  Indian  alUei  to  burn  their  prisoners 
alive,  he  at  length  condemned  to  a  death  still  more 
dreadful  two  Mohawk  warriors  who  h'ld  fallen  into  his 
hands.  In  vain  the  French  priests  remonstratud  uganist 
this  aenteuLC,  and  urged  him  not  to  bring  so  tbiil  a 
Btain  on  the  christian  name;  the  count  dei-Ured  ihat 
every  consideration  must  yield  to  the  safety  and  de- 
fence of  his  people,  and  that  the  Indians  must  not  be 
encouraged  to  helievo  that  they  might  praciiae  the  ex- 
treme of  cruelty  on  the  French  witliout  the  liazard  of 
having  it  retorted  on  themselves.  If  he  had  been 
merely  actuated  by  politic  considtT.ilions,  without  be- 
ing Btuniildted  by  revenge,  he  might  liave  plainly  per- 
ceived, from  the  conduct  of  all  the  Indian  iril)es  in 
their  wars  with  each  other,  that  the  fear  of  retort  had 
no  etficaey  whatever  lo  restrain  them  from  their  barba- 
rous practices,  which  he  now  undertook  to  sanction  as 
far  as  his  cxemplc  wan  cspable  of  doin^.  The  priests, 
finding  that  their  humane  intercession  was  inetiuctual, 
repaired  to  the  prisoners,  and  lahored  to  persuade  them 
to  embrace  the  christian  name,  as  a  preparation  for  the 
dreadful  fate  which  they  wore  about  to  receive  from 
christian  hands;  hut  their  inatructioiia  were  rejected 
with  scorn  and  derision,  and  they  found  tlio  prisoners 
determined  to  dignify,  by  Indian  sentimentH  and  de- 
meanor, the  Indian  death  wWicU  they  had  been  con- 
demned to  undergo.  Shortly  before  the  execution, 
ffoine  Frenchman,  less  inhuman  than  his  governor, 
threw  a  knife  into  the  prison,  and  one  of  the  Moliawks 
immediately  despatched  himself  with  it ;  the  oihcr,  ex- 
pressing contempt  at  his  companion's  mean  evasion 
from  glory,  walked  to  the  stake,  singing,  in  his  dea'li- 
chant.  that  he  was  a  Mohawk  warrior,  that  alt  the 
power  of  man  could  not  extort  an  indecent  expression 
of  suffering  from  his  lips,  and  that  it  was  ample  conso- 
lation to  him  to  retlect  that  he  had  made  many  French- 
men suffer  the  saint'  pan<;4  that  he  must  now  himself 
undergo.  When  attached  to  the  stake,  he  looked 
round  on  his  eiecutioner*.  their  instruments  of  torture, 
tind  the  assembled  multitude  of  spectators,  with  all  the 
complacency  of  heroic  fortitude  ;  and,  after  enduring 
for  aomo  hours,  with  composed  mien  and  triumphant 
language,  a  series  of  barbarities  too  atrocious  and  dis- 
gusting to  be  recited,  his  .^tulTefinus  were  terminiiled 
by  the  niterposition  o(  a  French  lady,  who  prevailed 
with  the  governor  to  order  that  mortal  blow,  to  wliich 
human  'irueliv  haa  given  the  name  of  cuup  de  grace,  or 
vtroke  of/apor.* 

It  was  with  great  reluctance  (hat  Kirig  William  had 
purrendered  to  the  American  colonies  any  of  the  acqui- 
titiona  which  regal  authority  had  derived  from  the  ty- 
nnnicat  usurpations  of  his  predecessors  ;  and  his  reign 
was  signaliseld  by  various  attempts  to  invade  the  pri 
Tilegea  which  at  first  he  had  been  compelled  to  respect 
or  to  restore.  He  wa",  informed  by  the  Knglish  lawyers 
4hat  be  could  not  refuse  te  recognise  the  charter  of  Con- 
necticut with  all  iu  ample  privileges,  and  he  was  baf- 
fled in  .lis  attempt  to  procuro  an  act  of  parliament  to 
annul  it.  But  as  New  Vork.  never  having  had  a  char- 
tei,  was  judged  to  be  not  legally  entitled  to  demand 
one.  he  determined  not  only  to  deprive  it  of  this  advan- 
tage, but,  through  the  medium  of  its  undefined  conati- 

•  Culden,  i.  135  A.  13:1—143.  Smith.  lOT.tJ.  Such  fortitutJe 
was  DO  ununual  diH[)lHy  in  an  Anienraii  savatfc  j  and  the  sub- 
«««l>ieut  t>K«cutinii  of  Datineit  at  PariA  rendi/s  'he  act  of 
Fronttifnac  at  IbhsI  no  solitary  instanre  in  Die  history  of  rivi- 
lined  Prance.  Tti**  executinn  of  tlie  Engliih  n'RirulPkiu  1660, 
ami  of  i)ie  Scoitish  ri'l>els  in  174),  exhibit'^d  M-eiiPn  htllo  Jast 
ritisfriceriil  tohuiaaoity.  Probably,  in  all  surh  caspx  of  the 
Addition  of  torture  to  (t«ath,  iTUi'Uy  complelely  overreaehes 
Itself,  and, divprtiitg  rlie  mind  of  the  HUircrer  from  the  one 
U<it  etu*)ijy  whofle  aiisck  li«  cannot  repel,  relieves  it  by  in- 
rolvinf  birn  in  the  ntiimaiion  M  a  contest  whr le  victory  i*  in 
h'li  wwH  power.  Tlie  more  siMi(tfo  tliu  mortal  act  u  iiiide, 
nud  the  (nur«  melancholy  respect  that  is  khown  to  life  tven 
In  taking  It  away,  ttu  mora  itvprcssiye  and  formidsbia  an 
flxtcuiion  appears. 


THE   lUSTOUY   OF 

tution,  and  the  niter  absence  of  restriction  on  the 
powers  with  whicli  he  might  inve.-tt  its  governor,  lo 
ailempt  an  enrroachment  on  liie  envied  privih'^es  of 
t.'i)nnecticiit,  Colonel  Fletcher,  a  man  of  sordid  dis- 
position, viuleni  temper,  and  kIijIIow  capacity,  yet  en- 
dowed with  a  considerable  share  of  aciivily,  was  tlie 
governor  who  next  arrived  lo  re|)reHent  tliu  king  at 
New  York,  and  to  linn  was  intrusted  tlie  execution  ot 
the  design  that  William  had  conceived  agatiiHt  (he 
nei^hhoTing  colony.  Fur  this  purpune  he  had  been  in- 
vested with  plenary  powers  of  eommanding,  not  merely 
the  milida  of  New  Vork,"  but  all  nis  majesty's  militia  in 
the  colonies  of  that  quarter  of  America.  His  lirst  ste|i 
towards  eireetuating  this  encroachment  was  to  send  a 
commission  to  governor  Trent,  who  already  coiO' 
mamlcd  the  militia  of  Connecticut  according  to  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  provincial  charter;  and  the  reception 
of  (his,  even  in  the  light  of  a  mere  superogatory  coiilir- 
mation,  it  was  probalily  hoped  would  pave  the  way  to  a 
more  thorough  establishment  of  the  king's  prelunsions. 
llut  t'onneettcnt  had  then,  both  in  the  ottices  of  her 
governini'iil  and  tlie  ranks  of  her  people,  ahunduiice  ul 
men,  who,  itioroiuhly  ajiprecialing  (he  privileges  tliey 
enjoyed,  had  sense  lo  see,  and  spirit  to  resittt.  every 
attempt  to  violate  them  ;  and  the  tender  of  Fletcher's 
cuiinntssion  was  not  only  tiatly  refused  but  made  the 
subject  of  a  vigorous  remonstrance.  Inccnstd  at  such 
('ontumacy,  as  be  was  |tlrased  to  regard  it,  Fletelu-r 
proceeded  wi'.h  Ins  usual  iin|ietuosity  lo  Hartford, 
[10U3.]  and  commanded  the  assembly  oi  the  state,  who 
were  siltiri;;.  to  plaee  their  militia  under  his  orders,  a^ 
they  would  answer  it  (o  the  king.  He  even  proceeded 
to  such  a  length  as  to  thrcdlen  to  is^tiie  a  proclamation 
cjlling  on  ill!  who  were  for  tiie  king  (o  join  him,  and 
denouncing  all  others  as  gtiilty  of  disloyalty  and  sedi- 
tion. Finding  his  menacing  injunctions  received  with 
a  calm  but  lirm  refu.sal,  he  presented  himself  with  one 
uf  hi^  council,  ('olon(:l  liayard,  lo  the  mitilia,  at  their 
parade,  and  expectmi;  that  a  royal  warrant  would  find 
greater  favor  with  thu  mun  ilian  it  had  done  with  the 
civil  rulers,  he  commanded  liayard  to  read  hiseonnnis- 
siori  aloud,  as  an  act  uf  declaratory  posse^ision  of  the 
authority  to  which  he  pretended.  Uut  Captain  Wads- 
worlh,  wlio  was  always  present  when  the  liberties  of 
his  ronntry  were  in  danger,  and  who  had  once  before 
saved  the  charter  of  Connecticut  from  invasion,  now 
stepped  forward  to  prevent  the  privileges  it  conveyed 
from  being  abridged  or  insulted,  and  commanding  the 
drums  to  tieat,  completely  drowned  tlie  obnoxious  ac- 
cents. When  Fletcher  atteinpteil  to  interpose.  Wads- 
worth  supported  Ins  orders  with  such  an  energy  of  de- 
termination, that  the  meaner  genius  of  his  antagonist 
was  completely  rebuked;  and  seei'igthe  countenances 
of  all  around  kindiing  rito  sympalhy  witii  (heir  patriot's 
fervor,  he  judged  it  best  to  consult  his  safely  by  a  huoty 
departure  to  iS'ew  Vork,  wh'Tc  his  spleen,  at  least, 
covild  not  be  obstructed  by  any  cxceptunis  to  Ins  con;- 
mission.  The  king,  with  the  view  oi'  ccver!i:g  his  de- 
feat, or  of  trying  whether  legal  chicane  could  repair  it, 
ordered  this  matter  lo  be  submitted  to  the  opimoii  ot 
the  altorney  and  solicitor  general  of  Kngland  ;  and  on 
their  reporting  without  hesitalion  in  favor  of  (lie  plea  of 
('onneciicut,  an  order  of  council  was  passed  in  confor- 
mity with  their  report ;  as  if  the  maltcr  at  issue  had 
involved  a  mere  local  dispute  between  two  provincial 
junsdicltons,  in  which  the  king  was  to  exercise  (he  dig- 
nified functions  of  supreme  and  impartuil  arbitrator,  f 

It  was  fortunate  for  New  York  that  the  meapacity 
of  her  governor  was  prevented  from  being  so  detrimen- 
tal as  It  might  otherwise  have  proved  to  her  Indian  m- 
'1,  hy  the  cuntidence  he  reposed  in  Major  Scliny- 
Ic  >  hose  weighty  influence  was  employed  to  preserve 
the  alfectiona  and  sustain  the  spirit  of  tho  Five  Nations. 
Yet  so  imperfectly  wore  they  assisted  by  the  colony, 
that  Frontignac,  even  while  occupied  with  other  hostili- 
ties in  New  England,  was  able  by  his  vigor  and  activity 
to  give  them  a  severe  defeat.  Roused  by  this  intelli- 
gence, Fletcher  assembled  the  militia  of  New  York, 
and  abruptly  demanding  who  was  willing  to  march  to 
the  aid  of  (heir  allies  againit  the  French,  the  men  threw 
up  their  hats  in  the  air  and  answered  unanimously 
"  One  and  all."  The  march  was  effected  with  t  ra- 
pidity that  highly  gratified  the  Indians  ;  and  though  it 
produced  no  substantial  advantage  to  them,  it  was  so 
favorably  regarded  as  a  demonstration  of  promptitude 


*  lie  was  appointed  also  Governor  of  Pennsylvatua  by  the 
king  who  had  deprived  William  Penn  of  his  proprietary  func- 
tions. 

t  8iiiith,nO.  Trumbull,  1.390— 395, 'indAppon.lix,Ml~M5. 
Ill  tlui  cominisstoii  from  (tvurife  the  Uecond  to  Sir  Djnver.4 
(Uborn  irerited  at  length  hy  Smith,  p.  331,  Ac.)  the  rigUt  of 
coininandiiif  the  Connecticut  nnhtia  was  again  conferred  on 
tht  fovaraur  of  Naw  Vork. 


to  aid  them,  that  they  were  prevented  from  einhrA»ini^ 

FrontiKiiac's  oilers  of  peact-.  Tiny  could  nol  help 
olirtervni!,'  howi-vtfr  ilut  it  was  loo  fn  nutiit  with  [ho 
Kiigii^h  lo  de]i>r  their  succors  till  ihcy  h.id  becoino 
unavailing;  and  Ihat  while  (lie  whole  of  the  power  o| 
Fiance  in  Aiiiericu  vv.in  com  inlialed  in  siiii'iUaneous 
elKirts  to  injiniain  the  Frenci  donunion.  tlie  Knghsh 
coliiines  acied  with  partial  and  dividtd  operuMon,  t\iid 
.Maryland  and  Oelavvare  in  pariuuilar  (ihough  the  ipij^r- 
rel  vvjs  said  to  be  a  national  one)  look  no  sjiiiti-  in  liio 
hostiliiies  at  all. 

Hut  tiie  vigor  of  (lovernor  Fletcher  was  more  fro- 
ipiently  and  eirenuously  exerted  in  coniimiioiH  with 
the  house  of  aasenibly,  (Imii  in  aiding  the  Indians  \ 
though  It  was  to  his  services  m  this  last  department 
that  he  owed  what  little  popularity  he  enjoyed  in  the 
province.  A  bigot  himself  to  ihe  church  of  Kngland, 
he  lahored  ineessandy  to  introduce  a  model  of  her 
establishment  in  New  York,  and  nalur^tlly  encountered 
much  resistance  to  this  project  from  the  oppoi'itu  pre- 
ddections  of  the  Dutch  and  other  piesbvicrian  inhaiii- 
tants.  .\t  teriijth  Ins  ell'orls  ttucuctiled  iti  procuring  a 
bill  (o  be  carried  ihroitgli  tlie  tower  house,  or  as^cinhly 
of  represeiHatives,  for  nettling  mini^'crs  in  the  several 
parishes:  but  when  the  council  adjected  lo  the  clause 
which  !.MVe  Ihe  people  the  privilege  of  electing  tin  ir 
own  iiunisters,  a  proviso  that  ihe  governor  should  ex- 
erci.ie  the  ejHs.-op.ii  power  of  approving  and  collating 
tlie  iiicunilients,  this  aiiieiidini'iit  was  directly  net;a- 
lived  ipy  tlic  assernhlv.  Thi;  governor,  exasperated  at 
their  uhi^tinacy.  cjllcd  tlie  house  before  Inin,  and  pro- 
rogticil  iliuir  sitting  with  a  passion  lU-  iMraiigiie.  *'  Yon 
lake  upun  you,"  said  he,  ■"  :ii  if  ytiu  w<  n-  dictators.  I 
bent  down  to  you  an  uineitdiiUMii  of  hiti  ihreu  tir  four 
words  in  that  tiill.  which  lltuugh  very  iininalenal,*  yet 
was  positively  denied.  I  must  tell  you,  it  seems  very 
unmanneity.  It  i.s  the  siirn  uf  a  Mliibhorn,  til  temper. 
You  oiigiil  lo  consider  lli.ii  urn  have  but  a  third  share 
In  the  h'gisldlive  power  of  tlie  government ;  and  oiiiiht 
not  to  lake  all  upon  sou,  nor  be  so  peremptorv.  You 
ought  to  let  ihe  council  have  a  share.  They  are  in  (ho 
nature  of  the  House  uf  Lords  or  upper  Houstt ;  but  vou 
seem  lo  take  tlie  whole  power  in  your  hands,  and  set 
up  hir  evi  ry  thing.  You  hive  sal  a  long  time  (o  litdo 
purpose,  and  have  been  a  great  charge  to  the  country. 
Ten  shillings  a  day  is  a  large  allowance,  and  you  punc- 
tually exact  i(.  You  have  been  always  forward  enough 
to  pull  down  Ihe  fees  of  oilier  ministers  in  the  govern- 
ment. Why  did  not  you  think  it  expedient  (o  correct 
your  own  lo  a  more  moderate  allowance  !"  The  mem- 
bers of  assembly  endured  bin  rudeness  with  invincible 
patience  ;  but  they  also  obstructed  Ins  pretensions  with 
inimoveitble  resolution.  In  the  following  year,  [ItiDlJ 
their  dii>putc8  were  so  fre<pienl  that  all  business  waj 
interrupted  ;  and  the  governor  sei-med  to  have  em- 
braced the  determination  of  convoking  the  assembly 
no  mure,  lint  though  his  own  emoluinenis  were  se- 
cured by  an  act  tliat  had  estahhshed  the  public  revenue 
for  several  years  yet  to  eome.  the  necessity  of  raising 
further  supplies  to  make  pre.tCiits  to  the  Indians,  and 
the  arrival  of  a  body  of  troops  from  Uniain,  obliged  hiui 
lo  alter  bis  determination.  He  had  been  letpnred  also 
by  the  king  to  lay  before  the  assembly  ^w  assignment 
which  his  majesty  had  framed  o(  the  (piolas  lu  he  re> 
speclively  contributed  by  the  colonies  for  ihe  mainte- 
nance of  an  united  force  against  the  French  t  [ItiUo.] 
The  assembly  could  not  be  prevailed  with  lo  pay  ihe 
slightest  ntlention  to  tins  royal  assignment.  Ilul  they 
made  a  liberal  grant  of  money  for  tlic  support  of  the 
troops  that  had  arrived,  and  added  a  present  lo  (he  go- 
vernor ;  who  now  perceiving  that  the  people  of  New 
York  were  totally  unmanageable  by  insolence  and  pas 
sion,  but  might  be  made  subservient  to  his  avarice, 
ceased  to  harass  himself  and  them  by  farther  pressing 
obnoxious  schemes,  and  niiiiKained  a  good  correspond- 
ence with  the  assembly  during  the  remainder  of  his 
udmiinstration.  In  this  reB)>ect  ne  waa  more  success- 
ful than  some  of  the  future  governors  of  the  province, 
whose  remarkable  unpopularity  during  many  years  of 
honest  and  praiseworthy  exertion  has  excited  some  aur- 
prise  in  those  who  have  not  examined  with  autticient 


*  It  IB  surprising  that  he  wasi  not  fleti8it>le  of  the  inapiiro- 
priBleiiess  ot  tint  observation,  which  Itiu  it  bct-n  tiue.wouM 
have  rendered  his  own  pusaion  cxceodniifly  ridiculous  Hut 
tlie  Kuvi-rnor  wait  at  sll  times  ait  indiirereiit  re.iauner:  and 
anger,  with  winch  he  was  very  subject  to  be  ovurtitkea,  liai 
always  been  more  proinoiive  of  rhetoric  tlianot  logic 

t  The  h»t  of  tho  renprctive  iiuotas  was  us  roiluv%!t  i 

Pennsylvania       bUI.      Rliodu  Is. and  and  Providence   4BI. 

Mafcxachuaotts    350        Coniuicticul  120 

Marylund  lAU        New  Vork  fM 

Vir;;inia  ■i40 

This  assignmen'  acomi  nowhere  to  have  recalved  ( 
attuntionorany  rcspact. 


tri?ar\ 
t 

On 
the  1 

whici 

MotlH 

River 
their  i 
lan^h 
The  r 
brutal 
object 
betwe 
Colde 
that  I 
rieg  01 
>ian  tc 
'hesa 
tors  n 
I  N 

their  | 

(he  en 

that 

fr'end: 

s  'nie 

B  few 

ifturi) 

lo  pro- 

the  Pr 

t&cin, 


*t,':;t53v<--.^; 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


813 


iiitil   mil  h(!l|» 
II  III    Willi  iho 

|i„(l   hccoiiio 

I  aiMi'ilunuuus 
I.  llif   Lhtilish 

iiij^li  iliu  ipior- 
lu  hlmir  111  tlio 

was  more  fro- 

ileniioiH  with 
;  ihc  IntliaiiH  ; 
isl  ilu|mriini'iit 

cnjoynd  in  ilko 
i:ii  III'  KnyUiHl, 

moilt'l  ol    lur 
llv  (.■nronnUTLHi 
k;  oppiJJ'ili;  |""i-'' 
lyleriiin   iiilMiii- 
I'lii  prucuniiif  ii 
se.  or  assf  inhly 
.■4  III  \\\v  seviTiil 
(i    In  llir  cIjuso 
I  rU'tUtij^  iln  ir 
irtiiir  slumUl  i-'x- 
11^  :ii)(t  colliiing 
i  (liri'i-Lly  riri;a- 
.  i'xas|)i'raU'(l  at 
V.  iiiin,  ami   pio- 
iraii-iuL'.      "  Voii 
iTf  iliflatoM.      ! 
h)it  ilirfc  or  lout 
iiiim.iicriiil.'  yut 
HI,  il  set'tiis  very 
il.oni,  ill  iriu|i(:r. 
1)111  a  lliinl  Hliari" 
iiiiMii;  ami  ou-^lit 
.•iTiiipiory.      Voii 
'I'lii'y  arc  in  l!io 

Housit ;  lull  yoii 
ir  liandn,  and  aft 
long  lime  lo  liulo 
ru  to  the  c'^Mniry. 
l:u,  and  you  puiic- 
,s  forward  riiough 
era  in  ihu  govern- 
inulitiil  to  correct 
cc !"  The  mcui- 
H  wiih  iiivinciblo 
*  prelensioiia  with 
wiiij^  year,  [UVJl] 

,  nil    lMI:>niCS9  wai 

ncd  to  iiave  cm- 
inn  ihu   assfinbly 
jUnntnis  wero  ^*-'• 
ihf  |iulilic  rcvcnuo 
Li-essuy  of  rji9iii«; 
>  Uie  Indiauft.  and 
Iniain,  ohligud  hint 
liet'ii  it!4Uirud  also 
hly  ^n  asEii;|niitt'iit 
u    quotas  lo  he  re- 
us lor  ihii  iiianitc- 
Frencht    [lOUo.] 
cd  with  to  pay  the 
ininent.     IJot  they 
ilie  rtupport  ol   ilio 
prt'senl  lo  ilu  t;o- 
lic  piiople  of  -Now 
insolence  and  pa* 
!iii  10  his  (ivance, 
liy  farther  pressing 
a  nood  eorrespond- 
reniaiiider  of  his 
WU4  more  •uccess- 
irs  of  Ih*"'  province, 
ring  many  years  of 
8  excited  some  sur- 
ned  with  sutlkieiil 

iKible  of  ilin  in-ippr"- 
ml  It  bu»n  iine.w"ulii 
higly  niltcuhiuti  Hut 
ir«reiil  re.iboner:  and 
to  t>e  ovuriukeii*  liu 
r.  titan  ut  lUKtc 

HS  US  (Olluv*)»  I 

landriovWunce  431. 
1  hav«  toc»iv«d  muh 


inimileness  the  whole  of  thrir  official  career.  Like 
IHctchec,  these  oirners  concoivini^  lliprnsrives  vested 
with  reyal  power  unCircumsiTibrd  hy  chartered  ri^lits, 
looked  on  the  provinciul  inhalntants  as  an  iiifcrinr  pro- 
pk'i  Hud  he^an  their  ndrninislrntion  with  mihoIciU  de 
niraiior  and  nrhitrary  preleniions  :  hkn  liiin  ihey  learned 
>vifHl>)Mi  from  fxperienre  ;  hut  llieir  wisdom  came  a  day 
liio  lale  ;  the  people  had  cra!<pd  to  be  an  placuhle  ns  in 
former  limes;  «tnl  iho  spirit  of  hberly,  (hotoii(»hly  ex- 
ercii«rd.  liad  heroine  jiroinpl  to  repel  as  well  as  lirm  in 
rcsisiiii^'  mjustire.  Their  govi  rnment  was  impeded 
by  tlie  total  want  of  a  tiiiblic  curitidence,  which  havint* 
once  deservedly  forfeited,  they  found  that  even  a  com- 

tlete  rhan^e  of  measures  was  insiiflicient  to  regain. 
'rom  iixnoranrc  or  disretrai^l  of  luch  considf^ralions  as 
these  fwl'.ich  a  very  aiteiitivo  perusal  of  colonial  coii- 
troversv  has  imprc'^sci  upon  me,)  it  has  olien  been 
thought  that  the  frovcmmeiit  of  thii  province  was  em- 
barrjSKed  by  llie  iuctunis  obstinacy  of  a  perverse  and 
unreasonable  people,  when  in  inith  the  governors  wfre 
.ml  renpinj;  what  llirmHelvi.-*  h:id  sown,  and  struifzltn^ 
Willi  the  just  HU.^pirions  that  their  ori^niai  mmrondtiet 
had  created.  In  the  nmh.Trtered  provinc«t  of  ViriEJiiia, 
OS  well  as  in  Now  Voik,  (•ucli  iiho  were,  not  unl're 
quentlv.  the  proreedMi;.'B  of  llie  Hri'ish  tfiivernors,  .iitd 
the  complexion  of  their  adiniimitralions  :  and  Itrilain, 
it  must  be  i'Oiife8*4e(l,  by  einplovmjr  sucli  fiinciioiiiinrs 
ond  proiiiolini;  such  policy,  took  intimte  pains  to  edii- 
calc  the  principles  of  liberty  in  tlio-te  of  her  colonial 
de[>PTidenciefl,  where  they  seetiud  least  likely  tu  attain 
n  tioiiriNhini;  ijrowih. 

HiU.')  ]  The  remainder  of  Fletcher's  administration 
was  not  disiintiumlied  by  any  ocrnrrence  that  destrves 
to  be  particularly  cornmeinoralcd.  The  war  belvMi>n 
the  French  and  the  Five  .\alioiis  sometimes  lan^,nll^lle^i 
by  the  address  of  Frontiifiiac's  ne^ouaiiun^,  and  wa^t 
ollcner  kindled  itilo  ;id-lilioiuiI  r.i>re  and  deslrurlion  by 
his  enter))ii«e  and  artiviiy.  .\eilher  ai;p  nor  decrepi- 
tude could  chill  the  ardor  of  this  man's  spirit,  or  impair 
the  resources  of  his  capacity.  On  the  threshold  of  his 
own  fate,*  and  supported  in  a  litter,  ho  flew  to  every 
point  of  attack  or  det'ence.  to  animate  the  havoc  of  war, 
and  contemplate  the  execution  of  hit  pl.inii.  llis  own 
budity  siiiialion  had  m  liltlo  etfecl  in  initi^atintr  his 
ri'jor,  as  in  (liinini^liinti  Ins  activity  :  and  as  liieir  hos- 
lilitios  were  proloiiiied,  the  French  and  the  Indians 
seemed  lo  bi^  inspired  with  a  inulnal  emulation  of 
cnielivt  III  victory,  no  less  than  of  prowess  in  battle. 
The  prisonera  on  both  sides  were  made  to  expire  in 
I'lrtures;  and  the  French,  less  prepared  by  educaiion 
itrid  physical  habits  for  stirh  extremities  of  sntrerin*;, 
endured  a  ureal  deal  more  evil  than  they  were  nhle  to 
ititlict.  [lii9>'»J  On  one  oe.'as:on.  when  Fronliu'nar 
succeeded  in  eaptiiriii:/  a  Mohawk  tort,  it  wa-*  toiind 
deserted  of  all  its  inhabitants  exerpl  a  saeheiii  in  ex- 
treme old  aj;e,  wtio  s.il  with  t!ie  compostire  of  an  an- 
cient Roman  in  his  capital,  and  saluted  his  civdised 
compeer  in  a>:e  and  mtinnitv,  with  di:;nilied  courtesy 
and  venerable  address.  Kvery  hand  was  iimt.mily 
raised  to  woiiiid  and  ib  face  his  lime-strii'ken  frame  ; 
and  \\hile  French  and  Indian  knives  were  pliinge<l  into 
liiH  body,  he  recommended  to  his  Indian  enemies  rather 
to  burn  him  with  lire,  thai  he  iniijlit  teach  their  French 
ulhes  how  to  sutler  like  men  "  Never,  perhaps,"  say** 
(.'harievoix,  "  was  a  man  treated  with  more  cruelty  ; 
nor  ever  did  any  eiuhre  it  with  superior  inagnaiiimiiy 
and  resolution.  *'t     'Mie  governor  of  New  York,  mean- 


*  He  (lied  very  soon  after  tho  rcsti^ratlnn  of  peace  by  the 
tipaiv  vi  Ryswirk.     Smitli,  133. 

t  III  iru(li,Mu«  ernultitiun  was  more  than  n  mere  aeinblance. 
On  one  oceasioii  a  lieiilierale  cdtiiiifhtuui  wns  iiiaue  hctweon 
t)iu  French  and  a  trihe  in  nlliaiiee  with  Ihetii,  to  ancrrtnin 
which  people  could  in!<iAt  the  most  imieniuuH  iTimtiy  on  n 
Mntmwk  pn:i(>ncr.  Of  the  horrid  tratfOtly  Ihar  ensiiet),  1  sh^ll 
five  no  fiirtlier  acruunt  than  that  the  bidi'Ois  greatly  t:icelle>l 
their  rciiipt* tituri,  and  threw  ilio  French  iiitu  traiinports  ol 
laughter  by  the  fantaitit:  variety  of  the  loitiires  they  inlliclcd 
The  French  suldiers  appear  to  have  been  prompted  to  this 
brutality  by  mere  revengu  and  fer*K:ity.  Their  coimnander'i 
object  on  this  oecaHiun  was  to  create  irrecuucilahle  uimuty 
between  a  trilie  newly  athed  to  liiiii  and  the  Five  NatiunH. 
Cohlcii,  i.  lUf,  ft.  It  may  surprise  a  philosopher  to  ronsidt-r, 
that  these  Frenchmen  were  the  conntrymen  and  cotempora- 
rles  of  Pascal,  Fenelon,  and  Arnauid.  It  will  edify  a  Clins- 
tian  to  remember,  that  these  eminent  sainis  were  bem^d  of 
*he  same  nature  with  the  nviiized  and  the  savage  perpetra- 
tors of  such  atrocities  in  Canada. 

(  Neither  the  French  nor  the  Indians,  however,  slew  all 
their  piiioners.  A  great  many  remained  tn  be  ex<-tiam{td  at 
(ho  end  of  the  war:  ami  on  this  occakion  it  wa»  remarked, 
tint  all  the  Indians  rHturned  with  great  alacrity  to  their 
friends,  but  (hat  in  many  rasPs  it  proved  very  diflicnlt,  and  in 
s  -me  utterly  iin{KitHible.  lo  induce  Frenchmen,  who  had  li\ed 
G  Tew  ydars  with  the  Indians  and  emiiraced  their  haliits,  to 
itlurn'to  civilUed  hfe.  The  English  found  it  no  lo.si  dillkull 
lo  provati  with  '\\mt  friends  wlio  had  been  tnken  prisoners  by 
the  Prench  Indiank,  and  lived  for  any  eoniiderable  time  witli 
Ucm,  W  return  to  Naw  York  ;  "  though  no  people  aigoy  mora 


while,  encouraged  the  Five  Nations,  from  time  to  time, 
to  persevere  in  the  contest,  hy  endeavoriny  to  nego- 
tiate ulliances  between  ihein  and  other  tribes,  und  by 
sending  them  vuhiahte  presents  of  ainmunition  and  of 
the  Kuropean  coninnulilteH  which  they  principally 
esteemed;  and  their  intercourse  with  bun  HuctuateU 
between  grateful  acknowledgments  of  ihean  oceasional 
Bupphes,  and  an^ry  complaints  that  be  fought  idl  liia 
buttles  by  (he  instrumentality  nf  llu^  Indians.  Indeed, 
except  repelling  some  insignilicanl  attacks  of  tho 
French  on  tho  frontiers  of  the  province,  the  KngI  ah 
governor  took  no  actual  share  in  the  war,  and  left  the 
moat  important  interests  of  bis  conntrymen  to  he  up- 
held Buainst  the  etlDrls  of  a  skilful  and  inveterate  foe, 
by  the  unaided  valor  of  tlieir  Indian  allies,  flflUT.J 
The  |teacc  of  Kyswiek.  which  inlerrupied  the  hostilities 
of  the  French  and  Fnirlish,  threatened  al  tirst  to  be 
attended  with  fatal  consequences  to  the  allies,  to  whoso 
exertions  the  Knolish  had  been  so  highly  indebted  ; 
and  if  Fletcher  had  been  ptrmitted  lo  continue  longer 
in  the  government  of  New  York,  this  result,  no  less 
dangerous  than  dishonorable  to  his  rountrymen,  would 
most  probably  have  cnaued.  A  considerable  pin  of 
the  forces  of  (!onnt  Froiitij^nac  hid  been  employed 
hitherto  in  warlike  operations  airmnst  Mas.^acliusellrt 
and  .New  Hampshire,  in  cohjunetion  with  the  numerous 
Indian  ullie.-.  whom  he  possessed  m  that  tpiarter.  [IfiUH.J 
lint  the  pejce  of  iiyswick.  of  which  he  now  rcceivetl 
intelliv>encu,  enabled  him  to  concentrate  lus  whole  dis- 
[.■oseadlu  lorce  against  tht;  oniv  foe  ihat  renuiined  to 
liim  ;  and  refoAing  to  consider  thu  Five  Nations  ns 
identilied  \\ith  the  Lni^li!>)i,  he  prepart  d  lo  invade  litem 
will)  such  an  army  as  iliey  never  before  had  lo  cope 
Willi,  and  overwlitiui  them  with  a  vengeance  wlii'di 
tln^y  seemed  incapable  of  n  sisiing.  But  Fletcher  hud 
now  bi-en  very  seasonably  succeeded  by  the  Karl  oi 
ill  llainont,  who  was  appointed  !.>uvernor  bolli  of  New 
Vork  und  Massachu.^eits  ;  and  this  noldenun  btin^ 
endowed  with  a  eon.Hiderable  share  bulli  of  resolution 
and  capacity,  ch.'arly  perceived  ihe  danger  and  injustice 
ol  fullering  the  French  project  to  be  curried  into  etl'ect, 
and  promptly  interposed  lu  counteract  it  lie  nut  onlv 
fiirnished  the  Five  Nations  with  an  ample  supply  ol 
aininuniliun  and  military  stores,  but  tiotilie  1  to  ('ount 
Frontignic,  that  if  tho  Fr<:nch  should  l:resuine  tu 
attack  tliom,  lie  would  march  with  the  whuie  forces  of 
his  province  to  tli>'ir  aid.  'I'lie  count  thereupon  aban- 
doned his  enterprise,  and  complained  lu  his  sovereign 
(Louu  the  Fourteenth)  of  the  interruplion  it  had  re- 
ceived ;  while  Lord  liellamont,  in  like  manner,  ap- 
prised King  William  of  the  step  he  had  taken,  'llie 
two  knii^s  coinrminded  their  respective  governors  to 
lend  assisiancu  to  each  otlier,  and  evmce  a  spirit  o( 
accommodation  tii  making  the  peace  ell'eelual  tu  both 
ndtioiis,  and  to  leave  all  disputes  cuneerning  the  de- 
pende:iey  of  Ihn  Indian  tubes  lu  the  dtttermiuutiuii  of 
the  commissioners  w|io  v\eri-  lo  be  named  in  pnrsnance 
of  thu  treaty  ol  ilyswick.  Shortly  alter  the  reception 
ot  these  mandates,  a  peace  was  concluded  between  the 
French  and  (lie  Five  Nations;  but  not  till  Kiiglish  in- 
solence and  French  cunning  bad  nearly  deiaclied  these 
tribes  entirely  from  thu  utliance  tliey  had  so  .steadily 
muintaincd,  by  leading  them  lu  believe  Ihat  the  Kngbsti 
mterposed  in  iheir  concerns  fur  no  oiuer  n  ason  than 
that  they  accounted  tli<.-m  Iheir  slaves.  The  French 
*}iideavored  tu  take  advantage  of  their  ill  humor  by  pre- 
vailing will)  them  to  receive  an  estaliluilinienl  uf  Jesuits 
into  their  settlements.  Hot  althuugh  the  Indians  at 
first  entertained  the  oHer,  and  h.<tteiied  with  their  usual 
gravity  and  politeness  to  the  artful  harangue  uf  a  Jesuit 
who  bad  been  Jienl  to  enloicu  it,  [lUJ  their  habitual 
sentiments  buun  jirevailed  uvt;r  a  transient  discontent, 
and  they  declared  their  determination  to  adhere  to  the 
English,  and  tu  receive,  instead  uf  the  Frencli  priests, 
a  ministry  of  prolestant  paslurs  which  l/ord  liellamont 
had  proposed  to  e8tabll^l)  among  thein.^ 


liberty,  and  live  m  great'U  plenty,  tlian  the  common  inhabi- 
tants of  New  Yolk  do.'*    CotUL-ii,  i.  'iVi, 

So  many  Cnghsli  prisoners  li.ive  remaini'd  and  married  in 
thu  Indian  aettleinent:*  (s.iyit  Professor  Kulxi),  und  so  many 
French  traders  have  spontancounly  united  ihomnelves  to  the 
Indians,  Ihiit  "  tlic  Iiidmu  blood  in  Canada  is  very  much  mixed 
Willi  European  blood,  and  a  gre;it  part  of  the  Indians  now 
iiviiii;  (1749;  owe  their  orign.  lo  liurope."  Travels,  in,  153. 
376. 

•  Smith,  114-125.  Colden.  i.  159-210.  The  fullilmcnt  of 
the  promise  of  Hendiiiifproleituiit  pastors  to  llie  Five  Natuuiii 
seems  to  have  been  de'oried  till  the  year  1712,  when  one  An- 
dr-ws  was  nerit  anions  (hem  by  the  'lCii);li»li  Society  lor  pro- 
p:ii|ating  the  Go.-ipcl.  Tiiu  Indians  ut  first  received  lu  ii  wnli 
joy.  hut  pereinplorilv  ri'lUstd  to  hUirer  liim  lo  leach  ihe  Kii^- 
ll>li  language  to  then  i  IiIkUcii.  Alter  j>it  arhiili;  and  ti;aclmK 
among  ihem,  m  Itm  l.itl:,in  lonijue,  lor  scveiul  yeiiis.  ho  whs 
universally  foisakcn  In  Inn  auditors  and  scholars,  and  clo.si;d 
afruitltis  mi.i!»iuii  m  171.H.  Iluiiiphroy's  lliit.  Ace.  uf  tho 
Society  for  propagaluitr  Inu  Uoi>pcl,  3Ui— 31U. 


I  Some  abuses  that  p  ailed,  and  Hnm«*  disorders  that 
wpre  likely  to  arise  »,.  New  York,  liad  induced  Km^ 
^  William  tu  besiow  the  government  of  the  province  jn 
:  Lord  Hellamont,  who,  it  was  hoped,  would  be  easily 
I  able,  by  the  inlhieuce  of  his  elevated  rank,  added  lo  the 
I  resolution  and  inte|j[rily  of  his  character,  to  rcdiuns  h* 
one  and  compose  ihe  other.  Fletcber  his  pn  deces- 
sor,  bad  proved  a  very  unfaithful  steward  of  i.e  public 
revenue,  and  had  ^^alllied  his  avarice  ai,d  lin*  parti- 
alities by  unjust  and  exorbiiunl  appropriations  and 
grantn  of  land  l^ord  Uellamont,  on  investigating  the 
psrticulara  of  Fletcher's  adniinisirHlion,  openly  de- 
nounced him  as  a  corrupt  and  proHi^ate  niagintraie  ; 
and  not  only  canned  judicial  proceedings  to  be  instituted 
against  hiin  and  me  favorites  whom  he  had  enr:.:lied 
Willi  a  share  of  the  public  spoil,  but  at  one  tune  pro- 
posed to  send  him  as  a  criminal,  to  underuo  a  public 
trial  in  Kngland.  The  einense  and  ditbculiy  of  pr<> 
curing  what  tho  law  would  deem  rei]i>isito  evidence, 
together  with  other  obstructions  which  always  oppose 
themselves  to  every  scl^me  for  eireeiii.g  the  exposure 
or  compelling  tho  reulilution,  uf  oHtcial  plunder,  pre- 
vented any  of  these  proceedings  from  attaining  a  sati.s- 
fac!ory  issue. 

An  alieiupt  that  was  made  to  correct  another  abuse 
proved  at  first  emineniU  inifortunale,  and  was  attended 
with  very  smuulur  circmnstaiices  in  its  progress,  and 
very  remarkable  conseipionces  in  fc!nylaiid.  'I'he  late 
war  had  given  rise  lo  a  L'reat  deal  of  privateering, 
which  in  many  'iistances  had  degenerated  into  piracy, 
and  the  evil  was  greatly  incredsed  by  the  readiness 
with  which  James  the  iSecond,  in  his  exile,  granted 
commissiuiis  for  privateering  to  adventurers  adhering, 
or  protes-iirig  adherenee,  to  his  cause,  and  who  ex- 
pected thai  these  commissions  would  iMUitle  their  rob- 
beries to  be  reirarded  as  acts  uf  leoiliuiate  warfare.' 
From  New  Vork,  m  particular,  many  FmoImIi  piraiical 
cruisers  were  known  to  ha\e  sailed  ;  and.  indeed,  ihero 
was  strong  reason  to  suspect  that  Fleicher's  hiinyer  for 
yold  had  been  loo  voracious  to  scruple  the  receiving  of 
It  from  ihe  iiands  uf  these  robbers  as  ilio  price  of  his 
coiiui\ancf!  at  iheir  depredations.  The  suppression  of 
this  nuisance  had  been  strongly  rccoiumended  by  the 
king  tu  l,urd  liellamont,  wlio,  cawting  about  in  his  mind, 
ami  consulting  his  friends  in  what  manner  this  design 
would  be  nio.'.t  etiicaciuualy  cunducled,  was  ailvised  lo 
take  liie  assistance  uf  one  Kidd,  who  was  repre^onted 
tu  Inm  as  a  mm  uf  honur  and  intrepidity,  ynd  well  ac- 
(piamled  with  the  persons  and  the  haunts  uf  the  pi- 
raits.  Kidd,  who  was  in  Fngland  al  tlie  time,  was  m- 
truduced  tu  Lord  Uellamont  by  the  person  who  had  9y 
characterised  hiin,  and  readily  otfered  lo  undertake  tho 
stippre!siui)  and  apprehension  uf  the  pirates,  il  the  kin^ 
would  grant  linn  a  cummissiun  for  the  purpose,  and 
place  at  his  disposal  a  good  sailing  lriojtt>  ui  tlurrv 
guns.  The  eurl  hud  the  proposal  before  the  kiiiL',  who 
was  strongly  disposed  lo  einlirace  anv  leasible  plan  fur 
extirpnlmg  piriicy  ;  but  some  ditlicullies  having  been 
started  by  the  aduiiralty,  the  scbetne  was  dropped,  and, 
unfurlutiately  fur  the  character  of  all  parties,  a  priv.ite 
cdveiilure,  tu  he  conducted  by  Kidd  again»t  the  pi- 
ratis,  was  nuggested  in  lis  stead,  and  hiially  einliraced. 
The  king  himself  was  concerned  in  the  enterpr'-'^  ftml 
had  a  teiiih  share  reserved  to  hiin  ;  and  thu  J.urd  t.'han- 
cellor  (>5umers,)  the  L)uke  of  Sllrew^t)llry.  the  F,irl»  of 
Rumiiey  and  Oxford,  Sir  Kdmuiid  llarrisun,  and  vari- 
uus  uiher  persuns  uf  dislmcliun,  were  us.iuciated  in  the 
adventure  as  parlners  with  their  suvereigii.  Kidd  re- 
ceived an  urdtnaiy  cummissiuu  fruni  the  crown  ar.  t\ 
privateer,  wilh  special  directions  Irum  the  roy.il  und 
noble  owners  uf  lus  vessel,  to  proceed  against  the  p) 
rales,  and  to  hold  himself  particularly  rt-spunsibje  lo 
Lord  Uellumunt.  Eiiibarking  on  this  nnpurlaiit  eutcr- 
pri!>e,  with  so  much  iHustriuus  (.haracior  inirusied  lb 
his  keeping,  Kidd  arrived  at  New  Vurk  lun-r  before 
Lord  liellamont,  whose  aHsunij)liui)  uf  his  guttrmneiit 
did  not  take  place  till  mure  tlmu  ivyo  years  alter  lus 
appuiulment.  When  his  lordship  suhsequemly  reached 
New  Vurk,  he  learned,  to  his  nu  small  cunfusiuii 
and  resentment,  that  by  his  patronage  of  Kidd  be 
had  been  accessary    to  an  enormous  aggravat.un  of 


*  Unreasonnble  as  we  maj  thi:ili  the  expectation  of  '.heita 
pirates,  that  llie  Eiighsli,  who  denied  Jainei'  regal  r^ht  to 
>:uvern  ItitMO.  ahuuld  recognise  the  »amt!  right  to  itie  more 
Formidable  txtt-nt  oi  making  war  on  litem,  this  plea  was  an 
tiially  mamtamed  by  certain  of  Kimi  William's  crown  law}ers 
Some  piratirs  coiniiussioheit  by  Jnines  havin){  been  appru- 
hfiided  m  1693.  Dr.  Oldinh,  the  kimr's  advurme.  reiused  td 
piosecule  them,  and  aloii;^  with  Sir  Tlunnait  Pmfold,  Tindall, 
and  other  Iaw\er7>,  suppmled  ttii.i  refu.^al  by  a  leiiriied  ar|(u 
iiient  before  the  privy  i'oun<'il.  Tmdall's  Ks^ay  <hi  *.|ie  Law 
oi  Naiioiis,  p.  32- 3U.  Dui  other  lawyers  wore  fount  nilhnc 
to  pro&ecutd  ihepiu  men,  wiio  ware  conv^ttC  andtxecutof 
liowel,        Ntt.  yJH, 


«u 


THE   HISTORY  OF 


in*  ^ 


■ 


the  evil  he  had  hoped  to  extiri>a(e.  and  to  (he  diihoiior 
of  hi*  kmn  and  ol  all  the  diminjiiiiiilird  pernotiH  who 
bad  l)O(M)  aNMonHtl^l  ni  l\\v.  |irivati-cniiir  iidvcnlure  ;  and 
thtt  KiJil  li<id  iitrcndv  rnidiTed  liiiitHflt' iiiurf  inrdtnouH 
mid  foriiiidahli'  thiiii  unv  oilier  pinto  thai  iiifffied  tlio 
tru^,  liy  Ihr  Client  of  his  n.ival  roblieriui  uiid  hia  iiiiin- 
lirMt'f»»  inurdorf*  lAytd  DrllarnuiK  vigtiiously  I'xcrird 
hi  if-rif  lo  rcpiiir,  hy  better  agency,  ilie  const'iinciicca 
i,t  tlim  iiiiha|>|iv  error;  and  havini;  lorluiidtfiy  sue- 
tfrdt'd  in  H)i|)rehondinf;  Kidd,  [IB90J  who  h.id  re- 
p.iifod  on  a  irtitrK-kini;  Hpernlatioii  to  Huston,  wlierc 
III- iiU|ii'd  ni»i  to  he  recoi^niaud.  ho  wrote  to  the  «ccrc- 
liiry  ol  «iate,  desiriiii;  that  a  wnrrant  mii;ht  ho  sent 
for  traiianiiitin^  thia  danntr  alTender  lo  Kn^Uiid,  where 
4lrt-udy  i-oiiMderidilc  interest  had  heen  eicited  in 
the  |iublic  mind  t>v  the  tidniga  of  the  freebooler'a  dca- 
periite  enterprmea,  and  vauiie  rtiinors  of  the  share 
wliiih  the  (irHt  |ier!iona<>eM  in  ihe  stale  had  taken  in 
an|i|ilyiMi;  hiiii  with  the  ineuns  of  piTrurinin^r  thnn. 
A  f«hi|i  of  war  WHS  aentoni  to  hrin^  home  the  prisonei, 
and  repel  uiiy  Hlieinpt  thdt  nn^ht  he  mudc  for  lilt 
rcKcne ;  but,  iinfurinntitflv,  llm  vessel  was  disabled 
on  luT  puMi.it;e,  and  ohIiL'ed  (o  retnrn  to  port.  A 
btronir  siinptuioii  now  arnse  of  coittiAioii  between  Kidd 
and  Uie  luiniMtry,  who  it  MdM  thoui;hl  were  deiermined 
not  to  iiuvti  htm  hron|i(hl  home  at  all,  je^t  in  his  own 
defence  he  should  diseovfr  their  inl'amona  confederacy. 
Tliis  suspicion  was  intldincd  hy  the  artiiices  of  the  lory 
party,  who  were  opposed  to  Kmg  William's  govern- 
ment, and  who  vehemently  pressed  a  motion  in  the 
House  ut  ConinuMis,  that  all  persons  who  had  |i(!en 
concerned  in  KuhPs  advuntnre  ini^ht  be  disniis^ud  Iruni 
tht'ir  eniployinenls.  Thoiii;h  this  inoium  was  rejecli-d, 
ihev  prevailed  wilh  (he  llniise  to  have  Kidd  examined 
at  the  bar.  when  thi;  exertions  of  the  rnnuiiier.**  and  hord 
lietlamont  to  vindicate  tlieir  ciidracters  had  at  lentrlli 
nncceeded  in  bnn^inir  him  to  Kn^bnd  ;  und  lltougii 
disappointed  at  HfHt  in  their  hope  of  ubttiimng  any  va- 
Inahlu  iLiti'tosnri'S  from  him,  yet  either  honestly  suspcct- 
iii<;  what  thrv  pPofcssL'd  to  believe,  or  trnsiintr  ih.il  he 
would  be  induced  to  become  a  useful  instrument  of 
their  piirpo.<<es  (which  he  discovered  more  inclination 
thdii  ability  to  do),  they  endeavored  to  have  his  trial  de- 
ferred, iitid  prevailed  witti  the  house  to  call  him  airaiii 
(o  lilt-  iiii,  cvi-n  afiiT  an  addret«s  had  been  voted  lo 
the  cTiivvii  recommeiidintr  ihut  he  should  he  speedily 
remitied  to  an  Kn<;tish  jury.  Kidd  was  brought  to 
tria!  a»  the  Old  Bailey  m  the  year  170!,  and  being  to- 
tally unable  cither  lo  onininate  the  ministers  or  to  de- 
fend hiinselt,  was  convicted,  with  sevrrul  of  his  ac- 
couiplices,  o(  piracy  and  nmrder,  and  soon  after  under- 
went tlu' jnst  ininisjiineiit  ot  lii>  crimes  The  violence 
of  the  Tory  faction  m  Knijland  prevented  this  matter 
from  proving  as  iiijurions  as,  more  moderatelv  handled, 
it  would,  and  perliaps  oiii;lil  lu  liavi;  been  to  Lord  Bel- 
la:no[it  and  th''  \Vtu<;  mmisiurs  of  the  king.  Kidd's 
coTuliici  previous  to  his  einploynicnl  as  a  privateer  hdd 
i'l  reality  lu'on  sucJi  iliai  a  proper  invesiigaiion  of  it 
would  have  subjected  hnn  to  punislmient,  instead  of 
rerom  neiidiMi;  him  to  an  iniporiani  trust.  A  charj^e 
di'iivt'd  from  this  ^ro-ss  and  culpalije  neulcct,  and  di- 
reci»'d  Sii.iinst  all  who  had  been  concerned  in  proituring 
KiiM'tt  ciKumiSsion.  was  introduced  into  the  articles  of 
i.npejchnieiit  preferred  soon  after  by  ilic  coininons 
air.iirist  Lord  Somers.  The  name  and  chiiracter  of  the 
Karl  of  HelUmortt,  in  particular,  were  expressly  involved 
iu  this  chartJe,  though  Um  recent  death  at  New  York 
prevented  hiui  from  being  included  m  llie  impeachment. 
But  the  mana;;ers  of  the  impeaciiment  associating  this 
cliirgo  with  other  weightier  imputations  which  they 
were  unable  to  prove,  and  involving  themselves  (pur- 
posely, perhaps)  in  a  dispute  with  the  House  of  Lords, 
the  iinpeachmeitt  ended  in  an  acquittal,  without  pro- 
ducing d  trial. 

But  the  most  afflicting  disorders  that  threatened  to 
33sail  the  government  and  coinmu;  ity  of  New  York, 
were  portended  hy  the  inereaaintr  animostty  of  two  nu- 
merous factions,  consisting  of  the  friends  and  the  ene- 
mies of  the  unfortunate  Leisler.  The  son  of  this  man, 
incapable  of  forgetting  or  forgiving  the  tragical  fate  of 
his  father,  had  labored  incessantly  for  the  rc-establish- 
menl  of  his  character  and  the  re'.nbntion  of  his  wrong?  ; 
nod  having  ohiained.  by  the  assistance  of  the  province 
of  Massachusetts,  an  act  of  parliament  to  reverse  his 
father's  attainder,  and  now  proceeding,  witbovcrv  like- 
lihood of  aucceaa,  to  urges  claim  for  indemnification 
on  account  of  bis  family's  auflerings  and  losses,  the 
spirits  of  his  partizans  in  New  York  were  powerfully 
excited  by  tHe  hope  of  a  triumph  so  hiiTniliating  lo  their 
adversaries.  I'he  mutual  aminosiiv  of  the  two  factions 
waa  roused  and  whetted  to  such  a  degree  by  the  occur- 
runo«  and  the  prospect  of  fresh  opporlunititis  to  indulge 


it,  that  the  public  bnsinesn  of  the  province  waa  so- 
rionsly  impeded  ;  and  m  the  very  first  assembly  that 
Lord  Belldincnt  convoked  at  New  York,  except  an 
nnanimous  attdress  of  liianks  to  liimself  for  his  speech 
on  the  state  of  the  province,  there  was  scarcely  a  Hingle 
measure  proposed,  uhoiit  which  iho  memlteiaof  HMsembly 
found  It  pOMsihle  to  agree,  'i'he  cliaractrr  and  munners 
of  Lnnl  Uelldinont  wcr:  happilv  ndopti'd  to  compose 
these  dissensions;  a  task  which  perhaps,  if  he  had 
longer  enjoyed  the  gt>vcrnment,  be  would  have  wisely 
attempted  and  succcssfnlly  elfecled  :  but  unfurlnnately 
the  circumstances  in  which  he  found  himself  placed  on 
his  lirat  arrival  at  New  York,  and  the  lenliments  which 
he  was  thence  led  lo  entertain,  tended  rather  to  intlame 
than  to  mitigate  the  evil.  Hia  just  diLmleasnre  against 
{''lelcher,  animated  by  the  discovery  of  that  prodigate 
governor's  eiicunragetnriit  of  the  pirates,  at  hrst  ex- 
tended itsielf  to  every  person  who  h<id  held  otlice  aloii^ 
with  him.  or  been  distinguished  hy  any  appearance  of 
hii  regard  ;  and  as  in  this  class  were  compreliended  the 
principal  adversaries  of  Leisler,  the  spirits  of  this  party 
wereudditinnally  revived,  and  their  nnmhers  augmented 
hy  the  near  prospect  of  >uj>reinacy  and  triumph.  Young 
Leialer's  solicitations  m  Kngland  at  length  so  far  pre- 
vaded,  that  a  letter  was  addressed  by  the  Secretary  of 
.State  lo  Lord  Bellanmnt,  [17U0]  decluriug  that  his 
majesty,  from  "a  gracious  sense  of  the  father's  services 
und  stiirenngs,"  desired  that  the  son's  ciuimsof  iiidem- 
nitiratiun  might  he  entertained  by  the  general  assemliiy 
of  Niw  York.  No  sooner  was  the  royal  letter  laid 
before  the  assembly,  of  which  a  great  majority  now  cori- 
sistetl  of  the  friends  of  young  J..eisler,  ilian  n  vote  was 
|)assi>d.  appoint:"g  llie  sum  of  H>UO/.  to  be  levied  im- 
mediately on  the  jirmince  for  ht;«  advantage. 

Lord  Itellainont  had  now  succeeded  in  acquainting 
himself  with  the  slate  of  the  province:  and  the  resent- 
ment and  disliirhaiice  he  had  sullered  frtnn  the  |nratical 
transactions  in  which  Ins  own  and  bis  sovereign's  honor 
hud  been  so  deeply  involved,  seemed  to  have  hud  time 
to  subside.  But  tlie  intluence  which  hixgood  6en»e  and 
moderaiion  were  contidently  expected  to  produce  in 
tranquillizing  the  angry  factions  ovi-r  which  he  presided, 
was  intercepted  by  his  unexpected  death  m  tlieheginnmg 
of  the  year  IVUL  This  event  was  attended  with  tlie  most 
unfortunate  consequences.  The  taction  that  had  ap- 
peared likely  to  be  totally  defeated,  received  inti'lligence 
that  Lord  Cornbury,  who  was  expected  soon  to  arrive 
as  the  successor  of  Bellamont,  was  prepossessed  in 
their  favor,  because  they  were  accounted  the  p<irtizans 
of  ihe  church  of  Kngland,  and  began  already  to  antici- 
pate a  favorable  change  in  their  relaliujs  with  the  ad- 
verse party  ;  while  this  party,  at  the  head  of  which 
was  Nanfan,  the  lieutenant-governor,  mui'e  baste  to 
use  their  power  wilh  uii  energy  enforced  by  the  probable 
shortness  of  its  duration,  'i'he  most  strenuous  exer- 
tions were  made  by  both,  to  increase  their  strength  in 
the  assembly  ;  and  the  most  furious  ammosiiies  were 
created  by  ihe  theoretical  respect  winch  both  professed 
for  the  same  fundamental  principles ;  by  the  practical 
respect  which  each,  accordinglv,  requirrd  fur  these 
principles  from  iheir  adversaries  ;  and  hy  ihe  practical 
disrrgard  of  ihem  into  which  both  were  hurried  by  the 
viohtnce  of  their  passions,  'i'he  faction  opposed  to 
Lei'ler's  friends,  henig  generally  defeated  in  iliesecon- 
'.tsts,  vented  their  indignation,  und  exercised  the  only 
policy  that  seemed  to  remain  to  Ihem,  in  vehement 
complaints  of  their  udittrsuries  to  the  king,  the  parlia- 
mert,  and,  above  all,  to  Lord  (Jnrnburv,  on  whose  favor 
their  hopes  of  victory  and  vengeance  now  exclusivelv 
dcfiended.  Colonel  Bayard,  in  particular,  having  pro- 
moted some  of  these  addresses,  m  whicii  tbe  most  scan- 
dalous charges  of  bribery,  public  plunder,  and  oppres- 
sion, were  preferred  against  the  lieutenant-governor, 
tbe  chief-jnstice,  and  the  assembly,  [17U2J  was  com- 
mitted to  prison  as  a  traitor,  hy  Nanfan,  under  a  law 
which  Bayard  and  Ins  friends  bad  caused  to  be  enacted 
in  11)91,  to  curb  their  own  adversaries,  and  which  sub- 
jected to  the  pains  of  treason  every  person  endeavoring, 
by  force  of  arms,  or  otherwise,  to  disturb  the  peace, 
good,  and  quiet  of  the  king's  government,  'i'hough  he 
attorney-general  of  New  York  gave  a  written  opinion, 
that  the  addresses  contained  nothing  criminal  or  illegal, 
Nanfan,  huding  the  solicitor-general  ditierently  minded, 
urged  on  tiie  charge  ;  and,  alter  a  trial  more  fair,  per- 
haps, than  in  such  a  state  of  public  feeling  could  have 
been  reasonably  expected,  iiayard  was  dragged  to  the 
brink  of  the  pit  which  he  himself  had  dug,  by  a  verdict 
of  guilty,  and  sentence  of  death.*     Alderman  Hutchms 


*  The  iiror«e(liiiijs  on  ilijs  trill,  wincli  are  roporteii  at  some 
iengiliici  Mtivvell's  Collectiun,  arucruOituble  tu  the  lutf&lkimw- 
ledifP,  atjility,  and  spirit  ol  the  lawyers  ninployeil  In  conduct 
Uiuui,  and  especially  uf  tUo  counsel  fur  ttie  prisuncr     Cmot, 


waa  immediately  after  tried,  and  convicted  on  ■  aiiniUi 
charge.     But   hero  the   adversuriea  of  the    prisoners 

thought  proper  lo  pause.  Tliou<jh  the  law  on  which  *.hc 
convicttune  bud  been  lounded  was  an  uibitrary  one,  it 
had  been  inacteil  by  Ihe  prismiers  ihemsolvfN  and  llmt 
par'y,  and  never  yet  rept-aled  ;  and  thongli  the  coiivic- 
thins  pioceeded  on  u  suiuewhul  strained  cnnslrucliun  of 
it,  there  had  lieeii  no  signal  or  undoubted  ileparture 
from  the  ordinary  principles  of  criminal  justicv^.  'ihe 
prosecutors,  therelore,  had  not  incurred  sncli  guilt  as  to 
eont'oiind  altngeilu  r  their  sense  und  humanity,  or  iinpe- 
rioiinly  to  urge  them  lu  complete  ^^bat  ihuy  had  begun, 
und  destroy  their  victmi»  while  they  were  yet  in  their 
power,  lluppdy  for  tliemaelves.  and  lor  the  province, 
tliey  consented  to  reprieve  the  prisoners  till  the  king's 
pleasure  should  be  known.  But  long  before  the  uppli- 
cation  on  which  the  fatal  issue  was  thus  8us|ieiided 
couhl  be  made.  Lord  Cornbury  arrived  at  New  York  ; 
und  not  only  caused  the  attainders  of  Bayard  und 
Hulchms  to  be  reversed,  but  plicing  himself  at  ti.e 
bead  of  their  party,  conducted  Ins  udininisiralion  with 
such  violence  and  partiality,  that  tlie  lute  chief  justice, 
and  several  ollitT  considerable  perar>ns  of  the  opposite 
faction,  thought  it  prudent  lo  depart  from  the  province 
liord  Cornbury,  the  grandson  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Clarendon,  poKsesscd  not  one  of  the  qualities  foi  which 
bis  dislingninlif  d  ancestor  had  been  celebrated,  except 
an  exiiggeraiion  uf  his  bigotry  lo  the  clinrcb  of  l^ng- 
land,  and  bis  inlidiriince  of  all  other  religious  com- 
munions. 'I'be  rest  of  his  character  would  have  dis- 
graci'il  more  eslimuble  tpialities  ;  and  seems  to  have 
lorrned  a  coniposilitni  no  le^s  ntlious  than  ilcspicublc. 
of  rapacity  and  pnidigality,  volupiuousness  and  cruelty, 
the  loltiesi  uiTugance,  und  the  inear.':it  chicane. 
Whet  ;er  from  real  dllVeretice  in  senlimenl,  or  from  a 
policy  whicli  in  there  days  was  nut  unc<  imnun,  while 
liiH  father  had  adhered  to  tlie  cause  of  .lames  the  Second, 
the  son  declared  himself,  at  a  \ery  eaily  period,  fur 
Ivmg  William,  and  was  one  uf  the  first  utiicers  who 
deserted  with  his  troop  to  him  ;  and  having  now  dissi- 
pated his  substance  in  not  und  debinchery,  and  being 
obliged  to  tly  from  his  crediluis  in  L^ngland,  it  bad  been 
one  ol  the  last  acts  uf  his  royal  patron's  admiinslralion, 
to  reward  his  services  with  the  government  ol  New 
York.  This  uppointmenl  was  cuntirmcd  by  his  kma* 
woman  Queen  Anne,  who  tddid  to  it  the  goveriiiiient 
uf  New  Jersey,  winch  had  Ineii  recently  (>urrendered 
by  the  pruprieturies  to  the  crown.  The  public  ivenln 
tbut  be.ung  to  the  period  uf  i^ord  Cornhury's  udininis- 
tration*"  do  nol  full  willnii  the  compass  ol  the  present 
v\urk;  and  1  allude  lo  its  genirul  cuin|ilexion,  tor  the 
purpose  uf  explaining  how  ihe  factions  which  we  have 
seen  carried  to  such  a  height  in  New  York  came  to 
be,  if  not  entirely  suppressed,  yet  greutly  mitigated 
and  reduced.  Tbis  desirable  end,  which  was  more 
obstructed  than  advanced  by  the  only  respectable  go- 
vernor ihat  had  been  sent  lu  New  York  since  the  re^o- 
hitiuii,  was  now  signally  promuted  by  the  udininisira 
tiuii  of  a  successor,  who  rui)l)ed  even  Andius  of  bia 
evil  eminence,  und  rendered  himself  more  uniiersuUv 
detested  than  any  ut'.icer  to  whom  the  government  ol 
this  province  was  ever  intrusted,  t'o.*  a  while  the  ma- 
jority uf  the  assembly,  cuiapuseu  by  his  hitlneiice  ut  ile^ 
faction  which  had  but  let-enlly  sicnrted  under  the 
power  of  a  ii'ium])liant  rival.  aJhered  with  Jtiscriipu'ioua 
loyalty  lo  him  us  its  leader  und  piuicctor,  ui>d  even 
alter  the  intuterance  he  begun  to  exirl  ugaii;s*  the  pres- 
bylenans,  and  every  otiier  religious  sett,  e.xce|l  tlio 
prolestant  episucp.it. ,;::£,  hdd  ahenated  inaiiy  ol  hiS  tirst 
pulitical  adherents,  be  b>uiid  their  lose  nearly  compen- 
sated by  the  increased  regurds  of  ihuse  whu  now 
boasted  him  their  eccleAlu^illcul  ally.  'i'hough  thn 
great  body  of  the  inhabiianls,  including  the  inokil  uncicnt 
tumilies  111  the  piuvmce,  were  presbyierians,  be  refuatd 
to  permit  the  ministers  of  tins  persuasion  to  prtach 
without  a  license  Iruin  himself,  '  '  h  implied  that  they 
otiiciated,  iiuL  cf  right,  but  by  •.idulgeiice.  On  one 
occasion,  tinding  that  in  a  township  in  Lung  Uluiid 
there  were  a  lew   episcopaliaiis  intercmixed   with  the 


one  of  the  tatter,  maintained  a  plea,  whioh  was  not  hesjd  of 
till  a  nmcli  later  period  in  £iii(!and  ;  Imt  ilhisirHled  it  hy  an 
observation  which  we  sliould  not  expect  to  hear  in  the  courts 
or  ju&tice  uf  a  statH  wlierc  slavery  wa.i  aduntted.  "The 
jury,"  lie  said,  "  are  jud^jes  hull)  uf  law  and  lucl,  us  the  ru»« 
is  iiuw  circumstanced  ;  and  ii  they  will  enslave  Iheinselves 
and  Iheir  po.^tc^lty,  and  debar  tlieinselveanf  all  access  lotlieit 
prince,  they  Hill  be  worse  Uian  negroes."  Kven  under  tho 
litieral  juri-'t  prude  nee  of  Uiiver  CruiuHplI,  it  wm  declared 
from  thu  heiK'h  {un  the  first  trial  of  Lilhtirii),  thai  it  was  "  a 
dunmahic  ductrine'*  to  hold  i  hat  itie  jury  were  jiidfjes  of  law 
HS  well  as  tact.     Howell,  vol,  iv   p.  1384.  note. 

■  One  uf  ilic  first  and  lite  most  respeiiuhle  act  of  his  adiut 
nistraiion  was  a  renew. il  of  tlie  Icbkuo  with  the  1,  dian  ainc* 
of  New  York,  in  a  numerous  ronveiiium  of  llie  tribes,  nfaic.'l 
was  beta  at  Albany  in  17U8.    01diiux.on,  vol  t  If.  130. 


'  '.pffi^jf^m 


frenhytpriBits  wlm  fortnfici  the  jrreat  maicrity  of  Iho  in- 
lahitfitilft  ami  hatl  Itnilt  n  pnrNounif''  I'""  ihfir  niitil«tf'r. 
he  frnnrl  iIi'Mtlv  cn'iirivtMl  lo  i>v\  i»mt's^joM  of  ilif  house, 
and  tlii'ii  ilfhvcinl  il  tip  in  llii*  t-pMcop.-il  purtv.  Ilcar- 
iiH(  jtri'iio  tmit'  after,  tlial  two  prp.-tliytiTiiin  rniiiiHri-rH 
frnm  VirL'i'ii.i  liiul  pvculioil  lo  a  rnii^irrijjtmti  m  .\(mv 
York  witii.iiii  i)t»  licfti!<o,  he.  threw  ihi'in  lioih  ii;to 
priiion  ;  ntnl  aflprw.ir4N  liro'iiiht  tlicm  to  tri-il  fur  .i  riii^ 
deitieHnor:  hut  nhhoui^h  the  jiul.'r  inlvinrd  the  jury  lo 
rrtiirii  a  xpdoiiil  vpnlicl.  that  thr  l.iw  on  ihtti  niihjfct 
initfht  lip  Mually  Hsrrrtiiinfi!.  the  jury  wrrr  loo  i-riulcrit 
to  pill  th)^  hhertittt  uf  thfir  roiinirv  no  far  out  of  ihtir 
own  kct'pini;,  and  without  horiiiatioii  aripiittrd  thr 
prisoniTA.  In  every  (piarter  of  the  provinru  his  lord- 
ihip  otrcrrd  hiH  aMt«lanec  to  thf*  epii^ropiilianK,  lo  pnl 
them  ill  ponncitMioii  uf  thft  ehurchea  ihut  other  aectit  had 
hutll;  and  to  the  di:*Lrraco  of  hoiiir  of  ihc  zciitotK  for 
epiacopary,  this  otrer  wa?  in  several  iriHlanccn  ai  eepted. 
and  produced  a  wide  Mcene  of  riot,  injualire.  and  con- 
fusion.  Ilul  happily  for  the  unfortnn:iie  people  who 
were  exposed  to  the  tniadiief  of  hi»  tidiiiinlHtnition.  his 
eortdnct  in  other  deparlmenta  of  yovernment  aoori 
vveakenud  hJA  influence  with  all  parties,  and  irrndnallv 
deprived  hiin  nf  iho  power  of  intiiyatititf  any  porhun  of 
Jie  soriely  to  lurisJi  or  o[ipre-*s  the  rest  It  wa*  ill;*- 
covered,  that  not  content  with  the  liberiil  (rnni*  of 
.-no'iey  which  the  assenildy  had  made  to  hnii  for  Ihh 
private  i\%e,  he  had  en)he7.zled  larue  Avinirt  appropriatrd 
to  the  erection  of  pulilir  vorks,  and  the  defence  uf  the 
province;  [170:J— 170U]  and  that  unahle  to  suliHiMl  on 
ilia  lawful  eniolutneiils,  even  wiiii  ihn  addition  of  ernir- 
mona  pillage,  he  had  contracted  'i(!)*n  to  every  trades- 
man  who  would  tniftt  him.  and  rr>, ployed  tho  powers  of 
his  olFico  to  set  his  creditora  at  detianre,  l>ven  after 
thisi  discovery  was  made,  ho  con»-:vtu  to  have  some  of 
he  public  tnouf^y  intrnsted  lo  his  hautU.  hy  aUriniii<i 
iho  astetnlily  with  pre'ended  inielliircrire  of  an  np- 
proiichint^  nivanion  ;  tind  thii*  fartht  r  trust  wja  eve 
ci-tcd  with  as  lilllu  tidt^liiy  an  the  prr'rrdiiki;  oneti.  tii 
vain  the  U!<sein1)|y  proposed  to  esial>li»h  u  body  of  fnnc- 
lionaries  lo  control  the  public  expenditure,  and  acroiint 
for  it  to  themsctvoH  ;  and  with  as  little  smccchs  did  they 
tranamit  a  rflinonatrance  tu  the  ()uocn.  Their  applica- 
tion to  her  inajo.sty  met  with  no  other  attention  than 
aorne  private  in-«troctions.  wiiicli  were  aaid  lo  hr.ve 
been  sent  to  the  i;ovenior ;  their  proposition  to  con- 
trol ihf  public  dislmrMoinenls  was  disallowed  ;  and 
when  they  inaiHted  on  a  sernl'ny  of  his  accoiinia,  he 
warned  them  in  tin  anury  upeftch.  not  to  provoke  him 
to  exert  '•  certain  powers"  whirh  the  qncen  had  roin 
milled  to  hnn,  and  advised  tneui  to  let  him  hear  less 
about  ilie  riL'htsof  the  house,  as  ihe  house  had  no  riifbts 
hut  what  the  grace  and  tfood  pleasure  of  her  rnajeaty 
permitted  it  to  enjov.  IJy  uuch  declarations,  and  a 
line  of  policy  pufsued  m  stncl  conformity  with  them, 
he  succeeded  m  alienatiiii;  nil  hi»  adherents,  and  tinallv 
in  unitin*^  all  classes  of  ibt-  people  iri  one  common  in- 
terest nf  oppoflifion  to  hinuelf  When  he  dis^tolved  an 
assembly  for  its  attentioti  to  the  pulijic  interests,  he 
fo'iiid  his  influence  no  longer  able  lu  atfect  ihe  compo- 
sition of  the  assembly  which  he  called  to  succeed  it. 
It  was  forlnnate  for  the  people  that  they  were  com- 
pelled to  endure  this  state  of  thinijs  for  several  years, 
and  till  the  lessons  which  it  wns  well  calculated  lo 
teach  them  were  deeply  impressed  on  their  minds. 
The  jjovernor  had  leisure  to  repeat  the  expedient  of 
diasnivinjj  intractable  assemlities,  and  ihe  inortitication 
of  tindinir  every  succeedinif  one  more  stubborn  than 
its  predecessor ;  till  he  at  len<»th  convoked  assemblies 
which  absolnlely  refused  lo  vote  the  smallest  supply 
for  the  public  service,  till  he  shmiid  account  for  all  his 
past  receipts  and  applications  of  money,  and  perform 
tho  impossible  condition  uf  refundintr  alt  the  sums  he 
had  einbeizled — preferringf  even  an  extremity  so  incon- 
venient to  themselves,  to  the  continuance  of  so  corrufit 
and  proflii^to  an  administration.  The  dissolute  hibits, 
■nd  ignubie  tastes  and  manners  of  the  man,  completed 
and  embittered  the  disgust  with  which  he  was  now 
universally  regarded  ;  and  when  he  was  seen  ramhbn^ 
abroad  in  the  dress  of  a  woman,  the  people  beheld  with 
indignation  and  shame  tho  representative  of  their  sove- 
reign, and  the  ruler  of  their  country. 

The  inhabitants  of  New  York  had  now  ample  leisure, 
and  strong  inducements  to  reflect,  with  little  satisfac- 
tion, on  tne  folly  and  mischief  of  those  divisions  that 
had  once  enabled  such  a  man  to  enjoy  influence  anions 
them,  and  successfully  to  incite  ihetn  to  harass  ana 
maltreat  each  otheri  thst  he  might  the  more  secu.tly 
pillage  and  insult  them  all.  His  administration  forcibly 
taught  them  the  important  lesson  that  divisions  amon^ 
thomselves  were  profitable  only  to  the  party  who  ought 
to  bo  the  object  of  their  constitutional  jealousy,  tho 


NO?.TH    AMKRICA. 

royal  governnr ;  and  that  union  among  ihemselven, 
founded  on  a  sense  of  cnmrntin  intrri  r<i,  and  nmnidined 
by  ihe  exeri'ise  ot  mnln^il  lnrLenrunie  arxl  ebarilv,  wiik 
ensential  alike  lo  iht-ir  IrHiiipiilliiy  and  iMibpehdenre 
Tilt'  le^o-on  was  not  lost  iipuii  them  ;  and  ihongh  lornier 
aniniurtities  wire  not  eiitiretv  exiingiiittheil  lor  muny 
years,  tbev  never  again  re.irhi  d  itii'  heiiiht  which 
they  had  attanad  at  the  eommeiieement  o|  I.nrd  Corn- 
btirv's  iidiiii)ii!)lialinn.  'I'liis  wurljibss  personage  con- 
tinued ior  u  cnnKiderable  )ierii)il  to  rmiiiid  Ihe  p(o- 
plr>  bv  his  pri'seiKM'  nf  ihe  subildry  lesrxnis  they 
had  derived  ffoin  his  udminisiralion,  even  alter  lliev 
had  obtained  a  dt  liverenco  from  its  burden.  In  the 
year  170'J,  Cjncen  Anne  was  at  lengtli  compelled  by  the 
reiierated  and  uiiannnous  complaints  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  (vNlicre  he  was  eipially  odious),  lo  snper- 
sedo  his  commiHsion,  and  apputnt  I<ord  Lovelace  lo 
succeed  him  ;  and  no  sooner  was  be  deprived  of  his 
ntlice,  than  his  creditors  threw  him  into  the  same  prison, 
wliere  he  had  unjustly  eontined  many  worthier  men. 
Thus  degraded  from  oflice  )>y  Ins  public  crimes,  and 
depriveil  ol  hberly  by  his  private  vice  n;id  dishoneslv, 
tins  knisiinui  of  his  ipieen  remained  a  pri^oner  lor  debt 
in  the  province  lie  had  governed,  till  the  death  of  his 
father.  Iiy  elevaliMi.'  hnn  tu  the  peerage,  entitled  Inm  lo 
his  liberation.*  lie  then  returned  to  Lurope,  and  died 
in  the  year  1723. 

Hoili  before  and  after  iho  British  Revobition,  llie  pro- 
vince of  New  York  had  received  large  additions  lu  the 
number  nf  its  inhabilants  troni  all  the  various  tiources  of 
emigration  which  Kiiropfitn  biirdships  and  regal  mis- 
governinent  coittribnled  so  copiouslv  to  H<ipply.  The 
poor  found  here  a  country  where  llieir  services  were 
highly  yalucd,  and  their  rights  enjoyed  peculiar  consi- 
deration ;  where,  nistead  of  being  compelled  to  vie 
with  each  other  for  the  boon  of  ilhiewarded  labor,  [«UJ 
their  inriiistry  was  eagerly  courted  by  the  rieh.  »Ld  con- 
dui'ted  ihem  with  certainty  to  ease  and  indtpcndence. 
Among  tho  later  accessions  of  penpb ,  were  a  nuniln-r 
of  proteslntU  refugees  from  I'Vauce,  and  uf  presbyteriaiis 
from  Ireland. t  The  inelropoli»uf  the  province,  which, 
in  the  year  lf>78,  contained  uboul  three  thousand  funr 
hundred  inhabitants,  was  fuund  to  cuiitain  nearly  double 
that  immber  in  KiUti  ;  and  ihe  port  winch,  at  the  former 
period,  owned  no  more  than  three  ships  umleigiit  sloops, 
possessed,  in  the  la^i  mentioned  yi'ur,  forty  ships,  mxiv- 
Iwo  sloo|>s.  and  tliu  same  number  of  boats.  The  ship- 
ping oi  New  York,  was  promoted,  not  merely  by  the 
growth  of  its  proper  populatiun,  but  by  tlie  advantages 
of  Its  situation,  wli:i-h  enabled  it  to  command  nearly  the 
whole  trade  of  ('ormccticut  and  .New  Jersey.  'I'lie  lotul 
population  of  ihu  province  amounted,  in  1701,  to  about 
thirty  thousand  persons  X  Many  of  the  first  Kiigbsh 
colonists  who  repaired  lo  this  province,  after  the  eon- 
ijurst  of  it  from  (he  Dutch  are  sjid  lo  have  remumed 
but  a  short  inne  in  it,  and  to  have  sought  a  rebige  m 
New  Jersey  from  the  tiostibties  of  the  Krench  and  their 
Indian  allies.  At  the  end  of  the  sevtiiteentb  century 
the  people  con.iisted  of  various  races.  Knglish,  Scotcli. 
Irish,  trench,  and  chieHy  Ihilch  ;  the  great  majoritv 
being  presbyierians  and  independents.  The  I)inch 
congregations  continued  at  tins  tune,  and  for  long  alter. 
to  acknowledge  subjection  to  the  eceleslaslieal  authori- 
ties of  Holland  ;  and  Irom  them,  their  mimster!<.  ni  ue- 
neral.  derived  their  ordination  lo  sacred  ftuitiiuns.  The 
Scotch  presbyierians,  alter  repeatedly  aoliciiiug  a  char- 
ter incorporating  their  congregation,  and  beiug  contuni- 
ally  disappointed  by  the  interest  and  opposiiiun  of  ilie 
episcopal  party,  in  the  begimnng  of  llie  eighteenth  ceu- 
turv,  made  a  grant  of  their  church,  and  the  ground  at- 
tached to  it,  to  the  general  assembly  of  the  cimreh  of 
Scotland.  The  episcopalians,  though  the  least  unine- 
rous  class,  enjoyed  a  charter  of  incorporation  trom  the 
asseiiildy  ;  and  the  minister  of  their  church  in  New 
York  hdd  a  salary  of  100/.  a  year  levied  by  a  tax  on  all 
the  inhabitants  of  tlte  city.  Kur  this  privilege  they  were 
indebted  lo  the  exertions  of  Governor  Klelcher  ;  uml 
they  were  elated  by  il  to  such  a  degree  of  presumption, 
aa  to  maintain  that  the  ecclesiastical  estaldishment  of 
the  church  of  England  extended  to  this  province,  and 
that  theirs  was  the  reltf,.on  of  the  slate  ;  a  prelensiun 
thai  excil'jd  much  jeahusy  among  all  the  dissenters,  and 


815 


wafc  peremptorily  disputed  by  tliMn.     When  ihp  epia. 

copal  I  lergv  iiecime  more  mimerons.  they  STonnlrU 
llieinselves  subject  li ed:ttit-l\  tu  thft  bi.Oiop  of  Lou- 
den, who  niaint'iined  *toiiinit  >rv  at  New  York  They 
made  an  atiempi  at  at  alit  r  |m  r  <  )  lo  iiigrosH  ihe  pri- 
vilege of  ftoleiiMnimig  all  niairuiL'"  n  ihe  pri.vince.  but 
found  lhemse!v(H  mialile  to  canv  i.jm  preleriNion  mm 
ellecl.  'Jhoiigh  all  law  proce«din»."s  were  cmMbirieil  m 
Knulisji,  luid  an  Kngli^h  fret*  »chu(i|  \su<i  esiabbobed  in 
]H)''i,  the  Unteli  language  couiui..ed  'cui!  tu  prevHil 
among  a  considerable  portioti  ot  the  peo;  te  |-'or  inauv 
years  public  wor.ibip  was  celebrated  in  Dutch  in  some  of 
(be  churches  ;  and  m  heverul  counties  the  »«h  r.*Vt  '^*z\ 
found  II  dillicult  (o  collect  as  manv  persons  .tCfnanited 
with  Knglisb  as  were  necessarv  to  compose  the  jnri*-: 
III  llie  courts  of  Uw.  Tbe  English  that  waa  geurrally 
spoken  was  much  '^irujited  by  iniermiiture  of  iIih  two 
languages.* 

The  subsistence  ,.f  the  O-itcK   language  was  Ipj^s 

advantageous    tu   'in-   provinit    Htiif  the  pernuinence  of 

Uulcb  manners,  ss     '  ii  eoniiinu  il  ''*-.g  to  be   visible  m 

Ihe  Hobrietry  of  df|r    inient.  and  ihe  peculiar  a'tentioii 

to  doui"siic  cleanliness,  order,  and  econoniv.  bv  which 

j  the  dcsceiKhiils  ot    ilie  oriunal  » iilo(n-«ts  i)f  \ew  Yoik 

,  were  euiiitt  ntly  il)stiiigui<>hed.  diid  \vliieh  il>>  >.  pxample 

i  Bucceeded    in    comniuniealniL',  m  no  suiall  decree,  to 

I  the  oilier    races  of  Kuropean  settlers  with  wliom  they 

were   latterly    as.iociaied       It    ^vas    remark'-d,    several 

,  years  alter  tins  period,  ilial  the  stvle  of  living  was  les^ 

;  gay   and   expensive,  and   ilial  titire  was  bs--  inctjualay 

,  ol    furiuiie   al   New  York  than  ui   iJoslun,      A  printing 

press  was  '>t  jbh^ln  ,1  ul  New  YiKh  m  iiie  vear  Ui'KJ.  by 

A  printer  ilvini,'   Irom  the  very  nn»oiiied  occuirence  of 

i.)njkrr  perscciiiioh  in  re(iris\  Ivani.t  ,   and  a  library  Wdi; 

b>iiiided  uiuler  tin-  niiverNiinnt   ol'   Lord    bellairjonl  in 

.  the  year  17IH).      Hut   llie  scliuoU  iii  ihis  prnviitre  were 

^  II. considerable  ;    and    although    the   wealthier   tutniliej 

iolnained   vabialde   luslrutMors  fur  their  chiidreii  anioiij 

!  liie    runueroiis    proie.slaiit    relinjees  from  I-'iMMce.  eveii 

the   hrst    elements   nl    knowb  due   were  very  geneially 

neglected   by    the  bulk  ol  the  people  till  the  era  ot  tho 

Annriean  Kevuhition  f 

If  Uritiin  liad  pursued  a  wiser  policy  towards  thid 
and  her  other  .\merican  provinces,  she  loighi  have 
obtained  Irunt  iheir  resources  a  vcrv  grt  at.  if  nni  i\ 
total,  deliverance  from  the  burdens  oi  her  poor  lawa. 
ilnt  vanuiis  eircuinstunces  coninbnied  lo  screen  o.' 
diminish  the  atiractions  which  Ihe  colonial  tcinlories 
were  calculated  to  I'resent  to  ibe  resort  of  the  indufitri- 
ous  poor.  The  practice  of  transpurting  felons  lu  Am«- 
rica  bruugiil  this  connlrv  into  disrepute  wnh  many 
whose  Information  was  not  snlHcientlv  extensive  to  ac- 
quaint them  Willi  the  real  amount  of  tbe  evil,  and  the 
great  preponderance  of  the  advantages  by  which  it  was 
counterl'alanced.  The  historian  of  New  ^'ork  has  as- 
cribed lo  ihi;' cause  the  deaniess  of  latior,  and  ihe  in- 
creased linporlatloi)  ul  slaves  which  began  to  lake  place 
altout  this  period.  Another  obsirucliou  to  me  coloni- 
zation of  tins  province  hy  the  free  poor  arose  from  ihc 
practices  of  many  ol  tne  governors,  who,  to  promote  tho 
royal  inleresl  in  the  assemblv  were  perimtitd  tu  make 
Urge  grants  of  land  lo  their  partisans  and  dependaut«, 
by  whom  it  w;is  again  tanned  out  al  exorbiianl  ralctt 
to  the  culiivaturs,  ur  reiamed  in  a  vac<ini  and  unpto- 
duclivi!  slate  in  the  hope  of  a  f.itin<  ji^^e  in  iis  yalu4 
trom  the  general  progress  of  pO|iulain'  ,  ; 


■  Smith,  144,  145,  MO— 154.  IIi>tory  nf  Die  Dnti^h  Donn- 
ninns  in  America,  I)  HI,  enp.  1.  This  work,  which  I  have 
fre(iuRiitly  referred  .o,  i,;  an  anonymous  public-itjini  in  qii'irto. 
It  contains  nuirr^  a  npic  uikI  precise  information  than  llie  com- 
position of  VVvnn.>,  and,  like  it,  hrin^s  down  the  history  and 
slate  of  tho  coloeies  to  the  middle  of  the  eiifliteeiith  century. 
It  is  more  of  a  s.afistical  than  a  historical  work. 

+  Smith,  156.  In  1710,  three  thousand  ealaiiiie^,  f\y\m  from 
persecution  in  (Jer  nany,  seUled  in  New  York.     Hi.  IT4.' 

t  Holmes,  it.  34t>.  In  1731  it  amounted  to  uumi  than  ."ixty 
thousand  persons,  of  whom  seven  thousand  were  slaves. 
Ibid.  ii.  114.    Wvdan.l.  4tf9. 


*  Smith,  150.  lift.  363.  'JiH.  ^((5,  267  *JU4.  Wfi.  304,  30«.  307 
31U.  ThK  Eii^iiali.  Frt'ii>  li,  ^tiid  Insii  >  un.hiM^  ..fiMi  lo  liava 
ftc'iuired  jnuiiyeidly  an  uinixrii)  eli.tr.tcut.  Tuo  stroni;er 
iKiliuniility  an<l  uwik  iiKid  ni.innt.-rs  ol  the  S>  ttU  li.  uideU  by 
lrei(iient  accessions  trom  Scoil.ind,  iirt-ti'i  vt'd  ttieir  nuUonal 
pei  iiluirities  loiii;ei  Unimpaired.  *'  'I'ht  y  ^rf!>t^r\e  ntiulieie<i,'* 
viiss  DvMijlii,  •' llie  iharACler  mIiicIi  tiR-y  liiuniflii  wiiti  litem. 
Thr\  .ire  indu!«lriims,  trugHl.onJerly,  |>aiieia  ol  liard>iii)),  pur* 
:<e\(i,ir/,  uM.aiied  to  {{ovi-Munent,  ievvi«ntlal  lu  n-lit^ioii, 
Keiieiaiiy  moral,  and  olteii  |)lous.  At  Hie  i>.ime  tiieetlie)  aro 
heiinently  unw;iiraiilahly  aell' coiii(ilHcent,  rigid  in  llniraib* 
)ioKiiiom>,  iinhemiinK  in  theiropMnon!t,se(iutfiiereo,av:tiu-)ons, 
ready  To  nncliiiii  ti  tlioxe  who  ditlwr  liuni  lliem,  and  lu  >uy, 
(lonliites.t  we  aie  itie  jteoplu."  i're:»ldeiit  Dwiglil's  Tiutels, 
in.  513. 

Kten  when  IntermarriaKes  and  the  common  inituence  of 
free  institutiniis  and  nilioiial  ussocialioiiK  .^imll  Imve  pioduced 
uinloi Hilly  ol  character  among  all  Ihu  raee^  of  Aniericjn  i:u- 
lomsls,  the  national  (jedigrees  uf  many  |jarttLiilar  ill-tlnctt 
\MlM>e  (ireserved  by  their  names.  In  one  county  ol  Mew 
York,  aliHoat  every  place  bears  the  name  of  an  lll^ll  smni, 
city,  eouniy.  or  mountain.  A  iiei^liboring  district,  oiiyinally 
planted  by  New  En^landers,  is  all  iinipped  out  iinutT  tho 
naiiie.t  ol  Unannntiy,  FiU|{aliiy,  Solirit  tv.  KnterpriHtj,  and  the 
hki- (Uv^'l^hl,  iv.  27)  It  may  bu  h<>|)<  d  that  the  recoUectinn 
ul'  such  n^niesas  these  last  will  inipre^'o  nrorrbsponding  bias 
tni  the  aeniinients  and  cliaractcr  ol  iiit^  mlisbitants  ul  the 
tPi-'iiMi. 

t  OMiinxon.  i.  138.  Sniltli.  295.  2W.  ThoniaVs  Ifistorv  o( 
PrinUiii:,  n.  to.  Wmte'in.Uiaio.  il.  33'<.  W.nJeu,  i.  500.  5i5. 
Ciunt  s  .MeoKiUs  of  an  Ameiican  l.udy,  <S:i     k  i>;.  i. 

t  Smitli,  2UU. '2U4.  "The  gov  ernuis  weie,  many  uf  them, 
land  joi}bcr;i,  bent  on  in^iag  tlieir  furtunvsj  and  b«iii(  tu* 


810 


The  tocal  ifOTflrnmani  of  the  pmvinre  ^nn  rcttml  in 
Ihf  i£i>vitrth)r,  l!)f  ci>  iiiCil,  iiiil  \\w  iiiinriit*>lv.  Tlu'  i^ii* 
VOrtioi,  it|«|mr)tril  l>v  titi'  kni^.  vv,i4  ('(Min.iiiilrr  in  rlncl 
h«'  iKA  4imJ  l.iihl.  utid  rt<c^ivpi1  froiii  ilia  |iriivi<)i'i.il  rcvu- 
nuf*  a  rNtlarv  uf  ulimii  t.3(IU'  lojoilii>r  vvnli  |icn|iii'4itr-4 
milt)  iiiiiu*:  til  ii«  iii'M-h  iMuri*.  Tliu  cciiiih-illiir^  wcio 
H|i[>)miIih1  hv  tin*  oro>V'i,  ImI  imijlu  lio  «ii<t|M!ni|i'it  hy  tlir 
[,ri'V(>rii<ir      Tlic-y  rnjovud    no    ial<irif<«,  Mini  .ii:t4!il  ,\h  ,\ 

(>rivv  tirxinotl   in  tlir  i{uV(*rnor.  hcriult!*  {HTturuiinii  iho 
eVMl-l'IVH   4'l'l    I  IiIiCmI   fillll-tlOltK   l>L>l0M)liri^   IM   llu*  Hlllj- 

Ihii  IIhuoiiI  \tim\i  Tim  iiitMiilinr^ul  asHumlily  (tdtu*- 
ted  t)v  tnittliuMer*  poiHiottirt^  Uiid*  or  (ciio  iipiuii  iiii 
provml  ;i>  (iti!  viliio  of  forty  puuiid*)  Itid  a  ddily  hIIow- 
aiict!  tor  their  .ittuiidiiu'e  ;  and  to  thoin,  in  conciir- 
rencL'  with  tho  council  and  the  ^ovurnur,  w.n  cotntnn- 
lud  (hb  |irivile>4H  uf  eiiiictin<f  ihu  [irovmciiil  liwi,  which 
ATiftt'  tui)iiirriJ  (0  hi!  anulu;{unii  to  the  jnTiMjiruduncr  ui 
Kii^'liml  I'hn  Uwri  wiTu  truiuiiiilird  to  I^iul^iiid 
•vKltMi  tlirue  months  after  their  (Mi^ictinont,  and  inii(lil,  at 
a'l/itm-  aftri.  hn  lunnllfl  1  hy  tli«  kjni(.  The  Kovcrtmr 
WIN  empowfrt'd  to  proro;rui>  or  dissolve  aHarnihlic*  ai 
hin  plunMure  ;  tu  appoiiit  ihti  jndireg  ;  to  I'ollatd  to  all 
vacitii  hdiierireH;  anil,  with  thi'  advicr  of  the  coniinl, 
to  nuke  ^rtintN  of  land,  lo  h*>  huld  ul  tho  crown  hy  m)i!- 
cago  tciiuro.  Mi-nt(li'!i  auhordinaie  conrtM  of  law,  iht^ru 
ivas  a  MiipriMne  ronrt  at  Nrw  Vork,  of  whtrh  the  cliicf- 
Mialire  had  a  salary  of  30^/.  a  yinir.  Kroni  its  |ud!4- 
inciUfl  an  appeal  mi^ht  he  madf,  in  can^en  invulviiiii 
mora  than  I0i>/  (o  the  governor  and  council,  and  in 
caiixo-*  uhuvH  3!):)'.  to  the  kniif  and  the  privy  council  of 
Gniflatid  Much  iincort.iiiuy  provailod  in  tho  adiiiini- 
atralion  of  civil  )ii:itico  from  ii^noruncc  and  ditftrrnii'r  of 
opinion  ak  to  tiin  eiiLMit  in  winch  Kn^linh  Nt.itnied  and 
ducisjoua  wero  (o  he  admittud  (o  operatu  an  rulen  ur 
proci'dMH* 

IJy  a  liw  pafiacd  in  1700  for  the  pnrpoiiM  of  choc-kni:.' 
ihp  iiiiiHioiisi  of  the  Jcs'ius  ainonL[  'ho  Indians,  it  wis 
oiidctt'il,  ih.ii  t;v(iry  Joauit  or  olliur  popnh  priest,  roiniii j 
volniManly  into  the  province,  should  htt  HnlijtMMcd  to 
perpHinal  iinprMoniiiiMit,  and  in  catu  of  osc  ipu  and  re- 
captnre.  lo  the  [Hinnhnietii  of  di'.ip.h.  Slav.",  {Uy  n  Uw 
p.i*(ied  in  I7l»'i).  t'xut'pt  when  a^^Hcinhled  for  l.ihor. 
wtTo  forliiddfii  to  meet  lO'^^ethei  in  jrri'  iier  iinmhcr  iImm 
three;  a  rcirnhitioti  which  proved  msiilHcieut  (o  pn- 
V(Mii  a  forni'dalile  iiiHurrectton  of  ihene  unforliinaii' 
h'-inijs  in  iha  ycir  1713  Ma«tor4  wern  enpiitied  by 
law  to  hiptizi!  their  alaves,  and  enrour.iijnd  lo  do  so  hy 
A  provirtion  that  I'leir  hipiwrn  nhoihl  not  rntule  them 
to  freedom,  fiuleed,  manumission  of  slaves  w.is  dia- 
c.)iir,i^ed  Ity  a  heav*'  rine.  Sl.ive*  wero  r|n  |ii.ilitied 
fr.ii  ht'^nii'j  evideniM-  a:^.iinsl  any  body  hiil  h1  iven  ; 
and  no  lU'iiro.  (n.lian.  or  mnliilo.  even  ihouyh  free, 
Ciinld  huld  or  po*ses:*  land.*,  teiuimeiiti*,  or  heredita- 
meiiN.  Aiiv  nei,'ro  or  ImlKin  eon*[iiriiiLf  the  de.itli  of 
a  white  m.iM  w,is  capiiiiUy  puni.shed  Even  ihou;,Mi 
bijiii/.i'd.  slave*  wt-re  not  eon^^ld^'red  to  hf;  propurlv 
CO  ninohetidcd  III  ihi.^  dr'KMiiu  itio  I  iif  Chri^li.iiis  ;  for 
liy  an  a;t  p.med  in  l7i)'J.  md  en  liirJU-d  in  170^.  th«^re 
w.i^  oirerul  d  reward  of  iweniy  shillm^H  lo  every 
ChnshtVi,  and  hdf  thai  so  ti  to  evcr^  Indian  or  .v/riof, 
killhi:T  a  woll  Ml  the  proviiicMl  territory.  *^  Varioiis 
\.\\\*  were  pjssud  from  tnne  lo  time  aijiiiisl  scdlmi; 
ardiMii  spirits  to  the  Indi:iiH.  'V\v  extortions  of  u-iirrers 
were  r(;prfss(*i|  hy  ati  act  passed  in  1717.  reHtrictiiii,' 
lawful  interest  lo  six  (ler  cent.  This  wa*  repe>alcd  m 
the  followin;^  yfiir,  wIum  fiLjIil  per  cent,  was  allowed 
to  be  taken.  ..  — 

IJOOlv  V\. 
.NEW  JEilSl-:V. 
Salii  of  the  Territory  by  ihe  Unke  of  York  In  llorkelay  ami 
("arltfrel— Lilieral  fra-iie  of  ({■>verjiinfnten.ict(Ml  byilie  Pro- 
pittjt^neA— Bjii'^rttiiHi  irom  liiintf  Island  to  Now  JcDtey— 
Arrival  of  ilie  first  govern. ir  ami  Setilurn  Trinn  Eiiirtanil— 
Disneiteiit  ami  DislnrlciiiCR  in  tho  Colony— ReiiDvulion  o( 
thf  Tillei  111  New  .lersL'v— Ejiiivoral  Coiiliirt  or  tlie  Duke 
of  York— SiiiH'inn  of  tho  Qnakont  in  EngUrul— Sale  of 
flfcrkeloy's  SIioh  of  llie  Province  to  Quakers— Partition  of 
thfi  Provniire  helwi'epi  them  an-1  ('arleret— EtriJKrallon  of 
QuHkBrs  fnnii  E:iirlaii  1  to  West  Jersey— EncnmcliiimiUs  of 
tho  Diiko  of  York— Memorable  RernonsirHin^e  of  the  Qiia- 
keri — cnuHes  the  IndopRntlpiice  of  IVo w  Jcrsev  to  be  rucog* 
niaad— First  Assetniily  of  Wi-st  Jertiey^Tha  Quiikers  pair- 
cliasft  E'Wt  Jftraey— Hobfrl  B;irr,l«v— apiioiutud  O.iv  ernor— 
Bnii^ralUM)  from  ^icotlaml  to  Btst  Jnrsey— De<Mi;ns  of  jiimes 
the  Secontl  a«alii»t  the  Proprit-'tnry  GoverninHnt.s— {jercnted 
by  the  Uovohitioji— Inefficient  Slate  of  Hir  Propneturv  ijo- 
Ternuient— Siirreii  l«r  of  the  Colonial  Patent  to  the  Crown, 
and  Re-iinif>n  of  Eist  and  Wost  Jorsey— Constitution  ni  the 
Provhicial  Cinverrimeiit — Adiiiinintrationur  Lord  Cornbuiv — 
flute  nf  the  Cotitny. 

Or  all  the  national  coinmjp.-ilca  in  which  mankind 
have  ever  been  united,  there  is  none  (except  thft  fallen 

voatod  Hith  power  to  do  tint,  they  either  enerossnd  fur  ihein- 
boWea,  or  puteiHed  away  t<i  Ihtjir  parliculiir  faioijict,  a  very 

real  prupurtion  of  llie   whole  pruvinca."      Winifrbolhain, 

*  In  Mmu  of  tha  colonial  irttlamenti  of  the  Outcli  (parti- 


THE    HISTORY    OP 

commonwoatth  of  Urael*)  whu-li  ran  boast  of  an  nrij|{iii 
as  illustrious  ait  that  wliidi  belongs  lo  the  proviiiceii  of 
.Nor ill  AiiMrir:)  .MinoNt  all  ihexe  proviiieiiil  sctih)- 
rntuitH  have  brcii  founded  by  men  whone  prevaitinu  mo- 
tives were,  zral  bir  the  advainenien*  >f  ridinloiiw  Irnlh, 
biriht'  sin'iintv  ol  polilic.il  frcedxui,  or  for  t lie  enbu^t!- 
inent  >il  the  reamirces  and  reiiowu  of  their  rouiitry  ; 
and  all  have  been  iiidebli'd  for  u  very  considerable  Hhiire 
of  their  I'luly  poimla  ion  to  the  aluller  which  they  al- 
forded  Irom  civil  or  i-ccleniaslieul  tyranny.  Thi^  aucri  ns' 
ful  etitublmhmeiit  oft-very  one  of  them  is  a  nuhle  munn- 
mciil  of  human  energy  and  furtitndu  ;  for  it  was  not 
acconipbshud  without  an  arduous  contbct  with  llie 
inu..i.  powerful  habits  of  human  nature,  and  the  most 
formulable  obstruclioim  of  ddllcnlty.  din^fer  and  dis- 
tress. 'I'lut  eolonista  of  New  Jersey,  indeed,  from  llteir 
proiimily  and  friendly  rotation  to  older  colonial  sittle- 
ineiilM,  and  from  other  advunla^tmitt  pi  culianticN  in 
their  aitnation,  were  exeinpied  trom  many  uf  the  hiird- 
tthips  which  elsewhere  attended,  in  i>o  lU'iriy  iimtanci-s, 
tlx!  foniidation  of  society  in  North  .-Vniertca.  Hut  ihe 
motives  which  eondiieled  ii  great  proportion  uf  Ihem  to 
this  terntoiy  were  nucIi  aa  must  lie  held  to  rtdlecl  the 
hi^hesi  honor  on  their  onterpritie,  and  tu  ennoble  the 
oriu'in  of  New  Jersey. 

The  territory  ni  which  Ibis  appellation  bcloii^n  was 
firat  appropriated  by  the  Untch,  of  whose  settlenientA  I 
have  uiveii  an  account  in  the  history  of  New  Vork  Ii 
was  included  in  the  province  lo  which  this  people  ^i.ve 
the  n.ime  of  Nevv  Netherlands,  and  li<id  receded  a 
few  iJulcli  and  Swedish  settlers  at  the  period  of  the 
counuest  o*"  the  l)ufcli  colony  by  ibe  Knifb^ii.  I'le- 
paralory  to  llii**  entcrprixe,  us  \vn  have  abe.uly  nei  n, 
(Jharles  the  Second  printed  a  charier  uf  American  tei- 
rnory,  inclmlm^  tho  wliole  of  the  Ouleli  oceupatiuu  lo 
his  brother  .limes,  Diike  of  Vork  ;  [llbll)  and,  as  the 
kwvj,.  111  coTiformity  with  Ins  pretension  to  nn  antecedeni 
rii^ht,  which  the  lutruAion  of  the  iJntcli  could  iieiiber 
extiu^utsh  iu>r  sn.speud.  had  Ihon^hi  himself  entitted  to 
bestow  this  yranl  before  ilie  terrilory  was  aetiiiillv  re- 
dui'i'd  to  his  duniinion,  ihi!  duke,  in  like  manner,  st-ems 
ti)  have  rejranled  his  inve!*liture  as  completed  by  the 
charter,  ami  proceeded  to  exeriMse  the  power»«  it  con- 
ferred on  him.  wtlbout  vvailing  Ull  he  had  atlanird  ac- 
tual possiia.sioii  of  the  province.  IIim  eb.irtc.',  though 
much  leas  ample  in  its  endowinenlH  than  the  rharlera 
which  had  been  previou.-Hly  granted  to  ihe  proprii  lanes 
o(  .Maryland  and  (Jurolnia,  resemlded  these  otiiera  in 
confernii;^  the  province,  and  the  powers  of  government, 
on  the  proprietary  and  *>  hi;!  a.'<ni^'ns."  Various  in- 
stances,  both  in  ihn  history  of  the  (>aroliuas  uiid  of 
New  Jersey,  autlicieiitly  demonstrate  that,  inconlormity 
witti  this  expression,  the  proprielariea  n'gardid  their 
functions  lesa  as  a  trust  than  as  un  aliMdule  jtroptrly. 
sultjcct  to  every  act  of  owniTship,  and  in  particular  lo 
morliratro  and  alienation  ;  .lud,  accordingly,  lliir  govern- 
mi'iit  of  l,irw«  provinces  of  the  lJIill^h  empire  was 
repeatedly  as^iijned  by  pioprietaries  to  their  cfeditors, 
or  ;*old  to  Ihe  highest  bidiler.  It  was  not  till  alter  tln^ 
Uritish  revolution,  that  the  leoaluy  of  these  irariaac- 
tioiiH  was  di!4|)ule<l  ;  lint  althoug'li  lliu  mllll.^tt  rs  of 
William  the  Tnu'd  maintained  that  they  were  tolully 
repuijnanl  to  the  law  of  iiu4land.  whicii  recogui.sed  a 
hereditary  but  not  a  commercial  ir.ui.s  uisston  of  oll'ice 
and  power,  the  point  was  never  determined  liy  any 
formal  adjudication.  The  evil,  in  process  of  time, 
produced  Us  own  remedy.  The  succession  and  multi- 
plication of  proprietaries  occasioned   so  much  iiicon\c- 


culHrly  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope),  the  treatinunt  of  llieir 

fli  ivesis  .':od  to  Imvo  becndistinguishrd  hy  the  iiiu»t  burbantua 

craclty,     It  .seems  to  have  been  very  laruihorwi.su  niite    "<>• 

viiie«  of  New  York.     A  ploa.sinit  picture  of  the  iiul>l  i- 

rli.il  iniiiiirets  by  which  tho  har.sli  features  of  tlje>    u 

were  soIt6ne<l  ninoti^'  llie  Dutch  seltlets  at  Ai 

neuted  by  MrH.(.iraiit  in  her  "  .Memoir!*  of  an  Auk 

AiC.  vol,  i.     I^ettcr  VII.     Extreme  nevcrity  was  \- 

at  second  hand,  by  sellint;  unruly  and  truublesomt  .  lu 

the  planters  of  Jamaica. 

From  liie  Travels  of  thai   acciinito  obacrvcr  an  <  '-r, 

Profttsaor  Kalm,  it  appears  thai  .Mrs.  Grant  has  Kivm  t 

picture  of  tho  trentmonl  of  tin*  slaves  ;  but  ihiil  her  iJev  i 
iioii  of  the  manners  of  the  people  of  Albaii>  ui  either  respi  <  -  > 
la  eiituely  fanciful  and  erroneous.     Vol.  li.  p.  360— 3Art. 

*  It  IS  reiiiHrkublc  that  among  thoNo  of  the  colomsts  of 
Norih  America  who  were  most  eriRor  to  trace  a  re.sembl'ince 
between  their  own  siiualion  and  that  of  the  Jewish  emigruii.> 
f.oni  Egvpi.  the  opinion  should  have  first  sprunif  up  that  the 
savBKB  Indtanj  were  the  oirsprMiif  of  one  of  the  IribeK  of 
Uraet.  This  opinion  (which  is  supported  by  very  strong  pro- 
babititiea)  wns  not  without  il*  use,  if  It  tended  to  abate  that 
spirifuai  prido  sometimes  unhappily  enaendered  bvH  bcbef  of 
the  po.«essiun  of  an  especial  decree  of  divine  favor.  It  was 
early  adopted  by  tlie  New  England  divines,  and  was  iiiain- 
taiiiud.  with  mnrh  learniiiif  and  nbilit\,  m  aiioiti.^e  by  one 
TliorowKodd,  published  »t  l.oiidiunii  l(15(l,niid  ciiliiled  "j'cweii 
lu  America."  It  was  aflcrwurds  emtiraeed  by  William  Puim 
tho  quaker,  and  nuppor  jd  by  Uiui,  and  by  many  oilier  Uislui- 
gulshod  writeit. 


ntenro  tn  themtelvfi,  that  Doner  or  titer  they  wer« 
^flad  lo  bargain  '\nli  Ihe  crown  for  n  surrender  of  iheif 
luncltmiN  ,  and  both  in  <  'nr>>l  na  .khI  in  .Ntm  .Irrsev,  the 
ex(  rcii«e  of  iIih  riuhi  of  ttSRi^ndlion  ma'rnally  rontri- 
liMfeil  to  abrulj^e  the  duration  id  ihc  propritlar)  ^{uverit- 
ment 

The  first  example  of  a  sale  nf  proprieiarv  rtgbls  iind 
funelioiis  WHS  iitlordi'd  bv  ibe  l>iike  ol  \  ork,  in  Iiik  con- 
veyaiK  e  lo  Lord  Herkeley  and  Sir  (iinr^e  t'arlerel,  of 
a  portion  ol  the  territory  comprehended  in  Ihe  royal 
charter  winch  he  had  receniU  procured  for  iiimself  If 
he  had  delerreit  ihu  exrrciae  of  hit  ownership  ti!l  beliaU 
Hltained  posrieision  of  iho  country,  and  |iroctirrdii  re* 
port  of  lis  cotiditiun  from  ('idmit  I  NuboU,  whom  he 
had  nominated  the  governoi  uf  it,  this  partition  would 
probalily  imt  have  taken  place.  Hut,  betore  be  wasyel 
in  pOkvrHNion  of  any  part  of  it,  or  had  nhtaim-d  the  in- 
loiinutiim  re<ptisiie  lo  eiablu  hini  to  concludi*  sueb  e 
Irunsaclioii  with  adv:iiiia^a:  either  lu  himbi  If  ur  Iho 
conniry,  be  conneiited  to  mII  one  of  the  lineal  dulncts 
which  It  embrjei'd,  to  Iwo  |ierMiu)'  nlio  a|)pe4ir  to  buvo 
been  much  liettt  r  iiccpiainied  with  it.  liiikeby  and 
('arterel  were  alreiuly  proprietaries  of  ( 'urobii.i  :  and 
nol  rontented  with  llui*  ample  invi  sliluie,  nor  vet  cer- 
tlfiul  iiy  experience  nf  ihe  taidy  iiiiirns  bvm  colonial 
possessioiiM,  lliey  h.id  been  iimIiu-iiI.  by  the  repri-.sentu< 
tiuns  of  u  projeetor  a''tpiainti  d  v\iili  ibe  ihunam  ussi^pied 
to  the  IbiKe  of  York,  lo  bebi've  liial  a  j'.irlicnlar  poiiion 
of  Ihis  domain  uuuld  Inrin  a  Viduable  ucipiisiiiuii  lo 
ihi'iiiselves.  Ilnw  lar  Ihe  di^'jnnclion  nf  iIiin  jiurlma 
was  likely  to  alleet  Ihe  iiiiensi  and  \abie  of  liie  ru- 
in under,  was  ii  joint,  which,  tor  the  bnuor  ^\  the  pur- 
chasers,  we  inunt  Mipposi-  tbein  lo  have  oxerL'okiu  ae 
completely  us  it  \\a^  i.o.sundi  r>lu><il  b\  the  ^ellei  Uut, 
ut  a  Mibsi'(|ueiit  peiiod,  ('ujuni'l  .Nu  huU  did  md  scruple 
to  assert  tliat  the  pi  ■sun'*  by  whose  advice  U*.-rkeiey 
and  (yurleret  were  nidmed  lo  iniiue  ibe  piircbu^e  bad 
himself  been  an  unsucceh.Abil  eaiididaie  tor  ibe  pQttnt 
which  the  Unke  (d  Vork  biul  obunned.  and  that  be  Imd 
revenged  his  disnppmutmi  nl  by  lll^ll^'sl|h^  itiehe  cour- 
tiers to  an  ae(pii->ilion  which  be  was  aware  would  ^realty 
depreciate  the  remaimb  rof  the  duke's  uive^lihire.  lie 
this  as  It  may,  the  iransat  ikmi  thai  eiiMied,  as  it  was 
very  little  creditable  to  eiiln  t  ot  the  parlicM  who  en- 
gaged 111  it.  proved  m  the  aeipitl  diaadv>nilajj[eou»  *o 
lliem  both. 

It  was  only  tl;rco  montlis  after  ibe  date  uf  bis  own 
charter,  Ihat  the  liuke  nl  York,  i)V  tieeds  of  least  and 
release,  in  eiui>ideral|nu  id  "  a  eiunpelenl  sum  of 
nuuiey,"  conveyed  to  Lord  Uerkeley  iind  Sir  (.iioryo 
(JariiTct,  and  Iheirbeir:'  and  lo.siont,  Uiat  trad  oi  land 
ddj.iceiit  to  New  I'jim|,  nd,  Ivin^'  wolward  ul  l.onij 
I-'^laiid,  and  biinniled  on  the  east,  stMiiii,  iind  wtsi,  by 
the  iivtr  IliuUon,  liie  se.>,  iind  the  iKiuwiiie;  on  the 
horili  by  the  f-irly-tiisl  de^.n^  and  bMiteili  nnnuie  of 
latilmli-.  In  coinptimenl  lo  (Jartarel,  who  bad  de- 
fended  the  i^^land  ut  Jersey  a<,Min^t  ibn  I^on^r  I'ariia- 
mciit  In  the  eivil  war,  !iu  be^ll>^^ed  on  this  return  the 
natne  uf  Nov.i-tyesana,  ur  New  Jersey  ;  and  be 
lran^ferred  lo  ihc  ^ranlees  every  riphi  A\\f\  royally,  and 
all  ibe  piiwtrs  ot  govt  rtiiiieiil,  whuii  be  IiiuimII  jios* 
se.-sed  Ul  virtue  ol  jiisiiiatler  from  ibe  erown. 

Having  obtained,  in  tbi!*  manner,  the  huvereignly  of 
New  Jersey,  the  tirst  cjre  ol  ihe  propnetarus  was  to 
invite  the  resort  of  inhabitants  lo  lli<!  province,  and 
their  exertions  for  llii:^  purpose,  ihougb  pursmd  with 
mure  eat^ernesK  than  per^everance,  uvtm^ed  no  lucun- 
sideratde  share  uf  politu  al  bat;ueity.  In  those  eulotiiat 
torritonc!*  wlueh  are  de>liluii-  ol  the  means  of  attract- 
ing luKeniit.  liv  tin  |iros|"'Ct  ot  i«peedy  enrichinenl, 
ant'      Inch  nm-i  .iieir  c  iiivalioii  to  the  steady  en- 

t'        so   and  niduBirv  nl   per  iuinenl  selllerA,   the  mo^t 
ful  attraciion^   ^re  aujiplKd  tiy  liherul  provisicua 

.  1  le  security  ot  "t  etvii  and  religious  lights  of 
tiiankind  't'he  r< '  tiistory  of  New  L^nglaiid  had 
nlainty    denioiistr<  ilial   those    allractions,    of    all 

olbi^rs.  address  theiii-.  i\es  most  prevailingly  to  that  ile- 
scrtj'i  ■  of  human  character  which  is  txr&i  lilted  to 
con  >il  with  the  diHicollirs  of  colonization,  and  that 
the  <>|M'ratiou  is  so  forcible  as  to  overpower  the 
tei.t,taliond  oven  uf  very  superior  climate  and  sod. 
That  the  useful  lesson  thus  atlotdtd  to  t)ie  founders  of 
culoiiies  was  nol  disregarded  by  the  con-  ra  of  Charles 
the  Second,  has  already  appeared  Iron  me  parts  of 
tho  history  of  Carolina,  and  is  still  iiiort  strongly  iinni- 

*  The  name  of  this  individual  was  s>ut.  Whether  it  was 
the  sHinc  peison,  or  another  witli  tlu  Mime  name,  who  after- 
wards published  an  account  uf  E:ist  New  Jersey,  1  uni  unablo 
to  ascertain.  Colonel  Nicliels  ^raiuitoutily  aiquiU  Jurkuloy 
and  t'arturet  of  uiiv  Hccessiou  to  the  deHiiiii  ot  ii-lruudin^  ihO 
duke.  Out  Citrteiet  did  nol  always  t-nt<'  m  uuKiNiPed  repu- 
tation. Ill  1CO0,  ho  W3H  oKpelled  the  IK  ol  Cumiuona  In 
coiJus«d  accoMuts  ai  chaiuwrlUn. 


iHtiT  ttipv  were 
Mirnndrr  of  thrir 
I  ,\rv\  .Irmcv,  ihfl 
Miii'i  r>)ilty  i-DDtri- 
ru|irictar)  guviTti- 


fitniAil  bv  iho  t)r«t  inraiiuroi  thit  wt>r('  purHiinl  Itv  thfl  ) 
pro|fn(<t.inr?«  al  Nihv  .Irr^cv.  Tlifv  liinrt nrd  In  viu\- 
cort  It'll  iti.iko  |)iil)|i<*  H  ItOily  of  intititiiiiiiMi  for  (lir  i{o- 
rorrMri(*rit  of  llit>  iimvincr  \  hikI.  tit  thnr  oIijim'I  wiin  tn 
cxlillilt  a  |)olilitMl  tnlinr  HiAL  >li<tii!  '  ii)))MMr  ili'^ir.ililc 
tiid  ii(lviiiitii;:;i-niiK  to  iiiMiikiml,  ilii.>y  *  intriJrd  in  |irn- 
duciii<{  «  I'irojrct  winch  olttMincd  a  v  ry  favuNblr  rn*  , 
CpplMHi,  ind  vvoiild  llivu  tmtlrr  dcnrrvrd  ll,  it  the 
t>ro|irio(HrM')i  Iml  Ihtii  IrKmly  lin^  for  uri  ciiilitiK  |>U|iii> 
iauon.  ft  WdN  iiidrrd  a  iini{iil<ir  roinprlition  ijvlurh  | 
tht'Hi'  {irojiriciury  ^ovfrnincntti  |trodurrd,  in  wliicli  ho- 
vcrci^DH  .iiid  lf*giii|>ilors  found  it  lli<>ir  iiiU'rcni  to  viu 
Willi  i'H(*h  iilher  in  ihe  prniluclion  of  inodria  of  lihorly, 
and  ni  ti>r)d4>rini{  lo  tht*  «crr|itancp  ol  ihcir  siiliji'i-di  llui 
inoMl  rlli'i'iotil  M'ciiritirii  ii<rtinnl  nrttitrttry  i{ovrrijinf<iil. 
WliMicviT  dindtifl  uiny  hi*  I'riicrlnMit'd  of  llic  di^riny  of 
(linr  iitotiVf'A,  or  iIk!  Hinnniy  ol  (linr  |)rorrH«iotii«.  ihft 
iiiciisiirL'ii  ixliHtli  tltr  vunoii*!  |iro|irH'tnrtri  udoi)tfd  in 
piirNiunL-r  of  linn  policy  provnl  li<^lily  hi-nrlicml  lo  the 
provMu'cit  of  Nonli  Auhtum,  und  rlnrinliLMl  ni  the 
nnnds  ul  their  iiil>ahit.iiilt  a\i  titt.ichincnl  to  Idiorly, 
and  n  rotivirtion  of  ihi'ir  n^lii  id  it. 

Tlio  imtirninriil*  whK'ii  wum  now  pnhliihrd  hy 
Ut-rkfh'v  uMii  ('.iriiirt'l  ^avr  HH-Mirinrn  to  tdl  pemonR 
who  HJioiild  "(Mlln  ni  Ni'w  .ll  t.^ry.  thut  the  provinrr 
•hoiild  ho  r.ili>il  only  hv  hiWH  nurtod  l>v  an  iiHMtMnht^ 
in  whtt'h  thu  people  wt  re  npreHi'Otcd,  Hitd  lo  which 
thp  |K)wer  of  in.tkiti'4  p*'.ice  or  w.irt,  and  many  other 
iiiiporittnt  privih><ri-s,  wcrn  (-unhdnd  In  particnhir,  it 
waH  siipiilited  hv  !hti  proprieUtrM>«,  "for  the  heiier 
iictMirity  of  the  inhahituntn  in  llie  Mind  provniLM',  thiit 
they  aie  not  lo  mipoite,  nor  mifffr  to  tn-  itnpojietit  itny 
tux,  ciiKtoni,  NiiliHidy.  lulhi^e,  iiitHetHinent,  or  any  other 
dn'y  wliatMoever,  iipori  any  cohir  or  pretenre,  upon  thd 
B.iid  province,  and  inhahitanlH  thereof.  oiluT  llinn  wlial 
shall  Im!  iin[iOFiL<d  hv  the  ii>ilhori>y  and  ronNeiit  of  thu 
general  a*t!«einhly."  Hy  anoUier  elaiMe,  ol  no  [vss  nil- 
portitnee,  it  was  jirovided,  that  "no  person,  it  any 
inne,  rImII  he  anvwnv*  rnolesU-d.  pni. lulled,  disijuietoj, 
')i  railed  into  ipieMUon,  for  any  did'erence  in  opinion  or 
uractict'  in  tnwiters  of  religions  eoneerninent,  who  due* 
not  acinally  disturb  iho  rivd  pe'iet!  of  thu  province  ; 
but  all  and  vw.rs  sncli  person  utiil  persons  may,  from 
time  to  time,  and  «l  all  timns,  freely  «iid  fully,  have 
ind  enjov  hiM  and  (lu-tr  jiidi^nientrt  and  eonAciencon  in 
iiMlter-t  of  religion,  lliev  hehavnt^  lh(;ms(dven  peaco- 
ahiv  and  quietly,  ntid  not  iMin^'  thi^  liberty  to  lieentiouii- 
noHH,  nor  lo  ihe  civil  injnrv,  or  outward  diMiirhnnce  of 
nlhers  ;  >inv  hiw,  st<iii)te,  or  elinise,  enntanird,  or  to  he 
cniitHiiH  tl,  u.^aue  or  rii.<«iniu.  of  thu  ri  ului  of  Kn^land, 
to  the  contrary  tlnTcof  in  any  wi:*i'  nolwithslanuMijl" 
'I'ho  nnporl  of  (heti;  eiprenitions  couhl  rn)t  hu  misun- 
diT^'ood  ;  anil  in  ttn  v  were  piihlntv  promnlLialed,  with- 
out ceiiiOire  or  di.villowniice  hum  aiiy  ijnarter,  it  must 
bu  adtniired.  ihit  the  coloni/aiion  ul  ihi't  province  was 
nridertiiken  on  an  a^nuraiice,  winch  ihe  Hettltna  were 
verv  Will  eiitiiled  to  ciedit,   of  th<  ir  henii;  completely 


cxeinptrd  lr< 


i-iit.  \Vlii!ilier  It  wuH 
nine  iiuiiie,  w)io  alier* 
w  JvT»vy,  I  uMi  iiiiunio 
uiily  ai  ({uitd  liuikuloy 

!tli;il  (it     iclruiidllig  itlO 

uy  nn  uitMpot'vi,  repU' 
lo-.  •«  ol  Cumiiious  Un 


ilie  jiiri-'ilK'iioii  of  the  Kn<jhNh  parita- 
liieiit.  both  in  ilie  nnpo^ition  ol  taxes  mid  the  rc^mla- 
lion  of  ecclesM?4tical  airiir.H.  I'he  aitunniiftralion  ol  the 
pxocnlive  power,  to^'ethei  wiih  the  riLdit  ol  :i  negative 
on  the  eii.iciintnls  ol  the  provmcnl  ansetnhly.  were  re- 
i*er\4'(|  to  Ihe  )iro|irn'l.iii'"*.  'I'o  idl  pi  if^oiis  renorlin;» 
to  .New  Jer.  v  ^MU)  l)ie  inteniun  o|  >ei(hn;^  in  it,  tlicru 
were  ottered  nlloiinenlH  of  t.ind,  proportioned  lo  the 
eurlini'i'H  o(  ihcir  .irrival  in  llie  prov.iice,  itnd  to  the 
nninhcrH  of  iheir  mdeiiled  s(^rv,inlH  mid  ularts  ;  \\\it\  for 
this  ihev  were  reipiired  to  pav  a  ipnt  rent  ot  an  lialt- 
peuny  per  ncrc  alter  the  year  lft70.  and  lo  injnila'ii 
one  able  mahi  servant  for  every  hiuidred  t.cres  in  their 
pe  'esHion.  As  liie  ipm  renlJt  were  deemed  tiio  pri- 
vate ewtate  of  the  proprietaries,  il  was  declared  that  all 
piihlir  rxpen!(U8  ttlioiild  he  defrayed  by  general  contri- 
bution. Such  was  the  hrni  constitntion  of  New  Jerttey. 
New  provisions  were  added  to  il  from  tune  to  lime,  by 
Buhseipieiit  proclamatioim,  and  the  whole  code  was  de- 
imininated  by  the  people  the  Laws  of  the  Concca»wn»^ 

*  Writers  Hre  not  Hgrocd  upon  the  dnte  uf  this  tnstriiiiiunt. 
Ttit^  coiJitiit  prmttfil  II)'  S('i>t  Hiitl  SiitiUi  hear  the  dutf  of  Febru- 
ary, l6o4:  whuliH  [luiiifestly  trniiiouu:*,  excep' on  the  very 
iiiipiiilMhiu  Mi{)|ioMhiiii,  tli>it  ttiu  ilucuiiient  was  framed  by 
Ucikelt-y  and  Ciirltret.  nut  nnlv  liefure  itiev  liad  uhtainedtneir 
own  gram  Inim  Uu-  Uiike  ul  York,  htit  liirfore  the  duke  Inni* 
Mlf  lidd  nlitaiiieil  \\\*  cliarter  from  the  king.  t'Imliiiern  NUp* 
pukL'S  thH  djte  lo  liavu  bnen  February,  It>fl9:  bui  ihis  is 
incmiiiDiteni  w.ih  Uie  clause  wliirh  teitUHm  ccrtam  advanta- 

?cs  to  helitoM  "  who  !i(i;<ll  transport  Iheniselves  before  Itie 
itof  JsnuHty.  ItMJy"  (.'lialiners  whs  prevented  fro-n  ohseiv- 
ht4  tins  iiicuiitiBieucy  by  nnstaking  tins  la»t  nieiiiiun<--i  uate 
hi  lOH.'V. 

t  Tiie  .isseidlOy  wsk  empowered,  not  merely  to  levy  forces 
apd  docbire  war  as  ibev  Nhniild  see  cause,  but  "  to  pursue  an 
cnomv  as  well  i>y  sea  as  hy  land  (if  need  lie),  out  of  (tie  limits 
Mii.i  jiMkdu'iions  of  tne  '•aid  province,  witliine  particular  con- 
I  t.ie  );ovfriior,  attd  under  ttis  conduct,  or  U  uur  cum- 
I'in-ebiufc" 


NOUTII   amkhica. 

and   retrarded  bv  ihrrn   aa  iheir  tfrest  rliartrr,  iiid  la 

po^wesHhiu  4  hiu'ln  r  authornv  Ih.in  even  the  acis  of 
assetiiblv,  from  not  heniif  stili|ei't  lo  nher.ilion  or  re. 
peal.  An  iinportiitit  addilion  wa^*  Htiirjcttd  hy  ihe 
prudence  and  itpiitv  i»f  I'liihp  Carti  rt ',  v^  hn  w.m  the 
iir^l  (.(overnor  a|ipoiiiied  hy  the  piO|irtelaries.  ttiitl  utio. 
wilhont  anv  direetionn  from  Iih  ronsinuenlfi  lo  respect 
the  riifhtsof  ihe  aboriginal  tnhabifanis  of  ihe  piuvince, 
judged  It  proper  to  ohiuni  their  consent  lo  the  seld^. 
ment,  by  purchasing  their  titles  to  the  several  distrirta 
vvbu'h  were  occupied.  The  proprietaries  bad  the  wis- 
dom to  a|iprn\i'  this  proreedm^.  and  siMiir  years  after 
sstahlinhed  the  rule,  that  all  lamU  shonld  he  purchased 
from  the  Indiana  hy  the  governor  and  council,  who 
were  to  hu  reimbursed  by  ihc  settlers,  in  piopurlion  to 
their  respectiv<>  [losiesftions 

The  coniptest  of  .-iew  Netherhnds  had  now  heeii 
achieved  )iv  ('olunrl  Nichols,  who  assnmc^d  the  ndininl- 
atralion  of  Ihe  whole  tvrrilory  ns  ^'tvernor  for  the  Duke 
of  Vork  While  yet  uiuic.pnmlid  with  the  (jrant  to 
Herkeley  a;,d  t^arterel.  he  formed  the  design  of  colo- 
\wfM\)l  the  district  whicu  they  hati  acquired,  and  lor 
this  purpose  ^fruited  licenses  lo  varnm-  persmis  to 
make  purcliaseii  ul  lands  from  the  aboriifinal  irihabilinls 
of  New  Jersey.  Three  small  townships  were  spci'dilv 
formed  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  terniorv.  hv  emii'runti 
chietly  from  Kon^r  Island,  who  laid  the  foundation  of 
Kli7nhelli  Town.  Woodhrid^e,  and  Pi-tcnlaw.iy  :  and 
Nicliftta,  who  entertained  u  verv  favorable  o|union  of 
Ihis  reonn.  br:ito<Aed  on  it  llio  name  of  Albania,  in 
commemoralion  of  onn  ui  the  titles  i  njoved  hv  Ins 
master.  Itul  the  hopes  which  hu  liail  conceived  of 
rendenn^r  llie  district  a  vihmhte  appenda<ju  of  the 
dnke's  possestrnms,  were  soon  iiilernipteil  hy  intelli- 
gence of  the  title  of  lU  new  proprietanes  ;  and  the 
measures  he  had  already  taken  ^ave  rise  to  disputes 
rrspectniu  the  property  of  liiu  soil  between  the  settlers, 
whose  estuhhsbmenl  he  had  promoted,  and  thu  proprie- 
taries who  now  claimrd  their  alleiTmnce.  which  dis- 
turbed ihe  repose  of  llm  provinco  for  more  than  half  a 
century.  He  irnnsmitted  un  enrneHt  remonslrance  to 
Ihe  L)uke  of  Vork,  on  the  impolicy  of  ihus  inulnplvnit^' 
•tutistical  divisions,  and  of  diBjoimnir  from  his  own  ' 
province  a  portion  (hsiinguished  above  all  the  rest  hy 
tlin  furtility  of  Us  soil,  the  comnioduMuness  of  its  rivers, 
and  the  richness  of  iti  mnierals  ;  and  whilu  he  nr^ed 
the  dnko  to  revoke  a  i^rant  bo  prejudicni)  lo  hi'4  own 
interesi,  ho  predicted,  what  really  happened,  tliat  the 
undcrtakiii)^  of  Uerkeley  and  Curierel,  to  Mtloni/u  a 
vacant  territory,  would  disapjioint  their  expectations  uf 
profit,  and  involve  them  in  e.ipenseH,  of  which  only 
their  remote  pnsieiity  could  hope  to  ^atin-r  the  fruits. 
Tins  remonstrance  appears  to  have  produced  some  im- 
pression on  tiiu  mind  of  the  duke  :  hut  either  it  failed 
to  sM<r<Tcsl  to  him  a  snlficient  inducemenl  to  revoke 
the  ^'fant  ho  had  executed,  or  he  jiidjjed  such  revoca- 
tion hevtnid  his  power ;  and  NichoU  was  reluctantly 
compelled  to  hurreiidei  ihe  oovernment  of  New  Jersey 
to  l*hilip  ('arte  ret,  who  arrived  with  a  company  of 
thirty  settlers  from  Kn.:laiid,  and  e.^taMi-nbed  himself  at 
Klizaheth  Town,  which  was  re</iirded  a^  the  capital  of 
the  infant  province.  Hero  for  some  years  hu  ruled  in 
peace  over  a  doserl  which  was  gradnullv  repleni.shed 
Willi  people  from  the  province-H  of  New  York  and  New 
ICnijlund,  attracted  hy  the  qualities  of  iho  country  and 
the  repute  of  the  lihurul  iiistitntion.^  winch  lis  inhuhi- 
lanls  were  lo  enjoy.  It  was  a  happy  pt^culiarity  of  the 
lot  of  ih  )se  colonisls  thai,  estahti.thmg  themselves  in 
the  vicinity  of  conntries  alre<idy  cnlltvaied,  they  esca))ed 
the  disasters  and  privations  winch  bad  allliuied  so 
severely  thu  first  inhabitants  of  ino^l  of  the  other  pro- 
vinces. 'J'heir  neiirhhorhood  to  the  commerce  of  New 
Vork,  111  particular,  was  considered  a  cirenmslance  of 
no  amall  advantage  during  the  infancy  of  their  scttle- 
iiif  nt ;  though,  in  process  of  time,  it  was  less  favorably 
regarded,  as  having  contributed  lo  prevent  ihe  rise  oi 
■  domestic  mart,  which  would  have  afforded  still  more 
elTectnal  encountgeinent  to  their  trade.  Like  the  other 
colonists  of  North  America,  they  enjoyed  the  advantage 
of  transporting  the  aria  and  habits  of  industry  from  an 
old  country,  where  they  had  been  carried  to  a  high 
state  of  |>erfection,  into  a  new  land  which  afforded 
them  more  liberal  cncnur£^&:r*c;.l  and  more  unre- 
atricted  scope.  Their  exertions  for  the  raising  of  cat- 
tie  and  gram  were  speedily  and  amply  rewarded  by  a 
grateful  soil  ;  and  their  relations  with  the  Indians  ena- 
bled tbein  lo  prosecute  their  labors  in  undistutbed  tran- 
quillity, and  lo  add  to  them  a  heiieticial  tratHc  in  peltry 
with  the  roving  tribes  by  whom  the  neighboring  forests 
were  inhabited.  Tlieir  connexion  with  the  sister  co- 
lony of  New  Vork  cominuincated  to  them  the  benefit 
'  of  i^e  aUiance  which  subtieted  between  thit  colony  and 


817 

lh»  fmwf  rful  ronfedrrsrv  nf  the  Pivr  \aiinns  ;  and,  M 

Ihe    iiilJiM'iM'e    el    ihl<*    conle  lerncv   emended  lo  all  IhO 

I  tribes  III  Ilie  viiii.iiv  of  ihi<  new  sr'ileMient.  Ms  inhaM 

,  lan's  eM)oyetl   ihe   fi  liciiv  ol  an  enire  exemidion  from 

I  Iiitli.in  \M\j       Iti'commendid  l>v  the  N.dn'-ntv  ol  iix  cli* 

1  male,   m    :iili|iiinn  lo  st y  o  lirr  ad^ai<ta   e-.  it  w>i| 

^  not  uppiar  siirprisin<r  that  .New  Jersey  waf  soon  roii- 
i  sidered  a  verv  doirahle  rr^ideure.  snd  ll.il  lis  .itirac- 
]  lions  were  ei'lebraied  bv  rarlv  «rin  r-*  with  muher  cum* 
I  Miendation  than  any  of  ihe  other  Ncillemenis  nblained. 

'I'lic    proprieiarie.*,   slitl    I veil   iip  witli  the  hope  -if  a 

g.iinbil  revenue  fr their  pfovon  e.  were  imi  \^bi  !iMit 

\  in  exerl:oiis  to  eircnbue  the  inti  Ihuence  of  its  alvsnla- 
!  jjes  both  Ml  Kiirope  and  America,  and  frotn  tune  to 
I  lime  dfspsiched  from  Kouhmd  voRel-  In  iijhlrd  wtth 
I  srltlers  and  stores  to  reinforce  the  number-  and  supply 
the  wants  of  their  people  Hut  ilir  period  h)  winch 
I  ihry  had  looked  for  uie  fnllUment  of  ibt  tr  fiopc*,  \\aa 
I  fated  to  dcmoiisrraie  Iheir  f.ilhtry  ;  imil  the  scene  ol 
I  felicity  which  the  province  had  bnherlo  presented  wsa 
di-agreeahlv  ovi  rca-i  bv  ihe  urr  val  uf  tlie  ilav  wImii  Ihe 
payment  of  quit  renu  h.nl  been  appoiii'eil  lo  com- 
rnrnce.  [HilUJ—inTO  J  The  first  demand  of  thi« tribute 
excited  i»eneral  iliHjMi^t  iimoni;  lhec)Ionnls.  who  ^eeiii 
lo  ba\e  expres^iil  more  unwillinunesH  than  in.ibihlv  to 
i.oioplv  wnh  It  A  p.irty  .imon.r  ih< m.  iiirhidin;^  the 
ohle"!  xelilers.  who  had  oicnpied  their  l.tnds  under  the 
anthoniy  of  Ciihiml  Nichol-,  refused  to  aeknowbdife 
the  tnle  of  the  proprietaries,  and,  tn  opposition  lo  it. 
set  lip  titles  wtiH  h  they  had  ohlaimd  tor  iheniselvea 
from  the  Indi.ms  It  wwik  e.iser  for  llie  yovi-ruor  to 
dennniKtraie  the  illeoidiiy  of  tlife  pre'ensnins,  than  to 
prevail  with  the  peojih-  to  'iImiiiIoo  them  For  iwa 
years  he  iniiniaini  d  an  iiieife<-tmd  stfUL't'le  lo  enforce 
tb(^  cl.iiniM  of  the  proprn  uiiics.  till  al  len^'h  the  popular 
dHctiiitenl  broke  (orih  nt  an  lusnrnclion  [l07tsj  which 
he  fontiil  It  impo»-4ili!e  In  witiist.ind  lie  was  com- 
pelleil  to  return  to  Knoland,  siripl  of  his  (u'lclionn, 
whicii  llie  colonists  forthwith  coutVried  oti  a  iiutnrul 
sou  of  Sir  (Jioru'e  ('arieret.  bv  uliom  tlieir  pri-leuinous 
had  \wc\\  abetted  l)isappomtin<{  u.4  this  result  m  i&t 
have  been  to  the  pruprieiarns.  it  was  nnposioblo  for 
them  lo  niipule  the  blame  uf  it  lo  iheir  governor,  or  to 
hesilale  to  repi.n  e  Inni  lu  the  station  from  which  be 
had  been  expelled.  Tins  nieaj-ure,  however,  was  re- 
tarded by  llie  unexpected  events  uf  tht  followmtj  year. 
[l(i73.J  when  New  Vork  ngaio  reverting  to  the  doiiu- 
nioii  of  iloll.md.  New  Jersey  was  once  more  rciiniled 
lo  llie  province  ot  No'V  Netherlands. 

[1074.]  Ttie  Dutch,  as  wii  have  already  seen,  did  not 
loiio  retain  I tieir  acquis) tiun,  which  was  restored  lo  (ireat 
liniaui  hy  the  treaty  oi  London.  But  the  re-estuhhiib- 
mcnt  Ol  till!  propnetiirv  ^overntnenls  into  which  the 
teriiiory  had  been  previouNlv  divided,  was  tbonjihl  to 
requirt!  some  additional  formali'y.  and  was  not  utl'ected 
without  a  rcintvation  of  the  li'lea  hy  which  these  juris- 
diclnnis  bail  been  originally  createil.  Some  doubts  had 
nlreadf  heen  r«uj{L;ested  of  llie  validity  of  the  roval 
charier,  which  bad  hern  gr.iiited  ti>  the  Duke  of  Vurk 
at  a  time  wh<m  the  Dutch  tiO\enniiunl  was  in  qmot 
possession  of  tiie  I  onnirv  ;  and.  however,  unwilling  to 
acknowledge  tlit*  forcn  of  this  objection,  and  recede 
lr<Hn  a  pretension  Hint  had  beer*  iluhheratelv  embraced 
hy  his  lirotbrr  and  himself,  the  duku  was  prompted  Ity 
his  own  interest  to  rninnve  from  men's  minds  a  doubt 
so  likely  to  obstruct  thu  resort  of  settlers  lo  this  pro- 
vince. Another  cause  seems  al»o  lu  have  contriliuted 
to  turn  his  ibonghl.s  in  the  procurement  uf  a  new  invea- 
liture.  The  remon.-trances  otrohuirl  Nichols  had  led 
him  to  regnrd  the  grant  he  had  made  of  New  Jersey  lo 
Berkeley  and  Carteret  with  feelings  of  dissatisfaction, 
which  were  not  diminished  by  the  liberal  institntiona 
which  thoHU  proprietaries  had  conferred  on  their  pro- 
vince, and  the  nnmbcr  of  inhabilunts  who  had  been  at- 
tracted to  It  from  his  own  dominions.  Whatever  were 
the  motives  that  withstood  the  gratifiration  of  hie 
wishes,  whether  he  scrupled  to  commit  the  injustice  and 
incur  the  dishonor  of  robbing  twu  of  the  Armest  adhe- 
rents of  his  family,  or  doubted  the  support  of  the  law  or 
the  king  in  such  a  transaction,  it  is  nianifest  from  hie 
conduct  that  he  entertained  a  desire  to  re^Kisscss  biin- 
eelfof  ttie  New  Jersey  territory,  without  making  any 
compensation  to  the  parties  who  had  acquired  it.  The 
Dntch  conquest  seemed  to  furnish  him  with  an  oppor- 
tunity of  removing  the  objections  to  which  his  own  title 
was  subject,  without  eceniing  to  confess  its  original 
defectiveness ;  and  to  afford  bim,  at  the  aaine  time,  a 
decent  pretext  for  divesting  Uerkeley  and  Carteret  of 
their  property,  without  disowning  the  grant  hy  which  lie 
hud  bestowed  it  upon  them,  or  incurring  afiy  obhi^ntiutt 
to  indemnify  them  for  its  loss.  It  was  pretended  that 
the  Dutch  cooqueai  had  extinguished  the  proptiatoxy 


p?. 


'  1 


818 


riffhtfl,  nml  ihnt  the  country,   unciicumhereu  hy  thorn. 

had  now  rt'vertril  tit  I'lt-  cro-vu.  In  ctinforriiiiv  wiili 
ihi*  vK'.v.  tl  »  ii'ikt*  iii)|»li(nl  for  a  (>cvv  iiivraliliirc-.  iiml 
loiiMil  DO  <I.Hi(-<iliv  III  .'ttiiiriti)  r  rroir  thn  kin^  a  st-cond 
fli.irtcr.  wli.ch  ri-eii'Ml  ihe  former  grn:*!.  and  cunliniieil 
to  ni-a  I. Ill  whole  of  tl  u  lorntorv  wiiirh  Mut  uraul  h.nl 
einnnii'fd  Hi*  now  ii|i|)Oii.ii>il  Aiulru.'*  It'd  licuU'iiaol 
over  ihf  wlinip  retiri.teil  |-r  'viticr  ;  uriil,  inveiiin^  all 
tin  fiUKlion»i  of  luiri.sU.ive  rnd  eiftriitivo  power  in  tlic 
^nvnrnnr  and  connci',  eMiaWliahod  >h«  name  arhitrary 
governmuiit  in  Ntsv  Jtrxny  ihut  he  hail  all  alotif;  mam- 
tainril  m  Now  York.  But,  allhouuh  heroulJ  thnsnin- 
ilit.itn  ilifi  mi*annci»  of  tloHitoiliii^  his  fhcmU  of  a  pro- 
perty whjrb  he  ha'.l  nolil  to  them,  ho  wanteil  either  reso- 
union  orauUionty  to  "tfectuate  hi»  iniqiiitotM  pretcn- 
oioiiii ;  and.  on  the  applicniion  of  Sir  Oeorge  Carteret, 
scrnpltrd  nut  to  proniiHe  a  renewal  of  tli'j  irrant  of  i\uw 
Jersuy.  Vot,  ihoii^li  aithimrd  (u  iickiio-vledin  his  ni- 
tiMiDorH.  he  wiis  nnwi!hn<r  to  aliatidori  them  ;  and  while 
the  I'YC'itiua  nf  the  (Tt.int  was  delayed,  hn  transmitted 
ordtT:!  to  .LitlMs  ro  m.iiniiiiii  hi.^  pr(tro;;<itive  over  the 
wliilt!  frriiurv  [Hn'S]  Kven  when  he  finally  con- 
Stilled  lu  fo^iore  New  .ler-^ev.  he  endeavored  to  evade 
ihe  CO  nplctv  p'.-rlorm.i'M'o  ol  hii  eni^diiement,  ai-J  pre- 
lendiM  to  liavo  leseived  eertaiii  rights  of  aovereiijiilv 
over  II,  vjiicii  Andro.s  seized  every  opportunity  of  us- 
?crtini{. 

Im  the  hi^'iiimiig  of  ihe  y^^r  l()75,  Philip  Carteret 
retnruL'ii  'o  New  .lersev.  and  re<tumed  the  t'ovenrnenl 
of  ihe  AeltUtiieiiLt  wiiirli  hid  lieen  formed  in  tite  eastern 

I  hcen  ex- 

"a'lts.  who 

d  arhiiMry 

'fior  very 

of  their 

set  of 


p:irt  of  Die  pntvince.  and  from  wine);  ' 
pirllt'd  ahont  two  year.-*  Iielore.  'I 
had  exprr  eiiced  the  rtnor^  of  co(>'|m 
rule  of  .vndros,  tiow  reis-ived  ihntr  o 
wiilntijlv  ,  hhI.  ah  he  postponed  the  ,  < 
quit  (en'."  Ic  a  fninre  lUv,  and  p'.iMli>lied  u 
COM'  esHJu.j.T  hv  Sir  (ieoriie  ('^irteret  rhit  cofiluoed  all 
their  privikCt^H.  a  pe.i'.'iulite  and  <-oniented  Miiltordina- 
tion  w.ih  oiii:e  more  re  esi.ihlished  ui  the  eolonv  Tiie 
oniv  niilijLvtnfdiHqneLih.it  oeeirri'd  for  stever.d  vearv 
iroxe  fr.''in  liie  arlnirarv  [iro(:eedttit»«  hy  which  AndroN 
froei  lull  'o  thnt*  enforced  tin*  unjust  pretensiouN  of 
thi'  Dii'ie  of  York  (iovernor  C  irterc t.  iti  ih?  hope  of 
procunn^'  to  Ins  pe<>ple  a  ah.ire  of  the  advanta^^es  whi'-h 
the  iieiijliDevni^  roloiiv  derived  fro;n  her  co  niiierce.  at- 
inmjtted  to  t:islahlis;i  a  drruft  tr-ide  hetween  Ktii^Iand 
■nd  New  ler.Hfv.  Hui  A'tdros  warmly  oiiposi-d  ihis 
procecdiriif,  i.s  iin  injurv  to  ihe  co-nncrce  and  the  eun- 
fo.OT  ol  New  York;  (KiiliJ  and  hy  :oiit'ni*aimi{  llie 
vessels  ihs^  trridrd  in  oupo^iMoit  to  hi^  mandtU'i,  pni 
An  end  to  tti.:  Nca  .ler^ev  eoin-nercc  in  its  infiney  In 
mllition  ■  •  thii  outriii '.  he  eudiMvored  liv  varion-*  ex- 
acttoim  to  1  ■•ndrr  tlie  co  omisIm  irili'iiarv  to  hin  govern- 
meni  ;  h'ul  evm  procc.-ilcd  to  ^\u'\\  exlrerMilv  of  iri-fo- 
|i*m-e  a.«*  ic  Hfic»i  (invtrtior  ('.irierel  and  coiivty  hnn 
prisoner  lo  Nrw  York  VViicn  ciMipliml!)  '^(  these 
proceedi  '-s  of  Ins  depury  wrre  carried  lo  tlie  duke,  he 
oviiii-rd  iti  simn  indecision  and  dupiicitv  ihit  had 
char.icit- i/,e(l  all  his  re.eni  diMiiciiKir  !!.;  could  not 
eousenl.  ,..»  ttud.  todepiri  fron  a  pn^ro^ative  which 
hudal\\.i\s  (irlon:/e'l  lo  him  ;  vel  he  din-i-ied  that  the 
exercts,^  .  f  u  sliuuld  lu:  r'.'laxed,  as  a  mailer  t»f  favor  lo 
hi^  friend  k>''r  (irirj^r  (Carteret  Itut  the  province  had 
no  V  lii'cn  divided  inio  two  proprieury  jurisdictions  ; 
and  II  \v_  in  llie  wesiern  [nri  of  ii.  in  which  Carteret 
hid  ceased  ^o  ti.iveanv  i  iterest.  thai  llie  tluko  aitempled 
to  appro,  r'lte  the  I  iri(est  share  of  his  [troivndiMl  pri-ro- 
yalivc.  ■l''ip  rirci  n-*tanies  tnai  aitcinliil  this  pariiiion 
of  the  UTriti.iy.  co  npos.  the  n\n%l  interesting  porliun 
of  Ihe  eiiiy  hisinrv  of  .\i'W  .ler**;v 

.\mo  11!  '■■'^  vari.i's  seriine.',  who  had  reason  toeum- 
y\tM  ot  In:  ici  h-M.tstical  ptdicy  pursued  hy  ihc  miiiis- 
leirt  i>f  (Jh.rie*  the  S.coud,  t'ne  qiiakers  inenrred  an 
■  II, Je  s'lare  jf  per^reiiihin  Dnrini  iha  la«l  years  o( 
the  piou-'orale  of  Oro  iiwih.  a  im  nlier  of  ipiakers. 
eiiariii-d  .\i\\\  odiMidiujf  ai:j|iisi  pnnl.c  order  and  decein-v. 
had  'toen  ro.nmiilrd  lo  -irison  in  vario  is  parts  of  Kuif- 
land  nnii  Iccaase  tiie  protector  refused  or  drlavcd  to 
pass  ail  ordci  for  llier  rrJiM'.u.  one  of  ihe  leaders  of  the 
•eel  reliu  ul  htm  pul-nciv  m  an  itiiirv  haraniiue.whii'li  he 
coniludeil  Kr  learin/  his  ovn  cap  in  two.  and  prophesv- 
m^  luai  tie  i(over.i:i,eril  .voild  he  rent  from  Cronwell 
jiid  Ihi  Uniilv  *  The  aecompli«hinpnt  of  this  predirtion 


•  ('riintwel,,  th<Mii(||  1,1  f'-iieisl  te  treatn-l  Mm  •iirtU  -.  .vitn 
«miv  (cr  \'  hh-li  ihti  im|>iiMi(v  of  Hii*  pn<pliui  mny  Ih*  ail^liiretl 
•<  ail  iM^lfl  •),  cinill  riDl  ^niirttlv  •tuiMliie  hi^  jealousy  uf  a 
tut  I  III  wliirli  MHiie  nf  hi^  n*n  iiMiKt  ilfitenninr'd  Mu-unanes 
htil  enitt  .ml  tlieiMM'lves.  Tlmt  ri'SilfN*  a^iMtor,  Julin  l.d- 
bifri.  III  tht>  niitlsi  of  tiiii  it|i;iotitiiiti  lu  (Cromwell,  inailfl  •  pro- 
reisum  i>f  <|uiiti)ri,iti.  mi  I  vui  ml  uiilv  cuiititiiiml  (o  write 
■fiiMist  II.  pruti'Cti.r'it  i(iiv(>rntiipi)t,  liut  Ion;  retiisi-<t  to  |iru- 
tiiise  llmt  !.•'  wniiM  not  iMn|ili>y  hn  swnnl  ni  ai-l  of  his  tieti. 
Iiloiif  It  aii'l  5i  v«'tl.  I  Tl).  Oniniivrll  ha«i  Mirn  tually  witht'^ittMt 
«  gioat  ctoti  of  t|u«kflr  vstrevafance.    Ilu  wat  mturtui»t<t  1 


THE   HISTORY   OF 

bowevpr,  was  the  '>nly  f;ratirie<ition  that  tho  qnakers 
were  perinitted  lo  di-rive  trom  the  ahohtioii  of  llie  pro- 
lecioral  iiovernment.  In  trie  interval  between  that 
event  and  llie  restoration.  tJiHy  4'Ypcrienced  such  addi- 
tUMial  seventy  as  a^ain  eh>.:it<'d  from  one  of  ilieir  num- 
ber llie  propherv  of  utioihiT  i")litical  nvolutton.  These 
sevcririns,  partly  occasioned  'w  the  aver»ioii  which  the 
presbvieriiiii  ininibterd  and  in-itfiatrales  entertained  for 
the  doctrines  of  Ihoqnaker",  *ero  alt.o  in  part  provoked 
hy  the  frcnty  and  indecency  with  which  many  of  the 
professors  of  thene  doctrine."  'honght  proper  fosigiialise 
their  contempt  for  tho  worship  of  (heir  adversaries, 
f'^l]  To  the  comtnittoo  of  safety,  in  whose  hands  tho 
fciipreine  power  was  lodged,  the  qnakers  w?re  rendered 
additionally  obnoxious  hy  Uio  progress  which  their 
tenets  had  made  arnon;^  the  veteran  soldiers  nf  the 
cnmmonwealih.  and  the  sucecss  vrilh  which  (Jeortro 
Kox  interpo<«ei|  to  prevent  a  body  of  tliese  converts 
from  joining  the  parliair  itary  forces  who  were  mareh- 
inj;  to  suppress  llie  insurrection  o(  the  royalists  in  Che- 
shire. They  ret'nsed  to  interpose  for  tho  liberation  ol 
those  qnikers  whe  had  been  imprisoned  by  the  inagi?*- 
traies  as  vaLfahonds  and  disturbers  of  the  peace  or 
even  to  restrain  the  outrages  nf  the  populace,  who 
in  many  places  bei^an  to  insult  and  disturb  the  qiiaker 
assemblies.  The  advancement  of  General  Monk  lo 
the  supreme  dinclion  of  affairs,  nol  only  iiratitied  the.so 
8ecti.res  wiili  the  aceoinplishmoiit  of  another  predic- 
tion, but  encoiiraireil  them  to  ;-ipfCta  favorabh^chaitije 
III  their  own  siination.  Monk  issued  an  order  tliat  no 
further  disturbance  shu<.id  be  given  to  the  peaceable 
meeliihjs  of  ih(>  qt.akers,  and  he  listened  to  their  com- 
pi.iiiits  with  a  respect  ami  attention  which  they  bad  not 
been  able  to  procure  from  his  predecessors  in  uuthonty. 
■''he  hopes  winch  this  altereti  irealment  gave  rise  to, 
were  realised  at  the  restoration.  Vo  the  favorable  re- 
gards of  tho  kmij,  the  quakers  were  recoinmendeu  by 
the  complaints  ihev  preferred  against  every  description 
of  aiihority  that  l;a<l  subsisted  in  Knglaiid  during  tho 
suspension  of  monarchy,  and  by  the  peculiar  enmity 
Uiey  expressed  a;j.iinst  those  who  were  also,  irian  emi- 
nent de>rr(^e,  the  objects  of  iiis  own  dislike.  Their  ac- 
cusations of  the  government  of  New  KngUtid.  in  par- 
tKMilar.  met  with  a  gracious  aceeptaife.  uiid  produced 
an  order  for  the  suspe-nion  of  all  further  seventies 
n^ainst  them  m  that  quarter.  Upwards  of  seven  hun- 
dred qnakers  were  released  from  various  prisons  in 
England,  and  hd  assurance  was  given  (bat  a  comptutu 
loleratio'i  of  quaker  worship  would  be  establislicd  by 
law.  The  fullibnent  of  this  assurance,  however,  was 
obstructed  by  certain  of  the  kin:;'s  ininiiiters,  who, 
Hion^h  willing  liy  delusive  pretences  to  tranqnilliso  all 
the  dissenters  till  the  newly-restored  monircby  might 
appear  to  be  lirmly  established,  w(>rc  recretly  ileter- 
iiiined  to  enforce  a  strict  mnfortnity  of  religions  worsliip 
in  Ivnutaiid  ;  and,  lieforo  many  inonlhs  of  the  new 
nugn  had  elapsed,  their  purpose  W)*s  etfeclually  pro- 
moted hy  a  circnmstance  which  suddenly  and  com- 
pletely eximgnislied  wlialrverof  eouit  favor  the  quakers 
had  really  or  seeininglv  enjo\cd.  Meanwhile,  the  seel, 
like  all  otht  rs,  was  iiidul:fed  with  an  actual  toleration, 
which  was  dibiTiuit!  improved  by  :1s  founder  and  his 
wiser  aijsociaies  in  multiplying  their  converts,  and  iii- 
triuluriii'f  into  their  sottietv  a  ^yslem  of  order  and  disci- 
pline tliat  tended  to  curli  the  wild  spirit  which  had 
trans|iofled  tto  inanv  votaries  of  quakerism  beyond  the 
boniiiU  of  decency  and  sobriety,  and  exposed  iheir  pro- 
fession. In  so  maiiv  pi  ices,  to  reproach  and  persecution. 
Milt  tilts  stale  of  niiiiiotestrd  tranquillity,  together 
Willi  tlnr  hope  of  aeeniii  it  perpetuated  liy  law,  were 
quickly  destroyed  bv  a  viotenl  explosion  of  fury  and 
fanaticism  from  a  dilfrrerit  t.t>dy  of  sectarians.  In 
some  points,  both  of  doctrine  and  prr.ctiee,  the  "  Kiftb 
Monarchy  men,"  or  "  .Millenariaiis,"  bore  a  strontj  re- 
semhluiK  e  to  ihe  quakers;  a  temjioral  hierarchy,  ill 
particiiUr,  wa.*  eipmllv  odious  to  tioth,  and  both  re- 
jected, on  all  occaNimis,  ibe  cercmotinil  of  an  oath. 
The  miilenanans.  however,  went  a  step  furiner  than  tho 
quakers,  and  held  thmiselvrs  entitled  to  eni|doy  force 
lor  ibe  overthrow  of  every  lemiairal  supremacy  that 
nstirped  the  place,  and  obstructed  the  advent,  of  that 
soirittial  dominion  wtiich  they  ea^ftrlY  expected  lo  be- 
hohl.  (ieor<{e  Fox,  on  tlie  contrary,  bad  tanglil,  from 
ihe  beiiinning  of  his  ministry,  that  it  was  absolutely 
unlawful  to  employ  any  oilier  tlia.i  spiritual  \;eapoiia 
for  the  promoiixtn  of  spiritual  eiidn.  or,  iiuleed,  of  any 
euiU  whatever.  Uul  he  w.is  well  aware  thai  he  bad 
colloetej  around   him   inaiiv    if  the  wildest  and  most 

wii 'II  prH^i  ii)i<  i>i  iiarh  tiittfit  by  il  i)ii  ikur,  w.io  rall>'<l  uiii 
liial  lilt  liail  a  iiiHitK,i;(L'  1(11  II  (he  L'ii.l  lu  ilif  prolt-clur-  ihiJ. 
7U  ;  an>l  tin  li.til  kbi-ii  a  tumnlu  '[lUkei  t-mei  Mtark  ii  ikt^l  jutu  a 
cliurch  wlieru  lie  wad  ».'Uni{  wilh  111*  utfi<:urs  at  Uivnio  wor- 
itiip.    Uttiae,  vu.  136. 


cotnhnslihie  spirits  in  Ihe  kingdom  ;  and  the  exaggera- 
tion of  bis  own  principles,  wbnh  he  beheld  in  llie  de- 
meanor of  many  of  bis  own  followers,  touelher  with 
numberless  e.x,.  .ipb-s  among  ihe  oilier  sheets  and  fao- 
ttoiis  of  which  the  tiituts  wtrre  so  proli.'ic.  li.id  forcibly 
taught  him  by  what  insensible  gradations  the  mimls  cf 
men,  when  iboron-ihlv  heated  hy  religious  or  polttir.^) 
zeal,  are  cirrted  from  the  dmapprobatinn  of  hostile  in- 
BlitolioiiH  into  the  conviction  of  an  especial  call,  or  of 
a  clear  moral  duly,  lo  attempt  their  sihversion  It  was 
tberofore  with  no  small  alarm  that  Fox  no-.'  beard  of  the 
projects  that  the  millenariaiiH  entertained  some  time 
prior  to  the  restoration,  of  efTeeiing  by  force  of  arms 
tho  establishment,  rr  at  least  the  recognition,  of  the 
.Messiah's  person  •[  .jign  n)>on  earth  ;  and  he  had  pub- 
lished, at  the  time,  an  earnest  remunstrance  lo  all  his 
followers  on  tho  unlawfninoi's  of  liesigns,  which.  Iiow- 
ever  remote  from  their  distinctive  prinuiplcK.  would 
prove,  he  feared,  but  lou  rongeniat  to  the  spirit  with 
wiiich,  in  many  instances,  these  principles  were  asso* 
ciated.  liut  his  endeavors,  whatever  etfcct  lliev  tnai 
have  produced  (mi  his  own  fol|ower.\  faded  to  convince 
the  public  that  there  was  any  radical  or  solid  distinc- 
tion lictweeii  the  quakers  and  llie  inilteMuriatis  ;  and 
what  probably  conlrtbuted  lo  sharpen  his  own  appre 
heiisions,  as  well  as  to  increase  tlie  public  preposses- 
sion, was,  that  the  quakers  were  eucninliered  wilh  8 
number  of  partial  and  temporary  adherents,  the  limits 
«f  whoso  faith  they  werr  unable  to  asceriam  by  refe- 
rence lo  a  creed,  and  wlio,  liitliiiir  from  sect  to  sect, 
uoeording  to  the  ebbs  and  (lows  of  tlieir  own  humor  and 
cupnce,  remained  only  long  enough  with  anv  c  .e  to 
infect  It  with  their  own  teviiy,  and  dishonor  it  wu!!  a 
share  of  their  own  reputation.  The  itisurrection  that 
liroke  forth  among  the  millenariuns,  in  the  tir.->t  year  of 
the  restuied  moiurcby,  proved  iii;^btv  prejudicial  to  lliti 
interests  of  the  quakers,  not  only  from  the  comiium 
opinion  thai  ibe  principles  of  the  i  .o  seels  were  sub- 
Btantmlly  the  «ame,  but  from  the  pi  iiisibtc  grounds  that 
were  atforded  to  lb*'  »dv;  r;viii,  s  ol  to!'.?rdtion  ;  and  the 
pledges  which  the  government,  no  less  iilarmed  than 
provoked,  determined  lo  ex^ici  fVotn  every  de.Keriplion 
of  Us  subjects.  The  ipiakers  now  becime  the  objects 
of  peculiar  jeahinsy,  from  their  n^fusal  to  ^nve  assiiraiico 
of  lidelity  to  Ihe  king  by  taking  the  oath  of  allrgra'tce, 
and  were  assailed  with  a  rigor  and  icabty  of  persecu- 
tion which  as  yel  they  had  never  experienced  in  Kti^- 
Und.  They  were  at  tirsi  incbided  along  wiili  thn  rnil- 
lenariaiis  in  a  royal  proclamation  which  forbade  either 
ot  these  classes  of  seciaries  from  assembling  under  pre- 
tence of  worship  elsev'-hcre  than  in  parachial  chiirchrs, 
but  were  soon  after  distnigmslied  by  the  provisions  of 
an  i<ct  of  pdrltaiiient  that  applied  exclusively  to  them- 
selves. Uy  lbs  statute  it  was  enacted,  that  all  qua- 
kers rclusing  to  lake  the  o  iih  of  ullegiaiice,  end  attsein- 
bling  to  the  number  of  five  persons  above  sixteen  years 
ol  age  for  the  purpose  of  divine  v^orship,  should,  for  tho 
tir<£  and  second  oilences,  incur  ihe  penalty  of  fvie  and 
impriaoiineiU,  and,  for  the  third,  should  either  atijnre 
the  realm  or  be  transported  beyond  it.  .Nav.so  cordial 
was  the  dislike  now  enlertained  by  the  conn  against 
the  quakers,  that,  instead  of  c  '^ploym;:  the  complaints 
of  this  seel  as  the  handle  for  a  quarrel  wiiii  the  obiiux- 
lo  U-,  province  o(  Massaciiubeils.  ii  wa.t  dcleriiiiiied  to 
sti.  up  the  enmity  lliat  had  been  exprcssi-d  in  this  pro- 
vince against  tin;  quakers,  and  to  itiviie  the  provtnciai 
governnienl  to  a  repetition  of  tht^  severit>es  that  had 
been  so  recently  prohibiled.  For  this  purpose,  ii  was 
Kignitied  to  the  governor  and  as^emltlv  of  .Ma-fsachu* 
belts,  by  a  letter  under  the  hand  of  ihe  king,  ibal  his 
niajesly,  tlioiigh  desirous  thai  liberty  of  conscience 
Kbould  be  granted  to  all  other  rebtjunis  professors  m  tho 
province,  would  be  glad  lo  bear  thai  a  severe  law  were 
pa.Hsed  agaiiisi  the  quakers,  whose  principles  be  reckon- 
ed iiicompuiible  with  the  existence  of  government. 
These  unfavorublo  sentiments  were  very  stiortlv  after 
exchanged  by  the  king  lor  a  jiisier  estimaie  if  qiiakoi 
pniicqdes.  In  a  conference  which  he  graiile  I  to  soino 
oi  the  litading  nieoibers  f  the  seel,  he  rece  ved  assu* 
ranees  winch  Katishtd  hnn  lit  idy  Uiat  this  people  had 
been  unjUAlly  euiilonnded  wit.  the  milleiiurians,  Iml 
that  their  prtnciplcs  with  leKpccl  U.  government,  includ- 
ing an  alwolniu  renniKiaiion  uf  the  right  of  resistance, 
wttre  such  as  ho  bad  reason  to  wn,h  more  generally  dif- 
fused through  Ins  domminus.  liut  this  alleration  in 
bis  seiilimeuis  produce<l  no  relaxation  of  the  legal  seve- 
nties to  which  the  qujkers  were  subjected,  and  wm 
,  aitended  with  no  oiber  consequence  than  a  familidr  and 
,  apparently  contideiitial  iiitereotirse  helwe";.  I.im  and 
'  some  of  iheir  iiiuri  emiiient  tuuders,  lo^^n  ihcr  with  tnany 
expressions  rf  regard  and  good  will  mi  his  part  wincn 
1  hu  wa^  nnwilliiuf  ur  unable   tu  suSstaniutu.     In  tiv> 


fMLZ!—!!": 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


319 


pcrfieciition  that  was  now  commcncbd  against  all 
cl.»!«sr»  of  (liMsenttTfl,  ihe  quakrrs  were  exposed  to  a 
more  ih;iii  cij  lal  share  of^pvrrjty  frotii  \\iv  unlit'tidiriii 
Zfitl   vvi'Ji    winch  lliry  rrlused  to  con(i)rin  fvi-n  in  ap- 

poaratirc  to  aiiv  om:  of  ihe  obnoxious*  ro'jnisilioiiii  of 
the  law,  and  the  eairerncss  wlih  winch  they  seized 
eviry  0|)|purtuiiity  of  in;ikn)^  indniffitt  iheir  furbidduti 
priictire.s,  iitid  si^ii.ilizing  their  |ieculiitr  nidn  of  |mlitMit 
«titr«riiit;  and  unconqnenihle  pfrsevoninco.  In  overy 
part  uf  KniiJand  the  qnakeis  were  haraxned  with  lines 
and  itnprihonnienis.  and  great  luitiihers  were  trans- 
ported to  Ilarhadoes  atid  to  the  Ameriean  soltlomentx.*^ 
where  they  furnird  a  valuahlc  addition  to  the  EnirJish 
poptd<(tinn,  and  >]  ickly  found  that  their  persecutors  in 
expellinir  iheni  !.>jni  their  native  land,  had  nncon- 
srioiislv  rofitrinuti'd  to  ihc  melioraiion  of  their  lot. 
Instead  of  the  wild  enthnsi;ists  who  had  formerly 
riisiihed  with  liedtMon^  zeal  to  New  F^nirland  in  quest  of 
p('r;<e.:iitiou,  there  was  now  nitroduued  into  America  a 
nmneroiis  liody  of  wiser  and  tuiider  professors  of  qua- 
kensm.  who-*e  v.ows  wero  ednfined  to  the  enjoyment 
of  that  lilierty  of  worship,  for  the  sake  of  which  ihev 
had  heen  driven  into  exile.  In  several  of  the  Atncrican 
provniee^,  as  well  a^  ni  the  island  of  Darhadoee,  thtjy 
experienced  an  ample  toleration  and  a  friendly  recep- 
tion from  the  ijovernmenis  and  the  inhabitants :  and, 
even  in  those  provinces  where  thev  were  still  the  ob- 
jectH  uf  snspicioti  mid  severity,  they  eontrihnted  to 
render  their  |;:inctp|(^M  less  unpo)>uljr.  by  demonslrat- 
HU  ^vith  what  useful  industry  and  peaceful  virtue  tlie 
profession  of  thetii  mi^hl  be  combined.  Contented 
\Mth  the  toleratiiin  o(  tlieir  worship,  and  dili^enlly  im- 
proviujT  the  adviuiaiff'*  of  their  new  lot,  many  of  their 
rules  attained,  in  a  few  years,  to  a  plentiful  and  pros- 
perous estate;  and  so  far  did  iliey  carrv  tlieir  willinij- 
ness  to  reconcile  their  own  lenein  uith  the  existini»  in- 
Rtiiuiions  and  prariice-*  of  the  countries  in  wliii-h  thev 
found  themsflvt*  oslablished,  that  in  ntanv  msiLsnces 
tliey  nniled  a  profe-<H:ou  of  «piakerism  with  the  purchase 
niul  employment  of  wpuro  slaves  Perhaps  the  deceil- 
t'lluess  of  the  luimaii  heart  was  never  more  strikini^ly 
exhibited  than  in  tins  tnoristrous  association  of  the  liia- 
rarters  of  emirs  for  ronscicnce  sake  aiul  ihe  princqdea 
of  universal  peacr  and  piiilanthropv,  Willi  the  condition 
of  slave  owners  and  tlie  exerrise  of  arbitrary  power 
Vet,  in  proc)!-*s  of  Mnie,  much  Rood  was  educed  from 
tins  evil;  and  ihe  inconai>t(MH"y  of  one  yeucrition  of 
qiiakers  enabj.d  tiieir  successors  to  exhibil  to  the 
wi^rld  a  nuMOorahle  example  of  disinterested  reiiard  for 
the  n<^hts  of  linmau  nature,  and  a  inaiiuaniinous  sacri- 
lire  to  the  requirements  of  piety  and  justice. 

The  priuci))les  of  the  sect  continued  meanwhile  to 
propa^Mte  themselves  in  IJiitaiti.  to  an  extent  thai  inort. 
Uufi  supplied  the  losses  Oi'casioiied  bv  tlie  liani,->hment 
of  so  ni:iny  of  their  prolcssor...  Almost  all  llie  other 
n.c:..  I;::;!  -■■'f,.-..)  ...  ■..(t;tt--.niiiit  of  piety  and  M'putaiiou 
fio.u  the  tiirious  disputes  and  vnidiriive  MruL'ttles.  that 
c'ti'uded  the  civil  wars  ;  and  wliili'  tin;  'V-jker:!  were 
disun^insheii  by  exemption  bom  'Ins  reproacti.  they 
were  no  |es<  aiivaiila^eon>lv  disliu^nishcd  bv  a  neventy 
if  perHciMiliou  which  erubleil  them  to  display  in  an 
eminent  dei>ree  the  prinn'ive  ijrace.t  of  cliristiau  -.-hrt- 
r'-*Ier.  It  was  no.v  that  tlieir  cause  was  e-.poii:,rd  and 
their  doctrines  dehuided  iiv  writers  wh.)  vn  Ided  to  no  le 
ul  llien-  cot'.uporaries  in  learniui,'.  eloquence,  or  inije- 
nuity,  and  who  have  never  been  equalled,  or  even  ap- 
proached, by  aiiv  succeeditiiT  authors  m  the  ranks  of 
the  (pi  ikers.  The  doctrines  that  had  floiiled  loosely 
thruu'jli  the  quaker  boily  were  no.v  collected  and  re- 
duced to  ail  orderly  .system  ;  the  ilis'-iplme  nece-*sary 
to  preserve  from  anarchy,  and  rest.iiu  the  fnitasiic  sal- 
lies which  the  tjenuine  principle  of  qnakerisni  is  pe- 
culiarly apt  to  he|,'ct.t  was  explained  and  enforced  ; 
Slid,  m  tilt;  midst  of  a  persece.jo  vhu.'*  drove  many  of 
the  preslivteridiia  of  Scoiland  to  Icspaii  and  rebellion, 
Ihe  quakers  henaii  to  add  to  their  zeal  and  resolution 
Itiat  nnldiiess  of  adilress  and  liaiiquil  i.r;?pr:"iv  of 
thouiiht  and  coudtn't  by  which  they  ire  now  innversally 

•  In  one  ves*)*!  alone,  winch  was  des patched  from  Biitilnix) 
in  Matrli  IIMH,  suiy  .piaker  cwivicti  wbio  khqtped  (or  Anie- 
rir:i.    WuliaihMoii's  North  Carolnii,  1  H*i. 

t  U.tlMTt  ll.irclnv.ilic  niiiiior  of  tliu  "  Apnloffv  for  the  (jiia- 
kt-rs."  iOKl  of  H  Irciiiiso  uu  'Mliu  Aniirctiy  uf  the  RunterH," 
)iM  poiltH|>s  done  more  limn  any  oCinr  wrtti  r  of  Ins  pttrsua- 
■1011  to  reiKier  iiuakfnsm  a  inetliodical  niid  ralion.i)  nvHtrtn. 
Yf  t  ilns  fiiunonl  person,  ttioiiKli  rflinarkablv  <li.4iinKumliril  for 
theiiirrnittli  iind  NimndneiH  ot  h\<  uiiditrstandu^  ami  the  ne- 
dai«ne.4a  'U  Imh  temper,  soon  after  his  conversion  tn  <iii;iker. 
Imii.  hctrayed  in  Ins  coaduct  RfttronK  taint  o'  LMUh'tHiastK'  ex- 
trivaiiance.  lie  linntelf  ineuiioiH,  tint  on  onn  occti^ion, 
hiVMi*  puperifiired  a  very  vivid  loiprcKmitn  of  ilir  duty  of 
WM<(iit«  tinontrh  lh«  stri'i-ls  ol  A'nnlewn  in  sackrloth  mikI 
asnrii.  he  could  not  lie  etuiv  till  he  liiid  <)>>t<vi>d  Itie  il>\  itin  c.ill, 
a«  he  cuncflivod  it  to  hava  iMtni.    Aiiiiii'«  Uuuuul  Uunrauhv. 


I  characterized.  Yet,  it  whs  lonjr  before  the  wihl  and 
!  enthusiastic  spirit  which  had  distinirnished  the  rise  of 
i  the  jiociety  was  banished  entirely  from  us  liusom  :  and 
while  it  continued  to  exert  its  mllui  net.',  a  consideraide 
'diversity  of  ^jetiliinent  and  language  prevailed  among 
the  quakers.  [:i2J  This  diversiiy,  in  jiaruciilar,  \vj.-» 
uninifest  in  the  senlimeiits  ihat  were  enitilaiiied  ^mUi 
rei'*ri  to  the  duty  of  confroniiiig  persecution.  While 
al.  considered  it  unlawful  to  forsake  their  ordmancea 
on  account  of  the  proiiibinon  of  their  oppressors,  there 
were  many  who  esteemed  il  no  less  a  d^rdcction  of 
duty  to  abandon  their  country  for  the  sake  of  a  peaceful 
erijoynent  of  tlieir  ordmances  in  another  land.  Con- 
siderinj»  quakerism  as  a  revival  of  primitive  Christianity, 
and  themselves  as  faied  to  repeat  the  fortunes  of  the 
lirst  Cliristians,  and  to  gain  the  victory  over  the  world 
by  evincing  the  fortitude  of  martyrs,  tiiey  bid  associated 
the  success  of  their  cause  with  the  iuHiction  and  cnd-;- 
tance  of  persecution,  and  deemed  the  retreating  from  u 
cuuntrv  where  this  evil  impended  over  them,  to  oi\e 
where  they  iniyhl  be  exempted  from  it,  eq.iivaleut  to 
the  desertion  of  the  contest  in  which  the  ;.revaieiicu  of 
truth  or  of  error  was  to  be  decided,  '^'oe  toUration  of 
their  [trincipb-s  seemed  to  be  less  the  object  of  their  de- 
sire than  the  victorious  spread  uf  tliem  ;  'Jiid  the  suc- 
cess of  ipiakcrism  in  L^nglaud  appeared  to  he  incuinplete 
without  Ihe  downfall  oi'  the  established  hicrarcliv.*  iiul 
there  were  others  of  more  moderate  temper,  who,  though 
willing  to  sustain  the  character  of  the  primitive  (Jtiri^- 
tiaiis  deemed  this  character  no  way  iuciiisislent  with 
the  exercise  of  that  liberty  which  ".as  expressly  con- 
ceded to  the  objects  of  their  luiitalion  in  the  apostolic 
direction  that  when  persecuted  m  one  city  they  sjiuuld 
dee  to  another.  Disturbed  in  iheir  religious  assemhln-s, 
harassed  and  impuverislied  by  tines  and  imprisoiiinfnis, 
and  vvitlul  continuutly  expo.sed  to  a  violent  removal  from 
their  native  land,  as  tlie  consequence  of  u  line  of  con- 
duct which  tliey  held  it  tneir  iluty  to  pursue,  they  were 
led  to  meditate  the  advantage  uf  a  voluntary  expatria- 
tion with  their  families  and  their  substance,  and  natu- 
rally cast  their  eyes  oi'  that  country  which,  noiwith- 
atanding  the  seventies  o.ice  inllicled  on  their  brethren 
in  some  of  its  proiinces,  had  always  presented  an  isy- 
lum  to  the  victims  of  persecution,  'i'lieir  regards  were 
farther  directed  to  this  quarter  by  the  number  kA  their 
fellow  sectaries  who  were  mtw  estabb-ilied  in  several 
of  the  North  Aiuurieaii  states,  and  the  freedom,  comfort, 
and  tranquillity  which  they  were  there  enabled  to 
enjoy. 

Such  was  the  s'tuation  of  the  quakers  at  the  time 
when  Lord  Merkeley,  alarmed  by  the  insubordn.auon  o( 
the  pi  niters  of  .New  lersey,  and  dissatislicd  with  an  ac- 
quisi'iori  which  seemed  likely  to  realize  the  predictions 
of  r'olonel  Niciiols.,  olfered  his  share  of  the  province 
for  sale.  He  .soon  received  the  proposal  of  a  price 
that  \\as  satisfactory  from  two  lingbsh  cjuakers  naiiieil 
KeiivM  k  and  IJvllmife,  and  in  the  year  Iti74,  in  coiiloi- 
niity  with  tueir  desire,  conveyed  the  subjeci  of  the 
purchase  to  the  first  uf  ihciie  per>ous  in  trust  for  tiie 
other.  Fenwick  appears  to  have  been  nnwurlhy  of  the 
contidence  implied  in  this  arrangement.  A  dispute 
soon  arose  between  Uvllnige  and  him  w  ith  regard  to 
their  respective  proportions  ul  interest  in  the  teiriiory  ; 
and.  to  avoid  the  scandal  o(  a  law  suit,  the  two  parties 
agreed  to  sut)unt  their  iirettnisious  to  the  judgment  ol 
tlie  celeluated  William  IVnti,  who  now  began  u>  occupy 
a  conspicuons  place  among  the  leaders  and  chituptons 
of  the  qnaker  cause.  IViin  Ibund  it  eisiK  to  appreciate 
the  merits  of  the  case  tnau  to  lerniinate  the  coiitru- 
versy  :  and,  after,  he  had  pronounced  an  award  in  favor 
of  IJvtlinge,  It  required  the  utmost  exertiouii  o'' his  ad- 
dress and  authority  to  prevail  upon  K«mp  >  ick  to  recog- 
nise It.  Vieldiiig  at  length  to  the  so'euin  and  earnest 
reitioustrances  of  IViin,  Kenwick  fomore  to  press  his 
unjust  demand  any  farther  ;  and,  in  the  year  Mi7>>,  with 
his  wife  anil  family,  aiitl  a  smalt  iroop  of  quaker  associ- 
ates, he  set  sad  from  tJnglund,  and  established  himself 
III  the  western  part  of  New  Jersey.  Uul  llytbnge  was 
now  no  longer  in  a  condition  to  profit  by  the  adjuBtinent 
of  the  dispute,  lie  had  sustained  such  losses  in  trade 
that  M  became  neceisary  for  liim  to  divest  himself  of 
the  whole  of  his  rcinaiumg  property  for  the  indenniitica- 
tioii  of  his  creditors;  and  as  the  most  valuable  part  of 
this  properly  consisted  of  his  New  Jersey  purchase,  he 

'  In  Near*  llixtory  of  the  Pmitans  (vol.  iv.)  there  Is  pre- 
served ait  .iccouiit  of  a  iieb.ite  wtucii  look  place  in  one  of  the 
cliurchoit  of  London  tM'twecn  an  Eiiijliidi  hmliop  and  a  parly 
i>f  Itiese  wilder  prolussort  of  qiiakvnsut  wno  willmKiy  ac- 
cppied  the  hifliup's  naU  challuinte  to  a  public  dinptitaiion. 
The  duhatti  wan  iliort.  and  noon  de^eniTKled  into  a  racipro* 
t:a(ion  ol  nhii>u,  ni  wtiicti  llio  bishop,  tiiiUiiitf  hMri-.ell  ii>  nt* 
iiieaii^  a  UMlcli  for  lu^  op|ior)uots,  look  (o  llulii,  and  mmi  pur- 
MiL'.i  i<t  Ins  tioiiHn  i>v  II  iDiiii  ut  'lu  ikt-rs,  v>>ciltfra>ing  at  tua 
hcola,  "  The  hireling  flicth,  thu  turtiUng  tiiath.'* 


>  was  the  more  iiaturallv  led  to  desire  ih.i:  i:^  ,iil,oini''Uj- 
tion  (<!iould  be  conlided  lo  llic  .-.nue  erij  nei*  rersori 
,  whose  good  ollices  had  ho  reccnilv  coiiinbuteti  to  a*- 
j  certain  and  jireserve  it.  Wilhani  I'eon.  after  soipc 
■  coiisideraiKUi.  agreed  to  nodetiake  this  diitv,  and.  m 
icoujunclion  wiih  (Jawcii  I.aurie  and  Nicliola.-.  Lie  a'-., 
-  two  tif  the  c.ednors  of  IJyll.ULie,  \t^r>\\  otd  liie  direction 
of  their  constituents'  share  of  the  New  .lersev  lerritorv 
The  (irst  care  of  Penn  and  his  associates  was  to  ei- 
feet  a  partition  of  the  province  between  themselves  and 
Sir  (ieorgu  Carteret  ;  and  u!*  all  parties  were  sensiiiiv 
of  the  disadvaiilHire  of  a  joint  property,  tlte  division  wat: 
aecumplished  without  dilticnlty  The  eastern  p.irt  of 
the  province  was  assigned  lo  Catieret,  under  the  name 
of  llast  aXcw  Jersey  ;  the  western,  to  IJylbnoe's  ae- 
signess,  who  named  their  moiety  West  New  Jersey. 
The  administrators  of  tills  latter  lerriiorv  then  proceeded 
to  divide  il  into  a  li'iiidred  lots,  or  proprieties;  im  oJ 
which  they  assigned  lo  I-'eiiwick,  and  the  reuiaimug 
niiiely  they  reserved  for  sale  for  the  b.-iielii  of  tue  ^■ro• 
dit)^rsof  Uylbnot).  Ttieirnt-xt  and  must  ini|iori.iut  pro- 
ceednig  was  lo  frame  a  political  colt.^lltutloo  for  (he 
purchasers  and  future  tnliabilaut'.of  ihe  laud,  wtiicn  wai; 
promnlgat(!d  under  llie  title  of  "  «  onces>!ons.'*  or  terniu 
of  yranl  and  aoreement.  to  be  mutuallv  sionid  by  ihe 
venders  and  pi.rchasi^rs  ol  itie  lerritorv  'I'liis  instrnoienl 
adopted  the  provis:u:is  that  had  l)cen  previously  enacted 
by  IJerkelev  and  (^irteict  for  the  exenipfion  of  the  pr'> 
vinci.ds  fron  all  la.ves  but  such  as  ineir  o.vn  native  as- 
semblies sliould  lnlpo^(.■  on  them,  and  for  the  si^curity 
of  religious  freedom  ;  the  clause  bv  wli.cli  tins  jatior 
provision  was  inliodnced  lieing  pietaied  bv  a  general 
declariliou,  "  tuit  no  men,  nor  iinmlur  of  men,  iijioii 
earth  iiave  power  to  rule  over  men's  consciences  in 
religiou.s  matters."  It  was  appointed  that  liie  peiq>le 
should  meet  annually  to  choose  one  lioni-s'  inaii  lor 
eacii  pttipriety  to  .Ml  lu  the  proviuci.il  a.—enil'iv  ;  ihat 
"  these  elections  In?  not  determined  bv  the  coiu.iion  and 
confused  way  uf  cries  and  voices,  but  bv  |Mittin^  balls 
Into  balloting  boxes  to  be  providcil  for  that  purpO!»e,  foi 
the  prevention  td"  sU  iiartiality,  and  wbereltv  evecy  man 
may  freely  choose  according;  to  Ins  own  )nd::iueiu  and 
honest  inlentioii  ;"  and  that  every  nu-ntbcr  of  a^seiutt'y 
should  be  altowetl  a  shilling  a  day  dnrnni  the  session. 
"  that  thereby  he  i  lay  be  known  tu  be  the  servimt  ol 
the  people."  Kvery  man  was  to  be  cap.ible  of  chuo.-.in(j| 
and  being  cboLeii  lo  sit  in  these  as^ciiilili(-s,  wluch  were 
vested  with  the  power  tu  make,  alter,  and  repeul  |avvf«, 
and  to  elect,  from  time  to  iinie  a  committee  of  antiiht- 
ants  lo  carry  the  laws  into  execution.  Wnhout  ilm 
verdict  o\'  a  jury,  no  man  could  be  ariested.  eouriiud, 
or  deprived  of  life,  blM'rty.ur  estate  Iinpnsonmenl 
for  debt  was  diMailuwed  :  and  a  bankrupt,  alter  siirren* 
deriiig  his  e.-.tule  to  his  i-reditors.  was  set  at  Itberiv  to 
w<M'U  again  for  hirnselt  and  Ins  laoiilv.  Such  is  an  out 
hue  uf  the  toinpo>iiion  lhat  forms  the  lirst  essav  oi 
q  laker  legislation,  and  entitles  its  HUlhurs  to  no  mean 
Nliare  iii  the  honor  ul  planting  religions  and  political 
liberty  in  Anurica.  "There,  '  saiil  I'enn  .ind  bis  cob 
leagui  s,  111  allusion  to  this  Irui)  of  their  labors,  "  we  laj 
a  fouiidatiou  lor  after  aui-s  to  nuder»tand  their  liberty  A-i 
men  and  christians,  that  they  may  not  be  brouuht  m 
bond.ige  but  by  their  own  consent ;  *  for  we  put  tba 
power  III  Ihe  peopiu.'  '* 

The  publication  of  this  iiistrurneiit,  which  its  aiithord 
accompanied  tvith  a  special  recoonnendatiim  of  ilie  pro 
vmce  to  the  members  of  their  own  religious  fraternity 
produced  an  immediate  display  ot  that  diversity  o\  seif 
timent  winch  had  be_Min  to  prevail  ainong  the  socie*^ 
of  quakers.  Many  prepared  with  alacrity  tu  einl»rac«. 
the  propo^als  of  tlie  trustees,  and  expressed  the  met 
exaggerateil  expectations  of  the  liberty,  prosperity,  and 
repose  that  awaited  tiiein  in  tiie  new  seitlement  ;  wtiilu 
others  ret/arded  with  jeahnisv,  and  even  veheiuentiy  op- 
posed a  Aeccf.sion  which  they  considered  pnsilUunnoua 
and  discreilitable.  To  moderate  the  expeelationa  of 
the  one,  and  to  appease  the  jealousy  uf  the  other  of 
these  parties,  Williani  I^enn  and  Ins  colleagues  ad- 
dresse-*  a  eirculer  letter  to  the  members  of  their  sect, 
HI  which  they  sulmiuly  cautioned  them  against  leaving 
their  country  trom  a  ttmid  reluctance  lo  bear  testimony 
to  their  prii'cipks,  from  an  impatient  unsettled  temper, 
or  from  any  motive  inferior  to  a  debberate  conviction 
that  the  (ion  uf  all  the  earth  opened  their  way  to  New 
I  Jersey,  and  sanctioned  fheir  removal  (hither.  They 
were  admonished  to  reinentber  that,  although  qunkei 
principles  were  estatdisl.ed  in  the  proyinco.  only  quakei 
safeguards  could  be  interposed  or  lelied  oti  fur  their 
preneivation  ;  and.  in  paiticular,  that  the  religious  tola* 
latiun  which  Wis  lo  be  established  must  depend  fur  its 
coiitinuauce  on  the  aid  of  lhat  Ilemg  with  whose  wdl 
thoy  beltevod  il  to  concur,  and  coutd   «v«r  \f  (lef«iul«i| 


830 

I'V  forrc.  nr  vioJHiii'r*  ntrainflt  the  ermofan  opfireajor. 
To  ihi  u.!mnmtorv  loiter  tlitre  was  annoxi-il  "A  Dtv 
flC'iiit"* :  ut  H'tiat  NfW  JtTsev.''  lor  the  Ih-Ult  infonna- 
tiort  of  Miiprirttiiif  colorii«ta,  in  which  nniiie  trivial  rxau- 
ficntiim^  rhai  hud  iijm(!  uliroiMl  rcsprctini;  tin:  cxtit'l- 
leiic-e  nt'tlio  floil  and  ctunnte  wen>  riirrcrtrtl.  hut  iti  the 
inrtiii.  a  iiiOHt  iiiviiiii<{  rcprbseiitatiuii  o(  the  sctlluiiiRiit 
was  :;oiivevcd  This  |tuh|icatioti  was  certainly  not  in- 
tuiid  -d  to  rrprcsa  the  srdor  ofqiiskcr  ornigraliori ;  nei- 
thei  had  it  any  siirh  eirucl  Nnineruns  imrchshes  of 
rolotiial  land  were  inado  hy  qiiakufd  in  various  |tarLs  of 
Ijii^laiid  ;  ami.  in  the  course  of  the  year  1077.  upwards 
of  luui  hundred  nrrtiona  of  this  persuasion  trans{>ortcd 
thnnmelvcs  to  West  Nrw  Jersey.  Many  of  these  were 
IHTMOhf  of  cormideruhle  Huhstanre  and  respcclahility* 
who  earned  with  ilicm  their  childmn  andservanls  ;  and 
aloiii!  tvith  them  were  strut  a  hoard  of  cuminisiiioDcrs 
Btipuiuird  hv  IVnii  and  liix  rnlleai;iies  to  make  pariition 
of  tlif!  landK,  and  piircliii<>>e  the  utMpiiesccnce  and  friend- 
ship of  the  Iudi.iti!«  \Vhil<- (lie  ship  that  rurried  out 
the  rirst  dei^rli'ueiit  of  tih'xe  etiii^rduts  was  lyiniT  in 
the  TLaines,  and  prrpiiriii^  to  sjiI,  it  hajipened  that 
Chartt'a  (he  Si'(ond  was  pds!iin{>  hy  in  hn  pleasure 
hartre.  Ohservnii:  a  numluT  of  qiiakrr.-*  on  Iward,  the 
kini;  came  aloi)<rsidf  the  \essi-|.  und  inqiiin-d  whiiher 
rhty  wtTfi  hound.  Iiiforinml  <if  tlirir  purpose,  hi*  asked 
if  they  wrre  all  (luakers.  and,  hein|^  answered  in  the 
sinrni'iMvi*.  he  irave  theui  Iiih  lilrssinj;  and  departed* 

On  their  arrival  in  America,  the  (pMkcrs  very  soon 
dii*covered  that  the  danjier  of  a  lawlt-ss  encroachine.u 
on  their  privijt  <.'e'4  liad  nut  hern  siigifrsted  to  then,  in 
VQiM  Andrus  sinn.iionrd  tlirm  to  ui-kiiuwlediie  the 
M>verie^iitv  of  his  uiartier,  (hi-  I)  ike  of  Vurk  ;  atfirnuiig 
that  his  own  hfi'  wontd  he  endauirfred  if  he  Khonid  ven- 
tur<^  10  r('ro>;iii/i<  (livir  iiidrpendeiiee  without  an  ex- 
pip!ts  nrdi-r  frum  tlie  dukit  W'iien  tlii^v  ri-nionatrated 
HU.Miisi  (his  iisiirpa'kiri,  Aiulrns  em  shori  the  cnntro- 
v>T!«v  l)v  puiiitiiii!  Ill  hi.-t  sword  :  and  a^  thin  was  an 
ar_;nnienl  wiur-h  tiif  ipiakcrs  wpre  precluded  from  re- 
lorti,-;,  thev  fulMniHi'il  fur  the  present  to  Ins  v'olrn'-c. 
mid  iickiiiuvh'd'ji  (I  )h(Mn.><>lve?t  ami  tlifur  lerntury  snh- 
](>c-l  III  ihe  Dike  nf  Vink.  till  ihe  i^sue  of  an  applica- 
tinii  for  r«dn'S!i,  which  thcv  traiiarnitti'd  to  Kiijiianil. 
'I'hi  V  weri!  coinpelhd  lor  wime  tune  to  endur<Mhr 
hirdship«  iiisr|.  >ralt|e  from  tin-  oi'cupation  of  a  dcmert 
Imd  Hut  thesi?  hardships  wt-rp  surmounted  hy  in- 
Hustrv  atid  patiencf  ;  and  llicir  first  nettjemeni,  to 
wlitcli  ihi'V  tiavT  ihe  name  of  Hnrlinirion,  tpiii^kU'  exhi- 
lu't'd  a  thrivm-;  appfaraiice,  and  wao  rrplt'i;i>hrd  vMth 
inhaluiaiiiM  hv  Auci-e:(r(ivc  iirnvaU  of  addilional  qu-jker 
emi«ir.iMis  from  the  parent  state  [IfiVH]  It  was  oh 
jcrved  in  ihi>.  ns  in  inoj-t  of  the  other  inf.mt  seille- 
im'nt«  ill  Aniertca.  that  the  su'-cess  •)(  nidivid'ial  colo- 
l:!,*t..«  wAt  III  yeueril  proportioned  to  the  ortiiind  hutm- 
Itv  «>f  liieir  eo!ii|;tiou,  and  tile  de^Tee  of  reiiiM'  e  winch 
liii'V  pliced  on  the  resource  uf  iheir  own  una^sisled  lu- 
d  mrv.  Manv  who  emigrated  as  sirvunlsi  were  more 
prosperous  than  othern  who  iiupnrli;d  a  coiiKideriihle 
stilistaiH-e  aluu;/  with  them  Inured  lo  iudu>iry,  tiiev 
denied  Imtn  :l  a  return  so  4m|  le.  as  soon  euahled  ihcm 
to  rise  ahove  a  niate  of  servitiul.*,  and  culliv.iie  land  on 
tU\  ir  o.vu  acrounl  ;  while  tlie  olhera,  sulisisLing  loo 
lon<i  nil  iheir  i  tip'irted  Hiock,  and  relying;  loo  far  upon 
the  lured  lahnr  of  the  poor,  \rerc  net  nnfrcij.ientlv  re- 
duced 10  indii»eiice.  The  (irst  exertions  ot  the  eolo- 
iiisi?'  I<t  procure  theniselves  n  livehhood  had  heen  facili- 
taied  1>y  the  friendly  assiHlance  of  the  Iridi.ms  ;  hut  a 
lii»n:'l«  aitHcI<  was  noon  th  .'Stened  hy  these  sjva^es. 
who,  on  lindtu^  ihat  a  danL!erou<4  rptdemic  had  liroke 
out  ainohii  liu'io,  accused  iheir  neitdih-^rK  of  having 
treii'iierou.-ilv  ,v.«/./  ifum  tfu-  simifl  pux.  The  dan;»er, 
hov\ever.  wjs  averted,  hy  the  mHufluce  nf  an  Indian 
chiel.  \vh(»  assured  his  cowniryiii'M  tnat  siuidar  diseased 
had  alM'cieil  ineif  forefalhers,  wjnl.^  as  yel  they  had  no 
intfTCtt'  f<e  with  stramjers,  and  that  such  calamities 
\\-  M  not  of  earthly  oriitiu.  hut  eauie  down  fnmi  heaven. 
I67yj  Sir(ieor:re  Tarteret.  ilie  proprietary  of  East 
^'■r.^t'v.  dii'd  Ml  1(»7'J.  havtn|j;  derived  no  litt'.e  hem  lit 
fro  n  hiK  Auieiican  lernlorv.  that  he  louml  it  necessary 
to  liripiiMiih  It  hy  tiiH  will  to  tfusieps,  who  were  in- 
rtnicled  in  diKpone  of  it  for  ttie  udvaiitaire  ol  liii*  credi- 
tors. The  isemption  which  thn  district  had  he.-n  per- 
mmed  to  t  iijuy  from  the  jurisdieiion  of  the  D.ue  uf 
Vork,  had  not  contrdnited  lo  inuderate  the  discontent 
\v.t!i  which  tlie  inhiihKanth  of  West  Jersey  SMhinitled 
to  an  aiittiuiiiy  fro.n  which  their  rijfht  to  h**  exempted 

•  8.  S  iiith,  *W— 93.  Pripu.i'ii  Hutory  of  PeiiiiRylvanla,  i. 
ISS— |4I.  Till"  IS  It  vpiy  fccaire  wnrk.  I  am  liiUubted  to  lUv 
kirel  it'h*  1)1  Ur.  Suns,  <ii  {'  iven>ii!tli  Si]*i:ire,  Lfititlmi,  lor  it )«. 
ffusal  il  '  ne  ul  iho  ver\  tv*  .  oj.iex  nl  It  ttial  .uo  to  iiu  fouii  I 
hi  Fui  i|te.  It  \^n  work  oi  ureal  ri-itinrcli,  amUiinimiiiiiir  Mith 
valual'ln  inaHci  ;  hut  om*  nl  Ilie  niuit  c<infu>>eti  uitd  leiliuus 
•BBipuiiuoiu  tlut  uvor  lor maiited  liuinan  ^atierics. 


THE    HIST  OKY   OK 

I  was  oqnatl;  clear  They  had  never  ceased  to  impor- 
I  tiiiu'  the  duke  for  a  redreoA  of  this  t^rif>vnnce  ;  and  were 
at  iimt'ih  provoked  lo  additional  vehemence  of  com- 
plaint and  nri:eiicv  of  sohciiaiio  .  hy  a  tax  which  An- 
I  dros.  in  the  exercise  of  his  masH-r's  pretended  nove* 
reioiiry,  inipused  on  the  imporialion  of  Kuropean  iner- 
chandue  nito  West  Jersey.  Weariei)  at  length  with 
the  continual  iinportnuity  uf  theite  suitors,  rather  than  i 
inovsd  with  a  sense  ol  honor  or  equity,  this  unjust  | 
prince  consented  to  refer  the  matter  of  their  tompUint 
to  certain  Lommissioners,  hy  whom  it  was  finally  re- 
mitted [1A80]  to  the  le^ral  opinion  of  Sir  William 
Jones.  The  ar^ntnent  employed  in  behalf  of  the  colo- 
nists of  West  Jersey  on  this  occasion,  was  prepared  by 
William  Penn,  Ocorge  Hutchinson,  and  several  other 
coadjutors,  chiefly  of  iho  quaker  persuasion,  and 
breather  a  firm  nmlaunted  spirit  of  liberty,  worthy  of 
the  founders  of  a  North  American  commonwealth. 
"Thus  then,"  they  innmled,  aftir  a  narrative  of  the 
titles  by  which  ihe  territory  bad  heen  transmitted  to 
them,  *•  -ire  come  to  buy  that  moiety  which  belonged  to 
Ijord  Berkeley,  for  a  valuable  consideration  :  and  in 
the  conveyance  he  made  us,  powers  of  uovcrnmeiit  are 
expressly  ^ranted  ;  for  that  only  could  have  inducj-d  us 
to  buy  It;  and  the  reason  is  plain,  because  to  alt  pru- 
dent f;ien  the  government  of  any  place  is  more  inviting 
than  tiie  soil.  For  what  is  jjood  land  w;lhoiif  good 
laws  !  the  better  the  worse.  And  if  we  could  not 
assure  people  of  an  easy,  and  free,  and  safe  govern- 
ment, both  with  respect  to  their  spiritual  and  worldly 
property, — Ihat  is  an  uninterrupted  liherty  of  coii- 
scier.je.  and  an  inviolable  possession  of  their  tivil 
riiihis  and  freedoms,  liy  a  jiisi  und  wise  i;ovrrnnienl,— 
a  mere  wilderneiis  would  bn  no  encoiirajfc^ment  ;  for  it 
were  a  madness  to  leave  a  free,  ijood,  and  improved 
country,  to  plant  in  a  wilderness,  and  there  adventure 
many  thousands  of  poiind.^  to  mvc  an  absolute  title  to 
another  person  to  tax  us  al  will  and  pleasure."  Hav- 
intj  adverted  lo  the  ari,nimenl  in  snj.port  of  the  duke's 
usurped  auil'onty,  they  coiilinned^"  Natural  ri^ht  and 
human  prudence  oppo-'e  such  doctrine  all  the  world 
over  :  lor  what  is  it  but  to  say,  that  people  free  by  law 
under  iheir  prmce  at  home,  are  at  hts  mercy  in  the 
pl.iniaiionA  abruad  And  why!  because  he  is  a  con- 
queror there;  but  slill  at  the  hazard  of  the  lives  of  his 
own  pcuple,  and  at  the  eosi  and  charpc  of  the  public. 
We  could  say  more,  but  choose  to  let  it  drop.  But 
our  case  is  better  yet ;  for  the  king's  grant  to  the  Duke 
of  Vork  IS  plainly  restrictive  to  ihe  laws  and  govern- 
ment of  Kngland.  Now  the  coustitutibn  and  govern- 
ment of  England,  as  we  humbly  conceive,  are  so  far 
from  countenancing  any  such  authority,  that  il  is  made 
a  fiindamuntat  in  our  constitution,  that  the  king  of  Eng- 
land caimot  justly  take  hi.s  subjects'  goods  without  their 
consent.  Tins  needs  no  more  lo  be  proved  than  n 
principle  ;  it  is  ii\  home-born  right,  declared  to  lie  law 
hy  divt;r^  statutes  "  "  To  give  up  this."  they  added. 
••  tlie   power  of  making  laws,  is  lo  change  the  govern- 


ment, to  sell,  or  raihcr  resign  ourselves  to  the  will  of 
another;  arid  ;hat  fur  noliung  ;  Tor.  under  favor,  wo 
liuy  noihinrol  ine  dnkc,  if  not  the  right  of  an  nndis- 
turtied  euloiiizing,  and  thit  as  Knghahmcii  with  no 
diminution,  but  ratlicr  expectation  of  some  increase  of 
lliosc  freedoms  and  privilegrs  enjoyed  in  our  own 
country  :  tor  llio  soil  is  none  of  his;  'lis  the  natives', 
liy  the;(/.v  ^r,/;,/„/ni,  the  law  of  nations;  and  it  would 
he  an  ill  arguuie-ii  to  convert  them  to  Christiiuity,  to 
exfiel  instead  uf  purchasino  them  out  of  those  countries. 
Il  then  Ihe  country  he  theirs,  it  is  not  the  duke's;  he 
cannot  frell  it,  then  what  have  we  bought!"  *' To 
coii-'ude  tins  point,  we  huiiiMy  say  that  w«  have  not 
losi  any  part  ol  o  ir  hiieny  by  leavip.g  our  country  ;  fur 
we  leave  not  our  kinj;,  nor  our  go*  eminent,  by  quitting 
our  soil  ;  hut  we  IraiiNplanl  to  a  phicc  given  by  the 
same  king,  with  express  ImiiUiiiuii  to  erect  no  |H)litv 
contrary  to  the  same  established  government,  but  a^ 
near  as  may  be  to  it ;  and  tins  variation  is  allowed  but 
lor  tlie  sake  of  einergoncies  ,  and  thai  latitude  bounded 
hy  these  words,  /or  (he  iiuud  of  (Ui  uitrcnlurn  and 
filatitcr"  In  a  subsequeni  part  o(  their  pleading.* 
they  rrniark,  that  "  there  is  no  end  of  this  power  ,  fur 
Mtice  we  are  hy  this  precedent    assessed  without    any 

*  Tlii»  cuii.uH  docuuienl,  which  (like  inoi.t  .luik-r  pnnluc- 
tion.)  M  Me.  ewliHl  tclioin,  hUiI  enrirtiiHl  Willi  mmm  ihct'lay 
til  Ifiial  knowl.-.lire,  \*  (iruile.t  at  rull  leniithni  S,  S  iiitirs  Win- 
lor>.  Il  IS  reiiiiukahl*  Kuil  t'tia;\,er*  li;i  i  taken  no  notice  of 
It.  Wif.icrtsithiioi  rioi.  n.  |i.  Vh:  )  hat  itiven  nn  ahiiUitmi  ami 
very  limile>iu«ln  verMoii  nf  it.  Tlint  Penn  cnnrurrnl  In  tlio 
prcneniailoii  of  th^s  ploadni^,  l»  iiodpuiihle  ;  and  lirnco  ii  rniiv 
fie  fairly  i>re*uineil,  Itisl  he  as-.l.^loJ  in  its  cnni(Misillon.  But 
lliHt  ho  was  itie  M»le  auiluir  of  it,  a^  kouif  of  Inn  inikleni  hlo- 
ijrapiicrs  have  iii-ummml,  \n  iipMitfly  refill  d  bv  iU  slyle,  in 
>*hicli  not  the  ^linhlcst  re-tomblariLC  i»  (Jmcuveraliie  toaiiyuf 
lua  acknuwi«Ug«d  productions- 


law,  and  thereby  eiclnded  our  Knjrlis'h  riirht  of  comr^ion 
assent  lo  taxes,  what  secnritv  have  we  nf  any  tnuig  we 
possess  '.  W'v  can  call  noihing  our  own.  b;it  ate  lenaiii^f 
at  will,  not  only  for  the  soil.  Inii  for  all  our  pcr.-onil 
estates.  This  is  to  transplant,  not  from  irond  to  better, 
hut  troin  good  lo  bad.  This  sort  of  conduct  ha;  de- 
stroyed government,  but  never  raised  one  to  jny  imn 
grcatneM.'*  *' l^aatly,  the  duke's  circumstances,  und 
the  poO|de*s  jealousies  considered,  we  humbly  submit 
it,  if  there  can  be  in  their  opinion,  a  greater  evidence  of 
a  design  (o  introilucn  an  unlimited  governmeot,  than 
both  to  effact  an  nnlerminated  lax  from  Bngbsli  plan- 
ters, and  to  continue  it  after  so  many  repeated  cum 
plaints  ;  and  on  the  contrary,  if  there  can  be  any  thing 
so  happy  to  the  duke's  present  affairs,  as  the  cpportu* 
nity  be  bath  to  free  that  country  with  bis  own  hand, 
and  to  make  us  all  owers  of  our  liberty  to  Ins  favor 
and  justice.  So  will  Englishmen  here  know  what  to 
hope  for,  hy  the  jnsiicr  mid  kindness  he  shows  to  Kng- 
ghshmen  there  ;  and  all  men  see  the  just  model  nf  his 
government  in  New  Vork  to  be  the  scheme  and  draught 
in  little  of  his  admiulstraiion  in  Old  KnuUnd  at  Urife, 
if  the  crown  should  ever  devolve  upon  his  head."  ITn- 
palalable  as  this  argument  must  doubtless  have  been  to 
the  British  court,  and  Ihe  counsellors  of  ihe  Duke  of 
Vork  at  this  period,  it  was  attended  with  the  most 
triumphant  success.  The  commissioners  to  whom  the 
ease  had  been  refeired  were  constrained  to  proiiounco 
their  judgment  in  conformity  wilh  ihe  opinion  of  Jones, 
"  that  0;*  the  grant  to  Berkeley  and  (Carteret  had  reserved 
no  profit  or  jurisdiction,  the  legality  of  the  taxes  could 
not  be  defended."  In  compliance  with  this  adjudica- 
tion, the  duke  without  farther  scruple  resigned  ill  his 
claims  on  West  Jersey,  and  conlirmed  the  province  it- 
self in  the  amplest  terms  to  its  new  proprietaries  And 
as  the  same  procedure  was  evidently  due  lo  Kast  Jer- 
sey, he  granted  soon  after  a  similar  release  m  favor  of 
the  representatives  of  his  friend  Sir  fJeorge  Oarteret. 
Thus  the  whole  of  New  Jersey  was  promoted  at  once 
from  the  condition  of  a  conquered  country  lo  the  rank 
of  a  free  and  independent  province  ;  and  made  the  ad- 
junct, instead  of  the  dependency,  of  the  British  empire. 
The  powerful  and  spirited  pleading,  bv  which  this  heiiu- 
lit  was  gained,  derives  addilional  interest  from  the  re* 
collection  of  the  conflict  that  was  then  carrying  on  in 
England  between  the  advocates  of  hherty  and  the  abet- 
tors of  arbitrary  power.  I  question  if  it  be  possible  to 
point  out,  in  any  of  the  writings  or  hirangues  of  which 
that  perioi)  was  so  abundantlv  prolific,  a  more  impres- 
sive or  magnanimous  effort  for  the  preservation  ot 
liberty,  than  is  evinced  in  this  hrst  successful  vindica- 
tion of  the  rights  of  New  Jersey.  One  of  the  mo-^t  re- 
markable features  of  the  plea  whidi  the  provincials  had 
matnlamcd,  wa.^  the  strung  and  deliberate  assertion 
that  no  tax  couhl  be  jn»:ly  imposed  on  thein,  wiihnul 
their  own  cuusuni  and  the  auihority  of  llieir  own  gene- 
ral assemblv.  The  renorl  i)f  the  commissioners  in 
their  favor,  and  the  relief  (hat  followed,  were  virtual 
concessions  in  favor  of  this  principle,  which  in  an  at'er 
agi!  was  dtstiueu  to  obtain  a  more  signal  triumph  in 
the  independence  of  North  America 

West  Jersey  now  tilled  spate  wilh  inhabitants,  by 
the  accession  of  numerous  settlers,  of  which  the  greater 
proportion  stilt  continued  lo  be  quakers  Bylhnge, 
who  was  appointed  the  flrst  governor  bv  the  other  pro- 
prietaries, not  finding  ucon\enieut  lo  leave  Kngland, 
granted  a  deputation  of  Ins  functinus  to  Samuel  Jen- 
nings, hy  whom  the  lii.st  representaiivo  assembly  ol 
West  Jersey  was  convoked,  f  IHHIJ  In  this  as.sembly, 
there  was  enacted  a  body  of  Fundamental  t  'onstitulmns, 
and  a  number  of  laws  for  tlic  proiec>ioii  of  property  and 
tlie  punishment  ofcrimes  By  the  F'lndjmental  I'oii- 
stiiutioiis,  the  assembly  was  einpowereil  to  appoint  aiiit 
displace  all  persons  holding  offices  of  trust  in  the  pro- 
vinci- ;  and  the  governor  was  precluded  from  making 
war,  or  doing  any  act  that  shuuld  be  ohlinalory  on  tht 
slate,  wiihout  the  assembly's  concurrence,  and  from 
withholding  his  assent  to  anv  nf  its  enaclmenis.  .As- 
semblies were  to  be  annually  convoked  and  no  as- 
sembly was  to  have  power  to  iin|HiBe  a  tax  which  should 
endure  longer  than  a  year.  In  the  laws  that  were  passed 
on  this  occasion,  the  most  remarkable  feature  is  a  pri>- 
vision,  that  in  all  criminal  cases,  except  treason,  murder, 
and  theft,  the  person  aggrieved  should  have  power  to 
pardon  the  otfender.  whether  before  or  after  condemna- 
tmn — J  pnivision  of  very  uueationahle  expediency,  but 
probably  intended  to  prevu('>*  ihe  christian  duty  of  for- 
giveness from  being  evacniled,  as  in  most  countries  is 
practically  done,  by  the  supposed  muunupal  I'l'-whuh 
engages  a  man  to  avenge  as  ti  ciii/.en  the  wrong  which 
as  a  christian  ho  is  pirdged  to  forgive.  I'lm  landed 
pro}wrty  uf  every  inhabuaui  wa>  mndu  tmhie  fur  lui 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


831 


debflt;  marrinaes  wcro  appoint'^d  to  be  flolemnizril  by 
iUBlicca  of  ihr  pearo  ;  for  the  prevnntion  of  diflputcA 
nrilh  tho  rnrliann.  tho  aalc  of  (tpiriiiioiia  liqnnrn  to  llicin 
was  fltrictly  prohibjtrd  ;  and  for  the  onrnnrai;pmciit  of 
poor  but  jndiisinon!)  lahortrfi.  who  obtained  the  means 
of  ptni^rating  from  Europe  by  indentini;  (honisplvrs  as 
fcrvanlH  lo  morn  wealthy  scttlera,  every  servant  was 
m  '  led  10  cluim  from  his  master,  at  the  expiry  of  his 
i*'J.<nuro,  a  set  of  implements  of  huHbandry,  certain 
artii'b.s  of  apparel,  and  ten  bushels  of  corn.  To  prevent 
tho  vesort  of  worlliless  and  depraved  men  to  tho  pr>- 
yi'.c-e,  a  law  was  soon  after  passed,  retpiirini;  every  new 
fielllcr,  under  pain  of  a  pecuniary  fine,  to  give  satisfac- 
tory evidence  to  a  justice  of  the  peace,  that  bia  change 
of  residence  was  not  tho  etTect  uf  cnmc,  nor  an  act  of 
fraud,  but  that  bo  waa  reptiied  a  person  of  blameless 
chfirarler  and  sober  life.  From  this  period  till  the  dis- 
solution of  tht  proprielnry  government,  the  provincial 
asseinhlv  continued  to  be  annually  convoked.  It  did 
not  always  confnio  itself  to  the  exercise  of  the  am|>le 
powers  with  which  it  w-is  conslitutionallv  endowed. 
For  when  Uvllinge  «oon  after  proposed  to  deprive  Jen- 
nings, the  deputy-governor,  of  bis  otfice,  the  assembly 
interposed  to  prevent  this  proceedin:; ;  declaring  that 
Jenningii  gave  satisfaction  to  the  people,  and  desiring 
him  to  retain  his  situation.  The  rule  and  ordinary 
practice  of  the  constitution,  however,  waa  that  the 
council  of  assislHuts  to  tho  governor  were  nominated 
by  the  assembly  ;  wliile  the  proprietaries  appointed  the 
governor  ;  and  he,  with  the  consent  of  the  proprieta- 
ries, named  his  own  deputy. 

The  Rurcrss  of  their  experiment  in  West  Jersey  en- 
couraged the  rfunkcTS  of  (ircat  Britain  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  opportunity  that  was  now  alTorded  of  en- 
lorL'ing  ilic  sphere  of  their  enterprise  bv  the  acipiisilioii 
ofiiie  eastern  hnlfof  the  territory.  The  close  of  Plulip 
Carteret's  ailministration  of  Fast  Jersey  was  enihitiered 
by  a  revival  o(  tho  disputes  that  bad  once  rendered  liiin  a 
fugitive  from  Iiis  government.  Even  the  concession  that 
bad  been  rec<!ntlv  obtained  from  the  Unke  of  Vnrk  served 
hut  to  alfoid  additional  materials  of  discord  ln'twceri 
the  proprietary  uoverinnent  and  the  people  ;  and  instead 
of  u.ntuallv  enjoving  the  iinpnrlant  hi-netU  wliieli  it  con- 
ferred, llie  two  parties  set  iheiiiselves  to  drhate  with 
ih'^  utmost  vehemence  and  pertinacitv,  whether  tins  in- 
slnuneiit  or  the  pmprieiary  roiicrssion^  in  Ififil  should 
be  reganled  as  ilie  fmindalions  of  their  government. 
Oisiiusted  with  these  disputes,  and  perceivini;  that  lliev 
were  not  likely  lo  derive  either  emoluinetit  or  satisfac- 
tion from  a  prc)Iong(>d  adininistratioii  of  tlie  projuielarv 
govt  rnnieul,  the  trustees  and  rxecutors  of  Sir  (teorge 
Carteret  olbTcd  tlie  province  for  s;ile  (o  the  hitrhesl 
hiddt-r ;  and  rinsing  with  the  propiwals  of  William 
Pi-nn.*  convcved  their  rights  over  East  Jersey  to  him, 
fItiH',;]  and  to  eli-ven  oiher  persons  of  the  ipiaker  pcr- 
snat'ion.  Tin'  territory  cnrnprehended  in  this  convey- 
ance coutanied  already  a  Vi  riety  of  settlenunis,  inlia- 
btled  by  srvcri  bniulrrd  families,  or  about  lliree  tliou- 
sand  five  hundred  persons,  exelnsive  itf  the  iiihahilanis 
of  cerliiiM  remote  and  Acattered  plantation.'*,  who  were 
conipnied  lo  amount  toal  least  half  as  iiumy  more.  The 
great  ina|ority  of  the  sf-ttlers  were  tu)!  ipiakers  ;  and 
whelher  with  the  vu'W  if  allaving  the  jealousy  with 
whii'li  these  pcrstnt.s  miu'l.t  have  regarded  a  govermnent 
wiidllv  composed  of  m'u  whose  principles  dilfered  so 
Avidely  frofTi  their  o'*  n.  or  for  the  purpose  of  fortifying 
llieir  own   interest  n  Urilish  conn,  bv  the  associa- 

tion of  persons  of  i  lue  in  their  undertaking,  the 

t.velve  purchasers  mat.e  liaste  to  assume  twelve  other 
|artnrrs  ni  their  prnprielarv  rii;ht.>,  and  aninui;  others 
llie  Earl  of  IV;th.  Chaurellor  of  Scotland,  and  Eord 
Ilrummnnd  of  (idsion.  the  Secretary  of  Stale  fur  that 
k  iii;dom.f  In  favor  of  ihrse  twentv  four  proprietaries, 
the  Duke  of  V'ork  executed  his  third  and  last  grtnt  of 
East  Jersey  ;  on  receiving  whidi.  they  proceedeil  In 
appoint  a  council  or  committee  of  iheir  own  nuinher.  lo 
whom  all  the  functions  of  the  proprietary  governin<'nt 
were  intrusted.     To  faciltale  the  exercise  of  their  do- 


•  ThnuKli  Pi'nn  ihnn  lipcanio  s  prnpriptary  of  Rist  Jprsev, 
ni^  timiiL'xuMi  ImHIi  with  ii*  (-(Hirems.and  with  tlio»«  of  West 
Jiriey,  was  hrnrefnrwHnl  aimi)st  nirrelv  mHuina).  He  hail 
n<iw  iir<)nirf(l  tur  lilmseir  tlie  prnvinceor  Pt'iuisvivuma,  which 
o<C'i|><e<l  oil  his  tntereat,  anit  diverted  his  attention  Trom  New 
J'.Ttev. 

t  From  Iho  dptUralion  nf  8cofi  Model,  Ac.  of  Kaiit  Jersey, 
It  spppars  that  Viwcmint  Tarliel  and  I.ord  M'l.eoit,  two  utlif-r 
povprfiil  SrntiMi  nohles,  lieriinR  very  shortiv  aflpr  pr()iHlela- 
nB<t  of  ihis  province.  In  oiii«  of  Olddiiinirn  U%\n  of  ihf>  pr't- 
pijelarle*  (vnl.  i.  p.  US),  we  find  the  tiaiiir  <i|  Sn  (;i>nr)te 
Mickeiiitp,  the  l.onl  Advocate  of  Scotland,  w  hout  his  cnnlpui- 
puraries  jm»lly  denonunaipd  thn  hlondv  Mackenzie:  and  in 
cn«  of  hi»  liiitiseipieiU  Wm*  w«  rind  thenmies  of  Archdale  the 
quiker  iiropnetary  i»f  l'ar..lina.  ami  nf  West  the  lav*vcr.  wlm 
oblaliifd  H'l  much  infanuMi.1  dulinctltHi  ns  a  witnesH  for  the 
tiniwnun  thetnal  cf  Luril  Rus«cl.    Sd  Edit.  vol.  t.  p.  3til. 

S3 


minion,  Ihcy  obtained  from  Chnrles  the  Second  a  royal 
Iptlcr.  iid'IrcMHpd  to  the  governor.  cotiDcil  and  inhahii- 
anls  of  Ihn  provinro,  aiatins  'l"*  'i'l*  "'  'h"  proprielarins 
to  the  soil  and  jiiriadiction,  aid  rr>]uiring  all  to  yield 
ulirdicnce  lo  their  {government  and  the  laws. 

At  the  time  when  East  Jersey  thus  became  subject 
10  qiiaker  administrilion  (for  the  qnakera  (till  formed  a 
creat  majority  of  thn  proprieta'y  body)  tho  inii<ilirtants. 
by  a  diligent  imprnverncnl  of  their  adrantages,  hud  at- 
tained a  jloiirishinirand  proap irons  estate.  The  jjrcaler 
iininber  of  ihein  had  eini(rn>>cd  from  Now  England,  or 
were  the  descendants  of  New  Englandmeii  ;  and  their 
laws  and  manners  in  some  particulars  bore  the  traces  of 
this  ongm.  The  punishment  of  death  was  denounced 
hy  law  against  children  striking  or  cnrsinc;  their  parents. 
Adulterers  were  liable  to  (logging  or  banishment.  For- 
nication was  puni»hed,  at  the  discrclinn  of  the  magis- 
tnte,  by  marriage  fine,  or  (logging.  Nigbtwulking,  or 
revelling  abroad,  .fier  tho  hour  of  nine,  subjected  the 
oircnders  to  a  discretionary  punnhinent.  A  lliicf,  for 
the  first  offence,  was  to  make  threefold  rcstitnlion  ;  in 
case  of  frei|uent  repetiiion,  ho  might  lie  capitally  pu- 
nished, or  reduced  to  slavery.  There  was  no  law  for 
•.he  public  support  of  religion  ;  but  every  township 
maintained  a  rbnrcli  and  minister.  "The  people." 
said  the  first  deputy  who  cinie  among  them  from  their 
qiiaker  sovereigns,  "are  gcnerallv  a  sober,  professing 
people,  wise  in  iheir  generatinn,  coiirlcoiis  in  their  be- 
havior, and  rcspenifiil  to  us  m  ofiice  "  ,So  h.ip|iilv  ex- 
empt were  they  from  the  most  ordinary  and  forcible 
temptation  to  violence  and  dishonesty,  that  according 
10  the  same  testimony  there  wa.s  not  an  industrious  man 
among  them  whose  own  hands  conhl  not  procure  him 
a  flMi:  of  honest  competence,  and  even  of  ease  and 
|ilenty.»  If  we  might  rely  impliciilv  on  thq.  opinion  of 
ihis  observer,  we  should  impute  the  dissensions  that 
had  hilely  prevailed  in  the  province  to  the  follv  anil  mis- 
manageinenl  of  Carteret  and  his  associates  in  llie  go- 
veriiMiini.  Hut  there  i,  reason  lo  believe  lh;il  the  blame 
of  tlicse  dissensions  was  more  equally  divided  between 
the  people  and  their  rulers.  A  lieadslrnng  anil  turbu- 
lent disposilion  appears  to  have  prevailed  among  some 
classes  at  least  o(  the  inh.ibitaiils ;  viirioiis  riots  and 
disturbances  liroke  forlli  even  under  (lie  new  govern- 
ineiil  ;  imd  the  utmost  exertions  of  qilnker  prudence 
and  patience  were  reqi.ired  to  rnuq>iisc  them  A  law 
which  was  passed  alinm  finir  years  after  this  period  re- 
prohati's  the  frequent  occurreiu'e  of  quarrels  and  chal- 
lenges, and  iii;ertlii.'ts  the  inhabitants  from  wearing 
swords,  pistols,  or  d.iggers. 

Among  the  new  proprietaries  of  Kast  .lersev  was  the 
celebraled  Hubert  Harclav  of  Trie,  a  .Seoltish  gentle- 
man, who  had  been  converted  to  quakerism,  and  in 
defence  of  his  adopted  principles  had  published  a  series 
of  works  that  I'levated  his  name  aliil  his  cause  in  the 
esieem  of  all  Europe.  ..Xdmired  by  scholars  and  philo- 
sophers fur  the  stretch  of  his  learning  and  the  strength 
and  subtlety  of  his  uiiderslanding.  he  was  endeared  to 
the  members  of  his  religious  fraternitv  hy  the  liveliness 
of  his  zeal,  the  eicelleiice  of  his  character,  and  the  ser- 
vices which  his  pen  had  rendered  lo  their  cause 
These  services  consisted  rather  of  the  literary  crlehriiy 
which  he  had  given  to  the  quaker  doctrines,  than  of  any 
wider  ditfusion  of  their  inniiencc  among  mankind.  For 
his  wrilnigs  in  general  are  much  more  calculated  lo 
dazzle  and  cnnfound  the  understanding,  than  to  pro- 
duce coiivi.-tion  or  sink  into  the  heart  To  the  King 
and  the  Duke  of  Vurk,  he  was  reroininendeil  not  less 
by  Ins  distinguished  fame,  and  his  happy  genius  and 
address,  than  by  the  principles  of  passive  obedieui'e 
professed  by  that  sect  of  which  he  was  consiilrred  a 
leader;  and  with  both  the  roval  brothers  as  well  as  with 
several  of  the  most  dislniguished  of  their  ,Scottlsli 
favoriies  and  ministers,  he  maintained  the  most  friendly 
and  confidential  intercourse.  Inexplicable,  as  to  many 
such  a  coaliiiuii  of  uncongenial  characters  may  appear, 
it  seems  at  least  as  si  range  a  moral  phenomenon  to  be- 
hold Harclav  and  I'eim,  the  votaries  of  iimversiil  tole- 
ration and  philanthropy,  voluntarily  assonalmg  in  their 
laliors  for  the  ediiealion  and  happiness  of  an  infant  com- 
munity, such  inslriiincnts  as  l,ord  I'l  rlh  and  other 
abettors  of  royal  tyranny  and  ecclesiastical  persecution 
in  .Scolland.  [23] 
^I6S3]  Hy  the  nnanimnus  choice  of  his   colleagues 


*  Tint  leslimnny  is  rnndrninr)  liv  Oawrn  Laurie,  wtio  wni 
:  tlie  srcoiiil  liepiitv-fovernnr  nn.lerlhe  <pinl(rrailiiiliilslrntl<iii. 
I  "Tliere  Is  I'ul,"  he  ssyn,  "in  all  tlie  |irnvince  a  ismr  Imdv.  or 
that  wHitls,"  "The  servsnts  wiuk  nnl  siunurli  hv  a  tliirti  an 
lliev  il.'  m  Knslaii.l,  anil  I  Ibmk  leeil  iiiiii  I,  lietter  ;  liir  lliey 
liave  lipil,  iicirli,  h.iciiii.  |miiI,Iiiii.',  niilli,  luiller.  and  ijoiid  lieer 
aiiii  ndci  l.>  driiilt  Wlicii  thi-v  aie  nut  of  llictr  fitne,  lliry 
have  liiKJ  f,tr  lliein^elvps.  And  iieni'ially  tiint  farnlcis  ftir 
tiieiiiReU-r-s.  Servants' waves  arc  nnl  uii'ler  two  kliillin|ii  a 
d.iy,  iKslilti  victuals."    8.  Smith, p.  Ii7.  litl. 


Kohfrt  Darclay  was  appointed  the  first  ({oremni  of 
East  Jersey,  under  tho  new  proprietary  •dininistralion. 
So  highly  was  he  esteemed  by  his  colleagues,  end  sneh 
advantage  was  anticipated  from  his  snpcrintendance  of 
the  colony,  that  his  commission  bestowed  the  olRre  on 
him  for  life,  and  while  it  dispensed  with  his  periional 
residence,*  authorised  him  to  nominate  his  own  deputy. 
Hut  tho  expectations  which  proiluced  or  attended  hil 
elevation,  were  disappointed  liy  tho  result ;  his  govern- 
ment (like  that  of  .Sir  Henry  Vane  in  Maisachusetta) 
was  brief  and  ill  fated,  ond  colculated  rather  to  lower 
than  to  advance  his  illustrious  reputation.  The  most 
signal  and  bencticial  event  of  his  presidency,  w.is  iha 
emigration  of  a  considerable  number  of  his  own  coun- 
trymen tho  Scotch  to  East  Jersey  ;  a  measure  which, 
however  congenial  it  may  appear  to  tho  aituationof  thit 
oppressed  and  persecuted  people,  was  not  recommended 
lo  their  Bdo|ition  but  by  iliiit  of  a  good  deal  of  importu- 
nity and  persuasion.  For  although  the  gicat  bulk  o( 
the  people  of  Scotland  were  dissatisfied  with  the  epia- 
cnpal  establishment  which  their  kings  had  forced  ufwii 
them,  and  vast  multitudes  were  riiduring  the  utmost 
rigors  of  tyranny  for  their  resistance  to  it,  it  was  fo'inil 
no  easy  matter  to  persuade  them  to  aeek  a  relief  from 
their  sull'erings,  in  a  distant  and  perpclnal  e«ile  from 
their  native  land.  In  addition  to  the  mnlivcs  to  eini- 
graliun  which  the  severities  eiercised  by  Lord  Perth 
anil  the  other  royal  ministers  contributed  to  supply,  the 
mlliiencc  of  Darclay  and  other  Scottish  qnakers  was 
more  successfully  cnqiloyed  in  prevailing  with  their 
eoiintryinen  lo  seek  an  asvliim  in  Kast  Jersey  ;  and 
thither  accbrdmgly  a  body  of  emigrants,  chiefly  from 
Harclay's  native  comity  of  Aberdeen,  soon  after  re- 
sorted. [10,S4]  For  the  purpose  of  rendering  the 
.Scotch  more  generally  acipiainled  with  ihe  state  of  tho 
colonial  territory  and  llie  nature  of  its  insiitniioiis,  and 
of  melting  them  lo  remove  thither,  it  was  determined 
by  the  prnprietaries  to  publish  a  hi.itorical  and  statisti- 
cal account  of  it,  wiili  a  preliminarv  treatise  in  which 
the  jirevailmg  objections  to  emigration  should  be  coin- 
ballad,  and  this  resource  presented  in  a  more  desirable 
view  than  that  in  which  the  ,Scoich  were  generally  dit- 
puseil  lo  renard  it.  Fruin  underlaking  the  authorship 
of  this  perhirmance,  H.irchiy  was  probably  deteried  by 
knowing  thai,  as  a  quaker,  liis  I'sliinale  of  the  popular 
objections,  some  of  which  were  lotiniled  on  religious 
considerations,  would  find  little  favor  wilh  the  bulk  of 
his  cuiintrvnien  ;  ns  well  as  bv  unwilhngneBS  to  entan- 
gle hiinseif  Willi  allusions  to  the  existing  persecution, 
winch  he  could  hardly  have  characterised  in  a  mannef 
satisf.iclory  at  once  to  his  own  conscience  and  to  I,onl 
I'l-rlh  and  others  of  his  (iroprietary  associates.  To  the 
work  which  was  now  composed  and  published,  in  fur- 
therance of  Ills  and  his  colleagues'  design,  it  is  probabto 
iliai  he  coiitribiileil  some  assistance  :  and  indeed  the 
iiie<pialily  uf  the  perfurmanco  strongly  •Itests  that  it 
was  not  wholly  the  composition  of  a  single  author.  It 
was  pnblisiicd  as  the  production  of  e  Scotch  gentleman, 
(ieorge  Scot  of  Pitlochie,  and  bore  the  title  of  "Tho 
Model  of  the  Ciovernmcnt  of  the  Province  of  East  New 
Jersey  in  .\merica."  From  various  passages  in  thie 
work,  it  would  appear  that  many  of  the  Scotch  wero 
prepossessed  with  the  notion,  that  to  emigrate  from 
ilieir  native  land  without  some  extraonlinary  sanclioii 
from  the  Divine  will,  was  an  impious  dereliction  of  tho 
lot  which  the  .Almighty  had  assigned  to  them.  In  op- 
position to  this  view  a  large  and  ingenious  conimcntary 
waa  made  on  the  Uiviiie  coinmand  lo  replenish  and 
subdue  the  earth  ;  and  it  was  argued  that  aa  this  waa 
ail  eternal  law,  the  duly  lo  fiiliil  it  was  of  continual 
obligation,  and  required  no  extraordinary  niair  .station 
from  Heaven.  .Among  other  incitements  to  emigra- 
tion, 't  IS  remarked  that  "  We  see  by  nature  treea 
tloiirish  fair,  jirosjier  well  and  wax  fnntful  in  a  largo 
orchard,  which  would  otherwise  decay  if  they  were 
straitened  in  a  little  niirserv.  Do  we  not  see  it  ihne 
fall  out  III  our  civil  slate,  wheio  a  few  men  flourish 
hi'st,  furnished  with  aluliiies  or  best  fitted  wilh  upjior- 
liiiiiiKS,  and  the  rest  wax  weak  and  languish,  as  want- 
ing room  and  means  to  nourish  ihcml  Now,  that  iho 
spirits  and  hearts  of  men  are  kepi  in  better  temjier  hy 
spreading  wide,  will  be  evident  to  any  man  who  con- 
siders that  the  hnshanding  uf  nnmaiiurrd  ground  and 
shilling  into  empty  lands,  eiiforccth  men  lo  frugality 
and  qnickeneth  invention;  and  the  acltling  of  new 
estates  requireth  justice  and  alTection  to  the  common 
good  ;  and  the  taking  in  of  large  couniriea  presents  3 
iiatiiral  remedy  against   coyetonsness,  fraud,  and  vio- 

*  Oldintvnn  IS  mistaken  in  s.serlinit  that  Ifarrlny  liniseK 
t"|)iilretl,  Mii.l  carntft  ins  rsniil',  with  lilin  ;n  the  (inn  iiico 
It.tii'lay  never  was  in  New  .liTsev.  S<,(>u  after  his  i.|)<N)int- 
iiii'ilt,  lie  srni  thlllier  hii  '-rtalier  David,  tome  nf  whiis..  lot. 
Il  u  lioni  tile  province  '  .c  printed  in  S.  Sinllh'i  Utstorv. 


THE   HISTORY  OP 


l4mce,  when  every  man  may  enjoy  enough  without 
wrong  or  injury  to  his  neighbor."  The  heads  of  an- 
cient famihes  were  pdrlictilurly  exhorted  to  embrace 
this  opportunity  of  cheaply  endowing  their  younger  sons 
with  a  more  hlwral  provision  in  America  thun  the  laws 
■nd  usages  of  Gcotland  enabled  thcui  lo  bowlow  at 
home.  In  reply  to  an  objection  tliat  had  been  nrged 
that  a  province  governed  by  quakcrs  would  be  left  un- 
provided of  the  means  of  military  defence,  it  was  stated 
that  several  of  the  proprietaries  and  many  of  the  inliabi- 
tanis  did  not  hclont;  to  the  quakcr  persuasion,  and  that 
Kast  Jerhcy  Already  numbered  six  hundred  arcned  men. 
The  argument  derived  from  the  severities  inllicled  by 
government  on  the  presbyterians,  is  handled  in  a  very 
courtly  style.  "You  see  it  is  now  jud^cd  the  interest 
of  the  government  all  ^elher  to  sn^iprct  the  preabyte- 
liin  principles;  and  tnat  in  order  thcrci -,  the  whole 
If.ree  and  bensil  rf  the  law  of  this  kingdom  are  levelled 
at  the  ttfectnal  bearing  them  down  ;  that  the  rigorous 
putting  these  laws  in  execution  luub  in  a  great  part 
ruined  many  of  these,  who  nolwiiiistandmg  thereof  tiiid 
themselves  in  conscience  obliged  to  retain  these  princi- 
ples ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  episcopacy  is  by  the 
came  laws  supported  and  protected.  I  would  gladly 
know  what  other  rational  medium  can  bo  proposed  in 
Iheae  circumstances,  than  either  to  couiply  with  the 
novernment,  by  going  what  length  is  rcipnrcd  by  Uw, 
m  conforming  ;  or  to  retreat,  where  by  law  a  toleration 
is  by  his  ma)esl)t  allowed.  Such  a  retreat  doih  at 
present  offer  itself  in  America,  and  is  nowhere  else  to 
oe  found  in  his  majesty's  dominions."  What  an  enco- 
mium on  America,  at  the  expense  of  every  other  por- 
tion of  the  British  empire !  The  work  contains  a  mi- 
nute account  of  the  climate,  soil,  institutions  and  exist- 
ing settlements  of  the  province,  and  i  elaborate  pane- 
gyric on  its  advantages  in  all  these  |  rticulars.  As  a 
farther  recommendation  of  the  province  to  the  favor  of 
the  ScoKh,  Barclay,  displacing  a  deputy  whom  he  hid 
itppointed,  of  bis  own  religions  persuasion,  contcrrcd 
this  office  on  Lord  Neil  Campbell,  uncle  of  the  .Marquis 
of  Argyle,  who  repaired  to  Kast  Jersey,  and  remained 
there  for  some  time  as  its  licntenant-novirnor.* 

1685]  The  efforts  of  B-jrclay  and  his  colleagues 
were  crowned  with  success.  A  great  many  inhabitants 
ofScotlandemigralcd  10  East  Jersey,  and  enriched  Ame- 
rican society  with  a  valuable  accession  of  virtue  that 
had  been  refined  by  adversity,  and  piety  that  was  inv 
noraied  by  persecution.  The  morr^  wealthy  of  the 
Scotch  emigrants  were  noted  for  bringing  with  them  a 
great  number  of  servants,  and  in  some  instances  for 
transporting  whole  families  o(  poor  laborers  whom  they 
established  on  their  lands  for  a  term  of  year*,  and  en- 
dowed with  a  competent  stock  ;  receiving  in  return 
one  half  of  the  agricultural  produce.! 

But  James  the  Second  had  now  ascended  the  British 
throne  :  and  practically  inverting  the  magnanimous 
Gcnliment  that  has  been  ascribed  to  a  French  monarch, 
he  deemed  it  unnecessary  for  a  King  of  Kngland  to  re- 
•pect  the  engagements  of  the  Duke  of  York  ;  nor  could 
all  his  seeming  friendship  for  Barclay,  together  with  all 
the  influence  of  Lord  Perth  and  the  other  courtier  pro- 
prietarieSi  deter  him  from  involving  New  Jersey  in  the 
design  he  had  formed  of  annulling  all  the  charters  and 
constitutions  of  the  American  colonies.  [1686J  \  real 
or  protended  complaint  was  preferred  to  the  Knglisli 
court  against  the  inhabitants  of  the  Jerseys  for  evasion 
of  custom-house  duties  ;  and  the  ministers  of  James 
eagerly  seizing  this  handle,  without  farther  ceremony 
caused  writs  of  quo  warranto  to  be  issued  both  ogainsi 
East  and  West  New  Jer^^ey,  and  directed  the  attorney- 

{reneral  to  prosecute  them  with  the  utmost  stretch  of 
egal  expedition  ;  assigning  as  the  reason  for  this  pro- 
ceeding, the  necessity  of  checking  the  pretended  abuses 
•*  in  a  country  which  ought  to  he  more  dependent  on 
his  majesty."  Alarmed  at  this  blow,  the  proprietaries 
of  Kast  Jersey  prpsented  a  remonsirancn  to  the  king,  in 
which  they  reminded  hnn  that  they  liad  not  received 

*  Uldinixnti  and  8.  Smith  ronciir  in  rirlatlDit  that  I.tird  Nell 
CainiJhi'llsucceeilL'it  B.irrhiy  ai  m)venmi.  lint  ihm  (leems  lo 
fiavp  hccn  a  bluiuier  "f  Oklimxon,  whi<'h  Siinih  lins  incau- 
ttouHly  ciipicil.  Barclay,  an  we  tiave  aern,  uas  a|i|M)iiitL'(l 
govuriinr  for  htc  m  1(M3  ;  he  did  uot  die  (il)  1A9() :  and  rrn.ii  a 
njcuitient  |>rpxfr\  t'd  by  Srinlh  hiinNeir  (p.  lOfl)  it  appt-'arn  that 
Barclay  id  IA8H,  at  (governor  of  East  ,l<They,  Kuh^crihed  an 
BgreiMiiPtit  of  iittriitioM  between  it  and  West  Jerncy. 

t  Scut.  34  '2:.ayi$.i5  49  101.317.  Uldnuxun.l.  145.  8. 
Smith,  IM,  1fi7.  IM,  3.  The  ronviilsinns  that  pren-ded  thu 
asnnKSinalini)  o{  I )n  Witt  and  Dm  trunnph  of  the  I'niiro  of 
oranKC  in  Holland,  drov<i  many  iri.i>crtiiltle  Dn'.rh  fnnnlioft 
from  their  nntivn  land.  Most  of  thPHo  exilufi  relirnd  lu  KotxU 
AniencB.     Sonniani,  a   inmnber  of  the  Stalen  aenernl,  had 

Crocpeded  to  Gnitiand  with  Duh  vit<w,  whp?i  tie  was  overtaken 
y  tlm  unnnuitiary  liiry  of  Uir  OraiiKe  faclion,  and  tnnniered 
by  thivr  riniftsnneK  ns  iu*  MaH  tidma  wuh  Rolwrt  Marclnv.  the 

anahcr,  In  Ihe  netglibort.uodof  London.    Mik  fuinily, however, 
iiAUy  rcichcd  Naw  Joricjr.    S.  Smith,  4!U. 


this  province  as  a  benevolence,  but  had  purchased  it  at 
the  price  of  many  thousand  pounds,  and  had  been  en- 
couraged to  do  so  by  the  assurances  of  protection  which 
they  had  received  from  hunself;  that  they  had  already 
sent  thither  several  hundreds  of  people  from  Scotland  ; 
and  that,  if  it  would  be  9atisf»clory  to  his  majesty,  ihey 
would  immediately  propose  to  the  New  Jersey  assembly 
to  impose  tlio  same  taxes  there  that  were  paid  by  the 
people  of  New  York.  They  entreated  that  if  any 
change  should  be  n.ade  in  the  condition  of  their  pro- 
vince, it  might  be  confined  to  an  union  of  Kast  and 
W\^st  Jersey  in  one  jurisdiction,  to  bo  ruled  by  a  go- 
vernor whom  the  king  miuht  select  from  the  body  of 
proprietaries.  [IGS7.*J  ])ut  James  was  inexorable, 
and  10  their  remonstrance  gave  no  o'ht^r  answer  than 
that  he  had  delrrinined  to  uiiue  the  Jerseys  with  New 
York  and  the  New  Kngland  sIlIos  m  one  general  go- 
vernment dependent  (mi  the  crown  and  to  be  adminis- 
tentd  by  Andros.  Finding  it  inipOHsible  to  divert  hnn 
from  his  arbitrary  purpose,  tlic  prnprielaries  of  East 
Jersey  were  ^o  far  deserted  of  spirit  and  dignity,  as  not 
only  to  abandon  a  bopeleas  contest  for  the  privileges  of 
their  people,  Init  even  to  facilitate  the  execution  of  the 
king's  di!signs  against  tliem,  as  the  price  of  liis  consent- 
ing to  respect  their  own  private  property  in  the  colonial 
soil.  Tliev  made  a  formal  Nurreiider  of  their  patent  on 
tliiN  conditinn  ;  and  as  Jainus  agreed  to  accept  it,  the 
[iroiTcdiims  in  llie  quo  warranto  process  were  no  longer 
needed  for  Kast  Jersey,  and  were  even  htinpeiidcd  wiih 
regard  to  the  western  terrilory.  Seeing  no  resistance 
opposed  to  bis  will,  the  kiii;j  was  the  less  intent  on  eoii- 
suininating  his  accpiisition ;  and  while  the  grant  of  the 
soil  to  the  proprietaries,  wind)  was  necessary  for  this 
purpose,  still  remaiiied  unexecuted,  the  cumpleliun  of 
the  design  was  abrubtly  intercepted  by  the  British  revo- 
lution. 

Allhougb  the  proprietary  governments  in  Now  Jersey 
were  preserved  loi  a  time  from  dissolution  by  this  event, 
they  never  afterwards  attau>ed  a  state  of  vigor  or  effi- 
ciency. Holiert  Barclay,  who  seems  never  to  have  been 
divested  of  the  goveriiineiit  of  Kast  Jersey,  died  in 
IBOO  ;  but  no  traces  of  his  adimnistratioii  are  lobe 
lound  after  the  year  1088;  and  rroin  thence  till  1<)!)2, 
it  is  asserted  by  (-lialniers  that  no  j.'overninent  at  all 
existed  in  New  Jersey.  'I'iie  peace  of  tlie  country  was 
preserved,  and  the  projiperity  of  its  inliabiiaiils  promoted 
by  their  own  honesty,  sobriety,  and  industry.  Almost 
all  the  original  |»ruprietaries  of  both  provinces  had  in 
the  mean  time  disposed  ol  their  interests  lo  recent  pur- 
chasers ;  and  the  proprietary  associations  bad  become 
so  numerous  and  so  tluctnalmg,  that  their  proceedings 
were  deprived  of  proper  concert  and  Meadiness,  and 
their  authority  possessed  neitiicr  the  respect  nor  llie 
affection  of  the  people.  Tlin  appointment  of  new  pro- 
prietary governors  in  lt>93,  was  the  commencement  of 
a  seiies  of  disputes,  intrigue^  and  vicissitudes  of  office, 
which  in  a  society  more  numerous  or  less  virtuous 
would  probably  have  been  aileiided  with  civil  war  and 
hloodslied.  The  governiiienl  of  New  York,  which  from 
its  dependence  on  the  crown,  was  enconraned  by  King 
William  to  arrogate  a  pre-eminence  over  the  neighbor- 
ing chartered  colonies,  seemed  to  have  thought  this  a 
favorable  opporlunily  of  reviving,  and  even  extendiiifr, 
its  ancient  pretensions  in  New  Jersey,  whose  inhabii- 
anls  learned  with  eipinl  surprise  and  indignation  that 
the  assembly  of  New  York  had  included  them  in  a  tax- 
ation which  It  imposed  on  Us  own  constituents.  Tins 
attempt,  however,  was  not  more  successful  than  the 
other  instances  in  which  New  York  made  !»iint|ar  efforts 
lou.4urpan  undue  authority.  A  cotupbiint  to  the  Knglisli 
government  on  this  subject  was  referred  to  the  crown 
lawyers,  wiio  tielivered  an  opinion  that  produced  an 
abandonment  of  the  pretensions  of  New  York.f  [161*7] 
At  length  the  disagreements  between  the  various  pro- 
prietaries and  their  respective  adherents  attained  such  a 
height,  and  were  productive  of  so  nnieli  scbisin  and 
confusion,  that  it  was  soriietiuies  dillicnlt,  if  not  impos- 
sible, for  the  people  to  tell  m  whicliof  Iwoorinon-  rival 
pretenders  lo  authority  the  legal  administration  wds 
truly  invested-}:     Numerous  eoinpIuintH  of  tlie  incouve- 


*  This  year  the  nisttnddyof  Kast  Jersey,  convened  at  Perth 
Andxiy,  granted  a  tax  of  a  {x'Diiy  iii  the  pound  on  estaten  to 
enable  the  (lovernor  of  New  Vork  in  repel  a  ilir^ntened  inva- 
sion, "  beraiiso  the  knit;  hud  inainicled  hnn  to  f  all  on  ollter 
province!  for  aid  in  case  ho  was  invaded."  Stale  Papeii  npud 
Chaliners,  fiW. 

♦  Sir  John  Ilawlps  and  Kir  rrcaswcll  Levmz  wore  the  Inw- 
ypr»  consulted  on  ilim  orca>ion.  The  opinion  they  delivered 
was  "  tlint  no  riiHtuniH  eoiild  be  imposed  on  the  people  of  the 
JerHcyn,  oiherwite  tlian  by  act  of  parliament  ur  their  own 
aueniblies." 

t  Otiediencc  was  refused  liy  a  considerable  parly  to  one 
gnverintr,  because  it  wa.'*  doubted  ifa  niajority  of  the  proprio- 
lariei  had  ronnirred  in  his  nomination  ;  to  anotlier,  hef:anfe 
It  was  denied  that  lilt  appointntent  had  boon  ratlftod  hy  tUo 


ni(fnce  occasioned  by  this  slate  of  matters,  were  ad- 
dressed by  the  iidiahitants  of  the  Jerseys  to  the  Dritihb 
court;  and  the  propriotaries  themselves,  finding  that 
their  seignoral  functions  tended  only  to  disturb  the  pcaco 
of  their  territories,  and  to  obstruct  their  own  emn.u* 
mcnts  as  owners  of  the  soil,  hearkened  wtlling.y  to  an 
overture  from  the  Flnglish  ministers  for  a  surrender  ol 
their  powers  of  government  to  the  crown.  This  sur- 
render was  finally  arranged  and  effected  in  the  c 
mencement  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  who  procce  '  i 
forthwith  to  reunite  Kast  and  West  Jersey  into  le 
province,  and  to  commit  the  government  of  it,  as  well 
as  of  New  York,  to  her  kinsman,  Edward  Hyde,  Lord 
Combury.'   [1702] 

'J'he  commission  and  instructions  which  this  noole* 
man  received  on  his  de|fartiire  from  Kngland,  preseni 
an  abstract  of  the  constitution  and  civil  state  of  New 
Jersey  from  the  resumption  of  its  charter  till  liie  period 
when  it  ceased  to  be  a  British  province.  Tlie  local 
government  was  appointed  to  consist  of  a  governor  and 
twelve  councillors  nominated  bv  the  crown,  and  of  a 
house  of  assembly,  consisting  of  twenty-four  members, 
to  he  elected  by  the  people.  The  sessions  of  this  as- 
sembly were  lo  be  held  alternately  in  East  and  West 
Jersey  None  were  capable  of  voting  (or  representa- 
tives in  the  assembly  but  persons  possessing  an  hundred 
acres  of  land,  or  personal  property  to  the  value  of  ilfty 
pounds  ;  and  none  were  eligible  but  persons  nosseasing 
a  thousand  acres  of  land,  or  personal  properly  worth 
five  hundred  pounds.  Tlie  laws  enacted  by  the  conned 
and  assembly  were  subject  lo  the  negative  of  the  go- 
vernor ;  but  if  passed  by  him,  they  were  to  be  imme- 
diately transmitted  to  England,  where  ihey  were  to  he 
finally  atfirmed  or  disavowed  by  the  crown.  The  go- 
vernor was  empowered  to  suspend  any  of  the  membero 
of  council  fnnn  their  functions,  and  tn  fill  up  vacancies 
occurring  among  them  by  death;  and,  with  consent  of 
this  body,  to  constitute  courts  of  law,  to  appoint  all 
civil  and  nntitary  otlicers,  and  lo  employ  the  forces  of 
tlie  proviiM  e  in  hostilities  against  public  enemies.  To 
the  assetiilily  there  was  to  be  coinmunicated  ihc  royal 
desire,  that  it  should  impose  sufficient  taxes  to  afford  a 
competent  salary  to  the  governor,  to  defray  the  salarieo 
of  its  own  members  and  of  '.he  mrv.iiiers  ef  council,  and 
to  support  all  the  other  provii.cial  eslabbsbinents  and 
expenditure;  the  prescrilted  style  of  all  money  bills 
beiiiK,  th'.t  the  sums  contained  in  lluin  were  granted 
lo  the  I  rown,  with  the  humble  desire  of  tlie  assembly, 
that  thev  might  be  applied  for  the  benefit  of  the  pro- 
viiicc  ;  and  all  monies  so  raised  were  to  he  paid  into 
the  hands  of  the  receiver  of  the  province  till  the  royal 
pleasure  should  be  signified  with  regard  lo  their  dis- 
tribution The  former  propr-etarn-s  of  ihe  provinro 
were  confirine'l  in  their  rights  to  the  estates  and  quit 
mils  whicli  tlicy  had  lormerly  enjoyed  ;  an.l  r.one  but 
they  and  their  agents  and  surveyors  were  to  be  aur- 
fered  to  purchase  land  from  the  Indinns.  Kiberty  of 
conscience  was  assured  to  all  men,  except  papisis. 
Quakers  were  declined  to  be  eligible  lo  every  olfice, 
and  their  affirmation  aceepied  in  lieu  of  the  customary 
oaths.  I'lie  goxernor  was  invested  with  the  presiiita- 
lion  to  all  ecclesiastical  benefices,  lie  was  reijuired 
to  giv(!  parliculai  cncoiiriigement  tn  uti  ministers  oi 
religion  in  connexion  with  the  church  of  Kngland,  and 
to  *'  take  especial  care  that  find  Almiobty  be  devoiitiv 
and  dulv  served."  It  is  deserving  of  regret  rather  than 
of  surprise,  to  find  combined  with,  and  almost  in  iin- 
mediate  seipieiire  to  this  display  of  royal  zeal  fiir  the 
interests  of  reIit;ion  and  the  lio:ior  of  (iod,  a  reipiisition 
to  the  governor,  that,  in  eiicouragiui!  trade,  he  htinidd 
give  especial  counlenunce  to  the  Koyal  African  f -oin- 
yv.:y  of  Knuland — a  company  ihal  had  been  ihi^lituied 
fur  the  piratical  purpose  of  kidimpp  ig  or  buying  ne- 
groes in  Africa,  and  selling  them  as  »  aves  in  the  .'\mi; 
ri'-an  and  Wesi  Indian  planlatiuns.  It  was  declared 
lo  be  the  intention  of  her  majesty  "  lo  recommeiul  nnU 
the  said  comjidiiy,  that  the  said  prov.'ice  may  have  i 
coimlaiitand  autlicieiil  supply  of  tKrch.intable  negroes 
at  moderate  rates;*'  and  the  governor  was  required  io 

kin^;  to  a  third  (nutwitlistsnding  the  preeeoeiit  of  l,urd  Neil 
Cainptteirs  a()poinlinent)  because,  belufr  a  SrotclnnHii.  it  wai 
ciiieslioned  tl  ho  were  legally  capable  of  holding  office  in  an 
iln^lisli  cntnny. 

•  t>ldmiion.  ;.  147.  S.  Smith.  207-3S0,  and  Anpflnd.  5»~ 
773.  Chalniem.  033.  State  I'apera,  apud  eiind.  OSn.  Although 
4ho  proprietaries  pcrsnited  in  termmK  this  lurrander  a  voliin 
tary  act,  and  assertinR  their  rtgnt  to  have  retained  tnn  tl"vern 
nieiil  if  they  hail  pleaded  so  lo  do,  tlicy  appear  to  havn  herd 
swayed  in  Nuinu  niesKurn  by  the  threat  ol  an  er^eniil^ft  nun 
witli  the  crown,  which  had  deternnnnd  to  bring  the  v.tltditv 
of  ttieir  pretensions  to  irial.  In  the  instrument  of  iurr*>ndnr, 
the  'iiiuen,  wiute  she  (lectarei  her  gracious  urreptanco  of  thti 
powers  re.HiKiied  to  Inn  by  thepropnotaries.  eiprot^s.)  infusea 
to  acknowludi;e  tliat  tticie  puweti  ever  legally  k&.bi,cou  to 
them. 


#fe 


NORTH    AMEIIICA. 


cnrnpftl  thft  pl«  nlers  duly  to  fulfil  whatpvorcinrancinonts 
Uicv  rnii;lu  tnake  with  the  cOiiipaTiy.  lie  wan  furtluT 
iniirnicle<l  to  caiino  a  law  to  ho  piiHi^ril  (or  n  strit)tiii)<; 
itihiDitnii  Aevontv  to  hUvcs,  and  attaclinitr  a  capital  pii- 
ntHi.'nuiit  to  the  wilful  murder  of  ihciii ;  arul  to  tdkn 
flvtrv  moans  in  his  power  to  promoio  the  ronvrrsmu  of 
:he4o  unhappy  pertious  to  the  chrintian  fuith.  All  priiit- 
in<;  Willi  pruhilMied  m  tuu  province  without  a  liceuMC 
troiii  the  governor.  In  all  law-Nints  where  the  auui  in 
dependence  exceedel  an  hundretl  pounds,  an  appeal 
was  admitted  from  the  provincial  conrin  to  ihe  governor 
and  council:  and  when  the  sum  eiceeded  two  hundred 
pounds  a  further  apjwal  was  competent  to  the  privy 
council  of  Kiitrland. 

The  instructtous  to  Lord  Ooriiluiry  contain  reiterated 
intiniatiiuis  of  the  queen's  sinrrre  dettire  to  pronioto 
pence.  trnnipiiDily  and  contentment,  amonir  her  Aine- 
rjcaii  tudijecls  ;   but  this  dehiro  accorded  as  ill  with  (he 
disposition  and  <]ualiticatJonK  of  tlie  individual  to  whom 
fllie  remitled  it!<  accotuplivhment,  as  her  anxiety  in  mi- 
little  the  evtU  <>f  slavt-rv  will  he  ihouuht  to  do   with 
litT  earncHi  eiide.ivor  |o  dilluse   lliis  inisrhievous  insti- 
tution more  widely  in  her  dominion:*.      Of  the  churacler 
and  conduct  of  Lord  Cornhury  we  have  airt  adv  seen  a 
spccnneii  in  the  hiHiory  of  New  Vork.      If  the  peo(tleol 
Nt^vv  Jersey  had  less  reiisoii  to  complain  of  him,  it  was 
only  hecaiise  his  avocations   at   New  York  compelled  I 
hiui  <^cnerally  (o  deleirdle  his  functions  iti  the  olher  pro- 1 
vinre   to  a  depiilv  ;   and    heeause  the   \oiaries  of  his  i 
favorite   insiitutioii,  the  church  o(    Knijland,  were  loo 
few  in   New  .Jersey,  and  perhap)*  too  honest  and  imam-  [ 
hiiious,  to  atford  him  the  materials  of  a   faction  whose  | 
insirumoiit^lity  he  miijhl  employ  in  oppressioL^and  plun-  , 
denntr  the  rest  of  the  cominunitv.      His  distinguished  i 
iiaiiie  and  rank,  his  near  rehitionship  to  the  (pieen,  and  { 
the  advaniaire  he  derived  Irom  appearini;  as  the  sul)sti-  i 
tute  of  a  povernmcnt  which  had  hecouie  univrrsally  nn- 
piipuldr,  f^avti  him  at  liritl  an   inlluenre  w:t))  the  people  i 
of  New  Jersey,   winch  a  man  of  ^realer  virtue   inii;ht ' 
have  rendered  hii-hly  conducive  to   their  felicity,  and  a 
man  of  greater  ahililv  rmjrht  have  unproved  lo  the  swh-  ; 
lii^alioii   of   liieir  spirit,  and    llit;  dirniniition   of  their: 
lihcrtv.      But  all  the  illusions  th.it   Htlendcd   his  oulsi't 
amont;  them  were  speedily  dtspelli-d   hv  ac<iu:iintance 
Willi  Ins  elmracli  r,  nnd  experience  of  hi--  admiiiisiralioii 
Vrnm  the  pmod  of  liis  apponitnienl  Itllhis  ileprivation  ' 
of  oirice,  the   history  of  New  Jersey  consL-ts  o(  lillle  , 
else  thill)  a  detail  o(  the  iiiiseralile  sipiahhles  in  which 
he  involved  himfL.df  with  the  colonial  asseinhlies  ;   and 
d  picture  of  the  Kpirit  and  re»ululion  with  whirh  (hey 
icsisted   Ilia  urhitrary   violence,  condemned   Ins  partial 
diatrihulion  of  justice,  and  exposeil  his  frauiliilent  mis-  ' 
•  pplicdtioii  ofllHi  puhlic  ni'Jiiev       After  repeated  eoiii- 
pluints,  the  (pieen  was  compelled  to  sneritire  lum  to  (he 
universal  indi^iudon  which  he  had  provoked  ;   hut  not 
till  ho  had  very  elfectually,  ihouirh  ino!«t  uiiintentionallv, 
conlnhuled,  by  a  wholesome  discipline,  to  awaken  and 
fortify  a  vitjorous  and  vinilant  spirit  of  liberty,  in  two 
of  llie  colonies  which  were  most  iniinediaielv  :tuhjerted 
to  Ihe  inHin-ncH  of  the  crown.      He  was  superceded,  in  ' 
1701).   by  Lord   [j<ivelace.  who  was   at  the  sa.ne  time 
appointed  Ins    auccesftor  in   (lie   ifoveriinient    of  New  i 
York.' 

'i'ho  attractions  which   (he  netnliboriiii;  province  of 
rennsylvatiia  presented  lo  the  |]n>^lish  ipiakers,  .ind  the 
cessation  which  (he  Ilniish  revolution   produced  of  the  ' 
seventies  that  had  driven  so  rnanv  protestiiil  dissenters 
from  both    Ku}i;land    and    Si-ollarnl,    uiidouhtedly    pri^- 
vented  the  population  of  ,\ew  Je.  I'v   troin    advancinir, 
wilh  the  rapidity  wltich  its  increase  at  out,  period  seemeij  \ 
to  betoken.      Y^et,  ut  the  cIom-  ef  the  Mevi'iiteentli  >  en- 1 
tury,  the  province   is  said   to  have   conlauied   twei;lyt 
thiiusund   inhabitants,  of    wlium    t^\elve  thoustnd   be- 
longed 10  Kasl,  und  ei^jhi  lliousjud  to   West  Jersey,  t  ■■ 
It  IS  more  probable  that  llie  total  population  miuiunted  < 
tc  about  tilteen  thousand  persons      Ttie  i;real  liulk  of 
lliem    were    ipiakers,    presliyteiiuns.    antl    anah.ipii<^ts 
The  milidd  of  Kasl  Jersey  amounted,  at  ihis  periiid,  lo 
1,400  men.     There  wero  two  church  of  Knijland  mini-' 
Bters  in  the  province;  hut  their  lollowors  were  not  suf- 
ficiently numeroufl  and  wealihv  to  provide  thetii  with 
churcho*.     N«w  Jersey  \a  said  lo  have  witncased  an 
unusually    long   ■ubiistenca   of  varieties  of   national  j 

•  8.  Smith.  T5.  S53.  ♦•  I  ronfeBi,"  sayp  Olibnium  in  the 
id  eihtHMi  ol  Kis  wo'«,  'Ml  sivci  me  a  (treat  dpnl  nf  jinui  tri 
wtiiiiiK  this  htstii..,  tu  Aoe  what  «ort  uf  gdvcnitirt  I  nii-et 
with  in  ihu  |ilKnuitiiiis." 

t  Warileri's  Riiliinala  uf  Jie  pnpulatinn  Is  murh  Iciwrr.  He 
uya  (li-  it)t  that  until  Iho  t^^tcv  ot  Uireirlit  m  |:|.1,  die  pni. 
flnce  revrr  pobvitaifd  moro  iL.-in  in.ooo  mtiaintin.i^  lltil 
Ilia  accuunt  of  this  pruvinre  evinces  i^reat  nei|liiti>ni'L>  hikI 
laitxciu.\cv.  Holinea  (1. 4ft)  rvi-^rti  tnu  |Kipulation  to  linve 
ui<iu«ta4  to  IB,00u  In  1701. 


character  unioni;  its  iniiabitantn.  Patriotic  nitachment 
and  uiulual  convenience  had  tfonerally  induced  ihe  eini- 
(jrants  from  dillerctit  countries  (o  settle  in  distinct 
bodies  ;  a  eircunistance  winch  strontjiy  promoted  amtniiT 
them  the  preservaMoii  of  their  peculiar  national  innnners 
and  cnstoms.  K»lm.  the  traveller,  has  preserved  a  very 
agreeable  picture  of  the  manners  and  habits  of  his  coun- 
trymen, (ho  early  Swedish  colonists  of  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware.  'I'hey  seem  lo  have  been  loss  tenacious  of 
thoir  national  peculiarities)  than  the  Dutch,  and  to  have 
copied  very  early  the  manners  of  iho  Knglish.  Not* 
withstanding  some  symptoms  of  a  inrbulcnt  and  refrac- 
tory disposition  which  were  evinced  by  a  portion  of  the 
East  Jerney  population  during  the  subaisunce  of  the 
proprietary  ^'overiiment,  a  much  more  reasonable  and 
moderate  temper  seems  to  have  generally  characterised 
the  people  of  both  parts  of  the  united  province  ;  whereof 
a  strong  testimony  's  afforded  in  ihe  harmony  that 
attended  their  union  ilic  act  of  the  crown  in  1702, 
and  which  even  (he  policy  of  such  a  promoter  of  di.^- 
"ord  as  Lord  Cornhury  was  unable  lo  disturb.  Though 
8e|>arateil  frnni  each  other  by  ditferenccs  of  religious 
denuiinnatiou,  the  inhabiiams  of  the  eastern  and  western 
terniories  were  strongly  assimilated  by  the  hibils  of 
industry  and  fru;>ality  peeiliar  to  the  national  character 
of  the  Scotch,  und  the  sectarian  discipline  of  the  qua- 
ker.*;  and  the  prevaienco  of  these  habits,  doubiless, 
contributed  to  maintain  tninquitltly  and  harmotiy  among 
the  several  races  of  people.  Yet  they  were  always 
disiuitrnished  by  the  steadiness  and  ardor  of  their 
ailachmenl  to  litierty,  and  a  promptitude  to  assert  those 
generous  principles  wiiich  iiad  been  incorporated  with 
the  first  foundation  of  |)olitical  aociely  in  New  Jersey. 
It  ii  disagreeable  to  remernl)er,  that  this  manly  appre- 
ciatimi  of  ilieir  own  tiglils  was  not  always  accompanied 
with  a  proportionate  consideration  of  ihe  rilihls  of 
olher.s.  Negro  slavery  was  established  in  New  Jersey  ; 
ihougli  ut  what  precise  period,  or  by  what  class  of  ihe 
planters,  it  was  lirsl  introduced,  I  havo  not  been  able 
lo  ascertain.  In  sjutcof  the  royal  patronage  wliich  wc 
have  beheld  this  baneful  system  receive,  it  never 
atiained  more  than  a  very  insigniticant  extent  of  preva- 
lence Ihroiighoul  ilic  territory.  Kven  ihe  quakers  in 
lliis  provime,  as  well  a,s  in  I'ennsylvania,  became  pro- 
prietors of  slaves;  hut  their  treatment  of  them  was 
always  distitiguishi'd  liy  a  huniaiiiiy  lliat  rendered 
slavery  litll.-  v[st'  than  a  name;  and  so  early  as  thi' 
year  IG'Jti,  the  cpiakers  of  New  Jersey  united  wiih 
their  breiliren  in  Peiinsylvair.a  in  rerommeiiding  to 
the  members  of  llieir  own  sect  to  desist  from  the  em- 
ployment, or  ut  least  from  tlie  farther  ini|)orlalion,  ol 
slaves.  Tins  inlercliiig  siiiliject  will  demand  more 
parucular  coiisideralion  in  the  history  of  rennsylvania 
New  Ji-r-^ey  lud  been  for  some  tiuu!  in  possession  of 
UTi  incredsing  trade  ;  hut  of  its  extent  at  this  period  no 
at;eurato  esliinale  can  be  formed.  It-!  exports  coii- 
sisieil  of  agricultural  proiluce  ("leluding  rice),  with 
which  It  supplieil  the  West  India  inlands;  furs,  skins. 
and  a  little  tobacco  for  the  Kngli>h  market  ;  und  oil. 
lisli,  and  oilier  provisions,  which  were  sent  to  Spain, 
I'ortugal,  and  llie  *  "anarv  isles.  Hloiue.  whose  account 
ol  the  American  provinces  was  puhlishi'd  in  UiSO,  liavs, 
that  the  tt)wii  nt  HmlinvMon  even  then  gave  promise  of 
becoming  a  place  of  cousiibTa()h^  trade.  The  stateli- 
ness  of  the  publu-  edili'-es,  and  the  comfort  anil  ele- 
gance of  the  private  dwelliiigs  that  composed  this 
town,  are  hi:ihly  comiiiended  hv  a  writer  whose  account 
of  the  jirovnice  wan  published  ubont  ten  years  later 
thin  the  work  ol  Uloriie,  It  possessed  alrcailv  a  'briv- 
ing  tiiantiraclorv  ol  bncnand  \Miolleni-loih.  [^t]  'I'his 
inanul  iclnre,  wlut:h  was  a!>o  ititroduccd  into  IViiumvI- 
viiiia  by  st.iiie  ol  die  earliest  colonists  of  lliis  province, 
beuan  ao  soon  to  exnte  liic  ji>alousy  uf  the  parent  ^tate. 
i  tliat  III  ihe  year  Ui'Jil  an  act  ot  parliiini'iil  was  passed 
,  prohitnling  the  expurulion  uf  wool  and  woollen  nianu 
fairtnres  jioni  the  A'lienc.in  colonies,  under  i  penally 
of  five  h<indr<>d  piiumU  lor  <  mtIi  olfeiice,  in  udililion  lo 
the  forh'iiure  ol  tl,"sliip  and  cargo. 
I  It  IS  allei:e  j  by  soin-  writers,  thai,  till  a  very  late 
period,  the  luhiibitantF  of  New  Jersey  evinced  a  geneial 
neglect  of  eilucation.  and  indiircrcnce  lo  all  improve- 
'  merit  m  the  arts  of  life  und  particularly  m  tlieir  syaiein 
I  of  agricultural  labor.  Tins  reproach  is  said  lo  have 
'  been  more  eipecully  merited  by  the  descendants  of  the 
'  Dutch  acltlers.  Vet  the  college  of  Princeton  was 
founded  s-i  early  as  ihe  year  173S  ;  the  people  have 
;  always  enjoyed  a  hi^'h  reputation  lor  |iiciy,  industry, 
economy,  and  good  morals  ;  end  iio  coiiuunruiy,  even 
ID  North  Anieru'.i.  has  \MtneHsed  h  waier  ditiiision. 
among  all  clas<iiis  of  lis  mhuhiianis.  uf  the  comlorts  and 
ronveniunces  uf  ble.  It  blis  been  noted  us  a  lingular 
I  pocuhurily  m   their  inannera,  that  women  m  ihia  :  tulo 


__  823 

huvc  always  engrossed  a  consideralde  sh&ro  in  the  prao 
tice  of  the  medical  art,  and,  except  in  cases  of  greit 
diHiculty  and  importanee.  have  been  the  only  physieiuno 
whom  the  inhabiiunis  have  had  recourse  to.* 

It  was  a  fortunate  circumstance  for  the  inhabilanls  of 
this  province,  thut  the  Indian  tribes  in  their  neighbor- 
hood were  far  from  numerous,  and  were  abnoat  always 
willing  tu  cultivate  a  frieiitlly  relation  wi'h  the  Kurc 
peuns.  The  gravity,  airnphciiy.  and  eourtesv  of  (piaket 
manners,  seem  lo  have  been  particularly  acrcptahle  t^ 
these  savages.  An  historian  of  New  Jersey  has  pre- 
served an  uecouiitof  a  visit  paid  by  an  old  Indian  king 
to  the  inhtbitants  of  Burlington,  in  the  year  I6B8. 
Being  attacked  with  a  mortal  disorder,  the  old  inni 
sent  for  the  heir  of  his  authority,  and  delivered  to  biui 
a  charge  replete  with  prudent  and  reasonable  inaxim». 
Thomas  Budd,  a  quaker,  and  one  of  the  proprietaries  of 
the  province,  being  present  on  this  solemn  occusion, 
•*  look  the  opportunity  to  remark,  that  there  was  a 
great  (iod  who  created  all  things ;  that  he  gave  man 
an  understanding  of  what  was  good  and  bad  ;  und  after 
this  life  rewarded  the  good  wiih  blessings,  and  the  butl 
according  to  ihcir  doings.  The  king  answered.  It  13 
very  true,  it  is  so;  llicrc  are  two  ways,  a  broad  and  a 
strait  way  ;  there  arc  two  paths,  a  broad  and  a  strait 
path  ;  the  worst  antl  the  greatest  number  go  in  tho 
broad,  the  best  and  fewest  in  the  strait  path  "  This 
king  dying  soon  afterwards,  was  attended  to  bis  grave, 
in  the  qiiakers'  burial-place  in  Burlington,  with  so- 
lemnity, by  (he  Indians  in  their  manner,  und  wiih  grcof: 
respect  by  many  of  the  Englisli  settlers. 

In  the  year  1G95,  the  governor's  salary  in  East  Jer- 
sey was  150/.  ;  in  West  Jersey  200/.  In  1704,  when 
these  two  provinces  had  been  united  into  one  slato.  a 
bill  was  passed  for  raising  by  tax  UOOOl.  per  annum  for 
the  support  of  guveriiment :  but  it  does  not  appear  what 
proportion  uf  this  auin  was  allotted  to  tho  governor. 


BOOK  VII. 
PENNSYLVANIA  AND  DELAWARE. 
CHAPTER  I. 
Birth  and  Character  of  Wlliiani  Peuu— He  sohctts  a  Grant  of 
Aiiiericaii  Teriitnry  fnmi  I'linrlci  the  Secoml — Cliaitfrof 
Pennsylvania — Object  atid  Meanni:;  ef  the  (Mausus  iiecullar 
to  iliis  Charter— fcn^jlish  ami  Anu'riciu  Oimni'iis  tliereon— 
I'eiin**  Kiloits  lu  pCMi^ilu  his  Terniories — BntiKTatluii  of 
(Quakers  lo  ihe  Proiiiicr  — LetliT Irom  IVnii  to  iho  Itnliaiis  — 
Puiiii's  lir>t  Frame  ot  tioverniiieiii  tor  the  Provinc:;— lir.int 
ul  Delaware  hv  the  Dnku  ol  York  to  Penn— who  sails  tor 
Ainenca— Ins  joyiul  rcreption  there— Numerous  Einn{r»- 
tioiis  lo  lilt)  Provntce— Firsit  LcKislalivu  Assembly— Penn- 
..ylvaiiit  ami  Delaware  uniteii— l.'oiilroversy  with  Lord  Bal- 
timore—Treaty with  Iho  Inihaiih— Second  Asseuilily— new 
Fraiii"  ot  (iovfrnincnt  adopied  — Philadeltihia  lounded— 
I'cim's  Uelurnto  Kiiijlimd— and  Faiewell  lu  liib  People. 

Wii.LUM  Pi-:n.v,  so  renowi.rd  as  a  patriarch  and 
champion  of  the  quakers,  und  a  ftiunder  of  civilized 
sociPiy  in  North  America,  was  tho  sun  of  that  naval 
cominatnler  who,  under  the  protectorate  of  (jromwell, 
enlar^eo  the  British  dominiuuH  by  tlie  conquest  of  Ja- 
maica. Vliis  was  tiie  first  colony  which  had  been  ac- 
(jiiired  by  !he  English  arms.  New  York  was  the  next : 
for  Acadia,  'hough  conquered  in  the  interim  by  Ooin- 
well's  forces,  did  not  tlien  oeconio  an  Ennlish  seltlo- 
nieiit,  aid  wa^  o'.ir'eiiii'Ted  by  Charles  the  Second, 
S4)on  after  his  restoration.  It  is  another  example  of  the 
strange  concatenation  of  huindii  atfairs,  that  the  second 
instance  of  tlie  ucqiiisition  of  a  colony  by  the  British 
arms,  should  have  been  (he  ineitus  of  introducing  the 
sou  of  the  lirst  conqueror,  us  a  quuker  colonist  and  a 
|>reoclM'r  of  peace,  in  .\iuerici. 

Ills  father,  who  afterwards  attained  (bo  dignity  o( 
knigli'houil,  und  the  station  of  an  admiral,  was  the 
deaeendaiit  of  a  respectahltt  English  family.  Uevoiing 
himself  to  the  naval  service  of  his  country  in  the  com- 
inencenicnt  of  llie  civil  war,',  be  embraeed  tiic  canso 
of  (be  puriiamcnl.  and  sultsequenlly  adhered  to  the  for- 
tunes of  Croinwetl.  From  un  inleiior  rank  in  the  ser- 
vice uf  thcMe  authorities,  be  was  promoted  lo  a  digni- 
lied  and  important  cominand,  and  enjoyed  a  considera- 
ble decree  of  lavur  with  the  IVutector  till  the  failure  ol 
liie  expedition  which  he  cundueted  agnui&l  8t.  Uu- 
iningu  It  IS  asserted  very  decidedly  by  some  histo- 
runs,  and  especially  by  alt  the  quaker  writcrc,  that  thia 
disaster  was  uccasioucd  by  ihe  fault  uf  Venablea,  who 

"  Warden,  h.  M,  VVIiether  this  u»ge  was  the  riff  ct  or  tho 
raiiso  ut  Ihe  leuiarkablc  henlthinciiH  ot  Ihe  people  of  New 
JetHey,  wilt  adiiut  of  a  ikmht.  But  it  inny  hn  rcfiarded  as  tho 
4\m|)t(Mii  of  A  roinarkatt'c  deitreo  M  rciiprct  for  Hie  frmalo 
nei.  Ol  litis  .teniinient  inothttr  very  sioKular  testitnony  wno 
Rifordi.  it  even  sti  talc  as  he  cumnienceiiient  o*'  the  ninciocntb 
century,  by  a  Um  which  eitended  the  electt/e  rrnnchlke  in 
New  Jeriti-y  lo  wotiten.  Tlit*  Nt-w  Jcrney  wonten,  huwover, 
ftliinved  thctriselvei  worthy  uf  the  rcftpcct  of  tholr  cnuntry- 
mrn,  hjr  generally  declining  to  avail  th«niselvea  ol  this  |V« 
'  potterutiK  uruuf  uf  tt. 


834 


TIIK  HISTORY  Ol' 


M 

1     ' 


commanilril  ih«  iand  forcp«,  nnd  ooiiUl  not  fairly  be 
Bltnt'UlM!  to  Ailniiral  Perm  ;  Init  (/roinwrti,  wl.o  uii- 
tlcrstouil  iiiiliiurv  alVairs  lit  itrr  than  tlii)<!(>  wnliTH  ran 
he  Niijijtosctl  to  havo  done,  whs  so  fur  trurn  H(:i[uitlinK 
the  adiiiinil  of  hlainOf  that  he  iinprisoiUHl  hini  in  (lie 
Tdwcr,  ami  never  aftfrwardi  intrusted  tinn  with  uny 
piildie  ein|iloy.  This  circiiinftldiice,  perhn|>s,  conlnlm- 
ted  10  ll.c  f.ivor  which  he  enjoyed  at  court  alter  the 
]{eiitoration  ;  when  ho  vcnipled  not  to  neccpt  honor 
and  employment  from  a  government  that  stigmiiti/cd 
the  ftrrvice  in  wliieli  he  had  heen  previously  enjiaged, 
Ity  the  insults  it  heaped  on  the  memory  of  Ulake.'  It 
in  uUeiied  by  Mishop  Uurnet,  that  he  obtained  tlio  friciid- 
fhip  of  the  Duke  of  York,  with  whom  he  comnuiiuh'd 
at  sea  in  the  Dutch  war  of  l(i05,  by  enahlinii*  him  to 
avoid  a  renewed  action  with  the  enemy's  Hcet,  without 
havmji;  seemed  to  decline  it.  Other  writers,  and  espe- 
cially  those  who  tiavc  embraced  the  tenets,  or  fi'lt 
themselves  inierested  in  the  fume  of  his  son,  liavo  as- 
seited  that  the  admiral  owed  his  favor  with  the  kin^r 
and  llie  duke  to  no  other  recommcndalions  than  those 
of  his  eminent  valor  and  abiliiics.  He  was  impeached, 
in  16(>S,  by  the  House  oi'  Commons,  for  enihezxiinir 
tirize  money ;  but,  from  some  unexplained  e.rcuin- 
Liiince,  the  Mupeaehmont  was  permitted  to  drop. 

Whatever  was  the  cause  of  the  court  favor  which  ho 
cnjoyrd.  it  was  so  considerable  as  to  autbunse  the  most 
ambitious  hopes  of  the  advancement  uf  his  sou,  and 
proportionally  to  emintter  his  disappointment  at  beliold- 
in^  that  son  embrace  a  profession  of  taiih  wliich  auh- 
joeted  htm  not  only  to  otVieial  disability,  but  to  tlui 
Bf.verity  of  pcial  law,  the  derision  of  courtiers,  autl  ih*; 
displeasure  of  the  (,'reat.  Youiij;  Pciin's  pri'dilection 
for  the  qnakers,  first  excited  by  llie  discourses  of  one  of 
their  itinerant  nreachera,  was  manifested  so  eiirly.  and 
with  so  much  w-irmth,  as  to  oecasum  bis  expulsion  from 
tlie  university  o  Oxford  at  the  afje  of  sixtiM-n.  His 
father  endeavored  to  prevail  with  hiui  to  abandon  priii- 
cifdcs  and  inanncra  io  dl  calculated  to  promote  ht^ 
worldly  i^randeur;  and,  nnding  bis  aruuments  im-tH'C- 
.mil.  resorted  to  blows,  and  even  bunishid  hiin  from  his 
home,  with  no  belter  elfuct.  Aloni»  with  tlie  piculiiiri- 
tics  of  qiiakcrism,  the  younj;  convert  had  nccivt-d  thr 
rir^t  profound  in';)res(<ion  he  had  ever  exptTicnci'd  id" 
the  truth  and  importance  of  ('hnstiunity  ;  and  boih 
were  for  ever  inseparably  blended  to^'ollu-r  iii  his  nuiid. 
The  treatment  he  received  from  Ins  falluT,  tended  to 
tortify  bis  conviction  thai  quakirism  was  a  nvival  of 
that  pure  and  pnnutive  ('hristianity  which  was  fated  to 
occasion  the  division  of  liouseliolds,  and  the  disaolutton 
oi  the  Mron^est  ties  of  iialnral  allcciion.  The  admiral, 
at  Icnytb.  dt'viscd  a  method  of  sai>piny  the  principles 
which  he  could  nut  overtlirow  ;  and,  for  tliisi  purpose, 
sent  his  sun  to  travel,  with  some  youn<;  mm  ol  quality, 
in  France,  then  llie  gayest  aiul  uiost  bcentiou.i  country 
of  Kurope.  This  devici',  which  rellccts  hitle  credit  on 
the  purity  of  that  natural  aU'eciion  by  which  il  wiis  su^- 
((ested,  was  altuiided  with  apparent  success.  (Juaiier- 
isiii  and  (>hristiaiiity  wire  checkrd  alike,  for  a  lime,  in 
the  mind  of  Penn,  who  returned  to  bis  gratified  fallier 
with  the  manners  of  an  elegant  f^entleman,  and  the 
sentiments  of  a  man  of  pleasure  t  Dut,  liavin^  re- 
paired, m  the  year  lOlifi,  to  Ireland,  to  inspect  an 
estate  that  belonged  to  bis  f.ttlier  in  tins  country,  it  was 
here  again  his  fatu  to  meet  wiilt  llie  same  iiineriiit 
prcacbec  who  bad  impressed  his  mind  so  powerfully  ten 
years  before,  at  Oxford.  His  former  senliments  were 
now  revived,  with  deeper  conviction  and  inrrea<«ed  zeal 
and  energy  ;  and   cpnckly  produced  u  public,  solemn, 

•  Iti  alliiilm^  to  llie  history  and  ilmrai  ternf  lii^  lather,  Wil- 
.l:iin  I'i'iM)  ActiiUH  to  liiivu  lelt  at  once  a  riatiiral  s>iii|'atli>' 
witli  tilH  ri'itulilu'Nli  liuuors,  and  an  uiiWlllinKiie»»lo  liavt*  luiii 
coiihitlcri'd  an  asuui-iule  of  repulilicuiiti,  uiid  aiitat;oni>t  of 
roysny-  "From  a  heuiiMiant,"  says  lu.«  !iort,  "he  |)as««!<l 
ttirouifli  ail  till)  eminent  ullit-es  of  nea  oinployuient,  and  ar- 
nvcd  (u  tlint  nl  Kuiier.il  niKiut  the  thiriiulh  >fur  or  Ins  iiKf ; 
m  a  lime  lull  of  the  liiuK^Kt  »<ea  actions  that  any  hialury  iiit-ii- 
titins  ;  Mild  when  iit'ithur  tirilie*  nor  Hllianco,  tivor  nur  utlcc- 
lion,  tint  Hliility  only  roiild  ^ruinnlc,"  He  adds,  houevrr,— 
**iie  wuB  eniraKt-'d  IhiHi  unditr  (h?  parliuinmit  and  knit;;  ''»t 
not  as  nn  aittor  in  the  donieAtictroulWus  ;  huconi)M!(s  ulvva\h 
fleeruiK  hini  to  eye  a  intional  com*-.  '.  and  not  inte.<tliiie 
wars.     Hii  >crvic«,  therefore,  beiiin  wl  lnreii;n,  he  may 

t>e  trulv  laid  to  Ktrvehis  country,  raihei  i  .ii|  eilhi,'r  of  thesi. 
tnlcrp»U,  BO  tar  as  limy  were  distinct  *  oni  eucit  oilier." 
Proui'.'H  HiNt.  uf  l'enri.H>lvanm,  I.  SI,  ^3.  i'l  'inixon  thus  ilia- 
ractenzes  the  ailnural  — "  He  was  a  ttronK  indeiieintttnt,  and 
to  continued  till  tlio  Itentutation ;  when  tinding  rellicon  and 
liberty  at  the  riieriy  of  their  enemies,  he  very  t|iii('lvly  niadn 
his  paace  wiih  Kinij  lliarlus  and  the  Dukuui  Vurk."  Second 
Gtlition,  i.  tlUfl. 

t  To  reconrile  this  Hell-authenticated  ronUurt  of  the  )i(biii* 
ml  with  the  niiereti  which  tiuaker  writers  have  evinced  m 
aeience  uf  his  iu[mlation,  it  is  nuceiitary  tu  remetnhur,  that 
!io  la  said  tu  have  died  ■y  convert  tixiunker  [irinciplcN  ;  and  to 
luivtf  pro)>heiiied  to  his  frnii  that  Ihf><>e  pniii'ijtlKH,  rjltiilv  Miid 
MUienlly  suiiiKirtod,  wuuld  linally  tnuniph  uver  all  oppuaitiuti. 
^      '     Ctarbon. 


uuienll 

Fmid. 


and  resolute  expresMion  of  his  adherence  to  the  tenets 
and  usages  of  tlie  quukcrs-  In  vain  were  hir  father's 
instances  once  more  repeated,  and  the  temporal  digni- 
ties which  seenu'il  nnly  to  wait  his  nccejitdn'-e  pressed 
Willi  foMU  and  patheiic  earnettness  on  bis  rcij'ird.  It 
was  even  in  vain  tliel  the  admiral,  in  despair,  restricted 
Ins  solicitation  to  !<uch  a  slender  comjilijiice  with  the 
usages  of  the  world,  a.'t  tliat  Ins  non  ^houl4l  uncover  his 
head  in  the  presence  of  the  King,  ihe  Duke  of  York, 
and  his  parenls.  Pcnii's  eye  was  now  elevated  to  ihe 
conreniplation  of  objects  so  glorious,  that  the  lustre  of 
earthly  dignities  grew  dim  befiire  them  ;  and  his  reso* 
lution  (loriitied  by  an  early  experience  of  imprisonment, 
and  other  legal  seventies)  was  wound  up  to  hucIi  a 
pitch  of  tirniness  and  intenstty,  tlial  he  refused  to  lay 
even  a  single  grain  uf  incense  on  what  he  deemed  an 
unhallowed  altar  of  hmnan  itrroganct'  aiid  vanity.  He 
now  devoted  all  the  large  resources  of  his  capacity  to 
the  defence  and  propagation  of  the  ipiaker  tenets,  and 
sacrificed  his  temporal  ease  and  enjoyment  to  the  illus- 
tration of  the  (piaker  virtues, — with  a  success  that  has 
gained  for  hiin  a  renown  more  illustrious  and  imperisli- 
able  than  the  ambition  of  his  father  ever  ventui^d  to 
hope,  or  the  utinoisl  favor  of  his  sovereign  could  have 
been  able  to  confer.  It  would  not  be  e.i!>v  to  figure  a 
more  interesting  career  than  is  exhiluted  in  the  greater 
portion  of  his  subseipienl  life.  He  travelled  over 
many  parts  of  Kurope,  nnd  even  extended  his  pergonal 
labors  to  America  :  and  every  where,  from  the  courts 
of  (ieniiiiu  pnncefl  to  the  encampment.<^of  IiidKin  sava- 
ges, we  find  hitn  overcoming  evil  by  good,  and  disarm- 
ing the  wrath  of  man  by  gentlem  >,  patience,  and  laitli 
III  hia  exl(>rior  appearance  and  Idress,  there  were 
eoMihmed,  in  an  unusual  degree,  ,  venerable  dignity 
and  gravity  of  a.^pect,  with  a  Iran  -heerful  simplicity 
of  manner,  and  a  style  of  expressiu  lught  with  plain- 
ness, vigor,  and  good  humor.  His  >..  was  a  very  un- 
common one,  and  its  lineaments,  tlinugh  by  no  means 
fine,  were  far  from  iinpleasmg,  ami  derived  fn>ni  tiieir 
peculiarity  snuieihmg  impressive  <in'.l  reinemberal)t('. 
Wail  the  genera]  corpulence  which  his  frame  attained 
as  he  advanced  in  years,  his  conutenance  expandiul  to 
a  considerable  dimension  ;  and  w-bile  bis  eve  expresiied 
coiisidente  ihonght.  a, id  strength  of  undertttaiHling,  the 
amplitude  and  regularity  of  the  rest  of  his  features 
.seemed  to  indicate  a  liah:tnal  tranipiillity  of  spirit.  A 
mind  so  contemplative,  and  a  life  so  active  ;  such  a 
mixture  of  mildness  and  resolution  ;  of  patience  and 
emrgy  ;  of  nuluwiry  and  genius  ;  of  loftv  jiietv  and  pro- 
found sagacity,  have  rarely  heen  e\oinpliticd  in  the 
records  ot  human  chancier.  Tiie  most  pious  and  the 
most  voluminous,  he  was  also,  next  to  Robert  IJ.irday. 
the  most  learned  and  iugeiiious  writer  in  defence  of 
quakerism  ;  and,  at  the  same  lime,  next  to  ( teorge  Kox, 
the  most  indefatigable  minister  tliat  the  qtiakers  have 
ever  possessi-d.  Ha  contrivt.'d  to  e.ihibil  al  oiico  the 
active  ami  passive  virtues  suitable  to  a  chanipioii  and  a 
confessor  of  qiiakertsiii ;  and  the  same  prisons  that 
were  the  scene  of  bis  patieiil  sulVering  for  the  riglils  of 
his  brethren,  were  also  the  scene  of  bu  most  cl.iborate 
literary  elloris  for  their  instruction.  Among  other  ipia- 
ker  peculiarities,  his  writings  are  distinguished  by  a 
tedious  |irolixity  ;  yet  not  mncli  more  so  than  tlie  pro- 
ductions of  tlm  most  eelehraleil  colemporury  auiliors. 
Tliey  abound  with  iiimierous  passiges  replete  aliki^ 
with  the  tinest  eloquence  and  the  lllo^l  lorcililo  reason- 
ing, cngaouig  benevolence,  and  (erveiit  piety.  He  was 
deejdy  mlerted  with  tlu'  doctrinal  errors  of  the  quakers  , 
yet  more  deeply  eiubued  wiih  llie  spirit  of  the  trutli 
than  many  who  prole.ss  to  liold  it  devoid  iH  such  apjieii- 
dages;  anil,  notwtlh't.uiding  the  tendencv  of  tlie.H'  doc- 
trinal *'rrors  to  lead  those  who  have  tliorougiily  em- 
braced them  into  baiiiic  and  mdertni  I'xcesstn,  there 
were  none  of  the  qtiuker  leaders  who  eoninbuied  mure 
hignally  than  I'enii  to  the  esldbhshment  of  u  «vstem  ol 
orderly  discijibiie  throughout  llie  soeiely.  Tins  was  a 
work  of  such  itillientiv,  and  so  repugnant  to  the  senti- 
ments ot  maiiv  who  reirardeil  discipline  as  an  ailempt 
to  control  the  soveieignty,  and  obstruct  the  freedom  of 
spiritual  conimurncation,  that  all  the  intluenee  of  IViiirs 
character  and  address,  and  all  the  weight  he  derived 
from  his  labors  and  snllerings,  were  requisite  to  its  »nc 
cess,  and  barely  sntliced  to  elVect  it.  Kxcejit  (icorge 
Fox,  no  other  individual  has  ever  enjoyed  so  much 
authority  in  this  society,  or  leab/.ed  so  cjuqiletely  the 
character  of  a  patriarch  of  the  quakers.  Though  his 
principles  excluded  him  from  the  ollicial  dignities  which 
his  father  had  coveted  for  him,  they  did  not  prevent 
him  from  attaining  a  remarkable  dej^ree  of  favor  and 
roiisideratinn,  both  with  i'liarles  the  Second  and  his 
aiireessor  ;  which  be  improved,  to  the  iitmobl  of  bis 
power,  for  llio  rcUtf  of  the  sutl'cruig  members  of  thu 


qnaker  flociety.     ^Vhatevcr  wore  the  acrvirea  of  tlio 

admiral,  the  claim  which  they  were  thought  in  infei 
was  extended  to  Ins  son  ;  nor  was  its  ellicacy  impaired 
hv  bis  visible  iiifinence  over  a  numerous  body  of  men, 
whoso  absolute  renunciation  of  the  rights  of  resistance 
and  self-deVnce  could  not  fail  to  interest  the  regude 
of  arbitrary  jiriiicea. 

There  exists,  in  all  mankind,  a  propensity  to  un- 
bounded admiration,  arising  from  an  indistinct  gbinpoa 
and  faint  rem.'.ining  trace  of  that  image  of  infinite  m:i- 
jesty  and  purity  with  which  their  exisieiic*^  eonnectfi 
them,  and  to  which  their  nature  once  enjoveil  a  morn 
ample  conformity  than  it  has  been  able  to  retain.  Wo 
may  consider  either  as  the  expression  of  this  srntimrnt, 
or  the  apology  for  iiiduli;ing  it,  that  anxiety  to  claim  thii 
praise  of  lanlitess  perfection  for  the  ohjrcts  of  our  ea- 
teem,  which  may  truly  be  thought  to  indicate  a  secret 
consciousness  that  it  is  only  to  excellence  aliove  ibo 
reach  of  humanity  that  our  admiration  c-iu  ever  be  pisily 
due.  This  error  -ns  never  been  evinced  in  a  more 
sioiial  degree  than  by  llie  biographers  of  I'enn,  and  llio 
historians  of  his  tabors  and  institution.^  in  Aiuencn 
The  niimixcd  and  nnmeriied  eTH'ommm  which  U\..  cha- 
racter and  labors  have  reeei\ed.  originated,  no  doubt, 
Willi  the  writers  of  his  own  rt  hgious  persuasion;  but, 
.so  far  from  being  eimfinecl  to  \\w\n,  it  lus  been  eviii 
exatrgerated  by  writers  of  a  totally  dilferent  class,  and 
whose  seeming  impartiality  has  contributed,  in  a  re- 
markable degree,  to  fortify  and  prnpagat.''  the  illusion. 
The  quakers  have  always  enjoyed,  with  some  infidel 
ph.losopbers,  u  reputation  which  no  other  professors 
of  (y'lutstianily  have  been  permitted  to  share;  partly 
because  they  were  accounted  the  friends  of  unhmiied 
toluraiiun,  and  partly  from  an  erroneous  idea  that  their 
christian  name  was  but  a  iliiu  tnystn-al  covering  wlmii 
veiled  the  pure  and  simple  liglit  of  reason  and  philo'^ophy 
from  eyes  vet  too  gross  to  receive  it.  Kefusmg  lode- 
fine  their  doctrinal  tenets  bv  a  creed,  and  having  ilready 
evacuated,  by  allegorical  interpretation,  som<;  of  ihu 
plainest  precepts  of  the  gospel,  tjio  ipiakers  were  ex- 
(lected,  by  their  pbdosophical  panegvnsls.  to  pave  tho 
way  for  a  total  dissolution  of  t'brihtiaintv,  bv  gradually 
allegortzmg  the  whi)le  of  the  Scri|itures.  Bv  the  united 
elibrts  of  these  several  Iribiilaries  lo  lus  fame.  William 
IVnii  has  been  presented  to  the  eyes  of  mankind  as  u 
character  nearly,  if  not  entirely,  faultless  ;  as  ihe  author 
of  mslitnnous  not  less  admirable  for  their  wisdom  ihnii 
their  nriiiuiality,  and  not  less  amply  than  instautn.- 
neoiisly  [iroductive  of  the  gratitude  and  h.ipptness  of 
mankind  ['2.'>J  How  exaggerated  is  Ihis  picture  of  the 
merit  and  the  etfecis  of  Ins  mstitiilioiis,  will  appear  but 
too  clearly  from  the  following  pages.  That  tlie  daz- 
zhng  light  with  winch  his  cliaracler  has  beiu  invested, 
was  sullied  with  the  sjiecks  of  mortal  iinprru  ritott  is 
al.sou  truth  which  it  is  iiujro  easy  ihan  agreeable  to  do- 
inonatrule.  But  excellence,  tlie  more  cri'dibly  it  is  re- 
preseiiled,  is  the  more  ell'eclnally  recommended  to 
human  imitation:  and  those  wlio  may  be  con.seious  of 
such  infirmities  as  William  P<!nti  evinced,  receive  an 
iiiiportunt  lesson  when  they  are  taught  that  these  im- 
perfections luitber  inevitably  obstruet,  nor  satisfactorily 
a|iologise  for,  deficiency  of  even  tho  most  exemplary 
Virtue. 

In  the  coinmeiicement  of  his  career,  Penu  evinced, 
towards  his  opponents,  an  arniLMiict^  of  disdain,  and  a 
coarseness  ot  vituperation,  very  little  consistent  with 
the  inQdne.HS  of  qiiaker  manners,  or  even  with  common 
decency  and  propriety  *  It  redounds  to  his  credit 
that  he  corrected  this  fault,  aiul  graced  iiis  wisdom  by 
an  snidress  replete  with  courtesy  and  kindm-ss.  lint 
another  chan<>e  which  his  disposition  appears  also  to 
liavu  undergone,  presents  bun  in  an  aspect  winch  it  is 
lesf*  agreeable  to  conurnplate.  Recommended  to 
('harles  the.  Second  ami  his  successor,  by  a  hereditary 
claim  of  regard,  by  the  principles  of  passive  obedience, 
which,  as  a  quaker,  he  professed,  and  as  a  writer  he 
contributed  widely  to  dtsseminate,  ami  by  tlio  willing- 
ness vv  lib  which  he  ami  his  fellow  sectaries  alone,  id' all 
the  British  protesiants.  recognized  the  royal  prerogative 
(it  suspending  laws,  he  was  admitliMl  lo  a  degree  of 
favor  and  intimacy  with  these  perfidious  snd  tyrannical 
princes,  which  laid  a  dangerous  snare  for  tho  integrity 


•  III  the  prefatory  address  whHh  he  prelixcd  to  Mr  arnuunt 
nf  lus  reUbrated  trial  al  the  Old  Bullev,  for  preaching  tt  a 
conventicle,  he  makes  une  of  lliis  viry  umiuaker  exprcsKion. 

"  Ma^na  (Miaria  Is  magna with  Ihe  recorder  of  l.ondon.'* 

Thi>!te  who  are  nnalile  to  con)eclnre  the  riliildrjr  whuh  I  for* 
hear  to  traiiHcnlte,  may  coiiKiilt  thu  preface  lUelf,  which  ii 
reprinted  ill  lloweirN  State  Trials,  vol,  vi.  p.  U53  Fetn)  hail 
no  objection  to  a  little  |yeasHtilrv.  An  adversary  of  ilm  <|Uti* 
kers  liivuii!  pnlilislied  ao  attack  on  them,  entilled  "The 
tjimker's  last  Shill  lonnd  out,"  I'erui  auswi-red  it  by  n  wurk 
h<  iitttiL' the  ludicrous  til  le  «.l  "  Naked  Truth  neudi  ito  Jslutl.'* 
tlaxksuu'a  Lite  ul  rciui,  i.  IM, 


"-^^ 


I    i> 


^ 


I 


■M«h*w,..-wi».--.„„iit)irtm 


fai.^..-_t.  i-,i,i-i,-ai4i^^ 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


895 


of  hid  rhnrnctcr  mul  lln»  rrctuudn  of  hix  ninilnri  It 
\v.i9  natiirdi  thai  hti  and  tiiii  fntnuts,  opiircMHcii  hy  tlio 
|tflrlMrnri)tury  unuriinonlii.  dhoiild  rri^ard  wiih  more  t'n-  | 
vor  tin*  nrlmraiy  power  which  was  tVt:))m'Hilv  iritrriioncii  i 
for  thoir  ruliof,  th.in  the  consliuiiiuiial  aiithnriiy  which  i 
was  directed  to  (heir  inohtntstion.  But  none  of  tho  ' 
other  protnstaiit  diHcntflra  beheld  orherwtso  than  with  I 
riir^tiHt,  tho  boon  of  ft  tem|K)rary  mitigation  of  h'lr.il ' 
rigor,  whicl)  iMi|died  a  power  la  the  crown  anhvprnivR 
of  every  bulwark  of  lintiih  liberty.  Aa  the  pohtical 
a({Piil  of  hia  nocicty,  culiivatinir  Iho  friviid^hip  of  a 
tyrant,  and  Bprkini^  a  sliclier  undur  bin  power  from  tho 
JuwH,  iVnn  occupied  a  aiiualion  rctruluted  t)y  no  ordi- 
nary duties  or  anccrtainrd  printiplos  ;*  and  becoming 
^nidufilly  fAiniharizi'd  with  arbitrary  powrr.  ht'scniplcd 
nut  to  bfNi-uch  itM  inlerpOAition  in  (he  hrhiilf  of  hm  own 
priviitu  conccrrnnoiitx,  and  to  employ,  for  the  tuiUr^n- 
ninit  of  tun  Ainrricnn  trrritory,  at  (he  cxpni>e  of  iliu 
prior  ri^hl  of  Kord  Haliimorc,  tlu'SHnin  uuiliority  which 
no  hiid  acrubtunu^d  himnulf  to  resport  a^*  .in  onirinn  of 
public  ^ood,  and  roh^ioiiN  toh'rjtion.  Dazzled,  railirr 
tlmn  currnplcd,  by  royal  favor  and  cotUidenco,  ho  behold 
iH)thin<r  in  the  chitractcr  of  tho  princt*!*  that  roprnvt-d  his 
fnriidHliip  with  tlicni,  or  prcvonlod  it  from  bicoinini; 
oven  more  intimate  and  i-4>ntid<M)ti.il,  when  ihcir  lyran- 
hinil  dt-Hi<Tiifl  woro  already  fully  dm'rloped,  tlioir  cha- 
raricrs  uninaskod  io  cvt-ry  other  eye,  and  the  hands 
from  which  he  solicited  fiivorn  were  crnlirufd  wilh  the 
blood  of  mm  \«hoin  lio  bad  loved  a;*  friendi,  nnd  ro- 
vcreticed  an  'hr  inoftt  illnstrions  cbarnctors  in  Huirland. 
AViulo  H!i  yi?t  lb,.'  struu'tilo  bL'lwenn  tlio  popular  loaderH 
and  the  abetl<«r!4  of  arbilrjry  power  Imd  not  terminated 
Ml  favor  of  ill)  crown,  Ponii  apiir.irrd  to  pirlicipatn  in 
tho  rioniiinoiits  that  wrro  chorishfd  by  the  friends  of 
lilif>rty.  IIo  addrcsMod  hit  applications  for  repeal  of 
the  penal  laws  agiin^i  disaentom  to  tbe  lloiiso  of  Com* 
inoiis;  Ii(^  atia-'hed  liiin"«elf  to  Als;itrunu  Sidney,  and 
endeavored  (o  promote  Iiih  election  in  a  content  with  a 
court  candidate  for  tho  l)<irou>rh  of  (rui)dford  ;  and  we 
hivo  Kvv.n  how  ho  concurred  m  the  m,ii;iiatnmous  viii- 
dic-itun  of  the  ri'.'lit^  of  West  Jersey  nijainst  llio  rn* 
crojclnncnrs  of  tho  Doko  oi'  Vork.  Vet  when  tho 
cause  of  lilicriv  seemed  for  over  to  have  sunk  benoatli 
llio  iisceiulancy  of  roval  prcro:^attvo,  bo  applied  to  the 
crown  for  tlit;  rehof  wlucli  be  had  atreaily  practiculty 
recoiTfii/.cd  n*  Hie  provnico  of  the  parliament  ;  he  be- 
held ins  triond  Siduoy  butchered  on  llio  dcalFotd  wilbont 
niiy  nnorruplion  of  conliality  between  hiiUM^If  nnd  the 
court ;  and  when  Janica  the  Second  committed  a  far 
(iriMler  oulrauo  on  llio  rii»hls  of  Magdalen  cullooo  of 
OYlord  than  tho  encroachment  ho  had  altempled  on  the 
lilurlieii  of  New  Jersey.  Ponn'a  advice  to  tho  follows 
ot  the  colle^^c  whh  to  appease  tlio  kin;^  hy  ronccsflionA 
i-yr  their  past  conduct,  which,  al  the  same  time,  he  ac- 
Ixiiowled^ed  to  have  hei  n  honorable  and  praisoworthy. 
Nav,  an  if  to  render  tho  chan;4c  of  bis  disposition  still 
more  eminently  couspicuoud,  ho  concurred  witli  the 
oihir  propnetarius  of  Hast  Jersey  it)  tamely  surremler- 
iuir  tho  liliertiofl  of  this  provnict-  to  tho  same  prince, 
ui;  iinst  whom,  when  supported  by  the  spirit  of  boiler 
times,  bo  had  so  stroiUDusly  defended  tho  liberiies  of 
iis  sister  colony.  Peim  was  [iroient  at  tho  execution 
of  Mrs  (rannt,  an  a^id  lady,  renowiied  for  her  piety 
ft;id  charily,  who  was  burnt  alive  for  hivmj;  i;iven  sliel- 
ti*r  to  a  person  in  dittress,  wlunn  sin-  knew  nol  al  the 
time  to  luvh  been  a  fn;;itive  troui  Hie  rettel  aruiv  of  Iho 
Duke  of  Monmouth  ;  and  at  t!ie  oxocutiou  of  Aldonnaii 
Cornish,  who  wa-*  lMni;oil  belore  the  door  of  bis  ovu 
house,  for  a  pretended  treason,  of  v%hicli  noliodv  believed 
bim  to  bo  ^ultty.  The  only  Honhmenl  that  ho  is  re- 
ported to  have  eipresstd.  on  tins  occasion,  was  that 
'*  the  kmi(  was  ^roallv  to  be  piMed  for  the  evd  rouiisels 
thai  hnrned  htm  iiilo  so  muchetruston  of  hiood  "  Wlien 
it  IS  considered  Uul,  after  all  lliis,  IVriirs  eves  wore 
not  openedf  la  llie  real  character  of  James,  ami.  on  the 
contrary,  his  friendship  wiih  the  barbarous  lyrant  con- 
tinued to  subsist,  and  even  10  increase,  lill  the  very 
iaat ;  it  socms  by  no  moans  surprising  that  his  contom- 


*  Tliat  Pfiin  iliit  iitit  iit'kiiimleJ^o  tlinsaiii>t  iluiius,  int  a  pn- 
litical  elmmcter,  wliu'li  he  ptesmtied  tohiriitulf  as  a  qiiuker, 
a|t|>«iir!t  fruiii  Ins  wnhilruwiiiK  Iniiii  a  state  warrant  tnat  was 
|s^ut->t  fui  his  iinprisiirniieiitiiii  a  polilical  cluri{e  i>y  Kitu  Wil- 
liam (PriiiiU,  1.  318—331).)— Hii  evsNiDii  whicli  lio  iiui-pr  .stutiixid 
to,  wlien  lie  was  (teniecuted  fjr  tii«  roht(iuu4  |iractire;«. 

t  lie  puiilislieil  a  tidok  in  favor  of  the  kind's  attempts  to 
oitiihlisli  tult>ral:ort,  tiven  after  James  hadi  ifariliscluiivil  his 
real  views  sh  to  have  thnisr  paputH  into  th'!  i^iivernineiil  of 
the  umvervily  lit  OKiorii.  lie  liatl  rnrently  lufore  imUurlakeii 
Q  secrei  itnbaMiy  froiu  tlio  kn)i(  to  the  Priite  nf  Oraii^t',  in 
tiic  hiii>f  'if  prevaihi)!{  wiiti  the  prince  t<>  guu  his  saiictiun  l<i 
X\w  nieatuii'S  in  hehalf  nl  tnlcrallitn.  (^lirVituii,  t.  471.  Hti  ; 
ti.  A.  Thtini;li  unalilti  t<i  <liir«>rn  the  desi^iin  nf  the  ktu;,  he 
had  not  nlwavs  been  e<iu.illv  insetiMiblu  t<t  thn  dangers  of 
pppery  ;  and  ni  the  days  of  hit  painutic  fervimr,  had  written 
u  PBDiplilet  to  aitiiiiate  tho  nalioual  rofio  n^anut  Uie  preloiiUvd 
|W|>Uli  plot     Ibid.  I.  leift. 


poranes  should  bavo  generally  regarded  him  as  a  secret 
abeiior  of  all  ibo  inonareli's  dosiums  for  the  establmh- 
ineiit  of  poperv  ami  tho  destruction  of  liberty.  Il  was 
perhaps  fortunate  for  Iiih  fame  ihtt  the  public  displea- 
sure vented  il.sclf  in  this  injusiico  ;  [5fi]  the  detection 
of  which  has  conlribntcd  to  sboller  btm  even  from  tho 
milder  but  more  ineriled  censure  of  an  infatnaied  ore- 
dniity,  fortified  by  the  vanity  of  supposmif  that  he  would 
nliimutoly  render  the  royal  authorily  entirely  subser- 
vient to  the  iiccomplishmcnt  of  his  own  religious  and 
philanlbropic  views. 

Tho  character  of  William  Penn  has  not  escaped  the 
cbar^o  of  amlntion^ — »  charge  which  admits  of  such 
variuty  of  si^mlicatton,  thai  perhaps  no  human  beini; 
was  over  absolutely  exempt  from  it.  As.snredly,  ho 
was  neither  conscious  nor  suscoptihlo  of  that  vile  and 
vultrar  ambiiiun  that  courts  a  personal  distmotion  and 
elevation  derived  from  the  depression  and  impovonsli- 
moiit  of  mankind.  Of  tho  desire  tu  derive  n  relloctod 
lustre  from  thn  happiness  and  improvemi-nt  which  others 
ini^ht  owe  to  him,  it  is  neither  so  easy  nor  so  desirable 
lo  absolve  him.  Nor,  perhaps,  was  ho  wholly  exempt 
from  (he  intl  lenco  of  a  temptation  which  this  retiiiod 
ambition  is  very  opt  to  hoijot  — the  desire  of  ma'jnifynit; 
Hud  exiendin(f  the  power  by  wliich  such  beiiotils  iniijhl 
continue  lo  bo  conferred  liy  b.msclf  and  his  posterity 
William  Penn,  amon^  llie  quakers,  and  that  no  less 
estimable  man,  John  Wesley,  amons;  iho  metnodists, 
have  not  been  the  only  benefactors  of  the  human  race. 
who,  confident  of  their  (jood  intentions,  and  habitualed 
to  power,  have  seemed  lo  covet  it  somewbal  too  eagerly 
us  a  peculiarly  ciricienl  instrument  of  human  welfare. 
l)ut  It  is  time  to  proceed  from  these  prefatory  observa* 
liens  on  the  character  of  this  illustrious  man,  to  a  con- 
sideration of  that  portion  of  his  life,  which  is  i-Jentifiod 
with  the  rise  of  Pennsylvania  and  tho  history  of  De- 
laware. 

Tho  circnmstancca  that  first  attracted  the  attention 
of  Penn  to  the  colonization  of  North  America,  have 
already  been  infolded  in  the  history  of  New  Jersey, 
White  he  was  en^atjed  wilh  his  qnakor  associates  in 
udminislerintr  the  government  of  ihal  terrilorv,  ho  re- 
ceived such  information  of  tho  fertililv  and  resources  of 
tho  country  silualod  to  tho  westward  of  ihc  Delaware, 
as  inspired  him  with  the  desire  of  acipiirini;  a  separate 
estate  in  this  <piarter.  Kor  this  purpose  he  presented 
a  petition  to  ivharles  tho  Second.  [IftSO]  siatinj;  his 
retatiu'  -.hip  to  the  deceased  admiral,  and  his  claim  for 
a  debt  incurred  by  the  crown  to  his  father,  when 
Shafiebury's  memorable  device  was  adopted,  of  sbutliiiir 
the  oxclioipier ;  solicitmif,  on  those  accounts,  a  ^jranl 
oi  land  to  tho  northward  of  Marylind,  and  westward  of 
Hie  Delaware  ;  and  addiuo,  that  by  his  interest  with 
iho  quakers,  be  should  bo  alite  to  colonize  a  province, 
whicn  might,  in  time,  not  only  extini;uish  his  claims, 
but  enlarge  ll.r  Uritmh  empire,  auji^mcnt  its  '.rade,  ami 
promcte  the  glory  of  (iod  by  the  civtiizaiion  and  con- 
version of  tho  Indian  trihest  Tnis  petition  was  re- 
ferred to  the  Duke  of  York  and  Lord  Daltimorc.  that 
they  might  report  how  far  Us  object  was  conipatihio 
Willi  their  prior  mvcsliturcs.  Hotti  si^mfiod  iheir  ac- 
(piieaceuec  in  Penn's  domand.  provided  his  patent 
should  be  so  worded  as  (o  jirecludo  anv  encroaehment 
on  their  ternlories  :  and  the  Duk"  of  Vork  added  lis 
recomineiidjtion  of  tlio  petition  to  the  f.ivor  o(  ihc 
erowii.  Siiccessfnl  thus  f^r,  Penn  transcribed  froii 
(he  charter  of  Maryland,  the  f-ketch  of  a  patent  iu  hi> 
own  favor ;  but  llie  attorney-i»oneral,  Jones,  lo  whose 
opinion  It  was  remitleil.  dccl.ired,  thit  cerUm  of  lht> 
clauses  were  "not  a^rceatile  lo  Hie  laws  here,  ihouifli 
tiiey  are  in  Lord  itaUimoro's  patent,"  and,  in  parlicular, 
prouounced  that  thn  ei'-mption  from  llntish  taxatum, 
winch  I'enii  had  proj  o.ied  to  confer  on  In;:!  colony,  was 
utterly  illetral.  (^ompioti.  Bishop  of  Ijondon,  al  the 
same  time,  nnderKtandm<r  that  Penn,  in  soliciting  his 
patent,  had  described  himself  as  llio  head  of  the  ipia- 
(|er9,  interposed  in  the  proceedings,  for  the  |trotoriiuii 
of  tho  mlerosis  of  iho  church  of  Ka.^land.  Aller  some 
discussion  of  the  points  that  had  thus  arisen,  the  rom- 
miilec  of  plaiilaiiona  requested  cluof-jnstieu  North, 
[ItiSI J  a  personage  of  coiisiderablo   eminence,  both  as 


•  An  acute,  hut  very  paitial  writer,  has  charantoreied  lutn 
as  "  a  nun  uf  Kreat  depth  of  niiduritan<iini(,  ntion<ted  hv  oi|,ual 
dissimutatioii ;  of  extreino  nuoiesie>ino!iH,  aucoinpaiuoil  vvitli 
insntiablt)  ambition  ;  and  of  nn  iidtlrens  in  proportion  to  all 
tlirse."  Chaliiit^rs,  ASS.  Jodediah  Morse,  the  American  ^eo- 
xrapher,  hii  expressed  mn  opnuoit  «t(u.tlly  unfavui^lile  oi  tlu) 
rliaracter  uf  l*uini. 

t  In  a  letter  to  a  frien<l,  about  the  snino  tinte,  \\e>  declares 
his  purpose  in  tlie  ac'inisition  of  Aniericaii  inrntory  to  have 
Ittien  "su  to  lervi)  the  truth  and  peoplo  of  the  l^ord,  that  an 
example  may  be  sul  to  tlie  natioii-t :"  a<ldinK,  *'  there  may  bu 
riKiin  them,  thuutfh  not  lieroi  fur  aucti  an  holy  exiwrnnoat." 
Proud.  I.  11)0 


a  alatesmaii  nnd  a  lawyer,  lo  undertake  the  revision  of 
the  palent,  and  to  provide,  by  lit  clauHes,  lur  (he  reser- 
valHiu  of  the  king's  sovereignty,  and  the  obsorvaiKe  oi 
acts  of  parliament  Wnli  his  assistance,  theru  wuv 
prepared  an  instrument  which  received  the  royal  con- 
(irmatiun.  and  afterwards  acquire)  so  much  celebrity 
•a  the  charier  of  Pennsylvania.* 

ily  this  charier,  wbieh  professed  lo  be  granted  in  con- 
sideration of  "  iho  merits  of  the  fallirr,  and  the  gunj 
fnrpoAes  of  the  son,"  there  was  conferred  on  William 
'enn,  and  his  heirs  and  assigns,  ibal  vast  region  iHiuiidod 
on  the  east  by  tho  river  Delaware  ;  extending  west- 
ward five  degrees  of  longitude  ;  stretching  lo  the  north 
from  twelve  miles  northward  of  Newcastle,  (in  th* 
Delaware  territory)  to  the  forlv-third  degree  of  latitude  ; 
limited  on  the  .south  by  a  circle  of  twelve  mdes  drawn 
round  Newcastle  lo  iho  begmning  of  tho  forlielh  de- 
gree of  Uttlndo.  Penn  was  corislituled  tho  absoluto 
proprietary  of  the  whole  of  this  terntory,  which  was 
creeled  irilo  a  province  by  the  name  of  l*onnsylvauia,f 
and  was  lo  be  held  m  free  and  common  soccage  by 
fealty  only,  paying  two  boar  skms  annually,  and  one- 
tiflh  of  all  tho  gold  and  silver  thai  might  be  discovered 
to  the  king  lie  was  empowered  lo  make  laws,  with 
the  advice  and  asuent  of  llio  freemen  of  the  territory 
ussemhlod,  for  the  imj>osit)on  of  taxes  and  other  public 
uses,  but  always  in  conformity  U)  the  jurisprudencu 
of  Kuglaud  ;  to  appoint  jndiresand  other  olHeera  ;  and 
to  pardon  and  reprieve,  except  in  the  cases  of  wilful 
murder  and  high  treason.  In  these  cases,  reprievo 
might  be  granted  only  iitl  the  sigiiiticalion  of  tlie  nlea- 
sure  of  the  king,  to  whom  there  was  also  re<erved  the 
privilege  of  receiving  appeals.  Tlie  dtstribntion  of 
property,  and  the  pnnistinient  of  felonies,  were  to  ho 
rogntatcd  by  the  laws  of  Kugland,  nniil  dilfereiit  or- 
dinances should  be  enacted  by  thv  proprietary  and  froo- 
men.  Duplicates  of  all  the  provinriat  laws  were  to  bo 
Iransinitled  tu  the  privy  council,  williui  five  years 
after  they  wore  passed  ;  and  if  not  declared  void  hy 
the  council  within  six  months  after  transmission,  thev 
wore  to  be  considered  as  having  been  approved  of,  am* 
10  become  vabd  ordinances.  That  tho  colony  might 
increase  by  resort  of  peojile,  lihorly  was  given  to  Kng- 
lish  subjects  (those  only  excepted  who  shmild  be  spe- 
cially forbidden)  to  removo  lo  and  settle  in  Pennsvl- 
vania  ;  and  ihenco  lo  import  the  productions  of  the 
province  into  l-'.nglaiid,  "  iml  into  no  oilier  country 
whatsoever,"  and  to  re-export  ibein,  wiihm  one  year, 
paying  the  same  duties  as  other  subjects,  andobsorving 
the  acts  of  navigation.  Tlio  proprietary  wasein|towerea 
to  divide  tho  province  into  towns,  hundreds,  and  coun- 
ties ;  to  erect  and  incorporate  towns  into  lu)ronghA,  and 
boroughs  into  cities  ;  and  to  coiiMtitntu  ports  for  the 
convomoncc  of  commerce,  to  wtuch  tho  olficers  of  ibn 
customs  were  to  have  free  adiniH.siun.  The  frcotnen 
in  assembly  were  cmpowereil  to  assess  reasonable  du- 
ties on  tho  commodities  liMdint  or  unloaded  m  the  har- 
bors of  the  colony  ;  and  these  duties  were  granted  IQ 
Penn,  with  a  reservation,  however,  lo  the  crown  of 
such  customs  as  then  wore,  or  in  future  might  be.  im^ 
posed  by  act  of  fkarliamont.  He  was  to  a|u>oint,  from 
time  li>  lime,  an  agunt  to  reside  iu  or  near  Lundori,  to 
answer  for  any  mis»demeanor  be  mi^lii  commit  against 
the  laws  uf  trade  and  navigatitui  ;  and,  in  case  of  such 
misdemuanor,  lie  was  tu  luako  .satislactiuii  within  \ 
year ;  m  llio  default  of  winch  iho  king  w.is  to  sei/.e  tho 
govornmenl  of  tho  pravmco.  and  rel.ini  it  till  due  ^ialia- 
faction  woro  made,  lie  was  not  to  maintain  corres- 
pondence with  any  king  or  (w^wor  at  war,  nor  to  mako 
war  against  any  king  or  )>ower  in  aimlv,  with  KngUnd. 
In  casu  of  mcursmn  by  ueiglitionng  barlurians,  ur  by 
pirates  or  rolilmrs.  bo  bail  power  lo  lew,  muator,  and 
traut  lo  arms  all  Inu  iii)i.kbitaiits  uf  the  provnico,  and  to 
act  as  their  captain-gcncrai,  and  to  make  war  on  and 
pursue  the  mvaders,  lie  w.is  enabled  lo  dliuiiate  tho 
soil  to  the  colomsls,  wl>u  miglit  bold  iboir  lands  under 

*  Oldinixoix,  1.  Hi),  t5'J.  Proud,  i.  Ifr,)— 171.  Clialnier*.  03>, 
036.  Iinltwyr)  (Hff  uiile  \'i  )  apud  Winterlniihain,  n,  3H'J.  Hmh 
(Wdinuon  (Who  was  a  personal  friend  ol  IVnn)  and  Mr.  Clarh- 
soii  have  Hsserteil  that  [Vnu's  oiforts  tu  uhiam  his  charttT 
wure  nfo'*^'>'  olwtrncted  by  his  prolossion  of  <)uaker):«in.  0( 
tins  I  can  ihtd  no  ovideiico  >it  all.  l*ei\n  IninseH,  wriUni;  to 
tl)c  lords  of  trade  in  lt(S3,  says,  "  1  return  tity  uiost  tminble 
thanks  for  your  forriior  favors  ii»  ttie  pa-isiinn  of  my  ^kaleiil, 
and  pray  Uud  reward  you."    Chahners,  060. 

t  iVnn's  account  of  this  dononiinatioii  is  creditable  to  Ins 
rnodosty.  Findiiu  that  the  kin;;  [trofwised  that  the  name  of 
Peun  &liuuldforin  a  part  uf  thoappelUttori  of  the  pruvi'ue,  ha 
requested  leave  to  decline  an  honor  that  mii{tit  t>e  iniuutetl 
t<i  Ins  own  vanity,  and  pro^Hiscd  the  name  uf  New  VValoSt 
winch  was  opposed  by  the  under  secr«taryuf  state,  who  wail 
a  \Velshman.  1*piui  tlien  suimeiled  Sylvania,  un  account  of 
Us  woody  surface  ;  hut  the  kmx  declared  Hut  the  noiiuiL-i* 
turn  behmgod  tolum,  and  that  in  honor  a' A<ln\iral  Ponn,  Iha 
last  suitgested  name  should  bo  ^lUargeii  iatu  rervisyUuu% 
CtATkiuu,  1.  3711 


i 


C20 

lii«  grtnts,  Dotwitlmtnniling  Ihn  I'tiglitth  vtalulc  prohi* 
liting  Aiirli  BiiltiMfuiitUlioni  It  was  Bliputatrd  by  the 
kin^  fur  liiniitf-lf  and  IiIh  mictrHsorft,  "that  rinni^toiDur 
ijllicr  rcjiiinlitition  aImM  Ih*  lt<\ipd  on  iho  inltuhiiHtitN  or 
tliuir  CHtulcH,  uiiltuM  by  lh«  rorment  uf  tlir  propnclary, 
or  ^nvf^rnor  and  ahicmbly,  or  by  act  of  |mrhariiciit  iti 
England.**  It  widi  |)rovitlrd  (in  cotn|)b.-inro  witli  iho 
deaire  of  Uishoji  (>oni|>ton)  lliat  it  any  of  the  inhiibitatits, 
to  tbo  iiunibor  of  twenty,  ahoidd  aignify  their  deairr  to 
thn  Uiihop  of  London  to  have  a  prrnchcr  aiMit  to 
them,  the  iireachtT  ao  apitointm)  by  that  diKnilary  alionid 
be  alloweil  lo  roaidc  and  pt-rforin  biK  funriioiia  without 
ticnial  or  nuitoalation.  If  any  doubt  ifhontd  ariao  with 
fi'Kurd  to  the  (nio  ronatruction  of  Ihr  rhartcr,  it  wiis 
L-uinindiidrd  that  aii  interprrtiilion  fiivor.il'h'  to  t)u>  pro- 
prietary should  alvvnvs  b(!  nmdr  ;  with  ihif  exchision, 
nowevur,  uf  any  thin;*  thiit  luijijht  dcrogiitu  from  thu  al- 
legiance duo  to  till-  rrown  * 

Such  ifl  the  Buhstnnce  of  a  f^rant  on  which  was  o»ta- 
bliahed  the  fabric  of  the  Punnsylvanian  ^ove^nnM'l)t  uiid 
lawfl,  40  renowned  for  ihnr  wisdom,  thuir  mudrrnlion, 
nnd  the  excellence  of  their  provisi'ina  in  favor  of  liberiy- 
Thu  catitioua  alipnlations  fur  ^lK•^dlni{  anil  aflcerlaniiii^ 
the  British  ascendancy,  bv  which  tbnt  cliarter  wan  dis- 
ttnguiMied  from  ill  preceilin^  palentii,  were  m.'inifesijy 
the  oll'sprin^  of  the  dir^pules  in  which  the  court  had 
been  for  somo  time  etiKa^rd  willi  the  colony  oi'  Maa.^a- 
chusclta.  'J'here,  the  provincial  i^rovcrninrnt  had  deemed 
the  acta  of  navigation  inoperative  within  its  jurisdiction, 
tdt  they  were  legalized  by  iia  own  ordinance.  Hut  thu 
imincdialo  and  uninterrupted  ubservance  of  them  in 
PeiMiaylvania.  was  enforced  by  the  atipuluted  penalty 
of  a  forfeiture  of  the  charter.  Laws  had  been  pusKed 
in  Ma^aachusetts  for  the  cuinini;  of  money  and  other 
pur|>ose8,  which  were  deemed  inconsislcnt  witli  the 
|irerogulive  of  the  sovereign  slate.  For  the  prevention 
uf  simiUr  abuse,  or,  at  least,  liie  corrt  ction  of  it,  before 
inveterate  prevalence  could  have  time  to  beget  habits 
of  independence,  it  waa  re^piired  that  all  the  lawa  of  the 
new  iirovincc  ahoutd  be  regularly  lran«initted  to  Kng- 
land  (or  iho  royal  approhatmn  or  distient.  The  inetii* 
:acy  of  this  requisition  was  very  soon  made  apparent. 
'J'o  obviate  the  dilficulty  that  had  been  experienced  by 
the  Knglish  government  in  ennduciing  its  disputes  wiib  j 
the  people  of  Mas.sachusptta,  who  could  never  be  pre- 
vailed with  to  accredit  an  agent  at  ttio  court,  without  j 
iho  utuioxt  reluctance  and  deUy.  it  was  now  reipiirt  J  | 
that  a  alanding  agent  should  be  appointed  to  reside  in  ; 
London,  and  bo  responsible  for  the  proceedings  of  hi^ 
colonial  constiliienta.  Uut  the  inoHl  remarkable  provi- 
eion,  by  which  this  charter  was  distinguished  from  all 
tho  other  American  patents,  was  thai  which  expressly 
reserved  a  power  of  taxation  to  the  British  pirliament. 
Of  khe  iinfiurt  of  ihia  much  agitated  clause,  very  dif- 
ff.ent  opinions  were  entertained  from  the  tirst,  by  the 
lawyera  and  statesmen  of  England,  and  the  colonists 
of  Pennsylvania.  In  Kngland,  while  it  was  denied  that 
the  novel  introduction  o(  ouch  a  clause  into  the  charter 
of  thia  province  utTorded  to  any  of  the  other  colonies  an 
argument  againat  parliamentary  taxation,  it  was  with 
mure  appearance  of  reason  maintained  that  its  actual 
insertion  in  this  charter  precluded  even  tho  possibility 
of  an  honest  pretension  tu  such  immunity  on  (he  part 
of  the  PennaylvanianH.  Of  the  very  opposite  idea», 
however,  that  were  entertained  on  this  subject  by  the 
coloni5ts,  an  account  was  rendered  about  a  century 
afterwards  by  Dr.  Kranklm  in  his  celebrated  examina- 
tion, ds  the  representative  of  America,  at  the  bir  of  the 
British  House  of  Commons.  Being  aaked,  how  llie 
Pennsylvanians  could  r:iconcilo  a  prelenco  to  be  ex- 
empted from  taxation,  with  tho  expreaa  words  of  a 
clause,  reserving  to  parliament  the  privilege  of  iinpos 
ing  thia  burden  upon  the:  i ;  he  answered,  "They  un- 
derstand it  thus :  — By  tJie  same  charterf  and  other- 
wiae.  they  aro  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and  liberties 
of  Englishmen.  They  find  in  the  great  charters,  and 
in  the  petition  and  declaration  of  riglits.  that  one  of  the 
privileges  of  English   subjects   is,  that   they  are   not 


'  Proud,!.  171.  187.  Chabiiers,  638,  (U7.  '*  It  is  remsrka- 
bte."  says  Dr.  Franklin,  in  liii  Hutuncal  Review  of  the  Von- 
atiliition  of  r«nits>lvaniB.  "that  such  an  limtruinent,  penned 
with  ftll  tlifl  appuaranc*  of  candu.  and  siinplirJty  iina)(inHl>le, 
Slid  equally  aK^tiuablo  to  law  and  reason,  to  the  claims  of  Ihe 
crown  and  thu  rights  of '.he  subject,  should  be  tho  growth  of 
an  arbitrary  court.  Perhaps  it  is  no  less  sin^iul&r,  tliat  the 
national  nghti,  the  authoiity  o<'tlie  laws,  aod  of  the  supreme 
trgislature,  khuuld  have  been  so  carcrully  altciided  tu  and 
prvcotvttd." 

t  This  II  a  mistake.  Ttie  Ponri.<'vlvanlan  rharter  dilTers 
from  oil  tlio  others  in  not  cntnrnu'Mi'atini;  an  express  sksu- 
ranee  to  the  remnutl^i  nf  the  ihjlHs  mid  chiiraclef  urEnnhsh- 
men.  I'lie  reavon  (or  this  iini)<tMiHi  li  .SHid  hy  (.'halinurit  (p. 
C3tf)  to  have  betin,  that  iUe  einlitent  lawyers,  who  prepartrd 
the  charter,  cunsidenid  such  dfchiraiiiins  aa  superlluuui,ttnd 
Uicir  uiipurt  sutficietilly  inferred  hy  law. 


THE    HISTORY   OK 

taxed  but  hy  iheir  common  consent ;  they  have,  there- 
fore, relied  upon  it  from  the  fir kI  nft/lrmrnt  i>f  Ihr  pro- 
ri/"T,  tliat  the  parliament  never  would  nor  (-(nild,  by 
rulur  nf  that  cliusu  in  the  rharier.  tax  them  lill  it  had 
ipiabtied  itM-lf  to  exercine  such  right,  by  adnnitmg  ro- 
presentutive*  from  the  people  to  hn  taxed."  That  this 
roasunmg  was  not  (as  some  have  suggested)  the  mero 
prodiiciiua  of  Kranklm'a  own  ingenuity,  nor  even  tlis 
immediHto  growth  of  (he  era  of  American  indepen- 
dence ;  but  that  it  expressed  the  opinion  of  tho  eirlieat 
Mre  uf  the  Pennsylvanian  settlers,  is  a  point  suscepti- 
ble of  tho  clearest  demonsirr.linn.  Krum  the  ulKcial 
rorrespondeiicn  between  tho  royal  functionarios  in 
.\mrricn  and  the  court  of  Ixindun,  it  appeurs  that  be- 
li)re  the  Pi'iiiiMylvanians  had  existed  a.i  a  people  for 
■'levcntern  ve;irs.  \\\v  Ki)gli!«li  mmiatrv  were  apprised  of 
the  ^rriicral  prevalence  of  these  sentiments  aniong  iheni ; 
and  III  the  work  of  a  contemporary  liistonnii  of  this  pri>- 
vinre,  who  denvetl  hit  ideas  willi  r*  gard  to  it  from  tho 
coirnnunii-ation  uf  Penn  himself,  the  ri^ht  i>f  the  colo- 
nihta  In  elect  representatives  to  the  British  parliament 
is  distmctlv  asserted  [«*7J  It  \saa  only  in  th«  year 
preceding  the  dale  iti  the  Pennsylvanian  charter,  ihat 
Petui,  m  reclauiimg  for  tlio  colonists  of  New  Jersey  the 
excluitive  right  of  miposuig  taxes  on  themselves,  had 
protested  iliat  nu  rt-asoiiulile  men  would  emigrate  froii> 
Kn;.;land  to  a  country  where  thn  right  was  tiot  to  bo  en- 
joyed ;  and,  as  the  argutncnt  whicli  he  maintained  on 
that  occasion,  was  luunded  entirely  on  general  priiici- 
pb>s,  and  what  he  regarded  as  tlio  constitutional  riirlits 
ins(>parable  from  the  character  uf  Enghiili  subjects, 
without  referenco  to  any  peculiarilies  m  the  charier  of 
New  Jersey,  it  seems  Ingldy  improhable  that  he  be- 
lieved the  clauses  peculiar  to  his  own  charter  to  admit 
of  an  intiTpretation  that  would  have  placed  his  lavorite 
province  beyond  the  pale  of  the  En^hsh  cuiiittitution, 
and  detiTrcd  reasonable  men  from  resornng  to  it.  \V« 
must  eithex  believe  him  to  have  enlertiined  (he  same 
opinion  on  this  pciint,  that  appears  to  have  huen  preva- 
lent am(ing  tho  culoniKts  of  his  territory,  or  adopt  tlie 
illil>eral  ttuppusiiion  uf  an  historian.*  who  cliiirges  hmi 
•villi  rn.iking  coucessinMs,  in  thi  nrv,  which  he  never  in- 
tended tu  subdt.inliato  in  practice 

Having  obtanied  this  charier,  to  which  the  king  gave 
additumal  authunty,  by  a  royal  letter,  conunandiiiii  nil 
inteNdiiig  planters  in  the  new  province  to  render  duo 
ubedienco  to  tlic  proprietary,  the  iie.it  care  uf  Penn  waa 
tu  attr.ict  a  population  to  hts  vacant  lerniory.  'I'u  this 
end,  he  j>ulilmlied  an  accuiinl  nf  the;  soil  and  resources 
uf  thu  pruvince,  tugether  with  advices  to  those  who 
wero  inclined  tu  become  udveiiturer<t,  and  a  sketch  of 
the  cohditiuns  on  which  he  was  wilhng  tu  deal  with 
them.  The  advices  arc  almost  precisely  llin  same  with 
those  which  he  had  previously  addre8.sed  to  tho  intend- 
ing emigrants  to  West  Jersey  ;  and  enjoin  all  persons, 
whu  were  deliberating,  to  have  an  eye,  above  all  llimga, 
tu  the  providence  uf  <fod  ;  to  balance  present  iiiconvo- 
iiiencu  with  luluro  ease  and  plenty  ;  and  tu  obtain  tlie 
consent  of  their  near  relations,  thai  natural  al'ections 
intglil  be  preserved,  and  a  friendly  and  profitable  cur* 
r(?!tpondenco  between  the  lv;o  counlriea  maintained. 
It  was  intimated  to  all.  who  were  disposed  to  i)ecome 
planters,  iliat  land  would  be  sold  at  the  price  oi  forty 
>liillmgs.  fur  a  hundred  acres,  together  with  a  perpetual 
■piii-rent  of  a  shilling.  It  was  recpiired  that,  in  disen- 
eumbering  the  ground  of  wood,  care  should  bo  taken  tu 
leave  one  acre  of  trees  for  every  live  acres  cleared,  and 
especially  to  preserve  oaks  and  mulbernes,  for  tlic  con- 
struction of  ships  and  thn  manufacture  of  silk.  It  was 
declared,  that  no  planter  would  be  permuted  to  over- 
reach or  ulherwise  injure  the  Indians,  or  even  to 
avenge,  at  his  uwn  hands,  any  wrong  he  might  receive 
from  tlicin  ;  but  that,  in  case  of  disputes  between  ttic 
two  races,  the  adjustment  of  them  should,  in  every  in- 
stance, bo  referred  to  twelve  arbitrators,  selected 
eipially  from  the  Europeans  and  the  Indians.  Tho 
reservation  of  quit-rents,  in  addition  to  the  payment  .)f 
u  price,  which  proved  ultimately  so  fertile  a  source  of 
discord  between  tho  proprietaiy  family  and  the  colo- 
nists, was  the  only  feature  in  this  scheme  Iliat  appeared 
objectionable  to  the  religious  fraternity,  of  which  Penn 
was  a  member  ;t   but  his  niHuence  among  them  was  ao 

*  Chalmers, — who,  in  corroboralinn  of  his  opinion,  remarks 
that  tint  line  of  the  laws  and  cnnstil'.itions,  fimrted  by  Henn, 
or  under  hit  auspices,  was  ever  subniiti«d,  according  to  thu 
terms  of  Iho  charter,  to  the  Bntthsh  court. 

t  The  apolosy  «ugi;ested  hy  Mi.  ClarkRon  for  this  imposi- 
tion, that  **  Wliereuk  WiUiani  Piinn  lield  at  the  klii»{,  l>y  a 
small  annual  rent,  others  were  ol>l)i(ed  tu  hold  of  hini  in  liiu 
same  manner,"  (Ufi!  of  Vf.nw,  i-  38*J,)  \*  quite  unsalisluclury. 
It  was  merely  an  elusory  duty  to  the  crown,  to  whuh  Penn 
w.'is  suli.iectdd,  for  tho  wliolo  provmru.  lie  would  have 
gained  both  in  cliaracter  and  happmess,  if  lie  cuuld  huvo 


I  great,  and  his  description  of  thn  province  so  inviting,  af 
I  more  than  to  outweigh  this  disagreeable  and  iineipectMl 
I  retpuHition       iNumerous    applicaliona    for   land    wers 
I  speedily  made  by  itersuns,  chiedy  of  the  <piaker  peri^ua- 
'  ainn,  in  liundun,  I«iverpool,  and   esiiecially   m   Bristol, 
j  where  one  trading   association  aluno  became  the  pur- 
'  chasers  of  twenty  Ihonsand  acres  of  the  territory,  and 
prepared  for  embarking  in  various   branrhcs  of  cum* 
mercR  related  to  their  acijuisition.     The  prospect  thus 
alfurded  nf  an  oarly  replonishment  of  hia  province,  en- 
I  forced  the  immediate  attenliunof  Penn  to  the  form  and 
j  fabric  of  ita  political  cunsiitulian  ;  in  thu  compoMitiuii 
uf  which,  there  could  be  room  fur  lilllo  other  labor  than 
I  the  exercise  of  a  judicious  selection  from  the  admiMble 
I  iheorelical  models,  which  had  employed  liie  pens,  and 
I  exhaiMted  the  inventiim,  uf  cohieiupurary  writers,  und 
!  the  e.YcellenL  insttl'.Muns,  by  wlurli  the  several  pru|iriu* 
lanes  of   .Vmerican  provmceM  hid  vied  with  each  other 
for  the  approbation  of  mankind,  and  tho  attraction  of 
inhahiiaiii.i  tu  their  vacant  lernluries.      lii  underlukin<| 
ail  umpluyinent  so  cungenial  tu  his  diHpo.silioii.  us  thu 
\  work  of  iegislaiion,   Penn   appears  to  have  been  im- 
'  presseil   wilii  equal  cuiitideiice  in  thu  resources  tif  Ins 
capacity  und  the  reeiitude  of  his  intentions,  and  louchird 
at  the  same  tune  with  a  genereua  sense  of  the  value  nf 
those  interests  thai  were  involved  in  bis  labors,  and  tho 
expanse  uf  lilieriy  antl  happiness  that  might  result  frunl 
them.      ".\h  my  understanding   and    iiiolinations,"  ho 
declared,  "  have   been   much   directed   to  ohiterve  and 
reprove  mischiefs  in  government,  so  it  is  now  put  into 
my  power  to  settle  one.      Pur  the  matters  uf  liiterly  und 
privilege,   I   purpuso   that   whicli  is  oxtraurdmary.  aiid 
leave    mvself  and   successurs  nu  power  of  doing  iiiis* 
chief,  thai  the  will  of  one  man  may  nut  limder  the  good 
uf  a   whule   country."     Tho    tilienl    insiiiiitions    that 
arose  shortly  after  in  Punnsylvanii,  and  thu  h.ippinesa 
uf  which  tliey  were  so  abundantly  productive,  aitesiod 
the  sincerity  and  rewarded  thu  virtue  of  Jhh  magnaiil- 
inous  design  ;   while   llin   partial  di!>appnintment  which 
It  sustained,  and  particiilarty  the  nii^ciiiel    and  di.-«seii- 
sioii    that   arose    liom  the  power  that  was  actuitlly  re- 
served lo  tho  proprietary  and    his   succeiiHurs,  forcibly 
exemplilied    thu   inlirmiiy  oi  human  purpudc,  and  the 
fallacy  incident  tu  all  human  cxpectalirns. 

As  several  uf  ihe  purchasers  uf  land,  in  their  eager- 
ness to  commence  the  new  settlement,  were  prepared 
to  embark  beture  Penn  had  yet  completed  his  legi«la- 
tunal  coinposiMou,  it  was  necessary  that  they  should 
bu  previoublv  acquainted  with  the  purport  of  a  work,  of 
so  much  concern  to  (heir  iiiterenis  A  rough  aketcli  of 
Its  principal  features  was  accordingly  prepared  and 
iniitually  mgned  by  tlie  proprietary  and  these  adventu* 
rers,  who  being  now  assured  uf  iintiinited  toh^rutiorit* 
and  Hiitislied  wiih  the  structure  uf  tlie  political  consli- 
tulioui,  no  lunger  hesitated  to  hid  adieu  lo  a  scene  uf 
tyranny,  contenliini,  and  peiHeculion,  and  set  sail  in 
quest  of  Irctidoin  and  re|i<iHe  for  Pei::isylvaiiia.  Three 
vessels  from  IahkIou  and  ltii:ilol  earned  uut  thote  tir>«t 
I'eMiisylvanian  scMilers,  and  alung  with  ihetn.  Colonel 
Williain  Murkliam,  the  kinsman  and  seen  la ry  of  Penn, 
whu  had  also  appointed  him  de|>uly-guvitrnor  ;  und 
certain  commtssiuners  whu  were  apjiomied  to  confer 
with  tlio  Indians  respecting  tlie  purctid>e  of  their  landa, 
and  In  endeavor  lu  funii  with  them  a  league  of  |it>rpetiiui 
peace.  'I'liese  coinmiK*!>ioii4:r8  wert-  solemnly  *iijoined 
to  treat  thu  Indians  vm'Ii  all  poh^^ihle  candor,  just lee,  and 
liunianity.  and  were  made  tlie  bearers  uf  a  leller  Iroiii 
Penn  to  thein,  accompanied  liy  suitabb?  pn^jteiits  Tito 
Indians  were  given  to  uiidcrKland  liy  (he  letter  of  Penn, 
that  the  great  Ciud  and  I'ower  who  had  created  all  men 
and  commanded  thuin  tu  love  and  do  good  (o  one  ano- 
ther, had  Seen  pleased  lo  make  a  connexion  iieiweeii 
Penn  and  America  ;  lha(  the  king  of  England  had  be- 
stowed on  him  a  pruvineo  (here,  but  llial  lie  deisircd  to 
enjoy  it  with  the  goodwill  and  consent  uf  the  Indians  ; 
that  many  evil  disposed  Europeans,  he  was  aware,  had 
used  the  Indians  very  ill,  but  that  ho  was  a  person  of 
ditlereiit  disposition,  and  bore  great  love  and  regard  to 
them  ;  that  the  people  he  now  sent  ammig  them  were 
similarly  disposed,  and  wished  to  live  with  them  Lri 
neighbors  and  fneiids. 

avoided  '.o  miiiglo  the  acquisition  of  s  private  estate  with  tho 
piirpose  of  making  a  holy  cxperiinont,  and  setting  an  exaniplo 
lo  the  nations. 

•  It  detracts  not  from  the  wisdom  of  Ponn,  but  merely  fnim 
the  accuracy  ut  thuHe  writers  who  hivu  deemed  orii;malily 
indispensably  requnito  to  the  praise  uf  virtue,  that  Ihniequiia 
hlu  pnnriple  nl  toleration  liati  >)«cn  already  realised  in  Aine* 
Ilea  by  Lord  Biittimore  und  the  raOndiCs  of  Mar>land,  ani 
employed  as  a  pohlu:  duvieo  liv  Lord  v'Wrenduii  and  hih  a^so 
dales  in  (.'arotiiia,  and  )>y  Kord  HL-rkeloy  and  Sii  Ueor^e  Car 
leret  in  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Clurkson  is  the  only  hiatunue  uf 
Pfiiiii  whu  has  conceded  to  Lord  Ualliaiuro  the  huiiur  of  *nc> 
naiins  tolsratiou  In  America. 


I  .<iMti->]i4.fi'^-'''i''*iJp 


ta«tH!^HB«ij\|fc*i-i.Vl— r>*^,-«-J..--- 


NOUTII   AMERICA. 


Markham,  al  the  head  of  one  of  thcto  ilctarhmritt* 
of  adventiirprit,  |irm'i'rik>d,  un  litn  nrnvul  in  Aukth-ii,  Io 
|il(o  |mpiic!itiiOM  oT  nn  ritciiNivu  furriit,  Hiiiinicd  twilvti 
mtlPft  (Kirihwiird  of  Nev^ruNilu  oti  tlui  wfAirrn  Mi<iu  uf 
(ho  l><  lavvitre,  wliimu  \^ulrrN  cnriinlMittd  with  oilier 
itrrnnift  of  ti-Mcr  Dte  to  tlie  Baluhnly  of  tlii)  iiir  itnd  tin: 
fflrlitity  ol  tlin  and.  Aa  thin  ^nniittoii  ciiiovL-d  titc  ud- 
raiila}(vft  ofa  icttlnd  neifitibortiuud  un  tfitt  noutli  and 
cait.  tlie  roluiiiHlii  were  not  LMnbarramiid  will)  lliu  dif- 
ficiillif  a  wliirli  d('|ir(nsed  ao  many  of  lltiir  prrdtMCHHorN 
III  itnidiir  piirNuilH ;  rind,  anunuuMl  with  Itopc  nnd  n 
apint  (tf  HiMidv  Rclivily.  they  »vi  ihcinaflvcn  ddl^enlty 
( )  |irt'|i<ir(-  lor  lliu  rfrt'|itiun  uf  thr  ntiniurouM  ^nll^talUH 
wliu  wvtv  {'i|irt-t('d  Io  join  llicni  in  the  lulUmint| 
ynr.  (iri-utir  li<irilMhinii  wcru  uinliiri'd  by  atiotlicr  dc- 
tachnicnt  ol  thr  lint  udvt'nturcis,  who,  arriving'  Ititrr  in 
tho  ncason,  wi'iit  on  bltoni  at  thu  pUcr  v\IhT(!  (  ht'^lcr 
DOW  iluiuU  :  nnd  tliu  river  having  Hiidih-njy  Ir07.n1  hr- 
fnrc  ihi'y  euidd  rcttnnu!  iht'ir  vi»yiii;i',  wito  i-.)n*lrmiird 
Io  imsii  thu  rciiitiiiuh'r  nl  ihr  wiiitir  llnTtv  A  di-'r-ovcrv 
wa»  now  niiidi'  hv  t'olonrl  .Mnrkhiini  whiih  hud  a  ina- 
t(  riiil  indiiiMK-r  on  thr  liitnrr  {inu-crdiiiL."*  ol  I'rnn,  who 
Imd  liilhrrto  Nti|i|io<«t  d  ihat  Ihr  whote  ol  llir  DrUwiirc 
trrritory  rxcrpl  llir  Hrlllrintnl  of  NrwraMtlu  nnd  itn  a|i- 
IK-ndajZf'fi  (urciipu-il  hy  ilir  iJiik*'  of  Vork  a*  11  drpon- 
dfiicy  of  hiM  own  province  ot  Nuw  York),  was  rrutly 
irichidrd  in  ihu  iVnn.sylviiiiiun  rhiirlrr — a  aiipponiiion 
winch  he  MceiiiH  lo  Imvo  niirrtHinrd  with  a  ^rral  dral  of 
Batisfnction.  For  he  wns  aware  thai  ihitt  irrnlory  al- 
ready contained  a  nninher  of  Sweditth  and  Knjihsh  net- 
tiers  ;  and  ihoiitjh  diinhtless  he  propo^rd  to  people  his 
domain  ehittly  witlnpiakera.  it  wum  fur  from  undeHirahle 
to  ohiaiii  for  himnell  an  iniinrdiiite  arcrsNion  uf  inhn- 
larieii,  nnd  for  lim  people  a  hoeial  connexion  with  11 
race  of  hardy  Keltloro  nlriMdy  mured  to  colonial  hfo  and 
hnhits.  He  knew  ihul  Lord  Daliimorf!  eUiinrd  iho 
olle^ian'-(-  of  a  nnmher  of  those  Mritlrrs  whune  planta- 
tions he  FuppoM  d  to  he  inchided  within  the  domain  of 
Pemiaylvuina,  and  had  inNirnrted  Markham  to  demand 
from  liiainohhinan  a  relm(pii!«hnieiii  of  liih  pretetmionn. 
Murkhnm  arrordinyly  applied  to  tlie  proprielury  of 
Marvhiiid,   and  ea^erlv  accepted   liiti  pro|>OBal  lo  coui- 

fiart)  the  liileN  of  the  two  provinces  and  adjuat  their 
loniidaneH  ;  hnt  ditiroverinK  very  Hpredily  ihut  Penn 
had  in  rralilv  no  other  elanii  than  what  inJuht  he  de- 
rived from  the  confused  deHi^nation  which  hi!i  charter 
had  ^iven  lo  ilir  hnnis  of  Ink  province,  and  that  a  literal 
conNtrnciioii  ol  Lord  llaliimorr'a  nrior  charter,  where 
llie  liinii.s  were  indicated  with  ^reat  precision,  wonid 
eviicuali^  al  oner  die  pr<-tri)sions  holh  of  i'eiin  and  the 
Dtike  of  Vork,  he  drchtied  all  fnrlher  ccnihrenee,  and 
ucipiaiiiied  IViiii  with  a  discovery  that  threatened  ao 
liKici:  oli!<linclion  to  hn*  viewtt. 

In  tli(^  ftprmii  of  llie  following;  vcar.  [  KiHS]  Penn  com- 
pleted and  deli\err-.t  U)  the  world  a  coinpORilion  nt  iniieh 
thouiilit  ami  fahur,  enlith-d  "Thr  l-'nime  of  the  ( iuvern- 
inent  of  the  Province  of  IViniNvlvania.'*  It  wan  intro- 
d<M'cd  (ly  a  nohle  preface  containiiiL;  hia  own  ihou^ht^ 
en  the  o^i^in,  nulnre,  and  ohjecta  of  ^ovc^nnlent  ; 
wlii'rein  he  deduces  from  vanons  text.'*  of  Scripture  the 
(lenvalioi)  of  all  power  from  (iod,  the  utter  nnbwfni- 
iiettn  of  reNtHtnit;  constituted  authority,  and,  in  short, 
"  the  divine  n^ht  of  i>overiiment,  and  thai  for  two  cihIh  : 
first,  lo  terrify  evil  doers,  secondly,  to  ciierish  tho^e  liiul 
do  well  ;  whirh,"  he  coiilinnes,  "^ivew  ^'ovcniineiit  a 
life  heyohil  corruption,  and  makes  it  as  dnrahle  in  ihr 
world  as  yood  men  hhail  he,  so  thai  t'overnrneiil  st  vh)*- 
to  mo  a  piirt  of  rehiiian  itself,  a  tiling  sacred  ni  its  iii»'i- 
Inlion  and  end.*'  "'I'hev  .veakly  err,"  he  allerwanls 
ohserves,  "  who  ihink  there  is  1,0  other  use  of  jioveni- 
mciit  than  corriTiion,  whicli  is  the  coufHer  part  of  it." 
Dechinn^  to  proiiniiuce  any  opinion  on  the  comparative 
merit  of  the  various  political  iniMlels  which  had  heen 
adopted  hy  alates  or  »u;7tjested  hy  thwonsls,  and  re- 
marking that  not  one  of  them*  had  ever  hecn  realised 
without  iiicnrring  some  alteration  from  ihe  lapse  of 
time  or  tho  cmerfr<>r;i;y  of  circumstances,  he  advances 
this  pcr,iiion,  that  "  any  government  is  free  to  the  peo- 
ple under  it,  whatever  he  tho  frame,  whore  the  laws 
rule  and  the  people  are  a  party  to  iheKO  taws  ;  and  more 
than  tiii^  is  tyranny,  oli<^.irchy,  or  confusion."  ^'Govern- 
menls,"  he  ietnsls,  "  rather  depend  upon  men,  than 
men  upon  governments.  liCt  men  bo  f^ood  and  tlie 
t^overninent  cannot  he  bad.  If  it  be  ill.  they  will  cure 
it.  But  if  men  he  bad.  let  the  governmenibc  never  so 
good,  ihey  will  endeavor  to  warp  and  apcil  it  to  their 
turn.  I  know  ^olne  nay,  '  Let  ns  have  ^ood  Iaw8,  and 
no  matter  for  tlni  men  that  execute  them.'  Hut  let 
them  consider  that  though  ^ood  laws  do  well,  good 
men  do  better ;  for  good  laws  ina  want  good  men,  and 
bo  invaded  or  ahutikhed  by  ill  mci  :  but  good  men  will 


never  wat4  good  lawa  nor  aufTer  ill  onn.*  That,  there- 
fore, which  makes  a  good  consiiltilion,  must  kerj)  it  ; 
nnmely,  men  of  wisdom  and  virtue  ;  i|naliiies  that  be* 
cause  ihry  descend  not  with  worldly  iiiherilancex,  mnsl 
,  be  carehdly  propagated  by  u  \ttlnouN  education  of 
{  youth  "  In  conclusion  he  dei'larcs  thai,  "  W  vi  have, 
I  with  reverence  to  (lud  ami  good  coiiHcieiice  to  men,  lo 
llie  heal  of  our  ikill  contrived  and  coinptmed  ihc  Irame 
of  litis  government  to  the  great  eml  of  all  government, 
lo  support  power  in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to 
secure  llie  people  from  the  uhuse  of  jxiwer,  lliat  ihcy 
may  he  free  hy  their  jnsl  obedience,  and  the  magistrates 
liunorublo  for  their  just  admmiitrution  ;  for  liberty  wiih- 
(Ait  obedience  is  conlusion,  and  uheduiice  wilhoni 
litierty  is  slavery."  'I'his  production,  which  will  atwayi* 
commaiitl  respect  for  il«  intrinsic  merits,  excitetl  the 
greater  interest  at  the  iimo  from  its  being  regarded  as 
the  political  manifesto  of  the  party  that  had  now  be- 
come the  moHt  nninerons  and  powerful  among  the  tpia- 
kers,  and  wIhihc  aHt-endancy  conlinued  gradually  to  in- 
crease  till  at  length  the  whide  sociely,  'y  dint  of  con- 
version or  eipulnion,  was  moulded  to  a  conhiriiiity  with 
11.4  opinions.  Anotiier  party  siill  eaisted,  but  was  daily 
iliinim.thing,  whuh  re'.'urih'd  with  e<pial  a^crsiun  the 
esl'jhli.Hliinrnt  of  sectarian  discipline,  and  llie  recogni- 
tioii  uf  rnuiiK  ipiil  tjovernintril  as  a  legititii'ite  ordinance. 
The  adherents  ot  tins  pailv  were  willing  to  lorheur 
from  all  lorrihle  resistance  to  human  viohtncc  ,  hiit  wtTC 
111)  less  resolutely  bunt  against  an>  voluntarv  co-opera- 
tion with  human  anthonty  ;  nnd  reproached  the  rest  of 
their  brethren  with  dcgein  ra'.ing  trom  original  ipiaki  r 
principles,  and  suhslituliiiir  a  servile  obedience  to  tin 
dead  law  without,  in  placu  of  u  h(dy  conformity  lo  the 
living  law  within. 

Hy  the  frame  which  followed  this  preface,  it  was  de- 
chirud  that  the  government  of  the  province  should  he 
administered  by  the  proprietary  or  his  deputy  as  go- 
vernor, and  by  the  freemen  formed  into  two  separate 
hoilies  of  a  provincial  council  nnd  a  general  asseinhly. 
'I'lie  coiincil  was  to  be  elected  hy  the  fieenun,  and  to 
consist  of  seventy-two  members,  of  whom  twenty-four 
were  annually  to  rtiire,  and  he  replaced  hy  the  same 
number  of  new  ones.  Here  the  governor  was  to  preside, 
inve.tled  wiilt  no  other  control  lliaii  a  treble  vole.  Thus 
composed,  the  council  was  to  esercise  nut  only  the 
whole  executive  power,  but  the  peculiar  [irivihge  which 
had  lieeri  onnexed  to  the  fnnclioiis  of  the  same  stale 
organ  in  the  (Jarniini'in  con.«lilutioiis,t  of  preparing  all 
the  bills  that  were  lo  bo  presenUrd  to  the  asseiuhlv 
Not  less  than  two-lhirds  of  ihn  meintirrs  of  coiiiiiil 
were  necessary  to  make  a  ipioruin  ;  and  the  consent  of 
Iwo-ihirtU  of  such  ({uorum  was  indir>pensahle  in  ali 
inaiters  of  moment.  The  general  as.ienibly  was  lo 
consist,  the  first  year,  of  all  the  freemen  ;  lliu  next,  of 
two  hundred  elected  hy  the  rest  ;  and  af'erwards  to  he 
aiii.Mnented  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  popnialioii. 
This  body  was  not  permitted  to  originate  laws,  hnl  \%as 
resincietl  to  a  simple  hsslmiI  or  negation  in  passing  or 
rejecting  the  bills  that  might  he  sent  to  them  hy  the 
governor  and  council.  They  were  to  present  slieritl's 
and  justices  of  the  peace  to  the  governor ;  naming  dou- 
ble the  rc-quiiiite  nnmher  of  persons,  for  his  choice  of 
half.  They  were  to  bo  elected  annually  ,  and  all  elec- 
tions, whether  lor  thu  council  or  the  assernhly,  were  lo 
be  cimdneted  by  ballot.  Such  was  ibe  substance  of 
the  charier  or  Iraine  of  goverumenl,  which  was  lurther 
dcctjred  to  he  ini-apable  of  ulteMtion,  change,  or  di- 
mimition  in  any  part  or  clanse,  without  the  consent  of 
the  projinetnry  or  his  heirs,  >iiid  six  parts  in  sevtii  of 
llie  fretnien  holh  ni  the  provincial  council  and  general 
asMMnhly 

'J'ne  mode  of  election  by  lioHot,  which  ha^  since  be- 
come so  general  in  North  America,  was  i'lrsi  introduced 

■  IIuw  tlicy  could  refiisu  to  sulfor  had  laws,  under  a  I'ratnr 
of  K<)\  t-rnincnt  llutt  exiiuded  tntMn  troiii  a  share  in  km  ilaliuri, 
IS  a  dilliculty  wlucli  he  lias  not  uniurlaken  lo  sidvr,  and 
which,  nidt'ed,  his  »[ciirral  anatlietna  ai{:niist  all  resiatsiirc  lu 
r()iii,iitutp<t  autluuity  rciidcrN  [lerfcclly  nisuluhle,  It  is  true 
that  he  rpprnaches  a  gnvt^rnnient  sn  fr«iinMl  with  the  churac* 
Icr  <if  t\r«Tniy;  hut  this  re|)roucli  merely  gives  additioiinl 
lanctioii  to  discuiiteiit,  without  »;iviiig  any  t<>  reststaiire.  In 
urtisr  to  InrinarnsK  Ins  relii;iou'i  with  hit  (ufhtical  creed,  we 
must  repanl  Hip  tortus  which  he  dejircnates,  as  esHeritisl  to 
the  efficacy  uf  the  viriues  which  ho  ckiHs  with  exclusive 
praiie. 

t  Some  of  lh(*  planters  lisd  cooperated  with  l*cnn  In  the 
compo-llion  of  the  frame. 

t  Penn  hnasiett  thst  his  tpffistntlvp  prndiiriinn  cxrelled  the 
perfornianri'  of  Lix'kr  :  yi-l  here  he  ser lus  to  have  copii'd  from 
It  a  very  illilicral  lennirp  :  douhileits  with  souk*  im|irovKiiient, 
Inasmuch  as  ihc  Cnrolmhin  roimcil.  which  exercised  this  re- 
sniriiot)  of  ttK  topics  to  bi;  disciHsed  hy  iho  «f>iiaral  asseinhly, 
vt.iH  far  less  liherally  I'onslittitfd  than  ihe  tniincil  ol  Tfiuirtyl- 
vaiiia  Perm  had  more  orca-nm  to  hoatl  (he  siiiwnor  excel- 
leiife  than  Ihe  heuer  file  nt  the ne  cmislituiions,  which  enjoyed 
trtu  a  ajiorter  duration  than  the  project  of  Locke. 


_^  027 

I  there  by  the  pnritana,  and  auhsrquently  adopted  t^ 
<piaker  |pgislalion~by  which  we  have  teen  It  esta- 
bhslitd  m  New  .lersey,  and  now  transferred  to  Penn 
sylvnnui  'I'liis  latter  repetition  of  the  experiment 
proved  very  niisatisfaclnry  The  planters  loon  do- 
clareil  that  they  tell  f.  repugnant  to  the  spirit  of  Kiig- 
lislimrn.  to  go  muzzli-d  lu  elections  ;  that  ihey  acorneU 
to  give  thi'ir  opinions  in  tlu'  dark  ,  ihut  ihey  would  do 
nothing  winch  they  durst  not  own;  and  thai  they 
wished  the  mode  of  election  to  be  so  conatiluted  as  lo 
show  that  their  foreheitds  nnd  then  voices  agreed  toge- 
ther, In  conscipirrice  of  these  objections,  INuin,  per- 
ceiving (savs  Ohlmixon)  that  iho  perfection  ol  his  insti- 
tutions was  not  in  accordance  wiili  tho  imperfect  naturo 
ot  human  heings,  r(nisented  to  ■isiniilate  the  PeiinsyU 
\antaii  lo  the  Knglmh  motle  of  election. 

To  the  frame,  there  was  appended  a  cntio  of  forty 
condittonal  laws  winch  wero  said  to  have  been  con- 
eertcil  heiween  the  proprit-tary  and  divers  of  the  planlern 
U'toro  their  departure  irom  KngUnd,*  and  were  to  bo 
suhniitted  for  conlirmation  or  moditicatum  lu  the  first 
provincial  ussenihly.  This  code  is  a  production  very 
superior  Io  the  consiitiitional  frame,  aiut  highly  credita- 
ble to  the  sense,  the  s[Mrit,  nnd  the  lienevoleiur  of  ita 
authors,  Among  niher  regulations  propouiuhd  in  it, 
It  was  declared  that  the  character  ol  freemen  of  the 
province  should  belong  to  all  purchasers  or  renters  of  u 
liundred  acres  of  land  ;  to  all  servants  or  hondsinrn 
who  al  the  expiring  of  their  eiigiigements  should  culti- 
vate the  tpiola  of  land  (fi!tv  acres)  alhited  to  them  by 
law,  and  to  all  artilicers  ami  other  inhabitants  or  resi- 
dents who  shouhl  pay  sent  and  lot  lo  ihe  governnn  nl  ; 
that  no  public  tax  sluuild  be  levied  frcm  the  peoiilo 
'*  bill  by  n  law  for  ihat  purpose  made,"  and  thai  who- 
4-vrr  hhoiild  cidlrcl  or  pay  taxes  not  so  sanctioned, 
should  be  hrld  a  public  enemy  of  tho  province  and  a 
beiniyer  of  its  liberties:  "that  all  pri»orii  shall  ho 
workhouses;"  that  n  ihief  should  restore  twue  Iho 
value  of  his  theft,  and  in  default  of  other  means  ode- 
ipiale  lo  such  restitution,  sluuild  work  as  a  U>iidsinal) 
III  prison  fur  ihe  benel'il  of  the  party  injured  ;  that  tho 
lands  as  wi  II  as  the  personal  property  of  a  debtor  should 
be  respoiisiltit'  for  his  obligations,  except  in  the  case  of 
Ins  liaviiiLF  lawful  chihlren,  for  whose  use  two  thirds  v{ 
the  liiiilt  d  estate  were  appointed  lo  he  reserved  ;  that 
all  taclurs  and  correspondents  in  the  province  wronging 
their  employers,  should,  in  addition  lo  complelt-  resti- 
tution, pay  .1  surplus  ainounling  lo  a  third  of  the  sum 
they  had  unjustly  detained  ;  that  all  dramatic  entertain' 
lueiits,  games  of  hazard,  spor's  of  cruelty,  and  what- 
ever el.u;  might  contribute  to  promote  ferocity  of  tem- 
per or  habits  of  dissipation  and  irrehgion,  should  ho 
discouraged  and  punished;  and  '*  that  alt  children 
wiiliin  tins  province  of  the  ago  of  twelve  years  shall  bo 
taught  some  useful  trade  or  bkill,  lo  the  eml  none  may 
he  idle,  hut  the  poor  may  work  to  live,  and  the  rich,  if 
th»y  becomo  poor,  may  nol  want."  This  regulation, 
ao  congenial  to  primitive  qiiaker  sentiment  and  to  re- 
piihhcaii  spirit  and  dinipliciiy,  was  admirably  calculated 
not  less  to  promote  fellow-feeling  than  to  secure  inde- 
pendence. It  contributed  to  preserve  a  sense  of  the 
natural  eipiahiy  uf  mankind,  by  recalling  lo  every  man'ti 
remembrance  his  original  destiiiatinn  10  labor :  and 
while  It  tended  thus  lo  abate  the  pride  and  insolnico 
of  wealth,  it  operated  no  less  henehcially  to  remedy 
the  decay  of  fortune  peculiarly  incident  to  wealthy 
seltters  in  a  eounlrv  where  the  deaniess  of  all  kiiida 
of  labor  rendered  idleness  a  much  more  expcnsui-ron- 
dilion  than  in  Kurope.  It  was  further  declared,  that 
no  persons  shouhl  he  permitted  to  ImM  any  otbce,  or 
to  exercise  the  t'unctions  of  freemen,  l-ut  **  such  as  p|-o- 
fess  failh  ill  Jesus  Christ,  and  aro  nol  convicted  of  ill 
fame,  or  unsober  and  dishouesi  conversation  ;"  and 
that  nil  persons  acknowledging  the  one  aliniuhty  and 
cteniul  (-iod  to  he  ihe  creator,  upholder,  and  ruler  of 
the  world,  and  professing  lo  he  couscieniiously  eniiaged 
lo  live  peaceably  and  justly  in  society,  should  be  wholly 
exempted  from  molestation  for  their  more  particular 
opinions  niul  prjciices,  and  should  never  al  any  tiino 
be  compelled  to  In  (uent  or  inaintam  any  religious  place, 
ministry,  or  wor;»hip  whatever. 

*  Markham,  ihe  kinsman  sud  iecreisry  of  Penn,  and  after- 
wan*s  eorernor  of  the  provinre,  has  ascribed  the  groaisr  part 
nl'ilu  C'lUHiiiuiioMS  of  ihe  rmine  itself  to  tho  Buci;r4ii. mis  nn'l 
iinpon  'iiiiy  ol^  these  persoss,  ti*  npiwsiiinn  to  the  nrtifiral  in- 
tentions of  Penn.  In  a  Ittter  lu  Klricher.  the  cvernor  of  Novr 
York  (ill  .May,  infllt),  Markham  t^ays,  "  I  very  vmiII  know  ihal 
ii  (the  t'rnmo'ot'  i;ovuriimeni)  wns  forced  from  luin  hy  friends, 
wtmu  nnluvs  pleased  snd  t,'rantiHl  whatever  thev  deinaudnd. 
they  would  n»t  have  senltd  hi-i  rounuy."  Siaie  ^aiicrs,  apud 
Chahin'r-',  (hio.  It  is  plain  fnuu  flw  prefare,  that  Pein  con- 
Hii'ered  a  future  alteration  of  the  cuusiilutions  as  fur  frcm 
unlikely. 


\ 


838 


Thif  roinpoiilion  hifiiig  Inan  publlihoii,  lh«  ntit 
etn  of  P«nn,  tnforred  by liii  eiixirioni-e  of  Ihn  l)uk« 
of  York'i  procgeiliiiga  iii  New  Jvney,  vvitii  tu  dIiIiiiii, 
fniin  Ihn  priiicd,  in  mprtiM  relcain  of  iivcrv  cUim  iif 
prslenre  of  junuliciioii  over  I'liiwiiylvniiiii ;  iiiir  iliil 
llie  Uiika  rtfiiio  ■  concnaiioii  lo  iiMii.rt'aMy  |U«I  lo 
III*  ioii  of  >  in«n  for  wliote  iiieinory  lie  inofi^n^oj  ilio 
highoat  ngui      It  wu  ilmiigrr  proof  of  lliii  ru|;.iril, 

■  lid  llir  fruit  of  iniicli  inori  impurliiniile  aolicituiion,  lliit 
Puiin  ol'taiiipd  at  the  name  tiiiiK,  in  a  Kruiit  uf  Ihii  lie- 
latvare  lurritory,*   nhoao   thriviii);  plaiilaiiuiii  he  hud 

■  niioiiitly  drairtid  to  aiiiiea  lo  hi«  iiiiiiieiian  but  iiiicitl- 
tivaird  doinaiiia  of  l'uriii'<ylvanH.  Viildiii^  to  Ihn 
iiriiPMi-y  of  IVnii,  and  probably  B.v.iyi'd  in  «oii>ii  dniirii', 
both  by  ■rnliint'iita  of  friendship,  and  by  indilli'reiioi' 
about  a  terrilory  which  bn  huhl  by  a  di'fi'ilive  and  iin- 
ccriani  title,  and  had  never  heiii  abln  to  reridrr  pro- 
duotim  of  a  te»eiiiU' — the  Duke  now  conveved  to  liiiii, 
by  two  irparalo  dicda  of  ijifi,  tlie  town  of  Ni^wiisile, 
with  a  territory  of  twelve  nulla  around  it,  touetlier 
with  the  Iritet  iil  l.iiid  e«liiiiliH,'  soulbwardlrom  ii  upon 
the  river  Delaware  to  (J.ipe  llenlopeii.  'I'liia  convey- 
aiice  included  not  only  the  siiileinenla  originally  fornied 
by  the  .Swedea  and  aflerwarda  ciMiiplireil  by  the  Dutch, 
of  which  llie  eiirly  hiatury  i»  hleiidcd  wiili  llic  aniul!.  of 
New  York,  and  lo  winch  Lord  lialliinore  por.»c«acd  a 
llaiiii  uliicli  he  bud  never  been  able  ui  render  elleclnal, 
but  a  lart;e  ilialrict  which  Una  iiolilciiiun'a  title  eipially 
rinhriced,  and  hia  activity  and  reinunalrance  hud  ac- 
tually reclanned  from  Dnicli  and  Swediali  occiipulioii. 
Wilhonl  adopliiiK  the  barah  cenanre  of  a  vvriler  who 
mainlaiiia  ilmt  tliia  Iranaaclnin  rellecled  diabonor  both 
on  the  l^ikeof  York  and  SVilliani  I'cnii,  we  can  hardly 
fall  to  reffard  it  aa  a  faulty  and  ainbi){iioua  proceeding;, 
or  10  regret  the  proporiiona  in  which  ita  ailendanl 
bUlllo  llinal  he  dividid  belweell  l  prince  iliatlli|;ni»lied 
even  among  llie  Mtnarla  for  perbdy  and  injiiatice,  and  a 
puliiarch  renowned  even  anion);  the  ipiakera  fur  ho- 
inanity  and  benevolence.  'Ihu  Duke'a  puienis  aa- 
•uredly  did  not  include  within  bia  boundariea  nliat  he 
now  p.'otended  lo  convey  ;  and  it  waa  nnly  to  a  purl  ol 
it  that  he  could  tranafer  even  the  dubiuua  title  arising! 
from  occupancy,  in  oppoailion  to  the  legal  claim  ul 
Lord  Ualiinioret 

All  Ihiiiga  baviiij;  been  now  prepared  for  hia  own 
|)eraonal  preaence  in  America,  Henii  hiniaell  act  hull 
from  KiiKlaiid  to  viail  bia  tr.inaailanlic  lerniory,  in  cum- 
piny  with  a  hundred  llngliah  ipiakera,  who  bad  Jetrr- 
mined  to  unite  iheniaelvea  to  their  frieiida  already  re- 
moved to  that  i|uirler  of  the  world.  Arriving  on  ihe 
banka  of  the  Delaware,  he  beheld  with  great  aati^lac- 
lion  Iho  thriving  aetlleineiita  comprehended  in  bia  late 
aeqiiiailion,  aiiiTtbo  hardy,  aober,  and  laborioua  race  of 
men  by  whom  they  were  inhiliited.  'J'be  po)nilatioii 
of  that  part  of  the  Delaware  terrilorv  n  Inch  he  ulti- 
mately aiiccecded  in  relaining  against  f.ord  Uallimore, 
amounted  already  to  three  thousand  peraons,  chieHy 
Swedes  and  Dutch  A  and  by  liiein,  us  well  as  by  the 
lOiiglish  actllera  who  were  intermiied  with  them,  and 
by  the  quakers  whom  Markliain  had  earned  out  m  the 
preceding  year,  the  proprietary  was  received  on  hia 
arrival  with  a  aaliaraclion  eipial  to  hia  own,  and  greeted 
with  tho  inoit  cordial  ciprcasions  of  respect  and  good 

•  Only  a  ninnth  before  lliis  favor  wua  i^raiitetl,  Sir  John 
Wurden,  llie  Uuke'a  aecrrlary,  tiii;iiillt)i)  l»i  rcnii  u  rept'tiiion  of 
rormer  retudata  of  il,  ami  al  the  aanie  tniia  wrotr  to  l^oiiuuii, 
the  governor  ol' Nflw  York,  cuulioning  Iniii  to  l4wnre  ut  iht- 
eiicroachineiila  uf  renn,  wlioin  he  ilencnliea  na  '*  very  inieiii 
on  hia  own  Imereal  in  theat^  |iarla,  aa  you  oli.nerve.  "  Stale 
I'upera,  apilil  I'lialmera,  OlIO.  Tin' effect  of  llic  arenca  olin 
triune  anil  alterralion,  wiiicli  )m  views  mi  the  Delaware  tern 
tipr'y  bail  iirodureit,  anil  aeenied  likely  ntill  furtlirr  lo  prohiiig. 
is  aulliciently  vinilde  on  ilie  inind  oi  Teiin.  Uiiu  ul'  hia  lettera 
lo  a  friend,  'at  Ihia  {leriiMl,  ekprcaaea  an  evident  ahalenieiit  ol' 
tile  fervor  of  hia  Aral  inipreaaimia  id'  the  deiiree  In  which  hia 
colonial  deaigna  iniijllt  he  rendered  coniliicite  to  Hpirituul  enda. 
**  Purely,'*  ha  aaya,  "  tiod  will  come  in  lor  a  ahare  in  this 

Idanlini^  work,  and  that  leaven  ahati  leareii  llie  liiinp  in  nine. 
do  not  believe  the  Lord'a  providence  hail  run  tliia  way  to- 
warda  me,  but  that  ha  has  a  lieaveo'y  end  and  aervice  in  it." 
O.arkaon,  I.  3i». 

I  llldnilloa,  ,.  »i.  i:a.  Prnud,  1  -JOO— 1.  rhalmera,  643 
Once  for  all,  1  would  observe  ihat,  in  the  course  of  thia  hiaeiry, 

have  freipieiitly  illustrateil  pirticular  i^irtiona  uf  my  narra. 
live  by  citation  of  vanoua  aiahoritief ,  ma  one  of  which  accords 
eotirlly  either  with  the  views  uf  the  cdhers  or  with  my  uwii. 
Toelplain,  in  every  auih  iiialaiice.  how  I  have  bean  led,  Ironi 
eoiiaiariaori  of  the  whide,  ni  the  view  that  1  have  adopted, 
would  eiiciiinliar  every  chapter  uf  my  work  with  i  lung  aeries 
ol  subsidiary  diaquisitiuna.  Much  of  the  lahur  uf  an  tiuneat 
bisturiaiicuii  never  be  kiiuwn  to  his  readers. 

t  In  one  of  Peiura  leueri,  the  Dutch  anil  Swedish  inhalii- 
tania  uf  Delaware  are  llius  deacribed :— "  Tliey  are  u  plain, 
atrong,  indiistraius  (leople  ;  v^lio  have  made  nu  great  proj^rcss 
In  culture;  deainng  rather  to  have  eooucli.than  plenty  onraf. 
fie.  Aa  they  are  |>eopte  proper  aod  strong  of  Iwidy,  ao  they 
have  fliir  children,  and  alniusi  B'-ery  bullae  full."  Proud,  i. 
2IM>,  I.  The  Dutch  had  one,  itiid  Ihu  Hwedes  three  ineiiting- 
liousca  fur  ilivine  wurahip  in  the  Delaware  territory.— Ihid. 


THE    HISTORY  OF 


will.  The  Entfliah  rojoicod  in  their  doliverince  from 
the  iiwav  nf  tho  Duke  of  York  ;  and  thn  Duirli  iinti 
.Swufltu  wure  |iUil  to  rurii)iiiu:e  ii  roniu'iion  that  h«d 
onginali'd  in  trio  caii<|iic«t  lir«t  of  the  une  antl  aficr- 
Wiirdu  ot  hulh  ihoir  nu'Oi  h  wan  (Kktlcnntf  to  ihoir 
irnpurlaiirn  to  Ito  iiiiitrd  to  a  iirjtf>  ilmi  ii^oinud  ihen 
mucli  \o»»  likvly  (o  ovtir»hadiiw  (li<  m  hy  ■uiiiTiur  yrrat- 
nets,  than  i'lthcr  Now  Yurk  or  MarvUnd  and  wliat- 
over  ihoy  ini^ht  think  of  iho  iiinlice  of  (,fOrd  lltiliiinore'a 
prctPii^ioni.  nr  tlin  oi]nity  uihi*  udinini^lrHliun,  il  was 
injiiircat  that  hit  nowor  Wim  iinnpul  In  wri'Nl  Iruni  the 
DukH  of  York  wimt  lud  iiuw  lirt'ii  ^rrtiiird  tn  die  tinh- 
ntuttoiin  of  Willitim  Pmin.  I'rocci  dniij  lo  NrwiMiile, 
wiHTtf  I  lie  iJutch  had  ii  coiirl  Iumimi',  ihr  |MO|irii'mrv  <  <>n- 
vokrd  hurr  n  rnui'liii^  of  Iim  iirvv  Mni>ji>cl!i  ;  and,  alter 
till)  lornialittoa  r(.-i|inaUt)  In  nitrrtJin  his  U'^.il  pUHn'ii' 
•ion  of  ilic  country,  Uv  (>i|)tdiin-d  to  ihoni  the  ohjitcta  ol 
his  coniiDtf  untOM^  (hoiii.  cxlioriitl  iliinn  to  livtt  in  no- 
tirii'ly  and  mntusl  aniitv.  and  rfiir\vi  d  tlm  t'orninitBioiiH 
i>r  tht>  e&iiiliii<{  niaifirtrateit.  Tltf  nnrnlit-r  of  hia  culo- 
niHia  iiu^aiiwliilu  W4i  fast  incmisin^  uround  hiiii.  In 
tliu  rniimo  of  this  year,  no  Uvkvr  iliin  twf>  thouMiid 
{HTKoiiH,  rhlt-lly  (jiiukt  rs,  iirrivcd  Irom  rin^l.ind  on  iht; 
haiik^  of  tlio  Ik-luw.trc.  Many  of  thfin  wirr  iicritojiit 
ol  r.iiik  Hnil  .inliNiHnci',  and  all  wt-rr  nii'ii  ol  aoiiic  cdn- 
riilion  atid  fjruat  rfii)MM-tHhili(y,  and  with  wliom  di!\o- 
tiuii  In  n-lii^iniiH  IilnTty  hail  hmi  the  principid  iiiilncc- 
iiu'iil  lo  turnakc  lli<  ir  nativr  luiul.  'I'liry  iii-cdi'd  ul)  Ihr 
inllunic  ('  of  thiit  nolijr  ]iriii('i|dr,  lu  uninmlu  llii'in  lo  a 
lirave  endurnncc  of  liie  liurdiihi|)fi  ihcv  altc  tMitii|ii'llrd 
to  undiT^o  diinnij  tho  ri^nroiia  vvinicr  ilmt  lotlowt'd 
llitnr  arrival.  Tlunt  HulfiTin^M  wctu  initiir.)t('d  aa  l.ir 
an  |iOf<!iiliii;  hy  llit*  hnN|iiiiihiv  nl  tin'  Swi'dcn ;  hut  nt<tny 
of  thfin  were  coiniiclU'd  lu  |i.iHt  llir  \Mntrr  in  t«Mn|>oniry 
hula  or  tthi'dn,  unil  inti  ^rrultr  immiiIkt  hud  no  ttrtlcr 
loil^in^  than  ravc!*,  wlni-.:  Iht'v  tlui;  for  llifiiiHi'lvcs  on 
tilt'  lmnk>t  of  ihf  riviT.  ThcHi-  liaro..!>'iii*  nnthi-r  ahuli'd 
iht-ir  Zfal,  nor  wftv  rcprt'si'iiu-d  l<y  llii'in  n.  ^..th  a  lor- 
iniduldc  litjht  as  tu  rrprrMH  tlir  ardor  of  llinr  Iru'uda  in 
l^nru)K\  who,  in  the  conrtin  nf  lln-  loUowih^  y^^'ur,  t'lni- 
initicd,  hy  9ucce.taivt!  arrivuU,  lo  t'ldar^T  llir  jtopiddtion 
ol  OrUwarr  and  IVnnnylvunia.  A  valiiulilu  iidditiun, 
in  piirticnliir,  waH  di-rivi-d  xoon  altrr  from  u  nuiiirrous 
oiniijritiioii  of  Gttrriiioi  <iuukrr!i,  who  had  lii't-n  cnnvcrtt-d 
to  tins  faiili  hy  the  prcai'lnii^  of  IVnn  and  Ins  aHsoci- 
att'H,  and  whoH*  wcll-tiini'd  rt'inoval  from  iheir  native 
land  happily  OMuhli-d  ttieni  lo  I'scupo  Irom  ihv.  dfsoli- 
liuii  of  thn  l\ilatinutt'.  Thu  inninent  )Hi-ty  and  vtrtne 
hy  which  thi-se  licnnun  colonials  were  distni^uiKlud  in 
Aincni-d,  formed  on  a^rreahlo  bci^ual  to  the  happy  in- 
lerveniiun  of  I'rovidonce  hy  which  they  were  fniaiched 
from  the  di'solalinjL;  rage  oi  a  tyrant,  and  lint  impending 
mm  of  iheir  conntry.  Thcru  arrived  uIao  ahout  llna 
tunc,  or  shortly  after,  a  numher  of  enu^runli  from  Hol- 
land ;  a  conntry  in  which  rent)  had  already  preaclicd 
and  propagated  his  doctrinuii.* 

Neeiiio  his  people  thus  gathering  in  angmcnlin*;  iniin- 
hcrii  around  hiin,  i'enii  haHtened  lu  Innd  them  together 
hy  aonip  common  act  of  social  arr»ngeiiient.  Having 
difltrihuted  Ins  territory  nito  six  countieM,  hu  !«nininoned, 
at  Chester,!  iho  first  general  asiteinldy,  eonfii^ting  ul 
aevenly-two  delegates.  Here,  according  to  lUv  Jramr 
that  had  hcen  concerted  in  England,  the  freemen  might 
have  attended  m  their  own  pertions.  Ilul  holh  the 
sheritrd  in  ihuir  retnrn.s,  and  the  inhahitantH  in  petitions 
which  tliey  jircHented  lo  the  proprietary,  declared  that 
Ihc  fewneaa  of  the  peupU-,  their  inexperience  in  legisla- 
tion, and  the  jireasing  nature  of  tlnir  domestic  wants, 
rendered  it  inexpedient  for  them  lo  i  xercise  their  privi- 
leges ;  aiid  expressed  iheir  denire  ihut  the  deputies  lliey 
had  chosen  inighl  serve  hulh  for  the  provincial  council 
and  tho  general  assrinhly,  in  the  proportions  of  three 
out  of  every  county  fur  the  former,  and  nine  for  the  lat- 
ter uf  these  hodiea.  In  the  circnm-ttancea  uf  the  pro- 
vince, the  seasiun  uf  this  first  assenddy  vv-is  necessarily 
short ;  hut  it  was  distinguished  hy  prot  ndings  uf  con- 
siderahle  inomcnt.  The  proprietary  having  expressed 
his  approval  of  tho  representations  thai  had  heen  con- 
veyed to  hnn,  an  art  nf  scttlnnrnt  was  parsed,  intro- 
ducing a  corresponding  and  perinanent  clmn^e  into  the 
provincial   constitution.     W  iili   this   and  a  lew  uihef 


•  In  ihM  [Ifldil  aii'l  iliR  two  iiRXi  Aucceeiliiii{  years,  arrived 
■Inpi  wiih  imnsciitters  or  Bculurtt,  frnm  Lnml UriHiol,  Ire- 
land, Wales,  Clietiiire.  l.aiii'Halnrfr.  HidUnd.  tienndiiy,  &.c. 
to  ihe  loiinlM'r  oi'abnui  flUy  ftml  "— Pri'inl,  i.  iVi. 

t  Pf  nti,  reMlviiii;  in  difiiiinuiBh  by  a  new  riHiiie  die  place  at 
wtiirh  he  railed  his  Ural  a^neiidily.  sajtl  to  Tii<>ina«  Puarsnti,  s 
ijnaker,  who  had  Hccoiiipaiittfd  him  rrim  Ki.'flitiHl,  >*  Thou 
UuHl  bueii  lh«  coriipHNiiMi  uf  my  perils;  vliai  witl  ihuu  thai  1 
■h'lUld  rail  th:-*  pIsco  ="  I'earrt.m  MUi;i(e-v  0.1  ih«-  name  ol"  hia 
own  native  niv  mI"  Chonier  Thia  friend  if  Pfim  wan  ilia  ma- 
iiirnal  yraiullulhtir  uf  Benjamin  Wttn,  Uall'^  Lnu  uf  Wc«t 
Part  I.  p.  ^ 


ImoiliAtations,  the  frame  of  government  that  had  provi- 
ously  heen  made  public  was  sulemnly  recoginiud  anJ 
I  accepted  An  art  of  union  was  ptiKssd.  annrimg  Iho 
lit'lawuru  territory  to  ilie  province  ul  I'lmnsyUaina  ; 
ami  iliu  rank  cl  haturahxed  UriiiMh  sohjects  was  con- 
ferri-d  on  the  Hnich,  the  Swed*  s,  and  all  other  loreignert 
withm  the  hunndiirius  uf  the  provinco  and  lurntory. 
This  arrangement,  which,  al  the  lime,  was  htiUt  tliu 
elfect  and  llie  cause  uf  mutual  h.irmunv,  nnlorlunaiely 
cuniained  within  iiself  the  secdit  id  hiiure  dmiienaioii 
and  diNConienl  ;  fur  I'enn  held  Uir  t>elaware  tiiniory, 
nul  hy  a  grant  from  the  <-ro.vi),  hot  liy  an  ai^fiuitation 
Iroiu  ihe  l)uke  ot  York  ;  and  when  the  rlliLacv  ul  mit  II 
a  lult!,  Ill  I'Diiviy  Uie  righu  ut  guvcrnmeni,  (ante  lu  hu 
i|  .^iiuned,  the  peuplu  reprohaled  wan  rrHcitlhil  Idainu 
ih<  wiiilon  ra^hneHs,  as  they  deemed  it,  ol  huddnitf 
tin  r  coMNlilntionul  rights  and  pnvilrgt  it  on  «  to  indaliuii 
ito  pircariuna.  All  ihn  lawn  that  h.id  lieen  concerted 
III  England,  together  with  nineleeti  ulliirH,  were  piupo- 
sed  und  enacted  hy  ihu  asaeiiildy,  which,  in  tiiiee  diys, 
closed  a  NesAion  no  Icsh  reiiidrkahlu  tor  the  miporiance 
ut  lis  laliors,  lli«n  tor  (he  candor  and  harmony  thil  pre 
Vdilcd  among  meii  so  diversiiicd  hy  variety  ul  race, 
lulnl,  and  religiuns  uptniun.  All  coiicnriid  in  exprcM- 
ing  graiilnde  and  allachmeni  lu  ilm  proprietary  ;  thu 
•SwedcN,  111  particular,  depnlmg  one  ol  iheir  nnmhur  to 
anrture  him,  >>  thai  llity  woiihl  luve,  serve,  and  uhcy  hnn 
Willi  all  they  hadi  and  that  this  was  Ihe  best  day  lhe> 
had  ever  seen," 

Among  the  many  praiseworihy  features  uf  the  code 
of  IdWM  ihat  was  thus  enacted  tor  IVniiHylvania  and 
Delaware,  we  have  already  remarked  the  particular 
wiiklum  uf  ihe  provision  for  educating  every  native 
horn  culunist  to  some  useful  trade  or  employment 
Hut  the  puint<t  un  which  lliia  cude  must  jntttly  claims 
the  praine  uf  urigmal  excellence  and  t  nhghtrned  hu- 
manity, are  its  provuionn  for  the  adniiniHtratiun  uf 
penal  law.  Nur  was  tlieru  any  poinl  ou  wlucli  lis 
regulations  have  heen  more  elUcjcioua,  or  mure  pru- 
ductivu   oi  laKling  and  eitensive   henclit  lu  i.  unkind. 

II  was  reserved  tur  ipiaket  wisdunt  to  discover,  and  lui 
ipiukcr  patience  and  heiitivoleme  lu  pruve,  llial.  in  ttie 
trealmenl  uf  criminals,  justice  and  mercy  were  nol  in 
cuniiiHiimt  virlut  s,  nur  policy  and  humanity  incompali- 
hle  utijecls  of  pursuil.  Only  twu  capital  rrmtes,  trea- 
iori  and  murder,  were  recognised  hy  this  cude  ;  and, 
in  all  other  cases,  the  relurmaliun  ul  ilic  utlender  was 
cHlecmed  a  duly  nul  less  miperative  than  the  puni^ho 
inent  uf  the  uMence.  Tu  ihis  riid  il  was  enacled,  Uml 
uU  pns'ma  ttkonid  he  tcork-kousca,  where  udenders 
inlghl  he  reclaimed,  hy  discipline  und  insiruction,  tu 
hatuta  of  iiiduslry  und  morality,  and  political  lienetit 
educed  from  the  |ierlurinance  uf  chrntlun  duly,  i'tiu 
instituliuna  that  resuUed  from  ihts  lienevolenl  enter- 
prise in  legisUtion,  have  retlccled  honor  on  I'eiinsylvd- 
nia,  and  ddfuaed  their  advantages  exiensivtiy  in  Aiiio* 
rica  and  Kuropc.  Nutwidisianding  tlio  strict  injunc- 
tions in  llie  luyul  charter,  neither  ihu  cude  uf  laws 
which  was  now  enacted,  nor  the  alteraLioii  and  enlarge- 
ment which  It  suhsequenily  underwent,  was  ever  aub< 
tnilled  tu  the  royal  revision. 

No  suuner  was  the  assembly  ailjourned,  than  Petin 
hastened  to  .Maryland  tu  vindicate  iliat  pari  uf  Ua  pro- 
ceedings which  was  ni:cessarily  otrtni»ive  to  J«ord  ttal- 
tiinore,  and,  il  possible,  elk>ct  wiih  tliN  iiublemah  an 
amicaido  adjustment  uf  iheir  respective  buunuuries. 
Uut  he  seems,  frum  the  beginning,  to  have  been  awarH 
that  such  a  tcmuiiatiun  ul  llie  dispute  was  not  lo  he 
expected  ;  and,  iiolwiihstandmg  all  the  ree«peci  he  must 
have  felt  fur  Lord  Uaitimure'a  tolerant  policy,  and  lliu 
prutectiun  which  the  ijuakers   had  experienced   Irunt  il 

III  Maryland,  he  ptainly  regarded  him  Willi  a  suMpiciun 
and  apiitudu  to  surmise  wrong  und  unticipute  resist- 
ance, not  very  creditable  to  his  own  candour  and  mo- 
deraliun  ;  rinding  matter  of  evil  import  even  in  flie  du- 
inonstratiuns  uf  tmnur  and  respect  which  he  received 
from  his  hruther  proprietary.*  Ijord  Uallimore,  relied 
on  Ihe  priority  and  distinctness  ot  his  own  title  ;  while 
i*enn  defended  u  later  and  more  indistinct  grant,  uii  a 
plea  that  had  been  furnished  lo  hnn  by  the  Comnutteo 

I  of  I'lantatioiis  in  England — that  it  had  never  been  in- 
tended lo  confei  on  l<ord  Uallimore  any  other  territory 
but  such  as  was  inhabited  by  savages  only,  at  the  (latt> 
uf  his  charier ;  and  thai  the  language  uf  his  charter  wit* 
therefore  mconsislent  with  Us  tntendineni,  in  su  far  as 
It  seemed  lu  authurisu  his  claim  to  any  part  of  the  ter- 

•  III  an  account  of  their  confereiica,  which  Pciui  transiniti.'Hl 
to  Kiitflanil,  \\n  says,  "  t  met  the  proprietary  "f  Msrylaiut,  it- 

(oiiclnd  siiiuliy  tu  luscharactcr,  whutuuk  ilicr>craiOtn,  by  hie' 
idvUltlos,  U  MOW  [LO  II..-  iiv^\:.eii  n*  Wb  J-iWCl  "    Prciti,  i. 


Ill  hftd  provl* 

■t-ogiMiud  ■nJ 
.  Miiitriiiig  lUo 
iVniiKvlvtiuiik  ; 

jt'Lti    V^HB  (  t'll- 

ilitr  InrtiKMrri 
«iid  lurntiiry. 

WUII    lltilll    iliu 

,  iinli»riun4uly 
lire  ill  "HP 1 1*1 1' II 
Atin*   lirriutrv, 

III  llltl>IUIi4llUII 
llicrti  V  lil   Hilt  ll 

III,  t  <lll»'  *^*'  ''** 
t'Ni-iitl>il  hUiiiu 

ll,    III    liUlltlllll/ 

)ii  i  lu  tudjuoii 
iwvu  i^omeruii 
rn,  wt-r«  |HO|>o* 

,  III   (kllt'f  ttiVV. 

lilt-  iin|ioruii(A> 
riiHiiiy  lliii  I"" 
ariHiy  ol  rai'e. 
nil  III  fH»rL'i»(i- 
rin»nftrtry  ;  Hio 
lifir  iiuiiiUer  \c 
f.  iiiiil  olii-y  Imii 
e  bi'»l  <Uy  lilt  V 

rc»  o)  iliw  t'Oile 
Diinylvaiiiit  tiiul 

x\w    i>4riu-uUr 
^  uvtry  twuvo 
ur  tmiployinriit 
jKl  jiiitily  cUiin* 
tuligliHiH'd  !»"• 
JiiiliiiHtrJliun   ul 
III  uii  wliicli   ila 
la,  or  mure  j»ro- 
ulil  tu  I.  ..nkiitU. 
jisi:ovir,  ttiiii  lui 
rov*'.  ilwl.  Ml  iliP 
rcy  wiTu  nnl  ill 
aiiity  iiKotiH"»i»- 
ilul  rriiiu'ii,  ireii- 
tliis  codii  i   and, 
ilic  ulltuder   *a* 
tliiiii  lliu  iiuincli- 
\A*  i-iidciud,  timl 
vvltt'tt'    UlluildtTJ) 
id  iiittUuclioii,  lu 

|)uIuhmI  lifiifhl 
liaii  duty.  Tlio 
eiievoliMil  eriU't- 
jr  oil  IViiimylvd- 

iisivily  111  Amo- 
girici   iiijunc- 

lu  Lodo  ol  law* 
Lion  Bitd  tMiiur^e- 

It,  was  ever  fiub- 

riHid,  ihan  Pfiiii 
,  part  u(  us  I'ro- 

IVf  10    IriUlJ    tlul* 

\\H   iiulilt'inau  uii 
ilive  buiiiiuurivs. 
Iiuw  lift'ii  uwaiM 
waa   tioi  i»>  I'i" 
.  [ff|»tcthu  niu!»l 
it  pulley,  and   llio 
itriiMicid   Iroin  il 
Willi  a  i!Uiit|Hfiuii 
iiiucijjalu    rt'Msl- 
.-aiiduiir  and   mo- 
rl  even  in  Miu  do- 
liicli  iitJ  riictivfd 
Udliiinorc,  rtliml 
own  iitli'  -,  wliilo 
iiict  gram,  oil  a 
ty  ttiu  Cuiiiinitlvo 
id  nt'ViT  liet n  tu- 
ny other  mrniory 
,  only,  al  llie  •*■••*■ 
ol  tuftcliaricr  wiia 
jntnit  tn  »o  far  as 
ly  pari  of  lite  ler- 

ch  fciii)  iraiidiuiitAU 
,ry  nf  Maryluiul,  Ht- 

tfieiH',('a*fitn,  by  hie' 
).k;wei"    Irottd,  i. 


ntory  prtivioiiity  colunixcd  tiy  thr  Swrdin  or  thr  Diilrh. 
Knell  of  (hem  tinaciuiiKly  Jiiltit  M*d  (n  what,  vsiih  morr 
or  If**  n'Anuii,  h(i  (-uniiih'rru  hia  nwii;  hihI  iirilhrr 
could  inttKrit  any  iiiiidi<  nl  iiiljiinimrnl  «nvp  :i  total  n*- 
linipii«hiii»nt  of  thn  oiher'a  prcii'iiaiona  Tn  avoid  Itir 
tKcesaitv  of  reciirniiH  auum  lu  llii«  di>iii({ri'('ii1ili<  i-on 
Irovaray.  *  ahall  hure  ovrrltMik  in'irvnnn^  cvniiH  In 
icialo,  that  i(  waa  )irotrHrli-d  lor  uninr  yidr^  wnliout 
l!<o  ali||hlfat  B|iti|irnH<-h  to  nintiml  aiTniniuo'liiiiuii  ; 
tltat  Kiiitf  Clinrloa,  lu  whom  lioih  jiartifH  hud  (-nriiplnini-d, 
VBinly  ciidenvort-d  to  pri'viil  with  iht)  niir  or  the  oihrr 
to  virld  ;  an<l  tlnil  JamrN  tl.c  II,,  ndoii  aflrr  liii*  acvv*- 
Bioii  to  ihc  lliroiif.  I'liiiNi'd  mi  net  of  ((ninnl  in  hi-  iKKiu'd 
for  liTrniniidii^  lli«  dif>|>iitt>  liv  tlividii>L>  the  niiliji'i-t  unit- 
trr  of  It  r()iiallv  hftwini  tlinn  "v  tlii«  Drriintfriiitiil, 
wliti  ll  had  innru  of  fiimuhtu  rthnw  than  ol  fltrii:t  jiislu-i), 
FiMui  olitained  tin*  whoUi  of  the  Swt'dmh  and  Outt-h 
Rftlli'innila.  and,  iii  rtVi'Cl,  iirmi-rtril  nil  Uiat  lir  or  rlu' 
Unkti  of  York  Itad  rvt-r  hrni  in  |i«iHtt4'*Ninri  of  I'lii'si' 
diatnrts,  anni'irti,  ua  we  li^tvc  nfni,  lo  Ii.h  onifnial  anpn- 
ailion,  n-cuivid  llm  iisnicofMc  t'hrrr  l,ntrrr  i'lmuttra, 
or  ihr  i'ffnltinrx,  in  (ontrailiNiini'lioii  (o  lh<^  rnnitin- 
drr  ot  iliu  union,  which  whh  Ifrnit'd  tlio  'I'lirpr  I'jil'*''' 
I'oiintit'B  or  I'rovirirtMif  l'riiiiHvlvniii;i  * 

'I'hia  hnny  year  waa  not  Vfl  to  clom-  witliont  an  iin- 
porlanl  and  nirmoralilo  scimip,  iii  which  thf  (Ihirnctcr 
of  IVini  hd!*  KJionn  forth  in  a  vcrv  dillVrrnt  li^hl  from 
thjt  wlnrli  hm  coiilrovn-jtv  with  Lord  Hjiiinnorr  icdi-rfti 
on  ll  Till*  coiiiinmKiuhcra  who  had  iu'<'nni|iiinM'd  ihe 
firni  di'iachiiKMil  ol  r.'nit.'raii(»i.  had,  in  ('on)[i)iaiiri!  willi 
thrir  inaiructionx,  nr^oti'tlctl  n  tri'nty  with  Iho  nci^ili 
horii)^  Indiiin  trihi-ii,  for  the  puri-lia^t^  of  (Ih<  lands 
which  ihtr  colonmitt  wen-  tn  nccn|(V,  and  for  llit  |iri'«(*r- 
Tiitiun  of  iiLTjictual  fririidHlii|)  iind  iicaciv  Tlir  liiiic 
n|tpnii)tcd  for  thn  rxhlicatinii  nf  tliiH  treaty  waa  now 
arrived  ;  and,  at  a  ftpot  \%hi('li  ih  now  iln*  ^ite  of  Kcn- 
aiiiiilon,  one  of  the  Htihurlii  nf  I'hiladi-lpliiii,  ilic  Indian 
8n<*hi>nia,  at  tho  hcml  of  iheir  attttcinlitrd  wnrriorn, 
awaited  in  anna  (he  approach  nf  a  ipiaker  dcpnliiitnn. 
To  this  Mcenn  Williuiii  l*enn  repairiMl,  ut  the  head  of 
fan  unarmed  tram  of  Ins  n  Ii^muu  uaKociatett,  rirryin^ 
various  articles  of  inercliantliHe,  which,  on  their  np> 
prnaeli  to  tlie  sarhums.  werr  upread  on  the  ^roniid 
DiMlin^uished  from  Inn  fi)ltuwer!4  hy  no  other  rxlernul 
iippinida^o  than  a  8a<«h  nf  hlue  silk,  and  hotdinir  in  hi<t 
hand  a  roll  of  parrhint  iit  (hat  r(.  (.inn  I  the  cnnhnnn- 
t  on  of  the  Irealv,  IVnn  exehangt  <....i(atioiis  with  the 
Indians,  and  taking  Ins  stution  nno>  *  an  dm  iree.f  ad- 
drcBited  them  (hrnii^h  the  intrrvni*<on  of  an  tnter|ire- 
ter.  He  aasnred  (lieiii  tUnl  thn  (ireut  .Spirit  who 
cronted  all  men,  and  helieUI  tlic  tlion^hta  of  every 
heart,  knew  with  what  sinerrity  he  and  hiit  people  de- 
Piit-d  to  li\oin  friendrihip  and  a  perpetual  eoiniii<ree  of 
good  otliites  with  the  Indians.  It  was  not  the  rU!«toin 
of  his  friends.  )io  said,  (o  ns  hostile  weapoiiM  against 
their  fellow  creatures,  and  for  ihi>  reason  they  eaine  to 
meet  the  Indians  unarmed.  Their  ohjert  was  not  to 
do  injury,  and  thus  provoke  the  Ureat  Spirit,  hut  to  do 
good  ;  and  in  this  and  every  trntmaction,  to  consider 
the  advantage  of  hoth  people  as  in-^eparalile,  and  to  pro- 
ceed withal!  openiU'Ks,  brotherhund,  and  love.  Having; 
read  from  the  parchment  record  ihe  conditions  of  the 
purchase,  and  tlie  articles  of  coinpnct,  by  whiiii  it  was 
agreed  that  all  dispulei  between  the  eolonislH  imd  the 
Indians  should  oe  adjusted  by  arhitralnrH  inutuiiUy  clio- 
nen,  he  delivered  to  the  sachems  the  stipulated  price,  t 
and  farther  dei«ired  their  acceptance,  as  a  IririKJiy  ^ili, 
of  the  addiiioiiil  articles  of  inerchnndi^c  that  were 
flpread  before  them,  lie  then  invited  them  to  consi- 
der the  land  which  be  had  iiurchased,  as  coniiuon  to  llie 
two  races,  and  freely  to  use  its  resources  whenever 
(hey  inii;lit  have  occasion  for  tlie m  i)  He  added,  "tliat 
he  would  not  do  as  the   Marylamiera  (lul,  that   ia,  call 


•  I'roiKl.  i.  208.  »3,  4r.  Chnhncr*.  647.  N.  OiO.  4i-  Tlie 
Duke  uf  \'ix\t,  wlni  siippnrtt^d  IVini'ii  pri-teiiKinns,  lintlini;  it 
|ii))H»siblH  Otherwise  to  prevail  over  the  title  of  Lnril  l):ilti- 
morn,  Rolinted  from  lliu  KniR  a  now  cliarler  of  the  Dclawnrn 
turrilorv  to  hiiiisiflf,  in  onU-r  to  reronvey  it  with  more  etreri 
to  hi>  friend ;  and  this  wai  on  the  point  of  heiiiK  done,  wlieii 
tho  Diike'i  arre<iMon  to  the  tliroiiR  eiiiil>led  hnn  to  RtHlity 
iviui  by  a  proreedniK  no  lest  arbitrary  in  its  iin|K)rt,  but  mure 
cquit:it)le  In  itA  appearance. 

t  TUi»  tree  was  loiiff  regarded  with  universal  respect. 
Durhiff  tlie  wnr  of  indrpendrnre.  Ueneral  Siincoc.  who  roiii- 
mamled  a  Uriiish  force  stmionod  at  Kcniniiitoii,  wtien  tils 
holdiers  wore  rutting  down  all  ttie  trees  around  them  forfirc- 
V'ood,  placed  a  sentinel  under  tins  elm  to  guard  it  from  injury 
—a  Kiiittular  tritinto  from  a  man  who  was  engaged  In  riula*- 
liiR  the  very  principli-a  uf  ei|uity  and  peace  uf  which  tho  ob- 
ject nf  hilt  c<miiiderattoii  was  respected  ait  a  memnnal. 

t  What  this  price  amounted  to  has  iiuwiirre  been  recorded. 
Penn,  wriimit  in  ihe  follnwini;  ye»r  lo  soine  friendn  iii  Kii«- 
lirid.  rt'prei^ents  it  q.s  ileur;  and  adds,  "lie  will  dt'Bcrvu  the 
name  ot  wise  that  outwits  them  (the  Indiana)  in  any  treaty 
about  a  thmit  they  nnderatand."    Proud,  I  UAH. 

*t  The  same  liberality  was  shown  hy  the  colonists  of  New 
Bniland,  whore,  ua  w«  Iflhm  from  Dr.  Dwight,  "the  Indians 


NdllTII    AMKUKU. 

.hem  children  or  brnihers  only  ;  for  oDrn  parents  wrro 
npt  to  whip  iheir  chihlreii  ton  nevereiv.  and  brutliers 
Bnini'tinies  wnuld  ditler  .  neither  vvonid  he  euniparu 
the  Iriendship  between  hnn  and  thetn  to  a  eliain,  Inr  ibe 
rain  iiii|^ht  aoinetiinea  ruat  it,  or  a  tree  ini^ht  fall  and 
break  it  ,  bul  he  nhniild  c<ui*>ider  them  aa  tha  same 
tiesh  and  lijnnd  with  llie  eliriHti.tnN,  iiid  ihe  name  i.t  it 
one  iiiaii's  bndv  were  to  be  ilivuhd  into  tv\o  parts  "  : 
lie  cnncbided  by  presenting  the  parcliinerit  to  the  aa-  I 
cliems,  jrnl  reipiesliriL,',  lh:it,  for  the  mlormatiun  of  their 
posterity,  they  would  eorelully  prenerve  it  hir  three 
generalmiis.  The  Indiana  cnrdijlly  acceded  lo  ihean 
prnpOMiiinna,  and  solemnly  pleilged  tbeinselvea  lo   live 

love  with  Williani  IN  nil  and  tiis  chddreii  ua  long  aa 
the  sun  and  inomi  abniild  endure. 

Thus  eiiiled  a  trentv  of  v%hieh  Voltaire  haa  renmrked, 
Willi  sarcastic  exhultatuMi,  that  il  was  the  only  one  be- 
tween the  chriHtiaiiH  and  the  lii(ti:iris  that  was  not  rati- 
fied hy  an  oitih,  and  th<il  iie\er  was  broken.  In  onu 
renpt'ct,  indeed,  llie  hirbearaiice  of  I'eiin  on  tins  occa- 
sion to  introduce  chrisiianitv  in  any  other  way  than  as 
a  tiame,  into  his  barangut ,  may  have  contnhutcd  to  the 
cordiality  with  which  Ins  propositions  were  received. 
He  Ht'diiousjy  forbore  every  atbuion  (o  distinctive  pe* 
cnhirities  or  otlcnsive  irullis  :  and  in  addrussin^  mt  n 
wlinin  he  coniodered  us  beiiiglited  heatbetis,*  he  di- 
scendeil  In  ndopl  their  religious  iininenclature,  and 
more  lliaii  iiiMinuated,  that  (he  (Ireji  .Spirit  of  the  In- 
dians, and  (heTrne(iod  of  the  christians,  wern  not 
dill'erent,  but  the  same  IJiit  a  much  more  renpecta- 
ble  peciiliantv  ol  ipiakerism  than  ahslineiice  from  julha, 
rorined  llie  innst  rennirkablf!  feature  in  this  treaty  with 
the  Indians,  and  inanilv  contributed  topri?uire  itJidurabi- 
lily.  iN'olhing  could  be  inort^  inagnaiunnnis  lliaii  tho 
e.'fplicit  ii'-claratinn  of  a  race  of  civilised  men,  aur- 
rounded  b'  a  natmii  of  warlike  barbarians,  that  they 
reiinunccd  ill  the  atlvanlage  of  superior  military  skill, 
ami  even  disi  I'lriiid  the  einploymenl  of  every  weapon 
of  violence  hir  th  ■  defence  of  their  lives,  or  the  viiidi- 
catinn  ot  their  vvru  igs  :  trustmi;  the  protection  ol  llicir 
persons  and  possts.  ions  against  human  ferocity  and 
cupidity,  to  the  dtuiiiii  on  of  <Jod  over  the  hcuta  of  his 
rational  en  alurt  s,  and  !'In  willingness  to  itignalize  tins 
doniimon  in  behalf  of  al.  such  as  would  exclusively 
rely  on  il.  The  Hingnlar  exeinplitication  of  clinsliaii 
character  In  tlim  re  , "  i,  which  the  I'ennsvlvanian 
qiiakers  eonlinued  u  itloni  ly  tn  rxhitiit,  was  attended 
Willi  an  eieiiipiion  no  b-sr  singular,  from  tlione  coiiten- 
tionsand  caUmiHes  wlncli  Indian  neighhorhoud  entailed 
on  every  other  description  of  Kuropeancolomsls.  Tlie 
intenlional  injury  ol  a  ipiaker  hy  an  Indian  is  an  event 
nnktiown  in  reim.^ylvaniaii,  and  very  rire  in  Amernan 
history.  The  urohity  of  dealing,  and  courtesy  of  de- 
meanor, by  which  ihc  quakers  etuleitvoretl  to  maintain 
IhiH  good  iindersiaiidiiig,  were  powerfully  aided  hy  Ihu 
disiinclKMis  of  dres»  and  niaiiners  by  which  they  weie 
vi!«ibly  dtttconnectetl  with  other  men,  and  thus  ex* 
enipied,  aa  a  peculiar  or  separate  tribe,  from  responsi- 
bility for  the  actions,  or  concern  in  the  (piarreU  of  their 
coiintrynirn.  The  inhahnants  of  many  of  the  other 
colonies  were  no  less  distinguiBhed  than  the  ipiakcrs 
for  the  justice  and  gnoil  faith  that  characterised  tlitir 
transactions  with  the  Indians;  and  the  calhobc  inhalii- 
lants  of  Maryland  are  saul,  in  addition,  to  have  graced 
these  estimable  qualities  with  llie  inort  conciliating  de< 
nicunor.  Vet  none  were  able  wholly  to  exe:-iit  them- 
selves from  Indian  attack,  or  to  retrain  from  retaliatory 
Intsiihty.  The  people  ot  Maryland  were  soinelimes  in- 
vnlved  in  the  tndiscrinitnate  rage  with  which  certai  i  of 
the  Indian  tribea  pursued  the  hostilities  they  had  com- 
menced against  the  colonists  of  Virginia,  liut  what- 
ever animosity  the  Indians  might  conceive  against  the 
Kuropeau  iieighbors  of  the  reinisylvaiimns,  or  even 
agaiii.'it  IVnnsylvaiiiaii  colonists  who  did  not  belong  to 
the  (piaker  society,  they  never  failed  to  discriminate  the 
followers  of   iViiii,  or  chldrcn  of  OmiSy*  (which  was 


were  always  considered  as  havinK  a  riftht  to  dwell  and  lo 
hniit  uitliiii  the  lauds  which  they  had  sold."  Truvt^ie  in  New 
Emlaiid   &c.i.  319. 

•  In  one  of  his  letters  to  his  friends  in  Enijland,  he  says  nf  the 
Intlinnn  :  "  TlieKe  poor  people  are  under  a  dark  niglit  in  thiiu^s 
rt'latinK  to  reliKioii,"  Prt'ud,  i.  25rt.  Tlie  following  adven- 
ture WHM  commuiiirated  liy  Penn  liimnelf  to  Oldinixim.  He 
WIS  visitinit  an  Indian  inchem,  and  had  retired  for  tlie  night, 
when  a  young  womnn,  tlie  Hachem'n  dBu^lller,  apuronchinK 
Ins  bed  lay  down  beside  him.  Penn  was  much  shocked ;  but. 
unwilling  to  offend  by  rejecting  an  intended  comuliinent,  he 
lay  stitl  without  taking  any  notice  of  her.  till  she  thought  pro- 

K'V  to  return  to  her  own  couch.  Vol.  1  p.  308.  8d  eduion.  A 
ew  EnglatKl  pstriardi  in  such  nrcumslaiice!!,  would  prol>a- 
hly  have  esciled  the  eniriUy  of  Ihe  whole  Indian  tnbo  by  his 
eiprensions  of  disgust  and  reprobiition. 

t  Oiiai*.  in  the  Indian  tont;uc,  signifies  a  pen.     It  came  to 

he  the  Indian  appellation  of  tho   governors  of  Pennsylvania, 

as  corlear  was  of  the  governors  of  New  York.     Proud,  i  214. 

John  Wesley,  in  the  close  of  his  life,  was  forcibly  luipresBud 


8J0 

the  rfrnrmiinaiioii  they  gave  to  thi>  qnakrrs).  aa  persona 
whom  It  wa.4  mi|ioiksibte  for  then,  in  .  icluile  wilhm  the 
p>de  of  legitwnale  hosiibly  The  (ru'iiiUlniJ  that  wat 
crested  by  I'enn'a  Irealy  hi  twien  the  province  and  llio 
Indians,  r«freshed  hy  Biiccasaive  ads  ol  courtesy  and 
humanity,  endured  (i\t  more  than  sevaiiiy  yi  ars,  and 
was  iie\er  iiiierriiptid  while  the  iniiikers  re'ained  tho 
commund  of  the  gnvirnment  ot  I'l  ioikv  Ivama.  I'lj- 
dnubtedly,  llie  leatiire  nf  ipiaker  rnannerN  vthieli  proved 
most  ellicient  in  guarding  them  againnt  Indian  ferocity, 
was  llieir  rigid  ahstinence  nt't  only  from  the  nue,  but 
even  from  the  posseaNion.  of  otb-iif»ive  weapons,  anting 
from  their  conviciioii  ul  the  nulllnencv  of  divine  .tu!, 
and  Iheir  respect  tn  the  scnptnrat  ibretl,  tliat  .ll  wliii 
take  llie  aworti  shall  perish  by  it.  It  was  a  iMally  dif- 
ferent feature  uf  chrtstinn  rharacler  that  was  exhibited 
by  the  puritan  cnlnnists  of  .New  Kn^Uiid  in  their  inter- 
coiirso  wi<h  the  Indians.  They  fell  less  indulgence  for 
the  frailty  of  ihesitvages  than  concern  for  their  spiritual 
hlmdnesa,  and  abhorrence  of  their  ulnlalroiiH  supersti- 
tion :  they  displayed  lesft  meekness  of  windnm  than  the 
niiakers,  hut  more  uf  activo  zeal  and  luisaionary  ardor. 
The  puritans  were  most  concerned  tu  promote  the  reli- 
gious interesis  of  the  Indians  ;  ine  ipiakers  to  gam  their 
good  will.  The  purilaiia  converted  a  number  of  their 
heathen  nrighbors  ;  the  ijiiakiTs  cnricilialed  lliern  all. 
It  was  iinlortunaie  Inr  the  colonista  of  New  Kngtand, 
that,  asserting  the  liiwhihiesH  of  defensive  war,  ibejr 
were  Murrounded  by  numerous  hohl  and  warlike  irihea, 
stimulated  to  acta  of  aggre>tsioii,  at  first  by  their  own 
ferocity  and  jealousy,  and  latterly  bv  the  inlrigues  of  the 
French.  It  was  ii  liuppy  contingency  foi-  the  phinlera 
of  Peniisvlvinia,  that  the  Indian  (ribes  around  them 
weie  inconsiderable  Hi  number,  and  either  belonged  to 
the  confederacy  or  were  subjfcted  lo  the  inllnenco  of 
//if  /''(IT  A'u/noi«,  who  were  tbeinsi  Ives  in  alliance  with 
the  Slater  colony  of  Ntvv  Vork. 

Nollnng  can  bo  more  ciaggrralrd  or  inapplicable 
than  the  eiKomiums  which  numerous  writers  ha^e  he- 
slowed  oil  lilts  celebrated  transaction  between  I'enn 
and  the  Indians.  They  have,  with  unhappy  partiality, 
selected  aa  the  chief,  and  Ireijuently  ihe  sole  object  of 
commendation,  tho  supposed  originality  of  the  tiesigit 
of  buviiig  the  landi*  from  the  savages,  instead  of  appro- 
priating ihein  by  fraud  or  force. — winch  last  they  re- 
preHeiit  as  the  only  mcthodt  ui  ncquinition  that  had  i>ei  ri 
employed  by  the  predecessors  of  I'enn  in  the  coloniza- 
tion of  North  America  *  This  m  at  once  lo  reproiuli 
every  one  of  the  other  christian  founders  of  .**orth  .\me- 
ricaii  society  with  injustice  and  usurpation  ;  to  com- 
pliment tlic  Indians  with  the  gratuitous  supposition  that 
only  bare  justice  on  the  pari  of  the  colonists  was  re- 
tpiisitc  to  the  preservation  of  peace  between  the  two 
races;  and  lo  ascribe  lo  IVim  a  merit  which  afsnredly 
did  not  belong  to  hnn,  and  which  he  himself  has  ex- 
pressly disclaimed.  The  example  of  that  eipiiiahle 
cuiisideralion  of  ibe  rights  of  the  native  owners  of  the 
soil,  which  baa  been  sunposed  to  have  originated  with 
hnn,  was  first  exhibited  by  the  planters  of  New  Kng- 
land,  whose  deeds  of  conveyance  from  the  Indiana 
were  earlier  by  half  a  century  than  his  ;  and  was  buc- 
cessively  repeated  by  the  planters  of  Maryland.  Caro- 
lina. New  Vork,  and  New  Jersey,  before  the  province 
uf  I'ennsvlvania  bad  a  name.  I'enn  was  introduced 
to  un  acipiaintance  witli  .American  cnlonizaUon,  t)y 
flucceetiing  to  the  management  of  New  Jersey,  in 
which  Uerkeley  and  rarteret  bad  already  e!*tabli-4iied 
this  cipiltahle  practice;  and  Ins  own  eout'orrnity  lo  it 
in  IVniisvlvania  had  been  expressly  recoinmi  tided  hy 
Bishop  Comptoii  (whose  interference  in  the  compo- 
siiion  of  ibo  charter  wc  have  cirtady  witnessed)  and 
vvas  publicly  ascribed  by  himself  to  tho  couiiaela  of  that 
prelate. t 


Willi  the  uUliience  of  the  peruliar  dress  of  the  »iuakers,  ai  at 
once  a  Hi'uratiiit;  pruiciptti, mid  a  i«»nd  of  sei'titntn  toiion  ;  and 
retiretted  itiat  he  hail  not  prescribed  a  Ui:>linc(ive  apparel  to 
the  nielhodlitts,     Wesley's  Journal. 

*  The  Al'lie  Raynal  declares,  (hat  Penn.  In  piirrhasing  a 
conveyance  from  tlio  Indiaiis,  in  addition  to  hiti  ch  titer  from 
(he  king  of  Kiii^land,  "is  entitled  to  the  glory  of  having  glr^ii 
an  example  of  mnderatlon  and  justice  m  America,  never 
so  much  as  thought  of  before  hy  the  Europeans."  Noti>.  in 
his  Continuaiionof  Gianger,  says,  "  lie  occupied  hisdomaiiii 
hy  actual  bargnin  and  sale  with  the  Indians.  This  fact  lima 
him  intliiite  ht>nr>r.  Penn  has  tl>v.  taught  us  to  respect  tho 
lives  and  properties  nf  the  must  un^enlighie nrd  nation^.'*  It 
would  be  eai>y  to  multiply  annilar  (luoiatnuis.  Even  Mr. 
Chirkson,  whu  acknowledges  that  Lord  Baltimore  at  le.\t.t 
preceded  Penn  in  this  act  of  justice,  cannot  refrain  from  cjin- 
plimeuiing  Penn  for  soaring,  in  this  instance,  **  above  the 
prejudices  and  i-ustoms  of  his  time."  The  most  modest  find 
morteraie  accnimi  of  Pcnn's  treaty  which  I  have  seen,  is  that 
which  claims  Mr.  Dillwyn  (See  n>>ie  2i  for  its  author). 

f  In  a  letter  fioin  Penn  to  the  Lords  of  the  CoiiiniHtPe  ol 
Trade  and  Planialions  in  England  <in  IOh.1),  he  declares,  that 
'*  1  have  followed  the  Bishop  of  London's  counsel  by  buying 
and  not  taking  away  the  natives'  land  "    Proud,  I.  S74.    TUl« 


I' 


IKA) 

iCfiS.]  Tho  continiu!  Brri«al  "f  vcs«rl«,  lranB|«irl- 
ing  nrlttcrs  to  ihr  cnlonv  fioni  nil  pnrts  nt  Ihr  Hlitl^ll 
(loiiiiniorin.  aH'ontiMl  .implf  ornimontu  !Vini  for  llir  r\- 
crcn'  of  ihc  o^recahlc  labijr  of  durvi  yinn  lusU'rritnriiw, 
ami  approprutinii  to  t!ir  |mrrhaf('rn  llii-ir  rf'n|t(-rti\o 
allotnientfl  oflaMil.  Odu  of  tlii-so  allolinontH,  rotiHiHl- 
in^ofa  tltOMHSid  arrrn,  wis  a  gift  from  i\w  i>ri>))rirtdry 
to  his  frifiiil  (ifforf^r!  Fox.  and  formed  llio  onlv  rntalc 
which  that  vrneivblo  quakrr  |iatrinri'li  waa  c\or  pos- 
aranrd  of*  Tlie  greater  nimibor  of  the  nl)l^^uMtH  ttliU 
comintied  to  I'c  qiiakcra,  willi  thr  addition  of  Aome 
other  dinsentrri*.  withikawin^  fr.*<ii  thi)  ticvmticN  of 
prricrniion.  and  tho  roiitnttion  of  Koropran  vicrn  ;  niul 
ll.rir  behavior  in  tho  colony  rorrmpondinj^  wi'li  ihr  1 
nohjc  motive*!*  that  had  rondiu-trd  tlinn  to  i(,  f!2H]  ihr 
domains  of  IVnn  rxhihited  a  huppv  nnd  aiiiinuted  nvvuv 
of  aclivo  induNlrv,  tirvoiional  rxiTcmc,  and  ihankhi)  rti- 
lovment  of  civil  and  rrhuicitn.  lihcTly  'l  jippcirrd, 
lm\M'\fr.  that  oomc  wortliirs*  prr^oiiH  liad  iiIriMi''.f  in- 
trndfi)  iht'niMrlvrA  aiiioii^  the  nmri'  rt'sprrtahl''  sc'ttlrr** ; 
nnd  three  men.  who  were  now  bronchi  to  rial  andeoii- 
vit'lcd  of  roininy  adollrraled  monev,  ;;ave  oceamon  to 
the  (irst  practical  display  of  ihe  m.idi!  »«  of  IVniiHyl- 
vaiiian  jnstiro. 

Sliorllv  before  tliis  jiidirinl  proeeedinp,  the  sreond 
tir'it»:on  of  the  aftftemblv  of  IVniixylvania  and  Deluwarr 
I'.dd  been  held.  In  this  aaMemhIy.  some  new  laws  were 
passed,  and  rertain  sin^nlantiefi  m  le^i^iliitiori  were  at- 
tempted. It  WHS  propohed  (lull  all  vonnp  men  slionlil 
1h*  eiintfielled  hv  law  to  marrv  before  a  errljin  n^e  ;  niiil 
that  nc.  inhahitnnt  of  the  provinee  sliould  be  pennitird 
to  have  more  ihiin  (wosmtsof  ebuSes.  one  lor  snmmer, 
nnd  ihi!  oilier  for  winter;  InU  these  proposinons  were 
very  |iroperly  rejerted.  More  wiNdoin  was  iiisplave  ', 
in  an  ordinanee  wbieh  nbro^n'ed  ihe  roinmon  law  w  .h 
regard  to  the  descent  of  Inntis,  and  enactid,  that,  c  die 
sneeession  ot  cliiKlren  to  a  fatl'rr  dvinu  mtestati  the 
oldest  aon  ^llonld  have  no  (ariher  prelrrence  t  .an  a 
donble  share.  Mowrver  consonant  it  iniuht  bavt  bi-en 
to  fendul  pnnriples,  to  bestow  the  fn'l  nndiininis.ied 
U|>on  him  mIhi  was  lirst  a))|e  to  detend  it,  ihis  policy 
was  manifesilv  -.insnitable  to  colonists  who  liad  a  wil- 
derness to  riiltivalo.  anii  wrre  the  nutre  etipeenilly 
called  to  invigorate  exertion  by  ati  exlen^lve  dillusion 
of  in'erest  and  properlv  ni  tlie  soil.  An  impost  upon 
goiidft  imported  and  r.xport< d  was  voted  to  the  propric- 
I'larv  t  who  acknowled;;ed  llie  kindness  of  the  assem- 
bly, but  wiselv  and  ^eneronslv  remitled  the  prnpnsrd 
burden  on  the  province  and  the  traders  who  rrsorti-d  to 
it.  Uul  the  most  important  biisme»s  that  v^as  trans- 
artid  in  this  session  was  an  alteration  in  the  c(H)sti'ii- 
tion  of  the  *tute,  v\iiich.  umpiestiona'^lv,  from  »hate\er 
cause,  nnderwent  at  lirst  nnieh  j'renier  and  more  In- 
(pient  titictnntions  than  the  hisiorv  of  any  of  tlie  other 
coloniil  selllements  evintes.  William  I't  iin  having; 
demanded  of  (he  inembtrs  of  conned  and  as^emhly. 
"  Whether  the*'  desired  to  pre.'serve  Ins  tir.-*!  dmrler,  i)r 
to  obtain  anew  one:"  tliev  nnanimously  adnplf  d  llir 
latter  part  of  the  allernalive.  WwU  ttie  asiiiatunce  of  a 
comnnttee  ol  these  tvvo  bculieH.  a  new  frame  or  eliarier 
was  accordinjilv  prepared  and  execnitd  by  the  proprie- 
tary. The  chief  pnrpose  of  (his  procredii.j;  sn-nn  to 
have  been  to  leyalue  (accordmi;  ti>  reiin's  nbiis)  ibe 
alteration  ttiul  had  been  etferted  hy  the  ••  at  I  of  m-hIc- 
ment"  pa'sed  m  the  first  session  of  the  dsscniMy  It 
was  acrordmcly  now  provided,  by  a  charter  emanitniL! 
from  the  proprielarv,  ihit  the  provincial  council  sltnuld 
consist  of  eit'lileen  persons,  three  from  each  coniiiv. 
and  the  assembly  of  tliirty-six  ;  by  whom,  in  conjunction 
with  the  goiernor.  all  laws  were  to  be  made,  nnd  pnbhe 
art'airs  transacted.  ItiK  still  no  laws  could  be  proponed 
in  the  a^^embly  bui  such  an  had  been  prt  pared  Hud  pre- 

Iptter  I*  «!»"  |irtnlfil  hv  *'liJilrner.s,  p-  (>t'>\.  At.  Mr.  ('inrltMin 
refers  Init  SAitinlnnuuK  I'eiin'.i  >ls*rini'iit  ot  Int  ri>nlr<H  eisv 
Willi  Lord  Aaltunure,  but  Uht*  not  lltotittht  that  lit**  credit  4it 
I'l'iin  woiii'l  Ih-  advRiir^J  liy  its  |tublicaliuit.  It  ronnuiH 
rtin-flv  of  an  rLilMimte  nlleni|il  lu  vnidli-ale  his  own  prrlrn- 
f.ini>f,  to  tlie  l>f|swaip  lprnT4>rx.  nnd  to  inlrresl  tlie  lonln  nf 
trs'le  to  «ii|>(H)ri  lUtm  suaniht  1.4irtl  [iHliimorc's  rlHints. 
Jlcnre.  |HTlia{iM,  the  rea<ln>ciii  he  i-vmres  to  ilu  h<thoi  in  the 
llishop  uf  |.iind  ,n. 

■  Fill  di'ti'OKfdofthia  eitala  by  hit  will.  Dut  he  never  wis 
in  rciiiiftilvniiia. 

t  TtiDt  Het-ms  to  fpTute  Ihe  slleirstinn  of  Dr.  Franklin. in  his 
'*  lliSionrnl  Rex  if  w  ot  tlic  Constitution  of  I'ennsylvsMiR," 
"thai  I'lnn  pn-v  ailed  wt*h  Iuh  (ir.'^t  colohisti  to  nnhinil  to  his 
quit  i('nts,li\  liiilduir;  otit  the  delusive  ho(>«,  that  ihey  would 
supersede  ail  puiiiii*  nM|K;siti<.n<>  lur  the  siip^Mtit  orV"^t'in- 
nunt.*'  Fianli'ln  havintc  enitatrel  on  the  wdi'  of  tin-  Pfmisji- 
vaiuan  r^iciiiIiI)  in  tlieir  disputes  with  the  deareiidanis  <>t 
Penn.  endeavored  to  inrreane  llie  liinrredit  o(  his  sd\ei«arie.i 
by  the  harhlu  fit  cenKuri'  of  th<'ir  i1lu>tn>iuK  nuceittnr.  ^'ot. 
that  rraiikliii  reallr  i-»  i-nuii  I'eiin,  in  appnreiii  fr><Mi  niniiv 
passages  in  his  wriiinc  .  and  Dial  hr  <<vrn  icssrdrd  lum  Mith 
no  common  sdmiratMin  m»\  l>e  lufeired  IrMin  ^i  riinoiis  letter 
of  his  UcUiive  to  a  mpponed  purtrnit  of  Pcnnj,  prc.U'rvud  in 
Woedhousejee'k  Life  of  Lord  Kalines. 


Tin:     HISTORY    OP 

sensed  bv  the  ^'ovcriHir  nnd  council.  The  ontv  nltera- 
tioii  in  the  i1i>tMl)ittioii  4if  power  that  wiis  elVerlrd  bv 
this  new  charter  wa^,  th>it  the  governor,  with  his  treble 
Vftte,  nece^sardv  pntiMC^scd  more  control  in  a  cniniii! 
of  eijihlecn.  than  bv  the  oriL'iual  frame  he  could  have 
enjftyi'd  mi  a  coniicil  of  seventy-two  members  Tlie 
interests  of  freedom  were,  however,  promoted  by  a 
lirant,  to  all  liie  inleibitants  of  (he  province,  of  unlimited 
hlierty  to  hunt  iii  nnmchirted  lands,  and  to  fisli  in  all 
waters,  "  that  tliev  m  :>  be  nccominodadd  wi(h  riieh 
lood  ami  suslcnance  as  <  uul  in  his  providence  hath 
freely  alb)rdcd ;''  nnd  aliens  were  enconra^ml  by  a 
provision.  t!mt.  in  case  of  tlirir  dvin;;  witlionl  hnviu); 
ineii  previously  r.^tlnraliKed,  their  lands  should  never- 
llieless  descend  to  llieir  heirs.  This  charter  was  thank- 
liillv  accepted  by  the  representatives  of  the  people,  who 
closed  their  setund  a.^sembly  with  expreiiHioiia  of  undi- 
mini.>«hed  a((acliinciii  (o  the  proprietary. 

This  as.scitiblv  bail  been  held  at  the  infant  eilv  of 
Phil.idflplurt.  Shortlv  after  his  nrrival  m  the  province, 
Peiin  liiid  selected  a  eon,'.. odious  situation,  between  the 
riM  T»  Seliu\lkill  and  I^elaware.  for  the  erection  of  the 
inelrnpoli- of  I'eimsvlvania  :  and  having  rejinlated  the 
■  iioilel  of  the  future  eitv  by  a  map,*  he  bestowed  on  it 
a  name  expressive  of  lliat  brotherly  love  which  he  hoped 
would  e.rr  cliar.K  terise  it.i  inludutniils.  To  many  of 
the  s;reet.s  he  irave  names  descriptive  of  (he  varieties  of 
forest  trees  Inal  had  ben  cut  down  to  in.ike  room  for 
the  strncturts  oJ>ivib/.eil  life;  nnd  wbicli  still  contimn- 
to  rommeinorate  the  sylvan  oriLlut  of  the  plat  •.  Thp 
pro^ros  of  ihr  oinldiiij.'s  of  I'hiladelphia  was  a  favorite 
>b)ect  n|  hi4  Ciirc.  and  advanced  with  such  ripidity, 
that,  in  lesR  than  ii  vear  from  the  time  when  it  was  be- 
i;nn,  a  hundred  substantial  Ihuisch  overlooked  the  caves 
that  had  shcllereil  their  owners  but  a  few  months  be- 
h)re  ;  and.  in  the  eour.-e  of  the  fnllowini;  veur,  [H'^lj 
the  population  of  the  city  amounted  to  two  thoiisniul 
live  hninlreil  nerboiis. 

The  reinai  ider  of  the  time  occupied  bv  the  proprie- 
tiiiv's  l"ir.'«t  VI  ul  l»i  Ins  colony  was  spent   in  eonduetnii; 
Ins  ct  i)lrover>v  wilh  Lord  Halfoore;   in  exteiidiiit;  his 
treaties  with  the    iiidii::  tribes,   to  wliom  \'."^  preseiita 
from  time   to  lime  ainoniiteti  in   vi'Ine  to  several  thou- 
sand  pounds  ;  tii  acliuo  as  a  minister  amonir  the  tpiaker 
cidonists,  and  arraiii'iii^  tlie   frame  of  ihiir  sectarian 
usages  and  disciplini- ;    and   m   iuipelbn);  and  tltrectni^ 
tlie  pr.^^•re^»  of  his  f.ivo  He   eUv  of    Phitadelpliia.       lie 
saw  his  religions  nocielv  and  prinei|iles  established  in  a 
lanil  where  tliev  were    likelv   to  lake  a  vigorous  root, 
and  expand  wnh  unbonntb-d  freedom  ;   and  institntio.'S 
rising  aroiinti  lum  that   pminised  to   illustr.iie  Ins  name 
Willi  a  lasting  and  boiKOahb'   renown       lu  fine,  be  be- 
held tlie  people  who  acknowlediii'ii  bis  supremacy  happy 
and  [irospeions,  nntl  seemed  himself  to  enjoy  his  trans- 
atlanlic.  r*'tireinent  t      The  onlv  sources  of  iiiieasniess 
ilial  b.id   \etiiriM-ii  from  his  coIoiiihI   Ubors.  w<  re,  hi 
dispute  v\ith  Lord  naltiinnre,  and   the  faihin-  of  all  Ins 
ellorts   to  i.'iutrd  the  Indians  from   ilia'  destructive  vice 
wliieh  the  vteinitv  of  rii.openns  har^  .iwavs  <  onitihiited 
lo  ditbise  nuiMiiii  (l.ein       A  law  had  Ih-i*  ■  _  ^     etl  ayaiiist 
supplviiif;  liiCKe  savages    Willi   spirit)  .)us  lupiors  ;    but 
ihe    practic*   had    been    intnHlncid    oy  ilii- coliniisis   of 
Delaware,  lon^  before  IVnti's  arrival,  and  his  attempts 
to   suppress  It    proveil    niierly  iin'lfeciual.      The    Liiro- ' 
peaiis   aekiiowleilL'i  (t  the  crnellv  and  iiijii!)ti'*e   of  this  ; 
tratlie.  nnd   tlie    Itutiaiis  coiib-ssed   their  experience   of  I 
Its  bauelul  ellicts  .    but  in  iilier  c<nihl    be  persuaded    to  , 
retrain   frtun   it.       It  was    attended    Willi    lln>  fiddil.onal ' 
evil  ot  coMlinniuu  the  Ii  di.iiis  m  llieir  ro\ni^  habits  of 
hie;   as  the  pellry  they  aopitred   iii  huntiiin   wan   the! 
onlv  coninioditv   ihev  wire   able  lo  exrhuntie  with    the; 
colonists    lor    rum    and    brandy       'i'lic   more  vuhufble  \ 
posHec<tu)ns  nn<!  advanta<;es  bv  which  the  coli>niHit;  were  , 
distinjjuisluMl.  were  either  lii;iitlv  esteemed  by  the  In- j 
diaiis,  or  reckoned   nnworthv  ul    the    laborious    habtis 
iliat  were  rei)ui<«iie  to  procure  them.      In  anNwer  to  the 
ad\ice  of  the  Kuropeaim,  that  they  should  betake  them- 
selves to  a  life  of  rej»ular  ind-istry,  cue  of  the   Indiana 
be^ord  lu  hear  some  satisfactory  reason  "  why  he  should 
UlK>r  hard  ull  !.ib   days  to  tnake   bis  children  idle  ull 
theirs."  ; 

~  *  \u  llie  "  Connertiori  ol  the  niNt-.ry  uf  the  Old  and  New 
Teatamrnt,"  i>y  Dciin  Pndeani,  there  is  a  plan  or  model  nf 
the  ciiy  of  Anrieiit  ItshNlon.  "  Much  nrcordins  to  this  model," 
snvs  (he  dean,  *'  lislh  Witlintn  IVnn  the  •iiniker  laid  out  the 
ftriMind  for  his  city  ol  rhilsilelphin.  in  Pi'ini.iv)vaiiia  ;  and  wrre 
I  It  all  ))Uilt  arrordiutl  to  that  dt'j>lKii.  it  woulit  ne  the  fairest 
\  Hiid  lie.%t  cily  111  all  Arueiici  ,  and  hut  inurh  bi  hl.iil  nny  iillier 

in  (be  ulmli  world  " 
j  t  In  a  briler  to  a  tiend  in  Knulnnd,  he  sav»,  "  Oh  how 
KWeet  i«  Ihe  ipret  of  Um'«i>  pHlt^.  free  frotii  ihe  loikionn  and 
,  ir<>iit)letotnP  sidtritatU'iiH,  hurries,  and  perpleiities,  uf  woeful 
;  Kurope;  and  (Ind  Will  thin  her;  tho  Jay  tiaslans  u[k>ii  liar.'V 
\  riuud,  -.,  8UU.  I 


In  thr  midst  of  n  scone  nf  felieitv  as  mjmixed.  per- 
haps, US  any  cnriiniiiMiiv  of  liutnin  biMoys  has  ever  I'.T- 
liibited.  INuiii  resulv4'd  iipini  retniniiii;  lo  Ln^'laiitl,  in 
on'er  to  enforce,  by  personal  snlicilainui,  ihn  inierer.t 
which  he  pos<<esscd  at  the  Lnnlish  court,  and  winch  ho 
was  th  siriuiM  to  eniplov  in  aul  of  ht.t  controversy  wiili 
Lord  ll'iltiinore.  as  will  as  !.)r  the  relief  of  a  number  of 
hia  (piakcr  brethren  who  were  sulTcrmn  in  the  parent 
statu  from  un  increased  slrictnesM  in  the  executnm  of 
the  penal  hiKs  against  non-conformists.*  In  prepara- 
tion for  this  measure,  he  entrusted  the  adniimsiration 
of  his  proprietary  fniietnuia  tn  the  provinrial  c<niricil,  of 
which  he  apponiled  Thomas  Llovd.  a  <piaker.  to  bo 
president,  and  his  own  kinMiian,  Markham,  to  he  secre- 
tary ;  nnd  C4uuinit(ed  the  execution  of  liie  laws  lo 
Nicholas  Moore  and  four  other  plt>'-.tt  la  whom  he  con- 
stiluleil  the  provincial  J1ld^es.  On  the  eve  of  Ins  de* 
tMrtiire,  and  having  nireiul)  embarked,  he  nddresxed.  lo 
l.lovd  and  others  ol  his  innre  intimate  associates  a 
valedictory  letter,  winch  he  desired  liiein  lo  coinmum- 
cate  to  all  lir-  icnda  m  I'eiinsylvaiii:i  ami  Ih-lawnro. 
*' IJear  friends."  b"  declared  lo  them,  "  my  love  and 
my  life  is  to  yiui,  and  willi  you;  und  no  water  can 
queiwh  11.  nor  thslaiice  wear  it  out,  or  briii^  il  to  an 
end.  I  have  iM-en  with  yini,  cored  ov(  r  vou.  and 
served  yon  with  unfel^i.ed  love  ;  and  vou  are  beloveil 
of  inc.  antl  dear  to  me  beyond  niteraiice.  I  bless  vou 
m  the  name  and  power  of  the  Lord  ;  and  inuv  (iod 
bless  yon  with  Ins  riiihteonsiiesH,  pe.ice.  and  piciilv.  all 
till!  land  nver.  Oh  that  vou  would  eve  liiin  m  all, 
through  all  !  and  above  ull,  the  WDrks  of  voir  hands." 
After  admnnishinj;  ihoso  to  wlnmi  he  had  c  umnilted 
the  rule,  to  consider  il  af  a  sacred  fnncliiii,  and  hea- 
venly trust,  he  thus  npostroplu/es  his  f.vorite  city  : 
"  And  thou,  I'luliutelphia,  the  vir<;ni  seltleineiil  of  this 
province,  named  betore  thnii  wert  born,  what  ]t)ve.  wluit 
care,  what  service,  nnd  what  ir.ivail,  has  there  been  to 
b^In^  thee  forth,  nnd  preserve  thee  from  snrli  as  would 
abuse  and  defile  thee  I  ( >)i  iImI  thnu  mavest  he  kept 
from  the  evil  that  would  ovi<rwlielin  thee  '  that,  laitbful 
to  the  tiod  ot  thy  mercien  in  the  lile  of  riuhlronsneNH. 
thou  mayest  be  preserved  lo  the  end.  Mv  s<.ul  prays 
lo  (iod  for  liiee,  tlia!  thou  mavest  siand  m  the  dav  of 
trial,  that  thy  chiMren  inav.he  blosed  ol  the  Lord,  and 
thv  people  siived  by  his  power  Mv  to\e  lo  lln-e  bas 
been  (*rent,  and  the  n  inembranre  of  tin  e  atb-i  Is  mine 
heail  and  mine  eye:*!  The  (iod  of  e'ernal  slreiioth 
keep  and  pieserve  thee  to  his  ^lorv  and  thv  peace." 
"So.  dear  Iricutls,"  he  thus  eoiiclndes,  "my  h)ve  a),;ain 
salutes  yon  all,  wishiiit;  that  (trace,  mercy,  and  p<  ace, 
Willi  all  temporal  blesMii^s,  niav  nbouiid  riclily  amonir 
yon  ;^So  says,  so  piays,  your  frienil  aiul  lover  in  tho 
trnili,  William  I'enn  " 

At  the  period  of  the  propru'tarv's  departure  from  thn 
province,  INiiladelplna  already  contained  three  hundred 
houses,  and  the  popnialioii  of  |*enns\  Kama  amounied 
allo|rether  to  SIX  tluMisand  souls.  Of  the  increase 
which  the  mhabilaiits  of  the  Delaware  ti  r-itory  had 
muler^one,  no  memorial  has  been   pri'ser\ed. 


(MIAPILR    II. 

I'enii's  Fa\nr  at  the  t'i>urt  of  JiniicN  ihe  Ser  •nd  — T>lssnisinn<l 
niiioiiK  the  t'lilonists  -llieir  Ih'-.iKHTnn  iit  with  I'enn  iil<oiit 
Uu  Ijnit  Kenls  -He  sppxintn  Five  roi,i(ni<>«i<iiH'rs  of  Sislo 
—  KuiMOur  of  an  Indi^tn  M  i.«^.ii-ii'  '.'enn  ili<>.'f;ili<«  liiif  with 
ht>  <'cuiinil>siotii'iF<  -apiHtud^  Itl.-n  kttell  jleptits  Imo  eriior- 
Aib'trHrv  t'nndncl  <<)  lIlAikuill  -  |l|«pltM<.iire<>f  the  A-Tm- 
(>ly—  l>ifci«enHion  heiwi-epi  llie  l'iii(.>ii'  id  Ih-liiw  luc  and  Pttin- 
k\.vnnia-I>elaware  ol<i,iin<t  ;i  M'piiratr  Ktrcniike  tHt\ein- 
iiiniit  —  (ieurtf)'  KeUh\  SiIumii  ii>  Pi  nii<i\  1^  .nii.i  |*i  nn  d<'- 
prived  n|  Inn  Aullioiltv  by  Kmc  W'lliiain  Fb  n  her  iippoinletl 
Otoeriior  ~  I'enn'h  Aulhontv  restureil  1  U\u\  Frame  cd  iJn- 
verniiieni— (Quaker  AiceKMonlo  W.it  IS'iiu'it  .^erond  ViMt 
In  bt<t  Cfdoiiv — SeiUnneiils  and  t'onduil  "I  the  l^i>.>ki-ts 
telstive  to  Neiiro  Sliverv  -Ui'iiewal  of  the  |>i«tpiitrK  be- 
tween Delaware  and  l*iiinit>h]iMin--Fnnrtii  niiu  l.aikt  Frame 
of  (■owiinnent— I'enn  lelurmt  to  Enalaiid  — I'luon  ot  I't-rin 
sylvaeia  and  Delaware  d:siio|vL-u— I'oinplRliilH  of  Ihe  At 
seinbl>  atfiinst  I'enn  MlAConduct  o|  linveriior  F.v;inK  — lie 
ta  Rii|M-i<ieiled  by  Ixiokni- -I'eiin's  ItemiHistrauce  lit  bix  Peo- 
ple—Ml.ile  ul  I'ennsvlvaiua  and  Delaware  at  the  (  U>se  ol 
the  Seventeeiilii  i  entnry. 

HiDDiNo  ndieii  to  the  peacefnl  acrurs  of  Pennsvlva- 
man  life,  Penn  transferred  l.is  exertions  lo  ilic  very 
ditsi:nilar  theatre  <d'  tho  court  of  KnjiUnd.  Here  tho 
interest  which  he  posacssed  was  anoii  increased  tu  aucL 

*  The  unfortunate conse<|UPnce«  that  attended  Penn'R  with- 
draw meiii.  al  this  period  frmn  the  nuiet  cif  America,  to  plunge 
acain  into  the  solicitatioiih  of  woelul  K  trope,  liavo  lenderi'il 
the  catise  nf  Ihu  step  n  sulijecl  ol  suine  iiii|><>itRnce.  li.d 
miinii,  who  derived  his  inlorinRtiun  from  Feim  lumseli.  s  ^a( 
that  lie  w.)K  di'leiniined,  much  aKainst  hiA  Hib,  to  return,  hy 
thliiiKH  of  the  pi  rxi  cnlioii  o|  the  <(n^kers  and  littler  'lls^eil  er^ 
III  Kiu:lind;  and  that  "lie  knew  he  had  hu  intcresl  m  the 
crnut  (d  Filmland,  and  wxs  wiIUiik  to  employ  it  for  thn  -i  i  ely, 
ease,  sod  wei'are  ul  hiR  rrn-i|ilii,"  i.  IT),  lint  I'rnud,  whoU 
hy  far  the  iicsl  authon'y  on  poinlsof  I'arly  Peniiiylvanian  his- 
torv,  declares  that  "theditpuie  iMtwuen  liiiu  uul  Ilia  Loil 


Vvun  iil"Hil 
,i„.rs  nl    SlRlO 

iMTiior  - 
,,f  lln'  A!.^rm- 
.ri'iihil  IViin- 

•     (iiiVI-llt- 

V 'i*- 

■M'l"""'*'** 

Mill'  ■•rii- 

■(■..n.l  V,Mt 

llis,Mit.-*  Im- 
n.i  l.nsi  Kmiiie 
>n  i«l  I'l'i'M 
i.f  ihi*  A-t 
i,or  i-;v;in!«-Ha 

a  till'  i.'luitt!  Ill 


Ip.l  IVnn'i  with- 

irrini,  miiluii^o 
,  liavo  lohdert'J 

llXlltMUrf        **iJ 

I  hinmtt.  >  >** 
„,  ui  TBiuri.  lijf 
»iii»:r  (lim-uii  i-ri 

I  (nr  ItiO  SI  ''*yi 
,t  Tinud,  wlxi  U 
misylvnnianhit* 
iiu  ttiul  tite  1<0M 


■  degrpe,  by  tlir  adviinrpinprit  of  Iim  own  p^ilrnri  mid 
his  ftttht'r*«  fnniid,  ihc  Uitkc  nf  Vork.  t'>  iln'  tlirorif, 
ihnt,  Ml  tlir  liO|)0  of  rni|ilovtriu  it  lo  tun  own  hiIv.im'ji.'<'. 
and  III  tliu  (^riirral  |i|oinoliori  of  rrliijiniin  IiIk  rtv.  In* 
alMridoMiMl  all  lh<iu^lit!i  of  rrtiiriiin^  to  Arnciicii,  iitnl 
ciMiiirnii-d  tu  rmidu  in  (lit*  nt'i^liliorhood,  and  rvrri  lo 
cin|doy  hiniM-lf  ni  the  Acrvico,  tif  the  court,  as  lon^  a!* 
Janirs  llir  Srcuiid  was  |icrniitl<>d  to  wear  ihi-  ctown  : 
— u  policy  that,  iii  tho  Hri|iicd,  proved  ('ijuidlv  prrjudiruil 
tu  lim  M'piit.ition  in  Kn^Lind  and  liin  inlorrNiN  in  Antn- 
ricft.  The  fT«t  fnni.  of  Iiik  rnlMtici'd  inlhuMicr  at  court 
wan  thf  ndjudicatimi  tliiit  irnniniiti-d  h  h  contrnvrrKV 
wild  Lord  Hiiltiniorf*,  and  M'cnrrd  to  hini  llii>  imonI  vain- 
alilr  poriioh  of  the  Dcl.iwarn  Irrrilory  *  KriiitM  of  a 
lunrc  ht»(T:il  di'!trription  were  rvnirrd  in  his  nucri's»»ful 
pllorl^  lo  jirorurt'  ii  ^huhimmihioii  of  tjir  U-j/ul  s»'vr.'itH'S  lo 
wliu'li  till'  ini'iiiiKTs  ot  Ills  own  ndi;;ioiH  sondv  wrrr 
oht.oYiouH.  and  lur  llii'  di<tcon(iiniaiiC(>  of  wlin'li  he  had 
till'  H,)li.tt.iriion  of  prrsciitinir  an  addri">ii  of  lliahks  tu 
till!  l{Mi<;  troiu  all  ihr  t|iuikt-rs  tn  Kn^d.iiid  t 

TliH  vi'iir  Wii-4  Hi!.rii:i))/.pd  liy  an  ailcinpt,  that  orii^i* 
natid  ^v)I)|  the  iininial  nieetint;  of  (he  tpiaker  .•<oni  ty  at 
lliirlin<;lon,  in  .\<-\v  .IrrHcv.  to  roniiuunioile  Ihe  know- 
li-iljri.  of  clirisiiiin  truth  to  tin  iMdian"*.  These  savayen 
re.tdilv  an  edeii  to  the  confernu  1 1  ih;it  were  proposed 
to  (iiinn,  and  liMliMcd  with  their  UKiial  ^raviiv  and  dero- 
rnin  li>  the  t'lri^t  body  of  itUKnninarirH  wiio,  in  proleH^iii^ 
lo  ohev  thi'  divniP  emnin.ind  in  tnirfi  umi  hiififixr  all  na- 
lions,  ever  ventured  lo  teaeh  tint  biiptiHin  was  not  an 
ortlMi-ince  of  eliriHlian  appoinhnenl.  ( >f  the  pariicular 
i^co'ininieiittoti"  betweeti  these  (pLiker  teaelirrw  and  llie 
IndiunH,  no  nei-o>iTit  has  lieen  pre-orred  ;  hut  the  result, 
AM  reported  hy  a  'piaker  htNton.tn,  w.ih,  that  the  fndiaiiH 
in  jieneril  aeknowledi^ed  ui  iho  lirni'  that  wliat  they 
iieird  was  M'ry  wine,  w»M!ililv.  and  Irne,  toul  neviT 
atierwird-  '!iieii»ht  farther  alioui  it  The  lirsi  Mieeess- 
fill  atren-.piA  to  irvainjehze  tlir  Indi.in  inhalMtinln  of 
New  .Jer^ev.  |)elawire.  ami  I'ennsvlv.ifiin,  won-  not 
inade  lilt  lo^\:irdN  the  tniddir  of  the  (olhiwin<!  lenlurVt 
v%heii  thin  work  was  undertaken  l>v  llie  eelelirali'd  Da- 
vid llranii'nl,  of  New  Kuifland,  an. I  hv  a  bodv  ol  Mora- 
vian lueihreri  who  Iml  eiin<.'r.itei|  lr.>in  (lenninv. 

Meanwinle.  lin*  eiiui.'ratioiH  trom  IviLdand  lo  l*enn- 
rytvaniH  eoniiinied  lo  proceed  wilh  undnniumhed  vinor  ; 
the  Ktininltis  (hat  had  lieen  prcuonslv  atlorded  hv  the 
rigors  ol  eerlesiastieal  Ia\* ,  lii-tn^'  atiiplv  nupplieil  liv  the 
dislike  an  '  anspictoii  witli  wlii-h  lln'  kin^j  h  civil  policy 
wo»  rpi».irdt'd,  hv  the  ai'connts  which  li.ut  lieen  nrcit- 
lated  of  itie  prosperity  enpived  hv  ihe  eoloiust-t  of  this 
province.  Hiul  bv  the  ueneral  hehef  that  I'enn'-*  interenl 
with  ihe  !tiii<;  woultl  protect  its  Iihrriie<4  from  the  ^enu- 
ral  wreck  in  nhich  hi  >  Ivranny  liad  invoUed  the  other 
rohiina!  coiiNlitiition^  In  ihe  course  of  this  vear, 
about  a  thoun.iiid  enn^rants  npitear  to  tine  resor'ed  to 
]'ennH\  Ivanta  nioiie.  Itnt  IIiih  tncrease  in  the  popula- 
tion ot  his  lerntorii's  wan  now  the  onlv  sourer  nf  sijtis- 
laclion  that  thi'v  were  to  Hit'ord  lo  the  proprtetarv,  and 
tho  rcnromler  ol  hw  connexion  with  iheiii  was  over- 
clouded liv  dinappuininient,  and  enibilterid  hv  inutnat 
dispute,  h  Aa»  hut  a  few  inomlis  alter  Ins  departure 
Innn  itip  proxince,  that  n  npirtl  of  disirortl  he|*,in  to 
manliest  itself  ainoni;  llin  plaiilern.  .\1nore,  the  clnel 
juslii-e,  and  Roinusou,  the  clerk  of  llie  pr<n  incial  couri, 
neither  of  whom  tu  longed  lo  ihe  ipi.iker  per^nasnni. 
liad  rendereil  ituMiinetven  dinaLrreeatdi-  lu  llie  ttMiloit; 
p(rrf>t)iis  of  ihm  -soi-iely  lu  the  colotiv  Ttie  lirsi  was 
impeached  hv  the  asscniltlv  ol  hi^h  crinieH  and  inisdi'- 
liKanori.  and  for  relu^inn  lo  annwer  ih<  cliinje  was 
hu.'peiided  from  his  Innctions  liy  ihe  comu  it  .  while  i 
VI  rv  ili:tproportioned  ecnsnrp  was  passed  on  tlic  ulher, 
wtht,  lor  whit  w:ts  denned  contempni:)  is  lii>havmr   in 

llatliiiiiiie  licftirt'-ini'iilMini'd  was  wliil  inauiiv  nccfiiuii  p>l 
Pi'iiit'«  return  to  KuitlaiKt,"  i.  3hh  In  a  Iflii-i  wtuti-n  shtmiv 
Hiier  III!*  arrival  hi  KiivIhihI.  tViin  savs,  Unit  "  He  liuil  si-en 
lli>-  kuiit  aii'l  the  l>>ik<'  <>|  York.  Tnev  uixt  iliiMr  nobii-s  lin<| 
tweii  vnrv  kind  t<i  luni,  ionl  he  h<)|)e<t  Hie  l.tn'il  w<ml(<  •nnk.e 
wiv  Itir  iiifii  ni  lliiMf  iirnrtu  lo  icivr*  tiM  iiifrniirtif  |M>it|i|e,  at 
al,Mi  liM  >>wn  mtorexii  «nii  reUiHii  lu  hm  Aiiitr(ii:aiictinriTni." 
Clifktinn,  I.  IM 

*  This  mljuilicnliiin  wan  not  no  ilisliiict  as  In  prcvi'iit  luiw.i 
Ritt)«i'i]Ul>lit  itlfjMlte  re»:wctinil  the  iiriTlie  ImuniUrie'i  del  Wcen 
Delawuri!  ami  Mniylaiiil,  wliirlt  t  i>iiliiniii.l  to  dmlract  Ihe  inlm- 
liil.iiili  on  (he  iHKilc'Di  ol  tUme  [iroviiii'tiit,  till  it  Mail  iMiallv 
i*i<ite(t  10  IT5tl.  t»>  n  ilccrpo  [(ronniimeil  in  I'haiicfrv  iiv  l.itnl 
llihlwicke.  t'luliiiers,  Oil.  VenoyS  Rf^xirts,  i.  141 
'  Nothing  was  in*re  cuniinnn  lor  n  lonit  linin  tu  the  Ampncin 
pnuiiicpH  tli.^n  libpiiles  nrlninv  from  tnicurUin  lM>iimlarif><i. 
A  <ii4|uiii'  i>f  this  nature  lielwnen  Ihe  towiinhips  o|  Lyme  and 
^ew  Niintlon.  in  New  KiiKlaml.  iluriiit  the  npvehiernth  cen- 
t  iir\ .  WHS  (Ipciil4>d  tiy  a  Koleiiin  (>uinii«tii-  comhal  t.ei  wpcu  four 
rlminpions  choiien  tiv  ilie  inlmtntautt  uf  the  twu  places 
Uwielii'i  Travels,  m  Itw. 

t  Proua.  I  tlUO  9t)4  3l)H  -314.  "  The  knii;  has  iriven  »%:' 
himI  I'imiii  in  I'le  -iiH'r'ti  \Mth  which  hr  .urniiipaiiie.t  ttu'  (•!»  • 
■euintioi)  of  Ihe  ■(tiaki'i  adilreHs.  "an  ilhiNtiions  t>i:i<ii|<lf>  in 
liik  uwn  fMTSon  ;  (or  winle  lie  wat  a  nuhject  he  krva  Cvsar 
his  Irtbiiie,  »"<]  now  he  ii  Civiar  Iip  (iivei  Uud  his  due, 
lUDtoly,  itie  aovcrcigtity  uvur  coiuctinici-." 


NO  U  Til    AMF.  RICA. 

anawRtint;  ttie  ipirstioiifl  of  the  assrinbly.  won  not  niilv 
roniriiiited  lo  cusiodv,  hut  loied  *' a  puhlir  enernv  to 
Ihe  provinre  and  territories  "  Of  tlie  ctiariri'n  ii<f'iinsl 
Moore  not  a  trice  has  In  en  presirved  ;  tnit  it  la  mani- 
fest that  I'enn  corishlered  (hem  frivcdous  or  iinhMiuded. 
In  vuU)  lie  wrote  lo  tlie  aulhmn  of  iheni?  proceedings/ 
etiireiiiiii)*  thrill  to  rcntrain  ihcir  teinpcrs,  and  forhear 
from  tlie  indiil)„'eiir(>  of  antinosilien  no  dincredilable  to 
thu  colony  ;  to  value  ttieinnelvcn  a  tittle  lens,  and  to 
honor  oilier  nuMi  u  tilth!  more  than  ttiey  appeared  lo 
linn  lo  liaxe  done.  'I"lie  a.sHrmbIy  aiinwt-red  hy  profen- 
flionn  of  the  tn^lirst  reverence  fot  hiinnelf,  accoiiipaiiied 
hy  Mitrealien  (urilortunatelv  ineirectiial)  that  lie  would 
reinrii  lo  live  anionrr  his  people;  tnil  deetar  >d  withat 
Itiat  they  llion^ht  lit  "to  tiumhtr  that  corrupt  and  anpi- 
rnij^  nimiHler  of  ntate.  Nicliolan  Moore  "  The  corres- 
pondence biTtwerii  llie  pn.*pri(-tary  and  thin  botlv,  an 
well  as  the  cfuincil,  ^raduallv  anstmied  an  mcreasinoly 
disaoreeahle  complexion  To  other  causes  of  ilin|ilea- 
auri',  rtere  addcti  report.-*  of  the  increased  nnisumption 
of  spirituouH  iMpiorn  anioni'  Itte  culuni.stn  —  itie  intempe- 
rance in  thin  respect  which  lliey  propa^nted  anioiii,'  the 
lodiann  thun  recoiling  upon  iheinselvea  ;  and  coroplainin 
nt  vnrioiin  ahnsen  and  extortions  eotnniitleil  bv  tiie 
ollicern  wlioiii  he  had  enlriisled  lo  conduct  Ihe  .sales  of 
his  land.  Itiit  iioihin^  seems  lo  have  inorlilied  hnn 
more  Hennihly  lliaii  thi!  ditlicullv  he  experienced  in  ob- 
taining payinrnl  ot  ins  <)nit  rents,  and  the  ninversal  re- 
biclance  that  was  shown  tu  comply  wiih,  or  even  pay 
uny  attenliun  to.  his  applications  for  renitltanee:^  un 
that  HCc<Mint.  'I'Ux:  people  in  fjeiieral  hud  rather  silh- 
rnilltd  lo  than  upproveit  ihe  Miiposition  ofipiit  n  tils  ; 
and,  though  piosperini;  in  their  circumstances,  and  cnti- 
Hcioiis  of  the  expenses  that  the  proprielarv  liaH  incnrreit 
lor  itiPir  advaiitaoe,  ttiey  wert  onlv  now  hi'irinnini;  to 
reap  the  first  tniitn  uf  the  far  ureater  expenses  incurred 
liy  IhenitielvcK  in  purcli;iNino  ilieir  laiidii  Irom  hmi.  and 
in  iransporlino  themnelve-i  and  ilieir  laniilieH,  servants, 
ami  suhslanee  to  (be  proMnce.  Much  labor  and  ex- 
pense wa.s  vet  wanting;  hi  render  tnore  lliaii  a  small  poi- 
tion  ol  their  laiid.s  prodnctivt!  ot  advantai:c  lo  them  : 
■  nd  lo  be  now  called  on  to  pav  (put  ienti«  lor  ihe  whole, 
atut  lor  thin  purpose  lo  surrender  the  hrsl  earnint.'t  nt 
Iheir  own  hazard,  liarilslnp,  and  tod,  to  tie  expended  liv 
their  proprielarv  in  a  dislai.t  cuuntrv,  w.i;'  a  proceedinti 
very  ill  ci.!<-nlaled  lo  uhtam  iheir  lavuratde  regard,  anit 
which  the  verv  ycneronilv  of  (he  propiui.iry.  lli.it  ren- 
dered It  the  more  unavoidalite  on  tun  part,  liad  l)V  no 
iiiean^  prepared  them  tu  expect  Peiin  tiad,  douhlles.*. 
tioped  thai  the  council  to  wtioni  he  had  delegated  his 
)iriiprietary  lunctiuns,  wotiUI  tiave  (pared  him  the  hunii- 
tiaiint;  necenr^tly  ot  denceiidin<!  lu  a  personal  allerrahon 
with  hi.^  people  on  lliin  Mdtjecl.  lint,  itu  lar  wt-re  the 
cuuncil  Iruin  demunstr  ilintr  any  mich  reL'ard  tor  inn 
delicacy  Ol  Ins  intere»l.  lliat  thev  vsould  ^ive  hnn  no 
tts-*istarice  wliaie\er  in  the  prost  cut  ion  ol  his  unpopuhir 
demand,  and  i  ven  lortiore  to  take  any  notice  ol  the  rc- 
inon.strancen  winch  lie  addresAt^d  lo  them  <m  the  nei<lL-i'l 
ol  llietrdnlv.  Astoni^lied  and  indit'iiant  to  hnd  him- 
aell  ireaU'd  in  a  inanner  winch  lit;  iliMined  no  unorate- 
tul  aiid  unjust,  I'enn  lelt  tunoiell  cotisiraimd  :il  ien>flli 
lo  riproacii  hi?*  people  in  a  letter,  (  IliHIiJ  which  loims 
a  inelanrU>)lv  contrast  to  the  l>eantdui  vjleiliLiion  with 
winch  lie  hail  laki-n  hm  leave  ul  ihetii.  scarcely  U\o 
Yearn  before  lie  complained  that  the  provincial  coun- 
cil had  nciflecd'd  and  ^li^hted  liis  comniunicaliuns  . 
tlial  the  l.ih>n  which  hi-  h.id  rilioouslv  co.secralcd  to 
Ills  people's  ouod  wan  neither  \alned  nor  understood  hy 
them  ,  and  that  liieir  pioceethnirs  in  other  ref>|M  oin  h  id 
lieen  »<)  nnuarranlahlf  an  lo  have  put  it  in  Ins  pov^cr 
more  Ihaii  once  lo  uiiiinl  (he  charter  he  bad  bestu^sed 
on  (hem,  il  lie  iiad  tiei-n  dinposed  lo  lake  advanlat.'e  ol 
iheir  niisconduct  lie  declared  that  he  was  ntillenni.' 
much  euibarrisnnn-nt  hy  liie  laibirt^  ol  the  rcmitiunctx 
tie  had  iMipecled  troin  America,  tind  that  Una  wati  oiit^ 
ol  llie  caii.-ieti  ol  Ins  deieniiun  in  lingland.  Ilif 
renin,  lie  suid,  amounted  then,  at  the  \erv  leaal,  to  i. 
Iiundred  poumtn  a  veur  ,  inil  tie  could  nut  ubtani  |  av- 
nienl  o!  a  pennv  of  this  I'lcuine  "  fiod  m  iiiv  wit  net..," 
aays  he,  "  I  lie  not.  1  am  atiove  nix  ttiouitund  poinid!^ 
out  ol  pocket  more  than  ever  I  paw  hv  the  province; 
arid  you  may  itirow  in  mv  pains,  cares,  and  liazard  of 
hie,  and  teavin^  of  nty  tanuly  and  friends  to  serve 
tin  in."  Acronlin^  lo  this  staicnu-nl,  it  would  appear 
that  liO  had  already  sold  a  million  acres  ot  land  in  itie 
provntce,  and  devoIe<l  iwrntv  tliounand  pmiinU  (llic 
Hlipnlaled  pr<cr>  corn  spoinlm^  to  nalen  of  that  citdit) 
lo  llinpuhhc  >ervice,  hesiden  the  adtlitioiial  nxpeitditure 
winch  lie  mtfiitiomi  ol  six  ihounand  ponnda 

'  **  F.ir  the  love  nf  (-iiid,  li.e,  and  the  pour  euuntrv,"  he  nays 
in  one  ol  tttene  tett(*r!i.  "he  noi  kh  ituveriiittfntinh,  to  noisy, 
and  ii|H'i)  in  your  di«».iti>tactiims  Soiiiu  folkb  luve  htintinf 
lit  ggvuiniiiunt  Uscil."    fruud,  i.  ttV7 


m\ 


'I'his  rrmonntrancp,  which  wns  nioro  enpecialty  ad- 
dressed to  the  provnici.d  counnh  liaMiii;  proveil  an  m- 
elfectual  as  his  preredmw  apphcalnms,  I'enn  deler- 
niined  to  wnhtlraw  Imm  thai  ttodv  i|ie  manai>emenl  uf 
tns  ititeri'tits  and  the  po.-.s*-ssioii  of  the  executive  power, 
which  he  Itad  comnnlled  to  lis  keeping  on  hindeparinro 
from  Die  profuicp,  Kxpeeiiny  more  activity  from 
fewer,  and  more  inlo^rity  from  dilVereiit  tiaiids,  he  ro- 
solved  to  coiniiie  tin-  executive  power  to  live  persona  , 
and,  in  order  to  mark  his  sense  uf  llie  injnrious  trctl- 
inpiil  wtiich  tic  conceived  tiad  tteen  intlnled  on  an  ablo 
and  honoratile  nnin,  he  henilated  not  lu  appoint  Nichol-jti 
Moore  to  lie  one  of  Ihe  persuns  hy  whom  ttiin  imporlaiil 
function  wan  to  be  exercised  To  Lloyd,  the  former 
president  of  the  coiincit,  and  three  ottier  ipirtkcm,  n 
Cfmjunclion  with  Moore,  lie  accordingly  granted  a  war- 
rant or  depulation  investing  lliein  wiih  iheir  otlico 
under  the  title  of  nimini.ssiiiiin.i  of  iifaic.  lie  com- 
niiiided  them,  al  the  very  lirst  asseinhly  thdt  nliould  he 
tioiden  alter  their  inKtahnent  tn  ullice,  lo  atiro^ule,  ni 
the  proprietary's  name,  every  act  lliat  had  tieeii  passed 
III  Ins  atisence.  lie  charged  them  to  he  particularly 
can  tut  lo  repress  every  temlency  lo  di.sorder,  dispute, 
or  collision  oi  powers  helween  the  neural  oryans  of 
i^ovcrFiinent,  and.  tor  Itiis  pnrposi',  to  perinil  n<i  parley* 
my  or  open  conlen'iicc  heiwein  tlio  council  and  ili6 
asseinhly,  hul  lo  coniiue  the  one  tu  the  exerc(«e  of  ita 
privilege  of  pnpo.-un;;  law  a,  and  ttie  olln-r  tu  ^  sniiplu 
expression  ol  itshcnl  ur  dis.nent  lie  adinonist>ed  lliem 
tu  act  \Mih  vi^'or  III  snppres.iniy  vi,'es  wiihon*  respect 
uf  persons  or  persufisKfOs,— addmi.',  *' I.el  not  tooll^<tl 
pily  rob  justice  ol  its  due.  and  the  people  of  p'oper  vx- 
uniptes.  1  know  whui  malice  and  pnjudice  say  ;  hut 
they  move  me  not.  1  know  huw  to  altuw  'ur  new 
culo-nes,  ihon^^h  others  do  not."  He  advised  them,  he- 
Inre  ever  '  I'llin;*  iheir  spirits  inlu  anv  ailair,"  lu  hll  up 
their  Ihouji'.ls  to  llim  who  i.i  not  lar  Irom  every  one  of 
U'',  and  lo  Itesrteh  from  that  only  source  of  intelligcnco 
and  virt.ie,  tlie  t oninnnncatiun  ot  a  i;uod  uiulersiandiiig 
and  a  tmiperale  spirit,  ||e  recomnn-r  tied  lo  thi-m  a 
dihijenl  attinlion  "o  the  proprietary's  inleresl,  and  a 
watchlul  can;  lu  toe  preservation  uf  their  own  diijniiv. 
"I  tieseech  yon,"  he  said,  "draw  nut  several  '^ayj  ; 
lidve  no  caliais  apart,  nor  reserves  from  one  anotker  ; 
treat  With  a  i:<uliial  aiinphcily,  an  tntire  cuntideiici,  n; 
one  another  :  and  if  at  any  lime  you  mistake,  or  tins* 
apprehend,  or  dissent  Irotn  one  another,  let  n-  t  thai 
appear  tu  the  peuple  .  nhuw  your  virtues  hot  cuiict  at 
your  inhrinities  ;  tins  wilt  make  von  awhil  and  re\eri.iit 
with  till)  pi'ople  "  "  l.ove,  luruue.  hdp,  and  serve  one 
another,"  I.e  conliniied  ;  "ami  Id  the  peuple  learn  hy 
your  example,  as  well  as  liy  your  power,  ttie  bap»>)  hie 
ot  cuncurU  "' 

lt)H7.J  Tins  appoinltiunt  proved  more  conducive 
tliaii  niiojit  have  heen  expected  tu  the  peace  ol  Iti.  pru- 
vince,  Which  appears  h>r  some  tune  to  have  auslamed 
no  o:her  interriipttiui  than  v\ltat  arnt-v  from  Ihe  rumor 
of  an  Indian  massacre  In  itu'  midst  of  tlie  coMstirna- 
tion  which  Ins  report  px.ited,  ( 'aleti  l*usev.  a  cpmker, 
vulunteered  lo  on  lo  tlie  spot  wtitre  the  lielnins  wero 
aaid  lo  have  assiinhted  in  preparation  lor  their  t't'Hjdy 
design,  provided  the  council  would  appunit  li\i  i>lher 
de|)iitieu  lo  accotn|iaiiy  him,  and  wli<i  vvnuM  a^n-e.  hko 
.hnn,  tu  present  themselves  iriiirmed  tu  iin  Indians. 
On  (he  arrival  uf  this  magnanimous  deputation  at  tlie 
itput  winch  tiad  lieen  indicated  to  ihini,  inev  loundmily 
an  Indian  prince  with  a  small  r<  liniie  eiii{.i^'i  d  m  th*  ir 
usual  oi't  tipationn.  The  prince,  on  tu  iii<^  appriMil  uf 
tlie  cause  ul  Iheir  visit,  inlonned  'he  depnltes  thai  the 
Indiana  had  iinleed  heen  disappointed  lu  tind  tht  lliu 
price  ol  a  recent  uccnpalion  ul  land  tiad  nut  yet  tieeii 
lully  paid  tu  ihem  ,  hul  thai,  haviiit;  peril  cl  cuiilldeni:o 
in  Ihe  inie),'riiv  ol  the  Enghhli,  they  vvere  liy  no  means 
impatn-iit  .  tie  di  i  lareii  that  the  stnrv  ol  the  piiijecied 
masnarre  was  a  wickei!  lahrieattun,  aiid  ttiat  ^ome  l-i> 
>.ian  women  who  liad  coninhuted  to  |fivi!  it  currency 
erveil  lo  l»  burned  aliM-  One  ut  the  depitiies  ha\- 
.^  ren.itided  the  prince  thul  the  Indiana  iiinl  Ihe  Knu* 
lisli  were  the  cfeattirtsot  the  tame  Ciuil,  and  ei^tuliy 
the  uhjects  of  tils  nnpartul  love,  wtiich  In;   allowed   I'V 

•  rreiid.  I.  8v5— 300,  303-30:.  In  a  ic-iter  ti  thtte  com- 
iitl>ai<>rii'ik,  ftuiiie  tune  ullcr.  lie  teUa  tlivin.  "Ttie)  llial  tivii 
near  ■>' Ijiid.  will  live  lar  tiuiii  lheni9fhe<t ;  ami,  liuin  lli* 
!tiMi-*e  till)  ha^M  ut  hih  niamettnunii  nuji-niy,  ha^ «  a  low 
<>)iiiiitiii  ol  ilipitiieite*  ;  and  out  ot  that  hm  aii<i  liuiii'ilo  franm 
ol  *)>irit  II  IS  llial  Hue  chanty  grows.  CU  'hat  llte  \,vi<\t\K  ul 
III)  (irut  mctt  te.t  tluft  graciDUa  •luanu  itlioai  tjii.^ni  ilitri '  Mjr 
v\<<ik  wuuld  (t.'Mi  lie  •tone,  and  tl't-ir  laa;^*  unu  niy  j  ijr  Ull> 
(le  ikal'ly  ai-«>uii.l.  Witttiti-MP.  tn  the  .aim-  nid  Wm  ni  ImkI, 
It-t  all  nid  «ores  Ih>  l(>i||oi(vn  us  wen  m  \f'ii\v\i.''  liod.  S31. 
Till.*  tetirr  i»  iiatnl  tiuin  a  iimn>ion  which  |iuji).  i  hikI  iiirra* 
turu  liavtt  Rinif  coiiintiutetl  to  Ui>ini|\ii»li,  llujiund  ilu^.'^o, 
ivlnrh  I'piui  had  ntjil«  h<9  traidi'tit''-  n  JiCjum  ol  i|«  «icn.H7 
tu  KviiiiiiKii'ii,  wliciv  Knig  Jiincii      id  tu«t.\uii 


833 


THE   HISTORY   OF 


•euflitig  (lew  from  hsaren  alike  on  (heir  linJfl,  and 
urgt^d  ihal  ttio  two  rat-tin  ought  Ihproforc  to  love  one 
tiiollicr,  the  prince  replied.  "  What  you  have  oaid  is 
true  ;  ond  as  God  tiaa  given  you  corn,  1  would  advJKO 
yow  to  gel  II  111,  lor  v\e  inieiid  you  no  finrn)."  'I'hm 
oinicable  aaauraure,  repeated  hy  ihodeputieH  tu  their 
fneiidi,  delive-ed  iliH  pruvince  iVom  an  apprelui)N>'j;, 
thst  hod  excised  general  dittniuy. 

But  Peiir.  was  tar  from  deriving  the  fitietaetion  whirh 
ho  had  eX|H!rted  from  his  cuiiimiBsiontTi.  o(  stale  ;  and 
\\if  Uiif  Id  continued  lorepjat,  thoiigl  m  a  milder  iiiaii- 
iier  than  before.  Ins  cumplaintH  of  the  detetiiion  o\  his 
quit  rents,  tliu  noglecl  of  Ins  comrnunieiitittps,  and  the 
mHfegard  o(  hia  servitu-s.  "  I  tielieve  I  inav  hay."  was 
his  expression  on  one  of  these  orcasioiis,  "I  am  one  ol 
llie  nulKippiest  propnoEaries  with  one  ut  the  be^t  peo- 
ple"* rroin  the  numerous  apologies  conlJined  in 
these  letters  for  hm  eontmned  rcnideiice  in  Kn^land, 
and  Ins  protetitatiuns  that  he  found  Hlteiidatiee  at  (oiirl 
fts  burdensume  and  disagreeable  as  a  slate  of  slavery  m 
Tuikey  ronld  be,  it  would  seem  lliat  Uie  people  ol 
I'ennsylvaiiiii  regunlcd  Ins  aliMenre  Irom  them  wiili 
much  dissitisfacliuu  At  leiifjih,  IJoyd  and  some  ol 
the  other  ijuaker  commissioucrH  deMrnig  that  he  v\uiild 
disclmrge  them  from  their  tunclions,  it  a|>peured  tu  him 
that  tou.  ■  farther  change  wa^i  necessary  m  the  furin  lit 
his  provincial  adiiniii.itraliou  ;  and,  having  delermihtd 
to  euminit  his  powers  and  his  inlereHts  to  the  more  ac- 
tive management  of  a  Kingle  individual,  who  should  he 
invested  wiih  the  mnk  ol  ilepiity  governor,  he  seleeted 
for  tins  jinrpose  (>aplam  Juhn  UUekwell.  one  ol  Ooin- 
weirBOtliceri,  who  had  married  the  daughter  of  iienend 
I>ainbert,  and  was  residing  at  tins  tunc  lu  New  Kiig- 
Uivl.  The  consei]UiMires  ot  this  appuiiitinent  were, 
in  truth,  the  reverse  iii  all  respects  of  ihoxc  wlitch  hiid 
resulted  from  the  preceding  one  .  '  it,  uiifurtuiintely, 
tliny  were  much  mure  du:igru«  •  ..;  and  pcrntciou.s 
Ulackwell  iipjH'ars  to  have  been  very  highly  esteemed 
by  Penn,  and  be  probably  exerted  biinsell  iiiiub  more 
than  biri  predecessors  in  the  executive  autlionly  hud 
done  to  vindicato  the  patrimonial  interest  of  the  pro- 
prietary ;  hut  he  provoked  the  general  indignation  and 
disgust  of  the  people  by  bis  arbitrary  and  illegal  pro 
eerilitigs.  "  Uulelhe  meek  meekly,'  was  the  instruc- 
tion of  Penn  to  him;  "and  those  thi.t  will  not  be 
ruled,  rule  with  authority  "  iiut  meekness  w.is  no 
part  of  the  disposition  <>f  Ijiackwell  ;  and  violence  and 
intrigue  wor«  the  chief  engines  of  his  policy  t  lie 
^uiinnenced  his  administration  by  endeavoring,  not 
without  etl'ect,  to  sow  discord  among  the  freemen,  and 
to  overawe  the  timid  by  a  display  ft  |H>wer.  Hut  be 
had  nn  ..ken  the  real  character  of  the  people  over 
whom  be  presidetl ;  and  was  iaught,  by  the  i.situe  of 
an  obstinate  struggle,  that  the  pnd'essinii  of  <piaker 
meekness  and  suhimssion  is  not  mconsixteiit  with  the 
exhibition  of  unbending  firiinie-ts  and  determined  re- 
solution. Finding  tb^t  White,  the  individual  who 
bad  given  inosl  displeasure  to  Penn,  by  uri^nig  the 
impeachment  of  Moore,  bad  U'en  chosen  a  iletegale  to 
the  assembly,  he  resolved  to  debar  bim  from  attend- 
ance there  ;  and  fur  this  purpose  caused  him  to  be 
thrown  into  prison  on  the  most  frivolous  pri'teiices. 
A  writ  of  hainas  corfius  was  procured  in  behalf  of 
White;  but  the  execution  of  it  was  long  impeded  by 
the  devices  of  Ulackwell.  Other  praelice.t,  no  lesH 
arbitrary  und  illegal,  were  employed  by  bim  for  dis- 
abling men  whom  he  dnthked  or  suHpecled,  from  per- 
foriniiig  the  duties  of  members  of  the  provincial  cuuii- 
Cil.  To  give  the  assembly  lime  to  cool,  after  the  coin* 
mission  of  thesH  outrages,  be  deferred  the  convocation 
of  it  as  long  ai  posHil)lr,  and  at  length  opened  its  ses* 
aion[M)^il]  with  a  haughty  and  insolent  har.iitgue 
His  predecessors  In  anlhority  had  not  considired  it 
nsptHlient  to  comply  with  the  prttprietary's  dcMre  of 
abrogating  all  the  la\\N  that  hail  been  made  in  Ins  ab 
■nice  ,  but  ibis  measure  was  now  aniiooiiced  l>v  >he 
deputy  governor,  with  an  insolence  that  would  have 
discredited  a  more  acceptable  coinmunication.  'J'tie 
first  pr<H'eeding  of  the  asiienilily  was  a  reinonslrance 
againsl  his  arhiirary  priK'eediiigs  :  ami  all  that  Ins 
utintist  intluence  coubl  etrert  <>n  some  of  the  members 
of  this  body,  was  Id  prevail  with  ttieiii  t<*  abKent  thein- 

*  "It  is  none  nfilif  •■ri>leirini;sii  consideralions,"  h«  mids 
III  (liv  aniiiR  IcUfr,  "  iliui  I  have  not  liAtl  the  jirsntfril  or*  skui, 
or  a  pouixl  oiiiilHirro.  loure  1  rants  over.**     Pruu'l,  i.  :i.i4 

f  PiMiii  U|i)H>iirri  lo  iinv*  I'vrii  ili!t-i*iv«il  iiilo  tItiM  Hp|MMiilinriit 
by  a  repute  ol  wlitili  l)li<-Kwei)  (trofol  tu  havslM>pit  kotiilly  iirt- 
itr«tfrvini{.  lis  a\t»U>)Him\  in  I  lit*  jtf>iplf>  ol  ffiniHylvjiitia  lur 
ths  eiiliM|i(iy  niM»i-|tifiiri'Hilmi  rcttiilii'd  lr<Mii  it,  l)y  HtHtniti  ihiu 
bs  liu*l  ai'triJ  U't  (lis  lH'>tt,  luiil  li.ut  ii'it  m^I-ciciI  Ulsfkui*)!  till 
lis  lisil  lii'Mil  it  Mii|*'i8sililtt  I't  prevail  with  any  iMiiikiTtnaiiTpi 
tksi.Ai'Mol  ilspiiiy  Kftoriior ;  yr't,  hv  atltlt<il  wutml,  ■-liiiu'it 
MT,  I  fvsr  lii.i  (>i-i!vl<iliiiM4>t  tu  mHn«  Cricinla  (ipiukum)  has  nut 
ni:eu  out  vl  tliu  t)uM  wittiitut  (jccsstoit."    Pruutl,  i.  S'lU. 


•cWes  from  ita  sittingn.  Thia  misrrrble  maniEUvre 
had  no  tiiher  efl'eet  than  to  provoke  the  assembly  to 
det'are  that  the  secession  of  these  members  was  a 
trea:hcroUH  desertion  of  the  public  service.  They 
pas-  ed,  at  the  same  time,  a  series  of  resolutions,  ini 
p'-rting,  *'  'I'hat  the  proprietary's  absence,  as  it  may 
bt^  to  his  disappointment,  so  it  was  extremely  to  the 
peoples  prejudice  ;  that  as  to  the  project  of  abrogating 
all  the  laws,  he  hail  no  right  so  to  do,  betTause  every 
law  was  in  force  that  had  not  been  declared  void  by 
the  king  ;  that,  even  w  ilh  the  consent  of  the  freemen, 
the  proprietary  could  make  no  laws  to  hind  the  pro* 
vince.  except  in  the  way  prescriUul  by  the  charter ; 
and  that  as  it  was  desirable,  so  it  was  also  to  be 
hoped,  that  no  laws  of  any  other  make  would  be  im- 
posed upon  the  people."  Aller  a  vain  strugnic  with 
an  oppoiiitinn  (bus  vigorously  suppoiled,  Ulackwell 
was  compelled  to  abandon  his  ollice,  ami  ilepart  from 
the  province,  leaving  llie  executive  authority  once 
more  in  (be  hands  of  the  provincial  council,  of  which 
(he  prcsidem'v  was  resumed  by  Thomas  Idoyd. 

'I  he  ferment  which  had  been  excited  during  Black* 
well's  administrativui,  whatever  evil  iulluence  it  may 
have  exercised  on  (be  tempers  of  some  of  the  colonists, 
was  not  pennitleil  to  retard  in  Uie  sliubteKt  degree  the 
rapid  pace  with  which  the  general  pro.-perily  was  ad- 
vaiienig.  On  the  contrary,  a  more  vigorous  spring 
Hceii.ed  lo  have  been  imparted  tu  the  iiuhiHtrv  and 
general  proi;ress  and  improvement  of  the  ciminuinity, 
as  M  the  energy  that  was  excited  by  the  provi>oation 
gt  '  to  the  public  spirit  of  the  people,  had  dilltised 
its  .leiice  through  every  occupation  aiid  ileparlment 
of  h<('.  It  was  in  (his  year  that  the  first  iiihtitiilion 
for  tlit>  eilucation  o\'  youth  was  CHtahlishcd  in  Penn- 
sylvania This  was  called  '*  The  Friends'  Public 
.School  of  Philadelphia  ;"  at  the  head  of  which  was 
placed  (icorge  Keith,  a  celehraled  qiiaker  writer ;  and 
which  was  Nuhseipiently  iiicor|)orated  and  enlarged  by 
charters  fnun  the  proprietary. 

It  had  been  happy  fo.'  IVnn,  if  he  had  sooner  dis- 
covered bow  deiriinciital  to  aM  his  inlerehls  thiH  lont; 
absence  from  the  colony,  ah'l  residence  at  the  Knglish 
court,  muht  inevitably  prove.  The  revolution  that 
bad  occurred  in  the  cb)se  of  the  preceding  year,  had 
abruptly  destroyed  (hat  precarioiiK  favor  of  a  tyrant, 
for  (be  sake  of  winch  he  had  risked  1"^' j.-opularity  in 
Kngtandaiid  his  intluence  in  Pennsylvaniiv  and  which 
had  int'.itiialcd  his  understanding  to  such  a  degree, 
(bat  he  even  continned  to  correspond  with  the  fui*itive 
monarch  aUer  his  expuUioii  from  the  throne.  'I'hat  he 
was  engaged  in  any  of  the  plots,  that  were  carrying  on 
at  this  period  tor  the  restoratiim  of  JaincH,  there  is  truly 
ii<i  reaKon  to  believe  ;  but  as  he  voluntarily  lingeretl  in 
Kngf.iiid  for  some  time  after  the  revolution  had  been 
accomplished,  and  never  traiiMnided  any  instruction 
for  proclaiming  William  and  Mary  in  Pennsylvania,  it 
is  lint  improbable  (hat  he  looked  with  some  expect.i- 
tion  to  the  success  of  (bese  attempts.*  To  return 
lo  America  was  soon  after  put  out  of  his  power,  by  the 
ciuoieipieiicps  of  the  i;ein-ral  suhpicion  which  bis  con- 
duel  had  excited  in  Kn«>tanil  He  was  compelled  lo 
yive  hail  (or  Ins  appe.iranee  before  the  privy  council  ; 
[  Ki'.IOJ  and  thou<>h  he  more  than  once  succeeded  In 
justifying  himself  from  the  charges  adduced  against 
hmi,  yet.  finding  that  f.irthcr  accusations  continued  to 
he  preferred,  and  liiat  a  warrant  bad  at  lengih  been 
it«sued  for  committing  bim  to  prison,  he  thought  pro- 
per to  MMfUCNter  himself  tVom  public  view,  and  lo  live 
for  siniM'  lime  in  a  slate  of  concealment.  His  name 
was  (K'cawionally  inserted  in  the  proclamations  for  the 
apprehension  of  Hunpccled  persons,  that  were  issueil, 
front  time  to  time  by  the  Kni>liHh  ministers;  who 
'  were,  however,  loo  deeply  engaged  in  more  pressing 
and  important  allairs,  to  liave  leisure  as  yet  lo  attend 
,  lo  till'  concerns  of  his  PeniiMylvuiiian  snvereijinlv. 
i  During  this  reiiremeiit,  his  repoM-  was  invaded  very 
,  disagreeably  hy  tidjigi  of  factious  disputes  and  dls- 
'  sensioiiH  among  his  people,  and  pariicniarlv  by  the 
,  rupture  that  took  place  between  Petnisvlvania  am!  Ue> 
I  law  are,  and  separated  from  each  other  twoconimnni- 
ticK,  for  tbeconjunclion  cf  which  he  bad  labored  with  a 
zeal  that  outstripped  his  usual  equity  and  iniKleralion 

•  111  a  lel'iT,  wninii  by  luin  t»  Ins  fri.'i.iU  in  rrrontylTaiiift 
ill  January.  HWf,  tii' Bnyii,  "tJrrit  revoiuijmot  lmv«  [wen  nf 
lull!  Ill  i))i»  lAiiil  of  ynnr  iiaiiTity,  iind  whrn'  iliry  innv  piTi>>it 
ttip  Loril  kiiiiwB."  Ilf  Jiilils,  I'hiit  *Mo  inipniv.!  my' Ihuti'-i 
will)  Kmu  Jmiifn  Tor  ti'iiitiT  POMxt'HiirfH"  lonl  Iifi-n  lln-  iDnm 
riiiiHi'  lit  tot  ili'li'tilion  K>i  liMiir  III  KiiL'tiiiiil.  Tronit,  i  Jl).  Ffom 
(I  Vmit  I't  Lri-lrr,  Willi  at  iliix  (itTii"*!  ai'iuiti-il  «m  iiiuili  n-j.-. 
liriiv  Id  Ni'vv  Yiirk  (aiiic  II.  v.  enp  il),  lo  Hi»hn|t  Hnrni'i,  it 
npni>ar«  Hint  hf  ciui^idrri'tl  Pfiinnylviiiilii  nn  niie  iit'ilii-  str<>fiL'- 
hi'Iil:*  iililif  jiii-iitiiti's  111  Anicnrn,  aiut  ihutn  rnn<<i(lftriilili'  niiiii- 
l)pr  tit  iliiM  puny  wi>ri- th)-n  rotlriio;  I'rnni  ilif  <'tlii>r  pruvincej 
to  reniisylraniu  and  .Now  J«rti»y     (  haliners,  Otil. 


The  increasing  grpRlness  of  IVnnsylvnnia  hail  gra- 
dually exciiinl  the  jealoUMy  of  the  people  of  Ddlawaru, 
whol>ebeld  with  impatience  their  more  ancient  settlo- 
ment  dwindling  into  comparative  insignirieance,  and 
verging  into  a  mere  fraction  uf  a  younger  but  moro 
thriving  comn.unity.  The  members  deputed  to  the 
provincial  council  at  Philadelphia  from  Delaware 
complained  that  they  were  deprived  of  ajuat  share  in 
the  apjHuntinent  of  public  uOicers,  and  at  lengih  en- 
deavored by  intrigue  to  counterbalance  the  preponde- 
rance of  their  associates.  Privately  assembling,  with- 
out the  usual  formality  of  anoHicial  summons,  in  the 
council-room,  Ihey  proceeded  to  exercise  the  executive 
functiims  vested  in  the  whole  boily,  and  issued  war- 
rants for  displacing  a  number  of  public  otlicera.  and 
appointing  t>tbers  to  htl  their  places.  This  prmreeding 
was  almost  iiistantantly  declared  illegal  and  void 
by  a  council  more  regularly  convoked  ;  but  the  waters 
of  strife  had  now  been  let  out,  and  could  no  longer  be 
stayed.  Penn.  alarmed  at  the  account  of  these  dis- 
sensions, endeavored  to  niediale  between  (be  par- 
lies, and  desired  them  to  make  choice  of  any  one 
of  the  three  Ibrins  of  executive  ailministralion  which 
they  bad  already  respectively  tried.  He  was  willing, 
he  said,  to  invest  the  executive  power  either  in  the 
council,  or  in  live  conimisbioners,  or  in  a  deputy  go- 
vernor ;  and  their  choice  would  be  delerinineil  by  the 
recollection  of  which  of  these  Ibey  bad  found  the  most 
impartial  in  the  ilistrihution  of  polilic  ollices,  [Iti'JI] 
The  Pennsylvaiiians  at  once  dedarcd  ibeinselveH 
in  favor  of  a  deputy  j.'<t\ernor,  and,  anticipating  the 
proprietary's  approbalnn  >>t'  their  wislu  s,  dexircd 
l.loyd  to  perform  the  thiioH  ul  Ihiii  oM'ice  The  Ihla- 
ware  counsellors,  on  the  contrary,  protested  against 
this  choice,  and  declared  their  own  preference  of  a 
boani  of  commissioners.  They  rehtscil  to  Hubniit  to 
the  government  of  l.loyd,  and,  withdrawing  from  the 
council,  they  returned  to  Oelawari',  where  their  •nn- 
tryinen  were  eahily  prevniled  on  to  approve  and  sup- 
port their  secession.  In  vain  l.loyd  endeavored,  by 
the  iiioHt  liberal  and  generotis  otfers  lo  llie  iJelawaru 
colonists,  to  prevail  with  them  to  sulvnil  to  an  admi- 
iiislration  which  he  bad  reluctantly  assiimed  in  obe- 
dience lo  the  urgent  and  nnaninioui  desire  of  iLu 
Pennsylvaniaiis ;  they  rejected  a.*!  Ihk  i''^erH  ;  and, 
countenanced  l>y  (yidonel  MarMmni,  (he  >  iiisman  of 
the  proprietary,  declared  that  11.  ;  u-  \-termincd  to 
have  an  executive  government  .vpaiax  friun  thai  (d 
Pennsylvania.  Slung  with  vexation  and  disappoint- 
ment at  this  result,  Penn  was  at  first  inclined  In  impute 
the  blame  of  il  to  Idoyd  ;  but  soon  ast-rrlainini!  bow 
perfectly  diMinlerestml  and  well  meanioL'  the  nuidnct 
of  tluK  worthy  man  had  been,  he  Iraiistiri-ed  bi»<  reii* 
sure  to  the  Delaware  comisellors,  and  biiteily  re- 
proached them  with  seltihh  ambition  and  iiiLTatilnde. 
Hoping,  however,  by  gratityin^  lliein  in  llii-ir  prenent 
desire,  lo  prevent  the  rupture  fnon  e\li'iidiii>>  any 
farther,  he  granted  separate  coinmissinnh  lur  llie  ex- 
ecutive government  of  Pennny  Ivani.i  and  Delaware  lo 
IJityd  anil  Markham  ;  the  fnncliiais  of  the  |i-i.'i><l<itnrn 
Mtill  remaining  united  in  a  council  and  assendily  eoiii' 
mon  to  the  iwo  scttlemeiils.  Ily  li.e  tiieiidty  co-ope- 
ralion  id  l.loyd  and  Markbain.  tlii.>i  siriu'uhir  ntaclnnery 
of  government  was  conducted  with  niiirli  gn-ater  har- 
mony and  success  than  the  pi>culiarilii's  ot  \\»  ^Iriic- 
ture,  and  the  causes  fnun  which  tiny  had  arisen, 
woiilil  have  prepari>d  us  lo  expect." 

The  following  year  [  If'ii)'.^]  was  signalised  in  a  man- 
ner hlill  more  discreditable  (o  the  province,  ami  disa* 
i:reeabl.i  to  the  proprietary,  by  a  violent  dishcn>ii)n 
among  the  ipiakers  of  Pennsylvania  This  has  been 
represeiiti'd,  by  the  parly  that  proved  vve.ikcNt  in  the 
tilruggle,  as  a  purely  ecclesiaslieal  ipiarrel,  in  winch 
their  adversaries,  worsted  in  «piriluaL  bad  resorted  lo 
carnal  wciipons,  and  by  the  hlronger.  as  a  pulilual 
elfervescence  which  the  power  of  the  inagiMlrate  wad 
rightfully  emplov.d  to  compoHe.  The  i!isinrbaiice 
oriuinaled  with  Ucor^e  Keith,  a  man  emin<.Mitly  dia- 
ImguiHhed  by  the  vigor  and  subtlety  of  bis  apprehen- 
sion, by  an  insatiable  appetite  for  controversy,  a  co- 
pious ebHjuence,  and  a  vehement  temper.  'I'o  his  re- 
ligious assiH'iales,  the  ipiakers,  he  was  reconmiended 
by  his  numernns  writings  in  defence  of  their  tenets, 
and  more  particularly  endeared  aa  the  champion  ojf 
their  tpiarrel  with  the  cburclies,  ministers  and  magia. 

•>  rriiml,  i.  S46  -ti-j.     t  larkmiii,  ii  01.     I'cnii  KCfiiiii  tn  liavii 

i>ipri-:4-«-il  iiiMli.MipiirnltdiKMi  whaifviTurilie  nnuli.ct  ut  Miok- 


iliM-.l  rfpiirtu  (i.  lUi)  llinl  "  ln'  liml  ilm 
anil  i!nlP»*lM  till  liiH  ilfiilll  ;'•  wtt.tHrt 
ilftrol  llijii  t)H>  n-iil  piirix'nc  ,<(  Mjirkliani, 
rtlai'inif  Itiinaelt  nl  tliv  Iii'^kI  <>|  tli<-  tHrtii<ii4  iiMiiiHrllnr-*  ut  Ue 
litw;iri\  vviiH  III  ri'laiii  over  tliuia  bii  inilusnca  faviirablc  lu  tUo 
iiuili'»riiy  of  ilii.'  prnprittiiry. 


hill I  wliMiii  I'tmilI  I 

pr'iitiii'tiiry'f  riuifutri 
pfinapi  il  iiinv  In- 


^Hll^E^Iij  ' "  lviW<*«i» 


■MUSI 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


8811 


<<  rinn  til  httya 
li.n.'l  Maik- 
■-  Ih-tiiclilin 

i>(  Markli'Hii, 
..iHrll.ir-x'l  1)0 

iviiriljiv  u>  tUo 


IrntPH  iif  Now  Kn<;lnnJ — ncotinUy  wliicli.  Iiy  .1  ruiiin'- 
loiis  hotly  of  thi*  qiiakf>rM,  wuh  loni;  n'!;;irilc(l  with  :i 
Ifrhtiir  to  which  it  in  ihlfiriilL  (n  jrjvi-  iiiiy  other  ii.niif 
than  that  nf  a  vintliclivr  thxhkc  ['i\i]  llr  Imtl  Irtivrltt'il 
ill  th  it  country  ait  a  qtiakcr  preacher:  aiul,  adthiii; 
thi'  Kinarl  of  perioiial  ruiilrnvrrHy  with  the  |M'n|»h' 
to  iX  rcitciitinftit  of  the  wcll-rriiinnhcrri)  wrmi^fi  which 
UiL'y  had  wruakeil  on  hii  reli^imiH  fraternity,  ht  hail 
ncciiiiiulated  ittlHtiKtl  tlicm  n  hoard  of  anitnoitiiy.  which 
nil  ih-  prolixity  uf  his  puhlicalions  Keerned  to  he  in- 
rap.i  ;e  of  cxhaustiii};.  With  an  animated  vitupera- 
tion, which  waH  ihou^hl  very  sitvonry  Ity  th.MpiakerH 
Hfl  Ion;;  an  it  was  directed  aijainut  their  adver(<:irieii,* 
lie  had  eondenineJ  the  ^ovtrnincnt  of  New  Kn<;land 
for  the  KeverilteH  iidlicied  hy  it  heretofore  npon  rn- 
thiiNiaMtM,  with  whoHP  extravajrariee,  as  well  aH  whofte 
Huirerinifs,  it  appeared  that  he  himself  was  loo  much 
iiiirlined  to  Hynipalhirie.  Kven  thorte  ipi  ikerH,  who 
were  ponseswed  of  ih.il  moderate  npirit  which  waM 
{tradually  leaveniri<r  the  whole  of  (heir  fociety.  and 
wan  iillerly  opp.med  l-i  the  wild  exrr;iva;riince  hy  which 
their  hrelhren  in  New  Kn^latid  h;id  provoked  ihi-ir 
fate,  were  lliiicred  hy  pnhlicaiionx  which  arihiily 
turned  die  bhaine  of  ipiaketiMiii  into  itt  iflory.  and 
allied  the  honors  of  martyrdom  to  t)ie  other  evidences 
of  ihi'ir  claim  to  a  revival  of  primitive  Christianity. 
Jlis  eminent  repute  with  hid  fellow  Kcclaries  had  re- 
eommcnded  hiin  first  to  the  appointment  ofsurveyor- 
jjener.il  of  Ma.st  Jersey,  and  more  recently  to  the  mas- 
tership of  the  quaker  seminary  of  eitucation  e^ta- 
hlished  at  Philadelphia.  From  real  conviction,  from 
an  iiivpterate  hahit  of  eonlroversy,  or  from  amhitions 
desire  to  •;;iin  a  slitl  higher  eminence  anions;  the  quii 
kerfi  than  he  had  alre.uly  a(taiin>d,  he  hei^aii  at  lcn;.'lli 
to  utter  ciMisures  upon  various  parliculark  in  llu'  v^m 
duct  ami  usa^e  ol  his  fellow  Acciaries  in  IVrnis)!- 
vania.  He  complained  that  there  Wiis  a  ^reat  de.d 
too  much  shickness  in  the  s\  Ktem  of  ipiaker  discipline, 
and  that  very  loose  and  erroneous  doctrine  was  tauizht 
by  many  of  the  <)uaker  preachers,  lie  insisted  that, 
ns  the  inlliclion  and  even  the  violent  resislaiU'e  of 
evil  was  incoiiijistent  with  i^'hriMian  meekness  and 
hrothcrly  love,  no  ipidker  oii^lit  to  he  concerned  in 
'*  the  compeilin^  part  of  ^overumctit,"  and  niucii  less 
ou^ht  any  such  to  retaoi  iic^roes  m  a  state  ofHluverv-t 
His  ccMHiircs  hud  m  some  respects  a  siihstaniial  realitv, 
and  in  others  At  least  n  reasonahlu  show,  of  just  appli- 
cation, thiit  rendered  llicm  only  the  iiior<!  irriiatin^  to 
the  minds  of  tiiote  whom  he  rehukcd  without  heinir  utih^ 
to  convinno.  Supported  liy  a  respeclahle  comp.iiiv  of 
adherenld,  and  particularly  in  souiu  of  Ins  views  liy  the 
German  cuiigraiila,  who  from  the  hrint  had  proiesied 
aK'iMist  nej^ro  sUvitv  as  utterly  mcunsistent  with  ipia- 
ker  Christianity.  ICeilh  ippc'urs  to  have  encountered  liiir 
opposition  whicli  Ins  nei%  dorlrines  received  from  the 
m.ijority  of  the  ipiakers,  with  ni  nuuli  veiieincncc  ns 
he  had  display)  d  in  his  previous  cuiitesls  wiili  their 
cotniiiou  eneinius.  A  regular  trial  of  slriMi^fili  )'usu('d 
between  the  two  parties  111  the  ipiaker  societs  ;  anti  tin; 
adversaries  of  Keith,  liiidin^  lliemselvc^  siippoitcd  hv 
n  m;ijonty,  piihltshed  a  deelaratiou  or  testimony  «f  de- 
nial .i;rainst  liiin.  In  tins  curious  production  thev  ex- 
pressed their  deep  reijrel  uf  "  the  leihotis  ex*'rci>*e  and 
vexatious  perjilexity"  wlm  h  ':■•■■  !.ile  Iriend.  (leor^e 
Keith,  had  hron^^lit  upon  theiii.  "  \\'itli  tnoiiriiirii;," 
they  declared,  "and  liiinentatiou  do  we  sav, — lluw  is 
tins  itu^lity  rnm  f.dleii  ' — Mow  is  'ns  shielit  cast  avN.iv  ' 
— Mow  ^hull  It  he  told  ni  (lath  !>-\Vi|l  not  ilie  d.iu^h- 
ters  of  ilic  uncireuineised  iriuiuph  !"  'I'liev  proceedi-d 
to  accuse  him  uf  uttering  ;i^ain^l  lluMnselves  "  siicli  ini- 
savoury  wonls  and  aliusive  htn^Uiitre,  as  a  person  of 
rmnnion  civility  would  luiith  ,"  and  in  particular  wnli 
having  nsRurrd  them  on  various  occasions.  "  ami  upon 
sniull  provucationa,  if  any,  that  thev  wt  re  tools,  i<rnnrant 
heathens,  silly  souht,  rotiou  ranters,  and  Mu^til>'t<»iians, 

•  f»i»  n  r*ll(W|vri(trhis  rliiinirnT,  tinwr-ver,  iitVr  lliry  itinii- 
relvtrt  liiid  tiernnie  liin  tiilvt'r-4Hr>i'!i,  itic  <|iiakrrs  (li(M'nvL>r*'it 
ilijii.  pv(Mi  Iwti'r*!  hh  wlii^in  wtili  tlicm,  hikI  pvi-h  m  Ins  irrni- 
nii'iit  of  (lie  (woplo  of  N'-w  Kinilnnd,  lie  lind  *'  hml  t<to  nnirh 
lifp  til  arKuniPui.o  had  '*  ffxiiiliiied  nn  uiilicrfiniintf  vimiiy  on 
v|4:inr>  iliereliy  (itiiainrd  liy  bun  uvvr  liHop|K>nriiis,"  nnrnlin. 
Cfiln*r  minluited  liinHell  *'  in  n  verv  i-xirnviimuit  iiuuoitT  " 
rr.niil,  i   Ml. 

t  li  H  lfl««  rrii)Hrknt)l#  (list  ihl^  Isiirr  ft-nturpnf  )ii«  it'Virinr 

ftllMllil  ItBVB  tweu  llllnnni-Pii  hy  rroiul,  llllliillial  Itsliciulil  liJiVP 
o:«rjt>€d  the  i.liDfrva.iim  ofrLirkmni,  wl'it,  In  his  IttV  nf  Ti-nn, 
r)t(>nKsnrKi-llhu-|rh  itnmixr>tl  coM(rm|>l,  ituHn  his  hlxlorv  of  llin 
AttMlitioti  i»f  i:jp  HIrvi?  Trade  refers  to  a  |H>rliiit  finiryi-ari  huer, 
ns  ihfl  rra  <•)  d,f»  flmi  pffori  of  ihr  Anirrii'iin  nesker^  in  min 
fc-nie  the  pvil  nf  u9gt>y  kLivitv.  (..ihrifl  Thnniss,  n  qiMkiT, 
CniinMniKtranr  wiih  Kpiih,  ilip  frifnd  of  ronii,  sod  thi'  ^■a^li^'^t 
hlitnrinn  itfriMtnNylvHnlii.  i-xpr,-  i^ly  n-<i-rilii>rt  im  Krith  ilii'  \mr- 
tlfulnr  dm-inne  to  (V)iirh  I  riMii<l"  iinil  Dr.  Krnnkliii.  in  one  nf 
hit  Inters.  nitMilixnt  ilwit  tu<  l-i<l  itei-n  ili»>  proifMiniinn  .icnintt 
noffM  ;itavrry,  iliiit  va.i  1  iin>-J  .tt  lios  (tfrinil  hy  Keith  snd  h  s 


Willi  mlier  iMines  of  thai  nifamoufl  strain,  thcrehv  to 
our  ;:nrf.  foamiii;»  out  his  own  sliaine  "  They  accusetl 
liioi  tit  asseilin<r  ihal  ipiakerisin  was  too  f>rien  a  ctO'ik 
of  heiesy  and  hypocrisy  :  and  that  more  diabolical  doc- 
trine passeil  fiirrent  DnKHi:,'  the  ipiakiTs  ihun  amoni> 
any  other  tiescriplion  o(  Protestant  profeHsi)rs,  As 
the  etiuiax  of  his  1  onluinncy,  thev  alletred,  thai  when 
they  Ihid  "  teiiderlv  dealt"  with  Iniii  for  hts  ulniitive  lan- 
^Uiiije  ond  distirderly  hehavi'>r,  he  hnd  insulltnoty  an- 
swered. '•  thiit  he  irainjiletl  their  judgment  under  his 
feet  as  tlirt  ;*"  and  that  he  had  aince  set  up  a  separate 
meetin^r,  whose  proceedintrs  had  rendered  the  religious 
reputation  i>f  the  bulk  of  the  ijuakers  "  a  scorn  to  the 
profane,  iind  the  sono  of  the  drunkard." 

Keiili  who  had  by  this  lime  colh'ctod  around  him  a 
nttmeroiis  corironrse  of  adherents,  whom  he  sivled 
'■  ('hristijii  (juakers,"  while  he  bestowed  on  all  the  re.^t 
of  the  tpiaker  eominuiiity  the  opproliious  title  of  '•  opo-;- 
lales,"  tlid  ntit  fail  to  answer  this  deelantittri  hy  an  atl- 
diesj  which  conl.iiued  a  ilefeuce  of  hnnscif  ;ind  his  (inn- 
ciples.  and  an  illustration  of  the  various  acts  of  apo.'^tacv 
eomintltttl  hv  In.*  adversaries.  'I'his  puhlieiition  pre- 
seiiletl  Ml  liidterous  a  contrast  hetweeri  the  sectarian 
pnnctples  and  tlie  lna^l.'^le^ill  coiMlnctof  these  persons, 
that  It  fairly  iransporietl  them  beyond  the  honnrls  of 
rpiaker  patience,  and  convinced  theui  that  what  had 
been  hitherto  re^anled  as  a  mere  eci-!t:.uastic:il  dispute, 
inijjlit  now  to  be  resented  as  a  pohticiil  ipiarrel.  'I'liey 
declared,  that  though  a  tender  meekness  should  un- 
tloiihtedly  eharacleri/e  their  noliee  of  olfences  comruit- 
>etl  noiiinsl  them  m  their  .'apacity  of  quakers,  yitt  a 
iiaoisli-rial  stcrrmess  was  no  h-s.-t  lucnmhent  upon  them, 
..  the  visitatmn  of  otferices  th<it  tendeil  to  "  lesnon  the 
hu^ful  autlioiitv  of  the  niaotstracy  in  the  view  of  the 
baser  sort  of  the  people."  Keiih,  the  author  of  the 
address,  and  Itrudtbrd,  the  printer  tif  it,  were  both  (alter 
an  exainnialion  whu  li  the  other  magistrates  refused  to 
fthiire  with  their  quaker  brethren)  comimUetl  to  prison  ; 
Ur.itllortl's  printui^  press  wus  ser/etl.  and  both  Keith 
antl  he  were  denonncei*,  by  proelamation,  as  seditious 
persons,  ami  eintnies  of  the  royal  authority  in  I'lnn- 
HvUaiiM.  IbadlnrtI,  whu  n  li<  d  on  the  proiectiou  ol 
l'ji<>li^h  eonstitutioiial  law,  compelled  Ins  proseeiiiors 
to  briiiir  him  to  trial  for  the  t)tl'i-nces  they  jiatl  laid  to 
tiis  chari^e  ;  but  tliounh  he  was  ac(pnlted  hy  the  vertlic' 
of  a  J'lry.  he  had  incurred  such  pecuniary  hi-^s,  antl 
ftiund  inmself  ilie  ohject  of  so  inueh  a'  tive  dislike,  that 
he  w;is  ct)mpelh.'<l  to  reiuovt^  his  priiittiiL!  estahlishuient 
(roin  Pennsylvania  Keilh  Wiis  iirouj;iit  to  trul  shortly 
iiltir,  aloiit;  with  Praiicis  Itndd,  another  <pi.iker,  hir 
lia\inij,  m  u  liitle  ivork  which  was  tinir  lunit  pro*'- 
lion,  talselv  b  faint  d  a  ({U.iker  m  i^ristr:)te,  whom  (lit  v 
hail  descril)ed  oS  too  hiirh  and  irnperions  in  worldly 
ciMirts.  Tliey  wrri!  found  nuilty.  and  sentenced  tt)  pav 
a  line  of  hve  pounds  t  Itelirmj»  soon  after  to  Kri:*- 
l.iiid,  Keilli  piililtshi'tl  an  accinnit  t>l  the  whoh>  pro- 
cerduiirs  .itriiinst  bun.  Ill  a  pamphlet  which  he  eniitleil 
"  New  llii;;l,inil  spirit  of  persecution  transinitletl  to 
Peimsvlvani.i,  and  the  pretended  cpniker  found  pi-r-^e- 
cntiujj  the  true  tpiaker."  So  t  xteiisive  was  his  mlbi- 
ence,  iioth  In  Kii^taitl  anti  .Xintrica.  that  for  soiin- lirni: 
It  wa.i  douhtei)  wlieilier  lit;  and  Ins  frteiiils,  or  the  parlv 
opposed  lolhein,  would  suceeetl  in  eclipsinir  (ht!  otln-rs. 
aiitl  securnii,'  to  i!niniel\t"^  tht;  eX'  >  isi»e  possessu)ii  tit 
tin  ipiaker  ii.Hiie.  Ibil  'he  career  of  Keiili.  as  a  tpia- 
ker, was  suddeiilv  ahru'ijed,  and  Ins  inlbience  111  the 
SOCK  tv  coinplelelv  overthrttwn.  hy  a  conseipience  winch 
It  is  pioliiibli!  that  neitlier  \\v  nor  his  opponents  antici- 
;i;itetl  fioni  the  conini>'Mceuieiit  tif  tin  ir  diHjnites  In 
the  ctiur^^e  of  his  labors  in  that  wide  held  ol  eoiilrt)- 
versy,  whi''h  the  altieks  tif  his  various  adveis.iries  in 
PcnnsvUahia  antl  New  llnghintl  spreml  belore  hnii, 
Keith  succeeiled  (to  Ina  own  salist'aelion  at  le.ist)  in  re- 
filling all  the  )>eeuhar  tenets,  that  had  ever  heeii  com- 
inou  to  hiinselt  and  the  tpiakers  ;  imd  scuriiin>;  to  t'on- 
ceal  the  deairlion  ol  his  urij^inal  opnuons,  lie  liesitated 

•  Thcst!  viTv  words,  loiigln'fiire  adiirt'ssnl  liy  Wininni  Peiin 
t')  nil  Kiii,'hHli  inaiiiiirate,  \vh<>  wn«c<iirniiini<ii!  Jiiiii  in  Nt'Air.nn 
(ClHrksiin.  I.  llM)|t(tr  ri-riimnu'  In  dike  anitiuh,  Initl  iircii  liiihiTlo 
t'lirrent  and  rc*|ifi-(i>d  ninniiK  thti  <)iiiikrrM,  jih  iin|Hirn  1;  nn 
nixrn  ilinn  n  insijiiHiHiiuiiiH  t'nnteinjtt,  i>r  ilficmt  ilisilani.  Iiow- 
ivtT  ilfflrii'iK  ill  nieekin-im  and  fniirteny,  llK-y  Were  certainly 
inni-ti  |ps>t  HO  than  n  irre.ii  tlfsl  nfthn  Inn^iinifH  (hat,  iitiuni  this 
|t.riit.l.  wns  t'xrhRiit(i'd  liPtwci"!!  many  of  thn  cpeiker  wrln-rs 
iiixl  tlieir  ailvrrHnrien,  (1ni>  tliivif,  a  iinakir.  h.nni-.'nl>ciut  (Iim 
tinie  ilcorrtfil  ihtt  His-ieiy  mil  <)i.arrrlli<il  wiili  hn  iVun'trt,  niiiin- 
niined  aiiternry  tvarl'me  with  ihcin  llm(  tinnleil  innrh  inort*  in 
l>rinni>(i'  tti«  nitidi  ih.in  (hu  rihncntiun  nf  iintnkind  I  linvp 
lifi'ii  an  aililri">rt  (<>  Waan,  fMiit  tlis  niirienl  iiitsi>i-iiii(i.i,  in  which 
itiey  i;ri-eirtl  hnn  witti  niniifrtiufl  ainisitti  iillUHlotistn  ihti  unsa- 
vntirinfHS  iif  hii  tniiiu*. 

f  Ppiin,  wrilltitf  ("ftfrifnd  iu  Ainrrii  a,  dorlnrf"  thai  the  re- 
jmri  til'iliis  trial  liail  evciieil  ninrh  ilissii!<i  in  Kiu'land,  antl  In- 
ilnrfd  nmny  t<i  «Ki-ljiini  ni^Hinxi  ihi>  ninr^'s  of  quakers  10  utliui- 
hisiur  uiuiuci^al  uuihunty.     I'roud,  i.  370. 


not  to  decLire  Inmsrlf  a  convert  from  the  tpukor  so- 
ciety, to  the  elinrch  of  I'liirlainl.  Tliis  secession  was  a 
death-blow  to  the  mtbience  of  Uint  party,  which  h:id  hi- 
therto espoused  his  sentiincnts ;  and  which  hencefor- 
ward, either  gradually  eo.ilesciniT  with  a  more  powerful 
ina|ority,  or  peaceably  suhmittmij  to  a  sentence  of  ex- 
pulsion, conlrihnted  alike  to  the  asceiul.incy  of  princi- 
ples which  oriumallv  it  iiad  Imjietl  and  tuieuded  to  suiv 
vert  When  Keith  finally  declared  himself  ihe  antai^o* 
rust  of  ipiukerism,  be  encountered  the  most  aetivo  op- 
position from  William  Pemi  :  but  till  then,  the  treat- 
ment wh.ch  tut  had  expericncrd  in  Pennnylvama,  hail 
been  a  sourrc  of  the  utmost  regret  and  dieapprohation 
to  the  proprietiiry.* 

Ifi93  ]  The  K»>vrrnment  that  hat!  bpen  formed  in 
I'ji^land  hy  the  revolution,  haviiiir  now  completed  the 
arrjni>t-mentd  that  were  necessary  for  its  csUhlishinent 
and  security  at  hoiin%  had  leiMire  to  extend  its  cures  to 
ihe  enloni.il  communities  at  the  extremity  t)f  the  empire. 
In  the  h. stones  of  the  other  American  setilements.  wo 
h;ive  seen  instances  of  lh«  e.ioerness  whu'h  Kiii^  Wil- 
liarii  aiul  Irs  ministers  evinced  to  appropriate  to  the 
crown  the  appointment  of  tlx!  provincnil  governors 
The  situation  of  the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  lojje- 
ther  with  various  circumstances  m  th''  recent  history  ol 
this  province,  presented  a  favorable  opport  inity  of  rn- 
peatmu  the  same  policv,  and,  indeed,  furnished  a  much 
more  decent  pretext  for  it  than  had  been  deemed  snf- 
ticient  to  warrant  an  invjsion  of  ihe  riohts  of  the  pro- 
prietary of  Marylantl.  Peim  was  (generally  suspected 
tiy  the  Knirhidi  people  of  atlherenco  lo  the  interests  of 
his  ancteut  palron  .latm^s  the  S^conti  ;  and  in  ctmse- 
ipieu''e  t)f  a  '  hari»e  of  this  niiture  (thou[;h  snpptirted  only 
hv  fd.sehood  and  jierjury^)  be  had  ahscontled  from  ju- 
dicial iiKpnry,  ami  was  hvnio  m  concealment.  In 
Pennsylyaiiia  the  taws  had  been  atlmiiiisti-rcd  in  the 
name  of  the  banished  kinii.  lonj;  alter  the  uovermneiK 
of  William  and  Mary  hail  been  recoiriii-,ed  in  the  other 
ctdonies ;  and  the  dnsensions  wlitch  Keith's  setiisin 
had  excited  were  maonitied  into  iht!  appearance  of  dis- 
orders inconsistent  wilh  the  honor  of  the  IJrilish  crown. 
I'ortiiied  with  such  pretexts  for  the  mval  imer(Mi''ition, 
Kmi^  W'tfliam  Issued  a  cuiinnHsiou,  tleprivini;  Perm  of 
,til  anthoritv  in  America,  and  mvesiin;;  thr  ■.'overinniiit 
of  Ins  u-rritortes  m  ('olonel  I'letehi-r.  who  had  alnO 
been  appointed  the  ^ovt-rnor  of  New  Ytirk.  Penn.  who 
reijanled  llu*?  proceetliii-x  as  a  tvrannica!  usurpaiitm  of 
Ills  ri^'hls,  atlopied  the  sln»nj,'e  debiisivt*  precauiio.i  of 
wr'lin^  to  j-'letcher,  heseecliinn  hnn,  on  the  score  of 
private  triend^liip,  to  rebise  compliance  with  the  kinjj's 
coumnssnni  ;  hiil  an  eHort  of  ihi:*  irrei^ular  di  scriptuii 
could  110!  possihlv  avail  him,  snil  th**  ^overnmerit  was 
ipiielly  surreiiilereit  to  Kletcher,  who  appomted,  tirst 
I.lovd,  anil  aherwirds  Markha.u,  to  iirt  as  his  deputy. 
Ill  ih<^  ctnninissitni  to  (''letcher,  no  manner  of  regard 
hill  been  expressed  lo  ihti  tbartrr  of  Prnnsvlvania  , 
.ititl  the  mil. 11  ob|ect  of  ins  pubcv  was  loohtain  a  recoj;- 
ni'itni  of  the  ilepemlence  of  the  proMuce  on  ihe  crown. 
Tln^  involved  hnn  in  a  series  of  disputes  with  the  as- 
sembly, wiio  p.isHfd  nn  unanimous  reiobiiioii,  **  that 
the  laws  of  this  province,  'vlnch  were  in  bnce  and  [iric- 
lice  Ind'ore  llie  arrival  of  this  present  yr»vcrnt»r,  aie  sliU 
in  force  i"  hut  afterwartis  juili,'ed  it  expetbent  lo  actpii- 
csee  in  tlie  arroifatiou.  tlial  the  lihertv  ttf  coiiM-ieiico 
which  thev  owed  to  the  wistlotu  and  virtue  t)l  William 
Pt  lui  ami  thenistdves,  was  hestowtil  on  liiein  hv  the 
t;raci>  and  favor  of  the  kinir.  rarlhcr  than  this,  tho 
governor  found  it  imiitissihle  'o  bend  iheni  tti  Ins  wishes. 
One  object  ro  winch  In*  ^trelIlH>n^lv  I  diored  to  obtain 
their  coueurrence,  I  Ib'M]  was  a  nenend  conirihntiou 
in  aid  t)f  the  defence  of  the  froniierstd  New  N'mk 
ajfainst  the  arms  of  the  Preuch  I-'intlniii  il  necessary 
to  reinforce,  hv  Hri»umeiit,  the  anihonty  of  a  ro.'al  letter 
whieli  lie  prodnceil  fortius  piirptete,  he  rennudttl  them 
tint  the  nnhlirv  opt'i.ilioc.s  carried  on  at  lliis  Ironlit  r 
conlnhutetl  to  the  deli  in'e  of  ihe  oilier  ci>|oni(<s  as  well 
as  New  Vork,  ami  ih.il  it  was  nnjn.Ht  to  burden  tlna 
province    witii  the    sole   churj^e   of  proceedings  which 

•  a.  Thomas*  Ili-*l.  nf  pfiinsylvnuii.  it},  I.  rnnnl.  i.  34i. 
3f}|.  — :i7i1.  Cl.irksnn'a  IImi  <iI  (liu  AIkiIiiioii  of  (h<>  Hhive  Trn.lf<, 
i.  i:(n.  ThoiiiiiH*  Mi?!.  1)1  rriiiiin0  ill  \iiiriira.  ir.  )0  -^1.  froihl'i 
Hrr-oiiiii  ol  ilii'si*  iiroc(>Rilnigs  twiirs  <>viiirn(  M<nrks  ni  imni.ihiy. 
it  is  aninMinirtnolMtTvu  his  itnnlee  aitiiitini  Kt-tih  nnd  Itratllont 
for  Inivinit  iliitf^l  apaftpr,  which  they  puhlislicil,  Iroiu  ihti  prt* 
son  to  which  they  haTi  hern  i'«niniill('<l. 

(iimr^e  Ki-ilh,  nlirr  liii'  tnnlirnrriiH<nl  of  (lie  dorlrlnps  of  thd 
Chnrrli  of  Knclanil.  wan  nent  hnrk  ncani  iis  a  ini.tsionflr)  to 
.^ineriCH,  hy  lint  Kiiirlt«h  Hnneiy  Inr  lln-  I*  m  pa  cud  in  1  ol  iho 
t)oti(s>l  ;  qikI  ill  liH  liiborii  to  r>invi'ri  itie  liolinnit,  is  nnxl  (o 
have  Ih'i'ii  tniicli  more  mirn'sttii)  tlian  n-y  of  (hit  vourins  of 
hiM  lorun-r  liMo'i:*.    Oltunxoii,  i.  U(l. 

t  The  ttiithor  of  die  rlmrite  from  wliith  I'eim  with.lrew  him- 
sell,  was  itip  n.iiorioiis  Kaller,  who  wis  iirierw.ints  eMiid^iniitnl 
to  (hi  iiiilory,  for  tht*  ihutM-tt'il  ndiirhoiHi  of  iIik  rhitrget  whu.h 
tiv  h.id  1  rv(\iriiHt  ii^raioMi  otiidr  dimii({uishi'd  i*«rvufts. 


834 

were  indisperiAibln  to  ihe  ^(nlt>rJt  Bafrty.  Ho  was 
aware,  ho  said,  tliat  the  <)Uukor  |iriiicip!t!M  whu-li  prn- 
vailed  ainon^  llieni  furlmije  not  utily  tlie  carryinjj[  of 
aims,  but  tlio  levvii  K  of  money  Rveii  for  (lie  ttiipport  of 
defensive  war;  but  he  hoped  they  would  not  rfliise  tx) 
feed  tlie  hungry  and  clothe  the  naked,  which  were  cer- 
tainty Christian  virtiintt,  and  which  the  huri;rrr  and  na- 
kedne«8  of  the  Indian  alhes  of  New  York  now  presented 
them  with  a  favorablo  opportunity  of  rxcrcising.  This 
ingenious  casuiatry,  which  the  qnakers  might  well  have 
regarded  rjthcr  an  an  alTront  to  their  understandint^s 
Ihan  a  concession  to  their  principles,  proved  on  the  pre* 
ecnt  occasion.  (]uitc  unavailing;  to  the  no  small  dis- 
pleasure of  \VilI:ain  Pcnn,  who,  on  beini;  reinstated  in 
his  government,  reproached  the  assembly  with  their 
refusal  tn  contribute  towards  the  csminon  defence,  and 
desired  that  a  sum  of  money  for  this  purpose  should 
forthwith  be  levied  and  remitted  to  New  York. 

In  addition  to  the  other  disappointments  and  misfor- 
tunes thai  had  recently  befallen  the  proprietary  of 
PenuAvlvania,  he  hid  now  to  lament  a  stMiaible  dnmnn- 
tion  of  tlie  esteem  he  had  enjoyed  with  the  members  of 
his  religious  society  m  Kui^Und.  They  reproaciied 
him  with  having  meddled  more  with  politics,  and  the 
concrrns  of  the  Kiigli.ih  governtncnl,  than  bccdine  a 
nu'inlier  of  their  Chrisitiiin  bo-ly  ;  and  would  not  admit 
the  jicnevolent  motives  of  his  conduct,  or  the  beiieljt 
which  thf-y  tliem^ielves  had  personally  reaped  from  it, 
as  3  sulHcient  apology  for  the  siaiidul  it  h.id  created, 
and  the  evil  example  it  had  alfoided*  tn  the  midst  nl 
«>  iiunv  adverse  circumstances,  mvolviii;^  the  desertion 
of  ancient  friendsi,  and  the  disappointment  of  almost 
every  object  of  temporal  satisfaction  which  he  had  pro- 
posed to  himself,  his  retirement  was  penetrated  by  the 
grateftd  kindness  of  that  illustrious  man,  whom  once, 
in  ciiciimstances  resembling  Ins  own  present  situdlion, 
he  had  endeavored  to  befnenJ.  John  I^ocke,  who  wus 
now  in  the  enjoyment  of  cousidera))le  favor  at  the  t^ng- 
lish  court,  convinced  uf  IV'tiri's  innocence,  and  inindfiiJ 
of  the  friendiv  intercession  wliich  i'enii  had  made  in 
his  behalf  with  Kin<r  James,  when  he  was  un  exile  in 
Holland,  oiri:reil  to  etnpKiy  Ins  interest  to  procure  hiin  a 
pardon  from  King  Williain.  Hut  the  dignity  of  IVnn's 
virtue  was  rather  elevated  than  depressed  hv  adversity  ; 
and  emulattng  the  nM^n^uiinitv  by  wliirh  bia  own  simi- 
lar kindness  had  been  formerly  rejecleil  by  Locke,  he 
deelart'd,  that,  as  he  had  doiie  noihiiii^  oLiinewortliy,  he 
would  not  consent  to  stain  Ins  reputation  by  accepiing 
H  pardon. t  The  retirement  thus  virtuously  preserved, 
contributed  no  less  to  the  refiiiemenl  of  his  cluracter 
Ihan  to  the  extension  of  his  fame  :  and  was  siiriialiscil 
by  the  publication  of  a  series  of  literary  porfonnauccs 
replete   with   learning,  genius,  and   mild   benevolence. 

In  a  sliort  time,  the  clouds  thai  had  gathered  around 
his  fortunes  began  to  disperse  ;  the  quak'Ts  brcatne 
completely  reconciloj,  and  as  much  attached  as  ever 
10  him  ;  and  the  good  otfices  of  Lord  Somers,  Locke, 
and  other  friends,  concurring  with  the  justice  of  his 
cause,  and  the  detection  uf  iinposinres  coniiuiited  bv 
one  of  his  accusers,  succeeib-'d  iii  im.leceivinj;  thr  Kiig- 
lish  court,  and  obvialid  every  pretence  for  coniinu.ng 
m  exclude  bim  from  the  enjoy  uifni  of  the  privilc^ics  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  charter  of  I  Viinsvlvaiiia.  A  roval 
warrant  was  accordingly  issued  lor  reiiisi.itinir  him  in 
his  proprietary  functions;  in  the  e^er^■l^e  of  vvhu-h  he 
proreded  forthwith  to  invest  his  kinsman,  M.irkliam, 
with  the  oirKC  of  deputy-governor,  of  Ins  whole  territo- 
ries— thus  .tjiiri  re-tuuiing  the  executive  adinuiisird- 
tion  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. t 


THE   HISTORY  OP 


Lcwer,  a  iiuaker,  tlm  fnuinl 
wtih  ilie  ri'si  of  the  s-Miety,  iirulrrh'nk  in  nuili 


i.f  l'-' 


■  ii>l  lr|tim 

■•r Ii.i. 

tliin  between  ihnii,  anil  for  ihio  piir|Hiitt*  tircw  up  tlii>  r<>lti<v\  lu); 
■|Hi|(i^y,  which  was  to  bo  lubscribcil  an.l  ilixtnliutril  by  Prnti : 
**  Il'any  thihili.  iliinH<;  tlie^e  late  reviiluii'Mis,  I  h:ivt>  i-<»irf>n.ri) 
niysetr,  ciihcr  t;y  Wiirils  iir  wniinirs  (id  l<iv«,  pity,  "r  t-'iMnlwill 
to  aiiT  III  (tiair«H!i),  fiiritier  than  ciHisi»it>(|  with  iriuli's  hoimr  nr 
llie  •:h'irch's  iif  are,  t  am  surrv  tiir  ii ;  nii<l  iht?  ynvt- niiiii-ni 
having  passeil  il  l>v.  I  di'sirtt  that  it  niny  li«  by  ynti  aiitii.'' 
Clarkscm,  i.  ^9.  Wbrtlitrr  tliix  npol>>L'y  was  pri'Xfiiu-il  or  imt. 
is  uukn'twi) :  but  a  recniciliiUion  touk  place  Hhurtly  alter  bu. 
lne«n  Penii  and  ibc  qnakers. 

t  This  was  ii«t  ttifi  only  point  nrHimilaniy  in  the  hinlonrs  nf 
itinsn  tlisniietiislieit  pnrsoiis.  B'Hh  bail  Iiokii  ihu  Jii|>r;4  nt  very 
bail  in«ri  (Uliiififiihiirv  anil  JamRM  (t.e  Hecmwl),  aiul  l»nih  «itt^ 
ferfil  uiijuiilv  t>>r  tlmii  cuinieximi  with  ihsin.  Both  wne  ex- 
pcllftl  fnim  tho  iiiiiverHity  of  Oxl'nrd. 

\  Prou.1.  I.  iitrt— 404.  Clarksnn,  377.  07.  Mr.  riarkson's 
•laleinents  thai  ihin  warrniu  wan  eiprfisseil  In  a  iiiarincr  parti- 
cularly rreilit'ible  In  William  Piuin,  iserrnneoiiii,  Thr*  nbairiirt 
he  ha:i  ifivfln  ot'it!i  import  is  e<]uiilly  so,  ami  shows  bim  tn  have 
bcsn  inislMil  by  Boin«  ileriirtive  ropy  of  tba  iostrinnuni,  whu  h 
tn  ri*ab'y  coiiinirnci-<l  in  ibm  inannfr: — "  Whtrtfas  tiptni  inliir- 
mvtinii,  thai,  by  rvaaon  *>(  nrHnt  ii.iMcai rinifes  in  thi;  govrr  i 
meni  ofoiir  provinrtt  orpirnnHyivnnia.  in  Ainenra,  anil  thn  nt>- 
lenrn  of  ihr  pr'>|»r'einr,  ttie  s.ium'  «as  flilli-n  inin  ibKorler  atnl 
iimfusion,"  m.c.     The  rtm-oii   a'^.-*iL''tfil    t.  r   ri'sioniit;  hiiii  is. 


CO]  III 


that  he  "  has^iveii  us  v''**"'  a.-t^uruiu-f*  that  hv  wilt  i.ikr  rnrf 
Ilia  ^fernment  of  uiir  Hnut  provinm  mtil  tvrritortta,  aiid  pro 
vMa  fur  tho  Mfeiyaiid  stH-uiiiythfreui." 


I  Pennsylvania,  memwhile.  continued  to  increase  its 
!  nopulation  with  snch  rapiJitv,  that,  uboiU  this  pt^riod, 
[ItiU.'iJ  the  number  of  inh.ibii.inis  (exclusive  of  negro 
slaves),  was  cstiiii.iled  at  Iwentv  thousand.  A  consi- 
tierahic  change  was  nltserved  soon  after  the  Kn;f|ish 
Revolution  in  the  characier  of  the  einigranis,  who, 
rliou^h  geniiriilly  res[ieet«M('  persons,  vet  showed  very 
plainly,  in  many  parts  of  their  conduct,  and  especially 
in  their  reluctance  to  embrace  the  measures  that  were 
proposed  for  mitigating  the  evils  of  negro  slavery,  that 
views  of  temporal  enrichment  had  much  more  power- 
fully inlluenced  them  in  resorting  to  Ai. 'erica  than  rc- 
I'^ions  zeal.  The  formality  of  a^)pare  aiid  simplicity 
of  niitiincrs  peculiar  to  the  cunstitutiors  of  the  .jnakors, 
served  to  purify  their  body  by  Cw. timing  its  attractions 
to  soher-mimled  men  ;  and  t  nforced  the  eiample  of  in- 
dustry ;  by  increasing  its  etl'cacy  m  conducting  to  a 
plentiful  estate.  Uiit  the  temporal  advantages  thus 
closely  associated  with  quakrr  manners  had  latterly 
tended  to  produce  a  practical  relaiation  of  the  strictness 
and  spirituality  of  quaker  principles,  and  to  adultentc 
the  motives  from  which  the  profession  of  thehc  princi- 
ples wrts  embnci'J.  The  attractions  of  Peniisvlvaiiia 
as  a  sanctuary  of  liberty  of  conscience  had  been  com- 
paratively diminished  to  the  Knglish  dissenters  by  the 
Uevoliition ;  but  its  attractions,  in  other  res|M*cts,  con- 
tinued unabated,  and,  by  the  widelv-ditruNed  iiillueiice 
and  correspondence  of  Peiin,  were  circulated  through 
all  parts  of  the  Itrilisb  empire  Already  miny  persons 
who  in  England  hud  found  it  ditlicull  to  gain  a  Itveli' 
hiiOLl,  bad  in  Ptrniisvtvania  nm.issed  estates,  to  the 
value,  S4)me,  of  inanv  thousands,  more  uf  inanv  hun- 
dreds of  pounds.  The  accounts  ihet  were  published  in 
Enolaml  of  iho  wages  of  bibor  in  Ihe  province  uliracted 
thither  a  considerable  number  of  persons  in  the  hum- 
blest  walks  of  life,  who  h.id  the  expenses  of  their  traiis- 
porlution  defrayed  by  tlu'  wealthier  iiidivuliials,  to  whom 
for  a  series  of  years,  they  eng.iued  themselves  as  hcr- 
vants.  Dot  the  improvement  in  the  condition  of  these 
peopl(>  was  so  r.ijiid,  that  a  want  of  biborers,  uiid  the 
exdrbitancy  of  the  watrea  that  wtre  necessary  to  retain 
free  men  in  that  coimIiiioii.  viere  coiiMiiiial  subjects  of 
complaint.  These  circuinstances.  concurring  with  the 
example  of  the  iieii;hborini»colouifs,  had  onginallv  intro- 
duced, and  now  contiuued  to  prolong,  thr  siibsi.<lence  of 
ni'gro  sl.iMTv  til  ilii'  province  ,  and  this  vile  instituttmi, 
by  dei;railini»  servitude,  and  rendering  it  n  coiidilion 
still  more  undesir,ibli'  to  free  men,  promoted  the  causes 
from  whii-h  iisetf  hud  arisen.  Il  rt^piired  more  virtue 
thtn  even  the  quakers  were  vet  capaltle  of  exerting  to 
di'lend  themselves  from  the  eoniagion  of  tins  evil,  ami 
to  induce  them  to  divide  ihe  produce  of  their  lands  vmiIi 
their  laliorers,  in  such  proportions  as  iniiiht  have  eiiabb-il 
them  to  employ  only  fiee  l.ibor  in  iheir  cn'.tiviilion 

liiiriiit;  the  inlerval  that  elapsed  between  the  resto- 
ration of  I'l.nu  to  hts  pro|iru-l  try  authority,  and  tus 
secoiul  visit  to  Ills  peiipje.  [  Ifi'Jii]  aninv  change  was  iii- 
tio'luecd  into  the  turin  of  ihe  provinnat  ciuistilutioii. 
Murkhain  h:ul  repc.itt'div  pressed  ilie  iisseinblv  to  uu- 
ih-nise  the  levy  nf  a  mhii  oi  moiuy,  to  hv  rruuiud  In 
(he  f^overiior  ut  New  Vmk,  lor  the  Mijtporl  ot  the  wur ; 
or,  as  It  was  decently  dei-lured.  b>r  tlit^  relief  of  the 
poor  Indians  ;  iind  Penii.  in  Ins  letters  from  Kiioluinl, 
ii.id  retniorceil  tins  applii.-utioii  bv  dechiniii,'.  thai  the 
preservation  of  the  proprietary  piverninent  would  as:am 
i)e  end.in^crcd  bv  ilieir  refusal  to  rouiply  wah  it  This 
appeared  to  the  asi^eiiiMv  a  l.ivoi\ible  opporiuniiv  of 
oblaiuing  a  cliani:e  wbu'h  they  had  loutr  ib'sired  to 
etrert.  Ill  the  diHinlMitiini  of  the  letiislative  hinrtions 
between  lliemselvi"*  and  the  governor  and  council  ; 
and  >stiowiiitt  pl.nnlv  liiut,  without  ihis  eipnvaleiil,  they 
were  determmeil  not  lo  wave  iheir  scinplesto  n  ci:n- 
tribiition  for  !it>stile  purposes,  ihev  ('oinpeIle<|  .Murkham 
lo  consent  to  im-  passing  of  a  new  act  >i|  •M'ttlcment, 
wlucli  formed  llie  third  /fUffic  or  chiirlrr  ol  liie  Peiin- 
sylvauiun  eoiistitittlon.  by  this  new  eonipact,  it  was 
provided,  that  from  each  county  there  tshouhl  be  chosen 
onlv  l^'-o  persons  to  represrut  the  peiiple  in  *-oimcil, 
and  four  as  ihen  representatives  in  nsseiiiblv  ,  (he 
council  lieiii^'  \^."*  '  duced  in  ni.iiiber  tiotn  eighteen  to 
twelve,  end  the  assembly  from  thirtv-six  lu  twenty  four. 
It  was  liirliier  slipubiied,  that  the  assemblv  should 
rcguUle  iisown  udjournmeiits,  and  shoold  he  no  longer 
conlined  to  a  simple  assent  or  negation  to  legislative 
propositions  ongmsting  with  the  governor  and  council, 
but  should  «iiaru  with  them  the  privilege  ol  preparin,' 
and  |)ropoAin<.'  laws  On  rec(i\ln^  tins  Imio>i,  die  as- 
sembly pasni  it  an  order  lor  raisuig  (lii'  sum  of  ll  ree 
hundred  pounils,  to  be  remilit d  to  tlie  iiDVernor ol  New 
York,  for  the  n-lief  of  the  dislreshcd  Indians  tui  the 
frontiers  of   his  province  *      (iovernor  Kleicner  wrote 

*  U  was  alniuit  at  the  sauie  ttiiic  that  Arclidate,  itio  tjuukvr 


following  year,  f  !C07J  declunnff 
•eil 


to   Markham  in   llu 

that  the  money  hud  been  failhfuily  ^ipplu-d  to  the  leeii 
lug  Olid   elolhiiii:  of  the    iiid:aus,  unil  tiesirini;  a  Iretth 
supply  (or  (.10  same  beiievtib-nt  piirposi;.     The  as.iem- 

bly,    iri    reply   to    (Ins    propositi desired    that    theii 

thanks  iiil^-ht  be  conveyed  to  I'letcher  for  "  his  regard 
and  candor  to  them'  m  applying  (heir  loriner  remit* 
taiicc  to  (ho  use  they  hud  miended;  adding,  that 
although,  for  the  present,  they  must  decline  (n  impose 
farther  burdens  on  the  province,  they  would  always  b« 
ready  to  observe  the  king's  further  cominands.  ''accord- 
ing to  their  religious  persuiiAions  and  abilities  "  Thus 
early  did  thoipiakers  experience  (ho  dilHculty  of  recon- 
ciling their  religious  )irmciples  with  the  admmislrutioa 
of  political  power.  It  was  but  n  few  yenrs  after,  when, 
in  answer  to  a  reipiisition  from  William  Penn,  in  (ho 
king's  name,  fora  sum  expressly  iuiended  lor  dm  erec- 
tion of  forts  and  batteries  at  New  York,  (he  Peiinsylva- 
nian  assembly  assrgnud  their  poverty,  and  the  purtiilily 
which  imposed  upon  iheni  ho  many  exaciioiiif  from 
which  olher  and  older  colonies  were  exempted,  as  (he 
only  reiisona  for  deferring  (o  comply  wiili  the  kiHg'a 
commands,  "so  far  us  their  aliil.ties  and  religious  per- 
suasions shall  permit."  This  nalro,  wineli  was  ulwava 
inserted  on  such  occasions,  for  (he  honor  of  quaker  con- 
sistency, never  prevented  the  qnakers  oi  i'eiinsylvaiiia 
from  contributing,  ns  the  subjects  of  a  miliiarv  tiovern- 
ment,  their  full  contingent  to  the  smevvs  of  war  In 
voting  grams  of  money  v.liich  were  expressly  de- 
inamted,  and  which  they  welt  knew  would  be  employed 
tM  impel  tlie  rage  of  war,  and  reward  the  lerociiy  of 
savages  whom  they  had  professed  (heir  an.Yious  desire 
to  convert  and  nvilize,  it  was  always  ulUntpted  by  (he 
substitution  of  some  other  alleged  piirptise,  to  shiti  the 
sin  from  themselves  lo  their  military  superiors,  or  at 
least  (o  draw  a  decent  veil  over  concessions  which  they 
could  neither  withhold  nor  avow.*  This  veil  was  not 
without  its  use,  if  it  contributed  to  muiiKam  umung  the 
Peiinsylvaman  quakers  that  respect  for  their  pacific 
tenets  winch  (hey  displayed  in  the  following  century, 
when  the  Knylish  <_V'^»^'f""tt'iit,  eiuleuvuriiitf  to  push 
them  into  a  still  more  active  and  nneipiivocareo-operu- 
tion  with  iniliiarN  measures,  they  sacriliced  to  their 
principles  the  possession  of  puhiical  povver.  To  the 
real  di-rehcti'-,i  oi  'dese  priiic.ples.  however,  which  was 
sutiered  to  gum  adnissioii  aiiioti;,'  them  under  the  cover 
ol  this  veil,  may  perliups,  in  part,  be  .isrribed  (hat  schism 
which  produced  the  seet  or  parly  of  l''irr  {^uakcra,  who. 
during  the  war  of  independence,  took  anus  against 
(ireat  Britain,  and  have  since  continued  to  proltss  the 
lawtulness  of  deb  n.-»i\e  war. 

UiiH-'Jl*  J  Tiie  cohmy  Cdiiiintied  to  glide  on  for 
.some  tune  in  a  course  of  (lunqiiil  prosperity,  inter- 
rop(ed  at  length  by  an  event  which  had  been  now  too 
Ion;.'  dtlcrred  lo  be  cap'ible  of  producing  ihe  benelicial 
consequences  which  iil  one  tune  were  tondly  expected 
lo  cuiue  from  It — (he  re'uru  of  the  proprietary  (o  lii.i 
Americtn  doinmions  On  this  second  occasion,  ac- 
coinpunied  by  his  tainity.  uiid  prolessuiir  his  iiilfiiliuii  to 
spend  tilt  leiiiaiiider  ol  his  tile  in  PeiiMsvl\;inia,  hia 
arnviil  was  ImiIciI  with  peiu-ral,  it  not  imitersul  satis* 
laclioii, — of  whieli  the  luilv  visible  abati-inent  was 
cita'ed  by  the  tirst  visiiatiun  of  that  dreaillul  epnlemic 
the  yellow  le\er  (since  so  Lilully  prevuleni)  at  Pliila- 
delphiu.f  Some  young  men  huving  ventured,  in  oppo* 
siiHui  to  the  coininautls  ol  the  magistrates,  to  salute 
the  proprietarv  on  his  arrival  with  n  dischai^ie  ol  arhU 
lery.  prrfurined  this  o|Mriitutn  so  Hwkrtaidly.  os  to 
occasion  a  se\eie  injury  to  tbemseUes  ,  which  Ihe  qua* 
kers  seem  to  li.ue  ret»Hided  us  a  piovidtiitiul  rebuke  of 
a  tnbult!  bo  unsuiiuble  lu  a  member  ol  ihetr  Irulermty. 
The  very  tirst  Irauoaetions  thai  took  plaee  between 
Penn  and  his  provincial  assembly  wen^  but  ill  ealcuKv 

jnvKrnor  of  turollna.  ii<(rnibic«il  into  ibis  provuurs  u  law  I'ur 
till)  liiriuuiliiii  i>f  a  iiiihtia. 

*  Dr.  trnnkiiti  hhmiUiiiin  an  iiistinicr  srinn*  yr.irr 'lO-'r,  nf  a 
rcipUNiuon  mUlrtiflsitil  to  ttir  SHKini-bly  of  i'm-.tHjl'.'.' !.i,  of  a 
ijraiit  ot  iifi'AHM)  loriho  pnrrhdfo  .►(  i.''..i.p'w.irr  .  :..  ubi.b  ihu 
UH.Hcinlily  rt'pliol,  tbui,  roiiHir<tL-iitly  Hitb  i(ni<ti*jr  p:ii.i-ip|f<>i. 
Ihey  I'oiilil  not  frunl  a  tnriliiii;,' tor  such  a  i ',i)>oHt>,  bur  had 
\olril  JCiOOO  lor  ibe  piirrlmsH  ol  iiraiii.  V..rh'tiM  iMi<iii-ice.i  of 
itrresHion  (o  wsr,  still  more  uiiumbi»runus,  itn  (be  j  ai*  o|  iht 
AmiTiraii  i|unkers,  are  rvlatrU  iit  Kalm's  Travels  m  Norih 
AiniTirn,  vol,  i, 

t  'riionias  Story,  an  .iiinent  nrrsrher  aiuonf  the  quitknrs, 
ufxl  nlterwitnls  rceunler  of  I'liiliololpbn,  ihnsilecriti^i  t)ie  Im* 
prflSHioi)  pTodiicril  by  (he  prcvulam  u  ol  tbis  i  pidrmir  ;— "(iruut 
vvuN  ttiu  iiiiit'tsly  and  haml  ot  the  LonI ;  i^rcat  was  the  frar  that 
fi'll  upon  nil  \\eA\  ,  1  shw  no  loiiy  i.;  tiiiy  coiiiituiiiintf ,  nor 
boanl  .iny  vsin  jcHiiiii;  In  ntove  iniui  to  btn^'hti^r  ;  nor  extrava. 
^Aiil  IfaHiiMC  tonxi'Ki'  above  incunurvtht*  liiKts  oltiie  rirvh;  i>ul 
fvt-ry  \.\rv  Ruihereil  paluiiess,  ami  iiiaoy  bfuns  worr  tnutitduil, 
atid  I'oiiotconni'rti  lullt* n  bikI  mntk.  u»  siirh  lliu  vvaifcd  nvery 
it.Mtiiriil  (■•  U- toiiiiiiionril  !ii  llii)  (mr  "  rroml,  %i»|.  i.  pt.  \i4. 
ilow  iltflerriu  ibM  imm  TbiiryUitlot'  iti^utTiptiou  ol  tbo  in- 
rr>'ti4itit  ttaitfiy  u.iil  priitliipwy '  ivaduceO  Irj  iba  jiloguu  ai 
Ailieus. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


835 


V,  mUT- 

now  too 

tuMietiiial 

liiry  H>  lin 

IMUIl,    liC- 
itflttlUtl  to 

iiiia,  Iii9 

T»a\  »ali8- 

uuMil   was 

k'[>H)t'inic 

at  riiiU- 

III  0|'P«- 

to  otilule 

I'  ol  uriil- 

illy,  or*  lf> 

h  (lir  nuu- 

rt'luiK*'  of 

triitiTtniy. 

htlwi  til 

ill    t-Hlclll.X- 


.<  ivlii.li  ihu 

|i:ii,i-ittlfn. 

xi>,  tint  hail 

iiMi»:ii'e4  uf 

II'  III'  ihf 

ill  Mnrih 

Oie  <itiiikitr^t 
nlj^ii  Uie  im- 

I  thr  Irfir  th;il 

ltrii;tlit«'.     iKir 

iicreumva- 
ihe  lli-*h;  tiul 
vre  liiLiiltlvil, 

wwanl  every 
111.   I.    |>.    iU. 

Ill    ti(    llio    lll> 

>tt   plaguu   at 


ted  to  promote  their  iiinitMt  Antinfarlion.  In  the  his< 
lory  of  soino  of  Iho  otlier  M'tllctncnl^  (and  particuldrty 
of  Curuliiia  ami  Ni-w  Vork.)  \vt'  li-ivt*  avui  tint'  the 
Amuncuii  sens  wire  iil  Huh  tiint'  iiiliHlcd  liv  pirulrM, 
whose  |tru(htral  fx|itn(!itiirt'  ol'  monrv  iiiiuniii  'ln'ir  ni- 
lerlanierfl,  atnl  wlinse  rciuiiiiL'!4»  tti  iitM>t  in  f<^a(lln^  tlit' 
ulinoxions  ai'lii  of  llavl^iltlor^  rt'cuininrndrJ  liinn  tnu 
BuccoKafiiHy  to  llir  coiiiKciianci-  uf  iiiatiy  uf  lliii  North 
Anit'rican  roIoriislH.  I'ciuisylvjnm  hid  not  uniMprd 
thia  rt-|tri>irh,  \\lii':)i  IViin  liad  ciiinnuinicMtrd  in  Irllcia 
to  tilt'  aBM'inlity  ;  hy  whom,  wlule  li»ws  wi-ri'  rcj'lily 
iMiuclid  ii^Dinitl  ihu  |iracticca  ini|Mit<Ml  to  ilirin,  procla- 
inaiiorift  hud  at  lh»  snme  lime  Imen  issued,  dfL-Uirnt|r  m 
the  vtrong^At  terms  liiat  (hi-se  Miiput>ilion.t  were  nit- 
foundi'd.  'I'hia  disajirernl»Ie  sulijert  wax  resniiied  nil' 
mi'dittely  afier  ihn  arnvnl  of  rerni  ;  and  ihoiiyh  the 
a:4aenit>lv  atill  t-oni|>Uined  of  llie  injustice  of  the  re- 
pnia(  h,  It  wtrt  found  neiesssirv  'o  ex|>e|  trout  il  one  of 
lis  memhers,  the  sou-in-lnw  of  ('oloiiel  M.irkh.iiu,  v\ho 
was  fiiis|UTled  of  itartieipatiutj.  or  at  le.isl  coiinleuanc- 
liij:  piracy.  Sidl  ninre  |iroiluelive  td' niie;iMiiess  were 
the  ap(>lu'ati»riH  which  I'niu  was  compelhil  hv  tlic 
Ilritiah  guveriHuenl  lo  address  to  Ins  asseiidily  for  lety 
mi;  moHRV  lo  he  expended  on  iiiititHry  o[ii'riilioiis  at 
New  York;  am)  which  were  answered  only  I'V  eoni- 
|iUiuts  ot  the  hardship  of  these  cx-ieiions,  and  proter'ta- 
lions  of  the  mabitily  of  the  province  lo  comply  with 
them.  Hut  the  most  signal  and  unhappy  disagreement 
thai  occurred  helwecn  l*fnii  and  the  ussemlilv,  arosr 
from  ihu  meiisures  which  hi;  now  sitjiyesled  lor  nnprov- 
in|»  tiie  treat mi'iit  of  ne^iro  slaies,  ami  correcting 
ahuses  that  iiad  occurred  m  the  inlercmirse  lietween 
the  colonists  and  ihe  Indians. 

It  waa  imposHihle  that  Ihe  evils  of  slavery,  ntid  the 
repui;nanet- ofsuLhan  miMUUau  nislilulion  lo  the  duties 
of  t^lnistuirutv,  which  IJa.xler,  Tryou,  and  other  writers 
had  already  pressed  upon  theattemiou  ol  the  prutestanl 
inhutiitants  of  <  'iiristendom.  couhl  escape  llit>  sense  ul 
those  heuev.>!i-nt  sectaries,  who  prott  ssed  (n  exhibit  a 
peculiar  cuiirormilv  to  the  nuldest  and  most  srlf  deny- 
mi;  precepts  dI  th(;  ^o^pcl.  When  (icors'e  Tox,  the 
louuder  til  this  sect,  paid  a  visit  (o  l)ariM<loi<s  m  1071, 
he  found  Ihe  ipnikiTs.  us  well  as  tlie  othi;r  white  inhatii- 
ijiilf,  in  p^^^se^slon  ol  slaves.  "  Itopectiuy  their  ne- 
groes," he  relates  amoii>r  ins  ottter  admo'iiltoiia  to  tlie 
(pnikiT  planters,  "  1  tlesirtd  lliem  to  endeavor  (u  train 
llieiu  up  m  the  fear  of  (iod,  :is  wvll  those  ihut  were 
liouyht  with  their  iitonev,  as  those  that  were  horn  Ml 
thint  lamihes  I  di-sired  iilso  lliat  they  would  cause 
then  overseers  lo  deitl  mildly  aird  ^eritlv  with  their  ne- 
f;roes,  and  not  use  cruelty  towards  them,  as  the  maimer 
of  some  hath  heeii  and  is  ;  and  tiiut  after  certain  yeard 
of  servitude,  they  shouhl  make  iSemlree  ''  llnw  con- 
Heienliunsly  the  ipiakers  complied  wiilt  this  adiiioiiilioii 
Is  Hpp-ireni,  from  a  law  passed  hy  iho  le;,'islrtture  of 
Darttudoes  live  years  alter,  coiumandmir  them  lo  desist 
fri>m  ^'ivin^  instrnetion  to  ne;(roes,  and  m  particular 
fioni  admitting  iheiii  lo  (heir  reii>iious  assemhlat;es  ;  t 
and  how  niai;nannuonsly  they  persisted  to  do  their  duty 
in  the  lace  ul  this  unchristian  command,  mav  he  infer- 
red tmm  an  enactment  of  the  same  le^ishiture  in  the 
foltuwing  yejr,  imposing  a  penallv  on  any  slupinaster 
who  slioidd  hnnL;  •>  ipiaker  lo  ilu>  inland.  'J'he  pin<te- 
eution  of  snc!i  measures,  and  the  adoption  of  a  similar 
policy  m  wthers  of  the  West  India  plantation<t.  suc- 
ceeded m  tlaul^hlnlJ  from  tin  sc  Kettiemenls  an  exainple 
whrcli  might  have  lieen  utieiuled  Willi  the  most  h.  ne 
ficial  conM-i|iiences  to  the  interests  of  ihe  plauliTs  and 
the  happiness  of  the  mx'roes  ;  ,uid  (Himpi'lled  many 
II  laker  planters  to  einiijrate  In  America,  wlu-re  tln-v 
hron;>hl  with  them  then  modified  opmioim  on  the  snii- 
jt  et  of  slavery.  Many  of  them  prohalilv  entt'rlaitied  the 
liiteutitui  {ti  an  entire  compliauce  with  the  aduutniiion 
ol  l''ox,  hy  si'tliiii;  their  negroes  at  liherlv  alter  certain 
yeary  of  wervitudp  ;  hut  this  purpose  was  easily  over- 
oowtired  hy  the   sophistry  and  tiMoptaiion  of  self-mie- 


•  Kin's  JitiirnnI  {S.!  i-.Iii.)  431  An  "nriiir  ami  mnre  un* 
eMtnprniniBiiii,'  reniRiniirc  in  niayfry  wits  niniti*  by  sniiio  of  tin* 
*l«»rf  y  >*f  ilir  rlmnh  ot  lloin«  Ai  Si.  Liti/,  in  ihi*  yrnr  lrto.1, 
the  ctUflirao'tl  .Ifsnjt  VIeyrn  ^rruplnl  icn  Irnni  ilur  pulpit  i"ti,?. 
Clare,  In  .n  roiicrrffatiiui  t.i  Hiavn  owihts,  thai  n-)  mnu  rnuUI 
hit!. I  a  n^^'r"  in  sl.iittrv,  wnlmul  ilt^viijiii:  hts  .twn  snul  to  eirr- 
iiitl  s)ioi-ry  in  hrll  Noiuhrv's  HintDry  ni  Rrnzil.  I'aii  II  cnn. 
3tt.  Thii  ilisfMurflf,  which  Sir.  So;  they  has  prr^crvnt  at  full 
leiiu'th.  ii.  [I'M  haps,  the  in  ist  I'lcvjui'iii  and  (siw^-rlul  ilt*nmicia. 
ii-.n  ni  ihf  "VMi'in  (ii  slavery  that  ever  was  uinTfil  nr  wrii|t>n 
by  piii'Mi  nr  layiiinit. 

t  0(.lniix.>n.  vnl  il.  p.  3)».  Thff  prniUilhlf.  nf  this  tnw  sfli 
Pirili.  iliiii  "  Whcrwas  mmt\y  nmirnes  have  hi-m  suJli-rfrl  in  if. 
nidlPi  ai  Itir  iiU'Slhlit  nl  -^i.^ki Tfl  us  hfiircrs  <>t'  thrir  ilnririnp, 
aiij  lamrlu  in  ilifir  prmnplfs,  wherrhv  ih-'  .<ofiMy  nf  tins  .ithiml 
ir-av  hi'  tu«  ii  ^  i#iiith*it,"  Jkc.  We  Anil  ihi>  h'ttlslnnirs  u(  ]\  ir 
bailm'<,  «t.  hiui<ln<d  Htiri  flfty  years  sOit,  rniictiiiif  ••iiiiilHr  lawr* 
o^iust  ih«  mpihisltst  (•ft'-hcra  .-iml  preachers,  and  tlerhuini' 
ihut  Cieir  UuclrtUH  Wtin  ItUod  tu  turn  iha  world  uiwtvla  down. 


rest,  thtj  contasrion  of  general  cLiinple,  and  the  influ- 
ence ofliahit  in  hlnntini;  the  feehnt^s  of  hnmanilv- 

Hv  his  aci]uisiiion  of  the  Dehiware  territory,  it  is 
proliahJe  that  l*emi,  on  coming  to  the  possession  of  his 
.\tnerican  doinnins,  found  the  system  of  iiei>ro  slavery 
already  established  wilhm  them.  iJiirin^  his  tirst  visit, 
it  appears  that  a  few  nrgroeswero  imporied  into  IVnii- 
aylvania,  and  were  purchased  hv  the  ^piakera,  as  well 
na  the  other  aeltlers.  While  the  scarcity  of  lahorera 
enforced  the  lemptation  to  this  practice,  the  kindneas 
of  qnaker  maimers  contrihuled  lo  soften  its  c\il  and 
veil  its  ini<piity  ;  and  il  w:is  not  till  the  year  1G88, 
that  the  repugnance  of  slavery  itseU,  however  disguised 
tu  the  tenets  of  < 'hnsiianitv,  was  first  siij;i;csted  lo  tlio 
Pennsvlvamaiis  by  ihc  emigrants  who  had  resorted  to 
them  from  <ierin»ny.  Whatever  taint  the  pracllee 
ol  ihe  (piakers  ini<'lit  have  derived  from  iiuman  iiitir- 
mitv.  they  were  siill  anxious  as  a  body  lo  mainlam  the 
theoretical  purity  of  their  principles;  and  accordmiiiy, 
111  compliance  with  the  sunuestion  of  the  (iermaiis.  a 
resohitiuu  declaratory  of  tins  nndeniaM(>  trnlli  was 
pasfed  III  the  same  yci-.r,  by  ihe  annual  tmetiiiii  of  the 
ijuakers  of  Pennsylvania.  Tlu-  etlcct  ol  Uiis  li-enerons 
hnmaize  to  religions  trulli  and  tin;  ri>;lits  of  human  na-  ! 
tnre.  however,  was  not  earned  bevond  a  practical  ex-  i 
emplion  of  ihe  slaves  of  tlie  ipiaker-*,  from  i\\\>  not  m- 
ev'lablv  inherent  in  the  sysleni  of  lt(UMl.ii»e,  (Jeor^e' 
Keiih,  as  we  have  seen,  nnde  an  atiempt.  in  Kt'J*^,  to  1 
l>riui»  ihc  practice  of  his  fellow  sectaries  into  a  closer  > 
ai  cnminoilalion  to  their  theory  Hut  his  violence  and  | 
irre^Mihiri'y  were  not  calculated  to  recouunend  Ins  die-  , 
la'es  lo  yeneril  esteem  ,  ami  the  increasiiiy  number  of  I 
the  sl,tvi-s.  tnjicther  with  the  diver.*ilies  of  rtiar.ieter 
amoni;  the  colonisls  (lo  which  I  h.ive  already  adverted), 
rendeied  tlie  emancipation  of  tin*  iiet»roes  mcreiisinulv 
improbable.  In  tlie  ytar  lt>iltl,  ihe  anuual  mectmi;  of 
the  I'ennsvlvaman  ipiakers  repealed  their  former  de- 
I'aralion,  afUliiii;  to  it  nn  earne>t  admonition  to  llie 
menduTs  of  their  societ\',  to  relVaiii  from  alt  farther  im- 
porlatioiis  of  iie^fro  staves  ;  but  no  other  immediate  ef- 
fect seems  lo  liave  resulted  from  this  measure,  ilian  an 
mcreasid  concern  for  the  wellare  of  the  m'i»ioes,  who 
111  some  instance!)  were  aduutled  to  attend  divine  wor- 
tJnp  in  the  same  mecLing-huusus  wiili  iheir  ipiuker 
masters. 

Oil  his  second  arrival  in  America,  [1700]  Penn 
srems  very  soon  to  have  perceived,  ihat  from  the  varie- 
ties of  character  amon}f  Ins  colu. lists,  and  the  inevilablr 
tendriicv  of  absolute  power  'o  abuse,  the  iiciiro  -l.ivcry 
ot  Pennsylvania  loo  much  resembled,  in  some  umtai.eeH, 
the  fea'nres  of  the  same  in»tilntion  m  <>  her  places. 
lie  was  morlitied  with  the  discovery,  at  the  same  time, 
of  numerous  frauds  and  tibiises  that  dist'inced  the  cliu- 
rai  hr  of  the  colomsis  in  iheir  trallic  wilh  the  lndian.4. 
Wall  the  view  of  providing;  a  niiU'dv  lor  both  these 
evils,  he  presented  to  tiie  assembly  three  bills  Hliich  he 
had  himself  prepared  ;  the  lint,  for  n  ^ulaliuu  the  morals 
and  marriages  of  the  iieirnw  »  ;  tlie  second,  for  reyulal- 
iii;;  the  Irials  arid  [uiinshmenls  of  the  ne>^roes  ;  and  the 
third,  lor  pre  entm^  abuses  and  fr)<uds  upon  the  Intliins. 
Tlu'  asseml'ly  instantly  ne^.Mlived  tlie  fust  and  last  of 
lln'<e  lulls  ;  acceding  only  to  that  »hicli  related  to  the 
trial  and  the  punishment  uf  their  slaves  No  account  is 
transmitted  ol  any  dlscn^ston  or  dt  bale  on  ihi'  bills 
which  wffe  rejected  ,  and  indeed  it  is  probable  ihat  the 
astcmbly,  m  ihis  instance,  were  t^lad  lo  conline  lliem- 
Bcl.es  to  the  ancient  tormu'a  of  >iinply  approving*  or 
rejecting  ihe  lulls  pr(;senleil  lo  thenn  IJvit  it  is  said  hy 
one  of  the  luo^raplu'is  of  Pi  iin.  that  llie  feelings  ol  the 
uio|irietary  received  a  coiivnI>ive  (*hoik  (Ui  ihe  occaMon. 
lie  had  iiidet  d  lu'en  unai.inuuislv  ^uppoiteil  tiy  his 
couiicil,  \%htch  consisted  enlin-lv  of  <pi.d<ers,  in  pro- 
posiiid  ''"■  '"'Is  ;  but  he  h  id  seen  tluiii  dceisivelv  ne- 
gatived by  an  a^selllbIy.  of  which  a  jjreat  inajorilv  con- 
sidled  of  persmis  of  the  same  reh^iioiiK  pi  rsiuiMon. 
'riu>n^li  disappoitili  il  nf  the  mure  exleusiM*  inlleencc, 
which  as  a  political  lei.'i»laior  lie  had  hoped  lo  exercise, 
he  was  vet  able,  in  Ins  ecclesiahtical  inimstrv  amony 
the  ipiakers,  to  introduce  into  their  discipline  regula- 
tions and  practices  relative  to  the  purpo.>es  tif  ihe  re- 
jected lulls,  the  spirit  of  whicli,  al  least,  was  bv  the  ex- 
ample  of  tins  powerful  sect  forcibly  rrcoimuei.ded  lo 
yeneral  imitation.  Mmilhlv  meetnius  were  euacled 
aiiionn  the  (piakers,  lor  llie  n  l't:iou.s  an.l  moral  educa- 
tion of  their  neiiio  slaves  ;  and  regular  conferences 
were  arrau^fed  wiili  the  Imliaus.  tor  comiiiumcatinir  to 
them  whatever  in>tructioii  they  could  hv  prevailed  on 
to  accept.  Penn  linally  j'jIiMned  leave,  or  at  least.  , 
took  It  upon  himself  to  make  ii  tre.i'v  v\ilh  the  Indtaiis,  [ 
bv  which  tliev  ai  kuowledu'cd  lliemselves  sulijects  of  the 
llritish  crown,  and  amenable  lo  llie  provincial  laws  . 
and  hy  which   cerlam  lA^uLiionii  wi  re  prestribcd,   lor. 


preventing  frauds  ti|ion  them  in  their  commorcial  deal- 
ings with  the  white  population. 

Phns  was  cherished  m  tlie  ipiakcr  society  a  principle 
which  about  fifty  years  after  obtaim-d  the  signal  Irinmph 
ol  prcicnnng  emuncifialion  to  all  the  negroes  in  Ame- 
rica belonging  to  ipiakers  ;  and  ihtis,  meanwhile,  was 
cherished  m  the  general  body  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Ponn\\lvama  a  sense  of  what  was  due  to  the  elaims  o( 
human  nature,  which  obtained  for  the  slaves  in  this  pro- 
vince a  treatment  far  kinder  and  more  equitable  itiaii 
they  enjoyed  in  any  other  of  the  American  stales. 
Notwithstanding  the  encouragement  alForded  by  the 
British  government  to  ihc  im|iortation  of  negroes  into 
all  the  American  sclllements,  tha  slaves  in  Pennsvlva- 
nia  never  formed  nmre  th:.:i  a  very  insignificant  fraction 
of  the  whole  population  of  the  province.  Slavery  sub- 
sisted longer  in  Uelawarc;  and  the  slaves  in  this  set- 
llement,  ihough  not  numerous,  were  rather  iiioi'o  so 
than  in  the  larger  province  ol  Pennsylvania  * 

In  addilion  to  the  other  disagreeable  impressions  of 
which  his  seciuid  vi.>it  to  America  liad  been  productive, 
William  Penn  had  now  llie  mortihcaticn  of  witnessing 
a  revival  of  the  jralinisies  between  Delaware  and  Penn 
svlvama,  and  liie  tnellicdcy  uf  all  his  eiTorls  to  promolo 
a  cordial  union  between  the  inhabitants  of  liiesi-  coun- 
tries. As  a  remedy  for  their  mutual  dissalislaclion,  ho 
had  prepared  a  change  in  tlie  frame  of  governmtnt : 
bill  the  adjustment  of  this  compact  tended  rather  lo  in* 
tlaiiie  ihaii  ullav  the  existing  <lispntps.  lie  eii(h'a\ored 
to  defer  the  extremity  to  winch  their  di.-pntes  inaiii- 
tVsilv  tendeil,  by  various  acts  of  conciliation  towarda 
ihe  weaker  and  more  jeulons  parly,  and  particularly  by 
convoking  at  Newcastle,  the  melropolis  of  I)elaware, 
another  assembly,  which  was  held  in  ihe  t  lose  of  thia 
vear.  Itnl  although  be  succeeded  alter  nntny  etlortt 
III  obtaining  Irum  this  as.-^emhty  a  subsidy  tor  the  sup- 
port of  his  i>i)\ernmeiit,  and  nuide  some  proi^ress  in  ar- 
ranging \vnh  ibem  the  lerni.<  of  a  new  charier  i.r  fraino 
of  i^DM'rnnieiit,  the  mutual  jealousies  hetwcen  the  twu 
seillenunls  were  display  d  with  such  umeaerve.  that  in 
almost  every  lopi.- of  coiisideniiion,  the  Delaware  re- 
pr<  senlali\es,  tu  a  man,  votetl  exactly  the  reverse  uf 
whote\er  was  propi-std  or  approved  by  the  Pennsylva- 
nians.  The  subsidy  amounted  to  '.11)00/.  of  which 
l.'')7:i/.  was  the  propnrtnm  irnposid  upon  IVnnsylvania, 
and  tint  remainder  upon  1  U  law  are.  It  was  uiivmm',  ptr- 
lia|is,  of  Penn  to  in\ile  his  people  to  the  aecrpiance  uf 
a  new  social  compact,  at  a  lime  when  they  were  so 
much  heated  by  mutual  jealousy,  and  when  the  union 
between  the  two  settlements  was  e\  idently  so  preca- 
rious. It  utVordetl  a  pretext  not  long  after  for  laxinf» 
hmi  wilh  (onverting  the  prMic  distractions  to  hia  own 
ad\antage,  and  etleciuaitng  devices  for  tlie  enlargement 
u{  his  own  power,  winle  the  minds  of  his  people  wero 
too  iniieh  occupied  [1701]  with  their  mulinil  dibseii- 
sions  to  perceixe  the  drift  ol  his  pnipositions. 

Hill  Penn  had  now  deiermmed  again  to  have  .'uim*- 
rica,  and  relnrn  to  Kn^laml  ;  and  wlule  be  naturally 
desired  lo  have  some  frame  of  {jovernmenl  tinallv  esla- 
bliKlied  bebire  his  departure,  hts  recent  experience  Itad 
donbilesij  impressed  limi  with  the  conviction,  that  an 
I  \ienMon  uf  his  own  authority  would  render  (lie  consli- 
luiixu  more  suh»er\ieiit  to  the  wiltare  ot  tiie  pi  oplc, 
and  'itl'ord  a  In  t  r  si  opi*  to  the  promotion  ot  views,  and 
the  exertion  ol  inllucnce,  which  must  alwavs  he  iinpar- 
tiallv  directed  to  ttie  general  advantage. 

In  the  hi!*!  asseinblv,  which  he  hi  Id  before  his  depar- 
tuie,  he  had  occasion  lo  exert  all  lll^  autliority  ai.d  ail- 
dress  lo  pn  vent  tlu^  repre>eiitalive?  of  Delaware  and 
PeiiU^vlvaiiia  trom  coming  to  an  open  rnpMire,  and  also 
lo  guaid  his  own  luli  resi^  in  the  sale  and  li  ase  of  vacant 
lands,  from  an  atleinpt  ul   ihe  assembly    lo    exercise   ii 


Itha 
.  II.  p. 


*  I'r I.  V  >l.  i  p.  4'.';i.  4'.<H-4:i-J.     (  hirk^^ni.  m  Aliniin..ii 

Shut- Ti,ii!c,  v.. I  I.  |i  VM,  UiT.  llml.  Liie  ni  Pchii,  v<.| 
Jis.  -J  11'.  2'J.>.  TVii.n  rlniham,  vnl.  n  p.  417.  Wiodfi 
p.  Ii!l.  I^.T.  In  till-  rniirM'  "I  In-  iiuulMfiifd  hiliotn  HI  lliit  nine, 
iviiii  viKHPil  hiN  iinaker  hrciliri-n  iii  Maryluiul,  amt  appniis  m 
hiive  t'Ci'ii  rrci-ived  in  a  titrti'lly  iiiainier  liy  liin  anrieni  advL-r- 
!4iiry  I.nrd  l)uttini>>ri-,  n  hn  vviih  lu''  holy  accoinpanH-il  liiai  i<>  a 
i|iiiikcr  tnerrliii/.  l*i-nii  rcLTftted,  !'nr  Ihe  sakn  o(  his  nnhle 
cu)n|)aiiiiiM>i,  llini  Iht!  Irrvnr  nl  th«  iiiectini,'  had  siilmided  lietiue 
(lii'ir  I'htrHittii ,  ami  hiity  Baltunore  declsreil  hi-iafU'  disap. 
(•miiteil  ol  the  uivemitui  she  had  expected.  He  had  uUu  v*. 
iiniiA  iiiteM  lews  wilh  the  Indians,  who  iisletied  In  hun  wil- 
Itiidv  u^  I  'Use  »)  he  roniuied  hnuseir  lu  |it'ii-ral  udut>inhx  to 
relitiini).  Hut  when  tie  desired  on  one  m  casion  to  duett  tlioir 
minds  m  Iho  search  of  an  inteinal  uiHnire<-iaiinii  ol  tlie  Ke< 
deenier  ol  the  human  race,  tiis  interpreli'r declared  that  lliite 
were  mi  words  in  the  Indian  toutjuu  tliat  uerv  capuliiu  iti  c^u* 
vevuiR  sn,-li  a  tuamn. 

Tn  I'emi  liluisell,  Ihe  In.lians  veiv  readily  pant  a  dontre  of 
lexpecl.  wlmh  tliey  reluMd  t"  entund  lo  his  niiitu  us  lerieli. 
Manv  oniieintiphrvedlum  alien  not  n  (iHilieroidiM  llian  tin  lest 
ol  iiiunkind  ;  "  mti  could  lliev  lor  a  Inii^;  tune  credit  Ihe  m-.vh 
,.i  1. :<*deatli.  not  helievuiB  hnii  suImh  t  to  ihe  nccuh-iilv  c,  im. 
ttiTv.'*  FarinrrN  Viuw  ut  the  Pulic)  uf  Ureal  Urilaln,  «r, 
lA    LI    r.Ol.)i>.  00. 


THE   HISTORY  OF 


a 


i: 


1  \m\ 


control  over  thcin.  A  ureal  many  Uwi  wero  passed  ;  I  <^nivc(l  of  m  project  of  llio  En^^iiuli  iniinstt^rs  to  aUolDih 
of  winch  the  riioitt  miurkalile  wvtv,  f>ir  thr  I'aulihhh- 1  h!|  iho  propriciurv  jiiriHdu-iioiiA  m  North  Aiitunc.i,  and 
mrnl  uf  n  post-ollico,  fur  the  jMiin.Hhiiieiii  uf  thi;  vie  a  of  I  iht>  itui-enHiiy  »('  hii*  own  ii|i|M'iirdii('L>  m  KiijjUiiJ  to  op- 
•coliliiig  and  dniiikoiiuciift  ;  for  rparr<iiiiin^  the  prji-tico  |  puMC  u  proci-rdiii^  so  dr ni^ratorv  lo  hia  ttitureiit .  but  as 
of  dnnktii^  hf alths,  and  for  thn  dcHirurtioii  of  wulrnA.  i  lie  foinid  on  Inn  arnvul  ni  ihi!f  couri'ry,  llui  the  moanurti 
But  iho  mo«t  nnportant   prociTdni<{  on   ihm   orcaKion  I  had   hern  ubundoncMl,  and  vet  nuvcr  a^ani  returned  'o 


wns  tho  enactrurnt  of  thn  new  c-h<irier  or  franir  of  ^o- 
vornincnt,  vvhicli  Peiin  finally  tendered  Ui  the  a.sat'rnhly. 
and  prevath-d  with  six  parts  in  seven  of  llut  body  to 
accept,  and   even   thankfully   acknowledge,      liy    this 


Aniencii,  ii  seems  very  nntikelv  llut  iIih  was  the  sole 
or  even  the  chief  rftii-on  tor  his  conduct.  The  diaiuree- 
inentH  that  hid  taken  place  between  hinis<.'lf  and  Ins 
colonisiM,  hud  rendered  their  iniercourHC  far  less  salt^ 


charier,  it  was  provided  (in  conformity  with  the  frame    factory  than  he  could  have  desired,  and  induced  hiiii  to 


of  1096)  that  an  assembly  should  be  annually  choHcn 
by  the  freemen,  to  consist  of  four  persons  out  of  each 
county,  or  of  a  greater  number,  if  the  guvernoL'  atid  aa- 
•uiiddy  should  so  i^^rec  ;  th;it  this  asHcmbly  fhould 
choose  I's  own  oiricors,  and  be  the  gujc  phizes  of  ibe 
f}iuIiticalions  and  elections  of  the  ine:abei>;;  tiiut  il 
should  prepare  bili.s,  impeach  crniitnulf,  and  redress 
grievances  ;  and  poKncso  all  'lie  oilier  [^uwcr8  and  privi- 
|i*^'es  of  an  assembly,  according  to  the  righrs  ot  the 
freeboni  aubjects  of  tlnglamJ,  and  (iie  customs  iihsHrvd 
in  any  of  the  king's  plantations  in  America.  The  go- 
vernor was  empowered  to  summon,  prorogue,  and  dis- 
solve  ihe  assembly  ;  to  noinin-jte  hi«  council  ;  to  dis- 
charge sii'jily  tho  whole  executive  funclions  of  govern- 
ment, and  to  shure  the  legislative,  by  atlirnung  or  re- 
iectnig  the  bills  of  ihe  assemhiy.*  It  was  declared  that 
liberty  of  conscience  should  be  inviulahly  preHcrved  ; 
that  Christians  of  every  denommation  should  be  cpiati- 
lied  lo  fill  (he  ofltcera  of  government ;  and  tlial  no  act 
or  ordinance  should  ever  be  made  to  alter  or  duninifth 
the  form  or  eirrci  of  this  diurter.  without  the  coumcuI 
of  the  governor  for  the  tune  being,  and  six  parts  m 
seven  of  the  as.tembty.  Uut  as  it  was  now  plainly  fore- 
seen that  llie  rrpresentativea  of  the  province,  and  those 
of  tho  tt-iritories,  would  not  long  continue  lu  unile  in 
legislation,  ii  was  provided  that  they  bhould  he  allowed 
to  separate  within  lliree  years  from  tliedate  of  tiie  ciiar- 
tcr:  a'ul  should  enjoy  the  !«aine  privdeges  wiieii  sepa- 
rali'd  as  when  connected.  In  the  exercise  ol  the  new 
tiillionty  tliufl  invONlcd  m  himself,  l\nii  proceeded  to 
nominate  a  councd  of  slate,  to  consult  wiili  uiid  assist 
tht  governor  or  his  deputv,  and  to  exercise  Iiih  func- 
tioiH  in  c«se  of  his  death  or  absence.  The  oil'ue  of 
depiity-goveruorf  he  bcpiowed  on  Colonel  Andrew 
Ilunnlion,  who  hod  formerly  been  governor  of  New 
Jersey. 

One  of  tlie  last  acts  which  he  performed  before  his 
departure,  the    incorporation,  by  charier,  of  the  city  o( 


supply  (he  inadefpnicy  uf  his  own  personal  intluence  by 
a  large  addition  to  Ins  political  power;  and  from  the 
numerous  demands  of  the  Uritish  government  for  con- 
tribuiious,  in  aid  of  military  purposes,  it  was  manifettt 
that  this  power  must  bo  frequently  exurlod  for  the  at 
tamment  uf  objects  which,  as  u  professor  uf  quakerism, 
he  could  purttu**  witli  more  decency  and  more  vigor  by 
tho  micrventtun  ot  a  deputy,  than  by  his  own  peisonal 
agency.  The  disa^rr'^eablfl  lidmg»  that  pursued  him 
from  America  must  have  increased  his  aversiun  to  re 
turi<  ihiilier;  and  ihi;  favoi  bo  enjoyed  with  tpiecn 
Anne  on  her  accession, fI70Uj  perhaps  r'-awakened  the 
viewA  and  hopes  (bat  had  led  him  once  before  lo  prefer 
the  courtly  Hhadcrt  ot  Kensington,  to  the  wild  woods  of 
Pennsylvania.  Ifis  alteiidance  at  court,  ho;\ever,  was 
soon  iniorrnpied  by  the  perplexity  and  embarraxsmcnl 
ut  his  private  aHaira  (arising  from  the  fraud  uf  his 
steward),  which  compelled  hiiii  lo  mortgage  his  Ame- 
rican territory  :  and  the  same  cause,  concurnng  with 
increased  disfteniiiona  between  hini  and  the  colunists, 
induced  him  subbccpienlly  to  bargain  with  the  I3riiitth 
government  for  a  sale  of  his  proprietary  fnnctioiis  ■ 
The  completion  of  the  bargain,  however,  was  preven- 
ted by  his  deaili.  whicii  traimmitled  the  proprietary  go- 
vernment to  his  descendants,  by  whom  it  waa  enjoyed 
till  the  period  of  tliu  American  revolution. 

JVnn  had  scarcely  ipiilted  America  when  (ho  dis- 
()ntes  hriwein  (he  province  ami  the  lerritorieH  l)roke 
forth  with  greater  bitterness  than  ever.  The  Uelawure 
representatives  protested  against  the  charter;  and,  ru- 
liiHing  to  tilt  III  the  same  assemblv  with  the  I'eiinsylvu- 
niaii  representaiives.  chose  a  separate  plico  of  meet- 
ing hir  lliein.srlves  in  i'biladelphia.  Alter  conlinuing 
for  some  lime  to  indulge  their  jealous  humor,  and  lo 
enjoy  whatever  satisfaction  they  could  liiid  lu  Me|mrate 
legislation,  [1703J  th*  y  were  persuaded  by  tlic  suc- 
cessor of  llannlion,  (Joveiiior  Kvaiiv  (wlio  was  much 
nore  agreeable  (o  thiun  than  lo  the  people  of  J'eimsyl- 


Philadelphia,  has  been  justly  charged  with  great  ilhbe-  |  vunia.)  to  evince  a  more  reasonable  temper,  and  to  pro 
rainy  ;  though,  according  to  the  apology  that  has  been  |  pose  a  reunion  with  the  I'cniisvlvaiuan  assembly.  Uit 
■iiggpsled  for  it,  the  blame  ninst  be  divided  helweeujlhis  body,  piovoked  with  the  reIVacturnlC^s  which  tho, 
himself  and  others.  liy  this  charter,  he  nommaled  the  Delaware  repretsenlatives  had  already  displ.iyed,  now  i 
first  mayor,  recorder,  atdermtn,  and  common  cuoncit- 1  relnstd  lo  lisieii  to  their  overtures  of  reeonciliation.  i 
men  of  the  city  ;  and  among  other  privilegis  and  fraii-  I  'I'he  breach  thus  became  iriepar.ilile,  mid  in  the  billow- ' 
chisca,  empowered  them  to  elect  iheir  suceesiirtrs  in  lug  year  [  I7t)lj  tlie  separale  legislature  of  Dtlaware 
utiice,  ami  even  to  increase  their  own  number  at  plea-  was  permaiienlly  otahtihlud  at  Newcastle.  In  addi- 
sure.  The  cuy  lands  were  granted  to  litem,  by  the  lion  lu  (he  tidings  ol  thcsi'  prolonged  di>agreeineiits 
■tyh^  of  the  inavor  and  coininonalty  of  the  city  of  Phila-  <  and   tiiial  rufilure    between  tlie  two  seliteiiients,  1 


delphia  ;  hut  tlie  comnioiialty  had  no  nliare  m  llie  go- 
vernment or  e>late  of  liie  citv  ;  ilie  civic  lunctiotiaru's 
being  self-elective,  and  nnl  acccuirilable  lu  their  lillow- 
ciiizcns  in  any  respect.  It  lias  been  Kuid  that  'his  mu- 
nicipal cuiistitutioii,  which  was  copied  Iroin  the  charier 
of  the  town  of  HriHlol  in  Kngland,  was  accorded  b\ 
IVnn  to  the  desires  of  ccriaui  ot  his  coluiusts  who  were 
natives  of  that  place  ;  and  it  is  admil'ed  that  the  ttinc 
liunaries  wiiuin  lie  himself  nuined.  were  men  of  inleg- 
ritv  and  alulitiea.  lint  ibe  possession  ul  power,  dive^e- 
ted  of  control  anil  responsibility,  produied  lis  usual 
•fleet  on  this  corporate  body  ;  and  the  abuses  engen- 
dered by  its  adinmistraliun,  were  from  a  very  early 
;M>riod  a  coiitinual  theme  of  discontent  and  complaint 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  and  the  provincial  assem- 
bly. Hiving  tinished  these  proceedings,  and  once 
more  renewed  a  fr;cndly  league  with  the  Indians,  IVuin 
commuiucated  (a  his  people  an  adieu,  friendly  uud  he- 
nevolenl,  but  far  less  alt'eclionate  than  his  birmcr  vale- 
diction ;  and  embarking  with  his  family,  returned  to 
Kngland. 

The  only  reason  that  Penn  assign'  d  to  his  people  for 
this  second  departure  was  the  intelligence  be  had  re- 

*  Mr.  i;U[k.<tofi  hai  mniltetl  to  notice  thin  inipurtaiit  intiova- 
lion,  III  hii  almtract  el  their  charier.  l)r,  Franklin  im  hi.« 
]Ii'>loric&;  Reviow,  i* ,)  runipariiig  n  with  the  corre«|Muniiiin 
tniiuvatiun  iii  favni  of  the  assembly,  admits,  that,  "  iiixm  tint 
•*hrh>  •'■'■ '- 


was  harassed  by  coniplainlji  against  the  go\eriiinenl  of 
Kvuns,  whose  exertions  lo  prumole  u  iniliia,  thouglj 
they  rendered  bun  populir  iii  I-'otavvare,  made  him 
oihous  in  Penns\lvaTiia.  Diruhng  the  paciuc  scruples 
ol  the  .pukera,  [l70(ij  Kvans  falsely  proelaniKd  ihe  ap- 
proach of  u  hostile  ii'vasiun,  and  invileil  at!  ^ho  wore 
wijluig  to  join  luiii  to  take  arms  agutn^i  ihe  enemy 
.V  tew  indivubuils,  and  u.uong  ihchc,  lour  i^utikers, 
dujied  by  tins  stratagem.  Hew  lo  arms,  ami  prepared  lo 
ir,icl  (lie  (hft  ateiied  allack.  Hut  tile  chief  etiect  oi  the 
proclainaliun  wa.^  lu  canst:  maiiv  |h  rsons  to  bury  the.: 
plate  and  money,  and  to  lly  from  tlieir  homes  ;  and  the 
detection  ul  the  lalseliood  was  followed  by  an  mipeach- 
ineiil  ol  the  governor,  and  of  Logan  the  secretary  ot 
the  province,  who  though  innocent  of  accession  to  the 
Iraud,  made  himsLlf  suspected,  by  endeavoring  lo  pail. 
ale  llie  gudi  of  it.  Peiiu,  however,  sujiported  thcfic 
accuaei!  otliefrs,  and  thereby  increased  the  displeasure 
that  waa  beginning  to  prevail  m  the  province  against 
lumselt.  !le  was  now  very  little  disposed  to  look  wuh 
lavor  on  the  proceedings  of  Ihe  luhabiiants  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  who.  no  lunger  engrmi'td  with  their  dispute* 
wiih  the  people  of  Delaware,  began  to  scan  with  very 
dissatiNhed  eyes  the  whole  course  of  his  proceedings 
with  respect  to  themaelves.  The  assembly  of  Pennsyl- 
vania not  only  assailed  hiin  with  repeated  demands, 
...  that  the  nuit-renta    which  he  deemed  his  own  private 

than  roinJIaiiTt"  "'"'"  '*"'*'*""  ""  "^"""^'''^S-ueuls    estate,  should  bo  appropriated  to  tbo  support  of  the  pru- 

t  No  ineiUinii  ii  made  nf  the  rnyal  n|>probatt()n  of  this  ap* '  ^'"'^"^1   goveriuiieiit,    but   transmitted  to  liim  a  renion- 

poimment,  whiih  iseipressly  retr'rred  h)  til  the  ai.(M(iMiiiietu  istrance,  entitled   Ucaih  of  Cctnolaint,  in  which  they 

qttMilc  now  lliat  III  llie  U'tiiiK  ijuvi'riiciri  111  lliu  |jiu|irietary  |     *  lie  ileiiianileil  as  llie  pnoe  of  lliutiuiender  <ilO.(HWi Imt 
lUIUmcUunj  ibould  bu  aiiprovci  by  tlie  king.  l  ojittud  l«  aecu|it  £rj,a(HI 


ton  Krantpil  at  llie  firit  apitlnii;  of  tho  prOTincf  bud 
lieui)  (itrl'iMti'il ,  tliiit  lit'  li.i)l  VHildtt-il  Ilia  unumal  com 
pucl  liy  llie  rerciit  dtri-ieli  of  Iiih  uiiiiioniy  au  far  linyoiid 
thn  liiiiiu  vvitliiii  wliii;li  lio  had  t'lit^afri'il  to  cuiifiiio  it ; 
and  that  lin  hail  rt-ceivctl  iar^c  Niiiiia  of  money  diiritifr 
hia  last  viait  Ul  the  pTuviiice,  Hi  rfjliirii  for  lieiirtita 
v'hich  he  had  (ironiiHi'd  to  |irociirr,  Inn  ha  .  never  ycl 
ohtaiMcd  for  tliu  ))i]i)|>lo  from  iho  Ktiijliali  /overniiiriit 
Thoy  cenaiired  the  orl^mal  aiiiivxatiuii  ol  IXIaware  to 
Puiuiaylvania  ;  reiniiidiii<{  him  that  hia  titlu  to  the  go- 
vernment of  UeJAvvure,  not  li'jviiii{  been  founded  on  ■ 
royal  ^>rant,  waa  from  the  first  very  preiariona  ;  and 
lainenliiii;  tuiih  ureal  gnrfiWit  tliD  jinvileges  granlid 
to  tho  i'ennaylvaiiiaiia  liy  his  liiat  cli'jricrs,  had  heeii 
p<|>oai'd  to  pir'.nli  with  tlir  liaaeleaa  fahne  of  the  Dela- 
ware institntiotH  with  wlite'i  he  had  aaaoeiated  them. 
Nniiiuroiis  eitortiotis  of  liia  iitricera  were  at  the  aaiiio 
lime  t 'Mii|ilaiiic'd  o\:  and  these  were  altrihiited  to  hit 
refusal,  in  the  year  I7U1,  to  uHirm  a  lull  that  had  lieen 
fnined  tiy  the  a>sciii'''y  Jor  the  regulation  of  olliiial 
fees.  Proh.ilily  some  oi  Jieae  foinplanita  were  founded 
in  niisn|ipreliensioii,  or  suggested  Sy  fjciiuns  malignily  ; 
and  douhtUfs  ihe  diseoiitent,  uIikIi  lioili  on  iliis  and 
nlhcr  occasions  w.is  expressed  towards  ihe  proprietary, 
0'"ed  111  some  ilegree  Us  origin  to  the  pei'pliar  relation 
whie'i  lie  held  null  ihe  meinliers  ol  his  own  religious 
TOOiely  in  the  provimc  They  had  ulwayJ  regarded 
tho  civil  ami  political  inslilnlions  of  i'liiii^ylvaiiia  aa 
■uhordiuate  lo  the  cstalili:<liini^nt  a:ul  lihtrjl  encoiirage- 
ineiit  of  ijiiakerisin,  and  i-ipiiL.ed  «  digie^'  ul  eipialiiy 
to  result  from  the  legislaUon  of  a  ipi..ker  iniiii.icr, 
which  they  would  inver  iiave  looki'd  (or  .loni  h  liw- 
givcr  of  any  oilier  per.suasion.  Hi»  own  asstitaiMi's. 
ul  the  heginiung,  that  in  urqiiiiiiig  ihe  province,  hit 
main  purpoae  Aas  to  serve  the  truth  and  people  of 
Qed,  (winch  they  undcrstoiHJ  lo  signify  qiiakerisiii  and 
the  quakers,)  eunlnliuted  lo  c.iaggeralo  their  eipccla- 
lioiiM  in  lliiH  respect. 

Indignant  at  these  charges  ajjainst  himself,  and,  pre- 
judiced hy  this  feeling  against  the  accnsirs  ol   Dvaiis, 
Venn  continned  to  iiiainiani  this  noriliSi'ss  indiv.ilu.il  m 
the  office  he  had  conferred  on  him,  till  his  cundn.t  'nid 
gone  far  lo  excilo  the  people  of  Delaware  lo  actual  Inu- 
tilities against  their  I'enniiylvaniaii  neighliors,  in  pro- 
Beculionofan  nnjit'<l  demand  for  a  loll  on  the  navrg.i- 
lioli  of  the  Delaware,    which    Kvans  had  suggiMed  lo 
them.     Heceivmg  complaints  of  this,  aa  well  a-Mii  uihet 
instances  of  ollicial  inalversalion,  on  the  part  oflii.<  di- 
puly-guvernor,  and  having  ascertained,  hy  a  driilier.iln 
esaniinatloii     of    them,     that     tiny     were     loo     well 
founded,  I'enil  liesiliated  no  lonj'er  to  supersede  llvuiis, 
and  appuinled  in  Ills  place  t'harles  (iookin,  a  geiilienian 
o.''  ancienl  lri>h  family,  soinelmie  relired  from  the  uriny. 
Ill  \-huli  he  had  served  Willi  repute  ;  and  who  sei  nied 
ipiahlied,  hy  his    age,  experience,  and  the    iniMiies!'  of 
MS  manners,  to   g.ve    satisfaclion   to  the   people  over 
wliOin    he  was   sent    lo  pre-'ide       liookin    carried  out 
wi  h  liini  an  alleclionaie  htler  from  renii  lo  the  as- 
sen.hlv,  in  winch  their  ncent ilisngreeinenis  were  pasjcd 
overwilliont  any  olhernoiici-  than  what  may  he  inlernd 
lioin  .-.   rcconiniendaliun   loins  peo|ile  as  well   as  him- 
sell',  Ol'  ihal  hunnlnv  Willi  which  nunonglil  to  remein- 
her  ihei.-  own  mipcrleclions,  and  that  elurily  Willi  which 
they  oiig.  I  to  cover  the   nilirinitles  of  olhers.      Hut  the 
asfiinhlv  ivere  not  so  to  he  pacilied.      While  ihey  eoii- 
gratnlati'd  .iookin   on  Ins  arrival,  [  ITOitJ  they  revived 
111  iheir  addi'ss  every  topic  of  coniphinn  that  ilny  had 
ever  hifore  picfe'red      '!'heirdl-lniin  ir  was  angiueiiled 
hy  the  ii'.niher  ol  apj.li.auons  whn  h  Vtou«...  ....;  iro'ii 

linii'  -,0  tune  conipellij  lo  make  in  the  q.wn's  name, 
lor  conlnhiilions  in  aid  oi  tlie  various  nnhtary  op'. a- 
tioiis  thai  related  more  imniediatelv  lo  ihe  .•\i..enc«i 
colonies  To  all  these  apphcalions,  the  asseinhly  m- 
VMiahly  answered,  that  iheir  religions  principies  would 
not  sillier  ihem  lo  contrihnie  lo  the  support  vf  »ar; 
Sul  ilii  V  voted  the  sums  that  were  dmiandeJ  »■»  pre- 
icnts  to  ihe  »pie*n 

Finding  hit  p€0|ile  not  so  easily  iiiiri  aled  to  coiicih- 
ilion  lis  he  had  hoped,  IVnn,  now  m  his  fuly-sulh 
yeai,"  for  the  lasi  lime  addressed  the  asseinhly,  in  .^ 
letter  replete  Willi  calm  solemnity,  and  dignilied  con- 
cern It  was  a  inoiirnlel  consideration  to  him.  he  said, 
that  he  was  forced  hy  the  oppresaioiii  and  dl»a|i|ioinl- 
meiilB  which  had  (alien  lo  his  share  in  ihia  life,  lo  speak 
to  the  people  of  that  province  in  a  language  he  oiico 
hoped  never  lo  have  occasion  to  employ  [  11'IOJ  In  0 
style  of  serioua  remonstrance  lic  appealed  lo  Ihelil,  if, 
al  ilio  expense  of  his  own  loriuno  and  personal  care,  he 
had  not  conducted  li.eiii  Into  a  land  where  proiperil) 


•  Mr.  Clarkson  has  miscalculated  ni  siippnsiiij  lliat  P«nn 
was  in  Ills  seveiilielh  year  when  he  wriito  tiua  letter.  Pocu 
.was  burn  on  the  Ulh  (Jctuber,  1044 


NOUTH  AMERICA. 


wr 


gU,  and,  pre- 

UllllV.dkMllU 

cotiL*u.t  Jmil 
o  actual  lu'S- 
il^rs,  III  pro- 
II  Ihe  iiiivri^ii* 
»uy(^iklfil  10 
i-ll  a-'ol  uiKor 
,arl  of  In-*  ^l'*- 
a  dililtcr.ito 
0      loo     Wfll 

gciita'iii.iii 

n  ilu-iirinv. 

bo  dt'i  riirii 

l.iiu'sy  ol' 

pi'0|»lt'  ovtr 

arnt'd  uwl 

lo  llu'   .T*- 

wt-ri'  p.iH'it'*! 

lie  nitVrrtii 

fll  ns  liim- 

to  riMiuiu- 

with  wliiiiti 

.     Uul  llin 

Ic  ilu-y  ruii- 

ilii-y  r*-vivi'cl 

ilui  »ln  y  li-i»l 

,  .»»-   !r'^"\ 

Ill's  naint!. 

ln.trv  op'-.«- 

■    AL-kTifa-t 

>siuil»K  i'\- 

in-ipX'ft  \^ouM 

I,«rt    vf  war  ; 

iiilcJ  a*  a'f- 

C.I  to  coiiriU- 
its  Kuty-sutlj 
iM'inlily,  I"  ''^ 
iig\u(wi\  con- 

liim.  lu!  xttid. 
id  duap|K)inl- 
_  life.iospctk 
iia^je  he  onco 
[1710]  ino 
•a  to  them,  if, 
■onal  «:arc,  ho 

ir«  proipeMy 


Aiiil  lilirrty,  fur  boyonil  thi*  common  lot  of  in.irikiiiil,  h;iil 
hrni  ni.-ide  ihi'ir  porlinii ;  atitj  if  ihifl  work  ol  |iir<  hand, 
h.til  yii'ldfd  linn  JU<jlit  tUr  th.iii  tin*  Mirmw,  tlirtquitM 
uiul  )'i>v?rl>,  ihal  now  drprfHut'il  IiIh  old  a;,'tv*  '*  1 
iniiiil  drhirt'  yoti  ull,"  lie  prucmh'd,  "inaMTinuH  ami 
tr.ii*  v\t'i;;litim'^rt  ol  inind,  lo  coiirttdrr vvhil  \ou  iin-f  or 
Un\o  hrrn  Jning ;  why  mattrrs  muMt  Im>  r.irricd  on 
with  Ihcrtc  divJHionii  and  cunti'ntionH  ;  and  what  rrul 
rinxctt  have  ht'pii  ^ivfii  on  my  side  tor  that  oppo^ition 
to  mr  and  my  int«ri'Mt  whii'h  k  tia\(<  iiK't  with,  aH  if  I 
werr  an  I'lii-my,  and  not  a  iVicnd,  aHer  all  1  liavr  dour 
I  am  tiiiw  I  know  not  of  any  ramie  whaUoeviT  Werr 
I  rtviiMihle  you  really  wanted  any  thinj;  o|'  me,  in  llic 
ri'l<ition  between  uh,  that  would  make  you  happier,  I' 
could  readily  fjrunt  it,  if  any  reasonahio  man  woulil  nay 
it  were  lit  tor  you  to  demand."  He  entered  into  a 
loiiK  deduction  of  the  various  aherations  that  the  et)n- 
Hliiulion  of  the  province  had  received,  and  endeavored 
to  show  thit  every  one  had  ariMfii  out  of  inconve- 
niences of  which  all  h<id  been  sensible  at  the  time,  aiid| 
which  all  had  willingly  united  in  thus  correctiiiir.  It 
\va»  ri;iht,  he  conti-'uled,  that  the  proprietary,  who  was 
perHonally  responsible  to  the  crown,  for  an  ndminiHtra- 
tioii  cunformalile  to  the  provincial  charter,  should  be 
vrwted  exrlumvely  with  the  executive  power  He 
could  no  longer,  he  said,  impute  the  treatment  he  had 
met  with,  to  mistakes  in  judgment, — seeing;  that  he  hud, 
huch  injuries  to  complain  of  as  repeated  attacks  on  his 
reputation ;  nuuirruiirt  indi;:iiities  olfered  tu  bim  in' 
papers  M>nt  over  to  Knt(land,  by  the  hamts  of  men  wlio 
could  not  III'  expcctcil  to  make  the  must  discreet  ami 
cli  irilalilc  UHc  of  them  ;  inHinuntiuiis  airaiiiKt  his  intc-' 
unly  ;  attempts  upon  hi?*  estate;  ami  disfavor  shown 
to  nidividuaU  (p-irticularly  Logan,  tlie  s<'crelary  of  llie 
province)  on  account  of  their  well  known  atlacbmcnt 
to  him  '*  1  cannot  but  mourn/'  he  attdeil,  *' the  un- 
h.ippiness  ol  my  portion  dealt  to  me  from  those,  ol 
whom  I  had  rejson  to  expect  much  better  atul  diMer- 
cnl  lhin>;s  ;  nor  c. in  I  but  lameir  the  unbappiness  that 
too  many  are  brint>iiii{  on  tbi'tiiKclvcs,  who,  instead  of 
ptir»uin>,r  till'  amicable  ways  of  peace,  love,  ami  unity, 
whit'h  1  at  lirst  hoped  lo  find  in  that  retireiiic:it,  are 
cherishing  a  spirit  of  contention  and  oppohition,  and, 
blind  to  tbeir  own  interest,  are  oversetliiit;  thai  lounda- 
lion  on  xvliich  your  happiness  mi^lit  be  built.  Friemls  ! 
l!ie  eyes  of  many  are  upon  you  :  the  people  of  many  na- 
tions of  Kurope  look  on  that  country  as  a  land  ot  case 
and  ((;Eict,  wishing  to  therii.iclves  in  vain  the  Haine 
blomngN  tlH'V  concei\e  you  may  enjoy:  but  to  ttce  the 
ii".c  you  make  of  llieni,  is  no  Ie^s  the  cau^e  id"  surprise." 
tli>  concluded  by  declaring,  that  the  opposilioii  he  had 
receivfd  from  th.in,  must  at  length  force  bim  to  con- 
sider more  closely  his  own  prnate  and  declining  cir-' 
cumst  inccs  tn  relation  lo  thi'  province  lie  was  will- 
ing  to  ccHitinue  bis  kindness  to  them,  if  they  should^ 
tl.aik  him  dtserxing  of  reciproctl  regard.  If  it  should 
be  olhtTwtse  dcrmed  by  a  majority  among  Ihem,  let 
theui  say  so  ul  once  ;  and  In*  would  know  what  be  had 
to  rely  on.  Ami  i^it  be  would  hope  that  d'oil  might  so 
direct  them  by  the  impertinent  ol  heavenly  wiwjoni  and 
holy  Icar,  that  "we  may  once  more  meet  good  friends, 
ami  live  so  lu  llic  eml." 

This  letter  is  said  to  hive  produced  a  deep  and  pow- 
erful impre;  Mon  on  the  more  considerale  pact  of  the 
'issemhly,  who  now  began  to  feel  Uir  the  lather  of  his 
ctiuntry,  and  regard  with  leinlernehs  Ins  vi'inTabic  age  ; 
lo  remember  his  loii;j;  labors,  and  tit  appreciate  tlieir 
own  inlcresl  ill  liis  di*-nngnished  lame  Thtsi'  f;»'nli- 
menls  were  rapiilly  propa>.Mled  llirouiihout  the  province  ; 
atul  their  eltecl  was  ap|iarenl  at  the  nrvtamuid  eli-c- 
lion,  when  not  one  of  the  persons  who  h.ul  ilenionst  rated 
enmity  ti»  INmii,  and  excited  the  rest  o I  their  counlry- 
men  to  think  unfavorably  of  him,  was  relumed  to  Ihc' 
provincial  nssembly.  Hut  it  is  more  than  il>iubM':il  if 
this  chani;e  of  srnlmii'nl  wan  ever  known  lo  its  illus- 
inouH  iihjecl,  who  was  attacked  shortly  after  by  a  sue 
cession  of  apoplo-lir  lits,  which  suspending  in  a  great 
degr»'e  the  exerei-'^e  of  Ins  memory  and  understanding, 
prevented  him  alike  lr>>m  comptcliiit*  an  arraiigemcnt  he' 
had  made  with  the  crown  tor  the  sale  of  his  proprielary 
rights,  ami  from  receiving  the  intelligence  thai  would 
have  induced  hnii  to  consider  such  an  arrangeimmt  un- 


Ijtlli'  remains  to  be  adiled  lo  the  view-  that  has  al- manuficliirt-s  would  pnbably  hi^etireii  ir 'rt.  but  ihaC 
rendy  been  rxliibited  of  the  civil  and  political  inslitntions  the  (ii'mian  colonists  hn<l  imported  wi  h  tlieni  iittc 
of  i'cmiHyhania  and  Delaware,  al  the  dose  of  tbi>  s(  •  Pennsx  l\  ania,  the  mantlfacturcs  of  paper,  lineili  and 
ventecnih  I'cnltiry       I'eiinsy  l\,inia   continued  to  relain  woullen  «'l<ilh 

the  coiislilulion  enacted  by  I'enn's  last  charier,  in  I7(M,  Accordiuii  \<t  Olilinixon,  wlinse  history  W's  puMished 
till  the  era  of  American  indepi>ridence  ;  and  |)elaware  ni  17(IS,  the  tot  il  nuniluT  of  inhibil.ints  within  t!ie  do- 
cunliniM'il  to  enjoy  ils  own  assembly,  and  to  be  subject  mains  of  William  IVnii  then  anmunted  to  do.ICK) ;  a 
to  the  executive  iulminiHtration  (d' the  governor  of  Penn-\'ompulation  which  the  author  himself  lerniK  .i  modest 
sytvania  till  the  year  175i''>,  when  it  was  formally  erect-jone,  anil  which,  as  it  includes  Indians  and  m'<.'roes.  is 
ed  into  a  separate  state,  anil  endowed  with  a  separatejprobahly  short  of  the  truth.  The  town  of  Philadi'lphirt 
government.  No  fixed  salary  seems  to  have  been  allot-jin  iniHl,  c>mtained  two  thousand  houses,  iiiokI  of  which 
ted  to  the  governor  of  IVnnsylvaiiia  ;  but  sums  of  money  . 
were  voted  to  hlin,  from  time  to  time,  to  defray  the 


penses  of  his  government ;  and  the  amount  of  these  was 
proportioned,  in  a  great  degree,  to  the  favor  lie  enjoyed 


ire  deseribetl  as  stately  alructures  of  brick  ;  and  New- 
castle,  the  metntpolis  of  Delaware,  in  the  bei.'iiitiing  of 
the  eighteenth  eenliiry,  poNsessed  'JftOO  inh.ilutants. 
Tor  many  years  aHer  Us  first  ts-cupation  by  ttu'  Kniilish, 


with  the  representatives  of  the  people  .\t  the  assem-| Pennsylvania  eimtinued  to  witness  a  rapid  trro-Mh  of  its 
biy  which  was  held  by  IVnn  at  Newcastle  in  the  close, people,  not  only  from  a  constani  resort  »d  emi_'ranls, 
of  the  year  1700,  the  remuneration  allotted  to  the  inein-;whi>m  its  a'tractions  invited  from  all  p.irts  of  Kuritpe,t 
bersconsistetl  of  six  shillings  a  day  for  atlendaiici',  and  hut  from  a  native  increase  more  vigorous  Ihoi  any 
threepence  per  inilefor  travellingcharges.  The  speaker's  siKMcty  since  the  infancy  of  the  world,  bi«  i'mt  e\hi- 
daily  allowaiice  wan  ten  shillings  The  meeting  of  the;hited.  (iabriel  Thomas,  whi>  published  Ins  account  of 
aHseiiibty  was  indicated  by  the  ringing  of  a  bell  ;  anilitbis  province  in  IfiUft,  declares  that  barreniiPMH  aitmng 
any  memlter  entering  half  an  hour  afier  the  appoinlediwomen  wns  unknown  in  IVnnsylvania.  and  their  celi- 
lime,  was  lined  ten|M<iiee.  'I'lie  hiiniane  code  of  crinii>'bacv,  aOer  twenty  years  of  age,  not  less  so;  addinif, 
nal  law,  that  was  coeval  with  the  first  instance  ofiwilli  tpiaker  plainness,  that  it  was  impossible  to  meet 
IVnnsylvaniaii  legislation,  continued  in  force  till  the  a  young  married  wtunan  there  who  had  not  a  chilil  in 
year  i70.'>,  when  it  was  abolished  by  (^iictn  Anne  aslherhody  or  one  in  her  arniH  The  children  b-irn  in  the. 
too  little  consmiant  wilh  the  spirit  of  Knglish  jurispru-'provin''e  he  describes  as  in  t!<')i<'^'d  *' betlci  inturcd, 
deuce       Hut  it  was  sotm  aUer  re-established  by  the  same  uiildiT,  and    more  tender  hearted   than    those   horn    in 


princess,  on  the  intercession  id' William  IVnn. 

Although  ipiakerism  cimtiimed  bmg  to  he  the  most 
prevalent  religious  profession  in  IVnnsylvani.i,  yet  from 
a  very  early  periisl  the  province  had  been  resorted  to  by 
sectaries  tif  various  other  denominations,  and  a  cimrcli 
iiad  already  been  built  in  I'hiladclnhi.t  b)r  the  receplion 


KiiL'biud  "  The  fertility  of  llic  soil,  the  i;enrrd  heallhi- 
iH'Ms  of  the  climate  (notwithstandiui;  the  m'\ere  i-pide- 
inicH  occasionally  prevalent  at  IMiilndelphia),  the  lib.".il 
revsard  of  tabor,  and  the  frnual,  industriiiiis,  and  rc^rular 
habits  dill'uscd  by  the  powerful  exampte  of  ihe  ipiakers, 
mtributed  lo  the  promotion  of  this  lame  incre.(-*e,  and 


fa  congregation  o    700  persons  altacliei!   lo  the  tenctslrendered  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  distingiiislieil,  even 


anil  discipline  oi'  the  church  of   Kngland       Some  dis 
pleasure  is  said  to  have  been  evinced  bv  the  ijuakers  at 
the  lirst  proposal  of  this  epis<-opal  party  to  erect  an  or- 
igin in  their  church.      The  episcopalians,  and  all    ibe'diate  descendants,  are  said  to  hrive  formed   :\  pb-:t 
other  sectaries  unconnech-d  with  the  ipiakers,  made  fre  'exhibition  of  courteous  henevolence,  eorrespoidin 


iinonu  the  North  American  coiniiiunities,  as  a  niord 
and  a  happy  race.  The  maioiers  itf  a  i»rtMt  pmjuj'tion 
ti\'  llie  first   race  of  <piaker  settlers,  and  of  Iheir  iiome- 

ing 
to 


pient  propositions  for  the  establishment  of  a  militia  ;'the  purpose  with  which  their  removal  to  Ainenci  hid 
liut  the  ijuakers  steadily  refused  to  sanction  such  a  pro  jbeen  undertaken,— id"  facilitating  ihe  enjoymeiil  id*  (hat 
ceeding,  by  an  act  of  the  provincial  government ;  lhoui;li'nl!'eciiiin ate  intercourse  which  their  tniets  pecMiiarly 
all  who  deemed  the  use  <d"  arms  lawful,  were  permilted-enjoined.  Some  .)f  the  bailing  persoin*  ainoti^'  lln-  ear- 
to  train  themselves,  and  to  adopt  every  military  precau-lliesl  ipiaker  settlers  were  men  who  traced  their  hneayt* 
tion  for  their  defence  tliat  should  not  Im»  inconsistcntito  the  stock  of  the  most  ancient  nobdiiv  of  Kul'I  itid, 
with  the  pci.ce  of  the  province  Most  of  the  ollices  ofjand  in  whi»in  a  sense  of  ancestral  di^timli.in  was  so 
governmei.t  were  tilled  by  ipiakers;  and  neither  thejtempered  with  the  ineekne-s  of  tjemiine  ipiakerism,  as 
duties  of  the  bar,  nor  the  functions  of  the  bench,  were'lo  impart  only  a  |ialriarchal  di:;niiy  to  their  irti'iners. 
deemed  incompalible  with  their  religious  profession  t  Their  hospitality,  in  parlicular,  was  locdu'ied  wiiba 
So  early  as  Ihe  year   lOHfi,  a  printing  press  was  esta-jiirace  ami  simplicity  entirely  patriarch  d.'^     The  people 


of  Delaware  appear  to  have  been,  m  general,  a  \vsa 
retined  and  enterprisiiiir,  but  not  a  less  viriuons  race. 
Penn  himself  has  celebrateil  the  K<iod  morals  and  S')- 
briety  of  dejiortment  of  the  Swedish  and  I)ot(h  agri- 
culturists. The  Swedish  church  at  Wilmin:.'ii>n  is  re- 
puted one  of  the  oldest  churches  in  North  .\[m'rica 
Among  the  first  race  of  Peni.sylvaiiiin  sell  Ins  were 


hhshed  at  IMiilailelphia ;  and  an  almanac,  for  the  follow 
tug  year,  was  printed  at  this  press  by  llr:ulford. 

When  the  tSwedish  cobuiists  lirst  ticcupied  Dela- 
ware, ilu'v  found  the  couir.ry  infesteil  with  wolves, 
whose  ferocity  was  soon  af.er  intlamed  to  an  extraor- 
dinary pitch,  by  the  mortality  which  the  small-pox  occa- 
sioned among  the   Indians,  and  Ihe  increased  quantity 

of  prey  that  they  derived  from  tlic  unburieil  corpses  o(|maiiy  persons  whose  altainmentH  in  scieme  ami  liter  i- 
ihe  vicliiiis  of  tliis  pestilence.  Hoth  in  Pennsyl\aniaiture  wituld  have  done  honor  to  the  mosi  enlijhtcned 
;and    Delaware,  bouiilies  continued   to  be    paiil  for  tlielcmiununities       James    Logan,  a  ipiaker,  and  Mcnlary 


neccfsarv, 


[M.] 


leslruction  of  wolves  so  late  as  the  niiddle  of  the 
eij,'htienth  century. 

The  i>r>iviNir  aiul  the  trrri/nnc^,  but  especially  the 
lormer,  ajipear  to  have  enjoyed  very  soon  a  thriving 
Iraile  w  ith  Kngland,  with  the  southern  colonies  of  Aine- 

ric.t,  aru!  with  the  West    India  settle nis.     Their  ex- 

liort*"  consisted  of  corn,  beef,  pork,  lish,  pipe  staves  ; 
h:di's,  tallow,  and  wool  lo  Ihe  West  India  settlements  ; 
lh>rses  and  other  live  cattle  to  llie  southern  plantalimis  ; 
and  peltry  ti>  Kngland.  Their  direct  trade  with  Kng 
land  w.if;  afterward  increased  by  the  cultivation  of  lo 
liacco,  which  was  beirun  under  HlackwelPs  adminis- 
tratitin,  and  sk  rapidlv  exit ndi'il,  that  in  ihe  beixinnini: 
of  ihe  eiuhlii'iith  century,  binrlcen  ships  siiled  annually 
with  tlrii  Ci>mmodi!\  from  Pennsvlvania.  Tlo-ir  ex- 
ports, however,  wen-  abridged  in  the  year  IfiitO,  bv  an 
ait  ol  p.irliament  ^alreadv  nolieed  in  the  hislory  of  New 
Ji-rsr\)  which  prohihiieii  the  exportation  of  wool,  whe- 
tl.'T  raw  or  maimlaclured,  from  the  American  colonies 
The  province,  at   the  same  time,  im|iorted   the  prod 


of  variims  Knglisli 
XIH.ODO  a   vear,  and   vi 


ufactures,  to  the  value  of  about 


•Ided 


a    revenue  of  X;J,000  ti 


id"  the  province,  was  the  corrrsjiondrnt  of  (lie  iimst 
learned  men  in  Kurope  ;  and  scvrral  of  bis  works, 
written  in  the  Latin  tongue,  (particularly  a  treatise  on 
the  Lreneration  of  plinis,  and  one  on  the  propertii-s  of 
liL'ht,)  were  published  with  much  applause  .-•.t  Leyder,. 
W'  enriched  Philadelphia  with  a  viluahlr  librarv  ;  and, 
in  his  old  au'e,  executed  an  adimrdile  (rau.^latl>m  of 
Cicero's  Ire.ilisi'  Ih'  Snifrlutr^  winch  was  afti-rward 
printed  with  an  encomiasljc  prefice  bv  Dr  Kranklin. 
Thomas  Makin,  another  tpiaker,  and  one  of  the  eirliest 
settlers  in  I*ennsylvania,  prodiiccil,  in  the  bei.Mtinini:  of 
the  eighteenlli  century,  a  descriptive  and  his'orical 
ai-t*ouiit  id'  the  province,  in  a  Latin  poi-in,  t-ntilled. 
Dr. f  iT  I  fif  II'  l'>  *tn\i/^rttnir,  exhibilini:  with  u'reat  force  of 
llioui.'!it,  and  be  inly  of  lan-ruaLie,  one  of  the  mtist  de 
liL'hiful  pictures  of  nilional  virtue  and  happiness,  thai 
ever  was  presented  to  the  admiration  of  mankind 

t  In  the  yiNir  I""-i'.>  uloiie  tlu-  minihiTof  einiiirants  fnxn  vn 
nous  piirts  of  Kuropi-  to  Peniislyva  ua  iirnoinitrd  to  fi^lMI. 
I'he  «ri'ati'r  pari  of  these  wire  licrniaus  ami  Irish.  I)<<in!las'fi 
Suinniarv. 


N.itvMihHt-iiidnig  this  des|Kiniline  strain,  it  ts  nianifestj 

It  Prnii'srom|ietiIioii  vMili  Loi-kefor  llu  prais.'of  suprrior  - 
ilation  {si'v  a  noli'  to  H    III.  aiilil.  that  Iv  \\u%   hy  no 
ms  in'«Mi'*|iitr  to  til 


Ubtoms  of  the  crown.     The  consumption  o\'  Knglish 


lie-  UMiiid.  r 


>1  P. 


n(w  nsh.ihli'  f  iim-  le**!!"  d  lo  linn  us'     f  In  the  case  of  Kinsey,  a  ijuakcr  lawyer  (afterward  nttor- 


nmvlvama 


..I  r 


VimwiTc  not  ni'v  jrent'ra 


Landfill 


clui-t-j 


slice  ol  prims vlvaiiia,)  it  was 


ti'v  iniiti'  lilirr.dlv  f  iiniiH  liUitl,  Imi  niori'  si.n  tidly  iiiiifiu   (b-ifrnmicl.  atti-i   s.tliiini  ■lihaif.  by  tin"  pmvmcial  puvcin 
Ih'M  d  I'y  his  people,  than  wrre  iliosiul  Lnrd  F-altup"*"  by  the  mint ,  t'tiiii  limikiT  lawyers  should  not  be  obliged  to  uncover 


coloii'^U  ol 


yli'xt 


ithrirhcnil"  in  iiililrc»iiiif  llir  jihl;:!'!!    I'roilil.  ii.  Ifltl.  I'.l*. '231 


if  VV'urdpii, 

III  till' Ikmis. 


!IH.     r.nll'"  l.lfr  of  \V..Mt,  I'lirl  I    p     11    11 


ol  llii 


if  llit'ir  p^uuliir  ( 


Miv  \lr  ("iiU, 


piiiK-ipn 


IflllllllM 


,  lh( 


iif  lliff 


nliinitrd  Im^pllility  IiMMitii  II  part 


ih. 


IHIIV         It   WHS    l)l( 


t'siilcii  T'fiir  tlir  liii;li\vuvi*.  iittrr  su|ipi'r. 


anillliol; 


iisl  rrli 


HUiilM  rsiTi'isfi  v(  thr  I'vnuii'i,  lo  lliakp  II  i.uti"  fin'  tn  tin*  Imll, 
.nil!  to  !»rl  out  n  lalilc  wilU  ri-fri'dhiupnts  for  hucIi  Irii'i'lli-ri 


I  llll^• 


111  h; 


Live  occasion  to  pass  duriiiL' 


ihi' 


L-ht  ; 


the  lamilu'S  iisiembled  in  the  morning,  tlie>   si. 
that  llieir  iiiblrs  hnd  be,m  unvihitetl  " 


id  when 
Idutn  found 


THi;    HISTORY   OF 


I  and  to  untti^  Ihnm  by  a  Rtrun^  xpiiiiporooininon  iiitrrrKt 

APPENDIX*  I  ami  comnmn  injury  in  n  conlVdrrficy  fatal  tit  the  pn'lrn- 

Sifttfjiiml  IVittpiTtsof  ihcNoriliAmprican  Piovinrps  m  thv  'hiimih  oltlip  |iiirri)t  Mtale,      K\rry  aililiNi  v<  ir  tcmlitl  tm 

i'ionv  »)!  till'  Hevi-nti'ciitli  Ct-ntiiry — Spiitniiriils  ami  Vlpi-  [  Ii-sh  to  wrakcn  tin*  tiiviHivr  intlupMir  nt  tin'  <li»tin('tit>iiM 

inonittit  ihf(\)loni(itare8|HUiing  the  SJwvuriJidmty  lunt  Hie  ;  importiMl  liy  the  oriuinal  niloiiiiitM  intnllicir  Mi'tllrniciitH, 

ruhcy  .11  Crral  Hritaui,  Ate.  jthantn  i-nlianiM*  llii-  Mcnm- nl   a  i-.munun  iiili-n'Mt,  ami 

At  tlif  cloxtMif  the  aevcniernth  century,  the  Dn(iHh|ti>  fortify  the   |Htwrr  hy  which   that   iiitt'rr»»t  inii^ht  In- 

HfdlrnitMilii  in   \urth  Auirrica  contuinnl  a  p(>|>ulati(M)  \l('fi'n<li*(i.      Tlin   ch.iraclt'r   of  ^eturoux    nmifrtitkinffs^ 

\i\  more  than  three  hunUred  ihouHand  perMonH,  itixin- 1  which    Hume   very    juKlly    accordH   In   thrtte    roloinal 


bnled  aniohj^  tho  variouM  colonial  entabliHlnnentit,  whoKp 
origin  and  early  pro^rcMii  I  have  endeavored  to  illiiH- 
tr.ue.*  The  forniatiun  of  the»e  coloniea  v*  by  far  the 
niunt  interemint;  event  of  that  reuiarkahlo  a<Tr. 

"S|irrulalive  reasonem  during  that  age,"  »ay»  a  great 
htMlurian,  **  raised  many  ubjectionH  to  the  planting  of 
thoHe  remote  colonies,  and  foretold  that,  after  draining 
thrir  inoiher  country  of  inhabitantit,  they  would  hooii 
ith.ike  utf  her  yoke,  and  erect  an  independent  frovern- 
inetit  in  America;  but  time  bait  shown  that  the  views 
ent'Ttained  by  thoNC  who  encouraged  such  undertak- 
in;;N,  were  more  just  and  uolid.  A  luild  govermnenl, 
«iid  ^reat  naval  force,  have  prenerved,  and  may  "t  ' 
prcttcrve,  during  some  time,  the  dominion  of  Kngla.id 
uver  her  colonies.  And  tnich  advunlatres  have  coin- 
Uh-rce  and  navigation  reapcil  from  llieiie  eHlai^liHlnnents, 
t!):it  more  than  a  lourlh  of  (he  Kiinhtih  sliipping  Ih  at 
prt'Kcnt  ctiiMputed  to  he  employed  in  carrying  on  the 
Irallic  witii  the  American  Nettlemenls."  The  apprehen- 
sions of  de,<opulatioM,  alluded  to  by  this  author,  are 
noliced.it  greater  length  in  the  prior  work  of  Oldinixon, 
who  assi-rtii,  ihat  "  on  this  .argument  are  founded  all 
the  rrait'MK  lo  rxcutie  the  ill-UHage  the  plantaliuns  hnve 
met  with  ;"  and  aHer  itenionslrating  tite  aliMUrdity  of 
such  a  notion,  appeaU  to  the  large  increaite  which  the 
trade  and  the  revenue  uf  Kngtand  bad  already  derived 
jroin  the  colonies,  as  alfording  a  jusler  and  more  pow- 
eruil  ;>ri.'nineut  for  repairing  tin-*  illiiitage,  and  intriHluc- 
iii;:  mure  lilieraj  pn-vinioiis  into  the  KngliNb  conunercial 
co.le  t  The  appreheiiitions  M  American  independence 
were  n<>  less  the  object  of  ridicule  to  the  hcNt  informed 
writers,  in  the  iM'giiming  of  that  century  which  was 
declined  to  witnesri  the  American  revolution  '*  It  will 
be  i:npossiliU',"  says  .\**al,  **  for  Mew  Kngland  ti>  sub- 
*(i»t  of  iii^ell  tor  home  centiirieH  of  vcarH  ;  for,  though 
ibe\  nii^iht  maintain  ihem.sejvc:)  against  their  neigh- 
bur>  (m   the  coiitinet,  they   must    starve   without  a  free 


estaldishment-',  expresses  a  praise  which  the  KngliHli 
gtivernmeiit  had  no  pretensions  to  share  with  the  private 
individuals  by  whinn  they  were  founded  ;t  and  the  mild 
policy,  wbi  (her  voluntary  or  tiot,  which  permitted  the 
liberal  institutions  erectpil  for  theimtelves  by  these  men 
to  continue  in  existence,  tended  rather  to  abridge  than 
to  prubmg  the  Hritixh  duminion,  by  cherishing  in  the 
cobmies  a  spirit  and  hahit  of  btxTty  repugnant  to  (lie 
nnjUKt  and  oppressivt?  tenor  of  the  Kni;lish  connnercial 
restrictions^  The  colonial  cnpire  of  Spain  would  not 
have  boasted  a  longer  duration  than  that  at  K'lirland  if 
her  setllemenls  in  South  Ameriv'a  bad  enjoyed  as  liberal 
constitutions  as  the  North  American  colonies.  **  The 
policy  of  Kiirope,"  says  a  writer  who  perhaps  eipialled 
Hume  in  political  sagacity,  and  certainly  excelled  him 
in  acijuaintance  with  colonial  history,  "  has  very  little 
to  boast  of,  either  in  the  original  establishineiit,  tir,  so 
far  as  concerns  their  internal  government,  in  the  si^b- 
scipient  prosperity  of  the  colonies  of  Anu'rica  **  Folly 
and  injustice,  he  pronounces,  were  the  principles  that 
presided  (wer  the  formation  of  all  the  colonial  estahlish- 
ments  ;  avarice  of  gold  impellingthe  adventurers  to  the 
sonthern,  and  tyranny  and  persecution  promoting  the 
emigrations  to  the  northern  parts  of  America  The 
i;ovcrnments  of  the  several  parent  Nlates,  be  observed, 
contributed  little  or  nothing  towards  cireclualii':,'  (he 
eslablishments  of  (heir  colonies,  and  yet  invariahly 
attempted  to  enrich  their  own  exchrijuern,  and  secure 
to  themselves  a  nionnjioly  of  the  <'ulonial  conuiierce 
[;n,j  by  regulations  injurious  to  the  freedom  and 
prosperity  of  the  colonists — a  procedure,  in  which  the 
particular  policy  of  r.ngland  was  only  somewhat  less 
iltilti  ral  and  oppressive  than  that  nf  the  other  Kuro- 
pean  states  *'  In  what  way,  therefore,**  he  ilemaihls, 
'*  has  the  policy  of  Furopc  contributed  either  to  the  first 
establishment,  or  (u  (he  pr  'lit  grandeur  of  (lie  cido- 
nies  of  America?    In  om*  ,  and  in  one  way    oidv,  it 


isly 


trade   with    Kurope,  the   mamifactures  of  the  country  has  contributed  a  great  th  ,i.   Ma<jna  matrr  vmim  !     It 

being   very    iiiconsiderahle;   so  that  1/  ire  could  suppoxt  bred  and  formed   Ihi-  men  who    were  capable   of  aehiev- 

l/uni  til  iifitl  ii>,'ainAt   {•'nfj/aml^  they   must  throw  them-  ing  such  great  actions,  and  of  laying  the  foundalirriis  of 

selves  into  (he  arms  of  tiome  other  potentati-,  who  would  so  great    an  empire;   and   (here  is  no  other    tpiarter  o( 

pni'ecl   theiii  no  longer  than  he  could  sell  them  with  (be  worhl  of  which  the  policy  is  cap  tlile  of  formiiii;,  or 


ad'.anlage."  So  slightly  were  the  colonies  coiniecteil 
with  each  other,  and  so  much  of  mutual  repugnance^ 
had  been  created  by  religious  and  political  distinctions 
lH'(ween  them,  that  the  probability  of  their  nnii ing  toge- 
ther fur  couimon  defence  against  the  parent  state  never 
occurred  to  thiii  author.  Nor  will  thitt  be  thought  any 
great  impeachment  of  his  sagacity,  when  we  consider 
that  seventy  \ears  atlerward,  the  prospect,  which  had 
tliei)  begun  to  dawn,  of  an  etfeclual  confcderacv  of 
these  colonies  against  England,  was  declared  hy  a 
p!HhMO|>liical  historian  to  be  perfectly  delusive  and 
ciiirierical. 

H  Hu'.ie  hud  studiett  the  history  and  condiliim  of  the 
coloiii.-s,  or  if  Neal  and  Otdmixon  had  added  to  ibis 
nctpiireinent  the  sagacity  of  Hume,  it  is  probable  that 
be  W'.sild  not  ha\e  adduced  the  mildness  of  the  Knylisb 
jtrovcrmnent  as  one  of  the  causes  that  were  likely  to 
lelard  the  independence  of  America,  which  he  perceived 
nuist  ere  long  ensue  ;  and  that  they  would  have  diKcerned, 
in  the  policy  of  the  Knglish  government,  an  inthience 
that  powerfully  tended  to  counteract  the  principles  that 
sepirated  the  American  coimnunitics  from  each     'her, 


'  F'  '111  11  eumpansDn  nfdic  culcnlaiioiis  nf  various  vvnicrs, 
each  01  whom,  almost  invariably,  conlrmlicLs  all  tiir  others, 
and  not  uii!re>|iieiii|y  eontrndiet!!  Iinnstlf.  I  uin  nichned  to 
think  the  loll  'VMiij;  esliimm,'  of  t lie  iMt|iulutioa  of  the  colonies 
ut  tliisii^riid  nearly,  ilnot  entirely  eorrerl.  Virginia,  00.1100  i 
M»>sai*iiii»eits(lo  wiiirh  Maine  was  then  ntlarlieil),  het wern 
*ll,(KH)aiidS0.1KMt;{;onnectieiit.;tO,(M)tl;Uhmle  Mand,  IO,(H'0. 
NcH  Haii.piliire,  UMMH);  Mary laml,.IO.(KK);  North  nntl  Sonlli 
Camliii;!.  Hf.OOO;  Sew  York, 'JU.iHKI;  New  Jersey.  I  J.IHHI;  .unl 
Peiiii^yh.niiji.  ;Jo,lMMl.     Kveu  writers  so  aceurHte  and  sajja- 


has  ever  actually  and  in  (.wi  formed  such  men  The 
cohnnes  owe  lo  the  policy  of  F.urope  the  educatittn  and 
great  views  of  their  active  and  )'n(erprisiin»  fmnnlers  ; 
and  some  of  the  greatest  and  mosi  important  of  them, 
so  far  as  ctuicerus  their  internal  governim'nt,  ow.Mo  it 
scarce  any   thing   else  '* 

In  the  colonial  estahlishmeniR  of  the  French,  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Portuituese,  the  royal  noveinnienl 
was  stronger  .md  more  arbitrary,  and  Mihordina  ion 
more  strictly  enforced,  than  in  the  parent  states  IIM 
be.-al   institutions,  remote   from  the  power  and   splendor 

f  the  thrones  to  which  they  were  allied,  rcipiiieij  to  he 
guarded  with   peculiar   strictness  t'roni  llie  intrnsio'i    of 

pitiions  and  praclici'S  that  saxoreil  of  freedom  It  was 
otiiprwisein  the  Itriti.sh  colonies,  where  the  grafts  of 
constitutional  liberty  that  had  hecn  transplanted  irom 
the  parent  stale,  expimled  with  a  vi;.'or  prop«irtioiied  (1 
(heir  <listauce  miinthe  risal  slioots  of  rovahv  and  aris- 
tocracy with  which  they  were  llieorelically  connected 
Not  oidy  did  (liese  colonies  enjoy  domeslic  cons(i(utions 
favorable  to  liberty,  Iml  (here  evisled  in  the  minds  of 
the  great  hulk  of  the  people,  a  tiemocratic  spirit  autl  re- 
holutinn  that  practically   reduced  the    power  of  the    pa- 


i  IKmlIu  and  Hnlii 


ally  po|ni!u(uin  ol  .Norlli  Amer 


ines  have  been  leil  to  underrate  tin 


by  relying  too  far  on  thi 


e!«luiMirsttliir!i  the  loral  utivprniiieiiis  furnished  In  the  Uritish 


■h. 


stry  I 


<t<i  III 


aou  imlllarv  cxpettltions, 


ertHmineiit  oC  the  nninbers  of  men  whom 
rpipured  to  supply  fur  the  purposes  of  naval 


f  Olihi 


ear! 


.liitnHlucl.  I9,&e.  This  author  rpfers  til 


t  The  colonization  oftimrijiu  which  was  not  efTpetfil  ijtl 
17.iJ,  was  till-  only  instance  ni  which  thp  Knt-bsji  t'ovemnipnt 
eoiiiributed  to  the  hmndatiun  of  any  of  the  N'irlh  Ainrncan 
stales, 

if  See  an  account  of  the  commprcinl  rpstnrtions  that  were 
imposed  jiriorto  the  KniiliNh  Revolution,  and  an  exaininaium 
ot  their  ptdiey,  ante,  H.  I.  rap.  ;i.  ToIUp  restrietinns  there 
ilrseriln'd,  lliere  wns  added,  hrfnre  the  close  of  the  sevrti- 
teenlli  cpnlnr>-,  a  prohihitjon  (nolicpd  in  the  htstt)ries  of  New- 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania)  of  the  pxportalion  of  wiml  from  the 
colonies. 

I  have  some  chiuhts  of  the  tecurnry  of  a  •ftatement  Merived 
from  Neiil)  in  H.  II.  cap  v.  ante,  ofthe  colonists  havnit:  In-ci 
at  one  liineresiniineri  from  workina  rninps  of  inm  and  r-opper 
'I'lll  (he  year  17*i(>.  the  esport  ol  Anieriean  iron  was  restr ainet 


rent  stale  even  below  the  statulard  uf  its  (heory.     Miiny 
causes   seem  to   have  eoutrtbiited    to  ihe  formation    of 
Ihi-^  spirit,    and   (o    (he    production    of  HCiitiiiieiits    and 
habits  eonducivi*  to  its  I'lVn- icy       All   the  coloni  il  char* 
t^Ts    were    extnrli'd,    by   ml  crest    or    tiiiportunily,  troni 
princes   noted  for   arbitrary  dcsiuns    or  perlidions    cha- 
rac(ers  ;  and  no   sooner   hat    these  char'ers    pnNliicerl 
the  ellcct  of  collecting   numenais   and   (hrivini;   com. 
munities    in    America,  than    some    of  them    were,  anl 
all  t)f  tlii'in    would  have  been,  annulled,   if  the  ih  nasty 
of  the  Stuarts    b.id    been    much    farther     prolonv'ct 
The   designs  of  these  )irinces   were  not   entirely  ahui- 
iloned   by  their   successors  at    (he  Drilish   Kevolulion, 
For   many  years   arter,    the   American   colonists   were 
rouseil  to  continual  contests  in  defence   o(  their  char- 
ters, which  the  Knglish  court  made  successive  al(i>m|it£« 
to  qualify  or  annul.      These  defensive  cllbrts,  and    the 
success  with  which  they  were  generally  crowned,  tend- 
ed powerfully   lo  keep   ilive  an  active  and   viijilanl    spi< 
rit  of  liberty   in    Aiuerica.     The   ecclesiiftical  cniisti- 
tntions  and  the  religious   sentiments    that    prevailed    ifi 
ihe  majorily  ofthe  provinces,  were   no  less  favoraide  lo 
the  nurture  of  liberal  and   independent  sentiments      In 
Viruinia,  Maryland,  and   South  Carolina,  alone  of  all  tho 
slates  : — in  the   first,   fnmi    its   earlies(    setllement,  and 
in  the   two  others  by   a    most    unjust    usurpation:  the 
church  of    Fngland  wa*    possessed  of  a   legal  pre-emi* 
nence,  and   maintained    at  the  expense,  not   only  of  its 
own  adherents,  but  of  rill  the  other  inhabitants,  of  what- 
ever chrislian  denomination  |!      In  all  the  other  slates 
there  existed,    about    the  close  of  the   seventeenib  cen- 
tury, either  an  entire  political  equality  of  reliijiiuis  sects, 
or  at  least  a  very  near  approach  to  it  ;  ami  in  all  llu>e, 
not   only  were  th)'  inhabitants,  by  their  geeieral  char.ic- 
(er  of  prolestants,  the  votaries  of  a  system  f  miided  <'n 
the  ri'.ibts  of  private  jndgnient,  but  (he  lu.ijority  ofthiMn 
beloiiL'ing  (o  that  class  which  in    Fngland    received  the 
name  >>(  prolestant  dissenters,    profe>sed   lenets  wliief 
have  bom    termed   fhe   proffstnuhsm    n/"  Ihc    pint  r  si  it  u* 
fitifht   anil  which  peculiarly  predisposed  to  a  jeabuisy  o( 
civil  liberty,  and  a  |iromp(itiide  to  repel  every   arbitrary 
exertion  of aiitbttrity.      T'.ven  (he  episcopal  cbuich  where 
it  existetl,  whether  as  the  pre-eminent  establishment,  or 
as  one  amoin;  many  eo-cqual  associations,  was  siript  nf 
its    aristocratical   appendages,   and  exhibited   m'iiher   a 
tilled   liierarcby    nor  a  gradation  of  ranks   anions   the 
uiinisters   of  religion.      In   civil  life,   n  similar  equalit) 
of  ranks  ^niiversally    prevailed.     No  attempt  was   ever 
iiiaile  to    plant  the  ))roud  distinction  of  uohhfi/   in    Jtny 
f  the   provinces,    except  in  ('ar()lina,  where   the    iri.sti- 
hilion  soon  withered  and  died.H      rnacciistomed  I'l  Ihat 
lisiinctioii  of  ranks   which   the   policy  of  Knrope  Ims 
'stablished,  the  people   were  irenerally  impressed  with 
an  opinion  of  the  natural  equality  of  all  freemen;  am) 
even   in  those  prcivinces  where  nt*i;ro  slavery   had   the 
greatest   prevalence,  the   possessimi  of  this  tyrannical 
privilege  seems  rather  ttt  have  adulterated  Ihe  spirit   of 
freedom  witli  a  considerable  tinge  of  arrogance,  than  to 
have  contribnt(\i  at  all  to  mitiirate  or  deprcsv   t       Kv- 
cept  this  inhuman  insiitution,  every  circumstance  in  the 
:!..,.\e  tic  or  relative  condition  of  these  provinces  had  a 
tendency  to  prmnote  iudiiHtry,  good  morals,  and  iinpres 
sions  of  equality.     The  liberal  reward  of  labor  anil  the 
clipapness  of  land,   placed  the    enjoyniPiit   <.f  comfort, 
and  the  dignity  of  inib'pcndence,  vviibin   lite  reach  of 
all;  the  luxuries  and  honors  of  Fngland  attracted  the 
weallhy  volnpin  iry  and  t lie  votary  of  ambition  to  that 
more  inviting  sphere  of  enjoyment  and   intrinne;  and 
the    vast    intAiis   or  unciiltivatetl  di«itrict8    attached    io 
every    jirovince   served  as  salutary  oiidets  by  which  I  lie 
population  was  drained  of  those  restless  disonlerly  .id- 
venturers  who   vv.re  averse   lo  Icyal   restraint  and  pa- 
tient labor,  and  who,  in  the  roving  occupation  of  Imuter.-i 
ami   hitrkimndsmcn    (as   they  have  bi'cn    termed,)  foinid 
a  ri!»ource  that  tlivrrted    them   from  more    lawless  and 
dauMeroua   pursuits,  and  even   rendered  them  useful  as 
a  body  of  pioneiTs,  who  paved  the  way  for  nn  extension 


U  The  most  remnrkatile  dispute  that  ocenrred  duriiiK  ihe 
einhlpen'h  century  hetween  Ktielandand  Viri-'inia,  prior  to  the 
Ke.ohition,  WiLtoceasioned  by  an  altempt  of  the  Kntilishgo 
veriinieiil  losnpiKirt  the  episcopal  cler^iv  ofthe  province  in  a 
iir'  '     isimi  whii'li  was  disatTei-ahle  to  the  Imlk  ofthe  iH-.itile, 


ivi.'hsh 


cut  niterfered  to  prevent  the  opi 


opi 


ii*r  vMirk   in  winch  the  same   topics  had   iM-eii  ei 


a  still  ii)y  heavy  duties.  Kavnal.  H.  iV.ci 


entiileil   '(Ji-Miis  uf  the  Phiiitutiuiis,"  hy  Judjie  Lillletiin.  of    renal; 


lorccij,  I  laeturo  appears  to   have  hi' 


ip  vn. :  am 


1  even  the 


Marhiid 
side  of  tiie 
cliaiit,   w  no 


A  sill!  nii're  dir^tnuuished  writer  on  the  same    Istth    i 
St  10:1  was  Sir  Palhy  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer-   state 


liulatitms.  <^ldmixon.('.^d  Kilit.)  vol. 


oilijert  lo  some  incimvenient 


oti!  an  Utsturn-al  Account  uf  (he   Kise  ant| ,  hc< 


idtht 


id  eopper    mines  were  worked    in  sevpral  ofthe 


ofih 


lii^ti.  Hut  I'ven  then, 


iderl.ik 


liiL's  seems 


lo  Iwi 


<*pmih  ofthe  West  India  f'olonie^. 


en  chiedv  <.h.Mrucled  hy  ihe  dearness  of  labor.     Dniifdns, 
'   li.  p  lf>0      WintrTl«othTin.  vol.  n.  p   36*^. 


Li^v  prejudirial  to  th<'  emoluments  of  the  clerjty  ;  Imt  iho 
pn>vini:ial  tnbinuits  ret'used  to  pay  any  attention  to  lis  .nan- 
date. 

%  Vet  llip  mystrrions  nonsense  of  free  masonry  seem.-*  lo 
have  been  intn)duced  pretty  early,  and  has  continued  (oinai 


I  foolii 


ihr 


his  \s  perhaps  tli 


Illy  instance  ofthe  successful  impoitniion  into  Ariic 


ofti 
Iteinme  .'I't^nnl  hy  "iiirvivmt,'  1 


use  insiitiitions.HofrPipientln  F.nropnan  slates,  wliii-h 

iprineiph'" 


ami  1 


iji  vvhu'li  lliry  oiiiiiiiiiled,  but  V\lnch  are  nnisf  iTiiled  hy  liii 
and  the  passion   that  mnnkind  have  for  connecting  tb^pi 
s.dves  with  ami^mtv. 


NORTH  AM  KKICA. 


liriili'iii! 


nry.  Muny 
iriiiiitio"  "t 
iiiii'iilii  mill 
,|,ini  il  <liar- 
lunily,  trtim 
lulliiii"   I'lm- 

riviiiu   ii'iii' 
1    wrrr,  nnl 
:i«ly 

nliii'lv  ili^iri- 
Kcvolulioii. 
ilniiiHts  «i'ii' 
f  Ihi'ir  iliir- 
HIM'  iilli'iri|il» 
iirtK,  ami  i'h' 
•inviicil,  li'iiil- 

ulical  iom.ti- 
pri'Viiiirii  ill 
m  friviir.iiili'  I" 
iitiiniMil"  III 
lloll.-nlilll  llli) 
illlriiii'iil,  anil 
iiir|i.\lion  ;  llio 
lci!:il  pri'iMii- 
lilt  only  nf  il» 

lllllln,  lif  wIliK- 
11'  iilhrr  slinrH 
viMilri-nlll  I'lMi- 
rrlii;i"ii»  ii'i't". 

ml  ill  :ill  111 < 

rrniT.il  cliarif- 

IMIl   Oillllill'i!   "'11 

i.ijiiriiy  ut'llii'ni 
1(1    riM'iMM'il  I  III' 
il   li'iii'lK  whirl' 
■  Ihr    pri'lrslnii'. 
to  a  jciilollwv  "I 
oviTy  arliiir.iry 
alrliiiii'li  "111"' 
i<lnlili»liMii'nl,  or 
i»,  waK  Hiriiil  of 
ihitpil  ni'iiliiT  a 
iiUh   amimir   II"' 
Hiniilar  riinalil) 
[ifiiiin  wa»  I'M'i 
\iinhllily    in    any 
■licri-  ilii'  iii^ii- 
[•nslnninil  I'l  llial 
if  I'iiro|ii'  lias 
iinprrii-ii'il  "ii'i 
.1  friM'im'ii ;  nml 
Blavi-ry  Iiad  llii- 
this  lyrannii'al 
liil  Ihr  "I'iril  "I 
roK.iiirr,  I  hail  to 
Ji'lirrsf   t.     V,\- 
■innstanri'  in  II"' 
|iriiviiii'rs  hail  a 
rain,  anil  iniliri's 
of  lalior  anil  iho 
iiMil  of  roniforl, 
lin  the  rivu'Ii  ot 
mil   altrai-ti'il  Iho 
ainliilion  lo  ihat 
inlri;;ili" :  ami 
ills    allai'hril    io 
■Is  liy  wliii'h  llii' 
lisorilrrly  aii- 
rrslrainl   anil  (la- 
lialion  of  hunliTJ 
..   tiTimil,)  foiinil 
nori^   la\vli>«  ami 
il  thiMii  usi'l'iil  as 
for  an  ('\loiii.ion 

■ciirmil  iluriim  lln' 
■iru'inm.pnorlolli'" 

of  Ihl'    KllplliKtl  JO 

if  till-  proviiii-i  m  a 
liiilk  of  tho  pi'oph'. 
■veil!  Iho  opiTaluiii 
!hi'  flpriiy  ;  hill  111" 
ciilion  lo  Its  nan- 

masonry  sretns  lu 
I'onlinui'illomniii- 
This  IS  (iiTliaps  till- 
oiiMilo  AmiTiia  of 
opriinslHll'^.\^l''''l' 
mis  anil  prnii'ijili" 
■ol.sn-ralfit  hy  111"" 
r  ronin'clinj  Ihn" 


anc'  nailtiplication  of  the  colonial  Brltlrmpnta  \n 
trailiii;!  oorpnratiofii  or  innnnpolii's  rrstrainnl  thr  frrr- 
iloiii  ivitli  which  rvi'ry  man  niiijhl  employ  his  iiniisiry, 
capiiul,  anil  skill ;  ami  no  fnrt'st  laws  nor  iiaini'  laws 
contiiieil  the  spurts  of  ihi*  lirlil  lo  a  privili'i^i'il  rtass  nl 
tht*  i-iiininiinity.  No  ciitaiU  were  ailmilli'il  to  ^Mvr  ail- 
vi'iitilnius  aiil  to  natural  innpi  tlities,  and  prrprluatr, 
in  the  lianiU  uf  iitlcni'ss  ami  folly*  llic  Hiilistanrc  that 
liail  hrrii  aiiiassril  hy  industry  amj  ahility'  Happily 
for  the  staliility  of  American  frredoin,  it  was  inipossilile 
for  the  tirst  goneraliun  uf  coloiiistH  to  incceed  ill  ef- 
fertuatiiitf  their  seltlenients,  and  attainiiiK  a  secure  ami 
priisperoua  CHlahlishinenl,  without  the  exercise  of  vir- 
tues, and  the  fnrinalioii  of  a  character,  lhat  euaranteed 
the  preservalinu  of  the  hlessings  lo  which  they  had  coii- 
iliicteil.  Kveii  the  calatinttes  of  French  and  Intliaii 
war  with  which  soiiie  of  the  provinces  lonu  conliniicd 
1,1  he  harassed,  conlrikuted  to  preserve  a  spirit  and 
liahits  witho'it  which  their  people  iniuht  have  heen  tiri- 
jhle  in  thu  eii(lit«enth  century  to  achieve  their  inde- 
piiideiice.  If  llm  latter  settlenients  of  New  Jersey  and 
I'cnnsylvania  were  exeniptcd  in  some  ileyrce  from  the 
discipline  of  those  hardships  and  ilitficultieH  with  which 
the  ciinimenceinenl  of  all  the  other  «cltleinenls  was  at- 
tcnilcd,  they  were  happily  penpleu,  in  a  (jroat  decree, 
liv  a  class  of  sectaries  whose  hahits  and  inannerH  are 
piM-uliarlv  favoralile  to  iiiilu'itry  and  }riiod  morals,  and 
coiiL'enial  lo  the  spirit  of  repnhlican  cuiistitntions.  The 
qnakers,  indeed,  have  been  much  more  successful  in 
leavening  American  society  with  manners  favoralile  to 
liherty,  than  with  principles  allied  to  their  own  political 
doctrines 

'I'll  Kij^land,  the  acqiiisilion  of  these  colonial  setlle- 
rnents  was  highly  advantageous.  They  eiilari;ed  her 
trade  and  revenues  ;  they  alforil  a  vast  lield  in  which 
her  needy  and  supertUioUh  population  iniuhl  improve 
their  C'lndiliiin  and  dissipate  their  discontent ;  and 
filially,  thoy  created  for  her  a  new  nation  of  friends  in- 
terested in  her  happiness  and  ulory,  and  of  customers, 
whose  urowini;  wants  and  wealth  excited  and  rewarded 
the  maiiufaclurin|{  industry  of  her  people.  All  the  iia- 
tiiius  of  Europe  derived  advaiitaije  from  the  formation 
of  these  cstahlisliinents,  which  dishnnlcned  their  terri- 
tories of  iireat  iiuinhcrs  of  men,  whom  the  pressure  of 
poverty,  aj^oravated  hy  dcl'ective  civil  institutions,  and 
111  eversion  to  the  systems  of  their  nallonal  churches 
iiillanied  hy  ecclesiastical  intotcranee,  must  have  ren- 
dered either  martyrs  or  rehelsiti  their  nalive  land.  The 
emigration  from  the  continent  of  tJurope,  and  especially 
from  (ierinany  lo  America,  during  the  greater  part  \ti 
the  eighleenth  century,  was  much  more  copious  than 
the  emigraliiiii  from  l^ngland.  To  the  colonists,  the 
subsistence  of  their  peculiar  connexion  with  Knglaml 
was  likewise  attended  with  some  advantages.  The 
acknowledged  right  and  implied  prolection  of  I'^nglaml 
deterred  all  other  Vluropean  powers  who  were  not  at 
war  with  her  from  molesting  them  ■  while  their  char- 
tered or  tradilionary  c^institutioni'  opposed  (aller  the 
Knglish  Revolution)  a  barrier  to  gross  and  open  en- 
croachmi'iils  of  the  parent  state  herself  on  colonial 
rights  and  liheriies  As  their  ow  n  strength  and  resources 
increased,  the  hcnetit  of  Kngl'sh  prnlection  was  propor- 
tionally diminished,  while  the  inconvenience  of  her 
eoininercial  re.slrictions,  and  of  participation  in  her  poli- 
tics and  wars,  was  more  sensibly  experienced. 

A  consideralile  variety  and  inilisiiiictiiess  of  opinion 
prevailed  liolh  in  Kngland  and  America,  respecting  the 
precise  import  of  the  political  relation  subsisting  be- 
tween the  two  countries.  It  wa  •  at  first  the  maxim  of 
the  Knglish  courl,  lhat  the  crown  was  the  only  memiter 
of  the  Hrilish  conslitiition  which  possessed  jurisdiction 
over  the  colonies  t  All  Ihe  charters  were  framed  in 
conforinily  with  this  niaxiin,  except  the  charter  of  Pcnn- 
svlvania  The  colonies  were  by  no  means  uniforn  in 
liie  senlilneills  which  they  expressed  on  this  subject. 
They  coinphiiiied  veiy  generally  of  an  nnjiisl  usurpation 
of  power  over  them  by  the  Hrilish  parliainenl,  when  Ihe 
navigation  laws  were  passed  ;  and  openly  maintained 
on  manv  occasions,  that  an  act  of  the  British  parliament 
w.is  noi  binding  on  America.  Yet  they  scrupled  not  to 
complain  of  thair  grievances  to  the  houses  of  parlia- 
iiieiit,  and  to  invoke,  from  time  to  time,  parliamentary 


*  Al  11  snlisei|iiciit  iieriiwl,  llie  syslcinuf  entails  became  pre- 
valt'iil  111  N'iriiinlH.  vVirt's  Lite  of  Henry,  p.  j;i.  Ilwuspro- 
docliii'  of  LTfal  ilisliKP  and  jealousy  IietwiMMi  Ihe  anstucrai  y 
anil  Ihe  v*'oinaiiry  of  Ihi'  [irovince.     Ibid,  imssiin 

+  ,\  bill  tiavuiy  ln'Cll  ialroibu  I'd  into  the  llmise  of  ('oiiniioiis 
til  III''  ri'is:n  of  James  the  Kirsi.  for  ri  ■iulotiiii.'tlii'  .\iim-i  omu 
fislicries,  Sirfii'oriii'CiUcrl.Ilic  secreliiry  of  stiite.coin  ryt  li 
lo  (lie  ftoi'HC  lliii  folluwiii'.;  inllaiirioii  from  llii-  aiu/  ;  "  .\iii' 
rti-ii  IS  not  annexed  to  llic  iciilin.  nor  witbio  llic  jiin-^ibcli  <m 
ot"  imrliami'ill  ;  you  have,  tbcreftiri',  no  rijtil  lo  iiiti-rlt  rf  ' 
f'oloninl  TineiRin  lliirvard  la'irnry.  apiiil  Molines,  i    Itl.'. 


interposition  in  their  behalf  The  New  Kngland  slates 
alone  ai'eiii  to  have  perceived  from  the  first  Ihe  advan- 
tage they  might  one  day  ilcri\e  iVoni  adlicnng  to  the 
maxim,  that  Ihey  were  politically  connci'led  only  with 
the  king,  and  not  at  all  \vith  the  parliament ;  and  wild 
singular  prudence  lorbiire  to  ask  favors  from  a  parlia- 
ment by  which  ihey  were  regarded  with  es| ial  favor, 

lest  they  should  seem  to  sanction  parliamenlary  inter- 
ference with  their  concerns.  When  the  parliament  en- 
joyed hut  an  iMtcasional  existence,  and  was  freiiueiitly, 
indeed  generally,  opposed  to  the  court,  the  rlnglisli 
nmnarchs  resolulely  maintained  their  exclusive  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  colonies.  When  the  parliament  acipiired 
greater  power  and  permanence  it  enforced,  both  on  the 
court  and  the  colonies,  the  acknowledgmenl  of  its 
supreme  legislatorial  iurisdiclion  The  colonies  iniir- 
mured  against  the  trade  laws  :  they  ofVen  evaded  Ihein  ; 
and  many  persons  still  mainlained  tli.it  the  parliainenl 
had  n>  right  to  iiniioKe  them  This  opinion  kept  its 
ground,  and  wonlii  have  been  more  generally  and 
openly  asserted,  if  the  colonies  had  been  able  to  enforce 
il,  or  had  received  eiieouragenieni  from  the  crown.  Hut 
the  Knglish  ministers  were  now  always  (by  a  niTcssity 
of  the  constitution)  in  possession  of  a  majority  in  p.-ir- 
liament,  and  found  it  easier  and  safer  to  act  on  all 
occasions  through  the  instrumentalily  of  this  organ, 
than  through  a  prerogative  employed  on  a  number  of 
distant  provincial  atsemblies  The  revolulioii  of  15N« 
established  lirinly  the  supreme  power  >  the  parliainenl, 
and  enforced  the  suhmissinn  of  .\iiierica  to  its  legisla- 
tive control ;  and  from  this  period,  all  the  measures  by 
which  the  llritish  government  proposed  to  alfect  the 
public  interest  of  the  colonists,  were  pursued  through 
the  medium  of  parliamentary  enactmenls  .\o  taxation 
of  the  coUm'ii'n  wan  iirtiiliinllv  (il'fmjilnl  by  the  pirlia- 
meiil,  except  what  arose  from  the  regularion  of  com- 
merce ;  but  a  power  was  assumed  to  alter  the  Ameri- 
can charters,  or  at  least  to  modify  the  constitutions 
which  these  charters  h.ul  crcaled  There  was  one 
point,  indeed,  in  which  the  relation  nf  Ihe  colonies  to 
the  royal  prcrogilive,  seemed  still  lo  be  acknowledgcil. 
It  was  not  to  the  House  of  liords,  or  to  any  of  Ihe 
ordinary  tribunals  of  Kngland,  that  appeals  were  carried 
from  the  judgments  of  American  courts,  hut  to  the  king 
in  council  j  and  it  was  the  saiiir  organ  lhat  enjoyed 
the  power  of  ino<lifying  and  rescinding  the  provininal 
laws  which  were  deemed  repugnant  to  Knglish  juris- 
prudence, t 

Yielding  not  to  conviction  but  to  necessity,  overawed 
by  the  strength  of  Britain,  and  encnmbered  bv  the  dan- 
gerous vicinity  of  the  French  in  Canada,  the  colonists 
subniitled  to  Ihe  power  nf  parliament,  and  rendered  to 
it  even  that  degree  of  voluntary  acknowledgment  which 
m.iy  be  inferred  from  numerous  petitions  for  the  redress 
of  grievances.^  Yet  the  submission  lhat  was  actually 
enforced,  w.as  yielded  with  manifest  reluctance,  and  the 
|ireteiisioiis  by  which  that  submission  might  in  after 
limes  be  extended,  were  regarded  with  the  mos;  jealous 
apprehension.  So  early  as  Ihe  year  IIJ'JCi,  a  pamphlet 
vy.ia  published  in  Kngland,  recomniending  Ihe  iniposi- 
timi  of  a  parliamentary  tax  on  one  of  Ihe  colonies 
This  was  inimediately  answered  by  two  other  publica- 
lions,  in  which  the  power  of  taxing  the  colonies  w.is 
nllerly  denied  lo  a  parliament  in  which  they  were  nol 
reprcscnled  1! 

There  were  various  particulars  in  the  supremacy  tli.it 
was  exercised  and  the  policy  tli.it  was  pursued  liy  the 
parent  st;  ts,  that  were  ollei'isive  to  Ihe  colonisls,  and 
ri'L'ariled  by  ihi'iu  as  hiimilaling  badges  of  dependence. 
Th-  appointment  of  cerl.iin  of  the  provinci.U  governort 
by  Ihe  I  lown,  not  only  created  discontent  in  Ihe  pro- 
vinces which  beheld  this  privilege  enjoyed  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  other  states,  but  excilcd  in  these  others 


t  Lord  Manslii'ld  repi'iitedlvpninounred  Ibal  it  was  kiiIitii 
I  lie  loiinii'leiicy  of  ihe  Knelish  court  of  Kind's  l)eii.-l,  to  si  i,,! 
a  »rit  o|  h.ilicas  corpus  into  America  ;  lint  he  declareil  lliat 
tins  was  a  powiT  winch cojiil  rarely  if  evi-i- be  exeri'iseil  Willi 
|ii«|ineir.  iStokis  oil  Ihe  nonslilution  of  the  Uritish  Colonies, 
p.  ,1.  li. 

S^  V\  hen  they  became  more  wealthy  and  powerful,  and  found 
that  the  parliament  was  nboMi  lo  usurp  their  domestic  tux 
al  ion,  they  refrained  Iniin  sendini;  netitions  to  it,  and  presented 
llieinonlylothckin«-.Si'e  Franklin's  Works,  iii..')3fi—iind  at 
leiiBlli  Isildlv  revived  the  ancient  maxim,  "that  the  kini;.  and 
i.ot  the  kiiitf.  loril.s,  and  commons  collectively,  is  their  sove- 
reii;n  ;  and  that  the  kinii  with  Iheir  respective  assemblies  is 
llieironlyb'Bislalor."  Ibid  .IHl.  Thus  Ihe  Americans  m  con- 
Iciidinj!  for  their  independence,  (iniilly  look  Iheir  stand  on  a 


princiiilo  orifiinally  introduced  by  despotic  princes,  and  in 
tended  to  secure  their  siibjeclioii  lo  arbitrary  government  and 
royalprerogalive. 

1^  (iordon's  llisl.  of  (lie  t'nited  States  vol.  i.  I.eller  ii. 
"Thepaiiiplilnls  a.'ai  ist  oixalion (said  Lord  Camden  in  his 
speech  in  Ilic  ll.ei ...  of  1... ids.  \pri|.  ITIitll  were  much  read, 
and  no  iinswir  Was  tiieii  I,,  tlie.n.  no  crnsiire  pissed  upon 
them;  nor  were  m'-n  si.ull:' I  .it  the  d,)i-lrine"     llii,',. 


&T8 

a  continual  apprehension  of  being  levelled  in  this  respect 
with  Ihe  condiiion  of  their  iieiuhbors.  The  in, inner  in 
which  this  bralli'b  of  the  r,i\al  pierogalive  waslooollen 
cxerclHi'd,  leiideil  lo  reiiiler  it  addltioiiallv  ills  i^'reciblc 
Il  wiis  the  general  iir,iciici' of  the  Knglish  iiiiiiisters  to 
coiiiniil  the  royal  govermiieuls  lo  needy  ilepeiideiits. 
whose  chief  aim  was  to  repair  a  slrittcred  I'ortiine  and 
lo  reconiinend  themselves  lo  iheir  patrons  bv  a  li<',id- 
long  xeal  for  the  assertion  of  every  real  or  prcleiidrd 
iirerogilive  of  the  crown  1  The  traiisporlalion  of  Kng- 
lish felons  to  .\iiierica,  was  also  a  pracuce  of  the  llritish 
governmeiil,  which  the  lapse  of  lime  rendered  increas- 
ingly otrensive  to  the  colonisls  We  have  seen  the 
assembly  of  .Maryland,  as  early  as  the  year  1(1711,  cmle.i- 
vonrtostem  the  torrent  of  vieioiis  and  proMigate  example 
which  was  thus  directed  by  the  parent  stale  among  ihe 
laboring  classes  of  her  colonial  sntijecls  The  .isseiii- 
bly  I'f  Pennsylvania  made  an  attempt  to  iibsirncl  the 
importation  of  convicts  into  that  stale  hy  inip  »iiio  a 
duty  of  five  pounds  on  every  convict  that  should  be 
imported  But  it  was  not  till  a  Liter  periisl  thai  the 
practice  was  generally  objected  to  by  Ihe  colonists 
So  pressing  in  most  places  was  the  demand  for  l.iborers, 
that  their  moral  characters  and  the  terms  on  which  they 
were  obtained,  were  considerations  to  which  the  plant- 
ers hai'  not  leisure  te  attend.  Nay,  in  some  iiislances, 
felons  were  not  the  only  involuntary  emigranis  from 
Kngland  whose  labor  they  appropriated  It  became  at 
one  time  a  coinimvi  practice  for  captains  of  vessels  to 
entice  ignorant  persons,  by  tlallering  promises  of  wcilih 
and  preferment,  to  aci'oni|ianv  them  to  .\meiiea,  where 
they  had  no  sooner  arriveii,  than  they  wen-  sold  as 
boiidsmen  to  defray  the  cost  of  their  passa-je  and 
enterlaiiiinent.  ['^*i  ]  'So  early  as  the  year  KiHO  an 
order  of  council"*  was  issued  for  the  prevention  of 
thi.s  pr.lclice  In  process  of  time  all  the  hical  govern- 
ineiits  and  all  the  respectable  iiihabilanls  of  the  pro- 
vinces iiiiiied  ill  pelilioning  Ihe  Knglish  government  to 
disciiiilinue  the  practice  of  sending  felons  to  .\nie-ica  :  +  t 
but  their  coiiiplaiiils  of  this  evil,  as  well  as  of  Ihe  con- 
'titiiied    import, ilion   of  aildilion,'il    negro   sl.'i\i's,    e\pe- 

,  rieneed  the  most  conlempliious  disrei^ard.     (bi use- 

jipience  th.at  is  said  to  have  resulted  from  this  arbitrary 
|lreatiiient,  was  the  existence  of  very  general  ii.'noiaiice 
nr  very  illiberal  prejudices,  with  regar.l  to  Ihe  condition 
of  North  .\merica,  in  the  niiiids  of  all  c  asses  of  people 
in  Kngland  Though  persons  connected  with  the  olo- 
nies,  by  commerce  or  otherwise,  iniglil  entertain  pisler 
ideas  of  their  condiiion,  ii  is  certain  that  till  a  verv  late 
period  these  territories  were  generally  rcg.iriled  in  Kn- 
gland as  wild  inhuspilable  deserts,  infested  by  Kavages 
and  be.isls  of  prey,  and  cullivaled  only  bv  criminals  or 
by  kidnapped  negroes  and  Kiiropeans.  Though  Itisliop 
Berkeley  had  prophesied  ,i  destiny  of  uneipialle.l  splen- 
dor to  this  reguiti,  in  his  "  Verses  on  the  prospect  of 
planting  arts  and  literature  in  .\meric,i,"  and  though 
riiomson  had  celebraled  the  h.ippiness  of  the  colonies, 
and  Iheir  subservience  to  the  greatness  of  the  British 
empire,!  t  the  encomiaslic  strains  of  these  writers  were 
more  than  connleracted  by  the  sarcastic  and  opprobrioiH 
iinputationa  which  were  saneliiined  by  others  and  more 

f  SirWillianiKeilh'sHisl.of  Viririnia,  IHt.  Williuinson's 
Norlb  Oarotina,  li.  lb.  Wc  have  ulreudy  sei-u  atiiliiilanl  ctiii- 
firmalionof  the  lestilnony  of  these  writers  in  llie  lost  ones  of 
Virginia,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey.     See  the  oltM-nallons 

on  till' ((eneral  elTeet  of  the  Kiiirbsli  Itevoliitioii  tin  llir  .\ 

ricaii  colonies,  at  the  close  of  llic  history  of  \"iriiiiii.i.  It.  I. 
cap.  '.i,  ante. 

In  some  instances, the  irovcrnrnent  was  bestowed  as  a  sine, 
cure  odice  on  a  courtier  who  resided  in  Ktu'laiul,  win  It-  Insile 

pniy  (ap(K)inted  also  hy  the  crown)  iierfor d  tlie  duly,  and 

received  a  part  of  the  salary.  The  Karl  of  Orkney,  in  parti- 
cular, who  was  iippoinled  t'overnorof  Virgiiii.i  in  17l)t,  In  Id 
Ibis  appointment  so  loni;  that  he  reeeive-1  I'J.IXMIl.  of  sal.iry 
fniin  a  petiiile  who  never  once  belii'ld  himainoiiL'  tliein.  VUl- 
inixon,  {'M  Kdit.)vol.  i.  p.  4(10.  His  pace  in  the  powmee. 
however,  was  very  well  supplied  for  iiearlv  twriity  years  by  a 
distinnnished  olheer  and  man  of  seienee,  Colonel  .Alrianib'r 
.Spottiswoode,  (of  the  Scotch  family  of 'hal  name,)  toi'.lioin, 
anionit  other  benefits,  Ihe  colonists  were  inileliteil  for  llie  expe 

ilition  in  I'M,  liy  which  a  passage overtlie  Apalaelna uii- 

tains  was  firsi  ascertained.  Ibid.  p.  101,  lOJ.  In  lion,. r  ol  his 
services, one  oflhecunnticBof  Virginia  isealli'dSpottsyliani.i. 
*  '  Tnis  dociimr  iit  is  preserred  in  the  llritish  .Muse. on  'llie 
system  of  inveixlini^  ond  kidnappinj;  was  not  coiitine.  i,i  Ke- 
L'land.  It  was  carried  on  lo  u  jirent  extent  in  Siialiia  iin.l  olliei 
Ciernian  cantons  by  Dutch  factors,  whom  Riiyna.  asserts  lo 
have  been  hired  by  the  British  governnienl.  Urifsli  Seillo 
inents  in  America,  B.  IV.  cap.  9. 

tT  An  American  pntriol  huinoroiisly  pro|ioseilthal  a  recipro- 
cal transportation  of  American  felons  to  Kinilaii.l  slioiild  in 
equity  be  indulged  to  the  colonisls.     Franklin's  .Memoirs. 
tt  "l*o!  swarmiiifto'rr  the  new-dise.i\ir'd  world, 
tJay  colonies  extend  ;  llie  calm  retreat 

Of  undeserve  I  distress — 

Round  I  f  social  fre-.'dom,  lirintlie\  use 


Of  Britain's  empire  the  aupport  and  strcnjUii." 

Thomson. 


840 


Tin:  iiiHTouy  or 


popular  authors.  *  Thd  conquest  uf  Ij4)i)iHt>uri{h  from 
the  Frrnrh  in  174A,  an  rnUrprisfl  originally  projiTtrd 
by  thn  v^illtllMn,  and  mainly  ncconiptiiihiMl  liy  thr  vi^or 
i>t'  thr  t^nvi'rntntMit  of  MiUNarliiiiirtlii,  wiin  \Uv  riri'tnn- 
dt'inrr  til  It  I'lrid  prt'pjri>il  the  prople  nf  I'lH^^land  to 
rrccivc  iiinri*  jiiHt  inipri'ftHiiinii  ol'  tlie  di^^nily  itiid  ini- 
portiinrr  nl  tlio  Ann'ricikn  pruvinccii. 

Ilut  tn>  particular  ol'  tlip  trcnlmrnt  wliirli  tln»  cido- 
nistH  rxprritMK-i'd  iVinn  Knji^land  during  tlir  t'arly  piirtnl' 
their  miitirxitMi  wilti  lirri  was  lo  ^onorally  olliMiMivii  lo 
ihrin  iiH  ihi^  rfHtrirtioni  dhi)  impoiii'd  unon  thrlrtriuh' 
Qiiil  iiiihiHiry.  Thi)  vyaU'in  not  only  «li%MiHtPil  thrtu 
hy  itM  iiijimliro,  but  flcrnipd  in  some  intflnnros  to  Uavv 
|H'rvrrlt<(l  thrir  own  ncuue  of  jiiMticpf  and  conniiu- 
niiNilt'd  to  their  nmniirlN  a  portimi  uC  itn  own  itlihc- 
rahlV-  III  Minu'  featurt's  of  the?  coninicrriitl  policy  por- 
•ucd  by  tin*  coliminlH,  \vn  may  di:ici>rn  thf  rclb-ction  of 
that  iiiirrow  and  xcltiMh  itpirit  i!iat  porviuhil  thr  ■ynlrni 
adopted  tuward  ihcmHclvcH  by  thu*  parent  Mtatr  An 
act  of  thi*  aftHiMubly  of  Vir^ntia,  ni  IflNO,  inip<mcd  a 
(Inly  on  ail  tob<ui>o  exnoitrd  fr<)in«  and  o\i  all  rtiiiffranta 
irnporteil  into  tho  coi.niy  in  v<*i»hi>Ih  not  hclon^rin^  to 
Virginian  owntTn.  ]ly  an  ordinance  of  MaH*achtiHeltH 
a  l."nia^t*  dnty  w.ic  inipoMi'd  on  all  ahipa  canting  anchor 
ni  anv  pi*r:  within  itH  jurisdiction,  rxeeptiiif;  vcmmcIn 
o.vricd  liy  itdialiitanln  uf  tin'  Hlate.  A  (timilar  thity  wa» 
iinpttHcd  hy  (ho  aMHCtnbly  of  Hhmle  iMJindf  in  thr  year 
l7(M,(in  all  vcHHeItt  n«'t  wholly  owned  hy  inhabitanitt 
nl  that  ciilony.  In  l7(>Ut  th«  inhabitant m  of  New  York 
ji<ip<i«rd  a  loiinajjc  d'lly  on  eviTV  vi'hscI  of  which  one 
half  ilid  not  bcloriu  to  cili/iMiH  of  that  Hlal(\  liy  a  law 
of  Maryland,  in  1715,  th;>  (hitim  iin^wiit'd  on  the  iinpor- 
taiion  of  negroes,  HcrvaniM,  and  liqnorH,  were  dcclired 
not  to  rxleiid  to  hucIi  an  were  iniporlt-d  in  vcmhoIh  whoite 
owniTJi  were  all  rrHidt-nli  in  tite  proviiur.  In  the  Hainc 
pnwini'c  it  had  hern  enacted,  eleven  yeart  l)olorf',  that 
di'titHdiie  to  Kn^liMh  bankruptn  tibiiuld  not  he  collected 
till  we'Mirity  were  j^iveii  that  the  riairns  of  colonial  cre- 
dili  ri«  on  tho  bmkrupt'ri  emale  Hhonid  bo  hrNl  wholly 
diiHi-hrir^fCil. t  Kven  the  IVniiNylvanians,  who  iti  ihii* 
redp^M'l  prdcHrtcd  a  more  literal  coti«ideration  of  the 
ctainiH  ot  tiireiifii  creditorrt  llian  any  of  the  otier  pro- 
vincial coiniU'iiiitien,  paNKcd  a  law  for  Kecnrinjr  priority 
of  payments  from  the  CNtateti  of  hankrnplH  to  the  in- 
hatMla!t(4  of  their  province.  AinoiiK  other  apologies  for 
thld  p'llicy  with  reijard  to  the  recovery  of  debts  (which 
w.AH  very  generally  adopted  lhrouL>hout  the  colo- 
nies) it  irt  proper  to  notice  the  fact  that  the  plantem 
were  co  ninonly  treated  witli  tfrcat  illiberality  by  the 
iniTchtnlii  !>  whom  they  conHiiined  their  prinluce  in 
Kn.'lin.l,  who  took  advanlajje  t)f  their  neceMilieK,  while 
the  Haleif  were  in  HuxponHe,  to  lend  them  money  al  ct- 
orliitanl  intereMt.  and  on  thr  Kecnrily  o\'  their  inort^a^et) 
nIaiitatioriM.  In  1701,  the  aH^embly  of  South  (7aro]lna 
impoHe  I  a  duly  'd'  three  fanhini^M  a  «kin  on  hides  ex- 
ported by  thecoloniHta  inthnrown  HhipH,  hut  double  this 
ainjun:  if  the  exports  were  biailed  in  hnghuh  veHsehi — a 
dititinctinn  i^^.tinid  which  the  Kn^linh  comnnHHioners  of 
plantations  re'oontttrated,  aa  an  unjuit  diHCourairemeiit 
lo  the  tr.i  le  of  Knt»land.  Tho  Virginian  act  of  ItiHO 
h.ii)  excited  simitar  reinonfitrnnceti  from  the  name  quarter, 
and  mull-  the  nation  feel,  that  lo  practise  injustice  is  lo 
lea.'h  a  te.stion  tint  nfien  returns  to  plti^ue  the  inventor. 

In  ihe  vear  lODtl,  Kin^  William  erected  a  new  and 
Btandin:,' council  under  the  name  of  the  I*orda  I'oin- 
niissioners  for  Trade  and  IMantations.  All  tiie  Ame- 
rican !4'ivernor«  were  required  lo  maintain  corrcKpond- 
ence  with  this  board,  an.l  to  transmit  to  it  the  journalfi 
of  iheir  councils  and  assemblies,  the  accounts  of  the 
collectors  of  customs,  and  similar  articles  of  oH'icial  in- 
leili;.'ence.     This   reqnisiiiim    was  obeyed  hy  the  royal 

»  .SiuoIIei  alludes  to  llie  colonies  of  North  America  iu  the 
fiill.(U  111^  y,i  ram—"  The  jialleys  of  Kraiiee  alHiund  with  ahU-s  ; 
ami  maiiV  if.'iiiplarH  nmy  bu  fomid  in  our  Anktiicaii  plaiila- 
ti.His."  l-.tuiii  }•  allium,  vol.  I.  cap.  ■."J,  Fielding  srndH  hia  hero, 
J  iii;»ih;oi  \Nilil.  to  forliry  his  vice  and  villany  in  Virjinna  ;  and 
ill  viuiiius  nt-uT  .iliusiDiis  lo  Ihe  colonies  always  represenis 
tlitMii  an  :tif  .siuta'ile  refnt'c  of  deserved  distress.  In  Herd's 
furceof  I'lie  H<-i:Hti,'rOirict!,mni8erable  Irishman  is  exhibited 
as  on  th''  point  of  liein^  trepnnned  U>  America,  to  he  there  sold 
us  a  slave,  Kven  m  iJoldsmith*s  Tntvellcr,  wht  rft  lUr  expul- 
sion of  an  English  pnasanl  mid  hi«  family  from  their  home  is 
represi'iiied  ts  a  very  nrdniary  constMjueme  of  the  jniiie  and 
luxury  oT  Kii.lish  landlords,  the  exiles  are  supiwjHittto  find  a 
U'lilold  a'Miii.in  tu  iheir  woes  in  North  Amori'-a.  Nay,  this 
slram  Sfeins  nol  yet  to  liare  ceased  ;  and  the  jrrief  of  "  lieart- 
Kich  exile.x"  in  America  has  been  deplored  by  a  Scotlish  bard 
of  till  ntiieteriilh'cnlury.  From  the  time  '/iien  Wallcrand 
Murvrii  eiilouised  tin;  tranquil  retreat  of  iievr.mdas,  I  am  not 
aware  tiiai  any  othir  Kiinlish  poeLs  but  Thomson  and  Camp- 
bell ha»»'  t<l'-'?jfaled  iht  l.appy  scenes  and  circumstances  of 
American  life. 

+  In  t'l"  hi-irnry  of  Maryland  wr  have  already  seen  the  first 
instance  ..)"ii  \a\\  disa'ilinL-  »11  emitrants  to  the  cnlouy  from 
enjoying  eotumal  otliccji  lill  l»y  residence  for  a  term  o(  years 
Inev  had  U^roms  '!0inplflte1y  colouivUt. 


governors,  but  met  with  very  little  aitenlion  in  those 
colonies  of  which  the  governors  were  appointed  hy  the 
iM'ople  In  theyfar  I7lt,  the  allofhi'y-p-neral  4d'  Eni^'' 
land  (Norlliey)  irilorined  the  Knijlish  ministers  thai  it 
was  not  in  their  power  to  punish  ibis  ncf^iect,  and  ad- 
vised tlirm  to  apply  to  parliament  f<>r  an  act  command' 
in^  all  the  colonies  to  iraiiHinit  their  laws  for  royal  re- 
vision. This  proceediiij^,  however,  was  not  adopted  : 
and  a  report  of  the  lords  ctunmisslonerH,  in  the  year 
I7:t;),  sets  forth  that  '*  Uhi>de  Uland  and  roiineclicul, 
beinjf  charter  fjovernmenls,  luihl  littb*  or  no  correspimd- 
ence  with  our  ollice,  and  we  are  very  lillle  informed 
id'  what  is  doing  in  these  ^overninentN  ;  ttiey  not  heini; 
under  any  (dili^ation  to  return  anihenlic  copies  of  their 
laws  to  the  crown  for  disallowance,  or  to  give  any  ac- 
count of  their  proceeihngs  "J 

There  was  a  considerable  variety  in  the  constitulions 
of  the  several  provinces  at  the  connnenceineiit  of  thr 
eighleriith  century.  In  .MarylamI  and  l*ennsyl\ania, 
the  property  of  the  soil,  and  the  governincnl  of  the 
htale,  belonged  to  one  or  more  proprietaries.  This 
was  also  the  situation  of  the  <  'arolinas,  till  the  surren- 
der of  the  proprietary  jiirisilicli.ni.  In  New  Jersey, 
and  in  the  ('andinas,  after  the  proprietary  jurisdictions 
were  surreiiileretl,  the  soil  belonged  to  the  proprietaries, 
anil  Ihe  government  to  the  criiuii  In  MaHsachusctls, 
the  property  of  llie  soil  was  vrsled  in  llie  people  ami 
their  repreHcntalivis,  and  the  ifovernment  was  exercised 
by  the  cntwti.  In  Virginia  and  New  Vork,  both  pro- 
perly and  government  belonged  lo  the  crown.  In  Con- 
necticut ami  Kliode  Island,  buth  properly  ami  govern- 
nieiit  were  vested  in  the  corporation  of  the  Ireemeii  of 
the  colony.  These  distinctions,  among  olhcr  evil  con- 
sequences,  promoted  disputes  respect  in  if  boundaricH, 
in  which  the  crowti  was  tlioU'Ebl,  and  not  without  rea- 
son, lo  favor  the  claims  of  ihnse  states  in  which  its 
power  wan  largest,  and  the  quit  rents  were  subservient 
to  the  royal  revenue 

No  encouragemenl  seems  ever  to  have  been  given 
by  the  I'^nglish  govenimenl  lo  the  cultivation  of  science 
or  literature  in  the  American  provinces,  except  in  the 
solitary  instance  of  a  donation  by  William  ■ind  Mary, 
in  aid  of  the  college  wtiich  took  its  name  from  them  in 
Virginia.  The  policy  ailtptcd  by  the  parent  slate  in 
this  resjicct  is  very  correctly  indtcaleil  hy  one  of  tin- 
royal  governors  in  the  beginning  of  the  eigliteenth  cen- 
tury. "  Am  to  the  college  erected  in  Virginia,"  says 
this  ollicer,  '*nnd  other  ilesigns  nf  the  like  nature  which 
have  been  proposed  for  ttn'^  (-ncoiiragem'  lit  of  learning, 
it  is  oi.ly  to  iw  observed  in  general,  that  although  great 
ulvantagcH  may  accrue  lo  the  mother  stale  both  from 
the  labor  and  luxury  of  its  plantations,  yet  they  will 
probably  be  uiistaken  who  ini.igine  that  tho  advance- 
ment of  lit<'ralure  ami  Ihe  improvement  of  arts  and 
sciences  in  imr  American  colonies  can  be  of  any  ser- 
vice to  the  British  «.tate."'^  We  have  already  seen  the 
iiistructioim  that  were  given  to  the  royal  governors  by 
the  Knglish  court,  both  prior  and  Hubscquent  to  the  re- 
volulion  of  Hi.SS,  lo  restrain  Ihe  exercise  of  printing 
within  their  iurisdictions.  .Many  laws  were  enacted  in 
New  Kngland,  after  that  even!,  for  enl  trging  the  lite- 
rary privileges  and  honors  of  Harvard  (Jitllege  ;  hut  they 
were  all  disallowed  hy  the  Knglish  government. 

The  first  priming-press  esiahlished  in  North  Ame- 
rica, was  erected  in  Massaclmsettf"  in  the  year  UlUH 
It  was  more  than  hirly  years  atlervvanl  bet'ore  print- 
ing commenced  in  any  other  pari  of  British  .\ineric.i. 
In  I68ti,  a  printing-press  was  eslablihtieil  in  Pennsyl- 
vania; in  Iti'Jli,  .it  New  Vork;  in  17t)'J,  in  (Connecti- 
cut; in  1726,  in  Maryland;  in  172'd,  in  Virginia;  and 
in  1730,  in  South  Carolina  Previous  lo  the  year 
I7'10,  more  printing  was  performed  in  .Massachusetts 
than  in  all  the  olhcr  colonies  tugetlier.  From  1700  lill 
the  commrncemenl  of  tho  rcv.dnlionary  war,  the  quan- 
tities of  printing  executed  in  Uosloii  and  Philadelphia 
were  nearly  the  same.  The  lirst  iNorlh  American 
newspaper  was  published  at  Boston  by  Campbell,  a 
Scotchman,  tho  postmaster,  in  1701.  The  second 
made  its  appearance  in  the  same  city  in  171'J;  and  in 

X  Anderson's  Hist,  and  Chronol.  Deduct,  of  the  Origin  of 
Coinmer^o,  ii.  ti'J'i,  t}U3.  Clialmers, 'J05.  As  a  remedy  lor  tho 
defective  correspondence  which  wita  anticiualed  between  the 
colonies  and  the  l>oanl  of  trade,  an  act  <>t^  parliament  was 
pas.sed  in  1«9G,  declarinp  (in  conformity  with  tht;  colonial 
charters,)  "  that  all  by-laws,  usages,  >\nd  ciistoins  whieli  shall 
be  in  («-actioe  in  any  of  the  plantations,  reimgnaiU  to  any  law 
made  in  the  kingdom  relative  to  the  said  plantations,  shall  be 
void  and  of  no  i-ITect.'' 

ij  Sir  William  Keith's  Mist^ryof  Virjiinia.  I  have  termed 
Keith  a  royal  governor,  lie  was,  i(  :s  true  thn  (lovernor  of 
a  proprietary  settlement,  Pennsylvania.  But  all  these  (,over- 
nors  were  now  approved  bv  the  crown  ;  and  Keilh*s  nomi- 
nation, in  consonuence  of  V\'  lUiain  Penn's  menial  incapacity 
at  ths  lime  proceeded  altogether'from  the  crown. 


the  same  ;  ear,  ttie  third  was  published  in  Phitadelphi.x 
In  I7*JA,  New  Vork,  for  the  (trst  time,  pubtixheM  a 
liewMpapei  ;  ami  (iHer  tliit,  Kimilar  journals  wiTe  l!'<*' 
ilutlly  jntrmtuced  into  ilie  olhcr  colonies  |l 

'I  be  press  in  .\mrriea,  was  no  where  entirely  fno 
from  lej^al  rrstraint  till  about  the  year  I7.'>ri,  In  1 '('*'), 
James  Franklin  was  pfdiiluled  by  the  governor  <d' 
MasiachuM'tts  from  publishing  'I'hr  AVir  tliti,l,it'i[ 
(Umr>iut^%  wilhout  previously  siihuutling  its  contenis 
to  the  revision  of  the  secret. iry  of  llie  l)rovince  ;  and  in 
17.')|,  one  Fowle  was  imprisoned  by  the  House  ut  As 
sembly  of  the  same  province,  on  autftirHirt  of  Inning 
printed  a  pamphlet  coplaining  rellrclions  on  some  niein- 
bers  of  the  government  M\vr  the  year  17:10,  no  of- 
ficer seems  to  have  been  appidnted  in  MassacliusettK  iii 
I  exercise  a  particular  conind  over  Ihe  press;  but  prn'f 
to  ihat  period,  the  imjtnnuitiir  of  a  licenser  was  inscr.l*- 
ed  on  many  of  the  New  Kngland  public. ilions 

A  country  where  labor  was  so  dear,  and  property 
in  land  so  grin*ral  as  in  North  America,  might  h;ivb 
been  expected  to  have  proved  eminently  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  a  skilful  and  econonncal  system  of  hits* 
handry.  While  the  denrness  of  labor  resiraim'd  ex|ieri- 
sivr  cultivation,  the  general  diifusiori  of  the  ownership 
of  land,  enhanced  and  multiplied  the  incitements  to  in- 
dustry. But  the  inllueiice  of  llicHe  caiises  was  coun- 
leruied  hy  the  chetpness  and  abundance  of  land,  and 
the  vast  tnresis  with  which  th.>  whole  country  wan 
covered.  Kvery  man  possessed  land  emnub  to  af- 
ford  him  a  sullieient  subsistence  hy  (In*  easiest  .i^ricul 
tural  process  ;  and  a  great  de.il  of  iiiilustry  wis  ci*n 
linuallv  directed  to  the  task  of  diseiieunibering  ihti 
groiimi  of  woiid.  Allliongh  every  oai'  of  ttie  settle* 
nients  already  possesseil  numerous  siibstaiiliat  edifica- 
tions of  brick  and  stone,  yet,  from  the  dearm>:4s  of  labor 
and  the  aliundance  of  wood,  the  gre.ili-r  number  of 
dwelling  houses  were  i-very  where  constructed  of  this 
material  -a  practice  which  was  prulonged  till  a  vi-ry 
lite  prrioti  by  the  err  ineoiis  notion,  that  wooden  houses 
conlribuieil  a  better  defrnce  th.iii  HlDiie  buildiiii;* 
against  llu'  bumi'Iily  of  the  atmospbeiv  •* 

America  has  owed  to  Ktirope  not  only  a  race  of  nvil- 
ized  men,  but  a  breed  of  doniestiiT  animals  Oxen, 
horses,  and  sheep,  were  intriHluced  by  the  Kiij/lish, 
French,  Dutch,  and  Swedes,  into  their  respective  set 
lleinents.  Bees  were  imported  by  the  Knglish.  The 
Indians  who  had  never  seen  these  insects  before,  gavn 
them  the  name  of  Ku^ltsk  jUrg  tt 

Kvery  one  of  the  provinces  beheld  the  Indian  tribes 
by  which  it  was  surrounded  melt  away  more  or  tefs 
rapiilly  under  the  intliienceof  a  civilized  neii.'hhorhood. 
In  none  of  the  provinces  (with  the  exception,  perhaps, 
of  South  ('arotiiia',  were  wars  undertaken  against  lh>it 
unfortunate  race  for  the  sake  of  conquest  ;  yet  none  of 
the  colonies  wl  "se  liistory  we  have  liilberto  traced,  ex- 
cept New  Jerac  .  tid  Penn^iylvania,  were  able  to  avoid 
altogether  a  con  .t,  in  which  the  uniform  aggression 
of  the  Indians  was  uniformly  punished  with  diocom- 
titure  ami  deslruction.  Virginia  was  the  only  proviiict' 
of  which  the  soil  had  been  uccupicil  witboni  a  previous 
purchase  fnmi  the  Indians  ;  and  in  South  ('arolina  alonn 
had  the  treatment  which  these  savages  experienced 
from  the  Kuropeaiis,  been  justly  chargeable  with  detect 

li  John  Diinton,  in  the  prospectuH  nf  lht>  ju'iniiil  wiucti  hn 
brjan  to  publish  at  London,  ni  ItiDti,  stales  that  llieie  were 
then  but  einlit  newspapers  piiblislii-il  m  Kii*iland.  .None  wire 
puttlislnd  III  Seotlaiid  liil  after  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary. 

In  171!l. thnre  was  nn  print inu  prejfvm  Camida.  Then'  liait 
formerly  been  one  ;  but  it  did  no',  alforil  itsowncr  the  means 
of  Hubsisteiu't!.  Tlie  French  colini.'^ts.  monr  asiianied  ot  lh< 
reproaeli  of  poverty  or  iiilellectuid  inl'erionty  than  of  dr.sli 
tulion  of  liberty,  as.>4erli>(l  that  the  ('anadi.iii  prei.s  had  been 
iiilerdictril,  lest  it  should  produi'i'  !ibi'|«  afiainsi  i:o\ernineiit. 
Kalins  Travels,  iii.  IHJ.  The  dilfereuee  beiwecn  l-'rencb  and 
Kiiuhsli  maimers  was  very  apparent  in  llie  culunial  settle- 
menls  ofllie  two  nations.  The  ('aiiitdian  French,  s.iys  (Miar* 
levoix,  will  ratlier  retreneh  from  their  tables  than  wear  plain 
I'lothes.  Voyaite  to  North  .Vinerica  m  I7<J0,  vol.  i.  Letter  III. 
But  IIutchin.-4on  declares,  that  the  Kutilish  euhmisl.t  would 
rathersimnlify  their  iiltire  •han  impoverish  their  diet.  Hint, 
of  Massiicnuseits,  n.  \\.i. 

%  This  journal  (first  published  in  17'J1)  was  edited  by  ::u 
elder  brotlier  id'  IV.  Franklin,  an  1  had  been  prcvioiisU  de- 
noiineed  liy  Or  Increase  .Mai  her  as  a  worthless  and  irrr!i|;ioiis 
ptililication.  It  was  ilie  earliest  literary  or^an  of  mtidelity  m 
North  America.  In  o.ie  ol  ihe  niuiibers  of  tbi.s  paper  it  was 
advanced,  ilial  "  if  (tie  inmister-*  »t  (Joil  approve  of  a  thm^, 
il  i^  a  si^-n  it  is  of  the  devil  "  Dr.  Mather  was  coinprlleil  lo 
vindicate  himself  pubbely  from  an  assertion  in  tlif  paiicr,  thai 
he  was  one  rtf  its  friends  and  supporters.  Uaiah  'rhumas' 
Hist,  of  Printing  m  America,  i.  'il.5. 

**  Mr.  Jelferson  wasihe  first  who  attempted  to  combat  this 
error  of  his  countrymen,  m  his  "  Notes  on  Virtfinia." 

tt  Kalm.  i.  'JHM.  Oldmixon  asserts  ('Jd  edit.  i.  ■IH.)lhHl 
America  had  neither  ratu  nor  mice  id!  the  arrival  of  Ihe  L'uro 
pean  vessels. 


aESSBsaa 


s*<?BiS«?W^SS»»S 


••''liiiMIMlMMii 


NORTH  ami:  IMC  A 


Iiu!i:»ii  tril>e« 

inorr    or    Irft 

)il>.>rli<MHl. 

,  |M'rl»;.|n», 

ti^.tiiiHt  ill. it 

vet  iioiii*    >i( 

Iriiri'il,  I'X 

iihlr  to  .ivi>iil 

itli  ili-r. Hil- 
ly |irnviin*ii 
I  .1  [irrvin  i« 
,iroIiii;ialiHjn 
rx|M'ri«'nrril 
Willi  .leliiV 

litl  wliii!li  lin 
Hit  Www  v\*Tn 
Nnni^  Were 
if  WiUuimuiii) 

Tlu'rc  liatt 
iT  lite  iniMiif 
liiuncd  «ii  tlie 
iIdiii  <i1  cir.sll 
-(-I  liiid  Itfi-n 
;:'i\»Tmnfiit. 
I  j-'iriifli  ami 

HIImI     M'ltl<N 

),  N.iys  ('liar- 

IlLill  WPHT  |il:ilB 
1(1. 1,  h'^ttrrill. 

jirdict.     Hitl. 

iis  t'ditcil  >iy  ::u 
[irc'vnm«l>  de- 
m<l  irro{i»£ious 
ot  inlidrlity  m 
s|>ii|)t'r  It  wii« 
tvp  lira  tiling, 
s  CMMippllfd  to 
,  Llip  pitnci.  thai 
tiiiiilt  'riiomas' 


of  I'lrWiiMncf  and  huiuaiiUy  Hut  tlir  friiMitl«lMi)  of 
,ii«  n>liini«tH  prnvml  in  iirn«ral  no  Icki  I'Mal  lli-m  ttirir 
liimMliiM'n  l>>  ihi*  liuliirt*  Till*  U«l)'  for  Hpiritiioii* 
h.{  I  ir«,  wliiili  llii'V  ciiiniuuiiiuiili  il,  \\  in  imliiluod  by  tin* 
■  ivt;{t><i  witli  n  imxiiuii  that  anb>)unt4<(l  to  li-riizy  ;  nnd 
|!ii*  tif'.v  i|i«i>iH'>4  wliirti  ihi'V  ini|M>rlt'(l  iVoiri  KtiM|»f>f 
tilth  Irojii  iHM'iitiitritim  lit  till' roiiHiitiitiiinol'tlir  Indi.iiiH, 
a  'I  ilit>  ilt'ltTlivo  Irnttiafiit  (MXiiMioiieil  hy  llirir  in**x- 
|MMiiMiriM)f  Niich  iiiiilitdifa  wi-rr  jinnliirlivt' i»f  u  hivm^ 
.i,iiiMi;{  lh<*  trihn  thtit  Ur  ouUtri|>|wd  nil  tht*  clTorli  of 
htiiiiJiri  hn»tility  Thr  pm-iihiir  niorl.ility  whu'li  tlir 
tiiiiill-poi  proihicpil  ainoiiif  the  liiiliiina  him  hern  aat'nh- 
pd  hy  Miiiiitt  writrm  to  their  prni'tii'p  of  unoinlintf  ihriii- 
•I'jvcii  with  iHMim'  f(rpai4*,  in  order  to  rr|H*l  tht*  altocka 
of  novioua  inipcta  in  numiner,  and  to  vicludf*  the  v%- 
•  rt'iiiK  cold  of  wintrr,  which  i«  lUpiMMed  to  rffureai  tlip 
culitiMMUM  priiptioii  ihiU  iH  rnpiiHiU*  toft  fuvoraldn  iiiiiiP 
of  till'  diN)(*ni|MT  (iiiidril  hy  their  own  HiMiMntionii,  the 
Iinliiuu  nntiripatnl  the  Kuropeana  in  thr  une  of  tlip 
rold  rrfiinirn  in  Mnmli-pox  ;  and  thr  mortality  that  (liP 
ilirtorder  cHTiiHiuned  atiionK  Ihrni  wan  at  fir*!  rrroiic- 
uiiifly  aMerilwd  to  tliJM  ptiu'tii'P.  Kwn  the  reliiih  for 
<iiiprriiir  roinfi>rtN  and  liner  liixuripH,  which  nii^ht  havp 
'H'eri  rxppcted  to  lead  the  Indianii  In  iiiorp  rivillied 
iiioilei  of  life,  wan  priKluetivp  of  nn  opnosite  eirret,  and 
teiiiled  to  confirm  them  in  Bavn^e  nahitM  ;  ait  these 
l(i\nric«  were  now  jfenerally  leiiilcred  to  them  in  <'x- 
rhanife  for  the  jH*ltry  which  they  procured  hy  hnntiut^ 
AhiioNt  all  (he  Indian  iriheK  were  en^a^ed  in  wars  with 
pic.h  otlier,  anil  all  were  ea^pr  to  nhtain  the  iipw  iiintrn- 
nieiilii  of  (h>fllrnctioi)  which  Itie  Niiprrinr  Hciencr  of  the 
KiiroppanH  h.id  created.  Wielding  thin  imprnved  ma- 
(hiiiery  of  death  with  the  Maine  rat;e  mid  fury  that  had 
rti.iraclcriiied  their  prrvionH  warfare  with  tenii  eiricicinui* 
wrapoim,  their  inntual  li<mtililiefi  were  rendered  addi- 
tionally  dcMirnctivc  hy  the  coriininnication  tif  an  inven- 
tion which,  amoiitr  civilized  iiationi,  liaM  Hliortcned  the 
duration  and  diniiniNhed  thecarnat;eof  war. 

At  the  cloMc  of  the  tteveiiteenlh  century  the  Indian 
IribeM  o\'  New  Knirlai  I  could  Htill  muster  10,1)00  ti^lit- 
iiii;  niPii  ;*  thoKc  of  Srw  York,  1,000;  and  tliooe  wf 
Virginia,  t>00  There  were  0,000  In  litriH  alto;;ct)ier 
in  IViiiiHvlv.uiia  ;  4, 001)  in  North  Carotina  ;  protiahly 
ax  many  in  South  ('aroliiia;  :i,UOO  in  Maryland;  and 
only  yOO  in  New  Jerney  t 

'i'lie  danger  which  the  Kuropean  colonists  iiiuttt  have 
incurred  from  a  coalition  hclwccu  their  iie^ro  Hlavet* 
and  the  Indian'*,  vvuh  ohvialct)  hy  the  irreconcilealile 
ditfliko  and  antipathy  which  prevaileil  untvcrHally  he- 
twpcn  thoHP  two  ijp^enerale  raceti  The  gentle  and 
cirnniinate  liidiaim  of  South  America  wpre  re^rarded 
from  the  liriit  with  insolenctt  and  scorn  hy  the  iieirro 
fliavra  of  the  Spaiii.irdri;  and  the  freer  and  hardier  In- 
diana of  North  America  have  alwayo  demonHtratetl  the 
ficrceBt  averxion  and  cimtempt  for  tho  nej^roeH  iniported 
into  the  lettlementii  of  the  Knglinh 


NOTES    TO    UKAHAM'S    HISTOHV. 

NoTK  [I]  p.  197 — The  important  inHtrnclion,  hoth 
moral  and  political,  winch  may  be  derived  from  a  oon- 
■ideratiun  of  the  origin  of  the  Slave  Trade,  is  forrihly 
uepiotud  by  that  ditftin^MUHhcd  philnnthropiNi  (ThoinaH 
Clarkflon),  whoso  virtue  promoted,  aiul  whorte  ueiiiuK 
has  recorded,  the  abolition  of  this  detcHlahlc  traltir  II 
is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  the  pious  and  hcnevoli'iit  Uim 
Casas,  actuated  hy  a  vehement  desire  to  emancipate 
the  feeble  nations  of  South  America  from  the  bonda^^e 
of  the  Spanish  eolnnisls,  was  the  fin»t  person  who  pro- 
posed to  the  government  of  Spain  the  importation  of 
negroes  from  Africa  to  America,  His  proposition  waK 
rejected  by  Cardinal  Ximciies,  who  considered  it  un 
lawful  to  consign  innocent  people  to  slavery  at  all,  and 
was,  moreover,  struck  with  the  inconsistency  of  deli- 
vering the  inhabitants  of  one  country  from  a  state  of 

»  When  Connecticut  was  first  settled,  there  were  conipiiled 
to  bfl  20,000  Indiana  within  its  butindurieit  ilmie.  Truuil'ult, 
1.  43.  In  Goukin's  '*  Historical  Collection.n  of  ti.e  Indmiis  iii 
New  Ktigland,*'  some  ilhistrat ion  is  atVortled  ofthe  rapid  de- 
cliiu!  which  these  tribes  sustained  durm«  the  sliort  inti-rvul 
bctweoii  tho  settlement  of  tho  New  Kn^land  states  <iii(l  the 
year  1704.  Tho  Pcipioda  were  reduced  friiin  4,000  to  ;HKJ 
warriors  ;  the  Narni((haiisnus,  from  3,000  to  1,0(K);  ihe  l*nM- 
tuckels,  froia  3,000  to  260;  the  Massachusetts  (who  have 
L'lviu  their  name  to  the  princiiml  slate  in  New  Kiijflaml,) 
(V.iMi  3.000  lu  300;  and  tho  PuwKuunakuls.  a  Iiihe  wluflilmj 
loniierly  numbered  3,000  wiirriors,  was  almost  entirely  v\- 
iiiu'i.  (.lollfti'tioiisof  the  Massachusetis  Uist.Soc.i   141-227. 

f  Oldtnixon,  i.  100.  125.  141.  1U4.  204.  282,  Warden,  ii. 
37:1.  410.  The  most  accurate,  believe,  and  certainly  the 
Ktost  interesting  picture  of  Indian  manner  that  exists  in  the 
Kn^lish  lunKuage,  in  contained  inthatnotJe  production  of 
I'unnuK  Hniij'eiuus,  Soythey's  History  ot  Uraiil. 


misery,  bv  inllictin^  it  upon  the  inhahil.-ints  of  another 
"After  the  death  of  (!.irdinal  XiiiierieM,  the  Knipenir 
(yharles  the  Kinii  encouraged  thesl;i\e  trole  In  l.'^l?, 
he  grauled  a  patent  to  one  of  liis  I- Nrnisti  fi^nntes, 
containiiij^  an  mcbiHive  ri^hl  of  iniporlini;  four  thou- 
sand Africans  into  AineruM  Dut  he  lived  loii^  eiioimh 
to  re|iprit  of  what  he  had  thus  incoiisideralely  done 
For  in  the  ye ir  l.VIV,  he  riiude  .1  cnle  of  laws  for  the  Im-i- 
ter  protection  of  llu>  unfortunate  Indians  in  hi^  foreii^ii 
ifnininiona;  and  he  stopped  the  progress  of  .Xfrican 
slavery  hy  an  order  thai  all  slaves  in  his  American 
islanils  should  be  mode  free  "  This  onler  was  subse- 
(pienlly  defeated  by  his  own  retireirieni  tnto  a  monaste 
ry  ;  hut  "it  shows  he  hail  been  iirnorant  of  what  he 
was  doing,  when  he  gave  his  sanction  to  thii  cruet 
trade.  It  shows,  when  legislators  give  one  set  of  men 
an  undue  power  over  anotner,  how  ipiickly  they  abuse 
il ;  ox  he  never  woultl  have  lound  himself  obliged,  in 
the  short  space  of  twenty-live  years,  to  niiilo  that  which 
he  had  countenanced  as  a  great  •tlate  measure  And 
while  it  confirms  the  former  lesson  to  statesmen,  of 
watching  the  iN'^iiiniiigs  or  nriiiciplcs  of  things,  in 
their  politu'.d  movements,  it  slmuld  leach  them  never 
to  (lersisi  in  the  support  ol  evils,  through  ihe  false 
shame  of  being  obliged  to  confess  that  they  hail  once 
given  them  their  s  iucIiihi  ;  nor  to  delay  the  cure  of 
them,  because,  piditically  s|H*aking,  neither  ttiis  nor 
that  is  Ihe  proper  season  ;  bi<t  to  do  them  away  instant- 
ly, OS  there  ran  be  only  on.  it  or  proper  time  in  the 
eyH  of  religion,  namely,  on  the  coiiMeiion  of  their  exist 
eiice."  t  larkson's  liixtorif  of  t/ir  AbuUnon  of  thr  SUivf 
'i'nuir,  vol    i.  p.  :((► — ;IH, 

Louis  the  Thirteenth  of  Krance  was  at  first  stagger- 
ed by  the  same  M'ruples  of  conscience  that  prev.iiled 
with  < 'liartes,  and  eoiild  iiol  be  persuaded  to  anlliori/.e 
the  slave  traile  till  he  had  been  made  to  believe  that 
the  readiest  way  of  conviTting  the  negroes  was  by 
transporting  them  to  the  colonies.  — Ibul.  U,  42 

NoTK  (2j  p.  2t)M-— Captain  Smilli  appears  to  have 
been  so  utuioximis  to  the  leadini;  pitentit's,  that,  even 
if  he  had  remained  in  the  colony,  it  is  highly  improln- 
ble  they  would  ever  have  intrusted  him  with  any  autho- 
rity. They  never  rewardcil  nor  re-eniphiyed  him  aOer 
his  return  to  Knglaiul  They  were  heiit  on  deriving 
immediate  supnlies  of  gidd  or  rich  inerchaiuh/e  from 
the  colony,  ami  ascribcit  their  disappopitmenl  in  a  great 
measure  to  his  having  reslricteil  his  views  to  the  CHla- 
hlishment  of  a  stdid  and  respectabh!  frame  of  society 
This  is  apparent  from  nuiy  passages  of  his  writinifs, 
and  particularlv  from  his  letter  to  the  patentees  while 
he  held  the  presidency — 1).  Ill  cap  vii.  An  honester, 
but  ab.sunler  reason,  that  appears  to  have  prevailed  with 
some  id'  them  to  oppose  his  pretensions  to  oDice,  was, 
that  certain  fortune-tellers  had  predicted  that  he  would 
be  unlucky  ;  a  prediction  that  Hometiines  contributes 
to  its  own  fulfilment. — 1).  VI 

In  various  parts  of  his  history  he  anplies  himself  to 
refute  their  unreasonable  charges,  ami  account  for  the 
diHaptiointmeitt  of  their  expectations.  For  this  pur- 
pose lie  has  drawn  a  parallel  between  the  circumstances 
of  the  Spanish  and  the  Knglish  colonists  of  America 
**  It  was  the  Spaniards'  good  hap,"  he  observes,  "to 
happen  iu  thoKC  parts  where  were  iiilinile  numbers  of 
people,  who  had  manured  the  ground  with  that  provi- 
dence it  allorded  victuals  at  all  times.  Ami  time  had 
brought  them  to  that  perfection,  that  they  had  the  une 
of  gold  and  silver,  and  the  iiiot^t  of  such  I'omnuHlities 
us  those  countries  atforJed  :  so  that  what  the  .Spaniard 
got  was  chielly  the  spoil  and  pillage  of  those  country 
peopb',  and  not  the  labors  of  their  own  hatitU.  Uut 
had  these  fruitful  countries  been  .as  savage,  as  barba- 
rous, as  ill  peopled,  us  little  planted,  labored,  and 
manured,  as  Virginia,  their  proper  labors,  it  is  likely, 
would  have  produced  as  small  protit  as  ours.  And  liad 
Virginia  been  peopled,  planted,  manured,  and  adorned 
with  such  store  of  precious  jewels  ;md  rich  commodi- 
ties as  were  the  Indies ;  then,  had  we  not  gotten  and 
done  as  much  as,  by  their  example,  might  be  expected 
from  us,  the  world  might  then  have  traduced  us  and  our 
merits,  and  liavu  made  sliume  and  infamy  our  recom 
pense  and  reward." — U.  HI.  cap.  ix. 

Were  we  to  confine  our  attention  to  the  seeming 
import  of  this  isolated  passage,  it  would  be  dillicult  not 
to  suppose  that  this  excellent  porsoii  was  deterred  less 
by  want  of  inclination  than  lock  of  opportunity,  from 
imitating  the  robberies  and  enormities  oi'  the  Spanish 
adventurers.  Uut  the  general  context  of  his  book,  as 
well  as  the  mure  credible  evidence  derived  from  the 
whole  scope  and  tenor  of  his  life,  would  amply  refule 
the  unjust  suppohition.  That  he  was  utterly  unac- 
quainted with  the  enormitioa  committed  by  the  Span- 


nn 


iards  in  Mexico  and  IVrn,  niiy  be  odlede.l  from  iM 
praises  he  bestows  on  their  evploiiH,  and  from  bis  ip> 
pealing  to  Ihe  glory  of  these  exploiu  ai  an  iiicpntiv* 
ih.it  Hb.inhl  sliiiiul.ite  ibe  anlor  id  Ihe  Fn^'b'^h  to  thtf 
prosecution  of  laborious  virtue,  and  humble  but  honet>t 
einolumeiil  in  North  America  Thus  nobly  we  lind 
liim  expressini;  Ihe  seiiliineiit<«  of  a  mind  wlii'*h  the  eon- 
dition  id'humaiiity  <lid  not  exempt  from  tieiin;  deceived, 
but  which  jiiely  preserved  from  iieini;  depraved  or  |ier- 
verted,  "  Who  can  desire  more  cimteiil  llint  hath  smalt 
means  or  but  only  his  merit,  to  advance  hix  fortunes, 
than  to  tread  and  plant  that  grniind  he  halli  purchased 
by  the  hazard  of  nis  life;  if  he  have  but  the  taste  of 
virtue  and  m.ignanimity,  what  to  suih  a  mini)  can  be 
more  pleasant  than  planting  and  huildini;  a  foundation 
for  his  nosterity,  got  from  the  rude  earth  bv  tJod'*  bless- 
ing  ami  his  own  industry,  without  prejudice  to  anv  ; 
if  he  have  any  grain  of  faith  or  zeal  in  reliuion,  what 
ran  he  do  less  hurtful  to  any,  or  more  a;^'rceabli>  to  (iisl, 
than  to  seek  to  convert  those  piHir  savat'et  lo  know 
<'hrist  and  hiimani*y,  whose  labors  with  discreti<m  uill 
triple  thy  chargr  and  pains  '  What  so  truly  suits  with 
honor  and  honesty  as  the  discovering  things  tin- 
km>wn,  erecting  towns,  peopling  countries,  inforiiiing 
the  ignorant,  reforming  things  unjust,  leacbin;;  virtue, 
and  gaining  to  our  mother  country  a  kini;<tom  to  altenil 
her  ;  finding  employment  for  those  that  are  idle  Ive. 
cause  they  know  not  what  to  do  ;  so  far  from  \^  routing 
any,  as  to  cause  posterity  to  remember  thee,  and  re- 
membering thee,  ever  honor  that  remembrmce  with 
praise  ?"  It  is  probably  such  expressions  as  these  that 
have  led  certain  writers  to  charge  Smith  \v\\h  tuthuin- 
fi.vm^  a  term  by  which  some  persitns  ilrnole  every  ele- 
vation  of  view  and  tone  that  religion  imparts,  and  by 
which  many  otherH  designate  every  quality  and  senli- 
Tiienl  that  they  feel  la  be  above  the  pilch  of  their  own 
nature. 

Smith  proceeds  ns  follows  :  "  Then  who  would  live 
at  home  idly,  or  think  in  himself  any  worth  to  live, 
(Uily  to  eat,  tiriiik,  and  sleep,  .and  so  die;  or  cousum- 
iiii;  III  at  careb'SNly  his  friends  got  worlhitv,  or  using 
■  bat  miserably  that  maintained  virtue  houesllv  :  or  bi>- 
iug  dcsciMided  nobly,  pine  with  the  vain  v.innt  of  great 
kindred  iu  penury  ;  or,  to  maintain  a  silly  show  uf 
bravery,  lt>il  (Uit  tliy  heart,  soul  and  time  basely,  by 
sliiHs,  tricks,  cards,  and  dice:  or  by  relalin>;  news  of 
tdher  nu'ii's  actions,  shark  here  and  there  for  a  dinner 
or  supper,"  &c.  *' though  thou  seest  what  honors  ami 
rewards  the  world  yet  hath  for  them  that  will  seek  them, 
and  worthily  deserve  them  " — H.  VI  He  adds  shortly 
after,  "  It  would  be  a  hislory  of  a  large  volume,  to  re< 
cite  the  adventures  of  the  Spaniards  and  Porlngals, 
their  atfronts  and  defeats,  their  dangers  and  miiieries, 
which,  with  such  incomparable  honor  and  coiihtaril  re- 
solution, so  far  beyond  belief,  they  have  attenipteil  and 
endured,  in  their  discoveries  and  plantations,  as  mav 
well  condemn  us  of  too  much  imbecility,  slotti,  and 
negligence.  Vet  the  authors  of  these  new  inventions 
were  held  as  ridiculous  for  a  long  time,  as  now  are 
others  that  but  seek  to  imitate  their  unparalleled  vir- 
tues," 

I  should  contend  neither  wisely  nor  honestlv  for  tho 
fame  of  Captain  Smith,  were  I  to  represent  him  as  a 
faultless  character,  perfectly  unclotliett  of  thi'  imperfec- 
t'oiiK  of  humanity.  The  sutlerin^rH  of  others  have  been 
known  to  provoke  him  to  an  intemperance  at  least  ol 
expression  which  none  of  his  own  trials  and  provoca- 
tions ever  excited,  and  which  muie  of  bis  actii>ns  ever 
realized.  Indignant  at  the  dreadful  massacre  of  the 
Virginia  cobmists  in  1022,  long  aOer  he  had  left  them, 
he  pronounced  in  haste  and  an^ertbat  the  colony  could 
not  be  preserved  without  subduing  or  expelling  the  In- 
dians,  and  punishin/j;  their  perlidious  cruelty  as  the 
Spaniards  had  punished  **  the  treacherous  and  rrbeltioua 
intidels"  in  South  America. —  U.  IV.  These  expres- 
sions atVord  a  farther  proof  of  the  very  imperft*ct  ac- 
quaintance he  ha»I  with  the  real  cireumstaiices  tluU 
al'ended  the  subjugation  of  South  America  by  the 
.Spaniards  "  Notwithstanding  such  a  slerri  am!  invin- 
cible resolution  as  (>aptain  Smith  disptiyetl,"  says  an 
intelligent  historian  of  Virginia,  *Mhc'ro  was  schloin 
seen  a  milder  and  inuro  tender  heart  than  his  'vas." 
Slith,  p.   112. 

He  expatiates  at  great  leiigth,  an  '  with  much  sjMrit 
and  ability,  on  the  advantages  of  colonial  establish- 
mentfl  in  America ;  and  displays  e  variety  of  inducb* 
ments  to  embark  in  them,  aupropi  ate  to  the  various 
classes  of  society  iu  England.  Colonies  be  de<icrtltes 
as  schools  for  maLnt«iiiing  the  hardy  virtu«A  on  which 
tho  safety  of  every  state  must  uepeuiL  Uo  ascriltes 
the  fall  of  Roiiu)  and  the  subjugiJion  of  O'Hititantim  pie 
to  tho  indolence  wid  covetousnoiia  of  tU'  rich,  who  not 


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only  passed  their  own  lives  in  slothful  indulgence,  but . 
retained  the  poor  in  factious  idleness,  by  neglecting  to 
provide  them  with  safe  mid  useful  employment ;  and 
strongly  urges  the  wealthy  capitalists  of  England  to , 
provide  for  their  own  si-curity,  by  facilitating  every  | 
ibreign  vent  to  the  energies  of  active  and  indigent  [ 
men.  Ho  enlarges  on  the  pleasures  inciJcnt  to  a! 
planter's  life,  and  enforces  his  description  by  the  testi- 
mony of  Ins  own  experience.  *'  1  have  not  been  so 
dibred,"  he  dec-lares,  "  but  1  have  tasted  of  plenty 
a'ld  plc.isure,  as  well  as  want  and  misery.  And  lest 
siiiy  should  think  the  toil  might  be  insupportable,  I 
assure  myself  there  are  who  delight  extremely  in  vain 
pleasure,  that  take  much  more  pains  in  England  to 
enjoy  it,  than  I  should  do  there  to  gain  wealth  suffi- 
cient ;  and  yet  I  think  they  should  not  have  half  juch 
sweet  content."  U.  VI.  To  gentlemen  ho  proposes, 
among  other  inducements,  the  pleasures  of  fishing, 
fowling,  and  hunting,  to  an  unbounded  extent ;  and 
to  laborers,  the  blessings  of  a  vacant  soil,  of  unequalled 
cheapness  and  unsurpassed  fertility.  Ho  promises  no 
mines  to  tempt  sordid  avarice,  nor  conquests  to  allure 
profligate  ambition  ;  but  the  adva  tagos  of  a  tempe- 
rate clime,  and  of  a  secure  and  exhaustless  subsist- 
ence ;  the  wealth  that  agriculture  may  extract  from 
the  land,  and  lisherius  from  the  sea.  "  Therefore,"  he 
concludes,  "  honorable  and  worthy  countrymen,  let 
not  the  meanness  of  the  word  fish  distaste  you,  for  it 
will  alford  as  good  gold  as  the  mines  of  tiuiana  or 
Potosi,  with  less  hazard  and  charge,  and  more  certainly 
and  facility  " 

1  have  given  but  a  very  general  outline  of  Smithes 
exposition  of  this  subject.  The  details  with  which  he 
lias  filled  it  up  are  highly  interesting,  and  well  de- 
serving of  perusal.  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  he  has  treated  the  subject  of  coloni2.ation  with 
more  both  uf  the  skill  of  a  politician  and  the  profound 
•.ngccity  of  a  philosopher,  than  Lord  Uacun  has  shown 
in  either  or  both  of  his  productions,  the  '*  Essay  on 
Plantations,"  and  the  "Considerations  touching  the 
l^lantation  in  Ireland." 

The  name  of  Smith  has  not  yet  gathered  all  its 
lame.  The  lustre  it  once  possessed  is  somewhat  ub- 
KJured  by  lime,  and  by  the  circumstances  that  left 
Aineru  .t  so  long  to  depend  on  England  for  the  senti- 
ments at  J  opinions  that  literature  preserves  or  pro- 
ducoR,  and  consequently  led  her  to  rati'  her  eminent 
men  rather  by  the  importance  of  their  achievements 
in  the  scale  of  British  than  of  American  history.  J3ut 
I  think  I  can  foresee  its  revival.  It  will  grow  with 
the  growth  of  men  and  letters  in  .\merica;  and  whole 
nations  of  its  admirers  have  yet  to  bo  born.  As  the 
stream  becomes  more  illustrious,  the  spr'tigs  will  be- 
come more  interesting.  Komulus,  I  doubt  not,  was 
an  object  of  greater  interest  in  the  Augustan  a;ra  than 
in  the  preceding  ages  of  Rome.  The  age  of  Smithes 
fame  has  in  tike  manner  yet  to  coine  ;  an  age  when 
there  will  be  inscribed  by  the  Americans,  on  tablets 
more  lasting  than  Carthaginian  gold, 

**  Kortia  facta  patruni,  aeries  loniiissima  renim, 

I'ertut  ducta  viros  prima  ab  ori^ine  gentis  ;" 

and  he  will  then  be  thought  as  far  to  excel  Komulus 

in   true   glory,  as  America   has   excelled,   and  is  yet 

likely  to  excel  old  Koine  in  happiness  and  virtue. 

He  was  born  in  the  year  1579,  and  died  on  the  21st 
of  June,  1631. 

Nothing  can  be  more  erroneous  or  unjust  than  Win- 
terbotham  s  Chronological  ('alaloguc  of  the  American 
States,  in  which  Lord  Delaware  is  recorded  as  the 
founder  of  Virginia.  If  this  honor  belong  to  any  in- 
dividual, it  is  to  Captain  Smith. 

Note  [S]  p.  203. — The  history  of  Ixird  Delaware's 
government,  and  the  more  recent  example  of  the  set- 
tlement formnl  by  Lord  Selkirk  in  Prince  Edward's 
Island,  demonstrate  very  strvngly  the  beneficial  influ- 
ence, to  which  noblemen  may  render  their  rank  suli- 
servient,  in  the  promotion  and  support  of  such  esta- 
blishments. The  mass  uf  mankind  bear  very  little 
resemblance  to  the  original  colonists  of  Massachusetts 
and  Pennsylvania.  They  are  utterly  incapabli!  of 
appreciating  superior  piety,  and  yield  (especially  in 
•mall  liodics)  a  very  reluctant  deference  to  the  preten- 
•ions  of  siiperioi  wisdom  and  ability.  The  claims  of 
superior  bir'li  an  I  hereditary  elevation  have  the  advan 
tage  of  being  mo  i  certain  and  manifest,  more  idapted 
to  their  habits,  ai.  1  less  olTeiiBive  to  their  self-conipla. 
eency.  Iiord  Bi..'on  observes,  that  plantations  are 
most  frequent  in  he  earlier  stages  of  society ;  that 
is,  in  the  |ieriod  wli..'n  superior  birth,  united  (as  it  then 
eommonly  is)  with  a  monopoly  of  the  little  knowlcdg* 


that  exists,  exercises  the  strongest  influence  on  man- 
kind. The  colony  conducted  by  I^rd  Selkirk  to  Prince 
Edward's  Island  consinted  of  Highlanders,  a  race  of 
men  peculiarly  distinguished  by,  what  Uurke  has 
termed,  "  the  proud  submission  and  generous  loyalty 
to  rank."  When  their  countrymen  in  the  Hebrides 
beheld  Dr.  Johnson,  they  made  little  account  of  the 
intellectual  superiority  which  had  gained  hini  a  sort 
of  monarchical  influence  in  England ;  but  desiring  to 
know  what  were  his  claims  to  respect,  inquired  of  him 
if  he  could  recount  a  long  genealogy. 

Note  [4]  p.  203. — The  surprising  errors  that 
Robertson  has  committed  in  his  account  of  Sir  Thomas 
Dale's  adniinisiration  may  well  seem  to  detract,  in  no 
small  degree,  from  the  credit  of  history  He  not  only 
imputes  to  the  Company  the  enactment  and  introduc- 
tion of  the  arbitrary  code  transmitted  by  Sir  Thomas 
Smith,  but  unfolds  at  length  the  (imaginary)  reasons 
that  prevailed  with  them  to  adopt  a  measure  so  harsh 
and  sanguinary  ;  though  of  this  measure  itself  they 
are  expressly  acquitted  by  Stith,  the  only  authority  on 
the  saliject  that  exists,  and  the  very  authority  to  which 
Robertson  himself  refers.  Among  the  other  reasons 
which  he  assigns,  is  the  advice  of  Lord  Bacon,  which 
he  unhesitatingly  charges  this  eminent  person  with 
having  communicated,  and  the  Company  with  having 
eagerly  approved.  In  support  of  a  charge  so  decii'.ed 
and  so  remarkable,  he  refers  merely  to  a  p.issagc  in 
Lord  Bacon's  Essay  on  I'lanlations.  It  would  be  well 
for  the  fame  of  Bacon  if  all  the  charges  with  which 
his  character  is  loaded  were  supported  by  such  evi- 
dence. For  supposmir  (which  is  doubtful)  that  this 
essay  was  published  before  the  collection  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Smith's  system  of  martial  law,  and  supposing  it 
to  have  been  read  by  the  compiler  of  that  system,  it  is 
surely  mure  than  doublfiil  if  the  passage  alluded  to 
would  yet  su|>pnrt  Dr.  Robertstm's  imputation.  It 
merely  recommends  that  a  colonial  government  should 
"  have  commission  to  exercise  martial  laws,  with  some 
liinit.'tlion  ;"  a  power  inseparable  from  such,  and  indeed 
from  every  system  of  government.  The  twenty-fourth 
section  of  King  James'  second  charter  to  the  Com- 
pany haJ  already  invested  the  colonial  governors  with 
"full  power  and  authority  to  use  and  exercise  martial 
law,  ill  cases  of  mutiny  or  rebellion  ;"  and  the  preced- 
seclion  of  the  same  charter  authorizes  them,  "  in 
case  of  necessity,"  to  rule,  correct,  and  punish,  accord- 
ing to  their  own  "  good  discretions."  No  blame  can 
attach  to  the  bare  authorization  of  an  extraordi»..^ry 
power,  reserved  in  '  .ery  society,  for  extraordinary  oci.i- 
sions.  What  alone  seems  deserving  of  blame  is  Sir 
riiumas  Smith's  violent  and  illegal  substitution  of  the 
most  sanguinary  code  of  martial  law  that  was  ever 
framed,  in  the  r^oin  of  the  former  constitution,  and 
for  the  purposes  of  the  onlinary  administration  of  the 
colony ;  and  Dr.  Robertson's  very  hasty  and  unfounded 
imputation  of  this  proceeding  to  the  act  of  the  Council 
and  the  advice  of  Lord  Bacon.  It  had  been  well  if  the 
Council  had  paid  more  attention  to  the  maxim  of  this 
great  man,  that  "  those  who  plant  colonies  iiiuut  be 
endued  with  great  patience." 

The  inaccuracy  and  misrepresentation  in  which  Dr. 
Robertson  has  indulged,  in  his  history  of  South  -Vine 
rica,  has  been  detected  by  Mr.  Stiutliey,  and  exposed 
in  the  History  of  Brazil,  Pait  I.  note  .'iS.' 

NoTg  [b]  p.  224. — Chalmers  and  Robertson  have 
imputed  llic  slow  increase  of  the  colonists  of  New 
Plymouth  to  "  the  unsocial  character  of  their  religious 
confederacy."  As  the  charge  of  entertaining  anti- 
social principles  was  preferred  against  the  first  Chris- 
tians by  men  who  plumed  themselves  on  exercising 
hospittility  to  the  gods  of  all  nations^  it  is  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  precise  meaning  of  this  imputation,  if 
we  would  know  whether  it  be  praise  or  blame  that  it 
involves.  Whelher,  in  a  truly  blameworthy  accepto- 
tion,  the  charge  of  unsocial  principles  must  properly 
belongs  to  these  people  or  to  their  adversaries,  may  be 
collected  from  the  statements  they  have  respectively 
made  of  the  terms  on  which  they  were  willing  to  hold 
a  companionable  intercourse  with  their  fellow  men. 
Mr.  Winslow,  who  was  for  some  time  governor  of  New- 
Plymouth,  in  his  account  of  the  colony  declares  that 
the  faith  of  the  peoiile  was  in  all  respects  the  same 
with  that  of  the  reformed  churches  of  Europe,  from 
which  they  diflered  only  in  their  opinion  of  church 
government,  wherein  they  pursued  a  more  thorough 
reforiiiBlion.  T((ey  disclaimed,  however,  any  uncha- 
ritable separsktiun  from  those  with  whom  they  diflered 
on  tbia  point,  and  (r»tU  admitted  the  members  of  every 


reformed  church  to  communion  with  then  "We 
ever  placed,"  he  continues,  "a  large  dilferenr.i'  between 
those  that  (jroiinded  their  practice  on  the  word  of  Go.l 
though  dillering  from  us  in  the  exposition  and  iiniler 
standing  of  it,  and  those  that  hated  such  reformers 
and  reformation,  and  went  on  in  anli-christian  oppo- 
sition  10  it,  and  persecution  of  it.  It  is  true  we  profess 
and  desire  to  practise  a  separation  from  the  ■vttrid  and 
tho  works  of  tiio  world  ;  and  as  the  churches  of  I'liri.it 
are  all  saints  by  calling,  so  we  desire  to  see  the  grace 
of  God  shilling  forth  l  at  least  seemingly,  leaving  secret 
things  to  God)  in  all  we  admit  into  church  fellowship 
with  us,  and  to  keep  off  such  as  openly  wallow  in  the 
mire  of  their  sins,  that  neither  tho  holy  things  of  God 
nor  the  communion  of  saints  may  be  Iciivened  or  pol- 
luted thereby."  He  adds,  that  none  of  the  new  settlers 
who  are  admitted  into  the  church  of  New  Plymouth 
are  encouraged,  or  even  permitted,  to  insert  in  the  de- 
claration of  their  faith  a  renunciation  of  the  Church  of 
England  or  any  other  reformed  establishment.  (Mather, 
B.  I.  cap.  iii.)  It  docs  not  appear  to  me  that  these 
sentiments  warrant  the  charge  of  unsocial  principles  in 
any  sense  which  a  Christian  will  feel  himself  at  all 
concerned  to  disclaim.  Whether  the  adversaries  of 
these  men  were  dintinguished  for  principles  more  ho- 
norably social  or  more  eminently  charitable,  may  be  ga- 
thered from  a  passage  in  liowel's  Familiar  letters, 
where  this  defender  of  church  and  state  thus  expresses 
the  sentiments  of  his  parly  respecting  religious  dilfer- 
ences  between  mankind.  "  I  rather  pity  than  hate 
Turk  or  infidel,  for  they  are  of  the  same  metal  and 
bear  the  same  stamp  as  I  do,  though  the  inscription - 
dider.  If  I  hate  any,  it  is  those  schismatics  that  puzzl. 
the  sweet  peace  of  our  church  ;  so  that  I  could  be  con- 
tent to  see  an  Ansbspti^t  go  to  hell  on  a  Browiiist's 
back."  (vol.  i.  let.  31.)  The  policy  of  ihe  ecclesiastic:d 
administration  of  England  gave  a  premium  to  the  pro- 
duction of  such  sentiments.  Howel's  fervor  for  the 
church  party  did  not  survive  the  power  of  that  party  to 
reward  liiin.  .\fter  the  fall  of  the  English  church  and 
monarchy,  he  became  the  defender  and  penegyrist  of 
the  administration  of  Croiinvell  ;  though,  like  Waller 
and  Drydeii,  he  returned  in  the  train  of  Fortune,  wliei! 
she  returned  to  his  original  friends. 

NoTK  [B]  p.  229. — The  introduction  of  this  frature 
into  the  portrait  of  Sir  Henry  Vane  rests  entirely  on 
the  authority  of  Burnet  aiid  Kcnnct,  (followed  by 
Hume,)  who  speak  from  hearsay.  Ludlow,  who  knew 
Vjne  personally,  bestows  the  highest  praise  on  his  im- 
ptTturbablc  serenity  and  presence  of  mind  ;  and,  with 
the  glowing  sympathy  of  a  kindred  spirit,  describes  llic 
resoTute  inagiiaiiimity  with  which  at  his  trial  he  sealed 
his  own  fate  by  scorning  to  plead,  like  Lambert,  for 
his  life,  and  gallantly  pleading  for  the  dying  liberties  of 
his  country.  At  his  execution,  when  some  of  his 
friends  expressed  resentment  of  the  injuries  that  weic 
heaped  upon  him,  "  Alas  !"  s.aid  he,  "what  ado  they 
keep  to  make  a  poor  creature  like  his  Saviour.  I  bless 
the  liord  I  am  bo  far  from  being  alVrighted  at  dealh, 
that  I  liiid  it  rather  shrink  from  me  than  I  from  it. 
Ten  thousand  deaths  for  me,  before  I  will  defile  the 
chastity  and  purity  of  my  conscience ;  nor  would  I  for 
ten  thousand  worlds  part  wilh  the  peace  and  satisfac- 
tion I  have  now  in  my  heart."  Even  Burnet  admits 
that  the  resolution  he  summoned  up  at  the  last  prompt- 
ed him  "  to  some  very  extraordinary  acts,  though  they 
cannot  be  mentioned."  Oldinixon,  less  scnipiilous, 
has  satisfied  the  curiosity  that  Burnet  excited,  by  re- 
lating that  "Lady  Vanebeg.an  her  reckoning  fir  her 
son,  the  liord  Barnard,  from  the  night  before  Sir  Henry 
lost  his  head  on  Tower  Hill."  Perhaps  the  deep  piety 
and  constant  negation  of  all  merit  in  himself,  by  which 
the  heroism  of  Vane  was  softened  and  ennobled,  may 
have  suggested  to  minds  unacquainted  with  these  prin- 
ciples the  imputation  of  constitutional  timidity.  .\t  all 
events  this  cloud,  whether  truly  belonging  to  his  cha- 
racter, or  raised  by  the  envious  breath  of  his  detractors, 
has,  from  the  admirable  vigor  of  his  mind  and  the  un- 
questioned courage  of  his  demeanor,  served  rather  to 
embellish  than  to  obscure  tho  lustre  of  his  fame. 


NoT»  [7]  p.  236. 
sations  which 


The  accounts  of  tho  first  uonver- 
the  missionaries  held  with  various  budiis 
of  these  heathens,  abound  with  curious  questions  and 
observations  tliat  proceeded  from  the  Indians  in  rela- 
tion to  the  tidings  that  were  brought  to  their  ears 
One  man  asked,  Whether  Englishmen  were  ever  so  g 
nurant  of  JesUs  Christ  as  the  Indians  1  K  second, 
Whether  Jesus  Christ  could  underitand  prayers  in  th( 
Indian  language  1      A  third   piopoiad  thia  quostioiv 


NORTH    AMERI'^A. 


843 


first  lonvir- 
rariouti  lii»!ifn 
:)iirBtions  an^! 
ians  ill  ri'lii- 
thoir  earn 
■rp  pviir  HO  jT 
A  aecoiuli 
/era  in  tin 


Hitw  tlii!rc  coulil  liu  an  image  of  God,  §iiice  it  was  for- 
hitliion  in  the  second  coiiimandinent !  On  another  oc* 
rasion.  after  Mr.  Elliot  had  done  speaking,  an  aged 
Indian  started  up,  and  with  tears  in  his  eyes  asked, 
Wild  her  it  was  not  too  late  for  such  an  old  man  as  he, 
v;h-)  was  near  death,  to  repent  and  seek  arter  (lod  ?  A 
second  iiskeil,  How  the  English  came  to  dilfcr  so  much 
from  the  Inilians  ill  their  knowledge  of  Go<l  and  Jesus 
('hi'isi,  since  they  had  all  at  lirst  but  one  Father?  A 
hird  desired  to  he  informed.  How  it  came  to  pass  thai 
sea  water  was  salt,  and  river  water  fresh !  Several  in- 
>piired.  How  Judaa  could  deserve  hiame  for  facilitating 
the  euil  which  it  was  the  purpose  of  God  to  elfect ! 
One  woman  asked.  Whether  she  was  entitled  to  consi- 
der herself  as  having  prayed,  when  she  merely  joined 
in  her  mind  with  her  hushand  who  prayed  liy  her  side! 
Another,  If  her  husband's  prayer  signified  any  thing 
while  he  continued  to  heat  his  wife  ]  lilaiiy  of  the  con- 
verts continued  to  believe  that  the  gods  wlium  they  had 
formerly  served  had  in  reality  great  power,  but  were 
spirits  subordinate  to  the  true  and  only  God  ;  and 
when  threatened  with  witchcraft  by  the  Powaws  for 
'.heir  apostacy,  ihey  said.  We  do  not  deny  your  power, 
nut  we  serve  a  greater  God,  who  is  so  much  above 
yours  that  he  can  defend  us  from  them,  and  enable 
even  us  to  tread  upon  them  all.  One  sachem  sent  for 
an  Indian  convert,  and  desired  to  know  how  many  gods 
the  English  had  '.  When  '.^  heard  they  had  but 
one,  he  replied  scornfully.  Is  tnat  alii  I  have  thirty- 
seven  !  Do  they  suppose  I  would  exchange  so  many 
for  one ! 

NoTK  [8]  p.  239. — The  charade  of  George  Fox  is 
hv  no  means  generally  understood  in  the  present  day. 
liis  writings  are  so  voluiiiinouj,  and  there  is  such  a 
mixture  of  good  and  evil  in  them,  that  every  reader 
fi  ids  it  easy  to  justify  his  preconceived  ojiinion,  and  to 
lortify  it  by  appropriate  quotations.  His  works  arc 
ri'ail  by  few,  and  wholly  read  by  still  fewer.  Many 
form  their  opinions  of  him  from  the  passages  which  are 
cited  from  his  writings  by  his  adversaries;  and  of  the 
quakers  there  are  many  who  derive  their  opinions  of 
him  from  the  passages  of  a  very  dilferent  complexion 
which  are  cited  in  the  works  of  the  modern  writers  of 
their  own  seel.  I  shidl  here  subjoin  some  extracts  from 
his  .1  nirnal,  which  wilt  verify  some  of  the  remarks  I 
have  made  in  the  text:  premising  this  nbserv.ation, 
Ihat  the  hook  itself  was  first  put  into  my  hands  by  a 
icalous  and  iiilelli^ent  quaker,  for  the  purpose  of  prov- 
ing that  it  contained  no  such  passages  as  some  of  those 
which  I  am  now  to  transcribe  from  it. 

Fox  relates,  lliat  in  the  year  1648  he  found  his  na- 
lure  so  complclely  new-nuHlelled,  that  "  1  knew  no- 
thing hut  pureness,  innocency,  and  righteousness, 
being  renewed  up  into  the  image  of  God  by  Christ 
Jesus ;  so  that  I  was  come  up  to  the  state  of  Adam, 
which  he  was  in  before  he  fell.  The  creation  was  open- 
ed to  me ;  and  it  was  showed  me  how  alt  things  had 
their  names  given  them  accordin^r  to  their  nature  and 
virtue.  I  was  at  a  stand  in  my  mind  whether  I  slmuld 
practice  physic  for  the  good  of  niankind,  seeing  the  na- 
ture anil  virtues  of  the  creatures  were  so  opened  to 
me  by  the  I^ord.  13ut  I  was  iinmediately  taken  up  in 
spirit  to  see  another  i>r  more  steadfast  state  than  Adam's 
in  innocency,  even  into  a  state  in  Christ  Jesus  that 
should  neviT  fall.  The  Iiord  showed  me  that  such  as 
were  faithful  to  him  in  the  power  and  light  of  Christ 
should  come  up  into  Ihat  state  in  which  Adam  was  be- 
f  ire  he  fell  ;  in  which  the  adinirabte  works  of  the  ere- 
alion  and  the  virtues  tliereof  may  he  known  through 
'Ji'.'  openings  of  that  divine  Word  of  wisdom  and  pow- 
er by  which  they  were  made."  In  many  of  the  disputes 
which  he  afterward  held  with  ministers  and  doctors, 
he  maintained  ihat  he  was,  and  that  every  human  being 
by  cultivation  of  the  spiritual  principle  within  hhn  might 
become  like  him,  perfectly  pure  anil  free  from  all  dregs 
of  sin.  He  relates  with  complacency  and  approbation, 
that  havinj^  one  tl.ay  addressed  a  congregation  of  people 
at  Beverley  in  Vorkshire,  the  audience  declared  after- 
ward Ihat  it  was  an  angel  or  spirit  that  had  suddenly 
appeared  among  them  and  sjioken  to  them.  He  con- 
ceived himself  warranted  hy  his  endowments  to  tram- 
ple on  alt  order  and  decency.  One  .Sunday  as  ho  ap- 
proaeheil  the  toivii  of  Nottingham,  he  tells,  "  I  espied 
the  great  stceple-hitusc ;  and  the  Lord  said  unto  me, 
Ihou  must  go  cry  against  yomler  great  idol,  and  against 
the  worshippers  therein."  He  accordingly,  entered  the 
church,  and  hearing  the  minister  anncunce  the  text, 
Wc  have  also  <i  mnre  sure  ward  of  prophecy,  and  tell 
the  peo|ile  th.it  hy  this  was  meant  the  Scriptures, 
whereby  they  were  to  try  all  doctrines  religions,  and 


opinions,  Fox  adds,  "  I  could  not  hold,  hut  was   ni,idc  !  if  he  himself  regariled  these  us  the  exertions  of  mira- 


to  cry  out,  "  Oh  no  ;  it  is  not  the  Scripturcr  ;  it  is  the 
Holy  Spirit."  On  another  occasion,  having  entered  a 
ehurcli,  and  hearing  the  preacher  read  for  his  text.  Ho  ! 
every  one  that  thirtiteth,  enmc  yc  to  the  .caters,  Ac, 
Fox  called  oe"  to  him,  "Come  down,  thon  deceiver! 
dost  thou  bid  leople  come  freely  and  take  of  the  water 
of  life  freely,  old  yet  thou  takest  three  hundred  pounds 
a  v-..rof  them  for  preaching  the  scriptures  to  them  !" 
Approaching  thi  town  of  hitchfield,  he  declares  he 
found  himself  di  ected  to  cast  ofT  his  shoes,  and  in  that 
condition  walked  through  the  streets,  exclaiming,  "Wo 
to  the  bloody  city  of  Litchfield  I"  which  he  accordingly 
did.  These  examples  are  selected  almost  at  random 
from  numberless  instances  of  similar  proceedings  re- 
corded in  his  voluminous  journal.  Yet  ho  strongly 
condemns  those  whom  he  terms  ranters,  and  relates  in 
various  places  the  attempts  he  had  made  to  convince 
them  of  their  delusion.  Journal,  3d  edit.  1765,  pp.  16. 
24.  27.  34.  4».  50.  51. 

William  Penn,  in  the  beautiful  Preface  which  he 
wrote  for  this  Journal,  informs  us  that  these  ranters 
were  persons  who  "  for  want  of  staying  their  minds  in 
an  humble  dependence  upon  him  that  opened  their  un- 
derstandings to  sec  great  things  in  his  law,  ran  out  in 
their  own  imaginations,  and  mixing  them  with  these 
divine  openings,  brought  forth  a  monstrous  birth,  to  the 
scandal  of  those  that  feared  God,"  "  Divers,"  he 
adds,  **  fell  into  gross  and  enormous  practices,  pre- 
tending in  excuse  thereof  that  they  could  witliout  evil 
commit  the  same  act  which  was  sin  in  another  to  do." 
"  I  say,"  he  continues,  "  this  ensnared  divers,  and 
brought  them  to  an  utter  and  lamentable  loss  as  to  their 
eternal  state  ;  and  they  grew  very  troublesome  to  tiie 
bettei-  sort  of  people,  and  furnished  the  looser  with  an 
occasion  to  blaspheme."     (Preface,  p.  7.) 

Fox  himself  relates  some  horrid  immoralities  of  the 
ranters,  and  that  he  had  found  it  necessary  to  publisli 
addresses  to  give  assurance  to  the  people  that  these 
deluded  persons   were  quakers  only  in  name  (Journal, 


culous  yower ;  but  from  many  pa-saires  it  is  plain  that 
they  were,  to  his  knowledge,  so  regarded  by  his  follow- 
ers ;  and  the  editor  oi  his  journal  refers  to  them  in  the 
index  under  the  head  of  "  Miracles." 

I  think  it  not  unreasonable  to  consider  qnakcrism  tho 
growth  of  a  protestant  country,  and  quietism,  which 
arose  among  catholics,  as  branches  of  a  system  essen- 
tially the  same  ;  and  Madame  Guyon  and  Molinos  as 
the  counterparts  of  Fox  and  Barclay.  The  moral  re- 
semblance is  plainer  than  the  historical  connexion  j  but 
the  propagation  of  sentiment  and  opinion  may  be  pow- 
erfully elfected  when  it  is  not  visibly  indicated.  Quiet- 
ism was  first  engendered  in  Spain,  by  a  sect  called  the 
Illuminati  or  AlainLrodos,  who  sprung  up  about  the  year 
1575.  They  rejected  sacraments  ana  other  ordinances  , 
and  some  of  them  became  notorious  for  indecent  and 
immoral  extravagances.  This  sect  was  revived  in 
France  in  the  year  1634,  but  quickly  disappeared  under 
a  hot  persecution.  It  re-appeared  again  with  a  system 
of  doctrine  considerably  purified,  yet  still  inculcating 
the  distinctive  principle  of  exclusive  teaching  by  an 
inward  light  and  Eensibic  direction,  towards  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  both  at  Rome  in  the  writ- 
ings of  Molinos,  and  in  France  under  the  auspices  of 
Miulainc  Guyon  and  Fenelon.  Encyctopisdia  Britan- 
nica,  vol.  ix.  p.  156,  and  xv.  p.  766. 

Note  [9]  p.  240. — Besse,  in  his  voluminous  "  Col- 
lection of  the  Suflerings  of  the  People  called  Quakers," 
relates  that  Lydia  Wardell,  of  Newbury  in  New  Eng- 
land, a  convert  to  quakcrism,  at  length  found  herself 
concerned  to  appear  in  a  public  assembly  "  in  a  very 
unusual  manner,  and  such  as  was  exceeding  hard  and 
self-denying  to  her  natural  disposition,  she  being  a 
woman  of  exemplary  modesty  in  all  her  behavior.  The 
duty  and  concerns  she  lay  under  was  that  of  going  into 
their  church  at  Newbury  naked,  as  a  token  of  that 
miserable    condition    which  she   esteemed    them   in." 

But   they,  instead  of  religiously   rcllcctiiig   on  their 


p.  39'J.)     He  applies  the  epithet  of  ranters  to  many  of  ,  own   condition,  which   she   came    in   that   manner   to 


those  who  called  themselves  quakers  in  America  (443.) 
Some  of  Fox's  chief  associates  and  coadjutors  appear 
to  have  become  in  the  end  ranters,  or  something  worse. 
Of  these  w.as  James  Nayler,  who  was  long  the  fellow- 
laborer  and  fellow-sufterer  of  Fox,  and  whom  Fox  still 
tenns  a  quaker,  at  the  same  time  when  he  was  in  prison 
for  his  horrible  enormities.  Fox  alludes  vaguely  and 
sorrowfully  to  Nayler's  errors  and  disobeilience  to  him- 
self When  he  found  that  Nayler  would  not  give  heed 
to  his  rebukes.  Fox  told  him  that  "  the  Lord  moved  me 
to  slight  him,  .and  to  set  the  power  of  God  over  him." 
He  adds,  that  it  soon  after  happened  to  Nayler  that 
"  his  resisting  the  power  of  God  in  me,  and  the  truth  of 
God  that  was  declared  to  him  by  me,  became  one  of 
his  greatest  burdens."  (Journal,  p.  2U5.)  Nayler  had 
ridden  naked  into  Bristol  with  a  crew  of  insane  fol- 
lowers making  the  most  blasphemous  proclamations 
before  liini,  and  had  committed  the  most  profligate 
immoralities.  On  his  trial  he  produced  a  womaji,  one 
IJorcas  Earberry,  who  deposed  that  she  had  been  dead 
tvvi)  days,  and  was  recalled  to  life  by  N,ayler. 

It  is  impossible  to  discover  what  part  of  tho  extra- 
vagance of  Nayler  was  condemned  by  Fox  and  the  pro- 
per body  of  the  quakers.  We  find  Fox  relating  with 
great  approbation  many  wild  and  absurd  exhibitions  by 
which  quakers  were  moved,  as  they  said,  to  show  them- 
selves as  signs  of  the  times.  "  Some,"  he  says,  "  liave 
been  moved  to  go  naked  in  the  streets,  and  have  de- 
clared amongst  thein  that  God  would  strip  them  of 
their  hypocritical  professions,  and  make  them  as  bare 
and  naked  as  they  were.  But  instead  of  considering 
it,  they  have  frequently  whipped,  or  otherwise  abused 
them."  (Journal,  p.  386.)  Many  such  instances  lie 
relates  in  the  Journal  (p.  323,  &c.,)  with  cordial  appro- 
bation of  the  conduct  of  the  quakers,  and  the  strongest 
reprobation  of  the  persecutors  who  punished  them  for 
walking  naked. 

Fox  taught  that  God  did  not  create  the  devil,  (Jour- 
nal, p.  140.)  Yet  though  the  reasoning  by  which  he 
defends  this  gross  heresy  would  plainly  seem  to  imply 
that  the  devil  w.a8  a  self-created  being,  there  is  another 
passage,  (  p.  345,)  from  which  we  may  perhaps  conclude 
that  Fox's  real  opinion  was  that  the  devil  w.is  created 
by  God  a  good  spirit,  but  transformed  himself  l>y  his 
own  act  into  a  wicked  one.  He  sets  down  every  mis- 
fortune that  hap|iened  to  any  of  his  adversaries  or  per- 
secutors as  a  judgment  of  Heaven  upon  them.  He 
relates  various  cures  of  sick  and  wounded  persons  that 
ensued  on  his  prayers,  and  on  morn  ordinary  means 
that  he  uied  for  their  relief     It  is  nut  easy  to  discover 


represent  to  them,  fell  into  a  rage  and  presently  laid 
hands  on  her,"  &c.  Vol.  ii.  p.  '^35.  He  also  notices 
the  case  of  Deborah  Wilson,  a  young  woman  of  very 
modest  and  retired  life,  and  of  a  sober  conversation, 
having  passeil  naked  through  the  streets  as  a  sign 
against  the  cruelty  and  oppression  of  the  rulers."  230. 

George  Bishop,  another  quaker  writer,  thus  relate* 
the  case  of  Deborah  Wilson.  "  She  was  a  modest 
woman,  of  a  retired  life  and  sober  conversation  ;  and 
hearing  a  great  burden  for  the  hardness  and  cruelty  of 
the  people,  she  went  through  the  town  of  Salem  naked 
as  a  sign  ;  which  she  having  in  part  performed,  was 
laid  hold  on,  and  bound  over  to  appear  at  the  next  court 
of  Salem,  where  the  wicked  rulers  sentenced  her  to  be 
whipt."  New  England  judged,  p.  388.  The  writings 
of  Besse,  Bishop,  and  some  others,  who  were  foolish 
enough  to  defend  the  extravagance  that  they  had  too 
much  sense  to  commit,  were  the  expiring  sighs  of 
quaker  nonsense  and  frenzv.  They  are  still  mentioned 
with  respect  by  some  modern  quakers,  who  praise  in- 
stead of  reading  them  ;  as  the  sincere  but  frantic  zeal 
of  Loyola  and  Xavier  and  still  commended  by  their  sty 
successors,  who  have  inherited  the  name  and  tho  man- 
ners, without  the  spirit  that  distinguished  the  original 
Jesuits. 

It  had  been  well  if  the  government  of  Massachusetts 
had  indicted  punishment  on  the  disgusting  violations  of 
decency  avowed  by  these  writers,  without  exlending  its 
severity  to   the   bare   profession   of  quakeri.  This 

injustice  was  occasioned  hy  the  conviction  t  *  I  these 
outrages  were  the  legitimate  fruits  of  quaker  principles  ; 
a  conviction  which,  it  appears  the  language  even  of 
those  quakers  who  were  themselves  guiltless  of  such 
outrages,  tended  strongly  to  confirm.  It  is  only  such 
language  on  the  part  of  the  quakers  that  can  actjuit  their 
adversaries  of  the  inhuman  absurdity  that  pervades  the 
reasoning  of  persecutors,  and  holds  men  responsible 
for  all  the  consequences  that  may  be  logically  deduced 
from  their  principles,  though  rejected  and  denied  by 
themselves.  The  sentiments  of  the  people  of  New 
England  are  thus  strongly  expressed  by  Cotton  Ma- 
ther :  "  I  appeal  to  all  the  reasonable  part  of  mankind 
whether  the  infant  colonies  of  New  England  had  not 
cause  to  guard  themselves  against  these  dangerous  vil- 
lains. It  was  also  thouj^ht  that  the  very  quakers  them- 
selves would  say,  that  it  they  had  got  into  ;i  c<iriier  of 
the  world,  and  with  immense  toil  and  charge  in  i  te  ;i 
wildemees  habitable,  on  purpose  there  lo  be  nnJislurli- 
ed  in  the  eieroisei)  of  their  worship,  they  would  nevei 
bear  to  huve  New   Englandera  coins  among  ilieiu  \\v\ 


w 

;    \ 

■  '   ■:? 


M 


11 


844 


THE    HISTORV    OF 


interrupt  tlitfir  public  warship,  and  endeavor  to  seduce 
llieir  cliiUlr'in  (rom  it;  yea  iind  repeat  such  endeavors 
after  mild  eiitrcntiei  tirst,  and  then  jiidt  banishments  to 
oblige  Iheirdepurlnre."  B.  Vil.  cap.  iv.  Vet  Mather 
deplores  and  condiMuns  the  extreme  severities  which 
were  idtiinately  iiiHicted  by  liis  countrymen  upon  tlie 
quaki'rs.  It  vvas  one  of  the  privileges  of  Israel  that 
tlie  prnple  shall  diocU  aloiir,;  and  the  hope  of  enjoying 
a  similar  privilejro  was  one  of  the  motives  that  led  the 
puritans  to  exchange  the  pleasures  ot'tlieir  native  land 
for  the  labors  v,rdesolate  wilderness. 

Note  [10]  p.  243. — Upon  this  occasion  Cotton 
Mather  observes — "  Such  has  been  the  jealous  dispo- 
sition of  our  New  Kudanders  about  their  dearly-bought 
privileges,  and  such  also  has  been  the  various  under- 
st'Uidiug  of  the  people  about  the  extent  of  those  pri- 
vileges, that  of  all  the  agents  which  they  have  sent  over 
unto  the  court  of  Kngland  for  now  forty  years  togetlier, 
I  know  not  any  one  who  did  not  at  his  return  meet 
with  some  very  froward  entertainment  among  his  coun- 
trymen: and  there  may  be  the  Wisdom  of  the  Holy 
and  lligbteous  (lod,  as  well  as  the  malice  of  the  Kvd 
One,  ackimwle,lged  in  the  ordering  of  such  tempta- 
tions." 

iMr.  Norton,  before  his  departure  for  Kngland,  ex- 
pressed a  strong  apprehension  that  the  aflair  he  was 
required  to  engage  in  would  issue  disastrously  to  him- 
self. Mather  adds.  "  In  the  spring  before  his  going 
for  Kngland  he  preached  an  excellent  sermon  unto  the 
representitives  of  the  v.-hole  colony  a.ssenibled  at  the 
Court  of  i'.lectiou,  wherein  I  take  iiarticnlar  notice  of 
this  passage — .Moses  was  the  meekest  man  on  earth, 
yet  it  went  ill  with  .Moses,  'lis  said,  for  their  sakes. 
How  long  did  Jloses  live  at  Meribah  I  Sure  I  am,  it 
killed  him  in  a  short  time  ;  a  man  of  as  good  a  temper 
as  could  he  expected  from  a  mere  man.*' 

It  might  have  been  thought  that  Mr.  Norton,  whose 
death  was  thus  in  a  manner  the  fruit  of  his  exertions  to 
extend  religious  liberty  in  the  colony,  would  have  es- 
caped the  reproach  of  persecution.  But  he  had  given 
great  olfencc  to  some  of  the  quakcrs,  by  writing  and 
preaching  against  their  tenets  .\iu\  after  his  death, 
certain  o*"  that  body  published  at  Loudon,  A  represen- 
tation to  tne  Kitia  tinii  Parliamcnl ,  wherein,  pretending  to 
report  some  UemarkahU  jmi^ments  upon  tfteir  Perse- 
ctUors,  they  inserted  the  following  passage :  "  John 
Norton,  chief  priest  in  Boston,  by  the  immediate  pow- 
er of  the  Lord,  was  smitten  and  as  he  was  sinking 
down  by  the  lireside,  being  under  just  judgment,  he  | 
confessed  the  hand  of  the  Lord  wa^  upon  him,  and  so 
he  died."  .Malher,  II.  lU.  cap.  ii.  sect.  21,  '2-i,  Z\. 
The  popish  fables  respecting  the  deaths  of  Luther,  Cal- 
vin, Bucer,  and  Beza,  are  hardly  moje  replete  with 
folly,  untruth,  and  presumption,  than  some  of  these  on  v 
ker  interpretations  of  providiMice.  Their  authors,  like 
uiany  other  persons  involved  in  religious  contentio*is, 
or  exposed  to  persecution  for  religion's  sake,  mistook 
an  arden*  zeal  for  God,  for  a  complete  subjection  of 
mind  to  hi/  will,  and  an  entire  idet^'ltication  nf  their 
views  and  purposes  with  his;  practically  regardless  of 
their  own  remaining  iiilirmity  and  corruption,  and  of 
tliat  important  truth,  that  while  we  contiiuie  in  this 
veil  of  tiesli  we  know  only  in  part,  and  can  see  but 
through  a  glass  darkly.     Among  other  evil  consequences, 


this  error  begets  a  contracted  or  perverted  view  of  the 
udministration  of  divine  instice.  It  was  when  the  royal 
psalmist,  impatient  of  his  own  sutTerings,  and  of  the 


prosperity  ol  oppressors,  perplexed  himself  with  endeav 
ors  to  tiiid  within  the  cnmp.ass  of  this  life  a  visible  display 
of  the  whole  scene  of  divine  justice,  that  he  uttered  the 
words  nf  folly  and  ignorance,  and  oflended  against  the 
generation  of  tlje  children  of  God. 

Note  [U]  p.  843. — .Mr.  Winthrop  the  younger  was 
in  the  bloom  of  manhood,  accoiupliahed  byle.armngand 
travel,  and  the  heir  of  a  large  estate,  when  he  readily 
joined  with  his  father  in  promoting  and  accompanying 
an  emigration  to  New  Lngland.  Cotton  .Mather  has 
preserved  a  letter  written  by  Winthrop  the  elder  to  his 
son,  while  the  one  was  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
the  othet  of  Connecticut.  I  shall  be  excused  for  Iran- 
Bcribing  some  part  of  an  epistle  so  beautiful  in  it«elf, 
and  so  strikingly  cluracteristic  of  the  fathers  of  New 
England.  '  Voii  are  the  chief  of  two  families.  Iliad 
by  yuiir  luollier  three  sous,  and  tlicee  daughters ;  and 
1  had  with  her  a  large  portion  of  outward  estate. 
These  now  are  all  gone ;  mother  gone  ;  brethren  and 
Bisters  gone  ;  you  only  are  left  to  see  the  vanity  of 
liiese  temporal  things  and  learn  wisdom  thereby; 
which  may  be  of  mora  uaa  to  you,  through  the  Lord's  j 


blessing,  than  all  that  inheritanco  which  might  have  be- 
fallen you ;  and  for  which  this  may  stay  and  quiet  your 
heart,  that  God  is  able  to  give  yon  more  than  this  ;  and 
that  it  being  spent  in  the  fiirtheraiice  of  his  work, 
which  has  here  prospered  so  well  through  his  power 
hitherto,  you  and  yours  m.'iy  certainly  expect  a  liberal 
portion  in  the  prosperity  and  blessing  thereof  hereafter  | 
and  the  rather,  because  it  was  not  forced  from  you  by 
a  father's  power,  but  freely  resigned  by  yourself,  out  of 
a  loving  and  filial  respect  unto  nie,  ami  your  own  readi- 
ness unto  the  work  itself.  From  whence,  as  I  do 
oAen  take  or'-;uiion  to  bless  tfie  Lord  foryou,sodo  I 
also  comnieiiii  yo'ii  and  yours  to  his  fatherly  blessing, 
fer  a  plentiful  reward  to  be  rendered  unto  you.  And 
doubt  not  my  dear  son,  but  let  your  faith  be  built  upon 
his  promise  and  raithfiilness,  that  as  he  hath  carried  you 
hitherto  through  many  perils,  and  provided  liberally  for 
yon,  so  he  will  do  for  the  time  to  come,  and  will  never 
tiiil  you  nor  forsake  you.  My  son  the  Lord  knows 
how  dear  thou  art  to  nic,  and  that  my  care  has  been 
more  for  thee  than  for  myself.  But  I  know  thy  pros- 
perity depend  not  on  my  care,  nor  on  thine  own,  but 
on  the  blessing  of  our  heavenly  Father:  neither  doth 
It  on  the  things  of  this  world,  but  on  the  light  of  God's 
countenance,  through  the  merit  and  mediation  of  our 
Lord  Jesus  Christ.  It  is  that  only  which  can  give  us 
peace  of  conscience  with  contentalion:  which  can  as 
well  make  our  lives  happy  and  coinlbrtable  in  a  mean 
estate  as  in  a  great  abundance.  But  if  you  weigh 
things  aright,  and  sum  up  all  the  turnings  of  divine 
providence  togetlier,  you  shall  tiiid  gnuit  advantage. 
The  Lord  hath  brought  us  to  a  good  land ;  a  land 
where  we  enjoy  outward  peace  and  liberty,  and  above 
all,  the  blessing  of  '.hi3  gospel,  without  the  burthen  of 
iinpositions  in  matters  of  religion.  Many  thousands 
there  are  who  would  give  great  estates  to  enjoy  our 
condition.  Labor,  iherefore,  my  good  son,  to  increase 
our  thankfulness  to  God  for  all  his  mercies  to  thee,  es- 
pecially for  that  he  hath  revealed  his  everl.asting  good 
will  to  thee  in  Jesus  Christ,  and  joined  tlieo  to  the  visi- 
ble body  of  his  church,  in  the  fellowship  of  his  people, 
and  hath  saved  thee  in  all  thy  travels  abroad  from  being 
intected  with  the  vices  ot  ihese  countries  where  llioii 
haat  been,  (a  mercy  vouchsafed  but  unto  few  young 
gentlemen  travellers.)  Let  Ilim  have  the  honor  of  it 
who  kept  lliee.  He  it  was  who  gave  thee  favor  in  the 
eyes  of  all  with  whoi'i  thou  hadst  to  do,  both  by  sea 
and  laud;  He  it  is  who  hath  given  thee  a  gift  in  under- 
standing and  art:  and  he  it  is\%^iohath  provided  thee  a 
blessing  in  iua>-iage,  a  comfortable  help  and  many 
sweet  childre.i.  And  therefore  I  would  have  you  to 
)u  o  Ilim  again,  and  serve  him,  and  trust  him  for  the 
'.ine  to  come." — Mather,  B.  H.  cap.  xi.sect.  9. 

The  wife  of  the  writer  of  the  foregoing  letter,  and  the 
mother  of  the  person  to  whom  it  was  adilressed,  was  a 
daughterofthecelebrated  Hugh  Peters. — Savage'sNotea 
to  Wiiithrop's  Hist.  vol.  i.  p.  Ho. 

Winthrop  the  elder  not  only  performed  actions  wor- 
thy to  be  written,  but  produced  writings  worthy  to  be 
read.  Vet  liir  Journal,  or  History  as  it  has  been  term- 
ed, ill  the  late  edition  by  .Mr.  Savage,  is,  I  think,  very  in- 
ferior in  .ipirit  and  interest  to  his  letters.  I  hope  that  .Mr. 
Savage  has  expressed  rather  his  own  editorial  partiali- 
ty than  the  prevalent  taste  of  New  Kngland,  in  prefer- 
ring this  performance  to  the  work  of  Cotton  .^lather. 
It  would  seem  indeed  that  Wintliro[)'s  Journal  has  not 
derived  much  support  from  its  own  popularity,  since 
**  the  liberal  aid"  of  the  legislature  ot  .Alassachiisetts  is 
acknowledged  to  have  been  reipiisite  to  its  publication. 

I  must  regret  that  I  had  not  an  earlier  opportunity  of 
perusing  the  performance  of  .Mr.  Savage,  to  whose  sa- 
gacity I  owe  the  detection  of  an  error  into  which  I 
have  been  betrayed  by  the  authorities  on  which  I  have 
hitherto  relied.  At  present  it  is  not  in  my  power  lo 
correct  it  otherwise  than  by  noticing  (in  conformity 
with  Lt.  Savage's  note.  vol.  ii.  p.  I5'J),  that  aUhoiigh 
Sir  John  Harvey  was  displaced  from  the  ollice  of  Go- 
vernorof  Virginia  in  ll)3!(.  Sir  William  Berkeley,  whom 
I  have  supposed  to  have  been  his  immediate  successor  was 
not  appointed  till  1G4I.  The  governinentin  the  interim 
was  held  by  Sir  Francis  Wyatt. 

Note  [18]  p.  247. — Among  many  interesting  and 
romantic  adventures  and  escapes  related  by  .Mather, 
Neal,  Hutchinson,  Dwight,  and  other  New  Kngland 
writer,  as  having  occurred  during  the  continuance  of 
Philip's  war,  there  is  one  incident  which  exciteil  much 
nutrvelling  at  the  time,  and  has  since  derived  an  iii- 
crcose  of  interest  from  the  explanation  which  it  receiv- 
ed after  the  death  of  the  party  principally  concerned  in 
it.    In  1676  the  town  ol  Iladler  wiu  alarmed  by  the 


sudden  approach  of  a  body  of  Indians  in  llie  lime  of 
public  worship, and  the  people  wiire  thrown  in:o  a  ( <iu« 
lUi^ion  that  betokened  an  unresisted  massacre.  .Sud- 
denly a  grave  elderly  jierson  appeared  in  the  iiiidsl  if 
them.  Whence  he  came  or  who  he  was,  nobody  could 
tell.  In  his  iiiein  and  dress  he  diU'ered  friun  the  rest 
of  the  people.  He  not  only  encouraged  iheni  lode- 
fend  themselves,  but  putting  liiin.self  at  their  head,  l.u 
rallied,  instructed,  anil  led  tliein  on  to  encounler  ibe 
enemy,  who  by  this  means  were  repulsed.  .As  stidilen- 
ly  the  deliverer  of  Hadley  disappeared;  and  the  people 
were  left  in  a  state  of  perplexity  and  amazeiueiil,  and 
utterly  unable  to  account  lor  ibis  singular  phenonienon. 
After  his  death  it  was  known  to  have  been  (ioll'e  the 
regicide,  who  resided  somewhere  in  the  neighbiirhood, 
but  in  such  deep  sequestration  that  none  but  those  ..ho 
were  intrusted  with  the  secret  were  ever  able  to  make 
the  remotest  approach  to  a  dicovcry  of  his  retreat. 
Whaley  resided  with  him  ;  and  they  had  some  years 
before  been  joined  by  another  of  the  regicides.  Colonel 
Uixwell.  They  frequently  changed  their  place  of 
abode,  and  gave  the  name  of  Kbenezcr  to  every  spot 
that  atforded  them  shelter.  They  hud  many  Irieiuls 
both  in  England  and  in  the  New  Kngland  states,  and 
with  some  they  maintained  a  pretty  close  correspon- 
dence. They  had  constant  and  cxoct  intelligence  a' 
every  thing  that  pas.'ed  in  Kngland,  and  were  unwilling 
to  give  up  all  hopes  of  deliverance.  Their  greatest 
expectations  were  from  the  fulfilment  of  the  prophecies 
of  scripture,  which  they  had  intently  studied.  They 
had  no  doubt  that  the  execution  of  the  judges  was  the 
slatfing  of  the  leitiiesMs ;  and  were  much  disapointed 
when  the  year  ItitiO  had  passed  without  any  reiiiarka- 
ble  event,  but  still  llattered  themsirlves  with  the  hope 
that  cnnimoii  chronology  might  be  erroneous.  'I'be 
strict  inquisition  that  was  made  for  them  by  the  roval 
commissioners  and  others,  renders  their  concealnient 
n  a  country  so  thinly  peopled,  and  where  every  .st. an- 
ger was  the  object  of  immediate  and  curious  notice, 
truly  surprising.  It  appi'ars  that  they  were  befrieiiileil 
and  much  esteemed  for  their  piety  by  persons  who  re- 
garded the  great  .action  iii  whi'-'i  tliev  had  participated 
with  the  strongest  disapprobation,  llutchiii.soii.  'Hii — 
2li). 

It  requires  less  sense  and  humanity  than  were  com 
nion  in  New  Kiigl.-iiid  to  perceive  that  the  capital  trial 
of  a  king  must  ever  be  a  mockery  of  justice,  and  pr;ic- 
tically  refutes  the  plea  of  necessity  that  is  sometimes 
made  the  apology  for  defect  of  justice.  No  luiin  will 
iccept  a  couiinission  to  sit  as  judge  of  his  king  without, 
previously  determining  for  his  own  sjiti^ty  to  convict 
him,  and  to  guard  the  sentence  i'r(Uii  being  itilriiiged 
by  pardon;  and  the  authority  that  is  powerful  eiioiigli 
to  bring  tlie  king  to  trial  has  nothing  lo  appr''lieiid  li-oin 
his  hostility  in  exile.  How  difl'erent  was  the  siliiaiion 
of  Charles  and  his  persecutors,  from  the  rel.ilions  which 
!:ourts  of  justice  commonly  imply,  was  strongly  ex- 
pressed by  Cook,  the  Solicitor  for  the  People  of  Kn- 
gland, who  declared,  that  altlioiigh  in  ordinary  trials  he 
liud  often  trembleil  to  think  how  much  easier  it  would 
be  to  account  to  God  for  mercy  ;uid  indulgence  than 
for  justice  and  rigor,  yet  now  it  was  meat  and  drink  to 
him  to  ask  judgment  against  the  king.  Howell's  State 
Trials,  iv.  104.5. 

In  such,  as  in  all  cases,  to  be  bmve  and  generous  is 
the  safest  course.  While  the  depo.seil  king  lives,  the 
demerits  that  have  procured  his  deposition  attach  to  his 
cause  ;  but  when  his  blood  is  shed,  bis  faults  seem  to  be 
washed  away,  and  the  cause  which  he  maintained,  puri- 
fied from  much  of  his  odium  by  compassion,  is  trunsniitletl 
to  his  unotfending  descendants. 

Note  [13]  p.  255. — In  every  slate  of  human  socie- 
ty, and  under  every  fnr!;i  of  faith,  tin;  belief  of  witch- 
craft has  prevailed.  Heathens,  whc  are  .*opresented 
in  scripture  as  seiving  demons,  liav.*  respt  c-ted  and 
sought  lo  propitiate  the  powers  of  wit  •licraft.  Cliri.s- 
tians,  or  persons  professing  the  service  of  the  true  (iod, 
have  coidemncd  and  punished  the  practice.  It  has 
prevailec  from  lime  immemorial  i',  Africa,  which  is 
generally  considered  s.y  'be  lc'»r!:cd  as  its  cnidte.  Brv- 
an  Kdwards  has  given  a  curio. is  account  of  the  witch- 
craft or  Obeah  practices  believt^d  and  cultivated  among 
the  negroes  in  the  West  Indies.  He  stales  that  the 
term  Obeah,  Obiah,  or  Obia  (for  it  is  variously  written), 
is  the  adjective,  and  Obe  or  Obi  the  noun  siib.stantive ; 
and  that  by  the  terms  Obia  men.  and  Obia  ^vunlen, 
are  meant  those  who  practise  Obi  or  witchcriilV  His- 
tory of  the  West  Indies,  vol.  ii.  p.  107. — Jacob  Itry 
ant,  in  his  coininentary  on  tlie  word  Oph,  reiniuks  that 
"  a  serpent  in  the  Egyptian  'ongiiage  was  called  Ob  or 


'^^S^^Ww- 


NORTH    AMF.RICA. 


!)« 


Auh;"  iiiict  tliut  "  Oiion  is  slill  till!  K^'yplhiii  11:11110  I'lir 
a  serporit."  "Mospd,"  lie  continue.",  "in  the  iiiiine  of 
find  liirliiilsthc  Israeliliauver  to  inquire  oC  the  dtMnoii 
Ob,  wliieli  is  trun-'liitL'il  in  our  Hilile,  ch^irnier  or  wi/aril, 
ilivinntur  or  .sorcili'niis."  "  The  woman  at  Kiiclor,"  lie 
aildn,  "  is  oalli'd  Oiib  or  01),  translated  I'ytlioiiissa  1  iiiid 
Oulniaia  was  the  iiaiiii-  ol'  the  basilisk  or  royal  serpent, 
Rinblein  ol'tlie  sun,  and  an  ancient  oracular  deity  ul' 
Al'rica."  Bryant's  Ancient  Mythology,  vol.  i.  p.  48, 
4?5  und  478. 

NoTK  [14]  p.  267. — The  following  may  nerve  aa  a 
speciinen  ol  these  articles  of  grievance,  and  of  the  an- 
swers they  received  : — **  IV.  As  no  laws  can  be  re- 
pealed but  by  the  assembly,  it  desired  to  know  if  the 
proprietary  intended  to  annul  a  clause  in  the  act  for 
bringiii!;  tobacco  to  towns?"  Ammr.  "The  pro- 
prietary does  not  intend  to  annul  the  clause  mentioned 
without  ,in  act  jf  repeal."  "  V.  The  attorney-general 
oppresses  the  people."  yJniiiMr.  "  If  such  procced- 
ing'<  have  been  practised,  tiio  law  is  open  against  the 
piliMider,  who  is  not  coiintenanceil  by  goveriiinent." 
"  VI.  Ccrlain  persons,  under  a  pretended  authority 
from  some  militia  olHcers,  have  pressed  provisions  in 
time  of  peace."  Anaiter.  "  We  liiiow  of  no  such 
olVenilers;  but  when  informed  of  them  we  shall  pro- 
ceed against  them  according  to  law  and  matter  of 
fact."  "VII.  The  late  adjournment  of  the  provincial 
court  to  the  last  Tuesday  in  January  is  a  time  most 
incominodioiis  to  the  people."  .-Insiffr.  "  At  the 
reipiest  of  the  lower  house,  they  will  adjourn  the  pro- 
vincial court  by  proclamation."  Chalmers,  3.-S0,  ^1. 
Whv  Chalmers,  who  is  generally  displeased  even  with 
the  more  moilerale  assertorsof.Vnierican  liberty,  should 
term  this  "  a  spirited  representalicm  of  grievances," 
(p.  :t7'J.)  I  am  at  u  loss  to  discover.  Uiit  perhaps  no 
oilier  writ<?r  has  ever  combined  such  elaborate  research 
of  facts  with  such  temerity  of  opinion  and  such  glaring 
inconsistency  of  sentiineut,  as  the  "  rolitiual  Annals" 
of  this  writer  displav.  The  American  provinces,  though 
little  iudebti'd  10  bis  favorable  opinion,  owe  the  most 
iinporlani  illiisiration  of  their  history  to  his  industrious 
researches.  .Some  of  the  particulars  of  his  own  early 
history  may  perhaps  account  fur  the  peculiarities  of  Ins 
.■\uierican  politics.  A  .Scotsinun  by  birth,  he  had  emi- 
grated to  .Maryland,  and  was  settled  at  Baltimore  as  a 
lawyer,  when  the  revolutionary  contest,  (in  which  he 
adhered  to  the  royal  cause,)  blasted  all  his  prospects, 
and  compelled  him  to  take  refuge  in  Kngland,  v>liere 
Itis  unlhrtunale  loyalty  and  distinguished  utlainineiils 
pritnired  liiman  lionorableapnoiiitineiitfrom  the  Bo.-ird 
of  Trade.  The  first  (and  only)  volume  of  his  Annuls 
was  eoniposed  while  he  hoped  that  the  riiyal  cause 
wtiuld  yet  prevail  in  America,  and  was  intended  to  be 
the  apology  of  his  party.  His  labors  were  discontinued 
whtMi  the  c.nise  and  party  to  wiiich  they  were  devoted 
bad  evidently  perished.  Though  a  strong  vein  of  Tory- 
ism pervades  all  his  pages,  he  is  at  times  unable  to 
restrain  an  expression  of  indignant  contempt  <it  parti- 
cular instances  of  the  conduct  of  the  kings  and  ministers, 
whose  general  policy  he  labors  to  vindicate. 

Nori!  [15]  p.  a7'2.— That  a  gift  will  blind  the 
.-liscernment  even  of  the  wise,  and  pervert  the  words 
even  of  the  just,  is  an  assurance  conveyed  to  lis  by 
unerring  wisdom,  and  continued  by  examples  among 
which  even  the  name  of  Locke  must  be  enrolled.  If 
no  girt  could  be  more  seducing  than  the  deference  and 
aduiiraliou  with  which  .Shaliesbury  graced  his  other 
bounties  to  Locke,  no  blindness  could  well  be  greater 
than  that  which  veiled  the  eyes,  and  perverteil  the 
senliinents  of  the  philosophi'r  with  respect  to  the  con- 
duct and  character  of  his  p.-itron.  In  his  memoirs  of 
this  proHigate  politician,  not  less  insiduous  in  bis  friend- 
ships than  furious  in  his  enmities,  and  who  alternately 
inllamed  and  betrayed  every  f.iclion  ill  the  state, — he 
hos  honored  him  as  a  mirror  of  worth  and  patriotism; 
declaring  that,  in  a  mild  yet  resoluti!  constancy,  he  was 
equalled  by  few  and  exceeded  by  none ;  and  that  while 
liberty  endures,  his  fame  will  mock  the  efforts  of  envy 
and  the  operations  of  time.  Locke,  folioedit.  III.  450, 
&C.  While  Locko  reprobates  the  unprinciiiled  ambi- 
tion and  inveterate  falsehood,  with  which  Monk  endea- 
vored tu  the  last  to  obtain  for  himself  the  vacant  dignity 
of  Cromwell, — he  is  totally  insensible  to  any  other  fea- 
ture than  the  d/zt/i/t/  of  the  more  successful  maiiwuvres 
by  which  Slial\esburv  outwitted  the  lesti  dexterous 
knave,  and  at  length  lorct'd  him  to  concur  in  the  Ues- 
'oration.  Lockf  bus  vaunted  the  profound  sagacity 
with  which  Shalleslmry  coiilil  penetrate  the  character, 
and  avail  liinuall' jfthe  tolnnU  and  diapositlnn,  of  every 


person  he  coiiver.«ed  with.  For  his  own  vindication 
It  is  necessary  to  regard  him  in  this  performance  a.^ 
exemplilying  the  quality  which  he  so  highly  commended 
When  occisinii  required  it,  Shaftesbury  could  assume, 
a  virtue  to  which  his  t'deiit  h-tit  -ucii  a  degree  of  etli- 
cucy  us  coiiiiiiaiided  r.niverial  admiration.  When  he 
wiLs  appointed  to  pre-ide  in  the  Court  of  Chancery,  h 
was  unacquainted  with  lav,,  and  had  grown  grey  in  the 
practice  of  fraud  :  rid  iu'.rig'ie.  Vet  in  the  discharge 
of  the  fiiiictions  of  this  ollice,  he  is  acknowledged  to 
have  combined  the  geuins  of  Bacon  with  the  integrity 
of  More ;  and  (he  satisfaction  that  wa<  derived  from  the 
legal  sonndnesa  of  his  decrees,  wna  surpassed  only  by  the 
respect  that  was  entertained  for  the  lofty  impartiality  of 
his  conduct. 

Among  other  marks  of  confidence  bestowed  by 
Shaflesbiiry  on  Locke,  he  employed  him  to  choose  a 
wife  for  his  son,  whom  ho  was  anxious  to  marry  euily; 
as  the  feebleness  of  the  young  man's  coiutitutiuu  gave 
him  cause  to  apprehend  the  extinction  of  his  family. 
Locke,  undismayed  by  the  nice  and  numerous  requi- 
sites which  Shaliesbury  desired  him  to  combine  in  the 
object  of  his  choice,  I'ulfilled  this  delicate  otiice  to  hif 
patron's  satisfaction  ;  and  afterwards  accepted  the  otKce 
of  tutor  to  the  eldest  male  oll'spring  of  the  marriage. 
Life  of  Locke,  pretixed  to  the  folio  edition  of  liis 
Works.  Like  Philip  of  .Macedon,  Shaliesbury  seems 
to  have  determined  to  extract  as  much  advantage  as 
possible  to  his  posterity  from  the  genius  of  the  great 
philosopher  who  proved  to  be  his  coiitotnporury.  Nei- 
ther the  tutors,  however,  derived  niiicli  credit  from 
his  tuition,  or  received  iiiiich  gratitude  from  his  piijni. 
Alexauiler  sneered  at  the  sophisms  of  .\ristode,  (I'lii- 
tarch's  Life  of  Alexander;)  and  the  author  of  the 
"Characteristics,"  in  bis  "  Letters  written  by  a  Xoble- 
man  to  a  Vuuiig  .Man  at  t'le  University."  1711),  .severely 
censured  the  writings  of  Locke,  as  giving  countenance 
to  infidelity. 

.Shaliesbury  v\'as  able  to  infect  Locke  with  all  his 
own  real  or  pretended  suspicions  of  the  catholics; 
and  even  when  the  philosopher  could  not  refrain  from 
censuring  the  severity  and  intolerance  of  the  protest- 
ants,  he  expressed  his  regret  that  they  shoiilil  be  found 
capable  of  "such  popish  practices."  Not  less  unjust 
anil  absurd  was  Lord  Kiissel's  declaration,  that  mas- 
sacreing  men  in  conl  blood  was  so  like  a  practice  of  the 
papi'ts,  that  he  could  not  but  abhor  it;  and  SirLdward 
(,'oke's  remark,  that  poisoning  wa-sn/jo/iis/i/ric/;.  When 
Locko  undertook  to  legislate  for  Carolina,  he  produced 
ecclesiastical  constitutions  not  more,  and  political  regu- 
lations far  less  favorable  to  human  liberty  and  happiness, 
tlian  those  which  had  been  previously  established  by  a 
catholic  legislator  in  .Maryland. 

M  r.  I'ox  is  uiiich  puzzled  to  account  for  Locke's  friend- 
ship with  Shaflesbiiry,  and  has  attempte  1  it,  I  think,  very 
iinsuccesst'ully. 

It  is  strange  that  we  should  be  ohiijed  to  prefer  the 
testimony  of  un  unprincipled  satirist  to  that  of  an 
upright  phdosopher.  Vet  Uryden's  character  of  Achi- 
topbel"  is  undoubledly  the  jiistest  and  must  m.isterly 
representation  of  Shaliesbury  that  has  ever  been  pro- 
duced by  friend  or  foe.  So  much  more  powerful  is 
affection  than  enmity  in  deluding  the  fancy  uud  seducing 
the  undorstandiiig.' 

NoTK  [!()]  p.  "284. — Founders  of  ancient  colonies 
have  sometiuies  been  tieilied  by  their  success')rs.  New 
York  is  perhaps  the  only  commonwealth  whose  found- 
ers have  been  lovered  with  ridicule  from  the  same 
quarter.  It  is  impossible  to  read  the  ingenious  and 
diverting  romance  entitled  Knickerbocker's  History  of 
.New  Vork,  without  wishing  that  the  author  had  put 
eilher  a  little  more  or  a  little  less  truth  in  it,  and  ttiat 
bis  talent  fur  hiiuior  and  sarcasms  had  found  another 
subject  than  tlie  dangers,  hardships,  und  virtues,  of  the 
ancestors  of  his  national  family.  It  must  be  unlhvor- 
uhle  to  putriotism  to  connect  historical  recollectimis 
with  ludicrous  associations;  hut  the  genius  of  Mr. 
Irving  has  done  this  so  etfectiiallv,  that  it  is  diflicult  to 
read  the  names  of  Woiiter  Van  'I'willor,  of  Corleur,  und 
of  Peter  Stiiyvesant,  without  a  smile;  or  to  see  the 
free  and  happy  colonists  of  New  Vork  enslaved  by  the 
forces  of  u  despot,  without  a  sense  of  ridicule  that 
abates  the  resentment  which  injustice  should  excite, 
and  tlie  sympathy  wliirh  is  due  to  mistbrtiiue.  Vet 
Sliiyvesant  was  a  gallant  and  generous  man;  and  Cor- 
leur softened  the  miseries  of  war  und  mitigated  the 
wrath  of  man  by  his  benevolence.  If  this  writer  hud 
coi. fined  his  ridicule  to  the  wars,  or  rather  liloudli'>s 
biilVetings  and  squabbles  of  the  Dutch  and  tlte  Swedi.'s. 
i  Ilia  readera  would  have  derived  more  tinrepruvedenjuy- 


inent  from  hia  perforniRiice.  Probab  y  my  discern- 
ment of  the  unsuitablencss  of  Mr.  Irvmg's  mirth,  ia 
quickened  by  a  sense  of  personal  wrong;  as  1  laiiiiot 
help  feeling  that  he  bus  by  unticipalion  riiliciiteil  iiiv 
topic  und  parodied  my  narrative.  If  Sanclio  I'aiiza 
hud  been  a  real  governor,  misrepreseniid  hv  the  \\  il  of 
Cervantes,  his  fiifiire  historian  would  have  fiMiiid  it  no 
easv  nmller  to  bespeak  u  grave  attention  to  the  aniiuli 
of  his  administration. 

NoTK  [17]  p.  a89. — "  Dining  one  day  at  .Monsieur 
Iloett'.s,  and  having  a  great  cold,  I  observed,  cveryliuie 
I  spit,  a  tighl  handsome  wench,  ihal  stood  in  the  room 
with  a  clean  cloth  in  her  hand,  was  presenitv  down 
to  wipe  it  up,  and  rub  the  board  clean.  Somebody  at 
table  speaking  of  my  cold,  I  said  the  most  trouble  it 
gave  me  was  to  see  the  poor  wench  lukesomuch  paina 
about  it.  Monsieur  lloell  told  me,  'twas  well  I  es- 
caped so;  and  that  if  hia  wife  hud  been  at  home,  tho'  ( 
were  an  ambassador,  she  would  have  turned  me  out  of 
doors  for  fouling  her  iiouse."  Sir  William  Teinple'a 
Works,  i.  472. 

NoTK  [18]  p.  290. — 'X'he  charitable  attempt  of  Chal 
mors  to  vindicate  the  character  of  this  man  from  the 
impeachment  and  abhorrence,  not  of  one,  but  of  every 
province  over  which  he  cxeicised  the  functions  of  go- 
vernment previous  to  the  British  Kevohition,  is  totally 
unsuccessful.  The  main  topic  of  apology  is,  that  he 
uierely  executed  tlio  orders  of  his  master,  and  some 
times  inefrecttitdly  recommended  more  humane  and 
liberal  measures:  an  apology  which  might  be,  as  in 
fact  it  was  equally  pleaded  to  justify  the  atrocities  of 
Kirke  and  Jeffries  in  F.ngluud,  and  of  Uraham  of  Cla- 
verhouse  and  .Sir  James  Turner,  in  Scotland.  It  is  un 
apul'igy  that  may  sometimes  exempt  from  punishment, 
but  can  never  redeem  character,  or  avert  reprobation. 
When  Turner  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  persecuted 
Scottish  peasantry  in  I)umfries>hire.  they  were  pro- 
ceeding to  put  him  to  death  tor  his  cruelty;  but  obser 
viiig  from  the  written  instructions  found  on  his  person, 
that  he  had  actually  fallen  sliorl  of  the  severity  which 
he  hail  been  ordered  to  coniuiit,  'lese  generous  men  ar- 
rested their  uplillcd  hands,  and  dismissed  him  with  im- 
punity, liut  not  without  abhorrence.  That  Aiiilros, 
from  some  of  his  private  suggestions  to  the  duke, 
seems  at  times  to  have  b  icn  wiUing  to  alleviate  the  bur- 
dens of  the  people,  only  renders  him  the  more  culpable 
for  BO  actively  elVectualing  a  contrary  policy,  the  mis- 
chief and  odium  of  which  he  plainly  discerned.  It 
might  have  been  urgiied,  with  some  appearance  of  pro- 
bability, that  the  unanimous  dislike  he  1  xiited  in  New 
I'^ngland  inferred  less  of  reproach  to  'lip  personal  char- 
acter, than  of  the  repugnance  between  the  previous 
habits  of  the  people  and  the  structure  of  that  arbitrary 
system  which  he  was  appointed  to  iiilmitiister  among 
them.  But  tlie  detestation  he  excited  in  New  Vork 
where  the  ])cople  had  been  habituated  to  arbitrary  go 
vermnent,  admits  not  of  this  suggestion;  which,  ever 
with  regard  to  .New  I'.ngland,  we  have  already  seen 
to  he  very  slightly,  if  at  all  admissilile.  James  the  .Se- 
cond evinced  a  sagacity  that  approaclied  to  instinct,  in 
the  employment  of  tit  iiistriimenLs  to  execute  injustice 
and  cruelty;  and  bis  steady  patronage  of  Andres,  and 
constant  preference  of  his  to  any  other  instrumentality, 
in  the  subjugation  of  colonial  liberty,  is  the  strongest 
certificate  that  could  he  given  of  the  apfuess  of  this 
ollicer's  disposition  for  the  emptoynteiit  for  which  he 
was  selected.  His  friend  and  compeer  Uandoph  boast 
ed.  that,  in  .New  I'.ngland,  Andros  was  as  urbitrarv  aa 
the  (ireat  Turk. 

After  the  British  Uevolufion,  .\niIros  is  said  to  havo 
conducted  himself  irreproachably  as  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. But  William  and  .Mary  bad  not  entrusted  biiii 
with  tyrannical  power;  und  the  Virginians  would  not 
have  permitted  him  to  exercise  it.  His  appointment 
to  this  situation,  however,  was  an  insult  to  the  .Amen- 

n  colonies,  and  a  disgraceful  proceeding  of  King  Wil- 
liam, who  assuredly  was  nut  a  friend  to  .American  liberty. 

Audroa  died  at  London  in  1715,  at  a  v.  dvanced 
age. 

NoT«  [ID]  p.  297. — ^This  Jesuit  accompanied  the 
French  commissioners  who  repaired  to  the  head  qiiar- 
lers  of  the  Five  Nations  to  treat  for  peace.  \\'hen 
the  commissioners  approached  the  Indian  station,  iliey 
were  met  by  a  saehi'in  who  presented  tliiMii  with  three 
separate  gil\s,  strings  of  wumpiim;  the  first,  to  wipe 
away  tfieir  tears  for  the  French  that  had  been  slain; 
the  second,  lo  open  their  mouths.  Ihiv  Ihey  might 
apeak  freely  i  and  tile  third,  lo  clean  the  'iiat  on  winch 


M8 


THE    HISTORY    OP 


i 


tliRV  wern  to  !«it,  \>  hilo  (reatiii;;  of  puiuTe,  Iroin  the  hlond 
t!i;i't  had  heen  xpilt  nn  hoth  aIiIlm.  Tho  jc^iiit,  who 
:i(?riMi  a-*  IhH  orator  of  thu  »'mbi'*f4y,  entit'Jivored  to  pay 
MMirl  111  Ih.'  iiiiliaii^  by  iiniliiinii  oC  Ihoir  ulyfe.  " 'hn^ 
war  k>-ttl.\"  "ai-l  hn,  "  hnU 'tl  ko  hiii!?,  th at  It  wnitl.l 
li  im;  »' iMi'il  1  thi;  I'ivi'  Natiiiiix  had  it  riinliimiMh 
hut  now  it  is  overset,  uiid  turned  up!<i<h'-d(>wii,  ati<i  a 
tinn  p.'acu  uia<lf."  flo  recuiniiiMiidiHl  to  then)  Iho  pre* 
"^  -rvatiou  nl'  auiity  witli  Corlrur,  thi!  Indian  name  for 
Vh  ■  fiovi-rnor  ol"  New  Yorl« ;  and  havini?  Ihnn  atteuipl- 
ed  to  disarni  their  HnspicioiM.  uttered  ninny  iiiJuriou<4 
i:i-iinuation4  agulnit  this  ully.  "I  otfer  rnvHeif  to  you," 
he  eontiniied,  *'  to  hve  with  yon  ut  Onumtaifa,  to  in- 
•triiet  yon  in  the  cliristian  relij;ion,  and  to  drive  away 
alt  Miclin  iSH,  phignet*,  and  tiio  diweojtes  of  your  coun- 
try." Tiiuugn  this  prnnoailion,  whicli  the  Freneli 
were  niucli  bent  on  cllectnating,  was  ahsolntely  re- 
ji'i'ted.  the  peace  brought  tlieni  a  deliverance  I'roni  so 
iuuoli  misery  and  fear,  that,  wlien  a  depulation  of  the 
aacheui'i  ol  the  Five  Nations  arrived  it  Montreal  to 
rutity  t!ie  treaty,  they  wore  received  with  g(!Uerai  ac- 
riaiiiitious  ol°  joy,  and  a  salute  from  the  artillery  on 
the  ramparts,  'f  he  Indl.aii  allies  of  the  French  were 
highly  olVended  with  this  demonstration  nl  respect. 
•*  \Yc  perceive,"  they  ani^rily  observed,  "  that  fear 
makes  the  French  show  more  respect  tii  their  cu"- 
uiies,  than  lovo  can  make  them  do  to  their  friends." 
Colden,  i.  •iOi—'Mi. 

NoTr  [^i)J  p.  '2!>:) — Deulnn.,  whoso  description  of 
New  \  ork  w.is  published  ir  itd'i,  jiives  u  very  asree- 
nhl'  picture  of  tht<  slate  of  the  province  and  its  inhabit- 
eiilsat  this  period: — '  1  must  needif  say,  that  if  there  he 

torresti.il  Canaan,  *lis  surely  hert  The  inhul>itanls 
ar.'  blessed  Willi  peace  ,ind  plenty;  blessed  in  their 
cinnilry,  blessed  in  the  fruit  nf  their  bodies,  and  the 
fiuilef  their  eroiimls;  hles*J  in  their  Imsket  and  in 
iSieir  St, ire  :  in  a  word,  bh^ssed  in  whatioever  they  take 
in  hand,  or  gn  about:  the  earth  vieldiu^  plentil'ul  in- 
crease to  .ill  their  paint'ul  labor. ^' — '*  \Vere  it  not  to 
avoid  prolixity,  Iceuld  say  a  jrreat  deal  more,  and  yet 
Bay  too  lillle,  to  shiivv  bow  free  are  thesi,'  parts  of  the 
world  from  that  pride  and  oppression,  witli  tiieir  mise- 
rable elVecls.  wliieli  man  ,  nay  almost  all,  jiarls  of  the 
world  are  troubled  with.  There,  a  waf^on  or  cart  gives 
as  irood  roiilent  as  a  coach:  and  a  piece  of  their  home- 
iii.iil.'  cloth  better  than  the  tiiiest  lawns  or  richest  silks; 
and  tbou:!h  their  low-roofed  houses  may  seem  to  shut 
tl  eir  doors  a!;aii|st  pride  and  luxury,  yet.  how  do  they 
fitand  wide  open  to  let  charity  in  and  out,  either  to  as- 
sist each  other  or  to  relieve  a  stranger!  and  the  dis- 
tance of  place  from  other  nations  dotli  secure  them 
from  the  envi.ins  froniis  of  ill-alfected  neighbors,  and 
the  troubles  which  usually  arise  thence."  Denton.  V.h'iD. 

\Vhat  a  con;  rast  there  is  between  this  happy  picture 
and  the  state  of  I'.iiropean  society  about  the  same  pe- 
riod, as  di'picted  by  l)e  I'oe  in  the  most  celebrated  of 
hi.a  romances  I — "  t  saw  tlie  world  busy  around  me ; 
one  part  laboring  for  bread,  anil  the  other  si|iriiidering 
it  in  vile  excesses  or  empty  pleasures:" — "The  men 
of  labor  spent  their  .strength  in  daily  strugglings  fin- 
bread  to  maintain  the  vital  power  they  laboured  with; 
Ko  living  in  a  daily  circulation  of  sorrow;  living  but  to 
work,  and  working  but  to  live,  as  if  daily  bread  were 
the  only  end  of  n  wearisome  life,  and  a  wearisome  life 
tlie  only  occasion  of  daily  bread." 

NoTK  [ai]  p.  ,Tfr2.— From  the  writings  of  the  modern 
historians  and  apologists  of  qnakerisin.we  might  be  led 
to  suppose  that  none  of  the  qiiakers  who  were  imprison- 
ed by  the  magistrates  of  Kngland  at  this  period  had 
been  accuseil  of  alight  else  but  the  profession  of  their 
peculiar  doctrinal  tenets,  or  attendance  at  their  peculiar 
places  of  worship.  Uiit  very  dillerent  accounts  of  the 
causes  of  their  imprisonment  have  been  transmitted  by 
some  of  the  snilerers  themselves;  and,  Ironi  the  tenor 
of  these  it  is  manifest  that  the  only  wrong  they  sustain- 
ed from  the  magistrates  was,  that  they  were  eoininilted 
to  prison,  instead  of  being cnnlined  in  lunatic  hospitals. 
The  moil  remarkable  of  tlie.-e  compositions  is  the  Nar- 
rative of  the  I'erseciitiou  of  Solomon  F.ccles,  in  the 
yea:  111.')!),  written  by  himself,  and  dated  from  New- 
gate, where  he  describes  himself  as  "a  prisoner  for  the 
tesiiinoiiy  of  the  Lord."  This  man,  who  was  a  qnaker, 
nod  a  'iiilor  in  London,  relates,  that  •■  It  was  clearly 
»!iowed  to  mo  Hint  I  slinuld  go  to  the  steeple-house  in 
Aldermanbnry  the  lirst  day  of  Ihe  week  then  following, 
mill  take  with  me  something  to  work,  and  do  it  in  the 
pulpit  at  their  singing  time."  So,  after  much  n  using, 
"  I  iiiirpiised  to  carry  with  ino  a  pocket  to  sew."  lie 
rBpaireil  to  Edmund  Calainy's  chapel,  and  watching  his 


opportunity,  made  his  way  into  the  pulpit.  "  i  sat  my- 
self down  upon  Ihe  cushion,  and  mv  feet  upon  lb"  seat 
where  the  priest,  when  he  hath  told  out  his  lies,  dolli 
sit  down,  and,  having  my  work  ready,  I  pulled  one  or 
two  stitches."  When  the  people  began  to  perseciile 
him.  i.e.  to  pull  hiin  down,  he  cared  not  if  they  had 
killed  him,  "fori  was  full  of  joy,  and  they  were  full 
of  wralh  and  inailness."  He  was  carried  before  Ihe; 
mayor.  "  Then  said  he  to  me,  '  Wherefore  ilid  you  ■ 
work  there.''  I  said,  'In  obedience  to  the  Lord's  com- ! 
inaudinent.'  Ho  said  it  was  a  false  spirit:  and  said  he, 
'  Where  are  yonr  sureties?'  I  said,  the  Lord  was  my  | 
security."  Accordingly,  his  persecution  was  consum- 
mated by  a  commitment  to  Newgate.  "  Now,  let  nil 
setter  feoplr,  jwige  whctlier  I  did  this  thing  out  of  envy 
against  either  priest  or  people.  Yea,  farther,  1  say, 
tho  Loril  lav  it  not  to  their  charge  who  have  said  thai'  I 
did  it  in  iiKilice,  devilishtit'ss,  and  envy,"  iVc.  &c.  This 
singular  narrative  is  republished  in  the  Slate  Trials, 
vol.  vi.  p.'.)9d. 

Note  [23]  p.  303.— Of  this  diversity  the  fu'lowing 
inslaiice  may  serve  as  a  specimen.  When  the  statute 
against  the  (piakers  began  to  be  generally  enforced. 
George  Uishop.  a  man  of  some  eniiuence  among  Ihein. 
reinonslr.ited  against  it  in  these  terms;  "  To  the  king 
and  both  houses  of  parliament,  TAiu  $aith  the  LonI, 
.Meddle  not  with  my  people  because  of  their  conscience 
to  me.  and  banish  them  not  out  of  the  nation  because 
of  their  conscii.'uce;  for  if  you  do  I  will  send  my  plagues 
among  yon,  and  you  shall  know  that  I  am  the  Lord. 
Written  in  obedienee  to  the  Lord,  by  bis  .servant,  (;. 
Dislion."  Uoiigh  and' ,Se.well.  \.  "iVi  Very  dillerent 
was  tile  remonstraiiee  which  William  I'euu  nddn'ssed 
on  the  sani'!  subject  to  t!iu  king  of  I'olaud.  in  whose 
dominions  a  severe  perseculiou  was  iiisliluted  against 
Ihe  ipiakers.  "  (iive  us  poor  christians."  says  he, 
•'  leave  to  ex|io<liil  lie  wilh  thee.  .Suppose  we  are 
tares,  as  the  true  wheal  li;ilh  always  been  called,  yet 
pluck  IIS  11(11  up  for  ('hrisi's  sake,  who  saith,  Let  the 
tares  and  the  wheat  grow  up  iiiilil  the  harvest,  thiit  is, 
until  the  end  of  the  world.  Let  tied  have  his  due  as 
well  as  t'lesar.  'J'lie  jiidginen;  of  coiiseience  beloiig- 
elh  uiilo  him  and  mistakes  about  religion  are  known  tu 
him  alone."     Clarkson's  1;. !  of  I'enn,  i.  18i). 

NoET  [23]  p.  30'!. — ll  is  not  dilliciilt  to  understand 
how  a  friendly  intercourse  origir.Bted  between  the  lead- 
ing persons  among  the  ipnkers  and  Charles  the  Second 
and  his  brother.  The  ipiakers  desired  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  authority  of  the  king  for  the  establishment 
of  a  general  toleration,  and  their  own  especial  defence 
against  the  enmity  and  dislike  of  their  numerous  adver- 
saries. The  king  and  his  brother  regarded  with  great 
benevolence  Ihe  principles  ol'  non-resistance  professed 
by  these  sectaries,  and  found  in  them  the  only  cla.ss  of 
proteslauts  who  could  be  rendered  instrumental  to  their 
design  of  re-estublishing  popery  by  the  preparatory 
measure  of  a  general  toleration.  But  how  the  friendly 
relation  llius  created  between  the  rryal  brothers  and 
such  men  as  IViin  and  Uarchiy  should  have  continued 
to  subsist  nninierrupted  by  all  the  tyranny  and  treach- 
ery which  the  reigns  of  these  princes  disclosed,  is  a  dilH- 
euliy  which  their  contemporaries  were  unable  to  solve 
in  any  oilier  manner  than  by  considering  the  ipnikers 
as  at  bottom  Ihe  votaries  of  popery  and  arbitrary  power. 
The  mcri.'  modern  and  juster.  as  well  as  more  charita- 
ble censure  is,  that  they  were  tho  dupes  of  kingly  ciMir- 
ti;sy,  crart,  and  dissiinulalion.  They  endeavored  to 
make  ;in  instriiiiient  of  the  king;  while  he  permitted 
them  to  Hatter  theiiLselves  wilh  this  hope,  that  he  might 
avail  himself  of  their  instrumentality  for  the  nccom- 
plislnnent  of  his  own  designs. 

Perhaps  since  the  days  when  the  prophets  of  Israel 
were  divijiely  commissioned  to  rebuke  their  olVending 
nioiiarchs,  no  king  was  ever  addressed  in  terms  of  more 
dignified  admonition  that  Robert  Barclay  has  employed 
in  concluding  the  dedication  of  his  famous  Ajiotogij  fur 
the  Qiuihers  to  Charles  the  Second.  "  There  is  no  king 
in  the  worhl."  he  bids  him  remember,  "who  can  so 
experimeiit:illv  testify  of  (iod's  providence  and  good- 
ness; neither  is  there  any  who  rules  so  many  free  peo- 
ple. 80  manv  true  Chri.stlans;  which  thing  renders  thy 
government  iTiore  honorable,  and  thyself  more  consi- 
derable, than  the  accession  of  many  nations  filled  with 
slavish  and  superstitions  souls.  '1  lion  has  tasted  of 
prosperity  and  adversity ;  thou  knowest  what  it  is  to  be 
banished  thy  native  country  and  to  be  overruled,  as 
well  as  to  rule  and  sit  upon  the  throne ;  and  being  op' 
pressed,  thou  hast  ivasoii  to  know  how  hateful  tlie  op 
prcssi  r  is  bulJi  tu  (iod  and   man.     If  after  all  these 


warnings  and  advertisemeuls.  ibon  dost  not  turn  iinta 
the  Lord  with  all  thy  heart,  but  forget  him  who  remem- 
bered thee  inlhy  dislr  '-.s.  a  i  !  :  ve  ibvself  up  to  follow 
Inst  and  vinily.  siir.-iy  great  will  he  tliy  rondi'innatinii." 
Vet  Chirh's  giive  liiiuself  up  to  Inst  and  liiiiily.  with- 
out apprehending  or  experieni'ing  any  diniiimtiou  of 
the  regards  of  his  qnaker  friiuids ;  ami  Ihe  tyranny  and 
oppression  that  stained  tbe  conduct  of  he'.liC'harlesaiid 
James  rendered  them  hntefnl  to  all  men  except  the  ca- 
tholics and  the  qnakers.  The  horrible  cruelties  in- 
flicted by  the  orders,  and  in  the  presence  of  James  him- 
self on  the  Scottish  covenanters  iiiiist  have  beiin  per- 
fectly well  known  to  Barclay,  lint  perhaps  his  svnipn- 
tliv  with  the  siilVerers  was  abated  by  the  lainentalile  in- 
tolerance which  many  of  thesis  unfortnnatc  victims  of 
bigotry  thenselves  evinced.  There  were  few  of  them 
who,  even  in  the  midst  nf  their  own  aHlictions,  did 
liol  bequeath  a  dying  testhnony  to  tlieir  cnnntrynien 
against  the  .^tii  of  tolerating  the  hlasphemous  heresy 
of  the  qnakers  See  'J'Ae  Cloud  of  ll'Unesses,  Wood 
row's  History,  ik.*id  other  works  illustrative  of  ihat 
period. 

Of  the  cajolery  th.it  was  practised  by  King  James 
upon  the  qnakers,  I  think  a  remarkable  instance  is 
afforded,  very  nnintentioiially.  by  .Mr.  Clarkson.  in  his 
.Memoirs  of  William  Peiin,  vol.  li.  can.  L  In  the  yeai 
llW't  (iilbert  l^tey,  an  eminent  ipialter  minister,  hav- 
ing been  presented  by  Penn  to  this  prince,  thanked 
him  for  his  Dtxltiriitiun  of  htdulgence  in  favor  ofqn.a- 
kers  and  other  ilissenters,  adding  an  expression  of  his 
hope,  that,  :is  the  king  had  remeinhered  the  qnakers  in 
their  distress,  so  God  might  remember  him  in  his  dis- 
tress. Soul'!  lime  after  when  J  nines,  expelled  from 
Lngland,  was  endeavoring  to  make  head  against  his 
adversaries  in  Ireland,  he  sent  a  nhj^sage  to  Latey,  coii- 
li'ssing  that  the  revohition  had  approved  him  so  fiir  a 
prophet,  inasinnch  as  the  king  had  f'allen  into  distress. 
But  Latey  was  not  satisfied  with  this  partial  testiiiiony. 
and  reminded  James,  thai  as  his  life  had  been  saved 
at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  the  iirutiliiry  that  h;id  been 
addressed  tu  him  was  entirely  fnlliiled. 


NorE['2-l]  p.  307. — Gabriel  Thomas,  the  antlior  of 
this  pleasing  little  work,  which  is  dediealeil  to  Sir  John 
.Mo9re  ami  Sir  Thomas  Liine,  aljermen  of  Loudon, 
and  at  tliit  time  two  of  the  principal  proprietaries  ol 
Weft  Jersey,  was  a  ipiaker,  and  the  .'Viend  of  Penii- 
to  whom  at  the  same  time  he  dedicated  a  correspond, 
ing  history  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania.  His 
chief  aim  in  writing  iie  declares  to  li;ive  been  to  inform 
tlie  labouring  poor  of  Britain  of  the  oppoitiinily  alVoril- 
ed  to  them  by  these  coloiii:il  seltlemeiits.  of  exchanging 
a  slate  of  ill-rewarded  toil,  or  of  begg.'dy  and  burden 
some  deiiendence,  for  a  coiidilion  at  oiee  more  useful, 
honorable,  prosperous,  ;ind  liafniy.  •  .Now.  reader," 
he  thus  concludes,  '•  liaviiig  no  more  to  add  of  any 
moment  or  im{)ort;iuce,  I  salute  Iliee  in  Christ,  and 
whether  thon  st.aycst  in  Kngland,  Seolland.  Irelaml.  or 
Wales,  or  goes!  to  Peunsylv.ania,  West  or  I'.ast  Jersey. 
I  wish  thee  all  health  and'  happiness  in  this,  and  ever 
lasting  comfort,  ill  God,  in  the  world  to  coine.  I'are 
thee  well !" 

Note  [2.")]  p.  SO?. — The  following  inslanee  of  the 
sensitiveness  of  the  qnakers  to  the  reputation  of  ',vil- 
liain  Penn  and  his  institutions.  I  believe  li;is  never  be 
fore  been  published,  and  1  think  deserves  to  be  made 
known.  When  Winlerbothani  undertook  the  compila- 
tion of  his  "  Historical,  (leograpliical,  Commerciul,  and 
Philosophical  View  of  the  Ameriian  United  Stales,"  he 
was  encouraged  to  |iursiie  his  labors  by  the  assurance 
of  iinineroiis  subscriptions,  a  gn-at  part  of  which  were 
obtained  from  Lnglish  qnakers.  The  aiitliorilies  which 
he  consulted  on  the  subject  of  Pennsylvania,  gave  him 
an  insight  into  the  lamentable  dis'.eusions  that  had 
occurred  between  the  founder  of  this  province  and  bis 
qnaker  colonists,  and  iiulnced  him  to  form  an  opinion 
unfavorable  to  the  eqiiitv  of  Penn,  and  to  the  moileru- 
tioti  of  both  parties.  Tfie  historical  part  of  his  account 
of  this  province  was  accordingly  wrilteii  in  a  strain 
calculated  tu  convey  this  impression,  rnlbrlunalelv 
for  him  this  came  to  be  known  just  when  bis  uorii 
was  ready  for  publication  and  delivery  to  the  sub- 
scribers. Theonakers  inslantly  withdrew  their  subscrip 
tioiis,  a  step  that  involved  Wiuterbotham  in  the  most 
serious  embarrassment.  Alarmed  at  this  unexpected 
blow,  the  nnfortnnate  author,  then  a  prisoner  in  New 
gate  for  seditions  expressions  of  which  i'e  is  now  ge- 
gerally  acknowledged  to  have  been  inno-crl,  ap|-!icd 
to  the  late  William  Uillwyn.  of  Walthainstuw.  and 
tlirowiuji  himself  on  the   humanity  of  that  venerable 


to  oh 


niixon 
he  rec 
passat 
I  ho  ail 
Ihey  a 
in  the 
why  0 
could 
1708, 1 

An 
parliaii 
previui 
year  of 
of  the 
■nap 
and  bui 


NORTH   AMERiCA. 


847 


[urn  unto 
Id  ri'inom- 
(0  lollow 
iiiivilinn." 

inly.  Willi- 

nntion  of 
rininy  and 
;iiiirlo'<  ami 
•pi  I'ne  cii- 
rni'ltieii  in- 
laineii  liiin- 
;  bcon  jilt- 
hia  nvnipn- 
iL'ntaI>le  in- 
vicliins  of 
BW  of  ihom 
iction-^.  ^>^ 
•oiintrymen 
loiis  licreKV 
uses.  Wooil 
live   of  Jv't 

King  Ji>in<;» 
iiistunce  i» 
rk'iin.  in  liis 
In  lliB  veal 
iiinisUT.  liiiv- 
iice.  llmnked 
avor  oftina- 
enHion  of  his 
lie  c|nakors  in 
lin  in  Ilia  <li!'- 
xiielU'J   from 
,il  against   his 
U)  l.atcy.oon- 
liiin  »"   far  a 
inlo   ilislrcss. 
tial  tesliiiiony. 
Ill  lieeii  saveil 
tliat  liiid  been 


tlie    nlltlior  of 
li'ilto  SirJolm 
L>ii  of  hiiiulon, 
iiroprii'tariiw  ol 
lend  of  reiiu- 
I  a  correspond, 
svlvania.      His 
I'leeii  lo  inform 
iirlmiity  alVord- 
.  of  exi'linngiiig 
ly  and  burden 
!■(■  more  useful, 
\ow.  reader," 
to  add   of  any 
n  Clirisl,  anil 
.ml.  Ireland,  or 
,ir  r.asl  Jersey, 
and  ever 
10  come.     Tare 


inslance  of  it"', 
niation  of  '«v  il- 
s  never   be 
,, ,  to  be  inada 
noli  tlie  compila- 
'iinimercial,  and 
iiiiid  States,"  lie 
by  die  assurance 
rt'i.r  wbicli  were 
aiilborilies  which 
Ivallia,  !!ave  liini 
iii.sions  that   had 
province  and  his 
orm   an   opinion 
I  til  the  niodera- 
.irl  of  hi«  account 
ritteii  in  a   strain 
Inforlnnalelv 
when  hia  "ork 
i.ry    to    llie    slib- 
e\v  their  siibscrip 
lliaiii  in  the  most 
this  unexpccled 
iri«oner  in    New 
,ch  ie  is  now  g'- 
inno-trl,  api'lifJ 
'iltliamstow,   and 
)f  iliat  venerable 


id 


min,  ininlorcd  hii  powerful  intcrccasion  with  the  nieni- 
bera  of  his  rcligioua  fraternity.  By  hia  advice,  Win- 
terbulhain  eoii&enled  to  cancel  the  objectionable  por- 
tion of  the  work,  and,  in  the  place  of  il,  there  was  sub- 
atitutcd  a  coinposilioii  on  the  same  subject  from  the 
pen  ol  Mr.  Uillwyn.  A  few  copies  of  I. ic  work  in  its 
original  slate  having  got  into  circulation,  there  was 
adiled  to  the  preface  in  the  reiiiaiiiing  copies  an  apology 
for  itie  error  into  which  the  author  declared  that  he  had 
been  lielrayed  with  regard  to  the  character  oJ'  Pcnn  and 
his  colonists.  The  (Quakers,  on  being  apprised  of  this, 
complied  at  once  with  the  solicitation  of  their  respecled 
friend,  and  fullilled  their  engagements  with  Winter- 
liiitliam.  This  anecdote  was  rel.-xted  to  me  by  Mr. 
Dillwyn  himself.  The  contribution  which  this  excel- 
lent [lerson,  cclebraled  in  ClarksonV  History  of  the 
Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  thus  made  to  Winterbo- 
thain's  work,  is  characterised  by  his  usual  mildness  and 
indulgence.  Without  denying  the  existence  of  uiiha|>- 
py  dissensions  in  Pennsylvania,  lie  auggchts  reasons  fur 
supposing  that  they  originated  in  mutual  misapprehen- 
sion, and  were  neither  violent  nor  lasting.  An  apolo- 
gelical  vein  pervades  the  whole  composition,  of  which 
the  only  fault  is,  that,  unlike  the  generality  of  Quaker 
productions,  it  is  a  great  deal  too  short.  Mr.  Uillwyn 
was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and  had  devoted  a  great 
deal  of  attention  to  the  history  of  .America. 

NoTK  [2«]  p.  309.— Bishop  Burmt  relates  that  Penn, 
in  alluding  to  ihc  executions  of  Mrs.  Gaunt  and  .\lder- 
man  Cornish,  at  which  he  had  attended  as  a  spectator, 
said,  th.at  "the  king  was  greatly  to  be  pitied!"  and 
endeavored  to  palliate  his  guilt,  by  ascribing  hia  parti- 
cipation in  these  and  other  atrocities,  to  the  influence 
that  Jelfries  had  aeqiiired  over  his  mind.  Unfortunately 
for  the  credit  of  this  wretched  apology,  the  king  was 
not  under  the  influence  of  Jelfries  when  he  ordered  and 
witnessed  the  infliction  of  torture  on  the  covenanters 
in  Scotland  ;  and  the  disgrace  into  which  Jefl'ries  fell 
iinmedialely  before  the  Kevolution,  for  refusing  to  gra- 
tify the  king  by  professing  popery,  and  pretending  to 
keep  a  corner  of  his  conscience  sacred  from  the  royal 
doniiiiion,  shows  how  voluntary  and  how  limited  the 
king's  pretended  subjection  to  hiin  truly  was.  It  is 
related  in  the  diary  of  Henry  Lord  Clarendon,  that 
Jetl'ries  expressed  his  uneasiness  to  this  wobleinan  at 
the  king's  impetuosity  and  want  of  moderation.  When 
Jelfries  was  imprisiMied  in  the  Tower  at  the  Revolu- 
tion, he  assured  Tutchin,  one  of  his  victims,  who  came 
to  visit  and  exult  over  him,  that  on  returning  from  his 
bloody  circuit  in  the  west,  he  had  been  "  snubbed  at 
court  for  being  too  merciful."  Kirke,  in  like  mainer, 
when  reproached  with  his  cruellies,  declared,  that  they 
Had  greatly  fallen  short  of  the  letter  of  his  instructions. 

For  the  credit  of  Penn's  humanity,  it  may  be  proper 
to  observe,  that  it  was  common,  in  that  age,  for  persons 
of  the  highest  respectability,  and,  among  others,  for 
noblemen  and  ladies  of  rank,  in  their  coaches,  to  attend 
executions,  especially  of  remarkable  sulferers.  See  va- 
rious passages  in  that  learned  and  interesting  work, 
Howell's  State  Trials. 

Note  [27.]  p.  310. — Colonel  Nicholson,  an  active 
agent  of  the  crown,  both  before  and  after  the  English 
Revolution,  who  held  oflice  successively  in  many  of 
the  colonies,  and  was  acquainted  with  the  condition  of 
them  all,  in  a  letter  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  in  lfi98, 
observes,  that  *'A  great  many  people  o(  all  the  rolo~ 
nirXf  especially  in  those  under  proprietaries,  think  that 
no  law  of  England  ought  to  be  binding  on  them,  with- 
out their  own  consent ;  for  they  foolishly  say,  that  they 
have  no  repreaentativea  sent  from  themselves  to  the 
parliament  of  England ;  and  they  look  upon  all  laws 
made  in  England,  that  put  any  restraint  upon  them,  to  be 
great  hardships."    State  Papers,  apiid  Chalmers,  443. 

In  the  inlrmluclion  to  the  historical  work  of  Uld- 
mixon,  who  boaata  of  the  assistance  and  information 
he  received  from  William  Penn,  we  find  this  remarkable 
passage  ; — **  The  Portuguese  have  so  true  a  notion  of 
the  advantage  of  such  colonies,  that  to  encourage  them, 
they  admit  the  citizens  of  Goa  to  send  deputies  to  ait 
in  the  assembly  of  the  Ck>rteB,  And  if  it  were  asked, 
why  our  colonies  have  not  their  representatives,  who 
could  presently  give  a  satiafactory  answer  1"  Edit. 
1708,  p.  34. 

An  extenaion  of  the  right  of  electing  members  of 
parliament,  to  a  part  of  the  realm  which  had  not  been 
previously  represented  there,  occurred  in  the  thirty-fifth 
year  of  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Eighth.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  county  Palatine  and  city  of  Cheater  complained, 
in  a  petition  to  the  king,  "  that,  for  want  of  knights 
uid  burgesses  in  the  court  of  parliament,  they  auatained 


manifold  damages,  not  only  in  their  lands,  goods,  and  |  which  reflects  very  little  credit  on  the  honesty  of  any 
bodies,    but  in  the  civil    and  pohlic    governance  a.idiof  the  persons  who  were  iinplicited  in  it.       At  that 

niaintenanceof  the  comnionweallh  of  their  said  county  ;' ••■--    '  — '  '' — ' ■■■ '  — 

and  that  while  they  hail  been  always  bound  by  the  .nets 
and  alatules  of  the  f  lid  court  of  parliament,  ihc  s.anie 
as  other  counties,  cities,  and  b,  -  igbs,  that  had 
knights  and  burgesses  in  said  court,  they  had  olteii 
been  touched  and  grieved  with  acts  ami  statutes,  made 
within  Ihc  said  court,  as  well  derogatory  unto  the  most 
ancient  jurisdictions,  liberties,  and  privileges  of  the 
said  county  Palatine,  as  prejudicial  unto  the  common- 
wealth, quietness,  and  peace  of  his  majesty's  subjects." 
They  proposed  as  a  remedy,  "  that  it  would  please  his 
highness,  that  it  he  enacted,  with  the  assent  of  the  lords 
spiritual  and  temporal,  and  by  the  commons  in  parlia- 
ment assembled,  that,  from  the  end  of  the  session,  the 
county  Palatine  shall  have  two  knights  fur  the  said 
county  i  and  likewise  two  citizens,  to  be  burgesses  for 
the  city  of  Chester."  The  complaint  was  thought  just 
and  reasonable,  and  the  petitioners  were  accordingly 
admitted  to  send  representatives  to  parliament. 

Various  instances  of  similar  proceedings  occurred  in 
the  reigns  of  this  monarch's  successors — Edward  the 
Sixth,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth  ;  the  latter  of  whom  created 
twenty-four  new  boroughs  in  England. 


Note  [28]  p.  314. — In  the  year  ltj84,  there  was  pub- 
lished, by  one  of  these  emigrants,  "  The  Planter's 
Speech  to  his  Neighbors  and  Countrymen  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ;"  a  composition  which  reminds  lis  of  some  of 
the  productions  of  the  early  colonists  of  New  England 
"The  motives  of  your  retreating  to  these  new  habita- 
tions," says  this  writer,  "  I  apprehend,  measuring  your 
sentiments  by  iny  own,  to  hav.»  been, — 

"  Ist.  The  desire  of  a  peaceable  life,  where  we  might 
worship  God  and  obey  his  law,  with  freedom,  according 
to  the  dictates  of  the  divine  principle,  unincumbered 
with  the  mouldy  errors  occasioned  by  the  fierce  inva- 
sions of  tradition,  politic  craft,  and  covetous  or  ambi- 
tious cruelty. 

"  2d.  That  we  might  here,  .is  on  a  virgin  Elysian 
shi  re,  commence,  or  improve,  such  an  innocent  course 
of  life,  as  might  unload  us  of  those  outward  cares, 
vexations,  and  turmoils,  whic.i  before  we  were  always 
subject  unto  from  the  hands  of  self-designing  and  un- 
reasonable men. 

"3d.  That,  as  Lot,  by  flying  to  little  Zmr,  from 
the  ungodly  company  of  a  more  populous  and  niagnili- 
ccnt  dwelling,  we  might  avoid  being  grieved  with  the 
sight  of  infectious,  as  well  as  odious,  ex.imples,  of 
horrid  swearings,  cursings,  drunkenness,  gluttony,  un- 
cleanness,  and  all  kinds  of  debauchery,  continu.-ilty 
committed  with  greediness  ;  and  also  escape  the  judg- 
ments threatened  to  every  land  polluted  with  such  abo- 
minations. 

"  4lh.  Th.tt  as  trees  are  transplanted  from  one  soil 
to  another,  to  render  them  more  thriving  and  better 
bearers,  so  we  here,  in  peace  and  secure  retirement, 
under  the  bountiful  protection  of  God,  and  in  the  lap  of 
the  least  adulterated  nature,  might  every  one  the  heller 
iinproTe  hia  talent,  and  bring  forth  more  plenteous 
fruits  to  the  glory  of  God,  and  public  welfare  of  the 
whole  creation. 

"  5th.  And  lastly,  that  in  order  hereunto,  by  our 
holy  doctrine,  and  the  practical  tctictiitifrs  of  our  exem- 
plary abstemious  lives,  transacted  in  all  humility,  so. 
briety,  plainness,  self-denial,  virtue,  and  honesty,  we 
might  gain  upon  those  thousands  of  poor  dark  souls 
scattered  round  about  us,  and  commonly,  in  way  of 
contempt  and  reproach,  called  heathens,  and  bring 
them  not  only  to  a  state  of  civility,  but  real  piety 
which  elTeeted,  would  turn  to  a  more  salisfactorv  ac- 
count than  if,  with  the  proud  Spaniards,  we  had  gained 
the  mines  of  Polosi."  "  These  thoughts,  these  designs, 
my  friends,  were  those  that  brought  yon  hither  ;  and  so 
far  only  as  you  pursue  and  accomplish  them,  you  obtain 
the  end  of  your  journey."  "Our  business,  therefore, 
here,  in  this  new  land,  is  not  so  much  to  build  houses, 
and  establish  factories,  and  promote  trade  and  manu- 
factures, that  may  enrich  ourselves,  though  all  these 
things  in  their  due  place  are  not  to  be  neglected,  as  to 
erect  temples  of  holiness  and  righteousness,  which  God 
may  delight  in."  Ar.ong  other  advices,  which  this 
writer  proceeds  to  communicate,  he  recommenda  not 
only  the  refraining  from  all  wanton  waste  of  inferior 
animal  life,  but  a  total  abstinence  from  animal  food. — 
Proud,  i.  226,  &c. 

NoT«  [29]  p.  317. — Of  the  long  prevalence  of  this 
feeling  among  the  Quakers,  innumerable  instances 
might  be  adduced.  One  of  the  most  remarkable,  is  a 
Iranuetton  which  occurred  in  England,  in  1705,  and 


lime,  !jord  (>'ornbury,  the  royal  governor  of  New  Vork, 
in  conjunction  with  the  royal  governor  of  .Massai-huseits, 
and  various  enemies  of  colonial  liberty  in  England, 
were  endeavoring  to  supply  Queen  ..Vniie's  miiiistera 
with  some  prt-lext  for  annulling  ilie  charter  of  ('oniiec- 
licul.  To  this  end,  they  preferred  agairst  the  govern- 
ment of  this  jirovince  a  great  variety  o(  charges,  somo 
of  which  were  so  manifestly  incapable  of  abiding  par- 
liamentary scrutiny,  or  judicial  investigation,  that  they 
could  not  have  been  intended  to  serve  anv  other  pur- 
pose than  that  of  discrediting  the  colonial  government 
in  the  opinion  of  the  English  public,  and  alialing  the 
sympathy  by  which  the  colonists  were  aided  in  the  de- 
fence of  their  liberties.  Among  other  priiceedinija  of 
this  description,  the  enemies  of  the  colony  laid  hold  o{ 
one  of  the  laws  that  li<ad  been  passed  by  the  Connecti- 
cut assembly,  more  than  fifty  years  before,  against  the 
Quakers,  at  the  time  of  the  general  perseculion  of  these 
sectaries  in  New  England  ;  and  w  hich,  as  it  had  been 
enacted  before  the  last  Connecticut  charter  was  grant- 
ed, could  never  imply  an  abuse  ol  the  powers  which 
Ibis  charter  conferred.  A  complaint  against  this  law- 
was  presented  lo  the  queen  in  council,  describing  it  aj 
an  ordinance  recently  enacted,  and  beseeching  her  nia- 
jesly's  interposition  lo  prevent  the  injustice  which  it 
threatened  from  being  carried  inlo  ellect.  In  vain  the 
colonial  agents  endeavored  lo  prevent  the  sanction  of  a 
royal  order  from  heiiig  given  to  this  charge  by  otleriiig 
lo  prove,  that  the  law  h;id  been  enacted  half  a  century 
before  ;  that  it  had  never  been  carried  inlo  ellect  even  at 
that  tune,  and  was  long  since  ileenied  obsolete,  and 
that  no  suspieitm  could  now  have  been  reasonably  en- 
tertained of  .in  .altempl  to  revive  it,  as  there  was  not  .a 
single  Qu.-iker  living  in  the  colony.  ,Vn  order  of  coun- 
cil was  issued,  nevertheless,  staling  the  complaint  ex 
.aclly  in  the  terms  in  which  it  had  been  presented,  and 
annulling  the  law  as  a  rece'il  en.acliiient,  and  contrary 
lo  the  coloni.al  charter  To  give  greater  efllea.-y  lo  this 
proceeding,  the  Quakers  of  London,  who  li.ul  been  in- 
stigated lo  sufiport  tlie  conqilaint,  and  must,  therefore, 
have  known  tlie  explanation  which  il  hid  received,  pre- 
sented a  public  address  of  thanks  to  the  queen  for  lier 
gr.icious  interposiliim  in  behalf  of  their  brethren  in 
New  England  ;  taking  especial  care  so  to  word  their 
representation  of  what  she  hid  done,  that  the  public 
should  not  be  undeceived  as  lo  the  ibite  of  the  law  that 
had  been  repealed.  Nay,  more  lliaii  seventy  years 
after,  Robert  Proud,  a  Quaker,  ami  .•\nieriean  historiin, 
with  astonishing  ignorance,  or  shameful  partiality,  pub- 
lished a  copy  of  the  queen's  order  in  council,  and  of  mo 
Quaker  aiidress,  with  the  preliminary  remark,  lli,at 
"About  this  time,  (anno  1705,)  tl  e  Quakers,  in  .\me- 
riea,  seem  lo  h.ive  had  reason  lo  he  alarmed  by  a  sin- 
gular act  of  .\sseiiibly,  passed  in  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ;  the  substance  or  purport  of  which  appears  by  the 
order  of  Queen  Anne  in  council,  iiiaiie  upon  that  occa- 
sion." Proud,  1.  46.5,  6.  Trumbull's  Connecliciit, 
i.  420. 

William  Penn,  prolwhly,  partook  of  the  oeneral  prijn- 
diee  entertained  by  his  fellow  sectaries  against  tho 
people  of  .New  England  -,  ami  it  is  certain  that  be  cir- 
ried  on  a  friendly  corresponilence  wilh  KanilMlph,  who 
had  rendered  himself,  so  odious  to  Ih.it  people,  and  done 
so  much  to  destroy  their  liberties  {ante,  h.  ii.  cap  iv. 
and  V  )  But  it  is  with  sincere  ple.isure,  I  add,  that 
he  appears  to  have  had  no  concern  whatever  with  this 
proceeding  of  the  London  Ijiiakers,  in  1705  Indeed,- 
it  appears  (from  Clarkson's  Life  of  him,  vol.  ii.  cap 
xvi.)  that  he  was  at  this  lime  involved  in  great  p.-rplex 
ity  by  the  embarrassed  sl.-ite  of  bis  circuinstaiice-i,  and 
compelled  to  reside  within  the  rules  of  the  V'leet  prison 
It  is  the  more  necessary  to  note  this,  as  two  yc::rs  he 
fore  he  had  carried  up  an  address  from  the  Quakers  ol 
England  to  Queen  .\nne,  thanking  her  for  her  general 
declaration  of  inilulgence  to  all  dissenters. 

No  sectaries  have  ever  evinced  a  stronger  corporate 
spirit  than  tlie  Ijuakers.  None  have  shown  a  keener 
sense  or  more  lasting  resentment  of  injuries  sustained 
by  any  .  ember  of  their  fraternity.  Il  was  the  opinion 
of  Turgot,  says  his  biographer  Condorcel,  "that  only 
Hood  men  were  capable  of  sustaining  indignalion  and 
displeasure."  In  truth,  this  is  a  frailly  which  many 
good  men  have  too  readily  indulged.  Deeming  oil'ences 
against  themselves  olVenees  against  goodness,  and  con- 
vinced of  their  own  good  intentions,  they  have  forgot- 
ten lo  believe  in  their  own  imperfections,  or  to  make 
allowance  for  the  infirmities  of  others  ;  and  so  have 
cherished  passions  and  prejudices  that  obscured  their 
moral  discrimination,  and,  on  some  occaaions,  rendered 
their  general  honesty  of  little  avail. 


i.  'J 


I  I 


m 

Thu  i|ui>kurD  Imvu  »lw»ya  dolightcit  to  exaggerate  tho 
pertiHrutloii-t  tti.'it  tliey  have  encountered.  An  illutitri- 
uiH  I'ri'iirli  traveller  hat  been  so  I'ar  deceived  by  their 
vague  tU'cl.Ltnatious  oil  tiiiH  topic,  aii  to  iix^iert  that  qua- 
kerx  wiTi",  at  one  time.  ««/ (ot/u!  torture  in  New  Kug- 
land. — ItocheroucuiiU'ii  Trr.veln,  i.  Wi't. 

\oT»  [HO]  p.  3'Jl  — Of  the  conditii'  I  in  which  Penn 
cnntniued  to  hiiger  for  u  number  of  years  belbre  lii^i 
death,  an  interenting  nccouiit  is  given  by  Thoniiu  Sto- 
ry tlie  qu.iker,  (whose  account  of  the  yellow  fever  at 
riiiladeiphia  in  WM  I  have  already  noticed,)  who,  ar- 
riving from  America  in  1713,  proceeded  to  pay  it  visit 
to  all  that  remained  of  his  venerable  friend.  ''  He  was 
tlieii,"  says  titory,  "  under  the  lamentable  eflecta  of  an 
ajioplectic  tit  which  he  had  had  some  time  before;  for 
his  iiieinory  was  almost  quite  lost,  and  the  use  of  bis 
understanding  suspended,  so  that  he  was  not  so  con- 
versable as  formerly,  and  yet  as  near  the  truth,  in  the 
love  of  it,  as  before ;  wherjin  appeared  the  great  uier- 
cy  and  favour  of  (jod,  who  looks  not  as  man  look.«.  Kor 
though  to  some  this  accident  might  look  like  judgment, 
and  no  doubt  his  enemies  so  accounted  it,  yet  it  will 
hear  quite  another  interpretation,  if  it  be  considered 
how  little  time  of  rest  he  ever  had  from  the  importuni- 
ties of  iliealViirs  of  ulhers,  to  the  great  hurt  of  his  own, 
and  j.ispension  of  all  Ills  enjoyments,  till  this  happen- 
ed 10  him,  by  which  he  was  rendered  incapable  of  oil 
husin<tss,  and  yet  sensible  of  the  eiijoynient  of  truth  as 
ut  any  time  in  all  his  life.  When  I  went  to  the  house, 
I  thought  myself  strong  enough  to  see  him  in  that  con- 
dition; but  when  I  entered  the  room,  and  perceived  the 
great  defect  of  his  e.xpressinns  from  want  of  incmory, 
it  gr.tatl^'  bowed  my  spirit  under  a  consideration  of  the 
uncertainty  of  all  hum  ill  i|iialilications,  and  what  the 
fiiius^of  iniMi  are  soon  reduced  to  by  a  disorder  of  the 
orguti.)  of  that  body  with  which  the  soul  is  cniiiiected  and 
acts  during  this  present  iiiu  Je  of  being.  When  these  are 
but  a  little  ubnriicted  in  their  various  functions,  a  man  of 
tlie  clearest  parts  iiiil  finest  expression  becomes  scarce- 
ly intelligible.  Nevertheless,  no  insanity  or  lunacy  at 
ull  appeared  in  his  actions;  and  his  mind  was  ill  an 
innocent  state,  as  appeared  by  his  very  loving  deport 
nient  to  all  that  came  near  hiin.  Anil  that  he  had  still 
u  rood  sense  of  truth,  is  plain  by  some  very  clear  sen- 
tences he  spoke  in  the  life  and  power  of  truth  in  an 
evening  meeting  we  had  together  there,  wherein  we 
;.'ere  greatly  comforted;  so  that  I  was  ready  to  think 
iJiLs  was  a  sort  of  sequestration  of  him  from  all  the 
concerns  of  his  life,  which  so  much  oppressed  him, 
1  ot  in  j..dgtnent,  but  in  mercy,  that  he  might  have  rest, 
ai:i  not  be  oppressed  thereby  to  the  end." — Clarkson, 
ii.  XX->.  Vet  some  writers  have  believed  that,  at  tills 
very  time,  Penn  was  engaged  with  the  Jacobites  in  con- 
certing plots  ill  behalf  of  the  Pretender.  This  alle- 
gation appeared  tlie  more  plausible,  as  proceeding  from 


IIISTURV   OF 


tfao  State  Papers  (published  by  Macphersun)  of  Nuirne, 
an  under  secretary  at  the  Pretender's  court ;  alllioir  li 
the  statements  in  thi>se  papers  are  founded  entirely  on 
the  reports  sent  to  France  by  two  obscure  Jacobite 
spies  in  Knglanil. 

William  Penn  lingered  in  this  cundition  till  the  :intli 
of  July,  171H,  when  he  closed  his  long  and  laborious 
life.  This  event,  though  long  expected,  was  deeply  be- 
wailed in  Pennsylvania;  and  the  worth  of  Penn  honor- 
ably commemorated  by  tlie  tardy  gratitude  of  his  peo- 
ple.—Proud,  ii.  105.  1*.  1*J. 

NoT«  [31]  p.  329. — "  It  ia  remarkable,"  says  a  dis- 
tinguished modern  statesman  and  philosopher,  "  how 
exactly  the  history  of  tlie  Carthaginian  monopoly  re- 
sembles that  of  the  European  nations  who  have  colo- 
nized America.  At  first,  the  distant  settlement  could 
admit  of  no  immediate  restraints,  but  demanded  all  the 
encouragement  and  protection  of  the  parent  state;  and 
the  gains  of  its  commerce  were  neither  suthciently  al- 
luring to  tlie  Carthaginian  merchant  from  their  own 
magnitude,  nor  necessary  to  him  from  the  dilKciilty  of 
liiiding  employment  for  iiis  capital  in  other  directions. 
At  tills  period,  tlie  colony  w:is  led  to  itself,  and  was 
allowed  to  manage  its  own  atiairs  in  its  own  way,  un- 
der the  superintendanco  and  care  of  Cartliarge,  which 
protected  it  from  foreign  invasion,  but  neglected  its 
commerce.  In  this  favourable  predicament,  it  soon 
grew  into  importance;  some  of  tlie  Carthaginian  nier- 
clianLs  most  probably  found  tlieir  way  thither,  or  pro- 
moted tlin  colonial  ■peculations  by  loans;  at  any 
rate,  by  furnishing  a  ready  demand  for  the  nide  pro- 
duce. 

"  In  this  stage  of  its  progress,  then,  we  find  the  colo- 
ny trade  lel\  free;  for  the  lirst  of  tlie  two  treaties,  pro- 
hibiting all  the  Roman  ships  of  war  to  approach  within 
a  certain  distance  of  the  coast,  allows  the  trading  ves- 
sels free  access  to  all  the  harbors,  both  of  the  continent 
and  the  colonies.  This  intercourse  is  even  encouraged 
with  the  port  of  Carthage,  by  a  clause  freeing  the  ves- 
sels entering,  from  almost  all  import  duties.  The  treaty 
includes  the  Roman  and  Carthagonian  allies;  by  which 
were  probably  meant  theircolonies,  as  well  us  the  friend- 
ly powers;  and  the  clause,  which  expressly  includes  the 
colony  of  Sicily,  gives  the  Romans  all  the  privileges  in 
that  island  which  the  Carthaginians  themselves  enjoyed. 
At  this  period,  it  is  probiHile  that  the  commerce  of 
Rome  e.xcited  no  jealousy,  and  the  wealth  of  tlie  colo- 
nies little  avarice;  although  a  dread  of  tlie  military 
prowess  of  the  former  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  tlie 
negotiation. 

"  Some  time  aderwards  another  treaty,  conceived  in 
a  dilferent  spirit,  and  formed  exactly  upon  tlie  princi- 
ples of  tlic  mercantile  system,  was  concluded  between 
those  celebrated  rival  powers.  The  restrictions  upon 
Uie  navigation  of  the  Roman  ships  of  war  are  here  ei- 


teiiiled  and  enforced ;  the  freedom  of  entry  into  tlw 
port  of  Carthage  is  conliiiued,  and  into  the  ports  of 
Sicily  also,  the  l(oinaii'<  grunting  in  ihe  Cailliaginiaiis 
like  privilecesat  Koine.  Itiil  die  Roiiniiis  are  drliarred 
I'roin  pliiiuierii'g,  trading,  or  sellliiig  (a  siii;;ular  con- 
jiinction)  npoi.  tlie  coast  of  .Africa  Propria,  which  was 
peopled  by  Cartha^iniun  coliinies,  anil  furnished  large 
Hiijiplies  of  provisions  and  money  lo  the  city.  Tno 
same  restriction  is  extended  to  .Sardinia ;  and  trading 
vessels  are  only  permitted  to  enter  the  hnrhonr  of  that 
colony  for  tlie  space  of  five  days,  to  relit,  if  driven 
thither  by  stress  of  weutlier.  A  singular  clause  is  in- 
serted, to  which  close  analogies  may  be  traced  in  the 
modern  questions  of  neutral  rights  and  iriintraband  of 
war ; — if  any  Ronion  troops  shall  receive  stores  from  a 
Carthaginian  port,  or  a  port  in  tlio  provincial  territoriei 
of  the  state,  Uioy  are  bound  not  to  turn  tlieni  againit 
either  the  republic  or  her  allies. 

"  The  substance  of  tliis  very  singular  document  will 
suggest  various  reflections  to  my  readers.  I  shall  only 
observe,  that  we  find  in  it  the  principles  of  the  modern 
colonial  system  clearly  nufolding  themselves ;  and  that 
we  have  every  reason  to  regret  the  scantiness  of  our 
knowledge  of  tlie  Cartliaginian  story,  which,  in  so  far 
as  relates  to  the  coniiiierce  of  that  people,  breaks  off 
here,  and  leaves  us  no  trace  of  the  tardier  restrictions 
most  probably  imposed  by  succeeding  statesmen  upon 
the  growing  trade  of  tlie  colonies." — Brougham's  In 
quiry  into  the  Colonial  Policy  of  the  European  Powers 

NoTK  [39]  p.  393. — A  good  deal  of  irritotion  seems 
to  have  been  excited  in  America,  in  the  heginiiing  ol^ 
the  eighteenth  century,  by  some  discussion  that  took 
place  in  parliament  w'ltli  regard  to  a  project  for  the  eni- 
plnymenl  of  felons  in  the  royal  dock-yards  of  llngland 
A  IJill  for  tills  purpose  was  passed  by  tlie  House  of 
Commons,  but  rejecteil  by  the  House  of  Lords  as  tend- 
ing lo  discredit  his  Majesty's  service  in  the  dock-yards. 
This  was  commented  on  with  just  displeasure  in  on 
American  periodical  work,  of  which  some  pa.ssagea 
have  been  preserved  in  Sinilh'i  History  of  New  York, 
Ity  making  felony  a  passport  lo  tlie  advantages  of  on 
establishment  in  America,  says  this  writer,  the  number 
of  criminals  is  multiplied  in  F.iigland  ;  and  tlic  niiserr 
of  the  industrious  poor  is  aggnivaled  by  the  discredit 
attached  to  the  only  certain  means  of  improving  their 
condition.  "  There  are  thousands  of  honest  men,"  he 
continues,  "  labouring  in  Kiirope  at  foiirpence  a  dny. 
starving  in  spite  of  alldieir  efVorLs,  a  dead  weight  to  the 
respective  parishes  to  which  diey  belong ;  who,  without 
any  other  qualifications  than  common  sense,  health,  and 
strength,  might  accumulate  estates  among  us,  as  many 
have  done  already.  These,  and  not  die  felons,  ore  the 
men  tliat  should  be  sent  over  for  tlie  better  peopling  the 
plantations."— 21)8,  9. 


THE 


HISTORY  OF   ]\ORTH   AMERICA.— Contmued. 


Tnfs  far  Mr.  Gr;iliatne's  work  has  enabled  us  to  trace  the  progress  of  the  Nortli  American  Continent  down  to  that  period  when,  hy  a  revolutlonar)'  process,  a 
lViit"stant  supreiimcy  was  finally  estiibllshcd  In  the  govenimeiit  of  Great  Britain,  and  new  coneesfii'ins  to  the  clniins  of  popular  opinion  were  secured. 
We  have  next  to  mark  the  development  of  the  American  provinces  under  a  new  system,  and  to  follow  out  the  various  steps  by  which  the  policy  of  the 
House  of  Hanover  led  to  the  ultimate  estabUshmcnt  of  an  American  Nationality.  The  guidance  we  have  to  follow  In  doing  this  Is  new,  liut  none  the 
less  authoritative  and  sound. 

New  York.  Carteret  established  a  port  of  entry  at  Am- 
boy.  Andros  seized  and  condemned  the  vessels  which 
traded  there.  New  York  tlien  claimed  the  right  of  tax- 
ing tlie  Jerseys;  but  when  her  collector  ventured  to 
prosecute  a  vessel,  judgment  was  almost  invariably  given 
against  him.  A  ipio  warranlo  issued  against  East  Jer- 
sey :  tlie  propri»tors  surrendered  dieir  patent,  and  it  was 
not  long  afler,  that  both  Jerseys  were  annexed  to  New 
England. 

A  Mr.  Dongan  was  tlie  governor  who  succeeded  An- 
dres in  1683.  The  French  had  undertaken  to  exclude 
tlie  people  of  New  York  from  the  fur  trade  in  Canada; 
and  as  tlie  Fve  Nations  were  then  at  war  with  tlie  tribes 
of  that  country,  Dongan  sought  revenge  by  obtaining 
permission  to  assist  them.  The  permission  was  recalled 
in  lO-^fi,  and  under  Audros,  New  York  was  shortly  after 
annexed  to  New  England.  James  II.  had  ordered  the 
discontinuance  of  assembUes :  the  colonists  were  greatly 


CHAPTER  I. 

Disputes  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey— Overtlirow  of 
the  Royal  Govermnent  in  Now  Yorli— Settlement  of  Penn- 
sylvania— New  Clnirler  for  Massachusetts — Restoration  of 
the  Royal  IJoveriirnent  in  New  York— War  with  tlie  French 
and  Indians — Fori  Pania(iuid  built— Comparative  Force  of 
the  Colonies  in  1695— War  Willi  Canada— With  tlio  Spanish 
Colonies- Uetween  Carolina  and  the  Indians— Dissensions 
in  New  York- Itoandary  settled  between  Massachusetts  and 
Coniieclieut— Yale  College. 

Is  l(i74,  William  Penn  obtained  an  assignment  of 
Lord  Berketey's  interest  in  the  Jerseys;  and  in  1676 
ne  released  Ea.st  Jersey  to  Carteret.  About  1680,  afler 
•ettliug  a  controversy  with  the  Duke  of  York,  he,  witli 
eleven  ollieis,  obtained  a  transfer  of  Carteret's  part; 
and  immediatelv  conveyed  one  half  of  their  interest  to 
the  Earl  of  Pertli  and  odiers.  Continual  elforU  were 
made  in  the  meantime  for  re-onnexing  the  Jerseya  to 


exasperated  at  the  proceeding;  and  as  soon  as  they 
heard  of  the  revolution  at  Boston,  they  took  possession 
of  the  fort  in  King  William's  noine,  and  drove  the 
lieutenant-governor  out  of  the  country.  Captain  Ja- 
cob Leisler,  who  was  the  leader  of  the  insurrection, 
conducted  afterwards  with  so  little  prudence  or  mode- 
ration, that  the  province  wit  'jivided  into  two  factions, 
and  for  a  long  tunc  sutfered  much  inconvenience  from 
tlieir  mutual  animosities. 

In  1(>81  William  Penn  obtiined  a  charter  for  the 
territory  of  Pennsylvania;  in  April,  1682,  he  formed  a 
code  of  laws  for  his  intended  colony ;  In  August  he  ob- 
tained from  tlie  Duke  of  York  a  grunt  of  Newcastle, 
with  the  country  southward  to  Cape  Hcniopen,  and  in 
October  of  tlie  same  year  he  lanued  on  tlie  banks  of 
the  Delaware  with  two  tliousand  emigrants.  Philadel- 
phia was  immediately  founded,  and  within  twelve 
mouths  nearly  one  hundred  hou>e>  demonstrated  th» 


dia 
Lou 


two 

ber  < 

at  O 

clino 

posil 

inspi 

iinin 

On  I 

Fren 

snov 

briia 

Ihei 

Doisi 

burn 
•iitrei 
their 
ofM 

the' 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


I  into  lli« 
.  portii  of 
tlinjiininiw 
I  (Irttnrrpd 
i;;iiliir  con- 
uliirh  wn« 
\AwA  InrEO 
city.     Tl'o 
iiid  trndiiig 
oiir  of  that 
,  if  dtivcn 
liume  is  ill- 
iceil  in  the 
utinbimd  of 
ores  from  a 
alterritoriei 
lieni  ogiiinit 

cuineiit  will 
1  slrnll  only 
'  the  modern 
f  e« ;  and  that 
iness  of  our 
icii.  in  80  far 
e,  breaks  off 
r  restrictions 
tesniell  upou 
DUgliaiii's  In 
peun  Towers 

ritation  seems 
beginning  of 
nion  that  took 
?ct  for  the  cm- 
lUof  \'.ngland 
tlie  House  of 
Lords  as  tend- 
ill!  dock-);nrds. 
pleasure  in  an 
some  passages 
of  New  York. 
Ivantages  of  an 
tcr,  the  number 
ivnd  tlie  misery 
by  the  discredit 
iiiiproving  their 
louest  men,"  he 
lurpence  a  dny. 
lid  weiglit  to  the 
/;  who,  without 
'cnse.heaUh.and 
)ng  us,  as  many 
If  felons,  are  ths 
Iter  peopling  *« 


ary  proci'ss,  a 
were  secured, 
policy  of  the 
luit  none  tUo 

as  soon  as  they 

.y  took  posiession 

■     and    drove  the 

V.      Captain  Ja- 

'the  insurrection, 
irudcncc  or  mode- 

into  two  factions, 
(Convenience  from 

a  charter  for  the 
1682,  he  formed  a 
;  In  August  he  ob- 
runt  of  Newcastle, 
.  Henlopen,  and  ni 
Id  on  the  banks  of 
Migrants.  Phdadel- 
|nd  within  twelve 
demonstrated  Iht 


inpidity  ..f  its  growth.  Tho  proprietor,  tliough  ap- 
poir'.cd  "captain-general"  of  his  territory,  and  invested 
with  power  to  raise,  etguip,  and  lead  his  forces  when- 
aver  it  should  be  uecettsury,  did  not  come  to  tlie  coun- 
try as  a  cunqiieriir,  and  instead  of  exusperaling  the 
natives  by  tbrciiig  tlieiii  to  tpiit  tlieir  lands,  conciliated 
their  good  will  by  paying  llieiii  n  sutisfaclory  eqnivu- 
lunt.  He  cxpuricncud  coiisidcralile  dithculty,  However, 
ill  setlling  a  dispute  with  Lord  Baltimore  about  tlie 
boiiiiibirics  of  his  grant,  and  alter  some  IVuitleHii  oller- 
catioii  the  question  was  submitted  to  tile  committee  of 
plantations,  who  decided  (hat  tho  peninsula  formed  by 
the  bays  of  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  should  be  equally 
divided  between  the  two  ilaimaiils  by  a  meridional 
line,  drawn  from  the  forlicth  degree  of  north  lalilude  to 
Cape  Henlopen.  I'lnn's  code  of  laws  was  founded  on 
tlie  eiiliglilencd  principle,  tlial  "  liberty,  witliout  obe- 
dience, IS  euiifr.sion  ;  and  obedience  without  liberty,  is 
slavery ;"  but  its  complicated  provisions  were  much 
better  in  theory  than  in  [iractice,  and  iiHer  many  iinsuc- 
ei'ssfiil  attempts  lo  make  it  lit  the  circiiinslauces  of  the 
Miloiiy,  it  was  liually  uliandoneil  for  a  more  simple  form 
ifgoveriiiiienl.  I'eiiiisylvaiiia  was  dilatory  in  acknow- 
ledging tlie  I'rince  of  Orange.  The  government  was 
adminislered  in  the  name  ol' James  for  .some  liincatk-r 
his  abdication;  and  when  at  lost  the  projirietor  was 
obliged  to  recognise  William  and  Mary,  he  did  nut 
lack  adilress  to  make  satisfactory  apologies  for  his  delay, 

Nor  did  .Massaclmselts  derive  so  iiiiich  benelit  from 
(he  Kevohition  lusslie  had  at  first  anticipated.  In  June, 
l(>(4U,  the  assembly  met  at  Uostoii,  and  until  orders 
were  received  from  I'.ngland  the  council  were  requested 
to  administer  tlie  government  according  to  the  original 
charter.  The  kiiii?  sent  for  Sir  f'-  v.iid  .-Xndros,  and  the 
other  prisoners;  tlie  general  com.  -^"puted  two  assist- 
ants, Mr.  Cooke  and  .Mr.  Oakes,  tOi..d  the  otiier  agents 
ill  procuring  a  cnuiiniiation  of  their  beloved  charter ; 
hut  a  new  one  wan  issued  in  lU'Jl,  anil  tile  colony 
fuiiiid  with  no  Utile  dissatisfaction,  that  in  future  the 
king  was  to  appoint  their  governor,  deputy-governor, 
and  secretary,  and  timl  the  governor  wiLs  lo  have  the 
calling,  adjuurniiient,  prorogation,  and  dLssoliilioii  iit 
the  ii.-'sembly.  as  well  as  Uie  sole  appointment  of  all 
inililary,  and  wilh  the  council,  of  all  political  officers. 
By  another  provision  I'lymoiith  and  Nova  ijcotia  were 
annexed  to  MiLssachiisetts;  while,  contrary  to  tlie 
wishes  of  both  parties.  New  Hampshire  was  left  to  a 
leparate  govermueut.  In  May,  Wti,  Sir  William 
Pfiipps,  the  lir.st  governor,  arrived  willi  the  new  charter, 
which  aller  all  was,  in  the  following  June,  joyfully  ac- 
cepted by  the  general  ivssembly. 

New  Vork  was  reduced  to  its  fonner  idlegianco  in 
March,  IIUIl.  The  conduct  and  character  of  Leisler 
had  delermined  some  of  the  most  respectable  men  in 
.lie  colony  to  sttde  at  Albany,  where  a  convention  of 
die  people  resolved  to  retain  the  fort  and  country  for 
tlie  king  and  queen.  Li.'isler  sent  against  it  a  small 
force,  under  his  wortliy  lieutenant,  one  Jacob  Mel- 
bourne, who,  though  on  his  first  attack,  ho  found  the 
garrison  impregnable  lo  his  sermons  against  James  and 
popi^ry,  was  enabled  lo  subdue  them  on  the  second  by 
llie  co-operation  of  die  Indians.  Their  property  was 
confiscated,  and  Leisler's  audiority  re-established.  But 
boili  liiiiiSLli  and  his  authority  were  short-lived.  He 
had  the  folly  to  riwist  the  new  governor,  Colonel  Henry 
riiaughter,.  who  soon  obtained  possession  of  the  fort, 
and  ordered  Leisler  and  Melbourne  to  be  executed  for 
nigh  treason.  Nor  wim  it  with  internal  enemies  alone 
dial  New  York  had  at  this  lime  to  contend.  In  ItWS 
Louis  \IV.  despatched  some  ships  of  war,  under  one 
Caliiniere,  in  order  lo  assist  Count  Frontignac,  general 
of  the  land  forces,  in  a  project  for  die  couipiesl  of  diat 
province.  Count  Frontignac  was  indefatigable  in  liis 
etforts  to  gain  over  the  Five  Nations,  who  had  made 
two  attacks  upon  Montreal,  and  murdered  a  great  num- 
ber of  inhabiuinls.  He  held  a  great  council  with  them 
at  Onondaga,  and  as  tliey  seemed  to  be  somewhat  in- 
clined to  peace,  he  resolved  to  give  their  favoumble  dis- 
position no  time  for  change,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
mspiril  his  own  drooping  countrymen,  by  tinding  them 
immediate  employment  against  die  English  colonies. 
On  the  llldi  of  January  a  party  of  about  two  hundred 
French  and  some  Cahniiaga  Indians,  set  out  in  tlie  deep 
snow  for  Schenectady :  diey  arrived  on  the  SUi  of  Fe- 
bruary, eleven  o'clock  at  night,  and  die  lirst  intimation 
the  inliabitants  had  of  their  design  was  conveyed  ui  the 
noise  of  their  own  bursting  doors.  Tho  village  was 
burnt;  sixty  persons  wore  butchered,  twenty-seven 
snH'ered  die  worst  fate  of  captivity,  and  the  rest  made 
their  way  naked  through  die  snow  lo  Albany.  A  party 
of  V  iung  men  and  some  Mohawk  Indians  set  out  from 
tliei  latter  place,  pursued  tlie  enemy,  and  killed  and 


CJiptnred  twenty-five.  In  die  spring  and  kiimmcr  of 
ItWO,  Ne.v  Hampshire  and  Maine  were  subject  lo  simi- 
lar inroads.  Miissiirbiihetts  titled  out  sev<  n  small  ves- 
sels with  about  eight  liiiiiilrcd  iiicii.  who  under  Sir 
William  I'liipps  bud  die  puiir  rcvinge  of  tiikin,  I'ort 
Itoyal,  011(1  rcuirni'd  on  tlii^  Illlth  ol  Miiy,  willi  linrdly 
plunder  enough  lo  pay  the  expense  of  equipment. 
About  die  same  time  Count  Frontignac  made  an  altack 
upon  Salmon  Falls  and  I'ort  Casco.  where  he  killed  and 
captured  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  persons. 

New  York,  Conneciiciit,  ami  .Massiichiisetts  now  re- 
solvi^d  to  join  in  a  united  attack  upon  tlie  cuinmou 
enemy.  The  troops  of  the  formi^r  set  out  by  land  for 
.Montreal.  Those  of  the  latter,  consisting  ofidiout  two 
thousand,  set  sail  from  rtiaiiluckct  on  tlie  Udi  of  Au- 
gust, in  a  rteel  of  forty  vessels,  some  of  which  carried 
forty-four  guns.  The  land  forces  did  not  receive  tlie 
aid  they  expected  from  die  Five  Nations.  Their  provi- 
sions lell  short,  and  they  were  obliged  to  return.  The 
naval  expedition  did  not  ri'acli  t>,iiebec  till  October; 
the  energy  of  Sir  William  I'hipps  was  by  no  means  cal- 
culated to  coiinterbalouce  Uie  inclemency  of  die  season, 
and  after  holding  several  councils  of  war,  and  parading 
about  die  place  for  two  or  ihree  days,  it  was  deemed 
most  expedient  to  reliirn,  and  the  Heel  arrived  safely  at 
Boston  on  die  Kith  of  November.  The  colony  bein; 
unable  to  pay  olf  die  troops,  they  llireatened  lo  niuliny, 
and  as  a  Inst  resource  the  general  court  issued  bills  of 
credit,  and  at  the  same  time  imposed  a  tax  payable  in 
those  bills  at  live  per  cent,  obove  par.  The  paper  for  a 
lime  was  worth  only  fourteen  shillings  in  tlie  pound, 
but  it  rose  above  piu-  wlie'i  die  tax  was  about  to  be 
collected. 

The  Indians  now  renewed  dieir  hostilities.  Sir  Wil- 
liam I'liipps  went  lo  I'.ngland  for  aid,  but  relumed 
without  elVecling  his  piirnose.  A  fort  was  built  at 
I'amaqiiid.  Ibcnille  and  Villeboiie  appeared  before  it 
with  two  ships  of  war,  and  some  '.'-"iicli  and  Indians; 
hut  to  the  no  small  dis.satisfactioii  of  ti  ■-•  latter  die  late- 
ness of  die  season  and  the  want  of  a  pilot,  necessitated 
them  to  return.  In  the  summer  of  Ki'JH,  king  William 
It  length  despatched  two  thousand  one  hundred  sailors 
and  two  thousand  four  biindred  soldiers,  for  die  reduc- 
tion of  Uiiebee,  but  tliey  were  lirst  to  capture  Alar- 
tiniqiie ;  and  before  diey  reached  Boston  a  contagious 
fever  had  carried  olf  more  dian  hidf  of  dieir  numbers. 
Che  rest  were  incapable  of  service,  and  die  expedition 
was  abandoned.  In  Itiilfi  the  conquests  which  Miuisa- 
chnsetts  had  made  in  die  French  territory  refused  dieir 
obedience.  I'amaqnid  was  taken  by  Iberville,  and 
New  Hampshire  was  obliged  to  secure  herself  from 
attack,  by  putting  a  body  of  five  hundred  men  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Church.  Bnt  Iberville  re- 
tired and  dioiigh  Church  made  in  turn  a  succes.'ful 
inroad  upon  the  French  territory,  noUiiug  of  conse- 
quence took  place  on  eidier  side.  In  die  course  of  the 
same  year  a  plan  was  mauircd  at  the  court  of  Versailles 
for  laying  waste  all  die  I'.nglish  possessions  in  America, 
and  it  is  said  that  die  plan  would  probably  have  suc- 
ceeded, had  not  the  forces  appropriated  for  die  purpose 
been  employed  in  odier  service,  till  die  season  of  ope- 
ration was  past. 

The  peace  of  Riswick  put  an  end  to  hostilities  be- 
tween the  French  and  Kiiglish  on  both  sides  of  die 
Atlantic.  All  die  New  Kngland  colonies  had  siiUered 
severely  from  die  Indians  during  die  war.  New  York 
was  protected  by  the  Five  Nations:  and  yet,  so  hide 
did  the  English 'ministry  know  of  tho  respecUve  situa- 
tions of  tlie  colonics,  or  so  piu-tial  were  diey  to  dial  of 
the  Duke  of  York,  that  diey  formed  a  design,  in  Iti'Jo, 
of  uniting  the  forces  of  all  the  odiers  for  die  defence  of 
this.  Miussaclmsetts  was  to  furnish  three  liuiidred  and 
fifty  men;  Kliodo  Island,  forty  eight:  Connecticul, 
Olio  hundred  and  twenty;  New  York,  two  hundred; 
Pennsylvania,  eighty;  Maryland,  one  hundred  and 
sixty ;  Virginia,  two  hundred  and  fifty ;  in  all,  eleven 
hundred  and  ninety -eight.  But  die  plan  was  never 
carried  into  execution.  Such  of  die  colonies  as  were 
attacked  themselves,  could  not  spore  troops  to  defend 
odiers  i  and  those  that  were  still  at  peace,  could  not 
lell  how  long  diey  shorld  be.  As  Virgiiua  was  pecu- 
liarly peacefid,  she  furr  .jIics  little  matter  for  die  pen  of 
the  historian.  Tho  '•jllego  of  William  and  Mary  ob- 
tained a  charter,  in  IdO'i;  had  a  liberal  endowment, 
soon  after;  and  was  cstablislied  at  Williamsburgb,  in 
WM.  In  1()9S,  die  state-house  at  Jamestown  was  con- 
sumed by  fire ;  and,  in  the  following  year,  the  seat  of 
government  was  removed  lo  Williamsburg. 

By  the  treaty  of  Riswick,  Uiere  was  to  be  a  recipro- 
cal surrender  of  all  conquests  made  during  the  war. 
But  no  specific  arrangement  was  entered  into,  for  as- 
certaining the  respecUve  boundaries  of  die  English  and 


840 


French  possessions  in  America.  The  mbjcci  runiislied 
ample  room  for  controversy ;  and,  « ben  news  hms 
broii^lit,  tliii!  Iinsiiliiies  had  been  ri'-eiiiiiiiii  need  in 
I  urope,  it  I'niiiid  llie  colonies  in  a  lit  di^piiMjiniii  lo  wel- 
come die  eveiii.  They  miituutly  (lew  to  ai;;is;  and,  as 
New  York  liiiil  secured  lierselC  from  diiiiger.  by  assist- 
ing lo  ciiiicluile  a  Mealy  of  iiiiilridiiy,  belw  eeii  liie  I  ivo 
NaUoiis  and  the  (lOveriior  of  Ciiiuiiia.  New  I'.nghiiid 
was  obliged  lo  endure  the  w  holi'  brunt  of  the  war.     Pro- 

fiositions  were,  indeed  made  for  a  general  neutrality; 
lul  Dudley,  the  governor  of  Massiiebiisetts  anil  New 
Hampshire,  was  in  hopes  of  subduing  Nova  Si  otia,  and 
perhaps,  Canada;  and,  in  the  spring  of  1707,  he  ap 
plied  to  Conneciiciit  and  Kbode  Island  to  assist  his 
own  colonies  in  raising,  for  the  purpose,  a  bodv  of  one 
dinusiind  men.  The  former  declined  to  conlribiile  her 
quota :  die  troops  were  raised  by  the  other  three  ;  and 
on  die  l^tli  of  May,  the  expedition  .set  sail  from  Niiii- 
tiuket  in  twenty-direc  transports,  under  the  convoy  of 
the  Deptford  man  of  war,  and  die  Province  galley.  It 
arrived  at  Port  Koyal  in  a  few  days;  but,  as  Colonel 
March,  though  a  brave  man,  was  unfit  to  head  so  dif- 
licult  an  enterprise,  little  was  done  beyond  the  burning 
of  some  bouses,  and  thi<  killing  of  a  few  ciitde.  The 
officers  were  jealous  of  each  oilier:  all  were  mistaken 
as  to  the  stale  of  the  fort ;  and  it  was  soon  concluded 
to  re-embark  die  troops.  They  weri^  led  back  again  by 
the  vicegerents  of  the  governor  ;  but  after  spriidiiig  ten 
days  in  fruitless  parade  about  die  fori,  they  again  re-em- 
barked and  came  home. 

The  colonies  were  resolved  not  lo  give  np  the  enter- 
prise so.  In  thefall  of  170H,  Massachusetts  plied  the 
queen  with  an  address;  which,  widi  the  assistance  of 
tlie  colony's  friends  in  Eiiglaiul,  at  length  obtained 
from  die  ministry  a  promise  of  live  regiiiieiils  of  regu- 
lar troops.  These,  wilh  twelve  hunilred  men  raised 
in  Mxssachii.sells  and  Rhode  Island,  were  to  sail  from 
Boston  and  proceed  lolinehee;  wliilea  second  division 
of  fifteen  hundred  men,  from  llie  colonies  soulh  of 
Rhode  Island,  were  to  march  against  Montreal,  by  the 
route  of  Lake  Clmmplain.  Peniisylvania  did  not  raise 
her  quota  of  troops;  and  Ibo.se  ftiriiislied  by  die  other 
colonies  did  not  penetrate  beyonil  Wood  Crei'k.  The 
Boston  troops  wailed  for  the  Fn^lisli  ariiiv  from  the 
aOlh  of  .May  to  the  11  di  of  October.  I7ll'.f.  when  the 
news  that  it  had  been  orilered  to  Porliigiil.  obligeil  iliu 
provinces  to  abandon  die  undertaking.  But  ilieir  pa- 
tience was  not  yet  exhaiisled.  .\nolher  appliiatiiin 
was  made  to  the  queen;  and  in  July,  1710,  Colonel 
Nicholson,  who  commandid  the  troops  destined  for 
Montreal,  the  year  iM'fore,  came  over  wilh  five  frigates 
and  a  bomb-ketch,  ftir  die  purpose  of  attacking  Port 
Royal.  He  was  joined  by  three  rcgimenls  of  New 
England  troops;  sailed  from  Boston  the  If'lh  of  Sep- 
tember; and  on  the  a4th  was  iM-fore  Port  Koyal, 
which  surrendered  on  die  .'ith  of  October;  anil  being 
called  Anniipniis,  in  honour  of  the  queen,  was  put  un- 
der die  government  of  Samuel  Vecli,  a  Nova  Sciilian 
trader.  Nicholson  returned  to  England ;  and  pleading 
die  success  of  his  first  expedition,  obtained  from  die  new 
ministry  an  army  of  .seven  regiiiieiiLs,  who  bail  grown 
veteran  under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  The  coliuiies, 
too,  made  every  exertion  io  bear  the  expensi^s  ;ind  bur- 
theiLS  of  die  expedition.  Troops  were  soon  raised  ; 
MiLssachnsells  issued  forty  llioiisand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit;  provisions  were  impressed ;  and  on  lb'  liOdi  of 
July,  1711,  the  whole  armanienl  left  Boston  lii,rbour  for 
Uliebcc.  On  the  2;id  of  August  the  wreck  of  ten  trans- 
ports  on  Egg  Island,  in  the  St.  Ijiwrencc.  determined 
die  squadron  to  put  about.  A  debate  was  liekl  at  Spa- 
nish River,  in  Cape  Breton,  upon  the  cxpeiliency  of 
annoying  the  French  at  Placental ;  but  the  whole  expe- 
dition sailed  for  England,  widiout  annoying  diem  dierc, 
or  any  where  else.  The  frontiers  of  die  colonies  were 
again  left  exposed  to  depredation;  nor  was  it  till  1713, 
that  the  cession  of  Nova  Scotia  to  England  prevented 
the  French  from  instigating  die  Indians  to  hostility. 

While  these  things  were  taking  place  in  the  north, 
Carolina  was  alternately  engaged  in  disputes  witli  its 
proprietors,  and  in  quarrels  widi  its  neighbours.  A 
rumor  of  the  war  against  France  and  Spain,  in  1702, 
induced  Governor  Moore  to  anticipate  die  event,  by 
proposing  an  immediate  attack  upon  St.  Angusline. 
In  Tain  did  the  more  temperate  incur  the  epithet  of 
traitor,  by  protesting  against  the  measure.  There  were 
six  thousand  white  inhabitants  of  the  colony;  two 
thousand  pounds  were  voted  to  defray  all  expenses; 
and  in  September  of  the  same  year,  Mr.  Moore  sailed, 
with  a  part  of  six  hundred  nnlilia  and  six  hundred  In 
dians;  while  Colonel  Daniel  set  out  by  land  widi  die 
remainder.  The  >Snnniards,  apprised  of  die  undertaking 
had  stored  the  raaile  widi  four  months  provisions ;  and 


unn 


THE    IIIRTOKY    OF 


lip 


wlh'ii  llii'ir  invaclur<  arrived,  tliey  found  it  iinpouibia  to 
'Ji:>ln>l:('!  tliojiiirrlxiiii,  \villiiimliutli!riiigiirtillury.  Wliilo 
Coloiu'l  l):iiiii<t  MiiH  finnt:  iti  Jriiiiaicu  In  prtRiiru  it,  llif 
«|>|>i-iir'ui<^<'  »!'  Itvo  Hiiiiill  Mpuiiiiili  vuHHi^ls  at  tlict  iiiiiiitli 
of  ttif  liiirlinr  Hi>  Ifrriliod  tliu  (inviTiior,  licit  lio  tiliaii- 
■IoiiimI  Iiih  own  NliipN,  :iiiil  lltid  pri^cipitaiitl^  Ki  (.'uriiliiiu. 
Daiilul  (.MC'ipi'd  till!  iMiL'iiiy  with  griMit  ilililiiilly ;  and 
till!  only  ritiiilt  of  tliu  iMiti'rpriMi  wan  a  dulit  oFkix  iIiiiu- 
hand  iiiiniiiU;  which  tliucidiiiiy  was  (diligiid  to  diacluirgi) 
ny  liilUorcriiditrudeeiiiahlii  in  tlireii  yuarn,  nnlnriidnty 
on  liimorH,  Hkiiw,  ami  t'lirs.  Uiit  the  igiioniiiiy  ol'  thin 
Kipiiditioii  was  Dhortiv  nl\et  wipi'd  nlF,  liy  a  iiuccciwriil 
war  gainst  tin;  Appalachian  lndiaii.«;  wlio,  nftor  wil- 
niissing  iliu  conlligrationnrall  llioir  towns  hetwcon the 
Allaiiiana  and  the  Savannah,  v\'i>ru  fain  to  anlicit  peacii, 
and  to  arknoivli'dgo  the  Itrilisli  govcninuMll.  I'vacu 
witli  external  iMK^niics  was  noon  I'ollowud  by  a  revival 
ol'  the  old  dispiito  widi  tlio  proprietors.  They  added 
new  I'lii'l  to  the  controversy,  hy  atteinpting  to  establish 
lliii  episcopal  church ;  and  Ilia  Hanie  at  length  inoiintud 
HO  high,  that,  had  not  another  foreign  war  withdrawn 
tlie  atleii'.ion  of  tin.'  colony,  they  iiinst  have  shortly  liill- 
en  under  a  writ  of  qiw  trnrranto. 

•Spain,  through  the  (iovernorof  llavamia,  despatch- 
ed M.  Ijc  Felioiire,  captain  of  a  Froiicli  frigate,  with 
four  other  ariiied  vessels,  and  eight  hnndreu  men,  to 
make  a  practical  luserlion  of  her  right,  by  firat  disco- 
very, III  all  .North  .\inerica.  The  News  was  no  sooner 
bioii^lJit  to  (,'liarl  lion,  than  the  appearance  of  the  ■quad- 
run  was  anno!iiiced  by  signals  from  Snllivan'H  rort. 
Hilt  the  eiii.'iiiy  consiiiniMl  one  day  in  soniiding  South 
liar;  and  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson,  who  had  micceeded 
Mr.  .Moore,  and  who  had  well  employed  the  military 
i^kill  he  acipiired  in  Kiirope,  in  erecting  works  of  de- 
fi'ilce  iilHrit  the  harlior,  made  good  use  of  the  twenty- 
four  hours,  in  calling  out  the  militia,  and  procuring 
the  aid  nf  the  Indians.  The  eiiemv  landed  three  times; 
three  times  they  were  snccesHfulfy  repulsed;  and  tliey 
W'jighrd  uiK'lior  for  llavamia,  under  new  impressioiis 
of  the  strength  of  (yiirolina.  The  invasion  cost  the 
colony  ahoiii  eight  Ihousaiid  pounds;  no  ta.x  hud  ever 
yet  bi>eii  iiiiposeil  on  lands  or  persons;  and  a  continu- 
uiiri'of  the  duly  on  liipiors,  skins, and  furs,  wn.s  pledged 
to  redeem  an  additimial  amount  of  bills  of  credit, 
(..'oinmodilies  immediately  rose  in  price;  and  the  pa- 
per currency  soon  fell  thirty-three  and  a  third  per  cent. 
Ll'Iow  par. 

Ill  I70r,  the  death  of  the  palatine.  Lord  (Jranville,  a 
bigoted  churchinan,  gave  place  to  Lord  Cravaii,a  more 
liberal  and  toli-r.int  member  of  the  same  sect.  In  171*2, 
the  neightionriug  linlians  formed  a  secret  plan  for  the 
cttcrininatiiin  of  the  North  Carolinians.  They  fell 
nuildenl^'  npiiii  the  inliabitaiitH  ;  and  in  the  single  settle- 
uieiit  ol  Roanoke,  one  liniidred  and  seventy-seven  per- 
K'lH  fell  vicl'ius  to  their  eriiellv.  Some  fugitives  car- 
ried the  intelligence  to  (^'harleston.  The  assembly 
voted  four  tliiiiisand  pounds  to  raise  troops  for  their  de- 
fence, and  a  Colomd  Barnwell  was  soon  detached, 
with  six  hundred  militia,  and  about  three  Imndred  and 
eixty  frieii.lly  Indians.  In  the  first  engagement,  three 
liunilrptl  of  ilie  eneiiiy  fell,  and  one  Imndred  were  cap- 
tured. The  rest  took  shelter  ill  a  wooib'"  breast-work 
at  Tiisearora;  but  were  so  vigotiroiisly  ,».';!ssed,  that 
they  soon  siiimI  for  peace;  quitted  the  country;  and 
Joining  with  the  Iroquois,  formed  what  has  since  been 
called  the  .Sij:,  instead  of  the  t'iir,  nations.  The  addi- 
lioii  made  by  this  war  to  the  debt  of  the  colony,  in- 
duced the  assembly  to  institute  a  bank;  and  to  issue 
notes  tor  forty  thousanii  pounds;  which  should  be  lent 
on  interest,  and  made  a  legal  tender.  Ill  the  lirst  year, 
tile  exchange  ruse  to  one  hnudred  and  eighty  ;  in  the 
Heeond,  to  two  hundred  per  cent.  And  what  was  an 
additional  vexation  to  the  colonists,  Ciiieeu  Anne  made 
a  desperate  attempt  to  settli.',  b^  proclamation,  tile  no- 
niiiial  value  of  their  foreign  coin. 

About  th"  year  170'i,  a  contagious  fever  won  brought 
troin  till.'  WiHt  Indies,  into  several  of  the  North  Aine- 
rie  III  s  ,'a  iiiirts.  It  raged  violently  in  New  York,  and 
was  mortal  m  almost  every  itistiince.  To  increase  the 
calamities  of  the  colony,  it  was  in  the  same  year  put 
under  thi  giiverniiieiitofthe  needy  and  profligate  Lord 
Cor.ibury  ;  who  join.'d  the  Anti-Leislerian  party,  be- 
caiis.'  it  was  the  stroiigi.>st;  flattered  the  assembly  in  a 
a,'l  speech ;  got  tlieiii  to  raise  tif\eeii  hundred  pounds 
for  erecting  batteries  at  the  Narrows;  and  appropriated 
the  iiiniiey  to  his  own  use.  A  quarrel  ensued  between 
himself  and  the  Legislature,  lint  he  continued  to  charge 
enormous  fees,  and  to  dcinand  and  misapply  money, — 
till  in  17l)ii,  the  united  complaints  of  New  York  and 
Jersey  induced  the  (iiieeu  to  recall  him.  One  good 
consequence  dttended  liis  administration.  The  iissein- 
My  passed  a  resolution, "  Tliat  the  imposing  and  levy- 


ing of  any  moneys  upon  her  majesty's  subjects  of  tliis 
colniiy,  under  any  pretence  or  colour  whatsoever,  with 
out  their  consent  in  general  iisseiiildy,  is  a  grievaiiee, 
and  a  violation  of  the  people's  property."  As  early  as 
Itiihj,  it  is  worthy  ol  observation  that  Miissaclmsetts 
pnlilished  a  still  stronger  assertion  of  the  same  principle. 
"  Noaid,  tax,  tallage,  assessment,  custom,  loan,  benev- 
olence, or  imposition  whatsoever,"  (says  the  act,  mid 
tlie  words  remind  us  of  Magna  Cluirla,)  shall  be  laid, 
assessed,  imposed,  or  levieil  on  any  of  their  inajeHty's 
subjects,  or  Uieir  estates,  on  any  pretence  whatsoever, 
but  by  the  act  and  consent  of  the  governor,  council,  and 
representatives  of  tin  people  nsaembled  in  general 
court. 

New  York  had  entered  with  inncli  /.eiil  into  the  pro- 
ject of  conquering  Canada,  which  we  have  before  men- 
tioned as  having  failed  fur  the  wont  of  the  promised 
support  from  I'.nglaiid.  To  defray  the  expenses  of  the 
army  under  Colonel  Nicholson,  New  York  voted  twen- 
ty thousand  pounds,  in  bills  of  credit :  New  Jersey  ad- 
Jed  tliree  thousand  pounds ;  and  Connecticut  eight  thou- 
sand more.  Alter  the  eiiti.'rprise  had  fiiiled.  Colonel 
Schuyler,  a  gentleman  of  great  influence  in  New  York, 
undertook  a  voyage  to  K.uglaud  at  his  own  expense,  n 
order  to  enlist  the  ministry  once  more  in  the  cause. 
'I'lie  presence  of  live  Indian  Sachems,  who  sailed  with 
him,  added  considerably  to  tin.'  wi'ight  of  his  negotia- 
tion; and  he  has  the  merit  of  having  been  a  chiet  pro- 
moter of  the  e.xi)eJitioii,  which  was  so  successful 
against  I'oil  lloyalin  1710.  When  Massachusetts  iiii- 
ilertouk  that,  which  termiuati'd  so  difl'ereiitly,  against 
(Inebec,  in  17I'J,  New  York  issued  ten  thousand  pounds 
in  bills  of  credit,  and  incurred  debts  to  still  greatiir  an 
amount,  in  order  to  co-operate  with  «-'oiinecticnt  and 
New  Jersey,  in  putting  Air.  Nicholson  at  the  head  of 
four  thousand  men,  for  a  corresponding  attack  upon 
Montreal,  tint  some  of  the  ships  which  had  been  sent 
to  co-operate  in  Uie  plan,  were  wrecked  in  the  St.  Ijiw- 
reiice  ;  and  the  return  of  the  fleet  having  left  the  French 
governor  ut  liberty  to  direct  his  whole  force  against  the 
army.  Colonel  Nicholson  was  apprehensive  of  discoin- 
fitiire,  and  commenced  a  retreat. 

Here  concludes  the  history,  down  to  this  period,  of 
every  important  eviMit  in  the  colonies,  if  we  except  the 
order  of  Uueeii. Anne,  issued  in  17l'i,  to  discontinue  the 
presents  with  which  the  inhabitnnts  had  been  accustom- 
ed to  conciliate  their  govi'rnors ;  and  the  adjiistuieiit 
of  boundaries  between  Rhode  hlaiid  and  Cminecticut, 
and  between  Connecticut  and  .Massachusetts,  The  two 
latter  agreed  that  the  towns  v/hicli  they  had  respectively 
settled  sliniild  still  remain  under  their  former  jurisdiction; 
and  that  if  either  party  should  be  found  to  have  en- 
croached oil  the  territory  of  the  other,  the  loss  should  be 
made  good  by  an  equal  grant  of  lands  in  some  other 
place.  Massachusetts  had  to  give  Connecticut  one  hun- 
dred and  seven  thousand  seven  hiiiidred  and  ninety- 
three  acres;  which  were  sold  by  tlie  latter  chiefly  fertile 
support  of  Yale  College. 

As  early  as  n).'V>,  New  llaveii  inadeHii  appropriation 
of  three  hundred,  and  .Milford  of  one  hnudred  pounds 
for'the  su|iport  of  a  grammar  school  and  college.  The 
former,  soon  alter,  added  a  donation  of  lands;  and  in 
ll).V.l,  the  legislature  voted  forty  pounds  annually,  and 
one  hundred  pounds  for  the  purchase  of  books.  In 
lt)l>0,a  donation  was  received  fromtiovernor  Hopkins. 
The  general  court  agreed  to  establish  both  institutions 
at  Ni'W  Haven ;  and  the  project  had  just  begun  to  show 
its  fruits,  when  the  troubles  of  the  colony  so  impover- 
ished their  resource's,  that  they  could  not  pay  for  instruct- 
ors. When  the  New  Kiigland  colonies  formed  the 
union  in  liKir),  the  grammar  school  was  revived;  and 
the  fiiiidH,  wliirli  had  been  raised  for  both  institutions, 
being  appropriated  exclusively  to  this,  it  has  been  ena- 
bled to  continue  in  existence  to  the  present  time. 

In  Uilld,  the  clergy  began  again  to  talk  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  a  college;  in  the  following  year  ten  of  their 
number  were  chosen  to  foiiiid,  erect,  and  govern  one; 
and  in  17110  they  met  at  ISranford,  each  bringing  three 
or  four  large  bonks,  and  laying  them  upon  the  table, 
with,  "  1  give  these  bonks  for  the'  founding  of  a  college 
in  this  colony."  As  it  was  doubtful  whether  they  coiihl 
hold  property,  it  was  agreed  to  petition  for  a  charter. 
To  promote  the  design,  Mr.  Fitch,  of  Norwich,  gave 
six  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  "  all  the  glass  and  nails 
which  should  be  necessary  to  builil  a  college  house  and 
hall."  The  charter  was  granted  in  October,  1701 ; 
and  on  the  1  Itli  of  November,  the  trustees  held  a  meet- 
ing; chnse  a  rector;  passed  some  rules  for  tlie  govern- 
ment of  the  institution,  and  concluded  to  fix  it  at  Say- 
brook.  The  first  eommencement  was  held  at  that 
place  on  the  1 :1th  of  September,  170"i.  The  college 
was  originally  designed  for  the  education  of  ministers 


the  charter  provided  that  the  trustees  should  lie  node 
but  clergymen  ;  and  of  the  t'nrly-six  graduates,  between 
170*.;  and  ]7l!t,  thirly-fiiiir  became  ministers. 

The  growth  of  till*  si'liiiiil,  thiiiigh  slow,  at  length  ren. 
dered  it  iliconvi'lliellt  In  arrnililliodiile  nil  the  sllldelltil 
at  Savbrook;  and  both  they  iiiid  their  parents  were  dis- 
satisfied to  see  a  part  Iransfi'rred  to  .Mill'nrd.  The  evil 
grew  worse  every  ilay  ;  and  as  the  Irnstees  did  not  neem 
inrliiied  to  apply  llie  proper  remedy,  by  remnving  the 
institution  to  'a  more  adequate  place,  the  several  towns 
of  the  cnlniiy  tindertonk  tn  fnree  the  iiieiisiire,  by  sub- 
scribing difl'ereni  sums  fnr  its  estidilishiiieiit  in  diil'erent 
situations.  Seven  hundred  pounds  sterling  were  sub- 
M:ribed  to  fix  it  at  New  Haven  ;  five  Imndred  for  its  cnii- 
tiimnnce  at  ,Suybrnnk;  and  less  siiiiis  for  its  removal  to 
other  places.  .Still  there  was  iiiiich  dilference  of  opin- 
ion among  tlie  trustees;  nor  was  it  till  OcUiber,  nUi, 
that  they  agreed  to  establish  the  college  at  New  Haven, 
In  1714,  (iov.'rnnr  Yale  had  minre  it  a  present  of 
forty  volumes;  and  in  1710,  he  added  three  bundreil 
more.  Two  years  aUerwards,  hi!  gave  the  trustees 
goods  tn  the  value  of  two  hnndred  jiniinds  sterling, 
prime  cost;  and  a  similar  donation  nf  nne  hundred 
pniinds  in  17*^1,  iinluced  them  to  call  the  institution 
after  his  name.  In  1717,  the  niinilier  nf  Htndeiits  tvaii 
thirty-one.  A  century  aller,  it  had  increased  nearly 
ten-fnid. 

CHAI'TF.Il  II. 

Psper  Money  In  Massnrliiisetts— Qimrrel  helwrsn  Itif  Oflvar- 
nnl  anil  Itetiro.ielitativpS'~lnr(>n<ls  of  ttiR  lnuinnK--l>ejiiitB- 
tlim  III  tile  Fronrli— I't'ttce— Allerslloiis  ill  llie  rharlur — 
Kenowal  of  the  Dlsputo  lietwt'eii  the  Kxeriitivu  anil  beKlK- 
latitro— Mr.  liiirnel's  liiHtriU'liiins  fur  a  Flieil  Sulary— Ail- 
juiirninent  nf  tlio  Court— Mr.  Ilur'iet's  Deiilh— Mr.  Ilfilrhor 
renews  the  I^lsnissiuii — AHSoctalinn  for  issiiliig  iiioru  Dills 
of  rreilit— .Mr.  Shirley— Aiijiislinent  of  tlie  tlispiito  '.irtwceu 
New  York  anil  New  JerRcy  i-onrerninK  Iliiunil:irle5— t'on- 
troversy  between  Now  York  anil  IJanaila— I'roHperlly  of  ilio 
Northern  t'oloiiies- The  Parson's  Cuiiae  in  VirKinia — Pro- 
cpcdincs  in  (Carolina— Soltionicnl  of  Yaninseo  Territory — 
Pa(ier  Money— IliH(Misiiion  of  llio  Proprietors— llispiiter  >n. 
tween  ',lin  liovernor  anil  the  Asspiiililv— DliiKolullon  of  tr.e 
Cliartor  and  Division  of  the  Prmince— Sultleiiieiit  of  Ctfor- 
gia— Mr.  <l|(li.'lliorpe— (funnel  with  the  Spuinurils —InelTeL'- 
tiiiil  Attack  upon  St.  Aiiiiaslino- Ahorlivu  attempt  upor. 
(ioorgia. 

Thk  rise  in  exchange  prndnced  by  imprudent  issues 
Iff  paper  money  in  Massachusetts,  was  idly  attributed 
to  a  decay  in  trade;  and  the  colony  was  iilmost  una- 
nimoiisly  of  opinion,  that  trade  could  only  be  revived, 
hy  an  ailditional  quantity  of  bank  notes.  A  few  saw  the 
real  evil,  and  were  for  (tailing  in  the  bills,  that  were 
already  abroad ;  but  it  was  determined  by  the  great 
ina|nrily,  that  either  by  a  private,  or  a  public  bank,  the 
province  should  be  supplied  with  more  ninney ,  nr  rather, 
with  mere  paper.  Tlie  general  cniirt  at  length  resnlved 
to  place  bills  for  i\(iy  thousand  pounds  in  the  b.-inds  of 
trustees;  who  were  to  lend  theiii  at  five  per  cent  in- 
terest, with  a  stiiiiilalion.  that  one-liOh  of  tlie  principal 
should  be  repaid  annually.  ,Stlll  trade  would  not  im- 
prove. EVIr.  Sliute,  who  had  just  succeeded  Mr.  Hitdley, 
attributed  the  fact  to  a  scarcity  of  ninney;  and  reconi- 
meiided,  that  some  efVectn.'il  measures  shoiild  be  taken 
to  make  it  more  abiiiidaiil.  The  specilie  was  therefore 
doubled.  Hut  an  additional  emission  of  one  hundred 
thniisand  pounds  so  greatly  depreciati.'d  the  value  nf  the 
cnrreney,  that  tin:  general  cniirt  were,  at  last  enabied  to 
see  the  true  cause  nf  the  ditliculty  :  and  tlie  gnvernor, 
too,  when  his  salary  came  to  be  voted  in  the  depreeiahMl 
money,  accorrling  to  its  nominal  ainniiiit,  began  to  be 
somewhat  sceptical  of  his  policy. 

This  was  the  small  beginning  of  a  long  and  rancor- 
ous quarrel  between  the  governor  and  the  general  court. 
In  1710,  it  was  now  H'ifO,  the  former  had  incurred  the 
censure  of  the  ministry,  by  assenting  to  a  bill  fnr  the 
imposition  of  diitius  upon  I'.tiglisli  tnnnnge,  and  iipnn 
I'.nglish  manufiictnres :  when  a  similar  bill  was  sent  up, 
this  year,  it  was  negatived  in  the  council :  a  warm  al- 
tercation ensued  ;  anil  it  was  not  till  the  next  session, 
that  the  act  passed  without  the  ofVeiisive  clauses.  In 
the  same  session,  the  governor  claimed  the  right  of 
negativing  a  choice,  which  the  hoitw  had  made,  of  a 
speaker;  and,  when  they  refused  to  re<ngni/.i!  the 
claim,  he  dissolved  the  court,  and  issued  new  writs  tif 
election.  Nearly  the  same  persons  were  re-elected ; 
and  the  only  etVect  of  the  measure,  was,  to  make  them 
still  less  disposed  to  accommodate  Air.  Shiite.  They 
opposed  hiiii  in  every  thing,  whether  it  was  right  ni 
wrong,  insignificant  f  r  importaii*.  They  neglected  tn 
vote  liiin  his  salary,  as  was  usual,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  session;  and  not  only  postponed  the  biisine.ss  till 
the  day  of  adjournment,  but  reduced  the  amount  from 
six  to  live  hundred  pounds.  The  depredations  of  some 
eastt'rn  Indians  made  it  necessary  to  call  tlie  represent- 


fiulati 
111  reu 
•he 
l-'ngl 
when 
tool 
'hence 
peace 
J'ai 
piestii 
genera 
"xpedi 
lid  1 
"f  chn 
The  la 
ind  the 
tiis 
•I  gain 
d  refii 
■•dvisab 
'ention 
'he  dec 
I  -assed 
t  was  I 
o  post 
eiiaiit  I 
ifcsent 
if  gove 
*as,  th. 
pessary 
•n  unci 
'lis  asse 

Mr 
husetti 
•nslruet 
■ettled  1 
I  is  arri 
I  ninds 
*  u"  Biipi 
"sid  he, 
'  I'd,  for  I 
"tre  aci 
i'l'unds 


M' 


IfORTH    AMERICA. 


nM 


r  nnofl 

ktiiili-iitu 
rtv.  illH- 
riu;  v\\\ 
lilt  wvm 

nl  low  Hi 
,  by  itub- 
(iitVi-rrnt 
,(.rt'  wtili* 
r  il** in»- 
iiinviil  to 
of  oniii* 

AT    IlilVi'll. 

resent  of 
liinulri'il 
e  triiitt(.'t'» 
A  fiti'rliiig, 
>  |iiiiulrt!(l 
hiHlltutioii 
itlriilM  was 
ttott  nearly 


It  thP  Oc.vftr- 

^g  (hanur— 
u  ami  UntH- 
1  Salnry— A«l- 
-Mr.  Hclihor 
ig  iiioru  HUli 
iiulo  'iplween 

luliirii'^-fo"' 
iRuprilvot  ti>o 
Virgin!'*— Pf*** 
i,e  Tt-rnlory— 
-!)i*p»t«'  "" 
lolullo"  "*  ^'''* 
infill  of  ««"r- 
,iar»ls-liie(Tec- 
;ilteniipl  upor. 

,rt»l«'"t  inmiPrt 
lily  uUrilmtuii 
n  nliiH>''t  mvi- 
ilv  l»«  revived, 
A  )i.\v  snw  lliB 
11^  tlint  vivre 
hv  tl;.'  Kn-at 
,li'(:  Imiik,  the 
.,.>,orvr.th(;r, 
jth  ri"*nlv<?^j[ 
lie  h:ui(is  nf 
jer  rent  in- 


nriiH'ijial 
mill  not  nn- 
Mr.  IMidU'V, 
,  ,    iind  rcconi- 
lioulii  111-  taken 
wtiH  therefore 
tie   hnmlred 
„  siihu'oflho 
last  enabieil  to 
tlie  governor, 
the  (iepreiiiiUed 
t,  heiiu"  t»  "^ 

,n«f  and  rancor- 
epMieriilconrt. 
■ul  incnrred  lh« 
;,  a  hill   fnr  tlio 
nape,  and  upon 
,ill  was  sent  nn. 
il:    a  warm  al- 
next  srssion. 
.  clanse-*.     Iti 
ed  the  v\-h\  of 
had  nnuh',  ot  a 
ro<opni/.e    tlu| 
ed  new  writt  oi 
ere   re-elected; 
lo  make  them 
'  Shute.    They 
it  waH  ritfht  oi 
hey  neKle'-toii  to 
the  hejiinmng  "'. 
the  husine.-w  till 
the  amount  from 
edations  ofsonni 
I  Uio  repreaenl- 


allt 


ntivpn  together  nunin,  heforo  thr  Hinted  limn.  'I'hey  led,  that  it  waa  ihrir  privilcffOt  ^*  Knulinhmfln,  to  raino  i  Another  imiipAny  of  ri^ht  hundred  perwttiiit  nn  on  font 
Uuniedialelv  panNPtl  an  aflf  which  Amounted  to  n  decia-  and  apply  Ihrir  own  money  ;  and,  when  Ihe  novrrnnr  I  a  plan  fitr  iHKiiiriir  one  Imtiilred  and  lifly  ihwuHint)  pnnndu 
ration  of  w,u  ;  and,  when  the   irovrrnor    acctiHed  iheiii  |  aiiNwend,   that  he  wnnld   never  nccepi  hiicIi  h   ^rntl  at   in  hilh  nf  credit,   which   h<hiMild   he  |i-nt  nii  ^ti.xl  Nceu- 


reroii;itivp,  they  docked   olV 


of  Urturpin;!    hi-  j>rc 

hundred  pound:  froiii  hi^  Hittary.  He  laid  hefure  ihein 
iiihlinclioMtt  (tiiui  the  crown,  to  tjivohiiiia  fixed  and 
ndoipiule  HMtn  ;  they  **  dcHJred  Ihe  eonrt  tiii}{)it  rine  :" 
and  it  rcie  accordingly 

The  yovernor  opem-d  the  next  aBHenddy  with  reeotn- 
nirndinf;  many  wiw  meaHnreM ;  which  were  totally 
iieKleeted  hy  tlu'  court  ;  and  tittle  elne,  indeed,  wan 
done,  during'  tin'  HeHiiion,  hut  to  conliinie  the  einiHttion 
of  hank  hilli,  and  to  drive  the  intid  and  itilver  from  the 
country,  hy  orderinir  that  it  hhould  he  paiiHed  at  a  hiyln'r 
rate  than  that  which  had  heeii  eitahh«he<l  hy  an  net  of 
parliament.  The  next  Kcneral  court  very  early  a|i 
|K)inted  aenrntuittee  to  vindicate  thoir  predeccMorii  from 
the  aHperfliotiM  of  the  governor.  The  connnitleo  Juh 
titled  the  house;  and  their  report  waR  ordered  to  ho 
printed.  The  court  postponed  the  vote  for  llu'  gover- 
nor's salary;  he  hiid  hy  their  list  of  appoiutrnenlH  : 
they  deputed  a  rouniiittee  to  inquire  into  the  matter  ; 
he  told  thcni,  he  should  lake  Iuh  own  time  for  it;  tlie 
hoUNc  rcHolved,  Id  make  no  ^^ant>tornllowancell ;  the  ^o- 
vernor  niatle  an  au^ry  ftpeeeh  ;  aii''  the  court  wan  diMsol- 
ved.  A  new  leiriwialure  noon  m  lifcHted  the  name  tem- 
per with  the  olil.  In  spile  of  the  (;overn()r'«  proteAt, 
that  the  charier  had  placed  the  militia  xolely  at  his  own 
dinpoHal,  tliey  pioceeded  to  make  reuulatiotiH  for  car- 
ryinii  on  tlie  Indian  war;  leaving  hi»i  excellency  no 
ether  power,  than  that  id'  approviu^  the  nu'asureit, 
which  mi|^ht  he  aditpled  liy  a  conunitteu  of  their  ap- 
pointment. He  emliarked  Htnldeidy  for  KuKlatu) ;  ami 
the  represcntalivcH  and  council,  thou^h  generally  op- 
pt/Hcd  on  all  other  (pu'HtiiiiiK,  were  iniited  in  rcMolvini; 
to  Hcnd  after  him  iiiHlructioim  to  their  airent,  to  take 
the  hest  meaHurcK  for  defendinjj  the  interests  of  the  co- 
lony atraiuHt  his  representations. 

'riicfe  internal  disseuHiiUis  jravn  the  Indians  a  irood  op- 
portunity to  make  their  inroads  upon  the  frontiers, 
riiey  were  set  on  hy  the  French  in  (Canada;  particu- 
larly hy  one  fatlier  Ualle,  a  Jesuit  luisHionary.  Sonu' 
troopH  were  sent  lo  capture  this  holy  persona<;c  ;  hut  he 
received  the  intelligence  in  time  to  escape;  and  the 
parly  could  only  |»et  possession  of  his  papers  ;  aunnig 
which  were  letters  of  authorization  from  M,  Vaudreuil 
the  jjovernor  of  ('anada.  War  w.is  now  formally  de- 
clared against  the  Indians ;  and,  an  it  was  .ahundantly 
'vident  that  they  were  instiirated  hy  the  French,  a  de- 
putation was  sent  to  M.  V'auilreuil,  in  1720,  in  order 
ti>  remoufitr.'ite  airainst  a  conduct  so  inconipatihle  with 
'he  peace,  wliich  then  suhsislcd  helween  Franco  and 
Knirland.  He  first  disclaimed  all  interference;  hut, 
when  his  letters  to  Ualle  were  produced,  he  could  deny 
t  no  tnni;er.  He  ast<ured  the  deputation,  that  he  would 
thenceforth  exert  himself  to  effectuate  a  peace;  and  a 
peace  was  accordiuf^ly  soon  after  concluded  at  Boston, 
rarliatnent,  in  the  mean  time,  was  condemning, 
piestion  afler  question,  the  whole  proceedin/rs  of  the 
ijenerat  court  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Shutc.  It  was  thought 
expedient  to  issue  anew  ch.irter  for  **  explaining'*  the 
ild  one,  in  the  two  points,  which  respected  the  powerfc 
.if  choosing  a  speaker,  and  of  adjourning  the  court. 
The  last  was  entirely  "explained"  aw^y  from  the  house  ; 
t?id  the  former  was  so  modified,  as  to  leave  the  governor 
tiis  negative.  Rather  than  have  the  whole  suhject 
•igain  hrouglit  hefore  parliament,  which  was  the  penalty 
.»f  refusal,  the  general  court  concluded  it  was  most 
.idvisahle  to  adopt  both  of  these  alterations.  lis  at- 
'cntioii  waR  next  turned  to  the  loud  complaints  about 
I  he  decay  of  trade  and  the  scarcity  of  money.  A  bill 
passed  both  houses  for  issuing  more  notes  ;  and  when 
I  was  negatived  hy  the  lieutenant-governor,  they  agreed 
'o  postpone  the  consideration  of  salaries.  The  licu- 
enant  had  said,  that  his  instructions  would  not  let  him 
ihscnt  to  such  bills,  except  they  were  fur  the  charges 
)f  government ;  a  bill  for  issuing  sixty  thousand  pounds 
Aas,  therefore,  he.-uled,  "An  act  for  defraying  the  ne- 
cessary charges  of  government ;"  and  the  influence  of 
in  uncertain  saliry  necessitated  his  excellency  to  give 
•^lis  assent. 

Mr.  William  Burnet,  the  new  governor  of  Massa- 
Jmsetts  and  New  Hampshire,  had  received  express 
mstrnctions  from  Ihe  king,  to  see  that  the  general  court 
^eltled  upon  him  a  fixed  and  certain  salary.  Soon  after 
t  is  arrival,  the  assembly  voted  seventeen  hundred 
I  lunds  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  his  voyage,  and 
I  H"  supporting  him  in  the  discharge  of  his  ofFice.  He 
"•lid  he  could  rut  assent  to  such  a  vote.  They  then  vo- 
■i>d,  for  the  first  purpose,  three  hundred  pounds  ;  which 
vtre  accepted ;  and,  for  the  last,  fourteen  hundred 
jHmnds;  which  were  refused.      The  legislature  assert- 


unMlier  I  b;id  been  inaile,  the  council  were  fnr  establif^hiinr  a  ti\ed 
salary, — but  Itie  represi  iilativrs  reipieHlcil,  lli.it  the 
court  might  rise.  Mr  llurnet  would  nut  grant  the 
reipiest.  Il  was  again  made  ;  ami  again  retiiMcd  The 
hotine  then  sent  up  a  long  inessage  ;  in  wliieli  ihey  de- 
tailed their  reiNons  for  refuHing  to  establish  a  tixed 
salary;  and  once  more  reiterated  their  wishes,  that 
they  "  might  not  be  kept  silting  there,"  to  the  inanitest 
prejudice  of  their  consiiiuents.  The  governor  .niswer- 
ed  them  proiiiplly  entuigh  ;  hut  not  at  all  lo  il  <  ir  satis- 
faction ;  and,  lifter  resolving  to  adhere  to  their  old 
method  nf  approprialing  inoneyH,  ihey  drew  up  a  state- 
inent  of  the  controversy,  and  tratismiltcd  il  lo  the  seve- 
ral towns.  Many  spirited  messngeM  were  exchanged 
in  quick  succession  between  his  excellency  and  the 
house.  The  latter  auairi  repeated  a  request,  that  the 
court  inight  rise:  he  told  them  they  could  not  ex)u-cl 
to  have  their  own  wishes  gratified,  when  they  paid  so 
little  attention  to  those  of  his  majesty  ;  and  the  alter- 
cation was  waxing  *^n  high,  that  the  council  thought  it 
hest  to  interfere, — and  to  propose  that  some  certain 
sum  should  be  (ixeil  upon,  as  a  sal.try  for  the  governor 
The  representatives  voteil  three  thousand  pounds  in 
their  own  money,— equal  lo  about  itiw  thousand  pounds 
sterling;  but  as  the  act  contained  no  provision  for  the 
cunlinuance  of  the  same  Hum,  Mr.  llurnet  refu^eil  \m 
assent;  and,  apprehending,  that  the  house  was  sonii'- 
what  influenced  hy  the  peiqile  of  Itoston,  who  had 
unanimously  voted  a^Min^t  a  fixed  salary,  he  adjoiirne<l 
the  court  to  the  town  id'  Salem.  At  Sah'in  it  met,  on 
the  :iOth  of  October,  172?^.  The  battle  of  nnsHnges 
recommenced  as  briskly  as  ever.  The  representatives 
appointed  agents  lo  plead  their  cause  in  Kn^daiul ;  the 
council  would  not  concur  in  the  act,  because  they  had 
not  been  consulted  ;  and  the  project  must  have  failed 
for  want  of  moi.ey,  li.id  not  the  people  of  Itoston  sub- 
scribed for  the  necessary  sums.  The  agetit.^  soon 
transmitted  a  report  of  (he  hoard  of  trade;  in  which 
the  conduct  of  tlie  house  was  enlirelv  disapproved 
They  were  told,  also,  that,  unless  tliey  fixed  a  salary, 
Ihe  parliament  would; — '*  It  is  bi'tter,"  tliey  answered, 
"that  the  liberties  of  the  people  should  [ie  taken  from 
them,  than  given  up  hy  themselves  "  Ilotb  jiarts  of 
the  administration  went  all  this  time  wilht>ut  pay  ;  for, 
as  the  representatives  would  v.He  no  salaries,  the  go- 
vernor would  assent  to  no  drafts  upon  the  treasury. 
At  length  there  was  a  recess  between  the  SOth  of  De- 
cember, I72R,  and  the  2d  of  April,  1729;  when  Ihe 
court  assembled  at  Salem;  and,  after  several  fruitlc^s 
meetings,  were  adjourned  to  Camliridgo.  They  met 
there,  on  tin*  21st  of  August;  and,  a  few  days  alter, 
Mr.  Burnet  died  of  a  fever  at  Boston. 

Mr.  Belcher,  bis  successor,  came  over,  in  the  he- 
ginning  of  August,  17M0,  with  a  fresh  packet  of  in- 
structions, to  insist  upon  a  fixed  salary.  The  king  said 
it  was  Ihe  "last  significalion  of  the  royal  pleasure  on 
this  stdtject ;"  and  he  tlirealem'd  to  bring  the  whole 
history  of  ihe  province  before  parliament,  if  it  were 
ntit  immediately  complied  with.  The  bouse  voted  one 
thousand  pounds  currency,  to  defray  the  charges  of  his 
excellency*s  voyage,  and  a  sum  equal  t<i  one  thousand 
pounds  stcrlinti,  to  aid  biin  in  managing  public  atl'airs. 
The  council  added  an  amendment,  to  make  the  ap|)ro- 
priation  annual  Tlie  anuMidment  was  rejected.  The 
council  modified  it,  by  confining  the  yearly  allowance 
to  the  duration  of  Mr.  Belcher's  govcrnmonl.  The 
representatives  again  refused  their  assent,  and  there 
solution  was  dropped.  The  controversy  i:ontinued  for 
some  time  longer,  but  the  governor  was  at  Icngtii 
wearied  out,  and  leave  was  in  the  eml  olitained  of  the 
king  to  let  the  legislature  take  its  own  way  in  the  regu- 
lation of  his  salary. 

The  termination  of  this  dispute  was  only  the  begin- 
ning of  another  An  unusual  scarcity  of  money  was 
complained  of  all  over  New  England.  The  governor 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  had  been  in- 
structed to  suirer  the  emission  of  no  more  hills  in  those 
colonies.  Connecticut  was  employed  in  agriculture, 
and  did  not  stand  in  need  of  much  money.  But  the 
commerce  of  Khodo  Island  demanded  an  abundant  cir- 
culating medium,  and  one  hundred  tliousand  pounds  in 
hills  of  credit  were  accordingly  loaned  to  the  inhabi- 
tants for  twenty  years.  An  association  of  merchants, 
in  Boston,  undertook  to  prevent  the  circulation  of  this 
money,  hy  issuing,  themselves,  one  hundred  and  ten 
thousand  pounds  of  the  same  sort ;  but  the  bills  of  all 
the  New  England  colonies  soon  became  current ;  silver 
rose  from  nineteen  to  twenty-seven  shillings  the  ounce, 


rity,  at  three  percent  interc-^t.  llii 
these  schetiies,  heiiiif  redeeiii.dtle  b\ 

f  a  certain  per  (  erit  The  aiitho 
gan  in   season  to  M-cure  the  ^ot>l| 

reueral  court,  and  so  suecesslul  w 


principal,  a<4  in  all 
ariMu.il  iriNtatinents 
s  of  the  prnp'ct  Im" 
qpinioii  of  the  next 
re  tbev  in  the  busi 


nesM,  that  the  house  was  found  to  be  i  hietU  eonqioseil 
f  Niihscribers,  and  was  for  a  bm^t  lime  distinuuished 
by  the  name  of  the  iMttd  Hiink  ifim.ir.  Small  traderti, 
and  small  traders  only,  wmild  accept  the  couipany*! 
notes  ;  but  it  conlinned  to  issue  them  without  end, 
and  the  governor  was  finally  nbljirt  d  t(t  petition  parlia- 
ment for  an  act  lo  suppress  the  iiisiiliiliou  .Mr  Shirley 
superseded  Mr.  Belcher  in  I71(f,  and  one  of  the  first 
bills  passed  under  his  adininislration,  declared  lli.it  all 
contracts  should  be  considered  as  payable  in  silver 
al  six  shillitigtt  and  eiuht  pence  the  ounce,  or  its  equi* 
valeiit  in  gold.  Notes  for  so  m;iiiy  mtnci'S  of  silver 
were  also  issued,  and  made  receiv.ihle  in  payment  ol 
deblH,  the  debts  being  augmented  as  Ihe  noles  should 
depreciate. 

A  long  peace  had  enabled  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey lo  adjust,  in  some  measiiri',  an  unple.isanl  dispute 
alxtut  boundaries.  It  give  ibe  t'nrmer  an  opporluuilVt 
also,  lo  take  advanl:ige  of  her  geotfraphical  facililiee 
for  trading  on  the  ruirlbern  lakes,  :mil  in  1722,  Mr. 
Burmt,  the  ijovernor  of  that  province  and  of  .\r\v  Jer- 
sey, (greatly  excited  the  jealousy  id"  Ihe  Fn-neb,  by 
building  a  store-house  at  4 )sweiro.  M  liongneil,  the 
governor  of  <'anada,  rel:diated  by  launchirii;  two  ves- 
sels on  Lake  Ontario,  and  sending  materials  to  e.eet  a 
trading-bouse,  and  to  repair  the  fort  :il  ,\iai;ara.  The 
Seneca  Indians  were  irrently  incensed  at  this  measure, 
and  .Mr.  Buriu't  remonstrated  airainst  it  ;  but  M.  Lou- 
gueil  proceeded  to  complete  his  fort,  and  the  forim-r 
)ulil  only  get  revenge  hy  ercelini.',  at  bis  own  expense, 
like  fort  at  Oswego  Si.  Be.niba.-nois,  l!ie  siieceshoi 
of  M  Ij4Higueil,  sent  the  conmiauib  r  a  wrilleu  sum- 
mouM  to  evacuate  it  The  suimnoiis  was  disrei/arded 
He  w;trmly  remonstrated  against  the  proceeding  to 
.Mr.  Burnet.  Mr.  llurnet  as  warmly  remonstrated 
against  the  pnu'ceding  at  Niagara,  and  here  the  dispute 
ended  for  the  present.  It  was  nut  long  afterward,  thai 
the  Frencli  acipiired  the  control  over  Kike  (!bamplain. 
hy  seizing  and  fortifying  (*rown  Point. 

During  the  regency  of  the  Duke  d'Orleans,  in  France^ 
and  the  administralion  of  Sir  Hobert  V\  alpoje,  in  Kng* 
land,  all  the  colonies  to  Virginia,  inclusive,  bad  little 
to  distract  tlieir  attention  finm  their  own  private  allair>i, 
and  could  scarcely  help  hecoiniuu  prosperous.  Land 
was  cheap,  and  sulisistence  easily  obtained.  Mar- 
riages, of  course,  were  early  iiiid  frequent,  and  piqiula- 
lion  soon  began  to  extend  itself  over  the  v;icant  |)art« 
of  the  country.  Such  a  proce^s  is  ntlended  with  no 
eclat,  and  perhaps  there  is  nothing  to  relieve  the  mono- 
tony of  a  long  and  fi'liciloiis  period,  in  the  interital 
economy  ol'  the  ciilonies,  if  we  except  the  dispute  in 
A'irginia   respecting  ecclesiaj-tic.d  salaries. 

In  IfiJIfi,  when  the  price  of  tob.-icco  was  sixteen  ..hil- 
lings and  eightpence  jmt  hundred,  an  act  of  the  assem- 
bly, which  was  re-enacted  and  assented  to  by  the  kinif, 
in  17'18,  conferred  upon  each  parish  minister  an  annual 
stipend  of  sixteen  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco  In 
17r»5,  the  crop  was  scanty,  and  the  leirislalure,  by  nn<»- 
ther  act,  which  was  to  continue  in  force  ten  imtuths, 
.ilid  not  to  wait  for  the  royal  assent,  provided  that 
those  who  owed  debts,  in  tobacco,  might  either  pay 
them  in  the  specific  article  or  in  money,  at  the  rate  of 
sixteen  shillings  and  eiylit  pence  perhundred.  Though 
the  price  was  then  from  fifty  to  sixty  shillings,  the 
measure  created  no  disturbance,  and  three  years  after- 
ward, when  it  was  surmised  that  the  crop  would  aj/ain 
be  short,  th''  same  expedient  was  resorted  to.  But  the 
ministers  now  began  to  see  its  o|)eration,  and  one  of 
tliem,  in  a  pamphlet,  entitled  The  Tintpcnny  Arty  con- 
vinced the  legislature  that  he  understood  precisely  how 
they  were  defrauding  his  order  of  its  just  dues.  He 
was  attacked  by  two  Colonels,  whom  he  answered 
with  The  Colonels  Dixmounledf  and  the  war  of  pam- 
phlets soon  grew  so  hot,  that  the  printers  of  Virgmia 
were  afraid  to  continue  it. 

The  subject  was  next  taken  up  by  the  king  in  coun- 
cil, who  declared  that  the  act  of  1758  was  a  mere  usur- 
pation, and  could  have  no  force.  Backed  by  such 
authority,  the  ministers  brought  the  question  before  a 
county  court,  and,  after  a  formal  argument,  il  was 
decided  in  their  favor.  By  the  laxity  of  practice,  the 
subject  was  permitted  to  be  once  more  discussed,  ami 
when  all  supposed  that  the  first  judgment  eou!d  never 


and  the  notes  of  the  association  entirely  disappeared. [be  shaken,  the  unexpected  eloquence  of   Mr    Patrick 


M3 


•HE   IIIHTOKY    or 


;i!r 


ll<nrv  ii  rt.'ii(!  ro  Ihivh  rhiingnl  tlic  opintoii  oftlin  court. 
Til  ■  ( IfT^'y  iiMik  ilh'ir  ri'vcnjrii  in  mi  mijiry  p'tinptili-t ; 
uihI  h«r  ■  llii-  nmtiiivt'r'*)  h.tiih  to  liivc  ttriimriilcd. 

(!:irolin:t,  III  lilt'  iii'Mii  iiiiii*,  WiiM  rii|M4llv'  Mnitcrtfoiii^ 
A  rr\olittiiiii  of  ^o\frtitiM'iil.  In  I7L>,  llio  iiilntn  IiikI 
inntrrMl  nntHnl  riildi'  fxpi'iHCM,  in  a  wnr  wiili  altinu 
M\  iliiiii->  iiiil  Viiiii.iHxiM',  ('r«>rk,  iiiiil  AiMlarhriii  lii- 
(liiili-',  who  \v  tri!  met  at  a  plart;  callrd  tlm  Salt  i'alelhTN, 
Uy  twi'lvi'  tniiiilrcd  hp-ii,  and  ho  r(ini|ilt'tt>ly  roiitfit,  thai 
IlifV  wt-ri*  olilt^i-(l  lo  niuki'  ti  new  tw'itli'nii-nt  in  I'lnriila. 
'I'lii'  |ii'(i|>ri<'lorH  lint  only  orilcn-d  the  n'tlnrtion  of  tim 
liap-r  inon*'V.  vvliii-li  llic  a^>ti'inl>ly  fuw  lit  lo  isi«u<',  <mi 
ii-coiint  of  tliH  cipi'ilition,  lint  wlu-ii  applii'il  tu  lor  a<i* 
^t-itiiKc  Uy  tin-  iiijfnH  ol'tlH'  colony,  tlit-y  cloclari'il  their 
iiialiiliiy  io  piotiTt  it,  niilt^'4^  lii^  ina|<'fity  would  inter- 
|ior'i'.  The  a^.<«einl>lv  had  (itso  uin'ert  (kon  to  make  a 
nirrii'r  ii^tiii'^t  the  IndiaiH,  hy  otlerinK  the  VainaMwo 
territory  lo  all  per«niH  who  would  cnnie  over  and  nt'ttlo 
in  It,  Five  hundred  lri?tliuien  areepted  ihu  utlt-r,  and 
hail  af-tiially  taken  up  the  ^'riMin<l,wlirn  the  proprietorM 
ordered  the  law  tti  he  repealeil,  mid  the  IiiikU  to  he  laid 
out  in  liariini<"4  tor  theni-elviH.  It  liad  been  the  cua- 
tiMii  to  eliet  all  the  repreoeiilativefi  nfthn  ndony,  in  tIm 
miyle  ttiwiioi'  Charleston.  The  inereiw  ol' population 
now  rendered  the  itraclire  eilreinely  iiiroiiviMiient ; 
nnd  the  le^i>latnre  had  enacted,  that  for  tin;  'ntnre, 
each  |iari-<li  shuuld  iis<4tMnhle  in  iu  own  church,  nnd 
ihoo^e  ilM  own  repre^enlativeH.  Th«  proprietors  or- 
dered the  act  tube  repealed;  nnd  (iovernor  Juhnnon, 
mm  ol  the  loriner  ^'overnorol'  that  name,  had  lo  nne  all 
his  iiilluenre  to  keep  the  colonist*  frum  breaking  into 
op'ii  rebellion,  at  thi^i  wanton  and  ontraffeoiM  proceed- 
iii<{.  Itiit  they  were  compelled  to  hear  yet  nntre  inmiltfl. 
tSonie  expeditioiH  a^ainxt  a  band  of  pirates,  who  had 
ion;;  int'estiMJ  the  coast,  neccHriitated  the  aMHcinhly,  m 
(h'-y  imaifiuitd,  to  issue  another  (|uaiitity  of  naner  iiio- 
II  -y;  and  the  povernnr  carried  an  additional  bill  Cor  re- 
de'tniu;;  it  in  three  yearx,  hy  a  lax  upon  land  and  lie- 
jjroe-i.  Iliit  the  tax  was  oppressive  to  the  planters  ;  and 
Ihey  had  inlliietice  enoii^li  to  obtain  another  act.  Ibr 
III"  emission  of  more  bills.  \a  soon  a>  the  proprietors 
b'*uril  ol"  these  transaclicm.s,  they  sent  the  governor  iii- 
t^lructions  to  approve  oC  nn  legislativu  measures,  until 
il  had  been  laid  before  thnn.  Amither  order  soon  arter 
liillowed,  to  take  o\V  a  duly  which  tho  colony  had  laid, 
of  live  per  cent,  on  Itritish  mannfacturcH;  and  as  it* 
these  outra;res  were  not  sutHcient,  they  deemed  il  tneel 
lo  show  another  instance  of  their  despotintn,  by  giviiiff 
an  arrn^atit  and  abusive  answer  to  a  memorial,  whicli 
(be  assemltly  had  iresented,  agal!ist  their  right  to  revoke 
l!ie  laws  of  the  p/ovince. 

The  rupture  b 'tween  Spain  nnd  Great  Britain  in 
17111,  nliorded  fresh  oppnrtuni'.ies  for  the  prosecution 
of  this  dispute.  The  rumor  of  an  e\{n.Mlilion,  fitting 
out  at  ilavanna,  for  ttie  invasinn  of  South  ('arolina, 
induced  (iovernor  JoluHon  to  atti-mpt  the  ri'paration 
of  the  forts  in  the  harbor  of  (.'barlrston.  by  the  volun- 
tiry  aid  of  the  iuliahitants.  A  suhseription  was  set  on 
foot;  and  he  placed  n  liberal  f*um  opposite  to  his  own 
name.  Tin?  assembly  disapproved  of  the  measure  ;  or 
ralber  a.-serted  that  (he  receipts  from  the  diilies  would 
render  il  iiniit'cessary.  Tlie  governor  wanted  to  know 
if  the  ditlieii  had  nut  been  taken  otlV  They  told  him 
lliey  intended  to  pay  no  attention  to  the  repi-ah.  which 
tbey  had  been  forced  to  make.  A  warm  altercation 
followed:  and  though  nothing  decisive  took  place,  the 
representatives  seem  to  have  formeil  a  determination 
to  rill  themselves  of  the  proprietary  goverr.'uent.  Pri- 
vate ui''etiugs  were  held,  to  concerl  measures  of  resist- 
ance. The  militia  unanimously  subscribed  un  instrn- 
niiMit  of  association;  and  the  people  enga^red  to  stand 
by  eatdi  other,  in  the  assertion  of  their  rigbU  and  privi- 
leges. At  the  first  meeting  of  the  new  assembly,  nil 
tbnn  'r  repeals  were  repealed  :  the  proprietors  were  de- 
clan.'d  to  have  forfeited  their  rights  of  government; 
and  the  honourable  Robert  Johnson  was  aesired  to  ac- 
c'pl  tbf  ollice  of  governor  in  the  name  of  the  king.  A 
in  '-^saire  from  himself  and  the  council  requested  a  con- 
f'rence  with  the  house;  they  would  receive  no  me«- 
s  (iri.  *  frniii  the  governor,  in  concertwith  the  gentlemen 
li'>  was  pleased  to  call  his  council."  lie  sent  them  an 
expostulaii>ry  speech;  they  would  lake  notice  of  no 
"  paper,  s"nt  hy  the  governor  in  conjuction  with  the 
L"rit|.Mnen"  he  called  bis  council;  and  tbey  informetl 
iiiiu.  in  a  second  address,  that  they  intended  to  oitsl  otF 
t!i.'  propri  -tary  goverunient,  and  to  obey  him  no  longer, 
utiles^  II.'  woiilil  consent  lo  exercise  his  otfice.  as  vice- 
gTcni  of  ilie  king,  lie  proclaimed  the  dissolution  of 
M?  a-'i'ii'idy.  and  retired  into  llie  country.  The  pro- 
clrnitioii  was  torn  from  the  olHcer's  hands ;  Colonel 
John  Moore  was  elected  chief  magistrate;  and  ihe  as- 
s*niibly  agre.!d  to  inangurale  liiui.  on  the  very  day, 


which  Mr.  Jolinson  had  set  apart  for  the  review  of  t)ie 
rnililia.  lie  had  the  review  postprined;  hut,  when  he 
e.iine  til  riiiirb-otor,  on  the  appiMiited  d.iy,  he  lonnd 
the  niilil  '  {taraded  in  the  public  sipmre.  in  order  to 
eelebrate  be  prorl.iuialinii  of  .Mr.  .Moore.  Alt  his  ef- 
forts to    stop   tile  proeeediiigs   were  uiclh-clual,       'llie 

assi-nihly  piiM'l.iii 1  their  own  goxeninr;  cIiiim' their 

own  council;  and  went  dubheralely  a.<<int  the  tranmic- 
tion  of  |inblic  alViirs.  The  province  wan  on  their  Nide  ; 
tnd  llimr  power  was  soon  after  corroborated  and  lixed, 
hy  th<!  vigorous  preparations,  which  they  made  tn  repel 
a  contemplated  atlack  from  Ilavanna.  Their  agent  in 
I!n(:)and  oht  lined  u  d  icismn  in  tlie  council,  that  the 
iiroprietors  had  foifeii.d  their  cdiarter;  a  scirr  ftiritig 
issued  against  it:  i)ie  proprietors  surrendered  their  in- 
terests; and  Mr.  FtaiiciH  iVirbnlson  was  soon  ajler 
web'omed  tn  the  colony,  as  governor  under  the  king. 
The  security,  which  the  province  fell  in  the  protection 
of  the  crown,  was  greatly  increased  by  a  treaty,  which 
was  soon  aller  concluded  w  ilh  the  4  lietokee  Indians. 
Security  made  the  rolonists  industrious;  and  in<lustry 
soon  raised  them  sullici  'Ully  above  iheir  former  circum- 
stances, to  arrest  the  depreciation  of  their  paper  cur- 
rency; which  had  fallen  idHiiit  eighty-six  per  cent,  be- 
low jiar.     Increase  of  wealth  made  lioiindaries  n  mat- 

Iter  of  inijMirtance;  aiul,  in   ]7'.i*i,  the  province  found 

jit  convenient  to  divide  itself  into  North  and  South  (^i- 

irolina. 

I  Abont  tlio  same  time,  the  territory  of  (leorgia  was 
granted  to  twenty-one  trustees,  for  ide  purpose  of  be- 
ing jiarcelled  onl  to  such  of  the  liiiglisb  poor  as  would 
consent  to  be  carried  over  the  .Atlantic;  and,  early  in 
17li:t,  Mr.  James  Oglethorpe,  one  of  the  trnstees^  ar- 
rived at  Charleston  with  on<>  huiKlred  and  sixty.  He 
proceeded,  soon  at)erwar<ts,  to  the  intended  place  of 
seltlenient ;  erected  a  small  fort  on  the  scile  of  Sa- 
vanna ;  and  obtained  a  ces>tioii  of  lands  from  the  ('reek 
tribe  of  Indians.  The  lirsl  company  was  followed  by 
several  others; — but  ibe  proL^ress  (if  the  colony  was 
greatly  obstructed,  hy  an  attempt  lo  put  it  niider  a  feu* 
(lal  system.  The  lands  were  to  be  held  in  tail-mail  by 
tbn  teiinre  of  knight-service;  and  to  revert  to  the  trus- 
tees, eitbi'r  if  the  male  issue  should  become  extinct, — 
or  if  the  grounds  were  not  enclose)!  and  cultivated 
within  eighteen  yi'ars.  To  complete  the  policy,  the 
importation  of  finn  and  of  negroes  was  prolulnted; 
and  all  commerce  with  the  Indians  was  restricted  to 
those,  who  could  obtain  a  license.  The  natural  con- 
seipiencessoon  followed.  A  great  many  of  the  settlers 
emigrated  to  Carolina;  where  ibey  could  bold  lands  in 
fee  simple;  could  trade  freely  with  the  West  Indies; 
and  be  permitted  to  employ  negro  slavea  in  the  cnlti- 
vation  nl  lludr  lands.  Those  who  staid  behind,  were 
nerpetiially  complaining  of  their  fellers:  and,  though 
Mr.  Oglethorpe  erected  a  batt»Ty,  to  ooinniand  the 
month  of  the  Savanna,  and  built  forts  at  Augusta  and 
I-'reilerica.  the  colony  needi'd  civil  privileges  more  than 
military  defences,  aiul  their  general  concerns  were  soon 
in  a  ruinous  condition.  I'nder  a  (iilferent  system,  Ca- 
rolina was  so  prosperous  as  to  double  herexiiorls  in  ten 
vears;  wbilo  it  was  with  the  greatest  ditlicnity,  that  the 
inhabitants  of  (icorgia  obtained  a  .scanty  subsistence. 
When  r.nglaiid  and  ."^pain  began  to  prepare  ibr  war, 

;in  17:t7,  a  British  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  was 
sent  into  Carolina;  anri  Mr.  Oglethorpe  w.is  appointed 
major-general  of  that  province  and  of  (Georgia.  The 
Spaiiiard.s  fortitird  I'ast  Florida;  and  made  a  vain  at- 
ItMupt  to  gain  over  the  Indians,  who  were  in  alliance 
with  the  Knglish.  They  succeeded  better  with  the 
slaves;  of  whom  enough  were  scdiiceil  to  form  a  di.s- 
tinct  regiment  by  themselves.  Nor  did  the  evil  stop 
here.  A  large  number  of  negroes  assembled  at  Stono; 
forced  open  a  warebonse  of  arms  and  ammunition; 
murdered  all  the  while  men  whom  they  met;  and 
compelled  the  black,  willing  or  unwilling,  to  come  un- 
der their  standard.  But  it  was  a  brief  irinmnh.  Af\er 
the  first  impulse  of  rage  was  exbatisted,  the  insurgents 
hailed  in  an  open  field;  and  began  their  usual  pastime 
of  dancing.  'I  hero  happened  lo  he  a  religions  meeting 
in  the  norgbborhood;  and  the  congregation,  nrined  as 
nsiiul  set  npon  ibe  thoughtless  rabble ;  killed  great 
numbers  nn  the  spot:  and  so  frightened  the  rest,  that 
they  never  afterwards  dreamed  of  in.oirrection.  There 
were  now  about  forty  thousand  slavea  in  Carolina;  and 
the  occurrence  just  mentioned  had  the  good  elFect  of 
making  the  colonists  keen  vigilant  watch  over  their  cn«- 
diict,  during  the  approach  of  the  war  between  Fngland 
and  Spain. 

When  it  actually  broke  ont,  in  17:it»,  Admiral  Ver- 
non was  detached  to  the  West  Indies,  nnd  (ieneral 
Oglethorpe  was  ordered  to  annoy  the  Floridas.  He 
immediately  conmmnicaled  his  instructions  to  the  as- 


aemhly  of  South  Carolinn ;  they  volen  one  Inindred  and 
twenty  thoiiNaiid  pounds  for  the  service;  a  regiment  (d 
four  Mumlred  men  was  rai'*ed  in  \  iigiria  and  the  C^a* 
robnas;  a  body  of  Indians  enli-'led  ;  and  t'o-t-rapl.till 
I'rice  promised  bis  cti  nperation  with  four  lv\<'nivgiiii 
ships  aixl  two  sloops  of  war.  On  the  !'''i  ol  May, 
17  ill,  the  general  eiitf  red  Florida,  widi  lonr  hundred 
men  and  a  parly  of  Indian.^  from  Ins  own  nrovinre.  I  la 
wan  joined,  nt  the  inoiilli  of  St.  Jidin's  Kiver,  by  iho 
Virginia  and  Carolina  regiment,  an<l  a  company  of 
lligldanders;  and  was  eiiabh--'  shortly  after,  to  ap- 
pear before  8t.  AngiiHtiiie,  with  about  two  lluiiisaiid 
etfective  men.  A  reconnoitre  of  ibe  jdiice  induced 
him  lo  abandon  his  origiiiid  design  ol  taking  it  hy 
storm.  A  regular  inve«tmenl  was  ih'lernimed  upon; 
and  the  troops  were  disposed  in  the  most  nilvaiilageotis 
nositions  for  beginning  the  approaches.  'I'he  general 
liimself  undertook  to  biMiibard  the  town  from  the 
Island  of  Anastatia;  but  a  few  shots  convinced  him 
that  a  breach,  at  so  great  n  distance,  was  iniiiracltca 
hie.  It  was  next  lesolved  to  attack  ihe  six  half  gallic!* 
then  in  the  harbor,  by  one  of  the  twenty-gun  ships; 
but  the  bar  was  found  to  he  so  shallow  that  she  coiilil 
not  gel  over  it.  In  the  mean  tune  the  Sjianiards  bud 
received  supplies  and  reinforcenienls ;  and  a  party  of 
ihe  besiegers  was  surprised  and  cut  in  pieces.  Other 
Miisfortunes  followed  in  quick  succession.  Captain 
Frice  withdrew  his  ships;  the  dispirited  troops  began 
to  desert  in  large  bodies;  and  (ieneral  (»glellior|ie  was, 
at  length,  reluctantly  compelled  lo  ahaiittoii  the  enter* 
prise.  The  colonies  attributed  the  failure  to  the  gene- 
ral ;  nnd  the  general  laid  it  to  the  charge  of  ihe  army. 
We  think  heiiher  was  lo  blame.  The  force  was  loo 
small  at  the  outset;  and,  before  a  part  td' it  reacheil 
the  place  of  rende/.voiis,  the  arrival  of  supplies  had 
greatly  and  unexpectedly  increased  tlie  streiiglh  of  tlio 
enemy. 

But,  nt  any  rate,  the  expenses  entailed  hy  the  ex- 
pedition, joined  to  the  till  greater  calamity  of  seeing 
their  capital  reduced  to  ashes,  determined  the  people 
of  Carolina  to  raise  no  forces  in  future,  except  li-r 
their  own  defence;  aufl,  when  an  expedition  of  Ihiity 
ships  nnd  three  thousand  men  s;iilcd  against  (icorgia, 
in  174'.*,  they  imagined  il  winild  not  he  for  their  own 
defence,  to  aid  (ieneral  Oglethorpe  in  preventing  the 
enemy  from  getting  possession  of  a  province,  which 
was  HO  etVectnal  a  barrier  lo  their  own.  .About  the 
end  of  June  Ihe  enemy  ancbon'd  oil*  Simon's  Bar; 
and  (ieneral  Oglethorpe  loiind  be  bad  to  oppose  bim 
with  only  seven  bundred  men, — consisting  of  ihe  re- 
giment he  ted  against  St.  Augustine,  and  of  a  few 
Highlanders,  rangers,  and  Inilians.  But  tli<^  thickets 
and  morasses  of  the  country  stood  bim  in  the  place  of 
many  soldiers;  and,  retiring  lo  Fredcriia.he  resolved 
to  act,  as  long  as  he  could,  n])ou  the  (b'teiisive.  Hy 
an  Knglish  prisoner,  who  had  escaped  front  the  S|)aii- 
iards,  he  learned  that  the  Iroops  from  Cuba,  and  llioso 
from  St.  Augustine,  agreed  so  ill  with  each  other,  that 
Uiey  had  taken  up  their  encainpineiit^  apart.  One 
of  these,  the  general  thought  he  migbl  venture  lo  nV- 
tack.  He  selected  Ibe  flower  of  his  little  army  ;  aiui. 
under  the  cover  of  the  night,  tnarcluMt  unobserved 
within  two  miles  of  the  lines.  Tlie  main  body  was 
hailed;  while  he  went  .forward,  with  a  small  party,  to 
reconnoitre  the  encampment.  He  had,  with  great  cir- 
cumspection, approached  ver)'  near  it;  when  the  whole 
enterprise  was  supposed  to  be  defeated,  hy  the  treach- 
ery of  a  French  soldier,  who  (ired  his  musket,  and  run 
over  to  the  enemy.  Cieneral  Oglethorpe  wrote  a  letter 
lo  the  deserter;  retpiesting  him  to  tell  the  Spaniard;^ 
how  defenceb^ss  Frederica  was;  lo  urge  an  immetliato 
attack;  or.  at  any  rate,  to  persuade  tlicin  lo  remain  ut 
Simon's  Fort  three  days  longer  ;  wht^n  his  expected 
reinforcement  of  two  tlionsand  men  and  six  ships  of 
war  would  arrive.  He  particularly  canlioned  bim 
against  droitping  even  a  hint  about  the  conlcmplated 
attack  of  Admiral  Vernon  upon  St.  Augustine.  A 
Spanish  prisoner,  who  had  been  taken  in  a  skiimish, 
was  iiribed  lo  deliver  the  letter  into  the  deserter's  own 
hands:  but  he,  of  course,  didivered  it  into  the  hands  o.' 
(ieneral  Hon  Antonio  l>i  Kadondo.  The  latter  was, 
at  first,  not  a  little  perplexed,  whether  lo  consider  il  aa 
a  mere  stratagem,  or  as  a  real  and  serious  letter  of  in- 
struction; but  the  appearance  of  some  ships,  which 
had  been  despatched  with  supplies  by  the  as.sembly  of 
South  Carolina,  appeared  lo  put  iIm'  seriousness  of  the 
paper  beyond  all  doubt.  The  paiiic-strnck  army  set 
tire  to  the  fori,  and  hurried  on  board  of  their  vessels; 
and  thus  a  circumstance,  which,  at  first,  .seemed  to 
threaten  the  certain  conquest  of  the  province,  serxed, 
in  the  hands  of  a  skilful  c-ommander,  as  perhaps  Uio 
only  means  of  its  presurvilinn. 


iiiilrnil  nni> 
i')lillli'llt  lit 
11(1  ilii'  <■«• 

,.1.C,II1|.11H 
AMIllVUIIll 

I,  (ii'Miiy. 

ir  liiiiiil"''! 

MMIHT.    ll« 

n,T,  by  llw 
ciin|>iiny  "'' 
rtir,  111  lip- 
(I  iliiiiiHiiml 
lie  iniliii'''! 
ukiiin   it  liy 
uiii'il  iiin'i'i 
ilviiiilii»ii'<'i'" 
•riic  (iciicrul 
II   Crcvni    111" 
ininiril  llilll 
<  iiii|iriirli'''> 
X  liiiir  pulli''' 

IV-(!I111    Klllll»i 

I'mt  »lii'  '■<'""' 
liiiiiiiiiil"  liiiil 
[III  II  iiiirty  'il 

,»■.■<.».    ntliiT 

,11.       Ciililiii" 

lrii(i|i»  U'f>n 
,l,.lliiir|ir  "iiH, 
iiliiii  111!'  riitcr- 
rr  111  llir  (.'I'lii'- 
.  of  till'  iirniy. 

Inrci'  \v"«  <"" 
t  (if  il  riMirhril 
,r  Kiiinilii's  1""1 
Btriiigtli  of  tlio 

il,.,l  liy  thorx- 

iiinilv  111'  Ki'i'ii'K 

iii.'irilii'  pi'iipl" 

lire,  ixii'|il  .'''' 

cilitioii  111  lliiily 

ilUllllli-t  (irllff-'ill. 

1,1'  lor  llii'ir  <i"ii 

1    |,riM'»tl'ld  ''"' 

iiriiviini'.  wliii'l' 

wii.      Alii'ii'  'I'" 

iV  Siiiioii"    Bilf'i 

,1  til  iiii|iip»i'  I'll" 
.isliii);  111'  ll"'  "'• 
..  mill  111'  "  11'** 
lliit  llic  lliiiWi'ts 

,11  111  till'  pliiii;  "f 
riiii.  Iir  ri'Milvi'd 

,.  ,l,r,ri>ivi'.     liy 

I  I'riiin  tlir  S|iiiii- 
Culiii,  mill  tliiii" 

II  clllll  olluT.  llv.U 
iiVi  iiiiiirl.  <■'»« 
[III  vinturi'  111  nk- 

litili.  iiriii\  ;  mill 
lllfll    lllllilisirvnl 
iiiiiiii  liiuly  "lis 
I  ,1  »iii;ill  liiirly,  to 
,„1,  with  (irfiit  oir- 
l;  will"  till' wlinln 
l,.,l,  hv  till'  iri'iirli- 
s  iimslii'l.  mill  fii" 
irim  wrol"  h  li'tii'' 
tell  llie  t*li;ii»:'.''"* 
irpi!  1111  iiiiiiii'ilii't" 
tliim  to  reiiiiii"  at 
vlu'ii  Wis  i'X|'i''tt"' 
,1  mill  six  "li'l"  »' 
riv  cimtioiii'il   '""> 
ilu!  coiilciiipl'''''" 
I.   AiiS'istiiii'-  .  A 
ikeii  ill  »  sUiiiiiisli. 
tliiMlosiif'''*  ""  ", 
it  iiilo  lliu  luii'il"  "■ 
Tim  I'lttiT  wuK, 
ItT  to  coiniili^f  it  i>.i 
•riiiiis  li'tti-r  111  111- 
801111'  sliilis.  »lii<- 1 
,y  till'  usseiiilily  "' 
,,.  <i.riniisiif»Mofllio 

uiii-slriak  iirmv  "Ct 
ml  of  tlii'ir  vi'sscls; 
at  lirsl.  sreiiiiiil  I" 
II,.  iiroviiiie,  neneil, 
iliT,  lis  lH'rli"l'»  "" 


©  E  0  E  CJ  E    W  A  .^  E I  iX  «  T  €)  I . 

/Vo/H  r/if  Ctifhrdt.-ti  IWtrait fainted  hy  Stuart  in  \  796. 
L'opieil  by  permission  of  U.  W  Pitnam's  Sosb. 


I 


NOIITH  AMKKICA. 


ClIAi'TKIl  III. 

War  Ix'lwrnii  Kniiicn  mid  l')ni;lHiiil  niiil  thrir  (^'iiliiiiii'a 
— rn!|titniii<)ri  liir  nii  Atttirk  ripun  LouiMhiiurg — I'lu; 
Alliirk— .Sinn^iiiliT— D'Aimlli''"  Kniiccliliiiii— /Miiprlin! 
AMoinpt  il|i(>rl  iNovH  ScntiH — ii\nm  i,'n>wii  ISiiiit— 
I'cuiM' — l*ii|K'r  iMidicy  in  .Mii.iHHohiiHctln — lh«i:»v(;ry  ii( 
l.rHiiMiitiia  iind  l-'ounil<ttiiiii  of  >i!vv  Oilriiitfl — 8itiiiitioii 
f»r  till)  llriyh«li  nriil  l''ruin-li  ("iilutiiut— Origin  ul'  the 
ICii|iluri>  lii'hvt'cti  tlH'rii — (-'i»lniti!l  Wn^hiii^liiirH  l',iii- 
hii>»-<y — I'riijcct  t)!'  r'HiH/i— I'luiMiI'lho  tirHl  i:iirn|iiii^tl — 
(;it|tiur<'  oltNuvii  iSroliu— (icuiTiil  Hriirlil(H!k'f*  lirlititt — 
l'iX|HMliti(iii  ii<;iiiiHl  < 'iiiwii  I'oinr — 'I'liot  iii{aiiiF4(  iSiit- 
f;ii((i — .St'i-dtiil  ( 'iiifipni:;!! — <'n|itiin'  of  (  (.^wcj^k — Tliinl 
4'ilUI|l(ll^rl— l)t>tpii(t7H  hi'(vttM>it  l.iHil  l.fiiiilon  mill  .Miih- 
niiChiiiullH— i'liiirrll  ('iiiiijMiii;!! — SitimkI  ('iipliiro  III 
IjDiiiiliiiiir^ — liimiiTi!.^i>rui  iiiiiii'k  iipiiii  'I'li'iipiiliTiit^fi— 
C'lipliitu  ol  I'lirl  I'miiliuiiiii: — <)!  Dii  lliii'iin  — lilili 
iv'llllipiUKll— ('iipiiire  nf  tiuiiJuT — l>ritlll  iit'  VViiKn— At- 
loiiipl  In  irl(iki)  i^uiiliiM^ — .Siirroiiilir  iit'  iNrw  KriihiM! — 
tjunorril  I'lMicn. 

Wiiit.i;  Friiricn  ;iiiil  Kngliitnl  wcri-  ('iii;;iiri,'i|  jn 
acluiil  \v;ir,  iiiulrr  llu' prrlciiri!  riCsiiiiiiiirliii!^  n;- 
Hjw'clivrly  lliri|iiccli  ol'  lliiiiirriry  nil  I  tliu  rlc'cliirdl' 
lliiviiiiii,  lIuM'.iiliiiiit.'S  111'  lliiriwo  iiiitiiins  iircHcrvi'il 
n  tiorl  III'  liiHlili'  |iiMcr;  liiil.  ivh  hhihi  lis  llir  itvwx 
rLMclinlCiipfUrrliiii,  llml  tln'cmilrovrrHy  liml  Ik- 
t'.iiiiiiM>|>i.'iiiiiiiliiv<nvriliii  K\ir(i|ii',l)iiviviiraltiic,l<- 
cil  ami  tiiiik  tlir  Kiii;lisli  lishiiiirsrillcnu'iil  iit  Caii- 
ftiMii ;  anil  smiii  al'l(.'r  riiiiili:  a  HJiiiilar,  tlimiirli  iiii- 
sui;i;in«l'iil,  allciniil,  ii|iiiii  Aiiiiii|i(iIih.  (ioviTimr 
Sliirlry  iiiiiiii'iliali'ly  liirini'il  Ihi'  (Iciiu'ii  cif  tiiliili;^ 
(Japr  Hrrioii.  It  was  wi.'llsiliialril  (iir  annoying; 
t!i>;  K.iiirlisli  l''l'<lii'ri<''j  ;aiiil  tliirly  iiiilliniisiiri'raiir.j 
•■.iiiiioyiMl  iipiiii  Its  liirtilir.atiiiiiH,  hail  ina<li!  it  tlir 
"  liuiikiik  111' Aiiirrii',a."  Tin;  (riivriiinr  rt'ipiintiil 
tin;  sccriM'.y  orilii'  cniirt,  iipiiii  a  priijrrt,  wliicli  lie 
waH  aliiiuttiiciiininimlcali'.  Tlicyrfailily  pniinistil 
it;  and  In'  siirprKi'il  tiniii  with  tin;  pnipiixal  oC 
Hrtiillii!^  liiiir  hiiiiilriMl  riii'iilii  taki;  Liiiii^iliimri^  hy 
sliiriM.  'riii'yi'iiilclt'iiiiu;.ltlii'  iiiiili'r(al(iii!;  as  vastly 
tcni  hazarliiiM  ami  rxprii'<ivi! :  liiit,  iinrurdiiialc-ly, 
or,  prrliaiH,  liirtiiiialrly,  (ini;.!"  Ihi-  iiirinlii'rs  liap- 
pL'iii'il  |.i  piay  liir  li|iN<iii;'S  iipmi  it,  in  tin'  liiiiiily ili'- 
Viitiiiiisatliis  lllll^'ill:^^.  'I'ln'  plan  was  siniii  limiwii, 
all  iiviT  Mi-is.ichu-irlts;  tin'  pnipli:  wnri-  i;.'iii'rilly 
inlaviiiir  ul'  it;  ami  an  inlliix  of  pi'titiniis,  I'min 
ovri  yii  iitiT  inliii'i"!  Ih>'  riinnr.il  tii  oliani^c  tliiir 
iletiTiniinti'i:!.  'I'liiy  invili'il  llii'  ciMipiTilinnnr 
iilltlic  r.dliiniiM  in  far  iM  I'riinsylvania  ;  lint  iiniir, 
except  lliDsciirNriv  Kn:^'lanil  wunjil  rnrnish thi'ir 
(|ii(it;uiirtriiiips.  Tlicri'  was  no  military  clianiclcr 
iiriiiiti'  in  tin;  cdiintry;  ami  th  'ciiinmamlorilii'  cx- 
pi'ililiiin  was(fivi'ii  loom-  Ciilnni'l  I'oppi'rrl ;  who 
liail  llttli'  olhrr  ipialllir.atiiin  than  that  iil' brini;  a 
lic.h  ni'Tiihanl  ami  a  pipnlar  man.  A  ifi'iirral  i:m- 
liariro  was  laiil:  mm'  li.ll-i  ol'i'.roilit  wi;ri:  issnril, 
ilotwillHlaii'linif  tlir  r\pri's<  pnihihition  of  tin; 
crown"  a  varii'iy  ora.l'.-jr,'',  (siys  .Mr.  Hi'lkiiap,) 


«r,9 

I'.liiiiiriii's  without  Hiinikr.     An  Imlian  waH  liircil,  |  wlmi;  lM'iiti;n  at  Mina.s;  anil  proiniHol  not  tu  bear 
for  a  lioltli;M' nini,  tocrawl  iiuitaiii  iiiliraHnrc.iinil  ariMS  for  oiio  yi'ar,  ii^aiiist  Ihr  Kmich  in  Nuvil 

'  next  ilirrrlril  his  altrtf 


pill  tlii'^alr;  anil,  tiioiii'li  a  ili;tarliiririit  of  tin 
riii'iTiy  was  thru  riimini^  to  ii'taki;  tlir  fort,  tin 
lliirti'iMi  rctaini'il  po.ssvssiiin,  till  tin:  arrival  ol'  n 
i'('iii|iiict'in<;nl  lioin  tin;  Itiain  Ixnly. 

KonrtrtMi  niffhts  wvrc,  tin;  tiiHips  nigagcil  in 
iliawinij  the  cannon  iivcrn  nionisH  to  the  placi'ul 
iMicainpinrnt,  a  iliHtancc  nralioiit  two  iniliM  ;  lunl, 
wlirn  tin;  acciinnl  of  the  o.^pcilitioii  was  srni  to 
Knglanil,  tln;y  wcr(;notu  liltlu  in<ligiiantat  Krcing 
no  ini;nllon(il  tliuir  having  ivorkcil  llki;  oxen,  with 
HtrapsoviT  thfir  Hliouli|i;rH,  ami  np  to  their  kincs  in 
imiii.  Ah  this  expnlitinii  liail  lici;!!  planin'il  liy  n 
hiwyir,  anil  was  to  lii;(;xi;cuti;il  hy  a  nirrcliant,  ut 
till'  [n;ail  of  liiishanilim;!!  anil  ineclianics,  any  tiling; 
like  a  ri'i^iilar  sioifi;  was  not  to  ha vi;  l)i;i;n  t'Xprclfil. 
The  siiMii;rslan(rhi;il  at  such  words  as  lisf  tnicainl 
rpmdiment ;  ami  thonijhl,  the  n  ist  rjiirilili;  moile 
of  appriiaohinj;  was  that  of  a  Rtraii;lil  line.  In 
e.tecutionof  this  new  principle  of  laetirs,  400  men 
assanlti'il  the  islanil  liattery;  were  repnlHed  ;  anil 
many  uf  them  taken  prisoners.  They  all  conciir- 
reil  in  represi;ntiin;  the  I'esiejrers  as  iiiurli  more 
nnineroiis  than  they  were;  Ihon^h  all  was  frolic  in 
the  rear  of  the  army,  llifi  front  iliil,  iinleeil,  kiok 
(iirmiclal)le;  ami  the  impri^stiion  made  liy  these  p- 
porl-S  and  appearanr.i'S,  toijetlier  with  the  intellj- 
t^enre,  which  was  conveyed  into  town,  that  tlii' 
supply  ship,  the  Vigilant,  of  sixty-liinr  (jrnni,  had 
lieeii  taken,  imhicil  Diiehamhon,  the  (;overiior, 
to  lendera  capitulation.  This  was  the  only  advan- 
taf^e  trained  over  France,  dnrint;  the  .vlioie  war; 
ami,  when  arcoiinls  of  it  reacln'd  F"nir|aml,  tin; 
crown  iiiadi'  liaronots  of  Pejipirel  and  Shirley, 
and  the  |)arliament  readily  undiTtook  to  defray  the 
expenses. 

France  and  F.ntHand  now  mutually  resolved  to 
make  a  cumpl'te  cumpii-st  of  each  other's  |iiisir'.s- 
sions  in  Aim;rii"i  ;  and,  in  the  spriiif^of  I7'lfj,  circu- 
lar letters  were  sent  to  the  Enalisli  colonies  as  far 
as  Virginia,  to  have  in  readiness  as  many  lroo|is  as 
each  might  lie  ahle  to  spare.  The  plan  ofthecarn- 
paiiMi,  wa'J,  to  sail  a;;ainst  (iindiee,  with  some  ships 
of  war  and  the  New  Knt'land  Iroups;  while  tho^i; 
of  the  iilli'T  colonies  slniiilil  he  ciillrr.ted  at  Alhany, 
and  inarch  ajjainst  ('rowii  I'nirit  and   Montreal. 


.Scotia,  (iinernor  Shirley  i 
lion  III  Crown  I'oint.  MassiK  Iiuhi'IIh  iiiiil  New 
Vorkengage.l  til  furnish  Iheiripiolas  of  tumps  ;  tin; 
winter  was  no  ohstacle  to  thegovurnor'H  entliiisi- 
amn  ;  and  the  enterprise  wahoiily  preveiiledliy  the 
discreet  resiilulion  oftJoimecliciil,  towilhlmld  her 
cii-opcration.  The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Cliapille  was 
coMcliided  in  OctolKr,  I74H;  and  Ni'W  F.ngland 
deemed  it  hilt  ajiiior  return  liir  the  expensi  h  whieli 
she  had  iuvurreil,tlialiinarticleol'i{MfM«nii<c'^c//MHi 
(ompelled  her  to  relinipiisli  LoniHlHinr^r.  Massii- 
I  liiisetl.",  in  particular,  had  isiiiied  imnieiiHeipianti- 
ties  of  jia per- money.  Was  there  a  call  n|Miii  the 
treasury.  Hills  of  credit  iiinst  answer  it.  Wan 
trade  decaying?  llconld  only  lie  revived  liy  hilln 
of  credit.  Was  there  any  diMirder  in  the  internal 
eciinomy  of  the  iiroviiice.'  Hills  of  credit  were  the 
only  remedy.  And  liills  ol'  credit  were  issued  in 
;jucliipiaiitiiies,lhat  they  had  sunk  tor/cnciiliirotic; 
when  the  arrival  of  the  Bpi'cie,  which  parliament 
had  promised,  was  the  means  not  only  of  stay  mg  the 
depreciation,  lint  of  destroying  pH|i«;r-nniney  allii- 
gethcr.  After  some  op|K)sition,  the  general  court 
passid  an  act  liir  redeeming  hills  of  credit,  at  their 
real  value,  or,  in  other  words,  liir  tiilver  at  lifly 
shillings  the  ounce.  Not  an  evil,  which  had  liteii 
predicted,  was  seen  to  att/'nd  the  measure  ;  and, 
on  the  contrary, itis  said  to  have  given coinnicicu 
a  very  jierceplihie  impulse  I'lr  the  lii'tter. 

As  ihe  iiiipiirtance  of  America  was  daily  iiicreas- 
inir  in  ihreyes  of  F.iirope,  theipiestion  of  Imiinda- 
rie^lit'l^w.en  ilieeoloniesof  dini:ri'lit  nations  liogan 
to  be  discussed  iiiiire  freipiently  and  in  grealfr 
earnest.  Spain  had  pretensions  to  the  wlinle  of 
(•eori.'ia;aiid  F.nirlanil  laidclaimtoapart  ofKlori- 
da.  Hy  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  Nova  Scotia,  or 
Acadia,  was,  indied,  ceded  to  the  Knglish  ;  but 
there  was  still  riHim  enouijli  for  controversy, in  dc- 
lermiiiiiit'  what  were  the  lioundariescif  that  coiiM 
try.  The  French  an-erted,  that  its  eastern  line 
was  Ihe  Kenmdiec;  the  F.ntdish  made  it  embrace 
Ihewh'ile  tirrilorysoiilh  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  and 
the  commi^siomrs  appoinied  by  the  two  nations, 
iindirthe  treaty  ol  Aix-la-Cliajielle,  were  ecjualljr 
laliorioiisand  eipially  obstinate  in  maintaining  their 
.Nor  was  this  the  only  coiillict. 


The  sliipsof  war  made  seven  vnin  ademjilstoleave  respertive  claim". 

F.nglaiid,  and  the  first  part  of  the  scheme  was  ne-;  As  if  these  two  nations  were  fated  to  cross  each 
cc'ssarily  abandoned.  ThecoloniMts  were  iliverted  i  other's  jiatb,  in  every  thing,  wliik'  the  Knirlisli 
I'loin  the  last,  by  a  threatened  attack  of  the  eiieiny  :  colonies  were  advancing  indelinilely  from  east  lij 
iipiiii  Annapolis;  and,be(iire  they  could  despatch   west,  the  French  began  to  ext/'ud  their  own  set- 


Iroops  for  tin;  protection  of  that  [ilace,  NewKni?- 

laiiil,  in  particular,  was  irriatly  alarmed  by  tbein- 

telliirence,  thai  a  liirmidalile  armainent,  under  Ihe 

Duke  n'.\nville,liail  arrived  in  Nova  Scotia.  Kve- 

ryelliirt  was  made  to  put  tin' country  in  a  state  of 

was  given  from  allipiarli  is  :"  private  property  was|  defence.  'I'lie  militia  were  joined  to  the  troo]is  al-  'age  of  the  French  court,  in  .n  attempt  to  make  a 

■in|ircssed,  and,  by  the   illi  of  April,  I7I.J,  three' ready  raised  ;  and,  fiir  six  weeks,  all  stood  in  hourly ;  settlement  on  il<  banks.     He  set  sail  with  a  few 

tliDiisamI  two  him  Ired  ami  lifly  troops  from  Mas- Irxpectation  of  an  attack  ;  when  some  Kn!r!l>'h  [iri-' followers,  in  foursmall  vessels;  arrived  inoleafriies 

'iilcliiHeltsarrivi'dsin'ly  at  (Jans;-,!!!.     The  fpiotalsoners,  who  had  been  set  at  lib 


tieineiits  transversely  from  north  to  south.  In 
Hi7.S,  they  explored  the  Mississippi  as  fir  as  the 
.?3d  ile^rree  of  north  latitude ;  and  some  time  after- 
wards,its  iiioulh  was  discovered  by  one  La  Salle,  a 
Norman,  who  siibaefpiently  obtained  the  patroii- 


liU'rlv,  brought  the 


of  three  liundicil  and  four,  from  New  Hampshire,  Iwelcome  news,  that  the  French  sold'ni  wert!  in  too 
liadlandeil  four  ibiys  befire;  that  of  live  hundred!  much  distress  themselves  to  think  of  distressini? 
and  sixteen,  from  Connei'licut,  came  in  on  the  others.  The  armament  originally  consisted  of 
•ijth  of  the  saiii"  imuiih  ;  hut  the  tniiips  from 'about  forty  ships  of  war,  and  aiioiit  filly-six  Irans- 
Uhode  Island  did  nit  arriv.'  in  tiiiu;  to  In;  of  any  ports:  carrying  3000  troops,  and  40,000  mns- 
Hcrvice  to  the  exp'slilion.  j  kets  liir  the  Canadians  and  Indians.     Many  ships 

(ioveru  ir  S  lirl'-yhi  1  writ  leu  to  Kiiirlund  fir  as-  were  liwt  and  wreck' 'd  on  tin' voy  iire;aiiil  a  swi'i'p- 
sisliiic  '.s  iinetiin  •  b  'I'lre  t'n' disclosure  ofhis  pni-l  ing  mortality  prevaih'd  on  Inir.rd  of  those,  which 
ject  to  the  Ten  'ral  c  iiirt ;  and  a  delachnvnt  from  |  had  reached  the  place  ofdestinnlioii.  To  inerea^e 
Admiral  Warr^'ii'slle 'tin  th'West  Indies, appear-;  their  calamities,  they  li-arned,  by  an  iiilircepted 
el  of  Caineaii,  the  day  before  tlie  arrival  of  the  I  letter  from  (lovernor  Shirley  to  tiieconiinander  at 
M:issac!iiisetls  troops;  the  admiral  himself  soon,  Luuislioiirir,  that  their  own  sipiadnin  would  pro- 
fillowe  1,  ill  Ihe  Superb,  of  sixty  guns;  and,  every  balily  be  followed  by  an  Kiifflish  Heel.  The  ad- 
tliin'r  being  now  ready,  the  land  forces  embarked!  niiral  shortly  died  :  the  vice-admiral  killed  liiin- 
fiir  Cliapeaurouire ;  while  the  lleet,  (in  all,  ahniil],self:  and,  when  M.  Le  Jonqniere  umlertixik  to 
one  hundred  sail,)  manu'Uvrcd  before  Lonidionrg.  |lead  the  Meet  against  .\nnapolis,  a  violent  storm 
The  landing  w.is  eife-ied  with  little  dillicnliy;  and,  dispersed  the  ':|ii|is  ;  and  those,  that  did  not  siilfer 
in  the  course  of  the  ensuing  night,  a  party  of  four '  wreck,  returned  sinsriy  to  France, 
hnn  lredin"nmarclieilaroundtotlicnortl\eastparti  (Jnvernor  Shirley  now  resumed  the  project  of 
of  the  barliour,  and  set  lire  to  some  warelioiises  of  dislodirina'he  French  and  Indiana  from  Nova  Sco- 
spirituousliiiuirs  and  naval  stores.  The  smoke  was  tia.  The  troops  ofKliode  Lland  and  New  Hamp- 
blown  dircliV  into  the  grand  battery  ;  and  it  did  shire  were  prevented  from  ioininijthe  exix'dilion  ; 

mich  signal  exiYUtion,  that,  when  thirteen  of  the  and  the  enemy  was  not  only  more  numerous  than ..     _ 

party  were  returning,  nextday,  they  saw,  with  sur-  those  of  Massachusetts,  but  had  the  advantage  of  |  two'lumdred  ami  fif>y  tlioii«and;  Maryland, cij?hty- 
oriae  an'l  joy,  tlmt  the  flagstalTwas  bare,  and  tlicJicini'  provided  with  snow-shoes.    The  En^jlwhldvc  thousinj  :  Virginia,cij;htj'-five thousand:  the 


wi-st  of  the  river;  was  soon  .apsassinated  by  his 
own  men  ;  and  they,  in  liirn,  were  murdered,  or 
ilisijersed,  by  the  Spanish  and  Indians.  .Several 
other  expeditions  were  undertaken,  for  the  tame 
purpose,  but  none  were  fortunate  enough  to  land 
al  the  wished  for  place;  and  it  was  not  till  1722, 
that  n  joint  removal  of  these  scattered  settl-  rnent.i 
lo  .Ni'w  Orleans  laid  the  foundation  of  a  floiirisli- 
iiiL'  rolony.  The  country  was  called  Louisiana  ; 
and,  as  seltliinenis  now  l»^<ran  toexUnd  up  the 
Missis  ippi,  a  plan  was  liimied  to  unite  ibem  with 
(Canada,  by  a  concatenation  of  lints.  F.iieland 
ejaimed  the  coiinlry  totbeSintb  Sea  :  France  waH 
resolved  to  bound  her  by  the  Alleijbany  iiioiin- 
tains  ;  and,  as  usual,  the  controversy  bimiii  ended 
in  a  reciprocal  determination  of  fiirbtinjj  it  out. 
There  was  a  srreat  disparity  of  numbers  lietween 
the  French  and  F.nirlish  colonies.  Nova  Scotia 
contained  five  thousand  inhabitants;  New  Hamp- 
shire, thirty  thousand  v  Massachunett»,  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  thousand;  Rlio<leIslan<l,  thirty 
llvctboiijand:  Conneeticnt.onehundred  thousand: 
New  York,  one  hundred  thoi.sand:  the  Jerwys, 
.sixtvtlioiisandrl'ennsrlvania.incliidii?  Delaware, 


I 


854 


THE    HISTORY    OK 


Carolinaa,  seventy-live  thousand:  Georgia,  six 
thousand : — iji  all,  one  million  til'ty-one  thousand. 
Canada  contained  but  liirty-tivetliousand:  Louisi- 
ana, butseven  tliousand :— total, lillytwothousand. 
To  compensate  i"  part  for  tliis  numerical  inferi- 
Cfity,the  French  had  theadvantageof  bein^uuided 
by  one  and  the  same  hand  ;  whereaa  the  ll-nglish 
wcredividedinto  separate  clans,  and  unaccustomed 
to  act  in  concert.  All  the  Indians,  except  the  Five 
Nations,  were  on  the  side  of  France;  and,  what 
was  of  still  greater  service  to  lier  cause,  tlie  gover- 
nors of  Canada  had  all  been  military  men  ;  had 
employed  the  inhabit!\nt£  in  erecting  U)rtitications 
to  command  Lake  Champlain,  and  the  Kiver  St. 
Lawrence;  and  were  now  proceeding  to  complete 
the  chain,  by  extending  the  links  along  the  otlier 
western  lakes,  and  down  the  MissLssippi. 

The  circumstance,  which  served  to  open  the 
quarrel,  was  the  alleged  intrusion  of  the  Ohio  Com- 
pany; an  association  of  influential  men  fromEng 
landand  Virginia,  who  had  obtained  a  grant  of  600- 
000  acres  of  land,  in  order  to  drive  a  fur  trade  with 
the  Indians.  The  governor  of  Canada  wrote  to 
the  governors  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
that,  unless  these  intruders  were  removed  from 
the  territory  of  his  most  Christian  majesty,  he 
should  beunderthe  necessity  of  seizing  them.  The 
threat  was  disregarded;  and  the  traders  were 
seized.  A  communication  was  immediately  opened 
along  French  Creek  and  Alleghany  River,  be- 
tween the  Ohio  and  Fort  Presqu'Ile  ;  and  troops 
stationed  at  convenient  distances,  were  sccun-d, 
by  temporary  works,  against  any  attack  of  small 
arms.  The  Ohio  company  made  loud  complaints : 
Lieutenant-Governor  Dinwiddle  laid  the  subject 
before  the  assembly  of  Virginia;  ami  despatched 
Major  Washington,  with  a  letter  to  the  French 
commander;  in  which  he  was  required  to  quit  the 
dominions  of  his  Britannic  majesty.  M.  Legjir- 
deur  de  St.  Pierre  transmitted  the  letter  to  the 
governor  of  Canada;  whose  orders,  he  said,  he 
should  implicitly  follow.  Early  in  the  spring  of 
1755,  Major  Washington,  on  the  death  of  iiis  colo- 
nel, took  the  command  of  a  regiment,  raised  in  V'ir- 
ginia,for  the  protection  of  the  frcmtiers.  H-  de- 
leated  a  parly  of  French  and  Indians,  under  Dijon- 
ville ;  and  was  proceeding  to  occupy  the  jxjst,  at 
the  fo  rk  of  the  Allegha  ny  and  Mononi;ahela  Rivers, 
when  he  was  met,  at  the  Little  Meadows,  by  a  su- 
perior force;  and,  after  a  gallant  defence,  was 
compelled  to  surrender.  The  French  had  already 
erected  thestronglortofDu(iuesne,ontheground 
of  which  he  had  intended  to  take  possession. 

The  provincial  governors  received  orders  from 
the  secretary  of  state,  to  repel  force  by  force  ;  and, 
if  practicable,  to  form  a  Union  among  the  several 
colonies.  Delegates  had  already  been  appointed 
to  meet  at  Alb.'iny,  for  the  purpose  of  conferring 
with  the  Five  Nations:  and  Governor  Shirley  re- 
commended, that  the  subject  ofunion  should,  also, 
be  discussed  at  the  convention.  The  commission- 
ers from  Massachusetts  had  ample  powers  to  co- 
operate in  tlij  formation  of  a  plan :  those  from  Ma- 
ryland were  instructed  to  observe  what  othersdid ; 
and  those  from  New  Hampshire,  KhoJe  Island, 
Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York, had  no 
instructions  at  all  on  the  suhlect.  As  soon,  how- 
ever, as  thefriendshipof  the  Indians  was  thought 
to  be  secured  by  a  distribution  til' presents,  the  de- 
legates appiiinteil  a  committee.  V'  devise  some 
scheme  for  tlie  proposed  confederation;  and  the 
committee  recommended  the  adoption  v^f  a  govern- 
ment anahuousto  that  of  the  individulU  f^olonies. 
There  wasto  be  a  grand  council,  composed  of 
deputies  from  the  several  nrovinces, — and  a  presi- 
dent-general, appointed  ny  the  crown,  with  tlie 
power  of  negativing  the  acts  of  the  council.  The 
Connecticut  deleirates  alone  dissented  from  this 
plan;  because,  as  they  said,  it  put  too  much  power 
mto  the  hands  of  the  crown.  It  was  rejected  in 
England  for  the  very  op|)osite reason;  and,  in  lieu 
of  it,  the  minister  proposed,  that  the  several  gover- 
nors, with  one  or  twoof  their  counsellors,  should 
meet  and  adopt  such  meaHUres  as  theeommon  safety 
might  demand.  But  this  scheme  was  defeated  b'v 
a  provision,  that  they  might  draw  upon  the  British 


treasury  Ibr  all  necessary  bums :  whicU  parliament 
would  undertake  to  repay,  by  im|)03ing  a  general 
tax  upon  the  colonies.  It  was  now  resolved,  there- 
fore, to  carry  on  the  war  with  British  troops;  and 
leave  the  provincial  legislatures  to  supply  such  re- 
inforcements as  each  was  willing  or  able  to  atlbrd. 

Early  in  1755,  General  firaddock  set  sail  from 
England,  with  a  respectable  Iwdy  of  troops;  and 
about  the  same  time,  Admiral  Boscawen  was  des- 
patched to  this  country,  in  order  to  intercept  a 
French  armament,  which  was  then  fitting  out  for 
Canada.  The  provincial  governors  met  General 
Braddock,  in  Virginia,  on  the  14th  of  April ;  and  it 
was  resolved  to  divide  the  campaign  into  three 
separate  expeditions; — the  firstagainst  I)u  (iuesiie, 
with  the  British,  Virginia,  and  Maryland  forces, 
under  General  Braddock  ;~tlie  second  against  Fort 
Frontignac,  with  the  Massachusetts  regulars,  un- 
der Governor  Shirley, — the  third  against  Crown 
Point,  with  New  England  and  New-York  troops, 
under  General  William  Johnson,  one  of  the  New 
York  council.  Massachusetts,  in  the  mean  time, 
undertook,  singly,  to  drive  the  French  from  Nova 
Scotia ;  and,  on  the  30th  of  May,  three  thousand 
troops  were  despatched  for  the  purpose,  under 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Wuislow.  They  arrived  at 
Anna|)olis  Royal,  on  the  28th;  anchored,  soon  af- 
ter, before  Fort  Lawrence,  in  Chenecto,  with  a 
fleet  of  forty  sail :  and,  being  joined  by  three  hun- 
dred British  troops,  with  some  artillery,  marched 
immediately  against  Beau  Sejour.  A  block  house, 
with  a  few  cannon,  and  a  breast-work,  with  a  few 
troops  behind  it,opposed  the  passajre  of  tl.c  Mussa- 
guash  ;  which,  according  to  the  French,  was  the 
western  limit  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  passage  was 
forced,  with  the  loss  of  one  man;  and  entrench- 
menLs  were  immediately  o]X'ned  before  Beau  Se- 
jour. The  garrison  surrendered  on  the  fifth  day  i 
Fort  Gaspereau  soon  followed  the  example  ;  tht 
appearance  of  three  twenty-gun  ships  imluced  the 
enemy  to  set  lire  to  his  worVts  at  St.  Johns ;  and 
thus,  in  the  single  month  of  June,  with  the  loss  of 
but  three  men,  the  English  gained  possessiim  of 
Nova  Scotia,  according  to  their  own  definition  of 
the  term. 

As  soon  as  the  convention  of  governors  w.isdis' 
solved.  General  Braddock  proceeded  to  the  post  at 
Well's  Creek,  whence  the  army  commenced  its 
march  about  the  middle  of  June.  Their  progress 
was  very  much  refcirded  by  the  necessity  of  cutting 
a  road ;  and,  lest  the  enemy  should  have  time  to 
collect  in  great  force,  the  general  concluded  to  set 
forward  with  1200  select  men,  while  Colonel  Dun- 
bar should  follow  slowly  in  the  rear,  with  thcmain 
body  and  the  heavy  baggage.  Colonel  Washing- 
ton's regiment  had  been  split  into  separate  compa- 
nies, and  he  had  only  joineil  the  army  as  aid  to  the 
general.  The  roughness  of  the  countiy  prevented 
the  advanced  corps  from  reaching  the  ftlononga- 
hela  till  the  8th  of  July.  It  was  resolved  to  attack 
Du  Quesne  the  very  next  day ;  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  Gage  was  sent  in  front  with  three  hundred 
British  regulars,  while  the  general  himself  followed 
at  some  distance  with  the  main  bod  v.  He  had 
been  strongly  cautioned  by  Colonel  NVashinirton 
to  provide  against  an  ambuscade,  by  semling  for- 
ward some  |)rovincial  companies  to  scour  the 
woods;  but  he  held  tlu;  provincials  and  the  enemy 
in  equal  contempt.  The  Mononirahela  was  cross- 
ed the  second  time,  about  seven  n:iles  frimi  Du 
Quesne  ;  and  the  army  was  piessinif  forward  in  an 
open  wood,  through  high  and  thirk  ijrass,  when  the 
front  was  suddenly  thrown  into  disorder  by  a  volley 
from  small  arms.  The  main  body  was  formed 
three  deep,  and  brouffht  to  its  support :  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  enemy  fell ;  and  a  cessation 
of  the  fire  led  General  Braddock  to  suppose  that 
the  assailants  had  fled ;  but  he  was  soon  attacked 
with  redoubled  fury.  Conrealed  behind  trees,  logs, 
and  rocks,  the  Indians  poured  upon  the  troops  a 
deadly  and  incessant  fire;  ofllcers  and  men  fell 
thickly  around,  and  the  survivors  knew  not  where 
to  direct  their  aim  to  revenge  their  slaugbtenvl 
comra<les.  The  whole  body  was  acain  thrown  into 
confusion ;  but  the  general,  obstinate  and  coura- 
geous, refViscd  to  retreat ;  and  Instead  of  withdraw 


ing  them  beyond  tiie  reach  of  the  enemy's  muskets, 
where  their  ranks  might  easily  have  been  formed 
anew,  undertmik  to  rullythem  on  the  very  ground 
of  attack,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  most  incessant  and 
leadly  fire.  He  persisted  in  these  ellbrts  until 
three  horses  had  been  shot  under  him,  and  every 
one  of  his  oflicers  on  horseback,  except  Colonel 
Washington,  was  either  killed  or  wounded.  The 
general  at  length  fell,  and  the  rout  became  univer 
sal.*  The  troops  fled  precijjitately  until  they  met 
the  division  under  Dunbar,  then  forty  miles  in  tlie 
rear.  Sixty-four  oflicers  out  of  eighty-five,  and 
about  half  of  the  privates  were  killed  or  wounded. 
General  Braddock  died  in  Dunbar's  camp;  and  the 
whole  army,  which  appears  to  have  been  panic 
struck,  marched  back  to  Philadelphia.  The  pro- 
vincial troops,  whom  Braddock  had  so  lightly  es- 
teemed, displayed  during  the  battle  the  utmost 
calmness  and  courage.  Though  placed  in  the  rear, 
they  alone,  led  on  by  Washington,  advanced  against 
the  Indians,  and  covered  the  retreat ;  and  had  they 
at  first  been  permitted  to  engage  the  enemy  in  their 
own  way,  they  would  easily  have  defeated  thcitu 
The  two  northern  expeditions,  though  not  so 
disastrous,  did  not  either  of  them  succeed  in  attain- 
ing the  object  proposed.  In  that  against  Crowr. 
Point  much  delay  was  occasioned  by  the  distracted 
councils  of  so  many  difleient  governments;  and  it 
was  not  till  the  last  of  August,  that  General  John- 
son, with  three  thousand  seven  hundred  men,  arri- 
ved at  the  fort  of  lake  George,  on  Ms  way  toTi- 
conderoga.  Meanwhile  the  French  !<quadron  had 
eluded  Admiral  Boscawen;  and,  as  soon  as  it  arri- 
ved at  Quebec,  Baron  Dieskaii,  the  commander, 
resolved  to  march  against  Oswego,  with  his  own 
twelve  hundred  regulars,  and  about  six  hundred 
Canadians  and  Iiulians.  The  news  of  General 
Johnson's  movement  determined  Dieskau  to  change 
his  plan,  and  to  lead  his  liirees  directly  against  the 
American  cnmp.  General  Johnson  called  for  rein- 
forcements: eight  hundred  troops,  raised  as  a 
corps  of  reserve  by  Massachusetts,  were  imme- 
diately ordered  to  his  assistance:  and  the  same  co- 
lony undertook  to  raise  an  additional  number  of 
two  thousand  men.  Cokmel  Williams  was  sent 
forward  with  one  thousand  men  to  amuse  and  re- 
connoitre the  enemy.  He  met  them  four  miles 
fnmi  the  camp,  oflered  battle,  and  was  defeated.t 
Another  detacliment  shared  the  same  fate;  nnd 
the  French  were  now  within  one  hundred  and  fifty 
yards  of  the  camp,  when  !i  halt  fiir  a  short  time  eiia- 
^)led  the  Americans  to  recover  their  alarm,  and  to 


*  nrnitilnck  wns  niortiillv  wouikU'H,  nnci  tnkon  nti 
snslics,  nt  first,  from  llin  liflil,  ond  llirii  n  liner  vio»  mnilo 
fur  liiiii,  on  wliicli  lie  wns  rniriii!  forty  inilc->  from  ilie  linl- 
III-  cioiniil.wlifre  he  rxiiirol  on  ilio  fieninirof  llie  fourth 
ilnv  nfiir  liis  di'font.  ^ovrn  liiinilrril  of  his  men  wiro 
kilieil,  imuMi!;  whom  wen'  Willinm  tSjiirlry,  of  llio  rtaff, 
nnd  rololiol  Sir  IVirr  llnllsot.  Aniline  llic  wonndnl, 
wero  Itohort  Ornio,  Rocor  Morris,  Sir  Jolnl  St.  Cliiir 
nnd  pcvrml  oilirri'  of  llii'  sinlT,  nnd  I.irntinnnt-rolonili' 
Hnlinn  nnd  (iiige.  Urndilork  wns  n  lirnvo  nnd  rxci-l 
lent  ofllror.  Ills  niistaliP  »np  in  not  sliiilunc  llio  rim 
racier  of  llifi  rnf-niy.  Fnmlilin  nd^iscd  liiin  Ii>  pro 
cenl  Willi  tlie  uliiiost  rnnlinn* 'ni'  'li''  rr"'"'  Eem'inl 
tllonclit  tlie  advi^e^  wns  u  miirli  lif'ttrr  idiilosoplier  llinn 
soldier. 

t  Ilendriek,  n  Molinwk  iliief,  wns  killed  in  this  Imllle. 
lie  wns  the  son  of  n  .Moliecnn  eliief,  liy  n  iMnlinwk  wn- 
miin.  He  mnrried  into  n  IMolinwk  fiiinily,  nnd  liec-nnie 
dislinciiislied  nnionn  the  six  nnlions.  His  fnme  esirndod 
to  .^Inssmhiisells,  for  ihiM'omniissloners,  in  17.51,  colistille'l 
iiini  on  the  Erent  qneslion  of  inslrnelinir  rrrtnin  voiillii) 
of  his  nnllon.  He  wns  friendly  to  llie  Enclisli ;  nnd  in 
this  hnlllenilh  Diesknn,  he  roiniiiiinded  three  hnnilrid 
.Mohnwks.  He  wns  crnve  nnd  sententious  in  coiinril, 
nnd  lirnve  In  liirhl.  Some  of  his  nphorisnis  nre  ns  wir-n 
ns  those  of  Solon.  When  it  »«s  proposed  to  send  (i 
detnehmenl  to  tlieel  ihe  enemy,  nnd  the  iiiiinher  lieinp 
menlinned,  he  replied:  "Ifl.iey  nrn  to  (ichl,  they  nre  loo 
few;  iflhey  nre  to  he  killed,  tliey  nre  loo  ninny."  When 
it  wns  proposed  to  send  out  the  delnehnient  in  lliree  pnr- 
lies,  Hendiiek  look  thrf e  sticks,  nnd  snid,  "  Put  iheni  in- 
celher,  nnd  voii  cnnnot  hrcnk  them;  Inke  ihein  one  hy 
ime,  nnil  voii  will  hrcnk  them  emily."  They  followed  llio 
ndvicc  ot'  the  old  wnrrior  in  this;  nn.l  Iind  they  recnrdi'il 
the  precnnliiins  he  siiccosted,  in  scoiirinir  ihe  (iehl 
hv  n  fl.ink  (riinrd,  Willinins  wouh.  not  liiivo  fnllen  into 
ihe  ninhusrnde.  Hcndriik  is  rer.  i  inhered  ninone;  the 
fricnd.s  of  white  men,  who  now  [.;iil  ilien  hnve  been 
found  in  the  dilfcrcnl  ngea  of  ou  liislory,  omong  In 
diuiu. 


'WBW 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


39» 


r's  muskets, 
ecn  formed 
ery  ground 
ccssanlaiul 
ellbrts  until 
,  and  every 
cpt  Colonel 
nded.    The 
anie  univer 
nil  tlicymct 
miles  ill  ttie 
ity-five,  and 
or  wounded, 
nip; and  the 

been  panic 
.  The  pro- 
80  lightly  ca- 

the  utmost 
>d  in  the  rear, 
[inced  against 
and  had  they 
•nemy  intheir 
■feated  them, 
lough  not  so 
eed  in  attain- 
rainat  Crowr. 
the  distracted 
ments ;  and  it 
jeneral  John- 
red  men,  arri- 
lis  w.iy  toTi- 
squadron  had 
ioonas  it  arri- 
c  commander, 

vith  his  own 
t  six  hundred 
vs  of  General 
skau  to  change 
tty  against  the 
called  for  rcin- 
1,  raised  as  a 
!,  were  imme- 
id  the  same  co- 
nal  number  of 
ams  was  sent 
amuse  and  re- 
■m  lour  miles 
ivas  defeated.! 
ame  fate;  and 
Indred  and  fifty 
ihort  time  eiia- 

alarm,  and  to 


nnil    tnkcn    on 

liltor  WOK  iimilo 

Jilpj  from  llir-  lial- 

[iiic  of  llic  fonrlh 

If  liis  nH'ii  wero 

llcv,  of  {\\e  f mil', 

Ic    the    v^nlindfil, 

Ijiilin   St.   rhiir 

liitinQnt-r'olonrl!' 

Irnvi'    ntui    rxci'l 

liiiUiiiff  llio  ilin 

nl'  liiiii    to    pro 

f    promi    cciirriil 

MiiluHoplitr  llinn 

III   in  llii"  linlili'. 

I  n  M(ilm»k   wo- 
|U.  iiTicI   ln'inm.' 

..i  fnuw  pxtrtxlrd 
li  IT.'tl,  coiisnlto'l 
rrrlniii  voiillm 
iKrmlisli;  "iiml '" 

II  lliri'O  liiimlriH 
X)U!)  in  ronnril, 
liiix  arc  Rp  wi:-R 
loiii'il  to  Hcnci  i> 
_  injiiiliiT  liiinc 
lilt,  tlicv  nri"  too 
liiintiv."  Wlii'n 
Ipnt  ill  ilirfe  pnr- 
J,  "  Put  iliriii  to- 
Ir  tiiolii  oiii'  ''^ 
liry  followed  ilm 

.,  they  rccniilt'il 
birine"  ll'o  fif^Iil 
nvo  fulloii  iolo 
oil  tinning  lhi» 
Ihcn  liavo  teen 
T)ry,  among    In 


nuike  good  use  of  their  artillery  through  the  filleii 
trees,  heliind  which  they  were  posted.  Dieskaii 
udViiiiced  to  the  charge;  hut  he  was  so  firmly  rc- 
ceiveil,  thai  the  Indians  and  militia  gave  way  and 
flod:  he  was  ohiigcd  to  order  a  retreat  of  the  regu- 
hrs;  and,  in  the  ardent  pursuit  which  ensued,  he 
was  hiinseH'inDrlally  wounded  and  made  prisoner.* 
A  scoiitinij  purty  had,  in  the  mean  time,  taken  the 
enemy's  baggage;  and  when  the  retreating  army 
came  up,  tlu'y  attacked  it  so  successfully  fromlie- 
liindthe  trees,  that  the  panic-struck  .soldiers  droj)- 
ped  all  their  accoutrements,  and  tied  in  the  utmost 
confusion  liir  their  posts  on  the  lakcs.f  This  vic- 
tory revived  the  spirits  of  the  colonists,  depressed 
by  the  recent  defeat  of  General  Braddock,but  the 
success  was  noi  improved  in  any  proportion  to  their 
e.xpectalion.  General  Shirley,  now  the  command- 
er in  cliii'f,  urged  an  attempt  onTiconderoga;  but 
a  CDitiicil  of  war  judging  it  unadvisahle,  Johnson 
einploycil  iheremaiiuLrof  the  campaign  in  lortify- 
mg  his  camp.  On  a  meeting  of  Commis.sioners 
from  Mnssachusetts  and  Coniiecliciit,  with  the  go- 
vern;)r  aiul  council  of  New- York,  in  October,  it 
was  unaniinously  agreed,  that  the  army  under 
General  Joliiison  should  be  discharged,  escepling 
si.'C  hundred  men,  who  should  be  engaged  to  garri- 
8iin  Fort  Kdward  and  Fort  AVilliam  Henry.  The 
Freucli  still  retained  possession  of  Ticonderoga, 
and  Ibrtilled  it. 

General  Sliirley,{  who  was  to  conduct  the  expe- 
dition against  Niagara  and  Fort  Frontignac,  expe- 
rienced such  delays,  that  he  did  not  reach  Oswego 
until  the  21st  of  August.  On  his  arrival,  he  made 
■M\  nec'ssary  i)repiiratioiis  for  the  expedition  to 
Niagara;  but,  lliroiigli  the  deserfinn  of  batteau- 
meii,  the  scarcity  ofwagiuison  Ihe  Mohawk  river, 
and  Ihe  djsertion  of.sleclgeineii  at  the  great  carry- 
ng  place,  the  conveyance  of  imivisions  and  stores 


*  John  llarrniniil  Dioxlt.iii,  Imron,  wan  n  linnlrnHnt- 
peniMiil  ill  the  h'n'nc'li  nriiiy.  In  17.i.'),  hn  loft  .Montioiil 
with  twelve  linnilreil  resiilara,  nnil  nix  liiinilieil  Ciiimili- 
iin»  nnil  liiilimis.  (leiienil  JoJinKoii,  with  three  tlioiisuiiil 
novoii  liiinilriMJ  ni"n,  iirriveil  ut  the  furt  of  Luko  (ieorce, 
on  his  way  to  'rirDniloro-:!!.  hiiroii  Die.'^kiltl,  heuriiiir 
of  thi.s  tnovoinoiu  of  (ieiioral  Johii:*oii,  insteiid  of  pro. 
eeeiling  to  Alhuiiy,  a.'^  wn.s  his  uriirinal  inlontion,  re- 
solved to  attack  ihe  .\nieriean  eainp.  A  reinliiroeineiit 
of  ei^hl  huiiilreil  troops  was  sent  tii  (ieneral  Johnson's 
as.siiianec;  nml  Colonel  Williams,  with  ciiic  thonsand 
men,  was  onioreil  to  reooniioitrc  the  eneniv.  He  met 
the  enemy  hut  was  defo,iteil,  and  loft  auioiij  the  slain, 
riie  loss  of  the  Kn-nili  was  also  eonsidor.ihio;  M.  t<t. 
Pierre,  eoniintiniler  of  the  Indians,  was  niortiillv  wound- 
I'd.  On  Ihe  same  day,  tlu:  ilth  of  rtejilomho'r,  Huron 
Dieskau  appealed  in  view  of  lieiiernl  Jiihnsoii's  arnu', 
wliiili  was  eiieampod  mi  the  hanks  of  Lake  fieorire, 
iefonded  on  eaell  side  liy  a  woody  Hwantp.  Tlie  Ame- 
ricans hiivini  recovered'  from  the  alnrni  whiih  their 
Hrst  disaster  hud  thrown  Iheni  into,  and  heini  stationed 
(lehiiid  sonic  fallen  trees,  their  superior  uitiintimi  erm- 
liled  llicni  to  make  Rood  use  of  their  uiiillorv.  Dieskaii, 
incoiirased  hy  his  previous  suceess,  niUa'nced  holdiv 
to  the  eharirii;  hut  liis  Indians,  iiiore  ncoiistoinod  to  the 
loiiittliawk  and  sealpinK  knife,  than  to  the  roar  of  o.inuon, 
fled  in  disiiniv.  His  auxiliary  troops  hoiii!;  so  dispersed, 
he  was  ohli^.  ,1  to  order  a  rol'reat  of  the  re^'lllurs.  In  the 
pursuit  which  liilloweil,  he  was  himself  Hounded.  A  sol- 
Jier,  se.'kin^- for  pliimlnr,  fiiiind  Dieskaii  nhiiie,  deserted 
liy  his  troops,  leanini;  on  the  stiimii  of  a  tree,  iiimhlo  to 
move  from  a  wound  in  his  lo;.  While  he  was  scarch- 
iui;  lor  his  watch,  to  deliver  to  him,  the  soldier  siippos- 
ilij?  he  was  seekiil'T  for  a  pistol,  poured  a  ollurse  throiish 
his  hips.  Hn  was  coiiveved  to  .New  Vork,  wheiv  he  was 
itteniled  hy  Dr.  Jones.  He  neier  enlip'lv  recovered  I'rmu 
Ihe  womi  I,  which  gradually  impaired  'his  ronstitniimi, 
inil  he  died  in  consequence'  of  it,  at  Siirene,  in  I'mnco, 
Heptemher  litli.  I7lir.  He  was  uiii|uo9ti(Hiahlv  a  general 
of  military  iskill. 

t  (ieneral  I'hineas  l.yman  was  second  in  oommniid 
hi  this  hatllo.     He  wns  a  hritve  man,  of  f.ir  superior  uhili- 

lies  to  Johnsmi;  and  when  the  in nnder-iii-chief  was 

woiiiiili'd,  (ieiKual  l.yma.  took  the  oommauil,  and  fouKlit 
oiil  the  haitle  most  gallantly.  I,\  .nan  was  u  man  of 
(irsl  rate  talents  and  education,  a  .'awvor,  and  a  slales- 
iiiun.  He  sustained  himself  for  five  hours,  on  that  dav, 
>nj  gave  his  orders  like  a  veteran  fohlier;  Imt  Johnson 
never  mentioned  his  iiunio  in  his  ooooiint  of  the  hattle, 
from  a  most  dcspicahio  I'eelinit  of  jealousv.  i.nnan  con- 
tinued for  several  oampaisns  to  comiiian'd  the'  Coniiecii- 
inl  troops,  and  won  laurels  in  every  nitiiation.  The  r  lose 
of  his  life  wan  dark  and  siid  ;  but  his  honour  was  never 
larnishcd. 

J  Sllilley  »«»  n  irood  lawyer,  and  a  hrave  ollieer.  He 
w««  o  nrnti  of  literary  taste  and  aeqiiirements.  Ho  nuli- 
lislivi  a  IragcJ)',  and  soiiie  oilier  dramatic  works. 


was  so  muchretarded,  that  nearly  four  weeks  elap- 
sed before  he  could  commence  any  further  opera- 
tions; and  from  a  continued  succession  of  adverse 
circumstances,  in  a  council  of  war  called  on  the 
2Stli  of  September,  it  was  unanimously  resolved  to 
defer  the  expedition  to  the  succeeding  year;  to 
leave  Colonel  Mercer  at  Oswego,  with  a  garrison 
of  seven  hundred  men,  and  to  build  two  additional 
fiirts  for  the  security  of  the  place ;  while  the  gene- 
ral should  return  with  the  rest  of  the  a  rmy  to  Alba- 
ny. Thus  ended  the  campaign  of  17.'i5:  it  opened 
with  the  brightest  prospects;  immense  preparations 
had  been  made,  yet  not  one  of  the  objects  of  the 
three  principal  expeditions  had  been  attained;  and 
by  this  failure  the  whole  frontier  was  exixised  to 
the  ravages  of  the  Indians,  which  were  accompa- 
nied by  their  usual  acts  of  barbarity. 

The  colonies,  however,  far  from  being  discoura- 
ged by  the  misliirtunes  of  the  last  campaign,  deter- 
mined to  renew  and  increase  their  exertions.  Ge- 
neral Shirley,  to  whom  the  6Ui)erinteiidcnce  of  all 
the  miliUiry  o|)eratioiis  had  been  confided,  as.sem- 
hled  a  council  of  war  at  New-York  to  concert  a  ])lan 
(iir  the  ensuing  year.  The  plan  adopted  by  the 
council  embraced  expeditions  agaiast  l)u  (iuesne, 
Niagara,  and  Crown  Point,  and  the  de.spatching  a 
body  of  Iroojjs  by  the  way  of  the  rivers  Kenneheck 
and  Chaudiere,  to  create  alarm  for  the  safety  of 
litiehec.  Major-General  Winslow*  was  appoinleil 
to  lead  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point.  He 
was  a  iKipiilar  ollicer,  and  the  colonists  felt  a  deep 
interest  in  the  expedition;  but,  for  want  of  an  esta- 
blished financial  sysleiii,  (llieir  only  taxes  were 
upon  hinds  and  polls,)  the  requi-site  fuiid.s  were  raised 
with  dillicully,  and  the  recruiting  service  made  very 
sknv  progress.  Only  seven  ihoiisaiid  men  assem- 
bled at  the  ixistson  Lake  George.  General  Wins- 
low  declared,  that,  without  more  Ibrces,  he  could 
not  undertake  the  expedition;  and  it  would  proba- 
bly have  been  abandoned, had  he  not  lu'eii  reinlbr- 
ceil  by  the  timely  arrival  of  some  British  troops. 
They  eatiie  over  with  General  Abercromliie,  who 
had  superseded  General  Shirley,  and  who  .soon 
alU'r  gave  ])lace  to  the  Earl  of  Loudon.  These 
changes  produeed  some  unpleasant  contests  for 
priiirity  of  rank.  General  Wiiislow  asserted  frank- 
ly, that  the  provincials  would  niver  he  commanded 
by  British  olficers;  and  the  Earl  of  Loudon  seri- 
ously pro[)ouniled  the  question,  whether  the  colo- 
nial troops,  with  his  majesty's  arms  in  their  hands, 
would  refuse  obedieiiee  to  his  majesty^  command- 
ers.' He  was  answered  in  the  allirniative;  and 
when  he  understood  thai  the  New  England  troops 
in  particular,  had  enlisted  under  the  condition  of 
being  led  hy  their  own  ollicers,  he  agreed  to  lei 
those  troops  act  separately. 

While  the  English  were  adjusting  these  difier- 
ences,  and  debatinir  whether  it  would  be  expedient 
lo  attack  ForlNiagara.or  Fort  Du  (iuesne,Mont- 
ealtii,  the  successor  of  Dieskau,  marched  against 
Osweiro  with  about  five  thousand  Fieiich,  Cana- 
dians, and  Indians.  His  artillery  played  with  such 
ell'ect  upon  the  fort,  that  it  was  soon  declared  unte- 
nable; and  lo  avoid  an  assaull,  the  ifarrison,  who 
were  sixteen  hundred  in  number,  and  had  stores  for 
five  months,  Kiirrendered  themselves  prisoners  of 
war.  The  (iirt  had  lieen  an  idiject  of  considerable 
jealousy  lo  Ihe  Five  Nations;  and  Monlealm  made 
a  wise  use  of  hiscoiujiiest  hy  demolishing  it  in  their 
presence.  The  Engliih  and  American  army  was 
now  thrown  upon  the  defensive.  Instead  of  at- 
tacking Ticoiiileroga,  General  Winslow  was  or- 
derid  lo  fortify  his  own  camp:  Major-General 
Webb,  with  fourteen  hundred  regulars,  took  jxisl 
near  Wood  Creek;  and  Sir  William  Johnson,  with 
one  thousand  militia,  was  stationed  at  the  German 
Flats.  The  colonists  were  now  called  upon  lor 
reinforcc^nents ;  and,  as  parliament  had  distri'tnttcd 


*  Winslow  wa:i  n  prandson  of  the  second  governor  of 
Plymouth,  of  that  name.  He  wns  eiiKatreil  as  a  captain 
in  the  expedition  to  rnlia.  in  1710;  as  a  mnjor-eeneral  in 
the  expediiions  to  Kemicheek,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Crown 
Point,  111  the  Spanish  wars.  The  hold  stand  ho  took  in 
favour  of  the  militia  at  that  lime,  has  hcjii  quoted  as  a 
precedent  since,  and  endeared  his  name  to  every  luvcr  of  I 
military'  honour.  1 


among   them  one  hundred  and  fiUeen  thouoand 
ix)unds  for  the  last  year's  expenses,  they  were  ena 
bled  to  answer  the  call  with  perhaps  more  prompt! 
tude  than  was  aniieipated.   The  recruits  were  on 
their  way  to  the  camp,  when  intelligence  of  the 
amall-pox  at  Albany  fiighiened  them  home  again. 
The  other  provincials  wne  equally  alarmed  ;"  and 
all,  except  a  New  Vork  regiment,  were  dismisseiL 
Thus  termii.aled  the  second  campaign.     The  ex 
pedition  tip  Ihe  Kenneheck  had  been  abandoned 
that   against  Niagara  was  not  commeiieeil;  and 
not  even    a  preparation   had  been  made  lor  that 
against  Du  tiiiesne. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  following  year  a 
council  was  held  at  Boston,composed  of  Lord  Lou 
don,  and  the  governors  of  the  New  England  prtv- 
vinces  and  of  Nova  Scotia.  At  this  council  hia 
lordship  projOTsed  that  New  England  should  raise 
four  thousand  men  for  the  ensuing  campaign;  and 
that  a  proportionate  number  should  be  misled  by 
New  York  and  New  Jersey.  These  requisitions 
were  complied  with;  and  in  the  spring  his  lordship 
found  himself  at  the  head  of  a  very  considerable 
army.  Admiral  Hollxiurn  arriving  in  the  hei'iii- 
ning  of  July  at  Halifax  with  a  powerful  .squadTon, 
and  a  reinfiircemcnt  of  five  thousand  British  troops, 
under  George  Viscount  Howe,  Lord  Loudon  sail- 
C(l  from  New  York  with  six  thousand  regulars,  lo 
join  those  troops  at  the  place  of  their  arrival.  In- 
stead of  the  complex  operations  undeilaken  in  jire- 
vious  camiiaigns,  his  lordship  liniited  his  phin  to  a 
single  object.  Leaving  the  posts  on  the  lakes 
strongly  garrisoned, he  rcsioived  lo  iliieet  his  whole 
disposable  force  against  Louishourg;  Halifax 
having  been  determined  onasihe  place  of  reiulc/- 
votts  for  the  fieet  and  army  destined  for  Ihe  expe- 
dition. Infiirnialion  was,  however,  soon  received, 
that  a  French  fleet  had  lately  flailed  from  Brest; 
that  Louislsiurg  was  garrisotied  by  six  thousand 
reiTiilars,  exclusive  of  provincials;  and  that  it  was 
also  defended  by  seventeen  line  of  hallle  shijis, 
which  were  moored  in  Ihe  hiirbotir.  There  beinc 
no  hope  of  success  against  so  liirmidahle  a  force. 
Ihe  enterprise  was  deferred  to  Ihe  next  year;  the 
general  and  admiriil  on  Ihe  last  of  Atintist  proceed- 
ed lo  New  Vork ;  and  the  provincials  were  dis- 
missed. 

The  Marquis  dc  Montcalm,  availing  himself  of 
the  absence  of  the  principal  jiart  ol  the  British 
force,  advanced  with  an  army  of  nine  thousand 
men,  and  laid  siejie  lo  Fort  W'illiain  Henry.  The 
L'arri.son  at  this  fort  consisted  of  iH'lweeii  two  and 
three  thousand  regulars,  and  its  fiirtificalions  were 
strong*  and  in  very  ifood  order;  and  for  the  addi- 
tional security  of  this  impiirtant  post.  General  Webb 
was  stationed  at  Fort  Edward  with  an  army  of  four 
thousand  men.  The  French  commander,  however, 
urged  his  approaches  with  such  vigour,  that  with- 
in six  d.ivs  after  the  inveslment  of  ihe  forl,Colone' 
Monro,  the  commandant,  having  in  vain  solicited 
succour  from  General  Webb,  fiiiind  it  necessary  lo 
surrender  by  capiftilation.  The  garri.son  wa.s  to 
he  allowed  ibe  honours  of  war,  audio  he  prolecled 
aijainsl  the  Indians  until  within  the  reach  of  Fort 
Edward  ;  but  the  next  niornitii',  a  great  number  of 
Indians  havitiir  been  permilledlo  enter  ihe  lines, 
herran  to])hiiider;  and  meeting  with  nooiposiiion, 
Ibey  fell  upon  the  sick  and  wounded  whom  they 
immediately  massacred.  Their  appetite  for  car- 
iiaije  being  exeiled,  the  deleneeless  troops  were 
attacked  with  lieiul-like  fiiiy.  Monro  in  vain  iin- 
jilored  Monlealm  to  provide  Ihe  stipulated  guard, 
and  the  massacre  proceeded.  AW  was  lurbulence 
and  horror.     On  every  side  savages  were  btitrher- 


This  is  a  great  mistake;  the  fort  was  Imilt  incrolv 
as  a  defence  against  Indians,  and  wns  entirely  iinlii  fiir 
a  siege,  hy  a  power  who  had  the  command  of  'ordnance. 
I'hn  lorl  wos  not  abandoned  till  the  last  shot  thev  had 
was  fired.  The  conduct  of  llic  bravo  and  gallant  Mont 
calm  is  iliexplicahle.  Conld  not  such  a  general,  with 
so  many  regular   troops,   have    restrained    the    li.iliansf 

His  n-putalion  was  witlionl  slain  niilil  that  I r.     Si.nm 

of  Ihe  disarmed  and  wretched  troops  wore  ccmipelli-j 
to  make  resistance,  and  wrenched  tlio  arms  from  iheit 
assailants,  and  dofondod  themsclies  with  desperatif.n. 
There  are  bliiod-staincd  pages  in  history  we  could  wish 
were  not  llicre.    I'hiu  is  one  uf  llicni. 


8S0 


THK   inSTORV   OK 


tag  anil  scnlpliig  llicir  wretched  vietiius.  Their 
iiideuus  yell.s,  the  groans  of  the  dying,  and  the  fran- 
tic shriekH  uf  utiiers  slirinking  Iroin  the  iiphfted 
tomahawk,  were  heard  by  the  French  unnioved. 
The  fury  of  the  savages  was  permitted  to  rage 
without  restraint  until  fifteen  hundred  were  killed, 
or  hurried  captives  into  tlie  wilderness.  The  day 
after  this  awful  tragedy,  Major  Putnam  was  sent 
with  his  rangers  to  watch  the  motions  of  the  enemy. 
When  he  came  to  the  shore  of  the  lake,  their  rear 
was  hardly  beyond  the  reach  of  musket  shot.  The 
prospect  was  horrible  in  the  extreme  ;  the  fort  de- 
molished ;  the  barrr.cks  and  buildings  yet  burning  ; 
inni'merable  fragintiits  of  human  carcasses  still 
broiled  in  the  decaying  fires ;  and  dead  bodies, 
mangled  with  tomahawks  and  scalping  knives,  in 
all  tiie  wantonness  of  Indian  barbarity,  were  every 
where  scattered  around.  Who  can  forbear  ex- 
claiming with  the  poet, 

"  Man  in  lo  man  tlio  surest,  sorest  ill '" 
Tluis  ended  the  third  campaign'  in  America; 
happily  forming  the  last  series  of  disasters  result- 
ing from  folly  and  mismanagement,  rather  than 
from  want  of  meiuis  and  military  strength.  The 
successes  of  the  French  left  the  colonies  in  a  gloomy 
state.  Hy  the  acquisition  of  Fort  William  Henry, 
they  had  obtained  full  possession  of  the  lakes  Cham- 
plain  and  George  ;  and  by  the  destruction  of  Oswe- 
go, they  bad  acquired  the  dominion  of  those  other 
lakes  which  connect  the  St.  Lawrence  with  the 
waters  of  Mississippi.  The  first  allorded  the  ea- 
siest admission  from  the  northern  colonies  into 
Canada,  or  from  Canada  into  those  colonies ;  the 
last  united  Canada  to  Louisiana.  By  the  continue<l 
possession  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  they  preserved  their 
.iscendcncy  over  the  Indians,  and  held  undisturbed 
control  of  all  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains.  The  British  nation  was  alarmed  and 
indignant,  and  the  king  found  it  necessary  to  change 
his  councils.  At  the  head  of  a  new  ministry,  he 
placed  the  celebrated  William  Pitt,  afterwards  Karl 
of  Chatham,  who  was  raised  by  his  talents  from  the 
humble  post  of  ensign  in  the  guards  to  the  control 
nf  the  destinies  of  a  mighty  empire;  under  his  ad- 
mmistratiou  public  confidence  revived,  and  the  ua- 


•  Willie  the  nnny  wns  in  winter  qnnrters,  a  circuin- 
HtQiue  occnri'ci),  w'liich  exiiiltits  tho  wtiteht'ul  jealous^' 
Iho  colonists  ever  exercised  over  ilioir  lihcrtics.  *'  The 
general  court  had  provided  harrncks  on  (Castle  Island, 
lor  a  resiment  itf  Highliuuiprs,  which  had  been  cxpect- 
td  at  Uoston.  SSonie  reerniting  ollicers  soon  aAerwards 
arrived  at   Nova    Scotiu;  and,    protesting;  that   (heir    re- 

f;imenta  vvouhl  never  ho  lillcd  up  if  the  men  iniist  he 
odgcd  in  these  barracks,  lliey  rO(|uircd  the  justices  u( 
the  poaco  to  furnish  quarters,  according  to  tho  act  of 
p&rliament.  The  justices  denied  thut  the  act  of  parlia- 
ment extended  to  this  country,  Lord  Loudoun  wrote 
(ho  court  a  letter,  and  asserted  roundly  that  it  did ;  that, 
moreover,  he  Imd  '  used  gentleness  and  patience'  lon<r 
enough ;  niul  thut  unless  the  requisitions  were  complieii 
with  in  forty-eight  hours  from  the  receipt  of  thia  letter, 
ho  shuuM  be  *  under  the  nect^ssily'  of  onlering  *  into 
noston  t\v:  llireo  hiilinlions  from  Now  Vork,  Long 
Island,  and  Connecticut;  and  if  more  were  wanting,  he 
had  two  in  the  Jerseys  at  hand,  besides  those  in  Penii- 
Bvlvania.*  Tho  general  court  now  pas-'ed  an  aet  very 
similar  to  thst  of  purtiunient,  on  the  subject  of  recruits; 
but  it  did  not  fully  answer  Lord  Loudoun's  expectations, 
nor  did  he  fail  to  let  thcin  know  it  in  a  second  epistle. 
The  answer  of  the  general  court  was  merely  a  reitera- 
tion of  what  we  have  so  often  beuid  from  the  same 
bodv.  They  asserted  their  ritihts  as  Knglishuien ;  paid 
they  had  coiiforined  lo  Ihe  act  of  parliuuieiit  as  nearlv 
us  (he  case  would  adiiiil:  and  tlcchircd  that  it  was  their 
misfortune,  if  a  strict  adherent^o  to  their  duty  should 
eive  olfmec  lo  Lord  L<iuduuii.  lie,  in  turn,  applauded 
tliB  zeal  of  the  pnivince  in  the  service  of  his  m.ijesiy, 
ttflfected  lo  rely  on  its  eouqiliitnce  with  his  wishes,  and 
cnunlennnnded  his  orders  for  the  manh  of  the  troops. 
The  general  court  sent  his  excellency  a  eoiliMliatory 
measage,  in  which  lliey  asserted  llial  they  were  entirely 
dependent  on  parliament;  that  its  arts  were  the  rule  of 
all  their  judicial  proceediiiirs ;  that  its  authority  had 
never  be'"i  questloniMt;  and  that  if  they  ha<l  not  made 
this  avj'val  *  in  times  past,  it  was  liecausc  there  had 
been  no  occa!<ion  for  it.*  Judge  Marshall  seems  to 
think  that  Oils  lum.Miace  was  sincere  hut  Mr.  Minot  at- 
tributes it  lo  the  riesire  of  the  cfiurt  to  keep  friends  with 
pnrltament  lill  ihey  were  reimbursed  for  the  expenses 
which  lll!*y  had  incurred  during  the  war.  The  truth  is 
prtibnblv  between  the  two  npinious." — ISandford'a  Hist. 
uf  the  Cuitcd  States,  p.  U5,  IK, 


t'on  seemed  inspired  with  new  life  and  vigour.f 
lie  was  equally  popular  in  both  hemi-.qilieres  ;  and 
so  promptly  did  the  governors  of  tho  northern  colo- 
nies obey  the  requisitions  of  his  circular  letter  of 
I7,'i7,  that  by  May,  in  the  following  year,  Massa- 
chusetts, had  seven  thousand,  Connecticut  live 
thousand,  and  New  Hampshire  three  thousand 
troops,  prepared  to  take  the  field.  The  zeal  of 
Massachusetts  was  particularly  ardent.  The  peo- 
ple of  Boston  su]ifjorted  taxes  which  took  away  two 
thirds  of  4he  income  on  real  estate ;  one  half  of  the 
etfective  men  in  the  province  were  on  some  sort  of 
military  duty ;  and  the  transports  for  carrying  the 
troops  to  Halifax  were  ready  to  sail  in  fourteen 
days  from  the  time  of  their  engagement.  The 
mother  country  wa<!  not  less  active.  While  her 
fleets  blockaded  or  captured  the  French  armaments, 
she  despatched  Admiral  Uoscaweu  to  Halifax  with 


1 "  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chalham,  one  of  the  most 
able  and  successful  ministers  that  England  ever  pos- 
sessed, woa  horn  November  15,  17U8,  and  was  the  son 
of  llohert  Pitt,  Esq.  of  Itoconnock,  in  Cornwall.  His 
education  he  received  at  Eton,  and  nt  Trinity  College, 
Oxford.  His  entrance  into  public  lilb  was  us  a  cornet 
of  horse;  and  in  1735,  through  the  inllueiicc  of  the 
Ouctiess  Dowager  of  Marlborough,  he  was  relnrncd  to 
parliament,  as  member  fur  Old  Sarum.  He  subsefjiient- 
ly  sat  for  fjeafurd,  Aldhorough,  and  Uatli.  As  a  sena- 
tor, he  soon  reiiden!d  himself  so  obnoxious  to  Walpide, 
that  the  minister,  with  equal  injiistii'o  und  impolicy,  do- 
priveil  him  of  his  connnission.  This  uneonsiilutioual 
act  only  enhanced  his  piqiularity,  and  sharjiencd  his 
resenlment.  After  having  been  ten  years  in  opposition, 
he  was,  early  in  17'1(),  appointed  joint  vicc-treaBurer  ot' 
Ireland;  and,  in  Iho  same  year,  treasurer  und  puyinas- 
ler  general  of  the  army,  and  a  privy  counsellor.  Du- 
ring his  Ircasnrership,  'he  iuvarial>ly  refused  to  hcnelii 
hy  tho  large  balances  of  immey  which  nei^essarilv  re- 
mained in  his  hands.  In  1755,  ho  wna  diinisscfi;  in 
I75t;,  he  obtained  a  brief  reinstatement  in  power,  as  i'C- 
cretary  of  state,  and  was  again  dismissed ;  hut,  in  1757, 
defeat  and  ilisgracc  having  fallen  on  the  country,  the 
ununimous  VDice  of  the  peoj)lc  compelled  the  sovereign 
to  place  him  at  tho  head  of  the  ailministralion.  Uuder 
his  auspices,  Itriluiii  was,  during  four  years,  irinmphant 
in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  Tliwin-ted  in  his  mea- 
sures, after  the  accnssiim  (d"  (jeorge  III.,  he  resigned,  in 
October,  17G1,  an  ollice  which  ho  could  no  longer  hold 
with  honour  to  himself,  or  advantage  to  the  nation.  A 
peii-^ion  was  grunted  to  him,  and  his  wife  was  created 
a  baroness.  On  tho  downfall  of  the  Uockinglmin  ad- 
ministration, Pitt  was  a])pointed  lor<l  privy  seal,  and  wus 
raised  to  the  peerage,  with  the  title  of  Earl  of  Chulhaui. 
Ho  uc(|uired  no  glory  us  one  of  tho  new  and  ill-ussoricd 
ministry,  and  ho  withdrew  from  it  in  INuvcnihcr,  17l>!t. 
TImugfi  snlfering  severely  from  gout,  he  ctuintinued  lo 
speak  in  parliament  upon  all  imporlant  questions.  The 
American  war,  in  pnrlieulur,  ho  opposed  with  all  his 
wonteil  vigour  and  talent.  On  the  lUli  of  April,  177U, 
while  rising  to  speak  in  the  housr  of  lords,  he  till  into 
u  eonviilsivo  fit,  and  he  expired  on  the  I  lib  of  the  lid- 
lowing  May.  Ho  was  interred,  and  a  luonument  raised 
to  him,  in  Westminster  Abliey,  at  the  ptihlic  ex'pense ; 
and  a  perpetual  iinnuity  nf  '4000/.  was  granieil  lo  his 
heirs.  Somo  short  pocnis,  and  a  volume  of  leilers  to  his 
nephew,  have  appeared  in  print.  The  idiaractcr  of  Loril 
Chnthuin  is  thus  ably  summed  hv  Grnllun :  *  There 
was  in  this  man  something  that  could  create,  subvert,  or 
n^tiirm;  an  untlerstanding,  a  spirit,  and  an  cloi|uen(;e, 
to  summon  nuiukiud  lo  society,  or  to  break  the  bonds 
of  slavery  asunder,  and  to  rule  the  wilderness  of  free 
ininfts  vviih  unbounded  authority;  something  that  could 
establish  or  overwhelm  empire,  and  strike  a  blow  ia 
the  world  lliat  should  resonnu  ihrouiih  the  universe.*  '* 

In  America,  his  name  was  held  in  the  highest  esti- 
mation. Every  patriot  did  him  lionimr.  Country  signs 
horo  his  semhlance,  or  something  the  people  thought 
like  bis  iiohle  features.  In  the  town  of  Dedliani,  in 
jMassscliMselis,  Nathaniel  Ames,  the  father  of  the  greal 
orator,  I*'isher  Ames,  a  physician,  philosopher,  and  itui- 
ihemutician,  erected  a  granite  roluinn  to  his  niemory, 
and  suriuounled  it  by  a  bust  of  the  greal  friend  uf  liber- 
ty. Il  was  thrown  down  by  lime,  and  snffereil  to  lie  in 
neglect  for  many  years;  but  il  has  since  been  renova- 
ted, and  stands  now  a  monument  to  departed  genius  and 
palrioiism.  "  Ifis  elonuenee  formed  an  era  in  our  lan- 
guage ;*'  and  the  fire  lie  brealhed  into  the  soul  of  free- 
(bnn,  has  not,  and  wn  trust  never  will,  be  extinguished, 
(ienins,  united  to  letters  and  patriotism,  can  never  die. 
Wo.  forgive  his  last  ni'l ;  it  was  one  of  feeling  and  of 
national  pride.  Lord  Cballium  aided  the  projectors  of 
canals  with  his  whulo  soul,  while  politicians  thought  he 
had  better  have  been  doing  almost  any  thing  else  ;  but 
his  sagacity  has  been  proved  by  the  wonderful  advan- 
tages which  have  resulted  to  the  natitm  from  canals, 
tiratinn  should  have  added,  that  /re  fttrpttnw  Ihe  renottrect 
of  tkf  tuition,  ami  rmntnenceii  their  devplopemt'itt ;  if  not  so 
rlietorical,  it  would  have  been  lilerully  true;  and  oven 
the  beauty  of  prophecy  is  lis  fulfilinciit. 


I  a  formidable  squadron  of  ships,  and  an  army  of 
'  twelve  thousand  men.  Lord  Loudoun  was  repla- 
ced by  (iencral  Aberconibie,  who,  early  in  the 
spring  of  IT.IS,  was  ready  to  enter  upon  the  cam 
paign  nt  the  head  of  fifty  thousand  men,  the  most 
])owcrful  army  ever  seen  in  America. 

Three  points  of  attack  were  marked  out  for  thia 
campaign ;  the  first,  Louisbourg  ;  the  second.  Ti- 
eondcroga  and  Crown  Point;  and  the  third.  Fort 
Du  Quesne.  On  the  first  expedition  Admiral  Bo3 
cawen  sailed  from  Halifax  on  the  ^Sth  of  May, 
with  a  fleet  of  twenty  ships  of  the  line  and  eighteen 
frigates,  and  an  army  of  fourteen  thousand  men, 
under  the  command  of  (icner.il  Amherst,  and  arri- 
ved before  Louisbourg  on  the  2d  of  June.  TLu 
garrison  of  that  place,  commanded  by  the  Chevalier 
de  Dnicourt,  an  officer  of  courage  and  experience, 
was  composed  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  regu- 
lars, aided  by  six  hundred  mililia.  The  harbour 
being  secured  by  five  ships  o^'tlic  line,  one  fifty  gun 
ship,  and  five  frigates,  three  of  which  were  sunk 
across  the  mouth  of  the  basin,  it  was  found  necea 
sary  to  land  at  some  distance  from  the  town.  This 
being  cH'ected,  and  the  artillery  and  stores  brongh 
on  shore,  (Jeneral  Wolfe  was  detached  with  two 
thousand  men  to  sei/.e  a  post  occupied  by  the  enemy 
at  the  Lighthouse  Point,  from  which  the  ships  in 
the  harbour,  and  the  fortifications  in  the  town, 
might  be  greatly  annoyed.  On  the  approach  of 
that  gallant  ofticor,  the  post  was  abandoned  by  tho 
enemy,  anil  and  several  strong  batteries  were 
erected  there  by  their  opponents.  Approaches 
were  also  made  on  the  op|iositc  side  of  tl«!  town, 
and  the  siege  was  pressed  with  resolution  and  vi- 
gour, though  with  great  caution.  A  very  heavy 
cannonade  being  kept  up  against  the  town  and  the 
vessels  in  the  harbour,  a  bomb  w;is  at  length  set  on 
fire  and  blew  up  one  of  the  largest  ships,  and  the 
llaiiies  were  communicated  to  two  others,  which 
shared  the  same  t'ate.  Tho  Knglish  admiral  now 
sent  six  hundred  men  in  boats  into  the  harbour,  to 
make  an  atlompt  on  two  ships  of  the  line  which  still 
remained  in  the  basin  ;  one  of  which,  being  aground, 
was  destroyed,  and  the  other  was  towedolf  in  tri- 
umph. This  gallant  exploit,  pulling  the  Knglish 
ill  complete  possession  of  the  harbour,  and  several 
breaches  being  made  practicable  in  the  works,  tho 
place  was  deemed  no  longer  defensible,  and  the 
governor  otl'eied  to  capitulate.  It  was  reipiired 
that  the  garrison  should  surrender  as  prisoners  nf 
war.  These  liiimilialing  terms,  lliougli  at  first  re- 
jected, were  afterwards  acceded  to ;  and  Louis- 
bourg, with  all  its  artillery,  provisions,  and  military 
stores,  as  also  Island  Koyal,  ISt.  .lohn'.s,  and  their 
dependencies,  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Kng- 
lish, who,  without  farther  dilficiilly,  took  possession 
of  the  island  of  t^'ape  Breton.  The  coii(|iierois 
found  two  liundreil  and  twenty-one  pieces  of  can- 
nun,  and  eighteen  mortars,  with  a  very  large  i^uan- 
tity  of  stores  and  ammunition.  The  inhabitants 
of  Cape  Bip'on  were  sent  to  France  in  Knglish 
ships ;  but  .he  garrison,  sea  oflicers,  sailors,  and 
marines,  (imoiinling  collectively  lo  nearly  six  thou- 
sand men,  were  carried  prisoners  to  Kngland. 

The  armies  destined  to  execute  the  plans  against 
Ticondcroga  and  Fort  Du  Quesne  were  appointed 
to  rendezvous  respectively  at  Albany  and  Pliiladel- 
))hia.  The  first  was  commanded  by  (ieneial  Aber- 
croinbie,  and  consisted  of  upwards  of  fifteen  thou 
sand  men,  atleiidiil  by  a  fiirmiilable  train  of  artille- 
ry. On  llie  .Illi  of  .Inly,  the  general  einbaiKeil  hi" 
triMips  on  I,ake  (ieorge,  on  board  of  one  htii:iirPil 
and  twenty-five  whale  boats,  and  nine  hnndieii 
batteaux,  and  commenced  operations  against  Ti- 
cotideidga.  After  debarkation  at  the  landing  placo 
in  a  cove  on  the  west  side  of  '.he  lake,  the  troops 
were  formed  into  four  columns,  the  Itritisli  in  the 
centre,  and  the  provincials  on  the  flanks.  In  tliL« 
order  they  marched  toward  the  advanced  guard  of 
the  French,  which,  consisting  of  the  battalion  on- 
I  Iv,  posted  in  a  logged  camp,  destroyed  what  was  in 
llinir  power,  and  made  a  precipitate  retreat.  While 
Abercromliie  was  continuing  irs  inarch  in  I  lie 
woods  towards  Ticondcroga,  the  eiiliimiis  weio 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  in  some  degree  entan- 
gled Willi   each  other.    At    this  juncture,  Lord 


|k» 


TiviiiilintwiTir"  friTrr'iiiiniiiiiaHriii 


tmrniesmsMfixm^-^' 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


8S7 


I  ill!  army  of 

imii  WHS  rcplu- 
vM\y  ill  the 
ij|i(in  tlic  cam 
iiu'ii,  the  inoat 

ed  oitt  for  tbi« 

lie  second.  Ti- 
the third,  Fort 
I  Adniiiai  Bos 
8th  of  May, 
ic  and  eighteen 
ilioMsand  men, 
ilicist,  and  arri- 
of  June.     TLo 

y  the  (Jlievalier 
luid  oxperienco, 

hundred  regu- 
T)ie  harbour 
le,  one  fifty  gun 
liich  were  sunk 
as  found  neces 
he  town.     This 

stores  hrough 
iched  with  two 
ed  by  tlie  enemy 
lich  the  ships  in 
s  in  the  town, 
le  approach  of 
bandoned  by  the 

batteries  were 
ts.  Approaches 
ide  of  tlw!  town, 
esohilion  and  vi- 
A  very  heiivy 
the  town  and  the 
s  at  lcnf;lh  set  on 
t  sliipH,  and  tlie 
0  (ilhers,  wliich 
hsh  inhniral  now 

0  the  harbour,  to 
le  hne  which  still 
h,  being  aground, 

1  toHcil  olf  in  tri- 
ting  the  Knglish 
bonr,  and  several 
in  the  works,  the 
•fcnsible,  and  the 

It  was  required 
'r  as  prisoners  of 
ihougli  at  first  re- 

to  ;  anil  Louis- 
ions,  and  military 

.lohn's,  and  their 
hands  <if  the  Kng- 
V,  took  possession 

'I'lie  enni|ueror3 
me  pieces  of  can- 
a  very  large  quan- 
Tlie  inhabitants 
"ranee  in  Knglish 
fleers,  sailors,  and 

0  nearly  six  thou- 
to  Kngland. 

!■  the  plans  against 
le  were  appointed 
)any  and  I'hiladel- 

1  by  (icncial  Aber- 
lis  of  fiflceii  thou 
bic  Main  of  artil'.e 
icral  emliai'ked  lii" 
d  of  one  linniired 
ind  nine  hundieti 
atinns  against  Ti- 
t  the  landing  place 
he  lake,  the  troops 

the  Drilish  in  the 
he  flanks.  In  this 
advanceil  guard  ol 
if  the  battalion  on- 
troyed  what  «as  in 
lie  retreat.  While 
n's  march  in  ilic 
the  columns  weio 
ome  degree  enlan- 
i«   juncture,  Lord 


tlowc,  at  the  head  of  the  right  centre  column,  fell 
iu  with  a  part  of  the  advanced  guard  of  the  enemy 
whicli  liad  been  lost  in  the  wood  in  retreating  from 
Lake  (Jeoige,  and  immediately  attacked  and  dis- 
persed it.  killing  a  considerable  number,  and  taking 
one  hundred  aiid  forty-eight  prisoners.  This  suc- 
cess was,  however,  dearly  purchased,  by  the  loss 
of  the  gallant  nobleman  who  fell  in  leading  the  at- 
tack." Tlie  Knglish  army,  without  farther  oppo- 
sition took  possession  of  a  post  within  two  miles  of 
'J'iconderoga.  Abercrombie,  having  learned  from 
the  prisoners  the  strength  of  the  enemy  at  that  for- 
tress, and  from  an  engineer  the  •Jiidition  of  their 
works,  resolved  on  an  immediate  storm,  and  made 
instant  disposition  for  an  assault.  The  troops  hav- 
ing received  orders  to  march  up  briskly,  rush  upon 
the  enemy's  fire,  and  reserve  their  own  till  they  had 
passed  a  breastwork,  marched  to  the  assault  with 
great  intrepidity.  Unlooked  for  impediments,  how- 
ever, occurred.  In  front  of  the  breastwork,  to  a 
considenible  distance,  trees  had  been  felled  with 
their  branches  outward,  many  of  which  were  sharp- 
ened to  a  point,  by  means  of  which  the  assailants 
were  not  only  retarded  in  their  advance,  but,  be- 
coming entangled  among  the  boughs,  were  exposed 
to  a  very  galling  fire.  Finding  it  impracticable  to 
pass  the  breastwork,  which  was  eight  or  nine  feet 
high,  and  much  stronger  than  had  been  represented, 
'Jeneral  Abercrombie,  after  a  contest  of  near  four 
hours,  ordered  a  retreat,  and  the  next  day  resumed 
his  former  camp  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  George. 
In  this  brave  but  ill-judged  assault  nearly  two  thou- 
sand of  the  assailants  were  killed  and  wounded, 
» iiile  the  loss  of  the  enemy,  who  were  covered  du- 
ring the  whole  action,  was  inconsiderable.  Gene- 
eral  AbercroHibie  immediately  re-crossed  Lake 
George,  and  entirely  abandoned  the  project  of  cap- 
turing Ticonderoga.f 

The  campaign  was  not  destined,  however,  to 
close  with  such  ill  success.  Colonel  Uradstreet 
proposed  an  expedition  against  Fronlignac  ;  a  fort 
which,  by  being  placed  on  the  north  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  just  where  it  issues  from  Lake  Ontario, 


*  (ji-oigD  llowo,  lonl-viscoiint,  was  coniiimnder  of  live 
dioiisanil  Itritisli  troops  in  Americii,  niid  »ns  llic  most 
licipnliir  of  all  die  Icaiiers  of  the  llritisli  Armies,  in  llie 
coulliets  Willi  rruiicp.  Wlicn  Abercroiiibic  iiiadu  his  bi- 
liiek  on  Tiooiiilerega,  he  led  the  vun-giiard,  and  fell  at 
Ihn  firsi  fire.  He  wasadiiiireil  hy  all  the  proviiuiuls.  Old 
•Soirk,  die  hero  of  IlcniiiiiKlon,  who  knew  him  well,  fcar- 
I'll  lllut  he  alliiolil  not  have  boon  a  true  whig  ill  die  rev- 
olution, it'  Lord  Howe  had  been  alive.  His  death  wua 
moiininil  as  u  pulilie  ealaniily,  and  the  Americans  seem- 
ed to  lose  llieir  spirit  iu  his  fall.  'I'lic  good  people  of  iMas- 
eachiiseliB  caught  the  iiifeeiiun  of  grief  from  the  soldiers, 
mid  erected  a  momimeiit,  liv  periiii.-siou  for  their  aJmircil 
Ijclieral,  iu  Wostmiuster  Abbey,  at  their  own  expense,  of 
two  hundred  ami  fifty  pounds  slciliug.  It  is  slid  alaniiiiig 
ill  Westminster  Ahhev. 

f  Major  Iloiiers,  with  his  rangers,  was  in  this  battle,  anil 
ashed  permission  to  seimr  the  woods  hefori!  the  reiriilar 
Iroiipa  were  led  on  ;  but  this  was  not  granteil.  .'Mnjor 
Robert  Rogers  wa.i  a  native  of  Loniloiulerry,  or  Diililiar- 
lon,  in  the  state  of  New  Hampabin>.  He  was  early  known 
as  a  brave  soldier,  ami  was  anthori/.eil  liy  the  Itiiiisli  <iov- 
crninenl  to  raise  five  cninpanies  of  rnngers,  ns  ilicy  were 
called.  Tliev  were  kept  on  the  frontiers  fiir  winter  as 
well  ao suninier  snrviee,  lo  wnteh  the  hostile  Inilians,  who 
oficn,  in  the  most  inelcnient  seasoii,  made  attacks  on  the 
defenceless  iiiliahi'ants  of  the  frontiers.  This  hoily 
uf  troops  was  taken  tuun  llie  boldest  and  hardiest  of  the 
yeoinanry  of  the  land.  'I'licy  were  doubly  armed,  niid 
carried  with  ihcni  snovz-Bhoes  and  skates  for  service. 
They  generally  made  their  head-iiuarters  at  the  south- 
ern cxtremilv  of  Lake  CJeorge.  Their  siiow-shocB  put 
them  on  nnccpinlitv  widi  their  foes,  and  with  their  skatCB 
they  had  greatly  "I'le  advantage  of  die  Indiana.  Stark, 
Putnam,  and  several  others,  who  wcr«  distinguished  af- 
terwards in  the  revolutionary  war,  wore  trained  iu  this 
«ehnol.  Some  of  the  well  authonlieatcd  exploits  of  this 
nnrdv  baud,  seeni  like  romance  to  ua  in  the  present  day. 
Alliilong  the  borders  of  Ijike  George,  spots  are  shown 
where  tho  rangers  fought  desperate  battles,  in  the  win- 
ler  season,  aonietiniea  wiili  more  llinii  twice  iheir  niim- 
fcera.  'I'liia  corps  fought  from  seventeen  biindred  and  fifty- 
(ive  lo  the  fall  of  (iiielicc,  in  seventeen  hiindn'd  and  fifly- 
iiine.  They  were  nut  fiireniosi  in  battle  by  Abcrcroni- 
llie  anil  Amherst,  and  some  of  them  were  sent  lo  assist 
\Voll'e.  Rogers  slates  in  bis  journal  of  theao  eanipnigiis, 
that  their  packs  were  generallv  of  twice  the  weight  of 
those  rommoolv  earned  by  soldiers,  iMany  of  this  band 
perished  in  llieii  frontier  campaigns.  Kor  some  pnriieii- 
iars  in  the  life  of  this  must  singular  man,  see  Allen's  Bio- 
([rnpliy. 


was  the  key  to  the  communication  between  Canada 
and  Louisiana.  It  served  also  to  keep  the  Indians 
in  subjection,  and  was  the  general  repository  of 
stores  for  the  enemy's  western  and  southern  posts. 
Late  in  the  evening  of  the  2uih  of  August,  Colonel 
Uradstreet  lauded  within  a  mile  of  the  place,  with 
three  thousand  men,  eight  pieces  of  cannon,  and 
three  mortars.  The  French  had  not  anticipated 
an  attack  at  this  point,  and  tho  garrison  consisted 
of  only  one  hundred  anil  ten  men,  with  a  few  Indian 
auxiliaries.  It  was  iiupossible  to  hold  out  long. 
Colonel  Bradstreet  posted  his  mortars  so  near  the 
fort,  that  every  shell  took  ell'cct ;  and  the  comman- 
der was  very  soon  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion. 
The  booty  consisted  of  sixty  pieces  of  cannon, 
great  numbers  of  small  arms,  provisions,  military 
stores,  goods  to  a  large  amount,  and  nine  armed 
vessels  of  from  eight  to  eighteen  guns.  Colonel 
Bradstreet  destroyed  the  fort  and  vessels,  re-cross- 
ed the  Ontario,  and  returned  to  the  army. 

Had  it  not  been  for  this  fortunate  enterprise,  the 
unaccountable  delay  in  preparing  the  expedition 
against  Du  Quesne  would  probably  have  left  that 
fort  a  third  time  in  possession  of  the  enemy.  It  was 
not  until  June  that  the  commander.  General  Forbes, 
set  out  from  Philadelphia  ;  it  was  .September  before 
Colonel  Washington,  with  the  Virginia  regulars, 
was  ordered  to  join  the  main  body  at  Kay's  Town  ; 
and  owing  to  the  difTiculties  of  cutting  a  new  road, 
it  was  as  late  as  November  when  the  army  appear- 
ed before  Du  Quesne.  The  garrison,  deserted  by 
the  Indians,  and  without  adequate  means  of  defence, 
had  escaped  down  the  Ohio  the  evening  before  the 
arrival  of  the  British,  who  had  only  lo  take  posses- 
sion, therefore,  in  the  king's  name.  The  fort  was 
supplied  with  a  new  garrison,  and  the  name  chan- 
ged to  Pittsburgh.  The  Indians,  as  usual,  joined 
the  strongest  side.  A  peace  was  concluded  with  all 
the  tribes  between  the  Ohio  and  the  lakes;  and  the 
frontier  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia,  were  once  more  relieved  from  the  terrors 
of  fire  and  scalping  knives. 

The  campaign  of  17;38  was  highly  honorable  to 
the  British  arms,  and  the  results  of  it  very  impor- 
tant. Of  the  three  expeditions,  two  had  completely 
succeedcd^  and  the  leader  of  the  third  had  made  an 
important  contpiest.  To  the  commanding  talents 
of  Pitt,  and  the  confidence  which  they  inspired,  this 
change  of  fortune  must  be  chiefly  attributed  ;  and 
in  no  respect  were  these  talents  more  strikingly  dis- 
played than  in  the  choice  of  men  to  execute  his 
plans.  The  advantages  of  this  campaign  had,  how- 
ever, been  purchased  by  an  expensive  cfl'ort  and 
corresponding  exhaustion  of  provincial  strength  ; 
and  when  a  circular  letter  from  Mr.  Pitt  to  the  se- 
veral governors  induced  the  colonies  to  resolve  up- 
on making  the  most  vigorous  preparations  for  the 
next,  they  soon  discovered  that  their  resources  were 
by  no  means  commensurate  with  their  zeal. 

Notwithstanding  these  difliciiltics,  it  was  resol- 
ved to  signalize  the  year  1759  by  the  complete  coii- 
(liiest  of  Canada.  The  plan  of  the  campaign  was, 
that  three  powerful  armies  should  enter  the  French 
possessions  by  three  dilierent  routes,  and  attack  all 
their  strong-holds  at  nearly  the  same  time.  At  the 
head  of  one  division  of  the  army,  Brigadier-Gene- 
ral Wolfe,  a  young  officer  who  had  signalized  him- 
self at  the  siege  of  Loiiisbourg,  was  to  ascend  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  lay  siege  to  Quebec,  escorted  by 
a  strong  fleet  to  co-operate  with  his  troops.  r."he 
central  and  main  army,  composed  of  British  s  iid 
provincials,  was  lo  be  conducted  against  Ticon.le- 
roga  and  Crown  Point  by  General  Amherst,  the  new 
commander  in  chief,  fclin,  afier  making  himself 
master  of  these  places,  was  to  proceed  over  Lake 
Champlain  and  by  the  way  of  the  Richelieu  River 
to  the  Si.  Lawrence,  and  ifescending  that  river,  form 
a  junction  with  General  Wolfe  before  the  walls  of 
Quebec.  The  third  army,  to  be  composed  princi- 
pally of  provincials,  reitiUirccd  by  a  strong  body  of 
friendly  Indians,  was  lo  be  commanded  by  General 
Prideaux,  who  was  to  lead  this  division  first  against 
Niagara,  and  aftci  the  reduction  of  that  place,  to 
embark  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  proceed  down  the  St 
Lawrence  against  Montreal,  It  has  been  observed 
by  a  recent  author,  "  Had  tho  elements  been  laid, 


and  the  enemy  spell-bound,  the  whole  ol  this  bril- 
liant plan  could  not  have  helgied  succeeding."  This 
sentence,  however,  betrays  a  very  limiled  view  of 
a  plan  that  was  well  worthy  of  the  mind  of  I'itt.  In 
this  arrangement  immediate  advantage  was  not  sac- 
rificed ;  while  the  more  remote  results  exhibited  a 
prospect  highly  calculated  to  excite  the  ambition  o( 
the  leaders,  and  to  arouse  all  the  energies  of  the 
troops.  It  is  in  thus  ad'ording  motives  which  tend 
to  bring  physical  force  into  most  elVeclive  and  per- 
severing action,  that  intellectual  superiority  becomes 
manifest,  confounding  the  calculations  of  ordinary 
minds. 

Kaily  in  the  winter.  General  Amherst  commen- 
ced preparntions  fiir  his  part  of  the  enterprise  ;  but 
it  was  not  till  the  last  of  May  that  his  troops  were 
assembled  at  Albany  ;  and  it  was  ns  late  as  the  22<1 
of  .Inly,  when  lie  appeared  before  Tieonderoga.  As 
the  i-aval  superiority  of  Great  Britain  had  preven- 
ted France  from  sending  out  reinforcements,  none 
of  the  posts  in  this  quarter  were  able  to  -.vithstand  so 
great  a  force  as  that  of  General  Amherst.  Tieon- 
deroga was  immediately  abandoned  ;  the  example 
was  followed  at  Crown  Point  ;  and  the  only  way  ia 
which  the  enemy  seemed  to  think  of  preserving 
their  province  was  by  retarding  the  English  .army 
with  shows  of  resistance  till  the  .season  of  operation 
should  be  past,  or,  till  by  the  gradual  coiicenlnilion 
of  their  forces,  they  should  become  numerous 
enough  to  make  an  cfTcclHal  stand.  From  Crown 
Point  they  retreated  to  Ile-aux-Noix,  where  (len- 
eral  Amherst  understood  there  was  a  body  of  be- 
tween three  and  four  thousand  men,  and  a  fleet  of 
several  armed  vessels.  The  p^nglish  made  great 
exertions  to  secure  a  naval  superiority ;  and  had  il 
not  been  for  a  succession  of  adverse  sloniis  upon 
the  lake,  they  would  most  probably  have  accom- 
plished the  original  design  of  forming  a  junction  at 
Quebec,  instead  of  being  obliged  to  go  into  winter 
quarters  at  Crown  Point.  In  prosecution  of  the  en- 
terprise against  Niagara,  General  Piideau.x  had 
embarked  with  an  army  on  Lake  Ontario ;  and  on 
the  6th  of  July  landed  without  opposition  within 
about  three  miles  from  the  fort,  which  he  invested 
in  form.  While  directing  the  operations  of  the 
siege,  he  was  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  coliorn,  and 
the  command  devolved  on  Sir  William  Johnson. 
That  (Jeneral,  prosecuting  with  jiidmiieiit  and  vi- 
gour the  plan  of  his  predecessor,  pushed  the  attack 
of  Niagara  with  an  intrepidity  that  soon  brought  the 
besiegers  within  a  hundred  yards  of  the  covered 
way.  Meanwhile,  the  French,  alarmed  at  the  dan- 
ger of  losing  a  post  which  was  a  key  to  their  interior 
empire  in  America,  had  collected  a  large  body  of 
regular  troops  from  the  neighbouring  gairisons  of 
Detroit,  Venango,  and  Presqu'Isle,  with  which,  and 
a  party  of  Indians,  they  resolved,  if  possible  to  raLse 
the  siege.  Apprised  of  their  int.Mitions  to  hazard  a 
battle.  General  Johnson  ordered  his  light  infantry, 
supported  by  some  grenadiers  and  regular  foot,  to 
take  ])ost  between  the  cataract  of  Niagara  and  the 
fortress  ;  placed  the  auxiliary  Indians  on  his  flanks  ; 
and,  together  with  this  preparation  fiir  an  engage- 
ment, took  etfectiial  measures  for  seeming  his  lines, 
and  bridling  the  garrison.  About  nine  in  the  mor- 
ning of  the  2  llli  of  July,  theonmiiy  appeared  and  Iho 
horrible  sound  of  the  war  hoop  from  the  hostile  In- 
dians, was  the  signal  for  battle.  The  French  char- 
ged with  great  inipetuosily,  but  were  received  with 
firmness  ;  and  in  less  than  an  hour  were  completely 
routed.  This  battle  decided  the  fate  of  Niagara. 
Sir  William  Johnson  the  next  morning  opened  iio- 
gncialions  with  the  French  commandant  :  and  in  a 
few  hours  a  capitulation  was  signed.  The  garri- 
son, eon.sisting  of  six  hundred  and  seven  men,  were 
lo  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  to  be  embar- 
ked on  the  lake,  and  carried  to  New- York  ;  and  the 
women  and  children  were  to  be  carried  lo  Montreal. 
The  reduction  of  Niagara  effectually  cut  otl'  the 
communication  between  fJanada  and  Louisiana. 

Tho  expedition  against  the  capital  of  Canada  was 
the  most  daring  and  important.  Strong  by  nature, 
and  still  stronger  by  art,  Quebec  had  obtained  the 
appellation  of  the  (Jibraltarof  America;  and  every 
attempt  against  it  liad  failed.  It  was  now  com- 
luandcd  by  Muntcalm,  un  oflficcr  of  distinguished 


888 


THE    HISTORY    OP 


ruputation  ;  niid  its  cnpuire  must  have  apiKNired  tlii- 
merical  to  iiny  one  biit  Pitt.  He  jmlui'd  rijiluly, 
buwever,  tlial  tlic  boldest  and  iiiosi  daiiucroiiM  en- 
terprises are  ol'len  tlie  most  suiccssriil,  and  especially 
when  committed  to  ardent  minds,  iilowini;  with  en- 
thusiasm, and  enuilous  of  glory.  .Such  a  mind  he 
had  disc  overed  in  Cieneral  W.ll'e,  whose  conduct  at 
Louisbour<!  had  attracted  his  attention.  He  ap- 
pointed him  to  conduct  the  expedition,  and  gave 
him  for  assistants  Urigadier  Oenerals  Muncton, 
Towushend,  and  Murray  ;  all,  like  himself,  yount; 
and  ardent.  Karly  in  the  season  he  sailed  from 
Halifax  with  eight  thousand  troops,  and  near  the 
last  of  June,  landed  the  whole  army  onihe  islaiiil  of 
Orleans,  a  tew  miles  below  (^nt'liec,  Krom  this  po- 
sition he  could  take  a  near  and  distinct  view  of  the 
obstacles  to  be  overcome.  These  were  so  great, 
that  even  the  bold  and  sanguine  Wolfe  perceived 
more  to  fear  than  to  hope.  In  a  letter  to  .Mr.  I'ilt, 
wr'tten  before  coinuiencing  operations,  he  declared 
Iha.  he  saw  but  little  prospect  of  reducing  the  place. 
Quebec  stands  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  town.  The 
lower  town  lies  between  the  river  and  a  bold  and 
lofty  eminence,  which  runs  parallel  to  it  far  to  the 
westward.  At  the  top  of  tliis  eminence  is  a  plain, 
on  which  the  upper  toivn  is  situated,  lielow,  or 
c!ist  of  the  city,  is  tlie  river  St.  Charles,  whose  chan- 
nel is  rough,  and  whose  banks  are  steep  and  broken. 
At  a  sliort  distance  farther  down  is  the  Montuioren- 
cy  ;  aud  between  these  two  rivers,  and  reaching  from 
one  to  the  other,  was  encamped  the  French  army, 
strongly  entrenched,  and  at  least  ccpial  in  luuuber  to 
that  of  the  Knglish.  tieneral  Wolfe  took  posses- 
aion  of  Point  Levi,  on  the  soulhein  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  there  eredeil  batteries  against  the 
lown.  The  cannonade  which  was  kept  up,  though 
it  destroyed  many  houses,  made  but  little  impression 
on  the  works,  which  were  loo  str(U)g  and  too  remote 
to  be  lualerially  allecled  :  llieir  elevation,  at  the  same 
time,  placing  them  beyond  the  reach  of  the  licet. 
Conviiueil  of  the  impossibility  of  reducing  the  place, 
unless  he  could  erect  ballcries  on  the  north  side  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Wolfe  soon  dcciiled  on  more  da- 
ring measures.  The  northern  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  to  a  considerable  distance  above  IJucbec  j 
is  so  ludd  and  ruiky  as  to  render  a  1  Hiding  in  the  j 
face  of  an  enemy  impracticable.  If  an  attempt  were  j 
made  below  the  town,  the  river  Montmoreiuy.  pass-j 
ed,  and  the  Krencli  driven  from  their  eiurenclmients,  | 
the  St.  Cliarles  wi)\ilil  ])resent  a  new,  and  perliapsj 
an  insuperable  barrier.  Willi  every  obstacle  fully 
in  view,  Wolfe,  heroically  observing  that  "a  victori- 
ous army  finds  no  dilficulties,"  resolved  to  pass  the 
Montmiuem-y  and  bring  Monlcahu  to  an  engage- 
ment. In  pursuance  of  this  resolution,  tliirteen  com- 
panies of  Knglish  grenadiers,  and  part  of  the  second 
battalion  of  royal  Americans,  were  landed  at  the 
mouth  of  that  river,  while  two  divisions,  uniler  (ie- 
lierals  Townshend  and  Murray,  prepireil  to  cross  it 
higher  up.  Wolfe's  plan  was  to  't;....'.!  first  a  re- 
doubt, close  to  the  water's  edge,  apparently  beyond 
reach  of  the  fire  from  the  enemy's  entrenclimenis, 
in  the  belief  that  the  French,  by  atieinpling  to  sup- 
|Hirt  that  fortification,  would  put  it  in  his  power  to 
bring  0:1  a  general  engagement ;  or,  if  they  should 
submit  to  the  loss  of  the  redoubt,  that  he  could  af- 
terwards examine  their  situation  with  coolness,  and 
advantageously  regulate  his  future  operations.  On 
theapproachof  the  British  troops,  the  redoubt  was 
evacuated,  and  the  general,  observing  some  confu- 
sion in  the  French  camp,  changed  his  original  plan, 
and  determined  not  to  delay  an  attiick.  Orders 
were  imuiediately  despatched  to  the  Oenerals 
Townshend  and  Murray  to  keep  tlieir  divisions  in 
readiness  for  fording  the  river  ;  and  the  grenadiers 
and  royal  Americans  were  directed  to  form  on  the 
beach  until  they  could  be  properly  sustained.  These 
troo|is,  however,  not  waiting  for  support,  rushed 
impetuously  towards  the  enemy's  entrenchments  ; 
hut  tlicv  were  received  with  so  strong  and  steady  a 
fire  from  tlio  French  nmsketry,  that  they  were  in- 
stantly thrown  into  disorder,  and  obligeil  In  seek ; 
shelter  in  the  redoubt  which  the  enemy  had  abau-, 
doned.  Detained  here  awhile  by  a  dreadful  lhun-| 
derstorni,   hey  were  still  within  reach  of  a   severe  | 


tire  from  the  French  ;  and  many  gallant  officers,  ex- 
posing their  persons  in  allempting  to  fiirm  the 
troops,  were  killed,  the  whole  loss  ainonnling  to 
nearly  t'we  hundred  men.  The  |)lan  of  attack  being 
eireclually  disconcerted,  the  Knglish  General  gave 
orders  for  repassing  the  river,  and  returning  to  the 
isle  of  Orleans. 

Compelled  to  abandon  the  attack  on  that  side, 
Wolfe  deemed  that  advantage  might  result  from  at- 
tempting to  destroy  the  French  lleet,  and  by  dis- 
tracting the  attention  of  Montcalm  with  continual 
descents  upon  the  northern  shore,  lieneral  Mur- 
ray, with  twelve  hundred  men  in  transports,  iiiaile 
two  vigorous  but  abortive  attempts  to  land  ;  and 
though  more  successful  in  the  third,  he  did  nothing 
more  than  burn  a  magazine  of  warlike  stores.  The 
enemy's  fleet  was  ell'ectually  secured  against  at- 
tacks, either  by  land  or  by  water,  and  the  comman- 
<ler  in  chief  was  again  obliged  to  submit  to  the  mor- 
tification of  recalling  his  troops.  At  this  juncture, 
intelligence  arrived  that  Niagara  was  taken,  that 
Ticouderoga  and  Crown  Point  had  been  abandoned, 
but  that  lieneral  Amherst,  instead  of  pressing  for- 
ward to  their  assistance,  was  preparing  to  attack 
the  Ile-aux-N'oix,  While  Wolfe  rejoiced  at  the 
triumph  of  of  his  brethren  in  arms,  he  could  not  avoid 
contnistiug  their  success  with  his  own  disastrous 
elforts.  His  mind,  alike  lofty  and  susceptible,  was 
deeply  impressed  by  the  disasters  at  .Montmorency  ; 
and  his  extreme  anxiety,  prcving  upon  his  delicate 
fraiue,  sensibly  alVectcd  his  liealtli.  He  was  ob- 
served frecpiently  to  sigh  ;  and,  as  if  life  was  only 
valuable  while  it  added  to  his  glory,  he  declared  to 
his  intimate  Iriends,  that  he  would  not  survive  the 
disgrace  which  he  imagined  would  attend  the  fail- 
ure of  his  enterprise.  Nothing,  however,  could 
shake  the  resolution  of  this  valiant  commander,  or 
induce  him  to  abandon  the  alteinpt.  In  a  council 
of  his  principal  olficers,  called  on  this  critical  occa- 
sion, it  was  resolved,  that  all  the  future  operations 
should  be  above  the  town.  The  camp  at  the  isle 
of  Orleans  was  accordingly  abandoned  :  and  the 
whole  army  having  embarked  ou  board  the  lleet,  a 
part  of  it  was  landed  at  Point  Levi,  and  a  part  high- 
er up  the  river.  Moiitcahn,  apprehending  from  this 
movement  that  the  invaders  might  make  a  distant 
descent,  and  come  on  the  back  of  the  city  of  Que- 
bec, deiached  M.  de  Houganville  with  fificen  hun- 
dred men,  to  watch  their  motions,  and  prevent  their 
laniling. 

Hartled  and  harrassed  in  all  his  previous  assaults, 
(ieneral  Widfe  seems  to  have  determined  to  finish 
the  enterprise  by  a  single  bold  and  despenile  elVoil. 
The  admiral  sailed  several  leagues  up  the  river, 
making  occasional  <lumonstritions  of  a  design  to 
land  troops;  and,  during  the  night,  a  strong  detach- 
ment in  tlat-boltomcd  boats  fell  silently  down  with 
the  slreaiu.  to  a  point  alioiit  a  mile  above  the  city. 
Tlie  beach  was  shelving,  the  bank  liigli  and  pieci- 
|iitous,  and  the  only  path  by  which  it  could  be  sca- 
led, was  now  dcfendeil  by  a  captain's  guard  and  a 
battery  of  lour  guns.  Colonel  Howe,  with  the  van. 
soon  clambered  u])  the  rocks,  drove  away  the  guard, 
and  seized  upon  the  battery.  The  army  landed 
about  an  hour  before  day.  and  by  d.iybreak  was  mar- 
shalled on  the  heights  of  Abraham. 

Montcalm  could  not  at  first  believe  the  intelli- 
gence ;  but,  as  soon  as  he  was  ass.ircil  of  its  truth, 
he  made  all  i)ru<lent  haste  to  decide  a  battle  which 
it  was  no  longer  possible  to  avoid.  Leaving  his 
camp  at  MontmorencVi  he  crossed  the  river  St. 
Charles  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  English 
army.  No  sooner  did  Wolfe  observe  this  move- 
ment, than  he  began  to  lorm  his  order  of  battle.  His 
troops  consisted  of  six  battalions  aud  the  Louis- 
bourg  grenadiers.  The  right  wing  was  coiuniand- 
ed  by  General  Moncton,  and  the  left  by  (leneral 
.Murray.  The  right  flank  was  covered,  by  ilie  Lou- 
isbourg  grcnailiers,  and  the  rear  and  left  by  Howe's 
light  infantry.  The  form  in  which  the  French  ad- 
vanced indicating  an  intemiiui  to  oiitllank  the  left 
of  the  English  army.  General  Townshend  was  sent 
with  the  battalion  of  Amherst,  and  the  two  battal- 
ions of  royal  Ameiicaiis.  to  that  pari  of  the  line,  and 
they  were  formed  fil  potencc,  so  as  to  present  a  double 
frot'it  to  the  enemy.     The  body  of  reserve  consisted 


of  one  regiment,  drawn  up  in  eight  divi',ion8,  «ith 
largo  iulerrals.  The  dispositions  made  by  ihi) 
Fiench  lieneral  were  not  less  masterly.  The  right 
and  left  wings  were  composed  about  equally  of  Eu- 
ropean and  colonial'  troops.  The  cenire  consisted 
of  a  column,  formed  of  two  battalions  of  regulais. 
Fifteen  huudreil  Indians  and  Canadians,  excellent 
marksiiien,  advancing  in  front,  screened  by  sur- 
rounding thickets  began  the  liattle.  'J'heir  irregu- 
lar fire  proved  fatal  to  many  Hritish  officers,  but  it 
was  soon  silenced  by  the  steady  fire  of  the  Knglisli. 
.\l>oul  nine  in  the  morning  the  main  boily  of  iho 
French  advanced  briskly  to  the  charge,  and  the  ac- 
tion soon  became  general.  Montcalm  having  taken 
post  on  the  left  of  the  French  army,  and  Wolfe  on 
the  right  of  the  English,  the  twii  (icnenilsinel  each 
other  where  the  battle  was  most  severe.  The  En- 
glirsh  troops  reserved  their  fire  until  the  French  had 
advanced  within  forty  yards  of  their  line,  and  then, 
by  a  general  discharge  made  terrible  havoc  among 
their  ranks.  The  fire  of  the  English  was  vigorous- 
ly maintained,  and  the  enemy  every  where  yielded 
to  it.  tieneral  Wolfe,  who,  exposcil  in  the  f'ont 
of  his  battalions,  had  been  wounded  in  the  wrist,  be- 
traying no  symptom  of  pain,  wrapped  a  handker- 
chief round  his  arm,  and  continued  to  encourage  his 
men.  Soon  after,  he  received  a  shot  in  the  groin  ; 
but,  concealing  the  wound,  he  was  pressing  on  st 
the  head  of  his  grenadiers  with  fixed  bayonets,  whin 
a  third  ball  pierced  his  breast.*  The  army,  iu)t  dis- 
concerted by  his  fall,  continued  the  action  under 
•Monckton,  on  whom  the  command  now  devolved, 
but  who,  receiving  a  ball  through  his  body,  soon 
yielded  the  command  to  General  Townshe.id, 
.Montcalm,  fighting  in  front  of  his  battalions,  reel  iv- 
ed  a  mortal  wouml  about  the  same  tiiiTe  ;  and  (ie  le- 
ral  Sene/.ergus,  the  second  in  comm-ud,  also  f  dl. 
The  liritish  Gienailiers,  pressed  on  w  1  their  ba /o 
nets,  tieneral  Murray,  briskly  a  Iva  _nig  with  •\\i> 
iroops  under  his  direction,  broke  the  centre  of  .ho 
French  army.  Tiie  Highlanders,  drawing  their 
broadswords,  completed  the  confusion  of  the  i  rio- 
mv  ;  and  alier  having  lost  their  first  and  second  in 
command,  the  right  anil  centre  of  the  Fiench  v -re 
entirely  driven  from  the  field  ;  and  llie  left  was  fol- 
lowing the  example,  when  lioiigaiiville  appeireii 
ill  the  rear,  wiili  the  fil'leen  hniidred  men  wlio  had 
been  sent  to  oppose  the  landing  of  the  Kii.''i:h. 
Two  battalions  aiidlwo  pieces  of  artillery  witc  de- 
tached to  meet  him  ;  but  he  reiiied,  and  ihe  l!iili<h 
Iroops  were  left  the  undisputed  masicrs  ofllie  I  eld. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  much  greater  than  that 
of  the  English.  The  corps  of  FriMuli  rcgiil.ii>  was 
almost  cnliiely  amiihilaled.  The  killed  and  woun- 
ded ofllie  English  army  did  not  amount  to  six  hiin- 
dreil  men.  .Vlthough  tjnebec  was  slill  strongly  de- 
fended by  its  forlificatioiis,  ami  might  possibly  be 
relieved  by  lioiigainville,  or  from  Monlre.d,  yet 
(ieneial  Towiiseiid  had  scarcely  finished  a  mail  in 
the  bank  to  get  up  his  heavy  aililleiy  for  a  siege, 
when  the  inhabitants  capilulaled,  on  coiuliiion  llinl 
during  the  war  they  might  slill  enjoy  their  own  civil 

*  On  rPi.-eiviiis:  bis  tnortnl  wmilnl,  Wolfo  wiis  coiivev 
I'd  into  llip  reiir,  wliciv.  cnn'lcj>s  iiitmil  hiiiis-cir,  ho  itifl. 
coviTfil.  ill  the  iisrnuics  of  (U'lilli,  till'  most  aiixioil-*  soli- 
rilililn  coili't'i-iiiiig  lln'  flit"  ol"  the  day.  Frniii  rxtieinc 
riuiitiiess,  ho  hud  ri'ciiiicd  his  hi'tui  tm  llio  tiriii  nl'  an  nf 
tircr,  hut  VV.IS  sniill  aniiiscti  hv  ihc  iTV  nf  "  Thi' v  flv, 
llii'V  llv!"  "Who  llv  '"  ox'ilniiiii'il  the  dvinc  hern 
"  'I'he  VnMU'li,"  nnswi'n'ti  his  iilloii'liiiit.  ■  ''"hi'ii,"  suid 
ho,  "  I  (lie  cimloiitod,"  iiiiil  iiiiiiieiliatoty  oxpiioit.  \ 
iloalli  more  full  of  iiiiiilary  glory  has  (iolilnin  boon  re- 
oonioil  hy  iho  pon  of  tho  hislnrimi,  or  oclohralod  by  Ino 
poiioil  of  the  painter.  tioiiornl  Wiillo  was  only  Iliirly. 
ihroo  venrs  of  aire.  He  pesssoHsed  tlutae  iiiijilary  laloilts, 
which',  with  llio  advantage  of  years  ami  nppnrliinily  of 
aotinn,  "to  iiHider.ito  his  ntdoiir,  expaiui  his  fuciillios, 
and  give  to  hia  inniitive  jion-eplioii  and  wientilic  know- 
lodge  the  onrreelliess  nf  jildgiiient  |H'irit'tod  hy  experi- 
ence," wniild  have  "  placed  him  on  a  lovel  wilh  the 
most  celehralod  generals  of  any  age  or  liatinii.'' — .Mont- 
oalm  was  every  way  wurlhy  to  he  a  roiiipolilor  nl 
Wiiifo.  He  hud'  the  triiost  liiililary  goniiis  iif  any  iiiri- 
eor  wlioir,  the  Freiloh  liad  ever  eniplnyod  in  Aiiiorioa. 
AHor  lie  had  rooeiveii  his  innrtal  wiimid,  ho  was  car 
rioil  iiilo  the  I'ily  ;  and  when  informed  that  it  was  iiior. 
tal,  his  reply  was,  "  I  am  glad  of  it."  On  heiiiL'  told  llial 
ho  oonid  survive  lull  a  few  liours,  "So  miioh  the  honor," 
he  replioil,  "1  eliall  not  then  live  to  tec  iIj  sarreiiilet 
uf  liiicbo:." 


BB 


NO  R  T  11    A  M  E  111  C  A  . 


359 


wn:<    rnllM'V 

iTiM'ir,    111'  ilia- 

tuixiolM    Kt)li- 

-'rtiiit    rxlremc 

irrn    uf  an  of 

r   "  Tliov    tlv, 

ilvini:    hrrti 

■''lii'ii."   siiid 

r\|iin'il.      A 

1(1111    lit'iMt    ri'- 

hriili'il    liy  iho 

^   nnly   tltilly- 

ililnry    luli'liis, 

niuirtunily  of 

his    fiiciillios, 

■it'niific    knijw- 

I    liy    e»|ieri- 

n'l    uilli    tli6 

nlion.'* — >folU* 

mnpolimr   ol 

nl*  (iny   (ilTi- 

in    Anicrii'd. 

he   wiw    car 

it   wiiM   iimr- 

loiML'  Colli  llinl 

It   ihi-  biiti-r," 

llj    siirremlnr 


mid  rrlic'miis  ri;;lil.i.  A  j;;irrison  of  five  Ihoiismul 
lliPn  w;i»  It'll  miller  licnrrni  Murray,  ami  llir  tli-ct 
oaili'il  (lilt  oC  till'  .St.  Lawrence,  | 

The  Tail  ol' Quebec  did  not  immediately  pnidiiee^ 
(lie  sMimiisKiiin  ul' Canada.  'I'lie  main  biHlyiil'the 
h'lciirli  army,  wliicli,  ut'ter  the  battle  on  the  plains' 
of  Aliraliaiii,  retired  to  Montreal,  and  which  still! 
consisted  often  battalions  of  rejiiilars,  had  been  re-j 
jnliirced  by  8ix  thousand  Canadian  militia,  and  n 
biidv  of  Indians.  With  these  forces  M.  de  Levi, 
wlui  had  succeeded  the  Marquis  dc  Montcalm  in  the 
chief  roMiinand,  resolved  to  ultempt  the  recovery 
of  Quebec.  He  hiid  hoped  to  carry  the  place  by  a 
coup  de  main  during  the  winter  ;  hut,  on  reconnoit- 
eriiig,  he  found  the  out|iosts  so  well  secured,  and  the 
Covernor  so  vigilant  and  active,  that  he  postponed 
the  enterprise  until  sprin<;.  In  the  niontli  of  April, 
wheji  the  upiier  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  was  so 
open  as  to  admit  a  transportation  by  water,  his  ar- 
tillery, military  stores,  and  heavy  haKKage,  were 
eijibaiked  at  Montreal,  and  fell  down  the  river  un- 
der convoy  of  six  frigates  ;  and  .^I.  de  Levi,  after  a 
uiarrli  of  ten  days,  arrived  with  his  army  at  Point 
au  Tremble,  within  a  few  miles  of  Quebec.  (Jene- 
ral  ^liirniy,  to  whom  the  care  of  maintaining  the 
Kn<;lish  conquest  had  beeti  entrusted,  had  taken 
every  precaution  to  preserve  it ;  but  his  troops  had 
suH'ered  so  much  by  the  extreme  cold  of  the  winter, 
diid  by  llie  want  ol  vegetables  and  fresh  provisions, 
ihat  instead  of  five  thousand,  the  original  number 
of  his  garrison  tliere  were  not  at  this  lime  .iliove 
three  ihousand  men  fit  for  service.  With  this  small 
liul  valiant  boily  he  resolved  to  meet  the  enemy  in 
the  field  ;  and  on  the  "-ilStli  of  .\pril,  marched  out  lo 
the  heights  of  Abr.iham,  where,  near  Sillery,  he  at- 
tacked the  French  under  M.  de  Levi,  with  great  im- 
|ietuosity.  He  was  received  with  fiimness  ;  and 
after  a  fierce  encounter,  finding  himself  outllanUed, 
and  in  danger  of  being  surrounded  by  superior  num- 
bers, he  called  oil"  his  troops,  and  retired  into  the 
city.  In  this  action  the  loss  of  ihe  Knglish  was 
noiu  a  thousaml  men,  and  that  of  the  French  still 
greater.  The  French  general  lost  no  time  in  im- 
proving his  victory.  On  the  very  evening  of  the 
battle  he  opened  trenches  before  the  town,  but  it 
was  the  t  Itli  of  .May  before  he  could  mount  his  bat- 
teries, and  bring  his  guns  to  bear  on  the  fortifica- 
tions. 15y  that  time  General  Murray,  who  hail 
been  indefatigable  in  his  exertions,  had  completed 
efime  outworks,  and  plinted  so  munerous  an  artil- 
lery on  his  ramparts,  that  his  fire  was  very  superior 
to  that  of  the  besiegers,  and  in  a  luanner  silenced 
their  batteries.  A  Hritish  (leet  most  opportunely 
arriving  a  few  days  after,  M.de  Levi  iimnediatelj 
raised  the  siege,  iind  precipitately  retired  to  Mou- 
Ireid.  Here  the  Marquis  de  V'audreuil.  governor- 
general  of  Canada,  had  fixed  his  head  quarters,  and 
determined  to  make  his  last  stand.  For  this  pur- 
pose he  called  in  all  his  detachments,  and  collected 
around  liim  the  whole  force  of  the  colony. 

The  Knglish,  on  the  other  hand,  were  resolved 
upon  the  utter  amuhilation  of  the  French  power  in 
Canada  ;  and  (leneral  Amhei-st  prepared  to  over 
»  helm  it,  with  an  irresistible  superiority  of  numbers 
.\lmost  on  the  same  day,  the  armies  from  Quebec, 
from  Lake  Ontario,  and  troiu  Lake  Chanqilain,  were 
concentrated  before  Montreal  :  a  capitulation  was 
immediately  signed  ;  Detroit,  Michilimackinac,  and 
indeed,  all  New  France,  surrendered  to  the  English. 
The  French  troops  were  to  be  carried  houte  ;  and 
the  Canadians  to  retain  their  civil  and  religious  pri- 
vileges. 

The  history  of  modern  Europe,  with  whose  des 
tinv  that  of  the  colonies  was  closely  interwoven, 
in.Ty  be  designated  as  the  annals  of  sn  interminable 
war.  Iler  sovereigns,  ever  having  the  oily  words 
of  peace  on  their  \ipa,  have  seldom  had  recourse  to 
the  olive  branch  but  as  the  signal  of  a  truce,  the  du- 
ration of  which  should  be  coeval  with  the  reinvigo- 
lation  o  military  strength.  It  was  thus  with  France 
on  the  present  occasion.  Equally  unsuccessful  on 
ooth  continents,  and  exhausted  bv'her  strenuous  and 
continued  elTbrts,  she  was  at  length  induced  to  make 
overtures  of  |)eare  ;  and  every  thing  seemed  to  be  in 
H  Isiir  train  for  adjustment,  when  tlic  treaty  wassud- 
Qcnly  broken  off  by  an  attempt  of  the  court  of  Ver- 


sailles to  mingle  the  politics  of  !>pain  and  of  (ler- 
maiiy  with  the  disputes  between  Frame  and  (ireat 
Hrilaiii.  A  secri'i  lamilv  compact  between  the 
llomhoiis  to  support  each  other  through  evil  and 
giioil,  ill  peace  and  in  «ai,  had  rendered  Spain  de- 
sirous of  war,  anil  induced  France  once  more  to  try 
her  fortune.  .\s  the  interesis  of  the  two  nations 
were  now  idenlilied,  it  only  remained  for  England 
to  make  a  formal  declaration  of  hostility  against 
Spain.  The  colonies  of  .New  England  being  chielly 
inierested  in  iherediiciion  of  the  West  India  Islands, 
fiiriiisheil  a  coiisiileiable  body  of  troops  to  carry  on 
the  war.  A  large  Meet  was  dispalclied  from  Eng- 
land ;  the  land  I'orces  amouiileil  to  sixteen  thousand  : 
and  before  the  end  of  the  second  year,  (ireat  Bri- 
tain had  taken  the  impiirtant  city  of  Havana,  the 
key  of  the  Mexican  (iiilf,  together  with  the  French 
provinces  of  Martinique,  (irenada,  St.  Lucia,  St. 
V'incent,  and  the  I'aribec  Islands. 

The  progress  of  the  liritish  conquests,  which 
threatened  all  the  remaining  colonial  |Kissessions  of 
their  opponents,  was  arrested  by  preliminary  articles 
of  peace,  which,  towards  the  close  of  \1&2,  were 
interchanged  at  Fiintainbleau  between  the  ministers 
of  (ireat  Hritain,  France,  and  Spain.  t)n  the  lOlh 
of  February,  in  the  follow  ing  year,  a  definitive  treaty 
of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris,  and  soon  after  ratified.* 


♦  "  Tlie  acqiiisitinns  of  Great  llriiiilti,  hoili  from  Friuu-e 
niltl  Spiiiil,  on  tlip  conliiit'iit  of  North  Aincrirn,  eslahlishi'd 
hy  this  tn'iity,  wluMlier  lliey  he  (oii<i,l,'rt'il  in  rclaliun  to  ihf 
|M)liti('al  or  coiiiiiu'riMal  inliT'f»ls  of  iho  part'nl  i-ouiitry ,  or  in 
rL'lalioii  1(1  tht'  ciiliru  iiiU'rosts  ofthe  ,\nierii'iiii  roloiiti's. 
iiierilspiirtic-iiltir  tUliMition.  Kvory  artii-h',  thi'rrfore,  wliii-h 
lias  respect  lo  .Aaitrriea,  is  silhjoiuej  ill  die  wuriU  o\'  llie 
maty. 

Hy  the  scconil  article,  FVhik'O  mionnrojianii  eiiaraniees  to 
(ireat  Itritiiiii  all  .Nova  Scotiu  or  Araiiia,  and   lik,'»isi'  (.'iiii- 
ada,  the  lAc  of  (^apc  ItriMou,  and  all  oilier  Ulands  in    llie 
nlfand  rivorof  ."^l.  Lawrt'nce. 

Hy  til,'  lliini  arlii-Ie,  it  is  slipiilnted  that  ihe  Froncll  shall 
have  tilt*  lihorly  of  liRliiim  niid  dryiiii:  oil  ft  part  of  the  island 
of  .N'eufoiindlftiid,  as  spfcilii-d  in  llie  thirteenth  arlicle  of 
the  tn'aty  of  I'ln'rhl  ;  and  the  Fn-iudi  may  also  lish  in 
the  cnlf  (if  Si.  I.avvrclicc,  so  as  they  do  not  exercise  the  sanni 
lull  al  the  distance  of  three  leagues  iVoiii  all  the  coasts  he- 
lontriiii:  to  (ircal  Hrilaiil,  as  well  those  of  theconliiieiit,  as 
iliose  of  the  islands  in  the  said  >:iilf.  As  lo  what  relates  tc 
the  fishery  out  of  the  said  t:ult',  the  Kiviich  sliall  exercise 
the  same,  liiil  at  the  distance  of  lit'leeii  lengiios  from  llie 
coast  of  the   isle   of  Cape  Hretoii. 

Hy  the  fourth  article,  (ireat  Hiitaiii  cedes  to  France,  lo 
serve  as  a  slieller  tor  the  Kreiicli  tisherini'ii,  the  islands  of 
St  Heterand  Alitjnelon  ;  and  his  most  Chrisiian  Majesly  nh- 
.soliitidy  eiiirai:es  not  to  fortifv  the  said  i>laiids,  nor  to  erect 
any  oilier  hiiildiiiiis  thereon,  ^iiit  merely  tor  the  coineiiicnce 
of  the  lislicry  j  and  lo  keep  only  Q  guard  of  fifly  men  for  ihe 
police. 

Hy  llie  sixth  article  it  is  stipulated,  that  the  coiitaies 
la'tween  the  dominions  of  (ireat  Hritain  and  France,  on 
the  eoiilinent  of  Norlli  America,  shall  he  irrevoeahly  lix- 
ed,  hy  a  line  drawn  alonff  the  river  Mississippi,  from  its 
source,  as  far  as  the  river  Iberville,  and  fnini  iheiiee  hy  a  line 
drawn  alniii  the  middle  of  this  river,  and  of  the  lakes  .Mati- 
repasand  l*(iiilcliarlraiii,  lo  the  sea  ;  and  to  this  purpose  the 
iiioslClilslian  King  cedes  in  full  rii;hl,  and  cnaraniees  to  bis 
Hritanic  Majesty,  the  river  and  port  of  Mobile,  and  every 
thin  J  dial  be  possesses  on  the  let!  side  of  the  river  Missis- 
sipld.  except  llie  town  of  New  Orleans,  and  the  island  on 
whicll  it  is  sililaled,  which  shall  n'lnain  to  France,  provided 
that  the  navisration  of  the  river  shall  he  ct^llally  free  lo  the 
subjects  of  (ireat  Hritain  and  France,  in  its  whole  hreadth 
and  length,  from  its  source  to  the  sea.  and  that  part  express- 
ly wliieii  is  between  the  said  island  of  New  Orleans  and  the 
rifflit  hank  of  lliat  river,  as  well  as  the  passaire  holh  in  and 
out  ofils  moilth  ;  and  the  vessels  heloncinir  lo  the  snhjecls 
of  eilhernftlioii  sliall  not  he  stopped,  visited,  or  suhjected  to 
(he  payliieni  of  any  duly  whatsoever.  The  stipnlalioil  ill 
favonr'of  the  inliahitanis  of  Caiinda,  inserted  in  Ihe  second  ar- 
ticle, shall  also  take  place  with  reirard  to  the  inhabitants  of 
the  connlnes  ceded  hy  Ihis  ftrticlc;  that  is,  that  ihe  French 
ill  Canada  may  freely  profess  the  Roman  Cailiolie  rcliirion, 
as  far  us  the  laws  of  (ircal  Hritain  pernill ;  lliai  they  may 
enjoy  their  rivil  rights,  retire  when  they  please,  and  may 
dispose  of  their  estates  to  British  snhjeeis. 

Bv  the  seventh  article,  it  is  alipulaied  that  Britain  sliall 
restore  to  France  ihe  islands  of  (iuadaloiipe,  Mariealanle, 
Desiraile,  and  Martinieo,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  of  Hellcisle, 
on  tlie  coast  of  France,  with  their  fortn-sses  ;  provided  that 
i  the  lerni  of  eighteen  months  be  eraiiled  to  his  Hrilaiiie 
Majesty's  suhiecu  settled  there,  and  in  other  places  hereby 
I  restored  lo  France,  to  settle  their  eslnlrs,  recover  tbeir 
(lehts,  nlld  to  lraiis|mrt  themselves  and  elTects,  wilhoill 
i  beiin;  restrained  on  aecoiint  uf  iheir  relii:i(Ut,  or  any  pre- 
tence, except  for  dchts,  or  cciniiiial  prosecutions. 
I  Hv  the  cii'htli  article.  Franceeedes  to  (ireal  Hritain  llie 
I  islands  of  (irenada  and  the  firenadines,  wilb  llie  same 
Islipulalions  in  favor  of  the  iubabilnuu  as  arc  iuserted  iu 


France  ceded  to  (ireat  Britain,  all  Ihe  conquesO 
which  the  latter  had  made  in  North  .\merica  ;  and 
it  was  stipulated  between  the  two  crowns,  that  tho 
boundary  line  of  their  respecti\c  dominions  in  tho 
new  hemisphere  s'lduld  run  along  the  niiddli  of  the 
.Mississippi,  froiu  us  .source  as  far  as  the  Iberville, 
and  along  the  middle  of  that  river,  and  of  Lakes 
Maurepas  and  Pontchartrain. 

Thus  terminated  a  war,  which  originated  in  an 
attempt  on  the  part  of  the  French  to  surround  the 
Knglish  colonists,  Hiid  chain  them  lo  a  narrow  strip 
of  country  along  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  ;  and  ended 
with  their  giving  up  the  whole  of  what  was  then 
their  only  valuable  territory  in  North  America.  The 
immediate  advantage  the  colonies  derived  I'rom  tho 
successful  issue  of  the  contest  was  great  and  appa- 
rent. Although,  for  a  short  period  afler  the  con- 
quest of  Canada  had  been  etlected,  they  were  sub- 
ject to  attacks  from  the  Indian  tribes  attached  to  the 
French,  and  also  from  the  Cherokees  on  their  south- 
western borders,  they  were  soon  enabled  lo  visit 
their  cruelties  with  severe  retribution,  and  to  pro- 
cure a  lasting  repose,  as  the  Indians  had  no  forts  to 
which  to  repair  for  protection  or  aid.  Hut  the  in- 
direct results,  though  almost  nnperceivalile  at  first, 
were  far  more  im|H)rtant,  and  prepared  the  way  foi 
those  mnmentoiis  efforts  which  issued  in  the  loss  to 
(ireat  Britain  of  the  fairest  portion  of  her  colonies, 
and  the  establishment  of  her  vassal  as  a  rival.  The 
colonists  became  inured  to  the  habits  and  hardships 
of  a  military  life,  and  skilled  in  the  aits  of  European 
warfare  ;  while  the  desire  of  reveime  for  the  loss  of 
Canada,  which  France  did  not  fail  to  harbour,  was 
preparing  forilu'm  a  most  ellicieiit  friend,  and  mak- 
ing way  lor  the  anomalous  exhibition  of  a  despotic 
sovereign,  exerting  all  his  power  in  the  cause  of  li- 
berty and  independence. 

C  H  A  r  T  K  U    IV. 

History  oftho  Colonies  from  the  peace  of  Haris,  171)3,  to  ITTi. 

Immedi.itely  after  the  peace  of  Paris.  1763.  a 
new  scene  was  opened.  Tlie  national  debt  of  (iretjt 
Britain   then  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  forty- 


llip  second  article  for  those  of  Canada  :  and  the  parlilion  of 
the  iHlands  culled  neutral,  is  asreed  and  tixed,  ho  that  ibosfl 
of  St  \'iiiceiit,  Domiiiico,  and 'rohairo,  shall  reiiiain  in  bill 
ri^hl  to  Kngland,  hiid  thai  of  St.  I.iicia  shall  he  deliverv-d 
to  France  in  fnil  ri^ht.  the  two  crowns  rei  iprocdly  guunin 
leeinj;   lo  each  other  the  parlilion  so  slipnlated. 

Hv'  the  sixleeiilh  article,  it  is  stipulated,  llml  his  Hritanic 
Maji'slv  sli.ill  cause  all  the  forlilications  lo  lie  demolished, 
which  his  subjects  shall  have  erected  in  llie  hayol'llon- 
ililnis  and  oilier  places  of  the  territory  of  Spain,  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  And  his  Catholic  .Majesty  shall  not,  for 
ihe  fuliire,  peiinit  his  Hiilnnic  .Majesty,  or  their  workmen, 
lo  he  disturbed  or  molested  under  any  preti'iice  wliatsmner, 
in  llii  ir  occupalion  of  ciittinjr,  hiadinfr,  and  carrvins:  away 
loir-wo.vd  ;  and  lor  this  purpose  they  may  build,  w  ithoiit  iiin- 
deraiice.  ami  m-cupy.  vvithont  inlerninlion,  the  houses  and 
maffaziii'.'s  neccssaiy  for  ihein,  for  tlieir  families,  and  for 
their  etVecis  ;  and  his  said  Catholic  Majesty  assures  lo  tlieiii, 
hv  this  article,  ill"  entire  eiijov  incut  of  what  is  above  slipu- 
lal.'d. 

Hv  the  seventcinth  nrtiele,  bis  Cv.tholic  ^Iiijesty  desists 
froiii  all  pn'leusions  vvliichhe  inay  have  formed  to  llie  right 
of  lisbini:  ahoiil  the  island  of  Ne\>ionuillBnd. 

Hv  Ihe  eij;lileenlh  article,  it  is  slipnlated.  thai  flie  kiiij 
of  (ireat  Hritain  shall  restore  lo  Spain  all  that  he  has  eon- 
qiiervH  in  Ihe  Island  of  Cuba,  with  the  fortress  of  Havana; 
and  that  fortress,  as  well  as  all  the  other  fortn-sses  of  the 
said  island,  .shall  he  restored  in  the  same  condition  they 
were  in  whenlliey  were  conquered  by  bis  Hritanic  Ha- 
jesly's  arms. 

By  the  ivvenlielli  article,  his  Catholic  Majesty  redca 
and'  giiaraiitees,  in  full  riilbl,  to  his  Brilanie  Majesty, 
Florida,  with  the  Fort  of  t(l.  .\ilgnstine,  and  the  bay 
of  Pensacola,  as  well  as  all  thai  yiiaiii  possesses  on 
the  continent  of  North  -America,  to  tlie  east,  or  lo  the 
southeast  of  the  river  Mississippi ;  and  in  ceneral,  ev- 
ery thins;  that  depends  on  the  said  countriea  and 
lands,  with  the  sovereignly,  power,  and  possession,  and 
all  rights  acquired  by  Irealies,  or  otherwise,  which  the 
'Catliolic  king  and  the  crown  of  Spain  have  had  lill 
'now  over  the  said  countries.'*  Andeison.  vol.  iii.  p.  3.'lil — 
I  •1:1.1,  where  the  preliminary  articles  of  llit?  Iiraly  atv  in- 
I  serled  entire  ;  and  vol.  iv.  p.  I,  2,  where  the  most  material 
alterations  or  explanations  of  ihose  articles,  as  settle.!  bv 
Ihe  definitive  ircalv,  are  iuscrted. — American  AntialB,  viiU 
ii.  p.  113-115. 


860_ 

ftiflht  iiiilliuiis,  for  which  an  intemt  u(  iieHrly  five 
mjirmiis  was  anniiiilly  paid.  While  the  Brilisli 
liiiniHier  was  ilijjeAtiiig  plariH,  Cor  (hmitiishiiiK  lliis 
ama/.ing  load  uf  debt,  he  conreived  tlie  idea  of  rais- 
ing a  siibstanlial  revenue  iti  the  itriliuli  rnlonies, 
from  taxes  laid  by  the  parhaiiicnt  of  llie  parent  slate 
Uii  the  one  liaiid  it  was  urged,  that  the  late  war  ori 
ginnled  nii  account  of  the  colonies  ;  and  (hat  it  was 
reasonable,  more  especially  as  it  had  terminated  in 
a  manner  so  favourable  to  their  interest,  they  should 
contribute  to  defrayinc;  the  expenses  it  had  ocra- 
aioned.  Thus  far  both  parties  were  agreed  :  but 
Great  Britain  contended,  that  her  parliament,  as 
the  supreme  power,  was  constitutionally  vested  with 
an  authority  to  lay  them  on  every  part  of  the  em- 
pire. 'J'his  doctrine,  plausible  in  itself,  and  confor- 
mable to  the  letter  of  the  liritinh  constitution, 
when  the  whole  dominions  were  represented  in  one 
assembly,  was  reprobated  in  the  colonies,  as  con- 
trary to  the  spirit  of  the  same  govermncnt,  when 
the  empire  became  so  far  extended,  as  to  iiavo  many 
distinct  representative  assemblies.  'J'he  colonists 
believed,  that  the  chief  excellence  of  the  British 
constitution  consisted  in  the  rijiht  of  the  subjects  to 
gnmt,  orwithliold  taxes  ;  and  in  their  having  a  share 
in  enacting  the  laws,  by  which  tliey  were  to  be 
bound. 

They  conceived,  that  the  superiority  of  the  Brit- 
ish constitution,  to  other  forms  of  govermcnl,  was, 
not  that  their  supreme  council  was  called  parlia- 
ment but  that  the  people  had  a  share  in  it,  by  ap- 
pointing members,  who  constituted  one  of  its  con- 
stituent branches,  and  williout  whose  concurrence, 
no  law,  binding  on  them,  could  be  enacted.  In  the 
mother  country,  it  was  asserted  to  be  essential  to 
tlie  unity  of  the  empire,  tliat  the  British  parlianu-iil 
should  have  a  right  of  taxation,  over  every  part  of 
the  royal  dominion.  In  the  colonics,  il  was  be- 
lieved, that  taxation  and  representation  were  in- 
separable ;  and  that  they  coulil  neither  be  free  nor 
bappy,  if  their  property  could  be  taken  from  them, 
without  their  consent.  The  common  |)eople  in 
America  reasoned  on  this  subject,  in  a  s\innnary 
u-ay  :  "  I  a  British  parliament,"  said  they,  "  in 
which  we  are  unre|)resente(l,  and  over  wliic'h  we 
have  no  control,  can  take  from  us  any  part  of  our 
property,  by  direct  taxation,  they  may  take  as  much 
us  they  please ;  and  we  have  no  security  for  any  ihini; 
that  remains,  but  a  forbearance  on  their  part,  less 
hkely  to  be  exercised  in  our  favour,  as  they  liahlen 
themselves  of  the  burdens  of  government,  in  the 
same  proportion  that  they  impose  them  on  us." 
They  well  knew,  that  comnmnities  of  mankind,  as 
well  as  individuals,  have  a  strong  propensity  to  im- 
pose on  others,  when  they  can  do  it  with  impunity; 
and  especially  when  their  is  a  prospect,  that  tlic 
imposition  will  be  attended  with  advantage  to  them- 
selves. The  Americans,  from  tliat  jcal,)\isy  of 
their  liberties,  which  their  local  situation  ntirlured, 
and  which  they  inherited  from  their  forefathers, 
viewed  the  exclusive  right  of  laying  taxes  on  them- 
selves, free  from  extnineous  inlhiencc,  in  the  sauu' 
light,  as  the  British  parliament  views  its  peculiar 
privilege  of  raising  money,  independent  of  the 
crown.  The  parent  state  appeared,  to  the  cido- 
nists,  to  stand  in  the  same  relation  to  their  local  le- 
gislatures, as  the  monarch  of  (treat  Britain  to  the 
British  Parliament.  His  prerogative  is  limited  by 
that  palladium  of  the  people's  liberty,  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  granting  tlieir  own  money.  While  this 
right  rests  in  the  hands  of  the  people,  their  libeities 
are  secured. 

In  the  same  manner  reasoned  the  colonists :  "  In 
order  to  be  styled    freemen,  our  local    assemblies, 
elected  by  ourselves,  uuist  enjoy  the  exclusive  pri- 
vilege of  imposing  taxes  upon  us."     They  contend- 
ed, that  men  settled  in  foreign  parts,  to  better  their 
condition,  not  to  submit  their  liberties ;  to  continue 
the  equal.»,  not  to  become  the  slaves  of  their  less  ad- 
venturous   follow-citi/.ens  ;    and    that,  by  the  novel  | 
doctrine  of  parliamentary  power,  they  were   degni- 1 
ded    from  being  the  subjects  of  a  kins;,  to  llie   low  i 
condition  of  being  subjects  of  subjects.     They  ar- : 
gued,  that  it  was  essentially  involved  in  the  idea  of  ' 
property,  that  the  possessor  had  such  a  right  there- 
in, tliat  it  was  a  contradiction  to  sup|)ose  any  other  I 


Till',    II  I^T^^RV    OF 

mtui,  or  body  ot  men,  possessed  a  right  to  take  it 
from  him,  without  his  <'nnsent.  Precedents  in  the 
history  of  Kngland  juslilieil  this  mode  of  reasoning 
I  The  love  of  property  strengthened  it ;  and  it  had  a 
I  peculiar  force  on  the  mindsofccdonists,  three  thous- 
and miles  removed  from  the  seat  of  government, 
and  growing^ip  to  maturity,  in  a  New  World,  where, 
from  the  extent  of  country,  and  the  .state  of  society, 
even  the  necessary  restraints  of  civil  government 
wcie  impatiently  borne.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
people  of  Ureal  Britain  revolted  against  the  claims 
of  the  colonists.  Kducatcd  in  habits  of  submission 
to  parliamentary  taxation,  they  conceived  it  to  be 
the  height  of  contumacy,  for  the  colonists  to  refuse 
obedience  to  the  power,  which  they  hail  been  taught 
to  revere.  Not  adverting  to  the  connuon  interest, 
which  existed  between  the  people  of  (ireat  Britain 
and  their  ri-prcsentatives,  they  believed,  that  the 
said  conununity  of  interests  was  wanting.  The 
pride  uf  an  opulent,  conquering  nation,  aided  this 
mode  uf  reasoning.  "  What !"  said  they,  "  shall 
we,  who  liave  so  lately  humbled  France  and  .Spain, 
be  dictated  toby  our  own  colonists  f  Shall  our  sub- 
jects, educated  by  our  care,  and  liefeniled  by  our 
arms,  presume  to  question  the  rights  of  parliament, 
to  which  we  are  obliged  to  submit .'"  lielleclions  of 
this  kind,  congenial  to  the  natural  vanity  cjf  the  hu- 
man heart,  operated  .so  extensively,  that  the  i)eople 
of  (ireat  Britain  spoke  of  their  colonies  and  of  their 
colonists,  as  a  kind  of  |)ossession  annexed  to  their 
persons.  The  love  of  power,  and  of  property,  on 
the  one  side  of  the  Atlantic,  were  opposed  by  the 
same  powerful  passions  on  the  other. 

The  disposition  to  tax  the  colonics  was  also 
sirensthened,  by  exag^eratid  accounts  of  iheir 
wealth.  1 1  was  said,  "  that  the  American  planters 
lived  in  afilnence,  and  with  inconsiderable  taxes ; 
while  the  inhabitants  of  (ireat  Britain  were  borne 
down,  by  such  oppressive  burdens,  as  to  make  a 
bare  subsistence,  a  matter  of  extreme  dilficiilly." 
The  ollicers  who  had  served  in  Auu-rica,  during  the 
late  war,  contributed  to  this  delusion.  Their  ob- 
senatidiis  were  founded  on  what  they  had  seen  in 
cities,  ajiil  at  a  time,  when  large  sums  were  spent 
by  government,  in  support  o  fleets  and  armies,  and 
when  American  commodities  were  in  great  demand. 
To  treat  with  attention  those  who  came  to  fight  for 
them,  anil  also  to  gratify  their  own  pride,  the  colo- 
nists had  made  a  parade  of  their  riches,  by  frequent- 
ly and  sumptuously  entertaining  the  gentlemen  of 
the  British  army.  These,  judging  from  what  they 
saw,  without  considering  the  genend  state  of  the 
country,  concurred  in  representing  the  colonists  as 
very  able  to  contribute,  largely,  towards  defraying 
the  common  expenses  of  the  empire. 

The  charters,  which  were  supposed  to  contain 
the  principles  on  which  the  colonies  were  founded, 
became  the  subject  of  serious  investigation  on  both 
sides.  Une  clause  was  found  to  run  through  the 
whole  of  them,  except  that  which  had  been  granted 
to  ]Mr.  Penn.  'niis  was  a  declaration,  "that  the 
emigrants  to  America  should  enjoy  the  same  privi- 
leges, as  if  they  had  remained,  or  had  been  born 
within  the  realm  :"  but  such  was  the  subtilty  of  dis- 
putants, that  both  parties  construed  this  general 
principle  so  as  to  favour  their  respective  opinions. 
The  American  patriots  contended,  that  as  Kii."'.isli 
freeholders  could  not  be  taxed,  but  by  reprc  cnta- 
tives.  in  choosing  whom  they  had  a  vote,  .'ithcr 
eoiUd  the  colonists  :  but  it  was  replied,  thai,  if  the 
colonists  had  remained  in  Kngland,  they  nnist  have 
been  bound  to  p.ay  the  taxes  imposed  by  parliament. 
It  was  therefore  inferred,  that,  though  taxed  by 
that  authority,  they  lost  none  of  the  rights  of  native 
Knglishmen,  residing  at  home.  The  parti/.ans  of 
the  mother  country  could  see  nothing  in  charters, 
but  security  against  taxes,  by  royal  authority.  The 
Americans,  adhering  to  the  spirit  more  than  to  the 
letter,  viewed  their  characters  as  a  shield  against  all 
taxes  not  imposed  by  representatives  of  their  own 
choice.  This  construction  they  contended  to  be 
expressly  recognised  by  the  charter  of  Maryland. 
In  that,  king  Charles  bound  both  himself  and  his 
successors,  not  to  assent  to  any  bill  subjecting  the 
inhabitants  to  internal  taxation,  by  external  legis- 
lation. 


'I'he  nature  and  extent  of  the  connexion  betnoeo 
(Jreat  Britain  and  America,  was  a  great  constitu 
tional  iiuesiiiin,  involving  many  inli'iests  and  Iho 
general  principles  of  civil  libeify.  To  ilecide  this, 
recourse  was,  in  vain,  had  to  parchment  authorities, 
made  at  a  distant  time;  when  neither  the  grantor, 
nor  grantees,  of  American  territory,  had  in  ciintem. 
plation  any  thing  like  the  present  slate  of  the  two 
countries. 

(•real  and  nourishing  colonies,  daily  increasins 
in  numbers,  and  already  grown  to  the  magnitude  of 
a  nation,  planted  at  an  immense  distance,  and  go- 
veriied  by  coiisiiiutions,  resembling  that  of  llie  coun- 
try from  which  ihey  sprung,  were  novelties  in  Ihu 
history  of  the  world.  To  ( oinbine  colonies  so  cir 
cumslanceil,  in  one  nnlfiirm  system  of  governmeni 
with  the  parent  slate,  reipiircd  a  great  knowledge 
of  mankind,  and  an  extensive  comprehension  of 
things.  It  was  an  arduous  business,  far  beyond  the 
grasp  of  ordinary  statesmen,  whose  minds  were 
narrowed  by  the  forinalilies  of  law,  or  the  trammels 
of  olVicc.  An  original  genius,  unfettered  with  pre- 
cedents, and  exalted  with  just  ideas  of  the  rights  of 
human  iiatnre,  and  the  obligations  of  universal  be- 
nevolence, might  have  sirnck  out  a  middle  line, 
which  would  have  secured  as  much  liberty  to  the 
colonies,  and  as  great  a  degree  of  supremacy  to  the 
parent  stale,  as  their  common  good  required  ;  but 
the  helm  of  (ireat  Britain  was  not  in  such  hands. 
The  spirit  of  the  British  constitution,  on  the  ono 
band,  reviilied  at  the  idea,  that  the  British  |)arlia- 
mer  1  should  exercise  the  same  unlimited  authority 
over  the  unrepresented  colonies,  which  it  exer- 
cised over  the  inhabitants  of  (ireat  Britain.  The 
colonists,  on  the  other  hand,  did  not  claim  a  to- 
tal exemption  from  its  authority.  They  in  gene- 
ral allowed  the  mother  country  a  certain  unilelined 
prerogative  over  them,  and  acquiesced  in  the  right 
of  parliament,  to  make  many  acts,  binding  them  in 
many  subjects  of  internal  policy,  ar  ,i  regulating 
their  trade.  Where  parliamentary  supremacy  end- 
ed, and  at  what  point  colonial  independency  began, 
was  not  ascertained.  Happy,  for  tlie  Knglish  em- 
pire, would  it  have  been,  had  the  question  never 
liecn  agitated  ;  but  much  more  so,  had  it  been  cm- 
promised  by  an  amicable  compact,  without  the  hor- 
rors of  a  civil  war. 

The  Knglisli  colonies  were  originally  est.ablished 
on  the  principles  of  a  commercial  monopoly.  While 
Kngland  pursued  trade,  her  commerce  increased  at 
least  four-fold.  The  colonies  took  the  manufac- 
tures of  (ireat  Britain,  and  paid  for  them  with  pro- 
visions, or  raw  materials.  They  united  their  arms 
in  war,  their  commerce  and  their  councils  in  peace, 
without  nicely  investigating  the  terms  on  which  the 
connexion  of  the  two  countries  depcmled. 

A  perfect  calm  in  the  political  world  is  not  long 
to  be  expected.  The  reciprocal  happiness,  both  of 
(ireat  Britain  and  of  the  colonies,  was  too  great  to 
be  of  long  duration.  The  calamities  of  the  war  of 
17;).')  had  scarcely  ended,  when  the  germ  of  another 
war  was  planted,  which  soon  grew  up  and  produced 
deadly  fruit. 

At  that  lime,  sundry  resolutions  passed  the  Bri- 
tish parliament,  relative  to  the  imposition  of  a  stamp 
limy  in  America,  which  gave  a  genend  alarm.  By 
them  the  right,  the  equity,  the  policy,  and  even  the 
necessity  of  taxing  the  colonies,  were  formally 
avowed.  These  resolutions,  being  considered  as 
the  preface  of  a  system  of  American  revenue,  were 
deemed  ail  introduction  to  evils  of  much  greater 
magnitude.  They  opened  a  prospect  of  oppres- 
sion, boundless  in  extent,  and  endless  in  diiralion. 
They  were  nevertheless  not  immediately  followed 
by  any  legislative  act.  Time,  and  an  invitation, 
were  given  to  the  Americans,  to  suggest  any  other 
mode  of  taxation  that  might  be  equivalent  in  its  pro- 
duce to  the  stamp  act :  but  they  objected,  not  only  to 
the  mode,  but  the  principle  ;  and  several  of  their  »<!- 
•einblies,  though  in  vain,  petitioned  against  it.  An 
.American  revenue  was,  in  Kngland,  a  very  popular 
measure.  The  cry  in  favour  of  it  was  so  strong,  us 
to  sileiiofi  the  voice  of  petitions  to  the  contrary. — 
T!ic  equity  of  compelling  the  Americans  to  contri- 
bute to  the  common  expenses  of  tl.e  empire,  satis- 
lied  many  who,  without  inquiring  into  the  policy  cr 


ssas 


taetppi 


BWWWPW'"""^**^^'^ 


NOtlTir   AMERICA, 


801 


xiiiii  lielwesD 
ic;il  ronmim 
t'His  atiil    the 

II  ilcM'iili*  lliis, 
It  iiiillioritii's, 
r  llir  uriiiiior, 

III  ill  ciiiitem- 
tc  of  llie  two 

ily  inriTaninij 
iiacniliidc  of 
ncc,  and  go- 
t  of  the  coun- 
rpllivs  in  Ihu 
■liiiiies  so  c\t 

};(iveiiinicnl 
at  kiinwli'dge 
rtOiension  of 
;ir  lipyniid  the 

inindH  were 
till!  trammels 
red  with  pre- 
r  the  rights  of 
universal  be- 
I  middle  line, 
lilierly  to  the 
reniacy  to  the 
'cquired  ;  but 
1  such  hands, 
I,  on  the  one 
ISrilish  parlia- 
ilpil  authority 
liicli  it  exer- 
iiilaiii.  'I"he 
t  claim  a  to- 
riicy  in  gcnc- 
aiii  unildined 
d  in  the  right 
tiling  them  in 
'  >i  regulating 
i|)r('macy  end- 
idriicy  began, 

Knulish  cni- 
uestion  never 
I  it  been  cm- 
hout  the  hur- 

ly  established 

M)ly.    While 

increased  at 

the   manulac- 

leni  with  pro- 

(I  their  arms 
iicils  in  peace, 

on  which  the 

led. 

rid  is  not  long 
liness,  both  of 
as  too  great  to 

of  the  war  of 
nil  of  another 
and  produced 

issed  the   liri- 
of  a  stamp 
-.il  alarm.    Hy 
and  even  the 
iwro   formally 
rmisidered    as 
revenue,  were 
imuh  greater 
ct    (if  oppres- 
i  in  duration. 
iitcly  followed 
an  invitation, 
{est  any  other 
ilent  in  its  pro- 
led,  not  only  to 
•ral  of  their  »■!- 
gainst  it.     An 
very  (wpulnr 
s  so  strong,  iM 
be  contrary.— 
ans  to  contri- 
empire,  satis- 
0  the  policy  tr 


justice  of  taxing  their  unrepresented  fellow  subjects, 
readily  aHieiilcd  to  the  mcaiiiies  ailojiti'd  by  the 
parliaiiieiil  liir  Ibis  purpose.  'I'lie  prospect  of  easing 
their  own  biiiili'iis,  at  llie  expense  of  the  colonists, 
da/.i'.led  the  eyes  of  geiilleiiien  of  lauded  interest, 
no  as  III  keep  out  of  their  view  the  probable  coiitic- 
qnences  of  the  iniiiivatioii. 

The  omiiipoleneeof  parliament  wan  so  familiar  a 
phrase,  on  both  sidus  of  the  Atlantic,  that  few  in 
Ainerica,  and  still  fewer  in  (ireat  iiritain,  were  im- 
pi'i'ssed,  in  the  first  instance,  with  any  idea  of  the 
illegality  of  taxing  the  cidoiiisis, 

lllniiiination  on  that  subject  was  gradual.  The 
resoliilions  in  favor  of  an  American  stamp  act, 
which  passed  in  March,  I7UI,  met  with  no  opposi- 
tion. In  the  course  of  the  year  which  intervened 
lietween  ihi^se  resolutions,  and  the  passing  of  a  law 
groniiiled  upon  them,  the  subjeet  was  better  under- 
stood, and  constitntional  objections  against  the  mea- 
sure, were  urged  by  several,  both  in  (ireat  llrilain 
and  America.  This  astonished  and  chagrined  the 
Hritish  ministry :  but  as  the  principle  of  taxing 
America  had  been,  for  some  time,  determined  upon, 
they  were  unwilling  to  give  it  up.  Impelled  by 
partiality  for  a  long  cherished  idea,  Mr.  (irenville, 
in  .Mairh  I7(>.'<,  brought  into  the  house  of  commons 
his  lung  expected  bill,  for  laying  a  stamp  duty  in 
.'Vinerica.  IJy  this,  after  passing  through  the  usual 
forms,  it  was  enacted,  that  the  instruineuls  of  wri- 
ting, in  daily  use  among  a  commercial  people,  should 
be  null  and  void,  imless  they  were  executed  on 
stamped  paper  or  parchment,  charged  with  a  duly 
imposed  by  the  Hritish  parliament. 

When  the  bill  was  brought  in,  Mr.  Charles 
Townsenil  concluded  a  speech  in  its  favour,  with 
words  III  the  followiiii;  elfect  :  "  And  now  will  these 
.\inerirans,  children  plaiiled  by  our  care,  nourished 
up  by  our  indulgence,  till  they  are  gninii  to  a  de- 
gree of  strength  and  opulence,  and  protected  by  our 
arms,  will  they  grudge  to  eonlribiite  their  mite  to 
relieve  tis  from  the  heavy  weight  of  that  burden 
which  we  lie  under .'"  To  which  colonel  IJarre 
replied  :  "  They  planted  by  your  care  I  No,  your 
oppressions  planted  them  in  America.  They  (led 
fromtyranny  to  a  then  nncnltivated  and  inhospitable 
country,  wliere  they  exposed  themselves  to  almost 
all  the  hardships  to  which  liniuan  nature  is  liable ; 
and,  among  others,  to  the  cruelty  of  a  savage  fiie, 
the  most  subtle,  and,  I  will  take  upon  me  to  say,  the 
most  formidable  of  any  people  upon  the  face  of 
tiod's  earth .'  and  yet,  actuated  by  principles  of  true 
Knglish  liberty,  they  met  all  hardships  with  plea- 
sure, compared  witli  those  they  suffered  in  their 
own  country,  from  the  hand  of  those  that  should 
have  been  their  friends.  They  nimrished  up  by 
your  iiidnlgeucc  !  They  grew  by  your  neglect  of 
them.  As  soon  as  you  began  to  care  about  them, 
that  care  was  exercised  in  sending  persons  to  nilc 
them,  in  one  department  and  another,  who  were, 
perhaps,  the  deputies  of  deputies  to  some  members 
in  this  house,  sent  to  spy  out  their  liberties,  to  mis- 
represent their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them  ;  men, 
whose  behaviour,  on  many  occasions,  has  caused 
the  blood  of  those  sons  of  liberty  to  recoil  within 
them:  men  promoted  to  the  highest  seats  of  justice 
—some  who,  to  my  knowledge,  were  glad,  by  going 
to  a  foreign  country,  to  escape  being  brousibt  to  the 
bar  of  a  court  of  justice  in  their  own.  They  pro- 
tected by  your  arms !  They  have  nobly  taken  up 
arms  in  your  defence,  have  exerted  a  valour  amidst 
their  constant  and  laborious  industry,  for  the  de- 
fence of  a  country  whose  frontier  was  drenched  in 
blood,  whilst  its  interior  parts  yielded  all  its  little 
savings  to  your  emolument.  And,  believe  me,  that 
same  spirit  of  freedom,  which  actuated  these  peojile 
at  first,  will  accompany  them  still :  but  prudence 
forbids  me  to  (jxplain  myself  farther.  God  knows, 
I  do  not,  at  this  time,  speak  from  any  motives  of 
pirty  heal.  I  deliver  the  genuine  .sentiments  of  my 
h;ait.  However  superior  to  me,  in  general  know- 
ledge and  experience,  the  respectable  body  of  this 
house  may  bi ,  yet  I  claim  to  know  more  of  America 
titan  most  of  you  :  having  seen  and  been  conversant 
in  that  country.  The  people,  1  believe,  are  as  tnily 
loyal  as  any  subjects  the  king  has ;  but  a  people  jea- 
lous of  their  liberties,  and  who  will  vindicate  tlieni, 


if  ever  they  should  be  violated  :  but  the  subject  is 
too  delicate.     I  will  say  no  more." 

During  the  debate  on  the  bill,  the  supporters  of  it 
insisted  iiiiich  on  the  colonies  being  virtually  repre- 
sented ill  the  same  manner  as  Leeds,  Halifax,  and 
Nome  other  towns  were.  A  recurrence  to  this  plea 
was  a  virtual  acknowledgement,  tliat  there  oii^ht  not 
to  be  taxation  without  representation.  It  was  re- 
plied, that  the  cunnexion  betwei'ii  the  electors  and 
non-electors  of  p;u-Hament,  in  (ireat  llrltain,  was  so 
interwoven,  from  both  being  erpially  liable  to  pay 
the  same  common  tax,  as  to  give  sonn;  security  of 
properly  to  the  latter :  but  with  respect  to  taxes 
laid  by  the  Hritish  parliament,  and  paid  by  the  Ame- 
ricans, the  situation  of  the  parties  was  reversed. 
Instead  of  both  parties  bearing  a  proportionable 
share  of  the  same  common  burden,  what  was  laid 
on  the  one,  was  exactly  so  much  taken  olf  from  the 
other. 

The  bill  met  with  no  opposition  in  the  house  of 
lords;  and,  on  the  :i2d  of  March,  17U.J,  it  received 
the  royal  assent.  'J'hc  night  after  it  )iassed,  ])r. 
h'ranklin  wrote  to  IMr.  Charles  Thomson ;  "  The 
sun  of  liberty  is  set ;  you  must  light  up  the  candles 
of  industry  and  economy."  Mr.  Thomson  answer- 
ed :  "  I  was  apprehensive,  that  other  lights  would 
be  the  conseiiueucc ;"  and  he  foretold  the  opposition 
which  shortly  took  place.  On  its  being  suggested 
from  authority,  that  the  stamp  oHicers  would  not  be 
sent  from  Orcit  Britain,  but  selected  from  aiming 
the  Americans,  the  cobmy  agents  were  desired  to 
point  out  proper  persons  for  that  purpose.  They 
generally  nominated  their  friends,  which  allords  a 
presumptive  proot',  that  they  supposed  the  act  woiibl 
liave  gone  down.  In  this  opinion,  they  were  far 
from  being  singular.  That  the  colonists  would  be, 
ultimately,  obliged  to  submit  to  the  stamp  act,  was 
at  first  commonly  believed,  both  in  Kngland  and 
America,  The  framers  of  it,  in  particular,  Matter- 
ed themselves,  that  the  eonlusion,  which  would  arise 
upon  the  disuse  of  writings,  and  the  insecurity  of 
property,  which  would  result  from  using  any  other 
than  that  rcijuired  by  law,  would  compel  the  colo- 
nies, however  reluctant,  to  use  the  stam|>ed  paper, 
and  conse(|uently  to  pay  the  taxes  imposed  thereon. 
They,  therefore,  boasted  that  it  was  a  law,  which 
woidd  execute  itself.  15y  the  term  of  the  stamp  act, 
it  was  not  to  take  elfect  till  the  first  day  of  Novem- 
ber; a  period  of  more  than  seven  months  after  its 
passing.  This  gave  the  colonists  an  opportunity 
of  leisurely  canvassing  the  new  subject,  and  exam- 
ining fully  on  every  side.  In  the  first  part  of  this 
interval,  struck  with  astonishment,  they  lay  in  si- 
lent consternation,  and  could  not  determine  what 
course  to  pursue.  Hy  degrees  they  recovered  their 
recollection.  Virginia  led  the  way  in  opposition 
to  the  stamp  act.  Mr.  Patrick  Henry,  on  the  2',)th 
of  May,  17(j5,  brought  into  the  house  of  burgesses 
of  that  colony,  the  following  resolutions,  which  were 
substanliully  adopted. 

"  Resolved,  that  the  first  adventurers,  settlers  of 
this  his  majesty's  colony  and  dominion  of  Virginia, 
brought  with  them,  and  transmitted  to  their  jxiste- 
riiy,  and  all  other,  his  majesty's  subjects,  since  in- 
habiting in  this,  his  majesty's  said  colony,  all  the 
liberties,  privileges,  and  immunities,  that  have  at 
any  time,  been  held,  enjoyed,  and  possessed  by  the 
people  of  (ireat  llrilain. 

"  Resolved,  that,  by  two  royal  charters,  granted 
by  king  .Tames  the  first,  the  colonists  aforesaid  are 
declared  entitled  to  all  liberties,  privileges,  and  im- 
munities of  denizens,  and  nattiral  subjects,  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes,  as  if  they  had  been  abiding  and 
born  within  the  realm  of  Kngland. 

"Resolved,  tliat  his  majesty's  liege  people,  of 
this  his  ancient  colony,  have  enjoyed  the  rights  of 
being  thus  governed,  by  their  own  assembly,  in  the 
article  of  taxes,  and  internal  police ;  and  that  the 
same  have  never  been  forfeited,  or  yielded  up  :  but 
have  been  constantly  recognised  by  the  king  and 
people  of  Hritain. 

"  Resolved,  therefore,  that  the  general  assembly 
of  this  colony,  together  Willi  his  majesty,  or  Ins  sub- 
stitutes, have  in  their  representative  capacity,  the 
only  exclusive  right  and  power,  (o  lay  t.ixcs  and  im- 
posts, upon  the  inhabitan'^  of  litis  colony;  and  that 


every  atlenipt,  to  vest  such  power  in  any  other  ynir 
sou  or  persons,  whatsoever,  than  the  general  assein 
biy  aforesaid,  is  illegal,  unconslilutional,  and  unjusti 
and  hath  a  manifest  tendency  to  destroy  liritish,  ai 
well  as  American  liberty. 

"  Resolved,  that  his  majesty's  liege  people,  ina 
inhabitants  of  this  colony,  are  not  bound  to  yield 
obedience  to  any  law,  or  ordinance  whatever,  de- 
signed to  impose  any  taxation  whatever  upon  them, 
other  than  the  laws  or  ordinances  of  the  general  as 
senibly  aforesaid. 

"  Resolved,  that  any  person,  who  shall,  by  speak- 
ing or  writing,  assert  or  maintain,  that  -iny  person, 
or  persons,  other  than  the  general  assenilify  ol  this 
colony,  have  any  right  or  power,  to  impose,  or  lay 
any  taxation  on  the  people  here,  shall  be  deemed  an 
enemy  to  this  his  majesty's  colony.'" 

Upon  reading  these  resolutions,  the  boldness  and 
novelty  of  them  affected  one  of  the  meinbers  to  such 
a  degree,  that  he  cried  out,  "treason!  treason  I" 
They  were,  nevertheless,  well  received  by  the 
people ;  and  immediately  fiirwariled  to  the  other 
provinces.  They  circulated  extensively,  and  gave 
a  spring  to  the  discontented.  Till  they  appeared, 
most  were  of  opinion,  that  the  act  would  be  quietly 
adopted.  Murmurs,  indeed,  were  common,  but 
they  seemed  to  be  such,  as  would  soon  die  away. 
The  countenance  of  so  respectable  a  colony,  as  Vir- 
ginia, confirmed  the  wavering,  and  emboldened  the 
timid.  Opposition  to  the  stamp  act,  from  that  pe- 
riod, assumed  a  bolder  face.  The  fire  of  liberty 
blazed  fiirth  from  the  press.  Some  weli-judged 
publications  set  the  rights  of  the  colonists,  in  a  plain, 
but  strong  point  of  view.  The  tongues  and  the  pens 
of  the  well-informed  citizens  laboured  in  kindling 
the  latent  s|>arks  of  patriotism.  The  flame  spread 
from  breast  to  breast,  till  the  conflagration  became 
general.  In  this  business.  New  Kngland  had  a 
principal  share.  The  inhabitants  of  that  part  of 
America,  in  piirticular,  considered  their  obligations 
to  the  mother  country,  for  past  favours,  to  be  very 
inconsiderable,  'I'hey  wne  fully  informed,  that 
their  forefathers  were  driven,  by  persecution  to  the 
wooils  of  America,  and  had  there,  without  any  ex- 
pense to  the  parent  state,  effected  a  setllement  on 
bare  creation.  Their  resentment,  fiir  the  inviiaioii 
of  their  accustomed  right  of  taxation,  was  not  so 
much  mitigated,  by  the  recollection  of  late  favours, 
as  it  was  heiglilened  by  the  tradition  of  grievous 
sufferings,  to  which  their  ancestors,  by  the  rulers 
of  Kiiglaiiil,  had  been  subjected. 

The  heavy  burdens,  which  the  opeiaiion  of  the 
stamp  act  woubl  have  imposed  on  the  colonists,  to 
getlier  with  the  jirecedent  it  would  establish  of  fu 
lure  exactions,  furnished  the  American  patriots 
with  arguments,  calculated  as  well  to  move  the 
passions,  as  to  convince  the  jiiilgments  of  their  fel- 
low colonists.  In  great  warnilh  they  exclaimed  ; 
"  If  the  parliament  have  a  right  to  levy  the  stamp 
duties,  they  may,  by  the  same  authority,  lay  on  us 
imposts,  excises,  and  other  taxes,  without  end,  till 
their  nipacity  is  satisfied,  or  onr  abilities  are  ex- 
hausted. We  cannot,  at  I'lilme  elections,  displace 
these  men,  who  so  lavishly  grant  away  our  proper- 
ty. Their  seals  and  their  power  are  independent 
of  us,  and  it  will  rest  with  their  generosity,  where 
to  stop,  in  transferring  the  expenses  of  government 
from  their  own,  to  our  shiuililers." 

It  was  fortunate  for  the  liberties  of  America,  that 
newspapers  were  the  subject  of  a  heavy  stamp  duty. 
Printers,  when  uiiinfluen<eil  by  government,  have 
generally  arranged  fheniselves  on  the  side  of  liber- 
ty, nor  are  they  less  remarkable  fiir  their  attention 
to  the  profits  of  their  profession.  A  stamp  duty, 
which  openly  invarled  the  first,  and  threatened  a  di 
minution  of  the  last,  provoked  their  united  ze.iloua 


♦  ratrick  Henry,  wbose  cloqllrnce  Wfta  nf  llie  panic  fa 
inily  wiib  the  poetrv  of  SbiikHpnire,  inlrnducpil  iIipso  re 
siiliiiions,  with  nil  niiiiiinteil  ppi'crli,  wlijcli  is  iinrnrtiiiiutel} 
lost,  er,  porhiifis,  wnn  never  written.  TrHililiun  inrnriiis 
ili>,  thai,  wliile  tie  wfis  pouring  out  Ills  whole  Mini,  in 
tlin  lirilliuTit  t>xti-in|Hinilir(,u^  rlTui'iona  of  ttii^  ni(><it  nr- 
(lent  piilriotifiii,  he  tir(ik,>  off  nhriipijy,  or  was  >ili'iic'!(l 
by  n  call  in  nnlcr,  in  ttie  miildli*  of  n  H(!iiteii('(>.  whi  h  hc- 
pnn  as  fiillows.  "  C'nosnr  had  bis  nruliis :  Cliarlfs  his 
Oliver  ;  aud  it'  king  Ucorge  go  on  ni  h«  hts  lirgUD  he  will 
fiuil"— 


8oa 


THK   HISTORY  OF 


op|)<)»iiioii.  Tlmy  daily  presentoil  to  lh«  piibliu  ori- 
giiiul  iliiwerliitiunii,  lumliiiK  lu  priivc,  licit,  if  the 
■Miiip  act  were  aull'ereJ  to  operulf,  the  Ijkerlien  of 
Aiiiuriu»ii!i  were  u\  nii  uiiil,  ami  llicir  pnipiTiy  virliial- 
ly  tranatfrrnd  lu  lliuir  iraiiH-Allaiiliu  I'l-IIdw  siilijucli*. 
The  writers  aiiioiiK  the  Aiiicricaiis,  Hcriciusly  alarm- 
ed tor  the  lute  ot°  their  coiintrVi  eaiiiu  forivaril  with 
«May9,  to  prove,  that,  aj;rcealily  lo  llii;  Itrilish  ron- 
•titulioii,  taxation  and  reprcHciitation  were  inwpar- 
nble;  that  the  only  con9titiili»nal  imidit  of  rai^iii<; 
mon^y  from  die  colonistM,  was  by  ac^ts  iil'  iln-ir  own 
le|;i»laturog ;  that  the  crown  puHscsscd  mi  Cirlhcr 
power,  than  that  of  rcqiiisitiiin  ;  and  that  ihc  parlia- 
nionlary  ri^lit  of  taxation  was  vonlincd  to  llii-  nio- 
Iher  country,  where  it  orijiiinaleil  from  iho  nalnral 
right  of  man,  lo  do  what  hu  picasmi  wilh  his  own, 
transferred  by  consent  from  tin;  vliM^tcns  of  Ureal 
Britain,  to  those  whom  they  cliosc  to  represent  them 
in  parliament.  They  nUo  insisted  mncli  on  the  mis- 
application of  pnbliu  money,  by  the  llritish  ministry. 
Great  pains  were  taken  to  inform  the  colonists  of 
the  large  sums  annually  bestoweil  on  pensioned  fa- 
fouriles,  and  for  the  various  purposes  of  bribery. 
Their  passions  were  inllaiiied  by  lii^h  coloured  re- 
presenlalions  of  the  hardship  of  beinj;  ubiijjed  to 
pay  the  earnings  of  their  industry  into  a  llritish 
treasury,  well  known  lo  be  a  fund  for  corruption. 

The  writers  on  the  American  siilc  were  opposed 
by  arguments,  drawn  from  the  unity  of  the  empire ; 
the  necessity  of  one  supreme  head ;  the  unlimited 
power  of  parliament;  and  the  great  numbers  in  the 
mother  country,  who,  though  legally  disqualified 
froin  voting  at  elections,  were,  nevertheless,  boumi 
to  pay  the  taxes  imposed  by  the  representatives  of 
the  nation.  To  these  objections  it  was  replied, 
that  tlie  very  idea  of  subordination  of  parts,  excluded 
the  notion  of  simple  undivided  unity;  that,  as  Eng- 
land was  the  head,  she  could  not  be  the  head  ami 
the  members  too;  that,  in  all  extensive  empires, 
where  the  dead  uniformity  of  servitude  did  not  pre- 
vent, the  subordinate  parts  had  many  local  privi- 
leges and  immunities;  that,  between  these  privi- 
leges and  the  supreme  common  authority,  the  line 
was  extremely  nice  ;  and  that,  nevertheless,  the  su- 
premacy of  the  head  had  an  ample  field  of  exercise, 
withcuit  arrogating  to  itself  the  dis|>osal  of  the  |)ro- 
perly  of  the  unrepresented  subordinate  parts.  To 
the  assertion,  that  the  power  of  parliament  was  un- 
limited, the  colonists  replied,  that  before  it  could 
constitutionally  exercise  that  power,  it  must  be  con- 
stitutionally formed  ;  and  that,  therefore,  it  must  at 
least,  in  one  of  its  branches,  be  constituted  by  the 
people,  over  whom  it  exercised  unlimited  power; 
that,  with  respect  to  Great  Uritain,  it  was  so  con- 
stituted ;  and  with  respect  to  America,  it  was  not. 
They  therefore  inferred,  that  its  power  ouj;lit  not  to 
be  the  same  over  bi;th  countries.  They  argued  al- 
so, that  the  delegation  of  the  {leople  was  the  source 
of  power,  in  regard  to  taxation;  and,  as  that  dele- 
gation was  wanting  in  America,  they  concluded  the 
right  of  parliament,  to  grant  away  their  property, 
could  not  exist;  and  that  the  defective  representation 
in  Great  Britain,  should  be  urged  as  an  argument 
for  taxing  the  Americans,  without  any  representa- 
tion at  all,  proved  the  encroaching  nature  of  power. 
Instead  of  convincing  the  colonists  of  the  propriety 
of  their  stibmission,  it  demonstrated  the  wisdom  of 
their  resistance ;  for,  said  they,  "  one  inv.Lsion  of 
natural  right  is  made  the  justification  of  another, 
much  more  injurious  and  oppressive." 

The  advocates  for  parliamentary  taxation,  laid 
great  stress  on  the  rights  supposed  to  have  accrued 
to  Great  Britain,  on  the  score  of  her  having  reareil 
up  and  protected  the  English  settlements  in  Ame- 
rica, at  great  expense.  It  was,  on  the  other  hand, 
conteaded  by  the  colonists,  that,  in  all  the  wars 
which  were  common  to  both  countries,  they  had 
taken  their  full  share;  but  in  all  their  own  dangers, 
in  all  the  difficulties  belonging  separately  to  their 
bituation,  which  did  not  immediately  concern  Great 
Britain,  they  were  left  to  themselves,  and  had  to 
struggle  through  a  hard  infancy ;  and  in  particular, 
to  defend  themselves,  without  any  aid  from  the  |)ii- 
rent  state,  against  the  niunerous  savages  in  their 
vicinity;  that,  when  France  had  made  war  upon 
'hem,  it  was  not  on  their  own  account,  but  as  appen- 


dages lo  (treat  Britain;  that,  confining  their  trniii' 
for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  tlic  parent  slate,  was  an , 
ample  cinnpcnsation  for  her  proteclion,  anil  a  sulfi- , 
cient  pipiivaleiit  for  their  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary laxation;  and  that  the  taxes  imposed  on  the  iii- 
habiianls  of  (ireat  Britain  were  incorporated  with 
their  manufactures,  ami  ultimately  full  on  the  co- 
lonists, who  were  the  consumers. 

The  advocates  for  the  stamp  act  also  contended, 
thai,  as  the  parliament  was  charged  with  the  de- 
fence of  the  colonies,  it  ought  to  possess  the  means 
(if  defraying  the  oxpeasus  incurred  thereby.  The 
same  argument  had  been  used  by  king  ('liarles  the 
first,  in  support  of  ship-money;  and  it  was  now  an- 
swered in  the  same  manner  as  it  was  by  the  patriots 
of  that  day  ;  "  that  the  people,  who  were  defended  or 
protected,  were  the  fittest  to  judge  of  and  to  provide 
the  means  of  defraying  the  expenses  incurred  on 
that  account."  In  the  mean  time,  the  minds  of  the 
Americans  underwent  a  total  Iraiisformation.  In- 
stead of  their  late  peaceable  and  steady  attachment 
to  the  British  nation,  they  were  daily  advancing  to 
the  opposite  extreme.  The  people,  especially  in 
the  large  cities,  became  riotous,  insulted  the  per- 
sons, and  destroyed  the  property  of  such  as  were 
known  or  supposed  to  be  friendly  to  the  stamp  act. 
The  mob  were  the  visible  agents  in  these  disorderly 
proceedings  ;  but  they  were  encouraged  by  persons 
of  rank  and  character. 

As  opportunities  oficred,  th"  assemblies  generally 
passed  resolutions,  asserting  their  exclusive  right 
lo  lay  taxes  on  their  constituents.  The  people,  in 
their  town  meetings,  instructed  their  representa- 
tives lo  oppose  the  stamp  act.  For  a  specimen  of 
the  spirit  and  style  of  their  instructions,  see  Appen- 
dix, No.  I. 

The  expediency  of  calling  a  continental  congress, 
to  be  composed  of  deputies  from  each  of  the  pro- 
vinces, had  early  occurred  to  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts. The  assembly  of  that  province  passerl  a 
resolution  in  fiivour  of  that  measure,  and  fixed  on 
New  York  as  the  place,  and  the  second  Tuesday  of 
October,  HW),  as  the  time,  for  holding  the  same. 
They  sent  circular  letters  to  the  speakers  of  the  se- 
vend  assemblies,  requesting  their  concurrence. 
This  first  advance  towards  continental  union,  was 
seconded  in  South  Carolina,  before  it  had  been 
agreed  to  by  any  colony  to  the  southward  of  New 
England.  The  example  of  this  province  had  a  con- 
siderable influence  in  recommending  the  measure  to 
others,  divided  in  their  opinions  as  to  its  propriety. 

The  assemblies  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  were  prevented,  by  their  governors,  from 
sending  a  deputation  to  this  congress.  Twenty- 
eight  deputies  from  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  Maryland,  and  South  Caiolina, 
met  at  New  York  :  and,  after  mature  delibenition, 
agreed  on  a  declaration  of  their  rights,  and  on  a 
statement  of  their  grievances.  They  asserted,  in 
strong  terms,  their  exemption  from  all  taxes  not  im- 
posed by  their  own  representatives.  They  also 
concurred  in  a  petition  to  the  king,  a  memorial  lo 
the  house  of  lords,  and  a  petition  to  the  house  of 
commons.  The  colonies  prevented  from  sending 
their  representatives  to  this  congress,  forwarded 
petitions  similar  to  those  adopted  by  the  deputies 
who  attended. 

While  a  variety  of  legal  and  illegal  methods  were 
ado]itcd,  to  oppose  the  stamp  act,  the  first  of  No- 
vember, on  which  it  was  to  commence  its  operation, 
approached.  At  Boston,  the  day  was  ushered  in 
by  a  funeral  tolling  of  bells.  Many  shops  and  stores 
were  shut.  The  effigies  of  the  planners  and  friends 
of  the  stamp  act,  were  carried  about  the  streets  in 
public  derision,  and  then  torn  in  pieces  by  the  en- 
raged populace.  It  was  remarkable,  that,  though 
a  large  crowd  was  assembled,  there  was  not  the 
least  violence  or  disorder. 

At  Portsmouth, in  New  Hampshire,  the  morning 
was  ushered  in  with  tolling  all  the  bells  in  town. 
In  the  course  of  the  day,  notice  was  given  to  the 
friends  of  Liberty,  to  attend  her  Amend.  A  coffin, 
neatly  ornamented,  and  inscribed  with  the  word 
LIBERTY,  in  large  letters,  was  carried  to  the 
grave.    The  funeral  procession   began  from  the 


»tHte-hou»e,  atleniert  with  two  unbraced  ilrums. 
Willie  the  iiihaliilaiils  who  followeil  the  colliii  were 
in  imitiiin,  ininule  guns  were  fired,  and  coniiiined 
till  the  ciiinii  arrived  at  the  place  of  interinem  Then 
an  Mialion,  in  favour  of  the  deceased,  was  pniiioiiii- 
ceil.  It  was  scarcely  ended,  befiire  the  toltiii  was 
taken  up  ;  it  having  been  perceived  ll.iit  soiiie  re- 
mains of  !if-.' were  left  :  on  which  the  inscription  was 
iiiiiiKiliately  altered  to  "  Liberty  revived."  TI16 
bells  iminediati'ly  exchanged  their  melancholy  fiir 
.  more  jiiyl'nl  soiinH  ;  and  satisfaction  appeared  in 
very  coiinteiiance.  The  whole  was  condui^ted 
with  decency,  and  without  injury  or  insult  lo  any 
man's  person  or  property. 

The  general  aversion  to  the  stamp  act  was,  by 
similar  methods,  in  a  variety  of  places,  deiminstra- 
ted.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  proceedings  of  Ihu 
|Nipulace,  on  these  occasions,  were  carried  on  with 
decorum  and  regularity.  They  were  not  ebulli- 
tions of  a  thoughtless  mob;  but,  fiir  the  most  part, 
planned  by  Icaihng  men,  of  character  and  infinence, 
who  were  friends  to  peace  and  order.  These, 
knowing  well  that  the  bulk  of  mankind  are  more 
led  by  their  senses,  than  by  their  reason,  comlucted 
the  public  exhibitions  on  that  principle,  with  a  view 
of  making  the  stamp  act,  and  its  friends,  both  ri' 
dienlous  and  odious. 

Though  the  stamp  act  was  to  have  operated  from 
the  1st  of  Nove.nber,  yet  legal  proceedings,  in  the 
courts,  were  carrie<l  on  as  before.  Vessels  entered 
and  departed  without  stamped  papers.  The  printers 
boldly  printed  and  circulated  their  newspapers,  and 
found  a  sufficient  number  of  readers;  though  they 
used  common  paper,  in  defiance  of  the  acts  of  par- 
liament. Ill  most  departments,  by  common  consent, 
business  was  carried  on,  as  though  no  stamp  act  had 
existed.  This  was  accompanied  by  spirited  resir 
Intiiins  In  risk  all  consequences,  rather  than  submit 
to  use  the  pajier  required  by  law.  While  these 
matters  were  in  agitation,  the  cidonists  entered  in- 
to associations  against  importing  British  manufac- 
tures, till  the  stamp  act  shouhl  be  repealed.  In  this 
manner,  British  liberty  was  made  to  operate  against 
British  tyranny.  Agreeably  to  the  free  constitution 
of  (treat  Britain,  the  subject  was  at  liberty  to  buy, 
or  not  lo  buy,  as  he  pleased.  By  suspemling  their 
future  purchases  on  the  repeal  of  the  stampact,  the 
colonists  made  it  the  interest  of  mriTliants  and 
manufiicturers,  to  solicit  for  that  repeal.  They  had 
usually  taken  so  great  a  proportion  of  British  manu- 
factures, that  the  sudden  stoppage  of  all  their  or- 
ders, amounting,  annually,  to  two  or  three  millinns 
sterling,  threw  some  thousands,  in  the  iiiothei 
country,  out  of  employment,  and  induced  them,  from 
a  regard  to  tlieii  own  interest,  t<i  advocate  the  mea- 
sures wished  for  by  America.  The  petitions  from  the 
colonies  were  seconded  by  petitions  from  the  mer- 
chants and  manufacturers  of  (ireat  Britain.  What 
the  former  prayed  fiir  as  a  matter  of  right,  and  con 
necled  with  their  liberties,  the  latter  also  solicited 
from  motives  of  immediate  interest. 

Ill  order  to  remedy  the  deficiency  of  British  goods, 
the  colonists  betook  themselves  to  a  variety  of  ne 
cessary  domestic  manufactures.  In  a  little  time, 
large  quantities  of  common  cloths  were  brought  to 
market ;  and  these,  though  dearer,  and  of  a  worse 
quality,  were  eheerfully  preferred  to  similar  arli 
cles,  imported  from  Britain.  That  wool  might  not 
be  wanting,  they  entered  into  resolutions  to  abstain 
from  eating  lambs.  Foreign  elegancies  were  laid 
aside.  The  women  were  as  exemplary  as  the  men, 
in  various  instances  of  self-denial.  With  great 
readiness  they  refused  every  article  of  deconition 
for  their  persons,  and  luxury  for  their  tables.  These 
restrictions,  which  the  colonists  had  voluntarily  im- 
posed on  themselves,  were  so  well  observed,  (ha* 
multitudes  of  artificers,  in  Eng^ind,  were  reduced 
to  great  distress,  and  some  of  their  most  flourishing 
manufactories  were,  in  a  great  measure,  at  a  stand. 
An  association  was  entered  into,  by  many  of  the 
Sons  of  Liberty,  the  name  given  to  those  who  were 
opposed  to  the  stamp  act,  by  which  they  agreed, 
"  to  march  with  the  utmost  expedition,  at  their  own 
proper  costs  and  expense,  with  their  wliole  force,  to 
the  relief  of  those  that  should  be  in  danger  from  the 
stamp  act,  or  its  promoters  and  abettors,  or  any 


lij^rfomvfmf"^^^^^'^'^''"'^^'''''''*^^'^'''''^ 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


thing  relilllvB In  it, nil  .icroiint  itf  any  IlliliU  lliiil  rn;iy'wllli  iii  idiMi,  tli4tl)io  iiiiiiiiiilRnitr  joy  orilin  rojiiii- 
huvR  hi'i'ii  (liiiii',  ill   iip|iii.'<iliiiii  III   In   iihlniniiiL;."   isN  n':i<  ili<i|iro|iiirtiiiiU'i|  U)  lliu  nilvuiiMi;i!  (Iipy  li.itl 


ill  (londsi, 

ly  of  lie 

itiic  tiiii«, 

broiiKlit  to 

ii  worse 
inilar  arti 
ininlit  not 
to  »l)st»in 

were  laid 

tlie  men, 
^^ith  great 
decoration 
lea.  These 
mtarily  ini- 
erved,  lha» 
re  reduced 
flourishiiii; 
at  a  stand, 
any  of  tlio 

wlio  were 
ley  acreod. 
t  tlieir  own 
le  I'orec,  tu 
ir  from  tho 
irs,  or  any 


Tliis  wai  siilisi'niii'il  liy  sii  iii;iiiy,  in  New  Yorii  ami 
New  Kiiuhiiid,  tlial  iiiiililiii;  liiil  a  i't-|ieal  could  have 
prevuiiieil  the  iiiiiiieiliati!  eiiiiiiiieiiieiiientof  a  civil 
war. 

From  the  decided  Dpposiiion  tn  the  stamp  act, 
which  had  lieen  adnpteil  liy  the  riiliinie!!,  it  liecame 
necessary  for  (ireat  Itrilain  lo  eiilorce,  or  to  repeal 
it.  liotli  inetlioiN  nl'  priireeiliii);  had  supporters. 
The  opposers  of  a  repeal  iii'jjed  ai'Kiiiiieiits,  drawn 
from  the  dignity  of  the  nation,  the  danger  of  givini; 
way  tn  the  claiiionrs  of  the  Americans,  and  the  coii- 
Rei|iiences  of  veakeniii);  parliamentary  authority 
over  the  cnloiiies,  Uii  the  other  hand,  it  was  evi- 
ileiil,  from  the  delerinined  opposition  of  the  colonies, 
that  it  could  not  lie  eiifiirced  without  a  civil  war,  l)y 
which,  in  every  event,  the  nation  niust  be  a  loser. 
In  the  course  of  these  discussions.  Dr.  Franklin 
was  examined  at  the  liar  of  the  house  of  commons, 
niid  );ave  extensive  iiil'ormation  on  the  slate  of  Ame- 
rican alfairs,  anil  the  impolicy  of  the  stamp  act, 
which  ciiiitnlmted  much  toreniove  preiljiidices,  and 
to  produce  a  disposilioii  that  was  friendly  to  a  repeal. 

Some  speakers  of  treat  weitht,  in  liolli  hiiiises 
of  parliament,  denied  their  rialit  of  taxini;  the  colo- 
nies. The  most  (listiimiiislieil  supporters  of  this 
opiniiin  were  Ijord  Camliilen,  in  the  lioiise  of  peers, 
and  Mr.  I'itt,  in  llir  house  of  ciimnions.  The  for- 
mer, in  stroni;  laiiL'naye,  said  :  "  .My  position  is 
this;  1  repeat  it;  I  will  maintain  it  to  my  lastliniir. 
Taxation  anil  repiesenlaliiin  are  iiisepar.ilile.  This 
posiiinii  is  tiiiindiMl  on  the  laws  of  naliire.  It  is 
more;  it  is  ilsell' an  elernal  law  of  nature.  For 
whatever  is  a  man's  own  is  alisolutely  his  own.  No 
man  has  a  ri^lil  to  t:i!>e  it  iVom  liiiii,  » iilioiil  his  con- 
sent. Whoever  alien. pts  to  do  it,  atlempls  an  in- 
jury.    Wliiiever  iliiis  it,  eomiiiits  a  roliliery." 

Mr.  I'ill,  with  an  original  liolilness  of  expression, 
justified  the  colonists,  in  opposing  the  stamp  act. 
"  You  have  no  ri;;ht,"saiil  he,  "  to  tax  America,  I 
rejoice  that  America  has  resisted.     Three  millions 


aiiiecl. 
riie  stamp  act,  thoiiiih  repealeil,  was  not  repeal- 
ed on  American  prlmiples.  'I'he  preamlile assigned 
as  llie  reason  thoreol',  '*  that  the  colleclinii  the  se- 
veral duties  and  revenues,  as  liy  the  said  act  was  di- 
rected, would  lie  attended  with  many  Inconvenien- 
ces, and  productive  of  eonseipiences,  daii);erous  to 
the  commercial  interests  of  these  kiimdoms." 
Thon);h  this  reason  was  a  good  one  in  Kngland,  it 
was  by  no  means  satisfactory  in  America.  At  the 
same  time  that  the  stamp  act  was  repealed,  the  ab- 
solute unlimited  supremacy  of  parliament  was,  in 
words  asserted.  The  opposers  of  the  repeal  con- 
teniled  for  this  as  essential.  Tho  friends  of  that 
measure  aci|uiesced  in  it,  to  strencthen  their  party, 
anil  make  sure  of  their  object.  Many  of  both  sides 
thonuht,  that  tho  dii;nity  of  (treat  llritain  reipiired 
soinelhiiii;  of  the  kind,  to  counterbalance  the  loss  of 
authority,  that  iniKht  result  from  her  yieldin<;totlie 
clamours  of  the  colonists.  The  act  for  this  purpose 
was  called  the  declaratory  act;  and  was.  In  princi- 
ple, more  hostile  to  American  rights  than  the  stamp 
act ;  for,  it  annulled  tliosn  resolutions  anil  acts  of 
the  provincial  assemblies,  in  whicli  they  had  assei- 
teil  their  riyht  lo  exemption  from  all  taxes  not  im- 
posed by  their  own  represenlatives;  and  aNo  enac- 
ted, >>  that  the  parliament  had,  and  of  ri^ht  oimlitto 
have,  power  to  bind  the  colonies,  in  all  cases  wlia,- 
soever," 

The  majority  of  the  Americnns  intoxicated  with 
the  advaniase  they  hail  Kained  overlooked  this 
Htatiile,  wliiili,  in  one  comprehensive  sentence,  not 
only  deprived  them  of  lilierly  and  property,  but  of 
every  rinlit  incident  to  hiinianiiy,  Tliev  consider- 
ed it  as  a  salvo  tiir  the  honour  ol  piirliaiiient.  in  re- 
pealini!  an  act,  which  had  so  lilely  received  their 
sanction;  and  flattered  thniHehes  li  wiiiild  remain 
a  dead  letter;  and  that,  alllimmh  llw  ri^'lit  of  taxa- 
tion was  in  words  relaineil,  it  would  never  be  exer- 
cised.    I'nwilliii!;  to  contend  iibmii  paper  claims 


of  otir  fellow-subjects,  so  lost  to  every  sense  of  vir-  of  ideal  supremacy,  they  retiinii  d  to  their  habits  of 
tue  as  tamely  to  dive  up  their  liberties,  would  lie  fit 
instniments  to  make  slaves  of  the  rest."  lie  con- 
cluded witli  (living  his  advice,  that  the  stamp  act  be 
repealed  absolutely,  totally,  and  immediately;  that 
the  reasons  for  the  repeal  be  assinned ;  lliat  it  was 
founded  on  an  erroneous  principle.  "  .\t  the  same 
lime,"  said  he.  "  h't  the  sovereicn  authority  of  this 
country  over  the  eidonies,  be  asserted  in  as  stroii',' 
terms  as  can  be  devised,  and  be  made  to  extend  to 
every  point  of  legislation  whatsoever,  that  vse  may 
hind  their  trade ;  conline  their  maniilactiires;  and 
exercise  every  power,  cm  ept  that  of  taking  tlieir 
money  out  of  tlieir  pockets  without  tlieir  consent." 

The  approbation  of  this  illustrious  slatesmaii, 
whose  (lislinmiisheil  abilities  had  raised  (Jreat  Uri- 
tain  to  the  hiuhest  pilch  of  renown,  inspired  the 
Americans  with  additional  confidence  in  the  recti- 
tude of  their  claiins  of  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary taxation;  and  emboldened  iheiii  to  farther  op- 
position, when,  at  a  I'liliire  day,  as  shall  be  hereafter 
related,  the  project  of  an  American  reveiiiie  was  re- 
sumed. After  lunch  deliatini:,  two  protests  in  the 
house  of  Lords,  and  passini;  an  act,  "  for  securing 
the  dependence  of  America  on  (ireat  Hritaiii,"  the 
repeal  of  the  stamp  act  was  carried,  in  iMarch, 
17()G.  This  event  gave  great  joy  in  London. 
Ships  in  the  river  Thames  displayeil  their  colours; 
and  houses  were  illuininated,  all  over  the  city.  It 
was  no  sooner  known  in  America,  than  the  colonists 
rescinded  their  resolutions,  and  recommended  their 
mercantile  intercourse  with  the  mother  country. 
They  presented  their  homespun  clothes  to  the  poor; 
and  imported  more  largely  than  evct.  The  churches 
resounded  with  thanksgivings;  and  their  public  and 
private  rejoicings  knew  no  bounds.  By  letters,  ;ul- 
dresses,  and  other  means,  almost  all  the  colonies 
fihowed  uneipiivocal  marks  of  acknowledgment  and 
gntitiide.  So  sudden  a  calm,  after  so  violent  ; 
storm,  is  without  a  parallel  in  history.  Hy  the  ju 
dicioiis  sarrificeof  one  law,  the  parliament  of  (ireat 
Hritain  procnred  an  acipiiescence  in  all  that  re- 
mained. 

There  were  enlightened  patriots,  fully  impressed 


good  hniiliinr  with  the  pari'iil  -itite, 

The  repeal  ol  the  stamp  act,  in  a  relative  connex- 
ion with  all  its  ciiiuinstaMces  anil  eonseipiences, 
was  the  first  .lirect  step  lo  Aiiieriean  independeNce. 
The  claims  of  the  two  ciiiiiuries  were  not  oiilv  left 
iindeelileil  ;  but  a  loiinilaiiou  was  laid  for  their  ex- 
tending, at  a  I'ntiiie  period,  to  the  impossibility  of  a 
I  oinpiomise,  Thiingh,  liir  the  present,  (ireat  Bri- 
tain receded  from  enlorcing  her  claim  of  ,\merican 
revenue,  a  numerous  party,  adhering  to  that  system, 
reserved  themselves  for  more  favouniabic  circum- 
stances to  enforce  it;  and,  at  the  same  lime,  the  co- 
lonists, more  enlightened  on  the  subject,  and  more 
fully  convinced  of  the  rectitude  of  their  claiins,  were 
encouraged  to  op|inse  it,  under  whatsoever  form  it 
should  appear,  or  under  whatsoever  disguise  it 
should  cover  itself 

Elevated  with  the  advantage  they  had  gained, 
from  that  day  forward,  instead  of  feeling  themselves 
dependent  on  (ireat  Britain,  they  conceived  that,  in 
respect  to  commerce,  she  was  dependent  on  lliem. 
It  inspired  them  with  such  high  ideas  of  the  import- 
ance of  their  trade,  that  they  considered  the  moth- 
er country  to  be  brought  under  greater  obligations  to 
them,  for  purchasing  lier  manufactures,  than  they 
were  to  her  for  protection  and  the  administration  of 
civil  government.  The  freemen  of  British  Ameri- 
ca, impressed  with  the  exalting  sentiments  of  pa- 
triotism and  of  liberty,  conceived  it  to  be  within  their 
power,  by  future  combinations,  at  any  time  to  con- 
vulse, if  not  to  bankrupt  the  nation,  from  which  they 
sprung. 

Opinions  of  this  kind  were  strengthened  by  their 
local  situation,  favouring  ideas,  as  extensive  as  the 
unexplored  continent  of  which  they  were  inhabit- 
ants. While  the  pride  of  Britons  revolted  at  the 
thought,  of  their  colonies  refusing  subjection  to  that 
parliament,  which  they  obeyed ;  the  Americans, 
with  equal  haughtiness,  exclaimed  :  "  SUM  the 
petty  island  of  (treat  Britain,  scarce  a  speck  on  the 
map  of  the  worhl,  control  the  free  citiy.ens  of  the 
great  continent  of  America?" 

Tliesc  high-aouading    pretensions    would  have 


S63 

been  harmless,  or,  at  most,  spj'nl  themselves  m 
words,  had  not  a  niinoiis  policy,  iintauuht  by  recent 
experience,  called  them  into  serious  aeiiim.  'rhoui;li 
the  stamp  act  was  repealed,  an  American  revenue 
was  still  a  lavoiirite  object  with  iiiaiiy  in  Ureal 
Britain.  'I'he  eipiity  and  the  advantage  of  laxiii); 
the  colonists,  by  parliamentary  authority,  were  very 
apparent  lo  their  imderslandinKs;  but  Ihe  mode  ol 
effecting  it,  without  ha/.arding  (he  public  tiampiili- 
ty,  was  not  so  obvious. 

Mr.  Charles  Towiiscnd,  afterwards  chancellor  ol 
the  excliei|iier,  pawned  his  credit  to  aceoiu|ilisli 
what  many  so  earnestly  desired,  lie  accordingly, 
in  17ti7,  brought  into  parliament  a  bill,  for  gianiiiiK 
duties  in  the  British  colonies  on  glass,  paper,  p.iiii- 
lers'  colours,  and  tea,  which  was  afterwards  enact- 
ed into  a  law.  If  the  small  duties,  imposed  on  thesn 
irlicles,  had  preceded  the  stamp  act,  they  might 
have  passed  unobserved  :  but  the  late  discussions, 
oci  asioie'il  by  that  act,  had  produced  among  the  co 
lonists,  not  only  an  animated  conviclion  of  their  ex- 
inption  from  parliamentary  taxatiun,  but  a  jealuusy 
of  the  designs  of  (ireat  Britain. 

The  sentiments  of  the  Americans,  on  this  subject, 
bore  a  great  reseniblani  e  lo  those  of  llieir  British 
coiiiilivmen,  of  the  preceding  century,  in  the  caso 
ol  ship-money.  The  anioiiiit  of  that  tax  was  very 
iiioilenile,  little  exceeding  twenty  thousand  pounds. 
It  was  disiribiited  upon  the  people  with  eipiality, 
anil  expended  tor  the  honour  and  advantage  of  tho 
kingdom;  yet  all  these  circumstances  could  not  re- 
concile the  people  of  Kngland  to  the  imposition.  It 
was  entirely  arbilniiy.  "  Bv  the  same  right,"  said 
they,  •'  any  other  tax  may  lie  imposed."  In  like 
manner,  the  Ainericaus  considered  these  small  du- 
ties, in  the  naliire  of  an  entering  wedge,  desiirneil 
lo  make  way  liir  others,  which  would  bo  greater 
and  heavier.  In  a  relative  connexion  with  late  acts 
of  parliament,  respecting  domestic  manufactures 
and  liireign  eoininerce,  laws,  lor  imposing  taxes  on 
British  eomiuiidilies  ex|M)rted  to  thecoloipes,  form- 
ed a  complete  circle  of  oppression,  from  which  there 
was  no  possibility  of  escaping. 

The  colonies  had  been,  previously,  restrained 
from  maniil'actiiring  certain  articles,  for  their  own 
fonsiiniption.  Other  acts  confined  them  to  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  British  merchandise.  The  addition 
of  duties  put  them  wholly  in  the  power  and  discre- 
tion of  (ireat  Britain.  "We  are  not,"  said  they 
'•  permitted  to  import  from  any  nation,  other  than 
our  own  parent  stale,  and  have  been,  in  soin  '  cases, 
restrained  by  her  from  mannfactnring  for  ourselves; 
and  she  claims  a  right  to  do  so,  in  every  instance, 
which  is  incompatible  with  her  interest.  To  thesn 
restrictions  we  have  hitherto  submitted  ;  but  she 
now  rises  in  her  demands,  and  imposes  duties  on 
lliose  commodities,  the  purchasing  of  which  else- 
where, than  at  her  market,  her  laws  forbid,  and  the 
mamifactiiring  of  which  for  her  own  use,  she  may, 
any  moinent  she  pleases,  restrain.  If  her  right  be 
valid,  to  lay  a  small  tax,  it  is  equally  so  to  lay  a  large 
one;  for,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  she  must  be 
guided  exclusively  by  her  own  opinions  of  our  abi 
lity.  and  of  the  propriety  of  the  duties  she  may  im 
pose.  .Nothing  is  left  for  us  to  do,  but  to  complain, 
and  pay." 

The  colonists  contended  that  there  was  no  real 
dilference,  between  the  principle  of  these  new  duties 
and  the  stamp  act.  They  were  both  designed  to 
raise  a  revenue  in  .\merica,  and  in  the  same  manner. 
The  payment  of  the  duties,  imposed  by  the  stamp 
act,  might  have  been  eluded  bv  the  total  ilisnse  rf 
stamped  paper;  and  so  might  tiie  payment  of  thes« 
duties,  by  the  total  disuse' of  those  articles  on  which 
they  were  laid  :  but  in  neither  case,  without  great 
difiiciilty.  Tho  colonists  were,  therefore,  reduced 
to  the  hard  alternative  of  being  obliged,  totally,  to 
disuse  articles  of  great  utility  in  human  life,  or  to 
pay  a  tax  without  their  consent.  The  fire  of  opjio 
sitioii,  which  had  been  smothered  liy  the  re|ieal  of 
the  stamp  act,  burned  afresh  against  the  same  prin 
ciplc  of  taxation,  exhibited  in  its  new  form.  Mr 
Dickinson,  of  Pennsylvania,  on  this  occasion,  pre 
sentcil  to  tlie  public  a  series  of  letters,  signed  "  a 
Farmer,"  proving  the  extreme  dangei  which  threat- 
ened the  liberties  of  America,  from  their  ucquies- 


c«nr«  in  n  iiriMi'ilriil,  uliii'li  iiiiitlil  i">lalili->li  llir 
ciniiii  III'  |i.irli.iiiii'iilii'>  iMx.iliiiii.  'I'liry  wni' mil 
leli  Willi  ^ll^ll  iiiiiiiialiiiu;  iiiicl  hiti'  iimiI  wiiIi  nil- 

CIIIIIIIKIII    llVlllilV'        'I'liril     MMSIIIIIII^   Wlli  Ml  I'llllVIII' 

ciiiK,  lllill  iiiiiii)  «r  III)'  I'liliiliil  niiil  iliHiiilcii'ilcd  t'lli 
«ciii  cil  (iiiMl  lliiiiiiii  ii(kii»Hl<'il);i'il,  llial  llii' 
Aiiiurirnii  o|i|m^iliiiii  lo  |mrliitiiii'iiiiiry  liuallori  niiH 

jnitiliHlllc.  'I'llf  I'lHirMIIIIIH  HIIIIIH,  wiiii'li  llic  alHiiip 
ai:t  wciiilil  liavf  cdlli'i'li'il,  liiiil  lliiiriiil|(lil^  iilaiiiii'tl 
tlir  coliiiiiiili)  liii  llii'ii  |Mii|H'rly. 

It  KiiH  iiiiw  <li'iiii>ii^<lnii<-il  liy  Hovrml  wrilrrn,  rn- 
pri'iullv  liy  llir  I'riintvlvaiiiii  riirnirr,  tlial  ii  Hiiiall 
{»%,  lliMii^li  iiiiiiv  s|ii'ijoiiN,  »aH  i'<|iially  iliiiigi'miiH; 
Hh  il  rMialilitliril  a  |>ri'i'i'ili'iit,  nliii'li  rvi'iiliially  iiii- 
niliiliili'il  Aiiii'iiraii  iiiiijii'ity.    'I'lir  ili-claiiiliiiy iirl, 

wIlK'll  al  lilVlt    HUH  tllO  Hllllji'l-tlir   lull    li'W  tUIIIIIIIMlt!!, 

was  iKin  ililati'il  ii|hiii,  uh  a  liiunilalioii  liir  cvrry 
l|H'>'lcit  III'  ii|i|ii'i"<KJiin;  ami  llir  Hiiiall  diitii-H,  lalt'jy 
ini|HiHril,  Mrii'  iiMisiilficil  an  llic  lii'giiiiijii);  iil'  a 
Irani  111'  iiimli  ijri'aii'r  I'viN. 

I  lail  I  III'  I'liliiiiisis  ailniitli'il  llw  |irii|ii'ii'ty  of  raiuiiiK 
H  |iail''iiiii'iilaiy  irvi'iiiii'  aiiiiiiii;  llinii,  iho  I'li'i'lliiii 
ol  all  Aniriii  nil  liiianl  u(  riiiiiiiiiitHiiiiiiMi<,  tin  inaiia- 
gliiK  II.  nliirliHaH  ahiiiit  tliJHiiiiii' iiiHlitiilcil  at  IIiih- 
(nil,  uiiiilil  liavi'  liri'ii  a  rniivi'iiii'iiri',  I'allirr  lliaii  an 
iiijiiiy  ;  liiil  iiiiili'il  an  llii'y  uric  iiisi'tililiiflils,  nl'tli'' 
I  iiiiliani'iy  ■■!  llial  inraiiiirtii  llli'ir  iialiual  ami  riiii- 
Ntiniliiiiial  ii;;lils,  tlii'V  ill  liriMilti'il  lllf  iliiiiivalinli. 
\i  il  Has  iiiiial  Willi  ilii-  iii'H  ilnlii's,  llicy  niiisiili'i- 
Pil  il  as  a  ri'ilaiii  I'viiliMiir,  llial  llir  |iriiji'rl  iil  an  cx- 
lonsltr  Aiiii'iiraii  n'vcniii',  iiniHillistaniliii);  llii' 
ii'|iimI  III  llii'  stamp  art,  nas  still  in  i'iiiiti'in|ilaliiiii. 
A  ili^liki'  III  Itiilisli  taxaliiin  naturally  |iriiiliirril  a 
ilislilif  III  a  liiiaiil,  hIiii'Ii  Has  In  lir  inytriiinriital  in 
llial  liiisiiii'ss;  anil  iiriasiiini'il  many  iiihiiIis  In  iis 
('iiiniiiis>iiiiiri's, 

'I'lio  ron'imi'  arts,  nl"  I'lliT,  |iriiiliiri'il  n-siilvrs, 
|i<<tiliiiiis,  aililii'ssi's,  ami  iTiiiiinslrani'i's,  similar  to 
tliiiso,  Hitli  hIiii'Ii  till'  I'liliiiiists  iip|iiisril  the  stamp 
Hcl.  It  also  can"  risi-  In  a  si'ioml  assni'iatioii,  tiir 
fUS|H<mlint;  t'aiihrr  iiiipiinaliinis  ol'  lliilisli  manu- 
racliiii's.  till  tliusi'  otVi'iisivc  iliitirs  shonlil  hv  lakrii 
otr.     V'nUiiiiiiiiy.  in  llioso  miMsmrs,  was  pinmiiti'il 

by  a  I'innlar  Ifilrr  I'loin  llir  aj.s My  of  >la»s;::'iii- 

»ells,  111  tlir  sixakri-sot  llir  ollii'l  assriiililirs.  This 
Blatril  Ihr  pi'liliinis  uiitl  rrpirsriilaliniis,  wliiili  lliry 
Iiail  tiii-Haiilril  aj;aiiist  llir  lair  ilntirs,  anil  stmn^ly 
piiiiilnl  out  llir  t:rral  ilitruiiliirs,  that  must  arisr  in 
thrliisrlvrs  anil  llirir  roiisliliirnis,  liom  llir  iipo- 
raliiin  ol'  arts  ol'  pailiamrni,  iiiiposiii|i  ilntirs  on  ihr 
nnirprrsriitnl  Aiuriiran  ciilonirs;  ami  rnpirsiiii); 
a  rrripioial  tire  oiimimiiiiration,  on  piililir  atl.iirs. 
Mosi  lit'  llir  provinoial  asseiiililies,  as  ihry  hail  iip- 
p  riuiiilies  ot'  ilrlilieraling  on  the  sulijrol,  appnivrd 
llir  prncerilings  of  the  Ma«saoliusrtts  assrmlily, 
ami  liaiiiuiniseil  with  them  in  the  iiioasuirs,  Hhiih 
ihry  hail  ailopteil.  They  stateil  their  liuhts,  in 
(inn  lint  ilrcent  langiia^je  ;  ami  prayril  for  a  repeal 
iif  llir  late  arts,  which  they  consijcreil  as  iiit'riiigr- 
iiiriits  on  their  liberties. 

It  is  not  nnreasona.  •  to  sup|>ose,  that  the  mi- 
iiisier.  ulio  plamieil  thei.r  ilntirs,  lio|)r(l,  that  ihry 
noiilil  Ijr  rrganlril  as  reculations  of  trade.  He 
iiii:;lit  also  pirsume,  that,  as  they  aiiiiiun'ril  only 
to  an  inronsidrralile  sum,  they  would  nut  uivc  any 
alarm.  The  circular  letter  of  tho  Massachusetts 
pssrnildv.  which  laid  the  liuiiulation  fur  united  pe- 
liiions  acainst  tlirm.  pave  therefore  preat  oti'riiee. 
Lonl  llillsliorouph.  who  had  lately  been  appoint- 
1  d  secretary  of  stale,  for  llir  American  department, 
wrote  letlrn<  to  the  L'ovrrmirs  of  the  respective 
provinces,  urpmg  thriii  to  exert  ih-ir  infltience,  to 
prevent  the  a.-^!ieiiililirs  from  taUinp  any  notice  of 
it ;  and  he  called  on  the  Massachusetts  asisenibly, 
lo  rescind  their  proceedings  on  that  subjrrt.  This 
meaiiirc  was  both  injudicious  and  Irriiaiinp.  To 
require  a  public  body  (o  rescind  a  resolution,  for 
wilding  1  letler,  which  was  already  sent,  answer- 
ed,  and  acted  u|>on,  was  a  bad  s|>eciiiien  of  tlic 
wisdom  of  the  new  minister.  'Vn  call  a  vote,  for 
tending  a  circular  letier.  to  invite  the  assemblies 
of  the  neichbouring  colonies  In  communicate  to- 
pell.er.  in  the  pursuit  of  ircal  measure'' In  obiaiii  a 
redress  of  prievances.  "a  tlapitioiis  attempt  to  dis- 
turb the  public  peace,"  appeared  to  the  ruloiiists  a 
▼eiy  injudicious  application  of  harsh  epithets,  to 


TIIK    IIISTOK  V  <)|.' 

llii'jr  I'onatitnljoiial  rl^lil  ol  pi'iiiii>iilii)(  To  lliirat- 
rii  a  lien  liiiii'«e  of  :i.i  .rinlily  Hrilli  dlsHiilniion,  In 
rase  of  tlirir  mit  agnriiiK  in  rrHcind  an  ail  of  ii 
Ii'  llirr  issrmlily,  wliicli  was  not  mei  iilotv,  bill 
exei'iilrd,  ri.ishnl  no  less  w  illi  the  ilirlairs  ol  roiii' 
iiiiiii  Ni'iise,  iliaii  Ihr  roimtilnliiinal  iiplils  of  lliil- 
isli ('oloiiiMls,  The  piopositliin  for  rrsiimhiij;  was 
neijativril,  by  a  majority  of  ninety  two  lo  Noveii- 
Ireii,  The  assrmlily  was  immrdialrly  ili»siilvril, 
as  had  lireii  llirealrnrd.  This  priirediiie  of  llir 
new  secirtary  was  considrreil,  by  the  enloiiists, 
as  an  altriiipl  to  suppress  nil  I'onimiiiiiralion  ol 
Heiiliiiiriits  brlwrrii  llieiii;  and  In  pievrnl  their  iiiii- 
leil  Hupplicatinns  lioiii  leacliilig  (hr  royal  ear. 

The  bad  liiiimiiir,  wlliuh.  Iioiii  niiieessive  irrila- 
tiiiii,  alirady  loo  iiiiich  prrvailrd,  was  abiiiil  this 
tiiiiii  H'loiipiil  iipio  a  liipli  pilehof  resriilmrnt  ami 
violence,  on  occasion  of  the  sri/.iirr  of  iMr.  Ilaii- 
roek's  sloop  Librrly,  June  Kllh,  lltiS,  for  not  ha- 
ving entered  all  the  wiiirs  she  had  bioiiplit  from 
iMadeira.  The  |Hipularily  of  hrr  owner,  the  name 
of  the  sliiiip,  and  Ihr  griirial  avrrsion  to  tliii  board 
of  riimmissiiiiiris,  and  parliaiiieiilary  taxatiiiii,  roii- 
riiired  lo  inllaiiir  tin-  iiiimis  of  the  proplr.  Thry 
used  every  iiiraiis  in  their  powrr  lo  iiilririipl  llir 
oDiiris,  In  llir  rvrciitioii  nl  their  linsinrss ;  and 
nnmbeis  suorr  that  they  hiiiiIiI  be  rrvrii;^ril.  iMr. 
Ilariisoii,  the  collector,  Mr.  Il.illiinrll,  the  ciimp 
tiollrr,  and  Mr,  hniiir,  llir  inspector  ol' imports 
and  rxpoils,  weir  so  rotiphly  liamlleil,  as  lo  biinu 
thrir  livrs  into  ilain;rr.  'I'lir  wimloHs  of  some  ol 
their  lionsrs  wnr  brokrii;  and  llir  boat  of  the  nil 
IriiiirHas  drapprd  ihioiiuli  thr  Iohii,  and  linrnrd 
on  thr  I'liMiiiioii.  l^urh  Has  the  Irinper  and  ilis- 
posiiiiin  of  many  of  the  inliabilaiils,  that  the  iiihi- 
misslonris  of  ilir  customs  iIioiil'IiI  piiiprr  lo  rrliie 
on  lioaril  thr  Kiimnry  man  of  war;  and  aflrrnaids 
lo  Castle  William. 

Thr  eoumiissioiieis,  fniiii  the  fust  iiiiimenl  of 
their  iiisiiluiiiin.  had  been  an  ryr-soir  to  thr  proplr 
of  llosion.  This,  thoiipli  piitly  iiHiiig  to  their  ar- 
livr  /.ral  in  delerting  Niiiiipi'Irrs,  priiiripally  arose 
fiom  the  association  which  existrd  in  the  iiiimls  of 
the  inhaliitanls,  between  that  linaiil  and  an  Ameri- 
can revrniif.  'Pile  drrlaraloiy  art  of  l/(i(i,  ihr  re- 
'••fr.'.ie  an  of  17(i7,  toprlhrr  with  the  pomp  and  rx- 
priistMif  this  board,  so  dispiiipiirlioiialr  lo  the  small 
income  of  the  present  diilies,  coiispirnl  to  ronvinre 
not  only  the  few  who  wnr  brnrlittrd  by  siiiiigpliiig, 
bill  the  preat  boiiy  of  eiiliphtened  freruirii,  that  far- 
ther and  greater  inipositions  of  parliamentary  taxes 
were  inlemlrd.  In  proporliiiii  astliis  opiniiin  paiiird 
ground,  thr  inliabilaiils  breaiiie  iiioir  disrrspertfiil 
to  the  execiilivr  olVuris  of  ilir  ivvrinie,  anil  more 
disposed,  in  the  firn/y  of  patriolism,  to  enmiuit  out- 
rages oil  their  |H'rsiiiis  and  pioperly.  The  constant 
bickering  that  existed  between  tlieiii  and  the  inlia- 
bilaiils, together  with  the  steady  opposition  given 
by  the  latter  lo  the  discharge  ol  thr  olViclal  duties 
of  the  former,  induced  the  coiniuissiiiners  and 
friends  of  an  American  rrvriuie,  to  sidirit  thr  prii- 
trctioii  of  a  regular  t'orce,  to  be  stationrd  at  Itoslon. 
I  In  romplianre  with  their  w ishes,  his  majesty  order- 
ed two  regiiiienls,  and  some  armed  vessels,  to  re- 
pair thither,  tiirsuppoitiiig  and  assisting  the  ollicers 
of  the  customs  in  llic  execution  of  their  duly.  This 
restniined  the  active  exertion  of  that  lurbulent  spirit 
which,  since  the  passing  of  the  late  revenue  laws, 
Ihad  revived  ;  lint  it  added  lo  its  prr-exisliiig  causes. 

AVhen  il  was  reported  in  llosion,  that  one  or  more 
regiments  were  ordered  there,  a  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants Has  called,  and  a  comiuiltee  appointed  to 
;  request  the  governor  to  issue  precepts  for  conven- 
I  ing  a  general  assembly.  He  replied,  "  that  he  could 
not  comply  with  this  request  till  he  had  received  his 
majesty's  coniuiands  for  that  imrpo-se,"  This  an- 
swer being  reiMirled,  it  was  voted,  that  the  selcct- 
nirn  of  Doston  should  write  to  tlic  select-men  of 
other  towns,  to  propose,  that  a  convention  of  de 
puties  from  each,  be  held,  to  meet  nt  Funcuil  Hall, 
in  Ilo.sinn. 

Ninety-six  towns,  and  eipht  districts,  agreed  lo 
the  proposal  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  Hoslon.  and 
appointed  deputies  to  attend  a  convention;  but  the 
town  of  Haltield  refused  i's  concurrence.  When 
the  deputies  met,  ibey  conducted  witli  moderation ; 


disi'l.iiiiiril  all  ligislallvr  aiilliiirity  ;  advised  tliv 
piiipir  III  pay  llir  gii  mIisI  ilrlirrni  e  lo  giiverii- 
mriii ;  and  lo  Wiiii  p.ilienily  lor  '«  rrilirss  ol  iheii 
gnevanirs,  liiim  hii  iiiijesiy's  wls.lnin  iiiiil  inoderii- 
liiin.  Having  slated  In  llir  world  llir  i  aiises  of 
llirir  inrrlinp,  ami  an  ai'iiiiiiil  iif  lliiir  prni  rrilings, 
liny  dissolvrd  llieiiiselves,  allei  a  uliort  Hessiiiii,iilMl 
Weill  liome. 

W'llliiii  a  day  aOer  the  eoiivriition  brokr  up,  thfl 
expei'Ird    regiments    ariited,  and   were    peaeeiibly 

received.      Hints    hid  I n  lliriiwii    out  by   Miiiiti, 

that  ihry  slionld  mil  be  prriiiillrd  loiiime  on  nlKiri'. 
I'leparalions  were  made,  by  the  captains  of  thr 
iiirii  of  war  in  the  liarboiir,  In  lire  on  ilir  town,  ill 
rasit  iipposiliiin  had  lieeii  made  to  their  landing  ; 
lint  the  crisis  biraii  appeal  lo  arms  was  not  vet  ur- 
riveil.  It  was  Imprd  by  Miiiiir,  that  the  liilly  uml 
rage  of  the  lloslniiians  would  have  led  llieiii  lo  lliiit 
rash  measure,  and  ihrieby  Inive  alVorded  an  op- 
porliinily  for  pit  ing  llieiii  siniir  naval  and  mililnry 
■'iiriei'liiiii;  but  both  priidrnce  and  poliry  indiiecil 
thrill  111  adopi  a  iiiiirr  trmprralr  line  of  comlnrt. 

While  the  cnnleiitiiin  was  kept  aliir,  by  llio 
sncressive  irrilaljons,  wliirli  have  breii  mrnlinned, 
llirir  was,  paniciilarly  in  Massailinsells,  a  spe- 
cies of  warfare  lariiiil  on  lirlHrrn  the  royal  go- 
vernors, and  llie  priivinrial  assembHes.  Kacli 
watclird  llir  ollirr  wiih  all  the  jraloiisy,  wliicli 
strong  ilisirnsl  could  iiispirr.  Tlir  laller  regard- 
I'll  till'  liiiiner  as  inslrninrnls  of  piiwrr,  nishiiiK 
111  pay  their  ciiliil  lo  thr  imilbrr  loniitiy,  by  eiirli- 
lliglhr  spiiil  of  Amrricaii  lirnlnni  ;  and  the  liir- 
iiier  kept  a  strict  rye  on  the  lallrr.  Irsi  llirv  might 
siiiniiih  Ihr  way  In  imlrprmii'Mir,  al  which  thry 
iM'ii'  I  li.iigrd  Willi  aiining.  Lii'iiirn ml  povermir 
lliiti'hinsiin,  of  Massarlinsi'iis,  i  irtnally  cliallriig- 
rd  llir  assrmlily  to  a  dispnir.  on  llie  gioiind  of 
the  conlrovei'sv  briwreii  the  two  rnuiili'ics.  This 
WIS  accepted  by  the  latter;  ami  the  siibjecl  dis- 
ciissrd  with  all  the  snlihlly  of  ar'.;iiiiiiiit  which 
llir  iiigrnuily  of  eitliei  parly  roiild  simprst, 

Tlie  war  iif  woriU  was  mil  loiifnied  to  the  eol- 
oiiies.  While  the  Aiiirriran  asstiiiblirs  passed 
rrsiiliuions,  assrrling  llirir  exclnsiM'  right  lo  lax 
till  ir  I  iinsliineiils,  the  parlianirnt,  by  rrsolves, 
assi'rlrd  thrir  unliniilrd  siiprrmary  in  and  over 
111."  colonies.  While  the  foriiier,  in  thrir  public 
acts,  disclaiinrd  all  views  of  imlrpemlrnee,  they 
were  successively  represenlrd  in  parliamentary 
resolves,  royal  speeches,  and  addresses  I'nim  Inrils 
and  commons,  as  being  in  a  stair  of  ilisnbedii"  'n 
to  law  and  giivrrninent ;  as  having  piiicrrdrd  lo 
iiieasnies  siiliversive  of  the  ciinsiitniiiin  ;  and  inaii- 
ifrsiing  a  disposilioii  to  lliriiw  iilf  all  siiliiirdinatiun 
to  (ileal  Itrilain. 

In  Krbniaiy,  17(10,  both  houses  of  parliament 
Weill  one  step  bi'yond  all  that  had  piereded.  They 
roneiirrrd  in  a  joint  address  to  his  iiiajeslyi  in 
which  they  expressed  their  sallsfaction  in  llie 
measures  his  majesty  had  piirsiinl ;  gave  tho 
strongrst  assiiranrrs,  that  thry  would  ell'rcliially 
support  him  in  such  farlher  mrasiues,  as  miplil 
be  found  necessary,  lo  maintain  the  civil  magis- 
trates in  a  due  exrciition  of  the  laws,  in  iMassa- 
chiisrlts  Hay;  beseechrd  him,  "In  diirct  the 
povri'iior  to  take  the  most  eU'ectiial  mrihods  fur 
procuring  the  fullest  inforiiialion,  loiiching  al 
treasons  or  misprisons  of  treason  coniiiiilti'd  with- 
in the   governmrnt,  since  the  ;i()lh  day  of  Di m- 

ber,  17(J7;  and  to  transiiiit  the  same,  togethei 
with  the  names  of  persons,  who  were  most  active 
in  the  eommision  of  such  offences,  to  oni!  of  the 
secretaries  of  slate,  in  order  that  his  majesty 
might  issue  a  special  conimi.ssion  for  inquiring  of, 
hearing,  and  determining,  the  said  (ilVrnrrs,  with- 
in the  realm  of  (iieat  ]{rilain,  piirsiiaiit  to  the  pro- 
vision of  the  statute  of  the  thiily-lifili  of  Kiny; 
Henry  the  eighth."  The  latter  part  nf  th's  ad- 
dress, which  proposed  the  bringing  of  delin-]uent? 
from  Massachusetts,  to  be  tried  al  a  tribunal  in 
Oieat  Itritain,  for  crimes  eonimitled  ill  America, 
iimlerwent  many  severe  animadversions. 

It  was  asserted  to  be  totally  inconsistent  with 
the  sjiirit  of  the  con.stitiition :  for,  in  Kngland,  a 
man,  charged  with  a  ciime,  had  a  right  lo  be  tried 
in  the  country  in  which  his  olTence  was  suppusod 


■mmvm^im 


•yH'm'^mmimmfitvmi't^'P^^f-^'^''''''^'^ 


NORTH  AMKtUfA. 


r  |)arli:miciit 

lmI.'iI.     'V\wy 

iiiiijfsly,  ill 

liiiii    ill   tliu 

I ;    ijiiv<<  the 

I'lVccliiiilly 

,  as   nii^lit 

■ivil   lllilRIS- 

iii  iMiis.sii- 
diri'i't    lh« 
ii'IIkkIs  lor 
tDiii'hiii!;    ill. 
llllillril  with- 
(■  Di'ccin- 
III',    li)(;<ulii'l 
IIIDSl  iiclivd 
til  dill"  of  tlie 
liis   niiijesly 
iii(|uii'iiiK  "fi 
iVi'iici's,  with- 
iit  to  the  pro- 
ilUi  1)1°   King 
III'  tli'g  ail- 
di'hniUPiil? 
iriliiiiKil   in 
ill  Aiiici'ira, 

IH. 

iiisistoiit  with 
Kiii-Uiiiil,  a 
ht  to  li«  tried 
was  suppusod 


lit  liiivn  hi'Pti  nimnilttril.  "  Jinllrn  \»  rrn\i\ar\y 
:iiiil  jiii|iiirlhilly  iiihiihiiili'ri'il  In  niii  rimilH,"  najil 
Ihi'  niliiiii'ili ;  "  a'lil  yi't,  liy  iliii'rijiiti  nl  parha- 
iiirnl.  iilli'iiiliTs  ail'  In  lir  takrii  liy  liirrc,  lni;i'lhi'r 
wilh  all  1111  ll  piTiiiiM  ai  lii:iy  lie  piiliileil  mil  ai 
Hiliii'ini'H,  anil  larrii'il  tii  Kiiitlaiiil,  lliere  to  lie 
liii'il  III  a  iliHtaiil  laiiil,  liy  a  jury  nl  HtraiiijerH,  ami 
Niiliji'i'l  III  all  the  ilinailf  iiilaiti'i  nhiih  ri'Hiill  riiiiii 
wuiil  III  Irii'iiiN,  want  nl  wlliiessi'i,  ami  want  nl 
liinm-y." 

'The  liiiiiHi'  iif  liiirKensen  iif  VIrKiiini  iiii'l,  Knnii 
iilirr  nlliclal  arniiiiilH  nl  ihe  jnliil  aililri'x*  nl  Inrili) 
anil  I'liiiiMiniiK,  nil  ihii  milijerl,  rriiihi'il  Aini'rira, 
anil  pasii'ij  resnliiliniiii,  anHerlliiK  "  thilr  excliisiti' 
riulit  In  tax  their  rnnNliliirntH  ;  their  riclit  In  pi- 
lilliin  their  Hiivereinn  I'nr  reilrem  nl'  urievaiirei ; 
the  lawl'iilneHH  of  prneiirinK  the  ('iiiiilirieiiee  nl' 
the  nllier  ciiliinieH,  in  prayini;  fur  the  rnyal  intir- 
pnsilinii,  ill  laviiiir  nl'  Ihe  vinl.iteil  rii-hli  nf  Aiiier- 
ira  ;  that  all  triali  Inr  IreaNiiii,  nr  I'nr  any  eriiiie 
whalHiiever,  inininilleil  in  that  niliiny,  iiiii;lit  In 
he  lieliire  Ills  inajeNty's  niiirtH,  ivithin  llie  naiil 
I'lilnny  ;  anil  that  Ihe  sei/.iiiK  'Hiy  persnn,  reniiliri); 
in  Ihe  Haiil  nihiny,  NiHpeeteil  of  any  crime  whal- 
Hiiever,  I'liiiiinilteil  therein,  anil  Hi'iiilinK  mieh  per- 
Niin  tn  plaeen  lieyniiil  the  nea  tn  lie  trieil,  vim  hiifhly 
(lerouatniy  to  the  ri((ht  nf  llritish  Hiilijerm."  The 
next  ilay,  Inril  Koletoiirt,  the  Kovernor  of  VirKinia, 
Ni'iit  I'nr  the  lioiine  of  liiirKeHnei,  ami  aililresseil 
ihein  ai  rollnWH:  "Mr.  Speaker,  ami  ^inlleiiieii 
111'  the  hniise  of  liiirceises,  1  liave  hearil  nl'  yniir 
ri'Milvi'N,  anil  aiiKiir  ill  nf  their  eD'ei'ls.  Vim  have 
iiiaili'  it  iiiv  I'  III  iliHHolvc  yon;  ami  ymi  are 
ilisHiilvi'il  at  .nulv." 

The  assriiii). ,  of  Nortli  Carolina  ailopleil  reno. 
Intiiiiis,  similar  to  lliniie  nf  Viruinia,  lor  wliirh 
Tiynn,  their  tjnvernnr,  (lisnolveil  iheiii.  'I'he 
inrnilieis  nf  the  liniise  nf  linr|{esHes  in  Viriiinia, 
ami  nf  Ihe  asNeiiilily  of  North  Carnliiia,  after  Iheir 
ilissoliilinn,  inel  as  private  );entleinru,  chnie  their 
late  speaki'is,  iiioileratori,  ami  ailopteil  resnlnlionii 
ui;ainst  impnitiiiK  llriliiili  kooiIs.  The  iinn-itii|Hir- 
latinii  aKicemeiit  wan,  in  lliis  manner,  fnrwarih'il 
liy  Ihe  very  ineaNiires  intended  to  eiirh  the  Hpirit 
of  Anieiieaii  freednni,  from  wliich  it  upriini;. — 
Mieliim.H  of  the  asMoriatioiH  were  regularly  lield, 
in  till'  various  provinees.  (^iiniiiitlees  were  np- 
pointed  to  I'xaiiiine  all  vesnels  arriving  from  ilri- 
taiii.  ('ensures  were  freely  passed  on  surh  as 
refused  lo  ennciir  in  these  iissneialions,  and  Iheir 
names  piililislied  in  newspapers,  as  enemies  to 
their  counlry.  The  re(;ular  acts  nf  tlie  prnvin- 
cial  assemhlies  were  lint  so  intiell  respected  and 
oheyed,  as  llie  decrees  of  tliesc  eoiiiPiittees. 

Ill  Hostnn,  heutenant-i{overnor  Hutchinson  en- 
donvoiircd  lo  promote  ii  counter  association;  hut 
without  elfect.  The  friends  of  importation  nli- 
jceteil,  that,  till  parliament  made  provision  for  the 
punishment  nf  the  confederacies  apainst  iniporta- 
lioii,  a  counter  association  would  answer  no  other 
purpose,  than  tn  expose  the  associators  to  popular 
niKe. 

'i'he  Hnstonians,  ahout  this  time,  went  one  step 
farther.  Tliey  re-shipjieil  );nods  to  (ircat  lUitain, 
instead  of  storing  tliein  as  formerly.  This  was 
resolved  ui«)n,  in  a  town  meeting,  on  the  informa- 
tion of  an  inhabitant,  who  comiminicaled  a  letter 
he  had  lately  received  from  a  meniher  of  parlia- 
ment, in  which  it  was  said,  "  that  shippinf;  back 
ten  thousand  pounds'  worth  of  poods  woubl  do 
lunri',  than  storing  a  hundred  thousand."  This 
turned  the  scale,  and  procured  a  majority  of  voles 
for  re-shipping.  Not  only  in  this,  but  in  many 
other  instances,  the  violence  of  the  colonists  were 
fostered  liy  individuals  in  Ureal  Britain.  A  niim- 
oer  nf  these  were  in  principle  wilh  the  Ameri- 
cans, in  denying  the  right  of  parliament,  to  tax 
them  ;  but  others  were  more  influenced  by  a  spir- 
it of  opposition  to  the  ministerial  majority,  than 
by  a  ri'uard  to  the  constitutional  liberties  of  cither 
country. 

The'  non-importation  agreement  had  now  lasted 
some  time,  and  by  degrees  had  become  general. 
.Sfvei  il  nf  the  colonial  assemblies  had  been  dis- 
hnlveit,  ur  prorogued,  for  asserting  the  rights  of 
llieii    constituents.      Tho     royal  governors,    and 


nther  friends  to  an  Ameriiiiii  revenue,  WBrr  rhn- 
Krnii'd.  The  inlniiiHls  were  Irrilaled.  (Iiinil 
men,  linlh  III  Kniiland  and  Amerira,  deplnreil 
these  nnliiwaiii  events,  and  beheld  wilh  cniiiern  an 
iiiereasini;  nl  Iminonr  between  those,  who  were 
liniind  by  interest  and  uU'eclion,  lu  be  friends  to 
each  iilher. 

Ill  I  liiiseipience  nf  the  American  nonlinpnrta- 
linn  apri'emetil,  fniinded  in  nppnsiliiin  tn  thediilies 
III  I'/liV,  the  maiinfai  Mirers  of  (ireal  llrilaiii  en- 
leriinred  a  renewal  nf  the  distresses,  which  fid- 
nwi'd  the  adnptjnn  nf  similar  riHiiliitinns,  in  Ihe 
year  \'ll'>').  The  repeal  of  their  iliiliis  was  there- 
lore  snllrtli'd  by  the  same  inihieme,  which  had 
prnniii'd  llie  repeal  nf  the  stamp  act.  The  rulers 
nf  (ireat  llrilain  acted  without  decision.  Instead 
nf  pern  vering  in  their  nwn  system  of  cnereinn, 
nr,  indeed,  in  any  ore  uniform  sysiem,  ihey  strnrk 
out  a  middle  line,  emliarrasseil  with  llie  innse- 
ijiiences,  linth  of  severity  and  of  lenity,  and  with, 
out  the  complete  benelils  nf  either.  .Sniin  after 
the  spirited  address  to  his  majesty,  last  mentioned, 
had  passed  bnlh  hniiHes  nf  |iarlianient,  assurances 
were  given  fnr  repealing  all  the  diilies,  impnsed 
ill  1707,  excejiling  that  nf  three  pence  per  pnimd 
nil  tea. 

Anxious  on  the  one  hand  tn  establish  parlia- 
menlary  supremacy,  and  on  Ihe  other  afraid 
to  sliin  lh(^  Inrrent  of  n|ipnHiiinn,  Ihey  cnnceiliil 
enniiph  to  iveakiii  the  fnrmer,  and  yet  lint  emiiii-h 
In  salisfy  the  lallir.  Had  (ireal  Urilain  geiie- 
rnnsly  repealed  the  whole,  and  fnr  ever  nlin- 
ipiislied  all  claim  tn  the  right  nr  even  the  exer- 
cisi!  nf  Ihe  right  of  taxation,  the  union  of  the 
twn  cniinlries  inight  have  lasted  fnr  ages.  Had 
she  seriniisly  delermined  tn  ciimpel  the  siilimis- 
sinii  nf  the  cnlnnieH,  nnlhing  cnnid  have  been  mure 
iinfriemlly  to  this  design,  than  her  npealrd  cnn- 
I'l'ssinns  tn  their  reiterated  assncialinns.  The  de- 
claratory act,  and  the  reservatinn  nf  the  duly  nn 
tea,  left  the  ( aiisn  nf  cnntenlinn  between  the  two 
coiiiitries  in  full  force  ;  lint  Ihe  former  was  nnlv 
a  cl.iiin  on  paper,  and  the  latter  might  be  evaded, 
by    rel'uHeing    to   purchase   any  tea,   nn  which  the 


nthrm,  nsaoelnird  with  U,  nntiiriitly  present  itiem- 

-.elves.  In  ihe  riiiirse  nl  ln'|iiiries  i  >i  ihe  siili|i'i  i 
nf  iMrliaiiienlary  laxalinn,  the  risiririinn  no  tlii> 
tiade  of  Ihe  eolniiisls,  and  the  neressily  ijial  wa« 
impnsed  on  llieiri,  In  purchase  llrllish  ami  nllier 
mamifacliirrs,  biailed  with  llieir  full  prnpnrlinn  ol 
all  taxes,  paid  by  llinie  whii  iiiiide  nr  snln  them, 
becamn  mnre  generMllv  knnwii.  While  Aiiierlrnn 
writers  were  viniln  .iiini;  their  rniintry  from  the 
chargn  nf  cnntriliniiiiK  inilhiiig  in  the  cnminon  ex- 
pensi'S  nf  the  empire,  ihey  were  led  In  set  nlV  to 
their  credit,  the  ilisailvaiit;ii;e  nf  tlieir  being  cnn- 
lined  exclusively  to  piircliaie  manulaiiiires  in 
llrilain,  They  iiiHtiliiled  calcnlatinnii,  by  which 
ihev  deinnnslraled,  thai  the  iiinnn|Hily  nf  their 
trade  drew  frnni  Iheni  grealer  sums,  for  llie  siip- 
pnrt  of  gnverntiienl,  ihaii  were  nsiially  paid  by  an 
eipial  mimlier  nf  their  lillnwcili/.ens  of  (ireal 
llrilain;  ami  thai  taxalinn,  Hiipiraddeil  In  aiich  a 
mnmipnly,  wniild  have  ihcm  in  a  slate  nf  perfect 
iiiiciimpenHaled  slavery.  The  iiivi  ntigalinn  of 
these  subjects  brniiuht  millers  iiiln  view,  which 
Ihe  friends  nf  iiiiinn  iitighl  to  have  kept  nut  nf 
siiiht.  These  circiimslances,  together  wiih  Ihn 
extensive  |inpiilallnn  nf  the  eastern  slates,  and 
tlnir  adventiirniis  spirit  nf  commerce,  siii;i;ested 
to  snnie  linid  spirits,  that  lint  iiiily  llrilish  laxaiinn, 
but  llrilish  navigation  laws,  were  nnlrlrmlly  to  the 
inleresis  nf  America.  Speriilaiinns  nf  this  mag- 
niliide  suited  well  with  the  exicnsive  viiivs  nf 
snine  capital  rnrrchanis  ;  but  never  wniilil  have 
rniised  llie  bulk  nf  the  penple,  had  lint  new  matter 
brnnglit  the  dispute  between  the  twn  cniinlries  ti> 
a  piiiiit,  ill  which  every  imliiiiliial  was  iiileresled. 

On  reviewing  llie  rnmliicl  nf  the  llrilish  minis- 
try, respecting  the  cnlnnii's,  ininli  weakness,  as 
well  as  fully,  appears.  I'nr  a  snncssii  n  nf  vears, 
there  w,ls  a  steady  pursuit  nf  Anieriran  revrmie  ; 
but  great  incniisisii-m  y  in  the  prnjeris  Inr  iibiain- 
ing  it.  In  one  innment,  the  parlianieni  was  for 
enforcing  their  laws;  the  next,  fnr  repealini;  them. 
l)oing  and  iimlniiiL'.  menacing  ami  siilimilting, 
straining  and  relaxiiiE,  fnllnwed  each  ntliir,  in  al- 
ternate successlnn.      The  nliject  nf  adminisiiation. 


parliamenlary    tax    was    iinposed.      The    cnlnnisls,   tlinuuh   twice    relimpiished,   as   to  any   present  ef- 


thercfnre,  conceiving  that  their  coimiierce  might 
be  renewed,  wilhnnt  estatdisliing  any  prci  edeni, 
injurinus  to  their  liberties,  relaxed  in  their  asso- 
cialiniis,  in  every  particular,  except  tea,  ami  im- 
mediately rccnmmenced  the  impnrtalinii  nf  all 
nllier  articles  of  merchandise.  A  political  calm 
once  more  tonk  place.  The  parent  stale  inii:hl 
nnw  have  cinsid  the  dispute  fnr  ever,  and  hnnnnr- 
ably  recedeil,  without  a  fnrmal  relim|uishnient  nf 
her  claims.  Neither  the  reservatinn  nf  the  duty 
on  lea,  by  tho  British  parliament,  nor  the  exccp- 
tiniis    made   by  the  cnlonists,  of  importing  no  tea. 


fii  ary,   was  invariably  pursued  ;     but  wiihniit   any 
nnily  nf  system. 

(»'n  the  blh  nf  .May,  170!!,  llie  king,  in  bis  s|«.cch 
In  p.irliameni,  highly  applauded  ihcir  hearty  ron- 
ciirrence,  in  mainlaining  the  execiillnn  nf  tlie  lawi, 
in  every  part  nf  his  dnminions.  Five  days  alter  llii^ 
speech,  Inrd  Hillslinrniiuh,  secretary  nf  stale  Inr  llie 
cnlnnii's,  wrnle  In  Inrd  I'nlelnurl,  eovcri.nr  of  \'ir- 
giiiia  :  "  I  can  lake  npnii  me  tn  assure  you,  not- 
wilhslamling  infnrinatiniis  In  the  rnnlrarj',  from 
men,  with  facliniis  and  sediiious  views,  that  his 
m.ajesiy's  present    adminisiralinn  have    at  no  lime 


nn  which  a  duly  was  imposed,  would,  if  they  had  enlertained  a  design  tn  prnpnse  tn  parliament,  lo 
been  left  to  their  own  operation,  have  disturbed  i  lay  any  farther  taxes  ujinn  .-Vmerica.  fnr  the  pur- 
tlie  returning  harmony  of  the  two  countries.— |po.kC  nf  raising  a  revenue;  and  that  it  is,  at  pre- 
Wilhnul  fresh  irritation,  their  wniinil-  might  liavejsent,  their  intention  tn  prnfHise,  ibc  next  session 
healed,  and  not  a  scar  been  left  behind.  of  parliament,    to   take   nif  llie  duties  iijmn  glass, 

Unfortunately  for  tlie  friends  of  union,  so  paltry  |  paper,  and  cnlnurs,  upon  cnnsidenitinn  nf  such  dii 
a  sum  as  three  pence  per  pound  on  so  insignificant  i  ties  having   been    laid    cnntriry  tn  the  true  princi- 
an  article  as  tea,   in  consequence  of  a  combination   pies  nf  cnmmerre."     The   e'lvernnr  was   al»o  in- 
between  tho   British  ministry  and  Kast  India  com-   formed,  that  ••  his  majesty  relied  upon  his  prudence 
pany,   revived    the  dispute   to  the   rending  of  the  and  fidelity,  to  make   such    an  explanation   of  his 


enipiro. 

These  two  abortive  attempts,  to  -Tiise  a  pr.rlia 
nieiitary  revenue  in  America,  caused  a  fertnenta- 
tioii  in  the  minds  of  the  colonists,  and  gave  birth  tn 


majesty's  measures,  as  would  tend  lo  Tinnve  pre- 
judices, a.'.d  'c  re-establish  mutual  confdence  and 
affection,  i.etwcen  the  mother  country  and  the  co- 
lonies."    In    the  exact    spirit    nf  his   iiistniciinns. 


many  inquiries  respecting  their  natural  rights,  l  lord  Botetourt  addressed  the  Vireinia  assembly  as 
Reflections  and  reasonings  on  this  subject  pro- j  follows :  "It  may  possibly  be  objected,  that',  as 
duced  a  high  sense  of  liberty,  and  a  general  cnn- i  his  majesty's  present  administration  are  not  im- 
viction,  that  there  could  bo  no  security  for  their; mortal,  their  successors  may  be  inclined  to  at- 
property,  if  they  were  to  bo  taxed  at  the  discre- 1  tempt  to  undo,  what  the  present  ministers  shaD 
lion  of  a  British  parliament  in  which  they  were  have  attempted  to  perform;  and  to  that  oiijeciioa 
unrepresented,  and  over  which  they  had  no  con- j  I  can  give  but  this  answer:  that  it  is  my  finu 
trol.  A  determination  not  only  lo  oppose  this  opinion,  thai  the  plan.  I  have  staled  to  vou.  wih 
new  claim  of  taxation,  but  to  keep  a  strict  watch,  certainly  take  place,  and  that  it  will  never  he  de 
lest  it  might  be  established  in  some  disguised  form. '  parted  from;  and  so  determined  am  I  for  ever  ti 
took  pos.session  of  their  minds.  abide  by  it,   that  I  will  be  content  lo  be  declare  3 

It  commonly  happens,  in  the  discussion  of  infamous,  if  I  do  not  to  the  last  hour  nf  mv  life, 
doubtful  claims  between  states,  that  the  ground  at  all  limes,  in  all  places,  and  U|>on  all  occasiois, 
of  the  origiuid  dispute  insensibly  changes.  When  exert  every  (lower,  with  which  I  either  am,  I'f 
the  mind  is  employed  in  investigating  one  subject,  ever  shall   be,  legally  invested    n  order  to  obuio 


i 


860 

nn>l  inainniln  for  liii!  >'<inliiit>iil  i<(  Anicricu,  tli.it 
■nlisliiiMion,  whicli  I  liiivc  lirrii  »iillii>risril  t»  |ii'»' 
Diisc  this  (lay,  \t\  llir  ciiiilitliiilliil  st'rvaiits  i>r  diir 
grucioiiK  aiivci't'l^ii,  who,  li>  my  ( rilain  kiionled;;!', 
rales  his  hniiciiii'  no  Iii;;Ii,  lliat  lie  would  ratlin' 
jiart  willi  Ins  criiwii,  than  |iri'M'ivc  il  liy  dcri'lt." 

Tliesn  assiiiaiK'cs  wcii^  iTrrivi'd  wilh  liaiispDrts 
nf  joy,  by  llir  \'ii');iiiiaiis.  'I'liry  vit'wtMl  lliciii  iih 
pIcilKlng  Ills  iinjcsly  for  scciiiity,  that  llic  la(o  ilc- 
Bi)(ii  lor  ralHiii);  a  rt'veiim-  in  Aiiii'rica  was  aliaii- 
<lutiv(l,  iiiid  iii'viT  iiioiT  III  bo  rcsiiiMiMl.  Till!  as- 
acnilily  ol'  Virii'mia,  in  answer  to  lord  Holvlonri, 
expressed  llieiiiselves  ibns:  "Wo  are  sure  our 
most  gracious  sovereinn,  under  whatever  changes 
may  happen  in  his  conlideiitial  servants,  will  rc- 
mnin  iiiiiiiiitalile  in  the  ways  of  truth  and  justice, 
and  that  lie  is  ineapalilu  ol  deceiving  his  laithl'iil 
■ubjects  ;  and  wu  esteem  your  lordship's  inrorina- 
tiun  not  only  as  warranted,  liut  even  sanctified  liy 
the  royal  word." 

How  far  these  solemn  encageiiients  with  the 
Americans,  were  observed,  subnecpienl  events  will 
demonstrate,  hi  a  perfe:U  reliance  on  them, 
most  of  Ibo  colonies  returned  to  their  ancient  ha- 
bits of  good  humour,  and  llaltcicd  themselves  that 
no  fiiliire  parliament  would  undertake  to  give  or 
(jraiit  away  their  properly. 

From  tile  royal  and  minislrrial  assurances  given 
in  favour  of  .Vmerica,  in  the  year  l/(i!',  anil  the 
subsei|ucnt  repeal  in  \'i'i{\  of  live-sixllis  of  ilie 
thities  which  had  been  imposed  in  171)7  ;  toqetlier 
with  the  eonseipieiit  renewal  of  the  iiieicantile  in- 
tercourse belwceii  (ireat  lirilain  ami  her  coliinics, 
ninny  hoped,  that  the  coiitentinn  belwecn  the  two 
roiintries  was  linally  closed.  In  all  the  provinces, 
excepting  .Massachiisells,  appearances  seemed  to 
favour  that  opinion.  .Mary  inciileiits  operated 
there  to  the  prejudice  of  that  harmony,  which  liail 
begun,  elsewhere  to  return.  Slationing  a  iifili- 
lary  force  aiiiong  them  was  a  iVuiilul  sonice  of 
tiiieasiness.  'I'lie  royal  arniy  had  been  broimlit 
thither  wiih  the  av(r,eil  design  of  enfniciii,;  sub- 
niission  to  the  mother  coniiliy.  Speeches  lioiii 
the  throne,  and  addi'esscs  Ironi  both  houses  ot'  par- 
liament, had  taui;lit  ihi'iii  to  look  upon  the  iiiliabi- 
lanls  as  a  faclioiis,  tiiibnlerit  people,  clio  aimrd  al 
throning  olf  all  siiboriliiiation  to  (ireat  liril;iin. 
They,  oil  the  oilier  hand  were  acciislomeil  to  look 
npoi!  the  soldiery  as  instruments  of  tyranny,  seiil 
on  purpose  to  dragoon  them  out  of  llirir  liberlies. 

lieciproeal  itisulls  soured  the  ti'iiipers,  and  nni- 
llial  injuries  einbitlered  the  passions  of  the  opposite 
parlies.  Some  fiery  spirits,  who  thought  it  an  in 
dignity  to  have  troops  ipiarlered  among  iheiii,  were 
constantly  exciimg  the  townspeople  to  ipiarrcl  willi 
the  soldiers. 

On  the  icconil  of  March,  1770,  a  fray  took  place 
near  Mr.  (irav's  ropewalk,  between  a  private  sol- 
dier of  the  tweiiiy-ninlh  regiment,  and  an  iidialii 
lant.  The  former  was  siipporlcil  by  his  cmnr.idi's. 
the  latter  by  the  rope-makers,  till  several  on  boih 
sides  were  involved  in  ihe  coiisei|iieni'es.  On  the 
."itli,  a  more  dreadful  scene  was  preseiite  I.  The 
<i)liliers,  when  under  anus,  were  pressed  upon,  In- 
Dlllted  ;iiid  |ielleil  liy  a  mob,  armed  with  cbilis,  sticks, 
\ni\  snow-balls  covering  stones.  They  were  also 
dared  to  lire.  In  this  siliiation,  one  of  llie  siililiers 
who  had  received  a  blow,  in  lesi'iitment  filed  at  ilie 
slipiMiied  ag:''"ss,ir.  This  was  lollowed  by  a  siiii;le 
discharge  from  six  others.  Tliri f  the  inhabi- 
tants were  kii'eil.  and  live  were  ilangeriiilsly  wiiunil- 
?d.  The  town  was  iiiimeiliatcly  in  comniiition. 
Silch  were  the  temper,  force,  r.nil  number  of  the 
inhabltanis,  that  notliing  but  an  i  .igageiiient  to  re- 
move the  troops  out  of  the  town,  togelher  willi  the 
advice  of  inoderali  men,  prevented  the  townsiiieii 
fniii:  falling  on  the  soldiers.  I'restnn,  llie  captain 
who  couiiiiaiided,  and  the  party,  who  fired  on  the 
inhabitants,  were  ciiiniiiitteil  to  jail,  and  aderwarils 
tried.  The  captain  and  six  of  the  men  were  ac- 
quitted. Two  were  were  brought  in  guilty  of  iiian- 
tlaughter.  It  ap|)careil  on  the  trial,  that  the  sol- 
diers were  abused,  insulted,  thivaleiieil,  and  pelt- 
ril,  lieforc  they  fired.  It  was  also  proved,  that 
only  .seven  suns  were  fired  by  llie  eight  prisoners. 
These   circuiiistauces  induced  (he  jiir-  to  give  a 


THE   HISTORY  OF 

favourable  verdict.  The  result  of  the  (rial  reflect- 
ed great  honour  on  .liihii  Ailainsaiid  ,iosiah({uincy, 
the  counsel  lor  the  prisoners  ;  and,  also,  on  the  in- 
tegrity of  the  jury,  who  ventured  to  give  an  up- 
right veidiii.  III  defiance  of  popular  opinions. 

The  events  of  that  tragical  night  sunk  deep  in 
the  minds  of  the  people,  ami  were  made  subner- 
vient  tu  important  purposes.  The  aiinivcmary  of 
it  was  observed  with  great  soleiiiiiity.  Kloiiiieiil 
orators  were  successively  employed,  to  deliver  an 
annual  uratiun,  to  preserve  the  renienibranco  of  it 
fresh  ill  their  minds.  On  these  occasions  the  bles- 
sings of  liberty,  the  horrors  of  slavery,  the  dangers 
of  a  Htandiii);  Hriiiy,  the  rightnof  the  colonies,  and 
a  variety  uf  such  topics,  were  presented  to  the  pub- 
lic view,  under  their  most  pleasing  and  ulariiiing 
forms.  These  nniiual  uratiuiis  administered  fuel 
(o  the  fire  uf  liberty,  and  kept  it  burning  with  an 
incessant  (lame. 

The  obstacles  to  returning  harmony,  which  have 
already  been  mentioned,  were  increased,  by  iiiak- 
ini;  the  governor  and  judges,  in  Massachusetts,  in- 
dependent «f  the  province.  Formerly  (hey  had 
been  paid  by  yearly  grants  from  Ihe  as.seuilily  ;  but 
about  this  tiuie  provision  was  made  for  paying  their 
salaries  by  the  crown.  This  was  resented  as  a 
dangerous  iniinvalion ;  as  an  infraclion  of  their 
charter;  and  as  ilestioying  that  balance  of  power, 
essential  to  free  governments.  That  the  crown 
should  pay  the  salary  of  the  chief  justice,  was  re- 
presented by  the  assembly  as  a  species  of  biibery, 
tending  to  bias  his  judicial  ilelerininalions.  They 
made  it  the  foiiiiilalicn  for  impeaching  iMr.  .Iiistiee 
Oliver,  before  the  governor;  but  he  excepted  to 
their  proceedings  as  uiiciiiistitiitional.  The  as- 
sembly, neverthiless,  gained  two  points.  They 
rendered  the  governor  mure  odious  to  the  iiihabi- 
taiils,  and  iiicicaseil  the  public  respect  for  tlieni- 
.selve.s,  as  the  loniiier  part  of  the  liritish  house  of 
commons,  and  as  giiardiaiis  of  the  rights  ol  the 
people. 

A  personal  animosity  between  governnr  lliiteh- 
iiison  and  smne  ili.slinguisher  palriots  in  .Massa- 
cluisetls,  eoiitriliuled  to  per  it  iiale  a  ll.inie  of  ilis- 
eonteiit  in  that  province,  aio-r  il  had  elsewhere 
visibly  abaleil.  This  was  winked  up,  in  the  year 
177;!,  to  a  high  pilch,  bya  singular  iiiinliiiiatiun  of 
circiinislani  es.  Some  letters  had  been  wrilteii,  in 
the  course  of  the  dispute,  by  governor  lliitcliin- 
siiii,  lieiiieiiaiit  governor  C)liver,  and  other  royal 
servants  in  l!iisiiiii,  to  persons  in  power  in  Kiig- 
lanil,  which  iiiiiiained  a  very  iiiifaviiiiralile  repie- 
sentalion  of  the  state  of  public  affairs,  and  leiideil 
to  show  the  neiessity  of  coeteive  iin  asiiies,  and 
of  changing  the  chartered  system  of  goveriiiiiciit, 
to  secure  the  obedience  of  the  priiviine.  These 
letters  fell  into  the  han.ls  of  Dr.  Franklin,  agent 
of  the  province,  who  traiismitted  them  to  Huston. 
The  iinlignaliiiii  and  aniinosity  which  were  excited 
on  the  receipt  of  them,  had  no  bounds.  'I'lie  liiuise 
of  assembly  iigieed  on  a  petition  and  reiiioiisliance 
to  his  majesiy,  in  which  they  charged  their  gov- 
ernor, and  III  iilenant  governor,  with  being  betmy- 
ers  of  the  |  eiiple  they  governed,  and  of  giving 
private,  pariail,  and  false  inliirinatioii.  They  al- 
so declared  them  enemies  to  the  colonies,  and 
prayed  fur  justice  against  them,  and  for  their 
apeeily  iiiiinval  fVoiii  their  ]ilaces.  'j'liese  charges 
were  carried  through  by  a  majority  of  eighty-two 
to  twelve. 

The  peiiiion  and  rciiionstrance  being  traiismit- 
ted to  Knglaiid,  their  merits  were  diseiisseil  lietoie 
his  majesty  a  privy  council.  After  a  hearing  be- 
fore that  liiiard,  in' which  J)r.  Franklin  represent- 
ed the  province  of  Massachnsetls,  the  unverniir 
and  lieutenant  governor  were  acipiitteil.  Mr. 
Weddcrbiiiiie,  who  defended  the  aeciised  royal 
servants,  in  the  course  of  his  pleadings,  inveighed 
against  Dr.  Franklin,  in  the  severest  language,  as 
the  fomenter  of  the  disputes  between  Ihe  two 
countries.'     It  was  no  proleclion  to  this   veneni 


•  Tills  cliiirpe  is  now  liiinivii  to  lie  fiilr.r.  Dr.  l-'niiik- 
lia  todk  e\riy  nietliiiil  in  liis  piiwrr  to  |iievi'iit  ii  rnp- 
lure  lii'lwecii  (ireat  lllitniii  nil, I  .Ann  rii-ii.  Hi..  iMlvit-i> 
III  lii.»  I'liiiiilryinon  was,  "  in  li.  ur  evci y  lliiiii!  liir  llti' 
{ireseiit;  us   lliey    were    eure,    in  lime,  to    outgrow  btl 


ble  sago,  that,  being  the  ngeiil  of  Massa,  linsettii, 
ho  conceived  it  his  duty  In  inform  his  ciinsiiiiienfs 
of  letters,  written  on  public  affairs,  ealenlateil  tu 
overturn  their  chartered  eiinstitutinn.  The  age, 
respectability,  and  high  literary  character  nf  llie 
subject  of  Mr.  Wcdderbiirne's  philippic,  Inrned  llio 
atlcnlioii  uf  the  )Miblic  to  (he  transaclion.  The 
insult  ulfered  to  one  of  the  public  agents,  and  es- 
pecially to  one  who  was  both  the  pride  and  orna- 
ment of  his  native  country,  sunk  deep  in  the  iiiinds 
uf  the  Americans.  That  a  faithful  servant,  wlioiii 
(hey  loved,  should  be  insulted  for  discharging  his 
official  duty,  rankled  in  (heir  hearts.  i)r.  Frank- 
lin was  immediately  dismissed  from  the  oHice  of 
deputy  postmaster  general,  which  he  held  under 
the  crown.  It  was  not  only  by  his  transniission 
uf  these  letters,  that  he  had  given  olfenee  to  the 
iSritish  iiiini.stry,  but  by  his  popular  writings  in  fa- 
vour of  America.  Two  of  his  pieces.  In  parti;;u- 
lar,  had  lately  attracted  a  large  Hliare  of  public  at- 
tention, and  had  an  extensive  influence  on  bjth 
sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The  one  purported  to  be 
an  edict  from  (lie  king  of  I'russia,  for  taxing  the 
inhaliilants  of  Great  llritnin,  as  descendants  of 
einigraiils  from  his  duminions.  The  other  was 
entitled,  "  Utiles  for  reihiciiig  a  great  empire  to  a 
small  one."  In  both  of  which  he  had  exposed  the 
claims  of  the  mollier  eoiiiilry,  and  the  piiii'eeding.t 
of  the  liritish  miiiisliy,  with  the  severity  uf  poig- 
iiaiil  satire. 

For  ten  years  there  had  now  been  little  inter- 
mission ill  the  disputes  between  (ireat  Krilaiii  and 
her  colonics.  Their  respective  claims  had  never 
been  cimiproiiiised  on  middle  ground.  The  ca'm 
which  followed  the  repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  was 
ill  a  I'rw  nionths  disturbed  by  the  revenue  act  of 
(he  year  I7(i7.  The  tranipiillity  which  followed 
the  repeal  of  five-sixths  of  that  act,  in  the  year 
1770,  was  niithing  mure  than  a  truce.  The  re- 
servation of  the  duly  on  lea,  as  an  avowed  evi- 
dence of  the  claims  of  (ireat  lirilain  to  lax  her  co- 
lonies, I.ept  alive  the  jealousy  of  the  coliinisis  ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  slalioning  of  an  army 
in  Massachnsetls,  the  conliniiance  of  a  linaid  of 
eomiiiissioiiers  in  lloston.  the  eoiistilnliiig  the  go- 
vernors and  judges  of  that  priivince  inilependeiil 
of  the  people,  were  consiaiil  sources  of  irriintion. 
The  altercations  which,  at  this  period,  were  eoni- 
iiioii  between  the  royal  giiverniii^  and  the  provin- 
cial assemblies,  together  with  iiiiineroiis  vinilica- 
tiiiiis  of  the  claims  of  America,  iiiaile  the  subject 
familiar  to  the  colonists.  The  ground  of  the  con- 
liiiveisy  was  canvassed  in  every  eompany.  The 
more  the  Americans  read,  reasoned,  and  conversed 
on  the  subject,  the  iiiiire  they  were  convinced  of 
ilieir  right  to  the  exclusive  disposal  of  their  pro- 
perty. This  was  followed  by  a  delerniiiialion  to 
resist  all  encroachments  on  that  palladiiim  of  li- 
berty. Thev  were  as  strongly  conviiieed  of  llieir 
right,  to  reliise  and  resist  parliamentary  taxation, 
as  the  ruling  powers  of  (ireat  Itritain  of  their  right 
to  ilemand  and  enforce  their  submission  to  it. 

The  claims  of  the  two  eiiiintries  being  thus  ir- 
reconcilably opposed  to  each  other,  the  partial 
calm,  which  followed  the  concession  of  parli.imeiii, 
in  1770,  was  liable  lo  disturbance,  fretn  every  in- 
eiilent.  I''  ier  such  cireiimstanees,  iioiliing  less 
than  the  most  guarded  coiidiicl,  on  both  sides,  could 
prevent  ;i  renewal  of  the  eiiiilriiversy.  Instead  of 
fiilliiwing  these  prudential  iiieasiires,  which  wiiiild 
have  kept  the  ground  of  Ihe  dispute  iiiil  of  siuht,  an 
iinpolitlc  selieme  was  ciineened,  between  llie  lirit- 
ish ministry  and  the  Kast  India  companv,  that 
placed  the  claims  of  (ireat  lirilain  and  her  colonien 
in  hostile  array  auainsl  each  other. 

In  the  year  I77i),  coimiienced  n  new  era  of  the 


llietr  grieviiiirc..';  iiuil  iih  it  riiiilif  mil  lie  in  die  power 
lit'  the  iiiiiilier  riiiiiiiry  III  iipjiress  ilieiii  liiii^."  With 
tllul  eiiiiiiiiitllit  of  rnilliliMiillii'e,  wliii-ll  is  |H<riiliiir  lo 
tn'iil  iiiiiiils,  lie  liiire  Wi'iiderliiiriie's  iiliiisi'  nilhiiiit  niiy 
vi-ilili'  I'liintiuii;  fill!  lIuil  he  ffll,  iinif  n'lni'iiilii'ri'il  it,  is 
vi^iMi-  riitiii  llii-  f.illowiiit;  rin-illii-ttiliri's,  .\lii,iit  livo 
ynir.'  nncrwiiiits,  wlieii,  us  niiiiiiMer  |ileiii|ifili.;iiiiirv  nf 
till- I 'iiili-il  Sititi-H,  be  siiriiril  n  Imily  dl  iilli'iiii-i>  mi  llieir 
lii'liiiir,  willi  111)'  Klin;  ill'  l-'ritiK-i',  lie  iiili'iiliniiiilly  uore 
ill.-  stiiiii'  riiiit  lie  liiiil  nil  w'lirii  lie  wns  iiiffiilloil  liv  Wisl* 
derburii'-'.    tii'u  L<r.  IVitstly't  Lilu.    Vol,  11.  |>ii(c  4C>4i 


NORTH    AMKIUf'A. 


ilHSll.  I'lllSflt*, 

I  riiii'ililiii'lils 

Cjlt'lllilll'll  to 

1.     'I'lii-   lino, 
i;iclrr  cif  llio 
ic,  liiiiit'd  llio 
»rliiiii.     'I'liu 
m'lit.i,  ami  cH- 
idi!  and  oriia- 
I  ill  llic  iiiiiidH 
cnaiil,  whom 
ist'liai')(lii);  Ilia 
Dr.  Kraiik- 
tlic  (iflice  of 
I!   held  under 
I  traiiNiiiissiiin 
oH'ciiri'  III  llio 
writiiiKH  ill  la- 
cs, ill  parliju- 
'  ol'  puldic  al- 
I'lU'c  (III   Ijalll 
i'|iiirli'il   Id  h« 
lor  taxiiii;  tlio 
I'sciMidaiilii  uf 
lit-   oilier    was 
al  I'liipirc  to  a 
III  ('X|io-ii'd  the 
ir  profi'fdilij;?! 
verily  ul'  poij<- 

en  lillle  iiitcr- 
at  Itrilaiii  and 
iiiis  had  iies'nr 
d.     'I'he  ca'iii 
<laiiip  act,  wa» 
■cveinie  act   of 
vhit'li   lollowed 
^1,  ill  the  year 
ruee.     The  lu- 
ll   avowed    cvi- 
I  lo  lax  her  ro- 
Ihv    eoloiiisiH  ; 
lini;  of  an  army 
of  a   hoard  iif 
[ilnliiii;  the  go- 
inilependenl 
of  irriialiiin. 
weri^  eoiii- 
I  Ihe  proviii- 
rons  viiidica- 
llip  Miihjcct 
I  of  ihe  eon- 
iiipany.     Thr 
iiiiil  eonversed 
(invineeil  of 
if  llieir   pro- 
iioinalion  to 
llailiiini  of  li- 
need  of  their 
niary  taxalion, 
of  their  ri(;ht 
on  lo  it. 
Iieint\  tints  ir- 
r,    llie    partial 
of  parh.iinent, 
ii'iii  every  in- 
iioihiii);  \vM 
h  Niiles,  eoiilil 
V.      Instead  of 
whieh  would 
nl  of  siuhl,  an 
Weill  ihe  Hril- 
oinpany,    that 

I  her  eojoiiics 

lew  era  of  the 

e  ill  ilii*  power 

II  liHit:."     With 
IH     pernliiir  to 

I*'  willidid  ftiiy 
int'intiereil  it,    lA 
.MiiMil    livo 
eiii[)n|c:ilinrv  nf 
illitiiii-i'  nn  llieir 
tiniiiillv  uoie 
|iiuln-il   liv  W«l- 
11.  |uigc40'li 


Anirrieaii  roiitroverMy.  To  tiiidcrxlHiid  tluH  in  itH 
origin,  il  i''  iieeessary  to  reeiir  lo  the  period,  when 
the  solil.iiy  duly  on  lea  was  er.einpled,  I'loiii  the 
partial  repeal  ol  the  revenue  aet  of  \'ii>7.  When 
the  duties  whieh  had  lieen  laid  on  );lass,  paper,  and 
painters'  colours,  were  taken  oil',  a  respeelalilu  iiii- 
iiorily  in  parlianient  eonteniled,  tliiit  the  duly  on  lea 
bhoulil  also  lie  reinoved.  To  this  it  was  replied; 
"  that,  as  the  Ainerieans  denied  lliR  legality  of  tax- 
hi);  them  a  total  repeal  would  he  a  virtual  aeipiies- 
ceiiee  in  their  elainis;  and  thai,  in  order  lo  preservK 
llio  riahts  of  Ihe  niollier  eounlrv,  it  was  m  eessary 
lo  retain  the  preainlile,  and  at  least  one  of  Ihe  taxed 
arlieles."  Il  was  rejoined,  that  a  partial  epeal 
would  lie  a  souree.  of  endless  diseontent ;  arid  that 
till-  lax  on  it  would  not  defray  the  expenses  of  ool- 
leeliiii;  it.  The  inotion  In  favour  of  a  tolal  repe.il 
was  rejeeied  liy  a  yreat  majority.  .\s  the  parliament 
tlioiiijhl  fit  lo  retain  the  tax  on  tea,  for  an  evidenei- 
of  their  rii;lit  of  taxation,  the  Ainerieans  in  like  man- 
ner, loheeoiisisteiil  with  themselves  in  deiiyini;  that 
riKhl,  discontinned  the  iniportalioii  of  that  eonimo- 
dity.  While  there  was  no  attempt  to  inlriidiiee  tea 
into  the  eoloiiies,  a;^aiiist  this  deetared  sense  of  the 
inhaliilanls,  these  opposiii);  elaiuis  were  in  no  ilaii- 
gerof  rollision.  In  thiil  ease,  the  inother  (Country 
iiii(;hl  have  solaeed  herself,  with  her  ideal  ri(;lits, 
and  I  lie  eoloiiies,  with  their  favourite  opinion  of  a 
tolal  exemption  from  parliamentary  taxes,  without 
disiMilMiii;  the  pnlilie  peaee.  This  mode  of  eniii- 
proinisiii);  the  ilispule,  whieh  Neeiued  at  first  ilesi;;n 
ed  as  a  salvo  lor  ihe  honour  and  eonsisteney  of  liolli 
parties,  was,  liy  the  iulerferenee  of  the  Kast  India 
L'ompany,  in  eoiiiliinalion  with  the  Hritish  niinislry, 
complelely  overset. 

Till'  experted  revenue  from  tea  failed,  in  eonse- 
qiieneeof  ihe  Aineriean  assoeiation  to  import  noni- 
(111  wliiili  a  duty  was  eharued.  'I'his  proreedeil  as 
iiineli  from  ihe  spirit  of  i^aiii,  as  of  patiiotisin.  The 
ilieicliaiils  found  uieaiis  of  supplying  their  eonntiy- 
ineii  (villi  lea.  sinnniiled  from  eounlries  to  whieh 
Ihe  piKverof  Ilritaiti  did  not  exienil.  Thev  doulit- 
less  eoiiceived  themselves  to  he  supporting;  Ihe  riiihts 
of  llieir  loiMiliv,  liy  refiisini;  to  pureliase  tea  from 
nrilain;  lull  ihey  also  lelleeted,  that  if  they  could 
liriiii;  I  he  same  eoimiiodily  to  market  free  of  duly, 
llieir  prolils  would  he  proportionahly  urealer. 

The  love  of  (;aiii  was  not  peculiar  to  the  Anieri- 
ran  merehanls.  I'  rom  the  diminished  exporlalion 
to  the  eoloiiies,  the  warehouses  of  the  Hrilisli  Kast 
India  company  had  .n  them  Neventeen  millions  of 
pnniids  of  lea.  fiirnhii )'  a  market  eonlil  not  he  pro- 
cured. The  ministry  and  Kasl  India  rompaiiy,  un- 
williin;  to  lose,  the  me,  the  expected  revenue  from 
the  sale  of  the  tea  in  America,  the  other,  the  usual 
comnieieial  profits,  aijii'ed  on  a  measure  hy  whieh 
•hey  siip|iosed  liolli  would  lie  secured. 

The  Kast  India  company  was,  liy  law,  aiilhori- 
T.ed  lo  export  their  lea  fiei'  of  duties,  to  all  places 
whatsoever.  Jiy  this  rc};iilatioii,  tea,  lhoii(;h  load 
ed  with  an  exceplionalile  duly,  would  come  cheap 
erio  the  colonies,  than  hefore  it  had  heeii  made  : 
Hoiirceof  revenue:  for  the  duly  laki'ii  olf  it,  (vhen 
exporled  from  (ileal  Urilain,  was  urealer  than  that 
to  he  paid  on  its  iinporlalion  into  the  colonies.  Con- 
fident of  siici CSS,  in  finding  ^  market  for  their  lea, 
lliiis  reduced  in  its  price,  and  also  of  collecting  a 
duly  on  its  iinporlalion  and  sale  in  Ihe  colonics,  the 
Kast  India  company  freighled  several  ships  wUU 
leas,  for  Ihe  ilillerent  colonies,  and  appoinleil  agents 
for  its  disposal.  This  measure  unileil  several  iii- 
tcresis  in  opposition  to  its  execution.  The  pa- 
Iriolisni  of  the  Ainericann  was  corrohoratcd  hy  se- 
veral auxiliary  aids,  no  ways  connected  with  the 
cause  of  liheriy. 

The  iiiercliaiits  in  Kn;;land  were  alarmed  at  the 
losses,  that  uiiisl  aeeriic  to  themselves,  from  the 
i-xporlalions  of  ihe  Kast  India  company,  and  from 
tlie  sales  (^oinj;  thronjjh  the  hands  of  coiisi);nees. 
Letters  were  written  to  colonial  patriots,  uryinu 
dieir  opposition  to  the  project. 

The  simiKKleis,  who  were  liolh  numerous  and 
pn(verfiil,  could  not  relish  a  scheme  which,  hv  iin- 
dcrsellini;  them,  and  takinj;  a  prolilahle  liraneh  of 
business  nut  of  their  hands,  threatened  a  diiiMiiu- 
dou  of  their  gains.     The  colonists  were  luo  sus- 


picious of  the  desii;ns  of  (ireat  itrilaiii  to  lie  impo- 
sed up. 

'I'he  cry  of  endannereil  lilicrly  otii'e  more  excited 
an  alarm,  from  Ne(v  llampsiiire  lo  (ieori;ia.  The 
first  opposition  to  the  exectitioii  of  the  scheme, 
adopted  liy  the  Kast  India  company,  liegaii  with  the 
American  luerehanls.  They  saw  a  prolilahle  liranch 
of  their  trade  likely  to  he  lost,  and  the  heiiefils  of  it 
lo  he  transferred  lo  the  people  in  (ireat  Urilain. 
They  felt  for  the  wound,  that  would  he  inllicled  on 
their  country's  claim  of  exemption  from  parliamen- 
tary taxation;  hut  thiry  felt,  with  eipial  seiiHiliilily, 
for  llio  losses  they  would  sustain,  hy  the  diversion 

the  streams  of  coinincree,  into  unusual  chan- 
nels. Though  'he  opposition  originated  In  the 
seKishness  of  the  merchants,  it  dii!  not  end  there. 
The  great  hody  of  the  people,  from  principles  of 
Ihe  purest  patiiolism,  were  hrought  over  lo  second 
their  wishes.  They  considered  ihe  whole  scheine 
IS  ealeiilaled  to  sciluce  llieiii  into  an  acipiieseence 
(villi  the  vie(vs  of  parlianient,  for  raising  an  .\iiieri- 
can  revenue.  Much  pains  (vere  taken  lo  ciiliglilen 
Ihe  colonists  on  this  .sulijeet,  and  lo  convince  ihciii 
of  the  imminent  ha^.ard  lo  (vhich  their  lilicrlies  (vere 
exposed. 

The  provincial  patriots  insisted  largely  on  the 
persevering  deterininalion  of  the  parent  stale,  lo 
estahlisli  her  I'laim  of  taxation,  hy  I'ompelling  the 
sale  of  tea  in  the  colonies,  against  the  soleuin  re- 
solutions :ind  declared  sense  ot'  the  inhahitants; 
anil  that,  at  a  lime,  (vheii  the  commercial  inler- 
coiirse  of  the  two  eounlries  was  relieved,  and 
their  ancient  harmony  fast  rclnrning.  '\'hr  pro- 
posed venders  of  the  tea  were  leprc-ienlcil  as  re- 
venue oflicers,  employed  in  the  colleeiion  of  an 
niiconslilulional  lax,  imposed  hy  (ileal  itritaiii. 
The  rolonisls  contended,  Ihat,  as  the  duty  anil  the 
price  of  the  comniodily  (vere  iiiMparahly  lilended, 
if  the  tea  were  sold,  every  pun  liaser  (vould  pay 
a  lax  imposed  hy  Ihe  Hrilisli  parliament,  as  part 
of  the  purchase  money.  To  ohvialir  this  evil,  ,inil 
to  prevent  the  liherlies  of  a  great  coiiiiiry  from 
heiiig  sacrificed  hy  ineonsiilerale  purchasers,  sun- 
dry liKvii  ineetiiigs  were  held  in  the  ( apilals  of 
the  different  provinces,  and  conihinalions  (veie  form- 
ed to  ohslriict  the  sales  uf  the  lea,  sent  hy  the  Kast 
India  company. 

The  resoliilions  adopted,  hy  the  inhaliilanls  of 
riiilailelphia,  on  the  |Si|i  ofo'ctoher,  I'/V.'i,  alhird 
a  good  specimen  of  Ihe  (vliole.  'i'licse  (vere  as 
follixv  ; 

"  I.  That  the  disposal  of  their  o(vn  property  is 
the  inherent  right  of  freemen;  that  there  can  he  no 
propirly  in  that  which  anolhercan,  of  right,  take 
from  lis  wiihiiul  our  consent;  that  the  claim  of  par- 
liainenl  lo  lax  .Vmerica.  is,  in  other  words,  a  claim 
of  right  to  levy  conirihulions  on  us  al  pleasure. 

"  'i.  That  till"  duly,  imposed  hy  parliament  upon 
lea  landed  in  .\iiierica,  is  a  lax  on  the  .Viiieric;ins, 
or  levying  conirihulions  on  them,  tvithont  their 
consent. 

"  !l.  That  the  I'xprcs'?  purpose,  for  which  Ihe 
lax  is  levied  on  the  .Vmeriians,  namely,  for  the 
support  of  goveriinienl,  adminislralion  ol  juslice, 
and  defence  of  his  majesty's  doniinions  in  Ame- 
rica, has  a  direct  tendency  to  render  assemhiies 
useless,  and  to  introduce  arliitary  goveriiieiit  and 
slavery. 

"  4.  That  a  virtuoii:^  and  steady  opposition,  to 
this  niiiiislerial  plan  of  governing  America,  is  ali- 
solulcly  necessary  lo  preserve  even  the  shadow  of 
liherty :  and  is  a  duly  which  every  fri'enian  in 
America  owes  to  his  country,  (o  himself,  and  to 
his  posterity. 

"  f>.  That  the  resolution,  lately  entered  into  hy 
the  Kast  India  company,  to  seiiil  out  their  tea  lo 
.\mcrica,  suhject  to  the  payment  of  duties  on  its 
heing  landed  here,  is  an  open  attempt  to  enforce 
this  ministerial  plan,  and  a  violent  attack  upon  the 
liherlies  of  Aiiieriea, 

"  11.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  every  Aimirican  to  op- 
pose this  attempt. 

"  7.  That  whoever  shall,  directly  or  indirectly, 
coiiiite'iance  this  attempt,  or,  in  any  wise,  aid  or 
ahet  in  unloading,  receiving,  or  vending  the  tea 
sent,  or  to  he  sent  out  li^   the    East  India  cum- 


807 

paiiy,  wliili^  il   remains  suhject  lo  the  payment  of  a 
diilv  here,  is  an  eiiciny  lo  his  coiintrv. 

"  N.  Thai  a  I'omuiillee  he  immedialely  chosen, 
lo  wait  on  lliose  gentlemeii,  who,  it  is  rcporled.  am 
appointed  hy  the  Kast  India  company,  to  reccivn 
and  sell  !<:iiil  tea,  and  reipiest  tlieiii,  Ironi  i  regard 
lo  their  o(vii  chaiacler,  and  the  peace  and  ;ooil  or- 
der of  the  city  :ind  province,  inimedialely  lo  resign 
their  appoinlmeni." 

As  tiie  time  a|'proached,  when  the  arrii  i|  of  llio 
tea  ships  might  he  soon  expected,  such  neasnres 
were  adopted,  as  seemed  inosi  likely  I  i  prevent 
the  landing  of  their  cargoes.  'I'ho  lea  eonsignccs, 
appointed  hy  the  I'iisi  India  companv,  weie,  in 
several  places,  compelled  lo  relinipiisii  their  ap- 
poiiilments;  and  no  others  could  he  fonliil,  hardy 
enough,  to  aet  in  llieir  stead.  'I'he  pilots,  in  ihe 
river  Deliivaie,  (vcre  (varned  not  to  con  1,,,  i  any 
of  Ihe  lea  ships  iiilo  their  haihoiir.  In  Sf\t 
\'ork,  popular  vengeance  (vas  denouiired  ;igiiiist 
all  (vho  would  conlriliiile,  in  any  iiieasnie,  to  for 
(vard  the  views  of  the  Kast  India  companv.  The 
laplains  of  the  New  Vork  ami  IMiihiilelphia  ships, 
heing  apprized  of  the  ri'sohuion  of  the  people,  ;iiid 
fearing  the  eonseip'iieir  of  hioding  a  eonimodilv, 
charged  with  an  oiiioiis  duly,  in  violation  of  llieir 
dechireil  piihlie  sentiments,  eoncliided  lo  reliirn  di- 
rectly to  (ireat  llritaiii,  without  making  any  entry 
at  the  eiisliim  house. 

It  was  ollier(vise  in  Massachusetts.  The  tea 
ships,  designed  for  the  supply  of  Mosioii,  were 
consigned  to  the  sons,  consiiis,  and  pailtmlar 
fiieiids  of  governor  llulchnisoii.  When  iliey  ((ere 
called  upon  to  resign,  they  aiis(vered  •' tliil  it  was 
out  of  their  po(ver."  The  colleeii.r  leliiscd  lo 
give  a  clearance,  unless  the  vessels  \vcie  dis- 
charged of  diiliahle  articles.  TIh'  govi'inor  re- 
fused lo  gi(e  a  pass  I'or  llie  vessels,  unless  pio- 
pcrly  (|i';'hficd  f,ir  llie  cusloni  house.  The  go- 
vernor like(vise,  rei|uesleil  ailmiial  .\Ioiilagiie  lo 
guard  the  passages  out  of  the  harhoiir;  and  gave 
orders  to  suffer  no  vessels,  coasters  excepted,  lo 
pass  the  forlress  from  the  liKdi,  (vilhoiil  a  pass 
signed  hy  himself'.  Kroiii  a  eonihinaf  ion  of  lliesn 
ciiciinistances,  the  reliirn  of'  llie  tea  vessels,  from 
lloston,  was  rendered  impossihle.  The  inhahilaiits, 
then,  had  no  option,  hut  lo  pieve"'  'he  landing  of 
the  tea;  to  sillier  it  lo  he  l.iiided,  and  depend  on 
the  nnaniniily  of  the  people  not  lo  pun  liiise  il ;  lo 
destroy  the  lea;  or  to  suffer  a  deep  laid  siIh  iiie 
against  their  sacred  liherlies  lo  lake  effect.  TIkj 
first  would  have  rcipiiieil  incessant  (valiliiiig,  lij 
night,  as  (veil  as  hy  ilay,  for  a  period  ol  lime,  the 
duration  of  (diich  no  one  could  conipiile.  The 
second  (voiilil  have  lieeii  visionarv  to  childishness, 
hy  suspending  llie  liherlies  of  a  growing  eoiin- 
Iry,  on  the  selt'-denial  and  discretion  of  eveiv  lea- 
drinker  ill  the  province.  They  vie((e(l  if.e  lea  a.s 
the  vehicle  of  an  uiiconslilulional  lax,  and  as  Inse- 
paralily  issoeiated  (villi  it.  To  avoid  the  one,  thev 
resolved  lo  destroy  the  other.  Ahoiil  seventeen 
persons,  dressed  as  Indians,  repaired  lo  the  tea 
ships,  hroke  open  three  hiinihed  and  lorlyKvo  diesis 
of  tea,  and,  wilhoiil  doing  any  othei  damage,  dis- 
charged their  conlenls  info  the  (vali'r. 

Thus,  hy  Ihe  inflcxihilify  of  the  governor,  the 
issue  of  this  liusincss  (vas  ditlcreni,  at  liostun,  fioiii 
(vhal  il  was  elsewhere.  The  (vlioIe  cargoes  of  lea 
(ven'  leliiriied  from  New  Vork  and  I'hiladcli  liia. 
That  which  was  sent  to  Cliarleston  was  landeil  and 
slond;  hilt  not  oll'ered  for  sale.  iMr.  Ilutiliiisoii 
had  repeatedly  urged  governmrnt  to  lie  linn  anil 
persevering.  He  coulil  not,  therefore,  consistent 
with  his  honour,  depart  from  a  line  of  coiiihiii.  he 
had  Ml  often  and  so  strongly  recomniendnl  to  \\n 
superiors,  lie  also  helieved,  that  the  in)i  ihii nils 
would  not  dare  lo  perfect  their  engagements;  and 
Haltered  liiuiself,  that  they  would  desist,  »le  „  th.c 
critical  iiioiiient  arrived. 

Admitting  the  rertilude  of  the  Ameriian  cl;>iiiM 
of  exemption,  from  parliament;iry  laxatioii,  the  de- 
slrif'tion  of  the  le:i,  hv  the  Hostonians,  was  (var- 
ranleil  hy  the  great  la(v  of  sell-prcservalion ;  fiir  i( 
was  not  posshle  for  them,  hy  any  other  iiicaiis,  to 
discharge  the  duty  they  iKveil  lo  llieir  country. 
The  event  of  lira  bu.  iness  (vas  very   dill'trvit 


THE   HISTORY  UF 


from  what  hiid  been  expected  in  England.  The 
colunistn  acted  with  so  much  union  and  system,  that 
there  was  not  a  single  chest,  ot"  any  of  the  cargoes 
sent  out  by  tlic  East  India  ctniipany,  sold  for  their 
bcncnt. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Procepilinps  of  the  nrili.sh  I'nrlinment,  in  rotiftpqiieni'C  of 
the  drBtriii'tiou  of  llm  tea,  by  tlin  lioBtoiiJuiis.  Uu^ton 
|iurt  ael,  iVe. 

Intellioknce  of  the  events,  which  have  been 
Elated  in  tlic  hist  chapter,  was,  un  the  7th  uf 
March,  1774,  conununicated,  in  a  message  fro)ii 
the  throne,  to  both  houses  of  parliament.  In  this 
communication,  tlie  conduct  of  the  colonists  was 
represented,  as  not  only  obstructing  the  commerce 
of  Great  Rritain,  but  as  subversive  of  its  constitu- 
tion. The  message  was  accompanied  with  a 
number  of  papers,  containing  copies  and  extracts 
of  letters,  from  the  several  royal  governors  and 
others;  from  which  it  appeareil,  that  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  sale  of  tea  was  not  peculiar  to  Massa- 
chusetts ;  but  common  to  all  the  colonics.  These 
papers  were  accompanied  with  dcclanitions,  that 
nothmg  short  of  parliamentary  influence  could  re- 
establish order,  anKMis;  tlie  turbulent  colonists; 
and  thai,  therefore,  decisive  measures  should  be 
Immediately  adopted.  If  the  riglit  of  levying 
taxe^i  on  the  Americans  were  vested  in  the  parent 
state,  tl'.ese  inferences  were  well-founded;  but  if 
it  were  not,  their  conduct,  in  resisting  an  invasion 
of  their  rijihis,  was  justifu'd,  not  only  by  many 
examples  in  the  liislory  of  Urilain,  but  by  the  spirit 
of  the  constitution  of  that  country,  which  they  were 
op|>osing. 

By  the  destruction  of  the  tea,  the  people  of  Bos- 
ton iiad  Ulcurred  the  sanction  of  penal  laws.  Those 
in  (Jreat  Britain,  who  wished  for  an  opportunity 
to  take  vengeance  on  that  town,  commonly  suppo- 
sed by  them  to  be  the  m.ither  of  sedition  and  rebel- 
lion, rejoiced,  that  her  inhabitants  had  laid  them- 
Melves  open  to  castigalion. 

It  was  well  known,  that  the  throwing  of  the  tea 
Into  the  river  did  not  originate  with  the  persons, 
who  were  the  immediate  instruments  of  that  act 
of  violence ;  and  that  the  whole  had  been  con- 
certed, at  a  public  meeting,  and  was,  in  a  quali- 
fied sense,  tlie  act  of  the  town.  Tlie  universal 
indignation,  which  was  excited  in  (ircat  Britain, 
against  the  peojile  of  Boston,  pointed  out  to  the 
ministry  the  suitableness  of  the  present  inouient  for 
!iumbling  llieni.  Though  the  ostensible  ciound 
of  complaint  was  notliing  more  than  a  trespass  on 
private  property,  coinmitled  by  private  persons: 
yet  it  was  well  known  to  be  a  part  of  a  long  digest- 
ed plan  of  resisianre  to  parlianirntary  taxation. 
Every  nicasiiie,  that  might  be  pursued  on  the  oc- 
casion, seemed  to  be  big  » ilh  the  fate  of  the  em- 
pire. To  proceed  in  the  usual  forms  of  law,  ap- 
5 eared  to  the  riilei-s,  in  (ireat  Britain,  to  be  a 
epartnre  from  their  dignity.  It  was  urged  by  the 
ministry,  that  parliament,  and  parliament  only, 
was  capable  of  re-establishing  trammility  among 
these  turbulent  peoiile,  and  of  bringing  order  out 
of  confusion.  To  stille  all  opposition  from  the 
merchants,  the  public  papers  were  fdled  with 
writings,  which  stated  the  impossibility  of  carrying 
on  a  future  trade  to  America,  if  this  flagrant  outrage 
on  commerce  should  go  unpunished. 

It  was  in  vain  urged,  by  the  minority,  that  no 
good  could  arise  from  coercion,  unless  the  minds 
of  the  Americans  were  made  easy  on  the  subject 
of  taxation.  Equally  vain  was  amotion  for  a  retro- 
spect into  the  conduct  of  the  ministry,  which  had 
provoked  their  resistance. 

The  parliament  confined  themselves  solely  to 
the  late  misbehaviour  of  the  Americans,  without  any 
Inquiry  into  its  provoking  causes. 

The  violence  of  the  Bostonians,  in  destroying 
an  article  of  commerce,  was  largely  insisted  upon, 
without  any  indulgence  for  the  jealous  spirit  of 
liberty,  in  the  descendants  of  Englishmen. — 
The  connexion  between  ihe  tea,  and  the  uncun- 


stitiitioiml  duty  iiiijinscd  thereon,  was  overloolied, 
and  the  public  mind  of  (ireat  Britain  solely  fixed 
on  the  obstruction  given  to  commerce,  by  the  tur- 
bulent colonists.  The  spirit  raised  against  the 
Americans  became  as  high,  and  as  strong,  as  their 
most  inveterate  enemies  desired.  This  was  not 
confined  to  the  common  people ;  but  took  posses- 
sion of  legislators,  whose  uncloudeil  minds  ought 
to  be  exalted  above  the  mists  of  prejudice  or  par- 
tiality, ii^uch,  when  they  consult  on  public  affairs, 
should  be  free  from  the  impulses  uf  passion ;  for 
it  rarely  happens,  that  resolutions,  adopted  in  anger, 
are  founded  in  wisdom.  The  parliament  of  (ireat 
Britain,  transported  with  indignation  against  the 
people  of  Boston,  in  a  fit  of  ragu  resolved  to  take 
legislative  vengeance  on  that  devoted  town. 

Disregarding  the  forms  of  her  own  constitution, 
by  which  none  are  to  be  condemned  unheard,  or 
punished  without  a  trial,  a  bill  was  ruiully  passed, 
by  which  the  port  of  Boston  was  virtually  blocked 
up :  for  it  was  legally  precluded  from  the  privilege 
of  landing  and  discharging,  or  of  lading  a-id  ship- 
ping of  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise.  The 
minister,  who  proposed  this  measure,  staed,  in 
support  of  it,  that  the  opposition,  to  the  authority 
of  parliament,  had  always  originated  in  that  colo- 
ny, and  had  always  been  instigated  by  the  sedi- 
tious proceedings  of  the  town  of  iioston;  tliat  it 
was,  therefore  necessary  to  make  an  example  of 
that  town,  which,  by  an  unparalleled  outrage, 
had  violated  the  freedom  of  commerce  ;  and  that 
(ireat  Britain  would  be  wauling  in  the  protection 
she  owed  to  her  peaceable  subjects,  if  she  did  not 

Iiiiiiish  such  an  insult,  in  an  exemplary  m;inncr. — 
le,  therefore,  proposed,  that  the  town  of  Boston 
should  be  obliged  to  pay  for  the  tea,  which  had 
been  destroyed.  He  was  farther  of  opinion,  thai 
making  a  pecuniary  satisfaclion,  for  the  injury 
coniniitted,  would  not  alone  lie  sufficient ;  but  that, 
in  addition  ihcreto,  security  must  be  given  in  fu- 
ture, that  trade  might  be  stifely  carried  on ;  pro- 
perly prolerled ;  laws  obeyed ;  and  duties  paid, 
lie  urged,  iherefore,  that  it  would  be  iiro|)er  to 
lake  aw.iy  from  Boston,  the  privileges  of  a  port, 
unlil  his  iiiiijesty  should  be  satisfied,  in  Ihese  parlic- 
iilars,  and  iiiblicly  declare  in  council,  on  a  proper 
ceilificale  iif  the  good  lu'havi(nir  of  the  town,  that 
he  was  so  satisfied.  Until  this  should  happen,  he 
proposed  that  the  cuslom-honse  oiriceis  should  be 
removed  to  Salem.  The  minister  hoped,  that  tills 
act  would  execute  itself;  or,  at  most,  lliat  a  few 
frigates  would  secure  ils  cxcdiiion.  He  also 
hopeil,  that  Ihe  prospect  of  advantage  to  the  town 
of  .Salem,  from  its  being  made  the  seat  of  the 
custoin-housc,  and  from  llie  occlusion  of  Ihe  port 
of  Iioston,  would  detach  the  inhabitants  from  the 
interest  of  the  latter,  and  ilisposc  them  to  support 
a  mc.xsure,  from  which  they  had  so  much  to  expect. 
It  was  also  presumed,  that  the  oilier  colonies 
would  leave  Boston  to  suH'er  tlie  punishnieiit  due 
lo  her  demerits.  The  alienors  of  jiarliamenlary 
supremacy  flaltercd  ihciiiselves,  that  this  decided 
conduct  of  (ireat  Britain  would,  for  ever  extinguish 
all  opposition  of  the  refractoiy  cidonists  lo  the 
claims  of  the  mother  country;  and  the  apparent 
equity  of  obliging  a  delinquent  town  to  make  re- 
paration, for  an  injury  occasioned  by  the  factious 
spirit  of  its  inhabitants,  silenced  many  of  the  friends 
of  America.  The  consequences,  resulting  from 
this  measure,  were  the  rr'verse  of  what  were  wished 
by  the  firat,  and  dreaded  by  the  last. 

By  the  operation  of  the  Boi,lon  port  act,  the 
preceding  situation  of  its  inhabitants,  and  that  of 
the  East  India  company,  was  reversed.  The  for- 
mer had  more  reason  to  complain  of  the  dispro- 
portionate penalty,  to  which  they  were  indiscrim- 
inately subjectecl,  than  the  latter  of  that  outrage 
on  iheir  property,  for  whicli  punishment  liad  been 
inflicted.  Hitherto  the  East  India  company  were 
the  injured  party ;  but.  from  the  passing  of  this 
act,  the  balance  of  injury  was  on  the  opposite 
side.  If  wrongs  received  entitled  the  former  to 
reparation,  the  latter  had  a  much  stronger  title  on 
the  same  ground.  Kor  the  act  of  seventeen  or 
eighleen  individuals,  as  many  thousands  were  in- 
volved in  one  general  calamity. 


I  Both  parties  viewed  the  case  on  a  much  larger 
scale  than  thai  of  municipal  law.  Tl  e  |ii'ii|!le  ol 
Boston  alledgeij,  in  vindicalion  of  ihrir  conduct, 
that  the  lea  was  a  weapon  aimed  at  llieir  liber- 
ties ;  and  that  llie  same  priiii-iples  of  self-preser- 
vation, which  justify  the  breaking  of  the  assassin's 
sword,  uplifted  fiir  destruction,  eipially  authorized 
the  destruction  of  that  tea,  which  was  the  vehicle 
of  an  unconstitutional  tax,  subvenive  uf  their 
liberlies.  The  parliament  of  (ireat  Britain  con- 
sidered the  act  of  the  people  of  Boston,  in  de- 
stroying the  tea,  as  an  open  defiance  of  that  coun- 
try. The  demerit  of  the  action,  as  an  offence 
agauist  properly,  was  lost  in  the  supposed  supe- 
rior demerit  of  treasonalilc  inleiilioii,  to  emanci- 
pate themselves  from  a  stale  of  colonial  depen- 
dence. The  Americans  conceived  the  case  lo  be 
intimately  connecteil  with  Iheir  liberties  ;  the  in- 
habitaiils  of  tireai  liritain,  with  their  supremacy. 
Tlic  former  considered  it  as  a  duly  they  owed 
Iheir  country,  lo  make  a  common  cause  with  the 
people  of  Boslon;  Ihe  laller  thoiighl  theniselves 
under  equal  obligations,  lo  support  the  privileges 
of  parliament. 

(jn  the  third  reailini;  of  the  Boston  port  bill,  a 
petition  was  prcsenU'd  iiy  lie  lord  maMir,  in  the 
name  of  several  iiaiives  anil  inlialiitanls  of  North 
America,  then  residing  in  London,  ll  was  drawn 
with  great  Icirce  of  laiiunaue,  and  slated  that, 
"  the  proceedings  of  paiTianieiit  asainsl  Boston 
were  repugnant  to  every  iirinciple  of  law  and  jus- 
tice, and  established  a  piciecleiil,  by  which  no 
man  in  America  could  enjoy  a  uinmi'iirs  securi- 
ty." The  friends  of  parliaiiieiilary  'uprem^cy 
had  long  regretted  the  cleinoeralic  consiitii 
of  the  provinces,  as  adverse  lo  their  sclicip 
They  saw,  with  concern,  the  steady  oppo^.  . 
that  was  given  to  their  measure's,  by  the  Ameri- 
can legislatures.  These  coiisiitmions  were  plan 
lied,  when  (ireat  Britain  neillier  feared  nor  care  I 
for  lier  colonies.  Not  siispecling  llial  she  was  lay 
iiig  ihcfiiunilalion  offuluiT  slates,  she  manied  char- 
ters that  gave  lo  the  people  so  iiiiicli  of  llie  powers 
of  goveriiiuent,  as  enabled  Iheiii  to  make,  not  only 
a  formidable,  but  a  legiilar.  ciiiisiitiilioiial  opposi- 
tion lo  Ihe  eounlry  fniiii  which  they  sprung. 

Long  hail  her  rulers  wished  liir  an  opporlunity 
lo  revoke  llicse  charleis,  and  to  new  iiioiicl  these 
goveriimcnis.*  The  present  inonieiit  seemed 
favourable  lo  .this  ilesign.  The  leiiipcr  of  iho 
nation  was  high;  and  the  resenluieiil  ai^ainst  the 
province  of  Alassaehusclts  general  and  violent. 
The  late  oiilniges  in  Iioston  fiiriiished  a  piclence 
for  the  alteiupt.  An  act  of  the  British  paili  iiiient 
speedily  fcdlowed  lo  the  one  for  shutting  up  the  port 
of  liosion,  enlilled,  An  act  for  belter  legulaling 
the  governuient  of  .Massachusetts.  The  object  of 
this  was  lo  aller  the  iharlerof  the  pioviiii:e,  in  the 
following  particulars. 

The  council,  or  second  bninrli  of  the  legisla- 
ture, heretofore  elecleil  by  ll.'e  general  ciinit.  was 
to  be,  friuii  the  first  of  Aii;;nst,  1771,  appointed  by 
the  crown.  Tlie  royal  governor  was  also,  by  the 
same  act,  investe.l  with  the  power  of  appointing 
and  removing  ail  pidgcs  of  the  inferior  courts  of 
common  pleas,  coiiiinissioners  of  oyer  and  termi- 
ner, the  attorney  general,  provost  marshal,  justi- 
(ts,  sherilVs,  Ac.  The  town  meetings,  which 
were  sanctioned  by  the  charier,  were,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  expressly  forbidden  to  be  held,  with- 


•  The  ilireo  Inm  kinRs  of  the  .^lunrl  line  hifiniirecl  ban). 
In  niiiiihiliilo  llie  charters  of  iho  F.ii)!li»h  rnliinips  in  Ame- 
rii'ii ;  iiiiil  mulling  hut  tlm  revolutiiin  of  It'iDH,  ir  Kii^lnnil, 
prevPiiteii  tlie  nccoiinilishiiiclit  of  ihnir  dcKi(;litt.  Tho 
lour  lirst  Bab-revolulioimrv  mivon-ignn  of  Riii;lniii]  di«- 
ciinliniipij  Ihe  atlrinpl;  hiil  It  was  reviveil,  in  Iho  reign 
of  llic  fiflli.  This  nhrognlion  of  llin  iharler  of  Mnnsschu; 
settd  was  Iho  entering  wedge,  and,  if  auocesuful,  would 
ihiiihllcss  have  lieen  followed,  by  a  prostraliiin  of  Ihe 
charlirs  of  the  other  provinces,  lu  make  niuiii  fur  ii  more 
iiiurllv  RVKleiii,  less  dependent  on  iho  penplc.  The  Ani»- 
rir.in  revnliilion  saved  the  culnnies,  in  the  lait  rase,  tie 
llie  Kngliah  rovolulion  bad  in  the  fimt; — so  neeoHnarv  arc 
iireH'iimnl  revuliiliona,  lo  bring  governiiienls  Imck  lo  first 
lirinriploB,  linil  to  li'ai^h  rulers,  ibnt  the  peiipli'  arc  llie 
roiiiitiiin  of  nil  legiliinale  power,  and  their  happineM  the 
uliject  of  all  it«  dvlegntions. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


I  iniic'li  hrgcr 
'PI  I'  jicDi'le  o( 
lifir  condiict, 
at  I  heir  liber- 
iil'  s('l('-|irc»cr- 

ilie  »s8a!<.siira 
illy  aiilhorized 
lis  the  vi'hicle 
sive  of  their 
t  ISiitaiii  coQ- 
idstoii,  In  (lo> 

of  that  coun- 
as  an  ntfence 
ipposcil  siipe- 
II.  to  oinaiici- 
ilonial  (lepeii- 
tln"  case  to  be 
'itics ;  the  in- 
ir  supremacy, 
ty  they  oweJ 
ause  with  the 
lit  tlidiisi'lves 
the  privileges 

Dii  port  bill,  n 
nmMir,  in  t\ie 
nils  lit'  North 
It  was  ilraun 
I  siaipil  that, 
laiiisl  Itoston 
'  law  anil  jus- 
liy  whirli  no 
iiii'iil's  seciiri- 
ry    <iipit'mncy 

I  IIIIKlllll 

ir  si'hi'in 
ily   iippos.  . 
ly  till'    Aineri- 
iiK  were  plan 
reil    iKir  eare  I 
It  she  was  lay 
•  uniiiieil  ehar- 
iilllie  powers 
iiake,  not  only 
lioiial  opposi- 
^priiiii!. 
n  oppormnity 
iiioili'l  these 
eiit    seemed 
iipir   111'  the 
t  auainst  the 
111    violent. 
I  a  pretence 
li  parii  iment 
ii  up  the  port 
r  ii';;iilating 
he  iilijeet  of 
viiiie,  ill  the 

the   le>;isla- 

il   eiiiiit,  was 

appiiiiiteil  by 

also,  liy  the 

f  appointing 

rior  ciinrtp  of 

r  anil  tenni- 

arshal,  justi- 

tings,   which 

with  a  (evr 

e  helil,  with* 


Kilmiiml  liaril, 
Iniiio!*  in  Ame- 
UH,  ir  Kiiglnnil, 
ilciii|.'iiii.  Thii 
F.iii;IniHl  du- 
ll, In  llin  reign 
r  iif  51nHi)iichii- 
pepffiil,  woulii 
siraliiin  of  the 
iKini  for  n  more 
The  Anii*- 
la«t  rase,  ns 
nceopHary  iiro 
tn  liurk  III  fimt 
people  are  tlie 
'  happine^i  the 


Ic 


out  the  leave  of  the  governor  or  lieutenant  gover- 
nor in  writing,  expressing  the  special  business  of 
said  meeting,  first  had  and  obtained;  and  with  a 
larlher  restriction,  that  no  matter  should  he  treat- 
ed 111' at  those  meetings,  except  the  election  of 
public  olVners,  and  tliv  business  expressed  in  the 
'cave  f,iven  by  the  governor  or  Meutenant  gover- 
noi  Jurymen,  who  had  been  before  elected  by 
the  Irecholdc  s  and  inhabitants  of  the  several 
towns,  were  to  be,  by  this  new  act,  all  summon- 
ed and  returned,  by  the  sheriffs  of  the  respective 
counties.  The  wliole  executive  government  was 
taken  nut  of  the  hands  of  the  |)eople ;  and  the  no- 
mination of  all  the  ini|iortant  officers  vested  in  the 
iking  or  his  governor. 

This  net  excited  a  greater  alarm  than  the  port 
act.  The  one  alfectcd  only  the  metropolis;  the 
other  the  whole  province.  The  one  hid  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  merited  ;  as  it  was  well  known, 
that  an  act  of  violence  had  been  committed  by  its 
iidiabitant.s,  under  the  sanction  of  a  town  meeting  : 
but  the  other  had  no  stronger  justifying  reason 
than  that  the  proposed  ,-ilterations  were,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  parliament,  absolutely  necessary,  in 
order  to  the  preservation  of  the  peace  and  good 
order  of  the  said  province.  In  support  of  this 
bill,  the  minister  who  brought  it  in,  alleged,  that 
an  executive  power  was  wanting  in  the  country. 
The  very  people,  said  he,  who  commit  the  riots, 
are  the  posse  eoinitatiis,  in  which  the  force  of  the 
civil  |)ower  consists,  lie  farther  uiged  the  futil- 
ity of  making  laws,  the  execution  of  which,  under 
the  present  form  of  government  in  Massachusetts, 
might  be  so  easily  evaded  ;  and  therefore  contend- 
ed for  a  neeessifi-  to  alter  the  whole  frame  of  their 
constitutiiiii,  as  iar  as  related  to  its  executive  and 
judicial  powers.  In  opposition,  it  was  urged,  that 
the  taking  away  the  civil  constitution  of  a  whole 
people,  secured  by  a  solemn  charter,  upon  general 
charges  of  deliiiqiieneies  and  defects,  was  a  stretch 
ofpowerofilu' most  arbitrary  and  dangerous  nature. 

IJy  the  English  constitution,  charters  were  sa- 
cred, revocable  only  by  a  due  course  of  law,  ard 
on  a  conviction  of  misconduct.  They  were  so- 
lemn compacts  between  the  prince  and  the  people 
and  without  the  constitutional  power  of  either  par- 

I  y.  The  abettors  of  the  Hritisli  .schemes  reasoned 
111  a  summary  way.  Said  they,  "  the  colonies, 
particularly  Massaeliusetts,  by  their  circular  let- 
teis,  associations,  and  town  meetings,  have  for 
years  past,  thwarted  all  the  mea.sures  of  govern- 
ment, and  are  meditating  independency.  This 
turbulent  spirit  of  theirs  is  fostered  by  their  con- 
stitution which  invests  them  with  too  much  pow- 
er, to  be  consistent  with  their  state  of  subordina- 
,:ion.  Let  us  therefore  lay  the  axe  at  the  root ; 
.CM  iiinilcl  their  chatter;  and  lop  otl' those  privi- 
leges which  they  have  abused." 

When  the  human  mind  is  agitated  with  passion. 
It  larely  discerns  its  own  interest,  and  but  faintly 
foresees  consequences.  Had  the  parliament  stop- 
ped short  with  the  Dostnn  port  act,  the  motive  to 
union  and  to  make  a  common  cause  with  that  me- 
tropolis, would  have  been  feeble,  perhaps  ineffec- 
tual to  have  lotised  the  other  provinces  ;  but  the 
arbitrary  mutilation  of  the  important  privileges 
contained  in  a  «'>lcmn  charter,  without  a  trial,  and 
without  a  l.,..aring,  by  the  will  of  parliament,  con- 
vinced the  most  moderate,  that  the  cause  of  Mas- 
sachusetts was  the  cause  of  all  the  provinces. 

It  readily  occurred  to  those  who  guided  the  helm 
of  (ileal  Hritain.  that  riots  would  probably  take 
place,  in  attempting  the  execution  of  the  acts  just 
mentioned  They  also  discerned,  that  such  was 
the  temper  of  the  people,  that  trials  for  murders, 
coinmitted  in  suppressing  riots,  if  held  in  Massa- 
chusells.  would  seldiiiu  terminate  in  favour  of  the 
parties,  who  weic  engaged  on  the  side  of  govern- 
ment. To  make  their  system  complete,  if  was 
necessary  to  go  one  step  farther,  aiul  to  icreen 
•heir  active  friends  from  the  apprehended  |>artial- 
iiy  of  such  trials.  It  was  therefore' provided  by 
hi'w.   that  if  any  person  was  indicted  for  riurder, 

II  fir  any  capital  ollince,  committed  ir  aiding 
i.'iagislraey,  that  the  go,eriiiiient  might  send  the 
person  so  indicted,  to  am. 'her  colunv,  or  to  O'cit 

2.5 


Britain  to  be  tried.  This  law  was  the  subject  of 
severe  comments.  It  was  considered  as  an  act 
of  indemnity  to  those,  who  should  emhrue  their 
hands  in  the  blood  of  their  fellow-citizens.  It 
was  asked,  how  the  relations  of  a  murdered  man 
could  ell'ectiially  prosecute,  if  they  must  go  three 
thousand  miles  to  attend  that  business.  It  was 
contended,  that  the  act,  by  stopping  the  usual, 
course  of  justice,  would  give  rise  to  assassina- 
tions, and  dark  revenge  among  individuals ;  and 
encourage  all  kinds  of  lawless  violence.  The 
charge  of  partiality  was  retorted.  For,  said  they, 
"  if  a  party  spirit,  against  the  authority  of  Great 
Britain,  would  condemn  an  active  officer,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, as  a  murderer,  the  same  party  spirit, 
for  preserving  the  authority  of  Great  Britain, 
would  in  that  country,  acquit  a  murderer  as  a  spi- 
rited performer  of  his  duty."  The  case  of  Captain 
Preston  was  also  quoted,  as  a  proof  of  the  impar- 
tial administration  of  justice  in  Massachusetts. 

The  same  natives  of  America,  who  had  peti- 
tioned against  the  Boston  port  bill,  presented  a 
second  one  against  these  two  bills.  With  uncom- 
mon energy  of  language,  they  pointed  out  many 
constitutional  objections  against  them  ;  and  con- 
cluded with  fervently  beseeching,  "  that  the  par- 
liament would  not  by  passing  them,  reduce  their 
countrymen  to  an  abject  state  of  misery  and  hu- 
miliation or  drive  them  to  the  last  resource  of 
despair."  The  lords  of  the  minority  entered  also 
a  protest  against  the  passing  of  each  of  these  bills. 

It  was  fortunate  for  the  people  of  Bo.ston,  and 
those  who  wished  to  promote  a  combination  of  the 
colonies  against  Great  Britain,   that  these  three 

several  laws  passed  nearly  at  the  same  time 

They  were  presented  in  quick  succession,  cither 
in  the  form  of  bills,  or  of  acts,  to  the  considem 
tion  of  the  inflamed  Americans,  and  produced 
effects  on  theirminds,  infinitely  greater  than  could 
have  been  expected  from  either,  especially  from 
the  Boston  port  act  alone. 

When  the  fire  of  indignation,  excited  by  the 
first,  was  burning  intelligence  of  these  other  acts, 
operated  like  fuel,  and  made  it  flame  out  with  in- 
creasing vehemence.  The  three  laws  were  con- 
sidered as  forming  a  com|ilete  system  of  tyranny, 
from  the  operation  of  which,  there  was  no  chance 
of  making  a  peaceable  escape. 

"  By  the  first,"  said  they,  "  the  property  of  un 
offending  thousands  is  arbitrarily  taken  away,  for 
the  act  of  a  few  individuals.  By  the  second,  our 
chartered  liberties  are  annihilated :  and  by  the 
third,  our  lives  may  be  destroyed  with  impunity 
Property,  liberty,  and  life,  are  all  sacrificed  on  the 
altar  of  ministerial  vengeance."  This  mode  of 
reasoning  was  not  |)eculiar  to  Massachusetts. — 
These  three  acts  of  parliament,  contrary  to  the 
expectation  of  those  who  planned  them,  became 
cement  of  a  firm  union  among  the  colonies,  from 
New  Hampshire  to  Georgia.  They  now  openly 
said.  "Our  charters  and  other  rights  and  immu- 
nities, must  depend  on  the  pleasure  of  parliament." 
They  were  sensible  that  they  had  all  concurred, 
more  or  less,  in  the  same  line  of  opposition,  which 
had  provoked  these  severe  statutes  against  Mas- 
sachusetts ;  and  they  believed,  that  vengeance, 
though  delayed,  was  not  remitted  ;  and  that  the 
only  favour,  the  least  culpable  could  expect,  was 
to  be  the  last  that  would  be  devoured.  The  friends 
of  the  colonies  contended,  that  these  laws  were  in 
direct  contradiction  to  the  letter  and  the  spirit  of  the 
British  constitution.  Their  opposers  could  sup- 
port them  on  no  stronger  grounds  than  those  of 
political  necessity  and  expedience.  They  acknow- 
ledged them  to  be  contrary  to  the  established  mode 
of  proceeding  ;  but  defended  them,  as  tending  ul- 
timately to  preserve  the  constitution,  from  the 
meditated  independency  of  the  colonies. 

Such  was  the  temjier  of  the  people  in  England 
that  the  acts  hitherto  passed  were  popular.  A  ge- 
neral opinion  had  gone  forth  in  the  mother  coun.- 
try,  that  the  |)euple  of  Massachusetts,  by  their 
violent  opposition  to  government,  had  drawn  on 
themselves  merited  ciirreetiou. 

The  parli'inieiit  did  not  stop  here :  but  proceeded 
on-;  step  farther,  which  iiifi.iiiied  their  eneiuies  in 


America,  and  lost  them  friends  in  Great  Britain. 
The  general  clamour  in  the  provinces  was,  tha» 
the  proceedings  in  parliament  was  arbiliary  and 
unconstitutional.  Before  they  completed  their 
memorable  session,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1774,  they  passed  an  act  rejecting  the  govern- 
ment of  Quebec,  which,  in  the  opinion  of  their 
friends  merited  these  appellations.  By  this  act 
government  of  that  province  was  made  to  extend 
southward  to  the  Ohio,  westward  to  the  banks  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  northward  to  the  boundary  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  company.  The  principal  ob- 
ject of  the  act  was  to  form  a  legislative  council, 
for  all  the  affairs  of  the  province,  except  taxation, 
which  council  should  be  appointed  by  the  crown ; 
the  office  to  be  held  during  pleasure  ;  his  majes- 
ty's Roman  Catholic  subjects  to  be  entitled  to  n 
place  therein  ;  (o  establish  the  Krench  laws,  anil 
a  trial  without  jury,  in  civil  cases;  and  the  Eng;- 
lish  laws,  with  a  trial  by  jury,  in  criminal ;  and  to 
secure,  to  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  except  the 
regulars,  the  legal  enjoyment  of  their  estates,  and 
their  tythes,  from  all  who  were  of  their  own  re- 
ligion. Not  only  the  spirit,  but  tht  letter  of  this 
act  were  so  contrary  i  •  the  English  constitution, 
that  it  diminished  the  popularity  of  the  measures, 
which  had  been  adopted  against  the  Americans. 

Among  the  more  southern  colonists,  it  was  con- 
ceived, that  its  evident  object  was  to  make  the  in- 
habitants of  Canada  fit  instruments,  in  the  hands 
of  power,  to  leduce  them  to  a  state  of  slavery. 

They  well  remembered  the  embarrassments  oc- 
casioned to  them,  in  the  late  war  between  France 
and  England,  by  the  French  inhabitants  of  Ca- 
nada. They  supposed,  that  the  British  adminis- 
tration, meant,  at  this  time,  to  use  these  people  in 
the  same  line  of  attack,  for  their  subjugation. 
As  Great  Britain  had  new  modelled  the  chartered 
government  of  Massachusetts,  and  claimed  an  au- 
thority to  so  do  in  every  province,  the  colonists 
were  apprehensive,  that,  in  the  plenitude  of  her 
power,  she  would  impose  on  each  of  them,  in  their 
turn,  a  constitution,  similar  to  the  one  projected  for 
the  province  of  Canada. 

They  foresaw,  or  thought  they  foresaw,  the  an- 
nihilation of  their  ancient  assemblies,  and  their 
whole  legislative  business  transferred  to  creatures 
of  the  crown.  The  legal  parliamentary  right  to  a 
maintenance,  conferreilon  the  cb<rgy  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion,  gave  great  oflcnce  to  many  in 
England ;  but  the  political  consequences,  expected 
to  result  from  it,  were  most  dreaded  by  the  colonists. 

They  viewed  the  whole  act  as  an  evidence,  that 
hostilities  were  intended  against  them,  and  as  calcu- 
lated to  make  Roman  Catholics  subservient  to  the 
purposes  of  military  coercion. 

The  session  of  parliament,  which  passed  these 
memorableacts,  had  stretched  far  into  summer.  As 
it  drew  near  a  close,  the  most  sanguine  expectations 
were  indulged,  that,  from  the  resolution  and  great 
unanimity  ofparliament,  on  all  American  questions, 
the  submission  of  the  colonists  would  be  iinmedialc, 
and  their  future  obedience  and  tranquility  effectu- 
ally secured.  The  triumphs,  and  congratulations, 
of  the  friendsof  the  ministry  were  unusually  great. 

In  passing  the  acts  which  have  been  just  men- 
tioned, dissentients  in  favour  of  Atnenc.i,  were  un- 
usually few.  The  ministerial  majority,  believing 
that  the  refractory  colonists  depended  chiefly  on  the 
countenance  of  their  English  abettors,  were  of  opi- 
nion, that  as  soon  as  they  received  intelligence  of 
the  decrease  of  their  friends,  and  of  the  decisive 
conduct  ofparliament,  they  would  acquiesce  in  the 
will  of  Great  Britain.  The  fame  and  granduer  of 
the  nation  were  such,  that  it  was  never  imagined, 
they  would  seriously  dare  to  contend  with  so  form- 
idable a  people.  Tlie  late  triumphs  of  Great  Britain 
had  made  such  an  impression  on  her  rulers,  that 
thjy  believed  the  Am.;ricans,  on  seeing  the  ancient 
spirit  of  the  nation  revive,  would  not  risk  a  trial  of 
prowess  with  those  fleets  and  armies,  which  the 
combined  forces  of  France  and  Spain  were  unable 
to  resist.  By  an  impious  confidence  in  their  supe- 
rior strength,  they  precipitateil  the  nation  into  rash 
measures,  from  the  dire  effects  of  which,  the  world 
Day  learn  a  useful  lesson. 


870 


THE    HISTORV    OF 


CHAPTER  VI. 


\\t 


Prcct'PiliNt;.'*  tif  tho  ciiliinii*!^,  in  1771,  in  coiiseiiiionce  v( 
llie  llii'lun  port  net. 

TiiK  winter  which  Ibllowed  the  deslructioii  of 
Ihc  ten  ill  Bustiin,  was  frdiight  with  anxiety  to  those 
of  the  cnlonists,  who  were  given  to  rellection.  Ma- 
ny conjectures  were  formed  about  the  line  of  con- 
duct Great  Britain  would  probably  adopt  for  the 
«up))ort  of  her  dignity.  The  fears  of  the  most 
timid  were  more  than  realized,  by  the  news  of  the 
Boston  port  bill.  This  arrived  on  the  10th  of  May, 
1774  ;  and  its  operation  was  to  commence  the  1st 
of  the  next  monlli.  Various  town  meetings  were 
culled,  to  deliberate  on  the  state  of  public  alfairs. 
On  the  13th  of  May,  the  town  of  Boston  passed 
ihn  following  vote : 

"  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  town,  that,  if  Ihc 
other  colonies  come  to  n  joint  resolution,  to  stop  all 
impnrialion  from  Great  Britain  and  the  West  In- 
dies, till  the  act,  for  blocking  up  this  harbour,  be 
repealed,  the  same  will  prove  the  salvation  of  North 
iVineriua,  and  her  liberties.  On  the  other  hand.  If 
they  continue  their  expoits  and  imports,  there  is 
high  reason  to  fear  that  fraud,  power,  and  the  most 
odious  oppression,  will  rise  triumphant  over  justice, 
right,  social  happiness,  and  freedom.  And,  more- 
over, thiit  this  vote  be  transmitted  by  the  iiiodera- 
lor,  to  all  our  sister  colonies,  in  the  name  and  be- 
half of  this  town." 

Copies  of  tills  vote  were  transmitted  to  each  of 
the  colonies.  The  opposition  to  Great  Britain  had 
hitherlo  called  forth  the  pens  of  the  Ingenious,  and, 
in  some  instances.  Imposed  the  sell-denial  of  non- 
importation ayrecnients:  but  the  bulk  ofthe  people 
had  little  to  do  with  the  dispute.  The  splilted  con- 
duct of  the  people  of  Boston,  in  destroying  the  tea. 
and  the  alarming  precedents  set  by  (ireat  Britain, 
in  conse<|ueiice  tliereul',  brought  subjects  into  dis- 
cu.isioii,  with  which  every  peasant  and  day  labour- 
er was  concerned. 

The  patriots  who  had  hitherto  guided  the  helm, 
Kiiew  well,  that,  if  the  other  colonies  did  not  sup- 
port the  people  of  Boston,  they  must  be  crushed  ; 
ami  it  was  e(pially  obvious,  that  in  their  coercion 
a  precedent,  injurious  to  liberty,  would  be  estab- 
lished. It  was  therefore  the  interest  '>f  Boston  to 
draw  in  the  other  colonics.  It  was  also  the  interest 
of  the  patriots,  in  all  the  colonies,  to  bring  over  the 
mass  of  the  people,  to  adopt  suchelficlentmeasnies 
as  were  likely  to  extricate  the  Inhahllants  of  Bos- 
ton from  the  unhappy  situation  In  which  they  were 
involved.  To  ellect  these  purposes,  much  pru- 
dence as  well  as  patriotism  was  necessary.  The 
other  provinces  were  but  remotely  alfected  by  the 
fate  of  Massachusetts.  They  had  no  particular 
cause,  on  their  own  account,  to  oppose  the  gov- 
ernment of  (ireal  Britain.  That  a  people  so  cir- 
cumstanced, should  take  part  with  a  distressed 
neighbour,  at  the  risk  of  Incurring  the  resentment 
of  the  mother  country,  did  not  accord  with  the 
selfish  maxims  by  which  states,  as  well  as  indivi- 
duals, are  usually  governed.  The  ruled  are,  for 
the  most  part,  pror  :  to  suffer  as  lona  as  evils  are 
tolerable :  and,  in  g.  neral,  they  must  feel  before 
they  arc  roused  to  contend  with  their  oppressors; 
but  the  Americans  acted  on  a  contrary  principle. 

They  commenced  an  opposition  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  iillimately  engaged  in  a  defensive  war, 
on  speculation.  They  were  not  so  much  moved 
by  oppression,  actually  felt,  as  by  a  conviction  that 
a  foundation  was  laid,  and  a  precedent,  about  In  be 
established,  for  future  (ipiuessloiis.  To  convince  j 
the  bulk  of  the  people,  that  they  had  an  interest  in  ] 
loregding  a  present  good,  and  submitting  to  a  pre-  j 
sent  evil,  in  order  to  obtain  a  fiUnre  greater  good, ; 
and  to  avoid  a  future  gieaier  evil,  was  the  task  | 
assigned  to  the  crdonlal  jialriots.  It  called  for  the; 
exertion  of  their  ntniost'abilllles.  They  cllected 
it  in  a  great  measure  by  means  of  the  press.  Pain-  j 
phlets,  essays,  addresses,  and  newspaper  disserta- 1 
tions.  were  daily  presented  to  the  public,  proving 
that  Maiisacliuselts  was  siill'ering  in  the  common 
;MUse  ;  lUid  that  inlerest  and  pidlcy  reipiiied  lliC; 
iioilail  c.wrtlous  of  all  tho  colonies.  In  t>u|4iort  of  ! 


that  much-injured  province.  It  was  inculcated  on 
the  people,  that,  if  the  ministerial  schemes  were 
sutfered  to  take  ellect  in  Jlassaclmsctls,  the  oilier 
colonies  must  expect  the  loss  of  their  charters,  and 
that  a  new  government  would  be  Imposed  upon 
them,  like  that  projected  for  Quebec.  The  king 
and  parliament  held  no  jiatroiiage  in  America  suf- 
ficient to  oppose  this  torrent.  The  few  who  ven- 
tured to  write  in  their  favour,  found  a  difficulty  in 
communicating  their  sentiments  to  tho  public.  No 
pensions  or  preferments  awaited  their  exertions. 
Neglect  and  contempt  were  their  usual  portion  ; 
but  popularity,  consequence,  and  fame,  were  the 
rewards  of  those  who  stepped  forward  in  the  cause 
of  liberty.  In  order  to  interest  the  gre;.i  body  of 
the  people,  the  few,  who  were  at  the  lielm,  dis- 
claimed any  thing  more  decisive,  than  convening 
the  inhabitants,  and  takin;  their  sense  on  what 
was  proper  to  be  done.  In  the  meantime,  great 
pains  were  taken  to  prepare  thein  for  the  adoption 
of  vigorous  measures. 

The  words  whigs  and  tories,  for  want  of  better, 
were  now  introduced,  as  the  distinguishing  names 
of  parties.  By  the  former,  were  meant  those  who 
were  for  making  a  commoii  cause  with  Boston, 
and  supporting  the  colonies  In  their  opiiositlon  to 
the  claims  of  parliament.  By  the  latter,  those  who 
were,  at  least,  so  far  favourers  of  (ireat  Britain, 
that  they  wished,  either  that  no  measures,  or  only 
palliative  measures,  should  be  adopted  in  opposi- 
tion to  her  schemes. 

These  parties  were  so  nearly  balanced  hi  New 
York,  that  nothing  more  was  ayieed  to,  at  the  fust 
meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  than  a  rccoiiimeiulation 
to  call  a  congress. 

At  Philadelphia,  the  patriots  had  a  delicate  part 
to  act.  The  government  of  the  colony  being  |)ro- 
piletary,  a  miililiuile  of  oDiceis,  connected  iviili 
that  interest,  hid  iuui:li  to  fear  from  convulsions, 
and  nothing  to  expect  ficiiu  a  revolution.  A  still 
greater  boily  of  the  people,  called  (Quakers,  denied 
the  lawfulness  of  war ;  and  therefore  could  not  adopt 
such  measures,  for  the  support  of  Boston,  as  natu- 
rally tended  to  produce  an  event  so  adverse  to  their 
system  of  religion. 

The  cill/.ens  of  Boston  not  only  sent  forward 
their  public  letter  to  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
but  accompanied  it  with  private  couimunicatlons, 
to  individuals  of  known  patriotism  and  Inllnence, 
n  whic'.i  they  staled  the  impossibility  of  iheir 
standing  aUuie,  against  the  torrent  of  ministerial 
venge;  iice,  and  the  indispcnsible  nccessilv,  that 
the  leading  cidony  of  Pennsylvaiim  should" allord 
them  its  support  and  countenance.  The  udvocales 
In  Philadelphia,  for  making  a  cnmmoii  cause  with 
Boston,  weie  fully  sensible  of  the  stale  of  parties 
in  Pennsylvania.  They  saw  the  dispute  with 
(ireat  Britain  brought  to  a  crisis,  anil  a  new  scene 
opening,  which  required  exeilioiis  dill'ercnt  fioiii 
any  heretofore  made.  The  success  of  these  lliey 
well  knew,  depended  on  the  wisdom,  with  whlcii 
they  were  plamieil,  and  the  union  of  the  whole 
people,  in  carrying  them  Into  execution.  They 
saw  the  propriety  of  proceeding  with  the  greates't 
circunispeclion;  and  therefore  resolved,  at  their 
fust  meeting,  on  nothing  more  than  to  call  a  gen 
eral  meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  on  the  next  eve- 
ning. At  the  second  moetiiiE,  the  patriots  had  so 
much  moderation  and  policy,  as  to  urge  nothing 
decisive,  contenting  'heniselves  with  taking  the 
sense  of  the  inhabitants,  simply  on  the  propriety 
of  sending  an  answer  to  the  public  letter  from 
Boston.  This  was  universally  approved.  The 
letter  agreed  upon  was  firm  but  temperate.  They 
acknowledged  the  difficulty  of  offering  advice  on 
the  present  occasion  ;  sympathi/.ed  with  the  peo- 
ple of  Boston  In  their  distress  ;  and  observed  that 
all  lenient  measures,  for  their  relief,  should  be 
(list  tiled.  They  said,  that,  if  the  making  resti- 
tution for  the  tea  destroyed,  would  put  an  end  to 
the  unhappy  controversy,  and  leave  the  people  of 
Bosliiii  upon  their  ancient  footing  of  constitutional 
liberty,  It  could  iiotailmit  of  a  duiilit  what  part  they 
should  act ;  but  that  it  was  not  the  value  of  the 
tea:  it  was  llie  iiidelcaslble  ritiht  of  giving  and  j 
granting  their  own  inoiicY,  which  was  the  matter' 


I  in  ronsideir.iliin  ;  il.a'  it  was  llie  coiiiiiion  cause  of 
I  AiNcrica  ;  and,  ihcicioic.  necessary.  In  their  opln- 
j  inn,  that  a  ciim^ic-'.  of  (ii'|iuiies  from  the  sevcra. 
colonies  ihipiild  be  cciivened.  tc  devise  means  for 
restoring  hariiioii\  lirlwcn  (ireat  Britain  and  the 
colonies,  and  prevemiiig  inattcis  from  coining  to 
extremities.  Till  this  could  be  brought  about,  they 
recommended  firnuuss,  prudence,  and  modeiariou 
to  the  iimiiediatesiill'erers;  assuring  ihem,  that  the 
people  of  Pennsylvanii  would  continue  to  evince 
a  firm  adherence  to  the  cause  of  .Vmerican  libeitv. 

In  order  to  awaken  the  attention  ofthe  people, 
a  series  of  letters  was  published,  well  calculated  to 
rouse  them  to  a  sense  of  their  danger,  and  point 
out  the  fatal  consequences  of  the  late  ads  of  par- 
liament. Every  newspaper  teemed  with  disser- 
tations in  favour  of  liberty  ;  and  with  debalcs  of 
the  members  of  parliament,  especially  with  the 
speeches  of  the  favourers  of  .Vmerica,  and  the  pro- 
tests of  the  dissenting  lords.  The  latter  had  a 
particular  elVect  on  the  colonists,  and  were  consid- 
ered by  them  as  proofs,  that  the  late  acts  against 
Ma»sacliiisetlsweieuiiconstlliitional  and  arbitrary. 

The  minds  of  the  people  being  thus  prepared, 
the  friends  of  liberty  promoted  a  pecitliin  to  the 
govcrnoi,  for  convening  the  assembly.  They 
knew  that  this  would  not  be  granted,  and  that  the 
refusal  of  it  would  smooth  the  way  for  calling  the 
Inhabitants  together.  The  governor  having  re- 
fused to  call  the  assembly,  a  general  meeting  of 
llie  inhabltanls  was  requested,  .\boiit  eight  thou- 
sand met,  on  the  ISih  of.Iune,  1771  and  adopted 
sundry  splrlled  resolutions.  In  these  they  declar- 
ed, that  the  Boston  port  act  was  nnconstllnlional  ; 
that  It  w.is  expedient  to  convene  a  continenlal 
emigre: '  :  to  appoint  a  coiiiiiiillee  lor  the  city  and 
county  .ii  Philailelphia,  lo  correspond  wilh  ilieir 
sister  col,'iiles  and  the  several  coiiiilies  of  I'enn- 
sylvania  ;  and  to  invest  that  coinnmiitlce  williiinw- 
er  to  dclerminc  on  the  best  mode  for  cidiei  ling 
the  sense  ofthe  province,  and  appointing  dcpiiiics 
to  attend  a  general  congress.  Under  the  sanc- 
timi  of  this  last  resolve,  the  i:oiiimlttee  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  wiote  a  circular  letter  lo  all  ilio 
counties  of  the  province,  rcijuesting  them  to  ap- 
point deputies  lo  a  sjcneial  meeling,  proposed  to 
be  held  on  the  I'lili  of.luly.  Part  of  this  letter 
was  In  the  following  words  : 

"  We  would  not  offer  such  an  affront  to  tlm 
well-known  public  spirit  of  Pennsylvania,  as  to 
question  your  zeal  on  the  present  occasion.  Our 
very  existence  In  the  rank  of  freemen,  and  the 
security  of  all  that  ought  to  be  dear  to  us,  evident- 
ly depends  on  our  conilucling  this  great  cause  to 
its  proper  issue,  by  firmness,  wisdom,  and  inag- 
naniiuity.  It  Is  with  pleasure  we  assure  yon,  that 
all  the  colonies,  IVoiii  .Soiiih  Caiollna  to  New 
Hampshire,  are  anlmateil  with  one  spirit,  In  the 
comninn  cause,  and  consiiler  this  as  the  proper 
I'risis,  for  having  our  ditfeienres,  with  the  luother 
country,  broiiuht  to  some  certain  issue,  anil  our 
liberties  fixed  upon  a  periiianeiil  foiiiidalion.  This 
desirable  end  can  only  be  accomplished  by  a  free 
coinniunication  of  sentiments,  and  a  sincere  and 
fervent  regard  for  the  interests  of  our  coininon 
conniry." 

The  several  counties  reailily  complied  wilh  the 
reipiest  ofthe  inhabilants  of  Philadelphia,  and  ap- 
polnleil  deputies;  who  met  at  llie  lime  appointed, 
and  passed  sundry  resolves,  in  which  they  repiobn- 
ted  the  late  acts  of  parliament :  expressed  dielr 
sympathy  with  Boston,  as  suffering  in  the  cnii.mon 
cause;  approved  of  holding  a  congress;  and  de- 
clared their  wlUingness  to  makcanys.icrillces,  ihat 
inlglil  be  rceoiiimended  by  a  congress,  foi  siicur- 
liig  their  llliertics. 

Thus,  without  tumult,  ilisorder,  or  divided  coun- 
sels, the  whole  province  of  Pen  isylvaiiia  was,  by 
prudent  inanagement  and  leinpeiale  proceedings, 
brought  into  ihe  opposition,  with  Its  whole  weight 
and  iiilliience.  This  is  the  more  renniik.ible,  as  It 
is  probable,  that,  If  the  sentiments  of  iudivldnalD 
had  been  separately  taken,  there  woiilil  have  been 
a  niajinily  aualnsl  Involvinu  themselves  in  ihecotl- 
seipiences  of  taking  pan  with  the  destroyers  of  the 
tea,  at  Bubtuu. 


NORTH    \MEPICA. 


871 


Wliile  these  proceedings  were  carrjini;  on  in 
IViiMsylvania,  three  of  tlie  most  dislinguiihed  pa- 
II  Mils  ol  I'liiladelphia.  under  colour  of  an  excursion 
(il  liliasure,  made  a  tour  tlirougliout  the  province.in 
(iriliT  III  discover  the  real  iientinientM  ol'  (lie  com- 
mon people.  The)'  were  well  apprised  of  the  con- 
si'ipiences  of  taking  (he  lead  in  a  dispute,  whir'; 
cvei  V  (lav  became  more  and  more  serious,  unless 
llu'v  could  ilepend  on  being  supported  by  the  yeo- 
manry of  the  country.  By  freely  associating  and 
conversing  with  many  of  ?very  class  and  deiiomi- 
n:i<ioii,  ihcy  found  them  unanimous  in  the  funda- 
iiienlal  principle  of  the  American  controversy, 
■■ihat  the  parliament  of  Ureat  Britain  had  no  right 
10  lax  tliem."  From  their  general  determination 
on  this  subject,  a  favourable  prognostic  was  forni- 
cd,  of  a  successful  opposition  to  the  claims  of 
(ircat  Britain. 

In  Virginia,  the  house  of  burgesses,  on  the  26th 
of  May,  1774,  resolved,  ihatthe  first  of  June,  the 
day  onwliich  (he  operation  of  the  Boston  port  bill 
was  to  commence,  should  be  set  apart  by  the  mem- 
bers, as  a  day  of  fasting,  humiliation  and  prayer  ; 
'•  devoutly  lo  implore  the  divine  interposition,  for 
avnting  the  heavy  calamities  which  threatened 
desiriiction  to  ihcir  civil  rights,  and  the  evils  of  a 
civil  war  ;  and  to  give  (hem  one  heart  and  one 
mind,  (o  oppose,  by  all  just  and  pro|)er  means,  eve- 
ry injury  to  American  rights."  On  the  publication 
of  this  resolution,  the  royal  governor,  the  earl  of 
Diiniiiore  dissolved  them.  The  members,  not- 
witlisiaiidiiig  their,  dissolution,  met  in  their  pri- 
vale  capacities,  and  signed  an  agreement,  in  which, 
i'liiiiiij;  oilier  things,  they  declared,  "that  an  at- 
tack made  on  one  of  their  sister  colonies,  to  com- 
pi'l  submission  (o  arbitniry  taxes,  was  an  attack 
iiiaile  nil  all  British  America,  and  (hreateneil  ruin 
lo  llie  rights  of  all,  unless  the  united  wisdom  of 
•.Ji»'  wlinle  be  applied." 

Ill  ."^iiiiili  Carolina  the  vote  of  (he  town  of  Bos- 
Inn,  of  the  l.'itli  of  iMay,  being  presented  to  a  nuni- 
iier  of  (he  leading  citiMiis  of  C'harleslon,  it  was 
iiii.iiiiinously  agreed  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  in- 
lialiilants. 

That  this  might  be  as  general  as  possible,  letters 
ncic  sent  to  every  parish  and  ilistrict  in  the  pro- 
vince, anil  the  people  were  invited  lo  attend,  either 
personally,  or  by  their  representatives,  at  a  gene- 
ral meeting  of  the  inhabitants.  X  large  number 
asseiiililed,  in  which  were  some,  from  almost 
every  part  of  the  province.  The  proceedings  of 
tlie  par|ja;iienl  against  the  province  of  Massachu- 
.-('its  were  disiinctly  related  lo  this  convenlioii. — 
AVillmnl  one  dissenting  voice,  llicy  passed  sun- 
dry lesoliftioiis.  expressive  of  their  rights  and  of 
tlicir  sympathy  with  the  people  of  Boston.  They 
also  chose  five  delegates  to  represent  them,  in  a 
conlinenlal  congress,  and  invested  them  "with 
full  powers,  and  authority,  in  behalf  of  them  and 
tlieir  consiiiuents,  to  concert,  agree  lo,  ami  efl'ec- 
tiially  prosecute  such  legal  measures  as,  in  their 
opinion,  and  the  opinion  of  the  other  members, 
would  he  most  likely  to  obtain  a  redress  of  Ameri- 
can arievances." 

The  events  of  this  time  may  be  transmitted  to 
posterity  :  but  the  agilalion  of  the  public  mind  can 
never  he  Cnlly  compreliendcd,  by  those  who  were 
not  witnesses  of  it. 

In  the  counties  and  towns  of  the  several  pro- 
vinces, as  well  as  in  (he  cities,  the  people  assem- 
bled and  passed  resolutions,  expressive  of  (heir 
rights,  ami  of  their  detes(a(ion  of  the  late  acts  of 
parliament.  These  had  an  instantaneous  effect 
on  the  minds  of  thousands.  Not  only  the  young 
Rnil  inipeiuoiis,  biK  the  aged  and  temperate,  joined 
>n  |ironouiicing  them  to  be  unconstitutional  and 
oppressive.  They  viewed  tiiem  as  deadly  wea- 
pons aimed  al  the  vit.ds  of  (hat  liberty,  which  they 
iidoreil ;  and  as  reiideiing  abortive  the  generous 
pains  taken  by  tlieir  forefathers,  to  procure  for 
them  Ilia  new  world,  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  (heir 
riirhls.  ';  hey  were  the  si,lijectsof(heirmcdi(ation 
when  alone,  and  of  (lieit  conversadon  when  in 
cnmiianv. 

Wiiliiii  liiile  more  liian  a  monlh,  after  (he  news 
ol   hf  bi<stun  port  bill  reached    America,  it  was 


communicated  from  state  to  stale  ;  and  a  (lame  | 
kindled,  in  almost  every  breast,  through  the  wide-' 
ly  cx(ended  provinces. 

In  order  to  understand  the  mode  by  which  this 
(lame  was  spread  ;  with  such  rapidity,  over  so 
great  an  extent  of  country,  it  is  necessary  to  ob- 
serve, that  Ihe  several  colonies  were  divided  into 
counties,  and  these  again  sub-divided  into  districts, 
distinguished  by  the  names  of  towns,  townshi|M, 
prei.'nct9,  hundreds  or  parishes.  In  New  Eng- 
land the  sub-divisions,  which  are  called  towns, 
were,  by  law,  bodies  corporate;  had  their  regular 
meetings ;  and  might  be  occasionally  convened  by 
their  proper  officers.  The  advantages  derived 
from  these  meetings,  by  uniting  the  whole  body 
of  the  people,  in  (he  measures  taken  to  oppose  the 
stamp  act,  induced  other  provinces  to  follow  the 
example.  Accordingly,  unde  the  association 
which  was  formed  to  oppose  t''C  revenue  act  of 
17G7,  committees  were  established,  not  only  in  the 
capitals  of  every  province,  but  in  nost  of  the  sub- 
ordinate districts.  Ureat  Britain,  without  design- 
ing it,  had,  by  her  two  preceding  attempl^  at  Ame- 
rican revenue,  taught  her  colonies,  not  only  (he 
advantages,  but  the  means  of  union.  The  system 
of  committees,  which  prevailed  in  1765,  and  also 
in  1767,  was  revived  in  1774.  By  (hem  there  was 
a  quick  transmission  of  intelligence,  from  the  cap- 
ital towns,  through  the  subordinate  districts,  to  the 
whole  body  of  (he  people,  and  an  union  of  coun- 
sels and  measures  was  eD'ected,  among  widely  dis- 
seminated inhabitants. 

It  is  perhaps  impossible  for  human  wisdom,  to 
contrive  any  system  more  subservient  to  these 
purposes,  than  such  a  reciprocal  exchange  of  in- 
telligence, by  committees.  From  the  want  of 
such  a  communication  with  each  other,  and  con- 
sequently of  union  among  themselves,  many  states 
have  lost  their  liberties,  and  more  have  been  un- 
successful in  their  attempts  (o  regain  them,  after 
they  were  lost. 

What  the  eloquence  and  (alents  of  Demos'henes 
could  not  etrect  among  the  states  of  Greece,  might 
have  been  effected  by  the  simple  device  of  com- 
mittees of  correspondence.  The  few  have  been 
enabled  to  keep  the  many  in  subjection,  in  every 
age  from  (he  want  of  union  among  the  latter. — 
Several  of  the  provinces  of  Spain  complained  of 
oppression,  under  Charles  the  fifth,  and  in  trans- 
ports of  rage  took  arms  against  him ;  but  they 
never  consulted  or  communicated  with  each  other. 
They  resisted  separately,  and  v/ere  therefore  sepa- 
rately subdued. 

The  colonists  sympathizing  with  (heir  distress- 
ed brethren  in  Massaclmsetts,  felt  themselves  call- 
ed upon,  to  do  something  for  their  relief;  but  to 
determine  what  was  most  proper,  did  not  so  obvi- 
ously occur,  /t  was  a  natural  idea,  that,  for  har- 
monising their  measures,  a  congress  of  deputies 
from  ezoh  province  should  be  convened.  This 
early  occurred  to  all ;  and,  being  agreed  (o,  was 
the  means  of  producing  union  and  concert  among 
inhabitants,  removed  several  hundred  miles  from 
each  other.  In  times  less  animated,  various  ques- 
tions about  the  place  and  legality  of  their  meet- 
ing, and  about  the  extent  of  their  power,  would 
have  produced  a  great  diversity  of  sentiments ; 
but  on  (his  occasion,  by  the  special  agency  of 
Providence,  there  was  the  same  universal  bent  of 
inclination,  in  the  great  body  of  (he  people.  A 
sense  of  common  danger  extinguished  selfish  pas- 
sions. The  public  altention  was  fixed  on  the 
great  cause  of  liberty.  Local  attachments  and 
partialities  were  sacrificed  on  the  altar  of  patriot- 
ism- 
There  were  not  wanting  moderate  men,  who 
would  have  been  willing  to  pay  for  the  tea  des- 
troyed, if  that  would  have  put  an  end  to  the  con- 
troversy ;  for,  it  was  not  for  the  value  of  the  tea, 
nor  of  the  tax,  but  the  right  of  giving  and  grant- 
ing (heir  money,  that  the  colonists  contended 

The  act  of  parliament  was  so  cautiously  worded, 
as  to  prevent  the  opening  of  the  port  of  Boston, 
even  though  the  F.ast  India  company  had  been 
reimbursed  for  all  damages,  "until  it  was  niaile 
appear  to  his  majesty  in  council,  thit  peace  and  I 


obedience  to  llie  laws  were  so  (ar  lestoied,  in  thfl 
(own  of  Boston,  that  llic  trade  of  (ireat  Britain 
might  he  sal'fly  carried  on  llicie,  and  his  majesty's 
customs  duly  collected."  The  latter  part  of  (his 
limilation,  "  the  due  collection  of  his  majesty's 
customs,"  was  understood  to  comprehend  submis- 
sion to  the  late  revenue  laws.  It  was  (herclbre  in- 
ferred, (hat  payment  for  the  tea  destroyed,  would 
produce  no  certain  relief,  unless  they  were  willing 
to  give  o|>eration  (o  (he  law,  for  raising  a  revenue 
on  fnlure  importations  of  that  commodity,  and  also 
to  acquiesce  in  the  late  mutilation  of  their  char- 
ter. As  it  was  deliberately  resolved,  never  to 
submit  lo  either,  Ihe  most  lukewarm  of  well-in- 
formed patriots,  possessing  the  publ'c  confidenci'. 
neither  advised  nor  wished  for  the  ac'option  oflhfit 
measure.  A  few  in  Boston,  who  weie  known  tu 
be  in  the  royal  in(eres(,  proposed  a  resoludon  lor 
Ihat  purpose  ;  but  they  met  with  no  support. — 
Of  the  many,  who  joined  the  British  in  the  coni.sc 
of  the  war,  there  was  scarcely  an  intlividual  (o  be 
found  in  this  early  stage  of  (he  controversy,  who 
advocated  the  right  of  parliamentary  taxation. — 
There  were  doubtless  many  timid  persons,  who 
fearing  the  power  of  Britain,  would  radier  have 
subrnided  to  her  encroachments,  than  risked  the 
vengeance  of  her  arms ;  but  such,  for  the  most 
part,  suppressed  their  sentiments.  Zeal  for  liber 
ty  being  immediately  rewarded  with  applause, 
the  palriots  had  every  inducement  to  come  for- 
ward, and  avow  their  principles ;  but  there  was 
something  so  unpopular  in  appearing  to  be  influ- 
enced by  timidity,  interest,  or  excessive  caution, 
when  essential  interests  were  attacked,  that  such 
persons  shunned  public  notice,  and  sought  the 
shade  of  retirement. 

In  Ihe  three  first  months,  which  followed  iho 
.shutting  up  of  the  port  of  Boston,  Ihe  inhabitants 
of  the  colonies  in  hundreds  of  small  circles,  as 
well  as  in  their  provincial  assemblies  and  con- 
gresses, expressed  their  abhorrence  of  Ihe  late 
proceedings  of  the  British  parliament  against  .Mas- 
sachusetts ;  their  concurrence  in  the  pro|Kised  mea- 
sure  of  appointing  deputies  for  a  general  congress ; 
and  their  willingness  to  do  and  suffer  whatever 
should  be  judged  conducive  (o  the  establishment 
of  their  liberties. 

A  patriotic  flame,  created  and  difl'used  by  sym- 
pathy, was  communicated  loso  many  breasts,  and 
reflected  from  such  a  variety  of  objects,  as  lo  be- 
come too  intense  to  be  resisted. 

While  the  combination  of  the  other  colonies,  to 
support  Boston,  was  gaining  strength,  new  mailer 

of  dissension  daily  look  place  in  Massachusetts 

The  resolution  for  shutting  (he  port  of  Boston, 
was  no  sooner  taken,  than  it  was  determined  lo 
order  a  military  force  to  that  town.  (ieneral 
(iage,  the  commander  in  chief  of  Ihe  royal  forces 
in  North  America  was  also  sent  thither,  in  the  ad- 
ditional capacity  of  governor  of  Massachusetts.— 
He  arrived  at  Boston  on  ihe  third  day  af'ter  Ihe 
inhabitants  received  the  first  intelligence  of  llie 
Boston  port  bill.  Though  the  people  were  irri 
taled  by  that  measure,  and  though  their  republi 
can  jealousy  was  hurt  by  the  combination  of  the 
civil  and  military  character  in  one  person,  yet  the 
general  was  received  with  all  the  honours  which 
had  been  usually  paid  to  his  predecessors.  .Soon 
after  his  arrival,  two  regiments  of  foot,  with  a  de- 
tachment of  artillery,  and  some  cannon  were  land 
ed  at  Boston.  These  troops  were  by  degrees  rein 
forced,  with  others  from  Ireland,  New  York,  Ha 
lifax  and  Quebec. 

The  governor  announced  that  he  had  Ihe  king's 
particular  command,  for  holding  the  general  court 
al  Salem,  aAer  the  first  of  .Tune.  When  that  event- 
ful day  arrived,  the  act  for  shutting  up  the  port 
of  Boston  commenced  its  operations.  I(  was  de- 
voutly kept  at  Williamsburg,  as  a  day  of  fasting 
and  humiliation.  In  Philadelphia,  it  was  solem- 
nized with  every  manifestation  of  public  ci'  imi(y 
and  grief.  The  inhabitants  shut  up  their  i/ouses. 
Al'irr  divine  service,  a  stillness  reigned  over  the 
city,  which  exhibited  an  appearance  ofthe  dee|H!it 

(llSlll'SS. 

In  Boston,  a  new  scene  opened   on  the  hiliabi- 


I     I 
•     I 


■I 


873 


THE    HISTORY    OK 


i  li 
i  I! 


i  '\ 


tants.  Hitherto,  thot  town  had  been  the  seat  of 
coniiMcrce  and  of  plenty.  The  immense  business, 
traiisacteil  therein,  iilforded  a  comfortable  subsis- 
lenci!  lo  many  thousands.  The  necessary,  the 
usriiil,  and  even  some  of  the  ele)j;ant  arts  were 
cull.\aiHil  among  them.  The  citizens  were  |ii)lite 
and  hospitable.  In  this  happy  state  they  were 
sentenced  on  (he  short  notice  of  twenty-one  days, 
10  a  total  deprivation  of  all  means  of  subsisting.— 
The  blow  reached  every  person.  The  rents  of  the 
landholders  either  ceased,  or  were  greatly  dimin- 
ished. The  immense  property,  in  stoies  and 
wliaives,  was  rendered  comparalively  useless.— 
Labourers,  artificers,  and  others,  employed  in  the 
numerous  occupations  created  by  an  extensive 
trade,  partook  of  the  general  calamity.  They  who 
depended  on  a  re{,alar  income,  flowing  from  pre- 
vious acquisitions  of  pro|)erty.  as  well  as  they,  who, 
with  the  sweat  of  their  brow,  earned  their  daily 
subsistence,  were  er|ually  deprived  of  the  means 
of  support  ;  and  the  chief  difference  between  them 
was,  that  the  distresses  of  the  former  were  render- 
ed more  intolerable,  by  the  recollection  of  past  en- 
joyments. All  these  inconveniences  and  hard- 
ships were  borne  with  a  passive,  but  inflexible  for- 
titude. Their  deterininalion  lo  persist  in  the  same 
line  of  conduct,  which  had  been  the  occasion  of 
(heir  sulfering,  was  unabated. 

The  authors  and  advisers  of  the  resolution,  for 
destroying  the  tea,  were  in  the  town,  and  still  re- 
tained their  popidarily  and  influence.  The  exe- 
rratioiis  of  the  iidiabitanis  fell  not  on  them,  but  on 
the  IJritish  parliament.  Their  countrymen  ac- 
quitted them  of  all  selfish  designs,  and  believed 
lliat  in  their  opposition  (o  the  measures  of  Great 
Britain,  they  were  actuated  by  an  honest  /.eal  for 
constitutional  liberty.  The  sufferers,  in  Boston, 
had  the  consolation  of  sympatliy  from  the  other 
colonists,  (.'ontiibiitioiis  weie  raised,  in  all  quar- 
ters, lor  their  relief.  Letters  and  addresses  cuine 
lo  them  froiii  corpovnte  bodies,  town  meetings,  and 
provincial  conventions,  n|>plauding  their  conduct, 
and  exhorting  them  to  perseveraiice. 

The  people  of  .Marblehead,  who,  by  thoir  prox- 
imity, were  likely  to  reap  advantage  IVoin  the  dis- 
tresses of  Boston,  generously  offered  the  mer- 
chants thereof,  the  use  of  their  harbour,  wharves, 
warehouses,  and  also  their  personal  attendance 
on  the  lading  or  unlading  of  their  goods,  free  of  all 
cx|;ei!se. 

The  inhabitants  of  Salem,  in  an  address  to  Uo- 
vcrnor  (i^ige,  concluded  with  these  remarkable 
words  :  "  Hy  shutting  up  the  port  of  Boston,  some 
imagine  that  the  course  of  trade  might  be  turned 
hither,  and  to  our  benefit ;  but  nature,  in  the  for- 
mation of  our  harbour,  forbidsour  becoming  rivals 
in  commerce,  of  that  convenient  mart ;  and,  were 
it  otherwise,  we  must  be  dead  lo  every  idea  of 
justice,  and  lost  to  all  the  feelings  of  humanity, 
coubl  we  indulge  one  thought  to  seize  on  wealth, 
and  raise  our  fortunes,  on  the  ruins  of  our  sufl'er- 
ing  neighboiiis." 

The  Massachusetts  general  court  met  at  Salem, 
according  to  adjourmncut,  on  the  7lh  of  June. — 
Several  of  the  popular  leaders  took,  in  a  private 
way,  the  sense  of  the  members,  on  what  was  pro- 
per to  be  done.  Finding  they  were  able  to  carry 
such  measures,  as  the  public  exigencies  required, 
they  prepared  resolves,  and  moved  for  their  adop- 
tion ;  but  before  they  went  on  the  latter  business, 
their  iloor  was  shut. 

One  member,  nevertheless,  ronlnvcd  means  of 
sending  information  'o  i.'-f..  jor  uagc  of  what 
was    cluing.     Hi'  "•?"  Sv'iit  off,  to  dis- 

solve lie    gen   .         "  .^  •■  lused  admis- 

sion.    As  b'  •>      ii!     ,  'ice,    he   read 

the  pinclin  /'  '.  Id'.'  .iii!M".lialely  af- 

terwiipls  in '•!    .  i  ■    hi     ':i>"!'>i-"d  the  gene- 

ral conn.     TI.v   i.c     ..  .    ■■    .    with  tlieii 

doors  sliiit,  fippriiiiicu   .  respectable 

ineniliers  ks  llicir  ;  iimniueo,  li;  Mcvi  committees 
from  other  piuvinccs,  that  might  be  convened  the 
Ist  of  .September  at  I'hilailelphia  ;  voted  them 
seventy-five  pounds  sterling  each  ;  anil  recoin- 
niendcil,  to  the  several  towns  and  districts,  to  raise 
the  said  sum  by  equitable  proportions.    B>  lliese 


means,  the  designs  of  the  governor  weie  disap- 
pointed. His  situation  in  every  respect  was  truly 
disagreeable.  It  was  his  duly  to  forward  the  exe- 
cution of  laws,  which  were  universally  execrated. 
Zeal  for  his  master's  service  prompted  him  to  en- 
deavour, that  they  should  be  carried  into  full  ef- 
fect ;  but  his  progress  was  retarded  by  obstacles 
from  every  quarter.  Ho  had  to  transact  his  ofh- 
cial  business  with  a  people,  who  possessed  a  high 
sense  of  liberty,  and  were  uncommonly  ingenious 
in  evading  disagreeable  acts  of  parliament.  It 
was  a  part  of  his  duty,  to  prevent  the  calling  of 
the  town  meetings,  after  the  1st  of  August,  1774. 
These  meetings  were  nevertliele.ss  held.  On  his 
proposing  to  exert  authority,  for  the  dispersion  of 
the  people,  he  was  told  by  the  selectmen,  that 
they  had  not  offended  against  the  act  of  parlia- 
ment; for  that  only  prohibited  the  calling  of  town 
meetings ;  and  no  such  call  had  been  made :  a 
former  constitutional  meeting,  bnfoie  the  1st  of 
August,  having  only  adjourned  themselves  from 
time  to  lime.  Other  evasions,  equally  founded  on 
the  letter  of  even  the  late  obnoxious  laws,  were 
practised. 

As  the  summer  advanced,  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts received  stronger  proofs  of  support,  from 
che  neigiibiiUiing  provinces.  They  were,  there- 
fore encouraged  lo  farther  opposition.  The  in- 
habitants of  the  colonies,  at  this  time,  with  regard 
to  political  opinions,  might  be  divided  into  three 
classes.  Of  these,  one  was  lor  rushing  precipitately 
into  exiremities.  They  were  for  immediately  stop- 
ping all  trade,  and  could  not  even  brook  the  delay  of 
waiting,  till  the  proposed  continental  congress 
should  meet.  Another  party,  equally  respectable, 
both  as  to  character,  property,  and  patriotism,  was 
more  moderate  ;  but  not  less  firm.  These  were 
averse  to  the  adoption  of  any  violent  resolutions,  till 
all  others  were  ineffectually  tried.  They  wished  that 
a  clear  statement  of  their  rights,  claims,  and  griev- 
ances, should  precede  every  other  measure.  A 
third  class  disapproved  of  what  was  generally  going 
en :  a  few  from  principle,  and  a  persuasion  that 
they  ought  to  submit  to  the  mother  country  ;  some 
from  the  love  of  ease  ;  others  from  self-interest ; 
but  the  bulk  from  fear  of  the  mischievous  conse- 
quences likely  to  follow.  All  these  latter  classes, 
for  the  most  part,  lay  still,  while  the  friends  of  li- 
berty acted  with  spiiit.  If  they,  or  any  of  them, 
ventured  to  oppose  popuUr  measures,  they  were 
not  supported,  and  therefore  declined  farther  ef- 
forts. The  resentment  of  the  people  was  so  strong 
against  them,  that  they  sought  for  peace  by  remain- 
ing quiet.  The  same  indecision,  that  made  them 
willing  to  submit  to  Great  Britain,  made  them  ap- 
parently acquiesce  in  popular  measures  which  they 
disapproved.  The  spirited  part  of  the  commu- 
nity, being  on  the  side  of  liberty,  the  patriots  had 
the  appearance  of  unanimity ;  though  many  either 
kept  at  a  distance  from  public  meetings,  or  voted 
against  their  own  opinion,  to  secure  themselves 
from  resentment,  and  promote  their  present  ease 
and  interest. 

Under  the  influence  of  those  who  were  for  the 
immediate  adoption  of  efhcacious  measures,  an 
agreement,  by  the  name  of  the  solemn  league  and 
covenant,  was  adopted  by  numbers.  The  subscri- 
bers of  this  bound  themselves,  to  suspend  all  com- 
mercial in'^rcourse  with  Great  Britain,  until  the 
late  obnoxious  laws  were  repealed,  and  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts  restored  to  its  chartered  rights. 

(General  Gage  published  a  proclamation,  in 
which  he  styled  this  solemn  league  and  covenant, 
"  an  unlawful,  hostile,  and  traitorous  combina- 
tion." And  all  magistrates  were  charged  to  ap- 
prehend, and  secure  for  trial,  such  as  should  have 
any  agency  in  publishing  or  s<-.bscribing  the  same, 
or  any  similar  covenant.  This  proclamation  had 
no  other  effect,  than  tr  exercise  the  pens  of  the 
lawyers,  in  showing  tl  at  the  association  did  not 
come  wiihin  the  descrij.tion  of  legil  treason  ;  and 
that,  therefore,  the  govei'ior's  proclamation  was 
not  warranted  by  the  principles  of  the  constitu- 
tion. 

The  late  law,  for  regulating  the  government  of 
the  province,  ariived  near  the  beginning  of  Au- 


gust, and  was  accompanied  by  a  list  of  liirty-sii 
new  connsellors,  apppointcdby  the  crown,  and  in  a 
mode  variant  from  that  piescribi'd  by  the  charter. 
Several  of  these,  in  the  first  iiistani-e,  declined  an 
acceptance  of  the  appointiiient.  Those,  who  ac- 
cepted it,  were  every  where  declared  to  be  ene- 
mies to  their  country.  The  new  judges  were  ren- 
dered incapable  of  proceeding  in  their  official  duty. 
Upon  opening  the  courts,  the  juries  refused  to  be 
sworn,  or  to  act  in  any  manner,  either  under  them, 
or  in  conformity  to  the  late  regulations.  In  some 
places,  ihc  people  assembled,  and  filled  the  court- 
houses, and  avenues  to  them,  in  such  a  manner, 
that  neither  the  judges,  nor  their  officers,  could 
obtain  entrance :  and,  upon  the  sheriirs  command- 
ing them  to  make  way  to  the  court,  they  answer- 
ed, "  that  they  knew  no  court  independent  of  the 
ancient  laws  of  their  country,  and  to  none  other 
would  they  submit." 

In  imitation  of  his  royal  master.  Governor  Gage 
issued  a  proclamation,  "  for  the  encouragement  of 
piety  and  virtue,  and  for  the  prevention  and  punish- 
ing vice,  profaneness,  and  immorality."  In  this 
proclamation,  hypocrisy  was  inserted  asofie  of  the 
iinmoralities,against  which  the  people  were  warned. 
This  was  considered  by  the  inhabitants,  who  had 
often  been  ridiculed  for  their  stiict  attention  to  the 
forms  of  religion,  to  be  a  .studied  insult,  and  as 
such  was  more  resented  than  an  .ictual  injury. 

The  proceedings  and  apparent  dispositions  of 
the  people  together  with  the  military  preparations, 
which  were  daily  made  through  the  province,  in- 
duced General  Gage  to  fortify  that  neck  of  land, 
which  joins  Boston  to  the  continent.  He  also 
seized  upon  the  powder  lodged  in  the  arsenal  at 
Charlcstown. 

This  excited  a  most  violent  and  universal  fer- 
ment. Several  thousand  of  the  people  assembled 
at  Cambridge  ;  and  it  was  with  diflicnliy,  they 
were  restrained  from  marching  directly  to  Bos- 
ton, to  demand  a  delivery  of  the  powder,  with 
a  resolution,  in  case  of  a  refusal,  to  attack  the 
troops 

The  people,  thus  assembleil,  proceeded  to  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  Oliver's  house,  and  to  the  houses 
of  several  of  the  new  counsellors,  and  obliged 
them  to  resign,  and  to  declare,  that  they  would 
no  more  act  under  ihe  laws  lately  enacted.  In 
the  confusion  of  these  transacliims,  a  rumour 
went  abroad,  that  the  royal  fleet  and  troojis  were 
firing  upon  the  town  of  Boston.  This  was  proba- 
bly circulated  by  the  popular  leaders,  on  purpose 
to  ascertain  what  aid  they  might  expect  from  the 
country  in  case  of  extremities.  The  result  ex- 
ceeded their  most  sanguine  expectations.  In  less 
than  twenty-four  hours  there  were  upwanis  of 
thirty  thousand  men  in  arms  marching  towards 
the  capital.  Other  risings  of  the  people  took 
place  in  different  parts  of  the  colony  ;  and  their 
violence  was  such,  that  in  a  short  time  the  nevt 
counsellors,  the  commissioners  of  the  customs, 
and  all  who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  favoui 
of  Great  Britain,  were  obliged  to  screen  them 
selves  in  Boston.  The  new  seat  of  government 
at  Salem  was  abandoned  ;  and  all  the  officers  con- 
nected with  the  revenue  we  obliged  to  consult 
their  safety,  by  taking  up  their  residence  in  a  place, 
which  an  act  of  parliament  had  proscribed  from  all 
trade. 

About  this  time  delegates  from  every  town  and 
district,  in  Ihe  county  of  SuH'olk,of  which  Boston 
is  the  county  town,  had  a  meeting;  at  which  they 
prefaced  a  number  of  spirited  resolutions,  con- 
taining a  detail  of  the  particiUars  of  their  intended 
opposition  lo  the  late  acts  of  (larliament.  with  a  gen- 
eral declaration,  "  that  no  obedience  was  due  from 
the  province  to  either,  or  any  part  of  the  said  acts. 
but  that  they  should  be  rejected  as  the  attempts 
of  a  wicked  administration  to  enslave  America." 
The  resolves  of  this  meeting  were  sent  on  to  Phil- 
adelphia, fur  the  information  and  opinion  of  the 
congress,  which  as  shall  hereafter  be  related.  li;id 
met  there  about  this  lime. 

The  people  of  Massaclmsetts  ii;>hlly  jiidued, 
that  from  the  decision  of  ( 'diimess  dh  i\wa-  n-su- 
lutions,  they  wou  d  be  enabled  lo  deteriuine  what 


NORTH    AMKKICA. 


878 


eii|i|>un  they  might  expect.  Nutwilhstniidiii); 
lirfsciit  a|i|ie;ir<iiiceM,  they  leiircil  Ih^il  the  other 
coluiiii^s,  wiiich  were  no  more  lh:iii  remotely  eoii- 
eeiued,  would  tiot  hiizard  the  eoii.se(|ii(Mi(i'  of 
iiiakliiK  a  common  caime  with  them,  sliouldsubse- 
(|iu'iil  eveiils  make  li  necessary  to  repel  lorce  liy 
lone.  The  decision  ol'  ( 'ongress  exceeded  their 
e\|]eilalioiis.  They  "most  tlioroiijjhiy  approved 
(lie  ivisdom  and  I'orlitudr,  with  which  opposition 
lo  wicked  ministerial  measures  had  heen  hith- 
eiti)  conducted  in  Massachnsetts;  and  recom- 
mended to  them  perseverance  in  the  !iame  linn 
Moil  temperate  conduct,  as  expressed  in  tlie  reso- 
Iiili(jns4)l  ihe  delegates,  Irom  the  county  of  Sul- 
lojk.'"  lly  this  upprokation  and  advice,  the  peo- 
■i  pie  id    Massachusetts  were  encouraged  to   lesis- 

lance,  <uid  the  ulher  coloines  hecnme  bound  to 
support  them.  The  lormer  more  in  need  of  a 
Lirjdie  than  a  spur,  proceeded  as  they  had  begun  ; 
but  nilh  ailditional  conlidence. 

(iovernor  tiage  had  issued  writs  for  holding  a 
gi'neral  assembly  at, Salem  ;  but  subsequent  events, 
and  the  heat  and  violence  which  everywhere  pre- 
vailed, made  him  think  it  expedient  to  counteract 
llie  writs  by  a  proclamation  lor  suspending  the 
meeting  of  the  members.  Tlie  legality  of  a  pro- 
rlamalmn  for  that  |ii'rpiise  was  denied  :  and,  in  de- 
fiance thereof,  ninety  of  the  newly-elecled  inem- 
birs  met,  at  tlie  time  and  place  appointed.  They 
liooM  allerwa'ils  resolved  themselves  into  a  pro- 
vincial congress,  and  atlj<)urned  to  Concord,  about 
meniy  miles  |Vom  Charlestown.  On  their  meeting 
(lieie  Ihey  chose  Mr.  Hancock  president,  and  pro- 
tci'dcd  to  business.  One  of  iheir  first  acts  was  lo 
appoint  a  comi.iitlec  to  wait  on  the  governor,  with 
a  iiiiionslinme,  in  which  they  apologized  for  Iheir 
ineeliiig,  fr'>r>i  the  ilistressed  state  of  the  colony  ; 
idiiiplaiiicd  (if  their  grievances  :  and,  afler  slating 
llieir  appieliecsions,  from  the  hostile  preparations 
on  liosvoii  ne(  k,  concluded  with  an  earnest  re- 
(jiiesi.  ••  that  le  w  (luld  desist  from  the  construction 
(il  ilie  forlies"  at  the  enlraiK'e  into  Boston,  and 
resluiy  that  piss  to  its  natural  stale." 

The  goveo  or  found  some  dilliculty  in  giving 
them  an  aiisr  -r,  as  ihey  were  not,  in  liis  opinion, 
a  legal  body  ■  but  the  necessity  of  the  times  over- 
ruled his  scrMples.  He  leplied,  by  expressing  his 
iiidignition  ;'l  the  su|/position,  "that  the  lives,  li- 
berlies,  or  property  of  any  people,  except  enemies, 
could  be  in  danger  from  English  troo[>s."  He  re- 
minded lliem.  that,  while  they  complained  of  al- 
terations, made  in  iheir  charter,  by  acts  of  parlia- 
nieiii,  Ihey  were  by  their  own  acts  subverting  it 
altogether.  He,  lheiefor(!,  warned  them  of  the 
locks  they  were  upon,  and  to  desist  from  such  il- 
legal and  iiiiconslitutional  proceedings.  The  go- 
vernor's admonitions  were  unavailing.  The  pro- 
vincial congress  appointed  a  commiitee,  tu  draw 
up  a  plan,  ior  the  inimediale  defence  of  the  pro- 
vince. It  was  resolved  to  enlist  a  number  of  the 
iiiliabitaiils,  under  Ihe  name  of  minute  men,  who 
were  lo  be  under  obligations  to  turn  out  at  a  mi- 
nute's warning,  .ledediali  Pribble,  Arlemas  Ward, 
mid  Setli  I'omeroy,  were  elected  general  otticeis 
to  command  these  minule  men  ami  the  militia,  in 
case  they  should  be  called  out  lo  action.  A  com- 
miitee of  safety,  and  a  committee  of  supplies  weie 
appointed.  These  consisted  of  dili'erent  persons, 
and  weie  intended  for  ditVeient  purposes.  The 
first  were  invested  with  an  authority  to  assemble 
tlie  militia,  when  tliey  thought  proper,  and  were 
to  recommend  lo  the  committee  of  supplies  the 
pUKhase  of  such  articles  as  the  public  exigencies 
reiiniied.  'J'he  last  were  limited  to  the  small  sum 
of  l.').(i-r/7.  los.  HIcrliiig,  wliich  was  all  the  money 
Hi  (list  voted,  to  oppose  the  power  and  riches  of 
(ileal  liiilain.  Undei  this  aullioritv,  and  with 
these  means,  the  committee  of  safety  and  of  sup- 
plies acting  in  concert,  laid  in  a  quantity  of  stores, 
partly  at  Worcester,  and  partly  at  Concord.  The 
tame  congress  met  again,  and  soon  afterwards  re- 
Sdlvcd,  III  gel  In  reailiness  twelve  llionsand  men, 
111  act  o'l  any  given  emergency  ;  and  that  a  fourth 
pirtiifilie  militia  should  be  enlisted  as  minule 
incn.  mill  receive  pay.  John  Thomas  and  Wil 
liini  Heath  were  ajipoii. led  general  oificers.  They 


also  sent  persons  to  New  Hampshire,  llhodi^  Is- 
land, and  Coiinecticiil,  lo  inform  (hem  of  the  steps  | 
they  had  taken,  anil  to  icipiesl  iheli  cii-opeialioir 
in  making  up  an  army  of  twenty  thousand  men.  I 
Cummiltees  from  these  several  colonies,  met  a! 
coinmitlee  from  the  provincial  congress  of  Mas- 
sachuselts,  and  sellled  iheir  plans.  The  proper i 
period  lor  commencing  oppiisii  ion  li)(ieneral(iage's[ 
troops,  was  delermined  to  be,  wlienever  they 
marched  out  with  their  baggage,  ammunition,  and 
artillery.  The  aid  of  the  clergy  was  called  in 
upon  this  (iccasiun;  and  a  circular  letter  was  ad- 
dressed lo  each  of  the  several  minislers  inlhe|)ro- 
viiice,  requ(\sting  Iheir  assistance,  "  in  avoiding  the 
dieadful  slavery  with  which  Ihey  were  ihrealened." 
As  the  winter  approached,  (ieneral  (iage  ordered 
barracks  for  his  troops  lo  be  creeled  -,  but  such 
was  the  superior  inlluence  of  tlie  popular  leaders, 
that,  on  Iheir  recommendaiion,  the  workmen  de- 
sisted from  fulfilling  the  general's  wishes,  though 
the  money  for  their  labour  would  have  been  paid 
by  the  crown. 

An  application  to  New  York  was  e(|ually  unsuc- 
cessful; and  it  was  with  dilliciilly  that  Ihe  troops 
could  be  furnished  with  winter  lodgings.  Similar 
obstructions  were  thrown  in  Ihe  way  of  getting 
winter  covering  for  the  soldiery.  The  merchanls 
of  New  Vork,  on  being  applied  lo,  answered.  "  thai 
Ihey  would  never  supply  any  article  for  the  bene- 
tit  of  men  who  were  sent  as  enemies  lo  Ihe  coun- 
try." 'J'he  inhabitants  of  Massacliuselts  encour- 
aged the  deserlion  of  ihe  soldiers;  and  acled  sys- 
tematically in  preventing  their  obtaining  any  oilier 
supplies  but  necessary  provisions.  The  farmeis 
were  discouraged  from  selling  lliem  straw,  limber, 
boards,  and  such  like  ;<rticles  of  convenience. 
Straw,  when  purchased  for  their  seivice,  was  fre- 
(|ueiilly  burnt.  Vessels,  wilh  bricks  intended  for 
their  use,  were  sunk  ;  carls  wilh  wood  were  over- 
turned ;  and  Ihe  king's  property  was  daily  de- 
stroyed. 

A  proclamalion  had  been  issued  by  Ihe  king, 
prohibiting  llic  cxporlaiioii  of  military  stores  from 
Hrilaiii,  which  reached  America  in  the  latter  end 
of  Ihe  year  1771.  On  receiving  intelligence  there- 
of, in  Hliode  Island,  the  people  seized  upon,  and 
removed  from  Ihe  public  battery,  about  forty  pieces 
of  cannon  ;  and  ilie  assembly  passed  resoliilions 
(or  obtaining  arms  and  military  stores  by  every 
means,  and  also  for  lalsing  and  arming  the  inlia- 
bitanls.  About  lliis  lime,  December  l.'illi,  acom- 
pany  of  volunleeis,  headed  by  John  .Sullivan  and 
John  Langdon,  liesel  his  majesty's  castle  at  I'orls- 
moulh.  They  siornied  the  fori,  and  secured  and 
conlined  the  garrison,  till  ihey  broke  open  ihe 
powder  house,  and  took  the  powder  away.  'J'he 
powder  being  secured,  the  gairi.sou  was  rclea.sed 
from  confineiiienl. 

'J'hrougliout  this  whole  season,  civil  govern- 
ment, legislation,  judicial  proceedings,  and  com- 
mercial regulations  were,  in  Massachusetts,  to  all 
appearance  annihilaled.  'J'he  provincial  congress 
exercised  all  the  semblance  of  goveinment  which 
existed.  Krom  their  coincidence  wilh  the  prevail- 
ing disposition  of  the  people,  their  resolutions  had 
the  weight  and  efiicacy  of  the  laws.  Under  the 
simple  style  of  recommendaiion,  Ihey  organized 
the  militia,  and  made  ordinances  respecting  public 
monies,  and  such  farther  regulations  as  were  ne- 
cessary for  preserving  order,  and  for  defending 
themselves  against  the  British  troops. 

In  this  crisis,  it  seemed  to  be  the  sense  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Massachusetts  to  wait  events.  They 
dreaded  every  evil  that  could  flow  from  resistance, 
less  than  the  operation  of  Ihe  late  acts  of  parlia- 
ment :  but,  at  the  same  time,  were  averse  to  be 
the  aggressors,  in  bringing  on  a  civil  war.  They 
chose  to  submit  to  a  suspension  of  regular  gov- 
ernment in  preference  to  permilling  the  streams 
of  justice  to  flow  in  the  channel  pr(?scribed  by  the 
late  acts  of  parliament,  or  lo  conducting  them  for- 
cibly in  the  old  one,  saiicliomul  by  (heir  charier. 
From  the  extinction  of  the  old,  and  the  rejeclion 
of  the  new  constitution,  all  regular  goTermneni 
was,  for  several  monlhs,  abolished.  Some  liiiii- 
I  dred  thousands  of  people  were  iu  a  state  of  nature, 


without  legislation,  magistrates,  or  executive  ofli- 
cers.  There  was,  neverthelesB,  a  siiiprising  de- 
gree of  order.  Men  of  the  puicsl  morals  were 
among  the  most  active  oppoaers  of  (ireai  lirilaiii 
While  municipal  laws  ceased  lu  operale,  ih"  laws 
of  reason,  morality,  and  religion,  bound  ihe  people 
to  each  oilier  as  a  social  band,  and  preserved  as 
great  a  degree  of  decorum  as  had  at  any  lime  pre- 
vailed. Kven  (hose  who  were  opposed  to  the 
proceedings  of  Ihe  populace,  when  lliey  were  pru- 
dent and  modemte,  for  (he  inus(  pan  enjoyed  safe- 
ty, both  at  himie  and  abroad. 

Thimgh  there  were  no  civil,  thiire  was  an  abun- 
dance of  military  olllcers.  These  were  ( liosen 
by  Ihe  people;  but  exercised  more  authority  than 
any  who  had  been  honoured  with  conmii.ssions 
from  the  governor.  The  inhabitants  In  every  place 
devoted  themselves  to  arms.  Handling  the  mus- 
ket, and  training,  were  (he  fashionable  amusements 
of  the  men;  while,  the  women,  by  (heir  presence, 
encouraged  them  to  proceed.  The  sound  of  drums 
and  fifes  were  to  be  heard  in  all  directions.  'I'he 
young  and  the  idd  were  fired  with  a  martial  spirit. 
On  experiment,  it  was  found,  that  to  force  on  the 
inhabitants  a  form  of  government  lo  which  they 
were  totally  averse,  was  not  within  (he  fancied  uin- 
nipolence  of  parliament. 

During  these  transactions  in  Massachusetts,  ef- 
fectual measures  had  been  taken,  by  Ihe  colonies, 
fiir  convening  a  coiilinenlal  congress.  Though 
llieie  was  no  one  enlilled  to  lead  in  this  business, 
yel,  in  consequence  of  the  general  impulse  on  (he 
public  mind,  iVom  a  sense  of  common  danger,  not 
only  the  measure  itself,  but  Ihe  time  and  place  of 
meeting  were,  wilh  surprising  unanimity,  agreed 
upon.  The  colonies,  though  formerly  agitated 
wilh  local  prejudices,  jealousies,  and  aversion.s, 
were  led  lo  assemble  together  in  a  general  diei.  and 
to  feel  their  weight  and  impoHance  In  a  romnior. 
union.  Within  lour  monlhs  from  the  day,  on 
whk'h  the  first  intelligence  of  the  Boston  port  bill 
reached  America,  the  deputies  of  eleven  provinces 
had  convened  in  I'hilailelphia  ;  and  in  four  days 
more,  by  the  arrival  of  delegates  from  North  Ca- 
rolina, there  was  a  complete  representation  of 
twelve  colonies,  containing  three  millions  of  peo- 
ple, disseminated  over  two  hundred  and  sixty  tlioii- 
saiid  sipiare  miles  of  territory.  Some  of  the  dele- 
gales  were  appointed  by  the  consliliilional  assem- 
blies. In  other  provinces  where  they  were  embar- 
rassed by  royal  governors,  the  appoinlnienis  were 
made  in  voluntaiy  meelings  of  Ihe  people.  Per- 
haps there  never  was  a  body  of  delegates,  iiior*! 
faithful  lo  the  interests  of  their  conslilueiiis,  ilian 
the  congress  of  1771.  'J'he  public  voice,  elevated 
none  to  a  seat  in  that  august  assembly,  but  such  as, 
in  addilioii  lo  considerable  abililies.  possessed  thai 
ascendency  over  the  minds  of  iheir  fellow  citizens, 
which  can  neither  be  acquired  by  birth,  nor  pur- 
chased by  wealth.  The  insiriiclimis  given  to 
these  deputies  weie  various  ;  but,  in  general,  they 
contained  strong  professions  of  loyalty,  and  of  con- 
siiiulinnal  dependence  on  the  mother  country.— 
'J'he  framers  of  them  acknowledged  Ihe  pieroga- 
live  of  Ihe  crown,  and  disclaimed  every  wish  of 
separation  from  Ihe  parent  slate.  On  the  other 
hand,  they  were  firm  in  declaring,  that  they  were 
enlilled  to  all  the  rights  of  British  horn  subjects, 
and  that  the  late  acts  respecting  M;issachusettii 
were  unconstitutional  and  oppressive. 

'J'liey  particularly  staled  their  grievances,  and 
for  Ihe  most  part  concurred,  in  authorizing  their 
deputies  lo  concert  and  agree  lo  such  measures, 
in  behalf  of  their  constituents,  as,  in  their  joint 
opinion,  would  be  most  likely  to  obtain  a  redress 
of  American  grievances,  ascertain  American  rights, 
on  constitutional  principles  ;  and  establish  union 
and  harmony  between  (ireal  Britain  and  the  colo- 
nies. Of  (he  various  ins(ruclions,  on  this  occa 
sion,  those  which  were  drawn  up,  by  a  convenlion 
of  delegates,  from  every  county  in  the  province  ol 
I'ennsylvania,  and  presented  by  them,  in  a  body, 
to  the  conslittitional  assembly,  were  iheniosl  pre- 
;cise  and  deleiminale.  By  ihese  il  appears,  that 
the  I'ennsylvuniaiis  were  disposed  lo  Hubniit  t.>  iho 
I  acts  nf  navigation,  as  they  then  atood.  and,  also 


874 


THS    HISTORY    OF 


to  arllle  a  ce  'tain  iiniiual  revenue  on  hU  iniijeaty, 
his  lii.'iia,  anil  .•nivcrssuni,  Dubjrct  to  llic  cunlrol  of 
|iiirlinnieiit  ;  iiiiil  tu  sHlisl'y  alliianiaKes,  doiiclo  tlic 
K{i!>l  India  roni|)iUi,v,  pioviiled  tlieir  )(rit'v:in('f!i 
weve  loilresaed,  iiiul  an  uniicablo  compact  was  »(•{- 
llrl.wliicli,  by  eatablisiiinf;  American  rights,  in  lh« 
m  inner  iil'  a  new  inaiiiia  cliaria,  would  have  pre- 
riuilril  liiture  disputes. 

1)1  ihe  wlinle  niindier  of  depulies,  which  lormcil 
the  oinlinenlalconKiess,  of  1771.  one  half  were 
lawvers,  Uenllenien  o(  that  proCensinn  had  ac- 
i|uirod  the  conlidence  of  the  inhabiiantsi  by  their 
exertions  in  the  common  caune.  The  previous 
nieasnrea,  in  the  respective  provinces,  had  been 
planned  and  carried  into  elVect,  more  by  lawyers 
t'lan  by  any  other  .rder  of  men.  Professionally 
l.iiifilit  the  rights  ol'the  people,  they  were  among 
the  loremosl,  to  descry  attacks  made  on  their  liber- 
ties. Krrd  in  the  habits  of  public  speaking,  tliey 
made  a  ilistingnished  figure  in  the  meetings  ul'the 
people,  and  were  particularly  able  to  explain  to 
ilieni  the  tendency  ol'  the  late  acts  olparliament. — 
Kxeriing  their  abilities  and  influence,  in  the  cause 
of  their  country,  they  were  rewarded  with  its  con- 
fidence. 

On  the  meeting  of  Congress,  they  chose  Peyton 
Randolph  their  president,  and  Charles  Thomson 
their  secretary.  They  agreed,  as  one  of  the  rules 
of  their  doing  business,  that  no  entry  should  bo 
made  on  their  journals  of  any  propositions  discuss- 
ed before  them,  to  which  they  did  not  finally  as- 
sent.* 

This  august  body,  to  which  all  the  colonies 
looked  up  for  wisdom  and  direction,  had  scarcely 
convened,  when  a  dispute  arose  about  the  mode  of 
conducting  business,  which  alarmed  the  friends  of 
union.  It  was  contended  by  some,  that  the  votes 
of  the  small  provinces  should  not  count  as  much 
as  those  of  the  larger  ones.  This  was  argued  with 
some  warmth  :  and  inviduous  comparisons  were 
made  between  the  extensive  dominion  of  Virginia, 
and  the  small  colonies  of  Delaware  and  Rliode 
Island.  The  impossibility  of  fixing  the  compa- 
rative weight  of  each  province,  from  the  want  of 
proper  materials,  induced  Congress  to  resolve, 
that  each  should  have  one  equal  vote.  The  mode 
of  conducting  business  being  settled,  two  commit- 
tees were  appointed  :  one,  to  stale  the  rights  of 
the  colonies  ;  the  sevenil  instances  in  which  these 
rights  had  been  violated  ;  and  the  means  most 
proper  to  be  pursued  for  obtaining  a  restoration  ol 
them  ;  the  other,  to  examine  and  report  the  seve- 
ral statutes  which  affected  the  trade  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  colonies.  The  first  committee  were 
farther  instructed,  to  confine  themselves  to  the 
consideration  of  such  rights,  as  had  been  infringed 
since  the  year  1763. 

Congress,  soon  after  their  meeting,  agieed  upon 
a  declaration  of  their  rights,  by  which  it  was, 
among  other  things,  declared,  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  English  colonies,  in  North  Ameiica,  by  the 
immutable  laws  of  nature,  the  principles  of  the 
English  constitution,  and  the  several  charters   or 


*  This  rule  was  aclopli*d  from  policy.  Thn  firnincK,! 
of  two  or  three  nf  the  (ielegates  wbh  doubted  by  soiiip 
of  their  mure  determined  associates.  It  was  uppre- 
hendeil,  that  these  would  brini;  forward  some  tempo- 
risinf^  scheme  of  occommodation,  in  hopes  ihnt  it  wouhl 
operate  in  their  favour,  in  case  the  country  was  con- 
quered. The  majoritv  thouzht  it  more  equal,  that,  in 
every  event,  all  snould  stand  or  fall  ta|;cilier,  without 
separate  subterfuges.  Joseph  Gallaway  brought  for- 
ward such*  sehaiue,  which  was  rejected,  and,  of^  course, 
not  entered  on  ihe  journals ;  but  he  obtained  a  certifi- 
cate of  his  having;  done  mi.  ADer  he  had  joined  the 
British,  in  the  low  ebb  of  American  affairs,  which  look 
place  early  in  December,  1776,  he  produced  those  do- 
cuments, tD  prove,  that  he  hud  always  been  a  true  and 
loyal  subject.  The  oudinea  of  Galloway's  schernes 
were  a  neutral  coverniuent,  to  be  initituled  in  America, 
for  rceruliiting  all  the  common  concerns  of  the  colonies, 
tnd  to  be  administered  by  ft  president-general,  of  royal 
appointment,  with  executive  powers,  and  a  negative  on 
•11  proposed  acts  of  leginlation ;  together  with  ft  coun- 
ril,  to  be  appointed  by  the  provincial  assemblies.  The 
Icffiiiliiiive  Imdy  to  be '  incorporated  with  the  British  par- 
liament, so  fnr  that  the  assent  of  bolli  should  be  requi- 
site to  tlie  validity  of  all  general  acta  and  statutea,  which  | 
were  iuteifded  to  operate  over  both  countrici,  ' 


compacis,  were  entitled  to  life,  liberty,  and  pro 
pcrty  ;  and  that  they  had  never  ceded,  to  any  so- 
vereign power  wlialever,  a  right  to  dispose  of 
either,  willioul  their  consent.  That  their  ances- 
tors, who  first  settled  the  colonies,  were  entitled 
tu  all  the  riglils,  liberties,  and  immunities  of  free 
and  natural-born  subjects,  within  the  realm  of 
England,  and  by  iheir  migrating  to  America,  they 
by  no  means  f'orfeiled,  surrendered,  or  lost  any  of 
those  rights  ;  that  the  foundation  of  English  liber- 
ty, and  of  nil  free  government,  was  a  right,  in  the 
people,  to  participate  in  their  legislative  council; 
and  that  as,  the  English  colonists  were  not,  and 
could  not  be  properly  repiesented  in  the  Itritisli 
parliament,  they  were  entitled  to  a  free  and  ex- 
clusive power  of  legislation,  in  their  several  pro- 
vincial legislatures,  in  all  cases  of  taxation  and  in- 
ternal polity,  subject  only  to  the  negative  of  their 
sovereign.  They  then  ran  the  line,  between  the 
supreniacyof  parliament,  and  the  independency  of 
the  colonial  legislatures,  by  provisos  and  restric- 
tions, expressed  in  the  following  words  :  "  Hut, 
from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  and  a  regard  to  the 
mutual  interests  of  both  countries,  we  cheerfnlly 
consent  to  the  operation  of  such  acts  of  the  British 
parliament,  as  are,  bona  fide,  restrained  to  the  re- 
gulation of  our  external  coiuineice,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  the  commercial  advantages  of 
the  whole  empire  to  the  mother  country,  exclud- 
ing every  idea  of  taxation,  inlernal  and  external, 
fiir  raising  a  revenue  on  the  subjects  in  America 
without  Iheir  consent." 

This  was  the  very  hinge  of  the  controversy.— 
The  absolute,  unlimited  supremacy  of  Ihe  Itritisli 
parliament,  both  in  legislation  and  taxation,  was 
contended  for  on  one  side;  while,  on  llic  other,  no 
farther  authority  was  conceded,  than  such  a  limit- 
ed legislaliou,  with  regard  to  external  commerce, 
as  would  combine  the  interests  of  the  whole  em- 
pire. In  government,  as  well  as  in  religion,  there 
are  mysteries,  from  the  close  investigation  of  which 
little  advantage  can  be  expected.  From  the  unity 
of  the  empire,  it  was  necessary  that  some  acts 
should  extend  over  the  whole.  From  Ihe  local 
situation  of  the  colonies,  it  was  equally  reasonable 
that  their  legislatures  should,  at  least  in  some  mat- 
ters, be  independent.  Where  the  supremacy  of 
the  first  ended,  and  the  independency  of  the  last 
began,  was  to  the  best  informed  a  puzzling  ques- 
tion. A  different  state  of  tilings  would  exist  at 
this  day,  had  the  discussion  of  this  doubtful  point 
never  been  attempted. 

Congress  also  resolved,  that  the  colonists  were 
entitled  to  the  common  law  of  England,  and  more 
especially  to  the  privilege  of  being  tried  by  their 
peers  of  the  vicinage  ;  that  they  were  entitled  to 
the  benefit  of  such  of  the  English  stalutes  as  ex- 
isted at  the  time  of  their  colonization,  and  which 
they  had  found  to  be  applicable  to  their  local  cir 
cumstances,  and  also  to  the  immiinilies  and  privi- 
leges, gntnled  and  confirmed  to  them  by  royal 
chartei-s,  or  secured  by  provincial  laws  ;  that  they 
had  a  right  peaceably  to  assemble,  consider  of  their 
grievances,  and  petition  the  king;  that  the  keeping 
a  standing  army  in  ihecolonies,without  the  consent 
of  the  legislature  of  the  colony  where  the  army  was 
kepi,  was  against  law ;  that  it  was  indispensably  ne 
cessary  to  good  government,  and  rendered  essen- 
tial,by  iheEnglisli  constitution,thatthe  constituent 
branches  of  tlie  legislature  be  independent  of  each 
other ;  and  that,  therefore,  the  exercise  of  legisla- 
tive power,  in  several  colonies,  by  a  council,  ap- 
pointed during  pleasure  by  the  crown,  was  uncon- 
stitutional, dangerous,  and  destructive  to  Ihe  free- 
dom of  American  legislation.  All  of  these  liber- 
ties Congress,  in  behalf  of  themselves  and  their 
constituents,  claimed,  demanded,  and  insisted  tip- 
on,  as  their  indubitable  rights,  which  could  not  be 
legally  taken  from  them,  altered,  or  abridged,  by 
any  power  whatevei,  without  their  consent. 

Congress  then  resolved,  that  sundry  acts  which 
had  been  passeil  in  Ihe  reign  of  George  the  Third, 
were  infringements  and  violations  of  the  rights  of 
Ihe  colonists;  and  that  the  repeal  of  them  was  es- 
sentially necessary,  in  order  to  leslore  harmony 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  colonie*.     The 


acts  complained  of,  were  as  follow  :  the  seven 
acts  of  1  (jeorge  Ml.  ch.  1,5.  and  ch.  3ii — !i  (leo. 
lll.c'-  2'>— tideo.  III.fli..')2~7(ieo.  IlI.eh.  il, 
and  cli.  •»(» — 8  (ieo.  III.  ch.'.j2.  which  imposed  dn- 
lies  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  in  Aiiie- 
rica,  extended  the  power  of  the  admiralty  roiirls, 
beyond  Iheir  ancient  limits,  ileprivcd  llic  Aiiii'iicMi 
sui)jecls  of  trial  by  jury,  and  authorized  llie  jmlijc's 
certificate  lo  ideninify  the  prosecniur  Irinii  ilaiii- 
ages,  that  he  might,  otherwise,  be  liable  lo;  re- 
(|uiring  oppressive  security  from  a  claimant  of  >liips 
and  goods  seized,  before  he  was  allowed  lo  ilel'end 
his  property. 

Also,  I'J  (jeo.  III.  ch.  21  entitled,  "  An  act  for 
the  better  securing  his  majesty's  dock-yards,  ma- 
gazines, ships,  animunition,  and  stores,"' which  de- 
clares a  new  olVence  in  America,  and  deprives  the 
American  subjects  of  a  consiiiuiioiial  trial  by  jury 
of  the  vicinage,  by  authorizing  the  Inal  of  any 
peison,  charged  with  comniilling  any  oll'eiice,  de- 
scribed in  Ihe  said  act,  out  of  the  realm,  lo  be  in- 
dicleij  and  tried  for  the  same,  in  any  shire  or  conn 
ty  within  the  leahn. 

Also,  Ihe  three  act.<  passed  in  the  l.ist  session  of 
parliament,  for  stopping  the  port  and  blocking  up 
the  harbour  of  Boston;  for  alle>-'ng  the  charter 
and  government  of  !Massac>;..i.rlls  Bay  ;  anil  that 
which  is  entitled,  "  An  act  for  the  belter  adminis- 
tration of  justice,"  iVc. 

Also,  the  act  passed  in  the  same  session,  liir 
establishing  ihe  Roman  Catholic  religion,  in  the 
province  oi  Quebec,  abolishing  the  equitable  sys- 
tem of  English  laws,  and  erecting  a  tyranny  there, 
to  the  great  danger,  from  so  total  a  dissimilarity 
of  religion,  law,  and  government  of  the  neighbour- 
ing British  colonies,  by  the  assislanci  of  whose 
blood  and  treasure  Ihe  said  country  hal  been  con- 
quered from  France. 

Also  the  act  passed  in  the  same  sessin.i,  for  the 
better  providing  suitable  quarters  for  offii  r-rs   ami 
soldiers,  in  his  majesty's  service,  in  North   .'.iih: 
rica. 

Also,  that  the  keeping  a  standing  army  in  se- 
veral of  these  colonies,  in  time  of  peace.'williout 
the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  the  colony,  in 
which  such  army  was  kept,  was  against  law. 

Concress  declared,  that  they  could  not  siitimil 
to  these  grievous  acts  and  nieasures.  In  hopei 
that  their  fellow-subjects  in  Great  Britain  woiilil 
restore  the  colonies  to  that  state,  in  which  Inilli 
countries  found  happiness  and  prosperity,  lliev  re- 
solved, for  the  present,  only  to  pursue  tile  follow- 
ing peaceable  measures : 

1.  To  enter  into  a  non-importalion.  non-con- 
.sumption,  and  non-exp(>rlalion  agreement  or  asso- 
ciation. 

2.  To  prepare  an  address  to  the  people  of  (?ieai 
Britain,  and  a  memoiial  to  the  inhabitants  of  Bri- 
tish America. 

3.  To  prepare  !i  loyal  address  to  his  majesty. 
By  the   association  they  bound  themselves  and 

their  constituents,  "from  and  after  the  Isi  day  of 
Oecembet  next,  not  to  import  into  Brilish  Ameri 
ca,  from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  any  goods, 
wares,  or  merchandise,  whatsoever;  not  to  pur- 
chase any  slave,  imported  after  the  said  1st  day 
of  December;  not  to  purchase  or  use  anv  tea.  iin- 
poiled  on  account  of  the  East  India  coiiipany,  or 
any  on  which  a  duty  hath  been  or  shall  be  paid ; 
and,  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  the  next  ensu- 
ing March,  neither  to  purchase  or  use  any  East 
India  tea  whatever ;  that  Ihey  would  nol,  alter 
the  lOth  day  of  the  next  September  if  their  griev- 
ances were  not  previously  redressed,  export  anv 
commodity  whatsoever,  to  Great  Britain.  Irelanii, 
or  the  West  Indies,  except  rice  to  Euro|)e  ;  that 
the  merchants  should,  as  soon  as  possible,  write 
to  their  correspondents  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire 
land,  not  to  ship  any  goods  lo  Ihem  on  any  pretence 
whatever ;  that,  if  any  merchant  there  should  ship 
any  goods  for  America,  in  order  lo  contravene  the 
non-importation  agreement,  they  would  not  after- 
wards have  any  commercial  connexion  with  such 
merchant ;  that  such  as  were  owners  of  vessels, 
should  give  positive  orders  to  their  captains  am,' 
masters,  not  to  receive,  on  board  their  vessels,  any 


i 


esasm 


NORTH    ViMKUICA. 


87S 


gooils  priiliiliilfd  Ity  iheH^iid  ii(in-ini|iiiiiiil'iiiiiuuri'('- 
iiiPiil  ;  lliiit  (lii-y   iviiiild   UH«  tlicii    eiiilcaviiiiis   hi 
ini|iiuve  llit^  lii'ceil   ol  slii'rp,   and  jiuicaw   llirir 
iiujulicr  (II  tliu  jiicntest  exieiil ;  ihat  llicy  uiiiild 
('ii(M.iir»);e  I'lui^ulily,  ecoiioiiiy  and   imlnsiry,  and 
|ir«inijtu  »;;ncullurv,  arts  anil  Anu'riian  nianiirau- 
(iiii's ;  lliat  tlicy    would  disi'iiiinlcnaiicu  and   iljs- 
ruuraue  every  ipecicM  til  extravagance   and  ilissi- 
|iatliin ;  tliat,  iiii  the  death  nl'  relatiiini  or  Irlendii, 
thi'V  would  wear  nu  other  inouriiing  than  a  mnall 
|iiei'e  ol'blaek  cra|>c  or  rilibon;  that  such,  us  were 
venders  of  ({oods,  should  not  take  any  advantage 
(lithe  svurclty,  mo  as  to  raise  their  prices;  that, 
ilany  person  should  import  goods  alter  the  Ist 
day  of  Decenibcr,  and  beliire  the  1st  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, then  next  ensuing,  the  same  ought  w  be 
iininedialely  re-shipped,  or  delivered  up  to  a  coni- 
niiltee  to  be  stored  or  sold;  and    that,  in  the  last 
case,  all  the  clear  profits  should  be  applied  to- 
wards thereliel  of  the  iidiabilanis  of  Boston  ;  that, 
if  any  goods  should  be  imported  after  the  1st  day 
of  February,   the  next  ensuing,  they  should  be 
sent  back  without  breaking  any  of  the  packages; 
that  ronimittees  should  be  chosen  in  every  coun- 
ty, city,  and  town,  to  observe  the  conduct  of  all 
persons  touching  the  association,  and  to  publish, 
in  ga/.ctles,  the  names  of  the  violaicrs  of  it,  as 
flics  III  the  rights  of  Urilish  \merica:  that  the 
ciiinmltlees  of  correspondence,  in   the   respective 
ciiliinies,   frequently  inspect  the   entries  nf  their 
custom-houses,  and  inform  each  other,  from  time 
to  time,  of  the  true  state  thereof;  that  all  Ameri- 
can  manufactures   should   be  sold  at  reasonable 
piiccs,  and  no  advantages  to  be  taken  of  a  future 
scarcity    of  goods ;  and    lastly,  that  they    would 
have   no  dealings  or    intercourse   whatever,  with 
any  province  or  colony  of  North  America,  which 
sliiiuld  nut  accede  to,  or  should  violate  the  afore- 
said associations." 

These  several  resolutions  they  bound  themselves 
and  their  constituents,  by  the  sacred  ties  of  virtue, 
liiinour,  and  love  of  their  country,  to  observe  till 
their  grievances  were  redressed. 

In  their  address  to  the  people  of  (ireat  nritain, 
tlicy  complimented  them  for  having,  at  every 
hazard  maintained  their  independence,  and  trans- 
milled  the  rights  of  man,  and  the  blessings  of  lili- 
orty  to  their  posterity,  and  requested  them  not  lo  be 
surprised,  that  lliey,  who  were  descendants  from 
I  lie  same  common  ancesiors,  should  refuse  lo  sur- 
rt'odcr  their  righis,  liberties,  and  cnnstilutiiin. 
Tliey  proceeded  to  stale  their  rights  and  their 
grievances,  and  to  vindicate  themselves  from  the 
charges  of  being  seditious,  impatient  of  goretn- 
menl,  and  desirous  of  independency.  They  sum- 
ini'il  up  their  wishes  in  the  following  words : 
"  I'lace  ns  in  the  same  situation  in  which  we  were, 
ai  the  close  of  the  last  war,  and  our  former  har- 
iiKiny  will  be  restored.'" 

Ill  the  memorial  of  Congress  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  British  colonies,  they  recapitulated  the 
proceedings  of  Great  Britain  against  them, 
since  the  year  17G3,  in  order  to  impress  llieiii 
with  a  belief  that  a  deliberate  system  was  formed 
for  abridging  their  liberties.  They  then  proceed- 
ed to  slate  the  measures  they  had  adopted,  to 
counieract  this  system,  and  gave  the  reasons 
which  induced  them  to  adopt  the  same.  They 
encouraged  them  to  submit  to  the  inconveniences 
of  nonimportation  and  non-exportation,  by  desir- 
ing them,  '■  to  weigh,  in  the  opposite  balance,  the 
endless  miseries,  they  and  their  descendants  must 
enilme,  from  an  established  arbitrary  power."— 
They  concluded  with  informing  them,  "  that  the 
schemes  agitated  against  the  colonies,  had  been 
so  conducted  as  to  render  it  prudent  to  extend 
their  views  to  mournful  events,  and  to  be,  in  all 
respects,  prepared  for  every  contingency." 

In  the  petition  of  Congress  to  the  king,  they 
begged  leave  to  lay  their  grievances  before  the 
throne.  After  a  particular  enumeration  of  these, 
they  observed,  that  they  wholly  arose  from  a  de- 
structive system  of  colony  administratiiin,  adopt- 
ed since  the  conclusion  of  the  last  war.  They 
assured  bis  majesty,  that  they  had  made  such 
proviaiuu  fur  defraying  the  charges  of  the  admin- 


islralion  of  justice,  and  the  lupport  of  civil  gov-  the  rolnnics  lo  choose  depnlies  as  soon  at  possi 
eniiiirni,  as  had  hern  Jinlgnd  just  and  suitable  In  lile,  lo  he  ready  lo  :illenil  al  that  lime  and  iilace, 
llnir  ies|ic(;live  circniiislauces  ;  and  llial,  fur  llie  slioiild  rvenis  make  iliiir  mei'iing  neccs.i.uy." 
defence,  piolectiiin,  and  security  of  the  colonies,'  On  the  pnhlicalion  of  llie  proceedings  uiCiin- 
their  miliiia  would  be  fully  NiiDirienl  in  time  oflgress,  the  people  oblained  that  inlorniiilion  which 
peace;  and,  in  case  nf  war,  they  ncru    ready  and  Uhey  desired.     Zealous  lo  do  soineiliing  lor  their 


willing,  when  conslilulionally  required,  to  exert 
their  most  slrenuoiis  elforls  in  grunting  supplies, 
and  raising  forces.  They  said,  "  we  ask  but  for 
peace,  liberty  and  safely.  Wu  wish  not  a  diminu- 
tion of  the  prerogative  ;  nor  do  we  solicit  the 
grant  of  any  new  right  in  our  favour.  Voiir  royal 
aulhority  over  us,  and  our  connexion  with  (ireal 
Britain,  we  shall  always  carefully  and  y.ealously 
endeavour  to  support  and  maintain."  'J'liey  then 
solicited  for  a  redress  of  iheir  giiwanccs,  wIiilIi 
they  had  enumerated  ;  and,  appealing  lo  that  Be- 
ing, who  searches  thoroughly  the  hearts  of  bis 
creatures,  they  soleinnly  piolessed,  "  that  their 
councils  had  been  iniluencedliy  no  oihor  motives, 
than  a  dread  of  imponding  destruction."  They 
concluded  with  imploring  his  majesty,  "  for  llic 
honour  of  Alniighly  (iod,  for  his  own  glory,  for 
the  interests  of  his  family,  and  for  the  safety  of 
his  kingdom  and  dominions,  that  as  the  loving 
lather  of  his  whole  people,  connecled  by  the  same 
bonds  of  law,  loyalty,  failh,  and  liloiiil,  thiiugh 
dwelling  in  various  countries,  he  would  not  siilfer 
the  transcendent  relation,  formed  by  these  ties,  to 
be  farther  violated,  by  uncertain  expeclalioii  of 
ellects,  that,  if  attained,  never  could  compensale 
for  the  calamities,  through  which  they  must  be 
gained." 

The  congress  also  addressed  the  French  inliabi- 
lanls  of  Canada  ;  to  whom  they  staled  the  right 
they  had  on  becoming  Knglish  subjects,  to  the 
benefits  of  the  Knglish  constitution.  They  ex- 
plained what  these  rights  were ;  and  pointed  out 
the  dilference  between  the  conslitulion  imposed 
on  them  by  act  of  paillainent,  and  that  to  which, 
as  British  subjects,  they  were  entitled.  They  in- 
troduced their  countryman  Montesquieu,  as  repro- 
bating their  parliamentary  consliliiiiiin,  and  ex- 
horting them  to  join  their  fellow  colonists,  in  sup- 
pott  of  their  cominon  righis,  They  earnestly  in- 
vited them  to  join,  with  the  other  colonies,  in  one 
social  compact,  formed  on  the  generous  principles 
of  equal  liberty,  and  to  this  end  recomiiiended,  that 
ihey  would  choose  delegates  to  represent  them  in 
Congress. 

All  these  addresses  were  written  with  uncom- 
mon ability.  Coming  from  the  heart,  they  were 
calculated  to  move  it.  Inspired  by  a  love  o*' liber- 
ty, and  roused  by  a  sense  of  common  danger,  the 
patriots  nf  that  day  spoke,  wiole  and  acted,  with 
an  animaliun  unknown  in  times  of  public  tran- 
quility :  but  it  was  not  so  much,  on  the  probable 
ell'ect  of  these  addresses,  that  Congress  founded 
their  hopes  of  obtaining  a  ledress  of  their  griev- 
ances, as  on  the  consequences  which  Ihey  expec- 
ted from  the  operation  of  their  non-importation, 
and  non-exportation  agreement.  The  success 
that  had  followed  the  adoption  of  measures,  simi- 
lar to  the  former,  in  two  preceding  instances,  had 
encouraged  the  colonists  to  expect  much  from  a 
repetition  of  it.  They  indulged  in  extravagant 
opinions  of  the  importance  of  their  trade  lo  (Jreat 
Britain  The  measure  of  the  nonexporlation  of 
their  commodities  was  a  new  expedient ;  and,  from 
that,  even  more  was  expected,  than  from  the  non 
importation  agreement.  They  supposed,  that  it 
would  produce  such  extensive  distress  among  the 
merchants  and  manufacturers  of  tiieat  Britain, 
and,  especially  among  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bri- 
tish West  India  Islands,  as  would  induce  their 
general  co-operation,  in  procuring  a  redress  of 
American  grievances.  Kvents  proved  that  young 
nations,  like  young  people,  are  prone  to  overate 
their  own  importance. 

Congress  having  finished  all  this  important  bu- 
siness, in  less  than  eight  weeks,  dissolved  them- 
selves, on  the  20lh  of  October,  after  giving  their 
opinion,  "that  aniilher  congress  should  be  held  on 
the  10th  of  .May,  next  ensuing,  at  I'hiladelphia, 
unless  the  redress  of  their  grievances  should  be 
previously  obtained,"  and  recommeudiDg,  "  to  aU 


country,  they  patieiilly  wailed  for  the  decision  oi 
that  body,  lo  whose  direction  they  had  lesigned 
Ihemselves.  Their  delerininalions  \;ere  no  siioni'r 
known,  than  cheerfully  obeyed.  Thiiiigli  Ihi-ir 
power  was  only  advisory,  yet  their  recoiiinienil.i- 
lions  were  more  generally  and  more  cHicliially 
carried  into  execution,  than  the  laws  of  the  best 
regulated  stales.  Kvery  individual  fell  his  liber 
ties  endangered,  and  was  impressed  with  an  idea, 
that  his  >:ifely  consisted  ill  iiiiiiiii.  \  coiniiinn  in- 
terest in  warding  oil' a  coinmim  danger,  proved  a 
poweiful  incentive  to  the  most  implicit  subniission, 
rruvinciji  congresses  and  subordinate  coinmiilees 
wer«  every  where  instituted.  Thu  resolutions  ol 
the  continental  congress  were  sanctioned  with  the 
universal  approbation  of  these  new  representative 
bodies  ;  and  iiisliliitions  were  formed  under  their 
directions  lo  curry  them  into  ell'ect. 

The  ri'guhirconslilulional  assemblies,  also,  gave 
their  assent  lo  the  measures  recommeniled.  Thu 
asHembly  of  New  Vork  was  the  only  legislature, 
which  withheld  its  approbation.  Their  metropo- 
lis had  long  been  head  qnailers  of  the  British  ar 
my  in  the  coloiiies;  and  many  of  llieir  best  fami- 
lies were  ciiniicclcd  with  the  people  of  inlliience  in 
(■real  Britain.  The  unequal  distrilinliiin  of  their 
land  fosteicdan  arislocratic  spirit.  From  the  ope- 
ration of  lIu'SB  and  other  causes,  the  parly  fur  roy- 
al government  was  both  more  numerous  and  re- 
spectable in  New  Vork,  than  in  the  oilier  colo- 
nies. 

The  iissenilily  of  Pennsylvania,  though  com- 
posed of  a  majority  of  (Quakers,  or  of  those  win 
were  fri.'ndly  to  their  inleresi,  was  the  lirst  leg.i 
body  of  representatives,  that  ralilied  iiiianiniiinsly, 
the  ads  of  the  general  congress.  They  iiiil  only 
voted  tlieii  approbalion  of  what  llial  iioily  hiid 
done,  but  appointed  ineinbers  to  lepieseni  iheni 
in  the  iic'v  congress,  proposed  lo  be  held  on  llio 
lOlli  day  of  May  next  ensuing;  and  took  sundry 
steps  to  put  the  province  in  a  posiiiie  of  defriic". 

To  lelieve  the  distresses  of  the  people  of  Bos- 
ton, liberal  collections  were  made,  lliroughuul  llie 
colonics,  and  forwarded  for  the  supply  of  their 
immedialc  necessities.  Doineslic  inaiiiHacliiies 
were  encouraged,  that  the  wants  of  the  iiihaliiianis, 
from  the  non-importation  agrermeni,  miglil  lie  di- 
minished ;  and  llie  greatest  zeal  was  discovered  by 
a  large  majority  of  the  people,  to  com|ily  wiili  llie 
delerminalion  of  these  new  made  lepieseiilalivc 
bodies.  In  this  manner,  while  the  forms  oil  he  old  go- 
vernment subsisted,  a  new  and  indepeiideiil  -luiiiori- 
ty  was  virtually  established.  It  was  so  iiniveisally 
the  sense  of  the  people,  that  the  piililic  gniiil  re- 
quired a  compliance  with  the  reconiinendalionsof 
Congress,  that  any  man  who  discovered  an  anxiety 
about  the  continuance  of  trade  and  business,  was 
considered  as  a  selfish  inilividiial;  prel'erriiii;  pri- 
vate interesi  to  the  good  of  his  couiiliy.  Under 
the  influence  of  these  principles,  ilie  inleinperale 
zeal  nf  the  populace  transported  them,  lieqiiently, 
so  far  beyond  the  limits  of  moderation,  as  lo  ap- 
ply singular  punishmenls  to  particular  persons, 
who  contravened  the  general  sense  of  the  ciiin- 
muniiy. 

One  of  these  was  forcibly  snbjecling  llie  obnox- 
ious persons  to  a  stream  of  cold  water,  discharged 
on  them  from  a  spout  of  a  pump.  Aiiolher  an. 
more  serious  one  was,  after  smearing  their  bodies 
with  tar,  to  roll  them  in  feathers,  and  uv)>o.se 
them,  thus  covered  with  tar  and  fe  ilhers,  lo  the 
ridicule  of  spectators.  A  mine  comiiion  mod» 
was  to  treat  them  with  conlcmpi  and  scorn,  aris- 
ing ill  particular  cases,  to  such  a  lieiuh;,  as  to 
abstain  from  all  social  intercourse  with  them 
Fri.'quently  iheir  names  were  stuck  up  in  public 
places,  with  the  appellation  of  lories,  tiaitors, 
cowards,  enemies  to  theeounlry.  iVc. 

The  British  ministry  were  not  less  disappointed 
tb^n  mortified,  at  this  unexpected  combiuatiou  of 


876 


TIIK    HISTORY    OF 


the  culoniei.  Tlinji  hud  flatli-ri'd  tlicnisrlvcsi 
wilbu  belief,  thiit  the  iiialconleiilH  in  KohIoii  were 
n  aniiill  (iiirly,  heiiiied  by  n  iVw  t'actiiiuH  iiiimi,  :ind 
tU»t  ilie  niiijiirily  of  ilie  iiihiiblt.inls  woiihl  nrrRiiKe 
(heiiHelvet)  oi)  ilie  sidr  of  Kovvniiiu'iit,  u»  sonn  n» 
thoy  foiiiiil  (ireut  Britain  determined  to  support 
her  Hiiihurily;  und,  should  even  Miissachusetts 
tiike  pHrt  with  its  oH'endinK  cnpilnl,  they  could  not 
believe  iliut  the  other  colonies  would  make  ucom- 
Duin  cDuiie,  in  supportin){  so  inicni|)erate  u  colony : 
but  should  even  that  expectation  fail,  Ihey  con- 
ceived that  their  nssociatinn  must  be  founded  on 
principles  so  adverse  to  the  interests  and  feelings 
of  individuals,  that  it  could  not  beof  long  duration. 
They  were  encoumged  in  these  ill-founded  opi- 
nions, by  the  recollection,  that  the  colonies  were 
frequently  quarrelling  about  boundaries,  clashing 
In  interests,  dilTering  in  policy,  manners,  customs, 
forms  of  government,  and  religion,  and  under  the 
intluence  of  a  variety  of  local  prejudices,  jealou- 
sies, and  aversions.  They  also  remembered  the 
obstacles,  which  prevented  the  colonies  from  act- 
nig  together,  in  the  execution  of  schemes,  planned 
for  their  own  defence,  in  the  late  war  against  the 
French  and  Indians.  The  failure  of  the  expected 
co-operation  of  the  colonies,  in  one  uniform  sys- 
tem, at  that  lime,  was  not  only  urged  by  the  Bri- 
tish ministry,  as  a  reason  for  parliamentary  control 
over  the  whole,  but  flattered  them  with  a  delusive 
hope,  that  ihey  never  could  be  brought  to  combine 
their  counsels  and  their  arms.  Perhaps  the  colo- 
nists apprehended  more  danger  fioin  British  en- 
croachments, on  their  liberties,  than  from  French 
encroachment,  on  Indian  territories,  in  their  neigh- 
bourhood :  or  more  probably,  the  time  to  part  be- 
ing come,  the  Governor  of  the  Universe,  by  a  se- 
cret influence  on  their  minds,  disposed  them  lo 
union.  From  whatever  cause  it  proceeded,  it  is 
certain,  that  a  dis|Hisition  to  do,  lo  suffer,  and  to 
accommodate,  spread  from  breast  to  breast,  and 
from  colony  to  colony,  beyond  the  reach  of  human 
calculation.  It  seemed  as  though  one  mind  in- 
spired the  whole.  The  merchants  put  far  behinil 
them  the  gains  of  trade,  and  cheerfully  submitted 
to  a  total  stoppage  of  business,  in  obedience  to  the 
recommendations  of  men,  invested  with  no  legis- 
lative powers.  The  cultivators  of  the  soil,  with 
great  unanimity,  assented  to  the  determination. 
that  the  hard-earned  produce  oi  ilieir  farms  should 
remain  unshipped,  although,  in  case  of  a  free  ex- 
portation, many  would  have  been  eager  to  have 
purchased  it  from  them,  at  advanced  prices.  The 
sons  and  daughters  of  ease  renounced  imported 
conveniences;  and  voluntarily  engaged  to  eat, 
drink,  ind  wear,  only  such  articles  as  their  coun- 
try aftorded.  These  sacrifices  were  made,  not 
from  the  pressure  of  present  distress,  but  on  the 
generous  principle  of  sympathy  with  an  invaded 
sister  colony,  and  the  pnident  |)olicy  of  guarding 
against  a  precedent  which  might,  on  a  future  day, 
operate  against  their  liberties. 

This  season  of  universal  distress  exhibited  a 
■triking  proof,  how  practicable  it  is  for  mankind 
to  sacrifice  ease,  pleasure,  and  interest,  when  the 
mind  is  strongly  excited  by  its  passions.  In  the 
midst  of  their  sullerings,  cheerfulness  appeared  in 
the  face  of  all  the  people.  They  counted  every 
thing  cheap  in  comparison  with  liberty,  and  rea- 
dily gave  up  whatever  tended  to  endanger  it.  A 
noble  strain  of  generosity  and  mutual  support  was 
generally  excited.  \.  great  and  powerful  diffusion 
of  public  spirit  took  place.  The  animation  of  the 
times  raised  the  actors  in  these  scenes  above 
themselves,  and  excited  them  to  deeds  of  self-de- 
nial, which  the  interested  prudence  of  calmer  sea- 
ions  can  scarcely  credit. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Ttvnsactiont  in  Great  Britain  in  consequence  of  the  pro- 
ceedini^B  of  Congress,  in  1774. 

SoMK  time  before  the  proceedings  of  Congress 
reached  England,  it  was  justly  apprehended,  that 
i  Doa-importation  agreement  would  be  one  of  the 


iiKMHuri'M  Ihey  would  adopt.  The  ministry,  ap- 
pri'hciiilingthat  this  event,  by  distressing  the  tmd- 
iiig  anil  inanufaciuring  towns,  might  influence 
votes  uKaiiisl  the  court,  in  the  election  of  a  new 
parliament,  which  was  of  course  to  come  on  in  the 
succeeding  year,  suddenly  dissolved  the  parlia- 
■nent,  and  immediately  ordered  a  new  one  to  be 
chosen.  It  was  their  design  to  have  the  whole 
business  of  elections  ovei,  before  the  inconveni- 
ences of  a  non-im|iortalion  agreement  could  be 
fell.  The  nation  was  thus  surpiised  into  an  elec- 
tion, without  knowing  that  the  late  American  acts 
had  driven  the  colonies  into  a  firm  combination,  to 
support,  and  make  a  common  cause  with,  the  peo- 
ple of  Massachusetts.  A  new  parliament  was  re- 
turned ;  which  met  in  thirty-four  days  after  the 
proceedings  of  Congress  were  first  published  in 
Philadelphia,  and  beUire  they  were  known  in  Great 
Britain.  This,  for  the  most  part,  consisted,  either 
of  the  former  members,  or  of  those  who  held  simi- 
lar sentiments. 

On  the  30lh  of  November,  the  king,  in  his 
speech  to  his  new  parliament,  informed  them, 
"  that  a  most  daring  spirit  of  resistance  and  diso- 
bedience to  the  laws,  unhappily  prevailed  in  the 
province  of  Massachusetts,  and  had  broken  forth 
in  fresh  violences  of  a  very  criminal  nature  ;  that 
these  proceedings  had  been  courtenanced  and  en 
couraged  in  his  other  colonies;  '.hat  unwarrantable 
attemplshad  been  made  lo  obstruct  the  commerce 
of  his  kingdotr),  by  unlawful  combinations  ;  and 
that  he  had  taken  such  nieasires,  and  given  such 
orilers,  as  hejudged  most  proper  and  efl'eclual,  for 
carrying  into  execution  the  laws,  which  were  pass- 
ed in  the  last  session  of  the  late  parliauient,  rela- 
tive to  the  province  of  Massachusetts." 

An  address,  proposed  in  the  house  of  commnns, 
in  answer  lo  this  speech,  |)roducpd  a  uarni  de- 
bate. The  minister  was  reminded  of  the  great 
elfects,  he  had  predicted  from  the  late  American 
acts  :  "  They  were  to  humble  that  whole  conti- 
nent, without  farther  trouble  ;  and  the  punishment 
of  Boston  was  to  strike  so  universal  a  panic  in  all 
the  colonies,  that  it  would  be  loftily  abandoned, 
and,  instead  of  obtaining  relief,  a  tiread  of  the 
same  fate  would  awe  the  other  provinces,  to  a 
most  respectful  submission."  An  addiess,  re-echo- 
ing the  royal  speech  was,  nevertheless,  carried  by 
a  great  majority.  A  similar  address  was  carried, 
after  a  spirited  debate,  in  the  upper  house:  but 
the  lotds  Richinond,  Portland, Rockingham,  Stam- 
ford, Stanhope,  Torriiigton,  Ponsonby,  Wycombe, 
and  Camden  entered  a  protest  against  it,  which 
concluded  wilh  these  remarkable  words:  "  What- 
ever may  be  the  mischievous  designs,  or  the  incon- 
siderate temerity  which  lead  others  to  this  despe- 
rate course,  we  wish  to  be  known  as  persons,  who 
have  disapproved  of  measuies  so  injurious  in  their 
past  eflects,  and  future  tendency,  and  who  are  not 
in  haste,  without  inquiry  or  information,  to  com- 
mit ourselves  iu  declaratio.n.i,  which  may  precipi- 
tate our  country  into  all  the  calamities  of  a  civil 
war." 

Soon  after  the  meeting  of  the  new  parliament, 
the  proceedings  of  the  congress  reached  Great 
Britain.  The  first  impression,  made  by  them,  was 
in  favour  of  America.  Administration  seemed  lo 
be  staggered  ;  and  theiropposers  triumphed,  in  the 
eventual  truth  of  their  prediction,  that  an  univer- 
sal confederacy,  to  resist  great  Britain,  would  be 
the  consequence  of  the  late  American  acts.  The 
secretary  of  state,  afier  a  day's  perusal,  during 
which  a  council  was  held,  said  that  the  petition  of 
Congress,  to  the  king,  was  a  decent  and  proper  one. 
He  also  cheerfully  undcitook  to  present  it ;  and 
afterwards  reported,  that  his  majesty  was  pleased 
very  graciously  to  receive  it ;  and  lo  promise  to  lay 
it  before  his  two  houses  of  parliament.  Fruui 
these  favourable  circumstances,  the  sanguine 
friends  of  America  concluded,  thai  it  was  intend- 
ed to  make  the  petition  a  foundation  of  a  change 
of  measures  ;  bnl  these  hopes  wsre  of  short  dura- 
tion. 

The  partizans  of  administration  placed  so  much 
confidence  in  the  eflicacy  of  the  measures,  they 
had  litely  taken,  to  bring  th«  Americans  to  obe- 


dience, that  they  regarded  the  boldest  resoliiliom 
of  Congress,  as  the  iille  clamours  of  an  unruly 
mullilude,  which  prii|ii'r  I'xi'riions  iiii  ilie  ^iiirl  of 
Great  llhlain  would  Hpi'i'dlly  slieiire,  ,'<(,  much 
hail  been  asserted  and  coiilriidii'li-il  hy  tmih  parlies, 
that  the  bulk  of  the  people  could  I'nriii  no  cerlain 
opinion  on  the  subject. 

The  parliament  adjourned  for  the  Clirislinas 
holidays,  without  coining  tiiany  derisiniinii  Ame- 
rican atfaiis.  As  soon  as  they  met,  in  Jaiuiiiiy, 
177,5,  a  number  of  papers,  cnnlaining  iiifiirniuiinn, 
were  laid  before  them.  These  were  mostly  Id- 
lers from  governors,  and  other  servants  of  his 
majesty,  which  detailed  the  opposition  of  the  co- 
lonists, in  language  calculated  to  give  a  bad  im- 
pression of  their  past  conduct,  and  an  alarming 
one  of  their  future  intentions. 

It  was  a  circumstance  unfavourable  to  the  lov 
ers  of  peace,  that  the  rulers  of  Great  Britain  re 
cieved  almost  the  whole  of  their  American  iiiii'l- 
ligence  from  those,  who  had  an  interest  in  deceiv- 
ing them.  Governors,  judges,  revenue  ofliieis, 
and  other  royal  servants,  being  both  appointed  and 
paid  by  (treat  Britain,  fancied  that  y.eal,  for  iIih 
interest  of  that  country,  would  be  the  most  likelv 
way  to  insuie  their  farther  proiniilinn.  Tliev 
were  therefore,  in  their  official  despalrlies  to  i;ii'- 
Ternment,  often  tempted  to  abuse  the  riilnnisis, 
with  a  *iew  of  magnifying  their  own  walclil'iiliit'ss. 
and  leciimmeiiding  themselves  to  Gieat  Itrilain. 
The  plain,  simple  language  of  truth  was  iiol  iic- 
ceptable  lo  courtly  ears.  Ministers  receiveil  :iiiil 
caressed  those  and  those  only,  whose  repieseiila- 
lioiis  coincided  wilh  their  own  views  anil  wishes. 
Tlicy,  nhoeonleniledtlial,  by  the  spirit  iifllie  Kii^- 
lisli  cnnstilution,  British  subjects,  resiiliiii;  on  one 
side  of  the  Ailaiitic,  were  entitled  lo  eipial  privi- 
leges, with  those  who  resided  on  the  other,  »imi> 
unnoticed  ;  while  the  ahbettiirs  of  ministerial  iiiim- 
sures  were  heard  with  atteiilion. 

In  this  hour  of  national  infatuation,  lord  Chat- 
ham, after  a  long  retirement,  resumed  his  simi  in 
the  house  of  lorils,  and  exerted  his  iiniivalii'd  elo- 
quence, in  sundry  attempts  to  dissuade  hisciiuiiuv- 
inen  from  attempting  lo  subdue  the  Americans  hy 
foice  of  arms.  The  native  dignily  of  his  su|ii'riiii 
genius  and  the  recollection  of  his  imporlant  ser- 
vices entitled  liim  to  distinguished  notice.  His 
language,  voice,  and  gesture,  were  calciilaieil  ti> 
force  conviction  on  his  hearers.  Thouiih  venera- 
ble for  his  age  he  spoke  wilh  the  fire  of  voiiih.  He 
introduced  himself  wilh  some  general  observaliiins 
oil  the  importance  of  the  American  i|uarrel.  He 
enlarged  on  the  dangeioiis  events  that  were  roni- 
ing  on  the  nation,  in  consequence  of  the  piesmt 
dispute.  He  arraigned  the  conduct  of  miiiisiers. 
with  great  severity  ;  repiobated  their  whole  sys- 
tem of  American  politics  ;  and  moved  that  an  hum- 
ble address  be  pie.sented  to  his  majesty,  most 
humbly  to  advise  and  beseech  him.  to  despatch 
orders  to  General  Gage,  to  remove  his  majesty's 
forces  from  the  town  of  Boston.  His  lordship 
supported  this  motion  in  a  pathetic  animated 
speech ;  but  it  was  rejected  by  a  great  majority. 
From  this  and  other  circumstances,  it  soon  be- 
came evident,  thai  the  Americans  could  expect  no 
more  favour  from  the  new  parliament,  than  iliey 
had  experienced  from  the  late  one.  A  majority 
in  both  houses  were  against  them,  and  resolved  lo 
compel  ihem  lo  obedience  :  but  a  respectable  mi- 
nority in  their  favoui  was  strongly  seconded  liy 
petitions,  from  the  merchants  and  manufacturers, 
throughout  the  kingdom,  and  particularly  from 
those  of  London  and  Bristol,  As  these  were 
well  apprised  of  Ilie  consequences,  that  must  fol- 
low from  the  prosecution  of  coercive  measures, 
and  deeply  interested  in  the  event,  they  made  un- 
common exertions  lo  prevent  their  adoption.  They 
pointed  out  the  various  evils,  that  would  result 
from  them,  and  warned  their  countrymen  of  the 
danger  lo  which  their  commercial  interests  were 
exposed. 

When  the  petition  from  the  merchants  of  Lon- 
don was  read  in  the  house  of  conuiioiis.  it  was 
moved  lo  refer  it  lo  the  committee  appointed  lo 
take  into  consideration  the  American  papers ;  but 


NOKTH    AM  BRfCA. 


Ml  rcMiiliiiioiii' 
III  'III   iiiiriily 

I  'III'  (i.irl  iif 
'■     f^o  i:iiii-/i 

'"'III  |iiirli(i"i, 

II  111)  cfiliiin 

IP  <'liriitimns 

niiiinm  AiiiH- 

ili   ••■iniiiiry, 

iiili>i'iiiiiii<iii, 

lllOKtl^'    ||.|. 

•Viinla    of'  hM 

I'n  of  tlin  CO- 

ve  a  bill)  ini- 

nil  iiliiiming 


I  of  Lori- 
i<  it  \va.4 
limej  to 
ers;  but 


it  wn!i  nidvpil  by  wiiy  of  iiinenUimmt,  on  (li«  inin- 
iiierlal  Mr,  t)i»l  it  Hliniild  bt>  rrfcirnl  lo  a  Hf|)nriili< 
coiiiinnri  ,  III  iiircl  iin  lliv27lli,  tbr  diiy  •iiirri'i'd- 
iim  ilint  '.i|i|iiiiiMi'il  fur  till!  ('oiiKidcrilioii  iif  Ami'- 
riu'iii  |>ii|ii'ix.  'I'liis,  lliiiiiith  :i  diMliiiiioiiralilr  cva- 
siiiii,  »';iM  I'liiiird  by  a  iiiajurily  of  iiiorv  lliaii  two 

lo  1)111'. 

A  Hiiiiiliii  faK*  atli'iided  llic  pi-lilioii!)  frn.ii  Drix- 
lol,  (iliis«ow,  Niirwiib,  Livcriiool,  Maiiclii'sn-r, 
nil  iniimliaiii,  \Vi)iiI('<mIiuiii|)I()Ii,  Dudley,  anil  Nome 
oilier  [ilaeeH.  'I'liese,  on  their  being  presenled, 
were  in  like  manner  coniiiKncd  to,  what  the  op- 
IxMilion  huiiioutously  lermeil  the  coinniitlcu  of 
nblivioii. 

About  the  xaiiie  time,  n  petition  wns  otfered  Iroiii 
Mr.  liiillan.  Or.  Franklin,  .mil  Mr.  Lee,  mntinK 
that  lliey  were  authorized  by  Oonttreas  lo  preoent 
llii'ir  petilion  to  the  kin)!,  which  hisi  niajesly  had 
referred  to  that  house  i  that  tliey  were  enabled  lo 
Ihriitv  titeat  litihl  un  the  unbject  ;  and  praying  lo 
be  heard  at  the  bar  in  »iippor:  of  the  aaiil  petilion. 
'I'lie  frienilH  ol  the  ministry  alleged,  that  aa  (,'nn< 
(iresN  uas  not  a  le^'al  body,  nothing  could  be  re- 
ceived from  them.  It  was  in  vain  replied,  that 
l!ie  riiiiures)!,  hiiwever  illegal  ua  to  other  pur|)o- 
ses,  was  suffieiently  legal  for  presenting  a  petition; 
thai,  as  it  was  siuned  by  the  individnai  members 
of  (.'oiigress,  it  might  be  received  as  a  petition 
from  individuals  ;  that  the  signers  were  persons 
of  great  inllueiice  in  America  ;  and  that  it  was 
till'  right  of  all  subjects  to  have  their  petitions 
heard. 

Ill  the  coiirse  of  the  debate  on  lord  Chatham's 
iiiDlion,  for  adihessiiig  his  majesty  lo  withdraw 
his  troops  from  Hoslon,  it  had  been  observed,  by 
fiiiiiii'  liii'ds  in  administration,  that  it  was  common 
and  easy  to  censure  their  measures;  but  those 
wlm  iliii  so  proposed  nothing  belter.  Lord  Chal- 
liam  ansnered,  that  he  should  not  be  one  of  those 
jille  (ensnieis;  llial  he  liad  thought  long  and 
iliisi'lv  upiin  the  subject:  ami  purposed  soon  lo 
lav  hil'cire  their  lordships  the  result  of  his  niedita- 
lii'iiis,  ill  a  plan  for  healing  the  ditlerenees  between 
(ileal   Hrilaiii  and  the  colonies,  and   for  restoring 

peace  lo  th iipire.     When  he  had   matured  his 

plan,  he  introduced  il  into  the  house,  in  the  form 
of  a  bill,  for  settling  the  troubles  in  America.  In 
iliis  he  proposed,  that  ihe  colonists  should  make  a 
full  ncknowledgment  of  ihe  supremacy  of  the  le- 
gislalme,  and  the  siiperiiitemling  power  of  the 
Hiilish  parliament.  The  bill  did  not  absolutely 
d.,'-ideonlhe  riL'lil  of  taxation  ;  but  partly,  as  a 
matliir  of  grace,  and  partly  as  a  compromise,  de- 
clared ami  enacled,  ••that'  no  tax,  or  oilier  charge, 
should  be  levied  in  America, excepl  by  common  con- 
sent in  their  provincial  assemblies."  It  asserted  Ihe 
litfhl  of  the  king,  lo  send  a  legal  army  lo  any  part 
of  his  dominions  at  all  times:  but  declared,  "that 
no  military  force  could  ever  be  lawfully  employed, 
to  violate  iir  destroy  the  just  rights  of  the  peo|)le." 
It  also  legalized  the  holding  a  congress,  in  the  en- 
suing May,  for  the  doulile  purpose,  "of recogni- 
zing iho  supreme  legislative  authority,  and  super- 
intending power  of  parliament  over  the  colonies; 
and  for  making  a  free  grant  to  the  king,  his  heirs, 
and  successors,  of  a  certain  and  perpetual  reve- 
nue subject  to  the  ilisposition  of  parliament,  and 
applicable  to  the  aJleviation  of  the  national  debt." 
On  these  conditions  the  bill  proposed.  "  to  rcstniin 
the  (lowers  of  the  admiralty  courts  to  their  ancient 
limits :  and  suspended,  for  a  limited  time,  those  acts 
which  had  been  complained  of  by  Congresa."Il  pro- 
posed to  plnce  the  judges,  in  America,  on  the  same 
footing.as  to  the  holding  of  their  salaries  and  ofTices, 
with  those  in  Kngland  ;  and  secured  to  the  colo- 
nies all  the  privileges,  francliises,  and  immunities, 
granted  by  their  several  charters  and  constitutions. 
Ilis  lordship  introduced  this  plan  wiih  a  speech,  in 
which  he  explained,  and  supported  erery  part  of 
it.  \Vlien  he  sat  down,  lord  Dartmouth  rose,  and 
said  "  it  contains  matter  of  such  magnitude  as  to 
require  consideiation  ;  and  therefore  hoped,  that 
the  noble  e;irl  did  not  expect  their  lordships  to  de- 
cide iipon  it,  by  an  immediate  vole;  but  would  be 
willing  it  should  lie  on  the  tabic  for  considera- 
tion."    Lord   Chatham   answeied,  "  that  he  ex- 


pected nu  more  :"  but  lord  Sandwich  ruse,  and,  in 
a  petulant  speech,  opposed  its  being  received  at  all, 
and  gave  his  opinion,  "11111  it  miglil  iimnediali'ly 
lo  be  rejected,  with  the  conleiiipl  il  deserved  ; 
that  he  could  not  believe  it  to  be  ihe  production 
of  any  Dritisli  peer ;  that  it  appeared  lo  him  ra- 
ther the  work  of  some  American  ;"  and,  turning 
his  face  towards  Dr.  Kranklin,  who  was  leaning  on 
the  bar,  said,  "he  fancied  he  had  in  his  eye  Ihe 
person  who  drew  it  up ;  one  of  the  bitterest  and 
most  mischievous  enemies  this  country  had  ever 
known."  This  turned  the  eyes  of  many  lords  on 
the  insulted  American,  who  with  that  self-coni- 
iiinnd,  which  is  peculiar  to  great  minds,  kept  his 
countenance  unmoved.  Several  other  lords  of 
the  adminiitrntion  gave  their  sentiments,  also, 
for  rejecting  lord  Chatham's  conciliatory  bill ; 
urging  that  it  not  only  gave  n  sanction  to  the  trai- 
torous proceedings  of  Iho  congress  already  held, 
but  legalized  their  future  meeting.  They  enlarged 
on  the  rebellious  temper,  and  hostile  (lisposition 
of  the  Americans;  and  said,  "that,  though  the 
duly  on  tea  was  the  pretence,  the  restrictions  on 
their  commerce,  and  the  hopes  of  thiowing  them 
oil',  were  the  real  motives  of  their  disobedience; 
and  that  lo  concede  now,  would  be  to  give  up  the 
point  for  ever." 

The  dukes  of  Richmond  and  Manchester,  lord 
Camden,  lord  Lyitleton,  and  others  were  for  re- 
ceiving lord  Chalham's  conciliatory  bill;  some 
from  approbation  of  ils  principles;  but  others  only 
from  a  regard  to  tlic  charjcter  and  dignity  of  the 
house. 

Lord  Dartmouth,  who,  Irom  indecision,  rarely 
had  any  will  or  judgment  of  his  own,  and  who,  wjtii 
dispositions  for  the  best  measures,  could  be  easily 
prevailed  upon  to  join  in  support  of  the  worst,  find- 
ing the  opposition  from  his  coadjutors  in  admlnis- 
Iralion  unexpectedly  strong,  turned  round,  and 
gave  his  voice  with  them  for  immediately  reject- 
ing tl:r  plan.  Lord  Chatham,  in  reply  to  lord  Sand- 
wich, declared,  "the  bill  proposed  by  him  lo  be 
entirely  his  own ;  but  he  made  no  scruple  to  de- 
clare,iliat,if  he  were  the  first  minister  of  the  coun- 
try, and  had  the  care  of  settling  this  momentous 
business,  he  should  not  be  ashamed  of  publicly 
calling  lo  his  assistance  a  person,  so  perfectly  ac- 
(juainted  with  the  whole  of  the  American  affairs 
as  the  genllemaii  alliideil  to,  and  so  injuriously  re- 
llecled  upon  (Dr.  Kranklin  :)  one  whom  all  Kuiope 
held  in  high  estimation  for  his  knowledge  and  wis- 
dom, and  lankeil  with  the  Itoylcs  and  Ncwtons, 
who  was  an  honour  not  only  to  the  Knglish  nation 
but  lo  human  nature." 

The  plan  proposed  by  lord  Chatham  was  reject- 
ed, by  a  majority  of  sixty-four  to  tliirly-two;  and 
without  being  admitted  to  lie  on  the  l:ible.  That 
a  bill  on  so  important  a  subject,  olfered  by  one  of 
the  first  men  of  the  age,  and  who,  as  prime  minis- 
ter of  Ihe  nation,  had,  but  a  (vw  years  liefoie,  ta- 
ken up  (ireat  Hrilain,  when  in  a  low  despondency, 
and  conducted  her  to  victory  and  glory,  through  a 
war  with  two  of  the  most  powerful  kingdoms  of 
Kurope, should  be  rejected  without  any  considera- 
tion, or  even  a  second  rending,  was  not  only  a 
breach  of  decency,  but  a  d»|)artnre  fiom  that  pro- 
priety of  conduct  which  should  mark  the  proceed- 
ings of  x  branch  of  the  national  legislature.  It 
could  not  but  strike  every  thinking  American,  that 
such  legislators,  inlluenced  by  passion,  prejudice, 
and  party  spirit,  many  of  whom  were  totally  igno- 
rant of  the  subject,  and  who  would  not  give  them- 
selves an  oppuitunity,  by  a  second  leading,  or  far- 
ther consideration,  to  inform  themselves  belter 
were  very  unfit  to  exercise  unlimited  supremacy 
over  three  millions  of  virtuous,  sensible  people,  in- 
habiting the  other  side  of  the  globe. 

On  tlie  day  after  the  rejeclion  of  lord  Chatham's 
bill,  a  petilion  was  (nesenled  to  the  house  of  com- 
mons, from  the  planters  of  the  sugar  colonies,  re- 
siding in  Great  Hritain,  and  the  merchants  of  Lon- 
don, trading  to  the  colonies.  In  this  they  stated 
that  the  Hritish  property  in  the  West  India  islands 
amounted  to  upwards  of  thirty  millions;  that  a 
farther  properly  of  many  millions  was  em]doyed  in 
the  comiucrce,  created  by   the  said  islands ;  and 


877 

that  llir  profits  and  produce  of  these  iiniuense  ca- 
pitals, wliii'li  ultimately  centered  intireal  lliiliiin. 
would  be  diraimed  and  eiiilaiigen'd  by  llie  (iin. 
liiiiiatire  iif'  (he  vXmencan  ttiiubb's.  The  pe(iliiiit- 
eis  weieadmilled  to  a  hearing  ;  when  Mr.  (ilover. 
as  iheir  agent,  ably  ileiiionslraled  llir  fully  and 
ilanuer  of  persi'vering  in  the  conli'si  ;  but  wiilinnl 
iiiy  efiecl.  The  immi'diale  iiieri'iini  iil  the  colo- 
nies Wiis  resolved  upon  :  and  the  lliiirisliy  would 
not  Niilt'er  ihemselti's  to  be  diverled  lioiii  ils  exe- 
cution. They  were  confident  of  success,  if  iliey 
could  once  bring  Ihe  conlroveisy  lo  the  decision 
of  arms.  They  expected  more  from  conipiesl, 
than  they  coubl  promise  themselves  by  negiici:ilioii 
or  compromise.  The  free  cons'  Inlioiis  of  the  co- 
lonies, and  their  rapid  progress  ,  popiil.ilioii,  weie 
beheld  with  a  jealous  eye,  as  .e  natural  means  of 
independence.  They  coiiceiveil  the  most  eU'ecliial 
method,  of  retaining  them  long,  would  be  lo  iciliice 
them  soon.  They  hoped  lo  be  able  lo  extinguish 
remonstrance  and  dehale,  liy  such  a  speedy  and 
decisive  conquest,  as  would  give  llietii  an  oppor- 
tunity lo  new-model  the  colonial  ciiiislitulions,  on 
such  principles  as  would  prevent  future  alDrea- 
tioiis,  on  tile  subject  of  their  chartered  ri<;litH, 
Kvery  represenlation,  that  tended  to  retard  or  ob- 
struct the  coercion  of  the  colonies,  was  therefore 
onsidered  as  tending  only  to  prolong  thtt  contro- 
versy, ('onlident  of  victory,  and  believing  lint 
nothing  short  of  il  would  restore  the  peace  of  the 
empire,  the  ministry  turned  a  deaf  ear  lo  all  peti- 
tions and  representations.  They  even  presiiined, 
that  the  pelitioners,  when  they  found  liieal  Itntaiii 
deleriuined  on  war,  would  assist  in  carry  iiii'  il  on 
with  vigour,  in  order  to  expedite  llie  seltleineiil  id 
the  dispute.  They  took  it  for  uiaiileil,  ilial  wlieii, 
the  petitioning  towns  were  convinced,  tli:il  a  vr- 
newal  of  the  commercial  inlercom-'e,  lirlwein  the 
two  countries,  would  be  sooner  iibliiined  by  noing 
on,  than  turning  back,  the  same  interest,  wliiili  led 
them  at  first  lo  petilion,  would  lead  iliriii  alier- 
wards  lo  support  coercive  measures,  as  the  miisl 
effectual  and  shortest  way  of  securing  coinuieice 
from  all  future  interruptions. 

The  delerinination  of  ministers,  lo  peiscveri', 
was  also  forwarded  by  hopes  of  the  defcciiini  uf 
New  York  from  her  sister  colonies.  Tliev  (lii- 
tereil  themselves,  that,  when  one  link  of  the  rem 
liiienial  chain  gave  way  it  wiiiild  be  easy  In  iniiUe 
an  impression  on  the  disjointed  extremilies. 

K.veiy  attempt  to  close  Ihe  breach,  wliiili  li;iil 
been  opened  by  the  former  parliament,  linvini.' fail- 
ed, and  the  ministry  having  made  up  llieii  iiiinds, 
on  the  mode  of  proceeding  wilh  the  colunisis, 
Iheir  proposed  plan  was  brielly  iinloldi'd.  Tlii>i 
was  to  send  a  greater  force  to  America,  ami  lo 
briim  in  a  temporary  act,  to  priihiliit  :ill  the  liiieiL'n 
trade  of  the  .New  Kngland  colonies,  till  they  shiiiib' 
make  proper  submissions  and  ackmiwledi'iiiriils 
.\ii  address  lo  his  majesty  was,  at  the  same  'iiiie. 
moved,  "  to  beseech  him  to  lake  the  most  eU'eiiiial 
measures,  lo  enforce  due  obedience  lo  the  fiws 
and  authority  of  Ihe  supreme  lesisiatiire." 

Truly  critical  was  the  moment  to  the  union  ol 
the  empire.  A  new  parliament  mii,'hl.  williniit  mo 
charge  of  inconsistency,  have  repe;ili'il  acts,  pass 
ed  by  a  former  one,  which  had  been  foiiiiil  incnn- 
veiiient  on  experiment :  but  pride  and  passion,  \\» 
der  the  specious  names  of  national  dignity  anil 
zeal  for  the  supremacy  of  parliament,  iiiduced  the 
adoption  of  measures,  for  immediately  coMipelling 
the  submission  of  the  colonies. 

The  repeal  of  a  few  acts  of  parliainent  woiibl, 
at  this  time,  have  satisfied  Ameiica.  Though  she 
had  been  extending  her  claims,  yet  sne  was  stil! 
willing  that  (ireal  Britain  should  monopolize  liei 
trade,  and  that  the  (larliament  should  reu'iilale  it 
fiir  the  common  benefit  of  the  empire.  Nor  wns 
she  disposeil  to  abridge  his  majesty  of  any  of  his 
usual  prerogatives.  This  authority  w;is  sulTii'ieiit 
fiir  the  niolher  country,  lo  retain  the  colnnisi<  in 
a  jiri'fitable  state  of  subordination,  and  yet  mil  -^u 
niuch  as  lo  be  Inconsistent  with  tiicir  ihiiiiH  or 
itlie  security  of  their  most  iiii|iiirtanl  iiitoriMis. 
Britain  viewed  thematter  in  a  dillereiil  li:i||'.  To 
{recede,  at  this  time  would  to  be  ackuowU-Jgc, 


vm 


THK    HISTORY    OK 


Ihiil  llir  iiiliiimrjr  liiiil  liitlicrto  lierii  iu  ilia  wrong  ; 
ii  I'liiiirHnioii  riirrl^  iiimie  by  priVHlp  iwrnoni,  unil 
liiiiii'  rarely  liy  iiii'ii  Iu  |:mIiIii'  nialiiiiiH.  'I'Im' IimiI- 
iiiU  iiii'iiilii'rs  III  |i.iiliiiiiii'iit,  mil  illalliiKiii'<liliii;  Ihe 
ii|>{iiitiiiiiii  (il  lii'i'iiivii  III  iiiiciiiinliliilliiiiiil  liiiiiiva- 
luiii,  liiiiii  ilir  iiirljiili'iK'r  ii(  llriMiliiiii^  iiiiiIh  liri'ak- 
j.ii;  iivrr  llii'  ImiiiikIh  oI  law  anil  ('iinitiliilltiii,  hii|i- 
I  iiM'il  llial  til  rrdri'NN  nrH'vance^t  wai  to  riMKiiiiH'e 
Hiivi'ii'iiinty.  'I'liH  inrpri'iirr,  In  niiiim'  ilenri'r,  ri'- 
Kiijinl  iHiiii  ihr  hriiail  tianiH,  which  ilii-)i  liail  a.i- 
MUiii'il  III  ihc  clalniK  ol'  the  tiinlhi-r  coiiiilry.  II', 
HH  wan  iMinlfiiiliMl,  on  llie  pari  of  (ireat  itrilain, 
llipy  hail  a  rl)illt  Iu  hliiil  the  coliinles,  in  all  canes 
wliaUiicvrr,  and  the  iMiwri  of  |Kirlluinenl  over 
Ihi'iii  were  alimihi  'mill  nnhiiiiled,  they  viete  prii- 
('liid)'d  Iroiii  ri'Hclii  'i|{  any  act  ul'their!!,  however 
ii|i|iri'SHive,  when  de,  miiiled  ax  il  iiiallcr  of  tifiUt. 
'I'hey  WHIP  loo  liiuhly  Impressed  with  Idciin  of 
llinr  unlinilled  aiiihoriiy,  lo  repeal  any  of  their 
UwK,  on  Ihe  principle,  that  they  had  not  u  consti- 
lilliiinal  power  lo  enact  them,  and  too  unwise  Iu 
■idopi  the  Haiiie  measure  on  the  Kround  of  political 
expediency.  L'nforlunaiely  fur  lioth  countrieH, 
Iwu  opinions  were  generally  held,  neither  of  which 
was,  perhaps,  Iriie  in  its  iilmusl  extent,  and  one 
ofnhich  was  iiiiisl  assuredly  false.  'I'he  ininislry 
and  parliament  of  Kn^land  proceeded  un  Ihe  idea, 
that  the  claims  of  the  colonists  amounted  Iu  ubso- 
liile  Independence,  and  that  a  fixed  rosululiun  to 
renounce  the  suvereignly  uf  (treat  Hrilain  was 
concealed  under  ihe  specious  pretext  uf  u  redress 
ofurlevances,  The  Americans,  un  the  other  hand, 
were  ei|ually  cunliileni,  that  the  inolher  country 
not  only  harboured  designs  unfriendly  to  their  in- 
terests, but  seriously  Intended  Iu  Inlrudtice  arbi- 
trary government.  .Jealousies  of  each  other  were 
leciprocally  indulged,  to  the  destruction  of  all  coii- 
liileiice,  and  Iu  lh«  final  diamembermenl  uf  the 
mipire. 

In  iliscussinx  the  measures  proposed  by  the 
iiiinlHter,  fur  the  cueiciun  uf  liie  colnnies,  the 
whole  gi'oiiiiil  of  the  American  cuntruveray  was 
Iraverseil.  The  cuinparalive  merits  of  concession 
.(i:d  cuerclun  weie  placed  in  every  point  uf  view. 
.Some  uf  the  luinoriiy,  in  bulh  houses  of  parliament, 
pointed  out  Ihe  dangers  that  would  attend  a  war 
with  .Xmerica;  the  likelihood  nfihe  interference 


uf  oilier  powers  ;  and  the  prubability  of  losin;;,  and 

iiig  any  tliinn   more  than 

was  alreidy   possessed.     Un  the  other  hand,  the 


Ihe  impossibility  u(  galniiif;  any 


Irleiids  of  the  minislry  asserted,  that  the  Anierl- 
r  ins  liad  been  lung  aiming  at  independence  ;  that 
they  were  magnifying  pretended  grievances,  lo 
cover  a  premeditated  revolt;  that  it  was  llie  busi- 
ness and  duty  of  Kngllshmen,  at  every  hazard,  Iu 
prevent  its  coiiiplellon,  and  bring  them  back  to  a 
remembrance  that  their  present  greatness  was 
owing  tu  the  inulher  country  ;  and  that  even  their 
exiatencc  had  been  purchased  at  an  imniense  ex- 
pense uf  liiltish  bloud  and  treasure.  They  ac- 
knuwledged  the  danger  tu  be  great ;  but  said  "  it 
must  be  encountered  ;  that  every  day's  delay  in- 
creased (he  evil ;  and  that  it  would  be  base  and 
cowaidly  (o  shift  oil',  far  Ihe  present,  an  unavoida- 
ble contest,  which  must  fail  with  accumulated 
weight  on  the  heads  of  their  posterity."  The 
danger  of  foreign  interference  was  denied.  It 
was  contended,  that  an  appeartince  of  vigorous 
incisures,  with  a  farther  reinforcement  of  troops 
at  ISnston,  would  be  suflicient  to  quell  the  disturb- 
ances. It  was  also  urged,  that  the  friends  of  go- 
vernment were  both  strong  and  numerous,  and  only 
wailed  fur  proper  support,  and  favourable  circum- 
stances, lo  declare  themselves. 

After  long  and  warm  debates,  and  one  or  (wo 
prnlests,  the  ministerial  plans  were  carried  by 
Uieat  majorities.  In  consequence  thereof,  on  the 
^1ili  of  February,  1775,  a  joint  address,  from  both 
IukIs  and  commons  was  pesented  to  his  majesty, 
in  which.  "  they  returned  thanks  for  the  commu- 
nication uf  the  papers,  relative  to  the  state  of  the 
Hrltish  colonies  in  America;  gave  it  as  their  opi- 
nion thiit  a  rebellion  acliially  existed  in  the  pro- 
viiu'c  of  iMiissacliiiseits :  besuuglit  his  majesty, 
that  he  would  take  the  most  ell'eclual  measures, 
10  enforce  due  obedience  '  j  the  laws  aud  authority 


of  Ihe  supreme  legislature;  and  begged.  In  ihe 
mosi  solemn  manner,  lo  assure  his  inajesiy,  thai 
il  was  their  fixed  lesoliilliin,  al  the  ha/.aid  ol  their 
lives  and  properiles,  lu  stand  by  his  majesly  against 
all  luliellioiis  allpinpH,  in  the  malnlenaiice  ol  the 
just  rights  III  his  majesty,  and  of  the  two  houses 
uf  iiarliament." 

The  lords,  HIehmond,  Craven,  Archer,  Aber- 
gavenny, Koeklngh.im,  Wycombe,  (!oiirleiiay, 
Torilnglon,  I'unsoiiliy,  Cholmondely,  Ablngilon, 
Kulland,  (.'amdeii,  Kninghaiii,  .Sianhupe,  Seaibo- 
ruiigh,  Kil7,wllllaiii,  and  'I'ankerville,  prulesled 
against  this  address,  ■•asfuiiiided  un  nu  proper 
parliainenhiry  inforniallon,  being  inlruduced  by 
refusing  lo  sillier  the  presentation  of  petitions 
against  it ;  as  following  the  lejecllon  uf  every 
mode  uf  conciliation  ;  as  holding  out  no  suhslaii- 
li?l  ufler  of  redress  uf  grievances  ;  and  as  promis- 
ing Hiippurl  lu  those  ministers,  who  had  inllamed 
Amei-ica,  and  grossly  miscunductcd  the  allalrs  uf 
Great  .Mrilain." 

f'y  the  address  against  wliich  this  protest  was 
entered,  the  parliament  »(  (ireat  Dritain  passed 
the  Kubicon  In  former  periods,  it  might  be  al- 
leged, that  the  claims  of  the  colonies  were  uiide- 
lined,  and  thai  their  unaniMious  lesoluiiun  tu  defend 
them  was  iinkiiuwn  ;  but  after  a  free  represenla- 
lliin  frum  twelve  provinces  had  stated  their  rights, 
and  pledged  themselves  to  each  other  to  suppurl 
them,  and  their  determlnalions  were  known,  a  re- 
solution that  a  rebellion  actually  existed,  and  thai 
at  the  ha/.ai'd  of  their  lives  and  properties,  they 
would  stand  by  his  majesly,  against  all  rebelliiius 
atlempls,  was  a  vlrliial  deelarallon  of  war.  Uoth 
parlies  were  now  bound,  in  consequence  uf  their 
uwn  acts,  lo  submit   the  cuntroversv  lo  a  decision 

arms.  issue  was  joined,  by  tfie  appruballon 
Congress  had  given  lo  the  .Sutfolk  resolves,  and  by 
this  subsequent  joint  address  of  both  houses  uf  par- 
llamenl  tu  his  majesty.  It  is  prubable  that  neither 
party,  in  the  lieglmiing,  intended  tu  gu  thus  far ; 
but  by  the  inscrutable  uperations  of  Provliience. 
each  was  permitted  lu  adupisuch  measures  as  nut 
only  rent  the  empire,  but  involved  them  both,  with 
their  own  consent,  in  all  the  calamities  of  a  lung 
and  bloody  war.  The  answer  from  the  throne,  to 
the  joint  addresses  of  parliament,  contained  assur- 
ances of  taking  the  mosi  speedy  and  elleclual  mea- 
sures, for  enforcing  due  obedience  to  Ihe  laws, 
mil  iiutliorlty  of  the  supreme  legislalure.  This 
iiiswer  was  accompanied  with  a  nu'ssage  to  the 
commons,  In  which  they  were  infurined,  that  some 
augnieiilalion  lo  the  forces  by  sea  and  land  would 
be  necessary.  An  auj.'mentation  of  four  thousand 
three  hundred  and  eighly-lhree  men  to  the  land 
forces,  and  of  two  thousand  seamen  to  be  employ- 
ed for  Ihe  ensuing  year,  was  accordingly  asked 
for,  and  carried  without  difliculty.  With  the  first, 
it  was  slated,  that  the  force  at  Duslnn  would  be 
ten  thuusand  men,  a  number  supposed  to  be  suf- 
ficient for  enforcing  the  laws,  (jther  s.iljcines,  in 
addition  to  a  military  force,  were  thouF.lit  .liKlsa- 
ble  for  promoting  the  projected  coercion  of  ih  ■  co- 
lonies. With  this  view  a  punishmeu!  waspropi  .<ed, 
so  universal  in  its  operation,  that  it  wis  ex.iected 
the  inhabitants  of  the  New  England  (nl  nies,  to 
obtain  a  riddance  of  its  heavy  pres^oue.  would  in- 
terest themselves  in  procuring  a  general  submis- 
sion to  parliament.  Lord  North  moved  for  leave 
to  bring  in  a  bill  "  to  restrain  (he  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  provinces  of  Massachusetts  Bay  and 
New  Hampshire,  the  colonies  of  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  in  North 
America,  to  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  (he  Bri- 
(isli  islands  in  (he  West  Indies,  and  to  prohibit 
such  provinces  and  colonies  from  carrying  on  any 
fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  or  other 
places  therein  to  be  mentioned,  under  certain  con- 
ditions, and  fur  a  limited  time."  The  motion  for 
this  bill  was  suppc"e>!,  by  declaring,  that,  as  the 
Americans  had  rel  ..ed  lo  trade  with  the  mother 
country,  (hey  ought  nut  to  be  permitted  (o  (radc 
with  any  other.  It  was  known  that  the  New 
Kngland  colonies  carried  on  a  circuitous  trade 
and  fishery,  on  the  banks  uf  Newfoundland  to  a 
great  extent.     To  cut  them  utf  from  this  resource, 


they  were  legisliilively  lorbiililen  to  llsl  ,  or  lu  ear. 
ly  on  loreliiii  liaile  II  n  is  |>ri'Mimei|,  ihal  the 
wants  of  a  l.irge  lioily  ot  people,  ili'pitted  of  em-. 
pliiymeiit,  »<iiii(l  create  a  rlamoiir  In  i.ivi.m  wi  le- 
roiicili.iliun. 

I'he  llnlish  mliilslry  expected  lo  exille  the 
same  temper  in  the  iiiiemployed  .New  Kiuland 
men,  that  Ciiiigress  iiieaiil  lu  rai>e  by  ihe  null  liii- 
poilaliun  agreemeni,  anioiigthe  llnlish  mereliaiils 
and  maiiiifacliirers.  'I'he  molion  for  ihls  bill, 
brought  iiilii  view  the  whole  of  the  Ainerii  an  con- 
troversy. The  uppusei'sof  il  said,  that  its  cruelly 
exceeded  the  examples  of  liosllle  rigour  with 
avowed  enemies;  for  thai,  in  the  most  iliingeruui 
wars,  the  fishing  craft  wss  universally  spared. — 
They  desired  the  pruposer  uf  the  bill  lo  recollect, 
that  he  had  oflcii  spoken  of  Ihe  miilliliiile  of 
frienils  he  had  in  those  provlnees,  and  lhal  iiiiw  he 
confuunded  ihe  Innoeeiil  willi  the  guilty  ;  lilends 
with  enemies;  and  involved  his  own  parli/.ans  in 
one  coinmun  ruin  wllli  his  upposers.  They  al- 
leged farther,  that  the  bill  would  operate  against 
Ihe  people  of  Great  Britain:  as  the  people  of  New 
England  were  in  debt  to  them,  and  had  no  oilier 
means  uf  paying  that  debt,  but  thiough  the  fishe- 
ry, and  the  eircuiloiis  trade  depending  on  It.  Il 
was  observed,  that  Ihe  fishermen,  being  cut  oil 
frum  employment,  must  turn  soldiers;  and  that, 
therefore,  while  they  were  provoking  the  .\meri- 
cans  lo  resistance,  by  one  set  of  acts,  they  were 
furnishing  them  with  the  means  of  recruiting  an 
army  by  anulher. 

'1  he  favourers  of  (he  bill  denied  the  charge  of 
severity,  alleging  thai  Ihe  colonists  could  nol  com- 
plain of  any  distress  Ihe  bill  might  bring  on  them, 
as  they  nut  unly  deserver.  it,  but  had  set  the  ex- 
ample ;  and  that  they  had  entered  intu  unlawful 
cumbinaliuns  to  ruin  the  merchants  and  manufac 
Hirers  uf  (ireat  Britain.  It  was  said,  that.  If  any 
foreign  power  hud  ullereil  a  similar  insult  oi  Inju- 
ry, llie  whole  nation  would  have  demanded  salls- 
factiuii.  They  contended  that  II  was  a  bill  of  hu- 
manity and  mercy  ;  liir,  said  they,  the  eolonlsis 
have  incurred  all  the  penalties  of'  rebellion,  and 
are  liable  tu  the  severest  milllary  execution,  in- 
stead of  inlllcling  the  extent  of  what  they  deser- 
ved, the  bill  only  proposes  lo  bring  them  io  ih.'ir 
senses,  by  resiilcting  their  trade,  'i'hey  iiigeil 
farther,  thai  the  measure  was  necessary  ;  for.  said 
they,  "Ihe  Americans  have  freqiieiiily  imposed  on 
us,  by  threatening  to  wllhihaw  their  Trade,  hupliig 
through  mercantile  iiilluence  to  bend  the  legisla- 
lure lu  then  demands;  that  this  was  the  third  lime, 
they  had  thrown  the  cunmierce  of  (ireat  Britain 
into  a  state  uf  confusion  ;  and  that  both  cnlonles 
and  commerce  weie  better  lost,  than  preset  veil  on 
such  terms."  They  added  farther,  th.it  they  must 
eillier  relinquish  their  connexion  with  America, 
or  fix  il  on  audi  a  basis,  as  would  prevent  a  reiiirn 
of  llicse  evils.  Tliey  admitted  Ihe  bill  lo  be  eiier 
civc  ;  but  said,  "  that  (he  coercion,  which  put  the 
speediest  end  to  (he  dispute,  was  eventually  the 
must  merciful." 

In  the  progress  of  the  bill,  a  pelilinn  from  the 
merchants  and  tniders  of  London,  who  were  Inte- 
rested in  Ihe  American  commerce,  was  pieseiileil 
against  it.  They  were  heard  by  their  agent,  iMr. 
IJavid  Barclay  ;  and  a  variety  uf  witnesses  were 
examined  before  (he  house,  in  the  course  of  their 
evidence  it  appeared,  that,  in  the  year  1701,  the 
four  provinces  of  New  England  employed,  in  ilieii 
several  fisheries,  no  less  than  forty-five  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  eighty  ton  of  shipping,  ami  six 
thousand  and  two  men  ;  and  (ha(  the  produce  of 
tlieir  fisheries  that  year,  in  foreign  maikels 
amounted  (o  322,2201,  Ifis.  sterling.  It  also  ap- 
peared, that  the  fislieries  had  very  mucli  increas- 
ed since  (ha(  time;  (hat  all  (he  materials  used  in 
them,  except  salt,  and  (lie  (imber  uf  which  the 
vessels  were  built,  were  purchased  from  (ireat 
Britain;  and  that  the  net  piocceds  of  the  uholu 
were  remitted  tliither.  All  this  inforniallon  was 
disregarded.  After  much  opposition  In  bntli  linuscs, 
and  a  protest  in  the  house  of  Innls.  iljc  bill  was, 
by  a  great  majority,  finally  raiilied.  So  InlenI 
were  the  ministry    and  parliament  on  ihe   cnu-- 


^^.^^'f^^!^'^^'^-^'^- 


tmi^liripiiBijjl  HHipr^.T"^"^'*^'**^'"*^^^'*''''''-'' 


NORTH    AMKRICA. 


don  the  cotonliUi  that  every  utiier  iiiliircit  wim 
KiicriDrrcl  lo  ilapcconipliiilinimit.  'riii'y  cdiili^IvimI 
tlii<  iiiiriliiiii  lii'litc'i'M  I  III'  lull  coiinlrii'slii  lii',  »iiii 
ply,  wlii'llicr  llii'v  '•liiiiilil  abaiiiloii  llii'ir  claiiii>i, 
iiMil  III  linen  ^ivk  up  all  llie  uilvaiila^im  arisiii); 
frniM  Hiivrri'iirnly  mid  viiiiiiiicriis  or  ii'aurt  lu  vni- 
li'iil  itii-aMiiri'M  liir  llii'ir  Ni'Diiilly. 

Siiiri'  ilii'  yi'.ir  I7li!l,  ivlii'ii  a  iiecretury  ill  slair, 
ntni'l.illy  il'-irlujiiii'il  all  vii'wi  iil  an  Aiiifrleaii  ii^ 
viMiiii',  liillr  ini'iiliiiii  liail  hccii  iiiailu  ul  lliat  aiili' 
ji'i'l ;  lull  till'  ili'i'lili'il  iiiajiii'lly,  who  vixuil  willi 
llii'  niiiiisiry  nil  lliis  iKcaHiiiii,  I'liibuMuiii'il  lord 
Norlli  iiiici'  iiiiiri-  lo  pii'.tiMil  It  lo  llui  view  ul'  lim 
ciiiiiiiryiiini.  lie,  tlKtri'l'iiii.',  Ijroiijtlit  lulu  parliu- 
iiiPiil,  ii  Ni'liciiii-,  wliicliliaihluMloulilt!  rvcoiiiiiieii- 
ilntiiiii  oriiolilliig  lortli  lliu  HiMiiblaiice  ul'  uuiiuiliu- 
lion,  and  iIik  prnipcet  ol  aii  'asuiiieiit  of  lirill.tli 
laxi'H,  liy  a  priMliiclivi!  ritvcn  >•  I'ruiii  tlio  coloiiieii. 
'I'liis  rHs(i|{iiii)ii  passed  on  ili«  JOlli  orFobriiary, 
uiiil  was  as  liillows: 

"  Ki'siilvcd,  ilial,  when  llie  goviriiur.  council, 
mill  asscii'blv,  or  K«iieral  cuiirl,  ul'any  of  Ills  ma- 
jcsly's  provini'ns  or  colonifs  in  America,  .shall 
propose'  to  iiiaki^  provision  according  to  the  coii- 
ililioii,  rirriinislanri-s,  and  sitiialioii  of  itiicli  |iio- 
vince  or  colony,  for  conlrlbiilini;  their  propurllon 
for  the  niniiiion  defence,  .such  proportion  to  be 
raisril  under  the  aiilhority  of  the  general  court  or 
ueneral  assembly  of  such  province  or  toloiiy,  and 
disposable  by  paili.'iiient ;  and  shall  engage  to 
make  provision,  also,  ;'or  tlie  support  of  the  civil 
goveriiinent,  and  the  a:lniinislratiun  of  justice  in 
snch  province  or  colony,  it  will  be  proper,  if  such 
proposal  shall  be  approved  !iy  his  majesty,  and  the 
two  houses  of  parliament,  and  for  so  long  as  such 
provision  shall  be  made  accoiilin^ly.  to  forbear, 
III  respect  of  such  province  or  colony,  to  levy  any 
duty,  tax,  or  assessment,  except  only  such  duties 
as  ii  may  be  expedient  to  continue  to  levy  or  to 
impose  for  the  regulation  of  commerce  ;  the  net 
produce  of  the  duties  last  mentioned,  to  be  carried 
to  the  account  of  such  province  or  colony  respec- 
tively." 

This  was  introduced  by  the  minister,  in  a  long 
•speech,  in  which  he  asserted,  that  it  would  be  an 
iiifalhlde  touchstone  to  try  the  Americans.  "  If," 
said  he,  "  their  opposition  be  only  founded  on  t)ie 
principles  which  they  pretend,  they  must  agree 
with  this  proposition;  but  if  they  have  designs  in 
cunlemplHtion,  ilill'ereni  from  those  they  avow, 
their  refusal  will  convict  them  of  duplicity,"  The 
opposition  to  the  minister's  motion  originated 
among  those  who  had  supported  him  in  previous 
(|iieslion».  They  objected  to  the  proposal,  that, 
in  ell'ect,  it  was  an  ucknowledgmcnl  of  something 
grievous  in  the  idea  of  taxing  America  by  parlia- 
ment ;  and  that  it  was,  therefore,  a  departure  from 
their  own  principles.  They  contended,  that  it  was 
improper  to  make  concessions  to  rebels,  with  arms 
in  their  hands  ;  or  to  enter  into  any  measures  for 
a  settlement  with  the  Americans,  in  which  they 
(lid  not,  as  a  preliminary,  acknowledge  the  supre- 
macy of  parliament.  The  minister  was  likely  to 
be  deserted  by  some  of  his  partizans,  till  others 
expl:iineil  the  consistency  of  the  scheme  with  their 
former  declarations.  It  wag  said,  "  what  shall 
parliament  lose  by  acceding  to  this  resolution  ? — 
Not  the  right  of  taxing  America  :  for  this  is  most 
expressly  reserved.  Not  the  profitable  exeicise 
of  this  right ;  for  it  proposes  to  enforce  the  only 
essential  part  of  taxation,  by  compelling  the  Amer- 
icans to  raise  not  only  what  they,  but  what  we, 
think  reasonable.  We  are  not  going  to  war  for 
trifles,  and  a  vain  point  of  honour;  but  for  substan- 
tial revenue."  The  minister  farther  declared, 
that  he  did  not  expect  his  proposition  to  be  gener- 
ally relished  by  the  Americans.  But,  said  he,  if 
it  do  no  good  in  the  colonies,  it  will  do  good  here. 
It  will  unite  the  peopleof  England,  by  holding  out 
to  them  a  distinct  object  of  revenue.  He  added 
farther,  as  it  tends  to  unite  England,  it  is  likely  to 
disunite  America;  for  if  only  one  province  accept 
the  olt'er,  'lieir  confederacy,  which  only  makes 
them  formidable,  will  be  broken. 

The  opposers  of  ministry  attacked  the  proposi- 
tiuD,  with  the  eombiiied  force  of  wit  and  arguiuent. 


They  aiiiiii:idveried  on  the  Inconsisleniy  of  hold- 
ing lorlh  the  same  resoliitlim  as  a  measure  of  coii- 
ression,  and  as  an  assiTlimi  of  aiitliiirily.  Tliey 
ri'iiiarked,  that,  hiilnriii,  it  hail  been  luiisiaiilly 
ilenii'd,  that  they  had  any  contest  about  in  Aiiii'r- 
icaii  revenue;  and  that  llie  whole  had  been  a  ilis- 
piile  about  olicilii'iiie  to  trade  laws,  and  the  gene 
ral  legislative  aiithiirily  of  parliament ;  but  now 
ministers  siiiblenly  rhingi'il  their  language,  and 
proposed  to  inierest  the  nation,  and  ciinsole  ilii 
inaniifacliirers,  and  aiilmalo  the  soldiery,  by  per- 
siiadii^g  tliein,  that  it  is  not  a  contest  lor  empty 
hiiliour,  but  for  the  acquisition  of  a  subtanlial  re- 
venue. It  was  said,  that  the  Americans  would  bu 
as  ell'ectually  taxed,  without  their  consent  by  be- 
ing ciimpelleil  to  pay  a  gross  sum,  as  by  an  aggre- 
gate nrtmall  dunes  to  the  same  amount;  and  that 
this  Kcheine  of  taxation  exceeded,  in  oppression, 
liny  that  the  rapacity  of  niankind  had  hitherto  de- 
vised. In  other  cases,  a  specific  sum  was  demand- 
ed ;  and  the  people  might  reasonably  presume  that 
the  remainder  was  their  own :  but  here  they  were 
wholly  in  the  dark,  as  to  thn  extent  of  thu  de- 
mand. 

Tills  proposition,  however,  for  conciliation, 
though  disrelished  by  many  of  tlie  friends  of  min- 
islry,  was  carried,  on  a  division  of  two  hundred 
anil  seveiity-liMir  to  eighty-eight.  On  its  tians- 
mission  to  the  colonies,  it  did  not  produce  the  ef- 
fects of  disunion  expected  from  it.  It  was  unani- 
mously rejected. 

Other  plans  for  conciliation  with  the  colonics, 
founded  on  principles  very  ditfeient  from  those 
which  were  the  basis  of  lord  North's  conciliatory 
motion,  were  brought  forward,  in  the  hon  ..  of 
commons;  but  witliout  receiving  its  appiobatlon. 
The  most  remarkable  of  these  was  proposed  by 
Mr.  Kdmiind  Iturke,  in  a  speech,  uliich,  for 
strength  of  argument,  extent  of  inforinalinn,  and 
sublimity  of  language,  would  bear  a  comparison 
with  the  most  finished  performance  that  ancient  or 
n.odern  limes  have  produced.  In  his  introductioi 
to  i)'is  admirable  speech,  he  examined  and  ex 
plained  the  natural  and  accidental  circumstances 
of  the  colonics,  with  respect  lo  situation,  resour- 
ces, number,  population,  commerce,  fisheries,  and 
agriculture;  and  from  these  considerations  .showed 
tlicir  importance. Ilethen  inquired  into  their  uiicoii- 
(pierable  spirit  of  fri'edom  ;  which  he  traced  lo  its 
original  sources.  From  these  circumstances,  he 
inferred  the  line  of  policy  which  should  be  pur- 
sueil  with  regard  to  America.  Me  showed  that  all 
proper  plans  of  government  must  be  adapted  to  the 
feelings,  established  habits,  and  received  opinions 
of  the  people.  On  these  principles,  Mr.  Hiirke 
reprobated  all  plans  of  governing  the  colonies  by 
force;  and  proposed,  as  the  ground-work  of  his 
plan,  that  the  colonists  should  be  admitted  to  an 
interest  in  the  constitution.  He  then  went  into 
an  historical  deuiil  of  the  manner,  in  which  the 
Hritish  privileges  had  been  extended  to  Ireland, 
Wales,  and  the  counties  palatine  of  Chester  and 
Durham  ;  the  state  of  confusion  before  that  event ; 
and  the  happy  consequences  which  followed  it. — 
He  contended,  that  a  coininunication,  to  the  mem- 
bers, of  an  inierest  in  the  constitution,  was  the 
great  ruling  principle  of  British  government.  He, 
therefore,  proposed  to  go  back  to  the  old  policy 
for  governing  the  colonies.  He  was  for  a  parlia- 
mentary acknowledgment  of  the  legal  competency 
of  the  colonial  assemblies,  for  the  support  of  their 
government  in  peace,  and  for  public  aids  in  time 
of  war.  He  maintained  the  futility  of  parliamen- 
tary taxation,  as  a  method  of  supply.  He  slated, 
that  much  had  been  given  in  the  old  way  of  colo- 
nial grant ;  that,  from  the  year  1718  to  17G3,  the 
journals  of  the  house  of  commons  repeatedly  ac- 
knowledged, that  the  colonies  not  only  gave,  but 
gave  lo  satiety ;  and  that,  from  time  to  time,  in 
which  parliamentary  imposition  had  superceded  the 
free  gifts  of  the  provinces,  there  was  much  discon- 
tent, and  little  levenue.  He,  therefore,  moved 
six  resolutions,  alVirmatory  of  these  facts;  and 
grounded  on  them  resolutions,  for  repealing  the 
acts  complained  of  by  the  Americans,  trusting  to 
the  liberality  of  their  future  voluDtary  contribu- 


'iidi'il 
'■liri', 
.leiils, 

'   nega- 
rheiiiH, 


"lllle  lliB 

i  "I'iiiii'i-. 

n'l  itig 

.IMlid 
\llll- 

I.  an 


;'.Tll 

lions.      This  pliiii  iil'eonciliiition,  which  prumi>t>d 
liuinrdi.ili'  piMce  to  the  wh(   eeiiipire,  ind  a  lasliiii( 
iilieilii'iire  iif  llie   iiiliiiiiis,   lli.iiijli   ii'iiin" 
by  llie  ilianiH  iiltlic  iiiii«l    pei'<ii.isne  il 
and  sii|i|iiirli'il  by  llie  iimsi  convincin:;  .w^ 
was  by  .1  gieal  in.ijiiiily  rejeiled. 

.Mr.  II.  I  lariley,  tiiii  ilisi'iiurai;i'il  liy  tin 
live,  wliiili  bail  been  gin'ii  In  Mr.  Ilinie'ssi 
came  I'orw ml  wiih  aimllier  lin  llie  s.iiiie  piir|iiiHe, 
This  proposril,  that  a  leller  of  leqiiisiliiin  slmuM 
be  sent  lo  the  coliiiiies,  by  llie  seiielarv  iil  stale, 
on  a  million  Irnni  the  bouse,  liir  a  cunliiliiilion  lo 
the  exjienses  of  the  whole  eiii|)jre.  lie  nieinl  lo 
leave,  to  the    provincial   asseii, biles,  the  right   lo 

judge  of  the  expedience,  amount  and  apjilicati if 

the  grant.      In  conlidence  that  llie  colonies  woiild 

give  freely,  when  called  on,  in  this  i stitiitioiia 

way,  he  moved,  to  sus|ieiid  the  acts  loiiipl  liiieil  of 
by  the  Americans,     'i'his  was  also  reierieil. 

Another  plan  was,  digested  in  pruale,  bv  l)r 
■''ranklin,  on  t>i.'  part  of  the   Ameiic.iiis,  anil    Dr. 

h'olhergill  and    havid  Uarcley beli.ilf  of  the 

British  ministry.  There  appeared  a  ilisposiiion 
lo  concede  sonielliing  considerable  on  both  sides  ; 
but  the  whole  came  to  nolhing  in  coiiseipieiK  e  of 
an  iiillexible  delermiiiation  to  refuse  a  repeal  of 
the  act  of  parliameni  for  altering  the  eliartered 
government  of  Massachiisetis.  Dr.  Kianklin 
agieed,  that  'he  tea  destroyed  slioiilil  be  paid  for  ; 
the  British  minisleis,  that  the  Bosliin  pint  act 
hIioiiIiI  be  repealed  ;  but  the  latter  conli-iided,  "  that 
the  late  Massai  linsetts  acts,  being  real  aiiienil- 
ments  of  their  ciiiisiiiinloii,  must,  fur  that  reason, 
be  coiitiniied,  as  well  as  lo  be  a  sianding  examplo 
of  the  power  of  pal liameiit."  (hi  ir  nilie,- liaml, 
it  was  declared  by  Dr.  Kianklin,  •■ 
parliameni  rhiinii'd  and  exereisi'il  „ 
nal  legislalinn  for  the  colnnies, 
American  constiintinns  at  pleasiu, 
be  no  agreement ;  as  that  would  len 
ricaiis  unsafe  in  every  privilege  llie\ 
wnubl  leave  tlium  nolliiiig  in  wliicli'tliey  coiibl  Im 
secure." 

This  obstinate  adherence  to  support  parliament, 
in  a  power  of  altering  the  laws  and  charters  of  liie 
provinces,  particularly  loenforce  their  laie  la»s  far 
new- modelling  the  chartered  constitution  nf  Mas- 1- 
chusetts,  was  the  fatal  rock,  by  daslmig  uii  win.  Ii 
the  empire  broke  in  twain  ;  for  every  other  pnini, 
in  dispute  between  the  two  counlries,  seemed  in  a 
fair  way  for  an  amicable  compromise. 

The  (isliery  bill  was  speedily  follnwed  bv  .iiin- 
tlier,  for  restraining  the  trade  and  coinnieii  eol'il.e 
colonies  anil  provinces  of  New  Jersey.  I'eniisviva- 
nia,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  .South  Ciiolina.  'I'l.e 
reasons  assigned  for  this  were  the  same  wiili  ilmse 
ofl'ered  for  the  other.  These  provinces  had  a.lnp- 
ted  the  cominenlal  association.  The  British  iiiiii- 
ister  thought  it  proper,  that,  as  they  had  voliinia- 
lily  interdicted  themselves  from  traile  with  (neat 
Britain,  Ireland  and  the  West  Indies,  lliev  shonlil 
be  restrained  from  it  with  all  other  parts  of  the  world. 
He  contended,  that  the  inbabilanls  of  the  cnloiiies 
might  render  this  act  a  dead  leller,  by  relin((iiisli- 
iiig  their  own  resolutions,  as  then  they  would  meet 
with  no  restraint  in  carrying  on  trade  in  its  ancient 
legal  channel.  It  is  remarkable,  that  three  of  the 
associated  colonies,  viz.  New  Vork,  Delaware,  and 
North  ('arolina,  were  omitted  in  this  restiainiiig 
bill.  Whatever  might  be  the  view  of  the  Brilish 
ministry  for  this  discrimination,  it  was  considered 
in  the  colonies  as  calculated  to  promote  disunion 
among  them.  It  is  certain,  that  the  colonists,  ex- 
empted from  its  operation,  might  have  reaped  a 
golden  harvest  from  the  exemption  in  iheir  favour, 
had  they  been  disposed  to  avail  themselves  of  it ; 
but  such  was  the  temper  of  the  times,  that  a  renun- 
ciation of  immediate  advantage  in  favour  of  the 
public  was  fashionable.  The  selfish  passions, 
whicu,  in  seasons  of  peace,  are  too  often  the  cause 
of  quarrels,  were  hushed  by  the  piessure  ofcuin- 
mon  danger. 

The  exempted  colonies  spurned  the  proffered 
favour,  and  submitted  to  Ihe  restraints  imposed  on 
their  less  favoured  neighbours,  so  as  to  be  equal 
sharers  of  their  fate.     The  indulgence  granted  to 


880 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


Ni'w  Vnrk,  ill  IipIiik  kf|il  oiil  ni'  ihix  rcttrniiiiiiK  , 
lull,  iv.iM  rnimHli'icfl  liv  Huinr  iii  ii  priMiiiiiiii  lor 
111  T  '.ll|Hllcir  liiVilllv  Hit  limi'lllll')'  lllil  lillllil'ili 
I  .  ,i|i|iiiin'  ilir  iMiiri'iMliiiun  ul  llii'  riiin;ii"iH.  iiiiil  j 
li.iil,  in  siiini'  iillirr  liiiliilirrM,  ilim-ovrinl  Irw^ 
xi.iinilli  Mini  llii'  iii'IkIiIiiiimiiik  li'Ki^hitiirrH.  Miicli  | 
M.11  rx|ii'i  li'il  riiiiii  lii'i  iiiiMlriiiliiiii.  Al  III!'  vi'iy  I 
Inn- till'  Itiilitli  |i;iilnMii'iil  w:is  11111111111;  llir  ri's- i 
ti. lining  ;ti'l>4  )iiil  iiirr  'oiii'il,  tlir  riiiiMtiliiliiiiiiil 
iiHMiMiililv  iif  Ni'w  \'(iik  )ir(iliutir(l  I'ur  a  rrilrr*"*  of 
lli'ii  niirvaiici'N.  (iHMt  slrrsi  li.iil  limi  laid  nil 
llir  riiciiiiiHlaiirr,  lliat  ( 'niiKifiiii  wii*i  lint  u  Ir^al 
ilMnciiiliiy  :  anil  III)!  wniit  iil  ciiiinliliiliiinal  nniii'lioii 
liiiil  III  Til  axi^iii'il  an  a  iraniin  liir  llir  iii'kI<'i'<<  "i'li 
wliii'h  ilii'ir  |i<-liliiiii  liail  lirrii  trcaii'il.  jMiicli  |iraii«< 
liail  liri'ii  lavialiiMl  (HI  ilic  inlniiy  nl  iNi'w  Vnrk,  fnr 
ilH  iiinilrialiiiii :  ami  nrraiioii  liail  liccii  taki'ii,  liniii 
Ilii'ir  ri-riiHiii)!  to  ap^invi'  llip  |irni'i'i>iliiiU'<  nC  llii' 
cniicic<iN,  to  ir|iir'4i'iil  till*  irNnliitiot)^  iiliil  riainis 
nllliat  liiiilv  III  III'  iiiiiri'  llii'  I'liiillitiniiM  iit' inri'iiill- 
iiriri.  tliaii  till'  Hiilii'r  si'iiiiiiiriiti  nl  llii-  ti'iii|M'ralr 
citiAi'iii.  It  was  linlli  ;iii<'\|i<'ili'(l  anil  rdiirniiiiil- 
inuln  lliiiHr  nliii  iii|i|>nili'il  iIii'ni'  n|iiiiiiiiin,  that  the 
li'ini'sriilatinii  anil  rriiiiiiisH.inc'i"  nl  tlii'  very  liiyal 
iisHfiiililv  iilNi'w  Viiik  slali'il,  "  llial  uii  i'xi'iii|itinM 
1111111  iiilrriial  laxalinii,  anil  llii'  I'Xiliiiivr  riijlit  nl 
I'riiviiliiii;  liii  tlii'ir  iihii  rivil  unvi'rniiii'iil,  anil  tlir 
niliiiiniitialiuii  nl  jiihIki'  iiitlii'inliiny.wi'rrf'iti'cin- 
ril  liv  llii'iii  ax  tlii'ir  iinilniiliti'il  anil  iinalii'nalili' 
ti;;liis." 

A  ninlinii  liriiii:  inaili',  in  tin*  Iiiiidip  of  rnnininiin, 
I'nr   lirint'.iiii:    up  1I1.1    iriiri'ii'in  ilimi    anil   rriiinn- 
Ntraiiir   nl    tin-    nsxriiilily   nl     Ni'w    Vnrk,    it    was 
iiiiirnili'il.  nil  tlir  siinni'xitnii  nl'  Inril  Nmlli,  liy  ail 
iliiil!,   "in  »  hull  tlir  as'<i'iiilily  riaim  In  tlii'iii'<rlvi's 
tiuliti  ili'ini;:il    ly    In,    anil   iiu'iiiiiHIriit    with,  tlir 
U'tiilalivi'  aiillinrity  nl  parliaim-iil,  an   ili'i  larnl  by 
till'  ili'i  laralnry  art."     Tin'  ijiiritinii,  »n  ainriiilril. 
Iii'iiii;  put.    pa'.'ii'il  ill  llir   iii'ijativr.      'I'lii     lali-  nl 
tins  n'pii'si'iilalinii  I'xtinuiii-ilii'il  tin'  linpi's  nl  llinir 
liiiiilriair  pcr'<niis,  Imlli  in  (lie  pari'iit  slalp,  anil  tin' 
ri  liiliii"*,  »lin  Matlrii'il   tlii'iii'ti'lvi'n.    llial    llii'  ilis 
piili'i,  Hiilisisimi;  lirlHi'i'ii  llir  Inn  rniintnri,  iniclit 
1,1'  ai'i'iiniinnilaKil  liy  llir  iin'ili  itiiin  nl  the  rniisii 
liiliniial  aisi'iiililii'!*.     Twn  (•niiclnsinnn  wi'ii*  ilrawii 
1111111    tliiM   liainartiiiii  ;   hntli    nl    wliiili   wi'ic    iin 
rririiillv  In  a  ri'i'innilialiiiii.   Tin'  ilrriili'il  1  inunai;!' 
Willi  wliirlillii'  Iny;*  asscmlily  nl  Ni-w  Vnrk  iliiiii 
Cii  rxi'inpliiin  iVniii  pailiann'iitary  laxalinn,  pnivi'il 
to  till'  pi'n|>li'  III  (lii'al    Itrilaiii.  lliat  llir  inlniiiilK, 
linwrvi'i  lliry  iiiii;lil  ilillrr  in  iiimlri  nl' nppnsilinn. 
nr  ill  ilruircs  nrwauiilli,  wrrr,  iirvrrtlirlrs>*,  iinitril 
in  llial  liiiiilaiiiriital  prinriplr.      Tin'   irji'i'linii   nl 
llirir  irpir^riilalinii    prnvnl,     that   iinlhiiii;    iiinrr 
\l:iv  In  lir  rxprrtril   I'iniii  pin('ri'iliii<2  in  llir  rnnsti 
liiliniial  rhaniirl  nl'thr  li'ual  aisriiilihi'H,  than  Irniii 
till'  iirw  H\sli'iii  III'  a  riintinrntal   rniiutrss.      Snliil 
ri'vrmii'  and  iiiiliiiiilcd  snprriiiary  wrirlhr  nliji'its 
ol'tiiiMt  Itiitaiii  :  and  rxrniptinii  linni  parliaiiirii 
tary  laxalinn.lhal  nl'tlix  iinist  innilrialr  nl' tlir  rn 
loiiit*!*.      Sn  widr  worr  tlir  rlaiini  nt' the  twn  rniiii 
trim  ('mill  racli  ntlirr,  that  In    iriniu'ilr  llniii  mi 
HUJ'  iiiidilU'  Kinmul  srriiiod  to  he  impnsMililr. 


CIIAPTKU  VIII. 

Conitfqliriirrn  in  Aiiirrii'n,  t'l'siiltinc  I'miii  ihr  pn'rpiliinr 
trnlihiit'tiiilm  iit'  I'm  liuitn'iit ;  iiiitt  ol'llu'  ('(luiiiiriu't'iiit'iil  nl' 
liDstilitic*. 

TllK  yrar  1774  Iriiiiiiiaird  with  an  I'xppi'talinn 
In  Amrrira,  that  a  iVw  iiiniitlis  wniild  bring  Ihrni 
n  rnlri'ss  nl'lhrir  iirirvaiiirs.  lliHlhr  prnbabllily 
of  thai  rvrtit  dailv  iliiiiinishrd.  Tlir  ciilnni'  Is  had 
indiilcrd  ihriiisrKrs  in  an  exportation  tliM  ihr 
propir  nl  (irrat  Itriliin,  Irniii  a  rnnHidrratiiii  nl' 
tlir  danurrn  and  ililiiriillira  of  a  war  with  ihrir 
cnlniiirs,  wnuld.  in  ihrir  rlrriinim,  havr  prrfrrrrd 
tlloft'  who  Hrrr  iViriids  In  praof  and  rrrniirilia 
lion.  Hill,  whrii  thry  »rir  rniivinrrd  nl'  tlir  lal 
I«rv  nl'llir'*!'  linprs.  thry  tiirnrd  tlirir  allrnlinii  In 
iht*  iiiraiis  nl' srir  drrrncr.  li  hail  brrii  ihr  rrsn- 
lulii'ii  nl  Ml, my.  iirvrv  in  Miliinil  In  llirnprralinn  nl' 
tlir  bill' .Ills  III  iiarliaiiiriit.  'Ihrir  iiiiiiibri  daily 
incrrasi'il ;  un.    .1  the  annic  propoilion  Ihiit  (irrat 


Ilritain  driPrniiiiril  to  ciirnrrr,  did  Ihry  ilrlrriiiinr 
to  nppiKip.       Inlrllii;riirfl  ol'  tlir  irin  timi    nf  Iniil 
< 'hatbaiu's  bill,  nl   llir  adilirHi  nl'  bnlli   liniiirH  nl' 
pailiainrni  In  tlir  kiiiu  nil  llir  lllli  id'  l''rlii nary,  and 
III   tlir   liihrry   bill,    arrivrd   aiiiiiiii;   tlir   rnlnnisii, 
abnill   ihr   laiiir   tunc    und    diininiihrd   what    rr 
iiiaiiii'il  111'  tlirir  lirr.l  linpri  nC  a  tprrdy  arrnniiiin 
ilalinii.       Tlir    (inliriy    bill    rxriird    a    varirly   nl 
riiinliiin^.       Tlir    nbviniii    Irndriirv   id'  it    wan   In 
Htarvo   iIiiiiih.iiiiIh.       Thr    nrvrrity    id'    it    did    not 
»lrikr  all  Kiielinhiiian,  for  he  virnrd   it  ai  a  iiirri 
tpil   cnrrrrlion  lor  urrat  proviiirial  oU'riirrn.      Hut 
it  apprarrd  in  tlir  libirkrut  roloiirii  to  an  Anirri 
ran,  who  frit  no  ronxrioiisnr«<  of  );iiill,  anil  who 
fanrird  that    hravi-n  approvnl  hix  /.ral  in  ilrlriirr 
III  librrly.      It  ahriialrd  thr  alfrrlinim  of  thr  I'olo 
iiInIh,  mid  prndiicrd  In  tlio  hrBastn  uf  thoiinaiKlii,  a 
halrril  of  (irrat  llritnin. 

Tin!  ppiial  inin  of  parliaiiipiit,  in  1771,  wpip  all 
IpviIIpiI  airaiimt  Maxnacliiinpllii ;  but  tlip  linlipry 
bill  pxtpiidrd  to  Nrw  llaMip<hirp,  ('oniipptinit, 
and  Hlioilr  iKlaiiil.  Thr  rpa>ioii«  axniiiripil  for  lliin 
by  lord  Niirih  wprr,  that  thry  had  aiilrd  anil  abrl- 
li'il  ihrir  ollriidiiiK  iirii;liboiiiH,  siiiil  wrrn  «o  nrar 
III  thrill  that  thr  liilriitlniiH  of  parliament  would 
br  frimlnitril.  iiiilrxti  they  were  in  like  iiiannrr 
oiiiprrhriiileil  in  llie  iiropoxed  rrHlrainlx.  'i'hr 
exlrnsinn  of  lliiK  prnal  ulatiile,  to  llirre  aildilional 
proviiirri«,  operated  powrrfnlly  in  favniir  of  iininii, 
and  rnnvinrrd  thr  niiixt  iiiniU'rale,  of  the  inrreas- 
iny  neceii'iilv  fnr  ail  the  prnvinieH  to  make  a  riini- 
iiioii  raii-ie  in  tlirir  oppnxilinn.  Wh.alrver  iiil^hl 
be  tliedrsii^ns  nf  parliaiiieiil,  their  aiTn  had  a  iia- 
tiiral  leiidriiiy  In  eiilarce  the  demanilH  nf  the 
Aiiieriranx,  anil  In  rtiment  their  eniil'edrrary,  by 
tiriii  piiiK'ipIr  ,  nf  iiiiinn.  At  lirxl  thry  niily  elaiiii- 
1  exrinptinii  frniii  inlrriial  laxalinii  ;  but  by  thr 
I'niiibiiiatiiiii  nf  thr  Kail  India  rnnipany  and  thr 
Hiilixli  ininisiry,  an  rxlrrnal  tax  wan  madr  In 
answrr  all  thr  piirpn^rx  of  a  ilirrri  intrrnal  lax. 
Thry,  Ihrirlnre,  in  riiiisi,xtriire  with  their  own 
prtnrtpIi'H,  wrir  rniiiliainril  In  deny  the  riiiht  nf 
laxiiii:  in  any  Inriii  Inr  a  Hiipply.  Nolhiiie  iniibl 
iniilriblilr  iiinrr  In  make  llie  eolonistx  deny  llie 
parlia-,.  iitary  elaiiii  of  internal  le|{ix|alinn,  than 
llie  iiiannrr  in  whiili  it  wax  exerrised.  in  depriv- 
iiiu  thrill  nf  ihrir  rharterx,  and  passinj;  an  art  re 
lalive  to  Irialx,  wliirh  proiiiixeil  iiideiiinity  to  iiiiir- 
ilrrrrx,  Tliix  eoiiviiiiril  lliriii  that  an  oppnxitinn 
In  sn  iniiiriniiH  a  elatni  wax  esseniialiv  neerxxarv 
111  tlirir  xri  iiiily.  Hill  tliry  still  admillril  thr 
piiwrr  nf  parliaiiirni  In  bind  llirir  liadr.  This 
wax  rnnrrdrd  bv  ( 'nlii:rrss  olilv  a  frw  liinnths  br- 
line  an  art  passed,  that  they  bIiihiIiI  havr  iin  fniri^n 
Iradr,  iinr  br  .illmvrd  In  lisli  oil  ihrir  nwti  rnasis. 
Tlir  Hrilisli  iiiiniHliy,  by  tlieir  siirrrssnr  ails, 
iiiiprlled  the  rnlnnisls,  in  lirlieve,  that  while  the 
innlher  niiinliy  irlainril  any  aiillintily  n\er  lliriii, 
that  aiilhiinly  wniilil,  in  snnie  shape  or  nllirr,  lir 
rxrrlril  sn  as  In  answrr  all  llir  piirpimes  nf  a  pnw- 
rr  In  lax.  W'liilr  (iiral  Hrilaili  slretrhrd  that 
pnrlinii  nf  rnnlinlini;  Kiipirinary  wliirli  the  ridn- 
iiisls  ivpie  dixpoiied  to  allow  her  to  siuh  an  extent 
as  roveiril  nppiesHion  ripially  ^rirvntiH  with  that 
wliirli  lliry  would  not  alliiw,  the  way  was  fast 
openinn  fiir  a  total  lenunriaiinn  nf  lier  snverriijn- 
ly.  Thr  roerrive  mrasiirrs  adnplrd  by  the  parent 
slate,  piniliirril  a  ilispiisilinn  in  the  cnlniiirs  In  rx- 
Iriiil  Ihrir  riaims  :  and  llieextrnsinnof  their  claims 
proiliircd  an  increasing  disposition  in  (ircat  Hri 
lain  to  coerce  them  still  iiinrc.  The  jralniisy  nf 
liberty  nn  one  side,  and  the  desire  nf  supremacy  on 
the  other,  were  reriprncally  cause  and  clfetl  ;  aid 
iiriied  both  parlies,  the  one  in  rise  in  their  (Ifinaniis, 
•iinl  the  oilier  to  enforce  stilimission.  In  llic  con- 
Ipsi  between  (ireat  Mrilain  and  her  colonies,  llieie 
had  hern  a  fatal  piocrrssion  from  small  to  ^ireatrr 
Eroiinds  of  disseii.sinn.  The  trilling  lax  of  Mi!,  per 
pound  on  tea,  roused  the  jealous  inhabitants  of  lliis. 
Inn  111  throw  Hill  chests  of  it  into  the  ocean.  This 
priiinkeil  llie  Itrilisli  pailiameiil  to  shut  up  their 
port,  and  to  new  iiiiidrl  llirir  charter,  ."Statutes 
sn  iiiicnnsliliilinnal  and  alaiming.  exritrd  a  coiiibi- 
iiiition  ill  twrlvr  nf  thr  nilniiirs.  In  slop  all  irailr 
IHith  (irral  Hiilaiii.  Itrland.  and  thr  WrsI  Itidirs. 
I  Their  cnmbinnliun  ^a\,    birth  to  the  ruatrainiug 


ai  Is  of  parli.  mrni,  liy  whirli  nine  iil  the  coloni)>>i 
will'  iniridii  ril  ;dl  iilhei  trade  but  ih.il  Irinii  nliicli 
liiry  had  \iil. 'iil.ii il>  rxrlnibd  tlirnisrivrx ;  and 
four  nl  ilic  r  n,  ir  nrii'  liii  ilirr  ilrvnl'  .1  n,  luinipi'. 
bv  brinu  inibillil  'li  In  lixh  mi  ibril  own  rn. uIh, — 
I'.arli  nrw  rrsoliii'nn  on  the  inir  xide.  am.  'rw  id 
on  llir  iitlirr.  111  i|  'iiially  g.ive  birlli  to  siiiiiriliiiit( 
Iriilii  llir  nppii'.iiig  |  irlirs.  that  wiis  niior  iriilalin^ 
or  oppnssivr.  llian  t  lial  had  pirrrdrd. 

Thr  brginning  of  sti  ifr.  briwerii  ilii'iarrnt  sMir 
and  her  I'ldnnlrs.  was  kr  llir  Irtliiig  nut  nl  wa- 
ters. Kroiii  iiiconxiderab'i'  eaiiHrsbive  waschan^- 
vil  into  xnspicinn,  which  ,'iadii:illy  ripened  into 
ill-will,  and  soon  ended  in  imsiilily.  IViiileiicp, 
policy,  and  reciprocal  interest,  iitgeil  the  exppili- 
eiicy  of  coiicessinn  ;  but  pride,  false  liniiniir,  anil 
liiisciinceived  dignitv,  iliew  in  an  nppn,«ile  diirr- 
tioii.  1'iiileciileil  claims  aiiddoiililhil  rifjiits,  nliiih, 
iinilpr  the  inlhience  of  wisdiim  and  hniiiility,  niiglit 
have  been  easily  riinipromised,  iiiiperrrplilily  wi- 
ileiieil  into  an  irrerniicilealde  lireii  h.  Hatred  at 
Irnglli  tiiiik  the  place  nf  kind  aC: ''ions,  and  the 
calaiiiities  of  war  were  siibslitiiled,  in  lien  of  the 
benefiis  of  commerce. 

I'rom  the  year  l7liN,  in  which  a  military  fiircn 
had  been  slatinned  in  Hosioii,llirrr  was  a  constant 
succession  of  innnltiiig  words,  Innks  and  i:rxiiire». 
The  inhabilanls  were  exasperated  against  the  sol- 
dieis,  and  they  aiviinsl  the  inhabilanls.  Thr  for- 
mri  looked  on  thr  lalirr  as  the  iiisinimenls  of 
tyranny,  and  the  latter  on  the  Inriner  as  seililioi|i| 
rioters,  or  frandnlent  smiig,'lris.  In  this  trrita- 
blr  slair,  every  incidetit.  howrvrr  Irilhnu,  iiiailr  a 
sensitdr  imprrssion.  The  cilr/.rns  appirhended 
I  onslanl  danger  frniii  an  ariiinl  bine,  in  whnsu 
power  they  were.  The  soldiers,  no  the  ntliri 
hand,  consideieil  ihrnixrlvrs  in  the  mid<.t  of  eiie- 
mirs,  and  rxposcd  to  attacks  I'r.ini  within  and 
from  wilhoiit.  In  prnpiirlinn  as  ihr  brrarli  br- 
Iweeii  (ireat  Ilritain  and  her  inlniiiis  widened, 
the  disiiiixi  and  aiiimnsiiy  lielwren  the  prnplr  and 
the  army  iiicieaxrd.  Kiinii  the  laltrr  riiil  nl  177  I, 
linxtile  appeaianccs  daily  thrralrni'd  thai  llir  llanirs 
nl  nai  Hiiiild  brkindlrd  liniii  ihr  ciilhsinii  nl  such 
inllammablr  malrrialx.  Whalsnrvrr  was  dnnr 
by  rillirr  parly  by  way  nf  pircaiiliini,  Inr  llii'  piir- 
pnsi'x  of  srir  drlrnrr,  was  1  nnslnird  by  thr  nllier 
ax  prrpaialnrv  In  an  iiilriidrd  attack.  l-!.ii-li  ili>.- 
ctainiril  all  intrnliniis  nf  cnnimrncini:  hnsiijiiirs, 
bill  rrcipincally  iiiiiiiilr>^lrilxiispiriiiii  nl  thr  nihi'i'x 
sincerity.  As  far  as  was  piacticable  wilhniil  an 
iipcn  riiplnrr,  thr  plans  nl  thr  iiiir  were  lexprc- 
livrly  thwailrd  by  ihr  ollirr  rrinii  rvriy  ap- 
i  prarancr  it  brcamr  daily  iiinir  rvidriii  ihal  ami" 
iiiiixt  iillimatrly  drridr  thr  cnntcsl.  To  siillri  an 
ariiiv  lli:it  was  Kiinii  cxjircled  In  br  an  eiirinv. 
ipiirlly  In  liiitily  llirinsrivrs,  when  ihr  inhabilanls 
were  iiilli  alilr  and  Hilling  to  cut  lliein  nil'  appear- 
ed In  snme  uariii  spirits  the  height  nf  fully.  lint 
the  priidcnue  and  mnilrralinii  nfiitlirrs.  and  rs- 
prnally  thr  advice  and  recniiimeiiilalion  nf  < 'nn- 
gress.  restrained  their  iniiirliinsily.  h  w  is  a  I'nr- 
lipiale  circumslance  '.ir  the  coloniesthat  the  rnyal 
army  was  posted  al  New  I'ligland  The  penple 
nf  that  noilhern  coiinliv  have  their  passions  iiinir 
iindur  the  command  id  leason  and  iiilerrsi.  than 
those  in  the  southern  latiliides.  wlierr  a  warinrr 
sun  excilrs  a  greater  degiee  nf  irascibility.  I  )iir 
rash  olleiisive  acliiiii  against  the  royal  furies  .11 
this  early  period,  Ihoiigli  successful,  mii;hi  have 
dune  great  mischief  In  the  cause  nf  .America.  It 
wniilil  have  lost  them  Kuiopean  friends,  ;ind  weak. 
L'lieil  the  disposilinn  of  the  ntlier  cobinirs  to  .lo'^ist 
them.  The  patient  and  thr  pnlili.  .New  Knuland 
men,  fully  setmible  of  their  siliiatinn,  siibmiiied  In 
many  insults,  ntiil  bridlril  their  resentments.  In 
civil  wars  or  revolutions  it  is  a  iinitler  of  miirli 
cnnseijuence  who  nlrikes  the  fust  blnw.  'I'he 
cniiipassion  ofthe  world  is  in  fivinir  nl  the  iiiick- 
ed,  and  the  displeasnie  nf  gnnd  iiirii  nn  llin>r  wlin 
air  the  first  tn  imbriir  ihrir  hands  In  biinian  blimd. 
I''nr  the  space  of  nine  niniilhs  -il'lrr  thr  an  i\al  ol 
(Irneral  tiagr,  the  brliiviniir  nf  llir  |  riipir  of 
jlnslon  is  pariii  iilailN  iM.ilivni  iiiiii:i'mi.  In  ilinse 
who  wish  to  oveitiirn  1  siaiili^linl  I'linriiiiiinls,— . 
Tlity  ounducled  their  o|ipi)siii(iti  with  exiiuimte 


inn  o(  rlip  ciilntiixs 
Millliiil  (riirri  Hliidi 
I    th«-ln'4rtvrH  ;    imtf 

'l''V"l.',l   I,,  I: „„_ 

H'ii    rmji    r'n;i>4(N 

''  Mrdr,  ;i((,.  .,.jy  ,,,,| 
IhiiIi  III  •iiinii'lliiij;; 
»iH  runic  iiiil.iiiiiK 
"Tidril. 

'■II  ilii'i'nrfiii  mai<- 
ll'llllii;  iiiii  „|  ».,. 
n'l  liivc  «:i>irli:iii){. 
iillv  lippiinl  jiiii, 
lilily.  I'liiil,.,,,.,, 
iifKi'il  ilif  cxiipdl. 
li'Nr  liiiiMiiir,  Hiiil 
"1  "|i|)().«ii(.  (Iiii.n. 
'Hill  ri){lit»,  whii-li, 
"I  llllllillily,  lliiuhl 
iiiiliprrf|itili|y  w|. 
'""  li.  Miilrril  ;it 
f!"'i<>in,  mill  ilin 
cd,  in  llfl«   (if  the 

I  ii  inililary  fnrrn 
'"•  Win  :\  ciiiiiii;int 
ilt«  anil  f'tiirc^. 
I  .iKiiinsi  ilip  ,„). 
"iiiilM.  'I'lic  liir- 
iiiNtniiiifiiln  iif 

niPI-    IH  UCllillllliH 

III  llii«  iiritii- 
lii'liiiL',  iiiiiili-  a 

■IIS  ;i|i|it(liriiile(| 
!""■<■,   in    Hliri,,. 

•>■    nil   Ihr    iitliri 

111'  iiii(l'.t   iif  dii.. 

'1111  HilliMi  mill 
iIm;    lirrarli   |„.. 

'Iiiiii'«    iililnipil, 

'<   III''    iH'Ipl.'  1.11(1 

llci  ciiil  111  177  |_ 
'lllNilll|i'(l;iiiins 
riilli.Hliiii  111  siicli 

'•vcr    »ai    ill 

I'll,  fill  lln'  |iiir. 
'■'I  li.v  tli<-  iiihi'r 
«-li-  '  K.lrli  (l|... 
■illU  lliislllilii's, 
>i  "I  llii'  iiiIm'i'h 
'I''  wliliipiii  an 
■  wen-  iri|icc. 
mm  cvciy  ap. 
ili'iii  lliai  "ami" 

'I'll  siidci  an 
I"'  an  riiiMiiy. 
Ilir  iiilialiiiaiitH 
•■III  "ir  a|i|icar- 
ni.lly.  iSni 
lliiTH,  anil  i'». 
liiliiin  iiCCnn. 

Il  «■  is  a  (iir- 
sllial  (lie  iiiyal 

Till'   I |i|k 

passiiiiis  iMiiiP 
inli'ii-si,  than 
"•I'r  a  tvaiimr 
'■iliillly.      One 

il  (iiiri's  al 
I.  IiiiL'lil  liavf 
Anii'iira.  Il 
'Is,  anil  iicak. 
"lilies  III  assist 
^■•'«'  (■:iii;laiii| 

iiliiiiiilpil  III 

nlinrnis.      In 

Kt   III'  HUM  II 

l.|„«-.      'n,,. 

'I' till'  Itliiri,- 
llli  llln.l'  ullii 

iiiiMaii  I.IchmI. 
"■  anna!  nf 
''    |ri.|.i|-    i,f 

"I'.  li>  iliusr 

''I'liini'iils. — . 
ill  ('xi|iil!iiir 


ii'lilrc",  'ril<"y  iiviililiiii  I'KTy  kiml  ut  miii  i;;r 
liiiil  viiili'iiii'i  pri'si'ivi'il  pi'ai  I'  anil  ij'mmI  ihiIit 
atlliilli;  lln'lllsi'lvrs.  sncrrssiitllv  I'li^^a^ril  till*  Dllifi 
I'liliinif'-,  I"  IllaUi-  a  riiillllioll  r.ilMr  Willi  llii-ili,  anil 
riiiiiiHl.ii-lnH  irlirial  lia^r  sii  ciri'dlially  as  In 
niivriii  liH  iI'iiiil:  aiiv  lliiii'^  liir  Ins  riiV'il  inasirr, 
mIiiIi'  iiy  I'lli'ii' I'  '""I  ninil'Taliiin  lln'y  si  ri'ini'l 
llirinsrlvrs  lliilll  i  Pllsuri'.  'ril<illi;ll  rpsiilvril  In 
liiMr  as  Inn '4  as  pinilpiii-p  and  piiliry  i  In- lain  I,  llii-y  ' 
«iii'  all  iIm'  Iiiiii'  pri'piiiiii;  (nr  iIip  I.isi  I'xiri'iiiily. 
'I'lirv  wrip  liirnisliiiiL;  tliriiis'-ivcs  Willi  amis  ami 
aiiiiniiiiilinii,  and  iraiiiin^  tlii'ii  iiiililia.  | 

rinvisinns    ivrip    ,ilsii    inllrrlril    ami    mnrril  in 
dilli'ii'nl    plan's,    piM liriilai ly    at    ( 'niicnril,    aliniii  < 
Iwi'iily  null's  IVniii  llnstnn,   (trni'ral  (ta^r,  lliiin^lil 
/a'aiiiiis  Ini   Ills  inyal  iiiaslci's   intprpsl,  ilnriivrrPil 
a  picvailiii^  di'sirr  nl  a  pi'arpaldi'  acrniiiinnilatinii. 
I|,'  wislii.l  III  pri'vpiil  linslililii'i  liy    ilppriviiiK   lliP 
iiilialiil  nils  nl   ill''   iiirans   in'i'i'ssaiy    (nr   rarryiiiK 
llii'in  nil.      Willi  lliis  \iriv  III'   ili'IPrintiiPil  In   drs- j 
linv  ill''  sliiirs   wliirli   III'  kiipw  wrii'  i  nllpctp'l  Inr 
llir  siippnii  nl  a  priiniii  lal  army.      WisliiiiE  In  »''■  | 
rniiiplisli   lliis  witlimil    lilnndslipil.    111'   tniik   fvpry ! 
pii'raiiiinii  In  ''ll'Tl    11    liv   siiiprisp,    and    willinni  | 
ai.nminu  iIip  rnnntry.      At  I'li'vpiin'rinrk  at  nielli, 
April  l^lli,  IVV-'i.  MID  yri'iiailii'r^   and   linlit   inlaii 
ti  V,  till'  lliiwrr  nl  till'  my  a  I  aiiiiy,  I'liiharki'd  al  lliP  i 
I 'niniiinii,  laiidrd  al  i'inpp's  I  nin,  and  man  IipiI  Inr 
I'nnrnril,   iimli'r  ill''  rniiiiiiand  nl   l.ii'iitpiiant  I  n- 
liiiii'l  .'^lliilll.     Ni'illi'T  ill'-  sprri'iy  Willi  uliicli  iliis' 
i-xpi'diiinii  was  plaiini  d,  I  111'  pi  i vary  with  wliirli  (lic 
tinnps  niarclii'd  nnl,  iinr  an  niiliT   llial   iin  niip  in   i 
iMliilaiit  sliniiid    li'.ivp  liiistnn,    wpiP   NiiHirn-nl    tn 
pii'vi'iit    inU'lliui'iii  I'  rrniii  hi'iiii'  spiil  tn  tin;   cniiii- ! 
iiv   iiiililla,    III   what    HIS   k;niiiK    Inrwaiil.      Alintil 
Ian  III  ill"   iiinrmiij;   KlOnlllit'  IiPxiiikIiiii   miliiia 
hid  as<i'iil!ili-d  In    nppnsp   lliPill.    tint    llili-llli;i'lirp 
ii'spiTiiir.^  ilip  H'^iil.Hs  lii'iiij;  nni  Pitani,  tlipy  wi-rr 
ill--  nis-i'd.  Willi  nrdi'is  In  appi'ar    ai^alll  al    In-. II    (d 
ilnllll.       'I'lli'V  rnlli-rtrd    i  sriniid  liinp,  tn  tin-  lilllli- 
lii-r   idVtI.    iii'twi'i-ll    Inlir    and    (ivr    n'llnrk     III    till' 
iiiniiimu.    III    llii'    I'.llli.  and    ilir    llrilisli   ri'i^iiliis 
-■Miii.illi'r  ma  '.p  ijip'r  appraiam  r.      .^laplr  I'lli-.iirn, 
\^  lin  It'll  llii'   adv.iin-i-d   i-nrpN,    rndi'    up    tlii'in  and 
i-.dlril  nut  ;   "  l>ispi'isr,  vnii    rrln-ls;   llirnw   ilnwii 
viinr  iiriiis  and  dispi-isi-.'^     Tlipy  still   rnnliiiiiPil 
Ilia  hi"lv- ;  nil    wliiili    111'   adviini-d     iii'.in'r.    ills- 
rliiri;i'd  Ills  pisinl.  .iiid  nrilrri'd  Ins  snldirrsln  liri  . 
'I'liis  w.is  dnin'  Willi  .i  liii//.a.      A  disppisinn  id  tin' 
liilhlia  was  till-  i-nnspipii'iiri'  ;    hilt  llir  tiring  nl  till' 
11- ^11 1.1  IS  w  IS  ni'H'itlii'li's<  III  .ttniipii.      Individ II, lis 
iMidiiii;  llii'V  ivi'ri'   liii'd  iipnii,    tliniii;li   dmpprsini(, 
ii'liiriii'd  Ilir  firr.      'I  Iiipp  nr    Iniir  id    tlip    iinlilia 
wpii' kilh'il  nil  111'' i;rp"'ii.      .\  Ipw  mnrp   wtTP    slinl 
.dirr  llii'V  hill  hpi;iiii  tn  disppisf.      'I'lic  ruyal   iIp- 
l.irliiiipiit    pini-pi'di-il    tn   Cniicnr'l,    and   pxpiiitpil, 
thiir  i-nmimssinn.    'Tli'-y  dis.ihli'd  lw-n:il  pniindi'is, ' 
ihri'w  ,'illlllh  id'  hall   inlnwi-lls,   and    slavi-il   ahniii ' 
si\l\    hiiirls   III    thiiir.      .Mr.   .Inliii    ltiiiti'ri(;k,   nl 

I  niirnid,  niajnr  id'  a  n itp   iri!iiiii-iit,  nnl  ktinw   ^ 

111^  what  had  passi'd  .it  l,i>xiiixlnii,  iirdi'ii'il  his  iiiPii  | 
mit  tn  ulvp  till'  lirst    (in-,  lli.it   llipy    iiiikIiI    lint    hi'; 
till'  ai;uii'ssiirs.      Ipnii    Ills  appniarhniii  iipar  llii'[ 
n-i;iil.ns,  ilipv  liri'il,  and  kilird   I'.iptain  Isaac   |)a-| 
VIS,  and  mil'  priv.ilp  iilllii'  prnvmrial  niiniitp  im-ii. 
'I'll''    (il)'   was   nliiriiid,    and   a   skiiimsh    piisiipil. 
Till'  I. im;  s  tmnp-i  h.iviin;  ilniip  ilicir  (iiisiiipss,   lip   . 
Uin  llii-ir  rrtrcil  Inwards  ilnstim.      Tins  was  i  nn   , 
lllrird    with   I'xpi'ilillnll,    Ilit    till'    ailjai  Pitt    illliahl', 
ants  had  asspinhli'd    in  arms,  and  hpi;aii  tn  attaik 
thi'iii  III  pvpry  iliriTlinn.      In  llipir  rptiirn  tn  Lpx- 
iiit:tiiii  ilipy  wprp    pxi  ppilinnly   aiiiinypil,  hntli   liy  j 
lliasp  mIiii  prpsspil  nil   llti'ir   rear,  and   nlliprs   wlin 
pniinni;  in  limii  all  snips,   fiipil  (rntii  lipjiinil  slniip 
wills  and  sin-li    likp   rnvprts,   whi(  li    siipplipil    tin' 
pl.iip  nl  liiH'sanil  rpilniilils.   At  I,pxitii;tnii  tlip  rpuii 
i.irs  » prp  jnniPil  hy  a  ■Iptaclmipiit  n(  '.MK)  niPii.  iindpr 
Inrd  I'lPrry,  wliicli  had  hppii  sent  nut   liy  (ipiipral 
llacitn  siippnri  NiPiilPiianl  < 'nlniipl  .^'  mill.      This 
n'inCnrrpmpiit  haviiii;  twn  pipcpt  nf  citiiinn,   awpii 
llip  prnvincials,  and  kppi  lliPiil  at  a  iin'alpr  dislaiirp  : 
liiit  tlipy  ciinliniipil  a  i-ntiHtant,    lliniiuli  Irrrnnlir 
anil    si-attprini;    liro,    wliirii    did    i;rpat    pxpcntinn. 
Tlip   (In-iC   (iriiiu  Irniii   liidiiiid  tlip   walls  liy    tnnd 
tnaiksiiipn,  lait  tlip   ri>i;iilar  trnnps    iiitn   nn    siii.ill 
(1111,1191(111 :  utit  llii^y  m^vvrllii'li'ts  kepi  up  ii  brink 


NO  II  Til    A  ,M  K  IM  i;  A . 

ii'tM-.iiiiiK  liip  (III  tlip  iiiiliita  and  iiimnlp  men.  A 
lii'li-  .illir  sniKPt  Ihr  refill. iis  n-ai  lied  llnnkpr'n- 
liill,  wnrii  dnwM  Willi  i-x'i-^^ivp  lati^iip,  liavniij; 
mail  lii'd  ill, 11  d,iy  In-iwci-n  thirly  and  Iniiy  iiiiIps. 
•  )n  ilii'  iii'Xt  d  ly  liny  irnsspil  ihp  ( ;|i  iilpstnwii  (prrv. 
.iiid    n-tiiini-d  in  liimtnii. 

TliiTP  iii-v(-r  wpii-  ninri'  thin  IIHl  pinviiiPials  pii 
i;a(;pil  al  diip  Iiiiip,  and  idipii  tint  mi  many.  As 
snnip  tirpil  and  navp  nut,  ntliprs  laiiip  up  and  tnnk 
lliPir  plai  PS.  'I'liprp  was  sian  cly  any  disi  ipliiip 
nlisprvpil  ainniii;  llniii.  ( tllii-prs  and  priv  itps  (irpil 
wliPii  llipy  wpip  n  ally,  in  saw  a  rnyal  iimrnrm, 
wilhnnl  wailiMi;  fnr  tlip  wnid  nf  i-iniimand.  Tlii-ir 
kii'iw|pili;p  Id  ilip  (niinlfy  Pii.ilili-d  ilipm  in  i;aiii 
nppnrttiiiitips  hy  prnssini;  lipids  and  Ipiipps.  and  In 
ai-l  as  (lankini;  p.irtips  ai{amst  llip  kind's  tnin(N, 
wlin  kppl  In  tlip  mam  mad. 

Tlip  rPi;iilars  had  sixty  (ivc  killpil,  inip  hnndrpd 
and  rinhty  winindpil,  and  twpiiiy-pi^lit  m  idp  pris- 
iinrrs.  Of  thp  prnviiirials  filly  wpip  killed,  and 
thirty  Piflil  wi'iimlpil  and  iiiissmi;. 

As  arms  wprp  tn  iIppiiIp  iIip  iiintrnvprsv,  it  was 
rnrlnnatp  fnr  IliP  Amcriraiis  that  lln-  lirsi  Idnnd 
was  drawn  in  .N'pw  KiiKlaml.  'I'll!-  inh.iliil.ints  nl 
lli.it  (-iinntry  are  «(>  rniniPitpd  with  parli  ntliPr  liv 
ili'si-piil,  niannprs.  rplii,'inii,  pnliins,  and  a  L'l'ni  ral 
pipialily,  ihal  llip  killini;  nl  a  smi;|p  inilividiial  in 
ti-rislPil  ilip  whidp,  and  iii.iiIp  iIipiii  rniisidpr  it  as 
a  <-niiiiiinii  (-ansp.  'I'liP  Idnnd  nl  tlinsp  wlin  wiip 
killi'd  at  1,1-xiii^'lnii  and  ( ■inirnrd  priiu'd  tin-  (inn 
(■''iiipiit  id  an  pxii-i.-sivp  niiinn. 

Tn  pn-K-nt  tin-  pi-npli-  wiihm  itnstnn  fmiii  <■« 
npi-raiiiii;  with  tliPir  i  niintrMiiPn  wiihnnt.  in  pasp 
nf  an  assault,  whirli  was  nnw  daily  pxppi  tpd,  lip 
iipral  (ia-^p  aurei'il  with  a  'nmiinilpp  id  iIip  liiwii, 
iliit  ii|iiiii  llip  inhahitaiils  Indt'im;  their  aims  in 
Kancnil  hall,  nr  any  ntlipr  pniivi-nniii  plipp.  iinili-r 
ilie  i-ire  n(  the  selei-inipn,  all  ,.ni  h  iidialnt  nits  as 
wi-rp  nil  lined,  inmht  ih-part  linin  tin-  inwn.  wnh 
then  fiimliPs  and  i-lfei-is.  In  live  d.ivs  alier  ilie 
r  ililii-.itinn  id  tins  ai,'reenipiii,  ihr  iiilial.ii.inis 
lndi;pd  r(V">  mnsipiels,  i;:!|  pis'nis,  :iV.'i  liayniipls 
and  :is  hliiiiderhiissps.  '{'lie  .ii;reeinPiit  was  well 
nliiprved  in  llip  lipyinidnr  ;  lint  afler  a  slinrt  tiiiii- 
nli-:iriii  tiniis  wprp  tlimwii  in  tlip  way  nf  its  find 
('(nnpli'linn,  nn  tlip  pli-a  that  |ipr^iiiis  whn  wpiiI 
Irniii  liiisiiin  tn  lirini;  iii  the  t^.mils  nf  thnse  whn 
elms,  tn  ennliniie  wiiliin  the  tnwn.  were  lint  pm 
ppily  le.itpd.  (niiKress  reinnnslralPil  nn  IIip  in 
trai'lin-i  nl  ilic  ai:r(-('iiteni.  Iiiii  w  iihniii  i-lh-rt.  The 
general  nn  a  l.irtlier  ennsidi-raiinii  id  lliesi-  eimsp- 
(pieiii  PS  nl  ninviiiL;  the  wlii^s  mil  nl  linsinn,  pva'lp'l 
It  III  a  m.iniipr  nnt  rnnsistrnt  with  t'nn'l  fiitli.  lie 
was  111  sniiip  ineasnre  cnnipelled  tn  adnpi  linsdis- 
hniinnraldi'  nip.isnrp,  Irniii  llip  I'l.imnnrnl  tlip  Inrips, 
whn  al|pi;pd  that  iiniip  Inil  enennes  in  the  liiiiish 
tinvpriiment  were  dispiKid  in  reiiinvp,  and  that 
wliPii  tlipy  were  all  sale  with  their  !  iinilies  .mil  i-l 
lects  the  tnwn  wniild  li*'  set  sei  nn  liie,  Tn  prevent 
the  prnyiniials  (mm  iihi.iiiiiii<:  snnplies  whn  h  they 
iiiin-h  wanted,  a  ipnhhlp  was  iiiaili'  nn  theinpanini^ 
nf  tlip  wnrd  rjrrt%  whirli  was  rnnstriiPii  hy  thr 
L!Piieral  as  rut  iiieludiii:^  nipn-haiidisp.  liy  this 
( (inslriietinn,  iinwarr  iiiti'd  liy  evpiy  rule  nf  KPiiiiiiiP 
intpipr'-tatinii.  m.iiiy  whn  ipiiiii-d  lln-  tnwn  wi-re  ilc- 
priveil  111  ilieir  iisn.il  tesniini-s  I'm  siippnrt.  Pass- 
piir's  wpie  nnt  iiiiivi  ri.illy  rPlnspil,  Init  were  (jivpii 
nut  vpry  slnwly  :  and  the  Inismess  was  so  enn- 
ilneted  that  l.miilics  were  divideil  ;  w-ivrs  wpr** 
sppaniU-d  Innii  tliPir  hiisliamls  ;  rhildrPii  (rniii  tliPir 
paipiil  ;  and  the  ai;pd  ai.il  iiilirm  (mm  tliPir  rpla- 
tinim  and  fre  nils,  TliP  tipnrral  dirnverpil  a  dis- 
inelinalinn  .n  pari  with  iIip  wmiipn  and  ehildrpn, 
tliiiikiiii:  liiat,  mi  tliPir  ai-eniiiii,  tliP  prnvmnals 
wnnlil  he  rpslianipil  (rniii  nial.ini;  an  iissaiilt  nn  thp 
tnwn.  The  splerttnen  c.ivp  repeale'l  .issiiraiu-ps 
that  thr  inlialntants  had  delivered  up  their  arms  ; 
hut,  as  a  rnver  (nr  vinlaiint  the  ai;ippnit'tit,  (ipiTp- 
ral  iiaijf  issiipil  a  prnrlanialinn.  in  wliirh  he  as- 
sprted  that  he  had  a  full  prnnf  tn  tlip  i  niilrary.  .\ 
few  tiiiiihl  liavp  sppiPtpil  sniiip  favniirilp  arms; 
lint  nearly  all  ti  ■•  traimiiL' arms  were  delivpreil  up. 
t  >ii  this  tliinsy  preieni'p  tliP  ^Piieral  sacrifii-pd  his 
hniiniir  tn  pnliry  and  the  rlaiiiniirs  nf  the  tnrirs. 
(nntrary  in  uniid  (aitli,  lie  ilptamed  nitiiy,  l)i('ii|:li 
fairly  Kntillcil  by  aurofinriil  In  jjn  otil  ;  and  when 


mi 

I  lie  liiliniilcil  llin  i|p|iiirllir«  nf  nihiTs,  h«  wniild  nnt 
'allnw  tliPin  In  reiiinve  tliPir  laiiiilies  and  pIIppis, 
I  The  prnvnii-ial  i  impress  nl  AI.i-s  n  hii-.eits,  wliii-h 
I  was  III  ,^es<inn  al  the  IllnenI  the  l.exnielnn  h  ii(|p, 
ilesp.iti  lii-d  .III  ..11  iiiiiii  lit  |t  In  tiiea!  Iliii.iin,  .ip- 
pniiipaiiied  Willi    III. my  depnsii inns,    in  prnve    thai 

lIlP   linllsll  tinnps  were  ihe   i^L'I'-ssnis.       'IliPy  aUli 

III  iiIp  an  addrpss  in  thp  nili.iliii.inis  nf  (ireal  llri- 
lain,  in  whiph.  af'pr  rninpl  nniii!;  (d  lli'ir  siider- 
MIL'S,  lliPy  say;  •'  'I'liese  li;ne  nnt  yel  detai  hed  <m 
Irnmiilir  rnyal  snv(-reii;ii.  U'e  pmless  In  lip  hislnviil 
and  'Intilnl  siihjeeis,  and  llinn-^h  hardly  ih-ali  wiili, 
as  wp  have  In-en.  .ire  sidl  ready  with  nnr  lives  anil 
Inilniips,  In  ill-lend  In  persnn.  ernivii  aii'l  di[,'mty, 
.Neveriheh's",  in  the  perseeiiinm  and  ivr.iiiiiy  i.f 
his  evil  iiiiiiisiry,  we  will  nnl  Innely  snlimii.  '.\p. 
pealint!  In  lie.iveil  Inr  the  jiisliip  id  nnr  (  ;iiise,  »p 
ililernniiP  in  die  nr  he  lr''C."  Krnin  the  i-nm. 
nn-liipiiienl  id  hnsllliliPs.  llip  dispnle  helweei) 
(ir"it  Itriiiinaiid  the  enlnini-s  tnnk  :i  in-w  dirii  tinii. 
liiK-llieeni-e  that  the  l!iiii«li  linnps  h ail  mari-hed 
nnt  nl  rinsinn  mtn  Ihe  i  nnntrv  nn  sinne  hnsiiip 
pnrpnse.  Iieiii'^  liirw  iT'leil  liv  Pxpressps  Irniil  nnn 
pnininltlpe  tn  .iiinther.  L'ri-.il  Imdif-s  id  the  iiniiiM, 
tint  niily  (rnin  .Massai  hiiselts.  lint  the  adjnenl  ( n- 
Iniiies,  i;ias|ieil  their  inns  nid  m.irelied  In  n)-,pn<n 
ih'-iii.  The  i-nlniiips  wrie  m  sni-h  a  sl;ite  nf  irti- 
lalidiiy,  that  the  lr;i«l  shnek  in  any  pail  was.  hv  il 
pnwi-iliil  iiid  Myiiipalln-iii-  .idpetinn.  inslanlaiipinis- 
ly  tell  iliriiiiL'hnn'  ih(-  whnle.  The  AniPriPans who 
(ell  were  rever-d  hy  tlii-ir  (  nimiryiiien.  as  iii;irtyrs 

whn  had   died   in   the   ealise  nl  hhl-rlv.      ItesPiil  menf 

ar_'aiipsi  ihi-  tintish  Inirned  iiinre  stmnt;|y  than  pvi-r. 
Mull. 1 1  raL;e  Innk  |in.ise,i«iiiii  lit  I  In-  lirea<ls  nf  tlinll- 
s  iiids.  I 'nniltin  iliiiiis  were  tnrmed,  :ind  assni-ia- 
tinin  siihsi-rilied,  hmdiiiK  the  inh.iliil.ints  to  oiib 
inniher  hy  the  "iar  red  lips  nf  hniionr.  rp|ii;inn.  and 
Invr  111  P'aimry,  in  do  whalever  their  piildir  hndipn 
iliri'-l'il  Inr  ihe  prrsprvaiinn  nf  tliPir  hhertips. 
Iiilhertn  Ihe  Ainenraiis  h  id  nn  reu'iilar  nnv. 
Kinni  priiiriples  o(  pnliev  ihev  eaiiiinnsly  avnideil 
ihal  inprsnrf,  lest  they  niiifhi  •iilppri  iheniselves  lo 
the  (In-re'-nl  lii-int'  ai;cip«snis.  All  llipir  iiiihnry 
rPL'iilaiinns  wprrp.iiried  nn  hy  ilieir  inihtia,  and 
under  the  nlil  mlahlislipil  laws  nf  ihe  land.  Kil 
the  delenee  ni  the  (  nlniiM  s,  the  ndialiiianis  had 
h'-en.  (mm  'heir  p.;!lv  vr.irn.  piirnlled  in  enmpaniPs, 
and  l.in^hl  ilie  iiup  nl  .irnis.  'Ihe  laws  Inr  tliii 
pnrpnsp  h  id  never  hppn  lieiipi  i.li-erverl  than  Ini 
sniiie  iiiniiihs  pn-vinns  tn  the  f  ,*  x  iii{;lnii  li.illle. 
These  linhl.iiy  arranpenienr-.  wlnrli  li.id  lieeii 
prevmiisiy  ;idiipipil  Inr  drtriidinL'  ihr  rnlnmes  frnm 
linslilp  Krein-h  and  Indians,  weie.ni  this  nrrasinn 
inrneil  aeainsi  tliP  trnnps  nf  the  parpnt  slate 
Knrts.  inaira/.iiips,  and  aiBenals,  by  thp  cnnstitn- 
tinii  nl  ihr  ennn'ry.  were  in  the  keppnic  nf  hit 
map-sty.  Iinniediately  aliir  the  I, exmcinii  battle. 
Ilii-sp  wer»-  Inr  'l-e  ninsi  part  laken  pnsspssinii  ft\' 
thrnnulinnl  the  rnlnnn-s.  by  p.irlies  nf  the  prn- 
viii'-mI  iiiiIiIi;i.  Tn-niiilemca.  in  w  liirli  w:is  a  sin.dl 
m.;il  [.'arrisnn.  was  siiipnsi-d  and  taken  by  adveii- 
liirers  Irnni  dilferent  si. lies.  I'liblip  mnn"y  whn  ti 
Iniil  been  rnllerlp'l  in  rniisef|iiencp  nf  previo'ts 
prints,  was  ulsn  sei/eil  (nr  rnminnn  spryii-es.  Hr- 
Inre  the  f  ninininpiireiiKnl  nl  hnsiihties,  ihe^e  mei- 
sliips  wnnid  li.ivp  lippii  I  iiiideimied  by  the  iiinderatp 
(-V(-n  aniniiE!  ihp  .-\  mi  rir.ihs :  but  tinit  i-veni  jiisii- 
lied  a  bidder  linr  nf  <ip[insitinn  lli.iii  had  been  nlnpl- 
ed.  .^uii'lry  (Ill/ens  Imvihj;  be*-ii  put  In  death  by 
IJrilish  Irnnps,  Keif  presprvalinn  dirlatpil  measinet 
which. if  adnptrd  under  nlherein  nmsianees.  wniilil 
have  disniii'ed  tliR  rnlnnists.  f  inenf  the  iiinst  iiii- 
pnrtant  of  litis  kind  was  the  raisme  an  army.  Men 
111  warm  tempprs  wlinse  rniirai:p  pxi-efdrd  ihpii 
prndeiirp.  had  fnr  inniiths  iirt'cd  the  f;e.  i<*iiy  nf 
raisiii;^  trnnps  ;  but  they  were  rpslraine,|  hy  thr; 
ninre  nioilpratp.  whn  wished  that  the  \i-mf» 
nnchl  ayntil  pxtreinities.  nr  at  le  !•!  ih.ii  ihey 
iniL'ht  not  Irad  in  hrinEniE  them  on.  'I  he  pmvin- 
(-ial  rnnKrcss  nf  Mass;i(-hiisplls  brine  in  spssmn  a| 
tlir  tinir  the  batllr  ofl.exinjlnn  wasfnucht.  .nlnl 
that  "an  army  nf  IWI.IUHI  men  be  iminedialelv 
raised;  that  l!l.*i K)  br  of  their  n«n  pmnnep  ; 
:iiid  that  a  letlrr  :iiid  delp^atp  be  «f  nt  Ut  the  srfp. 
ril  riilnnips  nf  Nrw  Mainpshire,  (  nnnrrtipiil  and 
Khodr  Inland."      In  ronseiinriirp  of  this  «uir,  ||.'R 


88-3' 


THE    HISTOUY    OF 


k 


busiiia.19  ol'of  recriiitiiii;  wiisboi^iiii :  and  in  iislioii 
(Iriir  u  |)n>vi$iuii:il  nriii)'  tv^is  piinuli'il  in  tlip  vu^i- 
liiiy  III  liosluii,  whi>  'i,  thunitli  liii' lii'liiw  nli:il  Ijiid 
()cfN  Yiilctl  by  the  p.ovjnrial  coiii;u'>s,  was  niiicli 
sii|ii'n<ii'  ill  iiinnbei!!  i)  tlicniyiil  airny.  'riiccoiu- 
iiMrid  1)1  iliiii  I'urre  was  ^iven  M  (.iciitMal   U'anl. 

II. id  llie  liritisli  Iriiups  ciiiiliiied  llieniselves  to 
liiisldii.  as  bef'ure  llu;  iMli  ol'  April,  the  assembling 
'III  AiiK'i'icanainiy,  tliiiugliuid)'  'iirllic  purpose  ul' 
iiliscrviiiun  and  delence,  niiiili!  Iiave  appeared  in 
the  nature  ol  u  elialleii;;e :  and  would  liavc  made 
iiiaiiy  less  willing  In  .support  llie  people  of  Alassa- 
<'liiiseii!> ;  but  allei  the  llritish  liad  cumnienced 
liostililies,  llie  same  measure  was  adiipied  without 
suli|e<  lini;  llie  authors  ol'  il  to  censurv,  and  with- 
out jjiviii^  (illeiice  or  ha/.arding  the  union.  The 
Lexuiuloii  battle  not  only  I'lirnisheil  the  Americans 
with  a  jiistilyiiig  apology  lor  raising  an  army,  but 
inspired  them  with  ideas  ol"  their  own  prowess. 
Amidst  the  most  animated  declarations  of  sacri- 
(icing  I'ortiine,  and  risking  life  itsell"  for  the  secu- 
rity ol' American  rights,  a  secret  sigh  would  I're- 
ipii'iitly  escape  Iroiii  the  hieastsol'her  most  deter- 
mined Irieiids,  lor  Tear  that  they  could  not  stand 
belore  the  bravery  and  discipline  oC  British  troops, 
lloaiy  sages  would  shake  their  heads,  and  say; 
'•  Voiir  cause  is  good,  and  I  wish  you  success: 
but  1  Tear  that  your  undisciplined  valour  must  be 
mercoine,  in  the  unequal  contest.  Alter  a  lew 
thousands  (if  you  have  fallen,  the  provinces  must 
uliimately  bow  to  that  power  which  has  so  repeat- 
edly hiinibled  France  and  ."^paiii."  .So  conlidenl 
were  the  liritisli  of  their  superiority  in  arms,  that 
lliey  seemed  desirous  that  the  contest  iiiif;lit  be 
brought  to  a  mililaiy  decision.  S'oiue  of  the  dis- 
tiiigiiishi'd  speakeis  in  parliament  had  publicly  as- 
seiii'd  that  the  natives  of  America  hud  iiothiiig  of 
the  soldier  ill  them,  and  that  they  neic  in  no  re- 
spect ipialilied  lo  face  a  liritisli  army.  Kuiopean 
pliilosopheis  had  pulilislied  theories,  setting  foith 
that  not  only  vegetables  and  beasts,  but  that  even 
men  deuener.iled  in  llie  western  heniispheie.  I)e- 
partiiii;  Iroili  the  spirit  of  true  philosophy,  they  over- 
looked the  state  of  society  in  the  new  world,  and 
rjiar^ed  a  coiiipara'ive  iiil'erioiily,  on  every  pro- 
diii'tion  that  was  Aiuerieaii.  The  colonists  tlicni- 
si'lves  hail  iiiibibeil  opinions  iVoiii  their  lorelathers, 
ilial  no  people  im  tarlli  were  eipial  lo  those  with 
wlioiii  they  were  about  to  contend.  liii|>iessed 
Willi  liii;li  ideas  of  Hrilisli  superiority,  and  dilliilent 
ol  llieiii>elves,  their  best-iiilormed  citizens,  tlioiigh 
Hilling  to  run  all  risks,  feaied  '.he  eoiisc(|iience  of 
an  appeal  lo  arms.  The  success  that  attended 
their  iirsi  iiiilitaiy  eiiterprize,  ill  some  degree  liaii- 
i'bed  these  suggestions.  I'erhaps  in  no  siibse- 
(|iieiit  battle  did  the  .\iiiericaiis  appear  to  greater 
advantage  than  in  their  llrst  essay  at  Lexington. 
It  is  almost  without  parallel  in  military  history, 
for  the  yeomaiirv  ol"  a  country  to  come  forward 
ill  a  single  disjoinleil  iiianner,  without  order,  and 
for  till'  must  part  witlioiit  olliceis,  and  by  an  irre- 
giil.ir  lire,  to  put  lo  lliglit  troops  eipial  in  discipline 
lo  aiiv  in  the  world.  In  opposition  to  the  bold  as- 
sert ionsofsiime,  and  '.lieilesponding  feaisofolheis, 
experience  proved  that.Vim'iicansuiighl  ell'ecliially 
resist  liritisli  troops.  The  diOident  grew  bold  ill 
their  coiiiitiy's  cause,  and  Indulged  in  cheerful 
hopes  llial  heaven  would  linally  crown  their  la- 
bours with  success. 

Soon  aficr  the  Lexington  battle,  and  in  eonse- 
ipii'iice  of  that  event,  not  only  the  arms,  aminiini- 
iiiio  forts  and  liirliliiations  in  the  colonies  were 
^ecllred  for  the  use  of  the  provincials:  but  regu- 
l.ii  Ion  es  well'  liiised,  and  money  struck  for  their 
sii|iporl.  These  military  ariangenients  vtere  not 
cmillned  to  New  Knglaiid,  but  were  general 
ihronuhoiit  ihe  colonies  The  delriminalioii  of 
llie  kiiii!  and  parliaineii  to  enforce  submission  tu 
their  acts,  and  the  iie«^  of  the  Lexington  battle, 
rune  to  the  distant  provinces  nearly  about  the 
same  lime.  It  was  supposed  by  many  that  the 
latter  was  in  eonseipience  of  the  former,  and  that 
(ieneial  (Jage  hail  recent  ordeis  to  pniceed  iiniiie- 
di.iirlv  to  subdue  the   refraclory  coloiiies. 

Kroiii  a  variety  ol  cucuinsiaiiccsthe  Americans 
had  good  reason  tu  cuiirludu  that  hostilities  would 


soon  be  carried  on  vigorously  in  Mnssachnselts, 
and  also  to  appiehetid  that,  sooner  or  later,  each 
I'vovince  would  be  the  theatre  of  war.  "  'J'lie 
more  speedily  therefore,"  said  they,  "we  are  pre- 
pared for  that  event,  ilie  belter  chance  wc  have 
for  defending  ourselves."  Previous  to  this  period, 
or  rather  to  the  19th  April,  1775,  the  dispute  had 
been  carried  on  'y  the  pen,  or  at  most  by  associa- 
tions and  legislative  acts ;  but  from  this  time  for- 
ward it  was  conducted  by  the  sword.  The  crisis 
was  arrived  when  the  colonics  liad  no  alternative, 
but  either  to  submit  to  the  mercy,  or  to  resist  the 
power  of  Cireat  Britain.  An  unconipieruble  love 
of  liberty  could  not  brook  the  idea  of  submission  ; 
while  reason,  more  temperate  in  her  decisions, 
suggested  lo  the  people  their  insufficiency  to  make 
ell'ectual  opposition.  They  were  fully  apprized  of 
the  power  of  iiritain  ;  they  knew  that  lier  fleets 
covered  the  ocean,  and  that  her  flag  waved  in  tri- 
umph through  thefour  quarters  of  the  globe;  but 
the  animated  language  of  the  time  was,  "  It  is  bet- 
ter to  die  freemen,  than  to  live  slaves."  Though 
the  justice  of  their  cause  and  the  inspiration  of 
liberty  gave,  in  the  opinion  of  disinterested  judges, 
a  superiority  to  the  writings  of  Americans,  yet  in 
the  latterinodc  of  conducting  their  •ipposition,  (lie 
candid  among  themselves  acknowledged  an  infe- 
riority. Their  form  of  government  was  deficient 
in  that  decision,  despatch  and  coercion,  which  are 
necessary  to  military  operations. 

Europeans,  from  their  being  generally  unac- 
quainted with  fire  arms,  are  legs  easily  taught  the 
use  of  them  than  Americans,  who  are  from  their 
youth  familiar  with  these  instruments  of  war;  yet 
on  other  accounts  they  are  more  susceptible  of 
military  habits.  The  piopoition  of  necessitious 
men  in  the  new  world  is  small  compared  with  that 
in  the  old. 

To  procure  subsistence  is  a  powerful  motive  with 
ail  European  to  enlist ;  and  the  prospect  of  losing  it 
makes  him  afraid  to  neglect  his  duty  ;  but  these  in- 
citement" to  the  punctual  discharge  of  military  ser- 
vices, a'l.  wanting  in  .\inerica.  In  old  countries  the 
distinction  of  ranks  and  the  siibmi.ssion  of  inferiois 
lo  superiors,  generally  takes  place ;  but  in  the 
new  world,  an  extreme  sense  of  liberty  and  equal- 
ity indisposes  to  that  implicit  obedience  which  is 
the  soul  of  an  aiiiiy.  'I'lie  same  causes  wliicli 
nurtured  a  spirit  of  independence  in  the  colonies 
were  hostile  to  their  military  arrangements.  It 
was  not  only  from  the  iliD'erent  stale  of  society  in 
the  two  countries,  but  from  a  variety  of  local  cau- 
ses, that  the  Ameiicans  were  not  able  lo  contend 
in  arms,  on  equal  terms,  with  their  parent  state. 
From  the  fust  sellltmeiit  of  ihe  liritisli  cobuiies, 
igriculliiie  and  commerce,  but  especially  the  for- 
mer, had  been  the  favourite  pusuits  of  their  inha- 
bitants. War  was  a  busine?s  abhorrent  from  their 
usual  habits  of  life.  They  had  never  engaged  in 
it  I'idiii  their  own  motion,  nor  in  any  other  mode 
than  as  appendages  to  Jiriiisli  troops,  and  under 
lirilish  establishments,  liy  these  means  the  mili- 
tary spirit  of  the  colonies  had  had  no  opportunity 
of  expanding  itself.  At  the  commencement  of 
hosiililies,  the  Jtrilish  troops  possessed  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  science  and  discipline  of  war,  which 
could  be  acquired  only  by  a  long  series  of  applica- 
tion, andsnbslantial  establishiiients.  'I'lieir  equip- 
ineiits,  their  artillery,  and  every  oilier  part  of  ilieir 
apparatus  for  war  approached  perfection.  To  tlice 
important  circumstances  was  added  a  liigh  nation- 
al spirit  of  pride,  which  hail  been  greatly  auumenl- 
ed  by  their  successes  in  their  last  contest  wiili 
France  and  .Spain.  On  the  otherhand  the  Ame- 
ricans were  undisciplined,  wiilioiit  experienced 
ofl"icers,  and  without  the  shadow  of  military  estab- 
lishments. In  the  wars  which  had  been  prfvious- 
ly  carried  on.  In  or  near  the  cti,<inies,  the  provin- 
cials had  been,  by  their  respective  legislatures, 
Ireipienlly  added  to  the  liritisli  troops:  but  the 
pride  of  Ihe  latter  would  not  consider  the  former, 
who  were  without  uniformity  of  dress,  or  the  pert- 
ness  of  mililary  airs,  to  be  Iheir  equals.  The 
provincial  troops  were  llieiefore  for  the  luost  part, 
assigned  to  services  which,  though  laburiuui,  were 
nut  honourable. 


The  ignorance  of  liritisli  generals  commanding 
in  the  woods  of  America,  soiiietimes  involved 
them  in  diliiculties  lioiii  which  they  I, ad  been 
more  than  once  leliived  by  the  superior  local 
knowledge  of  the  colonial  hoops.  Theseservices 
were  soon  forgotten  :  and  Ihe  moment  the  troops 
who  performed  them  could  bespareil  tliev  nr  re  dis- 
banded. Such  like  obstacles  had  hitherto  depress- 
ed military  talents  in  America ;  but  they  were 
now  overcome  by  Ihe  ardour  of  the  people. 

In  the  year  1775,  a  martial  spirit  pervaded  all 
ranks  ofmcn  in  the  colonies.  They  believed  their 
liberties  to  be  in  danger,  and  were  generally  dis- 
posed to  risk  their  lives  for  their  eslablishnieni. 
'I'lieir  ignorance  of  the  military  art,  prevented 
their  weighing  the  chances  of  war  with  tliai  exact- 
ness of  calculation,  which,  if  indulged,  niiuhl  have 
damped  Iheir  hopes.  They  conceived  that  there 
was  little  more  to  do  than  fight  manfully  for  their 
country.  They  consoled  themselves' >vith  the 
idea,  that  though  their  first  attempt  might  be  un- 
successful, their  numbers  would  admit  r.f  a  repe- 
lilioii  of  the  experiment,  till  the  invaders  were 
finally  exterminated.  Not  considering,  that  in  mo- 
dern wars  the  longest  purse  (iecides  oflener  than 
the  longest  sword,  they  feared  not  the  wealth  of 
Iiritain.  They  both  expected  and  wished  that 
Ihe  whole  dispute  would  be  speedilv  settlei.  in  a 
few  decisive  engagements.  Klevaied  with  the 
love  of  liberty,  and  buoyed  above  the  fear  of  con- 
sequences, by  an  ardent  mililaiy  enthusiasiii.  una- 
bated by  calculations  about  I  he  extent,  diiraiion,or 
probable  issue  of  the  war,  the  people  of  Aiiierua 
seconded  Ihe  voice  of  their  riileis,  in  an  appeal  to 
heaven  for  the  vindication  of  their  rights.  At  the 
lime  the  colonies  adopted  these  spirited  resolu- 
tions, they  possessed  not  a  single  sliip  of  wai,  nor 
so  much  as  an  armed  vessel  of  any  kind.  It  had 
ol'ien  been  suggested  that  their  seaport  lowiis  lav 
at  the  mercy  of  the  navy  of  (ireal  liriiaiii  ;  ilis 
was  both  known  and  believed,  lint  disieg.inb  il. 
The  love  of  property  was  absoibed  in  the  love  of 
liberty.  The  animated  votaries  of  the  eijiial  rights 
of  human  nature,  consoled  themselves  with  the 
idea  i'l.ii  though  their  whole  sea  coast  should  be 
laid  in  ashes,  they  could  retire  lo  the  westeiii  wil- 
derness, and  enjoy  the  luxury  ot  heing  liee  ;  on 
this  occasion  it  was  observed  in  Congress,  bv  Chris, 
topher  (iadsden,  one  of  the  Sonlli  Carolina  dele- 
gales:  "Our  houses  being  constructed  of  brick 
stone, and  wood. though  destroyed,  maybe  lebuilt, 
but  liberty  oi-ce  gone  is  lost  lor  ever. 

The  sober  discrelioii  of  the  present  ai!c  will 
more  readily  censuic  than  admire,  but  can  ni.ire 
easily  admire  iliaii  iniiiaie  the  fervid  zeal  ol  the 
patriots  of  177;")  and  I7((),  who  in  idea  sacrillci'd 
property  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  with  the  ease  lliat 
ihey  now  sacrifice  alniost  every  other  considera- 
lion  for  the  acquisition  of  properly. 

'I'lie  revenues  of  Iiritain  were  iiiimense  :  and 
her  people  were  liabitnaled  to  the  paytneiit  of  laige 
sums  in  every  fiiriii  which  eoiiiributiuns  to  goverii- 
iiieiil  have  assumed,  lint  the  .A  meiican  colonies 
possessed  neither  money  nor  tiiiuls;  nor  were 
their  people  accustomed  lo  taxes  equal  to  the  exi- 
gences of  war.  The  contest  having  begun  about 
taxation,  to  have  raised  money  by  taxes  lor  cariv- 
ing  il  on,  would  have  been  impolitic.  The  ti  iiipei 
of  the  limes  precluded  the  necessity  of  altenipiiiiL' 
Ihe  dangerous  expedien:  :  lorsiich  was  the  enihii' 
siasni  of  the  day,  that  the  coliuiisls  gave  up  both 
their  personal  services  and  their  properiv  to  the 
public,  on  the  vague  promises  that  lliey  should  at 
a  future  time  be  reimbursed.  W'itliiiiit  iii(|iiiriii': 
in  the  solidity  of  f.ii.ds, or  the  precise  |i(riod  of 
payment,  the  resources  of  llii^  conntiy  were  de- 
manded on  general  assiiiances,  that  all  expenses 
of  the  war  should  nllimalely  be  e(|iialized.  The 
parent  state  abounded  with  rxperienced  stales- 
men  and  oflicers;  but  the  dependent  form  of  go- 
vernment exercised  in  Ihe  colonies,  pirrliided 
Iheir  citizens  from  gaining  that  piartiral  knov.l- 
edge  which  is  acquired  Inuii  beio';  at  llie  head  of 
public  departineiils.  Tlieiewri"  verv  few  in  the 
colonies  who  iinderslo'id  the  bu';lMe>.s  of  providing 
for  all  army,  and  still  liuer  who    had  expeiiiiirt: 


'flipw^vfpwfi^r 


»TOcr 


Hencnits  coniinanding 
,  sipiiiciimi's  invcilvKl 
liii-li  il,c,v  l.:icl  hceii 
Mi|ifiini-  Icical 


■ri 


IV    tl|( 

le  nioincni  ilir   ri<)0|)3 
espiiiTil  ihcy  htkmI 


l('S('S('IHC|i3 


ilKlll  IlilllP 


ncii ;  but    (Ik 


Pi'lii  il('|)ies.s- 


1)1°  till 


|U'I)|)I(' 


liil  spiiii  iifiiiided  all 
'J'lipy  liclificci  ilirjr 
I  were  i;eiieriill_v  dis- 
tlicir  t'sliililislmicii. 
ililiii 
It'  »ii 


ry   an,   picvenied 
iwitli  iliai  ixaci- 


indiilKed,  niii;lir  li: 
cciiireived  iliiii  |||,.|n 
:li[  maidiillv  lor  ilicjr 
iiilli    tlio 


lliPinselv 

lleinpt  iiiiglit  lie  nn- 

a  repe- 

le   invaders  were 


>iil(l  ad  mi  I  r.C 

II   ll: 


isiileririji,  llial  in  mo- 
(iecidcs  olieiier  ilian 
"I  not  (he  wealili  <if 
ed  and  wished  ilial 
speedily  setllei,   in 


Kl 


evnied    wiih    ilu 


)()ve    the  tear  ( 


irv  enllm; 


siasni.  unii- 


eextent,  duraiioii.or 
'  peii|ile  i\(  Anieriia 
ilers,  in  an  appeal  le 


their  rialils 


A I  the 


;le  sli 


spiriied    resciln- 


i|'  "I  war.  nor 


't  any   kind.      It  li;..d 
ir  seapiMl  towns   lav 


(ireai  1> 


III 


ll.   lint   disretardi  ll. 


iheil 

sol'tl 


in  the  Inve 
e  e(|nal  rights 


lietnsejves  HJih   ihi 
'ea  coast  should  Im 


to  ih 


e  Hesiein  wil- 


011 


ol  lieing  tree  ; 
"'ongress.liv  Chris. 
|"lli  Carolina  deie- 
inslrueted  ol  hrieli 
[ed.  may  he  leliudi, 
ever. 

present    auc   will 

|ire,    bnl  ran  ni.ire 

fervid   /,.al  ol  the 

in  id 


ea   .sarrilieeii 


Hat 


I  w'iih  the  < 

oilier  considera- 
hv. 

iiniiH'nse  :  and 

'  payment  oljaijrc 


Ixilions  t 


o  fiovern- 


kmeiiran  colo 

Irnnds  :  imr   iveie 

]e(|iial  to  theexi- 

aliMiit 

taxes   lor  eanv- 


hi 


Tl 


|iiy  ol  aitc 
>  the 


le  lempei 


itiptinu' 
enllin- 


|l»  save  np  |,„ih 
1  properly  to  the 
|l  Ibey  shoidd  al 
liilioni  in(piiriii<: 
|erise  period  of 
de- 


liinlrv  nei 


at  all 


expenses 


liualized.  Th, 
Irienceil  slales- 
jnl  lonii  ol"  Ho- 
lies.   pi.TJiideil 

elieal  knov.l- 
|ai  the  head  „(■ 

nry  lew  in  the 

"^  oC  [•roiidini; 

id   exp(ini),^ 


1=^ 


bd 


n 


f 


9<" 


wmmmn 


amji.i.-iJ I'J' *" 


■■-,....'. .---II:'-  vii'   nrtuMJiiaiii 


^m 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


8«W 


and  kiiuwIfUuc  lo  direct  lis  u|H<rulii)ii9.  Tlieilis- 
piisitiun  ol' the  fiiitmces  of  the  cimiiliv,  anil  \\iv 
im>sl  t'iii'cliinl  mode  i>(  diiiwinj;  Ibiili  lis  ii'^niir- 
ics,  Mi'ie  siibji'cMs  Hilli  wliicli  !.iMirf  iiiiv  cil'  llie 
inli;i)iit'<iiits  Hcie  ;i<'(|iMJiileil.  Ai'iiiinnil  aiiiniiini' 
liDii  wi'ie  aliiuist  wholly  delicieiil ;  »iid  thoiiuhthe 
(oiiiiiiy  iihoiiiidi'd  nlili  the  inuteriulM  of  which  they 
me  nr.iiiiir.ictiireil,  yet  there  was  neither  time  nor 
artists  enough  to  supply  an  army  with  the  means 
ol'  deltMire.  'I'he  tountry  was  destiliiie  hoih  ol' 
rorlilleuiions  and  enjjineers.  Amidst  so  many  dis- 
<(iura;!enienls,  there  were  some  (Uilierinn  ciicuni- 
slaiues.  The  war  eoiilil  not  he  carried  on  hy 
(ileal  liritain,  lint  at  a  great  disadvantage,  and 
at  immense  expense.  It  was  easy  lor  ministers, 
ai  >St.  James's,  to  plan  eanipainiis  :  Imt  hard  was  the 
file  ol' the  oHiter,  Irom  whom  the  execution,  of 
them,  in  the  woods  of  America,  was  expected. 
The  country  was  so  extensive,  and  abounded  so 
much  with  Jellies,  that,  hy  evacuating  and  retreat- 
ins;,  the  Americans,  ihoiish  they  could  not  conijuer, 
yet  minht  save  themselves  from  being  conquered. 
The  authors  ofthe  acts  of  Parliament,  for  restrain- 
ing the  trade  ofthe  cidonies,  were  most  excellent 
recruiting  oHicers  for  (.'ongress.  They  imposed  a 
necessity  on  thousands  to  become  soliliers.  All 
other  business  being  suspended,  the  whole  resour- 
ces of  llie  country  were  applied  in  supporting  an 
army.  Though  the  colonists  were  without  disci- 
piine,  they  possessed  native  valour.  Though 
they  had  neiilier  gold  nor  silver,  they  possessed  a 
mine,  in  the  enlhusiasm  uf  their  people.  I'apei, 
for  upwards  of  two  years,  produced  to  them  more 
solid  advantages,  than  .Spain  derived  from  her  sii- 
peraboiindiiig  precious  metals.  Though  they  had 
no  ships  to  protect  their  trade  or  their  iiiwiis,  they 
liad  siniplicily  enough  to  live  without  the  former, 
and  entimsiasm  eiumgli  to  risk  the  latter;  rather 
than  submit  to  the  power  of  Britain.  They  believ- 
ed their  cause  to  be  just,  and  that  lu'iven  approv- 
eil  their  e>  rtions  in  del'ence  of  their  rights,  /eal 
origiiiaiing  from  such  luolives.  supplied  the  place 
of  disiipline  ;  ami  inspired  a  confidence  and  mili- 
tary anlour.  which  overleaped  all  diHiculties. 

kesistaiice  being  resolved  upon  by-  the  Ameri- 
cans, liie  pulpit,  the  press,  the  bench  and  the  bar, 
severally  laboured  to  unite  and  encourage  them. 
The  clergy  of  .New  Kiigl.iiid  were  a  numerous, 
learned  and  respeilable  boily,  who  had  a  great 
ascendaiiiy  over  the  minds  of  iheir  hearers. — 
Thev  connected  religiiin  and  patriotism  ;  and  in 
their  sermons  and  prayers,  lepiesented  the  cause 
of  Ameiira,  as  the  cause  of  heaven.  'I"he  synod 
of  .New  V(uk  and  I'liiladelphia  also  sent  forth  a 
pastoial  letter,  which  was  publicly  read  in  their 
churches.  This  earnestly  recmnnu'nded  such 
sentiiuents  and  conduct,  as  were  .uilable  to  their 
ailnation.  Wrilers  ami  printers  followed  in  the 
■ear  ofthe  picacheis;  and,  next  to  them,  had  the 
greatest  hand  in  aniiiiatiug  their  countrymen. — 
(ientlenien.  ofthe  bench  and  of  the  bar,  denied  the 
charge  of  rebellion,  anil  justilied  the  resistance  of 
the  cidiinisis.  .\  ilisiiinlion  founded  on  law,  be- 
Hveen  the  king  and  his  ininistiy,  was  introduced. 
The  liirnier,  it  was  contended,  could  do  no  wrong. 
The  crime  of  tre.ison  was  charged  on  the  latter, 
for  using  the  loyal  nanu',  to  varnish  their  own 
unconstilnlioual  measures.  The  phrase  of  a  min- 
isterial war  became  conmion  ;  and  was  used,  as 
a  niediiim  for  reconciling  resistance  with  alle- 
giance. 

Coeval  with  the  resolutions  for  organizing  an 
annv,  was  one  appointing  the  20lh  day  of  .Inly, 
177.5,  a  day  of  public  hniiiiliation,  fasting  and 
prayer  lo  Almighty  liod  ;  "to  bless  their  lightfiil 
sovereign  king  (ienrge;  and  to  inspiie  him  with 
wisdom  lo  discern  and  pursue  the  true  interest  of 
his  subjects;  that  the  llrilish  nalinii  might  be  in- 
llueuced,  to  regard  the  things  that  belonged  to  her 
peace,  befiuc  they  were  hid  from  her  eyes;  that 
the  colonies  might  be  ever  under  the  care  and 
priileiiion  of  a  kind  providence,  and  be  prospered 
in  all  their  iiileri'sts  :  that  America  might  soon 
'jehold  a  gracious  interposiiion  of  heaven,  for  the 
.edress  of  her  many  grievances,  the  resturaliun  of 
hei   invaded  right,  a   reconcillatiun  with  thv  pa- 


rent stale,  on  lei'us  consiiiiitioiial  and  honourable 
to  biilli."*  'I'he  l'on.!'s  ivhich  had  been  colleclcd 
in  .Ma:sachusctls,  were  stationed  ill  convenient 
pi. ices,  liu'  guarding  the  country,  from  i,irtht>r 
excursions  of  the  regulars  from  liostoii.  jircasi- 
wciiks  were  also  erected  in  dillerent  places,  lor 
the  same  purpose.  While  bol'u  parties  were  al- 
templing  lo  carry  olf  .stock  froi  the  several  isl- 
ands, with,  which  the  bay  of  Hoslon  is  agreeably 
diversified,  sundry  skirmishes  look  place.  These 
were  of  red  service  to  the  Americans.  They 
habituated  them  to  danger ;  and,  perhaps,  imicli 
of  the  courage  of  old  soldiers,  is  derived  from 
an  experimental  conviction,  that  the  chance  of 
escaping  unhurt  from  engagemenU,  is  much  grea- 
ter than  young  recruits  suppose. 

About  the  latter  end  of  Alay,  a  great  part  of  the 
reinforcements  ordered  from  Ureal  liritain,  arriv- 
ed at  Uostun.  Three  Hrilish  generals,  Howe, 
lUirgoyne  and  Clinton,  whose  behaviour  in  the 
preceding  war  had  gained  thcni  great  repulalion, 
ariived  about  the  'iame  time.  (Jeneral  (Jage,  thus 
reinforced,  prepared  for  acting  with  more  deci- 
sion :  but  before  lie  proceeded  lo  extremities,  he 
conceived  it  due  to  ancient  forms,  to  issue  a  pro- 
clamalion,  holding  forth  to  the  inhabitants  the  al- 
ternative of  peace  or  war.  lie  therefore  ottered 
pardon,  in  the  king's  name,  to  all  who  should  forth- 
with lay  down  their  arms,  and  return  to  their  res- 
pective occiipiuions  and  peace;ible  duties:  except- 
ing only  from  the  benefit  of  that  pardon,  "Samuel 
.\d.inis,  and  .John  Hancock,  whose  oU'ences  were 
said  to  be  of  too  (lagitious  a  nature,  to  admit  of 
any  other  consideration,  than  that  of  condign  pun- 
ishment." He  also  proclaimed,  that  not  mily  the 
persons  above-named  and  excepted,  but  also,  all 
their  adheieiils,  associates,  and  correspondents, 
should  be  deemed  guilty  of  treason  and  rebellion  ; 
and  treated  accordingly.  Hy  this  proclamation, 
it  was  also  declared,  "that  as  the  courts  of  judi- 
caliire  were  shut,  martial  law  sliuuld  take  place, 
till  a  due  course  of  justice  should  be  re  establish- 
ed." It  was  supposed  that  this  proclamation  was 
a  prelude  lo  hostilities;  and  preparations  were 
accordingly  made  hy  the  .-Vmericaiis.  A  consiil 
erable  height,  by  the  name  of  liunker's  hill,  just 
at  the  entrance  ofthe  penius.ila  of  Charleslonn, 
was  so  silualed  as  lo  make  the  possession  of  it  a 
matter  of  great  consei|ueuce,  lo  vilher  ofthe  con- 
tending parties.  Orders  weie  tlierel'ore  issued, 
by  the  provincial  coiiimanders,  iha,  a  delachniint 
of  a  thousand  men  should  intreiKli  upon  this 
height.  By  some  mistake,  Breed's  hdl,  high  and 
large  like  the  olher,  but  situated  neai'r  Hnstnn. 
was  marked  out  fur  the  inlrenchinenls,  instead  of 
Hunker's  hill.  The  provincials  proceeded  to 
Breed's  hill;  and  worked  with  so  much  diligence, 
that  between  iiiidiiiglit  and  ihe  ihnvuof  the  iiiorii- 
ing.  they  had  thrown  up  a  small  redonbi  about 
eight  rods  square.  They  kepi  such  a  profound 
silence,  that  they  were  not  heard  by  Ihe  British, 
on  board  their  vessels,  though  very  near.  These 
having  derived  their  liisl  iiiforination  of  what  was 
going  on,  from  the  sight  of  the  works,  nearly  com- 
pleted, began  an  incessant  firing  upon  ihein.  The 
provincials  bore  this  with  firmness;  and,  though 
lliey  were  only  young  soldieis,  continued  to  la- 
bour till  they  had  thrown  up  a  small  breastwork 
extending  from  Ihe  east  siile  of  the  redoubt  lo  the 
bottom  of  Ihe  hill.  As  this  eminence  overlooked 
Boston,  (ieneral  Gage  thought  it  necessary  In 
drive  the  provincials  from  it.     About  noon,  therc- 


■•  Since  the  fust  of  tlic  NineviteB,  recorded  in  ^ncr^ll 
writ,  perliftp.s  llicre  bus  nut  liecii  one,  wliicli  wiis  iiiorr 
tfenenilly  kejil,  with  fuiliible  ilir^iioi^iliuiis,  tlitni  ituit  of 
July  '.20,  177.').  It  WHS  no  forniid  prr\ict'.  Tlie  wllole 
tioity  of  the  people  felt  llie  importince,  the  weight  iinil  llie 
(I. timer  of  the  ilneqiinl  cnntcsl,  in  which  ihry  were  iitinijt 
tnen^iiee;  tlmt  every  lliiiitr  ileiir  lo  tlieiii  wiis  ut  »tnke ; 
I  !iittl  ihiit  It  divine  hle:><iiii>;  only  roiilil  enrry  iheiii  Ihrout^h 
!  it  sneceMsfillly.  This  l)tessiii;r  they  implored  w  illl  their 
I  whole  souls,  poured  forth  in  ardent  8U|>plientioiis,  issii- 
iilK  from  benrlf  deeply  penelrnleii  with  n  sense  of  their 
{  iinworlhiiiess,  their  dependence  iilid  danger,  nnd  nt  the 
I  sinne  liiiiu,  impressed  with  iin  hunitdo  confideiioc,  in  the 
I  ineri*ies  Hud  eoodne^s  of  ibtil  Heini:,  wtio  hud  pitinied 
1  nnd  preserved  them  hiiherio,  miiij  many  dangers,  in  lh» 
wildcruesa  of  >  new  world. 


fore,  he  detached  .Major  (ieneral  Howe  and  Brig 
(ieneral  I'igot,  with  the  llowcr  of  his  army,  con- 
sisting of  four  battalions,  ten  companies  of  the 
grenadiers  and  ten  of  light  iiilantry,  wiih  a  pro- 
portion of  lield  arlilleiy.  In  cllect  ihl.-.  iiiisiness 
These  troops  landed  at  Moreton's  ponii,  and  Inin.- 
ed  alter  landing  ;  but  remained  In  that  posiiion, 
till  they  were  reinforced  by  a  second  ili'iachinent 
of  light  infantry  and  grenadier  coiiipunies,  a  bat- 
talion of  land  forces,  and  a  baltalimi  of  mariiies 
making  in  the  whole  nearly  :)0ll(l  men.  W'hili 
Ihe  troops,  who  firsl  landed,  were  wailing  fur  iIiIh 
rcinforceineni,  Ihe  provincials  lor  their  laiilier 
security,  pulled  up  some  adjnining  piisi  ami  i.iil 
fences,  and  set  ihem  down  in  Iwoparalcll  lines,  at 
a  small  distance  fioni  each  oilier:  and  filled  the 
space  between  with  hay,  which,  having  been  late- 
ly mowed,  remained  on  the  adjacent  ground. 

The  king's  troops  formed  in  two  lines,  and  ad- 
vanced slowly,  lo  give  their  arlilleiy  time  to  d"- 
molish  the  American  works.  While  ihe  Briiivh 
were  advancing  lo  the  attack,  they  teceived  onieis 
lo  burn  Charleslown.  These  were  not  given,  be- 
cause they  were  fired  upiin  from  the  houses  in  ilial 
town,  but  from  the  military  policy  of  drprivi  , 
enemies  of  a  cover  in  then  approaches.  In  n 
short  time,  this  ancient  town,  consisting  ol  about 
.iOO  buildings,  chieMy  of  wood,  was  in  one  great 
blaze.  The  lolly  steeple  of  the  mceliiig  house 
formed  a  pyramid  of  fire  above  the  rest,  and  siriuk 
the  astonished  eyes  of  numerous  belmlders,  with 
a  magnificetil  but  awful  spectacle.  In  Boston,  the 
heights  of  every  kind  were  covered  wiih  the  ciii- 
zeiis,  and  such  of  the  king's  troops,  as  were  not 
on  duty.  'Ihe  hills  around  the  adjacent  coiinlry, 
which  alVorded  a  safe  and  distinct  view,  were  oc- 
cupied by  the  inliabiiants  ofthe  country. 

'J'housands,  both  within  ami  wiilmul  Bosimi, 
were  anxious  speclalors  of  the  lilnoily  scene.  Tli>i 
honour  of  British  troops,  beat  high  in  the  birasis 
of  many  :  while  oiheis,  with  a  keener  sensiliiliiv, 
fell  lor  the  liberties  of  a  great  ami  grow  iiig  coun- 
try. The  Brilish  moved  on  slowly  :  which  gave 
the  provincials  a  belter  opportiiiMly  lor  taking  aim. 
The  latter,  in  geneiid  resernd  themsehes,  nil 
their  adversaries  were  within  ten  nr  Iwehe  lods  ; 
but  then  began  a  I'urinns  iliM-liarge  ol'^iiiall  amis. 
The  stream  ofthe  .Vnierican  lire  was  so  iiMosaiil, 
and  did  so  great  execution,  thai  llie  kmii's  'roups 
retreated  in  disoiilcr  and  preiipilaiiiiii.  Thru  nf- 
licers  rallied  them,  and  piislieil  them  forn.-inl  u  iih 
their  swords  :  but  lliey  reluiiied  In  the  :iitai  k  wiih 
great  reluctance.  The  .Xiucricans  again  roerveil 
their  lire,  till  their  adversaries  were  neai  ;  and 
then  put  iheiii  a  second  lime  to  fiiglii.  (Ieneral 
Howe  and  the  ollicers  reilonbleil  iheir  exi'rliinis. 
and  were  again  snicessful  ;  though  the  solilieis 
discovered  a  great  aversion  lo  going  on.  Bv  iliis 
lime  the  powder  ofthe  Aineiicans  began  so  jar  to 
fail,  that  they  were  not  able  to  keep  up  the  same 
brisk  fire.  The  British  then  brought  siuiie  cannon 
to  bear,  which  laked  the  inside  of  the  breast- 
works from  end  to  enil.  'I'he  fiie  from  the  ships, 
batteries,  and  field  artillery  was  redoubled:  the 
soldiers  in  their  rear  were  goadril  nn  by  their  of- 
ficers. The  redoiibi  was  altai  l.i  d  on  three  sides 
at  once.  Under  these  circuni»iaiices,  a  retreat 
from  it  was  onlered  :  but  the  provincials  delay 
ed  and  made  resistance  with  their  discharged  mu» 
keti,  as  if  they  had  been  clubs,  so  Inng,  lliat  iho 
king's  troops,  who  easily  mounted  the  woiks,  had 
half  filled  the  redoubt,  before  it  was  given  up  to 
them. 

While  these  operations  were  going  on  «t  the 
breastwork  and  ledoiibl,  the  British  light  infantry 
were  attempting  to  force  tlie  left  point  of  the  for- 
mer, tliat  ihey  might  lake  the  American  line  in 
dank.  Though  they  exhibited  the  most  iindannteil 
courage,  they  met  wiih  an  opposition  which  called 
for  its  greatest  exertions.  Tlie  provincials  re- 
served their  fire,  till  their  adversaries  were  near; 
and  then  poured  it  upon  the  light  infantry,  with 
such  an  incessant  stream,  and  in  a  diiection  so 
true,  as  mowed  down  their  ranks.  The  engage- 
ment was  kept  up  on  both  sides  with  great  le.sohi- 
tion.     The   persevering   exerliuns   of  the  kiug'i> 


884 


TllK    UISTOKY    OF 


11 


ti(in|is  cciulil  mil  C()m|)el  llie  Ainoric:ins  l»  rctrciii, 
III!  llii'y  iil)4i'rvfil  tliMt  tlirir  in:iiii  body  liail  leltllii' 
lull.  I'liis,  wliKii  lic^iiii,  i'X|Misi'(l  llieiii  Id  new 
iliiiiifrs;  liir.  ii  cimlcl  nut  lie  elVeclnil,  but  liy 
iMiiicliini;  over  Cliiirlcslowii  iirck  :  rvciy  part  ol 
wli.ili  wasrakiMJ  by  iIk- sliol  uI'iIip  (tl.is<;o«  man 
(>r  war,  and  cil'  Inu  Huatini;  batif  riesi.  The  inrcs- 
sai.t  (uf  kept  lip  iicriis.H  this  neck,  prevented  any 
rnnsiderabic  relnlurcement  t'rtiin  joining  their 
coiinlryiiKMi  nlio  were  engaKeil  ;  but  tlielew  wlio 
I'ell  on  llii-ir  relieal,  iivvr  thi;  same  j;rmiiid,  proved 
■  hat  (hi-  appri'hen.sioiiHor  ihoae  piovincial  of)'icor.a, 
who  declined  passing  ovei  In  succour  their  com- 
panions, were  withuiit  any  solid  I'uiindalion. 

The  iiiiniber  of  Americans  engaged,  amounted 
only  o  l;'iOU.  It  was  apprehended  that  the  ciiii- 
cpierors  would  push  the  advantage  they  had  gain- 
ed, and  niarnh  immediately  to  Anieiicaii  head 
quarters  at  (Cambridge;  but  they  advanced  no  far- 
ther than  Hunker's  hill.  There  they  threw  up 
vorks  lor  iheir  own  security.  The  provincials 
Old  the  same,  on  Prospect  hill,  in  front  of  them. 
'idih  were  giiaiding  against  an  attack;  and  both 
were  in  a  bad  conilillon  to  receive  one.  The  loss 
.ilihe  peninsula  depressed  the  spiriw  of  the  Aiiie- 
<icans  ;  and  Ihe  great  loss  of  men  produced  the 
same  erl'ect  on  the  Hritish.  Their  have  been  few 
tallies  ill  modern  wars,  in  which,  all  circumstances 
:onsideied,  there  was  a  greater  destruction  of  men, 
hall  in  this  short  engagement.  The  loss  of  the 
firilish,  as  acknowledged  by  (Jeneral  (iage, 
imounled  to  lO.'il.  Nineteen  commissioned  of- 
(icers  were  killed  and  70  more  were  woiiiiile'l. 
'J'he  liatile  of  Quebec,  in  17.")9,  which  gave  (ileal 
Uriiain  ihe  province  of  Canada, was  not  sodesiisc. 
live  to  lirilish  oHicers,  as  this  all'air  of  a  sliglil  in- 
treiielimenl,  the  work  only  of  a  few  hours.  That 
the  iiffueis  snlVcred  so  liilich,  iinisl  be  inipnied  in 
llicii  lieins;  aimed  at.  None  of  the  provincials  in 
lliis  engagement  were  rille  men  :  but,  they  wcr.- 
all  gooil  maiksiuen.  The  whole  of  their  previous 
milJaiy  knowledge  liad  been  derived  from  hunt- 
ing, and  (he  ordinary  amusements  of  ipoitsmen. 
The  dexterity  which',  by  long  habit,  they  had  ac- 
(jiiiied  in  hilling  beasi,  birds,  and  marks,  was  fa- 
tally applied  to  the  deslruction  of  Hritish  oOicers. 
Kri'ini  llieii  fall,  much  confusion  was  expected. 
Tliev  were  therefore  particularly  singled  o.'t. 
,^l()s'|  ol'  those,  who  were  near  the  peisoii  of  tieiic- 
nl  Howe,  were  either  killed  or  wounded  :  bnt  the 
gcMi-ral,  though  he  greatly  exposed  himself,  was 
unhiirl.  The  liiiht  infantry  and  grenadiers  lost 
ihree-l'onnhs  of  their  men. '  Of  one  company,  not 
iiioic  than  tlve,  and  of  anothei,  not  more  than 
fomieen  escaped.  The  unexpecled  resistance  of 
llie  Ainrricaiis  was  nuch,  as  wiped  away  the  re- 
proach of  cowardice,  which  had  been  cast  on  them, 
bv  their  enemies  in  Hritain.  Tlie  spirited  conduct 
of  Ihe  I'  di  olVicers,  merited  and  obtained  great 
api'laii  nt,  llie  provincials  were  justly  entitled 

(o  a  lari.  portion  of  the  fame,  for  having  luadethe 
Utmost  exertions  of  their  adversaries  necessary,  to 
Jisloilixe  them  from  lilies,  which  were  the  work 
only  ol  a  single  night. 

'("he  Aiiiericaiislost  five  pieces  of  cannon.  Their 
killed  amounted  to  one  hundred  anil  thirty-nine  ; 
th-ir  wiiunded  and  missing  to  three  hundred  and 
fourteen.  Thirty  of  the  former  fell  into  the  hands 
of 'he  roni|uerors.  They  particularly  regretted  the 
deaih  of  Ceneral  Warre'n.  To  the  purest  patriot- 
ism and  most  undaunted  bravery,  he  added  the 
viriiies  of  domestic  life,  the  eloquence  of  an  ac- 
complished orator,  and  the  wisdom  of  an  able 
sfaiesmen.  A  regard  to  the  liberty  of  his  country 
only,  iniluced  hliu  to  oppose  the  measures  of  go- 
verimieiit.  He  aimed  not  at  a  separation  from, 
bill  a  coalition  with  the  mother  country.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  defence  of  his  country  ;  "nl  that 
he  intglit  be  applauded,  and  rewarded  for  a  palri- 
olic  spiiit  ;  but,  because  he  was,  in  the  best  sen.se 
of  the  word,  a  real  patriot.  Having  no  interested 
■>r  personal  views  to  answer,  Ihe  friends  of  liberty 
confided  in  his  iniegrily.  The  soundness  of  his 
w  I  meni,  and  his  abilities  as  a  public  speaker, 
cnaldeil  him  to  make  a  distinguished  (igilie  in  pub- 
lic councils  :  but,  his.  intrepidity  and   active  zeal. 


induced  his  coiintiynii'ii  !ii  pl.icc  him  in  ihe  mili- 
tary line.  Within  limrdaysalter  he  wasappoinled 
a  major  general,  he  fella  noble  sacrilice  to  a  cause, 
which  he  had  espoused  from  the  piiiesi  principles. 
!.,ike  Hampden  he  lived,  and  like  Hampden  he 
died  ;  iiiiitrsally  beloved,  and  iiniveually  regret- 
led.  His  many  virtues  were  celebrated  in  an  ele- 
gant eiilogiuni,  written  by  Dr.  Rush,  in  language, 
eoual  to  the  illustrious  subject. 

The  burning  of  C'harlestown,  though  a  place  of 
great  trade,  did  not  discourage  the  provincials.  It 
excited  resentment  and  execration;  but  not  any 
disposition  to  -"'  mit.  Such  was  the  high-toned 
state  of  the  public  mind,  and  so  great  the  indill'er- 
ence  of  properly,  when  put  in  coinpelilion  with 
liberty,  lliat  military  conllagralions,  though  they 
distressed  and  impoveriihed,  had  no  tendency  to 
subdue  Ihe  colonists.  They  might  answer  in  the 
old  world  :  but  were  not  calculated  foi  the  new, 
where  the  war  was  undertaken,  not  for  a  change 
of  masters,  but  for  securing  essential  rights.  The 
action  at  Ilreed's-hill  or  Hunker's  hill,  as  it  has 
been  coiniuonly  called,  producerl  many  and  very 
imporlant  consequences.  It  taught  the  Hritisli  so 
much  respect  forthe  ,\mericans,  intrenched  behind 
works,  that  Iheir  siiliscqneni  operations  were  re- 
tarded with  a  caution,  that  wasted  away  a  whole 
campaign,  to  very  little  purpose.  It  added  to  the 
confidence  the  Anieiieaiis  began  to  have  in  their 
own  ;  hilities ;  but  inferences,  very  injurious  to 
the  future  interests  of  America,  weie  drawn  from 
the  good  conduct  of  the  new  troops,  on  the  memo- 
rable li.iy.  Il  inspired  some  of  the  leading  membeis 
of  Coiigiess,  Willi  such  high  ideas  of  what  might 
'  e  done  '  ililia,   or  men   engaged  for  a   short 

I'l.ii  o!  I'  I'lient.  that  it  was  long  before  they 
.issented  ".)  ttie  establi-^hment  ofa  permanent  army. 
Not  dislingliifliing  tlie  continued  exertions  of  an 
•"■my.  through  a  seiies  of  years,  from  the  gallant 
•I'lorls  .>'"ilieyeii"  ■v^  of  the  eoiinlry,  led  directly 
io  acin'  .  '  "y  w  .  ■  ■U/w  in  iidmiiting  the  neces- 
sity of  peiinan.nl  tin  ips.  They  conceived  the 
country  might  be  defended,  by  the  occasional  ex- 
ertions of  her  sons,  without  the  expense  and  dan- 
ger of  an  army,  engaged  for  the  war.  In  the  prn- 
s;ress  of  hostiliti.^s.  as  will  appear  in  the  sequel, 
the  niirnia  lost  much  of  their  first  ardour;  while 
leading  men  in  the  councils  of  .America,  trusting  to 
its  continuance,  neglected  the  proper  time  of  re- 
cruiting, Cora  series  of  years.  From  the  want  of 
perseverance  in  llie  militia,  and  the  want  ofa  dis- 
ciplined standing  army,  the  cause  for  which  arms 
were  at  first  taken  up,  was  more  than  once  brought 
to  the  brink  of  destruction. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

The  stH'oMii  rmiirress  niei'ts  ;orffmii7,esa  reKuInrroniiiieii- 
lil  ,\rin\  :  iii.tkes  siimlry  puhlie  niblrecsfs:  piMitions  llip 
Kinp,  ,V*r.     'rrnnsocliens  in  .MtissnrhiisL'll<i. 

It  has  already  been  tnenlioned,  that  Congress, 
previous  to  its  (lissolulion,  on  the  2(llh  oft  )ctober, 
1771.  recommended  to  the  colonies,  to  choose 
members  for  another:  to  meet  on  the  llltli  of 
May,  177."i;  unless  Ihe  reilress  of  grievances 
wag  previnusly  obtained.  A  circular  letter  had 
been  addressed  by  lord  ncirtiiioiith,  to  the  several 
ridonial  governors,  requesting  their  interference,  to 
inevent  the  ineetine  of  this  second  congress  ;  but 
minislerial  requisitions  had  lost  their  intluenrc. 
Delegates  were  elected,  not  only  for  the  twelve 
colonies,  that  were  before  represented,  but  also  for 
the  parish  of  St.  John's,  in  Heorgia :  and,  in  July 
following,  for  the  whole  province.  The  lime  of 
the  meeting  of  this  second  coiigiess,  was  fixed  at 
so  distant  a  ilay,  that  an  opportunity  might  be  af- 
foriled  for  obtaining  information  of  the  plans  adopt- 
ed by  Ihe  Hri'.lsh  parliament  in  the  winter  of  1774. 
\71~>.  Had  these  been  favourable,  the  delegates 
would  either  not  have  met,  or  dispersed  after  a 
shiut  session  :  hut  as  the  resolution  was  then  fixed, 
lo  compel  the  submission  of  the  colonies,  and  hos 
lilities    had  already    comiiienced    the  luceling  of 


Congress,  on  the  tenth  of  May.  which  was  at  fitsi 
eventual,  became  fixed. 

On  their  meeting,  they  chose  Peyton  Randolph, 
for  Iheir  president,  and  Charles  Tboinpson,  for 
their  secretary.  On  the  next  day  .Mr.  ilaiicock 
laid  hefoie  llieiii  a  variety  of  depositions,  proving, 
that  Ihe  king's  trnops  were  lh(  aggressors,  in  the 
late  battle  at  Lexington,  together  with  sundry  pa- 
pers relative  to  the  great  events,  which  had  lately 
taken  place  in  Massachusetts.  Whereupon  ('on- 
giess  resolved  itself  into  a  cuniinittee  of  the  whole, 
to  lake  into  consideration  the  slate  of  .America. 
They  proceeded  in  the  same  line  of  moderation 
and  firmness,  which  marked  the  acts  of  iheir  pre- 
decessors in  the  past  year. 

The  ".ity  and  county  of  New  York,  having  ap- 
plied to  v'.'ongress,  for  advice  how  they  should  coii- 
duL'  iheiiselves  with  regard  lo  the  troops  they 
expected  lo  land  there:  they  were  advised,  "to 
act  on  the  defensive,  so  long  as  might  be  consist- 
ent with  Iheir  safely;  to  peimit  Ihe  troops  lo  re- 
main in  the  barracks,  so  long  as  they  behaved 
peaceably:  but  not  lo  sull'er  fortifications  to  be 
erected,  or  any  steps  to  be  taken  for  culling  olT 
the  communication  between  the  town  and  coun- 
try." Congress  also  resolved:  "That  exporta- 
tion to  all  parts  of  Hritish  America,  which  had 
not  adopted  their  association,  should  imniiMliately 
cease;"  and  that,  "no  provision  of  at;y  kind,  or 
other  necessaries,  be  furnished  lo  the  Hritish  fish- 
eries, on  Ihe  American  coasts  ;"  and.  "  that  no 
bill  of  exchange,  draft,  or  order,  of  any  ofticer  in 
the  Hritish  army  or  navy,  their  agents  or  contract- 
ors, be  received  or  negotiated,  or  any  money  sup- 
plied tlieiu,  by  any  person  in  America;  that  no 
provisions  or  necessaries  of  any  kind,  be  furnished 
or  supplied,  to  oi  for  the  use  of  the  Hritish  army 
or  navy,  in  Ihe  colony  of  iMnssaclmsetts  Hay  ;  ihat 
no  vessel  employed  in  Iranspoiling  Hritish  trnops 
lo  America,  or  from  one  part  of  North  America, 
10  another,  or  warlike  stiues  or  provisions  for  said 
troops,  be  freighted  or  furnished  with  provisions  or 
any  necessaries."  These  resolutions  may  be 
considered  as  the  counterpart  of  Ihe  Hiilish  aci:i 
for  restraining  the  commerce,  and  prohibiting  the 
fisheries  of  the  colonies.  They  were  calculaleil 
In  bring  distress  on  the  Hritish  islands,  in  the  West 
Indies;  whose  chief  dependence  for  siibsisTnce, 
was  on  iheimporlalion  of  provisions  from  the  Ame- 
rican conlinenl.  They  also  occasioned  new  dilli- 
culties  in  llie  support  of  the  .Jritish  aiuiv  and  (isli- 
eries.  Tiie  colonists  were  so  much  indebted  lo 
(ireat  Hritain,  that  governinenl  bills  for  the  most 
pan  found  among  them  a  ready  market.  A  wai 
in  the  colonies  was  therefore  maile  subservient  to 
commerce,  by  increasing  the  sources  of  remit- 
tance. This  enabled  the  mother  country,  in  a  ureal 
degree,  to  supply  her  troops  wiihoiil  shipping  mo- 
ney out  of  Ihe  kingdom.  From  the  operation  of 
these  resolutions,  advantages  of  this  nature  were 
not  only  cut  off,  but  the  supply  of  the  Hritish  ar- 
my was  rendered  bnlh  precarious  and  expensive. 
In  consequence  of  the  interdiction  of  the  .Aineri- 
caii  fisheries,  great  profits  were  expected,  by  Hri- 
tish adventurers,  in  thai  line.  Such  fieqiieiitly 
found  it  most  convenient  lo  obtain  supplies  in  .Ame- 
rica, for  carrying  on  their  fisheries;  but,  as  (ileal 
Hritain  had  deprived  the  colonists  of  all  benvliis 
from  that  quarter,  they  now,  in  their  turn,  iiiler- 
dicled  all  supplies  from  being  furnished  lo  Hritish 
fishermen.  To  obviate  this  unexpected  emliar 
ra,ssnienl,  several  of  the  vessels  employed  in  this 
business,  were  obliged  to  return  home  io  bring  out 
provisions,  for  their  associates.  These  restrictive 
resolutions  were  not  so  much  the  efi'ecl  of  resen' 
menl,  as  of  policy.  The  colonists  conceivi  d  tlia 
by  distressing  Ihe  Hritish  commerce,  they  would 
increase  Ihe  number  of  those  who  would  interest 
themselves  in  their  behalf. 

The  new  congress  had  convened  but  a  few  days, 
when  Iheir  venerab  president,  Peyton  Randolph, 
was  under  the  nece.isity  of  returning  limne.  ( hi 
his  departure,  John  Hancock,  who  had  lately  been 
prosciibed,  by  (leneral  (Jage.  was  nnaiiiiiioiisly 
chosen  his  surcessor.  The  objects  of  di  libera- 
tion, presented  lo  this  new  congiess,  were,  if  po.-» 


?l 


m 


Vai'S'WPi*' 


«u,j'   .  [■w.Mum-^iJWW— 


Bssm 


NORl  H    AM  K  RICA. 


i<t  Hrei 


>4 


nihle,  more  iinpurtant  than  thuDe  which,  in  ihe 
i)r»cc(liiiK  ,Y«ar,  h.ul  eng:i);c(l  llie  utlenliuii  nl'ilifir 
ur>>lec>''<^»"<-  1'"^  culuiiLtls  h:iil  nuw  ex|)i'neii- 
ced  Ihe  ini'l)ic»cy  o(  thuxe  intMsiiivx,  I'rtmi  whicli 
rehel'  hud  been  liirnierly  ol)l;iinv(l.  The)'  tuiiiid  a 
new  |i»rhunienl  disi|io9ed  U>  run  all  risks  in  com- 
pelling their  aulimissiun.  They  also  understood, 
that  administration  was  united  a<!ainst  tliein,  and 
its  nienibcrs  tirnily  estalilisheil  in  their  |ilaces. 
Uosliliiieii  were  cuininenced.  Heinroicenients 
had  arrived;  and  more  were  daily  expected.  Ad- 
ded lu  this,  they  liad  inl'orniatn)n,  that  their  adver- 
■arics  had  taken  measures  to  secure  the  I'riendsliip 
and  cu-operatiun  ol'the  Indians  and  (Janadjans. 

The  coercion  of  the  colonists  bcin^  resolved 
upon,  and  theirconqiiest  supposed  to  be  inevitable, 
the  Urilisli  ministry  judged,  that  it  would  be  lor 
the  interest  of  both  countries,  tii  proceed  in  that 
vigorous  course,  which  promised  the  speediest  at- 
lainment  of  their  object.  'J'hry  hoped,  by  press- 
ing the  cuhinists  on  all  quarters,  to  intimidate 
opposition,  and  ultimately  to  lessen  the  ell'usion  of 
human  blood. 

In  this  awful  crisis.  Congress  had  only  a  choice 
of  dilhcullies.  The  New  Kngland  stales  had  al- 
ready urgani'/.ed  an  army,  and  blockaded  (ieneral 
Gage.  To  desert  Ihein  would  have  been  contra- 
ry to  plighted  faith,  and  lu  sound  policy  :  to  sup- 
port them,  would  make  the  war  general,  and  in- 
volve all  the  provinces  in  one  general  promiscu- 
ous slate  of  hostility.  The  rcsohilion  of  the  peo- 
ple in  favoui  of  Ihe  latter  was  fiNed  ;  and  only 
waiued  public  sanction  for  its  operaticni.  Con- 
gress therefoie  resolved:  "that  for  the  express 
purpose  of  defending  and  securing  the  cohinies 
and  preserving  them  in  safely,  against  all  allcmpls 
III  carry  the  late  acts  of  parliament  into  execution 
by  force  of  anus,  they  be  immediately  put  in  a 
slate  of  defence  :  but,  as  they  wished  for  a  resto- 
mtion  oftliehaimony,  formerly  subsisting  beuvcrn 
the  mother  country  and  the  colonics,  to  the  pro- 
molion  of  this  most  desirable  rcconcilialion,  an 
linmble  and  dutiful  petition  be  presented  to  his 
liiajesly."  To  resist,  and  to  petition,  were  coeval 
resolutions.  As  freemen,  they  could  not  lamely 
subinil :  but  as  loyal  subjects,  wishing  for  peace 
.IS  far  as  was  compatible  with  their  riglils,  iliey 
once  more  in  Ihe  character  ol' peiilioners,  liMiubly 
stated  ll-eir  grievances,  to  Ihe  coiimion  father  of 
tlie  empire.  To  dissuade  the  Canadi.ins  from  co- 
operating with  ihe  llritish,  they  again  ailihessed 
them  :  representing  the  pernicious  tendency  of 
the  (Quebec  act,  and  apologi/.ing  for  their  taking 
Ticondcroga,  and  Crown  Point,  asmeasnies  which 
were  dictated  by  the  great  law  of  selfpicseiva- 
liun. 

About  the  same  time.  Congress  took  nif  asurcs 
for  warding  of  the  danger,  that  threatened  ihei 
frontier  inhabitants  from  the  Iiniians.  Commis- 
sioners to  treat  with  them,  were  appointed  :  and  a 
supply  of  goods  for  their  use  was  ordered.  A  talk 
was  also  prepared  by  Congress,  anil  iransmilled  to 
them,  in  which  the  controversy  bctwei'ii  (ireal 
lirilain  and  her  colonies  was  explained  in  a  famil- 
iar Indian  style.  They  were  told,  that  they  had 
no  concern  in  the  family  quairel;  ami  were  urged 
by  the  lies  of  ancient  •'riendship,  and  a  cnmiMon 
birlh  place,  to  remain  at  home  ;  keep  their  hatchet 
buried  deep;  and  to  join  neither  parly. 

The  novel  situation  of  Massachtiselts,  made  it 
necessary  for  the  ruling  powers  of  that  province, 
to  ask  the  advice  of  Congress,  on  a  very  inlerest- 
ing  subject:  "Ihe  taking  up  and  exercising  the 
powers  of  civil  government."  For  many  moiuhs 
they  had  been  kept  together,  in  tolerable  peace 
and  order,  by  Ihe  force  of  ancient  habits;  under 
Ihe  simple  style  of  recommendation  and  advice 
from  popular  bodies,  nivested  with  no  legislative 
nuthority.  But,  as  war  now  raged  in  their  bor- 
ders, and  a  numerous  army  was  actually  raised, 
some  more  eRicient  form  of  government  became 
necessary.  .\l  this  early  day,  it  neither  comport- 
ed with  the  wi.s'ics,  nnr  the  designs  of  the  colo- 
nists, til  erect  fu.-ms  of  government  independent 
111  (ireat  ISiilain.  '"oni;ross,  ihercfore.  recom- 
iiieiidcd  only  such  regulations,  as  were  inimedi- 
80 


tely  necessary  :  and  these  vere  confnimed,  as 
near  as  possible,  to  the  spirit  anil  substance  ol  the 
charier ;  and  were  only  to  last,  till  a  governor,  of 
his  majesty's  appuinlnient,  would  consent  to  gov- 
ern the  colony  according  In  its  charier. 

Uii  tlie    same  principles   of  necessity,    anollier 
issiiinption  ol   new    powers  became   unavoidable. 
J'he  great  inteicoiiisc  that  daily  look  place  lluongh- 1 
nut  llie  colonies,  pointed  out  the  propriety  of  csiab- 1 
lishiiig  a  general   |iosl-olVice.     'i'his   was  accord- j 
iiiiily  done;  and  lir.    I'raiikliii  who,  had  by    royal  i 
aiilhorily,  been  dismissed  from  a  similar  I'luploy- 1 
inent  about  three  years  before,  was  appointed  by 
his  country,  the  head  of  the  new  department. 

While  Congress  was  making  arrangements  for 
iheir  proposed  continental  army,  it  was  thoughl 
expedient,  once  more  to  address  the  inhabiianls  ol 
(ireat  Uritain  and  to  publish  lu  the  world  a  decla- 
raiion  selling  forth  llieir  reasons  fur  taking  up  arms: 
lo  address  the  speaker  and  gentlemen  of  the  as- 
sembly of  .lamaica,  and  the  inhabiianls  of  Ireland  : 
and  also  to  prefer  a  second  humble  pclilion  lo  the 
king.  In  their  address  to  the  inhabiianls  of  (ireal 
Britain,  they  again  vindicated  themselves,  from 
ihe  charge  of  liming  at  independency;  professed 
their  willingness  lo  submit  to  the  several  acts  of 
Made  and  navigalion,  which  were  passed  before 
ihe  year  I'/tiU  ;  recapiliilaled  their  reasons  for  re- 
jcclnig  lord  Norlh's  concilialuiy  iiiiition;  staled 
the  hardships  lliey  siill'ered,  from  the  operalions 
of  llie  royal  army  in  lioslon  ;  and  insinualed  ihc 
danger  that  the  inhabiianls  of  lirilain  would  be  in, 
of  losing  their  freedom,  in  case  their  American 
brelhren  were  snbihied. 

In  iheirdcclaralion,  selling  forth  their  causes  and 
necessiiy  of  their  lakioi;  up  arms,  they  emimera- 
led  Ihe  injuries  Ihey  had  received,  and  the  melhods 
taken  by  the  ISrilisli  iMinisliy  lo  compel  llieir  sub- 
mission ;  and  then  said  :  "  we  are  reduced  to  the 
allernalivc  of  choosing  an  uncondiliiinal  snbniis- 
sion  lo  the  lyraniiy  of  irritated  ministers,  or  resis- 
tance by  foice.  The  latter  is  our  choice.  We 
have  coiinleil  the  cost  of  this  contest,  and  find 
nolbiiig  so  dreadful  as  voluntary  slavery."  'I'hey 
asserted  "  thai  foreign  assislaiice  was  undoubieilly 
allainalile.'  This  was  not  founded  on  any  private 
iiiformaliun,  but  was  an  opinion  derived  iVuin  their 
knowledge  of  the  principles  of  policy,  by  whicli 
slates  usiiniiy  legiila'e  their  conduct  towards  each 
otiii-v. 

In  ihrir  address  to  ihe  speaker  and  gentlemen 
of  ill;'  assembly  of  .lamaica.  they  dilated  on  the 
arbiuary  systeinscf  the  ISrilisli  ministry;  and  In- 
forined  ilieiu,  that  in  order  in  obtain  a  redress  of 
their  grievances,  iliey  had  appealed  lo  the  justice, 
linmaiiily,  ;inil  iiileresi,  of  (ireat  Hriliin.  They 
staled,  that  to  make  their  schemes  of  non-impor- 
lalion  and  non-exporlalioii,  produce  the  desired 
effects,  Ihey  were  obliged  lo  extend  them  to  the 
islands.  '•  From  that  necessiiy,  and  from  that 
alone,  said  they,  our  conduct  has  proceeded." 
They  concluded  with  saying:  "the  peculiar  silu- 
atioii  ol"  your  island  forbids  voiir  assistance;  but 
we  have  your  good  wishes.  From  the  giinil  wish- 
es of  the  fiienils  of  liberly  and  mankind,  nc  shall 
always  derive  coiisolalioii." 

In  Iheir  address  lo  the  people  of  Ireland,  ihey 
recapiliilaled  iheir  grievances  ;  staled  llicir  hum- 
ble peiilions,  and  the  neglect  with  which  llicy  had 
been  treated.  "  In  defence  of  our  persons  and 
properties  under  actual  violations,"  said  they, 
"weliave  taken  up  arms.  When  that  violence 
shall  he  removed,  and  hostilities  cease  on  Ihe  part 
of  the  agrcssors,  ihey  shall  cease  on  our  pari 
also." 

These  several  addresses  were  executed  in  a 
masterly  manner,  and  were  well  calculated  to 
make  friends  lo  the  colonies,  lint  Iheir  petition 
to  the  king,  whicli  was  drawn  up  at  the  same  lime, 
produced  more  solid  advantages  iy  favour  of  the 
American  cause,  than  any  other  of  their  produc- 
tions. This  was  in  a  great  measure  carried 
ihionch  Congress  by  .Mr.  Dickinson.  Several 
members,  judging  from  the  violence  with  which 
parliament  proceeded  against  the  colonies,  were 
of  opinion,  that  furihcr  petitions  were  nugatory  : 


83S 

but  this,  worthy  citizen,  a  friend  to  both  countries, 
and  devoted  lo  a  reconciliation  on  consiiluiional 
principles,  urged  ihe  expediency  and  polity  of 
trying,  iincc  mine,  ilieelfcct  of  an  huinble,  decent, 
and  firm  peliliiin  to  the  ciinnuon  head  of  Ihe  em- 
pire. The  high  opinion  that  was  conceived  of  his 
palriotisni  and  aliililies,  induced  the  members  lo 
assent  lo  the  measure,  llioiigh  ihey  gi'ner:illy  con- 
ceived it  to  be  labiinr  lost.  The  pelilioii  agreed 
upon,  was  the  work  of  .Mr.  Dickinson's  pen.  In 
this  among  other  thiiius,  it  was  slated  :  "  That, 
nulwiihslanding  their  sulVeriiigs,  ilipy  had  leiained 
loo  high  a  rei:aid  for  Ihe  kingdom,  Irom  whicli 
they  derived  their  oiigin.  to  request  such  a  leron- 
ciliation,  as  might,  in  any  manner,  be  inconsislent 
with  her  dignity  niid  welfare.  Atlached  lo  his 
majesty's  person,  family,  and  governmeni,  wiihall 
the  devoliou  that  piinciple  and  alleciinn  can  in- 
spire ;  connecled  with  (ireat  lirilain  by  the  sliiin- 
gest  ties  that  can  iinile  society  ;  and  deploring 
every  event  that  tended,  in  any  degree,  lo  weaken 
lliem,  they  not  only  most  fervnily  desired  llie  for- 
mer harmony,  between  her  and  the  (oloiiies,  lo  bo 
restored,  but  that  a  concord  might  be  eslablishcd 
between  them,  upon  so  firm  a  basis,  i;s  to  perpet- 
ii.ite  its  blessings,  uninterrupted  by  any  fnlnre  dis- 
sensions, lo  succeeding  generaliuns,  in  bolhciun- 
tries.  They,  therefore,  be.soughl,  that  his  majes- 
ty would  be  pleased  to  direct  some  mode,  by  which 
Ihe  united  applications  of  his  failhfiil  colonists  tu 
the  throne,  in  pursuance  of  Iheir  common  councils, 
might  be  improved  into  a  happy  and  permanent 
leconcilialion."  liy  this  last  clause,  Cinigrcss 
ineanl.  that  the  niolher  coiinlry  should  propose  a 
plan  fur  establishing  by  compact,  siimelhing  like 
Magna  Charla,  for  the  colonies.  They  did  not 
aim  at  a  total  exemption  from  the  conlrol  of  par- 
liament ;  nor  were  ihey  unwilling  to  coniribulu  in 
Iheir  own  way,  lo  the  expenses  of  govi'rnment : 
but  they  feared  the  horrors  of  war  less  than  sub- 
mission lo  unlimited  parhamentary  supremacy. 
They  desiied  an  amicable  coninicl,  in  which 
doubtful,  undefined  points  should  I  e  asceitained, 
so  as  to  secure  that  proportion  of  iiiilliorily  and 
liberty,  which  would  he  for  the  general  good  of 
llie  wliole  empire.  They  fancied  themselves  in 
llie  condition  of  the  barons  at  Hnnnymede;  with 
lliis  dilVerence,  that,  in  addilion  to  opposing  the 
king,  they  had  also  to  oppose  the  parliament. 
This  difference  was  more  nominal  than  real ;  for, 
in  the  latter  case,  ihe  king  and  parliament  stood 
precisely  in  iho  same  relation  lo  Ihe  people  of 
America,  whicli  subsisted  in  the  former,  between 
ihe  king  and  people  of  England.  In  both,  popular 
leaders  were  contending  with  the  .sovereign,  for 
the  privileges  of  subjects. 

This  well-meant  petition  was  prcsenled  on  Sep- 
tember Isi,  177o,  by  Mr.  Penn,  and  Mr.  Lee; 
and,  on  the  4lh,  lord  Dartinoulh  informed  llicm, 
■'  that  to  it,  no  answer  would  be  given."  This 
slight  contributed,  not  a  lilllc,  to  the  union  and 
perseverance  of  the  colonists.  When  pressed  by 
ihe  calamities  of  war,  a  doubt  would  siimclimes 
:irise,  in  the  minds  ofscrnpiiloiis  persons,  that  Ihey 
had  been  too  hasty  in  their  opposition  to  the  pro- 
iccling,  parent  stale.  To  such,  it  was  usual  to 
present  llie  second  pelilion  of  Congress  lo  the 
king  ;  observing  thereon,  that  all  the  blood,  and  all 
Ihe  guilt  of  the  war,  must  be  charged  on  lirilisli, 
and  not  the  American  counsels.  Though  the  co- 
lonists were  accused,  in  a  speech  from  Ihe  throne, 
as  meaning  only  "to  amuse,  by  vague  expres- 
sions of  atlachmcnt  to  the  parent  slate,  and  the 
strongest  protestations  of  loyally  lo  iheir  king, 
while  Ihey  were  preparing  for  a  general  revolt; 
and  that  their  rebellious  war  was  manifeslly  car- 
ried on,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an  inde- 
pendent empire  :"  yel,  at  that  time,  and  fnrmonlhs 
afier  a  redress  of  grievances  was  their  iiliirnale 
aim.  Conscious  of  this  intention,  and  as.senting, 
in  the  sincerity  of  their  souls,  to  the  submissive 
language  of  their  petition,  they  illy  brooked  Ihe 
contempt,  with  which  iheir  joint  suppliealion  was 
Healed  ;  and  still  worse,  that  they  shoiilil  be  charged 
from  the  throne,  with  studied  diipliciiy. 

Nothing  contributes  more  to  the  eucccsi  of 


830 


TIIK    HISTORY    OK 


Ui 


IF 


ilf 


rcvolHtianA,  tliiin  niodcratinn.  Inlrmperiiln  7,r:il- 
nls  nvct^liiiul  llifir  nlijril,  nnil  nuom  s|m'ii(I  tlii'ir 
fiirie  ;  while  Ihv  cnlMiiiml  ilis|MSHii>iiiit»  iinrscvrrc 
tci  llii!  i'IkI.  'J'lie  hulk  iil'lhe  |)pi>|iIp,  in  civil  iciiii- 
■nolKii.s,  hr<'  iiilhienced  t(i:icliiiicr  oCshIkh,  hy  llic 
gciiernl  ciiinplKXion  ol'lhr  iiieastiirrs  uclopttMl  hy 
till!  i'?H|ii'clive  parlies.  When  these  nppc.ir  li>  lie 
ilietatcil  hy  jiisliec  Rn<l  pruilencc,  niiil  to  be  iiiiin- 
llneneetl  hy  passion,  anihiticin,  or  avarice,  ihey  are 
ilispiiseil  to  lavoiir  thcin.  Such  was  the  ellect  oC 
this  second  petition,  through  a  long  and  tryin):  war, 
hi  which,  men  of  seiious  rellection  were  olirii  call- 
ed upon  to  cxaininothe  rectitude  ol'their  conduct. 

Thonuh  the  refusal  of  an  answer,  to  this  renew- 
ed application  of  Congress  In  the  king,  was  censur- 
ed by  nuiMliers  in  (ircat  iUitain,  as  well  as  in  the 
colonies;  yet,  the  partizans  of  the  ministry  vai- 
nislied  the  measure,  as  proper  and  expedient. 
'They  contended,  that  the  petition,  as  it  contained 
no  offers  of  submission,  was  unavalliii)!,  as  .1  ground 
work  of  iiegociation.  N'othin);  was  farther  from 
the  thoughts  of  (Congress,  than  such  coiu^essions 
as  were  expected  in  (iieat  Itritain.  They  con- 
ceived iheinselves  more  sinned  against  than  sin- 
ning. 'J'hey  claimed  a  redress  id' giievances,  as  a 
matter  of  right ;  but  were  persuaded,  that  conces- 
sions, for  this  purpose,  were  acts  of  justice,  and 
not  of  humiliation  ;  and  tlierefore,  could  not  be 
(lisgrarefui  to  those  by  whom  they  were  inaile. 
To  prevent  future  altercations,  iliey  wished  for  an 
Hmicable  compact,  to  ascertain  the  extent  of  par- 
liamentary supremacy.  The  mother  country  wish- 
ed for  absoliile  sulMoissioii  to  her  authority;  the 
colonists,  for  a  repeal  of  every  act,  that  imposed 
taxes,  or  that  inteifered  in  their  internal  legisla- 
tion. The  ministry  of  Kngland,  being  delerinin- 
ed  not  to  repeal  these  acts,  and  the  congresse(|ual- 
ly  determined  not  to  subniil  to  theni ;  the  claims 
of  the  two  countries  were  so  wide  from  each  other 
as  to  alVord  no  reasonable  ground  to  expect  a  com- 
promise. It  was,  theiefore,  concluded,  thai  any 
notice  taken  of  the  petition  woulil  only  all'ord  an 
opportunity  for  the  colonies  to  prepaie  themselves 
for  the  last  extremity. 

A  military  opposition  to  the  armies  of  ftreat 
Britain,  being  res(dved  upon  by  the  colonies,  it  be- 
came an  object  (d'conscipience  to  fix  on  a  jiroper 
person  to  conduct  that  opposition.  Many  of  the 
colonists  had  lilies  of  hit'li  rank  in  the  niililia,  and 
several  hail  seen  scunclhing  of  real  service,  in 
the  late  war  between  France  and  England  :  but 
there  was  no  liiilivi<liial  of  such  superior  military 
experience,  as  to  entitle  him  to  a  decideil  pre-emi- 
nence ;  or  even  to  qualify  him,  on  that  giound, 
to  contend,  on  equal  terms,  with  the  ISritish  mas- 
ters of  the  art  of  war.  In  elevating  one  man,  by 
the  free  voice  of  an  invaded  counliy,  to  the  com- 
mand ol  thousands  of  his  equal  fellow  citizens,  no 
consideration  was  regarded  but  the  interest  of  the 
community.  To  biinl  the  uninvaileil  provinces 
more  closely  to  the  common  cause,  policy  direct- 
ed the  views  of  Congiess  to  the  soulti. 

Among  the  southern  colonies,  Virginia,  for 
numbers,  wealth,  and  inlluence,  stood  pre-eminent. 
To  attach  so  respectable  a  colony  to  the  aid  of 
Massachusetts,  by  scleciing  from  it  a  conunander 
in  chief,  was  not  less  wairanled  by  tlie  great  mili- 
tary genius  of  one  of  its  distinguished  citi-/.ens, 
than  dictated  by  sound  pcdicy.  (ieorge  Washing- 
ton was,  by  an  unanimous  vote,  appointed  com- 
mander in  chii'f  of  all  the  forces  raised,  or  to  be 
raised,  lor  the  defence  of  the  colonies.  It  was  a 
fortunate  circumstance  attending  his  election,  that 
it  was  acccunpanied  with  no  competition,  and  fol- 
lowed by  no  envy.  That  same  general  impulse  on 
the  public  minil,  which  led  the  ccdonists  to  agree 
in  many  other  particulars,  pointed  to  him  as  the 
most  proper  person  for  presiding  over  the  military 
arrangemeiUs  of  America.  Not  oidy  Coneresi, 
hut  the  iidiabitants,  in  the  east  and  ihe  west,  in 
Ihii  north  and  tlie  .south,  as  well  before  as  at  the 
lime  of  embodying  a  cimtinental  army,  were  in  a 
great  degree  unanimous  in  his  favtmr. 

(ieneral  Washington  was  born  on  the  22d  of 
February,  1732.  His  education  favoured  the  pro- 
duction 0    n  solid  mind,  and   a  vigorous  body. 


Mountain  air,  almmlant  exercise  in  the  opi'ii  conn- 1  '■  lint,  lest  some  nidiicky  event  should  happen, 
try,  the  whcdesoine  toils  id'the  chase,  anil  the  de  unf.ivmiralde  to  my  reputation,  I  beg  it  may  be  re- 
lighlful  scenes  of  rural  life,  expanded  his  limbs  to  ninnlM'ieil  by  every  gi'iillcinan  in  ihe  ronin,  that  I 
an  unusual,  gracel'nl  and  well  pinpnrliiini'il  size,  this  day  declare,  with  the  ii'.niosi  sincerity,  I  do 
His  youth  was  spent  in  the  acqiiisiiinn  of  usclnl  not  iliuik  myself  eijiial  to  the  commanil  I  aiiihoii 
knowledge,  and  in    pursuits,    lending  to   the   im-   oiired  with. 


provement  of  his  fortune,  <ir  the  benelit  of  his 
country.  Kitted  more  for  active,  than  lot  specu- 
lative life,  he  devoted  the  greater  portion  i>f  his 
time  to  the  alter:  bin  this  was  amply  ciunpensa- 
ted  by  his  kting  freipienlly  in  such  siiiialions,  ,is 
called  lorlh  thi^  powers  of  his  mind,  and  slreni'lh- 
ened  them  by  repeated  exercise.  K  irly  in  life, 
in  obedience  to  his  coiiniry's  call,  he  entered  the 
military  line,  and  began  his  career  of  fame,  in  op- 
posing that  power,  in  cmicert  with  whose  troops, 
he  acquireil  his  last  and  most  dislinguislied  ho- 
nours, lie  was  aid-de-camp  to  (ieneral  Itrad- 
dock  in  17;).');  when  that  unfortunate  cdlicer  was 
killed.  He  was  eminently  serviceable  in  cover- 
ing the  retreat,  and  saving  the  remains  of  the  rout- 
ed army.  Kor  three  years  after  the  defeat  u( 
liraddock,  (ieorge  Washington  was  commander 
in  chief  of  the  forces  of  Virginia,  against  the  in- 
cursions of  the  I'Venchand  Indians,  from  the  Ohio. 
He  continued  in  service,  till  the  reduirlion  of  Fort 
DuipiLsne,  I7.")S,  gave  peace  10  the  frontiers  of 
his  native  colony,  Virginia.  Soon  after  that  event, 
he  retired  to  his  estate,  .Mount  Vernon,  on  the 
banks  of  the  I'olomac,  and  with  great  industry 
and  success  pursued  the  arts  of  peacelul  life. 

When  the  proceedings  of  the  llrilish  parliament 
alarmeil  the  colonists  with  apprehensions,  that  a 
blow  was  levelled  at  their  liberties,  he  again  came 
forward  into  public  view,  and  was  appointed  a  de- 
legate to  the  congress,  which  met  in  September, 
1771.  Possessed  of  a  l.irgeproporlion  ofcoiiuuon 
sense  and  directed  by  a  sound  judgment,  he  was 
better  filled  for  the  exalted  station  to  which  he 
was  called,  than  many  others,  wlio,  to  a  greater 
brilliancy  o    parts,  freipienlly  add  the  eccentiicily 


"  As  to  pay,  sir,  I  beg  leave  to  assure  the  con- 
gress, that  as  no  pecuniary  cmisideralion  could 
have  templed  me  to  accept  this  arduous  employ- 
ment, at  the  expense  of  my  domestic  ease  and 
happiness,  I  do  not  wish  to  make  any  profit  from 
it.  1  will  keep  an  exact  account  of  my  expenses. 
Those,  I  doubt  not,  they  will  discharge,  and  that 
is  all  I  desire." 

A  special  commission  was  drawn  up,  and  pre- 
sented to  him,  and  at  the  same  time,  a  unanimous 
resolution  was  adopted  by  Congress:  "that  they 
would  maintain  and  assist  him,  ami  adhere  to 
him,  with  their  lives  and  fortunes.  In  the  cause  of 
American  libcriy."  Instructions  were  also  given 
him  fiir  his  government,  by  which,  after  reciting 
various  particulars,  he  was  directed:  "  to  destroy 
or  make  prisoneis,  of  all  persons  who  now  are,  or 
who  hereafter  shall  appear  in  arms  against  the 
good  people  of  the  colonies."  The  whole  was 
summed  up  in  aiilhorising  him,  ■■  to  order  and  dis- 
pose of  the  aimy  under  his  command,  as  iniglit  be 
most  ailvantageous  for  obtaining  the  end,  for  which 
it  had  been  raised;  making  it  his  special  care,  in 
di.icharge  of  the  great  trust  commitled  to  him,  that 
the  liberties  of  .\iuerica  received  no  detriment." 
About  the  same  time,  twelve  companies  of  rifle- 
men were  ordered  to  be  raised  in  Pennsylvania, 
.Maryland,  and  Virginia.  The  men,  to  ihe  anionnl 
of  I  iliO,  were  piocnred,  and  forwarded  with  great 
expedition.  They  had  to  inarch  from  I  to  7110 
miles;  and  yet,  the  whole  business  was  completed, 
and  Ihey  joined  the  .Xmerican  army  at  (Jambridije, 
in  less  than  two  months,  from  the  day  on  which 
lh<^  first  resolution  for  raising  them  was  agreed  to. 
(.'oeval  with  the  lesolution  lot  raising  an  armv, 
of  original  genius.  Kngaged  in  the  busy  srenesjwas  aiiolhcr  for  emiitiog  a  sum,  not  exceeding 
of  life,  he  knew  human  nature,  and  the  most  prop- j  two  million  of  dollars,  in  bills  of  credit,  for  tlit 
cr  method  ofaccoinplishing  proposed  objecls.   His  defence  of  .America  ;  and  the  colonies  were  pledg- 


passions  were  subdued  and  kept  in  snbjec'ion  I 
reason.  His  soul,  superior  to  parly  spirit,  10  pre- 
judice, and  illiberal  views,  moved  according  tollie 
impulses  it  received  from  an  honest  heart,  a  good 
understanding,  coimnon  sense  and  a  s(Mind  judg- 
ment. He  w  IS  habitnaled  to  view  things  on  every 
side  to  consider  them  in  all  rcl.iiiiins,  and  to  trace 
the  possible  and  pridiable  cim>  eqiiences  of  propos- 
ed measures.  Much  addicli'd  to  close  thinking, 
his  mind  was  constantly  employed,  llyfieipieni 
exercise,  his  understanding  and  jndgmenl  expand- 
ed, so  as  to  be  able  to  discern  Irulh,  and  to  know 
what  was  proper  to  be  done,  in  the  most  diiricull 
conjectures. 

.Soon  after  fieneral  Washington  was  appointed 
commander  in  chief,  four  major  generals,  one  ad- 
jutant general,  wilh  the  rank  of  a  brigadier,  and 
ei:;hl  brigadier  generals,  were  appointed,  in  sub- 
ordination to  him  ;  who  were  as  follows  . 

Maj.  (ienerals.  Ung.   (iencrals. 

1st,  Arlemas  Ward.       1st,  Scili  Poim'roy. 

12d,   TJicharil  iMonlgomery. 

:?il,   David  Woosler. 

■llh.  William  Heath. 

.'ith,  Joseph  .Spencer. 

(ith,  .I0I111  Thomas. 

7lli,  John  ."^iillivan. 

8lh,  Nalh.  (ireene. 
(Ieneral  Washington  replied,    to    the    presideni 
of  Congress,  announcing  liis  appointment,  in  llie 
following  words : 
Air.   President, 
"  Though  I  am  truly  sensible  of  the  hish  honour 
done  me,  in  this  appointment,  yet,  I  feel  great  dis- 
tress from  a  consciousness,   that  my    abilities  and 
military    experience    may    not    be    equal    to    the 
extensive  and   important  trust.     However   as  the 
consress  desire  it,  I  will  enter  upon  the  momentous 
duty,  and    exert   every    power  I    possess  in  their 
service,  and  for  the  support  of  the  glorious  cause. 
I  beg  they  will  accept  my  most  cordial  thanks,  for 


'2il,  Charles  T,ee. 
.Id,  Philip  Schuyler. 
Illi,  Israel  Putnam. 

Adjt.   (ieneral, 
Horatio  (iaies. 


ed  for  their  redemption.  This  sum  was  increased 
from  time  to  lime  by  farther  emissions.  Tlie  co- 
lonies, having  neither  tiumey  nor  revenue  at  their 
command,  were  forced  to  adopt  this  expedient  : 
the  only  mie  which  was  in  their  power  foi  sup- 
porting an  army.  No  ime  delegate  opposed  the 
measure.  So  great  hail  been  the  credit  of  the  for- 
mer emissions  of  paper,  in  the  greater  part  of  the 
colonies,  that  every  few  at  that  time  foresaw  or  ap- 
prehended the  eonseqiicnces  of  unfunded  paper 
emissions:  but  had  all  the conseipionces which ro- 
sulled  from  this  measure,  in  the  course  of  the  war, 
been  foreseen,  it  must,  notwithstanding,  have  been 
adopted  ;  for  it  was  a  less  evil,  that  there  should 
be  a  iieneral  wreck  of  property,  llian  that  the  »>s- 
senlial  rights  and  liberties  of  a  growing  conntrv 
should  be  lost.  A  happy  ignorance  of  fnliirc 
events,  combined  wilh  the  ardour  of  the  tiinei. 
ptevenied  many  reflections  on  this  subjeci,  and 
gave  credit  and  circulalion  to  these  bills  of  eiedii 

(ieneral  Washington,  soon  after  his  appointmeiii 
to  the  command  of  the  American  army,  set  out  fur 
the  camp,  al  Cambiidge.  On  his  way  thither,  he 
was  liealed  with  the  highest  hmiotirs,  in  e\cry 
place  ihioiigh  which  he  passed.  Large  detach- 
uiirils  of  volunteers,  composed  of  private  gcnllo- 
iiien,  turned  out  to  escort  him. 

On  his  arrival  at  Cambridge,  .Tiily  3d,  177.'),  h« 
was  received  willi  the  joyful  acclamations  of  the 
American  army.  At  the  head  of  his  troops,  he 
published  a  declaration,  previou.sly  drawn  up  by 
Congress,  in  the  nature  of  a  manifesto,  selling 
forth  the  reasons  for  taking  up  arms.  In  this,  af- 
ter enumerating  various  grievances  of  the  colonies, 
and  vindicating  them  frntn  n  premeditated  design, 
of  establishing  independent  stales,  it  was  added: 
"In  our  own  native  land,  in  defence  of  the  freedom 
which  is  our  biilhrighl,  and  which  we  ever  enjoy 
ed  till  the  late  violation  of  it ;  for  the  protection  o( 
our  pro|)erty,  acquired  solely  by  the  industry  ol 
our    forefathers,  and   ourselves,  against    violenci 


•I 


this  distinguished  tesliinony  of  their  ;ip|iic)l)ation.  [actually  offered,  we  have  taken  up  arms  ;  we  ahuU 


.     .  ,-i.yilfcJMSF5fcl»--J^ 


im^m: 


\»y  tlipin  down  when  hoalililipa  iili'.ill  ceiMcoti  iIik 

|i;irl  iif  ilii!  injL'ri'swR,  anil  all  tl.iiiL'i'r  nCilii'ir  ln!- 
inj:  it'iii'wi'il,  sli!ill  lin  rciniiviMl.  ,inil  ni>l  lirlori'  " 

U'lii'n  (iciii'nil  \Vinliiii)jliinJiiiiii'(l  ilir  AnicriiMii 
army.  \if  riiiiiiil  llli!  llrilisli  niii  -mi  lied  on  liiiii- 
k<'rN  liiil,  liaviii;;  alsii  lliri'i;  lli>.iiiii<:  li.illrrict  in 
iM)Nric  rivor,  and  a  twinity  cnii  slnp  hciow  ilic 
fi'rry.  Iii'Iwpimi  lioslnn  anil  ('liarli'Hinwn.  'I'lii'y 
liail  altii  abullery  on  CDpte'sliill,  anil  him nilriiriu- 
ly  furliliuil  on  tlm  ncrk.  'I'ln;  Aini'riian-i  wi'ii! 
iiilri'iicliRd  at  Winicr  lilll,  I'mnpi'i:!  Inll,  and  Knx- 
liiiry  L'oiiininnicatin^  with  uni-  aniithi'r  liy  small 
|ii)v.ti  ovci  II  distaiici!  Ill'  ten  inlli.'H.  'I'lii'ri!  wi'ic 
ahii  |iartic!i  !ilatiiini!il  in  si-'vnral  towns,  nlnii);  tlir 
Hea  Liiasl.  They  had  neither  cnuineen  tii  plan 
Biiilable  works,  nnrsnlTicicnl  tools  lor  their  erertinn. 

In  the  American  camp,  was  collected  a  lar^^e 
body  of  men  :  bnt  without  those  conveniences, 
which  ancient  entablishment.s  have  introdnceii  liir 
the  comfort  of  regular  armies.  Instead  of  teiils. 
sails,  (now  rendered  useless  by  the  iibstrncliiinsof  ' 
commerce,)  were  applied  for  their  coveriiii; ;  but,: 
even  of  them,  there  was  not  a  siinicjenry.  'I'liej 
.\inerican  soldiers,  liavinK  joined  the  camp,  in  allj 
that  variety  orclotliiii);,  which  they  used  in  llieir 
daily  labour,  were  without  uniformity  of  dnss.  | 
i'o  abolish  provincial  dislincliiins,  the  hunljii!; 
shirt  was  introduced.  They  were  also  without 
those  heads  of  departnientR,  in  the  line  of  commis- 
saries, or  qiiarteriiiasteis,  which  are  necessary  for 
llie  reKularand  economical  supply  of  armies.  In-j 
ilividiials,  brought  to  camp  their  own  provisions, 
on  their  own  liorses.  In  some  pans  conimiltees 
of  supplies,  were  appointed,  who  piinhased  ne- 
cessaries at  public  expense,  sent  them  on  to  camp, 
and  distributed  Ihein  to  such  as  were  in  want,  with- 
out any  rei;ularily  or  system.  The  ciiiinliy  af- 
forded provisions;  ami  nothini;  iiiiire  was  waniiinx, 
than  proper  systems  for  llieir  cnlleriion,  and  ilis- 
•ribulion.  Other  articles,  thnnyh  ei)iially  iieres- 
Kary,  were  almost  wholly  ilelii  ient ;  and  coiibl  mil 
be  procured,  but  with  ilimciiliy.  On  the  llh  of 
AuKiisi,  the  whole  slock  of  powder  in  the  Ainoii- 
oaii  camp,  and  in  Ihepiibkc  iiiat;a/,ines,  ofllie  four 
New  lCn;;land  provinces,  would  make  liiile  nine 
than  nine  rounds  a  man.  The  roiilineiiial  ainiv 
remained  in  this  destitute  comliiion,  fora  lorlniuhi 
or  more.  'J'his  was  penerally  known  anion;: 
themselves,  ami  was  also  ciinimiinicaied  to  the 
Hrilish,  by  a  deserter  :  bnt  tliey,siispeciinH  a  plot, 
would  not  believe  it.  A  supply  ofa  few  Ions  was 
seni  on  to  them  from  the  comniillee  of  Kii/alielh- 
towii :  but  this  was  done  privately,  lest  the  ndja- 
cent  inhabitants,  who  were  equally  desliiiile, 
should  stop  it  for  iheirown  use.  The  public  rulers 
in  Massaclinsetts  issued  a  recoininemlalioti  ti.  the 
inhabitants,  not  to  lire  a  gun  at  beast,  bird,  or  mark  ; 
in  order  that  they  niight  husband  their  little  slock, 
for  the  more  necessary  purposes  of  shooling  men. 
A  supply  of  several  thousand  pounds  weijjht  of 
(louder,  was  soon  after  obtained  IVoni  .\IVica,  in 
exchange  for  New  Knglaml  rum.  This  was 
managed  with  so  niiicli  address,  that  every  ounce 
for  sale  in  the  liritish  Forts  on  the  African  coasts, 
was  purchased  up.  and  brought  olf  for  the  use  of 
the  Americans. 

Kinbarrassments,  from  various  quarters,  occur- 
red in  the  formation  ofa  conlinenlal  army.  'I'lie 
appoinlnient  of  general  oiriceis,  made  by  Congress, 
WIS  not  satisfactory.  Enlerpiisiin  leaders  had 
come  forward,  with  their  folloHeis,  on  the  coiii- 
inencemenl  of  hostilities,  without  scrupulous  at- 
tenlion  to  rank.  When  these  were  all  blended 
together,  it  was  impossible  to  assign  to  every  offi- 
cer the  station  which  his  .services  merited,  or  his 
canity  demanded.  Materials  for  a  good  army 
were  collected.  The  husbandmen  who  flew  to 
arms,  were  active,  zealous,  and  of  unquestionable 
courage  :  but  to  introduce  discipline  and  subordi-! 
nation,  amnng  freemen  who  were  habituated  tol 
think  for  themselves,  was  an  arduous  labour.  ! 

The  want  of  system  and  of  union  under  proper 
heads,  pervaded  every  department.  From  the 
circumstance,  that  the  persons  employed  in  pro- 
viding necessaries  fr.i  the  army  were  unconnect- 
ed with  each  other,  niucb  waste  and  unnecessary 


NORTH   A  .M  E  R  I C  A. 

dfllays  were  occasioned.  The  troops  of  the  dif- 
ferent colonics  came  into  scrviiu*,  under  variant 
e.ttat>li>lniirnts.  .Sihim-  wrrc  ciil  -ili'il  wiih  the  ex- 
press roiidilion  of  i  linosiiig  llieir  i>nii:ers.  The 
rations  luriiished  liy  the  local  lei;islaliire-'.  vaneil 
both  as  III  i|iianlii\.  ipialily,  and  price,  'i'o  form 
one  niiifiMiii  mas.,  iit  these  discorilant  (Materials, 
and  to  subject  llie  licenlionsness  ol'  independent 
lieeinen  to  the  rontiol  of  military  discipline,  was 
a  delicate  and  dilllciilt  business. 

'I'lio  conlinenlal  army,  put  under  the  command 
ofdeneral  Washniglon,  amnnnleil  to  1  l,.'j()0  men. 
'i'hi'se  hill  been  so  jndiciiinsly  slaliiiiied  around 
iiostiin  as  to  ciinlinc  the  llrilish  to  the  town,  and 
to  exi'liiile  them  from  the  forage  and  provisions, 
which  the  adjacent  country  and  islands  in  lloston 
bay  allorded.  This  force  was  thrown  into  three 
grand  divisions,  (ieneral  Ward  commaniled  the 
riglil  wing,  at  Roxbury.  (ieneral  Lee,  the  left, 
at  I'riispect  hill ;  and  the  centre  was  coinmanded 
by  (ieneral  Wasliingion.  Jii  arraying  the  army, 
the  mililary  skillof  Adjutant  (ieneral  (i.iteswasof 
great  service.  Method  and  punctuality  were  in- 
troduced. The  olliceis  and  privates  were  taught 
to  know  their  respective  places,  and  to  have  the 
iiiechaiiisin  and  inovcincnls,  as  well  as  the  name 
of  an  army. 

When  some  ciTectual  pains  had  been  taken  to 
discipline  the  army,  it  was  found  that  the  term, 
for  which  enlistments  had  taken  place,  was  on  the 
point  o  expiring.  The  troops  from  Comieciicut 
and  Rliiide  Island,  were  engaged  only,  liM  the  1st 
day  of  iJeceiiiber,  177.0;  and  no  part  of  the  army 
longer  than  the  1st  day  of  .lanuaiy,  1771).  Sucii 
iiiisiaken  apprehensions  respecting  the  future  con- 
duct of  (ircat  lirilain  prevailed,  that  many  thought 
the  assninplion  ofa  determined  spirit  of  resislance, 
would  lead  lo  a  reihess  of  all  grievances. 

'I'he  Massachusetts  assembly  and  the  conlinenlal 
congress,  both  resolved  in  November,  to  (it  out 
armed  vessels,  to  cruise  on  the  American  coast, 
for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  wailike  stores  and 
supplies,  designed  for  the  use  nl  the  liritish  army. 
The  object  was  at  fust  liiiiiied  ;  but  as  the  pros- 
pect of  accommoilatioii  vaoislicil,  it  was  exiendi'd 
lo  all  llrilish  properly  alloal,  on  the  high  seas. 
The  Americans  were  dilhdeiil  of  their  ability  to  do 
any  thing  on  the  water,  in  opposiiion  to  the  great- 
est naval  power  in  the  win  Id  ;  lint  from  a  coinbi- 
natiiin  of  circunislanccs,  their  first  allempts  were 
successful. 

'I'lie  Lee  privaieer,  (japtain  Manly,  look  the 
brig  Nancy,  an  ordnance  .ship,  fioiii  Woolwich, 
containing  a  large  brass  nioilar,  several  pieces  of 
bra.ss  cannon,  a  large  i|uanlily  of  arms  and  aninin- 
nilioii  ;  with  all  nianiier  of  tools,  iilensils,  and  iiia- 
chiiics,  necessary  for  camps,  and  artillery.  Had 
Congress  sent  an  order  for  supplies,  they  could  not 
have  mule  out  a  list  of  articles,  more  suitable  lo 
their  situation,  than  those,  luis  providuiilially 
thrown  into  their  hands. 

In  about  nine  days  after,  three  uhips,  with  va- 
rious stores,  for  the  Hrilish  army,  and  a  briir  from 
.\iJligiia,  with  rum,  were  taken  by  Captain  Manly, 
lieline  live  days  more  had  elapsed,  several  oilier 
store  ships  were  captured.  IJy  these  means,  the 
distresses  of  tli"!  Hrilish  troops,  in  liiislnn,  were 
increased,  and  supplies,  or  the  continental  army, 
were  procured.  Naval  captures,  being  nnexpecl- 
eil,  were  matter  of  Iriuniph  lo  the  .Viiicricans,  and 
of  surprise  to  the  llrilish.  The  latter  scarcely  be- 
lieved, that  the  former  would  oppose  them  by  land, 
wiih  a  regular  army  :  Init  never  suspecled,  that  a 
people  90  iinfnrnislied  as  iliey  were,  with  many 
things  necessary  for  arming  vessels,  would  pre- 
sume to  alieinpt  any  thing  on  the  seas.  A  spirit 
of  enterprise,  invigorated  by  patriotic  zeal,  prompt- 
ed the  hardy  New-Eaglandinen  to  undertake  the 
hazardous  business;  and  their  success  encouraged 
them  to  proceed.  Hefore  the  close  of  the  year, 
(Congress  determined  to  build  five  vessels  of  32 
guns,  five  of  liS.  and  three  of  21.  About  this 
time,  an  event  look  pi  ue.  which  wimlil  have  dis- 
posed a  less  deleiinined  people  lo  ili'sist  from  pro- 
voking the  vengeiiini'  of  the  llrilish  navy.  This 
was  the  burning  of  Kalniouih,  in  the  northern pati 


«87 

of  Massachusetts.  Captain  Moet,  in  the  (,'iincraiiic, 
of  sixteen  guns,  on  the  ISth  of  October,  177.5, 
desiroyeil  l.'J'.t  houses,  and  2'i>i  s' jres,  and  olliei 
linildiiius  111  ihat  town.* 

'I'liis  spie.id  ,111  alarm  on  the  coast,  but  produ< 
ceil  no  disposition  lo  submit.  Many  moved  Ironi 
the  sea  ports,  with  ihuir  lamllies  and  ellecis  :  but 
no  solicitations  were  prelerred  to  olit.iin  llrilish 
protection. 

In  a  few  days  after  the  burning  of  Falmouth, 
the  old  south  meeting  house,  in  ihision,  was  laken 
iiilo  possession  by  the  liritish  :  and  liesliiied  liir  a 
riding  school,  ami  the  service  of  the  light  dr.igoons. 
These  proceedings  |iiodnci'il,  in  the  miiiils  ol  tiio 
colonists,  a  more  delerniined  spirit  of  resistance, 
and  u  more  general  aversion  to  (-ireat  Britain. 


ClIAI'TER  X. 

Ticitnilerof^a  taken ;  Canndn  iiivnilL-il,  niiil  rvnrimteil. 

It  early  occurred  to  many,  that  if  the  sworil 
decided  the  conlroversy  between  (ireat  liiitain 
and  her  colonics,  the  possession  of  Ticondcrnga 
would  be  essential  to  the  secnrily  of  the  latter. 
Situated  on  a  proniontory,  forined  at  the  jnnclibn 
oflhe  watersof  Laketieorge  and  Ijake(;hamplaiii; 
It  is  the  key  of  all  communication  between  New 
Vork  and  (Canada.  Messrs.  I)eane,  W'ooslcr, 
Parsons,  Stephens  and  others,  of  ( 'onnecliciit, 
planned  a  scheme  to  obtain  possession  of  this 
valinble  post.  Having  procnied  a  loan  of  INJO 
dollars  of  public  money,  and  provided  a  sulficieni 
quanlily  of  powder  anil  ball,  ihey  set  olf  fir  lleii- 
ninglon,  lo  obtain  the  co-operation  of  Colonel  Al- 
len, ij  ihat  place.  Two  hniidred  and  sevenly  men, 
mostly  of  that  brave  and  hardy  people,  who  an; 
called  green  mountain  boys,  were  speedily  collect- 
ed at  Caitlelon ;  which  was  fixed  no  as  the  place 
of  rendezvous.  At  lliis  pi. ice,  (.'olonel  .\iiiold,  who, 
though  attended  only  with  a  servant,  was  prose- 
cuting the  same  object,  unexpectedly  joined  them. 
He  had  been  early  chosen  captain  of  a  viilnnleer 
company,  by  the  iiihabilanlsof  .New  Haven,  among 
whom  he  resided.  As  soon  as  he  received  news 
oflhe  Lexingion  bailie,  he  marehed  oil' with  his 
company  fm  the  vicinity  of  lioslon,  and  arrived 
there,  ihoiigh  l.'iU  miles  distant,  in  a  few  days. 
Immedialely  after  his  arrival,  he  wailed  on  iho 
M.issachiisetts  comniillee  of  safety,  and  informed 
llieni  that  that  there  were,  at  Ticondeioga,  many 
jiieces  of  cannon,  and  a  great  qnantily  of  valuable 
stores  ;  and  that  the  fort  was  in  a  ruinous  condi- 
tion, and  garrisoned  only  by  about  foily  men. 
They  appointed  him  a  colonel,  and  commissioned 


*  (Jiiptaiii  Mont  Iinil  Ill-en  frei|tii*nily  at  Fnliiiniiili,  nnd 
wns  lli.'re  hrispiltilily  eiitiTl.iini'il.  AOt'r  liiisi  lilit's  Imil 
f  luiiinfiicrd,  but  licl'ure  goriuiis  war  wiis  ciiiili'iiijtlHle,l, 
be  imidi'il  as  formerly;  bill  hot  as  an  eiii'iny.  llrit;ailit*r 
'riiianpsoii,  iinili'r  no  orilrrs  of  (jiivernim'iit,  look  hiirt 
pri-.oiii'r.  Tbe  inliabinoits  iiitcrpnii'il ;  ami,  from  mi»- 
livf.*  of  iuRiico  ami  iiol!'*v.  iirffil  and  aicdinoliflii'd  bis 
tiii'-itiiiliiiiinai  ibscnariTP.  'J'b«  nlTrmil  rniiklnl  in  llio 
bnarl  iil'  the  eaplaill.  He  sniin  all.'r  riliiriioil  willi  n 
«iiiali  nnv.il,  fun  e,  ami  Ran"  milii'i',  ibal  lie  was  lillilur 
orili'rs  I.I  reilare  the  town  to  uwlifs,  and  Ibal  be  sbnuld 
bi'cin  llic  bnxinoss  nl  mm  rise,  llie  next  iiMimin^.  IVo 
rpni.ilance  was  inaiia.  Tlio  iiiliabitants  omployed 
Ibennelve.i.  diinni;  llie  nislit.  in  riMnovini;  llii'ir  clFf  els. 
Tbe  iii'xl  innrninL',  iho  town  was  in  (l(inu'!».  Miiet's 
iirnii'ii  naval  fiiri-i^  lay  all  day  lii'fnrr  it,  ami,  without 
crsaaliun.  throw  plirlls.  rarpns«ep,  and  bol  phot  inlii  it 
till  its  driirunlion  was  coiiiplelfil.  This  lipintt  ilmie, 
(.'aptniii  Moi'l.  Willi  bia  fli'rl,  iliew  iilT.  Thus  die  prido 
of  the  proTiiier  of  .Maine  was  laid  desolate,  in  nm' day  : 
ami  i:l'.M'aniilies,»bo, -'Ihoiirs  hrfore,  bved  in  I'ase  and 
riimfiirt,  rvere  re.lueed  to  want,  and  had  no  ulirlter 
Irnin  the  nuluiiinal  slortns,  and  approaehinc  wiiilnr. 
Kalmnulh  had  formerly  Iwen  twice  naekrd  by  Indians, 
anti  fiinie  of  its  iiibahiiants  had  Is-en  killed  hy  tbeiii ; 
but  nil  nnl  of  theirs,  was  to  he  cniiiparnd  to  this  ronfla- 
enuinn.  The  Indians  Fralped  women  and  ihildren  lo 
obtain  n  bountv.  Thev  robbed  houses,  fur  ihii  sake  of 
pliimler;  hut  Oaplnin  Moot,  without  the  hope  of  L-niii. 
and  without  provocation,  deslniyed  the  aiih^isteneo 
anci  blaste.l  the  hopci"  of  a  whole  roniuiuuily.  A  new 
linvu,  like  the  pluvnix,  has  arisen  finui  the  a«lii'«  of  llio 
old.  and  is  now  in  flouri«liin!;  cireiiniJtaiui  n.  .'^I'a 
SiillivBn'a  History  of  the  Uialriet  of  Maine,  pugo  20ii 
■iW. 


888 


THE    HISTORY    OF 


1  f; 


him  to  riiinc  400  men,  nnd  lo  t^ike  TiconilcroKn. 
The  liMileiH  1)1  ilic  |iiin)'.  wliicli  hid  previously 
rpiiiliv.vnii.Hed  lit  (^'ii!<ili'loii,  admitted  Colonel  Ar- 
iKilil  lo  Join  Iheni.  It  vntH  :igii't'd  ilial  (.'oIoiihI 
Allen  should  bH  the  roinuiander  in  chiel'  ol'  the 
ex|ieclitioii,  and  (hat  Colonel  Arnold  xhonlil  be  his 
assisianl.  They  proceeded  wiihoul  delay,  and 
arrived,  in  the  iiii;hl,  at  lake  Chauiplain,  opposite 
lo  TiconderoLia.  Allen  and  Arnold  crossed  over 
with  >>)1  men,  and  landed  near  the  ;;!irrison.  They 
contended  who  slioulil  (!o  in  tirsi :  but  it  wa.s  at 
taut  apreeil,  that  they  uliould  both  fio  in  together. 
Thev  advanced  abreast,  ami  entered  tlie  lorl  at 
the  dialling  of  day.  A  sentry  nnapped  his  piece 
at  one  of  them,  and  ihi'ii  retreuled,  throu!:li  t!ie 
covered  way,  lo  the  parade.  The  Anieric-  n , 
lollowed,  and  immediately  drew  up.  'I'he  com- 
mander, Hurpriseil  in  his  bed,  was  called  upon  lo 
•uineinler  the  tort,  lie  asked,  by  what  authority  .' 
('(dcMiel  Allen  replied  :  "  I  dem.ind  it  in  the  name 
nl'the  (ireiit  Jeliuvah,  and  of  the  conliueulal  con- 
gress." 

No  resistance  was  made;  and  the  fori,  with 
100  pieces  of  cannon,  other  valuable  Mores,  and 
48  prisoners,  fell  into  tlu'  hands  of  tlic  .Vmericans. 
The  boats  had  been  sent  back,  for  the  remainder 
of  the  men  :  but  the  business  was  ilone  before  they 
got  over.  Col.  Seth  Warner  was  sent  olf  willi  a 
party  to  take  possession  of  Crown-Point,  wliere  a 
sergeant  and  twelve  men  pprf(umcd  gariison  duty. 
'J'his  was  speeilily  ciVected. 

The  next  object,  callins  for  l)ie  attention  of 'he 
.\mericans,  was  to  obtain  the  command  of  lake 
Champlain  :  but,  lo  accomplish  this,  it  was  neces- 
sary for  them  lo  get  possession  of  a  sloop  of  war, 
iyinj;  at  !Si.  .lohn's,  at  the  northern  extiemity  of 
the  lake.  Willi  the  view  of  capturinj;  this  sloop, 
it  was  agreed  to  man  and  arm  a  schooner,  lyim;  at 
South  Hay  ;  that  Arncdd  should  command  her,  and 
thai  Allen  shr  id  command  soiue  badeaux  on  the 
game  expedi'  on.  X  favourable  wind  carried  the 
<clio(mer  ahead  of  the  balleaux,  and  Colonel  .\r- 
nold  got  miniediate  possession  of  the  sloop  by  sur- 
prise. The  winil  again  favouring  him,  lie  leturn- 
rd,  with  his  pii/.e,  to  Ticondeioga,  and  rejoined 
('(donel  Allen.  The  latter  soon  went  home;  and 
the  former,  with  a  number  ofmen,  agiecd  to  re- 
main there  in  garrison.  In  this  rapid  manner,  the 
possession  of 'I'iconderoga,  and  the  command  of 
lake  Champlain,  was  obtained,  u,,iioiit  any  loss, 
by  a  few  deterinined  men.  Intelligence  \>(  these 
events  was  in  a  few  days,  comninnicaled  to  Con- 
press,  which  met,  for  the  (irst  time,  at  ten  o'clock 
o  iK'same  day,  in  the  morning  of  which,  Ticoii 
deroga  was  laken.  They  rejoiced  in  the  spirit  of 
enterprise,  displayed  by  tlieir  countrymen  ;  but 
feared  the  charge  of  being  aggressors,  or  of  doing 
any  thing  lo  widen  the  breach  between  (heat  iiii- 
tain  and  the  colonies  ;  for  un  accomodation  was, 
at  lliat  time,  their  unanimous  wish.  They  there- 
lore  recommeniled  to  the  committees  of  the  cities 
and  counties  of  New  i'ork  and  Albany,  lo  cause 
the  cannon  an<l  stores  to  be  removed  (rom  Ticon- 
ileroga  to  the  south  end  of  lake  (Jeorge,  and  lo 
take  an  exact  inventory  of  them  :  "  in  order  that 
they  might  be  s;U'ely  returned,  when  the  restora- 
tion of  the  former  harmony  between  <ireat  Hrilain 
and  the  colonies,  so  ardently  wished  for  by  the  lat- 
ter, shoiiJd  render  it  prudent,  and  consistent  with 
tlie  overruling  law  of  self-preservation." 

Colonel  Arnold  having  begun  his  military  ca- 
reer with  a  series  of  successes,  was  urged  by  his 
native  iiiipetuosity  to  project  more  extensive  ope- 
rations. He,  on  the  13tli  of  .liinc,  wrote  a  letter 
to  Congress,  strongly  urging  an  expedition  into 
Canada,  and  oftering  with  2000  men  to  reduce  the 
whole  province.  In  his  ardent  zeal  to  oppose 
(ireat  Britain,  he  had  advised  the  adoption  of 
offensive  war,  even  before  Congress  had  nrga- 
nized  an  army,  or  apfiointed  a  single  military  offi- 
cer. His  iinpoi'iuiiity  was  at  last  successful,  as 
shall  hereafter  be  related  :  but  not  till  two  months 
had  elapsed,  subsequent  lo  his  first  proposition  of 
conducting  an  expedition  against  Canaila.  .'^iicli 
was  the  increasing  fervour  of  the  public  mind  in 
1770,  that  what,  in  the  early  part  oflhc  year,  was 


deemed  violent  and  dangerous,  was  in  its  progress' 
pronounced  bo'h  modeiale  and  expedient.  \ 

."^irliiiy  Cailelon,  the  king's  goviriior  in  Canada 
no  sooner  liearil  that  the  Amei  leans  hail  siirprisid 
Ticonileroga,  and  Cronnl'oini,  and  olilained  ll  •' 
command  of  lake  (.'hamplain,  than  lie  planned  a 
scheme  for  their  recovery.  Having  only  a  lew 
regular  troops  under  his  cinuniand.  he  endeavoured 
lo  induce  the  Canadians  and  Indians,  to  coopeiaie 
with  him  :  but  they  both  del  lined.  He  establish- 
ed martial  law,  that  he  uiiglil  compel  the  inliabi- 
tanls  to  take  arms.  They  declared  llieiuselves 
ready  lo  defend  the  provime  ;  but  refused  lo  march 
out  of  it,  orto  commence  h  istiliiies  on  their  neigli- 
/oiirs.  Colonel  .lohnson  had,  on  Ihe  same  occ:i- 
sion,  repeated  conferences  with  the  Indians,  and 
eiiileavoured  to  inlluence  them  to  take  up  the 
lialchel;  but  they  steadily  retiised.  In  order  Ki 
gain  their  co-operation,  he  invited  thein  lo  feast 
on  a  Mostonian,  and  to  drink  his  blood.  This,  in 
the  Indian  style,  meant  no  more  than  to  partake  of 
a  roasteil  ox  and  a  pipe  of  wine,  al  a  public  enter- 
tainment ;  which  was  given  to  induce  their  co- 
operation with  the  British  troops.  The  colonial 
patriots  alVected  to  understand  it  in  its  literal  sense. 
It  furnished  in  their  mode  of  explication,  a  con- 
venient handle  for  operating  on  the  passions  of  the 
people. 

These  exertions  in  Canada,  which  were  princi- 
pally made  wiih  a  view  to  recover  Ticonileroga, 
(/lown-l'oint.  and  the  conimand  of  lake  Cham- 
plain, induced  Congress  to  believe  that  a  formida- 
ble invasion  of  their  northwestern  fionlier  was 
intended,  from  ihat  ipiarler.  The  evideni  leiiden- 
cy  of  Ihe  Quebec  act  favoured  this  opinion.  I!p- 
lieving  it  lo  be  the  fixed  purpose  of  the  British 
ministry.  In  attack  ihe  united  colonies  on  that  side, 
they  conceived  that  they  would  be  inexcusable  if 
thev  neglected  the  proper  means  of  warding  olf 
so  terrible  a  blow.  They  were  also  sensible  that 
the  only  pralicable  plan  lo  elfect  this  purpose,  was 
to  make  a  vigorous  attack  upon  Canada,  while  it 
was  unable  to  resist  the  unexpected  impression. 
Their  success  at  Ticonileroga  and  Crown-Point, 
had  already  paved  the  way  forihis  bold  enterprise, 
and  had  broken  down  the  femes  which  guarded 
llie  entrance  into  that  province.  On  tlie  other 
hand,  lliey  were  sensible  thai  by  taking  this  step, 
they  changed  at  once  the  whole  ualuie  of  the  war. 
Kriini  defensive  it  became  olfensive  ;  and  siilijected 
them  to  the  imputation  of  being  the  agressors. — 
They  were  well  aware  that  several  who  had  es- 
poused their  cause  in  liritain,  would  probably  be 
oll'ended  at  this  measure  ;  and  charge  them  with 
heightening  the  mischiefs  occasioned  by  the  dis- 
pute. They  knew  that  the  principles  of  resistance, 
as  far  as  they  had  hitherto  acted  upon  lliein.  were 
abetted  by  a  considerable  party  in  (ireat  Britain  ; 
and  that  to  forfeit  their  good  opinion,  might  be  of 
great  disservice.  Considerations  of  this  kind 
made  them  weigh  well  the  important  step,  before 
they  ventured  upon  it.  'J'hey,  on  the  other  hand, 
rellccted  that  the  eloquence  of  the  minority  in  par- 
liament, and  the  petitions  and  remonstranees  of  the 
merchants  in  (ireal  Britain,  hail  produced  no  solid 
advantages  in  their  favour;  and  that  they  had  no 
chance  of  relief,  but  from  the  smiles  of  heaven  on 
Iheir  own  endeavours.  The  danger  was  pressing. 
War  was  not  only  inevitable,  but  already  begun. 
To  wait  till  they  were  attacked  by  a  formidable 
force  at  their  backs,  in  the  very  instant  when  their 
utmns'.  exertions  would  be  requisite,  perhaps  insuf- 
ficient, lo  protect  their  cities  and  sea  coast,  against 
an  invasion  from  Britain,  would  be  the  summit 
of  folly.  The  laws  of  war  and  of  nations  justified 
the  forestalling  of  an  enemy.  The  colonists  main- 
tained Ihat  to  prevent  known  hostile  intentions, 
was  a  matter  of  self-defence.  They  were  also 
sensible  they  had  already  gone  such  lengths,  a» 
could  only  be  vindicated  by  arms;  and  that,  if  a 
certain  degree  of  success  did  not  attend  their  re- 
sistance, thev  would  be  al  the  mercy  of  an  irritated 
government,  and  their  moderation  in  the  single  in- 
stance of  Canada,  wiiiild  be  an  unavailing  plea  for 
indiili;'Mice.  They  were  also  encouraged  to  pro- 
ceed, by  certain  information,  thallho  French  inha- 


bitants of  Canada,  except  Ihe  noblesse  and  tlir  cler 
gy,  were  as  niiiili  disconlenled  wiili  llieir  presen 
syslem  of  government  as  llie  llrilisli  selileis.  || 
seemed  I herel'ore  probable,  that  ihey  wiiiild  cini- 
sider  the  provincials,  rather  as  I'liends,  than  aseii(>' 
niies.  Tlie  invasion  of  that  province  was  iliere- 
lore  determined  upon,  if  found  practicable,  and  not 
disagreeable  to  the  Canadians. 

Ciingreiis  had  commitled  the  management  of 
their  iiiililary  arrangemenls,  in  this  norllirrn  de- 
parlmeiil,  lo  (ienerals  Schuyler  and  .Montgomery, 
While  the  former  remained  at  Albany,  to  .  leiiil 
an  Indian  treaty,  the  latter  was  sent  torward  lo  Ti- 
conileroga, with  a  body  of  troops  from  New  Vork 
and  New  Kngland.  About  tliis  time,  (ienerai 
.'><eliiiyler  addressed  the  inhabitants,  informing 
them,  "  that  the  only  view!  of  (Jongress  were  lo 
restore  lo  them  those  rights,  which  every  aubjecl 
of  Ihe  British  Knipiie,  of  whatever  religious  senti- 
nienls  he  may  be,  is  entitled  to  ;  and  Ihat,  in  the 
execution  of  these  trusts,  he  had  received  the 
most  positive  orders  to  cherish  every  Canadian, 
and  every  friend  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  sacred- 
ly to  guard  their  properly."  The  Americans, 
about  1000  in  number,  ell'ecled  a  landing  at  ."^l. 
.lohn's;  which,  being  the  first  British  post  in  Ca- 
iiaih,  lies  only  11,5  miles  to  the  northward  of  Ti- 
conileroga. The  British  picqiiets  were  driven 
into  the  fort.  The  environs  was  then  recnnnoi- 
tereil,  and  the  fiirtifications  were  found  lobe  much 
stronger  than  had  been  suspected.  This  indiiceil 
the  calling  of  a  council  ofwar,  which  recommend- 
ed a  retreat  to  Isle  aiix  Noix,  twelve  miles  soiitli 
of  St.  John's,  to  throw  a  boom  across  the  chan- 
nel, and  lo  erect  works  for  its  ilefence.  .Soonaf- 
lerthis  event,  a  bad  state  of  health  induced  Ceiieia' 
.Schuyler  to  retire  lo  Ticonileroga;  and  the  com 
maud  devolved  on  (ienenil  Montgomery. 

This  enterprising  officer,  in  a  few  days,  returned 
to  the  vicinity  of  St.  John's,  and  opened  a  battery 
against  it.  Ammunition  was  so  scarce,  thai  the 
siege  could  not  be  carried  on,  with  any  prospeit  of 
speedy  success.  The  genenil  detached  a  small 
body  of  troops,  lo  attempt  the  reduction  of  fort 
t'liaiiiblee,  only  six  miles  distant.  .Success  al  lend - 
eil  this  enlerpri/.e.  By  its  surrender,  six  Ions  ol 
gunpowder  were  olilained,  which  enabled  llie  gene- 
ral lo  prosecute  the  siege  of. St.  John's  with  vigour. 
The  garrison,  though  straitened  fiir  provisions, 
persevered  in  defending  themselves  with  uiiabaling 
t'orlitude.  While  (leneral  .Alontgomery  was  prose- 
cuting this  siege,  the  governor  of  Ihe  province  col  ■ 
lecicil,  at  ."Momreal,  about  800  men,  chiefly  inilitii 
and  Indians.  He  endeavoured  to  cross  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  with  this  force,  and  lo  land  al  Lon- 
quiel,  intending  to  proceed  thence  lo  attack  the  be- 
siegers :  but  Colonel  Warner,  with  300  green 
mounlain  boys,  and  a  four  pounder,  prevented  llie 
execution  of  the  design.  The  governor's  party 
was  siilVered  to  come  near  the  shore  ;  but  was  then 
fired  upon,  with  such  etVect  as  lo  make  them  re- 
tire, after  sustaining  great  loss. 

An  account  of  this  atl'air  being  commiinicaleil  to 
the  garrison  in  St.  John's,  Major  Preston,  the 
commanding  officer,  surrendered,  on  receiving 
honourable  terms  of  capitulation,  .\bout  500  regu- 
lars and  100  Canadians  became  prisoners  to  Ihs 
provincials.  They  also  acquired  39  pieces  of 
cannon,  seven  mortars,  two  howil/.ers,  and  about 
SOO  stand  of  arms.  Among  the  cannon  were  many 
brass  field  pieces;  an  article  ol  which  the  Ame- 
ricans were  nearly  destitute. 

While  the  siege  of  St.  John's  was  pending,  Co- 
lonel Allen,  who  was  returning  with  about  86  men 
from  a  tour  on  which  he  had  been  sent  by  his  gene- 
ral, was  captured  by  Ihe  British  near  Montreal. 
Though  he  had  surrendered  in  action,  with  arms 
in  his  hands,  under  a  verbal  capitulation  that  he 
should  receive  good  treatment,  he  was  loaded  with 
irons,  and  in  that  condition  sent  to  England.* 


"Colonel  Allen,  nfler  bis  cxclitng",  piiblisbcj  iiii  in 
terrstine  narrative  of  his  captivity,  'i'lie  crime  nlleircil 
ncniiist  bill)  was  his  taking  Tironileroea ;  ami  it  was 
inli-mloil  Ihat  be  sholilil  bo  tried  for  thii,  as  an  nil  iil 
reliellion.  From  his  narrative,  it  appears  that  Mie  irons 
placed  on  him  were  uncommonly  heavy,  and  so  fa»tc>u 


ses> 


IR99BSS1BKSBC9HM 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


380 


•■fitiililK.  clrr 
'liiMi  pri-seii 

ll    M'lllcis.        Il 

"iMilil  roll- 
"•  llinii  iiHi'iie* 

wii.H  ilii-rp. 
ii'ililf, ;iinl  tint 


ACler  the  reduction  ol'St.  Joliii's,  (iuiicMl  .Mdiit-  in  Muiilre.il,  ami  8cii<ling  (le(:icliiiiciiu  iiiUi  clilVer-  hud  lu  cut  tlinir  way,  fur  tuWuH  li>);vilirr.  iIiioiikIi 
(iiiiiiery  piuci'eded  towards  .Miiiilrcal.  'I'lie  li'w  till  |iarla  ol  lli«  iiioviiue,  ailvaiict'd  lun.iid?*  ilic  luri'sls  8ii  I'lnbiirrasitril,  thai  llirir  |>ii>^ii's<i  wan 
Uriliuli  I'lircuit  llieri',  uiiablc  to  siand  tlit'ii  KiDiiiiil,  iii|Hlil.  lilt  liltlo  uriii)  arnvi'd  wiili  ixiicdilinii  iinl)  luiiriir  livii  iiHlcsa  da).  'riiiToiiAlaiit  laliitiie 
lepairedlDrsately  "11  boii'd  tlii'irsliipiiiiiK,  in  liip|i(t  liiiurc  (iiifliuc.  Sucuess  had  liitlii'rln  hdwimmI 
ul  cscapInK  dtiwii  llie  i..er;  hut  ihcy  hiti.'  |iru-  ivery  allcmpt  iif  (icricral  Munl|iunii'i}r ;  liiil  lii.t 
Vfiiled.  tieiierul  Pic»C()t,  who  wa.s  on  board  mlualion  was  noverllielcss  very  I'nibarraiitiii);. 
null  several  olticets,  and  about  l:iU  privatis,  liav-  ;  Mncli  to  be  pitied  is  the  oiricer,  who,  having  been 

ini!  no  chance  oC  escape  subniilleil  to  be  prisoners  .  bred   lu    arms,   in  the   strict  diciplinc  of  reKular    at  leugth  su  icarce,  that  some  ot'lhe  men  eat  their 
on  terms  ul'  rapitulation.     KIcven  sail  ol'  vessels,  |  armies,  is  allcruards  called  li  command  men,  who    do);s,  carluuch  boxes,  breeches,  and  shoes.    When 


caused  nianv  to  Tail  sick.  One  third  ol  llie  lum- 
ber which  set  out,  was  Irnni  want  ol  iieciHsaries, 
obliged  to  return  ;  the  others  proceeded  wiih  una- 
bated fortitude  and    constancy.      I'rovisions  grew 


with  ull  their  conienls,  consisiiu);  ol'  aimMUiulion, 
provisions,  and  intrenching  tools,  became  the  pro- 
perly of  the    pruvMicii'Is.     (iovemor  Carlelon  was 


carry  with  them  the  spirit  of  freeilom  into  the  held.  ;  they  were  an  liunilred  miles  from  any  habilalioii. 

The  greater  part  of  the   Americans,   olhcers,   as  or  prospect  of  a  supply,  their  whole  store  was  di- 

well    as  soldiers,    havin<:   never  seen  any  service,  vided,  which  yielded  four  pints  nf  Hour  (o  each 

about  this  tiii'ie  conveyeil    in  a   boat  with   miillled  ;  "ere  ignoiant  id' their  duly,  and  feebly   Iniptesseil  man.     After  they  had  baked  and  eaten  llieir   last 

p.iddles,  by  a  secret  way  lu  the  Thiee  Rivers,  and  i  wiih  the  iiiihlary  ideas  of  union,  suburdiiialion  and  morsel,  they  had  thirty  miles  to  travel,  befoie  they 

llieiice  to  Quebec  in  H  lew  diys.  j  discipline.     The   army  was  continental   in  name  could  expect  any  farther  supply.     The  men  boro 

When  .Montreal   was  evacuated  by  the  troops,  I  •ind  pay  ;  hut  in  nu  other  respect.     Nut  only  the  up  under  these  complicaleil  ilistresses,  with   tho 

the  inhabitanls applied  to  tieiieral  .Mo'nlgoinery  for  j  troops  of  dill'ereiit  colonies  conceived  themselves  greale-t  forliuide.*     Thev  gloried  in  the  hope  of 

independent  of  each  other ;  bui,  in  some  instances,  completing  a  march,  wliicli   hoiiIiI  rival  the  fame 


u  capitulation,  lie  informed  them  as  they  were 
'Jc^feiiceless,  they  could  not  expect  such  a  eonces- 
>iiiMi :  but,  he  engaged,  upon  his  honour,  to  main- 
lain  the  individuals  and  religious  eominnnilies  of 
'lie  cily,  il  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  llieir  prop- 
erly, and  llie  free  exercise  of  their  relij;ioii.  In 
all  his  transactions,  he  s|M>ke,  wrote,  and  acted  | 
»  nil  dignity  and  propriety  ; 


the  dilleieiit  reglinenls  of  ilie  same  colony  were  of  similar  expedillons  undertaken  by  the  heroes  of 
backward  lo  submit  to  the  orders  of  olhce'rs  in  a  antiquity.  1  laving  spent  thlrty-nne  days,  in  tia- 
liigher  grade  of  another  line.  They  were  soon  versing  a  hideous  wilderness,  without  ever  seeing 
tireilof  a  mililaiy  lile.  Novelty  and  the  first  liii-  I 'Uiy  thing  huniaii,  they  at  length  reached  the  in- 
pulse  of  passion  had  led  them  lo  camp;  but,  j  habited  parts  of  t'anada.  They  were  there  well 
i>,  wrote,  and  acted  | '''^  approaching  cold  season,  logelher  with  the  |  leceived,  and  supplied  with  every  thing  necessary 
nd  treated  the  inha- 1  f'"'g"*"''  '""'  dangers   incident  to  war  iiiduceil  a    for  their  comfort.    The  t'anadianswereslriick  with 

ania/cmeiit,  when  they  saw  this  armed  force  emer- 
ging from  the  wilderness.  Ji  had  never  entered 
their  conceptions,  that  it  was  possible  for  human 


Ijjl s  with  liberality  anil  polileness.  general  wish  to  relin<|uish  the  service.     'I'hoiigh. 

Monlreal  which  at  this  time  surrendered  to  the  j  ^>  ''"^  "'^^'""'  "''lieir  enlisiinenl,  lliey  were  to  be 
provincials,    carried    on   an    extensive   trade,  and  I 'l""^''''"Hi"'l  hi  a  few  weeks,  lliey  could  not  biook  ^ 
rontained  many  of  those  articles,  which  fioiii  the    "ii  absence  lioiii  their  homes,  for  that  short  space  i  beings  lotraieise  such  immense  wilds.     'I'lie  most 


operation  of  the  lesohilloiis  of  Congress,  could  not 
be  Iniported  into  any  of  the  united  colonies.  From 
these  slores,  the  Anieriean  soldiers,  who  had  hith- 
ei'io  sulVered  from  the  want  of  suitable  clothing, 
obtained  a  plentiful  supply. 
(Jcnerul  .'Monlgomery,  after  leaving  some  troops 


eil,  tbnt  he  roiilil  not  lit*  tlown  iitbrrwJKe  ilinn  on  Uix 
\nwU.  \  rliesi  wfts  bi-«  sptil  by  tliiy  ninl  bis  lieil  tiy 
liifhi.  Ill  U'llfrs  1(1  the  ltrili!*li  gciitTiil  Prfsrol,  lu'  orizeil 
liis  i-ltiiiii  to  litMlor  tri-utint'iil,  on  ihu  f^mniiil  ul'  his  hii- 
tiiiiiiily  anil  ptililtMioris  lo  tilt  llic  prisotitTS  lie  Imtl  Inki-n : 
!ml  IM)  Hii!*vvi'r  OMT  cioiie  to  In*  hioiils.  .Aftor  lio  hiui 
licfii  Kfiit  i:i  iruilK  ns  a  8lntc  priHiiriiv  lo  KngJaiMl,  lie  wns 
sfiil  tiurk  as  H  primiiHT  ol"  wiir  lo  Aincricii.  t)a  his  re- 
turn, whi-n  the  iUh'I,  on  ImanI  ul'wiiicli  ho  wos  CDiifin- 
rii,  r,*iitlt'/,voii!*i'(l  nl  the  I'mi'  of  t'urk.  ho  ri'ccivcd 
I'ldiii  ihe  kiiidiu'^s  of  the  iiilKiliiliints  tkl'  tlint  cily,  a  lilrn. 
lit'ill  Hlipply  t'ur  nil  lu!t  wiillU ;  hut  their  he'iieviilpilre 
was  inlt'rceplPti  hy  ('apl:iiii  Symoiiilj*,  of  ihe  llrili^li 
r  ivy.  who  rtwore  lli.it  "  ihe  (laiiiiied  Aineric.iii  rebels 
kIiiiuUI  not  he  »()  feaiiteil  by  llie  (laitttieil  rebels  of  Ire- 
buui."  .\fler  niiieb  bud  tisa::o  in  n  eireuinms  solace 
he  was  laiuled  at  Halifax,  f  ii-k  with  ihe  feiirvv.'  and 
there  put  in  pri.ion.  Theiiee  he  v\as  sciil  In  ,\e\v' Vork, 
ami  fur  u  few  iiiunllis  was  adinilli'd  lo  hi-*  parole ;  Imii 
ill  .\u|;usl,  1777,  on  pretenee  of  Itreukiili;  it,  was  eollliii- 
fd  in  ibe  provo.^t  juil.  Diiriiic  hi:*  residence  there,  be 
was  wiuiesH  of  the  nuist  linrriil  ccene:*  of  npnressinn 
Olid  enielty,  to  the  American  prisiinerit;  and  de<-luros, 
thai,  from  Ills  own  know  ledu'c,  he  bad  no  dindit,  llial  iip- 
wnrds  of  *J0t)O  nf  them  perish''d    wilb  biincer,   e(dil,  and 


time.  The  ideas  of  liberty  and  independence,  !  pointed  instiuclioiis  had  been  given  lo  this  corps, 
which  roused  the  colonists  to  oppose  the  claims  of  'o  conciliate  the  alVections  of  the  Canadians.  It 
(•real  Dritain,  operated  against  that  implicit  obe-  i  was  particularly  enjoined  upon  them,  if  llie  son  of 
dience,  which  is  necessary  to   u   well  regulated  j  hifd  Chatham,  then  an  ollicer  in  one  of  the  Hriijsh 


army. 

Even  in  Kiirupcan  slates,  where  long  habits 
have  established  submission  to  .superiors,  as  a 
primary  duty  of  the  'j-inmon  people,  the  dillicully 
of  governing  lecriiits,  when  first  led  to  the  lielil 
from  the  civil  occupations,  is  great  :  to  exercise 
discipline  over  freemen,  accusloiiied  lo  act  only 
from  the  Impulse  of  their  own  iiiliids,  ie(|uired  not 
only  a  knowledge  of  human  nature,  but  an  accom- 
modating spirit,  and  a  degree  of  patience,  which 
are  rarely  loiind  among  ollicers  of  regular  armies. 
The  troops  under  the  imiiiedialecoiiimaiid  of  (iene- 
lal   .Moiugoinerv,  were,  from  their  usual   habits, 


regiments  In  that  piovlnce,  should  (all  liilo  ilieir 
hands,  to  treat  him  with  all  possible  allenllini,  in 
letiirn  for  the  great  exertions  of  his  farllier,  in  be- 
half of  .\iiierican  llbeity.  .\  nianlfeslo,  siibM-rilied 
by  (ieiieral  Washlngtoii,  which  had  lieenseni  from 
Cambridge  with  this,  delachineiit  was  ciiculated 
among  the  inhabitanls  of  Canada.  In  this,  they 
were  invited  to  arrange  themselves  nndir  the 
standard  of  general  liberty ;  and  were  informed 
that  the  .\merlcaii  army  was  sent,  nut  lu  pliindir 
but  lo  protect  lliem. 

While  (iener.il    .Monl;omery  lay   at  Montreal, 
Colonel  .\ri!old  arrived  ,il  I'oiiit  Levy,  oppoMlc  lo 


averse  to  the  ideas  of  siiliordinaliun,  and  had  sud-  i  Quebec.  Such  was  the  conslernatlon  of  the  giir- 
deiily  passed  from  duiiieslic  ease,  to  the  number- j  "*"»  ""d  inhabitants,  al  his  nnexpecicil  appear- 
less  wants  and  distresses,  which  are  incident  to  j  aiice,  that  had  not  the  liver  iniervcned,  an  iiniiie- 
inaiches  through  strange  and  deseit  countries,  j  diale  attack,  in  the  fust  surprise  and  confusion, 
Kvery  difficulty  was  increased  by  the  short  term,  '  might  have  been  successful.     The  bold  enteiprisu 


for  which  they  weic  enlisled.  To  secure  the  al- 
feclions  of  the  Canadians,  It  was  necessary  for  the 
American  general  to  restrain  the  appetites,  and 
control  the  licentiousness  of  his  soldicrv  ;  while 


of  one  .\iiierlcaii  army,  marching  lliriingli  the  wil- 
derness, at  a  time  when  success  was  crowning 
every  undertaking  of  anolher.  Invading  in  a  dill'e- 
reiit direction,  struck  tenor  into  the  breast  ol  iliosa 


the  appearance  of  military  harshness  was  danger-  i  Canadians,  who  were  unfriendly  to  the  designs  of 
ous,  lest  their  good  will   might   be  forfelied.      In    Congress.     The  enibarrassinenls  of  the  garrison 

were  increased  by  llie  alisence  ol  Sir  (iii\    Caile- 


fiiekness.  occasioned  by  [he   lillli  nf  ihe  phices  in  which  j  this  choice  of  diliicullles,  the   genius  of  .Moiilgo- 

Ihev  were   eotihned,   and    tin   fcaiilv    iinw  udrsinne  urn-'  .     i  ,      •    ,  i^      .         ..I,  ir\     .       n   '  .     .r  i  .-'it 

visum.,  wilb  which  thev  were  'scr>e,l.  Me  IWiher !  T  *  f """"""«''  '"''"y  <>l>stacles.  During  his  l»n.  1  hat  gallant  olhcer  on  hearing  ol  .Moiilg.,. 
Mules,  that  till  Ihe  delou'i  nf  llie  Hessians  at  I'reninii, '*"""•'""»''" '"US  career,  he  conducted  with  so  !  mery's  invasion,  prepared  to  oppose  him  in  tlin 
in  December,  177i!,  ilic  coiicpiesi  nf  ilie  cnuniry  was ,  much  prudence,  as  to  make  it  doubtful,  whether  ]  extremes  of  the  province.  While  he  was  collect, 
ecinsidered  08  cerialii ;    ihai    the     f.iiieiiiire    nf   c'sinies,  j  we  ought  to  admire  most,  the  goodnessof  the  mail,  ! '"S  ■> '""^e 'n  "'l^tck    invaders   In   one  ilueclioii.  a 

:pfki'^o"'n;"e;enu'  I'le^r'^'haTid'-"  I'n',;  I'h:"'.';::.";;;";';.: !  -  l'"--  -•''!'-  '""-.  ?>■--!.■  I  dUlerent  corps    emerging  on,  of  ll.n  de s  of  an 

tn'aiuieiii  of  tho  prisoners  was  fnunilc.l  nn  llie  i,h-n,  ihni  I  ,  About  the  same  time  that  Canaila  was  invaded  ,  unexplored  wililerness,  siuldenly  appealed  Irom 
every  iliing  sliurt  uf    immedialc    exeeiiiinn,  was  better    in  the  usual  route  from  New  York,  a  considerable  ,  another.      In  a  few  days  Coliitiil   .•\riuild   crossed 

ilelacliment,  from  the  Aineriran  arinv  at  Cam-  'he  river  .*^t.  Lnwreiieo;  'this  chance  of  sue. 
bridge,  was  conducted  IiiIg  liiat  royal  province,  by  '  ceeding  by  acoiipdo  iiiain,  was  in  that  short  spaco 
a  new  and  miexpecud  passage.  Colonel  Arnold,  !  gieally  diuiiiiislied.  The  criliial  moiiicnl  was  past, 
who  successfully  condiicred  this  hold  undertaking,  'he  panic  oceasioiied  by  his  hist  appearance  had 
thereby  acipilred  the  iM-.i  .  ,  the  .\mcrlcan  Han-  alialed,  and  solid  prepaialions  for  the  defence  of 
iiibal.  He  wasdet.ic-M  I  vi  li  a  thousand  men, ! 'ho  tovMi  were  adopted.  Tho  inhabilanis,  both 
from  Cambridge,  tn  |wnclrale  into  Canada,  liv  in- 1  Kngliih  and  Canadians,  as  soon  as  danger  piu.ssed, 
cending  the  river  Kennebeck,  and  descending  by  j  unilod  for  their  coniiiion  dcfeneo.  Alarmed  for 
the  Chaudiere,  to  the  river  St.  Lawranee.  (Jreal  'heir  property,  they  were  at  their  uwii  rei|uest, 
were  the  dllliculiies  these  troops  had  lo  encounter,  '  embodied  fur  its  security.  The  sailors  were  taken 
in  marching  by  an  unexplored  ruulw,  three  hundied  i  fio""  'ho  ihippiug  in  the  harbour,  and  put  to  iho 
miles,  through  an  uninhabited  couiitrv.  !n  ascend- 1  hatieries  on  shore.     As  Colonel   ArnoM  hail   no 


lliun  they  as  rebels  bad  a  rislil  to  expeit;  that  tl 
llMisi  iin'{;Fn('rnus  and  rrnel  inethnds.  by  starv.ninn.  an.l 
mllerwise,  were  adopted  tn  compel  llieir  enli>tment 
inlu  lliB  Itrilish  service;  that  innliv  snliiiiilted  Ui  ileutli, 
in  prefereiu-e  In  that  iikhIc  nf  uhlainini;  a  release ;  tliul 
the  bailer  and  the  fjullnws  were,  in  the  early  neiiods  nf 
the  wor,  often  presented  tn  bis  own  view,  as  the  ennse- 
quence  «f  bis  ohsliiiaey  nnd  rehellinn  ;  hut.  afterw  urils. 
high  command,  and  n  lar^e  irnet  nf  the  e!in<)Mi'rfil 
country  was  ulfered  him  on  eonditinn  be  would  join  the 
Briti.ili.  To  the  last  be  replied:  "  ilmt  he  viewed  their 
offer,  of  ronipion'd  United  Stales'  land,  tn  he  siinihir  In 
that  which  ihe  devil  olTered  to  Jesus  Clnist;  to  cive 
bim  all  (he  kinedums  nf  the  world,  if  he  would  fall 
down  mill  wnrship  bim,  when  al  the  Banio  time,  the 
piKir  ilevil  had  not  one  (<«>t  of  land  upon  earth."  A  n- 
view  c'  this  narrative  nalnralty  excites  npeculalinns  nn 
ihe^  nnmerniis  exe<'ulinns,  atiil  extensive  ennfiscatiniis 
**hicli,  probably,  would  have  been  the  eimseqneiice  nf 
the  failure  of  the  revolntinn.  and  oiigbl  to  excite    cnvli- 


ludo  in  the  breast  nf  everv  American,  that  these  ruiiifui  ,        .  ......  

ineiauies  were  nreventcil,  by  the  final  success  of  their  ^  ilirir  mairh  by  land  more  eligible,   llin 

orniB.     Cdlniiel  .\llen   was   ronfnied    in  the    pnnnsi   juil. 

of  New  York,  till   Mav.  17711,  when  he    was  evchaiiL-ed;  i     "i     ■      ■  •  .  ■    ■ 

inil,  lo  the  »rem  Joy  of  Us  ooimirv  resturcd  to  uctivity  i  "'""'s.  dilticult  mountains,  and  craggy  precipices 

Iniuaervite.  '  '  laltoinaiely  to   encounter,     Al  snnie  places,  ihey 


ing  the  Kennebeck,  they  wei*  constantly  obliged 
to  work  upwards,  asninst  an  impetuous  current. 
They  were  often  rompellml,  by  cataracts  or  other 
im|iediinenls,  to  latid,  and  to  haul  their  halteaiix  up 
rapid  streams,  anil  over   falls  of  rivers.     Nor  was 

this  pas- 
age    by  water.     They    had  deep  swamps,  thick 


artillery,  allor  parading  iniiie  days  nn  the  helghis 
near  Quebec,  he  drew  oil'  his  troops,  mteiidliiii 
nothing  moro  until  the  arrival  of  Montgomery, 
than  tp  cut  nll'supplitisfroin  entering  ihe  garrison. 
8o  favniirabln  were  the  prospects  of  tho  united 


*  .\aiios  ItcKH,  ailerwards  vice-presidoui  nf  the  Vni, 
toil  Slates,  wos  one  of  his  parly.  Me  was  then  iilmu 
twenty  years  nld,  and  had  broken  t*(f  fmin  his  leffal  llu 
illos  liiu'i  he  nilgiil  servo  on  hie  cxpediliaih 


800 


THK    lllSTOKY    OK 


il 


coliJiiiea  at  (lila  periuil,  ilia.  (Icncral  M>iii(Koiiii-ry 
ii'l  nil  foul  n  reginivnt  <.f  Ciiniidiuii*,  lu  be  in  llir 
iM^  iirCiiiiifrcnii.  JnincH  IjiviiiKiluii.  u  ii;ilivi- ul 
Ninv  York  wild  linil  li)ii){  iphkIi'iI  in  Canmla.  was 
a|i|ii>iiiti'il  Ici  ilii'  ciiiiiiiiand  llirrriil';  anil  .irvcral 
ri'criiilH  inTi-  (■MKa^ird  liir  the  li'iiii  ol'  twrlvf 
iiiiiiith'i.  'I'lif  inliabilHiitii,  on  liiitli  kiiIi'h  iiI'  iIic 
Mur  St.  liiiwioMte,  wi're  niy  Irii'iiill)'.  Kx- 
|>irM?<iii  ill  (lie  ('iii|>liiy  III'  (III!  AiiK'i'icaii!),  \triil 
wiiliiiiil  iiiiili'iiMlidn,  liackwaiiU  ami  I'lirwuriis,  bi>- 
int'i'ii  Miitiiri'al  anil  l^iirhec.  Many  iniliviiliial.i 
jii'iliiniK'il  itit:nal  st'ivlci'D,  in  ravmirur  llie  invail- 
iiiU  army  Ainung  u  cuMHiilcrable  niinibhr,  Mr. 
I'riii'  nianil!!  ciinii|iieii(iui),  wliu  advanceil  OOWIl 
ill  siii'i'ii',  I'ur  llieir  UkC. 

\  arioiis  caiucn  liad  conlribiiled  In  attach  tlic 
'  iiiliabilantii  of  Canada,  eH|>ruially  iIiikso  id' ilic  in- 
IVriiir  claHsestii  (lie  IntcrfNt  ut  C'liiiKii'iiii.  and  to 
alieniatc  iheir  all'veiiuiia  rriiin  lli«  ^iivrrnnient  uf 
(irt'at  llritain.  Tlie  cunte.st  wan  tor  liberty;  and 
there  is  soiiielhiii);  in  that  miiiiul  i'a|itivalin|{  to 
lliv  mind  ol°  man,  in  a  stale  of  uii^iiial  Himiiliuily. 
li  \\i\»  lor  Ihc  colunieM;  and  Canada  wan  al.so  a 
colony.  The  objecH  of  lliu  war  were  theielore 
8ii|i|>iiHcd  lo  be  lor  their  eoniinon  adtantage.  The 
'  loriii  of  Kiivernnienl,  lately  im|iiised  on  them  by 
net  of  |iarliaiiieiit,  n-M  far  fruni  lieiii);  no  free,  a.i 
the  ciiiiHlitiitioti!)  of  the  oilier  ciilonie!4,  and  wm  in 
many  resiieets  particularly  opprensive.  The  coiii- 
liiun  people  had  no  representative  ahare  in  eiiacl- 
ini;  Ihc  laws,  by  which  they  were  lo  be  tfoverned ; 
and  were  subjected  lo  the  arbitrary  will  of  per- 
sons, over  whom  they  had  no  ronirol.  Di.'tliiic- 
lions  so  degrading  were  not  unobserved  by  the 
native  (.'aiiadians :  but  were  more  obvious  lu  those 
who  had  known  the  privilet;es  enjoyed  in  the 
lieii;hl)ourin{(  provinces.  ,Sever:il  inilividiials, 
tdueated  in  New  Kn^laiid  and  New  York,  willi 
the  liii;li  ideas  of  liberty,  inspired  by  then  free 
consliliilions,  had,  in  (he  interval  between  the 
peace  uf  I'aris,  1703,  and  the  cunimencement  of 
the  American  war,  migrated  into  (.'aiiaila.  i^iich 
sensibly  fell  the  dill'erence  between  the  Bovern- 
iiienlstliey  had  lett,  anil  the  aibitrary  coiisliliiliun 
imposed  uii  llieni;  and,  both  fnini  principle  and 
allectiun,  earnestly  persiiailed  the  C'anadians  lo 
make  a  comiiiuii  cause  with  the  united  colo- 
nies. 

'i'lioM;;li  iiiollves  of  this  kind  induced  the  pea- 
santry ol  the  country  to  espouse  the  inlcrest  of 
Conuiess,  yet  siindty  individuals,  and  some  whole 
orders  of  men,  threw  the  weight  of  llieir  inlluence 
into  the  opposite  scale.  The  le;;al  iiaile^es 
which  the  lioman  catholic  clert'y  enjoyed,  made 
iheiii  averse  lo  a  change,  lest  llifiy  shoiilil  he  en- 
d.iiigeied,  by  a  more  intimate  conne.xion  with  their 
prolestant  neiglibonrs,  'i'liey  used  their  supposed 
iiilliieiicc  In  the  next  wiirlil,  as  an  f  ngiiie  lo  ope- 
rate on  the  inoveniirils  of  the  present.  They  re- 
fused absolution  lu  such  of  their  Hocks  as  abetted 
ihc  .\nierii  Ills.  This  inlerdiction  of  the  joys  uf 
heaven,  by  iliuse  who  were  supposed  lo  hold  the 
keys  of  if,  operated  powerfully  on  the  opinions 
and  practices  of  the  superstitious  multitude.  The 
seigneurs  had  iiiHiinnilies  iinknuwn  in  the  other 
colunie*.  .Such  in  the  fondness  for  power  in  eve- 
ry hiiin:iii  breast,  that  revoliilions  ate  rarely  fa- 
voured by  any  order  uf  men,  who  have  reason  lu 
apprehend  thai  their  fiituie  situation,  in  case  of  a 
ciiange,  will  be  less  preeininent  than  before. 

The  sagacious  (ieneral  .Montgomery,  no  less  a 
■nan  ofthe  world  than  an  olVicer,  discuvered  great 
address  in  accummodaliiig  himself  lo  these  clash- 
ing interests.  Though  he  knew  the  part  the  po- 
pish clergy  had  acted,  in  opposition  to  him,  yet  he 
conducted  towards  iheni,  as  if  totally  ignorant  uf 
the  mailer ;  and  treated  then)  and  their  religiun 
with  great  respect  and  attention.  .\s  far  as  h" 
was  aulhnrised  lo  promise,  he  engnged  that  their 
ecclesiastical  properly  should  be  secured,  and  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion  continued.  To  all, 
he  helil  forth  the  (latterini;  idea  of  calling  a  con- 
vention of  representatives,  freely  chosen,  to  jn- 
glitute,  by  its  own  will,  such  a  form  of  govern- 
ment as  lUey  approved.  While  the  great  mind 
ortbisilltutrioiu  man,  was  meditating  sclicmes  of 


liberty  and  happiness,  a  military  t'lrce  was  col- 
lecting anil  tramnig  to  oppose  niiii,  whlili  in  a 
Khorl  Mine  put  a  peiioil  to  his  valii.ible  lite. 

At  the  lime  the  ,\mericaiis  were  bef(ue  Mon- 
treal, (ieneral  ( 'iirletun,  as  has  bei'ii  related,  e« 
caped  through  their  lianilH,  and  got  sale  to  (Jue 
bee,  Ills  preseui  e  uai  itself  a  garrison.  The 
cinilideiice  repused  in  his  talents  inspired  the  men 
under  his  coiiniiand,  lo  make  the  most  deteimined 
resiitance.  .Soon  alter  his  arrival,  he  issued  a 
proclamation,  setting  forth:  "Thai  all  persons 
liable  lo  do  imlilla  duty,  and  residing  in  (^ni  bee, 
who  refniied  to  arm  in  coiijnncilon  with  the  royal 
army,  should,  in  luunlays,  quit  (Quebec,  with  llieir 
families,  and  withdraw  Iriiiii  the  limils  ofthe  ilis- 
Iriel,  by  the  first  uf  December,  ini  pain  i.f  being 
treated  ufterwvtds  as  spies  or  rebiU."  All  who 
neie  unwilling  lo  co  operate  with  the  llrilish  ar- 
my, being  ihus  dispo-eil  of,  the  remaining  inhabi- 
tants, Ihuiigh  unused  lo  arms,  became,  in  a  little 
time,  so  lar  actpiainted  with  them,  as  (o  be  very 
iiselul  in  derending  (he  town.  They  supported 
fatigues,  and  siibiiiitted  lo  command,  with  a  pa- 
tieneeand  checrfiilness,  that  could  not  be  exceed- 
ed by  men  I'amiliari/.t'd  lo  the  hardships  and  siib- 
orihnatiun  of  a  military  life. 

(ieneral  Montgomery,  having  efl'ecled  at  I'uinI 
aux  Trembles  a  j  unci  iuii  with  Culunel  Arniild,  cuiii- 
meiiced  the  siege  uf  (Jiicbec.  Upon  his  arrival 
befuie  the  town,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  the  liiiiish 
governor,  recoimneinling  an  ininiediate  siiriendci, 
to  prevent  the  dreadful  conseiptences  ul' a  storm. 
Thungli  the  ll.ig  nliiih  conveyed  this  letter  was 
filed  upon,  anil  all  coinmuiiicationreliised,  (ieneral 
.\Iontgomery  foiinil  other  means  to  cumey  a  let- 
ter uf  the  same  tenor  into  the  garrison:  but  the 
firiiiness  of  the  governor  could  not  be  moved, 
either  by  tlireals  or  dangers.  The  Americans 
soon  alter  commenced  a  boiiibardmciit  with  five 
small  mortars;  but  with  very  little  elfect.  lu  a 
few  days  (iencr:il  Montgiiiiiery  opened  a  six  gun 
battery,  at  the  distance  of  seven  hundred  yards 
from  the  w:ills;  but  his  met:il  was  loo  light  lo 
make  any  impression. 

The  news  of  (ieneral  Montgomery's  success  in 
Cariaila  hail  lilleil  the  culonies  with  expectatiuns, 
thai  the  coni|iiesi  oftjuebec  would  soon  add  fresh 
lustre  to  Ills  aheaily  brilliant  fame.  lie  knew 
well  the  loiiseipieiices  of  popular  disappointmenl, 
and  was  >,f  opinion  that  unless  something  decisive 
w.is  iiiiniedi:itely  done,  the  benefit  of  his  pievious 
ai'(|iiisitloiis  would,  in  a  great  degree,  be  lost  to 
the  .\ineriean  cause.  On  both  accounts,  he  was 
strongly  impelled  lo  make  every  exertion,  for  sa- 
tisl'ying  the  expectations  and  promoliiig  the  inte- 
rest of  a  people,  who  Iniil  honoiiied  him  with  so 
great  a  share  uf  their  confidence.  The  govern- 
iiieiit  of  (ileal  liritain,  in  llie  extensive  province 
of  Canada,  was  at  that  time  reduced  lo  the  single 
town  of  (Jitebec.  The  astonished  world  saw 
peace:ible  colonists,  suddenly  transforined  into 
soldiers,  and  these  marching  through  unex|ilored 
wililernesses,  ;ind  exieniliiig  lliemselvcs  by  coii- 
ipiests,  in  the  fust  moment  alter  they  had  aisiinied 
the  profession  of  aims. 

Towards  the  end  ofthe  year,  the  tide  of  fortune 
beg:oi  lo  turn.  Dissensions  broke  out  between 
( 'olonvl  .\riiuld  and  some  uf  his  uflicers,  threaten- 
ing the  annihilaiiun  of  discipline.  The  continen- 
tal currency  h:id  no  circiilalion  in  Canada,  and  :ill 
the  hard  money  furnished  for  the  expedition  was 
nearly  expended.  Difficulties  uf  every  kind  weie 
daily  increasing.  The  extremities  uf  fatigue  were 
constanily  to  be  encountered.  The  American 
general  had  not  a  sufficient  niiniber  of  men  to 
make  the  proper  reliefs,  in  the  daily  laboiiis  they 
iin:icrwcnt;  and  that  iiicunsider:ible  number,  wiirn 
duwn  with  toil,  was  constantly  exposed  lo  the 
severities  i>{  a  Canad:i  winter.  The  period  for 
which  a  grear  part  of  his  men  had  enlisted,  being 
oil  the  point  of  expiration,  he  apprehended  that 
thry  who  were  entitled  to  il,  would  insist  on  their 
discharge.  On  the  other  hand,  he  saw  no  pros 
peel  of  staggering  llin  resolution  i>(  the  garrison. 
They  were  well  supplied  with  every  thing  iieci.'s- 
4ary  fur  tlicir  defcucu,  aad   were  daily  aci|uiring 


additional  lirmness.     The  extremity  of  wiiilrr  wa* 
fist  approacliiiig. 

Krum  these  cuniliined  circniiKlances,  (Genera 
Muiiigomeiy  WiiH  iiiipri'ssed  with  a  luiiviiiiun.  that 
the  siege  should  ellher  be  laised,  or  bionglit  to  a 
snmmaiy  leniimation.  To  stinm  the  pi. ice,  waa 
the  unly  leasilije  method  of  elli'itmg  llie  lall'.  I 
puipuse.  Hut  this  was  an  iiiideit.iking,  in  which 
siicress  was  but  barely  possible,  (ileal  minds  urn 
seldom  ex.irt  calculalurs  of  daiigei.  Nor  '')  titry 
niiniitely  attend  to  the  dilliculties  which  obsirn>:> 
llir  att.iinnient  of  their  objects,  {''ortuiie,  in  con- 
tempt of  the  pride  of  man,  has  ever  had  an  inllti- 
eiice  ill  the  success  or  failure  of  militiiiy  enter- 
prises.  Some  ofthe  greatest  achievements,  of  that 
kind,  hive  owed  llieir  success  lo  a  noble  contempt 
uf  cumnion  furiiis. 

The  upper  pari  oftjuebec  was  surrounded  with 
very  strong  works,  and  the  access  from  (he  lower 
luwii  was  excessively  diOicull,  friii  '   'osl  per- 

pendicular steepness,    (ieneral  , Ml  y,  fiuiil 

a  native  inliepiilily,  and  an  ardeiil  lor  glory 

overlooked  all  these  dangers ;  and  resolved  al 
once,  either  lo  carry  llie  place  or  perish  in  the  at 
tempt.  Trusting  iiiiicli  lo  his  good  fortune;  con 
liiling  in  the  bravery  of  his  troops,  and  then 
readiness  til  lollow  wliitjiersuever  lie  nholilil  bid' 
and  depending  somewhat  on  the  exli'iisiveness  ol 
the  works,  he  determined  to  attempt  'he  town  by 
escalade. 

The  garrisunuf  (Jtieliee  at  this  lime  consisleil  of 
alioiit  I.Vil)  men,  of  which  MM)  were  iiiililii.  ami 
l.lll  were  seamen  belonging  lo  the  king's  In^  ites, 
or  merchanl  ships  in  the  haibuiir.  The  rest  weie 
marines,  regulars,  or  Colonel  .Maclc.in's  new-rais- 
ed eniigranis.  'l"he  \iiie;icaii  army  consisted  ot 
about  hOO  men.  Some  lad  been  left  al  Moniieal 
.mil  near  a  third  of  .Vriiuld's  detachment,  as  has 
been  related,  had  relumed  lo  Cambridge. 

(ieneral  .^lolltgomery,  having  divided  this  link 
force  into  four  detacliiiieiits,  ordered  two  feints  tc 
be  made  against  tlie  upper  town;  one  by  Coliine 
1/ivingsion,  al  the  head  o(  the  Canadians,  agains. 
Sjl.  .lolin's  gale  ;  and  the  other  by  ?'  'or  llrown 
against  ('ape  Diamond  ;  reserving  i 
Colonel  Arnold  the  two  principal 
the  lower  town.  Al  live  o'clock 
(ieneral  .Montgomery,  advanced  iij;,.. 
lonn.  He  passed  the  first  barrici,  and 
opening  to  attack  the  second,  when  he  was  killed 
together  with  Captain  ,lohn  M'I'herson,  Captain 
('heesinan.  and  some  others.  This  so  dispirited 
the  men,  that  Colonel  C'amphcll,  on  wliiim  thii  com- 
iiiand  dovidved,  thought  proper  lo  draw  them  off 
In  the  mean  time  Colonel  Arnold,  at  the  head  of 
about  3.')0  men,  passed  through  St.  Koques,  ami 
appruached  near  a  two  gun  battery,  without  being 
discovered.  This  he  attacked,  and,  though  it  was 
well  defended,  carried  il ;  but  with  considerable 
loss.  Ill  this  attack.  Colonel  Arnold  received  a 
wound,  which  made  it  necessary  lo  carry  him  oil" 
the  field  of  battle.  His  party  nevertheless  continu- 
ed the  assault,  and  pushing  on,  made  themselves 
masteis  uf  a  second  barrier.  These  brave  men 
sustained  the  force  ofthe  whole  garrisun  furthrte 
hours;  but  finding  themselves  hemmed  in.  and 
without  hopes  either  of  success,  relief  or  retreat 
they  yielded  lo  numbers,  and  the  advantagcuuii 
sitiialiun  uf  Iheir  adversaries. 

The  luss  of  the  Americans,  in  killed  and  wound- 
ed, was  abuiit  100,  and  300  were  taken  prisuners. 
Among  the  slain  were  (.'aptain  Kendricks.  Lieute- 
nant Humphries,  and  Lieutenant  Cooper.  The 
behaviuiir  of  the  pruvincial  troops  was  siicli,  as 
might  have  silenced  those  who  had  reproached 
them,  for  being  deficient  in  courage.  The  must 
exiK  rienced  veterans  could  not  have  exceeded  Ihe 
firmness  they  displayed  in  their  last  attack.  Tlio 
issue  of  this  assault  relieved  the  garrison  of  Que- 
bec, from  all  apprehensions  for  its  safety. 

The  provincials  were  so  much  weakened,  as  to 
be  siarcely  equal  lu  iheir  own  defence.  However 
Colonel  .Vrnold  had  the  boldness  to  encamp  within 
three  miles  ofthe  town,  and  had  Ihe  address,  eyen 
with  his  reduced  minibers,  lo  impede  'he  convey- 
ance of  reiceshiueots  and  provisions  into  the  gnx- 


iself  aiic 

agains- 

iriiing 

.le  luwei 

was  jus* 


nr  iviiirrr  wut 


IIIUIKlfcl  wjlil 

nil  llip  Iciivi-r 
MNt  prr- 
,>    /null 
iiir  i^liiiy 

ICHIllu'll     M 

i'tli  ill  (III-  .It 
iirtiiMi* ;  cun 

mill  ihi'ii 
liiiiilil  li'iil- 
'iisivi'nrs.H  nt 

ill'  linm  lij 


rUon.     IIU  niliiiiliiiii  wnt  rxlreiiirly  <ljlTli.'ull.     lie 

(V.lN  ill  nil  llMllll'MMi*  ili»tiiii(-i?  I'liiiii  lhn>4<'  |lilllH, 
wlidiri'  itli'iliLiI  iKHinl.Mn  ('  ciiiilil  lir  rx|»'i'|i'il. 
On  liii  lii'il  nilriinri'  iiiiii  ihe  |iriiviiii'i',  lin  li.iil  v%- 
|ii'M<'iiri'il  iiiiirli  kiiiil  IriMtiiiriil  (111111  llir  iiiliiiln 
I  iiiN.  'I'lii'  ( 'iiiMiiliiiiM,  lii'siili'H  Iji'iiik  lirklr  III  llirir 
It-MiliilioiiN  iiir  iipl  In  111*  lii.itt'tl  liv  Niici'irss.  'I'licir 
iliMimsitinn  fn  iiiil  tin-  ,\iiii>ii('iiii«i,  lii'Ciiini*  il.iily 
liiii.i'  |iM'i  Mliniii.  Ii  win  rvcii  iliiriciill  In  kri'|i 
till'  |iinviiiriiil  llni>|ii  liniii  riliiriiiiiK  In  llicjr  rii 
Biii'iiiu)  jiniiii's.  'I'lii'ir  ^iilli'iliiUK  wi'ii'  (jiciil. 
\\'liili'  (Inir  nilvrrHiiiieN  wi'in  iiiiiiriirMliI)  liiiiHi'il 
III  (jiii'lii'i',  llii'V  well'  e<|ii>inl  In  ijii'  n|i('ii  uir,  to 
llic  rxluilll*    ll^nlirnl'    till'  sl';l>tnll.       Till'    Nl'Vi'lK 


I'niiu 
H  Willi 


nl  11  ( 'iiiiiiilii  uirili'rH:i.H  1:11'  lii'|niiil   iiii^  tliiii 
wliirli  llii'V  wi'ii'  ;iri|ii:iiiili'il.     'I'lie  siinw  l,i)  iibnllt 
liinr  rt'i*!  ili'i'|i  nil  ;i  Icvi'l. 

'I'liln  ilrlivrraiui'  nl  (jiiclii't-  iiiity  he  riMHiilprril 
ill)  .1  jiriMil.  Iiiiw  iiiiirli  limy  In'  ilmii'  liy  niic  iimii,  Inr 
llii>  iiri'ni'iviitinii  111'  II  cniiiitry.  It  altn  |irnvrH, 
lliiil  Hnlilli'rx  iiiiy  ill  It  sliurl  lime  lielnrinciJ  nut  ol 
till'  iiiiiHH  nl'cili/.riK. 

'I'lir  cnnllirl  liiiii);  nvrr,  tin*  ill  will  uhii'll  lliiil 
•  iiliHiKli'il,  iliniii);  ihi-  Mii'ui',  lirhtii'ii  llir  iiiyiil  ami 
|iintiiii'ial  li'iin|is,  ^  ivt*  way  In  Mriitinii'iil.'i  nl  liiiin  1- 
iiily.  'J'lir  Aiiii'in  aiii,  wlin  '<iiiii'iiilvii'il,  wvir 
tii'aU'il  Willi  kiiiiliiPM^.  Ain|ile  |iri)Visinli  was 
liiaili'  lin  llii'ir  ivniiiiclcil,  anil  no  iiMiieri'xsi'iy  spvi  - 
rily  «a'i'<linwii  In, my.  Ki'W  mt'ii  liavt'  i^vrr I'alli'n 
ill  liallli' »n  iniii'li  ii'uii'lli'il  liy  linili  Hiili'4  as  (in- 
iii'ial  .MnnlKnincry.  His  many  aiiiialili!  iinalitii's 
liail  |iinriiri'il  liiin  an  iinrnminnii  share  nl  privali' 
alli'i'llnii,  anil  Ins  |;ii'at  aliililii-s  an  I'ljiial  |irn|Mirlinli 
III' |iiililir  I'sii'ein.  Ilemy  asnuiTi'  liivi'r  nlliln'rly, 
Le  liail  i'iii;a);i'il  in  ilie  Aiiifiiian  I'aiisi'  I'riiin  priii- 
I'lpli' :  anil  i|iiilli'il  lli>-  I'lijiiyini'iil  nl'  an  easy  I'nr- 
liini',  anil  llir  liiulii'sl  ilniiii"iMr  I'l-liiily,  In  talio  an 
ai'livi'  sliari'  in  ilii'  laliKiu's  anil  ilaiiKi'i's  iil'a  war, 
iiiHiiinli'il  liii  llii'  ili'li'iii'i'  nf  lliii  ('iimmiiiiily,  nl' 
itliirli  liP  was  an  ailn|ili'il  mrnilifr.  Mis  well  kiinwn 
rliararliT,  was  ainiiist  i'i|iially  i'sIci'ImimI  liy  till' 
iVicnils  anil  liii'snl  llir  siili'  nliirli  lie  hail  •.'s|innsi'il. 
Ill  Anii'iiia,  III'  was  relrlnali'il  as  a  iiiarlyr  In  the 
lilierlii's  III'  maiikiiiil ;  in  (Iieal  Hi ilaiii,  as  a  iiiis- 
Uniili'il  U'inil  man,  sariiliiinK  In  nliat  he  Hii|i|iiiseii 
in  lie  the  lights  nl'  Ills  rniiiihv.  His  name  was 
liieiiliinieil  In  |iailiaiiieiil  willi  sini;iilar  i'rs|ie<'l. 
Sinne  III  llie  iiinsi  |iii»i'iriil  speakers  in  that  illiis- 
lrinnsasseinlily,ills|i|  lyeil  |l,ejrel(ii|iienee  in  soiinil- 
iliK  Ins  |iiaise,  anil  laiiientiii);  his  I'ale.  'I'liii-,!'  in 
|iarlirnlar,  whn  hail  lieeii  his  lellnw  niiIiId  ik  In  llie 
iale  war,  t  Xjialialeil  nn  his  many  virtues.  'I'he 
lililiisler  himsi'll'  aekiiiiwleili;eil  his  wnrlll,  while 
he  rejirnlialeil  the  eaiise  Inr  wliieh  he  tell.  He 
coiielnileil  an  iiivnliinlary  |iaiie|>yrii',  liy  sayiiii! : 
"Curse  nil  his  vjriue.s  they  liaie  iiiiilone  liisemm- 
try." 

Thniivli  the  iiiv  isiiin  nrCanaila  was  liiially  iiii- 
niircessl'iil.  yei  the  ailvaiilaues  wliii  h  the  Aiiieri- 
laiis  !>aini'il  in  lliu  mniiths  nl' Se|ileiiilier  anil  Or- 
tulier,  ijave  I'resli  spiiils  in  ilieir  army  anil  peiiple. 
'I'lie  hnlilness  (il'llie  enterprise  iiiiuhl  have  taiiBlil 
Cireat  liritaiii  the  lolly  of  peisislliiir  iiillic  ilesiun 
ol'siilijiiitaling  Aineriea.  ISiit  insleail  of  pieserv- 
liiu;  the  iininii,  am,'  resloriiit;  the  peace  nl'lhe  em- 
piie,  liy  repealini;  ;  lew  nfliur  law<,  she,  Irnm  mis- 
taken ;!i;!nily,  I'l'snlveil  on  a  more  vignrniis  prnse- 
ciilion  nl'  the  war. 

'The  liile  ol'uoiiil  rorlniie,  which,  in  the  autumn 
of  177.'),  (lowcil  ill  iipn,!  (ieiieral  Montgomery,  in- 
iliieeil  ('nngress  In  reiiirmce  the  army  iiniler  his 
eniniiianil.  ('hainlilee,  St.  John's,  anil  .Vnnlreal 
having  siirrenileieil,  a  (air  prnspect  openeil  ol'ex- 
pelliiiK  the  Itriiish  rroin  C'anaila,  nntl  of  annexing 
that  prnvincc  to  the  iiniled  colonies  While  they 
were  in  iiiiatfinatlun  aiiticipalinf;  llie.se  events,  the 
army  in  which  they  cnnfiileil  was  ilcrealeil,nnil  the 
general  wUi.m  they  so  highly  esteemed  slain. 

'riieinlellinencetransiiiitteil  IVoiii  (icneral  Mont- 
gomery, previous  to  his  assault  onCJiieliec.encoiir- 
aiiiil  C'oiigress  to  resolve  that  nine  lialalions 
sliiinlil  lie  kept  up  anil  maiiitaineil  in  Oaiiaila. 
'llie  repulse  nf  llieir  army,  ihnngli  liiscouiagiiig. 
Hill  not  exliiigiiish  the  anlniir  oC  the  .\meriraii.!. 
It  was  no  titiiiner  known  at  head  i|iiarters  in  Cam- 
bridge, than  Ucucral  Was'iiogtou  cuovuneU  a  couii- 


NOUTII    AMKRICA 

cil  III   war,  liy  which   ii    was   rcnlved  :   "  That   a-^ 
no  iriinps  Cdiilil   he  ->,   neii    liiiiii    ( 'ainliriilge,  the 
cnliiiiii's  III  .Mass.ii  III, Hills,  ('oiinei'liciil,  and  .\cw 
H.impslnri'  hIiiuiIiI  he  rei|iieiiled  In  iiiise  lliue  trgi- 
ineiilH,  and   liiMvard  theiii   10   <'aiiail.i.      i'niigress 
also  resiihed  In   lorwiinl  (he  leinliitcemenls  pnti 
iiiisly  vnli'd,    and  to   raise   liiui    lialtalioiis   In  New 
Vnrk,  Inr  the  ileleiice  ol   that  colony,  and  in  garil- , 
soli  Clown    I'oinI,   and    the  aewral  poals  to   Ihel 
Hiiiithward  nl  that  Inrtresn.     That  the  uriiiy  iiiikIiI  | 
he  supplied  with  blankets  Inr  this  winter  expeili- 
lion,  a  comniiltee  w.is    appninted  In  procure  rroiii 
hnusehulilers,  such  as  conid  lie  spared   Iruin  llieir 
lamihes.      To  ulitaiii  a  supply  nl'  hard   inniiey,  tut 
the   use  III    ihe   army  in    Cuiiadii,  proper   peisoiis' 
were  employed  to  exchange  p.iper  miiiiey  Inr  »iie   , 
cie.     .Such  was  the  eiilhiisiasm  nl'lhe  tunes,  that  I 
many  thousand    Mexican  dollars  wete   Ireipiently 
exchanged  at  par.  liy  iiidivldnals.  lor  the  pajwi  lulls 
ol  Cnngtess,      It  was  alsn  resnlved,  to  laise  a  corps 
of  artillery   lor  this  service,   and    to  lake  iiiln   the 
pay  nl  the  cnloiiies,  one  ihniisaiid  Canailiaiis,  in 
addilinn  lo  Cnlonel  l,ivingstoii's  regiment.     Mnses 
llii'/.en,  a  ii.ilive  ol  .Nlassachusetts,  who  had   resi- 
ded many  ye  us  in  Canada,  was  appointed  lu  the 
cuiumaiid  111' this  new  cor,,s. 

Congress  adihessed  a  letter  to  the  riinaillans,  in 
which  lliey  ohserved :  "Such  is  the  lot  ol  hiiinan 
nalnre,  that  the  liesi  causes  are  snliject  In  vicissi- 
tildes  :  hut  geneious  souls,  etiiiglneneii  and  wariii- 
ed  with  Ihe  (ire  nl' hlieilv,  heconie  iiinrc  resninie  -t 
dlDiculties  inciease."  'I'liey  staled  In  ihi'iil,  "  ih  il 
eight  hall  iliniis  were  raising  In  prnceed  tn  their 
province,  and,  that  it  more  nirce  were  necessary, 
it  should  lie  sent."  They  reipii'sied  them  tosci/e. 
with  eagerness,  the  lavniiralile  opporlniiily  then 
nll'ered  to  co-operate  in  the  present  glorious  en- 
terprise ;  and  advised  Iheiii  tn  eslahlisli  assncia- 
linnsin  their  diU'ercnt  parishes;  to  elect  depnlies 
lor  rnrmiiig  a  provincial  asseinlily,  and  I'lir  repie- 
seiiting  them  in  Cnngress. 

The  cause  nrilie  Americans  had  received  such 
p<  irl'iil  aid  rroiii  many  palrintic  pulilicniions  in 
ilii'ii  gazelles,  and  Crom  the  ("erveni  exhoilalions 
"I  popular  preachers,  coimecling  the  cause  of  li- 
lierly  with  the  aniinaling  principles  of  religion,  that 
it  nasdelermined  lo  employ  these  Inn  powerful  in- 
slinineiils  of  revnluiions,  priiilmg  and  preaching. 
In  nperale  on  the  iniinls  of  the  Canadian.  .\  coiii- 
plcle  apparatus  for  piiiiliiig,  together  wiih  a  prin- 
ter and  a  clergyman,  wcro  iherefoie  sent  itilu  Ca- 
nada. 

Cnngress  alsn  appointed  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr. 
Chase,  and  .Mr.  Carrol,  the  two  fust  of  whom  were 
inemhers  of  their  lindy,  and  the  last  a  respeclalile 
gentlemen  nftlie  Kniiian  Calhiilic  peisuasinn,  lo 
proceed  lo  C.inada  with  the  view  of  gaining  nver 
llie  people  nf  that  cnlnny  lo  the  cause  of  America  ; 
and  aniliori/.ed  ihem  In  prnmise,  on  hehalf  of  the 
iiniled  colonies,  that  Canada  should  he  received 
iiiln  their  association  on  ei|iial  terms  ;  and  also 
lliat  the  inhabitants  ihereof  should  enjoy  the  free 
exercise  of  iheir  leligion,  and  the  peaceable  pns- 
sessinii  of  all  Iheir  ecclesiastical  pinperly. 

The  desire  of  ell'ecting  .something  decisive  in 
Canada,  before  the  approaching  spring  wniild  per- 
mit relief  tn  ascend  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  added 
In  the  enlhiisiasiu  nf  the  day,  encounlered  difli- 
cullies,  which,  in  less  aniinaled  tinics,  wniild  be 
reckoned  iiLSiirmountable.  Arthur  .St.  Clair,  who 
was  appninted  cnlnnel  of  one  of  the  Pennsylvania 
regiuienu,  received  his  recruiting  orders  on  the 
Ullli  nf  .lannary  ;  and,  notwillislandinglhe  short- 
ness of  the  period,  his  regiment  was  not  only  rais- 
ed, but  six  coinpanies  nf  it  had,  in  this  exireiiiely 
cold  season,  coinpleted  their  march  frnm  Pennsyl- 
vania lo  Canada,  a  distance  of  several  hundred 
iMiles;  and,  on  the  eleventh  of  April  following 
joined  the  American  army  before  Qiielicc. 

Though  Congress  and  the  states  made  great 
exertiuns  to  support  the  war  in  Canada,  yet  fioiii 
the  fall  nf  .Moiilgniiiery  their  interesi  in  that  co- 
lony daily  declined.  The  reduelliin  of  (Quebec 
was  an  object  to  which  their  r':,iiuicc»  were  in- 
adei|uale.  Their  unsucce'..-,iul  assaul'  on  Quebec 
iiiudo  uu  iaipressioii  butl)  UD  tlip  CaHudiaiis  and 


891 

Indians  nnravoiir aide  lo  lIliu  Uexs.  A  woman, 
inlccleil  witli  the  sinall-piik.  had  elhei  been  tent 
out,  lit  vnlunlarily  came  out  ofQuelirc,  and,  by 
iinxnig  with  Ihe  Ameiic.in  soliliers.  pinpiiKalcd 
(h'tt  %i  >'  i^e  of  the  iii'w  world,  lo  (he  great  iliiiii 
hmimi  01  (lie  eilciiivi' loic  e  ol  (hen  uniy.  'I'm 
ii'hiirrs  iiincul.iled  theinselves,  (hough  (hen  of. 
hceis  Issued  posinve  oiders  to  the  cinitiaiy.  Ity 
(he  liiiit  of  .Mav.  ■.II  many  in»  (loops  had  arrived, 
lllill  the  Anii'iitan  ariii\ .  m  name,  aiiiouiKed  (■) 
JUOO:  bill  lioin  the  pievalence  nl  the  smallpox, 
llicic  w.re  only  lUiO  lU  for  duly.  The  incieasnig 
nuniber  nl  invalids  retarded  iiiilitaiy  operaiions, 
while  (he  opposite  paity  Hasbnoyeil  up,  tviih  the 
expeclaliiMi  that  the  advancing  season  uoiild  sonn 
liriniJi  tliciii  relief.  To  these  causes  of  the  de- 
clining inlerent  ul  Cnngress,  it  iniisl  be  added  that 
(he  allecdoiis  of  (he  Canadians  were  alienaleil. 
They  had  many,  and  well-founded  enmplaiiKs 
against  the  American  solilieis.  I'lireslrauied  by 
(he  (etror  of  the  civil  law,  and  relnsiiig  nbedience 
(o  a  milKaiy  code,  (he  liiipe  of  impunity,  and  (hu 
love  ul  plunder  led  iiiaiiy  of  (he  invading  army 
to  practices  no(  less  disgracclnl  lo  tliemsi  Ives, 
than  injurious  (n  (1  cause  in  which  lliey  had 
lakeii  arms.  Nut  unl^  the  cnimnnii  soldieis,  but 
(he  ullicers  nf  (he  American  ariiiv  devialed  In 
(heir  iiKercnuise  with  the  Canadians,  (mm  (ha 
inaxims  nisnuiid  policy.  .Seveial  nf  them,  hav- 
ing 1  II  lately  i.ikeii  from  obscure  life,  were  giddy 
will  !heir  exallalinii.  h'ar  lioni  linnie,  |hey  were 
uiniH'  .1  by  those  checks,  which  cumniunly  lesirala 
Ihe  (em  ,'•  of  man. 

The  re  'ocdnn  of  Chamblee,  .S|,  John's,  aud 
.Mondeal,  (ogedier  Willi  (he  exposed  KiUiation  nf 
(Quebec,  being  known  in  Kin^laiid,  measures  were 
widinia  delay  adopleil  by  the  llrilish  iiiiiiislry,  to 
inlinduce  into  Canada,  as  somi  as  possible,  a  liiice 
sudicicnt  for  the  double  purpose  of  rei  nveriiig 
what  ihey  had  losi,  and  of  piosecniing  ollehsive 
operations  from  thai  ipiailei  against  the  revniled 
colonies.  The  tan  ol  this  force  made  good  itii 
passage,  very  early  in  .May,  through  the  ice,  up 
the  river  St.  |,awreiicu.  The  expecialion  of 
their  cniiiing  had  for  some  lime  damped  the  linpeM 
of  (lie  besiegers,  and  had  induced  (hem  tn  think 
of  a  reircat.  'the  il.iy  before  the  (irst  of  (he  llri- 
lish leinforcemciils  arriw'd,  the  measure  was  re- 
solved upon  by  a  council  of  war,  and  arraiigo- 
iiieiUs  weie  made  bir  carrying  il  inio  cxeciiiinn, 

(iovernor  Carlclon  w.is  too  great  a  prolicient 
in  Ihe  art  of  war,  lo  delay  sei/ing  the  advanlage!) 
which  Ihe  consiernaiion  of  the  besiegers,  and  the 
ariival  nf  a  rciiiforceineiii,  allorded.  A  small 
dclachmeiit  of  soldiers  and  marines  hum  thi 
ships,  which  had  just  ascended  the  river  St. 
Lawience,  being  landed,  and  joined  In  the  gar- 
lison  in  (Quebec,  he  marched  out  at  their  head 
tn  attack  the  Ameivcans.  (hi  his  approach,  he 
found  every  thing  in  confusion.  The  Iale  be- 
siegeis,  aliaiidoning  their  arlilleiy  and  military 
stoles,  had  in  glial  precipllalinn  retreated.  In 
this  manlier,  at  the  expiraiion  of  live  uioiiiIh, 
ihe  mixed  siege  and  Idnckade  of  (Quebec  was 
raised.  'I'he  liiriilnde  and  perseverance  nf  (ho 
garrison  iellec(ed  honour  on  bu(h  ulliceis  and  pri- 
vates. 

The  reputation  ac(|uircd  by  (ieneral  C'arleton  in 
his  mililary  characier,  for  bravery  and  judiciously 
defending  (he  province  committed  lo  his  care,  was 
exceeded  by  the  superior  applause  ineriled   from 
his  exercise  of  the  virtues  of  hiimanily  and  geno- 
losily.     Among  the  iiiimerniis  sick  in  the  Ameri- 
can hospilals,    several  incapable  uf  being  mnved 
were  left  behind.     The  victorious  general  proved 
himself  worthy  uf  success,  by   the   treatment  o( 
these  iinfortunHlemen  :  he  nnt  only  fed  and  cloth- 
ed them,  but  permitted    then  wlieii   recovered  to 
rnturii  home.  Apprehending  (hat  fear  might  make 
|«nnic    conceal    theinselves  in   (he    woods,   rather 
[than,    by    applying    for    relief,    make    themselves 
I  known  he   reninved  their  doubts   by  a  proclaiiia- 
I  lion,  in  which  he  engaged  :  "  thai  as  soon  as  iheir 
;  health  was  restnied,  they  should    have  free  liberty 
|of  re(urniiig  to  (heir  respective  provinces."     This 
1  humane  lino  of  conduct  was  mure  iDJuriouu  to  tbo 


I       i 


TllK    HISTORY    OF 


III 


\% 


vinwH  (if  the  Irmlrn  in  llin  AiiiiMiciin  (oiincih, 
lli;iii  llip  ncvpiiiy  (irarlisi'il  liy  ollim  Hiitinli  ((iiii 
iiiiinili'rH.  'I'lir  Inilji  |icilllir,  ;h  nfll  ii'<  liiiiiiiiiic 
(ii'iii'iul  Cailcinn  iliiiiiinird  llirsr  |iiiw)ii('r'<  :ilU'r 
lilH'iiilly  NiipplyiMK  llioir  »;iiH«,  wiili  a  ri'iiiinmi-ii- 
itaiiiin.  "  (II  K'>  liKiiir,  niinil  llicir  laiiii'<.  ami  Itcc-p 
lli<>ni«i'lvi-s  anil  llii-ir  ii<'ii;liliiiiir'<  liiiin  all  partjii- 
paliiiii  III  llii<  iinliappy  miii." 

'I'lii'  iniall  lull  r  nliirli  aiilvnl  at  l^iH-liiT  rally 
in  Mav,  was  I'lilliiwnl  liy  ipviMal  lliiliili  rruinii'iils, 
tiiUi'llii  T  Willi  llii-  lliiiniwiclt  liDiips,  ill  mihIi  a  lapiil 
Niii'i'i'sKinn,  llial  in  a  li'W  wrrks  lliii  wliiilu  nHM 
I'Niiniali'il  al  KI.KIIII  nirn. 

'I'lic  Aiiiniianii  iPliratrd  (iirly-fivn  iiiilci  Ih>- 
rmc  lliry  jliippni.  Aliri  a  sliiiil  hall,  llii-y  piii- 
I'fOili'il  111  llip  Siincl,  al  wliirli  place,  llicy  llili'W- 
lipniiini>  sliijlil  winks  (ni  tlii'ii  Kaii'ly.  'I'ln'V  winr 
iIk'ic  jiiiiM'il  liy  xiiiiio  liallaliinis  cniniiii!  In  ii'iMliin'o 
llirin.  MinilllliisliinrOriK'ial  'l'lliiiiia<i,llii'  rinn- 
ilianiirr  in  i-liii  I  in  Canaila,  was  sri/ril  williilii- 
Mniall  piix,  ami  ilii'il;  liavint  linliiilili'ii  liis  inrn  In 
iniuiilali',  lir  iiiiiliiinicil  III  Ins  iiwn  luli',  ami  ii" 
(ihimI  111  avail  liiinsi'll  iil  llial  pii-ranliiin.  <  »ii  llis 
iloalli,  tlip  riimiiiami  ilcvnln-il  al  (iisl  nn  (ii-iicial 
Ainiilil.  ami  aOi'rwanls  nn  (Ji'iii'ial  Sullivan.  Il 
siiiin  lii'i'iiiM'  oidi'iil,  llial  llii-  Ainriirans  must 
.iliamliin  llir  wlinli'  pniviiiii'  iil Canaila. 

Kiiini  a  ili'siiT  III  ilii  siinn'lliina  wliirli  iniiilil 
roiinh'ilial.^ni'c.  in  llii>  iniinls  iililii'  <  'anailiaiis,  llir 
linraviiuiaiili'  iinpirssinn  wliirli  lliis  I'aillin  ti'lirai 
Hinilil  i-iiininniiirali'.  (irnnal  'riiiiin|'siin  pniji'dcil 
aiiallaiK  npnnllir  Itiilisli  pusi  a(  llii'  'riiipi-  Kivors. 
This  lii's  aliiiul  hair  wav  lirlwirn  (Jni'lirr  ami 
Miinlp-al.  ami  is  sn  ralli'il  Inini  ihi'  viiinily  iil  iini' 
iil'llii'  liianrlirs  ill  a  larui-  livrr.  wlni'-o  walrrs  an 
ilisihaii;cil  lliiini);h  llnci-  iniinllis  into  tlio  Si. 
Lawii'itiT. 

A  plan  nliiprialiiins  vvasattii'Pil  iipnn,  in  wliiili 
il  was  ilciiiiniiiiMl  In  makr  llii"  allaik.  in  tiinr  ilit- 
I'cirnl  plari's,  al  ihr  sanii- linii"  ;  anil  vriy  oaily  in 
the  niiiiiiiiii;,  in  llio  hnpi- al  smprisini;  lln>  iMii'iny. 
Much  ii'siiluli.in  was  ilisinvrri'ii  in  lis  rxi-rnlinn  ^ 
lit  iho  oiininiK'ni'c  nl  inn  many  rinumslaiiri'S 
M-as  iii'crss.nv  in  inisnrr  snrross.  The  expi'rla- 
lion  nl  simullanrnns  npi  raliiins  laili'il ;  lln'ihain'o 
ol"  a  snipiisi'  was  Insi,  Tin'  a -sailanls  wcw 
tC))iilsi'il  ami  iliivin  snnie  iiiilrs  llniinch  a  ili'pp 
swamp.  (Ji'iii'ial  'I'lnimsnn  ami  Ciilnni'l  livinc, 
with  "JOO  niiMi.  win'  lakrn  pnsnncis,  anil  aliniil  ;i.'i 
wiTO  killi'il.  'I'ho  hiss  111  iho  Unlish  was  jninn- 
fiilcralih'. 

Till'  Hiilisli  fiiiri's  havinc  aiiivnl,  ami  a  onn- 
.sjili'ialili'  liiiilv  lit  Ihi'iii  havini!  ii'iuli'/mnsoil  at 
tho  Tliii'i'  Kivi'is,  a  sriiiius  pnisiiil  nl  the  Ainri- 
iran  3im\  riinniicnri'il.  Hail  sn  tiuy  Carlilnn 
laki  '  nn  pains  In  cul  iilV  ihi'ir  ii'lii'at,  ami  at  iim  i- 
altarki'il  llii'U  pii^l.  nr  lallirv  thi'ii  finlilii'il  ramp 
nl  Siiii'l,  il  wnnlil  pmlialiiy  han'  lalli-n  inin  his 
hands  :  Iml  oilhi'i  ihi'  linld.  ihnngh  iinsui-rrssl'iil  at- 
tai'k  al  ilii'  Tliiri'  Hin'is  hail  lanchi  ihi'iiitnii'spi-it 
ihi'iii.  Ill  In-  wislii'd  III  ii'ilui'i'  ihom  wiilnini  lilnnd- 
shoil.  In  till'  puisuil  liP  inadi'  ihii'o  ihvlsinns 
nl'  his  annv  ami  an  inaril  thi'in  sn  as  to  rinlnai-i' 
thpwlinli'  Aniriii-an  rniampmi'nl,  ami  In  rnm- 
niand  il  in  rvny  part.  Thi'  ii'lri'al  was  drlayi'd 
pn  Inns  llial  ihi"  Ami'iirans  rvainali'd  Snipl,  iiiily 
aliiiul  Iwn  hnnis  lii'lnir  iinc  di\isinii  iil'lho  Itiilish 
lliaili'  its  appi'aiar.rn. 

W'liilr  llii-  Vini'iuans  wi'iiMctii'ilins.  \hf\  wpio 
daily  a«saili'il  liy  llii'  ii'innnslranrcs  nl'llio  inhalii- 
tauts  ml '.Iliad. 1.  wlin  hid  I'llhi-r  iuini'd  iii  lielVicml- 
rd  ihi'in.  tiiTil  iiuiiiIh  is  nl' ( 'anadians  had  l:ik"n 
a  denilrd  pall  in  ihi'ii  Liviini,  n'mli'iod  llirni  rsson- 
tial  sen  Ill's,  and  tlion'liy  inriini'd  tin'  heavy  peii- 
iilties  annexi'd  to  the  eiiine  ot'snppnilini;  n  lirlliiin. 
These,  ihiiush  ('oiii;m'ss  had  as«iiieil  ihrin  lull  a 
fe'*  niiiiilhs  hi'liire,  "thai  they  would  never  aban- 
don ihem  III  the  liiry  nl'lhoir  enmnion  enemies," 
were,  from  the  ni'iBssiiy  ot' the  rase,  left  exposed 
tothe  re'enlmenl  of  iheir  pnivinrial  rulers.  Se- 
veral nf  iheni,  with  tears  in  their  eyes,  exposluhi- 
led  with  the  nlreaiinc  army.  and.  hevvailma  their 
hard  file,  prayed  fnrsuppnil.  The  niily  relief  the 
Anil  iiiMns  I  mild  oiler,  was  an  assuranie  of  run- 
tiiiiii  li  pidlerlion  ifllny  relri'aled  with  il.eui  ;  Init 
Ciis  was  t  hard  altcrn.itire,  to  nieii  uhu  had  wives, 


lehildren  ami  iimnnveiilile  ellerls.  They  Keiieial- 
ly  eiiiirlndeil,  thai  il  was  the  leant  of  two  evils.  In 
east  Iheniselves  nn  the  merry  of  that  |>nveriimeiil, 
at>aiiisl  whieh  liny  had  'itfendeil. 

The  distresses  nf  the  leltealini!  iiniiy  veie 
ureal.  The  lliilish  were  rinse  on  their  rear,  and 
thiealening  iheiii  with  ileHirnrtioii.  'I'lie  iiiiliir- 
iilsheil  state  nl  Ihe  rnhiiiies  in  pniiit  nf  orihiaiire, 
imposeil  11  neressily  of  pieserviiiK  their  eaiinnn. 
The  men  were  olilii(ed  In  ilraj;  their  loaded  liat- 
leaiix  tip  the  rapid*  liy  mere  strength,  and  when 
lliey  were  to  the  waist  in  water.  The  lelrealiiiK 
army  was  also  ei  riuiihpred  with  great  niimlieiH 
lalinuriiiK  under  ihesmall  pox,  and  oilier  diseases. 
Two  leKinienls,  at  one  time,  hud  mil  a  single  man 
ill  health.  Annlher  had  only  six,  ami  a  fniiilh 
only  forty,  and  two  ni  re  were  in  nearly  the  same 
eondilion. 

To  retreat  in  fare  of  nn  enemy  is  at  all  times 
ha/anlntis;  liiil,  nn  this  oeeasiiiii,  il  was  altended 
Willi  an  iiniisnal  prnpnrlinn  of  eniliairassmenlK, — 
(ieneral  .'^ullivan,  wliii  enmlnrled  the  retreat, 
nevertheless,  aelrd  with  so  niiirli  juilKiiieiil  and 
pnipriely,  that  the  liaggage  and  piililie  stores  were 
saved  and  ihe  niimeniiis  siek  lironuhl  olf.  The 
Aineriean  army  learhed  Crnwii  I'liinI  on  llie  first 
of  .lillv,  and  at  thai  plare  made  iheir  liist  stand. 

A  sliorl  tune  lieliiie  Ihe  Amciirans  rvarmtrd 
the  provinre  of  Canada,  (Jeneial  Ariinld  i  onvened 
the  merrhants  nf  IVIontreal.  and  proposed  In  them 
111  furnish  n  ipianlity  nf  speriiied  arlirles  fur  the 
use  of  the  army  in  Ihe  seiviee  of  ( 'iiiii;ress.  While 
they  veie  liehlieialini'  on  the  snlijeet,  he  plaieil 
sentinels  at  Iheir  shop  doois,  and  made  snrli  ar 
langemrnls,  that  what  was  al  first  only  a  leipiesi, 
npeiali'd  as  a  eiiiiimaiid.  A  great  ipianlity  of 
goods  were  taken  on  pretenre  that  they  were 
wanted  lor  the  use  nf  the  Aineriean  army,  lint  in 
then  immlier  were  many  arlirli's  iiiily  seivirealile 
In  wiinien,  and  In  persniis  mrivil  lil'e.  i  lis  nephew 
siiiiii  after  ii|ieneil  a  sinie  in  Alliany,  and  pnlilirly 
dispnsed  nf  gniids  whirli  had  Ih  en  pinriiied  al 
iMonlieal. 

The  pnssessinn  of  ( 'anada  so  eminently  favour- 
ed the  plans  nl  defenre  adoptod  liv  Congiess,  that 
the  provinre  was  evarnated  with  great  lelnelanee. 
'I'lie  .\meiiraiis  weie  nut  only  liiorlilied  at  the  dis- 
appninlmenl  of  their  f.ivonrile  srheiue,  nf  annex- 
ini:  il  as  a  loiiilrrnlh  link  in  the  ehaiii  nf  iheir  enii- 
leileiary;  lull  ap|iielienileil  the  niost  serious  eon- 
seipienres  fniiii  the  asiendemv  of  the  Itrilish  pow- 
er in  that  unarler.  Anxious  to  preserve  a  fontinu 
ihere,  they  had  persi'vered  for  a  Iiiiii;  lime,  i'l 
slrmming  the  tide  of  nnfivnnralile  events. 

(ieneral  tiates  was  ap(ioiiileil  In  eiiininand  in 
Canada,  June  ITlh,  l7T(i  :  Iml  nn  eiiming  to  the 
kmiwledire  of  the  tale  events  in  Ikiat  prnvmee,  he 
riinrluded  to  stop  si  ort  wiihin  the  limits  of  New 
\  ork.  The  srene  was  hrneeliirlh  reversed.  In- 
stead of  medilaliiu;  the  rernnimeneement  ofolVen- 
s've  operations,  that  armv,  whirli  had  la.ely  ex- 
rileil  sn  miirh  terror  in  Canada,  was  railed  upon 
III  lie  prepared  for  repelling  an  iiirasinn  ihreateiied 
iVciiii  that  province. 

The  allenlloii  of  the  Anierirans  lieiug  exrlii- 
sively  lived  nn  plans  nf  defenre.  their  ueneral  nlh- 
cers,  rnnimanding  in  the  niirlhern  deparlmenl, 
were  ennvened  to  dehlieraie  on  the  plare  and 
tiieans,  must  siitialile  for  that  purpose.  To  foriii 
a  judgment  on  this  subject,  a  reenlleetion  of  the 
evi'iiis  of  the  late  war.  Iietvveeu  I'Vanrc  and  Kiig- 
liinil,  ><as  of  advantage.  The  same  gioiind  was 
to  he  fought  over,  and  ihe  same  piists  ,n  he  again 
contended  for.  On  the  rnnlines  of  lake  (ieorge 
and  like  Champlain,  two  inland  seas,  which  stretrh 
almisi  I'inm  the  sniirres  nf  Hiidsnii's  river  to  ihe 
.'Jt.  l,a»rence.  are  situated  the  famoiia  posts  of 
'I'iconderoga  and  Crown  I'oint.  These  are  of 
primary  necessity  to  any  pnwer  which  contends 
for  (he  posspiision  of  ijie  adjacent  country  ;  for 
ihey  alfiird  the  iiinst  convenient  stand  either  for  its 
annoyance  or  defence.  In  the  npiniiin  of  some 
.Xineriian  olTicers,  Crown  I'uini,  In  which  the 
army  oi  the  evaciialinii  of  ('anada  had  retreateil, 
I  wab  tho  iiiiist  proper  place  for  ererling  works  of 
i  ilefcnco  \  but  it  was  otliurwiso  doleriiiiiip>',  by  the 


cniineil  convened  on  (liin  oeenslnn.  Il  was  alsn 
by  tlii'ir  ailvire  residved  In  iiiiive  lower  down,  and 
(o  make  ihe  piini  ipal  work  on  the  sluing  K<nnml 
east  of  Ticiimleniga,  and  esperiaily  by  eveiv 
means  to  enileavonr  to  iiiai 'lain  a  naval  siiprri 
'itily  nn  lake  Champlain.  In  roiilinniiiy  In  iln  o' 
reHiihilinns,  (ieneral  (ia(es,  with  about  I'i.dlMI  men, 
which  I'nllrcleijin  ihe  rniiise  id  llie  siiiiiniei,  «.is 
fixed  in  cnnnnand  al  Tieonderoga,  and  a  Heel  was 
eonstrilcled  at  ,*'^ketiesliorough.  This  was  eaiiieil 
on  with  mi  iiiiicli  rapidily,  that  in  a  shoiilmie  iIk  le 
were  alliial,  in  lake  Champlain,  nne  sloop,  lliiee 
schooners,  and  six  gondolas,  carrying  in  the  whoh 
.W  gnus,  St;  swivels,  and  110  men.  .*^ix  iilliei 
vessels  were  also  nearly  ready  for  laiinehnig  at 
the  same  time.  The  Heel  was  put  under  the 
cnmmanil  nf  Arnnlil,  and  he  was  inslriieled  In 
prnceed  lieynnd  Crnwn  I'niiit,  down  lake  Cliani- 
plaiii  to  Ihe  ,Sp|it  Itork  :  bill  niiisl  |iereni|iliirlly 
restrained  fiiiin  advancing  any  laiiher;  fur  secu- 
rity against  an  apprehenileil  invasion  was  the  nhi- 
111. lie  end  of  the  arnriment. 

'Ihe  expulsion  of  the  Ameiiean  invadeis  fiotii 
Canada,  was  iiiily  a  part  of  the  llrilisli  ilesii>iis  in 
ihat  ipiarler.  'I'liey  urged  the  pmsiiit  no  lailher 
than  .'si.  .Inlin's  !  but  indulged  in  a  hope  nl  being 
sunn  in  a  (iimlilinn  for  passing  the  lakes,  and  pe- 
iietialiiig  ihioni'h  the  coiiiitiy  In  Albany,  sn  as  lu 
toiiii  a  ciimmunicalinn  with  New  \iirk.  The  ob- 
jerls  they  had  ill  view  were  gie  it,  and  the  olista- 
eles  in  the  way  of  their  aeeiiniplislimeiil  eipially 
so.  Itefnre  they  eonlil  advanre  with  any  piiis- 
pecl  of  snrress,  a  Heel,  snpeiinr  In  that  ol  ilni 
Anierirans  on  Ihe  lakes,  was  to  be  eiiiistrniled. 
The  malerials  of  some  laige  vessels  weie.  lor  lliis 
purpose,  bnilighl  from  Kiigland;  but  llieii  tiaiis- 
porlation,  and  the  labour  necessary  In  pin  llieiii 
togelher,  H'ipiiied  liiilli  time  and  palienee.  The 
spirit  of  till'  llrilisli  enmmandeis  rose  in  prnpiir- 
liiiii  In  the  dilhrullies  whirli  were  In  be  enrnnii- 
leieil.  Nevertheless,  il  was  late  in  ihe  miiiilh  of 
( ictober,  before  llieii  Meet  was  prepared  lofaeelhn 
Aineriean  naval  liirre,  on  lake  Champlain.  The 
fnrnier  cnnsisteil  of  the  ship  Inllexible,  iii  iiiiitiiig 
l'^  twelve  pniinders,  which  was  sn  expeihlinnslv 
ennslriicted,  tiiat  she  sailed  fnilii  .'^1.  .loliii's  :!K 
days  afirr  laying  her  keel  ;  one  srhnonei  iiinunl- 
iiig  11,  and  annlhei  12  six  pounders;  a  Hat  but- 
Iniiied  railean  carrying  six  ',l\  and  six  \'l  pnniid- 
CIS,  besides  hnwii/.eiH,  and  a  giiiidola  with  seven 
!l  pi'iinders.  There  were  also  twenty  smaller 
vessels,  with  brass  field  pieces,  fnilii  !•  In  '■l\  pniin- 
ilers,  or  with  howil/.eis.  Some  linig  liiials  weie 
furnished  in  the  same  maimer.  An  eipial  nnmliei 
III  large  boats  acted  as  lenderH.  Itesides  Iheso 
vessels  of  war,  there  was  a  vast  numlier  d.stineil 
fur  the  Iraiisporlalion  of  the  aiiiiy,  its  stores,  ailil- 
lery,  baggaae  and  provislnns.  The  vvhiile  was 
put  under  the  eoiiiinand  of  Captain  I'ringle.  The 
naval  fnice  of  the  Americans,  liiini  the  ilelicienry 
of  means,  was  fir  short  of  what  was  Inoiighl 
against  them.  Their  principal  arnieil  vessel  wai 
a  schooner,  which  lununled  only  I'.' six  and  liiiir 
pnundeis;  and  iheir  whole  Heel,  in  addition  to  this, 
consisled  of  only  (ifteeii  vessels  of  inferinr  fntre. 

No  one  step  cniild  be  taken  Inwards  arrniii- 
plishingthe  ilesigiisof  the  llrilisli,  on  the  norlliein 
liimtieis  111  .New  York,  till  ihey  had  the  command 
nf  li.ke  Champlain.  With  this  view,  their  lleet 
proceeil'd  up  the  lake,  and  engaaed  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  wind  was  sn  iinfavnuialile  In  the  liri- 
tisli,  that  their  ship  Inllexible,  and  soiiie other  ves- 
sels of  force,  could  not  be  bninitht  into  aciiini. 
This  lessened  the  ineipialily  between  ilie  cunleud- 
ing  Heels  sn  iiiiich.  that  the  principal  damage  sii.s- 
taliu'd  by  the  Anicricanii,  was  thelnss  nf  a  srhonn- 
er  and  gondola.  At  the  approach  of  night,  the 
action  was  discontinued.  The  vani|uishcil  Inok 
the  advanlage  which  the  darkness  aH'orded,  to 
make  their  escape.  This  was  elVecled  by  (iene- 
ral Arnnld,  with  great  judgment  and  ability.  My 
the  next  morning,  llie  whole  Heel  under  his  coiii- 
mand  wasoiil  of  sight.  The  llrilisli  pursued  with 
all  ihe  sail  they  eniild  crowd.  The  wind  havini; 
becoiiic  more  favoiiruble,  they  overtook  the  Ame- 
rican,   and  brought  them  to  nction  near  Crown 


NORTH    AMKIIICA 


nil.     Il  Wiin  iilnn 
liiivrr  ildwi),  iiimI 

il'  (iliiiiiu  tMii:nil 
ri;illy  |ij  I'Vi'iy 
il  iiiivnl  »ii|iii('- 
iliiiiiiiiv  III  ilicMi' 
mill  I'i.lllllliiii'ii, 

III'   HIIIIIIMI'I,    UilH 

.  mill  il  lli'i't  \M\H 
Tliin  »iiH  I'liiiii'il 

Hliiirlliiiii'  iIkm' 
IK"  »Imii|i,  iliirn 
iiiK  III  III!'  ivlinli 
ii'ii.  Six  iiiIii'i 
ir   hiiiiicliiM);   H( 

(lilt  iiiiilcr   ilie 

IK      lllNlllll'lI'll      1(1 

wii  liiki'  (.'liiiin- 

II  |ii'ri'iii|iicprily 
lii'r ;  (iir  nccii- 
iiii  WM  ihi'  ulii- 

I  iiivmliiH  I'loiii 
illKJi  ilfsjcno  ill 
iHiiii  nil  liiiilii.r 
il  liiipi'  III  lifiii)/ 

'   lilkl'M.    iiliil   |),,. 

Uliiiiiy,  Nil  iin  lo 

ink.  'I'llC  (ll). 
illlll  lllf  llllHtil- 
linidll     C'(|lli|||y 

«illi   liny   iitiif). 

Ik   lliiil  III  III)! 

('    iiMiHlriu  Icil. 

*  wi'ii'.  Iiir  iliiH 

tllll  llicil     IlilliH- 

y  III  |iiii  iliiMii 

lilliriiri".  'riii. 
iisi'   ill   |irii|iii|. 

III  III'  <'iii'iiiiii- 
llip  iiKiiilli  iir 

ilril  111  litre  llm 
iiii|il:iin.  'i'lie 
ilili'.  Ill  inniing 
r«|ii'ilitiniiN|y 
.''<l.  .liilin'N  'JH 
iiiini'i  niiiiiiit- 
is;  il  dill  liiii. 
six   j-i   |i|iiiiiil- 

ulil    "illl  SCH'll 

vi'iily    siiiiijlir 

!'  I(>~'l     IKIIIII- 

■U  liiiiiin  ui'i(> 
niiiiil  niiiiilii'i 

Itl'sillfM  llllsll 
llllfl-    cl;slili|.|| 

ly  sliiri'.H.  iiiiil- 

I'     wllllll-     »-|s 

•tiiiulr.     'riii. 

till'  lll'licicilcy 

Wiis  liliilli;lil 
cij   vessel  win 

six  iiiiil   liinr 
lililiiinldlliis, 
li'i iiir  (iii(  I', 
mrds  iHTdiii- 

llie  iiiMlliPiii 
llic  I'liininaiiil 
IV,  Iheir  (leet 
I  llie  Aiiu'ii- 
le  lo  the  Hii- 
iiic  other  ven- 

inlii  iirlliiii. 
lli«  roiilruil- 

iJilllliliJC  SU1- 

of  il  srhiinii' 
lit'  ni«lil,  tliH 
jilislieil  look 
iiiriirileil,  III 
[•il  liy  (ieiic- 
iiliilily.  I)y 
lei-  Ills  cciiii. 
iinsiieil  will) 
«iiiil  liiiviiir 
jk  llie  Anic- 
ncar  Crowo 


I'oinl.  A  miiiirlengiigemiiiil  on^ii«(l,i>nil  win  well  ,or(llniiry  |irii(|piief!  win  oliservpil,  tlin  pnlilic  peiicp 
i(U|i|inileiJ  (III  liolli  ■udei,  (iir  nliiiiil  Iwn  liiiiiit.  wim  iiiiiliHtnrlieil.  Iii  other  eimeii,  ilie  iiiieinperiiie 
Siiiiiei)l  the  Aiiierjciiii  vesneU  which  were  iniisl  /,p:il  ol  ((iivernorH.  iinil  the  iiii|irililiiil  wiiiiiitll  ol 
iiheii  I  esi;i|ieil  In  'riionileninii.  'I'lvo  ({iiIIi"h  mill  i  the  |ieo|ile,  iiiilin|)iileil  the  eiiliiinitiPH  o(  wiir.  Vir- 
live   Kiitiiliil.li   reniiitneil   iitiil    levi^tpil   iiti   i|iiei|iiiirj  liiniii,  ihoiiKh  lliere  witi  mil  ii  single  flnliih  snlillpr 


liiire,  Willi  il  H|>tiit  it|i|iiii»i'liili|;  In  i|pii|ieriiliiiii. 
UiK-  111  lite  giillie'i  111  lick  iiiiil  WHS  iiiken.  (Jeiter-il 
Arnnlil,  lltoiiuli  lie  knew  lliiil  In  esriipe  wiis  iiii- 
|iussilile.  iiiiil  In  lesisl  tiiiiiviiiliitK,  yet,  insteiiil  nf 
Htirreiiileiiiii!,  ileleiinineil  lliiil  his  penple  shntilil 
lint  lii'ciiiiie  piisniiers,  nor  his  vessels  ii  leinlorii  ■ 
iiiPiil  In  the  Itrlllsh.  'I'lie  spirileil  resoliilioii  WHS 
exi'lllleil  Willi  11  jllilgllieiil,  eipiiil  In  lite  linlllliess 
with  whirhil  liiiil  lieen  iiilnpl"il.  lie  riili  the  (,'nii- 
(iiess  giilley,  nil  Imiiril  whiili  liP  wiis,  Ingelher  wtlh 
lite  hve  giiiiilnliis,  on  shiire,  in  siirh  it  pnsilion  its 
riiiilileil  hiiii  In  liinil  his  iiieii  iiinl  lilow  up  the  *es- 
sels.  Ill  the  exeeiilion  o(  litis  periloiis  entirprisp, 
he  piiiil  II  riiiiiitiilie  iillenlinii  In  u  piiiitt  ol  lionniir. 
lleiltil  not  ipiil  Ills  own  (riilley  till  she  wits  in  (Ihiiiph, 
h'sl  the  llriiisli  shntilil  Ijiiiinl  lieriiiiil  strike  Inn  fliig. 
'I'he  ristill  ol  litis  tiiinn,  ihnimli  tinriivoiiritlile  lo 
the  Antirii'iiits,  tiitseil  lite  repiiliilioii  n(  (ieneriil 
Aniolil,  htijhei  Ihiiii  ever.  In  iiilililinn  lo  lite  (iiine 
III  II  liriive  solilier.  In'  iiiipiireil  tliiil  of  iiii  iilile  sen 
ollii'er. 

Till*  Aiiieririitt  ititviil  loief  Iieint;  neiiily  ilestroy- 
pil.  the  Itiilisit  hltil  lltiiltspilleil  pnssessinll  nf  hike 
('hiitttpliiiii.  (In  litis  evetil.  ;i  lew  lotiliiieiititl 
Irnnps  wliirli  Itiiil  lieeii  iil  Ciowti  I'nitit,  retired  In 
llteir  ttiitiii  lindy  ill 'I'ieniideroKH  (ieiterid  Ciirle- 
tnti  Iniik  possession  ol'the  ^roiittd  110111  which  tln-y 
hud  icltciitcd.  iind  wits  ihere  soon  joined  liy  his 
iirttty.  lie  sent  otti  sevcrid  ri'cnttiioili'i'ini;  \^^,^r■ 
lies,  ittid  111  one  tittle  pushed  i'nrwitid  it  sltont^  de 
liichttieitt  on  liolli  sides  id  the  liike,  wlticltitp- 
pMiitcltcd  iteitr  lo  Tlcntlllero^Il.  Sottte  I'riltsh 
vessels  iippeitreil  lit  the   snine  tune   within  cittinoii 


witliiit  its  Ittnit,  wits,  Ity  iht;  iitdtsciprtiiii  id  its 
governor,  Inrd  Oiiitinnrp,  involved  hir  severitl 
Ittnitllts  ill  (Itnienllies,  lilllp  slinrt  nf  tltosp  lo  which 
the  i.liiihilmtls  of  iMiissii(,ltiisplts  wpie  siilijPctPil, 
His  htrdship  wits  very  iiidil  In  Iir  lit  the  Itehit,  in 
this  leiiipeKitiniis  scitsnii.  His  pitssinim  prednrni 
tutted  liver  Ills  iitideistitiidiiig,  iiitil  precipiiiited  him 
into  iiiPiisiirps  liijtiiinns  liiilli  lo  the  peoplp  whom 
he  goveriied,  and  lo  llip  iiiterPSI  n(  his  royitl  inns- 
ter.  The  Virginiitiis,  iriiiii  thn  piirliest  stiige  ol 
lite  eontrnvprsy,  hiid  liepii  in  the  rnreinnst  line  n( 
the  opposiiiiin  lo  ihe  i  liiiins  ol  lireiil  lirltinn;  hut, 
III  lite  sitnie  little^  treitled  lord  IfiiiitnnrP  with  the 
iittentiiiii  lliitt  WHS  due  In  his  stiitiiin.  Incnininon 
with  iltenlher  provinces,  they  hiid  titkrn  (dreitiinl 
ineiisiiips  Inprepiire  their  inililiii,  fur  (he  purposes 
111'  deleiice. 

While  they  were  pursuing  this  nhjcct,  liis  lord 
ship  etigitgcil  a  pitrty,  lieloiiging  lo  it  rnjiil  vessel 
in  .Iuiiics'n  iiver.  In  cniivey  snitie  piildic  powder 
Iroiii  It  nlll^lt/.lne  in  W'tlltittttslinrKh.nn  hoitrd  lltctr 
ship.  The  viiltte  nr  i|liitiility  ol  the  powder  wiis 
tncnnsideriilile  ;  lint  the  ciicutnstiinccs  itlleiidnig 
its  retnovid  liegiit  misplcintis,  ihitt  lord  Uiinniorc 
iiieittit  In  deprive  the  tnliiiliiliitil',  nf  the  nteiins  id 
defeiicp.  Tliey  were,  llicri  jure,  iiliirtticd,  iitiil  as- 
setnlded  with  itrins  In  deinaiid  its  resliliilion. 

I'y  lite  itiierposttton  of  lite  iiiiiyor  itnd  corpora- 
tion III  W'llliitiiislittrult.  extretnilics  were  privenlcd. 
Heporls  were  soon  itlletwiirils  spre.id,  tliitt  it  se- 
ciiitd  ittleinpi  to  roll  the  iiiiieii/.tne  was  intended, 
'i'lie  inltiiiitliinls  iigitin  took  iirtns  iind  iiistitiiled 
iti<;litly  piitinles,    with  it   deterinitied   resolution  to 


shol  ol  lite  Anierii  lilt  winks   at    lliitl    place.      It  is  j  jiinlect   it.     'I'lie  gnveriinr   was   irrtlitted  at   these 

ptnlialile  he  had  il  in rniili'tttplaltoti,  if  circniiislati-    '■"I'lui'i'ioiis,  and  in    the    warinth   of  his  temper, 

res  f.ivoitred,  to  reduce  the  post  ;   and  ihit  the  ap- 1 'luf^i'i'mil  to   set  tip   the   royal   standard,    etilran 
pinent  sltciii;ilt  of  the  works    rcsliaiiicd   liiiit  front 


I  urn  to  (,'a- 


cltise  the  negroes,  nitil  aim  iheiit  against  their 
maslers.  This  irriliiled,  lint  did  not  intiinidale. 
.Several  piildic  iiteelings  were  held  In  lite  dtllereni 
conttlies,  in  all  nf  which,  the  rettiov.d  of  lite  pow- 
der front  the  itiai.;it/.itie,  and  ilie  nnn'rnor's  tlire.ils, 
were  enlircly  ciindenincd.  .Smiie  of  the  gentle, 
nieti  ol  flanover,  and  the  nciglilioiiring  cnnnlics. 
assciiililed  in  amis,  niidcrllie  conduct  of  Mr.  I*at- 


niitkini;  ihe  aiienipi,  iitid  Itidticed  In 
Itiidit. 

Sncli  WHS  the  teritiitiHtiiiit  nf  the  norlltern  cam- 
paien,  ill  IV'/'i.  Tlioii(;lt  idler  the  surrender  of 
Miintreiil,  eVHcnHtiotis,  defeitis  and  tctreats  had 
aintiisl  Inleriitpledly  lieeit  the  lot  of  the  Anic- 
ricaiis,   vet,    with    respect  to    the  great    olijecl   of 

defence' nit  ll e  side,  and  nfcnnipicsl   on   thc/iik   Henry,  hikI  tiiHri  lied    lowitrds  Willt.iiitslinrL'. 

other,  a  whole  (aiiipaii;n  was  gained  to   them  mid   "Hh   im  avnwed  de«ii;n  In  olilHin  rcsiitiilion  of  the 
Inst  In  their  adversaries. 

The  Mtilisli  had  cleared  ('mtinlii  nf  its  invHilers 
iitiil  deslroyeil  lite  Attn  riciitt  fleet  nn  lite  lakes; 
yet,  f'toni  itnpeditnetits  llirnwti  in  their  way,  tltev 
laded  ill  llieir  nllerior  di'sn;tts.  The  delays,  ciin- 
trived  liv  (Icneial  limes,   relariled   the  ilritish,  |i 


powder,   mid    to   take   inca  aires   lor   secnriiig   llie 


the  general  assemhiy.  The  leading  inntive,  for 
this  itncxpecti'd  measure,  was  In  procure  their  ap< 
prolialion  mid  acceptance  of  the  terins  id  llie  tnii- 
edialnry  inntion,  agreed  In  in  pitrlimiienl,  on  th« 
^flili  of  the  preceding  Kehrnary.  His  lotilsliip 
introduced  linn  In  llieir  coitsiderallnn,  in  a  lung 
and  plansilde  speech.  In  a  few  days,  they  pri^- 
senled  their  address  in  answer;  in  which,  iirniing 
other  grniiiids  of  rejection,  ihey  staled,  that  "  the 
pr'ipnned  plan  only  changed  the  form  nf  op[iies- 
sion,  wilhiiut  lessening  lis  linrden  ;"  hut,  they  re 
ferreii  the  papers  fur  a  finiddetertnlnaltiin.  In  ('on 
gress.  Knr  themselves  they  declared:  "We 
Ititve  exhansteil  every  iiinile  of  appliciilion,  which 
our  invenl.'iin  mild  siigtesl  as  pinper  and  prnint»- 
iiig.  We  have  decently  rr inonsltated  with  piir- 
Itaitteiil ;  ih'y  have  added  new  injuries  In  the  old 
We  have  weaned  our  king  wtlh  snpplicaiion  ;  i, . 
has  not  deigned  lo  answer  lis.  We  have  appealed 
In  Ihe  native  hiiiionr  and  justice  , if  the  ISrttisli  na- 
tion ;  llteir  elloits  m  niir  favour  have  heeri  hither- 
to meflecltial." 

The  asseiiildy,  iimnng  their  first  acts,  appninted 
a  cntiiinttlee  to  inipitre  intn  the  causes  of  the  lain 
dtstnrliaiices  ;  and  particularly  In  exaniiiie  the  stato 
111  the  magazines  they  found  most  of  ihe  reinain- 
itig  powder  liiirted  ;  Ihe  niiiskels  ileprived  of  their 
locks;   and  spring   guns  planted   in  Ihe  tiiagiiztno 

These  discnveries  irritated  the  people,  and  occn 
sinned  intemperalp  expressions  of  resentment. 
Lord  Hnninore  fptitted  the  pal.'ce  piivately.  and 
retired  on  liniird  the  Kiiwey  man  of  war,  wltiih 
llteii  lay  i.ear  Vork  Town,  '/le  left  a  message  for 
lite  house  of  hnriicsses,  ai(|uaiiiting  ihein.  "  that 
he  tlioiiglit  It  prudent  lo  reiue  m  a  place  of  safely, 
hiving  reason  to  hejieve  that  lie  was  in  constant 
daiiiicr  ol  lalliiis;  a  sacrifice  to  popular  liiry.  Me, 
nevertheless,  hoped  that  'hey  would  prflceeil  in 
lite  ('real  liiisiness  before  them  :  and  hr  eiii;aj;cd 
to  render  the  coiuinnnication  lieiwccn  Imn  aiirl  the 
hoii'c,  as  easy  and  as  safe  as  pnssdile.  He  as- 
sured them  thill  he  would  attend,  as  herelofore.  to 
the  diilies  nf  his  office  ;  and  Ihai  lie  was  well  dis- 
poserl  lo  resliire  thai  harmony  whiili  had  heeii  un- 
liitppily  inleriii|ited." 

'I  Ins  inessaiie  produced  a  joint  address  froin  the 
conned  and  house  of  Imrgesses  ;  in  which,  they 
represented  Ins  lordship's  tears  lo  he  i;roiind|ess, 
and  declared  their  wldlngnes^  to  cnncor  in  any 
measure  he  wiiiilfl  propose  for  the  security  nfhirn 
sell  and  faniily  ,  and  concluded,  hy  enlreating  hi.' 
ret  urn  In  the    palace.      I,ord   Dnoniore,    m  reply. 


which  a  was  agreed,  lit. it  p.ivmenl  fnr  the  pnwder. 
liy  the  rccctvct  geticrid  of  the  colonv,  should  lie 
accepted  in  lieu  of  rcsiiiniinn  ;  and.  lit. it,  tt|Miiitlie 
engagenienl  id  lite  itdtaliilmits  of  Willtunislinrg  lo 

Hii  gteal  a  pail  of  lite   s titer,  that,  hv   the   time  >  Ki'iifi'   ''I'll'    'I"'   treasury  and   llie   tnai;a/,inc.   the 

Ihey  had  iciiclieil   'I'iconilernua,  their 'rrlieiil,   onl'"'"i''''  primes  should  relurii  to  their habtlaiioiis. 
itecnnnl  of  ihe  approaclilng  winli'r  liecame  itittne-!      'I'll''-    'iliim    of    this    allair   inrliicpd    Inrd    Dun- 

dialely  e-saiy.     On  the  part  of  the  Americans,  i 'uon'  lu  si'ud    his    lady  and  family    onboard    the 

Hniite'tneii  and  a'  few  itrnied  vessels  were  lost  ;  lint  |  I'owey  man  of  war,  in  .laines's  river.  Alinut  the 
time  was  uaitied  ;  their  aimy  saved:  anil  iheh*'"'"'  '"iK'.  Ins  lordship,  willt  the  assistance  of  a 
I'roitlier  nf  the  iidjaccnl  stales  secured  fVnm  a  prn-  Mi'l'i'limi'ii'  of   inarines.  fortified    lits  palace,   and 


public  treasury.      This  ended  in  a  tienolialion,  b)    jiisiilicd    his   iippieliensinnH   of  danger,   from  tli" 


threats  which  had  been  repeaiedly  thrown  out 
He  (  hart'ed  the  lion«e  of  burgesses  with  connte- 
naiicing  the  violent  proceedin.'s  of  the  people,  and 
Willi  a  design  to  ii'tirii  the  exec  niivp  priwer,  and 
subvert  the  cnnstituiMin.  Tins  produced  a  reply 
Iniuiilit  Willi  recrimination  and  dcbiisiie  argu- 
ments. Kvery  incident  afforded  fresh  room  foi 
altercation.  There  w.is  a  conrinued  tnterconrse, 
by  addresses.  mPssa:;es,  and  answers,  between  the 
house  ol  bnrt'csses  and  the  Kowej  ;  but  hlile  nf 
the  public  business  was  i-oniplcieil.      His  lordship 


jecle.!   invasion.      ( »n  the  part  nf  the    lirtti^li,   the!  siiifontided  il  wiili  arlillcry.     I  Ic  sunn  after  issued  ■  was  .still   acknow  led^:"!!  as  the  lawful   t'overnor  „f 


liliject  iifit  <  attipiiign,  in  which  l!!,l)llll  men  were 
Vltiplnyed,  and  neitrly  a  inillioii  id  money  expended 
wai  reiitleii'd  in  a  gieat  measure  itbnitive. 


(:11AI"1'KK  X[. 

Tranimolluni   in   Viririiitii;  the   Ciinilinnn ;   lienru'in ;  the 

ffnncml  rtlllr  of  public  tilfiiirs,  ill    llie   ceintlien    i,l    f77.'l 

rruiiiAv:liiitiH  ill  .MaHsiit-litii4L.'lts;  evuctiaiiint  ui'  ItiiNiifii, 
1771,. 


il  pioclatiialtoit  III  which  .\tr.  Ilenrv  and  his  itssn 
ciatcs  were  charged  with  rebellions  practices; 
and  the  existing  eotiitiiottons  were  nllriliuled  In  a 
desire  in  the  people,  of   chanL'iiiiZ   the  esii'bltslied 


the  province:   but   ihd  not  tlnnk  p'o|,«r  to   set  hi.l 
loot  on  shore,  in  the  connlry  over  which  hn  func 
liofis  were  to  be  exercisefl. 

.\l  leiiJfih.  w  hen  the   riPcessarv  bills  were   ready 


loiiti  of  i>overniiteiit.  .'several  iiieettni;s  were  lidd  j  for  ratibcation.  the  council  and  burgesses  jointly 
in  llie  tieighbnurini;  counlies,  in  which,  the  con- '  entrealed  the  eovernor's  presence,  to  give  his  as- 
ducl  nf  llenry  and  his  assnciates  was  appl.iu'l  '  sent  to  tlicnt  and  finish  the  session.  .Alter  sever  d 
ed     and  resolutions  weie   adopted,   that,   al  every  !  iiiessaKPH  anil  answers,  lord  Dunrn'ire  [leremplorily 


ri'.,  he  and  they  should  be  indemnilied.     .\bntit 

ll   s   time,  copies  of  some  letters  horn  covernor 

JJiiniitnre,   In  the   miiiisler  of  the   .•Vtiiertcan  de- 

I  paVtment,  were  made  piiblie.      These,  in  the  npin- 


rctused  tn  meet  the  assembly  at  ihe  e.ipiird.  ibcir 
usual  place  fnr  deli!ieralion  :  but  sjtd.  he  wmilrl  h-i 
ready  to  receive  them  on  the  next  .\Ii,nday  at  his 
[iresent  resilience  nn  board  the  Kowey.  for  the  pur 


iTJias  iilreiitly  heett   iiipiilinned    that  llie  roln-  ion  of  the   \irgiiitaii«.   contained   unfair  and    un- 1  pose  .,:' ;:vinir  his  assent  to  such  bills  a.s  lie  should 

nists,    fruiii  the   lisiiii!    of  ('ittitress,    in   October,  just  representatjons  of  fads,  and  also  of  their  tein- 1  approve  of.      I 'con  receivine  this  ••nswer,  the  houw 

]77'l,  and  parlitiilarly  after  the   Nexinglou    baltle  per   and    disposition.      .Many   severe   tltincs   were    of  buri;psses  passed  resolutions,  tn  wlmh  thev  de- 

wcie  allentive  lo  the  li-'ining  nf  their   militia,  and  said   nn  liotli  sides,  and  lame,   as  usual   ma^nitied  '  darerl,  that  the  mess  i^p.  re'|iiirini;  tliem  to  iiipnd 

making   the   net'essary    preparations  for    their  de-  or    ttttsrepresetited    whatever    was    said    or    done.  ■  ihe  uovrrnor  on  board  of  a  ship  of  w  ir.  was  i  hijli 

f'-'tii'P,  <)iiedisinisl  bcLMl  anoilier.      K.very   tliini;  tended    breach   nl   tlteir    rights   and   privileges;   th.,t   iheT 

The  cilcrts  ol    llieir  an, in'.;ement,  for   this  piir-  lo  ptodiice  .t  spirit  olilis.  oiiitnt,  and  the  lever  ol  j  had   reason  lo  tear  a  .l.inijeruui    iti,ici»  wai    inedi 

pu8e  viried  with  circuinittances,  the  public  ittiinl  daily  iiicreised,  i  titej   against    the    colony:   and  it  was,  therefore, 

VVlioro  llicrc  were  no  rnyal  iionps,  uml  where,      lit  tliia  slate  of  disorder,  the  goveroor  conrcDcd  i  their  opinion,  ihit  they  should  prepirc  fir  the  pr« 


m 


894 


THE    HISTORY    OK 


acrvation  uf  their  rights  and  hberties.  After 
Ktroiigly  prureasing  h>)'iihy  to  the  king,  and  ninitji 
to  the  inotlier  country,  they  broke  ii|i  their  at'ssion. 

The  roy;)!  government  in  Virginin,  from  that  day, 
Jnly  lOih,  l??.*),  reasod.  Soon  al'lerwarils,  a  con- 
vention of  delegate.')  was  appointed  to  supply  the 
place  of  the  assembly.  As  these  had  iiidimiled 
confidence  reposed  in  them,  they  became  at  once 
IKisseased  of  unde/ined  discretionary  powers,  both 
legislative  and  executive.  They  exercised  this 
authority,  for  the  security  of  their  con.stituenls. 
They  raised  and  embodied  an  armed  I'orce,  and 
took  measures  fur  putting  the  colony  in  a  state  of 
defence.  They  published  a  justification  of  their 
conduct,  and  set  forth  the  necessity  of  the  mea- 
sures they  had  adopted.  They  concluded  willi 
professions  of  loyalty,  and  declared,  that  though 
they  were  determined  at  every  ha/.ard  to  maintain 
tlieir  rights  and  privileges,  it  was  also  their  fixed 
resolution  to  disband  such  forces  as  were  raised 
for  the  defence  of  the  colony,  whenever  their 
danger  was  removed. 

'J'he  headstrong  passions  of  lord  Dunmore  pie- 
cipitated  him  into  farther  fidlies.  With  the  aid  uf 
the  loyalists,  ri.n  away  negroes,  and  some  frigates 
that  were  on  the  station,  he  established  a  marine 
lorce.  liy  degrees  he  equipped,  and  armed  a  num- 
ber of  vessels,  of  ditl'erent  kinds  and  sizes,  in  one 
of  which  lie  constantly  resided,  except  wlieu  he 
went  on  shore,  in  a  hostile  manner.  This  force 
was  calculated  only  for  depredation,  and  never  be- 
came c'ual  to  any  essenlial  service.  Obnoxious 
persons  >-i  re  seized  and  taken  on  board.  Negroes 
were  carried  olf;  plantations  ravaged  ;  and  houses 
burnt.  These  proceedings  occasioned  the  sending 
of  some  detachments,  of  the  newly-raised  provin- 
cial Ibrces,  to  protect  the  coasts.  This  produced 
a  predatory  war,  iVom  which  neither  honour  nor 
benelit  could  beacipiired,  and  in  which,  every  sup- 
ply from  the  shore  was  purchased  at  the  risk  of 
blood.  The  forces  under  his  lordship  attempted 
to  burn  Hampton  :  but  the  crews  of  the  royal 
vessels  employed  in  that  business,  though  they 
had  begun  to  cannonade  i',  were  so  annoyed  by 
rilleiiien  from  the  shore,  that  they  were  obliged 
to  quit  their  station.  In  a  few  days  after  this  re- 
pulse, Nov  Tth,  1775,  a  proclamation  was  issued 
by  the  governor  daie<l  on  board  the  ship  William, 
olf  Norlblk,  declaring  that,  as  the  civil  law  was 
at  present  insulficient  to  punish  treason  and  trai- 
tors, martial  law  should  take  |ilace,  and  be  exe- 
cuted througlit  the  colony ;  and  requiring  all 
|>ersons  capable  of  bearing  arms,  to  repair  to  his 
majesty's  standard,  or  to  be  consiilered  as  trai- 
:ors.  He  also  declareil  all  indented  servants,  ne- 
groes and  others,  appertaining  to  rebels,  w  ho  h cie 
able  and  willing  to  bear  arms,  and  who  joined  his 
majesty's  forces,  to  be  free. 

Among  the  cireumslances  which  indiired  l)ic 
lulers  (d  (ircat  Britain  to  count  on  an  easy  con- 
quest of  America,  the  great  number  of  slaves  had 
a  considerable  weight.  l)n  the  sea  coast  of  five 
of  the  most  southern  provinces  the  number  of 
slaves  exceeded  that  of  Ireemen.  It  was  suppos- 
ed that  the  proffer  of  fieedom  v  .Mild  detach  ihvm 
from  their  masters'  interest,  and  bind  them  by 
strong  lies  to  support  the  royal  standard.  I'erhap.s, 
under  favourable  circumstances,  these  expecta- 
tions would  in  some  degree,  have  been  realized  ; 
Imt  lord  Dnnmore'.'S  iiidiscretiiui  deprived  his  royal 
master  of  this  resource.  Six  months  hail  elapsed 
since  his  lordship  first  threatened  its  adoption. 
The  negroes  had  in  a  great  measure  ceased  to 
belir-.e  and  the  inhabitants  to  fear.  It  excited 
less  surprise,  and  produced  less  elfect,  than  if  it 
had  been  more  iiiiiiiediale  and  unexpected.  The 
country  was  now  in  a  tolerable  state  of  defence, 
and  the  force  for  protecting  tlie  negroes,  in  case 
they  had  closed  with  his  lordship's  offer,  was  far 
short  of  what  would  have  been  necessary  fur  their 
ueciiiiiy. 

'J'lie  injury,  don"  the  royal  cause  by  the  bare 
proposal  of  the  srheine,  far  outweighed  any  ad- 
vantage that  re  suited  from  it.  The  colonists  were 
■truck  with  horror,  and  filled  with  detestation  of  a 
guvoriiiueni,  which  vma  exercised  in  loosening  tha 


hands  of  society,  and  destroying  domestic  security. 
The  union  and  vigour,  which  were  given  to  their 
opposition,  was  great,  while  the  additional  force, 
acquired  by  his  lordship,  was  considerable.  It 
nevertheless  produced  s(mie  elfect  in  Norfolk  and 
the  adjoining  country,  where  his  lordship  was  joined 
by  several  hundreds,  both  whites  and  blacks.  The 
governor,  having  once  more  got  footing  on  the 
main,  amused  himself  with  hopes  of  acquiring  the 
glory  of  reducing  one  part  of  the  province  by  means 
of  tlie  other.  The  provincials  had  now  an  object, 
against  which  they  might  direct  their  arms.  An 
expedition  was  therefore  concerted  against  the 
force  which  had  taken  post  at  Norfolk. 

To  protect  his  adherents,  lord  Dunmore  con- 
structed a  fort  at  the  great  bridge,  on  the  Norfolk 
side  and  furnished  it  with  artillery.  The  provin- 
cials also  fortified  themselves,  near  to  the  same 
place  with  a  narrow  causeway  in  their  front.  In 
this  state,  both  parties  continued  quiet  fur  some 
days.  'I'he  royalists  conimenccd  an  attack.  C'ap- 
tain  Kordyce,  at  the  head  of  about  GO  lUitish  gre- 
nadiers, pa.ssed  the  causeway,  and  boldly  inarched 
up  to  the  provincial  intrenchiiienls  with  fixed  bay- 
onets. Tliey  were  exposed,  without  cover,  to  the 
fire  of  the  provincials  in  fiont,  and  enfiladed  by 
another  part  of  their  works.  The  brave  captain 
and  several  of  his  men  fell.  The  lieutenant,  with 
others,  was  taken  ;  and  all  who  survived  were 
wounded.  The  slaves  in  this  engagement  were 
more  prejudicial  to  their  liritish  employers  than 
to  the  provincials.  Captain  Kordyce  was  interred 
by  the  victors,  with  military  honour.  The  Kng- 
lisli  prisoners  were  treated  with  kindness;  but 
the  Americans,  who  had  joined  the  king's  stan- 
dard, experience<l  therescntuieiit  of  their  country- 
men. 

Tlie  royal  forces  on  the  ensuing  night,  evacu- 
ated their  post  at  the  great  briilge  ;  lord  ])iininore 
shortly  afterwards  aliandoneil  Norfolk,  and  retired 
with  his  people  on  board  his  ships.  Many  of  the 
lories,  a  name  which  was  given  to  those  who  ad- 
hered to  the  royal  interest,  sought  the  same  a.sy- 
luiii,  for  themselves  and  moveable  cll'ccts.  The 
provincials  took  possession  of  Norfolk  ;  and  the 
fleet,  with  its  new  incumbrances,  removed  to  a 
greater  distance.  The  people  on  board,  cut  olf 
from  all  peaceable  intercourse  with  the  shore,  were 
distresseil  for  provisions  and  necessaries  of  every 
kinil.  'J'his  oc(^asioned  sundry  unimportant  con- 
tests, between  the  provincial  forces  and  the  armed 
ships  and  boats.  At  length  on  the  arrival  of  the 
Liverpool  man  of  » ar  from  Kngland,  a  flag  was 
sent  on  shore,  to  put  the  (|uestion,  whether  they 
would  supply  his  majesty's  ships  with  provisions  .' 

All  answer  was  returned  in  the  negative.  It  was 
then  determined  to  destroy  the  town.  This  was 
carried  into  effect  ;  and  .Ian.  1,  li7(>,  Norfolk  was 
reduced  to  ashes.  The  whole  loss  was  eslimaled 
at  ItOO.OOOI.  sterling.  The  provincials,  lo  deprive 
the  ships  of  every  source  of  su;iply,  destroyed  the 
houses  and  plantations  near  the  water,  and  ohiigeil 
the  people  to  move  their  cattle,  provisions,  and  ef- 
fects, further  into  ilie  connlry. 

Lord  IJuniiiore,  niih  his  fleet,  continued  for 
scver.il  months  on  the  coast  and  in  the  rivers  of 
Virginia,  ilis  unhappy  followers  snifered  a  coiii- 
plicalion  of  distresses.  'I'll'-  scarcity  of  water 
and  provisions,  the  closeness  and  fiUli  of  the  small 
vessels  produced  disea.ses  which  were  fatal  to 
many,  especially  to  tlie  negroes.  Though  his 
whole  force  was  trifling  when  compared  with  the 
resources  of  Virginia  ;  yet  the  want  of  suitable 
armed  vessels  made  its  expulsion  impracticable 
The  experience  uf  that  day  evinced  the  inadeipia- 
cy  nf  land  forces,  for  ihe  defence  of  a  maritime 
country ;  and  the  extensive  m'tchief  which  may 
be  done,  by  even  an  inconsiderable  marine,  when 
unopposed  in  its  own  way.  The  want  of  a  navy 
was  both  seen  and  felt.  .Some  arrangements 
lo  procure  one  were  therefore  made,  Killier  (he 
expectation  of  an  attack  from  this  quarter,  or  the 
sufferings  of  the  crews  on  boaril,  induced  his  lord- 
ship, in  the  sniiimerof  I77(i,  to  burn  the  least  va- 
luable of  his  vessels,  and  to  send  the  remainder, 
auiuuutinK  to  'M  or  4U  sail,  to  Florida,  Bermuda, 


and  the  West  Indies.  The  hopes  which  lord  Dun 
more  had  entertained  of  subduing  Virginia,  by  the 
co-operalimi  of  the  negiue.s,  teriiiinaled  with  tills 
movement.  The  unhappy  Africans,  who  had  en- 
gaged in  it,  arc  said  to  have  almost  univcisally 
perished. 

While  these  transactions  weie  carrying  on,  an 
other  scheme,  in  which  lord  Dunmore  was  a  party 
in  like  manner  miscarried.  It  was  in  conti  iiipla 
tion  lo  raise  ;<  'Considerable  force  at  the  back  of  thi 
colonies,  particularly  in  Virginia,  and  the  C'aroli- 
n,is.  Connelly,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the 
framer  of  the  design.  lie  had  gained  the  appro- 
bation of  lord  Dunmore,  and  had  been  .sent  lo  him 
by  Ceneral  (iage  at  ISoston,  and  from  him  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  to  acl  as  colonel  commandant. 
It  was  intended  that  the  Hrilish  garrisons  at  De- 
troit, and  some  other  remote  spots,  with  their  ar- 
tillery and  ammunition,  should  be  subservient  lo 
this  design.  Connelly  also  hoped  for  the  aid  ot 
the  Canadians  and  Indians.  He  was  aiilhori/.ed 
to  grant  comnll^'8iollS,  and  to  have  the  supreme 
direction  of  the  new  forces.  As  soon  as  they  were 
in  readiness  he  was  to  penetrate tliioui;li  Virginia, 
and  to  meet  lord  Dunmore  near  Alexandria,  on  the 
river  Potomac.  Connelly  was  lsx\<cn  up  on  suspi- 
cion, by  one  of  Iheconio  '••"■s  in  Maryland,  while 
on   his    way   lo  the  sr  f  action.      The  pa- 

pers found  in  his  posst  •■  betrayed  tlie  whole. 
Among  these,  were  a  gei.i'ral  sketch  of  the  plan, 
and  a  letterl'rom  lord  Dunmore  to  oneid'the  In- 
dian chiefs.  He  was  imprisoned,  anil  the  papers 
published.  So  many  fortunate  escapes  induced  a 
belief  among  serious  Americans,  thai  tlicir  cause 
was  favoured  by  heaven.  The  various  projects 
which  were  devised,  and  put  in  uperalioii  against 
them,  pointed  out  the  increasing  necessity  of  union; 
while  the  havoc  made  on  their  coasts,  the  proffer 
of  f'reedoni  lo  their  slaves,  anil  the  enconragemen* 
proposed  lo  Indians,  lor  making  war  on  their  Iron 
tier  in liabilanis,  quickened  their  resentment  agains 
(ireal  ISritain. 

North  ('arolina  was  more  fortunate  than  Virgi 
nia.  The  governors  of  both  were  perhaps  equally 
/.ealous  for  the  royal  Interest,  and  the  people  ol 
both  equally  attached  lo  llie  cause  of  America . 
but  the  former  escaped  with  a  smaller  portion  <  I 
public  calamity.  .Several  regulations  were  at  this 
lime  adopted  by  most  of  the  provinces.  Councils 
of  safely,  commillees,  and  conventions,  were  com- 
mon substitutes  for  tegular  governmenl.  .Similar 
plans  for  raising,  arming  and  snppintiiii!  troops, 
and  foi  training  the  iiiililia,  were,  f'loiii  north  lo 
south,  generally  adopleil.  In  like  manner,  royal 
governors,  Ihidughoiit  the  piovinces,  were  exert 
iiig  themselves  in  attaching  the  pcopli^  to  the 
si'hemes  of  (iieat  Hiilain.  (lovernor  Martin,  of 
North  Carolina,  was  particularly  /ralons  in  his 
business,  lie  fortified  and  armed  liis  p..  lice  at  New- 
bern,  that  it  might  answer  the  doiilile  purpose  of 
a  garrison  ami  maga/.iiie.  While  he  was  ihus  em- 
ployed, such  comiiii  siiiiis  were  exciinl  among 
the  people,  that  he  llionghl  it  expedient  lo  retire 
on  board  a  sloop  of  war  in  Cape  I''ear  river.^ 
'i'he  people  found  powder  and  various  military 
stores,  which  had  been  buried  in  his  garden  and 
\ard 

(iovernor  Martin,  though  he  had  abandoned  his 
usual  place  of  lesidence,  conliiined  his  exertions 
for  reducing  North  Caiolina  to  idiedience.  He 
particularly  addressed  himself  to  the  regulators 
and  Highland  emigrants.  The  former  had  ac- 
quired this  name  from  attempting  lo  regulate  the 
administration  of  justice,  in  the  remote  settle 
■nenis,  in  a  summary  manner,  subversive  of  the 
public  peace.  They  had  suffered  the  consequen 
ces  of  opposing  royal  government,  and.  from  obvi- 
ous principles  of  human  nature,  were  disposeil  to 
support  Ihe  auihurily,  whose  power  lo  punish  they 
had  recently  experienced.  The  Highland  emi- 
grants had  been  only  a  short  lime  in  America,  and 
were  yet  more  under  the  influence  uf  Kiiropcan 
Ideas,  than  those  which  their  new  situation  was 
calciilateil  to  insnire. 

(iovernor  Martin  sent  commissions  among  Ihcno 
people,  for  raising  and  uumiiianding  regiments 


NORTH    AMERICA 


895 


'liicli  liird  Dun 
ir^illi»,  l>y  llie 
liileil  wiih  1I119 
»,  U'liu  had  cii- 
lusl  univorsall; 

iiriyini;  on,  an 
Die  was  a  parly 
I  ill  cuiici  iiipla 
(lie  lia<:k  of  (111 
iiid  the  Caioli- 
Ivaiiia,  was  llio 
nvd  ihc  appro- 
Ben  sent  If)  him 
oiii  him  he  re- 
I  cuiiiiiiandant. 
arrisiiiis  at  Ue- 
I  with  iheir  ar- 

Biibservieiit  to 
lor  tlie  aid  of 
*ii!j  aiithorixed 
he  supieiiiu 
on  -M  they  were 
oiii'Ji  N'irjjiiiia, 
xaii(hia,oii  the 
'11  lip  on  siispi- 
laryland,  while 
ion.  The  pa- 
yed the  whole. 
lIi  ol'ihe  plan, 

one  of  the  In- 
iind  the  papers 
apesi  inducvrl  a 
lal  ilicir  causa 
trioiis  pidjeets 
eralion  against 
^essity  oCniiinn; 
isis,  the  proller 
eneoiiragenien' 
r  on  their  lion 
Miliiientagains 

He  than  Virgi 
lerhaps  ecpi.iHy 
I  (lie  people  ol 
>e  of  America . 
alter  portion  ( I 
HIS  were  at  this 
ees.  (.'onneils 
ins,  were  coin- 
iiieni.  Similar 
lorliiic  troops, 
iVom  north    to 

manner,  royal 
I's,  were  exi'rt 
people  to  the 
nor  Martin,  ol 
'.ealiMis   in    his 

p.'  liee  at  New- 
ilile  purpose  of 
1'  was  iliiis  eni- 
xi'ileil  among 
■rlieiit  10   retire 

l'"ear  river.— 
irioiis  iiiililaiy 
lis  garden  anil 

alianiloneil  Ins 
Ills  exertions 
ledieiiee.  lie 
he  regulators 
iner  had  ac- 
1  regulate  the 
remote  settle 
lersivc  of  the 
lie  consequen 
md.  from  ulivi- 
e  disposed  to 
lo  punish  Ihey 
lighland  eiiii- 
America,  and 
of  Kiiropcan 
ailiiation    was 

8  among  Iheno 
ig  reginicnls 


and  he  granted  one  to  Mr.  M'Donald,  to  act  as  ^  superior  numbers  that  opposed  them.  They  every 
their  general.  He  also  sent  them  a  proilainalion  where  gave  way,  and  were  obliged  either  lo  lly  or 
cniinnandmg  all  persons,  on  their  allegiance,  to  re-  feign  submission.  Solicitations  had  been  iiride 
pair  lo  the  royal  standard.  This  n:is  erected  by  about  this  time  for  royal  foices  to  awe  the  soiitli- 
(ieneral  iM'Doiiald,  about  the  miililleof  February,  cm  provinces  ;  lint  without  eliecl,  till  the  proper 
Upon  llie  (list  ihlellii;eiicc  of  iheii  asseiiibliiig.  season  was  over.  One  sclicine  for  this  purpose 
ltii!;adr'r  (ieiieral  .Moore,  Willi  some  provincial  was  <Vu9iraied  by  a  single  device.  Private  intel- 
troops  and  imliiia,  and  some  pieces  ol  cannon,  hgeiice  had  been  received  of  an  express  being  sent 
inaiclieil  to  oppose  them.  He  took  possession  of  ifioni  sir  .l.iines  Wright,  governor  of  iieorgia,  to 
Kiick-lisli  briilge,  and  llirew  up  some  works.  lle|(>eneral  (Jage.  ISy  him,  the  necessity  of  ordering 
had  not  been  lliere  many  days,  when  iM'Donald  |  a  part  of  (he  royal  army  to  the  southward  was  fully 
approached  ;  and  sent  a  leiter  10  >loore,  enclosing  I  stated.  The  express  was  waylaid,  and  compelled 
the  governor's  proclaniatioii  and  advising  liini  and  1  by  two  gentlemen  lo  deliver  his  leders.  One  to 
his  party  to  join  the  king's  slandard  ;  and  adding,  (ieneral  Uage  was  kept  back,  and  anoil."'  one 
that  ill  ease  of  a  refusal,  they  must  be  treated  as  forwarded  In  its  room.  The  seal  and  hand-writing 
ciieinies.  To  this  Moore  leplied,  that  he  and  liis{were  so  exactly  iinitaleil  that  the  deception  was 
olliceis  consideied  (liemselves  as  engaged  in  al  not  suspecled.  The  forged  letter  was  received  and 
cause,  the  most  glorious  and    honourable  in  the  |  acted  u|ion.      It  is  stated  the  degree  of  peace  and 


worlil,  the  defence  of  mankind ;  and  in  his  turn 
olleied,  that  if  ,M' Donald's  party  laid  down  their 
anus,  they  shoiilil  be  received  as  friends;  bin, 
ollieiwise  they  must  expect  consequences,  simi- 
lar lo  tiiose  which  they  threatened.  Soon  after 
this,  (Ieneral  .M'Donald,  with  hisadherenis,  push- 
ed on  to  join  liovernor  .Martin  :  but  Colonels  Lil- 
I  iigion  and  Caswell,  with  about  1(10(1  militia  men, 
took  posses'. ion  of  Moore's  creek  bridge,  which 
lay  ill  tiie'r  way,  and  raised  a  small  breast  work 
to  si'c<;(e  themselves. 

0.1  llie  next  morning,  the  Highland  emigrants 
al'.icKed  the  militia  posted  at  ilie  biidge;  but  M' 
'lend,  llie  second  in  coimnand,  and  some  more  of 
tlU'ir  ollicers  being  killed  at  the  first  ousel,  they 
lied  with  precipilalioii.  (ieneral  .^^Dollald  was 
lakeii  prisoner,  and  the  whuic  '>f  the  parly  broken 
and  dispersed.  The  overthrow  produced  colise- 
ipieiices  very  injiiiioiis  lo  the  liritisli  interest.  A 
royal  lleei  and  army  was   expected  on   the  coast. 


tranquility  to  be  such  as  induced  an  opinion,  that 
there  was  no  necessity  of  sending  royal  ti  oops  to  the 
southwaril. 

While  these  states  were  thus  left  to  themselves, 
they  had  lime  and  opportunity  lo  prepare  for  ex- 
iremiiies;  and,  in  llie  mean  lime,  the  friends  of 
royal  governinent  were  severally  crushed.  A 
series  of  disasters  tollowed  the  royal  cause  in  the 
year  17?.').  (ieneral  (iage's  army  was  cooped  up 
III  IJosloii,  and  rendered  useless.  In  the  southern 
slates,  where  a  small  force  would  have  made  an 
impression,  the  royal  governors  were  unsupport- 
ed. Much  u  -  done  to  irritate  the  colonlsls,  and 
10  cement  the  union;  biitvery  little,  either  in  the 
way  of  coiiipiest  and  (concession,  to  subdue  their 
spirits  or  conciliate  their  all'ections. 

Ill  this  year  the  people  of  America  generally 
took  the  side  of  the  colonies.  Kvery  art  was 
made  use  of,  by  llie  popular  leaders,  to  attach  the 
nliabitants  lo  their  cause;  nor  were  the  votaries 


A  jiiiiciion  formed  between  them  and    the    High- lof  the   royal  interest  inactive :  but   little  iiiipie? 


land  eiiiigianls,  in  the  inleiior  countiy,  niigln 
hive  iii'ide  a  sensible  Impression  oil  the  province. 
(•'nun  an  eagerness  to  do  semeihing,  the  iiisur- 
genis  pieiiialiiiely  took  arms,  a'ld  being  crushed 
bt'loie  the  arrival  of  proper  support,  their  spirits 
were  so  eiitiiely  broken,  that  no  future  cll'orl  could 
be  expected  iVomlliem. 

While  the  war  raged  only  in  Massachusetts, 
each  province  conducted  as  if  it  expected  10  be 
the  next  allai'ked.  (leorgia,  ihoiigli  a  majority 
ol  its  inhabilanls  were  at  liisi  against  the  mea- 
sures, yel,  about  the  middle  of  this  year,  joined 
the  oilier  colonies.  Having  not  concurred  in  the 
|>elitioiis  from  Congress  lo  the  king,  they  pelitioii- 
eil  liy  themselves ;  anil  staled  their  rights  and 
giievaiiies,  in  firm  and  decided  language.  They 
also  ailopled  the  coiitinental  association,  and  sent 
on  llieir  (tcpnlies  to  Congress. 

Ill  .'^oiilh  Carolina,  there  was  an  eagerness  I'lbe 
prepared  for  defence,  which  was  not  surpassed 
in  any  of  the  provinces.  Kegimenls  were  raised  ; 
forls  were  liuili ;  the  iniliiia  liaiiied;  and  every 
necessary  pri'paration  made  for  that  purpose, 
rjiiid  William  Campliell,  the  royal  governor, 
eMdi'avoiiied  lo  form  a  parly  for  llie  support 
of  goveinmeiit,  and  was  in  some  degree  siic- 
cesslnl.      Dislnisling  his  personal  safely  on  shore. 


sion  was  made  by  the  latter,  except  among  the 
uninformed.  The  great  mass  of  the  wealth,  learn- 
ing, and  inlluence,  in  all  the  southern  colonies,  and 
in  must  of  the  norlliern,  was  in  favour  of  the 
.Xinencau  cause.  Some  aged  persons  were  ex- 
ceptions to  the  contrary.  Attached  to  ancient 
habits,  and  enjoying  the  fruits  of  their  indiistiy, 
they  were  slow  in  approving  new  measures,  sub- 
versive of  the  former,  and  endangering  the  latter. 
A  few,  who  had  basked  iii  the  siiiishiiie  of  court 
favour,  were  restrained  by  honour,  principle,  and 
interest,  Irom  forsaking  the  fonnlain  nf  their  en- 
joyments. .Some  feared  the  power  of  Itrilain,  and 
oilieis  doubted  the  perseverance  of  America  ;  but 
a  great  majority  resolved  lo  hazard  every  thing, 
in  preference  to  a  tame  snbmissi.m.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  the  year  I77(),  the  colonists  were  far- 
mers, meichaiils,  and  niechanics  :  but  in  its  close, 
they  had  assumed  the  profession  of  soldiers.  So 
s'ldilen  a  liaiisliirmalion  of  so  numerous,  and  so 
diS|'ersed  a  people,  is  without  a  parallel. 

This  year  was  also  remarkable  for  the  general 
terimnalion  of  royal  goveinment.  This  was  el- 
fecled  without  any  violence  lo  its  executive  olli- 
cers. The  new  system  was  not  so  much  forcibly 
imposed,  or  designeilly  adopted,  as  intro'liiced 
thiongh  necessity,  and  the  imperceplilile  agency 


aliiiiii  llie  middle  of  Sepiembei,  he  took  up  his  i  of  a  comiiion  danger,  operating  unifornily  on  the 
lesiilcnce  on  board  an  armed  vessel,  then  in  the  iiiiiid  nf  the  public.  The  royal  governors,  for  the 
hailiiiiir.  iiiosi  pail  voluntarily  abdi,caled  their  governmenis. 

The  royal  governmenl  slill  existed  in  name  anil  and  lelired  on  lioaiii  ships  of  war.  They  assigned 
form;  but  the  real  power,  which  the  people  obey- 
ed, was  exercised  by  a  provincial  congress,  a 
council  of  salely.  and  subordinate  committees. 
To  conciliate  ilie  friendship  of  the  Indians,  the 
popular  leaders  sent  a  small  supply  of  powder  into 
their  country.  They  who  were  opposed  lo  Con- 
gress, embodied,   and  roblied  the  wagons  which 


lor  leasiin  that  they  apprehended  personal  dan- 
ger; but  this,  in  every  instance,  was  unfounded. 
I'erhaps.  these  represenlatives  of  royally  ihoiighl, 
that  as  they  were  consiitiitionally  necessary  to  llie 
adininislralioii  of  justice,  the  horrors  of  anarchy 
would  deter  the  people  from  prosecuting  their  op- 
position.     If  they  acted  from  this  principle,  ihey 


were  employed  in  its   tiansportalion.     To  inllamei  were    mistaken.     Their    withdrawing    from    the 

the  minds  of  their  ailherenls,   ihey    propagated  a  exercise  of  their  oDicial   duties  both  fiirnisheil  an 

report  that  the  powder  was  inlendeil  lo  be  given  lo  apology,  and  induced  a  neiessily  for  orgaiii/.ing 

the  Inilians.    for  the    purpose   of  iiiassarieiiig   the  sysleni  of  governnienl.    iiiili'pendeni   of  royal  aii- 

IVieiiils    of   roy.il    governnienl.      The   inhabitants  tiiorily.      liy  encoiiiaging  opposition  to  ihe  popu 

took  arms,  s'liiie  to  support  loyal  goveriiinent,  but  lar  measures,  ihey   involveil   llieir   friends   ill   (lis 

more  lo  Hiippoil  the  Ameiican  measures.  tress.     The    iiiisiiccessl'nl     insurrections,     which 

The    royalists   acted    feebly,    and    were    easily  they   fomented,  being   improperly  limed,  and  tin 

ovci])awered.     They    were  disheartened  by   the  supported,  were  easily  overthrown;  and  actually 


strengthened  the  popular  goveriiiiient,  whieh  they 
meant  lo  destroy. 

\s  the  year  177,^  drew  near  to  a  close,  the  friends 
of  Congress  were  embarrassed  with  a  new  dilhcul- 
ly.  'J'lie  army  was  temporary,  and  only  engaged 
to  .serve  out  the  year.  The  object,  for  w  hicli  Ihey 
had  lakeii  up  arms,  was  nol  obtained.  Kvery  rea- 
son, which  had  previously  induced  the  provinces  to 
embody  a  military  force,  still  existed  and  with  in- 
creasing weight.  It  was  therefore  resolved  lo  form 
new  army.  The  same  Haltering  hopes  weie 
indulged,  that  an  army  for  the  ensuing  year  would 
answer  every  purpose.  A  committee  of  Congress, 
consistingof  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Lynch,  and  Mr. 
Harrison,  repaired  to  head  quarters  at  Cambridge  : 
and  there,  in  conjunction  with  (ieneral  Washing- 
ton, made  arrangenients  for  organizing  an  army 
for  the  year  ITiti.  It  was  presumed  thai  the  spirit, 
which  had  hitherto  operated  on  the  yeomanry  of 
the  country,  would  induce  most  of  the  same  indi- 
viduals to  engage  for  annther  twelvemonth;  but, 
on  experiment,  it  was  found  that  much  -jf  their  mi- 
litary ardour  had  already  evaporated.  The  first 
iinpnisc  of  passion,  and  the  novelty  of  the  scene, 
had  brought  many  to  the  field,  who  had  great  ob- 
jections ag;iinst  continuing  in  the  military  line.^ 
They  found,  that  to  be  .soldiers,  required  sacrifices, 
of  which,  when  they  assumed  thai  character,  they 
had  no  idea.  So  unacquainted  were  the  bulk  of  the 
people  with  the  mode  of  carrying  on  modern  war, 
that  some  of  them  flew  to  arms,  with  the  delusive 
expectation  of  settling  the  whole  dispute,  by  a  few 
decisive  and  iinmediale engagements.  Kxperience 
soon  taught  llieni,  that  to  risk  life  in  open  fighting 
was  but  a  part  of  a  .soldier's  duly.  .Several  of  the 
inferior  ollicers  retired;  the  men  frequently  refused 
lo  eiihst,  unless  they  were  allowed  to  clioo-  •  llieir 
ollicers.  Others  would  nol  engage  unle. ..  they 
were  indulged  with  furloughs.  Fifty  would  apply 
together  for  leave  of  absence;  indulgence  threaten- 
ed less  ruinous  consequences  than  a  refusal  woiibl 
probably  have  produced.  On  the  whole,  enlisl- 
incnts  went  on  slowly.  Though  the  recruits  foi 
the  new  army  had  not  arrived  ;  yet,  the  Connec 
ticiil  lroo|)s,  w  hose  lime  expired  on  the  first  of  Do. 
ceinbei  cuiild  not  be  peisiiaded  to  continue  in  ser 
vice.  On  their  way  home,  several  of  them  wert 
stopped  by  the  country  people,  and  compelled  to 
return.  When  every  thing  seemed  to  be  exposed, 
by  the  departure  of  so  great  a  part  of  the  late 
army,  the  militia  were  called  on  for  a  temporaiy 
aid.  Anew  dilliciilly  obstructed,  as  well  the  ric- 
cruiting  of  Ihe  army,  as  the  coming  in  of  the  mill 
lia.  Sundry  persons,  infected  with  the  small-pox, 
were  sent  out  of  Boston  and  landed  at  I'oiiit  Shir- 
ley. Such  was  the  dread  of  that  disease,  that  llie 
lliilish  army  scarcely  excited  eipial  lerror.  So 
III  my  (liliicullies  lelarded  the  recruiting  service, 
t'lat  on  the  last  d;iy  of  the  year,  177.'),  the  whole 
.Vmerican  army  aiiioiinled  t'o  no  more  ihaii  >)().'i() 
men,  <.)f  the  remarkable  events,  with  which  the 
subsequent  important  year  was  replei",  it  was  not 
Ihe  least,  that,  within  inuskel  shot  of  wenly  liri- 
tisli regiments,  one  army  was  disbanded  ami  ano- 
ther enlisted. 

.\ll  this  lime  the  Hritish  troops  at  Hoslon  were 
siiHering  ilic  iiicoiuenience  ofa  blockade.  From 
the  I'.lih  of  .April,  they  were  cut  olf  from  those 
refreshmenis  which  iheirsilnation  reipiired.  Their 
supplies  from  Itrilain  did  not  reach  the  coast,  for 
a  long  time  after  Ihey  were  expected.  Several  wero 
lakeii  by  the  .American  cruisers,  and  others  were 
lost  at  sea.  This  was  in  particular  the  fate  ol 
many  of  their  coal  ships.  'I'he  want  of  fuel  was 
particularly  fell,  in  a  climate  where  Ihe  winter  Is 
both  severe  and  tedious.  They  relieved  them- 
selves, in  part,  from  their  sulferings  on  this  ac- 
count, by  the  timber  of  houses,  which  they  piilleil 
down  and  bnriil.  Vessels  were  despatched  to  the 
West  Indies  lo  procure  provisions  :  but  the  islands 
were  so  striiicned,  that  they  could  alloid  lilile  as- 
sisiance.  .Armed  ships  and  transports  were  order- 
ed totieorgia,  with  an  iiilent  to  procure  rice  ;  bin 
the  people  of  that  province,  with  Ihe  aid  ofa  party 
fioiii  South  Carolina,  so  piVectually  op|  isedllicni, 
that  of  eleven  vessels,  only  (wo  got  olVsafc  witb 


■ 


so-J 


THE    HISTORY   OF 


ii        I 


their  cai  goeR.  It  was  not  till  the  slock  of  the  gar- 
nsun  WHS  nearly  exhniisied,  that  the  iriiiis|)urts 
Iroin  Kiighind  intered  the  port ul' Boston,  and  re- 
lieved the  distiessesof  the  iiarrison. 

While  the  Iruops  within  the  lines  were  appre- 
hensive ol'suDeiing  from  waul  of  provisions,  the 
troops  without  were  equally  uneasy  lor  want  of 
einpioynient.  Used  to  labour  and  motion  on  their 
farms,  ihey  could  not  brook  the  inactivity  and  con- 
finement of  n  camp  life.  F'iery  spirits  declaimed 
in  favour  of  an  assault.  'J'hey  preferred  a  bold 
spirit  of  enterprise,  to  that  passive  fortitude, 
which  hears  up  under  present  evils,  while  it  waits 
fur  fivourable  junctures.  To  be  in  readiness  for 
nn  allempi  of  this  kind,  a  council  of  war  recom- 
mended to  call  in  7^8U  mililin  men,  from  New 
Hampshire  or  Connecticut.  This  number,  added 
to  the  regular  army  before  Koslon,  would  have 
made  an  operaliniimrce  of  about  17,0U0racn. 

The  provincials  laboured  under  great  inconve- 
niences from  the  want  of  arms  and  anununition.^ 
Very  early  in  the  contest,  the  king  of  (ireat  I5ri- 
lain,  by  proclamation,  forbade  the  exportation  of 
warlike  stores  to  the  colonies,  (ireat  exeriinns 
had  been  made  to  manufacture  saltpetre  and  gun- 
powder :  Imt  liie  supply  was  slow  and  inadequate. 
A  secret  committee  of  Congress  had  been  appoint- 
ed, with  ample  power  to  lay  in  a  stock  of  this  ne- 
cessary article.  Some  swift  sailing  vessels  had 
been  despatched  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  topurcliase 
what  conlil  be  procured  in  that  distant  region.  A 
|)arly  from  Charleston  forcibly  took  about  17,0IIU 
lbs.  of  powder,  from  a  vessel  near  the  bar  of  .St. 
Augustine.  Some  time  after,  (Commodore  Hop- 
kins stri|)|)ed  Providence,  one  of  the  Itahama  is- 
lands, of  a  quantity  of  aitillery  and  stores;  but 
the  whole,  procured  from  all  these  quarters,  was 
far  short  of  a  suflicicncy.  In  order  to  supply  the 
new  ainiy  before  Koston,  with  the  necessary  means 
of  iSsf^nce,  an  application  was  made  to  Massachu- 
setts for  aims:  but,  on  examination,  it  was  found 
that  their  public  stores  alTurded  only  200.  Orders 
were  issued  to  purchase  firelocks  from  private  per- 
sons: but  lew  had  any  to  sell,  and  fewer  would 
part  with  them.  In  the  month  of  Febrr.ary,  there 
were  2000  of  the  American  infantry,  who  were 
destitute  of  arms.  Powder  was  equally  scarce, 
and  yet  daily  applications  were  made  for  dividends 
of  Ihesmall  <|uanliiy  which  was  .>ii  hand,  fur  the 
defence  of  various  parts  threatened  with  invasion. 
The  eastern  colonies  presented  an  unusual  sight. 
A  powerful  enemy  safely  entrenched  in  their  first 
city,  while  a  fleet  was  ready  to  Irnnspoit  tlieni  to 
any  part  of  the  coast.  A  numerous  liody  of  hus- 
bandmen was  resolutely  bent  on  opposition  ;  but 
without  the  necessary  arms  and  ammunition  for 
self-defence.  The  eyesof  all  were  fixed  on  (iene- 
ral  Washington  ;  and  it  was  unreasonably  expect- 
ed, that  he  would,  by  a  bold  exertion,  free  the 
town  of  Uoslon  from  the  British  troops.  The 
dangerous  situation  of  public  allairs  led  him  to 
conceal  the  real  scarcity  of  arms  and  amnumilion  ; 
and,  with  that  magnanimiiy  which  is  characleiis- 
tic  of  great  minds,  to  sufl'er  his  character  to  be 
assailed,  rather  than  vindicate  himself,  by  expo- 
sing his  many  wants.  There  were  not  wanting 
persons,  who,  judging  from  the  superior  nuniliers 
of  men  in  the  American  army,  boldly  asserted, 
that,  if  the  commander  in  chief  were  not  desirous 
of  prolonging  his  importance  at  the  head  of  an 
aimy,  he  might,  by  a  vigorous  exertion,  gain  pos- 
session of  Boston.  Such  suggestions  weie  report- 
ed and  believed  by  several,  while  they  were  un- 
contradicted by  the  general,  who  chose  to  risk  his 
fame,  lalher  than  expose  his  army  and  his  country. 

Agreeably  to  the  request  of  the  council  of 
war,  about  7000  of  the  militia  had  rendezvoused 
in  February,  (ieneral  Washington  stated  to  his 
oHicers,  that  the  troops  in  camp,  together  with 
the  reinforcements  which  had  been  called  for, 
iind  were  daily  coining  in,  would  amount  nearl" 
to  17,000  men;  that  he  had  not  powder  8uKi«  i  -it 
for  a  bombardment  ;  and  asked  their  ;  -e. 
wiiether,  as  reinforcements  might  be  daily  ex- 
pected to  the  enemy,  it  would  not  be  prudent 
betore  that  event  took  place,   to  make  au  assault 


on  the  British  lines.  The  proposition  was  nega- 
tived :  but  it  was  recommended  to  take  possession 
of  Dorchester  heights.  To  com'eal  this  design, 
and  to  divert  the  attention  of  the  garrison,  a  bom- 
bardment of  the  town  from  other  directions  com- 
menced, and  was  carried  on  for  three  days,  with 
as  nmch  briskness  as  a  deficient  slock  of  powder 
would  admit.  In  this  first  essay,  three  of  ihe 
mortars  were  broken,  either  from  a  defect  in  Ihelr 
construction,  or,  more  probably,  from  ignorance 
of  the  proper  mode  of  using  them. 

The  night  of  the  '1th  of  iMarch  was  fixed  upon 
for  taking  possession  of  Dorchester  heights.  A 
covering  paily  of  about  SUO  men  led  the  way. 
These  were  Ibllowed  by  the  carts,  with  the  in- 
trenching tools,  1200  of  a  working  parly,  com- 
manded by  (ieneral  Thomas.  In  the  rear,  there 
were  more  than  two  hundred  carts,  loaded  with 
fascines,  and  hay  in  bundles.  While  the  cannon 
were  playiiig  in  other  pins,  the  greatest  silence 
was  kept  by  this  working  party.  The  active  zeal- 
of  the  industrious  provincials  completed  lines  of 
defence,  by  moriiing,  which  astonished  the  garri- 
son. The  diU'eieiice  between  Dorchester  heights 
on  the  evening  of  the  lilt,  and  the  iiiorning  of  the 
ijth,  seemed  to  realize  the  tales  of  romance.  The 
adiuiral  inlormed  (ieneral  Howe,  that  if  the  Ame- 
ricans kept  possession  of  these  heights,  he  would 
not  be  able  to  keep  one  of  his  niiijesty's  ships  in 
the  harbour.  It  was  tlieieloie  determined  in  a 
council  of  war,  to  attempt  to  dislodge  them.  An 
engagement  was  hourly  expected.  It  was  intend- 
ed by  (ieneral  Wasliiogtoii,  in  that  case,  to  force 
his  way  into  Boston  witli  JOOO  men,  who  were  to 
have  einbaikcd  at  the  mouth  of  Cambridge  river. 
The  militia  had  come  l'orv.ard  with  great  alertness 
each  bringing  three  days'  provision,  in  expecta- 
tion of  an  imniediute  assault.  The  lueii  were  in 
high  spiiits,  and  impatiently  wailing  fui  the  appeal. 

They   were  reminded,    that    it  was  the  ;Jih  of 
March,  and  were  called  upon  to  avenge  the  death 
of  their  counlrymcn  killed  on  that  day.     The  many 
eminences  in  and    near  Boston,  which  oveiliioked 
the  ground  on  which  it  wasexpecled  mat  the  con- 
tending parlies  would  engage,  were  crowded  with 
numerous  spectators ;  but  (ieneral  Howe  did  not 
intend  to  attack  until  the  next  day.     In  the  night, 
a    most  violent  .stoim,  and,    towards   morning,   a 
heavy   flood  of  rain,  came    on.     A    carnage   was 
thus  providentially  prcveiileil,  that  would  probably  j 
have  equalled,  if  not  exceeded,  the  fatal   17lli  of  ' 
June  at  Bunker's  Hill.     In  this  siiiialion,  ii  was  | 
agreed  by  the  British,  in  council  of  war,  to  evacu- 
ate the  town  as  soiiii  as  possible. 

In  a  few  days  al'ier,  a  flag  came  out  of  Boston, 
with  a  paper  signcil  by  four  selectmen,  iiil'oriniiig, 
"  thai  liiey  hail  applied  to  (ieneral  Koberlson,  who, 
on  anapplicalion  to  (ieiieial  Howe,  was  authoris- 
ed to  assure  them,  lliiit  he  had  no  intention  of 
burning  the  town,  unless  the  troops  under  his 
ciiiiiinauil  were  inolesled,  during  their  embaira- 
lion,  or  al  their  (leparliire,  by  the  armeil  foire  with- 
out." When  this  paper  was  presented  to  (ieneral 
Wasliingloii,  he  replied,  '•  that  as  it  was  an  iiiiau- 
tlienticaled  paper,  and  without  an  address,  anil  not 
obligatory  on  (ieneral  Howe,  he  could  lake  no  no- 
tice of  it  ;"  bill  at  the  same  lime  intimated  his  good 
wishes  forllie  security  ol  the  town. 

A  proclamaiion  was  issued  by  (ieneral  Howe, 
ordering  all  woollen  and  linen  goods  to  be  deliver- 
ed to  (.'lean  Brush,  Ksq.  .'^hopswere  opened  and 
stripped  of  their  goods.  .\  licentious  plundering 
took  place.  Aluch  was  carried  oil',  and  un'rc  v.ii:; 
wantonly  destroyed.  These  iriegularilies  were 
forbidden  in  orders,  and  the  guilly  thieatened  with 
death;  but,  nevertheless,  greatmischief  was  com- 
mitted. 

The  British,  amounting  lo  more  than  7000  men 
evacuated  Boston,  March  17th,  177() ;  leaving 
their  barracks  staniling;  a  number  of  pieces  of 
cannon  spiked  ;  four  larije  iron  sea  mortars  ;  anil 
stores  to  the  value  of  liO.OOO/.  They  demolished 
the  castle,  and  knocked  off  the  triinions  of  the 
cannon.  Various  incidenls  caused  a  delay  of  nine 
days  alter  the  evacuation,  before  they  left  Nan- 
taskel road. 


This  embarcalion  was  attended  with  many  cir 
ciimstances  of  distress  and  embarrassment.  On 
Ihe  departure  of  the  royal  army  from  Boston,  a 
great  number  of  the  inhabitants,  attached  lo  their 
suvereign,  and  afraid  of  public  resentment,  chose 
lo  abandon  their  country.  I<  roin  the  great  iimlti- 
lude  about  to  depart,  there  was  no  possibility  of 
procuring  purchasers  for  their  furniture  ;  neither 
was  there  a  suflicicncy  of  vessels  for  its  conve- 
nient transportation.  Mutual  jealousy  subsisted 
between  Ihe  army  and  navy  :  each  cliaiging  llio 
other  as  the  cause  of  their  eoinmon  di.s..ess.  The 
army  was  full  of  disconient.  Reinforcements, 
though  long  promised, had  not  arrived.  Bol  li  oDicers 
and  soldiers,  thought  themselves  negleclrd.  Five 
months  had  elapsed  since  ihey  had  recv  ived  any 
advice  of  their  destination.  Wants  and  inconve- 
niences increased  their  ill  linmonr.  Their  intend- 
ed voyage  to  Halifax  subjected  theni  to  great  dan- 
gers. The  coast  at  all  limes  hazardous,  was 
imminenlly  so  at  that  tempesiuoiise(|iiiiioctial  sea- 
son. They  had  reason  to  fear,  that  ihey  would 
be  blown  off  to  the  West  Indies,  and  without  a 
sulhcient  stock  of  provisions.  They  were  also 
going  to  a  barren  coiinlry.  To  add  to  their  dilfi- 
eiillies,  ihis  dangerous  voyage,  when  completed, 
was  directly  so  much  out  of  their  way.  Their 
business  lay  to  thesoiilhwaril;  and  they  were  going 
northward.  Under  all  these  dilliciillies,  and  will) 
all  these  gloomy  propect,  the  fleet  steered  for 
Halifax.  Contrary  to  appearances,  ihe  voyage 
thither  was  both  slioit  and  prosperous.  They  re- 
mained there  si  ,iie  lime,  wailiiu;  lor  rcinloicC' 
inenis  and  instructions  from  Fiiglanil. 

When  the  royal  fleet  and  army  departed  from 
Boston,  several  ships  were  left  liehind,  fin  ihe 
protection  of  vessels  coming  fioiii  Knglaiid  ;  but 
the  American  privateers  were  so  alert,  that  ihey 
nevertheless  made  many  prizes.  Some  of  ihe 
vessels  whichthey  captured,  were  laden  wiili  arms 
and  warlike  stores.  .Siime  transports,  wiili  troops 
on  board,  were  also  taken.  Tlie«e  had  inn  into 
the  harbour,  not  knowing  that  the  place  was  evacu- 
ated. The  boats  employed  in  Ihe  embarkation  of 
the  British  troops,  hail  scarce  completed  their  bu 
siiiess,  when  (ieneral  Washinulon,  with  his  army, 
inarched  into  Boston,  He  was  received  wiili 
inaiks  of  approbation  more  llatteiing  than  the 
pomps  of  a  triumph.  The  iiihabiianls.  released 
from  the  severities  of  a  garrison  life,  and  from  tlio 
various  indignities  to  which  they  were  subjected, 
hailed  him  as  their  deliverer.  The  evacuation  of 
Boston  had  been  previously  deiermined  upon,  by 
the  British  ininisiiy,  from  prim  iples  of  political 
expediency.  Being  resolved  tocairy  mi  the  war, 
for  purposes  alVecling  all  the  coloniirs,  ttiey  con- 
ceived a  ceiiliat  posiiioii  to  be  pict'erabli!  lo  Bos- 
ton. Policy  of  this  kind  had  iiiiluced  the  adoption 
of  the  measure;  but  the  American  works  on  Kox- 
bury  expedited  its  execution 


ClIAPTKR  .\ll. 

Tlie  I'rnppcdinps  of  Pnrliiirneiit,  niriiinst  ihr,  ('oloiiies 
1775-1);  (>|>eniliuiis  ill  fiuiilh  (Jaroliini,  Ni^w  I'ork,  niid 
New  Jcr(»ty. 

TiiK  operations,  carried  nn  aeainst  the  united 
colonies,  in  the  year  I77."),  were  adapted  lo  cases 
of  criminal  combination,  among  subjects  not  in 
arms.  The  military  arrangements  for  that  year, 
were  therefore  made  on  the  idea  of  a  trilling  addi- 
tion lo  a  peace  eslablishmenl.  It  was  either  not 
known,  that  a  majority  of  the  .\ineiicans  had  de- 
teimined  to  resist  the  power  of  (ireat  Britain, 
rather  than  submit  to  the  coercive  laws,  or  it  was 
not  believed  that  they  had  spirit  suDicient  to  act 
in  conformity  lotliat  determination.  'I'he  propen- 
sity in  human  nature,  lo  believe  thai  to  he  true, 
which  is  wished  to  be  so.  had  deceived  ihe  royal 
servants  in  Ameiica,  and  Ihe  British  ministry  in 
Kngland,  so  for  as  to  induce  their  general  belief, 
that  a  determined  spirit  on  the  part  of  guvein- 
menl,  and  a  few  thousand  troops  lo  support  tlvit 
dotermination,  would  easily  compose  the  troubles 


NORTH    AMERICA 


897 


rided  willi  niiiny  cir 
PiiibiirnissMieiii.  On 
mi)'  lidin  Huston,  a 
iilii,  Hituclied  1(1  theic 
ie  reseiilineiii,  eliiise 
roiii  ilic  gioiii  imilii- 
vi\»  iiu  |>u9Hibilily  of 
r  I'lirtiiUirc  ;  nciiher 
I'ssels  iiir  its  oorive- 
1  JL'iildiisy  xiilisiHied 
:  eauli  clniminn  t|,o 
iniiiiin  (li.s,.t-.sM.  'I'lie 
I.  Rfiiilorct'riu'iits, 
•irivcd.  HiMliollicfr!) 
Insiii'ijleuied.  Kjve 
•y  W.ui  rei\ived  iiny 
W;iiilH  iiiid  iiitonve- 
icinr.  'J'lieiiiiiti'iid- 
dthciii  to  grciii  iliiii- 
11"*  hii/.;ii(loiis,  was 
MiiiMP(|nin(iriiiil  sen- 
!ir,  lli!it  ilipy  noiild 
dies,  and  wiilioiil  a 
I.  Tliry  were  iiUo 
I'o  iiild  to  their  dilFi- 
".  when  foin|)leled, 
their  way.  'I'heir 
and  ihey  weregoinL' 
hlliiiihies,  and  wiili 
le  lleet  steered  (oi 
ranees,  the  voyaije 
is|ieroiis.  'I'hey  rc- 
iiini;  lor  icinloice 
In^land. 

riny  (h-parted  from 
left  hehiiid,  lot  the 
loni  Kiijilanil ;  biK 
'  so  alert,  that  ihey 
/.es.  .Some  of  the 
ere  laih>ii  with  arms 
is|)orts,  with  lroo|is 
i'hese  had  inn  Into 
he  plaee  wasevaeii- 
Ihe  embarkation  of 
;oin|deted  their  bii 
Ion.  with  his  arniv, 
■iis  received  wiih 
iilteiing  tlian  thu 
habitanis,  releaseii 

I  hie,  and  iVoni  the 
ey  were  sniijeeled, 
'I'lieevaeualioii  of 
lermined  upon,  by 

II  i|iles  of  iioliliial 
)  eairy  on  the  w.ir, 
:olonies,  they  eoii- 
|iielerabli!  to  lios- 
Inced  the  adii|iiion 
can  works  on  Rox- 


;nitisl   ilie   l'iibuiii<ii 
)liim,  New   fork,  niiij 


mainst  the  united 
idapled  to  canes 
X  siibjeels  not  in 
nis  for  that  year, 
I  of  a  trilliiii;  a(hh- 
It  was  either  nut 
inericaiis  liad  de- 
of  (Jreat  Itrilain. 
vc  laws,  or  it  wm 
t  snflirient  lo  acl 
on.  'I'he  prnpen- 
e  that  to  bo  true, 
eceived  the  royal 
Iritish  ministry  In 
ir  uenerai  belief, 
pan  of  uuvein- 
s  to  support  llvil 
ijiuso  llio  Iroiiblca 


in  Americ.i.  Their  military  operations,  in  the 
^oar  177;'),  were  iherefoie  calculated  on  the  small 
kcale  of. slren<;theiiiii^tlie  civil  powei.and  not  on  the 
laii^e  one  of  leslsting  an  uri;ani/.eil  army.  Though 
it  hid  been  declared  by  parliament  In  February, 
177<'i,  that  a  rebellion  existed  in  iMassachusetls, 
yclitwai'nnt  believed  that  the  colonists  would 
dare  to  abet  their  opposition  by  an  armed  force. 

The  resistance  made  by  the  militia  at  Lexing- 
tun,tlic  consequent  military  arrangements  adopted, 
liriit  by  Massachusetts,  and  afterwards  by  Oungress, 
together  with  the  defence  of  Hunker's  hill,  all  con- 
spired to  prove  (hat  the  Americans  were  far  from 
being  cnniemptible  adversaries.  The  nation,  linil- 
liig  itself,  by  a  fatal  progression  of  the  unhappy 
dispute.  Involved  in  u  civil  war,  was  roused  to  re- 
collecliiin.  'J'lioiigh  several  corporate  bodies,  and 
snniliy  distinguished  individuals  in  (ireat  iirilain 
were  opposed  lo  coercive  measures,  yet  there  was 
a  majority  for  proceeding,  'i'he  pride  of  the  n.'ition 
was  iiileic-.ie(l  in  liiimbhng  the  colonists,  who  had 
dared  lo  risist  the  power  which  had  lately  triiimpli- 
ed  over  I  he  comltiiied  force  of  France  and  Spain. 
The  prospect  of  IVeeing  their  own  estates  from  a 
pari  ol  Ihe  heavy  taxes  char^ed  therec:n,  induced 
niimlieis  of  the  landed  gentlemen  in  (treat  Itritain 
to  support  the  same  measures.  They  conceived 
the  coercion  ol'the  colonies  to  be  the  most  direct 
mode  of  securing  their  contiiliution  towards  sink- 
ing the  national  debt,  liilluenced  by  these  opl- 
iiiiins,  Ihey  not  only  justified  the  adoption  of  rigor- 
ous measures,  but  cheerfully  consented  to  present 
ailililional  t.ixes,  with  the  same  spirit  which  indu- 
ces llii:;ants  in  private  life,  to  advance  money  for 
forwardimi  a  lawsuit,  from  the  termiiialion  ofwiiicli 
great  prolits  are  expec  led. 

Lord  .North,  llie  prime  minister  of  Knglaiid.  (inil- 
iiig  hiinself  supported  by  so  iininy  powerful  iiite- 
resls,  was  encouraged  to  proceed,  lie  had  already 
buiidned  a  powerful  party  in  the  city  of  Loudon, 
anil  trinmpheil  over  the  Kast  India  company.  The 
Riiliinissioii  of  the  colonies  was  only  wanting  to 
conijileie  ilie  glory  of  his  administration.  Previ- 
ous success  emlKildeiied  him  to  attempt  the  ardu- 
ous business.  He  llattered  himself,  that  the  ac- 
complislimenl  of  it  woulil  not  only  restore  peace  to 
the  empire,  bill  give  a  btilllancy  to  his  name,  far 
exceeding  that  ofanvofhis  predecessors. 

l^ncli  was  the  temper  of  a  great  part  i<(  the  na- 
tion,and  such  the  aiiiiiitioiis  views  of  its  prime  iiiin- 
isler  ;  ivlieii  the  parliament  was  convened,  on  the 
"illliof  October,  177-">.  in  the  speech  from  the 
ilirone.  great  complaints  were  made  of  the  leaders 
in  tlierolonies,  who  were  said,  by  their  misrepre- 
iientalions,  to  have  infused  into  the  minds  of  the 
dr  hided  miiltil  tide,  opinioas  repugnant  to  their  con- 
slitiilional  subordination;  ami  afterwards  to  have 
proceeded  to  the  coniiiiencenientofhostilities.  anil 
the  usurpation  of  the  whole  powers  of  government, 
ills  majesty  ilso  charged  his  subjects  in  America, 
with  "  meaning  only  to  amuse,  by  vague  expres- 
sions of  attaelimenl  to  the  parent  state,  while  ihey 
were  preparing  for  a  general  revolt."  And  he 
farther  asserted,  •'  that  the  rebellious  war  now 
levieil  by  them  was  become  more  general,  and 
manifestly  carried  on  for  the  puipose  of  establish- 
ing an  mdepenilent  empire  ;  and  that  it  had  be- 
come the  part  of  wisdom,  and,  in  its  ell'ects,  of 
clemency,  to  put  a  speedy  end  to  these  disoiders, 
by  the  most  decisiviM'xerlions." 

Informalion  was  also  given,  tliat  "  the  most 
friendly  oilers  of  foreign  assistance  had  been  re- 
ceived ;  and  that  his  majesty's  electoral  troops 
were  sent  to  the  garrison  of  (iibraltar,  and  I'ort 
Malum,  in  order  that  a  large  number  of  the  estab- 
lished I'erces  of  the  kingdom  might  be  applied  to 
themaintenaiicp  of  its  aulhority."  The  severity 
of  these  assertions  was  mitigaicd  by  the  declaration, 
"  that  when  the  imliappy  and  deluded  multitude, 
dgainsl  whom  this  force  should  bcdiiecled,  would 
become  sensible  ofthcir  error.  Ills  majesty  would 
be  ready  to  receive  the  misled  with  tenderness  and 
mercy  ;"  and  "  that  to  prevent  inconveniences,  he 
Blionid  give  authority  to  certain  persons  on  the 
«|iot,  to  grant  general  or  patticulur  pardons  and 
indemnities  to  such  an  sliuuld  be'iisposcd  turtiturn 


to  their  allegiaoce."     The  sentiments  expressed    obliged  to  serve  as  »  citi/.en;  and  that  compelling 


in  this  speech,  and  the  heavy  charges  therein  laid  ' 
against  the  colonista,  were  re-echoed  in  addresses 
to  the  king  from  both  houses  of  parliament,  but  not 
without  a  spirited  protest  in  the  house  of  lords. 
In  this,  nineteen  dissenting  members  asserted  the 
American  war  to  be  "  unjust  and  impolitic  in  its 
principles,  and  fatal  in  its  consei|uences."  They 
also  declared,  that  they  coiilil  not  consent  to  an 
address,  "which  might  deceive  his  majesty  and 
the  public  into  a  belief  of  the  conlidence  of  their 
house  in  the  present  lllinl^.lers,  who  had  disgraced 
parliament;  deceived  the  nation;  lost  the  colo- 
nies; and  involved  them  in  a  civil  war  against 
their  clearest  interests,  and,  upon  the  most  un- 
jiistill.ible  grounds,  wanlonly  spilling  the  blood 
of  tlioiisanils  of  their  fellow  subjects." 

The  sanction  of  parliament  being  obtained  forn 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  Ameiicaii  war,  esti- 
mates for  ihe  public  service  wereagreeil  to,  on  the 
idea  of  operating  ag.iinst  the  colonies,  as  an  hos- 
tile armid  foreign  power.  To  this  end,  it  was 
voted  to  employ  :iS,()0()  seamen,  and  .'>.J,UUU  land 
forces  ;  and  anthoriiy  ivas  given  lo  engage  for- 
eign meiceiiaiies.  No  ininisirv  had,  in  any  pre- 
ceding war,  exerted  themselves  iiiore  to  proseiute 
miliiaiy  opeiations  against  alien  enemies,  than  the 
present,  lo  make  the  ensuing  eai.'paign  decisive  of 
the  dispute,  between  the  inotlier  country  and  the 
colonies.  One  legislative  act  was  still  wanting, 
to  give  full  eliicacy  to  the  intended  prosecution  of 
hostilities.  This  was  brought  into  parliament,  in 
a  bill  interdicting  all  trade  and  intercourse  with 
the  thirteen  united  colonies,  .Nov.  20lh,  177.J.  15y 
it,  all  property  of  Americans,  whether  of  ships  or 
goods  on  the  high  seas,  or  in  harbour,  was  de- 
clared "  to  be  forfeited  to  the  captors,  being  the 
oliicers  and  crews  ol  his  iii.ijesty's  ships  of  war." 
it  farther  enacted,  "  that  the  ii'iasters,  crews  and 
other  persons  found  on  board  captured  .\nierican 
vessels,  should  be  entered  on  board  his  iii:ijesly's 
vessels  of  war,  and  there  considered  to  be  in  ids 
majesty's  service,  lo  all  intents  and  puiposes.  as 
if  lliey  had  entered  of  their  own  accord."  This 
bill  also  authorised  the  crown  to  appoint  commis- 
sioners, who,  over  and  above  granting  pardons  to 
individuals,  were  empowered  to  "  Inipiiie  into 
general  and  particular  grievances,  and  to  deter- 
mine whether  any  col'-';.'y,  or  part  of  a  colony,  had 
returned  to  that  stale  of  obedience,  which  might 
entitle  it  lo  be  received  within  the  king's  peace  and 
protection."  in  that  case,  upon  a  declaration  from 
the  commissioneis,  "ihe  reslrictions  of  the  pro- 
posed law  were  to  cease." 

it  was  said  in  laviiiir  of  this  bill,  "that  as  the 
Americans  were  already  in  a  slate  of  war,  it  became 
necessary  th.it  hosiiliiies  should  be  carried  on 
against  them,  as  was  usual  aijainst  alien  enemies ; 
that  the  more  visjoroiisly  and  extensively  military 
operations  were  prosecuted,  tliesoonerwotild  peace 
and  order  be  restoied  ;  that  as  the  commissioners 
went  out  willi  the  sword  in  one  hand,  and  lernisof 
coiicilialion  in  the  other,  it  was  in  the  power  of 
the  colonists  lo  prevent  the  inlliction  of  any  real 
or  apparent  severities,  in  the  proposed  si  onte." 

In  opposition,  it  was  salil,  ■■  that  liealiiig  tlie 
.Americans  as  a  foreign  nation,  was  chidking  out 
the  way  for  their  independence."  One  meniber 
observed,  that  as  the  liidisiriiuinale  rapine  of  pio- 
petly  amliorised  by  the  bill,  would  oblige  the  colo- 
nists to  coalesce  as  one  man,  its  title  ought  to  be  : 
•'  \  bill  for  carrying  nioie  eirei-Uially  into  execu- 
tion the  resolves  of  Congress."  The  clause,  for 
vesting  the  property  of  the  seizures  in  the  captors, 
was  reprobated  as  tending  to  extinguish  m  the 
breasts  of  seamen  the  principles  of  patriolism  ;  of 
national  pride  and  glory;  and  tosiibsiliute  in  their 
room,  habits  of  cruelty,  of  piracy  and  robbery, 
iiut  of  all  parts  of  this  bill,  none  was  so  severely 
condemneil  as  that  clause,  by  which  persons, 
taken  on  board  the  American  vessels,  were  indis- 
criminately ciimpelled  to  serve  as  common  sailors 
in  Kritish  ships  of  war.  This  was  said  lo  be 
relincment  of  tyranny  worse  than  death."  It  was 
also  said,  '■  that  no  man  could  be  despoiled  of  his 
goods  as  a  foreign  enemy,  r.nd  at  the  same  time 


captives  to  bear  arms,  against  their  families,  kin- 
dred, friends  and  country,  and,  after  being  plunder- 
ed thciiiselvcs,  to  become  accomplices  in  plunder- 
ing their  brethren,  was  unexampled,  except  anionic 
pirates,  the  outlawsandenemiesof  human  society. 
To  all  these  high  charges  the  ministry  replied, 
"  that  the  measure  was  an  act  of  grace  and  favour  ; 
for,"  said  they,  "the  crews  of  Aineiican  vessels, 
instead  of  being  put  to  death,  the  legal  punishment 
of  their  demerits,  us  traitors  and  rebels,  are  by  this 
law  to  be  rated  on  the  king's  books,  and  treated  as 
if  they  were  on  the  same  footing  with  a  great  body 
of  his  most  useful  and  faithful  subjects."  it  was 
also  said,  "  that  their  pay  and  eiiiolunients,  in  the 
service  of  their  lawful  sovereign,  would  be  a  com- 
pensation for  all  scruples  that  might  arise  frr.n  the 
supposed  violation  of  their  principles." 

In  the  progress  of  the  debates  on  this  bill, 
lord  Manslield  declared,  "  that  the  ipiestions  of 
original  right  and  wrong  were  no  longer  to  be 
considered  ;  that  they  were  engaged  in  a  war,  and 
must  use  their  utmost  elVorts  to  obtain  Ihe  ends 
prupose'l  by  il ;  that  they  must  either  fight  or  be 
pnrsiieo  ,  ard  that  tlip  justice  of  ibc  cause  must 
give  way  f  ii.-.  nrcsent  situation."  Perhaiia  no 
speech,  ir  o.-  jutoi';<arliainent,  operated  more  ex- 
tensively on  the  irritate:'  minds  of  the  colonists 
than  this  one. 

The  great  abilities  and  profound  legal  know- 
ledge of  lord  Mansfield,  were  both  known  and  ad- 
mired in  America.  That  this  illustrious  oracle 
of  law  should  declare  from  th'-  .sc.ii  of  legisla- 
tion, "  that  the  justice  of  Ihe  cause  was  no  lon- 
ger to  be  regarded,"  excited  the  astonishment, 
and  cemented  the  union  of  the  colonists.  A 
number  of  lords,  as  usual,  entered  a  spirited  pro- 
test against  the  bill ;  but  it  was  carrieil  by  a  great 
majority  in  both  houses  of  pailiament,  and,  Dec. 
'■il,  177;"),  received  the  royal  assent. 

This  law  arrived  in  the  colonies  in  March,  177G. 
The  ell'ects  resulting  from  it  were  such  as  had 
been  predicted  by  its  opposers.  It  not  only  uni- 
ted the  colonies  in  resisting  tireat  IJritain,  bill 
produced  a  favourable  opinion  of  independence  in 
the  minds  of  thousands,  who  previously  reproba- 
ted that  measure.  It  was  considered  from  New 
Hampshire  to  (irorgia,  as  a  legal  discharge  from 
allegiance  to  their  native  sovereign.  What  was 
wanting  to  produce  a  decided  majority  of  the  par 
ty  for  breaking  olf  all  connexion  with  (Jreat  liri 
tain,  was  speedily  obtained  from  the  irritation  ex- 
cited, by  the  hiring  of  foreign  troops  lo  light  against 
the  colonists.  This  measure  was  nearly  coincident 
with  the  ratification  of  the  prohibitory  law  just 
mentioned  ;  and  intelligence  of  both  arrived  in  the 
colonies  about  the  same  time. 

The  treaties,  which  had  been   lately  concluded 
with  the  landgrave  of  llessc  Cassel,   the  duke  of 
ISrnnswick,    and   the  hereditary  prince    of  tlcsso 
Cassel,  for  hiring  their  troops  lo  the  king  of  (Jrojt 
llritain,  to  be  employed  in  the  .American  service, 
being  laid  before  the  house  of  commons,  a  motion 
was  made  thereon  for  referring  them  to  the  com- 
iiiiti' ;■  of  supply.     This   occasioned  a    very  inte 
resting  debate,  on  tlic  propriety  of  employing  fo 
reign  no  ;is  against   the   .Vuieiicans.     The    mea- 
sure was  supported  on  Ihe    necessity   of  proseeii- 
ting  the  war,  and  the  impraclicabiiily  of  raising  a 
sullicient  numlier  of  domestic  levies.     It  was  also 
urged,    "that    foreign  troops,    inspired   with    Ihe 
military  maxims,  and  ideas  of  implicit  submission, 
would  be  less  apt  lo  be    biased  by  that  false  lenity, 
which  native  soldiers  might  indulge,  at  theexpensc 
of  national  interest."      Il  was  asked  :  "  are  we  to 
sit  still  and  snller  an  unprovoked  rebellion  to  ter 
luinale  in  the  formation  of  an   independent  hostile 
empire  1"     "  Are  we   lo  sull'er  our  colonies,  the 
object  ol  great  national  expense,  and  of  two  bloodv 
wars.  Id  be  lost  for  ever  lo  us;  and  given  away  to 
strangers,   from  a    scruple  of  employing   foreign 
troops  lo  preserve  our   just  rights    over  eoloniei) 
lor  which  we  have  paid  so  dear  a  purchase  1     As 
the  Aiiiei leans,  by  refusing  the  obedience  and  tax- 
es of  subjects,  deny  themselves  lo  bea  part  of  the 
i3ritish  eiii[iiie,  and   make  themselves  foieigners. 


I 

i 

i 
! 

\ 

k 


S08 

Ihey  cannot  co:ii|«  am  tlmt  foreigners  wtis  employed 
against  them." 

On  tlie  other  side,  the  measure  w.is  seveiely 
condemned.  The  neeessliy  ciCthc  war  ivas  deni- 
ed, and  the  nation  was  represented  as  (hsi>rai'eil 
by  anplyin;;  to  llie  petty  prinees  oC  (ierm any,  lor 
sni'coiir  aijainst  her  own  rehi'lhons  sniijeils.  Tlie 
teinleney  of  the  exatnple,  to  indnee  the  Aiin'ricans 
to  I'orin  alliatiees  with  lorei};n  powers,  was  strong 
ly  urged.  It  was  naid,  "  hitherto  the  eolonists 
Iiave  ventured  to  cominil  themselves  singly  in 
this  ardnoiis  contest,  without  having  reeonrse  to 
foreign  aid ;  but  it  is  not  to  be  doubled,  that  in 
fnturc  they  will  think  tlicmselves  fully  jintified, 
Loth  by  our  example,  and  the  laws  ol  selfpre- 
scrvatinn,  to  engage  foreigners  to  assist  them  in 
opposing  tliose  inereemiries,  whom  we  are  about 
to  transport  for  their  destruction.  Nor  is  it  doubt- 
ful, thai  in  case  of  their  application,  Kuropean 
powers  ofa  rank  farsuperior  to  that  of  those  petty 
princes  to  »liom  we  have  so  abjectly  sued  for  aid, 
will  consider  l!ieinselves  to  be  eipiully  entitled  to 
interfere  in  the  quarrel  between  us  and  our  culo- 
tiies." 

The  supposition  of  the  Americans,  receiving  aid 
from  France  or  Spain,  was,  on  this  and  seveial 
other  occasions,  ridiculed,  on  the  idea  that  these 
powers  would  not  dare  to  set  to  their  own  colonies 
the  dangerous  example  of  encnnraning  those  of 
(iteat  ISrilaiii,  in  opposing tlieir  soveicign.  It  was 
alsosuppiised,  that  they  would  be  ini1n>'nced  by 
consideralionsof  fntnie  danuer  to  their  Ann'riran 
possensions.  In  he  esiablislinient  of  an  iinlepen- 
denl  empire  in  their  vicinity. 

In  this  session  of  parliament,  between  llie  SOth 
ofOctober,  177'),  and  the  '2:id  of  May  I77(!,  the 
ultimate  plan  for  reducing  the  colonies  was  com- 
pleiely  fixeil.  The  .\niericans  were  declared  out 
of  the  royal  prole(  lion  ;  and  10,001)  foreign  mer- 
cenaries employed  by  national  auiliority,  to  ell'ect 
their  snbjnsation.  These  measures  induced  (.'oii- 
press,  in  the  lollowing  summer,  to  declare  them- 
selves iiidepeinlent.  and  to  seek  lor  foieis;!!  aid  : 
events  which  shall  be  licreal'ier  tiioie  I'lilly  ex- 
pl.iine<l. 

I'arliainentary  sanction,  for  carrying  on  the  war 
agiinst  the  c(diinists,  as  against  alien  enemies, 
being  obtained,  it  became  necessary  to  fix  on  a 
commander  of  the  royal  forces  to  be  employeil  on 
this  occasion.  This,  as  a  matter  olriulil,  <v;is,  in 
.he  (irst  instance,  ollered  to  (ieneral  t)glel!ioipe, 
the  founder  oft  ieorijia  ;  as  being  the  first  on  the 
list  of  general  oHicers  To  the  surprise  of  the 
niinisler,  that  respeclalile  veteran  readily  accept- 
ed the  command,  on  condition  of  his  beiim  proper- 
ly supported.  A  mimeroiis,  well-appoinleil  army, 
nnd  a  powerful  Heel  were  promised  him  ;  to  which 
lie  replied:  *'  I  will  nndertake  the  business  with- 
out a  man,  or  a  ship  (d' war,  priiviiled  you  will  au- 
thorise ine  to  assure  the  colonists  on  my  arrival 
aiiiongthem,  that  yon  will  do  liieiii  justice."  lie 
added  farther:  "I  know  the  people  of  America 
well,  and  am  satisfied,  that  his  majesty  has  not  in 
any  part  of  hi»di.ii;:;noiis.  more  obedient,  or  more 
loyal  subjects.  Von  may  secure  their  obedience 
by  doing  them  justice :  but  you  will  never  subdue 
them  by  force  of  arms."*  These  opinions,  so  fa- 
vourable 10  the  .Xmeiicans,  proved  (Jeneral  Ogle- 
thorpe to  be  an  improper  person  for  the  purpose 
intended  by  the  British  ministry,  lie  was  there- 
fore passed  over,  nndthe  conimand  given  to  Sir 
William  Howe. 

It  was  resolved  loopen  the  campaign,  with  s  icli 
a  powerful  force,  as  "would  look  down  all  oppi  si- 
lion, and  effectuate  submission  without  bloodsheo," 
and  to  direct  its  operations  to  the  accomphshinent 
of  three  objects.  The  first  was  the  relief  id'  (Jcie  - 
bee,  and  the  recovery  of  Canada:  which  also  in- 
cluded asubsmpient  invasion  of  the  north-western 
frontiers  of  the  adjacent  provinces.  The  second 
was,  a  Strom:  impression  on  soiiie  of  the  southern 
colonies.  The  third  and  principal,  was  to  take 
possession  of  New  Yory,  witii  a  force  snlficienlly 

•  Tl.i^  <uief  Into  WftS  rMinoii.'Oi'iltiMl  tu  tlio  inillior  by 
llt'iifv  Liniruiis,  Es(|.  who  reiM?ivL'U  it  from  general 
Oclctb'iritc.  ; 


THK    HISTORY  OF 


iii*'ViMM«liaHll 


Ipowerl'iil  to   keep   possession  of  lliiilsim's  river, 
land  form  aline  of  cmiiiiiunication  with  the  royal 
'  army  in  Canada,  or  to  ovcrniii  tlieadj.iceol  cniiiitiy. 
The  partial  siicce.ss  ol'lhe  litsi  p:trt  of  this  pbiii, 
has    been,   in    the    prcceilini:   chapter,    explained. 
i'l'lio  excciilioii  ol'lhe  uecdnd  p.irt   was  coinmiileil 
.  to  (iiMieral    ( 'liiiton,  and  sir   IN.'ter    l*.irkrr.      The 
lornicr,  with  a   small  loii^e,  liavlii!;    calleil  at  New 
York,  and  also  visited   in  N'iiginia  lord  Diinmore, 
the  late  royal  governor  of  that  colony,  and  lliiding 
that  nothing  could  be  done  at  either  place,    pro- 
ceeded  to  Cape    Feai    liver.     At   that  place,  he 
issued  a  proclainalion  ironi  on   board  the    Pallas 
transport,  olfering  free  pardon  to  all  such  as  should 
lay  down  their  arms,  excepting  Cornelius  Harnett, 
and  It    '>ert  Howe  :  but  tlie  recent  defeat   of  the 
regulauus  and    Iliglandeis,  restrained  even  their 
li lends  Ironi   paying  any   attention  to   this  act  of 
grace. 

At  Cape  Fear,  a  jiinctimi  was  fio'iued  between 
sir  Henry  Clinton  and  sir  I'eier  I'arker;  the  lat- 
ter of  whom  had  sailed  with  his  sipiadron  directly 
I'rom  Klirope.  They  cmicliiiled  to  altenipt  the 
reduction  of  ('harleslon,  as  being,  of  all  places 
uiihiii  the  line  of  their  iiistiiictioiis,  the  olijects  at 
which  they  could  stiike,  with  the  greatest  pros- 
pect of  advantage.  Tliey  hail  2,KI)()  land  forces, 
which,  they  hoped,  with  the  co-operation  of  their 
shipping,  would  be  fully  siilficlent. 

For  some  months  past,  every  exertion  hail  been 
made  to  put  the  colony  of  .South  ('arolliia,  and 
especially  its  capital,  (,'harlestini,  in  a  respeiMalile 
posture  of  ilefence.  Ill  subserviency  to  this  view, 
works  had  been  creeled  on  .Sullivan's  Island,  which 
li  sitnateil  so  near  the  cli  iiiiicl  leading  up  to  the 
I  town,  as  to  be  a  i-onveniciit  post  for  annoying  ves- 
jscls  approaching  il. 

On  the  :iNili  of  .lime,  171.'),  sir  I'eter  I'arker  at- 

I tacked  the  fort  on   that    island  wiili  two  llliy  gun 

ships,  the  Ilrisidl  and    Kxperinient ;  four  liigaies, 

J  the  .Vctive,  Alteon,  .Solebay,   and  .Syren,  each  ol 

i  JS  gnus;  the  Sphyiix  of  :iO  gnus,  the  Friendship 

armed  vessel  oi:i:i  guns  :    Kaiiger  sloop  and    riiiiii- 

derbonili,    each    ol    .S    aiiiis.     On    the    foit  were 

iiioiiiikmI  'Mi  cannon,  2l>.  IS  and  II  jioiliiders,     Tli(> 

attack  commeiiced   lieiHeen  ten  and  eleven  in  the 

loreniioo,   anil  was   conilniied    liir  iipH'ards   often 

I  lioiM's.     Till*  uarrisoii,   coiislsiiiig  ol'  If,  '«    'egnlars 

and  a  lew  militia    iiinler  the  coniniand   of  Colonel 

!  .NIoiillrie,   made    a   most    gall. nil   ilelencc.      'I'liey 

j  lireil  dehbeialely  ;  for  the  most  pnil  took  aim,  and 

1  seldom  missed  their  oliject.      The  ships  were  torn 

almost  to  pieces:   and  the  killed  and   wounded  on 

j  boaid  exceeded   'Jllll  men.      The   loss  ol'  the   gar- 

I  risoii  was  only  'en    men   killed,  and  Ijri    wounded. 

I  The  toil,  beiii<;  oiiilt  of  palmelto,  was  little  daiiia- 

i  geil.     The  shot  hIiicIi  struck  it  were  iiielfectually 

I  burled  in  its  suit  wood. 

I  Ceneral  Clin'oii,  hail,  some  time  before  the  eu- 
'gagemenl,  landed  null  a  niimber of  troopson  Long 
I  Island:  and  it  was  expected  that  he  would  have 
cooperated  with  Sir  I'cler  I'arker,  by  crossing 
I  over  the  narrow  passage,  which  divides  the  two 
'islands,  and  attacking  the  lorl  in  its  iinliiiished 
jieai  ;  but  the  extreme  danger,  to  which  he  must 
unavoidably  have  exposed  his  men,  iiiilllced  him 
tu  decline  llie  periliiils  atlempl. 

Colonel   'I'hompson,  with  7  or  SOO  men,   was 

stationed  at  the  east  end  of  Sullivan's  idand,  tu 

oppose   their  crossing.      No  serious  attempt  was 

made  to  I  iiid,  either  from  the  lleet,  or  lliedetai; 

iiieni  commanded  by  sir  Henry  t'liiiton.     The  lir- 

iiii;  ceased  in    the  evening,  and   the  ships  slipped 

tlieir  cables.      Ilel'ore  miirnini;,    they    had    retired 

I  about  two    miles  from  the  island.     Witliiii   a  lew 

'days  more,  the  troops  re-embarked,  and  the  whole 

j  sailed  fur  .New    York.      The   thanks  of  Conaress 

I  were  given  to  (ieiierid  ijce,  who  hail  been  sent  on 

;  by  ('ongressto  take  the  coiimiand  in  Carolina  ;  and 

also  to  Colonels  .Moultrie  and  Thompson,  for  their 

good  conduct  on  this  memorable  day.      In  compli- 

iiient  to  the  cominanding  olfieer,  the  fort  was  from 

this  lime  called  Fort  Moultrie. 

During  this  eni;ai;ement.  the  inhabitants  stood 
with  arms  in  llieit  hands,  at  iheli  respective  posts, 
I  prepared  tu  receive  the  enemy  wherever  they  might 


ijMiMiimm 


land ;  impressed  with  high  iileas  of  Mritlsh  progr- 
ess anil  bravery,  they  were  apprehensive  that  the 
I'oit  wiiiild  be  eilhi'i  silenced  or  passed,  and  lliat 
they  slionld  becalird  to  imiiiidlale  action.  'I'liry 
weie  cantoned  in  the  various  liiiidiiii;  places  tie:  r 
('harleslon,  and  llieir  lesohilion  was  fixed  to  niect 
the  invaders  at  the  water's  edae,  and  dispute  eveiy 
inch  of  lii'ound,  tiiisting  the  event    to  heaven. 

liy  the  repulse  of  this  armament,  the  sontheril 
states  oblained  a  respite  from  the  calamities  of 
war,  for  two  years  and  a  half  The  defeat  tliR 
ISritish  met  with  at  Charleston,  seemed  in  hoiiio 
measure  to  coiinterbalanee  the  unfavourable  im- 
pression, made  by  their  subsequent  Biiccesses,  to 
the  northward.  Throiighoiit  tlie  whole  sninmer, 
and  till  the  close  of  the  year.  Congress  had  little 
else  llniii  the  victoty  on  .Sullivan's  island,  to  con- 
sole llieni  under  the  various  evacuations,  retreats, 
and  defeats,  to  which,  as  shall  hereafter  be  related, 
their  armies  were  obliged  to  siibmii,  in  every  other 
partofthe  tiiiion.  The  event  of  the  expedition  con- 
tributed greatly  to  establish  the  cause,  which  it  was 
intended  to  overset.  In  opposition  to  the  bold  asser- 
tions of  some,  and  the  desponding  fears  of  others, 
experience  proved  that  America  iiiighl  ellectiially 
resist  a  Uritish  lleet  and  army.  Those  who,  from 
interested  motives,  abetted  toe  royal  iiovcrnmeiit, 
ashamed  of  their  opposition  to  the  struugles  of  all 
infant  people  for  their  dearest  rights,  letired  into 
obsciiiity. 

'i'lie  etfects  of  this  victory,  in  animating  tho 
.\iiiericaiis,  were  much  greater  than  coulil  be  war- 
ranted by  the  circnmsiaiices  of  the  action.  A<  it 
was  the  first  attack  made  bv  the  British  navy,  it.') 
iinsiiccessfiil  issue  inspired  a  confidence,  which  a 
more  exact  knowledge  of  military  calciilatioiH 
would  have  corrected.  The  circumstance  cf 
its  happening  in  the  early  part  of  the  war,  and  in 
one  of  the  weaker  provinces,  were  happily  in- 
slrilineiital  in  dispelling  the  nlonm  which  over- 
shadowed the  minds  of  many  of  the  colonists,  on 
hearing  of  llie  powerful  llceis  and  niinierons  ar- 
mies whi.'ii  were  coioini:  against  them. 

The  command  of  the  force,  which  was  desii'iieii 
to  operate  ngaiiist  .New  York  in  this  campaign, 
was  uiveii  to  admiral  lord  Howe,  ami  his  brotliei 
sir  W'illiaiii,  olliccrs  who,  ;is  w'ell  from  their  per- 
sonal characters,  as  the  known  bravery  of  tlieii 
family,  stood  high  in  the  conndence  of  the  Hritish 
nation.  To  this  service,  was  allotted  a  very  pow- 
erl'iil  army,  coiisistim;  of  about  l>ll,OIIO  men.  This 
t'orce  was  far  superior  to  aiiv  tliiiii:  that  America 
had  hitherto  seen.  The  troops  were  amply  pro- 
vided with  artillery,  military  stores,  and  warlike 
materials  of  every  kind  ;  and  were  supported  by  a 
mimeroiis  lleet.  The  admiral  and  eeneral.  in  :kI- 
dltioii  to  their  miliiary  powers,  were  appointeil 
coumiissioiiers  for  restoring  peace  to  the  colonies. 

(ieneral  Howe,  haviiii!  in  vain  waited  two 
months  at  Halifax,  for  his  brother,  and  the  expect- 
ed reiiil'orceineiits  from  F.nuland,  impatient  of  fir- 
tlier  delays,  sailed  lioiii  that  harbour,  with  the 
liirce  which  he  had  previously  conimaiided  in  lios- 
toii,  and  directing  his  course  towards  New  ^'ork, 
arrived  in  the  latter  end  of.liine,  off  .Sandy  Hook. 
Admiral  lord  Howe,  with  pait  of  the  reliil'orce- 
iiieiit  liiitu  Knglaiid,  arrived  at  Halilax,  soon  allei 
his  brother's  depaitiire.  Without  dropping  anchor, 
he  followed  and  joined  him  near  .Stiiien  Islanil. 
The  Hritish  general,  on  his  approach,  found  every 
part  of  .New  York  island,  and  the  most  exposed 
parts  of  Long  Island,  birtified  and  well  defended 
by  artillery.  About  fifty  Hritish  transports  an- 
chored near  .Slateii  Island,  which  had  not  been  so 
iniich  the  object  of  attention.  The  liihaliitaiits 
thereof,  either  from  fear,  policy,  or  alfectioii,  ex- 
pressed great  joy  on  the  arrival  ol  the  royal  linces. 
(ieneral  Howe  were  there  met  liy  'I'ryoii,  late  gov- 
ernor of  the  province,  and  liy  .leveral  of  the  loy- 
alists, who  had  taken  refttiie  with  him,  in  an  armed 
vessel.  He  was  also  joined  by  about  sixty  per- 
sons  from  New  .lersey  ;  and  200  of  the  inhabitanis 
of  Staten  Island  were  embodied,  as  a  royal  inihtia. 
From  these  appearances,  meat  hopes  were  Inilnlg- 
pil  that  as  soon  as  the  army  was  in  a  condition  (n 
pcnelrale  into  the  coiiiilry,  and  protect  the  loyal 


,■,.,.  >..., ..^-i-:vB.-..icaaia 


NORTH    AM K RICA 


800 


>(!;«  (if  DritHli  prow- 
|i|]rclicrivivc  i|i;ii  the 
I  (ir  |i;is>,eil,  miiiI    iIi^iI 

IiIlHC   iu'lJDIl.        'I'llfV 

s  hi  rilling  |il;ircs  iici'r 
iciri  »;is  (iscil  lo  mut 

\ili',  illlll  lliN|llll('  CVI'IV 

••vi'iii  lo  lip;ivcM. 
ii.'iiiiiMil,  ihft  .Hiiiilliurii 

III  llii-  riihiiiilliii.'j  (if 
ill'.     The   (leliMt   iliR 

(III,     SCIMMImI   ill    801110 

ID  iinnivouruble  iiii- 
«"i|iiciil  siirreHsen,  |i> 
t  llii-  wliole  .siiiiiiiipr, 
Coii-ircsH  JMlj  lillll! 
iviin'.i  ishiiiil,  10  r.iiii- 
I'VMniiiiiioiis,  relr«iit>i, 

licri-Mlicr  b(!  iclalod, 
iiiliiiiii.  III  every  oilii^r 
nl'tliKc,x|if(liiiiiiin)ii- 
•Tiiiisc,  wliicli  it  WHS 
linn  to  till'  linlihissrr- 
iilini;  fc;irs  nrnlhciK, 
ii:i  mifilil  cIlfciiMlly 
.  Tliosi!  wlin,  I'idii) 
K  rnyiil  aon-riiiiiciit, 
I)  llle  stinuyleM  of  , ill 
1  iii;lil»,  it!tiiP(l   into 

V,  in  nnininting  tlio 
•r  liiiin  (Miiilil  1)0  w;ir- 
C)f  tlip  ;icii(Mi.  \i  it 
till-  Itiliisli  nnvy,  its 
I'oiifiilcni'o,  wtiii'ii  a 
nilitiiiy  calriilniion-i 
e  riiciiiiislanci!  cf 
't  of  the  war,  iiiiil  In 
*,  wrie  happily  in- 
illoom   which  Iivor- 

ol  the  eoloiiisis,  on 

lillll   niinieroiis  ar- 
itl  lliem. 

whiih  was  (lesit>iiej 
>  ill  lliis  caMipaiRn, 
>ve,  and  his  liriithei 
veil  from  their  per- 
ivn  hravery  of  iheii 
ilence  of  I'he  liriti.sh 
iillolled  a  very  piiw- 
;iO,();)0  men."  'I'liis 
lliinu  tlial  Aiiieriea 
ps  were  amply  pro- 
flores,  and  warlike 
'vrv  supported  liv  a 
and  gi'iieial.  in  ;kI- 
rs,  were  appoinied 
ace  to  the  eolonies. 

vain  waited  two 
ler,  anil  the  expert- 
id,  inipalieiit  of  far- 
harhoiir,  with  ihe 
oinnianded  in  l!os- 
iiwanls  New  \'ork, 
\  olf  .Sandy  Hook. 

nf  the  reinforee- 
llalilax,  soon  aliei 
ildroppinjtanrhcir, 
i-.-ir  .Siaien  Island, 
'niitli,  foiiiiil  every 
Ihe  iiioKl  exposed 
iiiid  well  (letended 
isli  triinsporiH  an- 
'h  had  not  been  so 

The  inhaliilaiits 
.  or  alfention,  ex- 
if  the  royal  forees. 
y  Tryoii,  late  );ov- 
everal  of  the  loy. 
I  liiin,  in  an  nrined 

iiboiit  sixty  per- 
nrtlic  inhaJiiiants 
lis  a  royal  iiiihlia. 
opes  were  indiilg. 

ill  a  condition  (n 
protect  (he  loyal 


inls,  siieh  numbers  would  Hock  to  their  slandard,  I 
as  woiilil  farilitaie  llie  allaiiiinrni  of  ihe  olijecl  of  i 
lliu  cainpaiun.  | 

On  Ihe  loiirlli  ihiy  al'ler  llie  Itrilisli  li;insporls| 
appe.ned  oil' .S.inily  Hook,  ( 'oiinriss,  ihoiiuh  fully  j 
iiilnrined  of  llie  niiinheis  jiid  appoiiMineiils  of  the  ! 
fmre  altoiit  to  lie  eniployt.d  ai<ain>.l  llii^  eolttnies.  , 
ralilied  llicir  fiinons  ilerlaralioii  of  inilependeiKte.  i 
This  was  publicly  read  lo  the  Aniericaii  army, 
.iiid  received  by  lliein  with  iiiilei;;iied  acclanialions 
of  jiiy.  Thoncli  it  was  well  kiinwn  that  (ileal 
lirilain  liad  employed  a  I'oice  of  Tm, (1(1(1  men,  lo 
■var  upon  the  new  formed  stales,  and  that  the  con- 
linenlal  army  was  not  nearly  eipial  lo  half  that 
miinber,  and  only  eiiKa^ed  fnr  a  lesv  moiilhs,  and 
that  (ToiiKiess  was  without  any  assurance  of  for- 
ei(,n  aid  ;  yet  both  the  American  olficers  and  pri- 
vates gave  every  evidence  of  their  hearly  appro- 
bation of  the  decree,  which  severed  the  cidoiiies 
from  (ireai  llrilain,  and  siibmiiteil  lo  the  decision 
of  the  sword,  whether  they  should  be  fiee  slates 
or  conquered  |iroviiices.  "Now,"  said  they,  "  we 
know  the  |;round  on  which  we  stand.  Now  we  are 
a  nation.  No  more  shall  the  opproliiioiisterm  of 
rebel,  with  any  appearance  of  justice,  be  applied  lo 
us.  Should  the  forluiie  of  war  throw  us  iiilo  the 
hands  of  our  enemies,  we  may  expect  the  Irealment 
of  prisoners,  and  not  the  piinishnient  of  rebels.  The 
prize  for  which  we  contend  is  of  such  mafjniliide, 
that  we  may  freely  risk  our  lives  lo  oblain  il." 

It  had  early  occimed  to  (Jeneral  Wasliiiii;lon, 
that  ihe  possessiim  (d' New  York  would  be  wiili 
the  ISritisli  a  favourite  object,  lis  cenlral  sittia- 
tiun,  and  conliKiiily  to  the  ocean,  enabled  them  lo 
cairy,  wiih  facility,  the  war  to  any  pan  of  ihe  sea 
coast.  'J'liK  possession  of  it  was  rendered  si  ill 
moie  valuable,  by  the  ease  with  which  il  could  be 
mainlaineil.  .Surrounded  on  all  sides  by  water,  il 
v.as  defensible  by  a  small  number  of  Itrilisli  ships. 
a;;aiiisi  adversaries,  whose  whole  navy  consisied 
only  of  a  few  frii;ates.  Hudson's  river,  bein«  na 
vi^able  lui  ships  of  the  largest  size  to  a  threat  dis- 
l.iiice,  alfoi'ded  an  opportiinily  of  severing  the  east- 
ern from  the  more  souiheru  stales,  and  of  pii^vent- 
in;;  almost  any  coniniiiiiicalion  between  them. 

Kioiii  Ihesu  well-known  advantages,  il  was  pre- 
sumed by  the  Americans,  that  the  lirilish  would 
make  meat  exerlions  to  ell'ect  the  reduction  of 
New  York,  (ieneral  Lee,  while  the  IJritish  were 
yet  ill  possession  of  the  capital  of  iMassachiiseKs, 
had  been  delached  from  Cambridge,  lo  put  Lout; 
Island  Hiid  New  York  into  a  posture  of  defence. 
As  Ihe  ileparliire  of  Ihe  lirilish  from  liostmi  be- 
came more  cerlain,  the  probabilily  nf  iheir  instant- 
ly tiuiiis!  lo  New  York  increased  llie  necessity  of 
collectliii!  '<  li'tce  for  its  safely.  It  had  been  iheie- 
fdie  agreed  in  a  council  of  war,  that  five  reiri- 
ineiils,  together  with  a  rille  ballalion,  should 
march  willioiil  delay  lo  New  York;  and  lint  ihe 
stales  of  New  York  ami  New  Jersey  should  be 
reipiesled  to  furnish,  llie  formertwii  Ihoiisand,  and 
Ihe  lallerone  llious:inil  men,  for  its  immeiltale  de- 
fence, (ieneral  Washinulon  soon  followed,  and 
•  arly  in  April  fixed  his  head  quarters  in  that  cily. 
A  new  distribution  of  the  American  army  look 
place.  Pari  was  left  in  .Massichuselis.  Iteiween 
two  and  three  thousand  were  ordered  to  Canada; 
Ijul  the  greater  part  rendezvoused  at  New  York. 

Kpeiience  had  taught  the  Americans  the  dif- 
ficiilty  of  attacking  an  ariiy,  after  it  had  eflecleil 
alodgnient.  'I'hey  ihe'efore  made  strenuous  ex- 
ertions to  prevent  tin  lirilish  from  enjoying  the 
ailvantages  in  New  Vork,  which  had  resulied  from 
Iheir  having  beL,i  permitted  to  land  and  fortify 
themselves  in  lioston.  The  sudden  commi'iice- 
inent  of  hostililies  in  Massachiiselts,  together  with 
the  previous  undisturbed  lauding  oftlie  royal  nriiiy. 
sdlowcd  no  lime  for  deliberating  on  n  system  of 
war.  A  change  of  circumstances  indicated  the 
prnpricty  of  fixing  on  a  plan,  for  conducting  the 
defence  of  the  new  formed  f:tale.s.  On  this  occa- 
sion, (ieneral  Washington,  after  much  Ihoiighl, 
determined  on  a  war  of  posts.  Tills  mode  of  eon- 
ducting  military  operations  gave  confidence  lo  llie 
Americans,  and  il  both  retarded  and  alarmed  their 

•riariei.     The  soldier*  in  the  Americans  army 


were  new  levies,  and  had  not  yet  learned  to  stand 
uncovered  before  lln'  iiislriimenls  (d  ilealli.  Ila- 
bilii.iling  iheiii  lo  llie  sound  ol  lire  aims,  while  llii'V 
were  shellered  from  danger,  was  one  step  lowaids 
inspiring  them  wilh  a  porlion  of  mi'idiaiiical  cour- 
age. The  lirilish  remembered  liiinker's  hill,  and 
had  no  small  reverence  lor  even  slight  lorlitica- 
lions,  when  defended  by  IVeeinen.  Willi  views 
of  this  kinil,  works  were  erected  in  and  about  New 
York,  on  liong  Island,  and  the  heights  of  ll.irlem. 
These,  besides  batteries,  weri^  held  redonbis,  foim- 
ed  of  earth,  wilh  a  parapi'l  and  ditch.  The  for- 
mer weic  someliines  fraised,  and  the  hitler  pali- 
sailned  ;  bill  they  were  in  no  inslance  formed  lo 
sustain  a  siege.  .Slight  as  ihey  were,  the  cam- 
paign was  nearly  wasted  away,  before  they  were 
so  far  reduced,  as  to  peimit  the  royal  army  lo  pe- 
neliale  into  the  ('oiiiiliy. 

The  war  having  Mken  a  more  important  liirn 
than  in  ihe  preceding  year  had  been  foreseen, 
(congress  at  the  opening  of  llie  canipii'^n,  found 
themselves  deslilule  of  a  I'oice  sntfieieiil  I'm'  their 
delence.  Tlii'y,  iherefme,  in  .liiiie,  iblennined 
on  a  )ilau  lo  reinforce  their  conlinenlai  aiioy,  by 
biinging  iiilo  the  field,  a  new  species  of  Mdops. 
that  woiib!  be  uioie  permanent  lliaii  llie  ciiinmon 
militia,  and  yet  mure  easily  raised  than  regulars. 
Willi  this  view  tiiey  insliliileil  a  llyini:  camp,  lo 
consist  of  an  interniediale  corps,  belween  regular 
soldiers  andtiiililia.  Ten  thousand  men  were  call- 
ed for  from  the  states  <d' rennsylvania,  .Maryland, 
and  Oelaware,  lo  be  in  conslant  service  lo  the 
first  ilay  of  llie  ensuing  Di'ceniber.  Congress  at 
the  same  lime  called  for  I!!, Mill  of  the  common 
niililia  from  iNIassai  liiisells,  ( 'onnecticiit,  .New- 
York,  and  New  Jersey.  The  men,  for  forming 
llie  Hying  camp,  were  generally  procuied  ;  but 
there  were  great  ileliciencies  of  llie  iiiililia;  and 
many  of  those  who  obeyed  their  eiuinliy's  <mII,  so 
far  as  loliirn  oul,  maml'esled  a  rehiciaiicc  to  sub- 
mil  lo  the  ni'cessaiy  discipline. 

Tliedil1i(Milty  of  providing  the  troops  wilh  arms, 
while  before  lloslon,  was  exceeded  by  the  superi- 
or ilillicully  of  supplying  them  in  llii'ir  new  posi- 
tion, lly  the  returns  of  the  garrison  at  fort  .Mont- 
gomery, in  the  Highlands,  in  .\pril,  it  appeared 
that  there  were  ;itlH  privates,  and  only  11  miis- 
kels  fit  for  usi-.  In  the  garrison  al  fort  (,'oiisiitu- 
tion,  there  wi'ie  l.'ili  men,  and  only  (JIS  muskels 
(il  for  use.  l'linl»"  were  also  much  wanted.  Lead 
would  have  been  equally  deficient,  had  not  a  sup- 
ply for  llie  imisipieiry  been  obtained  by  stiippiiig 
dwelling  houses. 

The  tincerlaiiily  oftlie  place  wheie  the  lirilish 
would  coinnience  iheir  operalinns,  added  much  lo 
the  einbariassment  of  (ieneral  Washmglim.  Not 
only  each  colony,  but  each  sea-port  town,  supposed 
itself  lo  be  the  object  of  till' lirilish,  and  was  ar- 
dent in  itssiipphcalions  to  the  cimimander  in  chief, 
fnr  his  peculiar  allenlion.  The  people  of  .Massa- 
chu-ietls  were  slroiiily  iuipiessed  with  an  idea,  that 
the  evai'iialion  of  lioslim  was  only  aleiiil.  and  that 
the  lirilish  aiiiiy  would  soon  iitiirii.  They  were 
for  thai  reason  very  desirous,  that  ihe  contiin'iiial 
troops  should  not  be  wiiliihawn  from  iheir  stale. 
The  inhabitanis  of  Itliode  Island  iirgeil,  in  a  long 
petition,  that  their  luariii  me  siliial  ion  exposed  I  hem 
lo  uncomninii  danger,  while  their  creal  exerlions 
ill  lining  oul  armed  vessels,  had  ileprived  them  of 
many  of  their  I'ilizeiis.  They  iheiefoie  prayed 
for  a  body  of  continental  soldiers,  to  be  slalioned 
for  their  conslani  and  peculiar  di'feiK  c.  So  vari- 
(Mis  were  the  applications  lor  Iroiips.  so  numerous 
the  calls  for  arms,  thai  a  decided  coiidnci  beeame 
necessary  to  prevent  the  feeble  American  force, 
and  the  deficient  slock  of  public  arms,  lioni  being 
diviile<l  and  subdivided,  sn  as  to  be  uneipial  to  the 
proper  defence  of  any  one  place. 

In  this  crisis  of  particular  danger,  the  people  of 
New  Y'ork  acted  with  spirit.  Though  they  knew 
they  were  to  reeeive  tlie  first  impressions  of  the 
lirilish  army,  yei  their  convention  resolved,  "that 
all  persons,  residing  within  ihe  staleof  New  York, 
and  claiming  protection  from  its  laws,  owed  it  al- 
legiance; and  that  any  person  owing  it  allegiance, 
and  levying  war  against  the  state,  or  being  a'l  ad- 


herent to  the  king  of  (ireat  Rrilain,  should  be 
deemed  giiiliy  of  treason,  and  sutler  dealli."  'i'liej 
also  resolved,  "that  one  liiurth  oftlie  inihlia  of 
W'esi  ('hesier,  Uulchess,  and  (Jrange  coiiiilles, 
should  be  forlhwilh  drawn  out  for  the  defence  of 
the  liberties,  properly,  wives  and  children  of  the 
good  people  of  the  stale  ;  lo  be  continued  in  ser- 
vice III  the  last  day  of  December  :"  and,  "  lint  an 
llie  Inhabiianls  of  King's  county  had  delermlned 
iiol  lo  oppose  Ihe  enemy,  a  cummlKee  should  bu 
appoiiiled  to  inquire  into  (he  authenlicily  iiflhe.se 
reports,  and  to  disarm  and  secure  (he  disall'ecled  ; 
to  remove  or  destroy  llie  slock  of  grain,  and,  if 
necessary,  lo  lay  the  wliole  country  waste." 

The  two  royal  commissioners.  Admiral  and  (ie- 
neral Howe,  ihoiight  proper,  before  they  coiii- 
mi'iiced  their  mililary  operations,  to  try  what 
iiiighl  be  done  in  their  civil  capacity,  towards  ef- 
fe(  ling  a  re-iiiiinii  between  (ireat  lirilain  and  the 
colonies.  It  was  one  of  the  first  acts  of  lord 
Howe,  lo  send  on  shore,  a  circular  letter,  to  seve- 
ral of  the  royal  governors  in  Anieiica,  inforininj; 
llieni  oftlie  late  act  of  parliament,  "  for  restoring 
peace  lo  the  colonies,  and  granting  pardon  to  such 
as  should  deserve  mercy;"  and  desiring  theni  lo 
publish  a  declaration  which  accompanied  the  same. 
In  this,  he  inforined  the  colonists  of  the  power  wilh 
which  his  brother  and  he  were  intrusted  ;  of  grant- 
ing general  or  parlicular  paiilons  to  all  those,  who. 
though  they  had  deviated  from  their  allegiaiice, 
were  willing  lo  return  lo  Iheir  duty  :"  and  of  de- 
claring, "  any  colony,  province,  county  or  town, 
port,  district  or  place,  lobe  in  the  peace  of  his  ma- 
jesty."*    Congress,  iinpre.ssed  with  a  belief,  that 


*  Willi  llieno  ciivalur  letters  In  tin:  j^uveriiors,  lord 
lltmi!  si'ht  u  ;ir|vttlt!  oiin  Ui  Dr.  l-'riiiikliii :  In  uliicli  u 
imisl  iiileiesiiio;  niitwc-r  wu«  retiiriu'il,  wurlliv  of  rver- 
ltistin<;  ri'iu(']iili)uiii-n.  'I'lie  K-ttur  uml  luiswer  were  oj 
lolluw ; 

Lord  Ifotce  to  Dr.  FraiiA-fin. 

"I  cnniiol,  ijiv  vviirlliy  tVi.-nil,  pfriiiil  llie  leller.^  nil  J 
piiri-els  wliii-li  I  liuvc  fti'ijl.  In  Ik;  laniled,  witlimil  ii<l,liiig 
.1  wonl  lipuii  llii!  Hiilijei-l  of  llm  iiijuriuiis  e\truiiiitii-s  ill 
wliii'h  iiiir  unli'ipjiy  ilispiiten  Imvc  eiit^ageil  nn, 

"  \'(Mi  will  li'iiri)  Ihe  iiiuiire  of  my  inissinn  fniiii  llio 
onii-lid  (li'spiili-llfti,  wtiicli  1  Iinve  recoiiiilietlilfi!  lu  b.? 
Inrv\uriled  liy  lie'  sunie  conveyance.  Itcliijniii^  all  lliu 
I'liriicsliR.Hs  1  ever  cxpre^seil.  In  Bi-e  nur  ililVi*rt'nc('s  uo 
i-nMiiiKiJaletl,  I  hIiuII  tuucrive,  it  I  incft  willi  llm  ili^po 
.siliiin  in  the  rolnnies,  wlii<-li  I  was  uncn  taught  lo  ex 
pet-l,  llie  most  llallrriiiK  hiipcH  of  priivilie  Hcrviccahle  in 
lilt'  uhjccls  of  ihe  kiig's  paternal  Holiciliiile,  liy  prDitint 
ire;  Ihe  eslultlishiiii'rit  of  lahliii);  [N-ace  anil  tinioii  willi 
lilt;  rnhinies;  bill,  if  the  ileep-riKitnl  prrjiiiiirc- of  .\nie 
rira,  ahfl  Ilio  nec'ssiiy-  of  prcvrnliiit?  Ili'r  Irath'  from  pas 
siiii;  iiilo  foreif^n  cluoinels,  iiiuhI  kei'piis  still  a  diwdi'il 
pcopja,  I  nIuiII,  from  every  privolc  as  well  iiR  jmhlir  m  »- 
live,  iiiiisl  hearlily  lami'iil  Ihiit  this  is  nol  lli|.  miiiiienl 
vilit'ri'in  those  i;reiil  ohji'cts  of  my  amhilioli  arc  In  Im*  at- 
Iiiiiii'il ;  Mini  thni  1  am  to  he  loiieer  deprivetl  nf  an  np 
pnrliiiiily  In  asKiire  yun,  personally,  nf  the  regard  with 
«  hii^h  I  am,"  ,Vc. 

Dr.  franklin  aniwercil — 

"  I  rereivfil  Kttfc  iho  lellrrs  your  lnr(l..<hi|)  f»  Kiiitily 
fnrwnrih'il   In  me,  and  Itetr  .vnn  In  acrept  my  llMilik:<. 

"The  nllirial  ilesjialcheH,  In  whii-li  yun  ri'lrr  ine, 
i-niil.iin  liolhimf  ninre  limn  what  we  h.iil  seen  iulheai'l 
nf  |iailialtieiit  ;  *  olfcrs  nf  panhlii  lipnn  imhiiiis!«inli ;' 
v^hi.-h  (  am  snrry  In  find,  as  it  imlst  i;ive  ynilr  Inrdnhip 
jiiiill,  In  he  netil  t«'n  far  on  fo  hojiele.Hs  a  hilsi)irF.s. 

''  llin-rling  panlnlis  to  he  oiliTeil  In  the  t-nlniiien,  who 
arfr  Ihe  verv  parlies  injureil,  expre!«seR  indeed  that  opin- 
ion nf  ntir  ii.'nnrniM-e,  haseness,  anil  iltsensiliilily,  whii-ti 
vniir  iiiiinfnrmed  and  proinl  lialior.  ba.s  Inn^:  hi-en  ph-as. 
I'll  In  enlerlnin  nf  lis;  but  it  can  have  no  nllier  eltl-ri 
ihiiii  Ihiit  nf  increasing  our  resentments.  Il  is  impnssi- 
hie  we  slinilhl  ihlllk  of  fmhinisKinn  t<i  n  flnvermiieiil 
llint  has,  wilh  the  ninst  waninn  harlmrily  anil  cruelly, 
hiirnecl  luir  tiefeneeless  Inwns  in  the  niiilsl  nf  winler, 
exeiied  die  pavaires  lo  mnsi-nere  nnr  peaceful  farmers, 
mill  nur  slaves  to  muri|.ir  their  iimsti  rs ;  anil  is  even 
iinvv  hriiii;iiur  fnreign  inereenarieH  Ui  deluire  our  setlle- 
ineiils  wilh  hinnil.  Tlieso  nirncioiis  injuries  have  ex- 
(iiu^iiisheil  every  spark  of  alTeclioti  for  thai  parent  eniin- 
tr\i;ihat  we  onrp  liehl  so  ilear;  but  wore  it  pnssihle  fnr 
us  In  fnr>;el  and  fnrf;ivc  theiii,  il  is  not  pnttsihle  for  vnn, 
1  mean  the  Mritisli  nat  on,  to  fnri;ive  the  penplu  ynu  bnve 
sn  heavily  iniiired.  Y^il  can  never  ennfule  a|;ain  in 
llinse,  as'  fellnw  snhjetrls,  and  permit  them  In  enjny 
eijual  freedom;  lo  whom  yon  know  ynu  have  ,«riven 
ciieli  just  causes  nf  lasting  enmity;  nlld  Ibis  ninst  impel 
you,  were  we  aKniii  uniler  ynur  i^overliiuent,  to  eiidea. 
vniir  In  break  our  spirit,  by  the  severest  tyianny,  nnd 
nhstiuelinL',  h.v  every  iiieniiH  il)  your  power  our  grow 
ing  iitreiiclb  and  pros'perily. 


400 


HISTORY  OF 


!:l      I 

J 


,''■1 


the  proposals  of  the  coinmia«ioiirrs.  iiisiiMclorill.s- 
unitiiit;  i)ic  people,  wi)iil<l  liiive  a  coiiiiiny  I'lVect, 
orilered  llieiii  tu  be  spfeclily  piiblislied  in  ilie  sc- 
vcrnl  Aiiiericiiii  iiewspiiperN.  Unci  it  ri'ilrcss  ol' 
grleviUK^efi  been  at  iIiIh  late  hour  olVerecl,  iIioiikIi 
the  honour  ol'lhe  tilatcH  wiim  involveil  in  siip|ii>rl- 
ing  their  hue  declaration  of  inclepeiideiice,  ytM  the 
love  ul' peace,  and  the  bias  of  )!rcat  iiiiinbers  lo 
Iheir  parent  slate,  would  in  all  probabilily,  have 
made  a  powerfid  party  (or  rescinding  the  act  of 
■eparaiion,  and  for  re-uniting  with  (ireat  lirilaln: 
but,  when  it  appeared  that  the  power  of  the  royal 
coinniissioners  was  litile  more  than  lo  grant  par- 
dons, (Jongress  appealed  lo  the  good  sense  of  the 
people,  for  the  necessity  of  adlierini;  lo  ihe  act  of 
inilependcnce.  The  resohillon  for  piiblishingthe 
cirru'ar  letter,  and  the  declaration  of  llie  royal 
roininissioners,  assigned  as  a  reason  thereof,  "  dial 
Ihe  good  people  of  the  United  Stales  may  be  in- 
formed of  what  nature  are  the  commissioners,  and 
what  Ihe  terms,  with  expectation  of  which  the  in- 
sidious court  of  Ureal  liritnin  had  endeavoured  to 
amuse  and  disarm  Ihem  ;  and  that  the  few  who  still 


"  Vniir  luntsliip  mentions  tlio  '  king's  paternal  i)i>ti- 
cilutte  fur  proiiioiin?  Ihe  estiihlirtlniiciit  of  luKlini?  priicr 
anil  uiiitin  wall  thu  cciliiniHtR.'  If,  by  pe(KM%be  hrre  iiuMtiit 
a  peure,  to  be  entered  into  by  difllinct  olntcs,  now  (it  war, 
aiitl  liiti  niujcHty  lias  given  your  lordHbip  puvvcrt)  to  trrut 
with  ii»,  ol'  finch  a  pence,  1  may  vcntun;  to  »>n\',  tliiiii};h 
witlinnt  authority,  that  1  think  a  treat;-  for  that  pNr|io.>«c 
not  quite  hnpnicticablo  before  wc  outer  into  Inrcieti 
alliances:  but  I  nni  porAundod  you  have  im  nnch  puw- 
erit.  Vnur  nation,  thuugh  by  piniishinc:  thoi^c  Ameri- 
can goveriiorx,  who  have  fumentrd  the  dixcord;  rc- 
builduig  our  burnt  towns;  and  repairing,  as  fur  an  pii,'<- 
sihlr,  the  niiHchielrt  dune  us,  she  might  recover  a  great 
share  of  our  regard,  and  the  greatest  fharo  of  our 
groning  commerce,  with  all  ihe  advunlnges  of  that  ail- 
tlitional  strength  to  be  derived  from  a  frienilsbip  nilb 
us;  yet,  I  know  loo  well  her  abounding  pride  and  deii- 
cient  wiHtlom,  to  believe  she  will  ever  lake  such  salu- 
tary measures.  Her  fondness  for  ccniquesi,  ns  a  war- 
like nation ,  Iter  lust  of  dominion,  as  an  audutinus  one  ; 
and  her  thirst  for  a  gainful  monopoly,  as  a  couimercial 
one,  none  of  iheni  legitinmto  causcsof  war,  will  join  to 
biile  finm  her  eyes  every  view  of  her  true  interest,  and 
continually  goad  her  on,  in  these  ruinous  dislant  expe- 
diticms,  so  destructive  both  of  lives  and  of  treasure,  that 
they  nmsi  prove  as  pernicious  to  her  in  the  end,  ns  the 
croisadcs  furmcrly  were  to  most  of  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope. 

"  1  have  not  the  vanitv,  mv  lord,  lo  think  of  intlmidn- 
ting  by  thus  predicting  the  cflects  of  this  war;  for  I  know 
that  it  will  ni  England  have  the  fate  of  all  my  former 
predictions,  not  to  be  believed  till  the  event  shall  verily  it. 

"  Long  did  I  endeavour,  with  nnrcigncd  nud  uuweo- 
ried  zeal,  to  preserve  from  breaking,  that  fine  and  iiohle 

Iiorcelain  vase,  the  llritish  empire;  for,  I  kni«,  that 
icing  once  broken,  the  separate  parts  could  not  retain 
even  their  share  of  the  strength  and  value  ibat  existed 
•n  the  whole,  and  Ihnt  a  perfect  reunion  of  those  parts 
could  scarce  ever  bo  hoped  fur.  Your  birilMbip  nia\ 
possibly  remember  Ihe  tears  of  joy  that  wetted  my 
cheek,  when  at  your  ^ood  sisters,'  in  I.<iliitun,  vii'u 
cnee  gave  me  expectation  ibat  a  reeoncilintion  niiizht 
take  place.  I  had  the  misfortune  In  linil  these  expecla- 
lions disappointed,  and  In  be  treated  ns  the  caii-e  of  the 
mischief  I  was  labouring  to  prevent  My  coiisolalicin, 
under  that  groundless  and  malevolent  treatment,  was, 
that  I  retained  the  friendship  of  many  wise  .nid  good 
men,  in  that  country,  and  among  the  rest  some  fIiuic  in 
ihe  regard  of  lord  Howe. 

"The  well-fonnd;-d  esteem,  and  permit  nie  to  sav, 
nffeetion,  which  I  shall  always  have  fur  your  liirilshiji, 
make  it  painful  loino  to  see  yon  engaged  iii  conducting  a 
war,  the  great  ground  of  wliich,asdescribeil  in  your  let- 
ter, is,  '  the  necessity  of  preventing  ihe  American  trade 
from  passing  Into  foreign  channels.  To  ine,  it  seems 
that  neither  the  obtaining  or  retaining  anv  tratie,  bow 
valuable  soever,  is  an  object  for  which  men  may  justly 
epil!  each  other's  blood ;  that  the  true  and  sure  menu's 
of  extending  and  securing  commerce  are  the  goodness 
and  cheapness  of  commodiiies;  anil  that  the  profits  of 
no  trade  can  ever  be  equal  lo  the  expense  o(  eiiinpel- 
ling  it,  and  holding  it  by  fleeti-  and  annies.  I  consider 
this  war  against  us,  therefore,  as  both  unjust  and  un- 
wise: and  f  am  persuaded  thai  cool  nud  dispassionate 
lostcrity  will  condemn  to  infamy  those  vvlio  nilvised  it; 
and  thai  even  success  will  not  save  from  some  decree 
of  dishonour  those  who  have  voluntarilv  engaged  to 
Conduct  it. 

"  I  know  your  great  motive  in  comin^  hither  was  Ihe 
hope  of  being  instrumental  in  a  reconiiliaiinn :  and,  I 
believe,  when  you  find  that  lo  be  impossible,  on  anv 
terms  given  you  lo  propose,  you  will  then  relinquish  so 
odious  t  commaml.  and  return  lo  a  more  honourable 
priv lie  v'.ation. 

■'  With  the  greatest  and  most  sincere  respect,  I  have 
Ihe  honour  to  be  "  &c. 


remain  siispeiiiled  by  a  hope,  fininiled  either  in  the 
jiisti'.'e  or  iiKideratinn  ol  their  iale  kiiii;,  iii:iy  now 
at  length  be  convinced,  that  the  valour  alone  of 
llieir  ooiinliy  is  to  save  iis  hlienies." 

Ahdiil  Ihe  same  lime.  Hags  ivncsent  ashore  by] 
lord  Howe,  witha  letter  ilirccieil  lo  (ieiiige  Wash- 
iiglon,  Ksi|.  which  he  refliseil  to  leceive,  as  not 
being  addressed  to  him  nil h  the  title  due  lo  his; 
rank.  In  his  lelier  lo  (^'iiiigress,  on  this  siibjecl, 
he  wrote  as  follows :  "  I  would  iiol,  on  any  occa- 
sion, sacrifice  essentials  to  ptiiictiliii :  hut.  In  this 
instance,  I  deemed  It  n  duly  lo  my  coiinlry  and 
appoinlmeni,  lo  insist  on  that  lespect,  uliich,  in 
any  other  than  a  public  view,  I  would  willingly 
have  waived."  Congress  applauded  his  conihicl 
in  a  public  resolution,  anil  alllie  same  time  direct- 
ed that  no  letter  or  message  should  be  received, 
oil  any  occasion  whatever,  from  the  enemy,  by 
ihecominanilcr  in  chief,  or  others  llie  comniaii- 
tiers  of  the  American  army,  bin  such  as  were  di- 
rected lo  them  in  the  characters  Ihey  severally 
siislaineil. 

Some  lime  after,  Adjulant  (ieneral  Patterson 
was  scnilo  New  Yoik,  by  (ietieial  lliiwe,  with  a 
letter  addressed  liitieurge  WasliingloM,  iVc.  \'c. 
iVc.  On  an  interview  Willi  the  adjulant  general, 
Washinglon  declared  that  he  would  decline  re- 
ceiving any  letter  direcled  lo  liini  as  a  private 
person,  when  it  related  to  his  public  station.  \ 
long  conference  ensued,  in  which  Ihe  adjulant 
general  observed,  that  "  the  commissioners  weie 
armed  with  great  powers,  and  wiiulil  be  very  hap- 
py in  etVecliiig  an  accoiiimoilalion,"  He  received 
for  answer,  "  that  from  what  apiicaied,  Iheir  pow- 
ers were  unlylo  grant  pardon  ;  that  they  who  had 
commltlcd  no  fault,  wanted  no  pardon."  Soon 
after  this  interview,  a  lelier  from  Howe,  lespect- 
ing  prisoners,  which  was  properly  addressed  lo 
Washington,  was  received. 

While  the  I'rilisli,  by  iheir  manifestoes  and  de- 
clarations, were  cnileavoiiring  lo  separal;;  those 
who  preferred  a  reconcilialiiin  with  (ireat  Hrilaiii, 
ftom  those  who  were  the  friends  of  independence  ; 
Congress,  by  a  similar  policy,  was  altetiipliiig  to 
detach  the  foreigners,  who  had  come  with  the 
royal  troops,  from  the  service  of  his  Hiilanic  ma- 
jesty. Uefore  hostilities  had  commenced,  the 
I'ollnwing  resniution  was  adopted  and  circulated 
among  those  on  whom  it  was  iiilended  to  operate  : 
"  Resolved,  thai  lliese  slates  will  receive  all  such 
foreignets  who  shall  leave  the  armies  of  his  Driian- 
nic  m.ijesty  in  .\merica,  and  shall  chose  lo  become 
members  ofany  of  these  slates';  and  Ihey  shall  be 
prolected  in  the  free  exercise  of  iheir  respective 
religions,  and  be  invesied  with  the  rights,  privile- 
ges, and  immiinilies  of  natives,  as  eslabiished  by 
the  laws  of  these  stales:  and  moreover,  that  this 
coniriess  will  provide  for  every  such  person,  (illy 
acres  of  unnppropriated  lands,  in  some  of  these 
states,  to  be  lield  by  him  and  his  heirs,  asabsolule 
properly." 

'•"  numbers  wliich  were  prepared  to  oppose 
the  Hri'  li,  when  ihey  sluiuld  disembark,  made 
them  .irsome  lime  cautious  of  proceeding  to  their 
projected  land  nperalions:  but  Ihe  su|icriority  of 
llieir  navy  enabled  Iheni  to  go  by  water  whither- 
soever they  pleased. 

A  British  forty  gun  ship,  with  some  smaller 
vessels,sailed  up  the  North  river,  without  receiving 
any  damage  of  consequence,  though  fired  upon 
from  Ihe  batteries  of  New  York,  Paulus-Hook, 
Red-Bank,  and  (Tovernnr's  Island.  An  allempi 
was  made,  with  two  (ire  ships,  to  destroy  the  Bri- 
tish vessels  in  the  North  River:  but  without  ef- 
fecting any  thing  more  than  the  burning  of  a  ten- 
der. They  were  also  attacked  with  row  gal'.ies, 
with  little  effect.  After  some  lime,  the  I'hccnix 
and  Rose  men  of  war  came  down  the  river,  and 
joined  the  fleet.  Every  effort  of  Ihc  Americans, 
from  their  batleties  on  land,  as  well  as  their  exer- 
tions on  the  water,  proved  ineflectual.  The  .Bri- 
tish ships  passed  with  less  loss  than  was  generally 
expected  :  but,  nevertheless,  tlie  damage  they  re- 
ceived wassiich  as  deterred  them  from  frequently 
repealing  the  experiment.  In  two  or  three  inslan- 
cea,  the^  ascended  North  river,  and  in  one  or  two 


tiiumtimi 


Kast  rivei  ;  but  those  which  sailed  up  the  fortnei 
speedily  rettiined  ;  and  by  llieir  reliini,  a  freecom- 
iiiiimcatioii  was  opened  through  the  upper  pari  of 
Ihe  Slate, 

The  American  aimy,  in  and  near  .New  ^■ork, 
a'limiiiled  to  nri'i.'i  men.  These  were  iiiosily 
new  Hoops,  and  were  divided,  in  many  small  and 
uni'otineclcd  posts,  some  of  which  were  (Ifteeu 
miles  removed  fioiii  oilicis.  The  Bri'ish  force 
before  New  Voik  was  incieasiiig,  by  frequent 
successive  arrival  from  Halifax,  .Sutilh  (.'arolina, 
Klorida,  the  West  Indies  and  Kiirope:  but  su 
many  unforscen  d  lays  had  lalieii  jilace,  thai  the 
moiilli  of  August  was  far  advanced,  before  ihey 
were  in  a  condition  lo  open  the  campaign. 

When  all  things  were  ready,  the  British  com- 
manders resolved  to  make  liieir  (irst  allempt  on 
Long  Island.  Thisvvas  pieferteil  to  New  \ork. 
as  it  abouniled  with  tlio.se  supplies  which  their 
forces  required. 

The  British  landed  wilhout  opposition,  be- 
tween two  small  towns,  Utieclit,  ami  (iravesend. 
The  .\iiiericaii  works  proteetcd  a  small  peninsula, 
having  W'allaboiil  bay  to  the  left,  and  sirelching 
over  lo  Red  Hook  on  the  right :  the  Kast  rnei  be- 
ing in  the  rear,     (ieneral  Sitlliv with  a  strong 

liiice  was  encamped  witjiin  these  works  at  Biook- 
lyii.  Kioiii  the  east  side  of  the  narrows,  runs  a 
ridge  of  hills  covered  with  thick  wimd,  abiiiit  ftve 
or  six  miles  in  length,  which  lerminates  near  .la- 
iiiaica.  There  were  three  passes  ilnoiigh  these 
hills;  one  near  the  narrow.s,  a  secoiiil  on  the  l'"lal- 

bush  road  and  a  third  on   the  Heilford   r I  ;  and 

Ihey  are  all  defensible.     The  A ricaiis  had  M)(', 

men  on  each  of  these  roads;  and  Colonel  .Miles 
was  placed  with  his  battalion  of  rillemen.  to  s-uard 
the  road  from  the  south  of  the  hills,  to  .lamaica, 
and  to  watch  the  millions  of  the  British. 

(ieneralde  lleisler,  wiili  his  Hessians,  took  post 
at  Klalbush,  in  Ihe  evening,  Aiigiisi  rili,  I7?(i.  In 
Ihe  following  night,  the  greater  part  of  the  British 
army,  coiiimaiided  by  (ieneral  ( 'linton,  maicheil  in 
gain  the  road  leatling  round  the  easterly  eniliifllir 
lulls  to  .lamaica,  and  lo  turn  the  left  oi"  the  Ame- 
ricans. He  arrived  about  two  hours  before  day, 
with  half  a  mile  of  this  road.  One  of  his  pirtiivs 
fell  in  with  a  patrol  of  American  ollicers.  and  look 
them  all  prisoners,  which  prevented  the  early 
ttansmission  of  intelligence.  Upon  the  (irst  ap- 
pearance of  day,  (ieneial  Clinton  advanced,  and 
took  possession  of  Ihe  heights  over  which  ihe  road 
passed,  (ieneial  (irant,  which  llie  left  winir,  ad- 
vanccil  along  Ihe  coast  by  the  west  toad,  near  the 
narrows;  but  this  was  intended  chiedy  as  a  feiiil. 

The  guard  which  was  slaiioned  at  this  road, 
lied  wilhout  making  any  resistance.  A  I'ew  of 
them  were  afterwards  lallied,  and  lord  Stirling 
advanced  with  l.jOO  men,  and  look  possession  of 
a  hill,  about  two  miles  from  the  American  camp, 
and  in  front  of  (ieneral  (iraiil. 

An  attack  was  made  very  early  in  the  morn- 
ing, August  ^7,  177(i,  by  the  Hessians  from  Klal- 
bush, under  (ieneral  tie  Heisier,  and  bv  (ieneral 
(irant  on  the  coast,  and  was  well  supported  ftir  a 
considerable  lime  on  both  sides.  The  Americans, 
who  opposed  (ieneral  de  Heisier,  were  first  In- 
fiirined  of  the  approach  of  (ieneral  (;iiiitoii,  who 
had  come  round  on  Iheir  left.  They  immmediaiely 
began  lo  retreat  to  their  camp,  but  were  ir..ci 
cepted  by  the  right  wing  under  (ieneral  Clinton, 
who  got  into  'he  rear  of  their  left,  and  attacked 
them  with  his  light  infantry  and  dragoohs.  while 
returning  lo  their  lilies.  They  were  driven  back 
till  Ihey  were  met  by  the  Hessians.  'I'hev  wer" 
thus  alternately  chased  and  inlercepled,  between 
(ieneralde  Heisier  and  (ieneral  Clinion.  .Some 
of  their  regimenl.s,  nevertheless,  found  tlieir  way 
10  the  camp.  The  Americans  under  lord  .Stirling, 
consisting  of  Colonel  .Allles'slwo  balalions,  (Colonel 
Alice's,  Colonel  Siiiallwood'3,and  (/'olonel  Hatcha'a 
regiments,  who  were  engaged  with  (ieneral  (irant, 
fought  with  great  resolution  for  about  six  haul's. 
They  weie  unimformed  of  their  movemenUniade 
by  (ieneral  Clinioii,  till  some  of  liie  troops  under 
his  command  had  traversed  the  whole  extent  ol 
the  country  io  their  runt.    Their  relreul  thus  was 


I  Miiilcd  lip  ilic  I'lirini'i 
n'lr  ii'linn,  »  Iri'c  Cdin. 
iii,'li  llie  ii|i|iir  |Kiri  of 


liiint  ii|i{iiisliiiiii,  he- 
'I  III,  iiiiil  (iriivcsciid. 
It'll  a  siii;ill  |)iMiiiisii|;i, 
'  li'li,  mill  siicic|iii,_. 
II I  llie  l';iisi  inr,  III' 
illivan,    ivitli  II  sinpiii; 

hcsi!   WDlks  al    lillliili'I 

I  lliK  iiairinvs.  runs  ,\ 

lii-k  wnoil,  iiliiiiit    live 

li  li'inrriiali's  immi-  .In. 

passes  lliiiiii^l,   ilif.se 

a  sccmid  on  iln!  (•'Im. 

!•  HfiliiHil   riiail  ;  anil 

I-  Aiiicrirans  Imil  M)(; 

;   anil  t'liloiifl  .Miles 
oriillfiiicii.  to  iiuiiiil 

llii'  liills,  til  .laiiiaii:,, 

llie  liiilisli. 

is  llpssians,  iimk  pusi 
AiiKMsirili,  177(i.  ii, 
HTjiarl  III' 111,.  Itiiiisj, 

I  Cliiiioii.  iiiaiiliciliii 
thccasifrlv  fiiilot'iln- 

llie  led  oi'  i|„.  Aim.. 

I)   liiiiir.s   l)».(iire  ilay. 

One  III  liis    piiiii.s 

ii'aii  oOieeis,  and  limli 

|irevenleil  the  piirlj 
l'|"in  (lie  (irst  ap- 
lintnn  advaneed,  anil 
s  over  whiil,  ide  road 
ieli  tlie  leli  wini;,  ad- 
1!  west  loiid,  iieir  tlit 
I'll  ehiedy  a.s  n  leiiii. 
ilinned  iit  this  road, 
sislance.  A  lew  of 
1.  and  lord  .Stirling 
I  liink  pii.sspssion  of 
lie  American  camp, 

•■ally  in  tlie   morn- 
Hessians  rriiiii  Klat- 
sler,  and  hy  (Jeneral 
*ell  .siippoVted  lor  a 
•"<•      'lie  Aiiierieaiis, 
i-isier,   were  fir'st  li|. 
eneial  Clintnn,   wlio 
Tlipy  iiniiiiiiediately 
ip.    1)111    were   ii.,ei' 
IT  (ieneral  Clinion. 
r  lpli.  and  atlaoked 
nd  (IragoiiiiN,   while 
.V  were  driven  liaek 
fsians.      'I'liey  wer» 
ilercepteil,  h'elweeii 
ral  (.'liiiion.     .Siihib 
■s.ii,  liiiind  I  heir  way 
under  lord  Stirlinif, 
I)  lialalions.  Colonel 
III  (Colonel  Hatcho'3 
wiih  (ieneral  (Jranl, 
ir  alioiit  six  houiii. 
ir  nioveinenlBniade 
ol'  iho  troops  iiniJcr 
"  whole   extent    ot 
eir  retreat  thus  was 


in'ereeiited  ;    uiit   tinvemi,    nntwithManHing,    hroke  | 
tliiuiillh  anil    ^ot    liitu    the    woods.     Many    threw  j 
tlienioelves  'iiio  tlu    ini'ish,   siiiiie    were    ihowiied,  1 
«iid   olliers    perisli'jd  In   the  mud  :     a  coiisideralilc 
tiuiiiliei  fs..apeil  In  llieir  lines. 

Tlie  kiiKsUdop.s  displayed  ureal  valour  lliroiis;li- 
out  ilie  wlioliMi.iy.  The  variety  ol  the  ;;riMiiMl  iic- 
casioiied  a  siiccens.mi  ■>(  small  eni;a);eiiieiits,  pur  j 
tiiits  and  Hlaiighler,  which  lasted  liir  many  hours.  | 
BrUinh  discipline,  in  every  instance,  triumphed 
over  the  native  valour  ol  raw  tioops,  who  had  ne- 
ver been  in  action,  and  whose  ollicers  were  unac- 
quainted witli  the  stralaiji'iiis  ol'war. 

The  loss  III'  tlie  liritlsh  and  lles.sians  was  about 
J-W.  The  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners  ol'  the 
Americans,  iiirliidiiiK  tliose  wlio  were  drnwned,  or 
perished  in  the  woods  or  mud,  considerably  ex- 
ceeded a  thousand.  Anions  the  prisoiierK  of  the 
liilter  were  two  of  their  general  oiricers,  Sulli- 
van and  lord  .Sterliiii;  ;  11  colonels,  I  lieiilenant  co- 
lonels, .'i  majors,  IS  capiaiiis,  ]:<  lieutenants,  and 
11  ensif;iis.  Smallwood's  regiment,  the  ollicers 
of  wliirii  were  of  the  best  ramilies  in  the  stale  of 
Maryland,  sustained  a  loss  of  250  inen.  The  Hri- 
lisliafier  their  victory  were  su  impetuoua,  that  it 
was  with  dilhciilty  they  co'uh!  be  restrained  I'roiii 
ultackiiii;  llii'  American  lines. 

Ill  the  lime  of.  and  subsequent  to,  the  engage- 
niciil,  (ieneral  Washinglon  drew  over  to  Long  Is- 
binil  llie  I'lealest  tiart  of  his  army.  After  he  had 
collecieil  his  priiii-ipal  force  there,  it  wan  his  wish 
and  hope,  that  Sir  William  Howe  would  attempt 
til  sinriii  the  works  on  the  Island.  These,  though 
iiisiiHicient  to  stand  a  regular  siege,  were  strong 
enough  In  resist  a  coup  de  main.  The  remein- 
braiiee.  of  Uunker's-hill,  and  a  desire  to  spare  his 
men,  restrained  the  British  (ieneral,  from  making 
an  assault.  On  the  ciinlrary  he  made  demonstru- 
tiniis  of  proceeding  by  siege,  aod  broke  ground 
ivilhin  three  hiindied  yaiils  to  the  left,  at  Piit- 
nain's  redoubt.  Though  (ieneral  Washington  wish- 
ed liir  an  assaiill,  yet  being  ceitain  that  his  works 
would  lie  untenable,  when  the  Dritlsh  batteries 
should  be  fully  opened,  he  called  a  council  of  war, 
to  consult  on  the  measures  proper  to  be  taken.  It 
wastliMi  determined,  that  the  objects  in  view  were 
ill  111!  di'gree  proporiioiied  In  the  dangers,  tn  which, 
by  a  conliniiat'ion  on  Ihe  island,  they  would  be  ex- 
posed, (..'onformalily  In  this  opinion,  dispositions 
were  made  for  an  immediate  retreat.  This  coni- 
nienced  soon  after  il  was  dark,  from  two  |H>ints, 
the  iiijperand  lower  ferries  on  the  Kasl  river.  Oeii. 
M'Doufial  regiilaieil  the  oniharkation  at  one,  and 
I  'olonel  Knox  at  the  other. 

'I'lie  intention  of  evacuating  the  island  had 
been  so  prudently  concealed  from  the  Americans, 
that  they  knew  not  whither  they  were  going,  but 
supposed  to  attack  the  enemy.  The  field  artillery, 
tents,  baggage,  and  aliout  ilDOO  men,  were  eon- 
vevetl  111  the  city  of  New  York,  over  the  Kast  liver, 
iiKiie  than  a  mile  wide,  in  less  than  l.'i  hours,  and 
witliout  the  knowledge  of  the  British,  though  not 
(illO  yards  distant.  I'roviiience,  in  a  remarkable 
niaiiner,  favoured  the  retreat  Kor  some  time 
iiflerlhe  Americans  began  il,  the  stale  of  the  tide, 
and  a  strong  norlheast  wind  made  it  impossible  for 
ilieiii  to  make  use  iif  their  sail  boats  :  and  their 
whole  number  of  row  boats  were  insiilVicienl  fur 
coiniileling  the  business,  in  the  course  of  the  night  : 
lint  about  eleven  o'clock,  Ihe  wind  died  away,  and 
soon  after  sprang  up  at  south-east,  and  blew  fresh, 
whiili  rendered  ihe  .sail  boats  of  use,  and  at  Ihe 
saiiie  time  made  the  passage  from  the  Island  to  the 
city,  direct,  easy  and  expeditious. 

Towards  morning,  an  extreme  thick  fog  came 
up,  which  hovered  over  Long  Island  ;  and,  by  con- 
cealing the  Americans,  enabled  them  to  complete 
their  reiieit  without  internip.ion,  though  the  day 
had  liegnii  to  dawn  some  time  before  it  w<is  finish- 
ed. By  a  mistaki!  in  Ihe  transmission  of  orders, 
the  Ainerit  m  lines  were  evacuated  for  about  three 
quarters  of  'in  hour  before  the  last  embarkation 
look  place  :  but  the  British,  though  so  near  that 
•heir  wniKing  parlies  could  be  distinctly  lieard,  be- 
ing niveioped  111  the  fog,  knew  nolliins  of  til"  111:11- 
ter.  The  lines  were  repossessed,  and  held  till  six 
o'clock  in  the  luoining. 
27 


NOUTIl    AMERICA. 

When  every  thing  except  woine  heavy  cannon 
was  removeil,  (icii.  .Milllin,  who  commanded  the 
rear  guard,  left  the  liiirs  anil  under  the  cover  of 
llie  log  gut  oil' sale.  In  about  half  an  hour,  llie 
log  cleared  away,  and  ihe  British  entered  the 
works  which  had  been  just  relinijuished.  Had  llic 
wind  not  shilii'd,  the  half  of  the  Aiiicricaii  army 
could  not  have  crossed  ;  and  even  as  it  was,  if 
the  fog  had  not  concealed  their  rear,  it  must 
have  been  discovered,  and  could  hardly  have  escap- 
ed, (ieneral  .Sullivan,  wlio  was  taken  prisoner 
on  Long  Island,  was  immediately  sent  on  parole, 
with  the  following  verbal  message  from  lord  Howe 
to  congress  :  •■  that  Ihiiiigli  he  could  not  at  present 
treat  with  them  in  that  character,  yet  he  was  very 
desirous  of  having  a  conference  with  some  of  tlie 
iiieuiber.s,  whom  lie  uoiilil  consider  as  private  gpii- 
tleinen  ;  that  he,  with  his  brother,  the  (ieneral,  had 
lull  power  to  compromise  the  dispute  between 
(ileal  Britain  and  America,  upon  terms  advanta- 
geous to  both  ;  that  he  wished  a  compact  might 
be  sellled,  at  a  lime  when  no  decisive  blow  was 
struck,  and  neither  |iarty  could  say  it  was  com- 
pelled to  enter  into  such  agreement  ;  that  were 
I  hey  disposed  to  treat,  iiiaiiy  things  which  they 
had  not  yet  asked,  might  and  ought  to  be  granted  ; 
and  that  if  upon  conference  they  found  any  pro- 
bable ground  of  accoiiiiiiodatioii,  llie  aullioiity  of 
congress  would  be  afierwards  acknowledged  to 
render  the  treaty  complete." 

Three  days  after  this  tiie.ssage  was  received, 
(ieneral  .Sullivan  was  requested  to  inform  lord 
Howe:  "that  congress,  being  the  representatives 
of  Ihe  free  and  independent  stales  of  America, 
cannot  with  propriety  send  any  of  their  iiiembeis 
to  confer  with  his  lordsliip  in  their  private  cliarac- 
lers;  but  that  ever  desirous  of  establishing  peace 
on  rea.sonable  teriiis,  they  will  send  a  coiiiiniltee 
of  their  body,  to  know  whether  he  has  any  aulho- 
rily  to  treat  with  persons  aiithoriNed  by  congress, 
for  that  purpose,  on  behalf  of  America,  and  what 
that  aniliorily  is  ;  and  to  hear  such  jiropositions  as 
he  shall  think  lit  to  make  respecting  the  same." 
They  elected  Dr.  Krankliii,  John  Adams,  and  Kd- 
waiil  Rnlledge,   their  committee  (or  this  purpose. 

In  a  few  days  they  met  lord  Howe,  on  J^ialeni 
Island,  and  were  received  with  great  polileticss. 
On  their  teliirn  they  iiiaile  a  report  r,:'  (heir  conlcr- 
ence,  which  they  summed  up  by  saying;  il  did 
not  appear  to  your  coiiiiiiitlee  that  his  lordship's 
coniiiiission  contained  any  other  aulhority  thantlial 
expressed  in  the  act  of  pailiamenl  ;  namely,  that  I 
of  graining  pardons,  with  such  exceptions  as  the  I 
coiiiuiissioiiers  shall  think  proper  to  make,  and  of 
declaring  .\iiierica,  or  any  part  of  il,  to  he  in  the 
king's  peace,  on  submission.  For,  as  to  the  power 
nf  iiii|uiriiig  into  the  stale  of  .\merica,  which  his 
lordship  iiientioned  to  us,  and  of  conferring  and 
(consulting  with  any  persons  the  comuiissioners 
might  think  proper,  and  representing  the  result  of 
such  cotiversalion  to  the  ministry,  who,  provided 
Ihe  colonies  would  subject  themselves,  after  all, 
might,  or  might  not,  at  their  pleasure,  make  any 
alterations  in  the  former  instructions  to  governors, 
01  [iropose  in  pailiameiit  any  amendment  of  the 
acts  complained  of;  we  apprehend  any  expec- 
tation, from  the  ell'ecl  of  such  a  power,  would  have 
been  too  uncertain  and  precarious,  to  be  relied  on 
by  America,  had  she  still  continued  in  her  slate  of 
dependence."  Tjorit  Howe  had  ended  the  con- 
ference on  his  part,  by  expressing  his  regard  for 
America,  and  the  extreme  pain  he  would  stiller  in 
being  obliged  to  distress  those  whom  he  so  much 
regarded.  Dr.  Franklin  thanked  him  for  his  re- 
gards, and  assured  liim  that  Ihe  Americans  would 
show  their  gratitude,  by  endeavoring  to  lessen  as 
much  as  possible,  all  pain  he  might  feel  on  their 
account,  by  exerting  their  utmost  abilities,  in  tak- 
ing good  care  of  ihemselves. 

The  committee  iu  every  respect,  maintained  the 
dignity  of  congress.  Their  conduct  and  senliments 
were  such  as  became  their  character.  The  friends 
to  independence  rejoiced  that  nothing  resulted 
from  this  interview,  that  might  disunite  ihe  peo- 
ple, f'ongress,  Irusling  to  the  good  sense  of  their 
coiinlrymen,  ordered  the  whole  to  be  prinled  for 
their  information.     All  the  slates  would   have   then 


401 


rejoiced  at  less  benericial  terms  than  they  obtained 
aboul  seven  years  after  :  but  (ileal  llrilaiii  couui- 
eil  on  ihe  cerlaiiity  of  llieir  absolute  conquest,  or 
uiicoiiililional  siibiiiissioii.  Her  oilers,  therefore, 
coiii|ioitcd  so  little  Willi  the  fc  iigs  of  America, 
that  they  neither  caused  del  ir  nor  disunion, 
aiiioog  the  new  formed  stales. 

The  uiisucccsslul  lermliialion  of  the  action  on 
the^7lh  led  to  conseqiiences  moreseiioiisly  alarm- 
ing to  the  Americans,  than  the  loss  of  llieir  men. 
The  army  was  universally  dispirited.  'J'he  mili- 
tia ran  olf  by  companies.  Their  example  infected 
the  regular  reginieiils.  The  loose  footing  .iii 
which  the  militia  came  to  camp,  made  it  ha/ardoiis 
III  exeicise  over  them  that  discipline,  without 
which,  any  army  is  a  mob.  To  restrain  one  part 
of  an  army,  while  another  claiiiied  and  exercised 
the  right  of  doing  as  they  pleased,  was  no  less  ini- 
practii  able  than  absurd. 

A  council  of  war  recouimeniled  to  act  on  the 
defensi'.'c,  and  not  to  risk  the  aiiny  for  the  siil.e  of 
New  Vork.  To  retreat,  siibjecled  the  commaiidcr 
ill  chief  III  relleclions  painful  to  bear,  and  yet  im- 
politic to  refute.  To  stand  his  ground,  and,  by 
siiU'eting  himself  to  be  surrounded,  to  ha/.ard  the 
fate  of  America  on  one  decisive  engagement,  was 
contrary  to  every  rational  plan  of  defending  tlio 
wide-extended  slates  commilled  to  his  care.  A 
middle  line,  between  abaiidoning  and  defending, 
was  therefore  for  a  iiliort  lime  adopted.  The  pub- 
lic stores  were  leiiioved  to  Dobbs's  ferry,  about 
twenty  six  miles  from  New  Voik.  Twelve  thou- 
sand men  were  ordered  to  till' northern  exlremily 
of  New  York  island,  and  4,.')()0  to  remain  for  the 
defence  of  the  city  ;  while  the  remainder  occupied 
the  inlermediate  space,  with  order.s,  either  to  sup- 
port the  city,  or  Kingsbridge,  as  exigencies  iniglil 
require. 

lieforc  the  Itritish  landed,  it  was  impossible  tn 
fell  what  place  would  be  first  a:tacked.  Thismado 
il  necessary  to  erect  works  lor  the  defence  of 
a  variety  of  places,  as  well  as  of  New  York. 
Thongh  every  thing  was  abandoiied,  when  lite 
crisis  came  that  either  llie  city  must  be  relinquish- 
ed, or  the  army  risked  for  its  defence  ;  yet  from 
the  delays  occasioned  by  the  redoiibls  and  oilier 
works,  which  had  been  erected  on  ihe  idea  of 
making  the  defence  of  Ihe  stales  a  war  of  posts, 
a  whole  campaign  was  lost  to  the  ISrilish,  and 
saved  to  Ihe  Americans.  The  year  began  with 
hopes  that  (ireat  Britain  would  recede  from  her 
demands,  and  therefore  every  plan  of  defence  was 
on  a  temporary  system.  The  declaration  nfiiidu- 
pendence,  which  the  violence  of  (ileal  Brilaln 
liiiceil  the  colonies  to  adopt  in  .luly,  though  neither 
foreseen  nor  intended  at  the  cominencement  of  the 
year,  pointed  out  the  necessity  of  organi/.ing  an 
army,  on  new  terms,  correspondent  to  the  enlarg- 
ed olijecis  for  which  they  had  resolved  to  contend 
(.'ongress  accordingly  determined  to  raise  t<8  bat- 
talions, to  serve  during  Ihe  war. 

I'lider  these  circumstances,  to  wear  away  the 
campaign,  with  as  little  misfortune  as  possible,  and 
thereby  to  gain  lime  for  raising  a  periiianeiit  army 
against  the  next  year,  was  to  the  Ameiieans  a  mat- 
ter of  the  last  importance.  Thougli  the  comman- 
der in  chief  alaiidoned  tho.se  works,  which  lii.d  en- 
grossed much  lime  and  attention,  yet  the  advan- 
tage resulting  from  the  delays  they  occasioned, 
far  overbalanced  the  expense  incurred  by  their 
erection. 

The  same  short  sighted  politicians,  who  had 
before  censured  (ieneral  Washington,  for  his  cau- 
lioiis  conduct,  in  not  storming  the  British  lines  a( 
Boston,  renewed  their  clamours  against  him,  for 
adopting  this  evacuatiii!;  and  retreating  system. 
.Supported  by  a  consciousness  of  his  own  inleurily, 
and  by  a  full  conviction  that  those  measures  weie 
best  calculated  lor  securing  the  inuepeniience  if 
America,  he,  lor  the  good  of  his  country,  vohiiiia- 
rily  subjected  his  fame  to  be  cversnanoned  by  a 
temporary  cloud. 

(ieneral  Howe,  having  j^epared  every  thing  for 
a  descent  on  New  York  isiaiiL',  ;-e'j'>n  to  I.iihI  his 
men  under  rover  of  ships  of  war.  between  Kepp's 
bay  and  Turtle  bay.  A  breast  work  had  1  leii 
erecled    in  the  viciuily,    auJ  a  party  siaiioiici  in  1^ 


♦■t 


III    i 


H'! 


409 

o  oppoiie  the  Hritishi  in  case  of  their  attempting 
to  liinil.  Hut  on  the  tlrMt  appoarunce  of  iliini;>'r, 
they  ran  off  in  cnnriiaiiin.  I'liv  commander  in 
chit'lcaini'  ii|i  and  in  vain  atlrniplfd  tti  rally  tlii'm. 
ThoiiKli  llic  llrilish  in  siijlii  did  not  cxcei'd  .sixty, 
he  roiild  nol,  I'itlii-rliy  cxainpli',  intrcaly,  or  aullio- 
rity,  prevail  on  a  snpcriiir  fence  to  stand  their 
gniiiml,  and  face  that  inconsiderable  number. 

On  the  <lay  after  this  shameful  Ihght  of  part  o 
the  Aiiieriean  army,  a  skirmish  took  place  between 
two  battalions  of  lii;ht  infantry  ami  Highlanders, 
:nninian<led  by  lirigadier  Leslie,  and  s(niie  ilelarh- 
inenls  front  the  American  army,  under  the  com- 
mand of  liieulenant  Colonel  Knowllon,  of  Connec- 
ticut, and  Major  Ijeilrh,  of  Virginia.  The  colonel 
ivns  killed,  and  the  major  badly  wounded.  Their 
men  behaveil  with  great  bravery,  and  fairly  beat 
their  adversaries  ftom  the  field.  Most  of  these 
were  the  sanu-  men,  who  had  disgraced  themselves 
the  day  before,  by  running  away.  Struck  with  a 
sense  of  shame  for  thoir  late  misbehaviour,  they  had 
offered  themselves  as  volunteers,  and  reipiested 
the  commander  in  chief  to  give  them  an  oportu- 
nily  to  retrieve  iheir  honcuir.  Their  good  conduct, 
at  this  second  engagement,  proved  an  antidote  to 
the  poison  of  their  example  on  the  preceding  day. 
?l  demonstrated  that  the  .\merican8  only  wanted 
residntion  anil  good  olVicers  to  be  on  a  footing  with 
the  llrilish  ;  and  inspired  them  with  hopes,  that  a 
little  more  experience  would  enable  them  lo  assume 
not  only  the  name  and  garb,  hut  the  spirit  and  firm- 
ness cil'siddiers. 

The  .Vmericans,  having  evacuated  tlie  city  of 
New  York,  a  brigaile  of  the  British  army  inarched 
into  it.  They  had  been  only  a  few  days  in  pos- 
session, when  a  dreadful  fiie  broke  out  and  con- 
sumed about  a  thousand  houses.  Dry  weather, 
and  a  liiisk  wind,  spread  the  flames  to  such  an  ex- 
tent, that,  had  it  not  been  for  great  exertions  of  the 
troop*  and  sailoin,  the  whole  city  must  have  shared 
Ihe  same  fale.  After  the  Americans  liad  evacii- 
aleil  New  York,  ihey  reiired  to  the  north  end  of 
the  i^lanil  on  which  that  cily  is  erected.  In  about 
four  weeks,  (Jeneial  Howe  began  to  execute  a  plan 
for  cutting  olf  (ieneral  Washington's  communica- 
tion with  the  eastern  states,  and  enclosing  him  so 
as  lo  compel  a  general  engagement  on  the  island. 
Wilh  this  view,  the  greater  pari  of  the  royal  army 
passeil  ilirough  Hellgatr,  entered  the  sound,  and 
laiideil  on  Tlirog's  neck,  in  Wesldicster  county. 

Two  diys  after  lliey  made  this  movement,  (iene- 
ral l,ee  arrived  from  his  late  successful  command 
to  the  southward.  He  found  that  there  was  a 
prevailing  disposition  among  the  olhcers  in  the 
American  army  for  remaining  on  New  York  island. 
A  council  of  war  was  called,  in  which  (teneral  Lee 
gave  such  cmivincing  reasons  for  quitting  it,  thai 
they  residvcd  immeilialely  to  withdraw  the  bulk 
of  the  army.  He  also  pressed  the  expediency  of 
evacuiling  fort  Washington  ;  but  in  this  he  was 
opposed  by  (ieneral  (Jreenc,  who  argued  that  the 
possession  of  that  post  would  divert  a  large  body 
of  li.e  etieiny,  from  joining  their  main  force,  and, 
incoiijnnciion  w'th  fort  Lee,  would  bo  of  great 
use  in  covering  ihe  transportation  of  provisions 
and  stores  up  llie  North  river,  for  the  .service  of  the 
American  troops.  He  added  farther,  that  the  gar- 
rison could  lie  brought  otf  at  any  time,  by  boats 
from  ilie  .lersey  side  of  the  river.  His  opinion 
prevailed.  Though  the  system  of  evacuating  and 
retrealing  was  in  general  adopted,  an  exception 
was  made  in  favour  of  fort  Washington,  and  3000 
men  were  ass'jned  for  its  defence. 

'i'ho  royal  army,  after  a  halt  of  six  days,  at 
Throw's  neck,  advanced  near  to  New  Rochciie. 
On  their  march  they  sualained  a  considerable  loss 
by  a  parly  of  .\mericans  whom  (ieneral  Lee  post- 
ed behind  a  wall.  After  three  days,  (jenerai 
Howe  moved  the  right  and  centre  of  his  army, 
two  miles  to  the  norihward  of  New  Kochelle  ;  on 
the  road  to  the  White  Plains :  there  he  received 
a  large  reinforcement. 

General  Washington,  while  retreating  from 
New  Vcnk  island,  vas  careful  to  niak»  a  front  to- 
wards the  Kritish,  froni  Kast  Chester,  almost  to 
Wliile  Pl.iius,  in  order    to   secure  the   march    of 


HISTORY    O  F 


those  who  were  behind,  and  to  defend  the  removal 
of  the  sick,  the  cannon,  and  stores  of  his  army. 
In  this  inamier  his  troops  made  a  line  of  siuidl  de- 
lacheil  and  ciilreiiched  camps,  on  thu  several  heights 
and  slidiig  grounds  frnm  Valenlme's  liill,  cm  ilie 
riglil,  lollic  vicinily  of  llie  While  I'lains,  mi  ihe  lell. 

The  loyal  army  moved  in  Iwo  columns,  and  took 
a  position  with  the  Bronx  in  fioiil  ;  upon  which 
the  Americaos  assembled  Iheir  main  force  at 
While  Plains  beliind  intrenchmeiits.  \  general 
action  was  hourly  expected,  and  a  considerable  one 
look  place,  in  which  several  hundreds  fell.  The 
.\niericaiis  were  commanded  by  (ieneral  .M'Poii- 
gal,  and  the  British  by  (ieneral  Leslie.  While 
Ihey  were  engaged,  the  American  baggage  was 
moved  olf  in  full  view  of  the  British  army.  Soon 
after  lliis,  (ieneral  Washington  changed  his  front, 
his  left  wing  stood  fast,  and  his  right  fell  back  to 
some  hills.  In  this  position,  which  was  an  admi- 
rable one  in  a  military  point  of  view,  he  both  desir- 
ed and  expected  an  action  ;  but  (leneml  Howe  de- 
clined it,  and  drew  olf  his  forces  towards  Dobbs's 
ferry.  The  Americans  afterwards  retired  to 
North  Castle. 

(ieneral  Washington,  with  a  part  of  his  army, 
crossed  the  North  river,  and  took  post  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  fori  Lee.  A  force  of  about 
7.^0  men,  was  left  at  North  Castle,  under  (ieneral 
Lee. 

The  Americans  having  retired,  Sir  William 
Howe  determined  In  improve  the  opportunity  of 
their  absence,  for  the  reduction  of  fort  Washing- 
Ion.  This,  the  only  post  the  Americans  then  held 
on  New- York  island,  wa?  under  the  command  of 
Colonel  iMagaw.  The  ro.al  army  made  four  at- 
tacks upon  it.  The  fii-st  on  the  north  side,  was 
led  on  by  (ieneral  Kniphausen.  The  second 
on  the  past  by  General  Matthews,  supported  by 
lord  Cornwallis.  The  third  was  under  the  di- 
rection of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Stirling,  and  the 
fourth  was  commanded  by  lord  Percy.  The  troops 
under  Kniphausen,  when  advancing  to  the  fort, 
had  lo  pa.ss  through  a  thick  wood,  which  was  oc- 
cupied by  (v'olonel  Rawliiig's  regiment  of  rifienien, 
and  sulfered  very  much  from  their  well-directed 
fire. 

Diiriiig  the  allack,  a  body  of  the  British  light 
infantry  advanced  against  a  parly  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, who  were  annoying  them  fri¥n  beliind  rocks 
and  trees,  and  obliged  them  to  dispeise.  Lord  Per- 
cy carried  an  advance  work  on  his  side;  and  liieu- 
tenant  Colonel  Sterling  forced  his  way  up  a  steep 
height,  and  look  170  prisoners.  Their  outworks 
being  carried,  the  Americana  left  Iheir  lines,  and 
crowded  into  the  fort,  (a)l(inel  Rahl,  who  led  the 
right  column  of  Kniphansen's  attack,  pushed  for- 
ward, and  lodged  his  column  within  a  hundred 
yards  of  the  fort,  and  was  there  soon  joined  by 
the  left  column  ;  the  garrison  surrendered  on  terms 
ofcapilulation,  by  which  the  men  were  to  be  con- 
sidered as  prisoners  of  war,  and  the  officers  to 
keep  their  baggage  and  side  arms.  The  number 
of  prisoners  amo''.ated  to  2700.  The  loss  of  the 
British,  in  kil'ed,  wounded,  and  missing,  was  about 
1200.  Shortly  after  fort  Washington  had  sur- 
rendered, lord  Cornwallis,  with  a  considerable 
force,  passed  over  to  attack  fort  Lee,  on  the  op- 
posite Jersey  shore. 

The  garrison  wa»  saved  hy  an  immediate  evac- 
uation, iiiit  at  the  expense  of  their  artillery  and 
stores.  (ieneral  Washington,  about  this  time, 
retreated  to  Newark.  Having  abundant  reason, 
from  the  posture  of  affairs,  to  count  on  the  neces- 
sity of  a  farther  retreat,  he  asked  Colonel  Reed; 
"should  we  retreat  to  the  back  parts  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, will  the  Pcnnsylvanians  support  us  ?"  The 
Colonel  replied,  if  the  lower  counties  be  subdued, 
and  give  up,  the  back  counties  will  do  the  same. 
The  (ieneral  replied  ;  "  we  must  retire  to  Augusta 
county  in  Virginia.  Numbers  will  be  obliged  to 
repair  to  us  for  safely.  We  must  try  what  we  can 
do  in  carrying  on  a  predatory  war  ;  and,  if  over- 
powered, we  must  cross  the  Allegany  mminlain." 

While  a  tide  of  siiceesi;  was  llnwmg  in  upon 
(ieneral  Howe,  he  and  liis  briitlier,  as  royal  ciiiii- 
missioners.  issued  a  pinclainatioii,    in  whicli  (hey 


conmianded  all  persons  asseinoled  in  arms  against 
his  majesty's  government  to  disband  :  and  all  ge- 
neral or  provincial  ciiiigresses  lo  desisl  IVcini  iheir 
tieasiinable  aciings,  and  lo  iclinipiisli  llieir  M\iirp- 
cd  pon.i."  Tliey  also  dcclated,  "thai  every 
pcrsiinwiiii  wiiliJMsiMy  days  shiinld  appear  lietoro 
the  governor,  lieiilenanl  governor,  or  coniinander 
inchief  of  any  of  his  majesty's  colonies,  or  before 
the  general  or  ciimmaniling  oHicer  of  his  majesty's 
forces,  and  claim  the  benefit  of  the  proclamation  ; 
and  testify  his  obedience  In  the  laws,  by  snliscrib- 
ing  a  certain  declaration,  should  obtain  a  full  and 
free  pardon  of  all  treasons  by  him  commilted,  and 
of  all  ((irfeilures  and  penalties  for  the  same." 

The  term  of  lime  for  "  hich  the  American  sol- 
diers had  engaged  to  seivc,  ended  in  November  or 
December;  wilh  no  other  exception,  than  that  ol 
two  companies  of  artillery,  belonging  to  Ihe  state 
of  New  York,  which  were  engaged  for  the  war. 
The  army  had  been  organized  at  the  close  of  the 
preceding  year,  on  the  fallacious  idea,  that  an  ac- 
commodation woiilil  take  place  within  a  twelve- 
month.  Kven  the  flying  camp,  though  insiliuted 
after  the  prospect  of  that  event  had  vanished,  wa* 
enlisted  only  to  the  fir.st  of  December,  from  a  pre- 
siimplion  that  the  campaign  would  terminate  by 
that  time. 

When  it  was  expected  that  the  conquerors 
would  retire  to  winter  ipiarters,  they  commenced 
a  new  plan  of  operations  more  alarming  than  all 
their  previous  conqnesls.  The  reduction  of  fort 
Washinglon,  the  evacuation  of  fiirt  Lee,  and  the 
diminution  of  llie  American  army,  by  the  depar- 
ture of  those  whose  term  of  service  had  expired, 
encouraged  the  British,  notwithstanding  the  seve- 
rity of  the  winter,  and  Ihe  badness  of  the  road.s, 
lo  pursue  the  remaining  inconsiderable  coniinen- 
tal  force,  with  the  prospect  of  annihilating  it.  By 
this  turn  of  affairs,  ilie  interior  country  was  sur- 
prised into  ciinfiisiiiii,  and  found  an  enemy  within 
its  bowels,  wilhout  a  sufhcieiit  army  to  op|  )se  it. 
To  retreat  was  ihe  only  expedient  left.  This  hav- 
ing commenced,  lord  Cornwallis  followed,  and 
was  close  in  the  lear  of  (ieneral  Wasliini;ii)n,  13 
he  retreated  successively  to  Newark,  to  Bruns- 
wick, to  I'rinceton,  lo  Treiilim,  and  to  the  J'enn- 
sylvania  side  of  Ihe  Delaware.  The  pursuit  was 
urged  with  so  much  rapidity,  that  the  rear  of  the 
one  army,  pulling  down  bridges,  was  often  within 
sight,  and  shot  ofthevanof  the  other,  building 
them  up. 

This  retreat  into,  and  through  New  Jersey,  was 
attended  wilh  almost  every  circumstance  that 
could  occasion  embariassment  and  depression  of 
spirits.  It  commenced  in  a  few  days  alier  the 
.•\uier  cans  had  lost  2700  men  in  I'oit  Washing- 
ton. In  fourteen  days  after  that  event,  the  whole 
flying  caiiip  claimed  their  discharge.  This  was 
followed  by  the  almost  daily  ileparliire  of  others, 
whose  engagements  terminated  nearly  about  the 
same  time.  A  farther  disappointment  happened 
to  (ieneral  Washinglon.  (iatcs  had  been  ordered 
l)y  congress  to  send  two  regiments  from  Ticonde- 
roga,  to  reinforce  his  army.  Two  .Jersey  legi- 
nienls  were  put  under  the  command  of  (ieneral  St. 
(-'lair,  and  fonvarded  in  obedience  to  this  order  • 
but  the  period  for  which  they  were  enlisted  was 
expired,  and  the  moment  they  entered  iheir  own 
state,  they  went  off  to  a  man.  A  few  officers, 
without  a  single  private,  of  these  two  regiments, 
were  all  that  General  St.  Clair  brought  to  the  aid 
of  the  retreating  American  army.  The  few,  wbn 
remained  with  General  Washington,  wcr"  1  a  most 
forlorn  condition.  They  consisted  mosi.y  of  the 
troops  which  had  garrisoned  fort  Lee,  and  had 
been  compelled  to  abandon  that  post  so  suddenly, 
that  they  commenced  their  retreat  without  tents 
or  blankets,  and  without  any  uiensils  to  dress  their 
provisions.  In  this  situation  they  performed  a 
march  of  about  ninety  miles,  and  had  the  address 
to  prolong  it  to  the  space  of  nineteen  days. 

As  ill !  retreating  Americans,  inarched  through 
Ihe  country,  scarcely  one  of  the  inhabitants  joined 
them  ;  while  iiumbeis  were  daily  fiockiiig  to  the 
royal  army,  lo  make  llieir  peace,  and  idilain  pro- 
tection.    They    saw   on  ihe  one  side  a   nutneruus. 


^^iwrn^hi^, 


«-Hem-,lr,|  in  „rm,  as.h,, 
in  I"  ilisbiiml  :  ,111,1  ;ill  ge. 

" '   ">  <l<-siMi  |,„|„   iiicir 

'"  ',''l""|iii-<li   ilicir  iKiirp. 

;    .l.rhM..,!,     ■•thai    rvef. 

I'l.vs  sl,„„|,|    ;,|,,„,,„.  ,„,Hj^;; 

-"*'■','""■'  '"■  'iPiiimaiHler 
ytl^  s  iMilc.nies.  (ir   l)r|„re 

iiiK  "flicer  oCliid  maji-sty's 
■'"•lil(.(ll,e,m,,.|a,„atio,,; 

'"Hie  lawa,  by  s,||,s,.ril). 
■"lioulil  obtain  a  lull  and 
'  }>}•  liim  coniiiiitiPil,  anj 
llu's  lorthn  name." 

Iiifli    llii<   Arncrinaii   aol- 

•'iiili'il   in  NovcinbiT  or 

•■  "-xroiuion,  ilian  thai    ol 

''"'l"ii.«''iR    to  Ihe  .stale 

«  <M.Bai..Nl  (or  tlio  war. 
iiz';'l.it  tlio  ol,,,e  or  the 
liicioiis  idr:,,  tliat    an   ac- 

place  Hiiliin  a  tivclve- 
Ciiin|i,   tlioiigli    instiintp(( 

even,  |„„|  vanisln.,!,  «•„» 
rJl  Ueconiber,  Croni  a  pre- 
ign    would  terniinaio   by 

'•  that  the  conqm-rors 
irtcrs,  tlipy  eoiinncnced 
s  more  alarming  than  all 

IMe   ri'duction    nl    fort 
in  ot  fort  Lee,   ami    the 
II  •■"■my.    by    the    drpar- 
o(  service    had    expired 
otwiihsianding  the  seve- 

badness    of  the    niads 
iiconsiderabin  nintinen' 

of  annilnlatinK  it.  Hy 
I'rior  eonntrv  was  snr- 
imiid  an  enemy  withi,, 
'111  :irmy  to  ..p,  ,so  ;,. 
icdient  left,  'lliis  hay. 
irnwallis  followed,  ami 
icneral  Washi„i;,„„_  ^ 
to  Newark,  to  liriins- 
"ton,  atid  to  the  J'enn- 
'iirc.  The  pursuit  w.is 
1'.  that  the  rear  of  the 
'd«e3,  was  often  within 
ol   the  other,    building 

ough  New   Jersey,  was 
>y    circiiinstanec    that 
f'lit   and  depression  of 
a  few    days    alier  the 
men  in   foit  Washine- 
I  i:it  event,  the    whole 
discharge.     This    was 
departure    of    others, 
ted    nearly   about    the 
ppointnient   happened 
IC9  liad   been    ordered 
iments  from  Titoiide- 
Two    .Jersey    rt^gi- 
iiimand  of  Oeneral  St. 
ieiice   to    this  order  ■ 
f    were    enlisted    was 
ley  entered  their  own 
II-      A    few    oDrcers, 
these  two  reginienlsi, 
r  brought  to  the  aid 
ii'.v.     The   few,    wbn 
igton,  wer»    i  a  most 
isted   mosi.y   of  the 
<l    lort  Lee,  and  had 
t  post   so    .suddenly, 
etrcat  without  tents 
ensils    to  dress  their 
they    performed    a 
itl    had    the  address 
iRteen  days. 
I    marched    Ihroiigb 
e  inhabitants  joined 
l;iily   (locking  to  the 
iii-e.  and  obtain  pro- 
e  side  a   immerous. 


NonTlI    AMT.RIOA. 


well-appointed,  iind  fidl  clail  army,  ila/,y.ling  their 
eves  with  the  elegaiiiiMil  luiihiniiily  :  on  ihe  other, 
a  lew  poor  (rllows,  »lni,  Inmi  llieir  sliiililij  clcilli- 
ing,    were   r.illc'd    ragniiilfiiis,    (jii'iiii;    (or    llicir 

(lal'eiy.      Nul    only    llic  rdiiuiKin  | pie    rlianu'ed 

sides  ill  this  uliKiniy ''liiic  of  piiblir  alliiirs  :  lint 
siiiuc  of  llie  Icailiiig  men  ill  New  .ler^ev  ami  I'eiiii- 
s\lvaiiia  ailiipteil  the  same  expeilienl.  Among 
tiie-e  .Mr.  (iaIloHay,  and  the  family  of  the  .Miens 
ill  I'liilailelpliia,  were  most  disliriguislied.  The 
foruier,  ami  one  of  the  latter,  had  been  members 
of  (.'ongress.  In  tliisliourof  adversity,  they  came 
within  llie  llrilisli  lines,  and  siirremlereil  them- 
selves to  the  coiii|iierois,  alleging  in  jiisiifnaliiin 
oftheireoniliicl.tliat  though  they  had  joined  with 
their  eoiiiiliymen,  in  seeking  for  a  redress  of 
grievances  in  a  constitutional  way.  they  had  never 
approved  of  the  measures  lately  adopted,  and  were 
in  particular,  at  all  times  averse  to  independence. 

On  the  (lay  Oencral  Washington  relteated  over 
the  Delaware,  the  llrilisli  took  possession  of  Rhode 
Island,  without  any  loss,  anil  at  the  same  time 
blocked  up  Commodore  Hopkins' squadron,  and  a 
mimber  of  privateers  at  Providence. 

In  ihis  period,  when  the  American  army  was 
relinquishing  its  (iencial  ;  the  people  giving  up 
the  cause  ;  some  of  their  leaders  going  over  to 
the  enemy;  ami  ihe  Itritishcommandeissncceed- 
1111!  in  every  enterprise,  (ieneral  Lee  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Uaskenbridge,  by  [iieutenant  Colonel 
Ilarcoiirt.  This  ciiused  a  depression  of  spirits 
.unoiig  the  Americans,  far  exceeding  any  real  in- 
jiiiy  done  to  their  essential  interests.  He  had 
been  repe.ilc<lly  ordered  to  come  forward  with  his 
divisinii,  and  join  (ieneral  Washinglon;  but  these 
ordeis  were  not  obeyed.  This  circiinislance,  and 
the  ilangcidus  crisis  of  public  alfairs,  together  with 
his  being  alinie,  at  some  disiance  from  the  troops 
which  he  commanded,  begat  suspicions  tint  he 
chose  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  liritish.  Though 
these  apprehensions  were  without  foiimlatinn.  they 
produced  the  same  extensive  mischief,  as  if  they 
h:iil  been  realities.  The  Americans  had  reposed 
exiravagant  confidence  in  his  mililaiy  talents,  and 
experience  of  regular  K.niiipean  war.  i\rercly  to 
have  lost  such  an  idol  of  ihe  slates,  at  any  time, 
would  liave  been  distressful ;  bill  losing  him  under 
circiimsiances,  which  favoured  an  opinion  that, 
despairing  id"  the  .Vmi'riian  cause,  he  chose  to  be 
taken  prisoner,  was  to  iiiiny  an  extinguishment  of 
evi.ry  liope. 

I!y  the  advance  of  the  Rritish  into  New  .lersey, 
the  neiiihboiirliood  of  I'liilailelpliia  became  the 
seat  of  war.  This  prevenled  that  umlisiiirberl  at- 
tention to  public  I'iciness  which  the  deliberations 
of  Congress  required.  They  therefore  adjourned 
Iheinselvcs  to  meet  in  eight  days  at  Baltimore,  re- 
Bulviiig  al  the  same  time,  "that  (ieneral  Washing- 
ton should  be  possessed  of  full  powers  to  order 
and  direct  all  things,  relative  In  the  department. 
and  the  operations  of  war." 

The  activity  of  the  llrilisli  at  the  close  of  the 
catuiiaigii,  se:'med  in  some  measure  to  compensate 
for  llieir  tardiness  in  the  beginniii<.' of  it. 

Hitherto  they  had  succeeded  in  every  scheme. 
They  iii.irched  up  and  i'  in  the  .Jersey  side  of 
the  Delawnie,  and  llirongli  the  connlrv  withnnl 
any  moleslation.  All  opposition  to  the  re-eslalj- 
lishment  of  royal  government  seemed  to  be  on 
the  point  of  expirini;.  The  .Americans  had 
thus  far  acted  without  system,  or  rather  feebly  ex- 
ecuted what  had  been  in|uilicioiisly  adopted. 
Though  the  war  was  changed  from  its  first  ground, 
a  redress  of  grievances,  (o  a  struggle  for  sove- 
reignty, yet  some  considerable  time  elapsed,  before 
arrangements  conformable  to  this  new  .system, 
were  aiiopled  ;  and  a  much  longer,  before  they 
were  carried  into  execution. 

With  'he  year  177(!,  a  retreating,  half-naked 
army  wa°  to  be  dismissed,  and  the  prospect  of  a 
new  one  was  both  distant  and  uncerlnin.  The  re- 
cently assumed  independence  of  the  stales,  was 
ajiparenlly  on  the  verge  of  dissolution.  It  was 
supposed  by  many,  that  tin-  icconi  I'f  their  exist- 
ence would  have  been  noiuini' llian,  lliai  ", i tickle 
paopic,  lin|i.itient  :fllie  restraints  of  regular  go- 


vernment, had  in  n  fit  of  passion,  abolished  that 
of  (ireat  lirilain.  and  established  in  Its  room,  free 
consiiiulionsof  llieir  own  ;  imt  these  new  estab- 
lishments, iVomwanl  id  wisdoiii  in  their  rulers,  or 
of  spirit  in  their  people,  were  no  sooner  formed 
llian  annihilated.  The  leading  men  in  their  res- 
pi'Clive  uovernmenls,  and  llie  principal  meiiibcrs 
oft'ongress,  for  by  this  name  the  insurgenis  dis- 
tinguished their  supreme  council,  were  hanged, 
and  their  estates  conllsoaled.  Washington,  the 
gallant  leader  of  their  military  establishments, 
worthy  ol  a  bctlerfile,  deserted  by  his  army, aban- 
doned by  his  country,  rushing  on  the  thickest  hat- 
lalions  of  the  foe,  provoked  a  friendly  Hrilisli 
bayonet  to  deliver  him  from  an  ignominious  death." 

To  human  wisdom  it  appeared  probable,  that 
such  a  paragraph  noiild  have  closed  some  small 
sectiimin  the  history  of  Kngland,  treating  of  the 
.\niericaii  troubles.  There  is  in  human  all'airs 
an  ultimate  point  ofelevation  or  depression,  beyond 
»hi(  h  they  neith-r  grow  better  nor  worse  ;  hut 
turn  back  in  a  contrary  course. 

In  proportion  as  dilficiilties  increased,  Congress 
redoubled  its  exertions  In  oppose  them.  Tiiey 
addressed  Ihe  states  in  animated  language,  calcu- 
lated to  remove  their  despondency,  renew  their 
hopes,  and  confirm  their  resolutions. 

They,  at  the  same  time,  despatched  gentlemen 
of  character  and  inlliicnce,  to  excite  the  militia  to 
take  the  field,  (.ieneral  AlilTlin  was,  on  this  oc- 
casion, particularly  useful.  He  exerted  his  great 
abilities,  in  arousing  his  fellow  citi/.ens,  by  anima- 
ted and  alfectionate  addresses,  to  turn  out  in  de- 
fence of  their  endangered  liberties. 

Congress  also  recommended  to  each  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  "to  appoint  a  day  of  solemn  fasting 
anil  humiliation,  to  implore  of  Almighty  (!od  the 
forgiveness  oftheir  many  sins,  and  to  beg  the  coun- 
tenance and  assistance  of  his  providence,  in  Ihi' 
prosecution  of  the  present  just  and  necessary  war." 

In  the  dangerotls  situation,  in  which  every  thing 
dear  to  the  friends  of  independence  was  reduced, 
congress  transferred  extraordinary  powers  to  (Je- 
neral  Washington,  by  a  resolution  expres.sed  in  the 
following  words  : 

"  The  unjust,  but  determined  purpose  of  tlie 
British  court,  to  enslave  these  free  states,  obvious 
ihiough  every  delusive  insinuation  to  the  eontriry, 
having  placed  things  in  such  a  situation  that  the 
very  existence  of  civil  liberty  now  depends  on  the 
right  execution  of  military  power  ;  and  the  vigor- 
ous, decisive  conduct  of  these  being  impossible  to 
distant,  numerous,  and  deliberative  bodies;  this 
(Congress,  having  maturely  considered  the  present 
crisis,  and  having  perfect  reliance  on  the  wisdom, 
vigour,  and  uprightness  of  General  Washington, 
do  hereby — 

"  Residve  that  General  'Washington  shall  be, 
and  he  is  hereby  vested  with  full,  ample,  and  com- 
plete powers,  to  raise  and  collect  together,  in  Ihe 
most  speedy  and  clfectual  manner,  from  any  or  all 
of  these  United  States,  sixteen  battalions  of  in- 
fantry, in  addition  to  those  already  voted  by  Con- 
gress ;  to  appoint  olliccrs  for  the  said  battalions  ol 
iidantry  :  to  raise,  otficer,  and  equip  3000  light 
horse,  three  regiments  of  artillery,  and  a  corps  of 
enaincers  ;  to  establish  their  piiy  ;  toapplytoany 
of  the  slates  for  such  aid  of  the  militia  as  lie  shall 
judge  necessary  ;  to  form  such  maga/.ines  of  pro- 
visions, and  in  such  places  as  he  shall  think  pro 
per  ;  to  displace  and  appoint  all  officers  under  the 
rank  of  Brigadier  General;  and  to  fill  up  all  vacan- 
cies in  every  other  department  in  the  American 
armies  ;  to  take,  wherever  he  may  be,  whatever 
ho  may  want  for  the  use  of  the  army,  if  the  inha- 
bitants will  not  sell  it,  allowing  a  reasonable  price 
for  the  same  ;  to  arrest  and  confine  persons  who 
refuse  to  take  the  contii  ental  currency,  or  are 
otlienvise  disalfected  to  the  American  cause  ;  and 
return  to  the  states  of  which  they  are  citizens, 
their  names,  and  the  'latiire  of  llieir  olfences,  to- 
nether  with  the  wiliif  sses  lo  prove  them  :  that  the 
foregoinc  powers  !)■•  vested  in  Geni'ial  Washing- 
Ion,  fur,  and  diiriii;  the  term  of  six  luonlhs,  Iroiii 
llie  date  thiMi'iil",  unless  siioiiiT  dclerinineil  by 
''oiiiiress." 


408 

In  this  hoiirof  extremiiy,  ihe  alteniniii  ol  < 'on- 
gress  was  emplo)ed  In  devising  plans  to  "ave  the 
stales  from  sinking  iindi-r  the  heavy  itl  imities 
whii'li  were  bearing  llieiii  down.  Il  i-  leiuaika- 
ble.  ili.it,  iii'illier  ill  llie  present  condilim  llioii.;li 
living  and  severe,  nor  in  any  other  siiiii-  ihe  de- 
elar.iiion  of  iiidepcnileiice,  was  Cnniiess  iiillnen- 
ced  eillici  by  lince.  di'-lress,  artifice,  oi  persuasion, 
lo  entertain  the  most  distant  idea  ol  |/'irc|iasing 
peace,  by  returning  lo  the  condition  u  Itrilisli 
suhjeclH.  So  low  were  lliey  reduced  in  me  latter 
endofl77(>,  that  some  inenibers  distrustful  of 
their  ability  to  resist  the  power  of  (treat  lirilain, 
proposed  to  aiiihorise  their  comniissinneri  al  the 
court  u(  l''ram  e,  (whose  appointmenl  shall  bo 
herealler  explameil,)  to  transfer  to  that  coiiiilry 
the  same  moiiM)Hdv  of  their  traile,  which  (ire;  . 
lirilain  had  hillierto  enjoyed.  ( )ii  exaininalion,  it 
was  found,  that  concessi"usof  lliiskiii'l  would  de- 
stroy the  force  of  many  ai  ^  iiinenls  herciofore  used 
in  favour  of  independence,  and  probably  disuniln 
their  citizens. 

It  was  next  proposed   <■■  nd'er  a    rnii poly    of 

certain  enumeraled  ailn  I'  ofproduii.  To  this 
the  variant  inleiests  of  tie  dill'eienl  slates  were 
so  directly  opposed,  as  to  occasion  a  speedy  and 
decided  negative.  Some  proposed  otfering  tr 
France,  a  league  idfensive  and  detensive,  ill  cis* 
she  would  hearlily  siippinl  Amerii  in  indepen- 
dence :  but  this  was  also  rejected.  The  more  en- 
lightened members  of  (-longiess  argued  :  "though 
Ihe  friendship  of  small  slates  might  lie  purchased 
that  of  I'" ranee  could  not."  They  alleged,  that  il 
she  would  risk  a  war  wlili  (ireat  Britain,  hy  open- 
ly espousing  their  cause,  cl  would  not  be  so  much 
from  the  prospect  of  direct  advantages,  as  from  » 
natural  desire  lo  lessen  the  ovcriiiown  power  of  a 
dangerous  rival.  It  was  thereroie  supposed,  that 
the  only  iiidiiceinent,  likely  to  inlliieiice  l-'raneu 
to  an  interference,  was  an  assurance  iliat  the  Uni- 
ted States  were  determined  to  perMvere  in  retii- 
ning  a  return  to  their  former  allegiance.  Instead 
of  lisleniiig  to  the  terms  of  the  royal  conmiission- 
ers,  or  to  any  founileil  on  the  idea  of  ilieir  resuming 
the  character  of  Biitisli  subjects,  il  was  therefoic 
again  resohed,  to  abide  by  their  declared  indepen- 
dence, and  prolVeied  freedom  of  trade  to  every 
foreign  nation  ;  trusting  the  event  to  providence, 
and  risking  all  consequences.  Copies  of  tnesc 
resolutions  were  sent  to  the  principal  courts  of 
Kiiropc,  and  proper  persons  were  appolnleil  to 
solicit  their  friendship  to  the  new-formed  slates. 
These  despatches  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Bri- 
tish, and  were  by  them  published.  This  was  the 
very  thing  wished  for  hy  Congress.  They  well 
knew  that  an  apprehension  oftheir  making  up  all 
dill'erences  with  Great  Britain  was  the  principal 
objection  to  the  interference  of  foreign  coiiiis,  in 
what  was  represented  to  be  no  more  than  a  domes- 
tic quarrel.  A  resolution  adopied  in  the  deepest 
distress  and  the  worst  of  times,  that  (Jongress 
would  listei>  to  no  terms  of  re-union  with  their 
parent  state,  convinced  those  who  wished  for  the 
dismemberment  of  the  British  empire,  that  it  was 
sound  policy  to  interfere,  so  far  as  wii  I  prevent 
the  conquest  of  the  United  .Stales. 

These  judicious  determinations  in  the  cabinet 
were  accompanied  with  vigorous  exertions  in  the 
field.  In  this  crisis  of  danger  l-OOO  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania militia  embodied,  to  reinforce  the  conti 
nental  army  The  merchant,  the  farmer,  the 
tradesman,  and  the  labourer,  cheerfully  relin(|uisli- 
ed  the  conveniences  of  home,  to  perform  the 
duties  of  private  soldiers,  in  the  severity  of  a 
winter  campaign.  Though  most  of  them  were 
accustomed  to  the  habits  of  a  city  life,  they  slept 
in  tents,  barns,  and  sometimes  in  the  open  air,  du- 
ring the  cold  months  of  December  and  .Taniiaiy. 
There  were,  nevertheless,  only  two  instances  of 
sickness,  and  only  one  of  death,  in  that  large  body 
of  men,  in  the  course  of  six  weeks.  The  dt-liiy, 
so  judiiiously  contrived  on  llie  retreat  through 
.Tersey.  all'iiiiled  lime  fur  tlicse  voliinleer  rein- 
forcemenls  III  join  (Ieneral  Wa-iliinglnn.  The 
.  iMiiiiher  oi  IriMips  unilcr  lii<  com  ma  <  il  a  I  thai  tune, 
llhiclualeil  between  'uo  aii.l  ilnie  iluMisand.     To 


404 


II  IS  TOR  V    UK 


turn  rniiiiil  miil  fncr  n  victoriiiiiH  mid  iiiiiid-iimk 


Ml 


i| 


f   i 


foe,  will)  (hill  Kii'oiHJilpriililf   lorcr,  w.h  ri»kiiiK 

milcli :  lull  llic  iirKfiH'y  nl'lhe  iunp  rrqiilrid  tliiii 

■riiivrliiiiK  ^liciiilil  lir  iitli'iiiptiMl,     Till'  icriiiilinu 

hllKiiicsn,  liir  llii>  |iri>|>i>Hi>il  iirw  ciiiiliiKMihil  iiiiiii,  |  llii'    l)i'l:i»;i 

Wiis  al  II  Mliiiiil,  wlillr  lilt'  llrllinh  tvcrc  ilrlviiii'  ilir  (ii'iii'ial  \\'\ 


I  ■i|itur*'ili  cxri<|it  uliuiit  GOO,  wliii  ('iti'ii|i(iil   hy  ijii- 


1(1  jrailmu  III  Itiirili'iiliin. 

Till'  Mrili^li  liail  a  nliniik;  h.illall I   liiilit   iii- 

liilili  V  at  riuiri'liiii,  anil  a  liiici'  vrl  iiiiiaiiiili);  iii'ar 

ii|iriiiii'  I'l    till'  Aiiiriiiaii  anil)'. 

liin;;liiM,  llirirliiir,  In  llii' rvi'iiiiiu  ill 


AnirricaiK  lirfnrw    llii'iii.     Tlir    iiipncnl    ii'jjiilar  llii' laiiir  ilny,  llinntlit  il  inii'it  |iriiili>nl  In  rcciiiss 


liiln  I'iMilHvivaiila  witli  IiIh  |irHiiiii'r8 

Till"  rllfi'lK  111  tliJH  micci'NMriil  fiilt'rpriHB  werr 
npi'i'ilily  Irll  III  it'iriilliii);  lli«  Aiiii'rii'aii  Hiiiiy. 
Aliiiiil  1 100  rfftiilar  auldlrrs,  wlume  liiiiv  iil  Ncr- 
vlt^e  win<  (III  llie  |i<ijii(  iir('H|i|riiiH,  a)(M'r(l  to  nrrve 
mIx  H'ci.'kn  liiii);<'ri  "ii  i>  |M>iiiiisi'il  giatiiily  nl'  ini 
|m|irr  iliillam  to  i-ai'li.  iMrii  iif  liilluciicr  wrii' 
Hunt  to  iliU'i'reiil  |iai'tii  orilie  cimiitrv  to  riiiiMo  llic 
iiiililla.  Tlir  ia|iiiir  anil  liiipiililic  oiiiiiliii't  iil'tliK 
lli'ili.ili  iipcratfil  iiioif  riiiclbly  nil  tin'  iiilialiitaiils, 
III  expel  till-Ill  rriiiii  till'  .:ale,  ilian  clliii'r  patrinl- 
Ixni,  nr  prrsuiiMUiii  to  prevriil  llirirovrrriiiiiiiiiK  ll. 
'I'lip  llcsDiaii  prisoners  taken  on  tliR  ^ililli  belli); 
seciiii'il,  Oeiicral  Waslilnntoii  re  frnnseil  the  De- 
laware, and  tiiiik  possession  ol'  Treiiloii.  'I'he 
iletacliiiients,  nliich  had  lieeii  dislrilinted  over 
New  Jersey,  previous  to  llie  capture  ol'tlie  llea- 
siaiis,  iiniiM'dialrly  alter  that  event,  asscinliled  at 
rilneeton,  anil  were  joined  liy  (lie  army  I'riiin 
Itriinsivick,  under  liiid  ('onmallis.  I'Toiii  this 
positiiin,  ,lan.  ^d.  I77li,  lltey  pioeeeded  tiinnrds 
Tii'iiton  in  itreat  loree,  hopiin;  by  a  vinoroiis  onset 
to  repair  the  iiijiiry  their  eaiise  had  sustained  liy 
the  late  del'eal.  Tiiily  delicate  was  the  sitiintioii 
ot'the  leelili!  Aineriean  army.  'l"o  retreat  was  to 
lia/.ard  the  city  nl'  I'liiladelphia,  and  to  de>iroy 
every  ray  of  hope  which  hadlieyun  to  dawn  Irniii 
their  late  success.  To  risk  an  actiiiii,  with  a  su- 
perior I'orce  ill  trout,  and  a  river  in  rear,  was  dan- 
gerous in  the  extreme.  To  ^el  roiiiiil  the  advan- 
ced parly  ot'llie  lirilish,  and,  liy  piishiiiK  liirwards, 
III  attack  in  their  rear,  was  deemed  preleralile  to 
either.  'I'he  Itritish.  on  their  advance  IVoin 
I'riiicetoii.alioiit  I  I'.  M.  attacked  a  body  ofAme- 
ricans  posted  with  lour  field  pieces,  a  little  to  the 
iiortliward  of  Trenton,  and  coiiipelleil  them  tn 
retreat.  The  purDuiii^  ilritish,  bciti^r  checked, 
at  the  hrid);e  over  Sanpiiik  creek,  wliieh  runs 
through  that  tuwii,  by  some  field  ))icces,  posted  on 
the  opposite  banks  of  tliat  rivulet,  fell  hack  so  far 
as  to  be  out  of  reach  of  tlio  caiinoii,  and  kindled 
tlieir  lires. 

The  .-Vmericans  were  drawn  up  on  the  other 
side  of  the  creek,  and  ill  that  position  remained 
till  niiiht,  caniiiiiiadin);  the  enemy  and  receiving 
their  lire.  Iii  this  critical  hour,  two  armies,  on 
which  the  success  or  failure  of  the  American  re- 
viiliiiinn  materially  depended,  were  crowded  into 
the  small  vijlaiic  of  Trenton,  and  only  separated 
liy  a  creek,  in  many  pi, ices  forihi'ile.  'I'he  liii- 
lisli,  believiiii;  they  had  all  llie  ailvaiila):es  they 
coulil  wish  for,  and  that  they  could  use  them  w  hen 
they  pleased,  discontinued  all  farther  operations, 
and  kepi  themselves  in  readiness  to  iiuike  tlic  at 
tack  next  morning.  Sir  U'illiain  Krskino  'i»  re- 
ported to  have  advised  an  immediate  attack,  or 
at  least  to  place  a  .strong  guard  al  a  bridge  over 
.Sanpink  creek,  which  lay  in  the  route  the  Ameri- 
cans look  to  Princeton  ;  giving  for  a  rea.soii  thai, 
oilierwise,  Washliigloii,  if  a  good  general,  would 
make  a  move  to  the  left  ofthe  royal  army,  and  at- 
lack  the  post  at  I'riiicelon  in  the  rear. 

'I'he  next  morning  presented  a  scene  as  brilliant 
on  the  one  side,  as  it  was  unexpected  on  the  other. 
.""looii  alter  it  became  dark,  (leneral  Washington 
ordered  all  his  baggage  to  be  silently  removed, 
and  having  left  guards  for  the  purpose  of  decep- 
tion, inarched  with  )iis  whole  force,  by  a  circui- 
tous route,  to  I'rinccton.  This  iiianicuvre  was 
deteriiiined  upon  in  a  council  of  war,  from  a  con- 
viction that  it  would  avoid  the  appearance  of  a 
retreat,  and  al  the  same  time  the  ha/.ard  of  an  ac. 
lion  in  a  bad  position  ;  and  that  it  was  the  most  likely 
way  to  preserve  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  from 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  lirilish.  (ieneral 
Washington  also  presumed,  that  from  an  eagerncsi 
mfnt.sof  Kalil,  finslier'.',  anil  Kniphausen,  amount-  to  ell'acc  the  impressions,  made  by  tlie  late  capture 
ing  in  the  whole  lo  ab.iiil  l.")(IO  men,  and  a  troop  of  the  He.ssians  at  Trenton,  the  iSritish  comiiian- 
uf  iiritlsb  Ught  iiors'.-.     A II  these  were  killed    orl  ders  hud  jnisbed  forward  their  principal  force,  aud  J 


•nlilirrs  could,  as  a  niatter  of  right,  in  less  than  a 
week,  claim  their  discharge,  and  scarce  a  single 
recruit  olVered  to  sufiply  Iheir  place,  ruder  these 
cireiimiilanceii,  the  hold  resolution  was  formed,  of 
recrossing  into  the  slate  of  ,leiHey,  and  atlaeking 
that  part  of  the  enemy  which  was  posted  at  Tren- 
ton. 

When  the  Americans  retreated  over  lite  Dela- 
ware, the  boats  ill  the  vieiniiy  were  moved  out  of 
the  w.iy  of  their  pursuers  ;  this  arrested  their  pro- 
grr»<«  i  but  the  Itritish  commanders,  in  the  seciiri- 
ly  of  oonipiest,  cantoned  their  army  in  llurlinglon, 
Uordniilon,  Trenlon,  and  other  towns  of  New 
Jersey,  in  daily  expectation  of  being  enabled  lo 
crnsH  into  Pennsylvania,  by  meansof  ice,  which  is 
generally  fiirmei!  aboiil  that  lime. 

Of  all  events,  none  seemed  to  them  more  im- 

I>roliable,  than  that  their  late  retreating,  lialfiia- 
ied  enemies,  should,  in  this  extreme  cold  season, 
face  about  and  commence  olleiisive  operations. 
They  indulged  themselves  in  a  degree  of  careless 
inaltention  to  ihj  possibility  of  a  surprise,  wiiich, 
in  the  vicinity  of  an  enemy,  however  contemp;i- 
blc,  can  never  be  Jtisllfied.  ll  has  been  said  that 
Colonel  Kalil,  the  comtnaiidingoiricer  in  Trenlon, 
being  under  some  apprehension  for  that  frontier 
post,  agiplied  lo  (ieneral  (iiaiit  for  a  reiiiforceiiienl, 
and  that  (ieneral  reliirned  lor  answer  :  "  Tell  the 
colonel,  he  is  very  safe.  I  will  undertake  lo  keep 
the  peace  in  New  .lersey,  with  a  corporal's  guard." 
In  the  evening  of  ( 'hrislmas  day  ( leneral  Wash- 
ington made  arrangements  for  re-crossing  the 
Delaware  in  three  divisions  ;  at  iM'Konkey's  ter- 
ry :  ill  Trenlon  ferry  ;  and  al  or  near  llordenlon. 
'I'he  troops  which  were  lo  have  crnsscd  at  the  two 
last  places,  we  e  commanded  by  (ienemls  Kwiiig 
and  Cadwalaik  ,  who  made  every  exertion  to  get 
ovt.  :  but  the  i^iiantlty  of  ice  was  so  sieal,  that 
ihey  could  not  elVecl  their  purpose.  The  main 
tody  which  was  conmianded  by  (ii'iieral  Washing- 
Con,  crossed  at  .M'Koiikvy'i)  ferry  •■  but  the  ice  in 
the  river  retarded  it«  passage  -.o  long,  that  it  was 
three  o'clock  in  the  iinnning,  belbre  the  artillery 
could  be  gotten  over.  On  landing  in  .lersey,  it 
was  formed  into  two  divisions,  coiiimaiiiled  hy  (ie- 
nerals  Sullivan  and  (ireeii.  who  liail  under  their 
command  Drigadiers  lord  .Smliim,  .Mercer  and  .St. 
Clair.  One  of  the  divisions  were  ordered  lo  pro- 
ceed on  the  lower,  or  river  road,  the  oilier  on  the 
upper,  or  Peiiiiington  road,  ('olniiel  .^lark,  with 
some  liglil  troops,  was  also  directed  lo  advance 
near  to  the  river,  and  lo  possess  himself  of  that 
part  ofthe  town  which  is  lieyond  the  bridge.  The 
divisions  having  marly  the  same  distance  lo 
march,  were  ordered,  iiniiiediately  on  forcing  the 
out  guards,  lo  push  direclly  into  Trenton,  thai  they 
might  charge  the  enemy  before  they  had  time  to 
form.  Though  they  marched  ililli'reiit  roads,  yet 
they  arrived  at  the  enemy's  advanced  post,  within 
three  minules  of  each  oilier.  The  mil  guards  of 
the  Hessian  troops  al  Trenlon  soon  fell  back  ;  but 
kept  up  a  eoiistanl  retriating  (ire.  Their  main 
body,  being  hard  pressed  by  the  Americans,  who 
had  already  got  possession  of  half  their  artillery, 
attempted  to  file  olf  by  a  road  leading  towards 
Princeton  :  but  were  checked  by  a  body  of  troops 
thrown  in  their  way.  Kiiidiiig  themselves  sur- 
rounded, they  laid  down  their  arms.  The  num- 
ber which  subinitted  was  :i;!  officers  and  SSli  men. 
Between  HO  .ini. -tO  of  the  Hessians  were  killed 
and  wounded.  Colonel  Kalil  was  among  the  for- 
tmer,  and  seven  of  his  otiicers  among  the  latter. 
Captain  Washington,  of  the  N'irginia  troo|)g,  and 
five  or  six  ofthe  .'Americans,  were  wounded.  Two 
were  killed,  and  two  or  three  were  fro'/.en  lo  death. 
The  delachinent  in  Tientmi  consisted  ofthe  regi 


thai  of  course  the  reiiiainiler  III  the  rear  at  j'rinre- 
ton  was  not  ninie  than  eipiid  lo  his  own.  Thti 
eveni  verilieil  tins  coniecliiie.  The  mure  eHei'tu- 
ally  to  ilitt;iii*e  ihe  liepainiie  ol'  llie  Amenr.iiii 
hum  Trenlon,  lues  weie  lighted   up  in  trniil  ol 

their  camp.     Thes I    only    gave  appearance 

III  going  lo  rest,  bill,  as  ll.iiiie  i  .iiiiiol  be  seen 
lliroiigli,  concealed  Irom  the  Ilritish  what  was 
Iraiisacting  behind  them.  In  this  relative  position 
they  were  a  pillar  of  lire  to  the  ntin  army,  and  a 
pillar  of  a  cloud  >o  the  other. 

I'rovitlencelavoiireil  this  movement  ofthe  .Vme- 
ricans. The  weather  had  been  for  some  lime  so 
warm  and  iiioisi,  thai  the  gioiiiid  was  soft,  and  thii 
roads  so  deep  as  lo  be  scarcely  passable  ;  but  the 
wind  Hiiddenly  changed  to  the  niirlhwt'st,  and  the 
ground  in  a  short  time  was  fro/.en  so  hard,  iha' 
when  lite  .\iiiericans  look  up  their  line  ot  niareii. 
they  were  no  more  retarded,  lliaii  i.  they  had  been 
upon  a  solid  paveiiienl. 

(ieneral  Washiiigloii  readied  Princeton  early  in 
Ihe  morning,  .laiiiiary  .'I,  and  would  have  complete- 
ly surprised  the  Urilish,  had  not  a  party,  wliich 
was  on  their  way  to  Trenton,  descried  his  troops 
when  they  were  two  miles  distant,  and  sent  back 
couriers  to  alarm  their  iinsiispecliiig  fellow  sol- 
diers  in  their  rear.  'I'liese  consisted  of  the  I'dli 
the  lOtli,  and  .Ofitli  regiment  of  Ilritish  infantry, 
soiiie  ofthe  royal  artillery  willi  two  field  piece's, 
and  three  troops  of  liulil  diagooiis.  The  centre  of 
the  Americans,  coiisisiing  of  ihe  Philadelphia  iiii- 
rnia,w  hile  on  their  line  of  inarch,  was  brisi,ly  charg- 
ed by  a  parly  ofthe  Ilritish,  and  gave  na'v  in  dis- 
order, 'i'he  inomenl  was  critical,  (iencial  Wash 
inglon  pushed  forward,  anil  placed  himself  between 
his  own  men  and  the  itritish  ;  with  his  horse's 
head  fronting  liie  latter.  The  .Vmericans,  em  iiu- 
raged  by  ins  exampli-  and  exlimtalions,  made  a 
stand,  and  returned  lite  Ilritish  lire.  The  general, 
llioiigh  between  both  parlies,  was  providentially 
uninjured  by  either. 

A  party  of  the  lirilish  tied  into  the  college,  and 
were  there  attacked  with  field  pieces  wliich  were 
lired  into  it.  The  seat  of  the  muses  lieiame  tor 
some  time  the  scene  of  action,  'i'he  party,  which 
liad  taken  refuge  in  the  college, alien  eceivini;  a  lew 
ilLscharges  fioin  the  .\iiierican  field  pieces,  came 
out  and  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

In  the  course  of  the  engagement  sixty  of  llio 
Ilritish  were  killed,  a  greater  niiniber  wounded 
and  about  liOO  of  them  taken  prisoners.  The  test 
made  llieir  escape,  some  by  pushing  on  towards 
'i'rentiiii,  others  by  retiiining  tonaids  ilriiiiswick. 
'I'he  .'\inericaiis  lost  only  a  few  :  but  Cnlonels  Has- 
let and  Poller,  and  Captain  Neal  of  llie  artilleiy, 
were  among  the  slain,  (ieneral  Alerier  received 
iliree  bayonet  wounds,  of  which  lie  died  in  a  i^liort 
tune.  He  wasa  .Scolchnian  by  birth  :  but  Ikhii 
principle  and  all'eclion  had  engaged  lo  support  the 
liberties  of  his  adopleii  country,  with  a  '/.eal  eipiai 
to  that  of  any  of  its  native  sons.  In  private  life 
he  was  amiable,  and  his  character  as  an  olhcei 
stood  liis;li  in  the  public  esteem. 

W'liili  lliey  were  lighling  at  Princeton,  the  liri- 
lish ill  Trenlon  were  underarms,  and  on  the  point 
of  making  an  assault  on  the  cvacn.iled  camp  of 
the  .\iiiericaiis.  With  so  iimch  address  had  tlie 
iiiovemeiil  to  Princelon  been  conducted,  tiiat 
tiioiigh  from  the  critical  slliialion  ii|  il.e  tun  ariiiieii 
every  ear    maybe    suppose'   in  hav.  'ipeii. 


and  every  watchl'ii! 
yet  (ieneral  W;i-li 
ground,  witli  ' 
artillery,  iinki 
versaries.       'i 
entirely    deceii 
report  of  tlio  arliii, 
in  Ihe    depth   of 
thunder. 

That  part  of  ;he  royal  ainiy,  which,  having 
t!.scaped  from  Priiicetcii,  lelieated  towards  New 
Uruiiswtck,  was  piiisned  for  three  or  tour  miles, 
Aiiotlr'r  parly  which  had  advaiiceil  as  far  as 
Maidciihi'iid,  no  their  way  lo  Trenton,  hraring  llie 
freipient  discharge  of  (ire  arms  in  tlicir  rear 
wheeled  round  and  marclicd  to  ihu  aid  of  the 


\e   been   ciiipluyed, 

d  complelcly  nii  iho 

III .  ■,tores,  bagua."  and 

id  unsiispecieil  by        .id- 

iii.sl"    in    Trenton,    >  so 

bat     wlieii     ihey    lieaid    the 

It  Prim    I. Ill,  ihougii  it  was 

Willi' r,thi-     supposed  it   lo    bo 


.jmnitHiim 


"•ar  III  rriiii'f. 
II"  imii.  'I'li^ 
1'  MiiiiiTilrilii- 
llii'   AiiiriiiMiH 

ll|>  III  Hiilll  III 
ur  .i|i|>r;ii;iiii'p 
.llilliil  lir  Ki'i'ii 
IIhIi  wliiil  »ilii 
i'lalivi'|iiwiiiiii| 
1"  aiiii^',  mill  a 

■111  'irilicAiiir- 

■* Illlli'  sii 

<  ■'iilI,  anil  till, 
■  lili' :  hill  till! 
Ii  «i'<t,  anil  Illl- 
li >"  liaiil,  iha' 
liiii'  III  iiiai'm, 
tlii'v  hail  lii'i'ii 

iiCrliiiiiMrly  ill 
lan'  riiiii|i|«ie. 
a  [larly,  wliiili 
ii'il  IiIh  lriMi|is 
ami  si'iii  liack 
111;  I'l'lliivv  Kill. 
I'll  III  llir  {"(111 
liti^'li  iiiraiilry, 

1>    lirlll    IMIMCM, 
'J'lll!  CI'lllieDf 

iilaili'l|i|iia  iiij. 
iliii«Jily  iliarg- 
ivi^  Hay  ill  iJH- 
ii'iinal  Wash 
iliiNi'iriirtncrij 
ill  Ills  |llllS<''l| 
llraiis,  ciuiiii- 
■liiMis,  inailf  a 
Till'  tjniiTal, 
|)ri)vii|i>iilially 

ici'iillcjrp,  nnd 
k'swliitli  were 
^I'S  lii'iaine  lor 
K'  party,  wliich 
lT(riviiij;ale\» 

I  pirci's,  laiiie 
soiicisol  war. 
il  sixly  1)1  iliu 
ilicr  wiMiiiili'J 
ITS.  'I'licicst 
IK  1)11  Imvaiilii 
Is  Itriiiiswirk. 

'  'iiliiiifls  llas- 
I'llii'  ailillny, 
•HIT  iiiiiM',1 
lii'il  in  a  >liiiri 

II  :  liiit  liiiiii 
"siippuii  the 

I  a  zi-al  iM|iial 

II  privali'  lile 
as  uii  ofliicr 

I'tllll,  IIk!  lili- 
I  1)11  llic  pillllt 

iIimI  iiaiiip  lit 
lii-s  hail  the 
'liHK'il,  Ihat 
iiiiiii's 
ijieii. 
1  I  Mi|i|uyci|, 
ilclcly  iiij  iho 
liajii;^!  mil 
■ill,<  „|. 

II.      '  Sll 

lii'ard  the 
oti<:li  it  wai« 
cil  il   to    he 

it'll,  haviiit; 
waril.i  New 
lour  mills, 
as  I'ar  as 
li'iirini;  lh(! 
I  heir  rear 
lid  of  tbe 


NORTH    AMKKICA. 


405 


r  Mii|iaiiiiMii«.  The  AtiirrivHiia,  by  ilfxtroyiiif 
hriilKcx,  i«li<rilr(ltlii*sp,  lliiiugh  cIiiah  in  lili'ir  rnir 
<■  I  liiiii^as  lo  Kaiii  liiiii'  for  llii'iiinflvcii  In  iiinvi'  nil' 
ill  ^iiDil  iiiilir,  III  I'liii'ki'iiiiii. 

.Su  :;iral  was  ihr  ('oiiHlrriiiiliuil  ol'llir  llrilisli  »l 
llii  NL>  iiiii'xpi'i'U'il  iiiDVi'iiii'iils,  lliat  llii'V  iiislanlly 
cvaciiali'il  Ixilll  'I'rnntiiii  anil  I'riiii'i'lnii,  aii'l  re- 
lit'ilnl  Willi  ihi'ir  wliiili'  liiri'i'  lo  Ni-w  llriiiiswirk. 
'Ill''  Aiiii'ili:aii  inililia  I'lillrcli'il,  anil,  roriiiin;; 
IhriiiM'lvi's  inlii  partiuii,  waylaiil  iheir  ('iii'iiiii'x, 
ami  lilt  tlii'in  oil' whi'iiHoRver  iiii  o|ipiirliiiiity  prr- 
m'liii'il.  Ill  a  l'«w  ihiyii  tliry  overrun  ihv  .lerHcys. 
Ili'iii'ral  iMaxwi'll  HUrprineil  Kll/.abcthlown,  anil 
liiiik  ni-ar  100  pilHOiii'm.  Newark  wan  uhaiiiloii- 
I'd  ;  ami  the  lale  I'omiUBri'ra  wern  lorceil  lo  li-avc 
WooilhriilK)'.  The  royal  troops  were  coiirnii'il  lo 
Aiiilioy  and  llriiiiHwick,  wliieli  held  a  water  I'oin- 
iniiniialioii  with  New  York.  TIiiih,  in  ihe  Nliort 
spiu'e  ol  a  nionlli,  llial  pari  of  .li-rsey,  which  lies 
hi'Uvi'i'ii  New  DriiiiHwIrk  and  Delaware,  was  liiilli 
uverriinby  Ihc  llritlsh.  and  recovered  hy  the  Aiiie- 
riiaiis.  The  retreat  of  the  conliiienlal  army,  llie 
(iliiiil  policy  iil'lhe  Jersey  larmers,  who  chose  ra- 
ther III  secure  Iheir  properly  hy  Hiiliinission,  than 
deleml  it  hy  resistance,  made  the  llritish  helievi< 
their  work  was  done,  and  lha!  little  else  remained, 
hut  to  reap  a  harvest  of  plunder  as  the  reward  ol' 
Iheir  lahoiiis,  Unreslraiiied  hy  Ihelerriirs  ol'i  ivil 
law,  uiii'i)iilri)!led  hytlie  severity  ol  discipline,  and 
elali'd  wilh  their  success,  the  soldiers  nl'  the  royal 
army,  and  pari icularly  the  Hessians,  (jave  full  scope 
Id  Ihe  selllsh  and  lerncioiis  passions  orhiimaii  na- 
ture. A  ciiiii|ueieil  country  and  suhinilliiiK  inhahi- 
laiils  presented  easy  plunder,  equal  to  their  iiii- 
boumli'd  rapacity.  Inrants,  children,  old  men  and 
wiiincii.  were  siripped  ol' their  blankets  and  clotli- 
inn.  Kiiriiillire  was  liiiriit  iiriillierwiseileslroyed, 
Diiinestic  animals  were  carried  oil',  and  the|ieii|)lc 
I'lihbed  of  their  necessary  houseliold  provisions. 
The  rapes  and  brutalities  coiiimitled  on  women, 
and  even  on  very  yuiiii;;  Kirls,  would  shock  the 
cars  of  modesty  if  particularly  recited.  These 
violences  were  perpetrated  on  iiihahilaiits  who  had 
remained  in  Iheir  houses,  and  received  printed 
protections,  signed  hy  order  of  the  commander  in 
chief.  It  was  in  vain  tliat  they  produced  these 
protections  as  a  safei^uard.  The  Hessians  could 
nut  read  them  ;  and  the  llrilisli  soldiers  ihoiiKlit 
they  were  entitled  to  a  share  of  the  booty,  eijually 
with  their  foreign  associates. 

Sucli,  in  all  ages,  has  been  the  cnniplexion  of 
the  bulk  of  nriuies,  that  immediate  and  severe 
punishments  are  indispensibly  necessary,  to  keep 
them  from  llagrani  enoruiities.  That  discipline, 
without  wliicli  an  army  is  a  band  of  armed  plun- 
derers, was,  as  far  as  respected  the  iiihabilaiits, 
either  neglected,  or  but  feebly  admiiiistercd  in  the 
royal  army.  The  soldiers  luiding  they  might  take 
with  iinpunily  what  they  pleased,  were  iiioie 
strongly  urged  by  avarice,  than  checked  by  jiolicy 
or  fear.  Had  every  citizen  been  secured  in  his 
rights,  protected  in  his  property,  and  paid  for  his 
supplies,  the  consequences  might  have  been  fatal 
tn  the  ho|)es  of  those  who  were  attached  lo  inde- 
pendence. What  the  warm  recoinmendations  of 
Congress,  and  the  ardent  applications  of  d'eneral 
Wasliington  could  not  elVect,  took  place  of  its  own 
accord,  in  consequence  of  tlie  plunilerings  and  de- 
vastations of  the  royal  army. 

The  whole  country  became  instantly  hostile  to 
the  invaders.  Suli'erers  of  all  parties  rose,  as  one 
man,  to  revenge  their  personal  injuries.  Those, 
who,  from  age  or  infirmities  were  incapable  of 
bearing  arms,  kept  a  strict  watch  on  the  inovc- 
menls  of  the  royal  army,  and,  t'rom  time  lo  time, 
communicated  information  to  their  couniiyiiien  in 
arms.  Those  who  lately  declined  all  military  op- 
position, though  called  upon  by  the  sacred  tie  of 
honour  pledged  to  each  other  on  the  declanilinn  of 
independence,  cheerfully  emhodieil.  when  they 
found  submission  tn  he  nnavaihu!;  fur  the  security 
of  Iheir  estates.  This  was  not  done  originally  in 
consequence  of  the  victories  of  Trcnion  and  Prince- 
Ion.  In  the  very  moment  of  these  actions,  or  bc- 
fuie  till'  news  of  them  had  , circulated,  sunilry  in- 
dtvidu,-\ls,  unknowing  of   (jeueral  Wuhiugton'ii 


nuivvmentii,  were  'iincertiiig  private  iiisiirrprlions, 
lo  roveiige  ihejnselves  on  the  pliinderets.  The 
dispute  oriuiiiali-il  aliiiiil  priipcriv,  nt'  iii  oilier 
wiiiils,  about  the  riL:hl  of  laxalioii.  I'nini  llic 
saiiie  siiurie,  at  lliis  tiiiii',  il  rernvrd  a  new  and 
Inn  ilili'  impulse.  The  laiiiier,  w  lin  ciiiild  mil  li.iii' 
(III  conseqiiriii'i's  of  llritish  laxaiiiiii,  nor  of  Ami' 
man  indipi'iiili'iii'i',  fell  the  injuries  he  Hiisiaiiiiil 
IVoiii  the  depri'datiiin  of  liieiiliiiiis  tiniqis.  Tln' 
i.lililia  of  New  .leisey,  who  had  lulherlo  behaved 
must  sliamefiilly,  I'riiui  this  liiiie  lorwaid  ri'ileemeil 
tlii'ir  character,  and,  thi'iiiighoiil  a  ti'dioiis  war, 
performed  services  with  a  spirit  and  disciplini',  in 
maiiv  respects,  equal  lo  that  of  regular  sobliers. 

Tlie  victories  of  Trenlon  and  I'riiici'lon  seemed 
tube  like  a  resurreilion  from  the  dead,  to  ilic  iles- 
pniidiiig  Iriemls  of  independence.  A  mi'lanchiily 
gloiiiii  had,  in  the  first  twenly-live  days  of  Decem 
iier,  overspread  the  I'liited  .Si.iies  ;  but,  from  thi' 
ineniorable  era  of  the  'Jlitli  of  Ihe  same  month, 
their  prospects  licgan  lo  brighten.  The  recruiting 
service,  which  for  siime  time  had  been  at  a  slaiiil, 
was  successfully  renewed  :  and  hopes  were  soon 
indulged,  Ihat  the  commander  in  chief  would  be 
enaliled  to  lake  the  lield  in  the  spring,  with  a  |H!r- 
manent  regular  force,  (ieneral  W'ashingliin  re- 
tired In  .Miirrislown,  that  he  might  alhiril  slii'ller  lo 
his  sullering  army.  The  .Xnieriiaii  inililia  had 
sundry  successriil  skiriiiishes  wilh  ili'tachineiits  of 
their  adversaries.  Within  four  days  after  the  af- 
fair M  I'riiicetoii,  belHcen  forly  and  lifiy  Waldeck- 
ers  were  killed,  wouiiiled,  or  taken,  at  Spriiiglield, 
by  an  equal  numlier  of  the  same  New  Jersey  mi- 
litia, which,  hula  month  before,  siiU'ered  the  Ijii- 
lish  lo  iivcrrim  their  coiinliv  without  iqiposilion. 
This  eiilerprise  was  coiiiliii'led  by  Coliini  I  Spen- 
cer, whose  gallantry,  on  the  occasion,  was  reward- 
ed wilh  the  coniinind  of  a  regimenl. 

During  the  winter  miivrinenls,  which  have  been 
just  related,  Ihe  soldiers  iifboth  armies  underwent 
great  harilships;  but  Ihe  Americans  siiMered  by 
lar  the  greatest.  .Many  of  them  were  wiihimt 
shoes,  thiiimh  marching  over  fro/.en  ground,  which 
so  gashed  their  naked  feet,  ihat  each  step  was 
marked  with  blood.  Tlieie.  was  scarcely  a  tent 
in  the  whole  army.  The  city  of  I'hiladelphia 
had  been  twice  laid  under  contribution,  to  provide 
them  with  blankets.  DlTicers  had  been  appointed 
lo  examine  every  house,  ami,  after  leaving  a  scanty 
covering  for  the  family,  to  bring  otf  the  rest,  for 
the  use  of  the  troops  in  the  lield  ;  but,  niitwiil 
standing  these  exertions,  the  quuntily  procured 
was  far  shiii  I  of  decency,  ninch  less  of  comfort. 

The  oiricers  and  soldiers  of  the  American  army 
were  about  this  lime  inoculated  ill  their  canliin- 
nient  at  jMorrisiown.  As  very  few  of  them  had 
ever  had  the  small  pox,  the  inoculation  was  nearlv 
universal.  The  disorder  had  previously  spread 
among  them  in  the  natural  way,  ami  proved  miir- 
lal  to  many  :  nut  after  inoculaiion  was  introduced, 
though  whole  regiments  were  inoculated  in  a  day, 
there  was  little  or  no  mortality  from  the  small 
pox  ;  and  the  disorder  was  so  slight,  that,  from  the 
lieginniiig  til  the  end  of  it,  there  was  not  a  single 
day  in  which  they  could  not,  and,  if  called  upon, 
would  nut  have  turned  out  and  fiiught  Ihe  llritish. 
To  induce  the  inhabitants  to  accommudale  nllicers 
and  soldiers  in  their  houses,  while  under  the  small 
pox,  they  and  their  families  were  inoculated  gra- 
tis by  the  military  surgeons.  Thus,  in  a  short 
time,  the  whole  army,  and  the  inhabitants  in  and 
near  .Morristown.  were  subjected  lo  Iho  small  pox, 
and  with  very  little  inconvenience  to  either. 

'J'hree  inonlhs,  which  follnned  the  actions  of 
Trenton  and  Princeton,  passed  away  without  any 
important  military  enterprise  on  either  side.  Maj. 
(ieii.  Pulnain  was  directed  to  lake  post  at  Prince- 
ton, and  cover  the  country  in  the  vicinity.  He  had 
only  a  few  hundred  troops,  though  he  was  no  more 
than  eighteen  niiles  distant  from  the  strong  garri- 
son of  the  llritish  at  llruiisnick.  At  one  period 
he  had  fewer  men  for  duly,  than  he  had  miles  of 
friiiiiier  to  guard.  The  situation  of  ttenend  Wasli- 
ingion  at  Morrislown  was  not  more  eligible.  His 
Ibrce  was  trilling,  when  compared  with  that  of  the 
British ;  but  the  cneiny,  and  his  own  couotrymtiUi 


believed  ihn  cnnlniry.  Their  iliiception  wa«  che> 
risbed,  and  artfully  continued  by  the  specious  pa- 
rade of  a  ciiiisideialile  army,  '['be  Aiui'lliaii  of 
lirei-i  look  llii'M  sliiiiiin  in  piisilniiiH  of  dillii'iill  ac 
less,  and  kept  up  a  i  iinslanl  I'limniiinicaliiiii  with 
each  other.  This  siciired  iheiii  Iroiii  insult  and 
surprise.  Wliiln  they  ciivered  Ihe  coiinlry,  they 
harassed  the  forauing  parlies  of  the  liritlsh,  and 
olleii  altacked  them  with  success.  Of  a  variety 
III  these,  Ihe  two  lollowmg  are  selecled  as  most 
norlhy  of  iiiilice.  (ieneral  Dickinson,  with  four 
hiiiidied  Jersey  militia,  and  liliy  of  ihe  Pemisyl- 
vania  rilleiiien,  crossed  Millstone  river,  near  .So- 
merset court-house,  and  allacked  a  large  foraging 
parly  of  the  llrilish,  jvllh  so  iiiuch  spirit,  that  they 
ahaiidimed  llieir  coiiioy  and  tied.  Nine  of  them 
were  taken  prisoners.  Forty  wagons,  and  upwards 
of  one  hundred  horses,  with  a  considerable  booty, 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  geneial.  While  the  llri- 
lish were  loading  Iheir  wag.ins,  a  single  man  be- 
gan to  lire  on  them  from  Ihe  woods,  lie  was  soon 
joined  by  more  of  his  neighbours,  who  could  not 
patiently  see  Iheir  property  carried  away.  \(iet 
the  foragers  had  been  annoyed  for  some  lime  by 
these  unseen  marksinen,  they  fancied,  on  Ihe  ap- 
pearance of  (ieneral  Dickinson,  that  they  were  al- 
lacked by  a  superior  force,  and  began  a  precipitate 
llighl. 

Ill  about  a  miiiith  after  the  alVair  at  Soniersel 
conrt-hoiise,  ('nlonel  .Nelson,  of  llrunswick,  with 
a  ilelachmeni  of  l.'ill  militia  men,  surprised  and 
captured  at  Ijawrence's  Neck,  a  major  and  fifty- 
nine  privates  of  the  refugees,  who  were  in  llritish 
pav. 

I'liroughout  the  campaign  oflTTG,  an  iincoin- 
moii  degree  of  sickness  raged  in  the  American 
army.  Ilusbaiiilmi'ii,  transferred  at  once  from 
the  ciinvenienci's  of  ilomeslic  life,  to  the  hardships 
of  a  lield  encampment,  could  not  acciimmodale 
themselves  to  Ihe  sudden  change.  The  soulhern 
troops  sickened  from  the  want  of  salt  provisions. 
Iiinen  shirts  were  generally  worn,  in  contact  wilh 
the  skill.  The  salutary  iiilluence  of  dannel,  in 
preveiiliiig  the  diseases  of  camps,  was  either  nii- 
kmiwn  or  disregarded.  The  discipline  of  the  army 
Has  loo  feeble  In  enforce  those  regulations  which 
experience  has  proved  lo  be  indispensably  neccs- 
sery,  for  preserving  the  health  of  large  bodies  ol 
men  collecled  tugelher.  Cleanliness  was  also 
too  much  neglected.  On  the  Hih  of  August,  the 
whole  American  army  before  New  Vurk,  consist- 
ing of  1 7,^1^;')  men;  but  of  that  number  only  lO,,')^ 
were  (il  for  duty.  The  numerous  sick  sull'ereil 
much  from  the  want  of  necessaries.  Hurry  and 
confusion  added  much  to  their  distiesses.  1'heio 
was  besides  a  real  want  of  Iho  requisites  for  their 
relief. 

A  proper  hospital  establishment  was  beyond  tbe 
abilities  of  Congres.s,  especially  as  the  previous 
arrangements  were  not  entered  u|)on  till  the  cam- 
paign had  begun.  Many,  perhaps  some  thousands, 
of  the  American  army,  were  swept  ofV  in  a  few 
months  by  sickness.  The  country  every  where 
presented  Ihe  melancholy  sight  of  soldiers  sud'er- 
iiig  poverty  and  disease,  without  Ihe  aid  of  modi- 
cine  or  attendance.  Those  who  survived  gave 
such  accounts  of  the  sufferings  of  the  sick,  as 
greatly  discouraged  the  recruiting  service.  A 
rage  for  plundering,  under  Ihe  pretence  of  taking 
lory  property,  infected  many  of  the  commnu  sol- 
diery, and  even  some  of  the  ofliccrs.  The  army 
had  been  formed  on  such  principles,  in  some  of  the 
states,  Ihat  commissions  were,  in  several  instances, 
bestowed  on  persons  who  had  no  pretensions  to 
the  character  of  gentlemen.  Several  of  the  oflS- 
cers  were  chosen  by  their  own  men  ;  and  they  of- 
ten preferred  those  from  whom  they  expected  the 
greatest  indulgences.  In  other  cases,  the  choice 
of  the  men  >v.\".  in  favour  of  those  who  had  con- 
sented to  throw  their  pay  into  n  joini  stuck  with 
the  privates,  from  which  uOtcors  and  men  'hew 
equal  shares. 

The  army,  consisting  mostly  of  new  recruits 
and  inexperienced  ofticers.  and  beini;  only  enga- 
ged fur  a  Iwelveiiionth.  was  very  dtficiciit  in  th.n 
mechanism  and  discipline,  whicji  t  mc  and  c)>|Mj> 


>      ft 

1 


III  ■ 


406 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


ricnce    licstowcil    on   vcleran    troops.      (liMKirali 
Wasliiiigtoii  was  iinrciiiitting  in  hia  repipsentalioris  [ 
»(>  ( 'iJimirss,  liivciurin;;  MU'h  iiilcraluins  iis  pioinisi'd  j 
|)fiMi;iiirni'V,  cinlcr,  and    iliscipliiii^  ill    ilif  army  :  ( 
but  his  jnilii'iiiiis  opiiiiiiii-f  on  llipsr   sniijccts  ut'ic^ 
kIohIv  iiiloplpil.      'I'lic  srnliiiiciils  111' liberty  wliicli 
llic'ii  uciKMMlly  prevailed,  made  some  disliiijjuislied 
iiieiiiiiers  ol' Cotmreis  so  ilistnisllid  oC  the   rutiire 
power  and  prolialde  desiijns  oCapprniaiient  domes- 
tic arriy,  llial  lliey  had  well  iii;;li  saeriliced  llieir 
country  to  llieir  jealousies. 

The  iiiil)(Minded  rreedoin  of  the  sava;;e,  who 
roams  the  woods,  must  he  reslraiiied,  when  he 
becomes  a  ciii/.en  ol'  orderly  government ;  and, 
from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  must  be  miicli 
more  so,  when  he  submits  to  be  a  soldier.  The 
iinhvidiials,  eoinposiu};  the  army  of  America,  could 
not  at  onie  pass  over  Irom  the  full  enjoyment  of 
civil  liberty  to  the  discipline  of  a  camp,  nor  coulil 
the  leadinj;  men  in  C'oni;ress  for  some  tirucbe|ier- 
suaded  to  adopt  energetic  establishments.  "  (iod 
forbid,"  would  siicli  say,  '•  that  the  citizens  should 
be  so  far  lost  in  the  soldiers  of  our  army,  that  they 
should  i;i\e  ovir  loiiniii}:  for  the  enjoyments  ol 
(loiuestic  happiiie-s.  Let  frei|Uent  furl()U!;lis  be 
granted,  rather  than  the  endearmeuls  of  wives  and 
children  should  cease  to  allure  the  individuals  of 
our  aipiy  from  camps  to  farms."  The  amiable- 
ncss  of  this  principle  veiled  the  error  of  the  senti- 


ment. Tlie  minds  of  the  civil  leaders  in  thi  coun- 
cil."; of  America  were  daily  occupied,  in  conteni- 
platini!  the  rights  ol  human  nature,  and  ii.vestiga- 
lins;  ariiumenlsouthe  principles  of  nenetal  liberty, 
to  in  •lily  llieir  own  opposition  to  (ireat  Britain. — 
Warmeil  with  these  ideas,  they  trusted  too  much 
to  the  viiliie  iifllieii  (■oiintrymen,  and  were  back- 
ward to  ec'force  llial  suliordination  and  order  in 
their  army,  which,  llionuh  it  intrenches  on  civil 
lioerly.  produces  ell'ecis  n  ihe  military  line  un- 
eiiualled  by  the  eli'usions  of  patriotism,  or  the  cx- 
ei'ions  of  undisciplined  v.iloiir. 

The  experience  of  two  campaii;n.s  evinced  the 
folly  of  lrn-,tini;  the  defence  of  the  country  to  mili- 
iia,  or  to  levies  laiseil  only  for  a  few  months,  and 
had  induced  a  resolution  for  recruiting  an  army  for 
the  war.  The  good  elfecls  of  this  measure  will 
appear  in  the  seipiel. 

The  campaign  of  177(>  did  not  end  till  ii  had 
^een  proiiacled  mio  the  first  month  of  the  year 
1777.  'Die  liritish  had  counteil  on  the  complete 
and  speedv  rediiciion  of  their  lite  colonies  ;  hut 
they  liiuiid  llie  work  more  dilficull  of  execution, 
than  was  supposed.  They  wholly  faileil  in  their 
designs  on  the  soiilliern  stales  In  (^lnada,  they 
recovered  wliat,  in  tin;  preceding  year,  they  had 
lost  ;  drove  thi!  Americ  ins  rut  of  iheiv  borders, 
and  deslroyed  their  fleet  on  the  lakes  :  but  they  fad- 
ed in  making  their  intended    iinp,ession    on    >'o'i 


HISTORY 


northwestern  frontier  of  the  stales.  They  obtain 
ed  possession  of  Khode  Island  :  but  the  actpiisition 
was  of  litiln  service  ;  perhaps  was  of  deitiinent. 
Kor  nearly  three  years,  scveril  thousand  men 
stationed  thereon,  for  its  secunly,  were  lost  to 
every  purpose  of  active  co-operation  with  the  royal 
forces  in  the  field,  and  the  iiossessionof  it  secured 
no  eipiivalent  advantages.  The  British  completely 
succeeded  against  the  city  <d'  .New  York,  and  the 
adjacent  country  ;  but  when  they  pursued  their 
victories  into  .\ew  .lersey,  and  subdivided  their 
army,  the  recoiling  Americans  soon  recovered  the 
greatest  pan  of  what  they  had  lost. 

Sir  William  Howe,  after  having  f  . -jy  rcacli- 
cd  Philadelphia,  was  confined  to  limiia  so  narrow, 
that  the  fee  simple  of  all  he  commanded  would 
not  reimburse  the  expense  incurred  by  its  con- 
quest. 

The  war,  on  tlie  part  of  the  Americans,  w,is 
but  barely  begun.  Hitherto  they  had  engaged 
with  temporary  forces,  for  a  redress  of  grievances  : 
but  towards  the  close  of  this  year  they  made  ar- 
rangements for  raising  a  permanent  army,  to  emi- 
tend  Willi  (ireat  Biitain  for  the  sovereignty  of  thn 
counliy.  'I'll  have  thus  far  stood  iheir  ground, 
with  their  new  levie.;,  wasa  matter  of  great  iiiipor- 
innce.  To  them  delay  was  victory  ;  and  not  to 
be  coi'.ipiered  was  t,)  conipier. 


OF 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


CIIAl''J'i:;R   I. 

or  liiiU'iit'iuli'iic  ',   .Stale  t'liiistilulitiiis,  tiinl  the  Cinfi-de. 
niliitii. 

If  it  be  lawful  for  individuals  to  relinipiish  their 
native  soil,  and  pursue  their  own  happiness  in  other 
regions,  ami  under  oilier  political  associations,  the 
settlers  of  New  Kngland  were  always  so  far  inde- 
pendent, as  to  owe  no  oliodimce  to  their  parent 
state,  but  such  as  resiilteil  from  their  vohiiiiary 
assent.  What,  for  several  centuries  after  tin- 
christian  era,  would  have  been  called  Ihe  iiisliti- 
tion  of  a  new  government,  was  by  modern  refine- 
ment denominated  only  an  extension  of  the  old,  in 
the  form  of  a  dependent  colony  Though  llie  pre- 
vailing ecclesiastical  and  political  creeds  tended 
to  degrade  the  condition  of  thn  settlers  of  .New 
England,  yet  there  was  always  a  party  there  which 
believed  in  tlieir  natural  right  to  independence. — 
They  recurred  to  first  principles,  and  argued,  that, 
as  they  received  from  government  notiiing  more 
than  a  charter, '  lunded  on  idle  claimsof  sovereign- 
ty, they  owed  it  no  other  obedience  tlian  what  was 
derived  from  express,  or  implied  contract.  It  was 
not  till  the  IHtli  century  liad  more  than  halfelaps- 
ed,  that  it  occurred  to  any  number  of  the  colon- 
ists, that  they  hail  an  interest  in  bring  detached 
froui  (ireat  Britain.  Tlieir  attention  was  first 
tunied  lo  this  subject,  by  Ihe  British  daii'i  if  tax- 
ation. This  opened  a  melancholy  prospect.  Imiiiid- 
less  in  extent,  and  endless  in  diiiation.  The  Bos- 
ton port  act,  and  llie  other  acts,  passed  in  1774 
and  177.'>,  which  have  been  already  Ihe  subject  of 
jomnietil,  progressively  weakened  Ihe  attachment 
of  the  colonists,  to  the  birth  place  of  their  fore- 
fathers.  The  commencenienl  of  hostilities  on  the 
1'1'h  of  April,  177'),  exhibited  the  parent  state  in 
nn  odious  point  of  view,  and  abated  the  original 
Jrcud  of  leparating  from  it.     Hut  nevertheless,  at 


that  lime,  and  for  a  tweln'inoiilh  alter,  a  inajo- 
ritv  of' til*  cdoni^ls  wished  I'nrini  inure  lliaii  lo  be 
re-established  as  subjects,  in   their  ancient   rights. 

In  17 <G, llie  coloiiisisliegan  In  lake  nil ler  gioiind, 
and  contend  that  it  was  t'or  iheir  inletest  to  be  foi 
ever  separated  from  (ireal  Brilaiii.  In  fivoiir  of 
this  opinion,  it  was  said,  l:ial,  in  case  ul' llieir  eon- 
tinning  subjects,  ill,'  inother  iiiuiuiy,  ihoiigli  she' 
redressed  their  grievances,  luiglil  at  pli'asiire  re- 
peat similar  oppressions  ;  thai  slieoiiglil  not  lo  be 
trusted,  hivin;;  Iw  ii  e  lesuiiiid  llie  exercise  of  tax- 
ation, alter  it  liad  been  apparently  leliiKpiished.— . 
The  favourers  of  separation  also  uigeil,  lliat  (iif.:U 
Britain  was  jealous  of  their  increasing  n  mbers, 
and  rising  greatntss;  that  she  wnnld  iiol  exercise 
goveriiiuenl  for  liieir  bein  lit,  bu!  for  Iter  own  ;  and 
thai  the  only  |ieriiiaiiciil  security  lor  .Xmerican 
happiness  was,  to  ileny  her  liie  pmver  of  iiilerfer- 
ing  with  llieir  government  or  emiiii:,'ii  ".  'I'd  ef- 
fect this  pcrpose,  ihey  were  i  I  opinion,  thai  it  was 
necessary  to  cut  the  knot,  which  connected  the  two 
countries,  by  a  piililic  lenuncialioii  of  all  political 
connexions  beiween  them. 

The  Americans  about  liiis  lime  iicgan  to  be  in- 
lliieiiccd  by  new  views.  The  miliiaiy  arrange- 
ments of  the  preceding  year  ;  Iheir  unexpected 
union,  and  prevailing  enlhiisiasm,  expanded  ihe 
minds  of  their  leaders,  and  elevated  the  Kentiments 
of  the  people.  Decisive  measures,  which  would 
have  been  lately  reproliaii'd,  now  met  with  appro- 
bation. 

The  favourers  if  subordination  under  the  fiirmer 
constilulion  urged  111,;  advantages  of  a  supreme 
head,  lo  contiol  t'le  disputes  of  inlerfering  coloiiii  s, 
and  also  the  benei.is  wliich  flowed  from  union  :  that 
independence  was  untried  groiinil,  and  should  not 
be  entered  upon,  lint  in  the  last  extremity. 

They  mattered  themselves  that  (ireal  Britain 
was  sofiilly  convinced  of  t!ie  determine''  spirit  ol 
America,  that  if  the  present  coiilrover.sy  were 
cumpruuiiaed,  she  would  not,  at  any  future  |<<!rioJ 


resume  an  injurious  exercise  of  her  supreinaf  y 
They  were  therefore  for  proceeding  no  fan  her 
than  to  defend  themselves  in  the  character  of  siib- 
jei  Is,  trusting  that  ere  long  the  pieseiil  hosiilo 
measures  would  be  relinipiislicd,  and  the  liarinony 
ol  the  two  countries  re-estaiilished.  The  favomein 
of  this  system  were  embarrassed,  and  all  their  ar- 
giimenis  weakened,  by  the  perseverance  of  (ireat 
Biitain  in  herscheines  of  coercion.  .\  probable 
hopeofa  sp;edy  repeal  of  a  t'vw  acts  of  parliaini'nt 
would  have  greatly  increased  the  niinii.er  of  iIiosh 
who  were  advocates  for  rei'onciliation  :  but  llie 
certainly  of  intelligence  to  the  conliary.  gave  ad- 
ditional force  to  the  argiimenls  of  llie  opposit,, 
partv.  'I'hough  new  weight  was  daily  thrown  into 
the  scale,  in  which  the  ad"  anlagev  of  indepindencu 
weighed,  yet  it  did  not  prcpoiiderale  till  about  llial 
lime  in  I77(),  when  inlelligeiice  riMched  tiie  colo 
nists  of  the  act  of  parliamenl  passed  in  Oeceinber, 
177.'),  for  throwing  them  out  of  British  proteclion, 
and  of  hiring  foreign  troops  to  assist  in  alfecting 
their  conipiest.  Kespectiiig  the  first  it  was  ?-aid, 
'  that  protec'lion  and  allegiance  were  reciprocal, 
and  that  the  refusal  of  the  first  was  a  legal  ground 
of  jnsliiicllion  lor  withholding  the  last."  They 
considered  themselves  to  be  thereby  discharged 
from  Iheir  allegiance,  and  that  lo  declare  them- 
selves independent,  was  no  more  than  to  aiinonncu 
to  the  world  the  real  political  slate  in  whicli  (in'at 
Britain  had  placed  them. 

This  act  proved  that  the  colonists  might  coiisti- 
tiifiiinallT.declaretlii'insclvesindependeni ;  lint  the 
hiring  of  liueign  troops  lo  make  war  upon  them, 
demonstrated  the  necessity  of  their  doing  it  imiiie- 
diat.'lv.  The,  reasonecl  that  if  (ireal  Biitain 
called  ill  the  aid  of  strangers  to  crush  them,  they 
must  seek  similar  lelieffiit  their  own  preservation. 
I'liry  well  knew  that  this  cniilil  not  be  experied, 
while  they  were  in  arms  against  their a<  know ledg- 
ed  sovereign.  They  had  therefore  only  a  elioiio 
ufdilGculties,  and  mu«t  either  »«vk  foreign  aid  as 


,,-*'^ie»ft,-. 


.  Thcj-  (ililaiii 
t  lli«  arqiiisiiiiin 
1.1  ()('  (Iciriiiii'iit. 
lli(ius:iiiil  iiiiMi 
.y,  wrrn  lusl  lo 
nil  will]  tin'  i(>y:il 
iDiicil'  it  siTiired 
lilisti  roinpliucly 
>  Vdi'k,  ami  the 
y  imrsneil  iheir 
mbilividi'd  their 
111  iccovcreJ  the 
t. 

It;  r '  1  ly  rcacli- 
liiiiiu  s(i  narrow, 
iiiiiianiled  wuiild 
red  by  its  coii- 

Ainpricans,  was 
■y  had  enuajjoj 
IS  of  urii'vriiicijs  : 
r  they  made  ar- 
iit  army,  to  eoii- 
veieiaiity  of  tho 
lid  their  ^roiiriil, 

oCu'eat  iiii|iiir- 
iry  ;  and    i<ut  to 


'<r-^ 


''^^w'\M. 


<yt^  rry^^^^tp^cty^- 


^.<^4^y^  try  ^>^'^'<i^'^=^--^^ 

^y^       ^     ly>^X    .  //,  y>   lit  .J  •• 


her  siiprtiiiaf  y 
ililiS  nil  Ian  her 
haracter  ol'  siili- 
|iieseiil  hii-ilihi 
md  the  liarmnny 
.  The  ravoiirci'H 
md  all  their  ar- 
eraiiee  nC  lireat 
III.  A  priilialilo 
■Is  (>('  parliament 
niinii.er  (iI'iIkish 
lialion  :  liiil  the 
inlraiy,  i;ave  all- 
ot' the  opposiitj 
daily  thrown  iniu 
of  itidepiiideiieo 
lie  lill  aliiiiit  thai 
eaehed  tin'  coto 
eil  in  Deieinlier, 
ritisli  proleelion, 
isist  in  ad'ei'iiiig 
first  it  was  >aid, 
were  reeipvoral, 
IS  a  le!;al  Kronnd 
he  last."  'I'liey 
L'reliy  diseliari;ed 
to  deelare  thi'IM- 
than  to  aniioiiiicii 
Icin  whicli  (iieat 

ists  ini|;ht  eoiisii- 
■pendeiii ;  liiit  Iho 
war  upon  them, 
ir  doiii;:  it  itiiiiie- 
if  (ireat  lliitain 
rush  them,  they 
own  preservation, 
not  lie  expecte'l. 
lheira<linowleil!x- 
ire  onl\  a  elloiro 
ek  fureigu  aid  :u 


l^^/u-.^'^A^ 


o-^ , 


^— 4^?.^;^ 


\ 


1<VV_— N 


l>mitltii,i,i)f,iinir  i<''4imliit»li>tttfi-  iluililiit  u  a^ioHMKCTii/if  tfHi.  otifimiiH)nliir,iiirniflii,l,)/rHilrtut  H'/ii-fU-il nl l/ii-  nepoi-d.uni  nfH l/iiil I ttart  ctmxircd 
nil Uu  im^tuift  tiU  «W.rt/«W •/•V'W un.J /uutjiiuui  Uiaii  t.xitr viUK.ijta.tt:    f  ^_.     J2-t.i,.-*\.,*irt/    ^  ArL-t-ilt 


•1 


n 


II.  i."'r 


if 


.1til^^^0Sm^Wm!^^^m!-:^"-V^. 


t;  N  ITK  I)    SI' ATKS. 


407 


iii(lc|»'iiclt'iit  "tales,  or  t'oiilinuu  in  llie  awktviiid 
nnil  li»/aril(iiis  situnlion  nt'  Miibjrcis,  carrying  on 
rar  Iniin  llicir  own  ri'sourcrs,  IkiiIi  aifainst  their 
kill!;,  and  such  nnMcrnarirs  as  lie  i'liii:<('  tii  rni|iliiy 
(Vir  llicir  .siil)iii);aiiiin.  NtM:t'ssiiy,  nut  clniicc, 
I'lirci'd  tlii'iiKintlif  ili'cisioii.  Siiliinissiiiii  without 
olitaiuin!:  a  riMlicss  of  ilii-ir  grievanci's  was  advo- 
caled  hyiiniiiMvlio  |)o-""ss('illlie  piililic  coiilidciicc. 
Some  ol'  tli«  |io|Mil:'  I  sidi'is  may  have  secretly 
wished  lor  ii"!.-|»Md('nce  iVoni  llie  beginning;  ui' 
the  coiitr(.-"r;;)  :  but  their  iininbcrwas  small,  and 
their  aentlnients  we>-.:  not  generally  known. 

While  the  ;;uiilic  mind  was  balancing  on  this 
eventt'iil  -.niijcct,  several  writers  placed  tlie  advan- 
tage' ol'  independence  in  various  points  of  view. 
Among  these,  Thomas  I'aiiie,  in  a  pamphlet  under 
the  signature  of  Cunimoii  Sense,  held  the  most 
distinguished  rank.  The  style,  manner,  and  laii- 
gu'.ge  ol'  this  performance  were  calculated  to  in- 
terest the  passions,  and  tu  rouse  all  the  active 
poweis  of  hiiniaii  nature.  With  tlie  view  of  ope- 
rating on  the  sentiments  ol  a  religious  people, 
Bcripture  was  pressed  into  his  service ;  and  the 
powers,  and  even  the  name  of  a  king,  were  ren- 
dered odious  in  the  eyes  of  the  mimerous  colonists, 
who  liail  read  and  studied  the  history  of  the  .fews, 
as  recorded  in  the  ()I<1  Testament.  The  folly  of 
that  people  in  revolting  from  a  government,  insti- 
tuted by  heaven  itself,  and  the  oppressions  to 
which  lliey  were  sulijecteil  in  coiiseipience  of  their 
lusting  after  kings  tortile  over  them,  all'ordcd  an 
excellent  handle  for  prepossessing  the  colonists  in 
favour  of  republican  institiilions,  and  prejiKliciiig 
(hem  against  kingly  government.  Hereditary 
succession  was  turned  into  ridicule.  Tlie  absiiiil- 
ily  of  sul)jecting  a  great  continent  to  a  small 
isl.ind.  on  the  other  siile  of  the  globe,  wis  repii'- 
seiiled  in  such  strikin.;  laiigii  ige,  as  to  inieiestllie 
honour  anil  pride  of  the  colonists,  in  renouncing; 
the  government  of  t  ileal  liritaiii.  The  necessily, 
the  advantages,  and  practicability  of  iiidependcnue 
were  forcilily  demoi.siiati'd. 

Nolhiiig  coiilil  1)1'  belter  liiiieil  iliaii  this  pi'r- 
lorniaiiLe.  It  was  addressed  to  Irei'ineii,  who  had 
just  received  convincing  proof,  that  (ileal  llrilain 
iiad  thrown  them  out  of  her  protection,  had  en- 
gaged loreign  nieicenaries  to  mike  war  upon 
them,  and  seriously  ilesigiied  to  compel  their  uii- 
.uidilional  submission  to  her  uiilimiled  power.  It 
I  "lid  the  colonists  most  thoroughly  aiarineil  for 
111  ir  liberties,  and  disposed  to  do  and  sutler  any 
thing  that  promised  their  esiablishmeiil.  tu  union 
with  the  feelings  and  senliiuents  of  the  piople,  it 
produced  surprisiiiL^  elfects.  .^lally  tlioiisands 
were  convinced,  and  were  led  to  approve  and  long 
for  a  separation  from  the  mother  country.  TIioul'I' 
that  measure,  a  lew  months  before,  was  not  only 
foreign  from  their  wishes,  but  the  object  of  their 
abhorrence,  the  current  suddenly  becaiiu"  so  strong 
ill  its  favour,  that  it  bore  down  all  oppisition. 
The  niiilliliide  was  hurried  dowiil'  >•  slie.im:  liut 
some  worthy  iiieii  could  not  e.isily  'iicile  lliem- 
Relves  to  llie  idea  of  an  eternal  se|  .loii  t'loiii  a 
connlry,  to  which  they  had  long  bet  ii  bound  by 
the  most  f>ii<icariiig  lies.  They  saw  the  swonl 
drawn:  .n;l  could  not  tell  when  it  would  be 
sheathed.  They  feared  (hat  the  dispersed  indi- 
viduals of  the  several  colonies  would  nol  be  brought 
to  coalesce  under  an  elVicient  government,  anil 
that  alter  much  anarchy  somefuluie  Oaisar  would 
grasp  their  liberlii's,  anil  cunfiriu  himself  in  a 
tliione  of  'b-spolism.  They  doubted  the  perse- 
verance of  I  heir  countryinen  in  elfecliiig  their  in- 
depeiideni'e.  and  weie  also  apprehensive  that,  in 
case  of  success,  their  future  cuinlition  would  be 
less  litippy  than  their  past. 

.Some  respectable  individuals,  whose  principles 
were  pure,  but  whose  souls  were  not  of  that  linn 
lexlnre  which  revolutions  require,  shrunk  back 
Iriini  llie  bold  measures  proposed  by  their  more 
Hdvenliiroiis  countrymen.  To  submit  without  an 
appeal  to  heaven,  though  secretly  wished  for  by 
Home,  was  not  the  avowed  sentiment  of  any:  but 
tu  persevere  in  petitioning  and  resisting  was  the 
vvMem  of  nnmc  iiiisguiJed,  honcit  men.  Tlin  fa- 
vourers uftliu  opiuioii  were  generally  wuutiiig  in 


that  decision  which  gr.isps  at  great  objects,  and 
inlluenced  by  that  timiil  policy,  which  does  its 
work  by  halves.  .Most  of  lliem  ilri'ailedlhe  power 
of  Ltritain.  A  (vw,  on  the  score  of  interest  or  an 
expectancy  of  favours  Irom  ihe  royal  government, 
reliised  to  concur  with  the  general  voice.  Some 
of  the  natives  of  the  parent  stale,  who,  having 
lately  settled  in  the  colonies,  had  not  yet  ex- 
changed Kuropean  for  American  ideas,  together 
with  a  few  others,  conscientiously  opposed  the 
measures  of  Congress  :  but  the  great  bulk  of  the 
people,  and  especially  of  the  spirited  and  indepen- 
dent part  of  the  commuiilty,  came  with  surprising 
unanimity  into  the  project  of  independence. 

The  eagerness  for  independence  resulted  more 
from  feeling  than  reasoning.  The  advantages  of 
uu  unfettered  trade,  the  prospect  of  honours  and 
cniolunienis  in  administering  a  new  goveriuent, 
were  of  themselves  insulficient  motives  lor  adopt- 
ing this  bold  measure.  ISut  what  was  wanting 
t'rom  considerations  of  this  kiiiil,  was  made  up  by 
tlie  perseverence  ufdreat  Britain,  in  her  schemes 
of  coercion  and  conijuest.  The  determined  reso- 
lution of  the  mother  country  to  subdue  the  colo- 
nists, together  with  the  plans  she  adopted  for  ac- 
complishing that  purpose,  and  their  eipially  deter- 
mined resolution  tu  appeal  to  heaven  rather  than 
submit,  made  a  declaration  of  independence  as 
necessary  in  1771),  as  was  the  non-iiiiportatioii 
agreement  of  1771,  or  the  assiimplion  of  anus  in 
177.').  The  last  naturally  resiilteil  from  the  lirst. 
The  revolution  was  not  forced  on  the  people  by 
ambitious  leaders  grasping  at  supieini' power;  but 
every  measure  of  it  was  forced  on  Congress,  bv 
the  necessily  of  Ihe  case,  and  the  voice  of  tin' 
people.  The  change  of  the  public  mind  of  Amer- 
ica, respecting  coniiexiuii  with  (ire, it  ltritain,  is' 
without  a  parallel.  In  the  short  space  of  inoj 
years,  nearly  three  luillions  of  people  passed  over 
Iroiii  the  love  and  duty  of  loy.il  subjects,  to  the 
hatred  ami  icsenlment  of  enemies. 

The  motion  for  declaring  the  colonies  tree  and 
independent,  was  lirst  made  in  Congress,  .liiiie  7, 
177(),  by  Hicliard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia.  He 
was  warranted  in  making  this  motion  by  the  par- 
ticular instructions  ol  his  inimediate  conslilueiits. 
and  also  by  the  general  voice  of  the  people  of  all 
the  states.  When  the  time  for  liikini;  the  subject 
under  consideration  arrived,  iiiiich  knowli'iige,  in 
geiiuity  and  elmpience  weie  displayed  on  both 
sides  of  the  (piestion.  The  debates  were  coniiniieil 
for  some  time,  ami  with  great  aniinalion.  In  Ihese 
.loliti  .'Vdanis  ami  .John  Dickinson  look  leading  and 
opposite  parts.  The  foriner  began  one  of  his 
speeches,  by  aninvocalionof  the  godol'eloipience, 
to  assist  him  in  deleiiding  the  claims,  anil  enl'or- 
ciiigtlie  duty  of  his  coiinliymeii.  He  sliiiii:;ly 
urged  the  inimediate  dissolution  of  all  political 
connexion  of  the  colonies  with  Creat  Diitain, 
from  llie  voice  of  the  people,  from  the  necessity 
ot'  till.'  iiicasure  in  order  to  obtain  toreign  assisl- 
ance,  Irom  a  regard  to  consistency,  and  fionithe 
prospecis  of  glory  and  happiness,  which  opened 
iieyond  the  war,  to  a  free  and  independent  people. 
.Mr.  Dickinson  replied  to  this  speech.  He  began 
l)y  observing,  that  the  iiiemlier  from  Massacliu- 
setts,  .Mr.  Adams,  had  iiitrodiiceil  his  defence  of 
the  declaration  of  imlependence  by  invoking  a 
heathen  goil  ;  but  that  he  should  begin  his  objec- 
lioiis  toil,  by  solemnly  invoking  the  (iovernor  of 
the  universe,  so  to  inlluenceihe  miiidsof  the  niem- 

bersof  Congress,  that  if  the  prop I  nieasinewere 

forthe benelit  of  .\iiierica,  nothing  which  he  should 
say  against  it  iiii;;ht  Uiake  the  least  impression. 
He  then  urged  that  the  present  tinie  was  improper 
for  the  declaration  of  imlepeiideme  :  that  tlie  war 
might  be  conducted  with  eipial  vi>:our  withoiit  it; 
that  it  would  divide  the  Americ.iiis,  and  unite  the 
I  (leople  of  (treat  llrilain  against  ilieiii.  He  then 
proposed  that  sotiie  assurance  slinnld  be  oblaineil 
of  assistance  from  a  foreign  piwer.  before  they 
renoiiiK  eil  their  connexion  wiili  (ireal  liritain; 
and  that  the  declaralion  of  indep  ndeiiie  slioubl  be 
the  cunililioii  to  be  oll'ered  for  this  assistance.  He 
likewise  stated  the  disputes  that  existed  between 
•ereral  of  tiie  colonies,  and  prujiosed  that  some 


measures  for  Ihe  settlement  of  them  should  be  de- 
termined upon,  before  they  Inst  sight  of  that  tribu- 
nal, whiidi  had  hitherto  been  the  umpireuf  all  their 
dillerences. 

After  a  full  discussion,  the  measure  of  declaring 
the  colonies  free  and  independent  was  approved, 
July  1th,  by  nearly  an  unanimous  vote.  The  anni- 
versary of  the  day,  on  which  this  great  event  took 
place,  has  ever  since  been  consecrated  iiy  the 
Americans  to  religious  gratitude,  and  so''ial  plea- 
sures. It  is  considered  by  lUcm  as  the  birth-day 
of  their  freedom. 

The  iict  of  the  united  co.onies,  tor  separating 
themselves  from  the  government  of  (Jreat  liritain, 
and  declaring  their  independence,  was  expressed 
in  the  following  words: 

"  When  in  the  course  of  human  eveits,  it  be- 
comes necessary  for  one  people  to  dissolve  the 
political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with 
another,  and  to  assume  among  the  powers  of  the 
earth,  the  separate  and  e(|:ial  station  to  which  the 
laws  of  nature,  and  of  nature's  God  entitled  them, 
a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind,  re- 
(|uires  that  tliey  should  declare  the  causes  which 
impel  them  to  the  separation  : 

"  We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident ;  that 
all  men  are  created  eipial ;  that  they  are  endowed 
by  their  Creator  with  certain  umilienable  rights; 
that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  and  ihe  pur- 
suit of  happiness;  that  to  secure  these  rigliLs, 
govcr.niiien'-:  are  instinited  among  men,  deriv- 
ing their  jisst  powers  from  the  conseni  of  the 
governed;  that  whenever  any  form  of  goveiimient 
becomes  deslriiclive  to  these  ends,  it  is  the  right 
of  the  peo|ile  to  aller  or  to  abolish  il.  and  to  insti- 
tute new  goveriiiiieni,  laying  its  foundalion  on 
such  principles,  and  organl/.iiig  its  power  in  such 
foriii,  as  to  ihem  shall  seem  most  likelv  to  eifect 
tlieii  safety  and  Inippiiiess.  I'rildeme,  indeed, 
will  dictate  tli:it  gon'rniiii'iiis  long  esiiibhslied 
should  not  be  clianged  for  liulil  and  ii.insient 
causes;  and  accoidiiigly,  all  experience  hath  shown, 
that  iiKinkind  are  iiioie  disposeil  to  siilfer,  while 
evils  are  sulferiible.  than  to  right  tlieniselvcs,  by 
abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  aiearciistoiiied. 
Mill  when  a  long  train  of  :ibuses  and  usurpations, 
pursuing  invariably  ihe  same  ob|ecl,  evince-i  a  de- 
sign to  reduce  them  under  absoliile  ilispoiism,  it 
is  their  right,  it  is  their  duly,  to  throw  olf  siich 
^overnmenl,  and  to  provide  new  i;ii mis  for  their 
future  security.  Such  has  been  llie  patient  suf- 
ferance of  these  colonies,  ami  such  is  now  the  ne- 
cessily which  constrains  llieiii  to  alter  llieii  for- 
mer systems  of  governnienl.  The  history  of  (he 
present  king  of  (ircat  liritain  is  a  hisiory  of  re- 
pealed injuries  and  usurpations :  all  having  in  di- 
rect object  the  establishment  of  analisohilrlvranny 
over  these  states.  To  provt?  this,  let  facts  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  candid  world. 

"  He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws,  the  most 
wholesome  and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

"Hellas  forbidilen  his  governors  to  pass  laws 
of  iniiiieiliale  :iiid  pressin::  iniporlanci'.  unless 
suspended  in  llieir  operation  till  his  ;issetit  slioukl 
be  obtained :  and  when  so  suspemleil.  he  has 
iillcrly  iieglecli'il  to  ;ittend  to  tlieiii. 

"He  has  refuseil  lo  pass  other  laws  for  the 
:iccoimidalion  -if  ln:;e  districts  of  people,  un- 
less those  people  would  lelimpiish  the  right  of  re- 
presentation in  the  Legislature,  ;i  right  iiieslima- 
jile  to  llietii.  and  forinidalilc  to  lyraiils  only. 

"  He  has  called  loiiellier  l^ejislativi' liodies  at 
pi. ices  unusual,  uiicomforiaiile.  and  ilislaiit  from 
the  depository  of  tlieii  public  records,  lor  the  sole 
purpose  of  I'atiguing  them  into  coiiiphance  w  iih  his 
nuasiiies. 

"He  has  dissolve*'  repteseiilaiive  houses  re- 
peatedly, for  opposing,  with  manly  firmness,  hi* 
invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people. 
I  "  I  le  has  refused,  for  a  long  linn'  ai'ier  such  dis- 
I  solutions,  to  r:iiise  others  to  be  elected  :  whereby 
itlie  legislative  powers,  incapable  of  aninhilatiun, 
have  returned  I  i  the  penpleal  large  for  iln'irexet 
cise;  the  slate  einaiiiiiig  in  iho  meantiiiie  expos 
ed  (u  all  the  d.inger  of  invasion  f'  .)in  witliuul,  and 
convulsions  within. 


TT^ 


i 


40b 


II 


inn 


II  ISTOK  V    <)|-     Til  K 


"  He  has  oiiilcnvourcd  to  pirvi'Mt  (lie  |Mi|)iiliiliiiii 
orthc-.x;  stnti's;  for  llial  |>ui|)(is('  cilisliiirliiii;  ilii' 
Uws  (if  iinliii':ili/.:iliiiii  <>(  Idicinni'is  ;  icl'iisjni;  ii> 
pass  III liPi's  III  <'ii('i>iii:ii;i-  llicir  iiii!;rali<iii  liitlicr; 
and  laisiiij;  llio  Cdiiilllloiis  iif  nt'w  up|>i'opi'iall<iiis 
ul  laiiils. 

'■  lit' lias  olistiu'tcil  the  aiiniinistratiiiii  nljns- 
tiie,  liy  ri'liisiiij;  his  assent  to  laws  I'lir  estaliiish- 
iii;;  juihciaiy  poHi'is. 

"He  has  made  jiidups  ilcpiMiilciit  on  his  will 
aldiir,  liir  llie  Icniiic  ol'  their  olVnes,  ami  llir 
iiinoiiiit  anil  payment  ol'  their  salaries. 

"  lie  has  erected  a  iimllitnde  of  new  nOices, 
and  sent  hither  swarms  ol'  oHiucrs  to  harass  our 
people,  and  eat  out  their  siibslanee. 

"lie  has  kept  aiiioM^  us,  in  times  of  peare, 
standiiii;  armies,  without  the  eoiMenl  id' inir  le- 
gislatures. 

"lie  lia.s  all'erted  to  render  the  militaiv  inde- 
pendent ol',  and  superior  to,  the  civil  power. 

"  lie  has  eiimliined  with  others  to  suhject  us  to 
a  jurisdieliou  loieinn  to  oiir  eonsliiiition,  and  un- 
arkii(iwledi;ed  hy  our  laws;  i;iviiif;  his  assent  to 
their  acts  ol' prelended  le;;islaliiin  : 

"  Kor  ipiartering  large  bodies  of  armed  ti'oii|M 
ainoiii;  lis  : 

"  l''or  protectins  them,  liy  a  mock  trial,  Ciom 
punishineiit  lor  any  nitirders  whicli  llicy  nIioiiIiI 
Cdininit  nil  the  inhabitants  of  these  states; 

"  Kor  cutting  oil' our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the 
world  : 

"  Kor  imposing  taxes  onus  without  oiir  consent : 

"  Kor  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  ol'  the  be- 
iieliis  of  lri;il  by  jury  : 

"  For  transporting  us  beyond  seas  to  be  tried 
for  prelended  oU'eiices  ; 

"  Kor  abolishing  the  tree  sysleni  iiri'.riglisli  laws 
in  a  niighbouiing  province,  cslablishiiii;  therein 
an  arbitrary  government,  anil  enlarging  its  bnunda- 
ries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  ami  lil 
instrument  lor  introducing  ihi'  saiiie  alisolule  rule 
into  these  colonies; 

"  Kor  taking  away  our  charters,  al.'olisliing  our 
most  valuable  laws,  and  altering  rundanientally  the 
forms  of  our  novernments: 

"  Kor  suspending  our  own  lei-islatures,  ami  de- 
claring Iheiiiselves  iiivesled  with  power  lo  legislate 
for  us  in  all  eases  whatsoever. 

"  lie  has  abdicated  giiverniiient  here,  by  de- 
claring us  out  of  his  protection,  and  waiting  war 
against  us. 

"lie  has  pliiiidered  our  seas,  ravaged  our 
coasts,  burnt  our  towns,  and  destmyed  the  lives  of 
our  people. 

"  lie  is.  at  this  lime,  Iraiisporling  large  armies 
ofl'oieii;n  inercenaries.  to  com|>li'le  the  work  of 
death,  desolation  and  tyranny,  already  be^iiii  with 
rirciiiiist.mces  of  cruelly  and  perlidy,  scaKsdy 
paralleji'd  in  the  most  barbaious  ages,  and  totally 
unwdrlhy  the  head  of  a  civi|i/,eil   nation. 

"  He  lias  consliained  our  felUnv  cili/.,Mis,  taken 
captive  on  the  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against 
their  coiiniry  ;  to  li  •come  the  executioners  of  their 
friends  and  iiretliren.  or  to  I'all  themselves  by  their 
lianils. 

"  111- has  cm  ili'ddiiiuestic  insurrections aniofigsl 
us,  and  has  emleavoiired  to  bringon  the  inhabitants 
of  our  tronlieiK  the  meicil'ss  Indian  savages, 
whose  know  n  rule  of  warfare  is  an  iindisiingiiished 
destruclion  of  ;ill  ages,  sexes  and  eondilions. 

"  I'l  every  staue  of  these  oppressions,  we  have 
petitioned  for  ri'iiress  in  the  most  humble  terms; 
our  repeated  pelilions  have  been  answered  only  by 
repeated  injury.  .\  prince,  whose  character  is 
ihiis  marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  ty- 
tant,  is  unlit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

"  .Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  altenlion  to  our 
Hrilisli  bielliren.  We  have  warned  ihem  from 
time  to  time  of  alleinpls  made  by  their  legislature, 
lo  exten.l  an  iiiiwarrant;ible  jurisdiction  over  tin. 
We  have  reminded  them  ol  the  ciicumstances  of 
our  einig(alion  and  seiilemi'iil  here.  \V  e  have  ap- 
|)eab'd  lo  tiieir  native  justice  and  magnaiiimity  ; 
and  we  have'  conjured  them,  by  the  lies  of  our 
roniuion  kindred,  to  diiiavow  these  usurpations, 
wliich  would  iiiovilubljr  inteniipi  our  counexiuua 


mid  corieipoiideiiee.  'I'liey  too  have  been  deaflo 
the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity.  We 
must,  thereroie,  acipiiesce  in  llie  necessity,  which 
denoiiiices  our  separation,  and  hold  them,  as  we 
hold  the  rest  ol  luankind,  eneiiiies  in  war,  ill  peace, 
friends. 

"  We,  iheiel'ioe,  the  lepresi'iiti'iivcs  of  the 
t'niled  Slates  of  America,  ill  gcieial  Congress 
asseiniiled,  appealing  to  the  .Supieii.e  .liidge  of  the 
world  lor  the  rectitude  of  our  intenti  ins.  do.  in  llie 
name,  and  by  authority,  iifthegooil  people  of  these 
colonies,  solemnly  |oul>lisli  ;iml  declare,  ih.il  these 
united  colonies  are,  and  of  ri^ht  ougl.'  to  be, 
KKKK  and  l.N'DKl'KNDK.NT  S'lW'I'K.S;  that 
they  are  absolved  friiiii  all  allegi:ince  lo  the  l!>i- 
tisU  crown  ;  and  that  all  political  connexion  he- 
twecii  them  and  the  slate  of  (ileal  liril;iin  is  and 
ought  III  be  totally  dissolved;  and  that  as  free  and 
iiidepemlent  states,  they  have  lull  power  to  levy 
war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alliances,  establish 
commerce,  and  to  do  ;ill  other  acts  and  things 
which  imlependent  stall's  may  ol  right  do.  .\iid, 
tortile  support  of  this  declar.ilion,  wiili  a  linn  re- 
liance on  llie  protection  of  Divine  I'lovideiice,  we 
mutually  pledge  In  each  oilier  our  lives,  our  for- 
tunes, ami  our  sacred  liiinoiir. 

.loiiN    IIamih  I\,  I'ri'sideiit. 
".Nk.w    11  ami'siiikk,        .liisiili    Uaitlett, 

Williaiii  Whipple, 
.Matthew  'riioriiton. 
"  .M  AssAi  iirsi-nrs  Hav,  ."saniiiel  .\ilaiiis, 
.Inliii  Adams. 
Itiibert  'I'reat  I'aine, 
I'.lbriilgi'  (ieny. 
.'''Ii'phen  lliipklii^, 
William  Klleiy. 
Koiicr  SlicMiiali. 
Saiiiuel  lliiiitini:toii, 
William  Williams, 
( 'hver  Wolcoll. 
Willnni  Kloyd, 
I'hilip  l.ivin^ston, 
KiaiK  is  Lewis, 
Lewis  .\|orris. 
liiclmrd  Slockliui, 
John  W^ilhi  rsp.ioii, 
Kra;icis  llopkiuson, 
John  il,ir>, 
A''raliaii:  t'la;'k. 
lio'ieit  .Morris, 
l^eniamin  I'lisli, 
lieiij.imiii  Ki.iiiklin, 
.lolin  .Million, 
(ieiui:e  (  'In mer, 
.lames  Sniitli, 
(ii'orge  '1'. IV lor, 
,l;imes  Wilson, 
(leiirge   Knss. 
(_':esai  Kodney, 
'riiiimis  .M'Keaii, 
(leiilge   Head. 
.Saiiiiiel  ( 'base, 
Willi. mi  I'aca, 
'I'hiimas  .Stone, 
t'harlesCarroll  of  Carroll- 
ton, 
(ieorge  Wythe, 
|{|i  hard  lleiiiy  l,ee, 
Thomas  .lelfcrson, 
llenjaiuin  Harrison, 
'I'liomas  Nelson,  jiiiir. 
Knincis  Lighiloot  Lee, 
Carter  Itraxton. 
William  Hooper, 
.loseph  I  lewes, 
John  Peiin. 
Kilward  Kiitledge, 
'riiomas  I  ley  ward,  jiiiir. 
Thomas  Lynili,  jiiiir. 
Arthur  .Miiidlcton. 
ilutlon  Cninnelt, 
l,yiiian  Hall, 
(ieoige  Walton." 
Kroin    the     proiniilgalion    of  this    declaration, 
every  lliin);   assumed  a  new  fnriii.     'llie    .\iiieri- 
cann  nu  lunger  appeared  in  the  cliaraeter  of  sub- 


■  .^Iassai  llisKTrs, 

■  llitotit;  Island,  A.c. 

•  Cio.Nf'.crici'T, 

'  .\i;w  York, 
'  .Nkw    JkR9KV, 

•  1'k.nnsvi.va\;a, 


DKLAW.tnK, 


.Makylanu, 


'  VlROINI.*, 


'  North  Carolina, 


'  South  Carouna, 


'  (Ikohuia, 


jects  in  arms  against  their  sovereign,  hut  as  an 
independent  people,  repelling  the  attacks  of  an  in- 
vading I'oe.  The  piopiisiiiiiiis  and  siippbriiiiiuis 
for  reconcilialio'i  were  done  away.  The  iliS|iiili'. 
was  brought  to  a  single  point,  whelher  llie  late 
llnlish  colonies  slicild  be  conipiered  proviiici  s,  or 
flee  and  iiidependeiit  states. 

'i'lie  ileclaraliiHi  of  indepemleiice  was  read  pub- 
licly in  all  ll'iC  slates,  and  w;is  welconieil  wiili 
many  demonstratioiis  ol  joy.  The  people  were 
encouraged  by  it  lo  bear  up  under  the  calaiiiilies 

ol  war,  and  viewed  the  evils  they  sull'ered Iv  as 

the  thorn  that  ever  accompanies  the  rose.  The 
aiiny  received  it  with  pailicular  satisfaction.  An 
far  as  it  had  validity,  so  far  it  secured  theiii  from 
sulfering  as  rebels,  and  held  out  to  their  view  an 
object,  the  attainment  of  which  would  be  an  ade- 
ipiate  recompen.se  for  the  toils  and  dangers  of  war. 
They  were  aniiiiated  by  the  consiileration  that  lliey 
were  no  longer  to  risk  their  lives  for  the  trilling 
purpose  of  procuring  the  repeal  of  a  lew  oppressive 
acis  of  parliament ;  but  for  a  new  organi/alion  of 
government,  that  would  for  ever  put  it  out  of  the 
power  of  tireat  liritain  to  oppress  them.  The 
llalleriiig  prospects  of  an  extensive  eominerce, 
treed  iVoiii  liritish  icstrictions,  and  the  honours 
and  einoliiments  of  offices  in  independenl  si;ites, 
now  began  lo  gliller  belore  the  eyes  of  the  ( olon- 
isls,  and  recoiuilcd  llieiii  lo  the  iriDicnllies  ol  their 
situation.  What  was  supposed  in  (Jieat  Hrilain 
to  be  their  primary  olijei  t,  had  only  a  secondary 
inlliicnce.  While  they  were  cinuged  with  lim- 
ing at  indepenileiice  Irom  the  impulse  of  avarice 
iinil  ambiliiin,  they  were  ardently  wishing  for  a  re- 
I  onciliatloii.  Itut,  alierthey  had  been  coinpelled 
to  :iiliipl  ihil  measure,  tlm-c  powerful  principles 
of  linnian  aclions  opposeil  Us  relraclion,  and  sli- 
miilateil  lo  its  supjHiit.  That  separation  which 
the  colonist  al  liist  dieadeil  as  an  evil,  lliev  siiim 
gloried  inasa  national  blessing.  While  the  rule;, 
of  (Ileal  llrilain  urged  their  people  lo  a  vignrons 
prosecution  of  the  .Xincrican  war,  on  the  i.lea  that 
llie  colonists  wcrs  aiming  .it  independence,  they 
inijiosed  on  them  a  tiece.' sity  of  adopting  that  vcrv 
iiieasii;c.  and  a(  tlially  elhcted  its  ai  lomplislmieni, 
l!y  repeiledly  charging  llie  .\inericans  with  aim- 
ing :il  the  rreclion  of  a  new  iiovernuient,  and  by 
pioeeeiliiig  on  th;it  idea  to  snbdile  llieiii.,  predic- 
lii'iis.  winch  were  originally  false,  eventually  be- 
came true.  When  the  declaration  ofimlependence 
reached  (ireat  liritain,  the  parti/:iiis  of  luiinslrv 
triiimphe.l  in  thcirsagaeity.  ••  The  iiic;isuie."  said 
liny."  we  Inive  liuig  foreseen,  is  now  come  to 
pass."  They  inverleil  the  natural  oidei  ollhings. 
Without  rellceliiig  that  their  ow  ii  policy  hail  fiirced 
a  revolution  contiaiy  to  the  original  design  of  llie 
colonisls,  the  declaration  of  imb'pendence,  was 
held  out  to  the  people  ol  (ireat  ISrilian  as  a  jiisti- 
liealion  of  those  pieviinis  violences,  which  were  Us 
ellieient  cause. 

The  act  of  ( 'ongress,  fur  dissevering  the  colonies 
I'liini  their  parent  stale,  was  the  siibiect  of  inanv 
animadveisions. 

The  colonists  were  said  to  have  been  precipitate 
in  adopting  a  measiiie,  from  which  llieie  was  no 
hononrable  ground  of  letreating.  'I'liey  replied 
that,  for  eleven  yeais.  they  had  been  incess;iiiily 
petitioning  the  throne  for  a  redress  of  then  griev- 
ances :  since  the  year  171)."),  a  continental  t  oiimess 
had,  at  tlire"  sundry  times,  staled  their  claims, 
and  prayed  liir  their  consinutional  rights;  that 
each  asHenibly  of  the  thirleen  colonies  had  also, 
in  lis  separate  'apacity,  concurred  in  the  same 
meannre;  that  from  liie  perseverance  of  (ireal 
lliitain  in  her  schemes  lor  their  coeri  ion,  they  had 
no  alternative,  but  a  mean  submission,  or  a  vigor 
oils  resisiance ;  and  that,  as  she  was  about  to  in 
vade  llieir  coasts  with  a  large  body  of  menenaries, 
they  were  eompelled  lo  declare  themselves  imie- 
pemlenl,  that  they  iiiiglit  be  put  int.)  an  immediate 
capacity  of  solicitini;  t'oreigii  aid. 

The  virulence,  of  ihosewho  had  been  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  claims  of  the  colonislH,  was  incre.ised 
by  their  bold;ict,  in  breaking  nlfall  suborilinalinu 
to  the  pari'iit  slate,  "(ireat  liritain,"  said  they, 
"  ha«  founded  colonies  al  great  ex|>cni)e  ;  has  in- 


' 


eri'iyii.  Iiiit  -M  an 

III'  Htllick!)  Ill' ,111  in- 

and  -^iipiilii  iiliiiiH 
iiv.  Till'  (lis,,iiin 
VvllI'lllIT    lllf    l.ilc 

iirri'il  |iiiiviin  TV,  iir 

lire  Has  n-ail  |iiili- 
IS   tu'h'iiiiii'il   mill 
'I'lir   |)i'cp|ilr   wcif 
iliT  lllf   lalainllifs 
>  siidcrcil,  onlv  :n 
PS  llin   ri)S(!.     'I'lic 
r  siiiist-itiiiiii.     As 
nirnl   llirm   inim 
It  til  tlirir  nrw  an 
woiilil  lip  an  ailc- 
nil  ilaii^iTH  iilHar. 
iilcralinn  llial  lliry 
••s  I'lir  till'  iijilini; 
a  rcwii|i|iirssi\i' 
w  i)r(;aiii/.alicin  dI' 
r  put  it  lint  ol'  tlir 
iipss  llu-iii.     Tlie 
nsive    «oiiiiii<'rc'r, 
anil   till'   liiiniiiirH 
iilcpt'iiili'iil  Kialii, 
I'Vi'M  III' till'  riilnn- 
iliHiciillii'snl  ilii'ir 
I  ill  tiii'at   liniain 
only  a  si'i'iniilaiy 
•liarm-il  will)  ill,,, 
nipnlsc   (,r  avariro 
y  wisliiiis;  liir  a  re 
111  lii'i'li  riiinpi'ljcil 
iiwcrliil  priiii'i|i|rs 
rrlractiiiii,  anil  sii- 
1  s('|)aratiiin  wliiih 
an  I'vil.  iIm'v  sniin 
While  ilirriili':, 
nplr  Id  a  vi^i,riiii-i 
r,  nil  llir  i.lra  i|i:,t 
ilt'pniili'nii',    ihi'v 
ailnpliiif;  lliai  vii'v 
1  ai  (•iiiii|i|isliiiii.|,t. 
iriirans  hiiI,   ,„m- 

>*•'"! I,  ami  liv 

Inc  thi'iii,  piiilic'. 
Hf,  f\.-ntnally  hc- 
iniirini|r|ii'in|,.||,.,. 
'li/.ans  dl'  niiinsirv 
III'  inrasnir."  ^alll 
II  iMiH  nnni'  In 
ral  iiiili'i  iiHliiinr^. 
I  piilir\  hail  Inri'i'il 
inal  ili'sijrn  nl  Ihr 
iil"|H'nili'nri',  w;is 
liiilian  as  a  jiisli- 
•I's,  » Ini'h  wcir  ils 

I'linu'  llie  I'liliiiiics 
siilijiit  III'  iiiaiiy 

I'  bi'cn  picripiialc 
lirli  llii'ii'  was  nil 
;.  'I'hi'y  rfphi'il 
lit'i'ii  ini'i'ssaiiilv 
s«  111  then  ciiiv- 
itin('nlal('i)iii.'iess 
leil  their  claims, 
inal  riiihls;  thai 
ninnies  hail  al  mi, 
reil  III  the  Name 
eranee  nl'  (iieal 
lercinii,  ihey  hail 
Hsiiin.  nr  a  vii;iir 
was  aliniii  In  in 
y  nl  iiii'iienaiies, 
hi'iiiselvis  iiiije- 
it'i  an  immeiliiiie 

ail  lieen  in  nppii' 
In,  was  iniriMsi'il 
ill  Hiiliiinlinaliiin 
aiii,"  Naiil  Ihey, 
!X|M!nae ;  Una  iu- 


^     ''I 


If 


I' 


:,1H'?:'»3»S«9WrT't'^a.i 


ITNITKD    STATES. 


eiirrril  n  loud  of  debts  by  wiirs  on  their  iirroiiiit; 
Una  protected  their  coininerce,  iiiiil  r.iispd  I  hem  Ici 
hII  the  r(iiisp(|iiencp.  they  posxcsH;  and  now,  in  llii' 
InMolcnci-  of  »ihUt  years,  rather  than  pay  ihi'ir 
|)ro|><iili()ii  of  the  conunun  expeiises  oi  govern- 
nx'iit,  they  iini;rateriilly  rcnonnee  all  t'onnexion 
with  Iho  nurse  of  their  yoiilh.  and  the  proleciM-v 
111'  llieir  riper  years."  The  Anierieans  aeknow- 
jediiecl  that  niiieli  wasdiie  to  (ireal  Krilain,  I'or  tin' 
prolei'lion  nliieh  her  navy  pnirureil  in  thi'  coasis 
and  thf  cinnineree  (if  the  colonies  J  hnl  conleniled 
that  nnieh  was  pai<l  by  the  latter,  in  eonsiMpu'ine 
ul'tlie  reslrietions  imposed  on  iheir  eonnnerce  by 
the  (iirnier.  ••  The  (  harije  of  ini;ratitiide  wonid 
have  been  just,"  said  they,  "  had  alleiiiance  been 
renoiuieed  while  protection  was  t;iven  ;  but  when 
the  navy,  which  formerly  secured  the  commerce 
and  .seaport  towns  of  Atnerica,  began  to  distress 
the  former,  and  burn  the  latter,  the  previous  obli- 
galicmsto  obey,  or  be  grateful,  were  no  longer  in 
force." 

That  the  co! mists  paid  nothing,  and  would  not 
pay  to  the  support  of  governnieiit,  was  conlklenlly 
asserted  :  anri  no  credit  was  given  for  the  sums 
iiidireclly  levied  upon  Iheni.  in  con.sequencc  of 
Iheir  being  conlined  loihe  consuniplion  of  British 
manid'actures.  By  such  ill-founded  observations, 
weri'  the  people  of  <ireal  Brilain  inllained  against 
their  fellow  sulijecis  in  America.  'I"he  latter  were 
rept"scnled  as  an  iingr  'eful  people,  refusing  to 
bear  any  part  of  the  cx))enses  of  a  protecting  go- 
vernnM'jil,  or  to  pay  their  proportion  <>(  a  heavy 
debt,  said  to  be  incmieil  on  their  account. 

Miinv  of  the  inhabilants  of  (ireat  Brilain,  de- 
ceived in  maticrs  of  faci,  coiisidi-red  their  .Ameri- 
can bieilncn  as  (  cserving  the  severity  of  military 
coercion.  So  sirongly  were  the  two  countries 
riveted  !ogellier,  ihal  if  the  whole  truth  had  been 
known  to  the  people  of  both,  their  separation 
wouiil  have  been  scarcely  possible.  .\ny  I'easible 
plan,  iiv  which  snbjectiou  lo  (ireat  Britain  could 
have  been  recmiciled  with  Aiuerican  safety,  would, 
at  anv  Unie  previous  to  177G,  havs  met  the  appro- 
balioii  of  the  colonists.  But  whilo  the  lust  of 
power  and  of  gain,  blinded  the  rulers  of  Cireat 
Briiaii'.  misstateil  facts,  and  uncandid  representa- 
tiinis  brought  over  the  people  to  second  the  infatu- 
alion.  A  few  honest  men,  properly  authorised, 
inighl  have  devised  measures  of  compromise, 
which  uniler  the  iiilluence  of  truth,  humility,  and 
moderation,  would  have  prevented  a  dismember- 
ment of  the  empire;  but  these  virtues  ceased  lo 
inlluence.  and  falsehood,  haughtiness  and  blind 
zeal  usurped  their  places. 

Had  (ireat  Britain,  even  after  the  dcclaralion 
of  independence,  adopted  the  magnanimous  reso- 
luliiui  of  declaring  her  cobmics  free  and  indepen- 
dent Slates,  interest  would  have  prompted  them  to 
form  such  a  connexion  as  woubl  have  secun'il  to 
the  mollier  country  the  advantages  of  their  com- 
merce, without  the  expense  or  trouble  of  their  go- 
vermnenis.  But  misguided  politics coiitiiMied  the 
fatal  system  of  coercion  and  conipiest.  Several, 
on  both  siiles  of  the  Atlantic,  have  called  the  de- 
( laralioii  of  independence,  "  a  bold,  and  acciden- 
tally, a  lucky  speculation  ;"b«t  subsequent  events 
(iroved  that'll  was  a  wise  measure.  Jt  is  acknowl- 
edged, that  it  deiacheil  smne  limiil  friends  from 
supi'orting  the  .Xnu-ricans  in  their  opposition  to 
< Ireat  Britain;  but  it  increased  the  vigour  and 
union  of  those,  who  possessed  more  fortitude  and 
p.Msevctance.  Without  it,  the  colonists  would 
have  had  no  object  adecpiale  lo  the  dangers,  lo 
which  they  expcsed  theiii.sclves,  in  continuing  lo 

1 tend  with  (treat  Britain.     If  the   interference 

of  France  were  necessary  to  give  success  to  the 
lesistancc  of  the  Americans,  the  declaration  of  in- 
dipendeiice  was  also  necessary :  for  the  French 
expressly  foitnded  the  propriety  of  their  treaty 
V'ilh  Coiigress  on  the  circumstance,  "that  they 
found  the  Unilcil  States  in  possession  of  indepen- 
Jence." 

All  political  connexion  l-.elween  (ireat  Britain 
and  her  cobmics  being  dissolved,  the  institution  of 
Etw  forms  of  goverimient  became  unavoidable. 
'The  necessity  of  this  was  so  nrgi^ntthat  Congress, 


before  the  declaration  of  independence,  bad  re- 
(!omnicnd(*d  to  the  rcspecii\e  assemblies  and  con- 
veiiliiMis  ol  the  Inileil  .stiale.s,  III  adopi  such  go- 
vernnicnlsas  should,  in  their  opinicni,  liisl  condnce 
(o  the  happiness  and  safely  of  Iheir  constiineiils. 

During  more  than  twelve  months,  the  cidonisis 
had  been  held  togclhcr  liy  the  lorceof  ancient  ha- 
bits, and  by  laws  under  ihe  simple  style  of  recoin- 
mcndatiims.  The  impropriety  of  proceeding  in 
conns  of  justice  by  the  anillorily  of  a  sovereign, 
against  whomllic  ciilimics  were  in  arms,  was  sell- 
eviiienl.  The  impossibilily  of  governing,  lor  any 
length  of  lime,  lliree  millioiiH  of  people,  by  the  tics 
of  honour,  nitlKoit  ihcaulhorily  of  law,  waseipial- 
ly  apparent.  The  rejection  of  British  sovereignly 
therefore  <lrew  after  it  Ihe  necessity  of  fixing  on 
some  other  printiple  of  govermnenl.  The  genius 
of  the  Americans,  llieir  republican liablls  and  sen- 
timents, naturally  led  Ihem  lo  snbsliliite  the  ma- 
jesty of  the  peo|ile,  in  lieu  of  discarded  royally. 
The  kingly  olliie  was  dropped  ;  but  in  most  ol  the 
subordinate  depaitnienis  of  guvernmeni,  ancient 
forms  and  iiaincs  are  retained.  Such  a  portion 
of  power  had  at  all  lines  been  exercised  by  the 
people  and  Iheir  lepresenlalives,  that  the  change 
of  sovereignly  was  hardly  perceptible,  and  the  le- 
voluliontook  place  wiihonl  violence  or  convulsion. 
Popular  elections  elevated  private  citizens  lo  the 
same  oDices,  which  formerly  had  been  ( (Uiferred 
by  royal  appoinlnienl.  The  people  felt  an  iinin- 
lerrnpled  coiilinualion  of  the  blessings  of  law  and 
government  under  old  names,  ihougli  deriveil  from 
a  new  sovereignty,  and  were  scarcely  sensible  of 
any  change  in  their  political  constitution.  The 
checks  and  balances,  which  restrained  the  popular 
assemblies  under  the  royal  government  were  part- 
ly dropped,  and  parlly  retained,  by  substituting 
simielhing  of  Ihe  same  kind.  The  temper  of  the 
people  would  nol  permit  that  any  one  man  how- 
ever exalted  by  olbce,  or  distinguished  by  abili- 
ties, should  have  a  negative  on  Ihe  declared  sense 
of  a  majorily  of  their  representatives;  but  Ihe  ex- 
perience of  all  ages  hail  taught  them  the  danger 
of  lodging  all  power  in  one  body  of  men. 

A  second  branch  of  legislature,  consisting  of  a 
few  select  persons,  under  the  name  of  senate,  or 
council,  was  therefore  constituted  in  eleven  of  the 
thirteen  slates,  andtheircoucurrence  made  neces- 
sary lo  give  the  valiility  of  law  to  the  acts  of  a 
more  numerous  branch'of  popular  representatives. 

.New  VcnU  and  Massachusetts  went  one  step 
farther.  The  former  constituted  a  council  of  re- 
vision, consisting  of  the  (iovernorand  the  heads 
of  the  judicial  (leparlments,  on  whose  objections 
to  any  proposed  law  a  reconsideration  became 
necessary;  unless  it  was  confirmed  by  two  Ihiriis 
of  both  houses,  il  could  have  no  operation.  \ 
similar  power  was  given  to  the  (governor  of  Massa- 
cliusetls. 

(ieorL'iii  and  Tennsylvania  were  the  only  slates 
whose  legislatures  consisted  of  only  oni'  branch.* 
Though  many  in  these  stales,  and  a  majorily  in 
all  tile  others,  saw  anil  acknowledged  Ihe  propri- 
ety of  a  compounded  legislature,  yet  the  mode  of 
creating  two  branches,  out  of  a  hoiiiogeneous 
mass  of  people,  was  a  matter  of  didicnlly.  .No 
distiiiclioii  of  ranks  existed  in  the  colonies,  and 
none  wereenlitled  lo  any  rights,  but  such  as  were 
coinmon  to  all.  .Some  possessed  more  weallli 
than  others  ;  but  riches  and  ability  were  nol  al- 
ways associaled.  Ten  of  the  eleven  slates, 
whose  legislatures  consisted  of  two  branclies.  or- 
dained that  the  members  of  both  should  be  elect- 
ed by  the  people.  This  rather  made  two  coor- 
ilinate  houses  of  representatives,  than  a  check  on 
a  single  one,  by  the  moderation  of  a  select  few. 

Maryland  adopted  a  singular  plan  for  consti- 
tuting an  independent  senate.  By  her  consiiiii- 
lion  the  members  of  that  body  were  elected  for 
live  years,  while  the  members  of  the  house  of  dele- 
gates hebl  Iheir  seals  only  for  one.  The  number 
ijf  senators  was  only  (ifleeu,  and  they  were  all  elec 
ed  indiscriminately  from  the  inhabitants  of  any 
part  of  the  state,  excepting  that  nine  of  Ihem  were 

'  Abcrod  l>yaub«ci|iienl  cimvcniiuiia;  botb  •tstcs  luvc 
iiuw  n  ucnoto. 


400 


lo  be  residents  on  the  west,  and  six  on  the  ensl 
side  of  ihe  Chesapeake  bay.  They  were  elected 
nol  immedialely  by  the  people,  but  by  eleclors, 
two  from  each  connly,  appoiiiled  by  The  iiihabl- 
lanis  for  that  sole  purpose.  By  these  legulations 
Ihe  senate  of  .Marylaie'  coiisisled  of  men  of  inlhi 
ence,  iniegrily  and  aliililies,  and  sucii  as  were  n 

real  and  bi iicial  check  on  ihe  hasty  proceedings 

ol  a  more  iiiiiiieroiis  branch  of  popular  represent-. 
atives.  The  laws  of  that  stale  were  well  digest- 
ed, and  its  nueresl  steadily  pursued  with  peculiar 
unity  ofsysit while  elsewhere  il  too  often  hap- 
pened, in  Ihe  llimciualion  of  public  assemblies,  and 
wliere  the  legislative  departmenl  was  not  siiirieicnt- 
ly  checked,  that  passion  and  parly  predominated 
over  principles  and  public  good. 

I'ennsylvania  instead  of  a  legislative  council 
or  senate,  adopted  the  expeilieni  of  publishing  bills 
after  Ihe  second  reading,  for  the  information  of  the 
iiihabilanls.  'j'his  had  its  advantages  and  disad- 
vaniages.  Il  prevented  the  precipitate  adoption 
of  new  regulaiions,  and  gave  an  opportunity  of 
ascerlaining  Ihe  sense  of  the  people  on  those  laws 
by  which  they  were  lo  be  bound  :  but  il  can  led 
ihe  spirit  of  discussion  into  every  corner,  and  dis- 
turbed Ihe  peace  and  harmony  of  neighbourhoods. 
By  making  the  business  of  govermnenl  the  duly 
of  every  man,  it  drew  olf  the  allenlion  id"  many 
from  the  steady  pursuit  of  their  respecting  biisi- 
ni'sses. 

The  slate  of  Pennsylvania  al.so  adopted  another 
inslituiioii  peculiar  lo  itself,  under  the  denomina- 
tioii  of  a  council  of  censors."  These  were  lo  be 
chosen  once  every  seven  years,  and  were  aiillio- 
rised  lo  inquire  whether  tiiecoiislitiilion  had  been 
preserved  ;  whether  ihe  legislative  and  exeenlive 
branch  of  government,  had  performed  their  duly, 
or  assumed  to  themselves,  or  exeeicised  other  or 
greater  powers,  than  those  to  which  they  were 
constiliitionally  enlilled  ;  to  inipiire  wheiher  the 
public  taxes  had  been  justly  laid  and  colleci- 
ed,  aril  in  what  manner  the  public  inoiiics  had 
been  disposed  of,  and  whelhcr,  the  laws  had  been 
duly  executed.  However  excellenl  this  inslilii- 
lioii  may  appear  in  theory,  il  is  doubiliil  wheiher 
in  practice  it  answered  any  valuable  end.  It  most 
eerlaiiily  opened  a  door  for  discord,  and  fiirnished 
abundant  matter  for  periodical  allcrcation.  Killier 
from  the  disposition  of  its  iiihabilanls,  iis  form  of 
government,  or  some  other  cause,  the  people  of 
Pennsylvania  have  constantly  been  in  a  stale  of 
fermentation.  The  end  ofone  public  conlroveisv 
has  been  the  beginning  of  anoilier.  I'lom  the 
collision  of  parlies,  the  minds  of  the  cili/.ensweie 
sharpened,  and  their  active  powers  improved  :  but 
inlernal  harmony  has  been  niikiiiiwn.  They  who 
were  out  of  place,  so  narrow  ly  watched  those  who 
were  in,  that  nothing  injurious  to  the  public  conlil 
be  easily  elTecled  :  but  from  the  Ihicinalioii  of 
power,  and  the  total  want  of  peinianent  syslein, 
nolhing  great  or  lasting  could  nilli  safely  lie  iin- 
dertaken,  or  prosecuted  lo  ell'ect.  rnderall  these 
disadvantages,  the  slate  llourislied.  and.  from  the 
industry  and  ingenuity  of  its  iiihabilanls,  acipiired 
an  unrivalled  ascendency  in  arts  and  inannfactiiro. 
This  must  in  a  great  mcasme  be  ascribed  lo  ihe 
inlluence  of  the  habits  of  order  and  indnslry  llial 
hail  long  prevailed. 

The  ,\mericans  agreed  in  appointing  a  siipieini' 
executive  head  to  each  stale,  wilh  the  tilb-  eillnr 
of  governor  or  president.  They  also  agreed  in 
deriving  the  whole  powers  of  governineni,  citlni 
ineilialely  or  immediately,  from  the  people.  In 
the  eastern  stales,  and  in  New  York,  their  giiver- 
iiors,  were  elected  by  the  inhabitants,  in  llieir  re 
speciive  towns  or  counties, and  in  the  oilier  si  iir., 
by  the  legi.slalures;t  but  in  no  case  was  the  sin, ill- 
esi  title  of  power  exercised  from  heredilaiy  riu'lil. 
New  York  was  the  only  stale  which  invesied  its 
governor  with  executive  authority  without  a  coun- 
cil.t     Such  was  the  extreme  jealousy   of  pmver 

*  Aliiilisbcil  liv  u  Rulisoipient  convi'iiiiim. 

t  l*'>nnsylvHMiii  bus  i^iiioe  iiiloplcd  llir  pupiiliir  iniidf  iif 
clcriine  n  ^ovcrTior. 

i>r>rr»l  ."inlta  ><Hvr  iiince  abolished  couucila  un  purt 
•  jf  till- oxevulive. 


U 
l')| 


■  11 


410 


HISTORY    OK    THE 


I  M 


wliicli  pcrvuiliMl  ihi'  Aiiicriniii  itluH'ii,  lli^il  llicy 
(ll'l  iiol  tliiiik  |ini|M'r  III  Inist  llii'  iii;iii  iiC  tlii'ir 
rliiiMi'  \tilli  till-  |iii»ri'  III  rxrriiliiii;  llii'ir  iiwii  ilr- 
ii'MiiiiiiilliHiM,  H'liliitiit  iililiuiiiu  liiiii  ill  tniiiiy  rsiMiw 
I.I  liiki'  llii'  ailvii'r  III  siii'li  ciiiiiisiMliirs  ;in  llirv 
i>i'iii:;lil  |irii|irr  III  iiiiiiiiiiiili>.  'I'll)'  illHailviinl.iui's 
III  llii«  liiHiiiiitiiin  Car  iiiilw<<i)^lii'il  lis  ailviiiii,it;i'4. 
Mail  ilir  ijinrriiiiis  mirci't'ilcil  liy  lii'roililary  ri)i|il, 
I  I'liiiiiMi'l  niiiilil  liavi' liiM-ii  (illi'ii  iicri'Msary  In  nii|i 
l<l)'  ihi' real  waul  iil  aliililii's,  liiil  wlicn  an  iiiili' 
viiliial  liail  Im-i'ii  si-N'i'Ii'iI  liy  lliii  |ii-ii|ili-,  an  llii^  I'll- 
li'Hi  |ierM(iii  I'lir  iliHcliarKinK  ''>*'  iliilii'H  ol'lliis  liiiii 
iii'|iai'liiii'iil.  III  I'tMicr  liiiii  wjlliacuiiiiRil  waHcillicr 
III  Icsni-ii  hilt  cajKirity  (il'iluini;  Kiiod,  or  lu  I'lirniHli 
liiin  Willi  a  Ncrcrii  liir  iliiiii|{  evil.  It  tli'strnyi'il 
till'  srcriM  y,  vi^iiiir  anil  ilKspalRli,  which  llii-  pxrii- 
tivp  |iiiwfr  iiniihl  to  iiiixsk.s!)  ;  and,  liy  making  no- 
vcriiirnlal  arli  the  acln  ol'a  biiily,  iliiiiiiiiihi'il  in- 
iliviiliial  rt)H|>iin!iiliilily.  In  Niiinii  siales  it  ^riMtlv 
enhanceil  the  vx|icnsrs  of  govt'rnnirnl,  anil  in  ail 
rplarilcil  its  uftemlioni),  without  any  c(|iiitaleiitail- 

\HntiI^CH. 

New  V'lirk  in  another  particular,  iliKplayi-il  poli- 
tical Hajiarily,  Hiipcriiir  In  her  luMKliliiiiirK.  This 
was  in  hi-r  council  orap|Hrniliiii'iil,  cniisimint;  of 
one  si'iialor  rrinn  each  of  her  liiiir  ureal  election 
ilislricis,  aiilhiirlseil  lo  ilesiynale  proper  per4iiii>; 
for  lilliiiij  vacancies  in  ihe  exeriitive  (leparliiii'iils 
ul  t:o\rrinneiii.  l/.ii'>!e  limlies  are  lar  rrniii  lieini; 
the  iiiiisl  proper  ilepnsilories  of  the  power  of  iip- 
|>iiiiiliiiu  lo  ollices.  The  assiiluous  alti'niion  ol' 
eaniliilales  is  loo  apt  lo  hias  llic  voice  ol'  iniliviil- 
iials  in  popular  asseinlilies.  Ilesiiles,  in  such  ap- 
pninliiii'iils.  llie  lespoiisiliility  lor  tlieconilnclorihe 
ollicer  is  ina  (Ileal  nieasiire  annihilaleil.  The  coii- 
eiiirenee  ol'a  select  lew  in  the  noniinalion  ol'  one 
Hcenis  a  more  eli^ililc  mode,  lor  sectirilii!  a  proper 
choice,  than  appoiiilincnlN  made  either  liy  one,  or 
l)V  a  niiiiierons  lioilv.  In  the  rornier  case,  ihere 
wiiiild  lie  dan:;er  ol'  t'avoiiriiisin :  in  the  lallei,  ihat 
inoilest  iiuasHiimiiij!  ineril  would  lie  overlookeil, 
in  1:1111111  III' the  lornaril  and  olise(|iiions. 

A  riiialion  III' pnlilie  olhcers  made  a  part  ol' most 
orilp'  Ami'lican  coiisliimions.  I''re(|iienl  eleclions 
were  reijiiired  liy  all  :  but  several  leliiieil  still  I'ar- 
ther,  and  deprived  ihe  electors  ol'  ihc  power  ol' 
conliniiini;  'lie  same  olVicu  in  the  saiiie  hands,  al'- 
Ici  a  specilicd  lenulli  ol  lime.  Voiiii(;  politician* 
Hiiildeiily  imIIciI  rriini  Ihe  ordinary  walks  ol  lilc. 
lo  make  li»'>  and  institute  loriiis  of  unvernment, 
lltriied  iheir  aileiilion  to  the  histories  ol'  ancieiil 
reptittlic.!,  and  ihe  uriliiitzs  of  speculative  men  on 
the  snlijecl  ol'  !>nveriiment.  This  led  them  into 
many  errors,  and  occasioned  them  lo  adopt  sundry 
opinions,  imsuilalde  lolhe  slate  iifsocicly  in  Ame- 
rica, and  I'liiilrary  lo  Ihc  genius  of  real  repulili- 
cunism. 

Tile  principle  of  rolalion  wan  carried  so  far,  lhat 
in  some  of  the  slates,  piililic  oH'icers  in  ihe  several 
dcpartmenis  scarcely  knew  their  oDicial  duly,  till 
Ihey  wereoliliced  lo  rilire  and  i;ive  place  to  olhcis 
ax  itiiioranl  as  ihey  hail  been  on  iheir  first  a|ipoinl- 
ment.  IfolViceshad  been  insliliiled  for  the  benefit 
of  Ihe  lioldeis,  ihe  policy  of  dill'ilsini;  those  beiie- 
fils  would  have  been  proper  :  lint  inslilutcd  as  lliey 
were  for  ihe  cniivenienep  of  the  public,  the  end 
was  inarreil  by  such  ficipienl  changes,  liy  lon- 
finili)!  Ihe  olijei'ls  of  choice,  it  dimitiished  tlif  pri- 
vileges iif  electors,  and  l'ie(|iienlly  deprived  ihein 
of  the  liliei'ly  of  chiiosiiii;  ihe  man  who,  from  pre- 
vious experience,  was  of  all  men  ihe  most  snilalile. 
The  favourers  of  lliis  sysleni  of  rolation  conleiid- 
ed  for  il,  as  likely  lo  prevent  a  perpetuity  of  of- 
fice and  poner  in  llie  same  iniliviihial  oi  family, 
and  as  a  seciirilvaiiainst  hereditary  honours.  To 
this  it  was  replied,  lhat  free,  fair  and  frequent 
•elections  Here  ihe  iiiosi  natural  and  proper  secu- 
rities, tor  Ihe  liberlies  of  the  people.  It  produced 
a  Inoie  general  dilfiisinn  of  |Militical  knowlediie 
but  made  mine  smalleiers  lliaii  adepts  in  the  sci- 
ence of  iroveihineiii. 

As  a  farlher  secirity  for  the  continuance  of  re- 
|iiiblic,iu  principles  in  the  Aiiierican  consliliilions, 
lliey  a!;ieed  in  piidiibiliiM.;  all  hereditary  honiinrs 
unil  ilisliii'iion  of  ranks. 

It  was  iiiir  uf  ih*  peculiaritiesof  theso  new  fuinm 


of  covernnieiit,  that  all  r"liKii>ii!i  eHlablishmenls 
were  abolished.  Some  re.'ained  a  conslilulional 
disliiii  linn  belween  ( 'hrisliaiis  ,iiid  olheis.  with  res- 
pect lo  ele;:iliilily  lo  iiDice  :  bul  ihe  idea  olsuppiirl- 
iiiK  one  deiioiiiiiialion  al  the  expense  of  others,  or 
ofraisiii);  anyone  sect  of  < 'hrisliaiis  to  a  le(;al  pie- 
eminence,  was  niiiversallv  reprobaled.  The  alli- 
ance belween  chuicli  and  stale  «a<  coniplelely 
broken,  and  each  was  left  lo  suppoil  ilsell  inile- 
pcndenl  of  the  other. 

The  far-faiiied  social  compact  between  the  pen- 
pie  and  Iheir  rulers,  did  not  apply  lo  llie  United 
.'^lates.  The  sovereiKiily  was  in  Ihe  people.  In 
their  sovereicn  capacity,  by  their  represenlatives, 
they  agreed  on  forms  ot'covernineni  for  iheir  own 
security,  and  deputed  ccrfiiin  individuals  as  tlieii 
auenis  to  serve  them  in  public  atulinns,  agreeably 
In  constiiutioiiH  which  Ihcy  prescribed  for  their 
conduct. 

The  world  hnn  not  liitherin  exhibited  so  fair  an 
nppnrliinity  for  proinotinH  social  happiness.  Ii  is 
hoped  for  the  honour  of  huinan  naliiie,  ihal  Ihe  re- 
sult will  prove  the  fallacy  of  those  theories,  which 
suppose  lhat  mankind  are  incapable  of  sidf-^overn- 
meiit.  The  ancients,  nol  knowing  Ihe  doclriiie  of 
ri'prrseiiTalion,    were  apt  in  llieir  public  iiieelin,;^ 

10  inn  inlo  confusion '.  but  in  America  this  mode 
oftakint:  Ihe  sense  of  ihe  |iciiple,  is  so  well  under- 
slonil,  and  so  coniplelely  reduced  lo  sysleiii,  thai 
itsmosi  popiiliiiis  sialcs  are  iillen  peaceably  con- 
vened in  an  assemtdy  of  deputies,  nol  too  larce  for 
ordirly  deliberalioiis,  and  yet  represeulin;;  the 
whole  in  eipial  pioporlions.  'j'hese  popular  branch- 
es of  le|;islalure  are  minialnre  pictures  of  the  com- 
munity, and,  from  ihe  mode  of  iheir  elei  lion,  are 
likely  lo  lie  iiilliienieil  by  the  same  iiilerest  and 
leidiiii;s  willi  ihe  people  whom  ihey  represent. 
Asa  f.iriher  securiiy  for  their  fideliiy.  iliey  arc 
bound  l.y  every  law  ihey  make  for  their  cniisiiiu- 
eiils.  The  assemblaiie  of  ihesir  circumslaiiees 
(lives  as  ureal  a  securiiy  lhat  laws  will  be  made, 
and  uovernmeiM  admiii'slcred,  for  the  Koiid  of  Ihe 
people,  as  can  b"  l'xp(^'led  friini  ihe  impeifeclion 
of  human  iiislilulions. 

Ill  this  short  view  uf  the  foriiialion  and  esiablish- 
nient  of  the  American  cnnstiiutionsue  behold  our 
si>"cies  in  a  new  sinialion.  In  no  a^e  before,  and 
in  no  oilier  coiiiilry,  did  man  I'ver  possess  an  elcc- 
linii  iif  the  kind  of  governmeiil,  under  which  he 
would  ciionse  lo  live.  'I'lie  conslilueul  parts  of 
Ihe  ancient  free  ((uverninriils  were  ihriiwii  lii- 
licllier  by  accidrr.t.  M'he  fieedoiii  of  modern  Ku- 
ropean  mivernu'euts  vas,  for  the  most  pari,  ob- 
lained  by  the  concessions,  or  libeiality  of  nionarchs 
or  military  leader!.  In  .Smrri'a  alone,  reason  and 
liberty  concurred  in  the  formation  of  conslitiiliiiiis. 

11  is  iriie.  friini  the  infancy  of  polilical  kiiowledtie 
in  the  I'niled  >'lales,  lliere  were  many  defecls  in 
Iheir  forms  of  uovernmi  nl  :  bul  in  one  ihiiiu  ihey 
were  all  pcrli'Cl.  They  leli  In  the  peiipl  the 
power  of  alierinc  and  amending  them,  whenever 
lliey  pleased.  In  this  happy  peculiarity  lliey  pla- 
ced the  science  ofpolilicsou  a  foiilini;  with  the 
oilier  sciences,  by  opeiiintx  it  to  iinprnveinents 
from  ex|MMience,  and  ihe  discoveries  of  fiilnre 
aues.  |{y  means  of  this  power  of  amendini!  .Ame- 
rican consiiinlions,  the  friends  of  mankind  have 
fondly  hoped  llial  oppression  will  one  day  be  no 
more  ;  and  that  political  evil  will  al  least  be  pre- 
venied  or  restrained  wiih  as  much  certainly,  by  a 
proper  comliination  or  separation  of  power,  as  na- 
tural evil  is  lessened  or  pievenled,  by  the  applica- 
lion  of  the  knowledue  or  iiiuenuitv  of  man  In  do- 
mesiic  purposes.  No  pari  of  the  history  of  an- 
cient or  modern  Kiirope  can  furnish  a  single  fact 
thai  niihlates  a^ainsl  this  opinion  ;  since,  in  none 
of  its  uovernmeuls,  have  the  principles  of  eiilial 
r«preH«nlalion  and  checks  been  applied,  for  the 
preservation  of  fieeilom.  On  these  two  pivots  are 
suspended  the  liberlies  of  most  of  the  stales. 
Where  ihey  are  uanliiu:,  there  can  be  no  securiiy 
for  liberty  :  where  ihey  exist,  ihey  render  any  far- 
lher securiiy  unnecessary, 

Kroni  history  the  cili/.ens  of  ihe  T'liiled  .Siales 
liail  been  lauuhl,  lhat  llie  maxilils,  aiiopled  by  Ihe 
nilertof  Ihe  earth,  thai  socielv  was  instituted  for 


the  sake  of  the  unvernnrs;  and  thai  the  inleremi 
of  the  many  were  to  be  p.isfnoned  in  the  con«eni- 
eiice  of  llie  privilei;eil  le»,  li.id  lillid  llie  world  with 
bloodshed  anil  i\  ickediiess;  while  ex]  rt  j.'i.re  had 
proved,  llial  il  is  the  invariable  and  nalnral  cha- 
racter of  power,  whelher  iiilriisifd  or  assumed.  In 
exceed  lis  proper  liiiiils,  and,  if  nmestrained,  In  di- 
vide the  world  into  masters  and  slaves.  They 
iherefore  bewail  upon  llie  opposite  niaxims,  lhat 
socicly  was  insliliiled,  nol  for  ihe  cnvernnrs.  bul 
Ihe  Koverned  ;  lhat  ihe  inleresi  of  the  lew,  should 
in  all  cases,  (;ive  way  lo  llial  of  the  many;  thai 
exclusive  and  hereditary  privileijes  were  uselvst 
and  dani'erous  iiislilulions  in  society  ;  and  lhal  en- 
Irusled  anlhorilies  Nhnnldbe  liable  lolreipienl  and 
periodical  recalls.  Wilhlhem  lliesovereiijntv  of 
the  people  was  more  llian  a  mere  iheorv.  Thn 
characierisiic  of  lhal  sovereiuiily  was  displayed  by 
Iheir  aulhorily  in  wrilleii  cnnslilulinns. 

The  rejeclion  of  llrilisli  snveieiunty  lint  only  in- 
volved a  necissily  of  erecliii';  indepeiidenl  cniiHli- 
liilinns,  bul  nf  (  ciiienlini:  the  hIioIc  rniled  States 
by  some  ciiininoii  liniiil  of  iininn.  The  ael  nf  In- 
depeuilciicc  did  mil  hnlil  niil  In  the  wnrld  thirteen 
sincreiuii  stales,  lint  a  cniumou  sovereii;nly  of  the 
uliole  in  ilieir  iiniled  capacily.  Il  iherefore  be- 
came necessary  lo  run  the  line  of  dislinclion,  be- 
Inen  the  local  le|;is|aliiies,  and  ihe  assembly  of 
stales  in  I'onuress.  A  commillee  was  appointed 
for  iliuesllnf;  articles  nf  cniifederalion,  belween 
ihe  stales  or  nniU'd  cnlonies,  as  tliev  weii>  Iheii 
called,  al  the  lime  the  propriety  of  declaring  inde- 
pendence was  under  debate,  and  some  weekH  prit- 
viously  lo  ihe  adoption  of  that  measure:  bm  Iho 
plan  was  not  for  sixleeii  months  alter  so  far  di- 
l>esteil,  as  lo  be  ready  for  ciimiiiiinii  alioii  lo  ihu 
slates.  Nor  was  il  linally  ralilicd  by  llie  accessiiir. 
of  all  Ihe  stales,  till  nearly  lliiee  years  more  had 
elapsed.  In  dis'  nssiie^  iis  arlicles,  niaiiv  dif- 
licnll  ipieHltoiis  occurred.  Due  was,  to  aseertaili 
the  ratio  of  coiilriliulioiis  from  each  stale.  Two 
principles  piesenled  llicm-eUes;  nuinbeis  of  peo- 
ple, and  llie  value  of  lauds.  The  last  was  pre- 
ii'ried,  as  lieiuu  the  IriiesI  bainiiielcr  ol  the  wealth 
ofnalinns;  bin  from  an  apprelieiided  iinpraclira- 
biiily  nl  canyiiie  ii  into  clfect,  il  n as  soon  leliii- 
i|Uislied,  ami  recurrence  had  In  llie  loiiner.  That 
llie  stales  should  lie  lepreseiiled  in  piopnrtiun  In 
iheir  iniporlance.  n  is  cniiieiiiled  by  liiii>e  »  ho  had 
exieiisive  lerritnrv  :  bul  iIoim',  nliii  uei"  ,  ,,u|int'd 
In  sTiiall  dimensiiiMs.  replied,  that  llie  stale-,  i  nn- 
fcdcralcd  as  iiidlvidii.ils  in  a  stale  ot'natiiir.  .uiil 
should  ihi'ieloie  hue  eipial  voles.  The  lir);e 
slalesyielded  llie  poiiil,  and  ciiiiseiiled  ihii  each 
slate  should  ha\e  an  eipial  sulVra^e. 

Il  was  nol  easy  iiMleilne  the  pnwer  of  the  slale 
leuislalures.  sn  as  in  preveiil  a  clasliiuu  bciHcen 
Iheir  jiMisdiclion,  and  lhal  of  ihe  ccneral  <;overM 
iiieiil.  It  was  l!ioii>;hl  proper,  lhal  the  In'iner 
shnitld  be  abridged  nf  llie  pnwer  nf  forming;  any 
oilier  confederalioii  or  alliance  ;  of  laviiiu  on  anv 
impost  nr  duties  thai  iiiiuhl  inlefcre  with  Irealie'a 
made  by  ( 'nnuress.  nf  keepiii<r  up  anv  vessels  of 
war,  or  KranliiiK  leileis  nf  marque  or  reprisal. 
The  powers  of  I 'oii<:ress  were  also  defined.  Of 
lliese  Ihe  piincipal  were  as  fnllnw  :  To  lia»e  ihe 
sole  and  exclusive  M^hl  of  delerminiii);  on  peace 
or  war;  ofsendiiiu  nr  reieivinii  aiiili;issadnrs  ;  nl 
enlerint!  inlo  licaiies  and  alliances;  of  uiaiiliiif; 
lellers  of  iiiaripie  and  reprisal  in  limes  of  peace  ; 
to  be  the  last  resort  on  appeal,  in  disputes  be- 
tween two  or  more  stales;  lo  have  the  sole  ;iiid 
exclusive  riylil  nf  rennlatiii!:  the  allny  and  value 
nf  cnin  ;  nf  lixinu  ihe  slaiidard  nf  Hei|>hts  and 
measures;  re<!ulalinK  ihe  Inide  ;iiid  inaiiauini;  all 
alfairs  with  llie  Indians;  eslaldishiii):  and  re^il- 
lalinc  post  ollices;  in  bniiiiu'  money,  nr  emil  hilln 
nil  the  credit  nf  the  rniled  .Stales;  in  build  and 
equip  a  Navy;  lo  a^ree  upon  the  iiiimbei  nf  land 
fiirees  ;  ;inil  In  make  ■eqiiisitioiis  from  each  slate 
for  its  quota  of  men.  in  priiporln.u  to  ihe  miiubet 
of  its  uhite  inliabilaiils. 

No  coercive  power  w-as  tiiveii  to  llie  ccuera 
government,  nor  was  il  innsii  d  with  any  leuis- 
lative  pinver  over  indiviilii;ils,  hut  only  over  stales 
in  llieir  corporate  capacity.     A  power  lo  reyiilalc 


tnxat'flfen^''-^-'^-'''^   -I- ■," .  1 


UNITED    STATBS. 


itH'iltri  i||i<  ntim-ni- 
lill'ililic  u'orlil  iviih 
iilc  i-\\  ,  r,.'i.ii'  Ii;mI 
'  :iiiil    iiiiliinl   I'lia- 

tl'cl   (II   !|S>tl|||l|.||,    lo 

iiiiii'siniiiii'il,  iiiill. 

iiiiil  sl:ivrH.  'I'licy 
msiii'  iiuixiiiii.   i|i:i( 

tlir  i;iiKTiuii-i,  liiK 
t  lit  till'  I'nv,  sliiiiilil 

III'  llif  iiiiiiiy  :  tliiK 
li'm's  wiTe  iiMi'li'sii 
lii'ty  !  iiiiil  lliiilftl- 
iililr  liil'rei|iii'iit  ;iiiil 
II  llii!«(ivcrcii{iilv  (if 
IKTI-  lliciiiv.  'i'liB 
ly  «;is  ilisphiyeil  liy 
liliiljiiiH. 
ii'iuiiiy  lint  (inly  jn- 

iiilc|ii'ii(lciit  ('(iimii- 

liolc  I'mtiMl  .Slates 
III.     'I'lic  act  (il'ln- 

tlic  wiirld  ihirlmn 

1  sdvcii'iniiiy  of  the 

It  lliciclori'   lie- 

of  ilisliiictldii,  lin. 
il   till'   iissfiiilily  of 

Ice  was  »|i|i(iiii|(>(| 
I'lli'Miiiiii,  lii'iwfen 
iis  lliry  wen-  then 
y  (irdicliiiiiij,'  iiiilf-. 
"I  •^(iiiic  wpckH  |ir«- 

iiKMsiiic:  hill  iho 
Ills  mu'r  s(i  far  di- 
iiiiiiiiii  iiiidii  III  tlio 
iril  liy  till'  IK  irssiar. 
MM'  yciiis  iiiiiri^  had 
iliilis,  many  dif- 
ir  was.  III  as'iTtllin 

lai  h  stale.  'IVo 
i;  iiniiilicis  (if  ()(io- 
'I'hc  lasi  was  pro- 
iiiclci  (il  Mil'  wcaltU 
icimIcnI  iin|iiailira- 
,  il  Mas  siMin  ii'liii. 
>  ihc  liii-iiicr.  'I'hai 
■il  ill  |i"ii|milioii  t(i 
(I  liy  lliiiM'  uliii  had 
wliii  wei"  riiiilini'il 
lial  llic  siaii-^  I'liii. 
all'  nliialiin.  and 
Kills.  'I'hc  larni' 
iiiiM'iiliil  lint  each 
fr-.tjii: 
|i(iwil    (if  llip  stall: 

I  (  liisliini;  lii'iwci'ii 
111'  nciK  ral  mivfiii- 
r,  thai  the  fn'imr 
IT  (il  liiiiiiiii;;  any 
;  (if  layiii(!  nn  any 
ipfiTP  with  Iri'atjc'ii 

ii|i  any  vissils  nf 
larqiic    nr   ic|irisal. 

alsii  dclint'd.  Of 
l(iw ;  'I'll  lia\c  iliH 
i'lniiiiiii}!  "Il  iK'acc 
;  aiiiliassadiirs  ;  ol 
iiliris;  (il  f!i:,iiiiii^ 
ill  liiiii'N  (if  |ii'an>; 
d.  ill  (li.s|iiiii's  hf. 
lavc  till-  sdli-  and 
II'  alliiy  and  valiia 
(I  (il   »('ii>liis   and 

and  iiianaiiiiiK  ill 
ilisliiii):  and  rp<;ii- 
iiin"y,  (ir  I'liiii  hillo 
lies  ;  til  hiitid  »nH 
11'  iiiiinlici  (if  land 
IS  liiiiii  each  stall' 

•I  1(1  the  mindiei 

•n  Id  ihr  upiipra. 
(I   with   any    li'ni.i- 

II  only  (ivcr  states 
puwpr  to  re^dliilc 


trade,  nr  to  laisr  a  ii'vpiiiii'  from  II,  thoiiKh  liiitli 
were  eHHi'iilial  lo  tin-  willarc  of  Ihc  iiniiiii,  inailc 
no  pari  of  ihi"  first  federal  syslini.  'I'li  rcini'ily 
this  and  all  dllier  delccis,  a  diior  was  left  iipen  liir 
intriidncin^'  liiriliiT  pi'dvisidiis,  siiiled  hi  Inline 
circiiiiislanii's. 

The  arIK  Ics  (if('(inf(*i|i'rat((in  were  prdpii-icd  at 
a  nine  nhcn  ihc  cili/.ciis  iil  /kiiierici  were  yinini; 
111  till'  srn'riieiil  piililiiH.  and  when  a  ediiiinandinit 
neiiseiil  duly,  eiilnrced  liy  ihc  prcsmirc  (if  a  ((innnnii 
iiaTc;i  I.  I'lei  lildcd  iheneccssiiy  ol  a  piiwcr  (irciiiii- 
pnUiiin.  The  ciilhiisiasin  iil  the  day  gave  siirh 
crcdil  and  currency  Id  paper  cinissidiiH.  as  made 
the  raisin;:  (if  supplies  an  easy  mailer.  'I'hc  sys- 
tem (if  federal  Kdvcriinicnt  was,  therefore,  mure 
calciilaled  for  what  men  then  were,  under  those 
circiiinsiances,  than  lor  the  laiitfiiid  years  of  peace, 
when  selfishness  usurped  ihepl.ice  of  piihlic  Hpiril 
and  when  credit  no  hinder  assisted,  in  providJiiK 
for  the  exiuencies  of  I'overmiient. 

'The  experience  of  a  lew  years,  after  tile  termi- 
natiiin  iif  the  war.  priivcd,  as  will  appear  in  its  pro- 
per place,  that  a  radical  cliaii;:c  of  the  wh.ile  sys- 
tem was  necessary  to  the):'""'  gdverimient  of  the 
I'liitcd  .States. 


CHAI'TKIl      II. 

Till'  ('niiipni^ll  iif  1777.  in  the  Miilillr  Slntcn. 

Soon  after  the  ileRlaralion  of  IndepiMidcnce,  the 
luthiirity  of  ('(lll^ress  was  ohi. lined  tiir  raising  an 
uiny.  that  wiiulil  lie  mure  permanent  than  ilie 
'empiiiaiy  levies.  whi(di  they  had  prcvionslv 
irdilulil  inid  the  liclil.  It  was  ai  fust  priipiised  Ui 
recruit  lor  ihc  indefniite  term  of  the  war  -,  liiil  it 
icin^  I'linnd  nn  experiiiicnl.  that  the  lialiils  df  ihc 
people  were  averse  to  cn^Mucments  liir  such  an 
'..ncdtain  period  (irseriiic.  the  ricniitiiii  ollicers 
were  nislrncleil  to  oiler  ihe  allernalives  of  enlislini; 
either  I'  '  'li'  war.  or  liii  three yeais.  'I'liosc  wliii 
»iii;ai;eil  >hi  the  first  ciindilidii.  were  promised  a 
hniidtcil  acres  of  land,  maddilion  In  their  pav  and 
bonnly.  'I'lic  tniiips  raised  liy  Cnimress.  Iiir  the 
service  (if  the  rnited  Slalcs,  were  called  Cdnlincn- 
tals.  'riiou^h  ill  Scplemlier,  I77(i,  it  had  licen 
resolved  lo  raise  W  lialtalions,  and  in  Dccenilicr 
IdlldwiM'.:.  anlhorily  w.is  ^iven  to  (iencral  Wash- 
nc'lmi  III  raise  Id  mine,  yet  very  little  pnmress 
hid  liecn  made  in  the  iccriiilin::  liiisiness.  till  alter 

the  lialllcs  (if 'rrenldii  and    I'rincetdii.      .S icji 

liinc  was  necessarily  cdiisumed,  licfiire  these  new 
rccrnils  joined  the  cdiiiinandcr  in  cliiet'.  that  his 
whole  force,  at  Morristowii  and  tin;  several  oiil- 
piists,  for  sonic  time  did  not  exceed  1.^(10  men, — 
Vel  lliesv  iriOl)  kept  many  thonsands  of  the  llri- 
lisli  cidsely  pent  up  in  ilrnnswick.  Almost  eveiv 
parlv,  that  w.is  sent  (itit  liy  the  latter,  was  success- 
liilly  opposed  liy  the  former,  and  the  adjacent  coiin- 
ny  preserved  in  a  crial  decree  of  lrani|iiilily. 

II  was  mailer  of  astonishment,  that  the  llrilish 
siilleted  the  dangerous  inlcrval,  liirtvveen  the  dis- 
liandiii^  of  one  army  and  tin;  raisiiid  of  another,  to 
pass  away  wilhiiut  (l(lill^  sdiiiclliini:  iif  ciinse- 
()ucnce,  at^ainst  the  reinainini;  shadow  of  an  'jrine(l 
Idicc.  Hitherto,  there  had  hecn  a  deficiency  (if 
arms  and  ammunitidii.  as  well  as  nf  men  ;  lint  in 
the  sprint;  a  vessel  df  !il  t'lins  artived  frdin  France, 
at  I'drtsmuiith.  in  New  Ilaiiipshire.  with  upwards 
(if  n.tlDO  stand  of  arms,  and  IIMIO  liarrels  of 
piiwder.  Ten  thousand  stand  of  arms  arrived 
alidiit  the  same  lime,  in  aniither  part  ol  the  United 
Stall's. 

III  line  the  royal  army  took  the  field,  in  prose- 
cuiidii  df  the  main  biisinesH  of  the  campaign,  two 
cute,  prises  for  the  destriirlioii  of  American  stores 
were  iinderlaken.  The  first  was  condueled  hy 
(aildiii'l  llird  ;  the  second  by  Major  (ieneral  Try- 
on.  The  former  landed  23d  March  with  alioiit 
5IK1  :ii  "11  at  I'eekskill.  near  .'iO  miles  from  New 
Voil..  (ieneral  WashiiiKton  had  repeatedly  cau- 
tidiic'l  rhc  commissaries,  not  tosiilfcr  lartre  ipian 
tities  of  provisions  to  he  near  the  water :  but  his 
piudenl  advice  had  not  been  regarded.     The  few 


Americans,  who  were  stationed  as  a  uiiard  al 
I'eekskill,  on  thi!  approach  of  (ailonel  lliril.  fired 
the  firincipal  sliirc  hdiises.  and  relircd  Id  a  uiiiiil 
piisilKin,  Ivvddr  llirce  miles  distant.  The  loss  of 
pi-dvisidiis,  Idtanc,  and  dihcr  valuable  urtieles,  was 
ciiiisiderablc. 

.\Iaj(ir  (ieneril  Tryiin.  with  a  delachiiicnt  nf 
■-'IMH)  men,  cinbarkcd'  at  .New  Vork,  rilith  April 
and  p.issin^  iliniiiKh  Ihc  .Siiiind.  landed  lietween 
Kairlii  Id  and  .Norwaik.  They  advanced  tliroiiuh 
Ihc  (ainniry  wiihinit  inlerrnpliiiii.  and  arrived  in 
alioiii  twenty  hnnrs  al  Danliiiry,  On  iheir  ap- 
proa.  h,  Ihc  lew  conlinenlals  who  were  in  the  town 
wilhiliew  iKiiii  it.  The  Itritish  be(jan  to  burn  and 
dcslrny  :  biil  absiained  Irdin  injnrinu  the  pioperly 
ofsinhas  were  repined  lories.  Kii;hteen  houses. 
8(1(1  barrels  of  pork  and  beef.  S(H)  barrels  of  lliiiir. 
2011(1  bushels  of  Krain,  170(1  tenis,  and  some  other 
articles,  were  lost  In  the  Americans,  (ienerals 
Wdoster,  Arnold,  and  Silliman.  having  hastily 
eollecled  a  few  hundred  of  the  inhabilanls,  made 
arrannements  for  inlerniplini;  the  inarch  of  llie 
royal  delacliinenl  :  but  the  arms  of  thone  who 
came  forward  on  this  eineri;eney  were  injured  by 
excessive  rains,  and  the  men  were  worn  dnwn 
Willi  a  march  of  thirty  miles  in  the  course  of  a 
day.  .Siii'li  dispositiiins  were  nevertheless  made, 
and  aucli  posts  were  laken,  as  enabled  them  to 
annoy  the  invaders  when  rcturnini;  to  their  ships, 
(ieneral  .Vrnold.  witji  about  .'ilHI  men.  by  a  rapid 
iiidveinent.  readied  liidKc  field  in  their  fiiint,  liar- 
lieadoed  the  road,  kept  up  a  brisk  lire  upon  them, 
and  sustained  their  attack,  till  they  had  made  a 
lo(l):inent  on  a  lc(l|;e  df  rocks  (in  his  left.  Alter 
the  llrilish  had  gained  this  eminence,  a  whdle  pli- 
looii  levelled  al  (■ciieral  Arnold,  not  more  than 
tliirly  yards  distant.  His  horse  was  killed  ;  lint 
he  escaped.  While  In:  was  extricalini;  himseir 
frdiii  his  Inirse.  a  suldicr  advanced  lo  run  him 
llirouuh  with  :i  bayonet  :  lint  he  shut  liiiii  dead 
with  his  pistdl.  and  alierwards  dot  olf  safe.  The 
Americans,  in  several  dctachcil  parties,  harassed 
the  rear  of  the  llrilish,  and  from  various  stands 
Kept  up  a  Kcallcriiij:  '>r''  ii|i(in  them,  till  they  reach- 
ed their  shippiiiL'. 

The  Krilisli  accdinplishcil  the  object  df  the  ex- 
pedition :  but  il  cost  them  iL  irly.  They  had,  by 
I  iimpulation,  two  or  lliree  hiiiiilred  men  killed, 
Wdiindcd.  and  taken.  'I'hc  liiss  df  the  .Americans 
was  about  twenly  killed,  ami  I'orly  Wdiinded. — 
.\iuiini:  the  fdriner  was  I)r.  Alwalcr.  a  i^enlleinan 
(if  character  and  inttnence.  ( 'iiloncl  Ijaiiib  was 
aiiiiini>  the  lallei.  (ieneral  Wiiiistei,  lliduah  se 
vciily  years  did,  behaveil  wilh  lli('Vi'.;dnr  and  spirit 
ol  ydiitli.  While  ^idrioiisly  delciiiliniiihe  lilieilies 
(if  his  cduntry  he  received  a  nidrlal  wdiind.  Con- 
uress  resolved,  tlial  a  nKiniimcnl  shiiiild  be  erected 
Id  his  memiiry,  asaii  ackiidwlcdumcnt  of  his  inerii 
and  services.  They  also  rcsdhed,  that  a  hiirse. 
pnipcrly  caparismied,  sliinild  lie  presented  Ki  (ieii. 
Vriiolil,  in  iheir  name,  as  a  tiiken  nf  their  appro- 
lialiiin  111'  hl^  iiall.int  ciindncl. 

.Not  loll!;  atier  ihe  cxeiirsidii  iii  Danbiiry,  Colo- 
nel .Mei^s,  an  eiilerprislni;  .\inerican  iilficer  on 
the  2  lib  df  .May  transpdrled  a  delacliinenl  (if  ilKint 
170  .\nicricans,  ill  whale  Imals,  over  llie  SMiiiid. 
which  separates  Liiiii;  Island  tVoiii  ('oiiiiccticiil  ; 
burned  twelve  bri^s  and  sloops,  beldni:ii,>;  In  the 
Mrilisli  ;  destroyed  a  lar^e  (|iiaiilily  of  ldrai;e  and 
iither  articles,  collected  fur  iheir  use  in  Sa:;  liar 
hour,  (III  that  Island  ;  killed  six  of  their  Sdldiers, 
and  brought  olf  ninety  prisoners,  wiilmut  liavini' 
a  siiiijle  man  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  ( 'olo- 
ncl  and  his  parly  returned  lo  (luilford  in  Iwentv- 
live  hours  from  the  time  of  tlieirdcparliire.  liavini,' 
ill  that  short  space  not  only  coiiiplelcd  the  object 
of  their  expedition,  but  traversed  by  land  and  wa- 
ter, a  space  niii  less  than  ninety  miles.  (Niniiress 
ordered  an  eleijant  swoid  to  be  (|resenteil  to  (,'olo- 
ncl  ,Mcii;s.  fdr  his  ^dod  condncl  in  this  expedilinn. 

.\s  the  aeasdii  advanced,  the  American  army, 
in  New  .lersey.  was  reinfiirccd  by  the  successin' 
arrivals  (if  recruits  :  bill  ncverlhclcss.  at  llicdpen- 
iiiK  of  the  campaign,  it  amounted  only  to  7,272 
tnen, 

Urcat  jKiiiig  had  been  taken  to  recruit  thu  llrilish 


jttt 

army  wilh  American  levies.  A  coininission  of 
llriKadicr  (ieneral  had  been  conferred  on  Oliver 
llelancy,  a  loyalist  of  iircil  inlliienre  in  New  York, 
and  he  was  aiilhiirised  to  r.iise  lliice  bail  dnins.— . 
Kvery  ellorl  had  licen  made,  lo  raise  ihe  men, 
lidlli  willnnanil  wilhoiil  ihc  Ihilish  Inns,  and  also 
Irdiii  amiiiiii  ihc  Aincrie  in  prisiinirs  :  lint  wilh  all 
these  cxerlions,  nnlv  .i!!/  were  prociired.  ('iii;r|. 
land  Skinner,  a  loyalist  well  Undivii  in  .leriey,  w.is 
also  appoiiiicd  a  lirmadiet,  and  anlhdri^ed  In  raisii 
live  baltahdiis.  (ireal  cddrls  were  m.ide  Id  prii- 
1  lire  recruits  lor  Ins  command  :  lint  ihcir  i^linle 
number  anidiinled  only  to  .'il7. 

Towards  the  latter  end  of  .May,  (Iciierdi  Wash 
iiiKlon  ipiilled  his  winter  encampment  al  Morris- 
town,  and  look  a  siron;;  positional  .Middleiirook. 
.Soon  after  this  movemenl.  the  llrilish  marched 
from  Ilrnnswick.  and  extended  their  van  as  far  as 
.Somerset  coiirt-hduse  ;  but  in  a  few  days  returned 
to  their  tiiriiier  station.  This  sudden  (  liaiii;e  was 
owiiii;  lo  the  unexpected  opposilidii  nliicli  seemed 
Id  be  cnllecliiiK  fldiii  all  (piarters  ;  fur  the  .lersey 
militia  turned  out  in  a  very  spirited  manner,  lo 
opp'ise  them.  The  same  army  had  lately  march- 
ed through  ,New  .lersey.  witlioiit  licinu  fired  upon; 
:'nd  even  small  parties  oflhcin  had  safely  palrnlleil 
the  country,  at  a  distance  from  their  camp;  but 
expeiience  haviiii;  proved  that  Itritish  prdlcctidiis 
were  no  security  for  properly,  the  inliabiliiiils  i;c- 
ncrally  resolved  lo  try  the  ettecis  of  resisiance,  in 
pridi'r(nice  to  a  second  siilimis'ridn.  A  fortiinaln 
mistake  |>a\e  them  an  opporlnnily  (if  assembling 
in  ureal  force  on  this  cmcrKency.  .SiunaN  had 
been  ai^reed  (in.  and  beacdiis  erected  (in  hit;li 
places,  wilh  the  view  nf  cnmmnnicalnii;.  iiver  the 
Cdiinlry,  insianlaiKMius  inlelliucncc  ol  the  approach 
of  the  llrilish.  .V  lew  hours  beriirc  the  royal  army 
be^an  their  march,  the  si'.;nal  of  alarm,  on  the 
fdiinilalidi)  df  a  false  repiirl,  had  lieeii  hinsled.^ 
Tin;  farmers,  wilh  arms  in  llicir  lianils,  ran  in  ihe 
place  of  lendc/.vons  friini  cdnsiderable  disianees. 
Tliev  had  set  unt  at  least  twelve  hniirs  lieldie  the 
Hrilish,  and  on  their  aiipcaiance  were  eiillerted  in 
fiirmidalile  minibeis.  WhelhcrSir  William  lliiwii 
inliuidcd  to  force  Ins  way  ihroiiKli  the  ( (iiiiilry  In 
the  l)i'laware.  and  afterwards  to  IMiiladeljihia.  i  r 
to  attack  the  American  army,  is  uncerlaiii;  but 
whatever  was  his  design,  he  suddenly  rclni'jiii.hc'l 
il.  and  1(11  back  to  Ilrnnswick.  The  Itritish  army, 
on  their  lelreal,  burned  and  deitroycd  llie  firri 
hiinses  on  the  road  ;  nor  did  ihcy  spaic  ihe  liiiild- 
ins;s  iIciIk  alcd  lo  the  wairship  ol  llie  Deity. 

Sir  William  lldwc.  alter  his  relreal  in  Itrnns- 
wick,  cnileavonrcd  Id  priivuke  (ieneral  Wa^hiii;;- 
1(111  Id  an  i'iii:a|;einent  :  and  jell  no  niaiKCiivrc  nn. 
tried,  that  was  calculated  In  inilnce  him  lo  ipiil  Ins 
posilidii.  ,\t  line  lime,  he  appeared  as  if  he  in- 
Iciided  In  push  (in.  willniul  reijardinu  the  army  up 
piiseil  III  him.  .\t  aniither.  he  acciiralcly  c ..  iiiini 
cd  ihc  situatidn  of  the  .\iiierican  eiir.ini|tini'!tt, 
hdjiiiifi  thai  some  nnunardt'd  p.iil  iiii>;lit  be  Idiiiid. 
nil  which  an  attack  iiiiuht  be  made,  that  winild 
open  the  way  Id  a  ucneral  eii:;a'.;eiiii'nl.  Ml  llicsn 
hnpcs  werefrnslraled.  (icn.  Wa-.hinuldii  knew  llie 
riill  value  (if  his  situation.  He  iiad  Inn  nun  li  iiene- 
tralKin  Id  Iiisc  il  from  ihi;  ciri  iiiitventinii  ol  iiiili- 
larv  maiKi'uvrcs.  and  tou  much  leiiipeiio  be  pro- 
Vdkcd  Id  a  dereliclidii  (il  il.  lie  w.is  well  :i}> 
prised  lliat  it  was  no!  the  interest  of  hii  Cdiintiv, 
III  ciimmit  Its  fortune  to  a  siin:le  aclinn. 

Sir  William  Howe  suddenly  relinipiislied  Ids 
pdsiiKwi  in  from  of  the  Americans,  and  lelirc  i 
wilh  Ins  whole  liiice  to  Aiiiboy.  The  appireinly 
riMrealin;;  Itritish  were  pin-siied  by  a  ciinsidcr  ilije 
delachment  of  Ihe  .\iiierican  army,  and  (ieneril 
WasliiiiKldii  advanced  from  .Middlebroo!,  iiii^nili- 
lilcldwn,  lo  be  near  al  hand  for  the  siippiirl  of  Ins 
advanced  pirliea.  The  itritish  ijencr  il.  nn  the 
2llh.lnne,  marched  his  army  back  Iriiiii  Aiiiboy, 
with  threat  expeditidii,  lidpint;  to  brint;  on  a  uenc- 
ral  action  (in  ecjual  Kronnd  :  but  he  wasdisappdint- 
ed.  (ieneral  Washint;liin  fell  back,  and  piisiei! 
his  aiiiiy  in  such  an  advaiilai;e(ins  pusiii'in,  ;s 
Cdinpeiisale.l  fur  the  infcriiirily  dl'  Ins  inniuirrs. 
Sir  William  IIowi!  was  now  fully  ciinviii('(  d  nf 
thu  iiupuiwibility  uf  cutnpelling  a  general  ciij-ago- 


4U 

mrnl  on  equal  trrinx,  anil  »!«r  ■Hllnfird  ihnl  it 
woiilillic  1(111  liazirdiiiis  In  »llfiii|il  |vi.s«iiik  tllf  Df 
liiw.ire.  wliilu  till-  I'liiiiilry  »mh  in  iiriii^,  uiiil  tin- 
tlinlii  Anii'iii'iiii  iiriiiv  in  riill  liiri'i'  in  liit  n-ar.  Hi' 
llirti'liiii'  ii'lunii'il  ii)  Ainliny,  :inil  ttirni'i-  [wshi'iI 
ovi'r  III  Sl:ili'ii  Niiinil,  iPsDJviiig  to  |ir<mi'i'ntr  llii' 
iihjiTts  iilliir  iMni|i;iii!n  liy  aniillii'r  iiinie. 

Dnrniu  Ihi- |>itii)iI  iillhrHi-  innvi-iiifnn,  lln-  real 
dciiiiin  iir(ti'ni'i.il  llii»t>  WITH  iiiviiivi'ij  in  iihsrii- 

rity.     'riiiinttli  llii'  se.iion  liir  nulilary  i>|ii'riii » 

\y;ii  ailvanri-il  ai  I'ar  an  thi'  niunlli  iilMiily,  yi'l  lii-i 
(li'lnniiiiali-  iiliji-rt  riinlil  not  be  aiioprluiniMl. — 
Niithlii)!  nil  liiM  |iarl  hail  liillirrto  lakrn  iiliicr,  but 
iilli'inatrly  ailvani'inK  anil  riMreiitinK.  Wa.iliiiiK- 
Iniri  ciiibiirrassinent  on  litis  account  wan  inctcascil. 
liy  intclligi-nci-  llial  MiirKoync  was  coiiiin);  in  ureal 
fiiiTc  inwarili  New  Vnrk  Irnin  Canada.  A|)|>rf- 
hi'mlini:  lliat  Sir  William  Howe  would  iilliinati-ly 
iMiiVf  n|i  till-  Nnrlli  River,  and  that  hiii  niovenienls 
which  looked  Hoiilhwardly  were  I'eintii,  the  Amen- 
ran  i;enera!  detached  a  briKade  to  reinl'orce  ihe 
tlnrlhern  division  nl'  his  army.  Successive  advices 
(i(  the  advance  o("  l!iiri;nyne  t'avniired  the  idea, 
thai  a  jimctiiin  olthetwo  royid  armies  near  Albany 
was  intended.  Some  innvements  were  therelore 
iiiiiileby  Washinuton  Inwards  Peekskill,  and  on 
the  nther  side  tiiwirilsTieiilnn  :  while  the  main 
nrniv  was  encamped  near  the  Clnve,  in  readiness 
to  march  either  to  the  nnrlli  or  sniilh,  as  the  move- 
ments ol'  Sir  William  llnwe  niinlil  reipiire.  At 
leiicth,  till  main  body  of  the  inyal  army,  cnlisisl- 
ing  of  thirty -six  Kritisjiand  Hessian  batlalions,  with 
a  reuimenioriijihl  horse,  a  loyal  provincial  corps, 
called  the  ipieen's  ranijers,  and  a  poweiliil  artillery, 
.iiiioiintinK  in  the  whole  to  abniit  |I>,()UI)  men,  ile- 
|wrli'il  from  .Sandy-liook,  and  were  reported  to 
meer  sniilhwardly. 

About  the  time  of  this  enibarcation,  a  letlerfroni 
SirWilliani  Howe  to  (ieneral  Hiin;oyiie  was  iii- 
IPMepled.  This  cnnlained  intelliiience,  that  the 
Uritish  troops  were  destined  to  New  Hampshire. 
'I'lie  intended  decepiinii  vtas  so  snperfirially  veiled, 
lliat,  in  conjunction  with  the  inlellinence  of  Ihe 
Urilish  enibarcation,  it  produced  a  contrary  ell'ect. 
Within  one  hour  after  the  reception  of  the  inter- 
cepted letter.  Washington  gave  orders  to  his  army 
to  move  to  the  soulhwaid  !  but  he  was  neverthe- 
less so  much  impressed  with  a  cnnviclinn,  thai  it 
was  the  true  interest  of  llnwe  to  move  towniils 
HnrKoyne,  that  he  ordered  'he  American  aimy  to 
hall  flit  some  time,  at  the  river  Delaware,  sus- 
pecting that  ihe  movement  of  the  royal  army  to 
Ihe  soiitliwaril  was  a  feint,  calculaled  In  draw  him 
farther  from  the  .Nnilh  Kiver.  'I'lie  Urilish  licet, 
liavinu  sailed  I'rnm  Sinclyhnok,  was  a  week  ai  sea 
lielore  it  reached  Cape  ilenlopen.  At  this  time 
and  place,  lor  reasons  that  do  not  obviously  occur, 
(ieneral  llnwe  gave  up  the  idea  nf  approaching 
I'liiladclpliia,  by  ascending  the  Polaware,  and  re- 
golvcd  on  a  circuitous  riinte  by  the  way  of  the 
(Hiesapeake.  I'erhaps  hecoiinied  on  being  joined 
hv  large  reinforcemenls,  from  the  numerous  lories 
in  Maryland  or  Delaware,  or  perhaps  he  feared 
the  nbsiructions  which  the  I'ennsylvanians  had 
(ilanted  in  the  Delaware.  If  these  were  his  rea- 
Kons,  he  wasmislaken  in  both.  Krom  the  lories 
lie  received  no  advaniage  :  and  from  the  obstruc- 
tions in  the  river,  his  ships  could  have  received  no 
delrimenl,  if  he  had  landed  his  troops  at  Newca.s- 
tle,  which  was  I  I  miles  nearer  Philadelphia,  than 
the  head  of  Chesapeake  bay. 

The  lUiiish.  alter  they  had  left  Ihe  (^apesof  Ihe 
Delaware,  h  id  a  tedious  and  uncniiifnrlable  pas- 
sage, being  twenty  days  before  they  entered  the 
(,'apes  nf  Virginia.  They  ascended  the  bay,  with 
a  lavnurable  wind,  and  nn  the  :i.')th  of  .August 
l.indi'il  at  Tinkey-poinl.  The  circumstance  nf 
the  llritish  pulling  out  to  sea,  after  they  had  looked 
into  the  Delaware,  added  to  the  apprehension  be- 
tnre  enlertained,  thai  the  whole  was  a  feint  calcu- 
l.iled  lo  draw  the  American  army  farther  from  the 
Noilh  Ki»cr,  so  as  to  pievent  their  being  at  hand 
lo  oppose  ti  jiinctinn  belween  Howe  and  Uiir 
(;,ivne.      Washington  iherefnie  fell  back  In  such  a 

middle  station,  as  would blehiiii,  either  speed! 

)y  10  return  to  the  North  Kiver,  or  advance  to  the 


HISTORY    OK    TM  K 


,  relief  nf  I'liiladelphia.  The  Drllish  fleet,  afier 
I  leaving  the  C.ipesnflhe  r)ela»are,  was  not  heard 
III  for  nc.irly  lliiee  weeks;  cMcpl  lliil  il  had  unci' 
]  or  twice  liein  '•ern  near  the  cn.isi  siiciing  sniilli- 
ivaiilly.  A  cnniicil  nl  nlliieis  cnnveni'il, '.'Ui  nl 
Aiitfiisi,  al  Nesli.  iiiiiiy,  near  I'hilailelphi.i,  nn  mi 
mniisly  gave  il  as  their  npiiiina,  that  CliailiNloii, 
III  .Sniilh  Carnliiia,  w  IS  innsi  prnbalilv  llieir  oil- 
jei'l,  and  that  il  wniilil  be  impiissible  Inr  llie  ariiiv 
In  inai'ch  Ihillicr  in  season  Inr  its  relief.  Il  na> 
therelnie  cnni'ludeil,  lo  try  to  lep.iir  the  loss  nf 
Charleslnn,  which  was  cnnsiih'reil  as  iinavnidable, 
either  by  altempiing  .snmelhing  on  New  Vork 
island,  or,  by  mining  wiih  the  northern  army,  lo 
give  mnie  ell'eiiual  opposition  to  Kiirgoyne.'  A 
small  change  of  positiiin,  conformably  lo  ilns  new 
system,  tnnk  place.  The  day  before  the  above 
resolution  was  ydnpted  the  Uritish  Heel  entered 
the  Chesapeake.  Intelligence  tlierenf  in  a  lew 
days  reached  Ihe  Aiiierlcan  army,  and  dispelled 
thai  mist  of  uncertainty,  in  which  General  Howe's 
movements  had  heretofore  been  enveloped.  The 
American  troops  were  put  in  motion  to  meet  tl-  ' 
ilritish  army.  Their  numbers  on  paper  amoiinled 
to  14,(KI0  ;  but  their  real  ell'eclive  force,  nn  which 
depenilence  might  be  placed  in  the  diy  nf  battle, 
did  not  luiicli  exceed  SOOd  men.  Kverv  appear- 
ance of  contidence  was  assumed  by  iheiii  as  they 
passed  tliinugh  I'liiladelphia,  that  the  citi/.ens 
might  be  inliinidaled  from  joining  the  Itritish — 
.Vboiil  the  same  time  numbers  nf  tjie  principal  in- 
habitants nf  that  ciiy,  beiii'4  suspected  nf  disalfec- 
lion  to  the  .American  cause,  were  taken  into  cus- 
tody and  sent  lo  Virginia. 

Soon  alter  Sir  William  Howe  had  landed  his 
liiinps  in  .Maryland,  he  put  fnillia  declaralinn.  In 
which  he  infnrnied  Ihe  inlialiilanls,  that  he  had 
issued  the  strictest  orilers  lo  the  troops,  "for  the 
preservation  nf  regularity  and  good  discipline,  and 
lliat  the  most  exempl.iry  piinislmieni  wniilil  be  in- 
tliclcd  upon  those  who  shniild  dare  In  pliiniler  the 
properly,  or  molest  the  persons  of  any  of  Ins  ma- 
jesty's well  dispiisi'il  subjects."  He  seenii'd  In 
be  fully  apprised  nf  the  cnnseipiences,  which  h.id 
resulted  Iriim  Ihe  iniliseriininale  pliinderings  of 
his  army  in  .New  .lersey,  and  deleriiiined  lo  ailopi 
a  more  pnlile  line  ol  conduct.  Wliatevei  his 
Inrdship's  inteiitinns  might  havi  been,  ihey  were 
by  no  means  seconded  by  his  trnops. 

The  royal  army  set  oiil  from  the  easlern  heads 
of  till'  Chesapeake,  .'September  ild,  with  a  spirit 
wlni'li  promised  to  compcnsale  for  the  various 
delays,  that  had  hiiherto  wasted  the  campaign. — 
Their  tents  and  baggage  were  left  behind,  and 
lliey  trusted  Iheir  flllure  accoiniiioilalinii  In  such 
ipiarlers  as  their  arms  nuglii  procure.  They  ad- 
vanced with  boldness,  till  they  were  within  two 
miles  of  the  .\meiican  army,  which  was  then 
posted  near  Newport.  Washington  sonn  changed 
his  pnsilinn,  and  took  post  nn  the  high  gtniinil 
near  <  'liadd's  fnril,  on  the  llrandywine  creek,  wiili 
an  inlention  nf  disputing  the  passage.  It  was  the 
wish,  but  by  no  means  the  interest  of  the  .Aiiieii- 
caiis  to  try  their  strength  in  an  engagement. — 
I'lieir  regular  troops  were  not  only  ureally  infe- 
rior in  discipline,  iiiit  in  niinibeis,  to  the  royal 
army.  The  opinion  of  the  inhabltanis,  ilioiigh 
fuunded  nn  nn  circmiistances  more  substantial 
than  their  wishes,  imposed  a  species  of  necessity 
on  the  .American  (ieneral,  to  keep  his  army  in 
front  of  the  enemy,  and  lo  risk  an  action  for  the 
security  of  Philadelphia.  Instead  of  this,  had  he 
taken  Ihe  ridge  of  high  innimlains  on  his  right,  the 
Krilish  iiiiisl  have  respected  his  numbers,  and  pro- 
bably would  have  followed  him  up  the  counlry. — 
Ity  this  policy  the  campaign  might  have  been 
wasteil  away  in  a  manner  lalal  lo  the  invaders : 
but  the  majority  nf  the  .Viiierican  people  were  so 
impalii'iit  nf  delays,  and  had  such  an  overweening 
conceit  nf  ihe  numbers  and  prnwess  of  their  army, 
that  they  could  not  comprehend  the  wisdom  and 
pulley  of  manii'iivres,  in  shun  a  general  engage- 
ment. 

On  this  occasion  necessity  dictated,  that  a  sacri- 
fice slioiild  be  made  on  the  altar  of  public  opinion, 
A  general  actiou   was  therefore  hazarded  on  the 


lllli  of  .Septcinber.  This  tooK  place  at  ChaiM'e 
ford,  nil  the  Itrandywine  :  a  small  stream  which 
emplies  iiscif  inin  I  liiisii,iii,i  click,  near  its  cim 
lliix  nilli  ihe  iiiir  Del.iware. 

Till  rii\,d  army  advanced  at  day  break  in  two 
ihIiiiiiiis,  I'linmiiindeil  by  llenlenant  general  Knip- 
liiiisi'ii,  anil  lord  Cnriiwallis,  The  iirsl  tnnk  the 
iliriri  mad  lo  < 'liadd's  |ni,il,  and  made  a  show  of 
passing  il.  III  Iriiiil  nf  the  main  body  of  the  .Vmeri- 
caiis.  At  the  same  lime,  ihe  oilier  cohinin  moved 
up  on  the  west  siilc  nl  the  Itrandywine  lo  its  fork, 
irnssed  linili  lis  branches,  and  then  marched  diiwn 
nn  lis  c.isl  side,  uilh  the  view  nf  tinning  ihe  right 
wing  nf  their  adversaries.  This  ihey  all'ecled, 
and  com)ielled  them  In  retreat  with  great  Inss. 

(ieneral  Kiiipliaiisen  amused  ihe  .\inerirans  with 
the  appearance  nf  cinssing  the  ford,  but  did  not 
altempi  it  until  lord  Cnriiwallis,  having  crnssed 
alinve,  and  moved  ilnwn  nn  the  npposite  side,  had 
conimenccd  Ins  attack,  Kniphaiisen  then  crossed 
the  foril,an'l  attacked  the  trnops  posted  for  its  de- 
fence. These,  alter  ii  severe  conllict,  were  com- 
pelled to  give  way.  The  reiieal  of  the  Americans 
soon  became  general,  and  was  continued  to  ( 'hesler. 
The  final  issue  nf  balilcs  often  depends  on  small 
ciicnmsiani'i's,  which  human  prudence  cannot  enn- 
tinl.  Onenf  lliese  nccm  red  here,  and  prevented 
(ieneral  Washinglnn  from  exi'i'iiting  a  biilil  design, 
III  ellect  which  his  trnops  wre  aclually  in  mnlinii. 
This  was.  In  ernss  ihe  llrandynine,  and  attack 
Knipliaiisen,  while  (ieneral  Sullivan  and  bird  Stir- 
ling should  keep  Karl  Cnrmvallis  III  check,  liitlie 
mnst  crilieal  iiioiiii'mI,  Washmginn  received  intel- 
ligence which  he  was  obliged  lo  credit,  that  the 
column  of  loiil  Ciirnnallis  had  been  only  inakin); 
a  feint,  and  was  reliirning  to  join  Kniphaiisen. — 
This  prcvenled  ihe  execuiinn  nf  a  plan,  which,  il 
carried  into  elicit,  wnnlil  prnbably  have  given  a 
ilillerent  liirii  In  the  evenis  nf  the  day. 

The  killed   and    wiiuikIi'iI,    in  the   rnyal  army, 
weie  near  six  himilred.     'I'he  loss  of  the    Ameri- 
cans was  mice  llial   number.      In  the  list  of  their 
woiiiiili'd  Hire  two  general  ollii  ers,  the    Marquis 
lie  la  I'.iyrlli'*  and  I  ieneral  Wonilfnrd. 
*.\s  we  iiiiciid  to  scalier  ihrniigh  this  wnrk  sniiie 
biographical  notices  nl' those  distingiiisheil  men 
who  tnnk  an   active    pmt    in    the  revolnlionary 
war,  and  who  assisicil    in   the    coiiiicils  of   out 
nation,  we  slcill  heie  introduce  the   great    and 
good  I, a  h'ayelte.  frum  the  pen  nf  that   eminent 
slali'-'iiian  and  schnlar,  .lohii  (jiiincy  .\ilam«. — 
The  nialtnn  was  ileltvereil  before   the   congiess 
nl  the  I'niled  Stairs,  nnlhelllst   nf  Decembei, 
ISill,  at  their  leipiesi,  and   exhibits    the    finest 
vietv,  that  I'lllier  cniiiilry  has    prniluceil,  nf  the 
patriot  and  warrior  of  bnlh  hemispheres,  whose 
name  is  given  lo  inmiortaliiy  on  every  hour  thai 
llies  — Kii. 

O  RATION. 


l-'i-ll,iw-(-ili/t'iis  of  llie  St'ieili'  iiiiit 

lliii|.t('  III'  lti'|i:i's''iiliitivi's  III' llie  Itiiileil  Stfltes  ; 

Ir  the  aiiihnrity  by  which  I  am  now  culled  to 
address  vnii  is  one   of  the   highest    honours    tli.it 

could  b< iilerred  iipnn  a  cili/.en  of  this  Union  by 

Ills  counliymi'ii.  1  caiinol  dissemble  to  my.self  that 
it  embraces  al  the  same  lime  one  nf  the  iniisi  ar- 
duousdiilies  that  could  be  imposud.  (iialefiil  In 
you  for  the  hnnniii  cnnferred  upon  me  byynui  iii- 
vitalion,  a  senliment  nf  irreptessible  and  feaifiil 
dillidence  absnrbs  every  faculty  of  my  snul  in  cnn- 
lemplaiing  the  magnitude,  the  diU'iculties,  and  ill" 
delicacy  of  the  task  which  it  has  been  your  ple.i 
sure  lo  assign  lo  me. 

I  am  to  speak  to  the  North  .Vnierican  states 
and  people,  assembled  here  in  the  persons  ortheir 
honoured  and  conlidenlial  lawgivers  aiel  repre- 
sentatives, Iain  to  speak  lo  them,  by  tlieir  own 
appointment,  upon  the  life  and  characier  ol  a  man 
whose  life  was,  fur  nearly  threescore  years,  the  his 


■■'-•'■'^ivm^f^mw^'^!'^ 


I'.N  ITKI)    STATK8. 


m 


lok  |ila<'i<  HI  Chstdd'f 

ainiill    sirrain   which 

I  iirk,  iirur  its  oin 

Ht  iliiy  hri'iik  in  two 
ilciiaiit  liiMirrMl  Knlp- 
'I'lii'  linit  l»iil>  ihn 
ml  iii:iilt>  ;i  hImiw  of 
II  liiiily  »(  I  III-  Anirri- 
nllii'r  I'liliiiiiii  iiiiivt-d 
iiiilywiiii'  III  IN  liirk, 

I  llicii  iiiiiirliril  iliiwii 
V  iit'liiMiiiii;  llic  righl 

riiis    llifv   iill'ri'leil, 

II  Willi    f,rvM   lllHH. 

il  llir  AiniTiriiiiH  wilh 
III-  liiril,  but  iIkI  mil 
liillis,  liiiviiiu  rrim»i-(l 
11-  ii|i|>o.Hiii<  niilt-,  liail 
|ili:iilsi>ii  llirii  criMsi-il 
ii|M  iHi.tinl  I'lir  ilmle- 
'  riiiiMirl,  wen-  ('(iiil- 
rnl  iil'llii-  Ami-riciin.H 
I'lintiiiiii-illoChi-ilfr. 
Ii-ii  ilr|M-iiils  on  small 
priiili'iK'i'  i-annnlciiii- 

I  lirir,  anil  |iri-trnli"il 
I'lilini;  a  liiilil  ilt»*i|;n, 
r  arliially  ill  iiiiiliiin. 

iiilyivini-,  anil  aliack 
illivaii  and  liiril  Stir- 
allis  III  clii-i'k.  liilliR 
iiiilliin  ri-ceivt'd  iiilt-l- 
nl  III  rrnlil,  llial  llie 
ad  lii'i-ii  iinly  making 
jiiin    Kni|iliaiis(-n.— 

II  III' a  plan,  nliirli,  il 
iilialily  liavi-  jjiveii  a 
I'llii-ilay. 

in  llii-   riiyal  army, 

I'  lims  111  llie    Aiiieri- 

In  till-  list  III'  ilieir 

111!  i-rx,  till-  MarquiK 
A^Dudlurd. 

iiii;li  this  wiirk  nituw 
1st-  disiini,'ni'<li<>il  iiii-ii 

in    till'  ri'viilniiiiiiaiy 

llii-  I'liiincils  III'  uiii 
iidnci-  I  III-  urt-al  and 
I-  prn  iil'llial  I'liiincnt 
lin  (jiiinry  AdaiiK. — 

ln'rori-  iho  cnii^it-^s 
u-ilNl  111"  l>i'fi-inlu-i, 
d  I'xiiiliils  (III-  tini-M 
las  pi'iidni'i'd,  nl'  iht; 
I  lii-miiiplii-rcs,  whose 
ly  on  evvry  hour  thai 


L)  N. 


I'llio  I'liili-il  Smti-ii ; 
I  am  now  callrd  to 
lii^lipsi  !ionuui!i  that 
li/.t-n  ol'ihis  Union  liy 
4s(>iiilik  lu  inyHi-lfthat 
r  iim-  nl'thc  most  ar- 
iiposuil.  (■inti-l'nl  In 
I  upon  nil-  liy  yiiiii  iii- 
[iivHsililt-  and  ri-arliil 
liy  nl'  my  hoiiI  in  run- 
11'  diDicultlt-s,  aiifl  lh<- 
it  has  Id.'ii  vimr  pli-.i 

rill  American  slali-t 
ill  ihi-  pi'isiiiis  111  ihi'ir 
lawi;ivi'rs  and  ri'|iri-- 
1  lli)-ni,  liy  llirir  own 
ml  t-hararirr  ol  a  man 
■■i^scori: years,  lliuhis 


lory  III'  Ihii  civili/.i-d   world;   ol'   i   man,  nl'  wlinsi-, 
I'liarai'ii-r,  tii  say  lliat  il  is  indisviiliilily    iili-  itiliid 
Willi  iIm'  rcviiliiiKiii  111    mil  tinlrprndriii'i',  is   liMlrj 

iniiii'  >lian  to  iniik  lli>'  ri-aliiris  nl  his  rliildli I; 

nl  a  III. Ill,  the  pi-rsnnllii'il  iiiiii:i'  ol  si-ll  riiiiini 
srrilii'd  lilii'rly.  Nnr  ran  ll  i-MMpr  ihn  iiinst  sii 
prilii  I  d  iiliii'it.ilinii,  llial,  in  spi-akinii  In  llii-  lallii-rs 
III' I  III'  land  iipiiii  I  III'  lili'  and  i:liar.irii-r  ol  li  ti  Ar- 
KTir:,  I  raiiiiol  InilM'ar  In  loin  h  upon  lopirs  ivliiili 
an-  yl  di'i'ply  cniivnlsiiiu  llic  world,  linlli  nl'  iipi 
iiMiii  and  ol  .ii'linii.  1  am  In  walk  lii'twci'ii  liiirn- 
iiii;  piiiiiuhsliaii's  :  In  iii-ad  npnii  liri's  wliiili  liavi- 
iicii  yrl  rn'ii  iidli'i  It'll  I'liidiiis  In  rnvrr  llirni. 

ll,  III  addii'ssniii  llii'ir  rniiiilrymi'ii  iipnii  llii'ir 
iiinsi  iinpnrliint  inlrirsls,  Iht-  Oralnrs  nl' Aiitiipiily 
will'  a>  I'llslniiii'd  In  Im>);iii  liy  siipplicalinii  In  'hrir 
i:nilslli,il  iiip'.liiii^  iinsiiiialili'  In  In'  s.iid  nr  nnwnrlhy 
III  111'  licaid  iiiIkIiI  rsrapr  rroiii  llirir  lips,  how 
iiiiii'li  iiinir  Inri'ilili'  is  iiiv  nlilicalinn  In  iiivnki'  llii- 
l.nniir  nl  I  Inn  "wlin  Iniirlii'd  Isaiah's  liallo»i-d 
lipi  Willi  liii',  "  iinl  niilv  In  I'xtniuwish  ill  tlir  mind 
I'lirv  inncrplinii  nnaiiapli-d  to  llie  t!randi-iir  and 
siililiniiiy  nl  llii-  llirinr,  lint  In  draw  Iroiii  the  ho 
sniii  nl  llii'  di'i'pi'sl  I  iinvirluili  iIioiikIiIs  cnnKi-nial 
III  llii'  ini'rils  whirh  il  islliv  duly  ol'tlii-  disioiirsi- 
lii  iiiitnlil,  and  Molds  not  unworthy  ol  lilt- diKinly 
til  lilt'  aiidilory  lit'lnri-  whom  I  appi-ar. 

In  iii<it-r  In  Inriii  a  jnsi  i-slimali'  nl  tlir  llli-  and 
iliaiat  irr  ol  Lalayi'lif,  il  may  he  iieiiessary  In  ail- 
viTl,  iini  nnlylii  the  tut  iiiiistant'esronnt-iied  with 
)ii>liiilli,  ediitaiinn,  anti  lineaKe,  liiilto  llie  polilii'al 
coiidiiinii  ol  his  t'liniilry  and  (treat  Krilain,  her 
ii.iiiiiii.il  rival  and  adversary,  at  the  time  nl'  his 
linlli,   .iiiil  tliiriii;;  his  years  ol' ehililhooil. 

(Ill  tlie  sixth  tlay  ol  SeplenilM-r,  nne  ihnnsantl 
M'ti'ii  liiinilredand  lil'ly-si'veii,  llie  hereditary  .Mnii- 
.111  ll  III  ihe  llrilish  Isl.inds  was  a  native  nl'  lier- 
III. my.  A  rude,  ilhlurale  nlil  snlilier  nl  the  wars 
lor  the  Spanish  sintessinn  ;  lillli-  versed  even  in 
iIk' laiiiinai;!'  nl  the  nation  nver  whirh  he  rnleil ; 
eilueali'd  In  the  inaxims  and  prineiples  nl'lhe  I'eii' 
I  ll  l.iw  :  111'  openly  heenlinns  hit-,  ami  nl  mural 
ili.iraiter  lar  rriiiii  crt'tlilalile  ;  he  siyled  hinisill', 
!i\  llie  ur.iee  ol  (inil,  ol'  (ireat  llrilain,  l''iam'e, 
aiiil  lielami,  l\liii>  ;  lint  there  was  annlher  and 
II'. ll  Kill',;  nl  l''r.im'e,  nn  lieller,  perhaps  wnrse,  than 
liiiiiseh,  and  with  whnlii  he  was  then  al  war.  This 
was  l.niiis,  the  lilieenlh  nrihe  iiaiiie.  ^real  Kiaml- 
sdinil  his  imineiliale  preilett-sstir,  liOiiis  the  l<'oiir- 
tt'i'iilll,  sonieliines  tienoliimaleil  thelireal.  'I'liest- 
'wii  kincs  held  their  ihnines,  by  the  law  nl'liereili- 
laiy  sneit'ssinn,  vaiiniisly  inoililied,  in  Kiaiiee  hy 
■  III-  lininan  ('athnlirs,  and  ill  llrilain  by  I'rolestanI 
lelnrined  flirijtianity. 

'I'liey  were  al  war,  ehielly  lor  eonl1ietin«  riaims 
In  the  possession  nl'  the  wt^stein  wilderness  nl' 
.N'lrtli  Ameriea  ;  a  pri/.e,  the  eapidiihlit-sor  whith 
are  now  iinl'oldini;  tlieniselves  willi  a  urandeiir  and 
iiia^iiiruMMiot!  iinexampleil  in  llu  history  nl  the 
world  ;  lint  nl'  wliieii,  il'  the  nnininal  possession  had 
reiiiaiiied  in  either  of  the  two  pri  lees,  who  wt'ie 
stakinu  iheir  kiimdiinis  iipnnlhe  issue  ol'  the  slrih-, 
llie  luillalo  and  the  beaver,  with  ili  -ir  hiinler,  the 
liiilian  savai^e,  would,  at  this  day,  li.ive  lieeii  as 
llii'V  llien  were,  the  only  iiihabitaiit  i. 

Ill  this  war,  I!koiii,k  W.Asni^it.TiiN,  then  al  llie 
.1^1'  nriweniy  riiiir,  was  on  the  side  iil'lhi-  llritish 
liiriiian  Kinn,  a  yoilllil'ul,  bill  herni.'  eniiib.ilaiil  ; 
mil.  Ill  llie  same  war,  the  father  nl'  lalay-tle  was 
nil  llir  npposile  siile,  rxposiim  his  lil<-inlhi'  heart 
iiriieimany,  lor  llieeanse  nl'lhe  Kiiii;  ol'  Kiaiite. 

On  that  ilay,  the  sixth  nl'  Sn ptember,  nne  llitni- 
saiiil  seven  hundred  and  lilty-seven  was  burn  (in  • 

UKRT   .MtlTlK.R    l)K    lj.\FAVETTK,    at    the    Caslb-  111' 

Chavainae,  in  Auveri;ne,  and  a  few  ii  iinllis  alter 
his  birth  his  father  fell  in  hattle  al  Mii«den. 

I, el  us  here  observe  the  inllueiice  of  polilieal  in- 
slitniinns  over  the  destinies  and  tliP  cliarailers  ,if 
men.  (ieorge  the  .Seetind  was  a  (JeriiK'n  I'rinre  ; 
lie  had  been  math-  kini;  of  the  Krilish  Islamis  liy 
the  aeeident  of  his  birth  :  that  is  to  s:.y,  heeause 
bis  |<reat  Kranihiiollier  had  been  the  d  lu^hter  o  ° 
James  the  l''irsi  ;  that  (jreai  i>raiitliiiollier  had  been 
niarrii'd  Intl"  KiiiK  nf  Itolieniia,  and  her  yonns;i-st 
ilau^hler  had  been  iiiairied  to  llie  Klerioi  of  Han- 
uver.     Ueuige  the   tSeeninrH  father  was  her  sou. 


and.  when  .laiiii's  the  .-sft-niid    had   been    expelled  { 
IViiiii  llii  thiiine  >uiil  Ills  iniiiiliy  bv  the  indiitnalinn  ' 
lit' Ills  pntpU',    ir\nlrril   aijaiiisi    his    Ivi  .iiitiy.  and  ! 
u  111- 11  his  I  It  1 1  il.ini;lih'is,  u  hii  sni-reedi-il  litni,   h  id 
ilird  wiiliiini  issue,  (jenri;e  the  l-'iist,   the   son    nfj 
the  l')lerlii'ss  nf  Hanover,  beraine    Kim;   nf  (ileal 
llrilain,  bv  llie  seilti'iiii'iil  nl  .in   ail  nf  p.iiiiiiiiieiil, 
blendmt;  Inuelher  llie  priiit'ipb-  of  hereililaiv  sue. 
eessiiiii  Willi  ihal  nl  Keliiiniid  I'rolesi.ml   ehrisii- 
aiiil\     Mill  the  lilt's  III  ihi'  ( 'hiiii'li  111  Kniil.iml. 

'riielliinne  nf  l-'raiire  was  nt'i'iipied  b\  urine  tt( 
the  same  prinriple  nf  lieredilarv  snrei'..sinn,  till 
fereiilly  nindilied,  and  blended  with  the  ehnsliaiiily 
nf  the  elinrth  III  Koine.  Kriim  this  line  nf  siie- 
tession  all  females  were  inllexlbly  excluded. — 
Ijoiiis  the  l-'ifleeiiih,  at  Ihe  aue  of  six  years  had 
bet'omi-  ihe  absnlnie  snvt-reiirn  ol'I'Vaiit'e,  heeause 
he  was  ihe  ureal  i;ramlsoii  of  his  imniediale  pre- 
ileeessnr.  I  |e  was  of  llie  third  iieneralinn  in  ile- 
seeiil  from  the  preeedini;  kiiit!,  and,  liy  the  law  of 
prinioueiiitiirt^  engrailed  upon  that  nf  lineal  sneees- 
sioii,  did,  by  the  death  nf  his  aneeslnr,  fnrihwith 
siieeet-d,tlinuKh  in  I'hildhoiiihlu  an  absolute  throne, 
ill  prefeiente  In  numeriiiiN  deseendanls  from  that 
same  aneeslor,  then  in  the  full  vi|;or  of  maiiliooil. 

The  first  relleelion  that  innsi  oeeiir  to  a  laliiiiial 
beint!,  in  eiiiileinplaliii|!  these  two  resnlis  of  ihe 
prineiple  nf  hereditary  siiri  essioii,  as  resnrled  In 
for  desijinalinK  the  rulers  of  naliniis,  is,  that  Iwn 
peistins  more  unlit  to  oi'eii)iv  the  thrones  nf  llrilain 
and  nf  Kraiiet-,  at  the  lime  of  llirir  respeelive  ar- 
ei-ssiniis,  riinid  searrelv  have  been  fniinil  iipnn  the 
f.n't-  nl'lhe  ( ilolie  ;  (ienruethe  .Seeoml.  a  foreigner, 
the  sou  .iiiil  uramlsiin  nf  foreiunrrs,  burn  lievnnd 
the  seas,  t-ihieated  in  nni'niiceiii.d  m.inners,  i|inn- 
rant  nf  the  eonsiilnlinn,  of  the  laws,  evt-ii  of  the 
laiiKiiat-e  of  the  people  nver  wliiini  he  was  In  rule  : 
anil  l.niiisthi-  Kilieenlh,  an  inf. ml,  imapalde  nf 
tliseernin;;  his  rii>hl  handfriim  Ins  left.  Vi'l,siraiii;e 
asit  may  snund  In  the  ear  of  nnsnphistiealetl  rea- 
siin,  the  Itrilish  nalinii  wi-rti  wedded  In  the  belief 
that  this  art  of  setllemenl,  lixini;  their  erown  upon 
the  heads  ol'ihis  sueeession  of  lot.il  stranuers,  was 
llie  briuhtest  and  niosi  I'lorioils  exeniphlieatiiin  of 
their  nalioiial  freedom;  and  mil  less  sliani;r.  if 
aimlil  in  the  imperleetion  of  hniiiau  ri-asnn  eonltl 
seem  slraiiKe,  was  that  ileep  convielinn  of  the 
l-'reiieh  people,  al  the  same  period,  that //ic/r  eliief 
ultiry  and  happiness  I'oiisisled  in  the  vehemenre 
nf  their  alleitiiin  Inr  their  kins;,  beeanse  he  was 
deseeiided  in  an  niiliioken  male  line  of  );enealn|iy 
I'rniii  .St.  Lniiis. 

One  of  the  fruits  of  this  line  of  lieredilarv  sne- 
I'l'ssion,  miidilied  bv  seetarian  prineiples  of  reli- 
ijion,  was  to  make  the  peaee  and  war,  the  happi- 
ness nr  misery  of  the  people  of  the  British  em- 
pire, dependent  upon  the  fortunes  of  the  Kleetn- 
rate  of  lianover  ;  the  personal  diim.iin  nf  their  ini- 
piirted  kini;.  This  was  a  ri-snll  ealaniitniis  alike 
In  the  penpit-  nf  Hanover,  of  llrilain,  and  nf 
l''i,im'e;  lint  it  was  one  nf  llie  two  causes  of  that 
dreadful  war  then  wauiliK  between  them;  and  as 
the  cause,  so  was  this  a  principle  theatre  nf  that 
tlisaslrnns  war.  ll  was  al  Miiiden,  in  the  heart  of 
the  Klecliirate  nf  Hanover,  that  the  father  nf  l,a- 
fayetle  t'ell,  ami  left  him  an  orphan,  a  ^ituimto 
:hal  war,  :ind  In  the  principle  nf  hereililary  Riie- 
cession  from  which  it  emanated. 

riiiis,  then.  It  w.is  on  the  fith  of  September, 
17.17,  the  ilay  when  l,af.i\eiie  was  born.  The 
ki lilts  nf  l-'ranceand  llril;iiii  wcie  seated  npnn  their 
ihiiiiies  by  virliie  nf  the  principle  of  hereditary 
snccessioii.  variniisly  mnililii'd  and  hlended  with 
ditVerent  I'nrnis  nf  reliuioiis  I'ailh,  and  ihev  wert- 
wanin^  war  aiiainst  each  other,  and  exhanstmi; 
tilt-  lilnnil  and  treasnrt-  of  their  people  for  caiist-s 
in  which  neither  id  the  uuliuns  liad  any  briu-lieial 
or  biwl'nl  interest. 

In  this  wai  the  father  of  Itafayetle  fell  in  tlie 
cause  of  his  kin^,  but  not  of  his  comitry.  He 
was  an  ollicer  of  an  invatlin;;  army,  the  iiistrii- 
inent  of  his  sovereinn's  waninn  imbilinn  and  Inst 
of  cnmpiest.  The  people  nf  tin-  l''.lecliirale  of 
Haiinver  had  dnnc  no  wtniii;  tn  liini  or  In  his 
counlrv.  When  his  son  came  In  an  a:;e  capabtt- 
of uuihi'standliiK  the  it rep;iiable  loss Ihuihe  had  auf- 


lered,  and  to  relleel  upon  the  c.iiisr  nf  his  hther'i 
l.ile,  lliere  was  nn  ilrnp  of  cniisnialinn  iiiiiiiilpil  in 

the   inp  Iriiiii  till'   i Mdeialiiiiilli.il    he   li  nl  dieil 

fill  Inst 111,.     \n.|  will  11  Ihe  tniillifiiliniMil  «.,< 

itt.ilciicd  111  mcdil.iiinii  npnn  llir  riKlils  nl  iiiiii- 
kind,  ihe  piinripirs  111  lirrilnni.  .mil  lliciiiirs  nf 
unveiiimenl,  il  c.innni  be  ihlfiriill  In  penrite,  in 
Ihe  lllnsiralions  nf  his  tiivii  l.iinilv  irt mils,  tin 
source  of  (hat  aversion  to  hereililary  iiilr.  perliap» 
the  most  distiiiKllishmi;  fealiire  nf  his  poliliral  opi- 
nions, anil  to  which  lir  adheinl  lhriiii){li  all  ihit 
vicisnitiides  of  his  lile. 

Ill  ihe  same  war,  and  al  Ihe  same  lime,  (ieoriie 
W.islimnli'ii  was  armed,  a  loval  siibjei  I,  in  sup- 
port  of  his  kill); ;  but  to  him  thai  was  also  the  caiistt 
nf  his  country.  His  eonimission  w.is  iiiil  iiiiliit 
army  nf  (ienrtte  the  .Second,  but  issued  iiinlrr  llic 
aulhniity  of  the  cidoiiy  of  \irKinia.  the  prnume 
111  which  he  received  hisbiiili.  On  the  linnlris  nl 
llial  prnviiice,  the  war  in  its  uiiist  hniriil  Iniiiis  n  m 
wa^eil;  iinl  a  war  nf  mercy,  and  nl  cniirlesy,  hkn 
th.it  of  the  ciuli/ed  embiililed  It'uinns  of  Kiirnpe -, 
bill  war  In  the  kinle;  the  wai  nf  Indian  sav.iurs, 
lerril  le  tn  man,  but  iiinre  terrible  In  llie  leiidei  sex, 
ami  intisl  lerriblr  In  lirlpless  inl.inry.  In  ilrfeueii 
nf  his  t  niiiitiy  against  the  ravages  nf  such  a  war, 
Waslmiainn,  m  the  d.iwn  nf  uiaiilinnd.  Ii.iil  drawn 
his  swnid,  as  it  I'rnviileiiee,  with  drhlirrair  piir- 
pnse,  had  sanrlilird  fnr  him  llir  piarlirr  nl  war, 
all  deleslabh-   .mil    imhallnwrd    as    il    is.    that    lin 

inii;hl,  in  a  cause,  virlnniis  and  exalled  bv   ils  - 

live  and  ils  end,  lie  iiained  and  lilted  in  .1  cninie- 
llial  schiinl  to  man  h  in  .ilierliuies  llie  leader  nl  he- 
lorsiii  ihr  »  ir  nl   lii~  iinmiry's  inilepemlriice. 

\l  the  nine  III  ihr  liirlh  nf  Lalavrllr.  lliis  war, 
which  W.IS  In  m.ikr  linn  a  lillieibss  i  liild,  and  iii 
whirli  W'isliiiiciiiii  W.IS  liMim  briiad  and  drrp,  ill 
the  defence  and  proleciinn  nf  Ins  native  bind,  the 
loimdaliiins  ol   his   imriv.illid   rrmiHti.  was  liiil    ui 

its   early    si  me.       It    was   in   m mi'   (in.    vear* 

lonucr.  and  was  In  rinse  wilh  the  Inial  cxliiiuuish- 
nieiil  nf  the  cnlnni.d  ilnniininn  nl  l'°r.tiice  nn  iha 
cnnlinenl  tif  .Ntiiih  Americ.i.  Tin-  deep  hniinh.i. 
linn  nf  l''i,ince,  and  llir  iriiirii|ili.iiii  ascriiil.iney 
nn  Ihisrnntinriil  nf  hrriir.il,  «rii.  the  (irsi  rrsnlta 
111  this  i>real  nalinn.d  cniilliii.  Tin.  cninplrie  ex- 
pillsinn  of  Kiaiice  Irniii  N'nrlli  .\iiieiii  i  sermed  to 
the  siiperlirial  visinii  of  men  In  lix  the  lliilisli 
piiwer  nver  these  exlensive  ri'itinns,  nn  Iniimla- 
titills  inimov.ilde  as  llie  rMrlisiini;  hills. 

Let    us    pass   in    mi.ii;iiial .i   priind   of   only 

Iweiily  years,  anil  aliulit  npnn  llie  linrdrrs  nf  the 
river  liLimlywiiie.  \V.isliini;iiin  is  •nmni.inder- 
m-"liiif  nf  the  aiinies  nl  thr  I'liiitd  .sJiiies  nf 
.\nieiira;  war  is  a^,lln  i.ii;iiii>  in  the  heart  nl  \\in 
iiativr  land  ;  hnsiili.  .iriincs  nl  one  ;iMd  llie  same 
name,  Idniid,  and  l.iiis:iiai;e,  are  ;irr.iNeil  fnr  batlli) 
nil  the  banks  nf  ihe  stream;  and  riidadelplna, 
where  Ihe  rmletl  Stales  are  in  (  nn^iess  asseiii- 
bleil,  and  wlienei'  their  deoree  nf  mdepeiidenco 
has  gone  forth,  is  ihr  tlesliiied  pii/.e  to  llie  riiolhcl 
of  Ihr  ilay.  Who  is  that  tall,  sbnilrr  Miiilh,  ol" 
foreign  air  and  aspect,  srarct  ly  emerucd  linni  tliu 
years  of  bnylinnd,  and  fresh  Irniii  llie  walls  ol  4 
cnllcne  ;  liijhlinj;,  a  vnlimteci,  al  llie  siditif  Wash- 

iiiKlnn,   bleediii);,   uncnnsciniisly   lo    liinisell,    I 

rallyinn  his  men  to  secure  the  ietreal  nl  the  seal- 
tereil  .\iiieric.iii  ranks'  ll  is  ( iii.iiKiir  .Motikr 
UK  IvAIAVKi  I  I  ;  the  snn  nl  the  vielininf  .Mimleii; 
and  heisblreijins  in  the  cause  nf  .Nnith  Aliiericail 
iiidi-pemleiice  and  nf  freednin. 

We  pause  nne  ninment  In  eiiquire  what  wa.mhis 
cause  of  North  .\iiierican  independence,  and  what 
were  the  innlives  and  indiicenienis  tnthe  youthful 
strani;er  to  demte  himself,  his  life,  and  foiliine  to  il. 

The  people  of  the  llrilish  colonies  in  North 
.America,  after  a  controversy  of  ten  m  ns'  ihira- 
tiiin  wilh  their  snveii'ii>ii  beyond  the  seas,  iipnii 
an  attempt  hy  him  ami  his  pa'rliamenl  lo  tax  iheiii 
without  iheir  consent,  had  been  coiistiained  hy 
necessity  to  tU-elare  tlieniselves  iiiile|>eiidi-iil ;  to 
dissolve  the  tie  of  their  alliKiance  lo  him  ;  to  re- 
noniice  iheir  rii;ht  to  its  proteelion,  ;ind  to  :..  siimii 
their  station  anioiii;  ihe  imlepeiident  civilized  na- 
liniis of  the  earlli.  Tins  had  brrii  dnm-  willi  a 
dehberatiuii  uud  .suit  iiimlv  unr\aiii|ilud  in  the  hik- 


mmm 


411 


II  l.STOK  V    OK    TIIK 


lory  o(  llip  world;  rionn  in  the  rniiUl  of  ■  civil 
w;ir,  lilili'iiiii'  in  rhiinirii-r  rriim  niiy  ol'  tliosr 
nliiili  liii  I  i'iiiiirii"<  lii'liii'p  liiiil  (li'niiliiii-il  Kiiiii|ii'. 
'I'lir  H.n  li'iil  rini-ii  ii|Hiii  H  i|ii<'Hlicin  hrlni'i'ii  llir 
ri;lil'<iPt  III!  |'rii|)li'  :iiiil  llir  impwims  ol'  llrir  unv- 
iTiiiiO'iil.  Tiu*  ilioMiHnioiiii,  ill  llir  |iriik;ii"<s  ol  llii< 
( •)iirrnvi'i'>4V,  liiifl  iitM'iM'il  to  (III*  niiiti'iii|iliitiniiH  ot 
iiii'ti  ilii-  liiHt  liiiiiiil.iliiiiiH  ol'  t'lvll  miciFty  mill  ol 
Kovi'riiMii-iil.  TliP  wnrnl'  Inilp|iiiii<lrni'P  lii>i;iiii  liy 
lililiiiliiin  ii|ioii  »  (M'lly  iil»iii|i  on  |iu|it-r,  iiiiil  u  l:ix 
III'  llirrr  |H>iifR  ii  ponnil  on  Ipii;  liiit  llirap  lirokr 
Mpilir  loiinlniiK  ol  llic  eiiMl  ili'i'|i,  iinil  tin*  iIpIiik*' 
Pimni'il.  Iliiil  ill)'  llrillKli  |iHi'li»in«nl  llir  ri^lil  to 
tnx  llii'  iipoplf  of  tlii>  I'olonicH  in  iiiioiIiit  IiimiiIii- 
iilirre,  not  ri'|itP!ipnti'il  in  the  iinpcriHl  lf'Bi*<hitnr<'  1 
Tlii-y  iiinniiril  llicy  liiiil  :  iIip  pco|ili>  ol  lliv  colo- 
nic inniHtccI  llicy  Iriil  not.  'riii-ri-  wnr  Irii  ye;irM 
of  plr-iiiliiiK  lii'lorp  llicy  r;iini'  to  an  iiKiic  ;  ami  all 
the  Ii'ciliiiialc  minrcrK  ol' powrr,  anil  all  lliv  primi- 
tive cli-iiiPiilPt  of  iVi-dloiii  wi'ri'  Hcrnlini/.i-d,  ill- 
haleil,  analy/.i'il,  ami  fliiriilalfil,  lirliiri'  llii"  li;;lil- 
iiiu  III'  llir  torch  ol'  Ale,  anil  her  cry  ol'  havoc  up- 
on Icliiinj  nlip  the  iloi,'»  ol'  war. 

When  till"  (lay  ol'conllici  came,  the  iiwiic  of  the 
rontem  wan  ncrcnnarily  chaiini-il.  The  people  ol' 
the  colonicH  hail  inaiiitaineil  ihe  conieHi  on  ilie 
principle  of  re-iisiiin;  I  he  iiivaiioii  of  charlcreil 
riiililH;  lirnt  hy  .iraiimenl  and  reiiioiHlraiive,  ami. 
liiially.  Iiy  appeal  lo  the  sword.  Iliii  HJih  ijn- 
war  laine  the  iieceiiary  exerciie  of  sovereign 
|Miwi'r<.  'I'hc  Declaralion  of  liidepeiidence  jiKii- 
(iod  il.^elf  a<  Ihe  only  poisilile  remedy  for  insiiD'er- 
alile  wioii!.'s.  It  sealed  itself  upon  ihe  first  fonn- 
dalioiis  of  ihe  law  of  nature,  and  the  incnniesialde 
doctrine  of  human  rmhls.  'I'liere  was  no  lonijer 
iinv  i|nestion  of  the  conslitiiiiiinal  powers  of  ilii> 
Hiitish  parliament,  orof  violaied  colonial  charters, 
'riieiiieforward  llie  American  nation  supported  ils 
exislence  liy  war:  and  the  Krilish  nation  liy  war, 
was  conlei.diim  for  coiii(iiest.  As,  lieltveeii  the 
Iwii  parlies,  the  single  (|iieslion  al  issue  was  In- 
Hi  pendi'iice  ;  lint  in  the  confederate  exislence  of 
Ihe  .N'orlli  American  I'liion,  liberty:  not  onlv 
llieir  own  lilii'rty,  lint  the  vital  principle  of  lilierty 
to  the  whole  race  of  civilized  man,  was  involved. 

It  was  at  this  slaiie  of  the  conllict,  and  imme- 
dialely  after  llie  Declaralion  of  Independence,  that 
it  drew  the  atleniiiin,  and  called  into  aelioii  the 
moral  sensiliilities  anil  the  inleljertnal  faculties  of 
Tjafayetie,  then  in  llie  nineleeiilli  year  of  his  ai;e. 

'I'lie  war   was   revnlnlionary.      Il   hej;an    liy   the 
(lissidnlion  of  the  llrllish  i;overnment  in  the  colo- 
nies ;  ihe  people  of  which  were  liy  that  openition, ' 
left    wiihoiit    any  Koverniiienl    whalcver.       They  j 
were  then  at  one  and  Ihe  same  lime  mainlaiimiy  [ 
Iheir  independent  national  exislence  hy  war,  and  j 
rnrniin^   new  social  coiiipacis  for  their  own  gov-  j 
Rrnmenl    thenceforward.        The  construction    of 
civil  society  ;  the   extent  and    Ihe   liiiiilalions  of 
orttani/.Pil   power;    the  pstahlislimenl  of  a  system  ' 
of  govpiiiment   coinhinin!;   the  greatest    eiilarj;e- 
iiient  of  individual  liberty   with  the  mosi    periii'i 
preservation  of  public  order,  were  Ihe  coiiliiinal 
iKcnpations  of  every  mind.     The  conse(|neiii:es 
of  this  slate  of  things  to  llie  history  of  maiiliiiid, 
and  especially  of  Kiirope,  were  foreseen  by  none. 
Kiiiope  saw  nothing  but  the  war;   a  people  .siriig- ' 
gliiig  for  liberty,  and  against  oppression;  and  llie 
people  in  every  part  of  Kiirope  sympallii/.ed  with 
llie  people  of  the  American  colonies. 

Wiih  their  governments  it  was  not  so.  The 
people  of  the  American  colonies  were  insuigenls; 
all  governinenis  abhor  insurrection  ;  they  were  re- 
volted colonists.  The  great  marilimc  powers  of 
K. mope  had  colonies  of  their  own,  to  which  the 
example  of  rcsistence  iigaiust  oppression  might  be 
conlagions.  The  American  colonies  were  slig- 
mati/.ed  in  all  the  official  ads  of  Driiish  govern- 
ment as  rebels:  and  rebellion  lo  the  goveining 
part  of  mankind  is  as  the  sin  of  witchcnifl.  The 
governments  of  Knrope,  therefore,  were,  at  he  iri, 
on  tile  side  of  the  Krilish  government  in  this  war, 
and  the  people  of  Kiirope  were  on  the  side  of  the 
American  people. 

Ijalayette,  hy  his  piisiiiiri.  a:iil  (■(indiiioii  in  life,  | 
A'aa  one  ot    th.ise  who,  "ovenicd   b  .  ihe    indinaivl 


impulses  which  inlliienee  and  control  ihn  coiidiicl 
of  men,  would  have  sided  in  senlimriit  with  ihe 
Krilisli  in  iiiyal  cause. 

Lal.ivelle  was  liiirii  a  »iib|ect  of  the  must  aliso. 
Iiileaiid  most  spliiidid  iiiiinarchy  of  Kiirope,  iiid 
111  llie  liigliesi  rani,  of  her  jitoiid  and  cluvalioiis 
noliilily.  He  had  been  cdncaled  al  a  college  mI 
Ihe  llinversily  of  Paris,  founded  by  the  royal  mii 
iiiflcence  of  lioiiis  the  Koiirleenlh,  orof  hismiiiis- 
ler,  Cardinal  Kichelieii.  hell  an  orphan  in  early 
childhood,  with  the  inherilance  of  a  princely  for- 
luiie,  he  had  been  married,  al  sixteen  years  ol  age, 
lo  a  daiighler  of  the  house  of  Noailles,  the  mosi 
distinguished  family  of  Ihe  kingdom,  acircidy 
deemed  in  public  consideration  inferior  lo  ihal 
which  wore  the  crown.  He  came  into  active  life, 
at  Ihe  change  from  boy  lo  man,  a  husband  and  n 
lallier,  in  the  full  enjoymeiil  of  every  thing  that 
avarice  could  covet,  with  a  i  erlaiu  prospect  before 
him  of  all  that  ambilioii  could  crave.  Happy  in  his 
domeslic  alfeclions,  incapable  from  llie  benignilv 
of  his  iialiiie,  of  envy,  h  iireil,  or  revenge,  a  lile 
of  "  igiioblR  ease  and  indolent  repone"  seemed  lo 
be  thai  nliich  iiatiiieaiid  forliine  had  condiined  lo 
piepare  before  him.  To  iiicii  of  ordinaiy  mould 
this  conditiiiii  would  have  led  lo  a  life  of  Inxiirioiis 
apailiy  and  sensual  indulgence.  Such  was  Ihe 
life  iniii  which,  from  Ihe  operation  of  Ihe  same 
causes,  I, Mills  ihe  I'llieeiilli  had  sunk,  with  hii 
household  and  coiirl,  while  l.afiyeile  was  rising 
lo  manliiMid,  siiriiiiiiiiled  by  the  conlaiiiiii.ition  of 
tlieii  example.  Had  his  natural  endowments  been 
even  of  llie  higher  and  nobler  onlenif  such  iis  ad- 
here to  tirtiie,  even  in  llie  lap  of  prosperily,  and 
in  the  bosom  of  leinptalion,  he  mizlil  have  lived 
and  ilied  a  p.illern  of  ihe  niibililv  of  Kraiice,  lo  be 
classed,  in  alierlinies,  willi  ihe  Tnrennes  and  llie 
.^loMt.ltlsiers  of  the  age  of  Louis  the  Koiirleenlli, 
or  Willi  ihe  N'lllars  or  llie  liamolgnoiis  of  the  age 
itiimrdialelv  prc-ediiig  his  own. 

Km  as,  111  Ihe  fniiiameiil  of  heaven  that  rolls 
over  oiii  heads,  lliere  is,  among  the  stars  of  the 
first  magiiiliide,  one  so  pre  eiiiiiient  in  splendour, 
as.  III  Ihe  opinion  of  aslronoiiiers,  lo  cnnslilule  a 
class  liv  itself;  so,  in  llie  foiirleen  hundred  vears 
of  the  rreiich  monarchy,  among  the  miillitndes  of 
gieal  and  iiiighly  men  hIiIcIi  il  has  evolved,  the 
name  of  Lafayeile  slaiids  unrivalled  in  Ihe  solitude 
of  glory. 

In  enlering  upon  the  threshold  of  life,  a  career 
was  lo  open  before  liiiii.  He  had  the  option  of 
the  court  and  (he  camp.  An  olfice  was  tendered 
to  him  in  the  hoiiseliold  of  the  king's  brolher,  Ihe 
coiiiii  de  Provence,  since  successively  a  roval  exile 
ami  a  reinsialed  King.  The  servitude  and  iiiaclioii 
of  a  conn  had  no  charms  for  him  ;  lie  preferred  a 
coinmissioii  in  the  aiiiiy,  and,  at  the  lime  of  the 
declar;itioii  of  independence,  was  a  captain  of  dra- 
goons in  garrison  al  .Mel/,. 

There,  at  anenlerlainment  given  by  his  relative, 
the  .Marechal  de  Itioglie,  the  commandaiil  of  llie 
place,  lo  ihe  duke  of  (iloucesler,  brother  to  the 
lliilisli  king,  and  iheii  a  transient  traveller  ihrough 
ihal  pail  of  Kriiice,  lie  learns,  as  an  incidenl  of 
intelligence  received  thai  morning  by  the  Kiiglish 
prince  from  London,  thai  the  congress  of  rebels, 
al  Philadelphia,  had  issued  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. A  conversalion  eiisiies  upnii  the  catt.ses 
which  have  conlribiiled  lo  produce  this  event,  and 
upon  the  coiiseipieiices  which  may  be  expected  lo 
llow  from  il.  The  iinagiiialion  uf  Lafayelle  has 
caught  across  the  Allanlic  tide  the  spark  einilted 
from  the  declaralion  of  independence  ;  his  heart 
has  kindled  al  the  shuck,  and  before  he  slumbers 
u|)oii  his  pillow,  he  has  resolved  lo  devote  his  life 
and  fortune  lo  the  cause. 

You  have  before  you  Ihe  cause  and  the  man. — 
The  self-devotion  of  Lafayette  was  twofold.  Kiisl, 
to  the  people,  maintaining  a  bold  and  seemingly 
desperate  struggle  against  oppression,  and  for  na- 
tional existence.  Secondly,  and  chiefly,  lo  Ihe 
principles  of  their  declaration,  which  then  first  iiii- 
I'urled  before  his  eyes  the  consecrated  .standard  of 
liuiiian  rights.  ,So  thai  siandavd,  wilhoul  an  iii- 
s"iil  of  liesilalion,  he  repaired.  Where  it  would 
lead  him,  il  is   scarcely  probable   that  he   himself 


then  liireMiw.  It  mil  tlirii  ideniicul  with  ili«  tiant 
I  and  snipes  of  the  Ame.iiaii  I'nioii,  floaliiig  lo  the 
bree/.e  Hum  llie  hall  ol  lodrpeiidi  me.  al  I'liilidel- 
I  pliia.  Nor  sordiil  avarice,  nor  viiIl:.ii  ainlitiiun, 
could  poiiil  his  foiilsieps  lo  llie  p.ilhw.iy  le.nlnig 
lo  llial  banner.  'In  the  love  of  e,isi.  or  pliisnie 
nolliliig  could  be  more  repulsive.  Soiiieiliin  ;  may 
be  allowed  In  the  bealings  of  ihe  yoiilliliil  Ineasi, 
which  mnkeiimhiliiiii  viriiie,  and  someihing  lollie 
•piril  of  mililary  ndveiilure,  imbibed  from  liis  pro- 
fession, and  of  which  he  fell  inconinioiiniili  ni.iiiv 
others,  Krance,  llermany,  Poland,  liiinislinl  {,, 
the  armies  of  ihisniiiim,  in  our  revolulionaiN  •ling- 
glc  111)  inconsiderable  iiumlier  of  ulliceis  of  liiiii 
rank  and  dislinguisl  ''diiieril.  The  name  of  Piil.is- 
ki  and  de  Knlh  an  iinmbered  among  ihe  niiUlMs 
of  our  lieedom,  ami  iheir  ashes  reiiose  In  mirsoil 
side  by  side  with  the  canoni/ed  bones  of  W '.uieii 
and  ol  ,Moiilgomeiy,  To  llie  virtues  of  l,:il  iville, 
a  more  prolracted  career  and  happier  earlhlv  ilesii- 
nies  were  reserved.  To  the  moral  principle  of  po- 
litical action,  Ihe  snrrilices  of  no  other  man  were 
comparable  to  his,  Voiilli,  health,  linlnne  ;  ihe  fa- 
vour of  his  king  ;  Ihe  eiijoymcnl  of  ease  and  plea- 
sure; even  Ihechoicesl  blessingsof  domeslic  feli- 
city ;  he  gave  ihein  all  for  mil  and  danger  in  a  ills- 
lain  land,  and  an  almost  hopeless  cause  :  bin  il  wan 
the  cause  of  justice,  and  of  the  rights  of  hiiniin  kind. 

The  resolve  is  Uriiily  fixed,  and  il  now  nniains 
lo  be  carried  inio  execuli'<ii.  (In  ihetllinl  Dr- 
cemher,  1771),  Silas  Deaiie,  then  a  secret  a'^eiil  of 
Ihe  Ameiican  Congress  al  Pans,  siipiil.iii's  with 
Ihe  Mari|uis  lie  l,alayelle  ihal  he  shall  leeeiie  a 
commission,  to  date  from  llnit  day,  of  iiiapir  gene- 
ral in  the  aimy  of  the  rnileil  .'^laies;  and  the 
.Maripiis  slipulales,  in  lelnrn,  to  deparl  wlirti  and 
how  .Mr.  Deane  shall  judge  proper,  lo  sine  the 
I'nileil  .Stales  with  all  possible  /i  .d,  uillioiil  pay  or 
emoliiinent,  reserving  to  hiinsell  only  llie  bb'eiiy 
of  reliirning  lo  Kiirope  if  his  family  in  Ins  kinj; 
should  recall  him, 

,\eiilier  his  family  nor  his  kiiic  iviri'  uiHin); 
thai  he  should  depart ;  nor  had  .^lr.  heane  the 
power,  either  lo  conclude  this  lonirMil.  orlo  fir- 
nish  Ihe  means  of  his  convey ance  in  Aiiieiica, 
Difliciillies  lise  up  before  hini  only  lo  l,v  ili.pers 
ed,  and  obslacles  ihiiken  only  lo  be  siirniuiinteil. 
The  day  after  Ihe  sigiiiiliire  of  llie  i  i.ini  oi,  .\|r. 
Deane's  agency  is  superseded  by  llie  .itrlial  of 
Doctor  Heiijamin  Kraiiklinand  Ariliiii  l.er  as  Ins 
colleagues  in  coinmissioii:  nor  did  iliiv  lliitik 
themselves  aiilhorized  lo  conlnin  hismi^aginienls, 
Lafayette  is  not  to  bediscoiiiagi  d.  The  loMiiuis- 
sinners  exleniiale  nothing  of  the  iiiiproiiiisjiiu'  coii- 
illlion  of  their  cause.  .Mr.  Deane  atons  Ins  inabi- 
lity lo  furnish  him  with  a  passage  lo  the  I'liileil 
Stales.  " 'I'lie  more  desperale  llie  cause,"  savs 
Lafayelle,  "ihe  greater  need  has  i|  of  mv  ser- 
vices; and  if  ,Mr.  Deane  has  no  vessel  lir  my 
passage,  I  shall  purchase  one  myself,  I'lid  will  iia- 
verse  the  ocean  with  a  selected  company  i.l  my 
own." 

Oilier  inipedimcnts  arise.  His  design  bei  nnns 
known  III  the  llrllish  ambassador  :it  Ihr  ei  i;ii  of 
\  iisailles,  who  remoiislrales  in  llie  I'leiii  h  go 
vetnmeiil  against  it.  .\l  his  instance,  on'i  is  are 
issued  for  the  delenlion  of  llie  vessrl  pnii|.iisi.||  \.\ 
Ihe  .Maripiis,  and  filled  oiil  al  Pnidetiov,  and  f/r 
Ihe  arrest  of  his  person.  To  elude  ihe  lir:-!  ol  lliese 
orders  the  vesspl  is  removed  I'loiii  liniile.iiix  to 
tile  neighbouring  port  of  p:issage,  ui^liiii  ilie  do 
minion  of  Spain,  The  order  for  his  airesi  i.s 
executed;  but,  by  slralagem  and  disguist  I  c 
esca|)es  from  the  custody  of  those  >v|io  hate  him 
ill  charge,  and  before  a  second  order  can  leaeh 
him  he  is  safe  on  Ihe  ocean  wave,  bound  In  Iho 
land  of  independence  and  of  freedom. 

Il  has  been  necessary  lo  clear  out  the  vessel  (or 
an  island  liir  Ihe  West  Indies;  but,  once  al  sea  he 
av,iils  himself  of  his  right  as  owner  of  the  ship,  and 
compels  his  captain  to  steer  for  llie  shores  of  eiiian- 
cipated  North  .America.  He  hiriU-  wiili  his  com- 
panions, on  the  2otli  of  .\pril,  n'lT,  in  ■'^i  iiili  Ca- 
rotina,  mil  l:ir  from  Charleston,  and  fi.'its  a  musi 
cordial  receplion  loid  lios|'i;al,|e  v,elcoii;u  ill  thi! 
house  of  iMajor  Iliij;cr, 


UNITED    STATKS 


4M 


III  il  mill  till"  kiiir^ 
inn,  MiKilini;  In  ihf 
I' IMC.  lit  I'IiiImIi'I. 

wiIl:.ii    iiiiiIiiIiimi. 

|i.illi».iy    liMilini; 

IMHI'  III     |lli'.HI|ll' 

Snlllrlliiii  ;  iiiiiy 
I-    Vnllllltlll  lili'iisi, 

I  iiillli'lllili);  III  IliK 
iliiil  rriiiii  liii  jirii- 
iMiiniiiii  Willi  III, iriv 
I'IIkI,  riiiiiislinl  |i) 
H)liiliiiii;ii\  •.iiiii;- 

il'  iillliris  Ml  |iim|i 
III'  llllliir  III  I'lil.is- 
iiiiiiii;  llii-  iii;ii|\m 
<  ri'jiiMf  III  iinr  h'ihI 
liiilH'H  lit  W.iiirii 
tiles  III  |,:i|  iM  Mr. 
i|iii'ii'iirllil»  ilrsii- 
r;il  |iriii(i|ilr  iit'pn. 

II  iilliiT  111,111  Here 
II,  liiiliiiii'  ;  ilir  |i|. 

t  lirtMHI-  IIMil    ||||,||. 

l!Miiriliiliicstii-  Iclj. 

III  ihiiiifrr  in  »  ilin- 

I  r;iii«c  ;  hill  it  ivim 
lilHiiriiiiiiiiii  kiiiil, 

ml  il  iiiin  ii'Miiiiim 
I'll  llii'  '/III  III  |)r. 
n  :i  -iTiri  ;i'.;i'ii|  n|' 

K.     .Hl||il||-|ll'^     will) 

»li;ill   iiTi'iii'  II 

111    iiMjiir  uciic- 

il    ,'>'l;iics  ;■  mill   till! 

llr|«lll    «lii  II  :ilii| 

plT.    to  SIMVI'  llic 

imI.  "Ill I  |iii_v  iir 

II  iiiilv  llii'  lilii'iiy 
iiiiih    1)1   Ins  King 

kilic  ivcir  ulllln^ 
I  .^Ir.  jliMiir  tlie 
■milr;iil.  m  in  l\  r- 
iiiiri'  III  Aiiii'iir,). 
inly  tn  111'  ili.|ii'tM 
n  lir  MirnMiiilileil, 
llir  (ipiili  let,  Air. 
Iiy  till'    :iriii;il    ol" 

\llllll;    I,i'i>  ;is   ||li4 

r  iliil  iliiy  iliink 
I  lMsi.M:;;ii;rllirills, 
■il.  Till' (  iinilllis- 
iiii|,iiiiiiisiii^-  niii- 
ir  MViiHs  his  iiiiihi- 
ij-'i'  111  llic  riiiliil 
tlir  I'iiiiM',"  s:n« 
i:is  il  111'  my  si'r- 
liii  vi".sil  III'  ijiv 
>srir,  I'liil  nil!  till- 
<'iiiii|i;iliy   1.1   my 

\s  ilcsiijii  hrriiiiirs 
T  ill  llic  I'lilMl  i,f 
llii'  rirtiili  ^1) 
l;imo,  luiliis  ;ii-r 
•■'•I'l  puri'l.iiM'il  In 
'iilili'Mliv.  :i|:il  C'r 
rllii'  ('ii:-l  iiUlicsr 
mil   liiiriliMiix   to 

I',     Wi^Mll    till'   ill! 

liir  Ills  iinrsl  is 
ml  ilis;;iii>..  1  (,. 
SI'  <vliii  lime  hiiii 
oilier  e;iii  iPiieh 
I',  liiiliiii!  Ill  iIki 
Iniii. 

1)111  the  vessel  (nr 
111.  lime  at  M'ii  lie 
rill  llie  ship,  and 
esliiiiesiiCeniuil. 
iN'  "illi  Ills  11)111- 
'<7.  ill  .'^iiitli  (,'i,. 
111(1  (iiiils  11  most 
wel™ii;o  ill  the 


Kvrry  ileiiiil  iil'  ihiii  ailvriitiiriiiix  ex|ii<iiiiiiiii, 
full  III  nil  iilwils,  I'liiiiliiiiiiiK  Willi  Ihe  siiiiplieiiy  dI 
liinlnrii  il  liiilli  111!  llie  iiileresi  iilriiiiiiiiii  e,  is  an 
Hrli  kiiii»ii.  ,iiiil  111  l.iiiiili.ii  III  llie  iiieiniiiy  nrall 
will)  lii'.ic  me,  llial  I  pass  I  Ill-Ill  nvcr  williniK  |iir- 
llier  iiMitre. 

riiiiii  (  li.nlesliiii  he  fitineeileil  In  I'liilailelpliia, 
^Oieir  llir  I 'iilli;ie'S  III  llie  leviilntllill  weie  in  ses 
"Hill,  anil  »lieie  lie  nlleieil  Ills  sertii'es  in  the 
(Miise.  Ileie,  auaiii.  hi  was  iiiei  Hilli  ilillieiililes, 
hIiii  11,  111  iiii'li  III  iiiilinaiy  iininls  nmilil  lia\elieeii 
iiisiiiiniiiinl.iliie.  Ml.  Diane's  ennirails  were  sii 
iiiiineniiis,  anil  Inr  nlliii's  nl  rank  sd  Iiii;Ii,  llial  il 
was  iiiipiissilite  lliey  sliiiiilil  lie  lalilieil  liy  ihe  ( 'un- 
less, lie  hail  "lipiiLileil  tin  llie  appiniiliiienl 
111  iillier  .M.ijiii  drill  1. lis;  iinil,  in  llie  same  enii- 
liai'l  mill  lli.il  111  l,al,iyeiie.  Inr  eleteii  nihei 
iillii  eis,  Iniill  llie  Milk  III  ,1 1  nlilliel  in  that  III  Kiell- 
tiliaiil.  'I'll  iiilinilili'e  these  oltieeis,  slraii|;eis, 
Ni-aii'i'lv  line  nl'  wliuni  einilil  spfak  the  lanuiiaue 
III  the  eiinnlry,  iiiln  llie  .\ineiiiaii  .inny,  In  lake 
I  ink  ami  pieieileiiee  iiver  the  iialiie  i  iii/,eiis 
W'hiise  ,nilenl  pan  mll'-ni  liail  pinnleil  tliein  In  the 
sliiiilaril  111  llien  rniiiiiry,  i  inilil  mil,  wiihniil 
(.ii'al  iiijiisliie,  iinr  williiiiil  eMiliiii;  the  iiinsl 
j'alal  ilisseiishiiis,  haxe  lieeii  iliiiie  ;  ,iml  this  answer 
was  iiei-essatily  ^iveii  .is  we!i  In  l.al.iyelle  iis 
In  the  iilher  nllirers  ivliii  hail  aeeninpanieil  liiiii 
Iriiin  {'.nrnpt'.  Ills  leply  was  ,in  nll'er  In  seive  as 
a  vnliinleer.  anil  wiilnnil  pay.  .Nlaunaiiiniity,  thus 
ilisiiileiesleil.  eiilllil  mil  lie  le^isteil,  iiiir  cnnlil  llie 
SIMM'  III  It  lie  Hinlhily  inanilesieil  by  a  mere 
..I'i'i  piani  I'  I'l  the  I'llii.  On  tile  lllsl  nl'  .Inly, 
liii,  then  rule,  llie  Irillnw iii'.>  lesiiliilinn  anil  pre- 
a  ml  lie  are  tee  I  ii'<  lei  I  1 1  pi  in  llie  jiii  I  mills  nl'  ( 'undress  ; 

•■  \\  lieie.is.  the  .\|ari|iiisili'  l/il'ayclle.  nut  nl  Ins 
i:ieat  /.I'al  In  llie  cause  nl'  hlieiiy,  in  wliieji  the 
I'lilteil  .Slates  are  iMi;;aueil.  has  lell  his  laiiiily 
aii'l  eiinne\liiiis.  ami.  at  his  iinii  expense,  eiiiiie 
liver  111  iiliei  Ins  seiviie  In  the  I'liiteil  .Stales, 
uilhiiiil  peii-inii  III  jaitienlar  iilliiwiinee,  anil  is 
iaixiiiiis  III  1  isk    Ins  llie  111  iiiir  e  iii^e  : 

"  Ki'siilv-'il.  Til  It  Ills  si-mres  lie  areepteil.  anil 
til, It,  ill  I'liiisiiler. It  11)11  111  Ins  y.e.il.  illiistiiiiiis  lamily. 
anil  eiiiinexiniis,  lie  have  the  rank  ,iml  i  iimniis. 
KiDii  III  .Majiir  (trnrral  in  llie  aiiiiv  nl  the  I'lilleil 
States.'- 

He  liail  llie  rank  anil  (iiiiiinissiiiii.  lint  tin  rum- 
niaiiil  as  a  .M.ijiir  (leiieral.  Willi  tins,  all  per- 
■nnal  ainliiliiiii  was  ur.ililleil:  ami  wliali"  r  ser- 
sii'es  he  miulil  pi'irnrin.  lieiiiiiM  allain  iin  lii^lii'r 
rank  in  llie  \iiii-iiiiii  ,iiiiiy.  Tlie  ili^i  niiients  nl 
nllieefs  alieiily  in  llie  -inne,  at  lieina  siiperseil- 
eil  ill  eiiiiimanil  hy  a  stiipliie.;  Iiireii;nei,  were  ills- 
inine.l  :  nin  was  the  pi  inleiiie  nl  ( 'iiii;:ress,  per- 
haps, williniil  il'i  inlliienee  in  withlinliliiii;  a  eniii- 
liiaiiil.  wliicli.  Inn  Inr  a  jinUiiieiit  pri'in.iliii'e  ••  In'- 
Minil  the  sliiw  ailvaiiie  nlyeais."  iiie.:lil  have  lia/,- 
iii'ileil  sDinelliini;  nl'  the  sarreil  e;iiise  ilsfll',  liy 
riinrnleiiie  Inn  hastily  lieslimeil. 

'I'lie  ilay  alter  the  ilate  nl  his  e'lmiiiissinn,  he 
WIS  inlriiiliieeil  to  Wiishiimtnii  eninmaiiiler-lii- 
cliu'l' ill'  the  armies  nl'  tile  riiiire;ler aliiiii.  It  was 
till'  eritiral  perniil  nl'  llie  eampaii^n  nl'  I'l't'i.  The 
lirilish  army  eiimniamleil  liy  Innl  llinve,  was  ail- 
vaiieiii;;  1111111  llie  he  ail  nl'  Klk,  in  wliieli  they  hail 
lieeii  transpiiiieil  liy  sea  1111111  .New  N Drk,  iipiiii 
I'liiliiilelpMii.  Wiisirnmlnn  liy  .1  eniiliteraetiin; 
iniiveiiieiit  liail  liteii  appinailiiiii;  I'lnm  his  line  nl 
ilel'eiiee,  in  tlie  .lerseys,  Inwaril  llie  city,  anil 
urriveil  lliere  nii  the  Isl  of  .Xiimisl.  It  was  a 
inerliiiK  nreniiKeiiial  souls.  At  llie  <  lose  nl'  it, 
WiisliiiiKloii  uiive  the  yiiiithriil  slraimer  an  iiivitii- 
tinn  In  make  the  heaili|uartersiif'  the  enmiiianiler- 
lii-chier  hi-'  linme  :  that  he  shniilil  eslalilish  him- 
iieir  thereat  his  nnii  lime,  anil  iniisiiler  liimsell' at 
all  times  one  nl'  his  I'amily.  It  was  natural  tli:it, 
n  givmu  this  iiivitalinii,  he  sliniilil  remark  the 
tontiast  of  lite  siliiatiiin  iti  wliieli  il  woiilil  plaee 
nitii,  with  III  It  nf  ease,  anil  rniiiforl,  aiiil  iiixii- 
nuiis  eiijnymeiit,  whieh  he  hail  left,  at  the  spleii- 
iliil  I'linrt  of  I. Dills  the  ,S|xtreiitli,  anil  ufhisheaii- 
liflil  anil  ai'i'oiiiphslieil,  liiit  ill-faieil  ipieeii,  then  at 
llipveiy  Miinmit  of  iill  whieh  entistitiiles  the  com- 
miiii  I'slimale  nf  felieilv.  I  low  deep  iiiiil  solemn  w.is 
'.his  iMiiilra.sl  !     No  iiali  ;   Aiiiuricaii  liiut   iiinler- 


finiiv  llir  trial  nf  lh«  name  allernalive.      .Smie  ol 

ill sate  halayrlle,  hail  lirnnulit    the    same   tri- i 

liMi»,  nf  his  hie,  |ii«   Inrlime,  anil  Iiih    I ir,  In  a 

I  .tiise  III  ,1  I'onnlry  liMi'ii>n  III    Ins   hhh.      Tn    |,i-, 
l.iyetle  the  siiil  nl   Ireeilinn  was  Ins  eniiiiMy.      Ills 

I  |Hisi  III  hniiiiiii  w.is  the  piisl   III  ilaii)>er.      Ilisliie-| 
siile  was  the  lielil  nl  li.illle.      lie  aeiepliil  Willi  joy  , 

I  the  iiikitaiiiin  111  W'.ishiii^tnii,  anil  lepaneil   Imih 

'hiiIi  1,1  the  eamp.  The  liniiil  nf  iiiilisanhililr 
I'lleiiilship  :  the  frieiiilship  of  heroes,  waa  araleil 
I'rimi  ihi'  first  hour  ol  their  meetlnt!.  In  last  tlirniiKll- 

Jniil  their  lives,  unil  tn  |i\e  ill  the  meiiiniy  nf  man- 

j  kiliil  Inr  ever. 

j  11  WIS,  peihaps,  at  the  snunesiioii  of  the  Atiie- 
rieiiii  1  niiiimssiniiers  ill  Kriiiie,  that  this  iiivilalinii 

,  was  Kiveii  liy  \V;i-liiii)jinii.  hi  a  leller  Irniii  ilieiii, 
of  the  •-Villi  III  ,\|ay,  \',',y.  to  the  niliimillee  ol 
foreiiiii  iill.iirs,   tin  y    inmnime    that    the    .Maii|ms 

I  liini  ileparleil   for  liie  I'liileil   ,S|ates    in    a   ship  nf 

'Ins  nwii.  ai  I'lnnpami  il  liy  some  iilVn  ers  of  ihsliiie- 
lion,  ill  oriler  to  seiie  111  niir  aimies.  They  nliaerve 
that  he  is  exieeilintly  lieloveil,  anil  thai  every 
I'liilv's  ;;niii|  w  ishes  altenil  llllll.  Tliey  ealillnt 
lint  linpe  that  lie  will  inei  t  « illi  sinh  a  reeeplinn 
as  will  make  llie  iinintiy  ami  hi"  exprilitinii  aiiree- 
alile  III  hiin.  They  Inither  s.iy  ih.il  lliiise  who 
eeiisnre  il  as  iniprinleiit   in    liini,    ilii    iieveilheless 

I  ii|i|ilinil  his  spirit  :  ami  they  ine  s.ilislieil  that  I'i- 
vililies  anil  rispeil  <liii»ii  in  liiin  will  lie  serviee- 
alile  In  oiir  eaiise  in  Kram  e,  as  pleasmi;  imt  nnly 
III  his  pnweilnl  relations  ami  to  the  loiirl,  Imt  lii 
Ihe  wh. lie  Kreiieli  iialinii.  They  liiially  ailil.  that 
he  hail  lell  a  lieantiliil  ymini:  wife,  iiml  Inr  her  sake, 
jiiiilii  iilaily.  they  Impeil  that  Ins  'a:i\ny  ami  anient 
ilesire  tn  ilisiinmiisli  himself  wo  ilil  he  a  little  le- 
straiiieil  liy  the  ^iener.il's  (  W'asliiii.Mnn's  |  prinleiiee 
so  as  lint  In  peimli  his  lieiii);  ha/.aii!"il  iniirli.  bill 
npnii  siiiiie  impoiliiiit  oeeasimi. 

The  lieail  ipMiters  nf  U'asliincion.  senilis;  as 
a  vohinieer,  with  the  rank  anil  eiimmis' inn  nl  a 
Majiir  (ieneral  witliniii  rnmm.inil,  was  priisely 
iheslatinn  iiilapteil  In  the  ilevilnpinenl  nl  hi-  elia- 
lai'lei,  tn  his  iinii  hiiiiinir,  ami  that  of  the  a.  iiiv, 
a,  I  In  'he  priiilenl  iiianauemi'lil  of  the  eniinlrv's 
ea  .  To  him  il  was  at  iniee  a  seveie  elmi  I  nl 
eNpi'.ieiiee,  ami  a  ri;:nriiiis  ti  s|  of  merit.  I!i  I  il 
wiis  iiiil  the  plaee  to  restrain  him  I'liim  exposiire 
In  llan^l'r.  The  tune  at  wliiih  he  piiiieil  llie  1  .imp 
was  line  nf  pre  eminent  peril.  The  lirilish  ijnverii- 
ineiil,  anil  the  emiim  imler  in  ehnl  nf  the  lirilish 
liirees,  hail  imaiimeil  that  the  pnssessinn  nf  I'lii- 
liilel|iliia,  enmlilneil  Willi  that  iilllie  line  alnin;  the 
Illlilsnn  river,  fiiiiii  the  ('anailian  Irnnlier  In  the 
lily  nf  .New  Vnrk.  wnnlil  lie  fatal  In  the  .Xmeriean 
eaiise.  By  the  lapliirenf  lliu|;iiyiie  iiiiil  his  army, 
thill  poriioii  of  the  projeet  siislaiiieil  a  total  defeat. 
The  final  issue  nf  the  wiii  Wiis  indeeit  aenleil    with 

Il iipiliilalinii  of  the  lilh   nf(  )eliih<>r,  1777,   at 

Saiiitnua  :  sealed,  nut  with  the  siilijiiQalloii,  hut 
with  the  imlepenilenee  nf  ihe  Niirlli  Ameiiean 
tliilnli. 

Ill  the  sniitheni  eampaiiin  the  lirilish  1  nm- 
inaniler  was  mure  stiecessfiil.  The  fill  of  I'liila- 
ilelpliia was  the  result  nf  the  haltle  nf  lirandy- 
wiiie,  on  the  lllh  nf  Septemlier.  This  was  the 
lirst  iirtioii  in  whieh  Lafayette  wiis  eiiviiueil.  and 
the  first  lesson  of  his  priieliral  military  sehiinl 
WIIS  a  lesson  nf  miafnrtitnr.  Ill  the  attempt  to 
rally  the  .\iiieriiaii  irnopa  in  iheir  relreal,  he  le 
eeived  a  musket  hall  in  the  leij.  lie  wiis  seareely 
eniiseioiis  nf  the  wniiiid  till  made   sensible  of  il  by 

the  loss  of  1)1 1,  iiiid  even   then   eeased    iint    his 

exeitiona  in  the  lirlil  till  he  had  srciircd  and  cov- 
ered the  retreat. 

This  casualty  eimfmed  him  for  some  linin  to  his 
lied  at  Philiiilelpliia.  and  afterwards  detained  him 
somedayaat  itethlehem  ;  bill  within  six  weeks  he 
rejoined  the  he  id-ipiarters  of  Washimitiin,  near 
W'hilemarsh.  I!e  sooiibncamc  aiixinii!<  to  obtain 
a  cniimiiiud  eipial  to  his  rank,  and,  in  the  slinri 
space  of  lime  thai  he  had  been  with  the  eiimiiiaii- 
deriii-chief.  had  so  thnroiiahly  oblained  iiis  ciiiili- 
deiice  as  to  seciiie  an  earnest  snlicitation  froiii  him 
In  ('niii;ressin  his  fivoiir.  In  a  letter  In  Coimress, 
of  the  Isl  nf  .Viiveuilier,  1777.  he  sivs  ;  "The 
ManiiiU  de  Lafayulte  is   oxtremely  solicilnns  of 


havim;  a  coinniiiml  eipial  In  liii'  rank.  I  iln  nol 
kmiw  in  what  li^hi  Cniiureaa  wil  view  the  maltar 
Inn  it  .Ippe.irs  In  me.  iVnlll  a  colisiili  r allnli  III  lilil 
illnstiiiins  and  iiiipiirl.ini  cnniiexiniis,  llie  attach- 
ineiit  wliii'l,  he  1i,in  m.imlestcd  fur  our  ciilise,  and 
the  I  nlisripleiires  H  Inch  In  I  el  III  11  111  dist;  list  nn^lit 
piiidllie,  thai  It  will  he  .iiliisilile  In  ;;l,ilily  lillll  ill 
Ills  wishes  ;  and  ihe  iiinie  su.  .is  srveral  ueiiileiiieii 
hiini  I'laiice,  wliii  came  over  miiler  siinn'  a^siir- 
iiiicps,  have  lioiie  back  ihsappinnieil  in  llieii  opec- 
t.lllnlin.  Mis  cnlldncl  with  lespeel  In  themslaiidt 
in  a  fivoiirable  point  nf  view  ;  hat  ill):  mteieat- 
I'd  himself  to  remove  their  nneasiness.  and  iiiKril 
the  iiiiprn|iriely  of  llieir  m.ikiiip  any  iiiilatniir- 
iible  rcpreseiitalintis  iipiiii  llieir  aitital  liiime  { 
iiml  tn  all  his  letters  he  his  placed  om  albiiri 
in  the  best  sitiiatiiiii  he  cniild.  Ilesides.  he  ia 
sensible,  disrieel  in  Ins  inaiiiiers  ;  has  iiiailu 
Kieal  priilii  leiicy  in  inir  laiit>u  lue  ;  and.  Iiiiiii  ihe 
dispnsilioii  lie  dlsciitelcd  ill  llie  billte  nf  Iti.iiidv. 
Hiiie,  possesses  a  lai^e  sliiiie  of  bravery  and  iiiiii- 
larv  iirdnur." 

i'erhiips  one  nf  the  hiuliesi  emiimiiiiiis  ever 
priiiiiinm  cil  nl  ;i  man  in  pnlilic  lile.  Is  ihal  nf  11 
historian  eminent  for  his  prnt'niiml  iicipiiiintaiieii 
with  maiiKiiiil,  who,  in  paiiiliiii:  ii  I'leat  cli:n,iclrr 
by  a  siii|;le  line,  says  th.it  he  was  just  eipial  in  all 
Ihe  duties  III  the  IiilIicsI  ollii  is  which  he  att.iiiieil, 
and  iieti*r  iilmte  them.  Then'  ;iie  in  snine  men 
ipiidities  which  il.i/./.le  and  coii'-uine  to  liltle  or  no 
talualile  pnipose,  They  sililinii  bclini'j  to  the 
i:reiit  liciiel  ictnis  of  niaiikiml.  They  tierennltlip 
i|'iiililics  nf  W.isliitnitnii.  01  of  l.ai'.iti'ile.  The 
lesiimniiial  nlt'ered  by  the  Amiiiciiii  cnniniamler 
III  his  yoiiii^  Irii  ml,  alter  ii  prnbiilloii  ol  -I'veriil 
inniillis,  iind  alter  the  severe  test  nl  the  ilisiisiiiinx 
day  of  llramlyivine,  wiis  piciiselt  adapiiil  in  tho 
iiiiin  In  wliiise  fiviinr  il  w:is  u'im  11,  iiml  In  llie  nb- 
jecl  which  it  Wiis  to  acciiinplisb.  W'liiit  earm -.1- 
iiess  of  purpose  I  what  sIimciiIv  nf  coiivicliiin  f 
wliiit  eiier<.'clii'  siiiiphciit  if  i<pii«siiiii  ;  what 
ihnniimli  deliiieiilinn  of  1  liaiaelcr  !  The  merits  of 
I/lliltelte,  III  the  eve  of  \\'il<lnil;:l(ni,  ale  llie  Cilll- 
diim  iiml  i;eiierosiiy  nf  his  ili^pnsiiinii ;  ihe  iiiilif 
fiiticalde  imhi-lry  of  iipplir.ilion.  whiih  in  ilia 
course  nf  a  fctv  minillis,  has  alrciidy  uiven  him 
the  mastery  nf  a  loieimi  l.iiii.'nii!.'e  i  uiniil  sense, 
discretion  of  niiiiini'i's.  an  atliilin'e  iint  only  litt- 
le-iiiil  in  early  ycais,  but  ilniililt  riiie  in  iilli.mre 
wiih  that  enliiiisiain  sn  siuiiillt  maikeil  by  hlii 
selfib'tiilion  In  ihe  Amerli  111  caiise  ;  and,  to 
cinuii  illi  the  ri"-l,  the  briveiy  iind  iniliiiiry  iiriloiir 
sn  bnlliiiMlly  maiiifesied  at  the  ItMiiilyHine.  llerH 
is  nil  r  iiiilnm  praise  ;  no  uiiincaiiini:  piineiiyrir. 
This  I  luster  nf  ipiidities.  all  plain  iind  siniplr.  lint 
so  seldom  foiiiid  in  union  touelher,  so  iienerally 
illi  nmpatible  tvitli  one  anotlii  r.  these  iire  the  pio- 
[lerlies  emiiietilly  Iriislwiirthy,  in  the  |nil!;im'iil  ol 
\Viis|iini;toii  :  and  these  are  the  pinperties  tvliicli 
his  disceriimenl  has  liinnil  in  l.iiliiyclte.  and  w  liicli 
iiri:i'  him  thus  eiirnestly  in  advise  the  i;iiitilication 
nf  his  wish  by  the  assii:ntiieiil  nf  ii  1  nmmaiid  eipial 
to  Ihe  riii'k  wlinhhail  been  planted  In  his  xttal 
anil  his  illiistnniis  name. 

The  lecoimneniliilinn  of  \\'iis|iiiii;loii  Iliid  ila 
itnmediiite  cll'cci  :  ami  on  the  lirsi  of  llecetnber. 
1777,  it  Wiis  resolved  by  Confess,  that  he  slioiihl 
be  informed  it  was  liiiihly  iiureciible  In  ('oiii;ieas, 
that  the  .Maiipiisde  l/it'iiyetie  should  be  appointed 
In  the  enimnaiid  nf  a  divisinn  in  the  eiiiitiiienlal 
ariiiv. 

lie  received  acrnrdinijly  stieli  nn  appoinlmrnt ; 
iind  a  plan  was  oraani/.ed  in  Cnngress  fnr  a  second 
invasinii  of  ('11111111:1.  at  llie  lieiiil  of  which  he  was 
placed.  This  expeditinn,  oriniiiiilly  prnjeeted 
without  entisnllalinn  w  itli  the  ciimiiiamler-in-chiel', 
miaht  be  connecled  tvilb  the  leinporary  dissalls- 
facliiiii  in  the  coiiiiminity  a'ld  In  Conqress.  at  the 
ill  success  nf  his  endeavinirs  tn  defend  I'hilad.i- 
phia,  which  rival  and  unfriendly  partisans  wero 
tun  reailv  to  compare  with  the  splendid  teimina- 
tioii,  by  iheeapliireor  lliiruoyne  and  his  army,  of 
the  niirlhern  campaiuii,  under  the  ciimniiiml  of 
( Ieneral  <  iates.  To  foieclnse  all  siispicinn  ol  ii  par 
licipation  in  these  views.  I.afayetie  prnceeded  tc 
the  sraiof  ('<>i)i;ri'ss,  iind.  arrrjiiin):  (Iik  iMi|tur(iinl 


4  III 


II  I  SI' (HIV   OK    'I' UK 


cliutut'  wliirlt  i'  wii'*  propimpil  tii  ihmi;;!!  !o  htm, 
nlM;iiii>'<l  ;il  lim  |iirliinliir  ii'i|iii'h|  ilhii  lii'  ••liniild 
1)(*  riitl<i)'li>H'il  ;ls  .irt  ntliri'l  iI'Milrlli'*!  tiiMii  till' 
nnnv  nl  \\  ,i«liiin:l"ii.  mid  l.i  win. mi  iiiiilii  lii<  m 
ilil-.  Ili'llirll  l;|i;iili'il  I'l  |<ri«ii|i  fn  AIImiiv.  In 
liiKi'  rcinini:inil  i:<'  lln'  linM|iH  w  Ini  wcii'  In  n^icmlilr 
Mi  III  il  |il.lrr.  Ml  nlilcl  In  i  inis  llli  hikr'  nii  lln' 
Icf,  :iiiil  aM:irk  >lniniiMl',  l>iil  cm  iiiiiviii);  ;il  Al 
Itimv,  In'  tniiiifl  iiniio  n(  llii*  |itniiiis-Mi  |nr)t;iniiinii*i 
in  IT  nliiirs^  ;  ilir\  wi  ii*  inMrr  I'llrcifd.  I  *nn 
orrsi  Hoiiii"  linir  '.ilH'r  ri'lim|iiiwli''d  llw  ilciitn.  niid 
till'  M.iMiniH  w;iH  nidrtrd  In  rt'imii  llif  iirin)  nl 
V:i"liinKlnn. 

Ill  llif  xiiriM'rdinu  iiinnlli  ill  Miiv.  liiM  iiiillMiv 
tiili'iil  «;i"  iljiiiliiy'l  liv  llir  Mi.isii'ily  hmiimI  I't 
fcrli'd  111  llio  |in"«'nri'  nl  :iii  iin'iwliiliiitiii;  »ii|ii' 
nnnlv  nl  lln>  I'lirnix'M  Inni'  tiiMii  lln-  |in«iiinii  ^il 
H:iii<'ii  llill. 

llr  «,!»  <iiiiii  iirii-r  ilisliiii;iii'<lii'il  ;il  llir  liiilllr  nl 
Mniinnulli  ;    ind  in  Si>|ii<'iiiln'i.  I7i^l,  ;i  ii'inliiliim 
nl   ('niii;n"<H  ilnl.in'il  llii'ii    lucli  «rnir  nl   hi.  «i'i 
till-',  mil  niil>   III  ihi'  lii'ld,  lull  iii  Ini  i'\rili.iiis  In 
mm  tlinli-   ;iiid   hr.il  ilr '<i'ii'<;i:n'.   Ihmhim'ii   lln-  nlli 

«i"N  nl'  ihi-  KiTinli  iK'i-l  umlci    ill r'>iii:ind  nl 

Clin;:'  •'■;■, Kliiini:  iiiiil  «i<iiir  nl  lln'  iiiili'o  nlhii-K.! 
inn  aiinv.  Tlivio  difsiMilinii'.  h:Ml  airn'ii  in  ihr 
liiil  miiini'iils  111  I'll  ii|iri:ilinn  in  iho  srivirr.  .1111I 
had  iliti'ali'iii'il  pi'inii  inn-  ciiiHriiiii'mi  h. 

In  lln'  iiiiinlli  nl    Vpiil.   I  wli.  ihi' rniiilnni'd  uis 
dniii  nl   till' ("mini  di"  Vi'i  i^i"iiin"<  and  nl    ,Mi.    Tin 
Cni.lln-  1*111111'  MiiiKli'i.  mil  llir  liii.imii'i  nl  l,niiis 
llir  SiMi'i'iilh.  tiail  Inniuhl  hull  In  ilii- i'iiiirlii«inn 

(hil  II ii'iil  llii'  iiinsi  di'iiianln  In  l-'iami'.  willi 

i.'uani  111  ihi'  I'linltitvri'iX  hflwrni  IJii'al  lltilain 
and  lii'i  Vniiiiiiii  inlnmri.  «a«  lliai  llir  iiniiiii'i' 
Inni  sliiiiild  I'l'iiippii'i-'i'il.  'riiis  jiid;:niiiil.  rvinc- 
1111;  nld»  till-  Inlal  ali^rnri'  nl'  .ill  llinial  riillMili'ia 
liniH,  111  lln'  i'«liiiiilr.  Iiv  tlii'-i<' I'iniiii'iil  "lali'-'inrii. 
nl'iihil  i'..!-'  di'Mnldn  In  l'"t.imi'.  had  iindi'iuniir  ,1 
tii'.ii  iliins''  h^  lln- 1  ln'<i' nl  llii'  M'ai  ]'i~i'i.  'I'lii' 
niil.iralinn  ol  liidipi'iidi'ini'  had  ihaiiRi'd  'hr 
i|iii'Miiiii  liiMwri'ii  ihi'  parHi'<.  'I'lic  pnpnlar  li'il 
iiii;  111  Kraiiri'  «ai  all  nii  llir  «iih'  nl  llic  Aini'ii 
I'aiiK.  I'hi'  il.iiini;  an. I  rniiianllr  iiinti'iiK-iil  nl 
I.iiravi'iic.  in  di'liam- ■  nl  lln'  t;n\i'iiiiiM'iH  iNi'll'. 
ihi'ii  hii;hlv  laii-Mii'd  liv  piililu-  npiiiinii.  »a'<rnl 
liiHi'il  \<\  iiiiixri^al  adiiiiialiiin.  'I'lii'  spnnlani'inis 
*piiil  nl'  ihi'  |H'npU'  cradiiillv  '*prt'ad  ilirll'  I'vrii 
ini'i  lln- 1. ink  1  niinplmii  nl  ihr  idiirl ;  a  siiipn-iniis 
and  di-i  rplin'  in'iili  ilily  •iniri'i'drd  In  an  n-ili-iiii 
llir  I'vrlii'.niii  nl  llir  I'l^iiiuinli  linm  thi"  pniN  nl' 
I'laiiri'.  (ill  llif  lapiliilaliDii  nl  lliiixnyiir  salislird 
ihr  iaMii'<ls  111  iiiirinali.inal  law  al  \'i-rsaillos  ihal 
ihr  Mippii""»ioii  111  ihr  mMinrrlinn  was  tin  Iniiiicr 
ihr  mnsi  di'sii  il.Ii"  nl'  1  vi  ills  ;  lull  llial  ihr  liiili'd 
."Jl.itr'S  «rir.  ilr  l.nln.  sovrrt'icn  ai  d  indrpriiilrnl  ; 
.Mid  lint  Kiaiiri'  iiiichl  rnnrliidr  a  liriiv  nl'  rniii 
inrn  r  wilii  thrill,  \iilhniil  v;iviiii;  jiiit  raiisr  nl' nl'- 
l"ii(C  In  llir  >irp  iimlhri  rniiiiin.  < 'n  lliPlilh  nl' 
••"rill  III  an.  I7  7N.  a  Irraly  nl  rnliiiiiricr  hrlwpi'ii 
Kiaiirr  and  ihr  rniird  Slatrswas  rniultidrd.  and 
»nh  11.  nil  Ihr  "iaiin"  day.  a  Iroaly  nl  rvrnliial  dr 
!V'ii>iM'  alli  Mirr.  In  lakr  rlVrrl  niily  in  llir  ovri,i  nl 
liiral  Hilt. nil's  irsrtitiiii;.  hy  » .11  aa.iinsl  I'r am  r. 
till' i-nnsiiiiiiiialiiin  nl  llir  rnniiiiriri.il  liraiy.  'I'hr 
oar  iiiiinrdtalt  l\  rti'.tird.  .I'ld  111  llir  sii.iKiirr  nl 
177"^.  a  I'iriii  h  ih'rl  iiiidri  thr  iniiiininil  nl  I 'niiiil 
d'K'laiiii;  »  IS  ~riil  In  rnnprrair  «ilh  thp  liirrrs 
nl  thr  1  iiilrd  Stairs  I'nr  iho  maiiilrmn"t  iil"  llii'ir 
indrprmlrm  r. 

Bn  ihrsr  ri Pills  thr  "nsnniii  nl'  ihr  .^la^|llis  dr 
I.alavrlte  was  rswiiiially  ihiiierd.  Il  hpraiiir 
nercssarx  Inr  hull  In  rriiislatr  hiiMsrll'  in  llii-  gnnil 
cr.  rrs  nl  his  si.vrrri  jii.  nfVrii'lrd  at  his  atisriiiitn; 
niiiisrll  I'lniii  his  rounlry  williniil  |)piniis!«ii.ii,  but 
);riiilirii  with  ihr  disinirtinii  «h;<h  hr  liad  ar- 
quirrd  bv  aallaiil  dreils  111  a  sriurr  iinw  hrrnii'r 
that  nl  Kraiup  lirisi'lf.  .At  the  flnspnl'  thr  cam 
yir.:£:i  nl'  \'i'^.  »ilh  the  appiiihalinn  nf  Viis  rijriid 
;.n'\  patrnn.  thr  rniimiandrriii-chirr.  he  aililrrss"d 
a  ielier  In  ihe  jirrsidrn:  nl'  (*nni;it'Rs.  ipprrsrii  .;; 
his  then  pirsriil  (■wrunist.iiirrs  with  ihr  roiilidrtirr 
til'  al'trrlinii  and  urafinidr  obs-rviii'^  that  thr  srii- 
Iw'irnls  whiih  Imiitid  liitii  In  his  rniiiiiry  rniilil 
n.n  r  lir  iiinir  pmptily  -pok>  n  nl  than  in  tin-  prr- 
•till  e  nf  iiirii  mIiii  had  doiir  >n  iiiiich  Inr  tllfir  uwn 


1"  Ah  linn;.  "  I  niiliiiiM'd  hr.  "  as  I  ihniii'lll  I  rniibl 
dlspfisr  nl  inxst'll.  I  iiiadi' it  iiiv  pildr  and  plrasiiir 
til  li'.'Jll  llnilri  Allirlli.in  i-nlnnis,  in  drlrnrr  nl  a 
1  iiisr  nliiih  I  dan'  iiinir  p.iriii'iilai ly  1  all  inns, 
tirransr  I  li.id  thr  t,'iind  Initniir  nl  Idrnlill^  tni' 
lirr.  Nnw.  sir.  ill. It  I'laiirr  is  invnlvrd  111  a  uai. 
I  am  iii^rd.  Iiy  a  sriisr  nl'  iiiv  iliit\,  as  wrll  as  bv 
thr  lii\r  111  iiiv  rniinlrv,  in  prrsriil  iinsrlT  lirlnir 
till'  kiiiK,  and  kiinn  111  what  inaimri  hr  iiiili;rs 
pi..pi'|-  In  I'lnptnv  iiiv  srrvirrs.  'ritr  iiinsi  ai[iri» 
dill'  III  all  will  always  lir  smli  as  may  riiablr  iiir 
In  srrvr  llir  rniniiinn  r.iiisr  aiMnti|{  ihnsr  whtisr 
liiriidslnp  I  had  till'  h.ippmrss  In  nblaiii,  anil  whnsr 
Iniiiim'  I  had  thr  linnnnr  In  tnllnw  111  Irss  riiiiilinu 
liiiirs.  Thai  ii'.isnii,  andnlhi'is,  whirl)  I  Iravr  In 
till' Irrlmits  III  ('n.iurrss,  i'ii)(aKr  iiir  !ii  bi'u  1111111 
ihi'iii  thr  lilirr; ;,  ol  unliiK  hiiiiir  (ni  ihn  iirvi  win 
ti  1. 

"  As  '..111);  as  ihi'ir  wrir  any  hnprs  nf  an  arlivr 
■  aiii' .lira,  I  did  mil  think  nl  IraviiiK  ihr  tirld  ; 
nnw  ilial  I  srr  a  vny  ..rarraldr  and  iiiiilislinbril 
iiiniiiriit,  I  laki'  tills  iippiiriiniity  nf  wailitii:  "i< 
rimK'  •'"■s." 

Ill  thr  ii'iiianiilri  nf  ihr  Irlirr  he  sniiriii'il  that. 
Ill  Ihrrvriit  nf  his  rripii'st  liriiii;  matitrd,  hr  lllii;lil 
lip  nin-'.lriril  as  a  snldirr  nil  liiilntiuh.  hr'iiilv 
wishini;  In  M'i;aiii  111-,  rnlniirs  and  his  psirriiird 
and  brlnU'd  Irllnw  snldlns.  \i|i|  hr  rlnsrs  Willi 
a  Ir.idrr  nf  ,iiiy  srn  nrs  nhirli  hr  tin, in  hr  riia 
bird  In  irndri  In  thr  \mpiirati  rar.sr  111  his  iiwii 
rniinliv. 

<  bi  thr  irrripl  n     tins   Irllri.    arrniiipaiiird    bv 

niip  linm  (triirial   W'aslnn^inii.  irrntiiiMPmlmi:  I" 

I  nlli;n<ss.  Ill  II nij     IllnsI    hnllnin.lbir    In    ihr    Mai 

ipiis.   1  rninpli.iiir.  'vith  Ins  iiipirst,  that  bndv  iiii 

tnrdiatrly  p.issrd  rrsidiitinns  }m.iiiIii  u  linn  an   1111 

iiiiiitrri  Ir.nr  nf  alisrnrr.  w  iih  pri  inissinn  In  rrliiin 

In  ihi'  I'liiird    ."si. Ill's  al  Ins   nwii    must  rnnvrnirtit 

liiiir:   thai  thr  pirsidrnl  nl  (  nimirss  shnnld  wiilr 

linn  a  Irtln  rriininnr  Inm  thr  thanks  nl   ( 'nni;irss 

Inr  thai   disiiitrirsird  /ral  nliirli   had    IpiI    him  In 

.\iiirrira.  and  Ini  thr  srrvn'ps  hr  had   rrndrrril  In 

jihr  I'nitrd  Stalls  bv  ilir  rxritiiin    t\(   liis  rniiraur 

.  and  alidilirs  nil    iiiiiiy  signal    iiirasintis  ;   and  ihal 

thr  iiniiistrr  plrinpntrnllaiy  nf  thr  rtiitpil   ."st.ilrs 

[altlir    rnint  III  X'risailli's  shniild    br   diii'ilril    In 

ii.iiisr  a.'.  rlr;;aiit  sHnid.  wiiliprnpri  drtirrs,  In  lip 

I  III  idr,  .111(1  pii  srntril  In  linn   111    thr    n.iinr    nf  thr 

j  I'liitrd  .'^l.ilrs       'I'hrsr   rrsnlniinii'i  wrrr   rniiimii- 

iiiratrd  In  hull  ill  a  Irttrr  rxprrssivr  nf  thr  spiisibi' 

I  lily  rniii;riiial  til  ihrm.  fiiiiii  Ihr   prrsiitrnl  nf  Cnn- 

!  trrss.  I  Irinv  L.iiirrns. 

!       llr  rmb.irki'd    in   .laniiaiy.  1T7!'.  in   llir    frisatr 

Allianrr.  at  llnsinn.  and.  1111  the    sin  ii'pdini;  I'.'tli 

d.i\  nf  frbni.ny.  pirsrnird  Iniiisrh    a'  Vrrsaillrs. 

Twrlir  ninnihs  hi  I  ,ilii'.id>  rlapsrd  sinrplhr  run 

j  ritisinii  nl' llir  lir.itirs  nf  rnliiiiirrrr  .mil  n(    rvriit- 

iial  alli.inrr  brtwrrii  Kiamr  and  thr  I 'niird  .Stairs 

I 'I'hry  hid.  ilinnii;  ihr  i;rrali'r   pail   nl    lliil    liinr. 

I  lippii   ilrrply  riiitauPii    m  a    war   with    a    i  niiimnn 

jr.iiisp  i^.iinsi  i;ir.it  llril.iin,  and   il    was   ihr  ransp 

III  wliirh  l.atayrllr  had  brrii  slirddim;  his   lilnnd  : 

jVPt.  insirid    nl    m  riMiit;  him   with  nprn  arms,  as 

I  Ihr  pridr  a::d  nriiaiiirni  nl  his  rniintry.  a  rnbl  and 

hidlnn   hr  iitrd  nidri  was  issiird  In  him  nnl  In  prr 

;.sriit  hiiiisrli  at  1  nil  It.  bill  In  rnnsidrr  hinisrlf  iiiidrr 

arrest,  wiib  prrni|..sinn  In  rrrriir  visits   niilv  finin 

his  irlatlnns.      This  nsiriisiblr    mark  nl    thr  rnyal 

ilispirasmr  was  In   last  pii;hi   days,  anil    LafavrllP 

m.iiiifpsU'il  Ills  spiisp   nf  it   nnly  by  a   jptlpr  In  iIip 

('niiiii  dr  \'pri;riiiirs.  itiipiirinu  whriliprllip  iiilpr- 

dirlinii  iipnn   hi  111   In  rrr.'ivr  visits  was  In  he  pnii- 

sidpieil  aspxiriidiiii  In  iliat  nf  Dnrlnr  Krinkliii. — 

Thr  srntimriit  nl  iniivrrsal  admiiatinn  whir'i   hail 

fdllnwi'il  him  It  his  liisi  drparliirp.  i;i<  <ll>' iiiriras 

Pit  by  his  splpiidiil  rarrrr  nf  srrvirr  diniiii;  tliPtwn 

yrais  nf  his  absriKP.  mdrnimlird.  him  fur   thp   iii- 

dii-.iily  nf  thr  rniirtly  riliiikr. 

Up  reniainpil  in  Kramr  ihrniiiih  lliP  vrar  177!', 
anil  rptiniird  In  llic  siriip  nf  arlinii  parly  in  llip 
riisiiini;  ypar.  I  Ip  pntiliinipil  in  thr  Frrtirh  srr- 
\irr.  and  was  appniiilpd  In  1  niiimand  thr  kiiiii's 
nwii  rrttimrrit  nf  il'-asimiis.  si  uiniird  diiiiiii;  ihr 
yrar  in  varimis  parts  .d'lhr  kin;:dnni.  and  Imldiiii; 
an  iiii-rss.nit  cnrrrsi-.'iidrni-r  with  ihr  iniiii^Irr  n( 
forPijin  HiVaii'it  ,'\nil  ol'wur,  iir^inj;  thr  piiiplnymrnt 


III  II  laiiil  and  naval  liirrp  in  llip  iiiil  nf  tllfi  AtTII'rl- 
ran  raii"r  "ihi'  M.iiipiis  i|p  l.alaypltp,"  ii»yil 
llnrlni  I'lankhn.  in  a  b  Itri  nl  llii'  llii  nf  jMatrh, 
I  (^11.  In  till'  pirsidrn!  nl  I  'nlinipss,  "  ivlln.  dm  m^ 
Ins  ipsidrni  I-  III  l''ialirr.  has  brrll  PXllPlllply  /.P.l- 
Inils  III  siippnilnip  iiiir  rallsr  nil  all  inrasiims,  rr- 
tiniis  aiiaiii  In  liulil  Inr  11  I  li'  is  mliiniplv  rstrriii- 
pil  and  bi'lnvpil  Iipip,  and  I  am  ppismidril  will  ilii 
rvrry  ihini;  in  his  pnwrr  In  iiiPrit  a  riiiilinnanrp  nf 
thr  saiiip  alfpplinn  frnm  AiiiPiira." 

Immpihalply  aftrrhisarrival  iiillip  llnilflil .Slnlrn, 
It  was,  niillip  I'llhnl  .M.iy.  I'<MII.  iPsnlvi'd  in  Ciiii- 
crpss,  th.il  tlipy  pnnsidri  his  rpliirii  In  AniPiirii 
In  irsumr  his  rnnimand  as  a  frrsh  prnnf  nf  ihr  lis- 
iilti'ipstpil  '/.pal  and  prispvpimi;  allailimrn;  wl  ii'li 
liavr  pmtiv  iprnnimrndrd  Inm  In  tlip  piiblip  pon. 
(iilrinp  anil  applansp,  and  that  lln"  rirnvpil  with 
plpasiiiP  "  Ipnili'r  ii(  llip  failhi'r  si  :i!i  "s  nl  sn  ijal- 
laiil  and  mrrilnriniis  an  11  lirrr. 

I''rnm  tins  liiiir  until  tin'  tPrmiiiatinn  nf  lliu 
rampaiiin  nf  \TH\,  bv  llip  siirrpiidi'r  nf  bud  ' 'nrn- 
wallis  and  his  aiiny  al  Viirklnwii,  Ins  srniri'  wu.s 
nf  iiirrssaiil  ai'livity,  always  simiali/i'd  bv  iiiili- 
tarv  lalrnls  nnsiirpassrd,  and  bv  a  spnii  nrvr  In 
be  slibdllrd.  A I  tin*  Imir  nl'llir  lir.isnnni  Al  llnlll, 
liafaypltr  wii ;  ai'i  nmpanyiiii'  Ills  rnniniaiii|pr-jn- 
fhipf  In  an  impni'laiil  rnnli'rcnrp  and  i-nnsnlialinii 
with  Ihr  l''rriirli  <  ii  ni'tal,  Itnrh.imbran  :  and  llipii, 
as  111  pvcrv  slam'  "f  thr  war.  it  Mrrinrd  as  if  ihn 
pnsilinii  wliiili  hr  nrriipicd.  Ins  prisniial  1  liarai 
trr,  his  individual  iplatinns  with  \\  asliim;lnii,  wilh 
tlip  nllipprs  nf  bnth  llip  alliid  aimips,  ,iiid  uilhllip 
aiiiiips  lliPMisplvps,  had  lippii  sprrially  niibird  In 
prnmntr  anil  srriiri'  that  haimnnv  and  miiliial 
Ciiiiil  ini'lrrsl.iiidniu  indisprns  ildr  in  thr  iiliimalp 
slii'i'i'ss  nl  thr  rnliniinll  railsr.  I  lis  pnsttinn,  Inn, 
as  a  liitrii;iirr  by  liiilli,  a  Kinnppan.  a  Milinilrpr 
III  the  AniPiiran  srnirr,  and  a  prrsnti  nl  hi^h 
rank  in  Ins  nativr  rnnntrv,  pninlrd  him  niit  as 
ppi'iiharly  sintpil  in  ilip  painful  duly  nl  iln  ldlll^ 
lipnll  I  111'  rhararlrr  nf  llir  rrillli'.  illd  11  p.  in  thr  fair 
nl  till'  llrilish  nlliri'r.  ihr  ai'pnii.plipp  and  \iplini 
nf  tlip  dplrsiril  trailnr.  .vriinld. 

In  llip  pally  pi:rt  nf  llip  pampaiun  nl  MHl 
wliPii  ('nriiwallis.  with  an  nvprwlirlinini;  fnrir, 
was  s)irradin<:  nitn  and  drvastatinn  nirr  lln' 
sniithrrn  pnitinn  nf  thr  iiiiinn.  wr  find  |,alayrtlp, 
with  iiipans  altnuPllipr  iiiadp(|iia|p,  rhaiKi'il  wiih 
thr  dpfrnrr  nf  tliP  Ipriilnrv  (il  \'iri:iiiia.  Alwavs 
pipial  In  the  rfiprui'iipirs  m  which  ptrriimsi.m- 
ips  plarril  hiiii,  his  pvprdii'iils  fur  Piirniinlrriii); 
and  sii.iiiiiiinliiiL'  Ihi'  nlistarlrs  which  tiny  past 
in  Ills  way  arp  invariably  slaiiipril  with  thr  prrii- 
liaiilirs.M  ins  charartrr.  The  Irnnps  plarcd  iiii- 
drr  I'.s  rnmnianil  tin  ihi'  ilrfrnrr  nf  \  ii);inia, 
wrri'  ihirlly  lakrii  Iniiii  thr  rasirrii  r>'uinirnls. 
inisr:,snnrd  In  llir  climatr  In  ihr  smith,  and  pirjii' 
di'-i'd  I'^amst  it  as  iitifavninablr  In  llip  hralih  nf 
thr  iialivrs  nf  tin'  iiinip  lii'nrmis  ii'|;iniis  nf  thr 
iinrth.  Dpsrrtinns  lirramr  frripirnl,  till  tlirv 
ihrratPtird  thr  vny  dissnlnlinii  nf  thr  pnrps.  |n- 
slr  III  nf  irsinlim;  In  niililary  p\rpiilinn  In  main 
his  nipii,  III'  appp  lis  III  iliP  syinpathii's  nf  hnnniit. 
llr  st.itrs.  in  unirral  iirdrrs.  thr  yrrat  danger  and 
dilViriilty  nf  tlii'  I'lili  'piisp  iipiiii  wIiipIi  hr  is  abmit 
In  riiibaik  ;  irprpsrnts  tlip  nnly  pnssilnliiy  by 
which  il  pan  prmiiisp  siipcpss,  ilip  faiihlnl  ad- 
hrrriipr  (\(  thr  snlihri's  In  their  chirf.  and  Ins 
rnnrulpiicp  that  llipy  will  nnl  aliindnn  hiiii.  lie 
then  adds,  ihal  if,  hnwrvpr,  any  individual  nf  tlip 
(letat  'itiiPiil  was  iniwillitiu  In  fiillnw  litiii.  a  pass- 
purl  In  rplinii  in  his  hniiip  shniild  be  Inrlhwilh 
CraiitPil  him  iipnii  hisapplipalinii.  It  istnacaiisp 
likp  thai  nf.Xiiii'ripaii  iiiilppcndpticp  that  rcsniircps 
like  this  aiP  rnnuptnal.  .M'ter  tlii'se  (ipiipial  inili  is. 
nnthilii;  lump  was  lipanl  nf  ilrsritinn.  Thr  vpry 
crippU'siif  tliP  army  prpferipil  paying  I'm  their  nwn 
Iransportatiun,  In  fnllnw  the  rnrps,  rall'rr  than  li> 
ask  fill  ihp  (limnissiiiii  which  had  Iippii  made  .si> 
easily     I'cessiblp  In  all. 

I'lil  hnw  shall  llip  dpliriptirips  nftlip  inililary 
clirsi  be  siipplii'd  ?  TIip  want  nf  niniipy  «  as  lipa- 
vily  pipssinit  iipnn  thr  spivici'  in  pvpiy  diiprlinii. 
W'hrre  air  flip  siiirw  i  nf  war  *  I  \n\\  air  the  iinntis 
tninarrh  wilhnilt  shncs,  linrn,  cli  iniiii;  nt  ali  ilr.<. 
pripliotis,  anil  utlier  tlPcesBaiirs  nl  life  '    hafayeilu 


'm&gaas 


^^*«^ 


T/NirKD    STAT  KM. 


417 


III'  niil  of  (hn  Anirri- 
!>■  I.liliivnin."  myii 
t  iIk'  hii  .il   Ma.rli, 

:irti,  "  ivlld.  (Illlili;^ 
lirill  I'XIll'IMI'lv  ZIM- 
IMI  iill  itM-iistnlls,    ||t. 

>  ts  inliitiiflv  c'ltccin- 
II  |>ri«iiiiili'il  mil  (III 

■ill  !l  rolllllllMlllt-  of 
iril." 

iiiilii'  I'liiliMlSliilps, 
■'^M,  ii'milvi'il  III  ( 'iiii- 
irltiiii  til  Aiiii'iini 
i'hIi  |iriMirii|  iIii'  Ii^. 

ii;  ;itl:ii  liiiii'Mc  wl.jrii 

II  III  llii'  |iiili|ii'  roii- 
I  ill"'  rri'i'ivnl  nlili 
r  II  ^iiii'i  III  MO  ({ill- 

li'iiMiii:iliiiii  iif  Ihii 
I'llllrl  Ml  Innl  ''orn- 
Hii,  liii  Hiniri'  wiM 
Hii;ii:ili/.i'il  hv  iiiilj. 
Iiv  ;i   i|iiiil  iii'ViT   III 

Ii'  iM'.IHIIIIIll    Allllllll, 

liH  riiiiiiihiiiili'i-iii- 
111'  mill  I'liiiiiili:!!!))!! 
Ii.imiIm  Mil  :  Mini  ilirii, 
II  sirim-il  ;is  il  llin 
Ills  iii'IsiimmI  rliMiiir- 
til  \\';islimi;ioii,  tvidi 
illllirH,  .iliil  Hllli  till! 
"I"!  Hilly  nlllcl.'il  III 
lllllllll)  MK'I  llllllllill 
lllll'     til    till-    llltllllMll' 

I  lis  |iiisiliiiii.  Inn, 
iii|ir;iii.  ;i  uiliiiiti'iT 
il  ;i  |iiisiin  III  |||^|, 
|iiiiiili'il   liiiii  nut    m 

III  (lllt^  III  ili'i  iiltiii; 
II'.  mil  iijMii  ihr  l;iti' 
oilijiliri'    Mini    virljiii 

rMiii|iiiii;ii  III  I7SI 
Ivi'nilii'iinjii^.    I'liiiT, 

I'VMSlMliiili  |M|.|  III,. 
.  «l'  liliil  |,,||  ivi'llp, 
|tlMtl',  rliMi^i'il  uiiji 
I    \  iimiiiM.      AlHii)'« 

wliirli  rliriiiiislMli- 
Is  for  i'iiriiMiiii'rlii)< 
Irs  wlilcli  iliiv  I'Msl 
l|iril  Willi  ilir  |ii'ri|. 
I'  triMi|ls  jilMri'd  nil- 
I'friiri'    111    \li^iiii,i. 

I'Mstl'lli    li'i;iiiirMls. 
Ill'  Slllllll,  Mini  |>li'jll 
ill'  111  till'   IllMJlll    111 
Hills     ll'^illlls    111'    ||||> 
(ll'l|llllll.       till      lIll'V 

I  of  till'  i'iir|is.  In 
rxrciitiiiii  111  ii'iMJn 
ii|i;iiliii's  iif  liiiniiiir. 

Ill'  tll'MI  iImiiui'I  Mini 
111  wliirli  III'  is  Mliiiiit 
iiiily    |iiissilii|iiv    hy 

s»,    till'    flitlllll'l     Mil 

lii'ir  cliii'l.  Mini  liN 
mIumiIiiii  Iiiiii.  ||f 
ly  iiiiliviiliiMl  iif  till- 

llllllW     hilll.     M     |IMSS- 

liiiiilii  III'  fiirllitvitli 
in.  It  is  liiM  I'Miisi; 
•Mici'  lliMt  ri'sciiirri's 
lli'si'  (ji'ihtmI  (irili  is. 
si'itioii.  Till'  n-ry 
(Myiiif;  fill  tln'iroivii 
ijis,  rall'ir  tliMii  tii 

llMll     lll'I'll     IIIMlll'    nu 

•ii'H  of  till'  iiiilitMry 

of  Illnlll'V  M  IS  hi'ii- 
III  I'U'iy  ilirri'tiMii. 
I  In"  ■.'{■<•  till'  1111111)1 
I'll  'i  111  Ml:  tWi- 

1  of  lili'    '     I/Mliljl-IKI 


liMK  fniiiiiltlii'iM  nil.  {''roiiitlii'  (iMtriiitlr  iin  riliMiil* 
III  ll.lltlllluli'  III'  iihtMllls,  on  llir  jlli'if'i'  iil  Ills  nun 
|ii'|siiiimI  rii'illl,  M  lii'lll  ol  llioiiry  .iiti"|ll.lti'  tii  llil> 
(11111  liMKi'  111  till'  iiiMli'ri.ils  ;  Mini  liiiiii  till'  l.iir  IimihIs 
ol  llir  iImiIkIiIi'Is  of  till'  lliiillllliii'llhil  I  Hy.  run 
llii'ii  w'lilliy  to  'ii'  sii  i'mIIi'iI.  Ill'  iilit.iiiiH  ltii-  Inil  ol 
iiiMkiiiK  up  IIh' iii'i'ili'il  K  iriiii'iils. 

Till'  ili'iMili  ol  till'  i'MiM|iMiuii,  Iroiii  it«i  iiiipriiiiili 
iiil(  oiitsi't,  wliiiii  i  !iiMiwiilliH,  till'  IUiIhIi  roniiiMii 
ilfr,  rxiilli'il  ill  niilii'i|i»liiiii  tint  tin*  liny  roiilil 
mil  I'sriijir  liiiii  till  till'  sliiniiinj;  nl  llir  twin  ri' 
iloiilils,  III  I'liiiihiliiiii  of  K>ll'<'i">  I'y  'III'  vmIimiiI 
l''iriirliiiii*ii  of   Viiiiiii'miil,  miiiI  iIii'   Aiiii'ririiii  li-l 

low  HolllllTH    of    liMlMyi'tIr,  Iril     llllll    til    vii'tory   Ml 

Viirktowii,  iiiiiHl  III'  li'ft  to  till'  riTorilinij  jn'ii  of 
iiiittorv.  Iliilli  ii'iliiiilils  wi'ri'  r  iriii'il  m)  tin'  |iiiiiii 
of  till'  Hwiiril.  anil  CoriiWMllis  with  mvitIi'iI  Imi-p 
Nlllirilili'ii'il  Ills  swiiril  to  WmsIiiiiitIiiii. 

Tills    WMH    till'    hist   viImI    »lriim;lo   of   ilip   war, 
wliirli.   liowi'Vi'r,   liiiui'"''!    lliioniili   Miioilnr   yi'ar 
ratliiT  of  iii'Koliatioii  iIimii  of  ai  iinii.     Iiiiiiinliaii'ly 
ufliT  till'  ca|  lllll.itioli  Mt  ^'oiklowii.  liMliyrl'r  Mik 
nl  anil  olitaiiii'il  anaiii  a  Iravr  nl    alisi'ini'   in   visit 
Ills  iMinily  anil  Ins  riiiinliy,  ami  »illi  tins  ilnsi'il  Ins 
military  srrviii'    in    llir    lii'lil    ilnrint:    tin*  ri-vnlii 
liiinary  war.      Unlit  was  not  fnr  tlii'   inilivnlnal  rn 
jnviiii'iit  of  liiHH'iiowii  tli.il  III' ii'liiiin-il  til  l-'i.inri'. 
Till'    ii'Holiiiintis   of  ( 'nniiri'ss  arcninianvniL'  iliat 
wliirli  IJMVI'  hllll    a  illsrii'tnniaiy  li.ivi-    nl  .iliscnrr, 
winli'  liiiniirary    in    llii'   IiikIii<i    ili'.'ii'r    in    linn. 
wi'M'   I'ljiially  inarki'il    liy  a    t;iMiii    hi   vniiial   rii- 
tlinilials  fnr   ni'|iiiiialtoii,  anil  U\  iln-   imst  ol  i  nnh 
ilrntial  |iiiW'i'rs,  lot^i'tlirr  with  a  Iril'-r  nl  tin-  w.iriii 
I'si  rnninii'iiilatioii   of  llii' iiail.inl  soiilni  In  llir  la 
vniir  nl    Ins    Uin;;.      Tin'  I'lisiini!;   yi'.ir   was   ion 
Hniinil  III  |iri'|i.iralioiis  lor  a  loiinnlalili'   roinliini'l 
Kri'iirli  anil    Sjianisli   i'\|ii'ililiiin  ai;aiiisi  llir    I'm 
lisli    iKlanils  ill  llii'  U  rsl    Inilns,  ami   |i  iiiiiiil.iily 
till'  Isl.inil  nfJain.iiri  ;  llii'ini' to  m' "il  ii|inn  Ni« 
Vnrk,  anil  to   |iiirsiir  llir  olli  ihih-  «.ir  iii'ii  <'.iii.i 
ila.     Till'   fli'i'l    iti'stini'il  lor  lliis  :'iL:.iiittr.   nmli-r 
lakiiiK  was    alri'Mily  assrnilil"il    it   (  miIi/,  ;  anil  Li- 
layi'tli',  a|i|ioinlril  tin'  iliii'l  nl  llir  staff,  «,is  tliiir 
rraily  to    rniliark    iijinii    lliii    |irriloiis   ailvrnliiri', 
wlirn,    on    tin-  'UMli   of  iNini'iniin .  IV^'.',  llir  prr- 
liniinary  trr.itirs  of  pracr  wi  ri'  rnmlinlril  luliirrn 
Ins  Itritaiinii     lllii|r<ty  nil  nlir    p,nl.  ami   llir  ,i||iril 
pnwt'rs  of    ^'ranrl',  .'<paiii,  ami    llir  Initril    Static 
of  Aiiii'rifa,  on  till'  nllirr.       llir   fiist   iiilrllmrni  r 
of  lliiH  I'vi'iit  ri'i'i'ivril  liy  tlir    Ainriiraii  ( 'nn(;rrss 
»aii  in  iIdi  rninniunii  aiion  if  a   Inirr   Irmii    La 
fayrlli'. 

'I'lie  war  of  Ainrriian  Inili'|irm|i*ni  i»  is  rinsril. 
Tim  propli'  of  till"  .Norlli  AiiMirin  i  onlrclriuinn 
ari'  in  iiniiin,  Kovrri'i^n  ami  itnlrpi  nitrnt.  L  itav 
I'ltr,  Ml  Iwrnly-fivr  yrMrs  nf  a(;r,  li.is  linil  llir  lilr 
of  a  palriaroli,  anil  illiisiralnl  llir  rairrr  nf  a  linn. 
Mail  liisilays  ii|inii  rarlli  lirrii  llirn  nniiiliriril,  ami 
liail  liP  tlii'ii  slrpt  Willi  Ins  l.illirrs.  i|lii..iriiinH  as 
for  ('('iitiirii's  tln'ir  liMiin's  Innl  Inrn.  Ins  iiaiiir.  to 
till!  rnil  111  tinir,  wi  :ilil  li  nr  transri'iiilril  tlnni 
all.  Kiirlnnali' vonili '  Inrlniiati- In-ymnl  nrn  llir 
iiirasiiri'  of  Ins  i'nin|iaiiioiis  in  arms  with  ulaiin  lir 
liail  acliievrd  tlir  ^Inrinns  rniisnniiii.ilinn  nf  Aiiir 
rirati  inile|ietiilriirr.  Ills  taiiir  was  lil  ins  own  ; 
lllll  iliraply  rarnril  ;  not  inmiMy  wnii.  Ills  Irl 
low-Holilirrs  liail  lirrn  tlir  I'liiinipinns  mil  ilrlrinlrrs 
of  tlii'iriiiiintry.  Tliry  irajH  I  l.ir  llirnisrUrs,  Inr 
llirir  wivrs,  llirir  cliililirn.  tln'ir  jMislrrin  'o  llo' 
lalrsl  liiiif,  tin'  rrwarils  nf  llirii  il  iir.;rrs  .mil  tlii-ir 
toils.  Lal.iyrlli'  liail  nali  linl.  ami  l.iliniirril,  mihI 
IiiiikIiI,  anil  iilril.  not  for  liiinsrll.  mil  Im  hi-l  iiiiily. 
not,  in  tliii  first  iiisiain  r.rvrn  fiir  liisinnniiy.  In 
(lir  Iri^rnilary  taii-H  nf  chivalry  wr  rrail  nl  Iniirna- 
ini'iils  at  wliicli  H  forri^n  .mil  iinknnwn  kiiii(lil. 
miililenly  prHsriils  liiinsrif  ariiinl  in  loniplHtr 
sII'pI,  anil  with  tli«  vi/.nr  ilowii,  rntcrs  tlir  tiiit 
111  fiinliMi'l  with  llie  assrinlili'il  llowrr  nf  knitilit- 
hoiiil  for  tlir  pri'/.c  ofhonoiir.  tn  lir  awarilril  hy  thr 
haiiil  uf  brauty  :  br.irs  il  in  iri'inipli  aiv.iy,  iml 
ihaapiU'iirH  fruiii  the  aslonishnl  niiiltilinlr  nl  roiii 
pi'iitors  anil  spiTtaiiirs  of  llii-  IratM  of  arms,  lint 
where  in  the  rolls  of  history,  whrtr,  m  tlir  fii'linns 
of  romanri',  where,  Iml  in  the  lilr  nf  I.afivrtte, 
hai  hrcn  srrn  iho  niilile  !ilraii;;rr,  (lyin^  with  tin' 
tribute  of  Ilia  name,  hin  rank,  Uni  aniui'ii':c,  his 
28 


ease,  hin  iloiiirsiii'  hliss,  f  is  trrasnrr,  his  hlooil,  i'l  i 
till'  rrlirf  of  a  snflirmt'  iml  ilisiaiit  lami,  in  llir 
liniir  ol  lirr  ilri'prst  raliiniiy  ;  liaimi^  Ills  h'isniii 
In  liri  liirs  ;  ami  mil  at  llir  liaiisirnl  pa^r  iniiy  ol 
n  I'piiin  i,r<i'iii,  liiii  Inr  a  surrrssion  nf  livr  yrim 
hIimiiiil;  all  tin*  vn  is^iiinlrs  III  lirr  f''i iiinrs  ;  .ilways 
e.itrri  In  apjir.ir  .it  llir  pn ii  of  (l.iii^rr  ;  Irinprrinr 
till'  ({low  nf  yniiilifnl  ariloorwilh  tlir  riilil  raiilinii 
nf  a  M'lrran  rnniinamlrr ;  hnlil  anil  ilaimi;  in  ar 
lion;  pioinpl  in  mn  iiiimi ;  rapnl  in  pursuit  i  frr- 
tile  III  I'Kprilirnls;  iiiiMtiMiiiahlr  ill  rrlrral  ;  olirn 
expiisi-il,  lllll  nrvrr  snrprisril,  iirvrr  ilisronrrrtril  ; 
elinhni!  hii  I'm'niy  wlnn  williiii  Ins  fanrinl  i;iasp  : 
tir-irni;^  upon  liiiii  wiili  irirsislihlr  sw.iy  wln-ii  of 
(ori  r  111  inpr  Willi  linn  III  thr  ioi,(lirt  of  arms  > 
Ami  wh.il  IS  tins  Init  thr  ihary  ol  Lafiyrtle,  froiii 
the  ilay  (i|  his  r.illvmii  llir  sratlrrril  lii.;ilivrs  of 
the  llramlywinr,  insrn^ililr  of  thr  lilnnil  finwint; 
fmin  his  wniiml,  tn  the  stiirinint;  nf  the  ri'ilonht  ai 
\  niklown  > 

I  !•  iiri'lorili.  as  a  piihlir  man,  f  jafayrllr  is  tn  hr 
rniisiili'inl  as  a  T  leni  liiiiaii,  alw-iys  artive  ami 
.iiilint  tn  srrvr  the  l.'nilril  .Sialis,  hut  no  loiiL'rr 
III  tlirir  servirr  as  an  nffirrr.  So  transrrmlrni 
li.iil  hrrn  Ins  inrrils  m  the  iniumoii  i  aiHr,  th.it. 
In  rew.iril  lliriii,  llir  iiilr  of  prnuirssivr  ailvauir. 
inrnl  ni  ihr  arniirs  nf  f'ranrr  was  set  asiile  for 
hllll.  Mr  riii'ivril  frniii  thr  miiii'O'r  nf  w.ir,  a 
miiiliraliim  lli.il  Iroiii  thr  ihiy  of  Ins  iriimiirnt 
fi.iin  till   si'rm  r  nf  thr  rnilnl   Slair  i   a^  a  M.i|ni 

'irliri.il.   Mt   thr    I  losl-  of   tlir   war.    hr    sllonhl    hnlil 

tlir  saiiir  rank  in  thr  arniirs  nf  frani  r.  In  il  iir 
finni  ihr  il.iy  of  thr  r  ipiliilalliin  nf  dnril  f  nrliwallls. 

Ilrmrloitli  hr  is  a  F'rrinhinm.  ilrstinrit  to  per 
form  in  thr  history  of  his  rnnntrv  a  part,  as  pi'i-ii- 
liirly  his  own,  ami  mil  h  ss  iilnrinus  than  that 
"Imli  111  lllll  piilnrmril  in  llir  w  ir  nf  imlrprml- 
"llir.  A  shnll  prriml  ol  prnlnilirl  pr.iii'  Inllnwi  i| 
thr  :;iral  trinin.ill  ol  limfini.  Tlir  ih-sirr  nl  I,  i 
I  lyi  Mr  lime  innrr  to  sn-  thr  liirl  nl  liM  ailnplln'i 
■iml  lilt  assn'i.ilri  nl  his  i;lniy,  tin'  Irllow-snhlirrs 
who  liMil  lienimr  to  iiitn  as  firolhers.  ami  thr  (rienil 
ami  palrnii  ol  Ins  yoiilh,  who  li.iil  hrronie  to  liiiii 
-IS  a  fallirr;  Hyinpathi/.inu  with  thrir  ilrsirr  oiii  e 
iiiorr  to  srr  him  ;  to  see.  in  tlirir  prosprriiv  hiiii 
who  hill  lirsi  rninr  tn  tlirin  in  tlinr  afllntinn,  in- 
lllll  111  hllll.  Ill  ihr  jrar  IV^I,  to  pay  a  visit  to  the 
I    lilliil    Stairs. 

On  the  llh  of  Aiiijust.  nf  that  year,  he  lamlnl 
.Il  .Nl  w  \oik,  ami.  in  thr  spare  of  live  innnilis 
Irnni  th.il  tiiiir,  visjieil  Ins  vrnerahle  frirnil  Ml 
.Mniinl  Vernon,  where  he  was  thru  livniK  in  re- 
iirrinrnt,  ami  traverseil  ten  stairs  of  the  union,  re- 
iiivnii;  rury  Hlierr,  rrniii  tlinr  lil;;isl  itive  asseiii. 
Iiiiri,  Iriim  thr  niiioii  ipil  Inelirs  of  the  i  iiies  ami 
loMiis  ihiiiiii:h  Willi  h  ill'  p.issril,  from  ihr  n'fi.  ers 
of  the  .oniy  his  l.itr  as^niialrs,  nnw  rr^iornl  In 
thr  vtrfiirs  .iml  on  iip.iii.ins  nl  piivatr  life,  ami 
r\rii  liniii  thr  rrrriit  rmt^rants  Irnin  frelami  who 
h.nl  roiiir  to  ailnpi  lor  their  eonnlry  the  sril  emiii- 
ripati'fl  lanil.  a<l'lirssrs  of  ^irainlitiiin  ami  of  joy. 
thr  rllii, inns  111  hr.irts  graO'lnl  in  llie  enjoy  nieol 
of  tlir  l<lrssni;;s  Inr  tin-  possessinn  nf  whnli  they 
hail  lieriiso  l,ir:;r|y  m.lrliiril  to  his  enerlions ;  ami. 
liii.illy.  Imiii  thr  iriiiiril  Stales  of  .\inoi-ic.i  in  f.'oti- 
^rrns  assrinhlnl   ii  Trrnion. 

I  )ii  Ihr  !l|h  of  Drrrmlirr  il  was  resoUnl  hy  lint 
holly  that  a  roni  -^riire.  In  niiisist  of  one  menihrr 
iKiiiiearli  st.ite,  shniilil  ti.' a|ipoiiileil  tn  rereive,  anil 
III  llir  name  of  ( 'iin'.;ri'ss  take  Ir  ivr  of  the  .Nlanpiis. 
rii.it  they  shunhl  he  iiisiriii  o  li  I'l  assure  linii 
ill. It  I  'nii[;ir^s  I  nnimiii'il  tn  r-iirrtrtiii  ihr  s.iinr  lii::li 

srnse  nl    his  .ihihlios  .iml   /.•■  >\  In   prolllntr  tin    wr|- 

f.iir  oi  Aiiienr.i.  Imtii  heir  ami  in  Miirnpr,  whieh 
tliry  hail  iVi'ijiieiiily  i-xprrssril  ami  inainlr.inl  mi 
fnrnier  m-i-.isions.  ami  whirh  the  reirni  marks  of 
his  Mttrnlion  In  their  eoinuierrial  ami  other  iiitrr- 
rsls  liM>l  perlrrtly  conlirniril.  ••  Til  it,  as  his  uni- 
form ami  mil  eiHiin;  atlai'hiiirni  i-i  ihisronmry  his 
rrsrlllhlril  til  It  •    pHrinlir  riluen,   the    I'liileil 

Si, lies  re:;.iril  linn  w  ith  p  irlinil  ir  ilf.-<  tioii.aml  will 
not  erase  tn  feel  an  itilrrrsi  in  whnrter  iii.iy  eon- 
errii  his  hnnoiii  ami  prosprrily,  ami  ihxl  their  b<>^( 
ami  kimlesi  wishes  will  alwavs  alteinl  iiifti." 

Aii'l  II  v^' IS  lariher  rr....Ui',l.  th.it  a  letter  lie 
uriueu  to  liU  must  ChruM.ati  .Majesty,  to  be  wjjucii 


hy  Ins  I'xi  I'llem  V  the  preaileni  of  ('oin.'rrss,  en- 
pressive  ol  the  hillh  srnse  wliii  li  Ihr  I  'iiiird  .S|:  te^ 
Hit  'nni:irss  assrinlili  il  rntert.ininl  the  y.ral.  lalrnt^, 
ami  inriil.inniiH  srrvii  rs  nl  thr  .\|.iri)iils  ilr  ha- 
f.iyrlir,  ami  rri'oimnrmlmif  hiiii  in  thr  l.ivonr  anil 
p.itinli.ii^r  nl    his  inip-siv. 

Thr  first  nl  ifi".ir  rr  .nlntinns  was.  on  ihr  riexl 
ilay  I  arriril  mill  rier  iition.  At  a  solemn  niter- 
view  with  the  rninmittre  nf  ('oiiKres^,  reieivril  in 
tlinr  hall,  ami  aiMirssnl  hy  thr  i  ii.urmaii  nl  llieir 
rnmniiller,  .Inhii  .lay.  the  piii|inrt  nf  ilirse  rrsolii. 
lions  wrre  roinmnnii  atiil  to  hini.  Mr  rrplinl  m 
Irriiis  of  frrvrni  sriHiliiliiy  Inr  thr  kiii'liirss  inani- 
frslril  prrsnnally  ;o  liini'r!!;  ami,  uiih  alliisinii* 
to  llie  siliialinn,  Ihr  prosprrls,  ami  thr  iliitirs  of 
Ihr  prnple  nl  this  roiintry,  hr  poililrcl  not  thr  (trrat 
inirrrsts  whnli  he  In  lieveil  It  mihspnisililr  lo  their 
well, ire  that  lliry  nhnnl'l  r nliijalr  ami  i  lirrish.  In 
thr  lollnwiii);  mniiorahle  sentf  m  es  the  nliiiiialn 
nh)r(is  of  Ills  siilii'ituilr  are  ihsr.loseil  in  a  tone 
ileeply  soleiiili  ami  thipri'ssive: 

"  Alay  this  iinmrn.(e  lemplr  nf  freeilotii,"  iiaiil 
he.  "  ever  stami,  a  lesson  to  oppressors,  an  eK- 
Miiiplr  to  the  npprrss'il,  a  san'tiiary  for  llie  ri[,'ht^ 
nf  iii'inkirnl  '  ami  may  these  hippy  l',iii»-il  .SiMle^ 
.itta  111  that  roniplelesplemloiir  aii't  prosperity  wipe  II 
will  illnsirair  the  hiessniL's  nf  ihrir  t'o^ernnirnt, 
ami  lor  a[irs  to  eoine  rejoiee  the  ilepaiteil  miiiN  of 
Its  fo'imlers." 

f'r|low-i  ili/rns  !  A  !/es  have  pas^eil  away  iiinen 
llir^r  wor'ls  wi-rr  spoken  ;  liiit  a^frs  arr  lie-  ^^•■tT^ 
I  I  the  rxislriire  nl  natlnlis.  'i  li>  fnlimir r<  nl  till* 
I  iimense  temple  nf  Ireeilnm  liavr  all  ileparleil, 
save  here  .mil  there  a  siilitary  eteepimn,  evri 
wliilr  I  speak,  at  the  point  of  likmii  winj!.  Tlie 
prayer  of  l.alayette  is  not  yei  <  onsiiinniateil.— . 
Al'i's  upon  aL.'is  are  siilt  to  pass  awa*  tietore  it 
I  an  h  ive  lis  full  Ml  I  oiii|ilisliinrnt  ;  ami,  for  its  full 
ai  I  oniplishinriit,  Ins  spirit,  hoveriii',;  over  our 
he.i'ls.  III  more  th.ili  n  hoes  t.ilks  .iroiiiiil  ihesi; 
walls.  It  ri'inais  the  prMyer,  wlmh  from  his  lipt 
fifty  years  aijo  was  at  iini-e  a  p  irtint;  lile^sins;  anil 
a  prophery ;  for.  were  it  piissilile  h»r  the  whole 
hnrnaii  rare,  now  hreaihinii  the  hreatli  of  life,  to 
hr  assnrihleil  within  this  hall,  your  nratnr  wniiiil, 
m  yniir  n.iiiie.  anil  in  that  rif  yni.r  i  ntistitiienis,  ,,p. 
peal  to  tloin  lo  testily  for  your  fathers  of  th"  last 
t'eiirr.irion.  tint,  so  far  as  his  dr|wn'lef|  ii|Kir) 
tlieiii.  the  hlessiii.'of  f,alayette  l;as  heeri  pro|<hery 
Ves  !  this  iioniense  tempjeol  frreilom  «iill  stanilt, 
a  lesson  lo  oppressors,  an  exaitifile  ttt  the  oppress- 
ed, and  a  sam  iiiary  fir  the  riKliU  of  niaokinil.— 
^'es  '  Willi  the  "miles  of  a  benign  nl  pro»idrnre, 
the  splendour  and  p,-nsperiiy  ol  these  happy  I  niteil 
I  .'states  have  illosir  iie.l  the  Mrssini;*  f.f  their  L'0»- 
erimient.  and.  we  may  hnniMv  lio|ie.  haye  rejnn  eil 
ihr  departed  souls  of  its  tnnnders.  I-  oi  the  past 
your  l.itliers  and  yon  have  he^ii  res[M,iisilde.  'I'hft 
eharL'e  of  the  future  devolves  upon  you  and  ipon 
your  ehililre.i.  The  vestal  fire  of  freedom  in  in 
your  .riisiody,  .May  the  noiils  of  its  depirleil 
loiinders  never  he  i  ailed  to  witnes*i  ii.s  extinption 
hy  neiilert,  nor  a  soil  upon  the  |inrily  of  its  keep- 
ers ! 

With  this  valeilietory.  I.afiyette  took,  as  he 
and  those  who  heard  hiin  then  heheved,  a  final 
leave  of  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Me  re- 
turned to  Franre,  and  arrived  at  i'  ins  on  the  'i-'nh 
of  Jiniiary,  l",''' 

lie  rontiniie.l  i.  ^  deep  iniereM  in  the  coi>- 

reriis  of  the   rniieil        ues,  and  exerted  his  inllu- 

eiiri'  wrh    the  Krrneh   goverament   to    obtain   ret- 

diii  tiniis  til  duties  I  itniirahle  to  their  fomniercc 

mil  lisherirs.      In  the  summer  of  IVSJ,  he  «i»ile<! 

several  ol   the  (iernian  rourts,  anj  aiteniled  the 

hist  great    review    by  Krederic    the  Si-'ond  of  hn 

veteran  anny  :   a  review   unusually  spleo'lid,  an  1 

specially   remarkable  by  the  attemlaner  of  in.vny 

of  ihi>  most  .listnuuishe'l  military  commanders  ■->' 

■  Kiirnpe.      In  the  same  year  the  lejisUtiire  of  Vu- 

I  llllll  manitesie  I  the  rootinie  I  recollectrin  nf  hi.) 

I  services  reiiileied  to  'he  people  of  that  cotnni'in- 

I  ireallh.  by  a  riitn|iliinentary  token  of  entitiide  not 

I  less   honourable  ilia'i    it  »a«   unmuil.      They  r 

i  solved  ill  It  two  busts  M  I.ilavette.  to  be  e»eciif«  i 

I  by  the    ceb'bialeJ  >cul|>tor,  iiuuJuD,   iiioubJ    ^^ 


418_ 

procured  at  llwir  ex|irii)o;  llial  oiio  cil'  llicm 
flliuuld  l)U  jilaci'il  ill  lln'il'  nnii  li'i;l>il;iiivi'  li:ill,  anil 
ibc  utlliM'  [iri'Mi'iili'tl.  in  tlifii'  ii.tinr,  tii  llir  iiiiiiiiri- 
|):il  aiitliiirilii's  iil  llu'  illy  nl  I'aiis.  Ii  \ia<  arcur 
din;;!}'  presi'iilt'it  liy  Mi-  •Ictl'tTMin,  [lini  iniiiiHirr 
|ili'iii|iiili'iitiaiv  III  till-  I'liilcd  Slali's  in  I'laiin', 
unil,  liy  iIk'  |iiriiiix»iiiiiiir  L/iniiKilu'  Sixtt'ciilli,  was 
»cci'|ilod,  anil,  ivilli  a|i|)r(i|iiial<'  ^iili'iiiniiy  plai'i'd 
in  one  of  tlic  liallM  ut  the  lloli'l  du  Villo  u(  the 
iiK'triipolis  1)1  Kraiici". 

Wr  have  (;i)iie  lliruugli  one  strige  of  the  lilo  of 
Liilaydle;  nv  ar?  now  to  .iru  liiiii  acting  iipiiii 
aiiotlifr  lliraliT;  in  aiaiisr  still  I'ssiMitially  llii' 
itaiiie,  liiit  in  the  applicallun  ulil:!  prinripli'slo  liis 
own  country. 

The  iiiiini'iliali'ly  originalini;  (|UOKtion  wliii'h 
orcasiiini'd  tin-  Kiuiich  icnilntioii,  was  the  saiiir 
with  lliat  tViiiii  whirh  the  Anieriean  ri'vnlnlion  had 
npililif;:  laxalioii  ol  the  people  without  their  eon- 
sent.  l'"or  nearly  two  ceiiliiricst  the  l>ini;s  ol 
Franee  had  heeii  aeeiislonied  to  levy  taxes  iipiiii 
the  people  liy  royal  ordinaiiees.  |{nt  it  was  iie- 
eessary  that  these  oidinaiiies  should  he  registered 
ill  the  parliaineiils  or  judii.ial  triL  inals  ;  and  these 
parliaments  elaiined  the  r  ';lit  ol'  reiiioiistratini; 
ajiaiiist  iheni,  and  soiiiet'iiies  rel'used  the  rei;istiy 
ol"  them  itself.  'The  I'leiiilieis  of  the  parhainents 
held  their  olliees  by  piireliase,  lint  were  appiiiiiled 
by  the  hiii'j,  and  >vere  siilijeet  In  hiniahmeiil  or 
iiuprisoniiieiil,  at  his  pleasure.  I.oiiis  the  Kif- 
leenlh,  hiuanh^  the  eiose  ,:''  lii<  reinii,  had  alio- 
lished  the  pailiameets,  but  they  had  been  n  stored 
at  the  aeeession  of  his  snecessor. 

The  (inanei's  of  the  kingdom  were  ill  ex'reini' 
disordrr.  'l^lie  minister,  or  I'oniplroller  ueneral 
de  Calonne,  after  attempting  various  pnijeils  for 
obtaining  the  supplies,  the  amoiinl  and  need  of 
uliieli  he  was  with  lavish  liaiiil  daily  inereasiiig. 
hetliunght  hiiii'^elf,  al  last,  nl  ealling  liir  the  eiiiin- 
sel  of  others.  I  le  prevailed  upon  the  king  to  con- 
voke, not  the  stales  general,  tint  an  .issemblv  nl' 
notables.  There  was  sonielhing  riilieiiloiis  inihi 
very  name  by  \>liieli  this  iiieeling  was  ealleil  :  lint 
it  eoiisisied  of  a  si'leetion  iVoni  all  the  grandees 
and  dlginlaries  of  the  kingdom.  The  two  bro- 
thels of  the  king  :  all  the  princes  of  the  blood; 
arehliishops  and  bislmps,  dnki's  'iid  peers;  the 
rhancellor  and  presiding  members  of  the  parlia- 
lueiits :  distinguished  iiiiMiibeis  of  the  noblesse, 
and  the  niayois  and  eliiet'  magistrates  of  a  few  ot' 
the  principal  cities  of  the  kingtiom,  eoiislitiited 
this  assembly.  It  was  a  represent, ilion  of  every 
interest  but  that  of  the  people.  They  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  king  ;  weie  memliers  of  the  highest 
aristiM'i.icv,  and  were  assembled  with  the  design 
that  llieii  d(  hlieralions  shoiilil  be  <  oiilinetl  exclii- 
Hive'y  to  the  snbjecis  submilled  lo  their  consider- 
ation by  the  mmisier.  These  were  eerlain  plans 
devised  by  him  for  replenishing  the  insolvent  liea- 
aurv,  by  assessnienls  upon  the  privileged  classes, 
the  very  princes,  nobles,  ecclesiastics,  and  magis- 
trates exclusively  represented  in  the  assembly  it- 
self, 

t)f  this  nieeiing,  the  >rar(piis  ile  T,afayette  was 
a  iiiember.  It  was  held  in  Kebriiary.  li^i,  ami 
terininaled  in  the  overihiow  and  banislmient  of 
the  minister  by  whom  it  had  been  convened.  In 
the  fiscal  eoiieeriis  which  absorbed  the  care  and 
attention  of  ollieis,  l.afayetle  look  comparatively 
little  interest.  Ills  news  were  more  compiehen- 
sivr. 

Th«  assembly  eonsisted  of  one  hiuidred  and 
thirty-seven  persons,  and  dindcd  iisidl  into  seviMal 
Heclioiis  or  liiiieaiix,  e.icli  presided  by  a  p'liice  of 
the  blood.  I.afayelle  was  allolleil  lo  the  division 
under  the  presidi-iicy  ol  the  ( 'omit  d'Ailois,  the 
Voiinger  brother  of  the  king,  and  since  i  nowii  as 
Charles  the  Tenth,  The  propositions  inaile  by 
Ijafayelle  were 

I.  The  siippi  ssiioi  of  lettres  de  cachet,  and  the 
aboli'ion  ol   all  ailiitr:iry  imprisonment. 

2  The  establishment  of  religion. i  toleration, 
and  the  resloialimi  id  ihe  protesiants  to  theireivil 
rights. 

\l  The  eonvoeritioii  of  a  national  a  jsenibly,  re- 
pnsriiting  the  people  uf  France  ;  {ivraouul  liberty 


IIISTdltV    OK    THK 


ri'ligions  hheiiy:  ami  a  lepreseiilaiive  assembly 
of  llie  people.     These  were  Ins  ilema'ids. 

Tlic  lirsl  and  ^ecmd  ol  ilieiii  prialiice<l,  per- 
haps, at  the  liine.  no  (b-i  p  ii!i|iressi  oi  upon  the 
assembly,  imr  iipniiilie  public.  A i binary  imprison- 
iiicnl,  and  the  ii'I'gi.ins  |ierseciiii  in  of  the  pio- 
lesiants  iiad  iiecome  iin.^eisa!!,  odious.  They 
were  worn-out  instruments,  even  in  the  hands  ol' 
those  w!io  wielded  them.  There  was  iiniie  lo  de- 
feiiu  tlieni. 

Hut  the  demand  for  a  national  assembly  startled 
the  prince  at  the  head  of  the  liiireau.  What !  said 
the  Count  il'.Vrlois,  do  you  ask  tin-  states  gene- 
ral .'  Ves,  sir,  was  the  answer  of  Lafayette,  and 
I'orsoinelliiii;;  yet  better.  Vein  desire,  then,  replied 
the  prince,  thai  I  should  take  in  w  litiiig,  and  report 
lo  the  king,  that  the  motion  to  convoke  the  states 
general  has  been  made  by  the  Maripiis  de  La- 
fayette .'  "  Ves,  sir;"  ami  the  iiaiiiu  of  Lafayette 
was  accordingly  reported  lo  the  king. 

The  assembly  of  notables  was  dissolved, —  |)e 
( 'oloiine  was  dispbiced  and  banished,  and  his  suc- 
cessor iindititook  tor.iise  the  needed  liinrls,  by  the 
;iiitlioriiy  of  royal  edicts.  The  war  ol  litigation 
Willi  the  parliaments  lecoiii  iieneed,  which  terini- 
naled only  Willi  a  positive  piiiiiiisc  that  the  slates 
generil  should  b(!  cmivoki  .' 

l-'roni  •hat  lime  a  tot.'  '  'Volution  of  govern- 
ment 111  France  was  m  p  ■;  ress.  Il  has  been  a 
siili'inn,  a  sublinie  olleii  ;i  iiiosl  painful,  and  yet 
III  the  contempl.itiim  iH'  great  resnils,  ;i  rel'resh- 
111);  and  ehecnng  eoiilemplatKOi.  I  cannot  fiillow 
it  i>  oveiwhelmmg  iiiiilliliide   of  details,  even 

as  connected  with  the  life  and  clnnailer  of  La- 
layelte.  A  second  assembly  ol' notables  siiceeed- 
eii  the  first;  and  tlo'ii  an  assembly  of  the  slates 
general,  lirsl  to  deliberate  in  sep;irale  orders  of 
ell  ruy,  iiobilily,  and  lliird  eslali' ;  but,  linally 
coiisliliiting  ilsi'll  a  ii:ilioii;il  assembly,  and  loriii- 
iiig  a  consiiiiiliim  of  limited  monarchy,  with  an 
lieiedilary  loyal  execiilive.  and  a  legislature  in  a 
single  assembly  representing  the  peopli'. 

Lalayelte  was  a  member  of  the  stales  general 
(irs!  assembled.  Their  meeting  was  signah/ed 
by  a  struggle  between  the  several  orders  of  which 
they  were  cimiposeil,  which  lesnlled  iii  breaking 
them  all  down  into  one  naiional  assembly. 

The  cioi^ocation  ol'  the  stales  general  had,  in 
oiii>  respect,  operated,  in  the  progress  of  the 
I'leni'li  re\olii,ioii,  like  ilii'  declaralion  of  inde- 
pendence ill  that  ol  .Noitli  Aiiierie;i.  It  had  chang- 
ed the  ipiesMon  in  controver:^y.  It  was,  mi  the 
p;irl  nt' the  king  ol  h'rance,  a  coneessioii  thai  In* 
had  nn  lawful  power  to  lax  the  piM>ple  without 
their  consent.  The  slates  general,  therpfore.  met 
with  this  admission  already  concedeil  liy  the  king. 
In  Ihe  .\mericaii  cinilhct  ihe  Itrilish  governiiienl 
never  yielded  the  coneessioii.  They  undertook 
to  maintain  their  supposed  right  of  arbilraiy  tax- 
alion  by  hnee  ;  and  then  the  people  id  the  colonies 
lenonneed  all  cimimiinily  of  government,  not  only 
Willi  the  king  and  parhaiueut,  but  with  the  itrilisji 
nalien.  Thi'V  leconstriicted  the  labricol  govi'rii- 
liienl  for  themselves,  ;inil  held  the  people  of  Hri- 
taiii  as  biieigners;  Irienilit  in  peace;  enemies  in 
war. 

The  c  iiieession  by  Ijoiiis  the  ,'^ixleenlli,  iiii- 
Ipliedinlhe  convocation  of  the  stales  general,  was 
la  virtual  !.iiiieiider  of  alisoliile  |iower:  an  ae- 
kiiowledginenl  ill, '.I.  as  exerciseil  by  himself  and 
his  predecessors,  it  had  been  usurped.  Il  was,  in 
siibstaiiee,  an  abdicalion  ot  his  crow  n.  There  was 
no  power  whiih  lie  exercised  .is  king  of  Fraiici'. 
ibo  lawliilne--s  ol'wliich  was  not  conlesialde  mi  ihe 
same  prini:iple  which  denieil  limi  the  right  ol  tax- 
alion.  When  the  assembly  of  the  ^1  lies  general 
met  at  Versailles,  in  ,\|.iy,  liMI,  iliere  wis  bir  a 
shadow  of  the  royal  aiilhorily  left.  They  fell 
the  power  of  the  ij.ilion  was  iii  their  lianils,  and 
they  were  not  sparing  in  ihe  use  of  it.  'Ihe  re- 
presentiilives  of  til  >  iliird  eslale.  ilonlde  in  niini- 
liers  to  those  of  ihe  i  lerijv  and  the  nobility,  eoit- 
stiliiled  ihemseUes  a  naiional  assembly,  anil,  as 
sign, d  for  the  flemoliPon  of  all  privileged  orilers 
refused  to  deliber;ile  in  sepirale  chambers,  anil 
tliim  coiiipelleil  the  rnjiieucutuiiveii  uf  the  clerg^r 


and  nobility  lo  merge  their  separate  existence  in 
the  general  mass  of  ihe  popular  lepresentation, 

Tims  the  edifice  id  sociely  was  lo  be  reeon- 
siriicled  ill  Fiance  as  il  had  been  in  Ainiriea.— 
'Ihe  king  made  a  feeble  allempl  lo  overawe  ilie 
assembly,  by  calling  regimeiils  ol  Ironps  lo  \'er- 
sadles,  and  surroniidiiig  with  llieiii  llie  hall  ol  llieii 
meeting.  Iliil  there  was  defeclion  in  the  army  il- 
sell',  and  even  the  person  of  the  king  soon  ceased 
lo  be  at  his  own  disposal,  (in  the  lllli  of  .Inly, 
17^^!),  in  the  midst  of  the  fei  mentation  which  had 
succeeded  the  fill  of  the  monaridiy,  and  while  the 
assembly  was  surrounded  by  arineil  soliliers,  l,a- 
fayelle  presented  to  them  liisdeelaration  of  rights; 
the  first  ileelaration  of  human  rights  ever  proclaim- 
ed ill  F.iirope,  It  was  adopted,  and  became  the 
basis  of  that  which  the  assembly  pruinult;ated  with 
their  constitution, 

Il  was  in  this  hemisphere,  and  in  our  own  eoiiii- 
Iry,  that  all  its  principles  had  been  iinbibed.  At 
the  very  iiioinenl  when  the  declaration  w-as  pre- 
sented, the  convulsive  struggle  between  therxpir- 
iiig  tiionarehy  and  the  new  born  but  porlenioui 
anarchy  of  the  Parisian  populace  was  taking  place. 
The  royal  palace  and  the  hall  of  assembly  were 
surrounded  with  troops,  and  insmieetion  was 
kindling  al  I'aris,  In  ihe  midst  of  the  |  >'|  :il  ir 
coimuotion,  a  depnialion  of  sixty  members,  wnh 
l.alayetle  at  their  head,  was  sent  from  the  assembly 
lo  iraiKpiilli/.e  the  people  of  I'aris.  and  that  inci- 
dent was  the  oecasioii  of  the  itisiiiniiou  of  the  na- 
tional guard  thioughoiit  the  realm,  and  of  the  ap- 
pointment, with  the  approbation  id  the  king,  of 
liafayette  as  their  general  eonmiander-iii-chief 

This  event,  wllhoiit  vacating  his  seal  in  the  as- 
sembly, connected  him  :it  once  with  the  mihlarv 
and  Ihe  popular  iiioveiiieni  of  the  revolnlion.  The 
naiional  guard  was  the  armed  iiiihlia  of  ihe  whole 
kiiigilom,  embodied  for  the  pieservalion  of  inder, 
and  the  proleclion  of  persons  and  properly,  as  wtdl 
as  for  the  est-,ildis|iiiient  of  the  liberties  of  llie  pen- 
pie.    In  Ills  doiibl(>  eapaeilv  of  rommaiider  geneial 

of  this  Ibrce.  .iiid  ofa  represenlalive  in  lb iisii- 

tlK  lit  assembly,  his  career,  for  a  period  of  more 
than  three  years,  was  besiM  wiili  the  most  immi- 
nent dangers,  aiel  with  ditheiillies  beyoint  all  liii- 
iiiaii  power  to  surmoiini. 

The  aneienl  monarchy  of  Frince  hid  criimbled 
into  ruins.  A  naliniial  assembly,  formed  liv  an 
irregular  represenlalion  of  clergy,  nobles.  ;ind 
third  eslale,  after  nt'dting  at  the  lire  ol  a  revolu- 
tion into  one  body,  had  tiansl'ormed  itself  into  a  coii- 
sliliienl  assembly  repiesenlint'  the  peopb',  liiil 
assiiined  the  exercise  of  all  the  powers  ol  govern 
ineiit,  extorted  from  the  h. mils  id  llie  king,  and  iii>- 
derlaken  to  lorm  a  coiisiiinlion  lio'  llie  I'lcnih  n  i- 
lion,  fonndeil  at  once  upon  the  llieorv  of  liiim.m 
rights,  and  upon  the  preservation  of  a  rov.d  lieie- 
dilary crown  upon  Ihe  head  of  Louis  the  Sixlecnili. 
IjafaM'iie  siiiecretv  believed  that  sncli  a  sysieir 
would  not  bi>  absolulely  ineoinpalible  Willi  the  iia- 
liire  of  things.  An  hereditary  innnareliy,  siirroniid- 
eil  by  piipula"  instiiiiiions,  piesenled  iisell  lo  his 
iniaginalion  :ts  a  praelic.dde  form  ol  gnvcinmeni  ; 
nor  IS  il  certain  lliil  e\eii  lo  his  last  days  he  evei 
abandoned  this  persuasion.  The  elemenl  ol  lie 
redilary  inonareliy  in  ihisconstitiilion  was  indeed 
not  eongi'iii.il  with  il.  The  prololype  Iroiii  wliicli 
llie  whole  fabiic  had  been  drawn,  hai'  lo  such 
element  in  lis  coinposiiion.  A  feeling  iJ  nenero- 
sily.  of  eompassinn.  of  eotmniseial'on  w  ilh  ihe  nn- 
forlunale  prince  then  iipioi  the  lliioiie,  wlm  had 
been  his  sovereign,  and  for  his  ilt-]',iied  l.iindv 
mniL'ted  itself,  peiliajis  niicoiiscinnslv  lu  loiiiseji', 
with  his  well-reasoned  laith  in  llic  ibsira 'I  pniici. 
pies  of  a  republican  creed.  The  total  abolilmn 
ol  the  monarchieal  feature  nndonblenlv  belonged 
I  to  his  llieory,  bill  Ihe  fiinily  of  llnurbon  had  tlill 
a  sirong  hold  on  the  adeclions  of  llie  Fienc  h  peo 
pie  ;  hisiioy  h  id  not  made  up  a  mm  mil  latonialili 
lo  the  esiablishmenl  of  eleelive  kings  ;  a  strong 
exeeuiive  head  was  .ibsohiielv  necessary  lo  ciiili 
llie  impelnosilies  of  ihe  people  of  I'Vaiii  e  ;  and 
the  same  docliine  which  played  upon  the  laiicv. 
and  crepi  upon  llie  kmd-lieailed  benevideoce  o( 
Lalayetta    WUM  aii  optctl    by  a  largo   uiaiutity  ol 


i;nitkd  states. 


m 


p;iriiii'  cxislrnco  In 
ir  M|iri'MiMit.itiiiii. 

was  li)  he  riviiii- 
ic'i'ii  ill  AtiiiniTi. — 
|)l    III  (ivcriivvH   ihu 

I  111     tl'(lll|H    Id    \'lM- 

nii  III!'  Iialliil  llii-ii 
null  iiillii-iii'iiiv  il- 
e  Kill!;  simii  rcascil 
IIk-  IIiIi  (iI  .IiiIy, 
iilatiiiii  wliicli  liatl 
ri'liy,  mill  wliiU'  iho 
rillt'il  NttliiiiTS,  \,;\- 
'rlanitiiiiMir  riuliti; 
alils  pvrr  |M()rliiiiii- 
I,  anil  lii-i'Uiiic  lliR 
y  |iruiniil);nti'il  wiili 


•ini'i'  hail  ciiiTiililnl 
ililv,  liiriiii'il  liy  an 
li'iuv,  iiiiMcs,  anil 
111-  lire  111  a  ii'idIii- 
iinl  iKi'll  iiiiiia  I  iin- 
;  llii'  |ii'ii|ili'.  h.iil 
pmii'is  III  i;ini-iii 
it  dii'  kill;;,  anil  in,- 
I  liir  ilir  Kiriiili  n  i- 
I'  llicinv  111  liiini.in 
nil  III  a  niy  il  licir- 
<iinHilii'  SiMi'i  nlli. 
lat  siiili  a  svsli'ir 
jialilili'  null  till'  na- 
iinairliy,  sniniiiiiil 
iinlril  iisi'll  111  Ins 
III  111  uioi'inini'iil  ; 
1  la^l  (lays  lir  ivri 
III'  I'lrinriil  111  III- 
ilnlnin  nan  iiiili>i>il 
iliily|ii.  li'iihi  nliii'li 
awn,  \i.\i'  III  siii'li 
Irrlini;  i  :  i;i'iirrii- 
laliiin  mill  iln-  nn- 

f    llllllllf.     »lhl   ||;t,l 

IS  ill-laii-n  laniilv, 
'riiinsly  III  liiiiiM'ii'. 
llii'  ilislrai'l  |iiinri- 
'III'  tiilal    aliiiliiiiiii 

llllllll'llly    lli'llii|;i|'l) 

lliinilmn  liail  ciiil 
il  llii'  Kii'iiili  |ii'i> 
I  ii'i mil  raviinralilf' 
r  kincs  ;   a    siniin* 

nrri'Hsatv  (n  null 
'  111  l''ranri' ;  anil 
il  npiin  llii'  lanrv, 
I'll    lil'lil'liilriM  I'   111 

laig'!   uiaiutiLy  o) 


tliciialinnal  iis^cnilily,  sanrtiniifil  by  llir  siilli.i;;('s 
of  ils  ninsl  iiili'llisi'iili  Miniinis,  ami  |iali'iiini' 
ini'inliers.  ami  »as  linally  rnilinilii'il  in  lliai  inyal 
di'innci.K'y,  till' ii'snll  III  tlii'ii'  laliinns,  sini  liiiili 
III  the  Hiiilil,  iiiiiliM  llir  ^naianly  III  nnnilirrli'ss 
oalhs,  as  llif  (■(iiislituliiin  nl  rraini'  Ini  all  allii- 
tiiiii'. 

lliii,  iliiiin^  till'  .sami'  |ii'i".il.  al'iir  llir  (irsi 
int't'lnii;  ol  lln'  slalrs  miii'i  .mil  wliilr  liny 
wrri' ill  aciual  conllicl  uiili  llir  <x|iiiiii;i  i'M('ii;ii"< 
iil'llie  croHii,  and  with  tlio  rxclii^ivi;  |iiivili',;i's  oi 
thi'i'lei')iy  anil  nnbilily,  aiuithrr  piiili'iilinis  |iiiuci 
liad  iiri.si'11,  and  cnlcii'd  tviih  trriilir  aiiiMty  liiM 
tho  ciiiitrover»ie»  of  ihe  ihiir.  'Tins  was  llir 
|)o»fr  III  |i(i|iiiliir  iiisni'i'i'clioii,  iir^ani/ail  liy  vnliin- 
tiiry  axsuciatnins  ol'  chilis,  and  iiii|it'lli'il  in  ac- 
tiuii  liy  the  municipal  autlinrilics  nl  llir  city  nl' 
Piiris. 

'J'hr  first  mnvemenls  of  thr  pcnpli'  in  tin-  stair 
of  insurtoclin;i  !iv>k  plati:  nn  tlir  I'.'ili  nl  .Inly. 
178!),  iiiiil  issiic'l  ill  thcdcsliiK  linn  nl  llir  Itaslilli'. 
und  In  ihc  nillidcr  of  its  ){iin  rmn,  ami  nl  srnial 
other  iH-isiins,  hiiiii;  up  at  lamp  pnsis.  nr  turn  In 
|ii«('i's  by  the  Ircn/.led  miillilinli',  wilhunt  Innii  nl 
trial,  anil  witlinni  sliadnw  iifKiilll. 

The  Itaslille  had  luii;;  brrii  (idlniis  as  tin'  plan' 
of  rniifini'inent  of  pi'rsnns  arrnslt'd  by  arbilr.iiy 
oiili'i-s  lor  oHi^iiri's  aKainsi  Ihi'  KnK'rnini'nt,  ami  Ms 
dfslriielion  was  liaili'd  by  imist  nf  ilu-  iVii-mls  nl 
hbiTly  throiiuhniil  tlii'  world  as  an  art  nl  palnnt 
ism  and  inaunaiiiiiiily  nn  ihi!  pan  nl  llir  pnipli'. — 
Tho  brutal  li'iocily  of  Ihr  iiiniilinswasiin'rlniiki'd 
or  palllati'il  In  tin'  ^Iniy  ol  ihi'  arliii'vrinriil  nf  i.i/.iiii; 
til  Ils  fniindalluiis  iho  I'xccratrd  i  iMili'l  nf  ili'spm- 
'.sm.  lint,  as  ilii'  siimiiiary  jiisiiii'  of  Iiisih  iiciiini 
.''an  maiiil'i'st  llst'll'oiily  by  dt'sirnrlion.  tin-  exam 
l)le  niire  se!,  ht'oame  a  prrrcib'tit  liir  a  sri  irs  ol 
years,  t'or  seenes  so  alroeiniis,  and  tnrbnti'linii's  so 
niereilpss  and  hnrrible,  that  iiii'inniy  U'lnlts  at  the 
task  of  recalling  tiieni  In  llie  iiiiinl. 

It  would  he  iinpn.ssilile,  uilliin  the  I'ompass  111 
tills  diseoiirse,  tn  fnllowllie  details  nf  the  l-'reiieh 
rpvniulliiii  to  the  final  ilellnonenii'iil  nl  I.iiiiIsiIm' 
Sixteenth,  and  llie  extinelinn  nl  tin'  I'oii-liinliiinal 
Ciniiari'liy  of  Kraiire,  nn  the  llllli  ol  Aiiiiiisi  I  "r'.li. 
Dtiliii^  liiat  period,  the  two  ilisiinri  pnweis  were 
in  ','oiitiniial  opi'iatinn  ;  siimetmies  In  riinei'il  wiili 
caeii  ither,  snmelimes  at  iriieoiM  liable  iippusinnn. 
Of  these  |Hiweis,  one  ».is  ilic  people  nl  I'l.iiiee. 
icpre'?iiied  by  the  I'arisian  pnpnlaie  In  Ihsimee- 
tl.in  ;  the  oilier  was  the  people  III  I'lame,  repie- 
henled  sueeessivelv  bv  the  rnnstituenl  assembly, 
wliii'h  liiriiied  the  ('onsliiiilinn  ul  I  i'.ll,  and  by  ihe 
h'f;islalivt'  assembly,  eleiled  to  earry  It  into  exe- 
rntloii. 

Thir  movements  of  the  insni^enl  power  were 
oeiasiiiiially  ioii\;ilslve  and  i  rnel,  wiihonl  iiiiiii;a- 
Iniii  or  inerey.  (iiilileil  by  secret  spriiii;s  ;  pninipi- 
eil  by  vinilletive  and  sanuninary  anibilion.  diieeted 
Dy  lianils  nnsei'ii  to  iib|ei:ls  of  indivnln  il  auaiiii 
di/.ement,  ils  agency  fell  like  the  thnmlerbnlt,  ,iiid 
swept  like  the  whirlwind. 

The  prneeeilnnis  ol  the  assemblies  were  ileli- 
beralive  and  iiiti'lleitnal.  They  liejaii  by  jiraspmi; 
at  the  wliiile  power  of  the  imni.ni'hx,  and  tliev 
finished  by  sinkini:  iimbr  the  ilirl.iliiin  nl  the  I'.i 
risian  pnpid.iee.  The  lonsiiineiil  assembly  niiiii 
bereil  aiming  lis  membi'is  in, my  iiidiMilnals  ol 
f;ieal  ability,  and  of  pure  prineiples,  bin  lliey  weie 
overawi'il  and  domineiiid  by  tli.il  nihil  reprisen- 
lalinii  nf  the  people  nl  I'lanre,  wliiili.  ilnoimh  the 
inslriiinentahly  of  ill"  laiobin  I'liib.  niil  llienmiii 
eipahty  of  I'aris,  dlseoiieeiled  the  wi-ilinii  nl  the 
wise,  and  sr altered  In  the  »ini|s  the  rniinselsnl  llir 
prnilent.  Il  was  impnssiblr  liiat,  iiiidrr  tlie  prr- 
ImbatinnKnf  sill  II  a  enntiollmi;  p'luii.  i  •'onsiiiu 
lion  suited  In  the  eliarai'ler  and  eninnisiani'i's  nl 
the  iialinn  shii'ild  be  fiiimed. 

ThriiiiRh  tlie  whnle  nf  this  pennil.  the  part 
peilorniud  by  (jalayelle  was  willioiil  par.illrl  in 
iiisloiy.  The  annals  of  the  hum. in  rare  exhibit 
no  other  llislanre  of  a  nosiiion  rompaiabb'  loi  its 
unllilertmtteil  perils,  its  deep  respnnsibilitirs,  anil 
it*  proviileiiiial  issaes,  willi  that  wliirli  lie  nirnpi- 
td  as  cumm.inde  teiieral  of  the  iiatinn.il  Hmml, 
uuiwi)    kadliig  millibcr  uf  thu  coiintiluriit    an- 


si'iiibly.       Ill   ihe    niimerons    liisiirrectinns  of  the  i 
prnplr,    he  saved  the  lives  of   iiiidlilndcs  devoted  ; 
as  Mrii:iis.  and   .ilw.ivs  al  tlir   most   iniiiiiiirni   h.t- 1 
/,ai  I  ol   Ins  own.      (In  ihr  .'nil  and  lllli  of  ( (rtobrr,  : 
l.'s'.l,  he  savril  the  lives  nl    i^iinis  llii'    Sixieeiilli.  j 
and  III    Ins  (|iii'eii.      He   escaped,  time   alter  liiiir,  | 
the  d.i^m'is  sharpened   by  prinrely  I'onspiracy  on  | 
one  h.ind,  and  by  popni.ir  lieii/,y  on  the  nlliei.    lir 
wilnessed,  too,   wiihniit    beiiif;   able  In   prevent   il, 
llir   bntchriy  nf  I'onlrn  lirlnir   Ills  ryrs,  and  the 
irrkin;;   hrarl  ol    lierlhier,   torn    iVniii   ills    lifeless 
Iriiiik.  was  held  up  ill  exullini;  Iriwnipli  before  liiiii. 
On  Ihis  occ.ision,  and  nn  annlher,  lie  threw  up  his 
I  onnmssioii  as  coinmandernl  the  national  Kiiards; 
bill   who   loiild    have   siiccreiird   him,  even    willi 
eipial  piiwer  to  restrain   these  volcaiiu:   rxeessrs  .' 
Al  the  earnest  soiirllation  nf  those  ivl'.o  wril  knew 
that  Ills  pl.ur  I'oiild  never  be    .,pplied,  lie  resumed 
and  cnntniiied  in   the  cninm.ind   iiiilil  the    solemn 
prnrlani.itiiin  of  the  conslilntlon,    iipnii  wliirli   he 
delinilni'ly  laid  il  ilnwii,  and  retired  In  private  life 
upon  Ills  eslair  in  Anver^ne. 

.\s  a  mriiibrr  of  llir  rniisllluenl  assembly,  It 
Is  lint  In  the  drtailrd  iiri:.'iiii'/.allnii  of  thr  f;ovrrn- 
nirnl  wliirli  tliry  pirp.iied,  that  his  spirit  and  co- 
operation Is  to  be  Ir.irrd.  It  is  In  the  prniriples 
ivliirli  he  proposrd  and  inl'nsrd  liiln  the  syslriii. 
.\s,  at  Ihe  liisl  assi'iiibly  i'  niii;ilili's,  his  vnii-r  h.iil 
lirrn  raisril  lor  the  abniiinnof  arbitrary  Imprisiin- 
iiiriil,  lor  llir  rxlnirliiin  of  irli^ions  inlnlrraiirr. 
and  till  thr  leprrsrnt.iiinn  nl  thr  prnplr,  so,  in  ihr 
nation.il  assrmlily,  brsiilrsilirdrrlaration  nl  ri'.:lils, 
which  Inrniril  llir  basis  of  ilii!  cnnsiiiiiiinii  ilsrll, 
111'  iiiaile  in  supported  the  motlniis  fur  the  eslaU- 
lishinrnl  nl'  trial  by  jury,  for  llir  I'.radnal  eiiiaiicl- 
p.itinn  111  sl.ives,  Tor  the  freedom  'i['  the  press,  for 
llie  iilinlilion  of  all  lilies  ol  nnbihty,  and  Inr  the 
ilerlai  iliiiii  nl  eipialiiy  of  all  the  rili/.riis,  and  ihr 
Mippic'sinn  III  all  till'  privili'rrd  onlrrs,  williniii 
excrplinii  of  Ihr  pniirrs  of  thr  royal  l.imily. 
Tims,  while  as  a  Ir^ishitnr  lir  was  spreading  thr 
pinicipirs  111  universal  liberly  over  the  whole  snr- 
larr  III  thr  stair,  as  riimmamlerin  chief  of  llir 
ariiiril  loicr  of  the  nallini,  he  was  cnntriillin::,  re- 
pressing;,  and  miti^atini;,  as  far  as  It  ciiiild  be  el- 
Irrli'd  by  hninaii  pii«  rr,  thr  rxeess's  ol'  the  people. 

The  cinisiiiiilinn  w.is  .it  leni^tli  piorl.iimrd,  and 
the  rn'isliliirnt  ii.iliiiiial  assmiblv  ^vas  dMSnl\ed. 
Ill  aihaiii  e  nl  this  rvriii,  llir  siiblinr  spectacle  nl 
the  Irdri.ilinn  was  rxhibilrd  on  thr  1  lih  of  .Inly, 
I'/tM),  thr  ln>t  anniviM'siirv  of  thr  drstrnrtinn  nf 
the  ll,islllle,  Tlirre  was  an  liii;i'iiiiiiis  and  lam  iliil 
assni  laliiin  nl  ideas  in  the  selectinii  of  that  ilav. 
The  IJ.isiillr  was  a  siatr  prison,    a  massive  slriir- 

tiiie,  which   hid  St I   fniir  hiimlrrd  years,   every 

stone  ol  which  w.is  satnr.itrd  with  si^lis  and  trars, 
and  rclinrd  tlir  t;inansiit  fniir  rrntinies  nl'  op- 
prrssni'i.  Il  wis  the  very  type  and  i  iiililrni  of 
the  I'i'spntism  wliirli  h  id  s'l  loiii;  writhed  iipiin 
Kr.ii  ,e.  Demohslird  Iroiii  Ils  sniiiiiiil  to  llsioiiii- 
ilall',11  at  the  fust  shunt  of  Irrnlom  I'roiii  thr  pro 
pir,  what  day  rniilil  be  mine  appriipri.ite  th.iii  Ils 
anniversary  lor  the  day  of  snlrimi  ennsrrr iiinii  nl 
ihr  iirw  labrir  nl  unvrrniiient,  I'oiiiidrd  upon  the 
iiL'lils  of  man  f 

1  sliall  not  drseribr  thr  mai^nificenl  and  iiirlan- 
rlinly  p.i,;i'aiil  of  that  day.  Il  his  brrii  dniir  In 
abirr  li.imis,  and  in  a  siylr  which  could  niilv  br 
weakeiieil  and  diliiled  by  ri'prlitinii.*  The  rrli- 
i^iinis  solrmmiv  nl*  the  mass  was  perrnnneil  tiy  a 
prel.itr,  tlirn  emiiiepl  aiiiotn;  llir  memlieis  tt(  llie 
.issembly  and  the  iii|<nllaries  of  the  land  ;  still 
rininriit,  allrr  .siirvivitiir  iiie  wlioir  circlr  of  sidi- 
sripiriii  rrtoliitinns.  .\o  longer  n  lalhrr  ol  thr 
chiiri'h,  but  amnii^'tlir  mnsi  nniiiii'^uishrd  laymen 
and  ninst  celrbralrd  statesmen  nf  Fiance  ins  was 
llir  voice  tn  iiivokr  thr  blrssnm  of  iicii,in  iiiioii 
this  nrw  cniisliinlinn  for  his  liberatrd  enni.liy  ; 
and  hr,  and  i,onis  tlir  Sixleenlii,  and  lialayrtte, 
.mil  ihirlv  ihoiisaiid  ilrlri;atrs  rioiii  all  the  ciiii- 
lederateii  nalinnal  ui'aids  ot  the  kiii<:dnni.  Ill  the 
presence  nf  .Mmliilily  (tod,  and  of  live  hiiiiilrcd 
ihoiis. mil  nf  their   innntrympii,  tnnk   liin   oatli  of 

'  111  llir  .Vililrcss  Ul  llir  .Vtnliit;  iiiimi  uf  ItoHtull,  by  K«l 
ward  i'^vtrt'tt. 


lideliiy  of  the  natinn.  In  the  consiiiiition,  and  all 
save  the  imiii.ncli  hinisell.  In  the  kliii;,  ilistnr* 
I'espniidiin;  n  iih  was,  ol  lidrlily  In  iliscliari;r  iho 
ilnlies  of  Ins  lii;;li  otfn  r,  .mil  in  llir  prnplr. 

Al.is  !  and  was  it  all  laUr  .mil  hollnw  .'  Ii  id  lliesn 
oaths  no  mure  snbst.iiirr  ih.iii  thr  brralh  that 
Ushrird  lliriii  to  thr  winds  .'  It  was  impnssible  tu 
'onk  b  lek  upon  the  sliiirl  and  Inrniilenl  exisleiico 
nl  this  riiyal  deninrrary,  to  in, irk  the  freipieut 
paroxysms  ol  popular  Irni/.y  by  wineli  It  >va.s  as- 
sailed, and  the  calastrnplie  by  wnicli  it  pi  rislied, 
lid  to  believe  that  thr  vows  of  all  who  swire  to 
suppnrt  il  were  sincere,  lint,  as  well  iiii;;lir  tho 
si'iilplnr  nf  a  block  of  inaible,  allri  exhansiim;  Ids 
Ki'iilns  and  Ins  art  In  uiviii^  it  a  beaniifid  liiiman 
liirm,  call  (ind  to  witness  that  II  sliill  prrlorm  all 
the  fum'.tinns  nl  aiiiiiial  liir,  as  the  constiineni  as- 
sembly nf  Kraiirn  eniild  pledi-r  thr  fiiih  nf  its 
members  that  ihrir  inyal  drmocracy  should  work 
IS  a  prrniaiirnt  iir;;aiil/.rd  form  of  uiivrriiiiient.— . 
'I'hr  declaiatlnn  nf  rii^hls  conlained  all  the  princi- 
ples essential  lo  fieediiiii.  'I'lie  frame  ol  (joverii- 
iiieiil  was  radically  and  irreparably  ilelrrllvr.  The 
lirirdilary  royal  rxecntive  was  Itself  an  liiconsls- 
leiicy  with  Ihe  declaration  of  ri;;lits.  'I'hr  Injis- 
lallvr  powrr,  all  concentralrd  In  a  siii<;lr  assrinbly, 
was  an  iiicoiijjiiiily  siiW  mine  lilariii);.  'I'liese  weic 
both  drparlnrrs  from  thr  sysirin  nf  or;;aiil/.atlim 
nliicli  Ijalayrtte  had  wiliirssnl  in  the  Vmrrlcau 
I'onsiitntioiis  :  ni'ilhrr  nf  llinn  was  approvrd  by 
l.al.iyrltr.  In  derrrrnrc  to  'hr  pirvallinj;  iiplnioiis 
and  piejniliirs  of  ihr  times,  he  acipiiesced  In 
them,  ami  he  was  destliied  to  incur  the  must  liii- 
miiient  ha/.ards  nf  his  life,  and  to  make  the  sacrilicu 
fall  that  :;ives  value  In  hie  iiself.  In  rallhl'id  ail- 
hciencr  In  iliat  cnnstilutinn  which   he   hail   swum 

siippnrl. 

Slinrtly   after    ills   rrsij;iialinn,    as     cnminandoi 

nrral  olllir  national  guards,  ihr  I'ririids  ol  liber- 
ty and  oilier  pieaeuted  liiiii  as  .i  caiidiil.ite  bir  rlec- 
liiiii  as  mayor  of  I'aris  ;   liiii  br  had  a  rninprtllur 

in  thr  prrs il  i'rtlii more  snitrd  in  thr  party, 

piiisniii!;  with  Inrxinablr  lanronr  thr  abohlinii  of 
the  monaicliy  and  thr  dr^linriiiiii  of  the  kiirj; ; 
and,  what  may  srrm  srairrly  rreilible.  the  lemnaiil 
nl   the  parly  whirh   still   ailhrird    In  thr  l.liii;,  the 

kim;   liimself,  and     ...uvr    all.  thr  ipi fuoiired 

Ihe  rleetion  of  the  j.icnbin  I'rthinii,  In  prefrience 
In  that  III  l.alayritr.  They  were,  too  fatally  lor 
ihemselvrs,  snrcesstiil, 

i'rniii  the  llisl  merlini;  of  the  In-islalivr  assem- 
bly, under  tlir  cnnstnniinn  nl  I  V'.ll.  thr  ilrsinic- 
tion  of  thr  kiiiu  and  III  thr  mniiaichy.  and  thr  es- 
l.ililisliiiietii  111  a  repnblir.  by  iiirans  nl  llir  pnpnlat 
passions  and  of  |inpiiliir  vinlrncr,  wrir  llir  ilrll- 
brr.ilr    piirpiisrs    ol    its    Ir.'diim    inembcrs.      Tin) 

spun  with  which  llir  rrvolntlnn  had  I n  pnrsiieil, 

linoi  the  tiiiir  nf  till'  deslriiction  of  thr  K.istlllc, 
li..d  c.iuseil  thr  eiuii;rallnii  of  :;irat  numbers  of  the 
nobility  and  cleriiy  ;  and,  aiiinin;  tliriii,  of  ihr  two 
bnillirrs  of  l^oiiis  the  .Sixlrrnlli,  and  of  several 
oilier  princes  ol  Ins  iiliiod.  They  hid  applied  lo 
all  Ihr  iitlirr  i;rr.it  miin.irchlrs  nf  Kiirnpe  I'nr  .is- 
sistancr  In  uphold  or  restore  the  criimblin^  inniiar- 
cliy  ol  i' ranee.  'I'lie  Kretnli  irrniiiiris  tlieiu- 
selvrs.  III  ihr  liral  nf  llirir  pnliiir.d  f.iiiaticisiii, 
avowed,  withnul  ilisi;iiisr.  tin;  desli;ii  lo  revnlii- 
tioiii/a'  all  iMiiopr,  and  had  emissaries  in  every 
rniinliy,  oprnly  or  smelly  pirarhiin;  thr  dnclrinc 
111  msiirrri  lion  .i,;aiiist  ,ill  rsiablished  Kovernineiits. 
Ijoiiis  the  .'sixlrrnlh,  and  his  ipirni,  an  Austrian 
prmii'ss,  sistrr  In  the  i'.mpriin  Ijropnld,  weie  In 
srcrrt  nruoci.itinn  with  liir  All"  riaii  unveriitiieiit 
lor  the  rescne  of  thr  km;;  .nid  inyal  finiily  of 
i''iaiiii'  t'lniii  tlir  ilaiij;ris  with  wliirli  they  were 
so  iiirrss  nitly  beset.  In  the  Klrcloiate  nf 'i'leves, 
a  pari  of  the  (iermainc  empire,  the  einii;ranls 
Iriiiii  i'rance  were  assembling,  with  Indicalioiis  nf 
a  design  to  Piiler  i''iaiicr  in  linsiilr  array,  tn  ell'ect 
a  eoimter-revnliitinii  :  and  the  bnillirrs  of  llio 
kiiii:,  assiimiii);  a  posiiinii  al  ( 'nblriii/.,  on  thrbnr- 
dris  of  ilirir  country,  were  liiililiin;  cniincils,  iho 
object  of  winch  was  lo  much  ni  arms  in  I'aiig, 
to  rele.ise  the  kiii^  t'inm  eaptn  i;v,  and  to  reslofo 
the  anciriil  iiioiiaichy  to  the  doimmoii  of  alisullilo 
power. 


420 


HISTORY   OF    THE 


I  r 


i 


The  Wins,  who,  even  before  hia  forceil  accept-  ineelines  hy  fdice.  He  proposed  also  lolhe  kini; 
nnee  oftlieconslilulion  of  l-'^l,  hail  made  an  nn-  hinisrlf  lo  furnish  liim  wiih  means  of  wiihdr;i»iiii! 
sncci'ssfnl  allcmpi  li>  escape  from  his  palace  pri-  with  his  fiinily  tn  Cdinpi'inne,  where  he  himiM 
son,  was,  in  April,  179-,  reduced  to  the  hiinnlia-  have  heeu  out  of  llie  rciicli  of  lliit  li'rocicins  and 
tini;  necessity  of  declaring  waragainst  the  very  so-  bloodlhirsly  ninlliliide.  The  Assembly,  hy  a  yieat 
verei);ns  who  were  arming  their  nations  to  rescue  .  majority  of  votes,  siisiained  the  principles  ol  his 
liim  from  his  revolted  suhjecls.  Three  atmies,  ^  letter,  hut  the  kini;  declineil  his  proll'ered  assisi- 
each  of  lifty  thousand  men,  were  levied  to  meet  I  he  jance  to  enable  him  to  withdraw  from  I'aris;  and  of 


emergencies  of  this  war,  and  were  placed  under 
the  coniiuand  of  Luckner,  Kocliamheau,  and  La- 
fayette. As  he  passed  ihroimh  I'aris  to  i>o  and 
»'/kc  the  coinmaiKl  of  his  army,  he  appeared  belcire 
the  legislative  assembly,  tlie  president  of  which, 
in  addressing  him,  saiil  that  the  nation  would  op- 
pose to  their  enemies  the  constitution  and  La- 
fayette. 

But  the  enemies  to  the  constitution  were  within 
the  walls.  At  this  distance  of  time,  when  most  of 
the  men,  and  many  of  the  passions  of  those  days, 
have  passed  away,  when  the  Kreiich  revolution, 
and  its  results,  sliould  be  regardt .,  with  the  search- 
ing eye  of (ihilosophiial  speculation,  as  lessons  of 
experience  to  at'lerages,  may  it  even  now  be  per- 
mitted to  remark  how  much  the  virtues  and  the 
crimes  of  men,  in  limes  of  political  convulsion,  are 
modilied  and  charaeti'ri/.ed  by  the  ciieumslaiices 
in  which  they  are  placeil  !  The  great  aeiors  of  the 
treineiidoiis  scenes  of  icvolntion  in  tlio«i'  times 
were  men  educated  in  schools  of  liigh  civilization, 
and  in  the  humane  and  lienevolent  precepts  of  the 
christian  reliiiioii.  A  small  portion  uf  them  were 
vicious  and  ilc;iraved  ;  but  the  great  majority  were 
wound  up  to  madness  by  that  war  of  condicliiig  in- 
terests and  absoriiing  passions,  enkindled  by  a  great 
convulsion  of  the  sixial  system.  It  ha.s  been  said 
by  a  great  master  of  human  nature — 

"  111  pence.  thiTc's  iintliiii<:  )*"  tteroiiifi*  a  iimn 
"  As  iniicti'-<l  ^lilliii'Ns  iiiiil  liniiiiltl)  ; 
*'  UllI  wllfh  llie  b  iisl  III"  war  blnws  ill  \nureiirs, 
'  'llu'ii  iiiiiljili-  the  (ii'li.iii  of  llie  li^i-r.*' 


those  upon  whom  he  called  to  inarch  with  him, 
and  shut  up  the  hall  where  the  jacobins  held  their 
meetings,  not  more  than  thirteen  persons  present- 
ed themselves  at  the  appointed  time. 

He  rcliirned  to   his  army,  and   became  thenr:- 
forlh  the  special  object  of  jacobin  resentment  .-nd 
revenge.     l)ii  the  Sib  of  .\iigusl,  on  a  preliminatv 
measure  to  the  intended  insurrection  of  the  Ulth, 
the  (|uestioii  was  taken,  alter  several  days  of  de- 
bate, upon  a  formal  motion  that  he  shoiilil  be  put 
in  accnsalioii  and  tried.     The  last  remnant  of  free- 
dom in  that  assembly  was  then  seen  hy  the  vote  up- 
on nomiiial  appeal,  or  yeas  and  nays,  in  wliieh  four 
bundled  and  forty-six  votes  were  lor  rejecting  the 
charge,  and  onlv  two  hMinlred  ami  nveniy  four  for 
sustaining  it.     'I'wo  days  after,  the  'I'liilliMies  were 
sldrmed  by  popular  insiiriection.    The  unfortunate  i 
king  was  compelled  to  seek  iel'iii;e.  wilh  his  family.  I 
III  the  hall  of  the  legislative  assembly,  and  escaped  | 
from  being  torn   to  pieces  by  an  infuriated    iniilti-| 
tiiile,  only  lo  pass  liom  his  palace  to  tiie  prison,  in 
his  way  to  the  scall'cdd.  j 

This  revolution  iliiis  accomplislieil.  annihilated  | 
the  constitution,  the  government,  and  the  cause  for  ' 
whii  li  Lafayette  had  conleiided.      The   people  of 
h'raiice,  by  their  acipiiesceiiie.  a  great  piirtiiin  of  j 

them  by  direct  approval,  conlirmed  and  saiicli mI  | 

the  abolition  of  the  monarchy.  The  arinies  and 
their  comiiianders  took  the  same  victorious  side  : 
not  a  show  of  resisiaiice  was  made  to  the  revolu- 
lioiiaiy  torrent,  not  an  arm  was  iilliil  to  restore  the 
lallen  monarch  to  hislhione.  nor  even  to  rescue  or 
Too  faithlullv  did  the  people  of  rran-c.  and  the  |m"«'t'  '";'.  I'""""  hom  the  fiirv  of  his  inexorable 
,      ,  .-.,■     A    .:  ...I.  _     .■   .11  .1 lloes.      Lalavelle   liimsell   would  have  marched  lo 


leaders  of  their  factions,  in  that  war  of  all  (he  | 
litical  tdemeiils.  obey  ihal  injunction.  Who.  ihat 
lived  in  that  day.  can  ri  inember  ?  who.  since  born, 
can  read,  or  bear  lo  be  lidd,  the  horrors  of  llie 'JOth 
of.Iuiie,  the  lOlli  of  Ailgusl.  the 'id  and  ;t<l  of  Sep- 
tember, 17'.l:i.  of  the  rUstof  May,  IT'.Kl,  and  of  a 
intiltitude  ofolhcrs,  during  which,  in  dieadlul  sue- 
cession,  ihemiinb'reis  of  one  day  were  the  victims 
of  the  next,  until  lhat.  when  the  insiiigeiil  popu- 
lace themselves  were  shot  down  by  ihousands,  in 
the  very  streets  of  Pans,  bv  the  mllilaiv  legions  ol 


I'aris  wilh  his  army,  lor  the  defence  of  the  eoii- 
slitnlion,  Imi  in  this  disposiiion  he  was  not  second- 
ed by  his  troops.  After  aseerlaiiiiiig  that  the  ef- 
fort would  be  vain,  and  after  arresting  at  Sedan 
the  members  of  ihe  depiitaiion  from  the  legislative 
assembly,  sent,  after  their  own  siibjir;atioii,  to  ir- 
resl  him.  he  determined,  as  ilie  only  expedient  led 
hiiiilo  save  his  honour  and  his  principles,  to  nith- 
draw  both  from  the  army  and  the  ciiiinliy;  lo  pa"s 
iito  a  neutral  lerrilor\,  andlhence  into  these  (iii- 


IIIP  very  siiceis  111  I  .Ol-*,  !•>  Mil-  loiiii.ii  >    o  Knois  ui  i        .  ^ , '        .■  i  ■  ,         i        • 

,  II'  ,■.'■-        ICO  .stales,  the  conn  rv  ot   his  ear  v  adootioii   an 

the  convention,  and  the   rising  lorliine  and  genius   ,      ,.      ,         .    ..  ,•       ,"      '  'oy  ■">  '\"    "' 

'  .  -^  liluliiliillt'irli-ilil,'       >.l....'.>li..    ..,  ...    ...1     I. ...I 


of  .Napoleon  ISoiiiiparte  /  W'lioran  remember,  or 
read,  or  hear,  of  all  this,  without  shuddering  al  ihe 
eight  of  man. his  fellow-crealiire.  in  ihe  druiiki'iiness 

of  political  fren/.v,  degrading  hinisell  beneath   thc:   ,  ,     ,  i  , 

'  I    .  .■    I  ■  II  II  .1  line  support  o     princip  es.  against  I  le   vio  i 

eoiidlliou    ol   the  cannibal    savage.'   beneath  even  i ,'..... i   .i.     .■   .  I  ■■  .i 

the  coi  dition  of  the  wild  beast  of  the  ileseit  .'  and 
who,  bill  wilh  a  feeling  of  deep  niorlificalioii,  can 
rcllei't.tlial  the  laiional  and  iiimiorlal  being,  to  the 
race  of  which  he  himself  belongs,  should,  e\eii  in 
his  most  palniv  slate  of  inlellecliial  ■ullivali'iii.  be 
callable  of  this  sclllransform.itioii  tobri'laliiy  ! 

In  this  dissolution  ol  all  the  moral  elemenis  which 
regulate  the  condiicl  ol  iiieii  in  their  social  condi- 
tion; in  this  nioiistrons.  and  scarcely  conceivable 
spectacle  of  a  king,  al  the  head  ol'a  mighty  nation, 
in  Beerel  league  with  the  enemies  against  whom 
)ie  has  proelainied  himself  al  war.  and  ol  a  legisl.i- 
tureionspning  lo  destroy  ihe  king  and  const II  lit  ion 
to  which  tlii'V  ha\e  sworn  allegiance  and  support. 
Lafavi-tle  alone  is  seen  to  picseive  his  lidelilv  lo 
the  king,  to  the  conslilulion,  and  to  his  country, 

**  I'rifilinkrrK  tllireibirod.  iint'Tririnl, 

"  llislnyidly  Iw  kejil.  Ins  liiti-,  III'  7.e,il." 

till  the  Itiih  of  line,  nil'.',  four  ibiys  befoie  the 
first  violation  ol  the  palace  of  the  Tuillenes  by  the 
populace  of  I'aris,  al  the  iiisli^;,tion  of  the  jacii- 
bins,  Tjafavelle,  in  a  lelliT  lo  the  tegisl.itive  assem- 
bly, had  deiioiiiiied  llie  jaiolai  club,  and  railed  up- 
on the  assembly  lo  siippii'ss  iheiri.  lie  aflenvards' lianslerred  his  illusiriuiis  piisoncr  lolhe  .\iisir 
repaired  lo  I'ai  is  in  person,  piesciiledhinisi'lfal  the  aiix.  I'mm  .iliioii  hi'  hid  nieiveil  liini,  thai  h" 
bar  ol  llie  asseinlily,  repiMlei!  his  deiiuncialion  ol  iniglil  be  ili'pnved  of  llie  lib -iMiig  ol  ifj  lining  Ins 
th'J  club,  and  took  iiieasiiies  lor  sujipressiinj  ihcirl  libeitj',  even  from  iIk'  liands  of  peace.   I'lve  years 


Ills  fond  partiality,  when'  he  w.is  sore  ol   liiidiiii;  a 
sale  asylum,  and  of  meeting  a  cordiid  welenme. 

Hilt  his  destiny  had  reserved  him   for  oilier  and 
severer  trials.      \Ve  have  seen   him  siriiggliiig  for 

of 
raging  faclions.  and  the  liekleiiess  of  the  miilli- 
tiide:  we  are  now  to  behold  him  in  the  hands  of 
Ihe  hereditary  rulers  of  maiiknid.  anil  lo  witness 
the  n.iture  ol   their  lender  mercies  lo  him. 

It  was  ill  the  neiilral  territory  of  Liege  llial  he, 
together  wilh  Ins  companions,  Laloiir  .Manboiiri;. 
liiire  in  (le  I'u/y.  imiiI  .Mcxander  Laineih.  was  ta- 
ken by  the  .Viisiiians,  and  t.  iiislerred  lo  Prussian 
guards.  I'liilcr  llie  (  irciiio-I  iiu'es  of  the  ease,  he 
could  not.  by  ihe  principles  ol  llie  laws  uf  naiioiis. 
be  Irealeil  even  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  He  was 
treated  as  a  prisoner  of  stale.  Prisoners  of  stale 
ill  the  moiiarclnesof  I'.iirope  are  always  presumed 
guilty,  aiitl  are  treaieil  as  if  entilled  as  lillle  to 
mercy  as  lo  jiisiiie.  Lal.iyelle  was  iinniiired  in 
diiiigeons.  (irsi  at  Wesel,  llii'ii  al  .Mai;deliiirg.  and. 
finally,  at  Olmiilz,  in  .Moravia.  Mv  whal  right  .' 
Ilynoiii'  known  .niiong  men.  Ilv  whil  aiilliorilv  f 
That  has  never  been  an.v.e.l.  Vio  "lial  cause  .' 
Noni'  has  ever  been  assigned.  T  ikeii  hv  .\iisiri 
an  soldiers  upnii  a  iieniral  lerrilorv.  handed  over 
to  Prussian  jailors;  a, id,  when  h'rederic  Williaiii 
of  Piiissiii  abandoned  Ins  ,\iislriaii  ally.  ;iiid  made 
his  separate  pe.iee  wilh  republican  I'r  nice,  he  r 


was  the  duration  of  this  imprisonment,  aggnivatcd 
by  every  indignily  that  iiiiild  make  oppression  bit- 
ter. That  it  was  intended  ;is  imprisomncnt  for 
lile,  was  not  only  freely  avowed,  but  signilicanlly 
made  known  lo  him  by  his  jailors  ;  :iiiil  while, 
with  allecteil  precaution,  tiie  means  oflerminatin); 
his  siill'eriiigs  by  his  own  act  were  removed  I'roin 
him,  the  barliailty  of  ill  usage,  of  nnwholesomc 
food,  and  of  pesiiferioiis  atmosphere,  was  appliec, 
wilh  i'lexorable  rigour,  as  if  lo  abridge  the  day<i 
which,  at  Ihe  same  lime,  were  rendered  as  far  as 
pos.-ible  insiippertable  to  himself. 

Neither  the  generous  syiiip;ithies  of  the  gallant 
soldier,  (icnenil  h'il/.patrick,  In  the  British  house 
of  commons,  nor  the  personal  solicitation  of  Wnsh- 
inglon,  president  of  the  rniled  .States,  speaking 
with  the  voice  of  a  grateful  union,  nor  the  per 
snasive  accents  of  domestic  anil  conjugal  alfection, 
imploring  the  monarcli  of  Austria  for  the  release 
of  Lafayette  could  avail.  The  iinsophisiicateil 
feeling  of  generous  nature  in  the  hearts  of  men,  at 
this  outrage  upon  justice  and  humanity,  was  inani- 
fesied  in  anotiier  form.  Two  individuals,  privalo 
eili/ens,  one,  of  ihe  I'niled  ,S|a!es  of  .VmeriiM, 
Krancis  linger,  the  other,  a  native  of  the  Kleilo- 
nile  of  Hanover,  I)  ictor  Kriek  Ilollmaim.  under- 
took, at  immitienl  lia/.ard  of  their  lives,  lo  supply 
means  for  his  escape  from  prison,  and  their  per- 
sonal aid  lo  its  accomplislniient.  Their  design 
was  formeil  wilh  great  address,  pursued  with  iiii- 
firiiig  perseveranie,  and  execiiled  with  iindaiinled 
intrepidity.  It  was  fnislrated  by  accidents  beyond 
the  control  of  liUMi;m  sagacity. 

To  liispciscciitions,  however,  the  linnd  ofatvise 
;m>ljiisl  Providence  had,  in  its  own  lime,  and  in  ils 
own  way,  prepared  a  terniiiiation.  The  hands  ol 
the  Kmperor  Kniicis.  tied  by  mysterious  ami  in 
visibh'  b:inds  ;ig;iinst  the  indulgence  of  iiiercv  lo 
the  tears  of  a  more  than  heroic  wife,  were  loosen- 
ed by  the  more  prev;iiliiig  elmpi  nee,  or.  rather, 
weiesevereil  by  the  completing  sword  of  Napoleon 
lioiiaparle.  acting  under  instrnelions  from  the  exe- 
(iilive  directory,  then  swaying  the  destinies  ol 
!•' ranee. 

Lalayelle  and  hist'ellow-suflerers  were  still  un- 
der r.ie  sentence  of  proscription  issued  by  the  far- 
lion  wliieh  had  destioyed  the  conslilulion  of  I7!ll, 
and  murdered  the  ill-fated  Louis  :iiid  hisfpieen.— 
Itiit  revolution  had  followed  upon  revolutionsince 
llie  downlall  of  the  monarchy,  on  the  Kith  ol 
.\iigiisl.  \'i'.>\i.  The  federative  republicans  of  the 
(liiondc  had  beenbntehereil  by  llic  j:icobin repub- 
licans of  the  mountain.  The  nioimtaiii  had  been 
siib|ecled  by  the  iminicipalily  of  I'aris.  and  thi* 
sections  of  I'aris.  by  the  reorgani/.aiion  of  p;iities 
in  the  national  convention,  and  with  aid  from  the 
armies,  Hrissol  and  his  federal  associates,  I);in- 
liin  and  his  party,  Kobespierre  and  his  subaltern 
denions,  had  successively  perished,  each  by  thc 
measure  ipplied  lo  themselves  which  they  had 
meted  out  to  others  ;  ;md  as  no  experiineiit  of  no- 
lilical  emiiiricism  was  lo  be  omitted  in  the  medley 
of  llie  l''iein  h  levolulions,  the  heredit;iry  execii 
live,  with   a  single   legislative  assembly,  was  sue 

I lied  by  a  coiistitiiiion  wilh  a  legislature  in  two 

braiiche-,  iiid  a  five-headed  execniive,  eligible, 
ansiially  one  liflli,  by  their  concurrent  voles,  and 
bearing  the  ii.iine  ot' a  direelory.  This  was  the  go 
veriiiiieiii  at  whose  instance  Lalayelle  was  finah) 
liberaieil  iVoniihe  diingeon  of  Olitinl/.. 

Hill,  wiiile  iliis  directory  were  stniking  to  ihcl* 
deepesi  liiumlalions  all  the  monarchies  of  Kninpc  ; 
wliileihav  weie  stripping  .\iislria.  the  most  potent 
ol  them  all.  piecemeal  of  her  Icrritories  ;  while, 
Ihey  were  imposing  upon  her  the  most  humiliat- 
ing eonililioiis  of  piMce,  :uid  bursting  open  her 
ilunm'iiii..  lo  restore  their  illuslrious  countryman 
lo  liie  light  of  (lav  ami  the  blessing  of  a  ptn'suiini 
liceiloiii.  ihey  were  themselves  ■■x|iloding  by  in- 
lunal  combiisiion.  dividi'd  into  two  factions,  each 
conspiring  the  destruelion  of  the  other.  Lafayette 
received  his  lieedom,  only  lo  see  the  two  mem- 
bers of  ihe  directory,  who  had  taken  the  warmest 
inieresi  m  elVeeliiig  his  liberalioii,  oiiilawed  and 
prosriibed  by  their  coHeagnes:  one  ot  them.  Ciir. 
nut,  a  fugitive  Iroin  his  cuunlry,  lurking  in  baniitb. 


aMK 


IliBiWUli! 


ijwmii'jiw'i 


ininont,  iiji-ruvnicil 
i:iki'ii|i|)i('ssiiiii  t>il- 
I  iiii|>rjsiiiiiii('rii  for 
il.  liiJt  sij;iii(iiMiilly 
jiiildis  ;  iiiiil  wIiIIp, 
iMiis  iil'li'i'iiiin^itiiig 
inTC  rriridH'il  .'rora 
I'.  oC  niiHlKilfsniiic 
pliric,  Will  M|i|ilio(°i 

0  ;>l)iiiljic  |||i>  ihiysi 
rciidoicfl  ;w  liir  iis 

ir. 

'hies  of  I  he  g,ill»nt 

the   Itriliih  lioiiso 

iliriiaiioM  ofWasli- 

1  Stiili's,  s|)CHkirig 
linn,  (Kir  iIh"  per 
Iroiijii^-iilnHertiiin. 
tri:(   lor  llir  rcliMse 

p    iiiisiipliisticateil 

lir;irl!(  ni'iiuMi,  lit 

miaiiiiy,  wiis  iii.iiii- 

iiiliviiliiiils,  pi'liMio 

iH'.fs  ol'  AiiicriiM, 

live  Ol'  llic  Klcrto- 

llolliiiiiiiii,  iiiiili'r- 

tr  livrs,  t<i    siipplv 

on,  iinil  llicir  prr- 

pni.     'riipir  ilfsiiin 

pnrsncil  wiih   nii- 

I'll  with  iiiiiliiiinti'il 

y  iiccidi'iils  licynnil 

'.  the  li.Tiiil  of  i1n•i^;n 
own  lime,  iirid  In  iN 
in.  'I'lir  hitnds  nt 
niy^lciinns  and  in 

"MM  (■     of   nilTIV    to 

«ifi",  well' lodicn- 
pi.  IMT,  rir,  nlli.T, 
sword  111'  Napoli'iiii 
tiims  friiin  llif  c'\i'- 
;   till!   dcsiiini's    of 

prors  wprp  slill  iin- 
1  Is'iiiPd  liy  the  far- 
msiitniidii  of  I7;il, 
i<  and  hisrpircn.— 
(Ill  rpvolniidii slurp 
',  on    ihc    lOili    III 

rppiilillrans  of  llii> 
the  japoliinn  pnli- 
iidiiiitain  had  Iippii 
df  Paris,  and  ilic 
nizalliin  iif  parliiw 
with  aid  friiiii  iho 
d  asHorlalPs,  Daii- 
aiiil  his  siibah.'rti 
shPil,  pach    hy  thr 

whirh   they    had 

Pxpi-riniPiil  of  po- 
tii'd  in  I  hi'  iiH'dlp} 
hiTPihtary  pxpph 
ssi'iiilily,  was  3IIC 
Ipuisialiiro  in  two 
'XPiMillvp,  phj>ihh\ 
riirrpnt  lolps,  aim 
.  This  was  the )(o 
riyplip  was  fnialij 
hiiiil/.. 

p  shaking  lo  llicl' 
irchipsof  Kniopc  ; 
a,  thp  iniisl  poipnt 
Iprriliirips  ;  while, 
ic  iiioHt  huiiiihal- 
liiirslInK  "I'Pii  hpr 
rious  poiiiilryinan 
liiig  id  a  piM'sonni 

pxploiliim  '')  in- 
!ivo  factions,  e;\r\\ 
'  dthi-r.  hafayptle 
ipp  thi'  Iwii  niPiii- 
akpii  ihi'  wariiipsi 
iin.  iiitllawi'd  and 
iinp  ol  thi'in.  Car. 
hirkiiig  ni  I'iiiiinlj. 


tTNITKD    STATKS, 


421 


roctit  topsrape  |Mirsiiit ;  uiiil  tlip  other  llarthi'U'iny, 
i]i-piiitt'<l,  with  fifty  iiiPiidiprs  if  thr  h'H'sl.itup  as- 
iPiiilily,  wllhdiil  loriii  of  trial,  or  pvimi  ol  h';:al  pro- 
cess, to  tlip  pcslilcnliai  chinatp  of  (iiii.ina.  .Ml 
this  ua^  ilohi'  with  the  appiubalioii,  cxpriHscd  in 
the  iiidsl  iinipialificd  tcriiis,  id  .N.ipidi'on.  and  wiih 
Cd-iippralidii  III  his  army.  I'piiii  licin<:  inlorincd 
of  the  success  III  this  I'ride'.s  pinyi',  lie  wrote  to 
the  ihrectdiy  that  he  hud  with  hini  imp  hiindrpil 
thdiisaiid  men,  upon  uhoiii  they  iiiiuhl  rely  to 
railsp  Id  III'  respected  all  the  iMcasiires  that  llipy 
ehoiildlakp  to  estalilisli  liberty  upon  sidiil  ftiuiida- 

(lOIIS. 

'|'«d  years  afterwards,  aiiiilher  rpvolnliiin,  ili- 
ffcllv  accomplished  by  Naptileon  himselt,  ileino- 
lislied  the  direcliny,  the  I'oiislitiition  of  the  two 
coiincils,  and  the  snhd  liberty,  to  the  support  of 
which  the  Imiidred  thiiiisaiid  iiii'ii  had  beeii  pledg- 
ed, and  iiitrddiiced  aiiiithei  ciiiisiiiniion,  Willi  Itiiiia- 
partp  himself  lor  its  expcnlivo  head,  as  the  first  of 
three  ciiiisids,  for  live  years. 

Ill  the  interval  lietween  tlit'se  two  revdiiiiiiins, 
Lafayette  resided  liir  aliiiiit  two  years,  (irsi  in  the 
Danish  territdiy  id  lliilsteiii,  and,  aflerwanls,  at 
I'trecht,  in  the  Italaviaii  lepnblic.  Neither  iif 
them  had  been  ellected  by  means  nr  in  a  inaiiiK  r 
uhlclicdiild  piissibly  ini'i't  Ins  appriibatiim.  Itm 
the  ciinsular  Koverninent  ciiiiiniPiiceil  with  broad 
professions  of  repiililican  piiiii-iples,iin  the  laith  of' 
which  he  returned  to  Kraiice,  and  for  a  series  of 
years  resiiled  in  privacy  and  ri'tnenient  upon  his 
email' of  La  (iianjip.  Herein  the  cnltiv.iiion  of 
his  farm,  and  the  erijo%'iiieiit  id'  diimestie  fellcitv, 
pinbilleied  didy  by  the  biss,  in  1S17,  of  that  aimel 
upon  eaith,  llie  partner  of  all  the  vicissitudes  of 
his  life,  he  I  inployed  his  lime,  and  wlliiessed  the 
lipwaiil  lliulit  and  dounw:nd  fall  of  the  soldier  and 
sport  of  liiitnne.  .Napdlcon  liniiapaite.  lie  had 
siion  perceived  the  hidlowness  id  the  ciiiisnl.ir  pro- 
fessliins  III  pure  repulilican  principles,  ami  withhclil 
himself  liimi  all  participation  in  the  udvermiienl. 
In  IMIJ,  he  was  elei  ted  a  meiiiber  iif  the  ;;eiii'ral 
Cdiincit  111'  the  dcpaitment  of  I  'pper  Loire,  and.  In 
dcchinnu  the  ap)Milntineiit,  tdok  ocimskhi  to  pre- 
sent a  review  of  his  preccdin.;  life,  ami  a  pledi;e 
of  his  perseverance  in  the  principles  vvliii  li  he  had 
previously  snslalned.  "Kir,"  said  he,  "  from  I 
the  scene  of  public  all'.iirs,  and  devotinj;  myself  at  I 
last  to  the  repose  of  pi Ivale  Inc.  my  ardent  wishes 
are,  that  external  peace  should  siiiiii  pnive  tliej 
fruit  df  those  niiraidi's  of  uliiiy  which  are  even 
now  surpassing  the  priidluies  of  the  piecedm^ 
L'ampaiuiis,  and  ihatlnlcrnal  peace  shiiiild  lieciiii' 
Kolldated  upon  the  essential  and  Invariable  fdiiii- 
daliiiiis  df  true  lllierty.  Happy  that  luenlv-lhiee 
years  of  vicissitudes  in  my  fort  line,  and  of  lon- 
Ktaiiey  to  my  principles,  aiilliml/.e  me  lo  lepeat, 
lli,it,  if  a  iiatldii,  lo  recover  its  rls;lits,  needs  only 
the  will,  they  can  only  he  preserved  hy  infle\ilile 
lidehty  til  lis  oidl'.:atiiin." 

When  the  first  consulate  for  live  years  was  iii- 
veiiteil  as  one  of  the  steps  of  the  ladder  of  .\,ipo 
Icon's  amblliim,  lie  sullered  .s^leves,  tin  niemle  r ol 
the  ilireetorv  whom  he  had  n^ed  as  a"  mslriinient 
for  casliti);  idf  that  woise  than  worthless  iiiililii- 
tioii,  to  prepare  aniilher  ciiiistilnlion.  of  which  he 
took  as  iiincli  as  suited  Ills  piir|>osi'.  and  ciiiisl^ned 
the  rust  Id  iilihvldn.  One  of  the  wheels  of  this 
new  polillcal  en^ilip  was  a  ctinseivatlve  senate. 
tdrmiiii;  the  peerai;e  to  sustain  the  execnllve  head. 
'rills  liddy  it  was  the  inteiesl  and  the  piilli  y  of 
Napoleon  lo  com  lllale,  and  he  tilled  it  with  men. 
who,  ihriiiiKli  all  the  previous  slai;es  of  the  revo- 
liilidii.  had  aci|iiired  and  iiialiitalned  the  lil;:lie'it 
lespedabilily  of  eliaraeter.  Lalayelle  as  iirKcd 
w'lih  ^reat  earnestness,  by  Napideoii  himself,  to 
tiiUe  a  seal  In  this  senate ;  but,  after  several  iiiii- 
leienees  with  the  first  eoiisul.  In  which  he  ascer- 
tained the  extent  of  Ills  desiuns,  be  |n  leiiipliirily 
deetined.  His  answer  lo  the  mmtsfei  ol'  wai 
lempeipd  his  refusal  with  a  tein  miiis  and  ilellcaic 
Cdinplimenl  alliulm^al  the  same  time  to  the  po- 
a'iliiiii  *vhich  the  Cdiislsi*iicv  ol"  Ins  i  *i  iractei  made 
II  Ills  duty  to  oci'iipy.  To  the  tii»i  >  onsiil  liiiii 
fell.  In  terms  eipially  eamlid  .miexpl  >  it.  he  said. 
"  thai,  from  the  directiuB  «hlcll  public  alKiirs  weie 


takitii;,  what  he  already'  saw,  and  what  il  was  easv   royal   throne.       Such   was  their  rel at 


.'       Has  history  a  I 


ive   piisitino 


to  fdiesee.  It  did  not  seem  suitable  to  hlscharactei    tin  n  ;   what 

to  eiiier   into  iiii   order  of   tilings  contrary  to   his  m.mkind    iiiiire  Insiriirtive  than  tin iitrast  niiil 


esxpll   for 


iriiiciiiles,  am 


tend  wilhiiiit    sue 


I   in  whli  h  he    would   have   to  con-   ihe  par.illel  of  their  fortunes  am 


I  the 


as    without    public   iitlllly.   and  chiiii  e,  and  llie  linger  of  I'rovldei 


late  I   'I'imn 
vhich, 


aiiainst  a  man  to  wliiiin  he  was   indebted  lor  );real   in   every   ilevlalliiii   I'riiiii  the   path  iif   jiisllcp,   re- 


dbhuatiiins.' 


erves  nr  iipeiis  to  itself  an  avenue  of  retn 


has 


Not  liini'  afterwards,  when  all  repiiblicaii  prin-  briiu);ht  eac'i  iif  these  niii;hly  men  to  a  eliise  of 
ilple  was  so  utterly  prosiraleil,  that  he  was  sum-  life,  eonseiilal  to  the  ehaiacler  with  which  he 
moiled  to  vote  on  the  ipiestion  whether  the  citi/en  travelled  over  its  scenes.  The  consul  for  life, 
.Napoleon  lliinapiirie  shotilil  be  ennsiil  for  life,  the  hereditary  em, leriir  and  kin;;,  expires  a  eap- 
liafiyelte  adileil  to  his  vote  the  fiilliiHltii;  eiiiii-  five  on  a  barren  rock  in  Ihe  wiblerness  of  a  iHh- 
tiieiit :  ■■  I  cannot  vole  for  such  a  inaKislracy  until  I  taut  ocean  ;  separated  from  his  iiiipi>rial  wife; 
the  piildie  liberty  shall  have  beeii  suflicieiitly  [separated  from  his  son,  who  survives  him  oiilv  to 
;:iiaiaiitii'il ;  aiul  in  that  event  I  vote  for  .Napoleon !  pine  away  his  existence,  and  die  at  the  niomeiit  of 
lloiiaparle. 

He  wriit 


iilioiid, 


till 


at  till 


iiiiilill( 


Ausi 


'  time  to  the  first  eoiisnl  a  I  The   apostle  of    liberiv    survives,   a^aiii   t 


nan  prince. 


lelter  ex|  lanatorT  of  his  vilte.  which  no  repiibh- 1  liirwaid.  iheevev-ciinslstent  champioii  of  hercailsi-, 
can  will  now  read  without  recounl/.lni;  the  iinai'e  and,  finally,  to  close  his  career  In  peace,  a  repiib- 
iif  inordinate  and  triumphant    aiiiiiiiion   covverin;;   licaii,  without    reproach  in  ilealh,  as  he  had  been 


ider  the  ri  liiike  of  disinterested  viilne. 


vlihiiiit  fear  ihriin^ilidiit  lifi'. 


The  l^th  of  lirniii  lire,  (said  this  letter)  saied        lliil   Napoleiui  was  tii  be  the  aitllii  er  of  his  < 


1'' ranee;   and  I   felt  myself  recalled  by  the   hlier.il   fdrtniies,  priispeious  and  adverse.      He 


as  risiiif; 


priifcssloiiM   to  which  yon   had  allai  lied  your  ho- {by   the    swiird;   hy  the   sword   he  was  destined  lo 


tl 


len  we   liave  seen 


ill   ihi 


iisnlar  '  tall.      The   eiiunsels  of  wisibi 


and  of  virtue  fel 


piiwer  that   rcpaiatoiy  dictatorship   wlil.li,   under   loreeless  upon  his  ear,  nr  sunk  into  his  heart  only 


till 
miiel 


inspices    of   yiiiir    ^'eiiiiis,   has    achieved  an   to  kindle  resentment   and   hatred.      He  sou;;ht 
I ;  yel  not  so  mueli  as  will  be  the  risioratlon   farther  personal  inteicdiirse  with    Lalavetie  ;  nnil 


of  liberty.  Il  Is  iiiiposslble  that  yiiii.  (ieiural.  the  :  denied  eduinidii  jnslice  tii  his  son,  w  ho  had  entercil 
fust  of  that  order  of  me'i  who,  to  compare  and  I  and  dlstinj'ulslied  himself  in  (he  ariiiv  of  Italy, 
seat  themselves,  take  In  the  ciimpass  of  all  a^,  s.  and  from  wliiuii  he  withheld  the  priimiitldii  jiislly 
iliat  yiiii  shdiild  wish  such  a  revolution;  sii  many  due  to  his  services. 

victories,  so  much  lildiid,  sii  many  calaniltles  and  '  The  career  of'  ^liiry,  of  fame,  and  of  )iowpr, of 
priidi;;ii's,  should   have   for  the  world  and   fur  von    which  the  consulate  Hu  life  was  lint  the  liisi  step, 

•il 


111  oilier   rcsii 


It  Ih; 


rlill 


rarv  tdvemmeiil. 


i'hi 


if  ten  veais'  eiMiliiHiaiice.   till  it  hail  reac 


Krencli  peiiple  have  Iimi  well  known  their  rli;lits  its  zenith:  till  the  astdiiished  eves  of  mankind 
iilllmalely  to  forget  llieiii  ;  hut  perhaps  they  are  liehelil  the  charily  scholar  of  Itrlenne,  emperor, 
now  better  prepared,  than  in  the  lime  id  their  ef- i  kin:;,  and  protector  of  the  conle(ler:ilioii  of  tho 
fervesi  enee,  to  recover   them   iisel'iilly  :   and   you,  i  ivhliie.   bainpieini:;  at    Diesilen,   surioniideil  by  :i 


by  the  liiree  of  yiiur  i  haracte 


iilid 


confiilence 


by  till 


I  of'  the   piildle    circle  of  tiiliiitaiy  ci 


ipi 


ritv  of  your  talents,  ol 


d   heads,  aiiidii^   whiiiii 


len  that  veiy  l''r:iiicls  nf'  Anslrla.  the  keeper, 


your  tHisiilon,  of  yoiii  fdrlune,  may,  by  the  re  es-  |in  Ills  castle  of  I  lliiiut/..  of  the  lepiildican   Laf:iy- 
l;ilillsliinent  of  lllierf,  siiiuionut  every  daiim'r.  and   cite.       And    upon    that   day  of  the   baiiipiellin  at 


velieve  every  .iiixielv 


I  1 


liter  than  '  Hresden,  the   star  of  .N  ipoleon   cnlmmated    f 


palriiilic  :iiid  peisoiial  nnili 

last  .idditidti  to  your  :ildrv  ;  :i  perm  iiienl   nciuisiia 


i.ive,  then,  noo 

Ives  for  wlsliin:;  yon  this   the    eipialor 
I  :iiotion 


viti 


Theneeliiiw.ird   it  w:is  to  desceiiil 
far  more  rapid   th:iii  when   risiii);,  till 


cy  ;   but  il    is  due   to   the    principles,  the  eiu;a;;e- '  it  sank  ill  endless  iiiiiht.   Thioil:;li  lh:il  liiii'.;  period. 


ineiils,  and  ihe  actions 
befiire    tiviim    iiiv    viili 


IV   whole  life,  to  wait,  i  Lalayelle 


d 


until    llbeilv   shall    h: 


in  reliremeni  at    La  liiaiii{c. 


.•"Iiienl  amidst  the  deafening  shouts  of  victory  friitn 


been  setiled  upon  t'onndalions  worthy  of  the  natiiiii  .Marenun,  :ind  .leiia.  and  Aiisierht/..  and  (''riedlanil, 
and  of  yon.  I  liiiiie,  general,  that  yiiii  will  here  and  \Va;;raiii,  and  lliirdiliiiii :  silent  at  the  ciiiifla- 
fiiid.  as  heretofore,  that  wilii  ihe  perseverance  of|ur:iliiin  of'  Moscow  ;  ;it  thi 
iiy   polillcal    opir 


1'' 


111'  the   Itere- 


noiis    ;ire 


visiles  personallv  lo  you.  and  a  profound  sentlmeni 
d  iiiv  iibli'.;atiiins  lo  voii.' 


iiiilleil    sincere    uiiiiil  ^  sina  :   at  the  irrelilevable  discomlltnie  of  Leipzig  ; 


'I'll! 


vriler  id  this  letter,  and  he  to  whoiii  it 


iililr 


'd,  ha 


I'll 


his  :ippiiiprlaii'  sphere, 
leeii   instriinients  of  ti:iiisei'iiileiit   power,  in    tin 


at  thi 


lecapiliilatloii  at  the  i;ale> 


IViris.  and  ;it  the 


first    restoration    of  the   jtoiirbons,   iiiider  the  nii- 


<pic 


Id'  th 


e   mvelerate   eneme's 


iif  !•• 


little  could    L;il.iyi  lie  partlcipale  in   the  measure') 
of  that  restoration,  as  In  the  n>urpatioiis  of'  N'a)Hi- 
l.inds  of  I'rovideni  e.  In  shape  the  ends  nf  its  w  Is-  i  leiiii.  Limis  the  Kiuhleeiith  w  is  ipiaiieieil  iipiin  the 
doiii  111  the  wniiderlul  sliirydfthe  Kieiieh  levolii- 1  l''rencll  nation  as  the  sidihers  of   ihe  vicidiioiis  ar- 
loii.      Ill  conleiiiplatinL'  the    pari    which    each   iil'i  mles  wire  ipiarlered  iipoii  the  inliabiKinl' of  Paris, 


hem  had  acted  upon  that  i;ii'at  ihe.nreof  hniiian 


id  the  letler.  how    stra 


M 
desuny,  belore  tile  da 
was  :it  thill  iiioment  the  relative  position  of  the 
two  iiiiliviilu:ils  III  each  other,  and  lo  the  wiiild  ! 
Lalayelle  was  liie  founder  of  ihe  meat   moveinenl 


till 


pro>;r 


I  f'lir  till 


stabll^hment 


ireddii 


III 


the  K 


iiiiipi 


world  ;  but  hi 


agency  had   been  all  iiilelleciui 


d  and 


al.      Ill 


had  asserted  and  pidclaimeil  the  principles.  II 
had  never  vidlaled,  never  betrayed  tlu'iii.  Napi 
leoii.  a  nillilarv  ailvenliirer.  had  vapoiiied  in  pri 
<  laiii:itiiins,  and  had  the  Irolli  of  jacolilnlMii  iipii 
Ills  lips  :   bill  Ills  soul  w:is  at  the  point  id  Ills  sword. 


The  ri'voliillon  was  In  I,alavetle  the  cause 
i:in  kind  ;   to  N:ipoleon    it 


iif  im- 


anibitidii. 


was  a   mere 


ladde 


\vt   Loins  the  l'!i::lilei'nlli.  who  liel  I  Ins  crown  : 


the    mil    of  llii'    Cdiiipieii 


i.f   I' 


lie 


III  III 
iiished 


III   lie 


iilil 


le    conilitions   niiposi 


d 


till 


nalion. 


:ilh'ileil   to   hold   It   by  illvlnit 


iIkIiI, 


mil  to    i;raiit,  as  a  spec 


a  I  f 


ivoiii,  a  (' 


harte 


or  cdiisiitiitidii,  fiiiini 


that 


Ihe  hill 


led 
Id    tl 


hail  L^raliiiioiis 


do 


III   tfie  aviiwi'it   principte 
le   ii.ilion    were   no  more 

llf    the   k'llL'. 


'i'liese  preiensiiiiis.  with  :i  eoiiespondhi:;  coiirsn 
of'  policy  piiisiied  by  the  reinstated  i;overiiiiieiit  iil 
the  ihiiirbons.  and  the  disregard  of  the  nallonat 
feelincs  and  Inleresls  of  !•' ranee,  wilh  which  Ku- 
rope  w  as    re 


-modelled  ill  the  ( 'nnures^  of  \'ie 


iipened  the  way  for  the  reliiin  id  .N:ipoleon  from 
Kill, I,  within  il  yciir  li'din  the  time  when  he  h:iU 
been  reli'(;aled  llicie.  He  liinded  as  a  sojit.iiy  ad- 
venturer. .Hid  the  iKiilon  rallied  round  him  with  tap- 


>'ei.  at  the  lime  when  this  letter  was   written, 
L.tliyctte  after  a  series  of  imniense  sacrifices  audi  line.       He    c;iiiie  with    priimises  to   the  nation  of 


iiiipiii 


illeled 


II  lie 


iis   a     private    .  itizeii.   freedom  ;is 


4  well: 


id  liidi 


epeieleneii 


The  .illIcK  of 


d  to  accdiiiii  to  ihewiirld  for  loelln  im  t  i  vnle    \'iiiiii.i  pniclaimed  iittalnst  him  a  war  of  exterini- 


liir  placinu 


di'dii  at   the  he. id   of  the  Kieiich   icitioii,  and  re  mvided  Kraiice  with  armies  exceed- 


allcin.  with  arbiirnviind  indeliiille  pnwer 
iiiid  Napoleon,  iinild  priifessidiis of' iiiibou 


tor  h 
idedile 


e  :   iiii;  in  nniiibi 


Midlion  of  men.      Liiliiyelle  had 


iiled   by   Napdieoii  upon   his  reliirn.      He 


to    liberiv.  w  IS.  in   the   face   of   m  iiikind.   wiia  .iii.im    uri^ed   lo   tiike  ii  se.il    in  the    hoii 


I  of 


idiiig  llie  steps  uf  an  luTeditaiy  imperial  and  peeiai  hut  peremptonly  declined,  fiutu  avcrtiiuti  to 


43> 


11  ISTOK  V    or    TIIK 


Its  heriMlitary  clMriiclcr.  I  If  hail  rd'iiscil  In  rc- 
■lltnr  Inn  tillciir  iiiilnlity,  <inil  iirnlrKtcil  ai^iiiiisi  ilii- 
CDiiNliliKiiili  (>r  till'  empire,  iiiiil  llir  ;iilillliiiii.il  :ii'( 
cnlailiiif;  liii<  liii|ii'ri:il  licri'ililaiv  rmwii  ii|iiiii  thr 
family  III'  N;i|niU'iiii.  liiil  lir  hII'i'iimI  Iiiiiisi'II' ;is  a 
caiiiliiliitc  lor  I'lri'Iiim  as  a  iiiriiilirr  nf  llir  |i(i|Milai 
ri'pri'si'iilativi"  cliaiiilicr  nt  llir  li'!;ii|aliiri'.  ami  «as 
Uliiiliiliiiiiisly  rliii-'i'ii  liy  llli'  clrilnial  c  iilli'^e  "I  his 
(IpjiarliiiiMil  III  thai  Hialinii. 

J'hr  liallli'  111'  Walrrino  was  llir  \:\M  ili"*|i('rali" 
struu^lf  (iT  Napoit'i'tt  In  rt  rovrr  Iiih  raJliMi  rnrliiiif^, 
ami  lis  issue  (ixi'il  his  ili-siiii\  I'mcvcr.  Ili'i-i' ipeil 
alniiisl  aliHif  IriMii  ihe  lirlil,  anil  i'i'IiiiihmI  a  riii>iiivi' 

10  Paris,  |iriij('Otinu  (n  ilissnivc  l>y  ariiu'il  Inrr*'  ihi* 
|p)<lslativK  asseiiilily,  anil,  assiiiniiiK  a  ilii  talnria! 
|m»pr.  In  levy  a  new  army,  ami  try  ihe  despeiaie 
fliaiiees  nrannllier  liallle.  This  |iiir|)iisi'  «as  ile- 
fealei'  liy  the  energy  anil  pininplitiiile  nl'  I/ilayellr 
At  his  iiislaneelhe  as>piiilily  aili'pli'il  lliiee  resnlii- 
lions,  line  nl'  uhiih  ilerlaieil  ilieiii  in  perinaiient 
tessinn,  and  ilenonntril  any  alleinpt  lo  dissnlve 
them  i.s  a  erinie  nl'  liiyh  Ireasiin.— — 

Alter  a  I'eeble  and  rniilless  allenipl  nl'  .Napnieiin, 
lhroiii;h  hishrnlher  l.iieii'ii,  tniiliMin  iVmii  the  as- 
nenihlyilsella  teinpiiiary  ilielaliirial  pnwer,  he  ili 
dioaled  llie  iniperiii  rriinn  in  laviinr  nl  his  ini'ant 
enii  ;  hnl  his  aiidiralinn  cniilil  mil  niieve  I'raiire 
from  the  ileplnralile  inmliliiiii  In  uhii  h  he  had  re- 
duced her.  I'lanre,  I'nim  the  day  of  the  hallle  nl 
AValerIno,  was  at  the  merry  nf  the  allied  imii'.arihs  ; 
and,  .IS  ihe  last  art  nl  their  revenue,  they  tave 
lier  asain  Inllie  Ifniirlinns.  I' ranee  nas  rnnstialiied 
toreriive  them.  It  was  at  the  point  nl  the  liaynnet. 
and  resistanre  w.is  nl"  tin  avail.  The  lei;islalive 
lissemlily  appninled  a  piinisinnal  cnnniil  nlVnvein- 
meiil.  ami  ■nnimissiniieis,  III'  ulinm  l.al:iMttr  was 
one.  In  iie:;ni'ialr  with  the  allied  armies  llien  rapid- 
ly advanrmt:  iipiiii  I'aris. 

The  allies  inanili'sied  no  ilispnsitinn  in  nei:iiti- 
ale.  They  ilnsed  tin'  ilonis  ol  ilieir  hill  upon  ihe 
represenialives  oC  ihe  people  nl  I'raiire.  They 
reseated  I, mils  the  Kiuhleinlh  upon  his  ihrone. 
A^iainsi  these  nieasnies  l,ara\elle  and  the  meni 
hers  III'  the  assemlily  had  no  means  nl'  resisianir 
left,  save  a  tearless  piolest.  lo  lie  reinemhered 
when  the  day  of  IVeedom  should  return. 

From  the  time  ol'  this  sn  niiil  reslnratlnii  nnlil 
his  death.  I.alayi'lte  who  hail  ileelined  areeplm;' 
ii  seal  m  the  heiedilary  rh.imlier  ol'  peers,  ;ind  in- 
IIinIIiIn  reliised  lo  lesuine  his  title  nl  iioliilily, 
Ihoimii  the  eharler  of  |,onis  ilie  Ki^hteiiilh  had 
testori'il  tlii'in  all,  was  alinosi  i-iiiisi;ini|y  a  niemliei' 
1)1'  the  I  hamlier  ol'  depiilies,  the  popniat  liranih 
of  the  lej;islaliiie.  .^lolelllan  nni  e,  ho«e\ei,lhe 
inlliieiK  e  nf  the  eomt  was  snrrissrnl  in  delealim: 
his  elerlion.  Atone  nf  llnse  inleitals,  he  em- 
ployed the  leisure  ullolded  him  in  riMsitini;  the 
I'llited  ."slates. 

l*'ortv  Years  had  elapsrdsinre  he  had  visited  and 
taken  leave  of  them,  at  llie  elnse  of  the  reiohition- 
ary  war.  The  urealer  p.irl  ol  ihe  yemralion  for 
and  with  whom  he  had  foMi:lit  his  lirsi  fields,  li.i.i 
passed  away.  (If  the  two  millinns  of  sniils  lo 
whose  resetie  from  nppri'ssioii  he  had  rrossi'il  the 
•  leeaii  in  n77.iiot  one  in  ten  survive  '.  Mm  their 
pl.iees  wet"  supplied  liv  mine  than  live  limes  their 
niimlieis.  ilieir  desiendaiiN  and  sneressi.is.  The 
senlinii'jit  ol  uialiMide  ,itid  alleelion  lor  l,.il.iyelle, 
l.ir  Hom  dei'hiiiii'.:  wilh  the  lapse  ol  ii;ne.  ipiii  ken- 
ed  in  spirit  as  it  advan.ed  in  years,  and  seemed  lo 
iniilliply  w  nil  the  iiieiiasini;  miiiiliersnr  the  people. 
The  nation  had  never  eeasi  d  to  sympalhi/.e  wilh 
liis  I'nrtiines,  and,  in  every  viiissiliide  nf  his  life, 
had  manifested  the  deepest  inleresi  in  hiswelfire. 
lie  had  oiiasionally  expressed  his  iiilenlion  to  visit 
iniee  more  tne  scene  of  Ins  early  acliievements. 
and  the  i  niinlry  which  li  id  reipiiled  his  services  liy 
a  just  estimate  nf  iheir  value.     In  I'llniiaiy,  l^'.'i, 

11  solemn  legislative  act,  iinanimonsly  passed  liy 
liotli  hmises  of  <  'oii;;ie>s,  and  appioveii  liv  lie'  pre- 
nident  nf  the  1  'iiiied  Stales,  cl  :iri;(  d  tli  ihiel'  ma- 
liisiraienf  :lii'  nation  wiili  the  duly  of  coii'mimica- 
tin;;  In  him  the  assiiraniesni'  <;rali'lnl  and  all'i  iliiin- 
iile  ailachini'iil  siill  i  lien^lied  I'nr  liiiii  li\  llie  yov 
prninent  and  people  nf  llie  I'nilid  .'"'■tales,  and  of 
lendering  ui  liiiu  a  nallunal  ship  with  suitublu  ar- 


eommodalion,  for  hi  ■   eonveyance  lo   this  eonn- 
iiy. 

Ten  years  have  passed  awav  since  the  oecmrriice 
nf  that  event.  .Since  then,  ihe  incicase  nl  popii- 
lalioii  within  llie  linnlers  ol  oiir  iiniiin  eveeeds,  in 
nnnihers,  the  whole  iii.ms  of  that  inl'.int  coimmiiiitv 
In  whose  llla'ilies  he  had  devnied,  ill  Cllly  yolllh, 
liis  hie  and  Inrtniie.  His  cnmpaniniis  and  I'lllow 
soldiers  111  Ihe  war  of  indepcnilciice.  ol  whom  a 
seamy  rcmriani  slill  exisied  lo  join  in  ihe  Mint  eisal 
shniil  nf  welcome  wilh  which  he  landed  iipnn  onr 
slinres,  have  been  since,  in  the  nidlnary  course  of 
nalnie,  droppir^u  away  :  pass  hut  a  lew  slinri  years 
liiore.  and  iinl  an  miliveliial  of  that  generation  with 
»liicli  he  toiled  and  hied  in  the  cause  nf  hmnan 
kind,  iipnn  his  first  appcaiiiice  nii  the  field  nl  liii- 
iiian  action,  will  he  led.  The  >;allani  oHicer.  and 
disliiiunislied  representative  of  the  people,  at  whose 
ninlinn,  upon  this  lliior,  the  invilalion  of  the  nation 
was  i;iven — the  chief  mauislrale  liy  whom,  in  einn- 
phaiice  wilh  the  will  of  the  lei^islaliire,  it  was  ten- 
dered — the  siirvivinj;  piesidenls  of  ihe  I'liiled 
.Stales,  and  tlie-r  veiieralile  compeer  sieiiers  nf  the 
declaration  of  independence,  who  leceived  him  lo 
the  aims  of  private  Iricndship.  while  inin:;!!!!!;  ilieir 
voices  ill  the  clioiiis  of  piilihc  cMillalion  and  joy, 
are  no  loni;erhere  lo  shed  the  tear  of  sorrow  upon 
Ills  depaitiire  Iroiii  lliis  earthly  scene.  They  all 
preceded  him  in  the  Iranslalioii  to  aiiolher,  and, 
we  trust,  a  happier  world.  'I'lie  active,  enerKetic 
inanlinod  of  the  nation,  of  whose  infancy  he  had 
heen  the  piotectorand  henelaclor.  and  w  ho,  hy  the 
proIiLicted  festivities  of  more  than  a  year  of  jiihi- 
lee,  manifesled  |o  loin  iheii  sense  of  the  olili;;a- 
liiins  for  which  they  were  indeliled  lo  him.  are  al- 
ready descendinj;  iiitii  the  vale  of  years.  The 
children  of  the  pnlilic  schools,  who  i|iinii!:ed  in 
doiihle  files  to  pass  in  review  liefnre  him  to  catch 
a  ulinipsc  of  his  coiiiilenance,  and  a  smile  from  his 
eye,  are  now  anions;  the  men  and  women  of  the 
land,  rearine  another  i;eiieralion  to  envy  ilieir  pa- 
rents the  joy  w  liich  lliey  can  never  share,  nf  haviiiK 
seen  and  conlrihiiied  Inthe  ulnrionsanil  Iriiimphanl 
receplioiiof  hafivelle. 

I'pon  Ills  retmii  to  riance,  I,afiyetle  was  re- 
ceived with  a  welcome  hy  his  ciiiinlrymen  scarce- 
ly less  enlhiisiasiic  than  til, II  with  which  he  had 
licen  t^iecled  in  this  cnnnlrv.  Kroni  his  landiiii: 
at  Havre  III]  he  arrived  at  his  residence  at  I, a 
tiran^e.  it  was  ai;aiii  one  triumphal  march,  ren- 
dered Inn  the  more  sirikiii!>  hy  the  inlerriiplions 
and  olislacirs  ol  an  envious  and  jealous  i^overn- 
menl.  Threats  were  not  even  spared  of  ariesiiim 
him  as  a  criminal,  and  holdiiiu  him  respnnsililefm 
the  sponlaneoiis  and  iirepresiilile  fcehims  mani- 
lesieil  liy  the  people  in  his  favour.  He  was.  very 
soon  after  his  reliirn.  ai^ain  elected  a  memher  nf 
the  chamber  of  ih'pniies.  and  ihencel'orward  in 
ih.il  himoiiralile  and  milependeni  slatinn.  wa%ihe 
soul  III  llial  sleadlasi  and  inllexible  parly  who  li  ne- 
ver ceased  to  defend,  and  was  iiliniiately  destined 
lo  viiidicale  llie   libcrlies  of  I'rance. 

The  ^iiverninenl  ol'llie  liiinrbons,  hnm  the  lime 
nf  their  resioralion,  was  a  perpelnil  sirn^iile  In 
reiurn  to  the  .S.iinrnian  times  of  absohile   power. 

l-'or  lliem  rlie  smi  and  mnnn  had  si i  siill,  iint.  as 

in  ihe  miracle  of  ancient  siiirv.  for  alioiit  a  whole 
(lav,  bill  lor  more  ill, in  a  ^vhole  cenliiiv.  Kesealed 
upon  their  ihioiies,  nnl.  as  ihe  .Siiiiirls  had  been  in 
the  seventeenth  cenliiry,  by  the  vohinlary  act  ol 
Ihe  same  people  which  had  expelled  ihcni.  bill  by 
the  arms  of  fnrciirii  kimis  and  hostile  ariiiiis,  in- 
stead nfainiini;.  by  the  liberality  of  their  govern- 
ment, and  by  improving;  the  cnnditinn  of  their  pi  n- 
jilc.  In  mak"  llieiii  fnrifi't  the  linmilialinii  nf  the 
yoke  impnsed  upon  them,  they  labnmed  with  iin 
vicldim:  tenacilv  In  make  it  ninre  uallini;.  Tliev 
ills. iriiied  the  nalioiial  ^lla|■ds;  ihey  cramped  and 
crippled  the  rii;ht  of  siilliase  in  elections;  they 
pervcried  and  Iravcsiied  the  instiiniinii  of  juries  : 
they  fcltered  llie  freeiloni  of  the  press,  and  in  their 
exieiiial  piilii  y  lent  iheniselves,  williim  instriiieiils 
to  crush  the  liberties  of  Spain  and  Italy,  The  spi 
ril  ofllie  III  Mill  HIS  cilllied  li,ll  mil  <iibdlied.  The 
priiiriples  of  liecdoni  proclaimed  in  the  declaratiun 
of  rights  of  1/80  had  takrn  luu  dceii  root  lo  be  ex- 


tirpated. Charles  the  Tentli,  by  a  j;iailiial  intfo- 
dneiinn  into  his  cniincils  nf  llie  most  inveterate  .ul- 
heieiils  In  ihe  anil  rcMiliilinnary  );nvernnieiil,  wiis 
prep.iriiit:  Iheway  liir  the  aiiniliilalion  iiflhechar- 
ter  and  nrilie  legislative  represenlafion  ofllie  peo- 
ple. Ill  proporlion  as  this  pi. in  approached  m  its 
maliiiiiv.  Ihe  resislance  of  the  iiilion  to  its  ac- 
."oni'ilishineiil  acipiired  coiisisiencv  and  or.:aii- 
i/atioii.  The  lime  had  been.  when,  liv  the  resiiic- 
lions  upon  the  iii:lit  of  siitfra^e.  and  llie  coiitiot 
of  tiie  press,  and  even  of  the  freeihmi  of  debate  in 
llie  letjisl.iture,  the  opposition  <ti  the  cliamber  m' 
ile|Mities  had  dwindled  down  to  lint  more  than 
lliiriy  members.  Hut,  iindera  lipid  snceessioii  ol 
inenmpetent  iiid  iinpopnlar  alimini^lralin:ls,  the 
majnrity  of  the  house  nf  deputies  had  passed  f'lini 
the  side  nf  the  coitrl  lo  that  nf  the  people,  in 
\iiunst.  IS-:.".!,  the  king, ronfnlingin  his  inrijsiinry 
slreiiiith,  reori;:ini/.eil  his  ministry  by  ihe  appoint- 
menl  of  inen  whose  repniation  was  Itself  a  pieili:>! 
of  ihe  violent  and  desperate  designs  in  eontempla- 
liiili.  .\t  ilieliist  mcetinj:  nl  I'le  legislative  assem- 
bly, an  address  to  the  king,  signed  by  tn'!i  hiindied 
and  Iwenly  one  out  of  four  hundred  members,  de- 
clared lo  him,  ill  respecll'iil  terms,  that  a  entienr- 
reiice  of  sentiments  lielween  his  ministers  and  the 
natinii  was  indispensilile  In  the  happiness  nf  ihfl 
people  under  Ills  govcrmneiil,  and  thai  liiis  cnii- 
eiirreiice  did  nut  exist.  He  replied,  that  hisdeter- 
ininalion  was  immovable,  and  dissolved  the  assem- 
bly. A  new  election  was  held  ;  and  so  odiniis 
tlitniighniit  the  nation  were  ihe  measures  nf  tlio 
court,  that,  of  the  two  hnmlied  and  twenlvonc 
memliers  who  had  signed  the  addiess  against  the 
minisiers.  mnie  than  two  hnndred  were  le-elected. 
The  opposiiiim  had  also  gained  an  aecesjioii  nt 
minilieis  in  the  remaiiiing  part  nf  the  ilepiitations, 
and  it  was  apparent  that,  upon  the  meeiing  of  the 
assembly,  the  court  party  could  not  be  sustained. 

.\l  this  crisis.  Charles  the  Tenth,  as  if  resnlved 
In  leave  himself  nnl  the  sliadnw  of  a  preiext  to 
coiiiplain  nl  his  expnlsinn  I'rniii  the  ihrntie.  in  de- 
fiance of  the  cliarter.  to  the  observance  of  which 
he  had  solemnly  sworn,  is,<ued,  at  one  and  the  saino 
time,  lour  ordinancrs  ;  the  first  ofw  liicli  suspend- 
ed the  hlierly  ol'tlie  press,  and  prnhiliited  the  piib- 
hcalinii  nf  all  the  daily  newspapers  and  ntlier  peri- 
odical joiirnals,  bill  by  license,  revok.ible  at  plea- 
sure, and  renew, ible  every  three  months',  the  se- 
cond annulled  llie  elections  of  depiilies.  which  had 
just  taken  place  ;  the  third  changed  the  mode  of 
eleelinii  prescribed  by  law.  and  tednced  nearly  liv 
one-half  Ihe  nnmbers  nf  the  hiiiise  nf  depiilies  m 
be  elected  ;  and  the  hiiirth  cnmmaiided  the  new 
eh'clions  lo  be  held,  and  fixed  a  day  lor  llie  meet- 
ing ofllie  assembly  to  be  so  eoiisiitiited. 

These  nrdiiiaiices  were  the  mmiediale  nccasinii 
ofllie  last  levolNtion  of  the  three  ilavs,  terniiiia- 
liiig  111  the  liii.il  expnlsinn  nl  ( 'harles  thr  Tenth 
Irniii  ihe  llirniie.  and  nl  'limsell  and  his  fiiinlv 
Irnm  the  liinloryol  Kra'ice.  This  was  elfectid 
by  an  iiisuneclion  nf'lie  people  of  I'aiis,  wliuli 
burst  forth,  by  spontaneous  and  unpreineihiaicd 
niovemeni.  mi  the  very  day  nl  the  prniiiiilgation 
111  the  I. llir  oidinaiiees.  The  first  of  these,  the 
siip|iiession  of  all  the  ilailv  newspapers,  seemed  as 
It  sliidinllsjv  devised  In  provoke  lllsl  iiil;ineol|s  re- 
slsiiince.  and  the  cnnllii-(  ol  phy^e  al  lorce.  Had 
Charles  the  Tenth  issued  a  decne  to  rIiih  up  all 
the  b.ikehoiises  of  I'aris,  it  CO  ilil  not  haie  been 
mure  filal  in  his  aiithoiiiy.  Ihe  i  ondin  lots  ol 
the  proscribed  journals,  by  mutual  engageiiieni 
an  oiig  lliemselves,  determined  to  eonsnier  the  or- 
dinance as  unlaw  fill,  null,  and  vnid  ;  and  this  was 
In  all  classes  nf  the  people  the  signal  of  resistance. 
The  piiblislii  rs  of  two  of  the  journals,  sunimoiied 
immediately  before  the  judicial  tribunal,  were  jiis- 
tilied  ill  their  resislance  by  the  sentence  of  the 
court,  proiioimcing  the  ordinance  null  and  void.  .\ 
inarslial  of  !■' ranee  receives  the  i  .imiiiands  of  the 
king  lo  disperse,  by  force  nf  arms,  ihe  popiilalinii 
of  I'aris  ;  biil  the  spontaneous  resin reclion  nfllie 
nalinii.il  giiaiil  organizes  at  mice  an  army  to  defend 
the  libeilii's  of  the  ii  ..ion.  lial.netle  is  again 
called  liom  his  retreat  at  La  (iraiige,  and,  by  the 
uiiauiiuous  voice  o(  the  people,  confirmed  by  sucb 


deputies  of  the  Icj^islulive  assi'iiil)ly  iis  were  utile 
tu  meet  for  ciiiiiiiiciii  c(>iiMiill;iiiiiii  n:  tliiii  ti>i"); 
ciiiei'geiicyi  is  again  |ilai'i'il  at  llii'licait  (il  lliu  iii- 
licilllU  guarii  as  tlll'ir  CdlllllialKlrl-MIl  liirl.  lir 
a.ssuilU'd  tile  colliinaii<t  on  tin-  sccotirl  tl.iy  ol'  tin' 
conllict,  iIIkI  on  the  third  (  liailcs  ilie  'I'ljiili  had 
ceased  turei;;n.  lie  lurniallv  alidicalril  lli'  croHii, 
uud  hisi  son,  thcduke  d'AnijoiileMie,  renunnced  his 
preteiiaioiiH  tu  the  siiiecegsiun.  Jtiit.  hiinilde  iini- 
latorsi  of  iNapuleon,  even  in  Hnlinnllin);  to  their 
own  dejrradalion,  they  clung  to  the  last  ^asp  ol 
heredit;ity  sway,  by  tran.sniiltini;  all  their  claim  of 
dominion  tu  the  orphan  chdil  of  thr  ilnke  He  lii'in. 

At  an  early  stage  of  the  revolution  oll/^'l,  La- 
fayette had  declared  it  as  a  prinriple  that  iiisnr- 
rectiun  against  tyrants  was  the  nnisi  sacieil  of  du- 
ties, ile  lia<l  hurrowed  this  senllnn'ni.  perhaps, 
fruni  the  nnjttoof  .letrers(ni — ••  Jvelicllion  to  iyranl« 
is  obedience  tu  (iod."  'J'he  principle  it>ell  is  as 
suund  ns  its  enunciation  is  dating.  Likeall  gene- 
ral inaxinis,  it  is  susceplilile  of  very  (lan;;i'rous 
abuses:  the  test  of  its  Iriilh  is  eschisivily  in  the 
currcctiiess  of  its  application.  As  lorining  apart 
of  the  political  creed  of  Lalay>'lle,  it  has  noi  been 
■everely  criticised;  nor  can  it  be  deined  that,  in 
the  experience  of  the  l''n'n<li  revohilions,  the 
eases  In  which  popular  insiiiri'i  linn  iius  bi'<'n  re- 
burted  tu,  for  the  extinction  of  existing  authorily, 
have  been  so  frerjueiil,  so  unjuslifiable  in  thiir 
causes,  soalrnciousin  their  execution,  so  destruc- 
tive to  liberty  in  their  eonseipiences,  that  the 
friends  of  freedom,  who  know  ihat  she  can  exist 
only  under  the  supremacy  of  I  hi'  law,  have  snme- 
tinies  felt  themselves  cinislrained  to  khriiik  from 
the  ilevelopement  of  abstract  truth,  in  lln'ihead  of 
the  danger  with  which  .she  is  surniundiil. 

In  the  levolution  of  the  ihrer  d.iys  of  |s:>ll,  ji 
was  the  steady,  calm,  but  inllexiiile  adhi'ii'ine  of 
Lafayelle  to  this  maxim  which  deiiileil  the  fate  of 
the  Hourbons.  After  the  siruugles  of  the  people 
Iwil  -(unnn'nced,  and  even  while  liberty  and  power 
were  urappllii'.'  with  each  other  for  life  or  dialli,  llie 
depniies  eli'ct  to  the  leiiislativc  assembly,  then  at 
I'aris,  hebl  si'veral  meelings  at  the  hoii>e  of  ilicir 
colleaaue,  Laliitle,  and  elsewhere,  at  wlii(  h  the 
question  of  resi>tanee  against  lije  onlinances  was 
warnilv  debated,  ami  aversion  lo  that  re:-isiance  bv 
force  was  the  sentiment  pirdoniln.int  in  Ihe  minds 
of  a  majority  uf  the  meinbi'is.  'I'lic  hearts  of  some 
of  the  most  aiileiil  patriols  (piaileil  wiiliin  ihciii  ai 
llie  thought  ot  anolJK'roveilhron  nl  the  inonaiihy. 
All  the  horrible  recolleciionsof  ihe  irii;ii  of  icrror. 
the  iiiassacie  of  the  prisons  in  ."seplemlier,  tin- 
hutcheries  of  the  guillotine  iVmii  yen  in  \e.ir.  the 
headless  Iriinksol'llrissol,  ami  Daulioi.  .iixl  Itubcs- 
pieire  and  last,  not  leasi,  ilie  iron  (•iin\ii  aiiil  scep- 
tre of  Napoleon  liiniself,  rose  in  hideous  sin  eis- 
siini  beliire  them,  and  haunted  (lii'ir  imaginalions. 
Tht'v  detested  ihe  ordinaiiees,  bill  hoped  lliat.  bv 
negotiation  and  renionslraine  willi  ihe  leereant 
king,  it  might  yei  he  possible  to  obiain  llie  revoea- 
(iou  of  them,  and  the  siibstiliiiiim  ol  a  more  liberal 
ministry.  'J'liis  dehberalioii  was  not  eoielndid 
till  Ijaliiyette  appeared  among  them,  from  that 
luonieut  the  die  was  cast.  They  had  till  then  mi 
military  leader.  Ijoiiis  I'hilippe  of  Orleans,  had 
not  then  been  seen  among  iheiii. 

In  all  the  changes  of  governnieiit  in  Krance. 
from  the  fust  assembly  ol  notables,  to  that  day, 
there  never  had  been  an  act  of  aiitlinrily  |iresent- 
ing  a  case  for  the  fair  and  jiisi  application  of  the 
duty  of  resistance  ag:iinsl  oppressiun.  so  clear,  sm 
unipiestioiiable,  so  llagiant  as  this.  The  violali.iis 
of  the  charter  were  so  gioss  ami  palpable,  lhat  'he 
most  deterinined  royalist  eoiild  not  deny  ihein. 
The  mask  had  been  laid  aside.  Tin'  sword  of 
despotism  had  been  drawn,  and  the  se  abbaiil  east 
away.  \  king,  openly  liirsworii,  hid  lorli'ited 
every  claim  to  allexianee  :  and  the  only  resource  of 
the  nation  le^aiiist  him  was  le^isianee  bv  foree. 
This  was  the  opmimi  ol  Lalavelle,  and  he  ileebii 
eil  himself  ii'idy  to  lake  ihe  eiimiiiand  of  llie  Na- 
tional tiuard.^lioiiid  the  wish  oil  he  people,  alie.iijv 
declared  thus  tn  place  liiiii  at  llie  lie.ul  if  this 
spontaneous  niuvemenl,  he  coiifirmed  by  his  enl 
leagues  uf  tlio  legislative  assembly.     The  appuint- 


U  N  I  T  ]•:  1)    STATES. 

iiient  was  iiccordmgly  conferred  upon  him,  and  the 
second  day  allein.iiils  t'liarles  the  Tenth  and  his 
lamily  were  liigiini's  in  a  loieign  laiiil. 

I'lance  was  wiihoiit  a  goverumenl.  .'^Iie  might 
llieii  have  consliliiled  herself  a  lepublic,  and  Miih 
Has,  nniloiibleilly,  the  aspiration  of  a  very  liirge 
poriion  ol  her  popiibilion.  lint  with  anoih'er,  and 
>e'  laiger  portion  oilier  people,  llie  name  of  re- 
public w.is  idenlilicd  with  the  ineinory  of  Kobes- 
picrre.  Il  was  held  in  execration;  there  was  iiii- 
luinent  danger,  it  not  absolute  certainty,  that  (bt- 
attempt  lo  oigani/e  a  republic  would  have  been 
the  kignal  for  a  new  civil  war.  The  name  of  a 
republic,  tuo,  was  hateful  to  all  the  neighbours  uf 
Krance;  to  the  couh'deiacy  ofemperori  .ind  kings, 
Hhich  had  twice  replaced  the  Hourbons  upon  the 
tliione,  and  »hu  might  be  propitiateil  under  the 
disappoinlmenl  and  inoililication  ol  ihe  result,  by 
the  leleinion  ol  the  name  nf  king,  anil  ihe  siibslilii- 
tion  of  the  SI  niblance  of  a  lionrbon  for  the  reality. 

Till  pi opie  ol  I'Vanee,  like  the  t  ardinal  de  Jtel/.. 
more  than  two  centuries  before,  wanted  a  descend- 
ant Iroiii  Henry  the  Fourth,  wlm  luiild  speak  the 
language  of  the  I'arisian  pupulaee,  and  who  had 
known  wh.it  il  was  to  be  a  plebeian.  They  foniiil 
hiiii  in  the  person  of  Louis  I'hilippe,  of  tji leans. 
Lalayi  It:'  hnnsell  was  coinpelleil  In  i  ompioniise 
Willi  his  princples,  purely  and  simply  lepublic.in, 
and  to  accept  him,  hist  as  heiilenanl  jeneral  ol 
the  kingdom,  and  I  ben  as  lieiedilaiy  king.  'J'heri' 
was,  pel  haps,  in  this  ilelerniina'.ion,  besides  the 
niolivcs  nlin  II  opcialcil  upon  ollieis,  a  considera- 
tion of  ilisinteiesied  ilelicaey,  winch  eonld  be  appli- 
cable only  to  himsell'.  ||  iln  republic  should  be 
I'laimed,  he  knew  llial  the  eliiel  niagislrai'v  could 
b'  ilelcgatcd  only  lo  hiiosell.  Il  nnisl  have  been 
a  chief  inagislracy  for  life,  which  at  his  age,  coiibl 
only  !'.:i.ve  (;;u'i.  Uir  a  short  lei  in  of  years.  Indepen- 
dent of  the  extreme  dangers  and  dilliciillics  to 
himselt',  lo  Ins  I'.iinity,  and  to  his  conntiv,  in  w  liich 
the  posiii„:i  '.vi'.ioh  he  would  have  occnpicil  might 
have  involved  them,  the  iiiipiiry  could  not  escape 
his  foiecasi,  who  iipoli  his  ileniise,  could  be  his 
successor  .'  and  »  hat  iniisl  be  the  pesiiwn  occupied 
by  him  f  It,  at  that  moinenl,  l,e  had  lint  spoken 
Ihe  word,  he  miglit  Inoe  closed  his  career  with  a 
erovtn  upon  his  head,  and  wilha  nilhering  blast 
upon  Ins  name  to  the  en.)  ol  lime. 

W  nil  ihe  iliike  ol  Orleans  liimself,  he  used  no 
conce.ilment  or  disguise.  When  the  crown  was 
olleied  lo  that  prim  e,  anil  he  looked  to  Lafayetle 
for  consiilialioii,  '•  yon  know  (said  he)  that  1  ai  i  of 
the  .Vmencaii  sclmol,  and  partial  to  the  consiilu- 
Mon  ol  the  1  lilted  .'^lalcs."  So,  il  seems,  was  Louis 
I'hilippe.  "  I  think  with  yon,"  said  he.  "It  is 
impossihle  lo  pass  two  years  in  the  riiited  .'"States, 
without  being  convinced  iha!  llii'ir  govcrninent  is 
the  besi  in  ihc  world.  Jtiit  do  von  think  it  suited  to 
our  present  circumslaiices  and  conililion  .'"  No, 
replied  Lalayelie.  ••  Tliey  leipiiie  a  moiiarchy  siir- 
lounil"d  by  popular  iiisliliilioiis."  .'^oihnimht  also, 
Ijoiiis  I'liiiippe  ;  and  he  accepted  llie  crown  under 
till'  eiinililioiis  iij'on  which  it  was  tendered  to  him. 

Lalayelie  letaini  d  the  coinmand  ol  the  national 
guard  so  long  as  il  was  essential  to  the  seltleineiil 
III  Ihe  new  and  old  things,  on  the  basis  of  order 
and  of  freedom  ;  so  long  as  it  was  essential  to  con- 
trol the  sloriny  and  excited  passions  of  tlje  I'.iri- 
sian  people;  so  lom:  as  w.as  neccsaary  to  save  the 
ministers  of  the  giiilly  linl  lalleii  moiiareli  from  the 
rash  and  revengefi;!  resenlnients  of  tln'ir  conipier- 
ors.  When  this  was  ai  eomplished.  and  the  people 
had  been  ]iieserved  from  the  e,ilaiiiily  of  shedding 
111  peace  the  blood  of  war.  he  once  more  resigned 
his  command,  retired  in  priva.y  lo  La  tirange  and 
lesnmed  his  post  as  a  deputy  in  the  legislative  as- 
semlilv,  which  he  coiitinned  to  hold  till  the  close 
of  life'. 

His  station  there  was  still  iit  the  head  of  the 
phalanx.  «iipporli  rs  of  liberal  principles  and  of 
roiisliliitional  lieeilom.  In  Spain,  in  I'ortngal,  in 
llalv.  ami.  above  all,  in  I'ol mil,  llie  cause  of  liberty 
has  been  sinigglilig  ai;aiiisl  .he  hand  of  power, 
ami  to  the  last  hniir  of  his  life.  lliey  fonml  in  La- 
layelie a  nevei'-failiiu;  friend  and  palroii. 

'in  his  last  ilhiu.':^.  the  siliiutliug  wUicU  ho  held 


423 

in  tlie  liearts  uf  tUHiikinii  was  attested  by  iho  for- 
inal  resiiliiijuii  of  the  house  of  deputies,  sent  to 
make  iinpiiries concerning  his  conihtioii  ;  uud,  dy 
ing,  as  he  did,  lull  of  je.iis  and  ol  glory,  never,  lO 
Ihe  hisimy  ol  Inankind,  has  a  priiale'  imlivlihini 
departed  more  iiniiersiilly  lamented  by  the  wliulo 
generation  ol  inen  whom  he  has  leli  beliind. 

Such,  legislators  of  the  North  American  Con- 
federate liiioii,  was  the  life  of  tiilbcrt  .Moiier  do 
Lalayelie,  and  the  record  of  his  life  is  the  delinea- 
lioii  of  Ins  character.  Consider  him  as  one  hu- 
man being  of  one  thousand  millions,  his  cotempo- 

raries  on  the  siirlaee  of  the  terraipieoiis  glnlic. 

.\iiiongthal  ihonsand   millions  seek  for  an  object 
of  I'omparison  with  linn  ;  assume  lor  tin  slandaril 
of  comparison  all  the  virtues  which  exalt  Ihe  cha- 
rueterofmau  above  that   of  the   brute   cieatioii ; 
take  the  ideal   man,   little  lower  than  the  angels; 
mark    the  ipialities  of  Ihe  mind  and   heart   which 
entitle  him   lolliis  station  of  pre-eminence  in  tho 
scale  of  created   beings,  and    impure   who,    that 
lived  In  Ihe   eiglileenih  and   niiieieenlh  centurie.t 
jot  the  chrisiian  icra,  i  ombined  in  liim.sell  so  many 
of  those    ipialities,   so   lillle    alloyed    with    tliuso 
[which  belong  lo   that  earthly  vesture  of  decay  in 
JHliich  the    iimnoilal   spirit  is  enclosed,  as  Lalay- 
elie. 

I      I'loiiuiiiiee  him  one  of  the  fnsi   men  of  his  age, 
j  and  you  have  yet  not  done  him  jiisiice.     'J'ly  him 
I  by  lhat  lest  to  which  he  sought  in  vain  to  stiiiiu- 
late    the    vnilgar    and    scllish  spiiii   of   .Napolsou ; 
ji'lasshiin    among  the  men    who,   to  coinpaie  anil 
{seal  Iheinselves,  miisi  lake  in  llie  compass  uf  all 
jUgi's;  turn   back    voureves    upon  the   records  ot 
I  tune;  siimiiion  from  the  creation  of  the  world  tu 
this  day  llie  mighty  dead  of  every  age  and    every 
dime  ;  and  where,  among  the  race  ol  merely  mur- 
lal  men,  shall  one  be  found,  who,  as  the  benefac- 
tor of  his  kind,  shall  claim  t:i  lake  precedence  uf 
Lalayelie  .' 

'I'heie  have  doubtless  been,  in  all  ages,  men, 
whose  discoveries  or  iiivenlions.  in  ihc  worbl  ol 
matter  or  of  mind,  have  opened  new  avenues  tu 
the  doniiniou  of  man  over  the  material  creation; 
have  increased  his  means  nr  his  facnities  of  enjuy- 
iiienl  :  hate  raised  him  in  nearer  approxiination 
to  that  hiuher  and  happier  condition,  liie  object 
of  his  hopes  and  aspirations  in  his  present  state  uf 
exislence. 

Lafayette  discovered  no  new  principles  of  poli- 
ties or  of  morals.  Ile  invenled  iiiilhiiii!  in  seieiice. 
He  disclosed  no  new  plienomenon  ill  llie  laws  of 
iialnre.  Horn  and  ediiciled  in  the  hieliesi  order 
of  feudal  nobilily,  iiiider  the  mo..|  absoliile  mu 
naicliy  of  Kiirope,  in  possessii>n  cil  an  alllnent  fur- 
tune,  and  inasler  ol  himselland  ol  all  his  capabili- 
lii's  at  the  moinenl  of  allainiiig  m.inhood,  tho 
principle  of  repnblieaii  jiisiiee  :inil  ol  smial  eipiali- 
ty  took  possession  of  his  lieail  and  mind,  as  if  by 
inspiration  from  above.  lie  devoted  liiniself,  his 
life,  his  fortune,  his  hereiliiary  honours,  his  low- 
eriin;  ainbilion.  Iii<  spleelid  hopes,  all  to  ilie  eausn 
of  liberty.  He  eanie  In  anoilicr  licniisphcre  tu 
delend  her.  He  became  one  of  ibe  iiio-l  elfeetivo 
champions  of  our  Indepciiileiice  ;  bill,  lhat  oiicn 
achieved,  he  reliiriieil  lo  Ins  own  country,  anil 
Iheneeforwaril  took  no  part  in  the  controversies 
uliieli  liaveiliviilcd  lis.  Ill  the  evciils  of  our  te- 
voliiiiou.  and  in  tin  forins  of  policy  uliich  we  have 
adopted  lor  the  I'-lablisliinenl  and  perpctiiatioii  ol 
our  fiecdoiii.  Lalayntle  loiiiid  the  most  perfect 
form  of uovernmeiil.  Ileuisheil  to  add  iiolhiiig 
to  II.  He  would  gladly  have  abstracted  nolhing 
from  it.  Iiistiiad  of  the  imaginary  republic  ot 
I'latii.  or  the  I'lopiaof  I^ir  'I'hoinas  .Nlore.  he  tooK 
a  practical  exiiilmg  iiiodel,  in  actual  operation 
here,  and  never  allcmptcd  orwished  more  tliaii  to 
apply  il  laithlnlly  to  his  own  country. 

It  was  |iol  given  to  .Moses  to  enter  the  promised 
land  ;  but  he  saw  it  from  the  snniniil  of  I'isuah.— 
Il  was  not  irivcn  lo  Lalayelie  lo  \iiiiiess  the  ciin- 
snnim:ilioii  of  his  wislns  in  the  eslablisluiieil  of  a 
lepublic,  and  the  exiiiiclion  of  all  lierediiaiy  rule 
ill  Krance,  His  priiHiples  were  in  advance  of  tho 
iigc  and  hemisphere  In  wl'ichlie  lived.  A  Dour- 
bun  Still  reigns  uu  the  thrune  of  France,  aud  it  ig 


ii* 


HISTORY    OF    TIIK 


'   I 


nnd'iir  iistdiirnilini/.rlhp  titli'  l>y  wliii'li  Ih-  ri'iKii!i. 
Till-  |>ririi-i|il<'»  1)1"  clritivi-  :iiicl  liomlliiiry  |iiiwit, 
blrnili'd  in  ri'liu-l^iiit  iiiiidii  in  hit  ppison,  ilki'  llie 
red  anil  nliiif  ri>M's  (>r  Vnik  anil  l/inr:istct,  may 
pi>»l|i(>n('lii  alU'rlinic  llu'  last  cnnllicl  liiullirli  llii'V 
must  iilliiiiaH'ly  ciiinc.  'I'lii'  lilr  nl  tlic  paliiarrli 
wns  nut  liin^  rniniKli  lor  llic  ili'v  lii|inii'nl  ol'  his 
whole  juililiral  sysii'in.  Its  linal  acconiplisliini'nl 
\»  in  the  nmnli  i>l'  tunc. 

Tlic  iinliri|iati(iii  nl' litis  rvrni  is  tlie  timrc  ri-r- 
(alii,  rriiin  titi'  niiisiili'iatinn  tliat  all  tlic  prinripli's 
for  wliiili  Iialayi'ttc  rntiti'iidi'il  wcic  practical,  lie 
lirvi-r  iniliiluvil  hiitisi'irin  wilil  atiil  ranciliil  spccn- 
lalinns.  'I'lie  principle  nl  licicditary  pnwcr  was, 
in  his  npininii,  the  lianpiirallicpuldii  an  liberty  in 
Kuriipr.  I'tialilc  tiicxtiiiL'tlish  it  in  tlicrcvnliilinn 
of  INK),  sdl'aras  ciinccrniMl  the  cliiet'  nia(;istiacy 
of  the  nation,  I.al'ayelte  had  the  sati»racliiin  ol'see- 
inp  it  aliolished  with  rcleienee  to  the  peerage.  An 
hereditary  ciown,  siript  of  the  support  which  it 
may  derive  iVom  an  liereditary  peeiai;e,  however 
rnmpatilile  with  Asiatic  ilespoiisin,  is  an  aiiiiinaly 
ill  the  history  of  the  i  hrisiian  world,  and  in  the 
llipory  ot  Tree  (.'overiiinent.  '{'here  is  no  aru'iiincnt 
prodiii  il>1e  aiiaiiist  llie  existence  nl'  an  lieieditaiy 
pperaue,  lint  applii's  with  atiijravalcd  Height  ai;ainsl 
tile  traiisniissiiiii,  rroni  sire  to  son,  ol'an  lieicdilary 
crown,  'i'lie  prejudices  and  passions  nt'tlie  people 
of  Krance  rejected  the  principle  ol'inherited  power, 
in  every  station  iif  pnlilic  trust  e\i  I'ptini;  the  (irsi 
and  hiuliest  ol'  them  all  :  Iml  theic  they  ciiini;  to 
it,  as  did  the  Israelites  iil'old  to  the  savory  deities 
of  Kcypt. 

This  is  nut  the  time  or  tlie  place  lor  a  disipiisi- 
lion  upon  the  coinpar.iiive  merits,  as  a  system  ol 
povernnii'iit,  of  a  repniilic  and  a  monarchy  siir- 
roliiided  liy  lepiililicaii  iiislitntions.  rpiin  this  siili- 
ieel  there  isamoni;  its  no  diversity  of  opinion  :  and 
if  it  should  lake  the  people  of  France  anothi'r  half 
century  ol  internal  and  external  war,  of  da/./.lint' 
und  delusive  iilorics ;  of  unparalleled  Irinmplis, 
humiliating'  reverses,  an  I  hitler  disappointmenls,  lo 
Bfltle  it  to  their  satisfaction,  the  idtimate  result 
can  only  hriiii;  llieni  to  the  point  where  we  have 
stood  from  the  day  of  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence ;  111  the  point  whi'ie  I^afiyetle  would  have 
briMmhl  theiii,  and  li>  which  he  looked  as  a  con- 
sunimaiion  devoutly  lo  lie  wished. 

Then,  loo,  and  then  only,  will  lietlie  lime  when 
the  eliaracler  of  Lafayelle  will  lie  appreciated  at 
its  true  value  tliriiiii;liout  the  civili/.cd  world. — 
■Wlientlie  principle  of  liereilitaiy  dominion  shall  he 
extinguished  in  all  the  institutions  of  h' ranee  ; 
when  (•overnment  shall  no  loiii;er  lie  considered  as 
properly  Iransmissihle  from  sue  lo  son,  hut  as  a 
trust  comniilled  for  a  linnled  time,  and  llieii  to  re- 
turn to  the  people  whence  it  came  ;  as  a  liuidensome 
duty  lo  lie  dischartied,  and  not  as  a  reward  lo  be 
abused;  when  a  claim,  any  claim,  lo  political 
power  liy  inheiltance  shall,  in  the  estimation  of 
the  whole  Kiench  people,  be  held  as  it  now  is  by 
the  whole  people  of  the  .Norlh  .\iiiericaii  union: 
then  will  be  the  time  for  ciiiileinplaliiif;  the  cha 
racier  of  l.afayelle,  not  merely  in  the  events  ol  his 
lite,  bill,  in  the  lull  developmetil  of  Ills  inlcllecliial 
conceptions,  of  his  terveni  aspirations,  of  the  la- 
hours  and  perils  and  sacrifices  of  liis  loni;  and 
Fventfiil  career  upon  earth;  and  thenceloiwaid, 
till  the  lioiir  wliiii  the  iriiiiipof  tin  archangel  shall 
Round  toannoiiiK  e  thai  time  shall  be  no  iniiie,  the 
name  of  l,al  lyelte  shall  stand  eiirolleil  upon  the 
annals  of  our  race,  hi^li  on  the  list  of  the  pure  and 
diiiinleri'sted  beiielaclois  of  mankind. 

]«afivi)tle*  was  a  Krcncli  nolilcniaii  of  hi^h 
nnk,  who,  iinimaled  with  the  love  of  liberty,  hail 
left  his  native  coimlry.  and  oll'eied  his  seivices  lo 
Congress.  While  in  I'laiii  e,  and  only  ninelcen 
years  of  aire,  he  espoused  ihe  cans"  nf  llie  Ame- 
ricans, with  the  iiiosi  ilisiiiteresied  and  ;;<'iieioiis  ar- 
dour. I  lavinu  deterniineil  to  join  then),  he  com- 
liiiinicaled  hisinienlioiis  to  the  .\merican  Ciimmis- 

nioners.  at    I'aiis.     They  justly  c iveil,  tliilaj 

patron  111  so  niiich  iinpori  nice  woiibl  he  of  service 
tu  llieir  CUU8V,  and  eiiruuia^ed  hi»  design,  ilefure 


*Sco  |iQgc  31)6. 


lie  had  rtiiliurkfil  from  France,  inlelliKencp  arri- 
ved in  Kurope,  that  the  .\niericau  insuri;eiils,  re- 
duced to  'JIIUII  men,  were  lleeiii):  lhroii};h  .lersey, 
before  a  Itiilish  lime  ol  .lll.IMM).  I'nilci  these  cir- 
ciimslances,  the  .\uit*rican  coimnissiouers  at  Paris 
tlioiiuhl  ll  hill  honest  to  dissuade  him  Iroiii  the  pre 
sent  pioseciition  ol  his  perilous  eiilerpiise.  It  was 
in  vain  thai  ihey  acted  so  candid  a  part.  His  /eal, 
III  serve  a  distressed  country,  was  mil  abated  by 
her  luisforlnnes.  Ilaviim  embarked  in  a  vessel, 
which  he  purchased  for  the  purpose,  he  .iMtved  at 
Charleslon, early  in  1777,  and  soon  alter  joined  the 
American  army.  Coukiiss  res.^lnd.  that,  "in 
consideration  of  his  /,e  il,  ilhistriouH  lainily  and  con- 
nexions, he  should  have  the  rank  of  major  licne- 
ral  in  thcirarmy."'  Indepeiidenl  of  the  risk  he  ran 
as  an  American  oHicer.  he  ha/.aided  his  large  for- 
tune  in  conseipieiice  of  the  laws  of  I'lance.  and 
also  the  coiilinemcnl  of  his  person,  in  c;isc  of  cap- 
ture when  on  his  way  to  the  (nileil  .States,  witli- 
olil  the  chain  e  of  beine  .'  knowledged  by  any  na- 
tioii ;  for  his  court  had  lorbiddeii  his  proceeding  lo 
America,  and  had  despalcheil  orileis  lo  iiave  liim 
conlined  in  the  West  Inilies  if  found  in  thai  ipiailer. 

This  gall. ml  iiolilemaii,  who,  under  all  these  dis- 
advantages, had  denionsirated  his  good  will  to  the 
I'niled  .^stales,  received  a  wound  in  his  leg  at  the 
battle  of  llrandywine  ;  lint  he  nevcrllieless  eontiii- 
lied  ill  the  lield,  and  exerted  himself  both  byword 
and  example  in  rallying  the  Ameiicans.  Oilier 
foreigners  of  ilislinclioii  also  shared  in  the  eiigage- 
nienl.  Count  I'lilaski,  a  I'olish  nolileman.  the 
same  wlio  a  few  years  bel'ore  carried  oil'  king  .siiaii- 
islans  from  his  capital,  though  snnoiindcd  with  a 
numerous  bmly  of  guards,  ;inil  a  Kiissi.in  ariiiv. 
fonglil  with  the  Americins  al  lli.indywine.  lie 
was  a  thunderbolt  of  war,  and  always  sought  for 
the  post  of  danger  as  the  post  of  honour.  .Soon  al- 
ter lliisengageinent.  (  iingiess  appointed  him  com- 
mander of  horse,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier. 

Howe  |iersevereil  ill  his  sclieiiie  of  gaining  the 
right  llaiik  of  the  .Vmericaiis.  This  was  no  less 
sleadily  pursued  on  the  one  side,  llian  avoidnl  on 
the  other.  Washington  came  forward  in  a  few 
days  with  a  resohition  of  lisking  anolhcr  ai'linn. 
He  ac(  tirdingly  ;iilvaiiced  as  I'ar  as  the  Warren 
t:iiern.  on  the  I. am  astir  toad.  .N'eai  ihat  pi. lie, 
on  the  |Sth  September,  boili  armies  were  on  the 
point  of  engaging,  with  their  w  hole  time  :  bii'  wen- 
pretenlcd  by  a  most  violent  storm  of  rain,  which 
continued  lor  a  whole  day  ;iiiil  night.  When  the 
rain  ceased,  the  .Vmericaiis  found  that  their  ain- 
iminilion  was  entirely  ruined.  Itctore  a  proper 
supply  was  procured,  the  llriiisli  niarcheii  iVoni 
their  position  near  the  White  Horse  tavern,  down 
towards  ihe  Swedes'  t'oid.  The  Anieiii-ans  again 
took  post  in  lliPir  front ;  hut  the  Itiilish,  instead  ol 
urging  an  action,  began  to  maiili  up  towards  Ke  til- 
ing. '1\)  save  tlie  stores  which  had  been  deposited 
in  that  place,  Wasliingion  took  a  new  position, 
and  lell  the  I'lilish  in  iindistiiibed  possession  ot 
the  roads  which  lead  lo  I'liiladelpl  la.  Ills  troops 
were  worn  down  with  a  succession  of  seveic  dii 
lies.  There  was  in  his  army  above  a  thousand 
men  who  were  barelooteil,  and  who  had  perlorineil 
all  their  late  inovemenls  in  that     iindilion. 

About  this  time,  the  Americans  sustained  aeon 
sifleralile  loss  liy  a  iiigli'  'lack,  condiicled  by  (icii. 
eral  I  irey.  on  a  dctacliiin  in  ol  their  troops,  w  liicli 
w,is  encamped  near  the  Paoli  tavern.  The  out- 
posts and  pickets  were  I'orced  wilhoiit  noise,  about 
one  o'eliick  in  the  moriiing  nl  the  'illili  of  .Septem- 
ber. 'I'lie  men.  when  they  turned  out,  iinfortn- 
nalely  panided  in  the  light  of  llieir  flies.  This  di- 
rected   the    llritisli  how   and    where   lo   proc I. 

'I'liey  rtishcd  in  upon  them,  and  put  about  'MM  to 
deatli,  ill  a  silent  mannei.  by  a  tree  and  exclusive 
use  of  the  bayonet.  The  enterprise  wasconducled 
with  so  inncli  address,  llnil  the  loss  of  llie  assail- 
ants did  n.il  exceed  eight. 

Congress,  which  after  a  short  residence  al  l!al- 
tinioie,  had  returned  lo  I'hilailelphia.  were  obligeil 
a  second  iinie  to  consnll  their  safetv  by  llighl. — 
'I'licy  reined  al  lirst  to  Lancaster,  and  alterwaids 
lo  Vorlitown. 

Tlio  bulk  o(  (he  lirttiiih  army  being  kit  in  (ier- 


iiianlonn.  .Sir  Williaiii  liowr,  with  n  miiall  pir', 
made  Ins  triumphal  ciiiiy  Into  I'liibidelphia,  on  llin 
■Jiiili  of  .Scpienibei,  and  was  received  with  the 
hearty  welcome  ot  minierous  ciii/.ens,  who,  either 
lioiii  I  oiisi  leiice,  cow  iiilice,  interest,  or  principle, 
had  hitheito  separated  thrinsehes  Iroiii  the  das* 
ol  ai'tive  wliigs. 

The  possession  of  tlie  largest  city  in  the  Utiiled 
Slates,  together  with  the  dispersion  ol  that  grand 
council  wliii  h  had  heietoliiieciiiidiii  led  their  pub- 
lic all.iirs,  were  reckoned  by  the  short-sighted  as 
dei'isive  of  their  file.  The  siibiuis.Hion  of  conn- 
tries  alicr  Ihe  coiiipiest  of  llieir  capital,  had  olieii 
been  a  thing  iifcoiii'se  :  but  in  the  great  coiilesl  lor 
Ihe  sovereignly  of  the  I'niteit  .S|ate>.  the  i|iiestion 
did  not  rest  with  a  ruler,  or  a  body  of  riiler8:  nor 
was  it  to  be  deleriiiiiied  by  lliv  possession  or  loss 
of  any  particular  place.  It  was  the  public  iiiiiid, 
llie  sentmienls  and  opinions  of  they eoiiiaiiry  ol  lliu 
country  whii  hneie  to  decide.  Though  I'iiiladel- 
pliia  had  beiiiiiiethe  residence  of  the  llrilish  aiiiiy, 
yet  as  boig  as  the  mijorily  of  the  people  of  the 
rtiited  .Stales  weie  opposed  to  their  goveniment, 

the  country  was  unsnbdneil.      liiil I  it  was  picMi- 

iiicil  by  the  more  discerning  politicians,  that  lliu 
luxuries  of  ,i  gie.it  city  would  so  far  eneivale  the 
Kiitisli  tido|  s,  as  lo  indispose  them  tor  those  ae- 
lue  exiiiioim  lo  wliichlhey  were  prompted,  while 
incoiiveiiii  inly  encamped  in  the  open  c  iiintiy. 

To  lake  oil  the  iiiipiession  the  llrilish  successes 
inighl  make  in  France,  to  the  prejudice  of  Amer- 
ica, l>i.  Fr.inklin  gave  them  an  ingenious  turn,  by 
obscmn-.  ••  th;ii  instead  of  saying  Sir  William 
Howe  h. Ill  taken  IMiil.idelphia,  il  would  be  more 
pioper  to  say,  I'liibidelphia  had  taken  Sir  Willi.iiu 
Howe."         ■ 

<) I  Ihe  first  objects  of  Ihe  llrilish,  after  they 

had  gotten  possession,  was  to  erect  balterie-'  to  ciitii- 
niand  the  river,  iiid  to  protect  the  city  lioiii  any 
ass,inli  by  waler.  The  llrilish  shipping  were  pre- 
vented liiiiii  ascending  the  Delaware,  by  obstnie- 
t"  heiealler  lo  be  described,  which  were  fixed 
Mud' Island.  I'liiladelphia  thiingh  possessed 
by  the  Itiilish  army,  was  exposed  to  danger  from 
the  Ameiican  vessels  in  the  river.  The  Ameiicaii 
Innate  Dilaware  ol  ,'I'J  guns,  ancliored  within  .ilH) 
yaitls  ol  ihe  niilinished  batteries,  and,  being  sec- 
onded with  some  smaller  vessels,  connncnci<l  a 
he, ivy  camionade  upon  the  batteries,  tower;  but 
upon  the  tailing  of  the  tide,  she  ran  aground.  Ite- 
ing  briskly  lireil  upon  friiiii  the  town,  while  in  this 
condition,  she  was  compelled  lo  surrender.  The 
othei  .Vnicricaii  vessels,  not  able  to  resist  the  lire 
t'roiii  the  battel  ies,  after  lisiiig  one  of  their  numlicr, 
reined. 

(ieneial  Washington  having  been  reinforced  by 
•J.'ilM)  men  lioni  I'eekskill  and  Virginia;  anil 
having  been  intormed,  thilt  (ieneral  Howe  had  de- 
tached a  consideralile  part  of  his  force,  for  redu- 
cing the  liirts  on  the  Delaware,  conceived  the  de- 
sign lit  all  ickiiig  the  Itritisli  post  al  (ieriiiantown. 
Their  line  of  encanipmi  nl  erossed  the  town  at 
right  angles  near  its  ceiilre.  The  letl  wing  ex- 
tended to  the  ,Si  huvlkill,  and  was  covered  in  I'loiit 
by  the  iiioiiiited  and  ilismoiinted  ehasseiirs.  The 
ipicen's  .Vmericaii  rangers  and  a  baltalioii  of  light 
ilifanliy  were  in  friiiit  of  the  right  The  IDlli 
regiment,  with  another  baltalion  of  light-iiifintry, 
were  posted  on  the  Chemiiit-hdl  road,  three  ((imV- 
teis  ot  a  mile  in  advance.  Loiil  Coiiiwallis  lav 
at  I'liiladelphia  with  four  batalions  of  grenadiers. 

.\  lew  III  the   general  olhcers  of  the   .\iuerican 

army,  whose  advice  was   reipiesled  on    lit a- 

siiin,  unaninionsly  reciinimended  all  attack  ;  and 
It  was  agreed  that  il  should  he  luade  in  dill'erent 
places,  lo  pioiliice  the  greater  coiiliision,  and  t'l 
pievent  the  several  parts  of  ll  llrilish  forces 
Iriim  alfoiihng  support  to  each  mlier.  From  an 
appieheiision,  that  the  Ameiicans,  thriiiigli  the 
Hunt  III  iliscipline.  would  not  persevere  in  a  long 
attack,  i;  was  lesnlved  that  it  should  be  siidilen 
and  viuoroiis  :  and  if  unsuccessful  to  be  I'lillowed 
by  an  expedilioiis  retreat.  The  divisions  ol  .Sul- 
livan and  W'.iyne,  tlanked  by  ( 'onwav's  bri^^ade, 
were  lo  enter  the  town  by  llie  way  of  Chisnul- 
liill,  while  Ueiieral  .\riiislrong  with  the    I'ennsyl- 


U'  -,-. 


UNITKD    STATKS. 


4911 


'l»li'»,  llie  i|iirHtiiiii 


rnnia  militia   ilioiilil  I'hII    iIuwii   iId-   Mariiitanny  I'll  lii!;p||ier,  in  llir  manner  usual  t'cir  iiinkinK  llici  linil  with  i;r<'»reiilhi.<tn' (li-rrnilril  tlip  fnrt  Triim  (ha 

riiaci   anil  ^»m  llic   It'll  anil    ii'iir  nl    llii-    llllll^ll.  lniinilalinn    u(  wliarvvK,  in  ilct'p  watrr.     Si'ti-ia!    iiiiii'i' I'liil  iil' Si'iiIcmiIii'i,  In  llic  I  Itlinl' Niivcinbai, 

'JMuMlivi^iiinH  III' (fii'rnc  anil  Sli'|>lii'ii4,  llaiilx'il   hy  laiui' |ii>iiil.i  nl  In  anliil   ii'iiii   |iriiji'i'tiiiu   iln»n   llir    liiini:  Hniimlril  nai  icninvril  In  llir  main.      With 

M'Uinmal'M   lihgaili',   wcri'  In  I'liler  liy   llif   limr-  rnir,  wiTr  annrxnl  In  llii'  ii|i|iri  |)iil»  nlllir  ilir-    iti  ll»r  iI.ivh  aliri  Ins  rriiinv  il,  M.ijni  'I'liayi!!,  wln» 


kiln  mail.  'I'lir  mllilia  nt'  .M.inl.iiiil  anil  .Icricy,  vaiix  ilr  I'lisi-,  ami  iln- ttlinlr  was  <iiiiik  willi '<lnni's, 
uiiiU'r  (iiMieralu  Sinallwiii.ij  ami  Kiiniian,  wi'ir  in  sn  as  In  lie  iliniil  I'niir  li'ct  niiiirr  walcr  al  Inwiiili'. 
inarc'li  by  I*  "  'ilil  Vork  mail,  ami  In  Tail  ii|inn  llit'  'I'lii'lr  |iriiiliKinns  ui'i|;lil  ami  slii'iiiilli  I'niilil  iinl  Tail 
rear  of  llic  .  ri){lit.  |  In  I'lli'cl  llii?  ili'sliiiclinn  nl  any  n-sscl  vvliirli  caiiii' 

Luril  S.iiliiiKi  Willi  Nash's  ami  M.«\»rirs  Ini-  ii|inn  iImmii.  'I'liirly  nf  lliese  macliincs  witi- sunk 
gailH,  were  tn  lurni  ainrpsiir  ri'srrvi-.  'I'lic  Ann--  ahniil  iliii'c  liumlrpif yarils  lielnw  I'nrl  Milllin,  sn  ai 
rii'ans  lin^an  llieir  allaik  aliniil  niinnsc,  nil  llir  llli  In  slri'lili  in  a  iliaginial  liiip  avrusn  llie  cliaiiiiel. 
of  Oclobrr.  nil  ihi"  lOlh  irKiini'iil,  ami  a  liall.ilinn  ]  'I'liP  only  npHii  passage  Irl't  was  brlwerii  Iwn 
nrii|;lll  inlanlry.  'I'lirsi-  Iwn  rnrps,  licinj;  iililijjiij  pirrs  lyiii);  tinsi-  tn  ihf  inri,  anil  llial  was  ^fitiirril 
III  rclriMl,  wi'ri^  (inrsni'il  intn  llii-  Tilla^i'.  ( )ii  liy  a  sirnii);linnni,  ami  iniilil  not  lipapprnai'linl  liiil 
tlliMr  ri'ireat,  Ijivnli'iiaiil  Cnlnni'l  .MnsKriivr,  willij  in  a  ilirecl  liiip  In  I  In*  bullery.  Ainillit>r  rnrtilicatinii 
hIx  I'oinpanics,  Innk  post  in  Clifw's  Nlrnni;  nIiiiip  was  cri'i  li-il  nil  a  liiKli  bank  nil  tlir  .Irrsry  »hni'i-, 
Iniiisi',  wliii'li  lay  in  liniii  nl  llif  AiniTiians.  I'min  [  i'jIIimI  ltillin|>spnrl.  Anil  oppiisile  tu  lliis,  anollirr 
an  iillli'iont'i!  In  llii' iiiililaiy  inaxini  nl'ncvi'r  Icav-  rani;i.' nl  cln-vaux-ili'  iVisi-  was  ilppi.sitnl,  Umviiik 
iiiK  a  Inil  pussi'ssivl  by  anrni'iiiy  in  lint  ii'ar,  it  was'  mily  a  nairnw  ami  sjinal  iliinni-l  nii  tin-  iiiii>  «iili>. 
rrsolvt'il  to  atlaik  lln-  parly  in  llii'  liiiiisi'.  I'l'ln'ri"  was  alsn  a  Iptiipnrary  biilh-ry  iiIIho  liiMvy 

In  llii!  iiii-an  'iiiir  (irnrral  (iici'iii'  );nl  lip  willi  ran  inn,  al  thr  niniilli  nl' .Manilla  i:ii'i-k,  abniit  ball' 
liiicniuiiiii,  anil  allacki-il  llic  ri|;lil  wiiii;.  Cnlnni'l  uav  ■''niii  Ki'il-llaiik  In  ltillint;spiirl. 
iM.illii'US  rniilnl  a  parly  nlllir  llrilisli  nppnsi'illn.  I'lii'  Itrilisli  ncrv  will  appriscil,  (bat,  wilhnlil 
lliin,  killi'il  si'Vi'ral,  anil  Innk  110  piisnni'isi  liul  llii' rnininami  nl' ibc  Ui'lawair,  ibi'ir  pnssi'ssinii  nl 
troni  llii'  ilarkiii'ss  nl' llii' ilay,  InsI  si<;lil  nl  ihi' bri- 1  I'bilaili'Iplii.i  wniilil  bi'  nl'  nn  ailvaiilai;i'.  Tlii'y 
^mIi' tn  wliicb  ill' bi'liin^i'il  ;  anil,  liaviii;;si'paral<'il '  tln'ri'lnii' siraini'il  t'verv  lirrve,  In  npi'ii  llir  navi- 
I'liiiii  il,  was  laki'ii  piisninr,  willi  bis  wlmli'  ii'UI- 1  ualinii  nl'llial  rivi'r.  'in  ibis  cml  Inril  llnwi'  hail 
niriil  :  ami  llii'  prisnmrs,  ubnin  In*  bail  pri'Viiiiisly  i-arly  taki'ii  ibi'  inn.st  I'lVci'luil  iiii'asnri's  I'nr  i  nn- 
ti.krti,  wcrt'  H'li'asi'il.  A  niiinliirr  nl' lh<*  linnps  in '  ilnclin;;  lb»  lli'i't  i'liil  lian<pnrts  rniinil,  troni  the 
(Ili'i'iii''s  ilivisinn  hi'ii-  slnppt'il  by  llii*  ball   nl  llir  |  <  bi'sapraki'  In  ibr  Driawarr,   anil  ilri'W   ihrni    up 


jarlv  lii'lnir  C'Iii'h's  hniisi".  Nrar  onr  liairnriln* 
Ainrrn  an  army  ri'in.iini'il  Inr  snmr  liinr  at  ibal 
plan'  inaclivr.  In  ilir  ini'an  liiiii',  (irnrral  (irry 
U'll  nil  ibirr  ballaliniis  nl'  llir  lliiiil  bnuiilr,  anil 
allai'kril  null  vi!;niii  \  sli.irp  iniitrsl  Inllnuril. 
'['»n  liiili-'li  rri:i!iirni-^  allai'kril  al  llir  saiiir  liiiir 
nn  llir  nppnsiir  Shir  nllbr  lii»n.  (irnrral  (iranl 
inovi'il  up  llir  Idili  ri'.:iiiiriil  In  llir  aiil  nl  llinsr 
wllii  «rrr  fii^aiii'il  wiili  (lirrnr's  rnliiiiin. 

Till'  inninini;  was  lni;i;y.  This,  by  rniirraliiiK 
tin' tiiir  siliMlinn  iiT  llir  parlirs,  oirasinnril  mis- 
lakrs,  anil  liiaile  sn  iiinili  ranlinn  iiriissaiy  as 
gavr  llir  lintisli  liiiir  in  rrcnvrr  Irniii  ibr  I'llrils 
111  llirir  liisl  siirprisr.  I''iniii  tlirsr  i:aiisrs.  thr 
early  prniiiisjii;'  appraiaiirrs  nn  ibr  pall  nl  ill 


nil  Ibr  I'rniisylvania  shorr,  rrnm  Ki'rily-luluiil   tn 
Nrwrasllr. 

Karly  in  Oi'tnbcr,  adntachmcnt  rrnm  thr  ISrilish 
army  crnsfinl  ibr  Orlawarr,  with  a  virw  nl'  ilis- 
lni];;ini;  thr  Amrriraiis  I'miii  Itilliii^spnrt.  (In  il.s 
appinarh  thr  plan' wax  rvariialrd.  Asthrsrasim 
ailv.ini-rit,  mnrr  vi^nrniis  iiirasiirrs  I'nr  ri-iiinvin;; 
tlir  nlislriirtiniis  «rrr  (nnrrrtril  brinrrn  llii:  ijr- 
nrial  anil  llir  ailmiial.  Ilallrrirs  wrir  rrrrlril  nn 
llir  I'lniiHylvaiiia  slinir.  In  assist  in  ilislniluiii^  thr 
.Kmriiiaiis  rrnm  .\|iiiMslaml.  Al  thr  samr  tiiiir, 
Cniiiil  Dniinp  Willi  'Jdllll  iiii'ii,  haviii);  rrnssril  iiiln 
Ni'w  Jrrsry,  nppnsiir  In  I'hilailrlpbia,  marrhril 
ilnwii  nil  Ibr  raslrin  siilr  iiT  Ibr  Driawarr,  to  at- 
liU'k  llir  rrilnnbt  al  Kril-llank,  which  was  ilrlrmlril 


sailaiils  Hrrr  s| lily  rrvrrsril.      'The    .\iiicricans  !  by  aliniit  100  men,  iiiiilcr  the  cnmiiianil  nl  Cnlnncl 

Icll  llir  brills  liasiily,  and  all  cll'nru  In  rally  ibriii '  (irrcnr.  Thr  attack  immrilialcly  cniiimencrd 
wcrr  iiirllrrinal.  I,iiiii  ('nrnwallis  arrivril  nilli  |  by  a  smart  caimnnaib'.  iindrr  cnvrr  nl'  which  thr 
H  parly  nl' lii;hl  biirsc,  and  jniiicd  ill  the  piiisiiii. !  cniinl  advancrd  In  ihr  rcdniibt.  This  placi!  wa.s 
This  »as  cniilinncd  Inr  snmr  miles.  The  Inss  nil  iiilcmb'd  I'nr  a  much  lariirr  );arrisiin  than  was  then 
Ibr  inyal  army,  inclmliiii;  ibr  tvniindcd  and  prisniil  in  it.      It  had  tbrrrbirc   brrniiir    nrcrssary  tn  run 

a  liiir  lhrnii!;b  tlu*  niiddir  and  cvaciiair  niir  part  (if 
il.  That  part  was  easily  carrird  by  llir  assail- 
ants, nil  which  ihry  imlnli;eil  in  bind    liii/./..is  I'nr 


crs,  was  abniit  .'iOO.  .\lllnn^  llirir  sl.itii  wcrr 
ltn;;:idicr  (trnrral  .Viiiirw.aml  Lieiilcnanl  ( 'ntniict 
itiiil.  The  Inss  nl' the  .\inrricans,  incliidnm  10(1 
prisnncrs,  was  abmil  1000.  .Xmim^  tlirir  slam 
H'crr  (irnrral  Nash  and  his  aiddr-camp  .Major 
U'ilbrispnnn. 

.•sunn  allrr  ibis  balllr  llir  Drilish  bit  (icrmaii- 
Innii,  ami  liirncd  ibcir  piincipal  allriilinii  Innaid  i 
cpi'iiint:  a  Irrc  commiinicalioii  between  ibcirariiiy 
and  llirir  shippini:. 

iMiicli  imhisiry  and  iii)icnnily  had  been  excited 
for  the  security  ol'  I'hiladelpliia  on  thr  wain  sidr. 
Tbiriirn  nalbrs,  twn  llnalini;  ballrrirs,  i«n  /.rlircks, 
one  liiii;,  one  ship,  brsiiirs  a  iinmbcr  nt'  armrd 
biKils,  lire  ships  and  rails,  wrrr  consiriirird  nrrin- 
ployrd  Inr  this  piirpnsr.  The  .\mericaiis  alsn  had 
built  a  Inn  nil  .\I  ml  Island,  In  which  I  hey  |:avr  the 
liaiiir  III' KnrI  .Milllin,  and  rrrclrd  ihercnn  a  con- 
iiidcralilc  battery.  This  island  is  admirably  .siiii- 
titcd  liir  the  ereclinn  nl' works  lo  aniiny  sbippini;  on 
(heir  way  up  the  iJclawaie.  Il  lie^  near  the  mid- 
dle nl. he  river,  about  .seven  miles  bebiw  i'liila- 
delpbia.  .Nn  vpsseln  nl'  burden  can  come  up  but 
by  the  main  ship  channel,  which  passes  close  lo 
Mild  Island,  and  is  very  narrow  lor  more  than  a 
mile  below.  Opposiic'to  Knrt  Milllin  there  is  a 
hei(;ht.  called  Hed-liank.   This  nverlnnk.4  nut  only 


their  supposed  victory.  The  uarrisnii  kept  up  a 
severe  and  well  directed  lire  nn  tbcm  by  which  they 
were  cnmpelled  In  retire.  They  siiHcred  not  only 
in  the  U'isaiill,  but  in  the  approach  lo,  and  retreat 
I'inm  ihe  I'nrl.  Their  whido  loss  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  about  100.  (Jouiit  Doiiopwas  mor- 
tally wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  (,'ongress  re- 
snlved,  lo  present  t'oloiicl  (ireenc  with  a  .sword 
lor  his  |;nod  condiicl  oil  thisnccasion.  .\ii  attack, 
made  about  (he  same  time  on  Fort  Milllin,  by 
men  ol"  war  and  Iriijates,  was  not  more  .siiccess- 
riillhaii  the  assault  on  Ked-Hank.  The  Augusta 
of  III  jjims,  and  the  Merlin,  two  of  the  vessels 
which  were  eniiaiied  in  il,  i;ot  around.  The 
former  was  lircd,  and  blew  up.  The  latter  was 
evacuated. 

Thnui-li  the  first  attempts  of  the  British,  fnr 
openiii};  the  naviijalion  of  the  Delaware,  were  un- 
successful, they  cariied  their  point  in  anolherway 
that  was  unexpected.  The  chevaux-de-frise,  ha- 
vini:  been  sunk  some  considerable  time,  the  current 
of  the  water  was  diverted  by  this  great  bulk  into 
new  channel.s.  In  consequence  thereof,  the  pas- 
sage between    the  islands  and    the  Pennsylvania 


(he  river,  but  the  neinhliouriiin  country.  On  this! shore  was  so  deepened  as  to  admit  vessels  of  con 
eiuiiience,  a  respeclable  ballery  was  erecled.  lie-  slderable  drauulit  of  water.  Through  this  passage, 
(ween  ibese  two  fortresses,  which  are  half  a  mile 'the  \'iuilaiit,  a  larije  ship,  nil  down  so  as  to  draw 


duslaiit  from  earliolhrr,  ihr  .American  naval  ariiia- 
meiil,  fnr  ihr  delnn'e  of  llie  river  I  )i'lawari',  made 
Its  baiboiir  of  iriir.it.  'I'wo  raiigrs  of  chrvaiix- 
de-frise  were  also  sunk  in  the  channrl.  'I'hrsr 
consisted  of  large  pieces  of  timber,  strongly  I'ram- 


II  lillle  water,  inounird  with  'i\  pounders,  madr 
her  way  In  a  position  finm  which  she  might  eiili- 
lade  the  works  nn  .Mud- Island.  This  gave  thr 
lirilisb  siirh  an  advaiilage,  that  the  pnst  was  no 
longer  leiiable.      Lieutenant  Colonel  .Smith,  who 


as  a  vnlnnleer  bad  iinldy  nllerrd  In  takr  I'liargc  of 
ibis  daii'^rrniis  post,  was  nbligrd  In  cvuciiale  it. 
This  evriil  dill  mil  lakr  place  nil  Ihr  wnrks  wrra 
rnliirly  brat  dnwn.  every  pirer  <}(  caiinnn  ilis- 
mnnnled,  and  niir  nf  llie  Itrilish  ships  so  nrar,  that 
slir  ihrrw  urenadrs  into  ihr  fori,  and  killed  Ihn 
men  uiicnvrred  in  ihr  plallnrm.  Thr  troops,  who 
had  HO  bravrlv  drb'nded  Kort  .Nlilllin,  made  a  sain 
retreat  lo  Keiillank.  Coiigress  viiird  swords  to  lio 
givrn  to  lirutenanl  colonel  Siiiilh  and  roinmodore 
lla/.b'wood  for  I  heir  gallant  defence  of  i  he  I  lela  wars 
Wilhiii  three  days  after  .Mud  Island  was  evacu- 
ated, llie  garrisnii  was  aUo  wiihilrawii  from  Iteil- 
Ilaiik,  oiitlie  approach  of  [lOrd  Cornwallis,  at  iho 
bead  of  a  large  force  prepared  lo  assault  il.  .Some 
of  the  American  gallics  and  arincil  vessels,  esca- 
ped by  keepiim  close  in  with  the  Jrrsry  shorr.  In 
places  of  seciirily  above  I'hilailrlpbia  ;  but  sevi'ii- 
lecn  of  lliem  weie  abaiifloned  liv  their  crews,  and 
fned.  Thus  the  llrilisli  gained  a  free  conmmni- 
calion  bclwern  llieir  army  and  shipping.  This 
en'iil  was  lo  them  very  desirable.  They  had  been 
previously  o'''  "cd  lo  draw  llirir  provisions  from 
I'lirslrr.  a  disiaiice  of  fifleen  miles  al  some  risk, 
and  a  ccriain  great  rxprnsr.  The  long  pmlracleil 
drfriice  of  the  Delaware,  deranged  llie  plans  of 
the  Drilish,  for  Ihe  remainder  nf  the  campaign, 
and  cnnseipienlly  saved  the  adjacenl  cnniilry. 

Abniil  Ibis  lime,  ihr  rliair  nf  Congress  becaiun 
vacaiil.  by  the  drparlnir  nl  Mr.  Ham  ock,  after  ho 
liaildisrhargi'il  thr  diilirsof  that  nlVnr  tn  giral  ar- 
ceplame,  two  years  and  live  moiilhs.  Henry  Laii- 
iriis,  of  ."-Joiiib  Carolina,  was  imanimoiisly  riecled 
bis  successni-  on  the  Isl  nf  .Nnvrmber.  lie  had 
been  in  Kngland  fnr  snnie  years,  anlecedcnl  tn  the 
hnsiile  dclermiiialiims  nf  parii  iiiirnl  against  ihi: 
cnlnnirs;  bill  linding  thr  dispnir  growing  srrioiis, 
be  conceived  that  linnnnr  and  duly  called  him  In 
take  pan  wilh  his  native  cniinlry.  He  had  In  eii 
warmly  sniiriird  lo  slay  in  Kngland;  and  nirnt 
wrrr  made  him  lint  niily  lo  secure,  but  In  dii.llilu 
his  American  eslale,  in  case  of  his  continuing  lu 
reside  Ihrrr:  but  these  were  rrfiispil.  Tn  a  par- 
ticular frirnil  in  riniidnn,  ilissnading  him  finmcnm- 
iiig  lint  tn  .Viiicrica,  he  replied  nn  the  '.Mb  nf  .Nn- 
veniber  1771,  when  at  Kalmniilh,  nn  the  pniiit  nf 

embarking,  "  I  shall  never  fnrget  yniir  fn Hy  at- 

lenlion  to  my  interest ;  but  I  dare  mil  reliirn.  Voiir 
minislers  are  deaf  lo  informalion,  and  seem  bent 
on  provoking  unnecrssary  conlesi.  I  think  I  have 
acted  the  pan  of  a  faithful  siiliject.  I  now  go  re- 
solved still  to  labour  for  peace;  al  the  same  limo 
determined  in  the  last  event  lo  stand  or  fall  with 
my  country." 

When  ,Sir  William  Howe  was  succeedin<;  in 
every  enterprise  in  I'eimsylvaiiia,  inlelligence  ar- 
rived, as  shall  be  iclaled  ill  the  next  chapter,  that 
(icncral  Hiirgoyiie  and  his  whole  army  had  sur- 
rendered prisoners  of  war  to  the  .\mericans." 

(iencraj  Washington  soon  aflerwards  received  it 
considerable  reinl'nrcemciit  from  the  northern  army 
which  had  accomplished  this  great  event.  Willi 
this  incrensed  force,  hrlnnk  apnsilimi  at  and  near 
Whitrmarsh.  'J'hr  rnyalarmy,  having  succeeded 
in  removing  the  obstructions  in  the  river  Delaware, 
were  ready  for  new  cnlerpriscs.  ,Sir  William 
Howe,  on  the  llli  of  December,  marched  out  of 
I'hiladelpliia  wilh  aluiost  his  whole  force,  expect- 
ing to  bring  on  a  general  engagement.  The  next 
morning  he  appeared  on  Cheslnnlhill  in  front  of, 
and  about  three  miles  distant  from,  the  right  wing 
of  the  .Xmericans.  On  the  day  following,  the  Brit- 
ish changed  their  ground,  and  iiinved  to  the  right 
Two  days  after,  they  lunved  still  farther  to  tlio 
right,  and  exhibited  every  appearance  nf  an  inten 
tioii  to  attack  the  American  encampment.  Somo 
skiiniislirs  took  place,  and  a  genrial  action  was 
hourly  expected  ;  but  inslrad  iheienf.  nn  the  morn- 
ing nf  Ihr  iirxl  day,  Decemlier  '.HU.  al'ier  variniis 
marches  and  couiiirrmarchrs,  the  Ifrilisb  lilcil  niV 
I'rnm  llie  right,  by  two  or  three  dill'ereul  routes,  in 
full  march  for  PJiiladelphia. 


490 


IIISTORV   OK    THE 


1    : 


!j 


J     S 


Tlic  pcHition  (irOenrral  WnnliiiiKliin,  in  :i  iiiili- 
tiirv  [HiinI  III  vliMV,  u,)s  iiiliiiiiiitili',  Mr  » ;is  -^n 
ni'iisihUi  iit'ttir  ]iilv.iiil:i!;t*s  lit  il.  ih.tl  tlii>  iiriMini- 
\ri'H  1)1' Sir  Williiiin  Hiiwr  I'ur  Hiiint*  iliivHrmilit  mil 
alliiri'  liliii  rriiiii  II.  In  riiiisi'iiiiiiK  i-  iil'ilii-  inii- 
rurrciiit'iil  hiiclvrfii'in'il,  lii'  li.iil  mil  in  iiiiy  |nr 
ccilinK  iirriiiil  iil'  tlip  ciiiii|iiUi;ii  lii'iii  in  an  t'lpial 
Cuiiililiiiii  liir  a  K<'ni'riil  I'nuaiii'inriil.  'I'limmli  hi' 
eviileiilly  wislicil  In  be  allarkcil,  vi'l  lir  wiiiilil  mil 
irlini|ni»li  a  |iiisiiiiiii,  110111  wliii  li  lie  liii|>i'il  (n  ic 
|inir  the  iniirortniieM  iil'llii-  <'»iii|r.ii^n.  llr  riinlil 
iinl  lii-lii'vi',  llial  <>i'hrral  llnnc  uiili  a  viriiniiiiii 
uriiiv,  mill  lliat  lalrlv  rfiiit'nn  ril  wiili  liiiir  llinn 
minti  nirn  iVotii  Ni'W  York,  almnlil  runic  iiiil  iil 
i'liihiilel|iliia,  nnly  In  rclnrn  lliilhrr  ai;aiii.  lie 
thrrcl'iirr  prfKunu'il,  thai  In  aviiiil  ilic  ili^i-rarr  i>l 
Kiicli  a  innviMncnl,  lliR  llrillHli  rnnnniimlrr  uimlil 
rriiiii  a  niMiiiPnC  iiiililary  honniir,  li<>  i'iini|>i'lli'il  in 
alliirk  him,  Ihiiimh  iiinh'i  ureal  ilisailvania,':i"<. — 
When  \\ei  riiunil  him  cauliniiH  nt'('ii<;at;inK,  ami  in- 
cliiiiii);  III  IiIh  Ii'I'i.  a  ilariii};  ili'simi  wan  linnii'il 
wliirh  wniilil  have  liri-nrxi'cnlol,  liail  tlir  llrilish 
pilhpr  colli iniifil  in  llicir  poNiiion,  01  iiiovi'il  a  lililt 
farlher  In  llu*  Irtt  ol  lhi>  Aini'rican  army.  'I'lns 
WM»  III  have  aiti'inpli'il  in  llic  inijlil  in  Ninpn^r 
I'hilnili'Iphin.  'I'hf  nci'i'iHary  picpnraliuiM  I'm  this 
piir|Misf  Mi-ri>  iiiailc  ;  liiit  llii'  lelriMl  of  ilic  MiiiinIi 
prevcntPil  iH  pxcculinn. 

Sunn  alier  llipsp  pipiiln.  (ipm-ral  Sinallwiinil 
wilh  a  iiiii-iiilrralilr  I'orcc,  was  pntlnl  at  W'ilmini: 
Inn,  on  llii'  lianks  nl'llii'  Drlawaip;  anil  Wasliiii);- 
loM.  with  ilip  main  army,  tptirpilln  uintiriinailcrs 
al  V'alli'y  I'orj;'',  Hi  inilps  Irdin  I'hilaiii'Ipliia. — 
'I'liiM  posiiiiin  was  prdi-rrpil  In  illslanl  anil  iiiiirr 
('iimrortaiili'  villages,  an  lipini;  1  iilrnlaii'il  lu  ^it|. 
llip  moil  pxli'iisivi-  sciiirily  In  llin  I'linnlrv.  'I'lir 
American  army  iniuht  have  lircii  Irai  kcil,  hy  ihr 
blooil  oftheii  fei't,  in  marehini!  wiihnnl  slnii's  or 
morkiiiK"  nvpr  the  haril  I'ro/.en  |jroiinil,  lietneen 
Whileiiiarslianil  Valley  Korijp.  Snnie  hiimlieiN 
of  (hem  were  wilhniit  lilanket.s.  I'mlertliese  lir- 
ciiiiiilanceK,  they  hail  lo  !<it  iliiwn  in  a  wnoil.  in 
the  latter  eiiil  uf  Deceintier,  anil  lo  Iniilil  hiiis  Inr 
their  acconiiiiiiilation.  This  ninile  ol  piiicnrinu 
winter  ipiarlers,  if  not  cnlin-ly  novrl,  has  lieen 
rarely,  if  ever  pracliseil  in  inoili'in  war.  The 
cheerfulness  willi  which  llie  general  and  his  army 
Stibinilled  to  spenil  a  severe  winter,  in  snrli  in- 
ciimstances,  rather  than  leave  the  eoiinirv  ex- 
posed, hy  retirini:  farther,  ilemnnslraleil  as  well  their 
|iatrioti8in  as  their  lixeil  resolniiori  lo  siillir  iveiv 
inconvenience,  in  preference  to  siilimission. 

Thus  ended   the  campaign  ol   |;;7.     Tl (.(i 

Sir  William  Howe's  army  had  been  crowneil  wilh 
the  most  brilliant  snccess,  haviii!;  ijaineil  ino  con- 
liderahle  victories,  and  been  ei|ually  iriiiinpliani  in 
many  smaller  aclions,  yet  the  wlmle  ainmint  ol 
this  tide  of  noiid  tortune  was  no  imireilian  a  i:ooil 
winter  loilKin;;  for  his  troops  in  I'liiladilpliia  wliiNi 
the  men  under  his  cnmiiiami  posMssed  no  mine 
of  the  adjacent  country,  than  what  they  imniedi- 
alely  commanded  wilh  their  arms.  Tlie('iini;ress, 
it  is  true,  was  compelled  lo  leave  the  lirsi  seal  ol 
their  deliberatiiins  :  and  the  Krealest  litvin  the 
United  .States  chanKcil  a  number  of  its  whi^  inha- 
bitants for  a  numerous  royal  army;  bwl  il  is  as  true 
tliat  the  minds  iif  the  .\meiicaiis  weie.  it  pnssilile. 
more  hostile  to  the  claims  of  (ireat  llriuiin  than 
ever,  and  their  army  had  fiained  as  imicli  hy  ills- 
ripline  and  experience,  as  compensated  lor  Us  di- 
minution by  defeats. 

The  events  nf  this  campaign  were  aiUerse  to  the 
sanguine  hopeg,  which  had  been  entertained  of  a 
speedy  ronipicst  of  the  reroltcd  colonies.  Kepeat- 
cU  proofs  had  been  given,  that  though  Washing- 
ton was  very  forward  lo  engags  when  he  thought 
it  tu  his  advantage,  yet  it  vta»  impossible  for  the 
royal  communder  to  bring  hiiri  to  a,-'ioii  against 
his  consent.  Hy  this  mode  of  coiidncling  tiie  de- 
fence of  the  new  fiirincd  .slates,  two  campaigns 
had  been  wasted  away,  ami  the  work  which  *as 
originally  allotted  for -,  was  still  iiiifiiiislieil. 

An  account  of  some  miscellaneous  traiisaclions 
will  close  this  chapter.     Llenicnanl  Colonel  liar- 


Island,  accntnpanird  hy  about  forty  vohinieera, 
passed  by  night,  on  the  '.Mh  ol  .Inly,  Itom  U'ar 
wick  neck  to  Khoile  Isl.iml,  siirpii~.iil  <  li'iier.d 
I'rescotI  in  his  ipi.nters.  iml  lironglit  liim  and  oin' 
of  his  aids  sale  oil  to  llic  1  iintmeiil.  Tlioimh  tin) 
li.iil  a  passage  ol*  ten  miles  by  water,  llicy  elmleil 
the  hhips  III  war  ami  cnaiil  boats,  whiili  l.iy  all 
riiiiml  tlie  hl.ind.  The  enterpn/a' n.is  coiiiliiitcd 
wilh  so  much  silenie  and  address,  ili.il  there  was 
no  aliini  among  the  lliilish,  till  the  colonel  ami 
his  parly  h.id  nearly  reai  lied  the  coiilineni  wilh 
their  pii/.e.  Coimri'ss  soon  after  resolved,  that  an 
elegant  sword  shoiilil  be  presented  to  Ijieutenanl 
I'oloiiel  llaiion,  as  a  testitiionial  of  their  sense  of 
Ins  gallant  liehavioiir. 

It  has  already  been  nieiitioneihlhuti'oMgress,  In 
the  latter  end  ol  .November,  I'l'io,  anlllori/.ed  the 
capture  III  vessels,  laden  with  slori's  or  reinforc- 
mi'iils  lor  their  enemies.  ()ntheL,':!d  of  March, 
li'/li,  tliey  exlemled  this  permission  so  far,  as  to 
aulhori/.e  their  iiihabitanls  to  lit  out  armed  vessels, 
to  cruise  on  the  enemies  of  the  rniled  colonies. 
The  .\mericaiis  heiicelorth  devoted  llieiiiselves  lo 
privateering,  and  were  very  successful.  In  the 
roiirse  ot  llie  war.  they  iii.ide  many  valuable  c.ip- 
tiires,  partii  III 'I'ly  of  hoinenaid  lionnil  West  In- 
diamen.  The  particulars  lannot  be  ennnierated  : 
lint  good  iiidges  hive  calculateil,  that  within  nine 
monllis  alter  <  'oiigress  authori/.ed  privateering,  the 
llrilish  loss  in  capliires,  exclusive  of  transports 
and  goveriiMienl  store  ships,  exceedeii  a  million 
■lerling.  They  found  no  dilhcnlty  insellmu  ilicir 
pii/.es.  The  ports  III  I'raiice  were  open  lo  ihein, 
lioth  In  Kiiiope  and  in  the  West  Indies.  In  the 
latter  they  were  sold  without  any  disguise  ;  biiMii 
the  liirimr  a  uiealer  regard  was  |iaiil  lo  appear- 
.lines.  <  Ipen  sales  were  not  permitted  in  the  bar- 
lioiirs  of  Kranee  al  parlii  iilar  limes  ;  but  even  then 
they  were  made  at  the  entnince,  or  ofTing. 

Ill  the  rreiii  II  West  India  Islands,  the  inhabit- 
aiils  not  only  purchased  piizes,  brought  in  by  the 
American  cruisers,  bill  hited  out  privateers  under 
.\inericaii  colours  and  commissions,  and  made 
captures  of  llrilish  vessels.  William  Itingham.  of 
I'liiladelphia,  was  stationed  as  the  aueiil  of  Con- 
gress, at  Martinicu :  and  he  t,iok  an  early  and  ac- 
tive part  in  arming  privateers  in  St.  I'lerre.  to  an- 
noy and  cruise  against  llrilidi  property.  Thefa- 
voiiralilu  disposition  of  the  inhabiiants  fiirnislied 
him  wilh  an  opporlnnity,  which  he  siiccesslnlly 
improved,  not  only  lo  distress  the  Itrilish  coiii- 
liierce,  but  to  sow  the  seeils  of  discord  between 
the  French  and  Knglish.  The  Ameriian  priva- 
teers also  loniid  countenance  in  some  of  llie  ports 
of  Spain  ;  but  not  so  readily  nor  so  universally  as 
ill  those  of  France.  The  llrilish  took  many  of  the 
Ameiican  vessels.  Such  of  them,  as  weie  l.iden 
with  provisions,  proved  a  seasonable  relief  lo  llieir 
WesI  India  Islands,  which  ollieiwise  wi.iild  have 
sull'ired  from  the  want  ol  those  supplies,  thai  be- 
fore the  war  had  been  usually  piociiied  iVom  the 
iieiL'hboiiring  conlineni. 

The  .\iiierican  privateers,  in  the  vear  17/7,  in- 
cre-iseil  in  nnmbers  and  boldness.  I'liey  insnlied 
the  coasts  of  Creat  llritain  and  Ireland,  in  a  man- 
ner that  had  never  before  been  alleiiipled.  .Such 
was  llieii  spirit  of  adventure,  that  il  became  ne- 
cessary lo  appoint  a  convoy  for  the  proleclioii  of 
the  linen  ships  from  Dublin  and  Newiy.  The  (ie- 
neral  .Mililin  privateer,  after  making  repealed  eap- 
tuies,  arrived  at  Ilresi,  and  saliilrd  the  French  ad- 
miral. This  was  returned  in  li.riii,  as  to  the  ves- 
sel of  an  independent  power.  lionl  Stonnoiit, 
llie  Hritish  ambassador,  at  the  court  of  Versailles, 
irritated  at  the  countenance  given  to  Ihe  Ameri- 
cans, threatened  lo  return  immeilialely  to  l.omlon. 
unless  salisfaelion  were  given,  and  iliH'erent  mea- 
sures was  ailoited  by  France.  An  order  was  is- 
sued in  conse.,iieiice  of  his  application,  requirint! 
all  .\iiiericaii  vessels  to  leave  llie  ports  of  his  most 
clirisiian  majesty  ;  lint  llioiigh  the  order  w  as  posi- 
tive, so  many  evasions  were  practised,  ami  the  exe- 
cution of  it  was  so  relaxed,  that  it  proilnced  no  per- 
manent discouragement  <,(  tlie  heueficial  iuier- 
coume. 


CIIAI'TKR    til. 

Tltr  NoriJH-rii  ('iiiii|iiijt;ii  iif  1777. 

To  ellict  a  free  coniiniiiiiealion  between  New- 
York  and  I '  iiMila.  and  lo  iiiainlani  the  iiavig  ilioii  of 
the  iiiteiioeili  lie  l.ikes,  were  prim'i|i.il  oli|i'e|«  wilji 
the  lliilisli.  Ill  llieranipaii;ii  ol  I  i  i'l.  'I'lie  Amer- 
ii'ins  presnimiig  on  this  had  been  eaily  alteniiro 
III  ilieir  secnriiv  in  tli.it  ipiirler.  They  had  re> 
solved  III  consirncl  a  fort  on  .Nloniit  Indepemlenre, 
an  eminence  adjoining  the  strait  on  which  Tiriin- 
deroga  stands,  and  neatly  opposite  to  thai  fortreH*. 
They  had  also  resolved,  to  oJistriiel  the  n.ivlgalion 
of  the  strait  by  eaissoims,  to  be  Hiiiik  in  Ihe  water, 
and  joined  ho  as  to  serve  al  the  same  lime  for  a 
bridge,  between  the  tiirlilicatlons  on  the  east  and 
west  sides  III  it ;  that,  lo  pieveiil  the  llrilish  fioni 
drawing  their  small  cr.ilt  o\er  land  into  l,aku 
(ieorge,  the  passage  of  that  lake  should  be  ob- 
slriicled  ;  that  Fori  .Schuyler,  the  siiiie  w  liich  had 
formerly  been  called  I'liil  .'■itaiinix,  slionld  bo 
slreliglhened,  an. I  other  fortilicalions  erected  near 
llie  .Mohawk  river,  lieipiisitioiis  were  made,  hy 
the  commanding  iilVner  in  the  deparliiieiit,  tor 
lil.lilHI  men,  as  necessary  for  the  security  of  thin 
ilisirict.  The  ad|ai'enl  stales  were  nr^ed  lo  fill  up 
llieir  recruits,  and  111  all  respects  lo  be  in  leailineiM 
for  an  active  eaiiipaign. 

The  liritish  minisiiy  were  very  sanunine  in  their 
calcul.ilions,  ontheciiiisi'ipieiicesol  lorniincalineof 
comintiiiicalion  lietween  New  \'iiik  and  ( 'anaila. 
They  coiisiilered  the  New  Knulaml  people  I  he  soul  o| 
the  conlederary  .and  promised  llienisili  es  niiicli  by 
seveiinglhem  lioin  all  free  eoiiininiiiiation  wilh 
the  nemhboiirini!  stales.  They  hoped,  when  this 
was  acconiplished,  to  be  able  lo  snridiiiid  llieni  so 
ellectnally  wilh  Heels,  armies,  and  Imliaii  allies,  a:1 
III  compel  their  siibinission.  Ammaled  »  ith  theiiii 
expei'lalioiis,  they  lilt  nolliing  iiiidone.  winch  bid 
fair  for  insuring  the  success  of  llieir  plans. 

The  ri'uiilar  troops,  Itrilish  and  lieiiiian,  allotteil 
III  this  service,  were  upwards  of  7IHMI.  .\s  artil- 
lery is  eonsidered  to  be  parlii'ularly  useful  in  in 
Xnieiiean  war,  where  iinnierniis  inha'iilaiils  are  lo 
lie  diiven  out  of  woods  and  fasliii'sses,  this  part  of 
the  service  was  parliciilaily  attended  to.  The 
brass  train  sent  out  w  as  perhaps  the  fiiiesl,  and  the 
iiiiist  excellently  supplied,  both  is  to  olliceis  and 
men,  llial  had  ever  been  allollid  to  sei  o'ld  llio 
operaliiins  of  an  eipial  liiice.  In  addition  'i  iho 
regulars,  it  was  supposed  thai  the  Caiiadia.  ind 
the  biyalists,  in  the  neiulibouriii!;  slates,  would  add 
l.irge  reinlorcemeiits,  well  ealcnlaled  for  the  pecu- 
liar iialiire  of  the  service.  .Anns  ami  accoutre- 
iiients,  were  acciirilingly  provided  to  supply  them. 
Several  nations  of  savages  had  also  been  induced  to 
take  up  the  lialchel,  as  allies  to  his  Itritamiic  ma- 
jesty. .Not  only  the  humanity,  but  the  policy  ol 
employing  them  was  (pieslioned  in  lireat  llril  lin. 
The  o|iposers  ol' il  conleniled  lliat  Indiaii..<  weru 
eapiicious,  ini'onHlaiit,  and  intractable  ;  their  rapa- 
city iiis.iiiale,  and  their  actions  cruel  and  barba- 
rous. Al  the  same  time,  their  services  were  rep- 
resented uncertain,  and  their  engauements  without 
the  least  claim  to  coiilideiice.  ( >n  the  oilier  hand, 
the  /.I'll  of  liiitish  ministers  for  ledncing  the  re- 
volted colonies  was  so  violent,  as  to  make  tlieiii,  ill 
llieir  excessive  wrath,  lotgel  that  their  adversaries 
were  tiien.  'I'hey  contemleil.  that  in  then  cirenill 
Hiances  every  appearance  of  lenity,  by  inciting  (u 
disobedience,  and  thereby  iiicieasing  the  object!* 
of  punishment,  was  eveninally  cruelly.  In  their 
opinion,  partial  severity  was  ueneral  mercy,  and 
Ihe  only  inelliod  of  speeilily  cruslim;:  the  relielliun 
was  lo  envelope  its  alienors  in  such  complicaled 
distress,  as  by  rcnderiii!:  their  situation  intolera- 
ble, would  make  ihem  willing  lo  accept  the  priif- 
lered  blessiii!;s  of  peace  and  security.  Thesenti- 
nieiils  of  those  who  were  for  einploying  liiiliana 
.igainsl  the  Americans  prevailed.  Presents  were 
liiierally  disiiibnted  among  llieni.  Induced  by 
these,  and  ahii  by  their  innate  thirst  for  war  and 
plomler,  lliey  poured  forlli  their  warriors  in  such 
abiinilance,  thai  Ihcir  nuiubciii  ihrealcnvd  to  beau 
iDcunibraucu. 


■n 


tl. 
nil;;?. 

I!     Ix'IWl'I'll      Nl'|». 

!lii'  iriviniliiiMof 

(  l|l.ll  (lll|l'''(<  Willi 

( /  ( .     'I'lii'  Aiiier- 
II  (Mily    iilleiiiivu 
'I'lii  V    Inil  re- 
nt liiili'iD-iiili'iii'n, 
nil  wliirli  'I'iciin- 
li'tii  Ihiii  t'lirtrcHH. 
iirl  ilii'  ii.ivi;;iiljiiii 
mink  in  llii-  wiiii-r, 
H.iiiii'    liiiir    liir   :i 
i'«  nil  I  hi'  iMHi   mill 
llir  llrilitll   I'iniii 
hinil    iiilii    l,:iLu 

ikc    ollllllill   III-    oli- 

II'  •i.iiiir  hIiIi'Ii  h.iil 

illlHln,     NJlllllill    lie 

lint  cirrli'il  iii'iir 

It   ttrif    iii;iili',    hy 

ili'|Miliiiriil,    liir 

ir  miiirily  iiC  llijn 

ir  iii:;i'il  III  till  lip 

1  til  III'  III  U'^iilint'ss 

V  Haiiiiiiiiic  in  tlii'ir 
sill  |iiiiiiiiic;iljni-iif 
Viiik  anil  <  'aiiuihi. 
lil|il'n|ilt'lln-«iill|ii| 

II'III'M'IVI-S  Illlll'll  liv 

iiiniiiiiii  Miiiin  Willi 

i    llll|'l'll.    wlll'll   tllJK 

siiiniiiiiil  llii'iii  sii 
ml  liiiliiiii  allii"<.  iLi 
niiii.ili'il  uiili  ilii'ju! 
iiiiiliiiii',  nliii'li  hill 
llii'ii'  plans. 

I  (M'liiian,  alliitlnl 
7(MI().  As  arlil- 
laily  list  I'liI  ill  in 
s  iiilia'iitanis  are  lu 
ii.sscs,  this  pari  iif 
atli'iiili'il  III.  'I'lic 
s  till'  liiii'st,  anil  llin 
I  IS  III  iiMici'is  mill 
Inl    to   M'co'iil   |!jo 

III  aililitiiiii  'I  the 
till'  (  aiiailia.  mil 
m  Staler,  Hiiiilil  add 
iilalt'il  liir  till'  pccii- 
I'liis  and  iKTiMiliv- 
li'd  III  supply  llii'iii. 
Isii  lii'i'ii  iiidiicnl  1(1 
I  liis  llrilannir  iiia- 

liiil  till'  piiliiy  III 
I  In  (iri'at  liriliin. 
that  Iniliaii-i  wcrti 
I'lahle  ;  tlii'ir  lapa- 

iriK'l  and  hariia- 
si'rvii'i's  weri'  ri'ji- 
Uaiiriiii'tits  willidiit 
<  )n  lliriitiirr  liiiiid, 
r  irdliiinii  llii-  rc- 
is  to  iiiaki'  tlit'Mi,  ill 
at  tlii'ir  ailii'rsarie.9 
lilt  ill  their  circiiiii 
lily,  liy  inciliii);  lu 
I'asir.j  the  iilijecl!) 
ciiii'lly.  In  their 
I'lieral  iiii'K  y  ,  and 
shiii!:  the  rehi'lliiiii 
sui'li  riiiiiplirated 
siiiiatiiiii  iiitiilera- 
I)  accept  the  piiif- 
■iirily.  'I'lieseiiti- 
'iiipliiyint!  IndiaiiH 
il.  I*le";enls  wero 
I'm.  Induced  by 
tliMst  lor  war  and 
r  warridis  in  siirli 
threatened  to  lioaa 


K.N  \rV.U    ST  A  IKS. 


TIk"  vaHl  force  deatined  fur  this  seime  was  pul 
under  the  cuiiiiiiaiid  of  l.ieiiteiiaiil  liiiicial  lliir- 
(TOVne,  ail  ollic'l  vllii^e  alllhlles  wele  viell  kllown, 
iiiid  wliose  spirit  III  em  ei'prise  and  I  hirst  lor  nil  1 1 1. 1 
rv  I  line  could  mil  he  ixeeided.  I  le  was  siipporled 
li\  .M.iioi  lieniral  I'liilips  ol  llie  aililli'iy,  who  h.iil 
I'^laiilisheil  a  soliil  M'piil.ilion  hy  liM  i;iiod  i  omiiii  i 
iliinii;:  the  I. lie  w,ir  in  (iciioaiiN  ami  liy  Majni  i  ic- 
iici.il  lleiili'sci,  and  I'riiiadier  lieiieial  Speech  ,  nl 
the  (icrmaii  troops,  lo):eihcr  with  liie  lliitish  (ieiie- 
r.ils  l-'ia/.er,  I'owel  and  llaiii.'lliiii,  all  iillkeri*  of 
ilislumilislied  merit, 

The  Itrilisli  had   xlso   niiilispiited   possession  of 
the  iiaviuatKinof  Lake  ( 'haniplain.     Their  marine 
force  ihereoii,  with  uliieli  in  the  prccedini;  cam 
paiun  they  had  destroyed  the   American   shippiii); 
on  the  lakes,  was  not  only  entire,  hut  unopposed. 

A  considerahle  hirce  was  left  ill  Canada  for  its 
Internal  security  ;  and  Sir  (iiiy  Carleton's  mdiiary 
coimnand  was  restricted  to  the  limits  of  thai  pro- 
vince. Tlioimh  the  Itiltish  ministry  attiihiiled  the 
preservation  of  Ciiiada  to  Ins  aliilities  in  \'i'i')  and 
177li,  yet,  hy  their  arranaemrnts  hir  the  year  1777. 
lie  was  only  called  upon  to  act  a  seeondaiy  pail,  in 
siiliscrviency  to  the  );raiid  expedition  loniniitled  to 
loner  d  Itiiruoyne.  His  hehavioiir  en  this  oci.i- 
Sinn  was  eonl'ormahle  III  the  greatness  ot'liis  mind. 

Insi I  of  thnarliiiK  or  relaiilinu  a  seiv'ce  which 

was  .virtually  taken  iml  of  his  hands,  h.' applied 
Ijini'i'll  to  support  and  hirward  il  in  all  iis  paits, 
Willi  llie  same  dili|;eiiee  as  if  the  arrani^emeiit  had 
l/ccn  entirely  his  own,  and  commilted  In  hii.isell 
loi  cM'ciition. 

The  plan  of  the  Itiitish,  for  tlieir  pro|ccted  i,'- 
riijilion  into  the  north  western  frontier  of  New 
N'oik,  consisted  of  twopaits.  (ieneial  liiii'uovne 
Willi  the  main  iiiidy  was  In  advance  h\  the  w  ly  ol 
lake  ( 'haniplain,  with  positive  oiders,  as  has  heeii 
0:iid,  to  t'oree  his  way  to  .Mliany,  or  at  least  so  far 
as  III  elleet  ajiiiiclion  with  the  royal  army  Irom 
iNcw  ^'ork.  AdetaelituPiil  was  to  ascend  llie  riv- 
er St.  Lawrence,  as  far  as  lake  ( )iilai'iii,  ainl,  from 
that  ipiarler.  to  penetrale  inwards  Alliaiiy,  hy  the 
w  ly  III  the  .Nlidi.iwk  river.  This  was  put  nmlei 
the  I  oinmaiiil  of  l.ieiilenaiit  Cidonel  St.  Lei:er. 
and  eonsisicd  ofalioiit  Iwohiinilred  lliilisli  troops, 
a  reiinneiit  of  .New  \'oik  loyalists,  raised  ami  coiii- 
iiianilcd  hy  ."^ir  .lohn  .lohnson,  and  a  lar^e  hodv  ol 
savaL'es.  Licnlenanl  iiciier.d  Itiir^oyiie  arrived  in 
CJiieliee  on  the  ilili  of  .M.iy.aml  exerted  all  ililii;enci' 
to  prosecute  III  due  lime  the  ohjects  ol' the  expedi- 
tiiiii.  I  le  pi'oceeiled  up  lake  I 'haniplain,  and  l.ind- 
ed  Ileal  I 'low  n-l'omt.  .\t  this  place  he  met  the 
Iniiiaiis, 'ili||i  .liine.  i;',ive  them  a  war  feast,  and 
in.ide  a  spei'i  h  to  them.  This  was  well  caleula- 
Icd  to  excite  iheiii  to  lake  part  with  llie  royal 
army  :  Iml  at  the  same  time  to  repress  their  har- 
li.'iriiy.  lie  pointedly  forliide  tlieni  to  shed  hlooil 
when  not  opposed  in  arms,  and  coiiinianded  that 
aued  iiii'ii.  women,  ami  children,  iiid  prisoners 
should  he  held  s:icred  Irom  the  kiiile  and  the  halcli- 
el.  even  in  llie  heal  of  actual  conllicl.  ,\  reward 
was  piomiscd  lor  prisoners,  and  a  severe  iiii|iiirv 
llne.ileiied  for  scalps;  tholii;li  permission  was 
(iranled  to  lake  them  from  those  who  were  piivi- 
oii-ly  killed  in  f.iir  opposiiion.  Thescrestriilions 
will'  mil  siilllciciil  III  restrain  tlieir  harliarilies. — 
The  Indians  lia\in<;  decidedlv  taken  part  with  the 
llrilish  army,  (ieneial  liiiruoy  lie  issued  a  pioel.i- 
iiialion,  ealeulated  to  spread  terror  anion};  the  in- 
liahitanls.  The  nninliets  of  his  Indian  associates 
were  iiia$;tiilied,  and  their  eagerness  to  he  let  loose 
to  their  prey  ileserihed  in  liiuli  soinidini;  words. 
The  foiceof  the  Uritish  armie-i  and  Heels,  prepa- 
led  to  crush  every  part  of  the  revolted  colonies, 
was  also  displayed  in  pompous  hinmiaue.  Kneour- 
iiueinent  and  eiiiployment  weie  promised  to  those 
who  should  assist  in  the  reeslahlishmeiit  of  leual 
);ov<  rniiieiit,  and  security  held  out  to  the  peace- 
alile  and  imiiisirioiis.  w  ho  coiillniU'd  in  theirhahl- 
talioiis.  All  the  calamilies  of  war,  ariayed  in  their 
liiosi  lerrifn  I'urins,  weie  deiioiinced  ayainst  lliose 
who  sIkiiiIiI  persevere  in  a  mililaiy  oppnsiliun  to 
the  loyal  forces. 

(ieneial  liur^oyne  advanreil  with  Ills  niiny,  on 
llie  JUlli  of  June,  to  Crown  I'oinl.     At  (hiii  place 


■427 

lie  issued  iirders,  of  which  the  follow  iiiK  wiirds  HrrI  was  iinnle  In  appear,  I  Iml,  tlioiiuli  l.'l.lilMlinen  had 


pail  ; 


The    .niiiy   enih.iiks   to  iiinriow    to  ap-   heen  eailv  i  ailed  I 


as  iieccss,!! V   to  dclenil   the 


pioacli  the  eiiemv,      The  servii  es  reipiired  on  this  iioilhern  posts,  \ci,    on   tli:'   approiich  of  lieniial 

expedition  are  critical  and   conspii  lions,      Diirini!  Ilniuoyne.  llie  v  'liiie  force  collei  led  to  oppose  linn 

our  progress  iiccisioiis   may  oci  iir,  in  which  no  w, is  only '.'.ilii  loniineni^is,  and 'JIHI  nuhii.i.  h. idly 

hlliciiliy,  not   l.ilionr,  nor  hie,  aie  to  lie  re;;ariled.  supplinl  ,ini|  woisc  aimed.     I'lom  ilic  iiisiiIIh  lehcy 


rills  army  iiinsi  nm  reiieal."    I'loini  lown  I'm 
the  loyiil    iiiiiy  procei'ileil  to   invest  Ticomleioua. 


their  iiiimhei-.,   they   could    not    pi 


till 


On  till 


|.pi 


ih,  lie 


iilv 


d  with 


I  C'liial  cm 


the  I 


ves  ol  .siiiijar 


lull. 


or  of  Moiinl   llope,   tlion;'.ll 


oriiier  coimiian 


lion  and  older  on  hotli  xiiles  the  lake,  while   iheir   deiii 


led  tin 


inks,  lioili  III  Tici'ii 


.iiiil  .Mount    liidepciidei 


Old  the  latter 


naval  force  kept  in  ils  centre  Within  ii  lew  days,  i  was  ol  ^real  lin|iori.inee  for  eoinnmmcalioii  wiili 
they  had  xurroiindrd  three  lotirlliHof  the  Aimri- >  lake  (leorL'e,  and  li.id  heen  foriilied  the  yen  he- 
can  works,  at  Tieiiiiderii):a  and  Miiiinl  Indepeml- 1  fore  with  that  view.  To  the  ipiesiion  wliieli  hail 
ciiee  ;  and  had  >ilsii  iiilvniieed  a  work  on  Siiiiar-lidl,  heen  repeiiledly  asked  ;  ■■  why  was  the  etaenation, 
so  far  liiwarditcoMipletiiin, thai  intwenly-fiinr  hours;  if  really  iieress»ry,  delayed  till  the  Aineiic.iiK 
it  wiiiild  have  been  reinly  to  open.  In  these  cir-  i  were  so  nearly  Hnrrniinded,  as  to  occasion  the  los« 
inmstanres,  (ienrral  St.  (lair,  the  \  oniniandlnc'of  such  valuable  stores  ^'  it  wasansweied:  thai 
ill 


otlicer,   resi 


Ived   to  evacuate   the  post;  hut  eon- 1  "  from  various  rireiiiMslances  it  wis  impossihle  lor 
ceivinu  it   prudent  to   'ike  the  scntimetitii  of  tlie>  (ieneial  St.  (lair  In  ^'et  earlv  inlormalioii  of  thii 


al  ollii 


cers,  he  e 


died 


a  coiinci 


I  of 


war  on  the  •  ii 


iiniiil) 


lers  opposci 


I    to    III 


Tl 


II'    s;iva!.'is,    whom 


OCI  asiiin.      Il  was  lepresented  to  this  council,  thai    the  llrilish   kept   in    front,   deterred    sina 


Ihi 

half  of  the  u  oiks  ;   that,  as  the  whole   miisi   he 


leir  whole  niiiiihiis  were  nolKUlficieiitto  man  oiiej  lioilerini!   parlies  Iroiii    approachmi;  so  near  as    In 

iiv   iliscoveiies  of  their   niiniheis.      l,ari;o 


I  make 


conntant  duly,  it  would  he  iinpossihle  for  them  to  [parlies,  Irom  the  nature  of  the  l'ioiiiiiI.  could  not 
sustain  the  in  cessary  faliiiiie  for  any  length  nl  have  heen  snpporti  d  w  illioni  riskini:  a  nencial  ac- 
tiiiie  ;  and  that,  as  the  place  would  he  eompleiely  j  lion,  '''rom  the  coliiliincd  oper.iliun  of  these  cir- 
invesied  on  all  sides  within  a  day,  iiiiiliini;  Iml  an ; cumsiaiKeN,  the  numhers  of  the appio  ii  hiiii;  roval 
linmediale  ov:ii'iniiion  III  ihe  posts  could  sate  llieiri  army  were   elleeliiallv   eoneealiil    Imm  the    i;airi- 


Iroops. 


le  siliialion  of  (leiicra 


I   St.  (la 


I'liiinenlly  i  inbariassmi:.  ,>such  was  the  confnlence 
of  the  Slilesin  the  fancied  strenulli  of  this  post, 
and  in  the  supposed  superiority  of  force  I'orils  de 
leiice,llial  to  retreat  wilhont  riskiiiL'  anaclion  ciinld 


till   III 
view  liefore  it.' 


van   of  lliiir  lore 


e   appealed    in 


full 


The  relrealine  army  emliarked  as  inilcli  of  their 
haKSiat"'  and  Ktores  as  lliey  had  any  piospect  of 
siiMiiL',   and   lU'sp.iiched    it   iimler    coiiiov   ot    tivii 


not  fid  of  diawiiiji   on    him  the  execralion   of  Ihe'armed    fjalhes   to    Skeiieslioioii<jli.      Their 


niiiltituile 
■elf  to  lie 
<i,.jjle  I 


To  stand  still,  and,  hy  snilerini!  Iiiiii- 1  body    took    ils  riiiile   towar'ls    llie 
rroimdeil,  to  risk  his  whole  aiinv  for  a  I  wav  of  (  astlelon.      The    llrili-.li   weie   i 


hv 


Hist,  was  conlrarv 


to   tl 


III  sooni'r 


le   true    inieiesis   of  i  apprized  of  the  H'tieat  of  the  Americans  than  they 

the  Sl.iler..      In  lli.s  try  iii^  siiuatioli.  with  ihe  una- 1  pursued  lliein.      (ieneral    fra/er.  at   the   head    of 

iippiobalion   of   a  council    of  his   iieneral  |  the  liiiht   troops,   advanced    on    ihiir   inain   hodv. 


otlictr.s,  lie  a.li'pted  the  lieioic  resolniion  of  sacri- 
licini;  per?.iiial  repulalioii  to  save  his  army. 

'i'fe  asoimplioii    of  eonlirlenl    appearances,  by 
need  their  adversaiies,  to  pro- 
While  from  this  cause  tliev 


h 


;dii 


the  garrison, 
eeed  wllll  c; 

were  awed  into  respect,  the  evaein.tion  was  eoiii- 
pleled  with  so  niurli  secrecy  and  eKprilition,  that  a 
consider. ihle  part  of  the  piildic  stores  were  saved, 
and  the  whole  would  have  heen  einharked,  had  not 
a  violent  i:ale  of  u  iml  prevented  the  hoat.s  Ir 
reiiclil 
Th. 


:tl 


leir  slalion. 
iirks.  abandoned  by  the  .■\inericaii«,  were 

ill  llie 


cliielly  the  old  I'reneli  linen  coiistrueted 
late  wai  beiween  I'' ranee  and  Kiiuland,  which  had 
been  repaired  the  year  behire,  and  were  in  i;oiid 
order.  .New  works  were  bei;au  on  the  mount  ;  hut 
tlieie  was  neilher  time  nor   slien;;lli   of  lianils    In 


IIMIj 


iletc  till 


A  rieal  ilea!  of  limber  had  been 


felled  belwei 


n  tl 


le  east  creel 


ml  the   fool 


till 


iiionnt,  to  retard  the  approaches  of  the  lliitish.    Al 
llie  reihiubls  on  the  low  ground   were   abandoned 


lor  want  ot  men  to   occupy 


tin 


Tl 


lese   vviirl. 


ether  wiili  ninclv-llirce  pieces  of  ordnaiiee,  and 


I  hll'L 


idleelii 


if  the  llrilish. 


1,1   I 


irovisions,  lell  into  the  hands 


evariialion  of  Tieoiiilero^a,  July  (!,  was  the 

died 


riie 

ect  of  a    severe    scrutiny. 


Concress   rec 


siilij 

their  i;eiieral  officers  in  the  nnrlliern  deparimenl, 

and  ordered  an  impiiry  into  iheir  comliict.      They 


iilso  iioniina 


led  IV 


111! 

w.  to  assist  llie   jiidiie  a'lvoeate   in    proseciitini; 


la 

that  inipiiiy. 


wo  yenlleinen  of  einitieiice  in 


1    appointed  a  eotnmitlee  ol'  their 


hodv   In   collect  evi<lei 


liar 


support   nf  the 


liicli    were   on    this  occasion   lirouuht 


i;es,   w 
iiist  tlieiii,     (icneral    St.    Clair,  I'm 


aKa 

cessity  of  the 
in  the  11101" 
behalf 


till 


ase,  siiliiiiitted    to  this  innovation 


le  of  eoiidiictin;;  courts  martial;  but  In 
the  army  protested  auaiiist  its  beiny 
drawn  into  precedent.  Charues,  of  no  less  niafini- 
tiiile    than    cowardiie,    ini  apacity  an  ' 


<l    ir 


ehi 


I'll'  liroimlil   forv 


d    in 


rt    ;i;iaiiist  him,    and 


hehi 


d    hv 


I.I 


■oiiilerii 
iiiiiht  Id 


The   public  iiiinil,  sore  with 


.\| 


ijor  (ieneral    Keidesel    was   also   onlered.   witli 


the  L'reater  pait  ol  the  llrniiswiek  troops,  loniaii  li 
in  the  same  direcl.'on.      (Ieneial  lluruovne  in  per- 


i.le 


son   I'ondiieted   the  pursuit    by 

siriiclinns  In  the  naviualiiin,  iinl  hat  in;:  been  1  niii 


rill 


leleil. 


were  soon  cut  tliroii"h. 


The  I 


wo  Iri^aieii 


the  Itoyal  (leor':e  and  the  Inllcxible,  lo<.:elhe| 
with  the  uiiii  boats,  liaviii;,'  ellecteil  their  pass;i;:i', 
pursued  with  so  iimch  rapidity,  lliiit  in  the  conrsc 
of  a  day  the  i;nii  boats  came  up  wiih  and  allackcil 
the  American  nillies,  ne.ir  Skeiiesboioii;;li  l-'.ills. 
On  the  approach  of  the  fri"  ites,  all  opposiiioii 
ceased.  'I'wo  of  the  jjallies  were  laken.  and  llirii! 
rile  Amerieans  set  lire  to  iheir  works. 


own  up. 


mills,  and  balteaiix.     They  were   now    left  in  ihu 
woods,    desliliile    of   provisions.      In    this   forlorn 


situation,  thi'y  in  ide  their  cscapi 
III  fort  .\niie.     llriL'adicr  l''i,i/.er   pi 


Wood  creek 


pillslll 


d  Ihl 


treatini;  Amerieans.  and  on  the  'lih  .Inly,  lainenp 


with 


id    attacked    lliei 


Thev    m.ide 


allaiit 


resistance,  but,  alter  stislainiii^   coiisiiteialde  loss, 
were  iibliijed  to  i;ive  w  ly. 

I.ieulenanl  Colonel  Hall,  with  the  <I|||  llrilish 
retnnenl,  was  delached  fiom  ."skenesboidii'jh  by 
(ieiier;il  Hiir;;oyne,  to  take  post  near  lint  Anne. 
An  eiif;ai;eiiii'nt  eiisned  belvecn  this  re^iiiient  anil 
a  few  .Aniericans  ;  but  the  litter,  alier  a  conllii  t 
ot' two  hours,  lireil  the    foil,   aiiil   rclrealeil  In   fori 


d.      The  ilcslriictioii  of  llii 


dlii 


and  liat- 


teaux   1 


if  till 


Mnericans  a 


I    Skeiiesli 


the  defeat  of  their  rear,  obliued  (i 


III   order    to    avoii 


1     beilii;    b,'l 


ween   two    lire- 


bailee  the  route  of  his  1 


I  hodv 


iroii^h,   ami 
:d  St.  Clair, 
to 
oir 


nil  In  liirii 


from  Castlelon  to  the   left,      .\fier  a  fati;;iiinii  anil 


ilisi 


ressiin;  marc 


h  of 


seven  (lavs,  he  joineit  ( lenera 
1  fo 


al 


ir  conitiineit  Ion 


Schuyler  at  fort  Kdward.     The 

inclusive  of  the  militia,  not  exc Iin;:  in  the  whole 

l.tlKI  men,  were,  on  the  approach  of  ( ieneral  lliir- 
Uoyiie,  coiiipelled  !■)  retire  firlher  into  the    conn- 
in  .Mliaiiv. 


horde 
Such  was  the  rapid  torreiil    ol 


in  Ihi 


I'riod  of  ihi 


al  disir 

ipon    the   [•enera 


I,  and  appieheiistve  ol  i^eiie-   posuion  Irom 


I  Iiel'o 


tl 


CSS,    w'iir'h, 
:iiiipai;;n,  swept  awav  all  o| 


le  roval  .irniv 


'I'heollicers 


'  ilsell  hv  ihrii 


1.      When   the    siliialion 


11;;  lifiini 
till 


id  me 


'J'hi 


lii;;lily  elaied   wiili   their   t:ooil   fur- 
eniisideied  their  lolls  to  be  nearly  at 


army  permitted  an  iiniuiry  into  his  coniliiet,  he  was  an  end  ;   Alb;iiiy  to  be  within  their  jjrasp  ;  and  tho 
honourably  ac({uitied.     In  (he  course  of  his  trial,  it 'conquest  of  the  adjacent  provinces  reilueed   to  a 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


v 


'^o 


{./ 


/ 


i/.x 


% 

% 


1.0 


I.I 


B-  IIIIIM 

'  iiiip 


|M 

22 

1.8 


. 

1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

'- 

.^ 

6"     — 

► 

V] 


<^ 


% 


/2 


■c'l 


A 


/^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


i/.x 


li 


428 


HISTORY   OF    TirK 


1 1 

i 


critiiiiity.  Ill  (jreat  Urilnin,  intelligence  of  (lie 
|)ici};rc»s  ('('  Uiii(',i>jiie  ilJM'iised  u  general  jo^.  As 
lu  llie  Aiiieiicaiis,  (lie  loss  ul  i'f|iululiun,  ivhleh 
tliey  siislained  in  (lie  u|iini(iii  <il'  tliuir  Kipopenii 
adiiiiiers,  was  yrealer  than  llieir  loss  iil' posls,  ar- 
tillery and  iriiops.  'J'lii'V  were  stigmatized  as 
waniing  residiitiiiii.  Their  iinqualilied  .siihjuga- 
tiijii,  iir  iineiinditiuiial  subiiiission  was  cunsiileied 
near  at  hand.  An  (i]iiniun  was  dilliised,  that  the 
war  ill  elleet  was  over,  ur  that  the  farther  resist- 
ance III  the  coluiiists,  would  serve  only  to  make 
the  terms  ol'  their  submission  more  huiiiiliating. 
The  terror  wliieli  the  loss  ul  T'ieunderogu  spread 
thiuiigliont  the  New  England  states  was  great ; 
but  nevertheless  no  disposition  to  purchase  salety 
by  sniiinisslon,  appeared  in  any  (piarter.  They 
did  not  sink  under  the  apprehension  ol  danger,  but 
acted  with  vigour  and  liriiiiicss. 

The  royal  army,  alter  these  successes,  contin- 
ued lor  ome  days  in  Skeiicsburuugh,  waiting  for 
their  tents,  baggage  and  provision.  In  the  iiiean- 
liiiie,  lleneral  ISnrgoyneput  liirtli  a  proclamation, 
in  w  liich  he  called  on  the  inhabilanta  of  the  adja- 
cent towns,  to  send  a  deputation  ol'len  or  more 
pi'isons,  lioiii  their  respective  townships,  to  meet 
(,'olonel  .Skene  at  Caslleton,  on  the  15th  of  July. 
'I'lie  troops  were  at  the  same  time  busily  emjiloyed 
in  opening  a  road,  and  clearing  a  creek,  to  favour 
their  advance,  and  to  open  a  passage  for  the  con- 
veyance of  their  stores.  A  party  of  the  royal  ar- 
my, which  had  been  left  behind  at  Ticunderoga, 
Mils  eipially  indi:sti'iuus  in  carrying  gun  boats,  pro- 
visions, vessels,  and  batteaux  over  land  into  Lake 
tieorge.  An  immensily  of  labour  in  every  <|uar- 
ter  was  necessary;  but  animated  as  they  were 
with  past  successes  and  future  hopes,  they  disie- 
gaK.'ed  loll  and  danger. 

Kioni  Skenesborougi',  Gen.  Burgoync directed 
his  course  across  the  country  to  Fort  Kdward,  on 
Hudson's  Kiver.  Though  the  distance  in  a  right 
line  Iroiii  one  to  the  other  Is  but  a  few  miles,  yet 
such  is  the  imiiiacticable  nature  of  the  country,  and 
such  were  the  artilicial  dillicultiesthroHU  inhisway, 
that  neaily  as  many  days  were  consumed  as  the 
distance  passed  over  in  a  direct  line  would  have 
measured  in  miles.  The  Americans  uiidv.  the 
direction  of  (icn.  Schuyler,  had  cut  large  tiees 
on  both  sides  (  f  the  road,  so  tliat  they  fell  across  it 
with  their  branches  interwoven.  The  lace  of  the 
country  was  likewise  so  broken  with  creeks  and 
marshes,  that  they  had  no  less  than  forty  bridges 
to  construct,  one  of  which  was  a  log-work  over  a 
moiass,  two  miles  in  extent.  This  dillicult  march 
might  liave  been  avoided,  had  lieneral  liuigoyiie 
fallen  back  from  Skenesborough  to  Ticonderoga, 
and  thence  proceeded  by  Lake  tieorge  ;  but  he  de- 
clined this  route,  from  an  apprehension  that  a  ret- 
rograde motion  on  his  part  would  abate  the  panic  of 
the  enemy.  He  had  also  a  suspicion  that  some 
delay  might  be  occasioned  by  the  .\inerican  garri- 
son at  Koit  George;  as  in  case  of  his  taking  that 
route,  they  might  safely  continue  to  resist  to  the 
last  extremity,  having  open  iu  their  rear  a  place  of 
retreat.  On  the  other  hand  it  was  presumed,  that 
as  soon  as  they  knew  that  the  royal  army  was 
marching  in  a  direction  wliich  was  likely  to  cut  olf 
their  retreat,  they  would  consult  their  safety  by  a 
seasonable  evacuation.  In  addition  to  these  rea- 
sons, he  had  the  advice  and  persuasion  of  Colonel 
Skene.  That  gentleman  had  been  recommended 
to  him  as  a  person  proper  to  be  consulted.  His 
land  was  so  situated,  that  the  opening  of  u  road  be- 
tween Fort  Kdward  and  Skcnesborough,  would 
greatly  enhance  its  value.  This  circumstance 
might  have  made  him  more  urgent  in  his  recom- 
mendationsofthat  route,  especiallysiiice,  being  the 
shortest,  it  bid  fair  for  uniting  the  royal  interest 
with  private  convenience. 

The  opinion  formed  by  General  Hurgnyne  of  the 
ell'ect  of  Ills  direct  movement  from  .Skenesbonuigli 
to  Foil  Kdward,  on  the  American  garrison,  was 
verified  by  the  event ;  for  being  apprehensive  of 
having  their  relreal  cut  oil',  they  abandoned  then- 
fort,  and  burnt  their  vessels,  'i'he  navigalioii  of 
lake  George  being  thereby  left  free,  provisions  and 
aiorauaition  were  brought   forward    fruiii    Fort 


George,  to  the  first  navigable  parts  of  Hudson's 
Kivei.     This  is  a  distance  of   ij    miles,  and   the  j 
roads  of  dillicult  passage.     The  intricate  ciiiiibina-  j 
lion  of  land  and  water  carriage,  together  with  the  ' 
insiillicient  nieaiis  ol  transpciilaliou,  and  excessive  ' 
rains,  caused  such  delays,  thai,  at  the  end  of  111'-! 
leeii  days,  there  were  not  more  than  four  days'  pio- 
visioii  brought  forward,  nor  above  ten  batteaux  in 
the  river.     The  diliicultics  of  this  conveyance,  as 
well  as  of  the  march  through  the  wilderness  from 
Skenesborough  to  Fort  Kdward,  were  encountered 
and  overcome  by  the  royal  army,  with  a  spirit  and 
alacrity  which  could  not  be  exceeded.     At  length, 
on  the  3()th  of  .luly,  after  incredible  fatigue  and 
labour.  General  Uurgoyiie,  and  an  army  under  his 
command  reached  Fort  Kdward,  on  Hudson's  Kiv- 
er.    Their  exiihation,  on  accomplishing,  what  for 
a  long  time  had  been  the  object   of  their   hopes, 
was  unusually  great. 

While  the  liritish  were  retarded  in  their  ad- 
vance by  the  comliined  ditliciilties  of  nature  and 
art,  events  took  place,  which  proved  the  wisdom 
and  propriety  of  the  retreat  from  Ticonderoga. — 
The  army,  saved  by  that  means,  was  between  the 
hihabitants  and  General  Burgoync.  This  abated  the 
panic  of  the  people,  and  became  a  centre  of  rendez- 
vous for  them  to  repair  to.  On  the  other  hand, 
had  they  stood  tlieir  ground  at  Ticonderoga,  they 
must,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  events,  either  have 
been  cut  to  pieces,  or  surrendered  themselves 
prisoners  of  war.  In  either  case,  as  General  St. 
Clair  represented  in  his  elegant  defence  ;  "  Fear 
and  dismay  would  have  siezed  on  the  inhabitants 
from  the  false  opinion  that  had  been  formed  of  the 
slrength  of  these  posts;  wringing  grief,  iiiid  moping 
melancholy,  would  have  lilled  the  habitations  ol' 
those  whose  dearest  connexions  were  in  that  ar- 
my ;  and  a  lawless  host  of  rullians,  set  loose  from 
every  social  principle,  would  have  roamed  at  large 
through  the  defenceless  country,  while  bands  of 
savages  would  have  catiied  havoc, devastation  and 
terror  befoie  them.  Great  part  of  the  State  of 
New  York  must  have  submilteil  to  ihecoiuiueror, 
and  in  it  he  would  have  found  the  means  to  prose- 
cute his  success.  He  would  have  been  able  ef- 
fectually to  havcco-optrued  v.  iih  General  Howe, 
and  would  |irobably  soon  have  been  iu  the  same 
country  willi  him  ;  that  country  where  the  illus- 
trious Washington,  with  an  inferior  force,  made  so 
glorious  a  stand,  but  who  must  have  been  obliged 
to  retire,  if  both  armies  had  come  upon  him  at 
once  ;  or  he  might  have  been  forced  to  a  general 
and  decisive  action,  iu  unfavourable  circumstances, 
whereby  the  hopes,  the  now  well-founded  hopes  of 
America,  of  liberty,  ])eace  and  safety  might  have 
been  cut  olV  for  ever."  Such,  it  was  apprehended, 
would  have  been  the  coiisi^piences,  if  the  Ameri- 
can northern  army  had  not  retreated  from  their  post 
at  Ticonderoga.      Verydill'erentevenlstook  place. 

In  a  few  days  after  the  evacuatimi.  General 
Schuyler  issued  a  proclamation,  calling  to  the 
minds  of  the  inhaliilants  the  late  barbarities  and 
desolations  of  the  royal  army  in  Jersey;  warning 
them  that  they  would  be  dealt  with  as  traitors,  if 
they  joineil  the  liritish,  and  requiring  them  with 
their  arms  to  repair  to  the  American  standard. — 
Numerous  parties  were  also  employed  in  bringing 
olf  public  sliires,  and  iu  felling  trees,  and  throwing 
obstructions  in  the  way  of  the  advancing  royal  ar- 
my. .\t  first,  an  universal  panic  intimidated  the 
inhabitants  ;  but  they  soon  recovered.  The  laws 
of  self-preservation  operated  in  their  full  foice,and 
diffused  a  general  activity  through  the  adjacent 
states.  The  formaruies  of  convening,  drafting 
and  olTicering  the  militia  were  in  many  instances, 
dispensed  with,  Hundreds  siezed  their  firelocks, 
and  marched  on  the  general  call,  without  waiting 
for  the  orders  of  their  immediate  commanders. — 
The  inhabitants  had  no  means  of  security,  but  to 
abandon  their  habitations,  and  take  up  arms. — 
Kvery  indiviilual  saw  tlie  necessity  of  becoming  a 
K'niporary  siddier.  The  terror  excited  by  the  In- 
dians, iiiste;id  of  disposing  the  inhaliilants  to  court 
liritish  piolection,  hid  a  coiilraiy  elleet. 

The  Irienils  of  the  royal  cause,  as  well  as  its 
enciuies,  sull'ered  from  their  iudiscriminate  barba- 


rities. Among  othei  instances,  ihcmiirderof  Miss 
iMCica  excited  an  universal  horicir.  Tliis  young 
lady,  in  the  innocence  of  yiiiuli.  and  the  bloom  oi 
beamy  ;  thv.  daughter  ol  a  steady  loyalist,  and  en- 
gaged III  be  marncil  In  a  lirilisii  ollirer,  was,  on 
the  very  day  of  her  iiileniled  nuptials,  massacred 
by  the  savage  auxiliaries,  attached  to  the  liiitisb 
army.*  Occasion  was  thereby  given  to  iidlamo 
the  populace,  and  to  blacken  the  royal  ci  use.— 
The  cruelties  of  the  Indians,  and  the  c  lusc  in 
which  they  were  engaged,  were  associated  toge- 
ther, and  presented  in  one  view  to  the  alarmeil  in- 
habitants. They,  whose  interest  it  was  to  draw 
forth  the  militia  in  support  of  American  independ- 
ence, strongly  expressed  their  execralions  of  the 
army,  which  submitted  to  accept  of  Indian  aid 
and  loudly  condemned  that  government  which 
could  call  such  auxiliaries  as  were  calculated  not 
to  subdue,  but  to  exterminate  a  jieoplR  w  lioiii  tlu^y 
alVecled  to  reclaim  as  subjects.  Their  cruel  mode 
of  warfare,  putting  to  death,  as  well  the  smiling 
infant  and  the  defenceless  female,  as  the  resisting 
armed  man,  excited  an  universal  spirit  of  resist- 
ance. In  conjunction  with  other  circumstances, 
it  impressed  on  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants  a 
general  conviction  that  a  vigorous  delerniined  op- 
position was  the  only  alteriiaiive  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  their  property,  their  children  and  their 
wives.  Could  they  have  i:  liilged  the  hope  of  se- 
curity and  protection  while  they  remained  peace- 
ably at  their  homes,  they  would  have  found  many 
excuses  fur  declining  to  assume  the  pioli'ssioii  of 
soldiers  ;  but  when  they  contrasted  the  dangers  of 
a  manly  resistance,  with  those  of  a  passive  inac- 
tion, they  chose  the  former,  as  the  least  of  two  un- 
avoidable evils. 

All  the  feeble  aid,  which  the  royal  army  receiv- 
ed from  their  Indian  auxiliaries,  was  infinitely 
overbalanced  by  the  odium  it  brought  on  their 
cause,  and  by  that  determined  spirit  of  opposition 
which  the  dread  of  their  savage  ci  nellies  excited. 
While  danger  was  remote,  the  pressing  calls  of 
Congress,  and  of  the  general  oHicers,  for  the  iii- 
habilants  to  be  in  readiness  to  oppose  a  dislaiit  foe, 
were  unavailing,  or  tardily  executed  :  but  no  soon- 
er had  they  recovered  from  the  lirst  impression  of 
the  geneial  panic,  than  they  liiriied  out  with  iiii- 
exaiiipled  alacrity.  The  owners  of  the  soil  came 
fotward  with  that  ardour,  which  the  love  of  dear 
connexions  and  of  properly  inspires.  An  army 
was  speedily  poured  forth  from  the  woods  <ind 
mountains.  When  they  who  had  begun  the  re- 
treat were  nearly  wasted  away,  the  spirit  of  the 
country  immediately  supplied  their  place,  with  ,i 
much  more  formidable  force.  In  addilion  to  these 
incitements,  it  was  early  conjecttired,  that  the 
royal  army,  by  pushing  forward,  would  be  so  en- 
langled  as  not  to  be  able  to  advance  or  relreal  oa 
equal  terms.  Men  of  abilities  and  of  elo(|iienee, 
influenced  with  this  expectation,  harangued  the 
inhabitants  in  their  several  towns,  and  set  fiirlli  in 
high  colouring  the  cruelties  of  the  savage  auxilia- 
ries of  (ireat  Hritain,  and  the  fair  prospects  of 
capturing  the  whole  force  of  their  enemies.  From 
the  combined  influence  of  these  causes,  the  Ame- 
rican army  soon  amounted  to  upwards  of  13,UU0 
men. 

While  Hurgoyne  was  forcing  his  way  down  to- 
wards Albany,  St.  Legcr  was  co  operating  with 
him  in  the  Mohawk  country.  He  had  ascended 
the  River  St.  Lawrence,  crossed  Lake  Ontario,  and 
commenced  the  siege  of  Fort  .Schuyler.     On  the 

*  'riiis,  (lluugll  true,  was  not  preiiiiMliliilPtl  hurhurily. — 
Tbc  circiiiiiAtaiieRs  were  as  tiillow  ;  .Mr.  Jones,  licr  lover, 
I'roiii  an  iinx.'-iy  Cor  licr  Hati!ty,  oiit;ii^rt>i|  noinn  liidjanj 
to  remove  her  I'roiti  niiioltf;  tlie 'Aiiierii-dtis,  and  proiniseit 
to  reward  the  person  who  shuulil  hrin^  hor  oaio  In  him, 
with  a  barrel  uf  rillii<  Two  of  Die  llullanK,  who  hail 
eoiiveved  her  flome  (linlaiiee,  dii  the  way  lo  her  iiilciij- 
0(1  hushaiul,  disputeil,  which  of  ihiMli  hIkmiIiI  present 
her  to  Mr.  Jonen.  Hotli  were  anxious  for  the  reward. 
One  of  them  killed  her  wilti  his  tomahawk,  to  prevent 
llie  other  from  reeeiviiiK  it,  Iturgfiyne  ohlitred  this 
liidiaiiH  to  deliver  uli  llie  miirderei,  and  threatened  lo 
[lilt  him  to  death.  Hi.."  life  wits  only  fpareil,  iipotl  llio 
Indians  aureeing  to  tenii!>,  wliieli  Ihe  irenerul  tlniii^hl 
would  hii  more  ellieiteious  llluli  Ull  c\u(.ulion,  ill  prevcut* 
ing  similar  iniacliief*. 


1    / 

J,    I 


;es,  llio  imiiilprol  Miss 
1  liomir.  Tills  jdiiiig 
tlllh,  uihI  tilt;  biixiiii  oi 
Hlciidy  Idy.'ilisl,  and  en- 
irilisii  ollicer,  was,  on 
pel  niiptiiil.s,  iiiassaci't'il 
Lttaclicd  Id  il)c  Itiiliab 
cit'hy  given  to  inlUiniu 
icn  tlic  royal  ci  use. — 
ans,  and  the  o msc  in 

were  associated  loge- 
view  to  tlie  alarmed  in- 
nterest  it  was  to  draw 
of  American  independ- 
lieir  execrations  ol'  the 

accept  of  Inditm  aid 
lat  goveriinieul  which 
as  were  cali.ulaie<l  not, 
ale  a  |)eople  nliom  they 
cts.  Their  cruel  luodo 
th,  as  well  the  smi|iii{{ 
leiiiale,  as  the  resisting 
iversal  spirit  of  resist- 
h  other  circmnstances, 
iS  ol'  the  inhahilants  a 
if;oroii»  delern)incd  op- 
iialive  lor  the  preserva- 
leir  children  and  their 
;  Itiljjed  till!  hope  ol'se- 
i!  they  remained  peaee- 
r'onld  liavi;  found  many 
siiine  the  proli'ssion  of 
inlrasled  the  dangers  of 
hose  of  a  passive  inac- 
,  as  the  least  of  two  iin- 

I  the  royal  army  receiv- 
xiliaries,  was  infinitely 
III  it  bronifht  on  their 
lied  spirit  of  ojiposition 
avajie  ei  nellies  excited. 
.',  the  pressini;  calls  of 
•ral  oflicers,  for  the  in- 
I  to  oppose  a  distant  foe, 
executed  :  but  no  soon- 
1  the  lirst  impression  of 
cy  turned  out  with  lui- 
iwners  of  the  soil  came 
which  the  love  of  dear 
ly  inspires.  An  army 
1  from  the  woods  and 
who  hail  begun  the  re- 
iiway,  the  spirit  of  llio 
lied  their  place,  with  .1 
ce.  In  addition  to  these 
conjecUired,  that  the 
iiwaril,  would  he  so  en- 
[)  advance  or  retreat  oa 
lities  and  of  elo(|uence, 
:ctatioii,  harangued  the 
towns,  and  set  forth  in 
•s  of  the  savage  aiixilia- 

I  the  I'air  prospects  of 
if  their  enemies.  From 
these  causes,  the  Ame- 
J   to  upwards  of  lLi,000 

roing  liis  way  down  tn- 
was  co-operatiii}'  with 
try.  lie  had  ascended 
(issed  Lake  Ontario,  and 
>'ort  Schuyler.     Or.  the 

it  preiMi'ditntei!  btirhurily. — 
How:  Mr.  J<>iic8,  licr  lovrr, 
tty,  oiii;ii}!(mI  tioiiin  IikIjiou 
j'AiiiericiuH,  iiihI  proliiiKcd 
uiild  brin^  bor  Riito  (o  liiiii, 
of  tliu  liiiliiini4,  wild  hiul 
oil  the  wuy  to  bor  intend' 
b  of  tliein  Hbntlld  pri>HOllt 
TV.  niixtoilH  Tor  tlli!  mwnrd. 
bis  toninlitlwk,  to  prevent 
Uui'giiylie  oblii^ed  tba 
iirderci,  uiul  Ibrciilniipd  to 
wiiH  only  cpioTiI,  upon  tbo 
liiicii  llie  griirml    iliuii^bt 

II  uii  cxcculiuii,  in  pri'vciu- 


H 


^ 


-^ 


il 


'Ml 


i 


kssKm^^^i 


UNITKD    STATKS 


4'.'!» 


appniaili  iil'tliis  iletacliment  of  the  royal  army,  on 
thriM  1)1  Auf;iiHl,<ieiit1al  llerkimi'rciillrt'lt'dalxiiil 
8(10  »l  ill"  wlii^  iiillilla  of  the  parts  adjacLMit,  for 
tl[c  relief  of  the  fjarrisiiii. 

St.  l^em'r,  aware  of  the  conse(|uences  of  heing 
altaiki'il  III  his  irenclics,  detached  Sir  John  John- 
sun,  with  koiiic  tories  and  Indians,  to  he  in  am- 
bush, and  intercept  the  advancing  inihiia.  The 
strniagem  tooli  ciVect.  The  general  and  his  mi- 
hiici  were  surprised  on  the  6tli  of  August ;  but  se- 
veral of  the  Indians  were  nevertheless  killed  by 
their  lire.  A  scene  of  confusion  followed.  >Soine 
of  Herkimer's  men  r.inoll';  but  others  posted  them- 
selves behind  logs,  and  continued  to  light  with  bra- 
very and  success.  The  loss  on  the  side  of  the 
Ainericans  was  KiO  killed,  besides  the  wounded. 
Among  the  former  was  their  gallant  leader,  tiene- 
nil  llerkiiner.  Several  of  llieir  killed  and  wound- 
ed were  principal  inhabitants  of  that  part  of  the 
country.  Colonel  St.  Leger  availed  himself  of 
the  teirorexcited  on  this  occasion,  and  endeavour- 
ed by  strong  representations  of  Indian  barbarity,  to 
inlimidate  the  garrison  into  an  immediate  surren- 
der, lie  .sent  veibal  and  written  lues.sages,  "  de- 
maiuling  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  and  stating  the 
impossibility  of  llieir  obtaining  relief,  as  their 
friends  under  (ieneral  Herkimer  were  entirely  cut 
off,  and  as  (ieneral  Hurgoyne  had  forced  his  way 
through  the  country,  and  was  daily  receiving  the 
submission  of  the  inhabiiants."  He  represented 
"  the  pains  he  had  taken  to  soften  the  Indians,  and 
to  obtain  engagemenls  from  them,  that  in  case  ol 
an  immediate  surreniler  every  man  in  the  garrison 
should  be  spared  ;  and  particularly  enlarged  on  the 
circumslance,  "  that  the  Indians  were  determined 
in  ease  of  their  meeting  willi  further  opposition, 
to  massacre  not  only  the  garrison,  but  every  man, 
woman  or  child  in  the  Mohawk  country."  Colo 
liel  (iansevort,  who  cniiimanded  the  fort,  replied, 
'•  that  being  by  the  Uniled  Slates  entrusted  with 
the  charge  of  the  garrison,  lie  was  determined  to 
defend  it  to  llic  last  extremity,  against  all  enemies 
fthalever,  wiihiiiit  any  concern  forthe  conser|uen- 
ces  of  doing  his  duly." 

It  being  resolved,  maugie  the  threats  of  Indian 
barbaiilies,  to  defend  the  fort.  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Willet  iinderlook,  in  conjunction  with  Lieutenant 
Stockwell,  to  give  information  to  llieir  fellow-cili- 
r.cns,  of  the  stale  of  the  garrison.  These  two  ad- 
venturous orticers  passed  by  night  through  the  be- 
siegers" works,  ami,  at  the  hazard  of  falling  inio 
llie  hands  of  savages,  and  sulVeriiig  from  them  the 
severity  of  torture,  made  their  way  for  fifty  miles 
llirougli  dangers  and  dilTiciilties,  in  order  to  pro- 
cure relief  for  their  besieged  associates.  In  the 
nieanlime,  the  ISrltish  carried  on  their  operations 
with  siicli  industry,  that  in  less  than  three  weeks 
they  had  advanced  within  1.50  yards  of  the  foil. 

The  brave  garrison,  in  its  hour  of  danger,  was 
not  forgolten.  (jciieral  Arnold,  with  a  brigade  of 
continental  troops,  had  been  previously  detached 
by  (ieneral  .Schuyler  for  their  relief,  and  was  then 
near  at  hand.  Tost  Schuyler,  who  had  been  taken 
up  by  the  Americans,  on  suspicion  of  being  a  spy, 
was  promised  his  life  and  his  estate,  on  consiilera- 
tlon  that  he  should  goon  and  alarm  the  Indians, 
with  such  represcntalions  of  the  numbers  march- 
ing against  tlieni,  as  would  occasion  their  retreat. 
He  iinniedialely  proceeded  to  the  campof  the  In- 
dians, and,  being  able  to  converse  in  their  own 
language,  informed  them  that  vast  numbers  of 
hnslile  .\inericans  were  near  at  hand.  They  were 
llioronghly  frightened,  and  determined  to  go  od'. 
St.  Leger  used  every  art  to  retain  lliem;  but 
nothing  could  change  their  determination.  It  is 
the  characteristic  of  these  people  on  a  reverse  of 
fortune,  to  betray  irresolution,  and  a  total  want  of 
thai  constancy,  which  is  necessary  to  struggle  with 
diffnullies.  'rhey  had  found  the  fort  stronger 
and  belter  defended  than  was  expected.  They 
had  lost  several  head  men  in  their  engagement 
wilhtjeneral  Herkimer,  and  h.id'gollenno  plunder. 
These  circumstances,  added  to  the  certainly  of  the 
approach  of  a  reinforcement  to  their  adversaries, 
\vhicli  they  believed  to  be  much  greater  than  it 
Rally  was,  made   them  quite   intractable.     Part 


of  them  instantly  decamped,  and  the  remainder 
llirealened  lo  follow,  if  the  liiilish  <Hd  ,iot  imme- 
diately retreat.  'J'liis  measure  was  adopted,  and, 
on  the  2:2(1  of  August,  the  sieg'i  was  raised.  From 
the  disorder,  occasioned  by  the  precipilancy  of  the 
Indians,  the  lenls  and  iiiiii  h  of  the  artillery  anil 
stores  of  the  besiegers,  fell  inio  the  hands  of  the 
garrison.  The  discontented  savages,  exasperated 
by  their  ill  fortune,  are  said,  on  iheir  retreat,  to 
have  robbed  their  British  associates  of  their  bag- 
gage and  provisions. 

While  the  fate  of  Fort  Schuyler  was  in  suspense, 
il  occurred  to  (ieneral  liiirgoyne,  on  hearing  of  its 
being  besieged,  that  a  sudden  and  rapid  movement 
forward  would  be  of  the  utmost  "ronseouencc.  As 
the  principal  force  of  his  adversaries  was  in  front 
between  him  and  Albany,  he  hoped  by  advancing 
on  them,  to  reduce  them  lo  the  necessity  of  fight- 
ing, or  of  retreating  out  of  his  way  to  New  Kng- 
land.  Had  they,  to  avoid  an  attack,  relrealeil  up 
the  Mohawk  River,  they  woubl,  in  case  of  .St.  Le- 
ger's  success,  have  jiut  themselves  between  two 
(ires.  Had  ihey  retreated  to  Albany,  it  was  sup- 
posed their  situation  would  have  been  worse,  as  a 
co-operaiion  from  New  York  was  expected,  lie- 
sides,  in  case  of  that  movement,  an  opportunity 
would  have  been  given  for  a  junction  of  Jlurgoyne 
and  St.  Leger.  To  have  retired  from  the  scene 
of  action  by  filing  oil'  for  New  Kiiglanil,  seemed 
to  be  the  only  opening  left  for  their  escape.  Willi 
such  vieivs,  (General  Hurgoyne  proniised  himself 
great  advantages,  iVoiii  advancing  rapidly  towards 
Albany.  The  jirincipal  olijection,  against  this 
project,  was  the  dinicully  of  furnishing  provisions 
lo  his  troops.  To  keep  up  a  coinniiinicalion  with 
Fort  tieorge,  so  as  to  obtain  from  thai  garrison, 
regular  supplies,  at  a  distance  daily  increasioi;, 
was  wholly  impr.icticable.  The  .■;dvaiilages,  which 
were  expected  from  the  proposed  measure,  were 
loo  da/.ziing  to  be  easily  relinquished.  Though 
the  impossibility  of  drawing  provisions  from  the 
stores  in  their  rear  was  known  ami  acknowledged, 
yet  a  hope  was  indulged  lliat  they  might  be  else- 
where obtained.  A  plan  was  therefore  formed  to 
open  resources  from  the  iilenlifiil  farms  of  Ver- 
mont. Every  day's  account,  and  parlicniarly  the 
inforiiialiou  of  Colonel  Skene,  induced  Hurgoyne 
to  believe,  that  one  descripliin  of  the  inhabiiants 
in  that  country  were  panic  struck,  and  thai  another, 
and  by  far  the  mnsi  numerous,  were  friends  to  the 
British  interest,  and  only  wanted  the  appearance 
of  a  protecting  power  to  show  themselves.  Helv- 
ing on  this  intelligence,  he  detached  .TOO  men,  lUO 
I.ndians,  and  two  (ield  pieces,  which  he  supposed 
would  be  fully  snflicient  for  the  expedition.  The 
command  of  this  force  was  given  lo  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Baum  ;  and  it  was  supposed  that  with  it 
he  would  be  enabled  to  seize  upon  a  magazine  of 
supplies  which  the  Amercans  Imd  collected  at 
Bennington,  and  which  was  only  guarded  by  iiiili- 
lia.  It  was  also  intended  to  try  the  temper  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  to  mount  the  dragoons. 

Lieutenant  (Jolonel  Baum  was  insiructed  to  keep 
the  regular  force  posted,  while  the  light  troops  fell 
their  way;  and  to  avoid  all  danger  of  being  sur- 
rounded, or  of  having  his  retreat  cut  oil'.  But  he 
proceeded  with  less  caution  than  his  perilous  situ- 
ation required.  Confiding  in  the  numbers  and  pro- 
mised aid  of  those  who  were  depended  upon  as 
friends,  he  presumed  too  much.  Un  approaching 
the  place  of  his  desiinalion,  he  found  the  American 
militia  stronger  than  had  been  supposed.  He 
therefore  took  post  in  the  vicinity,  entrenched  his 
party,  and  despatched  an  express  to  (ieneral  Hur- 
goyne, with  an  account  of  his  situation,  (.'olonel 
Breyman  was  detached  lo  reinforce  him.  Though 
every  exertion  was  made  to  push  forward  this  re- 
inforcement, yet  from  the  impracticable  face  of  the 
country  and  defective  means  of  tran.qiortalion, 
thirty-two  hours  elapsed  before  they  had  marched 
twenty-four  miles. 

(ieneral  Slarke,  who  commanded  the  American 
militia  at  Bennington,  attacked  Colonel  Baum,  be- 
fore the  junction  of  the  two  royal  detacnmeiils 
could  be  ell'ecled.  On  this  occasion,  about  ISOO 
undisciplined  militia,  without  bayonets,  or  a  single 


piece  of  artillery,  attacked  and  routed  500  regular 
liDops,  advantageously  posted  behind  intrench- 
ineiits,  furnished  willi  the  best  arms,  and  defended 
Willi  two  pieces  of  artillery.  The  field  pieces 
were  taken  from  the  party  comnian Jed  by  Colonel 
Baum,  and  the  greatest' part  of  his  delachmeut 
was  eitlicr  killed  or  captured. 

[Major  Oeneral,  John  St.\rkk,  the  son  of  Archi- 
bald S.,  a  native  of  (Jlasgow,  wlio  married  in  Ire- 
land, was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  II.,  Aug.  2S. 
nUS.  In  1730  his  farther  removed  to  Derryfield. 
now  .Manchester  on  the  Merriniac.  While  on  a 
huni'mg  expedition  ho  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
St,  Francis  Indians,  in  1752,  but  was  soon  re- 
deemed at  an  expense  of  103  dollars,  paid  by 
.Mr.  Wheelwright  of  Boston.  To  raise  tliis  money 
he  repaired  on  another  hunting  expedition  to  the 
Aiidioscoggin.  He  afterwards  served  in  a  com- 
pany of  rangers  wiih  llogers,  being  made  a  cap- 
tain ill  n,')ij.  On  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton he  repaired  to  Cambridge,  and,  recievinga  co- 
lonel's commission,  enlisted  in  the  same  day  SOD 
men.  He  fought  in  the  battle  of  Breed's  hill, 
June  17,  1775,  his  regiment  forming  the  left  of 
the  line,  and  repulsing  three  times  by  llieii 
deadly  fire  the  veteran  Welsh  (usileers,  who  had 
fought  at  iMinden.  His  only  defence  was  a  rail 
fence,  covered  with  hay,  to  resemble  a  breast- 
work. In  May  1776  he  proceeded  from  Nevr 
Vork  to  Canada.  In  the  attack  on  Trenton  he 
commanded  the  van  of  the  right  wing.  He  .las 
also  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Princeton.  Dis- 
pleased It  heiiii'  neglected  in  a  list  of  promotions, 
he  resij^.ied  his  commission  in  March  1777  and  re- 
tired to  his  lanu.  In  order  to  impede  the  progress 
of  Bur;;oy.e,  he  proposed  to  the  council  of  New 
llampsli.rc  to  raise  a  body  of  troops,  and  fall  upon 
his  rear.  In  the  battle  of  Bennington,  so  called, 
thoiigii  fought  six  miles  north  west  from  B.,  in  the 
borders  of  .New  Vork,  Saturday  Aug.  10,  1777,  he 
tlefealed  Colonel  Baum,  killing ii07  and  making  750 
prisoners.  The  place  was  near  Van  Schaack'.s 
nulls,  (denominated  byBiirgoyneSlantcoick  mills,) 
on  a  branch  of  the  Hoosiick  called  by  Dr.  Holmrs 
Walloon  creek ;  by  others  Walloumsack,  and 
Walloinschaick,  and  Looins-chork.  This  event 
awakeiK  d  ei^nfidence,  and  led  to  the  capture  of 
Biirgoyne.  Of  those  who  fought  in  this  battle, 
the  names  of  T.  Allen,  J.  Orr,  and  others  are  ic- 
corded  in  this  volume.  In  Sept.  he  enlisted  a  new 
and  larger  force  and  joined  (iates.  In  1778  anil 
177'J  he  served  in  Khode  Island,  and  in  1780  in 
New  Jersey.  In  l/tsl  he  had  the  comnu.nd  of  the 
northern  department  at  Saratoga.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  bid  adieu  to  public  omployments.  In 
181S  (Jcngress  voted  him  a  pension  of  GO  dollars 
per  month.  He  died  May  8,  1S2:>,  aged,  93. 
He  was  buried  on  a  small  hill  near  the  Merri- 
niac ;  n  granite  obelisk  has  the  inscription — "  Maj. 
(ien.  .Stark."  A  memoir  of  his  life  was  publish- 
ed, annexed  to  reminiscences  of  the  French  war, 
!•_'.  1^31.— Allen's  Biog.] 

Colonel  Breyman  arrived  on  the  same  ground, 
and  on  the  same  day  ;  but  not  till  the  action  was 
over.  Instead  of  meeting  his  friends,  as  he  ex- 
pected, he  found  himself  briskly  attacked.  This 
was  begun  by  Colonel  Warner,  who,  with  his  ciin- 
tinental  regiment,  having  been  sent  for  at  .Man- 
chester, came  opportunely  at  this  time,  and  was 
well  supported  by  Str  •    's  militia,  which  had  jiisl 

I  defeated  the  party  coi nded  by  Colonel  Baum. 

Breyman's  troops,  though  fatigued  with  their  pre- 
ceding march,  behavod  with  great  resolution  ;  but 
were  at  length  compelled  to  abandon  their  artillery, 
and  retreat. 

In  these  two  actions,  the  Ainericans  took  four 
brass  field  pieces,  twelve  brass  drums,  250  dragomi 
swords,  4  ammunition  wagons,  and  about  701)  pri- 
soners. Their  loss,  inclusive  of  the  wounded,  was 
about  100  men. 

Congress  resolved,  "  that  their  thanks  he  ure- 
sentcd  lo  General  Starke,  of  the  New  Hampshire 
inililia,  and  the  oflicers  and  troops  under  his  com- 
mand, for  their  brave  and  successful  attack  upon, 
and  signal  victory  over,  the  enemy,  in  (heir  lines 
at  UeningtuD,  and  also,  that  Brigadier  Starko  be 


'i    !.   ! 


i 


480 


HISTORY   OK    TH  K 


apioiiitcd  ii  brigadier  general  in  llie  ainiy  ol'  the 
Uiiitiil  Slates."*  Never  were  thanks  nnire  tlc- 
8er\ellv  bestuwed.  'llio  uverthruw  of  these  ile- 
taehnients  was  the  lirsl  link  in  a  ^raiid  ehaiii  ol' 
events,  wliieh  linall}  drew  dciwii  niin  un  the  w  licde 
royal  army.  The  eonlidenee  with  which  the 
Anierieans  were  ins|)iied,  un  lindiiii;  themselves 
able  lo  defeat  rei;iilai  troops,  produced  siirprisinf.!; 
eliects.  h  animated  their  exertions,  ami  Idled 
ihem  H  illi  expectation  ol'  larlhcr  .sneeesses. 

That  military  pride  which  is  the  soul  oriin  ar- 
my, was  iiiirtureil  by  the  captured  artillery,  and 
oilier  trophies  ol'  victory.  In  proportion  to  the 
elevation  ol'  the  Americans,  was  the  deiuession  of 
llieir  adversaries.  Accustomed  to  success,  as  they 
had  been  in  the  precediii);  part  of  the  campaign, 
they  I'elt  uiiiisuil  mortilieationrrom  this  unexpect- 
ed check.  Though  it  ilid  not  diminish  their  cour- 
age, it  abated  their  eonlidenee.  It  is  not  easy  lo 
enumerate  all  the  disastrous  conscijuences  which 
resulled  to  the  royal  army,  from  the  failure  of 
llieir  expcihlion  to  lieimingtoii.  These  were  so 
extensive,  that  their  loss  of  men  was  the  least  con- 
siderable. It  deranged  every  plan  for  pushing  the 
advantages  which  liad  been  previously  obtained. 
Among  o''ier  embarrassments,  it  reduced  General 
Uurgoyne  to  'he  alternative  of  halting,  till  he 
brought  forward  supplies  from  fort  George,  or  of 
advancing  without  them  at  the  risk  of  being 
starved.  The  former  being  adopted,  the  royal 
army  was  detained  from  August  Itjih,  to  Septem- 
ber 13th.  This  unavoidable  delay  gave  time  and 
opportunity  for  the  Aiiifciicans  to  collect  in  great 
numbers. 

Thedcfeat  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  15aum,waslbe 
first  event  which  for  a  long  time,  had  taken  place, 
in  fivour  of  ihe  American  nortliern  army.  From 
December,  1775,  it  had  experienced  one  uiisfor- 
lunc  treading  on  Ihe  heels  of  another,  and  defeat 
succeeding  defeat.  Every  movement  liad  been 
either  letieating  or  evacuating.  The  subsc(|nent 
Iransactions  present  a  remarkable  contrast.  For- 
nine,  which,  previous  lo  the  battle  of  liemiinglon 
Iiad  not  for  a  inomenl<|uittedthe  Hrilisli  standard 
seemed  after  that  event,  totally  to  desert  it,  and 
go  over  to  the  opposite  party. 

.\l'ter  the  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  the  Ainc 
ricaiis  had  fallen  back  from  one  place  to  another, 
till  they  at  last  fixed  at  Vanshaic's  Island.     Soon 
idler  this  retreating  system  was  adopted,  Congress 
recalled  their  general  olVicers,    and   put   Geiieial 
(lates  at  the  head  of  their  northern   army.     Hi 
arrival,  on  the  I'.lth  of  August,  gave  fresh  vigour 
to  the  exertions  of  the  inhabitants.     Tlie   militia, 
(lushed  with  their  recent  victory  at   Bennington 
collected  in  great  numbers  to  his  standard.     Tliey 
soon  began  lo  be  animated  with  a  hope  of  captur 
ing  Ihe  whole  British  army.     A   spirit  of  adveii 
ture  burst  forth  in  many  dillcrenl  points  of  direc 
tion.      While  General  Burgoyne   was  urging  Ills 
preparations    for    advancing    towards    Albany,  an 
enterprise  was  undertaken  by  General   Lincoln  to 
recover  Ticonderi/ga,  and  the  other  posts  in  the 
rear  of  the   royal   army.     He  detached   Colonel 
Brown  with  5U0mcii  to  the  landing  at  lake  George 
The  colonel  conducted  his  operations  with  so  much 
address,  ihat  on  the  13lh  September,  lie  surprised 
all  the  out-posts  between  the  landing  at  the  north 
end  of  lake  George,  and  the  body  of  the  fortress 
at  Ticonderoga.     He  also  took  Mount  Defiance 


*  In  nn  tirrniiKcineut  of  Reiierul  olficerc,  innde  by  Con 
grtflj*.  in  ihfi  |>reer(litif;  yenr,  a  junior  olVu-er  bad  been 
proinotiMl  wbile  Slnike  wns  lir^leeted.  He  Imil  wtll- 
tcn  (o  ConercMS  on  tins  sidijeri,  unil  his  loners  were  laid 
on  the  lablo.  He  qnittnd  the  army,  and  retired  lo  his 
fartn ;  hut  on  the  approach  of  Ihirgoyne,  aerenled  n 
hrigadier^s  roininission  nnd  n  pepanile  connnanil  fruin 
New  llampHliire.  As  their  niTiccr  ho  achieved  this 
victory,  ami  iran.-^inilied  an  olTK.iiil  aecnnr.t  of  it  to  the 
executive  of  that  fitnle.  Congress,  hearing  of  it,  iii(|ni- 
red,  why  they  were  uninfoniied  on  the  aulije,.(  T  Htiirke 
answered,  llmt  his  eorrespondence  will;  their  body  was 
closed,  ns  they  had  not  attended  to  his  last  Idlers, 
riiev  took  ihe  hint,  and  prtnnoteil  him.  Starke  was  too 
tineli  of  n  patriot  10  refuse  his  services,  ihout>li  his  mili- 
tary feelincs  wen^  hurl;  nnd  ('onirress  was  loo  wise  lo 
■Ijiiil  on  etii|uctte,  when  their  country's  interest  was  nt 
stake. 


and  .Mount  Hojie,  the  Freiieh  lines,  and  a  bliiek- 
hiiiise,  :^(IU  baileaiix,  severil  gun  boats,  ami  an 
armed  sloop,  together  with  2'M  prisoners,  and  at 
Ihe  same  nine  released  lOU  Americans.  His  own 
loss  was  trilling. 

Colonels  lirown  and  .Johnson,  the  latterof  w  hoiii 
Had  been  detached  with <'iUU  men,  to  attempt  >]oiint 
Independence,  on  examination  found  that  the  re- 
luction  of  either  Ihat  post  or  of  Ticonderoga  was 
beyond  llieir  ability.  When  the  necessary  stores, 
or  thirty  days  subsistence,  were  brought  forward, 
from  lake  George,  General  Burgoyne  gave  up  all 
coinniunicalion  with  the  maga/.iiies  in  his  real, 
and,  on  llie  13th  and  l-lth,  ciossed  Hudson's  river. 
This  moveiuent  was  the  subject  of  much  discus- 
sion. Some  charged  it  on  the  impetuosity  of  tiie 
general,  and  alleged  thai  it  was  premature,  before 
he  was  sure  of  aid  from  the  royal  forces  posted  in 
New  York  ;  but  he  pleaded  the  peremptory  orders 
of  his  superiors.  The  rapid  advance  of  Burgoyne, 
and  especially  his  passage  of  the  Norlli  river, 
added  much  to  the  impracticability  of  his  future  re- 
treat ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  subsc(|ucnl  eveiils, 
made  the  lotal  ruin  of  his  army  in  a  great  degree 
unavoidable. 

Burgoyne,  after  crossing  the  Hudson,  advanced 
along  its  side,  and  in  four  days  encamped  on  the 
heights,  about  two  miles  from  Gates's  camp; 
which  was  three  miles  above  .Stillwater.  Tin 
Americans,  elated  with  their  success  at  Benning 
ton  and  fort  Schuyler,  thought  no  more  of  retreat 
ing,  but  came  out  to  meet  the  advancing  British, 
and  engaged  them  with  firmness  and  resolution 
The  attack  began  a  little  before  mid-day,  .Se|)tem- 
ber  19th,  between  the  scouting  pariies  of  the  iwo 
armies.  The  commanders  on  both  sides  supported 
and  reinforced  their  respective  parties.  The  con- 
llict,  though  severe,  was  only  partial  for  an  hour 
and  a  half;  but  alter  a  short  pause,  it  became 
general,  and  continued  for  three  hours  willioiil 
any  intermission.  A  constant  blaze  of  fire  was 
kepi  up,  and  both  armies  seemed  lobe  delermined 
on  death  or  victory.  The  Americans  and  British 
alternately  drove,  and  were  driven  by  each  other. 
Jlen,  and  particularly  oliicers,  dropped  every  mo- 
ment, and  on  every  side.  Several  of  the  Ameri- 
cans placed  themselves  in  high  trees,  and,  as  often 
as  they  could  distinguish  an  officer's  uniform,  took 
him  otf  by  deliberately  aiming  at  his  penioii.  Few 
actions  have  been  characterized  by  more  obstina- 
cy in  attack  or  defence.  The  British  repeatedly 
tried  their  bayonet?,  but  without  their  usual  suc- 
cess in  the  use  of  that  weapon.  At  length,  night 
pul  an  end  lo  the  ellusion  of  blood. 

The  British  lost  upwards  of  .'JUO  men,  including 
their  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners.  The  Ameri- 
cans, inclusive  of  the  missing,  lost  310.  Thirty-six 
out  of  forty-eight  British  matrosses  weie  killed  or 
wounded.  The  G'2d  British  regiment,  which  was 
TiOO  strong,  when  it  left  Canada,  was  reduced  to 
()0  men,  and  4  or  C)  officers. 

This  hard-fought  battle  decided  nothing ;  and 
little  else  than  honour  was  gained  by  cither  army: 
but  nevertheless  it  was  followed  by  important  con- 
secpienees.  Of  these,  one  was  the  diminution  of 
the  zeal  and  alacrity  of  the  Indians  in  the  British 
army.  The  dangerous  senice,  in  which  they  were 
e4igaged,  was  by  no  means  suited  to  their  habits 
of  war.  They  were  disappointed  of  the  plunder 
they  expected,  and  saw  nothing  before  ihem  but 
hardships  and  danger.  Fidelity  and  honour  were 
too  feeble  motives  in  the  minds  of  savages,  to  re- 
tain them  in  such  an  unproductive  service.  By 
deserting  in  the  season  when  their  aid  would  have 
been  most  useful,  they  furnished  a  second  instance 
of  the  impolicy  of  depending  upon  them.  Very 
little  more  perseverance  was  exhibited  by  the  Ca- 
nadians, and  other  British  provincials.  They  also 
abandoned  the  British  standard,  when  they  fiiund, 
Ihat,  instead  of  a  flying  and  dispirited  enemy,  they 
had  a  numerous  and  resolute  force  opposed  to  them. 
These  desertions  were  not  the  only  disappointments 
which  (icneral  Burgoyne  experienced.  From  the 
commencement  of  the  expedition,  he  had  promised 
himself  a  strong  reinforcement  from  that  part  of 
the  British  arinv,  which  was  gtaliuned  at    New 


Vork.  He  depeniled  on  its  being  able  lo  force  its 
way  to  Albany,  and  tojoin  him  there,  or  in  the  vi- 
cinity. This  co-operation,  though  altempted,  fail- 
ed in  the  execution,  while  llie  expectation  of  it  con- 
Iribiiied  to  involve  him  in  some  dinicullies,  to  which 
he  would  not  oiherwise  have  been  exposed. 

General  Burgoyne,  on  llie  :ilsi  of  September, 
received  inlelliience  in  cypher,  that  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  who  then  commanded  in  New  Vork,  in- 
tended to  make  a  diversion  in  his  favour  by  atlack- 
he  fortresses  which  the  Americans  had  erect- 
ed on  Hudson's  river,  to  obstruct  the  intercourse 
between  New  York  and  Albany.  In  answer  to 
this  communieation,  he  despatelied  to  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  some  Iriisty  persons,  with  a  full  account  of 
his  situation,  and  with  instructions  to  press  the  im- 
mediate execution  of  the  )Hoposed  co-operation; 
and  to  assure  him,  that  he  was  enabled  in  point  of 
provisions,  and  fixed  in  his  resolution.  In  hold  his 
present  position  till  the  Irilli  of  October,  in  the 
liopes  of  favourable  events.  'I'lie  reasonable  ex- 
pectation of  a  diversion  from  New  York,  founded 
on  this  intelligence,  made  it  disgraceful  lo  retreat, 
and  at  the  same  time  improper  lo  urge  offensive 
operations.  In  this  posture  of  aliiiirs,  a  delay  of 
two  or  three  weeks,  ill  expectation  of  the  promi- 
sed co-operation  from  Nev/  York,  became  neces- 
sary. 

In  the  meantime,  the  provisions  of  the  royal 
army  were  lessening,  nnd  the  animation  and  num- 
bers of  the  American  army  increasing.  The  New 
Fngland  pco|)le  were  fnlly  sensible,  that  their  all 
was  i'l  stake,  and  at  the  same  time  sanguine,  that, 
by  vigorous  exertions,  Burgoyne  would  be  so  en- 
tangled, that  his  surrender  would  be  unavoidable. 
Every  moment  made  the  situation  of  the  British 
more  critical.  From  the  uncertainty  of  receiving 
fiirlher  supplies.  General  Burgoyne  on  the  1st  ol 
October  lessened  the  soldiers'  provisions.  The 
l^lli  of  October,  the  term  till  whiehthe  royal  army 
had  agreed  to  wail  for  aid  I'loiii  New  York,  was 
fiist  approaching,  and  no  intelligence  of  the  ex- 
pected eo-opeiation  had  arrived.  In  this  alarm- 
ing situation, it  was  thought  proper  to  makeamove- 
ineni  lo  the  left  ;  the  Americans.  The  body  ol 
troops  employed  fortius  purpose,  consisted  of  LjOU 
chosen  men,  ;'  id  was  commanded  by  Generals 
Burgoyne,  Philips,  Keidesel,  and  Frazer.  As  they 
advanced,  they  were  cliecked  by  a  sudden  and  im- 
petuous attack,  on  the  7th  of  October  :  but  Major 
.\ckland,  at  the  head  of  the  British  Grenadiers, 
sustained  it  with  great  firmness. 

The  Americans  extended  their  attack  along  the 
whole  front  of  the  German  troops,  who  were  posted 
on  the  right  of  the  grenadiers ;  and  they  also 
marched  a  large  body  round  their  Hank,  in  order  to 
cut  olVtheir  letrfat.  To  oppose  this  bold  enter- 
prise, the  British  light  infantry,  with  a  pan  of  the 
:i  Itli  regiment,  were  directed  to  form  a  second  line, 
and  lo  cover  the  retreat  of  the  troops  into  the 
camp.  In  the  mean  ti.nc,  the  Americans  pushed 
forward  a  fresh  and  strong  reinforcement,  to  renew 
the  action  on  Burgoyne's  left.  That  part  of  bis 
army  was  obliged  lo  give  way  ;  but  the  light  infan- 
try, and  21th  regimenl,  by  a  quick  movement  came 
to  its  succour,  and  saved  it  from  lotal  ruin. 

The  British  lines  being  exposed  to  great  danger, 
the  troops  which  were  nearest  to  them  icliirned  for 
their  defence.  General  Arnold,  with  a  brigade  of 
continental  troops,  pushed  for  the  works,  possessed 
by  lord  Balcarras,  at  the  bead  of  the  British  light 
infantry  ;  but  the  brigade,  having  an  abba'is  lo 
cross,  and  many  other  obslriictioiis  to  xurmount, 
was  compelled  lo  retire.  Arnold  left  bis  brigade, 
and  came  to  .lackson's  regiment,  which  he  ordered 
instantly  to  advance,  ^-nd  attack  the  lines  and  re- 
doubt in  their  front,  wl.  eh  were  defended  by  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Ureyma  I  at  the  head  oftlie  German 
grenadiers.  The  assailants  pushed  on  with  rapid- 
ity, and  carried  the  works.  Arnold  was  one  of  the 
first  who  entered  ihem.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Brey- 
man  was  killed.  The  lioops  commanded  by  him 
retired  firing.  They  gained  iheir  lents  about  30 
or  10  yards  from  their  works  ;  but  on  finding  that 
the  assault  was  general,  they  gave  one  fire,  after 
which  sonic  retiealeU  lo  the  British  camp,  but  oih- 


.  .sa«pwP9*«ft!*i««w*»«ww^^ 


UNITED    STATES. 


431 


s;  ;il)Ie  (o  force  its 
lere,  or  in  the  vi- 
;li  attfiiiplcil.  f.iil- 
iiTtiilioii  ol'it  eoii- 
Iticiillips,  to  which 
Ml  c\|iuse(i. 
SI  ol  Spplt'iiiljcr, 
',  lliiit  Sir  llfury 
ill  New  Vorlt.  iii- 
I  favour  liy  atlack- 
Micaiis  hail  erect- 
ct  the  intercourse 
y.  In  answer  to 
hcil  to  Sir  Henry 
h  a  full  account  of 
lis  to  press  the  ini- 
sed  co-operation  ; 
■nalileil  in  point  o( 
liition,  to  liolil  his 
f  October,  in  the 
he  rcasoiiahle  e.\- 
ew  York,  foiiiuled 
graceful  to  retreat, 
to  urge  olleiisivc 
all'airs,  a  delay  of 
ion  of  the  prouii- 
rk,  became  iieccs- 

sions  of  the  royal 
liinatinn  and  nuin- 
casing.  The  New 
silile,  that  Iheir  all 
me  sanguine,  that, 
e  would  be  so  en- 
Id  be  unavoidable, 
ion  of  the  Uritisli 
itainty  of  receiving 
lyiie  on  the  l.st  ol 
'  provisions.  The 
lichthe  royal  army 
111  New  York,  was 
ligence  of  the  ex- 
il.  In  this  alarni- 
lerto  make  a  move- 
is.  The  body  of 
',  consisted  of  liOU 
led  by  (ienerals 
id  Fra/.er.  As  they 
sudden  and  iiii- 
lober  :  but  Alajor 
rilish  (irenadiers, 

r  attack  along  the 
who  were  posted 
;  and    they   also 
Hank,  in  order  to 
this  bold  cnter- 
with  a  part  of  tho 
form  a  second  line, 
e  troops  into  the 
\iTierican9  pushed 
rcement,  to  renew 
That  part  of  his 
lilt  the  light  infaii- 
k  movement  came 
total  ruin. 
I  to  great  danger, 
them  letiirned  for 
with  a  brigade  of 
'  works,  possessed 
the  Uritish  light 
ng   an  abbatis  to 
ms   to  surmount, 
J  left  his  brigade, 
which  he  ordered 
the  lines  and  re- 
efendcd  by  Lieii- 
lad  of  the  German 
led  on  Willi  rapid- 
old  was  one  of  the 
ant  Colonel  Brey- 
iimanded  by  him 
r  tents  about  30 
lit  on  llniling  that 
ave  one  fire,  aflcr 
all  camp,  l>u(  oih- 


cro  threw  down  iheir  arms.  The  night  put  an  end 
to  the  ac'lion. 

[Major  (ieiier;il  Hkmkuict  An.Noi.n,  in  the  Ame- 
rican iriiiv,  and  iiilaiiious  lor  deserting  the  cause 
III  his  roiiiitry.  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  desceml- 
aui  ol  lienedicl  Arnold,  governor  of  Kliodi'  Island, 
who  succeeded  liiiner  Williams  in  that  ofiice  in 
K;.)/.  lie  was  bred  an  apollieeaiy  with  a  Dr. 
[vallirop,  who  was  so  pleased  with  him,  as  to  give 
him  t'.JDO  sterling.  From  170IJ  to  17(i7  he  coiii- 
liiiied  the  business  of  a  druggist  with  that  of  a 
bookseller,  at  New  Haven,  Con.  Ueiiig  captain 
of  a  volunteer  company,  after  hearing  of  the  batlle 
of  Lexington  he  immediately  marched  with  his 
company  for  the  American  head  quarters,  and 
reachtd  (-lambridge.  April  !2!i,  177o.  He  waited 
oil  Ihe  Massachusetts  committee  of  safety  and  in- 
formed them  of  the  defenceless  slate  of  Tieonde- 
loga.  The  committee  appoinleil  him  a  colonel, 
and  commissioned  him  to  raise  four  hiiiiilred  men, 
and  to  lake  that  fortress.  He  proceeded  directly 
to  Viiniont,  and  when  he  arrived  at  Castleton  was 
aitended  by  one  servant  only.  Here  he  joined  Col. 
Allen,  and  on  Slay  lOlh  the  fortress  was  taken. 

In  tl'.e  fall  of  1775  he  was  sent  by  the  com- 
mander in  chief  to  penetrate  through  the  wilder- 
ness of  the  District  of  .Maine  into  Canada.  }le 
commenced  his  march  Sept.  ICi,  with  about  one 
thousand  men.  consisting  of  Now  England  infan- 
try, some  volunteers,  a  company  of  artillery,  and 
three  companies  of  rillemen.  One  division,  that 
of  Col.  Enos,  was  obliged  to  return  from  Dead 
river  from  the  want  of  provisions ;  had  it  pro- 
ceeded the  whole  party  might  have  perished. 
The  greatest  hardships  were  endured  and  tlie  most 
appalling  dilficiilties  siirniounted  in  this  expedition, 
of  which  JIajor  jMeigs  kept  a  journal,  and  Mr. 
Henry  also  published  an  account.  The  army  was 
in  the  Hilderness,  between  fort  Western  at  Au- 
gusta and  Ihe  first  setileinents  on  the  Chaudiere 
ill  Canada,  about  ;^  weeks.  In  the  want  of  pro- 
visions ('apt.  Dearborn's  dog  was  killed,  and  eaten, 
even  llie  feet  and  skin,  wiili  good  appetite.  As 
the  army  arrived  at  the  (irst  settlements,  Nov.  llli, 
the  iiilelliiience  necessarily  reached  Quebec  in 
one  or  two  days;  but  a  wt ok  or  forlnight  before 
this,  (iov.  Cramahe  had  been  apprised  of  the  ap- 
proach of  this  army.  Arnold  had  impniilenlly 
seiil  a  b'ller  to  Schuyler,  enclosed  to  a  friend  in 
(Quebec,  by  an  Indian,  dated  Oct.  13,  and  he  was 
liiiiiself  convinced,  from  the  preparations  made 
lor  his  reception,  that  the  Indian  had  betrayed 
Lini.  Nov.  ;jth  the  troops  arrived  at  St.  ]\Iary's, 
10  or  1"J  miles  from  Quebec,  and  remained  there 
3  or  I  days.  Nov.  !ltli  or  lOlli  iliey  advanced 
to  I'oiiil  I,evi,  opposite  Quebec.  Eorly  bircli 
(anoes  ha\ing  been  collecleil,  it  was  still  found 
necessary  to  delay  crossing  the  river  for  3  nights 
on  the  account  of  a  high  wind.  On  the  lltli  the 
wind  moderated;  but  this  delay  was  very  favour- 
alile  to  the  city,  for  on  the  13ih  Col.  M'Lean,  an 
active  oHicer,  arrived  with  SO  men  to  strengthen 
the  girrison,  which  already  consisted  of  more  ihan 
a  llioiisaiiil  men,  so  as  to  render  an  assault  hope- 
less. Indeed  .Arnold  himself  placed  his  chief  de- 
pendence on  the  eo-opeiation  of  Montgomery. 

On  the  Mill  of  Nov.  he  crossed  the  .St.  Law- 
rence ill  Ihe  night :  and,  ascending  the  precipice, 
which  Wolfe  had  climbed  before  liiiii,  formed  his 
small  corps  on  the  height  near  the  plains  of  Abia- 
haiii.  With  only  about  seven  hundred  men,  one 
lliiiil  of  whose  muskets  had  been  rei.dered  useless 
ill  llie  march  through  the  wilderness,  success  could 
not  be  expected.  It  is  surprising,  that  the  garri- 
son, consisiiiis,  Nov.  lllh,  of  liaO  men,  did  not 
niaicli  out  and  destroy  the  small  force  of  Arnold. 
.■\fler  parading  some  days  on  the  hcigths  near  the 
town,  and  sending  2  flags  to  summon  Ihe  inhabit- 
ants, he  ictired  to  Point  aux  Trembles,  twenty 
miles  above  Quebec,  and  there  wailed  the  arrival 
of  Alontgomery,  who  joined  him  on  the  first  of  De- 
cember. The  city  was  immediately  besieged,  but 
the  best  measures  had  been  taken  for  its  defence. 
The  able  (ien.  Carleton  had  eiiiered  the  city  with 
60  men  Nov.  20tli.  On  llie  morning  of  the  last 
day  of  the  year  an  assault  was  made  on  the  one 


side  of  the  Lower  town  by  Monlgomery,  who  was 
killeil.  At  the  same  time  Col.  Arnold,  at  the  head 
ol  about  three  hiiiidred  and  fifteen  men,  niaile  a  des- 
perate allaek  o  he  opposite  siilc.  Advancing 
Willi  the  iMiiiost  iiiiiepidiiy  along  the  .St.  Charles 
thiiiugh  a  narrow  path,  exposed  loan  incessant  tire 
ol  grape  shot  and  imiskelty,  as  he  approached  the 
fust  barrier  he  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  left 
leg,  which  shattered  the  bone.  He  was  compelled 
to  retire  on  foot,  dragging  '  one  leg  after  him,' 
near  a  mile  to  the  hospital,  having  lost  60  men 
killed  anil  wounded,  and  three  liunilred  prisoners. 
.\llliougli  Ihe  attack  was  unsiiccessful.the  blockade 
of  Quebec  was  continued  till  .May  1770,  when  the 
aiiiiy,  which  was  in  no  condition  to  risk  an  assault 
was  reniovedto  a  more  defensible  position.  Arnold 
was  coiiipelleil  to  relinipiish  one  post  after  another, 
till  the  IMtliof  .hiiie,  when  he  quilted  Canada.  Af- 
ter this  period  he  exhibited  great  bravery  in  the 
command  o(  the  American  fleet  on  Lake  {,'ham- 
plain. 

In  August  1777  he  relieved  fort  Schuyler  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  (Sansevoort,  which  was 
invested  by  Colonel  St.  Leger  with  an  army  of 
from  fifteen  to  eighteen  hundred  men.  In  the  bat- 
tle near  Stillwater,  Sept.  I'Jth,  he  conducted  him- 
self with  his  usual  intrepidity,  being  engaged  in- 
cessantly for  lour  hours.  In  the  action  of  t)cto- 
ber  7th,  afler  the  iiritish  had  been  driven  into  the 
lines,  Arnold  pressed  forward  and  under  a  tremen- 
dous fire  assaulted  tho  works  throughout  their 
whole  extent  from  right  to  left.  The  intrench- 
inenls  were  at  length  forced,  and  with  a  few  men 
he  actually  entered  the  works;  but  his  horse  being 
killed,  and  he  himself  badly  wounded  in  the  leg, 
he  found  it  necessary  to  withdraw,  and,  as  it  was 
now  almost  dark,  to  desist  from  the  attack.  De 
iiig  rendered  unfit  fiir  active  service  in  conseipienee 
of  his  wound,  after  the  recovery  of  Philadelphia  he 
was  appointed  to  Ihe  commanil  (d°  the  American 
garrison.  When  he  entered  the  city,  he  made  the 
house  of  (iov.  Peiin,  the  best  house  in  the  cily,  his 
head  qiiarlers.  This  he  furnished  in  a  very  costly 
manner,  and  lived  far  beyond  his  income.  He  had 
wasterl  the  plunder,  which  ho  had  seized  at  Mon- 
treal in  his  retreat  from  Canada  ;  and  at  Philadel- 
phia he  was  determined  to  make  new  acquisitions 
He  laid  his  hands  on  every  thing  in  the  cily,  which 
could  be  considered  as  the  properly  of  those,  who 
were  unfrienilly  to  thecaiise  of  his  country.  He 
was  charged  with  oppression,  extortion,  anil  enor 
moiischarges  upon  llie  public  in  his  accounts,  and 
with  applying  the  pubf  .  money  and  property  to  his 
own  private  use.  .Siicli  was  his  conduct,  that  h 
drew  upon  himself  the  odium  of  the  inhabitants  not 
only  of  ihe  city,  but  of  the  province  in  general.  11 
was  engaged  in  trading  speciilalions  and  had  shares 
ill  several  privateers,  but,  was  unsuccessful.  Krom 
the  jiidgnient  of  the  commissioners,  h  ho  had  been 
;ippoiiited  to  inspect  his  aceounis,  and  who  had 
lejecled  above  half  the  amount  of  his  demands, 
he  appealed  to  Congress  .  and  they  appointed  a 
commiltee  of  their  own  body  to  examine  and  settle 
the  business.  The  ciiimnitlee  confirmed  the  re- 
port of  the  commissioners,  and  thought  they  had 
allowed  him  more  than  he  had  any  right  to  expect 
or  demand.  By  these  disappointments  he  became 
iriitated  and  he  gave  full  scope  to  his  resentment. 
His  invectives  against  Congress  were  not  less  vio- 
lent, than  those,  which  he  had  before  threwn  out 
against  tliC  commissioners.  He  was  however  soon 
obliged  to  abide  the  judgment  of  a  court  martial 
upon  the  charges,  exhibited  against  him  i.y  the  ex- 
ecutive of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was  subjected  to 
the  mortification  of  receiving  a  reprimand  from 
Washington.  His  trial  commenced  in  .Tiine  1778, 
but  such  were  the  delays  occiisioned  by  liie  move- 
ments of  the  army,  that  it  was  not  concluded  until 
.January  2()lh,  1779.  The  sentence  of  a  reprimand 
was  approved  by  Congress,  and  was  soon  after- 
wards carried  into  execution. 

.Such  was  the  humiliation,  to  which  (lencral 
Arnold  was  leihiceil  in  consequence  of  yielding  to 
the  temptations  of  pride  anil  vaiiily,  and  imliilgins 
himself  in  the  pleasures  of  a  siimpliioiis  lable  and 
expensive  equipago      Krom   this   time  his  proud 


spirit  revolted  from  the  cause  of  America.  He 
turned  his  eyes  to  West  Point  as  an  aeipiisilion 
which  would  give  value  lo  treason,  while  its  loss 
would  inllict  a  mortal  wound  on  his  former  friends. 
He  addressed  himself  lo  the  delegation  of  .New- 
York,  in  which  slate  his  reputation  was  peculiarly 
high  and  a  iiieniber  of  Congress  from  this  stale  re- 
commended him  to  Washington  for  ihc  service, 
which  he  desired.  The  same  application  to  the 
comiiiander-in-chief  was  made  not  long  afler 
wards  through  (ien.  Schuyler.  Washington  ob 
served,  that  as  there  was  a  prospect  of  an  active 
campaign  he  should  be  gratified  vith  the  aid  ol 
Arnold  in  the  field  ;  but  intimated  at  the  same 
time,  that  he  should  receive  ihe  appointment  re- 
quested, if  it  should  be  mnre  pleasing  to  him.  Ar- 
nold, without  discoveiing  much  solicitude,  repair- 
ed to  camp  in  Ihc  beginning  of  August,  and  re- 
newed in  pcr-son  ihe  solicitations,  which  had  been 
before  indireeily  made.  He  was  now  olfered  Ihe 
command  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  which  was 
advancing  against  New  York;  but  he  declined  it 
under  the  pretext,  that  in  consequence  of  his 
wounds,  lie  was  unable  to  perforin  the  active 
duties  of  the  field.  Without  a  suspicion  of  his 
palriotism  he  was  invested  with  the  command  of 
West  Point.  Previously  to  his  soliciting  this  sta- 
tion, he  had  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Beverly  Robin- 
son signified  his  change  of  principles  and  his  wish 
to  restore  himself  to  the  favour  of  his  prince  by 
some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance.  This  letter 
opened  to  him  a  correspondence  with  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  the  object  of  which  was  to  concert  the 
means  of  pulling  the  important  post,  which  he 
commanded,  into  the  possession  of  the  British  ge- 
neral. His  plan,  it  is  believed,  was  to  have  diawn 
the  greater  part  of  his  aimy  without  the  works  un- 
der the  pretext  of  figluing  the  enemy  inthedetVies. 
and  lo  have  left  unguarded  a  designated  pass, 
llirough  which  Ihe  assailants  might  securely  ap- 
proach and  surprise  the  fiirlress.  His  troops  he 
intended  to  place,  so  that  they  would  be  compeiied 
lo  surrender,  or  be  cut  in  pieces.  But  just  as  his 
scheme  was  ripe  for  execution  the  wise  Disposer 
of  events,  who  so  often  and  so  remarkably  inter- 
posed in  favour  of  the  American  cause,  blasted  hi!> 
desir,ns. 

Maj.  .Xndi-,  after  his  detection,  apprized  Ar- 
nold of  his  danger,  and  the  traitor  found  opportu- 
nity to  escape  on  board  the  Vulture,  Sept.  2i),  17fSll, 
a  few  licMirs  before  the  return  of  Washington,  who 
had  been  absent  on  a  journey  to  Hartford  Con. 
( )n  the  very  day  of  his  escape  Arnold  wrote  a  let- 
ter to  Washington,  declaring,  that  the  love  of  his 
country  had  governed  him  in  his  late  conduct,  and 
requesting  him  to  protect  Mrs.  Arnold.  She  was 
conveyed  to  her  husband  at  New  York,  and  his 
clothes  and  baggage,  for  which  he  had  written, 
were  Iransmilted  to  him.  During  the  exertions, 
which  were  made  to  rescue  Andre  from  the  de- 
struction, which  threatened  him,  Arnold  had  the 
hardihood  to  interpose.  He  appealed  to  the  lin- 
maiiily  oflhecomiiiander  in  chief,  and  then  sought 
to  intimidate  him  by  stating  the  situation  of  many 
of  the  principal  characters  of  South  Carolina,  who 
had  forfeited  their  lives,  but  had  hitherto  been 
spared  through  the  clemency  of  the  British  gene- 
ral. This  clemency,  he  said,  could  no  longer  in 
justice  be  extended  to  them,  should  Major  Andre 
sillier. 

Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
British  service  ;  which  rank  he  preserved  through- 
out the  war.  Yet  he  must  have  been  held  in  con- 
tempt and  detestation  by  the  generous  and  honour- 
able. It  was  impossible  for  men  of  this  descrip 
tion,  even  when  acting  with  him,  to  forget  that  he 
was  a  traitor  ;  first  the  slave  of  his  rage,  then  pur- 
eliascd  with  gold,  and  finally  secured  by  the  blood 
of  one  of  the  most  accomplished  officers  in  the 
British  army.  One  would  suppose,  that  his  mind 
could  not  have  been  much  at  ease;  but  he  had 
proceeiled  so  far  in  vice,  that  perhaps  his  re- 
lleclions  gave  him  but  little  trouble.  "I  am  mis 
taken."  says  Washington  in  a  private  letter,  "it 
al  this  lime  Arnold  is  undergoing  the  toiinentk 
of  a  mental  hell,     lie  wants  feeling.     From  some 


433 


HISTORY   OF    THK 


h 


tiaita  ul'liis  charncter,  wliioli  linv<i  liiii^y  cniiie  In 
my  knowledge,  he  seems  to  liiive  been  8o  linckiiieil 
in  crime,  NO  lost  lu  nil  sense  ul' Imiioiir  and  shame, 
ihal  while  his  facilities  still  enable  him  Ui  conliiiiie 
his  sordid  pursuits,  there  will  be  no  lime  lor  re- 
iiiiirse." 

Arnold  found  it  necessary  to  make  some  exer- 
(iiins  to  secure  the  attachment  of  his  new  friends. 
With  the  hope  of  alluring  many  uf  the  discontent- 
ed to  his  sinndard,  he  published  an  address  to  tha 
inhabitants  of  America,  in  wliich  he  endeavoured 
tu  justify  his  conduct.  He  liad  encountered  the 
dangers  of  the  field,  he  said,  from  apprehension, 
that  llic  rights  of  his  country  were  in  danger.  He 
lind  acquiesced  in  ihe  declaration  of  independence, 
though  he  tiiought  it  precipitate.  Uut  the  rejec- 
tion of  the  overliires,  made  by  (ireat  Britain  in 
1778,  and  the  French  alliance  had  opened  his  eyes 
to  the  ainbilious  views  of  tliose,  who  would  sacri- 
fice the  ha))piness  of  their  country  to  their  own 
aggrandi/.ement,  and  liad  made  him  a  confirmed 
loyalist.  He  artfully  mingled  assertions,  that  the 
principal  members  of  Congress  Iield  the  people  in 
sovereign  contempt.  This  was  followed  in  about 
a  fortnight  by  a  proclanu.tion,  addressed  "  to  the 
oHicers  and  soldiers  of  the  continental  army,  who 
have  the  real  interest  of  their  country  at  heart, 
and  who  are  determined  to  be  no  longer  llie  tools 
ond  dupes  of  Congress  or  of  France."  To  induce 
the  American  officers  and  soldiers  to  desert  the 
cause,  which  Ihey  had  embraced,  he  represented, 
that  the  corps  of  cavalry  and  infantry,  whicli  he 
was  authorized  lu  raise,  would  be  upon  Ihe  same 
footing  with  other  troops  in  the  British  service; 
that  he  should  with  pleasure  advance  those,  wliose 
valour  he  might  witness ;  that  the  private  men, 
who  joined  liini,  sliuiild  receive  a  bounty  of  three 
guineas  each,  besides  payment  at  the  full  value 
for  horses,  arms,  and  accoutrements.  His  object 
was  the  peace,  liberly,  and  .safety  of  America. 
"  Vou  aie  promised  liberly,"  he  exclaims,  "but  is 
there  an  individual  in  llie  enjoyment  of  it,  saving 
your  oppressors  .'  Who  among  you  dare  speak  or 
write  what  he  thinks  against  the  tyranny,  wliicli 
Lis  robbed  you  of  your  property,  imprisons  your 
p'^rsons,  drags  you  to  the  field  of  battle,  and  is  de- 
luging your  country  willi  your  blood  ?"  "  What," 
he  exclaims  again,  "is  America  now,  but  a  land 
of  widows,  orphans,  and  beggars .'  As  to  you, 
who  have  been  soldiers  in  ihe  continental  army, 
can  you  at  this  day  want  evidence,  that  Ihe  funds 
«i  your  country  are  exhausted,  or  that  llie  mana- 
gers have  applied  them  to  llieir  private  uses  .'  In 
cither  case  you  surely  can  no  longer  continue  in 
tlieir  service  with  honour  or  advantage.  Vet  you 
have  hitherto  been  their  supporters  in  lliat  cruelly, 
which  with  equal  indifference  to  yours  as  well  as 
to  the  labour  and  blood  of  others,  is  devouring  a 
country,  that  from  the  moment  you  qui!  their  co- 
lours will  be  redeemed  from  their  lyraimy." 
These  proclamations  did  not  produce  the  ellV'Ct  de- 
Bigned,  and  in  all  the  hardships,  siili'erings.  and  ir- 
ritations of  the  war,  Arnold  remains  tlic  solitary 
instance  of  an  American  officer,  who  abandoned 
the  side  first  embraced  in  tiie  contest,  and  turned 
his  sword  upon  his  former  companions  in  arms. 

He  was  soon  despalohed  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
to  make  a  diversion  in  Virginia.  With  about  1700 
men  he  arrived  in  Ihe  Chesapeake  in  .Ian.  1781, 
and  being  supported  by  siicli  a  naval  force,  as  was 
suited  to  the  nature  of  the  .service;  he  committed 
extensive  ravages  on  the  river  and  along  the  un- 
protected coasts.  Il  is  said,  that  while  on  this 
expedition  Arnold  inquired  of  an  American  cap- 
tain, whom  he  had  taken  prisoner,  what  the  Ame- 
ricans would  do  will)  him,  if  he  should  fall  into 
their  hands.  The  officer  replied  that  they  would 
cut  ofl'his  lame  leg  and  bury  it  with  the  honours 
of  war,  and  hang  the  remainder  of  his  body  in 
gibbits.  After  his  recall  from  Virginia  he  con- 
ducted an  expedition  against  his  native  stale,  Con- 
necticut. He  look  fort  Trumbull  Sept.  6lh  witli 
Inconsiderable  loss.  On  the  other  side  of  the  har- 
tiour  Lieut.  Col.  Kyre,  who  commanded  another 
detachmeit  made  an  assault  on  fort  (Jriswold,  and 
with  Ihe  greatest  difficulty  entered  the  works.  Au 


officer  of  the  conquering  troops,  asked,  who  com- 
manded !  "  1  di'  ,"  answeied  Colonel  Ije(ly:ii(l, 
"  but  you  do  now,"  a,i<l  pri'scntcd  him  his  sword, 
which  was  instantly  plunged  into  his  own  bosom. 
A  merciless  slaughter  commenced  upon  the  brave 
garrison,  who  had  ceased  to  resist,  until  the  greater 
part  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  Alier  burn- 
ing Ihe  town  and  the  stores,  which  were  in  il,  and 
thus  thickening  the  laurels,  with  which  his  brow 
was  adorned,  Arnold  returned  to  New  Vork  in  8 
days. 

From  tho  conclusion  of  the  war  to  his  death 
(lenernl  Arnold  resided  c liielly  in  Kngland.  In 
17^6  he  was  at  St.  .lohn's,  New  Brunswick,  en- 
gaged in  trade  and  navigation,  and  again  in  1700. 
For  tome  cause  ''.e  became  very  unpopular  in  1792 
or  1793,  was  hung  in  elTigy,  and  the  mayor  found 
il  necessary  to  read  the  riot  act,  and  a  company 
of  troops  was  called  to  quell  the  mob.  Kepairing 
to  Ihe  West  Indies  in  1791,  a  French  fleet  anchor- 
ed at  the  same  Island  ;  he  became  alarmed  lest  he 
should  be  detaineil  by  the  American  allies  and 
pa.st  the  fleet  concealed  on  a  raft  of  lumber.  He 
died  in  Gloucester  place,  London,  .Inne  11,  1801. 
He  married  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Kdward 
Shippen  of  Philadelphia,  chief  justice,  and  a  loy- 
alist, (jieneral  Green,  it  is  saiil,  was  his  rival. — 
She  combined  fascinating  manners  with  strength 
of  mind.  She  died  at  London  Aug.  31,  1801, 
aged  43.  His  sons  were  men  of  jiroperly  in  Ca- 
nada in  182!).  His  chatacter  presents  little  to  be 
commended.  His  daring  courage  may  indeed  ex- 
cite admiration  ;  but  it  was  a  courage  without  re- 
flection and  without  princigilc.  He  fought  bravely 
for  his  country  and  he  bled  in  her  cause  ;  but  his 
country  owed  him  no  reuiins  of  gratitude,  for  his 
subsequent  conduct  proved,  that  he  had  no  honest 
regard  to  her  interests,  but  was  governed  by  sel- 
fish consideiations.  His  progress  from  self-indul- 
gence to  treason  was  easy  anil  rapid.  He  was 
vain  and  luxurious,  and  to  gratify  his  giddy  desires 
he  must  resort  to  meanness,  dishonesty,  and  extor- 
tion. These  vices  brought  with  them  disgrace  ; 
and  the  contempt,  into  which  he  fell,  awakened  a 
spirit  of  revenge,  and  left  him  to  the  unrestrained 
inlUiencc  of  his  cupidity  and  passion.  Thus  IVoiii 
the  high  fame,  to  which  his  bravery  had  tievateil 
him,  he  descended  in>o  infamy.  Thus  loo  he  fur- 
nished new  evidence  of  the  inlaliialion  of  the  hu- 
man mind  in  attaching  such  value  to  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  soldier,  which  may  be  obtained,  while  the 
heart  is  unsound  and  every  moral  sentiment  is  en- 
tirely depraved. — Allen's  Biog.  Die] 

This  day  was  fatal  to  many  brave  men.  The 
British  officers  suffered  more  than  their  common 
proportion.  Among  their  slain,  (ieneral  Fra/.er, 
mi  account  of  his  distinguished  merit,  was  the  sub- 
ject of  particular  regret.  Sir  .lames  Clark,  Biir- 
goyne's  aid-de-camp,  was  mortally  wounded.  The 
general  himself  had  a  narrow  escape:  a  shot  pa.ss- 
ed  through  his  hat  and  another  through  his  waist- 
coat. Majors  Williams  and  Ackland  were  taken  : 
the  latter  wounded. 

The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  inconsiderable, 
(ieneral  Arnold,  to  wliose  impetuosity  they  were 
much  indebted  for  the  siicce.is  of  llie  day,  was 
among  iheirwounded.  They  took  more  than  200 
prisoners,  besides  9  pieces  of  brass  artillery,  and 
the  encampment  of  a  German  brigade,  with  all 
their  eipiipage. 

The  royal  iroiqis  were  under  arms  the  whole  of 
Ihe  next  day,  in  expectation  of  another  action  ;  but 
nothing  more  than  skirmishes  look  place.  At  this 
time.  General  Lincoln,  who  reconnoilering,  reciev- 
ed  a  dangerous  wound  ;  an  event  which  was 
greatly  regretted,  as  he  pn.ssessed  much  of  the  es- 
teem and  confidence  of  the  American  army. 

The  position  of  the  British  army,  after  the  ac- 
tion of  the  7th,  was  so  dangerous,  that  an  imme- 
diate and  total  change  became  necessary.  This 
hazardous  measure  was  executed  without  loss  or 
disorder.  The  British  camp,  with  all  its  appurte- 
nances, was  removed  in  the  course  of  a  single 
night.  The  American  general  now  saw  a  fair 
prospect  of  overcoming  the  army  opposed  to  him, 
without  exposing  his  own  to  the  dangers  of  another 


balllc.  His  measiirrs  were  iherelore  principally 
r  iili'iilali'd  1(1  c  11'  oil  llicir  relieal.aiiH  prevent  their 
receiving  any  larllier  supplies. 

While  ( lineial  Itiirgiiyne  was  pushing  on  towards 
Albany,  an  iinsiiccessful  altempt  lo  relieve  him  was 
made  by  the  British  comiiiander  in  New  York. 
For  this  purpose,  October  Tilli,  ."sir  Henry  Clinton 
conducted  an  expedition  up  Hudson's  river.  Thin 
consisted  of  about  3000  men,  and  was  accompanied 
by  a  suitable  naval  fiirce.  After  making  many 
feints,  he  landed  at  Stony  Point,  marched  jver 
the  moimlains  to  fort  Montgomery,  and  attacked 
the  different  redoubts.  The  garrison,  commanded 
by  Governor  Clinton,  a  brave  and  intelligent  offi- 
cer, made  a  gallant  resistance  :  but  as  the  post  had 
been  designed  principally  lo  prevent  the  pa.ssing  of 
ships,  the  works  on  the  land  side  were  incomplete 
and  untenable.  When  it  began  to  grow  dark  on 
the  (itii,  the  British  entered  the  fort  with  fixed 
bayonets.  The  loss  on  neither  side  was  great. 
Governor  Clinton,  General  .Tames  Clinton,  and 
most  of  the  oflicers  and  men  effected  their  escape 
undercover  of  the  thick  smoke  and  darkness  that 
suddenly  prevailed. 

The  reduction  of  this  post  furnished  the  British 
with  an  opportunily  for  opening  a  passage  up  the 
North  river:  but  instead  of  pushing  forward  to 
Burgoyne's  encampment,  or  even  lo  Albany,  they 
spent  several  days  in  laying  waste  the  adjacent 
country.  The  Americans  destroyed  fort  Consti- 
tution, and  also  set  fire  to  two  new  frigates,  and 
some  other  vessels.  General  'i'ryon  at  the  same 
lime  destroyed  a  settlement  called  Continental  Vil- 
lage, which  contained  barracks  for  ];)(I0  men,  be- 
sides many  stores.  .Sir, lames  Wallace  with  a  fly- 
ing squadron  of  light  frigates,  and  General  Vaiig- 
lian  with  a  detachment  of  land  forces,  continued 
on  and  near  the  river  for  several  days,  desolating 
the  country  near  its  margin,  (ieneral  Vaughanun 
the  13tli(Jclobersocomplelelyburiie(IKsopus,afine 
flourishing  village,  thai  a  single  house  was  not  left 
standing,  though  on  his  approach,  the  Americans 
had  left  the  town  without  making  any  resistance. 
Charily  would  lead  us  lo  suppose  that  these  devas- 
tations Here  designed  lu  answer  military  purposes. 
Their  authors  might  have  hoped  to  divert  Ihe  at- 
tention of  (ieneral  (iaies,  anil  lliiis  indirectly  re. 
lievcGei.eral  Burgoyne  ;  but  if  this  weie  intended, 
the  artifice  did  nut  take  effect. 

The  presci-vatiun  of  properly  was  with  the 
Americans  only  a  secondary  object.  The  captur- 
ing of  Burgoyne  promised  such  important  conse- 
cpiences,  that  llicy  would  not  suffer  any  other  con- 
sideration to  interl'tre  with  il.  (ieneral  (iates  did 
not  make  a  single  uio-.'»iiiciit  that  lessened  the  pro- 
bability of  effecting  his  grand  purpose.  He  wrote 
an  expostulary  letter  to  Vaiighan,  part  of  which 
was  in  the  following  terms;  "  Is  it  thus  your  king's 
generals  think  lo  make  converts  to  the  loyal  cause  ? 
It  is  unless  .surpiising  than  true,  that  the  measures 
they  adopt  to  sene  their  master  have  a  quite  con- 
trary effect.  Tli'jir  cruelty  establishes  the  glori- 
ous act  of  independence  upon  the  broad  basis  of 
the  resentment  of  the  ('cople."  Whether  policy 
ur  revenge  led  tu  this  devastation  of  property  is 
uncertain  ;  but  it  cannot  admit  of  a  doubt,  that  it 
was  f'ar  from  being  the  most  effectual  method  of 
lelieving  Burgoyne. 

The  pas-  ;ige  of  the  North  river  was  made  so 
practieabiu  by  Ihe  advantages  gaiiiei!  nn  the  (itb 
of  October,  that  Sir  Henry  (,'liiiioii,  with  his  whole 
force,  amoiinting  lo  .'JOOO  men,  niiglil  not  only  have 
reached  Albany,  but  (ieneral  (iates's  encanipmenl. 
before  the  12lh,  the  ilay  till  which  Burgoyne  had 
agreed  to  wait  for  aid  from  New  York.  While 
the  British  were  doing  mischief  to  individuals, 
without  serving  the  cause  of  their  royal  ma.ster, 
they  might,  by  pushing  forward,  about  136  miles 
in  six  days,  have  brought  Gates's  army  between 
two  fires,  at  least  twenty-four  hours  before  Bur- 
goyne's necessity  compelled  his  subnii-ssion  to  ar 
tides  of  capitulation.  AVhy  they  neglecied  this 
opportunity  of  relieving  their  suffering  brethren, 
about  3()  miles  lo  the  northwaid  of  Albany,  when 
they  were  only  about  100  miles  below  it,  has  nev- 
er yet  been  satisfactorily  explained 


„^i>;p<HyW1tWuW!WiPWWiwag 


V  N  ITKD    STATES. 


438 


"  »•■'■•■  ""rrlnre  priiicipallT 

"irrwnMt,  ami  prevoni  their 
supplies. 

'>Vni'"aspiHl,i„jnn,„„,,|^^,^ 
m.ittciiiptl,.  ielj..velii„Mvi,s 
niniiiiiindcr  in  Svw  York 
"'"■r  r.rl,,  Sir  Heni-v  Cli„,on 
Dniiplliidsoirsilver.  Tliia 
'  "leii,  aiKl  ivas  accompanied 
•rce.  ACter  maki.is  "mnv 
"'','">  I  '""'.  marched  jver 
Moiitgoinpry,  and  attacked 

J  he  Rarrison,  coiii.naiided 
1  hrave  and  intelligem  offi- 
';■'"'•'■■■  '"'t  •■"•the  post  had 
My  to  prevent  the  passing  of 
'  ':"",'  ""'c  were  incomplete 
»  It  iH'snn  ,„  grow  dark  oi. 
niered  the  (ort  with  fixed 
n  neither  side  was  great 
;<-iiil   James   Clinton,   and' 

n)en  eflected  their  escape 
k  smoke  and  darkness  that 

post  dirnished  the  British 

opeiimtr  a  passage  up  |i,e 
nd  of  pushing  forward  to 
I,  or  even  to  Albany,  they 
i>ing  waste  the  adjaceiii 
tis  destroyed  fort  Consli- 

'"  '»■"  "Pw  frigates,  and 
eneral  Tryon  at  the  same 
•'It  called  Continental  Vil- 
;rra,ks  for  lm>  men,  he- 
l.imesAVallaeewiih  a  fly. 
Kiiles,  and  General  Vaiig. 
'■  '■""•  l'<"-ces,  continued 

several  days,  desolating 

'"'•,  ''•■'"■'i'lVaughanon 

f(elyl)iirne(IJ.;s„,,„s,j,f,„e 

single  house  was  not  left 

i|>P'<'!"''li,  the  Americans 

I  making  any  resistance. 

iiipposethat  these  devas- 

"swer  military  purposes. 

lioped  to  divert  the  at- 

;ind  thus  indirectly  re. 

itif  this  weie  intended, 

'roperty    was    with    the 
-  ohject.     The  captur- 
iich  important  conse- 
II  sillier  any  other  con- 
I-     <i'eneral  (iates  did 
that  lessened  the  pro- 
ml  purpose.    He  wrote 
iialian,  pan  of  which 
"Is  II  thus  your  king's 
'rts  to  the  loyal  cause? 
nie,  that  the  measures 
ister  have  a  quite  con- 
establishes  the  glori- 
i>n  the  broad  basis  of 
Whether  policy 
station  of  property  is 
''lit  of  a  doubt,  that  it 
eliectual  method  of 

river  was  made  so 

Ramei!  on  ,|,e  c,th 

iiitoii.  with  his  whole 

"light  not  only  have 
!iiles's  encampment. 
'Inch  Hurgoyne  had 
Sew  York.      While 
liifl    to  individuals, 
llieir  royal  master, 
m,  about  13G  miles 
Ips's  army  hotwecn 
[  hours  before  Bur- 
is  submission  to  ar 
Hiey  neelecied  this 
siillering  brethren, 
'I  of  Albany,  when 
*  below  it,  has  tjov- 
aed 


(lUtes  posted  14()U  men  on  the  heightt  opposite  a  republican  in  America.     He  was  u  scholar,  well 
the  folds  of  .'Saratoga,  and  ^ODOiiioiu  in  llii^  iisir,  versed  in  history  and  the  T  aliii    classics.     While 

o   prevent  a  lelreal   to  fort  Kdwaiil,  and  |.i(KI  at  he  was  just  hospitable,  and  generous,  and  possess- 
a  ford  higher  up.   IJiirgoyiie,  receiving  inlelligenie  ed  a  li'ehiig    heart,  his  maiiuers    and    depuitmeiit 
oflbese  iiiovenienls,  coiiciuileil  tliiil  (jiites,  iiiiMrit    yet  indiu.itcil  his  iiiililaiy  cliarai:ler.^ 
til  turn   his  riglii.     Tlii*    ifelfecled,   would   have  Allen's  Hun:;.  Die.] 

e-'irely  eiielowd  him.     To  amid   iieing  lieiiiined'      To  prepare  the  way  for  a  re'reallo  iaketieorge, 

II,  he  resolveil  en  an  iiniiiedia'e  retreai  to  .Sarniu- j  lliiigoyue  oiilered  a  delachiiieiit  of  artiliceis,  with 
ga.     tits    hospital,  with  ihe  sick   and    wounded,  la  siroiig  escort  of  British  and    provincials,    lore 


were  necessarily  left  behind ;  but  they  were  re 
eonimended  to  the  humanity  of  General  (iaies,  and 
reeeiveil  from  him  every  indulgence  theirsitiiatioii 
required,  Wiien  (ieneral  Burgoyne  arrived  at  Sa- 
ratoga, he  found  that  the  Americans  had  posted  a 
:o'isiderable  force  on  the  opposite  heights,  to  iin- 
peile  his  passage  at  thai  ford. 

[.Major  (ieneral  IIokatio  (iatks,  a  major  gene- 
ral ill  the  army  of  the  United  Stales,  was  a  native 
iif  Knglaiid.  In  early  life  he  entered  the  British 
army,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  his  future  military 
excellence,  lie  was  aid  to  (Jen.  iMonkton  at  the 
capture  of  IMartinico  ;  and  after  the  peace  of  Aix 
la  Chappelle  he  was  among  the  first  troops,  which 
landed  at  Halifax  iiniler  (ieneral  Cornwallis.  He 
was  with  Bradilock  at  the  time  ol  his  defeat  in 
Mj'iH  ;  and  was  shot  through  the  body.  When 
peace  was  concliiiled,  he  purchased  an  estate  in 
\'ii'glnia,  where   he  resideil  until  the  commence 


pair  the  bridges,  aud  open  the  load  leading  thither. 
I'art  of  the  ,'scort  was  withilrawn  on  oilier  duly  ; 
and  the  remainiler,  on  a  slight  attack  of  an  incon- 
siderable parly  of  yXmericans,  ran  away.  The 
workmen,  thus  left  without  support,  were  unable 
to  elfect  the  business  on  which  they  had  been  sent, 
'I'he  only  piaclicable  route  of  letreat,  which  now 
remained,  was  by  a  night  march  to  tort  Kdward. 
Ilefore  this  attempt  could  be  made,  scouts  return- 
ed with  inlelligence,  that  the  Americans  were  in- 
Irenched  opposite  to  those  fords  on  the  Hudson's 
river,  over  which  it  was  prop{<seil  to  pass,  anil 
that  they  were  also  in  force  on  the  high  ground 
lietweeii  fort  Kdward  and  fort  (ieorge.  'i'hey  had 
at  the  same  time  parlies  down  the  whole  shore, 
and  posts  so  near  as  to  observe  every  motion  of 
llieroyil  army.  Their  position  extended  nearly 
rounil  liie  British,  and  was  by  the  nature  of  the 
ground  in  a  great  measure  secured  from  attacks. 


men'  of  the  American  wai   in  177'),  when  he  was  j 'I'he  royal  army  could  not  sttind  its  ground  where 
appoinleil  by  (Jongress  adjutant  general,  with  the  jit  was,  lioiii  the  want   of  the   means  necessary  for 


rank  of  brigadier  general.  He  accompanied  Wash 
iiigtiMi  10  (Jamliridge,  when  he  went  Intake  com 
inaiidofthe  army  in  that  place.  In  .luiie  177U 
(iates  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  army 
olf'anada.  He wassuperseded by (lenetal. Schuyler 
III  .May  1777,  but  in  August  following  he  took  the 
place  of  the  oDicer  in  the  northern  department. 
The  success,  which  attended  his  arms  to  the  cap 
tiiie  of  Burgoyne  in  October,  fillcil  America  with 
joy.  Congress  passed  a  vote  of  thanks  and  oiiler- 
ed a  medal  of  gold  to  be  presented  to  him  by  the 
president.  His  conduct  towards  his  conipiered 
eiieiny  was  marked  by  a  delicacy,  which  does  hiiii 
the  highest  honour.  He  did  not  permit  his  own 
iriMips  til  witness  the  mortification  of  the  Biilisli 
in  depositing  their  arms.     Afier(ien.  Lincoln  was 


ubsistence  ;  norcouldit  advance  towards  Albany, 
without  attacking  a  foico  greatly  superior  in  num- 
ber; mir  could  it  retieal  without  making  good  its 
way  over  a  river,  in  the  face  of  a  strong  parly,  ad 
vantageously  posted  on  the  opposite  side.  In 
case  of  eiiher  attempt,  the  Americans  were  so 
near  as  to  discover  every  movement ;  and  by  means 
of  their  bridge  could  bring  their  whole  force  to 
operate. 

Truly  distressing  was  the  condition  of  the  royal 
army,  .\baniloned  in  the  most  critical  moment  by 
their  Indian  allies,  unsiippiuled  by  their  brethren 
ill  \ew  York,  weakeneil  by  [\u:  timidity  and  de- 
sertion of  the  Canadians,  worn  down  by  a  series 
(if  incessant  elforls,  and  givatly  reduced  in  their 
numbers  by  repeated  battles,    they  wen-   invested 


aken    prisoner,   he  was  appointed  .lune  13,  1780  by  an  army  nearly  three  limes  their  number,  with- 


to  the  command  of  the  southern  department.  Aug 
1(),  he  was  defea'ed  by  Cornwallis  at  (.'aniden. 
Me  was  superseded  Dec.  3,  by  (ieii.  (Jreene; 
but  was  in  1782  restored  to  his  command. 

After  the  peace  he  retired  to  his  farm  in  Berkeley 
county,  Virginia,  where  he  remained  until  theyeiir 
17i)0,  when  lie  went  to  reside  at  New  York,  hav- 
ing first  emancipated  his  slaves,  and  made  a  pe- 
cuniary provision  for  such  as  were  not  aide  to  pro- 
vide for  themselves.  Some  of  them  would  not 
leave  him  but  continued  in  his  family.  On  his 
arrival  at  New  York  the  freedom  of  the  cily  was 


out  a  possibility  of  retreat,  or  of  replenisliiiig  iheif 
exhausted  stock  of  provisions.  A  continual  can- 
nonade pervaded  their  camp,  and  ride  and  grape 
shot  tell  in  many  parts  of  their  lines.  They  ne- 
veitheless  reiaineil  a  great  share  of  fortitude. 

In  the  meaniime,  the  Ainerican  army  was  hour- 
ly incieasing.  Volunteers  came  in  iVoiii  all  (jiiar- 
ters,  eager  In  share  in  the  glory  (d'  destroying  or 
capturing  those  whom  they  consiilered  as  their 
most  dangerous  enemies.  The  I'Jth  of  Oiioher 
at  length  airived.  The  day  was  spent  in  aiixiiius 
expectation  of  its  producing  soiiielhiii^  ol*  coiise 


presented  to  him.     In  ISOO  he  accepted  a  seat  in|<pieiice.     But  as  no  prospect  id'assistance  appear 
the  legislature,  but   he  retaioeil  it  no   longer,  than  ed,  and  their  piovisiiqis  were  nearly  expended,  ihe 


he  conceived  his  services  might  be  useful  to  the 
cause  of  liberty,  which  he  never  abandoned.  His 
pidiiical  opinions  did  not  sepaiate  him  iViiiii  many 
respectable  citi/.ens,  whose  views  dilfered  widely 
friiui  his  own.  He  died  April  10,  IWHi,  aged  77. 
His  widow  died  Nov.  '20,  1S|0.  A  few  weeks  lie- 
fiiie  his  death  he  wrote  to  his  fiienil,  Dr.  .Mitchill, 


hope  ol' receiving  any.  in  due  time  lor  their  relict 
could  not  be  fu'tlier  liiilul!:i'd.  (Ieneral  liurgoyne 
thought  proper  in  the  evening,  to  take  an  account 
ol'ihe  priivlsiiMis  left.  It  was  t'oiind  on  iiupiiry, 
thai  tliey  would  amount  to  no  more  than  a  scanty 
subsisience  for  tliiee  days.  In  this  state  of  dis- 
tress, a  covincil  of  war  was  called,  and  it  was  made 


then  at  Washington,  on  some  business,  anil  closcil  l.so  general,  as  to  conipiehend  both  the  field  oflicers 
his  letter,  dated  Feb.  27,  180G,  with  the  following  Ian  '  the  captains.  Their  unanimous  opinion  was, 
Words: — "  I  am  very  weak,  and  have  evident sign.s I tV.ct  their  piesent  silualion  justified  a  capitulation 
of  an  approaching  dissolution.  But  1  have  lived  |,in  honourable  terms.  A  messenger  was  there- 
long  enough,  since  1 '.-.ave  lived  to  see  a  mighty  fore  despatched  to  begin  this  business.  (Jeneral 
people  animated  with  a  spirit  to  be  free,  and  giiv-IOates  in  the  lirst  instance  demanded,  that  the  royal 


erned  by  transcendent  abilities  and  honour."     H 
retained  his  faculties  to  the  last.     He  took   plea- 
sure in  professing  his  attachi t  to  religion   and 

his  firm  belief  in  the  doctrines  of  Christianity. 
The  will,  which  wasynade  not  long  before  his 
death,  exhibited  the  humility  ofhisfailh.  In  an 
article,  dictated  by  himself  he  expressed  a  sense 
of  his  own  iinworihiness,  ami  his  reliance,  solely 
on  Ihe  intercession  and  sull'erings  of  the  Redeemer. 


army  should  surrender  prisoners  of  war.  He  also 
proposed,  that  the  British  should  ground  their 
arms:  but  General  Burgoyne  replied,  "This  arti- 
cle is  inadmissible  In  every  extremity  ;  .sooner 
than  this  aimy  will  con.sent  to  ground  their  arms 
in  their  encampment,  they  will  rush  on  the  enemy, 
determined  to  take  no  quarters." 

.\fter  various  messages,   a  convention  was  set- 
tled, by  which  it  was  sulistantially  stipulated  as 


In  another  paragraph  he  diiecteil,  that  his   body  i  folloivs  :  "  The  troopsunderGeneralHiirgoyne,  to 
should  be  piivalely  buried,  which  was  accordingly  j  much  out  of  thi'ir  camp  with  the  honours  of  war, 
done,     (ieneral  Gates  was  a  whig  in  KiiglamI  .uid  aii<l  the  artillery  of  the  entrenchments  to  the  verge 
2t> 


of  the  river,  where  the  anus  and  artillery  are  to  bo 
left.  The  arms  to  be  p'led  by  word  of  lanuiiinnd 
from  iheir  own  olVicers.  \  free  passage  to  he 
granleil  lo  llii'anny  under  Iiieiilenaiit  (ieneral  Kur- 
goyne  to  Great  Mritiiii.  upon  condition  id'  not 
serving  again  in  .Norlli  America  during  the  pre- 
sent contest  ;  and  llic  port  ol  lioslon  to  be  assigi  ed 
lor  the  (  ntry  ot  the  tianspants  lo  leicivc  the 
troops,  whenever  (ieneral  Howe  shall  so  order. 
The  army  under  Lieutenant  General  Burgoyne  to 
inarch  lo  .Massachusetis  Bay,  by  the  easiest  mute, 
and  lo  be  quartered  In  or  near  to  llosion.  The 
troops  to  be  provided  with  provisions  by  (ieneral 
Gates's  orilers,  at  the  same  rate  of  rations  as  the 
troops  of  his  own  aiiiiy.  .Ml  olVicers  to  retain 
their  carriages,  bat-horses,  and  no  baggage  to  be 
molested  or  searched.  The  ollicers  not  to  be 
separated  frotn  llieir  men.  The  ollicers  lo  be 
quartered  according  to  llieir  rank.  All  corps  wliat- 
everof  Lieiilcnant  (ieneial  IJnrgoyne's  army,  lo  be 
included  in  the  aboie  articles.  '  All  Can  nlians, 
and  pinsons  belongiog  lo  the  Canadian  estabh^h- 
meiii,  and  other  fidlowers  of  the  army,  to  be  per- 
milled  to  return  lo  Canada  ;  lo  be  condiicleil  to 
Ihe  (list  Uritisli  post  on  lake  George  :  lo  be  sup- 
plied with  provisions  as  the  other  troops,  and  lo  be 
bound  by  ihe  same  conililiimof  iiol  serving  during 
the  present  contest.  Passports  to  be  granted  to 
three  officers,  lo  cany  despaiches  to  Sii  William 
Howe,  .Sir  (iiiy  Carlelon,  and  lo  Great  Britain. 
The  otfueis  lo  be  admitted  im  llieir  piride,  anil  to 
be  permitted  to  wear  their  sid iiis." 

■Such  were  the  eiiibariassmenis  of  the  roy.il  ar- 
my, incapable  of  subsisting  wheie  it  was,  or  of 
making  iis  way  to  a  better  silualion,  that  these 
terms  were  rather  more  favoiiralile  than  iliey  had 
a  right  to  expect.  On  the  other  hand,  it  would  not 
have  been  priiilent  for  the  .\nn-iican  generd  at  the 
head  of  an  army,  which,  I'loimh  niimeroiis,  con- 
.ilsted  mostly  of  militia  or  new  levies,  lo  have  pro- 
voked the  despair  of  even  an  inl'eriiir  iinmbrr  of 
brave,  disciplined,  regular  troops.  General  Gates 
rightly  judged,  that  ihe  best  way  lo  secure  his  ad- 
vantages was  lo  use  them  with  looderaliiMi.  .Soon 
aflerihe  convention  was  signed,  the  .\nieiicans 
marched  inio  their  lines,  and  weie  kept  there  till 
the  royal  army  had  deposiied  their  anus  at  the 
place  appointed.  The  delicacy,  with  which  this 
business  was  conducted,  reflected  honour  on  the 
.\mericau  general.  Nor  did  the  poliieness  of 
(iaies  end  here.  Kvery  circumstance  was  with- 
held, that  could  const  it  lite  a  Iriiimph  in  the  Ameri- 
can aiiiiy.  The  captive  general  was  leceived  by 
his  conqueror  with  respect  and  kindness.  \  num- 
ber of  the  principal  oliicers,  of  both  armies,  met 
at  General  Gates's  quarters,  and  I'm- a  while  seem- 
ed to  forget,  in  social  an-.'  convivial  pleasures,  llnit 
liny  had  been  enemies.  The  conduct  of  (ieneral 
liurgoyne  in  this  interview  with  (ieneral  Gales 
was  truly  dignilied;  and  ihe  historian  is  at  a  loss 
whether  lo  ailinire  most,  the  magnanimity  of  the 
victoilous,  or  the  fortitude  of  the  vanquished 
general. 

The  l!i  itish  troops  partook  liberally  of  the  plenty 
ihat  reigned  in  the  American  army.  It  was  the 
more  acceplableto  tliein,  as  they  were  desiitiite  ol 
breaii  andlloiir,  and  had  only  as  much  meal  left, 
as  was  suiricienl  for  aday's  subsistence. 

By  the  convention  which  has  been  mentioned, 
r)7'J0  men  were  surrendered  prisoners.  The  sick 
and  wounded  left  in  camp,  when  the  British  re- 
treated lo  .Saratoga,  together  with  the  numbers  ol 
the  ISritish,  (ierman  and  Canadian  troops,  who 
wi'ie  killed,  wounded  or  taken,  and  who  had  desert- 
ed in  the  preceding  pait  of  the  expedition,  were 
reckoned  lo  be  4GS0.  The  whole  royal  fiuce,  ex- 
clusive of  Indians,  was  probably  about    10,000 

The  stores,  which  the  .\uiericans  acquired,  were 
coiisidenible.  The  captured  artillery  consisted  ol 
',i'>  brass  field  pieces.  There  were  alsol(;,17  inns- 
kels,  and  avaiiety  of  other  useful  and  much  want- 
ed articles,  which  fell  into  their  hands.  The  con- 
tinentals in  (jeiieral  (jales's  army  were  nine  thou- 
sand and  ninety-three,  the  militia  four  thousand  one 
liiindred  and  twenty-nine  ;  but  of  the  former  two 
thousand  one  hundred  and  three  were  sick,  ur  on 


484 


furloiij;li,  unci  live  liuiidieil  and  8ix(y-two  of  the  I 
lillcr  ncii'  in  the  snnie  giliiiition.  'I'lic  nuniher  oil 
(bcniiliiia  w;is  ciinslinilly  llucliialini;.  ! 

Tlic  ai'ni'ral  exnilatinn  ol'llic  Aineiiiaiis, on  re-  ] 
ccivinc  ilie  agiet'alili;inlfllinenci;orilic  ciinvrntion  j 
ol' 8iirali>^a,  ilisaniu'il  llieni  of  nincli  of  llu'ir  re-  | 
si'iilniciit.  'rill' hnrniiiKS anil  dcvasiaiioMH  nhicli 
liiMi  taken  place  neru  .iiiDii  lent  to  have  iiillanied  | 
llu'ir  minds:  but  private  feelini;»  were  in  a  (jrcal  i 
measure  absorbed  by  tlie  I'onsideration  ol  the  many  ' 
advantages,  wliicli  the  capture  ol  so  large  an  army  j 
promised  lo  the  new-formed  stales.  I 

Ilia  short  time  alter  the  convention  was  si;;ned, 
(ieneral  tiates  moveil  ibrwaid  lo  stop  the  devasta-  , 
tioiis  of  the  Hrllish  on   the  Noiih   river;  but  on 
heaiiiiu  of  the   fite  of   Hiir^oyiie,    X'aiiuhaii  and 
Wallaie,  reined  to  New  York. 

About  the  same  time,  the  liritish,  who  hiid  teen 
left  111  the  rear  of  ihe  royal  army,  destroyed  their 
cannon,  and  abandoning  ricoiideroga,  retreated  to 
Canada.  The  whole  eotinlry,  after  experiencing 
for  several  months,  the  conliisioiis  of  war,  was  in  u 
liiomeiii  restored  to  peifect  traii(|uilily. 

'ireat  was  the  uiief  and  dejection  of  Itritain,  on 
receiving  ihe  inteliiiieiice  of  the  fate  of  ISnigoyne. 
The  expedition  committed  to  him  had  been  under- 
lakeii  with  the  most  cmilident  hopes  of  success. 
The  (juality  ol  the  troops  he  comnianded  was  such, 
that  lioiii  their  bravery,  directed  by  his  zeal,  ta- 
lents and  eoiiraiie  it  was  piesiiined  that  all  the 
northeni  parts  of  the  United  .States  would  be  sub- 
dued bet'oie  the  end  ol  the  campaign.  The  good 
foiiiinc,  which  for  some  lime  followed  him,  jiisli- 
(ied  these  expectations:  but  the  c  itastrophe  proved 
the  lolly  of  planning  distant  expeditions,  and  of 
projecting  remote  conquests. 

The  conse(|ueiices  of  these  great  events  vibrated 
round  the  world.  The  capture  of  Hiirgoyne  was 
Ihe  hinge  on  which  the  revolution  turned.  While 
it  encouraged  the  perseverance  of  the  .\mericans, 
by  well  jijioniided  hopes  of  final  success,  it  increa- 
sed the.euibarrassnientofthat  ministry,  which  had 
so  iiielfectually  laboured  to  compel  their  snbinis- 
sion.  Opposition  to  their  measures  gathered  new 
sliength,  and  tociiied  a  stumbling  block  in  the  road 
lo  coni|uest.  This  prevented  (ileal  liritain  from 
acting  Willi  that  collected  force,  which  an  union  of 
sentiments  and  coiiitcils  would  have  enabled  her  tc 
c!u:;it.  Jiltherto  the  best  informed  Americans  had 
doubts  of  success  in  establishing  their  independ- 
ence :  but  henceforward  their  language  was:  "That 
whatever  might  be  the  event  of  their  present  strug- 
gle, they  were  forever  lost  to  (ireat  Hritain."  Nor 
were  they  deceivtv  'J  he  eclatof  caplurhig  a  large' 
army,  ni  liritish  and  (iermau  regular  troops,  soon 
procured  them  powerful  friends  in  Europe. 

Immediately  after  the  surrender,  i!iirgoyne"s 
troops  were  marched  to  the  vicinity  of  JSoston. 
On  their  arrival,  they  were  quartered  in  the  bar- 
racks on  VVinler  and  Prospect  hills.  The  gene- 
rid  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  pi'o|ier  resolu- 
tions for  procuring  suitable  accommodations  for 
the  piisooers;  but  from  the  general  unwillingiiess 
of  llie  people  to  oblige  them,  and  from  the  feeble- 
ness of  that  authority  which  the  repiihlican  ruleis 
had  at  that  time  over  the  properly  of  their  lelluw 
cili/.ens,  it  was  impossible  to  provide  immediately 
for  so  large  a  number  of  otficers  and  soldiers,  in 
Much  a  manner  as  their  convenience  required,  or 
as  Irom  the  articles  of  convention  they  might 
reasonably  expect.  The  olRcers  remonstrated  to 
(ieneral  Kurgoyne,  that  sin  or  seven  of  them  were 
crowded  togethei  in  one  ruoiu,  without  any  regard 
(i>  their  respective  ranks,  in  violation  of  the  seventh 
article  of  the  conventinn.  Biirgoyne,  on  the  14ih 
of  November,  forwarded  this  ace.ount  to  (iates, 
and  tidded,  "  the  public  faith  is  broken."  This 
letU'r,  being  laid  before  Congress,  gave  an  alarm. 
It  corroborated  an  apprehension,  iweviously  eiiter- 
(aiiM'd,  tliat  the  captured  troops,  ou  their  enibar- 
cation.  would  make  a  junction  with  the  Dritish 
garrisons  iu  America.  The  declaration  of  the 
general,  that  "  the  public  faith  was  broken,"  while 
ill  ihe  power  of  Congress,  was  considered  by  them 
as  destroying  the  security  which  they  before  had  in 
his  peisiiiiyl  liunuur;  lor  in  every  event  he  iiiiglit 


HISTORY  OF    THK 


adduce  his  previous  notice  to  justify  his  future  con- 
duct. They  ihcielore  resolveil  ;  "  That  Ihe  eiii- 
barcaliimiif  Lieiilcnant  I  ieneral  liiiri'oyne,  and  ihe 
troops  nndi'i  his  cimimaiid.  he  poslponed,  lill  a  dis- 
liiiclaiid  ('\plii  ii  lalilicaliiiii  ol  the  convemion  of 
.Siiralo.:a  be  piopcrly  notilied  by  the  court  ol  (ireat 
ISritaio  lo  (.'oM^rl•^^." 

liiirgoyne explained  the  inlention  and  constiiic- 
lion  ol  the  passage  objected  lo  in  his  letter,  and 
pledged  himself,  ili.it  his  oliicers  would  join  with 
liiiii  III  sigiiingr.ny  iiisiiiiinenl  that  miiilit  bethought 
necc-iary  for  conlhiiiing  the  convemion  ;  but  Cnn- 
giess  would  no  recede  troin  tlicii  resolution.  They 
alleged,  tliat't  had  been  ofl'.'ii  asserted  by  their  ad- 
versaries, that  faith  was  not  to  be  kept  with  rebels;' 
and  that  therefore  they  would  be  deficient  in  atten- 
tion to  the  iniercsls  of  their  consliliients,  if  they 
did  not  re(|uiie  an  authentic  ratilication  of  Ihe  con- 
vention by  national  aiithorily,  before  they  parH'<l 
with  the  captured  troops.  They  urged  faitlier,  that 
by  the  law  ol  nations,  a  compact,  broken  in  one  ar- 
ticle, was  nolonger  binding  III  any  other.  They 
made  a  disiiiii  lion  between  the  suspension  and  ab- 
rogation ol  the  convention,  anil  alleged,  that  ground 
lo  suspect  an  inlention  to  violale  it  was  a  jiistilying 
reason  forsuspendiiii;  its  execniion  on  their  part, 
lill  it  was  properly  ralilied.  The  desired  ratilica- 
tion, ifdreat  lirilain  was  seriously  disposed  lo  that 
measure, niiglil  have  been  obtained  in  a  lew  immihs, 
and  C'Ongie.si  uniformly  ileclaied  themselves  will- 
ing to  carry  it  into  lull  ell'ect,  as  soon  as  they  were 
secured  of  its  observance,  by  proper  authority  on 
the  other  side. 

About  eight  months  ifterwards,  certain  royal 
commissioners,  whose  oflicial  functions  shall  be 
hereal'ler  explained,  mule  a  ri'quisilion  respecting 
these  tronps;  otlered  to  ratify  the  convention;  and 
leqiiired  permission  lor  their  embarcaiion  On 
uiquiiy  it  was  found,  that  they  had  no  authority  to 
do  uiy  thing  in  the  iiiaiter,  which  would  be  obli- 
gatory on  (ireat  liiilain.  Congros  therel'ore  re- 
solved, >■  that  no  raiilicatiiin  of  the  convention, 
which  may  belendeied  iiiconseipienee  of  poweis, 
which  only  reach  that  case  by  construction  and 
implication,  or  which  may  subject  whatever  is 
transacted  relative  lo  it,  lo  the  fiituie  approbation 
nr  disapprobation  of  the  parliament  of  (ireat  liri- 
lain, cin  be  accepted  by  Congress," 

Till  the  capture  of  Unigoyne,  the  powers  of 
Kurope  were  only  spectators  of  the  war,  between 
(ireat  lirilain  and  her  late  colonies,  but,  soon  after 
that  event,  they  were  drawn  in  to  be  |)arlies.  In 
every  peiiod  of  the  coiitroveisy,  the  claims  of  the 
Americans  were  pationi/.ed  by  siiiniry  respectable 
foreigners.  'I'he  letters,  addresses,  and  other  ;mb- 
lic  acts  of  Conmess  were  adinireil  by  many  who 
had  no  personal  iiileiest  in  the  contest.  Liberty 
is  so  evidently  the  iindoulited  right  of  mankinil, 
that  even  llicy  who  never  posscsseil  it,  feel  the 
propriety  of  contending  for  it:  anil  whenever  a 
people  take  up  arms,  either  lo  defend  or  to  recover 
it,  ihey  are  sure  of  meeting  with  encoinagement 
or  good  wishes  from  the  liicnds  of  humanily  in 
every  part  of  the  v.orld. 

Kroiii  the  opeiatioii  of  these  principles,  the 
Americans  had  the  esteem  anil  good  wishes  of 
miillilndes  in  all  parts  of  Kurope.  They  were  re- 
puted to  be  ill  used,  and  were  represented  as 
a  resolute  and  brave  people,  deietmiiied  to  re- 
sist oppression.  Being  both  pitied  and  ap- 
plauded, generous  and  sympathetic  seniimenls 
were  excited  in  their  favour.  These  circuiii- 
stauces  would  have  operated  in  every  case;  but 
in  the  present,  the  cause  of  the  Americans  was 
patronised  from  additional  motives.  An  universal 
jealousy  prevailed  against  (ireat  Dritain.  Her 
navy  had  long  tyrannised  over  the  nations  of  Ku- 
rope, and  demanded,  as  a  matter  of  right,  that  the 
ships  of  all  other  powers  should  strike  their  sails 
to  her  its  mistress  of  the  ocean.  Krom  her  eager- 
ness to  prevent  supplies  going  to  her  rebellious 
colonists,  as  she  called  the  Americans,  the  vessels 
of  foreign  {lowers  had  for  some  lime  past  been 
subjected  lo  searches  and  other  interruptions, 
when  steering  towards  America,  in  a  manner  thai 
could  nut  b.it  be  iiii|)atiently  borne  by  independent 


nalions.     That  pride  and  in.Holetiee  which  brought 

on    the    .Niiierccaii    war,    had    loi.g  disi;iisli'd    her 

neighbo'irs d  made  llien.  rejoice  at  her  misliir- 

nines,   and  especially   at  the   prospect  of  disiiieiii 
beriiig  her  overgrown  tuiipire. 


CHAI'TKR    IV. 

The  Alliiilioc  lii'lweni     Kr»nr«    and     the     (Jnllrd  Slnirs. 
The  Ciniiiiuigii  or  I77U. 

Soo.'y  after  intelligence  of  the  capture  of  Hur- 
goyne's  army  reached  Kurope,  the  court  of  Franco 
concludiMl  at  I'aiis,  treaties  of  alliance  and  eoiii- 
mereenith  the  L'niied  .States.  The  circuiiisl  in- 
ces,  which  led  to  this  great  event,  deserve  lo  be 
particularly  unfolded.  The  colonists  liavii'^;  lakeii 
up  arms,  tininllueiiced  by  the  enemies  of  (ireat 
Hrilain.  conducted  their  opposition  lor  seveial 
months  alter  they  had  raised  troops,  and  emitted 
money,  without  any  reference  to  toreign  poweis. 
They  knew  it  to  be  the  inleresi  of  Kurope,  to  pro- 
mote a  sepaiation  between  (ireat  lirilain  ami  hei 
colonies  ;  but  as  they  began  the  contest  with  no 
other  view  than  to  obtain  a  redress  of  grievances, 
they  neither  wished,  in  tlie  lirst  period  oftheii  oppo- 
sition to  involve  (ireat  lirilain  in  a  war,  nor  to  pro- 
cuie  aid  to  themselves  by  paxing  court  to  her 
enemies.  The  policy  of(ireal  lirilain,  in  atlempt- 
iiig  to  deprive  the  Americans  of  arms,  was  the  lirsi 
event  which  made  it  necessary  for  them  to  seek 
liiieign  eoimexions.  At  the  lime  she  was  urging 
military  preparations  lo  compel  their  s;ibmission, 
she  forbade  the  exportation  of  arms,  and  soliiifd 
the  commercial  powers  of  Kurope  to  co-oper;iie 
with  her  by  adopting  a  similar  prohibition.  To 
frustrate  the  views  of  (ireat  lirilain.  Congress,  be- 
sides recommending  the  domestic  niaiiiifaciiire  ol 
the  maierials  tor  miliiary  stores,  appointed  ii  se- 
cret committee,  with  powers  to  piociire  on  their 
account  arms  and  aiiiniunition,  and  also  employed 
agents  in  foreign  eoiiiilries  for  the  same  purpose. 
The  evident  advantasje,  which  France  might  de- 
rive from  the  eoiilinu;ince  of  the  disp  n  ,\inl  the 
countenance  which  individuals  of  that  coiiniry  daily 
gave  lo  the  Americans,  entourageil  Congress  to 
send  a  political  and  comniercial  agent  to  that  King- 
dom, with  iiislnictioiis  to  solicit  its  friendship,  and 
10  procure  miliiary  stores.  Silas  Ueane,  being 
clioser.  for  this  purpose,  sailed  for  France  early  in 
\Ti(},  and  was  soon  after  his  arrival  at  Paris  in- 
slriicied  to  smmd  Count  de  Vergennes,  the  French 
minister  lor  foreign  alVaiis,  on  the  subject  of  the 
American  eoiilroveisy.  .\s  ll  e  public  mind,  for 
reasons  which  have  been  inentioneil  closed  against 
(ireat  lirilain,  ii  opened  towards  other  nations. 

On  the  1 1th  of  .luiie,  Congiess  appointed  a  com- 
mitlee,  to  prepaie  a  plan  of  a  irealy  lo  iie  propo- 
sed lo  lorcimi  poweis.  The  discussion  of  this  no- 
vel subject  engaged  their  attention  till  the  latter 
end  of  September.  While  Congiess  was  dehliera- 
ting  thereon,  .Mr.  IJeane  was  soliciting  a  supply  of 
anus.  animiiniti'Mi,  and  soldier's  clothing  forilieir 
service  a  siilViciency  lor  lading  three  vessels  was 
soon  procured.  What  agency  the  government  of 
France  hail  in  furnishing  those  supplies,  or  whether 
they  were  sold, or  given  as  presents,  are  questions 
which  have  often  been  asked,  but  not  satisfaeloi.ly 
answered  ;  for  the  btisiness  was  so  conducted  that 
Ihe  transaction  might  be  made  lo  assume  a  variety 
of  complexions,  as  circumstances  might  render  ex- 
pedient. 

It  was  most  evidently  the  interest  of  France  lo 
encourage  the  Americans,  in  their  opposition  to 
(iioal  lirilain;  and  it  was  true  policy  to  do  this  by 
degrees,  and  in  a  private  manner,  lest  (ireat  liril- 
ain might  take  the  alarm.  Individuals  are  some- 
limes  intliienced  by  considerations  of  friendship 
and  generosity  ;  but  interest  is  the  pole  star  by 
which  nalions  are  universally  governed.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  (ireat  Britain  was  amused  with  declara- 
tions of  Ihe  most  pacific  dispositions  on  the  pari  of 
France,  at  the  time  ihc  Americans  were  liberally 
supplied  wilh  the  means  of  defence  ;  and  it  is 
cqua  ly  certain,  that  this  w;ia  the  true  line  of  policy 


UNITKD    STATES. 


eiice  wliirli  lirouulif 

loi.i;  ilisunNit'*!  Iirr 

'jotl'r'   al    Ih'I    llli^lnl'- 

iroapi'cl  III  ilisiiinii 


d    the     Uiiilrd  Hlnirs. 
177H. 

llii-  capture  of  Hiii- 
llii-  cmiit  of  Franco 
'  alliaiiL'L'  anil  eoiii- 
Tlie  ciriunisl. in- 
vent, ili'siMVf   to  be 
ilniiists  liavii",  taken 
!•  iMit'inies  III  (ireal 
|Hisiii>in   I'lr  st'veial 
li(>i>|is,  and  vniiltetl 
ti)   IniTian   powers. 
<t  i>(  Kiirope,  til  piii- 
eat  lirilain  ami  liei 
the   eiiiiti'st  uilli  no 
ilress  of  );rievanreM, 
period  of'tiieii  oppo- 
in  a  war,  nor  to  pro- 
)a>in^  court  to  liir 
t  (intain,  in  alleiiipt- 
iil'ariiis,  was  the  lirsi 
y    lor  tlirni   to   seek 
iiiie  she  was  nryiii); 
el  their  snliinissioii, 
lariiis,  and  solirifd 
iriipe   to  eo-operate 
ar   prohil)ition.     To 
riiaiii,  Conaress.  lie- 
I'stie.  iiianiiraciiirK  iil 
res,   appointed  a  se- 
lo  piucnre  on  their 
n,  and  also  einplnyed 
r  the  same  purpose. 
I  France  uiif>ht    ile- 
the  ilisp   ti    Ahd  the 
III  that  counir)' daily 
mailed  Conijress  to 
il  ai;ent  to  that  KiiiL'- 
'it  its  rriendship,  and 
Silas  Deane,  lieini; 
I  tor  France  early  in 
arrival  at    I'aris   in- 
raeiines,the  French 
a  the  sulijeel  iil'  the 
I  e  public    mind,  tor 
tinned  closed  a'.;aiiist 
ds  other  nalioos. 
ess  appointed  a  coin- 
treaty   to  lie  prii|io- 
lisciission  of  tliis  no- 
ntion   till  the    latter 
ngtess  was  dtditiera- 
iiilicitin>;  a  supply  of 
s  cliithini!  lor  their 
g  three    vessels   was 
r'  the  novernnient  of 
supplies,  or  whether 
esents,  are  i|uestions 
but  not  satisfactoi.ly 
ii9  so  conducted  thai 
to  assume  a  variety 
ces  might  render  ex- 

ntercst  of  France  tu 
their  opposition  to 
policy  to  do  this  by 
ner,  lest  Great  Brit- 
idiviiliials  are  some- 
rations  of  friendship 
is    the  pole  star  liy 
fioverned.     It  is  cer- 
iiiised  with  declara- 
silionson  the  part  of 
licans  were  lilierally 
defence  ;  aiitl  it    iil 
he  true  line  uf|)ulicy 


fur  piitiiiotiiiL!  that  ilisiiiemlierment  of  the    liritish 
enipiie,  »hirh  l''r,inre  had  an  iiiteiesi    in    aicnm- 

,'lh^hlnn■ 

C  >u;;ress  knew,  thai  a  iliMHiinlinn  of  the  nver- 
prov'n  piiwerof  liriM  n.  ;  oiild  not  lint  be  ilc»ii,ilile 
III  Fiance.  .Sine  Willi  ilie  loss  iil  her  piissessiiiin 
on  the  ciiiilinent  ol  .Noilli  Aniiiica,  by  the  peace 
of  I'aris  ill  I'di:!,  and  also  by  ihe  c.iplure  of  many 
lliiniMnils  ol  her  siidois  in  l(."i;j,  aniecelcnl  tu  a 
declaration  of  war,  she  must  have  been  sonnihin^ 
iii'ire  than  human,  not  to  have  rejiiiced  at  an  iippiir 
tiinily  of  ilcpressmi;  an  ancient  and  forniidalile  ri- 
val. '  licsidesllie  increasing!  naval  superiority  of 
(ire.it  llritaiii,  her  Viisl  resnilices,  not  only  in  her 
ancient  iloininions,  but  in  colonies  ^rolvinK  daily 
in  iiunibeis  and  weallli.  added  tii  the  liaiii;liliness 
of  her  llaa,  made  her  the  olijecl  both  of  tenor  and 
.■nvy.  It  was  the  interest  of  tNm(;ress  to  apply  to 
ihe'conrt  of  France,  and  it  was  the  interest  ol 
France  '.i  lisien  to  their  applic.Uion. 

Con  ress,  havini;  aticed  on  the  plan  of  the  trea- 
ty, wliicli  tbcy  intended  to  propose  to  his  Must 
Christian  .M.ijesiy  pun  ceded  to  elect  commissiiin- 
ers  to  siilicii  its  acceptance.  Dr.  Franklin,  l^ilas 
De.ine,  anil  'riiomas  .lelfersoii  were  chosen.  The 
laitci  declinina  to  serve,  .\rtlinr  Lee,  who  was  then 
in  London,  and  had  been  serviceable  to  his  coiiii- 
trv,  in  a  variety  of  ways,  was  elected  m  his  riiotii. 
It  was  resolved,  that  no  mcmlier  .shonid  be  at  lib- 
erty to  divnluc  any  thin;;  more  of  these  transac- 
tiiiiis  ihaii  ••  that  Conyiess  had  taken  such  steps  as 
they  jndj;ed  iiecessaiy  for  obiainini!  fori'ii'n  allian- 
ces!" The  secret  committee  were  directed  to 
make  an  elfcctiial  loduemeiit  in  France,  of  ten 
tbiiiisand  pounds  sterhni;,  subject  to  the  order  ol 
these  conimissioneis.  Or.  Fianklin,  who  was 
cMil'loyed  as  aacnl  in  the  business,  and  atterwards 
as  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of  France, 
»as  in  piissessiiiii  of  a  meater  proportion  of  loreicn 
fame,  than  any  oilier  native  nf  America,  liy  the 
ili.il  of  superiiil  abilities,  and  with  but  few  advanta 
f;es  in  cirly  life,  he  had  attained  the  liifjiiest  emi- 
nence amiinsj  men  of  learning,  and  in  many  instan- 
ces extended  the  empire  of  science.  His  genius 
vtas  vasi  and  comprehensive,  and  will,  eipial  ease 
investigated  the  mysteries  of  philo'iophy.  and  the 
',  .l.yrinihs  III  politics.  His  fame  as  a  philosopher 
had  reached  as  far  as  human  naliiic  is  polished  or 
reliiicd.  Hi)  |.hilaiilinopy  knew  no  bounds.  The 
priis|ieriiy  and  happiness  of  the  hiiniaii  race  were 
ob|ecls  which  at  all  limes  had  attracted  his  allen- 
liiiii.  Disgusted  with  (iieat  lirilain,  and  glowini; 
Willi  the  most  ardent  love  foi  the  liberties  of  his 
oppressed  native  ciuintiy,  he  left  London,  where 
he  had  resided  sonic  years  in  the  character  of  agent 
fiirsevenl  of  the  colonies,  early  in  177-'i ;  retnrneil 
to  I'liiladelphia  ;  and  immediately  afterw  arils  »as 
elected  by  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  a  ineiii- 
Ijcr  ofCongrcss.  ,\fler  his  appointnient,  to  solicit 
the  inlercsisof  the  Unileil  States  in  France,  he 
sailed  for  that  country  on  the  y'dli  of  Oclnber, 
17(0.  lie  was  no  sooner  landed,  lliili  of  Decem- 
ber, than  universally  caressed.  His  fanie  had 
sniootheil  the  nay  for  his  reception  in  a  public 
character. 

[I!k:<j.\mi.n  Fii.*NKi.iN,a  philosopher  and  slates- 
man,  was  born  in  liosion,  .Massaclinseiis,  .laniiary 
17,  170(i.  His  fuller,  who  was  a  native  of  Kng- 
land,  wasasoap'liinler  and  tallow-chandler  in  that 
town.  At  the  age  of  eight  years,  he  was  sent  to  a 
Hianiniar  school,  but  at  the  age  of  ten,  his  father 
leqiiired  his  services  to  assist  him  in  his  business. 
Two  years  afterwards,  he  was  bound  an  apprentice 
to  his  biother,  who  wasa  printer,  lii  thisemphiy- 
inent  he  made  great  proficiency,  and  having  a 
taste  for  book.s,  lie  devoted  luiich  of  his  leisure 
time  to  reading.  So  eager  was  he  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge,  that  lie  frequently  passed  (he  greater 
part  of  the  night  in  liis  studies.  He  became  ex 
pert  in  the  Socratic  mode  of  reasoning  by  asking 
questions,  and  tliu.s  he  souietiiiies  embarrassed  per 
suns  of  iinilerstaiiding  superior  to  his  own.  In 
17'J1,  his  brother  began  to  print  the  New  Kngland 
Courant,  which  wasthc  thiiil  newspaper  published 
in  America.  The  two  preceding  papers  were  the 
Uuston  News  Letter  and  iiostun  Gazette,  Young 


Franklin  wrote  a  number  of  essays  lor  the  Courant 
which  well'  «ii  well  received,  as  in  cncnnia^e  hiun 
lo  ciiiiliniie  his  liici.uy  labours.  'To  iiiipiovc  lii.^ 
■•ty  le,  he  resiihcd  to  imitate  .\ildisiiirs  .Specla 
loi.  The  melliiid  which  he  tnok.  was  lo  make  a 
siimiiiiiy  III  a  paper,  alter  he  hail  read  it,  and  in  a 
lin  days,  when  he   h.id    liirgollen  the   esprcssions 

ihe.iuthiir,  to  eniliMvuiii  to  restore  il  to  its  ori- 
ginal form,  liy  this  lueaiis  he  w,is  taught  his  er- 
rors, and  perceivcil  i  lie  necessiiy  of  being  more 
fully  acquainted  with  ihe  synoniinmis  words  of  the 
l.mguage,   tic  wus  much  assisted  also  in  acquiring 

acility  and  variety  of  expreuiun  by  writing  po- 
etry. 

.\l  this  early  period  the  perusal  of  .Sh.iftsliury 
and  Collins  made  him  completely  a  sceptic, 
mil  he  was  fond  of  disputing  upon  the  sub|ect  ol 
religion.  This  circiislance  caused  hmi  to  be  n- 
gariled  by  pious  men  with  abhoricuce  ;  and  on  tins 
iiccoiint,  us  well  as  on  accoiinl  iil'thc  ill-lrealmcnt 
which  he  received  from  his  brother,  lie  deterinined 
to  leave  lliiston.  His  ilcparluie  was  lacilitaled 
by  the  piissession  of  his  indenliire,  which  his  bro- 
ther hiid  given  him  about  the  year  17'.'.'l.  not  Iriim 
friendship,  bill  because  the  geneial  couil  had  pro- 
hibited him  liom  publishing  the  .New  I'.iiglanil 
Courant,  and  III  order  that  it  miglil  be  conducted 
iniler  the  name  of  Itenj  iiiiin  Fianklin.  lie  private- 
ly went  on  board  a  sloop,  and  soon  arrived  at  New 
iork.  Fiiidiog  III)  employment  here,  he  pursued 
Ins  w,  V  to  I'liiladelphia,  and  enlered  the  city  with- 
out a  l.iend,  and  with  only  a  dollar  in  his  pocket. 
I'lirchasing  some  rolls  a(  a  baker's  shop    he  put 

e  under  each  arm,  and  eating  a  third,  walked 
through  several  streets  in  search  of  a  lodging. 
There  were  at  this  time  two  printers  in  I'liiladel- 
phia, .Mr.  .\ndre\<' liradloid,  and  .Mr.  Keiiiier,  by 
the  latter  of  whom  he  was  employed.  Sir  William 
Keith,  the  governor,  having  been  informed  that 
Fianklin  was  a  young  man  of  proniisi  ig  talents, 
Invited  him  to  his  house,  and  treated  him  in  the 
most  friendly  iiiauner.  He  advised  him  to  enter 
into  business  for  himself,  and,  to  accomplish  this 
liject,  to  make  a  visit  to  London,  in  order  that  he 
might  purchase  the  necessary  articles  for  a  prim- 
ing oHice.  I'eceiving  the  promise  of  assistance, 
Franklin  prepared  himself  for  the  voyage,  and  on 
applying  lor  letters  of  lecoiiimendation,  previously 
to  sailing,  he  was  told,  that  they  would  be  sent  on 
board.  When  the  letter  hag  was  opened,  there 
was  no  packet  for  Franklin  ;  and  he  now  discover- 
ed, that  the  governor  was  one  of  those  men,  who 
love  to  oblige  every  body,  and  who  substitute  the 
most  liberal  professions  and  oilers  in  the  place 
[if  active,  siili.siantial  kindness.  Arriving  in  Loii- 
iliin  in  II'M,  he  was  obliged  to  seek  einploynient 
lis  ajourneyinan  printer,  lie  lived  so  econoniically 
that  he  saved  a  great  part  of  his  wages.  Instead 
ofdiinking  six  pints  uf  beer  in  a  day,  like  some  of 
his  fellow  laboiireis,  he  drank  only  water,  and  he 
persuaded  some  of  them  to  renounce  the  extrava- 
gance of  eating  bread  and  cheese  for  breakfasl 
and  III  procure  a  cheap  soup.  As  his  principles 
al  this  time  were  very  loose,  his  zeal  to  enlighten 
the  world  induced  him  to  publish  his  dissertation 
on  liberty  and  necessiiy, in  which  he  coiitendeil  mat 
virtue  and  vice  wcie  nothing  more  than  vain  (lis 
unctions.  This  work  procured  hinithe  acquaint 
ance  of  Alandeville,  and  others  uf  the  licetiiions 
class. 

He  returned  to  I'liiladelphia  in  October,  172(), 
as  a  clerk  to  Mr.  Dciiham,  a  merchant,  but  the 
death  of  that  gentleman  in  the  following  year,  in- 
duced him  lo  return  to  Mr.  Keiiner,  in  the  capa- 
city of  foreman  in  his  ollice.  He  was  very  useful 
to  his  employer,  for  he  gave  him  assistance  as  a 
letter  founder.  He  engraved  various  ornaments, 
and  made  printer's  ink.  He  soon  began  business 
in  paitnership  with  Mr.  Meredith,  but  in  1729,  he 
dissolved  the  connexion  with  him.  Having  pur- 
chased of  Keiiner  a  paper,  which  had  been  con- 
ducted in  a  wretched  manner,  he  now  conducted 
it  in  a  style  which  attracted  much  attention.  At 
this  lime,  though  destitute  of  those  religions  prin- 
ci  plos,  which  give  stability  and  elevation  to  virtue 
he  yet  had   discernment  enough  to  be  convinced 


43S 

that  truth,  probity,  and  siiiceiity,  wiiiild  prH.nole 
his  lull  rest,  and  be  iiseliil  !<i  liiiii  in  ihe  wcibl,  ai.i' 
lie  ii'^iiKed  111  iispeil  iliciii  iii  his  ciMiilin  I.  The 
expeiisi's  111  hisesi.ililislimenl  in  llllMlll■s^,  iiipmiili- 
si. Hilling  his  iiiilusiiy  and  econiiiiiy,  luuiiglii  linn 
mill  enib.Miassiiieiits,  t'loiii  wliii  h  he  was  relicu'd 
•  ly  llic  gi  iieriiiis  ;issisiance  iit  Willi, iiii  Cnleinan 
and  llolieit  (li.ice.  In  addiliiui  >ii  Ins  niliei  eiii- 
ploymeiils,  he  now  opened  a  small  sliiliiiner'ii 
shop.  Hut  the  cl.unis  of  business  did  not  extin- 
guish his  taste  fur  literature  and  sciiwice.  He 
loriiied  a  club,  which  he  called  "The  .liiiito," 
ciimpiised  of  the  most  inlelligenl  of  his  acqiiaiii- 
lance.  l|uestiiins  of  nioi.iliiv,  piilitics,  philoso- 
phy, were  discusseil  every  Friday  evening,  and 
the  insiitninin  w  is  conilniied  almost   luriy  years. 

.\s  bunks  wcie  fieqi llyqiinteil  in   the  cfiili,  and 

as  the  members  had  lirinighl  their  bniiks  ingethet 
for  niiilnil  advantage,  he  was  led  in  Inriii  the  plan 
nf  a  public  library,  which  w.is  carried  inlii  ellect 
in  I7.'!l,  and  became  the  foiiuilatinn  nf  ihit  iiiiblc 
insiiiuiinn,  the  piesenl  libiary  company  of  I'hila- 
delphi.i.  lo  l/.'i'.',  he  began  to  publish  I'lmr  Kicli- 
aid's  Almanac,  which  was  enriched  with  iiiiixiiiis 
nf  friigalily,  teaiperaiice,  industry,  and  integrity, 
.•"ill  gri  It  was  its  icpiitaliiin,  that  he  sold  ten  tliiiii- 
sanil  annually,  aiicl  il  was  cnntinned  by  him  about 
twenty-live  ye.irs.     The  maxims  were   collected' 

in  the  last  ahiianac  in  the  form  of  i dilress  call 

ed  the  Way  to  Wealth,  which  has  appeared  in  vj 
rloiis  pnlilicalions.  In  17.'l(i,  he  was  appointeil 
clei kill  the  general  assembly  of  I'ennsylvania,  and 
in  I7;{7,  puslmastei  of  I'hiiadelphia.  The  lirst  lire 
company  was  formed  by  him  in  17:!S.  When  the 
frontier  of  I'cimsylvatiia  were  endangered  in  17-14, 
and  an  iiiellectiial  altempt  was  made  to  piociiie  a 
iiiilili  I  law,  he  pmiinsed  a  voluiitaiy  association 
for  the  defence  of  the  province,  and  in  a  shorl 
time  oliiained  ten  thousand  names.  In  1717,  he 
was  chosen  a  memlicr  of  the  assembly,  and  coii- 
liniied  ill  this  sl.nion  ten  years.  In  all  importanl 
discussions,  his  presence  w.is  cuiisideieil  as  indis- 
pensable. He  seldiim  spoke,  and  never  (  xhibiled 
any  oraloiy  ;  but  by  asingle  observalion  he  siinie- 
tiiiies  determined  lliefiieiif  a  question.  In  the 
long  coniriiversies  wiih  the  propricMiies  or  llieir 
governors,  he  took  the  most  active  pan,  and  dis- 
played a  liriii  spirit  of  liberf. 

He  was  now  engaged  for  a  niimber  of  yivirs  in  a 
course  of  electrical  experiments,  of  whicli  he  pub- 
lished an  account.  His  great  discovery  was  the 
identily  of  the  electric  lliiid  and  lighlniiig.  This 
discovery  he  made  in  the  slimmer  of  l7.Vi.  To 
the  upright  stick  of  a  kite,  he  allaclicd  an  iron 
point  ;  the  string  was  of  hemp,  excepting  the  part 
which  he  held  in  his  hand,  which  was  of  silk  ; 
and  a  key  was  fastened  wlieic  the  hempen  string 
terminated.  Willi  this  app.iialns.  on  the  approach 
of  a  thunder  storm,  he  raised  his  kite.  .V  cloud 
passed  over  it,  and  no  signs  of  electriiitv  appear- 
ing, he  began  lo  despair;  but  observing  the  loose 
libres  of  his  string  to  iiiiive  suddenly  Inward  an 
elect  position,  he  pieseiiled  his  knuckle  to  the  key, 
and  received  a  strong  spark-  The  success  nf  this 
experiment  complelely  established  his  ihe.ii  v.  The 
practical  use  of  this  discovery  in  securing  hunses 
from  lightning  by  pointed  ci.iidiicinis.  is  well  known 
ill  America  and  Kiirope.  In  I7.')'>.  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  postmaster  general  of  the  lirliish 
(polonies,  and  in  the  .same  year,  the  acadeinv  of 
Philadelphia,  projected  by  hiiii,  was  eslablislied. 
lo  n!j\,  he  was  one  of  thecoiiimissioners,  who  at- 
tended the  congress  at  Albany,  to  devise  ihe  best 
means  of  defendingthe  country  against  the  Fiencli. 
He  drew  up  a  plan  of  union  for  defence  and  gtMie- 
ral  government,  which  was  adopted  by  the  con- 
gress. It  was  however  rejected  by  the  board  of 
trade  in  England,  because  it  gave  too  much  power 
lo  the  representatives  of  the  people  :  and  it  was  re- 
jected by  the  assemblies  of  the  colonies,  because 
it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  president  general. 
After  the  defeat  of  Kraddock  he  was  appointed 
colonel  of  a  regiment,  and  he  repaired  to  the  fron- 
tiers, and  built  a  fort. 

Higher  employments,  however,  at  length  called 
him  from  his  cuuutry,  wb'cli  he  was  dustined  ti> 


; 


i,: 


9    > 


'* 


480 


serve  riiorr  rirccliinlly  i<«  ila  ngeiit  ill  Kiitiluiiil, 
wlii'linr  III'  wim  «piil  in  ITciy.  'I'lif  •liiinp  aiM,  liy 
(vliirli  iliii  lliitisli  iiiinintr)!  tvlslicil  I  niiiiili:irl/f 
till!  Aiiii'iiriiiH  to  |Kiy  l.iM'ii  III  ilir  iinilliri  iiinii- 
Iry,  reiivi'il  iIihi  love  ul  lli)«rly  wliirli  iiiiil  ieil 
tliiiir   riiii'lilherii  In  ii   niiinliy   .u  lli;il  tiini'  a  ili*- 

Hl-lt;    IIMlj    llll'   Clllllllil)!!  flirilll'll  ll('llll)(l>'^^i   lIll'llKll 

iiliM  III  nliicli  liail  bnoii  ciiiiiiiiiinii'ali'il  liilliniiliy 
Dr.  KMiiklln,  a(  the  ciiiili'reiiii'ii  at  Albiiiiy,  in 
I7')l.  Till!  war  lliat  wa«  jimt  lenniiiali'il,  anil  llic 
rxi'iliiiiiii  iiiaili!  Iiy  ilieiii  to  i*u|i|iiirl  it,  liail  (iivi'n 
llii'in  a  ciiiivictiiMi  ut'tlii'ir  Htri'iiutli ;  llicy  (i|i|iiia)'il 
this  iMiMHiir)*,  anil  llit!  ininiHler  Kave  way,  lint  lii! 
ri'Hnvt'il  till!  iiD'aiH  ul  ri'ni'wini{  lliv  alli'in|>t. 
Duel'  raiilnineil,  Iidwcvit,  llii'y  ifiiiaini'il  nil  llii!ir 
)iii  nil ;  lilrily,  elii-riDlicil  liy  tlieir  alainiH,  tonk 
ii('t'|it'r  mill :  ami  ilin  rapiil  circiilatinn  iiC  iilivis 
by  iiiuaiH  III'  inMvs|ia|ii'rs,  I'nr  the  intriiilni'llnn  iil' 
wliirli,  ilii'V  wi'if  inilclili'il  III  lln!  |irinlrr  ill'  I'lii- 
laili'l|ilna,  iinili'il  llii'in  iiiniMln'r  in  ri'sinl  every 
i'ri'sli  cnliiininr.  In  llir  year  IT'ili,  tliis  |iriiiler, 
ealleil  In  the  liar  nl'llie  liiiiise  nl' cnnininns,  niiilei- 
weiit  llial  raiiinns  inieriii;;aliiiv,  wliieli  plaecil  ihe 
name  nf  (''raiiKljii  an  lii<!li  in  |in|jlirs,  an  in  natural 
|illiliisii|i|iy.  h'riini  that  lliiie  lie  ilelenileil  llie  eaiHe 
III  AiiieruM,  Willi  a  lirinness  anil  ninileralinii  be- 
enniiiii;  a  t;real  in. in,  pninlin^  mil  to  the  iiiinis- 
Iry  all  llu!  erriiis  lliey  rniinnitleil,  anil  llic  enii- 
fieijiienees  lliey  wiiiilil  |iiniliiee,  lill  the  periuil 
wlien.  the  lax  ini  lea  iiieetini;  llie  i-aiiie  oppiisi- 
tinii  as  ilie  iilaiiip  ail  hail  iliiiie,  Kii|;lanil  bliiiil- 
ly  faiiiied  lieisrU'eapable  of  siihjectini;,  by  I'nrcc, 
three  iiilirinn  nl'  men  ileleriniiieil  to  be  free,  lit  a 
ilistani'e  iil' line  ihniitanil  leagues. 

In  I7',)(),  he  visiti'il  Ilullanil  iinil  (lerinaiiy,  anil 
receiveil  the  ure  lest  marks  nl  alientinii  I'rnni 
incnol'seli'iiee.  In  his  passage tliruuiih  Hnllaiiil, 
lie  leanieil  1111111  llie  ualerninii,  the  elVect  ivliieli 
the  'Jiniiniition  nl'  the  (|iiaiilily  of  water  in  canals 
has  in  inipeilini;  the  prii}(ress  of  bnats.  Upnii  his 
return  tu  KiiKlaml,  he  was  leil  tn  make  a  niinibcr 
of  experimeiiis,  all  of  which  tenileil  tu  confirm  the 
obscrvalinn. 

In  tlie  t'lillnwini;  year,  he  Iravellcil  into  France, 
where  he  met  with  iin  less  favourable  reception  than 
lie  hail  experieneeil  in  (Jermany.  lie  was  intro- 
duced In  a  iiiiinber  of  literary  characters,  anil  to 
the  kill!;,  Ijoiiis  XV. 

He  reiurneil  In  America,  and  arrived  in  Phila- 
delphia In  llie  bej^iniiing  nf  May,  177,5.  and  was 
receiveil  willi  all  those  marks  nf  esteem  and  af- 
feciinn,  which  his  eminent  services  merited.  The 
day  alter  his  arrival  he  was  elected  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Pennsylvania,  a  member  nf  C'ongress. 

AIniott  iinmeilialely  on  his  arrival  from  Kni;- 
land,  he  wrote  letteis  to  some  nf  liis  friends  in 
that  coiinlry,  in  a  strain  fitted  In  inspire  lolly  ideas 
of  the  virtue,  resolulion,  ■inil  resniirress  of  the  co- 
lonies. "All  America,"  s.iid  he  tn  Dr.  Prieslley, 
"  IS  exaspeiaied,  and  innie  (irmly  united  than  ever. 
Great  frngaliiy  and  great  iniliislry  arc  beeoine 
fashinnable  here.  Hriiain,  I  conclude,  has  InsI 
her  colonies  I'nr  ever.  .She  is  now  giving  us  such 
miserable  specimens  of  her  goveriimeni,  that  we 
shall  ever  detest  and  avoid  it,  as  a  complication 
of  robbery,  murder,  fair'iie,  fire,  and  pestilence. 
If  you  flatter  yourselves  with  beaiing  us  into  sub- 
mission, you  kiinw  iieilher  the  people  nor  the 
country.  You  will  have  heard,  before  this  reaches 
you,  of  the  defeat  of  a  great  body  of  your  troops 
by  the  country  people  at  Lexington,  of  the  action 
at  Bunker  s  hill,  i.Vc.  Enough  has  happened,  one 
woubl  think,  to  convince  your  ministers,  that  the 
Americans  will  fight,  and  that  this  is  a  harder  nut 
tn  crack  than  they  imagined.  Britain,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  three  millions,  has  killed  one  hundred 
and  fifty  Yankees  this  campaign.  During  the 
aanie  time,  sixty  thousand  children  have  been  born 
in  America.  From  these  data,  the  matlieinalici 
bead  of  niir  dear  good  friend,  Dr.  Price,  will  ea- 
sily calculate  the  time  and  expense  necessary  to 
kill  us  all,  and  conquer  our  whole  territory.  Till 
biui,  as  he  sometimes  has  liis  doubts  and  despon- 
doncles  about  our  firmness,  that  America  is  deier- 
nuned  and  unanimous." 

It  was  in  ill's  varied  tone  of  exultation,  reaent- 


m  STORY    OF    THE 


inent,  and  defiance,  that  he  privately  comiinlcalrd  1 
with  Knriipe.  The  strain  of  the  papers  respect- 
ing Ihe  llritisli  government  and  iialion,  which  he 
prepared  for  t 'iiiii',ress,  was  deemed  by  his  ctil- 
ieagiies  loo  indignant  and  viliiperalive  ;  to  siiili 
a  pilch  were  liis  feelings  exi'ileil  by  the  injuries 
and  siilhrings  of  In."  coniiliy,  and  so  anxioiiH  was. 
he  that  the  striingesl  impetus  should  be  given  to' 
the  nalional  spirit.  His  anger  and  his  ubhorrenre 
were  real  ;  they  endured  wilhoiit  alialement  dur- 
ing the  (vliole  conlinnance  of  the  syslein  which 
provoked  them;  lliey  wore  a  ciiinplexion  which 
lenileiid  it  iinpuHsible  to  mistake  llieiii  lor  the  off- 
spring of  personal  pique  or  coiisiitiilional  iiriliibi- 
lity  ;  lliey  had  aviiiilirlive  power,  a  corrosive  en- 
ergy, proportioned  lo  the  weight  of  his  character, 
and  the  dignify  of  the  sentiments  finm  which  they 
sprung. 

It  was  in  this  year  that  Pr.  Franklin  addressed 
that  memorableand  laconie  epistlelo  his  old  friend 
and  companion,  Mr.  Slialiaii,  then  king's  primer, 
and  meinbei  nf  the  lliiii.,li  parliament,  of  which 
the  fiilliiwing  IS  a  correel  copy,  and  of  which  a 
fac-simile  is  given  in  the  last  and  most  correel 
addition  of  his  works  : 

Philadelphia,  July  •">,  177.'). 
Mr.  Staaiun, 

Voiiare  a  member  nf  parliament,  and  line  of  that 
majority  which  has  doomed  my  coiinlry  lo  destruc- 
tion.— Vou  have  begun  lo  burn  our  towns,  and 
murder  our  people. — Look  upon  your  hands  .' — 
They  are  stained  with  the  blood  of  your  relations  ! 
You  and  I  were  long  friends  ! — You  are  nnw  my 
enemy,  and  I  am.  Yours, 

It.  FRANKLIN. 

In  October,  177;),  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed 
by  Congicss,  jointly  with  .Mr.  Hairison  and  Ml. 
Lynch,  a  cnmniitlee  10  visit  llie  American  ramp 
at  Cambridge,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  cnm- 
mandiir  in  chief,  ((ieneral  Washington,)  lo  endea- 
vnur  lo  convince  the  troops,  whose  term  of  enlist- 
ment was  about  to  expire,  of  the  necessity  of  theii 
continuing  in  the  field,  and  persevering  in  the 
cause  of  their  coiinlry. 

He  was  afterwards  sent  on  a  mission  tn  Canada, 
to  endeavour  to  unite  that  country  tu  the  common 
cause  of  liberty.  But  the  Canadians  could  not  be 
prevailed  upon  to  oppose  the  measures  of  the  Bri- 
tish gnvernmcnt. 

It  wasdirected  that  a  printing  apparatus,  and 
hands  competent  tn  prim  in  French  and  Knglish, 
should  accompany  this  mission.  Two  papers  were 
written  and  circulated  very  extensively  thrnngh 
l^anada  ;  but  it  was  not  until  after  the  experiment 
had  been  tried,  that  it  was  found  not  more  than  one 
person  in  five  hundred  could  read.  Dr.  Franklin 
was  accuslomed  to  make  the  best  of  every  occur- 
ence, and  suggested,  that  if  it  were  intended  to 
send  annllier  mission,  it  should  be  3  missinn  com- 
posed of  gchoolmaslers. 

He  was,  in  177(!,  appointed  a  committee,  wilh 
.lolin  Adams  and  Kilward  llntledge,  tn  inquire 
into  the  powers  wilh  which  lord  Howe  was  invest- 
ed in  regard  to  the  ailjuslmcnt  of  our  dill'erences 
wilh  (ileal  Biitain.  When  his  Innlship  expressed 
his  concern  at  being  obliged  lo  distress  those  whom 
he  sointich  regarded,  ])r.  Fianklin  assured  him, 
that  Ihe  Americans,  out  of  reciprocal  regard, 
would  endeavour  to  lessen,  as  much  as  possible, 
the  pain  which  he  might  feel  nn  their  account,  by 
taking  the  utmost  care  of  themselves.  In  llie  dis- 
cussion of  the  great  question  of  independence,  he 
was  decidedly  in  favour  of  Ihe  measure. 

In  July,  177G,  he  was  called  to  add  to  his  fede- 
ral duties,  those  of  president  of  a  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  giving  a  new 
constitution  lo  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,.  The 
unbounded  confidence  reposed  in  his  sagacity  and 
wisdom,  induced  the  convention  to  adopt  his  fa- 
vourite theory  of  aptnral  executive  and  single  le- 
gislature, which  the  expeiience  of  modern  times 
has  justly  brought  into  disrepute.  It  may  be  said  ' 
to  be  the  only  instance  in  which  he  cherished  a  spe-j 
culatioo  that  experiment  would  not  conlirin.  [ 


Franklin  early  conjectured  that  it  would  hcenmo 
necessary  fiir  .\iiierira  to  iipply  to  some  foreign 
power  lor  assslslance.  To  prepare  the  w.iy  lor 
tins  slep,  and  asrerlain  the  pioliabilily  of  lis  suc- 
cess, he  had,  lowaiils  the  dose  iil  li'i.'i,  iqiiiied, 
iiiiili'l  the  saiirlioii  nf  I  'ongress,  a  iiirrespniMlein  u 
Willi  Hull. mil,  which  lie  maii.iged  Willi  adiniialila 
jiiilgilKiil,  as  may  be  perceived  by  Ins  lellei  lo  .Mr. 
Dumas,  of  Amsierilam  of  Deiember,  17i(i,  eon- 
lained  in  the  lilili  voliiine  of  llie  Amerieaii  riliiion 
of  his  works.  When  at  the  end  of  I77(i,  our  af- 
laiisliad  assnmeil  so  threatening  an  aspect,  lliR 
liiipesiirCoiigicssHere  nalur.illy  turned  lo  Kiirope, 
and  III  France  pariicniaily,  the  iiiveleraleainl  iiiosl 
powcrliil  rival  of  Kiigland.  Kveiy  eye  resieil  nn 
Fraiikhn  as  a  proviileiilial  insiriimeiii  for  siisialn- 
iiig  the  .Vmeneaii  cause  abroad  ;  and  lliuiiijli  ho 
liiiil  repeatedly  similfied  from  l,iiniU>ii,  Ins  deter- 
iiiiiialion  lo  revisii  Kiiiope  no  iiiiire,  yet.  having 
consi'iraled  liiinself anew  In  the  pnrsnii  of  nation- 
al inilepeiidi'iii!e,  he  accepted  wiiliout  hesilation, 
ill  his  seventy-first  ye.ir,  the  appoiniiiienl  of  com- 
inissiiiner  plenipnleiitiary  lo  the  co.irt  of  France. 

He  wished,  partly  with  a  view  to  protect  his 
pei'son,  in  case  of  capture  on  the  voyage  acrnsi 
the  Allaiitic,  to  carry  wilh  him  propositions  for 
peace  wilh  Ktigland,  anil  siibmilleil  lo  the  secret 
coimnillee  of  Congress,  a  series  of  aiticles,  which 
his  grandson  has  published.  We  are  especially 
struck  with  that  one  of  them  which  asks  the  ces- 
sion to  the  I'liiteil  Stales,  of  Canada,  Nova  .Sco- 
tia, the  Fluridas,  iVc.  ;  and  the  explanalion  an- 
nexed lo  ihe  article  by  this  long  sig>iieil  staiesinan, 
is  nut  a  little  remarkable.     ■■  It  isnnrlh  our  while 

tn  iifl'er  such  a  siiin for  the  roiinlries   lo  be 

ceded,  since  the  vacant  lands  will  in  time  sell  for 
a  great  part  of  what  we  shall  give,  if  not  more  ; 
and  if  we  are  lo  obtain  them  by  conquest,  afiei 
perhaps  a  long  war,  they  will  probably  cost  us 
more  than  that  sum.  h  is  alisoliilely  necess.iry 
lor  us  to  have  them  for  our  own  securily  ;  and 
ihongli  the  sum  may  seem  large  lo  the  present 
generatinn,  in  less  than  half  the  term  of  years  al- 
lowed for  their  paymeni,  it  will  be  lo  Ihe  whole 
United  .Stales  a  mere  trifle."  Who  does  not,  on 
reading  this  passage,  recollect  with  gratitude,  and 
feel  disposed  to  honour  as  a  master-stroke,  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana,  acciimplisheil  by  Franklin's 
successor  in  the  missiuii  tn  France? 

Ill  the  iiinnth  uf  October.  177U,  our  philosopher 
set  sail  on  this  eventful  mission,  having  first  de- 
posited in  Ihe  hands  of  Congress,  all  ihemnney  lie 
could  raise,  between  lliree  and  four  thousand 
pounds,  as  a  demnnstralion  of  his  confidence  ia 
their  cause,  and  an  incenlive  for  those  who  inigt' 
be  able  lo  assist  it  in  the  same  way.  His  passacu 
to  France  was  short,  but  exiiemely  boisitroiis 
During  some  part  nf  the  mnnlli  of  December,  he 
remained  at  the  ennnlry  seat  of  an  npnlenl  frieni< 
of  America,  in  Ihe  neigliboiirlinnd  of  NanI/,,  in  nr- 
dertn  lecoverfrom  the  fatigues  of  the  voyage,  and 
lo  ascert;iiii  the  posture  of  American  allairs  at 
Paris,  before  he  approaelied  that  capital.  Wilh 
his  usual  sound  diserelion  lie  fureboie  to  assume, 
at  the  moinent,  any  public  character,  thai  he  iiiiuht 
not  einliariass  the  court  which  it  was  his  province 
to  conciliate,  nor  subject  the  mission  to  the  hazard 
of  a  disgraceful  repulse. 

From  the  civilities  with  which  he  was  lo  aded  by 
the  gentry  of  Naniz.  and  thesurrnnnding  country, 
and  the  lively  satisfaction  wilh  which  they  appear- 
ed lo  view  his  supposed  errand,  he  drew  auguries 
that  animated  him  in  the  discharge  nf  his  first  du- 
ties at  Paris.  The  reception  given  to  him  and  his 
colleagues,  by  M.  de  Vergennes,  the  ininislei  for 
foreign  affairs,  at  the  private  audience  10  which 
they  were  admitted,  towards  the  end  of  December, 
was  of  a  nature  to  strengthen  his  patriotic  hopes, 
and  eminently  to  gratify  his  personal  feelings. 
The  particular  policy  of  the  French  cabinet  did 
not  admit,  at  this  period,  of  a  formal  recognition 
of  the  American  commissioners.  Franklin  ab- 
stained from  pressing  a  measure  for  which  circum- 
stances were  not  ripe,  but  urged,  without  delay,  in 
an  argumentative  memorial,  tlirnrayei  nf  CoigreM 
fur  substantial  fui'cours. 


IMCi'fir' 


msmm 


^>-^^'^«■^J■-^I^'M^■tVl^''■^'j'*^^fi^^^f'^^ 


UNITED    .STATK 


m 


lal  it  wiiiild  hi'Riiino 
y  lit  Miimi!  Ii)t('n(ii 
I'IPiirc  lllr  wiy  lor 
>>iiiliilii)'  ol  ii»  sue- 
B  III'  l'«7.'>,  l)|ii|iril, 
1  a  ('iirri's|iiii>ilHiii  11 
It'll  with  :iiliiiiMtlil0 
liy  hii  Ifiii'i  III  .Mr. 
ifliilicr,  I7((i,  run. 
p  AiiiHriiMii  I'lliiiiin 
il  ul'  I'i'iM,  iiiir  iil- 
11(5  an  iiH|H.i-i,  iho 
ytiiriii'ilti)  Kiiriiiii', 
iiivfli'ratt'iiiiiliiiiiHt 
.■fry  i-yc  ri-sti'il   im 

linil'llt     till    :IIISMi||. 

I  ;  anil  tlionuli  ho 
l.tiiiili'ii,  ln.H  ili'ii-r- 

innii',  jft,  liiivlni; 
r  iHiisiiii  III  iiaiiiin- 
viiliiiiit  lifslintiuii, 
IMiJniniciil  III'  cuiii- 
III. irt  ol  Kraiitc. 
fw  to  priileiM  hia 
llie  H)ya«e   acriiu 

II  |irii|iiisiliiiii!t  I'nr 
illeil  1(1  ilie  Dpcret 
I  nriiitlcleH,  wliiih 
\Vi(  ai«  t'.ipccially 
iliii'li  asks  llic  ci'S- 
iiiiaila,  Niiva  ,Sco- 
It'  •■X|ilaiialii>ii  an- 
!<iu'ili'il  siaicMinan, 
iitKiirlli  iiiir  ivlnje 

i«  riinnli'ies  In  lie 
nil  In  tliiii'  si'll  liir 
ivp,  iC  nut  nidiv  ; 
ly   ri)ni]iifsi,    iillcr 

prolialily  cosi  us 
isolnli'ly  necessary 
iwn  seinrlly  ;  anil 
ije  to  the  presenl 
tprni  of  years  al- 
ii he  to  liie  whole 
Who  lines  not,  nil 

llh  ^ratitiiile,  and 
•r-slroke,  the  pnr- 
ipil   by  Friinkliu'g 

MP.' 

'J,  ourplillosopher 
liavinv  first  de- 
all  iheniiiMpy  he 
il  I'niir  lliniismd 
his  confidence  ia 
those  who  initjl' 
ay.  His  passaiTU 
■inely  holsttrons 
of  J)ecenilier.  he 
n  opulent   frieni^ 

III  of  Nam-/.,  in  or- 
f  the  voyage,  and 
iierican  allairs  ni 
I  capital.  With 
ehoie  to  assnine, 
ler,  that  lie  inii;lit 

was  Ills  province 
lion  to  the  hazard 

he  was  lo  ailed  hy 
mindiiif;  country, 
lich  lliey  appear- 
le  drew  auguries 
?e  of  his  first  dii- 
en  to  him  and  his 

the  ininislei  liir 
dience  to  which 
nd  of  Deeeinlier, 

patriotic  hopes, 
ersnnal  feelings, 
nch  cabinet  did 
ma!  recognition 
I.  Franklin  ab- 
>r  which  circnin- 
without  delay,  in 
avei  of  Co'iKres* 


Ilisinry  prmcnts  no  other  case  In  which  Ihe 
Inteirsls  III  a  people  ahrond  derived  so  iniii  II  es- 
•eiilial,  ilirerl  aiil  Iriini  the  aiispires  of  an  iiidivi- 
iliiih  there  is  no  other  inslame  of  a  I'liiirnrrinie 
III  iinaHlii's  in  a  nalional  inissjiinaiy,  so  full  imil 
opporlline.  Koreii;n  assistance  had  lieriiine,  as  il 
w.is  thiMmhl,  iiidlspensalile  fur  the  rescue  of  the 
ciiliinles  :  h'ranci)  was  the  only  siilhrieiil  aimilary, 
mill  hv  her  interventiiiii,  and  the  inlliienies  of  her 
lapil.il,  alone,  could  any  coiinlenance  or  supplies 
III'  expeclpil  from  any  other  Kiiriipean  power. 
Ili'r  riiiirl,  llioneh  naturally  anxious  lor  llieihs 

ni Iierinent   of  the  Krilish  empire,  shrunk  friiiu 

the  risks  of  a  war;  and  could  be  pieveiiled  from 
sMan.iliiiu'  in  irresohilion  only  by  a  kIioiih  current 
of  public  opinion:  Her  people,  already  touched 
bv  Ihe  causes  and  motives  of  the  colonial  slrui!)(le, 
ri'ipiireil,  however,  some  slrikinK,  imuiediale  cir- 
cninsiaiice,  lo  be  evciied  to  a  clamorous  syiiipalhy. 
Il  was  from  I'aiis,  ihiil  the  impulse  necessary  lo 
(lister  and  friiclify  this  usefnlpnlhiisiasm  was  lobe 
ii'ci'ivcil,  as  well  by  the  whole  Kiiiopeaii  ciiiilineiit, 
as  by  the  mass  of  llie  Kreiicli  naliiin.  At  tin 
lime' when  Kranklin  appeared  in  I'aris,  the  men 
nfli-llers  and  of  science  possessed  a  reiiiarkalile 
ascenilancy  over  all  lUoveiurMit  uiid  jiidumei 
llii'V  cave  the  lone  lo  );eiieial  opinion,  and  c 
Irilinled  lo  di'cide  minisleri.d  policy,  (''asliion,  ,iiii, 
had  no  inconsiderable  sliaie  ill  liiouldinu  public 
Bcntiuient,  and  rcjinlaliii!;  events;  and  al  ilii« 
ppoch,  beyond  any  oilier,  it  was  delemiined,  and 
lialile  to  be  kindled  into  passion,  by  aiiamalous,  or 
fanciful  exlernal  appearances,  liowever  trivial  in 
themselves,  and  moral  assiiciations  of  an  t'levated 
or  roinaiilic  cast. 

Observinp  the  prediliciion  of  the  people  of 
l''rance  for  ihe  American  cause,  the  rapid  dilfusion 
•fa  lively  sy  !ii|,'atliy  over  the  whole  coiitincnl,  tin 
devotion  of  tlr'  lileraiy  and  fashiiiii.ilile  circles  of 
Paris  to  his  objects,  ihe  dilitienl  preparations  for 
war  made  daily  in  France,  ami  the  frozen  mcin  of 
all  the  conlincntal  powers  inwards  (Ireat  Krilain, 
Frnnlilin  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  iliscouraned 
by  ihc  leserve  of  Ihe  conn  of' Versailles  ;  and,  in 
order  lo  counteract  its  natural  ell'ecl,  and  that  of 
other  adverse  appearances  upon  the  resiilulion  of 
his  countryinen.  he  emphatically  detailed  those 
circumstances  in  his  corresponilence  with  Ame- 
rica; adding,  al  the  same  lime,  accounts  of  the 
domestic  einbarrassmenis,  and  growinj»  despair  of 
the  enemy. 

When  the  news  of  the  surrender  nf  nurgoync 
reached  Fiance  in  October,  1777,  and  pniiliiced 
there  an  explosion  of  public  opinion,  he  seized 
upon  the  auspicious  crisis,  lo  make  his  decisive 
elliirt,  by  urging  tlie  most  peisuasive  motives  for 
a  formal  recognition  and  alliance.  The  epoch  of 
the  treaty  concluded  with  the  court  of  \'ersailles, 
onllieGlhof  February,  1778.  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  in  his  dazzling  career. 

In  conjunction  with  Mr.  John  Adams,  Mr.  .lay 
and  Mr.  Laurens,  he  signed  Ihe  provisional  arti- 
cles of  peace.  Nov.  ."JO,  17S3,  and  the  definitive 
treaty,  Septembpr  30,  17S3.  While  he  was  in 
Fiance,  he  was  Hppoinled  one  of  the  comniissiim- 
ers  lo  examine  Mcsmer's  animal   magiielism.     In 

1784,  being  desirous  of  returning  lo  his  native 
fouiiiry,  he  rc<|ucsled  that  an  ambassador  iiiighi 
be  appointed  in  his  place,  and  on  the  arrival  of  his 
(iuccessor,  Mr.  .IcIVerson,  he  immediately  sailed 
liir  Philadelphia,  where  iie  arrived  in  September, 

1785.  He  was  received  with  universal  applause, 
And  was  siion  appointed  president  of  the  supreme 
executive  council.  In  1787,  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  grand  convention,  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  In  tliis  convention  he 
had  diD'cred  in  some  points  from  the  majority,  hut 
when  the  articles  were  ultimately  decreed,  he  said 
lo  his  colleagues,  "  We  ought  to  have  but  one 
opinion  ;  the  good  ofourcoiintry  requires  (hat  the 
resolution  should  be  unanimous  ;"  and  he  signeil. 

On  the  17th  of  April,  1790  in  the  eighty-fourth 
year  of  his  age,  he  expired,  i  i  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia ;  encounlering  this  last  solemn  conflict, 
with  the  same  philosophical  tranquility  and  pious 
resignutiou  to  ibe  wUl  uf  heaven,  which  had  dLi- 


tlngiiished  him  through  all  (he  various  events  of 
his  life. 

He  was  inlerred  on  the  '2\»i  uf  April,  and  ('on- 
gress  oiilereil  a  gencr.il  miiuriiliig  fiir  him 
thiiiugliiMit  America,  of  line  moiilli.  In  France, 
Ihe  expiession  of  public  grief  was  siaiicly  less 
enthusiastic.  There  the  event  was  siileuinizcil, 
under  the  directiiin  of  the  muiiicipalily  of  Pans, 
by  funeral  orations,  and  the  national  assemldy, 
his  death  beinu  announced  in  a  very  eliii|ueiit,  ami 
pathetic  discourse,  decreed,  that  each  of  the  iiieiu- 
iiers  should  wear  miinrniiig  liii  three  diiys,  "in 
comiiiemiiration  of  the  event  ;"  and  that  a  lelici 
of  condolence,  for  the  irreparable  loss  they  had 
snslained,  should  be  diiei'led  lo  the  Ameiican  con- 
gress. Honours  exlreinely  gliiriinis  to  hismeniiiry, 
mil  such,  it  liiis  been  ninaikeil,  as  were  never  be- 
lore  paid  by  any  public  body  of  one  nation,  to  the 
citizer  of  aiiollii'r. 

He  lies  buiii'd  in  the  north-west  corner  nf 
Christ  chiiri  II  yard  ;  dislinguisheil  lioiii  the  snr- 
riiiinilini:  dead,  by  the  liumilily  of  his  sepubhre. 
He  is  covered  by  a  siniill  mailile  sl.ili,  on  a  level 
with  the  surface  of  lb.  earth  ;  and  bearing  I  le 
single  insciipiiiiu  of  his  name,  with  that  of  his 
Hili'.  A  iiiiinumenl  sul1icieiill\  i  oirespnnding  In 
llie  plainness  of  his  mainiei's,  little  suitable  to  the 
splenilimr  iil  his  virliies. 

He  hail  ,  ■<  '  liiliheii.  a  son  and  a  daughter,  and 
several  granii  i  I  jlilren,  who  survived  him.  The 
son,  who  hail  U<  n  governnr  of  New  .lersey,  nri 
iler  the  llri'isli  governineiil.  adlieicd,  during  the 
levolntiiin.  In  the  rny.il  parly,  ami  spent  the  rc- 
inaiii''r  »f  his  lil"  in  Kngi'  '.  The  daughter 
iiiai  ,  Mr.  IJaclie,  of  Pi.  .iilelphia,  whose  dc- 
scenilanis  yet  re  iile  ii.  'ii.it  city. 

Fiaiiklin  eiij       'il.  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
life,  a  hiallliy  i  .:' .lilution.  and  excelled   in  exer- 
cises ot  -.ii'n;;!'!  and  ai  liviiy.   In  stature,  he  was 
above  ihe   initl.lle   size,  manly,  allilelic,  and    we 
proportioned.     His   countenance,  as    it    is   repn 
senli'd  in  liispo  '..it,  is  dislinguislied  by  an  air  of 
serenity  and  sjlisfaclion  ;  the  iiatnr.d   coiise(|ueii' 
CCS  of  a  vigoious    teuipeianu'ii:    "f  slrenglh  of 
niiiiil,  and  consciiius  integrity  :   It  is  al>i>  ni.iiked 
in  Msible  characters,  by  dccji  thought  and  iiiflexi 
ble  resolntion. 

The  nliole  life  of  Franklin,  his  mcdilaliins  and 
his  labours,  h;ive  all  been  diiccteii  to  public  utili- 
ty ;  but  the  gland  object  that  he  had  always  in 
view,  did  not  shut  his  In  ai'  against  private  fiiend- 
ship  ;  he  loved  his  family,  and  his  friends,  and  was 
exlreinely  beneficent.  In  society  he  was  scnten- 
lions,  but  nut  fluent  ;  a  listener  rather  than  a  talk- 
er ;  an  infurmiiig  rather  than  a  pleasing  companion  : 
impatient  of  inierrnptiun,  he  olien  uicnlioncd  the 
custom  of  the  Indians,  who  always  reuiain  silent 
some  lime  before  they  give  an  answer  lo  a  qiics- 
lion,  vv'liich  they  lr,i\e  heard  allenlively  ;  unlike 
some  of  the  politest  siiciclies  in  Kuiiipe,  where  a 
sentence  can  scarcely  be  finished  without  inter- 
rii|iliiin.  In  the  midst  nf  his  greatest  occupations 
for  the  liberty  of  his  conn'iy,  he  had  some  physi- 
cal experiments  always  near  him  in  his  closet  ; 
and  the  sciences,  which  lie  rather  discovered  than 
sludieil,air>nileJ  him  aconlinual  source  of  pleasure. 
He  made  various  bequests  and  donations  to  cities, 
public  iHiiliis,  and  individuals. 

The  following  epitaph  was  wiilteu  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, fur  himself,  when  he  was  only  .wenly-thrce 
years  of  age,  as  appears  by  the  original  (with  va- 
rious corrections)  found  among  his  papers,  an: 
from  which  this  is  a  faithful  copy. 
"  The  body  of 
UKN.IAMIN  FRANKLIN, 

FKlNTF.n, 

(Like  the  cover  of  au  old  book. 

Its  contents  totn  out. 

And  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding,) 

Lies  here,  food  for  worms  : 

Hut  the  work  shall  not  be  lost. 

For  it  will  (as  he  believed)  appear  once  more. 

In  a  new,  and  more  elegant  edition, 

Kcvisod  and  corrected 

THE  AUTHOR." 


Doctor  Franklin,  .Silas  Deane,  and  Arthur  Len, 
having  rendezvnnspd  al  Paris,  nn  (he  2Hih  opened 
their  biisinesi  in  a  private  audienco  with  count ile 
N'l'igeiiiies.  The  I'liiigress  could  not  have  aiiplled 
lo  the  couit  of  Fr.ince  under  mine  favourable cir- 
inmsliinces.  'I'he  llirone  was  filled  by  a  prince  in 
the  (lower  of  his  age,  and  animaleil  with  ll.e  de- 
sire 111  reiiilering  Ins  leign  illustrious,  ('iiiinl  ih) 
\  ergennes  was  not  less  remarkable  liir  extensive 
political  knowledge,  than  for  true  grealiiess  of 
ninil.  He  had  grown  old  in  (he  lialius  of  govern- 
ment, and  was  convinced  thai  conipiesis  aie  neither 
ihe  surest  nor  the  shortest  way  lo  snbsianlial  (aiue. 
He  knew  full  well  that  no  success  in  war,  how- 
ever brilliant,  ciiuld  so  ell'eclually  proniote  the  se- 
curity of  France,  as  the  emancipation  of  the  colo- 
nii's  of  her  ancient  rival.  He  had  the  superior 
Hisdom  lo  discern,  that  there  were  no  preseni  ad- 
vantages  to  lie  oblaincd  by  unequal  lerins,  thai 
Hiiuld  rompensale  fiir  those  bisii'ig  benefits  which 
were  likely  to  (low  (Voma  kind  .mil  generous  be- 
ginning. Insiead  of  giasping  al  liio  much,  or  ta- 
king any  advantages  of  llie  hnuiblesiiiiaiiiin  of  the 
invaded  colonies,  he  aimed  al  nolliing  iniue  than, 
by  kind  and  generous  (eimsto  a  disiressed  coun- 
try, to  perpeluaie  the  separation  which  had  already 
taken  place  between  ihe  couiponent  parts  of  au 
empire,  iVonithc  union  of  which  his  sovereign  had 
iliucll  111  fear. 

Truly  ditlicnll  w  as  the  line  of  (  nnilucl,  » liii  li  the 
real  inleresi  of  the  iialion  ri'qiiiied  iil  the  minislers  of 
ills  .Most  Cliristian  M.ijesty.  A  hanghiy  reserve 
Hiinlil  have  iliscoiirageii  the  .\iiiericans.  An  I'peu 
11 1 1'pl  inn, or  even  a  legal  countenance  of  iheir  ill  pu- 
lies  iniglit  11  ive  alarini'il  t!ie  rulers  of  (ircal  llrit- 
ain,  and  disposed  theiii  lo  a  eompromlse  Willi  llieit 
colonies,  or  have  brought  on  an  immediate  rupture 
bi  Iwecn  France  and  Kiigland.  A  miilille  line,  as 
piefi'rable  In  either,  was  thereliire  pursued.  Whilst 
the  French  j^iivernment  (1777)  prnhiliiled,  llireal- 
eneil,  and  ev'ii  pnnishcd  ilii-  Americans  ;  pri- 
vate persons  i  ncoiiragcd,  supplied,  and  siipporled 
lliem.  Pruil  nee,  as  well  as  pnlicy  rei|niied,  ihai 
Fiance  shoul  I  not  be  over  hasty,  in  openly  espous- 
ing their  cause.  She  was  by  no  means  fit  bir  wai. 
From  ihe  stale  of  her  navy,  and  the  condilinii  of 
lier  foieign  trade,  slip  was  vulnerable  on  i  ■.  eiy  side, 
'Her  trading  people  dreaded  the  ihoiigliis  of  a  tvar 
with  (ireat  Britain,  as  they  would  thereby  be  ex- 
posed to  great  losse.s.  These  considerations  were 
I  strengthened  from  another  quarter.  The  peace  uf 
Kiiropc  wtts  supposed  to  be  unstable,  from  a  pre- 
vailing belief,  tiiat  the  speedy  death  nf  llie  clecliir 
of  liavaria  was  an  event  exlreinely  probable,  lint 
ihe  principal  reason  which  induced  a  delay,  was  au 
opinion  that  the  dispute  betw<  .'n  Ihe  mullicr  coun- 
try and  the  colonies  would  be  couipruniiseil.  Wilh- 
in  Ihe  thirteen  years  imniediately  preiediiig,  iwicc 
had  the  coiiteste.l  claims  .jf  the  two  counliies 
bronght  matters  lothe  verge  uf  exiremily.  Twice 
had  the  guardian  geniu:  of  both  inlerpiised,  and  re- 
united them  in  the  bunds  of  love  and  allection.  It 
was  feared  iiy  the  sagacious  luinislry  nf  France, 
that  the  present  rupture  wiinlil  termiiialu  in  the 
same  inanuer.  These  wise  observers  of  human 
nature  apprcliuuded,  that  their  loo  early  inter- 
ference would  favour  a  reconciliation,  and  that  the 
reconciled  panics  would  direct  their  united  force 
again.st  the  French,  as  the  distiirliprs  uf  ihir  do- 
mestic tianqnility.  It  had  nut  yet  entered  inio  the 
heartsof  the  French  nation,  that  il  was  possible 
orlhelSritish  .\meiicancolonists,  to  join  with  their 
ancient  enemies  against  their  late  friends. 

At  this  period.  Congress  did  nut  so  much  expect 
any  direct  aid  lioin  France,  as  the  indirect  relict 
of  a  war  between  that  country  and  Great  Hritain. 
To  subserve  this  design,  they  resolved  that  "tlieii 
cumiuissioners  at  the  court  of  France  should  be 
furnished  with  warrants  and  commissions,  and  au- 
thorised to  arm  and  fit  for  war  in  the  French  |)or(8. 
any  number  of  vessels,  tot  exceeding  six,  al  the 
expense  of  the  United  Stales,  to  war  upon  Hritish 
property  ;  provided  they  were  satisfied  this  mea- 
sure would  not  be  disagreeabb'  to  Ihe  court  of 
France."  This  resolution  was  carried  into  ellecl  i 
aud  in  the  year  1777,  marine  ufTicurs,  witli  AintrU 


h 


; 


m 


i  i 


488 


cun  coininissiunii,  both  sailed  out  of  Kreiich  ports, 
ami  currivil  prizes  of  Urilisli  property  into  tlieiii. 
V'hey  euiild  not  prucjre  tlicir  condeiiiimlioii  in  the 
courts  (ill-'runce,  nor  sell  tlieiii  pnblirly  ;  biittliey 
neverlliele^s  lotind  ways  and  means  to  turn  llieni 
into  money.  The  communders  of  these  vessels 
were  soiiieliuics  punished  by  iiutliority,  to  please 
the  Hn^lish  ;  liut  they  were  oftener  caressed  Iroui 
iinolher  (|uarter,  to  please  the  Americans. 

While  private  agents  on  the  pan  of  the  United 
Stales  were  endeavouiiii^  to  onibroil  the  two  na- 
tions, ilie  .\merican  coimnissioners  weie  urging 
the  iiiinlsiers  of  his  most  Clirislian  Majesty  to  ac- 
cept the  treaty  proposed  by  Congress.  They  re- 
ceive.! assurances  of  the  good  wishes  of  the  court 
ol  France  ;  hut  were  from  time  to  time  informed, 
that  the  important  transactions  required  farther 
con.xideralion,  and  were  enjoined  io  observe  the 
most  profound  secrecy.  Matters  remained  in  this 
Unci  lulling  state  from  December  1776,  till  Decem- 
ber 1777.  Private  encowragenienl  and  public  dis- 
coiiiiienaiice  neie  allerniited  ;  but  both  varied  ac- 
coiding  to  the  complexion  of  news  from  America. 
The  del'eat  on  fiong  Island,  the  reduction  of  New 
Vork,  and  the  train  of  disastrous  events  in  1776. 
which  have  already  been  mentioned,  sunk  the  cre- 
dit of  the  Ameiicans  very  low,  and  abated  much 
of  the  naticuial  ardour  for  their  support.  Their 
subseipieiit.iiiccesses  at  Trenton  and  Princeton  ef- 
faieil  these  impressions,  and  rekindled  active  /.ea) 
ill  their  behalf.  The  capture  of  Uurgoyne  lixei. 
these  wavering  politics.  The  success  of  the 
.Viiiericaiis,  in  the  campaign  of  1777,  placeil  them 
on  iiigh  ground.  Tiieir  enmity  had  proved  itself 
formidable  to  Britain,  and  their  friendship  became 
desiralde  to  France.  Having  helped  themselves, 
lliey  found  it  less  difficult  to  obtain  help  from  oth- 
ers. The  same  interest,  which  hitherto  had  di- 
rected the  couit  of  France  to  a  temporising  policy, 
now  required  decisive  conduct.  Previous  delay  had 
favoured  the  disinemberiuent  of  the  empire  :  but 
farther  procrastination  bid  fair  to  promote  at  least 
such  a  federal  alliance  of  the  disjointed  parts  of  the 
British  empire,  as  would  be  no  less  hoslilu  to  the 
interests  of  France,  than  a  re-union  of  its  several 
parts.  The  news  nf  the  capitulation  of  .Saratoga 
reached  France  veiy  eaily  in  December,  1777. 
The  .American  deputies  took  that  opportunity  to 
press  for  an  acceptance  of  the  treaty,  which  had 
been  under  consideration  for  the  preceding  twelve 
months.  The  capture  of  Uurgoyne's  army  con- 
vinced the  French,  that  tlie  opposition  of  the  .■\me- 
ricaiis  to  Oreat  Jitilain  was  not  tlie  work  <d'  a  few 
men  who  had  gotten  power  in  tlieir  hands,  but  of 
the  seat  body  of  the  people  ;  and  was  likely  to 
be  finally  successful.  It  was  therefore  deterniiiied 
to  take  them  by  the  hand,  and  publicly  to  espouse 
their  cause. 

The  commissionersof  Congress  on  the  IGih  De- 
cember, 1777,  were  informed  by  Mr.  IJerard,  one 
of  the  secretaries  of  the  king's  C4iuncil  of  state 
'•that  it  was  decided  to  acknowledge  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  .States,  and  to  make  a  treaiy 
with  them  ;  that  in  the  treaty  no  advantage  would 
be  taken  of  their  situation,  to  obtain  terms  which 
otherwise,  it  would  not  be  convenient  for  them  to 
agree  to;  that  his  Most  Christian  Majesty  desired 
the  treaty  once  made  should  be  durable,  and  their 
amity  to  subsist  forever,  which  could  not  be  ex 
pected,  if  each  nation  did  not  find  an  interest  in  its 
continuance,  as  well  as  in  its  couiDiencemenl.  It 
was  therefore  intended,  that  the  terms  of  the  treaiy 
■hould  be  such  as  the  new  formed  states  would  be 
willing  to  agree  to,  if  they  had  been  long  since 
established,  and  in  the  fullness  of  strength  and 
power,  and  such  as  they  should  approve  when  that 
time  should  come ;  that  his  most  christian  majes- 
ty was  fixed  ill  his  determination  not  only  to  ac- 
knowledge, but  to  support  their  independence  ; 
that  in  doing  this  he  might  probably  soon  be  en- 
gaged in  a  war  ;  yet  he  should  not  expect  any 
compensation  frmn  the  United  .Stales  on  that  ac- 
count. i\or  was  it  pretended  that  he  acted  wholly 
lor  their  sakes,  since  besides  his  real  good  will  to 
th"iii,  it  was  inanifesily  the  interest  of  France, 
(hut  the  power  of  England  should  be  diminished, 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


by  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  its  govern- 
ment. The  only  condiiion  he  should  require,  and 
rely  on,  would  be,  that  the  United  States,  in  no 
peace  to  be  made,  should  give  up  their  indepen- 
dence and  return  to  the  obedience  of  the  Hrilish 
government."  At  any  time  previously  to  the  16th 
of  Deceiuber,  1777,  when  \Ir.  Gerard  made  the 
foregoing  declaration,  it  was  in  the  power  of  the 
British  minislry  to  have  ended  the  American  war, 
and  to  have  established  an  alliance  with  the  United 
States,  that  would  have  been  of  great  service  to 
both  ;  but  froi.i  the  same  haughtiness  which  for 
some  time  had  piedominated  in  their  councils,  and 
blinded  them  to  their  interests,  they  neglected  to 
improve  the  favourable  opportunity. 

Conformably  to  the  preliminaries  proposed  by 
Mr.  (ierard,  his  most  cliristian  majesty  Louis  the 
16th,  on  the  6th  of  February,  177S,  entered  into 
Ireaiies  of  amity,  commerce,  and  alliance  with  the 
Uiiiicd  .States,  on  the  footing  of  tlie  most  perfect 
equality  and  reciprocity.  Uy  the  latter  of  these, 
that  illiisiriuus  monarch  became  the  guarantee  of 
their  sovereignty,  indepeiidence  and  commerce. 
On  a  review  of  the  conduct  of  the  French  minis- 
try, to  the  Americans,  the  liiinier  appear  to  have 
acied  uniformly  from  a  wise  regard  to  national  in- 
terest. Any  line  of  conduct,  ililleieiit  from  that 
which  they  adopted,  might  have  oveiset  the  niea- 
s'l'es  which  they  wished  to  establish.  Had  they 
tided  to  act  from  disiiiteieslcd  |)rinciplcs  of 
rosity  to  the  distressed,  the  known  selfishness 
o,  .  man  nature  would  have  contradicted  the  ex- 
travagant pretension,  liy  avowing  the  real  mo- 
tive of  their  conduct,  they  furnished  such  a  proof 
of  candour  as  begat  confidence. 

The  terms  of  reciprocity,  on  which  they  con- 
tracted \,  ith  the  United  States,  were  no  less  re- 
commended by  wise  policy  than  dictated  by  true 
magnanimity.  As  there  was  nothing  exclusive  in 
the  treaty,  an  opening  was  left  for  (iireat  Britain 
to  close  the  war  when  she  pleased,  with  til  the 
advantages  for  liilure  coininerce  that  France  had 
stipulated  for  herself.  This  judicious  measure 
made  the  establishment  of  American  independence 
the  common  cause  of  all  the  commercial  powers 
of  Europe  ;  forihe  question  then  was,  whether  the 
trade  of  the  Uniled  Slates  should,  by  the  subver- 
sion of  their  independeiice,  be  again  monopolised 
by  Creat  Britain,  or,  by  the  esiablishinent  of  it, 
laid  open  on  equal  terms  to  all  the  world. 

Ill  national  events,  the  public  attention  is  gene- 
rally fixed  on  the  movemenls  of  armies  and  llects. 
Mankind  never  fail  to  do  Innnage  to  the  able  Ke 
'leial.  and  expert  admiral.  To  iliis  they  are  jnsily 
entitled  :  but  as  gicat  a  triluile  isdue  tothestales- 
iiiaij,wlio,  from  a  more  elevated  station,  determines 
on  measures  in  which  the  general  safely  and  wel- 
fare of  empires  are  involved.  This  ulory,  in  a  par- 
ticular iiianner,  belongs  to  llie  count  ile  V'ergennes, 
who,  as  his  JIust  (,'hrislian  .Majesty's  minister  for 
foreign  alfairs,  conducted  the  confeiences  which 
terminated  in  these  treaties.  While  the  ministers 
of  his  Britannic  iMajesty  were  pleasing  llieinselves 
with  the  Haltering  idea  ol  permanent  peace  in 
Kurope,  they  were  not  less  surprised  than  provo- 
ked by  hearing  r.f  the  alii  nice,  which  had  taken 
plice  between  his  Most  Christian  Majesty  and  the 
United  Stales.  This  event,  though  often  foretold, 
was  disbelieved.  The  zeal  of  the  lirltish  ministry 
to  reduce  the  colonies,  blinded  them  to  danger 
from  every  other  quarter.  Forgetting  that  inter- 
est governs  public  bodies,  perhaps  more  than  pri- 
vate persons,  they  supposed  that  feebler  motives 
would  out-weigh  its  all-commanding  influence.  In- 
tent on  carrying  into  execution  the  object  of  their 
wishes,  they  fancied  that,  because  France  and 
Spain  had  colonies  of  theirown,  they  would  refrain 
from  aiding  or  abetting  the  revolted  British  cci  >- 
nies,  from  the  fear  of  establishing  a  precedent 
which  at  a  future  day  might  operate  .icainst  them- 
selves. Transported  withintlignalion  iigainst  their 
late  fellow  subjects,  they  were  so  infatuated  with 
the  American  war,  as  to  suppose  llial  trifling  evils, 
both  distant  and  uncertain  would  induce  the  court 
of  France  to  neglect  an  o|iportunily  of  securing 
great  and  immediate  advanUiges. 


How  far  this  interference  of  the  court  of  France 
can  be  justified  by  the  laws  of  nations,  it  is  not  the 
piovince  of  history  to  decide.  Measures  of  this 
kind  are  not  determined  by  abstract  leasonint;. 
The  present  feelings  of  a  iiaiion,  and  the  probable 
consequences  of  loss  or  gain,  influence  more  than 
the  decisions  of  8|)ecnlaiivc  men.  Suffice  it  to 
mention,  that  the  French  exculpated  ihcinselves 
from  the  heavy  charges  brought  against  iliem>  by 
his  summary  mode  of  reasoning  :  "  We  hive 
found,"  said  they,  "  the  late  colonies  of  (ireai  Hii- 
lain  111  actual  possession  of  independence,  and  in 
the  exercise  of  the  prerogatives  of  sovereignly.  It 
is  not  our  business  to  inquire,  whether  they  had.  or 
had  not,  suflicieiit  reason  to  withdraw  themselves 
from  the  government  of  Great  Britain,  and  to  erect 
an  independent  one  of  their  own.  We  are  to  con- 
duct towards  nations,  agreeably  to  the  political 
slate  in  which  we  find  them,  without  investigating 
how  they  acquired  it.  Ob.serviiig  them  to  be  inde 
pendent  in  fact,  we  were  bound  to  suppose  tliey 
were  so  of  right,  and  had  the  same  liberty  to  make 
trealies  with  them,  as  with  any  oilier  sovereign 
power,"  They  also  alleged,  that  Great  Britain 
could  not  complain  of  their  inleiference,  since  she 
had  set  iliem  the  example  only  a  few  years  before, 
ill  supporting  the  Corsicaiis  in  opposition  to  the 
court  of  Fiance.  They  had  besides  many  well- 
founded  complaints  against  the  British,  w  lio.se  arm- 
ed vessels  had  for  months  past  harassed  theii 
commerce,  on  the  idea  of  preventing  an  ilhcit  trade 
with  the  revolted  colonies. 

The  marquis  lie  la  Fayette,  whose  letters  lo 
Fiance  had  a  considerable  share  in  |)reparing  the 
nation  to  patronise  the  Uniled  States,  was  among 
the  first  in  the  American  aimy  who  leceived  the 
welcome  tidings  of  the  treaty.  In  a  liansport  of 
joy,  mingled  wiih  an  effusion  of  tears,  lie  embraced 
General  Washiiiglon,  exclaiming,  "  the  kii.g  my 
master  has  acknowledged  your  independence,  and 
entered  into  an  alliance  with  you  fur  its  establish- 
ment." The  heait-lelt  joy,  which  spiead  from 
bieast  to  breast,  exceeded  description.  The  seve- 
ral brigades  assembled  by  order  of  the  coinniaiider 
in  chief.  Their  chaplains  offered  up  public  thanks 
to  Almighty  God,  and  delivered  discoursessuilable 
to  the  occasion.  A  feu-de-joie  was  fireil,  and,  on  u 
proper  signal  being  given,  the  air  resounded  with 
iiuzzas.  "  Long  live  the  king  of  Frai"—."  poured 
Ibrthfrom  the  breast  of  every  private  ii  he  army. 
The  Americans,  having  In  their  own  strength  lor 
three  years  weathered  the  slorins  of  war,  fancied 
the  port  of  peace  to  be  in  full  view.  Keplele  with 
the  sanguine  hopes  of  vigorous  youth,  they  presu- 
med that  Britain,  whose  northern  army  had  been 
reduced  by  their  sole  exertions,  would  uol  continue 
the  unequal  contest  with  the  combined  force  of 
Fiance  and  America.  Overvaluing  theirown  im- 
porlance  and  undervaluing  the  resources  of  their 
adversaries,  they  were  tempted  to  indulge  a  i!ai'- 
geious  confidence.  That  tlicy  niiglil  noi  be  lulled 
into  carelessness.  Congress  made  an  ani>,ialed  ad- 
dress to  them,  in  which,  after  reviewing  the  lead- 
ing features  of  the  war,  they  informed  them  : 
"  They  must  yet  expect  a  severe  conflict  ;  that 
though  foreign  alliances  secured  their  Indepen- 
dence, they  could  not  secuve  their  country  from 
devastation.'' 

The  alliance  between  France  and  .Vinerica  hail 
not  been  cuncludeil  three  days,  befiire  it  was  known 
lo  the  British  ministry;  and  in  Icsi*  than  five 
weeks  more,  March  13th,  it  was  ofVicially  commu- 
nicated lo  the  court  ol  London,  in  a  rescript,  de- 
livered by  the  French  ambassador,  to  lord  Wey- 
mouth. In  this  new  situation  of  atVairs,  there 
were  some  in  Great  Britain  who  advocated  the 
measure  of  peace  with  America,  on  the  fooling  of 
independence  ;  but  the  point  of  lionour,  which  had 
before  precipitated  the  nation  into  ilie  war,  pie- 
doininated  over  the  voice  of  prudence  and  interegt 
The  king  and  parliament  of  Great  Britain  resolvec' 
lo  punishthe  French  nation  for  treating  with  their 
subjects,  which  Ih  y  termed  "an  uiqirovoked  ag- 
gression on  the  honour  iil  the  crown,  aiid  essen- 
tial inteiesls  of  the  kingdom."  And  at  the  same 
time,  a  vain  hope  was  indulged,  that  the  alliauce 


UNITED    STATES. 


480 


uit  o(  France 
9,  itii!  iiui  ific 
stiles  i)(   iliis 
ct  leiisDiiint^. 
I  the  pioliiiliie 
CH  mute  tliiiii 
Sutiice  il    lo 
(I   llieinst'lvcs 
iiisl  llieiiK  by 
"  We    li;ive 
sol'Gieiit  Hii- 
lence,  unil   in 
veieigiily.    It 
I'  they  hud,  or 
w  themselves 
II,  jiid  lo  erect 
We  lire  to  con- 
o  the  |iulitic:il 
t  iiivestiifiiling 
in  to  be  inde 
suppose    tliey 
ibeiiy  lo  niiike 
ler    sovereitiii 
Uieiit   Itrilnui 
euee,  since  slie 
■w  jeiirs  before, 
lusilion    to  iliu 
es    many  Hell- 
ish, whoseaini- 
liiiiassed  iheii 
g  an  illicit  Hade 

hose  letters  lu 
n  prepuriiij;  the 
lies,  n.is  among 
ho   leceiveil  the 

I  a  tianspon  ol 
1!^,  he  einUiaced 

'■  the  kii.g  my 
Jepciidcncv.  and 
or  its  eslablish- 
cli  spiead  I'roiii 
ition.  The  seve- 
I'the  commander 
up  public  lliankg 
iscoui'sessuilabic 
us  fired,  and,  on  a 
'  resounded  with 

I'"ri "."  poured 

tale  il  lie  army, 
own  strength  lor 
i  of  war,  fancied 
-'w.  lieplele  with 
ouih,  lliey  presu- 

II  army  had  been 
oiild  nut  continue 
inbined  force  of 
ing  llieirown  iiii- 
esuuices  cf  their 
o  indulge  a  dui'- 
ighl  nol  be  liilleii 
e  an  aiii<,ialed  uiU 
viewing  the  lead- 
informed  iheui  ; 
re  conllict  ;  that 
d  '.heir  indepen- 
leir  country  fruiu 

a'nl  America  had 
ifoie  it  was  knuwn 

III  lesH  than  fivu 
ufficially  coiiimu- 

iiia  rescript,  de- 
or,  to  lord  Wey- 

of  alVaii's,  then! 
10  advocated  the 
on  the  fooling  of 
lonuur,  which  had 
ilo  ihe  war,  pie- 
ence  and  inteieBt 
It  Itritain  resolvec' 
leating  wiili  their 
n  unprovoked  ag- 
ro»vn,  aiMl   essen- 

Aiid  at  the  same 

that  iha  alliaaca 


lieiwreii  Franco  and  the  United  States,  which  was 
supposed  to  liave  originated  in  passion,  might  be 
dissolved.  Tlie  national  prejudices  against  the 
French,  had  been  so  instilled  into  the  minds  of 
Knglishiiien,  and  of  their  American  descendants, 
that  it  was  supposed  practicable,  by  negotiations 
3nd  concessions,  to  detach  the  United  States  from 
their  new  alliance,  and  re-unite  them  to  the  parent 
state. 

Eleven  days  after  the  treaty  between  France 
ind  America  had  been  concluded,  17ih  February, 
.he  British  minister  introduced  into  tlie  house  of 
commons  a  project  for  conciliation,  founded  on  the 
idea  of  obtaining  a  re-union  of  the  new  states  with 
(jieat  ISritain.  This  consisted  of  two  bills,  with 
the  following  titles  :  "  A  bill  for  declaring  the  in- 
tention of  Oreat  Britain,  concerning  the  exercise 
uf  the  right  of  imposing  taxes  within  his  majesty's 
colonies,  provinces  and  plantations  in  North  Ame- 
'Ica  ;"  and  a  bill  "  to  enable  his  majesty  to  appoint 
coiniiiissiuners  with  sufficient  powers,  lo  treat, 
consult  and  agree  upon  the  means  of  quieting  Ihe 
disorders  now  snbsistingin  certain  of  the  colonies, 
plantations  and  provinces  of  Noiih  America." 
'JMiese  bills  were  hurried  through  both  liouses  uf 
parliament,  and  before  they  passed  into  acts,  were 
copied  and  sent  across  the  Atlantic,  to  lord  and 
General  Howe.  On  their  arrival  in  America,  they 
were  sent  by  a  flag  lo  congress  at  Yorktown. 
When  lliey  were  received,  21st  April,  congress 
was  uniufornied  of  the  treaty  which  their  coimnis- 
sioners  had  lately  concluded  at  I'aiis.  For  up- 
wards of  a  year,  lliey  had  not  received  one  lino  of 
information  from  tlieni  on  any  subject  whatever. 
One  packet  had  in  that  time  been  received  :  but 
all  the  letters  therein  were  taken  out,  before  it  was 
put  on  board  ihc  vessel  which  brought  it  from 
France,  and  blank  papers  put  in  their  stead.  A 
committee  ol  Congress  was  appointed  to  examine 
th.'se  bills,  and  report  on  them.  Their  report  was 
brought  in  the  following  day,  and  was  unanimously 
adopted.  Ity  it  they  rejected  the  proposals  of 
(ir«ai  JSritain. 

The  vigorous  and  firm  language  in  which  Con- 
gress expressed  their  rejection  of  these  ofl'ers  con- 
sidered  in    connexion  with    the   ciicumstance  of 
their  being  wholly  ignorant  of  the  late  treaty  with 
France,  exhibits  the  glowing  serenity  of  fortitude 
While  the  royal  commissioners  were  industriously 
circulating  these  bills  in  a  paitial  and  secret  man 
ner,  as  if  they  suspected  an  intention   of  conceal- 
ing ihem  from  the  common  people.Congress  trust 
ing  to  the  good  sense  uf  theirconstitiients,  ordered 
ihem  to  be  fortliwilh  printed  for  the  public   infor- 
mation.    Having  directed  the  alVairs  of  their  conn 
try  with  an  honest  reference  to  its   welfare,    they 
had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  people  knowing  and 
judging    for    themselves.       They  siibmilled    the 
whole  to  Ihe  pulilic.  Tlieir  report,  after  some  gen 
eial  remarks,  on  the  bill,  concluded  as  follows: 

••  From  all  which  il  appears  evident  lo  your 
cominillee,  that  the  said  biljjwcre  intended  to  ope 
rate  upon  the  hopes  and  fears  of  the  good  people 
of  these  slates,  so  as  to  create  divisions  among 
them,  and  a  defection  from  Ihe  common  cause, 
now,  by  the  blessing  of  Divine  Pioviilence,  draw 
ing  near  to  a  favourable  issue;  that  they  are  Ihe 
sequel  uf  that  iiisiduous  plan,  which,  from  Ihe  days 
of  the  stamp  acl,  down  to  the  prenent  lime,  hitli 
involved  this  cou/itry  in  contention  and  bloodshed; 
nnd  that,  as  in  other  cases,  so  in  this,  although 
circumstances  may  force  them  at  times  In  recede 
from  their  unjustifiable  claims,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  they  will,  as  heretofore,  upon  the  first  fa- 
vourable occasion,  again  display  tliat  lust  ofdomi- 
nation,  which  hath  rent  in  twain  the  mighty  em- 
pire of  Uritain. 

'•  Upon  the  whole  matter,  the  committee  beg 
leave  to  report  it  as  their  opinion,  that  as  Ihe  Ame- 
ricans united  in  this  arduous  contest  upon  principles 
of  coinmon  interest,  for  the  defence  of  common 
rielits  and  privileges,  which  union  liath  been  ce- 
nieiiieil  by  common  calamities,  and  bymutual  good 
odires  and  alfection,  so  Ihe  great  cause  for  wliich 
lliey  contend,  and  in  which  all  mankind  are  iiiter- 
eaiud  iniitt  derive  iti  lucnesf  from  the  continuanfle 


.)f  that  union.  Wheiefore  any  man  or  body  of 
men,  who  should  presume  to  make  any  separate  or 
(lartial  convention  or  agreement  with  commission- 
ers under  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  or  any  of 
them,  ought  to  be  considered  and  treated  as  open 
and  avowed  enemies  of  these  United  States. 

"  And  farther,  your  committee  beg  leave  to  re- 
port it  as  their  opinion,  that  these  United  States 
cannot,  with  propriety,  hold  any  conference  with 
any  commissioners  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain, 
unless  they  shall,  as  a  preliminary  thereto,  either 
withdraw  their  fleets  and  armies,  or  elie,  in  posi- 
tive and  express  termii,  acknowledge  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  said  states. 

"  And  inasmuch  as  it  appears  to  be  Ihe  design 
of  the  enemies  of  these  slates  to  lull  them  into  a 
fatal  security ;  to  the  end  that  they  may  act  with  a 
becoming  weight  and  importance,  it  is  the  opinion 
of  your  committee,  that  the  several  states  be  called 
upon  to  use  the  most  streni  <us  exertions,  to  liave 
their  respective  quotas  of  continental  troops  in  the 
field  as  soon  as  possible,  and  that  all  the  militia  of 
the  said  slates  be  held  in  readiness  to  act,  as  occa- 
sion may  require." 

The  conciliatory  bills  were  speedily  followed  by 
royal  commissioners,  deputed  to  solicit  tlieir  re- 
ception. Governor  Johnstone,  lord  Carlisle  and 
Mr.  Kden,  appointed  on  this  business,  attempted  to 
open  a  negociatlon,  on  the  subject.  They  re- 
quested General  Washington,  on  the  9th  of  June, 
lo  furnish  a  passport  for  their  secretary,  Dr.  Fer- 
guson, with  a  letter  from  them  to  Congress  ;  but 
this  was  refused,  and  the  refusal  was  unanimously 
approved  by  Congress.  They  then  forwarded,  in 
the  usual  channel  of  communication,  a  letter  ad- 
dressed, "  To  his  Excellency  Henry  Laurens,  the 
president,  and  other  tha  members  of  Congress," 
in  whicli  they  communicated  a  copy  of  tlieir  com- 
mission, and  uf  the  acts  of  parliament,  on  which  it 
was  founded  ;  and  they  oflered  to  concur  in  every 
satisfactory  and  just  arrangement  towards  the  fol- 
lowing among  other  purposes : — 

To  consent  to  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  both  by 
sea  and  land ; 

To  restore  free  intercourse  ;  to  revive  mutual 
atfcction  ;  and  lenew  the  common  benefits  uf  na- 
turalization, through  the  several  parts  of  this  em- 
piie  ; 

To  extend  every  freedom  to  trade  that  our  re 
spective  interests  can  require: 

To  agree  that  no  military  forces  shall  be  kept 
up  in  the  dlll'erent  stales  of  North  America,  with 
out  the  consent  of  the  general  Congress,  or  paiti 
ciilar  assemblies  ; 

To  concur  in  measures  calculated  lo  discharge 
the  debts  of  America,  and  to  raise  the  credit  and 
value  of  the  paper  circulation  ; 

To  perpetuate  our  union  by  a  reciprocal  depu- 
tation of  an  agent  or  agents  from  the  diflercnt 
states,  who  shall  have  the  privilege  of  a  seat  and 
voice  in  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain  ;  or  if 
sent  from  Britain,  in  that  case  to  have  a  seat  and 
voice  ill  the  assemblies  of  ilie  diHeient  slates  to 
which  they  may  bedeputcl  respectively,  in  order 
lo  attend  the  several  interests  of  those  by  who 
they  are  deputed  ; 

In  short,  to  establidi  Ihe  power  of  the  respective 
legislatures  in  eaeli  particular  slate  ;  to  settle  its 
revenue,  its  civil  and  military  establishment  :  and 
to  exercise  a  perfect  freedom  of  legislation  and  in- 
ternal government,  so  that  the  British  states 
throughout  North  .Vmerica,  acting  with  us  in  peace 
and  war  under  one  common  sovereign,  may  have 
the  irrevocable  enjoyment  uf  every  privilege,  that 
is  short  of  a  total  separation  of  interests,  or  con- 
sistent Willi  that  union  of  force,  on  which  Ihe  safe- 
ty of  our  common  religion  and  liberty  depends. 

A  decided  negative  liaving  been  already  given, 
previous  lo  the  arrival  of  the  British  commission- 
ers, to  the  oiriiiires  contained  in  the  cuncilialory 
bills,  and  intelligence  of  the  treaty  with  France 
having  in  the  mean  lime  arrived,  there  was  no 
ground  left  for  farther  deliberation.  President 
Laurens,  therel'ure,  by  niilcr  uf  ('uiigrcBS,  on  tlie 
27th  of  June,  returned  the  following  inswer: 

"  I  have  received  tbo  letter  from  your  excellen- 


cies, of  the  9th  instant,  with  the  enclosures,  ant] 
laid  them  before  Congress.  Nothing  but  an  earnest 
desire  to  spare  the  farther  etTusion  of  human  blnod 
could  have  induced  them  to  read  a  paper,  contain- 
ing expressions  so  disrespectful  to  his  Most  Chris- 
tian Majesty,  the  good  and  great  ally  of  these 
slates  ;  or  to  consider  propositions  so  derogatory 
lotho  honour  of  an  independent  nation. 

'•  The  acts  of  the  British  parlimeni,  the  com- 
mission from  your  sovereign,  and  your  leiiei,  sup- 
pose the  people  of  these  states  to  be  subjects  of  the 
crown  nf  Great  Britain,  and  are  founded  on  the 
idea  of  dependence,  which  is  utterly  inadmissable 

"  I  am  farther  directed  to  inform  yourexcellen 
cies,  that  Congress  are  inclined  to  peace,  nolwiih 
standing  the  unjust  claims  from  which  this  war 
originated,  and  the  savage  manner  in  which  it  hath 
been  conducted.  They  will,  therefore,  be  ready 
to  enter  upon  the  consideration  of  a  treaty  of  peace 
and  coinmerce,nnt  inconsistent  with  treaties  already 
subsisting,  when  the  king  of  Great  Britain  shall 
demonstrate  a  sincere  disposition  for  that  purpose. 
The  only  solid  proof  of  this  disposition  will  be,  an 
explicit  acknowledgment  nf  tlie  independence  of 
these  states,  or  ths  withdrawing  his  fleets  and 
iirniies." 

Though  Congress  could  not,  consistently  with 
national  linnuur,  enter  on  a  discussion  of  the  terms 
proposed  by  the  British  commissioners,  yet  some 
individuals  uf  their  body  ably  proved  the  propriety 
of  rejecting  them.  Among  these  (ionverneur 
Morris  and  William  Henry  Drayton,  with  great 
force  of  argument  and  poignancy  of  wit,  justified 
the  decisive  ineastiresadopted  by  their  countrymen. 

As  the  British  plan  for  concilialiun  was  wholly 
founded  on  the  idea  of  Ihe  states  retiirriiiis  to  their 
allegiance,  it  was  no  sooner  known  than  rejected 
In  addition  lo  the  sacred  lies  of  plighteil  faith  and 
national  engagements,  the  leaders  in  Coiigiess  and 
Ihe  legislative  assemblies  in  America  had  tasted 
the  sweets  of  power,  and  were  in  full  possession  of 
its  blessings,  with  a  fair  prospect  of  retaining  them 
without  any  foreign  control:  The  war,  having 
originated  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain  fiom  a  lust 
of  power,  had  in  its  progress  compelled  the  Arae- 
cans  in  self-defence  lo  assume  and  exercise  its 
highest  prerogatives.  The  passions  of  human  na- 
ture, which  induced  the  former  to  claim  power, 
operated  no  less  forcibly  with  the  latter,  against 
the  relinquishment  ofil.  After  the  colonies  had 
declared  themselves  independent  states,  luid  re- 
peatedly pledged  their  honour  lo  abide  by  thi.tie- 
claraliun,  had  under  the  smiles  nf  heaven  main- 
tained it  fur  three  campaigns  without  fnreign  aid, 
after  tlie  greatest  monarch  in  Europe  had  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  them,  and  guaranteed  their  in- 
dependence: after  all  this  lo  expect  popular  lea 
dels,  in  the  enjoyment  of  power,  voluntarily  tore- 
tire  from  the  helm  of  governinenl,  lu  Ihe  languid 
indifference  of  private  hfe,  and  while  they  violated 
national  faith,  at  liie  same  time  to  depress  their 
country  from  the  rank  of  sovereign  stales  lo  that 
of  dependent  provinces,  was  nol  more  repugnant 
lo  universal  experience,  than  In  the  governing 
principles  of  the  human  heart. 

The  high-spirited  ardour  of  citizens  in  the 
youthful  vigour  of  liunuur  and  dignity,  did  not  so 
much  as  inquire,  whether  greater  political  happi- 
ness might  be  expected  iVum  clusing  with  Ihe 
proposals  of  Great  Britain,  or  by  adhering  to  their 
new  allies.  Honour  forbade  any  balanring  on  the 
subject ;  nur  were  its  dictalcs  disobeyed.  'I'huiigh 
peace  wasdesirable,  and  tlie  on'ersufGrial  Britain 
so  liberal,  that,  if  pruposed  in  due  time,  they  would 
have  been  acceptable  ;  yet  for  the  Americans,  af- 
ter ihey  had  declared  themselves  indepenilent,  and 
at  their  own  solicitation  obtained  the  aid  of  France, 
lo  desert  their  new  allies,  and  leave  ihem  exposed 
to  British  resentment,  incurred  on  their  accuunf, 
wuuld  have  argued  a  total  want  uf  liunour  andf 
gratitude.  The  folly  of  (Ureal  Britain,  in  expect- 
ing such  conduct  from  virtuous  freemen,  could 
only  be  exceeded  by  Ihe  baseness  of  America, had 
her  citizens  realised  that  expectation. 

These  offers  ol  conuiliation  in  a  great  measure 
originated  in  an  op'.aion  that  (McQUgfCM  wai  lup- 


N  i 


: .    5 


440 

porti'd  liv  »  r;u'.li(iii,  and  iliiit  (he  gient  body  ol'  the 
people  wiis  licisiile  to  in(le|iiMiileiice,  iinil  well  dispo- 
Bed  10  le-uiiile  witli  Gioiit  Britain.  'I'lie  latter  of 
these  a^<.'<ertilllls  was  triit',  till  a  certaiti  period  of 
the  contest :  hut  that  period  was  elapsed.  With 
their  new  situation,  new  opinions  and  altachinents 
had  taken  place.  Tlie  political  let'ohilion  ol'tlie 
goveriiinenl  was  less  eNliaoruinary  than  that  of 
the  style  and  manner  of  thiidvini;  in  the  United 
Stales.  The  independent  .\iiiericansciti/.ens  saw 
with  other  eyes,  and  hea.'d  with  other  ears,  than 
when  they  were  in  the  condition  oCliritish  subjects. 
The  narrowness  of  sentiment,  which  prevailed  in 
Kngland  towaiils  France,  no  lonj^er existed  among 
the  Americans.  The  Uritish  commissioners  un- 
apprised ol'this  real  change  in  the  public  mind,  ex- 
pected to  keep  a  hold  on  thecili/.eiisorthe  United 
States,  by  that  illiberalily  which  they  inherited 
IVoiii  ilien  lorelathers.  Presuming  that  the  love  of 
peacl^  and  the  ancient  national  aniipathy  to  France 
woiilil  coiinterlialance  all  otiier  lies,  lliey  llatlered 
lheni>eUes  that,  by  perseverance,  an  impression 
lUvoiirable  to  (ireat  iSiitain  might  yel  be  made  on 
the  mind  of  America.  They  ihcieloie  renewed 
their  ell'orlsto  open  a  negocialion  with  Conuress 
in  a  Ic'tirr  ol  ihe  llih  of  July.     As  they  had  lieen 

nformed,  in  answer  to  their  preceding  lelieroftlie 
JUlh  of  .luiie,  that  an  explicit  acknowledgment  of 
the  independence  of  the  United  Stales,  or  a  wilh- 
(Irauing  of  their  fleets  and  nrinies,  must  preci'ile 
<in  entraiice  on  the  consideration  of  a  treaty  of 
peace,  and  as  neither  branch  of  this  alternative  had 
oeen  complied  with,  it  was  resolved  by  Congress 
(hat  no  answer  should  be  given  to  their  reiterated 
application. 

In  adililion  to  his  public  exertions  as  a  commis- 
sioner,Governor  Johnstone  endeavoured  u>  obtain 
(he  objects  on  which  he  had  been  sent,  by  opcniiiL' 
a  private  correspondence  with  some   of  the  mem 

cersof  Congress,  and  other  Americans  of  inlliience. 
He  in  particular  addressed  himself  by  letter  to 
Henry  Laurens,  Joseph  Reed,  and  Jtobert  Morris. 
His  letter  to  Henry  Laurens  was  in  these  words; 

"  Dear  Sik, 

"  1  beg  to  transfer  to  my  friend  Dr.  Ferguson, 
the  private  civilites  which  my  friends  Mr.  Man 
iiing,  and  Mr  Oswald,  re(|uest  in  my  behalf,  lie 
(8  a  ii.an  of  the  utmost  probity,  and  of  the  highest 
esteem  in  tne  republic  of  letters. 

"  If  you  should  follow  the  example  of  Hiitain,  in 
the  hour  of  her  insolence,  and  send  ns  back  wilh- 
out  a  hearing,  I  shfill  hope,  fiiiin  private  friendship, 
that  I  maybe  permitied  tosee  Ihe  copntry,and  the 
worthy  characleis  slic  has  exhibileil  to  the  worlil, 
upon  making  the  request  in  any  way  you  may  point 
out." 

The  following  answer  was  imniinediately  written  : 

"  York  Town,  June  14,  1778. 
Dkar  .Sir, 

Yesterday,  I  was  honoured  with  your  favour 
of  the  lOtli,  and  thank  you  for  the  transmission  of 
those  from  my  dear  and  worthy  friends,  .Mr.  ()s 
wald  and  Mr.  .Manning.  Mad  Dr.  Ferguson  been 
the  bearer  of  these  papeis,  I  should  have  shown 
that  gentleman  every  dearee  of  respect  and  atten- 
tion, that  times  and  circumstances  admit  of. 

"  It  is,  sir,  for  (Jreat  liritain  to  determine, 
whether  her  conimissioners  shall  return  unheard 
by  the  representatives  of  the  United  Slates,  or  re- 
vive a  friendship  with  the  citi/.ens  at  large,  and  le- 
main  among  us  as  lung  as  Ihey  please. 

"  You  ate  undoulnedly  acquainted  with  the  only 
terms  upon  which  Congress  can  treat  for  accom'- 
plishing  this  good  end;  teims  from  which,  al- 
though wriiiii);  in  a  private  character,  [  may  ven- 
tnre  to  assort  with  great  assurance,  they  never 
will  recede,  even  admitting  the  continuance  id' 
hostile  attempts,  and  that,  from  the  rage  of  war, 
the  good  people  of  these  stales  shall  be  diiven  to 
eomnience  a  treaty  westward  of  yonder  luouniairis. 
And  permit  me  to  adil.sir,  as  iiiy  linnd>le  opinion, 
the  true  interest  of  (iieat  lirit.iin,  in  the  piesiMit 
advance  of  our  contest,  will  be  found  in  confirni- 
jjig  our  indcpcndeace 


HISTORY   OF    THE 


■'  Congress  in  no  hour  have  been  haughty;  but 
to  suppose  that  their  minds  are  less  firm  at  the 
present,  than  they  were  when  destitute  of  all  for- 
eign aiil,  and  even  without  expectation  of  an  al- 
liance; when  upon  a  day  of  general  public  fasting 
and  humiliation  in  their  house  of  worship,  and  in 
I  presence  oftiod,  they  resolved,  "to  hold  no  con- 
ference or  treaty  with  any  commissioners  on 
Itlie  part  of  (iicat  liritain,  unless  they  shall,  as  a 
preliminary  thereto,  either  withdraw  their  Hects 
iind  armies,  or  in  positive  and  express  terms  ac- 
knowledge the  independence  of  these  states," 
would  be  irrational. 

"  At  a  proper  time,  sir,  I  shall  think  myself 
highly  honoured  by  a  personal  attention,  and  by 
contributing  to  render  every  part  of  these  states 
igreeable  to  you;  but  until  the  basis  of  mutual 
confidence  shall  be  established,  I  believe,  sir, 
neither  former  private  friendship,  nor  any  other 
consideration  can  inlliience  Congress  to  consent, 
that  even  Governor  Jidiiislone,  a  genlleinan  who 
has  been  so  deservedly  esieemed  in  America,  shall 
see  the  couniiy.  1  have  but  one  voice,  and  thai 
shall  he  against  il.  lint  let  me  inlreat  you,  my 
dear  sir,  do  not  liiMice  conclude  ihat  1  am  deficient 
in  all'eclion  to  my  old  frii'iids.  llirongh  w  hose  kind- 
ness I  have  obtained  ihe  honour  of  the  present 
correspondence,  or  that  I  am  noi,  with  very  great 
personal  respect  ;ind  csleeni, 

•'Sir,  your  most  obedient, 

*■  And  most  humble  servant, 

•HK.NKY   LVURKXS. 
"The  honourable  Gkd.  Joh.nsto.m.;,  Es(|. 
"  Philadelphia." 

In  a  leller  to  Joseph  Keed,  of  ,\pril  the  11th, 
Governor  Johnstone  said,  "  The  man  who  can  be 
insiruniental  in  bringing  us  all  to  aci  once  more  in 
hariuony,  anil  to  unite  together  the  various  powers 
which  tills  con  .'sl  has  drawn  forlh.  will  ileserve 
more  from  the  king  and  people,  Ikuii  patriotism, 
humanity,  and  all  the  tender  lies  that  are  allecled 
by  the  qnatiel  and  reconciliation,  than  ever  was 
yet  besiowed  on  Imnian  kind."  On  the  IGth  of 
June,  he  wrote  to  llobert  .Morris  :  "1  believe  the 
men  who  have  conilncted  the  alfaiis  of  America 
incapableof  beiu'Z  influenced  by  improper  motive^} ; 
but  in  all  such  iransiclions  there  is  risk.  And,  I 
think,  that  whoever  ventures  siioiild  be  secured,  at 
the  same  time  that  honour  and  emolunicnt  should 
naturally  lollow  the  furtnne  of  those,  who  have 
steered  the  vessel  in  the  storm,  and  brought  her 
safely  to  pint.  I  think  Washington  and  the  presi- 
dent have  a  rinht  to  every  favour,  that  giateliil 
nalions  can  bestow,  if  they  could  once  more  unite 
our  interest,  ;ind  spare  the  miseries  and  devasta- 
tions of  war." 

To  Joseph  Reed,  private  informalion  was  com- 
inunicaled,  on  the  rilst  June,  lliat  it  had  been  in- 
tended by  Governor  Jnhnslone,  to  oiler  him,  that 
in  case  of  his  exertiiii;  his  abilities  to  pronioie  a 
re-onion  of  the  two  coiinlries,  if  consisleiil  with 
(  his  piinciples  and  jlidumenl,  ten  thousand  pininils 
slerlini;,  anil  any  ollice  in  the  cidonies,  within  his 
majesty's  gill.  To  whii'h  Mr,  Heeil  replied:  ''I 
am  not  wintli  purchasing  :  but  such  as  I  am,  the 
king  ol  Great  liritain  is  not  rich  enoiiyh  to  doil." 
(Aingress  on  the  i)lh  July,  ordered  all  lellers,  re- 
ceived by  members  of  Conmess  frmn  any  of  the 
ISritisli  commissimier,  or  their  agiMils,  or  from 
any  subject  of  the  king  of  (ireat  liritain,  of  a  pub- 
lic nature,  to  be  laid  before  them.  The  above  let- 
ters and  information  being  conimnuicated.l'ongress 
resolveil ;  "that  the  same  cannot  biitbcconsidereil, 
as  direct  allcnipts  to  cinriipt  their  inleiirity,  and 
that  it  is  incompatible  with  the  honour  of  Congress, 
to  hold  any  manner  of  correspondence  or  inter- 
course with  the  said  (Jeinge  Johnstone,  Ksipiiii'  ; 
especially  to  netrociate  with  him  upon  alfaiis  in 
j  which  Ihe  cause  id'  librriy  is  inlercsted."  Their 
I  deierminalion,  with  the  reasons,  was  expressed  ex- 
1  presseil  in  the  form  of  a  dei'laraliini,  a  ''opy  of 
i  which  was  siijned  by  ihe  president,  anil  sent  by  a 
llag  to  the  cinnniissiiiners  at  New  ^'ork.  This  was 
answered  by  (jovernor  Johnstone,  by  an  angry  piib- 
lination,  ill  which  he  denied,  or  explained  away 


what  had  been  alleged  against  him.  Lord  Car- 
lisle, .sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  Mr.  Kden  denied  hav- 
ing any  knowledge  of  the  matter  charged  on  (>o 
vernor  Johnstone. 

The  conimissioners,  failing  in  their  attempts  to 
negociate  with  Congress,  had  no  resource  leii,  but 
to  persuade  the  inhabiianis  to  adopt  a  line  ol  con- 
duct, counter  to  that  of  theirrepresentatives.  To 
this  purpose  they  published  a  maiiifeslo  and  procla- 
mation addressed  to  Congress,  the  assemblies,  and 
all  others,  the  free  inhabitants  of  the  colonies,  m 
which  they  observed  ;  "  The  policy  as  well  as  the 
benevolence  of  Great  Britain  have  so  far  checked 
the  extremes  of  war,  when  they  tended  to  distress 
a  people  still  considered  as  our  fellow  subjects,  and 
to  desolate  a  country  shortly  to  become  a  source  of 
niulualadvantage;  but  whenlhatcoiinlry  professes 
the  unnatural  design,  not  only  of  estranging  her- 
self IVoin  us,  but  of  iiiortgaging  herself  and  her  re- 
sources to  our  enemies,  the  whole  contest  is 
changed  ;  and  the  (|uestion  is,  how  far  (ireat  liiii- 
ain  may.  by  every  means  in  her  power,  destroy, 
or  render  useless  a  connexion  connived  liir  her 
ruin,  and  for  the  aggiandizement  ol  Fiance.  Un- 
der such  circumstances,  the  laws  of  self-preserva- 
tion iiiiisi  direct  the  conduct  of  (ireat  Britain  ;  ami 
il  the  British  colonies  shall  become  an  accession  to 
France,  will  direct  her  to  render  that  accession  of 
as  little  avail  as  possible  to  her  enemy." 

(Jimgress,  upon  being  informed  of tliedesignof 
the  commissioners  to  circulate  these  paper.s,  decla- 
red thai  the  agents,  employed  to  distribute  the 
manifestos  and  proclamation  of  the  eoinmissioneis, 
were  not  entitled  to  protection  from  a  llag.  They 
also  recommended  to  the  several  stales  to  secure 
and  keep  them  in  close  cnslocly:  biit  that  lliey 
might  not  appear  to  hoodwink  t'heit  consiiliient.H, 
Ihey  ordered  the  manifestos  and  pioclamalionlo  be 
printed  in  the  newsiiapers.  The  proposals  of  ihe 
commi.ssioners  were  not  more  favourably  received 
by  the  people  than  they  had  been  by  Congress.  In 
some  places,  the  Hags  containing  ihem  were  not 
received,  but  ordered  instantly  lo  depart ;  in  oth- 
ers, they  were  received  and  forwaii.'ed  to  Con- 
gress, as  the  only  proper  tribunal  to  take  cogni- 
zance of  them.  In  no  one  place,  not  iinmedialely 
comiuanded  by  the  British  army,  was  there  any  at- 
icmpt  to  accept,  or  even  to  deliberate  on  the  pro- 
prietry  of  closing  with  the  oilers  of  Britain. 

To  deter  llie  British  from  exeenling  their  ihrea:s 
of  laying  wasle  thecouiitiy,  (Jongress,  on  the  ;i(lili 
of  October,  publisheil  to  the  worlda  resoluiiinianil 
manifesto,  in  which  they  concluded  with  these 
words : 

"  We,  therefore,  the  Congress  of  the  I'liiled 
States  of  America,  do  solemnly  declare  and  pio- 
claiiu,  that,  if  our  enemies  presume  to  execute 
their  threats,  or  persist  in  their  present  career  of 
barbarily,  we  will  lake  such  exemplaiy  veimeaiice 
as  shall  deter  othersfioni  a  like  einidncl.  We  ap- 
peal lo  Ihat  (iod  who  searcheih  the  loans  ol  miiii, 
for  the  rectitude  of  oiir  inlentiims;  and  in  Ins  Iml) 
presence  we  declare,  that,  as  we  are  not  moveil  by 
any  light  and  hasty  suiigeslions  of  ani;er  and  re- 
revenge,  so,  Ihrougj  every  possible  e  ha  in;e  of  for- 
tune, we  will  adhere  to  this  our  determination." 

This  v.asihe  last  effort  of  Great  liriiain.  in  the 
way  of  negocialion,  to  regain  her  colonies,  h 
originated  in  folly  and  ianorance  of  the  real  slate 
of  alfairs  in  America.  She  had  begun  with  wrong 
measures,  and  had  now  got  into  wrong  time.  I  hr 
concessions,  on  this  occasion,  were  an  implied  jus 
tilicatioii  of  the  resistance  of  the  colonists.  By  ol 
fering  to  concede  all  that  ihey  at  first  asked  lor-, 
she  virtually  acknowledged  herself  lo  have  been 
the  agiiiessor  in  an  unjust  war.  Nothing  coiilil 
be  more  f  ivoiirable  to  the  cementing  of  the  fi  ieiid- 
ship  of  the  new  allies,  than  this  unsuccessful  neen- 
ciatioii.  The  states  had  an  opportunity  of  evin- 
ring  thesincerity  oftheirengagements, and  Franco 
ahiinilant  reason  lo  believe  Ihat,  by  previ'iiiiii'j 
their  being  conipiered,  her  favoiirile  scheme  nl  Its 
selling  the  power  of  (ireat  Britain,  would  he  secu 
red  beyond  the  reach  of  accideut 


St  liiin.  Loril  Car- 
Ar.  Kilen  deiiieil  liav- 
tier  fhaiged  mi  t>u 

;  ill  llieir  allMnpu  lo 
no  resource  lell,  but 

0  iiilopt  ci  line  olcuii- 
represenliilives.  'Vn 
inaniieslo  anil  procla- 
s,  tlie  asseiiililies,  and 
It!)  of  the  colonies,  in 
;  policy  as  well  as  llie 

liave  so  far  cliecked 
ley  tended  to  distress 
ir  fellow  subjects,  and 
lo  become  a  source  of 
lliat country  professes 
ily  of  esiraiiniiij;  bei- 
iiig  herself  and  her  le- 
the  wlnde  contesl  is 
is,  how  lar  (ileal  IJrii- 

1  her  power,  destroy, 
ion  connived  for  her 
iiiieni  of  l'"iai]ce.  In- 
I  laws  ol'si'lf-preserva- 
Kd'OreatHritaiii;  and 
lecoine  an  accession  to 
•nderihat  accession  of 
her  enemy." 

ormed  of  the  design  of 
He  these  papers,  ilecla- 
lyed  lo  liislribiilc  llift 
1  of  the  coniniissioneis, 
ion  from  a  llaa.  They 
icvcial  stales  to  secntn 
isloily :  bill  lliat  lliey 
viiik  iheii  consliluenis, 
I  anil  pioelaiiialionlolie. 

The  proposals  of  the 
ore  favourably  received 
I  been  by  Congress.  In 
laining  iheni  were  not 
nlly  to  depart ;  in  olh- 
ind  forwaii!ed  to  C'ou- 
libiinal  to  take  cof;ni- 

place,  not  immeilialely 
army,  was  iherc  any  at- 

delilierale  on  the  pio- 
olfers  of  JJrilnin. 
lexeciilini;  their  ilnea's 

(^onaress,  on  ihe  ^ilHii 
le  wmlda  resolulionand 

coiiclmled   with   ihesu 


onjjiess  of  ihe   t'niled 
mnly  ileclare  and    pio- 
prcsiimi!   lo   execnie 
heir  present  career  iif 
exeinplaiy  venj;cance 
liKecciiidiicl.      We  a|i- 
helh  the  hearts  of  iiiin, 
nlidiis;  anil  in  his  hid) 
ve  are  mil  moved  by 
slions  of  an:;er  and  re- 
possible  ehanue  of  for- 
oiir  deterniinalion." 

of  (Jreal  Hriiain,  in  ihe 
'i;ain  bet  colonies.  It 
irance  of  the  real  stale 
e  had  beauii  with  wroni! 

into  wroiiB  time.  Iter 
on,  were  an  implied  jus 
if  ihe  colonisls.     By  ol 

they  al  first  asked  for, 
'i\  herself  lo  have  been 
t  war.  Nolhini;  conld 
ceinenlinj;  of  Ihe  frieiid- 

this  unsuccessful  iiean- 
iin  opporiuniiy  of  evin- 

igagenienls,  and  Franco 
ve  llial,  by  prevenilu^; 
rfavourilescliPMie  III  It'., 

Hiitain,  would  lie  sec.' 

ccideut 


'I    ^ 


l« 


4>     _ 
*:    'I 


UNITED    STATES. 


441 


CHAPTER     V. 

Tlio  Campaign  of  1770, 

AFTEHthe  termination  of  the  campaign  011777, 
the  IJrilisli  army  retired  to  winter  quarters  in  I'liil- 
ailelpliia,  anil  iliB  American  army  to  Valley  Korga. 
The  lornier  enjoyed  (1778)  all  the  conveniences 
which  an  opulent  cily  allordecl,  while  the  latter, 
not  half  clothed,  and  more  than  once  on  the  point 
or  utarviug,  were  enduring  the  severity  of  a  cold 
winter  in  a  hutted  camp,  it  was  well  for  them, 
that  the  British  madt  i:j  attempt  to  disturb  them, 
while  in  this  destitute  condition. 

The  winter  and  spring  passed  away  without  any 
more  remarkable  events  in  either  army,  than  a  lew 
successful  excursions  of  parties  from  Philadelphia 
to  the  neighbouring  country,  for  the  purpose  of 
bringing  in  supplies,  or  destroying  properly.  In 
one  of  these,  a  party  of  the  liritish  proceeded  to 
Hordenton,  and  there  burned  four  store-houses  full 
of  useful  cotumodilies.  Before  they  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  they  burned  two  frigales,  nine  ships, 
six  privateer  sloops,  twenty-three  brigs,  with  a 
number  of  sloops  and  schooners. 

fciooii  afterwards,  an  excuision  from  Newport 
was  made  by  liOO  British  anil  Hessians,  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Campbell.  These, 
having  landed  in  the  night  of  the  2iith  of  May, 
marched  next  morning  in  two  bodies,  the  one  for 
Warren,  the  other  for  Kickenmit  river.  They 
destroyed  about  70  flat  bottomed  boats,  and  burned 
a  quantiiy  of  pilch,  tar  and  plank.  They  also  set 
fue  to  llie  meeting  house  at  Warren,  and  s»ven 
dnelling  houses.  At  Bristol,  they  burned  the 
uliuroh  and  2'i  houses.  .Several  olhei  houses  were 
plundered  ;  and  women  were  stripped  of  their  shoe- 
buckles,  gold  rinus  and  handkerchiefs. 

A  l'"ren«h  squadron,  consisting  of  12  ships  of  the 
line  and  1  lVigates,coininanded  by  Count  D'Estaign, 
sailed  from  Toulon  for  America,  soon  after  the 
trealy  had  been  agreed  upon  between  the  United 
Stales  and  the  king  of  France.  After  a  passage  of 
87  days,  the  countarrived  July  !)th,  at  the  en 
trance  of  the  Delaware.  From  an  apprehension 
ofsomething  of  this  kind,  and  fiom  the  prospect  o! 
greater  security,  it  was  resolved  in  tireat  Britain, 
forthwith  to  evacuate  Philadelphia,  and  to  concen- 
trate tlie  royal  force  in  llie  city  and  harbour  of  New 
Vork.  The  commissioners  brought  out  the  orders 
for  this  movement;  but  knew  noihingof  the  mat- 
ter. It  had  an  unfriendly  influence  on  their  propo- 
sed !ieg(iciations  ;  but  it  was  indispensably  neces- 
sary, i'or  if  the  French  fleet  had  blocked  up  the 
Di'laware,  and  the  Americans  besieged  Philadel- 
phia, the  escape  of  the  British  from  either,  would 
have  been  scarcely  possible. 

The  royal  army,  on  the  ISth  of  June,  passed 
over  llie  Delaware  into  New- Jersey.  Washing- 
ton, having  penelialed  into  theirdesign  of  evacua 
tins;  I'liilailelphia,  had  previously  detached  (j.;nera 
Maxwell's  briaadc,  to  co-operate  with  the  Jersey 
miliiia,  for  ohslruetiiig  llieir  progress.  The  Britisli 
were  incumbered  with  an  enormous  baggage, 
which,  together  with  the  impediments  thrown  in 
their  way,  greatly  retarded  their  march.  The 
American  army,  having,  in  pursuit  of  the  British, 
crossed  the  Oelaware,  six  hundred  men  were  ini- 
meiliately  detached  under  (Jiilonel  .Morgan, to  lein- 
force  (leneial  Maxwell.  Washinston  hailed  his 
Irimps  when  they  had  marched  to  the  vicinity  of 
Princeton.  The  general  .ilficers,  in  the  Ameriran 
army,  se\e,iteen  in  number,  being  asked  by  the 
commander  in  chief:  "  Will  it  be  advisable  to  ha/,- 
aid  a  general  action  ?"  fifteen  of  them  answered  in 
the  negative  ;  but  recnminended  a  detachment  iif 
1500  men,  to  be  immediately  sent,  to  act  as  occa- 
sion might  serve,  on  the  enemy's  left  flank 
rear.  This  was  immediately  forwarded  un<ler 
General  Scott. 

When  Sir  Henry  Clinton  hadadvanced  to  .\lleii- 
towii.  he  determined,  instead  of  keeping  the  direct 
criuise  towards  .Staten  Island,  to  draw  towards  the 
sea  coast,  anil  to  push  on  towards  Sandy  I  look. 
Qencral    Washuigluu,  on   receiving   iaielligence 


that  Sir  Henry  was  proceeding  in  that  direction, 
towards  Monmouth  court-house, despatched  1000 
men  uniler  (jeneral  Wayne,  and  sent  the  Maiquis 
de  la  Fayette  to  take  command  of  the  whole  ad- 
vanced orps,  with  orders  (o  seixe  the  first  fair  op- 
portunity of  attacking  the  enemy's  rear.  General 
Lee,  who,  having  been  lately  exchanged.had  Joined 
the  army,  was  oll'ered  this  command  ;  but  he  decli- 
ned it.  as  he  was  in  principle  against  hazarding  an 
attack.  The  whole  army  followed  at  a  proper 
distance,  for  supporting  the  advanced  corps,  and 
reached  Cranberry  the  next  morning.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  sensibl«  of  the  approach  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, placed  his  grenadiers,  light  infinlry  and  chas- 
seurs in  his  rear,  and  his  baggage  in  his  front. 

Ueneral  Washington  increased  his  advanced 
corps  with  two  brigades,  and  sent  General  Lee, 
who  now  wished  for  the  command,  to  take  charge 
of  the  whole  ;  and  followed  with  the  main  army  to 
give  it  support.  On  the  next  morning,  orders  were 
sent  to  Lee,  to  move  on  and  attack,  unless  there 
should  be  powerful  reasons  to  the  contrary.  When 
Washington  had  inarched  about  five  miles  to  sup' 
port  the  advanced  corps,  he  found  the  whole  of  it 
retreating  by  Lee's  orders,  and  without  having 
made  any  opposition  of  consequence.  Washing- 
ton rode  up  to  Lee,  and  proposed  certain  questions 
to  him,  which  implied  censure.  Lee  answered 
with  warmth  and  unsuitable  language.  The  com- 
mander in  chief  ordered  Colonel  Stewart's  and 
lieutenant  colonel  Kamsay's  battalions  to  form  on 
a  piece  of  ground,  which  he  judged  suitable  for 
giving  a  check  to  the  advancing  enemy.  Lee  was 
then  asked,  if  he  would  command  on  that  ground  ; 
to  which  he  consented,  and  was  ordered  to  take 
proper  measures  for  checking  the  enemy  :  to 
which  he  replied,  "your  orders  shall  be  obeyed 
and  I  will  not  be  the  first  to  leave  the  field." 
Washington  then  rode  to  the  main  army,  which 
was  formed  with  the  utmost  expedition. 

[Charlks  Lek,  a  major   general  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States,  was  born   in   Wales   and   was 
the  son  of  John  Lee,  a  colonel  in  the   British  ser- 
vice.    He  entered  the  army  at  a  very   early  age  ; 
but  though  he  possessed  a  military  spirit,  he  was 
ardent  in  tkis  pursuit  of  knowledge.     He  acquired 
a  competent  skill    in  (ireek   and  Latin,  while  his 
fondness  for  travelling  made  him  acquainted   with 
the  Italian,  .Spanish,  (jerman,  and  French  langua- 
ges.    In  17513  he  came  to  America,  and  was  en- 
gaged  in  the  attack  upon   Ticonderoga  in  July 
1758,    when  A bercrombie  was  defeated.     In  1762 
he  bore  a  colonel's  commission,  and  served  undei 
Burgoyne  in  Portugal,  where  he  much  distinguish- 
ed himself     Not  long  afterwards  he  enteied  into 
the  Polish  service.  Tiiough  he  was  absent  when  the 
stamp  act  passed,   he  yet  by  his  letters  zealously 
supported  the   cause  of  America.     In  the   years 
1771,  1772,  and  1773  he  rambled  over  all  Kiirope. 
During  this  excursion  lie   \\iiis   engaged   with  an 
officer  in  Italy  in  an  all'air  of  honour,  and  he  mur- 
dered  his  antagonist,    escaping  himself  with  the 
loss  of  two  fingers.     Having  lost  the  favour  of  the 
ministry  and  the    hopes   of  promotion  in  conse- 
quence   of  his    political  sentiments,  he  came  to 
America   in    Nov.    1773.     He   travelled   through 
the  country,  animating  the  colonies  to  resistance. 
In  1771  he  was  induced  by    the  persuasion   of  his 
friend,  (jeneral  (iates,  to  purchase  a  valuable  tract 
of  laud  of  two  or  three  thousand  acres  in  Berke- 
ley county,  Virginia.     Here  he   resided    till  the 
following  year,  when  he  resigned  a  commission, 
which  he  held  in  the  British  service,  and  accepted 
a  coiiiiiiission  from  Congress,  appointing  him  ma- 
jiir  general.     He  accompanied  Washington  to  the 
camp  at    (■ambriilge,  where    he   arrived,   July  2, 
177/>,  and   was  received  with   every  mark  of  re- 
spect.     In  the  besinniiic  of  the  f<illii»iii;r  year  he 
was  despatched  to   .New  Voik  to  prevent  the  l!ii- 
tishfrnm  oblaitiing  poisession  oftlie  cily   ami  the 
Hudson.     This  trust  he  executed   with  itieat  wis- 
dom and  energy.   He  disamieil  all  suspicions  pci 
suns  on  I.ona  island,  and   drew  up  a  test  to  be  of 
fered  to  everyone,  whose  allachmeiil  to  the  Aiiie 
rican  cause  was  doubled.     His  bold  measures  car- 
ried terror  wherever  he  appeared.     He  seems  to 


have  been  very  fond  of  this  application  of  a  test ; 
for  in  a  letter  to  the  president  of  Congress  he  in- 
forms him,  that  he  had  taken  the  liberty  at  New- 
port to  administer  to  a  number  of  the  tories  a  very 
strong  oath,  one  article  of  which  was,  that  lh,>y 
should  take  arms  in  defence  of  their  country,  if 
called  upon  by  Congress,  and  he  recommends,  that 
this  measure  should  be  adopted  in  relereiice  to  all 
the  tories  in  America,     Those  fanatics,  n  ho  might 
refuse  to  take  it  he  thought  shoulil  be  carried  into 
the  interior.  Being  sent  iiiiu  the  suuthei  n  colonies, 
as  commander  of  all  the  forces,  which  should  there 
be  raised,  he  difl'used  an  ardour  anmng  the  soldiers, 
which  was  attended  by  the   most  salulaiy   conse- 
quences.    In  Oct.  by  the  direction  of  Congress  ho 
repaired  to  the  northern  army.     As  he  was  march- 
ing from  the  Hudson  through  New  Jersey  to  form 
a  junction  with  Washington  in  Pennsylvania,  he 
quitted  his  camp  in  Morria  county  to  reconnoitre. 
Ill  this  employment  he  went  to  the  distance  of  three 
miles  from   the    camp  and   entered  a  house   for 
breakfast.     A  British  colonel  became  acquainted 
with  his  situation  by  intercepting  a  countryman, 
charged  with  a  letter  from  him,  and  was  enabled 
to  take  him  prisoner.     He  was  instantly  mounted 
on  a  horse  without  his  cloak  and  hat,  and  carried 
safely  to  New  York.     He  was  detained  till  Apiil 
o'  May  1778,  when  he  wasexchanged  for  Geneial 
Prescolt,  taken   at  Newport.     He  was  very  soon 
engaged  in  the  battle  of  iMonmoulh.     Being  de- 
tached by  the  commander  in  chief  to  make  an  at- 
tack upon  the  rear  of  the  enemy,  Washiiiglon  was 
pressing  forward  to  support  him  June  28ili,  when 
to  his  astonishment  he  found  him  relrealing  with- 
out having  made  a  single  clfurt   to  maintain    his 
ground.     Meeting   him   in  these   circumstances, 
without  any  previous  notice  of  his  plans,   Wash- 
ington  addressed  him  in  terms  of  some  w.irmth. 
Lee,  being  ordered  to  check  the  enemy,  conducted 
himself  with  his  usual  bravery,  and,  when   forced 
from  the  ground  on  which  he  had   been   placed, 
brought    olf  his  troops  in  good  order.     But  his 
haughty  temper  could  not  brook  the    indii;nity, 
which  he  believed  to  have  been  olfeied  him  on  thi, 
field  of  battle,  and  he  iidilresseil  a  letter  to  Wash- 
ington, requiring  reparation  for  the  injury.     Hu 
was  on  the  30lli  arrested  for  disobedience  of  or- 
ders, for  misbehaviour  before  the  enemy,  and  fur 
disrespect  to   the  commander  in  chief.     Of  these 
charues  he  was  found  guilty  by  a  court  m.irlial,  at 
which  lord  Stirling  presided,  and  he  was  seiiien- 
ccd  to  be  suspended  for  one  year.     He  defended 
imselfwith   his   accustomed  ability,  and  his  re- 
treat seems  to  be  justified   from  the  circiimsiance 
of  his  having  advanced    ,ipon   an  enemy,  whose 
strength  was  much  greater,  than  was  apprehend- 
ed, and  from  his  lieini:  in  a  situaiion  with  a  morass 
in  his  rear,  which  would  preclude  liini  iVinii  a  re- 
treat, if  the  British  should  have  proved  victorious 
Hut  his  disrespectful  letters  to  the   coinnianiler  in 
chief  it   is   not  easy  to  justify.      His  suspension 
gave   general  satisfaction  to  the  army,  fi>r  he  was 
suspected  of  aiming  himself  at  the  supreme  com- 
mand.    Afler  the  result  of  his  trial  was  confirm- 
ed by  Congress  in  January  1780,  he  retired  to  his 
estate    in  Berkley    county,    where   he  lived    in  a 
style    peculiar   to  himself.     Glass    windows    and 
plaster    wiuild    have   been   extravagances    in    his 
iioiise.     Though  he  had  for  his  companions  a  few 
select  authors  and  his  dogs;  yet,  as  he  found  his 
sjination   loo  solitary   and  irksome,  he   sold    his 
farm  in  the  fall  of  1782,  that   in  a  ilin°erenl  abode 
he  iiiiglii  enjoy  the  conversation  of  mankind.      He 
went  III  Philadelphia  and  took  lodisings  in  an  inn. 
After  being  three  or  four  days  in  the  city  he  was 
seized  with  a  fever,  which  terminated  his  life  Oct 
2,  17S2.     The  last  words,  which  he  utteied.  were 
"stand  by  ine,  my  brave  grenadiers." 

In  his  person  General  Lee  was  rather  above 
the  middle  size,  and  his  remarkable  aquiline  nose 
rendered  his  face  somewhat  disagreeable.  He 
wa>  master  of  ti  most  iienteel  address,  but  was 
iiiilf  ill  his  iiiaiiiii'i's  and  excessively  iieErnrent  ill 
his  a|i)iraram'e  and  lieliavioiir.  His  appetite  was 
so  wliimslca!,  that  he  was  every  where  a  most 
troublesome  guest.     Two  or  three  doga  usualljp 


mmm 


5S 


8! 


! 


ii 


!    . 


I 


443 


HISTO  R V    O  K     T  U  K 


folliiwcd  him  wherever  he  went.  Aa  an  officer  he 
was  brave  niul  able,  and  did  miicli  low»nls  disci- 
plininiethe  Anii^rican  army.  With  vigotcms  powers 
of  mind  and  a  brilliant  fancy  he  was  a  correct  and 
elegant  classical  Kcholar,  and  he  both  wrote  and 
spoke  his  native  language  with  propriety,  force, 
{ii)d  beauty.  His  temper  was  severe.  The  his- 
tory of  his  life,  is  little  else  than  the  history  of 
disputes,  quarrels,  and  duels  in  every  part  of  the 
world.  He  was  vindictive,  avaricious,  immoral, 
impious,  and  profane.  His  principles,  us  would  be 
expected  fiom  his  character,  were  most  abandon- 
ed, and  he  ridiculed  every  tenet  of  religion.  He 
published  about  the  year  1760  a  paniphk".  on  the 
importance  of  retaining  Canada.  After  hs  death, 
memoirs  of  his  life,  with  his  essays  anJ  letters, 
were  published,  12mo.  1792.     Lee's  memoirs.] 

A  warm  cannonade  immediately  commenced  be- 
tween the  British  and  American  artillery,  and  a 
heavy  firing  between  the  advanced  tioops  of  the 
British  army,  and  the  two  battalions  which  Gene- 
ral Washington  had  halted.  These  stood  their 
ground,  till  they  were  intermixed  with  a  part  of 
the  British  army.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Ramsay, 
the  commander  of  one  of  them,  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner,  (ieneral  Lee  continued  till  the 
last  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  brought  off  the  rear 
of  the  retreating  tioops. 

The  check  the  British  received  gave  time  to 
make  a  disposition  of  the  left  wing,  an-!  second 
line  of  the  American  annv  in  the  wood,  and  on  the 
eminence  to  which  Lee  was  retreating.  On  this, 
some  cannon  were  placed  by  lord  Stirling,  who 
commanded  the  left  wing;  which,  with  the  co- 
operation o(  some  parties  of  infantry,  effectually 
stopped  the  advance  of  the  British  in  that  quarter, 
(ieneral  Greene  took  a  very  advantageous  posi- 
tion, on  the  light  of  lord  Stirling.  The  British 
attempted  to  turn  the  left  flank  of  the  Americans, 
but  were  repulsed.  They  also  made  a  movement 
to  the  right,  with  as  little  success ;  for  Greene 
with  artillery  disappointed  their  desigu.  Wayne 
advanced  with  a  body  of  troops,  and  kept  up  so  se- 
vere and  well-directed  a  fire,  that  the  British  were 
soon  compelled  to  give  way.  They  retired  ;md 
took  the  position,  which  Lee  had  before  occupied. 
Washington  resolved  to  attack  them,  and  ordered 
General  Poor  to  move  round  upon  their  right  and 
GiMieral  Woodford  to  their  left;  but  they  could  not 
gel  within  reach,  before  it  was  daik.  These  le- 
reinai'ied  on  the  ground,  wliich  they  tiad  been  di- 
rected to  occupy  during  the  night,  with  an  inten- 
tion of  attacking  early  next  morning  ;  and  the 
main  body  lay  on  their  arms  in  the  field,  to  be 
ready  for  supporting  them. 

General  Washington  reposed  himself  in  his 
cloak,  under  a  tree,  in  hopes  of  renewing  the  ac- 
tion the  next  day  ;  but  these  hopes  were  frusiriited. 
The  British  troops  marched  away  in  the  night,  in 
such  silence  that  General  Poor,  though  very  near 
them,  knew  nothing  of  their  departure.  They  left 
behind  them.  4  offic"-"  ""d  about  40  privates,  all  so 
badly  wounded,  that  they  could  not  be  removed. 
The  British,  June  30,  pursued  theirmarch  without 
farther  interruption,  and  soon  reached  the  neigh 
bourhood  of  Sandy  Hook  without  the  loss  ofeithcr 
their  covering  party  or  baggage.  The  American 
general  declined  all  farther  pursuit  of  the  royal  ar- 
my, and  soon  after  drew  ot^his  troops  to  the  borders 
of  the  North  river.  The  -oSs  of  the  Americans,  in 
killed  and  wounded,  was  about  2,')0.  The  loss  of 
the  royal  army,  inclusive  of  prisoners,  wiis  about 
3.50.  Lieut.  Colonel  Monckton,  one  of  the  Brit- 
ish slain,  on  account  of  his  singular  merit  was 
universally  lamented.  Colonel  Bonner  of  Penn 
sylvania,  and  Major  Dickenson  of  Virginia,  offi 
rers  highiy  esteemed  by  their  countiy.  fell  in 
this  engagement.  The  emotions  of  the  mind, 
added  to  fatigue  in  a  very  hot  day,  brought  on 
BUch  a  fatal  suppression  of  the  vital  powers,  that 
(Oiiie  of  the  Americans,  and  Cid  of  the  British 
were  found  dead  on  the  field  of  battle,  without  any 
marks  of  violence  upon  their  boilies. 

It  is  probable,  that  Washington  intended  to  take 
no  farther  notice  of  Lee's  conduct  in  the  duy  of 
ivtioni  but  the  lattei  could  not  brook  ths  expres- 


sions used  by  llii'  Ininier  ai  llicn  IiinI  iii('vliii!i,and 
wrote  liiiii  two  passinnale  Icncis.  'I'liii  occiisiiiii- 
ed  his  being  arrested,  anil  iiionglil  lo  trial.  The 
charges  exliibiled  against  him  were  ; 

1st.  For  disobedience  <d'  orders,  in  not  attack- 
ing the  enemy  on  the  2Slli  of  June,  agreeable  lo 
lepeated  instructions. 

2dly.  For  misbehaviour  before  the  enemy,  on 
the  same  day,  by  making  an  unnecessary,  disorder- 
ly, and  shameful  retreat. 

3dly.  For  disrespect  to  the  commander-in-chief 
in  two  letters. 

After  a  tedious  hearing  before  a  court  martial, 
Lee  was  found  guilty,  and  .sentenced  to  be  sus- 
pended from  any  command  in  the  armies  of  the 
United  States,  for  the  term  of  one  year  :  but  the 
second  charge  was  softened  by  the  court  martial 
who  io  their  award  only  found  him  guilty  of  mis- 
behaviour belure  the  enemy,  by  making  an  unne- 
cessary, and  in  some  few  instances,  a  disorderly 
retreat.  Many  were  displeased  with  this  sentence. 
They  argued,  "that  by  the  tenor  of  Lee's  orders 
it  was  submitted  to  his  discretion,  whether  to  at- 
tack or  not ;  and  also,  that  the  lime  and  manner 
were  to  be  determined  by  his  own  judgment :  that 
at  one  time  he  intended  to  attack,  but  altered  his 
opinion  on  apparently  good  grounds ;  that  the  pro- 
priety of  an  attack,  considering  the  snperioiity  o( 
the  British  Cavalry,  and  the  openness  of  the  ground, 
niiG  v£;y  questionable  ;  and  that,  though  it  might 
have  distressed  the  enemy's  rear  in  the  first  in- 
stance, it  would  probably  have  brought  on  a  gene- 
ral action,  before  the  advanced  corps  could  have 
been  siipporird  by  the  main  body,  which  was  some 
miles  in  the  rear."  "If,"  said  they,  "Lee's  judg- 
ment were  against  attacking  the  enemy,  he  could 
not  bu  guilty  of  disobeying  an  ordei  for  that  pur- 
pose, which  was  suspended  on  the  condition  of  his 
own  approbation  of  the  measure."  They  also 
contended,  that  a  .suspension  from  command  was 
not  a  sufficient  punisliinent  for  his  crimes,  il  really 
guilty.  They  therefore  inferred  a  presumption  of 
his  innocence  from  the  lenient  sentence  of  his 
judges  though  there  was  a  diversity  of  opinion 
relative  to  the  first  and  second  charges,  all  were 
agreed  in  pronouncing  him  guilty  of  disrespect  to 
the  commander-in-chief.  The  Americans  had  for- 
merly idoli'/.ed  General  Lee  ;  but  some  of  them  now 
went  to  the  opposite  extreme,  and  without  any 
foundation  pronounced  him  treacherous,  or  defici- 
ent in  courage.  His  temper  was  violent,  and  his 
impalience  of  subordination  had  led  him  often  to 
(piarrel  with  those  whom  he  was  bound  to  respect 
and  obey;  but  his  courage  and  fidelity  could  not 
be  questioned. 

Soon  after  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  the  Ame- 
rican army  took  post  at  the  White  Plains,  a  few 
miles  beyonil  Kings-bridge ;  and  the  British, 
though  only  a  few  miles  distant,  did  not  molest 
them.  'J'liey  reniiuned  in  this  position,  from  an 
early  day  in  July,  till  a  late  one  in  the  autumn: 
and  then  the  Americans  retired  to  iMiddle  Brook 
in  Jersey,  where  they  built  ihemselves  huts  in  the 
same  manner  as  they  had  done  at  Valley  Forge. 

Immediately  on  the  departure  of  the  British  fruni 
Philadelphia,  Congress,  after  an  absence  of  nine 
months,  returned  to  the  former  seat  of  their  de- 
liberations. Soon  aflei  their  return,  6th,  August, 
they  weie  called  upon,  to  give  a  public  audience 
to  a  minister  plenipotentiary  from  the  court  of 
France.  The  person  appointed  to  this  office  was 
M.  (ierard,  tin  same  wlio  had  been  employed  in 
the  negociations,  antecedent  to  the  treaty.  The 
arrival  and  leception  of  a  minister  from  France, 
made  a  strong  impression  on  the  minds  of  the 
Americans.  They  felt  the  weight  and  im|)ortance, 
to  which  they  were  risen  among  nations.  That 
the  same  spot  which  in  less  than  a  century,  had 
been  the  residence  of  savages,  should  become  the 
theatre  on  which,  the  representatives  of  a  new, 
tree,  and  civili/.ed  nation,  gave  a  public  audience 
to  a  minister  plenipotentiary,  from  one  of  the  old- 
est and  most  powerful  kingdoms  of  Kurope,  alVord- 
ed  ample  materials  for  philosophic  contemplation. 


the  united  supplications  of  the  colonists,  praying 
for  peace,  liberty  and  safety,  they  !<hould,as!in  in- 
li'pendent  people,  be  hoiionieil  with  the  lesidencq 
ol  a  iiiiiiisler  Ironi  the  court  of  Frame,  exceeded 
ilie  expectation  of  the  most  sanguine  Americans. 
'J'lie  patriots  of  the  new  world  revolved  in  their 
minds  these  transactions,  with  heart-felt,  satis- 
faction ;  while  the  devout  were  led  lo  admire 
that  Providence,  which  had,  in  so  short  u  space, 
stationed  the  United  .States  among  the  powers 
ot  the  earth,  and  clothed  them  in  robes  nf  sove- 
reignty. 

The  British  had  barely  completed  the  removal 
of  their  fleet  and  army,  from  the  Delaware  and 
Philadelphia,  to  the  liarbour  and  city  of  New 
York,  when  they  received  intelligence,  that  a 
French  fleet  was  on  the  coast  of  Ameiica.  Tliia 
"Was  commanded  by  Count  D'Kstaign,  and  consis- 
ed  of  twelve  ships  of  the  line  and  three  frigates. 
Among  the  former,  one  carried  90  guns,  unotlier, 
80,  and  six  74  guns  each.  Their  first  object  wu3 
the  surprise  of  lord  Howe's  fleet  in  the  Dehware  ; 
but  they  arrived  too  late.  In  naval  history,  there 
are  few  more  narrow  escapes,  than  that  of  the 
British  fleet,  on  this  occasion.  It  consisted  only 
()lsix6l  gun  ships,  three  of  CiO,  and  two  of  40, 
with  some  liigales  and  sloops.  Alost  of  these 
had  been  long  on  service,  anil  were  in  a  bad  con- 
dition. Their  foice,  when  compared  with  that  of 
the  French  fleet,  was  so  greatly  inferior,  that  had 
the  latter  reached  the  month  of  the  Delaware,  in 
7d  days  I'rom  its  leaving  Toiilim,  their  ca|iture,  in 
the  ordinary  course  of  events,  would  have  been 
inevitable.  This  was  pievented  by  the  various 
hindrances  which  retarded  D'Kstaign  in  his  voy 
age  to  the  term  of  87  days  ;  in  the  last  eleven  of 
which  lord  Howe's  fleet  not  only  quitted  the  Dela- 
ware, but  reached  the  larbour  of  New  York. 
D'Kstaign,  disappointed  i  his  first  scheme,  pur- 
sued, and,  July  Ilth,  ap  ared  off  Sandy  Hook. 
American  pilots  of  the  first  abilities,  provided  for 
the  purpose,  went  on  board  his  fleet.  Among  them 
were  persons,  whose  circumstances  placed  them 
above  the  ordinary  tank  of  pilots. 

The  sight  of  the  PVencli  fleet  roused  all  the  ac- 
tive passions  of  their  adversaries.  Transported 
with  indignation  against  the  French,  for  inteifer 
ing  in  what  they  called  a  domestic  quarrel,  the 
British  displayed  a  spirit  of  /.eal  and  bravery  which 
could  not  be  exceeded.  .\  thousand  volunteers 
were  despatched  from  their  transports  to  man  their 
fleet.  The  masters  and  mates  of  the  merchiint- 
inen  and  traders  at  New  York,  look  their  stations 
at  the  guns  with  the  common  sailors.  Others  put 
to  sea  in  light  vessels,  to  watch  the  motions  of 
tlieii  enemies.  The  officers  and  privates  of  the 
Biilish  aimy  contended,  with  so  much  eagerness, 
III  serve  on  board  the  men  of  war  as  marines,  Ihtt 
il  liecame  necessary  to  decide  the  point  of  honour 
by  lot. 

The  French  fleet  came  to  anchor,  and  con 
tinned  «ii limit  the  Hook  fiir  eleven  days.  During 
this  time,  the  British  hail  the  iiiorlilication  of  see 
ing  the  blorkiiile  of'their  fleet,  and  the  capture  of 
about  20  vessels  under  Knglisli  colours.  Chi  the 
22d,  the  French  fleet  appeared  under  weigh.  It 
was  an  anxious  moment  m  the  liiilisli.  They 
supposed  that  Count  D'iOsi.iign  would  f'oiie  his 
way  into  the  'larbour.  anil  llial  an  en<:a<:ement 
would  be  the  consequence.  Kveiy  thing  with 
them  was  at  stake.  Nothing  less  than  ilestriietion 
or  victory  would  Have  ended  the  contest.  If  the 
first  had  been  their  lot,  the  vast  fleet  of  irans|.(jrls 
and  victuallers,  and  the  army,  must  have  f':illeii. 
The  pilots  on  board  the  French  fleet,  declared  it 
to  be  impossible  to  carry  the  large  ships  thereof 
over  the  bar,  on  account  of  their  dmiight  of  water. 
D  Kstaign,  on  that  account,  and  by  the  advice  of 
General  Washington,  lefl  the  Hook  and  sailed  fiir 
Newport.  By  his  departure  the  British  fleet  had 
a  second  escape;  for  hail  he  remained  at  the 
Hook  but  a  few  days  longer,  the  fleet  of  Admiral 
Byron  must  have  fallen  into  his  hands.  That  of- 
ficer had  been  sent  out  to  relieve  lord  Howe,  who 


That  in  less  than  three  years   from  the  day,  on  had  solicited  to  be  recalled  ;  and  the  fleet   under 
which  an  answer  was  refuted  bv  Great  Brituiu  to  his  command  had  been  sent  t.  reinforce  that  which 


UNITED    STATES. 


443 


colonists,  priying 
sy  !<hoiild,iisiin  in- 
nitli  tlie  residence 
Kraii'c.  I'xci'edi'il 
guine  Anieiiriins. 

revolved    in  their 

heart-fell,   siitis- 

re    led  tu  admire 

so  sliort   a  spnce, 

inong   the    powers 

in   rolies  of  suve- 

ileted  the  removal 
he   Delaware   nod 

and  city  of  New 
itellijjetice,  that  a 
if  America.  This 
istaign,  and  consis- 
and  three  frigates. 

90  giitia,  another, 
eir  first  object  wua 
Bt  in  the  Dehware  ; 
laval  history,  there 
),  thiMi  that  of  the 
Ir  consisted  only 
fiO,  and  two  of  40, 
is.     iMost  of  these 

were  in  a  bad  con- 
npared  with  that  of 
y  inferior,  that  had 
if  the  Delaware,  in 
iin,  their  capture,  in 
I,   would   have  been 
iteil    by  the  various 
'Estaign  in  his  voy 
I  the   last  eleven   of 
nly  quitted  the  Dela- 
our   of  New    York. 
is  first  scheme,  pur- 
■d   oil'  Sandy    Hook, 
bilities.  provided    for 
I  fleet.    Among  them 
itances  placed  iheiii 

Ills. 

el  roused  all  the  ac- 

■aries.     Transported 

''renih,  for  interfer 

iniestic   quarrel,  the 

I  and  bravery  which 

liousand    voliiiiteers 

nspofts  to  man  their 

!s  of  the   riierch.ml- 

look  their  stations 

iiilors.     Others  put 

the   inotiuns  of 

and    privates  of  the 

so  niiich  eagerness, 

■ar  as  marines,  ihil 

the  point  of  honour 


o  anchor,  and   con 
leven  days.   During 
iiKirlifiraliiin  of  sec 

and  the  capture  iil 
ill  colours.  (.)n  the 
'il  iiMder  weigh.      It 

lie    Urilish.      They 

gii  would    fdice  his 

lial   an    eniiaucuiiMit 

Every   tiling    »i'h 

ss  than  clcsiriii'li<in 
the  coiilesl.  If  the 
isl  fleet  of  irans|.(Mls 
■,  luiist    have   filli'ii. 

h  fleet,  declared  il 
large  ships  thereof 
eir  draught  of  water, 
ind  by  the  advice  of 

Hook  and  sailed  for 

the  British  fleet  had 
..     remained    at   the 

the  fleet  of  Adiniial 

lis  hands.  Thai  of- 
.(■ve  lord  Mowe,  who 

and  the  fleet   under 

reinforce  that  which 


had  III  en  previously  on  the  coast  of  America 
Admiral  Hyron's  squadron  had  inci  with  bud  wea 
iher,  and  was  separated  hi  dillerent  storms.  It 
now  arrived,  scattered,  broken,  disniasled,  or 
iilherwise  damaged.  Within  eight  days  alter  the 
drpiirtiiie  of  the  French  fleet,  liie  Kenowii,  the 
Itaisniioable,  the  (.'enturion,  and  the  Cornwall  ai- 
/ived  singly  at  Sandy  Hook. 

The  next  allenipt  of  Count  D'Estaign  was 
against  Kliiide  island,  of  which  the  Ilrllisli  had 
lu'i'ii  III  possession  since  December,  177(!.  A 
ciiiiiliiiii'il  attack  against  it  was  projected,  in  which 
It  was  agreed  that  iieneial  Sullivan  should  com- 
niiind  the  American  hnd  forces.  Such  was  th 
eagerness  of  the  people  to  co-operate  with  their 
new  allies,  and  so  confident  were  they  of  success, 
lliat  some  thousands  of  volunteers  engaged  in  the 
service.  The  militia  of  Massachusetts  was  under 
llie  eiimin:>iid  of  General  Hancock.  The  royal 
troops  on  ijicisfind,  having  lately  been  reinforced, 
were  about  (JUI)U.  Sullivan's  force  was  about 
10,01)0.  Lord  Howe  followed  Count  D'Estaign, 
and  raine  within  sight  of  Hhoile  Island,  the  day 
lifter  the  I'lench  fleet  entered  the  harbour  of  New- 
port. 'I'lie  Krilish  fleet  exceeded  the  French  in 
point  of  iiuniber,biii  was  inferior  in  efl'ective  force 
anil  wuiglit  of  melal.  On  the  appearance  of  lord 
llowe,  the  French  admiral  put  out  to  sea  wiili  his 
H-liole  force  to  engage  him.  While  the  two  coni- 
nianilers  were  exerting  their  naval  skill  to  gain  re- 
Rp''clivcly  the  advantages  of  position,  a  strong  gale 
of  wind  came  on,  which  greatly  damaged  the  ships 
on  both  sides.  In  this  conflict  of  the  elemenls, 
two  capital  French  ships  ivere  dismasted.  ^I'he 
Langiiedoc  of  Oil  guns,  D'Estaign's  own  ship,  after 
losing  all  lier  masts  and  rudder,  was  attacked  by 
llie  Henown  of  do  guns,  coininanded  by  Captain 
Dawson.  The  same  evening,  the  Preston  of  CtO 
guns,  fell  in  with  the  Tonnarit  of  80  guns:  with 
iiiily  her  mainmast  standing,  and  attacked  her  with 
spirit  :  but  night  put  an  end  to  the  enga,'!emenl. 
Six  sail  of  the  French  squadron  came  up  in  the 
night,  which  saved  the  disabled  ships  from  any 
farther  attack.  There  was  no  ship  or  vessel  lost 
nil  either  side.  The  lirilish  suffered  less  in  the 
Klorm  than  their  adversjaries;  yet  enough  tu  make 
It  necessary  to  return  to  Ncw-Vork,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  refitting.  The  French  fleet  came  to  an- 
chor, on  the  20th  of  August,  near  to  Klioile  Island  ; 
but  sailed  on  the  22d,  to  ISoston.  Before  they 
sailed,  (General  Greene  and  the  iManpiis  de  la  Fay- 
ette went  on  board  the  [janguednc,  to  consult  on 
measures  proper  to  be  puisueil.  They  urged 
D'Estaign  loretnrn  withhisfleet  into  the  harbo.r; 
but  liis  principal  officers  were  opposed  to  the  niea- 
siire,  and  protested  against  it.  He  had  been  in- 
slrucied  to  go  to  Boston,  if  his  fleet  met  with  any 
niisl'orlune.  His  officers  insisted  on  his  ceasing  to 
prosecute  the  expedition  against  Hhoile  Island, 
that  he  niight  conform  to  the  orders  of  their  com 
nion  superiors, 

I'pun  the  return  of  General  (ireencand  the  .Mar 
qiiis  lie  la  Fayeite,  and  their  reporting  the  de 
teriniiialion  of  Count  D'F.slaign,  a  protest  was 
drawn  up  and  sent  to  him,  which  was  signed  by 
John  .Sullivan,  Nathaniel  (ireene,  .fiilin  Hancock, 
I. Glover,  E/.ekiel  Cornel,  William  Whipple,  .John 
Tyler,  .Solomon  Lovcll,  Jon.  Fitconnel.  'I'hey 
protested  against  the  count's  taking  ilie  fleet  to 
Boston,  as  derogatory  to  the  honour  of  France, 
contrary  to  the  intention  of  his  most  Chrisljan  Ma- 
jesty, and  the  interests  of  lis  nation,  destructive  in 
the  highest  degree  to  the  welfare  of  the  United 
States,  andliighly  injurious  to  the  alliance  formed 
benveen  the  two  nations.  Had  D'Estaign  prose- 
cuted his  original  plan  within  the  harbour,  either 
before  or  immediately  after  the  pursiiil  of  lord 
Howe,  the  reduction  of  the  British  post  on  Rhode 
Island  would  have  been  probable  ;  but  his  ilepar- 
tiirc  in  the  first  instance  to  engage  the  British  fleet, 
and  ill  the  second  from  Rhode  Island  to  Boston, 
frtistiated  the  whole.  Perhaps  Count  D'Estaign 
hoped  by  something  brilliant  loellace  the  iiiipres- 
siims  m.iile  by  his  late  failure  at  New  Voik.  <  )rlie 
might  have  thought  ii  imprudent  to  slake  bis  whole 
fleet,  within  an  harbour  possessed  by  his  enemies. ' 


After  his  ships  had  sull'ered  both  from  battle  and 
the  Sturm,  the  letter  of  his  instructions,  the  impor- 
tunity of  his  oflicers,  and  his  anxiety  to  have  his 
ships  speedily  refitted,  might  have  weighed  with 
him  to  sail  directly  lor  Dosion.  Whatever  were 
the  reasons  which  induced  him  to  adopt  that  mea- 
sured, the  Americans  were  greatly  dissatisfied. 
They  complained  that  lliey  had  incurred  great  ex- 
pense and  danger,  under  the  prospect  of  the  most 
ell'ective  eo-operaliiin ;  that  depending  thereon, 
they  had  risked  their  lives  on  an  island,  where, 
without  naval  protection,  they  were  exposed  to 
particular  danger  ;  that  in  this  situation,  they  were 
first  deserted,  and  afterwards  totally  abandoned,  at 
a  time,  when,  by  persevering  in  the  original  plan, 
they  had  well-grounded  hopes  of  speedy  success. 
Under  these  apprehensions,  the  discontented  mili- 
tia went  home  in  such  crowds,  that  the  regular  ar- 
my which  remained,  was  in  danger  of  being  cut  off 
from  a  retreat.  Jn  these  embarrassing  circumstan- 
ces. General  Sullivan  extricated  himselC  with  judg- 
ment and  ability.  He  began  to  send  olf  his  heavy 
artillery  and  baggage  on  the  2()tli,  and  retrealed 
from  his  lines  on  the  night  of  the '.^8tli.  It  had 
been  that  day  resolved  in  a  council  of  war,  to  re- 
move to  the  north  of  the  island,  fortify  their  camp, 
secure  a  coimuunicalion  with  the  main,  and  hold 
the  ground  till  II  could  be  known  whether  the 
French  fleet  would  reliirn  to  their  assistance.  The 
,^^arqnisde  la  Lafayette,  by  desire  of  his  associates, 
set  olf  fur  Boston,  to  request  the  speedy  return  of 
the  French  fleet.  To  tliisfjounl  d'Estaign  would 
not  consent;  but  he  ur.ide a  spirited  ofl'er  to  lead 
the  troops  under  his  command,  and  co-operate  with 
the  American  land  forces  against  Rhode  Island. 

Sullivan  retreated  with  great  order;  but  he  had 
not  been  five  hours  at  the  north  end  of  the  Island, 
when  his  troops  was  fired  upon  by  the  British,  who 
had  pursued  them,  on  discovering  their  retreat. 
The  pursuit  was  made  by  two  parlies  and  on  two 
roads;  toone  was  opposed  Colonel  Henry  B.  Liv- 
ingston ;  to  the  other  John  Laurens,  aid-de-camp 
to  General  Washington,  and  each  of  them  had  a 
command  of  light  troiips.  In  the  first  instance 
these  light  troops  were  compelled  by  superior  num- 
bers to  give  way  ;  but  they  kept  up  a  retreating 
fire.  On  being  reinfiiiced,  ihey  gave  their  pur- 
suers a  check,  and  at  length  repulsed  them.  By 
degrees  the  action  became  in  some  respects  gen- 
eral, and  near  1200  Aineiicans  were  eiignged. 
The  loss  on  each  side  was  between  two  and  tliiee 
hunured. 

Lord  Howe's  fleet,  with  sir  Henry  ('linton  and 
about  4000  Hoops  on  lioaid,  being  seen  off  the 
coast,  (ienerid  Siillivan  concluded  iinmediaiely  to 
evacuate  Rhode  Island.  As  llie  sentries  of  both 
armies  were  within  100  yards  of  each  other,  the 
greatest  caution  was  necessary.  To  cover llie de- 
sign of  retreating,  the  show  of  resistance  and  con- 
tinuance on  the  island  was  kept  up.  The  retreat 
was  made  in  llie  night,  and  nearly  coinpleled  by 
iwelvfi  o'clock.  Towards  the  last  of  it,  the  Mar- 
quis de  Lafayette  returned  from  Bosion.  He  had 
rode  thither  from  Ilhiide  Island,  a  distance  of  70 
miles,  in  seven  hours,  and  reliiriied  in  six  and  a 
half.  Anxious  to  partake  in  ilie  engagement,  his 
mortification  was  not  litile  at  being  absent  on  the 
day  before.  He  was  io  time  to  bring  olf  the  pic- 
qiiels,  and  other  parties  that  covert,'d  the  -elreat  of 
the  American  army.  This  he  did  in  excellent  or- 
der. Not  a  man  was  left  behind,  nor  was  the  small- 
est article  lost. 

The  bravery  and  good  conduct  which  John  Lau- 
rens displayed  on  this  occasion,  were  excelled  by 
his  lepulilican  inagnaiiimity.  in  declining  a  milita- 
ry comniision.  which  was  conferred  on  him,  by 
the  representatives  of  his  country.  Congress  re- 
solved, that  he  should  be  presented  wiih  a  ciinti- 
nenliil  commission,  of  lieutenant  colonel,  in  testi- 
mony of  the  sense  which  they  entertained  of  his 
patriotic  and  spirited  services,  and  of  his  brave 
ciinduct  in  several  acliiins.  particularly  in  that  of 
Rliiiile  Island,  on  llie  2!llli  of  August. 

On  the  next  day  he  wrote  to  Coiigiess  a  letter, 
expressing  "  his  gratitude  for  the  unexpected  hon- 
our which  they  were  pleased  to  confer  hiru,  and  the 


satisfaction  it  would  have  aflTurded  him,  could  he 
have  accepted  it  without  injuring  the  rights  of  the 
officers  in  the  line  ol'ihe  army,  and  doing  an  evi- 
dent iiijiisiiie  to  his  colleagues,  in  the  fami'y  ol  lliu 
commamler  in  i  liiet'.  That  having  been  a  specia 
tor  of  the  convulsions  occasioned  in  the  urniy  liy 
disputes  of  rank,  he  held  liie  tranquillity  of  it  loo 
dear,  to  be  iiislrumenlal  in  disiiiibiiig  il,  and  llieie- 
lorc  inlrealed  Ciiimress  to  suppress  their  resolve, 
ordering  him  the  coniiiiissiun  of  lieutenant  iiiloiiei 
and  to  accept  his  sincere  thanks  lor  the  inteniled 
honour." 

With  the  abortive  expedition  to  Rhode  Island, 
there  was  an  end  to  the  plans,  which  were  in  this 
first  campaign  projected  by  the  allies  of  Congress 
for  »  co-operation.  The  Americans  had  been  in- 
toxicated with  hopes  of  the  most  decisive  advan- 
tages ;  but  in  every  instance  they  were  disappoint- 
ed. Lord  Howe,  with  an  inferiority  of  force,  not 
only  preserved  his  own  fleet,  but  counteiacted  and 
defeated  all  the  views  and  attempts  of  Count  D'Es- 
taign. The  French  fleet  gained  no  direct  advan- 
tages for  the  Americans  ;  yet  their  arrival  was  of 
great  service  to  their  cause.  IJesides  deranging 
the  plans  of  the  British,  il  carried  conviction  to 
their  minds,  that  his  most  Christian  Majesty  was 
seriously  disposed  to  support  them.  The  good 
« ill  of  their  new  allies  was  manifested  to  the  Aine- 
iicans ;  and  though  il  had  failed  in  producing  the 
ellecis  expected  from  it,  the  fiiiliire  was  charged 
III  winds,  weather,  and  unavoidable  incidents.— 
Some censuied  Count  D'Estaign  ;  but  while  ihoy 
ailempted  to  console  themselves  by  throwing 
blame  on  hiir  they  felt  and  acknowledged  their 
obligation  to  me  French  nation,  and  were  encour- 
aged to  persevere  in  the  war,  from  the  hope  iliat 
better  fuitunc  would  attend  their  future  co-opera- 
tion. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton,  finding  that  the  Americans 
had  left  Rhode  Island,  returned  to  New  York  ;  but 
directed  (ieneral  Grey  to  proceed  to  Bedford  and 
the  neighbourhood,  where  several  American  pri- 
vateers resorted.  On  reaching  the  place  if  their 
destination,  the  general's  party  landed,  and  in  a 
few  hours  deslroyed  about  seventy  sail  iif  ship- 
ping, besides  a  number  of  small  ciaft.  They  also 
blunt  maua/.ines,  wharves,  stores,  waielioir-'.  s, 
vessels  on  the  stocks,  anil  a  considerable  riiiinber 
of  dwelling  houses.  The  building  buriied  in  Bed- 
lord,  were  estimated  to  be  worth  .£20,000  sterling. 
The  other  articles  destroyed  were  worth  much 
inoic.  The  royal  troops  proceeded  to  .Maltha's 
N'ineyaril.  There  they  destroyed  a  few  vessels, 
and  made  a  requisition  of  the  militia  arms,  the 
pulilic  money,  1100  oxen,  and  2000  sheep,  which 
was  coniplled  with. 

A  similar  expedition,  tinder  the  conimand  of 
Capiaiii  Ferguson,  was  about  the  same  tiiiie  uiider- 
l;iken  against  Little  Eug-Harbunr,  al  wliiili  plaea 
the  Anieiiciinshad  a  niimlierof  privaleeis  and  pri- 
zes, and  also  some  sall-wiirks.  .'several  of  llio 
vessels  got  oil";  but  alt  that  weie  foiinil  were  de- 
slroyed. Previous  to  the  einbaicalionof  the  Bri- 
lisli  fniiu  Egi;  Harbour  for. New  \'oik.Capt.iiii  Fer- 
guson with  2.70  men,  surprised  and  pni  to  death 
about  TiO  of  a  party  of  tlic  Anieriiaiis,  uho  were 
posted  in  the  vicinity.  The  attack  beinii  made  in 
the  night,  lillle  or  no  quarter  was  given. 

The  loss  sustained  by  the  Brilisli  in  these  seve- 
ral excursions  was  trilling;  lint  the  advantage  was 
considerable,  from  the  supplies  they  procured,  and 
the  check  which  was  given  to  the  American  priva- 
teers. 

One  of  the  most  disislrous  events,  which  occur- 
red at  this  period  of  the  campaign,  was  the  sur- 
prise and  massacre  of  an  Americau  regiment  of 
light  dragoons,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Baylor.  While  employed  in  a  detached  situation, 
to  iniercept  and  watch  a  British  fiiraging  party, 
they  took  up  their  lodging  in  a  barn  near  T.ippau. 
The  (irticer  who  commanded  the  party  which  sur- 
prised them,  was  Major  General  Grey.  He  acqui- 
red llie  name  of  the  '■  No  flint  General."  from  his 
I'limiiion  practice  of  orderiii!;  the  men  under  his 
conimand  to  take  the  flinis  out  of  their  muskets 
that  they  might  be  confiueU  to  the  use  ef  their  bay- 


HISTORV    OF    THE 


444  

uiiali.  A  party  of  militia,  which  had  been  ■Utiunedteniptecl  by  proveeiling  fruni  north  to  aoiilh  but  | 
on  the  roud,  by  which  the  British  adtiinced,  quitted  1  that  order  wnt  henceforth  invciled,  and  tlip  nouih-  j 
their  poalH,  without  givinK  any  notice  to  Culouel  ern  stales  became  tlie  principal  theatre,  on  which  1 
Hiivlor.    This  disorderly  conduct  was  the  occasion  i  the  Hrilish  conuiienced  their  otl'ensive  o|>erali(ins.  > 


of  the  disaster  which  followed,  (iicy's  men  pro- 
ci'cded  with  such  silence  and  address,  that  they 
rut  oil' a  seri;eaiit's  patrol  without  noise,  and  sui- 
munded  old  Tappan  without  being  discovered. 
Tliey  titer,  rushed  in  upon  Haylor's  regiment,  while 
iliey  were  in  a  profound  sleep.  Incapable  of  de- 
liMice  or  resistance,  cut  oH'ftom  every  prospect  of 
selling  their  hves  dear,  thesurprised  dragoons  sued 
fur  quarters.  Unmoved  by  their  supplications, 
their  adversaries  applied  the  bayonet,  and  contin- 
ued its  repeated  thrusts,  while  objects  could  be 
found  in  which  any  signs  of  life  appeared.  A  few 
escaped  ;  and  others,  after  having  received  from 
five  to  eleven  bayonet  wounds  in  the  trunk  of  tl<e 
body,  were  restored  in  a  course  of  time,  to  perfect 
health.  Day  lor  himself  was  wounded  but  not  dan- 
gerously. He  lost  in  killed,  wounded  and  taken, 
67  privates  out  of  101.  About  40  were  made  pris- 
oners. These  were  indebted,  for  their  lives,  to 
the  humanity  of  one  of  (Jrey's  captains,  who  gave 
quarters  to  the  whole  fourth  troop,  though  contra- 
ry to  the  orders  <d'  his  superior  oOicers.  The  cir- 
cumstance of  the  attack  being  made  in  the  night, 
when  neither  order  nor  discipline  can  be  observed, 
itiay  apologise  in  some  decree  with  men  of  a  cer- 
tain description,  fur  this  bloody  scene.  It  cannot 
lie  niaii]tained  that  the  laws  of  war  require  that 
quarters  slioiild  be  uiveii  in  similar  assaults  ;  but 
the  lovers  of  mankind  must  ever  contend,  that  the 
laws  of  humanity  are  of  superior  obligation  to  those 
of  war.  The  truly  brave  will  spare  when  resist- 
ance ceases,  and  in  every  case  wliere  it  can  be 
done  with  safety.  The  perpetrators  of  such  ac- 
tions may  justly  be  denominated  the  enemies  of  re- 
fined society.  As  far  as  their  example  avails,  it 
tends  to  arrest  the  growing  hutnanity  of  modern 
times,  and  to  revive  the  barbarism  oftiothic  ages. 
On  these  principles,  the  massacre  ofColonel  Bay- 
lot's  regiment  was  the  subject  of  much  complaint. 
The  particulars  of  it  were  ascertained,  by  tin-  oaths 
of  sundry  credible  witnesses,  taken  before  (jover- 
nor  Livingston,  of  .lersey  ;  and  the  whole  was  sub- 
Liitted  to  the  judgment  of  the  public. 

In  the  summer  of  this  year,  an  expedition  was 
undertaken  against  Kast  Florida.  This  was  re- 
solved upon,  with  the  doidde  view  of  protecting  the 
state  ofCjeurgia  from  depredation,  and  of  causing 
a  diversion.  General  Kobert  Howe,  who  con- 
ducted it,  had  under  his  command  aboutSOOU  men, 
a  few  hundred  of  whom  were  continental  troops, 
and  the  remainder  militia  of  the  stales  of  South 
Carolina  anil  (ieorgia.  They  proceeded  as  far  as 
•St.  Mary's  river,  and  without  any  opposition  of 
consequence.  At  this  place  the  British  had 
erected  a  fort,  which  in  compliment  to  Tonyn, 
governor  of  the  province,  was  called  by  his  name. 
On  the  approach  of  General  Howe,  they  destroyed 
this  fort,  and  after  some  slight  skirmishing,  re- 
treated towards  St.  Augustine.  The  season  was 
more  fatal  to  the  Americans,  than  any  opposition 
they  experienced  from  their  enemies.  Sickness 
and  death  raged  to  such  a  degree,  than  an  imme- 
diate retreat  hecaine  necessary ;  but  before  this 
waselfected,  they  lost  nearly  one-fourth  of  their 
whole  number. 

The  royal  commissioners  having  failed  in  their 
attempts  to  induce  the  Americans  to  resume  the 
character  of  British  subjects,  and  the  successive 
plans  of  co-operation  between  the  new  allies  hav- 
ing also  failed,  a  solemn  pause  ensued.  It  would 
Hcem  as  if  the  commissioners  indulged  a  hope,  that 
the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  on  finding  a  dis 
.ippointmentoftheir  expectations  from  the  French, 
would  re-consider  and  accept  the  offers  of  Great 
Britain.  Full  time  was  given,  both  for  the  circu- 
lation of  their  manifesto,  and  for  observing  its  ef- 
liects  on  the  public  inind  :  but  no  overtures  were 
made  to  them  from  any  quarter.  The  year  was 
JrawinK  near  to  a  close,  before  any  interesting  ex 
pediliun  was  undeilHkcti.  With  this  new  era,  a 
new  system  was  introdiicoii. 

Hitherto  the  conquest  of  the  states  had  bp<!n  at. 


(ieorgia,  being  one  of  the  weakest  states  in  the 
union,  tuid  at  the  same  lime  abouniling  in  provis- 
ions, was  niarkcil  out  as  the  first  object  of  renewed 
warfare.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Campbell,  an  officer 
of  known  courage  and  abiliiy,  embarked  from  New 
York  for  Savannah,  27lh  November,  with  a  force 
of  about  2UU0  iuen,under  theconvoy  of  some  ships 
(d°  war,  commanded  by  Commodore  Hyde  I'arkcr. 
To  make  more  sure  of  success  in  the  enterprise. 
Major  (ieneral  I'revost,  who  commanded  the  royal 
forces  in  Kast  Florida,  was  directed  to  advance 
with  them  into  the  southern  exiremiiy  of  (jeorgia. 
The  fleet  that  sailed  from  New  Vork,  in  about 
three  weeks  effected  a  landing  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Savannah.  From  the  landing  place,  a 
narrow  causeway  of  six  hundred  yards  in  length, 
with  a  ditch  on  each  side,  led  through  a  swamp. 
A  body  of  the  British  light  infantry  moved  for- 
ward along  this  causeway.  On  their  advance, 
they  received  a  heavy  fire  from  a  small  party  un- 
der Captain  Smith,  posted  for  the  purpose  of  im- 
peding their  passage.  Captain  Cameron  was  killed; 
but  the  British  made  their  way  good,  and  com- 
pelled Captain  Smith  to  retreat,  (ieneral  Howe, 
the  American  officer  to  whom  the  defence  of 
(ieorgia  was  committed,  look  his  station  on  the 
main  road,  and  posted  his  little  army,  consisting 
of  about  600  continentals,  and  a  few  liuodr  d  mi- 
litia, between  the  landing-place  and  ihe  town  of 
Savannah,  with  the  river  on  his  left  and  a  morass 
in  front.  Th's  disposition  announced  great  dilli- 
cullies  to  be  overcome,  before  thu  Americans  could 
be  dislodged.  While  Colonel  (.'ampbell  was  mak- 
ing the  necessary  arransements  for  this  purpose, 
he  received  intelligence  from  a  negro,  of  a  (irivate 
path  through  the  swamp,  on  the  right  of  the  Ame- 
ricans whicli  lay  in  such  a  situation,  that  the  Bri- 
tish troops  might  march  through  it  unobserved. 
Sir  James  Baird,  with  the  light  infantry,  was  di- 
rected to  avail  himself  of  this  path,  in  order  to  turn 
the  right  wing  of  the  Americans,  and  attack  their 
rear.  As  soon  as  it  was  supposed  that  sir  James 
Bairil  liad  cleared  his  passage,  tlie  British  in  fiont 
of  the  Americans,  were  directed  to  advance  and 
engage.  Howe,  finding  himself  attacked  in  the 
rear  as  well  as  in  the  front,  ordered  an  immediate 
relreat.  The  British  pursued  with  great  execu- 
tion ;  theii  victory  was  complete.  Upwards  of 
100  of  the  Americans  were  killed.  Thirty-eight 
officers,  41.')  privates,  48  pieces  of  cannon,  '£i 
mortars,  the  fort,  with  its  ammunition  and  stores, 
the  shipping  in  the  river,  a  large  quantity  of  pro- 
visions, will)  the  capital  of  (ieorgia,  were  all,  in 
the  space  of  a  few  hours,  in  the  possession  of  the 
conquerois.  The  broken  remains  of  the  American 
army  retreated  up  the  river  .Savannah  for  several 
miles,  and  then  took  shelter  by  crossing  into  South 
Carolina 

Agreeably  to  instructions,  (ioneiaj  Prevost  had 
marched  ftom  Kast  Florida,  about  Ihe  same  time 
tliat  the  embarcation  took  place  from  New  York 
After  encountering  many  difficulties,  the  king's 
troops  from  St.  Augustine  reached  the  inhabited 
paits  of  Georgia,  and  there  '.card  the  welcome 
tidings  of  the  arrival  and  sncr  if  Colonel  Camp- 
bell. Savannah  having  fal'  .i,  ihefort  at  .Sunbiiry 
surrendered,  (ieneral  I'revost  marched  to  Sa- 
vannah, and  look  the  command  of  the  combined 
forces  from  New  York  and  .St.  Augustine.  Pre- 
vious to  his  arrival,  a  proclamation  had  been  is 
sued,  10  encourage  the  inhabitants  to  come  in  and 
submit  to  the  conquerors,  with  promises  of  protec 
lion,  on  condition  that  with  their  arms  they  would 
support  royal  government. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Campbell  acted  with  great 
polic;-,  in  securing  the  submission  of  Ihe  inhabit 
ants.  He  did  more  in  a  short  lime,  and  with  com 
paratively  a  few  men,  towards  the  re-establish 
men!  of  the  British  interest,  than  all  the  geni'Ml 
officers  who  hid  preceded  hiin.  He  not  only  ex- 
tirpated military  opposition,  but  subverted  for  some 
time  every  trace  of  republicau  government,  and 


paved  the  way  for  the  re-establishment  of  a  royal 
legislature.  Georgia,  soon  after  the  reduction  of 
its  capital,  exhibited  a  singular  speclai'le.  It  was 
the  only  stale  of  the  Union,  in  which,  after  the 
declaration  of  independence,  a  legislative  body 
was  convened  under  the  authority  of  the  crown  of 
(ireat  Britain.  The  moderation  and  prudence  of 
Lieutenant  Colonel  (Jampbell  were  moresuccessful 
in  reconciling  the  minds  of  the  citizens  to  their 
former  constitution,  than  the  sevcie  measures 
which  had  been  generally  adopted  by  othei  Biitish 
commanders. 

The  errors  of  the  first  years  of  the  war,  forced 
on  Congress  same  useful  reforms,  in  the  year  1778. 
The  insufficiency  of  the  provision  made  for  the 
support  of  Ihe  officers  of  their  army  had  induced 
many  resignations.  From  a  conviction  of  the  jus- 
tice and  policy  of  making  commissions  valuable 
and  from  respect  to  the  warm,  but  disinterested  re- 
commendations of  General  Washington,  Congress 
resolved:  "that  half- pay  should  be  allowed  to 
their  officers,  for  the  term  of  seven  years,  after 
ihe  expiration  of  their  service."  This  was,  after- 
wards, extended  lo  the  end  of  their  lives:  and 
finally,  that  was  commuted  for  full  pay,  for  five 
years.  Uesignations  were  afterivards  rare  ;  and 
the  Slates  reaped  the  benefit  of  expeiienced  offi- 
cers continuing  in  service,  till  the  war  was  ended. 

A  system  of  more  regular  discipline  was  in- 
troduced into  Ihe  .Vmerican  army,  by  the  industry, 
abilities,  and  juilicioiis  regulations  of  Baron  de 
Steuben,  a  most  excellent  disciplinarian,  who  had 
served  under  the  king  of  Prussia.  A  very  im- 
portant reform  took  place  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment, by  appointing  dilleient  olficers,  to  discharge 
the  directing  and  purveying  business  of  the  mili- 
tary hospitals,  which  hail  been  before  united  in  the 
satne  hands.  Dr.  Rush  was  principally  instrumen- 
tal in  eli'ecting  this  beneficial  alteration.  Some 
regulations,  which  had  been  adopted  for  Imiling 
the  prices  ofcommodilies,  being  fimnil  not  only  im- 
practicable, but  injurious,  weie  abolished. 

The  Randolph,  an  American  frigate  of  36  guns 
and  three  litiiidred  and  five  men,  commanded  by 
Captain  Biddle,  having  sailed  on  a  cruise  from 
Charleston,  fell  in  with  the  Yarmouth,  of  64  guns, 
and  engaged  her  in  the  night.  In  about  a  quarter 
of  an  hour,  the  Randolph  blew  up.  Four  men 
only  were  saved,  upon  a  piece  of  her  wreck. 
These  had  subsisted  foiu  days  on  nothing  but  rain 
water,  which  they  sucked  from  a  piece  cdblanket. 
t)n  the  Stiiday,  Captain  Vincent  of  the  Yarmouth, 
though  in  chase  of  a  ship,  on  discovering  them, 
siispendeil  the  chase,  and  took  them  on  board. 
Captain  liiildle,  who  perislieil  on  board  the  Ran- 
dolph, was  universally  lamented.  He  was  in  the 
piime  of  life,  and  had  excited  high  expectations 
of  future  usefulness  lo  his  countiy,  as  a  bold  and 
skilful  officer. 

[NitiioLAS  BiDDLR,  captain  in  the  American 
navy,  during  the  revolutionary  war,  was  born  in 
tliecity  of  Philadelphia,  in  the'year  17.10.  Among 
the  brave  men  who  perished  in  the  glorious  strug- 
gle fiir  the  independence  of  America,  Captain  Bid- 
die  holds  a  distinguished  rank.  His  services,  ant" 
the  high  expectations  raised  by  his  military  genius 
and  gallantry,  have  left  a  strong  imptessio'n  of  his 
merit,  and  a  profound  regret  that  his  early  fata 
should  have  disappointed,  so  soon,  the  hopes  of 
his  country. 

Very  early  in  life  he  manifested  a  partiality  fol 
the  sea,  and  before  the  age  of  fiiurteen  he  had 
made  a  voyage  lo  Quebec.  In  the  following  year, 
ne."),  he  sailed  from  Philadelphia  to  Jamaica,  and 
the  Bay  of  Honduras.  The  vessel  left  the  bay  in 
the  latter  end  of  December,  176.5,  bound  to  Anti- 
gua, and  on  the  sectmd  day  of  January,  in  a  heavy 
gab  of  wind,  she  was  cast  away  on  a  shoal,  called 
the  Northern  Triangles.  Aftei  remaining  two 
nights  and  a  day  upon  the  wreck,  the  crew  look 
to  their  yawl,  the  long-boat  having  been  lost,  and 
with  great  difficulty  and  hazard,  landed  on  one  of 
the  small  uninliabited  islands,  about  three  le-igues 
ilisiant  from  the  reef  upon  which  ihcy  struck 
Here  they  staid  a  few  days.  .Son.e  provisions 
were  procured  from  the  wreck,  and  their  boat  was 


UNITED    STATES. 


ilishineia  of  a  royal 
'tcr  the  reduclioii  of 
ir  spectacle.  It  wan 
in  wlileli,  alter  the 
,  n  legislative  body 
ority  of  the  crown  of 
ion  and  prudence  of 
were  more  successful 
the  citizens  to  their 
lie  seveie  measures 
ipted  by  other  Uiitisb 

rs  of  the  war,  forced 

rms,  in  the  year  1778. 

vision  made  for   the 

ir  army  had    induced 

conviction  of  the  jus- 

ommissions   valuable 

II,  but  disinterested  re- 

Vashinptnn,  C'onuress 

hoiild    be   allowed  to 

of  sevf  n  years,  after 

:e."     This  was,  after- 

J   of  their   lives :  and 

for  full  pay,  for  five 

afterwards  rare  ;  and 

fit  of  expciicnced  offi- 

iill  the  war  was  ended. 

iilar  discipline  was  in- 

1  army,  by  the  industry, 

[ulations  of  ISaton  de 

ilisciplinarian,  who  had 

Trussia.     A   very  im- 

in  the  medical  depart- 

nt  officers,  to  discliarKO 

iiH  I)usine9s  of  the  mili- 

leen  before  united  in  the 

s  principally  insiruinen- 

icial    alteration.     Some 

en  adopted  for    Jmiling 

being  found  not  only  iin- 

weie  abolished. 

.■ricaii  frigate  of  3(3  guns 

s   men,  couunanded   by 

died  on   a    cruise    from 

e  Yarmouth,  of  C4  guns, 

gilt.      In  about  a  quarter 

h  blew  up.     Four  men 

11    piece    of    her  wreck. 

days  on  nothing  l)Ut  rain 

Ciom  a  piece  of  blanket. 

.ncent  of  the  Yarmouth, 

J,  on    discovering  them, 

took    them    on   board. 

led  on    board  the  Ran- 

.  nted.     He  was  in    the 

ited    high    expectations 

is  counliy,  as  a  bold  and 

ipiain  in  the  American 
onarv  war.  was  born  in 
.the'yearl7.')0.  Among 
led  in  the  glorious  strng- 
of  America,  Captain  Bid- 

raidt.  His  services,  an(' 
led  by  his  military  geniiis 

strong  impression  of  his 

ret  that    his  early    fate 

j,  so  soon,  the  hopes  of 

anifested  a  partiality  fot 
ge  of  fourteen  he  had 
J'.  In  the  following  year, 
ladelphia  to.Tamaica,  and 
The  vessel  left  the  bay  in 
ler,  176.5,  bound  to  Anti- 
lay  of  .January,  in  a  heavy 
t  awav  on  a  shoal,  called 
.  Afiei  remaining  two 
the  wreck,  the  crew  took 
.at  having  been  lost,  and 
hazard,  landed  on  one  of 
amis,  about  three  le->gue9 
|i(in  which  they  struck 
days.  Son.f  provisions 
wreck,  and  their  boal  was 


rcfltled.  As  it  was  Ion  small  to  carry  them  all  oil', 
lliey  drew  lots  to  determine  who  shu.ild  remain, 
and  young  Diddle  was  among  the  numlier.  He, 
and  his  three  companions,  sull'ered  extreme  hard- 
ships for  want  ol  provisions  anil  good  water ;  and, 
although  various  ell'orls  weie  made  for  their  relief, 
it  was  nearly  two  months  licfure  they  sncceeiled. 

Such  a  scene  of  dangers  and  snO'ering  in  the 
cominencenient  of  his  career,  would  I  ave  discou- 
raged ayouih  of  ordinary  enterprise  and  perseve- 
rance. (.)n  him  it  produced  no  such  ell'ect.  The 
coldness  and  promptitude  with  which  he  acted,  in 
the  midst  of  perils  that  alarmed  the  oldest  seamen, 
give  a  sure  presage  of  the  force  of  his  character, 
and  alter  he  had  returned  home,  he  nniile  several 
Kuropean  voyages,  in  which  he  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  seaiuaiiHliip, 

In  the  year  1770,  when  a  war  between  Great 
lirilain  and  .Spain  was  expected,  in  consequence 
uf  the  dispute  relative  tii  Kalkland's  Island,  he  went 
to  London,  in  order  to  enter  the  liritish  navy.  He 
tiiiik  with  him  letters  of  recommendation  from 
Tliomas  Willing,  Esq.  to  his  brother-in-law,  Capt. 
Sterling,  on  board  ot  whose  ship  he  served  for 
some  lime  as  a  midsliipinan.  Tlie  dispute  with 
Spain  being  accommodated,  he  intended  to  leave 
the  navy,  but  was  persuaded  by  Captain  Sterling  to 
remain  in  the  service,  promising  that  he  would  use 
all  his  interest  to  get  him  promoted,  His  ardent 
iiiiiid,  however,  could  not  rest  satisfied  with  the 
inactivity  of  his  situatiim,  which  he  was  impatient 
to  change  for  one  more  suited  to  his  disposition. 

In  the  year  I77H,  a  voyage  of  discovery  was 
undertaken,  at  the  request  of  the  Royal  Society 
in  order  to  ascertain  how  far  navigatiiin  was  prac- 
ticable towards  the  Norlh  Pole,  to  advance  the 
discovery  of  the  northwest  passage  into  the  south 
Bcas,  ami  to  make  such  astronomical  observations 
as  might  prove  serviceable  to  navigation. 

Two  vessels  the  Race  Horse  and  Carcase,  were 
lilted  out  for  the  expedilion,  the  command  of  which 
was  given  to  Captain  Phipps,  afterwards  lord  Mul- 
giave.  The  peculiar  dangers  to  which  such  an 
undertaking  was  exposed,  induced  t  he  government 
to  take  extraordinary  precautions  in  fitting  out  and 
preparing  the  vessels,  and  selecting  the  cretvs,  and 
a  positive  order  was  issued  that  no  hoys  should  be 
received  on  hoard. 

To  (he  bold  and  enlerpiising  spirit  of  young 
lliildlc,  sucii  an  expedition  had  great  attractions, 
Kxlieniely  anxious  to  join  it,  he  endeavouied  to 
|iria'iiie  Capta  n  .Sterling's  permission  fur  that  pur- 
pose, but  he  Has  unwilling  to  part  with  him,  and 
wiiulil  not  consent  to  let  him  go.  The  temptation 
wai.  however,  irresistable.  He  resolved  to  go 
and  laying  aside  his  uniform,  he  entered  on 
hoard  the  Carcase  before  the  mast.  When  he  first 
went  on  board  he  was  observed  by  a  seaman  who 
had  known  him  before,  and  was  very  much  attach- 
ed to  him.  The  honest  fellow,  thinking  that  he 
nmst  have  been  degraded  and  turned  before  the 
Miasl  in  disgrace,  was  greatly  allecled  at  seeing 
liiiii,  hut  was  equally  surprised  and  pleaseil  when 
he  learned  the  true  cause  of  the  young olfiier's 
disguise,  and  he  kept  his  secret,  as  he  was  le- 
<|iiested  to  do.  Impelled  by  the  samespirit,  young 
Horatio,  afterwards  lord  Nelson,  had  solicited  and 
olitained  permission  to  enter  on  board  the  same 
vessel.  These  youthful  adventurers  are  both  said 
to  have  been  appointed  cockswains,  a  station  al- 
ways assigned  to  the  most  active  and  trusty  sea- 
men. The  particulars  of  this  expedilion  are  well 
known  to  the  public.  These  intrepid  navigators 
penetrated  as  far  as  the  latitude  of  eighty-one  de- 
iiiees  and  thirty-nine  minutes,  and  they  were,  at 
one  time,  enclosed  with  mountains  of  ice,  and  theii* 
vessels  rendereil  almost  immnveabie  lor  five  days 
al  thehazardof  instant  destruction  .  Captain  Rid- 
dle kept  a  journal  of  his  voyage,  which  was  aftcr- 
warils  lost  with  him. 

The  commenccineni  ol  the  revolution  gave  a  new 
turn  to  his  pursuits,  and  he  lepaired  without  delay 
to  the  standard  of  his  country.  When  a  rupture 
heiween  Kiiiiland  and  America  appeared  inevita- 
ble, he  returned  In  Philadelphia,  and  soon  alter  his 
arrival,  he  was  appointed  to   the  command  of  the 


<Jamden  galley,  fitted  for  the  defence  of  the  Hela- 
tvare.  He  found  this  too  inactive  a  service,  and 
when  the  lleet  was  preparing,  under  Commodore 
Hopkins,  for  an  expedilion  against  New  Provi- 
dence, he  applied  for  a  command  in  the  lleet,  and 
was  immediately  appointe.!  commaniler  of  the  An- 
diew  Diiri.i,  a  brig  of  14  guns  and  li^U  men.  Paul 
Jones,  who  was  then  a  lienlenanl,  and  was  going 
on  the  expedition,  was  distinguished  by  Captain 
Diddle,  and  introduced  to  his  irieiids  as  an  officer 
of  merit. 

Before  he  sailed  from  the  capes  of  Delaware,  an 
incident  occurred,  which  marked  his  personal  in- 
trepidity. Hearing  that  two  deserters  from  his 
vessel  were  al  Lewistown  in  prison,  an  officer  was 
sent  on  shore  for  them,  but  he  returned  with  infor- 
mation that  the  two  men,  with  some  others,  had 
armed  themselves  harricadoeil  the  door,  and  swore 
they  would  not  he  taken  ;  that  the  militia  of  the 
town  had  been  sent  fio',  hut  were  afraid  to  open 
the  door,  the  prisoners  threatening  to  shoot  the  first 
man  who  entered.  Captain  Riddle  immedialely 
went  to  the  prison,  accompanied  by  a  midshipmaii, 
and  calling  looneofihe  deserters,  whose  name 
was  Green,  a  siotit  resolute  fellow  onlered, 
him  to  open  the  door;  he  replied  that  he  would 
not,  anil  if  attempted  lo  eiiier,  he  would  shnoi 
him.  He  then  ordered  llie  dour  to  be  fuiced, 
and  entering  singly  with  a  pistol  in  each  hand,  lie 
called  to  (ireeii,  who  was  piepared  to  fire,  and 
said,  "  now.  (Jreen,  if  you  do  not  lake  good  aim, 
yon  are  a  dead  man."  Daunted  by  his  manner, 
their  resolution  failed,  and  llie  militia  coining  in 
secured  them.  They  af'teiwaids  declareil  to  the 
officer  who  furnishes  ihis  accoiiiit,  that  it  was 
Captain  Riddle's  look  and  manner  which  had  awed 
them  into  submission,  for  that  they  hail  ileterinined 
to  kill  him  as  soon  as  he  came  into  the  room. 

Writing  from  the  capes  lo  his  brother,  the  late 
Judge  Riddle  he  says,  ■■  I  know  not  what  may  be 
our  fate  ;  be  it,  however,  what  it  may,  you  may 
rest  assured,  I  will  never  cause  a  blush  in  the 
cheeks  of  my  friends  or  countrymen."  Soon 
after  they  sailed,  the  sinall-pox  broke  out  and  r.i- 
ged  with  great  violence  in  the  fleet,  which  was 
manned  chiefly  by  New  Kngland  seamen.  The 
humanity  of  Capt.  Riddle,  always  prompt  and  ac- 
tive, was  employed  on  this  occasion  to  alleviate 
the  general  (lislress,  by  all  the  means  in  its  power. 
His  own  ciew,  which  was  from  Philadelphia,  be- 
ing secure  against  the  distemper,  he  took  on  board 
great  numbers  of  llie  sick  from  the  other  vessels. 
Every  part  of  his  vessel  I'lis  crowded,  the  long- 
boat was  fitted  for  their  accommodation,  and  he 
gave  up  his  own  cot  to  a  yining  midshipman,  on 
whom  he  bestowed  the  greatest  attention  till  his 
death.  In  the  mean  while  he  slept  himself  upon 
the  lockers,  refusing  the  repeated  solicitations  of 
his  olhcers  to  accept  their  births.  On  their  arri- 
val at  New  Providence,  it  surrendered  without  op- 
position. The  crew  of  the  Andrew  Doria,  from 
llie  crowded  situation,  became  sick,  and  before  she 
lel't  Piovidence,  there  were  not  men  enough  cafia- 
ble  of  doing  duty  to  man  the  boats;  Capt.  iSiddle 
visited  them  every  day,  and  ordered  every  neces- 
sary refreshnient,  but  they  continued  sickly  until 
they  arrived  al  New  London. 

.\lter  refilling  at  New  London,  Captain  Biddle 
received  orders  lo  proceed  oil'  the  Banks  of  Ncw- 
loumlland,  in  order  to  intercept  the  transports 
and  stoieships  bound  to  Boston.  Before  he  reach- 
ed the  banks,  he  captured  two  ships  from  Scotland, 
with  100  highland  troops  on  board,  destined  for 
Boston.  Al  this  time  the  .\ndrew  Doria  had  not 
100  men.  Lieutenant  Josiah,  a  brave  and  excel- 
lent officer',  was  put  on  board  one  of  the  prizes, 
with  all  the  highland  officers,  and  ordered  to  make 
the  first  port.  Unfortunately,  about  ten  days  af- 
terwards, he  was  taken  by  the  Cerberus  frigate, 
and  on  pretence  of  his  being  an  Englishman,  he 
was  ordered  to  do  duly,  and  extremely  ill  used. 
Captain  Biddle  hearing  of  the  ill  treatment  of  Lieu- 
tenant Josiah,  wrote  to  the  admiral  at  New  York, 
that,  however  disagreeable  it  was  to  him.  he  would 
treat  a  yoiirii;  man  of  liimily,  believed  to  be 
son  of  lord  Crastoii,  who  was  then  his  prisoner, 


44» 

in  the  manner  they  treated  Lieutenant  Josiah 
He  also  applied  to  his  own  goverrinieni  m  be- 
half of  this  injured  officer,  and  by  the  pioieeiliiig» 
of  Congress,  on  the  7lh  of  Aiigiisl,  17(0,  it  ap- 
pears, ••  that  a  letter  from  flaptaiii  Nicholas  Bid- 
dle to  the  marine  commitlee,  was  laid  before  Con- 
gress and  read  :  whereiip Resolved,  That  (iene- 

ral  Washingion  he  directed  to  propose  an  exchange 
of  Lieutenant  Josiah,  for  a  lieutenant  of  the  navy 
of  (Jreat  Britain  ;  thai  the  general  reir.onslrale  lo 
lord  Howe  on  the  cruel  trealment  Lieutenant  Jo- 
siah  has  met  with,  of  which  the  congress  have  re- 
ceived undoubted  infoiiuation."  Lienlenanl  Jo- 
siah was  exchanged,  after  an  iiriprisonmein  i,r  leu 
month*.  After  the  capture  of  llie  ships  with  the 
highlanders,  such  was  Captain  Riddle's  a.tiviiy 
and  success  in  taking  prizes,  that  when  he  aiiived 
In  the  Delaware,  he  had  but  five  of  the  crew  will, 
which  he  sailed  from  New  London,  the  rest  hav- 
ing been  distribiiled  among  the  captured  vessels, 
and  their  places  supplied  by  men  who  had  eiiieied 
from  the  prizes.  He  had  a  great  number  of  pri- 
soners, that,  for  some  days  before  he  got  in,  lin 
never  left  the  deck. 

While  he  was  thus  indefiiigahly  engaged  in 
weakening  ilie  enemy's  power,  and  "ad\aiicing  his 
country's  interest,  he  was  disinterested  and  geiier- 
•  iis  in  all  that  related  to  his  private  adv.intage. 
The  brave  and  woitliy  op|)oneiii,  whom  the  chance 
of  war  had  thrown  in  his  power,  fiiiind  in  him  a 
patron  and  friend,  who  on  mure  than  one  occasion, 
was  knoun  to  restore  to  the  vanquished  the  fruits 
of  victory. 

In  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1776,  Capt.  Biddio 
was  appoiiiteil  In  the  command  ol  the  Uandolph, 
a  Ingaie  of  iliiriytwo  gnus.  With  his  usual  ac- 
tivity, he  employed  every  exertion  lo  gel  her  rea- 
dy for  sea.  The  difficulty  of  procuring  American 
seamen  at  that  time,  obliged  him.  in  order  to  man 
his  ship,  lo  lake  a  number  of  Rritish  seamen,  who 
were  prisoners  of  war-,  and  who  had  requested 
leave  lo  enter. 

'I'he  Rajidolph  sailed  from  Philadelphia,  in  Fe- 
bruary, 1777.  ,Soon  after  she  got  lo  sea,  her 
lower  masts  were  discoveied  lo  be  unsound,  and, 
in  a  heavy  gale  of  wind,  all  her  masts  went  by  iho 
board.  While  they  were  hearing  awav  forChailes- 
ton,  the  English  sailors,  with  some  others  of  the 
crew  formed  a  design  lo  take  the  ship.  When  all 
was  ready,  ihey  gave  three  cheers  im  the  gun- 
deck.  Ry  the  dei.-iiled  and  resolute  condiicl  of 
Captain  Biddle  and  his  officers,  llie  rim;  leaders 
were  seized  and  punished,  and  the  rest  siihmilted 
without  farther  resistance.  After  refitting  at 
Charleston,  as  speedily  as  possible,  he  saileiron  a 
cruise,  and  throe  days'after  he  left  the  bar,  he  fell 
ill  with  four  sail  of  vessels,  hound  from  Jamaica 
to  London.  One  oftliem,  called  the  True  Rrilon, 
mounted  twenty  guns.  The  commander  of  her, 
"ho  had  frequently  expressed  lo  his  passengers  his 
hopes  of  falling  in  with  the  Randolph,  as  soon  as  ha 
perceived  her,  made  all  the  sail  he  could  from  her, 
but  finding  he  could  not  escape,  he  hove  to,  and 
ke|;t  lip  a  conslanl  fire,  until  the  Randolph  had 
bore  down  upon  him,  and  was  preparing  for  a 
broadside,  when  he  hauled  down  his  colours.  By 
her  superior  sailing,  the  Randolph  was  enabled  lo 
capture  the  rest  of  the  vessels,  and  in  one  week 
from  the  time  he  sailed  from  Charleston,  Cap- 
tain Riddle  returned  there  with  his  prizes,  whicU 
proved  lo  be  very  valuable. 

Encouraged  by  his  spirit  and  success,  the  state 
of  South  Carolina  made  exertions  for  fitting  out 
an  expedition  under  his  command.  His  nam<^ 
and  the  personal  attachment  to  him,  urged  foi 
ward  a  crowd  of  volunteers  lo  serve  with  him, 
and  in  a  short  time,  the  ship  (ieneral  Moultrie, 
the  brigs  Fair  American,  and  Polly,  and  the  Notre 
Dame,  were  prepared  for  sea.  A  oelachmenl  of 
fifty  men  from  the  first  regiment  of  .South  Caro- 
lina continental  infantry,  was  ordered  lo  act  as 
marines  on  board  the  Randolph.  .Such  i- as  !lie 
attachmenl  which  the  honourable  and  aiir  bic  de- 
portment of  (Japlain  Biddle  had  impressei,  during 
his  stay  at  Charieslon,  and  such  the  iiinliili'in  r  ••" 
spired  by  his  professional  conduct  and  valour,  thai 


446 


HISTORY  OF   THE 


II  )ri'>>''>''>l  eiiiiihiiioii  pvrvailei!  the  curpa  to  linvc 
llie  lioiiDiir  (>^8«rvill^  iiiiilL-r  li'm  cuiiiiiiiind.  The 
Kiiir  urittiiy,  iitierii  );eiivriiiis  ciiiii|ii'Uliiiii  iiiiuiiig 
the  olMcers,  wiisdecidHiJ  toCii|iUiiii  Jour,  iiiiil  Lwu- 
tRiiaiil8  Grey  iiiiil  Siiniii  mn,  wlmse  Kiilliint  vuiiiliicl, 
anil  ihiil  of  their  hriivv  ilelaehiiii-iii,  ihil  jiiKiire  lo 
the  hi^li  chiiriclcr  iiflhe  rei>iiiient.  As  soon  as 
the  KHiuhil|ili  was  roruteil,  iinil  a  new  inaiiimiist 
obtained  in  place  of  une  which  had  been  slrnck 
with  hghtiiing,  she  drnpt  duwii  lu  Kebelliun  Ruadi 
with  her  liltle  sipiadron.  Tlieir  intention  was  to 
«ttacl(  tlie  Caryslott  I'rifjate,  the  Perseus  twenty- 
Tour  gun  ship,  the  Hiuhinbroult  of  sixteen  guns, 
ind  u  privaleer  whicli  had  been  cruising  oil'  the 
bar,  and  liad  iiiucli  annoyed  the  trade.  They 
were  detained  a  considerable  time  in  Rebellion 
Roads,  after  they  were  ready  to  sail,  by  contiary 
winds,  and  want  of  water  on  the  bar  for  the  Ran- 
dolph. As  soon  as  they  got  over  the  bar,  they 
stood  to  the  eastward,  in  expeciaiiun  of  falling  in 
with  the  British  cruisers.  The  next  day  they  re- 
look  a  disinasicd  ship  from  New  England  ;  as  she 
had  no  cari;o  on  board,  they  took  out  her  crew, 
■ix  light  guns,  and  some  stores,  and  set  her  on 
fire.  Finding  that  the  British  shins  had  left  the 
coast,  Ihey  proceeded  lo  the  West  Indies,  and 
I'ruised  to  the  eastward,  and  nearly  in  the  latitude 
of  Barbadoes,  for  some  days,  during  which  time 
they  boarded  a  number  of  French  and  Dutch  ships, 
and  took  an  English  schooner  from  New  York, 
bound  to  (iieiiada,  which  had  mistaken  the  Ran- 
dolph for  a  llritisli  frigate,  and  was  taken  posses- 
sion of  before  the  mistake  was  dicuvered. 

On  the  night  of  the  7thofMarch,  1778,  the  fatal 
accident  occurred,  which  •erininated  the  life  of  this 
excellent  oflicer.  For  some  days  previously  he 
hail  expected  an  attack.  Captain  Blake,  a  brave 
officer,  who  commanded  a  detachment  of  the  se- 
cond South  Carolina  regiment,  serving  as  marines 
on  board  the  General  Moultrie,  and  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  several  of  the  ensuing  particulars, 
dined  nn  board  the  Randolpli  two  days  before  the 
engagement.  At  dinner  Captain  Biddle  said,  "We 
have  been  cruising  here  for  some  time,  and  have 
■poken  a  number  of  vessels,  who  will  no  doubt 
give  information  of  us,  and  I  should  not  be  sur- 
prized if  my  old  ship  should  be  out  after  us.  As 
lo  any  thing  that  carries  her  guns  upon  one  deck, 
]  think  myself  a  match  for  her.  About  3.  P.  IM. 
rit'tlic  7th  of  March,  a  signal  was  made  from  the 


Randolph  for  a  sail  to  windward,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  squadron  hauled  upon  a  wind,  in  or- 
der to  speak  her.  It  was  four  o'clock  before  she 
could  be  distinctly  seen,  when  she  was  discovered 
to  be  a  ship,  though  as  she  neared  and  came  before 
the  wind,  she  had  the  appeariiiiceof  a  large  slooi 
with  only  a  square  sail  set.  About  seven  o'clock, the 
Randolph  being  to  windward,  hove  to  ;  the  Moul 
trie,  being  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  astern, 
and  rather  to  leeward,  also  hove  to.  About  eight 
o'clock  the  British  ship  fired  a  shot  just  ahead  of 
the  Moultrie,  and  hailed  her ;  the  answer  was, 
the  Polly,  of  New  York  ;  upon  which  she  imme- 
diately hauled  her  wind,  and  hailed  the  Randolph. 
She  was  then,  for  the  first  lime,  discovered  to  be 
a  two  decker.  After  several  questions  asked  and 
answered,  as  she  was  rangin"  up  alongside  the 
Randolph,  and  had  got  on  hei  weather  quarter, 
[lieutenant  Barnes,  of  that  ship  called  out,  "  This 
is  the  Randolph,"  and  she  immediately  hoisted 
her  colours  and  gave  the  enemy  a  broadside. 
Shortly  after  the  action  commenced,  Capt.  Biddle 
received  a  wound  in  the  thigh  and  fell.  This  oc- 
casioned some  confusion,  as  it  was  first  thought 
that  he  was  killed.  He  soon,  however,  ordered  a 
chair  to  be  brought,  said  that  he  was  only  slightly 
wounded,  and  being  carried  forward  encouraged 
the  crew.  The  stern  of  the  enemy's  ship  being 
clear  of  the  Randolph,  the  captain  ofthe  Moultrie 
gave  orders  to  fire,  but  the  enemy  h.iving  shot 
ahead,  so  as  to  bring  the  Randolph  between  them, 
the  last  broadside  of  tlie  Moultrie  went  into  the 
Randolph,  and  it  was  thought  by  one  of  the  men 
saved,  who  was  stationed  on  the  quarter-deck  near 
Capt.  Biddle,  that  he  was  wounded  by  a  shot  from 
the  Moultrie.  The  fire  from  the  Randolph  was 
constant  and  well  directed.  She  fired  nearly  three 
broadsides  to  the  enemy's  one,  and  she  appeared, 
while  the  battle  lasted,  lo  be  in  a  continual  blaze. 
In  about  twenty  minutes  after  the  action  began, 
and  while  the  surgeon  was  examining  Capiain 
Biddle's  wound  on  the  quarter  deck,  the  Ran- 
dolph blew  up. 

The  enemy's  vessel  was  the  British  ship  Yar- 
mouth, of  sixly-four  guns,  commanded  by  Captain 
Vincent.  So  closely  were  they  engaged,  that  Cap- 
tain Morgan,  of  the  Fair  American,  and  all  his 
crew,  thought  that  it  was  the  enemy's  ship  that 
had  blown  up.  He  stood  for  the  Yarmouth,  and 
had  a  trumpet  in  his  hand  to  hail  and  inquire  how 


Captain  Uiddle  was,  when  ho  iliHi'iiveri'd  his  mis- 
take. Owing  to  the  diHalileil  condition  of  the  Yar- 
inoiilh,  the  other  vessels  rHcapeil. 

The  cause  of  the  expliision  was  novel  ascer- 
tained, but  it  is  reniarkiilile  that  j.isl  before  he 
sailed,  after  the  clerk  ha.l  c 'pied  the  signals  and 
orders  for  the  armed  vesse  s  that  accompanied 
him,  he  wrote  at  the  liiot  of  ilieni,  "In  case  of 
coming  to  action  in  the  night  be  very  careful  of 
vonr  magazines."  The  number  of  persons  oo 
board  llie  Randolph  was  three  hundred  and  fifteen, 
who  all  perished  except  four  men,  who  were  toss- 
ed about  for  four  days  on  a  piece  of  the  wreck  bo- 
fore  they  were  discovered  and  taken  up.  From 
the  information  of  two  of  these  men,  who  were  af- 
terwards in  Philadelphia,  and  of  some  iniliviiluals 
in  the  otiier  vessels  of  tlie  squadron,  we  have  beec 
enabled  to  stale  some  particulais  of  this  iinfoitu 
nate  event,  in  addition  lo  the  accounts  given  of  ii 
by  Dr.  Ramsay  in  his  History  ofthe  Anieriran 
Revolution,  and  in  his  History  of  the  Revolution 
of  South  Carolina.  In 'lie  former  work,  the  his- 
torian thus  concludes  his  account  ofthe  action  : 

Captain  Biddle,  who  perished  on  board  the  Ran 
dolph,  was   universally  lamenleil.     He  was  in  the 
prime  of  life,  and  had   excited  high   expectations 
of  future  usefulness  to  his  country,  as  a  bold  and 
skilful  naval  ofiicer." 

Thus  prematurely  fell,  at  the  age  of  twenty-se- 
ven, as  gallant  an  oflicer  .is  any  coiiiiiry  ever 
boasted  of.  In  the  short  career  which  I'roviilence 
allowed  to  him,  he  displayed  all  those  ipialities 
which  constitute  a  great  soldier  ;  brave  to  excess, 
and  consummately  skilled  in  liis  professsion.— 
Anier.  Bioi;.  Die] 

Major  Talbot  took  the  British  schooner  Pigol, 
of  8  twelve  pounders,  as  she  lay  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Rhode  Island.  The  major,  with  a  nnnibei 
of  troops  on  board  a  small  vessel,  made  directly 
for  the  Pigot  in  the  night,  and  sustaining  the  fim 
of  her  marines,  reserved  his  own  till  he  had  run 
his  jib-boom  through  her  fore  shrouds.  He  then 
fired  some  cannon,  threw  in  a  volley  of  musketry, 
loaded  with  bullets  and  buckshot,  and  immediately 
boarded  her.  The  capiain  made  a  gallant  resist- 
ance but  was  not  seconded  by  his  crew.  Major 
Talbot  soon  gained  undisturbed  possession,  and 
jariied  ofl"  his  prize  in  safely.  Congress,  as  a 
reward  of  his  merit,  preseoted  him  with  the  com- 
mission oflieiileiiant  coliiiiel. 


UNITED  STATES. 


417 


<ciivi'ri-(l  liU  inls- 
(litidii  1)1'  llie  Vai- 
I. 

wim  tievtM  ascer- 
It  j,Ht  bclnro  he 
I'll  llii!  !ii«iiiilH  nnd 
lli:it  iiccoiiiimiiied 
lieni,  "  111  ciisoof 
IB  vrry  ciirefiil  of 
)cr  ()(  persniis  on 
iinilrcil  mill  fil'lfen. 
Ml,  wli"  WITC  lois- 
;«  of  ihe  wi«ck  bo- 
tiikfii  ii|i.  Vtoia 
iiu'ii,  wild  wt-renf- 
I'  HDiiic  iiKliviilu.ils 
ilroii,  wp  liiive  beer. 
IIH  of  lliis  llllI'lllIU 
ncounlK  KiviMi  (if  il 
y  of  ihe   Aiiiiiiniiii 

of  till'  Rcvciliilioii 
iiicr  work,  llii'  liif" 
iiint  III'  ilii'  iirtion  : 

on  Imaiil  tliK  Ran 
lmI.     11c  was  ill  llie 

hinli  expeclatioiis 
ntry,  as  ii  bold  and 

le  agcoflwcnty-sc- 
any   country    ever 

>r  which  Proviileiice 
all  those   (pialitiRa 

■r  ;  brave  lo  excess, 

1   1)19  |irofes9sion.— 

lish  schooner  Pifiot, 
lay  on  the  eastern 
iiajor,  with  a  inmibci 
esscl,  made  directly 
d  9uslaiiiiii(»  the  fim 
own  till  he  had   run 
3  shrouds.     He  theu 
volley  of  musketry, 
hot,  and  iminedi^tely 
nade  a  gallant  resist- 
by  his  crew.     Major 
bed  possession,  anil 
!ty.     Conisress,    as  a 
il  him  with  the  coiii- 


CHAPTER      VI. 

Campaign  of  1779. 

TiiRuuaiiouT  Ihe  year  1779,  the  British  seem 
10  have  aimed  nt  little  more,  in  the  stales  to  the 
northward  of  Carolina,  than  distress  and  depreda- 
tion. Having  publicly  announced  their  resolution 
of  making  "the  colonies  of  as  little  avail  as  pos- 
sible to  their  new  connexions,"  they  planned  sun- 
dry expeditions,  on  this  principle. 

One  of  these,  consisting  of  both  a  naval  and  land 
f(ircp,  was  cu.iimitlcd  lo  Sir  George  Collyer  and 
(.ieiieral  .Matthews,  who  made  a  descent  on  Vir- 
<;lnia.  They  sailed  for  Portsmouth,  and  on  their 
arrival  look  possession  of  that  defenceless  town. 
The  remains  of  Norfolk,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
'he  river,  fell  of  course  into  their  hands.  The 
\mericans  burned  some  of  their  own  vessels; 
but  others  were  made  prizes  by  the  invaders.  The 
Urilisli  guards  marched  18  miles  in  the  nighl,  and, 
irriving  at  Sufl'olk  by  morning,  proceeded  to  Ihe 
destruction  of  vessels,  naval  stores,  and  of  a  large 
magazine  of  provisions,  which  had  been  deposited 
in  that  place.  A  similar  destruction  was  carried 
on  at  Kemp's  landing,  Shepherd's-gosport,  Tan- 
ner's creek,  and  other  places  in  the  vicinity.  The 
frigates  and  ai'ined  vessels  were  employed  on  the 
lanie  business,  along  the  margin  of  the  rivers. 
Thiee  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco  were  taken 
at  Portsmouth.  Every  house  in  Sullblk  was 
burnt,  except  the  church,  and  one  dwelling  house 
The  houses  of  several  private  gentlemen  in  the 
country  shared  the  same  fate.  Above  130  vessels 
were  either  destroyed  or  taken.  All  that  were 
upon  Ihe  stocks  were  burned,  and  every  thing  re 
alive  to  the  building  or  filling  of  ships  was  either 
carried  od'or  destroyed.  After  demolishing  Fori 
Nelson,  and  setting  fire  lo  the  store-houses,  and 
other  public  buildings  in  the  dock-yard  at  (Jos 
port,  the  Brilish  embarked  from  Virginia,  and  re- 
turned with  their  prizes  and  booty  safe  lo  New 
Vork,  in  the  same  month  in  which  they  had  left  il. 
This  expedition  into  Virginia,  distressed  a  number 
of  its  inhabitants,  and  enriched  the  Brilish  forces, 
btit  was  of  no  real  service  lo  the  royal  cause.  It 
was  presumed,  that,  by  involving  the  citizens  in 
losses  and  distress,  they  would  he  brought  to  re- 
flect on  the  advaniaefs  of  submitting  to  a  power, 
against  which  they  had  not  the  means  of  defend- 
ing themselves:  but  the  temper  of  the  times  was 
unfavourable  to  these  views.  .Such  was  Ihe  high 
toned  state  of  the  American  mind,  that  properly 
had  comparatively  lost  its  value.  It  was  fashion- 
able to  suH'er  in  the  cause  of  independence.  Some 
hearty  whigs  gloried  in  their  losses  with  as  much 
pride  as  others  gloried  in  their  possessions.  The 
Brilish,  supposing  the  Americans  to  be  influenced 
by  the  considerations  which  bias  men  in  the  lan- 
guid scenes  of  tranquil  life,  and  not  reflecting  on 
the  sacrifices  which  enthusiastic  patriotism  is  will- 
ing lo  make,  proceeded  in  their  schemes  of  dis- 
tress :  but  the  more  extensively  they  carried  on 


(his  mode  of  warfare,  the  more  obstacles  they  cre- 
ated lo  the  re-union  of  the  empire. 

In  about  five  weeks  after  the  termination  of  the 
expedition  to  Virginia,  a  similar  one  was  projected 
against  the  exposed  margin  of  Connecticut.  Gov. 
Tryon  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  about 
!2tiOO  land  forces,  employed  on  this  business,  and 
lie  was  supported  by  (jeneral  Garth.  Thctrai  sports 
which  conveyed  these  troops,  were  covered  by  a 
suitable  number  of  armed  vessels,  commanded  by 
Sir  (ieorgo  Collyer.  They  proceeded  from  New 
Vork,  by  the  way  of  Hell-gate,  and  landed  at  East 
Haven.  Tlie  royal  commanders  made  an  address 
to  Ihe  inhabitants,  in  which  they  invited  ihem  to 
return  to  their  duty  and  allegiance,  and  promised 
protection  lo  all  who  should  remain  peaceably  in 
their  usual  place  of  residence,  except  the  civil  and 
military  ofificers  of  the  government.  It  also  stated, 
'  that  their  property  lay  within  the  grasp  of  that 
power,  wliosc  lenity  had  persisted  in  its  mild  and 
noble  eflbrts,  though  branded  with  the  most  unwor- 
thy imputation ;  that  the  existence  of  a  single 
house,  on  their  defenceless  coast,  ought  lo  be  a 
const:inl  reproof  of  their  ingratitude;  thai  they, 
who  l:>y  so  much  in  Ihe  Brilish  power,  atl'otdcd  a 
striking  monument  of  their  mercy,  and  therefore 
ought  to  set  the  first  example  of  returning  to  their 
allegiance." 

One  of  the  many  addresses,  from  which  the 
above  extract  is  taken,  was  sent  by  a  flag  to  Colo- 
nel Whiting,  of  the  militia  near  Fairfield.  The 
colonel  was  allowed  an  hour,  for  his  answer;  but 
he  had  scarcely  time  to  read  il,  before  the  town  was 
in  flames.  He  nevertheless  returned  the  follow- 
ing answer:  "Connecticut,  having  nobly  dared  to 
lake  up  arms  against  ihe  cruel  despotism  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  flames  having  preceded  the  an- 
swer to  your  flag,  they  will  persist  lo  oppose  to 
the  utmost  the  power  exerted  against  injured  in- 
nocence." The  British  marched  from  their  land- 
ing lo  New  Haven.  The  town  on  their  entering 
il,  was  delivered  up  to  promiscuous  plunder,  a  few 
instances  of  protection  excepted.  The  inhabitants 
were  stripped  of  their  household  furniture  and 
other  moveable  properly.  The  harbour  and  wa- 
ter side  were  covered  with  feathers,  which  were 
discharged  from  opened  beds.  An  aged  citizen, 
who  laboured  under  a  natural  inability  of  speech, 
had  his  tongue  cut  out  by  one  of  the  royal  army. 
After  perpetrating  every  species  of  enormity,  but 
that  ofburning  houses,  ihe  invaders  suddenly  reem- 
baiked  and  proceeded  by  water  lo  Fairfield.  Tlie 
militia  of  that  plane  and  the  vicinity,  posted  them- 
selves at  the  court-house  green,  and  gave  consider- 
able annoyance  to  them,  as  they  were  advancing, 
but  soon  retreated  to  the  back  of  the  town.  Ou 
the  approach  of  Ihe  Brilish,  the  town  was  evacu- 
ated by  most  of  its  inhabilanls.  A  few  women 
remained,  with  the  view  of  saving  their  property. 
They  imagined  that  their  sex  would  protect  them. 
They  also  reposed  confidence  in  an  enemy  who  had 
been  formerly  famed  for  humanity  and  politeness; 
but  theybitlerlyrepented  their  presuinption-Parties 


of  Ihe  royal  army  entered  the  deserted  hnustM 
of  the  inhabitants:  broke  open  desks,  trunks,  clo- 
sets and  chests,  and  took  every  thing  of  value  that 
came  in  their  way.  They  robbed  the  vviiiiien  of 
their  buckles,  rings,  bonnets,  apriins  anil  handker- 
chiefs. They  abused  them  with  the  foulest  lan- 
guage, threatened  their  lives,  and  presented  the 
bayonets  to  their  breasts.  A  sucking  infant  was 
plundered  of  part  of  iis  clothing,  while  the  iiayo- 
iiel  was  p'esented  lo  the  breast  of  its  mother. 
Towards  evening,  ihey  began  lo  burn  llie  hoi:ses, 
which  they  had  previously  plundered.  The  women 
begged  General  Tryon  lo  spare  the  town.  ,Mr. 
.Sayre,  the  episcopal  niinisler,  who  had  siillVreil 
fur  his  attachment  lo  the  royal  cause,  joined  the 
women  in  their  requests  :  but  their  joint  siipplica 
lions  were  ilisregariled.  They  then  begucd,  that 
a  few  houses  might  be  spareil  liir  a  general  shelter. 
This  was  at  first  denied:  but  at  lenutli  Tryon  con- 
sented to  save  the  buildings  of  iMr.  Burr  and  of 
Mr.  Klliol,  anil  also  that  the  hmises  lor  public 
worship  should  be  spared.  After  his  ilepariure  on 
the  next  morning  with  the  main  hmly,  the  rear 
guard  consisiing  of  German  yeacers  set  lire  to 
every  thing  which  Tryon  had  spared  ;  but  on  their 
departure  ihc  inhabilanls  extinguished  the  flames, 
and  saved  some  of  the  houses.  The  militia  were 
joined  by  numbers  from  the  coiinliy,  who  succes- 
sively came  in  lo  their  aid  ;  but  Ihey  were  loo  few 
lo  make  efl'eclual  opposition. 

The  British  in  this  excursion,  also  burned  F.asI 
Haven,  and  the  greatest  part  of  (ireen's  I'arnis,  and 
Ihe  flourishing  town  of  Norwalk.  A  considerable 
number  of  ships,  cither  finished  or  on  ihe  storks, 
with  whale-boats,  and  a  large  amount  of  stores  and 
merchandize,  were  destroyed.  Partiriilar  ac- 
counts of  these  devastations  were,  in  a  short  lime, 
transmitted  by  authority  to  Congress.  By  these 
il  appeared,  that  there  were  burnt  at  Norwalk,  two 
houses  of  public  worship,  SO  dwelling  houses,  87 
barns,  22  stores,  17  shops,  3  mills,  and  Ct  vessels: 
and  at  Fairfield,  two  houses  of  publi'  worship,  1,5 
dwelling  houses.ll  barns, and  several  stores.  There 
were,  at  the  same  lime,  a  number  of  certificates 
transmitted  lo  General  Washington,  in  which  sun- 
dry persons  of  veracity  bore  witness  on  oath  lo  va- 
rious acts  of  brutality,  rapine  and  cruelty,  com 
milted  on  aged  persons,  women  and  prisoners. 
Congress,  on  receiving  satisfactory  attestation  ol 
the  ravages  of  the  British,  in  this  and  other  simi- 
lar expeditions,  resolved ;  "  To  direct  their  rna- 
rine  committee  to  take  the  most  efleciual  mea- 
sures, to  carry  into  execution  their  manifesto  of 
October  30lh.  1778,  by  burning  or  destroying  the 
towns  belonging  the  enemy  in  Great  Britain  or  the 
the  West  Indies:"  but  their  resolve  was  never  car- 
ried into  eflcct. 

The  elder  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who 
had  grown  up  with  habits  of  love  and  atiachment 
to  the  British  nation,  felt  Ihe  keenest  sensations 
of  regret,  when  they  contrasted  the  years  1759 
and  1779.  The  former  was  their  glory,  when  in 
the  days  of  their  youth,   they  were  disposed  to 


448 


HISTORV    OF    THE 


bnam  nl' lliR  luiniiiirn  nl' tlirir  coininon  iiiiinlry  : 
hui  the  liilK-r  lilli'il  llii-m  wiiii  ilinticii'),  mil  nnly 
fur  ivliiil  tlicy  NiilVi'ri'd,  lint  liir  tin'  ili'izriiiliilidii  iif 
n  riiiiniiy  liirv  rpvpri'cl  m  lliR  niilal  hhII  nf  tlipjr 
fiirpnuliprH.  'I'liP  line  ennolileil  the  Hrithli  name 
Willi  ihi'CiinqncNl  (il'Cniwn  I'liini,  Oswi'un,  Miin- 
treal,  Qiii'Imm!,  iiimI  the  wIioIb province  of  Cinaila. 
The  utiirrwnii  reniarknble  only  fur  the  burning  of 
magnzinm,  ntnre-hniiitri,  (lock-yiirdt,  the  towns  of 
Kiiirfield  iind  Norwalk,  nnd  for  the  general  distress 
of  H  defenceless  (leiisantry. 

The  (ires  mid  deitruciion  which  iiccoinpnnied 
this  exiwdilion,  were  severely  censured  by  the 
Anieiiciins,  and  a|iiilo)(ispd  for  by  the  liritish  in 
n  very  iinsatisliiolury  manner.  The  latter,  in  llieir 
vindication,  '.illeKeil  that  the  houses  which  they 
hail  burned  gave  shelter  to  the  Americans,  while 
(hey  lired  I'riimlheni,  and  oD  other  occasions  con- 
cealed iheir  retreat. 

Tryon,  who  was  ii  civil  governor  as  well  as  a 
general,  unilertiink  the  justification  of  the  measure, 
on  jitinciplesof  policy.  "  1  shiiiild  be  very  sorry," 
said  he,  "if  the  destruction  of  these  villages  would 
he  thought  less  reconcilenble  with  humanity,  than 
the  love  of  my  country,  my  duty  to  the  king, 
and  the  laws  of  arms.  The  usurpers  have  pro- 
fessedly placed  llieir  hopes,  of  severing  the  em- 
pire, in  avoiding  decisive  actions;  upon  the  waste 
of  the  Uritish  treasures  ;  and  upon  the  escape  of 
their  own  properly,  during  the  protraction  of  the 
war.  Their  power  is  siipporteii.  by  the  general 
dread  of  their  tyranny  nnd  threats,  pracilseil  to 
inspire  *  credulous  multitude,  with  a  presumptu- 
ous confidence  In  our  forbearance:  1  wish  to  de- 
tent ihis  delusion."  These  devastations  were  the 
subject  ol  an  elegant  poem,  written  on  the  spot,  a 
few  days  afterwards,  by  Colonel  Ilumphieys. 

While  the  British  were  proceeding  in  these  de- 
solaling  operations,  Washington  was  called  upoo 
for  continental  (roups ;  hut  he  could  spare  very 
few.  He  durst  nut  detacli  largely ;  as  he  appre- 
hended that  one  design  of  the  British  in  these 
uiovements  was,  to  draw  off  a  proportion  of  his 
army  frum  West  Point,  to  favour  an  intended  at- 
tack on  thai  iinpurtnnt  post.  General  Parsons, 
ilioiigh  closely  connected  with  Connecticut,  and 
tliiiugh,  frum  his  small  force,  he  was  unable  to 
make  successful  opposition  to  the  invaders,  yet, 
instead  of  pressin/;  IJeneral  Washington  for  a  large 
dclachmeiit  of  continental  troops,  wrote  to  him  as 
follows:  '-The  British  may  probably  distress  the 
'oiintiy  exceedingly,  by  the  ravages  they  will 
cumiiiii :  but  I  would  rather  see  all  the  towns  on 
the  coast  of  my  country  in  llaines,  than  that  the 
enemy  should  possess  West  Point. 

The  inhabitants  fcarea  much  more  than  tliey 
sulfered.  'I'liey  expected  that  the  whole  margin 
of  ll  .'Ir  coiintiy,  120  miles  in  extent,  would  sutler 
the  late  of  Fairfield  and  Norwalk.  The  season 
of  the  year  added  much  to  their  diflicullies;  as 
the  clos,  ttenliiin  of  the  farmers  to  their  harveit- 
mg  could  iiot  lie  iimilled,  without  ha'/.ardlng  llicii 
eiibslslence.  These  fears  were  not  nf  lun>>  diira- 
tiun.  In  abuut  ten  days  after  the  laiidint;  of  the 
British  truups,  nn  urder  was  issued  for  their  im- 
mediate return  to  New  York.  This  they  elVected, 
ill  a  short  time,  and  with  a  loss  so  inconsiderable, 
that,  in  the  whole  expedition,  it  did  nut  exceed 
one  hundred  and  filly  men. 

While  the  Briiisii  were  successfully  making 
these  desultory  operations,  the  American  army 
was  incapable  of  cuve-ing  the  country.  The  fur- 
iiier,  by  means  of  their  superior  marine  force,  hav- 
ing ihe  conmand  of  the  numerous  rivers,  bays, 
and  harbours  of  Ihe  United  Stales,  had  it  in  their 
power  to  make  descents,  where  they  pleased,  with 
nn  expedition  that  could  not  be  ecpialled  by  the 
American  land  forces.  H.id  Washington  divided 
his  army,  conformably  to  the  wishes  of  the  invad- 
ed citizens,  he  would  have  subjected  his  whole 
force  to  be  cut  up  in  detail.  It  was  therefore  his 
uniform  practice,  to  lisk  no  more  by  way  of  cover- 
ing the  country,  than  was  consistent  with  the  ge- 
neral safely. 

Ills  arm,y  was  posted  at  some  distance  from 


llrilish  head  i|iiarleis  in  New  York,  and  uii  biilh 
sides  of  the  Norili  Itiver.  The  rear  thereof,  con- 
sisling  ol  :III0  inlaiilry  and  lAU  cavalry,  under  the 
I  oiiioiaoil  ol  I 'iiluni'l  Aiiiliiiiiy  Walton  While,  pa- 
liulled  ciiiisiaiitly,  lor  several  munllis  in  front  of 
llie  llrilisli  liiiOM,  and  kepi  a  cuiistaiil  walchontlie 
.Sound,  and  on  the  Norlli  lllvcr.  This  cotpa,  hail 
sundry  skirmishes  with  parties  nf  the  British,  and 
WIS  particularly  useful  In  checking  their  excur- 
sions, and  in  procuiing  nnd  communicating  intel- 
ligence of  their  movements. 

About  this  lime.  General  Putnam,  who  had  been 
slationed  with  a  respectable  coiiiinand  at  Heading, 
ill  Connecticut,  when  on  a  visit  to  his  out-pust,  at 
Horse-Neck,  was  attacked  by  Governor  Tryon, 
with  about  l,'>UOinen.  General  Putnam  had  only  n 
pic<|uet  of  150  men  and  twolrun  Aeld  pieces,  with- 
out horses  or  drag-ropes.  He  however  planted 
his  cannon  on  the  high  ground,  near  the  meeting- 
house, and,  by  seveial  fires,  retarded  the  advanc- 
ing enemy,  and  conlinued  to  make  opposition,  till 
he  perceived  the  enemy's  hoise,  sup|iorled  by  the 
Inlaniry,  was  about  to  charge.  General  Putnam, 
after  oiileilng  the  picket  to  provide  for  their  safe- 
ty, by  retiring  to  a  swamp  inaccessible  In  horse, 
plunged  down  the  precipice  at  the  church.  This 
is  so  sleep  as  lu  have  artificial  stairs,  composed  of 
neatly  uDe  hundred  stonesieps,  fortlieuccommu- 
daliuii  uf  lout-passengers.  The  draguuns  stopped 
short,  wilhoiil  veniuring  down  the  abrupt  declivi- 
ty, and  bcfure  they  got  round  the  brow  of  the  hill, 
Puiiiam  was  far  eiioiigh  beyond  their  reach.  Of 
the  many  balls  that  were  fired  at  him,  all  missed 
except  one,  which  went  Ihroiigh  his  hat.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  .Stamford,  and  having  ^tri'OgilieiiiMl  Ins 
picquet  with  some  iiiililia,  faced  about,  and  pursu- 
ed Gov.  Tryon  on  his  return. 

[Israel  Plt.nam,  a  major-general  in  Ihe  army 
of  the  United  Stales,  was  bom  at  Halem,  Massa- 
chusetts, January  7,  1718.  His  mind  was  vigor- 
ous, but  it  was  never  cultivated  by  education. 
When  he  for  the  first  time  went  to  Boston,  he  was 
insulted  lor  his  rnsliciiy  by  a  boy  of  twice  his 
size.  After  bearing  his  sarcasms  until  his  good 
nature  was  entirely  exhaiisled,  he  attacked  and 
vanquished  Ihe  nnmaiinerly  fellow,  to  the  great 
diversion  of  a  cruwd  of  spectators.  In  running, 
leaping,  and  wresllin:;.  he  almost  always  bore 
away  the  prize.  In  1739,  he  removed  to  Pom- 
fret,  in  Connecticut,  where  he  cultivated  a  con- 
siderable tract  of  land.  He  had,  however,  to  en- 
counter many  dilficiilties,  anil  among  his  troubles, 
the  depredations  o(  wolves  on  his  sheep-fold  was 
not  the  least.  [ii  one  niuir  seventy  fine  sheep  and 
goals  were  killed.  A  she  wolf,  who,  with  her  annual 
whelps,  had  for  several  years  inlesled  the  vicinity, 
being  considered  as  the  principal  cause  of  the  ha- 
voc, Mr.  Piiliiam  entered  into  a  combination  with 
a  number  uf  his  neiglibuiirs  tu  hunt  alleriiately,  till 
iliey  sliuuld  destroy  her.  At  leiiijth  the  huiinds 
druve  her  iiilo  her  den,  and  a  miinber  of  persons 
soon  collected  wiili  1:1111s,  straw,  fiic,  and  sulphur, 
to  attack  the  common  enemy.  Hut  the  dogs  were 
afraid  to  appiuarh  her,  ami  the  fumes  ufhrimsioiie 
could  not  force  her  from  the  cavern.  It  was  now 
•en  o'clock  at  niiiht.  Mr.  Piiliiain  proposed  to  his 
black  servant  lu  descend  intu  the  cave,  and  shoot 
the  wolf;  but  as  the  netro  (leclined,  he  resiilveil 
to  do  it  himself.  Having  ilivesied  himself  of  his 
coat  and  waistcoat,  and  liavina  a  long  rope  fasten- 
ed round  his  legs,  by  which  he  iiiiuht  be  pulled 
back  :it  a  concerted  signal,  he  entered  the  cavern, 
head  furemosi,  with  a  blazing  torcli,  maue  of  strips 
uf  biicli  bark,  in  his  hand.  He  desceniled  fifteen 
feet,  passed  alun<!  horizontally  ten  fee',  and  then 
began  the  gradual  ascent,  which  is  sixteen  feet  In 
length.  He  slowly  proceeded  nn  his  hanits  nnil 
knees,  in  an  abode  which  was  silent  as  the  house 
of  death.  Cautiously  glancing  forwards,  he  dis- 
covered the  glaring  eye-balls  of  the  wolf,  who 
started  at  the  sight  of  his  torch,  gnashed  herteelh, 
and  gave  a  sullen  growl.  He  !'nmediately  kicked 
the  rope,  and  was  drawn  out  with  a  friendly  cele- 
rity, and  violence,  which  not  a  little  bruised  him. 
Loading  hUgun  with  Dine  buck  shot,  and  carrying 


I  it  III  one  hand,  while  he  lielu  ihe  torch  with  the 
Jollier,  lie  descended,  a  second  time,  Ashe  np- 
proai'lieil  the  wolf,  she  howled,  lolliil  her  eyes, 
snappeil  her  teeth,  dropped  her  lie.id  liilueio  liri 
legs,  and  was  evidently  on  the  point  of  npiingiiig 
at  him.  At  this  momeiit  he  fired  at  her  lii'ail.  and 
sunn  found  himsell  ijrawn  out  of  ilic  iiiu'.  Hav- 
ing lefieshed  himself,  he  again  deHCenileil,  and 
seized  the  wulf  by  her  ears,  kicked  ihe  rop*',  and 
his  companions  above,  with  no  small  exidiaiinn, 
dragged  ihciii  both  out  together. 

JJuring  the  French  war  ho  was  appoinlcil  In 
commund  a  company  of  the  first  troops  uliirli 
were  raised  In  Connecticul,  in  n,'!!.      He  leniler- 

ed  much  service  to  the  army  in  the  neighbonil I 

of  Crown  Point.  In  H.^,  while  near  Ticoiide- 
roga,  he  was  rcpeaiedly  in  the  most  immineni  din- 
ger.  He  escaped  In  an  adventure  of  one  niglii 
witll  twelve  bullet-holes  in  his  blanket.  In  Au- 
gust he  was  sent  oul  with  several  hundred  1 In 

watch  the  motions  of  the  enemy.  Being  anibiis- 
cailed  by  a  party  of  equal  numlieis,  a  general,  lint 
irregular  actioo  took  place.  Putnam  had  dischar- 
ged his  fusee  several  limes,  but  at  length  il  missed 
lire  while  its  muzzle  was  presented  to  the  breast  of 
a  savage.  The  warrior  with  his  lilied  hatchet, 
and  a  tremendous  war-whoop,  compelled  him  to 
surrender,  and  then  bound  him  to  a  tree.  In  the 
course  of  Ihe  action  the  parties  cliaiigeil  ihcir  po- 

sitii 1  as  to   bring  this  tree  directly   belweeii 

them.  The  balls  Hew  by  liini  incessan'ily  ;  many 
stiuck  the  tree,  and  some  passed  throngli  his 
clothes.  The  enemy  now  gained  possession  of 
Ihe  ground,  but  being  afterwards  driven  from  the 
field,  Ihey  carried  llieir  prisoners  with  tliein.  At 
night  he  was  stripped,  and  n  fire  was  kiinlled  10 
roast  him  alive.  For  this  piiipose  ihey  led  him 
into  a  dark  forest,  stripped  liiin  naked,  and  bound 
him  to  a  tree,  and  piled  dry  brush,  with  otliei  fuel, 
at  a  small  distance,  in  a  circle  round  him.  They 
accompanied  iheir  labours,  as  if  for  his  fimeial 
dirge,  with  screams  and  sounds  iniiniiable  bin  by 
savage  voices.  They  then  sot  the  piles  on  fire. 
A  sudden  shower  damped  the  rising  flame.  Still 
they  strove  to  kindle  it;  at  last  the  blaze  ran 
fiercely  round  the  circle.  Major  Putnam  suun  be- 
gan to  feel  the  scorching  heal.  His  hands  were 
so  lied  that  he  could  move  his  body.  He  ufien 
shifted  sides  as  the  fire  approached.'  This  sight, 
at  Ihe  very  idea  uf  which,  all  but  savages  must 
shudder,  affurded  the  highest  divers'" 'i  tu  his  in- 
human tormentors,  who deinunstraled  the  delirium 
of  Iheir  joy  by  cortespondenl  yells,  dances,  and 
gesticulations.  He  saw  clearly  thai  his  final  hour 
was  inevitably  come.  He  summoned  all  his  reso- 
luliiin,  and  composed  his  mind,  so  far  as  the  cit- 
cuinstances  could  admit,  lu  bid  an  eternal  farewell 
to  all  he  held  most  dear.  Toqiiiithe  world  would 
scarcely  have  cost  him  a  single  pang;  but  fiirihe 
idea  of  home,  but  for  the  remembranre  of  domes- 
tic endearments,  of  the  afVeclionale  partner  of  his 
soul,  and  uf  their  beluved  offspring.  His  thought 
was  ultimately  fixed  on  ahappiersiatc  ofexislence, 
beyond  the  turliires  ho  was  beginning  to  endure. 
The  billerness  of  death,  even  of  that  death  whicMi 
is  accompanied  with  Ihe  keenest  agonies,  was,  in 
a  manner,  past  :  nature,  with  a  feeble  siriiggle, 
was  quitting  its  last  hold  on  siiblimary  things, 
when  a  French  officer  rushed  ihrough  the  crowd, 
opened  a  way  by  scattering  the  burning  brands, 
and  unbound  the  victim.  It  was  Molang  liimself 
to  whom  a  savage,  unwilling  to  see  another  hu- 
man victim  immolated,  had  run  and  cninmunicaled 
the  tidings.  That  commandant  spurned  and  se- 
verely reprlmandeil  the  barbarians,  whose  noctur- 
nal powwas  and  hellish  orgies  he  suddenly  ended 
Putnam  did  not  want  fur  feeling  or  gratitude. 
The  French  coinmander,  fearing  to  trust  him  alone 
with  ihem,  remained  till  he  could  safely  deliver 
him  Into  the  hands  of  his  master. 

The  savage  approached  his  prisoner  kindly,  and 
seemed  In  treat  him  with  pariicniar  anectioii.  He 
offered  him  some  hard  biscuit ;  but  finding  that  he 
could  not  chew  them  on  account  of  the  blow  he 
had  received  from  Ihe  Frenchman,  Ihis  more  hu- 


-*ii^«Sfcv 


HCiiSiSSSOEE^GS 


UNITRD    STATKS. 


no 


wiin  ii|i|Hiiiili'>l  III 
rsl  lri><i|w  uliii'li 
IT)'),  lit!  leiiilcr- 
lie  iie'iuhliiiiiilicKiil 
le  iiPiir  'riccinili'- 
KiHl  iiiiiniiii'nl  iliii- 
me  III  mil'  iimlii 
liliiiiln'i.  Ill  All- 
ill  liiiiiilrril  iiii'ii  III 
y,  liciiiK  iiiiilmH- 
I'lrt,  II  )(*'ii<'i''<l<  lull 
iliiiiiii  liiiilillHcliiir- 
III  lenclli  ll  iiUHNPil 
pil  III  llipliri'iiHl  III 
m  liltril  li:ili'lif>t, 
roiii|irlli'il  liiiii  III 

Id  II  tri'p.  Ill  ilii' 
c)iiiii|ii'il  ilii'ir  |iii- 

iliiiMliv  lirlwci'ii 
inoi'siiiiiiily  ;  iniiiiy 
iLtst'il  lliriiiiuli  liiii 
iii'il  |iiiHS(>ii*tii)n  (ll* 
U  ilrivt'ii  (Viiiii  llifi 
m  with  lliriii.  Al 
lire  w:iH  kimlli'il  m 
|i(iHP  llipy  It'll  liliii 
I  iiiikeil,  iiiiil  hiiiiiiil 

sll,  Willi  IllllIM    I'llfl, 

roiiiiil  liiiii.     Tlii'V 
if  fur  liis  riiiii'iiil 
A  iniininililv  liiil  liy 
till!  |iIIhs  (III    llri'. 
risirii>  lliiiiic.     Still 
:ist    tliP   lilii/i'    I'lin 
ir  Piiiiiiim  siiiiii  be- 
llis  liiiiiils  wi're 
I  Imily.     lie  (il'teii 
ilieil.'    This  siiihi, 
but   iiiiv:i);r!i   iiiiiHt 
[||vi<is''ii  Id  Ills  iii- 
ilnilud  theilcliriiiiii 
yells,  (l;iiii'Rs,  and 
ihni  his  fhial  liniii 
inoiipil  all  his  rcsii- 
I,  911  far  as  llio  cii- 
aii  eleinal  farpwcll 
uiltlin  worlil  wiiiilil 
e  |iaiii{ ;  bill  fur  lliR 
iiibraiicc  (if  ihiiiics- 
inalc  |iarliii'r  uf  his 
iiii;.     His  thiiii|i;ht 
T stale  ofpxistciice, 
t:iiiiiitig  In  eiiiliire. 
)f  that  (lealh  which 
SI  aiiiiiiies,  was,   in 
»  ItM'bIc  slriiaulL', 
subliinary   things, 
hriiiieh  the  criiwd, 
m  liiirninK  bianils, 
lis  Molaiig  iiiiiisi'lf 
see  niKitlier  Inl- 
and eninniiiiiiealed 
It  s|iiiriieil  and  se- 
jiis,  whiise  ndcuii- 
lie  suddenly  ended 
■linis   or  graliliiile. 
ig  to  trust  him  aliine 
ould   safely  deliver 
I. 

irisdner  kindly,  and 
iMilar  alTectinn.  He 
but  findin:;  thai  he 
unl  of  the  blow  he 
man,  this  more  hu- 


iimnn  savaue  snaked  snme  nf  the  liiHciill  In  water, 
iind  iiiiide  liiiii  Hiick  llie  |iiil|i  liKe  jiail.  Di'li'iiiiiii- 
cil,  linwevrr,  mil  In  biii'  liH  r.i|ilin',  llii'  ni'irsli 
lili'iil  lirinu  liiiislii'il.  III'  liiiik  llii'  Miiirr cisiii'i  1111111 
Ins  feel,  iiiiil  lli'il  ihi'iii  In  iiiii'  iil  his  ivii',1^;  llirii 
iJircL'linK  liliii  III  lie  iliiwn  nil  Ins  liiirk  nil  llir  h:iri' 
l>riiiiiiil,  liii  siri'ti'lii'il  dill'  arm  In  ils  liill  Icniilli, 
and  liniinil  it  last  In  a  ynnnu  lice  :  the  nllier  arm 
was  exlcniled  and  liiinnd  in  the  sanie  mainn'r:  his 
loiis  were  Mlrelched  apart,  and  lastencd  In  twii 
Ha|iliii;;s,  'I'lieii  a  niiinliir  nf  (all,  lint  slrndei 
pnli'S  well!  (lit  iliiwn,  »hli'li,  with  Hnine  Inni: 
hushes,  were  laiil  aeriisn  his  liiidy  IVnin  head  Id  liinl : 
dn  each  side  lay  as  many  Indians  as  Cdiild  eiinvi'' 
niently  find  liidiiini;,  in  iiriler  In  |irevi'iit  the  iidssl- 
liiliiy  nf  his  eiea|ii'.  Ill  this  disaf;M'i'alile  and 
|iaiiilnl  |iiislure  he  remained  till  nidrmiiL:.  Dnrini; 
the  liiulit,  the  Iniinesl  and  must  dieaiy  en  1- 
ceivalile,  niir  hern  used  tii  relate  thai  he  fell  a 
r  ly  nf  clieerfnlness  eniiie  easnally  airnss  his  iniiid, 
and  ennlil  iinl  even  rel'rain  Inim  smiling  when  he 
M'lleeleil  (in  this  liidienius  ;!i'nii|i  for  a  |iaiiiter,  (if 
<vhii'li  he  himself  was  the  inineipal  liunre. 

'I'lie  next  day  he  was  alliiwi!il  his  blanket  and 
inucuasins,  and  |iermilleil  In  inari'h  willinnl  rar- 
lyini;  any  |iaek,  iir  ri'oeiviiiK  any  insult.  'I'd  allay 
his  eMreinc  hniiKer,  a  little  bear's  meal  was  Kiveii, 
wlnrh  III!  siirked  iliiiiiii>h  his  teeih.  Atnii'lilthe 
parly  arrived  al  'rienniler(it>a,  and  the  prisnner  was 
plaied  under  the  care  nf  a  h'reneh  uiiard. 

The  sa"ai!es,  wlin  had  been  pievenled  frniii 
Clnlliiii:  tlii'ir  diabiilieal  thirst  fur  liliidd,  tniik  this 
ii|ipiirlLii.j  ''  i'(  iiianileslin);  their  malevnlence  I'nr 
the  din  <  iiiinienl,  by  hiirrid  iirlmaces  and  antiry 
(•esliiie^,  lit  they  were  sull'ered  iiii  mure  Id  oiler 
vinli'iice  (ir  peiNdtial  indiifiiily  In  him. 

Aller  liavini!  been  examined  liy  the  .Marquis  de 
Miinlealiii,  iMajiir  I'lilnaiii  was  lundiieieil  In  .Mini- 
treal  by  a  Kreneh  dDieir,  wlin  treated  him  with 
the  lireatest  inilnlueiK^e  and  lininaniiy. 

Al  this  plaee  were  sever. il  piisnners.  C'nlnncl 
I'eier  Schuyler,  rem  irkalile  fur  his  philanlhrdpy, 
);eiiernsily  and  friendship,  was  nf  the  niimlier.  Nn 
sooner  had  he  lie.ird  of  .Major  I'ulnam's  airival, 
llian  he  went  In  the  Inierpreter's  (|uarlei's,  and  in- 
(piired  whether  he  ha. I  a  prnvineial  iiiajor  in  his 
cuslddy.  He  fnund  .^^ajllr  I'litnani  in  a  cniiifiirl- 
less  condilidn,  without  coal,  waisieoat,  or  hose  ; 
the  lemnant  nf  his  elnthini;  mispiably  dirty  and 
r  lilL'ed,  his  beard  liint;  and  sipialid,  his  lei;s  torn 
by  lliorns  and  briers,  his  face  Hashed  with  niiiinds, 
and  swnlleii  with  bruises,  ('oliinel  .Schuyler,  ir- 
ritated beyniid  all  sull'erencc  at  such  a  sit;lit,  entilil 
scarcely  restrain  his  speech  within  limiis  cnnsist- 
I'lit  with  the  pindeiico  nf  a  prisnner,  and  the  meek- 
ness nf  a  christian.  Major  I'litnani  was  immeili- 
alely  treated  accnrdiii!;  In  his  rank,  clnthed  in  a 
decent  manner,  and  supplied  with  iiinney  by  this 
lilieral  and  synipailietic  patriin  of  the  distressed  ; 
and  by  his  assistance  he  was  sunn  after  exchan'.;e(l. 
When  (ieneral  Amherst  was  marchinsacrnss  the 
coniilry  to  (janada,  the  army  comiiii;  to  due  nf  the 
likes,  which  they  were  nliliiied  tii  pass,  Iniiiid  the 
l''reiieli  had  an  armed  vessi'l  ol'  twelve  nuns  upon 
it.  lie  was  in  i;re.it  distress,  his  boats  were  ni 
inaleh  for  her,  and  she  alone  was  capable  of  sink 
Ini;  his  whole  army  in  tliil  siiuatiiin.  While  hi 
was  pnnderin^  wiiat  should  be  done,  Putnam 
Cdinesto  him. and  says,  "(ieneral,  iliat  ship  must 
be  taken."  '•  .\y,"  says  Amherst,  "  1  would  i;ive 
the  world  she  was  taken."  "  I'll  take  her,"  says 
Putnam.  Amherst  smiled,  and  a>ked  hnw  ?  "(iive 
me  some  wedges,  a  beetle,  (a  laiue  wooden  ham 
mer,  or  maul,  used  for  driving  v  edges,)  and  a  few 
men  of  my  own  chdiee."  Amherst  cniild  nnt  cnn- 
ceivu  hnw  an  armed  vessel  was  Id  be  taken  by 
four  or  five  men,  a  beetle  and  wedijes.  However, 
he  granted  Putnam's  request.  When  night  came, 
Putnam,  w'nh  his  materials  and  men,  went  in  a 
boat  under  the  vessel's  stern,  and  In  an  instant 
drove  in  the  wedijes  between  the  rudder  and  ship, 
and  left  her.  In  the  moriiin:;,  the  sails  were  seen 
lluttering  abnut;  she  was  adrift  in  the  iniilille  of 
the  lake;  and  being  presently  blown  aiihoic,  was 
easily  lakeu.  "  .  . 

SO 


At  the  pommeiicpiiienl  of  hnsliliiies  between  the 
inliimi's  and  the  niiillii't  rniiiiliv.  I  'nliiiii'l  I'iiIimmi. 
on  lii'.iiiii'.:ii,  llii'  baillr  al  l.i'Miiuiiiii.ji  ll  liK  ijInii^Ii 
III  the  iniilil'  III  till'  lii'ld,  anil  luiliiiiil  liiaiiuiiiu 
Ins  I'Idlhcs,  repaired  In  I  '.iinliinl  je.  ri  ':iilt  in  a  siii- 
ule  day  line  liiiiidred  iiiili's.  He  nas  hiiiiii  iippiniil' 
ed  a  in.ijiii  ucneial  in  ih"  |iriivm(ial  army,  and  re- 
tiirnnig  in  ('iiiiiieilii  iil,  he  inudu  no  delay  in  bring- 
ing (III  a  bully  III  iKKips. 

Aiiiong  nllier  examples  nf  patrlntism  that  might 
lie  lelated,  the  fnlliiwing  is  Iriiiii    a    living  »ilne»i. 

le  day  that  the  repot  I  'il  the  hallle  nf  Lixingliiii 
reached  ll.iinslable,  a  company  nf  liiiliHa  inimedl- 
ately  asseinlded  and  man  lied  olf  In  ('.imliriilge. 
In  llie  hunt  tank  tlieie  was  a  yiinni;  man,  the  moii 
nf  a  respectalile  laiiner,  and  his  nnly  eliild.  In 
marching  linni  the  village,  as  they  passed  his 
liiiu>ie,  he  came  nut  In  ineet  them.  There  was  a 
mnmenlaiy  halt.  'I'lie  ilium  and  life  paused  liir 
an  insianl.  The  father,  suppressing  a  strung  and 
evident  eniolion,  said,  "(ioil  be  with  you  all,  my 
friends!  and,  .liihii,  if  ynii,  my  sun,  ate  called 
iiiln  battle,  take  care  that  yiiii  behiive  liki!  a  mun, 
nr  else  let  me  never  see  your  face  again!"  A 
tear  started  into  every  eye,  and  the  march  was 
resumed. 

Not  long  after  his  appnintnienl,  the  Cdiiimander 
nf  the  llritlsh  army,  iiiiM'illliig  that  sn  valuable  an 
ofVieer  sliiiiild  act  ill  (ippiiMlinii,  piivalely  eniivey- 
ed  In  him  a  pinpnsal,  thai  If  he  would  qiiil  I  he  rebel 
party,  he  might  rely  nil  being  made  a  majdrgeiie- 
ral  in  the  llritlsh  establishment,  and  receiving  a 
great  pecuniary  ciiinpensalinn  for  his  services; 
lull  he  spurned  the  oiler.  On  the  Kith  nf  .liine, 
I7'7''i,  it  was  di'lermineil,  in  a  council  of  war,  at 
which  (ieneral  Putnam  assisted,  that  a  lortilied 
post  should  be  established  at,  or  near  Hunker's 
Hill,  (ieneral  Putnam  niarelied  with  the  lirst  il'  - 
tachment,  and  cummenced  the  work  :  he  was  the 
principal  agent  nr  engineer  wlin  traced  the  lines  nl 
the  redoubt,  and  he  conliniieil  most,  if  not  all  the 
night,  with  the  wnikinen;  at  any  rate,  he  was  nn 
(he  spot  before  sun-rise  in  the  mnriiiiig.  and  had 
taken  his  stalinn  nn  the  lop  nf  Itiinker's  Hill,  and 
participated  in  the  danger,  as  well  as  the  glory  of 
that  day. 

When  the  army  wasorgani/.ed  by  (ieneralWnsh- 
ingtnn  al  (lamliridge, (ieneral  Putnam  was  appninl- 
ed  Id  cnmmand  the  reserve.  In  Aug.  I?7(i,  he  was 
slatinned  al  lirnnklyn,  nn  Lung  Island.  After  the 
del'eat  nf  dur  army,  im  the  :i7tli  nf  that  ninnth,  he 
went  to  New-Vdrk,  and  was  very  serviceable  in 
the  city  and  neiiililiiiurhood.  In  DcKiber  or  Nn- 
veniber,  he  was  sent  In  Philadelphia  to  lorlify  that 
city.  In  .lanuary,  1777,  he  was  directed  to  take 
post  at  Princetnn,  where  heenntinued  iiiilil  spring. 
.\t  this  place,  a  sick  prisnner,  a  captain,  reipiesled 
that  a  friend  in  the  Itrilish  army  at  lirunswick. 
iiiighl  be  sent  fur.  In  assist  him  in  making  his  will. 
Putnam  was  perplexed.  He  had  but  (ifiy  in 'ii 
under  his  cnmmaiid,  and  did  nut  wish  In  have  his 
weakness  known:  bill  yet  he  was  unwilling  to 
deny  the  reipiest.  He,  however  sent  a  (lag  id 
truce,  aii.l  diiectcd  the  nUieer  10  be  brmmlit  in  the 
niaht.  In  the  evening,  lights  were  placed  in  all 
the  college  windoivs,  and  111  every  aparlnieiit  of 
the  vacant  hniises  tlirdiiulinut  the  tnwn.  The  of- 
ficer,  on  his  return,  if  ported,  that  (ieneral  Put- 
nam's army  could  nnt  cnnsist  of  less  tlian  four  iir 
five  thousand  men.  In  the  spring,  he  was  ap- 
pnintid  Id  the  enmmand  uf  a  sepiiace  army,  in  the 
higlilan.ls  df  New  Yiirk.  One  Palmer,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  the  lory  new  levies,  was  delected  in  the 
camp:  (iovernor  'I'ryon  reclaimed  him  as  a  liritish 
ollicer,  threatening  vengeance  if  he  was  not  re- 
stored. General  Putnam  wrote  the  fullowing  pithy 
reply : 

"  Sin. 

"  Nathan  Palmer,  a  lieutenant  in  your  king's 
I  service,  was  taken  in  my  camp  as   a   spy;  he  was 

tiled  :is  a  spy  ;    he  was  ciindemned  as  a  spy  ;   and 

he  shall  be  iianged  as  a  .spy. 
I  "  IsuAi:t.  Putnam." 

I      "  P.  S.     Afieruoou,     lie  is  hanged." 


After  the  loss  nf  fort  .Mnnlgninery,  thp  roiii. 
maiidrr  III  clni'l  ili'li'iimnrd  In  liiiild  aniilher  fur- 
iilK  .iliiin,  and  he  iliiei  led  (iiiieial  Piiln.im  to  fix 
nil  a  split.  Til  him  lielnngs  the  praise  ol  h.iving 
eliosen  West  Pnint.  The  eanipaign  nf  l<7;>, 
which  w.is  priiii'ipally  spent  in  slietiglheniii;;  lli» 
wiiiks  at  this  pfii  e,  liiiislu'd  ilie  mililaiy  career 
III  I'litnani.  A  pai.ilylic  all'i'ctinn  impaneil  lliu 
activity  of  his  lindy,  and  he  passed  the  remainder 
nf  his  il.iy  .  in  ri  Ineini'iil,  lelaiiiing  his  relish  fnr 
eiijiiymenl,  his  Inve  nl  pleasantry,  his  slrength  uf 
ineninry,  and  all  the  l.icullies  nl  his  mind. 

He  died  at  lliiiiiMiiie,  ('nniieclicul,  iMay  '£), 
i'l'M,  ayed  sevenlylwo  yeais. 

/I'l't'i/.i'  Amrr,  liinr,   Ihi'.] 

The  campaign  of  l(7'.l,  though  baiien  of  nil- 
piiriaiil  events,  was  disiinguislied  by  line  of  the 
iiiiisl  gall. ml  eiitirpiisi's,  winch  Innk  place  in  the 
course  III  llie  war.      This   was  the  caplnie  nl  .Stu- 

neyPiiuit  nn  tlii!  Ninth   river,     (li al   Wayne, 

wliii  had  Ihe  hiinoiii  nf  cniidilcting  this  enlerpiisp, 
at  liodii,  nil  the  l.'illi  nf  .Inly,  set  out  at  the  head  of 


III      IIIII, II,    Oil      III,        I'.lll.' Il,.^.-,<llitllllll<l|.|,,l«ll 

a  silling  delachiiient,  of  the  iiiiisl  active  nifantiy  in 
the    American  army,   and   cnmpleled  a  march   of 
abnut  I  I  mile  I,  nvir  b:id  roads,  liy  ei»lit  o'l  lock 
till!  evening.      The  iletachment,  being  then  will 


III 

till 


a  mile   and   a    liiilf  nl   lis   nliject,   was  halted    and 
Idrnied  liitii  eidiimns.      The  gi'i^eril,  with  a  lew  nf 

his  niVicers.  ailvaiiced  and  1 imioitred  thewiirks. 

At  half  past  eleven,  the  uhiile  innveil  liinvard  lu 
Iheatlaik.  The  van  nf  the  right,  ei.nsisiing  nf 
>  l.iO  Volunteers,  iindrr  the  cnnmiand  of  liienlenant- 
j  ( 'didiiel  Khieiy,  advaiii'i'd  with  iiiilnadi  d  miiskets, 
and  lisi'd  liaynneis.  These  wcie  preceded  by 
iHenty  picked  iiieii.  whn  weie  particiilaily  instruct- 
ed In  leinove  the  alibiilis  and  other  obsli  iictinns. 
The  van  nl  the  left  was  led  by  .Major  .Sie\.arl, 
and  advanced  wiih  nnldailed  ninski  is  and  fixed 
bayuiiets.  Il  Wiis  also  pieceiled  liy  a  simibii  liii- 
liirii  hnpe.  The  neneial  placed  himself  at  th« 
liciid  nl  the  riulil  cdlninn.  :iiid  i:ave  the  iiidsl  pninted 
iilders  not  In  file,  but  In  depend  solrly  nn  the  hay- 
diiet.  The  Iwn  culniiins  directed  their  altiieks  In 
(ippusile  pniiils  nf  the  wniks,  while  a  del  ichmenl 
engaged  the  allenliiin  nf  the  tianisim,  by  i\  feint  i:i 
their  liiinl.  The  approaches  were  iiiiire  ihlViciilt 
than  had  been  appielieiided.  The  wnrks  were  dn- 
leniled  by  a  deep  miirass  which  was  alsd  at  that 
time,  oveillowed  by  the  tide.  Neilherthe  uinrass, 
the  double  row  of  ablialis,  niir  the  slienmh  nf  ihe 
wniks,  ilampeil  the  iirdoiir  of  the  assailants.  In  tlif! 
liice  of  a  must  liemendniis  fire  of  niKsketiy  and  nf 
cannon  loaded  with  grape-shot,  they  foiied  their 
way  at  the  point  ol  the  bayonet,  thrdiigh  every 
dbstiicle,  iiiilil  liolli  cdliiiiins  met  in  the  centre  ni' 
the  wiirks,  at  nearlv  the  same  instant,  (ieneral 
Wiiyne  as  he  passed  the  last  ablialis,  waswiiiinded 
in  the  head  liy  a  miisket  ball ;  hut  neverlheless  in- 
sisted on  lieini:  carried  forward,  adding  as  .1  rea- 
son, !'  that  if'  he  died,  he  wished  it  ini^lit  be  in  th(! 
t'liit.'*  Ijienleiiants  (iil'linns  and  Knox,  who  led 
the  forlnrn  hope,  escaped  iinhilil,  altlinii^h  the  first 
lost  seventeen  men  nut  nf  twenty,  and  the  last 
nearly  as  many.  The  killed  and  wounded  nf  the 
\iiiericaiis  iimiiunleil  In  iiiiiely-ei<ihl.  The  kilb'd 
of  llie  g  irrisiiii  were  sixty  lliiee,  and  the  nnmbernf 
their  prisoners ')  I'!.  Tim  llai;s  twd  slandaiils  fil'- 
teeii  pieces  nf' nidiiance.  and  a  ennsiderable  (piaii- 
tiiy  nf  iiiilitaiy  stores,  tell  inlu  the  hands  of  the 
coiiijiieriHs. 

The  viiimir  and  spirit   with  which   this  ontpr- 
prise  was  condueleil,  was  mailer  of  triumph  In  the 
American,      ('nnsiress  gave  their  thanks  In  (iene- 
ral Washinatnn,  "fnr  the  vigilan(!e,  wisdom,  and 
magnanimily   with  which   he   had  cnnducled  the 
military  nperatinns  nf  the  stales,  and  which  were. 
j  aiiidng  many  diher  sign:il  intanees,  manifested  rii 
I  his  orders  for  the  idiiive  enterprise."     They  also 
'  gave  thanks  tii  (ieneral  Wayne,  and  ordered  n  gold 
iiieilal,  emblematical  nf  the   aclinn,  to  be  struck, 
and  presented  to  him.      They  directed  a  silver  nno 
In  be  presenied  to  [jiculenanl  Cnlonel  Kleiiry.  and 
j  another  to  Major  Sieiviirt.      .'\t  the  same  lime  they 
passed   geneial  re-ailuiions.  in  hniiour  of  the  iillU 
cersiind  iiiuii,  but  pailiculaily  doi^naling  Lieutcn 


IM 


wrt 

VH>t\)i*«»  '\>\i|  ^l\»»      Til  \\\v  \\\\\  \m\\\.  M\i\  .lUi 


\«itin' 


sr 


ii«',  »t»>\  H'\vi>  \\\v  >'ii>li  "(  i'i)H>»» 

VNh\\\iM\M>>  Vv'CW  rtW   A\in\l\M  (\-\    \\w   1  iiHtji\»i|iHii, 

(hi'  i\i«»l(Am«  Ho  <(>•»  »)\>n>\ii\\f  \l>\>\  (vl.\\i>i  |iiii\»cil 
\\\  \\v\\\y\y  \S%  mmw  ■>»  U\«'U  i>\U>\<'\>U'«  niVc.!  til 
(VMM       \  t>»i\y    \\»\   \\\\<\\\\\-  \\\   ^\\\\\i'\   \\A\\\.   \\sv 

lS>im,  A\w  'A\>M  \\\>\>\\  >\  «\\\»  >»iV'i  V  »i\i»  \\\<i'  *l>l(* 
|>lrt|  Irt  \\»  \\v\«\»S  \'U(  \\\\\\  vi\tili'«  my\  M\  (liiw» 
»h»M\Vv\,      \»  *V<tti\  «»   \\\<>  \\\'\\o\^\\<l^M'   »>\i>\\\«j 

«\MW  \i»  \|>\lft'\>' \ht>  >1\\1V\  (V|H\v  l\\\tt  »>*  \t'\0\\>>  \\w\ 
f.\\\\\*\  \\  \\\  \\\\  Wi\^M\%  W\'\\\\\v\\  \\\\\\  \\\V  V\\\\  1 
\t\>M«  ^>M\it4>«lV  m  \\  ,\»!\ll>Jl\m\   \i\  lUV  AH  liHHI|i»>    I 

\V\vi\>  «>i  vii»w»  >^\  h,.(>\i»i  \Whi  Ml'  ii\i'H'iUn'  »v  i 
i«\>vvi<  (>Mi^  V  (HHhh  lyivO  ii>vi\i'«,i\v»in\M\|  \hi'\\i>i(i». '. 
ty\\\\  v\^\■\\^\\Y^  iK»i  v.\|i\\yiw(  (y\>«i     !*«   \\i\\\\  i 

\'hH\\l»\    HN|A\l\V\^     ^^►»>'»»\»1\    \\\    l^\W\t^\    \\\\\\\     \\\\\ 

\\\r  \i\{\\\  itiiv\  ArtW  tt»  vA\\««v»  «W\  \\Uvv»\  \\\  W  «! 

>'MM«|l  |lA>H*iy«,  j 

H»»k  M>\v\>»«\\\  icm»>y')v\<i»\i  n(  ^^^l^  ,\\i\«v\U>AV\»  *^ i 

\\  hl\  h  iM^rtAth-i^  H  U\  «iv<t'<H»'>>  1''  >><">WV,         V\)\*  \\  A*  ' 
ihv    V\M(M)1H^    \<1    >l\v    <Vt\'«h    dVWUliH    A«    i'il\\ll\» 
i^'A'V,  i>)V\«S\\M\\  Vr\y  Vv'lV  y\^'(i'>\  «  11  )>rt\'VH'i\  . 
»»^  M^(rt»\,v*\*l\>>isf\M\\  V\\«ivH      NUlm  «»\»l\  ; 

»(»«»,  »v\  vs*  «^n^  \>>  ^  »»>(iti  MiM'V  >m\\»f,  \i«  \\\v] 
\A  \^\  W  ^^t"*  V  ^»^^  »>>>MM  .%^  iM  Vyi*  rnvntti'^vKiH  ; 
r.t,  >iH<  ^'f'Vi '(^V^'^^  t>Mkvvii'i'«,  Tl»\>  V«  <>\  \hv> ' 
Vmv»<\»*s»  *\«  (m  \w><i>i>w(il>k,     M\(>y\    >  v»>  \n 

^^^«^^^1\>H\  «>\  X>H>  »M\V\*^V  ^IM<  \V>'>'\\»'.V  iMi^itc  -Ml 

\  VinyisUMT  i>Miy»i;,  w  ((h^^yyi  w ,M\Wn  (V »•»»»«*>  »'\it\>'i 

«w>Ss<  ^liW%^»^^»W»^  l^MxV*,  »»\iU'«>«<i'»i^  A  Wn>«\\ 

>»«»  \W*«M>W^  K   IhtVl    S»  H    1>P'\M^,    "  «VH    h\«  (>!•., 
i|K><Vi'>V   TI,'*V»»,  H(i(^  »-lH\'M\   '        \'^flV    »l!K\  |\(v»««'i( 
^V<^^f»lf'«>^^'»  ><i\)>>!i\ti»  >|^  >^4ii  ^«i\\»«!i\V,  *W<»'\|MVM 
»HK  <>«Mi  >(hn  «vn*(f  >4\  tVi^  t>iii><<  vviw^^v.  "■  >>(  M» ' 
t«*,S(*  ,    !M»<(  >V  tW  ■«»«*  linMf  >«'*t«>t\>(4  %  «-\'l«%HtM1\ 

^^.■•rr  *<-N>rt^\tT>  i»'»»>v  m\MY  t>w«  <-i>««WT\f\l<« 

\'K*i(«>\  »»»kA'^  ii-(V  !V  i*rt»\)imfm  •>!  P"*'*  w*i>, 

(^!■   v^iowA-v  ,',«»|»»>^  ^    \v»    Vw)(1»m4,  «m(  ^'>i« 

»N>>w>»  »v»'«'s»f      VhSx  'iSv-»»K>»*»<  «n  »>«iT»>   M 

W'M  v^^^v>«»<l  v-rwt«iKi»x  ^hi-iy  ivwoNii^rt  nfn^w 
h'^*.  VW<f»i  »>«»«*»  •y*»'«»V(r«.  WM  •»<(i'>1>.  «»v*i 
W  x^s^w^!*^  Kv  »»  ^■\>>«s**»>Mi  »»iH-ly  'd-in  ftn'ri* 
Aii^-Jv  •vwxis-'.'w  *W.  .•>^'«i  ;^»n^^'W.  rtn  <>«»K'»no^  M\ 
*^•^^  i*v<n  v*ii  ti<ii  ^  yK>  »(»(»  ,»^    V  »>«»»,>fet«'«vf», 

w  «.»..v  •*•<  ,^vvl^1«^»«^s  i(«  W«),.»<(H»,><T  S'«!^>i<«s'»t 
\'V  <»,•<*•  i>»«t»^i  >«  «M<  •^^s  »« «W  M"  >w<Mi  <v< 
S?  <w»<  !'<'••«*•  «f  •v<>»!>*i*t"»«-  "J^  «x1»«'«  ♦■•rwy* 
t     -  i>4  t*  »t  <cv««»      V  -Koit*  «M  »»»>r  «il»^■'*>«.  »>nw 

««>V)<IH        «V    •<»  $>*i»    ijv  Jm*>      jW    \<»««-^^»«    #««M. 

*«»•*>>•"»<,    «v    S"    irni     '*«'V»'»v'    f'f   IViv^'^oV 

*?s'*wi'»<NiS»  f«  *t-|**.  V*N  ^'•*»>r'»s»V*i  %^'*'*»*^  H»«^  V^l^ 
«»**i£  *•►  **.'!    »h»ck    »■*«    •»-    »«    »»l»»W«Jxvi    »>V<> 

"^^  <»«v-»  »>iK  •'ntt  «*>.  ■'.  rHrw  i«>«»;  <t»*>f\  ^'btvT 
»•.  w   ■»»»»»«««»  tMlk     •>««!    •**    •.•»»1*l»T«    ^^«^V-•l>»« 

iMUiirr)  •.  UK  tif-a»M  «  o> 


M  II  I'lMi  \     tM      I'll  \» 

\M\U        V  I'lDHIlHIAilllm  l;l)MIIIIM)ll't>it,  linil  IVIJK  llfjil 

\\\\  WW  'iliiiiO  I)  iliiuiiultl  l<itl  iililtxiti  mil  i'iiit'i|ili'i 

illill'  I'llVrl         \\  lltli>  till'    lii'iili'iii'lu    It)  ill    tll'llililM 

I'li'ii'ii'tiiiiii  lui  ii|i  'Im'iimiIi.  iililiti  Oii't  liiil  III  liii 
mi'ili'iii'  1  iiiii(iiii|i|.iiiii\\, Mil iiiiiiiii'i  itllu'i ii|i|ii  11 
I'll  III  itill  Ui'«.  lUiliA  »i|ii'ii|iiiiinit  till'  ihlii'iHi  ilii 
pim^iiH      >li'  li'iil  hiillc'l  Hiiiii  'itiiilv  ltii|ili.  iiii 

tll'lllllMI   III     llll'  lltll'llllr:ll    ilM'D'll    III!  riillilll'l   l\l  II 

li"iiii<>  |i|lin,  'iliil  III  iiiniiil  I'li'liMi  il'il*  iiiilti'il  III 
ll\i'  ilvi'i  iS'iiiiliiiiiii      llu  iiiiiiliiK  l\tii'ii  iiiimliiiil 

III  llll'  ilillniiHIl'llOl'.  Ill  III  ,lhiU.  mill  llll'  |ll||i|llii 
rill'    \llll'lll'lllli  'II   lilal  llllllll'llailllll    III   ll'llil'llll  I' I 

Inn  ilii't  luiiiiili'il  llll  mull',  itiiii\  III  II 1 1 1'  llll' I  Mill 

|l)l||>l  lllllli  111    lllllll'  ll|l    llll'   lUl'l,  tllill    llll'    l|M|i|l» 

iiilulii  iiiiVii  llll  ii|iiiiiuiiiiiiv  III  I'liiilitiii.  mill  iii'.iliiiiu 
ilii'ii  I'm  ii'i-  Till'  •iii'iiliu  li'iii'  ii|iil  wi'iiilii  111 
\\\\'\\\\  III  im>  lliilaiiiiii'tliii'  ti'i'i  iiii"ii<iiilil)<    A  tii'iii' 

IaI  lilttlll  nil  l|ll'  |llll<  "llll'i  Atlll  A  |ll'lll'l'll  lIllli'H  nil 
llll'  iillli'l.  liinii  )i|ai|'  SIi  Uiin^it'  ili»>liii|r<il  miil 
Inlill  iil'lillU'l'li  111  iIbIiIi'I'H  AHIil'ii  ll""(l'lt!  lIlM 
Vllll'lll'Ali  inlillri*  Ali'l  'illliiiii  llA'l  In  li'lillll  '1  1(11  'It 
I'All  111  lllfU  11,11  I'l  I'lll'l.  Allil  In  I'^jilnlW  llli'll 
U'llli-  llilnimll  lllli  It  11  mill* 

\\  lull'  llll'  11  II  lAliMlllvlini  A»  111  Hlflll  lllljin'Mlll 
llin  ii'lliilil  ulii'iii  II  i|il)|ln>ili>i|,  ll  11  A«  iiiulnu  niiA 
lll'M  I'll'lllt'lll.  iiml  Ini  nil  Hill  ilNl'IIH  I'liHIIIlli'ii  111  lln 
l|ll\ln  KI'li'nilliiH  lllllll*  i^i.nilllllli'i,  liillii'i'ii  (lie 
rtvi'lK  n\  t'lAliu'  Ainl  llliAl  illH'ill),  IliDt  n  iiiilnn 
HH  IH  Imlll  lllli  ^llilll'l,  Allil  111  llll'  l'llll'|!l'.lll  HI'  H, 
,1«  Mill    1^  11)1  I  llll    I'lMlal    nl     \llli'|tiA         III*    >\lni| 

\'Aihii\li'  M'\|i'ilN  ii'i»Al«n,  iiliiiiiUliiiilim\  liiitiH  I'll 
111  iiiV»*  «  iSifiUi^i'il  I'lii  mill  t'lAiii'Ci  adaIhui  I  llli'll 

HUlAllI 

hi  llll*  «miiil«i'  ni  iii'iHi  lllli  MiinHli  |i'  Mnin 

llnVAt.l^H*  yivlHlall  AHlli'li«lilin,''i'llli'lril  '1  HlillllH<i 
Inin  I  niil\  l«i'nllHt\VnlllM'illll,iiii.iilin|liu  m  1  ill' 
vlMiMlniiiM  11.11  -1(1  mm  liii'.ii  lllli  llll  I'liu  11  ml 
Iviil  nAnii  I'l'i'H  I'liiliiivil  111  llin  iiiliii'illi  In  ilii- 
(linl'ih  ^iilliiiiiinii  lllli  iVl»livlii'i 111  111  llll-  inlin.< 
li\ .  I'hn  liiiU'Mi'iiinni'il,  "lliiii  S)iii|n  i  inilil  liun 
im  imi'H'M  HI  ("iiiiHin  ilifli  niliiii'.iiH'«i  iliiii  »liii 
h^il  I'lilimiv*  ni  Im'I  nttn,  ninl  iiihIiIhuI  ih>i  in  Imil 
^rt  i>\'i|li|»lH  IH  ihi'iili  lit  IH  BH|i  AHV  i-niliiliiiiii'  n 
in  ill*  \Hlt'lll'«n»  "  \l  HAa  aUa  IaIiI  ■'  lIlH  'iliillll 
VIA*  tIMlil.lIU  miAlKil  111  IJh'iH  UllMlll  •'  I'lnn 
Wci*  HI  Ml  lm|«  «i  I  \i|inii  li\  lliili  i'iui'iHr«i  In 
rrtVi'i  il\>i  vHn<|Hi'»i  ,'\  iliv  \'nHiil  Siiiii «,  k  ih  Iiii 
ln'Nf  \\\M  \\\  111'  niin  Mliiill  llim  HWln.l  111  In-  hh 
1'tiii  rWiil  |>iv\>nl,  lli.H  llin  iiiiliili  •  nl  liiii'l^ii  |iini 
ri-*!  n\f  «\\l  iTilHilliUi  in  Am'iI  |iiini  i|i|i>»  Humn 
\iiw»  mw  imi'iv«i  I'lA'lir'  iMlli  minilii'i  i  Ami  li  U 

HHl  ^^l»^S«  lh«i  VIW  llvll  till'  'UHHSI'*!  IHrllilllilci 
»i\ro.  \\  lii'diii  itif  iniliiriii  t<  >i|  llin  i  ii'inli 
iiNnn«»>K  >M  iIh>  |>i\v»|iri'i  iH  ivinMiiH»  lilliKiliii. 
i»m»«"x,  (»Hi1  VhnnU,  iH  ihi'  nn'smiii*  nl  im  nut 
ii^<il«>»>  i^rivinwiM'il  llin  vHiiii  nl  M|>'iin  In  'iilii|i| 
lhl«  w*'i«<i«i'»>,  H  l«  liW|V»«llv'  '  mill  I  nil  linil  In  iln 
\  r<*l>  ;  >l«t  >llVH«l«IAnil<»  .1  llif  H  |Mlihilllln,  lll'lt 
tHlP  >rt\J»^    <^t    IVlMHlAn  «.l>"Allr»  AHll  i1aI11A1i>A   « «« 

iKr  jMim"%jy<l  iHitHvi>m<"ni 

Vhi"  nmKniH  HI   ^Jlv^M  IdlliHl  tt!H  M  lltlt  llmt'  ! 
n«|\   x^iMivwiAii       Shr   w^-i  iivitMnn-il    iiml  ili« 
tiih  tx^i  h>  s«  w««ii«i'sl  »  H-,  111  wim  |«  ininix  Hin   I 
iSni-tM  «i»  »<<\»»ii»«<'>»i  Inn  ilniViM  nil  it«  H^iHiiil  It 
tisi»       \«  ihif  miiftl    «l     llll«    »A«ll«u    i'niHn«t,    IH 
yi>^f\'h  N*^i   ^^l^\^  in  ivthivi*  Jii-i  ii'inlii'il  vninnma, 
iWnsli  »nh.Mii  Kiiv«K«<  »h4,  »»«  ilniilnl'iil.  «li«<  «ii« 
•ml«*«ir|\  m>>>Nrvl  in  k  ni«i»  miil  iwiuli  mnin  il^in 
ii;*^vi««   WW.  »nK   rtn^  *>{   ihi>   nir^ln»l    |i<iwrii  Hi 
Kvwiv       Si  i)wvi»i\  nm*.  «IiiIi>  «Iii>  «  i«  i-HUfis 
t<  tr:  (Km  »>,»nM*  i««ii»ii»,   »kiii»i  nl<l  I'liiiniU  mhI 
aW  frnMn**,  Ko  Miim  \"»ihi<ln'  M,i|^M\  A\lil«'il  tin 
S\.'vy  tv  tl>'»i  <M   IfM  MumriVHt  (n>>». 

1«  tV>»  ni.()»iM».  «  .Vwln-iMn  <»l  (he  \Hii'iii'i»ii 
«»i  •«  i^N-wim^ixIfyl,  h\  •<>mi"  ifinlins  cluiin' 
f«-'x  !^  !>»<■  r>t<ftM! ,  h«i  fxm  iMinxMnihin  nt  ilim 
^>t^  *■(»«  t^x-Mxt'tr^^ ,  »tMl  .^lani-^inir*,  t\vn>  Iwtli 
tv^i-vr*  <►!  r\»i-l;»«>»!i,  o-*-!*  sn*n  ^^  tin  mM<-«iy. 
■  j<i  »«r»rii>r(  Iww  M  r««x^»»>j  <m  \ht  »««  Kf«in>(  nil 
>>»  »■fl*>mt^s  " 

Vivm  «>>♦>!»  fx-yivTH,   »)i»o>i  *>fiU    ««V.««-.<   tin- 
l"o;««  S«»r«>«,  »«  »»i  M  ih»>  irs-if  sn-ril  ilK-i-mlm 
,ii«i«N«r>ii  (V'   lir*-*!  itfHUto.  1  irtiiitt  to  f^l^U'  tlif 
f'-flnx^f^M^n**  1  Hv>i  ?<»Aii  r»i»^*i^  III  ihiM  <(*««  Imi'U- 
^t  iiK  y«iM   ill  ^:\  ttN>«j;h  ilif  w«t  «a»vMiiicJ  imi 


llll  lllllll  MIIIIH  lllllll  liUllt'«|i  Ml   lln|lll<lilll||lll,    III  lIlN 

liiilllii'lllHliili'ii  lllllll.  I'lliilillnlilili'iil  III  III!  uii  |>i) 
ii'iilMii'iil  ii'i'i  hi.iIiiiimI|'  iiii>iii|iImI  III  I 'iiiiillliii  iIimI 

lll'lillll'l  .Villi    llll'     ll  illll'lllill    III     M'lHIIIIHlll,    N 

lllllll  ji'lll  III  lllli  nlillii  III  ll|.||lulll  mill  ll'illllllill  III 
llll' liliiM.  H  |'i"ii'i<.     'i'lii'  tnv'il  illiiiv  III   lliiil  ijiliil 

ll'l    ll'|i|illll>l|Ull||i|l|.||lit  llllllllll'llllM  ll'llllllll  I'llltilll 

l|ii||i  T'l'il  I  liillijiii  mill  llln  iillii|ii  lUH  jilll  iilitli't 
ijini  iiHiiiiAiiil  III  M'lliii  lli'iii'iiil  I'li'iiinl,  TImiIhikh 

I  III. II  III  lll'IIMlJA  ll'l  111  ll  Hill  lllllll    lllilllll  III  lllli  iI|||m 

I  I  III   lllllll"!         Tlll'll'   HI. Ill  III  lilnl  lllllll  lllli  llll  I'lill 
HiiIiIIIaI  lMIII|i'l  III  III  lil|||.l.  Ill   tlillllll  I  '.|llilll|i|^  llllll 
>i|.||i|.||  All!  Ill  Niiilli  I  .lllilllll  I  II I  lllli  lllli  lllli  llllll 

l|iH>i||lllll|'   lllllll lllilllll   Kllllliili    lill'V  llllll  lil'I'M 

ill'lili'lli'il  III  mill'  III  lllli  lllillll  lllllll,  I  llllill|iillil|ii|  lif 
\\  >|ii|ll|IUllll|.  \  InilU  III  llllllll'l  IIjUIIiIIxIiI  'lllli  ilMlil 
llllll  lllli  III    Nlillll  I'lllllllHI.  Ill  lllli  ilHI  IllilUlllililllf 

I'lii'iili  Inllii'il  llll'  I  iiiilli||i|||ill  lliinlwi  lull  lllillll 

ilii'i  llllll  Illll'lllill  lllli  III  iii.iii|jiA.  mill  iiilii'ii  |iiiiii 

In  Mull  ill  I  'iilnllli'i  'j'iiiiiiii|.i  lllli  I  liinnnl  I  lie  *m|( 
lil'l.  ItiiHinl  I  lllilllll.  Ill  )liii|iii|iiii>i|  III  lllli  lllli. 
llllll'*  III  famuli  I  'iinlliiil.  llii'i  ii|i|iii|iili.il  III  I'liii 
Hll'lln,  111  lllllll  llll'  |.|ll|IIHi|lli|  III  ll||.|l  il|llll|ll'lll  llllllf . 
rill*  I  iilinlill'il  HIlit  III  II  D'A  illllillli'll  iiililllii'il 
lulu      in  ii|i|i|i|i  llll.  llllll  li'ini'  III  II  iHli'ii  niililli'iM, 

II  i'niiii|i|i>iiilili.  lii'ilv  III  llllllllil  II 'M  iililiitiiil  III  llllll 
lllllll  I. HI  lIll'V  ilillll'll  lllillll  lllillll  III  lllH  lllllllllMIH, 
lIuHl  III   llU  llll'l  llll.  lllli  I' 

llll  V  ll'iil  mil  ll'l  li'iilliiiil  llii'llli|i|li'll  iilii'illi'lli'li. 
m'ii>'i.iAi|  llll  inllliiill  ii|ii  I'lliniiii  \i  i  ii>iliiiiii.ii 
In  lllilllll  nil  llli'll  lllillll,  llli't  rnillil  lllil  lii'iil  Ilin 
|||llUlliil  III  '111  llll  iiili|iHli  III  lllilllll  ttliinil  llji  III 
IiaIiIU  111  lli.nliilli  llllll  liiili'(i|i||ilii||i  II.  llict  Ii.|l|il 
lllllll  hhIhhIiIi'iI  III  il|iiill>il  illm  l|illiii<  i'lln  Int'il 
lllllll  Al  Miii<iii|iiil|,  linlmi  ll'llllllll  I'll  I't  llll'  llllll' 
llllll  nl  till'  lliiiilLi  lllllll  Ml  \iiijl|.illi|i'.  n  'in  III  I  nil 
illlliiH  li>  I'^li'llil  llli'll  imili       Till'  lll'il  iili|i  I'i  iiii« 

III  I'llin  |iii.i.ii  "lllllll  III  I'ml  lliiyiil.  Ill  Miiiilli  I  ''llllll 
ll'l  Al'll'il  I  I'llilllll'l,  11  llll  lAll  Illllillli'll  llli'll,  Ill'lHIf 
ill  I'll  lii'il  hIiIi  llll'l  lll'il ,  liiHili'il  mi  lllli  liliiiiil  I  lllli 
tli'iiiiiil  iMniillili',  III  llll'  liMiiil  111  All  I'ljii'il  iiiiiiilii'l 
III  AllH'lll  "III*,  III  lllillll  tlll'lli  II  I'll' lilllv  llllll' li'llll 
llll  nnlilli'li,  llli'll  lll'il 'llll  lllllll' llll. Ill  nil     Till*  ml 

1  AHI'lun  Hill  |illiH'l|i"illi  yiilni'il  liv  Inn  llilil  |i|mi.iH| 
hIiIi'Ii   Hi'in  null  ii'liiil  111  iljiiiill    nl   t 'IiiiiIiiImii 
llllllll'l  Aillllill        I'lln  lllilllll  lull  iiliiiinil  llll  llllll 
Ilillll'll        liin    \iiii'ili'iin'i  Iniil   I'lulil  iiii'ii   lillliil, 
mil    liii'iill   inn   iiniinilfil       Ailiiiii(i    till'    liiiiiini, 
»  1*  I. ll'illllllill  llllll  lllllll  Wllliliiii    nil  llllllllil  III 
llll'l  nl  lllllll  IIH'lll,  IIH'I  'I  illli'i'il  III  ill*iln|iiil'ilii'i| 
illllln,  Hlin*n  I'lilv   lAll    ili'jiilii'il    il  lilllili'iiili*  In 
mill  nl  tlll'll  llllll  >iilii|<iiil       Itn  mil  llii<  IIhi  nl 
III  nl    nl    Snlllll   I  in  iillinl  ll  lin  liml  llll  lllli    III  illl|i 
)iiiiiliiii  llU  liiilt'|ii'iiili'in  n      i'lil4  ii.)iiiUii  ii'iliiilni'il 
llll'  lliHuli  lliiiH  iilli'iiijillnii  mil   liiiiiii'ill'iln  I'lili.i 
|iiiii',  In  till'  nniiliti  mil  nl  M'li'iniiiili  t   Inn  llii'V  Hi 
III  |iiiii4  111  I' lii'in  ">i'i.  mill   \niiiiiii,  iiiiili'ili'inli'il 
iIh'Iii«i'Iii"»   llll'l   ll  (iii'iil  |iiii  nl   lliiiiiilii       llihy 
aNiI  I'inli'ill  mil  I'll  In  alli'llHllli'H  lIll'IIIHl'lll'l,   liy  IK 
Ininii'i'iiii'lll*   llniii  till'   Inilii*,  In   llin   »i<<li'iii  •nl 
lli'iili'iiia  nl  tli'iiiiil'i  mill  I ''ilnlliiti. 

I'liiUaiiln*  iii'in  ai'iit  iiiiniiiii  iIikIiiIiiiIiIIiimU  nl 
lllli  ili'4ril|illnii.  In  I'lirniii'iui'  llii'iii  III  II  (ii'iiniitl 
Humiviiiiin  I'lll'l  iii'in  iH4iiii.il  lllli,  II  ilii'ir 
I'lilliiiilli'il  mill  lllilllll  llli'll  Iniin  In  iliiil  nl  llin 
klnii'a  lllllll  III  llrniiil'i,  llll'l  miiilil  li  ivn  am  li  ii 
ili'iiilml  «ii|ii'iliiillv.  II*  nniilil  lllillll'  II  Kju'i'ily  in 
mm  In  tlll'll  lllillll*  |iiiii'tli'iilili',  mi  iIikIi  iinii  Iniiii.i 
S'  I'lil  liiin'lii''l*iil  llii'ill  III  rniilliiiilv  inililninVMii'i 
I'll,  mill  "I'l  nil  In  jnln  t'ln  lllllll  Inlina  lit   Allullaln 

Vniniii)  ilinan  nlin  iiillnil  tlii'iiKi'lm*  Invnllal^  llii'in 
iifii'    IIKIIK     nl    llm    iiiii«t    tiilmiinii*     I'limiii  li'i'i 

I'lli'll  iinnniill  iniiijili'tlnil  mi*  tlliil  nl  ii   (iliiiiilnr 
mil  IkiiiiIiiiI,  mnli'inlli'ltnllalnl  liiinlv,  lllilll  llll  llin 
linnniii  iiiiil   in  liHi'ivat  nl  tlinli    inviil   liiiialnr.      Al 
i-ii'M  |ininiil  Imliiin  tin-   mil.   tlin  ii  n*lniii    tvllilni 
nii«*nl  llininlnnii'*,  nliinli  I'Mniiili'il  In  llin  Ml*iil* 
«i|i|<i.  iiiIoiiIimI  ml  ii*iliiiii  llll  llin  lllli' III  ill*iiiilii|lv, 
«iin  ili«ivli>lii'il  llm  in«tiiiiiit*   nl  nl   i  Ivll  mii'li'ly. 

Wliiln  llio  nil  iiiiinil  llin  ili'iiiiiiiiU  nl  llllllllil  iliiiy 
,*nil  lit  t.iM'a  I  null  ilillll'll  liiiH'll  In  till'  |ii<ii|illll|!  nl' 
iliinan  ivinnin  ai'lilcmi'iitu.  Iiv  linlilliiii  nut  |iliiii|tiii'IH 
nl   i'\niii|iiinii    tiniil    tlin    rmiiinl    nl   itn<"'iliiiii'iil. 

\iiiiini<  ilii'«i'  i>i'n|ili',  llin  invil  I'liiniiiilin*  lliiil  aiii'  - 
(('|l^lully  |il.iiHi'il  till'  sUHil.iiil  ul  Ui^iAliyi  ituil  III' 


(/K('(  ('  (I    U'f  til  P  N 


M 


)\l't»  III  ili'|ill'il>llhill.  Ill  lIlH 
"tliilimiiliii'MI  III  idllliili  frii 

'  nil'  Mljlll'll  III  I  'IIMlillllllllllt 
I.  lllll'lllill  III  M'HIIIIMIlll,  H 
III  lll'l|l||lil  lllli)    MiIIIIIImI  lit 

I'  tnv'il  iliiiiv  III  iIhii  <|IM*i 

I  l|llltll|l'IIIIH  It'llllllll  lllltilll 

liii'  iiIiiiIk   iiih  jitil    iiHili't 

lli'iii ml  I'lMiinl    'I  IihIhm  M 

nilliiihi  itliillll  III  lIlM  ililjit 

'M'  III  ll|!ll  llljIM  jllllll'lt  I'llM 

HI'I.  Ill  Miilllil  ruiiilll|it,IMIii 
I  Mliillii'l  I  tmllilliili  I||H  hill) 
lii'lll  hIiiIi'-i,  iIh'V  IimiI  IiI'MI 
'  iiiiilli  'HUH,  I  i<iiiii|'iiiil|>ini( 

I  iiilllllu  itiill'llii'l  "ii'i  ""'I' 

ijllKI.  Ill  lllli  ilXI  lll'l|tl|l>llllll) 
llHMIInl    lliill|Ml    lull   Hill  III 

III  lli'iiiulii.  mill  iiilii'ii  |iii<i) 
'iiiiiiiiIh  IIik  I  IiiuhiiI  iIii<  «i'<it 
,  III  lllli  ii<i|iii'iii  III  lllli  iIi'Im 

ll'l,  llll'l  ll|l|ll>lllll'll  ill'  I 'nil 
ll'lllii  lilll|l'ltu|llll||l'lllllltllf. 
Ill  II  IthI  illllllill>|i  I'lHlMllxil 
rill  liuii't  III  li'iHli'll  milillHIx, 
llllllll.l  II'I4  iilllrtMl  III  jlllll 
mill  ll  llliill>  III  IllM  MIIHlliI'Mi 

II  I' 

llllill  lllhlllljilll  II  lllll'llll'lll  H. 
Ii|<l  lilllllll'l        Al  lll'lllllll'il 

ll",  llii't  riHilil  Mill  liiMii  III!) 
111)11       ll'iiliiK  nliirtli  ll|i  III 

llllll<|ll'lllll<lll  I',   llll't    ll'llH  I 

iii'ii  iiui  i|iiiiii'    rill'  iiit'ii 

'lli|i  ii'lliliiii  I'll  l>v  llll'  |iilii' 
fll     \iii(ll'illi|i',  "  'IH  III  I  nil 
|iii.iH       'I  III'  lll'il  i.liji  I'l  ii|ii« 
'ml  lliiviil.  I|i  Miuilli  I  ''iiiilt 

I  llll  lilnliiliiiliKil  liii'li,  lii'lHif 
I ,  liiiiili'il  nil  lllli  liliiiiil  I  lull 

III'    llM'lil   III   'HI  l'l|ll'll  llllllllll'l 

II  llll'll'  III  ll>  lilllv  llllll'  li'UH 
I'l  illiHi'  llii'iil  nil     Till"  llll 

,   U'lliii'il  III  Inn  tli'lil  |i|i<i  I"), 

ll   I'l     II    |lllll|      III     I     Illllll'Vlllll 

llllllill  lull  illlliinil  llll  llll'll 
III"  ll'iil  ilulll  llll'll  lillli'il, 
ili'll  AlllnllH  llll'  llllllll'l, 
itn  W'llliliii    nil  iiilllli'il  III 

I  -I  I  llki'ii  III  il|iiilii|iiil<ilii'i| 
ili'inUi'il    II  iiiiiiii'iiiiN  I'l 

"III  III-  11  I"  llll'  IImI  III 
>i  II  llll  llllll  lil'i  llin  III  i)ii|i 
1'  Tliltii'iniUi'  ii'iliiiliii'il 
illnit  mil  liiiiiii'ill'ili'  I'lili'i 
III  M'li'iiiiKili  I  Inn  llii't  111 
mill    \iiHii<ii  I,  miili'ili'iiili'il 

II  |i'iil  III  I  li'iiU'lii  'I'licy 
nllMllli'll  lIll'IIIHI'ln'li   ll»  ll> 

llllll'",  In  lllli  tii'mi'iii  Mil 
I  I  'mnlliiii 

I   nriiniii  llin  liilliilillniiK   nl 
iiiii'i|(i'  llii'iii    In  It  tfi'iii'iiil 
I'll'    ii"<iili'il   tli'tl.    II    llii'V 
llll'll    Inii'K    In   iltitl   III   lllli 
I,  llii'V  iiniilil  li'iVK   •III  It  II 
lliilllil    tllillii'  It    i<|il'l>ilv  in 
lli'iilili',  nn  llll'll  nHlilKiiii'i 
lit  III  I'inillntilv  ti'iiili'mmii'i 
'ill  mini  Inlrl"!  Ill   All|III"lil 
I  ilii'itiai'lii'"  InvnllaK  llti'in 
iii"l    lnrmiiiiii«     I'liiitiii  li'in 
inn  nil"  lliiil  nl  it   |ililiiili't' 
llllll"  till  linniv,  lliitti  Ini  lint 
111  llll'll   invii)  iiiit'lnr.      Al 
'   Hill,  till'  ni'"l><iii    ivllili'i 
I'll  I'Mi'iiili'il  III  llll'  IMIihI" 
nil  llll  llll'  lilli'iii  illiniilnilv, 
"iiiinlii   nl  111   I  llll  mii'li'ly. 
Ill'  ili'iiiiiinU  111  iitlllllit  iliiiy 
I  iiiiii'lt  In  llin  |ii'ii|illil|>   III' 
I".  Iiv  Inililinii  mil  |iiiiii|ioiMii 
11'    I  niiitnl    111   unvi'iltiiti'iil. 
II'  iii\.il  I'litimiiiii"!  Itml  "iir- 
l.iinl.ilil  III'  lo,Villiy  I  UUil   III' 


(jlHl   I  lllKII    Kiln  11   plh»{    |llll|ll||l|lll|  III    lilli'iii,    ivIlH.   Ill 


lllli  lllljIM  lllll|lll|  III  Mil'  I'lllllllll')  llllll  (llllllll'l 
I   llll'll    lIll'lllUllIlM    lIlH    llllill  ll  llli'dllK  I  III  f    lllli 

tin  miiiiiM  Miilinilli'il  uliillii'iiiiiiilnl)  liiiiii\ilii  \iilll 
lIlH  infill  IIIIII4  III  ^linililii.  ili'iii  lIli'fliilllllli-IHNl 
mil  ll  ll  KM'iili  III  |i|liiiili  llllll  lllli  iliili'lli'i'li'im  «ii|ll/> 

lllllll'l.  Illlll!lvll  nilli  ll  llllf  liimmil,  UK  lllllllM'inllfi 
iilill'liv  lllllllilMllIn  III  lilMI  mil  III  llllfiKih  llllill 
I'l  I  <li  'I  I'll  lii'liK  nllli  'iliiilll  'I'lll  nil  ll  III  llll'  I'lifi  / 
ll'iMI'll'l.  Ilil|l|l'lll|ll'l|i  IIIIIKIH  ll,  fifllll'illlll  ll|i  Kllll 
llimil,  llllll  Id'Min  (ilW'li.  ^|(  III  (lull  llllill  liliih, 
llllll  ll  lllrill'll  lllllili  l|ll  llllill  III    llll   linlll        'llll    III 


IHMil       .llllill  Itllllnliil,  I  {■:ilbUlllilil,l  l\\k  liilixll    ^^hl>  IHMUlMf  ilH^^H^HIIhhi i\l*  lif'tilniiltnii, 

iluimtfiiinliiii  hUiUiiI'.h,  wii«  I'iiIIhIui  llll'  I'll  III  III  >  liniiu  li-H  iili  flii'  »iilii\i  nJli'  iif  fmliif  fi/n,  tu  H(i 


iii'«  Mii'iii  iiiiiillt  iiiiiiiii  i\iiiiiii  imit  III  llllill 
Hi'lc  liljliili  llllll  III  Ili'll  liniillii  I  iV'ii  III/ 11  li'iiili'l 
I 'llllllll'l  llllill  iiiiii  liiiillii'.' ,',' 31'1'ii'llf  l'Mi|iliiyi'il  liy 
lllllliill  'iillliii|llr  In  llllllll'l  llllll  iil'iiij  llll  III  Hi 
l\lU    lii'llnii.  llll'  llllllxll  Ili'll'   lllli  milMli'l       'llll 

iiiili'ii  i«'i'iiMll>i|ii>iiii'il    Hum-  inn  i^iiiih  I'll   iiiliim 

hllll  III  llll'll  llnlllli",  llllll  MmI  I||''III0/<IH'4  fill  llll' 
llll'll  t  III  llll  II  ililllillf  'I'lil'ih  will'  llll'll  liy  lllli 
i'lun  III  Miiillli  I'liiiilllni  III!  iillhllillliu  iifi.illl'l  nil 
ml,  Milllil  llll'  Mi'illliiiii  ml,  lllli  ll  li-llllii'lii  fiU'-il'il 
nllll'H  llll'  iKHlllllliili,  lilt  llll-  m,i  iiilli  III  llll,  iit'H 
)iii«l'llilili  III  Mi'vi'lilt  III  lIlMil  ivi'li'  I'liliili'liiliill 
In  il|i'  t  lull  llll'  til'lili'liM'  ii'in  iiiilf  mm  llllill  ini  lui< 

III    llll'll    llllilll'lllll'IM 

AnlllK  Mllllill  MIlMiili'il  llll'll  iiiiiiIk  nil  lli^  llllll 
jll'l  lllli' III    MiIviIIiIIkIi  (I«I'(,  III  )l/i»f|l   l.lllMrlll  llllhil 
I'lll  !llll|illltl|l|l|  III   llllll'    Ktlllliy,  llllll  lll'lllli  IIIIIHlHII' 
ni   All|lll'll!l    llll  lllli    'llllllllllf  nllli'  I'lllln    llil-nh 

|ill*|il,  III'  IiiMIIHiI  'I  (llllll  III  f  lll'inllllr  llllll  llhlllltl-i 
nllll  lllli    tll'K   III    llllllllllll    lIlK     Itlllinll    111   lllh     III*/ 

iiiiiiilir,  Ili'll  llll'  III  I'liii  (ll  llll  I'^i'i  iiliiiii  III 
llil.i  ill  "lull  111  imi'il  Anil  oilll  UillU  Hiiilli  I  llll 
llll  I  llllllll'l,  mill  II  |('.«  ii'idihii  liiinjin,  iilli-t  ii'iK'iiiu 
llll  lln'l  Hiitillltliill.  llllill  II  fiimllliill  nil  llll'll  l-ii-i'i  ■ 
I'lll  III  II  li'if  iliiyn  III'  •♦111  iiiii|,|iil'il  lif  liifiili'iiiiil 
riilniinl  ('(I'liiiai,  ivlin,  li'ifiiiii  mull' II  I'lll  iiiiiiiH 
Hi'iiili,  III  iiliiiMi  llll  iiiil('U,  I'liiiic  itiii mii'imlli  llll 

III"  11'  II,  Kllll  'illlllll  'lllli  llll'll  '('III.  I|(||||;;(  wl'l*. 
Iliiimn  llllll  I'liiiliiiiliKi.  llllll  lllli  .ll  lllli  /lllli  Itii' 
lllli'  llllllllllll  'lllli  (III*  III  llll'  ^ll|l^lll  iilin  MMI' 
I'llliil,  mill  iHiitnh  (Illlllll  ('(.«  llllll  iiiifilimiH' 
III  i«iii|ilii|i   lull  li»  I  (iii<"liiii  (In- '<  ("Illlllll/      II  If 

Il'|ll|lllll(l      ll  llll   ll,    (Il!l||(l    »l'|l'    iIKIWIIHI  III     llllltl' 

llllll  |iiii  llll  mil',  ll  llll  ll  (,iii  n-iiiiiii"l  Illlllll-  'I  lit- 
Illlllll'  I  llllll  ii')iiliii'il  llic  Siiiiiii  nil  I miifi  lllli  lllli 
I  HI  ii'il  I'lll  llll'll    'I  III'  li-^i  mill  I  III' III  nil  llllill  I  I  II 

llllill  I'llll  ll,  Illlllll'  i|  IlI'lH'  II  ilal'llll  (•  I    1/1(1  lilt-  Kill 

vlHiM  III  Ill/Ill,  i*illi  llll'll  if'ill , III  ll-mll'i,  .ttrf  nl 
I  i«l  I  iiiii|i('|lii'  III  uKid  mil  (       '/  liH  I. Mil  ilifitnnl 

lll'llllil     I, llll. llll    III    IKK'     InilKll   III      Id"     (liKllli/iM, 

mill  iijii mil  11  I  ii(i(((i(iiii'i((iii((  lii'i«/<('((  fl(i.  lUiiinh 
llll'  llllll  Km,  niiii  (III!  iKil/m  i,l  fiiillll  "'i'l  H'liuli 
I    iiiilliiii 

llll  it|ii'il((i(  (III  In  (!((■  )(il  (ll  wni,  i|i»  hiiiitiiKiin 

III  II'  "lllijl'l  I    III    illlllll'     IMMUliK    III    llilllllil,     «)((/(| 

iii'iiiiHii  Illlllll  viiiiiic  •iililiMD  llllll  ifinniilnl  M nil 
iiiillim  Y  "II  iiii(ii  III",  llllll  (KK  III  ili«/  i|il(i(i-.  mill  lllli 

lillilll'll  III   Icilill"  III    (((l|ill<  II   lillllllhlll  h,  llil-f    Wftl' 

llllill  iiiii'ii  I  ll.  mil  ll  III  (I,  |i  1(1,  l,y  f((,(.ni(.i|  mil 
Iniiniii"    llll'    iii'i  ("Lilly  (ll  I'liliiinlii, "llllll,  mill   llll 

lllllnilll'(|(l"  III     will  llllll'il-'t   ti/i/l  (li"(  IliUlfl'        't'ltt'lf 

llllllllll'l"  ill  fill'  III  III,  III  (|((,ii(.  ivldi  nth  iiii^minit'fl 
mill  I  iiiii|i(';iii  i»!i("    (diinl  ii)i|i».ir  ((!( (i(i<i<lcii«l,i« ', 
lllli  "III  ll  (•  llic  (lil|('(('id  ('  III  llll-  mil-  1,1  niifit-tf. 
llllll  III    llic  |i(i|llll:ll|ii|l.  Ill  ll((-  dl'l    ."idl  lifv   tilrrlil 
llnil  ill  AinciK'K,  i(  l#'i¥    fd((((lr(''lK   ilt-i  rlt-il  iihit-il^i 
(i|  Mliiiil  (iniylill  dl('  Mrdfi  lliii-i-    wild  If.  Id  I'.iifiifif-    ' 
iviinlil    liiivc   /llllll    llllll   (Id-  li(.|;|  M    iintif  lli'iti 
•  Illlllll       'lid    |i(i/(    I  Hill)  llllill  lot  w.f<  (I'dliditr  l^« 
llliin  till'  •fivi  fi'lidily   III    lltfi'C    |(f(ll((i(i"  III    Jft-ripit-.  I 
mill  III   li»c  llilllllil  li  ((llllll, (I"  dl  .,t  tnnil  l-ti'l  ■  itt,4 
^icl,    llllill    lid'   r/'iiniic    •diiiidiii   iil    (h*    ((if.iilinjr 
|i(iiii('i^.    mill  llic   lliid   |i(i|idl.iii<(fi   'if  llif  ititmlnl 
•liilc",  i"'|ii'(  hilly  id    (lie  •(iidld'rd   (UllMd*  lii  l>i» 
IIIIIIIII.  llll"  iiKiiid'dldii^  (|di'4ldiif  mJin  itinlfimlly  M-  \ 
(fiidl  Iiv  llll'    I  ii(i"i  (|i(i'(d>"  1(1  ImII|»*,  in   i»l(i'l( 

KIllV    11    ll-ii'    IiIIIIiIk'U   f'd(Mt(M|, 

'I'lll'  "llll'H  III  (ll.llBlCf".   wild  ll   liiid  /(il|(.w»'l  (h» 
AlncMi-id    miii'i.   ^itiii-    llll-  VitiiUiitf  III   ll,*-  I'rdiwli 
liriii   S.iviiiiiiiili,    (d'Ciimiiiii'd    wi'll  (/(((d'l^'l   n^i^i*^-  ' 
Id'lKiiili"    liir    ltd'    •life x   (if    III*-   nilyttml   •<.>l*«. 

'I  ll llllll   iif  .Siiii(l(  Cirdlidi  K41  lli'rfdif.  (jV 

nil  11  li.-lici  llilllllil.'    .i((i|  .(  If  ^rid,f'r(i  (if  '  iv.<!(j  w  «• 


fliil'lllllllilll  Iif  'III  iilllllml  IIIIHlinillifi  llllll.  llllll^  III 

'I'-.^l'niiiiii  Illlllll  tiiiiii'iii  llilllllil  III  liiiiiin,  mini  ml. 

Ill  I iiii,.,.  llllll  ftllll  lili  l-iililil-ll,   H>ilU  lllihliillnl 

\iiniiin     iii  miliii-  nl  liiH  iiuiiiiiiii^,  iin  iiiiiiiiMil  I 

1/  IlliHi-   lllnlil  III  lllh  llllllll'l.  Ili'll  lllli  ll-llltH  nl   lllh 
lii'lll'    lllli  llll'l  lllltilll  III'  III  nil.il.illl  tlif-lllil-nil    III 

Illlllll  ffiiiiiii  i'liiiiii  I  fniiiiii  Hi  till  I  ii-i\iiiii'il  'rlik 
iiiifiiii'.il  \iUiii  III  lU'liiiiiiiiin  mill  Itiiiinjn  nim  iii  i 
•iii(i('/l      I'llll  III  llm  kiiiiitii  Mil  liiini  0111  uimnliii/l : 
dfi  lllh  Illlllll ulilh  nl  llif  >liii-iiiiinli,jil  I'liilitiiiliiili 
mill  llllll!  «*(/»/((.  iv/dl/i  Ih'iihiiil  iiliiiiilii  Hli/I lllh  ' 

Willi  itlllif  lliiini-il  llllll  lU-tilDIH  lii'ill  ^lllllilH  \ 
lll-hhlill  I'llHllil  HUlll-ll  lllltHlll  III  lllh  llllll, iV 
lllllllll-lll.   -"Iil-ll    lllh    Sllll-tll  -III  IIHIH  lltii  nm  hli/ihil't 

lull  Illlllll.  lu-MtnU  lllh  miiiiih  til  lllh   H^-i^iiii-tli,'. 
llllll    l-lllivilll    ".llll   I  ■ 'llilllllil,  I, 'hi   lllh   mllltt    Ill/Ill,' 
lihiil  III  n-i  llilllllil  fiiili  Hhiilll  'llifll  llll'll      A  mil 
llill-l  ililh  li{iili  III  llllllllllll,  iMliiiHi-    Uli-liilnliifi  lllh  : 
lllllhll  hull  liiii-ziiiiiulf   Htii  inhi\   whih   UMiii  i.ilt /I 

i^-iiii  iliniiiiii  lllli  ht  Illlllll  Hill,    'tlih  iiiiffnio/  fill 
ii'ili   Inn  I},  inliiili  I  imihil  HhhihimIi  fitu    mtnii 
ininiii'lliil  Ithiiml  Mmiliiih.    wlm  •*,«  I'liiifi,"! 

■Hllll     lllh    llhlnlill'     lit    Hnillll    /   ,»//(l(ld»,     III    IHilh. 

I.liiinlii  nn  n-i  ii-miji  Hiliilini'inn  iil  lli/mh  tii/f/h  I 
llllllll'l  ihi  HI  lihil  liilj  1,1  llll  Ilulll  I  inn  fH  III  thill  \ 


iiUlltl  Ihll  nil  lllh  iiilUli  ti'li'  lif  Afiilf  lijH,  tliHli 
i.ililhii  ilhlHifiiiihtil  nl  'M llll'll  htnmfiii  IM  iillf, 
Hllll  nfljih.llhll  lihlliil-  lllh  lli'Hn       hi  lllh  llihiilillHi*. 
\illii  hill  #,v*  III.UI  liint  nn  Hi  tml  <«  fiimKiiilt  ('i* 
lilh    Ihilft  III  I  llillnhin  .   lllli  HI    l/ll   nlliifl   ¥-iH 

nmiliHiil   Mill  Ihll  iiUin  lumimitn,  In  p-ati  ^hm 

!»*♦  .V  lliUilH  lit  llilhhililhlil h       A  fllllilh    ll,,^  'HH 

Itihihdiih  nfihiii  in  niliinfh  i4  H.i^^     '  niiiim 
nviiihn  finiii  lllh  fiiimnn  «hih  iinUiiiih/i    tiituu, 


lllli  fitiiin-ilnii  lUiiii  lllh  iniin  niii'i 

ilh    -III 


llllill  Ntiiiiliiii- 

liinntiU  llm  i^ifiil  if  nt  Ithliifiin       Ilh    -ii n  ilj/illfni 

III  iiiiiiniii  (in  niiKinil  iiiihiiiinn.  l/nin  an  inhtih.ti 
iiinhi„l  I'li'iiini  inhfiiii  llilllllil^  ninth  itmi  in  ifi 

Uhll  linn  111  K  Ihllll  nn  t'llltllllin  ;    Hllll   hht'HiHI,    tli* 

iniiti-liiiiK  liii-Mii,  till  lllh  unnitini/lh  nt  (hh  n-ihi  H.ii  , 
iiniiili,  'Illlllll  nn  .imiiii  lull  Ui>lh  iiitlliiinn.fi  Ithtty.  '• 
in  ihii.iiiinif  III  nn  lihthnhh      s^tihn  l/iiinnn  t'l'liiA 
llllll   I'lhinni  *'.»"  thioiiillif  fnitinnp  tnl  f  Imfltii 
inn.  Ilh  ih  i-tnuihiiiiih  Hmntnti,  *iiS i/fi/fii*ii  him, 
'lllh  Itliillll  tnnthhilnl in itihn inmi-fr  n-f  ifi*  timnH 

mill  llhUI  lllh  uhll  11,111,   tlilll  lull    tHIth  n^filUflllltfi. 

nnil  in  lllh  iiihiin  iiiiih,  llm  AmhliiiM  thiinitthif 
hi-tiiih  llihiii,  ln->/tfll»<  fi.ii1nil/in      (lUiH-it  *^nilf 
lllh,  wliii  .llllf  I nniiiiiihil  iHi-n  luiKi,  Icff  Mi  hi 

I'llll  III  tiihltl  lllh  .-flUinl  inp  fiih        ilitlht-y  111  Ml 

in  hi-iiniiii-nitiilinnniliitinni  1*1*  iifitii'iiiirn**,  .M 
Ilh  in-illlihll  llllllllllll   lllh   tiflifirtf.    M    -m-t    .fi)4(*   : 

ilniif'l  lif  iiimf  nt  lllh  imuufi,  -iiii'i  ^ihf^  m  ih'tt 
linnihn       tliiii  ttmHii-ii  sft'f  ^iip*i<i  h-f  (fi/^'fly 
in  lllh  tiiiiiii  nt  ihh  nil iitiiif   iiiiii      'til*  i*i-i*f>hti 
nt  lllh  itmii  .Mint  ntiAn   Linhiim.  Ih*  ff^-.t*  M 
^Aiiiilifii-.  lllh  fAiinith/nifi  .if,^  Ih-mvutifm-n // I'M 
in-lilli-n    mill    tliii-li-    rif    Ifif    6fh>A   111  'h*  tfiAh-.rfi 
«f9i»i'«,    llllll    ifHifiifnlii'-it  Ih*  firjil   tiltrf    iftf 
tii^nl  .1  nnii-Klfriiiii-  mnniifHi*  tftViViitnn    'tYi* 
ii-iini  III  t-zii-h  iiiAniilini  i,nMn*  II  tnrnf*  h/l  <*■> 
ini   In    unnilin.     Vinin    Hi*    nAnnii-*  lA  l^-^,: 
mm*!,  innii-f  iihfh  inH'ifil  <i    ifrf^f  t'/f  tW^nh 
fitnihi'iiiin      Hhfi  niirvmi  in  il,*  i-'r/A  ii»;*n^.»/'J 
hiiit* niniitnl  It  mtiiitii*  if(<»iyi»*lv*'«  1rl1^  <\\*.-,f' 
yimn-lnn.   lif  *fti-'infifitit  lli*ff>  in  in'»m^   iTV 
ii-liiiiii,n  lit  t  hif>*>fnii.     K*i*il  i-fi  I'S'i/  (V^*"i' 
(My  fini-  niiii*  ntin'in*  I'l  fur*,*    if-'Wi-f^Af*    '*fi 
III*  nli-i  lit  nllll  »n  iifi**:M*.   IWin  i/t  ffn*  *•<« 
llll*       '(  lifif  i*frl*i*tii*4  tin*  iwK-»hi*;«ft  «  »*i«'/^ 
t*nht^llf  iifh'l  lA  III*  If**   <*4  nrwViiU'f  (fn  ^i*» 
ll  till  hnniH       'tliff   afvi   i'*f*4    Ih-J*   ( .iirrA*^fim  . 
mm  mmfr.iiii*  lA  »iri*r,  fwum**.  'tei*-<*  '•ii"'t»^ 
<ii.,i,ii-t.  if,tt,ii,n*i1  Wfh  rh*  f**ihff  ■n'li'h  ^hi'-h  'n^ 
liiiinh  nni*h*il  Itifii'ifh   i'n».    c<v*lfi'/.    wi'twi'<«'i 
li>-f,ntl  f'i*i'ftf  I'l  »<r»iw1  hn  ^-i-n    in<l  iV"!*    '•vi' 

f  ,|Ml|»"f^,r>  >>>/«    |iH»    -^'Altf,*'^    t»  Al   fl-f-n      *^'V''<W- 

iinn*it  hf*  inn'ti  -rniit  'M  ki^i"  ci')"*'"-/  •  <'il 
wldch  ((  w«  fi^/ijA.  'h*.  iii-Mi-,'  ■0'1^^'i pYi^My  H!iv» 
rf**fi  1-1111*4  hiy  «  te/i\^  1^0  nv«f n  ;  iVK  H^  <yn^i*A 
lim  lit  llif**  '^•■rjt,  wt,*!!  tiWi'^'fii  ii»»r  iwH'  •'n* 
iltHttl**  Ili'll^  m'»fiM.  *,**rf  !>r<(><if(ri«>.i  ».» 
itKi4*.  If-/  III*  .■4<'n"l'>  ' w/inrirtM.  I'w  iM  '\->(<"ir*  if 
Ili*l1  '.nffilM.  AK  "fi»  rnvwi^t  K*  ,■«  «>»<w«i*w  -f^r*. 
tmllH.  h"r**  *«•♦  Xt^i-Aiil  »*i».  I  »  J""'*  '^■t^• 
*.niini  iffiA*  ifr*  p»ni«'>>>'-4  r\»r»»»<i  ,^^l\l^  mii 
l',itfip*i  fr**f9,  *(vj  r-i*vn*%«*  m*f*  *»i^»»i#i"ii  ii  •v-i'j^^ 
sr,i*tt:iU  If*,  ^'«  w'fift'*  *tr*'.r.  THAitn  "Hn*  «'«• 
lit  ffx  f«/KMh.  #»j^<Vr.)^iJ  «s  'rvai-tj  vi  rt«»>  ,.-i»i(t 
••J«.  «•««  lm*.l«>»*i*-t :  ♦!»»  (I*  »  fc"»  it-fft  Zl-'M 
pT'fwrJrtM'.n*  ■»».■'  mwU,  in.t  *  iv"*  A  'i'iV)  n^n 
rt»tnMt4  M  thanrfiwriwv  it*  i»»  'fetVuKi. 


Hl((-(ifii/  HIl/l  kll(Hil-l    Jill  illil  Hi*  If/hHillt/i.  4im 
lllhi  ItiH  ttiih  mnit  tllil'il,!/  In  lliiM  hiiliiiH,  lit  M. 
Itimn  nil*  III  lllh  lliiiit-it  kiitif,t,  III.  ^n*tHftii*/t  if/ 
lljh  llhilil  III  fil.^ih  tii'lUhln  iiihi*  (iti-nn,  ■■     fnf 
lUiiitfi  ininiiiKH'thtiiiiliiihn  ,i,;»  ,».f/,ii,fy>/,„,  ^f 

Iht.   ifl1*ll,llllf,lfinl  Ifihf  Hill  lll,1  hliili*  II,   ,        I     ■  - 
hMliml^    Hlllt  llmnl-ii.  (1i.il  ,1*  ifih  III),  I 

nlhili  *hih  III  .ilili-i  (ti*i  HiiimH iiftii-i,     , ,       .,. 
hlf  III  ^.it     'ii/n  iifiiift  /hlm«t,  Iiih  Jl-.i^fmMl  p* 
fillhll  Ini  llillllllihlill'li  itwiAtt  ,    hill  ll  If. in  Mif  |f 
Ihintiih/t.     Ijiltih  liintii  1,1  It*   r«iV((i  /».♦/,   f/lif,l 
l^hlif  llliin  llntlhf,  Hiiniliflchn/  -fV'iHf  ■hAIhIiii  iI,* 

iiiin.  win,  thiniiifi  Him^iY*  fm,-iy  tij  >.       .  ,    , , 
iiihu    'tta*  '*:)i»  i  I'iM  iii/ih*it,    'fi,i  , 

tHihliriily  \l,li  fuM'ih  i^ilii,  MK''-.    '    ■      ■  ; 

hi  II  HH  n  hl'l/htl    nAiihii  III  ^lh,«  (. 

itt-f  nthtiu,  ii.nf)Hhii  Hi*  ,iiii,n\*' /  • 

fhhl  III  iiliUhlMlthfH*!      k^^MliVI  / 

■Mm  lihfiiihifiA  nn*  'A  li-*  hitiUtt  /f-rl  -,..-.■  \ 
tiihiiA-t  M/i  iti*  lUiii  I'll"  nti*.  lA  ltd  iy)'./iii<-««  1,4 

ItiHlhhiH  flh'/lmt,  I*  ilfi'i-tif  h-f  .M  i*if*4h*f1l*ii  Wf 
Iht  Iti  A  Ihlihillti  *H  hi,tt,)Af  till  irt  M«i  Ihtt  (*i/t  1* 
hit  UhHi  I  hilittlirli.  «A4  ffii-H  lA<  ll'llH  *,St  *'.,<,(<» 
Iiilh*  (tntti  Iil*  tti-M  II,  (ll*  iiltrt.ti  lid  1/ (>!-"  '»«, 
(fci*  M  Mt'li'  j(-liii/t*i*i<fi/i,*m**i\  t-t/i,^in  H!f,<t» 
mil,'!**  *t,*»/tif,*4  tfi  (ft*  /d-M'M/ A<  ^  H<ir1<'«f'vn. 
"I/Uhfttlit,  *■**»  IAIH*ff  iVfrt/^iW  i^U  iM*  /f^H  '/ 
iittit'    *W(»rt  nV  ifiii-V  Will  rtWHic  Wii'Vi  <l«itf  ,'JliA 

Aiti*/ih'-iM  m  A  Iti  y^  lA  ivi*  K/fMU  »*/x^.»- 

t^liff^  ^i^ihfl  It  P.'.it^fi  Uit-f      't/M  S-Ali*-»  htattf-.- 

,f/,r,v<  tun  »  R«*  'A  cWivm'ntV  iCdW    «i4  d^i'f 

^♦'(••r  Ifl  <tl*   rAV/K'l!'"  :    .W-trh*    *-K»','-'    <C(«|  of*')" 

■•if  ^'irKi  j^   .iWri'iT        fe-f  .(  ^*fi^**ft^   fi/-,rt    ^^ 

IhSM  i*w  (IV  ivi'/it  t,***!  m-iA*  (V-vm  f4i>\m  y<ii^A. 
-ifnYt  .»  hiiA-f  'A  ( .Yf--f.*irf,ti  ff,-sWt-4,  .IT  iv  m'M,*n< 
Wh**i  f (■'in'i'if  f/ifU'M*  ft»/..fi  (>ui  ^tKi*\i  (Vmn  ih* 
tffi''*!  \  tiTfl  llirm  i«*Yi*l<»«!(7ifrtl#f,r  iViity  /<l«<  nr/i 
t*'!*^!  fn*'-.*  fifiih*  lA -f-n'm-K'iik'i.  i,H  -h*  »*«'k,«  *■« 

*»**,ff  M^wnti,  tM  >h*  inmi^lm-it  i.-.-iA  iM*- vt-ri-^ 
"If  ,    'iViyl    '*,*   t'.^^'iY.,*,**    ,/   ,  ft,\r,(r,,,,,n**,i     "f 
fi-t*-/*-*,*    i»Kt^li  ,H«    f^-.iKt  ffrm    firflPf   (-H-iKit     mi 
i««i»4«4  m-ii\»  ilvif  f*if*ti  t^'umm      't„»  ,nim 
tA  lift*  iht,*-/,* iii!i  m  !("ll*<(  jn/r  vro>Hi'<*'(  .»-.«'  «#i»,<if 
('/>       ^if.ivi^-f  rH»  ^.M'm»i'  0Mf  -.liiiuM  (W!»i"«  ot 
nu\i*fy  ■^I^^|*»I'  rA  ii-,iiin-/,Vv,h*i\  <m(ifi*»      WWn^ 
ft***.  1^*4  'n  itiiff*m  ,•»  hi*  *i<"/.|  *nn'i^f  f.n'iS-i^A 
Ih*  IV»4   (»##i1   jfiiKi.-'  i\:iy'y  4*r-)>„»-^\i*  ,n  .ft^TiKii'/ 
Mi\'-i  t*-ftf,iyf,\w*  ii\,^ii  yr  >«».  ••»<ri«"M^,|  titur- 
(,*nn  '.^••*->-i      frt  ''n*   'V,i'»   ,ni»fTA  vw*0<i  stiif 
iv«'(i-j    wi-ftn^tit  4n4  Hi*   t;'.,i7.  n*  »■•-  r'»t«)»<<  -m 
'1n»  ft<»M  rA  ri»tV  Yf  '"Ml  win    <"  tnt-nn  P'nh^^-    i/ 
Wn  ly^it  z* ji-roi'.    T'-l**  *tVfi^*it  fvih*-  i^rf^^ni'A 
iM*  »«»iV-<  m  iw  wMt    -MiH  «   Ji?t'.fta»'.«»«    •«»   iti. 
tiMif*  #"M"hy  iA  ir.   «rt/(  in  im*  I  n  U*  1«<Oik»--  ni 
.ih^riy  4iiit  w«  'n^wii-f       <i1rf>'  »  i«irtf»  •,wf»i»r<)»' 
'  KVi .  nif  A*vr*ii  Mm  ♦  .nw.in*  i»  'lit  -^^r-^r^t  ^-^a^M 
n<<tirt-/  rtii-  .'"•'Kwi**     •  ^vn  ■li\*'nt  't*  n<  xSv  iV  ••••ful ;, 
•vif  'rt  f*»»"i  ill*  *vi/l'^  -y^  -A  111^  *^r,/\00.  ' 
I      fm>»i»Hiar*ly  (I'll*/-  Hi»  »fi-^»iV.   h*  t.-nu'-i'.iirm  *M. 
'  -.I'-ni.   tmiy^i^iti  -A  ^ni^iwii   'Vnm   ■Ii^.k  -wi^w^"*   •-,*. 
r^ym*4  'H  'h*!*  ')fei»«'^'int«        wid   .Ivdir    h^    i^trir. 
'ini*  '}\*  ^^t'lnh  >rt-  '4i^  ilKfi/fn  ,*i*j,,,^,i*  'is#',^*^^-w 
'Ai^.   fi^'mut'mil  -Vlfn  il*f**  ■(»  vwil^t^r    ili-lf^Y  if**r 
H  If  ?v  rmrA    *«<<   ■l-'ivamfM        4     n  lOiifc  i  •thn^ 
farvfwin   rm  .#iJ  »»  •♦»<•  'nr-tKT  ,i*!wi»    uitlm  ''^x^ 
1*1  vr»"il!m<t :  I'M    t|»  ••»<•»   iniis  •»»»  -ifiJI^nmn-iM. 
■!"ii»   •i<<iir"<iri>i   flirt  ^oniti  I"  .tn,iiim  ^juatihr^'^ 
xi.ry  if»»i»   n  'S'*  Miii'ir'r^m*^!   if    \tr  -ti^M  '»««» 
'MV  v\iS»-\  imrH  -n  -hr  •'"-..iiii  «r   ti^  !«*>r<^"    irt- 
■li*'"*.   mil  •hllivn'n  tf    U*  il»"»'Mi»i  wnr      .mi  fll 
wvnt  at-  ihif  .i;««ti»— «»  W  'W    minmr'tm*^      ""iw 
tiwi'Ct  flf«l>^   -U^    ^•nmimmii    >»'  '  '>»^w«ir.i    .'  -wnur, 
i  >ym9tt  \>^nmii*'»  <r*>r  •  ^immiKfrttiMi  -mrt  if  -im 


HISTORY   OK    THE 


m  I 


I   \i 


richest  settlements  of  (ho  state,  and  where  there 
are  the  fewest  white  inhabitants,  in  proportion  to 
the  nuniberof  slaves.  There  was  much  to  attract, 
nut  Utile  to  resist  the  invaders.  Small  parties 
visited  almost  every  house,  and,  unopposed,  took 
ivhalever  they  chose.  They  not  only  rifled  the 
inhabitants  of  household  furniture,  but  of  wearing 
apparel,  money,  tings,  and  other  personal  orna- 
ments. Every  place,  in  their  line  of  march,  ex- 
perienced the  elfects  of  their  rapacity. 

Soon  after  the  aifair  of  Stono,  the  continental 
forces,  under  the  command  of  Lincoln,  retired  to 
Sheldon,  a  healthy  situation  in  the  vicinity  of  Beau- 
fort. Both  armies  remained  in  their  respective 
encampments,  till  the  arrival  of  a  French  fleet,  on 
the  coast,  roused  the  whole  country  to  immediate 
activity. 

Count  D'Estaign,  after  repairing  his  fleet  at 
Boston,  sailed  for  tlie  West  Indies.  Having  re- 
ceived instructions  from  the  king  his  master,  to 
act  in  concert  with  the  forces  of  the  United  Stales, 
and  being  strongly  solicited  by  Genctal  Lincoln, 
President  Lowndes,  (iovernor  Kullcdge,  and  Mr. 
Pluinliard,  consul  of  France,  in  Cliailesloii,  lie 
called  from  the  West  Indies,  September  1st,  f'lii' 
the  American  conlinenl,  with  expectation  of  ren- 
dering essential  service,  in  operating  ag:iinst  tlie 
romniun  enemy.  He  arrived  on  the  coast  of  b'cor- 
gia,  wilh  a  fleet  consisting  of  twenty  sail  of  llie 
line,  two  of  50  guns,  and  eleven  frigjles.  His  ap- 
pearance was  80  unexpected,  that  the  Expctiment 
man  of  war,  of  50  guns,  commanded  by  Sir  James 
Wallace,  and  three  frigates,  fell  into  his  hands. 

As  soon  as  his  arrival  on  the  coast  was  known, 
General  Lincoln,  with  the  army  under  his  com- 
mand, marched  for  the  vicinity  of  Savannah  :  and 
orders  were  given  for  the  militia  of  (jeorgia  and 
South  Carolina  to  rende/.vous  near  the  same  place. 
The  British  were  equally  diligent  in  preparing  for 
their  defence.  Great  numbers  were  employed, 
both  by  day  and  niglil,  in  strengthening  and  ex- 
tending their  lines.  The  American  militia,  fliibli- 
ed  with  the  hope  of  speedily  expelling  the  British 
from  their  southern  possessions,  turned  out  wilh 
an  alacrity,  which  far  surpassed  their  exertions  in 
the  preceding  campaign.  D'Estaign,  before  the 
arrival  of  Lincoln,  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
town  to  the  arms  of  France.  Prevost,  iii  his  an- 
swer, declined  surrendering  nn  a  general  summons, 
and  requested  that  specific  terms  should  be  propos- 
ed, to  which  he  would  give  an  answer.  The  count 
replied,  that  it  was  the  part  of  the  besieged  to  pro- 
pose terms.  Prevost  then  asked  foj'  »  «"'»;'cr:hi"ii 
of  hostilities,  twenty-four  hours,  for  preparing  pro- 
per terms.  This  was  inconsideralely  granted. 
Before  the  twenty-four  hours  elapsed,  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Mailland,  wilh  several  hundred  men,  who 
had  been  stationed  at  Beaul'orl,  made  their  way 
through  many  obstacles,  an<l  joined  llie  royal  army 
^n  Savannah.  The  garrison,  encouraged  by  the 
arrival  of  so  respeclahic  a  force,  determined  on 
resistance.  The  French  and  Americans,  who 
formed  a  junction  the  evening  alter,  were  there- 
fore reduced  to  the  necessity  of  storming  or  be- 
sieging the  garrison.  The  resolution  of  proceed- 
ing by  siege  being  adopted,  several  days  were  con- 
sumed in  preparing  for  it;  and  in  ihe  meanlimc, 
the  works  of  the  garrison  were  hourly  strengthen- 
ed, by  the  labour  of  several  hundred  negroes,  di- 
rected by  the  able  enuineer,  IMajor  Moncrief. 
The  besiegers,  on  the  4th  of  Ociober,  opened  wilh 
nine  mnrlars,  thirty-seven  pieces  of  cannon,  from 
ihe  land  sidt,  and  fifteen  from  the  water.  Soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  cannonade,  Pre- 
vost solicited  for  leave  to  send  the  women  and 
children  out  of  town.  This  was  refused.  The 
combined  army  suspected,  that  a  desire  of  secret- 
ing the  plunder,  lately  taken  IVoin  the  South  Ca- 
rolinians, was  covered  under  the  veil  of  humanity. 
It  was  also  presumed  that  a  refusal  would  expe- 
dite a  surrender.  On  a  report  from  the  engineers, 
that  a  considerable  time  would  be  necessary  to  re- 
duce the  garrison  by  regular  approaches,  it  was 
determined  to  make  an  nssniitt.  This  measure 
wug  forced  ou  Count  D'Eslaiga  by  his  marine  of- 


fleera,  who  remonstrated  against  his  continuing  in 
risk  so  valuable  a  fleet,  on  a  dangerous  coast,  in 
the  hurricane  season,  and  at  so  great  a  distance 
from  the  shore,  that  it  might  be  surprised  by  a  Bri- 
tish fleet,  completely  repaired  and  fully  manned. 
In  a  few  days,  the  lines  of  the  besiegers  might 
have  been  carried,  into  the  woiksof  the  besieged; 
but  under  these  ciitical  circumstances,  no  farther 
delay  could  be  admitted.  To  assault  or  raise  (he 
siege  was  the  only  alternative.  Prudence  would 
have  dictated  the  hiltet  :  but  a  sense  of  honour 
determined  the  besiegers  to  adopt  the  former. 
Two  feints  were  made  with  the  country  militia, 
and  a  real  attack  on  Spring-hill  battery,  early  in 
the  morning  of  the  Olh,  with  3500  French  troops, 
600  continentals,  and  350  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Charlestou.  These  boldly  marched  up  to  the  lines, 
under  the  command  of  D'Estaign  and  Lincoln; 
but  a  heavy  and  well-directed  lire  from  the  batte- 
ries, and  a  cross-fire  from  the  galiies,  threw  the 
front  of  their  columns  into  coiifusion.  Two  stand- 
ards were  nevertheless  planted  o'l  the  British  re- 
doubts. A  relrcat  of  the  assailants  was  ordeted, 
after  they  had  stood  ihe  enemy's  lire  for  fifty-five 
miiiules.  Count  D'Estaign  and  Count  Pulaski 
were  both  wounded.  'J'he  former  slightly  ;  but 
the  latter  tnorlally.  Six  htindreil  and  thirty-seven 
of  the  French  and  upwards  of  two  hundred  of  the 
conliiienlals  and  iiiililia  were  killed  or  wounded, 
(icneral  Prevost,  Lieutenant  CidoncI  Maitland,  and 
Major  Moncrief,  deservedly  acquired  great  reputa- 
lion  by  this  successful  <lefence.  The  force  of  the 
garrison  was  between  two  and  three  thousand,  of 
which  about  loO  were  militia.  The  damage  sus- 
tained by  llie  bcsiegeil  was  trifling,  as  they  fired 
from  behind  works,  and  few  of  ihe  assailants  fired 
at  all.  Immediately  after  this  unsuccessful  assault, 
the  mililia,  almost  universally,  went  to  their  homes. 
Count  D'Estaign  rc-eiubaiked  his  troops  and  artil 
lery,  and  left  the  continent. 

While  the  siege  of  Savannah  was  pending,  a 
remarkable  enterprise  was  cll'ccled  by  Colonel 
John  White  of  the  Georgia  line.  Captain  French 
had  taken  post  with  about  100  men  near  the  river 
Ogechee,  some  time  before  the  siege  began. 
There  were  also  at  the  same  place,  forty  sailors 
on  board  of  five  British  vessels,  four  of  which 
were  armed.  All  tl;ese  men,  together  wilh  the 
vessels  and  130  stand  of  arms,  were  surrendered, 
October  1st,  to  Colonel  White,  Captain  Elholin 
and  four  others,  one  of  whom  was  the  colonel's 
servant.  On  the  preceding  night,  this  small  parly 
kindled  a  number  of  fires  in  dill'eient  places,  anil 
adopted  the  parade  of  a  large  encampment.  By 
these,  and  a  variety  of  ijeceplive  stratagems, 
Captain  French  was  impressed  with  an  opinion, 
that  nothing  but  an  instant  surrender,  in  conforini- 
ly  to  a  pereiir,itory  siiminons,  could  save  his  men 
fiom  being  cut  to  pieces  by  a  superior  foiec.  He 
therefore  gave  up,  witliom  making  any  resistance. 

This  visit  of  the  fleet  of  his  Most  Christian  Ma- 
jesty to  Ihe  coast  of  America,  lliongh  unsuccess- 
ful as  to  ils  main  object,  was  not  without  utility  to 
the  United  .Slates.  Jt  disconcerted  the  measures 
aheady  digested  by  the  British  commanders,  and 
caused  a  considerable  waste  of  time,  before  they 
could  determine  on  a  new  plan  of  operations.  It 
also  occasioned  the  evacuation  of  Rhode  Island  : 
but  this  was  of  no  advantage  to  the  United  .States, 
For,  of  all  the  blunders  commilled  by  the  Brilish 
in  the  cnnise  of  the  American  war,  none  was  great- 
er than  their  slationing  (jOOO  men,  for  two  years 
and  eight  months,  on  that  Island,  where  they  were 
lost  to  every  purpose  of  co-operaiion,  and  where 
they  could  render  very  little  more  service  to  the 
royal  cause,  than  could  have  been  afl<)rdcd  by  a 
couple  of  frigates  cruising  in  the  vicinity. 

The  siege  being  raised,  the  continental  troops 
retreated  over  Ihe  river  Savannah.  The  vicissi- 
tudes of  an  auliimnal  atmosphere  made  a  severe 
impression  on  Ihe  irritable  fibres  of  men,  exhausted 
wilh  fatigue,  and  dejected  by  defeat.  Inpropnr- 
liim  to  the  toweling  hopes,  with  which  ihe  expedi- 
lionwas  undertaken,  was  the  depression  of  spirits 
Kubscfiucut  lu  its    failure.     The  Georgia   exiles 


who  had  assembled  from  all  quarters  to  repossos* 
themselves  of  their  estates,  were  a  second  limo 
obliged  to  flee  from  their  country  and  possessions. 
The  most  gloomy  apprehensions,  respecting  tho 
southern  states,  look  possession  of  the  minds  of 
the  people. 

Thus  ended  Ihe  southern  campaign  of  1779, 
without  any  thing  decisive  on  either  side.  After 
one  year,  in  which  the  Britisli  had  overrun  the 
slate  of  Georgia,  for  150  miles  from  the  sea  coast, 
and  had  penetrated  as  far  as  the  lines  of  Charles- 
ton, they  were  reduced  to  (heir  nriginal  limits  Id 
Savannah.  All  their  schemes  of  co-operation  with 
the  tories  had  failed,  and  the  spirits  of  that  class  of 
the  inhabitants,  by  successive  disappoiutnien(8, 
were  thoroughly  broken. 

'{'he  campaign  of  1770  is  remarkable  for  the  fee- 
ble exertions  of  the  Americans.  Accidental  caus- 
es which  had  previously  excited  their  activity, 
had  in  a  great  measure  ceased  to  have  influence. 
An  enthusiasm  for  liberty  made  (hem  comparative- 
ly disregard  property,  and  brave  all  dangers  in  tho 
first  years  of  tlie  war.  The  successes  of  their 
arms  near  tho  beginning  of  1777,  and  the  hopes  of 
capturing  Burgoyne's  army  in  Ihe  close  of  it,  to- 
gether wilh  the  brisk  circulation  of  a  large  quan- 
lity  of  paper  money,  in  good  credit,  made  that  year 
both  active  and  decisive.  The  flattering  prospecta 
inspired  by  the  alliance  with  France  in  1778,  ban- 
ished all  fears  of  the  success  of  the  revolution :  but 
(he  failure  of  every  scheme  of  co-operation  produ- 
ced a  despondency  of  mind  unfavourable  lo  great 
exertions.  Instead  of  driving  tlie  Brilish  'of  tho 
country,  as  the  Americans  vaini;  pres  ,  the 

campaigns  of  1178  and  1779  terminal  liout 

any  direct  advantage^  from  the  French  fleet  sent 
to  their  aid.  Expecting  too  mucli  from  their  al- 
lies, and  (hen  failing  in  these  expectations,  they 
were  less  prepared  to  prosecute  the  war  wilh  their 
own  resources,  than  they  would  have  been,  if 
D'Estaign  had  not  touched  on  their  coast.  Their 
army  was  reduced  in  its  numbers  and  badly 
clothed. 

In  the  first  years  of  the  war,  the  mercantilo 
character  was  lost  in  tho  military  spirit  of  the 
lines;  but  in  the  progress  of  il,  the  inhabitants, 
cooling  in  their  enthusiasm,  gradually  returned  to 
their  former  habits  of  Incralive  business.  This 
made  distinctions  between  the  army  and  the  citi- 
zens, and  was  unfriendly  In  military  exertions. 
While  several  foreign  events  tended  to  the  embar- 
rassment of  Great  Britain,  and  indirectly  (o  the 
establishment  of  independence,  a  variety  of  inter- 
nal causes  relaxed  tlieexcrlionsof  the  Americans  ; 
and  for  a  time,  made  it  doubtful,  whether  they 
would  ultimately  be  independent  citizens,  or  con- 
quered subjects.  Among  these,  the  daily  depre- 
ciation of  llieir  bills  of  credit,  held  a  distinguished 
pie-eminence.  This  so  malerially  afl'ected  every 
dcparlinent,  as  (o  meril  a  ])arlicnlar  discussion. 
The  subject  lo  prevent  an  inleiruplion  of  the 
thread  ol  Ihe  narrative  is  (reaied  in  a  se|iarate 
chapter. 


CHAPTER    VH. 

Of  Continental  Paper  Currency. 

In  the  itiodern  mode  of  making  war,  money  is 
not  less  essential,  than  valour  in  the  field,  or  wis- 
dom in  the  cabinet.  The  longes(  purse  decides 
(he  fate  of  contending  nations,  as  often  as  the 
longest  sword.  It  early  nccurred  to  the  founders 
of  the  American  empire,  that  the  estohlished  reve- 
nues of  Great  Britain  must,  eventually,  overbal- 
ance Ihe  sudden  and  impetuous  sallies  of  men. 
contending  for  freedom,  on  the  spur  of  the  occa- 
sion, and  without  the  permanent  means  of  defence; 
but  how  to  remedy  (he  evil  puzzled  their  wisest 
politicians,  (>old  and  silver,  as  far  as  was  known, 
had  not  a  physical  exislonce  in  llic  coiinliy,  in 
any  quantity  equal  lo  the  drmamls  of  war  ;  nor 
could  ihey  be  procured  friim  aliKniil ;  as  the  cliaii 
uula  of  cummercu  had  been  pruvjously  shut,  by 


UN'ITED    STATES. 


4S3 


arterg  to  repossos* 
re  a  second  liino 
y  and  pussessiuiis. 
119,  reapcctiiig  Ilio 
]  of  the  miuda  of 

iimpnign  of  1779, 
iillier  side.     After 

had  overrun  thd 
from  the  sea  coast, 
e  hnes  of  Chnrles- 
r  original  limits  ia 
fco-ojie ration  with 
its  of  that  class  of 

disappointments, 

arkuble  for  the  fee- 
Accidental  caiis- 
ited  their  activity, 

to  have  influence, 
them  comparativc- 
!  all  dangers  in  tho 
successes  of  their 
i',  and  the  liopes  of 
ihe  close  of  it,  tu- 
rn of  a  large  ipinii- 
ilit,  made  that  year 
Haltering  prospects 
ance  in  177S,  ban- 
Ihe  revolution :  but 
o-opcration  produ- 
favourable  to  great 
e  British  'of  tho 
inl_>  pres  ,  the 

lerminai  houl 

French  fleei  sent 
luch  from  their  al- 

cxpectatinns,  they 
I  the  war  with  their 
luld  have  been,  if 
heir  coast.  Their 
imbers    and  badly 

ar,   the  mercantilo 

litary  spirit  of   the 

it,  llie  inhabitants. 

adually  returned  tn 

'e  business.     This 

army  and  the  citi- 

-lililary  exertions. 

ted  to  the  embar- 

indireclly  to  the 

1  variety  of  intcr- 

vf  the  Americans; 

ful,  wheiher  they 

cili'/.ens.  or  con- 

.  the  daily  depre- 

:ld  a  distinguished 

ally  afl'ectecl  every 

rticular  discussion. 

nteirupliun    of  the 

aied  in  a  separate 


m. 

Currency. 

king  war,  money  is 
n  Ihe  firld,  or  wis- 
est purse  decide] 
I,  as  often  as  tho 
red  to  the  founders 
le  estuhlished  revc- 
venlnally,  overbal- 
iis  sallies  of  men. 
spur  of  the  occa- 
t  means  of  defence; 
iii7.7.leil  their  wisest 
s  far  as  was  known, 
the  rounliy,  in 
niinils  of  war  ;  nor 
Mi'.iil  ;  as  the  rliaii 
iri'viuuslv  shut,  by 


the  voluntary  association  of  Congress,  to  suspend 
foreign  trade.  America  having  never  been  much 
taxed  in  any  direct  way,  and  being  without  estab- 
lished governments,  and  especially  as  she  was 
contending  agiinsiwlial  was  lately  lawful  autho- 
rity, could  ni>i  immediately  proceed  to  taxation, 
ilesides,  as  Ihe  coniest  was  on  Ihe  subject  of  tax- 
ation, the  laying  of  taxes  ailequate  to  llie  exisjcn- 
cies  of  war,even  thougli  it  had  been  practicable, 
would  have  been  iiiipcdilic.  The  only  plausible 
expedient,  in  their  power  tn  adopt,  was  the  emis- 
sion of  bills  of  credit  lepresenliiig  specie,  under  a 
public  engagement  to  be  ultiinalely  sunk  by  equal 
taxes,  or  exchanged  for  gold  or  silver.  This  prac- 
tice had  been  familiar  from  Ihe  lirst  settlement  of 
the  colonies,  and,  under  proper  resiiiciions,  had 
been  found  highly  advantageous.  Their  resolu- 
tion, to  raise  an  army  in  .lune,  177;'),  was  there- 
fore followed  by  another  to  emit  bills  of  credit,  to 
the  amount  of  two  iMilliiiiis  of  dollars.  To  Ihal 
Slim,  on  the  2,')tli  of  the  next  iminlli,  it  was  re- 
solved to  add  another  million.  I'or  their  redemp- 
tion they  pledgeil  the  confedeialed  colonies,  and 
diiected  each  colony  to  find  ways  and  means,  to 
sink  its  proportion  and  quota.  In  four  annual  pay- 
ments ;  the  first  to  be  made  on  or  before  the  last 
of  November,  177!).  'J'liat  time  was  fixed  upon 
from  an  expeclalion,  thai,  previous  to  its  arrival, 
the  ciintcsi  would  be  brought  to  a  conclusion.  On 
the  29th  of  November,  177-3,  an  esliinate  having 
been  made  by  Cimgiess  of  the  public  expenses  al- 
ready incurred,  cu'  likely  to  be  incurred,  in  carry- 
ing on  their  del'erice,  till  the  lUili  of  June,  177G, 
it  was  resolved  lo  emit  a  farilicr  sum  of  three 
millions  of  dollars,  lo  be  le'leeincd,  as  the  former, 
by  four  annual  piiyiiiciils  ;  the  lirsi,  lo  be  made  on 
or  before  the  lust  day  of  .November,  17S3.  It 
was,  at  the  same  lime,  detenniried,  that  the  quotas 
of  bills  to  be  reileenied,  by  each  colony, shu'dd  be 
in  a  relative  proporlion  to  their  respeclive  niim- 
bersof  iohabilanls.  'I'his  estimate  was  calculated 
lo  defray  expenses,  to  ilie  lOth  of  .lime,  1776, 
on  the  idea,  lhal  an  accommodation  would  take 
place  before  lliat  lime.  lliiherlo  all  arrange- 
ments, both  for  men  anil  niimey,  were  temporary, 
and  founded  on  the  siipposeil  probability  of  a  re- 
conciliation. Kaily  in  1770,  Congress  obtained 
inforiiiatinn,  that  (ireat  lirilaiii  had  contracted  for 
16,(100  foreign  mercenaries,  to  be  sent  over  foi 
the  purpose  of  sul>iluing  America.  This  enforced 
the  necessity  of  extendinu  their  plan  of  delence, 
beyond  the  lOili  of  the  next  .liine.  They,  there- 
lore,  oil  the  17ili  of  Kebrnary,  1776,  ordered  four 
millions  of  dollars  to  be  emilted,  and  on  the 'Jtli 
of  May,  and  the  22d  of  .Inly  following,  cmilteil 
ten  millions  mure,  on  the  same  security.  iSiich 
was  the  animaliim  of  the  limes,  that  these  several 
emissions,  amonnling  in  the  agaresiate  to  twenty 
millions  of  dollars,  circulated,  lor  several  inonllis, 
withoiitany  deprecialion,  and  commanded  there- 
sources  of  the  coiinlry  lor  pnblii;  service,  eipially 
with  the  same  Slim  of  gidil  or  silver.  The  Uniled 
.Stales  derived  liir  a  consiclerable  limn,  as  iiiiich 
benefit  from  this  piper  creation  of  their  own, 
though  without  any  established  fiinils  for  its  sup- 
port or  redeinplioii,  as  would  liaveresniled  liom  a 
tree  , in  of  as  many  .Mexican  dollars.  While  the 
ministry  of  Kiiiiland  were  pir/,/,llng  lliemselves  for 
new  taxes,  ami  I'limls,  on  wliiidi  to  raise  their  sup- 
plies. Congress  laised  theirs  by  resolutions,  direct- 
ing paper  of  no  ioirinsic  value  lo  be  struck  oil',  in 
form  of  promissory  notes.  Hut  there  was  a  point, 
both  in  time  ami  (|uaiiiily,  beyond  which  this  con- 
gressional alchemy  ceaseil  to  operate.  That  time 
was  about  eighleeii  monilis  ftom  the  dale  of  their 
first  eniissiim,  and  that  quantity  about  twenty  mil- 
lions of  dollars. 

Independence  beinc  declared,  in  the  second  year 
of  the  war,  ami  the  object  for  whici  arms  were  at 
first  assumed  beim;  ciianged,  it  w;  s  obvious  lli:il 
more  money  must  be  procured. and  jqiially  so, that, 
if  bills  of  credit  were  niulliplieil  b  .'yond  a  reason- 
nlile  sum  foi  circulation,  lliey  must  necessarily 
depreciate,  it  was,  therefore,  or  the  3d  of  Octo- 
ber, 1776,  resoiveil  to  boirow  Cve  iniUluai  of  dol- 


lars ;  and,  in  the  month  following,  a  lottery  was 
set  on  foot:  for  obtaining  a  farther  sum  on  loan. 
The  expenses  of  the  war  were  so  great,  that  the 
money  arising  from  both,  though  considerable, was 
far  short  of  a  suthciency.  The  rulers  of  Ameiica 
thought  it  still  premature  to  urge  taxaiion.  They, 
tlierelure,  reiterated  the  expedient  of  f.iliher  emis- 
sions. The  ease,  with  which  the  means  of  pro- 
curing supplies  were  fiirnisheil,  by  striking  olf 
bills  of  credit,  and  the  leailiness  of  the  people  lo 
receive  them,  prompted  Congress  lo  multiply  them 
beyond  the  limits  of  prudence.  A  diminution  of 
their  value  was  the  unavoidable  consequence. — 
This  at  first  was  scarcely  perceivable  ;  but  it  daily 
increased.  The  zeal  of  the  people,  nevertheless, 
so  far  overbalanced  the  nice  mercantile  calcula- 
tions of  interest,  that  the  campaigns  of  177G,  and 
1778,  were  not  allecled  by  the  depreciation  of  the 
paper  currency.  Congress  foresaw  that  this  could 
not  long  be  the  case.  It  was,  therefore,  on  the 
'■i'iii  of  November,  1777,  recommended  tn  Ihe  se- 
veral slates,  to  raise  by  taxes  the  sum  of  five  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  for  the  service  of  the  year  177S. 
Previously  to  this,  it  had  been  resolved  to  bor- 
row larger  sums  ;  and  fur  the  encouragement  of 
lenders,  it  was  agreed  to  pay  the  interest  nhich 
should  accrue  thereon,  by  bills  of  exchange,  pay- 
able in  France,  out  of  monies  boiiowed  there,  for 
the  use  of  the  Uiiiied  Stales.  This  tax  unfortu- 
nately failed  in  several  of  the  states.  From  the 
impossibility  of  procuring  a  suiliciency  of  money, 
either  from  loans  oi  taxes,  the  old  expedient  of 
farther  emissions  was  reiterated  ;  but  the  value 
decreased  as  the  quantity  increased.  Congress, 
anxious  to  put  a  slop  to  the  increase  of  their  bills 
ofcredil,  anil  to  provide  a  fund  for  reducing  what 
were  issued,  called  upon  the  states  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1779,  lo  pay,  into  the  cimtinental  trea- 
sury, their  icspective  quotas  of  fit'teen  millions  of 
dollars,  for  the  service  of  that  year,  and  of  six 
millions  annually  from  and  after  the  year  177!),  as 
a  fund  fur  reducing  iheirearlyemissioiisand  loans. 
Such  had  been  the  mistaken  ideas,  which  origi- 
nally prevailed,  of  the  duration  of  the  contest. that, 
ihuugli  the  war  was  raging,  and  the  demands  for 
money  unabated,  yet  the  period  had  arrived, which 
had  been  originally  fixed  upon,  for  the  redemption 
of  the  first  emissions  of  Congress. 

In  addition  to  these  fifteen  millions,  called  for 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1779,  the  states  were,  on 
llie  21st  of  .May  following,  called  upon  to  furnish, 
lor  public  service,  within  the  current  year,  their 
respeclive  quotas  of  forty-five  millions  of  dollars. 
(Congress  wished  to  arrest  the  growing  deprecia- 
lion, and,  therefore,  called  for  taxes  in  large  sums, 
proportioned  to  the  demands  of  the  public,  and  also 
to  the  diminished  value  of  their  bills.  These  re- 
qiiisitiims,  thonnh  nominally  large,  were  by  no 
means  snlficienl.  From  the  fiucluating  slate  of 
Ihe  money,  it  was  impossible  lo  make  any  certain 
calculalions  ;  for  it  was  not  two  days  of  the  same 
value.  A  sum  which,  when  demanded,  would  have 
purchased  a  sulliciency  of  the  cominodities  wanted 
lor  the  public  service,  was  very  inadequate,  when 
thecnlleclion  was  mule,  and  the  money  lodged  in 
llie  treasury.  The  deprccialiou  began  at  ditferenl 
periods  in  ditVerent  stales  ;  but  in  general  about 
the  middle  of  the  year  1777,  and  progressively  in- 
creased for  three  or  four  years.  Towards  the  last 
cd'  1777,  the  depreciation  was  about  two  or  thiee 
for  one.  In  1778,  it  advanced  from  two  or  three 
for  one,  to  five  or  six  for  one;  in  1779,  from  five 
or  six  for  one,  to  twenly-seven  or  Iwenly-cight  for 
(me  ;  in  1780,  from  iweiily  seven  or  tweiity-eiuhl 
for  one,  to  filly  or  sixty  for  one,  in  the  first  four 
or  five  months  of  that  year.  Its  circulation  was 
al'lerwards  (lartial  ;  but  where  it  passed,  it  soon 
depreciated  to  1.30  for  one.  In  some  few  pans,  it 
conliiiiied  in  circulation  fiir  the  first  four  o.  five 
months  of  1781  ;  but  in  this  latter  period,  many 
would  not  take  it  at  any  rate,  and  they  who  did,  re- 
ceived it  at  a  depreciation  of  several  hundreds  for 
one. 

As  there  was  A  general  clamour  on  account  of 
the  floods  of  money,  which,  at  successive  periods, 


had  deluged  the  states,  it  was  resolved,  in  October. 
1779,  that  no  t'arther  sum  should  he  issued,  on  any 
account  whatever,  than  uhal,  when  added  to  tho 
present  sum  in  circulation,  would  in  the  whole  bo 
equal  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars.  It  was  at 
the  same  time  resolved,  that  Congress  should  emit 
only  such  part  of  the  sum  wanting  to  make  up  two 
hnndied  millions,  as  should  be  absolutely  neces- 
saiy  for  the  public  exigencies,  before  adequate  sup- 
plies could  be  otherwise  obtained ;  relying,  for 
such  supplies,  on  the  exertions  of  the  several  states. 
This  was  forcibly  represented  in  a  circular  letter 
from  Congress  lo  their  consliluenis;  and  thestates 
were  earnestly  entreated  to  prevent  thatdeluge  of 
evils,  which  would  flow  from  their  neglecting  to 
furnisi:  adequate  supplies,  for  the  wants  of  the 
confederacy.  The  same  circular  letter  state>l  the 
practicability  of  reileeming  all  the  bills  of  Congress, 
at  par,  with  gold  and  silver,  and  rejected,  with  in- 
dignation, the  supposition  that  the  states  would 
ever  tarnish  their  credit,  by  violating  public  faith. 
These  strong  declarations,  in  favour  of  the  paper 
currency,  deceived  many  lo  repose  confidence  in 
ii  to  their  ruin.  Subsequent  evL.itscompelled  Con 
gress  to  adopt  the  very  measure  in  1780,  which, 
in  the  preceding  year,  they  had  sincerely  rrpro- 
baled. 

From  the  non-compliance  of  the  states.  Congress 
was  obliged,  in  a  short  time  after  the  dale  of  their 
circular  letter,  lo  issue  such  a  farther  qnantity,  as, 
when  added  lo  previous  emissions,  made  the  sum 
of  2U0  milliiins  of  dollars.  ISesides  this  immense 
sum,  the  paper  emissions  of  the  dilferent  slates 
amounted  lo  many  millions;  which  mixed  with  the 
continental  money,  and  added  to  its  deprecialion. 
What  was  of  very  little  value  before,  now  became 
less.  The  whole  was  soon  expended  ;  and  yet, 
from  its  increased  depreciation,  the  immediato 
wants  of  the  army  were  not  supplied.  The 
source  which  fur  five  years  had  enabled  Congress 
lo  keep  an  army  in  the  field  being  exhausted.  Ge- 
neral Washington  was  reduced,  lor  some  time,  to 
the  alternative  of  disbanding  his  troops,  or  of  sup- 
plying them  by  a  military  foice.  He  preferred  the 
latter ;  and  ihc  inhabitants  of  New  Voik  and  New 
Jersey,  though  they  fell  the  injury,  saw  the  ne- 
cessity and  patiently  submitted. 

The  stales  were  next  called  upon  to  furnish, 
in  lieu  of  money,  determinate  quantities  of  beef, 
pork,  dour,  and  other  articles,  fiir  the  use  of  the 
army.  This  was  called  a  requisition  far  specific 
supplies,  or  a  tax  in  kind;  and  was  found,  on  ex- 
penmenl,  to  be  so  dilficult  of  execution,  so  incon- 
venient, partial  and  expensive,  that  it  was  speed- 
ily abandoned.  About  this  time.  Congress  re- 
solved upon  another  expedient.  This  was  to  issue 
a  new  species  of  paper  money,  under  the  guaran- 
tee of  the  several  states.  The  old  money  was  to 
be  called  in  by  taxes  ;  and,  as  soon  as  brought  in, 
to  be  burnt;  and  in  lien  thereof,  one  dollar  of  the 
netv  was  to  be  emilted  for  every  twenty  of  the 
old:  so  lhal  when  the  whole  two  hnndied  millions 
were  drawn  in  and  cancelled,  only  ten  millions  of 
the  new  should  be  issued  in  their  placet  four- 
lenths  of  which  were  lo  be  subject  to  the  order  of 
(Congress,  and  the  remaining  six  tenths  to  the  or- 
der of  the  several  states.  These  new  bills  were 
to  be  redeemable  in  specie,  within  six  years,  and 
to  bear  an  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  to 
be  paid  also  in  specie,  at  the  redemption  of  tho 
bills,  or,  at  the  election  of  the  owner,  annually  in 
bills  of  exchange  on  the  American  commissioners 
in  Kurope,  at  lout  shillings  and  sixpence  for  cttch 
dollar. 

From  the  execution  of  these  resolutions,  it  was 
expected,  that  the  old  money  would  be  cancelled  ; 
that  the  ciiriency  would  be  reduced  to  a  fixed 
standard  :  that  Ihe  stales  woiilil  be  supplied  with 
the  means  of  piiichasing  the  specific  supplies  re. 
quired  of  them;  ami  that  Congress  would  bo  fur- 
nished with  elficient  money,  lo  provide  forthe  exi- 
gencies of  the  war.  That  these  good  etfects 
would  have  followed,  even  though  the  resolutions 
of  Congress  had  been  carried  into  execution,  if 
very  questionable  :  but,  from  tho  partial  cuiapli* 


'  II   'I 


454 


HISTORY    OP    THE 


!-     I 


inccs  of  ilie  slntcfi,  the  Gxperiment  was  nevei 
fnirly  inirile,  ;iiul  llie  new  paper  answered  very 
litlle  purpose.  It  was  hoped  by  varying  the  ground 
of  rreihi,  that  Congress  would  gain  a  repetition  of 
the  ailvaiila<;es,  which  resiihed  I'mm  their  first  pa- 
per expedient :  but  these  hopes  were  ofsliort  du- 
ration, liy  tliis  time,  much  of  the  popular  enthu- 
Hiasni  had  spent  itself,  and  confidence  in  public 
cngauenienls  was  at  a  low  ebb.  The  event  proved, 
that  credit  Is  of  too  delicate  a  nature  to  be  sport- 
ed with,  and  can  only  be  maintained,  by  honesty 
and  punctuality.  The  several  expedients  propos- 
ed by  Congress  far  raising  supplies,  having  failed, 
a  crisis  followed,  very  interesting  to  the  success 
of  tlie  revolution.  The  particulars  of  this  aie  re- 
lated among  the  public  events  of  the  year  1781,  in 
which  it  look  place.  Some  observations  on  that 
primary  nistrumcnt  of  American  independence, 
the  old  continental  bills  of  credit,  shall  fur  the  pres- 
ent close  this  subject. 

It  would  have  been  impossible  to  have  carried  on 
.lie  war,  without  something  in  the  form  of  money. 
There  was  spirit  enough  in  America,  to  bring  to 
the  field  of  battle  as  many  of  her  sons,  as  would 
liave  out-numbered  the  armies  of  Great  Itrilain, 
and  to  have  risked  their  fale  on  a  general  engage- 
ment;  but  this  was  the  very  thing  they  ought  to 
avoid.  Their  principal  hope  lay  in  evacualim;,  re- 
treating and  priilracting,  to  its  ulmosl  length,  a 
war  of  posts.  The  continued  exertions,  necessary 
foi  this  species  of  defence,  could  not  be  expected 
froi'i  the  impetuous  sallies  of  militia.  A  regular, 
permament  army  became  necessary.  Though  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  limes  might  have  dispensed  with 
present  pay,  yet,  without  at  least  as  much  money 
MS  would  support  them  in  the  field,  the  most  pa- 
triotic army  must  have  dispersed. 

The  impossibility  of  the  Americans  procuring 
gold  and  silver,  even  for  that  pmpose,  doubtless 
weighed  with  the  ISritish  as  an  encouragement,  to 
bring  the  controversy  to  the  decision  of  the  sword. 
What  they  knew  cuidd  not  be  done  by  ordinary 
means,  was  accomplished  by  those  which  were 
extraordinary.  Paper  of  no  intrinsic  value  was 
made  to  answer  all  the  purposes  of  gold  and  silver, 
and  to  support  the  expenses  of  five  campaigns. 
This  wr.s  in  some  degree,  owing  lo  a  previous  con- 
fidence, which  had  been  begotten  by  honesty  and 
fidelity,  in  discliaiging  the  engagements  of  goveiii- 
liient.  From  New  York  to  (ieorgia,  there  n>  ver 
had  been,  in  matters  relating  lo  money,  an  instance 
ofa  breach  of  public  faith.  In  the  scarcity  of  gold 
and  silver,  many  emergencies  had  imposed  a  ne- 
cessity of  emitting  bills  of  credit.  These  had 
been  uniformly  and  honestly  redeemed.  The  bills 
of  Congress  being  thrown  into  circulation  on  this 
favourable  foundailo'i  of  public  confidence,  were 
readily  received.  The  ciMhusiasm  of  the  people 
(ontributed  to  tlie  same  effect.  Tliat  the  endan- 
gered liberties  of  Americ.i  ought  to  be  defended, 
and  that  the  credit  of  their  paper  was  essentially 
necessary  lo  a  proper  defence,  were  opinions  en- 
graven on  the  hearts  of  a  great  majority  of  the  citi- 
zens, t  was,  therefore,  a  point  of  honour,  niul 
consider!  I  as  a  part  of  duty,  to  take  the  bills  freely 
at  their  full  value.  Private  gain  was  then  so  little 
regarded  that  the  wliig  citizens  were  willing  to  run 
nil  till!  hazards  iiicid'Milal  to  bills  of  credit,  rather 
than  injure  the  cause  of  their  country  by  under- 
valuing its  money.  Kvery  thing  human  has  its 
value  diminished  from  th>!  increase  of  its  tpiantity. 
Hepeateil  emissions  besat  that  natural  deprecia- 
tion, which  results  from  an  excess  of  quantity. 
This  was  helped  on  by  various  causes,  which  af- 
fected ihe  credit  of  the  iiiniiey.  The  enemy  very 
ingeniously  coiinterli'iled  their  bills,  and  indus- 
Irioiisly  circulated  their  forgevies  ihruiigh  the  Uni- 
ted Slates.  Congress  allowed,  to  their  public 
ngenis,  a  cnmiiiission  on  the  amount  of  their  pur- 
chases. Instead  of  exeriiiii!  ihemsclves  to  pnr- 
chf.?e  low,  they  liad,  therefore,  an  interest  in  buy- 
ing nt  high  prices.  So  strong  was  tlie  force  of 
|>rej)idice,  that  the  Biilish  mode  of  supplying  ar- 


mies by  contract  could  not  for  a  long  time,  obtain 
tlie  approbation  ofCongress.  While  these  causes 
operated,  confidence  in  the  public  was  abating,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  that  fervour  and  patriotism,  which 
disregarded  interest,  was  daily  dechning.  To  pre- 
vent or  retard  the  depreciation  of  their  paper  mo- 
ney. Congress  attempted  lo  prop  its  credit  by  means, 
which  wrecked  private  property,  and  injured  the 
morals  of  the  people,  without  answering  the  end 
proposed,  They  recommended  to  tlie  states,  lo 
pass  the  laws  for  regulating  Ihe  prices  of  labour,  and 
of  all  sorts  of  commodities  ;  and  for  confiscating 
and  selling  the  estates  of  torics,  and  investing  the 
money,  arising  from  the  sales  thereof,  in  loan- 
office  certificates.  As  many  of  those  who  were 
disaflected  to  tlie  revolution,  absolutely  refused  to 
take  the  bills  ofCongress,  even  in  the  first  stage  of 
the  war,  when  the  real  and  nominal  value  was  the 
same  with  the  view  of  counteracting  their  machi- 
nations, Congress  early  recommended  toihe  slates, 
to  pass  laws  for  making  the  paper  money  a  legal 
tender,  at  its  nominal  value,  in  the  discharge  of  bo- 
na fide  debts,  thouch  contracted  to  be  paid  in  gold 
or  silver.  With  the  same  vieivs,  ihey  farther  re- 
commended, that  laws  should  be  passed  by  each  of 
the  states  ordaining  that,  "  whosoever  should  ask 
or  receive  more,  in  their  bills  of  credit  for  gold  or 
silver  or  any  species  of  money  whatsoever,  than 
the  nominal  sum  Ihcreof  in  Spanish  dollars,  or 
more  in  the  said  bills  for  any  coinmodiiies  whatso- 
ever, than  the  same  could  be  purchased,  from  the 
same  person,  in  gold  or  silver,  or  oiler  to  sell  any 
commodities  for  gold  or  silver,  and  refuse  to  sell  the 
same  lor  'he  said  bills,  shall  be  deemed  :in  enemy 
to  the  liberties  of  the  United  States,  and  forfeit  the 
properly  so  sold  or  offered  for  sale."  The  laws 
which  were  passed  by  the  states,  for  regula- 
ting the  prices  of  labour  and  commodities,  were 
found  on  experiment  to  be  visionary  and  impracti- 
cable. They  only  operated  on  the  patriotic  few, 
who  were  tlisposed  to  sacrifice  evciy  thing  in  the 
cause  of  their  country,  and  wlio  implicitly  obeyed 
every  mandate  of  their  rulers.  Ollicrsdisregarded 
them,  and  either  refused  to  part  with  their  commo- 
dities, or  ilemanded  and  obtained  their  own  prices. 

These  laws,  in  the  first  instance,  made  an  arti- 
ficial scarcity,  and,  had  they  not  been  repealed, 
would  soon  have  made  a  real  one;  for  men  never 
exert  themselves,  unless  they  have  the  fruit  of  their 
exertions  secured  to  them,  and  at  their  owndisposal. 

The  confiscation  anil  sale  of  the  property  of  lo- 
ries, for  the  most  part,  brought  but  very  little  into 
the  public  treasury.  The  sales  were  generally 
made  on  credit,  and,  by  Ihe  progressive  deprecia- 
tion, what  was  dear,  at  the  time  of  the  purchase, 
was  veiy  cheap  at  the  time  of  pnymeut.  The 
most  extensive  mischief  resulted  in  the  progress, 
and  towards  the  close  of  the  war,  from  the  opera- 
tion of  the  laws  which  made  the  paper  bills  a  ten- 
der, in  the  discharge  of  delils.  contracted  payable 
in  gold  or  silver.  When  this  measure  was  first 
adopted,  little  or  no  injiisiice  resulted  from  it ;  for, 
at  that  time,  Ihe  paper  bills  were  equal,  or  nearly 
equal  lo  gold  or  silver,  of  the  same  nominal  sum. 
In  the  progressof  the  war,  when  depreciation  took 
place,  the  case  was  maleiially  altered.  Laws, 
which  were  originally  innocent,  became  eventually 
the  occasion  of  inucli  injustice. 

The  aged,  who  had  retired  from  the  scenes 
of  active  business,  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  in- 
dustry, found  their  substance  melting  away  In  a 
mere  pittance,  insiifTicient  for  thei>sup!iort.  The 
widow,  who  lived  comfortably  on  ;he  bequests  of 
a  deceased  husband,  experienced  a  frustration  of- 
all  his  well-meant  tenderness.  The  laws  of  the 
country  intcrposeil,  and  compelled  her  to  receive  a 
shilling,  where  a  pound  was  lier  due.  The  bloom- 
ing virgin,  who  had  grown  up  with  an  unquestion- 
able title  to  a  liberal  patrimony,  was  legally  strip- 
ped of  every  thing,  but  her  personal  charms  and 
virtues.  The  ha|)less  orphan,  instead  of  receiv- 
ing from  the  hands  of  an  executor,  a  competency 
to  set  out  in  business,  was  obliged  to  give  a  final 


discharge  on  the  payment  of  six  pence  in  the 
pound.  In  many  instances,  the  earnings  of  a  long 
life  of  care  and  diligence  were,  in  the  space  of  a 
few  years,  reduced  to  a  trillini,-  sum.  A  few  per- 
sons escaped  these  affecting  calamities,  by  secret- 
ly transfering  iheir  bonds,  or  by  flying  from  the 
presence  or  neighbourhood  of  their  debtors,  Tliu 
evils  which  resulted  from  the  legal  tender  of  these 
paper  bills,  were  foreign  from  the  intentions  ol 
Congress,  and  of  the  state  legislatures.  It  is  but 
just'cc  to  add,  farlher,'lhat  a  great  propoilion  of 
them  flowed  from  ignorance.  Till  the  year  17S0, 
when  the  bills  fell  to  forty  fur  one,  it  was  designed 
by  most  of  the  rulers  of  America,  and  believed  by 
a  great  majority  of  the  people,  thai  the  ulinlesiini 
in  circulation  would  be  appreciated  by  a  rediiitioii 
of  ilsquantity,  so  as  finally  In  be  eipial  lo  gold  or 
silver.  In  every  depariment  of  govermnenl,  ihe 
Americans  erred  from  ignorance  ;  Lut  in  none  so 
much,  as  in  that  which  related  lo  money. 

Such  were  the  evils  which  resulted  lioiii  papei 
money.  On  the  other  hand,  il  wasllie  occasi  .of 
good  to  many.  It  was  at  all  limes  the  poor  man's 
friend.  While  it  was  cm  rent,  all  kinds  of  lilioiir 
very  readily  found  their  reward.  In  the  first  yerirs 
of  the  war,  none  were  idle  from  want  of  eniploy- 
mcnt ;  and  none  were  emplnyi'd,  wiihoiit  having  il 
in  their  power  to  obtain  ready  payment  for  llieir 
services.  To  that  class  of  people,  whose  daily 
labour  was  their  support,  the  depreciation  was  no 
disadvantage.  Kxpending  their  money  as  fist  as 
they  received  it,  lliey  always  procured  its  full  va- 
lue. The  reverse  was  the  case  with  Ihe  rich,  or 
those  who  were  disposed  lo  lioardiiig.  No  agra- 
rian law  ever  had  a  more  exiensive  operation,  than 
continental  money.  That,  for  which  ihe  (iracohi 
lost  their  lives  in  Koine,  was  peaceably  elVecled  in 
the  United  Slates,  by  ihe  legal  tender  of  these  de- 
preciating bills.  The  poor  bec.iiiie  rich,  and  tho 
rich  became  poor.  iNIoney  lenders,  and  iliey  whoso 
circumstances  enabled  them  to  give  credii,  were 
essentially  injured.  All  that  the  money  Inst  in  its 
value  was  so  much  taken  from  their  capital:  but 
the  active  andind'istriousindemnined  themselves, 
by  conforming  the  piice  of  their  services  lo  the 
present  state  of  the  depreciation.  The  experience 
of  this  time  inculcated  on  yoiiili  twosaliilary  les- 
sons ;  the  impolicy  of  depending  on  paternal  ac- 
quisitions, and  the  necessity  of  their  own  exenions. 
They  who  were  in  debt,  and  possessed  properly 
of  any  kind,  could  easily  make  the  latter  extin- 
guish the  former.  Kvery  thing  that  was  useful, 
when  brought  lo  raaiket,  readily  fourd  a  puiclia- 
ser.  A  few  cattle  would  pay  for  a  comfortable 
house  ;  and  a  good  horse  for  an  improved  planla- 
lion.  A  small  part  of  the  productions  of  a  farm 
would  discharge  the  long  out-staniling  accounts, 
due  from  its  owner.  The  dreams  of  the  golden 
age  were  realised  to  the  poor  man  and  the  delilor; 
but  unfortunately  what  these  gained,  was  just  so 
much  taken  from  others. 

The  evils  of  depreciation  did  not  terminate  with 
the  war.  That  the  helpless  part  of  the  comuiii- 
iiity  were  legislatively  deprived  of  their  properly, 
was  among  the  lesser  evils,  which  resulted  from 
the  legal  tender  of  the  depreciated  bills  of  credit. 
The  iniquity  of  the  laws  enslranged  the  minds  of 
many  of  Ihe  citizens,  from  the  habits  and  love  of 
justice. 

The  nature  of  obligations  was  so  far  clianged 
that  he  was  reckoned  the  honest  man,  who,  from 
principle,  delayed  lo  pay  his  debts.  The  mounds 
which  government  had  erei^led.  to  secure  ilie  ob- 
servance of  honesty,  in  the  commercial  intercourse 
of  man  with  man,  were  broken  down.  Time  and 
industry  soon  repaiicd  the  losses  of  properly, 
which  the  citizens  sustained  during  the  war;  but 
both,  for  a  long  time,  failed  in  elfacing  ihe  taint 
which  was  then  communicated  to  llieir  principles.* 


*  Tbis  WHS  written  in  I77tt,  since  vvhicli  pi^rinil  n  new 
eniHtilutiiin,  good  liiws,  hiiiI  ii  vi:;<in)U8  nifilliiiirttrHtiiiii 
of  jiiNiiet>,  linve  elf.M'ieil  ii  cuiH'ilenibU'  'iniclinrAtioa  in 
llic  iiiunilsor  Ibo  inliabitaiita. 


UNITED    STATES. 


if  six  pence  in  llis 
he  eiirnings  of'ii  Uinj; 
're,  in  the  lip^ice  <il'  a 
uf;  snni.  A  few  per- 
ciilnmiliea,  liy  seiret- 
■  hy  flying  from  iho 
ftheir  dehinrs.    Tliu 

lei!iil  leniler  nC these 
in  the  intentions  ot 
!;iahitiires.     It  is  but 

grciit  proporlinn  ot' 
Till  the  year  1780, 

one,  it  WHS  ilesinneil 
'licii,  iind  lit'lii'vt'd  by 
,  thill  the  uhiile  !iiiiii 
ciiited  liy  ii  leiliiitioii 
>  he  ei|iiiil  tu  mill!  or 

(if  coveininent,  the 
ice  ;  Lni   in  none  so 
I  to  iiioney, 
resulted  lliiin   pnpei 

was  the  occiisi  .  iil 
limes  the  pnnr  iiiiin's 
,  all  kinds  iif  l.ilioiir 
il.  In  the  rnstye.iis 
nil  want  of  employ- 
ed, without  hiiviiiL;  il 
y  payment  for  llieir 
leople,  whose  daily 
df'priMMation  was  no 
iMr  money  as  fist  as 
lociired  its  full  va- 
se with  the  rieli,  or 
loardint;.  No  agra- 
isive  operation,  than 
r  which  the  (iracchi 
leacealily  elVected  In 

I  tiniler  id' these  de- 
■eaiiie  rich,  and  thu 
lers,  and  I  hey  whoso 
to  j;ive  credit,  wero 
he  money  lost  in  Its 

II  their  capiial ;  liiit 
niiiified  themselves, 
leir  services  to  the 
in.  The  experience 
ith  twosalolaiy  les- 
ling  on  paternal  ac- 
their  own  exertions, 
possessed  property 
ke  the  latter  extin- 
iig  that  was  useful, 
ly  fourd  a  piitcha- 

for  il  comfortable 
in  improved  plaiita- 
linctions  of  a  farm 
slandini;  accounts, 
ains  of  the  |!olileii 
lan  and  the  (lelilor ; 
;ained,   was  Just  so 

I  not  terminate  witli 
irt  of  the  comniii- 
I  of  their  properly, 
liieh  resulted  from 
iaied  hills  of  credit, 
ingeil  the  minds  of 
habits  and  love  ot' 

'as  so  far  changed 
pst  man.  who,  from 
ibts.  'I'lie  mounds 
I,  to  secure  the  ob- 
tnercial  iiiiercoiirse 
down.  Time  and 
losses  of  pro|.ierty, 
iring  the  war;  but 
I  elVaeing  the  taint 
to  their  principles.* 

!  which  pfrind  n  ni'w 
:oroiifl  iithiiinistrtiliiiti 
nihil}  'inielioratioii  in 


CHAPTER  YIII. 

Of  Indians  and  expeditions  into  the  Indian  country. 

When  the  English  colon'es  were  first  planted 
in  North  America,  the  country  was  inhnb,;>.'d  by 
numerous  tribes  of  Indians,  who  principally  sup- 
ported themselves  by  fishing,  hunting,  and  by  the 
spontaneous  productions  of  nature.  The  arts  and 
arms  of  Europeans  soon  gave  them  an  ascendancy 
over  such  untutored  savages.  Had  the  latter  un- 
derstood their  interest,  and  been  guided  by  a  spirit 
of  union,  they  would  soon  have  expelled  the  in- 
vaders ;  and  in  that  case,  they  might  now  be  nou- 
rishing, in  the  possession  of  their  ancient  terri- 
tories and  independence.  ])y  degrees,  the  old  in- 
habitants were  eiicumscribed  within  narrower 
limits  :  and,  by  some  strange  fatality,  their  num- 
bers have  been  constantly  lessening.  The  names 
of  various  nations,  which,  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, boasted  of  several  lliousands,  are  now  known 
only  to  those  who  are  fond  of  curious  researches. 
Many  are  totally  extinct  ;  and  others  can  show  no 
more  than  a  few  straggling  iudividnals,  the  rem- 
nants of  their  fallen  greatness.  That  so  many 
tribes  should,  in  so  slioit  a  lime,  lose  both  their 
country  and  their  national  existence,  is  an  event 
scarcely  to  be  paralleled  in  the  histoiy  of  the 
world.  Spirituous  liquors,  the  small  pox,  and  an 
abridgment  of  territoiy,  to  a  people  whose  mode 
of  life  needed  an  extensive  range,  evils  which 
chiefly  resulted  from  the  neighhourhood  of  Euro- 
peans, were  among  the  principal  causes  of  their 
destruction.  The  reflections,  which  are  excited 
by  reviewing  the  havoc  niaile  among  the  native 
proprietors  of  this  new  world,  are  in  some  degree 
alleviated  by  its  counterpart.  While  one  set  of 
inhabitants  was  insensilily  dwindling  away,  nn- 
other,improving  in  the  arts  of  civil  and  social  life, 
was  growing  in  numbers,  and  rapidly  filling  up 
their  places.*  As  the  emigrants  from  Europe, and 
Iheii  descendants,  extended  their  possessions  on 
the  sea  coast,  the  aborigines  retired  from  it.  By 
this  gradual  advance  of  the  one,  and  retiiing  of 
the  other,  the  former  always  presented  an  exten- 
sive frontier,  to  the  incursions  of  the  latter.  The 
European  emigrants,  IVom  an  avidity  for  land,  the 
possession  of  which  is  the  ultimate  object  of  liii- 
inan  avarice,  were  prone  to  encroach  on  the  terri- 
tories of  the  Indians;  while  the  Indians,  from  ob- 
vioi;s  principles  of  human  nature,  beheld  with  con- 
cern the  descendants  of  the  ancient  proprietors 
circumscribed,  in  theirterritory,  by  the  descend- 
ants of  those  slrangeis,  whom  their  fathers  had 
permitted  to  reside  among  them.  Krom  these 
causes,  and  especially  from  the  licentious  conduct 
of  disorderly  individuals,  of  both  Indians  and  white 
people,  there  were  iVerpieiit  interruptions  of  the 
peace  in  their  conliguons  settlemenis. 

In  the  war  between  France  and  EnBland,wliich 
commenced  in  177;),  both  parlies  paiil  assiduous 
attention  to  the  Aborigines.  The  former  succeed- 
ed ill  securing  the  greater  number  of  adherents; 
but  the  superior  success  of  the  latter,  in  the  pro- 
gress, and  at  the  termination  of  the  war,  tuineil  the 
cuircnt  of  Indian  alfeclions  and  interest  in  their 
favour.  When  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  lier  colonies  began  to  grow  serious,  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Indians  became  a  matter  of  conse- 
quence to  both  parties.  Sirelching  for  fifteen 
hundred  miles  along  the  whole  north-westein  fron- 
tier of  the  colonies,  they  were  to  lliein  desirable 
friends,  and  formidable  enemies.  As  terror  was 
one  of  the  engines,  by  which  (iieat  Britain  in- 
tended tu  enforce  the  submission  of  the  colonies, 
nothing  could  be  more  conducive  to  the  excite- 
ment of  this  passion,  tlian  the  co-operations  of  In- 
dians. Policy,  not  cruelty,  led  to  the  adoption  of 
this  expedient  :  but  it  was  of  that  over-refined  spe- 
cies which  counteracts  itself.  In  the  competition 
for  the  friendship  of  the  Indians,  the  British  had 


'  Il  Ima  been  cumpatcd,  thiU  five  hiimlnul  civili/.cil 
hiiiimn  beings  may  riijiiy  lifo  in  plenty  iinJ  cnniriirt, 
whci':  only  one  savage  drag!>  out  »  miserahle  existence. 


advantages,  far  superior  to  any  possessed  by  the 
colonists.  The  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Ca- 
nada, an  event  wiiich  had  taken  place  only  about 
thirteen  years  before,  was  still  fresli  in  the  memory 
of  many  of  the  savages,  and  had  inspired  llieni  with 
higli  ideas  of  the  martial  superiority  of  the  Britisli 
troops.  The  first  steps  taken  by  the  congress,  to 
oppo.se  Great  Britain,  put  it  out  of  their  power  to 
gratify  the  Indians.  Such  was  the  effect  of  the  non- 
importation agreetnent  of  1774.  While  Great 
Britain  had  access  to  the  principal  Indian  tribes, 
through  Canada  on  the  north,  and  Florida  on  the 
south,  and  was  abundantly  able  to  supply  their 
many  wants  the  colonists  liad  debarred  themselves 
from  importing  the  articles,  whicli  were  necessary 
for  the  Indian  trade. 

It  was  unfortunate  for  t'.ic  colonies,  that,  since 
the  peace  of  Paris,  17G3  the  transactions  with 
the  Indians  had  been  luusll  '  carried  on  by  super- 
inlendants,appoioted  and  pad  by  the  king  of  Great 
Britain.  These,  being  mid<  r  obligations  to  the 
crown,  and  expectants  of  farther  f'vours  from  it, 
generally  used  their  influence  with  lb<-  Indians,  in 
behalf  of  the  mother  country,  and  against  the  co- 
lonies. They  insinuated  into  the  minds  of  the 
uninformed  savage.s,  that  tlie  king  was  their  natu- 
ral protector,  against  the  encroaching  colonists; 
and  that,  if  the  latter  succeeded  in  their  opposi- 
tion to  Great  Britain,  they  would  next  aim  at  the 
extirpation  of  their  red  neighbours.  By  such  re- 
presentations, seconded  wiih  a  profusion  of  pres- 
ents, the  attachment  of  the  Indians  was  pre-en- 
gaged, in  support  of  the  British  interest. 

The  Americans  were  not  unmindful  of  the  sa- 
vages on  their  frontier.  They  appointed  commis- 
sioners to  explain  to  them  the  grounds  of  tlieir 
dispute,  and  tu  cultivate  their  friendship,  by  trea- 
ties and  presents.  They  endeavoured  to  persuade 
the  Indians,  that  the  quarrel  was,  by  no  means, 
relative  to  them  ;  and  that,  therefore,  they  should 
take  part  with  neither  side. 

For  the  greater  convenience  of  managing  the 
intercourse  between  the  colonies  and  the  Indians, 
the  latter  were  divided  into  three  departments,  the 
northern,  southern,  and  middle;  and  commission- 
ers were  appointed  for  each.  Congress  also  re- 
solved to  import  and  distribute  among  them  a  suit- 
able assortment  of  goods,  to  the  amount  of  forty- 
thousand  pounds  sterling,  on  account  of  the  United 
States  ;  but  this  was  not  executed.  All  the  ex- 
ertions of  Congress  weie  insufficient  for  the  secu- 
rity of  their  western  frontiers.  In  almost  every 
period  of  the  war,  a  great  majority  of  the  Indians 
took  part  with  Great  Britian,  against  the  Ameri- 
cans. South  Carolina  was  among  the  first  of  the 
states,  whicli  experienced  the  effects  of  British 
influence  over  the  Indians.  The  Cherokees  and 
the  Creeks  inhabit  lands  not  far  distant  from 
tli^  western  settlements  of  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia. The  intercourse  witli  these  tribes  had,  for 
several  years  prior  to  the  American  war,  been 
exclusively  committed  to  .John  Stuart,  an  offi- 
cer of  the  crown,  and  devoted  to  the  royal  in- 
terest. His  great  influence  was  wholly  exerted 
ill  favour  of  Great  Britain.  A  plan  was  settled 
by  him  in  concert  with  the  king's  governors  and 
other  royal  servants,  to  land  a  royal  armed  force 
in  Florida,  and  to  proceed  with  it  to  the  western 
frontier  of  the  southern  slates  ;  and  there  in  con- 
junction wiihllic  lories  and  Indians,  to  fall  on  the 
li  lends  of  Congress,  at  the  same  time  that  a  fleet 
and  army  should  invade  them  on  the  sea  coast. 
The  whidc  scheme  was  discovered,  by  tlie  cap- 
ture of  .Moses  Kirkland.one  of  the  principal  agents 
employed  in  its  execution,  while  he  was  on  llis 
way  to  General  Gage  with  dispatclies,  detailing 
tlic  particulars,  and  soliciting  the  requisite  aid  to 
accomplish  it.  The  possession  of  Kirkland,  and 
of  his  papers,  enabled  the  Americans  to  take  such 
steps,  as  in  a  great  degieo  frustrated  tire  views  of 
the  royal  servants ;  yet  so  much  was  carried  into 
effect,  that  the  Cherokees  began  their  massacres, 
at  ttie  very  time  the  British  fleet  attacked  the  fort 
on  Sullivan's  island.  The  undisturbed  tranquili- 
ty, which  toott  place  in  South  Carolina  aud  the 


453 

adjacent  states,  after  the  British  had  failed  in 
their  designs  against  them,  in  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer of  1776,  gave  an  opportunity  for  carrying  war 
into  the  Indian  country.  This  was  done,  not  so 
much  to  puniidi  what  was  past,  as  to  prevent  all 
future  co-operation  between  the  Indians  and  Bri- 
tish, in  that  quarter. 

Virginia,  Nortli  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  sent  about  tlie  same  time,  a  considera- 
ble force,  which  traversed  the  Indian  settlemenis, 
burned  their  towns,  and  destroyed  their  fields  of 
corn.  Above  five  hundred  of  the  Cherokees  were 
obliged  from  the  want  of  provisions,  to  take  re- 
fuge in  Florida,  and  were  there  fed  at  the  expense 
of  the  Britisli  government.  These  unfortun'dte, 
misled  people  sued  for  peace,  in  the  most  subitris- 
sive  terms,  and  soon  afterwards  assented  ic  i 
treaty,  by  which  they  ceded  a  considerable  part  of 
tlieir  land  to  South  Carolina.  The  decision  with 
which  this  expedition  was  conducted,  intimidated 
the  Cherokees,  for  some  years  from  farther  hos- 
tilities. 

Very  din°erent  was  the  case  of  those  Indians, 
who  were  in  the  vicinity  of  the  British  posts,  and 
contiguous  to  the  frontier  of  the  northern  and  mid- 
dle Slates.  The  presents  which  they  continually 
received  from  England,  the  industry  of  the  British 
agents,  and  tlie  influence  of  a  great  number  of 
American  refugees  who  had  taken  shelter  among 
them,  operating  on  their  native  passion  for  rapine, 
excited  them  Infrequent  hostile  excursions.  Col- 
onel John  Butler,  :i  Connecticut  lory,  and  Brandt, 
a  half  Indian  by  blood,  were  tlie  principal  leaders 
of  the  savages  in  these  expeditions.  The  vast 
extent  of  frontier,  and  remote  situation  of  the  set- 
tlements, together  with  the  exact  knowledge 
which  the  refugees  possessed  of  the  country,  made 
it  practicable  for  even  small  parties  to  do  extensive 
mischief. 

A  storm  of  Indian  and  tnry  vengeance  burst  ia 
July  1778  with  particular  violence  on  Wyoming,  a 
new  and  flourishing  settlement  on  the  eastern 
branch  of  the  Susquehannah.  Unfortunately  for 
the  security  of  the  inhabitants,  the  soil  was  claimed 
both  by  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania.  From  the 
collision  of  contradictory  claims,  founded  on  royal 
chiirters.  the  laws  of  neither  were  steadily  enforced. 
In  this  remote  settlement,  wliere  government  was 
feeble,  the  lories  were  under  less  control ;  and 
could  easily  assemble  undiscovered.  Neverthe- 
less, twenty-seven  of  tliem  were  taken  and  sent  to 
Hartford,  in  Connecticut :  but  tliey  were  after- 
wards released.  These  and  others  of  the  same 
description,  instigated  by  revenge  against  the 
Americans,  from  wlioin  some  of  them  had  sufl'ered 
banishment  and  loss  of  property,  maile  a  common 
cause  with  the  Indians,  and  attacked  the  Wyoming 
settlement,  with  their  combined  forces,  estimated 
at  1100  men,  909  of  whom  were  Indians.  The 
whole  was  commanded  by  Colonel  John  Butler,  a 
Connecticut  tory.  One  of  the  forts,  which  had 
been  conslructed  for  the  security  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, being  very  weak,  surrendered  to  this  party; 
but  some  of  the  garrison  had  previously  retired  to 
the  principal  fort  at  Kingston,  called  Forty-Fort. 
Colonel  John  Butler  next  demanded  the  surrender 
thereof.  Culonel  Zebiilon  Butler,  a  continental 
oliicer,  who  commanded,  sent  a  message  to  him. 
proposing  a  conference  at  a  bridge  without  the 
fort.  Tills  being  agreed  to.  Colonel  Zebulon  But- 
ler, Dennison,  and  some  other  olTicers  repaired  to 
Iho  place  appointed  ;  and  they  were  followed  by 
the  whole  garrison,  a  few  invalids  excepted. 
None  of  the  enemy  appeared.  The  Wyominn; 
people  advanced,  and  supposed,  that  the  tneniy 
were  retiiing.  They  continued  to  march  on,  till 
they  were  about  three  miles  from  the  fort.  They 
tlien  saw  a  few  of  the  enemy,  with  whom  they  ex- 
changed some  shot ;  but  they  presently  found  them 
selves  ambuscaded,  and  attaokei]  by  the  whole  body 
of  Indians  and  lories.  Tiiey  fought  gallantly,  till 
their  retreat  to  the  fort  wag  cut  off.  Universal 
confusion  ensued.  Of  417,  who  had  inarched  out 
of  the  fort,  about  360  were  inalanlly  slaiu.  No 
quarters  were  given.    Colonel  Joba  Butler  again 


4se 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


iein»n(tc(l  llie  surrender  of  Forl;-F(>rt.  This  wns 
njireed  to,  under  articles  of  enpitulation, by  wliicli 
tlie  I'lVt'Clsof  the  people  lliorein  were  to  hesenireil 
to  liifin.  The  giirrisiin,  consislin<!  of  thirty  men 
nnd  two  hundred  women,  were  pcrniitled  ici  cross 
the  •Sii'<queliann:ih,  and  retreat  tiiron!;h  the  woods 
to  Northampton  con-  tv.  The  most  ol'  the  scat- 
tered settlers  had  prewoi.. sly  retired,  soinetlirouah 
the  woods  to  Northampton,  others  down  the  river 
to  Ncnllmmhcrliind.  In  this  retreat,  some  women 
w(Me  delivered  ol'  children  in  the  woods,  and  many 
siill'ered  iVoni  want  of  provisions.  (Several  ol'the 
settlers  at  Wyominj;  had  erected  good  houses  and 
hnrns,  and  made  very  considerable  improvements. 
These  and  the  other  liouses  in  the  vicinity,  were 
destroyed.  Their  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  hof.'s, 
were  lor  the  most  part  killed,  or  driven  away  by 
the  enemy. 

A  larce  proportion  of  the  male  inhabitants,  were, 
in  one  day,  slaughtered.  In  a  single  ensagement, 
near  200  women  were  made  widows,  and  a  miicli 
greater  number  of  children  were  left  fatlieiless. 

Soon  after  the  destruction  of  the  Wyoming  set- 
tlement, an  expedition  was  carried  on  against  the 
Indians,  by  Colonel  Ihitlerofthe  I'ennsylvania 
troops.  He  and  his  paity  having  gained  the  iieiiil 
of  the  Delaware,  Oct.  Isi.  marclieil  down  the  river 
for  two  days,  and  then  struck  across  the  coimtry  lo 
the  Snsquehannali.  They  burnt  or  ilesi  toyed  the  In- 
dian villages,  both  in  that  quarter,  anil  the  other  set- 
tlements: butthcinhabitanlsescaped.  The  destruc- 
tion was  extended  for  several  miles,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Susquehannah.  The  dilliculties  which  Co- 
lonel Butler's  men  encountered,  In  tliis  expedition, 
were  uncommonly  great.  They  were  obliged  to 
carry  provisions  on  their  backs,  and  thus  loaded, 
frequently  to  wade  through  creeks  and  rivers.  Al- 
ter the  toil  of  a  hard  march  they  were  obliged  to 
endure  chilly  nights,  and  heavy  tains,  without  even 
the  means  of  keeping  their  arms  dry.  They  com- 
pleted the  expedition  in  sixteen  days.  About  four 
weeks  after  Colonel  Butler's  return,  some  hundreds 
of  Indians,  a  large  body  of  tories,  and  about  fifty 
regulars  entered  Cherry  Valley,  within  the  stale 
of  New  York.  They  made  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt on  Fort  Alden;  but  they  killed  and  scalped 
tliirty-two  of  the  inhabitants,  mostly  women  and 
children  ;  and  also  Colonel  Alden  and  ten  soldiers. 

An  expedition  which  was  to  liave  taken  place 
under  Henry  Hamilton,  lieutenant  governor 
of  Detroit,  fortunately  for  the  Virginia  back  set- 
tlers, against  whom  it  was  piiiicipally  directed, 
fell  through  in  consequence  of  the  spirited  con- 
duct of  Colonel  Clarke.  The  object  of  the  expe- 
dition was  extensive,  and  many  Indians  were  en- 
gaged in  it.  Hamilton  took  post  at  St.  Vinceniies, 
in  the  winter,  to  have  all  things  in  readiness,  for 
invading  the  American  setllemenis,  as  soon  as  the 
season  ot  the  year  woubl  permit,  Clarke,  on 
hearing  that  Hamilton  had  weakeneil  hiniself,  by 
sending  away  a  considerable  part  of  his  Indians, 
against  the  Ironiier  seiners,  formed  the  resolution 
of  attacking  liiin,  as  the  best  expedient  for  pre- 
venting the  niiscliiefs  which  were  designed  against 
his  country.  After  s^urmounting  many  diiricullles, 
he  arrived  with  130  men,  unexpectedly  at  St. 
Vincennes. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  town  immediately  si;r- 
rcndered  on  the  23d  Feb.  1779,  lo  the  Ameri- 
cans; and  assisted  them  ii<  taking  the  foit.  The 
next  day,  l)aiii'!;on.  ".ith  'he  garrison,  were  made 
prise' '^  ■  .  .  r,  jn  articles  of  capitulation. 
f"    tti ,  -^r  I'lal  a  convoy  of  British  goods 

1'  I'.  .  c,  ..  T  ,>i;  Its  way  from  Detroit,  de- 
•  •.     '      .f.v^     '  men,  which  met  them,  and 

■     iii'jl     •■       ,uli-      By  this  well-conducted 
■■<•>■     )'.      .    ' '.imilliHi,  his  intended  ex- 
J<i.w')l.    .  '  '  .le  bud.     Colonel  Clarke 

«ran«nii  ■         ■  -il  of  Virginia,  letters  and 

papers,  rehiiiog  to  ijieiiienant  (iovernor  Hamilton, 
Philip  de  Jean,  justice  of  peace  for  Detroit,  and 
William  Ivamothr,  captain  of  volunteers,  whom  he 
li»d  made  prisoners.  The  board  reported,  that 
Hamilton  had  incited  the  Indians  to  perpetrate  their 
nccusloined  cruelties,  oo  the  defenceless  inhabit- 


ants of  the  United  Slates;  had  sent  considerable 
detachments  of  Indians  against  the  frontiers;  Inul 
appointed  a  great  council  of  theiii,  to  meet  him 
mid  concert  the  operations  of  the  ensuing  cam 
paign;  had  given  standing  rewards  fur  scalps 
and  had  Heated  American  prisoners  with  cruelly 
They  also  reported,  that  De  Jean  was  the  williog 
and  corillal  instruineiil  of  Hamil:iH) ;  and  that  La 
moihe  was  captain  of  the  volunteer  scalping  parties 
of  Indians  and  tories,  who  went  out,  from  lime  to 
time,  under  general  oiders  to  spare  neither  men, 
women,  nor  children.  They  therefore  consider- 
ing them  as  fit  objects,  on  whom  to  begin  the  work 
of  retaliation,  advised  the  governor  to  put  them  in 
Irons;  confine  them  in  the  dungeon  of  the  public 
jail;  debar  them  the  use  of  pen,  ink  and  paper; 
and  exclude  them  from  all  converse,  except  with 
their  keeper. 

Colonel  (joone  Van  Sliaick,  wiih  fifty-five  men, 
marched  fioin  fort  Schuyler  lo  the  Onondaga  set- 
tlements, and  on  the  li)lh  of  .\pril,  burned  tin; 
whole,  consisting  of  aboi.t  fifiy  houses,  together 
with  a  large  quantity  of  provisions.  Horses,  and 
stock  of  every  kiinl,  were  killed.  The  arms  and 
amnnilion  of  the  Indians  were  either  destroyed 
Ol'  btouuht  ofl,  and  their  setllemenis  were  laid 
waste.  Twelve  Indians  were  killed,  and  tliiriy- 
fonr  made  prisoners.  This  expeilitiun  was  per- 
formed in  less  than  six  days,  and  wiihout  the  loss 
of  a  single  man. 

In  this  manner,  the  savage  part  of  the  war  was 
carried  on  In  America.  Waste,  and  souielimes 
cruelly,  were  iiiMlcled  and  reloiieil,  with  infinite 
variety  of  scenes  of  honor  and  disgust.  The  sel- 
fish passions  of  huiiiau  nature,  iiniestrained  In 
social  lies,  broke  over  all  bounds  o''  decency  or 
humanity.  The  American  reliiizees,  who  had  lied 
to  the  western  wilderness,  indulged  their  passion 
for  rapine  by  assuming  ihe  colour  and  dress  of 
Indians.  At  otiiet  times,  they  acted  as  guides. 
and  conducted  ihese  nieit  iless  ravagers  into  such 
sclllenicnts,  as  alVnriled  the  most  valuable  booty, 
and  the  faiiest  prospect  of  escape,  'i'lie  savages, 
encouraged  by  British  presents  and  agents,  and 
led  on  by  Anierican  refugees  well  acqnainleil  with 
the  country,  and  who  cloaked  Ihe  most  consnin- 
mate  villany  under  the  specious  name  of  loyally, 
extended  their  depredations  and  miirdeis  far  and 
near. 

A  parlicnlar  detail  of  the  deveslalinn  of  proper- 
ty; of  the  distress  of  numbers,  who  escaped  only 
by  fleeing  lo  the  woods,  where  they  subsisted, 
without  covering  on  the  spontaneous  productions 
of  the  earth  ;  and  of  Ihe  barbarous  iiiunleis  which 
were  commitled  on  persons  of  every  age  and  sex, 
would  be  siilTicient  to  fill  every  liieast  with  horror. 

In  suni'.y  expeditions,  which  had  been  cariied 
on  again  (the  Indians,  ample  vengeance  had  been 
taken  on  some  of  them  ;  but  these  partial  snccesses 
produced  no  lasting  benefit.  The  lew  who  escaped, 
had  it  in  their  power  to  make  thousands  miserable. 
For  the  permanent  seem  ity  oliho  iVonlicr  inhabi- 
tants, it  was  resolved,  in  llie  year  17(0,  to  carry 
a  decisive  expedition  into  the  Indian  couniiy.  A 
considerable  body  of  contineiiial  troops  were  select- 
ed fortius  purpose,  and  put  under  the  command  of 
General  Sullivan. 

The  Indians  who  form  Ihe  confederacy  of  the 
six  nations,  commonly  called  the  Alohawks,  were 
Ihe  objects  of  this  expedition.  They  inhabit  tlial 
immense  and  fertile  tract  of  country,  which  lies 
between  New  Kngland,  the  middle  states,  and  the 
province  of  ('anada.  They  had  been  advised  by 
(.'ongress,  and  they  had  promised,  to  observe  a 
neutrality  in  the  war  ;  but  they  soon  departed  from 
this  line  of  conduct.  The  Oneidas  and  a  few 
others  were  friends  lo  the  Americans;  but  a  great 
majority '.ook  part  decidedly  against  them.  Over- 
come bMlie  presents  and  promises  of  Sir  John! 
Johnston  and  other  British  agents,  and  by  their 
own  native  appe'l.e  for  depiedaiion,  they  invaded 
llie  frontiers,  carrying  slaughter  and  devastation 
wherever  they  went.  From  the  vicinity  of  their 
settlements,  to  Ihe  inhabited  parts  of  the  United 
tStates,  they  facllitaled  the  inroads  of  the  more  re-  j 


mote  Indians.  Much  was  therefore  expected  from 
their  expulsion.  When  General  Sullivan  was  on 
his  way  lo  the  Indian  country,  he  was  julneil  by 
the  American  general,  Clinion,  willi  iipnaids  of 
lUOO  men.  The  latter  made  his  way  down  the. 
Susquehannah,  by  a  singular  contrivance.  Thii 
sireain  of  water  in  that  river  was  loo  lo  to  llnai 
his  balteuiix.  To  remedy  this  inconveii  iice,  he 
raised  wiili  great  i'ldiisiry,  a  dam  acioss  the  iiiuiiili 
of  the  lake  Otsego,  which  is  one  of  the  soutiesiif 
the  river  .Susquehannah.  The  lake,  being  con- 
stantly supplied  by  springs,  soon  rose  lo  iheheiulit 
of  the  dam.  General  Clinton  having  got  his  bat- 
teaux  ready,  opened  a  passage  ihrongh  the  dani 
for  Ihe  water  to  (low.  Tills  raised  tlio  river  so 
high,  that  he  was  enabled  to  embark  all  his  Itoops, 
and  to  float  them  down  to  Tioga.  By  this  exer- 
tion they  soon  joined  Sullivan. 

The  Indians,  on  liearing  of  the  expedition  pro- 
jected against  them,  acted  with  firmness.  They 
collected  their  sireniiih,  look  possession  of  piiiper 
uroiinil,  and  fortified  it  with  judgment.  Gei,,-i.il 
.Sullivan,  on  the  2'Jlh  August  attacked  lliem  in  iheir 
works.  They  had  a  cannonade  for  more  than 
two  hours;  but  then  gave  way.  This  eiigai;e- 
iiient  proved  ilecisive.  After  Ihe  trenches  were 
forced,  the  Ind>ans  lied  wiihout  making  any  alteiiipl 
lo  rally.  The  consternation  occasioned  among 
lliein  by  this  defeat  was  so  great,  thai  they  uiub 
up  all  ideas  of  farther  lesislance.  As  the  Aineri- 
eans  advanced  into  their  seitlemenls,  ihe  Indians 
retreated  before  llieni,  wiihout  throwing  any  ob- 
structions in  their  nay.  (ieneral  .Sullivan  pene- 
iraled  into  the  heart  of  the  ciiuntiy  inhabiteil  by 
the  Aloliawks,  and  spread  desolation  every  where. 
Many  setllemenis  in  the  form  of  towns  weie  de- 
stroyed All  their  fields  of  corn,  and  whatever 
was  in  a  slate  of  ciihivatinu  underwent  the  same 
fate.  .Scarcely  any  tiling  in  the  form  of  a  house 
was  left  standing,  nor  was  an  Indian  to  be  seen. 
To  the  surprise  of  the  .\mericaus,  they  found  tho 
lands  about  the  Indian  towns  well  ciihivaled,  and 
their  houses  both  large  and  commodious.  Tho 
qiianiity  of  corn  destroyed  was  immense.  Or- 
cliaids,  in  which  were  several  liiindred  liiiit  trees, 
were  cut  down  ;  and  of  them  many  appeared  to 
have  been  planleil  fur  a  long  series  of  years.  Their 
<;ardens,  replenished  wiih  a  variety  of  useful  vege- 
tables, weie  laid  waste.  The  Americans  were  so 
full  of  reseniment  against  the  Indians,  for  tho 
many  outrages  they  had  suliered  from  them, 
and  so  bent  on  making  the  expedition  decisive, 
that  the  officers  and  soldiers  cheerfully  agreed 
to  remain,  till  they  had  fully  eompleleil  Ihe  de- 
struction of  the  settlement.  The  supplies  obtained 
in  the  country  lessened  the  inconvenience  of  short 
rations.  The  ears  of  corn  were  so  remarkably 
large,  that  many  of  them  measured  twenly-tno 
inches  in  length.  Necessity  susgested  a  novel 
expedient  for  pulverizing  the  grains  theieof.  'I'hh 
soldiers  perforated  a  few  of  their  camp-kettles  with 
bayonets.  The  protrusions  occasioned  thereby 
fiirmed  a  rough  surface,  and,  by  rubbing  the  ears 
of  corn  thereon,  a  coarse  meal  was  produced,  which 
was  easily  converted   into  agreeable  nourishment. 

The  Indians,  by  this  decisive  expedition,  being 
made  to  feel,  in  the  most  sensible  manner,  those 
calamities  they  were  wont  to  inflict  on  others,  be- 
came cautious  and  timid.  ThesiiireiiniistliFy  had 
undergone,  and  the  dread  of  a  repeliiion  of  them, 
incase  of  their  provoking  the  reseniment  of  ilie 
Americans,  damped  theiirdourof  their  warriors  lor 
making  Incursions  into  the  .\metiean  seitlemenls. 
The  frontiers,  though  not  restored  to  perfect  tran- 
quility, experienced  an  exemption  I'loni  a  great 
proportion  of  t)ie  calamities,  in  which  they  had  been 
lately  Involved. 

Though  these  good  consequences  resulted  finin 
this  expedition  ;  yet,  before  its  termination,  several 
detached  parlies  of  Indians  distressed  di(Ter«'ni  sei- 
tlemenls in  the  United  .Slates.  A  parly  of  sixty  In- 
dians, and  twenty-seven  while  men,  under  Hiaiuli, 
attacked  the  Minisink  sell  lenient  on  ihe-JSil  Jnlv, 
and  burnt  ten  houses,  twelve  barns,  a  fort  and  inn 
mills ;  and  carried  oO'  much  plunder,  together  with 


m 


creCore  expecled  froin 
leral  Siilliv;in  wiis  on 
ly,  lie  WHS  jdiiii'd  by 
iciii,  wjlli  ii|>»':ii(l.s  iif 
le  Ilia  wiiy  dnwii  ilie 
ir  coiilnviiiice.  'I'liit 
r  w;i9  too  III  to  (liiiii 
lis  iiiiiiiiiveii  iii:e,  li<i 
liiiii  iieiiiss  llie  iiiiiiilli 
one  111'  llie  Sdiirri'M  ipl" 
.Mm  liikc,  Iji'iii^  roii- 
loi)  ruse  to  the  lieii:ii( 
III  linving  got  Ills  iKit- 
it;e  iliiiiiii:li  the  ilmn 
is  rniseil  tlio  river  so 
;ml>nrk  :ill  Ills  troops, 
'ioga.  By  this  exef- 
n. 

f  the  expeililion  pro- 
»ilh  firmness.  Tliey 
possession  of  pioper 
jiKt^iiient.  (iei.vM.il 
illiiekeil  them  in  their 
mule  fur  mure  ilmn 
>viiy.  'I'liis  enijiine- 
r  the  treiielies  were 
It  iiKikhi;;  iiiiv  iilieiiipt 

I  oec'iisioned  :iiiioii<* 
'jreiit,  I  lint  they  u;ua 
lice.  As  tlie  Aiiieri- 
lleiiients,  the  Iiidi;ins 
lit  tlirowiiij'  iiiiy  oh- 
iieiiil  Siilllviiii  peiiB- 
coiinliy  iiiliiiliiled  by 
Boliition  every  where. 

II  of  towns  weie  de- 
corn,    iind  nliiitever 

underwent  the  8;iiiio 
the  form  of  ii  hiuise 
n  Indlnii  to  be  seen, 
ciins,  they  found  llio 
1  well  ciil'iivated,  iind 

cominodions.  Tlio 
was   imniense.     Or- 

liiindreil  liiiit  trees, 
in  many  iippeareil  to 
eriea  of  years.  Their 
ariely  of  useful  vei/e- 
!  Americans  were  so 
le  Indians,  for  iho 
ullered    from   them, 

expedition  decisive, 
s  cheerfully  agreed 
y  completed  the  de- 
"he  supplies  obtained 
convenience  of  short 
were  so  remarkably 
ensured  twenty-two 
'  suagested  a  novel 
iraiiis  thereof.  'I'lm 
eir  camp-kettles  Willi 
occasioned    thereby 

by  rubbing  the  ears 
was  produced,  which 
eeable  nourishment, 
ve  expedition,  beins; 
isible  manner,  those 
inflict  on  olliers,  be- 
esu(lerini;sthfy  had 
a  repetition  of  them, 
e  resentment  of  the 
rof  their  warriors  (or 
iierican  settlements, 
nred  to  perfect  tran- 
iption  fiom  a  great 
which  they  had  been 

lences  resulted  from 
termination,  several 
tressed  dill'erent  sel- 
A  party  of  sixty  lu- 
men, under  Hiainli, 
;iit  nu  ihe'JSd  .Inly, 
nrns,  a  fort  and  two 
inder,  together  witi) 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


457 


Beveral  prisoners.  The  militia  from  (toslien  and 
the  vicinity,  to  the  amount  of  119,  collect-d  and 
pursued  them  ;  but  with  so  little  caution,  that  they 
were  surprised  and  defeated.  About  this  time 
(ieneral  Williamson  and  Colonel  I'ickeiis,  both  of 
.South  Carolina,  entered  the  Indian  country,  adja- 
cent to  the  frontier oftheii  stale,  August  22d,  1779, 
burned  and  destroyed  the  corn  of  eight  towns,  and 
insisted  upon  the  Indians  removing  iiiiiiiedialely 
from  their  late  habitations,  into  more  reuiute  settle- 
ments. 

Ill  the  same  month.  Colonel  Broadhead  engaged 
in  a  successful  expedition  against  the  Mingo,  Mun- 
sey,  and  Seneca  Indians.  He  left  Pittsburgh  with 
(iOii  men,  and  was  gone  five  weeks  ;  in  which  time, 
lie  penetrated  200  miles  from  the  fon,aiid  deslroyeil 
a  number  of  Indian  huts  and  five  hundred  acres  of 
corn. 

The  state  of  New  York  continued  to  siilfer  in  its 
frontier,  from  Indians  and  their  toiy  associates. 
These  burnt  fifty  houses,  and  forty-seven  barns, 
the  principal  part  of  Canijohary,  a  fine  settle- 
ment about  50  miles  from  Albany.  They  also  des- 
troyed twenty-seven  houses  at  Schoharie,  August, 
17bO,  and  Iweiily  at  Norman's  creek.  In  about 
two  months  afte:  >vards,  they  made  a  second  iriiip- 
tion,  and  attackeil  Stone  Arabia,  Caiiasniraga  and 
Schoharie.  At  the  same  time,  they  laid  waste  a 
great  extent  of  country  about  the  Mohawk  river, 
kille<l  a  number  of  the  settleis,  and  made  many 
prisoners. 

The  Cherokee  Indians,  having  forgotten  the  con- 
sequences of  provoking  the  Americans  to  invade 
their  settlements,  in  tiie  year  177G,  made  an  in- 
cursion into  Ninety-Six  district,  in  .South  Carolina, 
massacred  some  families,  anil  burned  seveial  limi- 
Bes.  Ueneral  Pickens,  in  17S1,  collected  a  party 
of  the  militia,  and  penetrated  into  their  country. 
This  he  accomplished  in  fourteen  days,  at  the  head 
of  391  hoiseiiieii.  In  that  short  space,  he  burned 
ihirteen  towns  and  villages,  killed  upwards  of  lorty 
Indiiins,  and  took  a  number  of  prisoners.  Not  one 
of  his  party  was  killed,  and  only  two  were  wound- 
ed. None  of  the  expeditious  against  the  Cliero- 
kecs  had  been  so  rapid  and  decisive  as  this.  The 
Americans  did  not  expend  three  rounds  of  ammu- 
nition, and  yet  only  three  Indians  escaped, after  hav- 
ing been  once  seen.  On  this  occasion  a  new  and  suc- 
cessful mode  of  fighting  them  was  introduced.  The 
American  militia  rushed  forward  on  horseback, and 
ch  irged  the  Indiiiiis  with  drawn  swords.  The 
vanquished  Cherokees  again  sueil  for  peace,  in  the 
niost  submissive  terms,  and  obtained  it  ;  bin  not  till 
'hey  had  promised,  that  instead  of  listening  to  the 
advice  of  the  loyalists,  instigating  them  to  war. 
;hey  would  deliver,  to  the  aulhority  of  the  stale  of 
South  Carolina,  all  who  should  visit  them  on  ihat 
errand. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  war.  in  1783,  thete  was 
a  baibarous  and  unprovoked  massacre  of  some 
civilized  Indians,  who  had  been  settled  near  the 
Muskinguiii.  These,  iiiid'-r  the  iulluence  of  some 
pious  missionaries  of  llie  Moravi  in  persuasion, 
had  been  formed  into  some  degree  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious order.  They  abhorred  war,  and  would  take 
no  part  therein,  giving  for  reason  that,  "  the  (ireat 
Being  did  not  make  men  to  destroy  men  ;  but  to 
love  and  assist  each  other."  Kioni  a  love  of  peace, 
they  advised  those  of  their  own  colour,  who 
were  bent  on  war,  to  deoipt  from  it.  They  were 
also  led  from  humanity,  to  inform  the  white  people 
of  their  danger,  when  they  knew  that  their  settle- 
ments were  about  to  be  invaded.  This  provoked 
the  hostile  Indians  tosiicha  degree,  Ihattliey  car- 
ried those  pacific  people  quite  away  froin  -Muskin- 
gum, to  a  bank  of  Sandusky  Creek.  They,  finding 
corn  dear  and  scarce  in  their  new  habitations,  ob- 
tained liberty  to  como  back,  in  the  fall  of  the  same 
year,  to  Muskingum,  that  they  might  collect  the 
crops  they  had  planted  before  their  removal. 

When  the  white  people,  at  and  near  .Mononga- 
licla,  heard  lhat  a  number  nl'  Indians  were  at  the 
Jloravian  towns,  on  the  Muskingum,  they  gave 
out  that  their  intentions  were  hostile.  Without 
uny  farther  inquiry,  160  of  them  croued  '.he  Ohio, 


and  put  to  death  these  harmless,  inolfensive  peo 
pie,  though  they  made  no  resistance.  In  confor 
iiiity  to  their  relii:lous  principles,  these  .^loravians 
jiatieiitly  submiltrd  to  their  hard  late,  wilhout  ai- 
tumpting  to  destroy  their  inurderers.  Upwards  of 
ninety  of  this  pacilic  race  were  killed  by  men, 
who,  while  they  called  iliciiisclvesCliristians;were 
more  deserving  of  llie  name  of  savages,  than  those 
whom  tliey  iiiliuuianly  iiiiirdeied. 

•Soon  after  this  niiprovida'd  massacre,  a  party 
of  Americans  sel  out  for  Sandusky,  to  destroy  the 
Indian  towns  in  that  part;  but  the  Ueluwares, 
Wyandots,  and  other  Indians  opposed  tlietii.  An 
engagement  ensued,  in  which  some  of  the  white 
people  were  killed,  and  several  were  taken  pris- 
oners. Among  the  latter  weie  Colonel  Crawford, 
and  his  souinlaw.  The  colonel  was  sacrificed 
to  the  manes  of  those  Indians,  who  were  massa- 
cred at  the  Moravian  towns.  The  other  prisoners 
were  put  to  death  with  the  tomahawk. 

Throughout  the  American  war,  the  desolation 
brought  by  the  Indians,  on  the  frontier  settlements 
of  tliu  United  Slates,  and  on  the  Indians  by  the 
.Vmericans,  was  sullicient  to  excite  compassion  in 
the  most  obdurate  hearts. 

Not  only  men  and  warriors,  but  women  and  chil- 
dren, were  indiscriminately  miiidered,  while  whole 
seltlemenls  were  involved  in  pioinisciioiis  desola- 
tion. Kach  was  made  a  scoiirae  to  the  other; 
and  the  iinavoiilalile  calamities  ol  war  were  ren- 
dered doubly  disiressiiig,  by  the  dispersion  of 
families, the  breaking  up  of  settlements,  anil  an 
addilion  of  savage  cruelties,  to  the  most  exten- 
sive devastation  of  those  things,  which  conduce  to 
the  comfurtof  huiuaii  life. 


CHAPTER     IX. 

Cninpaign  of  1730  in  tlic  Soutlioru  States. 

The  successful  defence  of  Savannah,  together 
wilh  tliesiibscqiiem  departure  of  Count  D'Estaign, 
fiom  the  coast  of  the  United  Slates,  [1780]  soon 
dissipated  all  apprehensions,  previously  entertain- 
ed for  the  safely  of  New  York.  These  circum- 
stances pointed  out  to  Sir  Ileniy  Clinton,  the  pio- 
priety  of  renewing  oli'ensive  operations.  Having 
ell'ected  nothing  of  importance,  for  the  two  pre- 
ceding campaigns,  lie  turned  his  atlenlion  suuth- 
waiilly,  and  regaled  himself  with  flattering  pros- 
pects of  easy  conquest,  among  the  weaker  states. 
Tlie  suitableness  of  the  climate  for  winter  opera- 
tions, the  richness  of  the  country,  and  its  distance 
from  support,  designated  South  Carolina  as  a  pro- 
per oliject  of  enterprise.  No  sooner,  therefore, 
was  the  departure  of  the  French  fleet  known,  that 
Sir  Henry  Clinton  committed  the  command  of  the 
royal  army,  in  New  York,  to  Lieutenant  General 
Kniphausen,  and  embarked  for  the  southward  with 
four  Hank  battalions,  twelve  regiments,  and  a  corps, 
British,  Hessian  and  provincial,  a  powerful  de- 
tachment of  artillery,  '.I'M  cavalry,  together  with 
an  ample  supply  of  miliiary  stores  and  provisions. 
Vice-admiral  Aibiithiiot,  with  a  suitable  naval 
force,  undertook  to  convey  the  troops  to  the  place 
of  their  destination.  .M'tera  tedious  and  daiigi'r- 
ous  passage,  in  which  part  of  tlieirordnance,  most 
of  their  artillery,  and  all  their  cavalry  horses  were 
lost,  the  fleet  arrived  at  Tyliee  in  (Jeorgia,  Jan. 
31,  1780.  In  a  few  days,  the  transports,  with  the 
army  on  board,  sailed  from  Savannah,  for  North- 
Edisto.  After  a  short  passage,  on  the  1th  of  Feb- 
ruary, the  troops  made  good  their  landing,  about 
thirty  miles  from  Charleston,  and  took  possession 
of.)iihn's  Island  and  .Stono  ferry ;  and  soon  after- 
wards of  James  Island,  and  Wappoo-cut.  A  bridge 
was  thrown  ovei*  the  canal,  ami  part  of  the  royal 
army  took  post  on  the  banks  of  Ashley  river,  op- 
posite to  CMiarleston. 

The  assembly  of  the  state  was  sitting  when  the 
British  landed;  but  broke  up  after  "delegating  to 
UovernorRutledge,  and  such  of  his  council,  as  he 
could  couvcuienily  consult,  a  power  to  do  every 


thing  necessary  for  llie  public  good,  except  taking 
away  the  life  of  a  citi/.en,  wilhout  a  legal  trial." 
The  governor  immediately  ordered  the  militia  to 
rendezvous.  Though  the  necessity  was  great,  few 
obeyed  the  pressing  call.  A  proclamation  was 
issued  by  the  governor,  under  his  extraordinary 
powers,  requiring  such  of  the  militia,  as  were  regu- 
larly dialled,  and  all  the  Inhabitants  and  owners 
of  propeity  in  the  town,  to  repair  to  the  American 
standard,  and  join  the  garrison  immediately,  uiidei 
pain  of  confiscation. 

The  tedious  passage,  from  New  York  toTybee, 
gave  the  Americans  time  to  fortify  Charleston. 
This,  together  with  the  losses,  which  the  royal 
army  hud  sustained,  in  the  late  tempestuous  wea- 
ther, induced  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  despatch  an  or- 
der to  New  York,  for  reinforcements  of  men  and 
stores.  He  also  directed  Major  Ueneral  Prevost, 
to  send  on  to  him  twelve  hunilred  men,  from  the 
garrison  of  Savannah.  Brigailier  (Jeneral  Patter- 
son, at  the  head  of  this  detachmeni,  made  his  way 
good  over  the  Savannah,  and  through  the  inter- 
mediate country  ;  and,  soon  afterwards  joined  Sir 
Henry  Clinton,  near  the  banks  of  .\sliley  river. 
The  royal  forces,  without  delay,  proceeded  to  tho 
siei;e.  At  Wappoo  on  James  Island,  .hey  formed 
ilepot,  ,'\Iarch39,  and  erected  foitificatioiis,  both 
on  that  island  and  on  the  main,  opposite  to  the 
southern  and  western  extremilies  of  Charleston. 
.\ii  advanced  party  crossed  Ashley  river,  and  soon 
afterwards  broke  ground,  at  the  distance  of  eleven 
hundred  yards  from  the  American  works.  At  suc- 
cessive periods,  they  elected  five  batteries  on 
Charleston  neck.  Tlie  garrison  was  equally  assi- 
duous, in  preparing  for  lis  defence.  The  works, 
which  had  been  previously  blown  u|),  were  sirength- 
eiied  and  extended.  Lines  and  reiloiibts  were  con- 
tinued across,  from  Cooper  to  Ashley  river.  In 
rout  of  the  whole,  was  a  strong  abbaiis,  and  a  wet 
ditch,  made  by  passing  a  canal  from  the  heads  of 
swamps,  which  run  in  opposite  directions.  Be- 
tween the  abbatis  and  the  lines,  deep  holes  were 
dug  at  short  intervals.  The  lines  were  made  par- 
ticularly strong,  on  the  right  and  left,  and  socou- 
structed,  as  to  rake  the  wet  dilcli,  in  almost  its 
»  hole  extent.  To  secure  the  centre,  a  horn-work 
had  been  erected,  which,  beiug  closed  during  the 
siege,  formed  a  kind  of  citadel.  Works  were  also 
thrown  up  on  all  sides  of  the  town,  where  a  land- 
ing was  practicable.  Though  the  lines  were  no 
more  than  field-works,  yet  .Sir  Ileniy  Clinton 
treated  them  with  the  respectful  homage  of  tlireo 
parallels.  From  the  3d  to  the  10th  of  .\pril,  the 
first  parallel  was  completed  ;  and,  iiriiiiediately 
afterwards,  the  town  was  siiinmoned  to  surrender. 
On  the  12th,  the  batteries  were  opened,  and.  from 
that  day,  an  almost  incessant  fire  was  kept  up, 
.\bouttlie  time  the  batteries  weie  opened,  a  work 
was  thrown  up,  near  Wando  river,  nine  miles  froiiv 
town  ;  and  another,  at  Leinpriere's  point,  to  pre- 
serve the  commuiiication  with  the  country  by  wa- 
ter. X  post  was  also  ordcicd  at  a  feiiy  over  the. 
Santee,  to  t'avour  the  coming  in  of  reiiitorcements, 
or  the  retreat  of  the  garrison  when  necessary. 
The  British  marine  force,  consisting  of  one  ship 
of  fifty  guns,  two  offorly-foiir  uuns,  fiiurof  thirty- 
two,  and  the  Sandwich  armed  ship,  crossed  the 
bar  in  front  of  Kebellioii  road,  anil  anchored  in  Fivo 
Fathom  Hole.  The  .\iiierican  force,  opposed  to 
this,  was  the  Brieole,  which,  though  piercwl  for 
forty-four  guns,  did  not  mount  half  of  that  number, 
two  of  ihircy-two  guns,  one  of  twenty-eight,  two 
nf  twenty-six,  two  of  twenty,  and  the  brig  Notre 
Dame  of  sixteen  guns.  The  first  obje'itof  its  com- 
mander. Commodore  Whipple,  was  to  prevent  ad- 
miral Arbulhnot  from  crossing  the  bar;  but,  on 
farther  examination,  this  was  found  to  be  imprac- 
ticable. He  therefore  fell  back  to  Fort  Moultrie, 
and  afterwards  to  Charleston.  The  crews  and 
guns  of  all  his  vessels,  except  one,  were  put  on 
shore  to  reinforce  the  batteries. 

Admiral  Arbuthnot,  on  the  9th  of  April,  weighed 
anchor,  at  Five  Fathom  Hole;  and,  with  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  strong  southerly  wind,  and  (lowing 
tide,  passed   Fort  Moultrie,  without  slopping  lu 


408 


UNITED    STATKS. 


h  ! 


■    ^ 


•ngige  it ;  and  unchnreil  near  the  remains  of  Kurt 
Johnson.  Culonel  Pinckney,  whocomniantleU  iin 
Sullivan's  loanil,  kept  up  a  brisk  and  well-directed 
firs,  on  the  ships  in  their  passage.  To  prevent 
the  royal  armed  vessels,  Trom  runnmg  into  Coo|)cr 
river,  eleven  vessels  were  sunk  in  the  channel, 
opposite  to  the  exchange.  The  batteries  o(  the 
besiegers  soon  obtained  a  su|)Crioriiy  over  those 
of  the  town.  The  former  hud  twenty-one  mor- 
tars and  royals;  the  latter  only  two.  The  regu- 
lar force  in  the  garrison,  was  much  Inferior  to 
tint  of  the  besiegers.  Few  of  the  militia  could 
be  |)ersuaded  to  leave  their  plantations,  and  tein- 
force  i.ieir  brethren  in  the  capital.  A  camp  was 
formed  at  Monk's  corner,  to  keep  up  the  commu- 
nication between  the  town  and  country ;  and  the 
militia  without  the  lines,  were  requested  to  ren- 
dezvous there  ;  but  this  was  surprised,  imd  routed 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarleton.  The  British 
having  now  less  to  feiir,  extended  themselves  lollie 
eastward  of  Cooper  river.  Two  hundred  and  (ifiy 
horse,  and  600  infantry  were  detached  on  this  ser- 
vice, Aptil  16 ;  but  nevertheless,  the  weak  slate 
of  the  garrison  made  it  improper  to  detach  a  num- 
ber sufficient  to  alluck  that  small  force. 

About  this  time,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  received  a 
reinforcement  of  3000  men,  from  New  Vork.  A 
council  of  war  agreed  that  "  u  retreat  would  be 
Dilcnded  with  many  distressing  inconveniences,  if 
not  altogether  impracticable  ;"  and  advised,  *'that 
offers  of  capitulation,  before  their  alTalrs  became 
more  critical,  should  be  made  to  General  Clinton, 
which  might  admit  of  the  army's  withdrawing,  and 
afford  security  to  ihe  persons  und  properly  of  the 
Inhabitanls."  These  terms,  being  proposed,  were 
instantly  rejected ;  but  the  garrison  adhered  In 
them,  in  hopes  that  succours  would  arrive  from 
the  neigbouring  stales.  The  bare  offer  of  ca- 
pilulaling  dispirited  the  garrison;  but  they  con- 
tinued to  resist,  in  expectation  of  favourable  events. 
The  British  speedily  completed  the  inveslilure  of 
Ihe  town,  both  by  land  und  water.  After  Admiral 
Arbulhnot  had  passed  Sullivan's  Island,  Culonel 
Pinckney,  and  160  of  the  men  under  his  command, 
were  withdrawn  from  that  |)08t  to  Charleston, 
The  fort  on  the  island  was  surrendered  on  the  6lh 
of  May,  without  oppoaiiion,  to  Captain  Uudsun  of 
the  royal  navy.  On  ihe  same  duy,  the  remains 
of  the  American  cavalry  which  escaped  from  the 
late  surprise  at  Monk's  corner,  were  again  surprised 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarlelon,  at  Laneau's  ferry, 
on  Saniee  ;  and  the  whole  were  either  killed,  cap- 
tured, or  dispersed.  While  every  thing  prospered 
with  the  British,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  began  a  cor- 
respondence with  Ccncral  Lincoln,  and  renewed 
his  former  offers  lo  the  garrison,  in  case  of  theit 
surrender.  Lincoln  was  disposed  lo  close  with 
them,  as  far  as  they  respected  his  army ;  but  some 
demur  was  made,  with  a  view  of  gaining  better 
terms  for  the  citizens,  which,  it  was  hoped,  might 
be  obtained  on  a  confeiencc.  This  was  asked ; 
but  Clinton,  instead  of  granting  it,  answered,  "  that 
lioslililies  should  re-cumnicnce  nt  eight  o'clock." 
Nevertheless,  neither  puny  fired  till  nine.  The 
garrison  then  re-commenced  hoslilliies.  The  be- 
siegers immediately  followed  ;  and  each  cannon 
aded  the  other,  with  unusual  briskness.  The  Brit- 
ish batteries  of  the  third  parallel  opened  on  this 
occasion.  Shells  and  carcasses  were  thrown,  into 
almost  all  parts  of  the  town,  and  several  houses 
were  burned.  The  cannon  und  mortars  played  on 
the  garrison,  at  a  less  distance  than  a  hundred 
yards.  The  Hessian  chasseurs  were  so  near  the 
American  lines,  that,  with  their  rifles,  they  could 
easily  strike  any  object  on  th.^m.  The  British, 
having  crossed  the  wet  dilch  by  sap,  adviocoii 
within  twenty-five  yards  of  the  American  works, 
and  were  ready  for  luaking  a  general  assault  by 
!tnd  and  water.  All  expectation  of  succour  was 
at  an  end.  The  only  hope  left  was.  that  9000  men, 
the  flower  of  the  British  army,  seconded  by  a  na- 
val force,  might  fail  in  forcing  extensive  lines,  de- 
fended by  less  than  3000  men.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances, Ihe  siege  was  protracted  till  the  11th 
of  May.    On  that  day,  a  great  number  of  citizens 


addressed  Oenerul  Lincoln  in  a  petition,  expressing 
Iheir  acquiesence  in  the  lerms,  which  Sir  i.f. 'iry 
Clinton  had  offered,  aud  rcquealeil  his  acceptance 
of  them.  On  the  receptionof  this  petition.  General 
Lincoln  wrote  lo  Sir  Henry,  and  offered  lo  accept 
the  lerms  before  proposed.  The  ruyal  cnmniand- 
ers,  wishing  lo  avoid  the  extremity  of  a  storm.and 
unwdling  to  press  lo  unconditional  submission  an 
enemy,  whose  friendship  they  wished  lo  concif  ate, 
returned  a  favourable  answer.  A  capitulation  was 
signed  on  ihe  12lh  of  May,  and  Major  (ieneral  Les- 
lie look  (lossession  of  the  town,  on  the  next  day. 
The  loss  on  both  sides  during  ihe  siege  was  nearly 
equal.  Of  the  king's  troops,  76  were  killed,  and 
189  wounded.  Of  the  Americans,  89  were  killed, 
and  140  wounded.  Upwards  of  400  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery were  surrendered.  By  the  articles  uf  ca- 
pitulation, the  garrison  was  to  march  out  of  town, 
and  deposit  their  arms  in  front  of  the  works ;  but 
the  drums  were  not  lo  beat  a  British  march  nor  the 
culuurs  lu  be  imcased.  The  conlinentel  troops 
and  seamen  were  lo  keep  ihelr  baggage,  and  re- 
main prisoners  of  war,  till  exchanged.  The  mili- 
tia nerelo  be  |>ermiued  lo  return  to  their  respec- 
tive homes,  as  prisoners  on  parole  ;and  while  they 
adhered  to  their  parole,  were  not  to  be  molested  by 
ihe  British  troo|)s,  in  person  or  properly.  The  in- 
habitanls of  all  conditions  weie  to  be  considered, 
as  prisoners  on  parole,  and  to  hold  their  property, 
on  ihc  same  lerms  with  the  militia.  The  officers 
of  the  army  and  navy  were  to  retain  their  servants, 
swords,  pistols,  and  baggage  unscarched.  They 
were  permitted  to  sell  their  horses;  but  not  to  le- 
move  them.  A  vessel  was  allowed  to  proceed  to 
Philadelphia,  with  General  Lincoln's  despatches 
unopened. 

The  numbers  which  surrendered  prisoners  of 
war,  inclusive  of  the  mililia,and  every  adult  male 
inhabitant,  were  above  5000  ;  but  the  proper  gar- 
rison, at  the  time  of  ihc  surrender,  did  not  exceed 
IMO,  The  precise  number  uf  privates,  in  the  con- 
tinental army,  was  1977 ;  of  which  number  f>OQ 
were  in  the  hospitals.  The  cuplive  officers  were 
much  more  in  proportion  thun  the  piivutcs,  and 
consisted  of  one  major-general,  six  brigadiers,  nine 
colonels,  fourteen  lieutenant  colonels,  fifleen  ma- 
jors, eighty-four  captains,  eighty-four  lieulenanls, 
thirty-two  second  lieutenants  and  ensigns.  The 
gentlemen  of  the  country,  who  were  mostly  militia 
utiicers,  from  a  sense  of  honour,  repaired  lo  the 
defence  of  Charleston,  though  ihcy  could  not  bring 
with  them  privates,  equal  lo  their  respective  com- 
mands. The  regular  regiments  were  fully  officer- 
ed, though  greatly  deficient  in  privates. 

This  was  the  first  instance,  in  which  the  Ameri- 
cans liad  attempted  to  defend  a  town.  The  unsuc- 
cessful event,  with  its  consequences,  demonstrated 
the  policy  of  sacrificing  the  towns  of  the  union,  in 
preference  to  endangering  the  whole,  by  risking 
too  much  for  their  defence. 

Much  censure  was  undeservedly  cast  on  General 
Lincoln,  for  attempting  Ihe  defence  of  Charleston. 
Though  the  contrary  plan  was  in  general  the  best, 
he  had  particular  reasons  lo  justify  his  deviation 
from  Ihe  example  of  ihe  commander-in-chief  of 
the  American  army.  Charleston  was  the  only 
con8idend)le  town,  in  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  confederacy,  and  for  its  preservation.  South 
Carolina  and  the  adjacent  states  seemed  willing  lo 
make  great  exertions.  The  reinforcements,  pro- 
mised fur  its  defence,  were  fully  sufficient  for  that 
purpose.  The  Congress,  and  the  states  of  North 
and  South  Carolina,  gave  General  Lincoln  ground 
to  expect  an  army  of  9900  men,  lo  second  his  ope- 
rations :  but,  from  a  variety  of  causes,  this  army, 
incluling  ha  m'tiiia,  was  little  more  than  one- 
third  of  that  number.  As  long  as  an  evacuation 
was  practicable,  he  had  such  assurances  of  sup- 
port, that  he  could  not  alteinpf  it  with  propriety. 
Before  he  could  be  ascertained  of  ihe  futility  of 
these  assurances,  the  British  had  taken  such  a 
position,  that  a  retreat  could  not  be  successfully 
made. 

.Shortly  after  the  surrender,  the  commander-in- 
chief  adopted  sundry  measures  to  induce  the  in- 


habilanta  lu  return  lo  their  allegiance.  It  was 
staled  to  ihem,  in  a  handbill, which,  though  with- 
out u  name,  seemed  lo  flow  from  authority,  "Ihal 
ihe  helping  hand  of  every  man  was  wanting,  tore- 
establish  peace  and  good  govrrnment  ;  that  iho 
commander-in-chief  wi.shi'd  not  In  draw  ihem  into 
danger,  while  any  doubt  could  remain  of  his  suc- 
cess ;  bnl,  as  that  was  now  certain,  he  liusled  that 
one  and  all  would  heartily  join,  and  give  efl'ect  lo 
necessary  measures  for  ihul  purpose,"  Thoso 
who  hud  families  were  informed,  "thai  Ihey  would 
be  permitted  to  remuin  at  home,  and  form  a  militia, 
for  the  maintenance  of  peace  and  good  order; 
but,  from  those  who  had  no  families,  it  was  ex- 
pected, that  they  would  cheerfully  assist,  in  driv- 
ing their  oppressors,  and  all  ilie  miseries  of  war, 
from  their  borders."  To  siicli  it  was  promised, 
"  that,  when  on  service,  they  would  be  allowed 
pay,  ammunition,  and  provisions,  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  king's  tioops."  About  the  same  time. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  a  proclamation,  May  22,  de- 
clared, "that  if  any  person  should  thenceforward 
appear  in  arms,  in  order  to  prevent  Ihe  establish- 
ment of  his  majesty's  government  in  that  country, 
or  should,  under  any  pretence  or  auihoiiiy  whal- 
ever,  attempt  to  com|iel  any  other  person  or  per- 
sons so  to  do,  or  should  hinder  Ihe  king's  fuiihful 
subjects  from  joining  his  forces,  or  from  perform- 
ing those  duties  their  allegiance  recpiired,  such 
petsons  should  be  Irealcd  wiih  ihc  ulmost  severi- 
ty, and  their  estates  be  immedialely  seized  forcon- 
fiscalinn."  Sir  Henry  Clinlun  and  Admiral  Ar- 
buthnot,  in  the  character  of  commissioners  for  re- 
storing peace,  offered  to  the  inhubilunts,  June  1st, 
Willi  some  exceptions,  "  pardon  for  their  pa^t 
treasonable  oflences,  and  a  reiiislatrmenl  in  iho 
|)ossessiun  of  all  Ihose  tights  and  immunilirs, 
which  they  heretofore  Iml  enjoyed,  under  a  free 
British  government,  exempt  from  taxation,  except 
by  their  own  legislatures." 

The  capital  having  surrendered,  the  next  ob- 
ject with  the  British  was,  lo  secuie  the  genera, 
submission  of  the  whole  body  of  the  people. 

To  this  end,  they  posted  garrisons  in  diffrronC 
parts  of  the  country,  lo  awe  ihe  inhabitants. 
They  ulso  marched,  with  upwards  of  2000  men, 
towards  North  Carolina.  This  caused  an  imme- 
diate retreat  of  snme  parlies  of  Aiiicricans,  who 
hud  advanced  into  Ihe  northern  extremity  of  South 
Carolina,  with  the  expectation  uf  relieving  Chat  les- 
ion. Among  the  corps  which  hud  come  forward, 
with  that  view,  there  wus  one  commundcd  by  ('olo 
nel  Bufurd,  which  consisted  of  three  or  font  hun- 
dred conlinentul  infantry,  und  a  few  horsemen. 
Colonel  Tarleton.  with  about  seven  hundred  horse 
and  fool,  advanced  in  front  of  the  British  army,  in 
quest  of  this  parly.  After  a  rapid  march  ol  one 
hundred  miles  in  fifty-fuur  hours,  he  came  up  with 
them,  at  the  Wuxhuws,  and  demanded  their  sur- 
render. This  being  refused,  un  action  ensued. 
Bufurd  committed  l>tu  capital  mistakes  in  this  af- 
fair. One  was,  sending  his  wagons  and  uitilleiy 
away,  before  the  engagement.  The  wagons  might 
have  served  as  a  breast  work,  lo  defend  his  men 
against  the  attacks  uf  ihc  cavalry.  Anoihcr  iiiis 
t.ike  was,  urdering  his  men  nut  tu  fire,  till  the  enc 
my  were  within  ten  yards.  A  single  discharge 
made  but  little  impression,  un  the  advancing  Brit- 
ish horsemen.  Befoie  it  could  be  repeated,  the 
assailants  were  in  contact  with  their  adversaries, 
cutting  them  down  with  their  sabres.  The  Ameri- 
cans, finding  resistance  useless,  sued  fur  qiiar 
lers  ;  but  their  submissinn  pruduced  nn  cessutiun 
of  hostilities.  Some  of  them,  after  they  hud  ceas- 
ed to  resist,  lost  their  hands;  others  iheirurms; 
and  almost  every  one  was  mangled  with  a  succes- 
sion of  wounds.  The  charge  was  urged,  till  five 
out  of  six  of  Ihe  whole  number  uf  the  Americans 
were,  by  Turleton's  official  account  of  this  bloody 
scene,  either  killed  or  so  badly  wounded,  as  lu  ba 
incapable  of  being  mnved  from  the  field  of  battle  : 
and  by  the  same  account,  this  look  place,  though 
they  made  such  inefl'ectual  opposition,  as  only  lo 
kill  five,  and  wound  twelve  of  the  Brilish.  Lord 
Cornwallis  bestowed  on  Tarleton  high  encomiuiu« 


allrKinneu.  Il  wiis 
which,  llinugh  with- 
loiii  niHhnriiy,  "thai 
in  WHS  wiinlini;,  tore- 
iivrrnineiil  ;  ihiit  iho 
Kit  In  (Irnw  iheiii  inin 
IJ  remain  of  ]\h  aiic- 
rliiin,  he  liiialed  that 
in,  ,in(l  give  eD'ect  to 

purpose."  Thoso 
!il,  "l)i:it  Ihey  would 
le,  and  form  a  militia, 
ce  and  good   order; 

faniilica,  il  was  ex- 
erfully  assiist,  in  dri«- 
the  miseries  of  war, 
ch  it  was  promised, 
y  would  be  allowed 
ins,  in  the  same  man- 
bout  the  same  time, 
iinalion.  May  22,  de- 
lould  thenceforward 
revent  the  estabiish- 
iienl  in  that  country, 
e  or  authniity  whal- 
other  peison  or  per- 
er  tlie  king's  faithful 
es,  or  from  perform- 
ance required,  such 
th  ihe  utmost  severi- 
Jialely  seized  fiircon- 
on  and  Admiral  Ar- 
oinmissioners  for  re- 
nhabilanls,  ,Tune  Isl, 
irdon  for  iheir  paft 
reinstatement  in  tho 
Ills  and  iminunilies, 
injnyed,  under  a  free 
Vom  taxation,  except 

ndeied,  the  next  ob- 

0  secuie  the  genera. 
'  of  the  people, 
garrisons  in  diflerput 

awe  ihe  inhabitants. 
Iiwards  of  2000  men, 
'his  caused  an  imme- 
s  of  Americans,  who 
rn  extremity  of  .South 

1  of  relieving  Chuiles- 
;h  had  come  forward, 
commanded  by  ('ulo 
of  three  or  font  Imn- 
nd  a  few  horsemen. 
t  seven  hundred  horse 
f  the  Drilish  army,  in 
I  rapid  march  ol  one 
lurs,  he  came  up  wiili 

demanded  ihcir  sur- 
J,  an  action  ensued, 
il  mistakes  in  this  af- 
wagons  and  aitilleiy 
I.  The  wagons  might 
;,  to  defend  his  men 
ivalry.  Another  mis 
ot  to  fire,  till  the  ene 
A  single  discharge 
n  the  advancing  Brit- 
luld  be  repeated,  the 
ith  their  adversaries, 
sabres.  The  Aiueri- 
rless,  sued  for  qiiar 
roduced  no  cessation 
1,  after  they  liad  ceas- 
i;  others  their  arms; 
angled  with  a  succes- 
;e  was  urged,  till  five 
ber  of  tlie  Americans 
ccount  of  this  bloody 
lly  wounded,  as  to  be 
jm  the  field  of  battle  : 
is  took  place,  though 
apposition,  as  only  to 
of  the  Itritish.  Lord 
etoD  high  encomiiuni^ 


UNITED  STATKS. 


for  this  enterprise,  and  recommended  him,  in  a 
special  manner,  in  royal  favour.  This  barbarous 
massacre  gave  u  more  sanguinary  turn  lo  the  war. 
Tarleloii's  quarlers  becanin  proverbial ;  and,  in 
the  siibsuquenl  halves,  a  spirit  of  levengo  gave  a 
keener  edge  to  millttiry  resentment. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton,  having  left  about  1000 
men  for  the  southern  service,  embarked  early  in 
June,  with  the  niain  army  for  Ni'w-Vork.  On  his 
departure,  the  command  devolveil  on  Lieutenant 
(ieneral  Cornwallis.  The  season  of  the  year,  Ihe 
condition  of  Ihe  army,  and  the  unsettled  slate  of 
South  Carolina,  impeded  the  immediate  invasion 
of  North  Carolina.  Earl  Cornwallis  despalclied 
instruciions  lo  the  principal  loyalists,  in  lliat  stale, 
to  attend  lo  the  hiirvrsi,  prepare  provisions,  and 
remain  i|iiiet.  His  lordship  conimilled  the  care 
of  the  frontier  lo  lord  Kawdon,  and,  repairing  lo 
Charleslon,  devoted  his  principal  attention  lo  the 
coniiiicrcial  and  civil  regulations  of  South  Caro- 
lina, [n  the  meantime,  the  iinpossiliility  of  Meeiiig 
Willi  llieir  families  and  ell'ecis,  and  the  want  of  an 
army,  to  which  the  inililia  of  the  state  might  re- 
pair, induced  the  people  in  the  country  loalianilon 
nil  schemes  of  farther  resistance.  At  Iteauforl, 
(^linden,  and  Ninety-Six,  llic^  generally  laid  down 
their  arms,  and  sniMiiilled  either  as  prisoners  or  as 
snbjccls.  Kxcepling  the  extreinilies  of  the  stale, 
borilering  on  North  t'aidlina,  Ihe  inhabitants,  who 
did  not  llee  out  of  the  country,  preferred  submis- 
sion 10  resistance.  This  was  followed  by  an  un- 
usual calm,  and  the  Itritish  believed,  that  the  state 
Mas  tlioidiiglily  conquered.  An  opportunity  was 
now  given,  lo  make  an  expeiiment,  from  which 
much  was  expected,  and  for  the  omission  of  which. 
Sir  Henry  Clinton's  predecessor.  Sir  William 
Ilowe,  Had  oeen  severely  .:ensiire(i.  it  Mad  been 
confidently  asserted,  thai  a  majority  of  the  Ameri- 
cans were  well  affected  to  the  Itritish  government, 
anil  thai  under  proper  regulations,  substanlial  ser- 
vice might  be  expected  iVoiii  them  in  restoring 
llic  soiinlry  to  peace. 

At  this  crisis,  every  bias  in  favour  of  Congress 
was  I't'iiiiived.  Their  armies  in  the  southern  slates, 
were  either  captured  or  defeaied.  There  was  no 
regular  force  lo  the  southward  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  was  sufTicient  lo  awe  the  friends  of  royal 
goveroiuent.  Kvery  encoiiiagement  was  held 
fiirili,  lo  those  of  the  inhaliitanis,  who  would  with 
amis  support  Ihe  oM  consliliilion.  Cunliscalion 
am!  (U'atliweie  ihreateneil  as  the  consequence  of 
t>ppiising  ils  re-esialilislinuMit.  While  there  was 
no  regular  army,  within  fniirhundred  miles,  to  aid 
the  iVieiiils  of  iodepenileiice,  the  Itritish  were  in 
force,  posted  over  all  the  couiilry.  The  people 
were  ihiis  left  lo  theniselves,  or  t-.ither  strongly 
iinpelled  In  abandon  an  apparently  sinking  cause, 
and  arrange  themselves  on  ihe  sidcof  theconquer- 
tirs.  I'nder  these  favoiiialile  circumstances,  ihe 
oxperiinent  was  made,  for  siipporling  the  Itritish 
inieresl  by  the  exertion  of  loyal  inlialiilants,  iinaw- 
ed  by  American  armies,  or  republican  deiiiagogiies. 
It  soon  appeared,  that  Ihe  disguise,  which  fear  had 
imposed,  subsisted  no  Immer  than  the  present  dan- 
ger, and  thai  the  minds  of  the  people,  though  over- 
awed, were  actuated  by  aliosiile  spirit.  In  prose- 
''iiliiig  the  scheme  for  olilaining  a  military  aid  from 
llie  inhabiianls,  that  I  rani|uility.  which  previous  suc- 
cesses had  procured,  was  clisiurbe<l,  and  that  as- 
cendency, which  arms  had  naiiied,  was  inlerrnplcd. 
'I'he  iniliicement  lo  submission  with  many  was,  a 
ho|>e  of  obtaining  a  respiie  from  the  calamities  of 
war,  under  the  shelter  of  Itritish  proleclion.  Such 
were  not  less  aslonislieil  than  confounded,  on  lind- 
iiig  themselves  virliially  called  upon,  lo  take  up 
arms  in  support  of  royal  government.  This  was 
done  in  the  following  manner.  After  the  inhabit- 
i-nts,  by  the  specious  promises  of  protection  and 
security,  had  generally  submited  as  subjects,  or 
taken  their  parole  as  prisoners  of  war,  a  procla- 
iialion  was  issued  by  Sir  Henry  Clinlnn,  which 
set  forth,  "  that  il  was  proper  for  all  persons  to 
lake  an  active  part,  in  settling  and  securing  his 
iiiajesly's  government ;  that  nil  Ihe  inhabitants  of 
the  province,  who  were  then  prisoDers  od  parole, 


those  taken  in  Fort  Moultrie  and  ('harlesion,  and 
such  as  were  in  actual  cnnlinement  excepted, 
should,  from  and  after  tho  20lh  of  June,  be  freed 
from  their  paroles,  and  resiored  to  all  the  rights 
and  duties  belonging  to  cili/.ens  and  inhabiianls; 
and  that  all  persons  under  the  iluscriplion  above 
mentioned,  who  should  afterwards  nei-lect  lo  re- 
turn lo  iheir  allegiance,  and  lo  his  majesty's  gov- 
ernmenl,  shiiulil  be  considered  as  enemies  and 
rebels  lo  the  same,  and  treated  accordingly."  Il 
was  designed  by  ihis  arbitrary  change  of  the  po- 
litical condition  of  the  inhabiianls,  lo  bring  them 
into  a  dileimna,  which  would  foice  them  lo  lake 
an  active  part  in  scltling  and  securing  the  royal 
goveinnieiil.  Il  involved  a  majority  in  the  neces- 
sity of  either  fleeing  out  of  ihe  country,  or  of  be- 
coming a  Itritish  mililia.  With  this  proclamalioii, 
the  declension  of  llrilish  authority  coiniiienced  ; 
lor  thiumh  llie  iiiliabilaiits,  from  motives  of  fear 
and  convenience,  had  aeiierally  submitted,  the 
greatest  pan  of  iliem  relained  an  alVeclion  for  llieir 
American  brelhreii,  and  shuddered  ol  the  Ihonglil 
of  taking  up  arms  against  them.  Among  such  il 
was  said,  ■■  if  we  must  fight,  let  it  be  on  the  side 
of  America,  our  friends  and  connlryinen." 

A  great  number  considering  this  proclamalioii 
as  a  discharge  fiom  llieir  paroles,  aimed  themselves 
in  self-delcnce  being  imliiced  iherelo,  by  the  royal 
menaces,  thai  they  who  did  not  reliirn  to  their  al- 
legiance, as  Itrilish  subjects,  iiiiisl  expect  lo  be 
Healed  as  rebels.  A  greater  number  I'roui  being  in 
the  power  of  the  llrilish,  exchanged  their  paroles 
as  prisoners,  for  the  proleclion  id'subjecls;  but 
this  was  done  in  many  cases,  with  a  seciet  lesei- 
vation  of  breaking  the  compulsory  engagement, 
when  a  nroiier  oi>|)orliinily  should  present  itself. 

.\  patty,  always  attached  to  royal  government, 
though  they  had  confornied  to  the  laws  of  the  slate, 
rejoiced  in  the  ascendency  of  the  royal  arms  ;  but 
their  number  was  inconsiderable,  in  comparison 
with  the  miilliltide  who  were  obliged  by  necessity, 
or  induced  by  convenience,  lo  accept  of  Itriiish 
protection. 

The  precaulions,  taken  to  prevent  the  rising  of 
Ihe  royalists  in  North  Carolina,  did  not  answer  Ihe 
end.  Several  of  l/:i  inhabitants  ofTryon  county, 
under  the  direclion  of  Colonel  Moore,  took  up 
arms,  and  were,  in  a  few  days,  defeated  by  the 
whig  inililia,  commanded  by  (ieneral  liutheiford. 
Colonel  Itryan,  another  loyalist,  though  equally  in- 
judicious as  lo  lime,  was  successful.  He  reached 
the  71st  regiment  stationed  in  the  (.'her»ws,  with 
about  800  men,  assembled  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  river  Vadkin. 

While  the  conquerors  were  endeavouring  lo 
sirenglhen  the  parly  for  royal  governmenl,  llic 
tVmericans  were  nut  inallenlive  to  their  inleresis. 
(lovernor  Uiitledge,  who  during  the  siege  of 
Clinrleston,  had  lieen  requested  by  (ieneral  Lin- 
coln lo  go  out  of  town,  was  indiislriously  and  suc- 
cessfully negocialing  wiili  North  ('arolina.  Vir- 
ginia, and  Congress,  lo  olitain  a  foice  for  checking 
the  progress  of  llic  Itritish  arms.  Kepresenla- 
lions,  to  the  same  etb'cl,  had  also  been  made  in 
line  time  by  (ieneral  Lincoln.  Congress  ordered 
a  considerable  detaclimenl  from  their  main  army, 
lo  be  marclieil  to  the  southward.  .North  Carolina 
also  ordered  a  laige  boily  of  militia  to  lake  llie 
field.  .\s  the  Itritish  ailvanced  lo  ilie  upper  coun- 
try of  .Soiilli  Carolina,  a  considerable  number  of 
delermined  <vlii!!s  relrealeil  before  them,  and  look 
refuge  in  North  Cai(diiia.  In  this  class  wasColonel 
Sumter,  a  distinguished  paiiisan,  who  was  well 
qualified  for  conducting  military  opeialions.  .\ 
parly  <d' exiles,  from  South  Carolina,  made  choice 
of  him  for  llieir  leader.  \t  the  head  of  this  little 
band  of  freemen,  he  returned  lo  his  own  stale,  and 
look  Ihe  Held  again.u  the  virlorioiis  Itrilish,  after 
llie  inhabiianls  had  generally  aliamloned  all  ideas 
of  farther  resistance.  This  unexpecled  impedi- 
ment 10  the  extension  of  Itrilish  conqiiesis,  roused 
all  the  passions,  which  disappntiited  ambition  can 
inspire.  Previous  snicesses  hail  Haltered  the  royal 
commanders  with  hopes  of  disiinguislied  rank, 
among  the  conquerors  of  America;  but  the  re- 


480 

.  i.ewal  of  hoslililiesobscured  the  pleasing  pr(.spect, 
I  Flushed  willi  the  victories  they  liail  gaineil  in  tho 
first  of  Ihe  campaign,  and  believing  every  Ihiiig 
lold  ihem,  favourable  to  their  wishes,  lo  be  true, 
they  conceived  that  they  had  lillle  lo  feat  on  iho 
south  side  of  Virginia.  Whenexpeiiencc  irluled 
these  hopes,  they  were  Iransporled  with  indigim- 
lion  against  the  inhabitants,  and  coiiliiied  several 
of  them,  on  suspicion  of  their  being  accessary  to 
the  recnminencemenl  of  hostilities. 

The  tirsi  eHiirl  of  renewed  warfare  was  on  July 
I2lh,  two  months  after  the  fall  of  (.^harlesion,  when 
VJ'A  vf  Colonel  Sumter's  corps  attacked  and  luuteii 
a  detaclimenl  of  the  royal  forces  and  ir.ililia,  which 
were  posted  in  a  lane  at  Willianison's  planlalj  m. 
This  was  the  firsl  advantage  Kaineil  over  llie  Itril- 
ish, since  their  hriding,  in  llie  beuiniiing  of  ihe 
year.  The  steady,  persevering  Irienils  of  .\meii- 
ca,  who  were  veiy  numerous  in  the  north  western 
frontier  of  .Soul h  (.'ar(diiia,  lurned  out  with  grei,> 
ainciily,  lo  join  Colonel  Sumter;  though  opposition 
lo  the  itrilish  government  had  eniirely  ceased,  in 
every  oilier  pait  of  the  stale.  His  Iroops,  in 
a  few  days,  amounleil  lo  (i(KI  men.  With  this  in- 
crease of  slreimlh,  he  made  a  spirited  attack  on  a 
parly  of  the  Itrilish,  at  Kocky  .Mount :  bin  as  he  had 
no  aililleiy,  tind  lliey  were  secured  iinderiover  of 
earlli,  filled  ill  belween  logs,  he  could  make  no  im- 
piession  upon  lliem,  and  was  obligeil  lo  retreat. 
Sensible  thai  llie  minds  of  men  are  iiilliieiiced  by 
eolerprise,  and  llial,  lo  keep  militia  togellier,  it  is 
necessary  lo  employ  lliem,  ihis  active  partisan  al- 
lackeil  another  of  llie  royal  ilelachmenls,  consisl- 
ing  of  llie  Prince  of  Wales's  regiment,  and  a  larue 
body  of  lories,  posted  ;it  the  llaii^ioi;  ruck.  'I'liu 
Prince  of  Wales's  reuiinent  was  altuosl  totally  iles- 
Iroyed.  K.om  278,  il  was  reduced  to  nine.  Tho 
loyalisls,  who  were  of  that  parly  which  had  ailvan- 
ced from  Noilh  Carolina,  under  Colonel  Itryaii, 
were  dispersed.  The  panic  occasioned  by  the  fall 
of  Chailesioii  daily  abated.  'I'he  nlii^  militia,  on 
the  exireiiiiliesof  ilu!  slate  formed  themselves  inlu 
parties,  under  leaders  of  iheir  onii  choice,  and 
sometiiues  ailacked  delachmenlsof  ihe  Itrilish  ar- 
my, but  more  frequently  thoseof  their  owiicoiin- 
Irynien,  who  as  a  royal  luililiii,  were  co-operating 
Willi  iheking's  forces.  While  Sumlei  kept  up  the 
spirits  of  the  people,  bv  a  siiccessioti  of  i;all.inl  en- 
terprises, a  respectable  coiilinenlal  force  was  ail- 
Viincing  lliroimli  llie  middle  slates,  for  the  relief 
of  their  southern  brethren.  With  the  hopes  of  le- 
lieving  Charleston,  orders  were  given,  .Al.ircli  2(1, 
lor  the  .Maryland  and  Del.iware  troops  lo  niaicli 
from  (ieneral  Washington's  head  qii.irlers.lo  Soiuli 
(Carolina;  but  the  quarler-master-geiicral  was  un- 
able lo  pul  ihis  delacliiiient  iniiiolion,  as  soon  as 
was  inlended. 

The  maniifactnri'rs,  employed  in  providini;  for 
the  army,  would  neither  go  on  wiili  ilieir  bnsi- 
ness,  nor  deliver  the  articles  lliey  bad  couipleteii  ; 
declaring  they  had  sulfered  so  niiich  iViuu  the  de- 
preciation of  llie  iniiiiey,  that  lliey  would  not  part 
with  their  properly  williout  iniineiliaie  paynienl. 
I'liiler  these  einliarras.iing  rirciiuistaiices,  lli'j 
soulherri  slates  required  an  aid  iVoiii  ihe  nortlirro 
army,  lo  be  marched  llionuli  llie  ioleintcili.itt; 
spue  ofSdO  miles.  The  .Maryl.iiid  and  Delaware 
iroops  weie,  with  greal  exerliiois,  at  length  ena- 
bled to  iniive.  Aliermarcliini;  through  Jeisi'V  and 
Pennsvlvaoia,  they  emliarked  at  the  head  of  KIk, 
.\pril  i(j.  landed  soon  aflerwards  at  Peleislmri;h, 
and  iheiiire  proceeded  iliroui>li  ihe  country  towards 
South  Carolin  I.  'Phis  force  was  at  fnsi  put  under 
ihecommandof  Major  (ieneral  Itaron  ile  Kalb,  and 
afterwards  of  (ieneral  (iaies.  The  success  ii(  llie 
laller,  in  the  iiorlhern  canipaicns  of  I77l>  and 
1777,  induced  many  to  believe,  that  his  presence, 
as  commander  of  the  southern  aimy,  would  re- 
animalelhe  fiicndsof  independence.  Whde  Itamn 
de  Kalb  commanded,  a  council  of  war  had  advised 
him  to  tile  oil"  from  the  direct  road  lo  Camden,  to- 
wards Ihe  well  cultivated  setllemenls  in  Ihe  vicin- 
ity of  the  Waxhaws  ;  but  (ieneraUiales,  on  taking 
the  commands,  did  not  conceive  this  uioveiueni  lu 
be  accessary;  supposing  it  to  be  must  for  the  in 


460 


HISTOHV  OF    T!1K 


I  I ; 


-  i\ 


torcHt  uf  llie  Hinlcs,  that  ho  nliniilil  prnnrrd  imtnn- 
dinlply  Willi  liiii  iiriny,  on  ihe  sliorirat  roiiil,  to  the 
virinity  ufthf  iiiilinh  eiic»iii|iiiieni!<.  ThU  leil 
llircjiigh  a  liant-ii  country,  in  piissiiig  over  which, 
llic  Aiiicricans  scveiBly  I'cll  the  acurcity  ol'  pni- 
vi'tiiiim.  Their  Miiiniiurii  became  audible,  and 
there  were  Htroiii;  appearances  ol'ninliny  :  but  the 
(il)icerx,  who  !tliaieil  every  calamity  in  common 
with  the  privates,  interposed,  and  concilifileil  ihein 
to  a  patient  siill'erance  of  their  haril  lot.  They 
priiicipallvsnbsiiited  on  lean  cattle,  picked  up  in  the 
woods.  The  whole  iirmy  was  under  the  necessity 
of  using  green  corn,  und  peaches,  in  the  place  ol' 
breail.  They  were  subsisted  lor  several  days  on 
the  lalteralone.  Pysenieries  became  conunon,  in 
consequence  ofthis  tliet.  The  heat  oCtlie  season, 
Ihe  unhealthiness  of  the  climate,  together  with  in- 
Biifllcient  and  unwholesome  I'ood,  Ihrratetied  des- 
truction to  Ihe  army.  The  common  soldieis,  in- 
inslead  of  despondini;,  began  alter  snme  lime  to  be 
merry  with  their  misloitnnes.  They  used  "starva- 
tion" as  a  cant  word,  and  vied  wilh  each  other  in 
burlesquing  their  silualion.  The  wit  and  humour, 
displayed  on  this  occasion,  contributed  not  a  little 
to  rec(Hicileth?m  to  llieirsulVerings.  The  Ameri- 
can army,  having  made  its  way  through  a  country 
III  piije-barrens,  sand-hills,  and  swaiops,  reached 
CleimnnI,  thirteen  imlesTroni  Camden,  on  the  13ih 
ol' August,  The  next  day,  (ieneral  Stephens  ar- 
rived with  a  large  body  ol"  Virginia  militia. 

As  the  American  army  approached  South  Ca- 
rolina, lord  Kawdon  roncentrated  his  I'orcc  al 
Camden.  The  retreat  ol'  the  Kritish  from  their 
oiit-posis,  the  advances  of  the  American  army,  and 
the  impolitio  cnniluct  of  the  conquerors  towards 
their  new  subjects,  concurred,  at  this  juncture,  to 
produce  a  general  revolt  in  favour  of  Congress. 
The  (icoplewere  daily  more  dissatisfied  with  their 
siliiarion.  Tired  of  war,  they  had  submitted  to 
ISritish  govermiient,  wilh  the  expectation  of  bet- 
tering their  condition  ;  but  they  soon  found  their 
mistake.  The  greatest  address  should  have  been 
practised  towards  the  inhabitants,  in  order  to  second 
Ihe  views  of  the  parent  state,  in  re-uniting  the  re- 
volted colonies  to  her  government.  That  Ihe  peo- 
ple might  be  Induced  to  return  to  the  condition  of 
subjects,  their  minils  and  all'eclions,  as  well  as  their 
armies,  ought  to  have  been  con(piered.  This  deli- 
cate task  was  rarely  attempted.  The  olhcers, 
privates,  and  followers  of  tlie  royal  army,  were 
(icnerally  more  intent  on  amassing  fortunes  by  plun- 
der and  rapine,  than  on  promoting  a  rc-iiniun  of 
the  dissevered  iiiemliers  of  the  empire.  Instead 
of  increasing  the  nundierof  the  real  friends  to  royal 
government,  they  disgusted  those  that  they  found. 
The  high-spirited  citizens  of  Carolina,  impatient 
of  iheir  rapine  and  insolence,  rejoiced  in  the  pros- 
pect of  freeing  their  country  from  its  oppressors. 
>Jotives  of  this  kind ;  together  wilh  a  prevailing 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  independence,  induced 
many  to  break  through  all  ties,  to  join  lieneral  Gates; 
and  more  to  wish  him  the  ccunpletest  success. 

General  Gates,  on  reaching  the  frontier  of  South 
Carolina,  issued  a  proclamation  inviting  the  patri- 
otic citizens,  "  lo  join  heartily  in  rescuing  them- 
sclvesand  their  country,  from  the  oppression  of  a 
government,  imposed  on  them  by  the  ruffian  liand 
uf  conquest.  He  also  gave  "assurances  of  for- 
giveness and  pe 'feet  security,  to  such  of  the  un- 
ion unate  citizens  as  had  been  induced,  by  the  ter- 
ror of  sanguinary  punishment,  the  menace  of  con- 
fiscation, and  the  arbitrary  measures  of  mililary 
domination,  apparently  to  acquiesce  under  the 
ISrltish  government,  and  to  make  a  forced  decla- 
raiion  of  allegiance  and  support  to  a  tyranny, 
which  the  indignant  souls  of  citizens,  resolved  on 
freedom  inwarilly  revolted  at  with  horror  and  de- 
testation; excepting  from  this  amnesty,  only 
those  who,  in  the  hour  of  devastation,  had  exer- 
cised acts  of  barbarity  and  depredation,  on  the  per- 
sons and  property  of  their  fellow  citizens."  The 
army,  with  which  Gales  advanced,  was,  by  the 
sirival  of  Stephen's  militia,  increased  nearly  to 
4000  men ;  but  of  this  large  number,  the  whole 
regular  force  was  only  90U  infantry,  and  seventy 


cavalry.  On  Ihe  approach  uf  Gates,  KnrI  Curn- 
wallis  hastened  from  Charleston  to  Camden,  and 
ariived  ihere  on  the  11th  of  August.  The  force, 
which  his  lordship  found  eidlected  on  his  arrival, 
was  1700  iid'antry,  ami  liUII  cavalry.  This  inle- 
rior  number  would  have  jiislilleil  a  retreat  ;  but  he 
chose  rather  to  slake  his  fortune  on  thu  decision 
of  a  battle.  On  the  night  of  the  l.'ith,  he  march- 
ed from  (!aindeii  with  his  whole  force,  inteiiiling 
to  attack  the  Americans  In  Iheir  camp  al  ('ler- 
niont.  In  the  same  night.  Gates,  alter  ordering 
his  baggage  lo  the  Waxhaws,  put  his  army  in  mo- 
tion, wilh  an  intention  of  advancing  to  an  eligible 
position,  about  eight  miles  from  Camden.  The 
American  army  was  ordered  to  inarch  at  ten  o'clock 
V.  M.  in  the  following  order  :  Colonel  Armand's 
advance  cavalry ;  Colonel  I'oltetsfield's  light 
infantry,  on  the  right  Hank  of  Colonel  Arinand,  in 
Indian-lile,  two  hunilred  yards  from  the  road;  iMa- 
jor  Armsir(uig's  light  infantry,  in  the  same  order 
as  (.'oloiiel  Polierlield's  ;  on  the  left  Hank  uf  the 
legion,  ailvanceil  guard  of  fool,  composed  of  the 
advanced  picquets  ;  lirsl  brigade  of  Maryland  ;  se- 
cond brigade  of  iMaryland  ;  division  of  North  (Ca- 
rolina; Virginia  rear  guard;  voluntc'-r  cavalry, 
upon  the  Hanks  uf  Ihe  baggage,  equally  divided. 
The  light  inl'anlry  upon  each  llank  were  ordered 
lo  march  up  and  support  the  ravalry.  Hit  should 
be  atlaeked  by  the  lirilisli  cavalry  ;  and  Colonel 
.\ri>iand  was  diiected,  in  that  case,  to  stuiid  the 
attack  at  all  events. 

The  advance  of  both  armies  nu't  in  the  night, 
and  engaged.  .Some  of  the  cavalry  of  Armani's 
legion  being  wouinled  in  the  liist  lire,  fell  l,ack  on 
others,  who  recoileil  so  suddenly,  that  the  lirst  iMa- 
ryland leginient  was  broken,  and  the  whole  line  of 
the  army  was  thrown  into  confusion.  'J'his  lirst 
impression  struck  deep,  ami  dispirited  the  militia. 
The  American  aiiny  soon  recovered  its  order, 
liolh  they  and  their  adversaries  kept  their  ground, 
and  occasi(Mially  skirniislicd  through  the  night. 
Colonel  I'ottertield,  a  most  excellent  ollicer,  on 
whose  abilities  General  Gates  particularly  depend- 
ed, was  wounded  in  the  early  part  ofthis  night  at- 
tack. In  the  morning,  a  severe  and  general  en- 
gagement took  place.  At  the  first  outset,  the  great 
body  of  the  Virginia  militia,  who  formed  the  left 
wing  of  the  army,  on  being  charged  v,rith  fixed 
bayonets,  by  the  Hritish  infantry,  tlue\7  down  their 
arms,  and  with  the  utmost  precipit;ilion  lied  from 
the  field.  A  considerable  part  of  the  North  (,"aro- 
iina  militia  followed  the  unworthy  example  ;  but 
the  continentals,  who  formed  the  right  wing  ofthe 
army,  inferior  as  they  were  in  numbers  to  the 
British,  stood  their  ground,  and  maiiilained  the 
conflict  with  great  resolution.  Never  did  men  ac- 
quit themselves  better.  l'"or  some  time  they  had 
the  advantage  of  their  opponents,  and  were  in  pos- 
session of  a  considerable  body  of  prisoners.  Over- 
powered at  last  by  numbers,  and  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  enemy,  they  were  compelled  reluctantly  to 
leave  Ihe  ground.  Injustice  to  the  North  Caroli- 
na inilitia,  it  should  be  remarked,  that  part  ofthe 
brigade  commanded  by  General  Gregory  acquitied 
themselves  well.  They  were  formed  immediately 
in  ihe  left  of  the  continentals,  and  kept  Ihe  field 
while  they  had  a  cartridge  to  lire.  General  (ireg- 
ory  hinisell  was  twice  wounded,  by  a  bayonet,  in 
bringing  olf  his  men  ;  and  several  of  liis  brigade, 
who  were  made  prisoners,  had  no  wounds  except 
from  bayonets.*  Two  hundred  and  ninetvAmerican 
wounded  prisoners  weie  carried  into  Caind»n,  after 
this  action,  SOU  of  whom  were  continentals,  82  were 
North  Carolina  militia,  and  two  were  Virginia  mi- 
litia. The  resistance  made  by  each  corps,  may 
in  some  degree,  be  estimated  with  ihe  number  of 
wounded.  The  Americans  lost  the  whole  of  their 
artillery,  eight  field  pieces,  upwards  uf  two  hundred 
wagons,  an<l  the  greatest  part  of  Iheir  baggage. 
.\liiiost  all  their  ollicers  were  separated  from  their 
respective  commands,  Kvery  corps  was  broken 
inaction,  and  dispersed.     The  fugitives,  who  fled 


*  I'bittilrtail  wasfunildhcd  by  Or,  W'illiainsun,  snrgcun- 
general  ofllie  North  Curuliim  inilitia,  who,  after  the  buttle, 
went  iuto  Caindcu  with  a  flug. 


by  Ihe  common  road,  were  pursued  above  twenty 
miles  by  the  horse  of  Tarleioii's  legion  ;  and  llio 
way  was  coveieil  wr.h  arms,  baggage,  and  wag- 
ons, llaroii  lie  Kalb,  the  second  in  coiiuiiand,  a 
brave  ami  experienced  olhcer,  was  taken  piisiuier, 
ami  died  on  the  next  day,  of  his  wounds.  He  w:is 
a  German  by  birth,  but  had  long  been  in  ihe  Kremli 
service.  Congress  resolved,  that  a  moiinnieiit 
should  be  creeled  lo  his  memory,  in  Annapolis, 
wilh  a  very  honourable  iiiseriptioii.  General  Uiiili- 
cilord,  ol  North  Carolina,  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner. 

The  royal  nriiiy  fought  wilh  great  bravery  ;  buf 
the  completeness  uf  tiieir  victory  was,  in  n  great 
degree,  uwinglu  their  superiority  in  cavalry,  and 
ihe  precipitate  llight  of  the  Ameiican  militia. 
Their  whole  loss  is  supposed  to  have  amoiiiitcd  lo 
several  hundreds.  To  add  lo  the  distresses  of  the 
Ameiicans,  the  defeat  uf  Gales  was  Immedialely 
followed  by  the  surprise  and  dispersion  uf  Sumter':] 
corps.  While  Ihc  former  was  advancing  near  lo 
the  British  army,  the  latter,  who  had  previously 
taken  post  between  Camden  and  Charleston,  tooit 
aniimbei  of  prisoners, and  captured  siindrv  Hrilisli 
stores,  together  with  their  ci  nvoy.  On 'hearing 
of  the  defeat  of  his  superior  ollicers,  he  began  lo 
lelreat  wilh  his  prisoners  and  stores.  Tarletoii 
with  his  legion,  and  a  delacliiiient  ofinfaniry,  pur- 
sued with  such  etierity  and  aildii'ss,  astooverlake 
and  surprise  this  parly,  al  Kishing  creek.  The 
lirilisli  rode  into  Iheir  camp,  before  they  were  pre- 
pared for  defei.ce.  The  letrealing  Americans, 
having  been  I'oi.rdays  wilh  little  or  no  sleep,  were 
more  obedientlothc  callsof naliiie,  than  allenlim 
to  her  first  law,  sell-preservation.  Slimier  had 
taken  every  prudent  pieraulioii  to  pieveiit  a  sur- 
prise ;  but  his  videtles  were  so  overcome  with  fa- 
ligue,  that  they  neghcled  their  duly.  Wilh  great 
ditliculty  he  prevailed  on  a  few  to  stand  their 
ground,  fora  short  lime:  but  the  greater  part  ol 
Ids  corps  lied  to  the  river,  or  the  woods.  He  lost 
all  his  artilleiy ;  and  his  whole  deiaclmient  wai 
either  killed,  captured,  or  dispersed.  The  |.'risoii 
CIS,  he  had  lately  taken,  were  all  retaken. 

On  the  17lh  and  IStli  of  Aiigiisi,  about  1;J0  of 
Gates's  army  rendezvoused  at  Charlotte.  These 
had  reason  to  apprehend,  thai  they  would  be  im- 
mediately pursued,  and  cut  to  pieces.  There  w.is 
no  magazine  of  provisions  in  the  town,  and  it  was 
without  any  kind  of  delence.  It  was,  thereroie, 
concluded  to  retreat  In  Salisbury.  A  ciiciimslan- 
tial  detail  ul  this  retreat  wuuld  be  ihe  picture  of 
complicated  wretchedness.  There  were  more 
wounded  men  than  could  be  conveniently  enrri'd 
oil'  The  inhaliitants,  hourly  expecting  :he  IJriiish 
to  advance  into  their  seltlement,  and  •.■enerally  in- 
tending to  flee,  could  not  allend  lo  the  acconinio- 
dalioii  of  the  sull'ering  soldiers.  Objects  id' distress 
occurred  in  every  (piarlei.  There  were  many  w  ho 
stooil  in  need  of  kind  assistance  ;  but  there  were 
few  who  could  give  it.  Several  men  were  lo  be 
seen  wilh  but  one  arm  ;  and  some  without  any. 
Anxiety,  pain  and  dejection,  poverty,  hurry  and 
confusion,  marked  Ihe  gloomy  scene.  I'nder  these 
circumstances,  Ihe  remains  uflhat  numerous  aimv, 
which  had  lately  caused  such  terror  lo  the  fiiomls 
of  (ireat  Hritain,  retreated  lo  Salisbury,  and  soon 
afterwards  to  Hillsborough.  General  Ciates  had 
previously  retired  lo  the  latter  place  ;  and  was 
there,  in  concert  with  Ihe  government  of  North 
Carolina,  devising  plans  of  defence,  and  for  renew- 
ing military  operations. 

Though  there  was  no  army  to  oppose  lord  Cnrn- 
wallis.  yet  ihe  season,  and  bad  lieallh  of  his  army, 
restrained  him  from  pursuing  his  conquests,  liy 
the  complete  dispersion  of  the  continental  forces, 
the  country  was  in  his  power.  The  present  mo- 
ment of  triumph  seemed,therefore.the  most  favour- 
able conjuncture,  for  breaking  Ihc  spirits  of  those 
wlio  were  attached  to  independence.  To  prevent 
their  future  no-uperation  with  the  armies  of  Con- 
gress, a  severer  policy  was  henceforward  adopted. 

Unfortunately  fur  the  inhabitants,  this  was  taken 
up  on  grounds,  which  involved  thousands  in  dis- 
tress,  and  Dot  a  few  in  tlie  loss  uf  life.    The 


UNITED    STATES 


401 


rtrilisli  conceived   tlieinielves  in  poaseaaiun  of  llie  verniiient,  loid  C'iirnwiilli!i,  in  iilxiiit  luui  wrt'ks.if- 

rlclKH  of  aoveieii^nty,  over  a  coii(|ucreil  country,  t«r  liin  victory,   Scptcnilier  l(i,  is.inril  n  prochonn- 

iinil  tli^it,  tlicreforc,  the  elforls  of  the   cili/.eii!i,   to  lion,  fur  the  Hci|iicHlr;ilioii  ol  all  cstiitcH,    IicIciiikuik 

iissi'il  their  iiiilepeiiilciice,    exposed  them    to  the  to  the  iictive  riieijilsof  inilcpeiKlence,     Uyllilslie 

penal  coiiHeqiieiicea  of  treason  »iid  rehellion.     In-  coniililiiled   "John    Criiclt'ii,   coniiiiisHioner,  with 

fliienced    hy  thexe  opinionn,  and  transported  with  lull  piincr  and  aiithiiiity,  on  the  rei  ript  (d  an  or- 

iiidit!iialion  against  the  inhahitaiila,  they  violated  der    or  warruiit,  to   take    into   his  po>i.ses4J<in  the 

the  riishta,  held  aacred  between  indepenilenl  hostile  estates,  both  real  :inil  personal,  not  inchideil  in  the 


natiiHia.  Orders  were  (jiven  by  lord  Cornwallis, 
••thai  all  the  inhnbitania  of  the  province,  who  had 
subniitteil,  and  who  hail  taken  part  in  this  revoh, 
alioidd  be  punished  with  the  );reateal  rigour  ;  that 
they  khonid  be  imprisoned,  and  their  whole  pro- 
perty taken  from  tliein,  nr  destroyed."  He  also 
ordered,  in  the  most  positive  manner,  "thai every 
niihliii  man,  who  had  borne  arms  with  the  lUitish, 
and  al'lei wards  joined  llie  Americans,  shoiil-J  be 
put  (o  ilealh."  AtAnguata,  at  Camden,  nnil  else- 
where, several  of  the  iidiabilants  were  handed,  in 
consequence  of  these  orders.  The  men  wlio  »uf- 
feied  had  been  coiii|ielled  by  the  necessities  of 
their  families,  and  the  prospect  of  savinj;  their 
properly,  to  make  an  involuntary  siibiiiission  toilie 
royal  coiM|iierors.     Experience  soon  tauuht  them 


capilulation  of  ('harlesliin,  of  those  in  the  service, 
or  acting  under  thoauthurily  ofthe  rebel  ('ongresa: 
and  also  the  estates,  both  real  and  personal,  of 
those  persons  who,  by  an  open  avowal  of  rebel- 
lious principles,  or  by  other  nolorious  ads,  maiii- 
lested  a  nicked  and  desperate  perseverance,  iiiop- 
posiiiKihe  re  eslablishnient  of  his  majesty's  juat 
and  lawful  anihnrity.'  It  was  I'lulher  declared, 
•' that  any  persiMi  or  persons   idislructiii);   or  im- 

fifding  the  Slid  conMiiiisioner,  In  the   execution  of 
lis  iliity,  by  Ihe  concealment,  or  removal  of  pro 
perly,    or  otherwise,  should,    on  conticlioii,    be 
punitihed  asaiilini>  and  abetting  rebellion." 

All  adherent  to    inde|>ciideiice  waa  now  consid- 
ered as  one  who  conned  exile,  poverty,  and   ruin. 
.Many    yielile<l    to   the    templalion,    and    became 
the  inetricacy  of  these  submissions.     This,  in  their !  Hritish  subjectl.     'I'he  miscliicvouscll'icts  of  slav- 
opinion,  absolved  Ihem   from    their  obligations  loiery,  in  facllilaling  thecoinpiesi  of  the  couotiy,  now 

becami!    appareiil.     As  the  slaves  had  no  inleresi 


at  slake,  the  siibjimalion  ofthe  slate  was  a  mal!<'>r 


nupport  the  royal  cause,  and    left  lli"m   at  liberty 
to  follow  their  inclinations.     To    treat    men  thus 

circunislanced,  wiih  the  severity  of  punishment,  of  no  conseciiiencc  to  ihcii..  Instead  of  aiding 
usually  inllicled  on  deserters  and  traitors,  might !  iii  its  di'fence,  they,  by  a  variety  of  means,  threw 
have  apolitical  tendency  to  iliscourage  farther  re- j  the  weight  of  their  little  iiilluence  into  the  oppo- 
volls  ;  but  the  impartial  world    must  regret,  that  | site  scale. 

the  unavoidable  horrors  of  war  should  be  aggia-        Though    numbers  broke   through   all   the    ties 

valed,  by  such  deliberate  elViisions  of  human  blood,   which  Ixiiind  them  to  support  the  cause  of  Ameri- 

Notwithstanding  the  decisive  superiority  ofthe  ca,  illustrious  sacrilices  were  made  at  the  .shrine  of 

Hritish  armies,  in   South  Carolina,  several  of  the  ililierty.     Several  of  the    richest  men   in  the  stale 


nio^t  respectable  citi/.ena,  ihoiigh  ill  the  power  of 
their  conipierora,  resisted  every  teniplatioii  to  re- 
siinie  the  chaiacter  of  subjects.  To  enforce  a  ge- 
neral submission,  orders  were  given  by  lord  Corn- 
wallis, immediately  :iller  this  victory,  to  send  out 
of  Souili  Carolina  a  number  of  its  principal  citi- 
■/.ens.  Lieutenant  (iovernor  (-ailsilen,  most  of  the 
civil  and  militia  ollicers,  and  some  others,*  who 
had  declined  exchanging  their  paroles,  (orthe  pro- 
tection of  Hritish  siilijecis,  were  taken  up,  Angiisl 
27,  put  on  board  a  vessel  in  the  harbour,  and  sent 
to  .St.  Augustine,  (ieneral  IMonllric  remonstrated 
against  the  confinement  and  removal  of  these  gen- 
tlemen, »s  contrary  to  their  rights,  derived  from 
the  capitulation  of  Charlestim.  They,  at  tlie  same 
lime,  challenged  their  adversaries  to  prove,  that 
any  part  of  their  conduct  merited  expulsion  from 
their  country  and  families.  They  received  no 
firther  satisfaction,  than  that  the  measure  had  been 
"  ailopted  from  motives  of  policy."  To  convince 
the  iidiabilants,  that  the  conquerors  were  seriously 
lesolved  lo  remove  Iroiii  the  country,  ail  who  re- 
fused to  become  suliject.s,  ail  additional  number  of 
aliiive  tweiiiy  citi/.ensf  of  .South  Carolina,  who  re 


sullcreil  iheii  forliims  to  remain  in  the  power  and 
possession  of  their  cont,  "erors,  ralhcr  than  slain 
their  honour  by  joining  the  enemies  of  their  coun- 
try. The  patriolismof  the  ladies  cootribuled  much 
lo  this  lirumess.  They  crowded  on  board  prison 
ships,  and  other  places  of  conruiemeni,  to  solace 
their  sulfering  countrymeiu  While  the  conquerors 
were  regaling  themselves,  at  concerts  and  assem- 
blies, ilicy  could  obtain  very  few  of  the  fair  sex  to 
associate  with  them  ;  but  no  sooner  was  an  Amer- 
ican oDicer  introduced  as  a  prisoner,  than  his  com- 
pany was  sought  for,  and  his  person  treated  with 
every  possible  mark  of  attention  and  respect.  On 
other  occasions,  the  ladies,  in  a  great  mea.sure,  re- 
tired from  the  public  eye,  wept  over  the  distresses 
of  their  country,  and  gave  every  proof  ofthe  warin- 
esl  allachnient  to  itssuD'ering  cause.  Among  the 
numbers  who  were  banished  from  their  families, 
and  whose  property  wasseized  by  the  conquerors, 
many  examples  could  be  picidiiced,  of  ladies  cheer- 
fully parting  with  theirsons,  husbands,  and  brothers; 
exhorting  them  to  forliiude  and  perseveiance  ;  and 
repeatedly  entreating  them  never  to  stiller  family 
itlachmenls  to  inlertere  with  the  duiv  they  owed 


niained   prisoners  on   p.irole,  wero  sent  olf  to  thejlo  their  country.     When,  in  the  progress  ofthe 


«aiiie  place,  in  less  than  three  months,  (ieneral 
Kntherford  and  Cidonel  Isaacs,  both  of. North  Ca- 
rolina, who  had  been  lately  taken  near  Camden, 
were  associated  with  Ihem. 

To  compel  the  le-establishmcnt  of  ISritish  go- 


*  Their  niunoa  were :  KilwnnI  Blnko,  Jolm  Mudd, 
Rdticrt  Coclniin,  Joliii  F.tlvvnnU,  ThoiiiaA  l''('ri;uK<in, 
:ie(irio  l''lii-ir,  Williniii  Hii«sol  tiililics,  Williinri  Hull, 
ritoinnA  Hull,  TIhvikh  Uevwnnl,  jr.  Isane  ITotiiirs, 
Kichiiril  lliii!)oii,  Witiiiin  Jfiliii^nn,  Itev.  .lohn  l.nwis, 
Williiiin  I.iviii^isioii,  John  Lovuiliiy,  Kirhnrtl  l.iislijn^r- 
Pnil,  Willitiiii  .Mus!,e_v,  l-',(lvvuril  M'Bieiulv,  .Mt'xnniler 
Moiiltni*,  Jnbn  Alowiiit,  JiiliM  Neii^illf.  K<lvv:tril  North, 
Joseph  Parker,  .lohn  Krni'sl  Pomis,  l>nvi,I  Itdrosny,  .In- 
;oh  Ueiul,  IIiiL'h  Rnth'ilire,  Kdwiiril  Kntleitu'e.  ,lcihn  Snn- 
31)111  Thomas  (^aviiire,  Thoiiiiifl  Siin;lc10)t,  Josinh  Suiith, 
i.iiiios  Huoihiioii  Thuiusoii,  IVMcr  Tiiiioiby,  Juliii  Todd, 
utid  Aiilliony  Tooiner. 

t  Tlirlrimiiies  were:  Joseph  Roe,  nirhnrd  Heresford 
John  Herwit'k,  Dnniel  nniinlrntix,  nonjiiiniii  Cnilworth, 
Henry  ('nnich,  John  Splult  (.'ripns.  KdwnnI  Dnrrell 
Diiniol  Ue  Siiifsiire,  Ceorpo  A.  Iltill,  I'hniiins  (Jriiii- 
ImII,  Nidilo  Whiiiihprly  Jones,  Williinn  I.i'e,  WiHinni 
I.o*iin.  Arllmr  .Middl.^loii,  Chiistopher  Triers,  nenj>onhi 
Potseli,  Miiotiiel  PrideiKi,  I'liili[»  Sniilli,  Henintiiiii  Wid- 
ler,  Juaics  Wukelicid,  Edward  WcMimn,  llorlon  Wil- 
kintm. 


war,  they  were  alsocompreheniled  under  a  general 
sentence  of  banishment,  with  eipial  resolution  they 
parted  with  their  native  connlry,  and  the  many  en- 
dearments of  home,  and  folloned  their  husbands 
into  prison-ships  and  distant  lands,  where  they  were 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  receiving  charity. 

Animated  by  suchexam|iles,  ns  well  ashy  a  high 
sense  of  honour,  and  the  love  of  their  country,  a 
great  proportion  ofthe  gentlemen  of  South  Caro- 
lina deliberately  adhered  to  their  first  resolution  of 
risking  life  and  fmtune  in  support  of  tlieii  liberties. 
Hitherto  the  royal  linccs  in  tSouth  Carolina  had 
been  attended  with  aluiiist  iinintemipCed  siicceas. 
Their  standard  overspread  the  cimntry,  penetra- 
ted into  every  (|iiaiter,  and  liiuniphed  over  all  op- 
position. 

The  Hritish  ministry,  by  this  llatlering  posture 
of  allairs,  were  once  more  intoxicated  with  the 
hope  of  subjugating  America.  New  plans  were 
t'orined,  and  great  expectations  indulged,  id'spedi- 
ly  le-uniling  the  dissevered  members  of  the  em- 
pire. It  was  now  asserted,  with  a  confidence  bor- 
dering on  presiimplion,  that  such  troops  as  fought 
ut  Cumdcii,  put  under  such  a  coiuiiiauUvr  :ui  lord 


Cornwallia,  would  aoon  extirpate  rebellion  an  eU 
lectnally,  as  to  leave  no  vestige  of  ii  in  Amerir.i, 
The  lliilish  iiiinisiry  iiiid  army,  by  an  impious  inn* 
lidence  in  their  wisdom  anil  pro»i'<s,  were  duly 
prepared  to  give,  in  iheir  appio.iching  dowiil  ill,  u 
Useiul  lesson  lo  the  »inlil. 

The  disaster  id  the  aimy,  under  (ieneral  (iatea, 
overspread,  at  first,  the  face  of  American  afiaira, 
with  a  diamal  gloom  :  but  the  day  of  prosperity  In 
the  United  States,  began,  as  will  appear  in  the  se- 
quel, from  that  moment,  to  d.iwo.  'I  heir  prospecu 
brightened  up  ;  while  those  ol  their  enemies  wero 
obscured  by  disgrace, hiokeii  by  defeat,  and  at  laat 
covered  with  ruin.  Elated  wiiii  their  victories, 
the  ciinqueiors  grew  iiiiue  lUHiilent  and  rapacimis, 
while  the  real  fi  lends  of  independence  became  reso- 
lute and  determined. 

We  have  seen  .Sumter  penetialing  into  South 
Carolina,  and  le'Commeiiciiig  a  mililaiy  opposiiinu 
to  liritish  goverument.  Soon  alier  that  event,  he 
was  promoted  by  (iovernor  Kiilledge,  to  llie  rank 
ol  bligailier  general.  About  the  same  time,  Ma- 
rion was  promoted  to  the  same  rank,  who,  in  tlin 
iiortheasierii  extremity  of  the  stale,  siiceessl'ully 
prosecuted  a  similar  pliin.  Unlurnished  with  iho 
means  id'd,"feiic',',  he  v,as  nbliged  to  take  possession 
ofthe  saws  ofthe  saw-mills,  and  to  convert  theni 
iiilo  horsemen's  swords.  .Sn  much  was  he  ,-iis- 
iressed  foraimiiuniiion,  that  he  has  engaged,  when 
he  had  not  three  rounds  lo  each  man  of  his  party. 
At  other  times,  he  has  brought  his  men  into  view, 
though  wilhoiit  ammiinitioii,  that  he  might  make  a 
show  of  numbers  to  the  enemy.  For  several  weeks 
he  had  under  hiscoimnand,  only  seventy  men.  At 
one  time,  haidships  and  dangers  reduced  that  num- 
ber to  '2,') ;  yet  wi'h  this  inconsiderable  niiinher, 
he  scctired  himself  in  the  mid-t  of  siirroiindiiig 
liies.  Various  schemes  were  tried  lo  ilelaeh  the 
inhabitants  trom  co-operaling  wiih  him.  IMaiiir 
Wemys  burned  scores  of  houses  on  l'eilee,T,vncli's 
creek,  and  HIack  river;  beloncing  to  such  as  were 
supposed  10  do  duly  with  .Mari or  to  be  subser- 
vient to  his  views.  This  had  an  ellect  dillerenl 
from  what  was  intended.  Kevenge  and  despair 
en-operaled  wiih  patriotism,  to  make  these  riiineil 
men  keep  the  fi'dil.  Having  no  houses  to  shelter 
theiu,  the  camps  of  their  countrymen  became  their 
homes.  For  several  months,  Ajaiion  and  his  party 
were  obliged  to  sleep  in  the  open  ail,  and  to  shel- 
ter themselves  in  the  recesses  of  deep  swamps. 
From  these  retreats,  they  sallied  out,  whenever 
an  opportunity  of  harrassing  the  enemy,  or  ofser- 
»ing  llii'ir  country,  presented  itself. 

Opposition  to  Itritish  government  was  not  wholly 
conliiied  to  the  parlies  eommaniled  by  .'^iiinlerand 
Marion.  It  was  at  no  time  allngether  extinct,  in 
the  extremities  ofthe  state.  The  disposltimi  in 
revolt,  which  had  been  excited  on  the  approarh  of 
(ieneral  (iaies,  was  not  eMingiiished  by  his  defeat. 
The  spiiit  ofthe  people  was  overawed  ;  bin  not 
subdued.  The  severlly,  willi  which  levullers, 
who  fell  into  the  hands  of  ihe  Hritish.  were  treat- 
ed, indiiecd  those  who  escaped,  lo  persevere,  and 
seek  safely  in  swamps, 

Frnm  llie  time  of  the  general  submission  ofthe 
inhabilanls,  In  1780,  pains  had  been  taken  lo  in- 
crease the  loyal  force,  by  the  co-operation  of  llie 
yeomanry  of  the  country.  The  Hi  insli  persuaded 
the  people  lo  tiirm  a  royal  iniliiia,  by  represenling, 
Ihat  every  prospect  of  siiceeeiling.  in  their  scheii'o 
of  independence,  waa  annihilaied  ;  and  that  a  far 
tlier  opposition  would  only  be  a  prolongation  of 
their  distresses,  if  nut  their  ulier  ruin.  iMajiir 
Ferguson,  of  the  71st  regiment,  was  pariiciilarl) 
active  in  this  business.  He  visited  Ihe  setlle- 
ments  of  the  disafi'ected  to  the  American  cause, 
and  collected  a  corps  of  militia  of  that  descriptiiin. 
from  which  iiiiicli  active  service  was  expected. 
He  advanced  to  the  north-western  setleineiits,  to 
hold  commiinicalion  with  the  loyalists  of  bolhC^a- 
rolinas.  From  his  presence,  together  with  assur- 
ances of  an  early  movement  of  the  royal  army  iiiin 
North  Carolina,  it  was  hoped  lliat  the  friends  of 
royal  government  would  be  lonseil  to  aeiiviiv.  in 
the  scrvico  of  their  Ling.     In  ■hvuivaiitime,  every 


4fta 


HISTORY  OK    THE 


r    1!^ 


a       I    : 


M   *  : 


prrpnratliin  wai  niiide  lur  urging  atlttiaive  open- 
tiiitiii,  ua  soon  na  the  ii«uauii,  uiiif  ihe  alvle  ol'  (lie 
allien,  wiiiilil  prrniil. 

I'lnt  N|iirll  oCotiterpriae,  which  linanlrendy  been 
menliuiiPil,  m  bcKinnini;  lo  revive  aniniii;  llio  Aine- 
rii'iin  inililin,  iiliuiil  tliis  time,  niaiiiplcd  Colonel 
I'birliu  tu  in.ike  an  attempt  on  the  liritiah  poat  nt 
AiiKiiatn,  ill  (ieorgia ;  but  in  this  ho  fiiileil,  and  wna 
ubIiKed  to  retreiit.  Miijor  Ferguann,  with  the  ho|ie 
orinlereepling  hia  puny,  kept  nciir  the  moiintiiina, 
mid  at  conaideiablediaiance  Trom  support.  These 
circunmtancea,  iiigether  with  the  depredniiona  itf 
the  loyiiliatD,  induced  thoiehnrdy  republicnns,  who 
reside  un  the  weat  aide  of  the  Alleghuny  muuntninn, 
to  lorn)  an  enlerpriae  lur  reducing  that  diatinguish- 
cd  parliaun,  'I'his  was  done  of  their  own  motion, 
wiihoul  any  direction  from  Ihe  governments  of 
America,  or  from  the  oflicera  of  the  continental 
uriiiy. 

'I  here  was,  without  any  apparent  design,  a  pow- 
erful CDiiibinalioii  ofaeveral  detached  coiiiini^.iders, 
of  the  adjacent  slates,  with  their  respective  cuiii- 
inands  ofinililiii.  Colonel  Campbell,  of  Virginia, 
Coliiiiels  t;ii!velnnd.  Shelby,  Sevier,  and  M'Dowel, 
ofNurlh  Carolina,  together  with  Colonels  Lacy, 
Hawiborii  and  llill.  of  South  Caridinn,  all  ren- 
dezvousi'il  togrilier,  with  a  number  of  men  amount- 
ing to  KiOOi  tlii>ugli  they  were  under  no  general 
coniiiianil,  and  llioiigh  they  were  not  called  upon, 
to  embody  by  any  common  aullioiily,  or  indeed  by 
any  authority  at  all,  but  that  of  a  general  impulse 
of'llieir  own  minds.  They  had  so  little  of  the 
iiieclr.uiiHiii  of  a  regular  army,  that   the  colonels, 

by  to ion  consent   commanded  each  day  uller- 

n'llely.  The  liardihips  these  volunteers  under- 
went were  very  great.  Some  of  them  subsisted, 
lor  weelts  touelher,  without  tasting  bread,  or  salt, 
or  spirituous  liipiors,  and  slept  in  the  woods  with- 
out blaiikeis.  The  running  stream  quenched  their 
thirst.  At  night,  the  earth  alforded  them  u  bed, 
uiid  the  heavens,  or  nt  most,  the  limbs  of  trees 
were  their  only  covering.  Kars  of  corn  or  pom- 
pions,  thrown  into  the  fire,  with  occasional  su|>plies 
of  beef  or  venison,  killed  and  roasted  in  the 
woods,  were  the  chief  articles  of  their  provisions. 
They  had  ntilher  commissaries,  quarter-masters, 
not  stores  of  any  kind.  They  selected  about  a 
thousand  of  their  best  men,  and  mounted  them  on 
their  (leetesl  horses.  These  attacked  Major  Fer- 
guson, 7lh  October,  on  the  top  of  King's  moun- 
tain, near  the  confines  of  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina. The  Americans  formed  three  parties.  Colo- 
nel Iiacy  of  South  Carolina  led  one,  which  at- 
tacked on  the  west.  The  two  others  were  com- 
manded by  Colonels  Campbell  and  Cleveland  ;  one 
of  which  attacked  un  the  east,  and  the  other  in  the 
centre. 

On  ihisoccasion.  Colonel  Cleveland  addressed  his 
parly  in  the  following  plain  unvarnished  language: 
•'  .My  brave  fellows!  we  have  beat  the  lories,  and 
wc  can  beat  them.  They  are  all  cowards.  If 
ihey  bad  the  spirit  of  men,  they  would  join  with 
tlieir  fellow  citizens,  in  supporting  the  indepen- 
dence of  their  country.  When  engaged,  you  arc 
not  to  wait  for  the  word  of  command  from  me.  1 
will  show  you  by  my  example,  how  to  fight.  I  can 
undertake  no  more.  Every  man  must  consider 
hinself  as  an  officer,  and  act  from  his  own  judg- 
ment. Fire  as  quick  as  you  can,  and  stand  as  long 
as  vou  can.  When  you  can  do  no  better,  get  be- 
hin  1  trees,  or  retreat ;  but  I  beg  of  you  not  lo  run 
quite  off.  If  we  be  repulsed,  let  us  make  a  point 
to  return,  and  renew  the  fight.  Perhaps  we  may 
have  better  luck,  in  the  second  attempt,  than  in  the 
first.  If  any  of  you  be  afraid,  such  have  leave  to 
retire,  and  they  are  requested,  immediately,  to  take 
themselves  off." 

Ferguson  with  great  boldness  attacked  the  as- 
sailants with  fixed  bayonets,  and  compelled  them 
successively  to  retire  :  but  they  only  fell  back  a 
lillle  way  and  getting  behind  trees  and  rocks,  re- 
newed their  fire,  iu  almost  every  direction.  The 
Itrilish,  being  uncovered,  were  aimed  at  by  the 
American  luarksnicn  ;  and  many  of  them  were 
klain.  An  unusual  uuinbcrufthc  killed  were  found 


shot  in  Ihe  head.  Ritlenirn  took  off  rlfiemen,  with 
audi  exHctncBS,  that  they  killed  each  other,  when 
taking  alght,  ao  effectually, that  their  eyes  remained, 
after  they  were  dead,  one  shut,  and  the  other  ofx-n, 
in  the  usual  manner  of  marksmen,  when  levelling 
at  theii  object.  Major  Ferguson  displayeil  as  much 
bravery,  aa  was  possible,  in  his  situation  :  but  his 
encampment,  on  ihn  top  of  the  mountain,  was  nut 
well  chosen;  aa  it  gave  the  Ameiicans  an  opiMir- 
tiinity  of  covering  themselves  in  their  approaeiies. 
Had  he  puraued  his  march,  on  charging  and  driving 
the  first  part  of  the  mililia  which  gave  way,  he 
might  liave  got  off  with  moat  of  his  men  ;  but  his 
unconquerable  spirit  disdained  either  to  (lee  or  to 
auriender.  After  «  aevere  conllict,  he  received  a 
mortal  wound.  No  chance  of  escaite  being  left, 
and  all  prospect  of  successful  resistance  being  at 
an  end,  the  contest  was  endeil,  by  the  submission 
of  Ihe  survivors.  Upwards  ofWK)  became  prison- 
ers, and  2'.i!t  were  killed  and  wounded.  Very  few 
of  Ihe  assailants  fell;  but  in  their  number  was 
Colonel  Willi'ima,  a  distinguished  mililia  ofticer,  in 
Ninety-Six  district,  who  had  been  very  active  in 
opposing  the  re-establishment  of  llrilish  govern- 
ineiit.  Ten  uf  the  royal  mililia,  who  had  surren- 
dered, wore  hanged  by  Iheir  conquerors.  They 
were  provoked  to  this  measure,  by  the  severity  of 
the  liritish,  who  had  lately  hanged  several  of  the 
captured  Americans,  in  Soulli  ('andiiia  and  (ieur- 
gia.  They  also  alleged,  that  the  men  whosiill'ered 
were  guilty  of  previous  felonies,  for  which  their 
lives  werelorfeited  by  the  laws  of  the  land. 

The  fall  of  Ferguson  was  in  itself  a  great  loss 
lo  the  royal  cause.  He  possessed  superior  abili- 
ties as  a  paitisan,  and  his  spirit  of  enterprise  was 
uncommun.  To  a  distinguished  capacity  for  plan- 
ning great  designs,  he  also  added  the  practical 
abilities,  necessary  lo  carry  them  inio  execution. 
The  unexpected  advantai;e,  which  the  Americans 
gained  over  him  and  his  paiiy,  in  a  great  degree 
frustrated  a  well-concerted  scheme,  for  strengthen- 
ing the  liritish  army,  by  the  co-operation  of  the 
tory  inhabitants,  whom  he  had  undertaken  to  dis- 
cipline and  prepare  for  active  service.  The  total 
rout  of  the  party,  which  had  joined  Major  Fergu- 
son, operated  as  a  check  on  the  future  exertions  of 
the  loyalists.  The  same  timid  caution,  which  mail<^ 
them  averse  to  joining  their  countrymen,  in  oppo- 
sing the  claims  of  Great  liritain,  restrained  tlieiu 
from  risking  any  more  in  support  of  the  royal 
cause.  Henceforward,  Ihey  wailed  to  see  how 
the  scales  were  likely  to  incline,  and  reserved  them- 
selves till  the  British  army,  by  its  own  unassisted 
efforts,  should  gain  a  decideil  superiority. 

In  a  few  weeks  after  the  general  action  near 
Camden,  lord  ('ornwallis  left  a  small  force  in  that 
village,  and  marched  with  the  main  army,  towards 
Salisbury  ;  intending  to  push  fnrwariis  in  that  di- 
rection While  on  his  way  thither,  the  North 
Carolina  mililia  were  ver>-  industrious  and  suc- 
cessful, in  annoying  his  e.Min  hmenis.  Kiflemen 
frequently  penelrate'l  nc:;'.-  Iiii  ci  nip,  and,  from  be- 
hind tiees,  made  sure  n(  thoir  i  .ijects.  The  lato 
conquerors  were  expose  I  to  inseen  dangers,  if 
they  attempted  to  ina!;f  ".  •!  cursion  ofonly  a  few 
hundred  yards,  from  !!;?';■  main  body.  The  de- 
feat of  Major  Ferguson,  added  to  these  circum- 
stances, gave  a  serious  alarm  to  lord  Coriiwallis; 
and  he  soon  after  retreated  to  Winnsborough.  As 
he  retireil,  the  militia  took  several  of  his  wagons  ; 
and  single  men  often  rode  up  within  gunshot  of  his 
army,  discharged  Iheir  pieces,  and  made  Iheir 
escape.  The  panic  occasioned  by  the  defeat  of 
Gales,  had,  in  a  great  measure,  worn  off.  The 
defeat  of  Ferguson,  and  the  consequent  retreat  of 
lord  Cornwallis  encouraged  the  Ameiican  mililia 
to  lake  the  field  ;  and  the  necessity  of  the  times 
induced  them  to  submit  to  stricter  discipline. — 
Sue.  v.,  soon  after  the  dispersion  of  his  corps  on 
the  ibth  of  August,  collected  a  band  of  volunteers, 
partly  from  new  adventures,  and  partly  from  those 
who  had  escaped  on  that  day.  With  these,  though 
for  three  months  there  was  no  continental  army 
in  the  stale,  he  constantly  kept  the  field,  ii>.  sup- 
port uf  Amuiican  iudepeudeucc.     He  varied  his 


pOtMOB  ftom  itnttS  tlnti  ibnul  F.norrp,  llioad, 
niHl  Tjrgar  rivtra,  iinit  hid  fiequent  skirmishet 
with  his  adversaries.  Having  iiiounled  hia  fol- 
lowers, he  infested  the  liiitish  parties  with  fre- 
quent incursions  :  beat  up  their  quarters  ;  inter- 
cepted their  convoys;  and  so  liuraased  Iheni  with 
successive  alarms,  that  their  movements  could  not 
be  made,  but  with  caution  and  difficulty.  His 
spirit  of  enterprise  was  so  particularly  injurious  to 
the  Kritiah,  that  they  laid  sundry  plans  for  destroy- 
ing his  force  :  but  they  all  failed  iu  Ihe  execution. 
He  was  attacked,  November  l^tli,  at  llroad  river, 
by  Major  Wemys,  commandinga  corps  of  infantry 
and  dragoons.  In  this  action,  the  liritish  were 
defeated,  and  Iheir  commanding  officer  taken  pri- 
soner. Kight  days  afterwards,  November '.JUlh,  he 
was  attacked  at  Black  Stocks,  near  Tyger  river, 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarletoii.  The  attack  was 
begun  with  170  dragoons,  aiut  80  men  of  the  C3d 
regiment.  A  considerable  part  of  .Sumter's  force 
hud  been  thrown  into  a  large  log  barn,  from  the 
apertures  of  which,  lliuy  fired  in  security.  Many 
of  the  63d  regiment  were  killed.  Tarlelon  chargeil 
with  his  cavalry,  hut,  being  unable  to  dislodge  the 
Americans,  he  rttremed,  and  Sumter  was  left  in 
quiet  possession  of  the  field.  The  loss  of  the 
liritish  in  this  action  was  considerable.  Among 
their  killed  were  throe  nfiirers,  Major  Money 
Ijieutenanis  Gibson  and  Cope.  The  Ameiicans 
lost  very  few ;  but  General  Siiinler  received  a 
wound,  which,  for  several  months,  interriiplcd  his 
gallant  enterprises,  in  behalf  of  hia  coiinliy.  His 
/.eal  and  activity  in  animating  the  militia,  when 
they  were  discouraged  by  repeated  defeats,  and 
the  bravery  and  good  conduct  he  displayed,  iu 
sundry  attacks  on  Ihe  British  detachments,  pro- 
cured him  the  applause  of  his  countrymen,  nui!  iho 
thanks  of  Congress, 

For  the  three  months,  which  fiillowed  the  defeat 
of  the  American  army  near  Camden,  (iencral  Gates 
was  industriously  preparing  to  lake  the  field.— 
Having  collected  a  foice  at  Hillsborough,  he  ad- 
vanced to  Salisbury,  and  soon  afteiwards  to  Char- 
lotte. He  had  done  every  thing  in  his  power,  to 
repair  Ihe  injuries  ofhisdef<iV  anil  was  again  in.i 
condition  to  face  the  enemy  ;  b;it  from  that  intlu- 
ence,  which  popular  opinion  has  over  public  af- 
fairs, in  a  commonwealth.  Congress  resolved  tu 
supersede  him,  and  to  order  a  court  of  inquiry  to 
be  held  on  his  conduct.  This  was  founded  on  a 
former  resolve,  that  whoever  lost  a  post  should  bn 
subject  lo  a  court  of  inquiry.  The  cases  were  no 
ways  parallel ;  he  had  lost  a  battle ;  but  not  a  post. 
The  only  charge,  that  could  be  exhibited  against 
General  Gates,  was,  that  he  had  been  defeated. 
His  enemies  could  accuse  him  of  no  military 
crime,  unless  that  to  be  unsuccessful  might  be  so 
reckoned.  The  public,  sore  with  their  losses, 
were  desirous  of  a  change  ;  and  Congress  found  it 
necessary  to  gratify  them  ;  though  at  the  expense 
of  the  feelings  of  one  oftheir  best,  and,  till  August 
1780,  one  of  their  most  successful  ofiicers.  Vir- 
ginia did  not  so  soon  forget  Saratoga.  When 
Geneml  Gates  was  at  Richmond,  on  his  way  homo 
from  Carolina,  the  house  of  burgesses  of  that  stale 
unanimously  resolved,  December  18th,  "  that  a 
coinmitlee  of  lour  be  appointed  lo  wait  on  General 
Gales,  and  assure  him  of  their  high  regard  and 
esteem;  that  the  remembrance  of  his  former  glo- 
rious services  could  not  be  obliterated,  by  any  re- 
verse of  fortune,  ;  and  that  ever  mindful  of  iiis 
great  merit,  they  would  omit  no  opportunity  ol 
testifying  lo  Ihe  world,  the  gratitude  which  Ihe 
country  owed  lo  him,  in  his  military  character." 

These  events,  together  with  a  few  unimportant 
skirmishes,  not  worthy  of  being  particularly  men- 
tioned, closed  the  campaign  of  1780  in  the  southern 
slates.  They  afforded  ample  evidence  of  the  folly 
of  prosecuting  Ihe  American  war.  Though  British 
conquests  had  rapidly  succeeded  each  other,  yet 
no  advantages  accrued  to  the  victors.  The  minds 
of  the  people  were  unsubdued,  or  rather  more 
alienated  from  every  idea  of  returning  to  their 
former  allegiance.  .S'.ii.h  was  their  temper,  that 
the  expense  uf  retaining  l!i'.:ni  in  sulijectiou,  would 


iM-ffi^i^«¥fMiaiMBaMi 


UNITED  ITATEfl. 


408 


t  Knnrrtt,  Krniul, 
liiriit  nkiriniiilii'i 
liiilinlril  hif  I'ul- 
pnrlirii  niih   iVe- 

qiinrlcr*  ;  inirr- 
'uitaeit  llirni  wiili 
rmrnlii  roulil  mil 

diinniilly.  Ilii 
ilnrly  iiijiiriiMin  (u 
pinna  liir  ili'atniy- 
ri  till!  rxrculliiii, 
III  nl  iiriiiiil   river, 

I  norpniil'inl'.iiitry 
ilie   lirilinli  wcro 

officer  liiken  pn- 
luveiiihcr^Ulli,  lin 

ear  Tyncr  river, 
Tho  iiltiick  wua 
)  men  of  llie  G'M 
if  .Siiiiiler'»  forea 
barn,  IVoin   llip 

»eiMirily.     Miiny 

Tarlelon  rliiirKeil 
lie  til  iliHliiil){e  llin 

II  inter  vi;m  lelt  in 
Tlie   liHii  a(  the 

ileriilile.  Aiiiong 
Miijiir  Money 
The  Aineiicnns 
miller  received  n 
H,  inlerrnplcil  liia 
lis  country,  ilia 
lie  niiliiiii,  wlien 
led  deli!»lg,  mill 
he  diii|ihiy<!d,  in 
et»chnient4,  pro- 
intryinen,  luii)  tlio 

lillowed  ihedcfcil 
en,  (ieneralOiiicH 
lake  the   field.— 
9boroui;h,  he  ad- 
ieiwaril!)  lo  Char- 
in  his  power,   to 
ind  was  again  in.t 
It  iVum  that  inllii- 
as  over  piililic  af- 
giess   resolved  lo 
iirl  of  inquiry  to 
as  founded  on  a 
R  po.<il  should  III) 
he  cases  were  no 
le  ;  but  not  a  post, 
exhibited  against 
I    been    defeated. 
1   of  no  inilitary 
ssful  might  be  so 
'ith  their    losses. 
Congress  found  it 
(h  nl  the  expense 
li  and,  till  August 
il   oflicers.     Vii- 
laratoga.     When 
un  his  way  homo 
esses  of  that  slate 
r   ISih,  "that   a 
I  wait  on  (ieneral 
liigh   regard  and 
if  his  former  glo- 
irated,  by  any  re- 
mindful  of  iiis 
10  opportunity  ol 
llude  which  the 
ary  character." 
few  unimportant 
particularly  inen- 
0  in  the  soOthern 
denceaflhe  folly 
Though  British 
each  other,  yet 
ors.     The  minds 
or   rather   more 
turning   in   their 
rir    temper,  that 
ulijvctiuii,  would 


have  cxcrednd  all  the  profits  ol  the  ciini|ueii.  lirU- 
iidi  garrisons  kept  down  open  rrsisiaiice,  in  the  vi- 
sillily  of  the  places  whrrn  they  were  ealablished  ; 
hut  as  sunn  as  they  were  wilhdrawn,  and  the  peo- 
ple lelt  lo  ihemaelves,  a  spirit  of  revolt,  hoslilii  to 
1 11  eat  llrilain,  alwaya  displayed  ilanlf;  and  the 
ntaiidard  of  independence,  whensoever  it  was  pru- 
dently raised,  never  wanleil  liillowers,  »iiioii|;  the 
ui-live  and  apiriled  pait  of  the  coiiimunily. 


CHAPTKR      X. 

Campnign  nr  I7CII,  in  ilio  Niirlhrrn  StalRS. 

WiiiLK  the  war  rag>  il  in  South  Carolina,  the 
campaign  of  17N0,  in  li.''  n  irlhern  slates,  was  biir- 
en  of  important  events.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
177'.),  the  American  northern  ariny  took  post  at 
IMorriatiiwn,  and  built  ihemaelves  huts  agreeably 
to  the  piaclicu  whirh  had  been  first  iiilrodiiced  at 
Valley  h'orge.  This  pnsiliiin  was  well  calculated 
to  cover  the  eoiiniry,  finiii  ilie  incursions  of  the 
Jlrilish,  being  only  twenty  miles  from  New  Viirk. 

Kurd  .Stilling  maile  an  inetrecliial  allenipt,  in 
January,  1780,  to  surprise  a  parly  of  the  enemy 
on  Staien  Island.  While  hn  was  on  ihe  island,  a 
niiiiiber  of  persons,  liom  the  Jersey  side,  passed 
ovei,aiid  phiiidered  the  inliabiianls,  who  had  siili- 
iiiitled  III  the  liritish  giivurninenl.  In  those  limes 
of  ciinfiision,  licenlioiis  persons  fixed  themselves 
ncai  the  lines,  which  divided  the  Uritish  from  the 
Americans.  Whensoever  the  opportunity  olfered 
lliey  were  in  Ihe  habit  of  going  within  Ilie  sellle- 
nients,  of  the  opposite  party,  and,  under  the  pre- 
tence iif  distressing  their  eneuiies,  coinmitted  the 
most  slianieful  depredations.  In  the  first  iiioiiths 
of  ihe  year  17S0,  while  the  royal  army  was  weak- 
ened, iiy  the  expedition  against  Charleston,  the 
liritish  were  apprehensive  for  their  safety  in  New 
York.  The  rare  circumstance  which  then  existed, 
of  a  connexion  between  the  main  and  York  island, 
br  inciins  of  ice,  seemed  to  invite  lo  the  enter- 
prise ;  but  the  force  and  equipments  of  the  Amer- 
ican army  were  unequal  to  il.  Lieutenant  Uene 
i:d  Kniphaiisen  who  ih  n  commanded  in  New- 
^'iirk  apprehending  such  a  design,  embodied  the 
iiiliabiiaiits  of  the  city,  as  a  militia,  for  iis  defence. 
They  very  rheeifully  formed  ihemsclves  inio  com- 
panies dnd  discovered  great  /.eal  in  the  service. 

An  incursion  was  made  into  Jersey,  from  New 
York,  with  five  ihoiiHand  men,  commanded  by 
LieutcnanKicneral  Kniphaiisen.  Tliey  landed  at 
lOli/.abclliluwn,  and  proceeded  In  Connecticut 
farms  In  this  neighbiiurhood,  lived  the  Rev.  iMr. 
James  Caldwell,  a  I'resbyterian  clergyman,  of 
great  activity,  ability  and  influence  ;  whose  suc- 
cessful exeilions,  in  animating  the  Jersey  militia 
to  defend  their  rights,  had  rendered  him  particu- 
larly obnoxious  to  the  liritish.  When  tlic  royal 
liiices  were  on  iheir  way  into  the  country,  a  sol- 
dier came  to  his  house  in  his  absence  ;  and  shot 
his  wife  instantly  dead,  liy  levelling  his  piece  di- 
rectly at  her,  through  the  window  of  the  room  in 
wliich  she  was  sitting  with  her  children.  Her 
body,  at  the  request  of  an  officer  of  the  new  levies, 
was  moved  lo  some  distance,  and  llien  the  house, 
and  every  thing  in  it  was  reduced  to  ashes!  The 
British  iiiirnt  about  twelve  other  houses,  and  also 
the  I'resliyterian  church  ;  and  then  proceeded  to 
■Springfield.  As  they  advanced,  they  were  annoy- 
ed by  Colonel  Dayton,  with  a  few  militia.  On 
their  approach  to  the  bridge  near  the  town,  they 
were  farther  opposed  by  (ieneral  Maxwell,  who, 
with  a  few  continental  troops,  was  prepared  to  dis- 
pute iis  passage.  They  made  a  hall  and  soon  af- 
ter returned  to  Kli/.abe'ihtown.  Before  they  had 
retreated,  the  whole  American  army  at  Morris- 
town  inarched  lo  oppose  them.  While  this  royal 
detachment  was  in  Jersey,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  re- 
liiMied,  with  his  victorious  troops,  from  Chaileston 
to  New  York.  Ho  ordered  a  reinforcement  to 
Kniphaiisen  ;  and  tho  whole  advanced  a  second 
lime  Inwards  Springf.eld.  They  were  now  op- 
posed by  Ucucral  Urccnc,  with  a  cunsidcrublv  body 


of  continental  lrao|is.  Colonel  Angel,  with  liia  re- 
giment and  ■  piece  of  artillery,  was  posted  lo  se- 
cure the  bridge  in  front  of  the  lowii.  An  engage- 
iiienl  took  place.  .Siiperinr  numliers  tiirced  the 
Americana  lo  retire,  (leneril  liieenn  tiiok  post 
will)  his  troops,  on  a  range  of  hills,  in  hopraol  be- 
ing attacked.  Insteail  of  ihia,  the  llrilisli  beg  in  to 
burn  the  town.  Near  (illy  ilwelling-liciiises  were  re- 
duced to  ashes.  The  liritish  then  retreated  ;  but 
were  puisiieil  by  the  enraged  iiiililia,  till  they  en- 
tered Kli/.aliethtowii.  The  next  day,  they  set 
out  on  their  return  to  New  York.  The  lina  of 
the  Ameiieans  in  the  action  was  about  eighty; 
and  that  of  llie  Itrilish,  was  supposed  to  bn  mure. 
Il  is  iliniciiltto  tell  what  was  the  precise  object  ol 
this  expedition.  I'erhapa  the  royal  comiiianileia 
hoped  to  get  |iossession  of  Morrislown,  and  lo  de- 
stroy the  American  atotes.  Perhaps  they  Haltered 
themselves,  that  the  inhabilaiits  were  so  dispirited, 
by  the  recent  loss  of  Charleslon.  that  they  would 
siilimil  without  resistance;  .iiid  lliat  thu  soldiers 
of  the  contineiilal  army  would  di'sert  lo  llieiii :  but 
if  theae  were  their  views,  they  were  disappointed 
in  both.  The  tiriii  opposition,  made  liy  the  Jersey 
fariiiera,  eiinlriisled  with  the  conduct  of  lliii  saiiui 
people,  in  the  year  177(i,  made  it  evident,  that  not 
only  their  aversion  lo  (treat  Britain  contmiied  in 
full  force;  but  that  the  practical  haliils  of  seivice 
and  danger  had  improved  the  country  militia,  so 
as  to  bring  them  near  to  an  e(|iiality  with  regular 
tiiinps. 

By  such  desultory  operations,  were  hostilities 
cairinl  on,  at  this  lime,  in  the  northern  states.  In- 
dividuals were  killed,  houses  were  burnt,  and  much 
mischief  done;  but  nothing  was  efl'ecte  '  which 
tended  either  to  reconcilement  or  aulijiigalion. 

The  loyal  Americans,  who  had  fled  within  the 
British  lines,  commonly  called  refugees,  reduced 
a  predatory  war  into  system.  On  their  petition  lo 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  ihey  had  been  in  the  year 
1799,  permitted  lo  set  up  a  distinct  goveruient  in 
New  York.under  a  jurisdiction,  called  tho  honour- 
able board  of  associated  loyalists.  They  hail  siiiiie- 
tliing  like  a  fleet  ol  small  privateers  ami  cruisers,! 
by  the  aid  of  which ihey  comwincd  various deore-' 
dalions.  A  party  of  them,  who  had  formerly  be- 
longed to  Massachusetts,  went  to  Nantucket,  broke 
open  the  warehouses,  and  carried  olf  every  thing 
thai  fell  in  their  way.  They  also  carried  I'lVtwo 
loaded  brigs,  and  two  or  three  schooners.  In  a 
proclamation  left  behind  them,  they  observed,"thal 
Ihey  had  been  deprived  of  their  property,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  their  dwellings,  friends  and  con- 
nexions; and  that 'iliey  conceived  themselves  war- 
ranted by  the  laws  of  God  and  man,  to  wage  war 
against  their  persecutors,  and  to  endeavour,  by 
every  means  in  their  power,  to  obtain  compensa- 
tion for  their  siiflerings."  Tliese  associated  loy- 
alists eagerly  embraced  every  adventure  which 
gralificd  clilier  their  avarice  or  their  revenge. 
Their  enterprises  were  highly  lucnlive  to  them- 
selves, and  extremely  distressing  to  the  AuiBricans. 
Their  knowledge  of  the  country  and  superior 
means  of  transportation,  enabled  them  to  make 
hasty  desents,  and  successful  enterprises.  A  war 
of  plunder,  in  which  the  feelings  of  humanity  were 
nfleu  suspended,  and  which  temled  to  no  valuable 
public  purpose,  was  carried  on,  in  this  shameful 
manner,  from  the  double  cxeilemcnls  of  profit  and 
revenge.  The  ailioiiiing  coasts  of  the  continent, 
and  especially  the  maratiinc  parts  of  New  Jersey, 
became  scenes  of  waste  and  havoc. 

The  distress,  which  the  Americans  suffered, 
from  the  diminished  value  of  their  currency, 
though  felt  in  the  year  1778,  and  still  more  so  in 
the  year  1779,  diil  not  arrive  to  its  highest  pitch, 
till  the  year  1780.  Under  the  pressure  of  sufferings 
from  this  cause,  the  officers  of  the  Jersey  line  ad- 
dressed a  memorial  lo  their  state  legislature,  set- 
ting forth  "that  four  months'  pay  of  a  private 
would  not  procure,  fur  his  family,  a  single  bushel 
of  wheat;  that  the  pay  of  a  colonel  would  not  pur- 
chase oats  for  his  hiirsc;  that  a  common  lalioiirer 
or  express  rider  received  four  times  as  miu'li  as  an 
Aiiiciican  officer."     They  urged,  "that,  unlessa 


speedy  and  ample  remedy  waa  prnvided,  ihn  total 
dissuliiliou  uf  their  line  was  inevitable  ;"  and  eon 
chilled  with  saying,  "that  Mieii  pay  should  eiiliei 
be  made  up  iii  Mexican  dollais,  ur  in  somelliint 
equivalent."  In  addllion  to  the  insiiiririemy  of 
their  pay  and  support,  oilier  laiises  of  disconlenl 
prevailed.  The  original  idea  uf  a  ciiiilini'nlHl 
army,  to  be  raised,  paid,  siilisisleil,  and  regiilaled 
upon  an  eipr.il  and  uniform  principle,  had  been  in 
a  great  measure  exchanged  liir  siiite  esiiblish- 
meina.  This  iiiischevious  measure  partly  origi- 
nated from  necessity;  fur  stale  credit  was  not 
quite  so  much  depreciated  as  cuiilinriital.  Cun- 
giL'Ss  not  poaaeasingllie  means  i<(  supporlmg  iheir 
aiiiiy,  devolved  the  business  uo  the  couipunen! 
paila  of  the  confederacy.  .Some  si  iies,  from  their 
internal  ability  and  local  ailv.iniages,  fuiiiiHlieil 
their  Iroops  not  only  with  clolhing,  liiit  with  many 
conveniences.  Others  supplied  them  with  soinn 
necessaries,  but  on  a  mure  cunlracled  sc.ile.  A 
few,  from  their  particular  siiiialiun,  cuiild  do  lililn 
or  nothing  at  all.  The  ofliceis  and  men,  in  tho 
routine  of  diitv.  mixed  daily,  and  compared  cir- 
cumstances. Those  who  laied  worse  ihaii  others, 
were  dissatisfied  willi  a  service,  which  made  siiili 
injurious  distinctiuns.  Knim  causes  of  this  kind, 
siiperadiled  lo  a  coiuplicalion  of  wants  .ind  siill'er- 
ing,  a  disposition  to  niulinv  began  to  show  ilsell 
ill  the  .American  army.  This  broke  furih  into 
full  action,  among  the  soldiers,  slaliiineil  at  Kort 
.Schuyler,  Thirty-one  of  the  men  of  that  gariisen 
went  olf  in  a  body.  Being  pursued,  sixteen  of 
them  were  overtaken:  and  thirteen  uf  the  sixteen 
were  instantly  killed. 

About  the  same  time,  two  ' '  I'imenls  of  Con- 
necticut troops  miilinied,  ami  .  nndei  arms. 
They  determined  to  return  hn  .r  m  g.iiii  sub- 

sistence at  the  point  of  the  l>  i  I'lieir  of- 

ficers reasoneil  with  them,  and    I  \i'iy  aruu- 

iiient,  that  could    iiilcresi  tliili  i  i!'i'ir  pas- 

sions.    They  were  remimli'd    m  iiod  con 

duct,  and  of  the  impuriant  ulijecis  l<ji  wliich  they 
were  contending  :  but  their  answer  was  "  our  suf- 
ferings are  loo  great,  and  we  want  present  relief,' 
After  much  exposliilaiiun,  ihey  went  lo  their  huts 
While  the  army  was  in  this  leteiish  stale  of  dis- 
coiileiit,  from  llielraccuiiiulaled  distresses,  a  print- 
ed paper  addressed  lu  the  soldiers  iil  llie  cuiili- 
nciital  army,  was  circulated  in  the  American  camp. 
This  was  in  the  fulluwing  word:  "The  time  ia 
at  length  arrived,  when  all  the  artifices  and  false- 
hoods'of  the  Congress,  and  of  your  commanders, 
can  no  longer  conceal  from  you  the  miseries  of 
your  situation.  You  are  neither  fed,  clothed,  nor 
paid.  Your  numbers  are  waslini;  away  by  sick- 
ness, famine,  and  nakedness,  anil  rapidly  so,  by 
the  perioil  of  your  stipulated  sei vices  being  ex- 
pired. This  is  now  the  period  to  fly  from  slavery 
and  fraud. 

"  1  am  happy  in  acquainting  the  old  countrymen, 
that  the  affairs  uf  Ireland  :ire  fully  settled  ;  and  that 
(■real  Britain  and  Iteland  are  united,  as  well  friini 
inlerest  as  f'luiii  affecliun.  1  need  not  tell  you, 
who  arc  born  in  America,  that  you  have  been  cheat- 
ed and  aiiiiscd.  Yuii  are  buth  sensible,  that,  in  or- 
der to  procure  your  liberty,  you  must  quit  your 
leaders  anil  join  your  real  friends  who  scorn  In 
impose  upon  you,  and  who  will  receive  you  willi 
open  arms,  kindly  forgiving  all  your  errors.  Yuii 
are  told,  you  are  surrounded  by  a  numerous  mill 
lia.  This  is  also  false.  Associate  then  together', 
make  useofyoiii  firelocks  ;  ami  join  the  British  ar- 
my, where  you  will  be  permitted  to  dispose  ofyour- 
selves  as  you  please." 

About  Ihe  same  lime,  or  rather  a  little  before, 
the  news  arrived  of  the  rediictiuo  of  Charleston, 
and  the  capture  of  the  whole  American  southern 
army.  Such  was  the  firmness  of  the  common  sol- 
diery, and  so  strong  their  attachment  lolhe  caiiso 
wt  their  country,  that,  though  danger  impelled,  want 
urged,  8  "id  British  favour  invited  lliem  to  a  clianga 
uf  sides  yet,  on  the  arrival  of  bill  a  scanty  sti|iply 
of  meat,  for  their  iimuediale  subsistence,  military 
duty  was  cheerfully  perl'urmed,  and  no  uncuniu,.j!| 
dcscrliun  took  place. 


461 


HISTORY    OF    TIIK 


{■   i  I 


I    I  W 


11 


111 


So  fjreal  were  iIip  iiecessilies  ofilie  Ainciiciiii 
nrmv,  ilwt  Wiisliinalnn  was  ohliKPil  toc.ill  <iii  ilie 
iin>Kislr;iles  olllie  iiiljiieeiil  coiiiilies,  lor  spcuiliuil 
qiiiiiililic.'<  of  |ii'iivisi>iii.s,  to  be  !iu|i|ilit'd  in  a  ^ivi'ii 
iiiiiiilnT  ot  (lays.  At  ullier  linifs,  lie  ttascoiiipfl- 
U'd  li>  scud  uiii  delauliineiits  i>(  hid  tri)u|i!«,  lo  lake 
)>riivisiuijs  al  llif  point  of  ilie  bayonet.  This  ex- 
pedient at  length  Tailed  ;  liii  tlieeuiiiitty  in  the  vi- 
cinity o(  the  army  atl'urdeJ  no  farther  supplies. 
These  impressments  were  not  only  injutiuustutlie 
morals  and  diseipline  of  the  army;  but  tended  to 
alienate  the  all'ectinnsorthc  people.  Muchol'the 
support  which  the  American  general  had  previous- 
ly experienced  frinn  the  inliabitaiits,  proceeded 
Irom  the  diU'ereiKe  oltreatment  they  received  (Voni 
their  own  army,  compared  with  what  they  sullered 
I'romtlie  lirilish.  'I'he  general,  whom  the  inhabi- 
tants hitherto  regarded  as  their  protector,  had  now 
no  .illernative,  but  to  disband  his  troops,  or  to  sup- 
port them  l)y  Corce.  The  situaliim  ol'  Washinj;- 
toii  w.iseimnently  einbarrassiiiK.  The  army  looked 
lo  him  lor  provisions,  the  inhabitants  lor  protection 
of  their  property.  To  supply  the  one,  and  not  ol- 
fend  the  other,  seenuu  ';•''•  '"ss  tlian  an  impossi- 
bility. To  pieseive  order  and  subordination  in  an 
nnny  of  Creeiepublicaiis,  even  when  well-led,  paid 
and  cliilhed,  would  have  been  a  workufdilliculty  ; 
but  retain  them  in  service,  and  restrain  them  with 
discipline,  n  lien  destitute,  not  only  of  the  comforts, 
but  often  of  the  iiecessaiies  of  life,  required  ad- 
dress and  idiiliiiesof  such  iiiai;nilude,  asare  rariiy 
found  in  huiii.m  nature.  In  this  choice  of  dillirul- 
ties,  VVashiiiaton  not  only  kept  his  army  together, 
but  e Iiicled  with  so  muclidiscretion,  asto  com- 
mand the  approbation  both  of  the  army  and  of  the 
citizens. 

f'l  fiieat  a  scarcity,  in  a  country  usually  abound- 
ing with  provisions,  appears  extraordinary;  but 
various  causes  had  concurred,  about  this  lime,  to 
|)roilnce  an  unprecedented  deficiency.  The  seasons 
both  in  1771)  and  1780  were  unfavoiiialile  tu  the 
crops.  The  labours  of  the  hiisbaiidnien,  who  were 
attacneo  o  the  cause  of  independence,  had  been 
fr:(|uent.y  interrupted  by  the  calls  for  militia  duly. 
Those  wiio  caied  for  neither  side,  or  who,  from 
prinno.es  of  religion,  held  the  unlawliilness  ol 
war,  or  who  weie  secretly  attached  to  the  i>;  .d 
interest,  had  been  very  delicient  in  industry.  Such 
sometimes  reasoned,  that  all  labouron  iheirlarms 
hcyr.nd  a  bare  supply  of  their  own  necessities,  was 
unavailing;  but  the  principal  cause  of  the  sulfer- 
ings  of  the  army  was,  the  daily  diminishing  value 
of  the  conlinen'tal  bills  of  credit.  The  farmers 
found,  that  the  longer  they  delayed  the  payment 
of  taxes,  the  less  (iiiantiiyof  country  produce  woiilil 
discharge  the  stipulated  sum.  They  also  obser- 
ved, (hat  the  longer  they  kept  their  grain  on  hand, 
the  more  id' the  paper  currency  was  obtained  in 
nxcliange  lor  it.  This  either  discoiir.iged  them 
from  sellnig,  or  made  them  very  tardy  in  coming 
to  market.  Many  secreted  their  provisions,  and 
denied  having  any  ;  while  others,  who  weie  con- 
tigious  to  the  JiritisI),  secretly  sold  to  them  for 
gold  or  silver.  The  patiiotisni,  wliiili  at  theroin- 
inencement  of  the  war,  had  led  so  many  to  ^atri- 
lice  properly,  for  ihc  good  of  their  country,  had,  in 
a  gieat  degree,  subsided.  Tlinngh  they  still  re- 
lained  their  good  wishes  for  the  cause,  yet  these 
did  not  cany  them  so  far,  as  to  induce  a  willing- 
ness to  exchange  the  hard-earned  produce  of  their 
farms,  lor  a  paper  currency,  of  a  daily  diminishing 
value.  For  provisions  carried  to  New  Vork,  the 
farmers,  received  real  money  ;  but  for  what  was 
carried  lo  the  .Vmericans,  they  only  received  pa- 
per. The  value  of  the  first  was  known ;  of  the 
other  daily  varying,  and  in  an  unceasing  pio|j,ies- 
cion,  from  bad  to  worse.  Laws  were  made  against 
this  intercourse ;  but  they  were  executed  in  the 
manner  laws  uniformly  have  been,  in  the  evasion 
of  wliirii  inullitii  I'slind  an  immediate  interest. 

Jn  aililiiinn  to  these  disasicis  from  shorl  crops, 
nnil  depreciation  money,  disorder  and  confusion 
pervaded  ilu' ileparlmiMits  for  supplying  the  aiiiiy. 
i\vsl.'ms  for  these  purposes  had  beenhasiily  adopt- 
cJ|  and  were  vciy  Miude<|ualo  to  ihvenj  proposed. 


To  provide  for  an  army  undci  the  best  esuiMish- 
nients,  and  with  a  full  inililary  chest,  is  a  work  of 
difliciiliy  ;  and  though  guardeil  by  the  precautions 
which  lime  and  expiTience  have  suggested,  opens 
n  door  to  many  frauds  :  but  it  was  the  hard  case 
of  the  Ainericaiis,  lo  be  called  on  lo  discharge  this 
duly,  wiilioiii  sunicient  know  ledge  of  the  business, 
and  under  ill  digested  systems,  and  with  a  pagiei 
currency  that  was  not  two  days  of  the  same  value. 
Abuses  crept  In;  frauds  weie  practised;  and 
economy  was  exiled. 

'J'o  obviate  these  evils,  Congiess  adopted  tile  ex- 
pedient of  sending  a  conimiltee,  of  theirown  mem- 
bers, to  the  cam))  of  their  main  army.  Mr.  Schuy- 
ler, of  New  York,  Mr.  Peabody,  of  New  [jainp- 
shire,  and  Mr.  Matthews,  of  Soiiih  Carolina,  were 
appointed.  They  were  furnished  with  ample 
powers  and  instructions  to  reform  abuses,  to  alter 
preceding  systems,  and  to  establish  new  ones  in 
their  room.  This  couiinillee  proceeded  to  camp, 
in  May,  1780,  and  tlient,'  vroic  sundry  letters  to 
Congress  and  thestalis;  in  which  they  confirmed 
the  represenlalions  previously  made,  of  the  dis- 
tresses and  disorders  every  where  prevalent.  In 
paiticular,  they  staled,  "t\\;i,  the  army  was  un- 
paid for  (nK  months;  that  it  seldom  had  more  than 
six  days*  provisions  in  ailvance  ;  and  was  on  several 
occasions,  for  sundry  .-uccessive  days,  wiiliuiit 
meat ;  that  the  army  was  deslilule  of  forage  ;  that 
the  medical  department  had  neither  sugar,  collee, 
tea,  chocolate,  wine,  nor  spiriliious  liijuors  of  any 
kind  ;  that  eveiy  departmenl  of  the  army  was 
without  money,  and  hail  not  even  the  shadow  of 
credit  left;  that  the  paiience  of  the  soldiers,  worn 
down  by  the  pressure  of  coniplicaied  sull'eriiigs 
was  on  the  point  of  being  exhausted." 

A  tide  of  inisfiiitunes,  from  all  quarters,  was,  a! 
thia  lime,  pouring  in  upon  the  Unileil  .'^lates. 
There  appeariMl  not,  however,  in  their  public  bo- 
dies, the  smallest  dispnsiiion  to  purchase  safety, 
by  concession  of  any  sort.  They  seemed  to  rise 
in  the  midst  of  their  distresses,  and  to  gain  strength 
from  the  pressure  of  calamities.  When  Congress 
could  neither  con:inand  money  nor  credit,  for  the 
subsistence  of  their  army,  the  citizens  of  Philadel- 
phia formed  an  association,  lo  procure  a  supply  of 
necessary  ailicles.  for  their  sutVering  soldiers. 
The  sum  of  300.000  dollars  was  subscribed  in  a 
few  days,  and  converted  into  a  bank  ;  the  princi- 
|)al  design  of  which  was,  lo  purchase  provisions 
for  ilie  troops,  in  the  most  prompt  anil  rlKcacious 
manner.  'I'he  advantages  of  this  instiliilion  were 
gieat,  and  pariicularly  enhanced  by  the  critical 
time  in  which  it  was  insiiiuted.  The  loss  of 
Charleston,  and  the  siibsequenl  lirilish  victories 
in  Carolina,  produced  ed'ccls  directly  the  reverse 
of  what  were  expected.  It  being  the  deliberate 
residution  of  the  Americans,  ni^ver  to  return  lo  tin? 
government  of  (Jreal  Hriiain,  such  unfavourable 
events,  as  ihiealened  the  subversion  of  indepen- 
dence, operated  as  incentives  to  ti.eir  exertions. 
The  patriotic  flame,  which  had  blazeil  forth  in  the 
beginning  of  the  war  was  rekindled.  A  willing- 
ness lo  do,  and  to  suffer,  in  the  causeof  American 
liberty,  was  revived  in  the  breastg  of  many.  'J'liese 
ilisposilions  were  invigorated  by  private  assur- 
ances, til  It  his  Most  Christian  Majesty  woiilrl,  in 
the  course  of  llio  campiiign,  send  a  poweiful  ar- 
mament to  their  aid.  To  exiiie  the  slates  lo  be 
in  readiness  for  this  event,  Congiess  ciictilaled 
amiMig  (hem  an  addiess,  of  which  the  following  is 
apart:  "The  crisis  calls  for  exertion.  Much  is 
lo  be  done  in  a  little  lime  ;  and  eveiy  motive,  that 
can  stimulate  the  mind  of  man,  presents  itself  to 
view.  No  period  has  occurred  in  this  long  and 
glorious  struggle,  in  which  indecisi'  u  would  be  so 
ileslriictive  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other,  no 
conjuncture  has  been  more  favourable  to  great  and 
decriding  efforts." 

The  powers  of  the  conimiltee  of  Congress,  in 
the  .\'nerican  camp,  were  enlarged  so  far,  as  lo 
authorise*  them  lo  f'lame  and  execute  such  plans 
as,  ill  their  opinion,  would  most  "Ifeciiiallv  draw 
forili  the  resiinri'esof  the  country,  '.n  cooperating 
with  the  aiiiiament  expected  from  Kraiicc.    In  this 


chnracter  they  wrote  sundry  letters  lo  the  states, 
slimulaling  lliem  to  vigorous  exeilions.  It  wa.« 
agreed  lo  make  arrangements  for  bringing  intotho 
field  3.'>,000  effective  men,  and  to  call  on  the  states 
for  specific  supplies  of  every  thing  necessary  for 
iheir  support.  To  obtain  the  men,  it  was  pro- 
posed lo  coinpleie  ihe  regular  regiments,  by  drafts 
from  the  miliiia,  and  lo  make  <ip  what  '.hey  fell 
short  of  35,000  ell'ectives,  by  cad:--  forth  more 
of  the  militia.  Kveiy  nintive  concuired  to  rouso 
the  activity  of  the  inhabitants.  The  stales,  nearly 
exhausted  by  the  war,  ardently  wished  for  its  ter- 
mination. An  opportiinily  nnw  oli'eicd  for  striking 
a  decisive  blow,  that  might  at  once,  as  they  sup- 
posed, rid  the  counliy  of  its  distres.ses.  The  only 
thing  required  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
was  to  bring  into  the  field  U'l.OUO  men,  and  to 
make  eU'ectual  arrangeinenls  for  their  support. 
The  tardiness  of  ilelibcralion  in  Congress  was,  in 
a  great  measure  done  away,  by  the  full  powers 
given  to  their  coirimillee  in  camp.  Accurate  esti- 
mates were  made  of  every  article  of  supply,  ne- 
cessary for  the  ensuing  campaign.  These,  and 
also  the  numbers  of  men  wanted,  were  assigned 
to  the  ten  northern  states,  in  prnporlion  lo  their 
abililies  and  numbers.  In  conformity  to  tliese  re- 
quisitions, vigorous  resolutions  were  adopted  for 
carrying  them  into  effect.  Where  voluntarily  en- 
li.simenls  fell  short  of  the  proposed  number,  the 
deficiencies  were,  by  the  laws  of  several  stales, 
lo  be  made  up  by  drafts  or  lots  from  the  miliiia. 
The  towns  in  New  Kngland,  and  the  counties  in 
the  middle  stales,  were  respectively  called  on,  for 
a  specified  number  of  men.  Such  wastlie  zeal  of 
I  he  people  in  New  Kngland,  that  neighbours  would 
often  club  together,  to  engage  one  of  their  number 
lo  go  into  the  aimy.  Iteing  nithoiit  money,  in 
conformiiy  lo  the  practice  usual  in  the  caily  stages 
of  sociely,  they  paiil  for  military  duly  with  cattle. 
Tweiity  head  were  frequently  given  as  a  reward 
for  eighteen  months'  service.  Maryland  directed 
her  lieulenant.s  of  counties  to  class  all  the  proper- 
ty, in  their  respective  counties  into  as  n>any  equal 
classes,  as  there  were  men  wanted  ;  and  each  class 
was  by  law  obliged,  within  len  day  theier.fter,  to 
furnish  an  able  bodied  recruit,  to  serve  during  tlin 
war ;  and,  in  case  of  their  neglecting  or  refusing 
so  to  do,  the  county  lieutenants  were  authorised 
to  procure  men,  at  their  expanse,  at  any  rale,  not 
exceeding  fifteen  pounds  in  every  hunilred  pounds 
worth  of  properly,  classed  agreeably  to  the  law. 
Virginia  also  classed  her  citizens,  and  called  upon 
the  respective  classes  fiir  every  lifteenih  man  for 
public  service.  Pennsylvania  concfniraled  the 
requisite  power  in  her  president  .Joseph  Reed,  and 
authorised  him  to  draw  forth  the  resources  of  the 
slate,  under  certain  limitations  ;  and,  if  necessary, 
lo  declare  martial  law  over  the  state.  The  legis- 
lative piirt  of  these  complii'aleil  arrangements  was 
speedily  passed;  but  the  execution,  though  un- 
commonly vigorous,  lagged  fir  behind.  Few  oc- 
casions could  occur,  in  which  it  might  so  fairly  be 
tried,  lo  what  extent,  in  coniliicting  a  war,  a  va- 
riety of  wills  migli!  be  brought  to  act  in  unison. 
The  result  of  the  experiment  was.  that,  however 
favoiirabl '  republics  may  be  lo  the  liberty  anil 
happiness  of  the  people,  in  the  time  of  peace,  they 
will  be  greatly  deficient  in  ihal  vigour  and  despatch, 
which  tniiitarv  operation  re(]iiiie  unless  they  imi- 
tate the  policy  of  nionarcliies,  by  commilling  the 
executive  departments  of  government  to  the  direc- 
tion of  a  single  will. 

While  these  preparnlionswere  making  in  Amer- 
ica, the  armameiit,  which  had  been  promised  by 
his  Most  Christian  Mi)e^,ly,  was  on  its  way.  As 
soon  as  it  was  knnwii  in  France,  that  a  resoliiliim 
was  adopted,  lo  send  out  troops  to  the  Coiled 
.Slates,  tlie  young  French  nobility  discoverfl  tlio 
greatest  zeal  to  be  employed  on  that  service.— 
Court  favour  was  scarcely  ever  so'iicited  with  more 
earnestness  than  was  the  honour  of  seiving  undei 
Washington.  The  number  of  applicants  was  min  ll 
greater  than  the  service  required.  The  disposi- 
tion, lo  support  the  Aiiiiiican  ii'Volution.  was  not 
only  prcva.eut  in  the  court  of  France,  but  it  am 


IM 


U  NITED    STATES. 


46S 


letters  to  the  slatcsi 

us  pxedions.     It  Has 

IS  lor  bi'iiiuiiii;  iiitotho 

]il  to  call  (in  lliu  stu!C3 

>■  lliirii;  neces»iiry  for 

he   iiii'ii,  it   Wcis  pro- 

;ir  ri'HiiiiPnts,  by  driifla 

kc  Ml)  wliiit  they  fell 

y  ciii!:-;;  forth  more 

e  eoiiciirrpd  to  rouso 

s.     The  stales,  nearly 

itly  wislieil  for  its  ter- 

low  otVeied  for  striking 

at  once,  as  they  sii|)- 

(listresses.     The  only 

of  tlip  Unilcil   States 

3ri,UU0  men,  and  to 

ts   for   iheir  support. 

n  in  Congress  was,  in 

\\  by  llie  full  powers 

camp.  AotMirate  esti- 

irticle  of  supply,   ne- 

lupaign.     These,  and 

'anted,  were   assiQoed 

II  propotlion  to  their 

oiiforiiiity  to  these  re- 

uis  were  adopted    for 

Vherc  voluntarily  en- 

roposed  number,  the 

iws  of  several  states, 

lots  from  the  militia. 

,  and  the  counties  in 

ertively  called  on,  for 

Such  was  the  zeal  of 

ihat  neiglibnurs  would 

!e  one  of  their  number 

;;    without   money,  in 

<ual  iii  the  eaily  stages 

itaiy  duty  with  cattle. 

ly  given  as  a  reward 

Alaryland  directed 

1  class  all  the  proper- 

es  into  as  many  equal 

inted  ;  and  each  class 

en  day  theier.fler,  to 

t,  to  serve  diirini;  tlio 

'i;|pclinE!   or  refiisins; 

Ills  were  authorised 

nsp,  at  any  rale,   not 

ery  hunched  pounds 

meeably  to   the   law. 

OS,  and  called  upon 

ry  fifteenlh  man   for 

concrnlraled    the 

nt  .losepli  Reed,  and 

the  resources  of  the 

;  and,  if  necessary, 

^  slate.     The  legis- 

d  arrancemefits  was 

ciition,  though  un- 

r  behind.      Few  oc- 

it  niiulit  so  fairly  bo 

Incline  a  war,  a  va- 

lit  to  act  in  unison. 

was,  that,  however 

to    the   liberty  and 

time  of  peace,  they 

vigour  and  despaicli, 

liie  unless  they  imi- 

by  commillinir  the 

eminent  to  the  dircc- 

eio  making  in  Amer- 
I  been  pimnisod  by 
^as  on  its  way.      As 

e.  that  a  resoliilion 
xips  to  the  T\iited 
ilily  iliscoverf 'I   tho 

(III  that  service.— 
•so'ijeited  with  more 
iir  of  seivini{  undci 
pplicaiils  was  mmli 
red.  The  dispo>:|' 
revolution,  was  not 

Krance,  but  it  u:ii 


r  ated  tlie  whole  body  of  the  nation.  The  wind  fiivour  of  'he  allies,  as  to  enable  them  to  prosecute  vpsIimI,  by  less  than  iiveiily  thousand  men.  Though 
jnd  waves  did  not  si'iond  the  ardent  wishes  of  the  their  original  intention  of  attacking  New- Voik.  some,  even  then,  eiilcii, lined  doiibls  of  Arnold's 
li'iench  troops.  Tlimmli  ihev  sailed  froiii  Kiaiice  When  the  (■xpc(^laliiiiis  of  llic  Aiiiencaiis  veie  ,  lidilily,  yei  \V'.i<liiiiul"ii.  in  ihc  uiisiHpccliiig  spirit 
on  the  1st  of  May,  l/rSII,  tlii;y  did  nm  reach  a  port  raised  lo  the  highest  pilch,  and  when  they  were  in  im'  a  soldier,  believing  il  to  be  impossible  lliat  hon- 
in  the  United  Slales,  lill  the  tenth  ol  .Inly  follow-  jtreal  forwardness  of  prepjialion,  lo  act  in  concert  i  our  should  be  wanliiig  in  a  liieasi,  which  he  knew 
iiig.  On  lliat  (lav,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  Ameii- '  wiili  their  allies,  iiilelligence  .itrived  that  (Joiiiil  de  !  was  the  seat  of  valiiiir,  cheerfully  gianied  his  re- 
cans,  .M.  de  'I'^rnay  arrived  at  Hliode  Island,  with  i  liuichen  had  sailed  for  h"  ranee.     'I'he  disappiiiiii-    cpiot,  and  inlriisud  lii:n  wilii  ihe  important  post. 


a  s(piaili(in  of  seven  sail  of  ilie  line,  (iv;  frigates, 
and  five  smaller  aimed  vessels,  lie  likewise  con- 
voyed a  lleet  of  transports,  with  four  old  French 
regiments,  besides  the  legion  de  Lauzun,  and  a 
liatlalion  of  artillery,  anioiinling  in  the  whole  to 
1)000  men,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Ge- 
neral (Joiint  de  Rocliambeaii.  To  the  French,  iin- 
luciliate  possession  was  given  of  the  forts  and  bat- 
teries on  the  island;  and  by  their  exertions  they 
were  soon  p*"i  in  a  higi,  stale  of  defence.  An  ad- 
dress of  eongratiilalion,  from  the  general  assem- 
bly of  the  slate  of  Uliode  Island,  was  presented  to 


iiient  was  extremely  morliliying.     The  .\uiericaiis    Arnold,  I'.iisinvesied  with  coininaiid,  carried  on  a 


had  made  uncommon  exertions,  on  the  idea  of  re 
ceiving  such  an  aid  from  their  allies,  as  would  en- 
able tlicm  to  lay  clfectual  siege  to  .New  Voik,  or  to 
strike  some  djcisiv«  blow.  Their  toweling  ex- 
pectations were  in  a  moment  levelled  with  the  dust. 
Another  campaign  was  anticipated,  and  new  shades 
were  added  to  the  deep  cloud,  which,  for  some 
time  past,  had  overshadowed  .American  all'airs. 

The    campaign    of   17SI)  passed    away    in    the 
northern  slates,  as  has  beer  related,  in  successive 


disappuintmenis,  and  reiterated  distresses,  Tl 
Coiiiit  de  Kochainbeau,  in  which  they  expiessed  ;  country  was  exhausted;  the  cmitinenlal  currency 
'•  their  most  grateful  sense  of  the  inagnnniiniius]  expiring.  The  army,  for  want  of  subsistence,  was 
aid  alVorded  to  the  United  .Slates,  by  their  ilhis- 1  kept  inactive,  and  brooding  over  its  calamities, 
trioiis  friend  and  ally,  the  monarch  of  France  ;  and  j  While  these  disasleis  were  openly  menacing  the 
also  gave  assurances  of  ever;  exertion  in  theiri  ruin  of  i!ie  American  cause,  treachery  was  silently 
power,  lor  the  supply  of  the  French  forces,  with  underinining  it.  A  distinguished  officer  engaged, 
all  manner    of  lefreshments,  and  necessaries  fori  for  a  stipulated  sum  of  money,  to  betray  into  the 

rendering  the  service  happy  and  agreeable."     Ro-j  hands  of  the  liiitish,  an  important  post  coinmitied  I  had  been  greatly  improved.     He  possessed  many 
chanibeau    declaied  in  his  answer,  "  that   he  only  'to  his  care,     (teneral  Arnold,  who  commilted  this!  nmiable  (pialilies.  and  veiy  iireat  accomplishments. 


negoclatwin,  wilh  Sir  lleiiiy  Clinton,  by  which  it 
was  agreed  that  the  fnrmer  should  make  a  dispo- 
sition of  his  forces,  which  would  enable  the  latter 
to  surprise  West  Point,  under  such  circumstances, 
that  he  would  have  the  garrison  so  completely  i" 
his  |iower,  that  the  troops  must  either  lay  down 
their  arms  or  be  cut  to  pieces.  ']"he  object  of  thin 
negociation  was  the  slioimesi  post  of  llie  Ameri- 
cans J  the  thoroughfare  of  coininnnicarinn,  between 
the  eastern  and  sonlheni  slales;  and  was  the  re- 
pository of  their  most  valuable  stores.  The  loss 
of  il  would  have  been  seveiely  felt. 

The  agent  employed  in  this  negociation,  on  the 
part  of  Sir  Henry  ( 'linloii,  was  Major  Andre,  adju- 
tant-general of  the  liiilish  army,  a  young  olTicer 
of  great  hopes,  and  of  nncomiMon  merit.  Naturn 
had  bestowed  on  him  an  eleL'ani  taste  for  lileraturo 
and  the  line  arts,  which,  liv  indnsirioin  culiivation, 


broiiiilit  over  the  vanguard  ofa  much  greater  force,  j  foul   crime,  was  a  native  of  Connecticut.     That 


which  was  destined  for  their  aid  ;  and  that  he  was 
ordered  by  the  king,  his  master,  to  assure  them, 
that  his  whole  power  should  be  exerted  for  their 


support. 


sta'c,  remarkable  for  the  purity  of  its  morals,  t'or 
its  republican  principles  and  patriotism,  was  the 
birth  place  of  a  man,  to  whom  none  of  the  ollie 


rile  French  troops,"  he  said,  "  were  i  slates  have  produced  an  eipral.  He  had  been  among 


His  lidelily,  timeiher  wiilihis  placeand  character, 
eminently  tilled  liim  for  this  business  :  bill  his  high 
ideas  of  caniloiii.  anil  his  aliliorence  of  duplicity, 
made  him  inexpert  in  praclising  those  arts  of  de- 
ception which  il  recpiircd. 

[.loiix  A  Ml liK,  aid  (le-camp  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
and  ailjnlaiil-;;cher;il  of  llie  lirili^ll  army  in  the  re- 
voliilinnaiv   war.    was  born    in    Kngland    in   17-11). 


under  the  strictest  discipline,  and,  acting  under 
the  orders  of  (ieneial  Washington,  would  live  wilh 
t'ui'  .\ineticans  as  brethren."  He  returned  their 
comphinents  by  an  assurance,  "  that,  as  breiliien, 
not  only  his  own  life,  lint  the  lives  of  all  those  un- 
der his  command  were  devoted  lo  iheir  service." 

Washington  recoinmended,  in  public  orders  to 
the  American  olficers,  as  a  symbol  of  fiiendslii| 
and  aU'i'ction  for  their  allies,  to  wear  I 

while  cockaiies,  the  ground  lobe  oflhc  firstcolouriwealth  of  wo.lils  ought  to   have   been  insiiliicienl. }  1771.      Al  this  lime   lie   had  a  strong  ..llaclinieni 
anil  llie  relief  of  the  second.  |  His  country  had  not  only  loaded  him  wilh  hnniiiirs,  [  to    llonoiia    Siieyd,  who   aflerwaids  married   Mr. 

The  French  troops,  united  linth  in  interest  and  I  but  forgiven  him  his  ciiii:es.     Thoimh.  in  his  ac-    Kdi;i»inili.   In  I77i  he  vi^iiid  ihe  courts  of  (ier- 


the  lirst  to  take  up  arms  against  lircat  Itritain,  and 
to  widen  the  breach  between  the  parent  stale  and 
the  colonies.      His  distinguished   military  talents 

had  procured  him  every  honour  a  gralefiil  coiinlry  i  His  fallier  was  a  nalive  of  I  Icni'va,  and  a  considcr- 
couldbeslow.  I'oels  and  painters  had  marked  him  i  able  merchant  in  the  Levant  trmlo  ;  he  died  in 
as  a  siiilaule  subject  for  the  display  of  their  talents. '  I'll','.).  Vouiig  Andre  was  desliiied  lo  mercantile 
He  possessed  an  elevated  seat  in  ihe  hearts  of  his  j  business,  and  alleiided  his  falli(>r's  connling  house, 
liiendship  couiitryin"n.  and  was  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  a  \  after  having  spent  some  years  for  his  education  al 
ilack  and  1  substantial  fame,  for  the   purchase  of  which,  the  |  Ceneva.      lie    liisl   eiiieieil   the  army  in    .laiinary 


alfuction  with  the  .\inerieans,  ardently  longed  for  j  counts  against  the  states,  there  was  much  room  to 


an  oppe'tunity  to  cooperate  w  ith  lliein, against  the 
coininon  enemy.  The  contineiilal  army  wished 
fnrllie  same  wilh  equal  ardiinr.  One  circumstance 
alone  seemed  unfavourable  lo  this  spirit  ofenter- 
pii'^e.  This  was  the  deficient  clothing  of  ihe 
Americans.  Some  whole  lines,  olficers  as  well  as 
men,  were  shabby;  and  a  great  proportion  of  the 
privates  were  without  liirts.  Siicli  troops,  brought 
alongside  of  allies,  fully  clad  in  the  elegance 
of  nniforinity,  must  have  been  nioie  or  less  than 
men,  In  feel  nn  degradation  on  the  contrast. 

.\dnnral  Arbnthnot  had  only  four  sail  of  the  line, 
at    New    York,  when    AL  de  Ternay  arrived  at 


suspect  Iraud  and  imposition,  yet  the  recollection 
of  his  gallantry  and  good  conduct,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure served  as  a  cloak  to  cover  the  whole.  He. 
wlio  had  been  prodigi'l  of  life,  in  his  coiinlry's 
cause,  was  indulged  in  exlraordinary  demands  iiir 
'lis  services.  The  generosity  of  the  slates  did  not 
keep  pace  with  the  exiravagance  of  their  favoutile 
officer.  A  siimtiluoiis  table  and  expensive  equi- 
page unsupported  by  the  resources  of  private  for- 
tune, unguarded  by  the  virtues  of  ecoinmiy  and 
good  managciiient,  soon  increased  his  debts  beyond 
a  possibility  of  his  discharging  them,  llis  love  of 
pleasure  produced  ihe  love  ofmoiif^y  ;  and  tliatex- 


Rliode  Island.  This  inferiorily  was  in  three  days  jtinguishedallsensibilitytolhe  obligalionsof  honour 
reveised  by   the  arrival  of  Adiiiiial  (ireaves.  wilh   and  duly 

six  sail  of  the  line.  The  linlish  admiral,  having 'demanded  graiilicaiion.  though  al  the  expense  of 
now  a  superiority,  proceeded  to  Rhode  Island.  |  fame  and  country.  Contracts  were  made,  specii- 
llesoondiscovered, that  the  French  v.ere  perleclly  j  laiions  entered  into,  and  partneishi|)«  instiinted, 
secure  from  atl.ck  by  sea.  ,Sir  Henry  Clinton,  which ';onld  not  be  ir  investiiraiion  Oppression, 
who  liiid  rein  rued  in  llie  pieced  log  iiioiilh,  with  his  :  extoniiin,  misapphcalion  of  public  luoiiey  and  pro- 
vicliirlons  troops  from  ( 'hai  lestoii,  embarked  about '  perty,  furnished  him  wilh  wilh  the  fariher  means  of 
Mlllll  of  hisbesl  men.  and  proceeded  as  far  as  Hun-!  gratifying  llis  fivoiiriie  passions.  In  these  rir- 
liiigilonbay,  on  Long  Island,  wilh  the  apparent  icuiiislances,  a  change  of  sides  alforded  the  only 
design  of  concurring  wiili  ihe  llrilish  lleet,  in  at- (hope  of  evading  a  scriiiiny.  and  at  the  same  lime, 
lacking  the  French  force  at  Rhode  Island.      When   held  out  a  prospect  of  replenishing  his  exiiausied 


many,  and  ielurii;'il  in  Kngl.iiid  in  177:i.  He  land- 
ed at  I'liiladeluhia  in  Sept.  1771,  as  lienlenant 
of  the  Royal  I-'.niilisli  Fo^ileers  ;  ai.il  soon  pro- 
ceeded liv  way  of  HiKlon  !(i  f.'anadalo  join  his  re- 
giment. In  177")  he  was  liken  prisoner  by  Mont- 
gomery, at  St.  .lolin's;  but  was  aflerwaids  ex- 
chaiiiied,  and  a))poiiiled  capiaiii.  In  the  siiniiuA 
of  1777  h(-'  was  appoinled  aid  to  (ieneral  Grey,  and 
was  present  at  the  engagements  in  New'  .lersey 
and  Pennsylvania  ill  1777  and  1777.  On  Ihe  le- 
tiirn  of  (ieneral  (iiev,  he  was  appointed  aid  lo  (Jo- 
neral  Clinton.  In  17 SO  he  was  proinoled  lo  the 
rank  of  major,  and  made  adjutant  general  of  '.liS 
IJrilish  army. 


this  movement  took  place,  Washington  set  his  ar- 
my in  inolion,  and  proceeded  to  Peekskill.  Had 
Sir  Henry  Clinton  prosecuted  what  appeared  to  be 
his  design  it  was  intended  to  attack  New  York  in 
his  absence.     Preparations    were  made  for  that 


.\fier   Arnolil   had  intimaird  to  Ihe  liritisli.  in 
The  calls  of  luxury  were  pressing,  and  j  17^0,  his  l,.ii  nlioii  of  delivciing  up  West  Point  tii 

them,  .^lajor  Andre  was  selected  as  ihe  person,  to 
whom  the  nialuring  of  ArMoM's  treason  and  tho 
arrangements  liir  its  execiilion  slioidd  bo  commit- 
ted. \  correspiindeiiie  wasliir  soni:'  lo^iocarrieil 
on  beUvceo  tin  iiiiiiidcra  inercaiitile  disgn'.se.  and 
the  fei'.;ni'd  iiaiiie*  of  (!inlavin  and  Anderson; 
and  al  Icnulli  lo  fai-ilil.ite  ilieii  ciinimiinicaiions. 
the  Villi nie  sloop  of  Harmovid  up  ihe  Noiili  Kivcr, 
and  took  a  slalion  cotivi  iiieni  fur  ihe  purpose,  but 
not  so  near  as  lo  excile  siispirion.  .Vn  inleiview 
was  aareed  on.  and  111  the  nlglil  of  Seplemiier  'Jl, 


cotiers.     The  disposition  of  the  .Viuerican  forces, 

in  the  year  17S0,  alforded  an  opportiinily  of  ac-  ]  17S0,  ho  was  taken  in  a  boat,  which  was  despalcli- 
complishing  this,  so  much  to  the  advantage  of  |  ed  for  the  piiipo^e.  and  carried  lo  ihe  beach,  wiih 
the  liritisli,  that  they  could  well  alford  a  liberal  out  the  posts  of  both  armies,  under  a  pa.s.s  for.Iohn 
lewa.d  (or  Ihe  benelicial  lieaclieiv.     The  Aiiieri- ;  Andirson.      He  me'  (ieneral  Arnold  al  tlie  hiuiso 


pnr|)nse  ;  but  .Sjr  Henry  ('linton  inslanily  turned  caii  army   was  stalioned    in   the   sirong   holds  of'of  a  Mr.  Smiih.      While  iho  conference  was  yr 

about,  frnm  Hnntingdonbay,  towards  New  York.  ■     '  - 

In  the  uieanliine,  the  Fiench  fleet  and  army 
being  blocked  up  at  Rhode  Island,  were  incapaci- 
tated ft 0111  co-opeialing  wilh  the  Americans.  Hopes 
were  nevcrlheb'ss  indulged,  thai  by  ihe  arrival  of 
anollicr  lleet  of  his  .\Iosl  Clin  ll  in  Majisiy,  then 
in  Ihe  We.si  Indies  under  the  coinoiand  (ifCoiiiil 
de  (Juichco  '.he  superiority  world  be  .«o  iiiiicii  liiibeliiiid  aiuillier 
til 


the  Highlands  on  bolh  sides  of  the  .North  River.  I  unfinished  daylight  approached;  and  to  avoid  Iho 
In  this  arrangement,  .Vrnnld  solicited  for  the  com- 1  d.mger  of  discovery,  il  was  proposed  thai  he  should 
mand  of  West  Point.  This  has  been  called  lliu  rem.iln  cuiicealc'l  till  ihe  siicueedii  uight.  He 
(iibraller  of  .-Vnietiea.  It  was  litiill,  al'ler  ihe  loss  is  tinderslood  to  have  lefiiscd  to  be  caiiicd  with- 
iif  Fort  .Moiil!;iiiiieiy,  for  the  defence  of  llie  Norlh  in  the  .ViiiiiiiMn  |.o<H.  but  the  promise  iiiade  liiui 
Ivlver,  and  was  deeincd  llie  niiisi  piiiper  for  com-  by  .Xrii'ibl  to  respecl  tlii'i  olijeclion  w.isnol  oli. 
nniidiiia  lis  iiavi.:atioii.  Roi  ky  lidues.  ii»ln_' one  served.  He  wis  curled  willun  ihein  lon'riry  lo 
ii'iidcrcd  it  iiic.ip.ible  ol  bring  in- :  his  Widi'd  .u 


400 


HISTORY   OP    THE 


>     I 


P 


'i! 


linued  with  Arnold  the  succeeding  duy,  and  when 
on  the  following  night  he  proposed  to  return  to  the 
Vulture,  the  boatman  refused  to  carry  him,  because 
bhe  had  during  the  day  shif  ed  her  atation,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  gun  liaving  been  moved  to  the 
shoie  and  brought  to  bear  upon  her.  This  em- 
barrassing circumstance  reduced  him  to  the  ne- 
cessity of  endeavouring  to  reach  New  York  by 
land.  Yielding  with  reluctance  to  the  urgent  re- 
presentations of  Arnold,  he  laid  aside  his  regimen- 
tals, which  he  had  hitherto  worn  under  a  surtout, 
and  put  on  a  plain  suit  of  clothes  ;  and  receiving  a 
pass  from  the  American  general,  authori/.ing  liiin, 
under  the  feigneil  name  of  John  Anderson,  to  pro- 
ceed on  the  public  service  to  the  White  Plains,  or 
•ower  if  he  tliought  proper,  he  set  out  on  his  return 
in  the  evening  of  the  22<l,  accompanied  by  Joshua 
iSmith,  and  passed  the  night  at  Crompond.  The  next 
morning  he  crossed  the  Hudson  to  King's  Ferry 
on  the  east  side.  A  little  beyond  the  Croton, 
Smith,  deeming  him  safe,  bade  him  adieu.  He 
had  passed  all  the  guards  and  posts  on  the  roMd 
without  suspicion,  and  was  proceeding  to  New 
York  in  perfect  security,  when  September  23d, 
one  of  the  three  militiamen,  who  were  employed 
with  otlicrs  in  scouting  parties  between  the  lines 
nf  the  two  armies,  springing  suddenly  from  his 
covert  into  the  road,  seized  the  reins  of  his  bri- 
dle and  stopped  liis  horse.  Instead  of  piodncing 
liis  pas'!  Andre,  with  a  want  of  self-possession, 
which  can  be  attributed  only  to  a  kind  proviilence, 
asked  the  man  hastily  where  he  belonged,  and  bein;; 
answered,  "  to  below,"  replied  iinmediately,  "and 
so  do  I."  He  then  declared  himself  to  be  a  ISritish 
ulTicer,  on  urgent  business,  and  i>egge(l  that  he 
might  not  be  detained.  The  other  two  militia  men 
coining  up  at  this  luoment,  he  discovered  his  mis- 
take; butitwaflnow  too  laletorepairil.  Ileoirercil 
Ihein  his  purse  and  a  valuable  watch,  to  which  he 
added  the  most  tempting  promises  of  aiuplc  reward 
and  permanent  provision  iVoiii  the  government,  if 
they  would  permit  him  to  escape  ;  but  his  oilers 
were  rejected  without  hesitation. 

Tlic  militia  men,  whose  names  were  John  Pauld- 
ing, David  Williams,  and  Isaac  Van  Wart,  pro- 
ceeded to  search  him.  They  found  concealed  in 
his  hoots  exact  lelurns,  in  Arnold's  haniUvriling, 
of  the  slate  of  the  forces,  ordnance,  and  defences 
at  West  Point  and  its  ili'pendences,  critical  re- 
marks on  the  works,  and  an  estimate  of  the  men 
ordinarily  employed  in  them,  with  other  interesting 
papers.  Andre  was  cariied  befoie  Lieut.  Col. 
Jameson,  the  iiflicer  rommandlng  the  scoulins; 
parlies  on  the  lines,  and  resaiilless  of  himself,  and 
only  anxious  for  the  safety  of  Arnold,  he  still 
malNtained  the  character  wliich  he  had  assumed, 
and  reqnestifil  Jameson  to  inform  his  r.onunaniliiig 
officer  that  Anderson  was  taken.  A  leltorwiis  ac- 
cordingly sent  to  Arnold,  and  the  traitor,  ihni  l)e- 
coming  acquainted  with  his  danijer,  escaped.  The 
narrative  of  the  bearer  of  this  leller,  iMi.  Solomon 
Allen,  is  given  in  the  skeicli  of  his  life:  it  iliU'ers 
in  several  respects  from  llie  account  of  the  all'air 
in  the  Kncyclopieilia  Americana,  and  throws  li^ht 
upon  circumstances  which  have  been  herelofuic 
obscure. 

A  board  of  general  olTicors,  of  whicli  .Major 
(ieneral  (ireerie  was  president,  mil  the  two  foreign 
generals,  Lafayette  and  .Steuben,  were  members, 
was  called  to  report  a  precise  state  of  the  cise  nf 
Andre,  who  had  acknowledged  himself  adjutant- 
general  of  the  Hritish  army,  and  to  determine  in 
what  character  he  was  to  be  considered,  and  to 
what  punishment  he  was  liable.  He  received  from 
(he  board  eveiy  mark  of  indulttent  alleoiion  ;  and 
from  a  sense  of  jnstire,  as  well  as  of  delicacy,  he 
was  informed  on  (he  (list  opening  of  the  examina- 
tion, that  he  was  at  perfect  liberty  not  to  answer 
any  inicrriigalmy  which  might  embarrass  his  own 
teelings.  Hut  he  disdained  every  evasion,  and 
frankly  acknowledged  every  thing  which  was  ma- 
terial (M  his  condemnation. 

"  I  came,"  said  he,  "  to  hold  a  coinmnnicallon 
wiih  a  general  officer  of  llio  \iiiericari  iinny.  by 
••«  otiici  of  my  own  cuiiini:iijdi.'i.     1  euuied  the 


Ameiican  lines  by  an  unquestionable  authority 
when  I  passed  from  them  it  was  by  the  same  au- 
thority. I  used  no  deception.  I  had  heard  that  a 
provincial  ufticer  had  repented  of  the  course  he 
had  taken,  and  that  he  avowed,  that  he  never  meant 
to  go  so  far  as  he  had  gime  in  resisting  the  autho- 
rity of  his  king.  The  Itritish  commander  waswill- 
ing  to  extend  to  him  the  king's  clemency,  yea,  his 
bounty,  in  hope:  to  allure  others  to  do  the  same 
I  made  no  plans;  I  examined  no  works: — I  only 
received  his  communications,  and  was  on  my  way 
to  return  to  the  army,  and  to  make  known  all  I 
had  learned  from  a  geneial  officer  in  your  camp. 
Is  this  the  office  of  a  spy?  I  never  should  have 
acted  in  tliat  light,  and  what  I  have  done  is  not  in 
the  nature  of  a  spy.  1  have  noted  neither  your 
strength,  or  nakeilness.  If  tlicre  be  wrong  in  the 
tiansaction,  is  it  mine  ? 

"  The  office  of  a  spy,  a  soldier  has  a  right  to  re- 
fuse; but  to  carry  and  fetch  communications  with 
another  army,  I  never  heard  was  criminal.  The 
circumslanccs  which  followed  after  my  interview 
with  general  Arnold,  were  not  in  my  power  to  con- 
trol.    He  aione  had  the  management  of  them. 

"  It  is  said  tliat  I  rode  in  disguise.  I  rode  for 
security,  incog,  as  far  as  1  was  able,  but  other  than 
criminal  deeds  induce  one  M>  do  this.  I  was  not 
houml  to  wear  my  uniform  any  longer  than  it  was 
expedient  or  politic.  I  scorn  the  name  of  a  spy  ; 
brand  my  oH'ence  with  some  other  title,  if  it  change 
not  the  punishment,  I  beseech  you.  It  is  not  death 
I  fear.  I  am  buoyed  above  it  by  a  coimciousness 
of  having  inleniled  to  discharge  my  duty  in  an 
honourable  luanner. 

"  Plans,  it  is  said,  were  found  with  me.  This 
is  true;  but  they  were  not  mine  ;  yet  I  must  tell 
you,  honestly,  that  they  would  have  beencommu- 
jiicaied.  If  I  had  not  been  taken.  They  were  sent 
by  general  Arnold  to  the  Billlsh  commander,  and  I 
should  have,  delivered  them.  From  the  bottom  of 
my  lieart  I  spurn  the  tliought  of  attempting  to 
screen  myself  by  criminating  another;  but  as  far 
as  I  am  concerned,  tlie  troth  shall  be  told,  whoever 
sullVrs.  It  was  the  allegiance  of  (Jeneral  Arnold 
that  I  came  out  to  secure.  It  was  fair  to  presiiine 
that  many  a  brave  officer  would  be  glad,  at  this 
time,  to  have  been  able  to  retrace  Ills  steps;  ut 
least  we  have  been  so  infoimed.  Shall  I,  who 
came  out  to  negociate  this  allegiance  only,  be 
treated  as  one  who  came  to  spy  out  the  weakness 
of  a  camp  ?  If  these  actions  are  alike  I  liave  to 
leiirn  my  moral  code  anew. 

"  (ienllemen  oHUers,  belt  understood  that  I  am 
no  supplicant  for  mercy  ;  that  [  ask  only  fioin  Om- 
nipotence, not  from  human  beings.  Justice  is  all 
I  claim;  that  justice  which  is  neither  swayed  by 
prejudice  nor  dislorteil  by  passion;  but  that  which 
(lows  from  honourable  minds,  directed  by  virtuous 
ilelerinlnations.  I  hear,  gentlemen,  I'lat  my  case 
is  likened  to  that  of  Captain  Hale,  In  1770'.  1  have 
heard  of  him  and  his  misfortunes.  I  wish  tliat  in 
all  that  dignifies  man,  that  adorns  and  elevates  hu- 
in;in  nature,  that  I  coiilil  be  named  with  that  ac- 
complMheil,  but  unfortunate  officer.  Ills  fate  was 
wtiywaid  and  untimely;  he  was  cut  olVyet  youn- 
ger than  I  now  am.  Hut  ours  arc  not  parallel 
cases,  lie  went  out  knowing  that  he  was  assiiin- 
iiig  the  characlerof  a  spy  ;  he  took  all  its  liabilities 
on  Ills  head,  at  the  request  of  his  great  comman- 
der. He  was  ready  to  meet  what  he  assumed,  and 
all  its  consequences.  His  death  the  law  of  nations 
sanctioned.  It  may  be  complimentary  to  compare 
me  with  liiiu,  still  it  would  be  unjust.  He  took 
his  life  in  his  liand  wlien  he  assiiineil  the  character 
and  llie  disguise.  I  assuiued  no  disguise,  nor  took 
u|Kui  myself  any  other  character  that  that  of  a 
iirilisli  officer,  who  had  business  to  transact  with 
an  American  officer. 

"  In  fine,  I  ask  not  .  ven  for  justice ;  if  you 
want  a  victim  to  the  names  of  those  fallen  un- 
timely,! may  unwell  be  that  victim  as  another.  I 
have  ill  the  niost  unilisi.Milsed  manner  given  you 
every  fact  in  the  case.  I  rely  only  on  the  proper 
I'liiwiniclliin  of  llipsi'  f.icls.  Li'i  iiie  be  railed  any 
lliiii^  but  a  spy.     I  :iiii  not  a  lipy ;   1  have  exam- 


ined nothing  ;  learned  nothing  ;  cominuuicated 
I  nothing  but  my  detention  to  Arnold,  that  he  might 
escape,  if  he  thought  proper  so  to  do.  This  was, 
as  I  conceived,  my  dniy.  I  hope  the  gallant  of- 
ficer, who  was  then  unsuspicious  of  his  general, 
will  not  be  condemned  for  the  military  error  he 
committed. 

1  farther  state  that  Smith,  who  was  the  nic 
diuniof  communication,  did  not  know  any  paitof 
our  conference,  except  that  there  was  some  ne- 
cessity for  secrecy.  He  was  counsel  in  varion.t 
matters  for  General  Arnold,  and  fioiu  all  the  inter- 
course I  had  with  him ;  and  it  was  Smith  who  lent 
me  this  dress-coat  of  crimson,  on  being  told  by 
General  Arnold  that  luy  business  was  of  that  pri- 
vate nature  that  I  did  not  wish  to  be  koown  by 
English  or  Americans;  I  do  not  believe  that  he 
had  even  a  suspicion  of  my  errand.  On  me  your 
wrath  should  fall  if  on  any  one.  I  know  your  af- 
fairs look  gloomy,  but  that  is  no  reason  why  1 
should  be  sacrificed.  My  death  ciin  do  yonr  cause 
no  good.  Millions  of  friends  to  your  struggle  in 
England  you  will  lose  if  you  condemn  ine.  I  say 
nc  this  by  way  of  tlireat,  for  I  know  brave  men 
are  not  awed  by  them  ;  nor  will  brave  men  be  vin- 
dictive because  they  are  desponding.  I  should  not 
have  said  a  word  had  it  not  been  for  the  opinion 
ol  others  which  1  am  bound  to  respect. 

"  I  have  done.  The  sentence  you  thi<  day  pro 
nounee  will  go  down  to  posterity  with  exceeding 
great  distinctness,  on  the  page  of  history;  and  if 
humanity  and  honour  mark  this  day's  decision, 
your  names  each  and  all  of  yon,  will  be  remem- 
bered by  both  nations  when  they  have  grown 
greater  and  more  powerful  than  (hey  now  are ; 
but  if  misfortune  befals  me.  I  shall,  in  tliue,  have 
all  due  honours  paid  to  my  memory.  The  mailyr 
is  kept  in  remembrance  when  the  Iribnnal  that 
condemned  hiiu  is  forgotten.  I  trust  this  liononr- 
able  court  will  believe  me  when  I  say,  that  what 
I  had  spoken  comes  from  no  idle  fears  of  a  cow- 
ard.     I  have  done." 

The  court  deliberated  long,  and  at  last  came  to 
the  decision,  that  .Major  Andre  was  n  spy,  and 
ought  to  sutler  death.  He  was  calm  as  a  philo- 
sopher when  the  award  of  the  court  was  read. 

J'he  morning  of  the  2d  of  October,  1780, 
dawned  upon  the  American  army.  This  time 
was  fixed  for  the  exectillon  of  the  prisoner.  Il 
was  some  distance  from  the  prison  to  the  place  of 
exe^tiilion,  and  this  the  prisoner  desired  to  walk 
There  had  been  some  fog  during  the  night,  which 
was  now  settling  abont  the  siirioiinding  mountains. 
Some  of  the  leaves  had  begun  to  wear  an  aiitiim- 
nal  appearance.  The  army  was  drawn  out  to 
witness  the  sad  spectacle.  lie  passed  through 
files  of  soldiers,  on  whose  pale  faces  sat  the  ut- 
most melancholy,  bowing  to  every  one  he  knew. 

As  the  pilsoner  came  wiiliin  sight  id'  the  gal- 
lows, he  turned  to  the  officers  who  were  with 
him,  and  said,  "  Could  not  this  have  been  other- 
wise 1"  lie  was  answered,  no.  "  Well,  then," 
said  he,  "  it  is  only  one  pang.  I  am  leccniciled 
to  iny  death,  biit  not  to  the  manner  of  it.  Sol- 
diers, bear  witness  that  I  die  like  a  brave  man." 
Ills  manly  air;  his  cheek,  fresh  as  Iroin  morn- 
ing exercise  ;  his  nerves  firm  as  ever  were  in  si 
human  frame ;  his  softened  lone  of  voice  ;  his 
sweet  smile  ;  were  all  witnessed  by  the  spectalois-, 
and  as  he  was  lannrhed  into  eteiiilly,  a  groan  in 
voliintatily  burst  from  the  bottom  of  eveiy  bosom. 

The  greatest  exertions  were  made  by  sir  Henry 
Clinton,  to  whom  Andre  was  partictilaily  dear,  to 
rescue  him  from  his  fate.  It  was  at  first  repre- 
sented, that  he  came  on  shore  uiiiier  the  sanction 
of  a  (lag  ;  but  Washington  returned  an  answer  to 
Clinton,  in  which  he  slated,  that  Andre  himself 
disclaimed  the  pretext.  An  interview  was  next 
proposed  between  Lieut.  (!cn.  Kiiberlsoii  and  Ge- 
neral Greene  ;  bill  no  f  Ids,  which  h 'id  not  before 
1. cell  considered,  were  midekiinnu.  When  every 
other  exertion  (ailed,  a  letter  fiiiiii  Arnold,  filled 
with  threais,   was  presented. 

Tlie  sympathy  e\.  ileil  .iiiinn;:  llie  Ariierican  of- 
ficciJ  by  his  fate,  u,is  as  iiilveisal  .i-.  il  ii  uuu.Mial 


•^i^m^mimanmam 


ig ;  coiMinuiiicHtpd 
rnuld,  lliiil  lie  iiilKht 
I)  to  do.  Tliis  WHS, 
lope  the  giilliint  ol- 
oiis  of  liis  gciicriil, 
le  inilitaiy  error  lie 

I,  w)io  VIM  llie  iiir 
(It  know  any  pint  of 
liere   was  somib  mp- 

conn.tel  in  varionii 
il  fioni  all  ilipinlfr- 
ivas  Sniilli  wlio  lent 
>  on  hein^  told  liy 
"ss  was  of  that  |mI- 
sli  to  he  known  hy 
lot  helieve  that  he 
rand.  Oniiieyoiir 
\     I  know  ynnr  af- 

no  reason  why  1 
I  Clin  do  yiiiircaii.se 
10  your  siriiecle  in 
condemn  rne.  1  say 

I  know  lirave  niiti 
I  hrave  men  lie  viii- 
iiliii^.  I  shonlilnot 
en   for  the  opinion 

0  respert. 

e  y<in  tlii<  day  pro 

rily  with  cx-ieedini} 

of  history;  and  if 

his  day's  decision, 

II,  will  he  reiiieiii- 
tliey  have    grown 

han  llipy  now  arc; 
shall,  in  lime,  have 
iiioiy.     The  maiiyi 

1  the  ti'ilinnal  that 
I  trust  this  linnonr- 
■n  I  say,  that  what 
lie   fears  of  a  tow- 

nnd  ,it  last  came  to 
he  was  a  spy,  and 
s  calm  as  a  philo- 
pnnrt  was  read, 
f  October,  1780, 
rmy.  This  time 
the  prisoner,  ]| 
ioii  to  the  place  of 
I't  desired  to  walk 
a;  the  iiis;lit,  which 
iiniling  inniintains. 
[o  wear  an  aiiiuiii- 
vas  drawn  out  to 
e  passed  ihroiiijli 
faces  sat  the  iil- 
eiy  one  he  knew. 
si<:lit  of  the  i;al- 
s  who  were  wiili 
i  have  lieen  ollier- 
'•  Well,  iheii." 
I  am  leniniilcd 
liner  of  it.  .SdI- 
ike  a  hravc  man." 
s)i  as  liiiiii  iiiiirn- 
is  ever  were  in  a 
ine  of  voice  ;  his 
by  the  speclalois-, 
niily,  a  groan  in 
II  of  eveiy  bosom, 
nadft  hy  sir  Henry 
rliciilaily  dear,  lo 
vas  at  first  repre- 
iiiclir  the  saiulion 
rued  an  answer  to 
t  Andre  himself 
ilerview  was  hi  st 
tobeitsoii  and  (ie- 
ili  h.'.d  not  befcre 
mil.  When  every 
oin  Arnold,  filled 


UNITED    STATES. 


467 


nn  such  occasions;  and  proclaims  the  iiicril  of  liiiii 
who  siili'eied  and  the  hmnaiiity  of  those  who  in- 
dicted llie  piiiilsliiiK'iil.  Ill  lS:;il  the  bones  of  An- 
ihi-  were  dug  up  anil  carried  lo  his  native  lainl  by 
royal  inaniiale. — Kn.] 

To  favour  the  necessary  commiinli  ations,  the 
Viilliiie  sloop  of  war  had  been  previously  slaliuneil 
in  llie  Ncirlli  Uiver,  as  near  lo  .Vihold's  posts  as 
was  piai  ticable,  without  exciling  suspicion,  lie- 
fnre  this,  a  wiitleii  correspondence,  between  Arnold 
and  Andre,  had  been  for  some  time  carried  on, 
under  the  lictilioiis  names  of  (iustavns  and  .\iider- 
Hon.  A  boat  was  sent  at  night  from  the  shore,  lo 
fetch  Major  Andre.  On  its  return,  Arnold  met 
him  at  tiie  iieacii,  without  the  posts  of  either  army, 
'i'lieir  business  was  not  finished,  till  it  was  too  near 
the  dawn  of  day.  for  Andie  lo  return  lo  the  Vul- 
ture. Arnold  told  him  he  iniisl  be  concealed  till 
the  next  night.  For  that  purpose,  he  was  con- 
diicied  within  one  of  the  American  posts,  and  con- 
tinued Willi  Arnold  ihe  following  day.  'J'he  boat- 
man refused  to  carry  liiiii  back  tlic  next  nii:lit,  as 
the  Vulture,  from  being  exposed  to  thefne  of  some 
cannon,  brought  up  to  annoy  her,  hail  changed  her 
posilioii.  Andre's  return  to  New  Vork,  by  land, 
was  ilien  the  on' ■  practicable  mode  of  escape.  To 
favour  this,  he  exchanged  his  uniform,  which  lie 
hail  liiihertn  worn  uinUu'  a  siirtoiit,  for  a  common 
coal  ;  was  fiirnlsheil  with  a  horse,  and,  under  the 
name  of  John  Anderson,  with  a  passport,  "to  go 
to  tlielinesof  While  I'lains,  or  lower,  if  he  thought 
proper;  he  being  on  public  business."  lie  ad- 
vanced alone  and  undisturbed,  a  !;ieal  part  of  the 
way.  When  he  ihoiight  himseir  almost  out  of 
danger,  lie  was  slopped  by  three  of  llie  A'ew  Vork 
militia,  who  weie,  wiili  others,  scouting  between 
the  oiil-piisis  of  the  two  armies.  .Major  Andre, 
iiislead  of  p|•ollm■in^  his  pass,  asked  the  man  who 
sKippeil  him.  '•  nheie  he  lieluimrd  lo."  He  was 
answeieil,  "  lo  below."  ineaning  .New  Vork.  He 
'ben  leplicd,  "so  do  I,"  declared  himself  a  Brit- 
ish iiliieer,  and  piessed  thai  he  iiii:;lil  mil  be  de- 
laiiieil.  He  soon  discovered  his  misi.ike.  His 
raptors  proceeded  lo  seaicli  him.  Siiiidiy  papers 
were  found  in  his  possession.  These  were  secret- 
ed in  his  boois,  and  were  in  ,\riiold's  haiid-wiiiiiig. 
They  coiitainiil  exact  reliirns  of  the  stale  of  the 
forces,  ordnance,  and  delences,  at  West  Point, 
with  the  aitiiiery  oiileis,  ciiiical  remarks  on  the 
works.  Arc. 

Andre  otlered  his  cap'ois  a  purse  of  gold  and  a 
new  valuable  wauh,  if  lliey  would  lei  him  pass; 
and  peiinaiieiit  provision,  and  future  piomolioii,  if 
tliey  would  convey  and  accoiiipaiiy  him  to  .New 
Voik.  They  nobly  disilained  ill"  prollered  hiibe, 
and  delivered  him,  a  prisoner,  to  liieulenanl-Colo- 
iiel  .lameson,  who  coiiinianiled  llie  sioniing  par- 
lies. In  leMiiiKioy  of  llie  hr^li  sense,  eiiieilaiiied 
of  ihevirliionsanirpalriolic  conduct  of  .loliii  I'aiild- 
ini;,  David  Williams,  and  Isaac  \'aii  Wait,  the 
laplois  of  .\iiilie,  Congress  resolved,  "that  each 
nf  lliem  receive,  amiiiaily,  two  hundred  dollars  in 
specie,  during  lil'e  ;  lliat'tlie  board  of  wai  be  di- 
Mcled  lo  prmiui-  for  each  ol  them  a  silver  medal, 
iMi  one  side  of  wliicii  should  be  a  shield  willi  this 
oisiiipiioii,  Pidcliiy,  and  on  ihe  oilier,  the  follow- 
iiis  iiiolio,  vincii  ,\nior  i'alria'  ;  and  thai  lliecom- 
niaiider-in-chief iie  iei|iiislcd  lo  preseni  llie  same, 
Willi  Ihe  thaiil,s  oi(  ini^iess.  for  iheir  fidelity,  and 
llie  eiiiineiit  scivice  liny  iiail  leiidcied  their  coun- 
try." Aiidie,  Mheii  delivered  to  .lameson,  coii- 
liniied  to  caii  himself  iiy  llie  name  of  Anderson, 
and  asked  leave  to  semi  a  p'lter  lo  Aniidil,  to  ac- 
i|n:inil  liiiii  with  Aiioeison's  delenlion.  'I'liis  was 
iiiconsideialely  grained.  Arnold,  on  the  recipt 
of  this  lellrr,  ;rhaiidoiied  every  tiling;  and  went 
on  board  the  Vniiiirt'  sloop  of  war.  Lieiitemint- 
I'olooel  .lameson  forwarded  to  Washiiigloii  ah  the 
pa,.,  rs  lounilon  .Andre,  together  with  a  Idler  giv- 
ing an  iicroiiiii  of  the  wliole  alVair  ;  but  the  ex- 
press, by  taking  a  dilfeieiit  royte  fniiii  the  aemi- 
ral.^who  was  leiurnioi;  fioni  a  coiifcri  tice,  at  Hart 
bird,  wiih  Count  ile  Kochambe  ii:,  missed  l.iiii. 
I  his  c.iii-ed  siieh  a  d.day  as  gavi'  Aliiold  lime  In 
cllcci  his  escape.     The  same   packc;,  which  de 


tailed  the  particulars  of  Andre's  capture,  brought 
a  letter  Iroiii  him,  in  which  he  avoweil  his  name 
and  chaiaclcr,  and  eiideavoureil  lo  show  that  he  did 
not  come  under  the  description  of  a  spy.  The 
leitci  was  expressed  in  Icriiis  of  dignity  wiihoni 
insolence,  and  of  apology  wiihoiit  meanness.  He 
slated  therein,  that  lie  lield  a  correspondence  with 
a  person,  under  the  orders  of  his  geneial ;  that  this 
atienlioii  went  no  firtherthaii  meeting  that  person, 
on  neutral  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  inlelligencc  ; 
and  that,  nguinst  his  stipulation,  his  intention,  and 
without  his  knowledge  beforehand,  he  was  brought 
within  Ihe  American  posts,  and  liad  to  eoiicerl  his 
escape  from  them.  JSeiiig  taken  on  his  return,  he 
>vas  betrayed  into  the  vile  condition  of  an  enemy 
in  disguise.  His  principal  reijuesl  was,  ihal, 
"  Whatever  his  falc  mi(;hl  be,  a  decency  of  lieat- 
inent  migiit  be  observed,  which  would  mark,  that, 
though  unfortunate,  he  was  branded  with  r.othing 
iliat  was  Jisliononrable,  and  that  he  was  involun- 
tarily un  impostor." 

Washington  referred  the  whole  case  to  the  ex- 
amination and  decision  of  n  board,  coiisisliiig  of 
rourleen  general  olhceis.  On  his  examination, 
Andre  voluntarily  confessed  every  thing,  that  re- 
lated to  hiinsell,  and,  particularly,  that  he  did  not 
come  ashore  under  the  proleciion  of  a  Hag.  The 
boaid  did  not  examine  a  single  witness;  but  found- 
ed their  report  on  his  own  confession.  In  this 
they  stated  the  following  facts  :  "  That  Major  .\ii- 
die  came  on  shore,  on  the  night  of  the  21sl  of 
iSepieiiiber.  in  a  private  and  secret  manner ;  that 
he  changed  his  dress  within  the  American  lines, 
and,  under  a  feigned  name,  and  disguised  habit 
passed  their  works  ;  that  he  was  taken  in  ii  dis- 
guised habit  when  on  his  way  to  New  Vork;  and 
thai,  when  taken,  several  papers  were  found  in  liis 
possession,  which  contained  intelli;;eiice  for  the 
enemy."  Kroin  these  f  lels,  they  farther  reported 
il  as  Ihiui'tijiinion,  "  that  .Major  .\iidre  oiii;ht  to  be 
consideieiF  as  a  spy  ;  and  th.it  agreeably  to  the 
laws  and  usages  of  nations,  he  ought  to  siilfcr 
death." 

.Sir  Henry  Clinton,  Lieutenant-(jeneral  Uobcrt- 
soii,  and  the  late  American  general  Arnold,  wiole 
piessing  letters  to  Wasliiiigton,  to  prevent  ihe  de- 
cision ol  ihe  board  of  general  officers  from  being 
carried  into  effect.  Arnold  in  pailicular  urged, 
lint  every  thing  done  by  Major  Andie  was  done 
by  his  particular  re(|iiest,  and  at  a  time  when  he 
I  was  the  acknowledged  commandiiig  officer  in  the 
department.  He  contended,  "  that  he  had  a  right 
'to  transact  all  these  matters,  for  which,  though 
wrong,  -Major  .\ndre  ought  not  tosiillei."  And  in- 
terview, also,  took  place  between  (ieneral  Kolierl- 
soii,  on  the  part  of  thelSrilish,  and  tteneral  (iieeiie, 
on  the  part  of  the  Americans.  Kvery  thing  was 
urged  by  the  former,  that  iineiiiitiy  or  hiiiiianiiy 
could  siigyest,  for  averting  the  proposed  execu- 
tion, (ireeiie  made  a  proposition  tor  delivering 
up  Andre  for  Arnold;  but  this  could  nut  be  ac- 
ceded to  oyilie  British,  willioiit  offending  against 
every  principle  of" policy,  lioberlson  urged,  "  that 
.Xiiilre  went  on  shore,  under  the  sanclion  of  a  flag, 
anil  that,  being  then  in  Arnold's  power,  he  was 
not  accoiiiiiahle  fiir  his  siibsei|iieiif  acfioiis,  which 
were  said  to  be  eonipulsory."  M'o  this  it  was  re- 
plied, that  "hv,  was  employed  in  ihe  execiilioii  of 
measures,  very  foreiun  from  the  objects  of'll.iKsof 
Irilce,  anil  such  as  they  were  never  iiicaiit  lo  :iil- 
Ihorise  or  coiinlenance  ;  and  lli.it  .M.ijor  .-Viidre,  in 
the  eouise  of  his  examiiialion,  had  c  indidly  con- 
fessed, that  it  was  impossible  for  him  lo  suppose 
that  he  came  ou  shore  under  the  sanclion  of  a 
flag.''  As  (iieeiie  and  Koberlson  dilleied  so  w ide- 
;iy,  both  in  tlieir  sMtement  of  fads,  and  the  infer- 
.'iices  they  drew  from  them,  the  latter  proposed  to 
the  (iiriiiei,  that  the  opinions  of  disinterested  gen- 
llenien  niiulit  be  taken  on  the  subject,  and  iioiiii- 
iialed  Kiiipliaiisen  and  Hochambeau.  Kobertson 
also  urged,  lliat  Andre  possessed  a  ;;reat  sliaie  of 
.'^ir  Henry  Cliiilon's  esieeiii  ;  and  that  he  would  be 
iiilliiilcly  olili^eil.  il'lii^  sliiiiil  1  lie  spare. I.  Ile  of- 
I'cred,  lli.il,  ill  c.ise  \iidie  weii*  peruiillcd  lo  re- 
Uirii  wiili  him  to  Neiv  Voik,  any  persuinihalever, 


that  might  be  named,  sh.inld  be  set  at  liberty  All 
fliese  argiimenls  ami  entreaties  having  failed,  Ro- 
berlson  presenied  a  long  Iclier  from  .\rnold,  in 
which  he  endeavoured  lo  exciilpale  .Andie,  by  ac- 
kiiowlcdKiiig  himself  the  aiilhor  of  every  part  of 
his  conduct,  "and  parliciilarly  insisted  on  his 
coming  from  the  \'ultiire,  under  »  lias;,  winch  he 
had  sent  fiir  that  purpose."  He  declariMl,  thai,  if 
Andie  suffered,  lie  slioiild  think  liiiii>elf  b.iuiid  in 
honour  to  retaliate.  He  also  observeil,  "  lli'it 
forty  of  the  principal  inhaliilanls  of  .South  Caro- 
lina had  justly  forfeited  their  lives,  who  had  hilh- 
erto  been  spared,  only  through  the  clemency  of 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  but  who  could  no  longer  extend 
his  mercy,  if  .Major  .\  nil  re  suffered  ;  an  event  which 
would  probably  open  a  scene  of  bloodshed,  at  whicli 
humaiiily  iinisi  revolt."  He  enlrealed  Washing- 
Ion,  by  his  own  honour,  and  for  the  sake  of  hu- 
manity, not  to  suffer  an  unjust  sentence  to  touch 
the  life  of  Andre;  hut  if  that  warning  should  be 
diregarded,  and  Andre  suffer,  lie  called  heaven 
and  eaitli  to  witness,  that  he  alone  would  be  just- 
ly answerable  for  the  torrents  of  blood,  that  might 
be  spilt  ill  coiisei|iience." 

Every  exertion  was  made  by  the  royal  com- 
manders to  save  Andre;  but  without  effect.  It 
was  the  general  opinion  of  the  American  .army, 
that  his  life  was  forfeited  ;  and  that  national  dig- 
nity, and  sound  policy  reijiiircil,  that  the  forfeiture 
should  be  exacted. 

Allure,  though  superior  to  the  terrors  of  death, 
wished  to   die  like  a  soldier.     To  obtain   this  fa- 
vour, he   wiole  a  lelter  to   Washington,  fraught 
wilh  sentimenls  of  military  dignity.     From  an  ad- 
herence  to  the  usages  of  war,  it  was  not   thought 
proper  to  grant  this  letpiesl ;  but  his  delicacy  was 
saved   from  the  pain    of  receivine  a  negative  an- 
swer, the  giiaid    which  allended   him  in   his  eon- 
fnieiiieiit,  inarched  with  him  to  the  place  of  exe- 
cution.    The    way,    over  which    Ile    passed,   was 
crowded,    on   each    side,    by  anxious  specl.itors. 
Their  sensibility  was  slioiijjiy  impressed,  by   be- 
holding a  well  dressed  yoillli  in  the  bloom  of  lif', 
of' a  peeiitiarly  eiii;ai:iiin  person,  iiiiei,  .tu.i  .ispect, 
devoted   lo  iiniiiediati:    exeiiiiioii.     .Alajor   .\iiilre 
walked  willi  fiminess.   coiiiposiire  and  dii:iiiiy,  be- 
tween  two    officers  of  his  gii  iid,    his  arm   bein;; 
locked  in  theirs.      Upon  si  eiiisj  the   preparations, 
at  the  fital  spot,  he  asked,  with  some  degri^e  of 
concern,    "  must  1  die  in  this  manner !"     He  was 
told,  it  was  uiiavoidalile.     He  replied,  "  I  am  re- 
conciled lo  my  file,  but  not  to  the  mode  ;"  but 
.soon  siilijoiiied,  "It  will  be  bill  a  momentaiy  pang." 
I  He  ascended  llie  carl,  with  a  pleasing  countenance, 
I  and  with  a  degree  of  composure,   which  excited 
I  the  ailiiiiratiun,  and  iiielle.l   the  hearts  of  all   the 
I  spectators.     He    was  askiMl,   when   the  fatal   iiio- 
I  iiieiit  was    at   hand,  if'  he    had   any   iliiiig  to  say  ? 
;  He  answered,  "  notliiii:  but  lo  request,  that    you 
j  will  witness  lo  the   world,  thai    I  die  like  a  brave 
I  man."     The  succeeding   inoiiienls  closed   the  af- 
f'ecling  scene. 

This  execiilion  was  llie  siibjeel  of  severe  cen- 
sures. B.iiliarily,  cruelly,  and  uiuriler  were  pleii- 
lil'iilly  cliars,''il  on  the  .Vinericans  ;  liiil  ihe  iiiipar- 
lial  of'  all  naiioiis  allowed  lliat  it  was  warranled 
bv  llie  usaues  of'  war.  Il  cannot  be  eondeiimed, 
willioul  conileiniiiiii;  the  inaxiiiis  of  self-preserva- 
tiiiii,  which  have  iiiiifoniily  guided  the  practice  of 
I  hoslile  nalioiis.  The  finer  feelings  of  hiiiiianiiy 
wciiild  have  liceii  gialified,  by  ilispensini;  with  tin) 
I  rigid  maxims  of  war.  in  favour  of  so  disiingiiished 
an  office'  full  these  f'eelin!>s  must  be  controlleil 
by  a  regard  for  the  public  safely.  Such  was  the 
disliessed  slate  of  the  American  army,  and  so 
abundant  were  their  causes  of  complaint,  that  there 
was  much  to  fear  from  the  contauious  nature  of 
treachery.  I'ould  it  have  been  reduced  to  ;i  cer- 
tainly, tiiat  there  were  no  more  Arnolds  in  Amer- 
ica, perhaps  .\iiilre's  life  might  have  been  spared  ! 
but  the  necessity  of  discourauJoK  farther  plots  fixeil 
his  f'iite.  and  si. imped  il  with  the  seal  of  political 
necessity.  If  conjectures  in  the  boundless  field 
of  posailile  coniuueucies  weie  lo  be  indulged,  it 
iiili^ht  be  said,  that  il  was  iiiuru  consonant  lu  c.\' 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


i 


tend  luiiiianity,  to  take  one  life,  than  hy,  ill-timcil 
lenity,  to  lay  a  Toundjlion,  which  probably  would 
nccaxion  no'l  only  the  loss  of  man'-,  but  endanger 
the  inilependciice  of  a  ereat  country. 

Tliongh  a  regard  to  the  public  safety  imposed  a 
neiessily  of  inlllciinjj  the  riuours  of  martial  law, 
et  the  rare  worth  ol  this  unfortunate  ofVicer  made 
is  unhappy  case  the  subject  of  universal  regret. 
Not  oidy  among  the  partisans  of  royal  govern- 
ment, but  among  the  firmest  Ainerioaii  republi- 
cins,  the  friendly  tear  of  sympathy  freely  (lowed, 
for  (he  early  fallof  this  amiable  young  man.  .Some 
condemned;  others  justified  ;  but  all  icgretted  the 
fatal  seiilcuce,  which  put  a  period  to  his  valuable 
life. 

This  grand  project  terminated  with  no  other  al- 
teration, in  respect  of  the  Hiitish,  than  that  of 
their  exchanging  one  of  their  best  otTicers,  for  the 
worst  man  in  the  American  army.     Arnold  was 
lnime<liHtely  appointed  a  brigadiei-general,  in  the 
service  of  the  king  of  Great  Hritain.     The  failure 
of  the  scheme,  res()ecting  West  Point,  made  it  ne- 
cessary for  him  to  dispel  the  cloud,  which  over- 
shadowed his  character,   by  the    performance  of 
some  signal  service  for  his  new  masters.      The 
condition  of  the    American  army  alforded  him  a 
prospect  of  doing  something  of  consequence.   He 
lla((cred    himself,  (hat  by  (he  allurements  of  pay 
and  promotion,  he  slioiilil  be  able  to  raise  a  numer- 
ous force,  from  the  distressed  Ameiican  soldiery. 
lie  tlierefore  taok  methods  for  accomplishing  this 
purpose,  by  obviatiiii;  their  scruples,  anil  working 
on  their  passions.  His  fust  public  meas'.iru  was,  an 
aildress  directed  to  the  inhabitants  of.\merica,  dated 
from  New  York,  Oct.  7,  17b(),  live  days  after  .\n- 
die's  execulion.     In  this,  he  endeavoured  to  justi- 
fy himself  for  deserting    their    cause.     He  said, 
"  that,  when  he  fust  engai;ed  in  it,  he  conceived 
the  rights  of  his  country  to  be  in  danger,  and  that 
duty  and  honour  called  hiiu  to  her  defence.     A  re- 
dress of  grievances  was   his  only  aim  and  ol)ject. 
He,  however  ac(|uies(  ed  in  the  declaration  of  in- 
depenilence,  although  he  thought  it    precipitate. 
Hut  the  reasons  that  were  then  olfered   to  justify 
that  measure,  no  longer  could  exist;  when   (ireat 
Hritain,  with  the  open  arms  of  a  parent,  olfered  to 
embrace  them  as  children,  and  to  grant  the  wished- 
I'or  redress.      I'rcun  the  rc('nsal  of  these  proposals, 
and  the  ratification  of  the  French  alliance,  all  his 
ideas  of  the  justice  and  policy  of  the  war  were  to- 
tally changed,  and  from  that  lime,  he  had  become 
a  professed  loyalist."     He  arknowleilged  that,  '•  in 
these  principles,  he  had  oidy  retained  his  arms  and 
command,  lor  an  opporlunily  lo  surrender  them  to 
lireat  Hritain."     This  address  was  soon    followed 
bv  another,  insciibed  to  llie  ollieers  ami  soldiers  of 
the  continental  army.      It  was  inlenilcd   In  induce 
them  to   I'ollow  his  example,   and   eni;a!;e  in   ilie 
loyal  service.      He   inliiiiiM>d   theni.   that  In'   was 
authorised  to  raise  a  corps  of  cavalry  ami  inl'inlTV. 
who  were    to   be  on    the   same    fooling  with    the 
other  troops  in  the  British  service,      'i'o  alliiri*  llie 
private  men,  three  guineas  were  olVere<i  to  each, 
besides  payment  for  iheir  liinses.  arms  and  aecoM- 
treinents.      Kank  in  the  Hiilisli  army  was  also  held 
out  to  the   American  ollieers,  who  wiudd  recruit 
and  brim:  in  acrlain  nnnilier  of  men.  propoiiioneil 
to  the  dill'erent  grades  in  mililary  service.     These 
oilers  were  pioposed  ti»  unpaid  soldiers,  who  were 
suH'ering  froin  the  want  of  hoih  food  anil  clothing, 
and  to  ollieers  who   were,  in  a  great  degree,  obli- 
Hed  to  support  themselves,  fniin  their  own  resour- 
ces, while  they  weie  spemling  the  prime  of  tlieir 
day,  and  risking  their  lives,  in  the    unprnduclive 
service  ofCooiiiess.     Though  they  were  urged  at 
a  time  when  the  paper  currency  was  at    its  lowest 
ebb  of  depreciation,  and   the   wants  and  distresses 
of  the  American  aimy  were  at  iheir  hiiihesi  pitch, 
ye(  (hey  did  no(  produce  the  inlemleil   ell'ect  on  a 
■ingle  sentinel  or  uflicer.     \\'hilher  the  eircuni- 
rtances  of  .Arnold's  case  adileil  new  shades  to  the 
crime  of  desertion,  orwheiher  the  providential  es- 
cape from   (he    deep    laid    scheine   against   West 
Poin(,   gave  a  higher  (one  to  the   fnniiiess  nl'  the 
Ameriiun  soldiery,  cannnol  b^'  uid'oldcd  ;  but,  lioiii 


thest  or  some  other  causes,  desertion  wholly  ceas- 
ed, at  this  remarkable  period  of  the  war. 

It  IS  matter  of  reproach  (n  (he  United  Stales, 
that  they  brought  into  public  view  a  man  of  Ar- 
nold's character;  but  it  is  lo  the  honour  of  liiiinan 
nature,  that  a  great  levolutiini,  and  an  eight  years' 
war,  produced  but  one  such  example.  In  civil 
contests,  for  olVicers  to  change  sides  has  not  been 
unusual :  but  in  the  various  events  of  the  Ameri- 
can war,  and  among  the  many  regular  ofTicers  it 
called  to  the  field,  nothing  occurred,  that  bore  any 
resemblance  to  (he  characierof  Arnold.  Ilissin- 
giilar  case  enforces  the  policy  of  conferring  high 
trusts,  exclusively,  on  men  of  clean  hands,  and  of 
withholding  all  public  confidence  from  those,  who 
are  subjected  to  the  dominion  of  pleasure. 

A  gallant  enterprise  of  JIajnr  Talmailge,  in  the 
course  of  this  campaign,  shall  close  this  chapter. 
He  crossed  the  sound  to  Long  Island,  with  eighty 
men,  Nov.  2Hth  \  made  a  circuitous  inarch  of 
twenty  miles  to  Fortdeorge,  and  reduced  it,  with- 
out any  other  loss,  than  that  of  one  private  man 
wminded.  He  killed  and  wounded  eight  of  the 
enemy,  captured  a  lieutenant  colonel,  a  captain, 
and  fifty-live  privates. 


CHAPTER     XI. 

rorrifrri  AITuirs,  conncrlnl  with  llio  American  Rcvniulinn, 
17110,  1781. 

Tm.4  t  .'.park,  which  first  kindled  at  Hoston  grad- 
ually .xpamlcil  itself,  till  sundiy  of  the  nations  of 
Hiii)|,.  wire  involved  in  ils  wiile-spreading  (lame. 
Fiance,  l^paiii,  and  Holland  were,  in  (he  years 
J  773,  17711,  and  1780,  successively  drawn  in  for  a 
share  of  the  general  calamity. 

These  events  had  so  direct  an  influence  on  the 
.American  war,  that  a  short  recapitulation  of  them 
becomes  necessary. 

Soon  after  his  iMosl  Catholic  Majesty  had  de 
claied  war  aijainst  (treat  Hritain,  expeditions  were 
carried  on  by  Don  Ualvez,  the  .Spanish  governor 
of  Ijoiiisiana,  against  the  Hrilish  settle  inents.  in 
West  Florida.  These  were  easily  reduced.  The 
coiKjnest  of  the  whole  province  was  completed  in 
a  few  moiiihs,  by  the  reduction  of  Pensaeida,  May 
•)th,  17S1.  The  .Spaniards  were  not  so  successful 
in  iheir  attempts  against  (iibralter  and  .lamaica. 
They  had  blockaded  the  former  of  these  places,  on 
the  land  side,  ever  since  .Inly,  1779;  and  soon  af- 
terwards invested  it  as  closely  by  sea,  as  the  nature 
of  the  gut.  andvaiiety  of  wind  and  weather,  would 
permit.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year,  the  gar- 
rison was  reduced  lo  yieat  straits.  Veuetables 
iveic  ivilh  great  iliiricully  to  lie  uot  at  any  price  ; 
but  bread,  the  great  essential  both  of  lile  and 
health,  was  must  delicieiit.  (iiivernor  F.lliot.  who 
coinmaiided  in  the  garrison,  made  an  experiment, 
to  ascertain  what  quantitv  of  rice  would  suliice  a 
single  person  ;  and  lived  fiireiiiht  successive  days, 
on  ihirty-lwo  ounces  of  that  iiiilrilious  grain. 

The  critical  situation  of  (iiliralter  called  forre- 
lief.  A  strong  sipiadrou  was  prepared  for  that  pur- 
jiiise,  and  the  coniinand  of  it  tlveii  to  Sir  (ieorge 
Kodnev.  He.  when  on  his  way  thither,  fell  in 
with  fil'leen  sail  of  mercluinlnien,  under  a  slight 
convoy,  hound  fiiim  Si.  .Sebastian  to  Cadiz,  and 
caplurerl  the  whole,  .Inly  Idtli,  17S().  Several  of 
the  vessels  were  laden  w  iili  provisions,  which  beinu 
sent  into  (iibralter,  proved  a  seasonable  supply. 
Ill  eiaht  days  afierwards,  he  eimiged,  near  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  with  a  Spanish  sipiadion,  of  eleven 
sail  ofihe  line,  eonimandeil  by  Don  .IiiandeLan- 
uara.  lOarly  In  (he  action,  the  ,'>panlsh  ship  San 
Doininco,  mounting  70  guns,  and  caiiying  (iOO 
men,  blew  up;  and  all  on  board  perished.  'I'he 
action  continued  wiili  great  vigour,  on  both  sides 
for  ten  hours.  The  .Spanish  admiral's  ship,  the 
Phiriiix,  of  SO  guns,  and  three  of  70,  were  carried 
into  a  Hrilish  [iiirt.  The  .San  .lulian,  of  70  guns, 
was  taken.  A  lieutenant,  with  70  Hrilish  seamen. 
wa»*  put  on  boaiil  ;  but,  as  she  ran  on  shore,  the 
vii  tors  bi'ianie  piisoneis,     Anolhcr   ship  of  (he 


same  force  was  also  taken:  but  afierwards  totalljr 
Inst.  Four  escaped  ;  two  of  them  being  greatly 
damaged.  The  Spanish  admiral  did  mil  strike, 
till  his  ship  was  reduced  to  a  mere  wreck.  Caplain 
Macbride,  of  the  Hienfaisaiil,  to  wh.iiii  he  struck, 
disdaining  to  convey  infection,  even  loan  enemy, 
nformed  him,  that  a  malignant  small-pnx  prevail- 
ed onboard  the  Hienfaisant;  andoU'erej  to  permit 
the  Spanish  piisoners  (n  s(ay  on  board  (he  Phir- 
nix,  radier  ihan,  by  a  removal,  (o  expose  them  to 
the  sniall-pox,  trusting  to  the  ailmiral's  honour, 
that  no  advantage  would  be  taken  of  the  circiim- 
stance.  The  proposal  was  cheerfully  embraced, 
and  the  conditions  honourably  observed.  The  con- 
sequence of  this  important  victory  was,  (he  ininie- 
dia(e  and  complele  relief  of  (iiliralter.  This  be- 
ing done,  Uoilney  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies. 
The  .Spaniards,  nevertheless,  persevered  with 
steadiness,  in  (heir  oriuinal  design  of  reducing 
(iibrallar.  They  seemed  lo  be  entirely  absorbeil 
in  (lia(  objec(.  The  garrison,  after  snme  (ime, 
began  again  (o  sufl'er  the  inconveniences  which 
flow  from  ilencien(  and  iinwholesnme  food :  bu(  in 
April,  17SI,  complele  relief  was  oblained  (hioiii:li 
(he  in(erven(ion  of  a  Biidsh  llee(,  coimiianded  by 
Admiral  Darby. 

The  court  of  Spain,  mortified  by  these  repeated 
disappointments,  determined  lo  make  greater  ex- 
ertions.    Tlieir  works  were  carried  on  with  more 
vigour  than   ever.     Having,  on  an  experiment  of 
twenty  months,  found  the  inellicacy  oi'a  blockade, 
they  resolved  to  try  the  elfects  of  a  bombardment. 
Their  balteries  weie    mounted  with   guns  of  the 
iieavlest  metal,  and  with  mortars  of  the  largest  di- 
mensions.    These  disgorged   torrents  of  fire  on  a 
narrow  spot.     It  seemed  as  if  not  only  the  works 
lint  the  rock  itself  must  have  been  overwhelmed. 
.\ll  distinction  nf  parts  was  lost  in  flame  and  smoke. 
This  dreadful  cannonade  continued  day  and  night, 
almost    incessantly,    for  three    weeks;     in   eveiy 
twentyfour  hours  of  wliicli,  lOO.OOOlbs.  of  tun- 
powder  weie  consumed,  and  between  four  and  ,"i()UO 
shot  ,ind    shells  went  tlironsh  the  town.     It  then 
slackened  ;  but  was  not   iiilermitted,   one   whole 
day,  for  upwards  of  a  Iwelvemonth.     The  fatigues 
of  the  gariison  were  exireme;  but  the  loss  of  men 
was  less  lhan  miaht  have  liieii  expected.     FortliB 
irst  (en  weeks  of  this  unexainpled  liombardmenr, 
the  whole  number  of  killed  and  wounded  was  aboul 
'W).     The  daiuase  done  lo  the  works  was  trilling. 
The  houses  in  town,  about  TiOO  in  niiinber,    were 
mostly    destroyed.     Such   of   the   inlialiltaiits,  as 
were  not  buried  in   the  ruins  of  their  houses,  or 
torn  lo  pieces  by   the    shells,  fieil    to   the    leniote 
piutsofihe  rocks;   liiit  destrucliiin  fiilloHed  them 
to  places  which  had  always  been  di'em>'d  secure. 
No  scene   could    lie    mine   ileplmalile.      .Motheis 
and  chilihen,  clasped  in    each  otlieis"  arms,  were 
so  roiiipli'li'lv  turn  to  pieces,  that  it  sceineil  more 
like  an    aniulillatliin,    lhan  a  illspersliin  of   llieir 
diatteieil    iVasiincnts.       Ladles,    of     llie    greatest 
setislbiUly,  and  must  delicate   constitution,  deem- 
ed   themselves   happy    to  lie   iidinilled    lo   a    lew 
hours  of  repose,  in  the  casements,  aiulilM  the  iioiso 
of   a   crowded   soldiery,   and   the  groans  of    the 
wiiunded. 

,Al  the  first  onset,  Cenerat  Flliot  retorted  cm 
llie  lieslciiers  a  shower  of  file,  but  fniesci'lti^  the 
illfTicultv  of  procnriii!;  siipplli'S,  he  siiiiii  retieiiched, 
and  received  with  comparative  iincomcrii,  the 
fury  and  violence  of  his  adversaries.  Hy  the  lal- 
ler  end  of  November,  the  besieueis  had  lirnuuht 
iheir  wniks  to  that  stale  of  perfection  which  llity 
inleniled.  The  care  and  ingenuity  emplnyed  iipi  n 
them  were  exlraordinaiy.  The  best  eiiuliieers  of 
France  and  .''^pain  had  united  their  abliities,  ami 
both  kinsjdoms  were  filled  wllli  s:iiu;iiinc  espec- 
tatlons  of  speedy  success.  In  this  coiijnnctiire, 
when  all  Kiirope  was  in  suspense,  eomeriiiiia  llie 
fate  of  the  garrison,  and  when,  from  the  proilii;!- 
iius  ell'iirls  made  fur  ils  rednclioti.  m.uiy  Irelieved 
thai  I:  could  not  hold  oiil  niiiih  loii'ji'r.  a  sally  was 
lircijected  and  execiiled,  that  in  mImuii  two  hours, 
ilcsiiiived  tlici^c  works,  nii  whiih  so  much  lime 
bkill,  and  lal.oiir  had  been  cspciidcd. 


I II  wmiv  ii  imtMmmmtimam 


t  iillerwiirds  tolnllj' 
liLMii  hoiiit;  grnnlly 
rnl  (lid  iiol  sliikn, 
IT«  WlPck.  C;l|il;li]l 
n  uli.ini  lie  .-ilriicU, 
oven  Id  iin  piiciny, 
»iii;ill-|ic)X  pri'vail- 
irl  oll'cri'i  to  |ipriiiil 
n    bdiiid  tliK   I'liir- 

1(1  eX|)(lSD  tlll'Ml   lo 

iidmiraj's  lionoiir, 
»(Mi  of  the  rlrciim- 
pfifiilly  cinbiMrcil, 
iliscived.  The  ciiri- 
ory  Mils,  llip  iiiiiiic- 
liniltpr.  'I'liis  l)p- 
II  tllP  Wpst  IlldjPH. 
s,  perspverpil  ivilli 
IpsIkii  of  rpiliiriiiir 
piilirely  iihsoilipcl 
,  lifter  .siiinn  time, 
invpiiipiices  wliieli 
esoiiie  food  :  liiii  in 
s  oliI;iined  lliionirh 
et,  cuiiiiiiiiiided  liy 

I  by  lliese  repented 
make  Rrealer  ex- 

ried  on  wiili  more 
an  experiment  of 

racy  of  a  blookade, 

iif  a  bombariliMeiii. 

I  Willi  KiMis  of  ilie 
'S  of  tlielarijest  di- 
iiiTPiils  of  lire  (Ml  a 
lot  only  the  works 
pen  overwlipliiipil. 

II  flame  and  smoke, 
lied  (lay  and  ni^lit, 

weeks;    in   pvciy 

DO.OOOibs.  of  iinn- 

wppii  four  and  aOllO 

ilip  town.     It  tliPM 

iiilind,   one   wlndn 

nil.    Tlip  faiiiinca 

lint  tlie  lii<M  of  men 

\xpertpd.     Korllnj 

lied  lioinbai'dinpiil, 

voiinded  was  about 

works  waslridinji. 

in  niimliri,   were 

e    inliabitanls.  as 

f  llieir  houses,  or 

1    lo  llip   lemoie 

ion  followed  llipiii 

n  (li'PiiK'd  secure. 

(liable.      JIdilii'is 

illipis'  arms,  wcm 

It  it  sceiiied  mon^ 

spersion   of   their 

(if     the    (.'leatpst 

nslitnlion,  deein- 

(linilted    to   a    few 

'I,  amid.M  ihp  niiist) 

le  t"""!'*   of    '.he 


UNITEDSTATES. 


Elliot    retorled    mi 

111  f(iiescciii'.r    Ihi^ 

(•soon  relieiiclieil, 

iMKroncern,   the 

ies.  liy  Ihe  lal- 
ners  had  binimht 
L'dioii  wliidi  ihpy 
ly  eiiiployed  iipt  ii 

best  PMuiiici'rs  of 
heir  abilities,  and 

siin;niiip  p\ppc- 
lliis  conjiiiM'tiMp, 
c,  concernitia  the 
from  the  prodii;i- 
ni.iiiy  liclii'i'pd 
liiniicr.  u  s.illy  was 

-.ilMiiit  two  llOllll, 

■h  >.'i  iniicli  time 
idi'd. 


\  body  uf2()()Uvlioseii  men,  under  the  command 
nf  lirii;adicr  (ieneral  iloss,  marched  out  about  two 
o'clock  ill  the  moriiini;,  November  .'i/'lli,  and,  at  liie 
^.>lMe  instant,  made  a  general  attack,  on  tin:  whole 
I  .vicrior  front  of  the  lines  of  the  bcsieneis.  The 
.'•-p.iiiiarils  gavi^  way  on  every  side,  and  abandoiii'd 
ilicn works.  The  pioneers  and  artilleryini'ii  spread 
Ihi'ir  lire  with  such  rapidity,  that,  in  a  lilll*  liiiic, 
c\erv  tiling  coiiilnislible  wasinllames.  'i'hemin- 
t:iis  and  cannon  wen;  spiked,  and  tlieii  beds,  plat- 
liiinis,  and  carriaijcs  destroyed.  'I'lie  iiiai:a/.iiies 
blew  up,  one  iiller  another.  'J'he  loss  of  the  de- 
taclimeiil,  wliichaccomphshed  all  this  destruction, 
was  incunsideiable. 

This  unexpecled  event  disconcerted  the  bcsiei;- 
er-i ;  lint  they  soon  recovered  Iruni  their  niariii, 
and,  wjlli  H  perseverance  almost  peculiar  tu  their 
ii,ilioii,(letermiiie(l  to  j;o  un  with  tiiesiene.  Their 
siilisp(|uent  exertions,  and  reiterated  defeats,  shall 
l/c  lei.iled  in  the  older  uf  lime  in  which  they  look 
pi. ice. 

While  the  .'Spaniards  were  urtfing  tlie  sieije  of 
Clibraliar,  a  scheme,  previously  concerted  with  the 
I'reiicli,  was  in  a  train  of  execution.  This  con- 
Kisied  of  two  parts.  The  object  of  the  first,  con- 
1  cried  between  tin!  French  and  .Spaniards,  was  no 
less  than  the  coiKjiiest  of  .lamalca.  The  object  of 
llic  second,  in  which  the  I'^'inich  and  the  .-Xmericans 
»cie  parlies,  WIS  the  reduction  ol  .New  Vork.  In 
Cdiiliniiiity  III  lliis  plan,  the  iiionaiclis  of  France 
and  t^paiii,  early  in  the  year  17M),  asMniibled  a 
Itnce  in  (he  West  Indies,  superior  to  that  of  the 
Ihilish.  'J'lieir  combiiieil  fleets  aiii'imited  lo  lliiily- 
.•^ix  sail  of  the  liin;,  and  their  land  f'oices  were  in  a 
((irrespondent  proportion,  iiy  actiiii;  in  c(in;;erl, 
they  hoped  lu  make  rapid  cuu(|uests  In  the  We:it 
liiihcs. 

Fortunately  for  the  Mritish  interest,  this  great 
liiisiile  foice  carried  within  iiself  the  cause  of  Its 
(wn  ovcrlhiow.  The  .Spanish  troops,  fiom  beins; 
li'o  iiiiK  h  crowded  on  hoard  their  transports,  were 
sci/.cd  Willi  a  iiiorial  and  contagious  distemper. 
riiis  spread  ihroiiiih  tin;  French  fleet,  and  land 
•iii(;c<,  as  well  as  their  own.  With  the  hopes  of 
cricsliii!;  its  piosiress,  the  Spaniards  were  latided 
in  llie  h'reiich  islands,  liv  tli(?se  dis.istrons  events, 
the  spirit  of  entcrprisi^  was  damped.  Th(*  coiiibi' 
lied  llecis,  having  m-itlier  effected,  nor  attempted  | 
my  thins;  of  ciiiise(|neiice,  desisted  from  the  priise- 
rniioii  of  the  objects  ot'llie  canlpai^n.  MMie  failure 
(if  the  first  part  of'  ihe  plan  occasioned  the  failnie 
(if  the  second.  Coiiiil  de  (inichen,  tliecoinmander 
(it  the  Flench  fleet,  who  waslo  have  followed  M. 
de  'I'ernay,  and  to  have  co-operated  with  Wash- 
iiiiZlon,  instead  of'  coniins;  to  the  .\nierican  conti- 
iieiil,  saileil  willi  a  hu>;e  c«nvoy.  collected  from  the 
Fiencli  islands,  directly  lo  France. 

The  tiborlive  plans  ofihe  French  and  .Spcniards, 
operated  diieplly  against  the  interest  of  tin;  Ciiited 
.Suites;  lint  this  was.  m  a  short  lime,  coiinlerbalan- 
ceil.by  the  increased  einliirrassmenls  occasioned 
to  (ileal  Ittilain,  by  the  armed  iieulralily  of  llie 
iiiirihern  powers,  and  by  a  rupture  with  Holland. 

The  naval  superiority  oftireat  Itrilain  had  Ions; 
been  the  snbjecl  of  ref;ipt  and  of  envy,  .\s  it  was 
the  inlerest,  so  it  seemed  to  be  the  wish  of  F.iiro- 
pcaii  soveieiiiiis,  to  avail  themselves  ol'ilie  present 
l.ivoniable  iiKiinent,  lo  effect  an  iKiiniliation  of  her 
inar.ilime  jraii  lenr.  That  the  flai;  of  all  nations 
iniisl  strike  to  I5riti«h  ships  of  war,  could  not  be 
olherwise  than  iiinrlifyiii'.;  to  independent  .sove- 
icimis.  This  haiiuhly  demand  was  not  their  only 
cinse  of  complaint.  'I'lie  activity  and  number  of 
llriiisli  privateers  had  rendered  ihein  objects  of 
terror,  not  only  to  ilie  coiiiniercial  shipping  of  their 
enemies,  lint  to  the  many  vessels  bcloii<;iii);  to 
(itlier  powers,  that  were  employed  in  Iradinsi  with 
Ibein.  Various  liiinalions  had  taken  place,  be- 
i»('('ii  Ihe  coinmanders  of  Itrilisli  arnied  vessels, 
and  those  who  were  in  the  service  of  iieiilral  pow- 
ers, respecting  the  extent  of  that  cominerce,  which 
was  consistent  with  a  strict  and  fair  neutrality. 
'I'lie  IJritish  insisted  on  llic  lawfulness  of  seizing 
PiipplleH,  wliicli  were  .iliout  to  bo  carried  to  their 
eiiuini«!i.     In  the  liabitof  coinmaniliugoDtiieica, 


th(;y  considered  power  and  iii;lil  to  be  synonymous 
lenns.  As  other  nations,  from  a  dread  of  provo- 
kiii;;  liicir  xMigraiice.  had  snbiiiitii'il  to  llieir  (daini 
ofduminion  on  the  ocean,  they  fancicil  Ihiniisidves 
Invested  wilh  aiithorily,  lo  control  the  commerce 
of  independent  nations,  when  it  interfered  with 
iheit  views.  'J'he  einprcsi  of  liussia  took  the  lead, 
in  establishing  a  .system  ..f  iiiaratime  laws,  which 
tended  lo  subvert  the  claims  uf  (ireal  iiiitain. 
Her  trading  vessels  had  long  been  hari'sse.l  by 
Urilish  searches  and  sei/.nies,  on  pretence  ol'iheu 
carrying  on  a  ooimn  e,  iiieonsistent  with  neu- 
trality. The  present  crisis  favoured  the  re-estab- 
lislinient  of  the  laws  of  nations,  in  place  of  the 
usurpatioi  s  of  (ireat  Iiiitain. 

A  declaration  w;is  published  in  February,  1780, 
by  the  empress  of  Unssia,  addressed  to  tlie  courts 
of  London,  Versailles  and  Madrid.  In  this  it  was 
observed,  "that  her  Impeiial  majesly  had  given 
.^uch  convincing  proofs  of  the  strict  regard  she  had 
lor  the  rights  of  neiilralily,  and  the  'ibcrty  ofcuiii- 
nierce  in  general,  that  it  might  have  been  hoped 
her  impartial  conduct  would  have  entitled  liersub- 
jects  lu  Ihe  enjoyment  of  the  advantages  belonging 
to  iieuli:il  nations.  Fxperience  had,  however, 
proved  the  contrary.  Her  subjects  had  been  mo- 
lested in  ilieir  naviiiation,  by  the  ships  and  priva- 
teers of  Ihe  billigercnt  powers."  Her  majesly 
therid'oie  declared,  "  thai  she  found  it  necessaiy  lo 
leniove  these  vexations,  which  had  beenolfeied  to 
the  commerce  of  Unssia;  but,  before  she  came  to 
any  serious  measures,  she  ihonght  it  just  and  eipii- 
table,  to  expose  tu  the  world,  and  particularly  lo 
the  belligerent  powers,  the  principles  she  had 
adopted  for  her  conduct ;  which  were  as  follow  ; 

"That  neutral  ships  should  enjoy  a  fieenaviga- 
tioD,  even  from  port  to  poll,  and  on  the  coasts  of 
the  nations  at  war;  that  all  elfects,  belonging  to 
the  belligerent  powers,  should  be  looked  on  as  free 
on  board  such  neutral  ships,  with  an  exception  of 
places  actually  blocked  up  or  besieged  ;  and  with 
n  proviso,  that  they  do  not  carry  to  the  enemy  con 
Iraband  articles."  These  were  limited  by  an  ex- 
planation, so  as  to  "comprehend  only  warlike 
stores  and  animunition."  Her  imperial  majesly 
(lechired  that,  "she  w.is  firmly  lesolved  to  main- 
tain these  principb^s,  and  that  with  the  view  of 
prolecling  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  her 
siibjinMs,  she  had  given  orders  lo  fit  out  a  consid- 
erable p.irt  of  her  naval  force."  This  declaration 
was  commnnicaled  to  the  .StatPS  (ieneral ;  and  lite 
empress  uf  Russia  invited  them  lo  make  a  coin- 
moil  cause  wilh  her,  so  fiir  as  such  a  iiniun  llli^ht 
serve  lo  protect  commerce  and  navigation.  Sim- 
ilar commiinicatldii  and  invitations  were,  also, 
made  to  the  courts  of  Copenhai;en ;  Sluckholin, 
and  Lisbon,  .\  civil  answer  was  received  from 
the  court  of  Great  liritain,  and  a  very  cordial  one 
f'loiii  llie  court  iif  France.  On  this  occasion,  it 
wassaiil  by  his  .MosH'liristian  .Majesly,  "thai  what 
her  imperial  iiiaj(*sty  claiiniMl  f'roiii  tin;  ludligereni 
powers,  was  nuthing  more  than  the  rules  prescribed 
to  llie  French  navy."  The  kin:;s  of  .Sweden  and 
Uenmark,  also,  formally  acctMled  to  the  principles 
and  measures,  proposed  by  the  empress  of  JUissia. 
The  Scites  (ieneral  did  the  same.  TiKMiiie.en  of 
Purlngal  lefnseil  lu  concur,  'i'lie  powers  engaged 
in  this  assuciatidii  resolveil  to  support  each  other, 
against  any  of  the  bellis'eranl  nations,  whushunlil 
violati^  the  principles,  which  had  liinMi  laid  duwii, 
in  the  declaration  of  the  empicss  of  Unssia. 

This  combination  assumeil  the  name  of  the  aim- 
ed neutrality,  liy  it  a  respectable  giianmlee  was 
procured  lo  a  roiiuucree,  from  which  France  and 
.Spain  procured  a  plentiful  supply  of  aiticles  es- 
sentially cnnducivp  to  a  vigorous  prdseculiiin  (i. 
the  war.  The  usurped  anllimity  oftireat  Iiiitain. 
on  the  highway  of  nature,  received  a  check.  Her 
embarrassments,  IVom  this  .siiiirce,  were  aggrava- 
ted by  the  cunsideraliuti,  that  they  came  fium  a 
power,  in  whuse  friendship  she  had  confided. 

Abuut  the  same  time,  the  eneinics  uf  (irc.il 
liritain  were  increased,  by  the  addition  oi'  the 
Slates  (ieneral.  Though  these  two  powers  weie 
bound  tu  each  other,  by  the  ubliga^u)a,3  of  treaties, 


489 

the  cuiidud  uf  the  latter  had  long  been  cunsiidor- 
ed  rather  hostile  than  friendly.  Few  Kurupeans 
had  a  uiealcr  piopec;  of  adv. image  from  Ameri- 
can independeni ctlia:  the  I  lolbiiiders.  Theeou- 
ipiesl  (dtlie  rniied  Stales  wdul.i  nave  regained  III 

(ileal  liritain  a  n poly   of  their  trade;   but  the 

(^siablislinieiit  of  their  iiiilep"ii(li^ii( c  promised,  to 
oilier  nalidiis,  an  eipial  cliance  of  participating 
iherein.  ,\s  commerce  is  the  soul  of  the  L'nited 
.Nethetlands.  tu  have  neglected  the  p'resent  iippiir 
tiinity  of  exlendim;  it,  would  have  been  a  devia- 
tion from  theireslablishcd  maxims  of  policy.  For- 
mer treaties,  framed  in  distant  peiiods,  when  other 
views  were  predoiiiinanl,  opposed  but  a  feeble  bar- 
rier to  the  claims  of  present  interest.  The  past  ge- 
neration found  it  to  their  advantage  lu  seek  the 
friendship  and  prulectiun  uf  (ireat  liritain.  Rut 
•hey,  who  were  now  on  the  stage  of  life,  had  similar 
indueemenls  to  seek  for  new  channels  of  trade. 
I'liuiigh  this  cuuld  not  be  dune,  withuni  lliwartin^ 
the  views  of  the  court  uf  Londnn,  their  reculleclioii 
of  former  favours  was  nut  sufficient,  lo  curb  their 
imniediale  favuurile  passion. 

From  the  year  1777,  Sir  Joseph  Yurke,  the 
liriiisli  minister  at  Ihe  Hague,  has  made  sundry 
representaliuns  to  their  high  iniglitines.sea,  of  the 
clandestine  coinmerce,  earned  un  between  their 
subjects  and  the  Americans.  He  particularly 
stated  that  Mr.  Van  (iraaf,  the  governor  uf  .Si. 
Knstatia,  had  permitted  an  illicit  coinniHrce  with 
the  Anieiicans  ;  and  had,  at  one  time,  retiiined 
tin?  salute  of  a  vessel  carrying  their  flag.  .Sir  Jo- 
seph, therefore  demandeil  a  formal  disavowal  uf 
this  salute,  and  the  disinissiun  and  immediate  re- 
call of  Cluveriiur  Van  (iraaf.  This  insolent  de- 
inanil  was  answered  wilh  »  pusillanimous,  tempo- 
rising reply. 

Un  the  \-2ih  uf  September,  1778,  a  memorial 
was  presented  to  the  States  (ieneral.  from  the 
merchants  and  others  of  .\mslerd  nil,  in  which 
they  complained  that  their  lawful  coinmeree  was 
nbstnicted  by  the  ships  of  his  liritannic  majesty. 
On  the  '>-M  of  July,  1770,  Sir  Joseph  Vorke  de- 
manded of  the  .States  (ieneral  the  sncconrs  slip- 
iilated  in  the  tiealy  of  11)78;  but  this  was  not 
complied  wilh.  Friendly  declarations  and  un- 
friendly aclidiis  followed  each  other  in  alternate 
succession.  At  length,  a  declaration  was  publish- 
ed by  the  kini:  of  (ire.it  liritain,  bv  which  il  was 
announced,  "  that  the  subjects  of  llie  l'nited  I'm- 
viiices  were,  hencet'ortli,  lu  be  cdnsidereii  iipmi  llit 
same  footing  wilh  oilier  martial  piiwers,  not  pri- 
vileged by  treaty."  Thronuhuiit  ihe  whole  uf  this 
period,  the  Dutch,  by  ineaiis  uf  neutral  purls  con- 
tinned  lo  supply  the  .\niericans  ;  and  ihe  Knglisli 
lo  insult  and  iiiiercept  their  naviuation;  but  open 
hostilities  wereavoided  by  both.  The  flirmer  aimed 
principally  at  the  sains  of  a  lucr;itive  commerce; 
Ihe  latter  to  remove  all  dbslacles,  which  stood  in 
the  way  of  their  fivonriie  scheme  of  c(in(|iiering 
the  Americans.  The  event,  which  uccasiuned  a 
fiirmal  dechiratiun  of  war.  was  the  capture  of 
Henry  Laurens.  In  the  deranged  slate  of  the 
American  linaiii  es,  ih.it  i:enileiiian  had  been  de- 
puted by  Congress,  to  solicit  a  loan  from  their  ser- 
vice, in  the  United  .\eilierl,niils  ;  and,  also,  to  ne- 
Hociato  a  tie^ily  lietwei  n  them  and  the  United 
States.  On  Ins  way  thither.  .Seplember  3.  1780, 
he  was  taken  by  the  N'eslid  frigate,  cummanded  by 
('a|ilain  ICepple.  Hi;  had  thrown  his  papers  over- 
lioard  ;  but  many  of  them  were  recovered,  without 
li.iving  received  much  damaije.  His  papei-sboing 
delivered  to  the  ministry,  were  carefully  exHinin- 
ed.  Among  them,  was  found  one,  purporting  to 
be  a  pl,;n  of  a  treaty  of  amity  tmd  oomiiiurce.  be- 
:wep'i  ihe  slates  o\  llnllanil  and  Ihe  United  .States 
.'f  America.  'I'his  hud  h(ieii  originally  drawn  up, 
in  cunsei|nence  of  somu  conversation  between 
William  Lee,  whom  Congress  had  appninied  coin- 
missiunetto  the  cuiirls  uf  \'ieiiiia  and  llerlin,  i\m[ 
John  do  .Ncufville,  iiuicliant  of  Amslerdaiu,  as  r 
plan  of  treaty,  destined  lo  lie  cuncludeilherealter: 
but  it  had  nevei  been  pioiiosed,  cither  by  Cungrces 
or  the  stales  ufUollatul;  Ihough  it  hud  received  tho 
ajuirobatiyu  q{  (h?  Peoiio.iary  Van  Uorliel.tind  (j( 


1 1 


I: 


I-     :l'  1: 


470 


HISTORY    OP   TFIE 


the  ciiy  ol' Aiiisii'nluiii    As  iliia  \vu!i  iidt  iin  ul)i('i;il  ^ 
|i<i|i('i',  iiiiil  liii'l  iievvr  liecn  read  in  (Jiiiii;i<'ss,  the; 
iiiii:i:ial  uas  ):ivi'ii  to  iMr.  Luiirt'ii.t, us  a  |i<i|ii'r  lliat 
Mii;;lil  liL-  iist'liil  to  liiiii,  ill  Ills  |j|iij('('li'(l  iii'^iilia-l 
luiiis.     'I'liis  uiiaiitlii'iitic  |ia|ii'i,  uliK  1:       •  iii  Mr, 
U.iini'iis'    |]().ssissuiii    liy  .iti'ulriit  anil  wliicli    was 
HI   marl)'  Mink  in  the  iiceaii,  pinvcil  llie  oi  rasiini 
ol'  a   iialinnal  war.     'J'lie   cniiit  nl'  (iicat    iiiitaiit 
>vus  lii^liK'  ollt'iided  ul  it.     'i'liu  jiapir  iiM  11,  and  | 
siiniL'  nllii'is  ii't.iliii^  ti)  llie  satiiu  siihjiri't,  w  ic  tiv- 
livirc'l  til  llit^  piincr  <il Diani^r,  uliii,  on  tlic    llllli 
nl'  Niivt'iiilirr,  laid  llii-iii  betuic  tliu  .stairs  ol'  lloi- 
laiid  and  W'l'st  I'ltlsland. 

Sir  Jost'|ili  Voi'ku  pit'suiited  ii  nicinurial  tn  tliu 
Slutt'n  liencral,  in  wiiicli  he  asserted,  "  that  the 
papers  ol  Mr.  Laurens,  who  si) led  liiiiisell  presi- 
dent of  the  prelended  C'ongiess,  had  t'lirnished  the 
diseover)  ol  u  plot,  tiiiexanipled  in  the  annals  ol' 
the  repnlilic;  that  it  nppeaied  hy  these  papers, 
that  the  i;enilenien  of  Ainsterdaiii  had  been  en- 
(;aj;eil  ill  a  elandesline  eoirespondonce  wilh  the 
Aineriean  leliels,  lioiii  the  niuiilh  of  August,  17(^; 
anil  ilial  insiriiiiions  and  lull  powers  had  iieen 
^iii'ii  h)'  Iheiii,  lor  the  loiichisiun  ofatiealy  of 
aiiiiiv,  Willi  reliels,  who  weie  the  siilijecis  of  a 
>oveiei<tii,  to  whom  the  lepiiblic  was  united  by 
the  I  losesi  eiigascinenls."  lie  therefore,  in  the 
name  nl  liis  master,  demaniUd  a  formal  disavowal 
ol  this  iiiegiilareondtiel,  a  prompt  satislaelion  pro- 
porlioned  to  the  oll'ence,and  an  e.xemplai)  piinish- 
menl  of  the  pensionary  \'an  lierkel,  and  his  ac- 
tomphces,  as  di>lurbeis  of  the  public  peace,  and 
viulaters  of  the  laws  of  nalions. 

The  i?lates  (.ieneial  disavowed  tlie  inieniled  trea- 
ty of  ihe  city  of  Amsleidam,  and  eiii.'at,ed  to  pios'>- 
tiiielhe  pensionary,  aceoidiiii;  to  the  law  if  th" 
I'onnliy  ;  bnt  this  was  not  deemed  sal'  ..i  liir\ 
.Sir  Joseph  Vorke  was,  on  the  2Utli  of  UeceiiiLer, 
ordered  to  wiihdraw  fioiii  the  Hague,  and,  soon 
afterwards,  a  mamlesin  againsi  the  n/li  was 
published  in  London.  This  was  IoIIiiwm!  by  w 
order  in  council,  "  that  general  reprisals  be  giai  • 
id  against  the  ships,  goods,  and  siibjecis  of  the 
tilales  (ieneral."  Whatever  may  he  ihotight  of  the 
policy  of  this  measure,  its  boldness  must  be  ad- 
mired, lireat  llrilain,  already  at  war  with  the 
liiiied  States  of  America,  and  the  inonaichies  of 
Frame  and  Spain,  delibciitely  icsolveil  on  a  war 
Willi  lloll.md,  at  a  lime  when  she  might  have 
avinded  open  hostilities.  Ilcr  spirit  was  slill  far- 
ther evinced,  by  the  consideraiion,  ihal  she  was 
ileseried  by  her  friends,  and  without  a  single  ally, 
iiieal  must  have  been  her  resources,  to  support  so 
c.Hiei;sive  u  war,  against  so  many  hoslile  sove- 
reigns ;  but  this  very  aliihiy,  by  [iroving  that  her 
iiveigrown  power  was  ilangeioiis  to  the  peace  of 
Kurope,  furnished  an  ajiulogy  for  their  combina- 
tion against  her. 

A  war  wilh  Holland  being  resolved  upon,  llie 
loriii  of  liriiish  vengeance  fust  burst  on  the  Dnieli 
.sland  of  .■>!.  Kiistaiia.  'J'liis,  though  iiilrinsically 
of  liille  value,  had  long  iieeii  ihe  seat  of  an  exleii- 
(sivc  cimimeice.  It  was  ihe  giand  freeport  of  the 
West  Indies,  and,  as  such,  was  a  general  market 
and  iiiai:a/.ine  to  all  nalitins.  In  coiisei|uenee  of 
ils  iieiilialiiy  and  situation,  lugeiher  wilh  its  un- 
bounded lieedoiu  of  trade,  it  reaped  the  richest 
liarvest  of  cjuiimeiee,  during  the  seasons  of  war- 
fare among  Its  neighbours.  It  was,  in  a  particular 
manner,  a  i:oiiveuieni  channel  of  supply  to  the 
Ainerieaiis. 

The  Island  is  a  natural  fortification,  and  very 
capable  of  being  made  «ii'ong  ;  but,  as  ils  inhabil- 
aiils  were  a  motley  mixture  of  transient  persons, 
wholly  intenton  the  gains  of  comtuerce,  they  were 
more  solicitous  lo  actjuire  property,  than  attentive 
to  improve  those  lueaiii)  of  security,  which  the 
island  alfoiiled. 

Sir  (ieurge  Koilnry  and  (general  Vaughan,  with 
a  large  lle<>t  and  army,  siirroiinded  this  island,  and 
on  the  .'W  FebniJty,  ITbl.  deiiianded  a  surrender 
thereof,  and  of  ild  dependencies,  within  an  hour. 
Mr.  de  (iraaf  returned  for  answer,  ■•  that,  being 
Utterly  incapable  of  iiuking  any  defence  againsi 
tlio  (iirce  lyljjch  iuveitej  llie  islai'i  \,  lie  iiiuat  of  ne- 


cessity surrender  it ;  only  recommending  ihe  lowii  i  next  ordered  olf  the  island  ;  ami,  lastly,  the  iialivn 
and  its  inhabiiaiils,  to  the  known  anil  usual  clem-  Diilcli  were  oliligeil  to  submit  In  the  same  sen- 
ency  of  Hrilish  commanders."  trnee.      iMany  opulent  peisoiis,  in  conseqiiencc  of 

The  wealth  aceumiilaleil  In  this  barren  spot  was |  these    proceedmgs,  weie   insianlly  leilni  ed  to  ex- 

lieine  indigence. 

In  the  mean  time,  public  sales  were  advertiserl, 
and  persons  of  all  nalions  inviled  lo  become  pur- 
chaseis.  The  island  of  .Si.  Kiisialia  becaiiic  a 
scene  of  conslant  and  ions.  There  never  was  a 
beller  market  for  biiyeis.  The  immense  ipiaiiiiiies, 
exposed  for  sale,  reduced  the  price  of  many  ar- 
ticles, far  below  llieir  ol igitial  cost.  iNlaiiy  of  tli.'i 
commoililies  sold  on  this  occasion,  became,  in  ill'.' 
haiiilsuf  their  new  purchasers,  as  elfeeliial  sup- 
plies to  the  enemies  of  (treat  iSrilain,  as  Ihey 
could  have  been  in  case  the  island  had  not  bei  :i 
capliired.  'I'lie  spirit  of  gain,  which  led  tin' 
traders  of  St.  t'.ustatia  to  sacrilice  (he  interests  of 
iireat  Itritaiii,  inlliieneed  the  coiii|ueroislo  dotiic 
same.  The  friends  of  liiiinanily,  who  wish  that 
war  was  exleiminaled  fiom  ihe  world,  or  enlcii'd 


proiligioiis.  'J'he  whole  island  seemed  to  be  one 
vast  iiiaga/.ine.  The  storehouses  were  tilled,  and 
I  lie  beach  covered  wilh  valiiable  ciinimoiiilies. 
These,  on  a  iiiodcrale  lalcuiaiiiin,  were  cslimatcd 
10  be  worth  above  .'!.li(l(l.(!l)llsleiling.  All  this  pio- 
perly,  together  wilh  what  wasfuiiiid  on  ihe  island, 
was  indiseiiiiiinalely  sei/.ed,  and  deelaied  lo  be 
coidiscaled.  'J'his  valuable  booty  was  firlher  iii- 
cieaseil  by  new  arrivals.  The  conipierois,  for 
soir'  '!.iie,  kept  up  Dutch  colours,  wliieh  decoyed 
a  number  of  Kieiich,  Dutch,  and  .\iiiericun  vessels 
into  their  liaiids.  Above  1.>U  iiierchant  vessels. 
most  of  which  were  richly  laden,  weie  captured. 
A  Dutch  frigate  of  itSgiins,  and  live  small  armed 
vessels,  shared  the  same  fate.  The  neighbo,.  'n* 
island  of  St.  iMarliii  and  ISaba  weie  ill  like  man- 
ner reduced,     .lust  before  the  arrival  of  ihe  lirii- 


ish, thirty  largesliips,  laden  Willi  W'csi  India  com-  into  only  for  ihe  attainment  of  naiioiial  jnsiice, 
niodiiies,  had  sailed  lioiii  Kiislalia  for  Holland,  iiiusi  be  gralilied,  when  they  are  told,  thai  this 
under  the  convoy  of  a  ship  of  sixty  guns,  .\dmi- [  unexampled  rapacity  was  one  link  in  ihe  great 
ral  Kodney  dcspalched  the  iMonaieh  and  l'aiitliei,|  chain  of  causes,  which,  as  hereafter  shall  be  ex- 
wilh  the  .Sybil  frigate,  in  pursuit  of  this  lleet.  I  plained,  gieally  conrribiiled  to  the  eapliiie  of  a 
The  whole  of  it  was  overtaken  and  capliircd.  large   liriiish   army,    ill   Vorklown,   Virginia;    an 

The  Dutch  West  India  company,  many  oflhe'event    which  gave   peace  lo  conlending    nalions. 


citi/.ens  of  Amsterdam,  and  several  ,\uiericans. 
were  great  siilVereis  by  the  capiure  of  this  island, 
and  the  coiiliscalioii  of  all  properly  found  iheiein, 
which  iiiimedialely  hdlowed  ;  but  the  liriiish  mer- 
chants  were  iiiiicli  more  so.  These,  conliding  in 
the  acknowledged  neiitialily  of  the  islanil,  and  in 
els  of  parliameni,  had  acciiiniilaled  therein  great 
itilies  of  West  India  proiliiee  as  weliasol  Kii- 

,(an  gnods.  They  slated  their  hard  ease  to  .Xil- 
iiiiral  Kodney  and  (ieneral  N'aiighaii,  <:oiiieii(ling 
that  llieir  connexion  wiili  ihe  captured  Island  was 
under  <he  Fanclion  of  acts  of  parliament,  and  ihal 
'lieirc        '.    ee  had  been  condiiclcd,  accoiding  to 

'  nik'^  inu  maxims  ol  Hading  naliions.  To  ap- 
plicaiioiiS  of  :iiis  hind  it  was  answcied,  "that  lilt! 
island  was  Dutch;  every  tliiiu:  in  it  was  j)iilcli, 
and  under  the  pioleclion  of  ihe  Dutch  Hag  ;  and  as 
Diilch  it  should  be  Healed." 

The  sevciiiy,  wilh  which  the  victors  proceeded, 
drew  on  them  poinled  eensiires,  not  nnlv  from  the 
imiiiedlale  sull'ereis.  but  liniii  all  Kurope.  It  iiiiisi 
be  supposed,  that  they  were  tilled  wilh  lescnlnieiil, 
for  the  supplies  which  llie  .Xmerii'ans  ri  ceiveil 
ihroiigh  this  channel  ;  but  llicie  is  also  reason  to 
suspect  that  the  to\c  of  gain  was  cloaked  under 
the  specious  veil  of  national  policy, 

^i'lie  liorrois  of  a  universal  havoc  of  propeily 
were  realised.  The  iiicichanls  and  traders  were 
ordered  lo  give  up  their  books  id' coriespondence, 
llieir  lelteis,  and  also  inventories  of  all  their  el- 
I'ecls,  incllLsive  of  an  exact  aceoiinl  of  all  money 
and  plale  in  their  |iossession.  The  Jews  weie  ile- 
signated  as  objects  of  parliciilar  reseiiliiient.  They 
were  ordered  to  give  up  llie  keys  ollheir  stores: 
to  leave  their  wealth  anil  meiiliandise  behind 
them;  and  to  depart  the  island,  witlioiit  knowing 
the  place  of  ilieir  declination.  From  a  naliiral 
wish  to  be  furnished  wilh  the  iiieans  of  supplying 
their  wants,  in  the  place  of  iheir  liiliiic  residence, 
they  secreted  in  llieir  weaiini;  apparel,  gold,  silver, 
and  other  arlicles  of  great  value  and  small  bulk. 
The  policy  of  these  uiiforltinatc  Hebrews  did  not 
avail  them.  The  avarice  of  the  con(]uerors  ell'ec- 
lually  counteracted  their  ingemiily.  They  were 
stripped,  searched,  and  despoiled  of  their  money 
and  jewels.  In  this  state  of  wretchedness,  iiiaiiy 
of  the  inhabiianls  were  transported  as  outlaws,  and 
landed  on  St.  Christopher's.  The  assembly  of 
that  island,  with  great  hiinuinily,  provided  for 
ihem  such  arlicles  as  their  situation  reiiuiied. 
The  Jews  were  soon  followed  by  the  Americans 
Some  of  these,  though  lliey  had  been  banished 
from  the  United  folates,  on  account  of  their  having 
taken  part  with  (lieat  I'rilain,  were  banished  i 
second  lime,  by  the  conipiering  troops  of  ihe  sov 
ereign,  in  whose  service  they   had  previously  suf 


While  .\diiiiral  Hoilney  and  his  iilliceis  were  be- 
wililered,  iii  the  sales  of  conlisealed  properly,  at 
■*^l.  I'.iisialia,  and  espei  ially  while  his  lleet  was 
weakened,  by  a  large  ilelaelimeiit  sent  off  lo  con- 
voy llieir  booly  lo  (ileal  lirilain,  the  French  were 
silenllv  exeemiiig  a  well-dii;esled  scheme,  which 
assured  them  a  naval  siipeiioiily  on  ihe  American 
coast.  III  the  lolal  ruin  of  the  liriiish  Inlerest  in 
the  L'niled  .States. 


CHAPTF.R 
IN 


XII. 


'rlio  ri'vnll  of  till-  I'nisilmniii  line;  of  purl  of  iIm'  Jer- 
f^ry  Iniop.s :  disui'ssos  of  Iho  Aliierii-tiii  nriny  :  Ar- 
liutd's  iiiMi^ioti  of  \  iri^iniii. 

Ttioidii  general  Arnold'n  address  to  his  country- 
tnen  produced  no  clicet,  [I7M)  in  detaching  the 
soldiery  id  .America,  from  the  unprodiictive service 
of  Congress,  their  slcadiness  could  not  be  account- 
ed I'm-,  iVom  any  inelioiaiionof  iheircirciiiiisiances. 
riiey  slill  remained  without  pay,  and  wilhoiit  siicli 
lolhing  as  ihe  season  rei|uiie'l.  They  coiilil  not 
be  induced  lo  enter  the  liriiish  service  ;  but  iheir 
eomphealed  distresses  at  length  broke  out  iiitude- 
libei  ale  mutiny.  This  eveni,  which  had  been  Ion.; 
expelled,  made  iis  fiiM  ihiealening  appeaiance.  in 
ilic  I'ennsylvania  line.  The  comuion  soldiers, 
enlisied  iii  that  slate,  were,  for  the  most  part,  na- 
tives of  Ireland  ;  but  though  not  bound  In  Ameri- 
ca, by  Ihe  ineidenlal  lie  of  birth,  they  were  infe- 
rior lo  none  in  discipline,  courage,  or  aliaehment 
lo  the  cause  of  independence.  They  had,  on  .ill 
pievious  occasions,  done  iheir  duly  to  admiraiion. 
An  ambiguity,  in  the  terms  of  tlieir  eidislnient, 
furnished  a  pretext  for  their  conduct.  A  great 
part  of  them  were  enlisted  for  three  years,  o» 
iluriiig  the  war.  The  three  years  were  expired  ; 
and  liie  men  insisted,  that  the  choice  of  slayiiiL'  or 
going  remained  wilh  them,  while  the  olTicers  con- 
tended that  the  choice  was  in  the  state. 

The  mutiny  was  excited,  by  the  nou-commis- 
sioneil  oHicc-s  and  privates  in  the  night  of  ihe  Is', 
of  January,  1781,  and  soon  became  so  universal, 
in  the  line  of  that  stale,  as  In  defy  all  opposiiiim. 
The  whole,  except  three  regiments,  upon  a  signal 
forthc  purpose,  turned  nut  under  arms  without  Iheii 
officers,  and  declared  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 
The  officers  in  vain  endeavoured  to  (|uell  Ihem. 
Several  were  wounded;  and  a  captain  was  killed 
in  atteniptina  it.  CJeneral  Wayne  presented  his 
pistols,  I's  if  about  to  fire  on  them  ;  ihey  held  ihcr 
bayonei .  to  his  breast,  and  said:  "we  ,,\r 
and  respect  you  ;  I  ut  if  you  fire,  you  are  a  d.-ad 
man.     'VVe  arc  not  going  to  (he  enemy.     On  the 


fered.    The  Frcucli  luerchauts  tuid  traders  werelcootrnry,  if  tliey  wcrcoow  to  comeout,  you  should 


U  N  I  T  K  V   S  T  A  '1'  K  S  . 


471 


il,  h.slly,  llie  imlivn 
()  (tic  .saint;  .st'ri- 

,  ill   I  IIIIS<M|l|l'|||'(!  of 

Illy  rriliici'il  til  i>x- 

I'.H  WI'll-  nilviMlisi'il, 
It'll  III  liiM'iiDii'  piir- 
%iisiaiia  ht'iMiiii'  a 
'I. fit'  iit'Vi'i  »;is  ,') 
iliiiii'iisi'  i|iianlilii's, 
pill  0  lit'  many  ar- 
tist. iMaiiy  til'  tli'i 
inn,  lit'i'aini',  in  i!i<,' 
,  as  firt'iiiial  siip- 
t  iiritain,  as  tlit'y 
ilaiiil  liiiil  iitii  bt'i  n 
in,  »lilch  It'll  tilt' 
it-i?  the  intf'it'sis  til" 
int|iii'rtiisto  tliitjio 
ily,   wliti  wisli  iJMt 

Hiirltl,  iir  cntiMi'tl 
('  iialitiiial  jiisiifp, 
ail!   Itilit,  ilial   thin 

link  in  llit'  i^icat 
■alter  shall  lie  ex- 
ile t'a|iliiie  III'  a 
wii,  Vnsjiina  ;  an 
nteiiilini:  iialitins. 
s  nllicers  wvtr  lie- 
latctl  piiiperly,  ai 
liili;  his  lleet  was 
III  sent  till'  til  ttin- 
,  the  Krenth  ut'ie 
eil  silienie,  wiiieli 
V  tin  the  Ainerii  an 
Ilriti.sh   interest  in 


II. 

;  iif  I'.irt  iif  ilii'  Jor- 
ini-rii-tiii  nniiv  :    Ar- 


resstti  hiscniintry- 
I  in  th'iaehint!  th*! 
ipiotlntliveservici! 
ilti  nut  lieaceiiiiiit- 
leiroircnnistanec;. 
,  anil  withtint  such 
'I'liey  eiiiilil  nut 
service  ;  hnt  their 

III  tike  tint  iiituile- 
liit'h  hail  been  Ion.; 
ill)!  appcaianee.  in 
etinnnon  stililiers, 
the  most  part,  na- 
:  liiiiinil  It)  Aineri- 
1,  they  were  inle- 
^e,  or  aliachment 

'I'liey  haii,  on  all 
Illy  to  admiration. 
'  their  enlistment, 
nntlnct.  A  j;"';i' 
r  three  years,  or 
ars  were  expireil ; 
liniee  tirsiayini:  or 
e  ilie  olTiters  con- 
le  state. 

the  niin-roininis- 
le  niiiht  of  the  Isi 
laiiie  so  universal, 
efy  all  opposiiion. 
ints,  upon  a  signal 
arms  without  tlieii 
es.s  of  grievances. 
'tl  to  ijuell  tlieiii. 
-•aptain  was  killeil 

lie  presenteil  his 
II ;  they  helil  tlicT 
saiti  ;  "  wc  ,1 V 
e,  you  are  a  ilcail 
I  enemy.  On  the 
le out,  you  shcuid 


cee  us  ri>>lit  uiiiler  yoin  orilers,  with  as  mneh  alat:- 
rilv  as  ever;  lint  wi:  will  tin  Itinter  lie  amiisetl. 
We  are  tleleiinineil  on  otitainiiii;  what  is  our  just 
iltie.^*  Hear  to  ari>ntneiils  anil  eiiliealics,  they,  In 
the  niimlier  til  KUlO  intiveil  oil'  in  a  hotly.  Irtini 
Altirrisltiwn,  anil  prnei't'ilt'il,  in  untul  oiiler,  uilh 
tlieirarmsaml  six  llflil  pieces,  to  I'niit'i'liin.  They 
elecleil  temporary  olVii'f'is  IVtiiii  llieii  own  liiiily, 
anil  appoinletl  a  st'ii^eant  major,  who  liail  riirinerlv 
ili'serieil  1111111  the  lirilisli  army.  In  lie  ihtir  fiiiii- 
liiaiitlt'r.  (ieiieral  Wayne  Iniitariieii  piovlsitiiis 
alter  iheiii,  to  pievent  their  pliintlerini'  the  t'oiinliy 
Cor  theii  snlisisleiUM.'.  They  iiiviitleil  no  man's 
property,  faitlier  than  their  immeiliate  iieeessiiies 
matio  unavnitlalile.  This  was  reailily  siil  iiiilletl  In 
by  the  iiihaliilaiils  ;  who  liati  been  Itni'.;  iiseil  Inex- 
iittioiis  of  the  same  kinti  levieil  for  similar  pur- 
poses, hy  their  lawful  rnleis.  They  prtilesseil  that 
fliev  liati  tin  obji'ct  in  view,  Inn  to  obtain  what  was 
justly  tine  to  them,  nor  weie  tlieir  autiuiis  incon- 
sistent with  that  piiifessitin. 

Congress  sent  a  eiimniitloe  of  llieir  hoily,  eon- 
sisting  of  (ieiieral  Sullivan,  i\lr.  !\latlhew.s,  iMr. 
Allee,  aiitl  Dr.  Witheispoini,  to  piocnre  an  ac- 
eommotlaiion.  The  revtihers  were  resolnto  in  re- 
fiisiiii;  any  terms,  of  ivliich  a  reihess  of  their  griev- 
ances was  not  llie  fonnilaliiin.  Kvery  thing  askeil 
of  their  conntiy,  ihey  iniiiht,  al  any  time,  alter  the 
(illi  of  .lanuary,  have  tibtaiiietl  liom  llie  Itrilisli,  by 
passing  over  into  New  Vork.  'I'his  tlieV  relnseil. 
Their  siilferings  liati  exhaiisteil  their  patieine,  but 
nut  their  patriiilism.  .Sir  lleniy  Cliiiitm,  by  ctiii- 
fnlenliat  inessengers,  olfeiiMl  to  take  them  (miliar 
the.  pi'otet:titiii  tifllie  Itrilisli  goienimeiil  ;  to  par- 
iltin  all  their  past  otfences;  to  liau'  the  pay  tine 
iheni  from  ('ongi'ess  I'ailhfiiilv  niatie  tip,  without 
any  expectation  of  mililaiy  servitie  in  rt^tnrn,  al- 
tbtingh  il  wtinltl  he  lei  I'lveil,  ii'voliiiilarily  oU'ereil. 

II  was  recniiinienitetl  to  then)  to  move  behinil  the 
.Soiilli  river,  aiitl  il  was  proiniseil,  that  a  tlelach- 
ineiit  of  lirilisli  liiiops  shiinlil  be  in  reatliiiess  for 
liit'ir  priiteclion,  as  soon  as  ih'sireil.  In  the  iiieaii- 
tiiiie,  llie  Iriitips  passetl  over  from  .New  \'nik  to 
Sialeii  Islaiiil,  aiitl  the  necessary  arrangeinenls 
wire  inaile  for  moving  them  inio  .New  .lersey, 
whensoever  they  might  be  wanleil.  The  royal 
coniniaiitler  w  is  not  It^ss  tlisapptiinteil  than  siir- 
priseil,  to  fniillliat  the  failhliil,  ihoiigh  revolting 
siililiers,  ilistlainetl  his  tillers.  The  messengers 
til   .Sir  lleniy  Clinton    were   .sei/eil,  anti   tieliveretl 

III  (•eneral  Wavne.  Presiilent  Keeii  antI  (leneral 
Totter  were  appointeil,  by  the  iMinncil  iif  I'eiiii- 
sylvania  to  acctimmotlate  mailers  with  the  revnll- 
crs.  They  met  theiitat  l*tini'ettiti,  anil  agreeil  to 
dismiss  all  whose  terms  of  enlistment  were  ctini- 
pletetl,  anil  ailmitteil  ihe  oalhtifeach  soltlier  to  be 
evidence  in  his  own  case.  A  lioaitl  ofoiricers  tiied 
anil  contletntied  the  British  spies ;  anil  ihev  wert! 
instantly  execnietl.  I'resitlent  Keetl  nll'eretl  a  purse 
of  one  hiiiitlietl  guineas  to  the  niiitineers.  as  a  re- 
ward for  their  fnlelity,  in  deliveiing  up  the  spies; 
lint  they  refused  to  accept  it,  saying,  "  llial  what 
they  had  thine  was  only  a  duty  they  ti>»cil  their 
ronniiy,  and  that  they  iieilhet  tiesireil,  nor  would 
receive  any  reward,  lint  the  approbation  of  that 
country,  fur  which  they  hail  so  tifien  fou[;lit  and 
bled." 

Hy  these  healing  tneasnies.  on  the  I7lli  .Tanu- 
nry,  the  revolt  was  lainipleiely  i|iiellt'tl;  but  the 
romplaints  of  the  solilieis  being  fuuntletl  In  jus- 
tice, were  fust  rediesseil.  'I'hnse  whose  time  of 
'.:ervicc  was  expired  oblainetl  their  ili.scharges  ;  and 
others  hail  their  arrears  of  pay  in  a  great  measure 
uiailc  up  In  them.  A  general  amnesty  closetl  the 
business.  On  this  occasion,  the  coiniiianiler-in- 
eliief  stated  in  a  ritenlar  letter,  to  the  four  eastern 
states,  the  well  foiiiiiled  complaints  of  his  aiiny  ; 
and  the  imptissibility  of  keeping  them  together,  un- 
der Ihe  pressuie  of  such  a  variety  of  sufferings, 
(ieneral  Knox  was  requested  to  be  the  bearer  of 
these  despatches  ;  antl  to  urge  the  stales  to  an  iiii- 
inedi,it>'cxerlinn  lor  the  relief  of  Ihcsoliliers.  He 
visited  Ma.tacliusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Connec- 
ticut, and  Ri'ode  Island  ;  antl,  with  gre.it  carnest- 
oesi  and  equal  success,  dcse.rihaU  the  waals  of  the 


iiriiiy.  MassacliiisetlK  "avo  twenty-four  silver  ilnl 
lars  to  each  man  of  her  line;  ami  also  fnrnisheil 
them  Willi  siiiiie  clolhiiig.  <  liher  stales,  aboiil  the 
same  lime,  niatle  similar  atlvances. 

The  spirit  til  iiiiiliiiy  pitivi  il  conlanions.  Aliiiul 
out'  hiiiidred  and  si xlv  of  lilt!  .lersey  titiiips  follinv- 
ed  the  example  of  the  I'eniisylvania  line  ;  but  they 
iliti  not  ciiiiiliii't  willi  eipial  spirit,  nor  with  eipial 
priiili'iitc.  They  fiimiiiilieil  sundry  at;ts  tiloiiiiai;f 
against  paiticnlar  iillit'eis,  while  tlii'y  all'eclfil  In 
lit!  siibniissive  to  iiiheis.  i^lajiir  (ieneral  Howe, 
with  a  ctinsitlerable  fiiice,  was  ordered  to  takt! 
methods  for  reducing  llieiii  to  iibcilit!nce.  ( 'on- 
vinceil  that  there  was  no  mi'ilitiiii  between  tlignily 
and  servility,  but  coeii^lon,  anti  that  no  other  reme- 
ily  coiiltl  111!  applietl  williiiiit  tilt!  deepest  wound 
III  the  service,  hi!  ilcterniined  In  piiicf!eil  against 
tliem  with  tiecisiiin.  (ieneial  lloue  marclietl 
from  Kingwniiil  about  mitlnight  ;  and,  by  the  dawn- 
ing til  the  next  day,  hail  his  men  in  font  tliU'erent 
piisiliiiiis,  to  prevent  til"  revolleis  I'ltim  making 
their  escapt!.  Kvery  avenue  being  set:ured.  Colo- 
nel liarber  of  the  .lersey  line  was  sent  to  them, 
with  Old  '  s  immetlialely  to  paratle  without  arms; 
and  tn  ma.chioa  particular  spot  tifgrouiitl.  .Siiiiie 
hesitation  appearing  among  them,  Ciilonel  Sproal 
was  diiecled  to  advance  ;  antl  only  live  miniiles 
were  given  to  the  iiiutineers,  to  comply  with  the 
orders  whitili  liati  been  sent  them.  This  had  its 
ell'rt!t  ;  antl  they,  to  a  man,  marchi'tl  without  arms 
to  the  appoinletl  gruiintl.  The  .lersey  tillicers  gave 
a  list  iifiiie  leaders  of  llie  revolt  ;  upon  which  (ie- 
neral Howe  tlesired  ihein  to  select  three  of  the 
greatest  ollenilers.  A  lieltl  courliiiartial  was  prt!- 
senlly  held  iiptiii  these  three  ;  antl  I  hey  ut're  iinaiii. 
miiusly  senlencetl  to  tiealh.  Two  of  them  wfie 
exet!iiled  on  the  spot  ;  and  the  exet:nliiint'rs  wire 
selected  from  among  the  most  active  in  the  mu- 
tiny. The  men  were  dividetl  inIo  platntins,  niaile 
piiblie  eoncessitins  to  their  oflicers,  and  promisetl, 
by  future  gtititl  ciinilllct,  to  alone  for  past  olfences. 

Thest!  mutinies  alarmed  the  states  ;  but  tllil  not 
priiiliit!e  permanent  relief  to  the  army.  Their 
wants,  with  respect  to  provisions,  wt!ie  only  par- 
tially supplied,  and  by  expetlienis  fitini  one  shorl 
lime  to  antilher.  The  mosi  usual  was  iirdeiin'.'  an 
officer  to  sei/.eon  provisions  wlieievet  found.  This 
dill'ereil  frnni  itilibing,  only,  in  its  being  dune  by 
authority,  for  the  public  service,  and  in  the  iit- 
licer  being  always  direcletl  to  givt!  the  proprielor 
a  ceitilicale,  of  the  ipiantily  antl  i|iiality  of  what 
was  taken  from  liiiii.  .\t  fust,  some  reliance  was 
placed  nil  iht'se  certilicales,  as  viiiicliers  to  support 
a  fiilnrt!  ili'inand  on  the  Uiiiled  States;  but  they 
soon  became  so  coiiimiin  as  tn  lie  of  lillle  value. 
Kecourse  was  so  freqnenlly  hati  It)  coercion,  both 
legislative  antl  iiiililary,  that  the  people  not  only 
lost  conlidence  in  public  creilit,  but  becanin  im- 
patient iintler  all  exertitins  of  aiithoiily,  for  hirciiig 
their  property  fioiii  them.  That  an  army  should  bt! 
kept  together,  under  such  ciitumslances,  so  far 
exceetis  credibility,  as  to  make  it  necessary  to  prii- 
iluce  stiiiie  evidence  of  the  fact.  The  .\iuerican 
(ieneral  ('linton,  in  a  letter  to  Washinglon,  tiateil 
at  Albany,  April  ]()lli,  17.St,  wrole  as  follows: 
"there  is  not  now  indepenilent  of  Ftirt  Schuyler, 
three  tlays' provision  in  the  whole  departiuenl,  fur 
the  troops,  in  case  of  an  alarm,  nnr  any  prospect 
of  procuring  any.  The  recruits  iif  the  new  levies, 
I  canntit  receive,  because  I  have  nothing  to  give 
them.  The  Canadian  fainiliesi  have  been  obligeil 
toileprive  of  their  scanty  pittance,  contrary  to  every 
principle  of  humanity.  The  ijiiarler  inastor's  tle- 
partuient  is  totally  useless.  The  public  nriuoiy  has 
been  shut  up  for  nearly  three  weeks,  and  a  ttital 
suspension  of  every  mililaiy  operation  hasensuetl." 
Soon  after  this,  Washingtnn  was  nliliged  to  apply 
9000  tlollars,  sent  by  the  slate  of  Massachusetts 
for  the  payment  of  her  troops,  to  the  use  of  the 
quarter  master's  ilcpaitment,  to  enable  him  to 
transport  provisions  from  the  adjacent  states,  lie- 
foro  lie  conseiiletl  to  ailopt  this  expedient,  he  had 
consumed  every  ounce  of  provision,  which  liati 
been  kept  as  »  reserve  in  the  garrison  of  West 
Point ;  and  had  strained  im|ires8  by  military'  fuiqc 


to  so  great  an  exieni,  that  there  was  leasun  tn 
apprehend  the  inhaliilanis,  irritated  by  such  fru- 
ijiient  calls,  would  proceed  In  dangt'itius  insurrec- 
tions. I'lirl  .'^ihnyler.  West  I'oinI,  and  llni  poslj 
lip  the  .Niirili  river,  wert!  on  tlit!  point  of  being 
abaniloiied  by  their  starving  gairisiins.  At  this 
lieriod  of  the  war,  there  was  little  or  no  circuhi- 
iing  inedinm,  eiilicr  ill  the  I'linii  III  paper  or  specio; 
and  III  the  neiulibiiniliiind  of  the  .\iiiericaii  aiiiiy, 
there  was  a  teal  want  tif  iii'iessary  piiivisiiin.i. 
Th"  delit'iency  of  the  I'oiiner  tit:t:asioneil  many 
inconvenienct-s,  :tnil  an  iiiiei|iial  tlistribiition  of 
lilt!  biiidens  of  the  war;  lint  the  iiisiilhciency  of 
the  latter  had  well  nigh  disstilved  the  artiiv,  antl 
laid  theeountiy,  in  every  diieclioii,  open  to  liril- 
isli excursions. 

These  events  were  not  unforseen  hy  Ihe  ruler* 
of  .\iiieiif!a.  Kroiii  the  progressive  depieciatioiiuf 
their  bills  of  credit,  it  had  for  some  lime  past  oc- 
cuiretl,  that  ihe  periotl  ctiultl  not  be  far  tlisiaiit, 
when  they  would  cease  to  circulate.  This  crisis, 
aitleiitly  '.iislii'd  for  by  the  enemies,  anil  tireaded 
by  the  frii!iitls  of  .\:nt'rit!an  inilepentlence,  look 
place  in  17SI  ;  but  withiinl  realising  the  hopes  of 
the  one,  or  the  fears  of  the  niher.  New  resources 
wt!re  proviilenlially  opened;  anil  ihe  war  Wiis  car- 
lietl  on  with  the  same  vigour  as  befoie.  A  great 
deal  of  giilil  Mild  silver  was,  about  tliistiiii!*,  intro- 
iliieed  into  the  i;nitt!tl  Slates,  by  a  benelicia!  trade 
will)  the  l''ieiieli  and  Spanish  West  liitlia  islaiuls, 
and  by  means  of  the  l''rf!iii:h  army  in  Itliode  Island. 
I'alhelie  representations  were  iiiaile  to  the  minis 
leistilhis  .\jiist  Chrisllan  .Majesty  by  Washington. 
Dr.  Kraiiklin,  and  parliciilarly  by  Lieutenant  Colo- 
nel .ltd  in  La  lire  IIS,  who  was  sent  to  the  con  it  of  Ver- 
sailles as  a  spetri.il  minislt'i  on  this  ot:casi(!o.  'I'iiti 
king  of  Kiance  cave  the  I'liileil  Stales  a  subsidy 
of  six  milhiins  of  livies,  and  became  their  security 
lor  ten  inillionsmore,  biirrnwetl,  for  tin  ir  use  in  till) 
I'nitetl  Nethirlantls.  \  regular  sysleii  offmanco 
was  also,  aliniit  tins  lime,  ailtipli'd.  All  matters, 
lel.itivt!  to  the  treasury,  the  sii)iphes  of  the  army, 
and  their  acetiiinls,  wt'ie  put  n  itler  the  tlireclion 
of  liobert  .Morris,  who  arianged  the  whole  with 
jiidgmeiit  and  ecoiiiimy.  The  issuing  of  pape,' mio- 
iiey.  by  the  aiilhorily  of  governilient,  was  tliscon- 
liniietl,  antl  the  piiblit!  engageinants  were  made 
payable  in  coin.  The  inlrotliiction  of  so  much 
i;old  antl  silver  together  with  these  jndieiiius  do- 
mestic regulations,  aided  by  the  bank  which  had 
been  erected,  the  preceding  year,  in  I'hilailelphia, 
exlricaled  ( 'ongress  fitiin  iiiiich  of  llieir  embarrass- 
iiient,  and  put  it  in  their  power  to  feed,  clothe,  and 
move  their  army. 

About  the  same  time,  the  oltl  cnnlinental  inonoy, 
by  common  consent,  ceased  In  have  currency. 
Like  an  aged  man,  expiring  by  the  tiecays  of  na- 
tiiie,  withtint  a  sigh  or  groan,  il  fell  asleep  in  the 
liantls  of  its  last  possessors,  liy  the  scale  of  dn- 
pieciation  the  war  was  earrietl  on  live  years,  for 
little  iiiiiie  than  a  tuillitin  of  piiuiiils  stetling  ;  and 
twti  liiinilri!il  iiiilliuns  of  paper  ilolbirs  were  inailo 
retleeniablt!  by  live  iniHiiiiis  of  silver  ones.  In 
other  countries,  such  measures  utiultl  prtibably 
have  prodncetl  popular  insnriectiotis;  but,  in  tlie 
I'nitetl  States,  they  were  siibmitleil  to  without  any 
Inmiilts.  I'nlilic  faith  was  violatcil ;  but,  in  the 
opinion  of  iiitist  men,  public  good  was  promoted. 
The  evils  conseipient  on  depreciation  liati  taken 
place,  antl  the  redemplion  nf  the  bills  of  credit,  at 
ilieii  nominal  value,  as  tirigiiially  promised,  instead 
of  remedying  the  tlistresses  of  the  suiferet.s,  would, 
in  many  cases,  have  increased  thotii,  by  subject- 
ing their  small  remains  of  property  to  exoibitani 
taxation.  The  money  had,  in  a  fcreut  measure 
gone  out  of  the  liantls  of  the  original  pruprietnrt 
anil  was  in  the  pnssession  of  others,  who  had  ob- 
tained it,  at  a  rate  of  value  not  exccetling  what  was 
lixetl  upon  it,  by  the  scalo  of  depreciation. 

Nothing  could  alftiril  asttonL'erpioof.  that  the  re- 
sistance nf  America  to  (ireat  Hiilan  w,is  grounded 
in  the  hearts  of  the  people,  than  these  events.  To 
receive  paper  bills  of  credit,  issiieil  without  itny 
funds,  and  to  give  pritperiy  in  nxcliangofur  them, 
as  cqua  to  ((old  or  silver,  dcinuDstraicd  tho  zoul 


473 


HISTORY    OF  THE 


>   ?; 


tricj  (■iilliiiHi:iriin  willi  wliieli  tlie  wiir  WM  buKiiii ; 
hill  lo  rnnscnt  to  ihc  exliriiMion  ol'ilie  M;nne,  iiflur 
It  ciiric'iicy  orCivp  yours,  wiihmil  any  iiili'(|iiiile  |>ri)- 
visicdi  iniicli-  Tor  ilicir  tdliiri!  riilciiipiioii,  was  iinir« 
lliaii  wiiiilil  liavf  Ih'cii  Ikhiih  liy  any  |irii|ilt',  who 
iDiiii'ivfil  lliil  tht'ir  rulers  had  !<t'|iaral('  iiilercsis 
or  vit'ws  I'rnin  lli(-iii.selvos.  'Dm;  dt'inisc  ot'  oriu 
kiiii;,  and  \\»',  L'ordnalidii  (if  a  liiwl'iil  siicct^ssor, 
liave  uI'kmi  cxcHimI  tiii'alor  L'liiiiiiiiiliniis,  in  royal 
govfriiMitMits,  than  look  |)la(;«*  in  lln;  I'iiIIimI  Stall's, 
on  lliesiiilden  exliiictioii  ultlicir  »'liol«  ininx'ni  ino- 
ni'y.  'I'Im"  piople  saw  tin;  necessity  wliicli  conipel- 
li'ii  llii.-ir  rulers  In  act  in  the  inaiincr  iliey  liad  dnne  ; 
and,  beinj;  well  convinced  tliat  the  i;ou<l  of  llie 
country  vi\x»  their  object,  quietly  submitted  to  mea- 
sures, whi':h,  under  oilier  ciriuiiistances,  would 
scarcely  liave  been  expiated  by  the  lives  and  lur- 
tiines  of  their  authors. 

While  llio  Americans  weio  snlTcrintt  llie  com- 
plic.ileil  calamities,  uhicli  introduced  the  year 
17m,  their  adversaries  were  cariyiiia  on  the  iiiosi 
extensive  plan  ol'  operations,  which  had  ever  been 
attempled  since  the  war.  It  had  ol'ien  been  ob- 
iecte.l  lo  the  ISrilisli  comiiianders,  that  they  had 
not  condui  led  the  war,  in  the  manner  must  likely 
to  elVect  the  snbjiiuation  ollhe  revolted  provinces. 
Military  critics,  in  particular,  i'onnd  I'ault  with  them, 
liir  kcepioE!  a  larae  army  idle  at  New  York,  which, 
Ihey  said,  ilpropcily  applied,  would  have  beensiil- 
ricienl  to  make  siiccessjiil  impressions,  at  one  and 
■  he  same  lime,  on  several  ol'ihe  stales.  The  Itiii- 
ish  seem  to  have  calculaicd  the  canipaiiin  ol  1781, 
with  a  view  to  make  an  experiment  of  the  com- 
parative merit  of  this  mode  ofconduciingiiiililaiy 
operations.  The  war  ra^ed  in  thai  year,  not  only 
in  the  vicinity  of  ISiilish  head  quarters,  at  New 
York,  but  in  (ieor^ia.  South  Carolina,  Norlli  C'mo- 
lina,  and  in  Virginia.  The  latter  state,  from  its 
peculiar  situation,  and  from  the  modes  of  building, 
piantini;,  and  livin<!,  adopleil  by  the  inhabitants,  is 
particularly  exposed,  and  lies  ill  the  mercy  of  what- 
ever army  is  master  id' the  Chesapeake.  These 
circumstances,  together  with  the  pre-eminent  rank 
which  Virginia  lieUi  in  the  confederacy,  poinled 
out  the  piopriety  of  making  thai  slate  the  object 
o(  particular  attention.  To  favour  Lord  Cornwal- 
lis's  designs  in  the  southern  slates.  Major  (Jeneral 
Leslie,  with  about  :3U00  men,  hail  been  detached 
from  New  York  to  the  Chesapeake,  in  the  latter 
end  of  1780;  but  subsequent  events  indiiceil  his 
lordshijito  order  him  from  Virginia  to  Cliarlesloii, 
with  ibu  view  of  his  more  ellicliially  co-operalinu 
with  the  ai  my  under  liis  own  immediate  command. 
Soon  after  the  dcpaiture  of  (Jeneral  Leslie,  Vir- 
ginia was  again  invaded  by  another  party  from 
New  York.  Tliis  was  communded  by  (Jeneral 
Arnold,  now  a  brigadier  in  the  royal  army.  Ilis 
force  consisted  of  about  1()(K)  men,  and  was  sup- 
ported by  such  a  number  of  armed  vessels,  as 
enabled  him  10  coiiimil  extensive  ravages,  on  the 
unpiotected  coasts  of  that  well  watered  country. 
The  invaders  landed  abont  (il'teen  miles  below 
Kichinoiid,  and  in  two  days  iii'.iiched  into  llie  town, 
where  they  destroyed  large  quantities  of  tobacco, 
salt,  ruin,  saijclothi  inc.  Successive  excursions 
were  made  to  sjcvcral  other  places,  in  which  tlie 
royal  army  conimiliej  liimilar  devastations. 

Jn  about  a  forlnighl,  they  marched  into  Porl-s- 
niouih,  January  SOili,  and  began  to  fortify  it.  The 
Joss  they  sustained  from  the  feeble  opposition  of 
(lie  dispersed  inhabitants  was  inconsiderable-  The 
havuc  made  by  (Jeneral  Arnold,  and  the  apprehen- 
sion of  a  design  to  fix  a  )>erinaneiit  post  in  Vir- 
ginia, induced  (Jeneral  Washington  to  detach  the 
iSlarquis  dc  la  Fayette,  with  1200  of  the  American 
infantry,  to  that  state  ;  and  also  to  urge  the  French 
in  KUodc  Island  to  co-operate  wiili  him,  in  al> 
tempting  to  capture  Arnold  and  his  party.  The 
French  commanders  eagiMly  closed  with  the  pro- 
posal. Since  they  had  laudeil  in  the  United  States, 
no  proper  opportunity  of  gratifying  theii  passion 
for  inilitary  fame,  had  yet  presented  itself.  They 
rejoiced  at  that  which  now  offered,  and  indulged  a 
r.heerful  hope  of  rendering  essential  service  to 
,liicir  allies,  bj  cutting  otf  the  retreat  of  Arnold's 


party.  With  this  view,  thi'ir  fleet,  wiih  1. ')()()  ad- 1  the  approbalion  of  Prince  Ferdinand,  iindiywhom 
ditional  men  on  board,  sailed  fioiii  Khode  Island, [lie  had  served  in  (Jermanv.  As  an  ofTicer  he  wa» 
MaichSlh,  for  Virginia.  D'Kslouches,  who  since!  universally  admiied.  Tlioii';h  much  cifilie  il.'vas- 
Ihe  ilealh  ofile  Teriiay,  in  the  preceding  Decern- [  tations,  coiiMiitled  bv  ihr  troops  iiniler  hi't  com- 
ber, had  commandeil  the  French  lli'cl,  previous  toj  maud,  m  ly  be  vindicaled  on  the  prinri|ilrsof  those 
the  sailinn  of  his  wholi^  naval  force,  despatched  ;  n  ho  holil.  that  the  riiihls  and  laws  of  war  are  of 
the  Hvcdie,  a  sixty-four  gun  ship,  and  two  frii;ates, ;  e(|iial  obligation  with  llie  rights  unil  laws  of  hiima- 
witli  (Oilers  10  destroy  the  liritisli  ships  and  rtii;ali's;  niiy;  yet  the  IVienils  of  his  lanu-  hive  reason  to 
ill  the  (Chesapeake.  These  took  or  destroyed  ten  |  regret,' ihat  lie  did  not  die  thiec  weeks  sooner, 
vessels,  and  captured  the  Komiihis,  of  lorlv-loiir 
guns.  Arbiiilinot,nilli  a  llrilisli  lleel,  sailed  from 
IJardiiier's  bay,  in  piiiMiiit  of  O'Kstouehes.  'i'lie 
former  overlook  and  engaged  ilie  latter  off  llie 
capes  of  Virginia.  The  Dritish  had  the  advantage 
of  more  guns  than  the  French  ;  but  the  latter  were 
much  more  strongly  manned  than  the  former. 
The  contest  between  the  fleets,  thus  nearly  bal- 
iWiced,  enileil  without  the  loss  of  a  ship  on  either 
side;  but  the  liritisli  obtained  the  fruits  of  victory, 
so  fat  as  to  frustrate  the  whole  scheme  of  their 
adversaries.  The  Meet  of  his  .Most  Christian  Ma- 
jesty returned  to  Khode  Island,  wiilioiit  ell'eclinu' 
the  object  of  the  expedition.  Thus  was  Arnolil 
saved  from  the  imminent  (Inn^er  of  fulling  into 
the  hands  of  his  exasperated  countrymen.  The 
day  before  the  French  fleet  returned  to  Newport, 
March  'Z'nh,  a  convoy  arrived  in  the  Chesapeake 
from  New  Yoik,  with  Major  (Jeneral  I'liilips,  and 
about  ■JOOO  men.  This  dislingnislied  oHicer,  who, 
having  been  taken  at  .SaraloL' i,had  been  lately  ex- 
changeil,  was  appointed  coiuiuander  of  the  royal 
forces  in  Virginia.  Fhilipsand  Arnold  soon  made 
a  junction,  and  cairied  every  thing  before  them. 
Tliey  successively  defeated  those  bodies  of  mili- 
tia which  came  in  their  way.  The  whole  country 
was  open  to  their  excursions.  On  their  euibar- 
cation  from  Portsmouth,  a  deiachment  visiied 
Yorktown  ;  but  the  main  body  proceeded  to  Wil- 
liamsburg. On  the  ;i:id  of  April,  they  reached 
Chicknpowing.  A  party  proceeded  up  that  liver 
leu  or  twelve  miles,  and  deslroyeil  iiuuli  propeily. 
On  the'ilth,  they  landed  at  (Jily  point,  and  soon 
alteiwards  marched  for  Petersburg.  About  one 
mile  from  the  town,  they  were  opposed  by  a  small 
force  commanded  by  Itaron  Steuben  ;  but  this, 
after  making  a  gallant  resistance,  was  compelled 
to  retreat. 

At  I'elersbiirg,  on  the  27tli,they  destroyed  4000 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  a  ship,  and  a  number  of 
small  vessels.  Within  three  days,  one  party 
marched  lo  Chcslcrtleld  courthouse,  and  burned  a 
range  of  barracks,  and  .'iOO  barrels  of  f!our.  .\i 
the  same  lime,  another  parly  iimler  the  cominand 
of  (Jeneral  Arnold  marclied  to  Osboine's.  About 
lour  miles  above  that  place,  a  small  marine  force 
was  drawn  up  to  oppose  him.  (.Jeiiera!  Arnold 
sent  a  flag  lo  treat  with  the  coinniander  of  this 
fleet;  but  he  decdaieil  he  would  defend  it  to  ihe 
last  extremity.  I'pon  this  refusal,  Arnold  ad- 
vanced with  some  aitilleiy.  and  fired  upon  him 
with  decisive  effect  fr(jiii  the  banks  of  the  river. 
Two  ships,  and  ten  small  vessels  loaded  with  to- 
bacco, cordage,  flour,  iVc.  were  captured.  Flour 
ships,  live  biigantincs,  and  a  niiniber  of  small  ves- 
sels were  burnt  or  sunk.  The  quantity  of  tobacco, 
taken  or  destroyed  in  this  fleet,  exceeded  2000 
hogsheads;  and  the  whole  was  effected  without 
the  loss  of  a  single  man,  on  the  side  of  the  liritisli. 
The  royal  forces  then  marched  up  Ihe  fork,  till 
they  arrived  ut  Manchester  on  the  UOih.  There 
they  destroyed  1200  hogsheads  of  tobacco.  Ue- 
turning  thence  they  made  great  havoc  at  War 


wick.  They  deslroyeil  the  ships  on  the  stocks, 
and  in  the  river,  and  a  large  range  of  rope  walks. 
A  magazine  of  •'300  barrels  of  Hour,  with  a  number 
of  warehouses,  and  of  tan-houses,  all  filled  with 
their  respective  commodities,  were  also  consumed 
in  one  general  conllagatiou.  On  the  9th  of  May, 
they  returned  to  Petersburg  ;  having,  in  the  course 
of  the  preceding  three  weeks,  destroyed  property 
to  an  immense  amount.  With  this  expedition. 
Major  General  Philips  terminated  a  life,  which  in 
a'll  its  prnvLuus  operations  had  been  full  of  glory. 
At  early  periods  of  his  milllnry  career,  on  difl'er- 
eut  occasions  of  n  preceding  war,  he  had  gained 


CIIAPTKR   xm. 

Campaign  of  17C1.     Opcrnlinns  in  ilio  two  Curoliim?  am' 

(ioiirgia. 

TitK  successes  which,  with  a  few  checks,  billowed 
the  liritisli  arms,  since  ihey  had  reduced  .Savan- 
nah and  Charlesion,  encriurai.'ed  them  to  pursue 
their  object,  by  advaneini;  from  south  lo  noilli.  A 
vii;orous  invasion  of  North  Caroliiia  w;is  ihereliirii 
projected,  liir  the  business  of  the  winter,  which  fol- 
lowed (Jener.il  (iaies's  ilefrit.  The  Auieiicani 
were  sensible  of  the  necessity  of  icinf'oreiin;  and 
siipponing  their  southern  army:  but  were  desiiiulo 
of  the  means  of  doinn  it.  Their  noriliern  army 
would  not  admit  of  being  farther  weakened:  nor 
was  there  time  to  march  over  the  inlervenini;  dis- 
tance of  seven  hundred  miles  ;  but  if  men  coubl 
have  been  procured,  and  time  allowed  for  mareliing 
them  to  Siiulli  ('aridina.  money,  fiir  dclV.iying  ilio 
unavoidable  expenses  of  their  transpoitation,  coulil 
not  be  coiiimaniled,  either  In  llie  latter  end  of 
1780,  or  the  first  months  of  1771.  Thouijli  Con- 
s;ress  was  unable  to  forward  either  money  or  men, 
for  the  relief  of  the  southern  slates,  they  did  what 
was  equivalent.  They  sent  them  a  general  whose 
lieail  was  a  council  and  )>hose  military  talents 
were  equal  to  a  reinforceiiiPPt.  The  nomination 
of  an  olTieet,  for  this  important  ttust,  was  left  lu 
(Jeneral  Washington.  lie  mentioned  denera.' 
(Jreene,  adding  for  reason,  "  that  he  was  an  of 
licer,  in  whose  abilities  and  integrity,  from  a  lot  4 
and  intiniale  experience,  he  hid  the  most  enti.o 
cmifidence." 

[.Natiiamkl  CiREK.vt-.,  a  Major  (Jeneral  in  Ihe 
.\uieiicanariny,  durini;  the  revolutionary  war,  wa; 
born  near  the  town  of  Warwick,  in  Khode  Island, 
in  the  year  1711.  He  received  but  a  scanty, 
chance  education,  when  a  boy,  but  possessed  suf- 
fleicnt  sagacity  tosee  and  feel  his  deficiency.  His 
lather  was  an  honest  blacksmiih,  extensively  en- 
!;aged  in  making  heavy  work,  but  possessed  liille 
if  any  knowledge  beyond  that  of  reading  the  bible 
or  almanac,  or  being  enabled  to  write  well  enough 
to  keep  a  day-book,  in  which  to  charge  liisneigh- 
bour  with  his  work.  Hiil  Nathaniel  was  not  con- 
lented  with  this,  he  sought  books,  became  his  own 
ihslruclcr,  and  made  rapid  progress  in  several 
branches  of  knowledge.  Those  portions  of  ancient 
history,  which  treat  of  wars  and  the  exploits  ol 
heroes,  were  the  most  attractive  10  the  young 
(Juaker;  and  while  he  wore  his  plain  beaver,  his 
mind  was  filled  with  the  nodding  plumes,  and  bur- 
nished armour  of  ancient  days.  Friim  the  work- 
shop, in  which  he  was  engaged  with  his  father,  he 
was  elected  10  the  (Jeneral  Assembly  of  Rhode 
Island,  to  represent  the  ancient  town  of  Warwick, 
Ihc  place  of  his  birth.  He  was  in  that  body,  when 
a  proposition  was  made  to  raise  a  considerable  ini- 
litary force,  for  the  exigencies  of  the  times.  lUhad 
shown  his  taste  for  military  life,  in  an  independent 
company,  raised  previously,  in  expectation  oftlie  ne- 
cessity of  using  force  lo  protect  themselves  in  I  he  ex- 
ercise of  their  tights.  With  a  sagacity  and  foresight, 
seldom  founil  in  a  popular  assembly,  the  legislature 
of  Rhode  Island  took  him  from  the  ranks,  andgavo 
him  the  command  of  the  whole,  with  the  rank  01 
brigadier  general.  He  accepted  the  cniuiiiand,  and 
inarched  forthwith  to  the  head  (|uartersofilie  Ame- 
rican atmy,  at  Cambridsc.  The  keen  eye  of  Wash- 
ington soon  marked  (Jreene  liir  a  soldier.  He  saw 
ilio  great  military  chieftain,  in  the  yoiiihf'iil  oifuer, 
whose  maiden  sword  had  not  then  been  llc^hed, 
lo  August,  1776,  after  having  been  but  a  liltle  muro 


■> 


U  N  1 T  K  T)    S  'I'  A  'I'  I'.  S. 


473 


II  (wo  Ciiroliiin)  QnJ 


tlian  a  yBiir  ill  the  »ervir«,  ho  «ih  ciiniiiiissiDiii'd  uvIiii  wrrn  I'linH  Io  his  ciiniiiiv.  hiii  iiiiKiii!!  ihosniwith  il,  in  rrcoverjni;  the  ciiiiiilt,'.  'I'hin  (;n'.inl 
n  iii'ijoi' !!<'i"'i''>l<  '>i"l  ihls  wilhout  miy  iiiiiriniir]  who  iiwi-d  liiin  ii  ih'lx  iil'  ni.iiiiiiilv.  lie,  how- 1  nlijcci  (mMimI  I'or  ihit  iiiiiifcl  clViirii  iil' linili.  Siiih 
Iriiill  iirjy  line,  ili;  wis  with  llii' aiiiiy  :il 'riRiiiiiii  i  hvit,  lived  dixvii  envy  iiiiil  iiiiiiiee,  and  iost>  tri- {  »  .is  llic  niliialiiMi  iil  (lie  eoiiiiti  v,  ihiil  il  Wiii  iiliniiit 
uiiil  I'liiieetiMi,  iiiid  IiimI  a  sliiiie  in  ili:it  enler|ii'ise.  I  iiin|ihiiiit  liver  nil  wliu  assiiiieil  him.  'I'herc  was  ei|ii:illy  il.nif'ei'iins  liir  ihe  .Xiiieriran  aiiiiyiii  t;ii 
Kiiriiililiiaieriirllieeaii.se  id'  (lie  leviiliiilnn.  lie  '  alioiil  him  in  allliis  naiisai  ijinis,  an  iindevialiii^  I'lituard  ill'  slaiid  slill.  In  llie  lirsl  rase,  eveiy 
was  al  llie  liallle  ol' (leiiiiaiilowii,  and  Cur  liis  himkI  |  liiiiiesly.  a  persevi'iMiiee  ami  li  iidihiidd  wiiilhy  llie  lliina  was  lia/.aideil  ;  in  llie  last,  llie  eiiiiialenee  .if 
eiHidiiel  was  hiiiiiiiiialily  inenMned  by  llie  euin-  liesl  ai;es  iil  llie  wciilil.  He  claimed  iiii  lineal  llie  |ie(i|ile  wiiiild  lie  liisl  ;  and  uilli  il  all  |iius|ieel 
'tl.iiider-iii-eliier.  .Sii  liilly  li.id  I  iiiMMie  di^ei{>llne(l  hiiniiiii's — he  linl  iiii  advenliliiiiis  sii|i|i(ii'l.  He  id'  lieini;  sii|i|i(irled  by  tlieiii.  The  iiii|)alieii(i' of 
lie  lesiiiirees  id'  his  mind  ilia!  \Vasliiiii;i(in  nii;ed  ,  liriike  rriiiii  the   llii  ildniii  id'  the   ridii:iiiii4  [ireju- 1  the  siillerini!  exiles  and  olhers  led   iheiii   In  iiii;e 

the  iidii|itiiMi  III' rash  measiiies.     The  iiiuile  nf  np- 


Iiiiii  to  ilo  the  ilinies  id' (jiiaiteriiiasler  general   In  '  diees  nl  llie  srci  in  wliiidi  he  was  linrn  and   edit 
liie  army.  Iielievini;   ihal  he   wniilil  liiid  ways  andiialed;   lint   he  reiained  all  llieir   (irmness  of   piir 


means,  that  no  other  mail  eiiiild.  These  duties 
weie  peilormed  liy  him  while  he  mill  held  his  rank 
ill  the  line.  Kvery  lliini:  had  tfiiiii;  wioiii:  lor  ilie 
patriots  III  llie  smith.  The  lirilishcnnsidered  the 
war  as  ended,  south  nl'llie  Polomai',  when  (ieneral 
(iieene  was  sent  liy  (ieneral  Washiiiiiinn  In  the 
.Siiiiihern  district.  He  round  the  army  he  was  In 
ciininiaiiil   ill  a   most  wreiched  eondition  ;  a   mere 


sUeleinn  of  military  I'oree,  wasted  4I0W11  to    that  |  vaiieed    ill  ('harlnltel 


pose  and  inte^riiy  id'  ehaiaeler.  His  lilu  is  a 
prool,  and  alllioii^h  lime  and  chance  liappenelh 
to  all,  still  a  iire  It  man,  may,  under  our  tree  sya- 
leni  ol'  novernineni,  he  the  builder  ul  his  own 
r.iine.— Kii.] 

The  army,  after  its  defeat  and  dispersion,  to 
Ihe  Kiili  of  .Vimiist,  1?S0,  rendezvoused  at  Hills- 
liiiroii::li.      Ill  the  latter  eiiil  of  the  ye. 11,  they    ad- 


siale  bv  sword,  famine,   and  desertion.      Many  of 
his  eonip  lilies  were  worse  than  Kalslalf's  lalterde- 
nMlioiis,  for  they  were  not  only  covered  with  i;ms, 
bill  weri!  hter.dly  nakeil  in  a  winier  inoiilh.     The 
brave  .Morn  in   was   with   him;  and   the  very  next 
iii'iiilh  alter  (ireene  airived  in  the  district,  liiiii;lil 
the  battle  of  the   Cowpens,  one  of  the    most   dis- 
liii;^iiislied  all'.iirs  in  the  annals  nf  the   revoliilion- 
aiy  war.  The  proud  anil  brave  TaihMon  was  beaten 
by  a  force  smaller  thin  his  own.  and  iwo-ihirds  of 
that  lorce,  raw  miliiia.     In  .March,   I7M,  (ireene 
made  an  attack  on   the  enemy  at  (iuilford   Court 
House,  and  al'ler  a  smart  action,  was  forced  to  re- 
treat; but  the  lirilish,  though  victorious,  were  so 
crippled  that  they   were  obliged  to    make  a  retro- 
grade motion,  havin<:  trained  no  advantage  by  their 
iiominid  success,     (ireene  next  atlempted  the  re- 
duction of  Caindeii,   and    had   a  battle  with   lord 
jl.ivvdon  ;  hut  throiiiih  the  bad  ccuduct  of  one  of 
■.be  leuiipenls  under  his  couimaiid,  Cieneral  (ireene 
was  compelled    to  retreat,  lint  lost  no  honour  by 
the  li'^lit.     Rawilon.  like  t'oriiwallis,  was  obli^eil 
to  ielie.it  soon  alter  the  en^a!;euient.      I'"or  some 
time  alter  this  the  .Vmerican  army  was  victorious, 
anil    several  forts  garrisoned  by  the  Itiiliih,  sui- 
rendered;  but  the  enemy's  force,  liein^  aii^ziiient- 
t'd  by  reinl'orcemenls,  the  tide   was  chaiiued,  and 
(hey  a^iaiii  olilained  the  coiiliid  of  South  Caroliiia. 
(jieene.  however,  was  iiol  disiii  lyed  nor  subdued  ; 
he  .said  in  the  piiile  of  his  soul,  and,   in    the   cnn- 
Bcioiisness  of  his  powers,  '■  I  will  recover  the  coun- 
try, or  die  in  the  attempt."     The  battle  nf  Kutaw 
.*spriiiiis,  followed;  (ireene's  aiiuy  was  victnrioiis, 
and  the  const^ipieiices  were  lavmiralile  to  the  Aiiier- 
iiaii  cause.       It  was  a   hard  lou!ilit    battle;     live 
hundred  of   the  .Vmerican  army   were  slain,   and 
mure  than  double  llr.it  iiumlier  of  the  British.   To 
the  dilliciiltics  that  al  this  lime  eiieompasseU  (ien- 
eral   (jieeiie,   was    added    that  of   treason  in   his 
camp.     Misfortune  had   broken  down  some   men 
iioin  whom  betler  things  weie  expected  ;   but  ener- 
gy, and  a  kind  providence,  ilelivered  him  I'loiii   all 
the  snares    that  suirounded   him.      Kebellloii  was 
hushed  by  well-timed    severity,    and    confidence 
restored  In  the  camp.     Our  liinils  will  nnt  allow 
IIS  to  dwell  longer  on  the  harilsliips,  the  exertions, 
and  the  successes  of  our  southern  army,  duriiip: 
this    eventful    perioil  ;  the   details   woulil   re(|uire 
volumes,    anil    happily    these  have    already  been 
wriiten,  by    men    of  genius  and    research.     The 
surrender  of  Cornwallis,  December  17,  17S2,   put 
an  end  to  the    liardsliips  of  tlie  American  army, 
and  laid  the  loiinilatiun  for  an  honoutalde  peace  for 
the  coo'itry.     (ieiieial  (ireene    now  levisited  liis 
native  state,  and  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
iilleiuion.     Notwiihslanilini;  all  he  had  sulVered  at 
Ihe  sniitli,  he  waa  still  pleased  wiili  it,  and  remov- 
ed his  family  to  (ieori;ia,  in  178.'> ;  but  he  did  not 
live   long  to  enjiiy  the   life  of  a  southern  planter. 
He  died  suddenly,  on  the   15th  of  June,  17SG, 
leaviii<;    behind    him    a    wife    and    five    children. 
Coniiress  voted  liiiii  »  monument,  but  it  lias  nev- 
er been  erected.     Greene  had  to  encounter  ene- 
mies, sharp  and   severe  enemies,  who  were  de- 
'.erinineil  to  tiealroy  him ;  not  only  among  those 


At  this  place  (ieneral 


(tales  Iransl'eired  the  command  to  (ieneral  (ireene. 
The  manly  iesij;nalioii  of  the  one  was  eipialled 
by  the  deliiMie  disinleresledness  of  the  otliiir. 
Kxpressions  of  civility,  and  acts  nf  friendship  and 
ailention,  were  reciprocally  excliaiii;ed.  (ireene, 
upon  all  occasions,  was  the  vindicator  of  (lates's 
reputation.  In  his  letters  and  conversation,  he 
uniformly  luaiiit  lined,  that  his  predecessor  had 
failed  in  110  part  of  his  military  iliity;  and  that  he 
had  deserved  success,  though  he  could  not  coiii- 
iiiand  il. 

Within  a  few  hours  after  (ireene  tniik  eharae  of 
the  army,  a  report  was  made  of  a  successful  en- 
terprise of  Lieutenant  Colonel  W'ashinj^ton.  Heina 
out  nil  a  fora^ini;  exiMirsion,  he  had  penelraied 
wilhiii  tliirieeii  miles  of  Camden,  to('leriiiont,  the 
seat  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Kiuley,  of  the  liritish 
militia.  This  was  fortified  by  a  block-house,  en- 
compassed by  an  abbatis,  and  defended  by  upwards 
of  one  hundred  of  the  mhaliitants,  who  had  sub- 
mitted to  the  liiitisli  uovernment.  Lieutenant 
Colonel  WashiiiKlon  ailvanced  with  his  cavalry, 
and  planted  the  trunk  of  a  pine  tree,  so  us  to  re- 
semble a  (ield  piece.  The  lucky  moment  was 
sei/.tid,  and  a  peremplory  demand  ofaii  inmiediale 
surrender  was  made ;  when  the  i:ariisoii  was  im- 
pressed with  the  expeclaiioii  of  an  imiiiediale  can- 
nonade, in  CISC  of  llieir  refusal.  The  whole  sur- 
rendered at  ihsciellon,  wilhnui  a  shot  on  either 
side.  This  fortunate  incident,  through  the  super- 
stition to  which  most  men  are  more  or  less  suhject, 
was  viewed  by  the  army  as  a  |iiesai;e  of  success 
under  their  iieiv  commander. 

When  (ieneial  (ireene  took  the  command,  lie 
t'ouiid  the  troops  had  made  a  practice  of  aoiiii; 
home  without  permission,  stayiii(>;  several  davs  or 
weeks,  and  then  lelurniii!;  to  camp.  JJetermiiied 
to  enforce  strict  discipline,  he  j;ave  out,  that  he 
Hdiild  make  an  example  of  the  first  deserter  of  the 
kind  he  caught.     One  such  beiiii;  soon  taken,  wa 


position  they  preferred  was  the  least  likcdy  to  ef- 
fect their  ulliinaie  wishes.  The  nature  of  ilie 
country,  thinly  inhabited,  alioiindini:  with  swauipii 
iiid  covered  with  woods;  the  incoiisider ible  forcn 
if  the  American  army,  the  niiinber  of  the  disalVcct- 
ed,  and  the  want  of  mauaxines,  weiuhed  with  (ien- 
eral (ireene  to  prefer  a  partisan  war.  lly  close 
ipplication  to  his  new  profession,  he  hail  acipiired 
a  Kcientilic  knnnledue  nfthe  principlesand  inaxiins 
for  eiinductiiiL;  wars  in  Kiirope;  but  consiileied 
iliein  as  often  inapplicable  to  Ameriea.  When 
they  were  adapted  to  his  ( ircumstances.  he  used 
them;  hut  oftener  deviated  from  them,  and  follow- 
ed his  own  practical  jiidiiinent,  founded  on  a  coiii- 
preliensive  view  nt'  his  real  situation. 

With  ail  imaiiisiderable  army,  miserably  provi- 
ded, (ieneral  (iieene  took  the  field,  aiiainst  asiipe- 
lior  liritish  refiilar  force,  wliii  h  had  marched  in 
triumph  two  hiindied  miles  from  the  sea  coast,  and 
was  flushed  with  successive  victories  lliiotmh  n 
whole  campaign.  .Soon  alter  he  look  the  com- 
mand, he  divided  his  force,  and  sent  (ieneral  .Mor- 
gan, with  a  respectable  delai.liiiient.  to  the  western 
extremliy  of  .South  C'aroliiia  ;  .itid,  ab(jiit  thi^saiiiu 
lime  marched  with  the  main  body  to  Hii  ks's-creek, 
oil  the  north  side  of  the  I'edee,  opposite  to  (Jheraw 
Hill. 

After  the  ceneral  submission  nf  the  militia,  in 
the  year  17!SU,  a  revolution  look  place,  hiiihly  fa- 
vourable to  the  interest  of  America.  The  resi- 
dence of  the  liritish  army,  insiead  of  increasing 
the  real  friends  to  royal  I'overnmenl,  diniinished 
their  number,  and  added  new  vii;oiir  to  the  nppo- 
site  party.  The  lirilish  had  a  post  in  Nineiy-Six, 
for  thirteen  months,  dniini;  which  time  the  coiiii- 
Iry  was  filled  with  rapine,  violence  and  iiiiiiiler. 
.Applications  were  dailv  made  f'or  redress;  yet,  in 
that  whole  period,  there  was  not  a  single  iiistaiu'e 
wherein  piinishmeiit  was  indicted,  either  011  the 
soldiery  or  the  lories.  The  people  soon  Inniid, 
that  there  was  no  security  for  their  lives,  libeities 
or  property,  under  the  military  i;overiiiiient  ol  lirit- 
ish oiriceis,  reisaidless  of  their  civil  ri'jhis.  The 
peaceable  citizens  were  reduced  to  that  uncouiiiion 
distress,  in  which  they  had  more  to  feat  from  op- 
pression, than  resistance.  They  therel'ore  most 
ardeiillv  wished  for  an  .\nieiican  force.  Coder 
these  favourable  rircumslances,  (Ieneral  (Ireene 
dclached  (ieneral  .Moriian,  to  take  a  posilioii  in  that 
distiicl.     The  appearance  of  this  force,  a  sincere 


iccordiii;j;ly  shot,  at  the  head  of  the  army,  drawn  |altaclimenl  to  the  cause  of  independence,  and  the 
up  to  be  specialors  of  the  |iiioishiiieut.     This  had 
the  desiied  ell'ect,  and  put  a  stop  to  the  dangerous 
practice. 

The  whole  soulliern  army  at  this  time  consisted 
of  about  yUOO  men  ;  more  tlian  half  of  whom 
were  militia.  The  rei;ulais  had  been  for  a  lonij 
time  withnut  pay,  and  very  delieieiit  in  cloihiiu;. 
All  snuices  of  supply  from  Charleston  were  in 
possession  of  the  liritish  ;  and  nn  iiiiported  arliide 
could  he  obtained,  I'loiii  a  distance  less  than  two 
hundred  miles.  The  procuring  o,"  provisions  for 
litis  small  force  was  a  matter  of  diiriciilty.  The 
paper  currency  was  depreciated  so  far,  as  to  he 
wholly  uneipial  to  the  purchase  nf  even  such  sup- 
plies as  the  roiintry  afl'orded.  Hard  money  had 
not  a  physical  existence  in  any  hands  accessible  to 
the  Americans.  The  only  resource  left  for  sup- 
plying the  army,  was  by  the  arbitrary  mode  of  im- 
press. To  seize  on  the  property  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, and,  at  the  same  time,  to  preserve  their  kind 
atVcctions,  was  a  dillicull  business,  and  of  delicate 
execution  ;  but  of  the  utmost  liioment,  as  it  fur- 


impolilic  conduct  of  the  Hrllish.  induced  several 
persons  to  lusiime  their  arms,  and  to  act  ill  conceit 
with  the  continent  d  troops. 

When  this  irruption  was  made  into  the  district 
of  .Nineiv-Six,  lord  Cornwallis  was  far  advanced 
in  his  prepaiaiions  for  the  invasion  of  .N'orili  ('aro- 
lina.  To  leave  (ieneral  .'Miirijau  in  his  rear,  was 
contraiv  to  luditary  policy.  In  order  therelnre  to 
drive  him  from  his  stalion,  and  to  deier  the  inhab- 
itants from  joinlnii  him,  Lieiitenaiil  Colonel  Tarle- 
ton  was  ordereil  to  proceed,  with  about  1 1(10  men, 
and  "  push  him  to  the  uliuost."  lie  had  two  field 
pieces.and  a  supeiioiitynf  infantry. in  the  propoilion 
of  five  to  four,  ami  of  cavalry  in  the  proportion  of 
three  to  one.  Itesides  this  in  equality  of  liiice,  two 
thirds  of  the  troops  under  (ieneral  Alorpiaii  were 
militia.  With  these  fair  prospects  of  success, 
Tatleton  enpaged  Morgan  at  the  Cowpens.  on  the 
17lh  of  January,  with  the  expectation  of  driving 
him  out  of  South  Carolina.  The  latter  drew  up 
his  Mien  in  two  lines.  The  whole  of  the  southern 
militia,  with  190   from  North  Caiolina,  were    put 


nislied  the  army  with  piovisinns,  without  impairing  Under  the  command  of  Colonel  Pickens.     Tlies'i 
the  disposition  of  the  inhabitants    to    cooperate  I  formed  the  first  line,  and  were  advanced  a  few  bun- 


474 

ilred  yards  liefDri-  tli«  spconil,  with  iirdvr«  to  form 
f'li  ilii'  rialil  111'  llu-  si'ioml,  ivlicii  loroeil  to  roliri'. 
'I'li<'  '•I'i'iiiiil  liiif  ('(iiiHisicilorilii'  li^lit  iiiCinlry,  niiil 
;i  ('or|H  (it  \'ir)!liiiii  niililiii  rilli'iiicii.  Lili'iili'iiiiiit 
Coliiiii-I  \V;ihIiiiiuI(iii,  vviili  Iiih  ciivalry,  ami  iiliiiiil 
limy  live  iiiilili'i  iiini,  imiiiiiiIi'iI  and  tM|iii|i|i('<l  tviili 
stviiittt,  wore  di;iwn  il|)  at  Home  dislaixM*  in  tlu^ 
ii'ii  III  the  wiiiilr.  'I'lii'  ii|ii'n  wiioil,  in  wliiidillny 
wcrr  t'liinit'd,  was  ni'ilhrr  srciiml  in  tiiitit,  llaiik, 
III'  ir  n.  On  llif  sjili'  ni  llic  Mtilnili,  llir  lij^lit  Ir- 
t;ifin  iiilanlry  anil  I'iisIIi'imh,  tliiiii;:li  wiirii  iloivii 
uiili  I'xlii'iiic  I'ali^iiiR,  uciiMiiilt'i'i'd  lu  r»iiii  in  lini'. 
Ill  liiii;  iIiIh  uidrr  was  i-xrciili'<l,  llu;  line,  llioiii{li 
Car  I'loiii  lii'iiii;  ciiiiijili-lr,  was  IimI  Io  iIih  allack  by 
'I'arli'liin  liiiiini'ir.  'I'hny  advanced  willi  ii  alioiii, 
anil  |Hiiii'<'d  in  an  incrsHaiil  lire  oriniiski'lry,  (miIii- 
iiid  l>i(  krim  direeied  llie  men  under  his  coiniiiand 
Io  retain  llieir  lire,  lill  llie  jSiilisli  were  williin  lolly 
or  lilly  yards.  This  order,  lhoni;li  exeeiiled  wilii 
Cieal  liriiiness,  was  iiol  siiniiieiil  Io  repel  llieirad- 
vaiieini;  Toes.  The  niililia  lidl  liaek  ;  lull  were 
Minn  rallied  liy  llieir  olheers.  The  Itriiish  advaii- 
reil,  and  eii):ai;eil  llie  neeonil  liue,  wliieli,  alter  an 
ol.siinalc  ooiillirl,  was  coiiipelled  Io  relieal  to  the 
cuvalrv.  In  lliiseiisis,  Coliinel  \Vasliiiik(loii  made 
u  snieessl'iil  eliar^e  on  Taileloii,  who  was  ciiliin;; 
diiwii  till'  iiiililia.  hieiilenanl  Colonel  Howard,  iil- 
iiiiisi  at  llie  same  iiioiiieni,  lallieil  llie  eonlinenlal 
lroo|is,  and  ehariied  u'illi  lixed  hayonels.  The  ex- 
niii|ile  was  inslaiilly  t'ldloned  liy  tiie  mditia,  xNo- 
tliiiiL'  eoiild  exeeed  the  asionishnienl  and  eoidilsioii 
ol'  the  Itritish,  oceasioned  liy  these  iinex|iecteil 
rhaities.  Their  advaiiee  lell  liaek  on  their  rear, 
:ind  eoiniiiiiniealed  a  |iaiiir  to  the  whole.  Tarle- 
tiin's  iiieeesol'  aillllerv  were  seized  liy  the  .Xnieri- 
(;aiis;  and  llie  (;realesl  eiinrnsioii  look  plaee  amoii); 
his  inlanliy.  While  they  were  i:i  this  stale  ol 
disorder,  heiileiianl  colonel  Howard  called  Io  them, 
to  "lav  down  llieir  arms,"  and  |iromised  them 
^ooil  i|narler<.  I^ume  liiindreilsaeeepird  theoller, 
and  siiriendereil.  The  lirsl  ballalioii  ol'  iheTlsl, 
iiiiil  Iwo  Itritish  li:;hl  inlanliy  uoniiianies,  laid  down 
tlieir  arms  In  the  Ami'ricaii  militia.  A  parly, 
uhirli  had  heen  left  .some  distanee  in  llie  rear,  to 
^iiard  ihe  liauit')!!'',  W''^  >he  only  body  ol'  int. miry 
that  escaped.  The  olhcer  ol'ihat  detachment,  on 
lieariiiu  of  Tarlelon's  deleal,  destioyeil  ;>  uk"'' 
put  of  the  baas;  ne,  and  teiieaied  to  lord  (.'orn- 
w.diis.  'I'liiee  linmlied  ol  the  lliilish  were  killeil 
or  wounded,  and  abi  /  live  hnmlred  |irisoiieis  ta- 
ken. I<',ii>lit  liiinihi'd  muskets,  livo  licM  pieces, 
thirly-live  b  if;i;aie-»,ii;i)iis,  and  one  hiiiidred  ilra- 
gnon  hiii'ses  fell  iiiln  the  haiiils  of  the  ciiiKpierois. 
'I'lie  .\mertrans  had  only  twelve  men  killed  and 
.sixty  wounded. 

fi(*iieral  ,AIori;.in's  t:ood  conduct,  on  this  memo- 
rable day. was  hoiiniired  l)y(  'oiii;ress»itlia  t;old  me- 
dal. They  also  pieseoted  meil.ils  (ifsilverto  Ijieii- 
leiiant  Cnlonels  \Vas|iio;:lon  and  Howard,  a  stvoril 
to  Colonel  I'ickens,  a  brevet  majority  to  Kdwaid 
(■lies,  the  iieneiars  aiil  ile-caiiip,  and  a  captaincy 
to  Itaroii  (ilassbeck.  Lienti'iiaut  f'olonel  Tarh;- 
ton,  hitherto  trilimphani  in  a  variety  ol  skirmishes, 
on  this  occasion  lost  his  laurels,  though  he  was 
supported  by  llieTih  ret;imeiit,one  battalion  of  the 
TIsl,  and  two  companies  ofli<;lil  infantry  :  and  his 
repnl.se  diil  more  essential  injury  to  the  Krilish  in- 
terest than  w.is  eipiivaleiit  to  all  the  precedm;; 
advantages  he  had  ^aiiieil.  It  was  the  lirsl  link  in 
a  cliaiii  of  causes,  which  finally  ilrew  down  ruin, 
both  in  North  and  .South  Carolina,  on  the  royal  in- 
terest. 'J'liat  impetuosity  of 'I'arlelon,  which  had 
'acipiiied  him  ^reat  reputation,  when  on  former  oc- 
casions lie  had  surprised  :in  iucauiioiis  enemy,  or 
attacked  a  panicstriick  militia,  was  at  this  lime 
Ihe  occasion  of  his  niin.  Inipalient  of  delay,  he 
I'l.^a^ed  with  fatigued  troops,  and  led  lliem  on  to 
aclion,  before  they  were  properly  formed,  and  be- 
fore the  reserve  had  taken  its  uroiind.  He  was 
also  i;niliy  of  a  treat  oversight,  in  not  brin<;in);  up 
a  cohiiim  of  cavalrv,  to  support  and  improve  the 
»dvaiila;;e.s  he  had  gained,  when  the  Americans 
I>'lieaieil. 

I.1011I  Coriiwallis,  thoui^h  prcparingto  extend  his 
coiu|iiests,  iiurthwurdly,  whs  nut  inattentive  tu  the 


HISTORY    or  TIIR 


•cRlirity  of  South  Carolina.  Itestdes  the  force  at 
(,'liarlesloii,  he  left  a  considerable  body  of  troops, 
under  the  comniaiid  of  lord  KaH'dou.  These  weie 
principally  stationed  >it  Caniilen,  from  which  cen- 
tral sitiHilion  they  mixlil  easily  Im^  drawn  forth  to 
defend  the  fronlieis,  or  to  snppiess  inmii lections. 
To  ficditate  the  intended  operations,  a^aiiisl  North 
(-.'arolina.  .^^ljor  (!i  liu,  with  a  detachment  of  about 
thiee  hundred  men  from  Charleston,  and  a  small 
inaiine  fotci',  look  possession  of  \V'ilmini>lon. 
While  these  ari'aii|{emeiils  were  iiiakim.',  the  year 
I'/SI  coimneneed,  with  the  fairest  prospects  to  the 
llritisli  sovrninent.  The  arrival  oftieneral  I,es- 
lie  in  Charleston,  willi  his  late  command  in  Vir- 
ttiiiia,  ^ave  Karl  Coriiwallis  a  decided  superiority, 
and  enabled  him  to  alleiiipi  the  reduction  of  North 
Carolina,  with  a  force  sulhcient  to  bear  down  all 
probable  opposition.  Arnnld  was  before  him  in 
Viri;inia,  while  .Siiiith  ('aiolina,  in  his  rear,  was 
considered  as  completely  subdued.  His  loidshij) 
had  much  to  hope,  iiid  little  to  fear.  His  admir- 
ers tlatteied  hiiii  willi  the  expectation,  that  Ills 
victory  at  Camden  would  prove  but  the  dawn  of  ids 
Kloiy  ;  and  thai  the  events  of  tlie  approachini: 
campaii^n  would  imiiioii,ili/.e  his  name  as  the  con- 
i|ueror,  at  least  of  the  soulheni  stales.  Whilst 
lord  Cornwalhs  was  indnliiim;  these  pleasiiii;  pros- 
pects, he  received  intelliaence,  no  less  unwelcome 
than  iinexpecled,  that  Tarleton,  his  favourite  of- 
licer,  in  whom  he  placed  the  i;ieatest  conlidence 
instead  ofdrlvin;;  .Morcaii  out  of  the  country,  was 
completely  defealeil  l>y  him.  This  siiiprised  and 
morlilied.  but  did  not  disconraije  his  lordship.  He 
hoped,  by  vii;ornus  exertions,  soon  to  obtain  repa- 
latioii  for  the  I. He  disastidiis  event,  and  even  to 
recover  what  he  had  lost.  With  Ihe  expectation 
ofreiakini;  ihi^  prisoners,  captiiieil  at  tile  (^ow- 
peiis,  and  to  olditeiate  ihi^  impression  made  by  the 
issue  of  the  late  action  at  that  place,  his  lordship 
instantly  deierniined  on  the  pursuit  of  (ieneral 
.^lor^'lill.  who  had  moved  oil' towards  X'iri^inia  with 
his  prisoners.  'JMit;  movrments  of  the  royal  arinv, 
ill  ciioseipience  oftliisdeiermin  itlon,  indnceiKien- 
er.il  (iieeiie  iimnediately  to  retreat  from  Hicks's- 
ciei'k,  lest  the  liiitish,  by  ciossin;;  the  upper 
sources  of  the  I'edee,  should  (;et  between  him  and 
the  dvtaul\'ii"iit,  which  was  encniiibered  with  the 
prisoners  In  this  critical  situation,  (ieneial 
(iieeiie  left  the  main  army,  under  the  conimaiid 
of  (ieneral  Himer,  and  rode  l.'iO  miles  tliioiii;h  the 
country,  to  join  the  detachment  under  (ieneral 
.Moi!;an;  that  he  nilKht  be  in  Iront  of  lord  Curti- 
wallls,  and  direct  the  uiotiiins  of  both  divisions  of 
his  army,  so  as  to  form  a  speedy  jiiiiclion  between 
them.  Immediately  of  the  aclion,  on  the  ITtli 
olJaniiary,  iMori^an  sent  on  his  prisoners  under  a 
proper  i;uaid  ;  and,  haviiif;  made  every  arraniie- 
ineni  in  his  power  for  their  security,  relreaied 
with  expedition.  Nevertheless  the  ISiitish  gained 
Kidiind  upon  him.  Mortfaii  intended  to  cross  the 
luoniitains  with  his  detachiiient  and  prisoners,  that 
he  mi<;ht  mine  clfectiially  seciiie  the  latter ;  but 
(ireene,  on  his  arrival,  ordered  the  prisoners  to 
Charlotteville,  and  directed  the  troops  to  (iiiilford 
coml-hniise  ;  lu  which  place  he  had  also  orderi'd 
(ieneral  lluuer,  lu  proceed  with  the  main  army. 

In  this  retreat,  the  Aiiiericans  underwent  hard- 
ships almost  incredible.  Many  of  them  performed 
this  iiiarcli  without  shoes,  over  fro/.eii  i;iouii(l, 
which  so  )<;ashed  their  naked  feet,  that  thi'ir  blood 
marked  every  step  of  their  pro;;ress.  They  were 
sometimes  without  meal,  often  without  Hour,  and 
always  without  spirituous  lii|Uors.  Tlieir  march 
led  thruiiKli  a  barren  country,  which  scarcely  af- 
furdeil  necessaries  for  a  few  strai;i;liu);  iuhabitanls. 
In  this  severe  season,  also  with  very  little  clothing, 
they  were  daily  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  liird- 
iiij;  deep  creeks,  and  of  rcmaiiiiiit;  wet  without  any 
clian<;e  of  clothes,  lill  the  heat  of  their  bodies,  anil 
occasional  fires  in  the  woods  drieil  their  tattered 
iai!s.  To  all  these  diHicultiesihey  submitted,  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  single  sentinel  by  desertion.  Lurd 
Coriiwallis  reduced  the  ((uantity  uf  his  own  ba);- 
Kasje  ;  and  the  example  was  followed  by  tlie  of- 
ficers under  his  coininund.     Kvcry  thing  not  ne- 


cessary in  nction,  or  In  thn  existence  of  ihn  trnop* 
was  destroyed.  No  wagons  were  reserved,  ex- 
cept tlmse  loaded  with  hospital  stores,  salt,  and 
aiiimiiiiitioii,  and  four  empty  ones  for  the  use  of 
the  sick.  The  royal  army,  eiicourai;ed  by  the 
example  of  his  lordship,  snlimilled  In  every  hard- 
ship with  cheeifnlnesK.  Tlii'v  beheld,  without 
mnrmurini;,  their  most  valnalile  ba<>L:ai:e  destroy- 
ed,  and  their  spiiiiiions  Inpiois  staved,  when  tin  y 
were  eiitermu  on  hard  seivice,  ami  under  eiriniii- 
slances  which  precluded  every  pros|iecl  of  supply. 

The  llrilishhad  iirKedlhe  pursuit  with  so  iiiin  h 
rapidity,  that  they  reached  lie'  Catawba,  on  lliii 
evenini'  of  the  same  day  on  wlili n  their  lleein^  ad- 
versaries had  crossed  it.  Ileforethii  next  uiorniii<{ 
n  heavy  fall  of  mill  made  that  liver  impassable. 
The  Americans,  conlident  of  Ihe  justice  of  their 
cause,  considered  this  eveiil  as  an  interposiiion  of 
I'rovidence  in  their  favour.  It  is  certain  that,  if 
the  rising  of  the  river  had  taken  place  a  few  liouri 
earlier,  (ieneral  .^toruan,  with  his  whole  detaidi- 
iiient  and  ;"iOII  prisoners,  would  have  scarcely  had 
aiiv  chance  of  escape.  When  the  fiesli  had  sub- 
sided, NO  far  as  to  leave  the  river  fordable,  a  lai;;" 
proportion  of  the  kind's  troops  received  orders  to 
be  in  reidiness  to  march  at  one  o'clock  in  the 
mornin;;.  Keints  had  been  made  nf  passim;  at 
several  dill'erent  fords;  but  the  real  attempt  was 
made  oiithe  1st  of  Kebriiiry  at  a  ford  ni'ar  .McCow- 
aii's,  the  north  banks  of  wiiiili  were  defended  liv  ii 
small  Kiiard  of  nidilia  coimiiandeil  by  (ieneral  Da- 
vidson. The  Itritish  maichi'd  ihroiiuh  the  river 
iipwaids  of  live  hundred  yards  wide,  and  about 
three  feet  deep,  snstaininij  a  constant  lire  from  the 
militia  on  the  opposite  bank  without  relurnini.:  it 
lill  they  had  made  (jood  their  passage.  The  liuhl 
iiilantry  and  crenadier  compiiiies,  as  soon  as  they 
reached  the  land,  dispersed  the  .\mericans.  (ien- 
eral Davidson,  the  brave  leader  of  the  latter,  was 
killed  at  the  fust  onset.  The  luiliiia  throui;liout 
the  nei^liboiirinK  settlements  were  dispirited,  and 
but  few  of  them  could  lie  persuaded  to  take  or  kee|i 
the  field.  .\  small  paily,  which  collected  about 
ten  miles  from  the  ford,  was  attacked  and  dispers- 
ed by  Liieittenant  Colonel  Taileton.  All  the  fords 
were  abandoned,  and  the  whole  royal  army  crossed 
over,  without  any  fart  her  opposition.  The  passage 
of  the  (,'atawba  beiiiu  eirecled,  llie  Americans  con- 
tinued to  llee,  ami  the  Itritish  to  pursuit  The 
former,  by  expedilioiis  movcmenis,  crossed  llie 
Vadkiii,  partly  in  Hits,  and  partly  by  fordim:,  on 
Ihe  second  and  third  days  of  Kebruarv  ;  and  se- 
cured their  boats  on  Ihe  niiilli  side,  'i'lioiinhtlie 
Itritish  were  close  in  their  tear,  yet  the  want  of 
boats,  and  the  rapid  risiiii!  of  the  river  I'l pre- 
ceding rains,  made  the  crossins;  impossible,  'i'liis 
second  hair-breadth  escape  was  considered  by  the 
Americyins  as  a  firther  evidence,  that  their  cause 
was  favoured  by  heaven.  That  they,  ill  Iwo  suc- 
cessive instances  should  eirecl  their  passaue, 
while  their  pursuers,  only  a  tfW  miles  in  their 
rear,  could  not  lollow,  impressed  the  religious 
people  of  that  settleiiieiit  with  such  sentiiiients  of 
devotion,  iis  added  fresh  viijour  to  tlieir  exertions, 
in  irehalf  of  .'\merican  iiidi'peinlence. 

The  Itritish,  liaviiii>  failed  in  their  (irsi  schenie 
ol  passinij  the  Vailkln,  weie  obli<:eil  Io  cross  at  thn 
upper  fords;  but  before  this  Wiis  completed,  the 
two  divisions  of  the  .'\uieri>'an  army  made  a  June 
lion  at  (iiidfoid  coiiit-hoiise  <m  the  seventh  of  i''eb 
ruary.  Though  this  had  taken  place,  their  emu 
biiieil  numbers  were  so  interior  to  tin?  Itriiish,  that 
(ieneral  (tieenc  could  not  with  any  propriety  risk 
an  action.  He  therefore  called  a  council  of  of- 
ficers, who  unanimously  concurred  in  opinion,  that 
he  ou<;lit  to  retire  over  the  Dan,  and  to  avoid  an 
encasement  till  he  was  reinliMced.  fjoril  ( 'orn- 
walhs,  knowing  the  inferiority  of  the  American 
force,  conceived  hopes,  by  gettini;  between  (ieneral 
(ireene  and  Virginia,  to  cut  liis  retreat,  inter- 
cept his  supplies  and  reinforcements,  ami  oblise 
him  to  iii;ht  under  many  disadvantaijes.  With 
this  view,  his  lordship  kept  the  upper  country, 
where  only  the  rivers  are  fordable  ;  sitpposiui; 
that  his  adversaries,  from  the  want  of  a  siiiriciuul 


UNITF.I)   STATKH. 


47.t 


Nifiire  of  till!  troc>|i<i 
wern  rcurrvi'il,  ix- 
ilil  Htnict,  mU,  anil 
unrH  (i»r  llir  nM»  nl' 
i'iiriiiir;ii;ri|   hy   ilio 

iiilli'il  III  rn'iy  Irivil- 
'V     lirlli'lil,     williiint 

li'  l);n:i:;ii:ii  ilcsiniv- 

H  ■iliivril,  wlii'ii  till  y 

mill  iiiiilcr  I'iiriiin- 

!■  |iriis|ii'rl  iirsiiiiiily. 

iir.'<nil  Willi  sii  iiinrli 
li''  <*;it;iivlt,'i,  on  t(ii) 

ill  II  llii'ir  lli'ciii);  iiil- 
III'  lliii  iii'XI  liiiiriiiii^ 
nil  liviT  i'ii|iii<s;ilili-. 

till'  jnstiri'  111'  ilii'jr 
H  nil  intcilinsiliiin  iil' 

It  Is  ci'i'l^iiii  lli;il,  ir 
I'll  plari-  II  li'w  liiiiiri 

I  liM  wliiili'  ili'lai'li- 
il  liiive  siiiii'i'ly  liail 

II  Mil'  I'li'sli  liail  ^iili- 
'or  riiriliilili",  a  laij;" 
I  ri'rrivi'il  iiiiIpih  Id 

mil'  ii'cliick  ill  ilii> 
iiiailii  lit'  iiaHsJiii;  at 
II'  real  ail('iii|il  ivih 
aliiiil  eii'ar  MrCiiw- 
I  ivrit.'  ili'lciiili'il  liy  a 
iili'il  by  (ii'iii'ial  |)n- 

I  tliriiiii:li  till-  liviT 
Is   Willi',  anil   aliiiiit 

iiiislaiil  till'  iViiiii  ilii- 
vitliiiiil  ri'liii'iiini;  ii 
lassai;!'.  'I'lii'  liulil 
lii'H,  as  siiiiii  as  tliry 
Aiiii-ricans.  (inii- 
I'r  of  llii'  laltcr,  was 
militia  tliiiiiii;limit 
vi'ri'  ili<i|iiriliMl,  anil 
iili'il  til  lake  iir  kfrfi 
ii'li  <Milli'rli'il  iiliiint 
tarki'il  and  ilisjiris- 
ii'liin.  All  till'  liirils 
'  nival  army  I'riissril 
iliiiii.  Till'  |)assa<;i! 
till"  Aiiii'iirans  rnn- 
li  to  imisiii'.  'Pill! 
mi'iils,  i'missimI  tin; 
inly  liy  Ciinliiii;,  on 
Ki'liniarv  ;  ami  si'- 
siili".  'i'limis;li  ilii! 
ar,  yi'l  tlii'  want  of 
till'  liver  f'liini  pir- 
;  iiii|>iissilili'.  This 
s  (Minsidt'ri'il  liv  rill* 
cr,  lliiK  llii'ir  1  aiisii 

II  lliry,  ill  Iwii  siiu- 
•I'l  llirir  |iassai;i', 
I'i'W  mill's  in  ihcir 
ssi'il  ihi'  rrliiiimis 
siirli  si'iilimi'iits  111' 

111  llii'ir  t'xcrliiins, 
iloiici'. 

I  llii'ir  (list  si'lirmo 
li^t'il  lo  rriiss  al  lliii 
as  ciiiii|.'li'li'il,   ilui 
iiriiiy  maili!  a  jiiiii' 
the  scvi'iillinr  l''rli 
I  lilarii.  llii'ir  rum 

III  lliii  llrilisli.  iliiii 
I  any  |irii|irii'ly  risk 
'il  a  ciiiinril  iilnr- 
rcil  in  opininn.  thai 
n,  anil  tii  avniil  an 
itimI.  fjoril  Ciirn- 
'  III'  tlin  Aiiicricaii 
iiiliclwi't'ii  (ii'iii'ral 
his   retiTal,   iiiicr- 

I'lminis.  atiil  iihlige 
iilvaiitaijes.  Willi 
lie  iipiiur  ciiiinlry, 
rdalilK  ;  sii|i|iiiH:ni! 
'ant  or  a  siiiriciuul 


riiltnlirr  nl'  lliiis,  cmilil  nut  iniiko  pioil  their  I 
tmssii[;ii  ill  till'  ili'r|i  v\iili'r  lii'liiw,  or  in  rasii  nl' 
iliiiir  aili"iii|itiii;;  it,  lir  i'X|iri'lril  In  n\i'rlaki' 
iiial  rmrii  lliriil  to  iirlinu  linliirn  lliry  ciiiiM 
nnss.  ill  tills  nxiii  I'latlnii  tin  was  iliTi'lvcil. 
(Jriii'iiil  (Ji'i'i'iii'i  liy  fTiiiiil  liiaiiii;^i'mrnl,  clii- 
ili'ii  Ills  lnrilslii|i.  Till'  Uritlsli  iirj;i'il  llinir 
|iiirsiiil.  wllli  sn  miii'li  ia|ilillly.  tlial  llir  Aiiinrl- 
('aiilii;lil  tl'nii|is  wnrn  (in  tlir  I  llli  ('niii{irlli'il  In 
rrliri' ii|i\varilsnr4U  inilis.  liy  llii'  iiinsi  liuli'. 
r.ili^alilii  I'M'TliiiiiH  ^cnrral  ( i  I'l'i'iir  liinl  lliat  ilav 
traiis|inili'il  Ills  army,  iirlllli'i'V  mnl  lia^i;au'i'. 
nvrr  tin'  rivrr  IJiiii  iiitn  Vlri^inia.  So  lajilil 
WIS  iliii  |iiir.siilt,  iiiiil  sn  iiaiTiiw  tin-  i's('a|ii',  llial 
tin;  vim  nl'llii'  |iiirdiiiiif;  Itrltisli  just  urrlvi'il  iis 
till"  rear  of  tlin  Aliii'l'lrans  liinl  rrnssril.  Tlin 
iiai'iUlilliM  iiirIiIIIIIimiIiIi'S,  wIiIi'Ii  till'  inyal  iiriiiy 

liail  iiinli'i'i;niii>  in  this  inarrli,  wnrc  rxc ii'ii 

liy  tliii  iiinrtilic.'ilioii,  llial  nil  tlii'Irtnils  iiiiil  I'x- 
rrtliins  wnrn  in  nn  |Mir|iiis('.  I'liny  cnnri'h  I'll 
il  iirxt  III  iiii|iiissilili'  tliat  i^rnrral  ( ii'i'rni'  cniilil 
('sra|i(i,  wllliniit,  I'lTrivliif^  a  lii'clslvn  lilnw. 
'I'lii'V  llirri'liiri!  iilii'i'rl'iilly  siiliinltli'il  In  liilli- 
(  nllli'S,  nl'  wliidi  lliry  wlin  rfHiilr  in  ciillivnli'ij 
(!niinlrli'.s  c.iin  liiriii  im  mli'ijiiati'  ideas.  Alini' 
siiriiiniiiitiii^  inci'i'iillili'  lianlsliijis,  wlicii  limy 
iaiicli'il  lliniiiselvi'S  wlllilii  f^l'iis|i  nC  tlii'ir  ilijiTl, 
tlii'V  iHscnvcnMl  tliiil  nil  tln.'li'  lin|n','  wcrr 
Llasii'il, 

'I'lii'  (^niitini'ntiil  iii'iiiy  lininj;  ilriviii  niif  nt' 
Nni'lli  Oai'nlliia,  curl  ('nriiwiillis  tliniii,'lil  tlin 
n]i|inrliiiilty  ravniinilili'  I'nr  iissi'iiililln';  ilin  Inv- 
iilisls.  Willi  this  vii'W  hi'  li'I'l  tin'  Dan,  iinii 
|ir I'di'il    tn    illllslini'niiLrli.     On    lii.s  iirrival 


tlirrn,  lin  nrurti'ii  tin;  kln^''s  sliiinlaril 


I' 


ill- 


lislii'il  II  priirlaniallnii,  Inviliii;^'  all  Inviil  siili- 
ji'i'ls  til  n'|iair  in  it  witli  llii'li-  anus  iiml  Inn 
il  lys  prnvislnn,  iiiiil  iissiu'iii^  llii'iii  nl'lils  ri'iiil- 
iiii'iis  tn  ennciir  wllli  tlii'iu  in  I'lli'rliial  inrasiiri's 
t'nr  sn|i|i|-i'ssliii,'  tlin  i-rinaiiis  nl'  ri'lji'llinn,  iinil 
fill'  till'  rn-rslalilisliiiii'lil  nl'  ^jmicl  niilnr  anil  rnn- 
stlliiliniial  ijnvi'rniiii'nt.  Snnii  atlrr  llin  kliiir's 
slaiiiiaril  was  iTccti'd  at  lllll,sl)ni'nni;h,  sniiir 
liii III! rrdsnf  till' iiilialillants  null'  Inin  tin'  Itrltisli 
('ain|i.  Tliev  si'i'ini'd  In  Im  vitv  ili'slrniis  nl 
[ii'ai'i',  liiit  avci'si'  tn  any  rn-n|irratlnn  I'm'  prn- 
rnriiif;  it.  Tiiny  ackniiwli'dfii'd  tlii'  cnnlint'ii- 
tals  wiTi'  rimsfd  niitnl'lln'  |ii'nvliM'i',  Init  I'X- 
pn'sscd  llii'ir  aiipi'i'liriisiniis  that  llicy  wniild 
sunn  ri'tiini,  and  nn  tin'  wlinli'  ili'rlini'il  tn  taUn 
buy  drcidi.'d  |iarl  in  iicaiisi,'  wliirli  yet  appi'iir- 
ed  daiii^i'i-oiis.  NntwillislainlliiLr  llm  inilllli'i-- 
I'nci!  nr  tlinidity  nt'  llin  Inyalists  near  liills- 
linrniij;;li,  Inrd  ('nniwallls  Imped  I'nr  siilistaiitlal 
aid  rrniii  the  Inhaliilanls  lietweeii  Maw  and 
Deep  I'ivor.  ]  fi;  thiTeliii-e  delaehed  lienlen- 
iiiil  cnlnnel  Tarletnn  with  'li'iO  men,  In  (^ive 
rniinlenance  tn  the  rriends  nf  rnyal  f,'nvermiieiit 
III  that  district,  (ii'i'ene  lieiii^  int'iirined  thiit 
many  of  the  inhaliitaiils  had  Jnlned  his  !nnlslil|), 
and  that  they  were  repairinij;  in  j^reat  iiiiiiiliers 
tn  liiaUe  their  snliiiiissinn,  was  ap|irelmii,slve 
that  unless  soiiio  .s|)ii'iled  measure  was  iniine- 
dlately  taken,  the  wlinle  cniintry  wniild  ho  Inst 
to  till!  Anieric.iiis.  He  therefnre  concluded, 
nt  every  liazanl,  to  rocioss  the  Dan.  This  was 
done  hy  the  lli;ht  trnnps,  and  these  on  the  next 
day  were  fnllnwed  liy  the  main  liody  accniii- 
panied  with  a  liri^ade  of  Viririiiia  militia.  Im- 
mediately after  the  return  of  the  Americans  to 
North-(jarollna,  some  of  their  li-^ht  trnnps, 
cominandi.'d  hy  general  I'iekens  and  lieutenant 
3ol(inel  Lee,  were  detached  in  ]mrsiiitof  Tarh.'- 
ton,  who  had  lieen  smit  to  encourage  the  in- 
surrection of  thu  lo^'alista.  Three  hundred 
and  fifty  of  llieao  tones,  commaaidcJ  by  colo- 


tii'l  I'yie,  when  on  ihelr  way  tn  jnlii  the 
llritish,  fell  in  with  this  llL;lit  Aiiierlrim  party, 
and  llllslnnk  llirlll  I'nr  the  rnyal  delai'lilni'lll 
sriitliir  their  siippnil.  'I'lm  Aiiierlciiiisallaik- 
eil  ihein,  laliniiriii!^' under  lliis  mistake.  In  (.;reiit 
adviinla;,'i'.  Mini  cut  llieiii  down  as  limy  were 
eryiii!;  nut.  "(ind  save  the  kin^',"  and  ma 
kiiii,'  prnlenlalinns  nf  their  Inyaltv.  Natives  nf 
llie  Iil  ill.-h  enlnnms  whn  were  nt  this  rharaeter, 
iiinre  rarely  fniind  iiii'rry  than  I'Jiirnpean  snl- 
illers.  'I'liey  were  ennsldered  hy  the  wlii;^' 
Americans  ns  lieiiii^'  cowards,  whn  nut  nnly 
wanted  »pirlt  tn  defend  their  I'niistltntiniial 
ri;,dils,  hut  whn  iiiinaliirally  cn-nperiited  with 
slraii;_'ers  in  (ixliii,' the  chains  nf  tnreifiii  dniii- 
inalinii  nn  lliemselves  and  cmintrymen.  Many 
nl'tlmni  nil  this  nccasinii  sulli'red  the  extreinlly 
nf  mllllary  vengeance.  Tarletnn  was  refresh- 
ing his  leginii,  iihniit  a  mile  frnin  this  scene  nf 
sliiiighter.  Iipiiii  hearing  the  alarm  he  re- 
crnssed  the  Haw  and  returned  tn  lllllslinrniigh. 
On  his  retreat  he  cut  down  .several  nf  the  rnv- 
allsls,  as  they  were  advancing  In  jniii  the  Hrit- 
ish  army,  mistaking  lln  iii  I'nr  the  rehel  mllirlii 
nf  the  cniintry.  These  events,  tngether  with 
llm  reliiru  nf  the  .\iiieilciin  army,  nverset  all 
the  schemes  nf  Inrd  ('nriiwalllM.  The  lide  nf 
piililic  si'iillinent  was  nn  lunger  in  his  liivniir. 
The  recriiltin(.rservice  III  hehalfnl'thernyiil  army 
wasentiri  ly  sinppeil.  The alisencenf the  Amer- 
ican aiiiiy,  fur  niie  fnrtiiif^ht  lunger,  ini;;hf  have 
turned  the  scale.  The  advnciites  I'nr  rnyal 
^ivernment  lieing  dlscniiniged  hy  these  nil- 
verse  acciileiits,  and  lieliii,'  iilsn  Ltelierally  deli- 
I'ieiit  ill  that  ardent  -/.eiil  which  characterised 
the  patriots,  cnnid  lint  he  induced  tn  act  with 
cinlideiK'e.  They  were  sn  dispersed  iiver  a 
large  extent  of  a  thinly  sellled  cniintry,  that  II 
was  dilllcnll  liihrlngthemtniinile  iniiny  cnmmnii 
plan.  They  had  nn  .'^iiperiiilending  Cnngress 
In  give  syslem  nr  cniicert  tn  their  schemes. 
While  each  Utile  district  pursued  scpariite 
ineasiires,  all  were  nhliged  tn  siihmit  tn  the 
.American  gnveriimenls.  Xiimhers  nf  them, 
whn  were  nn  their  way  tn  jniii  Inrd  Coriiwal- 
lis,  .struck  with  terrnr  at  the  unexpected  re- 
turn nf  the  American  army,  and  with  the 
unhappy  file  of  thi.'lr  hreihreii,  went  linine  tn 
wait  events.  Their  piiliiy  WH-s  nf  that  timid 
kind,  which  dlspnsed  tiiein  tn  he  tiinre  atten- 
tive tn  persnnal  safi'ly,  lliaii  tn  the  success  of 
eliher  army. 

Tlinii;_di  general  (Ireene  had  recrnssed,  his 
plan  was  nut  In  venture  upnn  an  linmediale  ac- 
tlnn,  hut  tn  keep  alive  the  murage  nf  his  par 
ly — In  ilepress  that  nf  the  Inyailsis,  and  tn  har- 
rasM  the  foragers  and  detachmeiils  nf  the  liril 
ish,  till  reinfnrcements  slinuld  arrive.  W'hili 
(ireene  was  unei|ual  even  tn  defensive  npera- 
tiniis,  he  lay  seven  days  \\  illiiii  ten  miles  nf 
Cnniwallis'  ciimp,  hiit  took  a  new  |insitiiin 
every  night,  and  kc;  '  'l  a  ]irnliiund  secret 
where  the  next  wa'  :■  'a  .  Uv  such  freipienl 
mnvements,  lord  Coriiuullis  could  not  gain  in- 
telligence of  his  situation  in  time  tn  prnlit  hy  it. 
He  maniiiiivred  in  this  manner  tn  avnld  an  ac- 
tinn,  t'nr  three  weeks,  during  which  time  he 
was  nf'teu  nhliged  tn  ask  hread  from  the  cnm- 
moii  snldlei.s,  having  iinne  nf  his  own.  J?y 
the  end  of  that  period,  two  hrigades  nf  militia 
frnm  North-Carolina,  and  one  from  Virginia, 
together  wllli  fnur  hundred  regulars  niised  for 
eighteen  innnths,  jnined  his  army,  and  gave 
him  a  superiority  ofiiumhcrs.  Ho  therefnre 
dotcrmincd  no  loneer  to  avoid  an  cngngrment. 
Lord  Cornwallis  Having  sought  for  this,  no 


longer  delay  tnnk  placi'  on  either  nide.  The 
American  army  cniisisled  ef  aim.'  I  I'lO  men 
nf  which  mine  than  nne  half  were  mllltlii. 
The  Itrlllsh  nf  llhnllt :.' I(l(l,cliielly  Irnnps  ernwil 
vi'teraii  in  vlclniles.  The  fmiiier  was  drawn 
up  in  three  lines.  The  i'lnnt  cniiipiised  nf 
Nnrlli-Ciirnlina  inililla,  ihe  'eciilid  nf  \'lrginla 
militia,  the  lliiril  and  last  nt  ciintlnenlal  trnnps, 
ciimmaiided  hy  neiieriil  II  iiijerand  cnlnnel  W  II- 
llams.  .'Mierii  liriskcannnnailein  ti'onl  I  lie  I'liitish 
ail VII need  Inlhree  cnhimns.  The  I  le-.-ians  nn  ihe 
riL;ht.thegiiards|n  I  he  cent  re,  a  ml  I leuleniint  cnl- 
nnel Welisler'shrigade  nnlhe  left,  and  at  lacked 
the  frnnf  line.  Tills  i,'ave  way  when  llielr  adver- 
saries were  at  the  dlstaiice  nf  I  III  yards,  and 
was  nccasiiiiii'd  iiy  tiie  inisi'iindiict  nfa  cnlnnel, 
whn  on  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  called  nut  In 
an  nllicer  at  sieiie  dlHlance  "liiiil  he  wniild  lie 
surrnunded."  'I'iie  alarm  was  siillii  ieiil  : 
wllhniit  inipiiring   liiln   tlie  prnlialiillly  cf wliiit 

had    1 n   injuillclnusly    su;.'gesteil,  llie  militia 

precipiliilely    ipillled    the  field  :    As   nne  good 

nllicer  may  sntnetlmes  mend  llie  liii fiilliiirs, 

sn  the  misciiiiduct  nfa  had  nne  may  iiijiin?  a 
wiinle  army.  I'ntrained  men  when  nn  the 
lield  are  siinlliir  tn  each  nlimr.  The  dllli'ieneo 
nf  tiielr  cnndiict  depends  much  nii  incidentiil 
circumstances,  iind  nn  nnne  more  tlian  the 
inaniier  nf  tiieir  heiiig  led  nn,  and  the  ipiiillty 
nf  the  oHlcers  hy  w  iiniii  tiiey  are  cninmaiided. 
T!ie  N'irginia  mllllia  flnnij  their  frrniind,  anil 
kept  lip  tlieir  tire  till  tiny  were  oidered  to 
retreat,  (ielieral  Stevens,  liieir  cnnimaiider, 
iiiiil  pnsted  'ID  rilleman  at  i'i|iiai  dislance.<<, 
twenty  paces  in  the  rear  nf  liis  hrigade,  with 
nrilers  In  sliiint  every  man  who  should  leave 
his  pnsl.  That  lirave  nllicer,  liiniigli  wniinded 
thrniieh  the  tiiluli,  did  nnl  ipiil  tlm  lield.  The 
contiiienlal  trnnps,  were  last  engaged,  and 
m.'.ililalneil  llie  innlliit  with  great  spirit  I'nr  an 
linnr  and  a  half.  i\\  length  the  discipline  nf 
veteran  trnnps  eaiiii'd  the  day.  I  hey  hroko 
till'  second  .Maryland  hrigade,  turned  the 
American  left  think,  and  gnl  in  reiirnftim  V'ir 
j.'lnla  hrigade.  They  appeared  tn  he  gaiiiin|T 
<  ireene's  right,  which  wmild  have  encircled  the 
whnle  nf  the  continental  Irnnps,  a  retreat  was 
therefnre  nrdered.  This  was  made  in  gnnd 
nriler,  and  nn  farther  than  ever  llie  reedy  fnrk, 
a  ilislaiice  nf ahniit  three  miles,  (ireene  hal- 
ted tiiere  and  drew  up  till  he  had  cnllecteil 
must  nf  the  strag^'lers,  and  then  retired  In 
Speedwell's  linn  wiirks,  ten  miles  dislant  frnm 
(inilfnrd.  The  Americans  Inst  I  pieces  nfar- 
lillerv  and  twn  amtniinltlnn  wiignns.  'J'ho 
viitnry  cost  the  lirllisii  dear.  'J'heir  killed 
ami  wniinded  aiimniiled  In  several  liutidreds. 
The  guards  Inst  cnlnnel  Stuart  and  three  cap- 
tains liesldes  siihallerns.  "nlnnel  Welister,  an 
ntlicernfdirlingiiisiieil  merit,  died  nf  Ills  wniiiids 
tn  till'  irreat  regret  nf  the  whnle  rnyal  a;my. 
(lenerals  O'Hara  and  Hnwaril.aiid  lieutenant 
cnlnnel  'J'arleinn,  were  wnunded.  Ahniit  .'iOO 
nf  the  cniitinontals,  and  one  hundred  of  the 
Virginia  niililia,  were  killed  or  wnundeil. 
Among  the  former  was  riiajnr  Anderson  nf  llm 
Maryland  line,  a  nmsl  ^,lluallle  nllicer,  nf  llie 
latter  were  generals  Hiiger  and  Stevens.  'J'he 
early  retreat  nf  the  Nonii-Carnllnlans  Favcd 
them  from  much  loss.  The  American  army 
sustained  a  great  diminution,  hy  the  inimernii." 
fu"itive.s  whn  iiutead  nfrejnining  the  ramp 
went  to  tiicir  hnmes.  Lnril  fViriiwallis  suf- 
fered so  much  tliat  he  was  in  no  condition  to 
improve  the  advantages  he  had  gained.  Thn 
Bntiah  had  only  the  name  the  Americans,  aU 


HISTORY   OF   THF, 


476  

tln!  (Tooil  rfiiiKi'i|iiri.<«'g  i(f  II  victory.     Onnnnil  I  ntulo,  Siinitor    wnH   j  :)wci('iillv    siippcirtcd  liy 

ooloMcls  Nicl,  Lncy,  Hill,  \Viiic,  Uriillori, 
ISi'uiiildii,  1111(1  (ilht'i'M.ciu  li  (iI'n\Iiiiiii  Ih'M  riiililiii 
fonirriissiorid,  nnil  liiid  iiiiiny  liii'iids.  In  tlir 
niiitli-castcrn  extremity,  Miirioii  received  in 
liki'  niiiiiner  fjreiit  nssiMtiinre  from  the  netive 
exertinna  (if  coloiieln  I'eler  Horry,  and  Hii|,'li 
Horry,  lieiiteniiiit  eolonel  ,101111  Uiixter,  rolonel 
.Tiinies  J'oslell,  iniijor  Juliii  I'ostell,  uiid  miijor 
Joliii  .lutnes. 

The  inhnhitnnts,  either  ns  nd'eelion  or  vicini- 
ty induced  them,  arranged  themselves  under 
mime  oCihe  militia  oflirers  and  performed  many 
piillant  enlerprizes.  These  singly  were  of  too 
little  coiiseqiience  to  merit  a  particular  reliition, 
hut  in  general  they  disjihiyed  tlie  determined 
spirit  of  the  people  and  emharrassed  the  Brit- 
ish. One  rn  which  major  .John  Postell  com- 
manded mny  serve  as  an  illustration  of  the 
spirit  of  the  times,  and  particularly  of  the  in- 
difl'erence  for  pro])rrty  which  then  prevailed. 
C"a])tain  James  de  I'eyster  of  the  royal  army, 
with  2f>  grenadiers,  having  taken  po.st  in  the 
house  of  the  miijor's  father,  the  major  posted 
his  small  command  of  21  militia  men,  in  such 
positions  as  commanded  its  doors,  and  ileman- 
ded  their  surrender.  This  lieing  refused,  he 
set  fire  to  an  out-lioiise,  and  was  proceeding  to 
hurn  that  in  which  they  were  ))ostcd,  and  noili- 
ilig  hut  the  immediate  suhmission  of  tlie  \vl 
]iarty  restrained  him  from  smriticingliis  futlier'H 
valinilile  property,  to  gain  an  advantage  to  his 
country. 

While  lord  Cornwallis  was  preparing  to  in- 
vade  Virginia,  general  (Jreene  determined  to 
re-commence   otU'iisive   rnililiiry   operations  in 
'the   soulhern  extreme    of  the   confedeiarv,  in 


Oreeiie  retrr-ulcd,  and  lord  Cnrnwallis  kejil  the 
field,  liut  nolliwitlislandiiig  the  Kritish  inlerest 
ill  Nortli-Curolina  was  from  that  day  ruined. 
Soon  al'li'rihis  action,  lord  Cornwallis  issued  u 
jiroclatnalicui  setting  forth  his  complele  victory,  | 
and  calling  on  all  loyal  siilijects  to  stand  forth,  and  | 
take  an  active  part  in  restoring  onleran<l  good 
govenirnent,anclofl'eringa])ai<lonandprolectioii 
to  all  rithels,  murderers  exceiited,  wlio  would 
BurrenJer  themselves  on  or  hefore  the  20th  of 
April.  On  the  nextdiiy  after  this  proclamation 
WttB  issued,  his  lordship  left  his  hospital  and  TTi 
wounded  men,  with  tlie  numerous  loyalists  in 
tho  vicinity,  and  began  a  inarch  towards  Wil- 
niington,  which  had  tlie  appearance  of  a  re- 
treat. ISlnjor  Craig,  who  fiu-  the  purposes  of 
co-operating  with  his  lordship,  hud  been  sta- 
tioned at  Wilmington,  was  not  aide  to  open  a 
water  communication  with  tho  Hritish  army 
while  they  were  in  tho  upper  country.  The 
distance,  the  narrowness  of  (^a])e-Fear  river,  the 
commanding  elevation  of  its  hanks,  and  the 
hostile  sentiments  of  the  inhahitanta  on  racli 
side  of  it,  forhade  the  attempt.  The  destitute 
cimditionof  the  British  army,  made  it  necessary 
to  goto  these  supplies,  which  for  these  reasons 
cuuld  not  he  brought  to  them. 

Cteneral  Greene  no  sooner  received  infor- 
mation of  this  movenieiit  of  lord  Cornwallis, 
than  lie  jnit  his  uriny  in  motion  to  follow  hlni. 
As  he  had  no  means  of  providing  for  tin; 
wounded,  of  his  own  and  the  British  forces,  he 
wrote  a  letter  to  the  neighboring  inhabitants  of 
the  Quaker  persuasion,  in  which  lie  mentioned 
his  being  brought  up  a  Quaker,  and  urged 
them  to  take  care  of  the  wounded  on  both  sides. 
His  recommendations  prevailed,  and  the  ]  preference  to  pursuing  his  lordship  into  Vir- 
Quakers  sujiplied  tlie  hospitals  with  every  ginia.  (leneral  Sumter,  wlm  had  warmly  ur- 
conifortin  their  jiower.  ged  this  measure,  was  abnutjhis  time  uuthori- 

The  Americans  continued  the  pursuit  of :  zed  to  raise  n  slale  brigade,  to  be  in  service  for 
Cornwallis  till  they  had  arrived  at  Humsay's  eighteen  months.  He  hud  also  prejiared  the 
niill  on  Deep  river,  but  for  good  reasons  do-  tnilitia  to  co-operate  with  the  returning  conti 
sisled  from  fullnwing  him  any  farther. 

Lord  Cornwallis  halted  and  refi>>slied  his 
nriny  iiu-  about  three  week-^  at  Wilmington, 
and  then  marched  across  the  country  to  Peters- 
burg in  Virginia.  IJelore  it  was  known  that 
his  lordshij)  had  determined  outliis  movement, 
the  bold  resolution  of  returning  to  South-Car- 
olina was  formed  by  general  Ctreeno.  This  ani- 
mated llie  friends  oi'Congress  in  that  (piarter. 
TIad  the  American  army  followed  his  lordship, 
the,  southern  states  would  have  conceived  them- 
selves conquered  ;  fortheirhopesand  fears  jirc- 


plaiii,  covere<l  on  the  soiilii  iiml  eu»t  sides  by 
the  Wiileree  and  a  rnik,  llie  v  eflerii  and 
norlhei'ii  bv  six  ii'dnubls.  Il  wiisdeliiided  by 
(U'd  Itiiwdon  with  abimt  !)(J(I  men.  'I'lie 
Americiin  army,  conNi^ling  only  of  about  an 
eipial  number  of  conlinenlals,  niid  l.clween  I'Ao 
and  three  hundi'cd  mililia,  w;is  uiiei{iiiil  to  the 
task  of  carrying  this  ]iost  by  storm,  or  of  com- 
pletely invesling  it.  (n  neral  (Jieeiie  iheieliiie 
look  a  good  position  iibou:  a  mile  distant,  in 
xpeclallon  of  alluring  the  garrison  out  ollheir 
ines.  Lord  liawdon  armed  his  wlioli'  force, 
and  with  great  spirit  sallied  on  the  S.Oth.  An 
ngngement  ensued.  Victory  for  some  lime 
evidently  inclined  to  the  Atueri<ans,  but  in  the 
progress  ol' the  action,  the  premiiliire  retreiil  of 
two  compaiiies  evi'ninally  occasioned  the  de- 
feat of  the  whole  /  i  army.  Greene 
with  his  usual  Hrnim  n.iy  tookmeosures 
to  jireveiit  lord  lla«..  ..  irom  imjU'oving  ihe 
success  he  had  obtained.  He  lelri'iiled  with 
such  Older  that  most  of  his  wounded  and  all 
his  urtillerv,  together  with  a  number  of  prison- 
ers, were  carried  otl.  The  Ibilish  retired  to 
Camden,  and  llii'  Americans  encamped  iibout 
five  miles  from  llieir  Ibrmer  |iosition.  Their 
loss  was  between  two  and  three  hundred. 
Soon  aflerlhis  action  general  Greene,  know- 
ing that  the  JJrilisli  garrison  i  uuld  not  subsist 
long  in  Camden  wilhmit  fresh  supplies  from 
Charleston  <u'  the  country,  took  sucli  iiosllions 
as  were  most  likely  to  iirevent  their  gelling  any. 
Lord  I'll" t  don  received  a  reinforcelneni  of  t 
or  TiOO  men  by  the  arrival  of  colonel  AV'atson 
from  Pedee.  With  this  increase  of  strength, 
lie  attempted  on  the  next  day  to  comj)el  gen- 
era' Greene  to  anotlier  action,  hut  found  il  to 
be  im|)racticable.  Failing  in  this  design  he 
returned  to  Cumden  ur  '  burned  the  jail,  ml 


Though  lord  Cornwallis  marched  through 
Ninth-Carolina  to  Virginia,  yet  as  the  Ameri- 
can army  returned  to  South  Carolina,  the  people 
considered  that  movement  oi'his  lordship  in  the 
light  of  a  retreat. 

While  the  two  armies  were  in  North-Caroli- 
na the  whig  inhabitants  of  South-Carolina  were 
animated  by  the  gallant  exertions  of  Sumter 
and  Marion.  These  distinguished  parlizans, 
while  surrounded  with  enemies,  kept  the  field. 
Though  the  continental  army  was  driven  into 
Virginia,  they  did  not  despair  of  the  common- 
wealth. Having  mounted  their  followers, 
their  motions  were  ra])id,  and  tlieir  attacks  un- 
expected. With  their  light  troo])s  they  inter- 
cepted the  Britsh  convoys  of  provisions,  infes- 
ted their  out-posts,  beat  up  their  quarters,  and 
liarrassed  their  detachments  with  such  frequent 
alarms,  that  they  were  obliged  to  be  always  on 
their  guard.    In  the  western  extremity  cftbe 


nentals.  With  these  liitces  an  oll'ensive  warwas 
re-commenced  in  South-Carolina,  und  prose- 
cuted with  spirit  and  success. 

Before  Greene  set  out  on  his  march  for  Caro- 
bna,  he  sent  orders  to  general  Pickens,  to  pre- 
vent supplies  from  going  to  the  British  garri- 
sons at  Ninety-Six,  and  Augusta,  and  also  de- 
tached lieutenant  colonel  Lee  to  advance  be- 
fore the  continental  troops.  Tho  hitler  in 
eight  days  penetrated  through  the  intermediate 
country  to  general  Marion's  qiinrters  upon  the 
Santee.  The  main  army,  in  u  few  more  days, 
vailed  just  as  the  armies  marched  nortliorsoutli.  I  completed   their  march    from    Deep    river'to 

Camden.  Tho  British  had  erected  a  chain  of 
posts  from  tho  capital  to  tho  extreme  districts 
of  the  state,  whicli  had  regular  communications 
with  each  other.  Lord  Cornwallis  being  gone 
to  Virginia,  these  became  objects  of  ei:ter])rize 
to  the  Americans.  While  general  Greene 
was  marching  with  his  main  force  against 
Camden,  fort  Watson,  which  lay  between 
Camden  and  Charleston,  was  invested  by  gen- 
eral Marion  and  lieutenant  colonel  Lee.  The 
besiegers  speedily  erected  o  work  '.vhicli 
overlooked  the  fort,  though  that  was  built  on 
an  Indian  mount  upwards  of  30  feet  high,  from 
which  they  fired  into  it  with  such  e.xecution 
that  the  besieged  durst  not  sliow  themselves. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  garrison,  con- 
sisting of  114  men,  surrendered  by  capitu- 
lation. 

Camden,  before  which  tbe  main  American 
army  was  encamped,  is  a  village  situated  on  o 


many  private   houses 
own    baggage.     He 
and  retired    to  the  s 
lordship  discovered  us 
cuiiling  Camden,  as  he 
its  defence.     The  fall 


u  great  di-al   ihI' his 

•vaciiiiled  the  post, 

1  of  Sanleo.     Ilia 

.  .  .1  h  pnidenci;  in  eva- 

liiid  shown  bravery  in 

if  Fort  Watson  broke 


the  chain  of  communlcallon  with  Cliarleslon, 
and  the  position  of  the  American  arms,  in  a 
great  measure  intercepted  sujijilies  from  tho 
adjacent  country.  The  British  in  Soiiih-Cuio- 
lina,  now  cut  from  all  communicallon  with 
lord  Cornwallis,  would  have  hazarded  the  cap- 
ital, by  keeping  large  deliichments  in  their 
distant  out-])osls.  'Jhey  iherefore  ri solved  to 
contract  their  limits  by  retiring  within  the  Sun- 
lee.  This  measure  animated  the  friends  of 
Congress  in  the  extremities  of  the  stale,  ami 
disposed  ihem  to  co-o]ierate  with  the  Amerleun 
army.  While  Greene  lay  in  llio  neigliborliood 
of  Cumden,  he  hung  in  one  day  eight  soldiers, 
who  hud  deserted  from  his  army.  This  hud 
such  eflect  afterwards  that  there  was  no  deser- 
tion for  three  months.  On  the  day  after  the 
evacuation  of  Camden,  the  post  at  Orangeburg, 
consisting  of  70  British  militia  and  12  regulars, 
surrendered  to  general  Sumter.  On  the  next 
day  Forte  Motto  capitulated.  This  was  situa- 
ted above  tin;  fork  on  the  south  side  of  tho 
Congaree.  The  British  had  built  their  works 
round  Mrs.  Motto's  dwelling-house.  She  with 
great  cheerfulness  furnished  the  Americans 
with  materials  for  firing  her  own  house. 
Those  being  thrown  by  them  on  its  roof  soon 
kindled  into  flame.  'The  firing  of  the  house, 
which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  British  works, 
compelled  the  garrison,  consisting  of  166  men, 
to  surrender  at  discreiion. 


UNITED   STATF.n 


477 


111  two  (iiiyii  ninru  the  ISritixh  uvncunteil  llifir 
post  nt  Nclsoii'rt  tl^rrv,  ntul  (Icstni^cd  n  pri'ul 
iiurt  III'  ilicir  sinicH.  On  tin'  iliiy  rcillnwinj^, 
lint  (ii'iiiiliy,  Kurrisdiird  liy  .'iri!i  men,  iiKwlly 
riiyii  tiiililia,  surii'iiiliTi'iJ  to  Urutrimnt  rfiloiicl 
l,(i('.  Vrry  mlviiiilii[;('()\ia  l<  rum  wcii-  pivcn 
tlii'in,  from  an  iiiiprclicnsion  tliiit  lord  Jtiiwdon 
Wiis  miir<'hin(^  to  tlieir  riMii'f, 

'I'lu'lr  hn^;f,'iig<!  wiis  Hrciircd,  in  wliich  was 
incliidi'd  III!  iTiiincnsi!  qmintlty  ornlundcr.  The 
Anicriciin  niililiiry  wen-  rniirli  di!if;ii>li'd  at  tlio 
ti'rins  allowi'd  tlio  piirrlson,  and  dl!'rovi'ri'<l  a 
di«|.o,  ition  to  lirriik  tlic  capitulation  and  kill  llio 
prii<oiHMH  J  lint  (iicrno  rrstrniiird  llicm,  liydn- 
clai'iiij^  in  tlio  most  pivri'mptory  innnner,  tlint 
111)  would  instantly  put  to  iliMitli  any  oiio  wlio 
should  otliu'  violcnci!  to  lliosr,  wlio,  liy  (turrcn- 
diuinij,  wi'i'c  undiu'  liis  protcrtion. 

(iiMicial  Marion  \vitlia|iarly  ol'niilitia,  ninr- 
rliPil  about  tliia  liiiio  to  (irorijfctown,  and  he- 
can  ri'pnlar  approac:hfs  aj^ainst  tlio  Hrilish  post 
111  ihiit  place.  On  tlu;  first  nif^ht  ai'ti^r  his  men 
had  liidkiui  pronnd,  lhi:ir  ailvorsarica  t'Vacua- 
ti'd  tlii'ir  works,  and  rutrralcd  to  Charleston; 
sliorlly  after,  ono  Maeson,  an  inhahitnnt  of 
.Soiitli-('arolina,  who  had  Joined  the  Uritish, 
appeared  in  an  armed  vessel,  and  demanded 
permission  to  land  his  nien  in  the  town.  This 
liclnj^  refiused,  he  sent  a  f(!W  of  (hem  asliore 
and  set  Urn  to  it.  Upwards  of  forty  houses 
were  speedly  redur.i'd  to  ashes. 

In  the  rapid  miinncrjust  related, the  nritish 
lost  six  posts,  and  aliaiidoned  all  tli(.'  north-eas- 
tern extremities  of  South-f'arolitia.  They  still 
retained  possession  of  Auf^ustaand  Xinety-Six, 
in  aildilion  to  their  posts  near  the  sea  coast. 
Imniediatcdy  afterlhesiirrender  of  fort  (Iraiiliy, 
lieutenant  colonel  Lee  hetjaii  his  march  for  Au- 
gusta, and  in  four  d.ays  completed  it. 

The  JJritish  post  at  Silvor-Hlun",  with  a  field 
pieri!  and  coiisideralile  stores,  surrendered  to  a 
di.'tachment  of  Iice's  legion  coinnian<l(^l  hy 
raptiiin  lludolph.  Leo  on  his  arrival  at  Aii- 
frustu  joined  Pickens,  who  with  a  liiuly  of  mili- 
lia  had  for  some  time  past  taken  post  in  the  vi- 
cinity. They  jointly  carried  on  their  approa- 
ches against  fort  Cornwallis  nt  Au^nista,  in 
which  colonel  Brown  commanded.  Two 
hiilteries  were  erected  within  30  yards  of  the 
parapet,  which  overlooked  the  fort.  From 
those  eminences  the  American  rillemen  sliut 
into  tiie  inside  of  the  works  with  success 
The  garrison  linried  themselves  in  a  great  men 
sure  under  grounil,  and  olislinately  refused  to 
capit\ilate,  till  the  necessity  was  so  pressing 
that  every  man  who  attempted  to  fire  on  th 
liesiegers,  was  immediately  shot  down.  At 
li?iigth  when  farther  resistance  wouhl  liavc 
heen  madness,  the  fort  with  aliout  300  men  snr 
rendered,  on  lnir,oralile  terms  of  ca|)itulntion 
The  Americans  during  the  siege  had  aliout  for- 
ty men  killed  and  wounded.  After  the  sur 
render,  licut.  colonel  (Jrierson  of  the  Ilritisli 
iTiilitia,  was  shot  by  the  Americans.  A  re 
ward  of  100  guineas  was  ofiV-red,  but  in  vain, 
for  the  perpetrator  of  the  perfidious  deed. 
Lieutenant  colonel  Brown,  wouhl  probably 
have  shared  the  same  fate,  had  not  his  conquer- 
ors furnished  him  with  an  escort  to  the  royal  gar- 
rison ill  Savannah.  Individuals  whose  pas- 
sions  were  inflamed  by  injuries,  and  exaspera- 
ted with  personal  animosity,  were  ensjer  to 
gratify  rev(uige  in  violation  of  tlie  laws  of  war. 
Murders  had  produced  murders.  Plundering, 
ass:iHsinations,  nrd  house  linrnin^'s,  had  become 
couiinon.     Zeal  for  the  king  or  the  ('onvicss 


were  the  ostonsihle  tnollvesof  action  ;  liut  in  se- 
verolof  both  sides,  iho  love  of  [ilumler,  privnti* 
piipie,  iind  a  saviiL;i ncss  of  disposili'  'i,  h'd  to  ac- 
tions which  \\  ere  disgraceful  to  liuiii.m  nature. 
Such  was  the  state  of  parties  in  the  vicinity  ot 
Snvafiiiiili  ii\er,  and  «iuh  the  exasperation  i  ! 
whigs  against  tories,  and  of  tories,  against 
whigs ;  and  so  <  inch  liad  they  sufl'ered  from 
and  inflicled  on  each  oilier,  thnt  tha  laws  of 
war,  and  the  precepts  of  humanity,  iilVor.led 
but  a  feeble  security  for  the  observance  of  ca- 
pitulations on  either  side.  Thi>  American  odi- 
cers  exerted  themselves  to  procure  to  their 
prisoners  that  safety  which  many  <if  the  inhab- 
itants, iiilluenced  by  ii  rcmenibrance  of  the 
futlyrings  of  themselves,  and  of  their  friends, 
were  unwilling  to  allow  them, 

While   operations  were  carrying  on  against 

the    smull    posts,    Greeiu;  pror (led  with  his 

main  army  nnd  laid  siege  to  Ninety-Six,  in 
which  lieutenunt  colonel  Cruger,  with  iqiwnrds 
f  !"){)()  miui,  was  advantageously  posted.  On 
the  left  of  the  besieg-rs  was  a  work  erected  in 
the  form  of  a  star.  On  the  right  was  a  strong 
blockade  fort,  with  two  block  liouses  in  it. 
The  town  was  also  picipii'tled  in  with  strong 
picquets,  and  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  and  a 
liauk,  near  the  height  of  n  common  ])arai  .t. 
The  besiegers  were  more  numiu'ous  than  the 
besieg(  (I,  but  the  disjiarity  was  not  great. 

Till'  siege  was  jirosecuted  with  indefatiga- 
ble industry.  The  garrison  deti'iided  them- 
selves with  s|)irit  nnd  address.  On  the  morn- 
ing after  th(^  siege  began,  a  Jiarty  sallied  from 
th(;  garrison,  and  drovi-  the  advance  of  the  be- 
siegers from  their  works.  The  next  night, 
two  strong  block  batteries  were  erected  nt 
ill'  distance  of  y.'iO  yards.  Another  battery  20 
I'  •  t  high,  was  erected  within  220  yards,  and 
-joon  after  a  fourth  ono  was  erected  within  100 
yards  of  the  main  fort,  and  lastly,  a  rifle  bat 
t(M-y  was  erected  30  feet  high,  within  30  yards 
of  th(!  ditch  ;  from  all  of  which  tin;  besiegers 
fired  into  the  I>ritish  works.  The  abbatis  was 
turned,  and  a  mine  and  two  trendies  were  so 
far  extended,  as  to  be  within  six  ieet  of  the 
ditch.  At  that  interesting  moment,  intelligence 
was  conveyed  into  the  garrison,  that  lord  Haw- 
don  was  near  at  hand,  with  about  2000  men  for 
their  relief.  'J'hese  had  arrived  in  Charleston 
from  Ireland  after  the  siege  began,  and  were 
inarched  fiirNinety-Six,on  the  seventh  day  after 
they  landed.  In  these  circumstances,  gen- 
eral Greene  had  no  alternative  but  to  raise  the 
seige,  or  att(Mnpt  the  reduction  of  the  jilace  by 
assault.  The  latter  was  attempted.  Though 
the  assailants  displayed  great  resolution,  they 
l"ailed  of  success.  On  this  gen.  (ireene  raised 
the  siege,  and  retreat(?d  over  Saluila.  His  loss 
in  the  nssault  and  jirevious  conflicts  was  about 
150  men.  Lieutenant  colonel  Cruger  deser- 
vedly gained  great  reputation  by  this  succes^j- 
fnl  defence.  He  was  particularly  indebted  to 
major  Greene,who  had  bravely  and  judiciously 
defended  that  redoubt,  for  the  reduction  of 
which,  the  greatest  exertions  had  been  made. 
Truly  distressing  was  the  situation  of  tlie 
American  army.  When  lliey  were  nearly 
masters  of  the  whole  country,  they  were  com- 
|;'>lled  to  seek  safety  by  retreating  to  its  tit- 
most  extremity.  In  this  gloomy  situation 
Greene  was  advised  to  retire  with  liis  remain- 
ing force  to  Virginia.  To  susgestions  of  this 
hind  he  nobly  re]ilii'd,  "I  will  recover  South- 
Carolina,  or  die  in  the   ntti'iupt."      This  distin- 


in  those  ptriloiisexIrcinilicK  when  feeble  niind* 
nhaiidnni d  theni'^i-h  es  to  despair,  ailopted  llio 
only  expedient  now  lefl  him,  that  ofiiMiiiliiir  nit 
eni' iLreimviit  till  ilic  liriiinh  force  ■.lionid  be  ili- 
V  ■'  Lord  Itnwdon,  who  by  r.ipid  iiMiirheg 

near  Ninety-Six  ntllie  tine  of  the-  as.-iiilt. 


pursued  tlleAlnericansa^  til ra'^  I  he  l';noieeri\  cj'; 
but  without  overtiikins  the 


Desisting  from 
this  fruitlc->n  pursuit  1  e  diew  oil' a  part  of  hi« 
fon-<  lioni  Ninel^-.Six,  nnd  lived  a  (letacliniei,t 
III  the  Congaree.  General  <  i  i  i-ciie,  on  hearing 
that  the  British  force  wiisdnided,  faci-d  about 
to  give  them  battle.  Lord  Kawihui,  no  lesii 
surpri/e,l  than  alarmed  at  this  unexpecled 
movement  of  his  lalely  retreating  foe,  abiinihui 
ed  the  Congaree  in  two  days  after  he  had  reach 
t,  nnd  marched  to  Oiaiigebiirgh.  (iineral 
(ireene  in  his  turn  pursued  and  ofii'ii  il  him 
battle.  His  lordship  wiuild  not  ventiiri"  out, 
and  his  adversary  was  too  weak  to  attack  him 
in  his  encamimient,  with  any  ]iros[pcct  o( 
success. 

Beasons  similar  to  those!  which  induced  the 
British  to  evacuate  Camden,  weighed  with 
them  iiboiit  this  time,  to  withdraw  their  troops 
from  Ninety-Six.  Whih'  the  Ami'rican  arniv 
lay  .  arOrangi'burgh, lieutenant  colonel  ( 'ruMur 
ha  ing  evacuated  the  Jiost  he  had  Lrallantly  <!e- 
feni  'd.  was  marching  with  the  troops  oi' that 
gar:  ;s(ii  .  ■lirough  the  forks  of  Edislo,  to  join 
lord  Kawdon  at  Oraiigebnrgh.  (Jeneial 
Greene  being  unable  to  ju'eveiit  iheirjuiictinn, 
and  still  less  so  to  stand  before  their  combined 
force,  retired  to  ihi^hiixli  hills  ol'.'^antr-e.  The 
evacuation  of  Camden  having  been  ellecled  by 
striking  at  the  posts  below  it,  the  same  nian- 
a-uvre  was  now  attempted  to  induce  the  Brit- 
ish to  leave  Orangebiirgh.  With  this  view, 
gi'neral  Sumter  and  Marion,  with  llii'ir  briL'ades, 
and  the  legion  cavalry,  were  detached  to 
Monk's  corner  and  Dorchester.  They  movcil 
down  difl'erent  roads,  and  coiumenced  separate 
and  successful  attacks,  on  convovs  and  deliich- 
meiits  in  the  vicinity  of  Charleston.  In  this 
manner  was  the  war  carried  on.  While  the 
British  kept  their  forces  compact  they  could  not 
cover  the  country,  and  the  American  generiil 
had  the  prudence  to  avoid  fighting.  When 
they  divided  their  army,  their  detachnients 
were  attacked  and  defeated.  M'hili^  they  were 
in  the  u[rp)er  country,  li^iht  parties  of  Ameri- 
cans annoyed  their  small  posts  in  the  lower  set- 
tlements. Till!  people  soon  found  that  the  late 
conquerors  were  not  able  to  nniird  them  their 
promised  iirotection.  The  spirit  of  revolt  be- 
calms general,  and  the  royal  interest  declined 
daily. 

The  British  having  evacuated  all  their  posts 
to  the  northward  of  Santee  and  Congaree,  and 
tothewestwnrd  of  Kdistoconceived  tliemsclves 
able  to  hfild  all  that  fertile  country  which  is  in  a. 
great  measure  enclosed  by  these  rivers.  They 
therefore  once  more  resumed  their  station,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Waterre  and  Congaree 
This  induced  general  Greene  to  concert  far 
iher  measures  fiir  forcing  them  down  towards 
Charleston.  He  therefore  crossed  the  Watireo 
and  Congaree,  nnd  cnllecti'd  his  whole  forc(> 
on  the  south  side  of  the  latter,  intending  to  net 
ofTensively.  On  his  approach  the  British  re- 
tired about  40  miles  nearer  Charleston,  nnd 
took  post  at  the  Eiitaw  springs.  General 
Greene  advanced  with  2OO0  men,  to  attack 
lliein  in  their  encam]Uiieiit  at  this  place.  His 
tciii-e  was  ilrawn  up    iu    two   lines;    The   first 


-'1  I 


ruisliedoirieer,  whose  genius  was  most  vigorous  was   composed  of  militia,  and   the  second  of 


478 


HISTORY    OFTHE 


cor.tinoiitul  troops.  As  tho  Americans  a.lvan- 
I'cd  they  i'oll  in  with  two  parties  of  the  Britisli, 
llirt'u  or  four  lu'ies  a  head  of  tliclr  main  army. 
These  Ijeinij  Irisltly  attacked  soon  retired. 
The  militia  continued  to  pursue  and  fire,  till 
the  action  liccamo  general,  and  till  thoy  were 
obliged  to  give  way.  They  were  well  sup- 
ported hy  the  continental  troops.  In  tlie  hot- 
test of  the  action  colonel  O.  Williams,  and 
luMilenant  colonel  Campbell,  with  the  Mary- 
'iind  and  Virginia  continentals,  charged  with 
trailed  arms.  Nothing  could  surpass  the  in- 
irepidity  of  both  oliicers  and  men  on  this  oc- 
easiiin.  They  rushed  on  in  good  order  through 
a  heavy  cannoiiiide  and  a  shower  of  musketry, 
with  such  unshaken  resolution,  that  they  boro 
down  all  before  them.  Lieutenant  colonel 
Campbell,  wlille  bravely  leading  his  men  on 
10  tliiit  successful  charge,  received  a  mortal 
WDiiud.  After  he  had  fallen,  ho  inquired  w  lio 
gave  way,  and  being  informed  that  the  Hritlsh 
wen;  fleeing  in  all  cpiarters,  replied,  "1  die 
C'.niti'iited,"  and  inunediately  expired.  The 
I'nlisii  wen-  vigorously  ]>ursued,  and  upwards 
(il'.JOOof  them  were  taken  prisoners.  On  their 
retreat  tliey  took  post  in  a  strong  biick  house, 
nuJiua  pietpietled  garden.  From  these  ad- 
vantageous positions  they  renewed  the  action. 
F<;ur  six  ])oimders  were  ordered  up  before  the 
house  from  under  cover  of  which  the  British 
were  tiring.  Tho  Americans  were  compelled 
to  leave  these  pieces  and  retire,  but  they  ,eft  a 
strong  p'.C([uet  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  onlv 
retreated  to  the  nearest  water  in  their  rear.  In 
the  evening  of  the  next  diiy,  lieutenant  colonel 
Stuart,  who  commanded  tho  JSrilish  on  this 
<ieeasion,  left  seventy  of  his  wounded  men  and 
a  thousand  stand  of  arms,  and  mov(!d  from  the 
Ivitaws  towards  Charleston.  The  loss  of  the 
Ibitish,  inclusive  of  prisoners,  was  upwards  of 
I IDI)  men,  that  of  the  .\inericans  above  .500,  in 
which  number  were  sixty  oflicers.  Congress 
honoreil  general  Greene  fiu-  his  good  conduct  in 
this  action,  with  a  Uritish  standard  and  a  golden 
medal.  Tlu-y  also  voted  their  thanks  to  the 
diilereiit  corps  and  their  conunaiiders. 

Soon  after  this  engagcim'nt,  the  Americans 
retired  to  their  tiirmer  position  on  the  hie:h 
hills  <it'Santee,  and  the  liritishtook  ]iost  in  the 
vicinity  ofMonk's-C'orner.  In  the  close  of  the 
year,  general  Cireene  moved  down  into  the 
.owi-r  country,  and  about  the  same  time  the 
I>rili-;h  abandoned  their  out-posts,  and  retired 
with  their  whole  fiirce  to  the  (juarter  house  on 
(Miarleston-ueck.  The  deli'iice  of  the  country 
v.as  given  up,  nnii  the  eon(|uerors,  who  had 
l:it<'ly  carried  their  arms  to  the  I'xtremities  of 
thi"  state,  seldom  aiin(>d  at  any  thi'iginore  than 
t'l  sicure  tluunselves  In  the  vicinity  of  llie  cap- 
ital. The  crops,  which  bad  been  planted  in 
the  spring  of  tlie  year  under  Uritish  auspici's, 
and  with  the  I'xpeclalioii  of  affording  them  s>ip- 


iiave  achieved  so  much  with  ecpial  means,  as 
was  done  by  general  (ireeiu-  In  tho  sliort  space 
of  a  twolvomoiith.  He  opened  tho  campaign 
with  gloomy  prospects,  but  closed  it  with 
glory.  His  unpaid  and  half  naked  army  had 
to  contend  with  veteran  soldiers,  sup|)lled  with 
every  thing  that  the  wealth  of  Britain  or  the 
plunder  of  Carolina  could  pro»;uro.  Under 
all  these  disadvantages,  he  compelled  superior 
numbers  to  retire  from  the  extremity  of  tho 
state,  and  confine  themselves  in  the  capital  and 
its  vicinity.  Had  not  his  mind  been  of  the 
firmest  texture,  he  v/ould  have  been  discoura 
god  ;  but  Ills  enemies  found  him  as  formidable 
on  the  evening  of  a  defeat,  as  on  tho  raorning 
after  a  victory 


ilies,  l"ell  Into  tin-  hands  of  th("  .Vmi 


ericans  ata 


ilmlnisti-rei 


1  to  ll 


liattleof  JMitaw  ni; 


lem  a  seasoiiii 
ly  be  ('(uisu 


ll, 
ll  red 


idief.      Tl 
closii 


tl 


le  niilional    war 


!ith-Cii 


excnrsKUis 


ish, 


id 


were  afterwards  made  by  the  Br 
id 


the  le 
lives.  rims  ( 
Soiith-Carollni 
Br 


uniiry  siiiall  eiiterpr'.zes  were  execii- 
onsei|iience 


ted,  but  iiotliing  of  more  LTeneral  c 


iif 


projierty,  iinc 


lof 


iiiiiiVKliial 


ided    the  campaign  of  1781, 


At   it 


s     ronunenceiiMMit    tli 


ritisli  were   m  force  over  all  the  stiite 


CHAPTKH  XIV. 

Canipuign  of  ITtlt. — Oprmlinr.i  in  Vircinin  :--C^nnnvttlIi:» 
ciiptiired ; — .\cvv  I.  ■tiiion  ilHstroycd. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  lord 
Cornwallls,  soon  after  the  battle  of  Guilford, 
inarched  to  Wilmington  in  North-Carolina. 
When  lie  had  completed  that  niarch,  various 
plans  of  operation  were  presented  to  his  view. 
It  was  said  in  favour  of  his  proceeding  south- 
wardly, that  the  country  between  Wilmington 
and  Camdeii  was  barren  and  of  dilllcult  jias- 
sage — that  an  embarkation  for  Charleston 
would  be  both  tedious  and  disgraceful — that  !i 
junction  with  tiic  royal  forces  in  Virginia,  and 
the  prosecution  of  solid  operations  in  that 
ipiarter,  wmild  be  the  most  efl'eetual  plan  for 
efl'ecllng  ami  securing  the  snbmlssioti  of  the 
more  southern  states.  Other  arguments,  of 
apparently  equal  force,  urged  ills  return  to 
South-Carolina.  Previous  to  his  departure  for 
Virginia,  ho  had  received  information  that 
general  Greene  had  begun  his  march  for  Cam- 
den, and  lie  had  reason  f'ro<n  past  experience  to 
fear  that  If  he  did  not  follow  leni,  the  inhabi- 
tants by  a  second  revolt,  would  give  tli<>  .'\merl- 
ctinarmy  a  superiority  over  the  small  force  left 
under  lord  IJawdoii.  Though  his  hu'dshl])  was 
very  ap]M'eliensIve  of  danperfrom  that  quarter, 
he  iiopi'd  that  lord  Bawdmi  v.'ould  be  able  to 
stand  Ills  ground, ortlial  general  Greene  would 
followthe  royalarmy  to  Virginia, or  intliemost 
favourable  event  he  ilatlorcd  himself,  that  by  the 
coiapiest  of  Virginia,  the  recovery  of  South- 
Carolina  would  be  at  any  time  practicable  His 
liM-dshlp  having  too  much  'irlde  to  turn  back, 
and  preferring  the  extenslv  scale  of  operations 
which  Virijliiia  presented,  to  the  narrow  one 
of  preserving  past  coiiijiiesls,  delerinined  to 
leave  Carolina  to  its  liite.  Before  the  end  of 
April,  he  therefore  jiroceeiled  on  his  march, 
from  Wllmiiiiiton  towards  Virginia.  To  fivour 


tin 


vissaire  < 


iftl 


le  iniiny  rivers, 


with  which  the 


little  or  no  opposition  from  the  dlspersfd  in- 
habitants. In  less  than  a  month  tlie  march 
from  Wilmington  to  Petersburg  was  completed. 
The  latter  had  been  fixed  u]ion  as  the  jilace  of 
rendezvous,  in  a  iirivate  corresjiondence  with 
general  Phillips.  By  this  co.nblnatlon  of  tho 
royal  force  jn-evlously  employeil  In  Virginia, 
with  the  troops  v  lilch  had  marched  from  Wil- 
mington, lord  Cornwallls  was  at  the  head  of  a 
vory  powerful  army.  This  jimctJon  was  scarce- 
ly completed,  when  lord  Cornv.allis  received 
lord  Uawdmi's  report  of  the  advantage  he  had 
gained  over  general  Greene,  on  the  2.1th  oTtho 
preceding  month.  About  the  same  tiniehe  re- 
ceived Infm'ma'Ion  that  three  British  regiments 
had  sailed  from  Cork  Cu-  Charleston. 

These  two  events  eased  his  mind  of  nil 
anxiety  for  South-Carolina,  and  insplre<l  him 
with  brilliant  hopes  of  a  glorious  campaign. 
He  considered  himselfas  having  already  sub- 
dued both  the  Carollnas,  and  as  being  In  a  fair 
way  to  increase  his  military  fiinie,  by  the  addi- 
tion of  Virginia  to  the  list  of  his  concpiests.  By 
the  late  combination  of  the  royal  forces  under 
Phillips  and  Cornwallls,  and  by  the  recent 
arrival  of  a  relnfcircement  of  loOO  men  directly 
from  New-York,  Virginia  became  the  principal 
theatre  of  operations  for  the  renuilndi'r  of  the 
campaign.  The  formidable  force;,  thus  collect- 
ed in  one  body,  called  fiir  the  vigorous  exer- 
tions of  the  friends  of  Independetice.  The  de- 
fensive operations.  In  opposition  to  if,  weie 
principally  entrusted  to  the  Marquis  de  la 
Fayette.  Early  In  the  year  he  had  been  de- 
tached from  the  main  American  army  on  an 
I'xpedlfion,  the  object  of  which  was  a  co-operj- 
fion  with  the  FreiR'h  fleet  in  capturing  geiieraj 
Arnold.  On  the  fiilbire  of  this,  the  Maniuis 
marched  back  as  far  as  the  head  of'Klk.  Tlicro 
he  received  an  order  to  return  to  Virginia  to 
oppose  the  British  forces,  which  had  leceniu 
more  formidable  by  the  arrival  ofa  considerable 
rcinforcemonf,  under  general  Philips.  He 
proceeded  without  delay  to  BIchiiKUid,  aiul 
arrived  there  the  day  before  the  British  reach- 
ed Manchester,  on  the  o]>poslte  side  of  .liinies 
river.  Thus  was  thecapital  of  Virginia,  at  that 
time  filled  with  almost  all  the  military  stores 
of  the  state,  saved  from  Imminent  danger.  So 
great  was  tbi'  superiority  of  niimbeis  on  the 
side  of  the  British,  that  the  Miinpiis  had  before 
blm  a  labour  of  the  greatest  dllllculty,  and  was 
pressed  with  many  enibarrassinents.  In  the 
first  moments  of  the  rising  tempest,  and  till  he 
c<uild  provide  agiiiiisl  Itsiitinost  lage,  he  began 
to  retire  with  his  li'fle  army,  which  consist, 'd 
only  of  about  1000  regulars,  tJdOO  militia,  and 
00  dragoons. 

Lord  C(U-iiwallls  nilvnnced  fremPi'teisburg 
to  .lames  river,  which  he-  crossed  at  Westo-.v  n, 
and  tlienc(>  marching  tiirough  Hanover  county, 
crossed  the  South  Anna  <u-  Piimunhey  river. 
The  niaiiiuis   followed   his   motions,    but   at   a 


countrv  is  mtiu-sc 


cled,  two  boats  wer 


'(■   oiount- 


eil  on  carriai;es  aiul  taken  along  wi 


th  hi 


Th. 


'  s    triiops    iirorrci 


hd 


several    (fays 


without  o-.iposltlon,  and  almost  withiuit  iiitelll- 


lie  Aniencans  niaile   an   altetniit   at 


Swift-C 


reek  iindalierwan 


•ds  at  I'lshl 


1" 
■ek  t( 


stop  their  iiropri-ss,  but  without  any  efli  if.    Tl 


lirltish  took  the  shortest 
on  their   arrival  there  ili 


feat. 


.ftl 


to  Halifax, 
1  sevi'i'al   |ia 


cl.ise  they  durst  not,  but  with  great  pre<'iiiitIoii,!  little    loss    on  l] 


le  .MrienennsaiKl  took  some  stores  Willi  very 


leir    sale. 


The    Boaiioke,  tl 


vent  lire  I  went  V  miles  li-om  Charleston.     H 


but  li. 


istory 


Me 


ew  'iwiuucis  of  toimiiaiiders,  wholcchsivelv  cr  jssed  bv  the  royal  uriiiv 


(ii'rrin,  and  flie 
I 


iiliawiiy  riV(  rs  wen 


■'1 
•(led     dlsta 


Tl 


le    superiority    of    the 


British  army,  especially  of  their  cavalry, which 
they  easily  supplied  with  good  horses  from 
the  stables  and  pastures  of  private  gent. emeu  in 


la,  enabled  them  to  traverse  ll 


direcluuis. 


T^ 


dist; 


le  I'ountry 
lltli 


tl 


lerefore  undertaken.     The 


lilt    extiedilinns 


one  was  to 


Charlotlevllle,  with  the  view  of  caplurii  '  tin 


iilherto  Point  of  !• 


seiiibly    of  the    state 
oik  to  destrov  stores. 


L 


tenant  cohuiel  Tiirleton,  to  whom  the  first  was 

coimiiilled,  suc( ded  so  fiir  as  to  disperse  the 

assembly,   caplui,'  Mveiiof'its  membeis,   ai.d 


4S^' 


,«-=»* 


UNITED  STATES. 


470 


a   llin  dispersed  in- 

I  nioiitli  till-   iimirli 

)lllg  WHSCllIll])loll'(l. 

1111)11  as  'lio  ))liico  iif 
)iT<"S[inn<lciici'  wltli 
r»;iiiiiiinti()ii  of  tli(? 
[iliiycd  ill  ViiLriiiiii, 
miirdicd  fVoiii  Wil- 
viisnt  tlio  licad  (if  n 
juiwljon  was  scarcr- 
^oniwallis  roccivcd 
II'  advaiitafri'  1ip  had 

K',011   tliC  S/Jtll  (if till! 

tlip  same  tiinolir  rc- 

('(■  Hl-ltit^ll  IClilllll'lllS 

JliarU'sUiii. 

I'd   Ills  iiiliid   (if  all 

a,  and   iiispiicd  lilm 

glorious  canipaiiru. 
laving  already  siili- 
iid  as  being  in  a  fair 
"_v  Dime,  Inllie  addi- 
if  his  ron(iiiests.    ]5v 

nival  forces  under 

and  liy  tlie  reeent 
if  loOO  men  direelly 
liocanie  tlie  prinri]ial 
e  remainder  ol'  llio 
le  forec,  thus  eollect- 

the  vigorous  exer- 
lendeiice.  'J"he  dc- 
iposition  to  it,  weie 

the  INfaniuis  de  la 
'ar  he  had  been  de- 
leriean  ariiiv  on  an 
liieli  was  a  eo-opora- 

II  ea])turing  generai 
of  this,   the  Afanpiis 

head  of  Kll;.  Thero 
I'tiirn  to  Virginia  to 
whirli  had  heei'tiiu 
val  of  aeonsideral.jo 

leral    Philips.     Jlo 

to  liiehiiiond,  and 
re  the  liritisli  rearli- 
osite  sale  ot'  .lames 
il  of  Virginia,  at  that 

the  military  stores 
inlnent  danger.  So 
of  nnmheis  on  the 
Manpiis  had  liel'oio 
;t  dillieiilty,  and  was 
rasMneiits.  In  the 
fcnipest,  and  till  he 
most  lagc,  he  l-egaii 
which  consist, 'd 
■;  LHIOO  militia,  and 

cd  fidmPetersl.urg 
rossed  at  W'esto'.v  n, 
.'h  Hanover  coimty, 
:■   I'aninnhey   river. 

motions,  liiit  at  a 
superiority  of  the 
their  cavalry, which 

good  horses  from 
iri\at('  geiiLi'iiicii  in 
raverse  the  country 
distant  expeditions 
The  one  was  to 
•w  of  capliini  '  tlio 
>f  the  state.  ''hi^ 
stroy  stores.      I,ieu- 

wlioiu  the  lirst  was 
r  as  to  disperse  the 
f  its  ineiuLeis,   ai.J 


to  destroy  a  great  qunntity  of  stores  at  and 
near   Charlolteville.     Tlio   other   expedition, 
which  was  committed  to  lieutenant  colonel  Sim- 
co(3,   waa   only    in   )iart    successful,    for   the 
Americans  had  previously  removed  the  most 
of  their   ste-es  troni  Point  of  Fork.     In  the 
course  of  these  miirclics  and  countermarches, 
immense  (luantities  of  property  were  destroy- 
ed, and  sundry  unimportant  skirmishes  took 
place.     The  Uritish  mado  many  partial  con- 
ipiests,  but  these  were  seldom  of  longer  duration 
than  their  encampments.     The  young  marquis, 
with  a  degree  of  prudence  that  would  have 
done  honour  to  an  old  soldier,  acted  so  cau- 
tiously on  tho  defensive  and  made  so  Judicious 
a  clioice  of  posts,  and  showed  so  much  vigour 
and  design  in   his  movements,   as  to  prevent 
aiiv  advantage  being  taken  of  his  weakness. 
In  his  circumstances,  not  to  be  destroyed,  was 
triumph.     He  ellected  a  junction  at  Kacc'0(m- 
ford  with  general    Wayne,   who  was  at  the 
head  of  SOO  Pennsylvaiiians.    While  this  junc- 
tion was  forming,  the  I5ritish  got  between  the 
American  army  and  its  stores,  which  had  been 
removed  from    Kiclimond   to  Albemarle   old 
court-house.     The  possession  of  these  was  an 
object  with    both  armies.     The    mari^uis  by 
fiu'ccd  marches,  got  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
Uritish   army,    when    they    were    two    days 
march  from  Albemarle  old  court-house.     The 
ISrilish  general  considered  himself  as  sure  of 
his  adversary,  for  he  knew  that  the  st(ues  were 
his  oliject;  and  he  conceived  it  impracticable 
I'lir  the  marijiiis  to  get  between   him  and  the 
stores;  but  by  a  road    in    passing  which   he 
might  be  attacked    to  advantage.      The  mar- 
<piis  had  the  address  to  extricate  himself  frflm 
this  dillicully,  by  opening  in  the  night  a  nearer 
road  to  Albemarle  old  court-house,  which  had 
been  long  disused  and   was  much  embarrass- 
ed.    To  the  surprize  of  lord  Cornwallis,  the 
manpiis  fixed  himself  the  next  day  between  the 
liritish  army  and  the  American  stores.      Lord 
Cornwallis,  finding  his  schemes  frustrated,  fell 
back  to  Richmond.     About  tliis  time  the  mar- 
(]iiis'  army  was  reinfiirced  by  Steuben's  troops, 
and  by  militia  from  the    parts  adjacent.     He 
f  illowed  lord  Cornwallis,  and  had  the  address 
to  impress  him  with  an  idea  that  the  American 
army  was   much   greater  than  it   really   was. 
His  lordsliip  therefore  retreated   to  Williams- 
liiirg.     The  day  after   the    main   body   of  the 
Uritish  army  arrived  there,  their  rear   was   at- 
tacked by  ail  Anicricau  light  corps  under  colo- 
nel IJntler,  and  sustained  a  consideralile   loss. 
.'Mioiit   the   time    lord    Cornwallis    reached 
\\  illiamsburgh,  he  received  intelligence  from 
New- York  setting    forth  the  danger  to  which 
llie  royal  army  in  that  city  was  exposed  from 
a  coniliined  attack,  that  was  said  to  be  threaten- 
ed by  tile  I'^renchand  .Vmericans.      Sir  Henry 
Clintiin  therefiire  recpiired  a   detachment  from 
earl  Cornwallis,  if  he  was  not  engaged  in  any 
important  enterpri/.e,  and  recommended  hi  him 
a  healthy  station,  with  an  amph?  defensive  force, 
till  the  daiig'er  of  New- York   was  dispersed, 
liord  Cornwallis,  thinking  it  expedient  to  com- 
ply with  this  rc(|iiisition,  and  judging  that   his 
coniinand  afterwards  would  not  be  adeipiate  to 
inainlain  his  present  position  at  Williamsburg, 
determined  to  retire  to  Porf.smoutb.      For  the 
execiifion  of  this  project,  it  was  necessary  to 
(■idss  .Fames river.     Tliemanpiisdehi  Fayette, 
conceiving  this  to  b(>   n  lavorabli!  opportunity 
I'lr  .iclins;  oflensively,  advanced  ou  the  Uritish. 
tieiicral  Wuyiie,  relying  on  tlej  ml'ormatioii  of 


a  countryman,  tliat  the  main  body  of  the  Brit- 
ish had  crossed  James  river,  pushed  forwards 
with  aboutSOO  light  troops  to  harrass  their  rear. 
Contrary  to  his  expectations,  he  found  the 
whole  liritish  army  drawn  up  ready  to  oppose 
him.  Hu  instantly  conceived  that  the  best 
mode  of  extricating  himself  from  liis  peril  .is 
situation  would  be,  to  assume  a  bold  counte- 
nance, and  engage  his  odversaries  before  ha  at- 
tempted to  retreat.  He  therefore  pressed  on 
for  some  time,  and  urged  an  attack  with  spirit 
before  he  fell  back.  Lord  Cornwalllis,  pcrhajis 
suspecting  an  ambuscade,  did  not  pursue.  By 
tills  bold  manoeuvre,  Wayne  got  oft"  witli  but 
little  loss. 

In  the  course  of  these  various  movements, 
the  British  were  joined  by  few  of  tho  inhabitants 
and  scarcely  by  any  of  tho  natives.  The  Virgini- 
ans for  the  most  part  cither  joined  the  Ameri- 
cana, or,  what  was  much  more  common,  kept 
out  of  the  way  of  the  British.     To  purchase 
safety  by  submission,  was  the  policy  of  very 
few,  and  these  were  for  the  most  iiart  natives 
of  Britain.     After  earl  Cornwallis  had  crossed 
.Tames  river,  he  marched  for  Portsmouth.     He 
had  previously  taken  the  necessary  ste))s  for 
complying  with  the  requisition  of  air  Henry 
Clinton,   to   send    a  part  of  liis    command  to 
New-York.     Bulbefiire  they  sailed,  an  express 
arrived  from  sir  Henry  Clinton  with  a  letter, 
expressing  his  preference  of  Williamsburgh  to 
P(Utsmoutli  for  the  residence  of  the  army,  and 
his  desire  that  (!)ld-Point-Coinfort  or  Hampton 
road  should  be  secured  as  a  station  for  line  of 
battle  ships.     The  commander  in  chief,  at  the 
srme  time,  allowed  bis  lordship  to  detain  any 
part  or   the  whole  of  uie   forces   under   his 
command,  for  completing  this  service.     On  ex- 
amination, Hampton  road  was  not  approved  of 
as  a  station  for  the  navy.     It  Vicing  a  principal 
object  of  the  campaign  to  fix  on  a  strong  per- 
manent post  or  [ilaco  of  arms  in  the  Chesapeake 
fiir  the  security  of  both  the  army  and  navy,  and 
Portsmouth  and  Ham|)ton  road   having  both 
been  pronounced  unfit  for  that  purpose,  York- 
Town  and  (iloiicester  Points  were  considered 
as  most  likely  to  accord  with  the  views  of  the 
roval    commanders.      Portsmouth    was  there- 
fiiri"  evacuated,  and   its   garrison   transferred 
to    York-Town.     Lord     Cornwallis    availed 
himself  of  sir  Henry   Clinton's   ]>ermi3sion  to 
retain  the  whole  forei;  under  his  command,  and 
Impressed  with  the  necessltv  of  establishing  a 
strong  place  of  arms  in  the  Chesapeake,  applied 
himself  with  industry  to  fortlfv  his  new  posts  so 
as  to  rciuh'r  them  tenable  by  his  present  army, 
amounting  to  7000  men  against  any  force  that  he 
supposed  likely  to  be  brought  against  them. 

At  this  jieriod  the  ofiieers  of  the  Uritish 
navy  expected  that  their  fleet  in  the  West-In- 
dies would  join  them,  and  that  solid  operations 
in  Virginia  would  in  a  short  time  re-com:iieiice 
with  increased  vigour. 

While  they  were  indulging  these  hopes, 
count  de  fimsse,  with  a  French  fleet  of  2S  sail  of 
the  line  from  the  West-Indies,  entered  the 
Chesapeake,  and  about  the  same  time  intelli- 
gence arrived,  that  the  French  and  American 
a.  mies  which  had  been  lately  stationed  in  the 
core  northern  states,  were  advancing  towards 
'  'irgiiiia.  Cmint  de  (Jrasse,  without  loss  of 
time,  blocked  up  York  river  with  three  large 
ships  and  some  frlLrates,  and  moiu'ed  tin;  piiiici- 
pal  part  of  bis  fleet  in  Lvnhaveii  bay.  Three 
thousand  two  huiulred  FrencJi  troops,  brought 
ill  this  lleet  from  the  \V'e»t-lndics,  commanded 


by  the  Marquis  de  St.  Simon,  were  dlsemhark- 
ed  and  soon  after  formed  a  junction   with  the 
continental    troops  under   the   iiiar(]iiis    de  la 
Fayette,  and  the  whole  took  post  at  M'illlams- 
burg.     An  attack  on  this  force  was  inteiideil, 
but  before  all  the  arrangements  subservient  to 
its  execution  were  fixed  upon,  let tersofa nearly 
date  in  September  were  re(;eived  by  lord  Corn- 
wallis from  sir  Henry  Clinton,  announcing  that 
he  would  do  his  utmost  to  reiidbrce  the  roval 
army  in  the  Chesapeake,  or  make  every  diver 
slon  in  his  power,  and  that  admiral  Rigliv  was 
hourly  expected  on  the  coa.st.   On  the  reci'lptof 
this  intelligence  carl  Cornwallis,  not   thinking 
himself  justified  in  hazarding  an  eniragemeiil, 
abandoned  the  resolution  of  attacking  the  com- 
bined force  of  Fayette  and  St.  Simon.   It  is  the 
province  of  history  to  relate  what  lias  hap|ieii- 
ed,  and  iiotto  indulge  conjectures  in  the  bo;  •  '• 
less  field  of  contingencies ;   otherwise  it  miuht 
be  added  that  earl  Cornwallis,  by  this  change 
of  opinion,  lost  a  liivorable   opportunltv  of  ex- 
tricating himself  from  a  combination  of  hostile 
force,  which   by  farther  concentration  soon  be- 
came Irresistible.     On  the  other  hand  if  an  at- 
tack had    been   made,   and    that   liad    prov( d 
unsuccessful,   he   would    have   been   charged 
with  rashness  in  not  waiting  fiir  tlie  iiromiscd 
co-operation.     On  the  same  uncertain  ground 
of  conjecturing  what  ought  to  hav;;  Ix'en  done, 
it    might   be    said   that   the    knowledge    earl 
Cornwallis    liad    of  public  afVairs  would  have 
justified  him    in    nbandonlng   York-Town,   in 
order  to  return  to  South-Carolina.      It  seems  as 
though  this  would  have  been  his  wisest  plan; 
but  either  from  an  opinion  that  his  Instructions, 
to    stand   his   ground    were   positive,   or   that 
efl'ectual    relief    was    piobalile,    his    lordship 
thought   jiroper  to   risk   every   thing   on  the 
iss'ii   of  a  siege.     An  attempt   was   made  to 
burn     or   dislodge   the    Ficim  h  ships    in    the 
river,  but  none    to  evacuate   his  posts  at   this 
early  jieriod,  when   that  measure    was   prac- 
ticable. 

Admiral  Greaves,  with  20  sail  of  the  line, 
made  an  efi'ort  fiir  the  relief  of  lord  Cornwalll.s 
but  without  effecting  his  purpose,  ^\'hen  ho 
appeared  olV  thecapes  of  Virginia.  M.de  Cirasse 
went  out  to  iiiect  him.  and  an  indecisive  en 
gagement  took  |ila"e.  'I'he  Uritish  were  willing 
to  renew  the  action  ;  but  de  (Irasse  for  gooil 
reasons  decllni'd  it.  Hlschief  olijecf  in  coming 
out  of  the  capes  was  to  cover  a  French  fleet 
of  eight  line  of  battle  ships,  which  was  expec- 
ted from  IJhode-lsland.  In  conformllv  to  a 
preconcerted  plan,  count  de  liair.is,  comnian- 
derof  this  lleet,  had  sailed  fiir  the  Chesapeake, 
about  tiie  same  time  de  (irasse  sailed  from  tho 
West-Indies  I'oillie  same  place.  To  avoid  the 
Uritish  fleet  he  had  taken  a  circuit  by  Bermuda. 
For  fear  that  the  Ihlllsli  fleet,  might  intercept 
him  on  liisapproa(  h  lothe  capes  of  \'lroinla,  do 
(irasse  came  out  to  heat  hand  for  his  protection. 
While  (ireaves  and  de  (irasse  were  mano'uv- 
rlni;  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake,  count 
de  Barras  passed  the  former  in  the  night,  and 
got  within  the  capes  of  Virginia.  This  gave 
the  fl(  et  of  his  most  christlai.  majesty  a  decided 
superiority.  Admiral  (iicavea  .soon  took  his 
departure,  and  M.  de  Crasse  re-entered  tho 
Chesapeake.  All  this  ilme,  coiiformablv  to 
the  well  digested  |)liiu  of  the  campaign,  iho 
FiTiicli  and  the  Americaii  fiircea  were  march 
lug  throiigii  the  middle  states  on  their  way  to 
N  nrk-iown.  To  understand  in  their  proper 
connexion    the    great    events   shortly    to    bo 


480 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


tlescrlbed,  it  is  necussary  to  go  back  and  trace 
(lie  remote  causes  wliicli  l)roiiglit  on  this  great 
<;oinl)itiiili()ii  ol'  fleets  and  armies  which  j)u'  a 
period  to  the  war. 

Tiie  fall  of  Charleston  in  May  1780,  and  the 
:oni()leto  rout  of  the  southern  American  army 
n  August  i'ollowing,  together  with  tlie  increas- 
ng  iuttbillty  of  the  Americans  to  carry  on  the 
»vu.r,  gave  a  serious  iihirm  to  the  friends  of  in- 
dependence. In  this  low  ebb  of  their  alTairs,  a 
pathetic  statement  of  tlicir  distresses  was  made 
totlieirillustrious  ally  the  king  of  France.  To 
give  greater  ellicaey  to  their  solicita'ions,  Con- 
gress appointed  lieutenant-colonel  John  Lau- 
rens their  special  minister,  and  directed  him 
ufter  repairing  to  the  court  of  Versailles,  to 
urge  the  nect^ssity  of  speedy  and  elTectual 
succour,  and  in  jiarticular  to  solicit  for  a  loan  of 
money,  and  the  co-operation  of  aFrertch  fleet, 
in  allteniptlng  some  iniportaut  enterprise 
agninst  the  eonunon  enemy.  His  great  abilities 
as  an  ollicer,  had  been  often  displayed  ;  but  on 
this  oeciisiou,  the  su|)erior  talents  of  th(!  stati'S- 
ma-i  and  negociator  were  called  forth  into 
action.  Animated  as  he  was  with  the  ardor  of 
the  warmest  patriotism,  and  feeling  most 
sensibly  for  the  distresses  of  ills  country,  his 
wiiole  soul  was  exerted  to  interest  the  court 
«t'  Framu!  in  giving  a  vigorous  aid  to  their 
allies.  His  engaging  manners  and  insinuating 
address,  procured  a  favorable  reception  to  his 
represiiitaticuis.  He  won  the  hearts  of  those 
who  were  at  the  liehn  of  public  alDilrs,  and 
inflamed  them  with  zeal  to  assist  a  country 
whose  cause  was  so  ably  pleaded,  and  whose 
Butl'erlngs  were  so  ])atlu:tlcally  rejiresemed. — 
At  this  crisis,  his  most  christian  majesty  gave 
his  Amerloan  allies  a  subsidy  of  six  millions  of 
bvres,  and  became  their  security  for  ten  mil- 
lions more  borrowed  for  their  use  in  the  United 
Netherlands.  A  naval  co-operation  was 
promlseil,  ami  a  conjunct  expeilitlon  against 
tlielr  commcui  liies  Wiis  projected. 

The  Anieri<an  war  was  now  so  far  involv- 
ed in  the  c(Uise(|U<'nces  of  naval  operations, 
that  a  superior  French  flei-t,  seemed  to  be  the 
only  hinge  on  which  It  was  likely  soon  to  take 
a  fiivonrable  turn.  The  Hrillsh  army  being 
parcelled  in  the  diirereiit  sea  ports  of  the  Uni- 
ted Stales,  any  divlsliui  of  it  blocked  uj)  by  a 
French  fleet,  could  not  ion;^  resist  the  superior 
combined  force,  which  might  be  lirought  to 
operaf<"  against  it.  The  iniinjuls  de  Castries 
who  directed  the  marine  of  Fiance,  with  great 
precision  calculated  the  naval  fiuce,  which  the 
Mrltlsh  could  concentre  on  the  const  of  the 
United  .Stiites,  and  dlsjKised  his  own  in  such  a 
manni'r  as  ensured  liltii  a  superiority.  In  con- 
formity to  these  principles,  and  In  subserviency 
to  the  deslijn  of  "he  campaign,  M.  de  (Jrasse 
sailed  ill  .March  17.^1,  froiii  Ibi'st,  with  25  sail 
of  the  line,  several  thousand  land  forces,  and  a 
large  convoy  amounting  toinore  than  200  sliljis. 
A  siiiiill  part  of  tills  fiirce  was  destined  for  the 
Kast-Iiidles,  but  M.  de(trass(!  with  thi"  greiiter 
part  siilli'd  for  Martlniipie.  The  I'rltisli  fleet 
then  in  the  We.st-liidles,  had  been  jinniouslv 
weakened  by  the  di'parture  of  a  s(piadron  lor 
the  protection  of  the  ships  which  were  employ- 
ed in  carrvlnu  to  Kn^land  the  booty  which  had 
been  taken  at  St.  Kiislatlus.  The  llrltish  ad- 
mirals Hood  and  Drake,  were  delachrd  to  in- 
tercept the  outward  bound  French  fleet  com- 
manded by  ^^.  de  (Jrasse,  but  a  jiinctliui 
between  his  iiirci'  iiiid  I'iglit  slilps  of  the  line 
and  oiiu  of.JO  guns,  which  were  previously  all 


Martinique  and  St.  Domingo,  was  nevertheless 
efTected.  Uy  this  combination  of  fresh  ships 
from  Eurojie,  with  the  French  fleet  previously 
in  the  West-Indies,  they  had  a  decided  supe- 
riority. M.  de  Grasse  having  finished  his  bu- 
siness in  the  West-Indies,  sailed  in  the  begin- 
ning of  August  with  a  prodigious  convoy. 
After  seeing  this  out  of  danger,  he  directed  his 
course  for  the  Chesapeake,  and  arrived  there 
as  has  been  related  on  the  thirtieth  of  the  same 
month.  Five  days  before  liis  arrival  in  the 
Chesapeake,  the  French  fleet  in  Rhode-Island 
sailed  for  tho  same  ])lacc.  These  fleets,  not- 
withstanding their  original  distance  from  the 
scene  of  action  and  from  each  other,  coincid- 
ed in  their  operations  in  an  extraordinary  man- 
ner, far  beyond  the  reach  of  military  calcula- 
tion. They  all  tended  to  one  object  and  at  one 
and  the  same  time,  and  that  object  was  neither 
known  nor  suspected  by  the  British,  fill  the 
proper  season  for  counter-action  was  elapsed, 
rills  coincidence  of  fiivourablo  circumstances, 
extended  to  the  marches  of  the  French  and 
American  land  fiirces.  The  plan  of  ojieratlons 
had  been  so  well  digested,  and  was  so  faith- 
fully executed  by  the  dlfU'rent  commanders, 
that  general  Washington  and  count  UeRocham- 
beau  had  jiassed  the  Ibitlsh  head  (juarters  in 
New- York,  and  were  considerably  advanced 
in  their  way  to  York-town,  before  count  de 
Cirasse  had  reached  the  American  coast.  This 
wasefVected  in  the  following  manner.  Monsr. 
de  lianas,  ap])ointed  to  the  command  of  the 
French  sipiadron  at  New|)nrt,  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton with  despiitches  for  count  de  Rochambeau. 
An  interview  soon  after  took  place  at  Wethers- 
field,  between  general  Washington,  Knox, 
and  du  Porlall,  on  the  jiart  of  the  Americans, 
and  count  th;  Rochambeau  and  the  chevalier 
Chastelleux,  on  the  jiart  of  the  French.  At 
this  Interview,  an  eventual  iilau  of  the  wjiole 
campaign  was  fixed.  This  was  to  lay  siege 
to  New- York  in  concert  with  a  French  fleet, 
which  was  to  arrive  on  tin!  coast  in  the  month 
of  August.  It  was  agreed  that  the  French 
troops  should  march  towards  the  North-river. 
Letters  were  adilressed  by  general  Washing- 
ton to  the  executive  ofllcers  of  New-Hamp- 
shire, Miissachusetts,  Connecticut  and  New- 
■Tersey,  iv(|ulringthi'm  to  fill  npthi'lr  battalions, 
ami  to  hav(!  their  (|Uotiis,  (t'iOO  mllltla,  in  readi- 
ness, within  u  week  of  the  time  they  might  be 
called  for.  Ccuifornmbly  to  these  outlines  of 
the  cnmpalgn,  thi^  French  troops  marched 
from  Rhode-Island  In  .Tune,  and  early  in  the 
following  month  joined  the  American  army. 
About  the  time  '.Ills  junction  took  jilace,  gem^ral 
Washington  miirclied  his  army  from  their 
v/inter  cnciimpmi'iit  near  ]'eeks-kl!l,  to  the 
vicinity  of  Kiiitrsbrldtje.  (leneral  Lincoln 
fell  down  the  Niu'tli-river  with  a  detachment 
in  bouts,  and  took  possession  of  the  ground 
where  I'oit  Inil,'pendenc(>  foiiiierly  stood.  An 
attack  was  made  upon  him,  but  was  soon  dis- 
continued. The  llritish  about  this  timi!,  re- 
tired with  almost  the  whole  of  their  force  to 
York-Island,  (reneral  Washini.;ton  hoped  to 
be  able  to  commence  operations  iignlnst  New- 
York,  about  the  mlihlle,  or  at  fiirlhest  the  lat- 
ter end  of  .Tuly.  I'^hit  botfo;  led  boats  sufli- 
clent  tolninspo'l  .'iOOO  men  ivere  built  near 
Albany,  and  l.rouijht  down  lludson's  river  to 
the  iieiirlibourhood  of  the  American  army  bo- 
re .Viv.  V.ik.  Ovens  were  erected  opposite 
to  St^iten  Island,  for  the  use  of  tin'  l''reiicli 
t.-oops.     Every   movement  wuij  made   which | 


was  introductory  to  the  commencement  of  tlm 
siege.  It  was  not  a  little  mortifying  to  general 
Wu.shington,  to  find  himself  on  the  second  ol 
August  to  bo  only  a  few  hundreds  stronger 
than  he  was  on  the  day  his  army  first  moved 
from  their  winter  quarters.  To  have  fixed 
on  a  plan  of  operations,  with  a  foreign  oflicer, 
at  tho  head  of  a  respectable  force:  to  have 
brotightthot  force  from  a  considerable  distance, 
in  confident  expectation  of  reinforcements  siifll- 
ciently  large  to  commence  efTectivo  operations 
ay  linst  the  common  enemy,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  have  engagements  in  behalf  of  the  states 
violated  in  direct  0])position  to  their  own  In- 
terest, and  in  a  manner  derogatory  to  Ills  jicr- 
sonallionour,  was  enough  to  have  excited  storms 
and  tempests,  in  any  mind  h'ss  calm  than  thiit 
of  general  Washington.  He  bore  this  hard 
trial  with  his  u.sual  magnanimity,  and  content- 
ed himself  with  repeating  his  reqiilsltuuis  to 
the  states,  and  at  the  siime  time  urged  them  by 
every  tie,  to  enable  him  to  fulfil  engiigementj 
entered  into  on  their  account,  with  the  com- 
mander of  the  French  troojis. 

That  tardiness  of  the  states,  which  at  other 
times  hod  brought  them  near  the  brink  of  ruin, 
was  now  the  '"ccideiital  cause  of  real  service. 
Had  they  forward  their   recruits  for  tho 

regular  an.  and  theirquotas  of  militia  as  wiis 
expected,  the  siege  of  New-Yink  would  hiivc 
commenced,  in  the  latter  end  of  .luly,  or  early 
in  August.  While  the  season  was  wastliijj 
away  in  expectation  of  these  relnlbrcemenis, 
lord  Cornwallis,  as  has  been  mentioned,  fixed 
himself  near  the  capes  of  Virginia.  Hlsslliia 
tlon  there,  the  arrival  of  a  reinforcement  of  ."iddO 
(H-rmans  from  Europe  to  New- York,  the  su- 
perior strength  of  that  garrison,  the  fiiiliire  of 
the  states  in  filling  up  their  battnlliuis  and  em- 
bodying their  militia,  and  (jspecially  recent  In- 
telligence from  count  de  Grasse,  that  bis  de- 
stination was  fixed  to  the  Chesapeake,  concurred 
about  the  middle  of  August,  to  make  a  total 
change  of  tho  jilan  of  the  campaign. 

The  appearance  of  an  intention  to  attack 
New-York  was  nevertheless  kept  up.  While 
this  deception  was  played  ofi",  tlie  allied  army 
crossed  the  Norlh-river,  and  ])iissed  on  by  the 
way  of  Philadelphia,  through  the  intermediati.' 
country  to  York-town.  An  attem|)t  to  reduic 
the  IJrltlsh  fiirce  in  A'irglnia  proinlsi'd  success 
with  more  expedition,  and  to  secure  an  object 
of  nearly  equal  importance  as  the  reducllon  of 
New-York.  No  one  can  iiiulertake  to  siiy 
what  would  have  been  the  conse(]nence,  if  the 
allied  forces  hiid  persevered  in  their  original 
plan  ;  but  it  is  evident  li'om  lh(>  event,  tiiat  im 
success  could  have  bi'eii  greater,  or  more  con- 
ducive to  the  establlshmi'iif  of  their  schrniis, 
than  what  resulted  liom  their  operations  in  \  ii- 

gi'lii'; 

While  the  attack  of  New-York  was  in  seil- 
ous  contemplation,  a  letter  from  general  Wash- 
ington, detailing  the  particulars  ol'the  inlendeil 
operaticuis  of  the  campaign,  being  inlerceptid, 
fell  into  till'  hands  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 
After  the  ])lan  was  changed,  the  royal  com- 
mander was  'lo  much  nndi;r  the  liiipresslon  of 
the  intelllgi'nce  contained  in  the  interceptccl 
letter,  that  he  believed  every  movement  towards 
Virginia  to  be  a  feint,  calculated  to  draw  nlT 
his  attention  from  the  deti'iice  of  New-York. 
1  'iider  the  influeii<-e  of  this  opinion  he  bent  \m 
whole  fiirce  to  streii'.'llH'ii  that  post,  and  sntrercd 
the  {''reiii'li  ami  .Anierii'iin  arniies  to  pa  ;s  |i;ni 
without  uijy  molestalion.     A\  hen  the  beat  op 


mmm 


monccmoiit  of  tlin 
rtifying  to  gencrni 

on  tlir,  second  nl 
liumlicds  stronger 
iirniy  first  moved 
i.  To  have  fiNed 
h  a  foreign  oflieer, 
e  foree  :  to  liave 
sider.ablo  distance, 
:"inf()rcenieiitssiifii- 
ilective  operations 
■,  and  at  the  siitno 
behalf  of  tlie  states 

to  tlieir  own  in- 
ngatory  to  his  jicr- 
lave excited  storms 
h'ss  calm  than  thai 
He  Ijore  tliis  hard 
linilty,  and  conti^tit- 
his  re(]iiisitions  to 
inie  urged  them  hy 
i'ullll  engagement 
nt,    witli  tlic   coin- 

)S. 

tes,  which  at   other 

ir  the  brink  of  niin, 

ISO  of  real  service. 

cir   recruits  for  the 

tas  of  militia  as  was 

-York  would  have 

nd  of  duly,  or  early 

ason   was   wasting 

esc  reinl'orcemenis, 

n   mentioned,  fixi'd 

'irginia.      llissitna 

inforcementof  ."KKIO 

New-York,  thesu- 

rrison,  the  liiilnro  ol 

1-  battalions  and  cm- 

!s[iecially  recent  in- 

Grasse,    tlmt  his  de- 

lesapeake,  concnrre(i 

ist,  to   make  a,   total 

cainjtaign. 

intention  to  attack 
'ss  kept  up.  While 
off,  the  allied  army 
nd  passed  on  by  the 
iigh  the  interniediato 
in  attempt  to  redme 
lia  ))romised  success 
to  secui'e  an  oliject 
o  as  the  n'duclicui  of 
n  tmdertake  to  s;iy 
[■  conse<jni"tice,  if  the 
■red  in  their  original 
un  the  event,  tiiat  no 
rjreater,  or  more  con- 
lit  of  their  scheniis, 
leir  operations  in  \  ir- 

'W-Y(U'k  was  in  serl- 
from  geni'ral  Wnsli- 
fidars  ol'the  intended 
II,  being  interceplcil, 
Sir  Ilein-y  Clinloti. 
ged,  the  royal  corn- 
ier the  impression  ef 
(1  in  the  intercepnd 
rv  movement  towanl^ 
Iculaled  to  draw  efT 
fence  of  New-Ymk. 
is  opinion  he  bent  liis 
that  post,  and  suderrd 
n  armies  to  pa  -s  li;ni 
A\lien  the  best  op 


UNITED  STATES. 


481 


portunity  of  striking  at  them  was  eln])scd,  then 
for  the  first  time  he  was  brought  to  believe 
that  the  allies  had  fixed  on  Virginia,  for  tlie 
theatre  of  their  combined  opcratK)ns.  As  truth 
may  be  made  to  answer  the  purposes  of  decep- 
tion, so  no  feint  of  attacking  New- York,  could 
have  beer  more  successful  than  the  real  inten- 
tion. 

In  the  latter  end  of  August,  the  American 
army  began  their  march  to  Virginia,  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  New- York.  General  Wash- 
ington had  advanced  as  far  as  Chester,  before 
lie  received  the  news  of  the  arrival  of  tlie  fleet, 
connnandcd  by  monsieur  do  Grasse.  The 
French  troops  marched  at  the  same  time,  and 
for  the  same  place.  In  the  course  of  this  sum- 
mer they  passed  through  all  the  extensive  set- 
tlements which  lie  between  Newport  and  York- 
Town.  It  seldom,  if  ever  happened  before, 
that  an  army  led  through  a  foreign  country,  at 
so  great  a  distance  from  their  own,  among  a 
people  of  dilfercnt  principles,  customs,  lan- 
guage, and  religion,  behaved  with  so  much  re- 
gularity. In  their  march  to  York-Town  they 
Iiad  passed  through  /iOO  miles  of  a  country 
abounaing  in  fruit,  and  at  a  time  when  the 
most  delicious  productions  of  nature,  growing 
op  and  near  the  public  liighways,  presented 
iiotli  opportunity  and  temptation  to  gratify 
tlaur  appetites.  Yet  so  com|)leto  was  their 
(llsci|)line,  that  in  this  long  march,  scarce  an 
instance  could  be  produced  of  a  peach  or  an 
apple  being  taken,  without  the  consent  of  the 
inhabitants.  Genci.il  Washington  and  count 
Tiochainbeau  reached  Williatnsburgonthe  14th 
of  September.  They  with  generals  Chastellcux, 
(In  I'ortail,  and  Knox  proceeded  to  visit  count 
(le  ( 1  rasse  on  board  his  ship  the  Villo  de  Paris, 
anil  asfrecd  on  a  plan  of  operations. 

The  countafterwards  wrote  to  Washington, 
that  in  case  a  Rritish  fleet  appeared,  "  he  con- 
ceived that  he  ought  to  go  out  and  meet  them 
at  sea,  instead  of  risking  an  engagement  in  a 
confined  situation."  This  alarmed  the  general. 
He  sent  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette,  with  a  letter 
to  dissuade  him  from  the  dangerous  measure. 
'fhis  letter  and  the  |)ersuasions  of  the  marquis 
had  the  desired  eflect. 

The  combined  forces  proceeded  on  their  way 
to  York-Town,  partly  by  land,  and  partly 
down  the  Chesapeake.  The  whole,  together 
with  a  body  of  Virginia  militia,  undei  the  com- 
niaiid  of  general  Nelson,  amounting  in  the 
n'jgregate  to  12,000  men, rendezvoused  i:t  Wil- 
liamsburg on  the  Sotli  of  September,  and  in 
five  (lavs  after,  moved  down  to  the  investiture  of 
Yiuk-Town.  The  French  fleet  at  the  same  time 
moved  to  the  mouth  of  York-river,  and  took 
a  position  which  was  calculated  to  prevent  lord 
C'ornwallis,  either  from  retreating,  or  rcceivinsr 
succtMir  by  water.  Previously  to  the  march 
from  Williamsburg  to  York-Town,  Washington 
gavt!  out  in  general  orders  as  fiillows  :  "  If  tlie 
enemy  should  be  tempted  to  meet  the  army  on 
its  march,  the  general  particularly  erioins  the 
troops  to  |)lace  their  principal  relianc!  on  the 
bayonet,  that  they  may  prove  the  vanity  of  the 
boast,  which  the  Uritish  make  of  their  peculiar 
prowess,  iiideci<lingbattle3  with  that  weajion." 

The  combined  army  Imlti'd  in  the  eveninj-, 
about  two  miles  from  York-Town,  and  lay  oti 
their  anus  all  night.  On  the  next  day  colonel 
Scammell,  an  officer  of  uncommon  merit,  and 
nf  the  most  amiable  manners,  in  approai'liiiiir 
the  outer  works  of  the  British,  was  in(Mtiilly 
wounded  and  l^ken  prisoner.    About  this  time 


earl  Cornwallis  received  a  letter  from  sir  Hen- 
ry Clinton,  announcing  the  arrival  of  admiral 
Digby,  with  three  sliips  of  the  line  from  E  urope, 
and  the  determination  of  the  general  and  flag 
officers  in  New- York  to  embark  5000  men  in 
a  fleet,  which  would  ])robably  sail  on  the  flth 
of  October — that  this  fleet  consisted  of  S3  sail 
of  the  line,  and  that  joint  exertions  of  the  navy 
and  army  would  be  made  for  his  relief.  On 
the  night  after  the  receipt  of  this  intelligence, 
earl  Cornwallis  quitted  his  outward  position, 
and  retired  to  one  more  inward. 

The  works  erected  for  the  security  of  York- 
Town  on  the  right,  were  redoubts  and  bat- 
teries, with  a  line  of  stockade  1.  'he  rear.  A 
marshy  ravine  lay  in  front  of  the  right,  over 
which  was  placed  a  largo  redoulit.  The 
morass  extended  along  the  centre,  whicli  was 
defended  by  aline  of  stockade,  and  by  batteries. 
On  the  left  of  the  centre  was  a  hornwork  with 
a  ditch,  a  row  of  freize  and  an  abbatis.  Two 
redoubts  were  advanced  before  the  left.  Tlie 
combined  forces  advanced  and  took  possession 
of  the  ground  from  which  the  British  had  re- 
tired. About  this  time  the  legion  cavalry  and 
mounted  infantry,  passed  over  the  river  to 
Gloucester.  General  de  Choisy  invested  the 
British  post  on  that  side  so  fully,  as  to  cut  off 
all  communications  between  it  and  the  country. 
In  the  mean  time  the  royal  army  was  straining 
every  n  rve  to  strengthen  their  works,  and 
their  artillery  was  constantly  employed  in  im- 
peding the  operations  of  the  combined  army. 

On  the  9th  and  lOtli  of  October,  tlio  French 
and  Americans  opened  their  batteries.  They 
kept  up  a  brisk  and  well  directed  fire  from 
heavy  cannon,  from  mortars  and  howitzers. 
The  shells  of  the  besiegers  reached  the  shi])s  in 
the  harbor  ;  the  Charon  of  44  guns,  and 
transport  ship,  were  burned.  On  the  10th,  a 
messenger  arrived  with  a  despatch  from  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  to  earl  Cornwallis,  dated  on  the 
30th  of  September,  which  stated  various  cir 
cumstances  tending  to  lesson  the  probability  of 
relief  being  otitaincd,  by  a  direct  movement 
from  New- York.  Earl  Cornwallis  was  at 
this  juncture  advised  to  evacuate  York-town 
and  after  passing  over  to  Gloucester,  to  force 
his  way  into  the  country.  Whether  this  move- 
ment would  have  been  successful,  no  one  can 
with  certainty  pronounce,  but  it  could  not  have 
]>roduccd  any  consequences  more  injurious  to 
the  royal  interest,  than  those  which  result  "d 
from  decliningthcattem|)t.  On  the  other  haid, 
had  this  movement  been  made,  and  th<!  r(  yal 
■\rmy  been  defeated  or  captured  in  the  inf  rior 
coi;ntry,  and  in  the  mean  time  had  Sir  Henry 
Clint.in  with  the  promised  relief,  reached  York- 
Town,  the  precipitancy  of  the  noble  carl  would 
have  been  perliaps  more  the  subject  of  censure, 
than  his  resolution  of  standing  his  ground  and 
n'sisting  to  the  last  extremity.  From  this  un- 
certain ground  of  conjectures,  I  proceed  to 
relate  real  events. 

The  besiegers  commenced  their  second 
parallel  200  yards  from  the  works  of  the 
besieged.  Two  redoubts  whicli  were  advan- 
ced on  the  left  of  the  Rritish,  greatly  impeded 
the  progress  of  the  combined  armies.  It  was 
therefore  proposed  to  carry  them  by  storm. — 
To  excite  a  spirit  of  enmlation,  the  reduction 
ol'the  one  was  committed  to  the  French,  of 
the  other  to  the  Americans,  The  nssailnnts 
marched  to  the  assault  with  nnloadeil  arms  ; 
having  passed  the  nbbalis  and  palisades, 
they  attjcked  on  all  sides,  and  carried  the  re- 


doubt in  a  few  minutes,  with  the  loss  of  8 
killed  and  28  wounded.  Lieutenant  colonel 
Laurens  personally  took  the  commanding 
officer  prisoner.  His  humanity  and  that  of  his 
associates,  so  overcame  their  resentments,  that 
they  sjiared  the  British,  though  they  were 
charged  when  they  went  to  tlie  assault,  to  re- 
member New-London  (the  recent  massacres  at 
which  place  shall  be  liereafter  related)  and  to 
retaliate  by  putting  the  men  in  the  redoubt  to 
the  sword.  Being  osked  why  they  had  diso- 
beyed orders  by  bringing  them  off  as  prisoners, 
they  answered,  "We  could  not  put  them  to 
lentil,  when  they  begged  for  their  lives." 
About  five  of  the  British  were  killed,  and  the 
rest  were  captured.  Colonel  Hamilton,  who 
conducted  the  enterprize,  in  his  report  to  the 
marquis  de  la  Fayette,  mentioned  to  the  honour 
ofhi^-  detachment,  "that  incapable  of  imitating 
xamplcs  of  barbarity,  and  forgetting  recent 
provocations,  tliey  spared  every  man  whoccased 
to  resist." 

The  French  were  equally  successful  on  their 
part.  They  carried  the  redoubt  as-signcd  to 
them  with  rapidity,  but  lost  a  considerable 
number  of  men.  These  two  redoubts  were 
included  in  the  second  parallel,  and  facilitated 
the  subsequent  operations  of  the  besiegers. — 
The  British  could  not  with  propriety  risk  re- 
])eated  sallies.  One  was  projected  at  this 
lime,  consisting  of  400  men,  commanded  by 
lieutenant  colonel  Abercrombie.  He  procee- 
ded so  far  as  to  force  two  redoubts,  and  to  spike 
eleven  pieces  of  cannon.  Though  the  oflicers 
and  soldiers  disjilayed  great  bravery  in  this 
enterprize,  yet  their  success  prt  need  no  es- 
sential advantage.  The  cannon  were  soon  un- 
s|)iked  and  rendered  fit  lor  service. 

By  this  time  the  batteries  of  the  besiegers 
were  covered  with  nearly  a  hundred  pieces  of 
heavy  ordnance,  and  the  works  of  thi;  besieged 
were  so  damaged,  that  they  could  scarcely 
show  a  single  gun.  Lord  Cornwallis  had  now 
no  hope  left  but  from  otti-ring  terms  of  ca))itu- 
lationor  attemptingan  escape.  Hedetermined 
on  the  latter.  This,  though  less  jnacticablo 
than  when  first  proposed,  was  not  altogetlier 
hopeless.  Boats  were  prejiared  to  receive  the 
troo])s  in  the  night,  and  to  trans])ort  them  to 
Gloucester-Point.  After  one  whole  embarka- 
tion had  crossed,  a  violent  storm  of  wind  and 
rain  dispersed  the  boats,  employed  on  this 
business, and  frustrated  the  wholescheme.  Tho 
royal  army,  thus  weakened  by  division  was 
exposed  to  increased  danger. 

Orders  were  sent  to  those  who  had  passed, 
to  recross  the  river  to  Ymk-Town.  Willi 
the  failure  of  this  scheme  tl.o  last  hope  of  the 
Britsli  army  (?xpire<l.  Longer  resistance  could 
answer  no  good  purpose,  anc  might  occasion 
the  loss  of  many  valuable  lives.  Lord  Corn- 
wallis therefore  wrote  a  letter  to  general 
Washington,  re<]nestinga  cessation  of  arms  for 
24  hours,  and  that  commissioners  might  bo 
njipointed  to  digest  terms  of  capitulation.  It 
is  remarkable  while  lieutenant  colonel  Laurens, 
tho  oflicer  emjiloyed  by  general  Washington 
on  tliiH  occasion,  was  drawing  up  these  articles, 
that  his  father  was  closely  confined  in  thn 
tower  of  London,  of  which  earl  Cornwallis  was 
constable.  By  this  singular  combination  of 
eircumstanci>s,  his  lordship  became  a  ]>risoncr 
to  the  son  of  his  own  prisoner. 

The  posts  of  Y<ul<  anil  Gloucester  were 
surrendered  bv  a  ciipiliilation,  the  principal 
articlej  of  which  were  as  follows  ;     Tho  troops 


483 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


«  f.' 


i    ; 


i, 


to  be  prisoners  of  war  to  Congress,  and  the 
naval  force  to  France.  The  officers  to  retain 
their  side  arms  and  private  property  of  every 
kind ;  but  all  property,  obviously  belonging  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  to  be  subject 
•o  be  n^claimed.  The  soldiers  to  be  kept  in 
Virginia,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  to  be 
supplied  with  the  same  rations,  as  are  allowed 
to  soldiers  in  the  service  of  Congress.  A  pro- 
portion of  the  officers  to  march  into  the  country 
with  the  jirisoners ;  the  rest  to  be  allowed  to 
proceed  on  parole  to  Europe,  to  New-York, 
or  to  any  other  American  maritime  post 
in  possession  of  the  British.  The  honour  of 
marching  out  with  colours  flying,  which  had 
been  refused  to  gen.  Lincoln  on  his  giving  up 
Charleston,  was  now  refused  to  earl  Cornwal- 
lis ;  and  general  Lincoln  was  appointed  to  re- 
ceive the  submission  of  the  royal  army  at 
York-Town  precisely  in  the  same  way  his  own 
had  boon  conducted,  about  18  months  before. 
Lord  Cornwallis  endeavoured  to  obtain 
permission  for  the  British  and  German  troops  to 
return  to  their  respective  countries,  under  no 
other  restrictions  than  an  enKao-ement  not  to 
servo  against  r  ranee  or  America.  -He  also 
tried  to  obtain  an  indemnity  for  those  of  the  in- 
habitants who  had  joined  him  ;  but  he  '.\'as 
obliged  to  recede  from  the  former,  and  also  to 
consent  that  the  loyalists  in  his  camp  should 
bo  given  up,  to  the  unconditional  mercy  of  their 
countrymen.  His  lordship  nevertheless  ob- 
tained permission  for  the  Bonetta  sloop  of  war 
to  pass  unexamined  to  New-York.  This  gave 
an  opportunity  of  screening  such  of  them,  as 
were  most  obnoxious  to  the  Americans. 

The  regular  troops,  of  France  and  America, 
employed  in  this  siege,  consisted  of  about  7000 
of  the  former,  and  ,5500  of  the  latter  ;  and  they 
were  assisted  by  about  4000  militia.  On  the  part 
of  the  combined  army  about  300  were  killed  or 
wounded.  On  the  part  of  the  British  about 
500  ;  and  70  were  taken  in  the  redoubts,  wliich 
were  carried  by  assault  on  the  14th  of  Octo- 
ber. The  troops  of  every  kind  ttiat  surren- 
tlered  prisoners  of  war  exceeded  7000  men, 
but  so  great  was  the  number  of  sick  and 
wounded,  that  there  were  only  3800  capable 
of  bearing  arms.  The  French  and  American 
engineers  and  artillery,  merited  and  rereived 
the  liigliest  applause.  Brigadiers  general  du 
Portail  and  Knox  were  both  piomoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  generals,  on  account  of  their  me 
ritorious  services.  Lieutenant  colonel  Gouvion 
and  captain  Rocliefontairie  of  the  corps  of  en- 
gineers, respectively  received  brevets,  the  for- 
mer to  the  rank  of  a  colonel,  and  the  latter  to 
the  rank  of  a  major. 

Congress  honoured  genenU  Washington, 
count  de  Rochambeau,  count  de  Graste  and 
the  officers  of  the  different  corps,  and  the  men 
under  them,  with  thanks  for  their  services  in  the 
reduction  of  lord  Cornwallis.  The  whole  pro- 
ject was  conceived  with  profound  wisdom,  and 
the  incidents  of  it  had  been  combined  with  sin- 
gular propriety.  It  is  not  therefore  wonderful, 
that  from  the  remarkable  coincidence  in  all  its 
parts,  it  was  crowned  with  unvaried  success. 

A  British  fleet  and  an  army  of  7"""  men, 
ilestiried  for  the  relief  of  lord  Corn'  Us,  arri- 
ved off  the  Chesapeake  on  the  24tn  of  Octo- 
lM!r;  but  on  receiving  advice  of  his  lordship's 
Burrendi-r,  they  returned  to  Sandy-hook  and 
New- York.  .Such  wasthi?  fate  of  that  general 
from  whose  gailaiitvy  ami  previous  siirressi-s 
llje  speedy  conquest  of  lliu  southern  Htules  hiul 


been  so  confidently  expected.  No  event  du- 
ring tlie  war  bid  fairer  for  oversetting  the  in- 
dependence of  at  least  a  part  of  the  confedera- 
cy, than  his  complete  victory  at  Camden  ;  but 
by  the  conseijuences  of  that  action,  his  lordship 
became  the  occasion  of  rendering  that  a  revo- 
lution, which  from  his  previous  success  was  in 
danger  of  terminating  in  a  rebellion.  The 
loss  of  his  army  may  be  considered  as  the 
closing  scene  of  the  continental  war  in  North 
America. 

The  troops  under  the  command  of  lord 
Cornwallis  had  spread  waste  and  ruin  over  the 
face  of  all  the  country  for  four  hundred  miles 
on  the  sea  coast,  and  for  two  hundred  miles  to 
the  westward.  Their  marches  from  Charleston 
to  Camden,  from  Camden  to  the  river  Dan, 
from  the  Dan  through  North-Carolina  to 
Wilmington,  from  Wilmington  to  Petersburg, 
and  from  Petersburg  through  many  parts  of 
Virginia,  till  they  finally  sottled  in  Y^ork-Town, 
made  a  route  of  more  than  eleven  hundred 
miles.  Every  ])lace  through  which  they  pas- 
sed in  these  vnrious  marches,  experienced  the 
effects  of  their  rapacity.  Their  numbers 
enabled  them  to  go  withersoever  they  pleased, 
their  rage  for  plunder  disposed  them  to  take 
whatever  they  had  the  means  of  removing,  and 
their  animosity  to  the  Americans  led  them  often 
to  the  wanton  destruction  of  what  they  conld 
neltlier  use  nor  carry  off.  By  their  means 
thousands  had  been  involved  in  distress. 

The  reduction  of  such  an  army  occasioned 
unusual  transports  of  joy,  in  the  breasts  of  the 
whole  body  of  the  people.  Well  authenticated 
testimony  asserts  tliat  the  nerves  of  some  were 
so  agitated,  as  to  produce  convulsions,  and  that 
at  least  one  man  expired  under  the  tide  of  plea- 
sure which  flowed  in  upon  him,  when  informed 
of  his  lordship's  surrender.*  The  people 
throughoiit  the  United  States  displayed  a  social 
triumph  and  exultation,  which  no  private  pros- 
perity is  ever  able  fully  to  inspire.  General 
Washington,  on  the  day  adcr  the  surrender, 
ordered  "that  those  who  were  under  arrest 
should  be  pardoned  and  set  at  liberty."  His 
orders  closed  as  follow*.  "  divine  service  shall 
bo  performed  to-morrow  in  the  different  brig- 
ades and  divisions.  The  commander  in  chief 
recommends,  that  all  the  troops  that  are  not 
upon  duty  do  assist  iit  It  with  a  serious  deport- 
ment, and  that  Bensll>illty  of  heart,  which  the 
recollection  of  tlu' surprizing  and  particular  in- 
terposition of  ]irovl(h"nce  in  our  flivinir  claims." 
Congress,  on  receiving  the  official  account  of 
the  great  events  which  had  taken  place  at 
Yorkfowii,  resolved  to  go  in  processicm  to 
church  and  return  public  thanks  to  Almisrhty 
God  for  the  ailvantages  they  had  gained.  Tln-y 
also  Issued  a  proclamation  for  "rellglinislyobser 
vlngthrough  the  Unil(>d  States, the  l.lth  of  De- 
cember as  a  day  of  tlianksfrlvlng  and  pmyer." 
The  singularly  interesting  event  of  captivating 
a  second  royal  army,  produced  strong  emotions 
which  broke  out  in  all  the  variety  of  ways 
with  which  the  most  rapturous  joy  usually  dls 
plays  itself. 

While  thecomliined  armies  were  advancing 
to  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  an  excursion  was 
made  from  New-York,  which  was  attended 
with  no  small  loss  to  the  Americans.  Genera 


•  T!t«»  <1nor  krpppr  of  tTimfffp^p,  nn  ncoil  iiinn,  «Im^i! 
fiidili'tily,  innnniliiilely  nfrrr  liniriii^  rtf  tl"'  rnntriri:  nl' 
lord  C'nrnvvjilliM"  iirrtty.  TliiH  ilrmli  wan  uiii\n'.^::ilty  iis 
cribcil  to  (I  viuli'iu  finctihii  tif  ]i(»litic-al  joy 


Arnold,  who  had  lately  returned  from  Virginia, 
was  appointtd  to  conduct  an  expedltl<m,  the 
objectof  which  was  the  town  of  New-London 
in  his  native  country.  The  troops  employed 
therein  were  landt^d  in  two  detachments  on  each 
side  of  the  harbour.  The  one  was  commanded 
by  lieutenant  colonel  Eyer  and  the  other  by 
general  Arnold.  The  latter  met  with  little  o])- 
position.  Fort  Trumbull  and  a  redoubt  which 
was  intended  to  cover  the  harbour,  not  being 
tenable  were  evacuated,and  the  men  crossed  the 
river  to  FortGriswold  onGroton  hill.  This  wui! 
furiously  attacked  by  lieutenant  colonel  Eyer; 
the  garrison  defended  themselves  with  great 
resolution,  but  after  a  severe  conflict  of  forty 
mii-iUtes,  the  fort  was  carried  by  the  assailants. 
Ths  Americans  had  not  more  than  six  or  seven 
men-killed  when  the  British  carried  tliclr  lines, 
but  a  severe  execution  took  place  afterwards, 
though  resistance  had  ceased.  An  officer  of  the 
contjuering  troops  inriuired  onhis  entering  the 
fort,  who  commanded.  Colonel  Ledyard  an- 
swered, I  did,  but  you  do  now,"  and  presented 
him  his  sword.  The  colonel  was  immediately 
run  through  the  body  and  killed.  Between  30 
and  40  were  wounded,  and  about  40  were 
carried  oiT  prisoners.  On  the  side  of  the  British 
48  were  killed  and  145  wounded  :  Among  the 
latter  was  major  Montgomery,  and  among  tlio 
former  was  colonel  Eyer.  About  15  vessels 
loaded  with  the  effects  of  the  inhabitants,  re- 
treated up  the  river,  and  four  others  remained 
in  the  harbour  unhurt,  but  all  excepting  these 
were  burned  by  the  communication  of  fire  from 
the  burning  stores.  Sixty  dwelling  houses  and 
84  stores  were  reduced  to  ashes. 

The  loss  which  the  Americans  sustained  by 
the  destruction  of  naval  .stores,  of  provisioiia 
and  merchandize,  was  immense.  (Jeiieral  Ar- 
nold, having  completed  the  object  of  the  expe- 
dition, returned  in  eight  ilays  to  New-York. 
The  Americans  lost  many  valuable  men,  and 
much  of  their  ])ossesFioiis,  by  this  innirsion, 
but  the  ciiuse  f()r  which  they  contended  wasiin- 
Injured.  Expeditions  which  seemed  to  have  no 
hlglier  object  than  the  destruction  of  Jiroperty, 
alienated  their  affectioiis  still  farther  from  Brit- 
ish government.  They  •R'ere  not  so  extensive  as 
to  answer  the  ends  of  conquest,  and  the  mo- 
mentary impression  resulting  frimi  them,  pm- 
duced  no  lasting  intiitildation.  On  the  nflicr 
ha!id,  tliiy  excited  a  spirit  of  revenge  against 
the  authors  of  such  accuinulated  distresses. 

The  year  17S1  terminated,  In  all  parts  of 
the  United  States,  in  fivonr  of  the  .Anier'cnns. 
It  began  with  weakness  In  Soiilh-C^aniiina, 
mutiny  in  New-.Tersey,  and  devastations  In 
Virginia  ;  ncnertheless  in  lis  close,  the  IJritlsh 
wei-CM'onfiiH^d  to  their  strongholds  In  or  near 
New-York,  CImrleslon,  and  Savannah,  and 
their  whole  army  in  Virginia  was  caiiiuied. 
They  In  course  of  the  year  had  aci|uired  mnrh 
plunder  by  which  individuals  were  enriched, 
i)Ut  their  nation  was  In  no  respect  benefitted 
The  whole  campaign  passed  nway  ;>n  their  pari 
without  one  vaiualile  con(|uest,  or  the  acipiisi- 
tionofiuiy  post  or  place, from  which  higher  ))ur- 
poses  were  answered,  than  destroying  public 
stores  or  distressing  individuals,  and  enrichlnsj 
the  officers  and  privates  of  their  army  and  navy 
The  imporlanl  services  renilered  by  France  to 
the  Americans,  cemented  theinilon  of  the  two 
nations  with  aiidllional  lies.  Tin;  orderly  Inof- 
fensive behaviour  of  the  FriMich  troops  in  tho 
Uniled-Stale'i,  conlnisled  villi  the  liaviir  of 
jiro])erty  made  by  the  Billisli  In  their  uiarchej 


*     I 


J  from  Virginia, 
rxiit'dition,  ilic 
)f  New-L')n'lon 
roops  employi^d 
climciits  on  each 
ivas  cominandi'd 
id  the  otlicr  by 
ct  with  littlu  op- 
I  reduubt  wliidii 
hour,  not  being 
!  rnen  crossed  tlie 
on  hill.  This  was 
It  colonel  Eyer : 
:lves  with  great 
1  conflict  of  forty 
)y  the  assailants, 
than  six  or  seven 
irried  their  lines, 
ilacc  afterwards, 
An  officer  of  the 
iliis  entering  the 
:iel   Ledyard  an- 
',"  and  presented 
vas   immediately 
ed.    Between  30 

about  40  were 
ide  of  the  Iiritish 
ded  :  Among  thu 
/,  and  among  the 
bout  15  vessels 
le  inhabitants,  re- 
'  others  romiiine<l 
I  excepting  tlieso 
lation  of  fire  Iroin 
elling  houses  at.  J 
les. 

tans  sustained  by 
es,  of  ]>rovisioii9 
ise.  General  Ar- 
liject  of  the  expe- 
s  to  New-York, 
al'jable  men,  anj 
ly  this  incursion, 
•ontended  wasiin- 
eemed  to  have  no 
rlion  of  ))roperty, 
farther  froni  Mrit- 
ot  so  extensive  as 
pst,  ami  the  ino- 
;  from  them,  j)rii- 
n.  On  the  other 
'revenge  against 
ted  distresses, 
d,  in  all  parts  ot 
of  the  Anier'cr.iis. 
1  Sonlh-(^anilii!ri, 
i  devastations    in 

close,  the  Ibitish 
;  holds  in  or  near 
il  Savannah,  and 
ia  was  captured, 
ad  acipiired  much 
Is  were  enriched, 
espect  benefitted 
nway  on  their  part 
!S|,  or  the  Bci|uisi- 
whichhigher  pur- 
destroying  publin 
lals,  mid  rnricliins 
eir  army  and  navy 
ered  by  France  to 
le union  of  th<"  two 
The  orderly  inof- 
ncli  troops  in  tho 
iilli  the  Imvoc  of 
ill  ill  'heir  uiurclici; 


UNITED    STATES. 


«Bf 


B 


and  excursions,  was  silently  turning  the  cur 
rent  of  popular  esteem  in  favour  of  tjie  former, 
aiid  working  a  revolution  in  the  minds  of  tho 
inhabitants,  greatly  conducive  to  the  establish 
ment  of  that  which  had  taken  place  in  the  go- 
vernment. The  property  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Rhode-Island,  received  no  damage  of  any 
account  from  the  French  troops,  during  their 
eleven  months  residence  among  them.  The 
soldiers  were  rather  a  guard  lliaii  a  nuisance  ; 
The  citizens  met  with  no  iiiterruplioii  when 
prosecuting  their  lawful  business,  either  by 
night  or  day,  and  were  treated  with  every 
mark  of  attention  and  respect. 

While  the  progress  of  the  British  army,  in 
a  circuitous  march  of  1100  miles  from  Charles- 
ton to  Yorktown,  was  marked  with  rapine  and 
deiolation ;  the  march  of  the  French  troops 
from  Rhode-Island  to  tho  same  place,  a  dis- 
tiince  nearly  eijual  in  a  right  line,  was  produc 
tive  of  no  inconvenience  to  the  intermediate 
inhabitants.  They  were  welcome  guests 
wherever  they  came,  for  they  took  nothing  by 
fraud  or  force,  but  punctually  paid  for  all  they 
wanted  with  hard  money.  In  a  contest  where 
the  good  will  of  the  people  had  so  powerful 
an  influence  on  its  final  issue,  such  opposite 
modes  of  conduct  could  not  fail  of  producing 
their  natural  elfects.  The  moderation  and 
justice  of  the  French,  met  with  its  reward  in 
the  general  good  will  of  the  people,  but  the 
violence  and  rajiiiie  of  the  Uritish  contributed, 
among  other  tilings,  to  work  the  final  over- 
throw of  all  their  schemes  in  America. 

On  the  last  day  of  this  year,  Dec.  31,  17S1, 
Henry  Laurens  was  released  from  his  long  con- 
fiuemeiit  in  the  tower  of  London.  He  had 
been  committed  there,  as  already  related,  on 
the  6th  of  October  1780,  "  On  suspicion  of 
high  treason,"  after  being  examined  in  the  pre- 
sence of  loril  Stormoiit,  lord  George  Ger- 
maine,  lord  Hill.sborough,  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
Mr.  Justice  Addington,  and  others.  The  com- 
mitment was  accompanied  with  a  warrant  to 
tho  lieutenant  of  the  tower  to  receive  and  con- 
fine him.  Their  lordships  orders  were  "  To 
confine  him  a  close  prisoner  ;  to  be  locked  up 
every  night;  to  be  in  the  custody  of  two 
warders ;  not  to  suffer  him  to  be  out  of  their 
sight  one  moment,  day  nor  night ;  to  allow  him 
no  liberty  of  speaking  to  any  person,   nor  to 

ficrmit  any  person  to  speak  to  him  ;  to  deprive 
lim  of  the  use  of  the  pen  and  ink;  to  suffer 
no  letter  to  be  brought  to  him,  nor  any  to  go 
from  hiin."  Mr.  Laurens  was  then  fifty-five 
yt-ars  old,  and  severely  afflicted  with  the  gout 
and  other  infirmities.  In  this  situation  he  was 
conducted  to  apartments  in  the  tower,  and  was 
shut  up  ill  two  small  rooms  which  together 
made  about  twenty  feet  S(]uare,  with  a  warder 
for  his  constant  companion,  and  a  fixed  bay- 
onet unde"  his  window,  without  any  friiuid  to 
converse  with,  and  without  any  prospect  or 
even  the  means  of  correspondence.  Being 
debarred  tho  use  of  pen  and  ink,  he  procured 
pcttcih,  which  prnved  a  mifitt  substitute.  After 
a  month's  confinement,  he  was  permitted  to 
walk  out  on  limited  groiiml,  but  awarder  with 
a  sword  in  his  hand  followed  close  behind. 
This  indiilgeiice  was  occasionally  taken  for 
ubiiut  three  weeks,  when  lord  GiMirge  Gordim, 
who  was  also  a  prisiuier  in  the  tower,  unluck- 
ily n-i:t  and  asked  Mr.  Laurens  to  walk  with 
him.  Mr.  Laurens  declined  the  oiler  and  iti- 
M:iiitly  returned  to  his  apartiii'-iit.  (Joverrior 
'ilire  caught  at   this  transgresjion  uf  orders. 


and  locked  him  up  for  37  days,  though  the  at- 
tending warder  exculpated  him  from  all  blame. 
At  the  end  of  that  time  the  governor  relented 
so  far,  as  to  j)ermit  his  prisoner  to  walk  on  the 
parade  before  the  door,  but  this  honor,  as 
coming  from  him,  was  refused.  General 
Vernon,  on  hearing  of  what  had  passed,  gave 
orders  that  Mr.  Laurens  should  be  permitted 
to  walk  out,  and  tliis  exercise  was  in  conse- 
quence thereof  resumed,  after  an  intermission 
of  two  months  and  a  half. 

About  this  time,  Feb.  26,  an  old  friend  and 
mercantile  correspondent,  having  solicited  the 
secretaries  of  state  for  Mr  Laurens'  enlargement 
on  parole,  and  having  ofi'ered  his  whole  fortune 
as  security  for  liis  good  conduct,  sent  him  the 
folkiwing  message  :  "  Their  lordships  say,  if 
you  will  point  out  any  thing  for  the  benefit  of 
Great  Britain,  in  the  present  dispute  with  the 
colonies,  you  shall  be  enUrg-d."  This  pro- 
position filled  him  with  indignation,  and  pro- 
voked a  sharp  reply,  part  of  which  was  in  the 
following  words :  "  I  perceive  from  the  mes- 
sage you  sent  me,  that  if  I  were  a  rascal  I 
might  presently  get  out  of  the  tower,  but  I  am 
not.  You  have  pledged  your  word  and  for- 
tune for  my  integrity.  I  will  never  dishonor 
you  nor  myself.  1  can  forsee  wfiat  will 
come  to  pass.  Happen  to  me  what  may,  I  fear 
no  possible  consequences." 

'riie  same  fiiend  soon  after  visited  Mr.  Lau- 
rens, and  being  left  alone  with  him,  addressed 
him  as  follows,  "  I  converse  with  you  this 
morning,  not  particularly  as  your  friend,  but  as 
the  friend  of  Great  Britain.  I  have  certain 
propositions  to  make,  for  obtaining  your  liberty, 
which  I  advise  you  should  take  time  to  con 
sider."  Mr.  Laurens  desired  to  know  what 
they  were,  and  added,  "  That  an  honest  man 
required  no  time  to  give  an  answer.  In 
case  where  hi=  honour  was  concerned.  If," 
said  he,  "  the  secretaries  of  state  will  enlarge 
me  upon  parole,  I  will  strictly  conform  to  my 
engagement  to  do  nothing  directly  or  indirect 
ly  to  the  hurt  of  this  kingdom.  I  will  return 
to  America,  or  remain  in  any  part  of  England 
which  may  be  assigned,  and  surrender  myself 
when  demandfxl."  It  was  answered,  "  No, 
sir,  you  must  stay  in  London  among  your 
friends :  The  ministers  will  often  have  occasion 
to  send  for  and  consult  you  :  You  can  write 
two  or  three  lines  to  the  ministers,  and  barely 
say  you  are  sorry  for  what  is  past :  A  pardon 
will  l>e  granted  :  Every  man  has  been  wrong, 
at  some  time  or  other  of  his  life,  and  should 
not  be  ashamed  to  acknowledge  it."  M..  Laa- 
rens  replied,  "  I  will  never  subscribe  to  my 
own  infamy,  and  to  the  dishonour  of  my  chil- 
Iren."  He  was  then  told  of  long  and  painful 
confinement,  and  hints  were  thrown  out  of  the 
lossible  consequences  of  his  refusal :  To 
.vliich  he  replied,  "  1  am  afraid  of  no  conse- 
cpiences  but  such  as  would  flow  from  dis- 
honourable acts." 

In  about  a  week  after  this  interview,  major 
general  James  Grant,  who  had  long  been  ac- 
quainted with  Mr.  Laurens,  and  had  served 
with  him  near  twenty  years  liefiire,  on  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Cherokee  Indians,  visited 
him  in  the  tower,  and  talked  much  of  the  in- 
conveniencies  of  his  situation,  and  then  ad- 
dressed him  thus  :  "  Colonel  Laurens,  1  have 
brought  paper  and  (leiicil  to  take  down  any 
propositions  you  have  to  make  to  the  adininis- 
tratiiin,  and  I  will  ili'livei- them  myself"  .Mr. 
LaurenK  r^'plied,  "  1  Inivu  pencil  and    pupir, 


but  not  one  proposition,  beyond  repeating  a  re 
quest  to  be  enlarged  on  parole.  1  had  welj 
weighed  what  consequences  mi^ht  fotlcw  lie- 
lore  I  entered  in  the  present  dispute.  I  tr^ik 
the  path  of  justice  and  honour,  and  no  personal 
evils  cause  me  to  shrink." 

About  this  time  lieutenant  colonel  John  Lau< 
rens,  the  eldest  son  of  Henry  Laurens,  arrivetl 
in  France,  as  the  special  minister  of  Congress, 
The  father  was  recjuested  to  write  to  the  son 
to  withdraw  himself  from  the  court  of  France, 
and  assurances  were  given  that  it  would  ope- 
rate inliis  favour.  To  these  requests  he  replied, 
"  my  son  is  of  age,  and  has  a  will  of  his  own ; 
if  I  should  write  to  him  in  the  tem-syou  re- 
(juest,  it  would  have  no  effect :  He  would 
only  conclude,  that  confinement  and  per- 
suasion liad  softened  me.  I  know  him  to  be  a 
mi  n  of  honour;  he  loves  me  dearly,  and  would 
lay  dovn  his  life  to  save  mine ;  but  I  am  sure 
he  w  mil  .'-ot  sacrifice  his  honour  to  save  my 
life,  and  1  app;;>ud  him." 

Mr.  Laurens  penc'led  an  address  to  the  sec- 
retaries of  state  for  the  use  of  pen  and  ink,  to 
draw  a  bill  of  exchange  on  a  merchant  in  Lon- 
don who  was  in  his  debt,  for  money  to  answer 
his  immediate  exigences,  3iid  lo  request  that  his 
youngest  son  might  be  {permitted  to  visit  him, 
for  the  purpose  of  concerting  a  plan  for  his 
farther  education  and  conduit  in  lifit-.  This 
was  delivered  to  their  lordshijis;  but  they, 
though  tliey  had  made  no  provision  for  the 
support  of  their  prisoner,  returned  no  answer. 
Mr.  Laurens  was  thus  left  to  languish  in  con- 
finement under  many  infirmities,  and  v/ithout 
the  means  of  applying  his  own  resources  on 
the  spot,  for  his  immediate  support. 

As  soon  as  Mr.  I,aurens  had  completed  a 
year  in  the  tower,  he  was  called  upon  to  pay 
W  7*  lad  sterling  to  the  two  warders  for  at- 
tending on  him.  To  which  he  replied,  "  I  was 
.sent  to  the  tower  by  the  secretaries  of  state 
without  money  (for  aught  they  knew) — their 
lordships  have  never  supplied  me  with  any 
thing — It  is  now  upwards  of  three  mnnths 
since  I  informed  their  lordships  that  the  *'ind  I 
had  hitherto  subsisted  upon  was  nearly  ex- 
hausted, and  prayed  for  leave  to  draw  a  billon 
Mr.  John  Nutt,  who  was  in  my  debt,  which 
they  have  been  pleased  to  refuse  by  the  most 
grating  of  all  denials  a  total  silence,  and  now 
a  demand  is  made  for  9/  7*  lOt/.  If  their 
lordships  will  permit  me  to  draw  for  money 
where  it  is  due  to  me,  I  will  continue  to  pay 
my  own  expenses,  but  I  will  not  pay  the  war- 
dens whom  I  never  employed,  and  whose  at- 
tenilance  I  shall  be  glad  to  dispense  with." 

Tnree  weeks  after,  the  secretaries  of  state 
con.sented  that  Mr.  Laurens  should  have  the 
ise  of  pen  and  ink,  fiir  the  purpose  of  draw- 
ng  a  bill  of  exchange,  but  they  were  taken 
away  the  moment  that  business  was  done. 

About,  this  time  Henry  Laurens,  jun.  wroto 
an  humble  request  to  lord  Hillsborough  for 
])erniission  to  see  his  father,  which  his  lordship 
refused  to  grant.  He  had  at  first  been  per- 
mitted to  visit  his  father  and  converse  witn 
him  for  a  short  time ;  but  these  interviews 
were  no  longer  permitted.  Tfcey  neverthe- 
less occasionally  met  on  the  lines  and  saluted 
each  other,  but  durst  not  exchange  a  singlo 
word,  lest  it  might  occasion  a  second  confine- 
ment, similar  to  that  which  lord  George  Gor- 
don had  been  accessary. 

As  the  year  17S1  drew  near  a  chisc,  Mr. 
Laurens' sutFcringi  in  the  tower  became  gcno- 


i    i  .  ?. 


484 

rally  known,  and  excited  compassion  in  his  fa- 
vour, and  odium  n^uinst  tlio  authors  of  his  con- 
finement. It  had  been  also  found  by  the  inofli- 
cacy  of  many  attempts,  tliat  no  concessions 
could  bo  obtamed  from  him.  It  was  therefore 
resolved  to  release  him,  but  difficulties  arose 
about  tho  mode.  Mr.  Luurens  would  not  con- 
sent to  any  act,  which  implied  that  he  was  a 
British  subject,  and  he  had  been  committed  as 
auch,  on  charge  of  high  treason.  Ministers,  to 
extricate  themselves  from  this  difficulty,  at 
length  proposed  to  take  bail  for  his  appearance 
at  the  court  of  King's-Bench.  When  the 
words  of  the  recognizance,  "Our  Sovereign 
Lord  the  King,"  were  read  to  Mr.  Laurens,  ha 
replied  in  open  court,  "Not  my  Sovereign," 
and  with  this  declaration  ho,  with  Mr.  Oswald 
and  Mr.  Anderson  os  his  securities,  entered  in- 
to an  obligation  for  his  appearance  at  the  court 
of  King's- Bench  the  next  Easter  term,  and  for 
not  departing  thence  without  leave  of  the  court. 
Thus  ended  a  long  and  painful  farce.  Mr. 
Laurens  was  immediately  released.  When  the 
tirae  of  his  appearance  at  court  drew  near,  he 
was  not  only  discharged  from  all  obligations 
to  attend,  but  was  requested  by  Lord  Shel- 
bume  to  go  to  *'  "  continent,  in  subserviency  to 
a  scheme  for  making  peace  with  America.  Mr. 
Laurens,  startled  at  the  idea  of  being  released 
without  any  equivalent,  as  he  had  uniformly 
held  himself  to  be  a  prisoner  of  war,  replied, 
that  "Ho  durst  not  accept  himself  as  a  gift, 
and  that  as  Congress  had  once  offered  lieu- 
tenant general  IJurgoyne  for  him,  he  had  no 
doubt  of  their  now  giving  lieutenant  general 
curl  Cornwallis  for  the  same  purpose." 


THE    HISTORY    OP 


CHAPTER     XV. 

Of  the  treatment  of  prinoncra,  nnd  of  llio  distresses  of  the 
iahabiluiKs. 

Many  circumstances  concurred  to  make  the 
American  war  particularly  calamitous.  It  was 
originally  a  civil  war  in  the  estimation  of  both 
jiarties,  and  a.  rebellion  to  its  termination,  in 
the  opinion  of  one  of  them.  Unfortunately 
for  mankind,  doubts  have  been  entertained  of 
the  obligatory  force  of  the  law  of  nations  in 
such  cases.  The  refinement  of  modern  ages 
has  stri])ped  war  of  half  its  liorrors,  but  the 
systems  of  some  illiberal  men  have  tended  to 
re-produce  the  l,,iil>arism  of  (iothic  times,  by 
withholding  the  benefits  of  that  refinement 
from  those  who  are  effectijig  revolutions.  An 
eMlis^litened  philanthropist  embraces  the  whole 
human  race,  and  emjuires  not  whether  an  ob- 

tect  of  distress  is  or  is  not  an  unit  of  an  ac- 
iriowledged  nation.  It  is  suflicient  that  he  Is 
a  child  of  the  same  enminon  parent,  and  capa- 
tle  of  happiness  or  misery.  Tlie  prevaknee 
of  such  a  temper  would  have  greatly  lessei  ed 
the  calamities  of  the  American  war;  but  while 
from  contracted  policy  unfortunate  captives 
were  considered  as  not  entltli?d  to  the  treat- 
ment of  prisoners,  they  wore  often  do'Mned 
without  being  guilty,  to  suffer  the  punishment 
due  to  criminals. 

The  first  American  prisoners  were  taken  on 
tlic  17th  of  .luiK-,  17V4  TlioBo  were  thrown 
indiscriniliiatcly  Into  tlie  iai!  at  IJoston,  without 
any  ronilderallon  of  tlielr  rank.  fleneral 
Washinsjlon  wroti!  to  general  (tnve,  Auj.'..  II. 
1775,  on  tliij  subjeci,  to  whicli  the  latter  an- 


swered by  asserting  that  the  prisoners  had 
been  treated  with  care  and  kindness,  though 
indiscriminately,  "  as  he  acknowledged  no 
rank  that  was  not  derived  from  the  king."  To 
which  general  Washington  re|)lled,  "  You  af- 
fect, sir,  to  despise  all  rank  not  derived  from 
the  same  source  with  your  own  ;  I  cannot  con- 
ceive one  more  honorable,  than  that  which 
flows  from  the  uncon  iptcd  choice  of  a  brave 
and  free  peojile,  the  purest  source  and  original 
fountain  of  all  power." 

Gi"  "ral  Carleton,  during  his  command,  con- 
ducteu  iDward  the  American  prisoners  with  a 
degree  ot'  humanity,  that  reflected  the  greatest 
honour  on  his  character.  Before  he  commenced 
his  operations  on  the  lakes  in  1776,  he  shipped 
off  those  of  them  wiio  were  ollicers  for  New- 
England,  but  previously  sup[ilied  them  with 
every  tiling  requisite  to  make  their  voyage 
comfortable.  The  other  prisoners,  amounting 
to  800,  were  sent  home  by  a  flag,  after  exact- 
ing an  oath  from  them,  not  to  serve  during  the 
war  unless  exchanged.  Many  of  these  being 
almost  naked  were  comfortably  clolheil  by  his 
orders,  previously  to  their  being  sent  off. 

The  capture  of  general  Leo  proved  calam- 
itous to  several  individuals.  Six  Hessian  field 
ofliccrs  were  olfered  in  exchange  for  him,  but 
this  was  refused.  It  was  said  by  the  British 
that  Lee  was  a  deserter  from  their  service,  and 
as  such  could  not  expv.^,.  the  indulgences  usu- 
ally given  to  prisoners  of  war.  The  Ameri- 
cans replied,  that  as  he  had  resigned  his  British 
commission  previously  to  his  accepting  one 
from  the  Americans,  he  could  not  be  consid- 
ered as  a  deserter.  He  was  nevertheless  con- 
fined, watched,  and  guarded.  Congress  there- 
upon resolved,  that  general  Washington  be 
du'octed  to  inform  general  Howe,  that  should 
the  proffered  exchange  of  general  Lee  for  six 
field  ollicers  not  be  accepted,  and  the  ;.>-atment 
of  him  as  aliove  mentioned  be  continued,  the 
principles  of  retaliation  should  occasion  five  of 
the  said  Hessian  field  oflicc^rs,  fogctber  with 
lieutenant  rolonel  Archibald  Campbell,  to  be 
detained,  in  order  that  the  said  treatment  which 
general  Lee  received,  should  be  exactly  In- 
Hlcled  on  their  persons."  The  Campbell  thus 
designated  as  the  subject  of  retaliation,  was  a 
humane  man,  -and  a  meritorious  nfhrer,  who 
had  been  captured  by  some  of  the  Massachu- 
setts privateers  near  Boston,  to  which,  from 
the  want  of  iiiforniatio';  he  was  proceeding 
soon  after  the  Hrlllsh  haci  evacuate<l  it.  The 
above  act  of  Congress  was  forwarded  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  a  request  that  they  would  de-  Tl 
tain  lieutenant  coliinel  Campbell  and  keep  him 
In  safe  custody  till  the  further  order  of  ("on- 
gress.  The  council  of  Massaclniselts  exceed- 
ed ibis  request,  and  8<'nt  him  to  Com  ord  jail, 
where  In;  was  loilged  in  a  gloomy  dungiMiti  of 
twelve  or  tlilrleen  feet  square.  The  attend- 
ance of  a  single  servant  on  his  person  was  de- 
nied him,  and  every  visit  from  a  friend  refused. 

The  prisoners  captured  liy  Sir  William 
Howe  in  177G,  amount<'d  to  many  hundreds. 
The  ofl'icers  were  admitted  to  parole,  and  had 
some  waste  houses  assigned  to  them  as  quar- 
ters ;  but  the  privates  were  shut  up  in  the  cold- 
est season  of  the  year,  in  churches,  sugar 
houses,  and  such  like  large  open  building'j. 
The  severity  of  the  weather,  and  the  ngor 
of  their  treatment,  occasioned  the  death  Of 
many  huiiilreils  of  these  unnirfunate  men. 
The  filth  of  the  jilaces  of  tlicir  coiifiiieinem, 
in     coiiMJiiueiice  of    llu.ves    which   prevailed 


among  them,  was  both  offensive  and  danger- 
ous. Seven  dead  bodies  have  been  seen  in 
one  building,  at  one  time,  and  all  lying  in 
a  situation  shocking  to  humanity.  The  pro- 
visions served  out  to  them  were  deficient 
in  (juaiifity,  and  of  an  unwholesome  qual- 
ity. These  suflerlng  prisoners  were  get  erally 
pressed  to  enter  into  the  Britisl.  service,  I:  ut 
hundreds  sulnnitted  to  death,  rather  than 
procure  a  melioration  of  their  circumstances 
by  enlisting  with  the  enemies  of  their  coun- 
try. After  general  Washington's  successes 
at  Trenton  and  Princeton,  the  American 
jirisoners  fired  .somewhat  better.  Those  who 
survived  were  ordered  to  be  sent  out  for 
exchange,  but  some  of  them  fell  down  dead 
in  the  streets,  while  attempting  to  walk  to 
the  vessels.  Others  were  so  emaciated  that 
their  appearance  was  horrible.  A  speedy 
death   closed   the  scene  with  many. 

The  American  board  of  war,  Dec.  1,  1777, 
after  coiifi;rrlng  with  Mr.  Boudinot,  the  com- 
missary-general of  prisoners,  and  examining 
evidences  |)ro(liiced  by  him,  reported  among 
other  things,  "  That  there  were  900  |)rivales 
and  300  officers  of  the  American  urmy,  jiri- 
soneis  in  the  city  of  New-York,  and  about 
500  privates  and  50  ollicers  prisoners  in 
Philadelphia.  That  since  the  beginning  of 
October,  all  these  prisoners,  both  officers  and 
privates,  had  been  confined  in  prisiui  ships  or 
the  Provost:  That  from  the  bc\st  evldenco 
the  subject  could  admit  of,  llie  general  allow- 
ance of  prisoners,  at  most,  did  not  exceed 
four  ounces  of  meat  per  day,  and  often  so 
damaged  as  not  to  be  eatable:  That  it  had 
lieen  a  common  practice  with  the  British,  on 
a  prisoner's  being  first  captured,  to  keep  him 
three,  four  or  five  days,  without  a  morsel 
of  meat,  and  then  to  tempt  him  to  enlist  to 
save  his  life :  That  there  were  numerous 
instaires  of  ])rlsoners  of  war  perishing  in  aU 
li.e  agonies  of  hun;-or." 

About  this  time  there  was  a  meeting  of 
merchants  in  London,  for  the  |)urpose  of  rais- 
ing a  sum  of  money  to  ri'lieve  the  di.?tresses 
of  the  American  ]irlsoncrs  then  in  England. 
The  sum  subscrlbril  for  that  pur|)ose  amounti?d 
to  l())7/.  15,«.  Thus  while  human  nature  was 
dishonored  by  the  cruelties  of  some  of  tho 
British  in  America,  there  was  a  laudable  dio- 
])lay  of  the  Jienevolence  of  others  of  the  samo 
natiim  in  Europe.  The  American  sailors,  when 
ca|)tured  by  tin-  British,  suflered  more  than 
even  the  soldiers  that  It'll  into  their  hands. 
riic>  former  were  coiifiiieil  on  board  |>rison 
ships.  They  were  there  crowded  togiuher  in 
such  numbers,  aiul  llielr  accommodations  were 
so  wretched, that  discuses  bi-oke  out  and  swept 
them  olf  in  a  Inaiiiier  that  was  suflicient  to  ex 
cite  compassion  in  breasts  of  ihe  least  si'tisi- 
billly.  It  lias  been  asserted,  on  as  good  evi- 
dence, as  the  case  will  admit,  that  in  the  last 
six  years  of  the  war,  upwards  of  eleven  thou- 
sand persons  died  on  lioard  the  Jersey,  one  of 
these  prison  ships,  which  was  stationed  in 
East  river  near  New-York.  On  many  of 
these,  the  rites  of  sejniltiire  were  never  or 
but  very  Imperfectly  conferred.  For  soino 
time  after  the  war  was  ended,  their  bones 
lay  whitening  in  the  sun,  on  the  shores  of 
Long-Island. 

The  operations  of  treason  laws  added  to  the 
calamllies  of  the  war.  Indlviduids  on  both 
sldi'S,  while  they  were  doltuj  no  mon^  than 
tlii-y  uuiiposcd  to  be  their  duly,  were  in\olvod 


UNITED    STATES. 


48S 


in  the  penal  conserjuencua  of  capital  crimus. 
The  Americana,  in  conformity  to  the  usual  po- 
licy of  niitions,  deniiuided  the  allegiiiiico  of  all 
will)  resided  among  them,  but  several  of  these 
prcfiirred  the  lute;  royal  government, and  were 
disposed,  when  oj)portunity  oirered,to  support 
it.  While  they  aeted  in  conformity  to  these 
ccntiments,  the  laws  enacted  li)r  the  security 
of  the  new  government,  condemned  them  to 
death.  Hard  is  the  lot  of  a  people  involved 
in  civil  war ;  for  in  such  circumstances  the 
lives  of  individuals  may  not  only  bo  legally 
forfeited,  but  justly  taken  from  those,  who 
have  acted  solely  from  a  sense  of  duty.  It  is 
to  bo  wislied  that  some  more  rational  mode 
than  war  might  be  adopted  for  deciding 
national  contentions ;  but  of  all  wars,  those 
which  arc  called  civil  are  most  to  be  dreaded. 
They  are  atleniled  with  the  bitterest  resent- 
ments, and  produce  the  greatest  quantity  of 
human  woes. 

In  the  American  war,  the  distresses  of  the 
country  were  aggravated,  from  the  circum- 
stance that  every  man  was  obliged  some  way 
or  other,  to  be  in  the  public  service.  In  Eu- 
rope, whero  military  operations  are  carried  on 
by  armies  hired  and  paid  for  the  purpose,  the 
common  people  partake;  but  little  of  the  cala- 
mitiea  of  war :  but  in  America,  where  the 
whole  people  were  enrolled  us  a  militia,  and 
where  both  si<les  endeavored  to  strengthen 
themselves  by  oaths  and  by  laws,  denouncing 
llie  penalties  of  treason  on  those  who  aided  or 
abetted  the  opposite  party,  the  sufferings  of  iii- 
diviiluals  were  renewed,  as  often  as  fortune 
varied  her  standard.  Each  side  claimed  the 
co-op(!ration  of  the  inhabitants,  and  was  ready 
to  punish  when  it  was  withheld.  Where 
either  party  had  a  decided  superiority,  the 
common  people  were  comparatively  undis- 
turbed; but  the  intermediate  space  between 
the  contending  armies,  was  subject  to  the 
alternate    ravages  of  both. 

In  the  first  institution  of  tlie  .Vmorican  go- 
vernments, the  boundaries  of  authority  were 
not  properly  fixed.  Committees  exercised  le- 
gislative, executive,  and  ju<licial  powers.  It 
is  not  to  be  doubted,  that  in  many  instances 
■  hesi!  were  improperly  used,  and  that  private 
resentments  were  oi'teii  covered  under  tlie  spe- 
cious veil  of  patriotism.  TIk!  sulferers  in 
passing  over  to  the;  royalists,  carried  with  them 
a  keen  remem!>ranciM)f  the  vengeance  of  com- 
mittees, and  when  opportunity  ])resente<l, 
were  tempted  to  retaliate.  l''roni  the  nature 
of  llie  case,  tin!  original  olfenders  were  less 
l're(|iiently  the  ol)jecH  of  retaliation,  than  those 
who  weri!  entirely  innocent.  One  instani-e  ofl 
severity  begat  anotlier,  ami  they  continued  to 
iiii'ri'ase  in  a  propiirtion  that  doubled  the 
evils  of  couenop  war.  I'rom  one  unadvised 
step,  individiin.s  wen;  often  involveil  in  the 
losi  of  all  the'i'  pro|>erty.  Some  from  present 
appearances,  apprehejiding  that  the  lirilish 
would  finally  C(m.|uer,  n^paired  to  their 
Etandard.  Their  return  al'tiu-  the  purtial  storm 
which  intimidated  them  to  submission,  had 
blown  over,  was  always  diilicult  and  often 
impossible.  From  this  sin^'le  error  in  judg- 
ment, such  W(M'e  often  obliged  to  seek  safety 
by  continuing  to  support  the  interest  of  tliose 
to  whom,  in  an  hour  of  temptation,  ihi^y  had 
devoti'd  their.selves.  The  embarrassmiMits  on 
both  sides  were  often  so  great,  that  many  in 
the  lminl)ler  wall:*  of  life,  could  not  toll  what 
course  was  bust  tu  pursue. 


It  was  liapny  for  those,  who  having  made  exiled  from  their  homes  to  Virginia  nnd  Phi- 
up  their  minds  on  the  nature    of  the  contest,  ladelphia.     Upwards  of  one  thousand  person! 

were  thrown  upon  the  charity  of  their  fi'llow 


invariably  followed  the  dictates  of  their  con- 
sciences, lor  in  every  instance  they  enjoyed 
self-approbation.  Though  tlicy  could  not  be 
deprived  of  this  reward,  llu^y  were  not  aKvaya 
successful  in  saving  their  property.  They 
who  Viiriiul  with  the  times,  in  like  maimer  often 
missed  their  object,  for  to  such  it  freipiently 
happened  that  tliey  were  plundered  by  both, 
and  lost  the  esteem  of  all.  A  few  saved  their 
credit  and  their  property  ;  but  of  these,  there 
was  not  one  fiir  every  hundred  of  those,  wlio 
were  materially  injured  either  in  the  one  or 
the  other.  The  American  whigs  were  exas- 
perated against  tlio'ie  of  their  fellow  citizens 
who  joined  their  enemies,  with  a  resentment 
which  was  far  more  bitter,  than  that  which 
they  harbored  against  their  I'luropean  adver- 
saries. Feelin'r  that  tin;  whole  strenirth  of  tin; 
states  was  scarcely  suflicient  to  ])rotect  them 
against  the  IJritish,  they  could  not  brook  the 
desertion  of  their  coMiilrymen  to  invading 
foreigners.  They  seldom  would  give  them 
credit  for  acting  from  princi]>le,  liiil  generally 
sn])posed  them  to  be  influenced  either  by 
cowardice  or  interest,  and  were  therefiire  in- 
clined to  jiroceed  against  them  with  rigor. 
They  were  filled  with  indignation  at  the  idea 
of  fighting  for  the  [iroperty  of  such  as  had 
di.'serted  their  country,  and  were  therefore 
clamorous  that  it  should  be  seized  fir  public 
service.  The  royalists  raided  the  cry  of 
persecution,  and  loudly  complained  that 
merely  for  supporting  the  goviu-nment  under 
which  they  were  born,  and  to  which  they 
owed  a  natural  allegiance,  they  were  doomed 
to  sull'er  all  the  penalties  due  to  ciipital 
oU'enders.  Those  of  them  who  acted  from 
principle  felt  no  consciousness  of  guilt,  and 
could  not  look  but  with  abhorrence  upon  a 
government  which  infiicted  such  severe  pu- 
nishments on  what  they  deemed  a  laudable 
lino  of  conduct. 

Humanity  would  shudder  at  a  particular  re- 
cital of  th(!  calamities  wliich  the  whigs  inflicted 
on  the  tories.and  the  tories  on  the  whigs.  It 
is  particularly  remarkable  that  on  both  sides, 
they  for  the  most  part  consoled  themselves 
with  the  belief  that  they  were  acting  or  suf- 
fering in  a  good  cause.  Though  the  rules  of 
moral  right  and  wrong  never  vary,  political 
innocence  and  guilt  ejianges  so  much  with  cir- 
cumstances, that  tJie  innocence  of  the  sufferer, 
and  of  the  party  that  punishes,  arc;  often 
conipatllile.  The  distresses  of  the  American 
prisoners    in   the   southern     states,     pri'vailei 


citizens  in  tlie  more  northern  states.  This  se- 
vere treatment  was  the  occasion  of  retaliating 
on  the  faniilii.'S  of  those  who  had  taken  part 
with  the  liritish.  In  the  first  months  of  the 
year  17S1,  the  Urillsh  were  in  fiuce  in  the  re- 
motest settlements  of  South-Carolina,  but  as 
their  limits  were  contracted  in  the  courso 
of  the  year,  the  male  inhabitants  who  joined 
them,  tliought  proper  to  retire  with  the  royal 
army  towards  the  capital.  In  retaliation  for 
the  expulsion  of  the  wives  and  children  of 
the  whig  Americans  from  this  state,  governor 
llutledge  ordered  the  brigadiers  of  militia,  to 
send  within  tiie  Hritish  lines  the  families  of 
such  of  the  inhabitants  as  adhered  to  their 
interest.  In  conseijiience  of  this  order,  and 
more  espi^cially  in  consequence  of  the  one 
which  occasiiuied  it,  several  hundreds  of  help- 
less women  and  children  were  reduced  to 
great    distress. 

The  refugees  who  h.ad  fled   to  New- York, 
were   formed    into    an  association   un<ler  Sir 

Henry  CI. 'cir  the  jnirjioses  of  retaliating 

on  the  AiiK"'  ans,  and  fiir  rc'imbiirsing  thu 
losses  they  had  sustained  from  their  country- 
men. The  depredations  they  committed  in 
their  several  excursions  would  fill  a  volume, 
and  would  answer  little  purpose  but  to  excite 
compassion  and  horror.  Towards  the  close  of 
the  war,  they  began  to  retaliate  on  a  bolder 
scale.  Captain  Joshua  Huddy,  who  command- 
ed a  small  jiarty  of  Anuu-icans  at  a  block 
Innise,  in  M(Uiinouth  county, New-.Tersey,  was, 
after  a  gallant  resistance,  taken  i)risoner  by  a 
party  of  these  refugees.  He  was  brought  to 
New- York,  April  ^d.  and  there  kept  in  close 
custody  fli'teen  days,  and  then  told  "  that  he  wna 
ordered  to  be  hangtul."  Four  days  after,  he 
was  sent  out  with  a  party  of  refugees,  and 
hang<;d  on  the  heights  of -Middleton.  The  fiil- 
lowing  lab'  I  was  affixed  to  his  breast  :  "Wo 
the  refugees  having  huig  with  grief  beheld  the 
cruel  murders  of  our  brethren,  and  finding  no- 
thing but  such  measures  daily  carrying  into 
execution  ;  we  therefiu-e  detiu-miiie  not  to  suAIt 
without  taking  vengeance  fir  the  numenms 
cruelties,  and  thus  begin,  and  have  made  u.se 
of  captain  Huddy  as  the  first  object  to  present 
to  your  view,  and  further  determine  to  hang 
man  for  man,  while  there  is  a  refuge.-;  existing: 
Up  goes  Huddy  for  Philip  White."  Tlio 
Philip  White  in  retaliation  for  whom  Huddy 
was  hanged,  had  been  taken  by  a  party  of  the 
.fersey  militia,  and  was  killed  in   attempting 


particMllarly  towards  the  close  of  the  war.    ('o-  to   make   his  escape. 

j  lonel     Campbell,     who     reduced     Savannah,!      General  Washington  resolved  on  retaliation 

[tlioiiLrh  he  had  personally  suffered  from  the  ifor  this  deliberate  mur(h>r,but  instead  of  imme- 
Americaus,  treated   all  who  fell  into  his  hands  dlately  executing  a  liritish  officer,  he  wrote  to 

'with  humanity.  Those  wlio  were  t.ikeii  at  .Sir  Henry  Clinton,  that  unless  the  murderers 
Savannah  and  at  Ashe's  di;fi.'at,  suffered  verylof  Iluddy  were  given  up,  he  should  be  uiide? 
much   I'nnii   his  successors  in   South  Carolina.!  the  necessity  of  retaliating.     The  former  being 

I  The  .\merican  prisoners,  with  a  fi'W  excep-|  refused,  captain  Asgill  was  designated  fi)r  that 
tions,  had  but  litth;  to  cmnplain  of 'till  after  purpose.  In  the  mean  time  the  Uriti.sh  institu- 
(tates'  di'feat.  Soon  afier  that  event,  sundry  ted  a  court  martial  for  the  trial  of  captain  Lip- 
of  ihi'iu,  though  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  pencutt,  who  was  suppo.sed  to  be  the  principal 
the  capitul:iti(Ui  of  Charleston, were  separated  agent  in  executing  captain  Huddy.  Itappcar- 
from  their  families  and  sent  into  exile  ;  otliers,'<'d  in  the  courso  of  this  trial,  that  governor 
ill  violation  of  the  same  solemn  agreement,  j  Franklin,  the  president  of  llio  board  of  asso- 
were  crowded  into  prison  ships,  and  de-lciated  loyalists,  gave  Tjip])encutt  verbal  orJera 
prived   of    the  use  of  their  property.  |  for  what  ho  did,  and  that  ho  hail  been  deiigna- 

When  a  general  exchanire  of  prisoners  was  ted  as  a  jiroper  subject  for  retaliation,  having 
effected,  the  wives  and  children  of  those  in-  been,  as  the  refugees  stated,  a  persecutor  of 
habitants  who  aJhcrcd  to  the  AmQricans  wore, the  loyalists,  t\nd  particularly  as  having  booa 


4M 

instruinentBl  in  han^ng  Stephen  Edwards, 
who  hod  been  one  of  that  deieription.  The 
court  having  considered  the  whole  matter, 
gave  their  opinion,  "  That  as  what  Lippencutt 
did  was  not  the  effect  of  malice  or  ill  will, 
but  proceeded  from  a  conviction  ihnt  it  was 
his  duty  to  obey  'he  orders  of  the  hoard  of 
directors  of  associated  loyalists,  and  as  he  did 
not  doubt  their  having  full  authority  to  give 
such  orders,  ho  was  not  guilty  of  the  murder 
laid  to  his  charge,  and  therefore  they  acquitted 
nim." 

Sir  Guy  Carleton,  who  a  little  before  this 
time  had  been  iippointed  commander  in  cliief 
of  the  British  army,  in  a  lettt-r  to  general  Wash- 
ington, accompanying  the  trial  of  Lippencutt, 
declared  "  that  notwithstanding  the  accjuittal 
of  Lippencutt,  he  reprobated  the  measure,and 
gave  assuninced  of  prosecuting  a  further  en- 
quiry." Sir  Guy  Carleton  about  the  same  time 
broke  up  the  board  of  associated  loyalists, 
which  prevented  a  repetition  of  similar  ex- 
cesses. The  war  also  drawing  near  a  close, 
the  motives  for  retaliation,  as  tending  to  pre- 
vent other  murders,  in  a  groat  measure  ceased. 
In  the  mean  time  general  Washington  received 
a  letter  from  tl.e  count  de  Vergennes  interce- 
ding forcuptiinAsgill,  which  was  also  accom- 
panied witn  a  very  pathetic  one  from  his  mo- 
ther, M'S.  Asgill.to  the  count.  Copies  of  these 
geverol  letters  were  forwarded  to  Congress, 
Nov.  7th,  1782,  and  soon  after  they  resolved, 
"  that  the  commander  in  chief  be  directed  to 
set  captain  Asgill  at  liberty. "  The  lovers  of 
liumanity  rejoiced  that  the  necessity  of  retali- 
ation was  superceded,  by  the  known  humanity 
of  the  new  commander  in  chief,  and  still  more 
by  the  well  foundisd  prospect  of  a  speedy 
peace.  Asgill,  who  had  received  every  mdul- 
gcnce,  and  who  had  been  treated  with  all  pos- 
tiible  politeness,  was  released  and  permitted 
to  go  •.nio  New-York. 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


CHAPTER 

Csmpugn  of  17S3. 


xvr. 


Foreign  events  and  negocinlioni. 
I'eace,  1782. 

After  the  capture  of  lord  Cornwallis,  gen- 
eral Washingt<m,  with  the  greatest  part  of  his 
force,  returned  to  the  vicinity  of  New-York. 
He  was  in  no  condition  to  attempt  the  reduc- 
tion of  that  post,  and  the  royal  army  had  good 
reasons  for  not  urging  hostilities  without  their 
lines.  An  obstruction  of  the  communication 
l)etween  town  and  country,  some  indecisive 
skirmishes,  and  |)redatory  excursions,  were  the 
principal  evidences  of  an  existing  state  of  war. 
This  in  a  great  measure  was  also  the  case  in 
South-Carolina.  From  Deromber  1781,  gene- 
ral Greene  had  possession  of  all  the  state  except 
Charleston  and  the  vicinily-  The  Hritish 
sometimes  sallied  out  o(  ,heir  lines  for  the  ac- 
quisition of  property  and  provisions,  but  never 
for  the  purposes  of  coni|uest.  In  opposing 
one  of  these  near  Combahee,  lieutenant  colo- 
nel John  Laurens,  an  accomi)lished  officer,  of 
uncommon  merit,  was  mortally  wounded. 
Nature  had  adorned  him  with  a  large  proper 
tion  of  her  choicest  gifts,  and  these  were 
highly  cultivated  by  uii  <'lepuit,  usctful  and 
practical   education.     His    patriotism    was  of 

the  most  ardent   kiml.     The   moment  he  was i  made   for    withdrawing  the  royal  forces  from 
of  age,  he  broke  off  from  tlic   aniutenients  of  |  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,     Peace  was   re- 


London,  and  on  his  arrival  in  America,  in- 
stantly joined  the  army.  Whereever  the  war 
raged  most,  there  was  he  to  be  found.  A 
dauntless  bravery  was  the  least  of  his  vir- 
tues, and  an  excess  of  it  his  greatest  foible. 
His  various  talents  fitted  him  to  shine  in 
courts  or  camps,  or  popular  assemblies.  He 
had  a  heart  to  conceive,  a  head  to  contrive,  a 
tongue  to  persuade,  and  a  hand  to  execute 
schemes  of  the  most  extensive  utility  to  his 
country,  or  rather  to  mankind,  for  hii  enlarged 
philanthropy,  knowing  no  bounds,  embraced 
the  whole  human  race.  This  excellent  young 
man,  who  was  the  pride  of  his  country,  the 
idol  of  the  army,  and  an  ornament  of  human 
nature,  lost  his  life  in  the  37th  year  of  his 
age,  in  an  unim|)ortant  skirmish  with  a  fo- 
raging party,  in  the  very  last  moments  of 
the  war. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  year  1782,  the 
British  had  a  more  extensive  range  in 
Georgia,  than  in  any  other  of  the  Uniti'd 
Slates,  but  of  this  they  were  soon  abridged. 
From  the  unsuccessful  issue  of  the  assault  on 
Savannah  in  1779,  that  state  had  eminently 
suffered  the  desolations  of  war.  Political 
hatred  raged  to  such  a  degree  that  the  blood 
of  its  citizens  was  daily  shed  by  the  hands  of 
9ach  other,  contending  under  t!io  names  of 
whigs  and  tories.  A  few  of  the  friends  of 
the  revolution  kept  togt-ther  ir.  the  western 
settlements,  and  exercised  the  powers  of  inde- 
pendent government.  The  whole  extent  be- 
tween these  and  the  capital,  was  subject  to 
the  alternate  ravages  of  both  parties.  After 
the  surrender  of  lord  Cornwallis,  general 
Greene,  being  reinforced  by  the  Pensylvanla 
line,  was  enabled  to  detach  general  Wayne 
with  a  part  of  the  southern  army  to  Georgia. 
General  Clarke,  who  commanded  in  Savan- 
nah, on  hearing  of  their  advance,  sent  orders 
to  his  officers  in  the  out  jiosts,  to  bum  ns 
far  as  thoy  could,  all  the  provisions  in  the 
country,  and  then  to  retire  within  the  lines 
at  the  capital.  The  country  being  evacuated 
by  the  British,  the  governor  came  with  his 
council  from  Augusta  to  El)enezer,  and  re- 
established government  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
sea  coast. 

Colonel  Brown,  at  the  head  of  a  conside- 
rable force,  marched  out  of  the  garrison  of 
Savannah,  May  21,  1782,  with  the  apparent 
intention  of  attacking  the  Americans,  (iene 
ral  Wayne,  by  a  bold  mancKuvre,  got  in  his 
rear,  attacked  him  at  12  o'clock  at  night,  and 
routed  his  whole  party.  A  large  number 
of  Creek  Indians,  headed  by  a  number  of 
their  chiefs  and  a  British  officer,  made  a  fu- 
rious attack  on  Wayne's  infantry  in  the  night. 
For  a  few  minutes  they  possessed  themselves 
of  his  field  pieces,  but  they  were  soon  re- 
covered. In  the  meantime  colonel  White, 
with  a  party  of  the  cavalry,  came  up,  and 
pressed  hard  upon  them.  Both  sides  engaged 
m  close  quarters.  The  Indians  displayed  un- 
common bravery,  but  at  length  were  com- 
pletely routed.  Shortly  after  this  affair,  a 
perio<l  was  put  to  the  calamities  of  war  in 
that  ravaged  state.  In  about  three  months  af- 
ter the  capture  of  lord  Cornwallis  was  knwn 
in  Great  Britain,  the  parliament  resolved  to 
abandon  all  offensive  operations  in  America. 
In  ci)nse(ju<uice  thereof,  every  idea  of  con- 
(juest   being     given   up,    arninsrements    weri' 


stored  to  Georgia,  after  it  had  been  ujiwardl 
of  three  years  in  p(>ssl's^'ion  of  the  British, 
and  hud  been  ravaged  nearly  from  one  ex- 
treme to  the  other.  It  is  computed  that  tho 
state  lost  by  the  war,  one  thousand  of  its  citi 
zens,  besides  four  thousand  slaves.  In  about 
five  months  after  the  British  left  Georgia,  thoy 
in  like  manner  withdrew  their  force  from 
South  Carolina.  The  inhabitants  of  Charles- 
ton, who  had  remained  therein  while  it  waa 
possessed  by  the  British,  felt  themselves  hap- 
py in  being  delivered  from  the  severities  of 
a  garrison  life.  The  exiled  citizens  collected 
from  all  cpiarters  and  took  possession  of  their 
estates.  Thus  in  less  than  three  years  from 
the  landing  of  the  British  in  South-Carolina, 
they  withdrew  all  their  forces  from  it.  in 
that  time  the  citizens  had  suffered  an  accu- 
mulation of  evils.  There  was  scarcely  an 
inhabitant,  however  obscure  in  character  or 
remote  in  station,  whether  ho  remained  firm 
to  one  party  or  changcrd  with  tlu;  times,  who 
did   not  partake  of  the   general  distress. 

In  modern  Europe  the  revolutions  of  pub- 
lic affairs  seldom  disturb  the  humble  oliscuri- 
ty  of  private  life  j  but  the  American  revolu- 
tion involved  the  interest  of  every  family 
and  deeply  affected  the  fortunes  and  hiipp',- 
ness  of  almost  every  individual  in  the  TJiiitcd 
States.  South-Carolina  lost  a  great  nunilii-r 
of  its  citizens,  and  U|)wards  of  aO.OOO  of  its 
slaves.  Property  was  sported  with  by  both 
parties.  Besijes  those  who  fell  in  battle  or 
died  of  diseases  brought  on  by  the  war,  many 
were  inhumanly  murdered  by  private  assassi- 
nations. The  country  abounded  with  widows 
and  orphans.  The  severities  of  a  militurv  life 
co-operating  with  the  climate,  destroyed  the 
heiilths  and  lives  of  many  hundreds  of  the 
invading  army.  Excepting  those  who  en- 
riched themselves  by  jilunder,  and  a  few  suc- 
cessful speculators,  no  private  advantage  was 
gained  by  individuals  on  either  side,  but  an 
experimental  conviction  of  the  folly  and 
madness  of  war. 

Though  in  the  year  1782  the  United  States 
afforded  f<!W  great  events,  the  reverse  was 
tho  case  with  the  other  powers  involved  in 
the  consequences   of  the  American  war. 

Minorca,  after  a  tedious  siege,  surrendered 
to  the  Duke  de  Crillon  in  the  service  of  his 
most  catholic  majesty.  About  the  same  time 
the  settlements  of  Demarara  and  Essequibo, 
which  in  the  preceding  year  hod  been  taken 
by  the  British,  were  taken  from  them  by  tho 
French.  The  gallant  marquis  de  Bouille  ad- 
ded to  tlie  splendor  of  his  former  fame  by 
reducing  St.  Kitts,  the  former  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1781,  and  the  latter  early  in  the  year 
1782.  The  islands  of  Nevis  and  Mont»t.r<-at 
followed  the  fortune  of  St.  Kitts.  The 
French  at  'liis  period  seemed  to  be  establish- 
ed in  tho  West-Indies,  on  a  firm  foundation. 
Their  islands  were  full  of  excellent  troops, 
and  their  marine  force  was  truly  respectable. 
The  exertions  of  Spain  were  olso  uncom- 
monly great.  The  strength  of  these  two 
monarchies  had  never  before  been  so  conspi- 
cuously displayed  in  thot  ipiarfer  of  the 
globe.  Their  combined  navies  amounted  to 
threescore  ships  of  the  line,  and  these  were 
attended  with  a  prodigious  multitude  of  fri- 
gates and  armed  vessels.  With  this  immense 
force  they  entertained  hopes  of  wresting  from 
his  Britannic  majesty  a  great  part  of  his 
Wost-India  islands. 


UNI  TED    STATES. 


487 


^  United  Stutea 
i  reverse  M-as 
rs  involved  in 
ican  war. 
e,  surrendered 
service  of  his 
tlie  same  time 
ind  Essequiho, 
ad  heen  taken 
11  tliem  hy  the 
Je  Bouillc  ad- 
rmer  fame  by 
It  tlje  close  of 
rly  in  tlie  year 
nd  Montstri-at 
Kitts.     The 

0  be  establish- 
m  foundation. 
M>llcnt  troops, 
ly  respectable. 

also  uncom- 
nf  these  two 
;en  so  coiispi- 
larter    of   the 

amounted  to 
id  these  were 
Ititnde  of  fri- 

1  this  immetise 
wrestlny  from 


In  the  meantime,  the  British  ministry  prC' 
pared  a  stronij  8(|iiadron,  for  tJie  protection  of 
their  possessions  in  that  ipiarter.  This  was 
commanded  by  admiral  Rodney,  and  amount- 
ed, after  a  junction  with  Sir  Samuel  Hood's 
e(luadron,  and  the  arrival  of  three  ships  from 
Oreat  Britain,  to  Sd  sail  of  the  line. 

It  was  the  design  of  count  da  Grasse,  who 
commanded  the  French  fleet  at  Martinique 
iimounting  to  34  sail  of  the  line,  to  proceed  to 
Hispaniola  and  Join  the  Spanish  admiral  Don 
Solano,  who  with  sixteen  ships  of  the  line 
anil  a  considerable  land  force  was  waiting 
fur  his  arrival,  and  to  make,  in  concert  with 
him,  an  attack   on  .famaica 

The  British  admiral  wished  to  prevent  this 
junction,  or  at  least  to  force  an  engagement 
before  it  was  effected.  Admiral  Hodiiey  came 
up  with  the  count  de  (jrasse,  soon  after  he 
had  set  out  to  join  the  Spanish  fleet  at  His- 
paniola. l'arti.il  engagements  took  place  on 
tlie  three  first  days,  after  tliry  came  near  to 
each  other.  In  these,  two  of  the  French 
chips  were  so  badly  damaged,  that  they  were 
obliged  to  quit  the  fleet.  On  the  n(?xt  day  a 
general  engagement  took  place:  This  began 
at  seven  in  the  morning,  and  continued  till 
tiast  six  in  the  evening.     There  was  no    ap- 


ty-four  sail  made   the  best   of  their   way   tola  peculiar  kind    were  prepared  ngninst  him, 
Cape  Francois.     This  was  all  that  remained 


parent  superiority  on  either  side  till  between 
twelve  and  one  o'clock,  when  ailniiral  Rodney 
broke  the  French  line  of  battle,  by  lieariiig 
down  upon  their  centre,  and  penetrating 
through  it.  The  land  forces,  destined  for 
the  expedition  against  .lamiiica,  amounting  to 
.O'lOO  men,  were  distributed  on  board  the 
French  fleet.  'J'heir  ships  were  therefore  so 
crowded,  that  the  slaughter  on  board  was 
prodigious.  The  battle  was  fought  on  both 
sides  with  equal  spirit,  but  with  a  very  un- 
equal issue.  The  French  for  near  a  century, 
hud  not  in  any  naval  engagement  been  so 
completely  worst(?d.  Their  fleet  w.as  little 
less  than  ruined.  Upwards  of  400  men 
were  killed  on  board  one  of  the  ships,  and 
the  whole  number  of  tlieir  killed  and  wound- 
ed amounted  to  several  thousands,  while  the 
loss  of  the  British  did  not  much  exceed  1100 
men.  The  French  lost  in  this  action,  and  the 
subsequent  pursuit,  eight  ships  of  the  lino. 
On  board  the  captured  ships,  was  the  whole 
train  of  artillery,  with  the  ballering  cannon 
and  travelling  carriages,  intended  for  the  ex- 
pedition against  .famaica.  One  of  them  was 
the  Ville  de  Paris,  so  called  from  the  city  of 
Paris  having  built  her  at  its  own  expense, 
and  made  a  present  of  her  to  the  king.  She 
had  cost  four  millions  of  llvres,  and  was  es- 
teemed the  most  magnificent  ship  in  France  ; 
she  carried  110  guns  and  had  on  board  1300 
men.  This  was  truly  an  unfortunate  day  to 
count  do  Grasse.  Though  bis  behaviour 
throughout  the  whole  action  was  firm  and 
intrepiil,  and  his  resistance  continued  till  he 
and  two  more  were;  the  only  men  left  stand- 
ing upon  the  upper  deck,  he  was  at  last 
obliged  to  strike.  It  was  no  small  addition 
to  his  misfortunes  that  he  was  on  the  point 
nf  forming  a  junction,  which  would  have  set 
him  above  all  danger.  Had  this  taken  place, 
the  whole  British  naval  jiower  in  the  West 
Indies,  on  principles  of  ordinary  calculation 
would  have  been  insufficient  to  have  pre 
vented  him  from  carrying  into  effect,  schemes 
of  the  most  extensive  consequence. 

The   ships   of  the  defeated  fleet  fled  in    a 
variety  of  directions.     Twenty-three  or  twen- 


in  a  body  of  that  fleet,  which  was  lately  bo 
formidable.  By  this  signal  victory,  the  de- 
signs of  France  and  Spam  were  frustrated. 
No  farther  enterprises  were  undertaken 
against  the  fleets  or  ])ossessions  of  Great 
Britain  in  the  West-Indies,  ond  such  mea- 
sures only  were  embraced,  as  seemed  requi- 
site for  the  puqioses  of  nafety.  When  the 
news  of  admiral  Rcjdney's  victory  reached 
Great  Britain,  a  general  joy  was  difVu8«!d  over 
the  nation.  Before  there  had  been  much 
despondency.  Their  losses  in  the  Chesa- 
peake and  in  the  West-Indies,  together  with 
the  increasing  number  of  their  enemies,  had 
depressed  the  spirits  of  the  great  b(  uy  of  the 
people;  but  the  advantages  gained  on  the 
13th  of  April,  placed  them  on  high  ground, 
either  for  ending  or  jirosecuting  tiie  war. 
It  was  fortunate  for  the  Americans,  that  this 
success  of  the  British  was  ])osterior  to  their 
loss  in  Virginia.  It  so  elevated  the  spirits 
of  Britain,  and  so  depressed  the  hopes  of 
France,  that  had  it  taken  |)lace  prior  to  the 
surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  that  event 
would  have  been  less  influential  in  disposing 
the  nation  to  peace.  As  the  catastrophe  of 
York-town  ch)sed  the  national  war  in  North- 
America,  so  the  defeat  of  de  Grasse,  in  a 
great  measure,  jnit  a  period  to  hostilities  in 
the  West-Indies. 

Other  decisive  events  soon  followed,  which 
disposed  another  of  the  belligerent  powers 
to  a  pacification,  tiibrallar,  though  succes- 
sively relieved,  still  continued  to  lie  besieged. 
The  reduction  of  Minorca  inspired  the  Span- 
ish nation  with  fresh  motives  to  perseverance. 
The  Duke  de  Crillon,  who  had  been  recently 
successful  in  the  siege  of  Minorca,  was  ap- 
poinf^d  to  conduct  the  siege  of  (iibraltar,  and 
it  was  resolved  to  employ  the  whole  strength 
of  the  Spanish  monarchy  in  seconding  Iris 
operations.  No  means  were  neglected,  nor 
expense  spared,  that  promised  to  forward 
the  views  of  the  besiegers.  From  the  fiiilurt,' 
of  all  plans,  h'.therto  adopted  for  efi'ecting  the 
reduction  of  Gibraltar,  it  was  •■esolved  to 
adopt  nev/  ones.  Among  the  various  jiro- 
jects  f^ir  this  purpose,  one  which  had  been 
fornwvi  by  the  Chevalier  D'.'\rc(m,  was  deem- 
ed the  most  worthy  of  trial.  This  was  to 
onsiruct  such  flo«iting  batteries  as  could  nei 
ther  be  sunk  nor  fired.  With  this  view  their 
bottoms  were  made  of  th(?  thickest  timber,  and 
their  sides  of  wood  and  cork  long  soaked 
in  water,  with  a  large  layer  of  wet  sand 
between. 

To  prevent  the  eflTects  of  red  hot  balls,  a 
number  of  pipes  were  contrived  to  carry  wa 
ter  through  every  part  of  them,  and  pumps 
were  provided  to  keep  these  constantly  sup- 
plied with  water.  The  |)eople  on  board  were 
to  be  sheltered  from  the  fall  of  bombs  by  a 
cover  of  rope  netting,  which  was  made  slo- 
pinsr,  and  overlaid   with  wet  liides. 

These  floating  batteries,  ten  in  number, 
were  made  out  of  the  hulls  of  large  vessels, 
cut  down  for  the  purjiose,  and  carried  from 
28  to  10  guns  each,  and  were  seconded  by 
80  large  boats  mounted  with  guns  of  heavy 
metal,  and  also  by  a  multitude  of  frigates, 
ships  of  force,  and  some  hundreds  of  small 
craft. 

General  Elliott,   the  intrepid    defender   of 
Gibraltar,  was  not  ignorant  that  inventions  of 


but  knew  nothing  of  thei  construction.  He 
nevertheless  provided  tor  every  circum- 
stance of  danger  that  could  be  liireseen  or 
imagined.  The  13th  day  of  September  waj 
fixed  upon  by  the  besiegers  for  maki.ig  u. 
grand  attack,  when  the  new  invenied  ma- 
chines, with  all  the  united  jiowers  of  guu- 
powder  and  artilliM-y  in  iheir  highest  state  of 
improvement,  wirn;  to  be  called  into  action. 
The  combined  fleets  of  Fiance  and  Spain  in 
the  bay  of  (iibraller  uinoiiiilcd  to  48  sail  ol 
the  line.  Their  batteries  weri'  covered  with 
154  pieces  of  heavy  brass  cannon.  The 
numbers  employed  by  land  and  sea  against 
the  fortress  were  I'stiinated  at  one  hundred 
ihcnisand  men.  With  this  fince,  and  by  the 
fire  of  300  cannon,  mortars,  and  howitzers, 
from  the  adjacent  islhmus,  it  was  intended  to 
attack  every  part  of  the  Ibltish  works  at  one 
and  the  same  instant.  The  surroiindliig  hills 
were  covered  with  people  assembled  to  be- 
lold  the  spectacle.  The  cannonade  and  boni- 
lardinent  was  tremendous.  The  showers  of 
shot  and  shells  from  the  land  balli'ries,  and 
the  ships  of  the  besiegers,  and  Irom  the  va- 
rious works  of  till!  garrison,  exhibited  a 
most  dreadful  seen".  Four  hundred  pieces 
of  the  heaviest  arlilleiy  were  pla\  log  at  the 
anie  moment.  The  whole  I'eiiinsula  seem- 
ed to  be  overwhelmed  in  the?  torrents  of  fire, 
which  were  incessiinlly  jicured  upon  it.  The 
S|)anisli  floating  batteries  for  some  time  an- 
swered the  expectations  of  their  frainers. 
The  lu'aviest  shells  often  rebounded  from 
their  lo])s,  while  thirty-two  pound  shot  made 
no  visible  impression  upon  iheir  hulls.  For 
some  hours,  the  altai^k  and  defence  were  so 
e(|ually  supported,  as  snu-cely  to  admit  any 
appearance   of  su|)eriority  on  either  side. 

The  constructiim  of  the  batlering  ships 
was  so  well  calculated  fiir  withstanding  tlio 
combined  I'onv  of  lire  and  artillery,  that  they 
seemed  fiir  some  time  to  bid  <lefianci?  to  the 
powers  of  the  heaviest  ordiniince.  In  the  af- 
ternoon tli(!  efl'erts  of  hot  shot  became  visi- 
ble. At  first  there  was  only  iin  appearance 
of  smoke,  but  in  the  course  of  the  night,  after 
the  fire  of  the  garrison  had  continued  about 
Ijihiuirs,  two  of  the  floating  batteries  were 
in  flames,  and  s<>veral  more  were  visibly  be- 
ainning  to  kiudli".  The  endeavours  of  the 
besiegers  were  now  exclusively  directed  to 
bring  off  the  men  from  thi;  burning  vessels, 
but  in  this  they  were  interrupted.  Captain 
Curti:!,  who  lay  ready  with  12  i;un  boats,  ad- 
vanced and  fired  upon  them  with  such  order 
rtnd  expedition,  as  to  thmw  them  into  confu- 
sion bcfiire  they  had  finished  their  business. 
Tliey  fled  with  their  boats,  and  abandoned 
to  their  fiite  great  numbers  of  tlieir  people. 
The  opening  of  day-light  disclosed  a  most 
dreadful  spectacle.  Many  were  seen  in  the 
midst  of  the  flames  crying  out  for  help, 
while  others  were  floating  upon  pieces  of ' 
timber,  exposed  to  equal  danger  from  the 
opposite  element.  The  genenuis  humanity 
of'  the  victors  equalled  their  valour,  and  was 
the  more  honorable,  as  the  exertions  of  it 
exposed  them  to  no  less  danger  than  those  of 
active  hostility.  In  endeavouring  to  save  tVio 
lives  of  his  enemies,  captain  Curtis  nearly 
lost  his  own,  While  for  the  most  benevo- 
lent purpose  he  was  alon£r  side  the  floating 
batteries,  one  of  them  blew  up,  and  some 
heavy  pieecs  of  timber  fell  into  his  boat  and 


488 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


l!li 


Hi 

i     I 


:     \    I 


■■>  ■ 


i  ' 


I 


pierced  through  iu  bottom.  By  similar  per- 
iloua  uxcrtions,  near  400  men  were  saved  irom 
inovilublu  duatruction. 

The  exercise  of  humanity  to  nn  enemy, 
under  such  circumstances  ot  immmediiite  ac- 
tion, and  impending  danger,  conferred  more 
true  iionourtlian  could  he  iicijuired  by  the  moat 
k|)lendld  series  of  victories.  It  in  some  de- 
gree obscured  the  impression  made  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  human  nature,  by  the  madness 
of  mankind  in  destroying  each  other  by  waste- 
ful wars.  The  floating  batteries  were  all  con- 
sumed. The  violence  of  their  explosion  was 
such  as  to  burst  open  doors  and  wmdows  at  a 
great  distance.  Soon  after  the  destruction  of 
3ie  floating  batteries,  lord  Howe,  with  35 
ships  of  the  line,  bnnight  to  the  brave  garrison 
an  ample  supply  of  every  thing  wanted,  eitlier 
for  their  support  or  their  defence.  This  com 
plete  reliel  of  Gibraltar,  was  the  third  de- 
cisive event  in  the  course  of  o  twelvemonth 
which  favoured  the  re-establishment  of  a  ge- 
neral |)eace. 

The  capture  of  the  British  ormy  in  Vir 
ginia — the  defeat  of  count  do  Cirasse,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  Spanisli  floating  butteries, 
inculcated  on  Great  Britain,  France  andSjiain, 
the  policy  of  shi-athing  the  sword,  and  stop, 
ping  the  effusion  of  human  blood.  Eacl; 
nation  found,  on  a  review  of  past  events,  that 
though  their  losses  were  great,  their  gains 
were  little  or  nothing.  By  urging  the  Ameri 
can  war,  Cireat  Britain  had  increased  her  na 
tional  debt  one  hundred  millions  of  pounds 
sterling,  and  wasted  the  lives  of  at  least 
60,000  of  her  subjects.  To  add  to  her  morti- 
fication she  had  brought  all  tliis  on  herself,  by 
pursuing  an  object  the  attainment  of  which 
seemed  to  be  daily  less  probable,  and  the  be- 
nefits of  which,  even  though  it  could  have 
been  attained,  were  very  problematical. 

While  Greot  Britain,  Franco  and  Spain 
were  successively  brought  to  think  favourably 
of  peace,  the  United  States  of  America  had 
the  consolation  of  a  public  acknowledgment 
of  their  independence  by  a  second  power  of 
Europe.  This  was  effected  in  a  great  mea- 
sure by  the  address  of  John  Adams.  On  the 
capture  of  Henry  Laurens,  he  had  been  com- 
missioned Jan.  1,  1781,  to  be  the  minister 
plenipotentiary  of  Congress,  to  the  states 
general  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  was  also 
empowered  to  negociato  a  loan  of  money 
among  the  Hollanders.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
lie  presented  to  their  high  mightinesses  a  me- 
morial, iu  which  he  informed  them  that  the 
United  States  of  America,  had  thought  fit  to 
send  him  a  ccmiinission  with  full  power  and 
instructions,  to  confer  with  them  concerning  a 
treaty  of  amilv  and  commerce,  and  that  tlit.'y 
had  appoir.ted  hira  to  be  tlieir  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  reside  near  them.  Similar  iiifiir- 
mation,  was  at  the  saine  time  communicattiJ  to 
the  etadtholder,  the  prince  of  Orange. 

About  a  year  after  the  presentation  of  this 
memorial,  it  was  resolved  "  that  the  suid  Mr. 
Adorns  was  agreeable  to  their  higli  might- 
inesses, and  that  lie  should  be  acknowledged 
in  quality  of  minister  ])lenipotentiory."  Be- 
fore this  was  obtained,  much  pains  had  l)cen 
taken  raucli  ingenuity  had  been  exerted,  to 
convince  tlie  rulers  aii<l  people  of  the  states 
fnueral,  tlmt  they  had  an  interest  iu  connect- 
ing themselves  With  the  United  States.  These 
representations,  togothe^r  with  some  recent 
fuccossct  in  tkcir  contest*  e»  the  aea,  with 


Great  Britain,  and  their  evident  commercial 
interest,  encouraged  them  to  venture  on  Iwing 
the  second  power  of  Europe,  to  acknowledge 
American  Indeiiendence. 

Mr.  Adams  having  gained  this  point,  pro- 
ceeded on  the  negociation  of  a  featy  of  amity 
and  commerce  between  the  two  countries. 
This  was  in  a  few  months  concluded,  to  the 
reciprocal  satisfaction  of  both  parties.  The 
same  success  which  attended  Mr.  Adams  in 
these  negociations,  continued  to  follow  him  in 
obtaining  a  loan  of  money,  which  was  a  most 
seasonable  supply  to  his  almost  exhausted 
country. 

Mr.  Jay  had  for  nearly  three  years  past  ex- 
erted equal  abilities,  and  equal  industry  with 
Mr.  Adams,  in  endcovoring  to  negociato  a 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and  his  most 
catholic  majesty,  but  his  exertions  were  not 
crowned  with  eepial  success. 

To  gain  the  friendship  of  the  Spaniards, 
Congress  passed  sundry  resolutions,  favouring 
the  wishes  of  his  most  catholic  majesty  to  re- 
annex  the  two  Floridas  to  his  dominions, 
Mr.  Jay  was  instructed  to  contend  for  the  right 
of  the  United  States  to  the  free  navigation  of 
the  river  Mississippi,  a\  I  if  an  express  ac- 
knowledgment of  it  could  not  bo  obtained,  he 
was  restrained  from  acceding  to  any  sli|)ula- 
tion,  by  which  it  should  be  relinciuished. 
But  ill  February  1781,  when  lord  Oornwallis 
was  making  rapid  progress  in  overrumiiiig  the 
southern  states,  and  when  tin-  miitiny  of  the 
Pennsylvania  line  and  other  unfavorable  cir- 
cumstances depressed  the  spirits  of  the  Ame- 
ricans, Congress,  on  the  recoiiiiiiendation  of 
Virginia,  directed  him  to  recede  from  his  in- 
structions, so  far  as  they  insist  on  the  free  na- 
vigation of  that  part  ol  the  river  Mississippi, 
which  lies  below  the  thirty-first  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  on  a  free  port  or  ])orts  below  the 
same  ;  provided  such  cession  should  be  unal- 
terably insisted  on  by  Spain,  and  provided  the 
free  navigation  of  the  said  river  above  the 
said  degree  of  north  latitude  should  be  ac- 
knowledged and  guaranteed  by  his  catholic 
majesty,  in  common  with  his  own  subjects. 

These  propositions  were  made  to  the  minis- 
ters of  his  most  catholic  majesty,  but  not  ac- 
cepted. Mr.  Jay  in  his  own  name  informed 
them,  "  That  if  the  acceptance  of  this  offer 
should,  together  with  the  proposed  alliance, 
be  postponed  lO  a  general  peace,  the  United 
States  wou'd  cease  to  consider  themselves 
bound  by  any  propositions  or  offers  he  might 
then  make  in  their  behalf." 

Sjiain  having  delayed  to  accept  these  terms, 
which  originated  more  in  necessity  than  in 
policy,  till  the  crisis  of  American  independ- 
ence was  past.  Congress,  apprehensive  that 
their  offered  relinquishment  of  the  free  navi- 
gation of  the  Mississippi  should  at  that  late 
iiimr  be  accepted,  instructed  their  minister 
"  To  forbear  making  any  overtures  to  the 
court  of  Spain,  or  entering  into  any  stipula- 
tions, in  consequence  of  any  which  he  had 
previously  made."  The  ministers  of  his  most 
catholic  majesty,  from  indecision  and  tardiness 
of  deliberation,  let  slip  an  opportunity  of 
gaining  a  favourite  point,  which  from  tlie  in- 
creasing numbers  of  the  western  settlements 
of  the  United  States,  seems  to  be  removed  at 
a  daily  increasing  distance.  Humiliating  of- 
fers, m«de  and  rejected  in  the  hour  of  distress, 
will  not  readily  be  renewed  iu  the  day  of 
pro«perity. 


It  was  expected,  not  only  by  the  sanguina 
Americana,  but  by  many  in  England,  that  the 
capture  of  lord  Cornwallis  would  instantly 
dispose  the  nation  to  peace  ;  but  whntevui 
might  have  been  the  wish  or  the  interest  of  tii- 
peo])le,  the  American  war  was  too  much  tlio 
favourite  of  ministry  to  be  relin(|uished,  with- 
out a  struggle  for  its  continiiunce. 

Ju!,t  after  intelligence  arrived  of  the  capitu- 
lation of  York-Town,  the  king  of  Great- 
Britain,  in  his  speech  to  parliament,  declared 
"  That  he  should  not  answer  the  trust  com- 
mitted to  the  sovereign  of  n  free  people,  if  ho 
consented  to  sacrifice  either  to  his  own  desire 
of  peace,  or  to  their  temporary  case  and  ro- 
lief;  those  essential  rights  and  permanent  in- 
terests, upon  the  maintainancc  and  preserva- 
tion of  which  the  future  strength  and  security 
of  the  country  must  for  ever  depend."  The 
letermined  language  of  this  speech,  pointing 
to  the  cnntinnance  of  the  American  war,  was 
clioed  back  by  a  majority  of  both  lords  and 
commons. 

In  a  few  d.iys  after,  it  was  moved  in  llio 
house  of  ('(Uiinions  that  a  resolution  shoiilil  bo 
adopted  declaring  it  to  be  their  opinion  "  That 
all  farther  attempts  to  reiluce  the  Americans 
to  obedience  by  force  would  be  inediTliiiil, 
and  injurious  to  the  true  interests  of  (iroat 
Britain."  Though  the  debate  on  this  siil>ir<t 
was  continued  till  two  o'clock  in  the  moniiiig, 
and  though  the  opposition  reci'ived  adilitiomii 
strength,  yet  the  question  was  not  carried. 
The  Slime  ground  of  argument  was  soon  goiio 
over  again,  and  the  .\meriran  war  underwent, 
for  the  fourth  lime  since  the  beginning  of  the 
session,  a  full  discussion  ;  but  no  resolution 
disapproving  its  farther  prosemlion,  could  yet 
obtain  the  assent  of  a  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers. The  advocates  for  pence  becoming 
daily  more  numerous,  it  was  moved  by  gen- 
eral Conway,  "  That  an  humble  address  bo 
presfuited  to  his  majesty,  that  he  will  bo 
pleased  to  give  directions  to  his  ministers  not 
to  pursue  ony  longer  the  impracticable  object 
of  reducing  his  majesty's  revolted  colonies  by 
force  to  their  allegiance,  by  a  war  on  the  con 
tincnt  of  America."  This  brought  forth  a  re 
petition  of  the  former  arguments  on  the  sub 
ject,  and  engaged  the  attention  of  the  houso 
till  two  o'clock  in  the  morning.  On  a  division, 
the  motion  for  the  address  was  lost  by  a  singlo 
vote.  In  the  course  of  these  debates,  whilo 
the  minority  were  gaining  ground,  the  ministry 
were  giving  up  one  point  after  another.  They 
at  first  consented  that  the  war  should  not  bo 
carried  on  to  the  same  extent  as  formerly — 
then  that  there  should  be  no  internol  conti- 
nental war — next  that  there  should  be  no  other 
war  than  what  was  necessary  fi)r  the  defence 
f)f  the  posts  already  in  their  possession — and 
last  of  all,  none  but  against  the  F—  ch  in 
America. 

The  ministry  as  well  as  the  nati(m  began  to 
be  sensible  of  the  impolicy  of  continental  ope- 
rations, l)Ut  hojier.  that  they  might  gain  their 
point  by  pro.seciitVig  hostilities  at  s«'a.  Every 
opposition  was  thercfiire  made  by  them 
against  the  total  dereliction  of  a  war,  on  the 
success  of  which  tlusy  had  so  repeatedly 
pb'dged  themselves,  and  on  the  continuance  of 
which  they  held  their  places.  General  Con- 
way, in  five  days  after,  brought  forward 
another  motion  exj)reased  in  dlff'erent  words, 
but  to  the  same  effect  with  that  which  had 
faocn  lost  by  a  singlo  vote.     This  caused  a 


UNITED    STATES. 


489 


r  l>y  th«  8niiguin« 
Snglnnd,  lliiit  tha 

woiilil  iiiiituntiv 
3  ;  Imt  wlifti/'vui 
111;  interest  oCtti^ 
vna  too  mucli  llio 
lin(|iiislied,  wil.li- 
ince. 

eel  of  the  rnpitu- 
klii"^  of  Great- 
liiinieiif,  declared 
T  tlio  trust  com' 
"ree  people,  if  ho 
:o  liis  own  degiro 
ary  ease  and  ro- 
d  permanent  in- 
;e  and  preserva- 
iplli  and  security 

depend."  The 
speech,  pointing 
lerican  wiir,  was 
r  both  lords  and 

3  moved  in  llio 
liltion  should  ho 
r  opinion  "  That 
e  tilt!  Americana 
1  he  inert'ertnal, 
leresfs  of  (Jretit 
e  on  this  sulijcct 
;  in  the  morninsr, 
!('ived  adilitiiinni 
ins  not  carried. 
it  was  .soon  rrouo 
war  underwent, 
heginniiij;  of  the 
It  no  resuhitioii 
riifioii,  could  vet 
ity  of  the  mem- 
Doace    liecoming 

moved  hy  geii- 
nlile  address  he 
liat  he  will  ho 
lis  ministers  not 
racticahle  ohject 
Ited  colonies  liy 
war  on  the  con 

ught  forth  a  ro 

Rnts  on  the  sub 

)n  of  the   houso 

On  a  diviainn, 

ost  hy  a  sinelo 

debates,  whdn 
nd,  the  ministry 

another.  They 
r  should  not  bo 
t  as  formerly — 

internal  conti- 
>Hld  be  no  other 
for  the  defence 
•ossession — and 

the   F'"  ch  ill 


long  debate  which  lasted  till  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning.  It  wa.i  then  moved  to  adjourn 
thu  debate  till  the  13th  of  March,  Tliero 
appeared  for  the  adjournment  315,  and  against 
it  234. 

The  original  motion,  and  an  address  to  the 
king  formed  upon  the  resolution,  were  then 
carried  without  a  division,  and  the  address 
was  ordered  to  be  presented  by  the  whole 
ho^l^.!. 

To  this  his  majesty  answered,  "that  in 
pursuance  of  their  advice,  he  would  take  such 
measures  as  should  appear  to  him  most  con- 
ducive to  the  restoration  of  harmony  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  revolted  cohinies." 
The  thanks  of  the  house  were  voted  for  this 
answer.  IJut  tho  giian  od  language  thereof, 
not  inconsistent  willi  far  i-r  ^'»stilitles  against 
America,  together  with  other  suspicious  cir- 
cumstances, induced  geii  !ral  Coiiwuy  to  move 
another  resolution,  expressed  in  the  most  de- 
cisive language.  This  was  to  the  folUiwiiig 
elR'ct:  "  That  the  house  would  ciuisider  as 
enemies  to  his  majesty  and  the  country,  all 
those  who  should  advise  or  by  any  means  at- 
tempt the  further  prosecution,  of  otTensivo 
war,  on  the  continent  of  Norlh-America,  for 
the  purpose  of  reducing  the  colonies  to  obe- 
dience by  force."  This  motion,  after  a  feebh; 
opposition,  was  carried  without  a  division,  and 
put  a  period  to  all  that  chicanery  by  which 
ministers  meant  to  distinguish  between  a  pro- 
secution of  oH'enslve  war  in  North-America, 
and  a  total  diireliction  of  it.  This  resolution 
and  the  preceding  address,  to  which  it  had 
reference,  may  be  considered  .is  the  chjsing 
scene  of  the  American  war.  As  it  \>  as  made 
a  parliiin-.3mary  war,  by  an  address  from 
parliaiuen;  for  its  prosecution  in  February 
17V.5,  it  now  was  no  longer  so,  by  an  ad- 
dress from  the  most  numerous  houso  of  the 
same  parliament  in  17S2,  for  its  discontinu- 
ance. A  change  of  ministry  was  the  conse- 
quence of  this  total  change  of  that  jiolitical 
system  which,  for  seven  years,  had  directed 
the  alfairs  of  (treat  ISritain.  A  new  adminis- 
tration was  formed  under  the  auspices  of  the 
marquis  of  Kockinghain,  and  was  composed 
of  characters  who  o|)pi)3ud  the  American 
war. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  new  minister  sti- 
pulated with  the  court  before  ho  entered 
into  ofllce,  that  there  should  be  peace  with 
the  Americans,  and  that  the  acknowledgment 
of  their  inde|)eiidence  should  not  bo  a  bar  to 
the  attainment  of  it.  Soon  after  the  manpiis 
of  Kockiiighani,  on  whom  Great  Britain  relied 
with  a  well  jilaced  cor.fidence,  for  extrication 
from  surrounding  embarrassments,  departed 
this  life,  and  his  much  lamented  death  for 
some  time  obscured  the  agreeable  prospects 
which  had  lately  begun  to  dawn  on  the  na- 
tion. On  the  di!cease  of  the  noble  inarijuis, 
oarl  Shelburne  was  appointed  his  successor. 
To  removo  constitutional  impediments  to  iie- 
gociute  with  the  late  IJritish  colonies,  an  act 
of  parliament  was  jiassed,  granting  to  the 
crown  powe'i  for  negociating  or  concluding 
a  general  or  particular  peace  or  truce  with 
tho  whole,  or  with  any  part  of  t'le  colonies, 
and  for  setting  aside  all  former  laws,  whose 
operations  were  in  contravention  of  that 
purpose. 

Sir  Guy  Carleton,  who  was  lately  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  tho  royal  army  in 
North  America,  was  instructed  to  use  his  en- 


deavours for  carrying  Into  nlfect  the  wishes 
of  Great  Ilritain  for  an  accommodation  with 
the  Americans.  Ho  therefore  dispatched  a 
h!tter  to  general  Washington,  informing  him 
of  the  late  |)roceedings  of  parliament,  and  of 
tho  dispositions  so  favourable  to  America, 
which  were  prevalent  in  Great  Hrltaiii,  and 
at  the  same  lime  solicited  a  passport  for  his  sec- 
retary, Mr.  Morgan,  to  pay  a  visit  to  Congress. 
His  reipicst  was  refused.  The  application 
flir  it,  with  its  concomitant  circiimslaiices, 
were  considered  as  introductory  to  a  scheme 
for  opening  negociations  with  Congress  or  the 
states,  without  the  concurrence  of  their  allies. 
This  caused  no  small  alarm  and  gave  rise  to 
sundry  resolutions,  by  which  several  states 
declared,  that  a  |)roposition  from  the  enemy 
to  all  or  any  of  the  United  States  for  pec'e 
or  truce,  separate  from  their  allies,  was  in- 
admissable.  Congress  not  long  after  re- 
solved, "that  they  would  not  enter  into  the 
discussion  of  any  overtures  for  pacification, 
but  in  confidence  and  in  concert  with  his 
most  christian  majesty,  and  as  a  proof  of  this, 
they  recommended  to  the  several  states  to 
pass  laws,  that  no  subject  of  his  Britannic 
majesty  coming  directly  or  indirectly  from 
any  part  of  the  British  dominions,  be  admit- 
ted into  any  of  the  United  States  during  the 
war."  This  decisive  conduct  extinguishcid 
all  hopes  that  (treat  Britain  might  have  en- 
t(Mtained,  of  making  a  separate  peace  with 
America.  Two  of  the  first  sovereigns  of  Eu- 
rope, the  Empress  of  llussla  and  the  Empe- 
ror of  Germany,  were  the  mediators  in  ac- 
complishing the  great  work  of  peace.  Such 
was  the  state  of  the  contending  parties,  that 
the  intercession  of  powerful  mediators  was 
no  longer  necessary.  The  disposition  of 
Great  Britain,  to  recognize  the  indejirndencf! 
of  the  United  States,  had  reinoveil  the  princi- 
pal dllTiciilty,  which  had  hitherto  obstructed 
a  general  |)acification.  It  would  be  curious 
to  trace  the  successive  steps  by  which  the 
nation  wan  brought  to  this  measure,  .so  irre- 
concilable to  their  former  declarations.  Va- 
rious auxiliary  causes  might  \m  ciilli'd  in  to 
account  for  this  great  change  of  the  public 
mind  of  Great  Britain,  but  tho  sum  of  the 
whole  must  be  resolved  into  this  simple  pro- 
position, "  That  it  was  unavoidable."  A  state 
of  perpetual  war  was  inconsistent  with  the 
interest  of  a  commercial  nation.  Even  the 
longer  continuance  of  hostilities  was  for- 
bidden by  every  principle  of  wise  policy. 
The  avowed  object  of  the  alliance  between 
Franco  and  America,  and  the  steady  adhe- 
rence of  both  |)arties  to  enter  into  no  nego- 
ciations without  the  concurrence  of  each 
other,  reducedGreat  Britain  to  the  alternative 
of  continuing  a  hopeless  unproductive  war, 
or  of  negociating  under  the  idea  of  recogni- 
zing American  independence.  This  great 
change  of  the  public  mind  in  Great  Britain, 
favourable  to  American  indopendenc,  took 
place  between  November  1781,  and  March 
1782.  In  that  interval  M..  Laurens  was  re- 
leased from  his  confinrment  in  the  tower. 
Before  and  after  bis  release,  he  had  frequent 
opportunities  of  demonstrating  to  persons  in 
power,  that  from  hi?  personal  knowledge  of 
the  sentiments  of  Congress,  and  of  their  in- 
structions to  their  ministers,  every  hope  of 
peace,  without  the  acknowledgment  of  in- 
dependence, was  illusory.  Seven  years  ex- 
perience  had  proved   to  tlie  nation  that  tho 


conquest  of  tho  American  states  was  im- 
practicable; they  now  received  ec|nal  con- 
viction, that  the  recognition  of  their  jiidepen- 
dence,  was  an  indispensible  pn  liiiuiiary  to 
the  determlnaticui  of  a  w;ir,  from  ih  lontinii- 
anco  of  which,  neither  profit  nin-  Imi  lur  was 
to  be  ac(piired.  The  pridi;  ol'  (treat  Hrllain 
for  a  long  time  resisted,  but  that  usurping 
passion  was  (ililiged  to  yi<ld  to  the  superior 
influence  of  interest.  The  feelings  of  the 
great  body  of  the  people  were  no  longer 
to  be  controlh'il,  by  the  honour  of  miiiistert., 
or  romantic  iileas  of  natiiuial  dignity.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  a  re>  ohition  was  effected 
in  the  sentiments  of  tin  inhabitants  of  Great 
Britain,  not  less  renmrku'  le  than  what  in  tho 
beginning  of  it,  took  |>liice  am.  ng  the  citi- 
zens of  America. 

Iiiili  pendenre  wliicli  \\  s  neithei  ihought  of 
nor  wished  for  by  t\w  liittir  in  the  year  1771, 
and  1775,  became  in  the  year  177  i  their  la 
voiirite  object,  A  recognition  of  tiiis,  which 
throughout  the  war,  had  been  with  ft'w  ex- 
ceptions the  object  of  abhorrence  to  the  Brit- 
ish nati(Ui,  beciinii'  in  the  year  17S'>,  a  popu- 
lar measure  in  Great  Britain,  as  the  meuns  of 
putting  an  end  to  a  ruinnus  war. 

The  commissioners  for  negocial.jig  peace 
oil  the  part  of  the  United  Stales,  were  John 
Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  .lay,  and 
Henry  Liiunuis.  On  the  part  of  Great  Bri- 
taiii,  ^Ir.  Filzherbert,  and  Mr.  Oswald,  Pro- 
visional articles  of  ]ieace,  between  Great 
Hritain  and  the  TTnited  States  were  agreeil 
upon  by  thesi!  gentlemen,  which  were  to  be 
inserted  in  a  future  treaty  of  peace,  to  be  fi- 
nally concluded  between  the  parties,  when 
that  between  (treat  Britain  and  France  took 
place.  By  these  the  independence  of  the 
states  was  ncknowleilged  in  its  fullest  extent. 
Very  ample  boiiiwlaries  were  allowed  them, 
which  comprehended  the  fertile  and  exten- 
sive countries  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississijipi,  in 
which  was  the  residence  of  upwnnls  of  twen- 
ty nations  of  Indians,  and  particularly  of.  the 
five  nations,  who  had  long  been  the  friends 
and  allies  of  Great  Britain.  An  uiiliiiiifid 
right  of  fishery  on  tho  banks  of  Newfoundland, 
and  other  places  where  l)Otli  nations  had  hero 
tofore  been  accustomed  to  fish,  was  likewise 
confirmed  to  the  Americans.  From  the  ne- 
cessity of  the  case,  the  loyalists  were  sacri- 
ficed, nothing  more  tlnin  a  simple  rero'umen- 
dation  for  restitution  being  stipulated  ;i  their 
favour.  Five  days  after  these  provisional 
articles  were  signed,  tin'  liritish  parliament 
met.  They  underwent  a  s.-vere  |)arliamenl- 
ary  discussion.  It  was  said  by  the  opposition 
that  independence  being  recognized,  every 
thing  ceded  by  Great  Britain  required  an 
ecpiivaient ;  but  that  while  they  (rave  up  the 
many  posts  they  held  in  the  United  States, 
an  immense  extent  of  north  and  western  ter- 
ritory, a  participation  in  the  fur  trade,  and 
in  the  fisheries,  nothing  was  stipulated  in 
return. 

It  must  be  acknowledged,  that  the  minis- 
ters of  Congress  prociiri'd  for  their  cimntry- 
men  better  terms  than  they  had  reason  to  ex 
pect ;  but  from  a  combination  of  circuiti 
stances,  it  was  scarcely  possible  to  end  tho 
war  without  similar  concessions  on  the  part 
of  Great  Britain.  By  the  alliance  between 
France  and  America,  there  could  be  no  peace 
without  independence.     That    once   granted. 


400 


HISTORY  OF  TUB 


. 


~, 


inokt  oi  tlio  otlior  articlei  followud  of  cnursio. 
It  ia  true,  lliu  bouiidurlci  i-grtied  upon  wore 
fiwre  extonsivu  tlmn  tlio  states,  when  culonius, 
had  nlaimcd ;  yet  the  surplus  ceded  could 
have  befii  o(  little  or  no  use  ta({reat  Drituin, 
and  might  it'  retained  have  given  au  occasion 
to  a  future  war. 

The  case  of  the  loyalists  was  undoubtedly 
a  hard  one,  b\it  unavoidable,  irom  the  com- 
plex constitution  of  the  Uniti'd  Status.  The 
American  ministers  engagi'd  us  fur  us  they 
were  autiiori/.t'd,  nnd  Congress  did  all  that  they 
constitutionally  could;  but  this  wus  no  more 
than  simply  to  recommend  their  case  to  the  se- 
vernl  status,  fur  the  purpose  of  making  them 
restituiion.  To  have  insisted  on  more,  under 
such  circumstiinces,  would  have  been  equiva- 
lent to  saying  thiit  there  should  be  no  peace. 
It  is  true,  niunh  more  was  expected  from  the 
recommendutions  of  Congress,  than  resulted 
from  them  ;  l)ut  this  was  not  the  conset|uencc 
of  deception,  but  of  misunderstanding  the 
principles  of  the  confederation.  In  conformity 
to  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  treaty,  Congress 
urged  in  strong  ttTins  the  propriety  of  mak- 
ing restitution  to  the  loyalists,  but  to  procurt; 
it  was  beyond  their  power.  In  the  animation 
produced  by  the  war,  when  the  Americans 
conceived  their  liberties  to  be  in  danger,  and 
that  their  only  safety  consisted  in  obeying  their 
federal  head,  they  yielded  a  more  unreserved 
oI)edi<!iice  totho  recommendations  of  Congress, 
than  is  usually  paid  to  the  decrees  of  the  most 
urbitrary  sovereigns.  Hut  the  case  was  widely 
different,  when  at  the  clos»!  of  the  war,  a  mea- 
sure was  recommended  in  direct  opposition  to 
iht'ir  prejudices. 

It  was  the  general  opinion  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, that  the  continuance  of  the  war,  and  the 
as|<erity  with  which  it  had  been  carried  on, 
wits  more  owing  to  the  machinations  of  their 
own  countrymen,  who  had  taken  part  with 
royul  gcveri.ment,  than  to  their  British  ene- 
mies. It  is  certain  that  the  former  had  been 
most  active  in  predatory  excursions,  and  most 
forward  in  scenes  of  blood  and  murder.  Their 
knowledge  of  the  country  enabled  them  to  do 
mischief  which  never  would  have  occurred  to 
■European  soldiers.  Many  powerful  passions 
of  human  nature  operated  against  making  res- 
titution to  men,  who  were  thus  considered  as 
the  authors  of  so  great  a  share  of  the  public 
distress. 

There  were  doubtless  among  the  loyalists 
many  worthy  characters — friends  to  peace,  and 
lovers  of  justice  :  To  such,  restitution  was  un- 
doubtedly due,  and  to  many  such  it  was  made  ; 
but  it  is  one  of  the  many  calamities  incident  to 
war,  that  the  innocent,  from  the  impossibility 
of  discrimination,  ore  often  involved  in  the 
same  distress  wilh  the  guilty.  The  return  of 
the  loyalists  to  their  former  places  of  resi- 
dence, was  as  much  disrelished  by  the  whig 
citizens  of  America,  as  the  proposal  for  reim- 
bursing their  confiscated  property.  In  sundry 
places  committees  were  formed,  which  in  an 
Brl)itrary  manner  opposed  their  peaceable 
residence.  The  sober  and  dispassionate  citi- 
lens  exerted  themselves  in  checking  those  ir- 
regular measures  ;  but  such  was  the  violence 
of  party  3j)lrit,  and  so  relaxed  were  the  sinews 
of  government,  that  in  opposition  to  legal 
authority,  and  the  private  mterfercnce  of  the 
jndicous  and  moderate,  many  indecent  out- 
rages wero  committed  on  the  persons  and  pro- 
perty of  die  returning  loyalists. 


Nor  wero  those  all  the  sufferings  of  those 
Americans  who  had  attached  themstdves  to 
the  royul  cause.  Heing  compelled  to  depart 
their  native  country,  many  of  them  were 
obliged  to  take  up  thi-ir  abodes  in  the  inhos- 
pituhle  wilds  of  Nova  Scotia,  or  on  the  barren 
shores  of  the  liahama  Islands.  Parliamentary 
relief  was  extended  to  them,  but  tills  was  ob- 
tained with  ditliculty,  and  distributed  with  a 
partial  hand.  Some  who  invented  plausible 
tales  of  loyalty  and  distress,  ri-ceived  mucli 
more  than  they  ever  possessed  ;  but  others, 
less  artful,  were  not  half  reimbursed  for  their 
actual  losses.  The  bulk  of  the  sufferings, 
subsequent  to  tin;  peace,  among  the  Ameri- 
cans, fell  to  the  share  of  the  merchants,  and 
others,  who  owed  money  in  England.  From 
the  operations  of  the  wor,  remittances  were 
impossible.  In  the  mean  time  payments  were 
made  in  America  by  a  depreciating  paper,  un- 
der the  sanction  of  a  law  which  made  it  a 
legal  tender.  The  unhappy  persons  who  in 
this  manner  sufl'ered  payment,  could  not  apply 
it  to  the  extinguishment  of  their  foreign  debts. 
If  they  retained  in  their  hands  the  paper  which 
was  paid  to  them,  it  dally  decreased  in  value: 
If  they  invested  it  in  pulilic  securities,  from 
the  deficiency  of  funds,  their  Bituation  was  no 
better  :  If  they  purchased  land,  such  was  the 
superabundiince  of  territory  ceded  by  the 
peace,  that  it  fi,'ll  greatly  in  value.  Under  all 
these  embarrassments,  the  American  debtor 
was  by  treaty  bound  to  make  payments  in 
specie  of  all  his  honajiih  debts,  due  in  Great- 
Britain.  The  British  nuirchiint  was  materially 
injured  by  being  kept  fiir  many  years  out  of 
his  capital,  and  the  American  was  often  ruined 
by  being  ultimately  held  to  nay  in  specie  what 
he  received  in  paper.  Enough  was  suffered 
on  both  sides  to  make  the  inhabitants,  as  well 
in  Great  Britain  as  in  America,  <leprecate  war 
as  one  of  the  greatest  evils  incident  to 
humanity. 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

TliR  stste  nf  pnrtiPR ;  the  advantngea  and  iliHAtlvantai^a 
of  (tic  Rcvolulinii ;  its  influence  on  tlie  ininda  and 
inorala  of  (lie  citizens. 

Previous  to  the  American  revolution,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  British  colonies  were  uni- 
versally loyal.  That  three  millions  of  inch 
subjects  should  break  through  all  former  at- 
tachments, and  unanimously  adopt  now  ones, 
could  not  reasonably  lie  expected.  The  re- 
volution had  its  enemies,  as  well  as  its  friends, 
in  every  period  of  the  war.  Country,  religion, 
local  policy,  as  well  as  private  views,  operated 
in  disposing  the  inhabitants  to  take  different 
sides.  The  New-England  provinces  being 
mostly  settled  by  one  sort  of  peojile,  were 
nearly  of  one  sentiment.  The  influence  of 
placemen  in  Boston,  together  with  the  connex- 
ions which  tJiey  had  fiirnied  by  marriages, 
had  attached  sundry  influential  choriicters  in 
that  capital  to  the  British  interest,  but  these 
wero  but  as  the  dust  in  the  balance,  when 
compared  with  the  numerous  independent 
whig  yeomanry  of  the  country.  The  same 
and  other  causes  produced  a  large  number  in 
New-York  who  wore  attached  to  royal  go- 
vernment. That  city  had  long  been  heuu 
quarters  of  the  British  army  in  America,  and 
many  intermarriages   and  other   connexions, 


had  been  made  belween   llritish  oHicera  and 
some  of  their  first  families. 

The  practice  of  entailing  estates  had  pre- 
vailed in  New-York  to  a  much  greater  extent 
than  in  any  of  the  other  provinces.  The  go- 
vi^rnors  thereof  had  lotig  been  in  the  habit  of 
indul(.nng  their  favourites  with  extnivngnnt 
grants  oi  land.  This  hvd  introduced  the  dis- 
tinction of  landlord  nnd  tenant.  There  was 
therefore  in  New-York  on  uristoenilic  party, 
rt!spectable  for  numbon",  wealth  and  in- 
fluence, which  had  much  to  fear  from  indi.'- 
pendence.  The  city  was  also  dlvldi'il  into 
parties  by  the  influence  of  two  ancient  and  nu- 
merous familleH,  the  LiviiijTstoiis  and  De- 
liinceys.  These  having  been  long  ucciislniii- 
ed  to  oppose  each  other  at  c'ectioiis,  could 
rarely  be  brought  to  unite  in  any  political 
measures,  In  this  controversy,  one  altiinst 
universally  took  part  wilh  Amenra,the  other 
with  Great  Britain. 

The  Irish  in  America,  with  a  few  cxcoptiors, 
were  attiiclu-d  to  indepi-ndence.  T.Sey  had 
fled  from  oppression  in  their  native  cnunliy, 
and  could  not  brook  the  idea  that  it  should  ii>l- 
low  them.  Their  iiatloiuil  |ireposses8iuns  in 
favor  of  lilxTty,  were  stieiigthened  by  ihoir 
religious  opinions.  Tlieywere  piesbytorlans, 
and  people  of  that  denoriinatlon,  liir  reaH<iii» 
hereafter  to  be  explained,  were  mostly  whifip 
The  Scotch,  on  the  otlit^r  hand,  though  they 
had  formerly  sacrificed  much  to  liberty  in  their 
own  country,  were  generally  illspt>s<;d  to  sup- 
port the  claims  of  Great-ISrituin.  Their  na- 
tion for  some  yeors  past  had  experieiu'cd  a 
large  proportion  of  royal  favor.  A  very  ab- 
surd association  wos  made  by  many,  between 
the  cause  of  .John  Wilkes  and  the  cause  of 
America.  The  former  had  remlered  h'.iiisolf 
so  universally  odious  to  the  Scotch,  that  many 
of  them  wero  prejudiced  ngainat  a  cause, 
which  was  so  ridiculously,  but  generally  asso- 
ciated, with  that  of  a  man  who  had  grossly  in- 
sulted their  whole  nation.  The  illiberal  re- 
flections cast  by  some  Americans  on  the  whole 
body  of  the  Scotch,  as  favourers  of  nibltrary 
power,  restrained  high  spirited  imlivldiials  of 
that  nation  from  joining  a  people  who  suspect 
ed  their  love  of  liberty,  Such  of  tlieiu  us  ad- 
hered to  the  cause  of  indepeiideiiee,  were 
steady  in  their  attachment.  The  army  and  the 
Congress  ranked  among  their  best  officem, 
and  most  valuable  members,  some  individuals 
of  that  nation. 

Such  of  the  Germans,  in  America,  as  pes 
sesscd  the  means  of  information,  were  gener 
ally  determined  wliiys,  but  many  of  them 
were  too  little  Informeil,  to  be  able  to  choose 
their  side  on  proprr  11  I  Tlun  especially 
such  of  them      ^  resid.  le  inr-rlor  coun- 

try, V  f         their  not  iiii(iprstandlng  the 

I"'  .iiHgP,    far  behind   most   of   the 

OI  tiints,  in  n  knowl      je  of  the  merits 

ot  .-^piite.     Their  dis:         tion  was  rather 

pa  tllanacti^e:  A  considerable  part  of  It 

arosi  I  n  prii  pies  of  religion,  for  some  of 
their  seir^  del:  'lie  lawfulness  of  war.  No 
people  have  |i.  i^pered  more  in  America  than 
the  Germans.  None  have  surpassed,  nnd  b'  ' 
few  have  eipialled  them,  in  industry  and  oil 
republican  virtues. 

The  great  body  of  tories  in  the  southern 
states,  wag  among  the  settle'rs  on  their  western 
frontier.  Alany  of  these  were  disorderly  per 
sons,  who  had  fled  from  the  old  settlements,  to 
avoid  the  restraints  of  civil  government.  T^    ' ' 


ritiiih  iiHiccni  ond 

'  <<atii(<!8  tiiiil  prt!- 

iviniTS.  Tlic  gii. 
I'll  in  ill)'  hiiliit  (if 
Nvith  I'xtnivii^niit 
itroiluci'il  lliu  dill- 

mill.        TIllTf    WHS 

urinlocnilir  piirty, 
wt'iillli  niul  ill- 
U>  H'lir  froiii  iiido 
ii\»o  (iividi'd  iiilii 
■n  ancient  and  nu- 
ll jTstoim  Mllll  Dc- 
>n  lung  ucniatiiiii- 
I  election!,  I'oidd 
I  ill  liny  |i<i!iiit'iil 
i-rsy,  oiiu  idiiioHt 
ViiuTirii,  the  oiIut 


mimliors  worn  Incri'inoil  liy  u  hi-*  id'  ini'ii' 
chIIimI  rt'f^iiliilorii.  Tint  oxpiiiiiiti  iind  <iil)i('iiltv 
(if  (;litiiinin^  till)  dcciiidii  iif  ciiiiit'*,  iii;iiiihI 
liuriu-tiiIov(!4  and  titlirr  criiniiiulii,  Imil  linliiri'd 
sundry  |i<'rfliiiiK,  altiiiit  tint  yi'iir  177(1,  to  liiki' 
thu  execution  of  till)  Iuwh  into  tlioirovvii  liandM, 
ill  miini!  id'  tint  rciiiotii  M'ttlriiuMit.H,  liolli  of 
North  iind  SoiitliCarolinn.  Iiipiiiii!iliin;;rriiiii'!>, 
form!)  IIS  ^''idl  lilt  iiilHlnnro,  iiiiHt  liti  ri><;iirdi'd. 
From  not  atti-ndiii);  to  llio  fornuT,  somo  of  tlic.ii' 
ri-^iiliilon,  thuiigli  |H!rliiipH  iiiiiiiiii^  ut  iiotliiii); 
tint  wimt  lli«y  tlioii^^lit  rif^lit,  Ronimittivl  initiiy 
(iHiHicuD  both  UfrniiiHtluw  und  jiiitico,  JSy  tliclr 
viiili'iit  proC)!udin)^ii  rf^iiiiir  ^uvcrninnit  wiis 
proHtriitod.  Tills  druw  on  tlir.ni  tin;  vrii^'i'iinrc 
of  royal  governors.  Tlio  ri"(;ii!ators  liaviiij.' 
biiII'ltoiI  from  tholr  hands,  worn  slow  to  oppose 
itn  estalilishud  ^oviininKiiit,  wliosu  powiir  to 
]Miiilsli  they  had  recently  t^xpericnced.  Ap- 
prehending that  the  measures  of  (Joimres-i 
were  like  their  own  rej^iihitiii;;  schuiiies,  aiid 
fearing  that  they  would  terniiiKitii  in  the  saiiii' 
•llsai^reealile  conseipiences,  they  and  their  ad- 
liorents  were  genuriilly  opposed  to  tlii!  revolu- 
tion. 

Ruli^^ion  also  divided  tliu  innaltitanlsi  if  Amer- 
ica. The  presliyterians  and  independents, 
were  nlinust  universally  attached  to  llio  inea- 
S'lrcs  of  (Jonfjress.  Their  rolif^lims  societies 
art!  ^ovornud  on  thu  ropiililican  plan. 

From  indepeiiileiine  they  had  much  to  hope, 
hut  from  (treat  llritaln  if  finally  successful, 
thny  had  reason  to  fear  the  estalilislimeiit  of  a 
church  hierarchy.  Most  of  the  episcopal  miii- 
islurs  of  the  northerii  provinces,  wen-  pension- 
ers on  the  liounty  of  the  Hrilisli  (fovernmeiit. 
The  preiitest  )iart  of  iheirclerfry  and  many  of 
their  laity  in  these  provinces  were  tluireforc 
disposed  to  support  ii  connexion  with  (ireal 
Hritaiii.  The  episcopal  clerj^y  in  these  soiilli- 
ern  provinces  heiiif;  under  no  such  Mas,  were 
often  amoiijj  the  warmest  whii».s,  .Some  of 
ihoin  foreseoinjf  the  downllill  id'  relip;ious  es- 
tablishments from  the  success  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, were  less  nclive,  but  in  f^eneral  wIkm-o 
their  church  was  able  to  siipporc  itself,  their 
clerjjy  and  laity,  zealously  espoused  the  cause 
of  independonce.  Great  pains  were  taken  to 
persuade  them,  that  those  who  had  been  called 
uisaonters,  were  aiiniiiff  to  abidisli  the  episco- 
pal ostablisliment.  to  make  way  for  their  own 
exaltation,  but  the  t^ood  sense  of  the  people, 
n!8trained  them  from  giviiij;  any  credit  to  the 
iiiifiMuided  suj^gestion.  Uelii;ious  controversy 
was  happily  kept  out  of  view:  The  well  in- 
f  irnied  of  all  di'nominalions  were  convinced, 
that  the  contest  was  for  their  civil  rights,  and 
therefore  did  not  sutler  any  other  considera- 
Btions  to  interfere,  or  disturb  their  union. 

The  ipiakers  wIin  a  few  exceptions  were 
averse  to  independence.  In  Pennsylvania  they 
were  numerous,  and  had  power  in  their  hands. 
Kevoliitions  in  f^overnment  are  rarely  pitron 
is  ,'d  by  uny  body  of  men,  who  foresee  that  a 
■J.in:iiiul.)n  of  their  own  im)>ortunce,  is  likely 
to  result  from  the  change.  Quakers  from  reli- 
gious principles  wore  averse  to  war,  and  there- 
forecoiild  not  be  friendly  to  a  revolution,  which 
could  only  be  elfected  by  the  sword.  Several 
individuals  separated  from  them  on  account  of 
their  principles,  and  followinf;;  the  impulse  of 
their  inclinations,  joined  their  countrymen  in 
arms,  The  servic^s  America  received  from 
two  of  their  society,  generals  Greene  ond  Mif- 
flin, made  some  amends  for  the  embarrass- 
ment, which  the  disaifection  of  the  great  body 


U  N  I  T  K  I)  S  T  A  T  E  S . 

of  their  people  occasioned  lo  thu  oxerlioni  of 
llie  nclive  friends  of  iinlependence. 

The  age  and  ti'iiiperament  of  individuals 
had  often  an  iiilhieiice  in  li:;iiig  their  political 
charaeler.  Ghl  men  were  seldom  warm  whigs. 
They  could  not  relish  the  great  changes  which 
were  daily  taking  place.  Atlached  to  ancient 
loriiis  and  habits,  they  could  not  readily  iiccom- 
iiiodiiie  themnelves  to  new  iysteiin.  Few  of 
the  very  rich  were  active  in  liirwarding  thu 
revoliiiion.  This  was  remarkably  the  case  in 
the  eastern  and  middle  states;  but  ihe  reverse 
look  place  in  ihe  southern  extreme  of  the  ciui- 
Icdenicy.  There  were  in  no  part  of  America, 
Millie  <li'terniine<l  wliigs  llian  llie  opulent  slave- 
holders in  Virginia,  the  ('urorinas  and  Georgia. 
The  active  and  spirited  part  of  the  coimniiiiily, 
who  felt  ihemselviM  possessed  of  talents,  that 
would  raise  thi'iii  to  eiiiiiieiice  in  a  free  gnverii- 
ineiit,  Iciiiged  for  the  establisliiiieiit  id' indepen- 
dent coiistitiitioiis :  liiit  those  who  were  ill 
possession  or  expectation  of  royal  favour,  or 
of  iiroinollon  fniiii  Gii-iit  Ibilain  wished  that 
the  coiiiiexion  lielweeii  ihe  pariinl  state  and  the 
colonies  inlghl  be  pieserM'd, 

The  young,  the  anient,  the  umbitioiisand  the 
enterprising  wen.'  mostly  wliigs,  but  the  plileg- 
inatic,  the  timid,  the  interesteil  and  those  who 
wanted  decision  were,  in  general  favourers  of 
(treat  Urilain,  oral  least  only  the  lukewarm  in- 
active i'riends  of  inclependence.  The  whigs  re- 
ceived a  great  ri  inl'orciuiient  from  the  operation 
of  conlineiilal  money.    In  the  year  177'),  177G, 

and  in  the   Krst  ii tlis  of  1777,  while  llio  bills 

of  congress  were  in  good  credit,  the  ell'ects  of 
them  were  the  same,  as  if  a  foreign  posverhad 
made  the  UiuIihI  .States  a  jiresent  of  twenty 
millions  of  silver  dollars.  'I'lie  circulation  of 
so  large  a  sum  of  money,  and  the  employment 
given  to  great  niiinbers  in  |irovidiiig  for  the 
American  army,  increased  the  numbers  and 
invigorated  the  zeal  of  the  friends  to  the  revo- 
lution :  on  the  same  principles  the  American 
war  was  patronised  in  Kngland,  by  the  many 
contractors  and  agents  for  transporting  and 
supplying  the  Itritish  army.  In  both  cases 
the  inconveniences  of  interrupted  commerce 
were  lessened  by  the  employment  which  war 
and  a  domestic  circulation  of  money  substitut- 
ed in  its  room.  The  convulsions  of  war  idl'ord- 
eil  excellent  shelter  for  desperate  debtors. 
The  ."pirit  of  the  times  revelled  against  drag- 
ging to  jails  for  debt,  men  who  were  active  and 
zealous  in  defending  their  country,  and  on  the 
other  hand,  those  who  owed  more  than  they 
were  worth,  by  going  within  the  liritisli  lines, 
and  giving  themselves  the  merit  of  suHering 
on  the  score  of  loyalty,  not  only  put  their  cred- 
itors to  defiance,  but  somi'tiines  obtained  pro- 
motion or  other  special  marks  of  royal  favour. 

The  American  revolution,  on  the  one  hand, 
brought  forth  great  vices;  but  on  the  other 
hand,  it  called  forth  many  virtues,  and  gave 
occasion  for  the  di.^play  of  atdllles,  which  but 
for  that  event,  would  have  been  lost  to  the 
world.  When  the  war  began,  the  Americans 
were  a  mass  of  husbandmen,  merchants,  me- 
chanics and  Ksherman  ;  but  the  necessities  of 
the  Country  gave  a  spring  to  the  active  pow- 
ers of  the  inhabitants,  and  set  them  on  think- 
ing, speaking  and  acting,  in  a  line  far  beyond 
that  lo  «  hicli  they  had  been  accustomed.  The 
diflerence  between  nations  is  not  so  much  ow- 
ing to  nature,  as  to  education  and  clrcumstiin- 
ces.  While  the  Americans  were  guided  by 
tlio  leading  strings  of  the  mother  country,  they 


481 

hail  no  icope  nor  encoiirageinont  fo'  exertion 
All  the  deparllneiiU  of  eoveriiiiieiil  were  is 
lablislied  and  executed  li>r  llieiii,  but  nut  by 
them.  In  the  years  nV'i  and  177(i,  the  country 
being  suddenly  thrown  into  a  Hiliiiitlon  ihat 
needed  the  ubilities  of  all  lU  Sons,  these  gen- 
erally took  their  places,  each  uecording  to  llio 
bent  of  his  inclination.  As  they  severally  pur- 
sued their  object  with  ardour,  a  vast  expnnsiou 
of  the  human  mind  speedily  followed.  'I'hir 
disiiloyed  itself  in  a  variety  of  ways. 

It  was  fouiid  that  the  tali'iits  liu'  great  sta- 
tions did  not  diU'er  in  kind,  but  only  in  degree, 
from  those  v.hich  were  necessary  for  ihe  prop- 
er discharge  of  the  ordinary  business  of  civil 
society.  In  the  bustle  that  was  occasioni'd  by 
the  war,  few  iii.sliiiices  could  be  produced  of 
any  person  who  made  a  figure,  or  who  lender- 
ed  esseiillal  services,  but  from  among  those 
who  had  given  specimens  of  similar  talents  in 
their  ri'speetive  professions.  Those  \\  ho  from 
indolence  or  liissipalion,  had  been  of  little  ser- 
vli^e  to  the  commiiiiiiy  in  time  of  peace,  were 
found  eipially  unserviceable  in  war,  A  few 
young  men  were  exceptions  to  this  geueiul 
rule.  Home  of  these,  who  had  indiiigid  in 
youthful  fdllies,  broke  of  from  ilu'lr  vicious 
courses,  and  on  the  pressing  call  of  their  coun- 
try became  useful  .servants  of  the  public;  but 
the  great  bulk  of  those  who  were  the  active 
instruments  of  carrying  on  the  revolution,  werti 
self-made,  industrious  men.  'I'hese,  «  Im  tiy 
their  own  exertions  had  established  or  laid  n 
foundation  liir  establishing  jiersoiiiil  indepen- 
dence, were  most  ge-ierally  trusted,  and  incft 
successfully  eniphiyed  i'.  establishing  that  of 
their  country.  In  these  times  of  action,  cln!-- 
slcal  education  was  liiuiid  of  less  service  than 
good  natural  parts,  guided  by  coiiim-.ui  seiiso 
and  sound  judgment. 

Several  names  could  be  mentioned,  of  iiiili- 
vldiials  who  without  the  knowledge  of  any 
ether  language  than  their  mother  tongue,  wrolo 
not  only  accurately,  but  elegnnlly,  on  public 
business.  It  seemed  as  if  the  war  not  only 
reipiired,  but  created  talents.  >!i'ii  whoso 
minds  were  warmed  with  the  love  of  liberty, 
and  whose  abilities  were  improved  by  dully 
exercise,  and  sharpened  with  ii  luudabfe  am- 
bition to  serve  their  distressed  country,  spoke, 
wrote,  and  acted,  with  an  energy  liir  surpass- 
ing all  ex|«'clalion3  whiidi  could  be  reasonably 
Ibiinded  on  their  previous  acipiiiemenrs. 

The  Americans  knew  but  little  of  one  anoin- 
or,  previous  to  the  revoliiiion.  'I'niile  mid 
business  had  brought  the  liiliaMtaiils  <d  their 
.seaports  acipiainted  wild  each  other,  but  the 
bulk  of  the  peojile  in  llii"  interior  country 
were  iinacipiainted  with  their  felliiw  citi/ens. 
A  cjiillnental  army,  and  Congress,  composed 
of  men  from  all  the  states,  by  f'leelv  mix- 
ing togi'ther  were  assiinihited  into  one  mass. 
Indlviiliials  of  both,  mingling  with  the  citizens, 
disseminated  priiici|)les  of  union  ainoiig  them. 
Local  prejuifices  abated.  Hy  l'ie(]uent  colli- 
sion asperities  were  worn  off,  and  a  foundation 
was  laid  for  (he  estubllshment  of  a  nation,  out 
of  discordant  materials.  Intermarriages  be- 
tween men  and  women  of  dlH'erent  states  wero 
much  more  common  than  before  the  war,  and 
became  an  additional  cement  to  the  union. 
Unreasonable  jealousies  had  existed  between 
the  inhabitants  of  the  eastern  and  southern 
states;  but  on  becoming  better  acipiainted 
with  each  other,  these  In  a  great  measure  sub- 
sided,    A  wiser  policy  prevailed.    Men  of  lib 


409 


omi  niiiiil'i  toil  till'  wny  !ii  iliflnDiirnopii)^  liioiil 
ilistiiirtii>ii>i,  iiiiilllii"  j;riMit  liiiily  ot"  iIk'  |i<>ii|)Ii', 
nn  HiHiii  iirt  iM'iiHoii  i^ol  ihi'    In'ltrr  (»!'  |>?'<'_:ii(ln'<*, 

I'llMllil   (IkII    llll'il'   Iii'sI    illllMI'stfl  WCIIiIiI      1)11     lllllSl 

|iicimi>ic'il  liv  ""iiili  |i;iiiMlri'R  1111(1  siMitiiiii'iiN  iii 
wi'ic  raviiiiriil)li'  111  iinioii,  Iti'liirjoiiH  liifjjntiv 
liiiil  Iiinkt'ii  ill  M|iiiii  till'  pciii'i'  iiC  \  iii'iiiiis  si'i'H, 
ImI'iiii' till'  AliH'rIrnii  wiir.  TIiIm  wiis  luMil  ii|i 
liy  |iarli:il  cslilliliiliiiiriili,  iiiul  liy  ii  ilii'iiil  llial 
till-  (•liurrli  111'  1')ii)j;liiiiil,  lliiiiiif;li  llii-  |iii\vi'r  nl' 
till-  iiiiiltiiM'ciMiiilrv,  wiiiilil  111'  iniiilf  111  liliiiii|ili 
iniT  itll  iillu'r  lii'iiomiiiiilliiin.  'riuvso  n|i|ir«'- 
lirnsiiiiis  \vi<ro  iliiiii"  iiwiiy  liy  tin'  ri'volulidii. 
Tlio  ilifl'i'n'iil.  scrti,  liiiviiifj  nnlliin^  In  t'l'iir 
fi'i>ni  I'arli  iiiImm'.  Dimiiis.si'il  nil  ri'llginiiK  ci'ii- 
tiiiM";iy. 

A  |(nipiis:il  fiir  iiilnnliirliif;  IiI.i||i<|ih  iiiln 
Aiiirrira  lirl'iiri'  tier  war,  liail  kimlli'il  a  llaiiii' 
nniiini;  llic  iliinriili'is  ;  lull  llii'  rrvnliillnii  was 
111!  siiiiiii'r  iirriiin|ilislii'il,  llian  a  .srlH'ini"  liir  lliat 
|iMr|iiisi'  was  lu'iliili'il,  willi  llii'  i  diini'IiI  iiihI 
ii|i|iriilialiii|i  111  all  llinsi"  si'i'ls  wliii  liail  pri'vi- 
iiii:  Iv  ii|i|iiisi'il  il.  I'lilpils  w  liii'li  liail  rcuiiii'ily 
lii'i'ii  slmt  111  Will  lliv  iiirii,  lii'raiisi'  llii'lr  lirails 
Iiail  mil  lii'iMi  rii|i>ii'rrali'il  liv  llir  itii|icisiluiii  nl' 
llii'  liaiiiis  111' a  lii'iliiiii,  iir  nt'a  jircsliylriT,  have 
.Mlnri-  llio  I'slalili-^liMirnl  iif  inili"|)i'iiilriirr,  Ihmmi 
ivrijiriirally  o|irnril  In  cacli  otlii'v,  wliiMisni'Vi-r 
till'  jmlilir  rniiviiiiiMiri'  rr(|iiiiT(!  il.  'I'lii-  wniM 
will  .siinii  SI  1- tin"  rrsiill  nl'  all  I'xporiiiUMil  in 
(inlilirs,  aiiit  In'  alili'  In  ilcli'iMiinn  wlii'lliiT 
till'  li.i|i|iiiii's«  nl'sm'ii'ly  iti  inrroasi'il  liy  ii'li 
(;iniis  i"ilalilisliniriils,  nr  ilimiiiislu'il  liy  llii- 
vain  nl'ilu-m. 

I  l.niii'li  srliiiiilsniiil  i-nlloiji's  wrro  f,'i'iirrally 
uliiit  ii|i  iluiiii!;  llir  war,  vi'l  many  nl'llic  arls  ami 
sririiri's  wi'ri'  ]irnmiili'il  liy  il.  'I'lin  m'nf;ra|iliy 
ol'llii'  I'liilcd  Stall's  lii'I'nii'  llii<  ri'vnliilinii  was 
lull  lillln  knnwii  ;  liiil  llic  niarc'irs  nl"  arinii's, 
ntiil  ill.- o)ii'ratiniis  nl' w  ar,  pivi>  liiitli  In  many 
gi'njrniplr  • '1  iiii]iiii'ii'S  ami  ilisinvnrins,  w  1;  rli 
ctlirrwisi-  wniilil  tint  Itavn  ln'i'ti  itiailr.  A  pas- 
aionatc  fnmlticss  I'lr  sliulii's  nl"  lliis  kiiut,  ntiii 
till'  tjfnwitiij  itnpnrtam-r  nl'tiii'  rniiiilry,  rxci- 
ti'il  nm' nl"  its  suns,  tlin  Ki'v.  Mr,  Mnrso,  In 
iraM'l  tlirniis;li  I'vciy  statu  nl'  tlu'  itiiinn,  uml 
tinass  a  I'liiul  nt"  tnpni:rapl\iral  kniiwli'ilf;i',  fur 
OM'i'i'iiiiis;  any  lliint;  lu'ri'tnlnrt'  cnmiiiuiiiratn) 
In  till"  pulilif.  Till"  ncrcssilics  nl'  tin'  slatrs 
li'il  In  llio  sillily  111"  lactios,  fnrliricatinn,  f^iiii- 
m'rv,  anil  <•  varirty  nf  nthi'r  arts  roiinrrli'il 
w  itll  war,  mill  ilill'iisi'il  a  knnwli'<li;i>  nt"  tlirni 
nmonir  a  pnaroaMo  ))i'npli',  who  woulil  nlliiT- 
wisi' liavo  had  tin  imliici'im'tit  In  sillily  ihi'tn. 

Tlu"  aliilitii'snrin^rniiuis  iiuMi  wnrr  iliri'ctrd 
to  niiiko  fartluT  iinprnvonu'tits  in  ihn  art  ofilc'- 
Btrmitisr    an    ononiy.       Atiinnii   thoso,    David, 
Uiishncll  nl' dinni'cticiit    invented    a    maehine' 
for  ■  iiliiiiariiie  iia\  ipitinn,  wlncti   was  limiul  to' 
«n' *ver  the  piirpnse   nf  rnwiiii;  horiznntallv  at 
."vn  ■  uiven  deplli  under  water,  and    of  rising  or  I 
fitikinp  .11  pleasure.      To  this  was    alfarhed   a , 
niasrazlne  of  powder,  and  the   whole  was  con- j 
friveJ  in  such  a  maimer,  a»  to   make    it  praoti- 1 
calile  to  lilow   tip  vessels  liy  machinery  under, 
them.      .Mr.   Biishnell    also  i  nntrived   sundry! 
other  ciiriniis  machines   for  Mio  uimoyance  of 
British  shippiiisr.   Imt  from  accident  they  only 
succeeded   in  part.     He  destroyed  one  vessel 
in  rharije  nf  commodore  Symonds,  and  a  see- 
ond  one  near  the  shore  of  Long  Island, 

Siirtfery  was  one  of  the  arts  which  was  pro- 
iiiiited  liy  the  war.  Frnm  the  want  of  lio5;>i- 
lais  and  other  aids,  the  medical  men  of  .\nierica, 
iiiid  few  opportunities  of  perfecting  themselves 
in  this  art.  the  thoruagli  kiiowlud|j;e  of  which 


HISTORY  01'  TIIK 

can  only  ho  nri|iiired  liy  prnf  tice  ninl  oliservn- 
iinn.  riie  mi'lanchiily  ev  nts  of  liallli's  gave 
the  Anirrican  sliidiiils  nil  nppnrliliilly  nf  see- 
iiig,  ami  learning  innre  in  niie  day,  llinii  they 
roiild  have  iici|iiiti'd  in  ye-'S  of  peace.  Il 
was  in  the  hospitals  nf  the  t'niled  Stales,  that 
Dr.  Uiish  fn-st  discovered  the  niethnil  of  curing 
the  Inckjaw  liy  liark  and  wine,  added  to  othei' 
invignraliiig  remedies,  which  has  since  lieeii 
adopleil  with  Hiiccess  in  lOiirope,  as  well  as  in 
the  I'liiled  .Stales. 

The  science  of  goverimieiil,  has  heen  more 
generallv  liiflTiise.l  among  the  Aniericiins  liy 
means  oflhe  revnliilion.  Tile  policy  of  (Jreal 
Uriluin  in  ihrowiiig  them  out  of  lier  proleciion, 
indiici'd  n  iiecessiiy  of  estalilishing  iiiilepen- 
lieiit  cnnsliiiiliiiiis.  TUis  led  m  reading  and 
reasoning  on  the  siil.jecl.  Tlii>  many  errors 
ihal  were  at  first  cnmmilled  liv  iineNperienceii 
stalesnien,  have  heen  a  practical  comment  nn 
the  Inlly  of  iinlialaiiced  cotisliliilions,  and  in- 
iudicioiis  laws.  The  discussions  concerning 
the  new  con  it  it  ill  ion,  gave  I  lirlli  to  much  reason- 
ing nn  the  siil'p'cl  of  gnveriinient,  and  par- 
ticularly In  a  series  nf  letters  signid  I'niilius, 
Imt  really  the  wnrk  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
in  which  much  pnlillcal  kiinw  ledge  and  wis- 
ilnm  were  lisplayed,  and  which  will  lung 
remain  a  inniiiimeiil  nf  the  sirenglli  and  acule- 
iiess  nf  the  'niman  iinderslanding  in  investiga- 
ting lr;ilh,* 

When  (ire:il  Itritain  first  liegiin  her  en- 
ernacliinents  nji  the  cnlnnies,  there  were  few 
ii.itives  nf  .Aineriia  who  hail  distinguished 
themselves  iis  speakers  or  writers,  lint  the  con- 
iroversy  lietweiii  the  I  wo  countries  miilliplied 
their  iiiimher. 

The  stamp  net,  •vlilcli  \:»-  to  have  taken 
place  in  ITli.'i,  einplnyed  llie  pens  and  tongues 
of  many  of  the  cnlniiists,  ami  liy  repealed  ex- 
ercise improved  their  aliilitv  to  serve  their 
country.  The  duties  impnseil  in  17(i7,  called 
fnith  the  pen  nf  ,lnhn  Dickinsiin,  wli.i  in  n 
seriesnf  letters  signed  n  1'ennsyli  imia  l''ariner, 
may  he  said  to  have  sown  the  .seeds  of  the 
revolulion.  l''nr  heing  iiniversallv  read  hv  the 
ciilntii>|s,  they  universally  etilighteiied  lhe:u  nn 
the  dangernus  cniiseijuences,  likely  In  tesiilt 
fmir.  their  lieing  taxed  liy  the  parliament  of 
(ireat  liritain. 

Ill  estalilishing  .AniiM-ican  Iiulepeiidence,  the 
pen  and  the  press  had  me.il  eipial  to  that  of 
the  sword.  As  the  war  was  the  people's  war, 
and  was  carried  .m  without  fiiiuls,  the  exer- 
tions of  the  army  wonld  have  heen  insilllicient 
to  eHi'ct  the  revolution,  unless  the  great  Imdy 
of  the  people  had  lieen  prepared  for  it,  and 
also  k.'pt  in  a  innstant  dispnsilion  to  oppose 
tireat  Hrilain.  To  rouse  and  unite  the  iiihali- 
itanls  and  In  jiersiinde  them  to  patience  for 
several  years,  nn.ler  present  sulTeriiigs,  with 
the  hope  of  nlilaining  remiile  advanlnges  for 
tlieir  posterity,  was  a  work  of  dilliciilty  :  This 
was  eirected  in  a  great  nieasuro  hv  the  tongues 
and  pens  of  tlie  well-infonned  citizens,  nnd  on 
it  depended  the  success  of  mdilary  operations. 

To  oiiiimerate  the  names  of  all  those  w  ho 
wcie  successful  laliourors  in  this  ardunns 
business,  is  iinpossilile.  The  following  list 
con  nip.-., in  nearly  alphnlielicnlorder.the  names 
of  the  most  disiinguisliej  writers  in  favour  of 
fh^  lights  of  America. 

*  The  l)i.  is  iiijiiinki'a  in  nwnrilinv  lo  M...nilinn  alnni' 
llif  liiiiiniir  of  wniii'ir  iIip  "  Fi'ilirnlim."  Mii»l  of  llio  loi- 
ters wliirli  riitiipnRi'  llii,i  invnliinliti*  work  nr*  from  hin  pen. 
lint  oihrra  were  cuntribuleii  by  hit  eoinpatrioli  Jay  and 
.UadiioiL 


.Tolin  Adams,  and  Snni'iil  Adinm,  nf  Um. 
Ion;  llland,  of  Virginia  ;  .lolin  Dickinson,  of 
I'eiinsyhaiiia  ;  Daiinl  Diilaiiy,  nf  A  iiiinpniis  ; 
William  Henry  Dray'  ii,  of  .South  ('aroliiiii; 
Dr.  l''iiiiiUliii,*  of  I'liiladelpliia  ;  ,lolin  ,lav, 
and  .\le\amler  llamillnii.of  Slew-Vork  ;  Tlio- 
miis  ,leHl'rsoii,  and  Arlliiir  l.ee,  of  Virginia  ; 
,lniiatlian  llymaii,  nf  ( 'onnecticiit  ;  (jovernnr 
liivin(,'mnn,ol'N'i'vv  ,lersey  ;  Dr.  May  hew,  iiiuj 
,Ianies  ( )lis,  of  Itoslon  ;  Tlinnias  I'alne,  !>i-, 
IJiish,  Cliarli'M  Tliiimpson,  and  , lames  Wilson, 
of  I'liilaiieljihia  ;  William  Tennanl,  of  .Soiiili 
f'nrolina;  ,losinli  (.{iiini  ,  ind  Dr.  Wnrren,  of 
Hostoii.  These  and  many  others  lahoiired  in 
enlightening  their  coiinlryiuen,  on  .'he  mili- 
ject  nf  their  political  interests,  and  in  nniina- 
ting  them  111  a  prnprr  line  of  condncl,  in  de- 
fence of  their  lilierlles.  To  these  individiialt 
limy  he  added,  the  great  limlv  of  elergv,  espe- 
cially in  New-I'lngland.  The  printers  of  news- 
papers, had  also  nincli  merit  in  llie  Hiiine  wny. 
Particularly  I'Mes  ami  (iillof  linNlon  ;  Unit, 
of  New- York;  l!rnilfnrd,  of  j'hilndelphia;  anil 
Timntliy,  nf  .South  ("arolina. 

The  early  nttenlinn  w  liicli  liad  lieeii  paid 
lo  lil.raliire  in  New-I'lnglaiid,  was  also  eini- 
nently  condiicive  to  the  snciess  of  the  Anie- 
rlc.ins  ill  resisting  (treat  Hrilain.  The  .iniver- 
sity  nf  ('ninliridgo  was  liiiimled  as  eaily  in 
U;':i(i,  and  Vale  college  1700.  Il  has  liieii 
eompnled,  that  In  the  year  the  Mostiin  purl  an 
was  passed,  there  were  in  the  four  ea'ii.  rn  cn- 
lnnies, upwards  of  Iwn  ihnnsand  gradimtes  nf 
their  colleges  dispersed  llii.iiigh  their  several 
towns,  who  liy  their  knnwleilge  nnd  nliilillen, 
wi're  nlile  lo  inlluence  and  ilirect  ihe  gri'.il  lin- 
dy  of  the  people  lo  n  proper  line  of  condiicl, 
for  opposing  the  encroachiiienls  oftireai  Hri- 
lain nn  their  liherties.  The  colleges  lo  llic 
siiiilhward  of  New-l'Wiglnnd,  except  that  nf 
Williiini  nnd  Mary  in  Virginia,  were  lint  nf 
modern  dale  ;  hut  they  had  heen  of  n  Btniiii- 
ing  Nuflicienlly  long  to  have  trained  for  piih- 
lie  service  a  consideralile  niitnlier  of  tlie  ynntli 
of  the  country.  The  college  of  New-,lersev, 
which  was  incorporated  alionl  yS  years  he- 
fore  the  revohition,  had  in  that  time  cdiira- 
led  upwards  of ,'!()()  persons,  who,  with  n  few 
exceptions,  were  active  nnd  useful  friends  nt 
independence.  l""rom  the  infhience  which 
knowledge  had  in  fieciiring  and  preser\iiig 
the  lilH-rties  of  America,  the  pres.  nf  i- iieni- 
lion  may  trace  the  wise  policy  nf  their  fathers, 
in  erecting  chonls  and  colletfes.  'I  hey  innv 
also  learn  that  it  is  their  duty  to  fnutul  more, 
and  support  all  such  iustitiilions. 

Without  the  advanlnges  derived  (rom  these 
lights  of  this  new  world,  the  United  Sliilcs 
would  prolinhly  have  fnlleii  in  their  unei|iiiil 
contest  with  (ireat  Hrilain.  Union,  which  was 
essential  to  the  success  of  their  resistance, 
could  scarcely  have  taken  place,  ill  the  men- 
suresadoiitrd  hy  nti  ignorant  tniiltilnde.  Murli 
less  could  wisdom  in  council,  unity  in  sy.steiii, 
or  perseverance  in  the  iiroseciition  of  a  long 
and  self-denying  war,  de  exp;  '■■d  from  aa 
uninformed  people.  It  is  a  weli  !  f^own  fact, 
thai  persons  niitriendly  to  the  rcvolm.on,  wore 
always  most  numerous  in  those  parts  of  the 
United  .States,  which  had  either  never  heen  il- 
luminated, or  hut  faintly  warmed  by  the  riiyi 
of  science.  The  uiiiiiliii;med  and  the  niisin- 
formed,  constituted  a  grr-at  proportion  of  tlinso 
Americans,  who  preferred  the  leinling  strincfs 
of  the  purent  state,  though  encroacliing  "O 
*  Burn  In  Uustoii. 


Iil'lil  Ai!  mm,  of  Urn. 
;  ,liili!i  Dirkilitdii,  iif 
)iiliiiiy,  1)1'  .\ii?iii|>iili'(  : 
I,  111'  Siiiitli  ('iii'iililiii  ; 
'<iili'l|iliiii ;  .liiliri  .Illy, 
i,i)('Nc\v-ViiiIi  ;  'I'lio- 
liiii'  l<i'i',  of  Vli^;iiiiii  J 
'o!irn'r(iriit  ;  (ifivrrrinp 
i-y  ;  Ur.  Miiyl"'\v,  Mild 
;  'riidriiiis  I'liiiii',  pf, 
111,  mill  .liiiiii'^  WiIhoii, 
nil  'I'l'iimiiil,  III'  South 
» .  mil  Dr.  WiirriMi,  nf 
iiy  (illiiT'i  liilioiiicil  ill 
itryiiH'ii,  nil  lie  siili- 
li'n'Kt'4,  mill  in  miiin.i- 
III'  111'  ciiiiiliirt,  ill  ili'- 
'I'li  llii'ir  iiiiliviiliiiih 
I  Ihiily  iilclciny,  •"'I"'- 
'I'lir  jiriMlrrs  nf  iii'Wh- 
nrrit  in  llii'  Hiiliir  «iiV- 
(iill  111'  l!ii::tnli;  Hull, 
I,  of  l'liiliiiii'l|iliiii;  mill 
'oliiiii, 

wliirli    liiiil    lii'i'ii    [mill 
iiu;lmiil,  win   iilsii   niii- 

I'    ShriTSM     of  till'    Alllt'- 
I    lililUIII.       Till'    illliviT- 

4    fiiiinili'il    IIS  I'lii'ly    iH 

I'    170(1.      It    liiiM    1 II 

rar  llii'  Hiisliui   |ioil  net 

ill  till'  four  <'ii':i.'rii  m- 
I  llioiisfiiitl  ^rmlu«ti"i  nf 
I  llii.iii^li  liii'ir  )«ivi'i-,i| 
Mowii'il;^!'  mill  iiliililii's, 
mill  iliii'cl  ilii'  ijii'.il  liii- 
|irii|irr  liiii'  of  I'oliiliii't, 
iirliliii'lilM  of  (ii'i'iil  Uri- 

Till'  roller's  111  till! 
ii^lmiil,  <'xri'|it  tliiit  nf 
Vir[,'iiiiu,  well'  liiit  cif 
y  liiiil  lii'i'ii  of  II  niniiil- 
liiivi'  liiiiiH'iI  for  pull- 
In  liiiliilinr  of  llm  voiilli 
•olli'fri'  of  Nnw-.li'rii'V, 
li  iilioiit  yS  yniiri  III'- 
III  ill  tliiil  tiiiii'  f'lliicii- 
r.soiis,  villi,  willi  II  fi'W 

mill   ilHnful    frinlidi  nt 

till'  ililliiciici'  wliirli 
I'liriiii;  mill  |irrsi'r\iiij; 
a,  till'  prcft  i:t  i"  iicni. 
n  polirv  of  llirir  fiilliiMS, 

rnll('i;i's.  Tlicv  iiiiiy 
r  (liitv  tn  fniiilil  mnii', 
istitiitiniiM. 

iigcs  ilnrivi'il  (rniii  llu"^r 
irlil,  till'  ITiiitnd  Stall's 
fiilli'ii  in  tlii'ir  iiiini|iiiil 
tain,  nninii,  wliirli  wns 
"IS  of  tlu'ir  ri'sistaiiri', 
ken  plnci',  in  tlit!  nirii- 
lorniit  mnltitiiili'.  Miiili 
-inincil,  unity  in  systt'iii, 

iirosi'ciition  of  a  long 

111'  px]'i .  "il  from  an 
I    is  n  well  !  lown  fact, 

tn  tlin  rpvoliii.ijn,  wore 
s  in  thnse  pnrts  of  tho 
ail  L'ithcr  ni'ver  been  il- 
ly warniej  by  ttit?  rnyi 
itnrinuil  niij  tho  iiiisin- 
;i''at  proportion  of  tlmso 
rrcd  tlio  Iniidiiii;  strini»^ 
thniigh  cncroni'liing  "O 
iu  Uoeioii, 


UNIT  K  D   S  T  A  T  K  S . 


403 


llifir  lilinrlii!?,  to  n  f»ovr-imii'nl  of  ihnir  own 
I'liiililryiiinii  and  fnllow  r:ili/cim. 

Ah  lili'ialiirn  had  in  ihi'  llril  inilmiri'  fivoiir- 
I'll  till'  ri'voliitiiiM,  HO  ill  ill  turn,  llm  n'voliiiinii 
priiiiiolid  lilnral.iri'.  Thii  nliidy  of  i'l(ii|iiniiri' 
Hiid  of  llm  lirlli'H  li'llri'rt,  was  inorn  i<iirri'Mnfiilly 
piiiHiTiiInd  ill  yNiimrira,  aftiT  llm  ditpnli'M  lin- 
I Nvi'iiiiliinat  llrilaiiiiiiid  Imrroloiiioilin^antiilii' 
nnrioiiiilhmi  ilrvcr  had  lirrnlmfori'.  Tlmviiri- 
iiiiiiiniliiiiiH,iidilrnK«(')i,  li'llnrs,di»ni'rtnlinin  and 
ollmr  lilrrary  pi'rl'oriiiiiiici'i  wliirli  tlin  war 
liiailn  li.'ri'iMinv,  ralli'd  forth  al-'lilini  wlmrn 
limy  wi'rn,  ami  rxrili'd  llm  risin  '  ('I'imratioii 
tn  Mliiilv  III"''*!  W'hirli  liron^dit  wild  llmiii  thnir 
own  I'l'ward.  Many  iiK'.idi'iitr*  nlliirdi'd  iiiatr 
riiili  I'lr  llm  fivoiirili'i  of  tlin  tiiiiwN,  tn  display 
ihi'ir talinlH.  I'lvnii  liiirli'sipiinir  royal  prorla- 
nialiiiiw,  liy  pai'iidii'i  and  dniji^i'ri'l  pontiy,  had 
^Ti'iil  I'lli'ilM  on  till'  liiiniln  nf  ihr  pi'iipln.  A 
(rli'linili'd  hi-ilnrimi  liai  ri'niarki'il,lliat  llm  mint; 
of  Ijilliliiillnin  forw.irili'd  tlm  rnvnliilion  of 
ll'iSS  ill  I'iii^lanil.  Il  may  Im  trid;,  iiflirinnd, 
that  similar  prndiirlinii't  proiliMvil  similar  nf 
li'cls  in  .Aiimrica.  I'raiiris  llopkinson  ri'iidnri'il 
I'^'sriilial  Hi'rvirn  tn  hi'i  roiiiilry,  liy  liiriiiiii^  llm 
arlilli'iy  nf  wit  and  ridioiiln  nii  llm  I'lii'tny. 
Philip  Knimiiu  hiliniiri'il  Hiirrcssfiilly  in  llm 
miMii'  way. 

Itnyal  prnr.hiinatinn!)  mid  ollmr  prodiiclioiis 
v/liirh  isHimd  finni  royal  printing-  pri'suns,  wcrn, 
ly  llm  Imlpofa  warm  ima^'iiialioii,  iirraynd  in 
iJirh  ilri'Hsi'ri  as  ri'iidnrnd  lln'iii  Iriily  ridinilniis. 
'i'niiiiliiill,  with  »  vi'iii  of  nri^iiial  lliidilirattir 
'iiiinniir,  iliM'itrd  his  foiiiitryinrn  hii  tiiiirh 
with  llii'  follii's  of  llmircimmii'X,  that  foriitiiim 
tliry  fiirijot  tlm  cahiiiiitii'S  nf  war.  Ilimiphrii's 
Iwiiird  llm  litiTary  \\  itii  llm  military  laiiml.l.y 
ni|irnidilin(^  tlm  faiim  nf  an  rh'f^mit  piii't,  to 
ihiit  of  an  iKUniiiplislmd  nllinnr.  Harlow  ili- 
riiasi!il  llm  faiimof  his  I'oiinlry  and  of  tlm  iliH- 
l;ii(,'iiislmd  aitors  in  the  rnvnliilinii,  liy  llm  liold 
ilrsi^'ii  of  an  cplr  porin  alily  nxrciilnd,  on  tlm 
iili'ii  thai  ('oliiiiiliiis  fnri'saw  in  vision,  the  preal 
Krriii's  ill  il  were  to  li'  transartrd  on  llm  tlma- 
tii'  nflhal  lii'W  wnrl  I  wliirli  Im  had  disrover- 
I'd.      Dwi^lit  striick  out,  in  llm  n!iini'  line,  and 

"traiit 


nl  an  early    period   nf  iiii 

work,  eii'illeii  the  ('niiipmst  of  Canaan,  on  a 
plan  wliii'h  has  rarely  lieen  allempled.  The 
jiriiiiiples  of  their  iiiollmr  lon^'iie,  were  first 
iiiifi  'deil  111  the  Anieriraiis  sinre  the  revniiition, 
hy  I  leir  eniinirynian  Welisler.  I'liifiiiini^  an 
iiiilieateii  track,  he  has  iiiaiie  disrnveries  in  the 
'M'liiiisaiiilronstriM'tiniinftlm  Kiifjlish  laii(,'iiai.'i', 
wliirli  had  esraped  llm  ri'searelies  nf  prereiliii(; 
pliliiiln;;!-!-;.  These,  and  a  uriiiip  nf  other 
lilerary  iharaclers,  have  heen  lirniiuht  into 
vie  ,v  liy  the  revnliitinn.  It  is  reniai  kalile,  that 
nf  lliese,  ('niinecl  inil  has  prndnced  an  iiiiiisiial 
pinpnrtioii.  In  that  truly  repiililii'an  state, 
every  ihiiif;  eonspires  to  ailiirn  hiiniaii  nu'"'"e 
'A  ilh  lis  highest  honours. 

I'idin  tlm  latter  perinds  nf  tlm  revnliitinn  .ill 
tlm  present  time,  pchools,  eolli'tjes,  sneielies, 
and  iiislitntinns  fur  prnmotinj;  lileraturi',  arts, 
nianiifartiires,  ni;rieiiltiire,  and  for  I'xteiidini; 
hiiiiian  happiness,  have  Imeii  inereased  far  lie- 
yiiiiil  any  thini;  that  I'ver  took  place  liefnrn  the 
decliiniliiin  of  independence.  Kvery  state  in 
the  niiiiin,  has  done  inori!  or  less  in  this  wav, 
hut  Pennsylvania  has  done  the  most.  The 
fnllnwiii^  institutions  have  U'en  very  lately 
n.iinileil  in  that  state,  mid  must  nf  ihein  in  the 
lime  of  ihi!  war  or  siiiee  the  peaee.  An  univer- 
sity -.n  llm  rity  nt  Phihidelphia  ;  it  ei  lletre  nf 
phyfiniai.s.ii  tiiesunieplucu;  I)ickiiianiicni.i;^i 


at  Carlisle;  Friinklin  enllcffn  at  l.mieasleri 
llm  [irntestant  episcopal  academy  in  Phildel- 
pliia  ;  arademiesiil  Vorklowii,al  ( ieriniintown, 
at  Pittsliiirtrh  and  Washinnion  ;  and  an  iicadc- 
my  in  Philadelphia  for  yoiiii;|  ladies  ;  sni:ielleB 
for  protnjliii;^  pnlilical  empiines  ;  hir  the  niedi- 
I  al  relief  of  the  p.inr.  under  llm  title  nf  the 
Philadelphia  dispe  isary  ;  for  promotiim  the 
aliolitinn  nf  slaver",  and  the  relief  of  free 
iie(;rons  iiiihiwfully  In  Id  in  liondap' ;  for  prn- 
pa^'iitiiif^  the  (ijnspel  I'lnnin;  the  Inilimis,  under 
llm  liireetion  nf  tlm  u'liled  hrelliren  ;  fur  llm 
encniirat;enieiit  nf  manufactures  and  the  useful 
arts  ;  fur  allevialint^  the  miseries  of  prisons. 
Such  have  been  soiim  of  tlm  lieiielicial  ed'ecls, 
which  have  resulted  from  that  expnnsinn  nf 
the  liiiinan  mind,  which  has  been  produced  by 
the  revolution,  but  thusu  liiive  not  been  without 
alliiy. 

To  overset  nn  establiHlied  (^overinent  iin- 
hiii(^!S  many  nf  thnse  principles,  which  biiiri 
individiiiils  to  each  oilier.  A  loiij^  time,  and 
much  prudence,  will  be  necessary  to  reprnduce 
a  spirit  nf  iininn  and  that  reverence  fnr  f^nverii- 
iiieiit,  wilhnut  wliif^h  snciely  is  a  rnpe  of  sand. 
The  rinhtnf  the  people  to  resist  their  Pliers, 
when  invadini^  their  lilierlies,  fnrms  tlm  cnrii.  r 
siniie  of  tlm  American  republics.  Thi'i  prin- 
ciple, thnii(;li  just  ill  itsell,  is  not  favourable  to 
the  tranipiilily  nf  present  estalili'<liiiieiils.  The 
niaxiins  mid  iimasiires,  which  in  the  years 
1771  and  177.')  were  suicesfnlly  inculcated 
and  ndnpted  by  American  patrints,  for  over^et- 
tilid  the  established  ^'nverniint,  will  answer  n 
similar  purpose  when  recurrenre  is  had  to 
tliem  by  fantious  demajroifues,  for  oisturbinj.' 
the  fn'pst  p;overnmenH  that  wert-  ever  de- 
viwd. 

War  iiprnr  fails  to  iniurn  the  morals  nf  the 
people  rufrituvil  in  it.  The  American  war,  in 
particular,  had  an  nnhap(iy  inllnence  of  this 
kind.  l!ein(,'  be^nm  wilhimt  funds  or  regular 
establishinenls,  it  could  not  be  carried  nn  witli- 
iit  vinlalini,' private  ri^'hts  ;  and  in  its  prni.'ress. 
It  invnived  a  necessity  fnr  bieakinu'  snlernn 
promises,  and  pliLrh'ed  public  faith.  The 
failure  nf  natinnal  jiishce,  which  was  in  sntne 
dei/ree  u"a vnidalile,  ijcreased  the  dilllciilties 
nf  |irrfnrrniiifr  [irivate  entraj^einetits,  mid  weak- 
ened that  sensiliilitv  tn  the  nliliiralioiis  of  pub- 
lic and  private  hnnmir,  which  is  ii  security  fnr 
the  punctual  |iiTfnrmaiice  of  cniitracts. 

Ill  coiiseipmnce  nf  the  war,  the  ih^litiiti'ins 
of  reliL-'ion  have  been  deraiiL'eil,  the  public 
worship  of  the  diiiy  KU«[ieiided,  and  a  (Treat 
iiiiiiiber  of  the  i  nha  bit  a  nli  deprived  of  the  nrdi- 
iiary  means  of  obtaining;  that  relit;ieus  kiinw- 
leilf.'!'.  which  tames  the  fierceness,  rind  sofrens 
the  riideiicss  of  human  passion  ami  manners. 
Many  of  tlm  tein|iles  dedicileil  to  the  service 
of  the  most  hiu'li,  were  destroyed,  and  these, 
Il  una  ileliiieiicv  of  abilitv  and  inilnialinn,  are 
nni  yet  rebuilt.  The  rler^'y  were  left  tn  suf- 
fer, wilhnut  proper  fliippnrt.  The  deprecia- 
tion of  the  papi'r  currency  was  particularly 
injurious  to  them.  If  reduced  their  salaries 
to  a  pittance,  so  insnnicient  fnr  their  rnainten- 
aiice,  that  several  nf  them  were  obligeil  tn  lay 
ilnwn  their  prnfessinn,  and  eni.'»ire  in  ntlier 
pursuits.  Public  preaching,  <i{  which  insny 
nf  llm  inhabitants  wi're  thus  deprived,  seldnin 
liiils  nf  renderiiu;  essential  service  tn  society, 
by  civ  ili/iii'.'  the  mullitiide  and  foriniiiL'  iheni 
to  iiiiinn.  Nil  class  of  citizens  liave  cnntrilniteil 
imnre  In  the  reinlution  than  the  clerL'V.  and 
until'    have    hitlmrln    MilTered   liinre  ii.    cnnsi.'- 


ipienci'  of  il.  Kroin  the  dimnnition  nf  their 
number,  and  the  penury  to  which  llmv  havo 
been  subjected,  civil  (.'nveriiieiit  has  lost  riiaiiy 
nl  the  ailvanlai'i's  it  fniiiierly  derived  finin 
till'  public  instructinns  of  lliiil  useful  nrder  nf 
men. 

On  the  whnle,  the  lilerary,  political,  iind 
military  talents  nf  the  iiii/ens  of  llii'  I 'nileil 
."''lates  liavi!  been  iinproveil  by  the  revnliitinn, 
but  their  tnnral  cliarafler  is  inl'erinr  In  what  it 
fnrmerly  was.  So  (^reat  is  ll,e  cliain;e  fnr  llm 
wnrse,  tliat  the  friends  nf  |  id, lie  nrder  nrii 
Iniidly  cnlleil  upon  to  exeil  ll  lir  ntnnsi  ahili- 
lies,  in  f!Xtirpalin|{  the  vicinns  prim  iples  and 
habits,  wliiidi  have  taken  deep  mot  diiriii;.' the 
late  ctinvuUifi.s. 


CIlAPTHIl  AVIII. 

Tlir  (liai'linr.fo  of  lli''  AniTtfun  nnnv;  Tlii-  fvnruHlinn 
fif  \cw- V'irk  :  Thr  rrfii;iii,lii,ri  orl.cn.'rnl  Wnaliiliflon! 
ArrilllL'''lll<-lils  )»f  t'lillLTI-^*  fnr  itl-|M,<iil[;  of  itit-ir  mfmu 
rrii  Ifrriliirv,  ninl  |Hn  iiig  lli'-ir  ili  lil"  ;  't'lip  rli.<ni>*s 
nf  Itin  Sliilffl  nflrr  llir  p'-nrc  :  Thr  iiir(TliTi(  v  of  Ihf  Br- 
ll* '.'H  nf  llip  roiiffilrTiilinii  ;  A  piiiiiit  f-iiiivriilii,n  t»ir 
■.iii'-ii'tiriK  iIm"  Envi'riii.ii'iil :  't'(n' new  ri,n«iiiuiir,ii :  lit-n- 
rrnl  Wiftiinirl'iii  niijioiiii' il  l'r.-<.iili-iil :  An  aijitrfns  la 
ihi'  pfMi|ile  III  llin  I'liilr^it  Slnliis. 

VViltl.K  the  citizens  of  the  T.'niterl  .StnlPII 
were  anticipating'  the  blessinr.'s  nf  pence,  their 
army,  whiih  had  siiccessfiilly  slemine.l  tho 
tide  nf  Mrilish  victories,  was  unrewarded  for 
its  services.  'Ihe  .States  whicli  had  been  res- 
cued by  their  exertions  from  slavery,  were  iu 
no  rnndilion  to  pay  them  tlmir  stipulated  due. 
To  ilismiss  ollicers  and  sohliers,  who  had  sprnt 
the  [irinm  of  their  davs  in  s.rvini.' their  cnun- 
try,  wilhout  an  eipiivalent  for  tneir  labours,  or 
evpn  a  siilliciency  tn  enable  them  tonain  a  dc- 
cer.i,  iivint.',  'vas  n  hard  Imi  miavoiihible  cn«e. 
An  mtenipt  was  made,  March  10,  \1S'.1,  hy 
anonymous  and  seditious  publicatirms*  tn  in- 
flame the  minds  of  th'i  nllicers  and  soldiers, 
and  induce  them  to  iinilp  in  redri:ssin'_'  their 
inV4n  '.'rievances,  while  thev  had  arms  in  their 
I  hands.  As  soon  as 'ieneiMl  Washington  v^-as 
j  informed  oi'  thi  nature  of  these  papers,  hi-  re- 
'(piesfcd  the  ["'neral  and  held  ntlicers  with  nnn 
i  nllicrr  from  earili  cnrnpanv,  and  a  prriper  re- 
I  pri'-cntation  from  the  staff  nf  the  arniv,  to  as- 
l-ernble  on  an  early  day.  He  n<:h,t\y  jiidyed 
I  that  it  would  bir  much  easier  to  iliverf  frotn  a 
wrontr  to  a  ni/hi  path,  than  to  recal  fatal  siiij 
hasty  steps,  afti'r  tl.eV  had  once  been  tJiken. 
The  period,  previmihly  to  the  meetinj/  of  tho 
olhcers,  was  improved  in  preparini;  them  for 
llie  adoption  of  moderate  ni'-asiir*'S.  (ii'Ticral 
\Vasliiiii;tnn  sent  for  one  olficer  after  another, 
and  eiilari.'ed  in  private,  on  the  fatal  conse- 
'piences,  and  particularly  on  thi*  loss  of  cha- 
racter to  the  whole  army,  which  would  result 
frotn  intemperate  resnlutinns.  When  the  offi- 
cers were  convened,  the  cornmander-in-ct.ief 
addressi'd  them  in  a  stieech  well  calculated 
to  r:ilm  their  mind*.  He  also  pledged  him- 
self to  exert  all  his  abilities  and  influence  in 
their  favour,  and  reipiested  thi'in  tn  rely  on  the 
faith  of  their  country,  aid  conjured  thrm,  "as 
they  valued  their  honour,  as  they  resjjected  the 
riL'hts  of  humanity,  and  as  they  resrarded  tho 
military  and  national  character  of  America,  to 
express   their    utmost   detestation  of  the    man, 

•  Tlic  nnl  very  rnvinlilp  linnniir  •Itseh*'.!  to  iIip  •  l- 
itiiir-tiiji  nf  imf '.f  Iho  mn-t  liiih-lnn.'.!  m"  iiw«p  ft'1.trT«^ 
'•--.  1-.  1'^  I.'""*)  iii>lliufil> ,  conl*  rrr.l  up.'ti  Gciioni 
.  juUitii    An.i-lrung. 


404 

v/lio  was  attempting  to  open  the  flooj-^atfs  cifl 
civil  discord,  and  deluge  their  rising  empire  I 
with  blood."  General  Washington  then  re-| 
tired.  j 

The  mind.4  of  those  who  had  heard  liim 
were  in  such  an  irritable  state,  that  nothing 
but  their  mntt  ardent  patriotism,  and  his  un- 
bounded influence,  prevented  the  proposal  of 
rash  resolutions,  winch,  if  adopted,  would  have 
aullied  the  glory  of  seven  years  service.  No 
reply  whatever  was  made  to  the  General's 
ipeech.  The  happy  moment  was  seized,  while 
the  minds  of  the  officers,  softened  by  the  clo- 
quenco  of  their  beloved  commander,  were  in 
a  yielding  state,  and  a  resolution  was  unani- 
mously adopted,  by  which  they  declared, 
"  that  no  circumstances  of  distress  or  danger 
Miould  induce  a  conduct  that  might  tend  to 
Bully  the  reputation  and  glory  tliey  had  ac- 
quired ;  that  the  army  continued  to  have  an 
unshaken  confidence  in  the  justice  of  Congress 
and  their  country  ;  that  they  viewed  with  al>- 
li'irronce,  and  rejected  with  disdain,  the  infa- 
mous propositions  in  the  late  anonymous  ad- 
dress to  till!  ofliccrs  of  the  army."  Too  much 
praise cimnot  be  given  toGeiieral  Washington, 
for  the  patriotism  and  decision  which  marked 
his  conduct,  in  the  whole  of  this  serious  trans- 
action. I'erliiips  in  no  instance  did  the  United 
States  receive  from  Heaven  a  more  signal  de- 
livenince,  through  the  hands  of  the  comman- 
der-in-chief. 

Soon  after  these  events.  Congress  completed 
a  resolution  which  had  been  for  some  time 
pending,  that  the  otlicers  of  their  army,  who 
preferred  a  sum  in  gross  to  an  annuity,  should 
Im'  entitled  to  recei'.  ■•  to  the  amount  of  five 
years  full  |)ny,  in  money,  or  securities  nt  six 
per  cent,  per  annum,  instead  of  ihf.'n-  h;ilf  pay 
for  life,  which  had  been  previously  promised 
to  tlieiM. 

To  avoid  the  inconvenience  of  dismissing 
a  ijreat  number  of  soldiers  in  a  body,  fur- 
loughs were  freely  granted  to  individuals,  and 
nlier  iheir  dispersion  they  were  not  enjoined 
to  return.  Uy  this  arrangement  a  critical  mo- 
ment was  got  over.  A  great  part  of  an  nn- 
paid  army,  was  disbanded  and  dispersed  over 
the  states,  without  tumult  or  disorder.  The 
privates  generally  betook  themselves  to  labour, 
and  rrowned  the  merit  of  being  good  soldiers, 
i>y  becomiiii;  good  citizens.  Several  of  the 
Ami'rican  officers,  who  had  been  bred  mecha- 
nics, resumed  their  trades.  In  old  countries 
the  disbanding  a  single  regiment,  even  though 
fully  paid,  liiis  often  produced  serious  conse- 
i|ue!ici's ;  but  in  America,  where  arms  had 
been  taken  up  Tir  self  defence,  they  were 
peaceably  laid  down  as  soon  .is  they  became 
uniircessary.  As  soldiers  had  betm  easilv  and 
speedily  fi>rmed  in  177.'),  out  of  farmers,  plant- 
ers and  mechanics,  with  eipial  ease  and  expe- 
liition  in  he  year  1783,  they  dropped  their 
adventitious  character,  and  n^sumed  tlieir  for- 
mer occupations.  About  80  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania levies  formed  an  exception  to  the  pre- 
vailing peaceable  disposition  of  the  army. 
Tlii'se,  in  ilefianee  of  their  officers,  set  out  frimi 
Lancaster,  and  marched  to  Philadelphia  to 
geek  reilress  of  their  grievances,  from  the  ex- 
ecutive council  of  the  state.  The  mutineers, 
(U  opposition  to  luvicennd  entreaties,  persisted 
in  their  march, till  they  arrived  at  Philadelphia. 
Tliey  were  the: e  joined  by  some  other  troiips, 
will-  were  quartered  in  the  barracks.  The 
whole,  umountiiig   to   upwaids  of  30(1  men. 


HISTORY   OP   THR 


marched  with  fixed  bayonets  and  drums,  to 
the  statehouse,  in  which  Congress  and  the  su- 
preme executive  council  of  Penraylvania  held 
their  sessions.  They  placed  guards  at  every 
door,  and  sent  in  a  written  message  to  the  pre- 
sident and  council  of  the  state,  and  threatened 
to  let  loose  an  enraged  soldiery  upon  them,  if 
they  were  not  gratified  as  to  their  demand 
within  20  minutes. 

The  situation  of  Congress,  though  they 
were  not  the  particular  object  of  the  soldiers' 
resentment,  was  far  from  being  agreeable. 
After  being  about  three  hours  under  duresse 
they  retired,  but  previously  resolved  that  the 
authority  of  the  United  States  had  been  gross- 
ly insulted.  Soon  after  they  left  Philadelphia, 
and  fixed  on  Princeton  as  the  place  of  tlieir 
next  meeting.  General  Washington  immedi- 
ately ordereil  a  large  detachment  of  his  army, 
to  march  li>r  Philadelphia.  Previously  to  their 
arrival,  the  disturbances  were  quieted  without 
bloodshed.  Several  of  the  mutineiirs  were 
tried  and  condemned,  two  to  suffer  death,  and 
four  to  receive  corporal  punishment,  but  they 
were  all  afterwards  pardoned. 

Toward"  the  close  of  the  year,  Congress 
issued  a  proclamation,  in  which  the  armies  of 
the  United  States  were  applauded,  "  for  having 
displayed  in  the  progress  of  an  arduous  and 
diffioult  war,  every  military  and  patriotic  vir- 
tue, and  in  which  the  thanks  of  their  counlrv 
were  given  them,  for  their  long,  eminent  and 
faithful  services."  Cimgress  tlien  declared  it 
to  be  their  pleasure,  "that  such  part  of  their 
federal  armies,  as  stood  engaged  lo  serve  du- 
ring the  war,  should  fnuii  and  after  the  third 
day  of  November  next,  be  absolutely  dis- 
charged from  the  said  service."  (Jn  the  day 
preceding  their  dismission,  Nov.  2d.  General 
Washington  issued  his  farewell  orders,  in  the 
most  endearing  language.  After  giving  them 
his  advice  respecting  their  future  conduct, 
and  bidding  them  ao  aflectionate  farewell,  he 
concluded  with  these  words  :  "  May  ample 
justice  be  done  them  here,  and  may  the  choi 
cest  of  Heaven's  favours,  both  here  rind  here- 
after, attend  those,  who  under  the  divine  aus- 
pices have  secured  innumerable  blessings  for 
others.  With  the.se  wishes,  and  this  benedic- 
tion, the  commander-in-chief  is  about  to  re- 
tire from  service ;  the  curtain  of  separatiim 
will  soon  be  drawn,  and  the  military  scene,  to 
him,  will  be  closed  forever." 

With  great  exertions  of  the  superintondant 
of  finance,  four  months  pay,  in  part  of  several 
years  arrearages,  were  given  to  the  army. 
This  sum,  though  trilling,  was  all  the  immedi- 
ate recompence  the  states  were  able  to  make 
to  those  brave  men,  who  had  conducted  their 
country  through  an  eight  years  war,  to  |>eacc 
and  independence. 

The  evacuation  of  Now- York,  took  place 
in  about  three  weeks  after  the  American  army 
was  discharged.  For  a  twelvemonth  preced- 
ing, there  had  l>een  an  unrestrained  commu- 
nication between  that  city,  though  a  British 
fiarrison,  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  bit- 
terness of  war  passed  away,  and  civilities 
were  freely  interchanged  between  those,  who 
had  lately  sought  for  oppoituiiules  to  destroy 
iMich  other.  Tteneral  Washington  and  gover- 
nor f 'linton,  with  tlieir  suites,  made  a  public 
entry  into  till!  city  of  New- York,  as  sorn  as 
till"  royal  army  was  withdrawn.  The  lii'iile- 
naiil  t;overiic>r.  and  nieiiibiTS  oflhe  eoiincll.the 
olliiers  of  the  .Viiierlcan  aiiny,  and  the  citizens, 


followed  in  an  elegant  pr<  'ssion.  It  was  re- 
marked that  an  unusual  proportion  of  tho.in 
who  in  177G,  had  iled  from  New-York,  wero 
by  death  cut  off  from  partaking  in  the  geno 
ral  joy,  which  flowed  in  upon  tncir  fellow-citi- 
zens, on  returning  to  their  ancient  habitations. 
The  case  and  alHuence  which  they  enjoved  in 
in  the  days  of  their  prosperity, made  the  seve- 
rities of  exile  inconvenient  to  all,  and  fatal  lo 
many,  particularly  to  such  as  were  advaxced 
in  life.  Those  who  survived,  both  felt  and 
expressed  the  overflowings  of  joy,  on  finding 
their  sufferings  and  services  rewarded  wlili 
the  recovery  of  their  country,  the  exjiulsion 
of  their  enemies,  and  the  "Stabliahment  of  tlniir 
independence.  In  the  evening  there  was  a 
display  of  fireworks,  which  exceeih^d  every 
thing  of  the  kind  before  seen  in  the  United 
States.  They  commenced  by  a  dove's  de- 
scending with  an  olive  branch,  and  setting  fin; 
to  a  maron  battery. 

The  hour  now  approached  In  whlcli  it  be- 
came necessary  fiir  General  Washington  to 
take  leave  of  liis  officers,  who  li.id  been  en- 
deared to  him  by  a  long  scries  of  common 
sufferings  and  dangers.  This  was  doiu!  in  a 
solemn  manner.  The  officers  having  jirevi- 
oiisly  assembled  for  the  purpos-;,  (ieneral 
Washington  joined  them,  and  calling  for  a 
glass  of  wine,  thus  addressed  them.  "  Willi 
a  heart  full  of  love  and  gratitude,  I  now 
take  my  leave  of  you.  I  most  dt^viuiily  wish 
that  your  latter  days  may  be  as  prosperous  and 
happy,  as  your  fiirnier  ones  have  been  glori- 
ous and  honourabli!."  The  officers  came  up 
successively,  and  he  took  an  affi'ctionale  leax' 
of  each  of  them.  When  this  afl'ccling  sccii: 
was  over,  Washington  h'ft  the  room,  an. I 
passed  through  the  corps  of  light  infiintrv,  In 
the  place  of  embarkation.  The  officers  fiillow- 
ed  in  a  solemn  mute  procession,  with  dijectc,! 
countenances.  On  his  entering  the  barge  to 
cross  the  North  river,  he  turned  towards  ihc 
companions  of  his  glory,  and  by  waviiicr  lii" 
hat,  bid  them  a  silent  adieu.  Some  of  them 
answered  this  last  signal  of  ri'S|H"cf  tiiiI  atlcc- 
tion  with  tears,  and  all  of  ilicin  hung  iipnn 
the  barge  which  conveyed  him  from  tlieir 
sight,  tilt  they  could  no  longer  disllnguish  In 
it  the  person  of  their  beloved  commander-in- 
chief. 

A  proposal  was  made  to  perpetuate  tin- 
friendship  of  the  officers,  by  forming  iheiii- 
selves  into  a  society,  to  be  named  aftei  the  fa- 
mous Roman  patriot  Cinelnnatiis.  The  ex- 
treme jealousy  of  the  new  republics  suspect- 
ed danger  to  their  liberties,  from  ihe  union  <if 
the  leaders  of  their  late  army,  and  especiallv 
from  a  part  of  the  Institution,  which  held  out 
to  their  posterity,  the  honour  of  beini;  iidinit 
ted  memliers  of  the  same  society.  'I"o  oliv( 
ate  ail  grounds  of  fear,  the  general  meeting  nf 
the  society,  recommended  an  alteration  of  their 
insliliition,  which  lias  been  adopted  by  ei(.''il 
of  the  state  societies.  ]Jy  this  reconmie'i.ia- 
tion  it  was  proposed  o  expunjje  every  t)i'\n^ 
that  was  hereditary,  and  to  retain  little  el*i 
than  their  original  name,  and  a  social  charita- 
ble institution  fiir  perpetuating  their  personal 
friendships,  and  relieving  the  wants  of  their  in- 
digent brethren.  General  Washington,  on 
the  approaching  dissolution  cfllie  Americnn 
army,  by  a  circular  Idler  lo  ine  governors  or 
preslilents  of  the  indiviilual  slates,  gave  h" 
parliiig  advice  to  his  coiiiitivmen  ;  aiid,  wilh 
all  the  charms  of  eloipiciici',  inculcali'd  ihc  ii'- 


pri  -ssion.  It  was  ni- 
mill  |)r<iiiorti(>n  of  tho.io 
from  New-York,  wera 
partakiiiff  in  tlio  gene 
in  vi|)on  their  fiillow-citi« 
their  ancient  Imliitntiona. 
i  which  they  enjoved  in 
osperity,  made  the  neve- 
nient  to  nil,  and  fiitnl  to 
such  as  were  ndvai-ccd 
survived,  both  Celt  nnd 
i-ings  of  joy,  on  finding 
erviccs  rewarded  with 
country,  the  expulsion 
ic  "stnhlishtnent  of  tli(!ir 
1!  evening  there  was  a 
which  exceeded  every 
ore  6een  in  the  United 
;ncod  by  a  dove's  de- 
branch,  and  setting  fire 

•cached  in  which  it   Iw- 
■Jenerul   Washington    to 
;ers,   who  had  been  en- 
long  series  of  comnxui 
I,      This  was  done   in  ii 
!  officers  liaving   previ- 
tlic    purpos'-,  (lencriil 
liom,   and   calling  for   ii 
Idressed  them.      "  Willi 
and   gratitude,    i    now 
I  most  dtn-oiitly  wisli 
lay  be  ns  prosperous  and 
r  ones  have  been    glori- 
The  oflieers  came   up 
lok  an  ttd'erfionate  leave 
lien   this  aflecting   seen; 
on    left  ihe    room,    and 
rps  of  light  infantry,   to 
i>n.     The  ollieers  follow- 
rocession,  with  dejeeled 
enterini;  the  barge    to 
le   turned  towards  llie 
y,  and    by    wiiving   Iin 
idieu.     Jriiime  of  tlii'iii 
I  oC  respect  and  alfec- 
ill    of  them   hung  ii|)hii 
■eyed    him    from    tlielr 
longer  distinguish  in 
beloved  comrnander-iii- 

Je  to  )>erpotiiat('  tin" 
rs,    by   forming   iheni- 

be  tiamed  aftei  the  (h- 
Cineinnatiis.  The  eX' 
new  republics  suspect- 
ties,  fnuii  the  union  of 

army,  and  especiiilly 

ition,  which  held  out 
honour  of  buinu'  admit 
me  society.  'J'o  obvi 
the  general  meeting  ef 

i]  nn  alteration  of  thi'ir 
been  adopted  by  eight 
IJy  this  recommen.iii- 
o  expunge  ovi'ry  tliinij 
id  to  retain  little  else 
,  and  a  social  eharila- 
•tiiating  lh(Mr  persniiii! 
g  the  wants  of  their  in- 
leral  Washington,  en 
ition  rf  the  Amerlc.iii 
'r  to  tfie  governors  nr 
iliial  stales,  gavu  In" 
iimlrvmen ;  niid,  willi 
uce,  inculcati'd  the  n > 


'''"b\^  -.        ^'v^V' 


^vi 


JAMES  K  POLK 


Vs 


//     MIIURB  FIUMORE  ' 


^f* 


,-Vt' 


I  (  /  -    MiiuRPnuwoRE  i-^-vk;-  |_fRANKUN pierce  ,^  :  ij 


FRANKUN  PIERCE    ^-^  '    '   ■ 


':'■/// 


JAMES  BUCHAWtN 


'    J  /■  / 1  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN  ^M\  Hf 


j";  >Vj  Jl  ULYSSESS GRANT  j   >.  */ 

if 


SSBBW" 


UNITED    STATES. 


409 


ccssity  of  union,  justice,  subordination,  iiiiil  of 
such  principles  and  practices,  as  their  now 
situation  required. 

Tiie  army  being  disbanded,  the  commnnd- 
cr-in-cbief  proceeded  to  Annapolis,  then  tbc  sent 
of  Congress,  to  resign  his  commission.  On 
Ilia  way  thither,  he  delivered  to  the  comptrol- 
ler in  Philadelphia  an  account  of  the  expen- 
diture of  all  the  public  money  he  had  ever 
received.  This  was  in  his  own  hand  writing, 
and  every  entry  was  made  in  a  ver^  particu- 
lar manner.  The  whole  sum,  which  in  the 
course  of  the  war  had  passed  through  his 
hands,  amounted  only  to  H,47t)/.  18*.  9il. 
sterling.  Nothing  was  charged  or  retained  as 
a  reward  for  personal  services,  and  actual 
disbursements  liad  been  managed  with  such 
<'<-(inomy  and  fiilelity.tliat  they  v.erc  all  cover- 
eil  by  the  above  moderate  sum. 

In  every  town  and  villjge,  through  which 
the  general  passed,  he  was  met  by  public  and 
i)ri\ate  dcnKUistnitinns  of  gratitude  and  joy. 
Wlii-n  he  arrived  at  Aniiiipolis,  he  informed 
( -ongress  of  his  intention  to  ask  leave  to  resign 
the  eomniission  he  had  the  honour  to  hold  in 
llii'ir  service,  and  desired  to  know  their  plea- 
sure in  what  manner  it  woulil  be  most  proper 
M  be  done.  They  resolved  it  should  !«!  in 
II  piililie  audience.  When  the  day  fixed  for 
lliat  purpose  arrived,  a  great  number  of  dis- 
tiniiiiislied  personages  atteniled  the  interesting 
sii'iie.  -At  a  projier  moment,  ijeneriil  Wash- 
ington addressed  Thomas  Milllen,  the  presi- 
di'iif,  ill  I  lie  following  words  : 

"  Ml-.  I'resiilent, 

"The  great  events  on  which  my  resignation 
depc'inled,  having  at  length  taken  jilaee,  I  have 
iiiiw  the  honour  of  offering  my  sincere  eon- 
griitiilatioiis  to  Congress,  and  of  presenting 
myself  before  them  to  surrender  into  their 
liaiiils  till"  trust  committed  to  me,  and  to  claim 
the  indulgence  of  retiring  from  the  service 
iif  it.y  country. 

"Happy  in  the  confirmation  of  our  indiv 
pi'iiilciiei!  and  sovereignty,  and  pleased  with 
the  o[|)orluiiity  afforded  the  United  States  of 
beconiing  a  respectable  nation,  I  resign  with 
sntisfiiction  the  appointment  I  accepted  with 
dillidiMiee;  a  dimdence  in  my  abilities  to  ac- 
roniplisli  so  arduous  a  task,  which,  however, 
was  superceded  by  a  coiifiihuice  in  the  recti- 
tude of  our  rause,  the  support  of  the  su- 
preme power  of  the  union,  and  the  patrimago 
of  Ifi'aven. 

"The  successful  termination  of  the  war  has 
verified  the  most  sanguine  expectations,  and 
my  griitltiide  for  the  interposition  of  Provi- 
di'iicc,  and  the  assistance  I  have  received  from 
my  rnuntrynieii,  increases  with  every  review 
(if  llie  moiiieiitoiis  contest. 

"  While  I  repeat  my  obHiiatlons  to  the  army 
ill  sieni-ral,  I  should  do  iiiiusliee  to  my  own 
fecliiicrs  not  to  acknowledge,  in  this  place,  the 
peciiliiir  services,  and  distingnisln-d  merits  of 
till'  ]iersons  who  have  Ik-cu  attached  to  my 
Iiersoii  during  the  war:  it  was  impossible  the 
clioice  of  conliih'iitial  officers  to  compose  my 
fnniily  should  have  been  more  fiirtunate;  per- 
mit ine,  sir,  to  recommend  in  piirliciilar  those 
who  have  continued  in  the  servict  f:i  'he  pre- 
sent inomenl,  as  worthy  of  the  favoiiral.le  no- 
'"'"  ami  patronage  of  Consiress. 

"  1  consider  it  as  an  iiidispiuisnble  duty  U: 
rliisc  this  last  solemn  act  of  my  ofHelal  life,  by 
C'liniiiendcng  the  iiiteri'sis  of  our  dearest  coun- 
try til  ih"  |irolection    of  .Mmijhty  (5od,    and 


those  who  have  the  superintendancc  of  them, 
to  His  holy  keeping. 

"  Having  now  finished  the  work  assigned 
me,  I  retire  from  the  great  theatre  of  acti(m ; 
and  bidding  an  affectionate  farewell  to  this  au- 
gust '  >dy,  under  whose  orderi.  I  have  long 
acted,  I  here  offer  my  commission,  and  take  my 
leave  of  all  the  employments  of  public  life." 

To  this  the  President  returned  the  follow- 
ing answer : 

"  The  United  States,  in  Congress  assembled, 
receive  with  emotions  too  affecting  for  utti^r- 
ance,  the  solemn  resignation  of  the  authorities 
under  which  you  have  led  their  troops  with 
success,  through  a  perilous  and  joubtful 
war. 

"  Called  upon  by  your  country  to  defend 
its  invaded  rights,  you  accepted  the  sacred 
charge  before  it  had  formed  alliances,  and 
whilst  it  was  without  friends  or  a  government 
to  support  you. 

"You  have  conducted  the  great  military 
contest  with  wisdom  and  fortitude,  invariably 
regarding  the  rights  of  the  civil  power  through 
all  disasters  and  changes  :  you  have,  by  the 
love  and  confidence  of  your  fellow  citizens, 
enabled  them  to  display  their  martial  genius, 
and  transmit  them  to  posterity  ;  you  have  per- 
severed till  these  United  .States,  aided  by  a 
magnanimous  king  and  nation,  have  been  ena- 
bled, under  a  just  Providence,  to  close  the 
war  in  freedom, safety  and  independence;  on 
which  happy  event  we  sincerely  join  you 
in  congratulations. 

"  Having  defended  the  standard  of  liberty 

in  this    new    world — having   taught   a   lesson 

useful  to  those   who  iiifiict,  and  to  those   who 

■el  oppression,  you  retire  fnun  the  great  thea 


Ire  of  action,  with  the  blessings  of  your  tel- 
h)w-citi-/.ens ;  but  the  glory  of  your  virtues 
will  not  terminate  with  your  military  com- 
mand ;  it  will  ciintinuu  to  animate  remotest 
ages.  We  feel,  with  you,  our  obligations  to 
the  army  in  general,  and  will  particularly 
charge  ourselves  with  the  interest  of  those  con- 
fidential officers,  who  have  attended  your  per- 
son to  this  affecting  moment. 

"  We  join  you  in  commending  the  interests 
of  our  dearest  country  to  the  protection  of 
Almighty  (Sod,  lieseecling  Him  to  dispo.se  the 
hearts  and  minds  of  its  citizens,  to  imjirove 
the  op|iortiinity  afforded  tliem,  of  becoming 
a  happy  and  respectable  nation ;  and  for  vof, 
we  address  to  Him  our  earnest  prayers,  that 
a  life  so  beloved  may  be  fostered  with  all  His 
c.;'e  :  That  your  days  may  be  happy  as  they 
have  iieen  illustrious,  and  that  He  will  finally 
give  you  that  reward  which  this  world  can- 
not give." 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

WASIII.NOTO.v's    .\nMI.NISTnATIOV. 


are  evils  in  national  convulsion,  even  when  ne- 
cessitated by  the  most  justifiable  causes,  will 
still  scorn  to  evade  them  by  a  base  servility  j 
and  ill  does  it  become  those  who  have  rei  • 
dered  such  evils  inevitable,  to  attempt  to  ciift 
the  odium  of  them  on  the  noble  ond  self-de- 
nying efforts  of  the  patriot. 

The  exhausting  effect  of  their  exertirm.'t 
was  felt  by  the  ])eoplo  of  the  United  Stiiteii 
for  a  considerable  period  after  peace,  as  well 
at  independence,  had  lieen  secured.  The  en- 
thusiasm of  a  popular  contest  terminating  in 
victory,  began  to  subside,  and  the  sacrifices  ol 
the  revolution  soon  became  known  and  fi  It. 
The  claims  of  those  who  toiled,  and  foiig.it, 
and  suffered  in  the  arduous  struggle,  wero 
strongly  urged,  and  the  government  had  nei« 
ther  resources  nor  power  to  satisfy  or  to  si- 
lence them.  The  federal  head  had  no  sepa- 
rate or  exclusive  fund.  The  members  of  Con- 
gress depended  on  the  states  which  they  re- 
spectively represented,  even  for  their  own 
maintenance,  and  niiniey  fiir  national  purposes 
could  only  be  obtained  by  re(|iiisitions  on  tliu 
different  memliers  of  the  confederacy.  On 
them  it  became  necessary  iiiiniediatelv  to  call 
for  funds  to  discharge  the  arrears  of  pay  duo 
to  the  soldiers  of  the  revolution,  and  the  inter- 
est on  the  debt  which  the  government  had 
btien  compt^lled  to  contract.  The  legislatures 
of  the  different  states  receivi-d  these  requisi- 
tions  with    respect,    liste 1   to  the  monitory 

warnings  of  Ccuigress  with  deference,  and 
with  silent  and  inactive  nc(|iiii'sceiice.  Their 
own  situation,  imliMMl,  was  full  of  emliavrass- 
iiienr.  The  wealtli  of  the  eoiititry  had  been 
totally  exhausted  iliiiiii!,'  llie  revolniion.  Taxes 
could  not  be  collected,  because  there  was  no 
money  to  represent  the  value  of  the  little  per- 
sonal property  whicl'  had  not  been,  and  itio 
land  which  could  not  be,  destroyed  ;  and  com- 
merce, though  preparing  to  burst  from  its 
thraldom,  had  not  yet  had  time  to  resi.ire  to 
the  annual  produce  of  the  country  its  exrhnn^e- 
able  value.  The  states  owed  each  a  licavy 
debt  fiir  local  services  ren  lered  diirinir  the  re- 
volution, fiir  which  it  was  bound  to  provide, 
and  each  had  its  own  domisllc  govcininent  to 
support.  Under  these  circiiuistances,  if  Is  not 
surprising  that  each  .state  was  anxious  to  re- 
tain for  its  own  benefit  the  small  lint  rising 
revenue  di^rived  from  fiireigii  commerce  ;  and 
that  the  ciistom-lioiisi's  in  each  commercial  city 
were  considered  as  the  most  valuable  sources 
of  income  which  the  states  possessed.  Each 
state,  llicrefiire,  made  ils  own  regiilitlons,  its 
tariff,  and  tonnage  duties,  iiiid,  as  a  natural 
(Minseqiii'iu'e,  tin.'  illiriTent  states  clashed  with 
eiK'li  othi'r;  one  nation  becaiiii'  more  fiivoiircd 
than  another  under  the  saimr  circiimslances  ; 
and  one  state  pursued  a  system  injurious  to 
the  interests  of  another.  Hence  the  ciuifi- 
deiice  of  foreign  countries  was  destroyed  ; 
and  they  would  not  enter  into  treaties  of  com- 
merce with  the  confederated  government, 
while  they  were  not  likely  to  be  carried  into 
effect.  A  general  decay  of  trade,  the  rise  of 
imported  mercliainiise,  the  fiill  of  produce, niid 
an  uncommon  decrease  of  the  value  of  lands, 


In  every  department  of  nature  violent  ef- 
forts are  succeeded  by  a  corresponding  ex- 
haustion ;  and  the  striiggh^s  of  a  nation  for  li- 
berty and  indepi'iidence  afford  no  exception  to  j  ensued 
this  universal  law.  From  the  evils  insepa-j  The  distress  of  the  inhabitants  was  continu- 
roble  from  such  contests, the  pusillanimous  and  ally  on  the  increase;  ami  in  Massnchii.setfs, 
the  sonlid  may  urge  argiiineiits  in  fiivour  of|  where  it  was  most  fi'lt,  an  insurrection  of  a 
what  they  deem  .i  prudent  and  profitable  sub-  serious  chaiacler  was  tin"  coiisei)iieiire.  Near 
iiiisKlveiiess  to  aibitrary  sway ;  but  the  loverithe  close  of  the  year  1780,  tiie  populace  «s- 
of  freedom,  while  he   will  not  deny  that  there  jsembled  to    the   number  of  two  thousund,  in 


400 


HISTORY   or   THE 


I  n 


:1     ! 


■f  ^l 


i  11  :  -S:: 


t)io  iii>rth-wostorn  part  (if  till!  state,  and,  rliiKH- 1  tial  iitiliiy.  On  this  account,  as  wkII  ns  rniiii 
ini;  Dimii'l  Sliiiys  tlieir  loiiilcr,  ili'iniinik'd  Miat  j  tlie  I'iiTumstiincc  tliiit  so  iuw  stutt^s  were  n:- 
the  colluclidii   of  iltlits  ulioiild   1)1'  sus)icMidcd,  j  |>ri'3oiilfd,  lliey  wisely  declined  deciding;  on 


und  tliut  tlio  Itigisiuturo  Siliduld  iuilli(ii'i7.<!  tlit 
(■mission  oC  pii|)er  money  liir  >;eiienil  circula- 
tion. Two  lioiiies  (il'inilitia,  drawn  from  those 
parts  of  the  state  where  dlsatl'ection  did  not 
prevail,  were  iinmudiutely  despatched  against 
them,  one  under  tho  command  of  Cieiierul 
Lincoln,  the  other  of  General  Shepard.  The 
disart'ected  were  dispersed  with  less  diflicnlty 
than  had  lieen  apprehended,  and,  abandoning 
their  seditious  purpost^s,  accepted  the  protler- 
(^d  indemnity  of  the   government. 

The  time  at  length  came  when  the  puhlic 
mind  gav«j  tokens  of  being  prepared  for  a 
change  in  tho  constitution  of  the  general  go- 
vernment— an  occurrnnc(?,  the  necessity  ol 
which  had  long  been  foreseen  by  Washington, 
and  most  of  tho  distinguished  patriots  of  that 
jieriod.  Evil  had  acciiinulated  upon  evil,  till 
itie  mass  became  toooi)pressive  to  bo  endured, 
and  the  voice  of  the  nation  cried  out  for  relief 
The  iirst  decisive  measures  proceeded  from 
the  merchanls,  who  came  fiu'ward  almost  si- 
multaneously in  all  parts  iif  lh<!  '•oiintry.  with 
ri.'presentations  of  the  utter  prostration  of  the 
mercantile  interests,  and  petitions  for  a  speedy 
and  ellleienl  remedv.  It  was  shown,  that  the 
advantaires  of  this  most  iinpiutant  sourci;  nl' 
iiiiiiiitiiil  prosperitv  were  flowing  iiiln  tin  hauls 
of  forelL'iiers,  and  that  thi!  native  merchanls 
were  suireriiiir  for  the  want  of  a  just  prolec- 
tioii  and  a  uniform  system  of  trade.  The  wise 
iiiid  rellocting  were  convinced  that  some  deci- 
ded elliirts  were  necessary  to  strenglheu  the 
general  goveriiiueiif,  or  tliat  a  dissolution  of 
the  union,  aiiil  perhaps  a  devastaling  anarchy, 
would  be  inevitiilile.  The  first  step  towards 
a  general  refoniiatiou  was  rather  accidental 
than    premeditateil.      Certain  citizens    of  Vir- 


any  important  nu'asiires  in  reference  to  the 
particular  subject  for  which  they  had  come 
together.  This  convention  is  memorable,  how- 
ever, as  having  been  the  pn.-lude  to  the  one 
which  followed.  Ueforo  tho  commissi(mers 
adjourned,  a  report  was  agreed  upon,  in  which 
the  necessity  of  a  revision  and  reform  of  the 
articles  of  the  old  federal  comjiact  was  strong- 
ly urged,  and  which  contained  a  reconmuui- 
(hition  to  all  the  state  legislatures  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  deputies,  to  meet  at  Philad(dphia, 
witii  more  ample  powers  and  instructions. 
This  proposal  was  eventually  carried  into  ef- 
fect, and,  in  conformity  with  it,  a  conventimi  of 
delegates  from  the  several  states  met  at  I'hila- 
delphia  in  May,  1787.  (Jf  this  body  of  emi- 
nent statesmen,  ( ieorge  Washingl(ui  was  (.-lect- 
ed  president.  They  deliberated  with  closeil 
doors  during  a  period  of  four  months.  One 
party  in  tht!  convention  was  anxious  to  enlarge, 
another  toaliridge,  the  aulhority  delegated  to 
the  general  irovernment.  This  was  the  first 
ireriii  of  parties  in  the  Ij'niled  Statei ;  not  that 
materials  were  wantliii;,  for  the  di33enii(m9  of 
ihi!  revolution  had  left  behind  3(urio  b''teriu!S3 
of  spirit  and  feelings  that  only  awailei  n  op- 
portunity lc)r  their  disclosure.  The  di\  <ions 
ill  the  convention  proved  the  foiindat  of 
many  a  subse(ii;ent  slriigLlle.  At  length  i.  >n- 
stilution  was  agreed  on,  which,  after  being  re- 
ported to  (Joiigress,  was  siibiiiilted  for  ralilica- 
tiiMi  to  convenlions  held  in  the  rt'spe(ii\(! 
states.  Tliis  constitution  dilU'rs,  in  many  im- 
portant particulars,  from  the  articles  of  confe- 
deration; and,  by  its  regiil.ili(;ns,  connects  the 
states  more  closely  togtaher,  under  a  yeneral 
ami  supreme  government,  composed  of  three 
'I'pattmenis,  legislative,  executive,  and    judi 


fO'iia  and  M.iryland  had  formed  a  scheme  for;cial;  and  invested  ivilli  powi^rs  essential  to 
promoting  the  naviiralion  of  the  Potomac  and  j  its  being  respected,  both  by  foreign  nations 
('hesapeake  Hay,  and  commissiiuicrs  were  ap 


pointed  by  those  two  slates  to  meet  at  Alex 
andria,  and  devise  some  plan  of  operation. 
These  jiersons  made  a  visit  to  Mount  Vernon, 
and  while  there,  it  was  jiroposed  among  them- 
selves tlnit  more  important  objects  should  l)e 
coiinecte<l  with  tin;  purpose  at  first  in  view, 
and  that  the  slate  (>i)vernmenls  should  be  soli- 
cited to  appoint  other  commissioners,  witli  en- 
larged powers,  instructed  to  form  a  plan  for 
in.iinlaiiiing  a  naval  Icirce  in  the  Chesapeake, 
and  also  to  lix  up(Mi  some  system  of  duties  on 
exports  and  inlplu•l^  ':■  which  both  states  should 
airree,  and  that  in  the  end  Congress  should  be 
petitioned  to  allow  these  privileges.  This 
iiro|ect  was  approved  by  tho  legislature  of 
Virginia,  and  commissioners  wer(!  accordingly 
oppolnted.  The  same  legislature  passed  a  re- 
Boliition  recommending  the  desijiu  to  other 
states,  and  inviiliig  them  to  tuiite,  by  theircom- 
missioners,  in  an  attempt  to  established  such  B 
nystem  of  commercial  relations  as  would  pro- 
mote general  harmiuiy  and  prosperity.  Five 
etalesonly,  in  aildition  to  Virginia,  acceded  to 
this  proposition,  namely,  Maryland,  Delaware, 


and  the  states  whoso  interest  it  was  designed 
to  secure.  The  provisi(Mis  and  characteristics 
of  this  interc'sting  and  important  political  coiK", 
will  receive  tin-  consideration  to  which  they 
are  so  justly  entitled  in  another  department 
of  our  work. 

As  that  |).irty  which  was  ciesirous  to  extend 
the  powers  of  the  constiliitiiui,  had  been  tin- 
most  anxious  fiir  the  fiirmatiiui  of  this  system, 
and  the  most  zealous  advocates  fiir  its  adop- 
tion, it  almost  naturally  lollowed  that  the  ad- 
ministration of  it  was  cominilled  to  their 
hands.  This  party,  which  iniiiht,  from  their 
opinions,  have  been  deiiiiiiiinated  nationalists, 
or,  in  more  moilern  pliniseolonry,  c,>iitriilists, 
acquired  tlu;  iianii>  of  federalists,  while  the 
appellation  of  anti-federalists  was  jriven  to 
their  antagonists.  The  latter,  ardently  attach- 
ed to  freedom,  iniaL'iiied  tli.it  rulers,  possessing 
such  extensive  sway,  such  abundant  patronage, 
and  such  independent  tenure  of  ollice,  would 
become  fond  of  the  exercise  of  power,  and  in 
the  end  arrogant  and  tyrannical.  The  for- 
mer, eipially  devoied  to  the  cause  of  national 
'iberty,  contended  that  to  preserve  it  an  ener- 
P(!iinsylvania,  N'ew-.Iersev,  ond  New- York,  i  .Ttic  government  was  necessary.  They  de- 
From  these  states  comniissi(mers  assembled  at!"ribed,  with  jiowerful  eflect,  the  evils  nctii- 
Annapol's,  but  ihey  had  hardly  entered  intr>  alally  endured  t'riuu  the  ineniciency  of  the  con- 
J'sciissioii  of  the  topics  which  nntiirally  forced 
ilieinselves  into   view,  before  they  discovered 


liip  powers  Willi  wliieli  lliey  were  instructed 
(o  be  so  liiiiiti.d,  lis  to  lie  up  llieir  liaiids  from 
L'll'ccliiig   injf  purpose  timt  cuuld  be  of  essuii* 


federation,  and  deinaniled  ihat  a  trial    at    least 
should  be  made  of  the  remedy  iiroposed. 

In  eleven  stales,  a  iiiiijcirilv,  tlioiieh  in  sium- 
instances:!  siniill  one,  decided  in  liivour  of  the 
coiibtitulion,     I'roviciou   was  tlieii    made   for 


the  election  of  the  officers  to  compose  tlie  ex- 
eciilive  and  legislative  deparlments.  In  tho 
highest  station,  the  electors,  by  a  unanimous 
vote,  ]ilaceil  the  illustrious  Washington  ;  and 
to  the  ollice  of  vice-|)residiMit,  by  a  vote  near- 
ly unanimous,  they  elevated  .lolin  Adams,  wlio, 
in  stations  less  conspicuous,  had,  with  eipiul 
patriotism,  rendered  important  services  to  his 
country.  On  the 'i.'Jd  of  April  tho  president 
elect  arrived  at  New- York,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  governor  of  th(!  state,  and  con- 
ducted, with  military  honours,  through  an  im- 
mense concourse  of  people,  to  tin-  apartments 
provided  Icir  hiiii.  Here  he  received  the  sa- 
lutations of  fiirelgn  ministers,  pulillc  bodies, 
political  characters,  and  ]>rivat(<  citizens  of 
distinction,  who  pressed  aioiind  him  lo  olVer 
their  congratiilalimis,  and  to  express  llieir  joy 
at  seeing  tin?  man  who  had  the  conlidence  of 
all,  at  till?  head  of  thi>  .Vnieriian  republic.  On 
the  .'iOtli  of  April  the  president  was  inaugura- 
ted, Ilaving  taken  the  oath  of  iflice  in  an 
open  gallery  adjoining  llu;  senate  chamber,  in 
tin?  view  of  an  iminensir  concoiir.si-  of  people, 
who  attested  their  joy  by  loud  and  repealed 
acclamatimis,  he  returned  to  the  senate  chain- 
ber,  where  he  delivered  the  following  ap- 
propriate nddri!ss  : 

"  Kclliiw  oili/.ciis  of  itip  Sfiintc, 

anil  nf  tliP  lliiiiRr  of  Ufpivsi'iitiuivps : 
"  Ammig  the  vicissitudes  inciilent  to  life,  ro 
event  could  have  filled  me  with  ijreater  anx- 
ieties, than  that  of  which  the  notification  was 
transmitted  by  your  order,  and  received  en 
the  Mill  day  of  the  present  month.  On  tlui 
one  hand.  I  was  siiimnoned  by  my  country, 
vvhost!  voici!  1  can  never  hear  iiut  with  vene- 
ration  and  love,  from  a  retreat  which  I  had 
chosen  with  the  fondest  predilection,  and,  in 
my  fialtering  hopes,  with  an  iininiitable  deci- 
sion, as  the  asylum  of  my  declining  years  :  a 
retr(!at  which  was  rendered  every  day  moro 
necessary  as  well  as  imu-e  dear  to  me,  by  the 
addition  of  habit  to  inclination,  and  of  freipieiit 
interruptions  in  my  health  to  the  gradual 
wasti-  committed  (Ui  il  by  time.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  magnitude  and  dilliciiltv  of  the  trust 
to  which  the  Voice  of  my  country  called  me, 
being  sulHcient  to  awaken  in  the  wisest  and 
most  exp(-rienced  of  her  citizens,  a  distrilslfiil 
scrutiny  into  his  ipialificatioiis,  could  not  but 
overwhelm  with  desponilence,  <uie,  who,  inhe- 
riting inferior  endowments  from  nature,  and 
unpractised  in  the  duties  of  civil  ailminislia- 
lion,  ouj;ht  to  bi;  peculiarly  conscious  of  liij 
own  deficiencies.  In  this  contlici  of  emotions, 
all  I  dan;  aver  is,  that  it  has  been  my  tiiiiiifiil 
stddy  to  collect  my  duty  from  a  just  appreci- 
ation of  (!verv  circumstance  by  which  it  inii;lit 
be  affected.  All  I  ilare  hope,  is,  that,  if  in  ac- 
jcepting  this  task,  I  have  been  too  much  sway- 
led  by  a  grateful  riuneinbrance  of  fiirmer  in- 
i  stances,  or  by  an  atl'ecliiuiate  sensibility  to  this 
transcendiMit  proof  of  the  ccuifidence  of  my 
|(('llow  citizens,  and  have  thence  too  little  con- 
j  suited  my  inca|)iiclty  as  well  as  disincliiialion, 
i  fiir  the  weighty  and  untried  cares  liefore  ine, 
jrny  (U-ror  will  bo  palliated  by  the  inolivcj 
which  misled  me,  and  its  conseipiences  li6 
i judged  by  my  country,  with  sonu*  share  of  tlis 
1  partiality   in  wliich  they  originated. 

I  "Such   beinsr  the  impressions  under  wlilrh 

I I  have,  ill  obedience;  to  the  public  siinimoiu, 
j  repaired  to  the  present  station,  il  will  be  pecu 

liiiriv  imtiroper  to  (Uiiil,  in  this  first  ofiicial  act, 
my  fervent  sujipliculioiis  to  that  Almighty  bo 


UNITED    STATES. 


407 


cvr*  to  roiiipnse  tlie  ex- 

C  (l<'|l!irttM<'lltS.        Ill     iliu 

I'rtors,  l>_v  II  iinnnimoiis 
I'liMis  \V'iisliinij;li)n  ;  iiiitl 
•I'Niilciit,  hy  II  voti'  iic'Hr- 
viitrd  .loliii  Adams,  wiio, 
:iioiis,  liiiil,  with  r(|iiul 
ii|i()rriint  siM-vicns  to  liii 
lit' April  llio  president 
^'iirk,  where  he  was  le- 
r  (if  the  state,  and  con- 
lonoiirs,  throii;»li  nii  ini- 
•iipli',  til  the  apiirtnieiita 
•I'e  he  leeeived  the  sa- 
liiiistirs,  piililir  hodies, 
iiid  jirivHte  citizeiiH  of 
I'd  aniiiiid  him  to  on'er 
nd  to  express  their  joy 
I  had  the  eoiilidence  of 
Vmerican  repuhhe.  On 
iresideiit  was  iiiaiijjiira- 
e   oath    of    iflice  in   an 

■  the  senate  ehainlier,  in 
se  coiiroiirsi'  of  peophi, 

■  hy  loud  and  repeatej 
red  to  the  senate  tliam- 
red    the    following    aji- 

'  Sfiintp, 
Kt'|irL'F<i'iii(itivr.s : 
iide.s  incident  to  life,  no 
me  with  greater  anx- 
iich  the  notification  wns 
'rder,  and  received  en 
•eseiit  month.  ( In  tlui 
moiied  Uy  my  country, 
■r  hear  iiiit  with  veim- 
a  retreat  whlcli  I  had 
t  predilection,  and,  in 
ilh  an  inimiitalile  di.'ci- 
my  dccliiiinjj  years  :  n 
dered  every  day  liioru 
>re  dear  to  me,  liy  the 
nation,  and  of  freipient 
lealth  to  the  jifradiml 
!iy  time.  On  the  other 
1(1  (lilliculty  of  the  trust 
iiy  country  called  me, 
ken  ill  the  wisest  and 
■r  citizens,  a  distriislfal 
icatioiis,  could  not  Imt 
ndence,  one,  who,  inhe- 
(Mils  fidiii  nature,  and 
es  of  cix  il  administra- 
liarly  conscious  of  liia 
lis  conllict  of  eiiiolions, 
t  has  lieen  my  failiifiil 
ty  from  a  just  apprcri- 
iMice  liy  which  it  mij^lit 

■  hope,  is,  that,  if  in  ac- 
•  lieeii  too  much  sw.iv 
iilirance  of  former  ia* 
i>nate  sensiltility  to  this 
the  confidence  of  my 
e  thence  too  little  con- 
s  well  as  disinclinalioa, 
tried  cares  lieliire  inc, 
lialed  liy  the  motive! 
I  its  conseipiences  lia 
with  some  share  of  the 

V  oriirinaled. 
|iressi(ins  iiniJer  which 

the    pulilic   summons, 
station,  it  will  he  peon 

in  this  first  ollicial  act, 
IS  to  that  Almighty  lie 


ini»,  who  ruins  over  the  universe,  who  pre- 
sides ill  the  councils  of  nations,  and  whose 
providential  aids  can  supply  every  human 
defiH'.t,  that  his  lienediction  may  consecrate  to 
tile  liherties  and  happiness  of  the  p(M)ple  of 
the  ITniteci  States,  a  f^nvemmeut  instituted  liy 
themselves  for  tlie9(!  essential  purpoa(!s,  and 
may  enalile  every  instrument  employed  in  its 
administration,  to  execute  with  success  the 
functions  allotted  to  his  charge.  In  tendering 
this  homage  to  the  griNit  Arthor  of  every  puli- 
lic and  private  good,  I  assure  myself  that  it 
exiiresses  your  sentiments  not  less  than  my 
own  ;  nor  tliosi!  of  my  fi'llow  citizens  at  large 
less  than  either.  \o  people  can  lie  hound  to 
acknowledge  am!  adore  the  invisilile  hand, 
which  conihicts  the  afl'airs  of  men,  more  than 
the  people  of  the  United  States.  Every  step, 
hy  which  they  hav(>  advanced  to  the  charac- 
ter of  an  independent  nation,  seems  to  have 
lieen  distinguished  hy  son-e  token  of  jirovi- 
dential  agency.  And  in  the  important  ri^volu- 
tion  just  accomplished  in  the  system  of  their 
inited  government,  the  tranquil  delilieralions, 
and  voluntar"  consent  of  so  ninny  distinct 
communiticH,  from  which  the  event  has  re- 
sulted, cannot  he  .  ompared  with  the  means 
hv  which  most  governments  have  lieen  es- 
t'lhlished,  without  some  return  of  pious  grati- 
tude, along  with  an  humlile  anticipation  of  the 
futur(!  Iilessings  which  the  past  seem  to  pre- 
sn<;e.  Thee  reflections,  arising  out  of  the 
present  crisis,  have  forced  themselves  too 
strongly  on  my  mind  to  he  suppressed.  You 
will  join  with  me,  I  trust,  in  ihinkiiig  that 
there  are  none  under  the  iiiflnence  of  which 
the  proceedings  of  a  new  and  (rrr  government 
c;i|i  more  auspiciously  commence. 

"  Hy  the  arlicU-  estaiilishiiig  the  executive 
department,  it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  I'resi- 
ileut,  '  to  recc.minend  to  your  consideration 
surh  .neasiires  as  li(>  shall  judge  necessary  and 
expedient.'  The  circumstances  under  which 
I  now  meet  you,  will  acipiit  me  from  entering 
into  that  sulijeci,  further  than  to  refer  to  the 
great  constitutional  charter  niuh'r  which  yon 
are  assemhled,  and  which,  in  defining  your 
powers,  designates  the  olijects  to  which  your 
attention  is  to  lip  given.  It  will  lie  more  con- 
nistent  with  those  circumstances,  and  far  more 
congenial  with  the  feelings  which  actuate  me, 
to  sulistiliite,  in  place  of  a  recommendation  of 
particular  measures,  the  friliiiK!  that  is  due  to 
the  talents,  the  rectitude,  and  the  patriotism 
which  adorn  (he  characters  selected  to  devise 
liiiii  adopt  them.  In  tliesi-  honorahli!  (pialili- 
iMlions,  I  heliold  the  surest  pledges,  that,  as 
on  one  side  no  local  pn-judices  or  attachnients, 
no  separate  views  nor  party  animosities,  will 
misdirect  the  comprehensive  and  eipial  eyi 
which  ought  to  WHtch  over  this  great  asseiii- 
hiago  of  communities  and  interests  ;  so,  on 
tiiother,  that  the  ftiiindations  of  our  national 
policy  will  he  laid  in  the  pure  and  inimntahl 
principles  of  private  morality ;  and  the  pre 
etniiienne  of  free  govenimeiit  lie  exemplified 
hy  all  the  atlrihntirs  which  can  win  the  aflec 
tions  of  its  citizens,  and  cjininaiid  the  respect 
of  the  world. 

"  1  dwell  on  this  prospect  with  every  satis 
faction  which  an  ardent  love  for  my  country 
can  inspire.  Since  there  is  no  truth  more 
thdrouglily  estahlished,  than  that  then;  exist.' 
in  the  t-c.ononiy  and  course  of  nature,  :in  indis- 
fcoluhle  niiion  lietween  virtue  and  h-ippiness- 
beiwceii  duty   and  advantage— -lu'twiMui    tl 

3a 


genuinti  maxims  of  an  honest  and  magnani- 
mous policy,  and  tin;  solid  rewards  of  pulilic 
prosperity  and  li'licitv  ;  since  we  ought  to  he 
no  ti-ss  persuailcd  thai  the  propitious  smiles 
of  Heaven  can  never  he  expected  una  nation 
that  disregards  the  eterniil  rules  of  order  and 
right  which  Heaven  itsiilf  has  ordained  :  and 
sinci!  the  preservation  of  the  sacred  fire  of 
lilierty,  and  the  destiny  of  the  repnhlicaii 
model  of  government,  are  justly  considered  as 
dfi'pli/,  perhaps  as  Jinnlly,  staked  on  the  ex- 
periment intrusted  to  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
can people. 

"  Hesides  the  ordinary  olijects  submitted  to 
your  care,  it  will  remain  with  your  judgment 
to  decide,  how  far  an  «!xercise  of  the  occa- 
sional power  delegated  by  the  fifth  article  of 
the  constitution,  is  rendered  expedient  at  the 
present  juncture  by  the  nature  of  objections 
which  have  been  urged  against  the  system,  or 
by  the  degree  of  impiietude  which  has  given 
birth  to  them.  Instead  of  undertaking  par- 
ticular recommendations  on  this  subject,  in 
which  I  could  be  guided  hy  no  lights  de- 
rived from  official  opportunities,  I  shall  again 
give  way  to  my  entiri;  confidence  in  your  dis- 
cernment and  pursuit  of  the  public  good.  For 
I  assure  myself,  that  whilst  you  carefully 
avoid  every  alteration  which  might  endanger 
the  benefits  of  a  united  and  effective  govern- 
ment, or  whicli  ought  to  await  the  future  les- 
sons of  experience  ;  a  reverence  lor  the  char- 
acteristic rights  of  freemen,  and  n  regard  fiir 
the  public  harmony,  will  sufficiently  influence 
your  deliberations  on  the  (piestion,  how  fiir 
till?  former  can  be  more  impregnably  fortified, 
or  the  latter  be  safely  and  advantageously 
promoted. 

"  To  the  preceding  observations  I  have 
oni!  to  add,  which  will  be  most  properly  ad- 
dressed to  the  House  of  Representatives.  It 
concerns  myself,  and  will  theri^forc  bo  as 
brief  as  possible.  Whim  I  was  first  honoured 
with  a  call  into  the  service  of  my  country, 
then  on  the  eve  of  an  arduous  struggle  for  its 
liliertiea,  the  light  in  which  I  contemplated 
my  duty  required  that  I  should  renounce 
every  pecuniary  com|ien9tttion.  From  this 
resolution  1  have  in  no  instance  departed. 
And  being  still  under  the  impressions  which 
produced  it,  I  must  decline,  as  inapplicable  to 
myself,  any  share  in  the  personal  emoluments, 
which  may  he  indispensably  included  in  a 
permanent  provision  for  the  executive  depart- 
ment ;  and  must  accordingly  pray,  that  the 
pecuniary  estimates  fiir  the  station  in  which  I 
am  placed,  may,  during  my  continuance  in  it, 
be  limited  to  such  actual  expenditures  as  the 
public  good  may  be  thought  to  require. 

"  Having  thus  imparted  to  you  my  senti- 
ments, as  they  have  been  n>vakeiied  by  the 
occasion  which  brings  us  toget'ier,  I  shall  take 
my  present  leave  ;  but  not  without  resorting 
once  more  to  the  benign  Parent  of  the  human 
race,  in  humble  supplication,  that  since  ho  has 
been  pleased  to  favour  the  American  peojile 
with  opportunities  for  deliberating  in  perfect 
tranquillity,  and  dispositions  for  deciding  with 
unparalleled  unanimity  on  a  form  of  govern- 
ment, for  the  security  of  their  union,  and  the 
advancement  of  their  happiness  ;  so  his  divine 
blessing  may  be  equally  con.ipirunus  in  the 
enlarged  views,  the  temperate  consultations, 
and  the  wise  measures  on  which  the  success 
of  this  government  must  depend." 

Ill   their  answer  to  this  .sjieoch,  the  senate 


say,  "  The  unanimous  sutl'rage  of  .he  elective 
body  in  your  favour,  is  peculiarly  expressive 
of  the  gratitude,  confidence,  and  affection  of 
the  citizens  of  Amerii'a,  and  is  the  highest 
testimonial  at  once  of  your  merit,  and  their 
esteem.  We  are  siMisilile,  sir,  that  nothing 
hut  the  voice  of  your  fellow  citizens  coulj 
have  called  you  from  a  retreat,  chosen  with 
the  fondest  predilection,  endeared  by  habit, 
and  consecrated  to  the  repose  of  declining 
years.  We  r»'joic(!,  and  with  us  all  AmericOi 
that,  in  obedience  to  the  cull  of  our  common 
country,  you  have  returned  once  more  to 
public  life.  In  you  all  parties  confide;  in 
you  all  interests  unite;  and  we  have  no  doubt 
that  your  past  services,  great  as  they  have 
been,  will  be  equalled  by  your  future  exer- 
tions ;  and  that  your  pnidenc('  and  sagacity, 
as  a  statesman,  will  fnd  to  avert  the  dangers 
to  which  we  were  exposed,  to  give  stability 
to  the  present  government,  and  dignity  and 
splendour  to  that  country,  which  your  skiil 
and  valour,  as  a  soldier,  so  eminently  contri- 
buted to  raise  to  independence  and  to  empire." 

The  affection  (lir  the  persmi  and  character 
of  the  President  with  which  the  answer  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  glowed,  promised 
that  between  this  branch  of  the  legislature 
also  and  the  executive,  the  most  harmonious 
co-operation  in  the  public  service  might  be 
expected. 

"The  representatives  of  the  people  of  the 
Uniti^d  States,"  says  this  address,  "  present 
their  congratulations  on  the  event  by  which 
your  fellow  citizens  have  attested  the  pre- 
eminence of  your  merit.  You  have  long  helii 
the  first  place  in  their  esteem.  You  nave 
often  received  tiik("ns  of  tlunr  aflectioii.  Yo" 
now  possess  the  only  )iroof  that  remained  ot 
their  gratitude  for  your  services,  of  thi>ir  reve- 
rence for  your  wisdom,  and  of  their  confi- 
dence in  your  virtues.  You  enjoy  the  high- 
est, because  the  truest  honour,  of  being  the 
first  magistrate,  by  the  unanimous  choice  of 
the  freest  people  on  the  face  of  the  earth." 

After  noticing  the  several  communications 
made  in  the  speech,  intense  of  deep  fidt  re- 
spect and  affection,  the  answer  concludes 
thus  : 

"  Such  are  the  sentiments  with  which  we 
have  thought  fit  to  address  you.  They  flow 
from  our  own  hearts,  and  we  verily  believe 
that  omongthe  millions  we  represent,  there  is 
not  a  virtuous  citizen  whose  heart  will  disown 
them. 

"  All  that  remains  is,  that>  we  join  in  youi 
fervent  supplications  for  the  hiessingof  heaven 
on  our  country;  and  that  we  add  our  own  for 
the  choicest  of  these  blessings  on  the  most 
beloved  of  her  citizens." 

The  government  being  now  completely 
organizeil,  and  a  system  of  revenue  estab- 
lished, the  President  proceeded  to  make  ap 
pointments  of  suitable  persons  to  fill  the  Oi 
fices  which  had  been  created.*  After  a  la 
borions  and  important  session,  in  which  per 
feet  harmony  subsisted  between  the  execu 
tive  and  the   legislature,  congress  adjourned 

•  A I  llio  hcnd  (if  tlip  (Irpnrlment  of  mnte  \ie  plnced  Mr. 
Jrirfroiiii ;  «l  ilic  lienil  (if  ilic  Ironmiry,  ('olonrl  llaniillun 
Hi  the  Itm'l  of  llie  wiir  iti^iinrliiipiit,  tieacriil  Kniix  ;  in  (he 
(itVii'e  of  Htt<irti(^y-soiiernt,  l**ihiiiinil  Rnn(l(il|ili ;  nt  \\\r  heaii 
uf  ihc  juiliiiul  ili'iiiirliiiciii,  Mr.  Jsv.  'I'hc  (iMnrisIf  jus- 
tiros  WIMP  John  Uui1piI(:«',  nf  Smith  rnnililiii,.l«inP4  Wil- 
son, of  IViiiisiUiiiiiii,  Williiiui  l'u^hinlr.  of  Mns'iiphif 
•I'll:!.  Kol.prt  lliiiiiaiMi,  uf  MiirvlanJ  mid  John  i'luir  ul 

VilCJMl.l. 


i 


j;  «! 


408 

on  llio  29tli  of  .Sc|iluinl)or  to  the  fir.it  iMoiidiiyl 
in  tlio  siiccot'diMf;  JniiUiiry. 

At  tht"  ni;xt  si'Msioii  of  Conyross,  wliicli 
ci>iiiim'iu'c<l  ill  Jiiim:irv,  17!l(),  Mr.  Iliiinilton, ! 
tlie  Si'cri'liiry  of  llii;  '1  rciisiirv.  mini"'  lii'*  fi'li'- [ 
br.iK'ii  rr|iiirl  ii|>oii  tlie  |)iil)ll(;  lU.'ljIs  cimtrarH'il  j 
(iuririir  tlio  revoliitioimry  wiir.  Tiikiiif;  nii 
ul)It!  unci  cnkr({od  view  of  tin-  ndviuitiigrs  of 
|iublic  credit,  lio  rtcommciuli'd  llmt  not  only 
tlio  debt*  of  tilt)  coiiciiirntal  Con£;ross,  but 
tin  sc  of  thu  States  arisinfr  from  tlu'ip  cxor- 
tions  in  ih.)  C(>iT;mon  canso,  should  In;  funded 
or  u89iinifd  by  the  general  ijovi'rniiiunt ;  niid 
that  provision  should  be  made  for  |inyiiit?  lb'-' 
inti-ri'sl,  by  iinoosing  taxes  on  cortain  aitirlcrt 
of  luxiirv,  and  on  spirits  distilled  williin  ilu' 
country.  The  report  of  the  Secretary  wan 
jargi^ly  disc.issed,  and  with  great  force  oliir- 
giimeiit  and  elo()uem,e.  In  coiu:luslon,  t'on- 
press  piisseil  an  act  for  the  assiiniplifui  of  the 
Slate  debts,  and  for  fuiidins^the  iiaticuiiil  debt 
By  the  provisions  of  this  act,  :il,')0(),()no  do! 
lars  of  the  State  debts  were  assumed  in  spe 
cific  proportions ;  and  it  was  parliciiiarly 
enacted,  that  no  eertiticate  slioiild  be  received 
from  a  state  creditor  which  could  be  "  ascer- 
tained to  have  been  issuetl  for  any  purpo-se 
other  than  compensations  and  expenditures 
for  services  or  supplies  towards  tlie  jirosecu- 
tion  of  the  late  war,  and  the  defi'iice  of  the 
CJniled  States,  or  of  some  part  tlieri-of,  during 
the  same."  Thus  was  the  national  debt 
fiinde<i  upon  principles  which  considerably 
lessened  the  weight  fif  the  public  burdens, 
and  gave  much  satisfaction  to  the  public  cre- 
ditors. The  produce  of  the  sales  of  the  lands 
lying  in  the  western  territory,  and  the  surplus 
product  of  the  revenue,  after  satisfying  the 
appropriations  which  were  charged  upon  it, 
with  the  addition  of  two  millions  which  the 
President  was  authorized  to  borrow  at  five 
per  cent.,  ccmstiluted  a  sinking  fund  to  be 
applied  to  tin;  ri'diiction  of  the  debt.  The 
etl'ect  (.f  these  measures  was  great  and  rapid. 
The  pirmanenl  value  thus  given  to  the  debt 
prodiurd  a  result  e(pial  to  the  most  favourik. 
ble  aniicipations.  The  sudden  increase  of 
rnonied  cu|iital  derived  from  it  invigorated 
comm<  rci!,  and  conse((,iently  gave  a  new 
stimulus  to  agnciiiiiire. 

It  hrs  already  been  stated,  that  when  the 
new  (;overnnieiit  was  first  organized,  but 
eleven  states  hail  ratified  the  constitution. 
Afterwards  North  Carolina  and  IJhode  Island, 
the  two  dissenting  states,  adopted  it ;  the 
fotmer  in  NovembiT,  1789,  the  latter  in  May, 
1790.  In  1791,  Vermont  adopted  it,  and  ap- 
plied to  Congress  to  be  ailniitted  into  tin' 
Union.  An  act  was  also  jiassed,  det^laring 
that  the  district  of  Kentucky,  then  (lart  of 
Virginia,  should  be  ailniitted  into  the  L'nion 
on  the  lit  day  of  .lune  in  the  Biicceedingyear. 

During  the  year  1790,  a  termination  was 
])Ht  to  the  war  which,  for  several  years,  had 
raged  between  tin;  Creek  Indians  and  the 
state  of  Georgia.  Pacific  overtures  were  al- 
so made  to  ihi;  hostile  tribes  inhabiting  the 
banks  of  the  Sciota  and  the  Wabash.  These 
being  rejected,  an  aimy  of  fourteen  hundred 
men,  commanded  by  (Jenerul  Harmar,  was 
despatcheil  against  them.  Two  battles  were 
fought  Cijar  Chillicothe,  in  Ohio,  between  suc- 
cessive detachments  from  this  army  and  the 
Indians,  in  which  the  latter  were  victorious. 
Kmboldened  by  these  successes,  they  con- 
tiouud  to  make  more  vigorous  attacks  upon 


IIISTOUV    OF    THE 


the  frontier  settlements,  which  giiHeri^d  all  the 
distressing  calamities  of  an  Indian  war.  Ad- 
ditional troops  were  raised,  and  the  ccunniand 
of  the  whole,  aniouiitiiig  to  m'arly  two  llioii- 
sand  men,  was  given  to  (leiirriil  St,  Clair. 
By  deserli(Ui  and  detachments,  this  force  was, 
however,  reduced  to  tbiirtei'ii  hundred,  when, 
on  the  .'Jd  of  November,  li'.ll,  they  encamped 
a  few  miles  from  the  villages  on  the  Miami. 
ISilt  before  sunrise  the  next  niorniiig.  Just  after 
the  troops  were  dismissed  l'r(un  the  parade, 
they  were  attacked  unexpectedly  by  tlii!  In- 
dians. The  new  levies,  who  wiM'e  in  front, 
rushed  back  in  confusion  iipiui  the  regulars. 
The  latter,  however,  with  great  intrepidity, 
advanced  into  the  initlst  of  the  enemy,  who 
retired  from  covert  to  covert,  keeping  always 
beyond  reach,  and  again  relnrning  iis  soon  as 
the  troops  wi're  recalh'd  from  ]>iirsuit.  At 
length,  alter  a  C(  ntest  of  three  or  four  liours, 
St.  Clair,  whose  ill-health  disabled  him  frcun 
|ierforining  thi:  active  duties  fif  comniander, 
determined  to  withdraw  from  the  fielil  the 
remnant  of  his  troops;  fortunately,  the  victo- 
rious Indians  preferred  the  plunder  of  the 
camp  to  pursuit,  and  the  vaniiiiislied  continued 
their  retreat  unmolested  to  llie  frontier  settle- 
ments. In  this  battle,  the  mimliers  engaged 
on  each  side  were  sii|i|>osed  to  be  eijiial.  Of 
the  whites,  the  slaughter  was  almost  beyond 
I'Xainpli".  Six  hundred  and  thirty  were  killed 
and  missing,  and  two  hundred  and  sixty  were 
woundeil — a  loss  which  proves  at  once  the 
obstinacy  of  the  defence,  and  the  bravery  of 
the  assailants.  On  reci'iving  iiiforination  oC 
this  disaster,  C<uigress,  resolving  to  prosecute 
the  war  with  increased  vigour,  iiinde  pro- 
vision for  augmenting,  by  enlistment,  the  niili- 
tiirv  force  of  the  nation  to  five  thousand  men. 

In  the  course  of  this  year  was  completiil 
the  first  census  or  enumeration  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  United  States.  They  aniounte<l 
to  U,9;il,.'i2(j,  of  whii^li  number  (iil.'i.li.'io  were 
slaves.  'J'he  revenue,  according  to  the  report 
of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  amouiiled  to 
1,771,000  dollars,  the  exports  to  about  nine- 
teen, and  the  imports  to  about  twenty  mil- 
lions. A  great  improvement  in  the  circum- 
stances of  the  people  began  at  this  period  to 
be  visible.  The  establi>linieijt  of  a  firm  and 
regular  government,  and  confidence  in  the 
men  whom  they  hail  chosen  to  administer  it, 
gave  an  impulse  to  iheir  exertions  which  bore 
them  rapidly  forward  in  the  career  of  pros- 
perity. 

Pursuant  to  the  authority  contained  in  the 
several  acts  on  the  subject  of  a  periiianeiit  seat 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  a  dis- 
trict of  ten  miles  square  for  this  purpose  was 
fixed  on,  cnmprehend;ng  laiiils  on  both  sides 
of  the  lliver  Potomac,  and  the  towns  of  Alex- 
andria and  (Jeorgelown.  A  city  was  laid 
out,  and  the  sales  which  look  ]>lace  produced 
funds  fiir  carrying  on  the  necessary  public 
buildings. 

The  war  in  Europe  had  embraced  those 
powers  with  whom  the  United  States  had  the 
most  extensive  relations.  Th(!  Fn-nch  peo- 
ple regarded  the  Americans  as  their  brethren, 
bound  to  them  by  the  ties  of  gratitude;  and 
when  the  kings  of  Europe,  dreading  the  es- 
tablishment of  republicanism  in  her  borders, 
assembled  in  arms  to  restore  monarchy  to 
France,  they  looked  across  the  Atlantic  for 
sympatliy  and  assistance.  The  new  govern- 
ment, recalling;  the  inliiisler  whom   the  king 


i  had  appointed,  ilespatche<l  the  citi/eii  lienet, 
|of  ardent  temper  anil  a  /ealoos  republican,  in 
supply  his  place.  In  .AjmII,  179.1,  he  arrived 
at  Cliarleston,  in  .'^oiilli  Carolina,  where  ho 
\y:\  received  by  the  (lovernor  an,!  the  citi- 
/.ei  ■<,  in  a  niaiiiier  expressive  of  their  Wii."i 
altiiclimenl  to  his  country,  and  their  cordial 
a|i|'robation  of  the  change  of  }ier  instltutionfl. 
I'lattereil  by  his  reception,  and  presuming 
that  the  nation  and  the  govi'rninent  Acre  ac- 
tiiati'd  by  similar  feelings,  he  nndi'itook  to 
authorize  the  fitting  and  arming  of  vessels  in 
that  port,  enllsling  mi<n,  and  giving  cominis- 
siiuis  to  cruise  and  commit  hostilities  on  lia- 
tiiuis  with  whom  the  United  States  weie  at 
pi.'ace ;  eaplnrrd  vessels  were  bnuight  intc 
port,  and  the  consuls  of  France  assumed,  un- 
der the  authority  of  M.  (tenet,  to  liolil  courts 
of  admiralty  on  them,  to  try,  condemn,  iiinl 
authorize  their  sale.  The  declaration  of  war 
inailt!  by  France  against  (treat  Britain  and 
Holland  reached  the  rnlteil  .States  early  in 
the  same  miuitli.  The  President,  regariling 
the  situation  of  these  stales,  issued  his  pro- 
clamatiiui  of  neiilrality  lui  the  9th  of  .May.  In 
.Inly,  he  recpiested  the  recall  of  M.  (tenet, 
who  was  soon  afterwards  recalled,  and  suc- 
ceeded by  M.  Faiichet. 

After  till!  defeat  of  St.  Clair  by  the  Inili- 
ans,  in  1791,  (ieneral  Wnynt!  was  appointed 
to  command  the  American  fin-ces.  Taking 
post  near  the  country  of  the  eie'iny,  lie  made 
assiduous  and  lonir  protracted  endeavours  to 
negollatea  peace.  Failing  in  these,  he  inarched 
against  them  at  the  head  of  threi*  thousand 
men.  On  the  :.'Olli  of  August,  1791,  an  ac- 
tion took  place  in  the  vicinity  of  one  of  tlio 
BritUh  garrisons,  on  the  banks  of  the  Miami 
A  rapid  and  vigorous  chargt;  ronsi-d  the 
s.ivages  fnmi  their  coverts,  and  tiny  we,-o 
driven  more  than  two  miles  at  the  [loint  of  the 
bayonet.  Broken  and  dismayed,  they  fled 
without  renewing  the  c'ombat.  in  this  deci- 
sivi!  battle,  the  loss  of  ihi!  Americans  in  killed 
and  wounded,  ineludlng  olllcers,  was  one 
liiiiiilreil  and  seven.  Among  the  slain  w«!ro 
Captain  Campbell  and  Lieutenant  Fowles, 
both  of  whiuii  tell  in  the  first  charge.  The 
American  troops  ensrageil  in  the  battle  did  not 
amount  to  nine  hiindreil  ;  the  number  of  In- 
dians was  two  thousand.  After  remaining  or. 
the  banks  of  the  Mii.ini  three  days,  during 
which  time  tin?  hoiiics  anil  cornfields  above 
and  below  the  fort  wc^re  burnt,  (ten.  Wayne, 
on  tht!  ::i!S|li,  returned  with  the  army  to  An 
(ilaize,  having  destroyed  all  the  villages  and 
corn  within  Ht'ty  miles  of  the  river.  The  In- 
dians still  continuing  hostililles,  their  wholu 
country  was  laid  waste,  and  forts  were  ererteil 
in  the  heart  of  ihelr  settlenients.  The  efiect 
of  the  battle  of  the  :20th  of  August  was  in- 
stantly and  extensively  fi'lt.  To  the  victory 
gained  by  the  Americans  is  ascribed  the  res- 
Clio  of  the  Unitcil  States  from  a  general  war 
with  the  Indians  northwest  of  the  Ohio;  and 
its  influence  is  believed  to  have  extended  to 
the  Indians  in  (teorgla.  In  179,'i,  a  treaty 
was  concliuleil  at  (trciiville,  which,  long  aiai 
faithfully  observed,  gave  jieace  and  security 
to  the  f'rontii.'r  inhabitants,  permitting  tlie  su- 
perabundant population  of  the  eastern  slates 
to  spread  with  astonishing  rapidity  over  the 
fi-rtili'  region  iiorlhwest  of  the  Ohio. 

TIk!  year  1794  is  tlistlnguisheil  by  an  in- 
siiiTi'ction  in  PeiinsyKiinla.  In  1791,  Con- 
gress had  enacted   laws,  lusiiig  tJuticu   iijhiu 


UNITED    STATES. 


4S9 


■pints  distllltMl  williiii  tlut  IJiiitixl  Stiito^,  ami 
upon  stills.  I'roin  tlio  CDiniiiciicomciit  (il'llii! 
oppratiiin  nl'  tln'SK  laws,  c(iml)in«tir)ii't  wfi-i- 
roriiieil  ill  till'  fuiir  wcsli'rn  rountltis  of  I'oiiri- 
gylvaiiiii  ti)  cldi'iit  llii'iii,  ami  violi-iiri!  was 
rfpiNitinlly  coiiiniittcd.  In  .Inly  of  the  pri-- 
gciit  yoar,  aliout  onu  liiimlrcil  peraotis,  nrini^d 
\\  lili  (^iins  and  olln-r  weapons,  attnr.ked  ilio 
lio\ise  dl'  iin  inspector  of  llie  revenue,  and  I 
wounded  some  persons  within  it,  Thev 
sei/.ed  the  marshal  of  th-'  district  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  had  been  previously  fni d  on  whili! 
in  the  exeention  of  his  doty  l>y  a  parly  of 
armed  mi'li,  and  ronipelled  him  to  enter  into 
stipidatioiis  to  forlienr  the  exerution  of  liis  of- 
fic'i'.  Both  the  inspector  and  the  marshal  were 
oliliged  to  lly  from  that  part  of  the  country  to 
the  scat  of  pivernment.  These  and  many 
ether  outra^rcs  induced  President  Washini^- 
tdii,  on  the  7tli  of  Auj;ust,  to  issue  a  prochi- 
malion,  commaiidin;j  the  iiisurji^ents  to  dis- 
perse, and  warnini^  all  persons  against  uiilin<^, 
al)eltinp,  or  oomforting  iho  perpetrators  of 
these  treasonalile  acts,  and  n  ijuiring  nil  ofl'i- 
cers,  and  other  citiy.ens,  nccorJuig  to  their  re- 
sjieclive  duties  and  the  law.  of  the  land,  to 
exert  their  utmost  endeavou-s  to  prevent  and 
suppress  such  dangerous  iiroceedings.  On 
the  S.'Jth  of  Se|)teinl)er  the  President  issued  a 
second  proclninalion,  admonishing  the  insur- 
gents;  forcilily  descriliing  the  olistinate  and 
perverse  spirit  with  which  the  lenit!tit  propo- 
sitions of  the  government  had  liceii  received; 
and  declaring  his  fixed  determination,  in  obe- 
dience to  the  duty  assigned  to  liim  liy  the  con- 
stitnlioii,  "  tn  take  care  that  the  laws  lie  fuith- 
fullv  executed,"  and  to  reduce  the  refractory 
l(.  idieiice.  Fifteen  thousand  men,  placed 
under  llie  command  of  fJovernor  Loe,  of  Vir- 
sjinia,  were  marched  into  the  disatl'ected  coun- 
ties. The  strength  of  this  artuy  rendering 
resistance  desperate,  none  was  oU'ered,  and  no 
lilooil  was  shed.  A  few  of  the  most  active 
leaders  were  seized  and  detained  for  legal 
prosecution.  The  great  Imdy  of  the  insur- 
gents, on  suhmissiiMi,  were  panloned,  as  were 
:dso  the  leachirs,  after  trial  and  conviction  of 
treason.  The  government  aciiuired  the  re- 
spect of  the  jieople  liy  this  exerticui  of  its  force 
and  their  atVeclion  hy  lliis  display  of  its  lenity, 
(ireal  jlritain  and  the  Foiled  .Stales  had 
each  been  inces.saiitly  complaining  that  the 
other  had  violated  the  stipulations  contained 
ill  the  treaty  of  |)eace.  The  former  was  ac- 
cused of  having  carried  away  negroes  at  the 
cliise  of  the  revolutionary  war  ;  and  of  re- 
iniiiing  in  her  possiission  certain  military  posts 
nitiinted  in  tin?  western  wilderness,  and  within 
the  limits  of  the  United  .States.  Tin;  latter 
were  accused  (if  preventing  the  loyalists  fiiim 
ri'i.':iining  possession  ef  their  estates,  and 
lintlsh  sulijecls  from  recovering  debts  con- 
Inictiul  before  the  coinim'iicement  of  hostili- 
ties. For  the  purpose  of  ndinsling  these  mu- 
tual complaints,  and  also  for  concluding  a 
commercial  treaty,  Mr.  Adams  had  been  ap- 
pointed, in  178.5,  minister  to  the  court  of  St. 
.lames  ;  tlie  British  ministry  then  declined  ne- 
gotiating on  the  subject;  but  after  the  consti- 
tution of  1780  was  rnlitied,  ministers  \vert> 
interchanged,  and  the  discussion  was  prose- 
cuted with  no  little  zeul.  In  1791,  Mr.  .lay 
iK'iiig  then  minister  from  the  United  .States,  a 
treaty  was  concluded,  which,  in  the  spring  of 
•he  next  year,  was  laid  before  the  Seriate. 
That  Lody  advised  the  President  to  ratify  it, 


on  condition  that  an  alteration  should  be  made' 
ill  one  of  the  articles.  The  democratic  party,' 
however,  exclaimed  in  intemperate  liingnage^ 
against  most  of  the  stipulations  it  contained  ; 
and  the  partisans  of  I'Vance  swelled  the  cry  of' 
condcmiiution.  Public  meetings  were  held 
in  various  parts  of  the  Union,  at  which  reso- 
lutions were  passed  cxjiressiiig  warm  disap- 
|)robation  of  the  treaty,  and  on  earnest  wish 
that  the  President  would  withhold  his  ratiR- 
ciilion.  General  Washington,  l)elieving  that 
an  adjustment  of  differences  would  conduce 
to  the  prospi>rity  of  tli(!  republic,  and  that  the 
treaty  before  him  was  the  Im'sI  that  could,  at 
that  time,  be  obtained,  gave  it  his  assent,  in 
defiance  of  popular  clamour,  and  issued  his 
proclamation  slating  its  ratification,  and  de- 
claring it  to  be  till!  law  of  the  land.  The  pre- 
dominant party  in  ihe  House  of  Representa- 
tives expressed  surprise  that  this  proclama- 
tion should  be  issued  before  the  sense  of  the 
House  was  taken  on  the  subject,  us  they  de- 
nied the  power  of  the  President  and  Senate 
•o  complete  tt  treaty  without  their  sanction. 
In  March,  a  resolution  passed,  reipiesting  the 
President  "  to  lay  before  the  House  a  copy  of 
the  in.striictions  to  the  minister  of  the  United 
States,  who  negotiated  the  treaty  with  the 
king  of  (treat  Hritain  communicated  by  his 
message  of  the  1st  of  March,  together  with 
the  correspondence  and  other  documents  rela- 
tive to  the  said  treaty,  excepting  such  of  tli<? 
said  (lapers  as  any  existing  neeoliiition  may 
render  improper  to  be  disclosed."  This  re- 
solve placed  the  President  in  a  situation  of 
high  responsibility.  He  knew  that  the  ma- 
jority of  the  Hou.se  entertained  the  (pinion 
that  a  treaty  was  not  valid  until  they  had 
acted  upon  it.  To  oppose,  in  a  government 
constituted  like  that  o''  the  United  States,  the 
popular  branch  of  tliir  Legislature,  would  be 
attended  with  hazard,  and  subject  him  to 
much  censure  and  abine ;  but  considerations 
of  this  nature  make  but  weak  impressions  on 
a  mind  supremely  solicitous  to  promote  the 
public  interest.  Upon  the  most  mature  de- 
iiberation,  the  President  conceived  that  to 
trrafit  this  re(]uest  of  the  House  would  estab- 
lish a  false  and  dangerous  principle  in  the  di- 
plomatic transactions  of  the  nation,  and  he 
gave  a  denial  to  their  re(piest  in  an  answer 
eminent  for  mildness,  firmness,  and  perspicu- 
ity, which  concluded  with  the  following  brief 
n  capitulation  of  the  argument  :  "  As,  there- 
fore, it  is  perfectly  clear  to  my  understanding 
that  the  assent  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives is  not  necessary  to  the  validity  of  a 
treaty ;  as  the  treaty  with  Great  Rrilnin 
exhibits  In  itself  all  the  objects  reipiiring  le- 
gisliuive  provision,  and  on  these  the  papers 
called  for  can  throw  no  light ;  and  as  it  \.^  es- 
sential to  the  due  administration  of  the  govern- 
iiieiit,  that  the  boundaries  fixed  by  the  consti- 
tiilion  between  the  dilTerent  departments 
should  be  preserved ;  a  just  regard  to  the 
constitution,  and  to  the  duty  of  my  office,  un- 
der all  the  circumstances  of  this  case,  forbid 
a  compliance  with  your  request." 

A  resolution  moved  in  the  House  to  make 
the  necessary  appropriations  to  carry  the  Uri- 
lish  treaty  into  effect,  exciK^d  among  the  mem- 
bers the  strongest  emotions,  and  gav(!  rise  to 
speeches  highly  argumentative,  ehnpient,  and 
animated.  The  debate  was  protractc'd  until 
the  people  look  up  the  subject.  In  their  re- 
I  speclive  corporations,  meetings  were  h(?ld,  the 


strength  of  piirlies  was  fully  tried,  and  it 
clearly  appeared  that  the  great  majority  were 
disposed  to  rally  around  the  Executive,  In* 
i.umerabli'  iielitions  were  presented  to  Con- 
gress, |iraying  them  to  make  the  reipiisite 
uppropriatioiH.  Unwilling  to  take  upon  them- 
selves the  conseipiences  of  resisting  the  pub- 
lic will,  they  yielded  to  this  call. 

The  conduct  of  Spain  towards  the  United 
.Slates  had  always  been  cold  and  unfriendly. 
She  feared  lest  the  principles  of  liberty  and 
the  desire  of  independenci!  should  find  their 
way  into  her  contiguous  American  provinces. 
At  length,  becoming  involvi>d  in  a  war  with 
France,  emharnissed  at  home,  and  intimi- 
dated by  the  unauthorized  jirepa rations  which, 
under  the  auspices  of  Genet,  were  making  in 
Kentucky  to  invade  Louisiana,  she  intimated 
her  readiness  to  conclude  a  satisfactory  treaty, 
should  an  envoy  extraordinary  be  sent  to 
Madrid  for  that  purpose  Thomas  Pinckney 
was  accordingly  appoint'-d.  In  October, 
no.*),  a  treaty  was  signed,  securing  to  the  citi- 
zens of  the  United  Stales  the  free  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  ocean,  and  the  privi- 
lege of  landing  and  depositing  cargoes  at 
New  Orleans. 

During  this  year  also  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded with  the  regency  of  .\lgicrs,  with 
which  the  republic  was  previously  at  war.  It 
stipulated  that  the  United  Slates,  in  con- 
formity with  the  practice  of  other  nations, 
shouhl,  as  the  price  of  peace,  jiay  an  anniiii! 
tribiitt'  to  the  sovereign  o(  that  country. 

The  last  two  or  three  years  had  witnessed 
several  changes  in  the  im|iorlaiit  offices  of  the 
nation.  On  the  first  day  of  llu-  year  1701, 
Mr.  .letTerson  resigned  tin;  office  oi"  secretary 
of  slate,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Ran- 
lolph.  He  had  performed  the  duties  of  that 
office  with  extraordinary  ability,  and  to  the 
entire  satisfaction  of  the  President.  He  was 
considered  the  leader  of  the  republican  party, 
enjoying  their  hi:;hest  confidence  and  warm- 
est altachnient.  On  t\w  last  day  of  .funuary, 
17!).'),  Mr.  Hamilton  retired  from  lh<"  ollic("  of 
secretary  of  the  treasury.  He  possessed  dis- 
lingiiished  talents,  and  had  exerted  those  ta- 
lents to  establish  onJer  where  all  was  confu- 
sion, and  to  niise  from  the  lowest  depression 
the  credit  of  the  country.  His  complete  suc- 
cess greatly  exalted  his  reputation,  and  to 
him  the;  federalists  felt  a  sincerity  of  attach- 
ment e(pialled  only  by  that  entertained  for 
Washington.  He  was  peculiarly  obnoxious 
to  the  republiciin  party,  and  was  accus(?d  by 
them  of  paitialily  to  England,  and  of  miscon- 
duct in  office.  After  the  ..losi  ^t  scrutiny,  his 
official  character  was  .icknowh  dg(?d,  by  his 
enemies,  lo  hi!  without  slain.  II.'  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Oliver  Wolcotl.  At  the  close  of 
the  year  17!)t,  (ieneral  Knox  resigned  the 
office  of  secretary  of  war,  and  Colonel  Pick- 
ering, of  Massachusetts,  was  appointed  in  his 
place.  In  August  Mr.  Randolph,  having  lost 
the  confidence  of  the  President,  and  having 
in  consequence  retired  from  the  administra 
lion,  Mr.  Pickering  was  appointed  his  sue 
cessor  in  the  department  ol  state,  and  Jamos 
M'Henry,  of  Maryland,  was  made  secretary 
of  war.  No  republican  being  now  at  the  head 
of  any  of  the  deportments,  many  of  the  lead 
ers  of  that  parly  withd'-cw  their  support  from 
the  adininislraiion  ;  init  the  confidence  of  tlio 
piMiple  in  the  intej^rity  and  palriolisni  of  the  Pre- 
sident expel  ienced  not  the  slightest  ubulemeilt. 


m 


500 

Tlio  coniliint  ndiipti'tl  liy  France  lownrds 
tfie  Amorifiin  r<'|ml)li«  roiitiniiiMl  to  Im!  n 
iourri!  lit' vi'xiiliiiii.  M.  Kiiiirln't  ('linr|<;i>(l  'lie 
niliniiiixtnilidii  willi  .4l■lllillll■Ml^t  of  liimlillty  li> 
the  .illii's  uI'iIh!  (fnited  Sliilcs,  wltli  |)iirliiillt_v ! 
for  tlii'ir  tiirmcr  liir:),  iiiul  uracil  tin-  ii(l(i|)iinii  ] 
of  It  omirHH  tiiiiri-  tiiviiiiriiiilc  to  llio  nuiNO  of 
liU-rty.  Mr.  Morris,  tlui  minister  to  I'liris, 
Imviii^  iiiRiirri'il  tlio  ilixplcnHiirit  of  tliosu  in 
power,  wns  riM'iill)!il  nt  llicir  roi|ii(<st,  iiiiii  his 
|)lnc<!  Hiipplird  liy  Mr.  Monroe.  Kcin^  iin 
iinlcnt  rcpnliliciin,  lin  wiis  rcriMvcd  in  tlio 
nioHt  rrspiTtful  innnniT  liy  llie  ('(iiivi'iition, 
who  dccrct'd  timt  llio  (lii(;»  of  llie  two  rcpuli- 
licM,  i-ntwiru'il  topcMlH-r,  slioidd  lie  «n»|itMidfd 
in  till'  Ifgi.sliilivi!  Iiiill,  an  ii  iniirlt  ol'tlirir  I'tcr- 
niil  niiion  nnd  IViondHliip.  M.  Ailet  wim  np- 
pointed  soon  aflcr  to  HiM^reeil  M.  Fiincliol. 
Ill"  liroitf^lit  witli  liiin  llu"  ooloiirs  of  I'Viinco, 
wliirli  111-  wiis  inslnicti'd  liv  lln'  ronvi-nlion  to 
nri'si'iit  tollio  ( 'on);ri'!i!(  ot  llie  United  Ntiili's. 
riii'V  worn  ri'ccivi'd  liy  llio  I'ri'sicli-nt  with 
I'xlnionlinufy  ccri'nionii'.",  Iriiimnilti'd  loCon- 
jjivsii,  luid  alU'rwuriU  depoititcd  in  tli>'  niilioniil 
lurliivi-.i.  Hut  France  reipiired  ot'llie  United 
Slates  more  tliim  profe»sions  iinil  hopes,  nnd 
nitii-e  lliiiii  by  treaty  shn  was  entilh-d  to  rhiini. 
.•^hi-  wished  to  niiiKe  them  n  party  in  the  war 
slic  was  wnijinj;  with  the  despots  of  Fiirope. 
['"ailiiii;  in  this,  and  jeahiiis  of  the  more  inli- 
iiiiile  rehilioiis  eontrncled  with  her  principal 
rnemy,  Filmland,  she  adopted  resfidations 
hJL'hly  injiiridiis  to  American  commerce,  di- 
reclini.'  her  cruisers  tocaptnre  in  certain  cases 
the  vessels  of  the  United  Slates.  In  conse- 
i|iience  of  these  re);nlations,  several  hundred 
vessels,  loaded  with  valuahU!  carj^oes,  were 
*.aken  while  prosecuting  a  lawful  trade,  and 
ilie  whole  confiscated.  Relieving  ihat  the 
riilhts  of  the  nation  were;  not  asserted  and 
vindicated  with  selHcient  spirit  I>v  .Mr.  Mon- 
roe, the  I'resiilent  recalled  him,  and  Charles 
('.  I'incknev,  of  South  ('arolina,  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  stead.  In  the  summer  of  17'.)G, 
IH!  left  the  United  States,  inslriicted  to  use 
every  I'fl'ort  compatilile  with  nalional  honour, 
to  ivstore  the  ainicahle  relations  which  had 
once  siihsisleil  lielween  the  sister  repuhlics. 

As  the  period  for  a  new  eleiiiiin  of  a  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  apiiroached,  after 
plain  inilicalions  that  the  pnlilic  voice  would 
he  in  his  favour,  and  when  he  prohahly  would 
have  licen  chosen  for  the  third  time  unani- 
mously, W'lishiiifjton  determined  irrevocalily 
to  withdraw  to  ihe  seclusion  of  private  life. 
Ho  pulilished,  in  .Septenilier,  17(H),  a  fare- 
well address  to  the  peoph>  of  the  United 
States,  which  oufjht  to  lie  en!:;iaven  upon  the 
hearts  of  his  countrvnien.  In  the  most  ear- 
nest and  afl'eclionale  manner  he  called  upon 
them  to  cherish  an  iinmove.ihle  attachment  to 
the  nalional  union,  to  watch  for  its  j  reserva- 
tion with  jeahiHs  anxiety,  to  discountenance 
even  the  suficestion  that  it  could  in  any  event 
he  ahandoned,  atid  indiffnantly  to  frown  upon 
the  first  dawnint^  of  every  attempt  to  alienate 
any  portion  of  the  country  frotn  the  rest. 
Overtjrown  mililary  esialilishmeuts  he  repre- 
sented us  parliciilai  ly  hostile  to  republican 
liberty.  While  he  recommended  the  most 
implicit  nlrt'dience  to  the  acts  of  the  estab- 
lished go\'ernment,  and  reprobated  all  ob- 
Mructions  to  the  execution  of  the  laws,  all 
combinations  and  associations,  under  what- 
ever plausible  character,  with  the  real  design 
io  direct,  cuiitrul,  counteract,  ur  overawe  thu 


lIISTOnV   OF    THE 


regular  deliberation  and  action  of  the  consti- 
tuted authorities,  he  wished  also  to  guard 
against  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  conslitulion.  Aware  ihiit  llie 
energy  of  the  syslcin  mi);ht  be  enfeebled  by 
alleialions,  he  thought  ihat  no  change  should 
be  made  wilhoiit  an  evident  necessity;  nnd 
that,  in  so  extensive  a  country,  as  much  vigour 
as  is  consistent  wilh  liberty  was  indispensa- 
ble. On  the  other  hand,  he  pointed  out  the 
danger  of  a  real  despotism,  by  breaking  down 
the  partitions  between  the  several  depart- 
ments of  government,  by  destroying  the  re- 
I'iprocal  checks,  ami  consoliilaling  the  diller- 
eiit  powers.  Against  the  spirit  of  party,  so 
peculiarly  baneful  in  an  elective  governiiieni, 
ho  iillered  his  most  solemn  remonslraiices,  as 
well  as  against  inveterate  anlipathies  or  pas- 
sionate altachmenls  in  respect  to  foreign  iia- 
lions.  While  lie  ihinight  lliiit  the  jealousy  of 
a  I'ree  people  ought  to  be  coiistaiillv  and  im- 
parllally  awake  against  the  wiles  of  foreign 
inlluence,  he  wished  that  good  failh  and  jus- 
lice  should  be  observed  towards  all  nations, 
and  pe'ice  and  harmony  cnlliviited.  In  his 
opinion,  hoiiesly,  no  less  in  public  than  in  pri- 
vate aflliirs,  was  always  llie  best  policy.  Pro- 
vidence, he  believed,  had  connected  the  per- 
manent felicily  of  a  nation  wilh  its  virtue. 
Other  siilijecls  to  which  he  alluded,  were  the 
importanre  of  credit,  of  economy,  of  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  public  debt,  and  of  lilerary  insliiu- 
tions  J  above  all,  he  recommendeil  religion  and 
morality  as  indispensably  necessary  to  politi- 
cal prosperily.  This  inhliess  to  the  people 
of  ihe  itnited  States  was  received  wilh  the 
highest  veneration  and  gralilinle.  Several  of 
the  slate  h'gislatiires  ordered  it  to  be  put  U|>nii 
their  journals,  and  every  citizen  considered  it 
as  the  legacy  of  the  most  distinguished  Ameri- 
can patriot. 

On  the  7lh  of  December,  179('),  the  Presi- 
dent for  the  last  time  met  the  national  legis- 
lature.     In  his  spei'ch,  afler  t;ikiiig  a  view  of 


CHAPTFR  .\X. 

TIIK     AIlMININTIIATION     Of    JOHN     AIIAMH     AND 
JI'.rKKIINON, 

Wiif.v  llie  determination  of  Washington 
not  again  to  accept  of  the  presideiilship  left 
open  the  high  olliie  to  the  competilion  of  the 
leaders  of  the  great  poliliial  parlies,  no  exer- 
tion was  spared  ihroiigliout  ihe  Union  to  giMi 
sinless  to  iheir  respi'clive  cliiiiiis.  The  lide- 
ralisls,  desiring  tint  the  .system  of  meiisures 
adopted  by  Washington  should  he  piirsui'<l, 
and  dreading  the  intliienre  of  French  senli- 
meiils  and  principles,  made  the  most  activo 
elliirts  to  elect  .lolin  A. lams.  'I'lie  repiibli- 
caiis,  believing  their  opponenis  less  friendly 
than  theinsi'lves  to  the  maxims  of  liberty,  and 
too  iiiiich  di'vetrd  to  the  llrilish  nation  and  t>> 
Ib'ilish  iiislitiilions,  made  ei|iial  exertions  to 
elect  ThoiiMis  .lellerson.  The  result  was  lint 
choice  of  Mr.  Aihiins  to  be  President,  and  Mr. 
.lellerson  to  be  Vice-Presidrlit. 

The  President  was  inaiigiiriiteil  on  the  'llli 
lay  of  March,  and  made  llie  follow  ing  speech; 

"  When  it  was  (irst  perceived,  in  early 
tunes,  that  no  inichlle  roiirsir  for  America  re- 
mained, between  unliinited  submission  to  ii 
foreign  Ijegislaliire  and  a  loial  independence 
of  ils  claims;  men  of  retleiiion  were  less  ap- 
prehensive of  danger  from  the  formidable 
power  of  (leets  and  armies  they  must  deler- 
inine  to  resist,  than  from  those  contests  and 
dissensions,  which  would  ci-rtainly  arise,  con- 
cerning the  forms  of  government  to  be  insti- 
tiiled  over  the  whole,  and  over  the  purls  of 
this  extensive  country.  Helying,  howiver, 
on  the  purity  of  their  iiilentions,  the  justice  of 
their  cause,  and  the  integrity  and  intelligeiicti 
of  the  people,  under  an  overruling  Provi- 
dence, which  had  so  signally  proleiied  this 
country  from  the  first  ;   the  representatives  of 


the  situation  of  the  United  Stales,  regardless   this  nation,  then  consisting  of  little  more  ihiiii 

half  ils  present  numbers,  not  only  broke  In 
pieces  the  chains  which  were  lorgiiiL',  and  llu; 
rod  of  iron  that  was  lilied  up,  and  frankly  cut 
asunder  the  ties  which  had  bound  them,  anil 
launched  into  an  ocean  of  iincerlainly. 

"  The  zeal  and  ardour  of  the  people  during 
the  ri'voliitioliary  war,  supplying  the  place  of 
govern,  lent,  commanded  a  ilegree  ol  order, 
sulllcieiit  at  least  for  the  temporary  preserva- 
aiid  much  ailiniration  expressed  at  the  coin- 1 lion  of  society.  The  confederation,  which 
plHccnce  and  delight  he  manifesied  at  .seeing' was  early  fidt  to  be  necessary,  was  pre)iareil 
anollier  clothed  wilh  the  aulhority  wilh  which  jfrom  the  models  of  the  Ihitiivian  and  llelve- 
he  had  himself  been  invested,  llaving  |iaid|lir  coidederacies,  the  only  examples  v.hich 
his  alli'clioiiale  conipliinents  to  Mr.  Adams,  remain,  wilh  any  detail  and  precision,  in  his- 
ns  president  of  the  United  .States,  he  bade  itorv,  and  eerlainly  the  only  ones,  which  the 
adieu  to  the  seat  of  governinent,  and  haslened    people  at    large  had    ever   consiilercd.      Hut, 


f  op|iositioii  and  censure,  he  recommended 
the  allentioii  of  Congress  to  those  measures 
which  he  deemed  esseiilial  to  natiiinal  inde- 
pendence, honour,  and  prosperity.  ( )n  the 
■llh  of  March,  1797,  he  alleiided  the  inauiju- 
ration  of  his  successor  in  olllce.  (ireat  sensi- 
bility was  manifesied  by  the  members  of  the 
Legislature  and  other  dislinguished  charac- 
ters  when  he   entered   the  Senate   chamber. 


to  the  deliglils  of  domestic  lifi;.  He  intended 
that  his  journey  should  have  been  jirivate,  but 
the  attempt  was  vain  ;  the  same  aflectionate 
and  respectful  attentions  were  on  this  occa- 
sion ])aid  him  which  he  had  received  during 
his  presidency.  In  his  retirement  at  Mount 
Vernon  he  gave  the  world  the  glorious  exam- 
ple of  a  man  voluntarily  disrobing  himself  of 
the  highest  aulhority,  and  returning  to  pri- 
vate life,  wilh  a  character  having  upon  it  no 
stain  of  ambition,  of  coveloiisness,  of  profu- 
sion, of  luxury,  of  oppression,  or  of  injustice  ; 
while  it  was  adorned  with  the  presence  of 
virtues  and  graces,  brilliant  nliki'  in  the  shade 
of  retirement  and  in  the  glare  of  public  life. 


people  at  large  had  ever  consiilercd. 
ri  fleeting  on  the  striking  ilKVerence,  in  so 
many  particulars,  between  this  country  nnd 
those,  where  a  courier  may  go  from  the  seat 
of  government  to  the  frontier  in  a  single  <lay, 
it  was  then  certainly  foreseen  by  some,  who 
assisted  in  Congress  at  the  fiirinulion  of  il, 
that  it  could  not  be  durable. 

"  Negligence  of  ils  regulations,  inatlenlioii 
to  its  reconimendutlons,  if  not  disobedience  to 
its  authority,  not  (inly  in  individuals,  hut  in 
states,  soon  appeared  wilh  their  melancholy 
consei|ueiice8 ;  universal  languor,  jealousies, 
rivalries  of  slates;  decline  of  navigation  and 
conimerce;  discon  ragement  of  necessary  manu- 
fucliires;   unlversul  fall  in  the  value  of  laiidu 


UN    AIIAMM    AND 


kiiil  tlit'ir  jiriicliuM';  (Miiliini|il  <il'  |iiililii-  niid 
Tirivntii  fitilfi  ;  Iomi  of  roiiKidi'niliiin  iirid  crrdil 
Willi  liiri'i^'ii  imliiiiis;  iiiid  ill  lrii|;lli,  in  diM- 
niiiliMil'^,  iiiiiiii<H'itii'<i,  niiiiliiiiiiliiiiH,  |iiirliiil 
riiiivi'iitiiiiH,  and  iiiHiiririlliin,  tlirriilcniii)^' 
Hiiiiii'  ^mil  niiliiiiiiil  I'liliiinilY- 

"  III  lliiH  diinf;c'nHn  rnsis,  llir  [ii'iiplc!  irl' 
AiiM'i'iciL  svrri*  mil  iiliiiniliincd  li^  iIiimi'  iisii^iI 
iroiid  Hcnic,  iirrsrnrr  iil'  tnilid,  rrsoliiliiiii,  iir 
intr^^rily.  RliviHiiii''!  wi-nr  |iiiriiii<'il  IdOonctTl 
II  |iliiii,  III  fiiriii  II  iiiiiri!  |ii'rii'rt  iitiiiiii,  fHtiili- 
lisli  jiisllrc,  insure  diiniislic  lnini|iiillily,  |>n>- 
v'do  lor  till!  I'liinniiui  drCi'iici',  |iroiiiolii  tin' 
pi'iinri;!  wi'll'iin',  iind  siTiiio  tlic  lili'sninj,''!  of 
illirrly.  'J'lii"  |>i'lili(!  disiiuiHilion,  diHriisHiiinM, 
(iiid  diOilK'riitioiis,  iMsiK'd  in  tlio  |iri'H('iit  liii|i|iy 
coiisliliilioii  of  jjovcrmncnt. 

"  Kiri|iloy('d  in  llio  scrvici'  of  my  cimnfry 
nliroiid  during  llic  wlioli-  coiirsi"  of  llicm' 
tniiHurlioiis,  1  (irHl.  »iiw  llir  I'liiiMtitiition  of 
till-  llniti'd  Sillies  in  ii  foreij^'ii  rciiintry.  Irri- 
liiled  liy  MO  literary  iillerriilion,  aniinaird  liy  no 

iinlilir  ili'liate,  lieiili'd  liy  no  |mrly  iiniiiioHily, 
read  it  Willi  i^jreat  Miilisfiiclion,  lis  ilii-  rrsiill 
of  p;ood  liciids,  j>roni|iti'd  liy  nood  licarl.s;  lis 
an  ex|ierinient,  lirtli>r  adapled  lo  tlie  |.'i'niiis, 
rlianu'ter,  siliialion,  and  ri'laliiins  of  lliis  na- 
tion and  ronnlry,  tliiin  any  wliii'li  liad  ever 
lieeil  [iroposed  or  sii^r^ested.  In  ils  iienenil 
|irinri|>le.s  and  f^ri'iil  oiillines,  it  was  iMinrorni' 
alili!  to  Biii'li  a  syslein  of  (.'ovi'riiinent  as  I  liad 
ever  most  esli'eiiied ;  anil  in  soiiie  stales,  my 
own  imtive  sliite  in  |iarti('nlar,  liad  eiinlriliiiled 
to  estalilisli,  (Miiiiiiiii^  II  ri'_,dil  of  siinra»je  in 
eonimon  with  tiiy  lellow  cili/ens  in  llie  ailop- 
liiiM  or  rejerlion  of  a  constitnlinn,  which  was 
lo  rule  me  and  my  |ioslerily,  as  well  as  them 
and  llieirs,  I  did  not  liesitiile  to  express  my 
approlialioM  of  it  on  all  oecisions,  in  |inlilir 
anil  in  private.  It  was  not  then  nor  has  hei'ii 
since  nny  olijeclion  to  it,  in  my  mind,  that  the 
Kxeciilive  and  Seinile  were  not  more  perma- 
nent. Nor  have  I  enterliiiiied  a  thoiif^ht  ol 
promoting  any  alteration  in  it,  hiil  such  as  the 
people  lliemselviLS,  in  llii'  course  of  their  ex- 
perience, should  see  and  feel  to  he  necessary 
or  expedient,  and  hy  their  represenlalives  in 
(,'oni;ress  and  the  stale  lc<;isialiires,  accord- 
infr  to  the  coiistitiilion  itself,  adopt  mid  or- 
dain. 

"  Ketiirninij  to  the  hosoin  of  my  ronnlry, 
after  a  painful  separation  from  it  for  ten  years, 
I  had  the  honour  to  Ixr  eleoteil  to  a  station 
Under  the  new  order  of  lliiin^s,  and  I  have 
repeatedly  laid  myself  under  the  most  serious 
cililifiations  to  support  the  constitution.  The 
nperalionof  it  has  ei|iMlled  the  most  siiiii;iiine 
expeclations  of  ils  friends  ;  and  from  an  lia- 
tiit'ial  attention  lo  il,  satisfai'tiim  in  its  ad- 
rninistriition,  and  delijiht  in  itseU'ects  upon  the 
peace,  order,  prosperity,  and  hiippiiiess  of  the 
nation,  I  have  :ici|ulr(  d  an  haliitiial  iittachment 
to  it,  and  venei;iiion  for  if. 

"  What  other  form  of  government,  indeed, 
can  so  wcdl  deserve  oin  esteem  and  love  1 

"  There  may  he  lilth;  solidity  in  an  ancient 
idea,  that  cnni;recrations  of  men  into  cities  and 
nations  are  the  most  pleaslns;  ohjects  in  the 
nif^ht  of  superior  intelligences  :  hut  this  is  very 
certain,  that  to  a  henevolent  human  mind 
there  can  ho  no  apectude  presented  hy  any 
nation,  more  pleasing,  more  nohle,  majesiic, 
or  aii'^'iist,  than  an  asseinhly  like  that,  which 
hii3  so  often  hecn  seen  in  this  and  the  other 
chamher  of  Congress — of  «  government,  in 
which  the  executive  authority,  as  well  as  that 


HNITKI)    STA'IMRS. 

of  all  llie  lir. inches  of  Itie  l,egisliiture,  are 
exercised  hy  cili/ens  selected  lit  rejfulcr  pe- 
rioils  liy  their  iieighlioiirs,  lo  niiilte  and  exe- 
cute laws  for  the  (,'ener.il  good.  (Ian  any 
lliiniT  esseiiiiid,  any  thing  more  tliiin  mere  or- 


SOI 

"  This  exiiiiiple  has  heeii  reciimmeniled  to 
the  imitation  of  his  surcessora,  hy  holh  lIouMit 
of  ( 'ontjress,  iinil  hy  the  voice  of  ihe  legisla 
lures  and  the  people,  lliroii|^liniit  the  niilion. 

"On  this  Hiiliiecl  il  iiiimIiI  heroine  me  lieltni 


iiiiiiieni    mill   ilecorMliiiii,  he  lidded    lo    this  hy  |  to  lie  silenl,  or  to  speiik  willi  dillidi'lice  ;    hut, 
I'filics  or  iliiimonds  I      ( 'an    aiilliorily  he  more '  as  soini'ihiiu'   may  he  expected,  the  occasion, 


aiiiiiilile  or  lespeclahle,  when  it  descenils  fiolii 
accidenis  or  iiislilulions  esliililisliril  in  ri'imite 
anliipiily,  ihiin  when  it  Hjirings  fresh  from  the 
hearls  anil  Judgments  of  an  honest  and  en- 
lightened people  (  For,  it  is  the  people  only 
ihiit  are  represented  :  it  is  their  power  and 
tniijesly  that  is  rcllecled,  and  only  for  llieir 
good,  m  every  legilimiile  governmiiil,  under 
whatever  form  it  miiy  appear.  The  exist- 
ence of  siii'li  a  government  as  ours  for  any 
length  of  lime,  is  a  full  proof  of  a  general  dis- 
seminalion  of  knowledge  and  virtue  ihroii(;h- 
oiit  llie  whole  hody  of  the  people.  And 
what  ohject  of  consideration,  more  pleasing 
ihaii  this,  can  he  presenled  lo  the  hnmiin 
mind  1  If  national  pride  is  ever  jiistitiahle  or 
exciisahle,  it  is  when  il  spriiit;H,  not  from 
power  or  riches,  i^riiiidenr  or  glory,  hut  froin 
conviclioii  of  nalioniil  innocence,  iiifurnialimi, 
and  lieiicvolence. 

"  III  the  midst  of  these  pleasini;  ideas,  we 
should  he  iinfiillifill  to  ourselves,  if  we  should 
ever  lose  sight  of  ihe  danger  to  our  hherlies, 
if  any  thing  partial  or  exlraueous  should  in- 
fei  t  the  piirily  of  our  free,  fair,  viiliioiis  and 
independent  elections.  If  an  elecliim  is  to  he 
determined  hy  a  miijoriry  of  a  single  vote, 
and  that  iniii  he  procured  hy  ii  jiarly  lliroiii;h 
artifice  or  corruption,  the  govermiient  may  he 
the  choice!  of  a  parly,  for  ils  own  ends,  not  ol 
the  nalioii  for  the  national  good  II  that  soli- 
tary siinWiiie  CUM  he  ohtained  hy  foreign  na- 
tions, hy  (lallery  or  menaces,  hy  fraud  or  vio- 
lence, hy  terror,  iiitrigiii',  or  veniilily  ;  the 
trovernnicnt  may  not  he  the  choice  of  the 
.Americiiii  people,  hut  of  foreign  nalions.  Il 
nay  hi'    foreign   nations    wlio  govern    ns,  iini' 


I  hope,  will  he  adniilleil  as  an  apology,  if  ( 
venliire  to  siiy,  lliiil,  if  a  prefeii'iicc,  npiiM 
principle,  of  a  free  repiihliciin  go\  irnment, 
formed  upon  long  and  'serious  relleclion,  nf)er 

II  diligent  and  impartiiil  impiiry  after  Iriilli  ;  if 
an  altiichment  lo  the  conslitiition  of  llie  United 
tSiates,  and  il  conscienliinis  determination  to 
support  il,  until  it  shall  he  allered  hy  the 
jndgments  anil  wishes  of  llie  jieoplc,  ex- 
pressed in  the  mode  prescriheil  in  it  ;  if  a  ro- 
speclfiil  allenlion  lo  the  coiislitiitions  of  the 
indiviiliial  stales,  and  a  conslanl  caiilion  and 
delicacy  towards  the  stale  governments;  il 
an  eipiiil  and  iniparlial  regard  lo  the  rii-hts, 
interests,  honour,  and  happiness  of  all  the 
stales  in  llie  l.'nion,  without  preference  or  re- 
gard to  a  norlhern  or  southern,  eastern  or 
western  posilioii,  their  various  pohlical  opi- 
nions on  csseiilial  points,  or  their  personal  nt- 
lachmeiils;  if  ii  love  of  virtuous  men  of  nil 
parlies  and  denoniiiiiilions  ;  if  a  love  of  sci- 
ence and  lellers,  and  a  wish  lo  palroni/e  every 
ralional  elliirl  lo  em  oiiriige  .srhools,  colleges, 
universities,  academies,  and  every  instiliilion 
for  propagaliii(j  kiio«ledire,  virliie,  and  reli- 
L'i'  II,  among  all  classes  of  the  people,  not  only 
for  their  henigii  inlhieme  oti  llie  liiippiiiess  ol 
liii',  in  all  its  stages  and  classes,  and  of  society 
in  a\\  ils  forms,  hut,  as  tl iily  means  of  pre- 
serving our  coiisliliiiinii  fioiii  ils  iiiiinriil  ene- 
mies, llie  spirit  of  sopliisUy,  the  spoil  of  party, 
ihe  spini  of  intrigue,  prulhuacy,  and  cornip- 
tioii,  and  the  peslileiice  of  forei;,'ii  iiilliieiice, 
which  is  the  angel  of  destriiclion  lo  eleclivo 
governments;  if  a  love  of  cipial  laws,  of  jus. 
lice  and  hiimiinily,  in  llie  interior  adminislra- 
lion;    if  an  mcliniilion  to  improve  iignciiltiire 


not    we,  the    people,  who    govern  oiirsi'lves  :  Uummerce,   and    muniifiicliires,    for   necessity, 

convenience,  and  defence;    if  a  spirit  of  eoiii- 
tv  iind    hiiiimiiilv   towards   llii'  ahori'iiiial    na- 


aml  caniliii  men  will  acknowledge,  that  in 
such  cases,  choice  would  have  little  advanlage 
to  hoast  of,  ovc'r  lot  or  chance. 

"  Such  is  llie    amiahle   and  interesting  sys- 
tem of  government,  (and  such  are  some  of  the 


lions  of  Aniirica,  and  a  dispnsilion  lo  melio 
rate  their  londilion,  hy  imiiniiii;  lliem  to  he 
more    friendly  to   us,  and    our   cili/ens    to  he 


aliiises  lo  which  it  may  he  (exposed,)  whiclr  more  friendly  to  them  ;  if  an  inflexihie  ileter 
the  jicople  of  America  havi-  oxhihileil  to  the  iniiiation  to  mainlain  peace  and  inviolahle 
admiration  and  anxiety  of  the  wise  and  virtu- '  faith  with  all  iiations,  and  that  system  of  nen- 
oiis  of  all  nations  for  eii;lit  years  ;  nmlei- the  Irallly  and  impiirtialily  iimoni,'  ihe  helligerei.t 
administialion  of  a  citizen  who,  hy  a  long  powers  of  ICiirope,  which  has  hieii  adopted 
course    of  great   actions,    regiihited    hv    pru- 


dence,    pislice,     temperance,    iiml     fortilinle 
condilcliiig  II  people   inspired    with   the    saim 


iiy  the  government,  and  so  solemnly  sanc- 
tioned hy  holh  Mouses  of  f'oiifiress,  and  np- 
plaiided  hv  the  h  gislalures  of  the    .stales   and 


virtues,  and    animated   wilhlhe   same   ardeni  Ulie  pnl.lii'  opinion,  iinlil  it  shall  he   ulherwiso 


patriotism  and  love  of  lihi'ity,  to  imiepend- 
eiice  and  peace,  to  increasing  wiiillh  and  un- 
exampled prosperity,  has  merited  the  griili- 
tiiile  of  his  fellow  cilizens,  commanded  the 
highest  praises  of  foreign  nations,  and  se- 
cured immortal  glory  with  posterity. 

"  In  that  retirement,  which  is  his  voluntary 
<'hoice,  may  he  long  livi'  to  enjoy  the  delicious 
recollection  of  liis  services,  the  gratitude  of 
mankind  ;   the   liaptiv  fruits    of  them  to    liim- 


oriliiiiiiii  hy  Congress;  if  a  personal  eslet^m 
for  the  I'leiich  nalioii,  formid  in  a  residence 
of  seven  years  clilelly  iiniong  ihem,  and  a  sin- 
cere desire  to  preserve  the  friendship,  which 
has  heen  so  much  for  the  honour  and  interest 
of  holh  nalimis;  if,  while  tin-  coiiscions  honour 
and  integrity  of  the  people  of  America,  and 
the  internal  sentiment  of  thiir  own  power  and 
energies  must  he  preserved,  an  earnest  en. 
deavour  to  investigate   every  just   cause,  uiid 


self  and  the  world,  which  are  daily  increasing,  |  remove  every  colonrahle  pretence  of  rnm- 
and  that  s])l(!ndid  prospect  of  the  future  for- 1  plaint  ;  if  an  intention  to  pursue,  hy  ainicuhlo 
tunes  of  his  country,  which  is  opening  from '  negotiation,  a  reparalion  for  the  injuries  tlial 
year  to   year.      His  name  may  he  still  a  ram-  have  heen  committed  on  ihe  commerce  of  our 


part,  and  the  knowledge  'hat  he  lives,  a  hul- 
wark  against  all  open  or  secret  enemies  of  his 
country's  peace. 


fellow  cilizens,  hy  whatever  nation;  and  il 
success  cannot  he  ohtained,  to  lay  the  fact* 
before  the   i^egislaturc,  that  they  may  con- 


ro 


HISTORY    OF    TIIR 


f   -.r 


■i    I 


■idor  what  fiirthiT  mi'iitii'  >••  i(n'  limioiir  iiiul 
iriliiD'Ht  <i(  tlio  |;»vi'riinii'iit  niiil  iu  ('oiiAtilii- 
(MilH  ili'iimiicl ;  if  II  rrmilwtiiiii  l<>  tin  |iistii'i',  iis 
liir  111  Miiiy  ilriu'iiil  ii|iiiii  iiii',  iil  nil  liiiii's,  nnil 
til  III!  iiiiliiiiin,  mill  iiiiiiiiliiiii  |irni  r,  li'lriiiUliiii, 
mill  lii-iK'Vnli'iiri-,  \>  illl  nil  lliii  wnrlil  ;  it'  iiii 
iiiiilinkrii  roiif'iilcni'ii  in  tlir  liiirinin',  ipii  il,  niiil 
n'lioiirci'H  III'  lliK  Aiiii'rii'iiii  priijili',  on  wliii'li 
I  liiivi>  m>  iiI'liMi  liii/iinli'il  iiiy  iill,  niiil  iicvi'i' 
lii'iMi  ilfccivi'il  ;  if  cli'viilril  lilfim  nl'  llic  lii|,'li 
(li'itiiiirit  III'  llilit  rDiiiiliy,  iiiiil  nl'  my  own  ilii- 
tio9  lowiinU  il,  fininili'ij  on  n  l<no\vli>ili;«  of 
thu  niorni  iirinri|ilfs  iind  inti'llt-cliiiil  iin|iriivu- 
mnnti  of  tiie  |m'o|)Ii',  il«>c|ily  ni^jnivcii  on  my 
minil  in  onrly  lil'r,  iiml  not  iilisciircil  lint  rx- 
altPtl  l>y  «x|M'ricnro  nnd  n^ii ;  and  widi  liiim- 
l)Ui  ri-viTonr«  I  ll-i'l  it  my  duly  to  ndd — if  a 
vi'nt'riilion  for  iho  ridifjion  of  n  |h'o|iIi',  wlio 
profi-»<i  nnd  chII  tlit'MHi'lvi'H  Clirinliiinn,  nnd  ii 
fixi'd  ri'solulion  In  roimidiT  ii  ilrr-ciil  rcs|ii'cl 
for  rliriminnitv  nmon^  llii^  lii'^t  rrroninifnilii- 
tion!«  for  llii>  |iiil>lir  nrrvici',  run  iiniilili'  inc,  in 
any  ili'^rcH",  in  <'iiiii|ily  wltli  yi'nr  wisln-H,  it 
hIiiiII  Ik!  my  Ktri'iiiioiiH  <Muli'nviiiir,  lliiit  tliia  hii- 
picioiiit  iiijiinrtiiin  of  tlif  two  Hiiusi-n  iilinll  mil 
Ih!  witlioiit  crti'ct. 

"  Willi  lliin  (jront  t'xnmiili"  l«"for<'  ini- ;  willi 
tlin  niMiHC  nnd  ttpirit,  lliit  luilli  nnd  lioiioiir,  tin* 
duty  nnd  intprt'm  of  tin-  sninii  Anu'iiran  nco- 
|>ln,  |il(>dK<'d  to  sii|)|iort  tin'  conntilnlion  ol  l)it> 
llnitpd  Slnlri),  I  rnlcrtnin  no  donlil  of  ils  rnn- 
linnuiicn  in  nil  itx  cniTf^y  ;  nnd  my  mind  \n 
prf|«ir«'il,  willioiic  In'sitiition,  to  Iny  inyMcIf 
undor  llio  niiiitt  Holcmn  oliliirntiolia  to  sn|i|)ort 
it,  to  tho  utmoDt  of  my  nowor. 

"  And  mny  tinit  Hi'iiifr,  wlio  is  iiii|iriMno 
over  mi,  tliu  natron  of  ordiT,  tlic  fountiiin  of 
juslico,  nnd  tli«  prolrrtor,  in  nil  np'S  of  tin- 
world,  of  virtuous  lilx-rlv,  rnnliiuii!  liis  lilrsH- 
in^  upon  this  imlion  nnd  ils  ^ovornnicnl,  nnd 
givt>  it  nil  pnssililu  sikti'sh  nnd  diirntinn,  coii> 
iisti-nt  with  the  nidi  of  liii>  providfncc." 

Mr.  I'iurkncy  linil  lifon  nppointcd  mini- 
ster picnipotcntniry  to  lhi>  Frcncli  rcpiiMir  in 
179G.  Till'  olijiTt  of  li's  mission  whs  stali-d, 
in  his  letU'r  of  rrcdcnci-,  to  lie,  "  to  ninintain 
thnt  t^ood  itndcrslnnd.n^  which,  from  iho 
commvnccmcnt  of  iho  nUinnrc,  hnd  siilisislctl 
l)ftW€M'ii  tlio  two  nntions ;  nnd  to  rfliice  un- 
fuvoiiralilu  impressions,  ImiiiHli  suspicions,  nnd 
restore  that  coriiinlity  which  wns  at  once  tlie 
evidence  and  pledj^e  of  n  friendly  union."  On 
inapectinf;  his  lelN'r  of  creilence,  the  directory 
announced  to  liim  their  detcrminnlion  "  not  to 
receive  nnnther  minister  plenipotentiary  from 
the  United  Sinles,  until  nfler  the  redress  of 
grievance!  demanded  of  the  Americnn  govern- 
iiiunt,  which  the  French  repuhlic  hnd  a  ri^ht 
to  ex|>ect  from  il."  The  American  minister 
was  afterward  ohlij^ed,  by  n  written  mandate, 
to  quit  the  territories  of  the  French  repuhlic. 
Besides  other  hostile  indications,  American 
voHuls  were  capttired  wherever  found  ;  nnd, 
under  thu  pretext  of  their  wanting  a  d<icu- 
ment,  with  which  the  treaty  of  citmmerce  had 
been  uniformly  underilood  to  dispense,  tliey 
were  condemned  us  prizes. 

In  consequence  of  this  serious  state  of  the 
relations  with  France,  the  President,  hy  pro- 
clamation, summoned  Congress  to  meet  on 
the  15th  of  June;  when,  in  a  firm  and  digni- 
fied speech,  he  stated  the  great  and  unpro- 
voked outrages  of  the  French  government. 
Having  mentioned  n  disposition  indicated  in 
the  executive  directory  to  separate  tlie  people 
of  America  from  their  government,  "  such  at- 


ti'inplH,"  III'  iidili'd,  "  oiighl  111  III'  repelled 
with  ii  drci.^iiin  which  shall  cnnviiiri'  I'lnnce 
nnd  nil  llic  world  llint  we  iii-e  nol  u  ili'pniilid 
proph',  liiiniiliiili'd  iiMilcr  a  coloiiinl  Hpiiil  nf 
ii'iir  nnd  nriise  of  .iiliriniitv,  filled  In  lio  llie 
liiiKcralile  in'<li'Uini'nl^<of  liirelgii  intliit'iicr,  nnd 
ri'i^ai'dleHN  nl  iiiilioiial  liniioiir,  chnriicler,  and 
iiilcrcMl."  lie  e<pri'»«'il,  linwrver,  his  vvihIi 
fur  nil  accninmodalioii,  and  his  piirpnie  ol  al- 
Icnipling  it.  "  Relniniiig  ^lill  llic  desire  which 
has  uniformly  lieeii  mnnili'sled  liy  llie  .Anieri- 
can  govt-rnnient  111  preserve  pence  nnd  friend- 
ship  with  all  nations,  nnd  lielieving  that  nei- 
iher  llie  hiinour  nor  the  interest  of  the  United 
Sintes  alisolulely  fnrliade  the  repclitinn  nf 
ndvnnces  for  securing  these  desirnlile  nlijecls 
with  France,  he  shniild,"  he  said,  "  insliliile  n 
fresh  ntlenipt  at  ni'gnlialioii,  nnd  sliniild  nol 
fail  III  promnle  nnd  iii  ii'lernle  nil  accuininn- 
ilalinn  nn  leriiis  coinpalilile  with  llie  righls, 
iliilics,  inlcresiri,  and  hniioiir  of  llie  nalinii." 
Ill  llie  Mieiin  liini',  lie  earnesllv  recnniiiiriidi'd 
il  III  Congress  to  provide  etii dual  nicasiires 
nf  defence. 

Tn  make  a  hist  efl'ort  to  olilain  reparation 
and  neciirily,  three  envoys  exlraoidiiinrv  were 
nppointed,  at  ihe  head  of  whom  was  (leiii'ral 
I'iiickney.  Hy  iheir  inslriicliniis,  "  Peace 
and  reconcilialinn  were  lo  lie  pursued  liv  all 
means  coinpalilile  wilh  llie  honour  and  the 
fiiilli  of  the  Cniled  >Siales  ;  lint  no  nntiiinnl 
engiii;enieiil3  wi-re  to  he  iinpiiired  ;  no  iiino- 
valioiiH  lo  lie  piTinilted  ii|inn  those  inteniiil 
regnlalions  for  the  prcserviilion  of  peace, 
which  hnd  lieen  delilieralely  and  uprightly 
eHiiililished  ;  nor  were  the  riglits  of  the  go- 
vernment lo  lie  surrendered."  These  amiiassii- 
dors  niso  the  directory  rt'fuseil  to  receive. 
They  were,  however,  addressed  hy  persons 
verlinlly  inslriicled  liy  Talleyrand,  the  miiii- 
otrr  of  foreign  relntlons,  to  iiinke  [iroposnis. 
In  explicit  terms,  these  iinolllciiil  agents  de- 
manded n  Inrge  sum  of  iiioney  liefore  niiy  iie- 
golialion  could  lie  openi'd.  I'o  this  insulting 
deninnd  a  decided  negative  wns  given.  A 
coniplinnce  wns,  nevertheless,  repentedly 
urged,  iiiilll  at  length  the  envoys  refused  to 
hold  wilh  lliein  any  further  communicatinn. 

When  these  events  weri!  known  in  the 
I'niled  .Slutes  they  excited  general  indigna- 
tion. The  spirit  of  parly  appeared  In  In;  ex- 
tinct. "  Millions  for  defence,  not  a  C4'nt  for 
Irlhute,"  resounded  frniii  every  i|unrler  of  the 
Union.  The  trenty  of  alliance  with  Franci' 
was  declared  hy  ('ongress  to  he  no  longer  in 
force  ;  and  nulhorily  wns  given  for  capturing 
armed  French  vessels.  Provision  was  made 
for  raising  immediately  a  small  regular  nrmv, 
and,  in  ense  events  should  rentier  it  expeili- 
ent,  for  nugmenling  it.  A  direct  tnx  and  nd- 
ditionnl  internal  tliilies  were  laid.  To  com- 
mand the  armies  of  the  United  Stnles,  Presi- 
dent Adams,  with  tlie  unanimous  advice  of 
the  Senate,  a))pointed  (Senrgo  Washington. 
He  consented,  out  with  great  reluctance,  to 
accept  the  office,  declaring,  liowevcr,  that  he 
cordially  apprtived  the  measures  of  the  go- 
vernment. 

The  first  act  of  hostility  between  the  two 
nations  appears  to  have  been  committed  by 
the  Insurgente,  which  was  in  a  short  period 
after  so  signally  beaten  by  an  American  fri- 
gate. The  schooner  Retnlintion,  Lieutenant- 
Commandant  Hainbridge,  being  deludetl  into 
the  power  of  this  vessel,  was  captured  and 
carried    into    Guuduloupe.       Several    otlier 


Unileil  Mtntri  armed  vt  ssels  were  in  pom* 
pniiy  with  the  Itclalinlion,  nnd  piirHiii'il  by 
llie  rVflirh  sijuiidroii,  bill  « ire  pinbiibly 
tavt'il  I'riiin  capture  by  the  iiiIiIi'i'hh  ol  l.icii- 
tenant  Kiiiiibridge,  who,  litiiig  iisked  by  the 
I''ri'iicli  ( 'iininiiitiiMn  wliiil  win  the  fnrcc  n( 
the  vesti  Is  cli.ised,  exaggeriileil  u  llli  so  niiich 
iiilrnitiiets  IIS  lo  iiitliice  liiin  lo  ri'ciill  lii«  fIiijih. 
The  Cniitti'lliitinn  wi'iil  lo  sea  under  llie  inin- 
maiid  nf  Ciiptiiin  Trnxtiin.  In  l''cl>niaiy, 
I7!>!),  he  encoiinleretl  llie  Insurgente,  and,  iif 
ler  a  close  nction  nf  nbnnt  an  Imiir  and  ii  linlf, 
cnmpelletl  her  to  strike.  The  rale  nf  ll:o 
Coiistellatinn  was  thirty-lwo  guns,  tlinl  of  llie 
Insurgente  fori  . .  The  former  liati  three  men 
woiiiitletl,  one  of  whom  shiirlly  alter  dieil, 
and  none  killid;  ihe  latter  hiitl  foriy-ono 
woniiiled,  and  Iwenly-nine  killed.  This  vic- 
tory, which  was  so  brilliant  niiil  decisive,  \n  nn 
such  a  sviinderfiil  ilispnrily  of  loss,  gave  j^ii'iit 
eclat  In  the  vicliir  and  In  the  niivy.  Cnniinn- 
ilort!  Triixlon  again  put  to  sen  in  the  Cnii- 
slelliuinn,  being  tieslineil  lo  renew  his  tri- 
umphs, anti  the  liiimiliMlion  of  ihe  foe.  In 
February,  IhdO,  he  fell  in  with  the  \'eii- 
geiince,  a  French  ship  of  til'tyfoiir  f^iiiis,  wilh 
which  he  began  an  engiigcineiit  lliiit  IukIciI, 
with  great  tibslinncy  and  spirit  nn  both  sides, 
from  eight  o'clock  in  ilii  evening  till  one  in 
the  nioriiiiig,  when  the  Veiigfnnce  was  com- 
pletely silenceil,  nnti  shceri'il  oil.  The  Con- 
stellation, having  Inst  her  inniiiiiiaHi,  wns  Inn 
much  iiijuretl  In  pursue  her.  'J'lie  Captain  nl 
the  Vengeance  is  saiti  tn  have  twice  surren- 
tleretl  during  ihi!  cnntesi,  but  his  signals  were 
not  uiitlerstooil  cmitlst  the  darkncsa  of  night 
mill  the  confusion  of  bnllle. 

The  I'niled  .States,  thus  viclorioua  in  nrttn 
at  home  niiil  on  the  iiceiin,  cninmiiiiiletl  the 
respect  of  their  enemy  ;  miil  the  tlircctnry 
math' overtures  of  peace.  The  Presitlent  im- 
medintely  appointed  ininislers,  who,  on  their 
nrrivnl  nl  Paris,  foiintl  the  executive  nulhorily 
in  till'  possession  of  |{i>nn|im'le  im  first  consul. 
They  wert'  promptly  received,  nnd  in  .Sep- 
tember, 1800,  a  treaty  was  concliidftl  salis- 
hiMory  lo  both  countries. 

The  services  of  Washington  hnd  not  been 
required  in  his  capacity  of  cnniinmider  in 
chief;  but  he  lild  not  live  to  witness  the  re- 
storation nf  peace.  On  Frltlny,  December  lit, 
while  nlteniling  somi'  iniprnveiiients  upon  his 
estnte,  he  was  exposed  to  a  liyhl  rain,  which 
welled  his  neck  nnd  liuir.  Unapprehensive 
of  ilmiger,  he  jinssetl  the  nflcrnoon  in  his  usual 
mnniier ;  but  ut  night  was  seized  wilh  an  iii- 
nanimalory  nfl'eclion  of  the  windpipe,  allendeil 
by  fever,  nnd  n  ipiick  nnd  laborious  rewpirn- 
lion.  About  twelve  or  fourteen  ounces  of 
blooti  were  taken  from  him.  In  the  morning, 
his  family  physician.  Dr.  ('rnik,  wns  sent  fnr ; 
but  the  utmost  exertions  of  medical  skill  were 
a|iplied  in  vain.  Believing  from  the  com- 
mencement of  his  complaint  tliut  it  would  be 
mortal,  a  few  hours  before  his  departure,  and 
after  repented  efl'orts  to  be  understood,  he  suc- 
ctieded  in  expressing  n  desire  tliut  he  niiglit 
be  permitted  lo  die  without  being  disipiieletl 
by  unnvniling  attempts  to  rescue  him  from  his 
fate.  When  he  coultl  no  longer  swallow,  he 
undressed  himself  and  got  into  b*'<l,  there  lo 
await  his  dissolution.  To  his  frientl  anil  pny- 
sician  lie  said,  with  difficulty,  "  Doctor,  I  am 
tlying,  nnd  have  been  dying  fur  n  long  time  ; 
but  1  nm  not  afrnitt  to  die."  Itespirntion  be- 
came more  and  more  contracted  and  iinperfuct 


I 


n  lind  not  licfii 

coniiiiiiiiilrr  ill 
uiliii'ss  tlic  ri'- 
.Di'miihcr  l.'l, 
iiii'iits  upon  Ills 
,'lil  mill,  wliiili 

iiii|i|irrlu'iiniv<' 
iiiiii  ill  lii.t  iisiiiil 
/I'd  Nvith  nil  iii- 
Ipipi',  nltt'iiili-il 
iiritiiis  ri'Npirn- 
I'Cii  oiiiicrs  of 
III  the  iiioriiiiifr, 
,  was  si'iit  lor  ; 
lii'iil  skill  wci'ir 
Vom  tlif  rotii- 
iiit  it  would  lii> 
dcpiirtiirc,  niiil 
■rstood,  lie  Kiic- 

tliiit  lie  iniglit 
liiHjf  di.i(|iiict<'d 
e  liim  Irnin  liis 
p.r  swhIIdw,  lie 
I  Ix'd,  ihoie  to 
iii'iid  and  pny- 
"  Doctor,  t  iiin 
ir  n  lon^r  linn- ; 
ifHpirniion  Ijc- 

und  iuiperiuct 


iiiilil  liiill'-pitiil  ••liivi'ii  on  Siitiiriliiy  ni|;lit,  wlioii  | 
ri'iiiiiiini;  llii*  lull  ponii'imiiiii  iil  lil<  iiiIcIIitI,  ' 
III-  I'xpiii'il  williiiiil  .i  ptlrii'i'.'li'.  'I'liiM,  III  llh' 
l<'lltV'•'>^'l<lll  vi'iir  III  liii  ii^c,  ilii'd  llio  liillii'i 
(if  lin  riMiiilry.  liitrllii'i'iM'i'  III'  lliii  iivi'iil, 
iiH  il  I'lipiilly  «|iri'iiil,  priiiliirril  HpniiliiiiriiiH, 
i|c'i'|i,  Mill  uM.iili'i'li'il  i;i'ii  I,  ^il^liiMhliii!;  rvi'ry 
oilirr  llllHl^'lll,    iiimI   iilitni'liin^'  cvim  y  ililli'riiil 

li'l'linV.''         < 'ollL'K'-'H,     llll'll     III     HI'KnillM    III     I'llilll- 

ili'lpliiii,  iiiiiiii'iliiilrly  iicl|iiiiini'd,  ( )ii  iix'o'lil' 
liliii^  llio  iii'Xl  iliiy,  llir  liiiiiHO  oC  rrpri"«'iilii- 
tivi'H  rrmilvril,  "  tliiit  llic  "iir.ikiT'M  iliiiir  niiuulil 
liii  Hlirouili'il  ill  liliii  k,  iMiil  llii'  iiiriiilM'r^  VM'iir 
liliii'k    iliiriii;;   llic  Mi'<i!<iMii;    mill    lliiit   it   Joint 

I  iiniiiiillri*  hIiiiiiIiI  Im'  iippmnli'il  In  ili'viii'  llir 
niii.Ht  Hiiilitlilti  iiiiiiiMi'i' III  pus  iii;r  lioiiiiiir  lollio 
liiiMiiiiry  iirtlir  iiiiim  lii'sl  iii  wiir,  lirxl  in  poiiri', 
mill  lint  ill  till-  linirlt  nC  liii  roiiiilryiiii'ii." 
'{'III!  Hi-niili'  III' llir  I 'iiiii'il  Si^iii'H,  III  an  ad- 
ili'i'ss  III  till'  prrsiilt'iit  on  iliii  iiirliiiii'liiij y  oiv 
caiiiin,  iniliil^i'd  tiirir  pnlriolic  piidi',  wliili' 
llii'Y  dill  not  li'iiiisi^ri'i'Ks  ilio  liiiuniii  of  Iriitli, 
ill  Hprakin)^  iil  llii'ir  \V'aHliini;loii.  "  Anrii'ni 
anil  iiniili'in  iiiiiim'i,"  sanl  lliry,  "ari'  diiiii- 
iiislii'il  lirlori*  liiiM.  ( !n'iitiii'S!<  mid  ^'iiili  liavi' 
Inn  ol'ii'ii  lii'i'ii  iijlii'd  ;  lint  liii  rmiii'  \i  wImIit 
lliiin  il  in  lirilliiiiil.  Till' ili"4li'ov<'i'H  of  iiiiliiiiiH 
Hliiiiil    iiIiiimIii'iI    at    llii'  liiiiii'sly  oC   liin  viilui's. 

II  ri'provi'd  till'  inli'inpi'i'iini'i'  of  tlii'ir  aiii- 
liilion,  and  diirki'iii'd  llii'  ipli'iidourof  vii'tiiry. 
Till'  HCt'iio  in  rliiMi'il,  and  ui'  arr  no  lonj.'rr 
mixiiMis  lest  iiiMrurliini'  sliuiild  snllv  lii'i  ^^lory  ; 
III'  has  Inivrlli  il  on  In  llii'  I'lnj  nl'liin  joiiriii'V, 
and  iMri'ii'd  Willi  Iniii  an  iiicrra-'ili^  \vri;,dit  nf 
liiinoiir;  liu  lias  lii'piisiii-d  it  sillily  wlii'ir 
inisrurliini'  ranncil  larniHli  il, —  ulirro  iiialiri' 
raiiiMtt  liliist  it," 

Ai'i:ordiiii{  to  tlio  nnmiinioiH  I'l'ioliiiioii  of 
<Iciii>;r('ss,  a  I'lliH'ral  pnircssion  inovcd  rriiiii  lla' 
lri;islalivi'  lialllo  llir(  ii'miiiii  Liilliri'iin  rliiii'cli, 
\\  lull  an  oration  was  ili'livi'ml  liv  ( ii'iii'iiil 
lii'r,  a  ri'pn'si'iilalivi'  rnini  \'iit,'iiiia.  Tin' 
priiia'SHlon  win  f^raiid  and  soli'inn ;  llio  oni- 
linn  itiipri'ssivi'  mid  cloipiriil.  Tlit'oiii;liiiut 
llic  union  Miiuilar  iiiaiks  of  alllirlinii  wrro  i'\- 
Inliiti'd  ;  a  wliolo  pi'iiplo  appoari'il  in  iiiinirn- 
in<;.  In  I'vrry  part  ol'  ilii'  ii-puliiir  liinrnil 
iiriitioiH  wiu'i'  di'livi'ii'd,  and  tlio  lii'sl  hili  nti 
of  till!  iialion  wi'i'i'  di'voli'd  to  an  oxprossion 
of  till!  nalion's  yrirf". 

In  till'  yrar  ISO!)  tlir  si'at  of  noviTiiiiii'nt 
of  till'  I'liili'd  Slali'-i  was  ri'iiiovi'd  In  Wasli- 
in^ton,  in  llir  disiricl  of  ( !oliiniliia.  Aficr 
(■11111,'raliilatlni;  till'  proplo  of  tin-  I -nili'd  States 
on  llie  assi'iiililiiii.''  of  ('nriixri'ss  at  tin-  pcrina- 
iii'iit  seat  of  llii'ir  (,'oV('rniiii'iit,  aial  Consiri'ss 
(Ml  tlie  prosprri  nf  a  ri'sidrnii'  not  lo  In;  (■liaiiL;- 
rd,  tlu!  prcsidi'iil  fiiid,  "  It  would  In'  iliilii'Oolii- 
in;;  tin;  ri'|iri'si'iiialivi'S  nf  lliis  iialinn  to  as- 
Hi'iiilili!  fnr  till'  lirst  liliii'  in  tliis  soli'inii  ti'iii- 
pli',  williniil  Innkiiii.'  up  tn  llii'  .'^upri'iiii'  Ruler 
nf  till'  universe,  and  iin|ilorinK  Lis  lilessiiii,'. 
May  this  terrilnry  lie  tlie  residence  ol'xirtiie 
and  liappiiicss  !  In  lliis  city  may  tliat  piety 
and  virtue,  tliat  wisdom  and  ma^naniiuily,  tliat 
cnnslancy  and  self-jjnveriiiiienr,  wliicli  adorn- 
ed till!  (^reatcliaracter  wliose  name  il  Wears,  lie 
fnr  ever  lielil  in  veneialinii !  Here,  and 
tlirnui^Iinut  our  i'oiimry,ma'/  simple  manners, 
pure  morals,  and  true  reliLcion,  Hoiirisli  for 
ever." 

At  lliis  |ieriod  a  presidentiiil  eleclinii  aijaiii 
occurred.  From  tlie  lime  of  the  adoption  of 
the  eoiistitulinii,llie  repiililicaii  parly  had  lieeii 
UriuiuiiUy  increusiiifj  in  immlicrs.  The  two 
parlies  being  now    nearly   ci|iial,  ihu  conli'sl 


UNiTF,  1)  RT\  I  r:.s 

iirdoiir. 


iiii«|itni4  both  Willi  niicomnioii  Ardour.  Tlii< 
f<-ileralisn  mippnrled  Mr.  AilmiM  mid  (ieiierid 
t'lin  kill's  ;  llie  ii'piililii'iins,  Mr.  .lellii '•nn  and 
(lolorie!  Iliirr.  The  two  hitler  received  h 
siiiiill  iiiii|nrilv  of  the  elecloral  voles  j  mnl  as 
ihey  received  also  an  ii|I|hI  niimlier,  llie  se- 
lecfinii  of  oiii'  of  them  lo  lie  presideiil  ile- 
volvi'd  upon  the  house  of  represeiitiilives. 
Alier  llilrly  live  trials,  dnriiiij  whii  h  ihe  iiii 
linii  Cell  inlense  snlicihiih',  .Mr.  .letli'rsnii  was 
chnseii.  Ciilniiel  liurr  received  llie  voles  of 
the  federalisls,  and  lost,  in  roiiseipience,  the 
conlideiii  e  of  his  former  IV. ends.  Ily  llii-  pro 
visions  of  ihii  coiislitiilion  he  hecaiiie,  of 
courHi',  vice. president.  On  his  iiiaiii;uralioii, 
Mr.  .leC'erson  iiiide  the  fnllnwiii);  speech  to 
lintll  houses  t.t  ('i  iliL'i'ess. 

"  Krii'iiiU  mill !'.  ilinv  -I  iii/.i'iiM, 

"(!alled  upon  lo  nnderlakn  the  duties  of 
the  first  exei'iilive  nllice  of  niir  cniinlry,  I 
avail  myself  of  llie  presence  of  thai  porlion 
nf  iiiv  fellow-riti>.eris  wliicli  is  here  assemliled, 
In  enpress  my  (jialeful  ihank'i  fnr  the  liivmir 
willi  which  ihey  have  lieen  pleased  In  look 
lowanls  me,  to  decline  a  sincere  cnnscious- 
iiess,  that  the  task  is  aliove  my  talenls,  imd 
that  I  approiich  il  willi  lliose  mixious  and  aw- 
lul  preiienlinieiils,  which  the  ^realness  of  the 
cliiirj;e,  iind  the  weakness  if  my  powers,  so 
jilslly  inspire.  A  risiiii;  in  linn,  spread  over 
a  wide  and  fniilful  liiiiil,li'iivi  rsinv  all  the  si 
with  till'  rich  producliniis  nl  iheir  indii'-try, 
eii^iit;ed  in  commerce  uilli  niilinis  who  I'eel 
power  and  forj^'et  ri'^lil,  adviincini.;  rapidly  to 
dcslinies  heyond  the  reach  of  iiio.iiil  eye; 
wlieii  I  cniilemplale  lliese  Iranscenili  nl  oli- 
jecls,  and  see  ihe  honour,  the  happines ',  and 
'he  hopes  nf  lliis  lielnved  cniinlry  cninniilled 
.he  issue  and  the  iiiispices  of  this  d  ly,  I 
shrink  from  llie  ciinleniplatioii,  and  In  iiihle 
myself  liifnre  the  ina^Miiliide  •!{'  'he  'iiider- 
liikiii;;.  I'llerly,  indeed,  shniild  1  despair, 
did  not  till'  presence  nf  many,  whom  I  here 
see,  reiniiid  me,  lliiit  in  thi'  other  hi^li  nntlin- 
rilies  prnuded  liy  niir  conslitution,  I  shall 
lind  ri'sniirces  of  wisdniii,  nf  virtui',  iiliil  nf 
zeal,  nil  svliicli  lo  rely  under  all  difTicullies. 
To  villi,  then,  Keiillemen,  w  hi)  are  chari;eil 
with  the  smereiffii  I'lmctinns  of  li'L'islallon, 
and  to  those  iissoriated  with  you,  I  look  with 
cncoiirai^emeiit  for  that  j;uiilance  and  support 
which  may  enahle  us  tn  sleer  w  itli  safety  the 
vessel  ill  whic'li  we  are  all  emliarked,  amidst 
llii  <-nlillicliiii^  elements  nf  a  trnuliled  wnrlil. 

"  Diirinij  the  conlest  of  opininn  thrniiKh 
which  we  have  past,  ihe  animation  of  discus- 
sinus  and  of  exertions,  has  sometimes  worn 
nn  aspect  which  miiiht  impose  on  strangers 
unused  to  think  freely,  and  lo  speak  audio 
write  what  they  lliiiik  ;  lull  this  lieiiif^  now 
decided  liy  llie  voice  of  the  Iialinn,  annnunr- 
ed  accnrdiiuf  to  the  rules  of  the  constitiilinn, 
all  will  nf  course  arrange  themselves  under 
the  will  of  the  law,  mid  unite  in  cnmmnii  ef- 
fnrts  for  tin.'  common  f^ooil.  All  too  will 
hear  ill  minil  this  sacred  principle,  thai  thoii^rh 
the  will  of  the  iiiajnrily  is  in  all  (-a.-es  in 
prevail,  thill  will,  to  hi!  riijhlliil,  must  he  rea- 
snnalile  ;  llril  the  minnrily  pnssess  their  e(]ual 
ri^ihls,  which  ecpial  laws  must  protect,  and  tn 
violate  which  would  he  oppression.  Let  un 
then,  fellnw-citizens,  unite  with  one  heart,  nnd 
mil!  mind,  let  us  restore  to  so<:ial  inlercour'je, 
that  harmony  and  ufrectioii  without  which, 
liherty,  and   even  lifu    itself,  arc   hut  dreary 


im 

tWmf^n.  And  lei  us  relied,  that  liiivin^  hi- 
lushed  from  niir  hind  thai  reli^oous  inlnleriincii 
miller  \\  Inch  miinkind  so  Iniu;  liled  and  siilhr- 
I'd,  we  have  yet  gained  lillle,  if  we  cniinle 
nance  a  pnhliciil  mloleraiice,  us  despotic  and 
wicked,  mill  inpidile  of  as  hitler  and  hlnndv 
perseculiniis.  Iliirin^;  the  throes  and  ciiiivnl- 
siniis  nf  the  aiicii'iil  world,  ilurinj,'  tin'  le.'n. 
iii/.iiiK  spasms  of  inliiriali'il  iiian,  seikiii;; 
ihroujjh    hlooil    and    slinu'liler    his    Imi;,'    liml 

hherly,  it  was  iinl  w lerful   thai    the    at;ila- 

lion  of  the  hillnws  sliniild  reach  even  ihisdis- 
liiiit  mid  pi'iiceful  shnre  ;  thai  this  shniild  Ik* 
more  li'lt  nnd  li'iired  hy  snme,  and  less  hy 
others;  and  should  divide  opiiiions  as  In  iiii"i> 
siires  of  sidi'ty  ;  lull  every  dillerence  nf  oiii- 
ninii  is  not  11  ddli'ieiice  of  principle.  \V(i 
have  called  hy  diHiieiil  iiai' cs  hrelhnn  of  thr 
same  principle.  We  are  all  repiihhcmis  :  we 
are  nil  li'dernlisls.  If  there  he  niiy  iiiiion^'  im 
who  would  wish  In  dissolve  this  I'liion,  or  In 
chiinee  its  repiihlican  form,  let  them  stand 
iindislurlivd  as  luoiiiimenls  of  the  sali'ly  with 
vhicli  error  of  opinion  may  he  liileraled, 
where  reason  is    hli    free    lo   comhat    it.      I 

know,  iiid I,  thai  soiiie  lionesl  men  fear  ihat 

II  repiililiciin  ^'nvermiieiil  caiiiinl  he  •Iron^  ; 
lliiil  this  (.'overiiiiieiil  is  not  sironi.'  eiiiiiij;h. 
Ihu  would  the  lionesl  palrint,  in  the  full  lido 
of  successful  fxpeririienl,  aliiiniloii  a  j.'n\erii- 
meiil  which  has  sn  far  kepi  us  Ire.'  and  (inn, 
nn  the  iheorelic  and  vismnmy  fear,  lli.it  ilim 
eovernmenl,  the  world's  hesi  linpe,  iiiiiv,  hy 
pnssihilily,  want  eiierj.'y  In  pre.erve  ii'sell  f 
I  Iriist  not.  I  Irt'lieve  this,  on  the  conlrarv, 
llir  slrnii|,'esl  pnv erniiient  nn  iiirlli.  I  helieve 
it  the  only  one,  where  every  man,  at  the  cull 
nf  ihe  hi'v,  would  Ily  lo  tiie  standiiMl  of  the 
law,  mid  would  meet  inv.'isiniH  nf  the  piihlic 
nider  as  hi  I  own  pers.uial  concern.  Some- 
limes  il  is  said,  that  man  cannoi  he  Irusied 
with  the  u'overiiment  of  liiiiis|.|)'.  ('m,  |„, 
then  he  trusted  with  the  ({overninenl  of 
lliers  I     Or,   have    we    found    mi|.'ils   in  the 


nil  of  kinu'S,  III    (loverii    him  f     J, el  histoiy 


fi: 

answer  this  i|iiestinii. 

"  lii'l  us  then,  with  cniirn(,'e  and  cnnfiilince, 
pursue  our  own  federal  and  repiihhcan  priii- 
lijiles  ;  our  allenlion  to  iininii  and  represi'iit- 
alive  ^nvernmeiil.  Kindly  separatcil  hv  nn- 
lure  and  n  wide  ocean  from  the  cxtermliiii- 
lin^r  hiivoc  of  one  ipiarler  of  the  ^rlohe  ;  ion 
liiirli  minded  lo  endure  the  deiiradalions  of 
the  others;  possessing'  a  chosen  cnunlrv.w 'th 
ronm  eiinu^'h  fnr  our  ihscenilails  to  ihi'  lliou- 
sanilth  n,  '  thousainllh  p-nerallon,  enlertain- 
ini;  a  due  sense  of  oureipnil  rii/ht  to  the  iisn 
of  our  own  faculties,  lo  the  aciiuisitions  of 
our  own  industry,  to  hnnnitr  Hiiil  cniifulcnci) 
frniii  niir  fellnw-cllizcns,  rcsiilllnir  not  from 
hirth,  hut  from  our  iiilions  and  their  sense  ol 
them,  enliyhteiusl  hy  a  heniijn  reri(.'ion,  pro. 
fessed  Indeed  and  practised  in  various  forms, 
yet  all  of  them  iiiciilcatini;  honesty,  triilli,  lem- 
peranee,  ^rratilude,  and  the  love  of  man,  ac- 
knowledfjiiiir  and  adoriiit;  an  overruling  pro- 
valence,  which,  hy  nil  its  dispen.satlnns,  proves 
thai  it  delii^Kts  in  the  happiness  of  man  here, 
and  his  greater  happiness  hereafter;  with  nil 
these  Iile8sin<;s,  what  inoii!  is  necessarv  'o 
luiiku  us  a  happy  and  prosperous  |ieoph.  1 
Still  one  thinj^  more,  fellnw-ciii'/ens,  a  wisu 
and  frugal  government,  which  shall  restrain 
men  from  injuring  one  unolher,  shall  leave 
them  otiierwi.'io  free  lo  reffulali!  tiieir  own 
pursuita  of  industry  and   iiiiDrovemeiit,  untl 


804 


IlISTOnV   OP   THE 


;  ! 


I  V  i 


■hall  not  tnke  from  tlx'  mimtli  nf  lalioiir  lli<> 
hnMul  it  liiiH  oaniril.  TU\»  \»  llir  niiiii  (it'iiimii 
povrniiiii'iit ;  iiiiil  I'li.i  Im  ncocHsiir^  to  clii.ii' 
llir  rircli-  ol'  our  fclirilicH. 

"  Alioul  111  I'litiT,  ri-lliiwi'itlziMm,  nil  tin-  cx- 
i-rcisc  (if  (liitirs  whii'li  ic>iii|in'lirii(l  everv 
lliiiii,'  ciciir  1111(1  viilimlilt<  111  YDii,  it  is  iirii|>rr 
ynil  hIiiiiiIiI  iiiiilcrsliiiiil  \vlii>l  I  ili'iMii  tin-  fs- 
iM-iuiiil  |)riiii'i|ili'!i  iii'oiir  f;i>ici'iiiiiiMit,iiiiil  riin- 

a('l|IIIMltlVi   lIlOSU   Wllil  ll  IMI^Ill   111  sliiipi!    ils  llll- 

miiiiMrntinn.  I  will  cDir.jiri-si  iIkmii  williiii 
till"  imrrowcst  <  <iin|in!is  llii-y  will  licar,  muling; 
tliti  gtrnorni  |irin('i|>li',  lint  nut  nil  its  liiiiitii- 
tioiii.  Ki|ual  mill  fxnct  jiiatiru  to  all  iiii'ii, 
of  wlinti'VtT  stiito  or  |ii"rsiiasioii,  ri'lifjiims  or 
political :  pi-nco,  roiiiinorri',  iiiiil  liniiciit  IViciiil- 
aliip  willi  all  nations,  fntaii>;liii^alliaiici's  with 
nono  :  tin-  tiii|<iiort  ot"  tin-  stalo  ^nvcriinii'nls 
in  nil  tliiMr  ri);lits,  as  tin*  most  riiiii|i)!trnt  ad- 
niinislralions  (iir  onr  (loiiit'stic  mnoorns,  ami 
till-  suri'st  liiihvarks  aijiiiiist  niiliri'|iiililii-iii; 
ti'iiiliMirii's  :  till'  iirrsiTvalion  of  llio  pMicral 
jfovfrnnient    in    its    wlinlo   c-onstitutiiinHl    vi- 

tfonr,  as  llic  slici'f  anrhor  of  niir  |ifari>  nl 
loi".'.".  "nil  sali'lv  aliroail:  a  jralniis  caro  of 
tlio  rigiit  ol"  I'li'i-lion  liy  llio  |ii'i>|>li',  a  iiiiM 
■  nil  sali;  I'lirri-rtivi"  nt'  almsi's  wliirli  arr  lii|)- 
|M>i|  liy  till"  sworil  of  ri'voliilion  wln-rc  piNiro- 
alil(>  r<Mni'ilii>s  aiv  un|iro\  iili-il :  alisoliili'  ar- 
nuicsivnt'o  in  llii"  ilnlsions  of  tin-  tniijoritv, 
llio  vital  prinri|>li>  of  ri<|iiilili(-s,  from  whii'li 
tlion'  is  no  a|i|n'al  Imt  to  liirci",  tin-  vital  prin- 
cipio  aiul  iimnoilialo  pari'iit  of  ili'spniism  :  a 
>»i'li  iiiaoipliiifd  militia,  our  lust  rrlianci-  in 
pean-,  niul  for  tin-  tirst  nioinnits  of  war,  till 
ri'ifuliirs  may  rolicvo  llu-m  :  ltu>  supriMiiary 
of  tin'  civil  ov«>r  tlu>  military  anllioriiy  :  fi'o- 
iiomy  ill  till"  piililir  I'xpcnsi",  tlial  lalionr  may 
111'  lifilitly  liiinli'iu'il  :  llir  !ioii«'st  paymciil  of 
Cur  ili'lils  ami  sacrcii  prt'srrvalion  of  tin-  piili- 
lio  failli  :  fiicimniiji'mi'nl  of  ajirii'iiltiiri",  ami 
of  conmiiTi-o  ns  its  liamlmaiil:  tlio  ililfiisioii 
of  infiirma'ion,  ami  arrnnsioiiu'iU  of  allaliusi-o 
at  llu'  liar  of  tlio  piililio  reason  :  frcvilom  of 
ri'lijiioii:  frorilom  of  tin-  press;  ami  fri'i'ilom 
of  person,  uiuler  llie  proleetiiin  of  the  Inilwiis 
cor/iKt :  and  trial  liy  juries  impartially  soleet- 
fil.  These  prineiples  form  llie  liri^'ht  enii- 
stellation,  wliieli  has  pine  liefoie  us,  and  jjiii- 
ded  our  steps  through  an  ace  of  revolution 
and  reformation.  Tho  wisdom  of  our  sas;es, 
and  the  lilood  of  our  heroes,  have  been  de- 
voted to  their  attainmi'nf  :  they  should  h^  the 
creed  of  our  poliliral  faith,  thr  text  of  civic 
instruciion,  the  toiuhstone  'ly  which  to  try 
the  nervicei  of  those  we  trust;  and  should 
wo  wander  from  them  in  moments  of  error 
or  of  alarm,  let  us  hasten  to  retrace  our  steps, 
und  to  rei;uin  ihe  road  which  ahuic  leads  to 
peace,  lihcrty  and  safety. 

"  I  repair,  then,  lellowoilizens,  to  the  |>ost 
you  have  assif;ned  pie.  With  experience 
enough  in  .subordinate  ollices  to  have  seen  ihr 
difficulties  of  this,  the  ffreali'st  of  all,  I  have 
learned  to  expect  that  it  will  rarely  fall  to  the 
lot  of  imperfect  man,  to  retire  from  this  sta- 
tion with  the  reputation,  niid  the  favour,  which 
lirinij  him  into  it.  Without  pretensions  to 
that  iiiijh  coiitidence  you  reposed  in  our  first 
and  greatest  revnlutlomiry  character,  whose 
pre-eminent  services  hud  entitled  him  to  the 
first  place  in  his  country's  love,  and  destined 
for  him  the  fairest  paije  in  the  volume  of  faith- 
tlil  historv,  I  ask  so  mm  li  confideiico  >iily  as 
ni«y  pi''"  firmness  and  ertect  to  the  ;  jal  ad- 
nuniiitralioii  of  ^our  alTair*.     I  ahall  ofuin  gu 


wrong  through  defect  of  judgment.  When 
right,  I  shall  often  lie  thought  wrong  liy  lliose 
whose  positions  will  not  ciiiiiinaiid  a  view  nl 
the  whole  groiiml.  I  ask  your  iiidulgence 
for  mv  own  erroiH,  which  will  never  lie  iii- 
lentlonal  ;  and  your  support  against  the  er- 
rors of  ollicrs,  who  may  inmleiim  what  lliey 
would  not,  if  seen  in  all  ils  piirlM.  'llie  ap- 
proliallon  implied  liy  your  siill'iage,  is  a  great 
consiiliilion  to  me  liir  the  past  ;  and  my  liiiiire 
solicitude  will  lie,  to  retain  the  gooil  opinion 
of  ihiisi!  who  have  liivstowed  it  in  advance,  ti< 
conciliate  that  of  others,  liy  doing  them  all  the 
good  in  my  power,  and  In  lie  inslriimiuital  to 
the  happiness  and  freedom  of  all. 

"  Helving  then  on  the  patronage  of  your 
good  will,  t  advance  with  oU'dience  to  the 
work,  '•.•ady  to  retire  from  it  whenever  you 
lieciMie  Ki'iisilile  liow  much  lietter  -.  Iioices  it 
i-:  ill  your  power  to  make.  And  may  thai 
in.iiiile  Power  which  rules  the  destinies  of  the 
universe,  lead  our  councils  to  what  is  best, 
and  givi>  them  a  faviuirablu  issue  for  your 
peace  and  prosperity." 

.'\  seciiiid  census  of  tin*  iiihabitaiils  of  the 
niiiled  Slates  was  completed  in  IHOI.  They 
amiiiinled  to  ri,.'!!'.',?!!'-',  having  in  ten  years 
increased  nearly  one  million  four  hiiiidred 
tlioiisanil.  Ill  the  same  number  of  years  the 
exports  iiicre  .sed  from  nineleen  to  ninety- 
four  million^,  and  the  revenue  from  4,771,00(1 
111  rj,!t  I."),!)'  0  dollars.  This  rajiid  advance  in 
the  career  if  prosperity  has  no  parallel  in  the 
history  of  n.i'nins,  and  is  to  be  allribiiled  prin- 
cipally to  the  inslitutioiisof  the  country,  which, 
securing  e(|ual  privileges  to  nil,  gave  to  the 
enterprise  and  industry  of  all  free  scojie  ami 
full  encouragement. 

In  ISO:",  the  stale  of  Ohio  w.is  admitted  into 
the  union.  It  was  formerly  a  portion  of  the 
norlh-weslern  territory,  for  llu'  government 
of  which,  in  I7(S7,  an  ordinance  was  passed 
by  the  continental  Ooiigress.  In  thirty  years 
from  its  first  settlemeiil  the  number  of  ils  in- 
liabitanls  exceedei!  half  a  million.  The  state 
of  Tennessee,  which  was  previously  a  part  of 
North  Carolina,  and  which  lies  between  that 
slate  and  the  river  Mississippi,  had  been  iiil- 
initted  in  170(>. 

'J'lie  right  of  deposit  at  New  Orleaiis,  con- 
ceded to  the  citizens  of  the  i'nited  States  by 
Spain,  and  necessarv  to  the  people  of  the 
western  country,  had,  until  this  period,  been 
freely  enjoyed.  In  October,  the  chief  ollicer 
of  that  city  proliiliited  the  exen  ise  of  it  in 
I'uliire.  This  violation  of  a  solemn  eiij;a!;e- 
meiit  produced,  llirougliniit  the  states  of  Ohio 
and  Kentucky,  indignant  clamour  and  violent 
commotion.  In  Congress  a  prop'isition  was 
made  lo  take  jiossession  by  force  of  the  whole 
province  of  Ijouisiana ;  but  a  more  pacific 
course  was  adopted.  Knowing  that  the  pro- 
vince had  been  ceded,  although  not  trans- 
ferred, to  France,  the  president  instituted  a 
negotiation  to  acquire  it  by  ])urchase.  In 
April,  ISO.'),  a  treaty  was  cmcluded,  convey- 
jing  it  to  the  Fiiited  States  fiir  fifteen  millions 
of  dollars.  Its  aci|uisition  was  considered 
by  the  United  Stales  of  the  greatest  import- 
ance, as  it  gave  them  the  entire  conlrnl  of  a 
river  which  is  one  of  the  noblest  in  the  worhl. 

At  this  period,  also,  thrre  was  iiiioiher  im- 
portant aci]iiisilioii  of  lerritory.  Tlie  friendly 
tribe  of  Kaskaskia  Indians,  reduced  by  wars 
and  other  cau.ses  to  a  few  imli\idiial3  who 
I  were  unable  to  defend  thuintelvvii  against  the 


tieighlioiiring  tr'bes,  iraiiKlernul  itsrdiintry  to 
the  Ifniled  Stales;  reserving  only  a  siiHi- 
eiency  to  miiiiitain  ils  inembers  in  an  iignciil- 
tiiriil  way.  The  slipiilalioiis  on  the  pint  of 
the  I  'nileil  iSiuirs  were,  lo  exlciid  lo  lliein  pa- 
tronage and  proleiiioii,  and  to  give  to  ihrin 
certain  .inniial  aids,  in  iiioney,  iiiipliiiieiils  o) 
igriciilliire,  and  oilier  arlieles  of  their  clmiee. 
This  ceded  coiiiilry  eMeiids  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi Iriiin  the  nioiiili  of  the  Illinois  to  and 
lip  llie  ( >liio  ;  and  is  esteemed  as  among  tli<< 
most  fertile  within  the  limits  of  the  union. 

The  nniteii  Slates  had  for  noiiii!  lime  en|iiv 
ed  the  undisputed  repose  of  peace,  with  oi>!y 
one  exception.  Tripoli,  the  least  considerable 
of  the  llarbary  Htales,  had  made  ileniaiid«, 
fiiimdi  d  neither  in  right  nor  in  conipacl,  and 
had  denoiiiiced  war  on  'he  liiiliiie  of  the 
American  goveririient  to  niirply  with  lliem 
beliire  a  given  day.  The  piesidenl,  on  this 
occasion,  sent  a  small  sipiadroii  of  iVigales 
into  llie  Meililerraneiiii,  with  a:'«uraiices  to 
that  power  of  the  sinceie  desire  of  the  .Aiiie- 
rican  governinenl  lo  remain  in  peace ;  but 
with  orders  to  protect  our  coniineice  against 
the  ihrr.tteneil  attack.  It  was  a  seasoiinble 
and  Hiiliilary  measure  ;  fiir  the  bey  had  al- 
ready declared  war;  and  the  American  com- 
merce in  the  Mediterranean  was  blorkaded, 
while  that  of  llio  Atlantic  was  in  peril.  The 
arrival  of  the  sipiadron  dispelled  the  danger, 
rill*  Insiirgente,  which  had  been  no  hoiioiir- 
alily  added  to  the  American  navy,  and  the 
Pickering,  of  fourteen  nuns,  the  fiiriner  ciiiii- 
maniled  by  Captain  Klelcher,  tin!  latter,  by 
('aptain  llillar,  worn  lost  in  the  eipiiiioctial 
gale,  in  S-|iteinl«'r,  ISdO.  In  1801,  the  Kn- 
terprise,  ot  fourteen  guns.  Captain  Sterretl, 
fell  in  with  a  Tripolitan  ship  of  war  of  eipial 
forci*.  The  action  continii  "d  threi'  hours  and  u 
half,  the  corsair  fighting  with  great  obstinacy, 
and  even  desperation,  until  she  struck,  having 
lost  fifty  killed  and  wounded,  while  the  Kn- 
lerprise  had  not  a  Mian  injured.  In  IsO.'t, 
Conmioilore  I'reble  asMimeil  the  comniaiiil 
of  the  ^^•lliterrallean  si|iiadroii,  and  after 
humbling  'i.  ■  emperor  of  Morocco,  who  had 
begun  ■:  covert  war  upon  American  ciiiii- 
nvrce,  concentraled  most  of  his  force  before 
iripoli.  On  arriving  o(1'  that  port,  Captain 
|{'  inbridge,  in  the  frigate  I'hiladelphia,  of 
forly-fiuir  guns,  was  sent  iiilo  the  harlniur,  to 
reconnoitre.  While  in  eager  pursuit  of  ii 
small  vessel,  he  iinfortiinately  advanced  so  fo 
that  the  frigate  grounded,  and  all  attempts  In 
remove  her  were  in  vain.  The  .sea  aroiiiul 
her  was  immediately  covered  with  Tripolitan 
gunboats,  and  Captain  Itninbridge  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender.  This  misfortune,  which 
threw  a  number  of  nccomplished  ollicers  and 
a  valiant  cri-w  into  oppressive  bondage,  and 
which  shell  a  gloom  ov<*r  the  whole  iialion,  as 
it  .seemed  at  once  toiiicreas<?  the  .lilliciiltii's  of 
a  peace  a  hiindred-fiild,  was  soon  relieved  by 
one  of  the  most  daring  and  chivalrous  exploits 
that  is  found  in  na\al  annals.  Lieiilenant 
Stephen  Decatur,  then  one  of  Comiiioilnre 
Preble's  subalterns,  proposed  a  plan  for  re- 
capturing or  destroying  the  Philadelphia. 
The  American  sipiadron  was  nt  that  lime 
lying  nt    Syracuse.      Airreeably  !o    the   plan 

Proposed,  Ijieulenant  Decatur,  ii:  the  kelili 
iitrepid,  four  guns  and  seveiit\ -live  men,  iini- 
ceeiled,  under  the  escort  of  the  Syren,  Cup 
tain  Stewnrt,  to  the  harboinof  Tripoli.  The 
Pliiladvljihia  lay  within  half  guii-thut  of  th« 


Mmii,^ 


UNITED    STATES. 


SOS 


baxliiiw'H  cimtli*,  nnil  Novrriil  criiii<*?rit  iiiiii  ^uii- 
Imatii  iiiirriiiiii(l<'(l  lii-r  with  JimiIoiih  vi<;iliitiri'. 
Till!  Iiihi'|iiil  i-ii«Ti'fl  till!  Iiiirlmiir  iiliinr, 
ulioiit  rl^lit  n'niiirk  ill  tin:  I'ViMiiii^,  niiil  tiili;- 
ri'i>ili-(i  ill  ^I'lliii^  liriir  tin;  l'liil»ilnl|iliiii,  lir- 
twrrii  U'U  liliil  I'Irvi'ii  ii'i'liirk,  witlioilt  liiiviii^ 

llWIlkl'lllMl     MIIH|lirillll     of     lnT     ll.lMllll!      lll!Hi>;IIS. 

Tills  vrssrl  liiiil  lii'i'ii  rii|)tiir<Mi  Iniiii  tlir  'I'rl- 
iKilit.iiis,  iiiiil,  iiMsiiiiiiiii;  on  thin  {icrasiiiii  Iiit 
iciniiiT  imlimiiil  ii|i|>i'iiriiiii:r,  wim  )M'riiiitli!il  to 
\vnr|i  iiloiit^niilr,  miiirr  llii!  iillij^i-d  jin'triii'i- 
tliiil  nlii!  Iiail  lost  iill  Iw^r  iuirliiir!<.  I'lii-  tiio- 
inriit  till'  vi'Hiiul  riiirii!  in  roiitiuit,  Dcniliir  iiliil 
liis  ('(illiiwurs  li!H|ii!<l  on  liiiiinl,  niiil  soon  iivi-r- 
wlirlini'il  II  crmv  wlilcli  uih  (KiriilvziNl  witli 
roiisliTiiiilion.  Twi'iily  of  llir  Trl[ioliliiii>i 
wiTi!  killi'ij.  All  till!  siirniiin.liiiK  liiillrrii-s 
lii'iii^  i>|ii'iii'il  ii|iiin  till'  l'liiiH<irl|iliin,  hIiu  wnn 
iiiiiiii'iiiali-ly  iii!l  on  firi',  iiiiil  mil  iiliitiiiliiiirii  until 
iIioi'oiicIiIy  \vrii|)|ii'il  in  Iliiiiii'!<;  wlii'ii,  ii  lii- 
viiiiriiii;  lirci'/.i'  H|iriii^'iinr  n|i,  tin'  lnlii'|)i(l  I'x- 
fririili'il  liMrsiir  ('nun  Iht  prry,  kikI  N'lilrij  trl- 
iirnnlmiillv  out  oC  llir  liiirlioiir  aiiiid  llii!  Iii;lit 
of  llii'  loiidai^niliiin.  Not  llic  slii;liti",l  lo^s 
iMciirri'il  on  tin-  kicIi-  of  tin?  AiiiiTiniii'i  to 
cliaili!  till-  Hpli'iiiloiir  III'  (III- i!iiti'r|)nnc. 

In  .liilv,  |MI)I,  ( !i>iiiiiiiiili>n!  I'rrlili' liriiii^lit 
to'^i'tlii'r  all  liis  foicrs  lii'liiri!  'I"rr|iiili,  ili'li-r- 
niini''l  to  try  ill''  clli'i't  of  a  lionilianiini'iit. 
Till'  I'liiMiiv  lla^  ini;  ii'ii'  snini- nl  lin  (;iiiilioali 
mill  ualli'vi  «  illioiil  iIh'  htI  at  ilio  nioiilli  of 
tlir  liarlhinr,  two  divi-iiiiiK  of  Aini'rlraii  •;iim 
liiials  wrri-  tiirninl  lor  llir  |iiir|»iHi'  ot  attarkiii<{ 
llii'iii,  wliili!  till'  larni'  vi'ssi'is  iisiaili'il  tlii?  hat- 
!i'ni'4  and  town.  On  tin-  lid.  ol'  August  lliis 
plmi  was  lint  in  I'liTiilion.  Tin'  Mi|iia>lron 
a|i{M'iiarlii'(l  williin  ^';iiiisliot  of  llii-  liiwii,  and 
o|ii'iii;d  a  tri'iiirndoMi  liri'  o("  shot  and  slii'lli, 
wliirli  was  ns  |iroiii|illy  iriuri'-d  liy  ilio  Tri- 
|)o|ilaii  lialti'rics  and  slii|i|iiii;,'.  At  iho  saini- 
lirni-  till'  two  divisions  of  i;iinlioals,  tlin  lirst 
uiidiT  till'  roinnianil  of  ('aplaiii  Soiin-rs,  lln- 
si'i'oiid  iliidi'r  ('a|ilaiii  Sti'|iln'n  Diralnr,  who 
had  lii'i'ii  |ironmti'il  as  a  ri'waiil  lor  his  hilr 
acliii'vcniriit,  advaiii'i  d  atriiinsi  tliosi-  of  llir 
iMIi'iiiv.  Till!  si|iiadion  was  iiliont  two  hours 
niidi'r  till!  iMirniy's  lialti'rii's,  ■^'i-iii'rilly  within 
|i\stol-shnl,  raiii,'iiii,' )iy  tlii'in  in  di'hl)i!riti!  siir 
rrssioii,  altiTliaU'lv  sllonriin/  llii'lr  lirrs,  and 
laniii:liiii;^  its  ihiiiidiTS  into  tin!  vi-ry  |iiilai:i'  of 
till-  liasliaw;  whllo  a  r.vtrt'.  aiiiniali'd  liat 
was  rani;lii^  in  anolliiT  ijiiarti-r.  Siniiillaiir- 
iiislv  with  till'  lioniliai'ilinrnl  tin!  Anicncan 
^'iliiliiiats  had  ihisi-d  in  di'S|ii'ral<'  I'onllirt  with 
till!  i.'iii'inv.  ('a|itain  Di'catur,  la'ari'ii;  down 
upon  mil'  of  snpi'rior  forii',  soon  rarriril  lirr 
liy  Ixiardini;,  wlii'ii,  lakni;;  his  prizi'  in  tow, 
III!  iirappli'd  willi  aiiolhiT,  and  in  liki'  inaniii'r 
fraiisfi'rri'd  tin-  litihl  lo  lln-  •'iii'iny's  di'i'k.  In 
ihi"  liiTi'i'  riiroiinliT  whii  li  liillowi-d  this  si-- 
roiid  allark,  ('aplaiii  Di'ritiir,  haviin.;  Iirokiii 
his  sword,  riosi'd  wilh  llii!  'I'lirkisli  coiii- 
niaiidiT,  and  liolh  fillinj;  in  llio  strniri.'li',  (Javi- 
him  II  inorlal  wonnil  with  a  pislol-shoi,  just  as 
till'  Turk  was  raisini;  liis  dirk  lo  pliiiitri'  il  into 
his  liri'ust.  Liriilrnaiit  Trippc,  of  ('iiplani 
Diratiir's  sipiadron,  had  lioardeil  a  tliird  liir^ri' 
^ii'ihoal,  with  oniv  oni'  iiiidsliipTiiaii  and  iiini' 
nil!!!,  whrii  his  lioat  fill  off,  and  ii'fl  him  In 
waj^rtlii'  iint'ipial  liu'lil  of  I'li'vcn  aijainst  tliirly- 
aix,  wliirli  was  tin-  iiiiiiiIht  of  llir  oiii'MV. 
Coiirau;!!  and  rrsolnii.m,  liowi-vi-r,  ronvci'li'd 
this  di!Voti><!  littli-  liand  into  a  forniidalili'  host, 
which,  iifuT  a  s.mijiiinary  ronii'st,  olilii.'i'd  ihi' 
numerous  I'm'  to  yii'ld,  wilh  tin-  loss  of  foiir- 
tuun  killed  and   gevon  wuiindcJ.     Liuutcnaiit 


Trippi!  ri'oiMvi'd  rlovm  xalirii  woiindii,  uiid  had  i  fill  country,  and  wliosi!  rondiirl  oii<>lit  to  bo 
ihri'i!  of  his  party  woiiinii'd,  1ml  iioni!  kilh'd.' fljiirdi'd  a»  an  I'Xainpli!  to  fiilun:  (.'rm-ni- 
,Si:vi'ral  lio'iiliai'dini!iils  and  attacks  Hii(rr,!di'il|  tioiis. 

VVliili;  ihi!  Kipiiidron  rnnainid  lirfori'  Tri- 
poli iiiliiT  d«rds  of  ln'roisni  \vi;ri'  prrforini'il. 
William  ICalon,  who  had  lirrn  a  raplain  in 
till!  Amrriran  arniv,  was,  itt  tlii!  roiimn'tiri!- 
nii'iit  of  this  war,  roiisul  al  Tunis,  (li-  lliiTO 
liminii!  Hripminli'd  willi  Hamct  Caiiimaiily, 
whom  II  yoiiiii»iir  hrofhrr  had  rxi  liidi'd  frotii 
till!  tlirono  of  Tripoli.  With  him  ho  coii- 
corted  an  <!xpi'iiition  a(»aiiist  llio  n.'i!»iiin(^ 
Hoveri!i(fn,  nnd  rcpaiml  lo  iho  t'nili'd  .Sliilns 
to  ohtnin  iM-nnission   and  the  iiii!an»  to  uiidiT- 


I'lirli  otiior  at  iiitirvaU  lliinii^dioiii  tin'  iiioinh. 
Day  afirr  day  dratli  and  di'vaslalimi  wiTi! 
poiirrii  into  Tripoli  with  iinsparint;  p(!rsi!vi'- 
raiii'i!,  rarli  allark  rxhiliillii^  iiistanri's  of  va- 
lour am!  dovotodiii'ss  whirh  will  ),nvi!  Iiislri! 
lo  history.  Tin:  fyv»  of  Kiiropo  won)  drawn 
lo  tlio  sjiot  wlioro  a  yoiiiifj  nation,  scarooly 
i'iiii!r;.;i:il  into  iiotic.r,  was  Hi(;niilly  r,liiistiHin(( 
llii!  (Ii'spolir.  tind  lawloss  inlidol,  to  whom 
sonii!  of  hnr  most  powerful  f^oviirninoiitii  wlto 
llii'ii  payinp^  triliiili!. 

On  ihi!  4lli  of  .SoiitninhiT,  Cornmoiiori!  I'rn» 


"I" 
lili',  in   ordi'r   to   try  now  rxpi'riinoiits  of 


noynnri',   ilitlormini'd    lo  siinl  a  firi'sh 

till'  rni'iny's    harlmnr.      Tim  Inlrrpid  was  lit- 


lip    into 


li'd  out  for  this  si'rvln 


lillr 


■ill! 


dor,  shi'lls,  and  otlii'r  I'omlnistililo  matrr'als. 
<  'aplaili  SomiTs,  who  had  ofton  lirrn  tlio  rmii- 
liiiis  rival  of  Di'caiiir  in  lli«  cari'or  of  L'lory, 
was  appoinli'd  to  riindnr.t  lirr  in,  haviiic;  for 
his  associalos  in  tin'  lia/.aidoiis  I'litorprisi' 
[iii'iili'iianls  Wiidswiirlh  and  Israol,  idl  voliiii- 


Thi 


lr(.'ii!i 


Vixiii,    and     Nautilus, 


wrri!    to   ronvov   I 


hi'    liitr 


till 


mill  of  ihf  harliMiir.      ('aplain  Somi-rs   am 


rit    Wa 


irtl 


I   madi'   rlioici'  of  l\ 


if  till'  rti'i'Irsf  lioals  in  lln* 


ith 


-ki-d 


ipi 


siiiiailroii,  manni'il 


rri'ws,   to   hrin!;  llii'iii    out 


At 


.1" 
taki!    il.       I'i!i  mission    was    t'ranl 

if  till 


till 


oiirratnin  ol   thi!  siniailron  riromini'iuji!) 


"I 
irciiniary  assislaiiro  lis  roii 


I,  and 


<l  1>. 


was  allorili!! 


■A.     -J 


o   raisi!    an    army  in  h:;ypt, 


id  h-ail  it  to  allark  llii!  iisurpi-r  in  his  do- 
iiiioiis,  was  till'  projiTt  whirh  had  linn  ron- 
:i'rli!d.      In  tho  lioi^iniiiu),' of  IHO.j,  Kalon  inut 


III 


j»i!ni'ral  o 


amiria,    and    was    appoinri'il 
f  his  forros.      On  tin-  (jlli   of  Manli, 


mot    at    Ali'X'i 


al  llii!  hind  of  a  ri'spi'iitahli!  liody  of  nioiinti  d 
Aralis,  and    aliout  sovonty  (Jhrislians,  ho    sot 


out  lor 


Ti 


ili. 


Ifi 


Itl!     I 


:iv  arross  a  ir 


mill  s   in  I'xii'iit.      On    his 


rdl,  I, 


11!  I'lironnlori 


d 


fall 


U'lii',  ani 


I  snf- 


•rint,',    till!    di'snription  of  whirh    would    ri- 


llhlo    ll 


II'   I'xairi'oratioiis   ot    romanci 


On 


thi!  !i;^ili  of   April,  havmi'   h'    n    fiftv  ila 


l:.'lit  o'rioi'k  in  llii!  I'vciiiiii;  shi' stood  into  ihi-  iho  inaTli,  ho  arrivi 


1,1'fn 


.).' 


Ti 


larlicnir    wiUi    a    m 


idorati!  Iiri!i'/i'. 


.Si'Vi'nil    lilan  ii 


'y 


ihi'  .Moditorrai.rai 


id  i: 


n,  anil  tomnl  in 


shot  won'  firi'd  at  lior  from  llii:  liallorii's.   Slio.lhi'  li.irlioiir  a  pail  of  llii!  /liiii'rnan  sipiadron 


had 


III  arly    (iaini'il    hor    placo    ol   iloslina 


alioii  (losliiiHil  III 


St  hi 


III!  Ii'iirnt    aUo    lliut 


Wlll'tl     sill!      I 


'Xllll 


without    liiiviii)^    mai 


li'lln 


iisiirpor,  haviiii^  ri'rcivi'il  iiotici!  o 


iif  his  ; 


ip. 


any    of  llio    sii.'iials    proviously    conrortrd    to   proarli,  had    raisi'd  a  considiTfild'!  nrniy,  and 


show   that  till!    I'row    was    safo.      Niylil  liilii!.' 


rr  till'    dri'adfiil    ralaslropi 


<d    h'ft    ll 


wlioli'    Kiiiiadron   a   prov  In   tin'    iiio<l 


anxii'tv. 


r 


infii 


ir  l**invov 


loiir  iiiilil  siiiinsi',    wlll'tl  no  ri'inaina  coiili 


hoviTi'd  alioiil  ihi!  Iiar- 
d  hi' 


disrovnid  I'ithi'r  of  tin!  Inlrrpid  or  hor  hoals. 
Doiilil  was  luriiod  into  rirtainlv,  that  hIio  had 

if  till'  I'lii'tny's 
inissini;,  and 


pri'inaliiri'lv  lilowii  up,  as  onu 

'/iiiihoals    was    olisorvod    to    hi 

si'vi'ri.l  othors   iniirli  shattrri'd   and   dann^'i'd. 

('ommodori!  I'rolilo,  in  his  arroiiiil,  says,  thai 


In'  was   li'd  to  lii'liovo  "  that  tin 


was  ilnin  within  a  day's  march  of  this  city. 
No  timi!  was  llii'ii'fori!  to  ho  lost.  Tlit!  rinxl 
mornlnijf  he  siiiiimoin'd  the  irovirnor  to  nur- 
ri'iidiT,  who  ri'furni'd  lor  answer,  "  .Mv  hiad 
or  yours."  The  rit!,'  was  assaulted,  and  alter 
a  rontesl  f»f  two  hours  and  a  half,  pos-^ession 
was  trained.    The  ('hrislians  sufrered  seM-reK  , 


iiriled.   (iieat 


anil  the  trein'ral  was  uliuhlly  won 
exertions    were   immedialely  made   lo    forlifv 
the  city.      On  ihe  Slli  of  .May  it  was  atlai  kid 

•  11  times 


l.V  the  Ti 


ripolilan  army. 


.\lthi 


.'h  t 


mats  were' more    numerous   ihaii    Kat 


on  s    liain 


I,   Ihi 


etar 


firesh 


lied  from  the  enemy's  lloliUa  lo  interrept  I  sailants,   after  per-iNtiiii;  four   hours  in  the  at- 

teiniit,  were  roinpillid  lo  retire.      t)ntlieIOth 


liatlle    till'  kelrh,  and  w  itlioiil  susperlin;.'  her  lo 


p.    the 


inissin;;     hoals     had     siiddeiiK  1  of  .li 


anotin 


lioardi'd    her,    when    the    t;allant  .Soiiiers  ami 


mile  wun  foui.'lit.  In  which 


Ihe    heroes   ol    his    party  oliserviiit;  the  oilier 


ihri'e    hoals   sum 


spur 


I  of 


iiinliiii;    tlietn,    ami  no  pro- 


esrape,  (leterinined  at  onie  to  priler 


ileath,  am 


i   ihi!   deslr 


rnelion  ol    the  enei'iv,   to 


llie  enemy  were  defialed.  'Ihe  next  day  tin 
.Ameriiaii  frit;ale  ("oii-liMlion  arrived  in  tha 
harlioiir,  which  so  lernheii  the  Tripolitani 
that  they  lied  priclpiialily  lo  the  doMTt.  The 
frii.'ati'  came,  however,  to  arrest  tin:  opera- 
tin        


captivity  and   torliinni;    slavery,    put  a  iiialch  tions  of  Kalon  in  the  midst  of  los  liriliiani  and 
111  the  train    leadiiiL'   diieillv  lo  the  iniiL'azine,,  siircessfiil  cari'er.      Alarmed  al    his   pro;.'res«. 


whii'li  al  once  hlew  the  whole  into  the  air,  al 


terininiiteil    llieir    existence 


lie    ailils, 


d|lln 
I" 


that  his   "con)ecliirrs  resperliiiL' this  all'air  are  |  th 


foiindi 


whuhC 


reiiTiiiiii.'    hasliiw    had    ofl'ered    lerm«    of 

re,    which,  lit-in;.'    mm  h    more   liivoiiralilo 

had  liefore    lieeii  olli'red,  were  arrepleil 


aplain  ."soniers 


iind    l.ieiilenaiits  Wadsworlh    and    Israel 


neither  t  1 


lake 


V    Ihi!   eiiiinv, 


ir  siilli-r  him  to  ;;et  po^srssmn  of  the  powder 


liv  .Mr.  Lear,  ''         iihori/.ed  ai;enl  of  the  i;u- 

liirs  were  j^iveii 


as  rarsiim 


for  till 


An 


lericar;  pri- 


soners, and  an  enL'H^ement  was  made  In  wilh- 


•d     the     Iiilrepi 


.Soon   after  these  ulraw  all    siliiport  Irom 


Hi 


Till 


events,  ( 'ominoihiri' I'relile  i;ave  up  the  com- .  proud    of  ihe    exploit*    of    Kalon,    re;.'retled 
iiiaiid    111    llie    .Mediterranean    to  ("onimodori    this  diplomatic  interfereme,  hut  the  treatv  was 

iid 


rron,   and    reliirned    lo    the  f'niled   .Slates,   siilisi'ouentlv    ratified     liV    the    r'resi.le 


III 
Hi 

know  ll' 


s  einini'iit  services  wi're  ef,thiisiaslicallv  ac-   senate 


IV  his    ndininii^'    lellow-citizi  lis, 


Diirinir  the  year  1'>04  the  Delaware  Indian* 


if  ill 


lose   ol   his   associates   IM   nrms, 


relino 


■d  to  the  I 'lilted  .Slates  their  title  to 


w  liosi'  names, 


tin 


expressive    iaiiiriiiii;e  a 


I  extensive  tract  e  isl  of  llie  .Mlssissi 


ppi 


1h?. 


I   ('onuress   on  the    orcasion,   "  oiiLdit  lo  live  tween  the  Wahasli  and  Ohio,  for  which   tliev 


the    rt'collei  tiiiii    and  ailectii 


,.f 


LTUtt.' 


were  to  receive   aiiiiu.tiej  in  iitiirT.ils 


unJ 


Boe 


HISTORY  OF   Tiiro 


plemciits  I'or  ngnculuiro,  and  in  othiT  ncci's- 
Siirit's.  Tins  wiis  nn  important  aniniHiilon, 
liiU  oiilj  I'or  itJ  ("XHMit  ami  I'rrlility ,  Imt  iifcaiisc'. 
by  itacomnianillnfj  till' Oliic)  tor  tlirnt!  huiidri'il 
mill's,  iiMil  nuiirly  Imlf  tliut  disfanco  tlio  \Vn- 
l)iisli,  till?  product!  of  the  siUtliid  country  could 
lit'  safely  convoyed  down  those  rivers,  and, 
with  the  cession  recently  made  hy  the  Kas- 
kaskias,  it  nearly  consolidated  the  possessions 
of  the  United  States  north  of  the  Ohio,  from 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Mississippi. 

Early  in  the  following  year  Mr.  Jefferson 
was  re-elected  to  fill  the  president's  chair, 
liy  the  decided  majority  of  sixty-two  votes 
against  sixteen, a  circumstance  which  he  view- 
ed as  an  indication  of  a  great  decay  in  llie 
strenffth  of  the  federal  party.  George  Clinton 
was  also  elected  vice-president. 

The  American  government  at  this  ])eriod 
besran  to  be  seriously  affected  by  the  contest 
which  was  raging  in  Europe.  Under  the 
guidance  of  the  splendid  talents  of  Napoleon 
the  military  prosvess  of  France  had  brought 
most  of  the  Europern  nations  to  her  feet. 
England,  however,  still  retained  almost  un- 
disputed command  of  the  ocean,  expelling 
every  hostile  navy  from  the  seas.  America 
profiled  from  the  destruction  of  the  ships  and 
commerce  of  other  nations;  being  neutral, 
her  vessels  carried  from  port  to  port  the  pro- 
ductions of  Fraiii  ;■  f.iid  the  dependant  king- 
doms; and  also  to  the  ports  of  those  kingdo'  ;  • 
the  manufactures  of  England:  indeed,  l<  .. 
.■ships  were  found  on  the  ocean  except  those 
of  the  Ignited  States  and  Great  Hrilain. 
These  advantages  were,  however,  too  great 
to  be  long  enjoyed  unmolested.  American 
ships  carrying  to  Europe  the  produce  of 
French  colonies  wen;,  ir,  the  early  stage  of 
the  war,  capture;l  by  British  cruisers,  and 
condemned  by  tlieir  courts  as  lawful  prizes  ; 
niid  now  several  European  port.?  uiuler  the 
control  of  France  were,  by  British  orders  in 
council, ilated  it!  May  ISOli, declared  in  a  state 
of  blockade, allhouijh  n<'<  invested  withaHrit- 
Ish  fleet ;  and  .Vnierican  vessels  attempting 
to  enter  those  ports  were  also  captured  ami 
condemned.  France  and  her  allies  suffered, 
us  well  as  the  I'liited  States,  frtmi  these  pro- 
ceedings; but  her  vengeance  fell  not  so  much 
upon  the  belligerent  as  upon  the  neutra'  party. 
By  a  decree,  issued  In  nerlin  in  November, 
180G,  the  French  emperor  declared  the  Brit- 
ish islands  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  of 
course  authorized  the  capture  of  all  neutral 
vessels  attempting  to  trade  with  those  islands. 
From  these  measures  of  both  nations  the 
commerce  of  the  United  .States  severely  suf- 
fered, and  their  merchants  loudly  demanded 
of  till!  government   l•l'dre.^s  an<l  protection. 

This  was  not  the  only  grievanci-  to  which 
the  contest  between  the  European  powers 
gave  rise.  Great  IJrilain  claimed  a  right  to 
search  for  ami  seize  English  sailors,  even  lui 
board  neutral  vessels  while  traversinij  the 
ocean.  In  the  exercise  of  this  pretended 
right,  citizens  of  the  United  Stales  were 
seized,  <tragged  from  iheir  friends,  Iranspurted 
to  distant  parts  of  the  world,  compelled  to 
piM-form  the  iluty  of  Urilish  sailors,  and  to 
fight  with  nations  at  piMce  with  their  own. 
Against  this  outrage  upon  personal  liberty  and  j 
till!  rights  of  American  citizens,  Washington,  i 
Adams,  and  .lefferson  had  remonstrated  inj 
vuln.  The  abuse  conlinueil,  and  every  year 
a<lJud    tu  its  uggruvaliuu.     In  June,   1807,  a  I 


circumstance  occurred  which  highly  and  just- 
ly incensed  the  Americans.  The  frig.ite 
Chesapeake,  being  (udered  on  a  cruise  in  the 
.Mediterranean  sea,  under  th(!  cjuumaiid  of 
Coinmodoro  Barron,  sailiig  from  Hampton 
Roads,  was  cimu!  up  with  by  the  British  ship 
of  war  F/Copard,  one  of  a  squadron  then  at 
anchor  within  the  limits  , if  the  Uniied  Stales. 
An  officer  wuj  sent  fWm  the  Li-opard  to  the 
Chesapeake,  with  a  note  from  the  captain 
respecting  some  deserters  from  some  of  his 
Britannic  majesty's  ships,  supposed  to  be 
s<'rving  as  part  of  the  crew  of  the  Chesapeake, 
and  ei;closing  a  copy  of  an  order  from  Vice- 
Admiral  Berkeley,  requiring  and  directing 
the  commanders  of  ships  and  vessels  under 
his  command,  in  case  of  meeting  with  the 
American  frigate  at  sea,  and  without  the 
limits  of  the  ITniled  State's,  to  show  the  order 
to  her  captain,  and  to  require  to  .search  his 
stiip  for  the  deserters  from  certain  ships 
therein  named,  and  to  proceed  and  search  for 
them ;  and  if  a  si'uikir  demand  should  be  made 
by  the  American,  he  was  permitted  to  search 
for  {leserlers  from  their  si-rvice,  B"cordlng  to 
the  customs  and  usHge  of  civilized  nations  on 
terms  of  aniitv  w'h  eai'li  other.  Commodore 
Barron  gave  ap  ■  swer,  purporting  llint  he 
knew  of  no  such  .  lUi  as  were  di'scribed  ;  thai 
the  recruiting  officers  for  the  Chesapeake  hail 
been  particularly  instructed  by  the  govern- 
nienf,  through  him,  not  to  enter  any  de.serters 
from  his  [{ntannic  maji'sty's  ships ;  that  he 
knew  of  non<!SUch  being  in  her;  that  he  was 
instructed  never  to  permit  the  crew  of  any 
ship  under  bis  cmiiniaiid  to  be  mustered  bv 
any  oincers  but  her  own;  that  he  was  dis- 
posed to  preserve  harmmiy,  and  hopi'd  his 
answer  would  prove  satlsfiictory.      The   Leo- 

()ard,  shortly  after  this  answer  was  received 
)V  her  commander,  ranged  along  sidi"  of  the 
Chesapeake,  ami  commenced  a  heavy  fre 
upon  lier.  The  Chesapeake,  unpre|)ared  f"or 
action,  made?  no  resistance,  but  having  suffered 
much  damage,  and  lost  three  men  killed,  and 
eighteen  wounded,  Cirnmodore  Barron  or- 
dereil  liis  colours  to  be  struck,  and  sent  a 
lieutenant  on  board  the  Leopard,  to  inform 
her  commander  that  he  conaidereil  the  Chesa- 
peake her  prize.  The  ciunmander  of  the 
Li'opard  sent  an  officer  on  board,  who  look 
possessiim  of  the  Chesapeake,  mustered  her 
irew,  and,  carrying  off  fiiur  of  her  men,  aban- 
doned the  ship.  Commodore  Barron,  find- 
ing that  the  ('heaapeake  was  very  much  in- 
jured, returned,  with  the  advice  of  his  offi- 
cers, to  Hampt(ui  Roads.  On  receiving  infor- 
mation of  this  outrage,  the  president,  by  pro- 
clamation, inlerdi<'ted  the  harbours  and  wa- 
ters of  the  United  States  to  all  armed  British 
vi'ssels,  forliade  intercourse  with  them,  and 
ordered  a  sufficient  force  fiir  the  protection  of 
Norliifk,  and  such  otlu-r  preparations  as  the 
occasion  appeared  to  reipiiri'.  An  arineil  ves- 
sel of  the  Ignited  States  was  despatched  with 
instructions  to  the  .Xmenian  miiii.-ler  at  Lon- 
don to  call  on  the  British  government  fiir  the 
satisliiction  anil  security  which  this  outrage 
required. 

Bonaparte  having  declared  his  purpose  of 
enf'Hcii)^  with  ri<.'our  the  'ierlin  decree  ;  ihe 
British  governnient  havinj;  solemnly  asserted 
the  ris;hf  of  search  anil  impresiment,  and  hav- 
ing intimated  their  Intention  to  adopt  mea- 
sures in  retaliation  of  the  French  decri-e,  the 
President  recommended  to  Congiess  that  the 


seamen,  ships,  and  merchandise  of  the  United 
."States  should  be  detained  in  port  to  preserve 
them  f'roiii  the  dangers  which  threatened  them 
on  the  ocean;  and  a  law  laying  an  indefinite 
embargo  was  in  consecpience  enacted.  A  few 
days  only  had  elap.sed  when  infiirmation  was 
received  that  (ireat  Britain  had  prohibited 
neutrals,  except  upon  most  injurious  condi- 
tions, from  trailing  with  France  or  her  allies, 
comprising  nearly  evi'ry  marilinu!  nation  of 
Europe.  This  was  fiillowed  in  a  few  weeks 
by  a  decree  issued  by  Bonaparte,  at  Milan, 
declaring  that  every  neutral  vessel  which 
should  submit  to  1h>  visited  by  n  liritish  ship, 
or  comply  with  the  terms  demanded,  should 
be  confiscated,  if  afterwards  fiuind  in  his  ports, 
or  taken  by  his  cruisers.  Thus,  at  the  date 
of  the  embargo,  were  orders  and  decrees  in 
existence  rendi^ring  liable  to  capture  almost 
every  American  vessel  suilliig  on  the  ocean. 
In  tlie  New  England  states,  the  embargo, 
withholding  the  merchant  from  a  career  in 
which  he  had  been  highly  prosperous,  and  in 
which  he  imagined  that  he  might  still  be  fa- 
voured by  fiirtune,  occasioned  discontent  and 
clamour.  The  federalists,  more  numerous 
there  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  union,  pro- 
nounced it  a  nieasuri!  unwise  and  nppressive. 
These  representations,  and  the  distress  which 
the  jieople  endured,  induced  a  zealous  oppo- 
sition to  the  measures  of  the  governnient. 

The  president,  in  his  message  on  the  oi.-en- 
ing  of  the  tenth  Ciuigress,  stated  the  continu- 
ed disregard  shown  by  the  belligerent  na- 
llons  to  the  neutral  rights,  so  destructive  to 
till"  American  commerce  ;  and  referred  it  to 
the  wisdom  of  Congress  to  decide  on  the 
cour.se  best  adapted  to  such  a  state  of  thi  .  ■. 
"  With  the  Barbary  powi'r;-.,"  he  said,  we 
,;.i."'inue  in  harmony,  with  the  exception  of  iin 
unju^.-fiable  proceeding  of  the  I)ey  of  Algiers 
towards  our  consul  to  that  regiuicy,"  the  cha- 
racter and  circumstances  of  which  he  laid  be- 
fori!  ('ongress.  "  With  our  Indian  neighbours 
the  jmbllc  |>eace  lias  been  steadily  maintain- 
ed. From  a  conviction  that  we  consider  them 
as  a  part  of  ourselves,  and  cherish  with  sin- 
cerity iheir  rights  and  interi'sts,  the  attach- 
meiit  of  the  Indian  tribes  is  gaining  strength 
dally,  is  extending  IViim  the  nearer  to  the 
more  remote,  and  will  amply  reipiite  us  fiir 
the  justice  and  friendship  practised  towards 
them.  Husbandry  and  household  manuliic- 
ture  are  advancing  amiuig  them,  more  rapldlv 
with  the  southern  than  the  northern  tribes, 
from  circumstances  of  soil  and  climate;  and 
one  of  the  two  great  divisions  of  the  Chero- 
kee nation,  has  now  under  consideration  to  so- 
licit the  fiiendship  of  the  United  .Stales,  and 
to  be  identified  with  us,  in  laws  and  govern- 
inenl  in  such  progressive  manner  as  we  shall 
think  best." 

Mr.  .lefli'r.son,  fiillowlng  and  confirming  the 
example  of  Washington,  deter  ined  not  to 
continue  in  office  fiir  a  longer  t  -rni  ihan  eight 
years.  "Never  did  a  prisoner,"  says  the  pre- 
sident of  the  Ameri(an  repulillc,  "  rehased 
from  his  chains,  feel  such  relief  as  I  shall  on 
shaking  off'  the  shackles  of  power.  Naturi! 
intemleil  me  fiir  the  tranquil  pursuits  of  sci- 
ence, by  reiiilering  them  my  supreme  delight. 
But  the  enorniities  of  the  limes  in  which  I 
have  lived  have  forced  me  to  take  a  part  in 
resisting  them,  and  to  commit  my.self  on  the 
boisterous  ocean  of  political  passions.  I  thank 
God  for  the  opjiortunily  of  retiring  from  them 


Ti 


UNITED    STATKR. 


607 


without  censure,  nnJ  carrying  with  mo  thi'  amJ  iirkii<iwlc(l';i'(l  law.  Hnw  !iin^  tlicr  or-  lii-roriK!  ni<;  hen?  to  spriik  ;  I  iiiny,  however, 
most  consoling  proofs  of  piibhc  approbiition.  l)ilriirj' <'(lirta  will  In;  rotitiiiui'il  in  spitool' tin?  he  pnnlcinril  for  not  siippressiiiij.'  tlie  syirpa- 
1  Icavo  every  thing  in  the  liaixls  of  nirti  so  (Iciiionstratlons,  lli:it  not  oven  ii  prclt'Nt  Im'  thy,  with  which  my  hi'iirt  is  I'lill.  in  the  rich 
nhle  to  tttke  euro  of  them,  that  if  wu  nro  (h'S-  them  has  ticcti  fjivon  hy  iho  Uniti'i!  States,  reward  he  I'lijoys  in  the  honrdictioiis  oi  n  li"- 
tinc<l  to  meet  misfortunes  it  will  Ijo  becausu  and  of  iho  fair  and  liberal  attempts  to  induce  loved  country,  griitefnlly  botowed  lor  ex- 
no  human  wisdom  could  avert  them."  a  revocation  of  them,  rannot  be   antlrijiated.  alted    talents,    zealously   devoted,   throuilh   a 

\s3uring  myself,  that  unilor  every  vicissitude, '  limg  career,  to  the  advancement  of  its  hiirhest 
tlio  doternuned  spirit  and  uijited  councils  of  interest  and  happiness.  Hut  the  sf)uri'c  to 
the  nation  will  he  safe-guards  to  its  honour,  \vhich  1  look  for  the  aids,  which  alone  cun 
and  its  essential  interests,  1  repair  to  the  post  supply  my  deficiencies,  is  in  the  well  tried  in- 


CHAPTER      XXI. 

AUMINISTR.\TION    OF    MH.    MADISON. 

Mr.  Jeffersov  was  succeeded  in  the  pre- 
sidency by  Mr.  Madison.  He  stated  in  his 
inaugural  address,  that,  "  Unwilling  to  depart 
from  examples  of  the  most  revered  authority, 
I  avail  myself  of  the  occasion,  now  ]irese!ited, 
to  express  the  jirofound  impression  made  on 
me  by  the  call  of  my  ccmntry  to  the  station, 
to  the  duties  of  '.vhicli  I  am  about  to  jiledge 
mvself,  by  the  most  soIimuu  of  sanctions.  >So 
distinguished  a  markof  conlidencc,  procei-ding 
from  the  deliberate  and  trampiil  siilfrage  of  a 
fre(-  and  virtuous  nation,  would,  uiuler  any 
circumstances,  have  conunaniled  mv  gratitude 
and  devotion,  as  well  as  tilled  tiie  with  an 
awful  sense  of  the  trust  to  be  assumed.  I'n- 
der  the  various  circumstances  which  give  pe- 
cidiar  solemnity  to  the  existing  ])eriod,  I  feel, 
that  both  tlie  lionour  and  the  responsibility, 
Bllotte<l  to  me,  are  inexp'-essilily  enhanci'd. 

"  The  present  situation  of  the  world  is  in- 
deed without  a  parallel ;  and  that  of  (uir  coun- 
try full  of  dilKculties.  The  pressure  of  thesi- 
I  JO  is  the  more  severely  felt,  because  they 
have  fallen  upon  us  at  a  moment,  when  na- 
tional prosperity  being  at  a  height  not  before 
attained,  the  contrast  ri'sulting  I'rom  this 
change  has  been  rendered  the  more  striking. 
(Iiider  the  benign  irilluence  of  our  repulilican 
institutions,  and  the  inainteuiince  of  peace  with 
all  nations,  whilst  so  many  of  them  were  en- 
gajjed  in  bloody  aiui  wasteful  wars,  the  fruits 
of  a  Just  |)olicy  were  eTiJoyed  in  an  unrivalled 
growth  of  our  faculties  ami  resources.  I'roofs 
of  this  were  seen  in  the  impro\ements  of 
agrleuiii'.'i; ;  in  the  successful  enterprises  ol 
commi-rce  ;  in  the  progri'ss  of  manufactures 
and  useful  arts;  in  the  increase  of  the  iiuMic 
revenue,  and  the  use  made  of  it  in  reducing 
the  public  debt;  and  in  tlu;  valuable  works 
and  establishments  every  where  multiplying 
over  the  liice  of  ;)ur  laml. 

"  It  is  a  precious  retleclicm,  that  tlie  Iransi- 
ti<m  from  this  ]irosperous  condition  of  our 
country  to  the  scene,  which  has  for  some  time 
been  distressing  us,  is  not  chargeable  on  any 


assigned  me  with  no  other  discouragement 
than  what  springs  from  my  own  inadequacy 
to  its  high  duties.  If  I  do  not  sink  under  the 
weight  of  this  deep  conviction,  it  is  because  I 
lind  some  support  in  a  consciousness  of  the 
purposes,  and  a  confidence  in  the  itrinciples 
which  1  bring  with  me  into  this  arduous  ser- 
vice. 

"  Tocherioii  peace  and  friendly  intercourse 
with  all  nations  having  correspondent  disposi- 
tions ;  to  maintain  sincere  neutrality  towards 
belligerent  nations ;  to  jirefer,  in  all  cases,  ami- 
cable discussions  and  reasonable  accommoda- 
tion of  ilirt'erences,  to  a  decision  of  tliem  bv  an 
appeal  to  arms  ;  to  exclude  fiireign  intrigues 
and  foreign  partialities,  so  degrading  to  all 
coimtries  and  so  baneful  to  free  ones  ;  to  foster 
a  spirit  of  independenr  too  just  to  invade  the 
rights  of  others,  too  |  ouil  to  surretider  our 
own,  too  liberal  to  iiidulge  unworthy  preju- 
dices (Uirselves,  and  too  elevated  not  to  look 
down  upon  them  in  others;  to  hold  the  union 
of  the  states  as  the  basis  of  their  piMce  and 
happiness;  to  support  the  constitution,  which 
is  the  cement  of  the  union,  as  will  in  its  limit- 
atiims  as  in  its  aiuhorities;  to  respect  the 
rights  and  authorities  reserved  to  the  states 
and  to  the  people,  asecpially  incorp<irated  with 
and  esseniial  to  the  success  of  the  genera 
system ;  to  avoid  the  slightest  inti'tfen-nce 
with  the  rights  of  conscience  or  the  functions 
of  religion,  so  wisely  exemjited  from  civil  ju- 
riadiefion  ;  to  preserve,  in  their  full  energy, 
the  other  salutary  provisions  in  behalf  of  pri- 
vate and  personal  rights,  and  of  the  freedom 
of  the  press  ;  to  observe  economy  in  j)ublic 
expenditures  ;  to  liberate  the  jiublic  resources 
by  an  honourable  discharge  of  the  public 
debts  ;  to  keep  within  the  refpiisite  limits  a 
standing  military  force,  always  remembering, 
that  an  arnie<I  and  trained  militia  is  the  firm- 
est bulwark  of  republics,  that  without  stand- 
ing armies  their  lilierty  can  never  b(«  in  <hin- 
ger,  nor,  with  large  ones,  safi^ ;  to  promote, 
by  ou'!iori/.ed  means,  improvements  I'riendly 
to  ag  iciilture,  to  nmiiMfacturcs,  and  to  exter- 
nal I  s  well  as  internal  <'ommerce  ;  to  liivour. 
in  like  manner,  the  ailvancement  of  science 
unwarrantable  views,  nor,  as  1  trust,  on  any  and  the  diil'iisiiui  of  iiiliirmation,  as  the  best 
involuntary  errors  in  the  public  councils.  In'aliment  to  true  liberty;  to  carry  on  the  be- 
dulging  no  passimis  which  trespass  on  the :  nevolenl  plans  which  hav("  been  so  meritori- 
riglits  or  till'  repose  of  other  iiHtions,  it  hasjously  applieil  to  the  conversion  of  our  abori- 
beeii  the  true  glory  of  the  United  States  to;  ijinal  neighbours,  from  the  degrailatioii  and 
cultivate  peace,  bv,  observing  justice,  and  to  wrt  Ichedness  of  savage  life,  to  a  participation 
entitle  themsi'lves  to  the  respect  of  the  na-  ot'  the  iinprovemenls  of  which  the  human 
tions  at  war  by  fiiltilling  their  neutral  obliga-  mind  and  manners  are  susceptible  in  a  rivil- 
tions  with  the  most  scrupulous  impartiality,  ized  state  : — as  fiir  as  sentiments  aid  iiilen- 
If  there  be  candour  in  the  worhl,  the  truth  of  lions  such  as  these  can  aid  the  fiiliiliiiint  of 
thene  assertions  «  ill  not  be  ipiestioned.  I'os-  my  iliity,  they  will  be  a  resource  which  caii- 
lorily  III  least  will  do  justice  to  them.  not  fiil  me. 

"This  unexeeptlonable  course  c.,uld  not  "  It  is  my  good  fortune,  moreover,  to  have 
avail  against  the  iiijiisii(i>  and  violence  of  the  llie  path  in  which  I  am  to  tread,  lii,'lited  by 
belligi>reiit  pi'Wers.  In  their  rage  against  exaiiipli's  of  illustrious  services,  successfully 
each  other,  or  imjielled  by  mon-  direct  mo-  rendered  in  the  most  trying  difliciilties,  by 
tives,  principles  of  retaliation  have  been  intro-  those  whohave  marched  before  mo.  (If  those 
duced,  oipially   contrary  to  universal  remin  of  my  immediate  predecessor,  it  might   least 


telligence  and  virtue  of  my  fellow-citizens 
and  in  the  councils  of  those  repres-ntinj',  them 
in  the  other  departments  associaied  in  thi  care 
of  the  national  interests.  In  these,  my  confi- 
dence will,  under  every  ililRculty,  be  lust 
placed  ;  next  to  that,  we  have  all  been  en- 
couraged to  feel  in  the  guardianship  and 
guidance  of  that  Almighty  Being,  whose 
power  regulates  the  destiny  of  nations,  whose 
lilessings  have  been  so  conspicuously  dis- 
pensed to  this  rising  republic,  and  to  wliiun 
we  are  bound  to  address  our  devout  gratitude 
for  the  past,  ns  well  as  our  fervent  supplica- 
ti<uis  and  best  ho|ies  fiir  the  future." 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  Congress  under  the 
nesv  president  was  to  repeal  the  embargo  ; 
but  at  the  same  timiMo  prohibit  all  iiiterciiursn 
with  I'rance  and  England. 

In  the  non-intercourse  law  a  provision  was 
inserted,  that  if  either  na  ion  should  revnke 
her  hostile  edicts,  and  the  jiresident  should 
aiiniuiiue  that  (iict  by  proclamalion,  then  the 
law  shoiilil  cease  to  be  in  force  in  regard  to 
the  nation  so  revoking.  On  the  L'.'ld  of  Ajiril, 
Mr.  l''rskiiie,  ministi'r  plenipoteiitiarv  from  Ins 
Hritannic  majesty  to  the  United  Stales, 
]iledged  his  court  to  repeal  lis  anti-neutral  de- 
crees by  tin-  10th  of  .Iiiiie  ;  and,  in  conse- 
1 !  (juence  of  an  arrangemeiii  now  made  wilh 
the  Uritish  minister,  the  president  p'oriainied 
that  commercial  intercourse  would  be  re- 
newed on  that  day  ;  but  thlsarraiitremeiit  wan 
disavowed  by  the  ministry;  and,  in  October, 
Mr.  Erskine  wa"  placed  by  Mr.  .la.'kson, 
who  soon  giving  offence  to  the  American  >ro- 
vernment,  all  further  intercourse  with  iiim 
was  refused,  and  he  was  ri'called. 

The  Hambouillet  decree,  alleged  to  be  ili'. 
signed  to  retaliate  the  act  of  Ccuurress,  whii  li 
forbade  Frem  h  vessels  to  enter  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  was  issued  by  Ilonaparle 
on  the  SUil  of  March.  My  this  decree,  all 
.Vinerican  vessels  and  carcoes,  arriviiiij  in  nnv 
of  the  piu-ts  of  I'' ranee,  or  of  countries  occu- 
pied by  I'"rench  troops,  were  ordered  lo  l.i; 
seized  and  <:iuideiiiiieil. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  (!on!jress  passei!  an  act, 
excluiling  Mrilish  and  I'lench  armed  vessels 
I'rom  the  waters  of  the  United  Slates;  bin 
providing,  that  if  either  of  the  above  nalions 
slioiilil  niodily  its  i  diets  before  the  lid  of 
March,  1^1  1,  so  that  they  slioiiM  cease  to  vio- 
late neutral  comineice,  of  which  fict  the  pie- 
sidi'iit  wastog;ve  notice  by  proclamation,  and 


the  other  nation  should  not,  within  thri'e 
months  after,  pursue  a  similar  course,  com- 
mercial intercourse  wilh  the  f^rst  might  bo 
renewed,  but  not  with  the  other. 

Ill  .VugMst  the  I'^rench  goveinment  assured 
Mr.  Arinstrong,  the  American  envov  at  Paris, 
tliiit  the  Herliii  and  Milan  decrees  were  re- 
voki'd,  the  revocation  to  take  efl'eet  on  the 
first  day  of  November  ensuing.  Confiiline-iu 
this  assurance,  tlie  president,  on  the  second 
day  of  November,  issued  h  s  prorlaiiialion, 
declaring    that    unrestrained   ooimiierco  wilh 


SOS 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


Franro  wns  bIIdwoiI,  Imt  that  all   intercourso 
with  Great  Uritain  was  |ir<>liil)it('tl, 

(irt-at  IJritaiii  liuviiis;  pri'vioiisly  exprcssc'l 
a  williiijiiif'ss  to  rt-pi-al  li<>r  orders,  wlii-iicvfr 
Fraiici!  sliDiild  repeal  her  (h-rreea,  was  now 
calleil  upon  by  the  American  envoy  to  I'lilfil 
that  enirasjeineiit.  The  Hrilish  ministry  ol)- 
jecled,  however,  tliat  the  French  (h'crees 
could  not  he  considered  as  repealed,  a  letter 
from  the  minister  of  state  not  liein^r,  for  that 
purpose,  a  document  of  sulficiont  authority  ; 
ouil  still  persisted  to  enforce  the  orders  in 
council.  For  this  purpose  British  ships  of 
war  were  stationed  heforo  the  principal  har- 
bours of  the  United  States.  All  American 
merchantmen,  departing  or  returniiif^,  wer 
hoarded,  searched,  and  many  of  them  si-nt  to 
Uritisli  ports  as  le^al  prizes.  The  contempt 
in  which  the  British  officers  held  the  Repun- 
lican  navy,  in  one  instance,  led  to  an  action. 
Commodore  Ro<»cr»,  ""  the  President  frifjate, 
met  in  the  cveninn;  a  vessel  on  the  coast  of 
Virginia:  he  hailed:  hut,  instead  of  receiving 
an  answer,  was  hailed  in  turn,  and  a  shot  was 
fired,  which  struck  the  mainmast  of  the  Pre- 
pidiMit.  The  fire  was  instantly  returiu-d  hy 
the  commodore,  and  continued  for  a  few  tni- 
inites,  when,  finding  his  antagcmlst  was  of  in- 
ferior force,  and  that  her  giuis  were  almost 
silenced,  ho  di'sisted.  On  hailing  again,  an 
answer  was  given,  that  the  ship  was  the  Bri- 
tish sloop  of  war.  Little  Belt,  of  eighteen  guns. 
Thirty-two  of  her  men  were  killeil  r.ml 
wounded,  and  the  ship  was  much  disabled. 

For  several  years  the  Indian  tribes,  residinj; 
near  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  had  occu- 
pleil  themselves  in  murilering  an<l  robbin;;  the 
white  settlers  in  their  vicinity.  .\t  length  the 
friuitier  inhabitants,  being  seriously  alarmed 
by  their  hostile  indicatiiuis,  in  the  autumn  of 
1811  (toveriior  Harrison  resolved  to  move  to- 
wards the  Prophet's  town,  on  the  Wabash, 
with  a  body  of  Kentucky  and  Indiana  militia, 
and  the  fourtli  United  States  reiriment,  under 
Colonel  Boyil,  to  demand  satisfaction  of  the 
iMiiians,  aiul  to  |)Ut  a  stop  to  their  threatened 
hostilities.  HIsexpeilition  was  made  early  in 
November.  On  his  approach  within  a  fi-w 
miles  of  the  Prophet's  town,  the  principal 
chii'fs  rame  out  with  offers  of  peace  and  sub- 
mission, and  requested  the  governor  to  en- 
camp for  the  night ;  but  this  was  only  a  trea- 
cherous artifice.  At  four  in  the  morning  the 
camp  was  furiously  assailed,  and  a  bloody 
contest  ensued  ;  tin-  Indians  were  however 
re|)ul.sed.  The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Ameri- 
cans was  sixty-two  kllleil  and  one  hundred 
and  twenty-six  woutided,  and  a  still  gri'ater 
number  on  the  side  of  the  Indians.  Governor 
Harrison,  having  ilestroyed  the  Propfiet's 
town,  and  established  forts,  returned  to  Vin- 
ceimes. 

In  November  reparation  was  made  by  the 
British  for  the  attack  lui  the  fMiesapeake. 
Mr.  ''oster,  the  British  envoy,  informed  the 
pecretarv  of  the  United  States,  that  he  was  in- 
structed to  repeat  to  the  American  govern- 
ment the  prompt  disavowal  made  by  Ills  ma- 
jesty, on  hnni;  apprized  of  the  unauthorized 
net  of  the  olficer  in  coniioand  of  his  naval 
frrces  on  the  ciast  of  America,  whose  recall 
frcmi  a  hi'.;hly  important  and  honourable  com- 
mand immediately  ensued,  as  a  mark  of  his 
niiijestv's  disapprobation ;  that  he  was  au- 
thorized to  offer,  in  addition  to  that  disavowal 
ou  the  part  of  hit  royal  highness,  the  immedi- 


ate restoration,  as  t'ar  as  cireiinistaiirea  would 
admit,  of  the  men  who,  in  c<m»e(]uence  of  Ad- 
miral BiMkeley's  orders,  were  forcibly  taken 
out  of  the  Chesapeake,  to  the  vessels  from 
which  they  were  taken;  or,  if  that  ship  were 
no  longc-r  in  ccunmission,  to  such  a  .seaport  of 
the  United  States  as  the  American  govern- 
ment may  name  for  the  purpose;  and  that  he 
was  also  authorized  to  orter  to  the  American 
government  a  suitable  pecuniary  provisicui  for 
the  snfl^erers,  in  con8ec|uence  of  the  attack  on 
the  Chesapeake,  including  the  families  of  those 
seamen  who  fell  in  the  action,  and  of  thi 
w<umded  survivors.  The  president  accede  I 
to  these  propositions ;  and  the  officer  cimi- 
manding  the  Chesapeake,  then  lyinir  in  the 
harbour  of  Boston,  was  instructed  to  ,-eceive 
the  men  who  were  to  be  restored  to  that  ship. 
The  British  envoy,  however,  could  give  no 
assurancH  that  his  government  was  disposed 
to  make  a  satisfactory  arrangement  of  the  sub- 
ject of  imjiressment,  or  to  repeal  the  onlers  in 
council.  These  orders,  on  the  contrary,  con- 
tinued to  be  enforced  with  rigour  ;  and,  on 
the  restoration  of  a  fri'e  commerce  with 
France,  a  lar>;e  number  of  American  vessels, 
laden  with  rich  cargoes,  and  destined  to  her 
ports,  fell  into  the  power  cd'  British  cruisers, 
which,  since  ISO.'J,  hail  captured  nine  hun- 
dred American  vessels. 

I']arly  in  November,  1811,  Pn-sident  Madi- 
son summoned  the  Conjiress.  His  message 
inilicating  an  apprehension  of  hostilities  with 
(rreat  Britain,  the  c<imrnitteo  of  foreign  rela- 
tion* in  the  house  of  representatives  reported 
resolutions  for  filling  up  the  ranks  of  the  ar- 
my ;  for  raising  an  additional  force  of  ten 
tliousand  men  ;  ftir  authorizing  the  president 
to  accept  the  services  of  fifty  thousand  volun- 
teers, and  for  ordering  out  the  militia  when  he 
should  judge  it  necessary  ;  for  repairing  the 
navy  ;  and  for  authorizing  the  arming  of  mer- 
chantmen in  self-defence.  A  bill  from  the 
senate,  for  raising  twenty-five  thousand  men, 
after  iiuicli  discussion,  was  also  agreed  to  by 
thi^  house. 

The  American  Congress,  although  continu- 
ing the  preparations  for  war,  still  cherished 
the  hope  that  a  change  of  policy  in  Kurope 
would  render  unnecessary  an  appeal  to  arms 
till  May  in  the  following  year.  Towards  the 
close  of  that  season,  the  Hornet  arrived  from 
[iondon,  brinsfiiig  information  that  no  prospect 
existed  of  a  favourable  change.  On  the  1st  of 
.lune,  the  jiresiilent  sent  a  message  to  (Con- 
gress, recounting  tin?  wrongs  received  from 
(Jreat  Britain,  and  submitting  tin?  (pieslion, 
whether  the  United  States  should  continue  to 
enilure  them,  or  resort  to  war  I  The  mi's- 
mge  was  considercil  with  closed  doors.  On 
the  18th,  an  act  was  passed,  ileclaring  war 
against  Great  Brilaiii ;  and  the  next  day  a 
proclamation  was  issiii'd.  Against  this  de- 
claration, however,  the  representatives,  be- 
longing to  the  ti'denil  jiarty,  presented  a  so- 
lemn protest,  which  was  written  with  great 
ability. 

At  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  war,  Ofne- 
ral  Hull  was  also  governor  of  the  Michigan 
territory,  of  which  Detroit  is  the  capital.  On 
the  13lh  of  .Tuly,  with  two  thousand  regulars 
and  volunteers,  he  crossed  the  river  dividiiu; 
the  United  States  from  Canada,  apparently 
intending  to  attack  Mahien,  and  thcii'-e  to 
proceed  to  Montreal.  Information  was,  how- 
ever, received,  that  Mackinaw,  an  Americiu 


post  above  Di'troit,  had  surrendered  to  a  large 
body  of  British  and  Imllans,  who  were  rush- 
ing  down   the   river  In    nninbers   siiflicleni  to 
overwhelm     the    American     t()rces.        Punic- 
struck,  (leneral  Hull  hastened  back  to  Detroit, 
(lenc  nil  Brock,    the    commander  at    Maiden, 
pursued  him,  and   tweeted    liHlterles   oppnslie 
^Detroit.      Thi'  next  day,  meeting  with  no  re- 
'slslance,  (ieiienil  Brock  resolved  to  march  ili- 
jrectly    forsvard    and    assault    the    tiirt.      The 
I  American  troops  awaited  the  approach  ofil,,- 
luiemy,  and  anticipated   victory;   but,  to  their 
t.'isrnay,  General   Hull  opened  a  corri-spond- 
ence,   which    eniied  in  the   surrender  of  the 
army,  and  of  the  territory  of  Michigan.     An 
event  so  disgraceful,  occurring  in  a  iniarter 
where   success    was   confidently    anticipated, 
caused   the  greatest  niortificalion  and  amaze- 
ment thronghiuit  the  I'liion. 

(•eneral  Van  Rensselaer,  of  the  New  York 
militia,  had  the  command  of  the  troops  which 
were  called  the  army  of  the  centre.  His  heail- 
ipiarters  were  at  Lewistoii  on  the  river  Nia- 
gara, and  im  the  opposite  side  was  Queens- 
town,  a  liirtified  British  post.  The  milltlu 
displaying  great  eagerness  to  be  led  ng;iliisl 
the  enemy,  the  general  deterinlne<l  to  cross 
the  river  at  the  head  of  about  one  thmisanci 
men  :  though  successful  at  first,  he  was  coni- 
pelled,  after  a  long  and  obstinate  engagcmi'iil, 
to  surrender.  (ienend  Brock,  the  British 
commander,  fell  in  rallying  his  troops. 

The  a' my  of  the  north,  wliicli  was  und-T 
the  immediate  command  of  (ieneral  Dearborn, 
was  statiinied  at  Greenbiish,  near  Albany,  ami 
at  Plattsbiirgh,  on  Lake  Chaniplaln.  "From 
the  latter  post,  a  detachment  marched  a  short 
distance  into  Canada,  surprised  a  small  l.oilv 
of  British  and  Indians,  .iml  destroved  a  con- 
siderable ipiantity  of  public  r'nres.  Other 
movements  were  anxiously  cxpecteil  by  llie 
p<!ople;  Imt,  after  the  misfiirtiines  of  Detroit 
and  Niagara,  the  general  deemed  it  inexpe- 
dient  to  engage  in  any  important  enterpjise. 

While,  on  land,  defeat  and  disgrace  i\t- 
tende<l  the  arms  of  the  republic,  on  tlie  ocean 
they  gained  victories,  which  compensated  their 
loss,  and  relieved  their  wounded  pride.  Or 
the  lf)th  of  August,  Captain  Hull,  coinmMTid 
ing  tlie  Constitution,  of  forty-fimr  guns,  fell  ii 
with  the  British  frigate,  Le  Giierriere.  ,'>S|i,' 
advanced  towards  tin-  Constitution,  firiiii,' 
broadsides  at  intervals  ;  the  American  ir- 
served  her  fin-  till  she  had  approached  wllliin 
half  pistol  shot,  when  a  tremendous  cannon 
adi'  was  directed  upon  her,  and  In  thirty  mi- 
nutes, eV(>ry  mast  and  nearly  every  sparbeliii.' 
shot  away.  Captain  Dacres  struck  his  flaij.  (.>f 
t'.i!  crew,  fifty  were  killi'il  and  sixty-four 
wounded  ;  wlele  tlie  Constitution  had  oiilv 
seven  killed  and  seven  wounded.  The  (}iiei- 
nere  received  so  much  injurv,  that  it  w:is 
thought  to  be  impossible  to  get  her  into  port, 
ami  she  was  burned.  Captain  Hull,  on  Ins 
return  to  the  United  Slates,  was  welcmiii'il 
with  entliiisiasm  by  his  grateful  and  ndmirii  j 
countrymen.  The  vast  illtl'eience  in  tin  ., lim- 
ber of  killed  and  woiiiidid  ei'rtainly  eviiicr.l 
L'reat  skill,  as  well  as  bravery,  on  the  part  nf 
the  .American  seamen.  But  tins  was  the  firsi 
only  of  a  series  of  naval  victories.  On  iIm> 
ISih  of  October,  Captain  .liuies.  in  the  Wasn, 
of  eighteen  guns,  captured  the  Frolic,  of 
twenty-lwo,  after  a  bloody  conflict  of  thre.'- 
quartersof  an  hour.  In  this  action  the  .Ameri- 
cans obtained  a  victory  o\  er  a  superior  force; 


UNITED    STATES. 


600 


and,  on  their  niirt,  but  i;i|j;lit  were  klllwl  and 
wounded,  while  on  that  of  llii;  i!nomy  iiljoiit 
eifjhty.     Tl»>   Wasp  was  anf'ortuiiatoly  cap- 


enter  into  such  conventional  regulations  oftlioi 
coHitniTcc  helwi-en  tlic  two  countries  as  mitjht, 
lie    niutiially  advantajicoiis.      The    two   first 


tiired,  soon  after  her  victory,  liy  a  Uritish  shi|i|  nainedenvoy«|iroceeded  to  jointheircolleague 
of  the  line.     On  the  25tli,  tliu  fiii;ale   United  i  at  St.  l'etersliiiri;li,  where  he  then  was  us  re-| 


Stales,  commanded  liy  Captain  Decatur,  cap- 
tured the  British  fri);ate  Macedonian.  In  this 
instance,  also,  the  disparity  of  loss  was  asto- 
nisliinply  great :  on  the  part  of  the  enemy,  a 
faundreil  and  four  were  killed  and  wounded  ; 
III;  that  of  the  Americans  hut  eleven.  The 
United  States  brought  her  prize  safely  to 
New  York.  A  most  desperate  action  was 
fought,  on  the  20th  of  December,  between  the 
Constitution,  of  forty-four  guns,  then  com- 
manded by  Captain  Dainbridgc,  and  the  Bri- 
tish frigate  Tava,  of  tliirty-eight.  The  eoni- 
liut  (•ontinued  more  than  three  hours;  nor  did 
the  .Fava  strike!  till  she  was  reduced  to  a  more 
wreck.  Of  her  crew,  a  hundred  and  sixty- 
iim-  were  killed  anil  wounded,  while  of  that 
(if  ihe  Constitution  there  were  only  thirty-four. 

These  niiviil  victories  were  peculiarly  grati- 
fviiigto  th(!  feelings  of  the  Americans;  thev 
were  gained  in  the  midst  of  disasters  on  land, 
and  by  'hut  class  of  citi/.i.Mis  w!iose  rights  hail 
lii'i'ii  violated  ;  they  were  gained  over  a  na- 
tion whom  long-continued  success  had  taught 
to  ronsidcr  themselves  lords  of  the  sea,  and 
who  had  confidently  adlrmed  that  the  whole 
.Vini'rican  navy  would  soon  be  !iwept  from  the 
iii-ean.  Many  British  inerchantnien  were  also 
ciiptureil,  both  by  the  American  navy  ami  liv 
|irivatei'rs,  which  issued  from  almost  every 
port,  and  were  remarkably  surcessfiil.  Tlii- 
niiiulier  of  prizes  made  during  the  first  seven 
niontlis  of  the  war  exceeded  five  hundred. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  session  of 
Congress,  held  in  the  autumn  of  1812,  th 
president,  in  his  message,  stated  that  imnie- 
iliately  after  the  declaration  of  war,  he  com 
iniinlcated  to  the  British  government  the 
terms  on  which  its  progress  might  be  arrested ; 
that  these  terms  were,  the  repeal  of  the  orders 
in  council,  the  discharge  of  American  seamen, 
aiifl  the  abandonment  of  the  practice  of  im- 
pressment;  and  that  the  ministry  had  de- 
1  lined  to  accede  to  his  odors.  He  also  stati'd 
tlial,  at  an  early  period  of  the  war,  he  had  re- 
ceived iiHiclal  information  of  the  repeal  of  the 
orders  in  council;  that  two  propositions  fiir 
an  armistiri-  had  lieen  made  to  him,  both  of 
uliicli  he  had  rejected,  as  they  roiilil  not  have 
hi'i'n  accepted  without  conceding  to  (Jreat 
lirllain    ihe    riirht    of  impressment.      The   n - 


sident  minister  from  the  United  States.  A 
commission  was  also  given  to  the  envoys,  au- 
thorizing them  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  Russia,  with  a  view  to  strengthen 
the  amicable  relations,  and  improve  the  bene- 
ficial intercourse,  between  the  two  countries. 

On  the  24th  of  May,  Congress  wag  convened 
by  proclamation  of  the  president.  Laws  were 
enacted,  imposing  a  direct  tax  of  three  mil- 
lions of  dollars  ;  authorizing  the  collection  of 
various  internal  duties;  providing  for  a  loan 
of  seven  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars ;  and 
prohibit'ng  tlio  merchant  vessids  of  the  United 
.States  from  sailing  under  British  licenses. 
Near  the  close  of  the  session,  a  committee  ap- 
pointed to  inquire  into  the  subject  made  a  long 
report  upon  the  spirit  and  manner  in  which 
the  war  had  bei.-n  conducted  by  the  British. 

The  scene  of  the  campaign  of  ISIS  was 
principally  in  the  north,  towards  Canada. 
Brigailler-{/c^neral  Winchester,  of  the  United 
.Slates  army,  and  nearly  five  hundred  men,  of- 
ficuTS  and  soliliers,  were  made  prisoners  at 
l''ri!nchtown,  by  a  division  of  the  British  army 
from  Detroit,  with  lliiur  Indian  allies,  under 
Colonel  Procter.  Colonel  Procter  leaving 
the  Americans  without  a  guard,  the  Indians 
returned,  and  deeds  of  horror  followed.  The 
wounded  olficers  were  dragged  from  tht 
hoiisi'S,  killed,  anil  scalped  in  the  Streets. 
The  buildings  W(;re  set  on  fire.  iSome  who 
attempted  to  escape  were  forced  back  into 
the  fiames,  while  others  were  put  to  death  liy 
the  romahawk,  and  left  shockingly  mangled  in 
the  highway.  The  infamy  of  this  butchery 
does  not  fall  upon  the  perpetrators  alone,  but 
extends  to  those  who  were  able,  and  were 
bound  by  a  solemn  engagement,  to  restrain 
them.  The  battle  and  mas.sacre  at  French- 
town  clothed  Kentucky  and  Ohio  in  mourn- 
ing. Other  volunteers,  indignant  at  the  trea- 
chery and  cruelty  r,f  li.rir  foes,  hastened  to 
the  aid  of  Harrison.  He  marched  to  the  ra- 
pids of  the  Miami,  where  he  erected  a  fort, 
which  he  called  Fort  .Mi'igs,  in  honour  of  the 
governor  of  Ohio.  On  the  1st  of  May  it  was 
invested  by  a  large  number  of  Indians,  and 
by  a  (larty  of  British  troops  from  Maiden,  the 
whole  coinmaiiiled  by  Colonel  Procter.  An 
misiiccessful    attempt  to  raise    the   siege    was 


ii'clion  of  these  |)ropositioiis  was  app."oved  b<,    made  by  (lenrral  Clay,  at  the  head  of  twelve 

hiindied  Keiitiu  kians  ;  but  the  fort  continued 
to  be  ilifiiided  with  bravery  and  skill.  The 
Indians,  iinacciistonied  to  siege.s,  became  wea- 
ry and  disconteiifeil  ;  and,  on  the  8th  of  May, 
tliey  deserted  their  allies.  The  British, 
despairing  of  siiness,  then  made  a  precipitate 
retreat. 

On  the  northern  frontier  a  body  of  troops 
had  been  assenililed,  under  the  command  of 
(leiieral  Dearborn,  at  Sackett's  Harbour,  and 
great  exertions  were  made  by  Commodore 
Chauncev  to    build  and    equip  a  squadron  on 


me  national  representatives,  who,  far  from 
ahandoningthe  ground  they  had  taken,  adopted 
more  vigorous  measures  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  war. 

While  the  war  was  proceeding  in  Auii-rica, 
a  frii'iiilly  power  abroad  interposnl  fiir  its  ter- 
mination. .Soon  after  the  sprl.ig  session  of 
(^(ingress,  an  offer  was  eoniir.iinirateil  from 
till'  emperor  of  Kiissiii  of  his  iiii  dialioii,  as  the 
cominon  friend  of  the  I'liited  States  and  (Jreat 
Britain,  for  the  purpose  of  facilltafini;  a  peace 
he'ween   them.      The   oiler    was  imniediatelv 


ai  ri'pleil  by  the  Ameriean  govenimeiit,  and  j  Ijake  Ontario,  suineiently  powerful  to  contend 
provision  made  for  the  cnnlempliiteil  le /olia- 1  with  that  of  the  British.  By  the  2.'ith  of  April 
lion.  Albert  (5  a  Hal  in,  .lames  .\,  Bayard,  and  the  naval  preparations  were  so  far  completed, 
.lohii  Qiiincy  .AiliiiiH,  were  appointed  coin-|thal  tin  general  and  seventeen  thousand  troops 
iiiis«ioners,  and  invested  with  the  requisite;  were  conveyed  across  the  lake  to  the  attack 
powers  to  nmrliide  a  troaiy  of  peace  with  per-  of  York,  the  capital  of  I'pper  Canada.  On 
"ons  clothed  with  like  powi>«  mi  the  part  of  th-  "JTlli,  an  ailvamiil  parly,  comniandi  d  by 
U'eal  Britain.      They  were  also  authonied  to    Brigadier(»eneiMl    Pike,   who  Was  born   inn 


cunip,  and  bred  a  soldier  from  his  birth,  htiuled, 
although  opposed  at  the  water's  edge  by  a  su- 
perior force.  After  a  short  but  severe  con- 
flict, the  British  were  driven  to  their  fiirtifira- 
tions.  The  rest  of  the  troops  having  landed, 
the  whole  party  pressed  forward,  carried  the 
first  battery  by  assault,  and  were  moving  to- 
ward* the  mnin  works,  when  the  English  ma- 
gazine blow  up,  with  a  tremendous  explosion, 
hurling  upon  the  advancing  troops  immense 
quantities  of  stone  and  timber.  Numbers 
were  killed;  the  gallant  Pike  received  a  mor- 
tal wound;  the  troops  halted  for  a  moment, 
but,  recovering  from  the  shuck,  again  pressed 
forward,  and  soon  gained  posseesion  of  tliO 
town.  Of  the  British  tro  ips,  one  hundred 
were  killed,  nearly  three  hundred  were 
wounded,  and  the  same  number  made  priso- 
ners. 

The  object  of  the  expedition  attained,  the 
squadron  and  troops  returned  to  Sackett's 
Harbour,  and  subsequently  saili.'d  to  Fort 
George,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  lake.  Af- 
ter a  warm  engagement,  the  British  abandon- 
ed the  fiirt  and  retired  to  the  heights,  at  tlin 
head  of  Burlington  Bay. 

While  the  grtNiter  part  of  the  American 
army  was  thus  employed,  the  British  iiiinio 
an  attack  upon  the  im|Mirtaiit  post  of  iSackett's 
Harbour.  On  the  27tli  of  May,  their  squadron 
appeared  bid'ore  the  town.  Alarm  guns  in- 
stantly assembled  the  citizens  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. (Jeneral  Brown's  fiirce  amounted 
to  about  one  thousand  men;  a  slight  breast- 
work was  hastily  thrown  up  at  the  only  place 
where  the  British  could  land,  and  behind  this 
he  placed  the  militia,  the  regulars,  under  (.'o- 
lonel  Backus,  forming  a  second  line.  On  the 
morning  of  the  2!>th,  one  thousand  British 
troops  landed  from  the  squadron,  and  advan- 
ced towards  the  breast-work  ;  the  militia  gave 
way, but  by  the  bravery  of  the  regulars,  under 
the  skilful  arrangement  of  Cieneral  Brown, 
the  British  were  refiulsed,  and  re-embarked 
so  hastily  as  to  leave  behind  most  of  thiMr 
wounded. 

The  sea  coast  \/as  harassed  by  predatory 
warfare, carried  on  by  large  detarhnients  from 
the  powerful  navy  of  (Jreat  Britain.  One 
sciimdron,  stationed  in  Delaware  Bay,  captur- 
ed and  burned  every  merchant  vessel  which 
came  within  its  reach,  while  a  more  poweriiil 
squadron,  conmiaiided  by  Admir.il  Cockbiirn, 
destroyed  the  farm-hoii.ies  and  getitlomeii's 
seats  along  the  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Frenchtown,  Havre-de-(Jrace,  h'ti-dricktown, 
and  (leorgetowii,  were  sacked  and  burnt, 
Norfolk  was  saved  from  a  sliiillarfate  bv  ihii 
determined  bravery  of  a  small  force  slalloiied 
on  Craney  Island,  in  the  harbour.  A  furious 
attack  was  made  upon  Hainptiui,  which,  not- 
withstanding  the  gallant  resistance  of  its  small 
garrison,  was  captured. 

The  ocean  was  the  theatre  i,f  sangiilnarv 
conflicts.  (Captain  Lawrence,  in  the  sloop  of 
war.  Hornet,  on  the  2'iil  of  Februarv,  met 
the  British  brig  Peacock,  and  a  tierce  coiiilial 
ensued.  In  less  than  lil'teeii  niiiiutes  the  Pea- 
cock struck  lier  colours, displaying  at  the  ?amn 
time  a  signal  of  distress.  The  victors  hasten- 
ed to  till."  relief  of  the  vanquished;  the  samii 
strength  which  had  bt  rii  exerted  to  conipier 
was  equally  ready  to  save;  but  the  Peaco'.-k 
sank  bi'fore  all  her  crew  could  be  removed, 
ian\iiiLr  down  nine  British  seaiiii'ii,  and  ihreii 
brivu    and   generous  Americans.     Ou  hib  re- 


610 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


turn  to  the  Uiiitud  Status,  Captain  Lawrence 
was  |>roiMotU(l  to  the  commatid  of  the  frigate 
Cheaii[ieiike,  then  in  the  liarbour  of  Uoston. 
For  si!vcral  weeks  the  British  friaate  Siian- 
non,  ol'  eiiuui  force,  had  been  cruising  before 
the  por*. ;  and  Captain  Broke,  her  command- 
er, liad  announced  his  wish  to  meet,  in  single 
combat,  an  American  frigate.  Inflamed  t>y 
this  challenge,  Captain  Lawrence,  although 
his  crew  was  just  enlisted,  set  sail  on  the  Ist 
of  .lune  to  seek  the  Shannon.  Towards  eve- 
ning of  the  same  day  they  mot,  and  instantly 
engaged,  with  unexamplod  fury.  In  a  very 
few  minutes,  and  in  quick  siiccessicn,  the  sail- 
ing master  of  the  Chesapeake  was  killed, 
('aptain  Lawrence  and  three  lieutenants  were 
severely  wounded,  her  rigging  was  so  cut  to 
jiieces  that  slie  fell  on  board  the  Shonnon,  Cap- 
tain Lawretice  received  a  second  and  mortal 
wound,  and  was  carried  below;  at  this  instant 
("Japtain  Uroke,atthe  head  of  his  marines,  gal- 
lantly boarded  the  Chesapeake,  when  resist- 
ance ceased,  and  and  the  American  flag  was 
struck  by  the  British.  Of  the  crew  of  the 
ShaiHioM  twenty-four  were  killed  and  fifty-six 
wounded.  Of  tiiat  of  the  Chesapeake,  lorty- 
ciglit  were  killed  and  nearly  one  hundred 
wounded.  This  unexpected  defeat  imi)elled 
tlie  .'Vnierieans  to  seek  for  circumstances  con- 
sdliiig  to  their  |)ride,  and  in  the  journals  of 
tin'  (liiy  many  such  were  stated  to  have  pre- 
ccled  .Mill  attended  the  actioii.  The  youth- 
I'lil  ami  intrepid  L.iwrence  was  lamented,  with 
sorrow  deep,  sincere,  and  lasting.  When 
carried  below,  he  was  asked  if  the  colours 
plionld  bo  struck.  "  No,"  he  replie<l,  "  they 
siiiill  wave  wliil(!  1  live."  Delirious  from  ex- 
cess of  s'lrt'eriiig,  he  continued  to  exclaim, 
"  Don't  irive  up  th(!  ship!" — an  expression 
consecrateil  by  his  countrymen.  He  uttered 
but  few  other  words  during  the  four  days  that 
he  -iiirvived  his  defi'at. 

The  next  encdunter  at  sea  was  between 
the  .'Vinerican  brig  .Vrgus  and  the  Uritlsh  brig 
I'eliciin,  in  uliicli  tlie  latter  was  victorious. 
Soon  after,  tlie  .Vinerican  brig  ICiiter[>rise, 
comrMaiidi'd  by  Lieutenant  Burrows,  captured 
till"  Hritish  brig  Hoxer,  C(uninan(led  by  Cap- 
tain Ulytli.  Both  conmmnders  wr-re  killed 
in  the  action,  and  were  buried,  e.icli  by  the 
ollier's  side  in  Portland. 

While  each  nntion  was  busilv  employed  in 
e(]iiiping  a  scniadron  on  Lake  Krie,  (riiieral 
Cbiv  remained  inactive  at  l''ort  Meigs.  About 
tin'  last  of  .Inly,  a  large  number  of  Mritish 
and  Indians  appeared  bi'fore  the  fort,  hoping 
to  entice  the  j,'arrisnn  to  a  geni'ral  actioti  iti 
the  ticld.  Afti'r  waiting  a  few  days  without 
succeedin'^,  they  dec.uiiped,  and  proceeded 
to  l-'ort  .Sicplifiison,  on  ihi!  river  Sandusky. 
This  fort  was  little  nmrethan  a  (licketinsr, sur- 
rounded b\  H  ilitch,  and  the  tjarrison  consist- 
ed of  but  one  liiiMdred  and  sixty  men,  who 
were  onminanded  by  Majcw  Croghan,  a  youth 
of  twenty-oni'.  The  force  of  the  assailants 
was  estimated  at  about  fiiur  hundreil  in  iini- 
f  irni.  and  lis  many  Indians  ;  they  wi-re  re- 
jmlved,  and  their  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  ntnl 
prisoners,  's  supposed  to  have  exce("iled  oik? 
hniiilred  and  fifty,  those  of  the  remaiinh'r  who 
wi-re  not  able  to  escape  were  taken  olf  <lu- 
"itig  tin'  ni'/lit  by  the'  Indians.  The  whole 
loss  of  Major  Cioi^'liaii  during  the  siege  was 
,ine  killeil  and  seven  sli;.'litly  wnuTided.  About 
three  tin;  lU'Xt  mofiiing  tl  Hritish  sailed 
down  the  river,   leaving  bidiind  llieiii   u  boat 


containing  clothing  and  cotisiderable  military 
stores. 

I!y  the  exerticuisof  Commodore  Perry,  an 
American  .stpaulron  had  bei'ii  fitted  out  on 
Lake  Krie  early  in  September.  It  consisted 
of  nine  small  vessels,  in  all  carrying  fifty-tliur 
guns.  A  British  squadNm  had  also  been  built 
and  equipped,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Ctnnmodore  Barclay.  It  consisted  of  six  ves- 
sels, mounting  sixty-threo  guns.  Commodore 
Perry,  immediately  sailing,  oftercd  battle  to 
his  adversary,  and  on  the  lOtli  of  Septi  .iiber, 
the  British  commander  left  the  harbour  of 
Maiden  to  accept  the  ofl'er.  In  a  few  hours 
the  wind  shifted,  giving  the  Americans  the 
advantage.  Terry,  forming  the  line  of  battle, 
hoisted  his  flag,  on  which  were  itiscribed  the 
words  of  the  dying  Lnwrenee,  ''Don't  give 
up  the  ship."  Loud  huzzas  from  all  the  ves- 
sels proclaimed  the  animation  which  this  mot- 
to inspired.  About  noon  the  firing  com- 
menced ;  and  after  a  short  action  two  of  the 
British  vessids  surrendered,  and  the  rest  of 
the  American  si|nadron  now  joining  in  the 
battle,  the  victory  was  rendered  decisive  and 
complete.  The  British  loss  was  forty-one 
killed,  and  ninety-four  wounded.  The  Ame- 
rican loss  was  twenty-seven  killed,  and  nine- 
ty-six wounded,  of  which  number  twenty-one 
were  killed  and  sixty-two  wounded  on  board 
the  flag-ship  Lawrence,  whose  whoh;  coniple- 
metit  of  able  bodied  men  before  the  action 
was  abiuit  one  hundred.  The  commodore 
gave  intelligence  of  the  victory  to  (ietu-ral 
Harrison  in  these  words:  "We  have  met  the 
eni'iny,  and  they  are  ours.  Two  ships,  two 
brigs,  otie  schooner,  and  one  sloop."  The 
.Vmericans  were  now  masters  of  the  lake;  but 
the  territory  of  Michigan  was  still  in  the  pos- 
session of  Colonel  Procter.  The  next  move- 
ments were  nirainst  the  Hritish  and  Indians  at 
Detroit  and  Maiden.  (Jeneral  Harrlsoti  had 
previously  assembled  a  portion  of  the  Ohio 
militia  on  the  Sandusky  river;  and  on  the  7th 
ofSeptetnber  four  thousand  from  Kentucky, 
the  flower  of  the  state,  with  Governor  Shelby 
at  their  head,  arrived  at  his  camp.  With  the 
co-operation  of  the  fleet,  it  was  detertnined  to 
proceed  at  once  to  Maiden.  On  the  27tli  the 
tro(i[)3  were  received  on  board,  and  reached 
Maiden  on  the  same  day  ;  but  the  British  had, 
in  the  mean  time,  destroyed  the  fort  and  pub- 
lic stores,  and  had  retreated  along  the  Thames 
towarils  the  Moravian  villages,  together  with 
Tecnntseh's  Indians,  atnonnting  to  twelve  or 
fifteen  hundred.  It  wn^  now  resnlvi-d  to  pro- 
ceed in  |iursiilt  of  Procter,  (^ii  the  .'jth  of 
October  a  severe  battle  was  fought  between 
the  two  armies  at  the  river  Thames,  and  the 
Hntlsh  army  was  taki'ii  by  the  .Americans. 
In  this  battle  Tecnmseh  was  killed,  and  lhe| 
Indians  fled.  The  Mrltlsh  loss  was  nltiefecn  j 
reiriilars  killed,  and  fifty  woiindeil,  and  about 
six  hundred  prisoners.  The  American  loss, 
in  killed  and  wouniled,  ainoMiiteil  to  upwards 
of  fifty.  Procter  made  his  escape  down  thi- 
Thames.  On  tin"  30th  of  .'^•ptember  the 
.\mi'rlcans  took  possession  of  Detroit,  whit  Ii, 
ini  lli<^  npproacti  of  Harrison's  army,  had 
been  abandoned  by  the  llritlsh.  I'reparatlons 
were  now  maile  for  subduing  ITpper  (Janaihi, 
and  taking  .Montreal;  but  owlni;  to  the  dlfli- 
ciillies  attending  the  coiicentratlon  of  the 
troops,  and  perhaps  ,ilso  to  the  want  of  vlirour 
in  the  cnininaiiders,  that  |iriijrct  was  aban- 
doned,and  the  army  under  Wilkinsini,  tnai'ch-| 


ing  to  French  Mills,  there  encamped  fur  tlia 
winter.  This  abortive  issue  of  the  campait^n 
occasioned  nmrmurs  throughout  the  nati  )n, 
and  the  causes  which  led  to  it  have  never 
been  fully  deveh)ped.  The  severest  censuru 
fell  upon  General  Armstrong,  who  was  se- 
cretary of  war,  and  upon  Geiutral  Hampton, 
The  latter  soon  after  resigned  his  commission 
it!  the  army,  and  General  Izard  was  select.ed 
to  command  the  post  at  Plattsburgh. 

Major-General  Harrison,  commander  in 
chief  of  the  eighth  military  district  in  the 
United  States,  issui^d  o  iiruclamation,  slating, 
that  the  enemy  having  been  driren  from  the 
territory  of  Michigan,  and  a  part  of  the  arnny 
utider  his  command  having  taken  possession 
of  it,  it  became  necessary  tliat  the  civil  govern- 
ment of  the  territory  shculd  be  re-esii'.lished, 
and  the  former  oflicers  resume  the  exercise 
of  their  authority.  He  llierefi>ro  protlaime<l, 
that  all  appointments  and  commissions  svhlch 
have  been  derived  .^rom  British  officers  were 
.11  an  end ;  that  the  c.:izens  were  restored  to 
all  the  rights  and  privileges  which  they  en- 
joyed previously  to  the  capitulation  made  by 
General  Hull  on  the  l.^th  of  August,  181:}, 
and,  until  the  will  of  the  government  shotdd 
be  known,  directed  that  all  persons  having 
civil  oflices  in  the  territory  of  Midiigna,  at 
the  period  of  the  ca|>itulation  of  Detroit, 
should  resume  the  exercise  of  the  powers 
appertaining  to  their  oflices  respectively. 

The  United  States  sipiailron,  chased  by 
Cimimodore  Hardy  with  a  superior  navid 
fiirce,  had  taken  refuge  in  the  harbour  of  New 
Limdon,  where  the  decayed  and  feeble  state 
of  the  fortificatiiHis  afl'ordcd  a  ])recarious  de- 
fence. The  menacing  appearance  of  the  Bri- 
tish squadron  at  the  entrance  of  the  harbonr, 
and  the  strong  probability  that  the  town 
would  be  destroyed  in  the  conflict,  which  had 
been  long  expected,  produced  among  the  in- 
habitants the  greatest  consternatiim.  It,  this 
moment  of  alarm,  the  major-general  of  the 
third  divisitm,  and  the  brigadier-general  of  thrt 
third  brigade,  considered  them.selves  justified 
at  the  earnest  entreaty  of  the  citizens,  in  sum- 
moning the  militia  to  their  assistance.  Go- 
vernor Smith,  of  Ccmnectlciit,  approved  this 
proceeding,  and  immediately  fiirwarded  sip- 
plies,  and  adopted  measures  of  defence. 
"  On  this  occasion,"  said  the  governor  to  the 
legislature,  "  I  could  not  hisltate  as  to  the 
course  which  it  becann?  my  duty  to  pursue. 
The  government  of  Connecticut,  the  last  to 
Invite  hostilities,  sliould  be  the  first  to  repel 
ai:i.'ressl<ui." 

The  Indlan°  at  the  southern  e\tr<  mifv  of 
the  union  had  imbibed  the  same  hostile  spirit 
as  those  at  the  north-urstcrn.  They  had  been 
visited  by  Teinniseli,  and  by  his  i-hxpience 
had  beiMi  persuaded  that  the  gri'at  spi.it  re- 
quired them  to  iinlti-  and  alt<'inpt  the  <'\rlrpa- 
tion  of  the  whites.  In  the  fall  of  ISIS,  a 
cruel  war  was  carried  r-n  by  the  Creeks  and 
.Simiinoles  atrainst  tin  frontier  inhabitants  of 
(leorgin.  General  .lacksiui,  at  the  head  ol 
two  thonsand  hve  hundred  volunteers  from 
Tennessei;,  marched  itito  the  coutitry  of  the 
Indians.  Overawed  by  his  presiuice,  they  de- 
sisted for  a  time  frotn  hostility  ;  bnf,  after  his 
return,  their  niilinoslty,  burst  fiirth  with  in- 
creased and  final  vloh'nci-.  Dreading  their 
cruelty,  about  three  ho  idred  men,  women, 
and  children,  sought  safely  in  Fort  Miti.nis 
in   the    Tetisaw     stllliMiient.     Althiuigh   fre- 


UNITED    STATES. 


Stl 


umped  fur  tlio 
tlie  cHm|i»i|^n 
)ut  lliu  nmi  ID, 
it  liiive  never 
vuri'st  ceiiauio 
,  wlio  was  sc- 
eral  Ham|it(>ii, 
Ilia  coinniis.siun 
il  was  sulfctej 
Ijurgli. 

uimmiiiidcr  in 
diHtrict  in  tlui 
[lation,  DtAting, 
iTon  from  tho 
irt  of  the  army 
ken  posscHsion 
ho  civil  govtTii- 
rt'-fSi  iMisliod, 
e  tho  exoroisci 
■ro  proc'lainind, 
imiKsions  \v]iic!i 
li  officf'rs  worn 
ore  rpstori'd  to 
k'jiioli  thoy  en- 
ilfilliin  nindi-  iiy 
'  Aupist,  18l£>, 
Tiinii'nt  slioiild 
persons  having 
if  MicliiijHiii,  lit 
Lin  of  Delmit, 
of  the  powers 
spectively. 
on,  chased  by 
superior  navirl 
larlidur  of  New 
iind  feehle  stale 
.  precarious  de- 
miee  of  tlie  Bri- 
of  the  lmrh()i;r, 
tliat  the  town 
Hicf,  which  liuJ 
1  among  the  in- 
nalion,  Iii  this 
(general  of  tho 
r-fjeneral  oftlirt 
selves  jnstilieil 
■itizi'ns,  in  snin- 
ssistance.  (lo. 
(ipproveii  lliij 
"(irwanh'ii  s'lp- 
s  of  (lel'eiice. 
rovernor  to  the; 
iitiite  as  III  l]\r 
iiity  to  pnrsni'. 
cnl,  lhi>  iast  In 
first  to  repel 

rn  e\lr<  mily  of 

('   hoslile  spiiil 

They  li:iil  lieeii 

hi<  elo(]nence 

l^real  spi.  it  rc- 

ipl  the  I'Niirpri- 

fall    of  ISia,   a 

the  (Specks  and 

tifinliltants  of 

at    the   head  of 

iiliiMteers  from 

riMinlry  of  tho 

■sence,  they  do- 

;   lint,  after  his 

fiirlh   with  iti- 

Drt'adint;  their 

men,  woineii, 

1    l''i>il  Min.in< 

Allhoii;ih    frt!- 


qiicnt  warning!  of  m  intended  attack  had 
been  (;iven  them,  yet,  at  noonday,  on  the 
yOlh  of  Anj^tist,  they  were  suriirised  liy  a 
party  of  six  hundred  Indians,  who,  with 
awr',  cut  their  way  into  the  fort,  and  drove 
the  people  into  the  housi.s  which  it  enclosed. 
To  tliese  they  set  fire.  Many  persons  were 
iiiirnt,  and  many  killed  hy  the  tomahawk. 
Only  seventeen  escaped  to  carry  the  horrid 
lidiiif^s  to  the  neighlinuring  stations.  The 
wliitej  resolved  on  vengeance.  Af;aiii  iJo- 
neral  .Tackson,  at  the  head  of  three  thousand 
five  hundred  militia  of  Tennessee,  marched 
into  the  southern  wilderness.  A  detachment 
under  General  Coffee  encountering  at  Talius- 
liatchic  a  hody  of  Indians,  u  sanguinary  con- 
flict ensvied.  The  latter  fought  with  desjie- 
rati<in,  n"ilher  giving  nor  receiving  ipiarler, 
until  nearly  every  warrior  had  perishi.-d.  Yet 
still  was  the  spirit  of  the  Creeks  unsuhducd, 
and  their  faith  in  victory  unshaken.  With  no 
lillle  sagacity  and  skill  they  selected  and  for- 
tifii'il  another  position  on  tho  Tallaoosa, 
called  liy  themselves  Tohopeka,  and  by  the 
whites  Horse-shoo  Bend.  Here  nearly  a 
•lidusand  warriors,  animated  with  B  fierce  and 
deterinined  resolution  were  collected.  Three 
ti.ousaiid  men,  commanded  by  General  Jack- 
son, marched  to  attack  this  post.  To  prevent 
escape,  a  detachment  under  General  Coffee 
encircled  the  Bend.  The  main  hody  advanced 
1(1  ihc!  fiirtrcss  ;  and  for  a.  few  minutes  the  op- 
posing forces  were  engaged  mu/./.le  to  muzzle 
lit  the  pori-holes ;  but  at  length  the  troops, 
Iciiping  over  the  walls,  mingled  in  furious 
ciiinli.it  with  the  savages.  When  the  Indians, 
fleeing  to  the  river,  beheld  the  troops  on  the 
epposite  hank,  they  returned  and  fought  with 
increased  fury  and  desperation.  Six  hundred 
warriors  were  killed  ;  four  only  yielded  them- 
«el\  OS  prisoners  ;  tlu;  remaining  three  hundred 
esraped.  Of  the  w  hites,  fifty-five  wore  killed, 
mill  one  hundred  and  firty-glx  wounded.  It 
was  deemed  proliable  that  further  resistance 
would  lie  made  by  the  liidiafis  at  a  place 
called  the  Hickory-Ground  ;  but  on  General 
.lackson's  arriving  thither  in  April,  1811,  the 
principal  chiefs  came  out  t<i  meet  him,  and 
ainiMig  them  was  Wetherfiud,  a  half-blood, 
distinguished  equally  for  his  talents  and  cru- 
elly. "  I  am  in  your  power,"  said  he,  "do 
with  me  what  vou  please.  I  have  tlone  the 
white  people  all  the  harm  I  could.  I  have 
liuiglit  them,  and  fought  them  bravely.  There 
was  a  time  when  I  had  a  clioicp  ;  I  have  none 
now,  even  hope  is  ended  Once  1  could  aiii- 
iniite  my  warriors ;  hut  1  cannot  animate  the 
(lead.  They  can  no  longer  hear  my  voice; 
llic.r  h.ines  are  at  Tallushatcliie,  Talladega, 
I)niuckfiw,  and  Tohopeka.  While  there 
was  a  chance  of  success  I  never  supplicated 
peace  ;  but  my  peopli!  are  gone,  aiiil  I  now 
usk  it  fiir  my  nation  and  myself."  Peace  was 
cdiirluded,  and  (ieiieial  .lackson  and  his 
t roups  ,'njoyed  an  lioiiourablebut  slinrt  repose. 
It  was  the  declared  intention  of  the  British 
'o  lay  waste  the  whoh"  American  coast,  from 
Maine  to  Georgia.  Of  this  intentldii  deinon- 
ulrnlldn  was  made  by  their  descent  npun  Pet- 
t.pauge,  and  the  ilestriutldii  which  fiillowed 
111  that  harbour.  Karly  in  April,  a  number  of 
Ihitish  barges,  sii|iposed  to  contain  about  two 
liuiidred  and  twenty  men,  entered  the  mouth 
el  '  ■innecticiit  river,  piiiied  up  seven  or 
i''i'J(t  miles,  and  rstme  on  shore  at  a  part  of 
*5.i^  brook  called   I'ellipuuge,    \\  here  ihey  ilo- 


Btroyed  about  twenty-five  vessels.  Guards  of 
militia  were  placed  without  delay  at  nearly 
all  the  vulnerable  points  on  the  Beuboaril,  and 
where  troojis  could  not  be  stationed,  patrols 
of  vidttles  were  constantly  maintained. 

On  the  25ih  of  April,  Admiral  Cochrane 
declared,  in  addition  to  the  ports  and  places 
blockaded  by  Admiral  Warren,  all  the  re- 
maining ports,  harbours,  hays,  creeks,  rivers, 
inlets,  outlets,  islands,  and  sea  coasts  of  the 
United  States,  from  Black  Point,  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  to  the  northern  and  eastern 
boundaries  between  the  United  States  and  tho 
British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  to  be  in 
a  state  of  strict  and  rigorous  blockade.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  president  of  tho  United 
States  issued  a  proclamation,  declaring  that 
tho  blockade  proclaimed  by  the  British  of  the 
whole  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States, 
nearly  two  thousand  miles  in  extent,  being  in- 
capable of  execution  by  any  adequate  force 
actually  stationed  for  the  purpose,  formed  no 
lawful  prohibition  or  obstacle  to  such  neutral 
and  friendly  vi^ssels  as  may  choose  to  visit  and 
trade  with  the  United  States;  and  strictly  or- 
dered and  instructed  all  the  public  armed  ves- 
sels of  the  United  States, and  all  private  arm- 
ed vessels  commissioned  as  privuteers,or  with 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  not  to  inter- 
rupt, detain,  or  itiole.sl  any  vessels  belonging 
to  neutral  powers,  bound  to  any  potior  place 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States; 
hut,  on  the  contrary,  to  reiuJer  all  such  vessels 
a!!  the  aid  and  kind  olhces  whicli  they  might 
need  or  re(iuire. 

The  pacification  in  Europe  offered  to  the 
British  a  largo  disposable  force,  both  naval 
and  military,  and  with  it  the  means  of  giving 
to  tho  war  in  America  a  character  of  new  and 
increased  activity  and  extent.  The  friends 
of  the  administration  anticipated  a  severer 
conflict,  and  prepared  fir  grea'er  sacrifices  and 
greater  sulferlngs.  Its  opposers,  where  diffi- 
culties thickened  and  danger  pressed,  were 
encouraged  to  make  more  vigorous  efforts  to 
wrest  the  reins  of  authority  from  men  who, 
lliey  asserted,  had  shown  themselves  incom- 
petent to  hold  them.  The  president  deemed 
It  advisable  to  strengthen  the  line  of  the  At- 
lantic, and  therefore  called  on  the  executive 
of  several  states  to  organize  and  hold  in  rea- 
diness f^ir  imniediate  service  a  corps  of  ninety- 
three  thousand  five  hundred  men. 

The  hostile  tii(iv(!menf3  on  the  northern 
frontier  were  now  becoming  vioforous  and  in- 
teresting. Ill  the  beginning  of  ,Tuly,  General 
Brown,  who  liad  been  assiduously  employed 
ill  diseipllning  his  troops,  crossed  the  Niagara 
with  about  tlireo  thousand  men,  and  took  pos- 
session, without  opposition,  of  fort  Erie.  In 
a  strong  position  at  Chijipewa,  a  fiiw  miles 
distant,  was  intrenctied  an  equal  number  of 
British  troops,  commanded  by  Geni-iiil  Rlall. 
On  the  4th,  General  Brown  approached  their 
works;  and  tho  next  day,  on  the  plains  of 
Chippewa,  an  obstinate  and  sangiiiniiry  battle 
was  fiiught,  which  compelled  the  British  to 
retire  lo  their  intrenchments.  In  this  action, 
which  was  fought  with  great  judgment  and 
coolness  on  both  sides,  die  loss  of  the  Anierl- 
e;iiis  was  aijoiit  fiiir  hundred  men,  that  of  the 
British  was  upwards  of  five  hundred,  Sodii 
iiflerwards,  (teiieral  Biiill,  alinnddiiinnf  his 
works,  retired  to  the  helirhts  of  Burliiigtoii. 
Hell"  liti'iit.-niiiii-Geeeriil  Driimniond,  with  a 
largi'  rciiiforcemeiit,  joined  liini.and  a.ssuiiiln^ 


the  command,  led  back  the  army  towards  tha 
American  camp.  On  the  20111  was  fii..glit  tha 
hattli!  of  Bridgewater,  which  began  at  fiiur  in 
the  afternoon,  and  continued  until  midnight 
Aft(}r  a  desperate  conflict,  the  British  triop* 
were  withdrawn,  and  the  Americans  left  in 
possession  of  the  field.  The  loss  on  Icith 
sides  was  severe,  and  nearly  equal.  Gene- 
rals Brown  and  Scott  having  both  been  se- 
verely wounded,  the  command  devolved  upon 
General  Ripley.  Ho  remained  a  fi-w  hours 
upon  the  hill,  collected  the  wounded,  and 
then  returned  unmolested  to  the  camp.  Thin 
battle  was  fought  near  the  cataract  of  Niagara, 
whose  roar  was  silenced  by  the  thunder  oi 
cannon  and  tho  din  of  arms,  but  was  distinctly 
heard  during  the  pausi^s  of  the  fight.  'J'ho 
American  general  found  Ids  fiirce  so  much 
weakened,  that  ho  deemed  it  prudent  again  to 
occupy  fort  Jlrie.  On  tho  4th  of  August  it 
was  invested  by  General  Druminond  with 
five  thousand  troops.  In  the  night  between 
tho  14lh  and  15lh,  the  besiegers  made  a  daring 
assault  upon  the  fort,  which  was  rejielleil 
with  conspicuous  gallantry  by  the  garrison, 
tho  former  losing  more  than  nine  hundreil 
men,  tho  latter  but  eighty-four.  Tlie  siego 
was  still  continued.  On  the  2d  of  September, 
General  Brown,  having  recovered  from  his 
wounds,  throw  himself  into  the  fiirt,  and  took 
command  of  the  garrison.  For  their  fiito 
great  anxiety  was  felt  by  the  nation,  whlcli 
was,  however,  in  some  degree  removed,  iiy 
tho  march  from  Plaltshurgh  (d'  five  thousaii'd 
men  lo  their  relief  Afier  an  hour  of  closo 
fighting  they  entered  the  fiirt,  having  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  one  tho'isand  of  the  Bri- 
tish. Tho  loss  of  tho  Amerlcais  was  also 
considerable,  amounting  to  more  than  five 
hundred.  On  the  21st  of  September,  tho 
fiirty-ninth  day  of  the  siege.  General  Driim- 
mond  withdrew  his  forces. 

The  march  of  the  troops  from  Platlsbnruh 
having  left  that  post  almost  defencidess,  ilio 
enemy  determined  to  attack  it  by  land,  and,  at 
the  same  time,  to  attempt  the  destriK^tion  of 
the  American  flotilla  on  lake  Clianipliiiii. 
On  the  3d  of  September,  Sir  George  Pro- 
vost, tho  governor-general  of  Canada,  at  tho 
head  of  fourteen  thousand  men,  entered  the 
territories  of  the  United  Slates.  On  the  fiih 
they  arrived  at  Plaltsbiirgh.  If  is  situated 
near  lake  Clminpliiin,  on  tin,'  ndrlliern  bank 
of  the  small  river  Saniiiiic.  On  their  ap- 
proach, the  American  troops,  who  were  pcist- 
ed  on  theopiidslte  bank,  tiire  up  the  planks  o 
the  bridges,  with  which  they  formed  slli;ht 
breast-works,  and  prepiovd  to  dispute  tho 
passage  of  tho  stream.  The  British  employ- 
ed themselves  fiir  several  days  in  erectit'ig 
batteries,  while  the  American  forces  were 
daily  augnienled  by  tho  arrival  of  Vdbinteers 
and  mllilia.  Karly  In  the  mdriiltig  of  the  11th, 
the  IJritlsh  sipiadron,  comniiinded  by  Com- 
niiidoro  Oowiile,  appeared  olf  the  harbour  of 
Plaltsbiirgh,  where  that  of  tlie  I'niled  Stales, 
commanded  by  Cduimodore  Macdonoueb, 
lay  at  anchor  prepared  for  battle.  At  iiiik; 
o'clock  tho  nclioii  Cdiiimenced,  Seldom  has 
there  been  a  more  furious  encounter  than  the 
bosom  of  this  transparent  and  peaceful  lake 
was  now  called  lo  witness.  During  the  naval 
confUcf,  till"  British  on  hind  lienan  a  heavy 
eaiinoimde  upon  the  Aiiierlraii  lines,  and  at- 
leiiiple(|  at  ddfi-rent  places  to  cross  the  Ni- 
rauac ;   but  as  often  us  the  Iirltioh  advanced 


019 


HISTORY    OF    THK 


' 


into  tlio  WBtiir  tlit'y  were  ri'|iull«(l  \>y  n  ile- 
•tniclivi!  tin!  I'niiii  tlie  iniliiiii.  At  liall-piist 
t'ltjVL'ii  till!  iiliout  iif  victory  heard  aloriff  llie 
AiiiiM'icnii  liiicii  aiinoiino'd  tliu  result  nt'  tlio 
Kiiltli'  on  tlif  laki'.  Tluu  ilt?|)rived  of  naval 
iild,  III  the  iilU'riuioii  the  Hritiih  withdrew  to 
their iiitrunchini-nt!i,  and  in  the  iii^ht  theycom- 
iiUMiced  a  |>reni|iitate  retreat.  Upon  the  lake 
the  American  loss  was  one  hundred  and  ten  ; 
the  Hritixh  one  hundred  and  ninety-four,  Ih;- 
■idei  prisoners.  On  land,  the  American  loss 
was  one  hundred  and  nineteen ;  that  of  the 
liritish  has  lieen  estimated  as  high  as  two 
thousand  five  hundred. 

The  iiihaliitants  of  the  middle  and  southern 
Etiites,  anticipiiting  a  great  augmentation  of 
the  English  force,  and  uncertain  where  the 
hlow  would  full,  mode  exertions  to  place  every 
exposed  position  in  a  posture  of  defence. 
Aliout  the  middle  of  August,  a  IJritish  siiiia- 
dron  of  hetween  fifty  and  sixty  sail  arrived  in 
the  Chesiipeake,  with  troops  destined  fir  the 
attack  of  Wiishington,  the  capital  of  the  I'liiled 
States.  A  body  of  five  ihoiisiiiiil  of  them 
having  landed,  an  action  was  fought  iit  151a- 
deiislmrgh,  six  miles  from  WiishiiigKiii.  tJeno- 
ral  Winder  commanded  the  whnlc  .Viiierican 
force;  Coinmodoro  Barney  the  (lolilla.  The 
British  were  commanded  hv  Miijor-Creneral 
Uoss  and  Rear-Adniiral  Cockhurn.  The 
Americans  were  repiilsml,  and  the  British  ad- 
vanced towards  the  capital.  A  body  of  mili- 
tia had  been  assembled  in  this  emergency ; 
but  the  president  and  heads  of  departments, 
<m  reviewing  the  force  brought  out  for  do- 
fence,  despaired  of  success,  and  dispersed. 
Oeneral  Ross,  at  the  head  of  about  seven  hun- 
dred men,  took  possession  of  Wasiiington,  and 
burned  the  capitiil,  or  senate-house,  the  pre- 
siilenl's  house,  and  public  offices,  the  arsenal, 
the  navy  yard,  and  the  bridge  over  the  Poto- 
mac. The  loss  of  the  British  in  this  expedi- 
tion WHS  nearly  a  thousand  men,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  missing  ;  the  loss  of  the  Ameri- 
c.ins  was  ten  or  twelve  killed,  and  thirty  or 
forty  wounded.  Commodore  Barney's  horse 
was  killed  under  him,  and  himself  wounded 
in  the  thigh  and  taken  prisoner ;  but  he  was 
paroled  on  the  field  of  battle  fiir  his  bravery, 
i'he  capture  of  Washington  reflected  no  credit 


;aii 
til 


upon  those  by  whom  it  ought  to  have  been 
defended  ;  but  the  destruction  of  the  national 
edifices  was  still  more  dis>rrareful  to  the  cha- 
racter of  the  invaders.  The  wliolo  civilized 
world  exclaimed  against  the  act,  as  a  violation 
■if  the  rules  of  modern  warfare.  The  capitals 
of  most  of  the  Kitropean  kingdoms  had  lately 
been  in  the  power  of  an  enemy  ;  but  in  no 
instance  had  the  conqueror  been  guilty  of 
similar  conduct.  The  act  was  also  as  impoli- 
tic as  it  was  barbarous  ;  it  naturally  excited  an 
imiignant  spirit  throughout  the  republic,  and 
led  its  inhabitants  to  vie  with  each  other  in  ex- 
erting all  their  faculties  to  overcome  the 
ravaners  of  their  country. 

After  the  capture  of  Washington,  the  Bri- 
'.ish  army  re-embarked  on  board  the  fleet  in 
♦he  Paiiixent,  and  Admiral  Oockbiirn  moved 
down  that  river,  and  proceeded  up  the  Chesa- 
oeake.  On  the  SOlli  of  August,  the  corpora- 
'.ion  of  ,\lexaiiiiria  submitted  to  articles  of 
ciipitiiliiticui,  and  the  city  was  delivered  up  to 
•be  Urilish.  On  the  1  Ith  of  September,  the 
British  admiral  appeared  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Piitap^ic-o,  t'oMileen  miles  from  Baltimore,  with 
a  Heel  of -ships  of  v  ar  diid  transporta  amount- 


ing to  fifty  sail.  The  next  day  six  thousand 
troops  were  landed  at  North  I'oint,  and  com- 
meiired  llieir  march  towards  the  city.  In  this 
march,  when  the  fiiremo>.t  ranks  were  harassed 
by  a  brisk  fire  from  a  wood,  Miijor-(}<'neral 
Iloss  was  mortally  wounded.  A  battle  was 
fought  on  this  day.  The  American  forces, 
the  militia,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Baltimore, 
made  a  gallant  defence,  but  were  compelled 
to  retreat ;  the  British,  however,  abaniioning 
the  attempt  to  get  possession  of  the  city,  re- 
tired to  their  shipping  during  the  night  of  the 
iSth  of  September. 

On  the  ocean,  tlie  Essex,  commanded  by 
Captain  Porter,  after  a  bloody  combat,  struck 
to  a  British  frigate  and  sloop  of  war,  whose 
united  force  was  much  superior.  The  Ame- 
rican sloop  Peacock  captured  the  Epcrvier 
of  equal  force.  The  sloop  Wasp,  command- 
ed by  Captain  Blakely,  captured  the  Rein- 
deer, and  afterwn.-ds,  in  the  .same  cruise,  sank 
the  Avon,  both  '.i' superior  force.  She  made 
several  othet  prizes,  out  never  returned  into 
port;  she  probably  foundered  at  sea. 

The  closing  scene  of  this  unnecessary  and 
lisgracefiil  war,  the  mo-e  detestable  when 
contemplated  as  a  series  of  human  sacrifices 
for  the  preservation  of  a  commercial  s\8teni, 
was  creditable  to  the  genius  and  bravery  of 
the  American  republic.  The  operations  of 
the  British  in  Louisiana  were  commenced  by 
a  small  expedition,  the  naval  part  under  the 
command  of  Captain  Percy,  and  the  troops 
undiT  Colonel  Nicholls.  They  landed  and 
took  forcible  possession  of  Ponsucola,  and 
were  aided  by  the  Spaniards  in  all  their  pro- 
ceedings; they  collected  all  the  Indians  that 
would  resort  to  their  standard  ;  and  Colonel 
Nicholls  then  sent  an  officer  to  the  piratical 
establishment  at  Barrataria  to  enlist  the  chl"'', 
Lafitte,  and  his  fiillowers,  in  their  cause; 
most  liberal  and  tempting  oflers  were  ni.me 
them.  These  people,  however,  showed  a 
decided  preference  fiir  the  American  cause; 
they  deceived  the  English  by  delay;  convey- 
ed intelligence  of  their  designs  to  the  Gover- 
nor at  New  Orleans,  and  otfered  tlieir  services 
to  defend  the  country.  Disappointed  in  se- 
curing their  aid,  the  expedition  proceeded  to 
the  attack  of  fort  Bowyer,  on  Mobile  point, 
commanded  by  Major  Lawrence,  with  one 
hundred  and  thirty  men.  The  result,  how- 
ever, was  a  loss  to  the  besiegers  of  more  than 
two  hundred  men  ;  the  coinniodore's  ship  was 
so  disabled  that  they  set  fire  to  her,  and  she 
blew  II]),  and  the  remaining  ihri'i?  vessels, 
shattered  and  filled  with  woiiiidi-d  men,  re- 
tiirneil  to  I'ensiicola.  While  the  British  thus 
sheltered  in  this  place,  where  they  were  bu- 
sily occiipieil  in  bringini;  over  the  Indians  to 
join  them,  (reneral  .I.ickson  formed  an  expe- 
dition of  about  four  tlioiisnnd  men,  regulars 
and  militia,  to  llslodge  them.  He  siiminoneii 
the  town,  was  refused  entrance  by  the  Span- 
ish governor,  and  his  flag  of  truce  was  fired 
upon;  the  British  soldiers  being  in  the  forts, 
where  their  flag  had  been  hoisted,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Spanish,  the  day  before  the  A  in 
rican  forces  appeared.  Preparations  were 
immediately  made  to  carry  the  place ;  one 
battery  having  been  taken  by  storm,  with 
slight  loss  on  either  side,  the  governor  sur- 
rendered, the  English  having  previously  re- 
tired on  board  their  ships.  The  fiirts  below, 
which  commiindeil  the  passage,  wereblownup, 
land  this  enabled  the  ICnglish  fleet  to  put  to  sea. 


(ieiienil  .lacksoii  llien  evucimied  ihei^punish 
lerrilorv,  and  niarihed  Ins  troops  back  to  Mo- 
bile and  .New  Orleans,  which  lie  ii-ached  on 
the  second  <lay  of  Ueceiiilier.  Having  ro- 
vii^wed  a  corps  of  voluntei.'rs  the  day  of  hii 
arrival,  he  immediately  proc^'eded  to  visit 
every  post  in  the  neighbourhood,  to  give  or. 
ders  for  adding  fortifications,  and  establishing 
defensive  works  ond  outposts  in  every  spot 
where  the  enemy  might  be  expected,  as  then- 
was  the  greatest  iinci!rlaiiity  when- a  landing 
would  be  made;  he  mingled  with  the  citizens, 
and  infused  into  the  greati-r  part  his  own  spir- 
it and  energy.  By  his  presence  and  exhorta- 
tions they  were  aniinateil  to  exertioiisof  which 
befiire  lliey  were  not  supposed  to  he  capable. 
All  who  could  wield  a  spade,  (>r  carry  a  mus- 
ket, were  either  luit  to  work  upon  the  forlifi- 
cations,or  trained  in  the  art  of  deii-nding  them. 
The  Mississippi,  upon  the  eastern  bank  ol 
which  New  Orleans  stands,  flows  to  the  ocean 
in  several  channels;  one  leaving  the  main 
stream  above  the  city,  runs  east  of  it,  and 
forms  in  its  course  lake  Poiichartrain  and 
lake  Borgne.  Early  in  December,  the  Brit- 
ish entered  this  channel,  with  a  force  of  about 
eight  thousand  men,  a  part  <if  whom  had  jiisC 
left  the  shori-s  of  the  (.'hesapeaki-,  the  re- 
mainder having  arrived  din-ct  from  Encland. 
A  small  sijuadron  of  gunboats,  iindi-r  Lii-iile- 
nant  Jones,  was  despatched  to  oppose  their 
passage  into  the  lake.  These  were  met  by  a 
superior  force,  and  after  a  spirited  conflict,  in 
which  the  killed  and  wounded  of  the  British 
exceeded  the  whole  number  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, they  wore  compelled  to  siirrend(-r.  The 
loss  of  the  gunboats  It  ft  no  means  of  wnlch- 
ing  the  movements  of  the  enemy,  or  of  ascer- 
taining where  the  landing  would  be  made. 
Orders  were  given  for  increased  vigilance  at 
every  post;  the  people  of  colour  were  foriii- 
ed  into  a  battalion;  theoffiu- of  iheBarrafariiiiis 
to  volunteer,  on  condition  of  pardon  for  pre- 
vious offences,  if  they  conducted  themselves 
with  bravery  and  fidelity,  was  accepted.  Ue- 
neral  Jackson,  after  applying  to  the  li-gisla- 
ture  to  suspend  the  act  of  lial>rn.t  rorjiui,  and 
finding  that  they  were  consuming  these  ex- 
treme moments  in  discussion,  proclaimed  mar- 
tial law,  and  from  that  moment  his  means  be- 
came more  commensurate  with  the  weight  of 
responsibility  ho  had  to  sustain. 

On  the  22d,  the  British  having  landed,  took 
a  position  near  the  main  channel  o  the  river, 
about  (-ighf  nilli-s  below  llie  city.  In  the  eve- 
ning of  the  2:iil,(i<-neral  .lacksiin  made  a  siid- 
d<-ii  and  furious  altiick  upon  their  camp.  Tliev 
were  thrown  into  ilisonler:  lint  they  soon 
rallied,  and  foiisrht  with  a  bravery  at  h-ast 
ecpial  to  that  of  the  assailants.  ISiilisfied  with 
ihe  advantasie  first  gained,  he  withdrew  his 
troops,  fortified  a  strong  position  finir  mlli-s 
below  New  Orleai.s,  and  supported  it  liv  liiil- 
teries  <-rected  on  the  west  bank  ol  Ine  rner. 
On  the  'JSth  of  December,  and  the  1st  of.Iiiii- 
iiai'v,  vigorous  but  iinsiiccessl'iil  atfackH  \»  en- 
made  upon  these  fortifications  bv  the  Eng- 
lish. In  the  nieanlime,  botli  armies  hail  ri-- 
ceived  reinforcc-meiits;  and  General  Sir  K 
Packenham,  the  British  commander,  resolved 
to  exert  all  his  strength  in  a  combined  attack 
upon  the  American  pi-  ons  on  both  sides  of 
the  river.  With  aliinist  incredible  industry 
he  caused  a  canal,  leadiiit'from  a  creek  ein[i- 
tying  itself  into  lake  Morgue  to  the  main 
channel  of  the  Missis^ijipi,  to  be  dug,  that  ha 


UNITED    STATES. 


813 


micht  romnve  >  purl  of  liit  )>on(*aml  iirlilli-rylen  fur  n  linglo  monK'tit.  Hut  IiuII'iiI'iit  I'i^ht 
to  lliat  riviT.  On  llio  7tli  (if  .liirmiiry,  iVcim  in  tin-  rnorniiiK,  tlif  musketry  lm<l  ci'iiscd. 
till!  tnoVL-iMiiiitit  (iliscrvcil  in  tlui  liiiliMli  <ain|>,  I'l'hr  whiili!  jiliiiu  lUi  the  Icl't,  as  iilsn  llic  iiiilc 
a  spceily    iitliick   was  luiticiimtcd.      This   wiihIoI'iIic  river,  Ircini  tin-  ruiid  t<i  llic  nl^'c  ol'  tlir 

■'      "■'       "        ■>-:•■  L   ...  wiiiiT,  WHS  noviTtil  with  thi'  IJrilifh  Mohlicrs 

I'hc)  hti<l  IuIUmi.  Ahout  four  huiidruJ  wouiitl- 
I'll  priiionors  woru  taken,  and  at  least  double 
that  inimbiT  of  woiitidi'd  in«n  escaped  into 
the  liritiiili  camp;  niul  a  apace  of  ground,  ex- 
tondiiiK  from  the  ditch  of  the  American  lines 
to  that  <m  which  the  enemy  drew  up  his 
troops,  two  hundred  and  Rfly  yards  in  len^h, 
l>y  al)0ut  two  hundred  in  lireadth,  was  hte- 
rally  covered  with  men,  cither  dead  or  se- 
verely wounded.  Perhaps  a  greater  dispa- 
rity of  loss  never  occurred;  that  of  the 
Hrilisli  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  in 
thin  attack,  which  was  not  made  w.'h  suflli:ienl 
judf^ment,  and  which,  besides,  was  embar- 
rassed, by  unforseen  circumstances,  was  up- 
wards of  two  thousand  men  ;  the  killed  and 
wounded  of  the  Amerirnns  was  ov^y  thirteen. 
The  cvento  of  the  <lay  on  the  west  sidi;  of 
the  river  present  a  striking  instance  of  the  un- 
certainty of  military  operations.  There  the 
.Americans  were  thrice  the  number  of  their 
brave  assailants,  and  were  protected  by  in- 
Irenrhments;  but  they  ingloriously 'h'd.  They 
were  closely  pursued,  until  the  llritish  party, 
receivinf»  intelligence  of  the  defeat  of  the 
main  army,  withdrew  from  pursuit,  and  re- 
crossed  the  river.  They  then  returneil  and 
resumeil  possession  of  their  infrcnchments. 
(leneral  Lambert,  upon  whom  the  command 
of  the  Hritish  army  had  devolved,  having 
lost  all  hopes  of  success,  prepared  to  return  to 
his  shipping.  In  his  rctivat  he  was  not  mo- 
lested: General  .lackson  wisely  resolving  to 
hazard  nothint;  that  he  had  gained,  in  attempt- 
ing to  gain  still  more. 

The  Americans  naturally  indulged  in  ecsta- 
sies of  joy  for  this  signal  victory.  Te  Deum 
was  simg  at  New  Orleans,  and  every  demon- 
stration of  gratitude  manifested  by  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  unirm  generally.  In  speaking  of 
gratitude  on  this  occasion,  however,  we  must 
not  omit  a  ludicro\is  instance  of  the  meanness 
which  partv-spirlt  will  sometimes  exhibit. 
The  state  of  Louisiana  passed  votes  of  thanks 
to  several  of  the  odicers  concerned  in  the  de- 
fence, and  omitted  General  .Fackson.* 

Although  the  results  of  the  war  had  been 
honourable  to  the    American    arms,   a   large 


inuilo  early   on  the  «lh.     Tlie  llritish   troops, 
I'liruieil  in  a  close  column  of  about  sixty   men 
in  front,  the  men   shouldering  their  muskets, 
1.11  carrvinc  f^cines,  and  some  with   ladders, 
advanced     iwards  the  American  fortifications, 
from  wh<  iic(j  an  incessant  firo  was  kept  up  on 
the  column,  which  continuiui   to  advance,   un- 
til thi-  musketry  of  the  troops  of  Tennessee 
Hiiil  Kentucky,  join»Ml  with  the  fire  of  the   ar- 
tillery,  began   to  make   an   impression  on   it 
which  soon  threw  it  into  confusion.    For  some 
rime    the   British  oflicers  succeeded  in  anima- 
ting the  courage  of  their  troops,  making  them 
advance  obliquely  to  the  left,  to  avoid  the  fire 
of   a    battery,   every   discharge    from   which 
opened  the  column,  and  mowed  down  whoh" 
files,  which   w<'r<>  almost   instantaneously   re- 
placed by  new   troops  coming  up  close  after 
the  first :  but  these  also  shared  the  same  fate, 
until  at  last,   after    twenty-five  minutes  conti- 
nual firing,  through  which  a  few  platoons  ad 
vaiiceil   to  the   edge  of  the  ditch,  the  column 
entirely    broke,   and    part  of  the   troops   dis- 
persed, and    ran   to   take  shelter  among  the 
bushes  on  the  right.     The  rest  retired   to  the 
ditch    where  they    had   been   when  first    per- 
ceiveil,  fiiur   hundred  yards  from    the  .■\meri- 
ciiii  lines.   There  tlie  oUicers  with  some  dilliciil- 
tv  rallied  their  troops,  and  again  drew  them  up 
fur  a  seccuid  attack,  the  soldiers  having  laid 
(liiwii  their  knapsacks  at  theedgi!  of  the  ditch, 
tlint  they  might    be  less  encuiiibered.      And 
now  for  the  second  time,  the  column,  recruited 
with    the   troMiis   that   formed    the    rear,    ad- 
vanced.    Again  it  was  received  with  the  same 
pallinsjfireof  musketry  and  artillery,  till  it  at 
hi'tl    broke   again,  and    retired   in  the  utmost 
ronfnsion.     In  vain  did  the  oflicers  now  en- 
deavour, ar  before,  to   revive  the  courage  of 
tlielr  men  ;   to  no  purpose  did  they  strikethem 
with  the  Hat  of  their  swords,  to  fiirce  them  to 
advance  ;  they  were  insensible  of  every  thing 
but  danger,  and  saw  nothing  but.  death,  which 
hiul  struck  so  many  of  their  comrades.     The 
attack   had    hardly  begun,  "when   the   British 
cornnmnder-in-cliief,  .Sir  Kdward  Packenham, 
fi.'il  a  victim  to  his  own  intrepidity,  while  en- 
deavouring to  anhiiate  his  troops  with  ardour 
liir  the  assault.      Soon  al'ter  his  fiill,  two  other 
geimials,    Keane  and  Ciiblis,   were  carrie.l  otV 
the  field  of  battle,  dangerously  wounded.      A 
great    number  of  oflicers  of  rank  had  fiillen  : 
tliegroiinil  over  which  the  column  had  march- 
ed was  strewed  with  the  dead  and  woiituli'd. 
Such   slnighter   lUi    their   side,  with  scarcely 
any  Ins.-  the  Aiiiericaii,   spread    consterna- 

iiiiii  thri.i.i;h  the  Brilish  rank*,  as  they  were 
iiMW  convinced  of  the  impossiliilily  of  carry- 
ing the  lines,  and  saw  that  even  to  advance 
was  certain  death.  Some  of  the  British 
troops  ha<l  penetrated  into  the  wood  towards 
the  extremity  of  the  American  line,  to  make 
u  false  attack,  or  to  ascertain  whether  a  real 
one  were  practicable.  These  the  troops  un- 
der (leneral  Coiree  no  soimer  perceived,  than 
tlicv  opened    on  them   a   brisk  fire  with  their 


*  The  ro.Dini)  ftir  lliin  umixHtiin  tvns,  tliat,  wliile  lltey 
wrrc  uTnTiglinc  nnd  ilntnviiig  to  f*ilKppii(l  the  habrnt  coT' 
put  in  n  innitiiMlt  of  thn  iiiof<t  inipcrioiis  nereiiHity,  the 
CenrrsI,  to  save  the  roiintry,  prorlsiineil  niartial  hiw.  In 
roti^eqiirnre  oflho  oiiii>*ffion  of  thanks  hy  the  h'^islatiirr, 
some  of  llie  cilirrnc  of  New  Orleans  nresenteil  an  aildreon 
to  the  penenil ;  tlie  answer  to  whirh  i«  hiclily  rhsrarterjx- 
tir  of  the  eiiMant  oll'irer,  now  preffiilcnt  of  the  I'niled 
Stall's  : — *' ;\lthi>iich  liorn  nni)  ImMl  in  the  lanil  of  free- 
liiini,"  ^ay*  the  ceneriil,  '*  popular  favour  has  always  lieen 
with  nie  a  spconilary  ohjeet.  My  firm  wi..|h  in  jiolihenl 
life  has  heen.  to  he  useful  to  my  rniinlrv.  Vet  i  am  not 
inoeiisihie  to  the  i^imiiI  opinion  of  my  ffllow-rili/.rns;  I 
wfliilil  ilo  iiuieh  to  ohtnin  it ;  hut  I  eannni,  for  lliii*  piir- 
pose,  sarrifire  my  own  conseience,  or  what  I  eorieeivo  to 
he  the  interesta  of  my  country.  TK^-se  prinriplea  hate 
prepared  me  to  f^reive  with  just  safi-^faelion  Ilie  address 
yon  have  presented.  The  (irj-t  wish  of  my  heart,  the 
safely  of  our  rolmlry,  has  hern  ai'rompli!.hed  ;  and  it  af- 
fords nie  tlie  erealest  happiness  to  know,  iliat  the  means 
taken  to  aeeiire  this  ohjeel.  have  met  the  approhatiiin  of 
those  who  have  had  the  lies!  opportnnilies  of  jiidciiii;  of 
.^-       •    ,  .   ,  ,       ,  „,,  I  their  proprietv,  nnd    who,  from   their   various  ndalions, 

rilles,  wIiipIi  made  them  retire.  I  he  greater]  mii-ht  |«.  supposed  the  most  ready  to  eensnre  any  whieh 
p.irl  of  those  who,  on  the  column's  beinsr  re-i'"''  '""'■»  improperly  resorud  to.  The  disiinetion  you 
....I....  I     1      1.    I  11.        ■      .1       .1  •    I     .      ■""     1       draw.  ci'Utleiueii.  helween  those   who  olllv  tlerhilm  nhiitlt 

piihi-d,  lia.l  taken  slielter  in  the  thickels,  only  j,.;,!,  ,i„,,„,  „„,,  ,|,o.e  who  ll-hi  lo  maintnin  them,  shows 

esc.'iped    lli(»    batteries    to    be     killed    by    tlitMhow  just  and  praetieal  a  knowjedire  mui  have  of  the  true 

miisketvv.      Durini;  the  whole  hour   that  tl,,.  i!""'-ii'l'-'<  "i' lil'''7:-wiihoni  su,h  know|,.dce  nil  ilieorv 

I     ,■         I      ,         r^  .  ...  ,       ,      I  IS  ilsi'Ir-s  rr  ini-rhirvoiis.     It  r.   intiller  of  siir|Mise.  Ilitit 

tt.UcK  lasti.'d,  the  Ainencan  lire  did  not  slack- n|,ey  who  boast  Ihenmlvcs  ilic  ch«m|iiona  ofthoM'  ri^hlf 


portion  of  the  inhiibitiints  of  the  New  Kng 
'and  slates  were  I'lneasiiigly  opposed  to  the 
measures  of  the  ailiiiuiistialion.  The  gover- 
nor of  iMasiachiisetts  ciinvoked  the  general 
court  of  that  stale;  the  leginlatiire  of  Connec- 
ticut wus  about  lo  hold  its  usual  semi-unnual 
session;  and  the  leeishituru  ofllhode  Island 
also  assembled.  When  these  several  bodies 
met,  what  should  Imi  done  in  this  unexampled 
state  of  aftairs  l>ecam<!  a  subject  of  most  so- 
lemn dclilieration.  To  insure  unity  of  viewd 
and  concert  in  action,  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
sachuselts  proposed  a  '  Coiderence'  by  dele- 
gates from  the  legislatures  of  the  New  Eng- 
land states,  and  of  any  other  states  that  might 
accede  to  the  measure.  Their  resolution  for 
this  purpose,  and  the  circular  letter  accoin- 
panying  it,  show,  that  tin-  duty  proposed  to 
i«!  assigned  to  these  delegates  was  merely  to 
di-viie  and  recommend  to  the  stales,  measures 
fiir  their  security  and  defence,  and  such  mea- 
sures as  were  "  not  repugnant  lo  their  federal 
obligations  as  members  of  the  Ifiiion."  The 
proposition  was  readily  assented  i  ibysi^veral 
states,  and  the  dirlegates  appointed  in  pursu- 
ance of  it  II,.  at  Hartfiird,  on  the  l.'Jih  of 
I)ecemb«!r  following.  The  ctuivention  re- 
ciimmended,  1.  That  the  states  they  represent 
take  measures  to  protect  their  cili/ens  from 
"  fiircible  draughts,  conscriptions  or  impress- 
ments, not  authorized  by  lli<!  constitution  of 
the  I'liited  .States."  2.  That  an  earnest  ap- 
plication be  made  to  the  government  of  the 
I'nited  States,  retiueslitig  their  consent  to 
some  arrangement,  whereby  the  stales  sepa- 
rately, or  in  concert,  may  take  upon  them- 
selves the  defence  of  their  territory  against 
the  enemy,  and  that  a  reasonable  portion  of 
the  taxes  collected  within  the  states  lit!  appro- 
priated to  this  object.  It.  That  the  several 
governors  be  authorized  by  law  lo  employ 
the  military  force  under  their  command  in  as- 
sisting any  state  reipiesling  it,  to  repel  the  in 
vasiona  of  the  public  enemy.  4.  That  seve- 
ral amendments  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  Slates,  calculated  in  their  view  to  pre- 
vent a  recurrence  of  the  evils  of  which  they 
complain,  be   proposeil  by  the  stales  they  re- 

firesent  for  adoption  either  by  the  state  legis- 
utures,  or  by  a  convention  chosen  by  ihe 
people  of  each  state.  Lastly,  That  if  the 
application  of  these  states  to  the  government 
of  the  United  States  should  be  unsuccessful, 
and   peace  should  not  be  concluded,  and  the 

and  privileees,  should  not,  when  they  were  (inn  put  in 
dancer  hy  the  proi-Innialion  of  martial  law,  have  lliaiii 
fesled  lliiit  lively  serisihilily  of  wlik-h  tliev  have  sini'O 
made  so  ostentarioiia  a  disptny.  So  far,  liowever,  was 
tliis  from  hein^  the  ease,  that  this  measure  not  onlv  uk'I, 
then,  the  open  support  of  those  who,  when  their  eoiintry 
was  invaded,  ihoutrht  resiHlanee  a  virtue,  nnd  Ihe  silent 
spprohation  of  all,  htil  even  ren'ivi-d  the  parlirnhir  rerom- 
inrndation  anil  eni  oiiraeeiiienl  of  many  who  now  inveif:h 
the  most  tiilterly  acaiitst  it.  It  wii.i  not  until  a  vii-tnry, 
sei-nred  hy  that  very  iifasiin',  had  lessened  the  daueer 
which  tK'i'asiotied  the  resort  to  it,  that  the  present  feeling 
cnardiaiis  of  our  richts  di-^rovrrrd  lliiil  the  romnianiline 
freneral  oiipht  to  have  snlfered  his  posts  to  lie  ahandoned 
ihroneli  the  ititerferenro  of  a  foreien  apent — his  ranks  to 
he  thinned  hy  desertion. and  his  whole  army  fo  he  hniken 
lo  pieees  hv  mutiny;  while  yet  a  ps>werfiit  forea  ot  the 
enemy  remained  on  our  eoasr.  ami  within  a  few  lioiirn 
sail  of  your  rity.  lender  these  rireumslanees,  fellow- 
soldiers,  vonr  resolution  lo  let  others  dei-laiut  ahoiil  privi- 
leges and  eonstitiitional  ritrhts.  will  never  draw  upon  vou 
the  eharee  of  iHunir  indilTerent  lo  ihnse  iiiesliinnhle  Ides. 
sines;  your  attaelimeiit  to  them  has  lieen  proved  liy  a 
sironcer  title — that  of  liaviup  nohly  foiieht  to  preserv,. 
them.  You,  who  have  I'lii.s  supported  them  aeainst  the 
open  pretenoinns  of  a  po^^rrful  fuemv.  will  i,evcr,  I  trust, 
surrender  them  to  the  uiiderhiind  niaehinalions  of  men 
who  slaiirl  nliiiif  ill  llie  Imiir  of  peril,  nnd  who,  when  thn 
ihinerr  is  goiio,  claim  to  lie  the  'defendcia  of  yimr  eoii-li- 
lution.*" 


1 


814 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


;f 


dufenoc  of  thnso  i  tato*  ho  itill  ncfrlected,  it 
wnnlil,  in  their  ii;>  nion,  hn  pxpctJictit  for  liu- 
Ircinlixtiirrs  of  tlui  scvornl  8talP«  to  appoint 
di'logntrg  to  anotlicr  convention,  to  nirct  iit 
noAton,  in  Jiini',  with  such  powers  and  in- 
Rtructions  an  tho  exigency  of  a  crisiis  tio  ino- 
mpnloin  may  rrqiiiro.  1  ho  offoct  of  these 
prrcecdinf^s  upon  tho  public  mind  in  thn  ag- 
grieved states,  was  alikn  seasonnhlo  and  salu- 
tary. The  very  proposal  to  call  a  convention, 
and  the  cnnp.dencu  reposed  in  tho  men  dele- 
gated to  that  trust,  served  (greatly  to  allny  the 
passions,  and  to  inspire  confidence  and  hope. 
Nor  was  the  influence  of  this  hody  ujMin  ihe 
national  councils  less  perceptilile.  Within 
three  weeks  after  the  adjournment  of  llir 
Convention  and   the  puhliciition  of  their   re- 

Imrt,  an  act  passed  both  houses  of  the  national 
egislature,  and  received  the  signature  of  the 
president,  authorizing  and    requiring  him   to 
"  receive   into     the    service     of  the   United 
States  any  corps  of  troops   which  may  have 
been   or    may  no  raised,  organized,  and  offi- 
cered,   under  the   authority    of    any   of    the 
states,"  to   be  "  employed  in  tho  stale  raising 
the  same,  or  an  adjoinmg  slate,  and  not  else 
where,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  exe 
rutive   of  the  state    raising  tho  same."     He 
foro  the  commissioners  who  were  sent  to  con 
fer  with  the  goveriunent  could  roach  Wash 
ington,  a  bill  passed  the  senate,  providing  for 
the  payment  of  the  troops  and  militia  already 
unlled  into  service  under  the  aulhorify  of  thi 
stales.     The  arrival  of  the  treaty  of  peace  at 
this  juncture,  rendered   all   f-irther  proceed- 
ings unnecessary. 

Durins'  the  preceding  year  the  British  go- 
\ernmcnt  had  declined  to  treat  under  the  me- 
diation of  Russia,  and  a  direct  negotiation 
had  been  agreed  on,  Ghent  was  ultimately 
deteiinined  as  the  place  of  meeting ;  and  in 
the  BUtuir.n  of  1814  the  conmissionrrs  prose 
cuted  their  lalK)Urs,  but  at  first  with  very 
d')ubtrul  success.  By  the  21(h  of  December, 
a  Irt  aty  was  agreed  upon  and  signed  by  tin 
pK  lipolonliaries  of  the  respective  powers  at 
Ohont;  and  iu  February  of  tho  following 
year  it  received  the  ratification  of  the  presi- 
dent. 

While  the  people  of  the  United  Stales  were 
rejoicing  at  the  return  of  peace,  their  atlentioti 
was  called  to  a  new  scene  of  war.  By  a  mes- 
sage from  the  president  to  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, wilh  a  report  of  tho  secretary  of 
state,  it  ajipeared  that  the  dey  of  Algiers  had 
violently,  and  without  just  cause,  obliged  the 
consul  of  tho  United  .States,  and  all  the  Ameri 
can  citizens  in  Algiers,  to  leave  that  place,  in 
violation  of  the  treaty  then  subsisting  between 
the  two  nations ;  that  he  had  exacted  from 
the  consul,  under  pain  of  immediate  imprison- 
ment, a  large  sum  of  money,  to  which  lie  had 
no  just  claim;  ard  that  these  acts  of  violence 
and  outrage  had  been  followed  by  the  capture 
of  at  least  one  Airerican  vessel,  and  by  the 
seizure  of  an  Amer'can  citizen  on  board  of  a 
neutral  vessel  ;  that  tho  captured  persons 
were  yet  hold  in  captivity,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  two  of  them,  who  had  been  ransomed; 
that  every  effort  to  obtain  the  release  of  the 
others  had  proved  aborlive;  and  that  there 
was  some  reason  to  believe  they  were  held  by 
the  dey  as  means  by  which  ho  calculated  to 
extort  from  the  United  States  a  degrading 
treaty.  The  president  observed,  that  the 
ooiisiderutioiiH  which  rendered  it  unnecessary 


and  unimportant  to  commence  hostile  opera- 
tions on  llie  part  of  the  United  .Slates,  wen- 
now  tenninnled  by  llie  peace  wilh  Cirrat  Bri- 
tain, which  opened  ihe  prosprcl  of  an  aclive 
and  valuable  Irade  of  llii'i>-  r>ri/,i>ns  wilhin  ibe 
range  of  the  Algerino  cruisers;  and  irciuii- 
meiided  to  Congress  iho  conniderali(Ui  of  an 
act  ileclaring  the  existence  of  a  slate  of  war 
between  the  United  States  and  the  dey  of 
Algiers,  and  of  sucli  provisions  as  might  iie 
Tqulsito  for  tin,'  prosecution  of  it  to  a  success- 
ful issui-.  A  conimitlee  of  Congress,  to  whom 
was  referred  a  bill  "  for  the  protection  of  the 
comniiTce  of  tho  United  States  against  the 
Algerino  cruisers,"  after  a  statement  of  facts, 
concluded  their  report  by  expressing  their 
united  opinion,  "  that  the  dey  of  Algiers  con- 
sldi'rs  his  treaty  with  the  United  States  as  at 
an  end,  and  is  waging  war  with  them ;"  and 
iu  March,  war  was  declared  against  tho  Alge- 
rines. 

An  expedition  was  immediately  ordered  to 
the  Mediterranean,  luider  the  command  of 
Commodore  Bainbridge.  Tho  squadron  in 
advance  on  that  service,  under  Commodore 
Decatur,  lost  not  a  moment  after  its  arrival  in 
tho  Mediterranean,  in  seeking  the  naval  force 
of  the  enemy,  then  cruising  in  that  sea,  and 
succeeiled  in  capturing  two  of  his  ships,  one 
of  them  commanded  by  the  Algerino  admiral. 
The  American  commander,  aft<"r  this  demon- 
stration of  skill  and  prowess,  hastened  to  the 
port  of  Algiers,  w  here  he  readily  obtained 
peace,  in  the  stipulated  terms  of  which  the 
rights  and  honour  of  tho  United  States  were 
particularly  consulted,  by  a  perpetual  relin- 
quishment, on  tho  part  of  the  dey,  of  all  pre- 
tensions to  tribute  from  them.  The  impres 
sions  thus  made,  strengthened  by  sidisequent 
transactions  with  the  regencies  of  Tunis  and 
Tripoli,  by  tho  appearance  of  tho  larger  force 
which  followed  under  Commodore  Bain- 
bridge, and  by  the  judicious  precautionary  ar 
rangemeiits  left  by  him  in  that  quarter,  af 
fordeil  a  reasonable  prospect  of  future  seen 
rily  for  the  \aluable  portion  of  American  corn 
merco  which  passes  wilhin  reach  of  the  Bar 
bary  cruisers. 

J'resident  Madison,  in  his  message  to  tlie 
congress  of  181G,  having  adverted  to  tlie 
peace  of  Europe  and  to  that  of  tho  United 
.States  wilh  Circat  Britain,  said,  he  had  tlie 
"  satisfaction  to  state,  generally,  that  they  re- 
niain<.'d  in  amity  wilh  foreign  powers."  He 
proceeded  to  say,  that  the  posture  of  affairs 
with  Algiers  at  that  monuMit  was  not  known 
but  that  tho  dey  had  found  a  pretext  for  com- 
plaining of  a  viola'.ion  of  tho  last  treaty,  and 
presenting  as  the  alternative,  war  or  a  renew 
al  of  the  former  treaty,  which  stipulated, 
among  other  thuigs,  an  annual  tribute.  "  The 
answer,"  says  the  ])residenf,  "  with  an  ex- 
plicit declaration  that  tho  United  States  pre 
ferred  war  to  tribute,  required  his  recognitioy 
and  observance  of  the  treaty  last  made,  which 
abolishes  tribute,  and  the  slavery  of  our  cap- 
tured citizens.  The  result  of  the  answer  Jibs 
not  been  received.  Should  he  renew  his 
warfare  <  n  our  commerce,  wo  rely  on  the  pro- 
tection it  will  find  in  our  naval  force  actually 
in  the  Mediterranean.  With  the  other  Bar- 
bary  states  our  affairs  have  undergone  no 
change.  With  reference  to  the  aborigines  of 
our  own  country,"  he  continues  "the  Indian 
tribes  within  our  limits  appear  alno  disposed 
to  remain  in   peace.     From   several  of  them 


lurchases  of  lands  have  been  made,  parlicu- 

arly  liivourablr  to  the  wishes  and  security  of 
our  fjonlier  sellli'iiieiils  as  well  as  to  the  ge- 
neral interests  of  the  nation.     In  some  inslan- 

•es,  the  titles,  thouiili  not  supported  by  di:u 
proof",  uiid  cliisliing  those  of  one  tribe  with  the 
claiiuH  of  another,  have  been  extinguished  by 

louble  purchas<>s,  the  benevolent  policy  of 
the  United  Slates  preferring  the  aiiginented 
expense  to  the  hazard  of  doing  injustice,  or 
to  the  enforci-ment  of  justice  against  a  feeble 
and  untutored  people,  by  means  involving  <ir 
thri'atening  an  efl'usion  of  blood.  I  am  happy 
to  add,  that  the  tranquility  which  has  been 
restored  among  the  liibes  themselves,  as  well 


as  between   them  ard   our  own   popiilalln 

n-.ol' 
civilization,   which    hatf  mado 


will  favour   the   resumption  of 


popiil 
tne  w< 


on, 
kof 
an  eiicourup- 
ing  progress  among  some  tribes  ;  and  that  llu; 
facility  is  iiuTeasiiig  for  extending  that  divi- 
ded and  indiviiliial  ownership,  which  exists 
now  in  moveable  property  only,  to  the  soil 
itself;  and  of  thus  establishing,  in  the  cul- 
ture and  improvement  of  it,  the  true  fiiuiida- 
tlon  for  a  transit  from  the  habits  of  a  savuge 
to  the  arts  and  comforts  of  social  life." 

The  doubtful  slate  of  the  relations  between 
tho  United  Stales  and  the  dey  of  Algiers,  to 
which  the  president  alluded  in  his  niessuge, 
arose  either  from  a  strong  impulse  of  the  love 
»f  extortion  in  the  dey,  or  from  the  influence 
of  some  foreign  personagi's ;  the  rising  (lil- 
ferences  were,  however,  settled  by  the  jini- 
dent  management  of  the  American  ctuisiij, 
Mr.  Shaler,  and  j>eace  has  not  since  been 
broken  on  the  part  of  the  Algerines. 

Among  the  inci<lents  of  domestic  intere>t 
which  indicate  tho  rapid  growth  ond  increas- 
ing prosperity  of  tho  republic,  we  may  nn- 
tii'e  the  forinatioii  of  the  territ4iry  of  Indiiina 
into  a  stale,  and  its  admission  into  the  union: 
the  progress  of  canals  in  various  states;  the 
institution  of  a  national  bank ;  and  the  arri- 
val of  many  thousand  emigrants,  cliie  .•  I'rcjni 
Great  Britain.  Treaties  were,  duri.  ,  thi? 
year,  negotiated  with  the  Choctaw,  Chlrk:i 
saw,  and  Clierokeo  Indians,  ceding  larpo 
portions  of  their  respective  territories  to  llm 
United  Slates,  and  acknowledging  their  tribej 
to  be  under  the  protection  of  the  republic. 


CHAPTER     XXII. 

AIIMINISTIIATIONS  (IP  JAMKS  MO.N'ROP,,  JOilV 
qlllNUV  ADAMS,  AND  I'ART  OK  THAT  oK 
ANDItlSW   JACKSON. 

Tiir.  events  of  the  existing  generation  can 
never  be  considered  fully  ripe  fiir  the  hisln- 
rian;  we  have  therefore  been  concise  in  our 
narrative  of  recent  transactions.  The  closing 
chapter  of  this  narrative,  allhough  comprising 
a  period  of  eighteen  years,  will  exhibit  slill 
more  strikingly  a  happy  brevity,  through  llie 
absence  of  events  which  constitute  the  chief 
materials  of  history  ;  and  our  earnest  hope  is, 
that  every  succeeuing  decade  will  possess  un 
eipially  diminished  claim  on  the  historic  pen 
— an  indication  that  an  interchange  of  benevo- 
lent li.^ts  constitutes  an  increasing  proportion 
of  national  proceedings,  giving  little  to  record, 
but  much  to  enjoy.  Ambition  and  the  love 
of  glory,  the  brilliant  but  di'lusive  ofisprlii!; 
of  disordered   minds,    may   excite   to  dccdii 


UNITED    STATES. 


SIS 


iMKS    MONRdK,     JOHN 
l>AHT     UV     THAT     l)K 


IsUnir  poiii'i'niKiii  <'nri 
y   ripe   fur  llio  liislo- 

bt!L"ii  conrisi!  in  our 
ictions.     Tlic  closiiii; 

altlioii^li  cmiiprislrj^ 
irs,  will  exhibit  still 
brevity,  througli  tlin 
1  cotiatitute  tlic  chief 
1  our  (Mirncst  hope  is, 
icadu  will  possj'ss  uii 
1  on  the  liistoric  pi-n 
itercbnnge  of  benovo- 
incrensii)f;  proportion 
(w'mg  little  to  rocord, 
nbition  and  the  love 
It  delusive  oHVi)rln!; 
nay   excite   I"  tlfcil* 


whicb  engsQV  the  admiration  uftho  unruflflct- 
!iig  iimas  of  mankind;  but  they  are  decdd 
which,  while  they  gratify  the  pride  of  a  few,, 
billet  the  hiippineiiH  of  miiltitudeii;  and,  like| 
f'linily  feiiil<),  Hpreiiil  their  bjiiielul  iiilliieiice 
through  distant  generations.  Under  the  iieut- 
ed  and  deadly  giuru  of  military  glory,  the  art4 
and  sciences  which  c<Mitributu  to  th>j  enjoy- 
miuit  of  life  wither,  and  give  place  to  the  lux- 
urious growth  of  rancorous  weeds,  whose 
blossotiis  are  decked,  indeed,  with  gorgeous 
colours,  but  whose  fruit  is  tho  dust  of  bit- 
terness and  despair. 

A  circumstance  peculiar  to  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States,  ijsd  tends  to  abridj^e 
our  pn'soiit  labours; — the  history  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  during  the  remainder  of  the  period 
wi>  propose  to  include  relating  chii'tly  to  mea 
sures  of  internal  improvemiMit,  which  are, 
for  the  most  purl,  conducted  by  the  respect- 
ive states,  and  not  by  tho  general  govern- 
nii'tit,  the  arrangements  of  tho  work  necessa- 
rily trnnsfur  our  iiolico  of  these  transactions 
til  a  sulisc(|ucnt  section,  which  will  treat  of 
lliom  ill  connection  with  the  statistics  and  to- 
pography of  the  states  in  which  they  have 
occiirrod. 

The  term  of  Mr.  Madison's  administration 
Imving  expired  in  tho  year  1S17,  James  Mon- 
roe wns  maiigurated  president,  and  Daniel 
0.  Tompkins  vice-president.  On  his  inagu- 
ralion,  Mr.  Monroe  delivered  tho  following 
iidiliess  to  both  houses  of  congress  : — 

"  I  should  be  destitute  of  feirling,  if  I  was 
not  deeply  alTected  by  the  strong  proof  which 
my  fellow-citizens  have  given  mo  of  their 
niiifidence,  in  culling  mo  to  the  high  office, 
vvhiisn  functions  I  am  about  to  assume.  As 
tho  expression  of  their  good  opinion  of  mv 
ciMidiict  in  the  public  service,  1  derive  from  it 
a  gratification,  which  those  who  are  conscious 
iif  having  done  all  that  they  could  to  merit 
it,  can  alone  feel.  My  sensibility  is  increased 
by  a  Just  estimate  of  the  importance  of  the 
trust,  and  of  tho  nature  and  extent  of  its  du- 
ties ;  with  the  proper  discharge  of  which,  the 
highest  interests  of  a  great  and  free  peojile 
are  intimately  connected.  Conscious  of  my 
own  deficiency,  I  cannot  enter  on  these  duties 
without  great  anxiety  for  the  result.  From 
a  just  responsibility  I  will  never  shrink;  cal- 
culating with  confidence,  that  in  my  best  ef- 
forts to  promote  tho  public  welfare,  my  mo- 
tives will  always  be  duly  appreciated,  and 
my  conduct  bo  viewed  with  that  candour  and 
indulgence  which  I  have  experienced  in  other 
st.itions. 

"  In  commencing  the  duties  of  tho  chief 
executive  office,  it  has  been  tho  practice  of 
the  distinguished  men  who  have  gone  before 
me,  to  explain  the  principles  which  would 
govern  them  in  their  respective  administra- 
tions. In  following  their  venerated  example, 
my  attention  is  naturally  drawn  to  the  great 
causes  which  have  contributed,  in  a  principal 
degree,  to  produce  the  present  happy  condi- 
tion of  the  United  States.  They  will  best  ex- 
plain tho  nature  of  our  duties,  and  shed  much 
light  on  tho  policy  which  ought  to  be  pursu- 
ed ill  future. 

"  From  the  commencement  of  our  rcvolu- 
t.oii  to  the  present  day,  almost  forty  years 
have  elapsed,  and  from  the  establishment  of 
this  constitution,  twenty-eight.  Through  this 
whole  term  the  government  hns  been  what 
may  cinphalicully  be  culled,  sulf-govornment ; 


and  what  has  hf  en  the  elfect?  To  whatever 
object  we  turn  our  attention,  whether  it  re- 
lalej  to  our  foreign  or  domestic  concerns,  we 
find  ubumlant  causu  to  felicitate  oursi-lves  in 
the  excellence  of  our  institutions.  During  a 
leriod  fi'uiiglit  with  dilHculties,  anil  nuirked 
ly  very  extraordinary  tvents,  the  United 
Slates  have  flourished  beyond  example. 
Their  citizens,  individually,  have  been  happy, 
ami  the  nation  prosperous. 

"Under  this  constitution,  our  commerce 
hasbeenwisely  regulated  with  foreign naticuis, 
and  between  the  states;  new  stales  have  been 
admitted  into  our  union;  our  territory  has 
been  enlarged,  by  fair  and  honourable  treaty, 
and  with  great  auvantiii^e  to  the  original  status ; 
the  states  respectively,  protected  by  the  na- 
tional government,  under  a  mild  parental  sys- 
tem, against  fortMgn  dangers,  and  enjoying 
within  their  separate  spheres,  liy  n  wise  par- 
tition of  power,  a  just  proportion  of  the 
sovereignty,  have  improved  tneir  police,  ex- 
tended their  settlements,  and  attained  a 
strength  and  maturity,  which  are  the  liest 
proofs  of  wholesome  laws,  well  administered. 
And  if  wo  look  to  tho  condition  of  individu- 
als, what  a  proud  spectacle  does  it  exhibit  1 
On  whom  has  oppression  fallen  in  any  quar- 
ter of  our  unionl  Who  has  licen  deprived 
of  any  right  of  person  or  properly  1  Who 
restrained  in  offering  his  vows  in  the  itiodo  in 
which  he  prefers,  to  tho  Divine  Author  of 
his  being  1  It  is  well  known,  that  all  these 
blessings  have  been  enjoyed  in  their  fullest 
extent ;  and  I  add  with  peculiar  satisfaction, 
that  thoro  has  licon  no  example  of  a  capital 
punishment  being  inflicted  on  any  one  for  the 
crime  of  high  treason. 

"Some,  who  might  admit  the  competency 
of  our  government  to  these  beneficent  duties, 
might  doubt  it  in  trials  which  put  to  tho  test 
its  strength  and  efficiency,  as  a  member  of  tho 
groat  community  of  nations.  Here,  too,  ex- 
perience has  afforded  us  tho  most  satisfactory- 
proof  in  its  favour.  Just  os  this  constitution 
was  put  into  action,  several  of  tho  principal 
states  of  Europe  had  become  much  agitated, 
and  some  of  them  seriously  convulsed.  De- 
structive wars  ensued,  which  have,  of  lute 
only,  been  terminated.  In  the  course  of  these 
conflicts,  the  United  States  received  great  in- 
jury from  several  of  the  parties.  It  was 
their  interest  to  stand  aloof  from  the  contest; 
to  demand  justice  from  the  party  committing 
the  injury  ;  and  to  cultivate,  by  a  fair  and  ho- 
nourable conduct,  the  friendship  of  all.  War 
became,  ot  length,  inevitable,  and  tho  result 
has  shown,  that  our  government  is  equal  to 
that,  the  greatest  of  trials,  under  the  most  un- 
favourable circumstances.  Of  the  virtue  of 
the  people,  and  of  the  heroic  exploits  of  the 
army,  the  navy,  and  tho  militia,  I  need  not 
speak. 

"  Such,  then,  is  tho  happy  government  un- 
der which  we  live  :  a  government  adequate 
to  every  purpose  for  which  the  social  compact 
is  formed  ;  a  government  elective  in  all  its 
branches,  under  which  every  citizen  may,  by 
his  merit,  obtain  tho  highest  trust  recognized 
by  the  constitution ;  which  contains  within  it 
no  cause  of  discord  ;  none  to  put  at  variance 
one  portion  of  the  community  with  another; 
a  government  which  protects  every  citizen  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  his  rights,  and  is  able  lo 
protect  the  nation  against  injustice  frjiii 
foreign  powers. 


"  Other  coniideratioiii  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance iidinoninh  lis  to  cherish  our  union,  and 
cling  to  the  goveriiiiieiit  which  supporti  it 
Foi'lunate  as  we  are  in  our  political  institu- 
tions, we  have  nut  been  less  so  in  other  cir- 
ciiiii«laiires,(iii  which  our  prosperity  and  hap- 
piness easentiully  depend.  Situated  within 
the  temperate  -/.one,  and  extending  through 
many  ilegrees  of  latitude  olong  the  Atlantic, 
tho  United  Slate*  enjoy  all  tho  varietici  of 
climate,  and  every  production  incident  to 
that  portion  of  the  glolie.  Penetrating,  inter- 
nally, lo  the  grriit  lakes,  and  beyonil  the  sourro 
of  the  great  rivers  which  communicate  through 
our  whole  interior,  no  country  was  ever  hap- 
pier with  respect  to  its  domain.  lilessed  too 
with  a  fertile  soil,  our  produce  has  always 
been  very  abundant,  leaving,  even  in  years 
the  least  liivourable,  a  surplus  fiir  the  wants  of 
our  fellow  men  in  othi-r  countries.  .Such  Is 
our  peculiar  felicity,  that  there  is  not  a  part  of 
imr  unit  -  that  is  not  particularly  interested  in 
preserving  it.  The  great  agricultural  inte- 
rest of  the  nation  prospers  under  its  protec- 
tion. Local  inten-sts  are  not  less  fostered  bv 
it.  Our  fellow-citizens  of  the  north,  engagell 
in  navigation,  find  great  encouragement  in 
being  made  tho  favoured  carriers  of  tho  vast 
productions  of  the  other  portions  of  the  United 
States,  while  the  inhabitants  of  these  are  am- 
ply recompensed,  in  their  turn,  by  iho  nursery 
for  seamen  and  naval  force,  thus  formed  and 
reared  up  for  the  support  of  our  commoi. 
rights.  Our  manufactures  find  a  generous 
encouragement  by  the  policy  which  patron- 
izes diunestic  industry ;  anil  the  surplus  of 
our  proiliice,  a  steady  and  profitable  market 
by  local  wants,  in  less  favoured  parts  at  homo. 
"Such,  then,  being  the  highly  favoured  con- 
dition of  oiircountry,  it  is  the  interest  of  every 
citizen  to  maintain  it.  What  are  the  dangers 
which  menace  us?  If  any  exist,  they  ought 
to  be  ascertained  and  guarded  against. 

"  In  explaining  my  sentiments  on  this  sub- 
ject, it  may  lie  asked,  what  raised  us  to  the 
present  happy  state  1  How  did  wo  acccmi- 
plish  the  revolution  ]  How  remedy  the  de- 
fects of  tho  first  instrument  of  our  union,  by 
infusing  into  tho  national  government  suffi- 
cient power  for  national  purposes,  without 
impalnng  the  just  rights  of  the  states,  or  aflt-cl- 
ing  those  of  individuals?  How  sustain,  and 
pass  with  glory  through  the  late  war?  The 
government  lios  been  in  tho  hands  of  tho  peo- 
ple. To  tho  people,  therefore,  and  to  th» 
faithful  and  able  depositories  of  their  trust,  is 
the  credit  duo.  Had  the  people  of  the  Unile.l 
States  been  educated  in  dilTerent  principles; 
had  they  been  less  intelligent,  less  independ- 
ent, or  less  virtuous,  can  it  be  believed  that 
we  should  have  maintained  tho  snme  steady 
and  consistent  career,  or  been  blessed  with  the 
same  success  ?  While  then  the  constituent 
body  retains  its  present  sound  and  healthful 
state,  every  thing  will  bo  safe.  They  will 
choose  competent  and  faithful  representatives 
of  every  department.  It  is  only  when  the 
people  become  ignorant  and  corrupt,  when 
they  degenerate  into  a  populace,  that  they  aro 
incapable  of  exercising  the  sovereignty.  Usur- 
pation is  then  an  easy  attainment,  onil  a  usur- 
per soon  found.  The  people  themselves  be- 
come the  willing  iristriimeiits  of  their  ov.'n 
delmsi-ment  ami  ruin.  Let  us  then  look  Uf 
the  great  cause,  and  eiuleavour  to  preserve  it 
[ill  full  f()ice.     Let  us,  by  all  wise  and  coiieii- 


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HISTORY    OF    THE 


tutional  measures,  promote  intelligence  among 
the  people,  as  the  best  means  of  preserving 
our  liberties. 

"  Dangers  from  abroad  are  not  less  deserv- 
ing of  attention.  Experiencing  the  fortune  of 
other  nations,  the  United  States  may  be  again 
involved  in  war,  and  it  may,  in  that  event,  be 
the  object  of  the  adverse  party  to  overset  our 
government,  to  break  our  jnion,  and  demolish 
us  as  a  nation.  Our  distance  from  Europe, 
and  the  just  moderate,  and  pacific  policy  of 
our  government,  may  form  some  security 
against  these  dangers,  but  they  ought  to  be 
anticipated  and  guarded  against.  Many  of 
our  citizens  are  engaged  in  commerce  and 
navigation,  and  all  of  them  are  in  a  certain  de- 
gree dependent  on  their  prosperous  state. 
Many  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  These 
interests  ari.  exposed  to  invasion  in  the  wars 
between  other  powers,  and  wc  should  disre- 
gard the  faithful  admonition  of  experience  if 
we  did  not  expect  it.  We  must  support  our 
rights  or  lose  our  character,  and  with  it  per- 
haps our  liberties.  A  people  who  fail  to  do 
it,  can  scarcely  be  said  to  hold  a  place  among 
independent  nations.  National  honour  is  na- 
tional property  of  the  highest  value.  The 
sentiment  in  the  mind  of  every  citizen,  is  na- 
tional strength.  It  ought  therefore  to  be 
cherished. 

"  To  secure  us  against  these  dangers,  our 
coast  and  inland  frontiers  should  be  fortified, 
our  army  and  navy  regulated  upon  just  prin- 
ciples as  to  the  force  of  each,  be  kept  in  per- 
fect order,  and  our  milif.  \  be  placed  on  the 
best  practicable  footing.  To  put  our  exten- 
sive coast  in  such  a  state  of  defence,  ns  to  se- 
cure our  cities  and  interior  from  invasion,  will 
be  attended  with  expense,  but  the  work  when 
finished  will  be  permanent,  and  it  is  fair  to 
presume  that  a  single  campaign  of  invasion, 
by  a  naval  force  superior  to  our  own,  aide-' 
by  a  few  thousand  land  troops,  would  expose 
as  to  grejiter  expjnse,  without  taking  into  the 
estimate  the  loss  of  property,  and  distress  of 
our  cl'izens,  than  would  be  sufficient  for  this 
great  work.  Our  land  and  naval  forces  should 
be  moderate,  but  adequate  to  the  necessary 
purposes.  The  former  to  garrison  and  pre- 
serve our  fortifications  and  to  meet  the  first 
invasions  of  a  foreign  foe  ;  and,  while  consti- 
tuting the  elements  of  a  greater  force,  to  pre- 
serve the  science,  as  well  as  all  the  necessary 
implements  of  war,  in  a  state  to  be  brousjlit 
into  activity  in  the  event  of  war.  The  latter, 
retained  within  the  limits  proper  in  a  state  of 
peace,  might  aid  in  maintaining  the  neutrality 
of  the  United  States  with  dignity  in  the  wars 
of  other  powers,  and  in  saving  the  |)roperty 
of  their  citizens  from  spoliation.  In  time  of 
war,  with  tlie  enlargement  of  which  the  great 
naval  resources  of  the  country  render  it  sus- 
ceptible, and  which  should  bo  duly  fostered 
in  time  of  jieace,  it  would  contribute  essen- 
tially both  as  an  auxiliary  of  defence,  and  as  a 
powerful  engine  of  annoyance,  to  diminish 
the  calamities  of  war,  and  to  bring  the  war  to 
a  speedy  and  honourable  termination. 

"  But  it  always  ought  to  be  held  promi- 
nently in  view,  that  the  safety  of  these  states, 
and  of  every  thing  dear  to  a  free  people,  must 
depend  in  an  eminent  degree  on  the  militia. 
Invasions  may  bo  made,  too  formidable  to  be 
resisted  by  any  land  and  naval  force,  which  it 
would  comport  cither  with  the  principles  of 
our  govornmeni,  or  the  circumstances  of  the 


United  States,  to  maintain.  In  such  cases, 
recourse  must  be  had  to  the  great  body  of  the 
people,  anil  in  a  manner  to  produce  the  best 
effect.  It  is  of  the  highest  importance,  there- 
fore, that  they  bo  so  organized  and  trained,  ns 
to  be  prepared  for  any  emergency.  The  ar- 
rangement should  be  such,  as  to  put  at  the 
command  of  the  government  the  ardent  pa- 
triotism and  youthful  vigour  of  the  country. 
If  formed  on  equal  and  just  principles,  it  can- 
1  nt  be  oppressive.  It  is  the  crisis  which 
rjakes  the  pressure,  and  not  the  laws  which 
provide  a  remedy  for  it.  This  arrangement 
should  be  formed  too  in  time  of  peace,  to  be 
better  prepared  for  war.  With  such  an  or- 
ganization of  such  a  people,  the  United  States 
have  nothing  to  dread  from  foreign  invasion. 
At  its  approach,  an  overwhelming  force  of 
gallant  men  might  olwnys  be  put  in  motion. 

"Other  interests  of  high  importance  will 
claim  attention,  among  which  the  improve- 
ment of  our  country  by  roads  and  canals,  pro- 
ceeding always  with  a  constitutional  sanction, 
holds  a  distinguished  place.  By  thus  facili- 
tating the  intercourse  between  the  states,  we 
shall  add  much  to  the  convenience  and  com- 
fort of  our  fellow-citizens;  much  to  the  orna- 
ment of  the  country;  and,  what  is  of  a  greater 
importance,  we  shall  shorten  distances,  and  by 
making  each  part  more  accessible  to,  and  de- 
pendent on  the  other,  we  shall  bind  the  union 
more  closely  together.  Nature  has  done  so 
much  for  us  by  intersecting  the  country  with 
so  many  groat  rivers,  bays,  and  lakes,  ap- 
proaching from  distant  points  so  near  to  each 
other,  that  the  inducement  to  complete  the 
work  seems  to  be  peculiarly  strong.  A  more 
interesting  spectacle  was  perhaps  never  seen 
than  is  exhibited  within  the  United  States ;  a 
territory  so  vast,  and  advantageously  situated, 
containing  objects  so  grand,  so  useful,  so  hap- 
pily connected  in  all  their  ptirts 

"  Our  manufactures  will  likewise  require 
the  systematic  and  fostering  care  of  the  go- 
vernment. Possessing,  as  we  do,  all  the  raw 
materials,  the  fruit  of  our  own  soil  and  indus- 
try, we  ought  not  to  depend  in  the  degree  we 
have  done  on  the  supplies  from  other  coun- 
tries. While  we  are  thus  dependent,  the  sud- 
den event  of  war  unsought  and  unexpected, 
cannot  fail  to  plunge  us  into  the  most  serious 
(IKIiciiltips.  It  is  important,  too,  that  the  cap- 
ital which  nourishes  our  manufactures  should 
be  domestic,  as  its  iuHuence  in  that  case,  in- 
stead of  ey.haustinsr,  as  it  may  do  in  foreign 
hands,  would  be  felt  advantageously  on  agri- 
culture, and  every  other  branch  of  industry. 
E(|ually  important  is  it  to  provide  at  home  a 
market  for  our  -aw  materials,  as  by  extend- 
ing the  competii.on,  it  will  enhance  the  price, 
and  protect  the  cultivator  against  the  casual- 
ties incident  to  foreign  markets. 

"  With  the  Indian  tribes  it  is  our  duty  to 
cultivate  friendly  relations,  ond  to  act  with 
kindness  and  liberality  in  all  our  transactions. 
Equally  proper  is  it  to  persevere  in  our  ef- 
forts to  extend  to  them  the  advantages  of  civili- 
zation. 

"  The  great  amount  of  our  revenue,  and 
the  flourishing  state  of  the  treasury,  arc  a  full 
proof  of  the  competency  of  the  national  re- 
sources for  any  emergency,  as  they  are,  of 
the  willingness  of  our  fellow-citizens  to  bear 
ilie  burdens  which  the  public  necessities  re- 
<|uirc.  The  vast  amount  of  vacant  lands, 
the  valu!!  of  which  dully  augments,  forms  an 


additional  resource  of  great  extent  and  dura- 
tion. These  resources,  besides  accomplishing 
every  other  necessary  purpose,  put  it  com- 
pletely in  the  power  of  the  United  Stntes  to 
discharge  the  national  debt  at  an  early  peritid 
Peace  is  the  best  time  for  improi-einent  luid 
preparation  of  every  kind  ;  it  is  in  peace  that 
our  commerce  flourishes  most,  that  taxes  aro 
most  easily  paid,  and  that  the  revenue  is  most 
productive. 

"  The  executive  is  charged  officially,  in  the 
departments  under  it,  with  the  disbursement  of 
the  public  money,  and  is  responsible  for  the 
faithful  application  of  it  to  the  purposes  for 
which  it  is  raised.  The  legislature  is  the 
watchful  guard  over  the  public  purse.  It  is 
its  duty  to  see  that  the  disbursement  has  been 
honestly  made.  To  meet  the  requisite  re- 
sponsibility, every  facility  should  be  afforded 
to  the  executive  to  enable  it  to  bring  the 
public  agents,  intrusted  with  the  public 
money,  strictly  and  promptly  to  account. 
Nothing  should  be  presumed  against  them; 
but  if,  with  the  requisite  faculties,  the  public 
money  is  suffered  to  lie,  long  and  uselessly, 
in  their  hands,  they  will  not  be  the  only  de- 
faulters, nor  will  the  demorrlizlng  effect  be 
confined  to  them.  It  will  evii.ce  a  relaxation, 
and  want  of  tone  in  the  administration,  which 
will  be  felt  by  the  whole  community.  1  shall 
do  all  that  I  can,  to  secure  economy  and  fidel- 
ity in  this  important  branch  of  the  odminis- 
tratlon,  and  I  doubt  not,  that  the  legislature 
will  perform  its  duty  with  equal  zeal.  A 
thorough  examination  should  be  regularly 
made,  and  I  will  promote  it. 

"  It  is  particularly  gratifying  to  me,  to  en- 
ter on  the  discharge  of  these  duties,  at  a  lime 
when  the  United  States  are  blessed  with 
peace.  It  is  a  state  most  consistent  with  their 
prosperity  and  happiness.  It  will  be  my  sin- 
cere desire  to  preserve  it  so  far  as  depends  on 
the  executive,  on  just  principles  with  all  na- 
tions, claiming  nothing  unreasonable  of  any, 
and  rendering  to  each  what  is  its  due. 

"  Equally  gratifying  is  it,  to  witness  the 
increased  harmony  of  opinion  which  pervades 
our  union.  Discord  does  not  belong  to  our 
system.  Union  is  recommended,  as  well  by 
the  free  and  benign  jirinciples  of  our  govern- 
ment, extending  its  blessings  to  every  indivi- 
dual, as  by  the  other  eminent  advantages  at 
tending  it.  The  American  people  linve 
encountered  together  great  dangers,  and 
sustained  severe  trials  with  success.  They 
constitute  one  great  family  with  a  coinmim 
Interest.  Experience  has  enlightened  us  on 
some  questions  of  essential  importance  to  the 
country.  The  progress  has  been  slow,  dic- 
tated by  a  just  reflection,  and  (iillhful  regjinl 
to  every  interest  connected  with  il.  To  pni- 
mote  this  harmony,  in  accord  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  our  republican  government,  and  in 
a  manner  to  give  them  the  most  coniplfin 
effect,  and  to  advance  in  all  other  respects  ihe 
best  interests  of  our  union,  will  be  the  object 
of  my  constant  and  zealous  exertions. 

"Never  did  -government  coir.meiiLO  iia 
der  auspices  so  favourable,  nor  ever  was  sue 
cess  so  complete.  If  we  look  to  the  history 
of  other  nations,  ancient  and  modern,  we  find 
no  example  of  a  growth  so  rapid,  so  gignntic  ; 
of  a  people  so  prosperous  and  happy.  In 
contemplnling  what  we  have  still  to  |)erforni, 
the  heart  of  every  citizen  must  expand  with 
jov  when  he  reflects  how  near   our  govern- 


(tent  and  dura- 
inccomplialiing 
e,  put  it  r(ini- 
'nitnl  Stiifo.s  to 
in  early  ))eriii<l 
prov-cineiit  Hnd 
is  in  pence  tliiit 
,  that  taxes  are 
•evenue  is  most 

nfficinlly,  in  the 
disbursementiif 
loiisiblu  for  tlin 
le  purposes  for 
isiatiire  is  llio 
Ic  purse.  It  is 
■nient  lins  been 
e  requisite  re- 
iild  be  aflorded 
t  to  bring  tlie 
(h  tlie  public 
ly  to  account. 
I  agiiinst  tliern  ; 
tie?,  the  pul>lic 
r  and  uselessly, 
be  tlie  only  de- 
lizinc;  eflect  be 
ice  a  relaxation, 
istration,  which 
nunity.  1  shall 
nomy  and  fidel- 
of"  the  adminis- 
;  the  legislature 
equal  zeal.  A 
d   be  regularly 

ig  to  me,  to  en- 
[luties,  at  a  limo 
e  blessed  with 
istent  with  their 

will  be  my  sin- 
p  as  depends  on 
lies  with  all  na- 
sonable  ot"  any, 
its  due. 

to  witness  the 
which  pervades 
;  belong  to  our 
ded,  as  well  by 

I  of  our  govern - 
to  every  indivi- 
;  ndvniitnges  at 

II  people    have 
dangers,    and 

success.  They 
with  a  cominiiu 
iliirhtened  us  on 
nportnnce  to  the 

been  slow,  dir- 
1  liiithiul  regiird 
'illi  il.  Til  prii- 
J  willi  the  prin- 
'ernment,  and  in 

most  complein 
ther  respects  the 
ill  be  the  object 
certions. 

commeiiLO  iin 
or  ever  was  sue 
ik  to  the  history 
modern,  we  find 
ipid,so  gignntic; 
and   happy.     In 

still  to  jierforin, 
ust  expand  with 
ear   our  govern- 


UNITED    STATES. 


S17 


mcnt  has  approached  to  perfection  ;  that  in 
respect  to  it,  wo  have  no  essential  improve- 
ment to  make  ;  that  the  great  object  is  to  pre- 
serve it  in  the  essential  principles  and  features 
which  characterize  it.  and,  that  it  is  to  be 
done,  by  preserving  the  virtue  and  enlighten- 
ing the  minds  of  the  people ;  and  as  a  securi- 
ty against  foreign  dangers,  to  adopt  s'jch  ar- 
rangements as  are  indispensable  to  the  sup- 
port of  our  independence,  our  rights,  and  li- 
berties. If  we  persevere  in  the  career  in 
which  we  ha\e  advanced  so  far,  and  in  the 
path  already  traced,  we  cannot  fail,  by  the  fa- 
vour of  a  gracious  Providence,  to  attain  the 
high  destiny  which  seems  to  await  us. 

"In  tha  administration  of  the  illustrious 
men  who  have  preceded  me  in  this  high  sta- 
tion, with  some  of  whom  I  have  been  con- 
nected by  the  closest  ties  from  early  life,  ex- 
amples are  presented,  which  will  always  be 
found  highly  instructive,  and  useful  to  their 
successors.  From  these  I  shall  endeavour  to 
derive  all  the  advantages  which  they  may  af- 
ford. Of  np  immediate  predecessor,  under 
whom  so  important  a  portion  of  this  great 
and  successful  experiment  has  been  made,  I 
shall  be  pardoned  for  expressing  my  earnest 
wishes  that  hemu;^  longenjoy,inhisretirement, 
the  affections  of  a  grateful  country,  the  best 
reward  of  exalted  talents,  and  the  most  faith- 
ful and  meritorious  services.  Relying  on  the 
aid  to  be  derived  from  the  other  departments 
of  the  government,  I  enter  on  the  trust  to 
which  I  have  been  called  by  the  suffrages  of 
iny  fellow-citizens,  with  my  fervent  prayers 
to  the  Almighty,  that  He  will  be  graciously 
pleased  to  continue  to  us  that  protection, 
which  Ho  has  already  so  oonspicuously  dis- 
played in  our  favour," 

During  this  year  the  republic  received 
another  accession  bv  the  erection  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Mississippi  into  a  state,  and  its  admis- 
sion into  the  union.  By  the  act  of  admission 
it  is  provided,  that  the  public  lands,  while  be 
longing  to  the  United  States,  and  for  five 
years  from  the  day  of  sale,  shall  be  exempted 
from  all  taxes;  that  lands  belonging  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States  residing  without 
the  state,  shall  never  be  taxed  higher  than 
lands  belonging  to  persons  residing  within 
the  state:  and  that  the  river  Mississippi,  and 
the  navigable  rivers  and  waters  leading  into 
It,  or  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  shall  be  com 
mou  highways,  and  for  ever  free  of  toll  or 
duty  to  all  the  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
III  return  for  this  concession.  Congress  provi- 
ded, that,  after  paying  a  debt  to  Georgia  and 
indemnifying  certain  claimants,  five  per  cent, 
of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  public  lands,  lying 
within  the  state,  shall  be  devoted  to  the  mak- 
ing of  roads  and  canals  for  the  benefit  of  the 
state. 

In  the  summer  of  this  year  an  expedition 
was  undertaken  against  East  Florida  by  per- 
sons claiming  to  act  under  the  authority  of 
some  of  the  revolted  Spanish  colonies.  The 
leader  of  this  expedition  styled  himself  "Cit- 
izen Gregor  M'Cirogor,  brlgadiiir-general  of 
the  armies  of  the  united  ])rovinccs  of  New 
Grenada  and  Venezuela,  and  general  in  cliief, 
employed  to  liberate  the  provinces  of  both 
the  Floridas,  commissioned  Uy  the  supreme 
governments  of  Mexico  and  South  America." 
The  persons  that  combined  for  this  purpose 
took  possession  of  Amelia  Island,  at  the  mouth 
of  St,  Mary's  River,  near  the  boundary  of  the 


state  of  Georgia.  The  preddent,  apprised  of 
this  transaction,  ordered  a"  exnedition,  con- 
sisting of  naval  and  land  forces,  to  repel  the 
Invaders, and  occupy  tli""  island.  A  squadron, 
under  the  command  ot  .T.  D.  Henley,  with 
trooj  3  under  the  command  of  James  Banhead, 
arrii  ed  off  Amelia  Island  on  the  22d  of  De- 
cemi  ler,  and  the  next  day  took  possession  of 
it,  he  isting  the  American  flag  at  Fernandina. 
The  iresident,  in  a  message  to  Congress  rela- 
tive to  the  capture,  observed,  "In  expelling 
these  adventurers  from  these  posts,  it  was  not 
intended  to  make  any  conquest  from  Spain, 
or  to  injure,  in  any  degree,  the  cause  of  the 
colonies."  The  real  reason  of  the  measure 
seems  to  have  been,  that  the  invasion  inter- 
fered with  endeavours  which  were  then  ma- 
king on  the  part  of  the  United  States  to  ob- 
tain the  cession  of  the  Floridas  from  the 
Spaniards. 

In  the  following  year  the  union  received 
the  accession  of  another  state,  that  of  Illinois. 
At  the  time  of  its  admission,  the  government 
of  the  United  States  granted  to  the  state  one 
section  or  thirty-sixth  part  of  every  township 
for  the  support  of  schools,  and  three  per  cent, 
of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  United  States  lands 
lying  within  the  state  for  the  encouragement 
of  learning,  of  w^hich  one  sixth  part  must  be 
exclusively  bestowed  on  a  college  or  univer- 
sity. The  constitution  happily  provides,  that 
no  more  slaves  shall  be  introduced  into  the 
state.  In  1S19  the  Alabama  territory  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  state  into  the  union  ;  and  the  Ar- 
kansaw  territory  was,  by  an  act  of  Congress, 
erected  into  a  territorial  government.  In  the 
following  year  the  district  of  Maine  was  se- 
parated from  Massachusetts,  formed  into  a  dis- 
tinct state,  and  admitted  into  the  union. 

During  this  year  the  American  congress 
did  themselves  honour  by  providing  more  ef- 
fectually against  carrying  on  the  slave  trade. 
The  enactment  declared,  tliat  if  any  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  being  of  the  ship's  com- 
pany of  any  foreign  ship  or  vessel  engaged 
in  the  slave  trade,  or  any  person  whatever 
being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  company  of  any 
ship  or  vessel  owned  by,  or  navigated  for, 
any  citizens  nf  the  United  States,  shall  on 
foreign  shore  seize  any  negro  or  mulatto,  not 
held  to  service  or  labour  by  the  laws  either  of 
the  states  or  territories  of  the  United  States, 
with  intent  to  make  him  a  slave,  or  shall  de- 
coy or  forcibly  bring  or  receive  him  on  board 
with  such  intent,  he  shall  be  adjudged  a  pirate, 
and  on  conviction  shall  suffer  death. 

A  treaty  for  the  cession  of  the  Floridas 
was  concluded  at  Washington,  February  22, 
IS  19,  between  Spain  and  the  United  States. 
In  the  year  1821  it  was  reluctantly  ratified  Viy 
the  king  of  Spain,  and  possession  was  taken 
of  those  provinces  according  to  the  terms  of 
the  treaty.  On  the  1st  of  July,  General 
Jackson,  who  had  been  appointed  governor 
nf  the  Floridas,  issued  a  proclamation,  declar- 
ing "  that  the  government  heretofore  exer- 
cised over  the  said  provinces  under  the  autho- 
rity of  Sjiain  has  cea,sed,  and  thnt  that  of  the 
United  States  of  America  is  established  over 
the  same;  that  the  inhabitants  thereof  will  be 
incorporated  in  the  union  of  the  United  States, 
as  soon  as  may  bo  consistent  with  the  princi- 
ples of  the  federal  constitution,  and  admitted 
to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  privileges,  rights, 
and  immunities  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States ;    that  in  the  meantime  they  shall   be 


maintained  and  protected  in  tho  free  enjoy- 
ment of  their  liberty,  property,  and  the  reli- 
gion  tlipy  profe.ss ;  that  all  laws  and  munici- 
pal regulations  which  were  in  existence  at 
the  cessation  of  the  late  government  remain 
in  full  force,  and  all  civil  officers  charg  d  with 
their  execution,"  with  certain  exceptions  and 
limitations,  "are  continued  in  their  functions." 
On  the  7th  of  July,  the  colonel  commandant, 
Don  Jose  Gallava,  commissioner  on  the  part 
of  his  Catholic  majesty,  made  to  Major-Gene- 
ral  Jackson,  the  commissioner  of  the  United 
States,  a  delivery  of  the  keys  of  the  town  of 
Pensacola,  of  the  archives,  documents,  and 
other  articles,  mentioned  in  the  inventories, 
declaring  that  he  releases  from  their  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Spain  the  citizens  and  inhabi- 
tants of  West  Florida  who  may  choose  to  re- 
main under  the  dominion  of  the  United  States. 
On  the  same  day,  Colonel  Joseph  Coppin- 
ger,  governor  of  East  Florida,  issued  a  pro- 
clamation to  the  inhabitants,  announcing  that, 
on  the  10th  day  of  this  month,  "  possession 
will  be  given  to  Colonel  Robert  Butler,  the 
commissioner  legally  authorised  by  tlieUnited 
States."  The  American  authorities  were  ac- 
cordingly put  in  possession  of  the  Floridas. 

During  this  year  Missouri  was  admitted  as 
a  state  into  the  union,  forming  the  eleventh 
state  added  to  the  thirteen  confederated  states 
which  signed  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence, making  the  present  nurrber  of  the 
United  States  twenty-four.  The  proposition 
fiir  the  admission  of  this  state,  which  was 
brought  forward  in  the  session  of  1S19,  pro- 
duced vehement  discussion  in  the  congress, 
and  excited  an  intense  interest  throuphout  the 
whole  union.  The  inhabitants  of  Missouri, 
the  territory  having  been  considered  as  a  part 
of  Louisiana,  had  derived  from  their  connex- 
ion with  the  Spaniards  and  French  the  custom, 
which  they  deemed  equivalent  to  the  I'ght,  of 
possessing  slaves  ;  it  was  proposed,  however, 
in  admitting  the  territory  to  the  privileges  of 
a  state,  to  prevent  the  increase  and  to  insure 
the  ultimate  abolition  of  slavery,  by  the  inser- 
tion of  the  following  clause  : — "  Provided, 
that  the  further  introduction  of  slavery  or  in- 
voluntary servitude  be  prohibited,  except  for 
the  punishment  of  crimes  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted  ;  and  that  all 
the  children  born  within  the  said  state  after 
the  admission  thereof  into  the  Union  shall  be 
free  at  tlie  age  of  twenty-five  years."  Judg- 
ing from  the  previous  views  and  measures  of 
the  general  government,  in  similar  and  analo- 
gous cases,  it  could  hardly  have  been  conjec- 
tured, that  the  result  of  -iroposing  such  a 
limited  and  qualified  res'  ction  would  be 
doubtful.  The  house  of  representatives,  after 
a  short  but  animated  debate,  refused  to  pass 
the  bill  without  the  restriction  ;  but  the  senate 
refused  to  pass  the  bill  with  it;  consequently 
the  bill  itself  was  lost,  and  Missouri  still  con- 
tinued under  her  former  territorial  govern- 
ment. Such  was  the  rapidity  with  wliich  the 
several  proceedings  passed  in  the  two  houses 
of  congress,  that  it  was  scarcely  known  iic- 
yond  its  walls  that  such  a  question  was  agi- 
tated, before  it  was  decided.  When,  how 
ever,  it  came  to  be  genenilly  known  what 
principles  had  been  advanced,  what  votes  bad 
tieen  given,  with  what  ardour  and  vehemence 
the  advocates  of  slavery  hud  urffed  their  de- 
mands, not  merely  upon  he  justice,  the  rea- 
son, and   good  sense  of  Congress,  but  upon 


su 


HISTORY  OF    THE 


^;l 


tbfiir  interests,  their  prejudices,  and  their! 
fears,  by  liow  tlender  a  majority  a  measure 
had  been  checked,  which,  in  the  estimation  of 
many  of  the  best  friends  of  American  liberty, 
would  have  been  productive  of  incalculable 
and  interminable  mischiefs,  it  excited  a  feel- 
ing of  universal  surprise  and  alarm.  It  is  in- 
structive to  observe  that  many  of  the  stanchest 
advocates  of  liberal  ideas,  .vho  delighted  in 
appropriating  to  themselves  exclusively  the 
name  of  republicans,  suffered  their  jealoi  y 
of  the  interference  of  the  congress  in  the 
internal  government  of  an  individual  state,  to 
engage  them  on  the  side  of  the  perpetuators 
of  slavery.  Jefferson,  who  prided  himself 
in  being  the  devoted  friend  of  liberty,  thus 
expresses  himself:  "  The  real  question,  as 
seen  in  the  state  afflicted  with  this  unfortunate 
population,  is,  are  our  slaves  to  be  presenttj 
with  freedom  and  a  dagger  1  For,  if  Con- 
gress has  the  power  to  regulate  the  conditions 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  states  within  the 
states,  it  will  be  but  another  exercise  of  that 
power  to  declare  that  all  shall  be  free.  Are 
we  tlien  to  see  again  Athenian  and  Lace- 
demonian confederacies  ? — to  wage  another 
Peloponnesian  war  to  settle  the  ascendency 
between  them?  Or  is  this  the  toscin  of 
merely  a  servile  war  1  That  remains  to  be 
seen ;  but  not,  I  hope,  by  you  or  me.  Surely 
they  will  parley  asvhile,  and  gi%e  us  time  to 
get  out  of  the  way."  The  consequence  of 
this  combination  of  the  advocates  of  the  so- 
vereignty of  individual  states  with  those  who 
make  a  traffic  of  the  bodies  of  their  follow 
men,  was  the  passing  of  the  bill  for  the  admis- 
sion of  Missouri  in  the  next  session  of  the 
congress,  without  the  restricting  clause;  a 
circumstance  which  occasioned  the  deep  re- 
gret and  mortilicatiou  of  most  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  northern  states,  and  excited  fe--'- 
ings  which  it  has  been  feared  by  many,  may 
ultimately  lead  to  a  dissolution  if  the  union. 

No  circumstances  of  particular  interest  in 
the  transactions  of  the  general  government 
occurred  till  the  year  1824,  when  articles  of 
a  convention  between  the  Uriited  Stales  of 
America  and  Great  Britain  <'.)r  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  African  slave  trade,  were  sub- 
scribed at  London  by  plenipotentiaries  ap 
pointed  for  that  purpose.  By  the  first  article, 
the  commanders  and  commissioned  ofRcors  of 
each  of  the  two  high  contracting  parties,  duly 
authorized  by  their  respective  governments  to 
cruise  on  tlie  coast  of  Africa,  America,  and 
the  West  Indies,  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade,  are  empowered,  under  certain  re- 
strictions, to  detain,  examine,  capture,  and  de- 
liver over  for  trial  and  adjudication  by  some 
competent  tribunal,  any  ship  or  vessel  con- 
cerned in  the  illicit  traffic  of  slaves,  and  car- 
rying the  flag  of  the  other. 

In  the  spring  of  this  year  a  convention  was 
also  concluded  between  the  United  States  of 
America  and  the  emperor  of  Russia.  By  the 
third  article  of  this  convention  it  was  agreed, 
"  that,  hereafter,  there  shall  not  be  formed  by 
the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  under  the 
authoi-ity  of  the  said  States,  any  establishment 
upon  the  northern  [north- west]  roast  of  Ameri- 
ca, nor  in  any  of  the  islands  adjacent,  to  the 
l.orth  of  fifty-four  degrees  and  forty  minutes 
of  north  latitude ;  and  thiit,  in  the  same  man- 
ner, 'here  shall  lie  none  formed  bv  Russian 
subjects,  or  under  the  authority  of  Russia, 
kouth  of  the  same  parallel," 


This  year  is  signalized  in  American  history 
by  the  visit  of  the  venerable  La  Fayette,  on 
the  express  invitation  of  Congress.  Ho  ar- 
rived in  the  harbourof  New  Yorkon  the  13th 
of  August,  and  proceeded  to  the  residence  of 
the  vice-president  at  Staten  Island.  A.  com- 
mittee of^  the  corporation  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  a  great  number  of  distinguished 
citizens,  proceeded  to  Staten  Island  to  wel- 
come him  to  their  capital.  A  splendid  escort 
of  steamboats,  decorated  with  the  flags  of 
every  nation,  and  bearing  thousands  of  citi- 
zens, brought  him  to  the  view  of  assembled 
multitudes  at  New  York,  who  manifested 
their  joy  at  beholding  him,  by  acclamations, 
and  by  tears.  At  the  city  hall  the  officers  of 
the  city  and  many  citizens  were  presented  to 
him  ;  and  he  was  welcomed  by  an  address 
from  the  mayor.  While  he  was  at  New  York, 
deputations  from  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
New  Haven,  and  from  many  other  citits,  ar- 
rived with  invitations  for  him  to  visit  them. 
After  remaining  a  few  days  at  New  York,  he 
proceeded  to  Boston,  where  he  met  with  the 
same  cordial  reception.  The  general  soon  af- 
ter returned  to  New  York,  visited  Albany  and 
the  towns  on  Hudson  river,  and  afterwards 
passed  through  the  intermediate  states  to  Vir- 
ginia. He  returned  to  Washington  during 
the  session  of  Congress,  and  remained  there 
several  weeks.  Congress  voted  him  the  sum 
of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  a  town- 
ship of  land,  as  a  remuneration,  in  part,  of  his 
servicf  3  during  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and 
as  a  testimony  of  their  gratitude. 

General  Lafayette  was  present  at  the  im- 
posing ceremony  of  laying  the  corner  stone  of 
the  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  on  the  I7lh  of 
June,  1825,  to  which  he  had  been  invited  by 
the  Association  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a 
memorial  to  those  which  fell  in  the  battle  of 
June  17,  1775. 

In  the  year  1825,  John  Quincy  Adams  was 
inaugurated  president  of  the  United  Slates, 
and  John  C.  Calhoun,  vice-president.  On 
his  inauguration,  Mr.  Adams  delivered  the 
following  address  to  both  houses  of  congress  : 

"  In  compliance  with  a  usage,  coeval  with 
the  existence  of  our  federal  constitution,  and 
sanctioned  by  the  example  of  my  predeces- 
sors, in  the  career  upon  which  1  am  about  to 
?nter,  I  appear,  my  fellow-citizens,  in  your 
presence,  and  in  that  of  heaven,  to  bind  my- 
self by  the  solemnity  of  religious  obligation 
to  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  al- 
lotted to  me  in  the  station  to  which  I  have 
been  called. 

"  In  unfolding  to  my  countrymen  the  prin 
ciples  by  which  I  shall  be  governed,  in  the 
fulfilment  of  those  duties,  my  first  resort  w!l 
be  to  that  constitution,  which  1  shall  swear. 


work  of  our  forefathers.  Administered  by 
some  of  its  most  eminent  men,  who  contribii- 
ted  to  its  formation,  through  a  most  eventful 
period  in  the  annals  of  the  world,  and  tliroiigh 
all  thevicissitudes  of  peace  and  war,  incidental 
to  the  condition  of  associated  man,  it  has  not 
lisappointed  the  holies  and  aspirations  of 
those  illustrious  benefactors  of  their  age  and 
nation.  It  has  promoted  the  lasting  welfare 
f  that  country  so  dear  to  us  all ;  it  has,  to  an 
extent,  far  beyond  the  ordinary  lot  of  hu- 
manity, secured  the  freedom  and  happiness 
of  this  people.  We  now  receive  it  as  a  pre- 
cious inheritance  from  those  to  whom  we  are 
indebted  for  its  establishment,  doubly  bound 
by  the  examples  which  they  have  left  us,  and 
by  the  blessings  which  we  have  enjoyed,  as 
the  fruits  of  their  labours,  to  transmit  the 
same,  unimpaired,  to  the  succeeding  gene- 
ration. 

'  In  the  compass  of  thirty-six  years  since 
this  great  national  covenant  was  instituted,  a 
brdy  of  laws,  enacted  under  its  authority, 
and  in  conformity  with  its  provisions,  has  un- 
folded its  powers,  and  carried  into  practical 
operation  Us  effective  energies,  Subordin'ite 
departments  have  distributed  the  executive 
functions  in  their  various  relations  to  fcireigii 
affairs,  to  the  revenues  and  expenditures,  and 
to  the  military  force  of  the  union,  by  land  and 
sea.  A  co-ordinate  department  of  thojudici 
ary  has  expounded  the  constitution  and  laws, 
settling,  in  harmonious  coincidence  with  the 
legislative  will,  numerous  weighty  questions 
of  constr  ction,  which  the  imperfection  of 
human  language  had  rendered  unavoidalile. 
The  year  of  jubilee,  since  the  first  formation 
of  our  union,  has  just  elapsed  ;  that  of  the 
declaration  of  our  independence,  is  at  hand. 
The  consummation  of  both  was  effected  by 
this  constitution. 

"Since  that  period,  a  population  of  four 
millions  has  multiplied  to  twelve;  a  territory 
bounded  by  the  Mississippi,  has  been  extend- 
ed from  sea  to  sea;  new  states  have  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  union,  in  numbers  equal  to  those 
of  the  first  confederation;  treaties  of  peace, 
amity,  and  commerce,  have  been  concluded 
with  the  principal  dominions  of  the  earth;  the 
people  of  other  nations,  inhabitants  of  regions 
acquired,  not  by  conquest,  but  by  compact, 
have  been  united  with  us  in  the  participation 
of  our  rights  and  duties,  of  our  burdens  and 
blessings  ;  the  forest  has  fallen  by  the  axe  of 
our  woodsmen;  the  soil  has  been  made  to 
teem  by  the  tillage  of  our  farmers  ;  our  com- 
merce has  whitened  every  ocean;  the  domin- 
ion of  every  man  over  physical  nature  has 
been  extended  by  the  invention  of  our  artists; 
liberty  and  law  iiav?  marched  hand  in  hand; 
all  the  purposes  of  human  association  have 


to  the  best  of  my  ability,  to  preserve,   pro-   been   accomplished   as   e.Tc^tiviiy    as    under 


tect,  and  de'end.  That  revered  instrument 
enumerates  the  powers  and  prescr.bes  the 
duties  of  the  executive  magistrate;  and,  ir.  its 
first  words,  declares  the  purposes  to  which 
these,  and  the  whole  action  of  the  govern- 
ment, instituted  by  it,  should  be  invariably 
and  sacredly  devoted:  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  ensure  domestic 
tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defence, 
promote  the  general  warfare,  and  secure  the 
bl"ssing8  of  liberty  to  the  people  of  this 
un.-<n,  in  their  successive  generations.  Since 
the  adoption  of  this  social  compact,  one  of 
these  generations  has  passed  away.     It  ii  the 


any  other  government  on  the  globe;  and  at  a 
cost  little  exce'jding,  in  a  whole  generation, 
;^e  expenditure  of  other  nations  in  a  single 
year. 

"  Such  is  the  unexaggerated  picture  of  our 
condition,  under  a  constitution  founded  upon 
the  republican  principle  of  equal  rights.  To 
admit  that  this  picture  has  its  shades,  is  but  to 
say,  that  it  is  still  the  condition  of  men  upon 
earth.  From  evil,  physical,  moral,  and  j'oli- 
tical,  it  is  not  our  claim  to  be  exempt.  Wo 
have  suffered,  sometimes  by  the  visilatit-n  of 
heaven,  through  disease;  oflen,by  the  wrongs 
and  itijustice  of  other  nations,  even  to  the  ex 


UNITED    STATES. 


years  iinre 

as  mstitntpd,  a 

its  aiithoritv, 

isions,  has  iin- 

into  prarticnl 

Subonlinito 

tne   expciilive 

ons  to  foreicrn 

Jenditiires,  am! 

:>n,  t>y  land  and 

t  of  tlio  jiidici 

ition  and  laws, 

lence   with  tlie 

ghty  questions 

mperfeclion   of 

d  unavoidalile. 

first  formation 

?d  ;  that  of  the 

ce,  is  at  hand. 

ivas  effected  by 


tremitcs  of  war;  and  lastly,  by  dissensions 
amonsf  ourselves — dissensions,  perhaps,  in- 
Be|>arable  from  the  enjoyment  of  freedom,  liiit 
which  have,  more  than  once,  ajipeared  to 
tlireaten  the  dissolution  of  the  union,  and,  witli 
it,  the  overthrow  of  all  the  enjovments  of  our 
present  lot,  and  all  our  earthly  hopes  of  the 
future.  The  causes  of  these  dissensions  havp 
IjL'cn  various;  f)unded  upon  dilTcrenocs  of 
speculation  in  the  theory  of  republican  go- 
vornmont;  upon  conflictintf  viows  of  pollcv, 
in  our  relations  with  forciun  nations:  upon 
jealousies  of  partial  and  sectional  interest,  ag- 
gravated by  prejudices  and  prepossessions 
which  strangers  to  each  other  arc  ever  apt 
to  entertain. 

"  It  is  a  source  of  gratification  and  of  en- 
couragement to  me,  to  observe  that  the  great 
result  of  this  experiment,  upon  the  theory  of 
human  rights,  has,  at  the  close  of  that  genera- 
tion by  which  it  was  formed,  been  crowned 
with  success,  equal  to  the  most  sanguine  ex- 
pectations of  its  founders.  Union,  justice, 
tranquillity,  the  common  defence,  the  general 
welfare,  and  the  blessings  of  liberty,  all  have 
been  promoted  by  the  government  under 
which  we  have  lived.  Standing  at  this  point 
of  time ;  looking  back  to  that  generation 
which  has  gone  by,  and  forward  to  that 
wliich  is  advancing,  we  may,  at  once,  indulge 
in  grateful  exultalu)n,  and  in  cheering  hope. 
From  the  experience  of  the  j)ast,  we  ilorive 
instructive  lessons  for  the  future.  Of  the 
two  great  political  parties  which  have  divid- 
eil  the  opinions  and  feelings  of  our  country, 
the  candid  and  the  just  will  now  admit,  that 
both  have  contributed  splendid  talents,  spot- 
less integrity,  ardent  patriotism,  and  disinter- 
ested sacrifices  to  the  formation  and  adminis- 
tration of  this  government ;  and  that  both 
have  required  a  liberal  indidgence  for  a  por- 
tion of  human  infirmity  and  error.  The  re- 
volutionary wars  of  Europe,  commenciuir 
precisely  at  the  moment  wlien  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  .States  first  went  into  ope- 
ration under  this  constitution,  excited  a  col- 
lision of  sentiments  and  of  sympathies  which 
kindled  all  the  passions,  and  embittered  the 
conflict  of  parties,  till  the  nation  was  involved 
in  war,  and  the  union  wis  shaken  to  its  centre. 

"  This  time  of  trial  emiiraccd  a  period  of 
five  and  twenty  years,  during  which  the  poli- 
cy of  the  union  in  its  ndations  with  Europe, 
constituted  the  principal  basis  of  our  political 
divisions,  and  the  most  arduous  part  of  the 
action  of  our  federal  government.  With  the 
catastrophe  in  which  tlie  wars  of  tliJ  French 
revolution  terminated,  and  our  own  subse- 
i]iipnt  peace  with  Great  Britain,  this  baneful 
weed  of  pirty  strife  was  uprooted.  From 
that  time,  no  dilTerence  of  principle,  connect- 
ed either  with  the  theory  of  government,  or 
with  our  intercourse  with  foreign  nations,  has 
existed,  or  been  called  forth,  in  force  sulHcient 
to  sustain  a  continued  combination  of  parties, 
or  to  give  more  than  wholesome  animation  to 
the  public  sentiment  or  legislative  debate. 
Our  political  creed  is,  without  a  dissenting 
voice  that  can  be  heard,  that  the  will  of  the 
people  is  the  source,  ami  the  happiness  of  the 
peo[)Io  the  end,  of  all  leijitimate  government 
upon  earth — that  the  best  security  for  the  be- 
neficence and  the  best  guarantee  against  the 
abuse  of  power,  consists  in  the  freedom,  the 
purity,  and  the  frequency  of  popular  elec- 
tions— that  the    general  governraent  of  the 


union,  and  the  separate  government  of  ihe 
states,  are  all  sovereignties  of  limited  pow- 
ers, fellow-servants  of  the  same  masters;  un- 
controlled within  their  respective  spheres; 
uncontrollable  but  by  encroachments  upon 
each  other — that  the  firmest  security  of  peace 
is  the  preparation,  during  peace,  of  the  de- 
fences of  war — that  a  rigoroi's  economy  and 
accountability  of  public  expenditures,  should 
guard  against  the  aggravation,  and  alleviate, 
when  possible,  the  burden  of  taxation — that 
the  military  should  be  kept  in  strict  subordi- 
nation to  the  civil  power — that  the  freedom  of 
the  press  and  of  religious  opinion  should  be 
inviolate — that  the  policy  of  our  country  is 
peace,  and  the  ark  of  our  salvation,  union, 
are  articles  of  faith  upon  which  we  are  all 
now  agreed.  If  there  have  been  those  who 
doubted  whether  a  confederated  represent- 
ative democracy  were  a  government  compe- 
tent to  the  wise  and  orderly  management  of 
the  common  concerns  of  a  mighty  nation, 
those  doubts  have  been  dispelled.  If  there 
have  been  projects  of  partial  confederacies  to 
be  erected  on  the  ruins  of  the  union,  they  have 
been  scattered  to  the  winds:  if  there  have 
been  dangerous  attachments  to  one  foreign 
nation  and  antipathies  against  another,  thev 
have  been  extinguished.  Ten  years  of  peace, 
at  home  ard  abroad,  have  assuaged  the  ani- 
mosities o{  political  contention,  and  blended 
into  harmony  the  most  discordant  elements  of 
public  opinion.  There  still  remains  one 
effort  of  magnanimity,  one  sacrifice  of  preju- 
dice and  passion,  to  be  made  by  the  indivi- 
duals throughout  the  nation,  who  have  here- 
tofore followed  the  standards  of  political 
party.  It  is  that  of  discarding  every  remnant 
of  rancour  against  each  other;  of  embracing, 
as  countrymen  and  friends,  aiul  of  yielding  to 
talents  and  virtue  alone,  that  confidence  which, 
in  times  of  contention  for  principle,  was  be- 
stowed only  upon  those  who  wore  the  badge 
of  party  communion. 

"  The  collisions  of  party  spirit,  which  ori- 
ginated in  speculativf  opinions,  or  in  different 
views  of   adininisfative   policy,  are,  in  their 
nature,  transitory.     Those  which  are  founded 
on  geo.ri-apliicul  divisions,  adverse  interests  of 
soil,  climate,  ami  modes  of  domestic  life,  are 
more  ])ernianent,  and  therefore  perhaps  more 
dangerous.      It  is  this  which  gives  inestimable 
value  to   the  character  of  our  government,  at 
once  federal  and  national.      It  holds  nnt  to  us 
a  perpetual  admoniti(m  to  preserve  alike,  and 
with  ecpial  anxii'ty,  the  rights  of  each  indivi- 
dual    state    in  its  own  government,  and  the 
rights   of    the   whole    nation    in    that  of  the 
union.     Whatsoever  is  of  domestic  concern- 
ment, unconnected  with  the  other  members  of 
the  union,  or  with   foreign   lands,  belongs  ex- 1 
clusively  to  the  administration  of  the  state  go- 1 
vernments.     Whatsoever    directly     involves; 
the  rights  and  interests  of  the  federative  fra- 1 
ternity,  or  of  foreign  powers,  is  of  the  resort  j 
of  this  general    government.     The  duties  of  i 
both   are  obvious  in   the    general   principle,! 
though  sometimes  perplexed  with  difficulties 
in   the  detail.     To   respect  the  rights  of  the 
state   governments,  is  the  inviolable  duty  of 
that  of  the   union  ;  the  government  of  every 
state  will  feel   its  own   obligation  to  respect 
and   preserve  the  rights  of  the  whole.     The 
prejudices,  every  where  too  commonly  enter- 
tained   against   distant    strangers,    are    worn 
awaVi  and  the  jealousies   of  jarring  interests 


SIO 


are  allayed  by  the  composition  and  functions 
of  the  great  national  councils,  annually  as- 
sembled from  all  quarters  of  the  tinion  at  this 
place.  Here  the  distinguished  men  from 
every  section  of  our  country,  while  meeting 
to  deliberate  upon  the  great  interests  of  ttioso 
by  whom  they  are  deputed,  learn  to  estimate 
the  talents,  and  do  justice  to  the  virtues  of 
each  other.  The  harmony  of  the  nation  is 
promoted,  and  the  whole  "union  is  knit  to- 
gi.'ther,  by  the  sentiments  of  mutual  respect, 
the  habits  of  social  u  tercourse,  and  the  ties  of 
personal  friendship,  formed  between  the  ro 
presentBtives  of  its  several  parts,  in  the  per 
formance  of  their  service  at  this  metropolis. 

"  Passing  from  this  general  review  of  tho 
purpose  and  injunctions  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution and  their  results,  as  indicating  the  first 
traces  of  the  path  of  duty  in  the  discharge  of 
my  public  trust,  I  turn  to  the  administration 
of  my  immediate  predecessor,  as  the  second. 
It  has  passed  away  in  a  period  of  profound 
peace;  how  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  our 
country,  and  to  the  honour  of  our  country's 
name,  is  known  to  you  all.  The  great  fea 
tiires  of  his  policy,  in  general  concurrence 
with  the  will  of  the  legislature,  have  been — 
to  cherish  peace,  while  preparing  fiir  de- 
fensive war;  to  yield  exact  justice  to  other 
nations,  and  maintain  the  rights  of  our  own  ; 
to  cherish  the  prit.ciples  of  freedcmi  and  of 
equal  rights,  wherever  they  were  proclaimed  ; 
to  discharge,  with  all  possible  promptitude, 
the  national  debt  ;  to  reduce,  within  the  nar- 
rowest limits  of  efficiency,  jhe  military  force  ; 
to  improve,  tho  organization  and  discipline  of 
the  army  ;  to  provide  and  sustain  a  school  of 
military  science  ;  to  extend  eipial  protection 
to  all  the  great  interests  of  the  nation  ;  to  pro- 
mote the  civilization  of  the  Indian  tribes  ;  and 
to  proceed  in  the  great  system  of  internal  im- 
provements, within  the  limits  of  the  constitu- 
tiimal  power  of  the  union.  Under  the  pledge 
of  these  promises,  made  by  that  eminent  citi- 
zen, at  the  time  of  his  first  induction  into  this 
office,  in  his  career  of  eight  years,  the  interna, 
taxes  have  been  repealed  ;  sixty  millions  of 
the  public  debt  have  been  discharired  ;  pro- 
vision has  been  made  for  the  comfort  and  re- 
lief of  the  aged  and  indigent  among  the  sur- 
viving warriors  of  the  revolution  ;  the  regu- 
lar armed  force  has  been  re<liKed,  and  its 
constitution  revised  and  perfected ;  the  ac- 
countability for  the  expenditure  of  public 
moneys  has  been  more  effective ;  the  Flo- 
ridas  have  been  peaceably  actpiired,  and  our 
boundary  has  been  extended  to  the  Pacific 
ocean;  the  independence  of  the  .southern  na- 
tions of  this  hemisphere  has  been  recognised 
and  recommended  by  example  and  by  coun- 
sel, to  the  potentates  of  Europe;  ])rogress  has 
been  made  in  the  defence  of  the  country,  by 
fortifications,  and  the  increase  of  the  navy  to- 
wards the  effectual  suppression  of  the  African 
traffic  in  slaves ;  in  alluring  the  aboriginal 
hunters  of  our  land  to  ■>  cultivation  of  the 
soil  and  of  the  mind  ;  iti  exploring  the  inte- 
rior regions  of  the  union  ;  and  in  preparing, 
by  scientific  researches  and  surveys,  for  the 
further  application  of  our  national  resources 
to  the  internal  improvement  of  our  country. 

"  In  this  brief  outline  of  the  promise  unrl 
performance  of  my  immediate  predecessor, 
the  line  of  duty,  for  his  successor,  's  clearly 
delineated.  To  pursue,  to  their  consumma- 
tion, those   purposes  of   improve  m«nt  in  our 


HISTORY  OF   THE 


common  condition,  instituted  or  recommcndi'd  I      In     August,   1926,   Lafsyetto   repaired   to 
by  Wni,  will  cmbrnce  tlie  whole  spliere  n(  my  I  Wasliingtnn,   to  t:ike   leave  of  the  prexiilent, 
obligations.     To   the    topic   of    niternnl   ini- 
nrovemiiiit,  einphaticallv  \irged  \>y  him  at  his 


inauguration,  1  recur  with  peculiar  satisfaction 
It  is  that  from  which  I  am  convinced  that  the 
unborn  millions  of  our  post-'rity,  who  are,  in 
future  ages,  to  people  this  continent,  will  de- 
rive their  most  fervent  gratitude  to  the  found- 
ers of  the  union;  that,  in  which  the  beneficent 
action  of  its  government  will  be  most  deeply 
felt  and  acknowledged.  The  magnificence 
and  splendour  of  their  public  works  are  among 
the  imperishable  glories  of  the  ancient  repub- 
lics. The  roads  and  aqueducts  of  Rome  have 
Ijeen  the  admiration  of  all  after  ages,  and 
have  survived  thousands  of  years,  after  all  her 
conquests  have  Ijeen  swallowed  up  in  des- 
potism, or  become  the  spoil  of  barbarians. 
Some  diversity  of  opinion  has  prevailed  with 
regard  to  the  powers  of  Congress  for  legisla- 
tion upon  objects  of  this  nature.  The  most 
respectful  deference  is  due  to  doubts  origi- 
natmg  in  pure  patriotism,  and  sustained  by 
venerated  authority.  But  nearly  twenty  years 
have  passed  since  the  construction  of  the  first 
national  road  wascommenccd.  The  authority 
for  its  construction  was  then  'i.nquestioned. 
To  how  many  thousands  of  our  countrymen 
has  it  proved  a  benefit  ?  To  what  single  in- 
dividual has  it  ever  proved  an  injury  1  Re- 
peated liberal  and  candid  discussions  in  the 
legislature  have  conciliated  the  sentiments, 
and  proximated  the  opinions  of  enlightened 
minds,  upon  the  question  of  constitutional 
power.  I  cannot  but  hope,  that  by  the  same 
pricessof  friendly,  patient,  and  persevering 
deliberation,  all  constitutional  objections  will 
ultimately  be  removed.  The  extent  and 
limitation  of  the  powers  of  the  general  go- 
vernment, in  relation  to  this  transcendently 
important  interest,  will  be  settled  and  acknow- 
ledged, to  the  common  satisfaction  of  all,  and 
every  speculative  scruple  will  be  solved  by  a 
practical  public  blessing. 

"  Fellow-citizens,  you  are  acquainted  with 
the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the  recent  elec- 
tion, which  have  resulted  in  affording  me  the 
opportunity  of  addressing  you,  at  this  time. 
You  have  heard  the  exposition  of  the  prin- 
ciples which  will  direct  me  in  the  fulfilment 
of  the  high  and  solemn  trust  imposed  upon 
me  in  this  station.  Less  possessed  of  your 
confidence  in  advance,  than  any  of  my  prede- 
cessors, I  am  deeply  conscious  of  the  prospect 
that  I  shall  stand,  more  and  oftener,  in  need  of 
your  indulgence.  Intentions,  upright  and 
pure;  a  heart  devofjd  to  the  welfare  of  our 
country,  and  the  unceasing  application  of  all 
the  faculties  allotted  to  me,  to  her  service,  are 
all  the  pledges  that  I  can  give,  for  the  faithful 
performance  of  the  arduous  duties  I  am  to  un- 
dertake. To  the  guidance  of  the  legislative 
councils ;  to  the  assistance  of  the  executive 
and  subordinate  departments;  to  the  friendly 
co-oporation  of  the  respective  state  govern- 
ments; to  the  candid  and  liberal  support  of 
the  people,  so  far  as  it  may  be  deserved  by 
honest  industry  and  zeal,  I  shall  look  for  what- 
ever (ucoess  may  attend  my  public  service  : 
and  knowing,  that,  except  the  Lord  keep  the 
city,  the  watchman  waketh  but  in  vain  ;  with 
fervent  supplications  for  his  fivour,  to  his 
overuling  Providence  I  commit,  with  hum- 
ble but  fearless  confiilence,  my  own  fate,  and 
the  future  deitinies  of  ray  country," 


and  his  last  look  of  the  land  through  which  he 
had  (lassed  as  a  laurelled  victor,  receiving  the 
homage  of  nations.  His  was  the  homage  ol 
the  heart ;  the  offerings  he  received  was  the 
gratitude  of  an  enlightened  people.  "  The 
last  three  weeks  which  he  spent  in  the  United 
States,  was  exceedingly  well  appropriated  ; 
and,  no  doubt,  after  much  reflection,  by  him — 
for  he  is  a  man  not  more  remarkable  for  the 
purity  of  his  motives,  than  an  observance  of 
every  right  rule  of  conduct,  a  deviation  from 
which  might  lead  to  a  suspicion  of  any  of 
them.  This  induced  him,  after  witnessing  the 
magnificent  ceremony  at  Boston,  on  the  anni- 
versary of  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
leisurely  to  return  to  the  city  of  Washington, 
(visiting  many  of  his  personal  friends  in  the 
way,  and  reviewing  the  battle  field  at  Brandy- 
wine,)  that  his  last  moments  might  be  given 
up  to  a  brief  residence  in  what  must  be  meta- 
phorically regarded  as  the  heart  of  the  nation, 
being  the  seat  of  its  government,  where  the 
chief  agents  of  millions  of  their  fellow-citi- 
zens are  gathered  together,  to  execute  the 
laws,  and  distribute  tliat  moral  force,  for  the 
preservation  of  harmony,  which  rightfully  be 
longs  to  institutions  based  upon  the  self  com- 
petency of  a  free  people  for  the  self-manage- 
ment of  their  own  affairs ;  and  it  was  here 
that  Lafayette  mentally  looked  over  the 
whole  republii; — the  twenty-four  sovereignties 
which  he  had  visited — and,  with  feelings 
which  no  honest  man  will  envy,  but  such  as 
every  honourable  one  would  desire  to  possess 
for  himself — reflected  on  what  he  had  seen, 
and  indulge  the  fond  hopes  of  what  this  na- 
tion, of  which  he  was  a  distinguished  builder, 
would  attain,  before  the  expiration  of  that  pe- 
riod of  time  usually  allotted  to  men  now 
living ;  and  his  tender  heart  must  have  seem- 
ed to  melt  within  him,  at  the  remembrance  of 
the  scenes  through  which  he  had  passed  in  the 
dark  days  of  the  revolution,  contrasted  with 
the  triumphs  of  his  journey  through  the  '  land 
of  the  free.'  Not  the  triumphs  of  the  con- 
queror, before  whom  the  enslaved  bow  to  the 
dust,  and  by  their  own  debasement  endeavour 
to  win  the  favour  of  the  oppressor  ;  but  grow- 
ing out  of  the  be.st  affections  of  the  human 
mind,  for  kindnesses  rendered,  when  a  weak 
people  most  needed  them,  that  they  might  bo- 
come  strong,  and  laugh  the  oppressor  to  the 
scorn  and  contempt  that  tyranny  merits. 

"  From  the  city  of  Washington,  the  po- 
litical heart  of  the  nation,  he  made  delightful 
excursions  into  Virginia,  in  which  it  happened 
that  three  out  of  all  the  presidents  which  we 
have  had,  yet  resided  as  citizens — distinguish- 
ed over  their  fellows  only  by  the  right  of 
franking  their  letters,  except  in  their  private 
virtues, — and  this  is  all  the  distinction  tliat  the 
coi.stitution  allows! — no  pension,  no  prece- 
dent, no  other  privilege  than  that  of  being  en- 
abled to  correspond  through  the  post-offices 
with  their  old  friends  and  acquaintances,  free 
of  expense !  He  had  before  visited  one  of 
the  lion-hearted  of  the  revolution,  the  resolute 
and  devoted  president  Adams  ;  and  the  other 
ex-presidents  were,  the  author  of  the  decla- 
ration of  independence  ;  a  soldier  who  spilled 
his  blood  in  supporting  it;  and  he  to  whom, 
perhaps,  more  than  any  man  living,  we  are  in- 
debted for  the  present  happy  constitution  of 
thu  United  Statei.    And  in  one  of  those  ex- 


cursions, he  was  accompanied  by  the  present 
president  of  the  republic,  and  met  by  iho 
venerable  chief  justice  of  the  United  Statf-i, 
a  fellow  soldier  also.  What  meetings  were 
these  of  the  great  and  the  good!  We  can  en- 
tertain some  idea  of  the  sensations  which  tliev 
>roduced,  but  lanf^uago  would  fail  to  give  ut- 
terance to  it,  and  we  shall  not  attempt  an  im- 
possibility. 

The  last  days  of  his  visit  were  properly 
spent  by  Lafayette  in  the  nation's  house,  on 
the  invitation  of  its  present  possessor,  the 
chief  magistrate  of  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Adams  was,  in  his  early  youth,  a  favourite 
with  the  general,  having  much  personal  com- 


Piunication  with  him;  and  of  his  dispnsitiom 
and  ability  to  represent  the  hospitality  and 
feeling  of  the  millions  of  free  people  over 
whose  affairs  he  presides,  there  could  not  be  a 
doubt.  Lafayette  was  at  home,  in  the  national 
house,  in  the  city  of  Washington,  and  in  the 
heart  of  a  family  which  had  every  inducement 
that  can  operate  on  the  human  mind  to  make 
him  comfortable;  this  was  his  abode  till  iIk; 
moment  of  his  departure,  to  embark  in  the 
Brandywine,  named  in  compliment  to  him,  and 
])eculiarly  fitted  for  his  accommodation — her 
'  giddy  mast'  bearing  the  stripes  and  the  stars, 
her  bosom  to  contain  the  person  of  our  guest  : 
man  of  whom  it  may  be  said,  '  take  him  all  In 
all,  we  ne'er  shall  look  upon  his  like  again,' 
unless  he  shall  again  visit  our  shores  :  one 
that  was  the  same,  great  and  good,  in  pros- 
perity and  adversity — grateful  for  kind  olHces, 
forgiving  of  injuries,  zealous  to  confer  beni'- 
fits — modest  when  as  on  the  pinnacle  of  hu- 
man glory,  dignified  and  collected  in  the  proud 
presence  of  kings.  But  1  must  not  proceed — 
if,  after  Mr.  Adams'  display  of  elo(|ucnce  and 
power,  he,  who  commands  words  and  they 
obey  him,  honestly  confessed  '  a  want  of  lan- 
guage to  give  utte  ioce  to  his  feelings' — who 
among  us  may  att-ript  it  ?  1  shall,  therefore, 
proceed  to  notice  some  of  the  things  which 
happened  at  the  departure  of  Lafayette,  with 
this  simple  remark,  that  if  there  is  any  Ame- 
rican who  can  read,  unmoved,  Mr.  Adam's 
valedictory  address  to  him,  or  the  reply  of  the 
general  to  that  address,  I  would  not  possess 
that  man's  heart  for  his  fortune,  though  he 
were  a  Crcesus. 

"  The  7th  inst.  was  the  day  appointed  for 
his  departure.  The  civil  and  military  autho- 
rities, and  the  whole  people  of  Washington, 
had  prepared  to  honour  it.  The  banks  were 
closed,  and  all  business  suspended  ;  and  no- 
thing else  engaged  attention,  except  the  cere- 
monies prescribed  for  the  occasion. 

"  At  about  12  o'clock,  the  authorities  of 
Washington,  Georgetown,  and  Alexandria, 
the  principal  oflficers  of  the  general  govern- 
ment, civil,  military,  and  naval,  some  members 
of  Congress,  and  other  respected  strangers, 
were  assembled  in  the  president's  house  lu 
take  leave  of  Lafayette.  He  entered  the 
great  hall  in  silence,  leaning  on  the  marshal  ot 
the  district,  and  on  the  arm  of  one  of  the  |>ri'- 
sident's  sons.  Mr.  Adams  then,  with  miicli 
dignity,  but  with  evident  emotion,  addressed 
him  in  the  following  terms  : — 

"  '  General  Lafayette  :  It  has  been  the  goml 
fortune  of  many  of  my  distinguished  fellow- 
citizens,  during  the  course  of  the  yenr  now 
elapsed,  upon  your  arrival  at  their  respective 
places  of  abode,  to  greet  you  with  the  wel- 
come of  the  nation.     The  less  pleasing  task 


UNITED    STATES. 


031 


led  liy  tlie  prpsont 
,  nnd  met  l)y  iho 
the  United  Stiiti'^J, 
mt  tiieptint;3  wen: 
ood!  We  can  rii- 
satinns  whirli  llicy 
Mild  liiil  to  pivo  ut- 
not  attempt  an  iin- 

isit  were  properly 
nation's  house,  on 
Bnt  possessor,  the 
nited  States.  Mr. 
youth,  a  favourite 
uch  pergonal  com- 

of  his  disposition 
he  hospitality  and 

free  people  over 
fiero  could  not  he  a 
ime,  in  the  national 
hinpfon,  and  in  the 
I  every  inducement 
nan  mind  to  make 
I  his  ahode  till  the 

to  emliark  in  the 
pliment  to  him,  nnd 
commodation — her 
ripes  and  the  starM, 
?rson  of  our  guest  : 
id,  '  take  him  all  in 
(on  his  like  upaiii,' 
t  our  shores  :  one 
and  good,  in  pros- 
ful  for  kind  offices, 
)(is  to  confer  heiic- 
ihe  pinnacle  of  hii- 
Uected  in  the  proud 
Tinst  not  proceed — 
/  of  elo(juence  and 
s  words  and  they 
ed  '  a  want  of  lan- 

his  feelings' — who 

1  shall,  therefore, 
f  the  things  which 

of  Lafayette,  with 

there  is  any  Arne- 
oved,  Mr.  Adam's 
or  the  reply  of  the 
ivoidd  not  possess 
fortune,  though  he 

day  appointed  for 
ind  military  autho- 
le  of  Washington, 

The  lianks  were 
upended  ;    and  no- 
1,  except  the  cere- 
ccasion. 
the   authorities    of 

and  Alexandria, 
e  general  govern- 
val,  some  mcmliers 
spected  strangers, 
esident's  house  lo 
He  entered  the 
on  the  marshal  o( 
of  one  of  the  pre- 

then,  with  much 
motion,  addressed 

has  heen  the  pond 
tiiiguished  fellow- 
of  the  year  now 
at  their  respective 
I'ou  with  the  wel- 
less  pleasing  task 


now  devolves  upon  me,  of  bidding  you,  in  the  I 
nameof  the  nation,  adieu. 

"  '  It  were  no  longer  seasonable,  and  would 
be  superfluous,  to  recapitulate  the  remarkable 
incidents  of  your  early  life — incidents  which 
associated  your  name,  fortunes,  a.id  reputation, 
in  imperishable  connexion  with  the  independ- 
e.ice  and  history  of  the  North  American 
union. 

"  '  The  part  which  you  performed  at  that 
important  juncture  was  marked  with  charac- 
ters so  peculiar,  that,  realizing  the  fairest  fable 
of  anliiiuity,  its  parallel  could  scarcely  be 
found  in  the  authentic  records  of  human 
history. 

"  '  You  deliberately  and  persevcringly  pre- 
ferred toil,  danger,  the  endurance  of  every 
hardship,  and  the  privation  of  every  comfort, 
in  defence  of  a  holy  cause,  to  inglorious  ease, 
and  the  allurements  of  rank,  affluence,  and 
unrestrained  youth,  at  the  most  splendid  and 
fascinating  court  of  Europe. 

"  '  That  this  choice  was  not  less  wise  than 
magnanimous,  tlie  sanction  of  half  a  century, 
and  the  gratulations  of  unnumbered  voices,  all 
unable  to  express  the  gratitude  of  the  heart 
with  which  your  visit  to  this  hemisphere  has 
been  welcomed,  afford  ample  demonstration. 

"  '  When  the  contest  of  freedom,  to  which 
yo\i  had  repaired  asa  voluntary  champion,  had 
closed,  tiy  the  complete  triumph  of  her  cause 
in  this  country  of  your  adoption,  you  returned 
to  fulfil  the  duties  of  the  philanthropist  and 
piUriot  in  the  land  of  your  nativity.  There, 
m  a  consistent  and  uiideviating  carec  of  forty 
V  ?ars,  you  have  maintained,  through  every  vi- 
c  ssitucle  of  alternate  success  and  disappoint- 
ment, the  same  gloriiiis  c.iuse  to  which  the 
first  years  of  your  active  life  had  been  devoted, 
the  inprovemeut  of  the  moral  and  political 
condition  of  man. 

"  '  Throughout  that  long  succession  of  time, 
the  people  of  the  United  States,  for  whom,  and 
Willi  whom,  you  had  fought  the  battles  of 
liberty,  have  been  living  in  the  full  possession 
of  its  fruits ;  one  of  the  happiest  among  the 
family  of  nations.  Spreading  in  populatiiui ; 
enlarging  in  territory  ;  acting,  and  suffering 
according  to  the  condition  of  their  nature  ;  and 
laying  the  foundations  of  the  greatest,  and  we 
humbly  hope,  the  most  beneficent  power  that 
ever  regulated  the  concerns  of  man  upon  earth. 

" '  In  that  lapse  of  forty  years,  tlie  genera- 
tion of  men  with  whom  you  co-operateil  in  the 
conflict  of  arms,  has  nearly  passed  away.  Of 
the  general  officers  of  the  American  army  in 
that  war,  you  alone  survive.  Of  the  sages  who 
guided  our  councils  ;  of  the  warriors  who  met 
the  fie  in  the  field  or  upon  the  wave,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few,  to  whom  unusual  length 
of  days  has  been  allotted  by  Heaven,  all  now 
sleep  with  their  flithers.  A  succeeding,  and 
even  a  third  generation,  have  arisen  to  take 
their  places;  and  their  children's  children, 
while  rising  up  to  call  them  blessed,  have  been 
t.iupht  fjy  them,  as  well  as  admonished  liy 
their  own  constant  enjoyment  of  freedom,  to 
include  in  every  benison  upon  their  fithurs, 
the  name  of  him  who  came  from  afar,  with 
thoin,  and  in  their  cause,  to  conquer  or  to  fall 

"  The  universal  prevalence  of  these  senti- 
rr.cnts  was  signally  manifested  by  a  resolution 
of  Congress,  representing  the  whole  people, 
and  all  the  states  of  this  union,  requesting  the 
president  of  the  United  States  to  communicate 
to  you  atsuranceg  of  the  grateful  and  affectiun- 


atc  attachment  of  tfiis  government  and  people, 
and  desiring  that  a  national  ship  might  be  em- 
ployed, at  your  convenience,  for  your  passage 
to  the  borders  of  our  country. 

"  '  The  invitation  was  transmitted  to  you  by 
my  venerable  pred-  essor :  himself  liound  to 
you  by  the  strongest  ties  of  personal  friend- 
ship, himself  one  of  those  whom  the  highest 
honours  of  his  country  had  rewarded  for  blood 
early  shed  in  her  cause,  and  for  a  long  life  of 
devotion  to  her  welfare.  Jly  him  the  services 
of  a  national  ship  were  placed  at  your  dis- 
posal. Your  delicacy  preferred  a  more  pri- 
vate conveyance,  and  a  full  year  lias  elapsed 
since  you  landed  upon  our  shores.  It  were 
scarcely  an  exaggeration  to  say,  that  it  has 
been,  to  the  peojile  of  the  union,  a  year  of  un- 
interrupted festivity  and  enjoyment,  inspired 
by  your  presence.  You  have  traversed  the 
twenty-tour  states  of  this  great  confederacy  : 
You  have  been  received  with  rajiture  by  the 
survivors  of  your  earliest  companions  in  arms: 
You  have  lieen  hailed  as  a  long  absent  parent 
by  their  children,  the  men  and  women  of  the 
present  age  :  And  a  rising  generation,  the  hope 
of  future  time,  in  numbers  surpassing  the 
whole  population  of  tliat  day  when  you  fought 
at  the  head  and  by  the  side  of  their  fore- 
fathers, have  vied  with  the  scanty  remnants  of 
that  hour  of  trial,  in  acclamations  of  joy  at  be- 
holding the  face  of  him  whom  they  feel  to  lie 
the  common  benefactor  of  all.  You  have 
heard  the  mingled  voices  of  the  past,  the  pre- 
sent, and  the  future  age,  joining  in  one  univer- 
sal chorus  of  delight  at  your  approach  :  and 
the  shouts  of  unbidden  thousands,  which 
greeted  your  landing  on  the  soil  of  freedom, 
lave  followed  every  step  of  your  way,  and 
still  resound,  like  the  rushing  of  many  waters, 
from  every  corner  of  our  land. 

You  are  now  about  to  return  to  the 
country  of  your  birth,  of  your  ancestors,  of 
your  posterity.  The  executive  government  of 
the  union,  stimulated  by  the  same  feeling 
wliich  had  prompted  the  congress  to  the  de- 
signation of  a  national  ship  for  your  accom- 
modation in  coming  hither,  has  destined  the 
first  service  of  a  frigate,  recently  launched  at 
this  metropolis,  to  the  less  welcome,  but 
ecjually  distinguished  trust,  of  conveying  you 
home.  The  name  of  the  ship  has  added  one 
more  memorial  to  distant  regions  and  to  future 
ages,  of  a  stream  already  memorable,  at  once 
in  the  story  of  your  sufferings  and  of  our  in- 
dependence. 

"'The  ship  is  now  prepared  for  your  re- 
ception, and  equipped  for  sea.  From  the  mo- 
ment of  her  departure,  the  prayers  of  millions 
will  ascend  to  Heaven  that  her  passage  may 
be  prosperous,  and  your  return  to  the  bosom 
of  your  family  as  propitious  to  your  happiness, 
as  your  visit  to  this  scone  of  your  youthful 
glory  has  been  to  that  of  the  American  people. 

"  '  Go  then,  our  beloved  friend — return  to 
the  land  of  brilliant  genius,  of  generous  senti- 
ment,  of    heroic    valour  j     to     that  beautiful 


after  days,  a  Frenchman  shall  be  called  to  iiv 
dicate  the  character  of  his  nation  by  that  of 
one  individual,  during  the  age  in  which  wo 
live,  the  blood  of  lofty  patriotism  shall  mantle 
in  his  cheek,  the  fire  of  conscious  virtue  shall 
sparkle  In  his  eye,  and  he  shall  pronounce  the 
name  of  Lafayette.  Yet  we,  too,  and  our 
children,  in  life  and  after  death,  shall  claim 
you  for  our  own.  You  are  ours  liy  that 
more  than  p.-triotic  self-devotion  with  which 
you  flew  to  the  aid  of  our  fathers  at  the  crisis 
of  tneir  fate.  Ours  by  that  long  series  of 
years  in  which  you  have  cherished  us  in  your 
regard.  Ours  by  that  unshaken  sentiment  of 
gratitude  for  your  services  which  is  a  precious 
portion  of  our  inheritance.  Ours  by  that  iio 
of  love,  stronger  than  death,  which  has  linked 
your  name,  for  the  endless  ages  of  time,  witli 
the  name  of  Washington. 

'"At  the  painful  moment  of  parting  from 
you,  wo  take  comfort  in  the  thought,  that 
wherever  you  may  be,  to  the  last  pulsation  of 
your  heart,  our  couiitry  will  be  ever  present 
to  your  atfcntions  ;  and  a  cheering  consolation 
assures  us,  diat  we  are  not  called  to  sorrow 
most  of  all,  that  we  shall  gee  your  face  no 
more.  We  shall  indulge  the  pleasing  antici- 
pation of  beholding  our  friend  again.  In  the 
meantime,  speaking  in  the  name  of  the  whole 
people  of  the  Ll^nited  States,  and  at  a  loss  (uily 
for  language  to  give  utterance  to  that  ft-eling 
of  attachment  with  which  the  heart  of  the  na 
tion  beats,  as  the  heart  of  one  man — 1  bid  yoi 
a  reluctant  and  affectionate  farewell.'  " 

"  To  which  General  Lafayette  made  the 
following  answer : — 

"  '  Amidst  all  my  obligations  to  the  general 
government,  and  particularly  to  you,  sir,  its 
respected  chief  magist'-atc,  I  have  most  thank- 
fully to  acknowledge  the  opportuiiity  given 
Tie,  at  this  solemn  and  painful  moment,  to 
jiresent  the  people  of  the  United  States  with 
a  parting  tribute  of  profound,  inexpressible 
gratitude. 

"  '  To  have  tieen,  in  the  infant  and  critical 
days  of  these  states,  adopted  by  them  as  a 
favourite  son,  to  have  particijiated  in  thi?  toils 
and  perils  of  our  unspotted  struggle  for  imle- 
pcndence,  freedom,  and  equal  rights,  and  in 
the  foundation  of  the  American  era  of  a  new 
social  order,  which  has  already  pervaded  this, 
and  must,  for  the  dignity  and  liajipitB-ss  of 
mankind,  successively  pervade  every  jiart  of 
the  other  hemisphere,  to  have  receiveil  at 
every  stage  of  the  revolution,  nnd  dining 
forty  years  after  that  period,  from  the  peojile 
of  the  United  States,  nnd  their  representa- 
tives at  home  and  afjroad,  continual  marks  ol 
their  cnnfidence  and  kindness,  has  been  the 
pride,  the  encoiirasement,  the  support  of  a 
long  and  eventful  life.  • 

'"But  how  could  1  find  words  to  arkiiow 
ledge  that  series  of  welcomes,  those  un 
hoHndcd  nnd  universal  disphiys  of  public  af 
fection,  which  have  marked  each  step,  each 
hour,   of  a  twelve-months'  progress  through 


France,  the  nursing  mother  of  the  -.velfthithe  twenty-four  states,  and  which,  while  they 
Louis,  and  the  Fourth  Henry  ;  to  the  native  overwhelm  my  heart  with  grateful  dellglit, 
soil  of  Bayard  and  Colitrni,  of  Turenno  and  have  most  satisfactorily  evinced  the  concur 
Catinat,  of  Fenelon  and  D'Aguessenii.  In  ^rence  of  the  people  in  the  kind  testimonies,  in 
that  illustrious  catalogue  of  names  which  she  |  the  immense  favours  bestowed  on  me  by  the 
claims  as  of  her  children,  and  with  honest  j  several  branches  of  their  representatives,  in 
pride  holds  up  to  the  admiration  of  other  na-|every  part  and  at  the  central  seat  of  the  con- 
tions,  the  name  of  Lafayette   has  already   for  i  federacy. 

centuries  heen  enrolled.  And  it  shall  hence- j  "' Yet,  gratification  still  highrrawaited  mo  ; 
forth  burnish  into  brighter  fame;    for  if,   in  i  in  the  wonders  of  creation  and  improvement 


m 


HISTORY   OF    THE 


th"'  liave  met  my  enchanted  eye,  in  the  un-jeral  stretched  out  his  hands,  and  was,  in  a  mo- 


paratleled  and  self-felt  happiness  of  the  peo 
pie,  in  their  rapid  prosperity'  and  insured  se- 
cnrity,  public  and  private,  in  a  practice  of  good 
order,  the  appendage  of  true  freedom,  and  a 
national  good  sense,  the  final  arbiter  of  all  dif- 
iiculties,  t  have  had  proudly  to  recognise  a 
result  of  the  republican  principles  for  which 
we  have  fought,  and  a  glorious  demonstration 
to  the  most  timid  and  prejudiced  minds,  of  the 
superiority,  over  degrading  arittocracy  or 
despotism,  of  popular  institutions  founded  on 
the  plain  rights  of  man,  and  where  the  local 
rights  of  every  section  are  preserved  under  a 
constitutional  bond  of  union.  The  cherishing 
of  that  union  between  the  states,  as  it  has  been 
the  farewell  intreaty  of  our  great  paternal 
Washington,  and    will  ever  have  the   dying 

Crayer  of  every  American  patriot,  so  it  hits 
ecome  the  sacred  pledge  of  the  emancipation 
of  the  world,  an  object  in  which  I  am  happy 
to  observe  that  the  American  people,  while 
they  give  the  animating  example  of  successful 
free  institutions,  in  return  for  an  evil  entailed 
jpon  them  by  Europe,  and  of  which  a  liberal 
and  enlightened  sense  is  every  where  more 
and  more  generally  felt,  show  themselves 
every  day  more  anxiously  interes^d 

"  '  And  now,  sir,  how  can  I  do  justice  to 
my  deep  and  lively  feelings  for  the  assu- 
rances, most  peculiarly  valued,  of  your  esteem 
and  friendship,  for  your  so  very  kind  refer- 
ences to  old  times,  to  my  beloved  associates 
to  the  vicissitudes  of  my  life,  for  your  affect- 
ing picture  for  the  blessings  poured  by  the 
several  generations  of  the  American  people 
on  the  remaining  days  of  a  delighted  veteran, 
for  your  affectionate  remarks  on  this  sad  hour 
of  sep-xration,  on  the  country  of  my  birth, 
full,  I  can  say,  of  American  sympathies 
on  the  hope  so  necessary  to  me  of  my  seeing 
again  the  country  that  has  deigned,  near  half 
a  century  ago,  to  call  me  hers?  I  shall  con- 
tent myself,  refraining  from  superfluous  repe- 
titions, at  once,  before  you,  sir,  and  this  re- 
spected circle,  to  proclaim  my  cordial  con- 
firmation of  every  one  of  the  sentiments 
which  I  have  had  daily  opportunities  publicly 
to  utter,  from  the  time  when  your  venerable 
predecessor,  my  old  brother  in  arms  and  friend, 
transmitted  to  me  the  honourable  invitation  of 
Congress,  to  this  day,  when  you,  my  dear  sir, 
whose  friendly  connexion  with  me  dates  from 
your  earliest  youth,  are  going  to  consign  me 
to  the  protection,  across  the  Atlantic,  of  the 
heroic  national  flag,  on  board  the  splendid 
ship,  the  name  of  which  has  not  been  the 
least  flattering  and  kind  among  the  number- 
less favours  conferred  upon  me. 

"  '  God  bless  you,  sir,  and  all  who  surround 
us.  God  bless  the  American  people,  each  of 
their  states,  and  the  federal  government.  Ac- 
cept this  patriotic  farewell  of  an  overflowing 
heart ;  such  will  be  its  last  throb  when 
ceases  to  beat.' 

"  As  the  last  sentence  was  pronounced,  the 
general  advanced,  and,  while  the  tears  poured 
over  his  venerable  cheek,  again  to<ik  the  pre- 
sident in  his  arms — he  retired  a  few  paces, 
but  overcome  by  his  feelings  again  returned, 
and  uttering  in  broken  accents,  '  God  bless 
you  !'  fell  once  more  on  the  neck  of  Mr. 
Adams.  It  was  a  scene,  at  once  solemn  and 
moving,  as  the  sigl.s  and  stealing  tears  of 
many,  who  witnessed  it,  bore  testimony. 
Haying  recovered  his  self-possession,  the  gen- 


ment,  surrounded  by  the  ^r>etings  of  the 
whole  assembly,  who  pressed  upon  him,  each 
eager  to  seize,  perhaps  for  the  last  time,  that 
beloved  hand  which  was  opened  so  freely  for 
our  aid,  when  aid  was  so  precious,  and  which 
grasped,  with  firm  and  undeviating  hold,  the 
steel  which  so  bravely  helped  to  achieve  our 
deliverance.  The  expression  which  now 
beamed  from  the  face  of^  this  exalted  man  was 
of  the  flnest  and  most  touching  kind.  The 
hero  was  lost  in  the  father  and  the  friend  : 
dignity  melted  into  subdued  affection,  and  the 
friend  of  Washington  seemed  to  linger  with  a 
mournful  delight  among  the  sons  of  his  adopt- 
ed country.  A  considerable  period  was  then 
occupied  in  conversing  with  various  individu- 
als, while  refreshments  were  presented  to  the 
company.  The  moment  of  departure  at 
length  arrived,  and,  having  once  more  pressed 
the  hand  of  Mr.  Adams,  he  entered  the  ba- 
rouche, accompanied  by  the  secretaries  of 
state,  of  the  treasury,  and  of  the  navy. 

"  The  parting  being  over,  the  carriage  of 
the  general,  preceded  by  the  cavalry,  the  ma- 
rine corps,  and  Captain  Edwards'  rifle  corps, 
and  followed  by  the  carriages  containing  the 
corporate  authorities  of  the  cities  of  the  dis- 
trict, and  numerous  military  and  high  civil 
officers  of  the  government,  moved  forword, 
followed  by  the  remaining  military  com- 
panies. In  taking  u,'  the  escort,  the  whole 
column  moved  through  the  court,  in  front  of 
the  president's  mansion,  and  paid  him  the  pas- 
sing salute,  as  ho  stood  in  front  to  receive  it. 
The  whole  scene — the  peals  of  artillery,  the 
animating  sounds  of  numerous  military  bands, 
the  presence  of  the  vast  concourse  of  people, 
and  the  occasion  that  assembled  them,  alto- 
gether produced  emotions,  not  easily  de- 
scribed, but  which  every  American  will 
readily  conceive. 

"  On  reaching  the  bank  of  the  Potomac, 
near  where  the  Mount  Vernon  steam  vessel 
was  in  waiting,  all  the  carriages  in  the  pro- 
cession, except  the  general's,  wheeled  off,  and 
the  citizens  in  them  assembled  on  foot  around 
that  of  the  general.  The  whole  military 
body  then  passed  him  in  review,  as  he  stood 
in  the  barouche  of  the  president,  attended 
by  the  secretaries  of  state,  of  the  treasury, 
and  of  the  navy.  After  the  review,  the  ge- 
neral proceeded  to  the  steam  vessel  under  a 
salute  of  artillery,  surrounded  by  as  many 
citizens,  all  eager  to  catch  the  last  look,  as 
could  press  on  the  large  wharf;  and,  at  four 
o'clock,  this  great,  and  good,  and  extraordi- 
nary man,  trod,  for  the  last  time,  the  soil  of 
America,  followed  by  the  blessings  of  every 
patriotic  heart  that  lives  on  it. 

"  As  the  vessel  moved  off,  and  for  a  short 
time  after,  the  deepest  silence  was  observed 
by  the  wholeof  the  vast  multitude  that  lined 
it  1  the  shore.  The  feelings  that  pervaded  them 
was  that  of  children  bidding  a  final  farewell 
to  a  venerated  parent.  The  whole  remained 
gazing  after  the  retiring  vessel,  until  she  had 
passed  GreenleaPs  Point,  where  another 
salute  repeated  the  valedictory  sounds  of  re- 
spect, and  these  again  were,  not  long  after, 
echoed  by  the  heavy  guns  of  fort  Washing- 
ton, and  reminded  us  of  the  rapidity  with 
which  this  benefactor  and  friend  of^  our  coun- 
try was  borne  from  it. 

"  The  general  was  ".ccompanicd  to  the 
Brandy  wine  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy,  the 


mayors  of  the  three  cities  of  the  district,  tha 
coinmander-in-rhief  of  the  army,  the  generals 
of  the  militia  of  the  district,  Cornniodoro 
Bainbridge,  and  several  other  gentlemen." 

The  transactions  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Indian  tribes  have  occasioned  consid- 
erable discussion  among  '.he  philanthropists  of 
both  the  new  and  tho  old  world  ;  we  shall, 
therefore,  notice  the  treaties  which  were 
formed  somewhat  particularly.  In  February, 
a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Creek  na« 
tion  of  Indians.  The  commissioners  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States  represented  to  the 
Creeks,  that  it  is  the  policy  and  wish  of  the 
general  government,  that  the  several  Indian 
tribes  within  the  limits  of  any  of  the  states  of 
the  union,  should  remove  to  territory  to  be 
designated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  as  well  for  the  better  protection  and  se- 
curity of  the  said  tribes,  and  their  improve- 
ment in  civilization,  as  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
abling theUnited  States,  in  thisinstance,  to  com- 
ply with  a  compact  entered  into  with  the  state 
of  Georgia,  on  the  24th  of  April,  1S02.  The 
chiefs  of  the  Creek  towns  assented  to  the 
reasonableness  of  the  proposition,  and  ex- 
pressed a  willingness  to  migrate  beyond  the 
Mississippi,  those  of  Tokaubutchce  excepted. 
The  Creeks  accordingly,  by  the  first  article 
of  the  treaty,  ceded  to  the  United  Siates  all 
the  lands  within  tho  boundaries  of  the  state  of 
Georgia  now  occupied  by  them,  or  to  which 
they  have  title  or  claim,  lying  within  certain 
described  boundaries ;  and  by  the  second  it 
was  agreed,  thai  the  United  States  will  give 
in  exchange  for  the  lands  hereby  acquired  the 
like  quantity,  acre  for  acre,  westward  of  the 
Mississippi,  on  the  Arkansas  river.  Othet 
stipulations  favourable  to  tho  equitable  claims 
of  tho  emigrating  parties  were  made ;  parti- 
cularly that  a  deputation  may  be  sent  to  ex- 
oiore  the  territory  herein  oflered  them  in  ex- 
change ;  and  if  the  same  be  not  acceptable  to 
■i.hem,  then  they  may  select  any  other  territory 
west  of  tho  Mississippi,  on  Red,  Canadian, 
Arkansas,  or  Missouri  rivers,  the  territory  oc- 
cupieu  by  the  Cherokcos  and  Choctuws  ex- 
cepted; and  if  the  territory  to  be  selected 
shall  be  in  the  occupancy  of  other  Indian 
tribes,  then  the  United  States  will  extinguish 
the  title  of  such  occupants  for  the  benefit  of 
the  said  emigrants. 

The  Kansas  Indians,  by  treaty,  ceded  to 
the  United  States  all  their  lands  both  within 
and  without  the  limits  of  Missouri,  excepting 
a  reservation  beyond  that  state  on  the  Kansas 
river,  about  thirty  miles  square,  including 
their  villages.  In  consideration  of  this  ces- 
sion, the  United  States  agreed  to  pay  three 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  a  year  for 
twenty  years;  to  furnish  the  Kansas  imme- 
diately with  three  hundred  head  of  cattle, 
three  Imndi.'d  hogs,  five  hundred  fowls,  three 
yoke  of  oxen,  and  two  carts,  and  with  -such 
farming  utensils  as  the  Indian  superintendent 
may  deem  necessary  ;  to  provide  and  sup- 
port a  blacksmith  for  them ;  and  to  employ 
persons  to  aid  and  instruct  them  in  their  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  as  tlie  president  may  deem 
expedient.  Of  the  ceded  lands,  thirty-six 
sections  on  the  Big  Blue  river  were  to  be  laid 
out  under  the  direction  of  the  president,  and 
sold  for  the  support  of  schools  among  the 
Kansas.  Reservations  were  also  made  foi 
the  benefit  of  certain  half-breeds ;  and  other 
stipulations    mutually   satisfactory.     It    was 


of  the  district,  the 
army,  the  generals 
strict,    Cdtiiniodoro 
ler  gentlemen." 
n  the  United  States 
occasioned  consid- 
e  pliiiantliropists  of 
1   world  ;  we  shall, 
'Bties   which    were 
irly.    In  Febrnary, 
ith  the    Creek  na- 
tnmissioners  on  the 
represented  to  the 
;y  and  wish  of  the 
the  several  Indian 
any  of  the  states  of 
e   to  territory  to  bo 
leof  the  Mississippi 
r  protection  and  se- 
and  their  improve- 
the  purpose  of  en- 
thisinstance,  to  com- 
d  into  with  tlie  state 
if  April,  1S02.    The 
ins   assented  to  the 
roposition,   and   ex- 
migrate  beyond  the 
ttubatchce  excepted. 
,  by  the  first  article 
he  United  Siates  all 
daries  of  the  state  of 
y  theni,  or  to  which 
lying  within  certain 
nd  by  the  second  it 
ited  States  will  give 
hereby  acquired  the 
re,  westward  of  the 
ansas   river.     Othei 
the  equitablo  claima 
s  were  made  ;  parti- 
1  may  be   sent  to  ex- 
oflered  them  in  ex- 
be  not  acceptable  to 
;t  any  other  territory 
on  Red,   Canadian, 
ers,  the  territory  oc- 
and  Choctaws  ex- 
itory  to  be   selected 
cv   of   other    Indian 
latos  will  extinguish 
Its  for  the   benefit  of 

bv  treaty,   ceded    to 
ir  lands  both  within 
Missouri,  excepting 
state  on  the  Kansas 
s  square,    including 
deration  of  thif:  ces- 
igreed   to    pay  three 
dollars  a   year   for 
1  the  Kansas   imme- 
Ired   head    of  cattle, 
hundred  fowls,  three 
carts,  and   with  '.uch 
fidian  superintendent 
o    provide   and   sup- 
em  ;  and   to  employ 
;t  them  in  their  agri- 
president  may  deem 
led   lands,    thirty-six 
river  were  to  be  laid 
f  the  president,  and 
schools  among  the 
were   also   made  foi 
If-breeds ;   and  other 
atigfactory.     It    was 


UNITED    STATES. 


olto  agreed,  that  no  private  revenge  shall  be 
takenoy  the  Indians  for  the  violation  of  their 
rights;  but  tlmt  tln-y  shall  make  their  cntn- 
plaint  to  the  superintendent  or  other  agent, 
aiid  receive  justice  in  a  due  course  of  law  ; 
and  it  was  lastly  agreed,  llin'  the  Kansas  na- 
tion shall  never  dispose  of  their  lands  without 
the  consent  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the 
United  States  shall  always  have  the  free  right 
of  navigation  in  the  waters  of  the  Kansas. 

A  treaty  was  also  concluded  with  the  Great 
and  Little  Osages,  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
The  general  principles  of  this  treaty  are  the 
eanie  as  those  of  the  treaty  with  the  Kansas. 
The  Indians  cede  all  their  lands  in  Arkansas 
and  elsewhere,  and  then  reserve  a  defined 
territory,  west  of  the  Missouri  line,  filly  miles 
square  j  an  agent  to  be  permitted  to  reside  on 
the  reser\ation,  and  the  United  Slates  to  have 
the  right  of  free  navigation  in  all  the  waters 
on  the  tract.  The  United  Slates  pay  an  an- 
nuity of  seven  thousand  dollars  for  twenty 
years;  furnish  forthwith  six  hundred  head  of 
cattle,  six  hundred  hogs,  one  thousand  fowls, 
ten  yoke  of  oxen,  six  carts,  with  farming 
utensils,  persons  to  teach  the  Indians  agricul- 
ture, and  ablacksmith,  and  build  a  commodious 
dwelling-house  for  each  of  the  four  principal 
chiefs,  at  bis  own  village.  Reservations  were 
made  for  the  establishment  of  a  fund  for  the 
support  of  schools  for  the  benefit  of  the  Os;ige 
children;  and  provision  was  made  fur  the 
benefit  of  the  Harmony  missionary  establish- 
ment. The  United  States  also  assume  cer- 
tain debts  due  from  certain  chiefs  of  the 
tribes;  and  agree  to  deliver  al  the  Osage  vil- 
lages, as  scon  as  may  be,  four  thousand  dol- 
lars in  merchandise,  and  two  thousand  six 
hundred  in  horses  and  their  equipments. 

In  May,  a  general  convention  of  peace, 
amity,  navigation,  and  commerce,  between 
the  Unititd  States  of  America  and  the  republic 
of  Colombia,  was  signed  by  the  president,  al 
\V'ashinirt<ui. 

The  fiftieth  anniversary,  the  jubilee,  as  il 
was  termed,  of  American  independence,  was 
observed  throughout  ihe  states  with  ureat  en- 
thusiasm, and  was  rendered  additionally  inter- 
esting bv  the  remarkable  circumstance  that 
both  Adams  and  Jefferson,  eminent  men 
among  the  fathers  of  their  country,  died  on 
that  day. 

Mr.  Ailams,  in  a  message  to  Congress,  re- 
commended a  naval  academy,  and  urged  lice 
appropriation  of  money  for  such  an  esiablisli- 
raent ;  but  Congress  did  not  move  far  in  the 
business.  He  also  recommended  the  erection 
of  an  observatory,  that  the  United  States 
raiglit  not  be  behind  the  nations  of  Europe  in 
tho'.r  astronomical  knowledge.  This  was  also 
neglected.  The  next  election  was  the  all  en- 
grossing subject  of  the  |)oliticlans,  in  every 
quarter  of  the  country,  and  forbade  any  im- 
provements in  sclenci  or  letters.  Towards 
the  close  of  his  administration,  twenty  thou- 
sand dollars  were  appropriated,  to  be  paid  by 
instalments,  for  statuary  to  fill  some  niches  in 
tlio  east  front  of  the  capitol,  and  a  suitable 
artist  engaged  to  repair  to  Italy,  to  commence 
his  labours.  He  receivoil  his  instructions 
from  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  designed  the  orna- 
ments of  the  pediment  on  the  front  of  the 
.lame  building. 

Mr.  Adams  lived  in  harmony  with  his  cabi- 
net, although  they  were  made  of  different  ma- 
terials from  himself.     He  struggled  hard  to 


prove  that  a  president  could  act  without  party; 
out  his  success  did  not  warrant  the  conclusion 
that  such  a  course  could  ever  be  wisely  pur- 
sued. Many  were  mortified,  n  id  not  ii  tew 
disappointed,  to  sei;  those  \\  ho  had  made  no 
effort  to  bring  In  the  administration,  receive 
the  rewards  which  belonged  to  his  political 
friends.  Mr.  .Adams  was  unquestionably  the 
most  linrned  of  all  the  chief  magistrates  the 
nation  has  had.  He  received  all  foreign  am- 
bassadors without  an  interpreter,  and  satisfied 
all  that  he  was  acquainted  with  their  mother 
tongue.  His  learning  and  his  openness  of  dis- 
positlcm  did  nothing  to  insure  his  .seccuid  elec- 
tion. '1  he  tide  of  party  was  not  to  be  stem- 
med by  learning  and  enlarged  views.  Gene- 
ral Jackson  was  elected  by  a  larsje  innjoritv. 

In  the  year  IS28,  Congress  made  provi- 
sion, by  law,  fiir  certain  officers  of  the  revo- 
lutionary army.  The  debt  of  justice  had  been 
long  delayed.  Thousands  had  descended  to 
thi!  grave  in  poverty,  with  complaints  on  their 
lips  against  the  rulers  of  the  land.  All  the 
wise,  patriotic,  and  eloquent  of  both  houses  of 
Congress,  were  on  the  side  of  the  veK^ran  sol- 
diers. Stroiii;  urgunients  W(M-e  used  in  their 
cause.  The  chairman  of  the  committee  wlilch 
reported  the  bill,  made  the  following  forcible 
remarks  : — 

"  Mr.  President,  (said  he,)  it  has  become 
my  duty,  sir,  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
who  reported  this  bill,  to  explain  the  origin 
and  character  of  it.  I  regret  that  this  duty 
has  not  devolved  upon  some  abler  represent- 
ative of  the  interests  of  the  petitioners  ;  but  1 
regret  it  the  less  as  my  colleagues  on  the  coni- 
mitlee  possess  every  quality  of  both  the  head 
and  heart  to  advance  those  interests,  and  will 
no  doubt,  hereafter,  be  seconded  by  an  indul- 
gent attention  on  the  part  of  the  senate. 

"  Who,  then,  sir,  are  the  venerable  men 
that  knock  at  your  door  I  and  for  what  do 
they  ask  ?  They  are  not  suppliants  for  mere 
favour  or  charity,  though  we  all  know  that 
nothing  but  the  proud  spirit  which  helped  to 
sustain  them  through  the  distresses  of  our 
revolution,  has  withheld  most  of  them  from 
reliance  for  dally  bread  on  the  alms  provided 
by  the  |)resent  pension  act.  No,  sir,  they 
come  as  |)etitioners  for  their  rights.  They 
come  as  the  remiiant  of  that  gallant  band,  who 
enlisted  your  continental  army,  who  disci- 
plined its  ranks,  who  planned  its  enterprises, 
and  led  the  way  to  victory  and  independence. 
Confiding  in  the  plli;lited  faith  of  Ciuisjress, 
given  in  the  form  of  a  solemn  compact,  they 
adhered  to  your  cause  through  evil  report  and 
good  re|)ort,  till  the  great  drama  close<l  ;  and 
they  now  ask  only  that  the  faith  so  plighted 
may  be  redeemed.  Amid  tlie  wrecks  IVoiii 
time  and  disease,  during  almost  half  a  century, 
short  of  two  hundred  and  fitly  now  survive, 
out  of  two  thousand  four  hundred  and  eiL'hty, 
who  exis';id  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Even 
this  sma'.  number  is  lidllng  fast  around  us,  as 
the  lei.ves  of  autumn;  and  this  very  morning 
a  gentleman  before  me  has  communlcaled  the 
information,  that  another  of  the  most  faithful 
among  them  has  just  passed  '  that  bourne 
whence  no  traveller  returns.'  It  behooves  us, 
then,  if  we  now  conclude,  in  our  |)rosperity 
and  greatness,  to  extend  relief,  either  from 
charity,  gratitude,  or  justice,  to  do  it  quickly. 

"  My  great  anxiety  is,  in  the  outset,  to  pre- 
vent any  misapprehension  of  the  true  grounds 
on    which     tne    appropriation    is    founded 


,133 

Throughout  the  whole  inquiry,  there  is  no 
disposition  to  censure  the  motives  or  pulley  of 
the  old  congress.  They  adopted  siuh  ima- 
Hures  as  the  exigencies  and  necessities  of  llie 
times  icirced  upon  them ;  and  now,  when 
those  exigencies  have  teased,  it  is  ju>t,  as  well 
as  generous,  to  give  such  relief  as  tlie  •.laliiro 
of  the  case  may  derniind. 

"A  very  great  obstacle  to  the  success  (if 
this  measure,  heretofiue,  has  been  a  prevali'nt 
opinion,  that  these  petitioners  are  seeking 
compensation  merely  for  losses  sustained  on 
the  depreciation  of  continental  money  and 
certificates  received  fiir  their  monthly  wages  ; 
whereas  from  their  first  memorial  in  A.  1). 
1810,  to  the  present  session,  they  have  inva- 
riably rested  on  the  non-perfiirmance,  by 
Congress,  of  a  distinct  and  independent  con- 
tract. All  the  losses  on  their  monlhly  wages, 
they  bore  in  common,  and  are  willing  to 
forego  in  common  with  many  in  the  walks  of 
civil  life,  and  with  the  brave  soldiers  under 
iheir  command.  This  is  the  plain  and  de- 
cisive reason  w  by  none  but  officers  are  em- 
braced in  the  present  bill.  The  contriict  on 
which  tluy  rely,  was  made  with  the  oflicers 
alone;  and  gallant  and  unfortunate  as  were 
the  soldiers,  the  officers  have  endured,  and 
will  continue  to  endure,  without  replninif, 
still  severer  sufferings  from  the  worthless 
mcr.ey  and  certificates  received  for  their 
wages  ;  because  those  losses  were  perhaps 
too  large,  and  too  g(?neral  in  all  departments 
of  life,  ever  to  warrant  the  expectation,  or 
practicability,  of  complete  remuneration.  I 
have  said  severer  sufferings  on  this  account  hy 
the  otRceis  ;  because  the  money  received  for 
wages  liefiire  A.  I).  1780.  woiih  only  one 
dollar  in  the  hundred,  was,  to  the  olRcfers,  the 
only  means  to  purchase  cnnip  eqi.ipage  and 
clothing,  that  were  furnished  to  the  snldliis 
out  of  the  public  arsenals;  and  because  tiie 
soldier  often  received  besides  bounties  both  at 
home  and  from  Congress. 

"  Let  it  then  be  distinctly  understood,  lliat 
notwithstanding  this  disparity  au'alnsi  the  ofli- 
cers, no  such  losses  or  depreclallons  form  any 
part  of  the  foundation  fi)r  this  bill.  A  mo- 
ment's attention  to  the  history  of  that  period, 
will  show  the  true  ground  of  the  appropria- 
tion. After  this  unequal  |)ressnre  had  ron- 
timied  nearly  threi;  years — after  ihe  officers 
had  sustained  iheir  spirits  di.'ing  that  trying 
period  under  such  disadvantages,  by  the  furce 
of  those  principles  that  led  thein  at  first  to 
join  in  the  jjledge  to  the  cause,  of 'iheir  lives, 
iheir  fi)rlunes,  and  their  sacred  honour  ;'  after 
their  private  resources  hnd  become  nearly  ex- 
hausted in  s'.ipplyliisj  those  wunls  their  coun- 
try was  unable  rather  than  unwilllni;  to  satlsf'v, 
there  arose  a  stale  of  things  which  led  to  cer- 
tain proceedings  by  Congress  in  relation  to 
half  pay. 

"  The  prospect  had  nearly  vanished,  that 
any  honourable  accommodation  could  be  ef- 
fected with  the  parent  country.  The  contest 
seemed  likely  to  become  more  severe,  and  to 
be  protracted  for  many  years;  and  it  was  obvi- 
ous that  many  of  the  officers  thus  impover- 
ished and  disheartened,  must  actually  resien 
in  order  to  provide  themselves  with  decent 
clothing,  and  to  inaintain  their  families,  and 
secure  any  subsistence  for  advanced  lifis  or 
that  they  must  receive  some  assurnnce  of 
future  indemnity,  if  they  continued  in  ser- 
vice, and  abandoned  every  thing  else  to  sluk 


^ 


624 

or  (wim  with  the  military  destiniei  of  tlivir 
counli'v. 

'•  It  win  tlii'n  thiit  the  resolve  of  M»y  l">lli, 

1778,  pniiuiiif;  liiill'-piiy,  fur  only  seven  yeum, 
lo  nil  will)  coiitiniu-d  in  service  till  tlie  close  of 
tlio  wiir,  WHS  passi'ii. 

"  Tills  sliiirt  perioil  of  httlf-pay  wns  ilir- 
tiiti'il,  rnllii'riiy  ttic  wants  of  Congress  to  pro- 
\  iile  a  longer  one,  tliiin  from  nu  impression 
that  it  was,  in  Initli,  sullioient.  or  in  ncrord- 
iinco  Willi  unv  sinnlur  system  in  the  armies  of 
Kiirope.      Hence,  a  committee.    May  24tli, 

1779,  reported  a  resolution,  allowing  half-pay 
for  lift!  to  the  game  class  of  olHcers,  and  justly 
grounded  it  on  the  great  risks  they  were  called 
to  encounter,  on  their  great  sutl'erings  ami  sa- 
crifices, ofyo'ith,  ease,  health,  and  fortune,  in 
the  cause  of  their  country.  Hut  the  want  ot 
resources  in  Congress,  induced  them  to  post- 
pone this  sulijecl,  and  on  the  17tli  of  August, 
1779,  to  nrge  u[ion  the  respective  states  the 
expediency  of  adopting  such  a  resolution,  and 
of  pledging  for  its  fulfilment  their  state  re- 
sources. The  power  of  the  states  over  thrse 
resources,  was  much  more  etl'ective  tlian  thai 
of  the  confederation  over  the  states.  But  such 
were  the  general  gloom  and  despondency  of 
the  times,  tliat  not  a  single  state,  except  I'enn- 
Bylvunia,  complied  with  the  recommendation. 
The  currency  continued  to  depreciate  more 
and  more,  daily  ;  tiie  officers,  in  many  in- 
stances, were  utterly  unable,  hy  their  whole 
pay,  to  procure  decent  apparel :  treason  had 
penetrated  the  camp  in  the  person  of  Arnold  : 
Charleston  had  been  surrendered  :  Lincoln 
captured  :  Gates  defeated  at  Camden  :  the 
southern  states  overrun  by  Cornwallis :  our 
soldiery  had  become  discouraged;  and  the 
great  military  leader  of  the  revolution  had  be- 
come convinced,  and  had  urged,  with  Ills  usu- 
al energy,  upon  Congress,  that  the  adoption 
of  tills  resolution  was  almost  the  only  possible 
metliod  of  retaining  the  army  together.  Un- 
der such  appalling  circumstances.  Congress 
passed,  on  the  24th  of  October,  A.  D.  17S0, 
the  resolution,  which  1  will  now  take  the 
liberty  to  read  : 

"  '  Resolved,  That  the  olTicers  who  shall 
continue  in  the  service  to  the  end  of  the  war, 
shall  also  be  entitled  to  )ia1f-pay  during  life  ; 
to  commence  from  the  ti..ie  of  their  reduction.' 
(I  U.S.  Laws,  CSS.) 

"  This,  with  one  or  two  subsequent  resolu- 
tions, explaining  and  modifying  its  provisions 
as  to  particular  persons,  cimstilutes  the  great 
foundation  of  the  bill  under  consideration. 
The  promise  was  most  solemnly  and  delibe- 
rately made  :  the  consideration  for  it  was  am- 
ple, and  most  honourably  performed  by  the 
officers:  and  yet,  on  tlie  part  of  Congress,  its 
stipulations  have,  in  my  opinion,  never,  to  this 
day,  been  eijultably  fulfilled.  As  to  the  bind- 
ing effect  of  the  compact  on  Congress,  nobody 
can  pretend  to  doubt.  I  shall,  therefore,  not 
waste  a  single  moment  in  the  discussion  of 
that  point.  But  I  admit  tliat  the  officers  were 
first  bound  to  perform  the  condition  faithfully, 
of  serving  to  the  close  of  the  war,  however 
long  or  disastrous.  Did  they  do  it  1  History 
and  tradition  must  convince  all,  that  through 
defeat  as  well  as  victory,  they  clung  to  our 
fortunes  to  the  uttermost  moment  of  the  strug- 
gle. Tliev  were  actuated  by  a  spirit  and  in- 
telligence, the  surest  guarantees  of  such  fide- 
lity. M.istof  them  had  investigated,  and  well 
iiuderstood,  the  principles  in  dispute,  and  to 


HISTORY  OP    THE 


defend  them,  had  llown  lo  the  field  of  battle 
on  the  first  alarm  of  war,  with  all  the  ardour 
of  a  Scottish  gathering,  at  the  suinmons  of  the 
fiery  cross.  And  It  is  not  (Kietry,  that  one  of 
my  own  relatives,  an  otlleer,  loiii,'  since  no 
more,  when  the  alarm  was  given  at  Lexing- 
ton, left  for  the  tented  field,  llie  corpse  of  his 
father  unburled  ; 

•One  look  ho  ci\ft  npnn  ihc  birr, 
IIqhIkhI  Iroiii  liiA(>M-i4  ilio  L'uiticriiii;  teiir,* 

and  hastened  to  devote  his  own  life  to  the 
salvation  of  hiscimntry.  In  the  samo  duty — 
in  performing  their  part  of  the  compact,  to 
serve  faithfully  to  the  close  of  the  war,  the.ie 
petitioners  endured  the  frosts  of  winter,  often 
half  sheltered,  badly  fed,  badly  clothed,  ami 
badly  paid.  God  forbid  that  f  should  exag- 
gerate. The  naked  truth  is  stronger  than  any 
colouring  of  fancy.  We  have  the  anthorily 
of  their  commander,  that  they  were,  at  times, 
in  such  a  condition  as  to  be  unable  and 
ashamed  to  receiv*-  their  friends  ;  but  never, 
I  believe,  loath  to  face  their  enemies.  Their 
paths  were  sometimes  marked  by  tiieir  blood — 
their  courage  and  constai.cy  tried  by  freipicnt 
alarms,  by  ambusrado,  and  the  pitched  battle; 
but  they  never  faltered  :  and  when,  towards 
the  close  of  the  war,  neglect  on  the  part  of 
Congress,  as  to  their  rnoiilhly  wages,  might 
have  justified,  under  most  circumstances,  dis- 
quiet and  distrust ;  and  when  at  Newburg 
tliey  were  tempted  with  the  insidious  taunt, 
that  if,  relincpiishing  tliei.'  arms  and  retiring 
home  with  the  promises  made  to  them  un- 
fulfilled, they  would  '  go  starve,  and  be  for- 
gotten ;'  yet  they  disbanded  in  |)eaco,  and  ex- 
pressed their  '  unshaken  confidence  in  the 
justice  of  Congress." 

"  Washington,  himself,  declared  in  sub- 
stance, that  by  means  of  this  resolve  the  offi- 
cers were  inspired  to  make  renewed  exer- 
tlims  ;  to  feel  n  security  for  themselves  and 
families,  which  enabled  them  to  devote  every 
faculty  to  the  common  cause ;  and  that  thus 
was  an  army  kept  together,  which  otherwise 
must  have  dissolved,  and  we  probably  iiave 
been  compelled  to  pass  again  under  the  yoke 
of  colonial  servitude. 

"  For  all  this  fidelity  to  the  performance  of 
their  part  of  the  compact,  the  officers  have 
been  duly  thanked  by  many  congresses,  and 
applauded  by  the  world.  They  have  occu- 
pied a  conspicuous  niche  in  toasts,  odes,  and 
orations,  and  some  of  them  have  animated  the 
canvass  and  breathed  in  marble. 

"But  has  the promlsetotheniof  half-pay  ever 
been  either  literally  or  substuntiiilly  fulfilled  1 
That,  sir,  is  the  important  question.  1  answer 
not  literally,  by  any  pretence,  from  any  ijiiar- 
ter.  No  half-pay,  as  such,  has  ever,  for  any 
length  of  time,  been  either  paid  or  provided 
for  one  of  the  petitioners.  Almost  as  little, 
sir,  can  there  be  a  pretence  that  it  has  been 
substantially  fulfilled.  No  kind  of  fulfilment 
has  been  attempted,  except  in  the  commuta- 
tion act,  passed  March  22d,  1783. 

"  That  act  grew  out  of  objections,  in  some 
of  the  slates,  to  the  system  of  half-pay  as  a 
system,  because  not  strictly  republican  in  theo- 
ry, and  because  every  thing  of  a  pension 
character  had  become  so  odious  by  its  abuse 
in  some  governments,  in  the  maintenance  of 
hirelings  who  had  performed  secret  and  dls 
reputable  service. 

"  Some  of  the  officers  being  anxious  to  re 
move  any  formal  objection,  petitioned  Con 


'  gross  fiir  n   ronimutation   or  change   in  tho 

modi-  of  indemnifying  and  rewarding  thrni. 
No  uppii^iiion  hud  lieen  ni.uh'  lo  ihe  amount 
or  value  of  the  hiilfpay,  and  llierefore,  as  nji- 
pears  in  the  commutation  act  llself,  the  offi- 
cers expected,  if  a  changt?  look  place,  a  full 
'  eqiiivaleiil'  in  value  to  the  halfiiay  for  llll'. 

"  But  insleaii  of  such  an  ecpiivident.  Con- 
gress gave,  by  ihnt  net,  what  was  far  short  of 
an  efpiiviilent,  whether  we  regard  the  par- 
llciilar  ages  ut  that  time  of  these  petitioners, 
or  ihelr  average  age  with  tho  other  ofiicers,  or 
the  period  they  have  nctually  since  lived. 
Congress  gave  only  five  years'  full  pay  lo  the 
youngest  in  the  line,  and  just  as  much  to  iho 
eldest ;  treating  the  officer  of  twenty-five,  as 
not  likely  lo  live  any  longer  than  him  of  seven- 
ty ;  and  subjeciing  lli<-  former  lo  lake  for  his 
hiilf-piiy,  which  he  whs  enlilled  lo  for  his 
whole  life,  of  probably  ihlrly-five  years,  the 
same  small  sum  bestowed  on  him  not  likely 
to  live  ten  or  fourleen  years. 

"  If  we  look  lo  ihe  average  age  of  all  the 
officers  at  that  time,  the  commiilaiion  was  still 
iiiadeipiate.  That  age  was  probably  not  over 
lliii  ty  ;  none  have  pretended  lo  coiisiiler  It 
over  thirty-five ;  and  on  all  observations,  in 
similar  climates,  and  all  calculations  of  niiniilly 
tables,  such  persons'  lives  would  be  likely  to 
extend  beyond  thirty  years,  and  ihiis  their 
half-pay  for  life  be,  on  an  average,  worlh  the 
gross  sum,  in  prrsenll,  of  ut  least  seven  years 
full  pay.  Any  gentleman  can  lest  the  ge- 
neral accuracy  of  these  results,  by  a  reference 
lo  Price's  Annuity  Tables,  and  to  Milne  (Ui 
Anmiilies.  In  England,  SvVeden,  and  France, 
it  will  be  seen  that  a  person  of  thirty  years  of 
age  is  ascertained  to  be  likely  to  live  thi.'ty- 
four  more  ;  and  of  thirty-five  years  of  age, 
lo  live  about  twenty-eight  more.  An  aniiiiiy 
for  thirty-four  years  is  worth  a  fraction  more 
than  fourteen  limes  its  anmiul  amount,  11  paid 
in  a  gross  sum  in  advance  ;  and  one,  for 
twenty-eight  years,  only  a  fraction  less  than 
fourteen  times  its  annual  amount.  So  that 
seven  years'  full  pay  is  as  near  a  fair  commu- 
tation for  the  half  pay  for  life,  taking  llii'lr 
average  ages,  as  can  well  be  calculated,  or  as 
is  necessary  for  the  present  inquiry. 

"  Again  :  If  we  advert  to  the  real  facts,  as 
since  developed,  these  petitioners,  lad  the 
commutation  act  not  ])assed,  or  not  lieen  at  all 
binding,  would  now  receive  twenty-two,  in 
stead  of  five  years'  full  pay,  as  they  have  siir 
vived,  since  the  close  of  the  war,  over  forty- 
four  years. 

"Congress,  as  if  conscious  that  the  pressure 
of  the  times  had  driven  them  to  propose  a  suh- 
slilute  for  the  half-pay  for  life,  not,  in  any 
view,  sufficient  or  equivalent,  as  regarded  the 
younger  officers,  who  alone  now  survive  and 
ask  for  redress,  provided  in  the  commutation 
act,  not  that  each  officer  might  accept  or  re- 
ject it  at  pleasure,  but  that  it  should  lake  ef- 
fect, if  accented  within  certain  periods,  not 
exceeding  six  months,  by  majorities  in  the 
several  lines  of  the  army.  The  most  influen- 
tial officers  in  any  line,  arc  of  course  the  elder 
and  superior  ones.  To  these,  ns  a  general 
rule,  five  yearsful^pay  was  a  fair  equivalent; 
and  by  their  exertions  the  commulatlc  n  was 
accepted  by  majorities  in  most  of  the  lli.es, 
and  no  provision  ever  afterwards  made  for 
such  officers,  as  were  either  absent  or  present, 
and  dissenting. 

"  No  evidence  catt  now  he  found,  Iiowo\er, 


or  chnn);o  in  tlm 
rpv.urilin^  tliPrn. 
nil'  to  till'  niiiimiil 
li  tlicrfriiri',  lis  nji- 
ict  itaclC,  itii"  (ilti- 
took  plan-,  n  lull 
Imll'-imy  for  iili-. 
f(|mvHl(Mit,  Con- 
It  WHS  (iir  short  of 
!  n'j,'iirj  tlic  |mi'- 
tlicsi!  ju'litionrrs, 
u  otlicr  oflici'r»,  or 
unlly  nince  lived. 
rs'  iull  pny  to  llio 
St  ns  much  to  tho 
111'  twiMity-fivc,  ns 
than  hini  offevt'ii- 
iiT  to  liike  for  hi.i 
ilillcd  In  lor  liis 
ty-five  yriirs,  thn 
on  him  not  likely 

iifjp  afjc  of  all  fhi' 
inntiilion  wiis  «lill 
prohiilily  not  over 
I'd  to  consider  it 
I  ohsorviitions.  In 
dntions  oi'iiMnuity 
vonld  be  likely  to 
9,  nnd  tlin9  their 
verage,  worth  liie 
least  seven  years 
can  test  the  ge- 
Its,  liy  a  relereneo 
and  to  Milne  on 
eden,  and  France, 
of  thirty  years  of 
ely  to  live  thirty- 
ve  years  of  oge, 
ire.  An  nniuity 
1  a  fraction  more 
1  amount,  ii  paid 
e ;  and  one,  for 
fraction  less  than 
imoiint.  So  that 
•ar  a  fair  eonimu- 
life,  taking  their 
calculated,  or  na 
n(]uiry. 

the  real  facts,  as 
ioners,  lud  tlio 
or  not,  been  at  all 
twenty-two,  in 
as  they  have  sur 
war,  over  forty- 

that  the  |)res?ure 
to  propose  a  suli- 
life,  not,  in  any 

as  regarded  tho 
low  survive  and 
he  conmintation 

ht  accept  or  re- 
;  should  take  ef- 

in  periods,  not 
lajorities  in  ilie 
he  most  infliieii- 

course  the  elder 
le,   as  a  general 

fair  equivalent; 
ommutati(  n  was 
ist  of  the  lii.ea, 
wards  made  for 
Jsent  or  present, 

found,  however, 


UNITED    STATES. 


of  any  acceptance,  even  by  majorities,  in  any 
of  the  lines,  till  after  tho  expiration  of  thn  six 
inor.hi  prescribed.  Hut  a  report  of  the  secre- 
tary of  war,  dated  October  HI,  1783,  (8  Jour- 
nals of  Congress,  478,)  enumerates  certain 
lines  and  individuals,  that  had  then  signified 
their  acceptance.  It  would  be  difficult,  as 
might  be  expected,  to  find  among  the  indi- 
vidiinls  named,  one  who  still  survives.  Those, 
then,  the  youngest  and  now  surviving,  must 
have  felt  Jeeply  the  inequality  proposed  ;  nnd 
if  most  of  them  had  not  been  absent  on  fur- 
lough, by  a  resolve  of  Congress,  after  peace 
was  experted,  probably  even  majorities  in  the 
lines  would  never  have  been  obtained.  The 
certificates  were  made  out  for  all,  without  ap- 
plication, and  left  with  the  agents;  no  other 
provision  was  made  for  those  entitled  to  hnlf- 
piiy,  niul  it  remained  with  the  younger  offi- 
cers to  receive  thof.  certilicates  or  nothing. 

"  Hut  it  is  most  manifest,  that  Congress  had 
no  legid  right  to  lake  away  from  a  single  offi- 
cer his  vested  half-pay  for  life,  without  giving 
Tim  a  full  equivalent ;  or,  to  say  the  least, 
what  the  officer  should  freely  and  distinctly 
atseiit  to,  as  a  full  equivalent.  It  would  be 
contrary  to  the  elementary  principles  of  legis- 
lation and  jurisprudence  :  and  a  majority  of 
the  lines  could  no  more  bind  the  minority  on 
this  subject  of  private  rights  of  property,  than 
they  could  bind  Congress,  or  the  states,  on 
questions  of  politics.  This  point  need  not  be 
argued  to  men,  who,  like  those  around  me, 
have  watched  the  discussions  and  decisions  in 
this  country  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  Hut 
no  such  individual  assent  was  asked  here  :  it 
was  indeed  declared  to  bo  useless  for  any  mi- 
nority of  individuals  to  dissent ;  the  comniu- 
'.ation  not  having  been,  in  any  view,  a  full 
'.'quivalent,  individual  assent  cannot  fairly  be 
presumed.  The  subsequent  faking  of  the 
certificates  was  merely  taking  all  that  was  pro- 
vided, and  all  they  could  get,  without  any 
pret<Mico  that  they  took  it  as  a  full  and  fair 
equivalent.  And  hence  it  follows,  that,  on 
the  lowest  computation,  two  years  more  full 
pay  aie  necessary  to  make  any  thing  like  a 
substantial  fulfilment  of  tho  compact  on  the 
part  of  Congress.  In  truth,  twenty  years 
nioro  would  be  ?ess  than  the  petitioners  could 
rightfully  claim  now,  if  the  commutation  act 
had  never  passed  ;  or  if  the  position  was 
clearly  established  that  the  commutation  act, 
as  to  them,  was,  under  the  circumstances,  en- 
tirely null  and  void.  To  say  that  such  a 
transaction,  resorted  to  under  the  pressure  of 
the  times,  and  finding  no  apology  except  in 
the  security  and  necessities  of  that  pressure, 
should  not  bo  relieved  against  when  the  pres- 
sure is  over,  and  our  means  have  become  am- 
ple, is  to  make  a  mockery  of  justice,  and  to 
profane  every  principh;  of  good  faith. 

"  But  consider  a  little  farther  the  history  of 
these  proceedings,  on  the  supposition  that  the 
five  years  full-pay  was  an  ample  equivalent  to 
all.  Was  it  either  paid  or  secured  to  them  in 
such  manner  as  to  become  any  thing  like  a 
substantial  fulfilment  of  the  promise  1  Though 
the  act  allowed  Congress  to  give  the  officers 
money  or  securities,  and  though  these  last 
might  be  in  the  form  prescribed  for  other 
creditors,  yet  the  act  contemplated  giving 
them  money  or  money's  worth,  else  it  doubly 
violated  tho  former  engagement  to  give  them 
half-pay  for  life.  The  very  nature  of  half- 
pay,  or  of  any  corarauiition  for  it,  implies  that 


it  ihoiild  bo  actually  paid,  or  ao  secured  us 
to  raise  the  monev  whenever  it  becomes  due. 
They  were  here  inleiulcd  as  means  ''.ir  ininic- 
diate  tnuintenance  or  buainejs  to  thost-  who, 
by  peace,  would  be  throw  n  out  of  their  ncciia- 
t(Uned  employment  and  support.  This  is  too 
plain  for  further  illustratiori  ;  and,  in  confor- 
mity with  these  views.  Congress  forthwith 
effected  a  loan  in  Europe,  and  paid  in  money 
all  the  foreign  officers  I'ntitled  u\  the  coinmii- 
tatloii.  Hut  how  were  the  pell!  iners  treated  ? 
They  did  not  obtain  a  dollar  in  money,  and 
even  their  certificates  were  not  delivered  till 
six  online  nMuillrs  after  their  right  tohalf-pny 
accrued  ;  and  w  ben  received,  so  far  from  be- 
ing secured  by  pledges  or  reipilsitlons  render- 
ing them  valuable  as  money,  the  officers  ciuild 
not  obtain  for  them  in  tin-  market  over  one- 
fifth  of  their  niunlnnl  amount.  The  receipts 
given  for  these  certificates  truly  omitted  to 
state  that  they  were  in  full  payment,  of  either 
the  commutation  or  the  half-pay.  Hy  such 
means  these  petitioners,  to  supply  the  then 
existing  wants  of  theinselves  and  families, 
which  was  the  legitimate  object  of  both  the 
half-pay  and  Its  commiitatliui,  in  fact  realized 
only  one.  Instead  of  five  years'  full-iiay  ;  or 
only  two  years'  half-pay  instead  of  half-pay 
for  life. 

"  If  this  was  a  substantial  fulfilment  of 
the  promise  to  them,  I  think  It  would  be  diffi- 
cult io  define  what  would  have  been  a  defec- 
tive, delusive,  and  unsubstantial  fulfilment. 
Hut  it  has  been  suggested,  that  the  petitioners 
might  all  have  retained  their  certificates  till 
afterwards  funded,  nnd  in  that  event  have  es- 
caped loss.  Can  gentlemen,  however,  forget 
that  the  very  design  of  half  pay  was  to  fur- 
nish fooil  and  raiment,  and  not  a  fund  to  be 
deposited  In  bank  for  posterity  (  And  that, 
though  the  use  of  a  portion  of  It,  if  all  had 
been  paid  at  onee,  miglit  have  been  postponed 
to  a  future  period,  yet  their  necessities  utterly 
forbade  most  of  them  from  not  resorting, 
forthwith,  to  a  single  year's  pay,  which  was 
the  entire  value  of  the  whole  certificate.  It 
Is  another  part  of  the  distressing  history  of  this 
case,  that  if,  on  the  contrary,  every  officer 
had  retained  his  certificate  till  funded.  Ids  loss 
on  it  would  have  been  very  near  one  third  of  its 
amount.  But  on  this  point  I  shall  not  dwell, 
ns  its  particulars  are  more  recent  and  familiar. 
It  will  suffice  to  call  to  your  minds,  that  the 
provision  made  for  the  payment  of  these  cer- 
tificates in  A.  D.  1790,  was  not  by  money,  nor 
virtually  to  their  full  amount,  but  by  opening 
a  loan,  payable  in  those  certificates,  nnd  a 
scrip  of  stock  given  for  them  on  these  terms: 
one  third  of  the  principal  was  to  draw  no  In- 
terest whatever,  for  ten  years;  and  all  the  in- 
terest then  due,  was  to  draw  thereafter  only 
three  per  cent.  Without  going  into  any  cal- 
culations of  the  value  of  different  kinds  of 
stock,  under  different  circumstances.  It  is  ob- 
vious that  such  a  payment  or  security  was 
not  worth  so  much  by  nearly  a  third,  as  the 
money  would  have  been  worth,  or  as  scrip 
would  have  been  worth  for  the  whole  then 
due  on  six  per  cent,  intere.st. 

"  It  Is  true  that  this  loan  was.  In  form,  vo- 
luntary ;  but  it  is  equally  true,  that,  ns  no 
other  provision  was  made  for  payment,  no  al- 
ternative remained  but  to  acce])t  the  terms. 
Hence,  If  the  officer  sold  his  certificate  from 
necessity,  he  obtained  only  one  fifth  of  the 
amountthcrcin  promised:  or,  if  he  retained  it,  ho 


__  ^  _  ^    '" 

obtained  only  about  two  ihirdsof  that  amonnl, 
"  What  renders  this  circumslnnre  still  more 
striking,  weourselvi's  have  in  this  way  mivciI, 
and  reduced  our  naliornl  debt  lielow  w  Iml  i| 
would  have  been,  iniinv  millions  of  dolliirs— 
from  eighteen  to  fiftren,  I  ln'Iieve  ;  pud  U'l, 
now,  in  our  prosperity,  hesitate  !o  ri>iiiic 
whnt  was  taken  In  part  I'rom  these  verv  nun, 
and  when  not  from  them,  taken  from  oili'  is 
on  account  of  tlieir  speculations  on  tlieso 
very  men,  and  their  associnies  in  artns.  It 
was  at  the  time  of  thn  funding  tlimighl  just, 
nnd  attempted  by  some  of  our  ablest  siiiiis- 
mi'n,  to  provide  tome  relriliilion  to  the  i  ri- 
ginal  holders  of  certificates  (iir  the  losses  ilut 
had  been  sustained  on  them — to  provide  in 
some  way  a  partial  reslorntion.  Hut  the  In- 
herent dlHiculiy  of  the  subject,  and  the  low 
state  of  our  resources,  |irevenled  ns  from 
completing  any  such  nrrniigemenf,  lliongli  we 
were  not  prevented  from  saving  to  the  go- 
vernment, out  of  these  very  certificates,  and 
similar  ones,  ten  times  the  amount  now  pro- 
posed fiir  these  petitioners. 

"  On  this  state  of  facts,  then,  I  liold  lliesn 
conclusions:  that  what  is  honest,  and  moinl, 
and  honourable,  between  dibtor  and  ci-ediior 
in  private  life.  Is  so  in  |)iib!Ic  lift'.  'Hial  a 
creditor  of  the  public  should  be  treated  with 
at  least  equal,  if  not  greater  kinilnesses,  than 
the  creditor  of  an  indivlilnal.  That  when 
the  embarrassments  of  a  ilebtor  give  rise  to 
a  mode  of  payment  nltoirelher  Inn(le(|uale  to 
what  Is  justly  due,  and  this  kind  of  pnyment 
is  ftirced  upon  the  creditor,  by  the  necessities 
of  either  Jiarly,  the  debtor  ought,  when  re- 
lieved from  his  einbarrasainents  or  necessities, 
to  make  ample  restilullun.  That  it  is  tho 
dictate  of  every  moral  and  hoiio'.irnble  fee  ing 
to  supply  the  deficiency ;  and  especially, 
should  the  debtor  do  this  where  the  irmle- 
qiiacy  was  more  than  four  fifths  of  the  w  hole 
debt ;  where  the  debtor,  by  a  part  of  the  ar- 
rangement, eaved  millions  to  contribute  to 
his  present  prosperity,  and  where  the  dcbi 
itself  was,  as  in  the  present  case,  the  jirice  o| 
blood  lavished  for  the  creditor,  the  wages  of 
those  sufferings  and  toils  which  secured  onr 
present  liberties,  and  fill  the  brightest  page  of 
glory  in  our  country's  history.  The  great 
military  lender  of  the  revolution  has  given  his 
sanction  to  this  measure,  in  tho  strongest  terms, 
when  calling  to  mind  the  lion  hearts,  ami 
eagle  eyes,  that  hnd  surrounded  and  snstnin 
ed  him  in  all  his  arduous  trials,  nnd  refleciliig 
that  they,  not  s:>ldiers  by  profession,  nor  mi- 
venturers,  but  citizens,  with  tender  ties  of 
lilndred  and  friendship,  nnd  with  cheeriig 
prospects  in  civil  life,  had  abandoned  all  to 
follow  him,  nnd  to  sink  or  swim  with  the 
sacred  cause  in  which  he  bad  enlisted,  he  in- 
voked towards  them  the  justice  of  hiscounti  v, 
and  expressed  the  fullest  confidence,  that  '  a 
country  rescued  by  their  arms,  will  never 
leave  unpaid  the  debt  of  gratitude.' 

"  It  is  not  to  be  forgotten,  that  a  measure 
like  this  would  remove  a  stain  from  our  his- 
tory. Its  moral  influence  on  our  population, 
in  future  wars,  for  wars  we  must  expect,  again 
and  again:  its  consonance  with  those  religious, 
as  well  as  moral  principles  of  perfect  justice, 
which,  in  a  republic,  are  the  anchor  and  sal- 
vation of  all  that  is  valuable ;  its  freedom,  I 
trust,  from  political  prejudice  and  party  feel- 
ing, all  strengthen  the  other  reasons  for  itj; 
cpccdy  adoption. 


I 


S3S 

"  Nor  ljiiv(!  iill  tliu  Impiilatiiinn  ni,'iiiii>it  it  n» 
a  liii!iil  nii'ii!<iir<',  lii'tMi  lit  nil  well  fiiiindci!. 
Wlmt  i«  rijjtit  or  jii«t  in  rcgiinl  to  coiitrnct!  is 
right  witliiiiit  rt';,'Mr(i  Id  tin;  resiilciici!  of  in  li- 
viilimls,  wlii'lliiT  ill  th()  cast,  till!  wi-tti,  or  lliu 
soutli.  Hut  inili'ix'mlciit  of  llmt  nui'iiilcni- 
lion,  thcsd  vcnoriililu  wortliies,  lliougli  oni'u 
much  mnro  niimuroiis  at  tho  north  thiin  else- 
whcrn,  havo  siniu!  followed  ihn  I'lilrrpriHri  of 
thiiir  cliililrcn,  and  [lunhed  thuir  own  hrokrn 
fortiiniM  to  every  section  of  tho  union.  It  \i 
iin[ios9ililu  to  olitiiin  jierfect  ncciiracy  n»  to 
their  niiiiihers  and  resldenre.  Uiit  liy  cor- 
responding and  verbal  impiirlea  It  isiisrerlniii- 
ed,  that  four  or  five  survive  in  New  Uiirnp- 
Miire;  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  in  Miissu- 
chiisetts  and  Miimk-j  five  or  six  in  I'linde 
l.sliind  J  five  in  Vermont ;  sixtei'ii  in  Connec- 
ticut; twenty  in  New  York;  twelve  in  New 
Jersey;  eif;iitei!n  in  Pennsylvnniii ;  tliri'e  in 
Deliiwiire;  twelve  in  ^fllrylllnd  ;  thirlylhree 
to  thirty-eitfht  in  Virginiii  and  Kentucky  ;  ten 
to  twelve  in  Ohio;  twelve  or  lifti'en  in  the 
('aroliims;  and  five  or  six  in  (ieorfiia.  As 
l)y  the  aniiuily  tallies,  someliiin<^  like  two 
hnniired  and  fifty  ouj^lit  now  to  lie  alive,  the 
coiiiputatioiis  have  lieeii  made  on  a  medium 
of  two  liiindred  and  thirty,  la-tween  the  iium- 
jier  ascertained  and  the  conjectunil  nnmher. 

"  The  tpiestion  then,  is  of  a  general  public 
nature,  and  presents  the  single  point,  \vheth<!r, 
in  the  late  lannjuage  of  an  eio(|uent  states- 
man of  New  York,  tlicfii!  veterans  shall  any 
longer  leniain' living  moiiumentsof  the  neglect 
of  their  country.' 

"  All  the  forogn  ofHcers,  whoso  claims  restod 
on  tho  same  resolve,  were,  as  I  havo  before 
staled,  promptly  paid  in  specie;  and  their  il- 
lustrious leader,  Lafayette,  by  who'so  side 
those  petitioners  ficej  equal  toils  and  dan- 
gers, has  been  since  loaded  with  both  money 
and  applause.  Even  the  tories,  who  deserted 
tho  American  catise,  and  adhered  to  one  so 
much  less  holy  and  pure,  li.ivo  been  fully  and 
faithfully  rewarded  by  England  :  and  it  now 
remains  with  the  senate  to  decide,  not  wheth- 
er tho  sum  proposed  shall  be  bestowed  in 
mere  charity — however  chirity  may  bless  both 
him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes  ;  nor  in  mere 
gratitude — however  sensible  the  petitioners 
may  be  to  tho  influence  of  either;  but  wheth- 
er, let  these  considerations  operate  as  they 
may,  the  officers  should  be  remunerated  for 
iheir  losses,  on  those  broad  principles  of  eter- 
nal justice  which  are  the  cement  of  society, 
and  which,  without  a  wound  to  their  delicacy 
and  honest  pride,  will,  in  that  event,  prove 
the  solace  and  staff  of  their  declining  years. 

"  I  shall  detain  tlie  senate  no  longer,  except 
to  offer  a  few  remarks  on  tho  computations, 
on  which  the  sum  of  one  million  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  is  proposed  as  the  proper  one 
for  filling  tho  blank.  Various  estimates,  on 
various  hypothesis,  are  annexed  to  the  report 
in  this  case,  and  others  will  doubtless  occur  to 
different  gentlemen.  But  if  any  just  one 
amounts  to  about  the  sum  proposed,  no  cap- 
tious objection  will,  I  trust,  be  <nTered  on  ac- 
count of  any  trifling  difference.  It  is  impossi- 
ble, in  such  cases,  to  attain  perfect  accuracy  ; 
but  the  estimates  are  correct  enough,  proba- 
bly, for  the  present  purpose. 

"  The  committee  have  proposed  a  sum  in 
gross  rather  than  a  half-pay  or  annuity,  be- 
cause more  appropriate  to  tho  circumstances 
uf  the  case,  mid  because  more  acceptable,  fur 


HISTORY  OF    THE 


the  reasiini  that  originally  gave   riio  to  tho 
comrnutntion. 

"On  tlic<  ground  that  these  oflicers  were,  in 
178li,  justly  entith'il  to  two  years  more  full- 
pay,  as  a  fair  eipiivalcnt  fi>r  half  pay  during 
life  I  and  there  being  two  hundred  and  thirty 
of  (hem  of  the  rank  miiiposed  in  llie  report, 
their  miMithly  pay  woul.l  be  about  thirty  dol- 
lars each.  This,  for  two  years,  would  be 
so\'en  hundred  and  twi-nty  dollars  each  ;  or 
oni!  hundred  am)  sixty-five  thousand  six  hun- 
dred ilollars  due  to  these  petitioners  at  the 
eloao  of  the  war,  over  and  above  what  they 
then  received  eertifirates  for.  The  interesi 
oil  that,  for  fiirty-foiir  years,  would  bo  four 
hundred  and  ihlrty-seven  thousand  one  hiin 
dred  and  eighty-four  dollars,  which,  added  to 
the  iirincipal,  make  six  hundred  and  two  tliou- 
shikI  seven  hundred  and  eighty-four  dollars. 

"  If  to  that  be  added  what  they  lost  on  their 
eertifirates  iiy  depreciation,  which  at  four- 
filths  was  three  hundred  and  thirty-one  thou- 
sand two  liundred  dollars,  and  the  sum  with- 
out any  interest,  on  the  depreciation,  amounts 
to  nine  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  eighty-four  dollars;  or,  with  in- 
leri'st,  to  more  than  a  million  and  a  half;  or, 
if  the  depreciation  be  considered  seven-eights, 
us  it  really  was,  the  sum  would  be  still  larger. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  nothing  bo  allowed  for 
di'preciation  on  tho  certificates,  but  one-third 
be  considered  as  lost  in  funding,  that  one-third, 
in  A.  D.  1791,  would  bo  about  two  hundred 
and  four  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty  dol- 
lars, and  interest  since  would  swell  it  to  six 
hundred  and  fiirty-five  thousand  four  hundr(?d 
and  thirty-four  dollars,  which  added  to  the  two 
years'  pay  not  received,  and  interest  on  that 
pay,  makes  the  whole  one  million  two  hun- 
dred and  forty-eight  thousand  two  hundred 
and  eighteen  dollars. 

"  Another  view  of  the  case,  which  seems  to 
me  the  most  technical,  and  which  steers  clear 
of  any  didiculty  about  the  loss,  either  by  de- 
jireciation  or  funding,  will  lead  to  about  the 
same  result  as  to  the  amount.  It  is  this.  On 
the  ground  that  seven  years'  full-pay  was  the 
^•:uallest  sum  which,  in  A.  D.  1783,  could  be 
deemed  a  fair  equivalent  fiir  the  half-pay  for 
life,  then  the  petitioners  got  certificates  for  only 
five  sevenths  of  their  half-pay.  Or,  in  other 
words,  five  sevenths  of  their  half-pay  was  ex- 
tinguished and  paid.  The  other  two  sevenths, 
then,  has  annually  accrued  since,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  accrue  while  the  petitioners  survive. 
This  two  sevenths  being  fifty-one  dollars  and 
forty-two  cents  p(!r  year,  to  each  officer,  or 
eleven  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty- 
six  dollars  to  these  officers,  would  amount  at 
this  time  to  five  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
three  hundred  and  forty-four  dollars  ;  and  the 
interest  accruing  on  it  during  only  thirty-five 
years,  would  make  it  exceed  the  one  million 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  proposed.  The 
amount  is  fairly  reached  by  this  view  of  llie 
case,  without  a  single  cent  for  either  depre- 
ciation or  loss  in  funding,  and  thus  does  not 
indirectly  touch  a  single  fact  or  princi|>le 
upon  which  a  similar  allowance  could  be 
made  to  any  body  besides  these  officers.  Gal- 
lant, and  meritorious,  and  suffering,  as  were 
the  soldiers,  and  none  could  bo  more  so ; 
wcu'thyand  affectionate  as  may  have  been  the 
surviving  widows,  and  distinguished  as  may 
have  been  many  of  the  officers'  heirs,  for 
filial  and  generous  devotion  to  smooth  their 


I'declining  years;  they  all  slanil  on  their  own 
cases  and  merits.  None  of  them  have  been 
jreferri'd  to  the  coniinitlce  who  reporled  this 
[bill,  and  they  ran  all  be  provided  fiir  olher- 
wiae,  this  session,  or  hereafler,  if  tliciuglit 
proper.  Let  the  present  approiiriatinn  bo 
tried  first  on  its  own  grounds,  and  then  by  sub- 
sequent amendments  of  this  bill,  or  by  new 
bills,  let  an  appropriation  fiir  other  classes  of 
persons  be  also  tried  on  its  own  grounds. 
All  I  ask  and  entreat  is,  that  if,  either  in  strict 
law  or  in  justice,  whether  grounded  upon  1)10 
original  defective  commutation,  the  deprecia- 
tion of  the  crrlifirnles,  or  the  loss  in  funding, 
any  member  is  ronvinred  that  tlie  sum  pro. 
posed  to  these  ofliri'rs  is  a  fair  one,  that  he 
will  first  consider  the  rase  of  the  oftirers,  and 
support  this  motion.  If  any  think  a  different 
sum  more  proper,  I  hope  they  will  projiose 
that  sum  in  due  time;  and  thus  let  the  sense 
of  tho  Semite  bo  fully  expressed  upon  one 
case  at  a  time,  and  upon  the  only  case  now 
duly  before  us.  In  this  manner,  only,  can 
any  thing  ever  bo  accomplished. 

"The  amount  of  tho  sum  now  proposed, 
cannot  bo  objected  to  on  the  grounds  that 
doubtless  caused  tho  losses  and  sudi'riiigs 
which  wo  are  now  seeking  to  redress.  The 
country  during  the  revolution,  and  nl  its  close, 
would  hardly  have  been  unwilling  lo  bestow 
twice  the  amount,  had  its  resources  perinil led. 
But,  now,  such  have  been  our  rapid  advanres 
in  wealth  and  greatness,  by  menus  of  the 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  valour  of  these  men 
contributed  so  largely  to  secure;  that  (he 
very  public  land  they  defended,  if  not  won, 
yields  (!very  year  to  our  treasury  more  than 
the  whole  appropriation.  One  twentlelh  of 
our  present  annual  revenue  exceeds  it.  A 
fraction  of  the  cost  of  the  jiublic  buildings — 
the  expense  of  two  or  three  sliips  of  the 
line — one  tenth  of  what  has  been  saved  to 
our  national  debt  in  tho  funding  system — a 
tax  of  ten  cents  per  head  on  onr  jiopnlalioii, 
only  a  single  twelvemonth, — either  of  Iheni 
would  remove  all  this  reproach. 

"But,  whatever  might  be  the  cost,  I  would 
say,  in  all  practicable  cases,  be  just  and  fear 
not.  Let  no  illiberal  or  evasive  feeling  blast 
the  hopes  of  these  venerable  patriots.  Much 
longer  delay  will  do  this  as  etfectually  as  a 
hard  hearted  refusal  ;  since  the  remains  of 
them  are  almost  daily  going  down  lo  the  riiv 
of  silence.  Either  drive  them,  then,  at  once 
from  your  doors,  with  taunts,  and  in  despair, — 
or  sanction  the  claim.  So  far  as  regards  mv 
single  self,  before  I  would  another  year  en- 
dure the  stigma,  of  either  injustice  or  ingrati- 
tude to  men  like  these,  I  would  vole  to  sli>|) 
every  species  of  splendid  missions  :  I  would 
cease  to  talk  of  Alleghany  canals  :  I  would  let 
the  Capitol  crumble  to  atoms  for  want  of  ap- 
propriations, and  introduce  retrenchment  from 
the  palace  to  tho  humblest  door-keep<^r. 

"  It  has  formerly  been  said,  that  if  these  offi- 
cers are  relieved,  so  must  bo  those  of  the  laie 
war.  But,  deserving  as  were  these  last,  the 
cause  in  which  they  fought  required  much  infe- 
rior sacrifices — they  were  notcontendingunder 
the  stigma  of  traitors,  liable  to  the  halter — they 
were  liberally  and  promptly  paid ;  and  what- 
ever small  depreciiiticm  may  have  existed  in 
the  treasury  notes  taken  for  their  monthly  pay, 
it  was  infinitely  less  than  the  losses  sustuined 
by  these  petitioners  on  their  monthly  pay,  and 
for  which  they  neither  ask  nor  ':xpect  relief 


mil  on  thi'ir  own 
iIm'Iii  hiivr  ln'cn 
» lio  n'|iiiiiril  t!i!i 
ividi'il  fur  (illii't- 
afUT,  if  tlii]iif;lit 
ii|ipniiirinti(iti  lio 
nriil  llicri  hy  siili- 
s  liill,  or  liy  new 
r  otlicr  clii.HiK's  fif 
n  own  f^roiiiiilK, 
if,  ril|j<T  ill  slriit 
Diiiidi'd  ii|)iin  t)iii 
on,  tti«;  dcprcriii- 
•  los8  ill  fmidiiif^', 
int  tlio  Slim  pro. 
fair  one,  llmt  lio 
'  till!  ofliccru,  mill 
lliiiik  n  difTmiit 
hey  will  pnipost! 
Iiiis  lot  till?  sonso 
easod  iipo;i  ono 
10  only  cnsc  now 
miH'r,  only,  ran 
I'd. 

1  now  proposed, 
II!  f^roiinda  llmt 
i  and  Hnn'riiiifjrs 
o  rodross.  I'lio 
I,  and  at  its  rloso, 
lining  to  Ill-slow 
Hirers  jiiTiniiii'd. 
r  rapid  advanci!. 
y  moans  of  ilio 
)iir  of  tlit'si"  nu'ii 
lociiro;  lliat  llio 
Ird,  if  not  won, 
isiiry  inort!  than 
no  twontii'lh  of 
oxcoi'ds  it,  A 
lilio  liiiiidiiii;s — 
«  sliips  of  itio 
i  Iieon  snvi'd  to 
ding  sysloni — a 
our  pojiiihition, 
-oitlier  of  thrni 
hli. 
o  cost,  I  would 
)C  just  and  linr 
vc  feoling  l)lasl 
patriots.  Miicli 
oirt'ctiially  as  ii 
tlu!  roinains  o) 
own  to  till-  cilv 
■n,  tlion,  at  onco 
nd  in  dfspair, — 
r  as  rofiardu  inv 
notlior  yi'ar  on- 
i.stice  or  iiigrali- 
ild  vole  to  stop 
sions  :  I  Would 
nIs  :  r  would  li't 
for  want  of  np- 
rencliinont  from 
ir-keepor. 
that  if  tliescofli- 
hosc  of  the  lale 
those  Inst,  llie 
Hired  much  infe- 
r)ntendino:under 
the  halter — they 
laid ;  and  whnt- 
lave  existed  in 
I'ir  monthly  pay, 
losses  siistuiiM'd 
iillily  pay,  and 
r  '3.x peel  relief 


"  One  other  coniiderution,  nnd  1  will  ut  this 
lime  troiililo  the  senate  no  longer.  The  long 
lapse  of  time  sinco  the  claim  originaled  has 
liui'ii  ohji'cled  foriiH'ily  to  ili*  siiciohs.  Hut 
what  lioiirst  individual  slnlters  li'.:ii»i'lf  under 
a  Htaliiti*  of  liiiiilation,  if  eoiiM'iiMis  iliat  liis 
pidiiiise  liai  not  lieeii  substantially  fulfilled  ( 
Uniler  sneli  cireiitnstnnces,  it  is  no  defence, 
cither  in  the  court  of  conscience  or  in  a  court 
of  honour;  and  Congress  have  often  shown 
their  lilierality  in  waiving  it,  where  expressly 
provided  to  liar  an  application. 

"  Hero  no  express  liar  has  ever  lieen  pro- 
vided. Ui'fore  their  first  application,  the  oiH- 
eers  waited  till  A.  I),  ISIO,  when  old  age  and 
iiiKrinity  rendered  them  more  needy,  and 
when  many  years  of  prospi-rity  had  rendered 
llieir  eoiiiitrv  more  alile.  lloweverniiinerous, 
anil  technical,  and  evasive,  tniy  have  been  the 
olijeclimis  since  inlerposed,  let  it  lie  t  he  for- 
gotten, that  ill  performing  their  portion  of  tin." 
ciiuipaot,  however  neglected  as  to  food  or 
wages,  they  never  were  heard  to  plead  ex- 
cuses or  evasions,  however  appalling  the  dan- 
ger, whether  roused  liy  u  midnight  alarm  or 
iiivileil  to  join  a  forlorn  hope. 

"  Like  others,  too,  it  may  be  imputed  to 
ilieiii  in  derogation,  that  they  were  '  military 
eliieftains.'  Hut  if,  as  such  for  a  time,  they 
dill,  like  others,  nolily  help  '  to  fill  the  measure 
of  their  country's  glory;'  so,  like  others  of 
that  class,  they  have  often  distinguished  them- 
selves in  forums,  cabinets,  and  halls  of  legisla- 
tion. 

"  V"'    :  ■  ■■  T  'honour   and   gratitude'  they 
have  yet  received,  is  deeply  engraven  on  thei 
hearts ;  but  they   now  amo  need — and  they 
ask,  only  because  they  need,  the  additional 
rewards  of  substantial  justice. 

"  It  reinains,  sir,  for  us,  whose  rights  they 
defended  and  saved,  to  say  whether  they  shall 
longer  ask  that  justice  in  vain." 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1829,  Oeneral  An- 
drew .lacksi  1  took  the  oalh  of  office.  His 
course  as  a  military  commander  had  been 
wonderfully  successful,  and  in  all  republics, 
the  military  chieftain  has  been  held  in  the 
highest  consideration.  He  was  not  bred  a 
.statesman,  nor  had  ho  been  considered  as  a 
li-ader  in  senates ;  but  ho  was  energetic, 
promjit,  and  fearless.  Ho  was  initiated  in 
war  on  the  borders  with  the  Indian  tribes,  and 
liis  name  was  a  terror  throughout  the  nations 
then  hostile  or  friendly  to  the  United  States. 
Hh  successful  defence  of  New  Orleans  had 
excited  theadmiration  and  awakened  the  grati- 
tude of  the  American  people.  His  inaugii- 
ril  speech  was  short,  and  full  of  promises  in 
the  way  of  reform.  "  Fellow-citizens,  (said 
lie,)  about  to  undertake  the  arduous  duties 
that  I  have  been  a|)pointed  to  perform,  by  the 
clioice  of  a  free  people,  I  avail  myself  of  this 
customary  and  solemn  occasion,  to  express  the 
gratitude  which  their  confidence  inspires,  and 
to  acknowledge  the  accountability  which  my 
situation  enjoins.  While  the  magnitu.le  of 
their  interests  convinces  me  that  no  thanks 
can  be  adequate  to  the  honour  they  have  con- 
ferred, it  admonishes  me  that  the  best  return 
1  can  make,  is  the  zealous  dedication  of  my 
liiimble  abilities  to  their  service  and  their  good. 

"  As  the  instrument  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution, it  will  devolve  on  me,  for  a  stated  pe- 
riod, to  execute  the  laws  of  the  United  States  ; 
to  superintend  their  foreign  and  their  confed- 
erate relations;  to  manage  their  revenue;  to 


UNITED    STATES. 

command  their  forces  ;  nnd,  by  commiiiiiri 
lions  to  the  legislature,  to  watch  over  and  to 
promote  their  interests  generally.  And  the 
principles  of  aetion  by  whirli  I  shall  eiideu- 
vour  to  acroinplish  this  circle  of  duties,  it  is 
now  proper  fur  me  brielly  to  explain. 

In  luliiiinistering  the  laws  of  (,'ongress,  I 
shall  keep  steadily  in  view  the  limitations  as 
well  as  the  extent  of  the  executive  power, 
trusting  thereby  to  discharge  the  functions  of 
my  oHlee  without  Iransceiidiiig  its  aiitliorily. 
With  foreign  nations  it  will  be  my  study  to 
preserve  peace,  and  to  cultivate  friendship  on 
lair  and  honourable  terms  ;  and  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  any  ditf'erence  that  may  exist  or  arise, 
to  exhibit  the  forbearance  becoming  a  power- 
ful nation,  rather  than  the  sensibility  belong- 
ing to  a  gallant  people. 

"  In  such  measures  as  I  may  be  called  on 
to  pursue,  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  sepa- 
rate slates,  1  hope  to  bo  animated  by  a  jiroper 
respect  for  those  sovereign  members  of  our 
union  ;  taking  care  not  to  confound  the  powers 
they  have  reserved  to  themselves,  witli  those 
they  hav    granted  to  the  confederacy. 

"  The  tnanagenieiit  of  the  public  revenue — 
that  searching  operai'  .  'm  all  governments — 
is  among  the  mostdelicaii  :  I  iinpiirtant  trusts 
in  ours  ;  and  it  will,  of  cui  e,  demand  no  in- 
considerable share  of  tn^  ollicial  solicitude. 
Under  every  aspect  in  which  it  can  be  con- 
sidered, it  wouh'  a  [lear  th  r  advantnr  lUst 
result  from  tht  i/servance  of  a  si,,ct  and 
liiitliful  ecommy.  This  I  shiill  aim  at  the 
more  anxiously,  both  Ikm  i  ■)  it  will  facilitate 
the  extinguishment  of  he  i.itional  debt — the 
unnecessary  duration  of  wiich  is  incompatible 
with  real  independence — and  because  it  will 
counteract  that  tendency  to  j  .iblic  and  private 
profligacy  which  a  profuse  expenditure  of 
money  by  the  government,  is  but  too  apt  Lo 
engender.  Powerfil  auxiliaries  to  the  attain- 
ment of  this  desirable  end,  ore  to  be  found  in 
the  regulations  provided  by  tlie  wisdom  of 
Congress,  fiir  the  specific  appropriatiim  of  pub- 
lic money,  and  the  prompt  accountability  of 
public  officers. 

"With  regard  to  a  proper  selection  of  the 
subjects  of  impost,  with  a  view  to  revenue,  it 
would  seem  to  me,  that  tho  spirit  of  equity, 
caution,  and  compromise,  in  which  the  consti- 
tution was  formed,  requires  that  the  great  in- 
terests of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manu- 
factures, should  be  equally  favoured  ;  and 
that,  perhaps,  the  only  exception  to  this  rule 
should  consist  in  the  peculiar  encouragement 
of  any  products  of  either  of  them  that  may  tie 
found  essential  to  our  national  independence. 

"Internal  improvement,  and  the  ditfusion 
of  knowledge,  so  far  as  they  can  be  |>romoted 
by  the  constitutional  acts  of  the  federal  go- 
vernment, are  of  high  imi>ortance. 

"  Considering  standiiiij  armies  as  dansjer- 
ous  to  free  governments,  m  time  of  peace,  I 
shall  not  seek  to  enlarge  our  present  establish- 
ment, nor  disregard  that  salutary  lesson  of 
political  experience,  which  teaches  that  the 
ihilitary  should  be  held  subordinate  to  the 
civil  power.  The  gradual  increase  of  our 
navy,  whoso  flag  has  displayed,  in  distant 
climes,  our  skill  in  navigation  and  r  ur  fume  in 
arms ;  the  preservation  of  our  f  irts,  arsenals, 
and  dock  yards  ;  and  the  introduction  of  pro- 
gressive improvements  in  the  discipline  and 
science  of  both  branches  of  our  military  ser- 
vice, are  so  plainly  prescribed  by  pruuonco, 


nn 


that  I  ihoulil  be  excused  fur  oniillii><;  'leit 
nieiilion  sooner  than  for  enlarging  on  iheir  ini- 
piHiaiire.  Hut  the  biih\ai'k  iif  our  ileli'iiee  iii 
the  national  militia,  \\  hicli,  in  ihe  present  siiile 
of  our  iiili'lligence  and  population,  must  len- 
der us  invincilile.  As  lung  as  our  govern 
ment  is  iidniinistered  for  the  good  of  llie  pet . 
pie,  and  is  regulated  by  their  will ;  as  lonu  as 
It  secures  to  us  the  rights  of  person  anil  o. 
properly,  liberty  of  conscience  and  of  llio 
press,  it  will  be  worth  defeniling  :  and  so  long 
as  it  is  worth  defending,  a  patriotic  inililiit 
will  cover  it  with  an  impenelrable  rrpiii.  I'nr- 
lial  injuries  and  occasional  niortilicalions  «o 
may  bo  subjected  to,  but  n  iiiillion  of  armed 
freemen,  possessed  of  the  means  of  war,  rar 
never  be  conquered  by  a  foreign  foe.  'J'o  iiiiy 
just  system,  therefore,  calculated  to  stnngilien 
this  natural  sali'-guard  of  the  country,  I  .•.IliII 
cheerfully  lend  all  the  aid  in  my  (lower. 

"  It  will  bo  my  sincere  and  constant  desint 
to  observ'i  towards  the  Indian  tribes  wiiliin 
our  limits,  a  just  and  liberal  policy  ;  and  lo 
give  that  humane  and  considerate  atleiition  lo 
ilieir  rights  and  their  wants  which  are  con- 
sistent with  the  habits  of  our  government,  uinl 
the  feelings  of  our  people, 

"  The  recent  demonstration  of  public  sen- 
timent inscribes,  on  the  list  of  executive  du- 
ties, in  characters  too  legible  to  be  overlooked, 
the  task  of  reform  ;  which  will  require,  |iiM- 
ticularly,  the  correction  of  those  abuses,  llmt 
have  brought  tho  palroniige  of  the  federal  go- 
vernment into  conflict  with  the  fieedoni  of 
elections,  and  tho  coiinieractimi  of  those 
causes  which  have  disturbed  the  rigliilul 
course  of  appointment,  and  have  placed,  or 
continued,  power  in  unfuilhfnl  or  incompetent 
hands. 

"  In  tho  performance  <f  a  task  thus  Keiie- 
rnllv  delineated,  I  shall  .  ndeavour  '."  si  le<  l 
men  whos^  diligence  and  talents  will  insuie, 
in  their  respective  stations,  able  ar.d  faillifiil 
co-operation — depending,  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  public  service,  more  on  the  in- 
tegrity and  zeal  of  tin;  public  officers,  than  on 
their  numbers. 

"  A  diffidence,  perhaps  too  just,  in  my  o\\  n 
qualifications,  will  teach  me  to  look  with  reve- 
rence to  the  examples  of  public  virtue  left  by 
my  illustrious  predecessors,  and  with  veneia- 
tion  to  the  lights  that  flow  from  the  mind  that 
founded,  and  the  mind  that  reformed,  our  sys- 
tem. The  same  diffidence  induces  ire  to 
hope  for  instruction  and  aid  from  the  co-ordi- 
nate branches  of  the  government,  and  for  llie 
indulgence  and  support  of  my  fellow-citizens 
generally.  And  a  firm  reliance  on  the  gmiil- 
iiess  of  that  Power  whose  providence  lueiei- 
fully  protected  our  natir:  il  infancy,  and  Im.s 
since  upheld  our  liberties  in  various  vicissi- 
tudes, encourages  me  to  offer  up  my  ardent 
supplications  that  he  will  continue  to  make 
our  beloved  country  the  object  of  his  divine 
care  and  gracious  benediction." 

General  .Fackson  at  once  filled  up  his  cabl- 
et with  men  devoted  to  his  cause.  Martin 
Van  Buren,  of  the  state  of  New  York,  was 
appointed  secretary  of  state.  He  was  a  self- 
made  man,  and  had  secured  the  votes  of  his 
native  state  for  governor,  which  office  he  held 
when  he  received  his  appointment.  Samuel 
D.  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  .ippoinleil 
secretary  of  the  tiensnry.  He  Imil  been  a 
member  of  the  house  of  repiesenlaiivi  s  in  ll  o 
national  legislature,  and  was  ihongl.t  aslral^ht 


538 


HISTORY  OF    THE 


fiirward,  plain  man.  John  H.  Eaton  was 
inudi!  sccrftury  of  war.  He  had  been  a  sena- 
f'or  from  Tennessee,  ar.J  was  tlio  personal 
ii'ieiid  of  General  Jackson.  John  Branch  was 
appointed  to  fill  tlie  olFice  of  secretary  of  the 
•Hny.  The  (piulificutions  lie  liod  fov  this  office 
were  n  )t  known  to  the  nation  at  large,  but  they 
presumed  the  executive  was  fully  aware  of 
thi!tn,  before  he  hud  elevated  liim  to  that  of- 
fice. John  M'Pherson  Berrien  was  made  at- 
torney-general. This  appointment  gave  gen- 
onil  satisfaction.  He  was  at  the  time  of  his 
uppiiintment  a  senator  from  Georgia,  and  cele- 
brated for  his  acquirements,  cluuuence,  and 
discrimination.  He  had  shown  his  talents  as 
w  ell  in  the  high  judicial  councils  of  the  nation, 
as  ill  the  senate  of  the  United  States.  John 
M'Leaii,  who  liad  held  the  office  of  post  mas- 
ter general,  was  transferred  to  the  bench  of 
«ne  supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  and 
Willium  T.  Barry,  of  Kentucky,  was  put  into 
the  olfice  which  Mr.  M'Lean  had  filled  with 
so  in  icli  reputation,  that  not  a  man  of  note  in 
Ihe  cdiinlry  wished  him  removed.  A  general 
Bweep  was  made  of  men  in  oHice  not  favoura- 
ble to  the  administration.  This  was  justified 
upon  political  grounds,  as  a  course  of  true  poli- 
cy, anil  in  full  accordance  with  the  genius  of 
the  governinont. 

The  relations  of  the  United  States  with 
foreign  countries,  were  in  a  prosperous  situa- 
tion. .Some  little  misunderstanding  existed 
with  the  British  governiront,  in  regard  to  the 
West  India  trade,  which  was  arranged  by  I'le 
pleiiipoientiary  to  the  court  of  London,  Mr. 
Louis  M'Lane  ;  but  thi^  was  of  no  great  im- 
]iortHnco,  although  thought  so  at  the  time. 

In  1832,  the  cholera  raged  in  the  United 
States,  and  gave  great  alarm  to  the  whole 
population  ;  but  the  number  of  deaths  was  not 
great. 

The  boundary  lino,  a  subject  of  dispute,  has 
liOl  Ijleiy  lieon  ap.itatod. 

Tlie  people  of  South  Carolina  hnd,  before- 
ihi.s  time,  broached  some  doctrines  In  regard 
to  atiite  riijhts,  not  acknowledged  by  the  great 
body  of  the  union.  The  question  was  most 
ably  argued  in  Congress,  particularly  by 
Colonel  Hayno,  a  senator  from  South  Caro- 
lin.i,  on  the  one  side,  and  by  Mr.  Webster,  of 
Massachusetts,  on  the  other. 

The  attention  of  the  people  w.ns  attracted 
bv  this  discussion,  and  an  immense  mnjority 
of  them  were  decidedly  against  the  doctrines 
avowed  by  Carolina.  Although  the  stale  of 
South  Carolina  assumed  an  altitude  of  defi- 
ance. President  Jackson  at  once  took  a  most 
decided  course.  He  was  supported  by  the 
great  body  <>f  the  people.  He  issued  a  pro- 
clamation, which  we  shall  insert,  fraught  with 
all  the  sound  doctrines  of  the  old  school.  This 
manly,  bold,  and  decided  course,  made  him 
lenlbld  more  popular  than  before. 

"  VV  liereas,  a  convention  assembled  in  the 
s'ate  o*'  South  Carolina,  have  passed  an  ordi- 
mince,  by  which  they  declare, '  That  the  seve- 
ral acts  and  parts  of  acts  of  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States,  purporting  to  bo  laws  for 
the  imposing  of  duties  and  imposts  on  the  im- 

Iiortatinn  of  foreign  commodities,  and  now 
laving  actual  operation  and  effect  within  the 
United  States,  and  more  especially'  two  acts 
for  the  same  purposes,  passed  on  the  29th  of 
May,  1828,  and  on  the  14th  of  July,  18,32,  are 

'iinaiilhorized  by  the  constitution  of  the  United  appealing  to  the  understaiiiling  and  piitriotism 
^tutcn,  and  \iultttu  the  true  niuanlng  and  in-lof  the  people,  warn  them  of  the  cuusequences 


tent  thereof,  and  are  null  and  void,  and  no 
law,'  nor  binding  on  the  citizens  of  that  state 
or  its  odicers  :  and  by  the  said  ordinance,  is 
further  declared  to  be  unlawful  for  any  of  the 
constituted  authorities  of  tlie  state,  or  of  the 
United  States,  to  enforce  tlie  payment  of  the 
duties  imposed  by  the  said  acts  within  the 
same  stat  -  and  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  legis- 
lature to  pass  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary 
to  give  full  effect  to  the  said  ordinance. 

"  And  whereas,  by  the  said  ordinance  it  is 
further  ordained,  that  in  no  caa3  "f  law  or 
equity,  decided  in  the  courts  of  the  said  state, 
wherein  shall  be  drawn  in  question  the  vali- 
dity of  the  said  ordinance,  or  of  the  acts  of 
the  legislature  that  may  be  passed  to  give  it 
efl'ect,  or  of  the  said  laws  of  the  United  States, 
no  appeal  ^hull  be  allowed  to  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  any  copy 
of  the  record  be  permitted  or  allowed  lor  that 
purpose,  and  that  any  person  attempting  to 
take  such  appeal  shall  be  punished  us  for  a 
contempt  rif  court 

"  And,  finally,  the  said  ordinance  declares, 
that  the  people  of  South  Carolina  will  main- 
tain the  said  ordinance  at  every  hazard  ;  and 
that  they  will  consider  the  passage  of  any  act 
by  Congress  abolishing  or  closing  the  ports  of 
the  said  state,  or  otherwise  obstructing  the 
free  ingress  or  egress  of  vessels  to  and  from 
the  said  ports,  or  any  other  act  of  the  federal 
government  to  coerce  the  slate,  shut  up  her 
ports,  destroy  or  harass  her  commerce,  or  to 
enforce  the  said  acts  otherwise  than  through 
the  civil  tribunals  of  the  country,  as  inconsist- 
ent with  the  longer  continuance  of  South  Car- 
olina in  the  Union;  and  that  the  people  of  the 
said  state  will  thenceforth  hold  themselves 
absolved  from  all  further  obligation  to  main- 
tain or  preserve  their  political  connexion  with 
the  people  of  the  other  states,  and  will  forth- 
with proceed  to  organize  a  separate  govern- 
ment, and  do  all  other  acts  and  things  which 
sovereign  and  independent  states  may  of  right 
do  ; 

"  And  whereas,  the  said  ordinance  pre- 
scribes to  the  people  of  South  Carolina  a 
course  of  conduct  in  direct  violation  of  their 
iliity  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  their  country,  subversive  of  its 
constitution,  and  having  for  its  object  the  de- 
struction of  the  union — that  union  which,  coe- 
val with  our  political  Existence,  led  our  fa- 
thers, without  any  other  ties  to  unite  them 
than  those  of  patriotism  and  a  common  cause, 
through  a  sanguinary  struggle  to  a  glorious  in- 
dependence— that  sacred  union,  hitherto  in- 
violate, which,  pi^rfecteil  by  our  happy  consti- 
tution, has  brought  us,  by  the  favour  of 
Heaven,  to  a  state  of  prosperity  at  homo,  and 
high  consideration  aliroad,  rarely,  if  ever, 
equalled  in  the  history  of  nations.  To  pre- 
serve this  bond  of  our  political  existence  from 
destruction,  to  maintain  inviolate  this  stale  of 
national  honour  and  prosperity,  and  to  justify 
4lie  confidence  my  fellow-citizens  have  reposed 
in  me,  I,  Andrew  Jacksov,  President  of  the 
United  Staten,  have  thought  proper  to  issue 
this  my  PROCLAMATION,  otating  my 
views  of  the  constitution  and  laws  applicable 
to  the  measures  ailopted  by  the  convention  of 
South  Carolina,  and  to  the  reasons  they  have 
put  fiirlh  to  sustain  them,  declaring  the  course 
which  duty  will    require   me  to  pursue,  and 


that  must  inevitably  result  from  an  observance 
of  the  dictates  of  the  convention. 

"  Strict  duty  would  require  of  .tie  nothing 
more  than  the  exercise  of  those  power:<  with 
which  I  am  now,  or  may  hereafter  be  invested, 
for  preserving  the  peace  of  the  union,  and  for 
the  execution  of  the  laws.  But  the  imposing 
aspect  which  opposition  has  assumed  in  this 
case,  by  clothing  itself  with  state  authority, 
and  tlie  deep  interest  which  the  people  of  the 
United  States  must  all  feel  in  preventing  a 
resort  to  stronger  measures,  while  there  is  u 
hope  that  any  thing  will  bo  yielded  to  reason- 
ing and  remonstrance,  perhaps  demand,  and 
will  certainly  justify  a  full  exposition  to  South 
Carolina  and  the  nation  of  the  views  i  enter- 
tain of  this  important  question,  as  well  as  a 
distinct  enunciation  of  the  course  which  my 
sense  of  duty  will  require  me  to  pursue. 

"  The  ordinance  is  founded,  not  on  the  in- 
defeasible right  of  resisting  acts  which  are 
plainly  unconstitutional  and  too  oppressive  to 
be  endured  ;  but  on  the  strange  position  that 
any  one  state  may  not  only  declare  an  net  of 
Congress  void,  but  prohibit  its  execution — 
that  they  may  do  this  consistently  with  the 
constitution — that  the  trucconstniclion  of  that 
instrument  permits  a  state  to  retain  its  place  in 
the  union,  and  yet  be  bound  by  no  other  of  its 
laws  than  those  it  may  choose  to  consider  as 
constitutional.  It  is  true,  they  add,  that  to 
justify  this  abrogation  of  a  law,  it  must  be  pal- 
pably contrary  to  the  constitution ;  but  it  is 
evident,  that  to  give  the  right  of  resisting  law  » 
of  that  description,  coupled  with  the  uncon- 
trolled right  to  decide  what  laws  deserve  that 
character,  is  to  give  the  power  of  resisting  all 
laws.  For,  as  by  the  theory,  there  is  no  ap- 
peal, the  reasons  alleged  by  the  slate,  good  or 
bad,  must  prevail.  If  it  should  be  said  that 
public  opinion  is  asnfflrient  check  against  the 
abuse  of  this  power,  it  may  be  asked,  whv  it 
is  not  deemed  a  sufficient  guard  against  the 
passage  of  an  unconstitutional  act  by  Con- 
gress. There  is,  howeve  .  a  restraint  in  this 
last  case,  which  makes  the  assumed  power 
of  a  stale  more  indefensible,  and  which  docs 
not  exist  in  the  other.  There  are  two  ap- 
peals from  an  unconstitutional  act  fiassed  by 
Congress — one  to  the  judiciary,  the  other  to 
the  people  and  the  states.  There  is  no  ap- 
peal from  the  state  decision  in  theory,  and  the 
pract'cal  illustration  shows  that  the  coiirls  me 
shut  against  an  application  to  review  it,  both 
judges  and  jurors  being  sworn  to  decide  in  its 
favour.  But  reasoning  on  this  subject  is  su- 
perfluous, when  our  social  compact  in  express 
terms  declares,  that  the  laws  of  the  United 
Stales,  its  constitution  and  treaties  mnile  un- 
der it,  are  the  supreme  law  of  the  land — iind 
for  the  greater  caution  adds,  '  that  llie  judge:; 
'n  every  state  shall  be  bound  tiiereby,  any 
thing  in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any  stale 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.'  And  it  mav 
be  asserted  withcmt  fear  of  refutation,  that  no 
federative  government  couhl  exist  without  n 
similar  provision.  Look  for  a  moment  to  the 
consequence.  If  South  Carolina  considers  the 
revenue  laws  unconstitutional,  and  has  a  right 
to  prevent  their  execution  in  tlie  port  of 
Charleston,  there  would  be  a  clear  constitu- 
tional objection  to  their  collection  in  every 
other  port,  and  no  revenue  could  be  collected 
any  where,  for  all  imposts  must  be  ecpiiil.     It 


19   no  answer  to  repeat,   tliat  an   nnrcinsl;lii- 
tional  law  is  no  law,  so  long  us  the  uueati'iii  ol* 


I     I 


UNITED    STATES. 


BM 


)in  an  obicrvancc 
ion. 

•e  of  .Tie  nothing 
lose  power;)  with 
after  l)e  inveato.l, 
lie  union,  and  for 
But  the  imposing 
;  assumed  in  this 
state    autliority, 
the  people  of  the 
in  preventing  a 
wliile  there  is  u 
fielded  to  reason- 
ps  demand,  and 
[position  to  Soiiih 
he  views  I  enter- 
Ion,  as   well   as  a 
ourse  which  my 
3  to  pursue. 
;d,  not  on  the  in- 
;  acts  which   ure 
too  oppressive  to 
inge  position  ihiit 
declare  nn  net  of 
;  its  execution— 
listently  with  the 
instruction  of  that 
retain  its  place  in 
by  no  otlii^r  of  its 
le  to  consider   as 
hey  add,   that   to 
IV,  it  must  be  pal- 
tution ;  but   it  is 
[of  resisting  luw» 
with  the   uncon- 
lawa  deserve  tliiit 
er  of  resisting  all 
/,  there  is  no  np- 
:he  slate,  g<iod  or 
mid    be  said    llnit 
heck  against  the 
le  asked,  why  it 
nard  against   lln; 
nl  act   by   Cori- 
restniint   in  this 
assumed  power 
and  whieli  does 
ere   are   two  ap- 
al  not  jiassed  by 
irv,  the    oilier  to 
There  is  no  ap- 
1  theory,  and  the 
at  the  courts  mo 
>  review   it,  bolh 
n  to  decide  in  its 
lis  subject  is  sii- 
pact  in  express 
9  of  the    United 
•enties  mndi!  nn- 
f  the  land — mid 
'that  the  judge;: 
nd   thereby,  any 
iws  of  any  slali: 
t.'     And  it  may 
fiitntion,  that  no 
I  exist  without  n 
a  moment  to  the 
Ilia  considers  tie 
mid  has  a  right 
in    tlie    port   of 
1  cleor  constitii- 
I'clion    in   every 
uld  be  coilerteil 
1st  be  equal.      It 
;  an  iinconsiitii- 
s  the  questi'in  lit* 


its  legality  is  to  be  decided  by  the  itate  itself; 
fur  every  law  operating  injuriously  upon  any 
local  interest  will  be  perhaps  thought,  and 
certainly  represented,  as  uncunstituiional,  and, 
as  has  been  shown,  there  is  no  appeal. 

"  If  this  doctrine  had  been  established  at 
an  earlier  day,  the  union  would  have  been 
dissolved  in  its  infancy.  The  excise  law  in 
Pennsylvania,  the  embargo  and  non-inter- 
course law  in  the  eastern  states,  the  carriage 
tax  in  Virginia,  were  all  deemed  unconstitu- 
tional, and  were  more  unequal  in  their  opera- 
tion than  any  of  the  laws  now  complained  of; 
but  ♦brtunately  none  of  those  states  discovered 
the*  they  had  the  right  now  claimed  by  South 
Carolina.  The  war  into  which  we  were 
l()re<jd,  to  support  the  dignity  of  the  nation 
and  the  rights  of  our  citizens,  might  have  end- 
ed in  defeat  and  disgrace  instead  of  victory 
and  honour,  if  the  states  who  supposed  it  a 
ruinous  and  unconstitutional  measure,  had 
thought  they  possessed  the  right  of  nullifying 
the  act  by  which  it  was  declared,  and  denying 
supplies  for  its  prosecution.  Hardly  and  un- 
eijually  as  those  measures  bore  upon  several 
members  of  the  Union,  to  the  legislatures  of 
none  did  this  elHcient  and  peaceable  remedy, 
as  it  is  called,  suggest  itself.  The  discovery 
of  this  important  fijature  in  our  constitution 
was  reserved  to  the  present  day.  To  the  states- 
men of  South  Carolina  belongs  the  invention, 
and  upon  the  citizens  of  tliat  state  will  unfor- 
tuiiately  fall  the  evils  of  reducing  it  to  practice. 
"  If  the  doctrine  of  the  state  veto  upon  the 
liiws  of  the  Union  carries  with  it  internal  evi- 
dence of  its  impracticable  absurd'.  :y,  our  con- 
stitutit)nal  history  will  also  atford  abundant 
proof  that  it  would  have  been  repudiated  with 
.iidignution  had  it  been  proposed  to  form  a 
feature  in  our  government. 

"  In  our  colonial  state,  although  dependent 
an  another  power,  we  very  early  considered 
ourselves  as  connected  by  common  interest 
with  each  other.  Leagues  were  formed  for 
common  defence,  and  before  the  Declaration 
nf  Independence  we  were  known  in  our  ag- 
gregate character  as  the  United  Colonies 
OP  America.  That  decisive  and  important 
step  was  taken  jointly.  Wo  declared  our- 
selves a  nation  by  a  joint,  not  by  several  acts, 
and  when  the  terms  of  our  confederation  were 
reduced  to  form,  it  was  in  that  of  a  solemn 
league  of  b-^veral  states,  by  which  they  agreed 
that  they  would  collectively  form  one  nation 
fur  the  purpose  of  conducting  some  certain 
domestic  concerns  and  all  foreign  relations. 
Ill  the  instrument  forming  that  union,  is  found 
an  article  which  declares  that  '  every  state 
liliall  abide  by  the  determination  of  Congress 
nil  all  questions  which  by  that  confederation 
should  be  submitted  to  them.' 

"  Under  the  confederation,  then,  no  state 
could  legally  annul  a  decision  of  the  Congress, 
or  refuse  to  submit  to  its  execution ;  but  no 
(irovision  was  made  to  enforce  these  decisions, 
iJongress  made  requisitions,  but  they  were 
not  complied  with.  The  government  could 
not  operate  on  individuals.  They  had  no  ju 
diciary,  no  means  of  collecting  levenue. 

"  But  the  defects  of  the  confederation  need 
not  be  detailed.  Under  its  operation  we  could 
scarcely  be  called  a  nation.  We  had  neither 
nrnsperity  at  home  nor  consideration  abroad, 
f  liis  statu  of  things  could  not  be  endured,  and 
iiir  iii-esunt  happy  constitution  was  formed, 
but  lormud  in  vuiri,  if  this  fatal  doctrine  pre- 


vails.     It  was  formed  for  important  objects  i     "  Tho  next  objection  is,  that  the  laws  in 
that  arc  announced  in  the  preamble,  made  in  question  operate  unequally.     This  objection 


the  name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  whose  delegates  framed, 
and  whoso  conventions  approved  it.  The 
most  important  amimg  these  objects,  that 
which  is  placed  first  in  rank,  on  which  all  the 
others  rest,  is  '  to  Jbrm  a  more  perfect  Union.' 
Now,  is  it  possible  that  even  if  there  were  no 
express  provision  giving  supremacy  to  the 
constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States 
over  those  of  the  states — it  can  be  conceived, 
that  an  instrument  made  for  the  purpose  of 
'forming  a  more  perfect  Union'  than  that  of  the 
confederation,  could  be  so  constructed  by  the 
assembled  wisdom  of  our  country,  as  to  sub- 
stitute for  that  confederation  a  form  of  govern- 
ment, dependent  for  ts  existence  on  the  local 
interest,  the  party  spirit  of  a  state,  or  of  a  pre- 
vailing faction  in  a  state  1  Every  man  of 
plain,  unsophisticated  understanding,  who 
hears  tho  question,  will  give  such  an  answer 
as  will  preserve  the  union.  Metaphysical 
subtlety,  in  pursuit  of  an  impracticable  theory, 
could  alone  have  devised  one  that  is  calculated 
to  destroy  it. 

"  I  consider,  then,  tho  power  to  annul  a 
law  of  the  United  States,  assumed  by  one 
state,  incompatible  with  the  existence  of  the 
Union,  contradicted  exprenaly  by  the  letter  of 
tlie  Constitution,  unauthorized  by  its  spirit,  in- 
consistent with  every  principle  on  which  it  was 
founded,  and  destructive  of  the  great  object 
for  which  it  was  fotrmed. 

"  After  this  general  view  of  the  leading  prin- 
ciple, we  must  examine  the  particular  appli- 
cation of  it  which  is  made  in  the  ordinance. 

"  The  preamble  rests  its  justification  on 
these  grounds  : — It  assumes  as  a  fact,  that  the 
obnoxious  laws,  although  they  purport  to  be 
laws  for  raising  revenue,  were  in  reality  in- 
tended for  the  protection  of  manufactures, 
which  purpose  it  asserts  to  bo  unconstitu- 
tianal;  that  the  operation  of  these  laws  is  un 
equal;  that  tho  amount  raised  by  them  is 
greater  than  is  required  by  the  wants  of  the 
government;  and,  finally,  that  the  proceeds 
are  to  be  applied  to  objects  unauthorized  by 
the  constitution.  These  are  the  only  causes 
alleged  to  justify  an  open  opposition  to  the 
laws  of  the  country,  and  a  threat  of  seceding 
from  the  union,  if  any  attempt  should  be  made 
to  enforce  them.  The  first  virtually  acknow- 
ledges that  the  law  in  question  was  passed 
under  a  power  expressly  given  by  the  consti- 
tution, to  lay  and  collect  imposts  ;  but  its  con- 
stitutionality is  dm. 'A  II  in  question  from  the 
motives  of  those  who  passed  it.  However 
apparent  this  purpose  may  be  in  the  present 
case,  nothing  can  be  more  dangerous  than  to 
admit  the  position,  that  nn  unconstitutional 
purpose,  entertained  by  the  members  who 
assent  to  a  law  enacted  under  a  constitutional 
power,  shall  make  that  law  void  ;  for  how  is 
that  purpose  to  be  ascertained  '{  Who  is  to 
make  the  scrutiny  t  How  often  may  bad  pur- 
poses be  falsely  imputed  1  in  how  many  cases 
are  they  concealed  by  false  professions  1  in 
how  many  is  no  declaration  of  motive  made  1 
Admit  this  doctrine,  and  you  give  to  the  states 
an  uncontrolled  right  to  decide,  and  every 
law  may  be  annulled  under  this  pretext.  If, 
therefore,  the  absurd  and  dangerous  doctrine 
should  be  admitted,  that  a  stale  muy  annul  an 
unccinslitutionni  law,  or  one  that  it  <lcems  such, 
it  will  not  apply  to  the  present  case. 


may  bo  made   with  truth  to  every  law  that 
has  been  or  can   be  passed.     The  wisdom  of 
man  never  yet  contrived  a  system  of  taxation 
that  would  operate  with  perfect  equality.     If 
the  unequal  operation  of  a  law  makes  it  un- 
constitutional, and  if  all  laws  of  that  descrip- 
tion may  bo  abrogated  by  any  state  for  that 
cause,  then  indeed  is  the  federal  constitution 
unworthy  of  the  slightest  effort  for  its  preser- 
vation.    We  have  hitherto  relied  on  it  as  the 
perpetual  bond  of  our  union.     We  have  re- 
ceived it  as  the  work  of  the  assembled  wisdom 
of  the  nation.     Wo  have  trusted  to  it  as  to  the 
sheet  anchor  of  our  safety,  in  the  stormy  times 
of  conflict  with  a  foreign  or  domestic  foe.  We 
have  looked  to  it  with  sacred  awe  as  the  pal- 
ladium of  our  liberties,  and,  with  all  the  so- 
lemnities of  religion,  have  pledged  to  each 
other  our  lives  and  fortunes  here,  and  our 
hopes  of  happiness  hereafter,  in  its  defence 
and  support.     Were  we  mistaken,  my  coun- 
trymen, in  attaching  this  importance  to  the 
constitution  of  our  country  1     Was  our  devo- 
tion paid  to  the  wretched,  inefficient,  clumsy 
contrivance,  which  this  new  doctrine  would 
make  it  ?     Did  wo  pledge   ourselves  to  the 
support  of  an  airy  nothing,  a  bubble  that  must 
be  blown  away  by  the  first  breath  of  disafl'ec- 
ticm  1      Was   this    self-destroying,    visionary 
theory,  the  work  of  the  profound  statesmen, 
the  exalted  patriots,  to  whom  the  task  of  con- 
stitutional  reform   was  intrusted  1      Did  tho 
name  of  Washington  sanction,  did  the  stotes 
deliberately  ratify,  such   an  anomaly  in  the 
history  of  fundamental  legislation  ?    No.    We 
were  not  mistaken  I     The  letter  of  this  great 
instrument  is  free  from  this  radical  fault :  its 
language  directly  contradicts   the  imputation : 
its  spirit,   its   evident   intent,   contradicts   it. 
No,  wo  did  not  err!     Our  constitution  does 
not  contain   the  absurdity  of  giving  power  to 
make  laws,  and  another  power  to  resist  them. 
The  sages,   whose   memory   will   always  bo 
reverenced,  have  given  us  a  practical,  and,  as 
they  hoped,  a  permanent  constitutional  com- 
pact.    Tho  Father  of  his  country  did  not  af- 
fix his  revered  name  to  so  palpable  an  absur- 
dity.    Nor  did  the  states,  when  they  severally 
ratified   it,  do  sc  under  the  impression  that  a 
veto  on  the  laws  of  the  United  States  was  re- 
served to  them,  or  that  they  could  exercise  it 
by   implication.     Search   the    debates   in    all 
their  conventions — examine   the  speeches  of 
the  most  zealous  opposers  of  federal  authority 
— look  at  the  amendments  that  were  proposed. 
They  are  all  silent — not  a  syllable  uttered,  not 
a  vote  given,   not  a  motion   made,  to  correct 
the  explicit  supremacy  given  to  tho   laws  of 
the  union  over  those  of  the  states — or  to  show 
that  implication,  as  is  now   contended,  could 
defeat  it.     No,  we  have  not  erred  I      The  con- 
stitution is   still  the   object  of  our  reverence, 
the  bond  of  our  union,  our  defence  in  danger, 
the  source  of  our  prosperity  in  peace.     It  shall 
descend,  as  we  have  received  it,  uncorrupted 
by  sophistical   construction,  to  our  posterity  ; 
and  the  sacrifices  of  local  interest,  of  state 
prejudices,  of  personal  animosities,  that  were 
made  to  bring  it  into  existence,  will  again  be 
patriotically  oilered  for  its  support. 

"The  two  remaining  objections  made  by  the 
ordinance  to  these  laws  are,  that  the  sums  in- 
tended to  be  raised  by  ihem  are  greater  than 
[are  re<^uired,  i.iid  ihat  the   proceeds  will   bn 


880 


HISTORY  OF   THE 


<   i\ 


':  ; 


uncnnstituttonally  employed.  The  constitu- 
tion has  given  expressly  to  Congress  the  right 
of  raising  revenue,  and  of  determining  the  sum 
the  public  exigencies  will  require.  The  states 
have  no  control  over  the  exercise  of  this  right, 
other  than  that  which  results  from  the  power 
of  changing  the  representatives  who  abuse  it, 
and  thus  procure  redress.  Congress  may  un- 
doubtedly abuse  this  discretionary  power,  but 
the  same  may  be  said  of  others  with  which 
they  are  vested.  Yet  the  discretion  must  ex- 
ist somewhere.  The  constitution  has  given  it 
to  the  representatives  of  all  the  people,  checked 
by  the  representatives  of  the  states,  and  by 
the  executive  power.  The  South  Carolina 
construction  gives  it  to  the  legislature  or  the 
convention  of  a  single  state,  where  neither  the 
people  of  the  different  states,  nor  the  states  in 
their  separate  capacity,  nor  the  chief  magis- 
trate elected  by  the  people,  have  any  repre- 
sentation 1  Which  is  the  most  discreet 
disposition  of  the  power  1  1  do  not  ask 
you,  fellow-citizens,  which  is  the  constitutional 
disposition — that  instrument  speaks  a  language 
not  to  he  misunderstood.  But  if  you  wore 
assembled  in  general  convention,  which  would 
you  think  the  safest  depository  of  this  discre- 
tionary power  in  the  last  resort  1  Would  you 
add  a  clause  giving  it  to  each  of  the  states,  or 
would  you  sanction  the  wise  provisions  al- 
ready made  by  your  constitution  ?  If  this 
should  be  the  result  of  your  delihorations  when 
providing  for  the  future,  are  you — can  you — 
be  ready  to  risk  all  that  we  hold  dear,  to  es- 
tablish, for  a  temporary  and  local  purpose, 
that  which  you  must  acknowledge  to  be  de- 
structive, and  even  absurd,  as  a  general  provi- 
sion t  Carry  out  the  consequences  of  this  right 
vested  in  the  different  states,  and  you  must 
perceive  tliat  the  crisis  your  conduct  presents 
at  this  day  would  recur  whenever  any  law  of 
the  United  States  displeased  any  of  the  states, 
and  that  we  should  soon  cease  to  be  a  nation. 

"  The  ordinance,  with  the  same  knowledge 
of  the  future  that  characterizes  a  former  ob- 
jection, tells  you  that  the  proceeds  of  the  tax 
will  be  unconstitutionally  applied.  If  this 
could  be  ascertained  with  certainty,  the  objec- 
tion would,  with  more  propriety,  bo  reserved 
for  the  law  so  applying  the  proceeds,  but 
surely  cannot  be  urged  against  tlie  laws  levy- 
ing the  duty. 

"  These  are  the  allegations  contained  in  the 
ordinance.  Examine  them  seriously,  my  fel- 
low-citizens, judge  for  yourselves.  I  appeal 
to  you  to  determine  whether  they  are  so  clear, 
do  convincing,  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  their 
correctness  ;  and  even  if  you  should  come  to 
this  conclusion,  how  fir  they  justify  the  reck- 
less, destructive  course,  which  you  are  directed 
to  pursue.  Review  these  objections  and  the 
conclusions  drawn  from  them,  once  more. 
What  are  they  ?  Every  law,  then,  for  raising 
revenue,  according  to  the  South  Carolina  or- 
dinance, may  l>o  rightfully  annulled  unless  it 
be  so  framed  as  no  law  ever  will  or  can  be 
framed.  Congress  have  a  right  to  pass  laws 
for  raising  revenue,  anil  each  state  has  aright 
to  oppose  their  execution,  two  rights  directly 
opposed  to  each  other  ;  and  yet  is  this  absur- 
liity  supposed  to  be  contained  in  an  instrument 
driiwn  for  the  express  purpose  of  avoiding 
c  il Unions  between  the  states  and  the  general 
L''ivi'riiment,  by  nri  assembly  of  the  most  en- 
liiflitiMied  statesmen  nml  piiri'st  patriots  ever 
luibodied  i'>)r  n  similar  purpose, 


"  In  vain  have  these  sages  declared  that 
Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect 
taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises — in  vain 
have  they  provided  that  they  shall  have  power 
to  pass  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and 
proper  to  carry  those  powers  into  execution; 
that  those  laws  and  that  constitution  shall  be 
the  '  supreme  law  of  the  land  ;  and  that  the 
judges  in  every  state  shall  bo  bound  thereby, 
any  thing  in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any 
state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.'  In 
vain  have  the  people  of  the  several  states  sO' 
lemnly  sanctioned  these  provisions,  made  them 
their  paramount  law,  and  individually  sworn 
to  support  them  whenever  tliey  were  called 
on  to  execute  any  office.  Vam  provisions! 
ineffectual  restrictions !  vile  profanation  of 
oaths  !  miserable  mockery  of  legislation  I  if 
a  bare  majority  of  the  voters  in  any  one  state 
may  on  a  real  or  supposed  knowledge  of  the 
intent  with  which  a  law  has  been  pas.scd,  de- 
clare themselves  free  from  its  operation — say 
here  it  gives  too  little,  there  too  much,  and 
operates  unequally — here  it  suffers  articles  to 
be  free  that  ought  to  be  taxed,  there  it  taxes 
those  that  ought  to  be  free — in  this  case  the 
proceeds  are  intended  to  be  applied  to  pur- 
poses which  we  do  not  approve,  in  that  the 
amount  raised  is  more  than  is  wanted.  Con- 
gress, it  is  true,  are  invested  by  the  constitu- 
tion with  the  right  of  deciding  these  questions 
according  to  their  sound  discretion.  Congress 
8  composed  of  the  representatives  of  all  the 
states,  and  of  all  the  people  of  all  the  states; 
but  we,  part  of  the  people  of  one  state,  to 
whom  the  constitution  has  given  no  power  on 
the  subject,  fn  m  whom  it  has  expressly  taken 
it  away — wp,  who  have  solemnly  agreed  that 
this  constitution  shall  be  our  law — jcc,  most  of 
whom  have  sworn  to  support  it — we  now  ab- 
rogate this  law,  and  swear,  and  force  others 
to  swear,  that  it  shall  not  be  obeyed,  and  we 
do  this,  not  because  Congress  have  no  right  to 
pass  such  laws,  this  we  do  not  allege  ;  but  be- 
cause they  have  passed  them  with  improper 
views.  They  are  unconstitutional  from  the 
motives  of  those  who  passed  them,  which  we 
can  never  with  certainty  know ;  from  their 
unequal  operation,  although  it  is  impossible 
from  the  nature  of  things  that  they  should  be 
equal  ;  and  from  the  disposition  which  we 
jiresumo  niav  be  made  of  their  proceeds,  al- 
though that  disposition  has  not  been  declared. 
This  is  the  "plain  mfaning  of  the  ordinance  in 
relation  to  laws  winch  it  abrogates  for  alleged 
uncoii'Uitutionallty.  But  it  does  not  stop  there. 
It  nneals,  in  express  terms,  an  important  part 
of  the  constitution  itself,  and  of  laws  passed 
to  give  it  effect,  which  have  never  been  al- 
leged to  1)0  unconstitutional.  The  constitu- 
tion decliiri's  that  the  judicial  powers  of  the 
United  States  extend  in  cases  arising  under 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  that  such 
laws,  the  constitution,  and  treaties,  shall  be 
paramount  to  the  state  constitutions  and  laws. 
The  judiciary  act  prescribes  the  mode  by 
which  the  case  may  be  brought  before  a  court 
of  the  United  States  by  appeal,  when  a  stale 
tribunal  shall  decide  against  this  provision  of 
the  constitution.  The  ordinance  declares 
there  shall  be  no  appenJ  •  makes  the  stale  law 
paramount  to  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the 
Uniteil  States;  forces  jiuiges  and  jurors  to 
swear  that  they  will  disreijiird  thi-ir  provi- 
sions; mill  even  tniiki-s  it  peniil  in  a  suitor  to 
attempt  nlief  by  appeal,     it  further  declares 


that  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  the  authorities 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  that  state,  to  en- 
force the  payment  of  duties  imposed  by  the 
revenue  laws  within  its  limits. 

"  Here  is  a  law  of  the  United  States,  not 
even  pretended  to  be  unconstitutional,  re- 
pealed by  the  authority  of  a  small  majority  of 
the  voters  of  a  single  state.  Here  is  a  pro- 
vision of  the  constitution  which  is  solemnly 
abrogated  by  the  same  authority. 

"  On  such  expositions  and  reasonings,  the 
ordinance  grounds  not  only  an  assertion  of  the 
right  to  annul  the  laws  of  which  it  complains, 
but  to  enforce  it  by  a  threat  of  seceding  from 
the  union,  if  any  attempt  is  made  to  execute 
them. 

"  This  right  to  secede  is  deduced  from  the 
nature  of  the  constitution,  which,  they  say,  is 
a  compact  between  sovereign  states,  who  nave 
preserved  their  whole  sovereignty,  and,  there- 
fore, are  subject  to  no  su  perior  ;  that,  because 
they  made  the  compact,  they  can  break  it 
when,  in  their  opinion,  it  has  been  departed 
from  by  the  other  states.  Fallacious  as  this 
course  of  reasoning  is,  it  enlists  state  pride,  and 
finds  advocates  in  the  honest  prejudices  of 
those  who  have  not  studied  the  nature  of  our 
government  sufficiently  to  see  the  radical  er- 
ror on  which  it  rests. 

"  The  people  of  the  United  States  formed 
the  constitution,  acting  through  the  state  le- 
gislatures in  making  the  compact,  to  meet  and 
discuss  its  provisions,  and  acting  in  separate 
conventions  when  they  ratified  those  provi- 
sions ;  but  the  terms  used  in  its  construction, 
show  it  to  be  a  government  in  which  the  peo- 
ple of  all  the  states  collectively  are  repre- 
sented. We  are  one  PEorLE  in  the  choice  o( 
the  president  and  vice  president.  Here  tha 
states  have  no  other  agency  than  to  direct  the 
mode  in  which  the  votes  shall  be  given.  The 
candidates  having  the  majority  of  all  the  voles 
are  chosen.  The  electors  of  a  majority  or 
states  may  have  given  their  votes  for  one  can- 
didate, and  yet  another  may  be  chosen.  The 
people,  then,  and  not  the  states,  are  repre- 
sented in  the  executive  branch. 

"In  the  house  of  representatives  there  is 
this  difference,  that  the  people  of  one  state  do 
not,  as  in  the  case  of  president  and  vice  pre- 
sident, all  vote  for  the  same  officers.  The 
people  of  all  the  states  do  not  vote  for  all  llie 
members,  each  state  electing  only  its  own  rep- 
resentatives. But  this  creates  no  material  dis- 
tinction. When  chosen,  they  are  all  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  not  represent- 
atives of  the  particular  state  from  which  they 
come.  They  are  paid  by  the  United  Stales, 
not  by  the  state  ;  nor  are  they  acrountnbli-  to 
it  for  any  act  done  ui  the  perforinanci!  of  their 
legislative  functions  :  and  however  they  iniiy 
in  practice,  as  it  is  their  duty  to  do,  consult 
and  prefer  the  interests  of  their  piirticuliir  con 
stituents  when  they  come  in  conflict  with  any 
other  partial  or  local  interests,  yet  it  is  their 
first  and  highest  duty,  as  representatives  of  the 
United  Slates,  to  promote  the  general  good. 

"  The  constitution  of  the  United  States,  then, 
forms  a  enrrrnmenf,  not  a  league  ;  and  wlieth 
er  it  be  formed  by  compact  between  the  stales, 
or  in  any  other  manner,  its  cimratler  is  llie 
same.  It  is  a  government  in  which  all  llie 
people  are  represented,  which  npi'i-ntcs  cli- 
rcrlly  on  the  poopli'  ind  virlunll'i ,  not  ii|iiiu 
the  states  ;  "hey  retained  all  the  power  llrv 
did    not  grant.       But  each  stale  l.aviiij;  i  \- 


UNITED  STATES. 


681 


pressly  parted  with  so  many  powers  as  to  con- 
etilute  jointly  with  the  other  states,  a  single 
nation,  cannot  from  that  period  possess  any 
riglit  to  secede,  because  such  secession  does 
not  break  a  league,  but  destroys  the  unity  of  a 
nation ;  and  any  injury  to  that  unity  is  not  only 
a  breach,  which  would  result  from  the  contra- 
vention of  a  compact,  but  it  is  an  offence 
against  the  whole  union.  To  say  that  any 
state  may  at  pleasure  secede  from  the  union, 
is  to  say  that  the  United  States  are  not  a  na- 
tion ;  because  it  would  bo  a  solecism  to  con- 
tend, that  any  part  of  a  nation  might  dissolve 
its  connexion  with  the  other  parts,  to  their  in- 
jury or  ruip,  without  committing  any  offence. 
.Secession,  like  any  other  revolutionarjr  act, 
may  be  morally  justified  by  the  extremity  of 
oppression  ;  but  to  call  it  a  constitutional  right 
is  confounding  the  meaning  of  terms  ;  and  can 
only  be  d me  through  gross  error,  or  to  de- 
ceive thovc  who  are  willing  to  assert  a  right, 
but  would  pause  before  they  made  a  revolu- 
tion, or  incur  the  penalties  consequent  on  a 
failure. 

"  Berause  the  union  was  formed  by  com^ 
pact,  it  is  said  the  parties  to  that  compact  may 
when  they  feel  themselves  aggrieved,  depart 
from  it:  but  it  is  precisely  because  it  is  a  com 
pact  that  they  cannot.  A  compact  is  an  agree 
ment  or  binding  obligation.  It  may,  by  its 
tur  ns,  have  a  sanction  or  penalty  for  its  broach, 
or  It  may  not.  If  it  contains  no  sanction,  it 
may  bo  broken  with  no  other  consequence 
tl>an  moral  guilt :  if  it  have  a  sanction,  then 
the  breach  incurs  the  designated  or  implied 
penalty.  A  league  between  independent  na- 
dons,  generally  has  no  sanction  other  than  a 
moral  one  ;  or,  if  it  should  contain  a  penalty, 
as  there  is  no  common  superior,  it  cannot  be 
enforced.  A  government,  on  the  contrary,  al- 
ways has  a  sanction,  express  or  implied  ;  and, 
in  our  case,  it  is  both  necessarily  implied  and 
expressly  given.  An  attempt  by  force  of 
arms  to  destroy  a  government,  is  an  offence, 
by  whatever  means  the  constitutional  compact 
may  have  been  formed;  and  such  govern- 
ment has  the  right,  by  the  law  of  self-defence, 
to  pass  acts  for  punishing  the  offender,  unless 
that  right  is  modified,  restrained,  or  resumed, 
liy  the  constitutional  act. — In  our  system,  al- 
though it  is  modified  in  the  case  of  treason, 
yet  authority  is  expressly  given  to  pass  all 
laws  necessary  to  carry  its  powers  into  effect, 
nnd  under  this  grant,  provision  has  been  made 
for  punishing  acts  which  obstruct  the  due  ad- 
ministration of  the  laws. 

"  It  would  seem  superfluous  to  add  any 
tiling  to  show  the  nature  of  that  union  which 
connects  us;  but  as  erroneous  opinions  on  this 
subject  are  the  foundation  of  doctrines  the 
most  destructive  to  our  peace,  I  must  give 
some  further  development  to  my  views  on 
•his  subject.  No  one,  follow-i'itizens,  has  a 
higher  reverence  for  the  reserved  rights  of  the 
states,  than  the  magistrate  who  now  aihkesses 
you.  No  one  would  make  gi  ^  personal 
sacrifices,  or  official  exertions,  .  'fend  them 
i'-om  violation;  but  equal  care  must  bo  taken 
to  prevent  on  their  part  an  improper  interfe- 
rence with,  or  resumption  of,  the  rights  they 
have  vested  in  the  nation.  The  line  lias  not 
lieen  so  distinctly  drawn  as  to  avoid  doubts  in 
some  cases  of  the  exorcise  of  power.  Men  of 
til"  lies'    'rtentions  and    soiimlest   views   may 


dispassionate  reflection  can  leave  no  doubt. 
Of  this  nature  appears  to  be  the  assumed  right 
of  secession.  It  rests,  as  we  have  seen,  on  the 
alleged  undivided  sovereignty  of  the  states, 
and  on  their  having  formed  in  this  sovereign 
capacity  a  compact  which  is  called  the  consti- 
tution, from  which,  because  they  made  it,  they 
have  the  right  to  secede.  Both  of  these  posi- 
tions are  erroneous,  and  some  of  the  arguments 
to  prove  them  lo  have  been  anticipated. 

"  The  states  severally  have  not  retained 
their  entire  sovereignty.  It  has  been  shown 
that  in  becoming  parts  of  a  nation,  not  mem- 
bers of  a  league,  they  surrendered  many  of 
their  essential  parts  of  sovereignty.  The  right 
to  make  treaties — declare  war — levy  taxes — 
exercise  exclusive  judicial  and  legislative 
powers,  were  all  of  them  functions  of  sove- 
reign power.  The  states  then,  for  all  these 
important  purposes,  were  no  longer  sovereign. 
The  allegiance  of  their  citizens  was  trans- 
ferred, in  the  first  instance,  to  the  government 
of  the  United  States — they  became  American 
citizens,  and  owed  obedience  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  to  the  laws 
made  in  conformity  with  the  powers  it  vested 
in  Congress.  This  last  position  has  not  been, 
and  can  not  be  denied.  How  then  can  that 
state  be  said  to  be  sovereign  and  independ 
ent,  whose  citizens  owe  obedience  to  laws  not 
made  by  it,  and  whose  magistrates  are  sworn 
to  disregard  those  laws,  when  they  come  in 
conflict  with  those  passed  by  another  ]  What 
shows  conclusively  that  the  states  can  not  be 
said  to  have  reserved  an  undivided  sove- 
reignty, is,  that  they  expressly  ceded  the  right 
to  punish  treason — not  treason  against  their 
separate  power — but  treason  against  the 
United  States.  Treason  is  an  offence  against 
sovereignty,  and  sovereignty  must  reside  with 
the  power  to  punish  it.  But  the  reserved 
rights  of  the  states  are  not  less  sacred,  because 
they  have  for  their  common  interest  made  the 
general  government  the  depository  of  these 
powers.  The  unity  of  our  political  character 
(as  has  been  shown  for  another  purpose)  com- 
menced with  its  very  existence.  Under  the 
royal  government  we  had  no  separate  charac- 
ter— our  opposition  to  its  oppression  began  as 
United  Colonies.  We  were  the  United  States 
under  the  confederation,  and  the  name  was 
perpetuated,  and  the  union  rendered  more  per- 
fect, by  the  federal  constitution.  In  none  of 
these  stages  did  we  consider  ourselves  in  any 
other  lisrht  than  as  forming  one  nation.  Trea- 
ties and  alliances  were  made  in  the  name  of 
all.  Troops  wore  raised  for  the  joint  defence. 
How,  then,  with  all  these  proofs,  that  under 
all  changes  of  our  position  we  had,  for  desig- 
nated purposes  and  with  defined  powers,  cre- 
ated national  governments — how  is  it,  that  the 
most  perfect  of  those  several  modes  of  union 
should  now  be  considered  as  a  mere  league, 
that  may  be  dissolved  at  pleasure  1  It  is  from 
an  abuse  of  terms.  Compact  is  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  league,  although  the  true  form 
is  not  employed,  because  it  would  at  once 
show  the  fallacy  of  the  reasoning.  It  would 
not  do  to  say  that  our  constitution  was  only  a 
league;  but,  it  is  laboured  to  prove  it  a  com- 
pact, (which  in  one  sen--  it  is,)  and  then  to 
argue  that  as  a  league  is  a  compact,  every 
comp.ict  between  nations  must  of  course  be  a 
leiiijiie,  and  from  surli  an   eni^nfrcinent  evi'py 


.le 


Hilt 


clilleriii    ineir  construction    of  some   part«  of  sovereign   power  has  n  riilht  to  seiv 

ili.«  constitution  :  but  there  are  others  on  which)  it  has  been  shown,  that  in  this  sense  the  states 


are  not  sovereign  and  that  even  if  they  were, 
and  the  national  constitution  had  been  formed 
by  compact,  there  would  be  no  right  in  any 
one  state  to  exonerate  itself  from  iti  obliga- 
tions. 

"  So  obvious  are  the  reasons  which  forbid 
this  secession,  that  It  is  necessary  only  to  al- 
lude to  them.  The  union  was  formed  for  the 
benefit  of  all.  It  was  produced  by  mutual 
sacrifices  of  interests  and  opinions.  Can  those 
sacrifices  bo  recalled  ?  Can  the  states  who 
magnanimously  surrendered  their  title  to  the 
territories  of  the  west,  recall  the  grant  T  Will 
the  inhabitants  of  the  inland  states  agree  to  pay 
the  duties  that  may  be  imposed  without  their 
assent  by  those  on  the  Atlantic  or  the  Gulf 
for  their  own  benefits  1  Shall  there  be  a  free 
port  in  one  state,  and  onerous  duties  in  anoth- 
er 1  No  one  believes  that  any  right  exists  in 
a  single  state  to  involve  all  the  others  in  these 
and  countless  other  evils,  contrary  to  the  en- 
gagements solemnly  made.  Every  one  must 
see  that  the  other  states,  in  self-defence,  must 
oppose  at  all  hazards. 

"  These  are  the  alternatives  that  are  pre- 
sented by  the  convention — a  repeal  of  all  the 
acts  for  raising  revenue,  leaving  the  govern 
ment  without  the  means  of  support;  or  an  ac- 
quiescence in  the  dissolution  of  our  union  by 
the  secession  of  one  of  its  members.  When 
the  first  was  proposed,  it  was  known  that  it 
could  not  be  listened  to  for  a  moment.  It  was 
known  if  force  was  applied  to  oppose  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  laws,  that  it  must  be  repelled 
by  force — that  Congress  could  not,  without 
involving  itself  in  disgrace,  and  the  country  in 
ruin,  accede  to  the  proposition  ;  and  yet,  if 
this  is  not  done  in  a  given  day,  or  if  any  at- 
tempt is  made  to  execute  the  laws,  the  state 
is,  by  the  ordinance,  declared  to  be  out  of  the 
union.  The  majority  of  a  convention  assem- 
bled for  the  purpose  have  dictated  these  terms, 
or  rather  this  rejection  of  all  terms,  in  the 
name  of  the  people  of  South  Carolina.  It  is 
true  that  the  governor  of  the  state  speaks  of 
the  submission  of  their  grievances  to  a  conven- 
tion of  all  the  states ;  which,  he  says,  they 
'  sincerely  and  anxiously  seek  and  desire.' 
Yet  this  obvious  and  constitutional  mode  oi 
obtaining  the  sense  of  the  other  states  on  the 
construction  of  the  federal  compact,  and 
amending  it,  if  necessary,  has  never  been  at- 
tempted by  those  who  have  urged  the  state  on 
to  this  destructive  measure.  The  state  might 
have  proposed  the  call  for  a  general  conven- 
tion to  the  other  states  ;  and  Congress,  if  a  suf 
ficiont  number  of  them  concurred,  must  have 
called  it.  But  the  first  magistrate  of  South 
Carolina,  wl.en  he  expressed'  a  l.ope  that, '  on 
a  review  by  Congress  and  the  functionaries  of 
the  general  government  of  the  merits  of  the 
controversy,'  such  a  convention  will  be  ac- 
corded to  them,  must  have  known  that  neither 
Congress  or  any  functionary  of  the  general 
government  has  authority  to  call  such  a  con- 
vention, unless  it  be  demanded  by  two-thirds 
of  the  states.  This  suggestion,  then,  is  another 
instance  of  the  reckless  inattention  to  the  pro 
visions  of  the  constitution  with  which  this  cri- 
sis has  been  madly  hurried  on,  or  of  the  at 
ternpt  to  persuade  the  people  that  a  constitii 
tloiial  remedy  had  been  sought  and  refused 
If  llie  legislature  of  South  Carolina' anxiously 
desiri''  n  griii'rnl  convention  to  consider  their 
r(iiii|ilaiiits,  why  have  they  not  made  iipplirH- 
tioii  for  it  in  the  way  liio  constitution  poiii<» 


HISTORY  OF   THE 


i  I 


!     t 


out  t     The  agsertion  that  they '  earnestly  seek' 
it  is  completely  negatived  by  the  omission. 

"  This,  then,  is  the  position  in  which  we 
stand.  A  small  majority  of  the  citizens  of  one 
state  in  the  union  have  elected  delegates  to  a 
state  convention :  that  convention  has  ordained 
that  all  the  revenue  laws  of  the  United  States 
must  be  repealed,  or  that  they  are  no  longer 
a  member  of  the  union.  The  governor  of  the 
state  has  recommended  to  the  legislature  the 
raising  of  an  army  to  carry  the  secession  into 
effect,  and  that  he  may  be  empowered  to  give 
clearances  to  vessels  m  the  name  of  the  state. 
No  act  of  violent  opposition  to  the  laws  has 
yet  been  committed,  but  such  a  state  of  things 
IS  hourly  apprehended,  and  it  is  the  intent  of 
this  instrument  to  proclaim,  not  only  that  the 
duty  imposed  on  me  by  the  constitution,  '  to 
take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,' 
shall  be  performed  to  the  extent  of  the  powers 
already  invested  in  me  by  law,  or  of  such 
others  as  the  wisdom  of  Congress  shall  devise, 
and  intrust  to  me  for  the  purpose ;  but  to 
warn  the  citizens  of  South  Carolina,  who  have 
been  deluded  into  an  opposition  to  the  laws, 
of  the  danger  they  incur  by  obedience  to  the 
illegal  and  disorganizing  ordinance  of  the  con- 
vention—to exhort  those  who  have  refused  to 
support  it  to  persevere  in  their  determination 
to  uphold  the  constitution  and  laws  of  their 
country,  and  to  point  out  to  all,  the  perilous 
situation  into  which  the  good  people  of  that 
state  have  been  led — and  that  the  course  that 
they  are  urged  to  pursue  is  one  of  ruin  and 
disgrace  to  the  very  state  whose  rights  they 
affect  to  support. 

"  Fellow-citizens  of  my  native  state  ! — Let 
me  not  only  admonish  you,  as  the  first  magls- 
tiate  of  our  common  country,  not  to  incur  the 
penalties  of  its  laws,  but  use  the  influence  that 
a  father  would  over  his  children  whom  he  saw 
rjshing  to  i  certain  ruin.  In  that  paternal 
feeling,  let  me  tell  you,  my  countrymen,  that 
you  are  deluded  by  men  who  are  either  de- 
ceived themselves,  or  wish  to  deceive  you. 
Mark  under  what  pretences  you  have  been 
led  on  to  the  brink  of  insurrection  and  treason, 
on  which  you  stand  I  First  a  diminution  of 
the  value  of  your  staple  commodity,  lowered 
by  over  production  in  other  quarters,  and  the 
consequent  diminution  in  the  value  of  your 
lands,  were  the  sole  effect  of  the  tariff  laws. 
The  effect  of  those  laws  are  confessedly  inju- 
rious, but  the  evil  was  greatly  exaggerated  by 
the  unfounded  theory  you  were  taught  to  be- 
lieve, that  its  burdens  were  in  proportion  to 
your  exports,  not  to  your  consumption  of  im- 
ported articles.  Your  pride  was  roused  by 
the  assertion  that  a  submission  to  those  laws 
was  a  state  of  vassalage,  and  that  resistance  to 
lliem  was  equal,  in  patriotic  merit,  to  the  op- 
position our  fathers  offered  to  the  oppressive 
laws  of  Great  Britain.  You  were  told  that 
this  opposition  might  l)e  peaceably — might  l)e 
constitutionally  made — that  you  might  enjoy 
all  the  advantages  of  the  union,  and  bear  none 
of  its  burdens. 

"  Eloquent  appeals  to  J'our  passions,  to 
your  state  pride,  to  your  native  courage,  to 
your  sense  of  real  injury,  were  used  to  pre. 
pare  you  for  the  |>criod  when  the  mask  which 
concealed  the  hideous  features  of  diounio.n 
should  be  taken  off.  It  fell,  and  you  were 
made  to  look  with  cnniplaci-iiry  on  objects 
which,  not  lonij  pinri'.  vim  would  hnvo  re 
tjarded  with  horror,     l.odk    back  al  tlie   arts 


which  have  brought  you  to  this  state — look 
forward  to  the  consequences  to  which  it  must 
inevitably  lead !  Look  back  to  what  was 
first  told  you  as  an  inducement  to  enter  into 
this  dangerous  course.  The  great  political 
truth  was  repeated  to  you,  that  you  had  the 
revolutionary  right  of  resisting  all  laws  that 
were  palpably  unconstitutional  and  intolera- 
bly oppressive ;  it  was  added,  that  the  right 
M  nullify  a  law  rested  on  the  same  principle, 
but  that  it  was  a  peaceable  remedy  !  This 
character  which  was  given  to  it,  made  you  re- 
ceive, with  too  much  confidenc,  the  assertions 
that  were  made  of  the  unconstitutionality  of 
of  the  law,  and  its  oppressive  effects.  Mark, 
my  fellow-citizens,  that  by  the  admission  of 
your  leaders,  the  unconstit  jtionality  must  be 
palpable,  or  it  will  not  justify  either  resistance 
or  nullification  I  What  is  the  meaning  of  the 
word  j>alpable,  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  here 
used  1  that  which  is  apparent  to  every  one  ; 
that  which  no  man  of  ordinary  intellect  will 
fail  to  perceive.  Is  the  unconstitutionality  of 
these  lawsof  that  description  ?  let  those  among 
your  leaders  who  once  approved  and  advo- 
cated the  principle  of  protective  duties,  an- 
swer the  question ;  and  let  them  choose 
whether  they  will  be  considered  as  incapable, 
then,  of  perceiving  that  which  must  have  been 
apparent  to  every  man  of  common  understand- 
ing, or  as  imposing  upon  your  confidence,  and 
endeavouring  to  mislead  you  now.  In  either 
case,  they  are  unsafe  guides  in  the  perilous 
path  they  urge  you  to  tread.  Ponder  well  on 
this  circumstance,  and  you  will  know  how  to 
appreciate  the  exaggerated  language  they  ad- 
dress to  you.  They  are  not  champions  of 
liberty,  emulating  the  fame  of  our  revolution- 
ary fathers  ;  nor  are  you  an  oppressed  people, 
contending,  as  they  repeat  to  you,  agamst 
worse  than  colonial  vassalage.  You  are  free 
members  of  a  flourishing  and  happy  union. 
There  is  no  settled  design  to  oppress  you. 
You  have  indeed  fell  the  unequal  operation  of 
laws  which  may  have  been  unwisely,  not  un- 
constitutionally passed  j  but  that  inequality 
must  necessarily  be  removed.  At  the  very 
moment  when  you  were  madly  urged  on  to 
the  unfortunate  course  you  have  begun,  a 
change  in  puljlic  opinion  had  commenced. 
The  nearly  approaching  payment  of  the  pub- 
lic debt,  and  the  consequent  necessity  of  a  di- 
minution of  duties,  had  already  produced  a 
considerable  reduction,  and  that  too  on  some 
articles  of  general  consumption  in  your  state. 
The  importance  of  this  change  was  under- 
rated, and  you  were  authoritatively  told,  that 
no  further  iillevialion  of  your  burdens  was  to 
be  expected,  at  the  very  time  when  the  con- 
dition of  the  country  imperiously  demand  such 
a  modification  of  the  duties  as  should  reduce 
them  to  a  just  and  etpiitable  scale.  But,  as  If 
apprehensive  of  the  effect  of  this  change  in 
allaying  your  discontents,  you  were  precipi- 
tated into  the  fearful  state  in  which  you  now 
find  yourselves. 

"  I  have  urged  you  to  look  back  to  the 
means  that  were  used  to  hurry  you  on  to  the 
position  you  have  now  assumed,  and  forward 
to  the  consequences  it  will  produce.  Some- 
thing more  Is  necessary.  Contemplate  the 
condition  of  that  country  of  which  you  still 
form  an  important  part!  Consider  its  govern- 
ment, uniting  In  one  bond  of  common  Interest 
anil  general  protection  so  many  different 
states,  giving  to  all  their  inhabitants  the  proud 


title  of  Amgkican  Citizens,  protecting  their 
commerce,  securing  their  literature  and  the 
arts,  facilitating  their  intercommunication,  de- 
fending their  frontiers,  and  making  their  nanr.e 
respected  in  the  remotest  parts  oi  the  earth  t 
Consider  the  extent  of  its  territory,  its  in- 
creasing and  happy  population,  its  advance  ir. 
arts,  which  render  life  agreeable,  and  the 
sciences  which  elevate  the  mind !  See  educa- 
tion spreading  the  lights  of  religion,  morality, 
and  general  information,  into  every  cottage  in 
this  wide  extent  of  our  territories  and  state.i 
Behold  it  as  the  asylum  where  the  wretched 
and  the  oppressed  find  a  refuge  and  support ! 
Look  on  this  picture  of  happiness  and  lionour, 
and  say — we  too,  are  citizens  dp  America  : 
Carolina  is  one  of  these  proud  states :  her 
arms  have  defended,  her  best  blood  has  ce- 
mented this  happy  union !  And  then  add.  If 
you  can,  without  horror  and  remorse,  this  hap- 
py union  we  will  dissolve — this  picture  of 
peace  and  prosperity  we  will  deface — this 
free  intercourse  we  will  interrupt — these  fer- 
tile fields  we  will  deluge  with  blood — the  pro- 
tection of  that  glorious  flag  we  renounce — the 
very  name  of  Americans  we  discard — And  for 
what,  mistaken  men ! — for  what  do  you  throw 
away  these  inestimable  blessings — for  whot 
would  you  exchange  your  share  in  the  advan- 
tages and  honour  of  the  union '/  For  the 
dream  of  a  separate  independence — a  dream 
interrupted  by  bloody  conflicts  with  your 
neighbours,  and  a  vile  dependence  on  a  foreign 
power.  If  your  leaders  could  succeed  in  es- 
tablishing a  separation,  what  would  be  your 
situation  ]  Are  you  united  at  home — are  yoj. 
free  from  the  apprehension  of  civil  discord, 
with  all  its  fearful  coiisequences  ]  Do  our 
neighbouring  republics,  every  day  suffering 
some  new  revolution,  or  contending  with  some 
new  insurrection — do  they  excite  your  envy^ 
But  the  dictates  of  a  high  duty  oblige  mo 
solemnly  to  announce  that  you  cannot  succeed. 
"  The  laws  of  the  United  States  must  bo 
executed.  I  have  no  discretionary  power  on 
the  subject — my  duty  is  emphatically  pro- 
nounced in  the  constitution.  Those  who  told 
you  tha;  yon  might  peaceably  prevent  their 
execution,  deceived  you  ;  they  could  not  have 
been  deceived  themselves.  They  know  that 
a  forcible  opposition  could  alone  prevent  the 
execution  of  the  laws,  and  they  know  that 
such  opposition  must  bo  repelled.  Their  ob- 
ject is  disunion;  but  be  not  deceived  by 
names  ;  disunion  by  armed  force  is  treason. 
Are  you  really  ready  to  incur  Its  guilt?  II 
you  are,  on  the  heads  of  the  instigators  of  the 
act  be  the  dreadful  consequence, — on  their 
heads  be  the  dishonour,  but  on  yours  may  fall 
the  punishment — on  your  unliappy  state  will 
Inevitably  fall  all  the  evils  of  the  connict  you 
force  ujion  the  government  of  your  country. 
It  can  not  accede  to  the  mad  project  of  disu- 
nion, of  which  you  would  be  the  first  victims 
— its  first  magistrate  cannot,  if  he  would, 
avoid  the  pefonnance  of  his  duty — the  conse- 
quence must  be  fearful  for  you,  distressing  to 
your  fellow-citizens  here,  and  to  the  friends  of 
good  government  throughout  the  world,  lis 
enemies  have  beheld  our  prosperity,  with  a 
vexation  they  could  not  conceal — it  was  a 
standing  refutation  of  their  slavish  doctrliK^s, 
and  they  will  point  to  our  discord  with  a  tri- 
umph of  malignant  joy.  Itisyi!t  in  your  power 
to  disappoint  them.  There  is  yet  time  to  show 
that   the  descendants  of  Ine   I'inckiieys,  the 


UNITED   STATES. 


r>33 


BTimjitera,  tlic  Riitledtrcs,  nml  of  tlio  tlioiiBniid 
oilier  nnmo'  wliirli  ndorn  llic  pnpos  of  your 
rcviiliitionury  history,  will  not  nliainlim  tliiil 
union,  to  support  wliicli,  90  in.iny  of  tlieni 
I'l'iijilit,  nnd  l)lo(l,  nnd  dioil.  I  luljuro  yon,  ns 
yon  honour  their  memory— ns  you  love  the 
I'linse  of  freedom,  to  whieh  ihey  dedicateil  their 
live:* — as  you  ]irizc  the  peace  of  your  pouniry. 
the  lives  of  its  best  citizens,  and  your  own  fair 
fsne,  to  retr.aeo  yonr  step-'.  Snateli  from  the 
nrehives  of  your  stnto  the  disorpanizing  cdiet  of 
its  convention — hid  its  meinhcrs  to  re-as'ciidile 
and  proninljiatc  the  decided  expressions  of  your 
will  to  remain  in  the  path  whieh  alone  can  con- 
duct you  to  safot'-.  prosjierity,  nnd  honour — tell 
tiiem  that,  comp  .reil  ti>  disimion,  all  other  evils 
are  liRht,  because  that  hrinRs  with  it  an  accu- 
mulation of  all — declare  tliat  you  will  never 
take  tho  Held  unlo'-s  the  star-spanjrled  hnnner  of 
your  country  shall  tlt>at  over  yon  :  that  you  will 
not  he  stismiitized  when  dead,  and  dishonoured 
and  scorned  while  you  live,  ns  the  authors  of 
the  first  attack  on  tho  constitution  of  your  coun- 
try!— it.s  destroyers  yon  cannot  be.  You  nniy 
disturb  its  peace — you  may  interrupt  tho  course 
of  its  prosperity — yon  may  cloud  its  reputation 
for  stability — hut  its  tranquillity  will  be  restored, 
its  ](rosperity  will  return,  and  the  stain  upon  its 
national  character  will  l)e  transferred,  and  re 
uiaiu  an  eternal  Mot  on  tho  memory  of  those 
>vho  caused  the  disonler. 

"Fellow-iitizens  of  the  United  States!— The 
threat  of  unhallowed  disunion — the  names  of 
those  once  resjiected,  by  whom  it  is  uttered — 
tiie  array  of  military  torce  to  support  it — denote 
tlio  approach  of  a  crisis  in  our  affairs  on  which 
the  continuance  of  our  unexampled  prosperity, 
our  political  existence,  and,  perliaps.  that  of  .all 
free  governments,  may  dejiend.  The  conjunc- 
ture demanded  a  free,  a  full,  and  explicit  enun- 
ciation, not  oidy  of  my  intentions,  hut  of  my 
jirinciples  of  action;  ami,  ns  the  claim  was  as- 
serted of  a  right  by  a  state  to  annul  tlie  laws  of 
the  union,  and  even  to  secede  from  it  at  ])lea- 
iinre.  a  frank  exposition  of  my  opinions  in  rela- 
tion to  the  ori);in  and  form  of  our  (jovernment, 
and  the  construction  I  give  to  tho  instrument 
by  which  it  was  created,  seemed  to  Ih)  proper. 
Having  the  fullest  coutidenco  in  the  justness  of 
the  legal  and  constitutional  opinion  of  my  duties 
whicli  has  been  expres-ed,  I  rely  with  eqiuU 
Ciintidence  on  your  undivided  support  in  my  dc- 
terniinntion  to  execute  the  laws — to  iweserve 
the  union  by  all  cunslitutimud  means— to  arrest, 
if  p(>ssible,  by  moderate  hut  tirm  menfliircs,  the 
necessity  of  a  recourse  to  lorce ;  and  if  it  ho  the 
will  of  heiiVcU  that  the  recurrence  of  its  primeval 
cnrse  on  man  for  tho  sheihliu};  of  a  brother's 
hliiod  should  full  upon  our  land,  that  it  he  not 
called  down  by  any  olfeusivo  act  on  tlie  part  of 
the  I'niteil  Sta'tes. 

"Fellow-citizens!  The  momentous  case  is 
before  you.  On  your  undivided  support  of  your 
government  depends  the  decision  of  the  preat 
question  it  involves,  whether  your  sicrcd  union 
will  be  preserved,  and  the  hle>j!inps  it  secures  to 
us  as  one  people  shall  he  perpetuated.  No  one 
Clin  doubt  that  the  unanimity  with  which  that 
decision  will  bo  expressed,  will  he  such  as  to 
inspire  new  confidence  in  republican  institutions, 
and  that  the  prudence,  the  wisdom,  and  the 
courage  which  it  will  bring  to  their  defence,  will 
transmit  them  uuimpuircd  and  invigorated  to 
our  children. 

"  May  the  great  Ruler  of  nations  grant  that 
the  signal  blessings  with  which  ho  has  favoured 
ours,  may  not,  by  tho  madness  of  partv,  or  jier- 
K>nat  ambition,  bo  di.'^regarded  and  lost :  i.nd 
may  his  wise  providence  bring  those  who  have 
jiroduccd  this  crisis  to  see  tho  folly,  before  they 
leel  tho  nnsery  of  civil  stiil'o:  and  inspire  u  re- 
turning veneration  fur  that  union  which,  if  we 
may  dure  to  penetrate  his  designs,  lie  has  chosen 
08  tho  only  means  of  attaining  the  high  destiiues 
to  which  we  may  reasonably  aspire." 


Tho  langunpe  of  the  proclamation  is  too  pre- 
cious to  ho  forgotten.  The  second  election  of 
(ieiieral  .lackson  was  of  a  deciilel  character. 
Tho  opposition  was  overwhehning.  After  this 
event,  he  made  a  tour  !•  the  eastern  and  nortli- 
ern  states.  Kvery  where  he  was  received  witli 
enthusiasm.  Party  feelings  were  forgotten,  iind 
the  president  alone  was  con-i  !cred.  A  brave 
anil  generous  jieople  received  a  gallant  com- 
miindcr,  with  every  denion.stration  of  respect 
and  ailiuiratioii.  The  most  ancient  university 
in  the  country  made  him  a  Doctor  of  Laws.  lie 
visiteil  Hunker  Hill,  saw  tlie  plains  of  Lexington, 
groimd  sacred  to  the  descendants  of  the  Pilgrims, 
and  returned  with  their  warmest  wishes  for  his 
l)risperity. 

Tlie  ret'usal  of  the  President  to  sign  tho  hill 
for  rcchartering  the  United  States  Hank  has  al- 
ready been  noticed.  In  the  present  year,  he 
went  still  further,  and  gave  orders  to  w"ithdraw 
the  government  deimsits  from  that  institutiim 
and  its  branches,  and  to  place  them  in  the  local 
hanks.  He  defended  this  measurM  in  n  long 
letter  addres.sed  to  the  Cabinet,  on  the  18th  of 
September.  Ills  accusations  were  denied,  and 
it  was  contended  that  bis  measure  was  tmcon- 
stitutional.  Hut,  on  whichever  side  the  right 
and  hiw  might  he,  the  conduct  of  the  President 
Icil  to  disastrous  results  in  tho  mercantile  world. 
The  deposits  being  withdrawn,  the  bank  neces- 
sarily dimini-jhcd  its  isiues,  and  lcs.sened  its  dis- 
coui!ts ;  all  operations  of  buying  and  selling 
were  thus  discouraged  ai>d  imiieded  ;  a  stagna- 
tion of  trade  ensued ;  property  was  depreciated  : 
and  bankruptcies  and  failures  were  midtiplied 
on  all  sides. 

During  the  year  1834,  the  United  States  con- 
tinued to  bo  agitated  by  the  consequences  of 
the  acts  of  the  President.  The  House  of  Uei)re- 
seutatives  was  inundated  with  petitions  for  the 
restoration  of  tho  public  money  to  the  vaults  of 
the  bank;  but  the  majority  of  the  members 
were  favorable  to  the  measures  of  the  President ; 
whilst  the  Senate  was  arrayed  in  open  hostility 
to  his  measures,  and  refused  to  confirm  his  ap- 
pointment of  directors  for  tho  hank  on  behalf 
of  the  government  shares. 

In  New  York  and  other  cities,  the  public  op- 
liosition  to  tl'.e  President's  measures  was  violent 
in  the  extreme;  whilst  tho  interior  i,f  the  coun- 
try, having  little  or  no  sympathy  with  the  great 
trading  nnd  nujneyed  interests  of  the  commer- 
cial cities,  were  generally  favorable  to  tho  policy 
of  the  President.  The  election  of  members  to 
the  House  of  Keprescntatives  of  this  year,  re- 
sulted in  adding  sixteen  or  twenty  to  the  former 
luajority  in  favor  of  the  President.  One  ot  the 
results  of  this  measure  was  the  partial  substitu- 
tion of  a  metallic  for  a  paper  circulation  tlirough- 
out  the  union.  It  has  been  computed  th.at  from 
iho  beginning  of  January,  1833.  to  July,  1834, 
an  excess  of  over  twenty-two  millions  of  specie 
was  imported  into  the  country. 

in  his  message  of  December,  1834,  the  Presi- 
dent called  attenfion  to  the  rejection,  by  the 
French  t'hamber  of  Deputies,  of  the  hill  for  the 
iudemnilic;ition  of  the  United  Stjites  for  losses 
sustained  in  consequence  of  tho  Herliu  and  -Mi- 
lan decrees.  He  snggeated  to  Congress  retalia- 
tory measures,  and  his  whole  mes.sago  breathed 
.1  warlike  spirit.  The  Senate,  however,  ditfered 
t'rom  the  President  upon  the  subject ;  and,  after 
much  deliberation,  unanimously  adopted  the 
following  resolution  ou  the  14th  of  July,  1835: 
•'  That  it  is  inexpedient  at  present  to  adopt  any 
legislative  measures  in  regard  to  the  state  of 
litfairs  tjotween  this  country  and  Franco."  The 
House  of  Keiiresentatives  unanimously  agreed 
to  two  ro.solutions :  "1.  That,  in  the  opinion 
of  this  House,  the  treaty  with  France  of  July 
4th,  1831,  shouhl  be  maintained,  and  its  oxecu 
tiou  insisted  upon.  2.  That  the  Committee  of 
Foreign  All'airs  should  be  discharged  from  fur 
ther  consideration  of  so  much  of  tho  Prosideut's 


raossngo  as  relates  to  cotninercial  restrintions,  ot 
to  reprisals  on  the  commerce  of  France." 

The  French  minister  was  recalled,  ihe  .\ineri 
can  government  being  at  the  same  time  assured 
that  the  bill  should  nevertheless  be  presented 
to  the  Chambers.  Mr.  Livingston  was  instructed 
to  return  homo  in  the  event  of  the  refusal  of 
tho  French  government  to  pay  the  money.  A 
bill  passed  tlie  Chambers,  authorizing  the  pay- 
ment of  tho  money,  after  satisfactory  explana- 
tion had  been  given  to  Franco  of  the  President's 
language.  In  Deccudjcr,  the  President  met 
Congress,  niid  declared  that  there  was  nothing 
to  explain  ;  and  that,  in  any  event,  ho  would 
never  allow  a  foreign  power  to  found  demands 
upon  tho  interior  and  otTicial  communications 
of  one  department  of  the  American  goverimicnt 
with  another,  (ireat  Hritain  then  tendered  her 
mediation,  and  both  parties  accepted  tho  otfer. 
During  this  year,  tho  whole  debt  of  tho  United 
.Slates  was  jiaid  otf.  Tlio  majority  which  tho 
friends  of  the  President  had  secured  in  one 
branch  of  tho  legislature,  rendered  all  the  elVorts 
of  his  opponents  to  recharter  tho  bank  abortive, 
and  its  concerns  were  con.sequently  wound  np. 

On  the  19th  of  July,  a  party  of  Scminolo 
Indians  cro.siied  their  bounds,  near  tho  llog's- 
Town  settlement,  for  the  purpose  of  hunting. 
Tliey  separated,  and  agreed  to  meet  again  on  a 
certain  day.  On  that  day  five  of  them  were  met 
together,  when  a  party  of  white  men  caino  by, 
and  commenced  fiogging  them  with  their  cow- 
whips.  Two  other  Indians  came  up,  and  fired 
upon  tho  whites,  who  returned  tho  fire.  Threo 
whites  were  wounded,  nnd  one  Indian  killed  and 
one  wounded.  On  the  Cth  of  August,  Dalton, 
a  nuiil  carrier,  was  killed,  ami  the  Indians  re- 
fused to  deliver  the  murderers  up  to  justice. 
In  September,  a  party  of  Mickasuckeo  Indians, 
led  by  tho  celebrated  Osceola,  wayhiiil  and  shot 
Ch.'irloy  Omathla,  a  powerful  friendly  chief,  who 
was  journeying  with  his  daughter,  (ieneral 
Clinch,  who  commanded  a  small  force  in  this 
section  of  tho  country,  obtained  a  body  of  six 
hundred  and  fifty  militia  from  the  Governor  of 
Florida,  and  commenced  opcratious  against  thcui 
on  tho  Ouithlacooclio  river. 

On  the  i3d  of  December,  two  companies  of 
the  United  States'  army,  under  command  of 
Miijur  Dade,  marched  from  Tampa  Hay  for  Camp 
King.  From  Hillsborough  liridge.  Major  Dado 
sent  a  letter  to  Captain  Helton,  urging  him  to 
forward  a  six-pounder  which  had  been  left  h* 
lind.  Horses  wore  procured,  nnd  the  piece  was 
received  by  the  detachment  that  night.  Soon 
ifter  the  six-pounder  joined  the  column,  a  shot 
was  heard  in  the  direction  of  the  advanced  guard, 
whieh  was  soon  followed  by  another,  when  a 
volley  was  suddenly  poured  in  on  the  front  and 
left  llank.  Half  the  men  were  killed  or  wound- 
ed nt  the  first  fire;  nnd,  until  several  volleys 
b.ad  been  received,  not  an  enemy  could  be  seen. 
The  Indians  fired  lying  or  squatting  in  the  grass, 
or  from  behind  pine  trees.  The  infantry  tiirew 
themselves  behind  trees,  and  ojiencd  a  sharp 
discharge  of  niuskotry.  Several  pounds  of  can- 
nister  were  fired  from  tho  cannon ;  and  the  In- 
dians temporarily  retreated.  Tho  detachment 
instantly  jiroceeded  to  form  a  breastwork  by 
felling  trees,  but  had  scarcely  coiunienced  when 
the  enemy  returned  to  the  tight.  The  infantry 
innnodiately  took  slwlter  behind  trees ;  but  they 
were  all  gradually  cut  down  b^'  tho  overwholm- 
ing  force  opposed  to  theu\.  ^V  hen  all  resistance 
had  ceased,  the  Indians  leaped  into  the  breast- 
work, and  stripping  otf  the  arms  and  accoutre- 
ments from  the  dead,  carried  them  away. 
Forty  or  fifty  negroes  then  came  up  on  horse- 
back", tied  their  animals  fast  to  trees,  and  com- 
menced butchering  tho  wounded.  Wliun  oU 
were  supposed  to  be  dead,  they  strijiped  tho 
clothing  otf  all  tho  bodies,  and  departed  in  tho 
samo  direction  witli  the  Indians,  taking  tho  can- 
non with  them.    Of  eight  oiliceri  and  one  hun 


834 


IKSTORY    OF   THE 


M 


irei  and  two  privates,  bnt  funr  ciioaped  alive 
from  llie  scene  of  tlio  action,  one  of  wliom  was 
shot  tlio  <1ay  after  tlic  battle. 

Durin);  the  year  1885,  mucli  excitcmont  was 
felt  in  tlie  Soutlicrn  States,  in  consequence  of 
tlie  allepcd  ellbrta  of  the  friends  of  tlie  abolition 
of  slavery  to  disseminate  their  doctrines  among 
the  slaves,  which  in  many  places  br.ike  out  in 
riot  and  bloodslie<1. 

The  money  due  for  depredations  under  the 
Berlin  and  VWan  decrees,  wa»  received  from  the 
Trench  government  in  188C,  and  made  a  large 
surplus  in  the  treasury.  Much  debating  oc- 
curred in  Congress  about  the  disposal  of  the 
surplus  revenue,  which  was  now  kept  in  state 
banks,  selected  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury. 
The  expiration  of  the  charter  of  the  United 
i^tates'  ]3ank  was  followed  by  the  creation  of  a 
large  number  of  state  banks,  whose  capital  was 
chiefly  nominal,  the  largest  being  the  United 
States'  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  with  a  capital  of 
thirty-live  millions  of  dollars.  The  great  in- 
crease of  the  circulating  medium  which  followed 
the  creation  of  these  banks,  produced  and 
nourished  all  manner  of  wild  speculations,  par- 
ticularly in  unappropriated  public  lands.  The 
money  received  from  their  sale  increased  to  an 
nnprecedonted  amount.  They  w^ere  paid  for  in 
notes  of  the  bimks,  which  the  land  agents  con- 
veyed to  the  banks,  who  received  them  to  be 
immediately  issued  again,  the  government  bfipg 
oredited  with  the  amount  of  the  n;'>tcs  cm  the 
books  of  the  bank.  These  credits  upon  many 
of  the  western  banks  were  already  greatly  be- 
yond their  immediate  mcons  of  payment,  and 
were  rapidly  increasing ;  many  fearing  that  if 
the  practice  were  allowed  to  continue,  the  cred- 
its would  ultimately  bo  worth  nothing  to  the 
government.  A  treasury  circular  was  issued, 
which  prohibited  the  receiving  payment  of 
lands  in  any  currency  but  cpecio,  and  allowed 
no  sales  to  be  made  except  to  actual  settlers. 

This  circular  did  not  give  general  satisfaction, 
and  Ck>ngress  passed  a  bill  designating  and  con- 
fining within  certain  bounds  the  revenues  of 
the  tjuited  States.  The  bill  providing  that  the 
notes  of  specie-paying  banks  should,  in  certain 
coses,  bo  taken  in  payment,  was  retained  by  the 
I'residcDt  until  alter  the  adjournment  of  Con- 
gress, thus  preventing  it  from  iHJcoming  a  law. 
Ilis  reasons  he  published  after  he  had  retired 
from  the  presidency,  as  follows : — 

Bea$ont  of  the  PreMcnt  fvr  retaining  the  hill 
designating  and  limiting  the  funds  rcceitable 
for  the  revenues  of  the  L'nited  States. 

"  WA«HlsfiTos.  March  8,  ISST, 
**  i  bcftire  12,  p.  m. 

"  The  bill  from  the  senate,  entitled  '  An  aci 
Jesignating  oud  limiting  the  funds  receivable  fur 
the  revenues  of  the  United  States,'  came  into 
my  hands  yesterday,  at  2  o'clock,  p.m.  On 
perusing  it,  I  found  its  iirovisions  so  complex 
and  uncertain,  that  i  deemed  it  necessary  to 
obtiiin  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney-general  of 
the  United  States  on  several  important  questions 
tJ)uching  ilA  construction  and  effect,  before  I 
could  decide  on  the  disposition  to  be  mode  of 
it.  The  Attorney-general  took  up  the  subject 
immediately,  and  his  reply  was  reported  to  me 
this  day  at  6  o'clock,  p.  h.  As  this  officer,  atler 
a  careful  and  laborious  examination  of  the  bill, 
and  a  distinct  expression  of  his  opinion  on  the 
points  prop<  sed  to  biin,  still  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  construction  of  the  bill,  should 
it  become  a  law,  would  be  a  subject  of  mnch 
perplexity  and  doubt  (a  view  of  the  bill  entirely 
coincident  with  my  own),  and,  as  I  cannot 
think  it  proper,  in  a  matter  of  snch  vital  in- 
terest, and  of  such  constant  application,  to  ap- 
prove a  bill  so  liable  to  diversity  of  interpreta- 
tion, and,  more  especially,  as  I  have  not  had 
time,  iiiiid  the  duties  constantly  pressing  on 
Die,  to  give  the  subject  that  deliberate  consider' 


p.ion  which  its  importance  demands,  I  am  con- 
strained to  retain  the  bill,  without  acting  defini- 
tively thereon ;  and,  to  the  end  that  my  reasons 
for  this  step  may  be  fully  nnderstood,  I  shall 
cause  this  paper,  with  the  opinion  of  the  Attor- 
ney-general, and  the  bill  in  question,  to  be  do- 
posited  in  the  department  of  state. 

"ASDBEW  JaCKBOX." 

In  the  middle  of  the  year  Congress  adjonrned, 
and  the  excitement  of  the  presidential  election 
followed,  General  Jackson's  second  term  having 
expired.  The  friends  of  the  existing  adminis- 
tration sup|>orted  Martin  Van  Buren  of  New 
York,  who  was  the  more  easily  elected  fVom 
the  circumstance  that  three  difl^erent  candidates 
were  opposed  to  him.  The  next  year  opened 
upon  the  people  of  the  United  States  under  very 
inauspicious  circumstances.  A  sense  of  approach- 
ing disasters  pervaded  all  classes,  and  the  spirit 
of  imbonnded  speculation  was  succeeded  bv  one 
of  general  despondency  and  distrust.  Many 
efforts  were  made  by  the  merchants  and  bankers 
to  avert  them,  but  with  very  partial  success. 

During  the  winter  session,  a  bill  was  brought 
before  Congress,  recognizing  the  independence 
of  Texas.  The  consideration  of  it  wos,  however, 
postponed,  and  a  salary  was  appropriated  for  a 
Texan  charge  d'affaires,  whenever  the  President 
should  think  proper  to  appoint  one.  This  he 
di'i  before  the  close  of  his  administration. 

The  Indian  war  was  continued  in  Florida  du- 
ring the  year  1886.  On  the  6th  of  January, 
five  persons,  the  family  of  a  Mr.  Cooley,  were 
murdered  at  his  residence  on  New  Kiver,  about 
twelve  miles  fiom  Cape  Florida.  A  few  days 
previously,  a  battle  was  fought  at  a  ford  of  the 
Ouithlacoochee,  in  which  a  small  and  unsup- 
ported body  of  the  troops  were  attacked  by  a 
force  nearly  three  times  their  number,  the  ene- 
my being  repulsed  before  a  reinforcement  could 
cross  to  their  aid.  While  these  operations  were 
passing  in  West  Florida,  the  plantations  and 
settlements  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Augus- 
tine were  rav.aged  by  the  enemy,  the  inhabi- 
tants slain,  and  tlie  negroes  taken  away ;  Gen- 
eral Hernandez,  who  was  in  cDmmand,  being 
too  weak  to  offer  any  resistance.  General  Gaines 
had  collected  a  body  of  volunteers  from  Louisi- 
ana, and,  near  the  end  of  February,  moved_ 
down  the  Ouithlacoochee.  A  skirmish  Imp' 
pened  at  General  Clinch's  crossing-place,  another 
on  the  28th,  and  a  third,  in  which  numbers 
were  engaged,  on  the  29tli,  when  General 
Gaines  was  wounded  in  the  under  lip.  These 
skirmishes  continued  till  the  5th  of  March, 
when  Osceola  dcmandta  a  parley,  which  was 
broken  up  without  any  »;itist'actory  conclusion. 

Before  closing  our  account  of  General  Jack- 
son's administration,  it  is  proper  to  notice  the 
troubles  with  the  Indians  on  our  north-western 
frontier,  called  Bkck  Hawk's  war. 

In  the  summer  of  the  year  IS."!!  difficulties 
with  the  savages  broke  out,  owint'  pa.'tly  to 
their  dissatisfaction  with  the  stipulations  in  the 
Prairio  du  Chien  treaty  of  1823,  and  iiartly  to 
the  injustice  of  the  settlei's  towards  tiieir'  red 
neighbors.  Eight  of  n  party  of  twenty-four 
Chippewas,  on  a  visit  to  Fort  Snelling,  were  all 
killed  or  wounded  by  a  party  of  Sioux,  four  of 
whom  were  afterwards  captured  by  the  com- 
mander of  the  garrison,  and  given  up  to  the 
Chippewas,  who  immediately  shot  them.  Red- 
Bird,  the  Sioux  chief,  chose  three  companions, 
and  they  set  about  seeking  revenge.  Four  or 
five  whites  were  killed  by  them,  when  General 
Atkinson  captured  Bed-Bird  and  a  party  of 
hostile  Winnebagoes,  in  the  country  of  that 
tribe.  Red-Bird  died  in  prison  soon  after ;  and 
his  companions — one  of  whom  was  the  cele- 
brated Black  Hawk — were  released  from  con' 
tinement.  Black  Hawk  immediately  commenced 
inciting  hostility  among  the  already  disaffected 
tribes,  among  whom  the  Sacs  bore  a  prominent 


part.  Towards  July,  General  Gaines  marched 
to  the  Sacs'  village,  and  they  humbly  sued  for 
peace,  which  wax  granted.  Meauwhilo  a  party 
of  them,  under  Black  Hawk,  murdered  twenty- 
eight  of  the  friendly  Menominies,  and  rccrosseil 
the  Mississippi  to  the  lands  which  they  had 
coded  to  the  United  States.  General  Atkinson 
marched  ofter  him ;  and,  at  Dixon's  Ferry,  on 
Rock  River,  May  15th,  1833,  learned  that  a 
party  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  men, 
under  Major  Stillman,  had  been  attacked  at 
Sycamore  Creek  on  the  preceding  day,  while 
incautiously  marching  after  the  Indians,  and 
lost  a  great  many  of  their  number,  the  Indians 
baring  suflercd  but  little. 

The  cholera  broke  out  among  the  troops  in 
July,  and  whole  companies  were  nearly  broken 
up ;  in  one  instance,  nine  only  surviving  out  of 
a  corps  of  two  hundred  and  eight.  Twelve 
Indians  were  killed  by  General  Dodge's  men  at 
Galena,  and  sixteen  others  afterwards  fell  by 
his  arms,  about  forty  miles  from  Fort  Winne- 
bago. Meanwhile,  General  Atkinson,  with  an 
army  greatly  superior  to  that  of  Black  Hawk, 
pursued  him  through  trackless  forests,  always 
finding  himself  no  nearer  his  enemy  at  the  end 
of  his  journey  than  ho  had  been  at  its  com- 
mencement. Finally,  however.  Black  Hawk, 
seeing  the  necessity  of  his  escape,  and  that  it 
could  not  be  ettectod  with  his  whole  force,  sent 
his  women  and  children  down  the  Mississippi 
in  boats,  many  of  which  fell  into  tlio  hands  of 
the  whites.  About  four  hundred  of  them  were 
encamped  on  Bad  Axe  River,  where  they  wero 
discovered,  on  the  1st  of  August,  by  tlie  steam- 
boat Warrior,  which  had  been  sent  up  the  Mis- 
sissippi with  a  small  force  on  board,  in  hoi)e3  of 
finding  them.  In  the  action  which  ensued, 
twenty-three  Indians  were  killed  and  many 
wounded,  without  any  loss  to  *lie  troops.  After 
the  fight,  the  Warrior  returr  i  to  Prairie  du 
Chien,  and,  before  she  cor.ld  jturn  next  morn- 
ing, Generol  .Atkinson  had  engaged  the  Indians. 
The  Warrior  joined  the  contest,  and  the  Indians 
retreated  with  considerable  loss,  thirty-six  of 
their  women  and  children  being  taken.  Eight 
of  the  troops  were  killed,  and  seventeen  wound- 
ed in  this  engagement.  Black  Hawk  was  now 
pursued  over  Wisconsin,  and  overtaken  in  an 
advantageous  position  at  the  foot  of  a  precipice, 
over  which  the  army  had  to  pass.  The  In- 
dians fought  with  the  fury  of  tigers,  leaving  ono 
covert  for  another,  and  were  only  routed  at  the 
point  of  the  bayonet.  Notwithstanding  the 
smallness  of  his  force,  which  st'arcely  numbered 
three  hundred  men,  Black  Hawk  maintained 
the  battle  for  three  hours,  when  he  barely  es- 
caped, with  the  loss  of  nil  his  pajicrs,  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  his  bravest  warriors,  among 
whom  was  Newpop,  his  second  in  command. 
A  [larty  of  Sioux  now  volunteered  to  pursue 
the  remainder  of  the  enemy,  of  whom  they  suc- 
ceeded in  killing  about  one  hundred  and  twenty. 
The  great  chief  himself  was  finally  captured  by 
a  party  of  Winnebiigoes,  and  given  up  to  Gen- 
eral Street,  at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Treaties  wero 
tiien  made  with  tlie  rest  of  the  Sacs,  the  Foxes, 
and  the  Winnebagoes,  by  which  the  Unileil 
States  acquired  some  very  valuable  lands  oil 
favorable  terms, — Black  Hawk,  his  two  sons, 
and  six  of  the  principal  chiefs  wero  retained  as 
hostages.  The  chief  and  his  son  were  carrieil 
to  Washington  to  visit  the  President,  receiving 
many  valuable  presents  on  their  route.  They 
returned  to  their  homes  by  way  of  Detroit,  and 
were  liberated  at  Fort  Armstrong,  Rock  Island, 
in  Illinois,  in  August,  1833.  He  having  been 
by  the  treaty  deptwed,  Keokuk  was  made  chief 
of  the  tribe,  and  Black  Hawk  settled  on  the 
Mississippi. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  1837,  General 
Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  tukeu  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  and  subse(iuentl^  ot>- 
t4iined  bb  Uberty  from  his  Texan  captors,  visited 


UNITED  STATES. 


68'j 


Washington,  whence,  after  a  short  atAy,  he  sailed 
for  Mexico,  in  a  United  States  vessel  of  war. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  the  term  of  (Jenenil 
Jiickson's  presidency  expired,  and  Mnrtin  Van 
IJuren,  whose  views  of  general  policy  coincided 
with  those  of  his  predecussor,  took  possession  of 
the  chair.  After  issning  a  valedictory  address, 
tlio  late  President  retired  to  his  residence  in 
Touuossee. 


1837,  General 
eu  prisoner  at 
ibse<iuently  ob- 
captora,  visited 


VAN  BUEEX'S  ADMISISTnATION. 

Leaving  the  honors  and  cares  of  government 
to  his  successor,  President  Jackson  delivered  to 
Ids  countrymen  a  valedictory  nddress ;  and  nearly 
at  the  same  time  npjieared  the  inaugural  speech 
of  the  now  President : — 

'■  Uidiko  all  that  have  preceded  mc,"  was  the 
language  of  this  nuiidfesto,  "  the  revolution  that 
g:ive  us  existence  as  a  nation,  was  achieved  at 
llio  iieriod  of  my  birth ;  and  whilst  I  contoni- 
idato,  with  grateful  reverence,  that  memoralilc 
event,  I  feel  that  1  belong  to  a  later  age,  and 
that  I  may  not  expect  my  countrymen  to  weigh 
tuy  actions  with  th«  some  kind  and  partial 
liand." 

The  new  President  was  scarcely  seated  in  Ins 
chair,  when  the  storm,  so  long  collecting  itself, 
burst  upon  the  commercial  classes.  It  was  at 
New  Orleans,  that  the  tirst  failures,  of  any  con- 
Bcquenco,  were  declared ;  but  Xew  York  fol- 
lowed ;  the  banks  found  the  dem.inds  upon  their 
funds  increase  with  frightful  rapidity,  while, 
what  was  yet  more  ominous,  their  circulation 
returned  upon  them,  'the  alarm  broke  out  into 
a  i>anic ;  tlien  oamo  a  general  "  run  "  upon  the 
bunks ;  and  a  few  days  more  sutliced  to  bring 
about  the  almost  universal  suspension  of  cash 
payments.  It  has  been  computed  that  in  New 
York  no  less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  houses 
stopped  payment  in  the  course  of  the  first  three 
weeks  in  April.  The  banks  of  that  city,  Phila- 
delphia, lioston,  Baltimore,  Albany,  and  others, 
ceased  to  pay  specie.  The  munnnoth  Bank  of 
the  United  States  itself  bent  to  the  tempest,  and 
imitated  the  example  of  the  rest. 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Xcw  York  was 
held,  a  comuditee  appointed  to  wait  upon  the 
President,  and  reijuest  him  to  annul  the  specie 
circular,  to  iwstlmne  commencing  actions  upon 
tlio  unpaid  bonds,  and  call  an  extra  session  of 
Congress.  Their  address  to  him  stated,  that 
'•  under  a  deep  impression  of  confining  their 
declarations  within  moderate  limits,  they  afiirm- 
cd,  that  the  value  of  their  real  estate  had,  with- 
in the  last  six  months,  depreciated  mr^ro  tliun 
forty  millions  of  dollars;  that  within  the  preced- 
ing two  months  there  had  been  more  tlian  two 
hundred  and  tifty  failures  of  houses  engaged  in 
extensive  business ;  that  witlan  the  same  period 
a  <lecline  of  twenty  millions  had  occurred  in 
their  local  stocks,  including  tliose  railroad  and 
canal  incorporations,  which,  though  chartered  in 
otlier  States,  depended  chiefiy  upon  New  York 
tur  their  sale ;  that  the  immense  amount  of  mer- 
chandise in  their  warehouses  had,  within  the 
same  period,  fidlen  in  value  at  least  thirty  per 
cent. ;  that  witliiu  a  few  weeks  not  less  than 
twenty  thousand  individuals,  depending  upon 
their  daily  labor  for  tlieir  daily  bread,  had  been 
discharged  by  their  employers,  because  the 
means  of  retaining  them  were  exhausted ;  and 
that  a  complete  ''light  had  fallen  upon  a  com- 
munity heretofore  so  active,  enterprising,  and 
prosi)erou8 :  the  errors  of  our  rulers,''  they  said, 
"  had  produced  a  wider  desolation  than  the  pes- 
tilence which  deiwpulated  our  streets,  or  the 
coudagrntion  which  laid  tliem  in  ashes." 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  as  soon  as  the 
suspension  of  cash  payments  became  geueral, 
gave  orders  to  the  revenue  collectors,  to  receive 
nothing  but  specie,  or  paper  convertible  into 
specie  on  demand,  in  payment  of  the  revenue 


bonds,  given  by  traders  in  the  course  of  bnsi 
ncss.  Meanwhile  the  distress  spread  like  a  pes 
tilenco  tlirough  the  various  ramifications  of 
society.  Public  works,  railways,  and  canals, 
were  brought  to  a  stand ;  the  shipwright  and 
builder  dismissed  their  men ;  the  manufacturer 
closed  his  doors;  one  sentiment  perv.idcd  all 
classes,  the  anticipation  of  universal  ruin,  and 
individu.il  beggary.  The  administration  made 
several  endeavors  to  restore  the  financial  nfi'airs 
of  the  country  to  their  former  condition,  and  an 
extra  session  of  Congress  was  convened  on  the 
4th  of  September ;  the  President,  in  his  mes.sagc, 
confining  liimself  to  the  financial  condition  of 
the  country.  The  friends  of  the  odministration 
triumphed  in  the  election  for  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Kepresentatives,  Mr  Polk  being  re- 
elected. A  bill  was  passed  suspending  the  p.iy- 
ment  of  the  fourth  instalment  of  surplus  reve- 
nue to  the  States,  until  the  1st  of  January,  1S3!I. 

Another  bill  was  passed,  authorizing  the  issue 
of  treasury  notes,  ecprnl  to  any  deficiency  that 
might  ensue,  with  four  nuUions  of  dollars  by 
way  of  reserve,  at  any  rate  of  interest  not  ex- 
ceeding six  per  cent.,  to  be  fixed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  A  bill  for  the  extension  of  the 
payment  of  revenue  bonds,  for  a  short  ])criod, 
and  another,  authorizing  the  warehousing  in 
bond  of  imported  goods,  for  a  term  not  exceed- 
ing three  years,  were  also  passed  during  the  ses- 
sion. 

But  a  bill,  organizing  n  Sub-treasury  System, 
whereby  the  nation  should  become  its  own 
banker,  which  the  friends  of  the  administration 
made  great  etlbrts  to  carry,  was  lost  in  tlie 
House  of  Representatives;  after  a  very  warm 
debate,  that  House  resolved  to  jiostpono  the  fur- 
ther consideration  of  the  measure  until  the  next 
session.  The  war  with  the  Seminole  Indians 
continued  during  the  year  to  employ  the  arms 
of  the  United  States  in  Florida.  The  troops 
succeeded  in  taking  the  great  chief  Osceola,  or 
Powell,  whose  capttire,  it  was  tliouglit,  would  be 
followed  by  the  submission  of  his  tribe.  Treaties 
were  concluded  with  Siam  and  Muscat,  which 
promised  considerable  commercial  benefit. 

Congress  reassembled  on  the  4th  of  December, 
when  tlio  President  sent  in  his  message,  in  which 
the  relations  with  Mexico,  which  had  recently 
become  confused,  the  finances,  foreign  relations, 
Indian  afi'airs,  military  and  naval  matters,  and 
the  post-ofiice,  were  treated  at  some  length. 
Ttie  message  concluded  by  inviting  Congress  to 
a  thorough  and  careful  revision  of  the  local  gov- 
ernment and  interests  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, which  had  been  "  left  to  linger  behind  the 
rest  of  the  Union;  its  codes,  civil  and  crimiual, 
lieing  not  only  defective,  but  fidl  of  obsolete  or 
inconvenient  provisions ;  "  and  the  District,  al- 
though selected  as  tho  seat  of  the  Legislature, 
had  never  received  "  that  special  and  compre- 
hensive legislation,"  whicli  its  situation  iiartii'ii- 
larly  demanded.  Tho  annual  rei)ort  of  tlr?  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  was  received,  in  which  the 
rccei|)t3  for  the  year  were  estiuuited  at  nearly 
twenty-three  millions,  five  hundred  thousaiul  dol- 
lars, which,  added  to  the  surplus  remaining  in 
tho  treasury  in  1830,  gave  the  sum  of  sixty-nine 
nullions,  four  hundred  thousimd  djllars,  in  his 
hands.  The  expenses  of  the  year  when  mot, 
would  reduce  that  sum  to  about  one  half  its 
present  amount. 

During  the  early  part  of  tho  session  of  Con- 
gress, the  Canadian  rebellion,  aud  the  border 
conflicts  to  which  it  gave  rise,  occupied  the  at- 
tention of  that  body,  whose  proceedings  were 
marked  by  a  becoming  forbearance,  even  at  a 
moment  wlien  out  of  doors  the  excitement  of 
the  more  inUummablo  portion  of  tho  conmiuuity 
was  at  its  height.  The  President  forbade,  by 
proclamation,  the  interference  of  American  citi- 
zens in  the  war,  and  ordered  the  United  Statee 
Marshal  to  execute  warrants  upon  all  those  who 
should  violate  the  national  neutrality.    General 


Scott  was  ordered  to  the  frontier  with  n  portion 
of  the  New  York  troops.  Bnt,  whilst  these 
ctForts  were  making,  an  aff'air  oi-ourred  on  tho 
frontier,  which  iiroduced  much  ill-feeling  for  a 
time,  througliout  the  United  States.  A  party  of 
the  Patriots  had  made  a  rendezvous  on  Navy 
Island,  in  tlio  Niagara  River,  opposite  to  which, 
on  the  American  side,  was  a  small  village,  de- 
nominated For;  Scldosaer.  On  the  niglil  of  the 
28tli  of  December,  a  small  steamboat,  called  the 
Caroline,  was  moored  there,  intelligenco  of 
which  was  conveyed  to  Colonel  M'Nnb,  com- 
mander of  tho  Canadian  miUtia  on  the  opposite 
side.  lie  had  suspected  her  of  carrying  animn- 
nition  and  supplies  to  the  Patriots,  and  ho  re- 
solved to  destroy  her.  He  accordingly  de- 
spatched a  party  o'f  militia  in  boats  for  tliis  pur- 
pose. After  a  short  scuttle,  they  becamo  masters 
of  the  vessel,  and  then  setting  her  on  fire,  they 
sutTered  her  to  drilt  in  flames  down  the  Falls  of 
Niagara.  Several  jiersons  were  killed  in  the 
affray.  This  circumstance  occasioned  a  corres- 
pondence between  the  Secretjiry  of  State  and 
Mr.  Fox,  tho  British  minister  at  Washington,  of 
rather  an  angry  nature ;  and  after  a  long  debate, 
a  bill  for  the  jireservation  of  neutrality  was 
pas.sed  by  Congress,  and  the  matter  drvipped. 

A  bill  giving  a  right  of  pre-emption  to  the 
first  settlers  on  unoccupied  public  innd.s,  was 
pjxssod  during  the  session,  in  conformity  with  tho 
recommendation  of  tho  President.  The  Sub- 
treasury  bill,  one  of  tho  cardinal  ]>oints  of  policy 
of  tlie  Van  Biiren  party,  was  again  debated  at 
full  length,  and  i)a.ssed  the  Senate;  but  its  recep- 
tion in  tho  House  of  Representatives  was  less 
favorable;  and  in  June,  it  was  ultimately  re- 
jected by  a  vote  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-fivo 
to  one  hundred  and  eleven.  During  this  year 
(1838),  tht  banks  throughout  tho  United  States 
generally  resumed  specie  payments.  The  eliects 
of  the  commercial  catastrophe  were  rapidly  sub- 
siding ;  credit  revived,  the  iirosjiects  of  trade  in 
tlie  autumn  were  encouraging,  and  tho  har^■est 
was  abundant.  In  the  fall,  the  elections  held 
throughout  tho  Union,  continued  the  change  in 
tho  members  of  tho  \'an  Buren  party  in  Con- 
gress, which  had  been  commenced  in  1837,  and 
the  administration  found  itself  likely  to  lose  even 
tho  small  majority  which  remained. 

The  contest  between  the  State  of  Maine  and 
Great  Britain  respecting  the  north-eastern  boun- 
dary, began  in  tlie  course  of  tho  year  to  assume 
a  threatening  aspect.  The  north-western  boun- 
daries were  fixed  by  a  treaty  with  Russia,  and 
land  added  to  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
by  the  removal  of  the  tribe  of  Cherokees  west 
of  the  ilississippi.  Tlie  war  with  the  Seminoles 
still  continued.  Texas  withdrew  her  application 
for  admission  into  tho  rnion  ;  but  her  consul  at 
New  Orleans  w;is  recognized  by  the  President, 
who  issued  a  public  notice,  according  to  him  tho 
ujoyment  ot  all  such  functions  and  privileges 
as  are  allowed  to  consuls  of  the  most  favored 
nations.  At  tho  end  of  the  year,  when  tho 
second  Canadian  outbreak  occurred,  a  new  pro- 
clamation was  issued  liy  the  President,  calling 
on  the  citizens  of  tlio  United  States  to  preserve 
neutrality,  and  declaring  tho  protection  of  tho 
country  lorfeited  by  those  who  should  invade 
tl.e  territory  of  Great  Biitain  with  hostile  in- 
tentions, 

A  convention  for  fixing  the  boundaries  of  tho 
United  StjUesand  Texas  was  concluded  at  Wash- 
ington, on  the  23th  of  April.  Treaties  had  been 
concluded  between  the  United  States  and  tho 
Peru-Bolivian  confederation,  and  also  with  the 
King  ot  Greece. 

In  his  message  to  Congress  on  the  reassem- 
bliug  of  that  body,  tho  President  touched  uiMjn 
the  removal  of  many  of  the  Indians  west  of  tho 
Mis.sissippi.  He  then  stJUod  that  no  ofiicial  com- 
lunnications  had  passed  between  the  government 
and  tho  cabinet  of  Great  Britain,  since  the  last 
communication   to   Uongress.     The   Proeiduut 


OM 


niSTORY  OF  THE 


i 


li: 


was,  however,  «ienre<l  thnt  tlio  offer  to  nogotlate 
a  oonvention  for  the  nppoinfineiit  ol'a  Joint  com- 
rnisslnn  of  survey  nml  c.^ploruliuii,  would  be 
mot  on  the  part  of  licr  Mufesty's  government  in 
a  conciliiitory  spirit,  and  (irove,  if  (Hiccc^sfiil,  to 
bo  an  importfint  step  towards  tbo  final  u'ljust- 
ment  of  tiie  controversy. 

Tlio  discnssion  of  tbe  micstiou  of  tbo  abolition 
of  slavery  had  at  length  been  completely  pre- 
cluded by  nn  net  of  Conjjress,  wliiob  i)ii.tscd,  at 
tbo  beginning  of  the  session,  a  series  of  rcsulu- 
tlons  to  tbnt  effect  by  tbo  overwhelming  major- 
ity of  one  bnndrcd  and  ninety-eight  to  six.  The 
excited  feelings  orcatcd  by  the  recent  colliiiion  of 
the  citizens  of  tbo  United  States  and  the  subjects 
of  Victoria,  on  tbe  borders  of  Lower  Canada, 
had  scarcely  subsided,  when  the  relations  of  the 
two  coantrios  wero  once  more  in  tbe  way  of  be- 
coming grovely  compromised  by  occurrences  in 
the  contested  district  between  Maine  and  New 
Brunswick.  It  would  appear  that  towards  the 
end  of  Januarv,  1838,  a  numerous  band  of  British 
subjects  Invaded  tbe  portion  of  the  British  terri- 
tory In  dispute  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  which  la  watered  by  the  river 
Aroostook,  ond  committed  extensive  depreda- 
tions by  cutting  down  the  timber.  An  armed 
force  was  sent  Into  the  district  to  hinder  the 
corrying  off  of  the  timber.  This  done  they  wore 
to  return  home  ;  but  for  tbe  seizure  of  Mr. 
M'Intyre,  the  American  land  agent,  when  he 
was  in  the  act  of  putting  himself  into  communi- 
cation with  the  ogent  appointed  by  Sir  J.  Har- 
vey, Governor  of  New  Brunswick,  to  watch  tbe 
trespassers  whom  the  otiicer  of  !tlaino  had  been 
commissioned  to  drive  otf.  In  retaliation,  tlie 
English  warden,  Mr.  M'Laugblin,  was  now  ar- 
rested, and  conveyed  as  a  hostage  to  Buiigor. 
These  proceedings  wero  followed  by  some  angry 
correspondence  between  Governor  Fairfield  and 
Sir  John  Harvey,  and  the  people  of  both  Status 
began  seriously  to  prepare  for  hostilities. 

Both  prisoners  wero,  however,  soon  liberated 
on  parole,  and  the  discussion  transferred  to 
'Washington.  Several  letters  passed  between 
Mr.  Fox,  the  British  minister,  and  Mr.  Forsyth, 
which,  with  a  message  from  the  President,  were 
laid  before  Congress.  Many  speeches  were  made 
in  that  body  ;  several  of  the  members  advocat- 
ing a  forcible  occupancy  of  the  territory,  whilst 
the  others  were  more  pacifically  inclined.  The 
debate  in  both  houses  closed  by  referring  the 
matter  to  the  committee  on  foreign  atiiiir.^,  who 
recommended  In  their  report  that  power  should 
be  given  to  the  President  to  raise  u  provisional 
army  during  the  Congressional  recess  ;  that  aj)- 
propriations  should  be  made  for  fortifications, 
and  the  immediate  repair  and  building  of  ne^v 
vessels  of  war,  and  that  the  President  should  be 
Instructed  to  rej>el  any  invasion  of  the  territory 
of  the  Union  In  Maine.  It  was  moreover  re- 
commended, that  a  special  minister  should  be 
sent  to  England.  The  session  of  Congress 
shortly  after  came  to  an  end.  The  war  excite- 
ment In  the  north-east  soon  began  to  subside, 
and  Messrs.  Rudge  and  Fcatherstonhaugh  were 
snbsequontly  sent  out  by  the  British  government 
to  conduct  a  new  investigation  of  the  stUI  de- 
batable territory. 

Great  dismay  was  created  In  the  commercial 
world  towards  the  close  of  the  year,  by  the 
suspension  of  specie  payments  on  tbe  part  of  the 
United  States  Bank,  on  the  6th  of  October. 
Her  example  was  followed  by  all  the  banks  in 
New  York,  Phiiadelphlo,  Baltimore,  Virginia, 
and  the  interior  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  result  of  the  election  which  occurred 
during  the  recesf  of  Congress  was,  that  the 
Government  had  a  small  miijority  in  thot  body ; 
but  the  two  parties  were  nearly  equally  balanced 
in  the  House  of  Representatives,  until  the  middle 
of  July,  when  five  members  of  the  New  Jersey 
delegation,  whose  scats  had  been  contested,  were 
added  to  the  administration  party,  who  thug 


gained  the  ascendency.  On  the  24th  of  Decem- 
ber, 18.39,  tbe  President's  message  was  deliver- 
ed, and  received  the  first  action  of  Congress.  It 
stated  that  with  foreign  connfri(v,  tlio  relations 
of  the  government  contiimed  amicable.  He  re- 
ferred to  the  arrival  of  the  commissioners  of 
exploration  and  survey  of  the  north-ea'tern 
boundarv.  Ho  al^o  stated  that  the  troubles  In 
Canada  li.vl  ceased.  Treaties  of  commerce  bad 
been  made  with  the  King  of  Snrdlniii,  and  the 
King  of  tlio  Netherlands.  The  relations  witli 
.Mexico  and  Texas  wore  touched  upon,  together 
with  finance,  the  post-office,  and  the  l)est  metliod 
of  keeping  the  public  revenue.  More  than  half 
of  the  message  was  occupied  with  a  discussion 
on  tbo  evils  of  the  American  banking  system. 
and  a  statement  of  the  "  constitutional "  as  well 
as  other  objections  entertained  by  him  to  the 
establishment  of  a  National  Bank,  while  at  the 
same  time,  he  proi)Osed  that  the  public  revenue 
should  be  kept  in  a  separate  and  Independent 
treasury,  and  collected  in  gold  and  silver.  The 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  boundary  question 
continued  this  year  still  to  keep  up  n  feeling 
of  Irritation  between  England  and  America — and 
a  long  and  recriminatory  correspondence  on  the 
subject  took  place  in  the  month  of  March,  be- 
tween Mr.  Fox,  the  English  minister,  and 
Mr.  Forsyth.  It  was  conclude<l  by  Mr.  Fox,  In 
a  brief  reply  to  Mr.  Forsyth's  last  letter,  stating 
that  he  would  transmit  the  comnmnieation  to 
her  majesty's  government  In  England,  and  that 
until  bo  received  instructions  from  home,  he 
would  not  engage  In  correspondence  on  the  sub- 
Jeiit.  In  June  he  addressed  another  letter  to 
Mr.  Forsyth,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  most 
prominent  among  the  causes  of  failure  in  post 
negotiations,  had  been  a  want  of  correct  Informa- 
tion as  to  the  topographical  features  and  phy- 
sical character  of  the  country  in  disjiute.  In 
concequence  of  bis  statements,  and  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  President,  a  bill  was  p.is6cd  in 
Congress,  appropriating  twonty-five  thousand 
dollars  towards  tlie  ext)enses  of  the  survey  of  the 
Usputed  territory. 

During  the  vacation  of  Congress,  tbo  election 
for  President  was  held  ;  Martin  Van  Bi'ren  and 
William  Henry  Harrison,  being  the  two  candi- 
dates. The  choice  of  the  nation  fell  ujjon 
General  Harrison,  who  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority. 

The  negotiations  respecting  the  boundaries 
of  the  United  States  and  the  British  Provinces, 
and  of  the  United  States  and  Texas,  were  stated 
by  the  President  In  his  message  to  Congress 
in  January,  1841,  to  be  in  a  state  of  progression. 
The  state  of  the  public  finances,  and  the  re- 
duction of  expenditures  during  his  administra- 
tion were  dwelt  upon,  and  he  closed  with  a  long 
vindication  of  his  own  financial  policy.  But 
little  business  was  done  during  the  session  ol 
Congress,  which  closed  on  tJio  2d  of  March, 
and  on  the  4th,  William  Henry  Harrison  was 
inaugurated  President,  and  John  Tyler,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


nABKISON'B  ADUINISTBATION. 

Unlimited  confidence  In  the  abil'  /  and  in- 
tegrity of  the  new  President  appears  to  have 
been  entertained  by  the  people.  He  was  elected 
by  a  minority  so  decisive  as  to  leave  no  doubt 
respecting  their  disposition  towards  himself. 
General  Harrison,  coming  into  office  by  the 
safirages  of  a  party  in  direct  opposition  to 
that  which  elected  and  had  sustained  his  prede- 
cessor, reorganized  the  cabinet  by  appointing 
Mr.  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  to  the  office 
of  Secretary  of  State,  and  Mr.  Ewing,  of  Ohio, 
to  that  of  Sfcoretary  of  the  Treasury,  while 
Mr.  Bell,  of  Tennesse*,  and  Mr.  Badger,  of 
North  Carolina,  wore  appointed  to  presi^  over 


the  departments  of  war  and  the  navy.  Nimi<>r- 
oil*  other  changes  In  the  executive  ofili.'s 
were  made,  and  a  total  change  in  administnitlva 
measures  was  anticipated.  The  state  of  the  com- 
mercial and  financial  relations  of  the  couniry 
were  considered  to  be  so  critical,  that  a  sjicrinl 
session  of  Congress  was  ordered  for  the  puriK>-e 
of  taking  tlioso  steps,  which  were  deemed  essen- 
tial to  the  restoration  of  credit  and  confidence 
.^mong  tbe  triidir;,i(  and  manufacturing  classes,  and 
increasing  the  reward  of  agricultural  industry. 

In  the  inaugnral  address  of  (.iencral  Harrison, 
bis  views  of  the  prinriplcs  of  '!  l  American  gov- 
ernment were  fully  explained,  and  his  determina- 
tion to  carry  their  execntion  into  eft'ect,  solemn- 
ly cxnressetl.  In  conclnding  his  address,  be  says, 
"  Fellow  citizens  :  being  fully  invested  with  that 
high  office  to  which  the  partiality  of  my  conn- 
trjmen  has  called  me,  1  now  take  on  afiection- 
ate  leave  of  you.  You  will  bear  with  vou,  to 
your  homes,  the  remembrance  of  the  pledge  I 
have  this  day  given,  to  discharge  all  the  bif.'h 
duties  of  my  exalted  station  according  to  the 
best  of  my  ability ;  and  I  shall  enter  upon  their 
performance  with  entire  confidence  In  the  sup- 
port of  a  just  and  generous  people." 

But  these  professions,  and  this  system  of  pol- 
icy. General  Harrison  was  destineil  never  to 
have  the  opportunity  of  realizing — His  elevation 
to  the  high  otfice  of  First  .Magistrate  of  the  Un- 
ion, furnishes  a  striking  and  melancholy  exam- 
ple of  the  uncertainly  of  human  greatness ;  for 
on  the  morning  of  the  4th  of  April,  before  he 
liad  delivered  to  Congress  a  single  message,  he 
expired  at  Washington. 

General  Harrison  was  in  the  sixty-ninth  year 
of  his  age;  he  died  within  one  month  of  his  in- 
auguration, and  was  the  first  President  who  died 
In  office.  On  the  6th  of  April  tlio  pnblio  were 
admitted  to  view  the  remains  of  the  late  Presi- 
dent. His  corpse  was  ])hiced  in  a  Icnden  cofiin, 
with  a  roofed  lid,  and  a  gloss  co\  -r  over  it.  The 
whole  was  covered  with  a  black  velvet  pall, 
trimmed  with  silver  lace.  The  funeral  took 
place  on  the  7tli.  The  corpse  was  borne  from 
the  President's  house,  and  was  deposited  In  the 
Congregational  Cemetery.  The  order  of  thi  cere- 
mony was  very  imposing;  the  procession  ex- 
tended over  two  miles  of  space,  and  was  the  long- 
est ever  witnessed  in  Washingtou. 

A  sentiment  of  tbe  profonudcst  grief  pervaded 
every  part  of  the  Union  on  this  melancholy  oc- 
casion. A  national  fast  was  proclaimed ;  and 
the  afi'ection  and  respect  of  the  people  were  testi- 
fied by  every  species  of  public  demonstration. 


TTLER'8  ADMINISTEATIOS. 

According  to  the  Constitution,  Mr.  Tyler  now 
became  President ;  he  arrived  at  Washington  on 
the  6th  of  April,  1841,  and  wits  immediately 
sworn  into  office.  Mr.  Southard,  who  had  been 
elected  President  of  the  Senate,  pro  temjxfre,  a 
few  days  before  the  close  of  the  lost  session  of 
Congress,  became  Vice-President.  On  the  8th 
the  new  President  issued  an  address,  suited  to 
the  occasion,  in  which,  after  lamenting  the 
decease  of  General  Harrison,  he  expressed  hia 
intention  of  carrying  Into  practice  during  his 
administration  of  the  government,  what  he  con- 
ceived to  have  been  that  gentleman's  principles. 
The  cabinet  chosen  by  General  Harrison,  won 
retained  in  office. 

On  the  Slst  of  May,  the  Twenty-Seventh  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States  assembled  at  Washing- 
ton, when  Mr.  White,  of  Kentucky,  a  member 
of  the  administration  party,  was  chosen  Speak- 
er of  the  House  of  Representatives,  by  a  minor- 
ity of  thirty-seven.  A  message  was  transmitted 
to  Congress,  In  which  the  I'resident  proposed 
that  the  nation  should  roimbursv  the  family  of 
General  Harrison,  for  the  espenaes  he  must  have 


UNITED   STATES. 


n87 


e  nnvy.  Niimcr- 
cxcoutiTe    olTln't 

in  ndiiiinistrntive 
B  Ktnte  of  tlic  roni- 
8  of  the  (•(iiinti-y 
ml,  tlint  0  siiocinl 
i1  for  the  purii(>-i> 
ere  deemed  osaeii- 
it  and  contidcnoB 
itnrinpcliiHses,  Bnd 
iltnral  industry, 
.icncrnl  llarri^in, 
l;L  American  p>v- 
ind  bis  detormin.i- 
Uo  effect,  solemn- 
is  addrosi),  he  sayit, 
invested  with  that 
ulity  of  my  conn- 
tako  an  aAection- 
bear  with  vou,  to 
e  of  the  pfedf-ru  I 
larpe  all  the  liiffh 

accordin);  to  the 
I  enter  tipim  their 
dence  in  the  sup- 
jple." 

lis  system  of  pol- 
Icstined  never  to 
njf — His  elevation 
istrato  of  the  Un- 
melancholy  exam- 
lan  greatness;  for 
f  April,  before  he 
uDglo  message,  he 

i  sixty-ninth  year 

I  month  of  his  in- 
'rcsident  who  died 

II  the  pnblio  were 
i  of  the  late  Prosi- 
in  a  leaden  coftin, 
ov  T  over  it.  The 
black  vulvet  pall, 
rhe  funeral  took 
3  was  borne  from 
i  deposited  in  the 
3orderofthi  cere- 
procession   ex- 

and  was  the  long- 
ton. 

lest  grief  pervaded 
lis  melancholy  oc- 
proclalmed ;  and 
people  were  tcsti- 
c  demonstration. 


:ATION. 

on,  Mr.  Tyler  now 
at  Woshiugtun  on 
was  immediately 
rd,  who  bad  been 
te,  pro  tempore,  a 
he  last  session  of 
ent.  On  the  Sth 
address,  suited  to 
er  lamenting  the 
be  expressed  his 
aotico  during  his 
ent,  wliat  he  con- 
eman's  principles, 
al  llarrison,  wa« 

;nty-Seventh  Con- 
nbled  at  Washing- 
tacky,  a  member 
raa  chosen  Speak- 
tives,  by  a  miyor- 
e  was  transmitted 
resident  proposed 
irse  the  family  of 
nses  be  must  buve 


Incurred  In  taking  offloe  for  so  short  a  time.  Ills 
views  with  regard  to  foreign  policy  were  of  a 
pacilio  character,  and  no  important  uhanpcs  hail 
taken  place  in  foreign  relations,  since  the  last 
s«>s(tion  of  Congress.  He  stated  that  the  census 
shows  the  population  to  he  seventeen  mllhons, 
and  that  it  had  doubled  in  twenty  tliree  years. 

8cverul  important  suljocts  were  presented  for 
consideration  during  the  special  session  of  t'on- 
prcss — a  bill  for  establi-sbing  a  new  Hank  of  tlie 
United  States,  however,  wliicli  was  coiisidcrcil 
the  cardin.ll  me.^suro  of  the  ses-ion,  wa<  defeated 
by  the  President's  refusal  of  his  sipiiaturc — a 
second  bill  was  prepared,  alter  consiiltatiim  be- 
tween the  President,  bis  cabinet,  and  certain 
members  of  the  house  of  Keprcsciitalives;  and 
when  this  bill  was  defeated,  by  a  second  exer- 
cise of  tho  negative  power,  all  the  members  of 
tlio  cabinet,  except  Mr.  Welwter,  resigned  tlieir 
(itlices — The  elevated  cbariicter  of  the  Secretary 
lit  Slate  did  not  jirevent  bis  motives  for  ret^iin- 
ii'g  office  tVom  belnjj  sternly  (piestioned  at  the 
time;  but  it  is  now  considered  a  most  fortunate 
eireuinstance  for  the  country  that  bo  did  not 
abandon  liis  post.  The  importance  of  bis  snb- 
Fcquent  services  in  arranging  the  terms  of 
treaty  with  Groat  Hritain,  are  univer.sally  recog- 
nized. 

Animated  discussions  took  place  npon  the  case 
of  Alexander  .Mcl.cod,  wlio  had  been  arrested  in 
Now  York  ami  committed,  on  the  cbarpe  of  being 
concerned  in  the  attack  upon  the  Caroline,  and 
the  murder  of  Dnrfee,  an  American  citizen,  one 
of  the  parties  killed  on  that  occasion.  His  re- 
le.xso  was  demanded  by  the  Hritish  minister,  who 
E!j;nilied  that  a  compliance  with  his  demand  w.is 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  good  under- 
standing which  had  hitherto  been  manifested 
between  the  two  countries.  Tho  President  re- 
fused to  comply  with  the  demand,  and  much  ex- 
citement was  felt  throughout  the  country.  The 
trial  of  McI.eod  took  idaec  at  ftica,  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  in  October,  and  be  was  acquitted, 
an  alibi  having  beeen  sworn  in  evidence.  Thns 
terminated  this  nnjileasant  alfair,  which  seemed 
likely  at  one  time  to  involve  the  two  nations  in 
a  war,  and  excited  angry  feelings  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Hefore  the  close  of  tho  special  session,  Con- 
gress passed  a  bill  for  the  distribution  of  the 
jiniceeds  of  the  public  lands,  which  received  the 
assent  of  the  President.  This  measure  had  for 
many  years  been  urged  upon  Congre.ss  by  Henry 
Clay,  who  had  re|)eatedly  prepared  bills  for  the 
puriwse,  one  of  which  was  passed  by  both 
branches  of  tho  national  legislature,  but  was  de- 
feated by  the  omission  of  President  Jackson  to 
return  it  with  his  signature  before  the  close  of 
the  session. 

On  the  reassembling  of  Congress  at  the  close  of 
the  year,  an  important  subject  of  dispute  sprung 
up  between  Greot  JJritain  and  tho  United  StiUes, 
respecting,  the  "  right  of  search"  claimed  by  the 
former  power.  The  debate  was  brought  up  in 
Congress  by  a  clause  in  the  message  of  the  Pres- 
ident at  the  commencement  of  tlie  session,  ac- 
companied by  a  copy  of  correspondence  between 
Lords  Polmerston  and  Aberdeen,  and  Mr.  Stev- 
enson, the  American  minister  at  London.  The 
nature  of  this  dispute  will  be  best  understood 
from  Mr.  Stevenson's  own  account  of  it. 

"  The  government  of  Great  Britain,  with  that 
of  other  nations,  regarding  the  African  slave 
trade  as  a  great  evil,  united  in  measures  for  its 
abolition.  For  that  purpose  laws  were  passed 
and  treoties  concluded,  giving  to  the  vessels  of 
each  of  the  contracting  parties,  the  mutual  right 
of  search,  nndor  certain  limitations.  Independ- 
ent of  those  treaties,  and  under  tho  principles  of 
public  law,  this  right  of  scorch  could  not  be  ex- 
ercised. Tho  United  States  were  invited  to  be- 
come a  porty  to  these  treaties ;  but  for  reasons 
which  they  deemed  satisfactory,  and  growing 
ont  of  the  peculiar  character  of  their  institu- 


tions and  systems  of  government,  they  declined 
doing  so.  They  deemed  it  inoxiieilient,  under  any 
modilication  or  in  any  form,  to  yield  the  right  ot 
having  tlieir  vcs,<els  searched  or  interfered  with 
in  time  of  ]ioaco,  upon  the  bipb  sens. 

"  in  the  moan  tinio,  simio  of  the  Powers 
will)  were  parties  to  these  treaties,  and  others 
who  rel'ii-'eil  to  beroino  so,  continued  to  jirose- 
cuto  their  slave  tralllc;  and  to  enable  them  to 
do  so  with  more  cU'ect,  they  resorted  to  the  use 
of  tings  of  otlicr  nations,  but  more  particu- 
larly that  of  the  I'niteil  States.  To  prevent  tins, 
and  enforce  licr  treaties,  Groat  Hritain  deemed 
it  important  that  her  cruisers  in  the  African  seas 
should  have  the  right  of  detaining  and  examin- 
ing all  vessels  navigating  those  seas,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  asccrlaining  their  national  character. 
A.L'ainst  this  practice  tho  government  of  the 
United  States  protested,  and  the  numerous  cases 
out  of  which  tho  jiresent  discussion  hiis  arisen, 
became  subjects  of  complaint  and  negotiation 
l)etween  the  two  governmcnt.s." 

A  circumstance  occurred  at  the  close  of  the 
previous  year,  connected  with  the  question  of 
the  right  of  search,  which  threatened  to  produce 
un|ileasant  consequences,  and  make  its  settlement 
still  more  dilliciilt.  Some  negrics  bad  been 
carried  otf  from  tho  coast  of  j^jfr.ca  by  a  Spaii- 
isti  slaver  called  the  Armistail.  fliey  rose  in  re- 
volt during  tho  middle  passage,  seized  the  ship, 
and  murdered  some  of  the  crew.  They  after- 
words landed  in  the  United  States,  where  they 
were  tried  for  the  murders  and  acquitted.  lii 
this  case  the  American  government  refused  to 
recognize  the  right  of  slave  trading,  and  decided 
that  any  kind  of  resistance  was  lawfnl  on  the 
part  of  of  those  who  were  forcibly  torn  from 
their  native  coimtry.  The  Spanish  owners  de- 
manded that  the  slaves  should  be  given  up  to 
be  tried  in  a  territory  subject  to  the  crown  ol 
Spain  ;  but  their  claim  was  disidlowed. 

On  tho  27tb  of  October,  the  brig  Creole,  of 
Richmond,  Virginia,  bound  to*  New  Orleans, 
sailed  from  Hampton  Roads,  with  a  cargo  ol 
mercbimdise,  and  about  one  .hundred  and  tliirty- 
fivo  slaves.  On  tho  7th  of  November,  some  "ol 
them  rose  upon  the  crew  of  tho  vessel,  murdered 
a  possengcr  named  Howell,  who  owned  some  ol 
tliem,  and  wounded  tho  captain  dangerously. 
When  they  had  obtained  complete  possession, 
the  brig  was  taken  iuto  the  port  of  Nassau,  in 
tho  island  of  New  Providence,  where  nt  tlio  re- 
piest  of  tho  American  consul,  a  guard  was  placed 
on  board  to  prevent  tho  escape  of  tlie  mutineers. 
Nineteen  of  the  slaves  were  identilied  as  having 
participated  in  the  deed,  and  they  were  placed 
in  continement  until  further  orders.  The  re- 
mainder were  set  at  liberty,  notwithstanding  the 
demand  of  tho  Ainericiin  Consul  that  they  should 
be  sent  to  tho  United  States.  The  Governor 
of  New  Providence  justitied  this  proceeding  on 
the  ground  that  tho  slaves  became  free  on  land- 
ing in  o  ISritisb  territory,  and  that  be  could  not 
recognize  any  right  of  dominion  over  them, 
claimed  by  American  owners.  An  earnest  re- 
monstrance was  raised  on  t' is  occa.sion  in  the 
Soutliern  States,  whore  tho  Hritish  government 
was  charged  with  abetting  jiiracy  and  murder. 
But  tho  case  of  the  Armistad  furnished  a  iirece- 
dent  against  tho  surrender  of  the  slaves  who 
mutinied  on  board  the  Creole.  The  result  was, 
that  the  nineteen  incarcerated  in  the  jail  at  Nas- 
sau were  not  given  up,  but  were  tried  there,  the 
rest  being  alloweJ  to  depart  wherever  they 
pleased. 

During  this  year  the  President  gave  proofs 
that  he  did  not  intend  to  allow  tho  veto  with 
which  the  constitution  intrusted  bim,  to  bo  an 
inetlectivo  instrument  in  his  bands.  A  bill  for 
the  extension  of  tho  celebroteil  Compromise  Act, 
was  first  sulnected  to  the  use  of  this  power;  and 
a  new  tariff  bill,  which  followed,  shared  the 
same  fate.  In  Septembtr,  however,  a  modified 
bill  was  passed,  to  which  he  gave  his  consent. 


His  independent  exercise  of  the  veto  jiower, 
however,  gave  great  otl'ence  to  the  party  to 
whom  tho  President  owed  his  elevati(in  lo  otlice; 
and  0  committee  wius  appointed,  who  reported 
against  the  course  be  bad  pursued.  A  jirotest 
followed  on  the  part  of  the  Proiilcnt,  in  wliicli 
he  inveighs  against  the  unfairne>s  and  unconsti- 
tutionality of  the  report. 

As  several  qnesiions  had  occurred  between  the 
Hrilish  and  American  cabinets,  of  an  irritating 
nature.  Sir  Robert  Peel  deterniinod  to  send  l.unl 
Ashburton  as  a  special  ainbassailor  to  the  Uniicd 
Slates,  clothed  with  full  powers  to  elfect  an  am- 
icable adjustment  of  all  causes  of  dispute  between 
the  two  goveninients.  His  lordsliip  arrived  in 
New  York  on  tho  1st  of  April,  and  proceeded  im- 
meiliately  to  elfect  the  object  of  his  mission,  i !o 
was  met  by  Mr.  Webster,  the  Secretary  of  State, 
on  tho  part  of  the  United  States,  and  their  no- 
giitiations  were  brought  to  a  close  in  August. 
On  the  Uth  of  that  month  a  tre.ity  was  signed  by 
tho  two  plenipotentiaries,  with  a  provision  tlint 
it  was  to  be  duly  ratified  and  o  mutuol  exchango 
of  ratifications  to  take  place  in  London,  in  six 
months  from  that  date.  By  this  tre;ily,  the  lino 
of  the  Northeastern  Boundary  was  set  tied  by  a 
minute  geographical  description  of  the  country 
through  which  it  was  to  run.  It  was  also  .sliii- 
ulated  that  (!reat  Britain  and  the  United  States 
sliould  each  maintain  on  the  co.ist  of  Africa  a 
sulHcient  squadron  or  naval  force,  carrying  not 
less  than  ciglity  guns,  for  the  purpose  of  enforc- 
ing separately  and  respectively  the  laws,  righl.s, 
and  obligations  of  e.ach  of  the  two  comitries,  lor 
tho  supiiressioii  of  the  slave  trade.  Hotli  parties 
lo  the  treaty  also  agreed  to  unilo  in  all  becoiu 
ing  representations  and  remonstrances  with  thoso 
powers  within  whoso  diiminii)ns  slave  inarketo 
w  ero  allowed  to  exist ;  and  to  urge  upon  all  such 
[lowers  the  propriety  and  duty  of  closing  such 
markets  at  once  and  for  ever. 

The  treaty  was  ratitied  bv  tlio  Senate  oii  tho 
•2i)lli  of  August,  lNt2,  and'  on  the  31st  of  the 
same  month.  Congress  adjourned,  alter  a  labo- 
rious session,  iu  which  Were  passed  liinely-fivo 
pulilic  acts,  tbirteen  joint  resolutions,  and  onu 
iiniulred  and  eighly-uino  private  billi  Two 
other  public  bilU  were  iiass-ed,  which  were  du- 
featcil  by  the  veto  of  the  I'resiilent,  and  two 
more  were  defeated  by  not  receiving  tlio  execu- 
tive .apiiroval  before  tiie  close  of  the  session. 

On  the  rejissombling  of  Congress,  the  principal 
subject  of  attention  was  still  the  plan  for  the  ICx- 
ehequer.  Tliat  which  was  presented  by  tho 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  recummciidcd  by 
the  President,  however,  was  rejected  liy  tho 
House  of  Representatives  (mie  hnndroil  and 
ninety-three  to  eighteen^,  .lanuary  2;ttli,  1843. 

In  May,  1843,  Mr.  Webster  re-igaed  liisollice, 
as  Secretary  of  Slate,  and  was  succeeded  by  Hugh 
S.  Legare,  Attorney  General,  who  died  soon  after 
at  Boston,  ill  July,  1843,  the  catiinet  of  the 
I'resiileut,  was  iw  lollows :— .\bel  P.  Upshur,  of 
Virginia,  Secretary  of  State;  .lohn  C.  Spencer, 
of  New  York,  Secretory  of  the  Tieasiny  ;  Jiiines 
-M.  Porter  of  I'ennsylvania,  Secretary  of  War; 
Uavid  ilenshaw,  ol  .MiUssaciiuselLs,  .Secretary  of 
tlie  Navy  ;  Charles  A.  Wicklilfc,  of  Kentucky, 
Postmaster  (icneral ;  John  Nelson,  of  .M.  ryland, 
Attorney  General.  Congress,  however,  at  its  next 
session,  refused  to  conlirni  the  uoniinatiou  of 
Messrs.  Porter  and  Ilenshaw,  and  the  President 
nominated  William  Wilkins,  of  Pennsylvania, 
Secretary  of  War ;  and  Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  of 
Virginia,  for  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  wore 
confirmed  by  the  Senate. 

Mr.  Upshur,  tho  Secretary  of  State,  and  Mr. 
Gilmer,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  lost  their  lives 
by  tho  explosion  of  ono  of  the  largo  guns  of 
tho  Steamship  Princeton,  on  the  Potomac,  and 
Jno.  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State,  and  John  Y.  .Mason,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Secretary  of  tho  Navy.  Mr.  Spencer,  iu 
May,  1844,  resigned  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


i  I 


Trpiuury,  nnd  was  succeeded  by  Qeorgo  M.  Bibb, 
of  Ki'iitiickv. 

Aiiiont;  tlio  most  Vnuortiint  events  nt  tlio  close 
of  iho  ndiuiiiislnitioii  ot  Mr.  Tyler,  was  the  iio- 
potintidii  (pf  a  viilimLle  treaty  witli  Cliiiiii,  by 
Caleb  Cuebiiig,  tbe  cuininMoner  to  thiit  cinin- 
try,  in  184;(;  nnd  the  annexation  of  Texas 
♦r'eaty,  ninile  at  Wnsbinjiton,  April  12tbl844,  by 
Secretary  Caljionn,  on  I'lo  part  of  tbe  United 
Slates,  and  Messrs.  Vnn  Zandt  and  Henderson, 
on  tbe  part  of  Texas.  Tbe  former  treaty  was 
confirmed  by  CongreK!  but  the  latter  ryocted  ; 
as  it  was  evident  tbfit  il  would  bo  inado  tbe 
dtoppinjt-stono  to  Mi.  Tyler's  accession  to  a 
oecoud  t&rro. 

At  tbo  great  niitionni  convention  beld  in  Dnl 
tiniore,  in  May,  1844,  Henry  Cloy  of  Kentucky, 
•iiul  Theodoie  Frellntrluiysen  of  New  Jersey, 
were  nominated  by  tbe  'vliigs  for  tbe  Presidency. 
Mr.  Vnn  Buren,  m  the  dcnocrntic  convention, 
received  a  idumlity  of  iitcs,  but  being  opposed 
to  the  iinnexation  of  Texas,  was  not  nominated. 
After  eiglitbollotings,  Jo-tcs  K.  Polk,  of  Tennes- 
see, received  tha  nomination  for  President,  ami 
Silas  Wridlit,  of  New  York,  for  Vice  Prcsiilent ; 
but  on  bis  declination,  Goorgo  M.  Dallas  of  Pcnn 
sylvania,  was  chosen  in  bis  stead. 
'  The  friends  of  Mr.  Tylfr  abo  held  a  convention 
about  tbo  same  time,  and  lie  was  jdaced  before 
tlie  jieoplo  09  a  candidate  for  re-election ;  but 
yielding  to  the  persuasions  of  bis  friends,  be 
withdrew,  in  favor  of  Mec-srs.  Polk  ond  Dallas, 
who  were  elected  after  'i  very  exciting  contest. 

On  the  Ist  of  March,  lfri5,  resolutions  were 
passed  by  Congrcs,s,  admitting  To.xas  into  the 
Union,  and  which  were  approved  by  Mr.  Tyler. 
The  Last  act  of  ilr.  Tyler  was  denominated  "  the 
jiocket  veto,"  which  tc  exercised  by  holding  the 
river  and  harbor  apprnphutiou  bill  over  tbo  time 
specified  by  tbo  consiilution.  The  ndministrn- 
lion  of  Mr.  Tyler  ended  on  the  8d  of  March,  nnd 
he  retired  from  office  'without  the  regret  of 
cither  party. 


POLK'S  ADMINIsritATION. 

James  Knox  Polk  was  inaugurated  President 
of  the  United  States,  on  the  4tli  of  March,  1845, 
in  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of  people 
from  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  On  arriving 
at  the  capitol,  the  I'resident  elect  and  the  Ex- 
President  entered  the  Senate  chamber.  A  pro- 
cession was  hero  formed,  when  they  proceeded 
to  the  platform  on  the  east  front  of  the  capitol, 
from  which  Mr.  Polk  delivered  his  inaugural 
address. 

Chief  Justice  Taney  administered  the  oath  of 
office,  and  Mr.  Polk  devoted  the  remainder  of 
the  day  to  receiving  the  congratulations  of  his 
friends.  Uis  cabinet  consisted  of  James  Bu- 
chanan, of  Peunsylvonia,  Secretary  of  State ; 
Kobert  J.  Walkor,  of  Mississippi,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury ;  W.  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  Secretary 
of  War ;  George  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy ;  Cave  Johii.son,  of  Tennessee, 
Postmaster-general ;  and  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Attorney-general. 

The  first  act  of  importance  of  the  new  admin- 
istration, was  the  fulfilment  of  the  annexation 
of  Texas.  The  terms  proposed  by  Congress,  at 
the  close  of  Tyler's  administration,  were  accepted 
by  Texas,  and  a  state  constitution  ndo])tcd,  and 
she  was  ready  for  admission  into  the  Union. 
President  Polk,  in  his  first  annual  message,  re- 
commended Congress  to  pass  a  bill,  recognizing 
Texas  as  a  sister  state.  lie  also  called  the  attcn- 
tiiui  of  Congress  to  the  dispute  in  relation  to 
Oregon,  and  urged  them  to  demand  the  whole 
of  that  territory,  notwithtsanding  the  claims  of 
Great  Britain.  A  reduction  of  the  duties  under 
the  taritf  of  1842  was  also  recommended,  the 
further  restriction  of  banking  operations,  and 
better  means  for  the  natioiud  defence. 


In  the  north,  especially,  tbo  proposed  altera- 
tion of  the  taritT  caused  great  alarm,  pnrlU'ubirly 
In  the  iiiaiMil'acturing  districts,  wliere  il  hud  been 
understood  at  the  election,  that  the  I'resideut 
was  an  aihocate  of  this  law  of  1842. 

The  only  dbstaele  remaining  to  obstruct  the 
acquisition  of  Texas,  was  the  consent  of  that 
nation's  Congress.  Before  their  action  upon  it, 
however,  Mexico,  who  had  never  recognized 
their  independence,  a.'Wiimed  an  opposing  aspect ; 
the  minister  at  Wasldngton  demanded  his  papers, 
and  the  American  envoy  was  denied  all  com- 
munication with  Mexico.  Special  ministers  were 
ap]>ointvd  to  adjust  the  ditliculty  ;  but  without 
success,  nnd  it  was  evident  that  the  only  resort 
would  be,  an  appeal  to  arms.  Meantime,  Texas, 
by  an  act  of  bur  legislature,  became  one  of  the 
states  of  the  Union. 

The  taritf  law  was  repealed  in  the  winter  of 
1845  0,  nnd  another  substituted,  oalle<l  the  ta- 
ritf of  1840.  This  new  tnrift"  reduced  the  duties 
upon  all  articles,  nnd  was  boiled  with  great  dis- 
may and  indignation  throughiuit  the  north  and 
manufacturing  districts.  A  treaty  was  nliio  con- 
eluded  with  Grent  Britain,  by  which  our  claim 
to  the  whole  of  Oregon  was  set  aside,  ond  the 
boundary  lino  fixed  at  49°  50'  north  lotitude. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  on  the  12th  day 
of  April,  1844,  during  tho  administration  of 
President  Tyler,  a  treaty  of  annexation  between 
Texas  ond  the  IJnitod  States  was  signed  by  joint 
commissioners,  but  not  ratified  by  the  United 
States  Senate.  On  tho  1st  of  March,  1845,  the 
Congress  of  tho  United  States  passed  a  resolution 
admitting  her  into  the  Union,  upon  certain  con- 
ditions, to  which  her  lussent  was  lequirod.  After 
grave  deliberation,  the  executive  Congress  of 
that  country  accepted  tlie  propositions,  and  thus 
was  concluded  the  important  act,  by  which  tbo 
vast  territory  formerly  ceded  to  Siiain  by  tho 
Florida  treaty,  was  restored  to  our  government. 
During  this  time,  Mexico  hod  formally  protested 
against  tho  course  of  the  United  States,  ond  nt'ter 
tbo  prclimiuories  bad  been  settled,  tho  Mexican 
minister  ut  Washington,  in  a  note  to  the  Sccre- 
rotory  of  State,  dated  March  6th,  1845,  stated 
that  it  was  "  an  act  of  aggression,  the  most  UU' 
just  which  can  bo  found  recorded  in  the  annals 
of  modern  history ;  namely,  that  of  despoiling  a 
friendly  nation,  like  Mexico,  of  a  considerable 
portion  of  her  territory."  lie  also  protested 
against  the  resolution  of  annexation,  as  being  an 
act  "  whereby  the  iirovinco  of  Texai?,  an  integral 
portion  of  the  Mexican  territory,  is  agreed  and 
admitted  into  tho  Americoi)  Union,"  stated  that 
his  mission  to  the  United  States  had  toriuinated, 
and  demanded  bis  iMissports,  which  were  given 
him,  and  he  returned  to  Mexico. 

Atiuirs  continued  in  this  condition  until  Sep- 
tember, when  the  Secretary  of  State  was  author- 
ized by  the  President  to  incpiire,  through  the 
United  States  consul  at  Mexico,  if  the  Mexican 
government  would  consent  to  receive  an  Amori 
can  envoy,  clothed  with  full  powers  to  settle  all 
ditliculties.  A  favorable  response  was  received, 
but  it  was  requested  that  the  American  naval 
force  nnght  bo  withdrawn  from  Vera  Cruz,  while 
negotiotions  wore  pending.  This  request  was 
grunted,  and  a  minister  with  full  powers  sent  to 
Mexico.  lie  reached  Vera  Cruz  on  tho  30th  of 
November,  1845,  but  found  that  the  politics  of  the 
country  had  undergone  an  unfavorable  change 
towards  tbo  United  States. 

President  Uerrera,  who  had  always  been  an 
advocate  of  peace,  was  opposed  by  o  strong  party 
under  General  Pnredes,  who  founded  his  rebel- 
lion principally  upon  the  assertion  that  General 
Uerrera,  in  consenting  to  receive  tho  peace  ndn- 
ister  of  tbo  United  States,  intended  to  separate 
the  territory  of  Mexico,  by  granting  the  depart- 
ment of  Texas  to  a  hostile  country.  Prior  to 
this  rebellion,  llcrrero,  it  is  believed,  was  favor- 
able to  a  peaceful  gettlement  of  all  difficulties ; 
but,  alarmed  by  the  thioats  of  Poredes,  adopted 


the  unhappy  eourso  of  refusing:  to  recelro  the 
minister,  although  ho  had  ]>roinised  to  do  no. 
Tho  principal  reason  assigned  tor  acting  thus 
was.  that  tho  minister  had  not  come  upon  n 
■ipeeiiil  missloi!,  relating  solely  tc  the  Texas  ques- 
tion, but  his  duties  also  included  a  consideration 
of  the  long-disputed  ouirnpes  -.ipon  the  ting  and 
citizens  of  his  country 

On  the  80th  of  December,  184B,  Gonernl 
Uerrera  resigned  the  presidency,  and  bo  wns  suc- 
ceeded bv  Parcdes  will'  .at  opposition.  On  the 
Ist  of  March,  1841),  too  Amer'i  ii  envoy  ml- 
drcsped  the  Mexican  minister  of  f  .rei(Mmtlairs, 
rec|uesting  that  his  credentials  might  be  |)re- 
seiited  to  tho  now  government,  in  order  that  he 
might  bo  received  in  tbe  diplomatic  character 
in  which  he  bad  been  commissioned.  He  re- 
ceived on  answer,  refusing  his  rcipiest,  denionded 
his  passports,  nnd  returned  to  the  United  States. 

Meanwhile,  other  nnd  totnlly  ditlerent  opera- 
tions were  going  forward.  The  Pnsident  of  the 
United  States,  anticipating  war,  was  organizing 
a  force  to  defend  Texas,  in  case  of  an  invasion, 
or  should  war  be  declared,  to  invade  Mexico. 
In  his  message  of  December,  1845,  tho  I'resident 
thus  comments  upon  this  measure : 

"Both  the  Congress  and  tho  convention  of 
the  people  of  Texas  invited  this  government  to 
send  an  army  into  tlieir  territory,  to  jirotect  an<l 
defend  them  against  a  memiced  attack.  The 
moment  tho  terms  of  annexation  oll'ercd  by  the 
United  States  were  accepted  by  Texas,  the  latter 
became  so  far  a  part  of  our  country,  as  to  make 
it  our  duty  to  otlbrd  such  protection  and  de- 
fence. I  tliercfore  deemed  it  proper,  as  a  precau- 
tionary measure,  to  order  a  strong  squadron  to 
tho  coasts  of  Mexico,  aud  to  cuuceutrote  nn  efii- 
cient  military  force  on  the  ■rfeBtern  frontier  of 
Texas.  Our  army  was  ordered  to  take  positions 
in  tbe  country  between  the  Nueces  and  the  Del 
Norte,  and  to  repel  every  invasion  of  the  Texan 
territory  which  might  be  attempted  by  the  Mex- 
ican forces. 

"  Our  squadron  in  tho  Gulf  was  ordered  to  co- 
operate with  tho  army.  But,  though  our  army 
and  novy  were  placed  in  a  position  to  defend 
our  own  and  the  rights  of  Texas,  they  were 
ordered  to  commit  no  oct  of  hostility  against 
Mexico,  unless  she  declared  war,  or  was  herself 
the  aggressor,  by  striking  the  tirst  blow." 

Of  the  projier  arruugemeut  of  this  force,  ho 
odds  OS  follows : 

"  When  orders  were  given,  during  the  past 
summer,  for  concentrating  a  military  force  on 
the  western  frontier  of  Texas,  our  troops  wero 
widely  dispersed,  and  in  small  detachments,  oc- 
cupying posts  remote  from  each  other.  The 
prompt  aud  eX|>editious  manner  in  which  an 
army,  embracing  more  than  half  of  our  peace 
establishment,  was  drawn  together  on  nn  emer- 
gency so  sudden,  reflects  great  credit  on  tho 
otficers  who  wore  intrusted  with  the  execution 
of  these  orders,  as  well  tis  upon  the  disciiilinc  of 
the  army  itself." 

The  next  thing  tliat  demanded  attention  w.as 
tho  appointing  of  a  communder-iu  chief.  Gen- 
eral Guines  was  the  superior  officer  in  that  sec- 
tion, but  for  some  reasons  not  known,  ho  was 
passed  by,  and  at  tho  suggestion  of  General 
Scott,  General  Zochary  Taylor  was  aippointed. 
On  the  21st  of  March,  1846,  inforuuitiou  was 
convoyed  to  that  officer,  then  at  Port  Jcssup,  in 
Louisiau.i,  to  prepare  his  forces  to  march  into 
Texas  as  soon  as  orders  were  received. 

The  resolutions  of  Congress,  pos.sod  tho  8d  of 
March  for  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the  Union, 
bad  not  as  yet  been  adopted  by  tbe  Texan  gov- 
ernment. As  the  President,  however,  considered 
thot  there  would  be  no  opposition  by  thot  body, 
ho  issued  further  orders,  through  Mr.  More}, 
Secretary  of  State,  dated  28th  of  May,  directing 
General  Taylor,  "  by  order  of  tho  President,  to 
cause  the  forces  now  under  your  command,  and 
those  which  may  be  assigned  to  it,  to  be  pat  iu 


UNITED   STATES. 


08O 


f:  to  reoolTo  the 
milsed  to  do  no. 
I'lir  nctinit  thiii" 
lit  roine  upon  a 
c  tlie  TcxnMqnes- 
il  n  ooimidcnition 
iI>on  tlie  ting  nnd 

r,  ISJn,  General 
i',  mid  lio  WHS  ?iic- 
poiiitiuii.  Oil  tlio 
LTM  II  envoy  nil- 
ot'  fircic'i-ftlliir', 
|8  might  bo  lire- 
,  in  <irdi'r  lliat  lie 
loiimti(!  chiiructer 
intiioned.  He  rt- 
•eiiiiest,  deiimiided 
llic  I'liited  States. 
ly  (lilVerent  opem- 
icPrisident  ol'tlie 
ir,  WI18  organizing 
se  of  an  iiiva.sion, 
o  inviido  Mexico. 
345,  tlio  rrcsidvnt 
aire : 

lio  convention  of 
lis  government  to 
jry,  to  protect  and 
ced  attack.  Tlio 
ion  oll'ercd  by  llio 
y  Texas,  the  latter 
luntry,  as  to  make 
rotection  and  de- 
ropcr,  as  a  ]>rccau- 
troiij;  squadron  to 
onconfrnte  an  elii- 
restcrn  frontier  of 
d  to  take  positions 
ueccs  and  tlio  Del 
asion  of  the  Texan 
upted  by  the  Mcx- 

was  ordered  to  co- 
t  hough  our  army 
,)Ositiou  to  defend 
Texas,  thoy  were 
f  hostility  against 
ar,  or  was  herself 
tirst  blow.'' 
t  of  this  force,  ho 


during  tho  past 

military  force  on 

onr  troops  wero 

dotaehments,  oi> 

;ach   other.     The 

iner  in  which  on 

half  of  our  peace 

tlier  ou  an  enier- 

at  credit  ou  the 

ith  the  execution 

tho  discipline  of 

ed  attention  Wiis 
r-iu  chief,  tien- 
illicer  iu  that  Boc- 
t  known,  he  was 
sstion  of  Cienerul 
ir  was  appointed, 
inforuuitiou  was 
at  Fort  Jcs-iup,  in 
;us  to  march  uito 
•eccivcd. 

,  passed  the  8d  of 
^os  into  tho  Union, 
)y  tho  Texan  gov- 
wover,  considered 
tion  by  that  body, 
ough  Mr.  Marcj, 
of  May,  directing 
tho  Tresidcnt,  to 
rur  command,  and 
to  it,  to  be  pat  iu 


a  podilion  where  they  may  most  promptly  nndi  people  of  Texan,    Tho  Hlo  nrnndo  la  claimed  to 
efficiently  art  In  the  defence  of  Texas,  in  the 
event  it  should  hecoino  necessary  or  proper  to 
employ  them  for  that  pnr|Mwe." 

Mr.  Hancrcift,  acting  secretary  in  the  absence 
of  Mr.  Marcy,  on  tho  15th  of  .tiino  gave  other 
instrui'tions,  and  iis  ihey  are  highly  important  in 
consequence  of  their  sliowing  the  iirecise  position 
laid  down  by  tho  (jovernineiit  to  Cloncral  Taylor, 
we  give  them  in  full  :— 


[••CoiilWuntlal.] 
"  War  Pf  PABTMf.^T,  .Tunc  tfi'ti.  M.V 

"Sin  : — On  the  4lh  day  of  .Tnly,  or  very  soon 
thereafter,  the  convention  of  tho  people  of  Texas 
will  probably  accept  tho  iiroposllion  of  aiincxn- 
tion,  under  the  .ioint  resolution  of  the  Into  Con- 
gress of  tho  United  Slates.  That  n(cc|itance  will 
constitute  Texas  an  integral  portion  of  our 
cDuntry. 

"  In  anticipation  of  that  event,  yon  will  forth- 
with make  a  forward  inovenient  with  the  troops 
under  yonr  command,  and  advance  to  the  month 
of  flio'Sahlne,  or  to  such  other  points  on  tho 
Ijulf  of  Mexico  or  to  its  navigable  waters,  as  in 
your  Judgment  may  be  most  convenient  for  an 
en.bnrkation,  at  tho  proper  time,  for  the  western 
frontier  of  Texas.  *  *  »  *  *  The  point 
of  your  ultimate  destination  is  the  we-^tern  fron- 
tier of  Texas,  whore  you  will  select  and  occupy, 
iu  or  near  the  Rio  (trandc  del  Norte,  such  a  Bite 
as  will  consist  with  the  health  of  your  troops, 
and  will  be  host  fldai)ted  to  repel  invasion,  and 
to  protect  what,  in  tlic  event  of  annexation,  will 
be  our  western  border.  You  will  limit  yourself 
to  tho  ilefcnce  of  tho  territory  of  Texas,  unless 
Mexico  should  declare  war  against  the  United 
States. 

"  Your  movement  to  the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  and 
your  preparations  to  embark  for  the  western 
frontier  of  Texas  are  to  bo  made  without  delay : 
hut  you  will  not  etVcct  n  landing  on  that  frontier, 
until  you  have  yourself  ascoitained  the  duo  ac- 
ceptance, by  Texas,  of  the  proU'ered  terms  of 
annexation. ' 

These  instructions  wore  somewhat  changed  by 
the  following,  dated  8th  of  July,  by  Mr.  .Marcy 
to  (iencral  Taylor. 

"Tliis  department  is  informed  that  Mexico 
has  some  military  e.stablisbmentg  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  which  are,  and  for  some 
time  have  been  in  tho  actual  occupancy  of  her 
troops.  In  currying  out  tho  instructions  hereto- 
fore reccivetl,  you  will  bo  careful  to  avoid  any 
acts  of  aggression  unless  an  actual  war  should 
exist.  The  Mexican  forces  at  the  posts  in  their 
linsscsslon,  and  which  have  been  so,  will  not  be 
disturbed,  as  long  as  the  relations  of  peace  be 
tweon  tho  United  States  and  Mexico  continue.' 

On  tho  20th  of  July,  tho  receipt  of  this  letter 
was  acknowledged  by  (Jeneral  Taylor,  who  ex 
prcs-scd  his  entire  satisfaction  at  the  instructions 
it  contained,  "as  they  conlirm,"  says  be,  "my 
views  previously  communicated,  in  regard  to  the 
jiroper  lino  to  be  occupied  at  present  by  our 
troops;  those  instructions  will  be  closely  followed, 
and  tho  department  may  rest  assured,  that  I  will 
take  no  step  to  interrupt  the  friendly  relations 
lietween  the  United  States  and  Mexico." 

Ou  the  30th,  ho  received  further  instructions 
OS  follows : — 

"  Wae  DEPAKTMtST,  SOtll  Jul}'. 

"  lie  (the  President)  has  not  tho  requisite  in- 
formation in  regard  to  the  country,  to  enable 
him  to  give  any  i>ositivo  directions  as  to  the 
position  you  ought  to  take,  or  the  movements 
which  it  may  bo  expedient  to  make ;  these  must 
bo  governed  by  circumstances.  While  avoiding, 
as  you  have  been  instructed  to  do,  all  aggressive 
measures  towards  Mexico,  as  long  as  the  rela- 
tions of  peace  exist  between  that  republic  and 
the  United  States,  you  are  expected  to  occupy, 
protect,  and  defend  the  territory  of  Texas,  to 
the  extent  that  it  has  been  occupied  by  the 


be  the  boundary  between  the  two  coimtries,  nnd 
up  to  this  bounilary  you  are  to  extend  your  pro- 
tection, oiilv  exi'ciiling  any  posts  on  the  eastern 
le  ihereDl'  whicli  nru  in  the  actual  occupancy 
of  Mexican  liin'es,  or  Mexicai'  settlements,  over 
which  the  Republic  of  Texiis  diil  not  exercise 
jurisdii'lion  at  the  time  of  annexation,  or  shortly 
before  that  event.  It  is  ox|iectcd  that,  In  seloct- 
iiig  the  establislwneiit  lor  your  troops,  you  will 
approach  as  near  the  lioiinihip'  line,  tho  Rio 
(irande,  as  prudence  will  dictate.  With  this 
view  the  President  desires  that  your  nosition, 
for  part  of  your  forces  at  least,  shouhl  be  west 
of  tlio  Nueces." 


On  tho  Cth  of  August,  it  was  stated  by  the 
adjutant-general,  that  the  seventh  infantry,  nnd 
three  companies  of  dragoons,  wcro  ordered  to 
join  General  Tayhir  in  Texivs;  "for,"  says  the 
letter,  "  although  a  slate  of  war  with  Mexico,  or 
an  invasion  of  Texas  hy  her  forces  may  not  take 
place,  it  is  nevertheless  deemeil  proper  and 
necessary  that  your  forces  should  ho  fully  equal 
to  meet,  with  certainty  of  succes.i,  any  crisis 
which  may  arise  in  Texas,  and  which  require  you 
by  force  of  arms  to  carry  out  the  instructions  of 
the  governnient."  The  "letter  further  required 
(ieHeral  Taylor  to  slate  what  auxiliary  troops, 
in  case  ( f  emergency,  he  could  count  upon  from 
Texas,  and  "what  aihlitional  troops,  designating 
the  nniis,  and  what  supply  and  des<-riplion  of 
ordnance,  ordnance  .•itores,  Biuall  arms,  &c.,  judg- 
ing fioiii  any  information  yiui  may  possess  as  to 
the  fulure  exigencies  of  tho  public  service,"  he 
(General  Taylor)  thought  he  would  require,  stat- 
ing at  the  same  lime,  that  ten  thousand  muskets 
and  one  thousand  ritles  had  already  been  issued 
for  Texas. 

So  lar,  the  actions  and  intentions  of  Mexico 
were  Hot  known.  .She  was  known  to  he  very 
bitterly  ojjposed  to  tho  course  pursued  by  the 
United  Slates  in  regard  to  Texas ;  and  it  was 
evident,  that  without  a  severe  struggle,  she 
would  not  give  her  countenance  to  the  annexa- 
tion ;  but  whether  tho  .state  of  the  couiilry, 
both  civil  and  iiolitical,  would  enable  the  govern- 
ment to  rai.«  an  army  of  sutlicient  strength  to 
cope  with  the  United  States,  was  utterly  un- 
known. Under  these  embarrassing  circumstances, 
General  Taylor  wasfurthcr  instructed,  as  follows: 
— '■  Tho  information  hitherto  received  as  to  the 
intentions  of  Mexico,  and  tho  mcasuress  he  may 
adopt,  does  not  enable  the  administration  here 
to  givo  you  more  explicit  instructions  in  re- 
gard to  your  movements,  than  those  which 
have  already  been  forwarded  to  you.  There  is 
reason  to  bulievo  that  Mexico  is  making  ellbrts 
to  assemble  a  large  army  on  the  frontier  of 
Texas,  for  tho  purpose  of  entering  its  territory 
and  holding  forcible  possession  of  it.  Of  their 
movements  you  are  doubtless  advised,  and  we 
triwt  havo  taken,  or  early  will  take,  prompt  and 
ctHcient  steps  to  meet  and  repel  any  such  iiostile 
incursion.  Should  Mexico  a.sseinble  a  large  body 
of  troops  on  the  Rio  Grande,  and  cross  it  wilii 
considerable  force,  such  a  movement  must  bo  re 
garded  as  an  invasion  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  commenceiiient  of  hostilities.  You  will,  of 
course,  use  all  the  authority  which  has  been 
given  or  may  be  given  you  to  meet  such  a  slate 
of  things.  Texas  must  be  protected  from  hostile 
invasion,  and  for  that  purpose  you  will,  of  course, 
employ  to  the  utmost  extent  all  the  means  you 
possess  or  can  command. 

"  An  order  has  this  day  been  issued  for  sending 
one  thousand  more  men  into  Texas  to  join  those 
under  your  command.  When  the  existing  orders 
aro  carried  into  cllect,  you  will  have  with  you  a 
force  of  four  thousand  men  of  tho  regular  army. 
We  are  not  enabled  to  judge  what  auxiliary  force 
cttii,  upon  an  emergency,  be  brought  together 
from  Texas,  and,  as  a  precautionary  measure,  you 
are  authorized  to  accept  volunteers  from  tho 
States  of  Louisiana  and  Alabama,  and  even  bava 


Miiwlsslpiil,  Tennessee,  and  Kentneky.  ShouM 
Mexico  declare  war,  or  commence  bcwlilitics  by 
crossing  the  Rio  Grande  with  a  ciuisidenitilo 
force,  von  are  instrncted  to  hise  no  time  in  giv- 
ing intornmlion  to  the  authorities  of  each  or  any 
of  the  ahovo-mentionod  Slates  as  to  tho  iiumlur 
of  volunteers  yon  may  want  of  theiu  respec- 
tively. Should  you  require  troops  I'nun  any  of 
these  States,  it  would  be  inipiuiaiit  to  Imvc  liiein 
without  tho  Ic.ist  j.os.-ihlo  delay.  It  is  not 
doubled  that  at  least  two  reginunts  from  New 
Orleans,  and  one  from  Midijle,  could  lioohlnimd 
and  expeditiously  brought  Into  the  Held.  You 
will  cause  it  to  be  known  at  these  jilaces,  what 
number  and  description  of  troops  you  desire  to 
receive  from  them  in  the  conleniplated  einor- 
gency.  The  authorities  of  these  Staves  will  ho 
apprised  that  you  are  nuthorl/ed  to  reiiivo 
volunteers  from  them,  nnd  you  may  calciilalo 
that  they  will  promptly  join  you,  when  It  is 
nnide  known  that  their  services  are  required. 
Arms,  aminunilion,  and  camp  e(|uipage  for  llio 
auxiliary  troops  that  you  may  require,  will  bo 
sent  forward  subject  to  your  orders.  You  will 
so  dis|iose  of  them  as  to  be  most  available  In 
ca.se  they  should  bo  needed,  at  the  same  linio 
with  a  tine  regard  to  their  safely  and  nreserva- 
tion.  (Jrders  have  been  i.ssiied  to  the  naval 
force  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  co-operale  with 
you.  You  will,  as  far  as  practicahle,  hold  com- 
munication with  the  commanders  of  our  nalional 
ves,sols  in  your  vicinity,  and  avail  yourself  of 
any  assistance  that  can  be  derived  fro'iii  their  co- 
operation. The  Lexiiigt<m  is  ordered  inio  ser- 
vice as  a  transpoit  ship,  and  will  sail  in  a  few 
days  from  New  York,  with  a  deliuhiiient  of 
United  States  troiqis  for  I'orpus  Chrlsti.  She 
will  bo  employed  as  the  exigency  of  the  public 
service  may  require.  In  order  to  keep  up  a 
proper  comiiiuniciition  between  the  army  in 
Texas  and  tho  United  Slates,  the  On-ka-hy-e, 
the  Harney,  and  the  Dolphin  will  bo  put  into 
service  as  soon  as  they  can  be  made  ready  as 
despatch  vessels  to  convey  intelligence,  supplies, 
vtc.  You  will  avail  yourself  of  these  vessi'ls, 
and  all  other  proper  means,  to  keep  the  govcni- 
ment  here  advised  of  your  operations,  and  the 
state  o*"  .hings  in  Texas  and  Mexico." 

General  Taylor,  in  the  same  month,  having 
concentrated  his  forces,  inarched  for  Texas.  His 
march  from  Corpus  Chri.sti  to  the  Rio  Grande  is 
filled  with  wonderful  and  romanlic  events.  The 
Great  American  Desert  was  to  be  crossed;  all 
vegetation  there  was  stunted,  and  every  river 
ami  hike  filled  with  salt  water.  The  aiqiear- 
anco  of  tho  fruit  and  water  was  tempting,  but 
the  taste  loathsoiuc  and  nauseous.  Drooping 
with  thirst  and  wearines.s,  their  feet  blistered 
with  heat  and  their  cattle  drojqiing  dead  at  every 
step,  the  army  moved  over  the  burning  sand. 
The  men  who  could  face  death  in  battle  wilhoiit 
shrinking,  now  grew  sad  and  melancholy,  and 
moved  slowly  and  wearily  as  if  to  a  funeral 
march. 

At  length  the  river  was  seen,  and  the  Ty  of 
fnnh  miter  ran  through  tho  ranks ;  every  man 
felt  his  energy  renewed,  aii<l  the  army  swejit  on 
with  rapid  steps  ;  lus  they  neareil  the  banks  dis- 
cipline was  lost,  and  geiieriil,  otiicers,  and  men, 
exulted  nnd  revelled  in  the  cooling  stream. 

On  tho  2Hlh  of  March,  the  American  fiag 
fioatcd  on  tho  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande,  nnd  the 
troojis  who  had  forded  rivers,  crossed  streams 
and  deserts,  endured  hunger,  hardship,  thirst, 
and  fatigue,  captured  Point  Isabel,  and  estab- 
lished there  a  military  depot,  now  sat  down  to 
await  a  commencement  of  bostililie.s,  or  an  order 
to  return  home. 

The  death  of  Colonel  Cross,  then  of  Lienten- 
ant  Porter,  and  subsequently  the  capture  of  Cap- 
tain Thornton,  with  his  command,  roused  tlio 
Americans  from  their  security.  The  Mexicans, 
grown  bold  by  success,  were  pouring  iu  upon 
them  from  all  quarters ;  their  supplies  were  cut 
off  from  Point  Isabel,  and  a  dark,  trying  period 


! 

I 


(HO 


nisTonv  OF  the 


i'  ■' 


i. 


i. 


>Mi 


vrim  POttlinK  over  tlio  army.  Kiit  the  tronpi), 
coiilldoiit  of  tlie  gcniHR  imi\  firmncwi  of  tlicir 
li'ailiT,  dill  not  <lc'!i|)i>iul ;  nor  wiw  \\\i*  coiitidi'iici' 
iliiiiiniitluMl  on  tlio  nrrivnl  of  ('a|>t.  Wiilker  nt  tlio 
foft,  iiCtor  oNoiipiiitf  innninorulilo  (liiti(!i'r«,  to  re- 
port tlio  I'Htloiil  <'(iiulllion  of  I'oiiit  Isiibi'l. 

Oil  tlio  l»t  of  Miiy,  Oeiiuriil  Tiiylor,  nwnro  of 
tlip  iiiipurtiiiu'o  of  ro-opvuln((  tliix  ('oiiiiiiiinication, 
loft  Ills  fort  for  tlio  purpose  of  cuttlinj  lil.-t  wiiv  to 
I'oiiit  Iwilii'l.  He  reac'lieil  it  In  siifety,  i'i»pli'ii- 
uliu'i  liU  HtorPH,  rocriilied  liis  iiriiiy,  nnd  on  tlio 
Vtli  started  on  his  roturn.  Tiiat  iii({lit  the  troops 
clept  OD  tlie  open  plain,  nnil  early  on  tlie  follow- 
ing morning  rccoinmenoetl  tlieir  nmreli.  At 
noon  they  reached  a  wide  prairie,  llnnked  liy 
1«K)|8  of  fresh  water,  nnd  bounded  in  the  dis- 
tance by  long  rows  of  cliapporal.  In  front  of 
tlio  latter  were  drawn  up  In  battle  array,  six 
thousand  Mexicans,  in  one  unbroken  line,  n 
mile  in  length.  Undaunted  by  the  overwhelin- 
iiig  superiority  of  mini  hers,  the  Aincrlcnns  pressed 
forward  with  the  greatest  enthiisiflsin.  When 
tlio  arniieg  were  within  six  hundred  yards  of 
each  other,  the  Mexican  batteries  to  the  left, 
poured  forth  their  murderous  tiro.  Hattery  after 
battery  followed  in  rapid  succession,  until  the 

ground  rocked,  the  whole  Held  was  tilled  with 
cnse  smoke,  nnd  the  balls  tore  nj)  the  earth  and 
grass  in  whirling  fragments. 

There  was  a  pause  of  a  few  minutes,  and  the 
Americans  placed  tlieir  guns  in  battery.  Then 
the  aotiou  uummciioed  in  earnest,  Ringgold,  Dun- 
<!an  and  Uhurchill,  sustaining  the  whole  force  of 
the  enemy's  fire.  At  every  discharge  of  these 
gallant  cnnnoneem,  tlio  Mexican  cavalry  reeled 
to  and  fro,  while  scores  sank  down  in  mangled 
ino-sses. 

Dismayed  by  tho  havoc  of  his  cavalry,  the 
Mexican  general  collected  their  scattered' frag- 
ments and  prepared  for  a  charge.  At  that  move- 
iiient  tho  tliird  nnd  fifth  infontry  regiments,  who 
had  hitherto  taken  no  part  in  the  battle,  were 
ordered  forword  to  meet  tho  enemy.  But  the 
liuge  masses  bore  on  amid  a  tremendous  fire  from 
the  third  regiment,  assisted  by  Ridgely's  guns, 
until  they  arrived  ot  the  fifth.  This  was  formed 
into  a  square  to  support  Lieutenant  Ridgely. 
That  brave  ofllcer  planted  his  guns  In  the  very 
front  of  the  lances,  and  rode  from  rank  to  rank, 
amid  showers  of  balls  and  bullets.  His  horse 
fell  dead,  and  four  others,  maddened  with  the 
smoke  and  uproar,  plunged  headlong,  before  the 
muzzles  of  tho  cannon,and  directly  between  the 
two  armies.  There  was  a  moment  of  dread,  for 
■witiiout  horses  tho  artillery  would  be  nnman- 
agcable.  Then  Ridgely  sprung  forward,  and 
drew  tho  animals  to  their  stations.  A  tremend 
ous  shout  followed  this  daring  ootion,  echoed  by 
roars  of  artillery,  and  the  hurryings  of  tho  ene- 
my's retreat.  At  this  moment  Colonel  Twiggs 
came  down  on  them  with  the  third  infantry, 
supported  b„.  Miyor  Ringgold. 

While  the  cavalry  was  breaking  before  our 
artillery,  the  prairie  gross  became  ignited,  and 
tho  exciting  spectacle  of  a  prairie  on  fire  was  add- 
ed to  the  horrors  of  a  field  of  battle.  Gradually 
the  firing  ceased,  until  silence  hung  over  the 
plain,  unbroken  save  by  the  crackling  of  flames, 
or  an  occasional  command. 

Hut  tho  cessation  was  only  temporary.  Un- 
der cover  of  the  thick  darkness,  caused  by  the 
masses  of  smoke,  which  rising  hid  tho  sun,  and 
the  armies  from  each  othar,  each  formed  a  new 
line  of  battle,  and  in  an  hour  the  action  was 
renewed.  Tho  artillery  led  tho  battle ;  and  both 
armies  fought  with  a  heroism  rarely  surpassed  in 
the  history  of  American  warfare.  In  the  very 
midst  of  it  one  man  rode  along  the  van  of  our 
troops,  on  a  white  horse,  and  exhorted  them  to 
«iuty.  Wild  shouts  of  exultation  greeted  him, 
and  each  soldier  forgot  that  he  was  rioting  in 
blood  and  danger. 

M^jor  Ringgold,  on  that  day,  nobly  sustained 
tbe  honor  of  his  country.    His  calm,  fearless 


bearing  attracted  rrnnoral  attention,  as  ho,  the 
very  soul  of  tho  artillery,  watched  with  a  soldier's 
iiitorosl,  tho  fearful  havoc  of  his  shot   in  tho  on 
eiiiy's  ranks. 

Yet  his  glorv  was  as  short-lived  n»  it  was 
brilliant.  While  siiporiiitondiiig  the  ciglitooii 
pounilors,  n  cannon  ball  struck  his  riglit  thigh, 

fiasscd  ciimplotoly  throii|;li  the  fIkiuIiIoI's  of  his 
lorsn,  and  out  tliroiigh  his  lol't  thigh,  tonring  away 
nil  that  opposed  its  course. 

Tho  hunt  cavalry  charge  was  mot  by  Capt. 
Duncan's  battery,  assistod  by  fhu  8tli  infantry 
'and  Kcr's  dragcwns.  Hofore  tho  fire  of  these 
companies  the  horsemen  fell  back  in  confusion, 
and  the  day  was  won.  Night  brought  repose  to 
tho  weary  Eoldiors. 

Thus  was  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  won,  but 
another  more  dark  and  terrible  was  in  reserve. 
At  four  o'clock  in  the  oftornoon  of  May  Otii,  the 
Americans  arrived  in  front  of  a  deei)  gorge, 
known  as  the  Resaca  do  la  Palnia,  fianking  tlie 
road  on  each  side,  and  covered  with  an  impen- 
etrable chapporal  of  prickly  pear,  8pnnish  nee- 
dle, and  otiier  thorny  plants.  Here  wore  con- 
cealod  tho  legions  of  tho  Mexican  forces,  await 
ing  tho  arrival  of  their  opponents.  Their  heavy 
batteries  were  posted  in  the  gorge,  so  ns  to  ruke 
tho  ground  from  both  sides,  while  tho  infantry 
should  at  tho  same  time  employ  their  musketry 
from  tho  chapporal.  Tho  cavalry  was  station ei) 
so  ns  to  support  the  rest  of  the  army,  and  act 
according  to  emergencies. 

About  four  o'clock  tho  battle  began.  A  party 
of  skirmishers  engaged  some  Mexican  cavalry, 
'and  after  retreating  a  short  distnnro  milled, 
and  in  turn  drove  back  their  opponents.  Mean- 
while the  main  army  moved  rapidly  toward  the 
gorge,  eager  to  finish  the  work  commenced  at 
Palo  Alto.  Riding  through  their  columns, 
tho  commonder  exhorted  each  man  to  his 
duty,  reminding  them  that  n  fearful  struggle 
was  about  to  complete  the  measure  of  their 
worth  and  glory.  Shouts  of  gratitude  and  exul- 
tation greeted  him. 

At  length  when  near  tho  Resaca,  tho  Mexicon 
artillery  broke  forth  in  discharges  which  echoed 
along  the  gorge,  and  ploughed  up  tho  ground 
and  rocks  in  every  direction.  The  troops  halted. 
Then  tho  regiments  followed  each  other  towards 
the  ravine,  regardless  of  tho  murderous  fire 
pouring  from  obove  them.  In  advance  of  all 
rode  Lieutenant  Ridgely,  his  batteries  pouring 
forth  uninterrupted  discharges  of  shot  and  canis- 
ter. Then  como  the  heavy  columns  of  tho  8th 
infantry,  succeeded  by  tho  remainder  of  the 
army.  For  half  an  hour  the  artillery  stood  be- 
tween tlie  opposing  forces.  They  faltered  not, 
although  the  balls  whizzed  around  them,  and  the 
cavalry  dashed  forward  until  the  horses  almost 
leaped  upon  the  cannon.  Throwing  aside  all 
superfluous  clothing,  grim  with  smoke  and  pow- 
der, and  sweltering  in  tho  burning  sun,  these 
heroes  faced  death,  and  amid  frightful  scenes  of 
carnage,  wrenched  victory  from  the  enemy. 
Their  leader  managed  a  gun  with  his  own  hand, 
like  a  common  soldier,  and  refused  to  mount  his 
horse  until  the  cavalry  was  broken. 

When  the  Mexicans  begim  to  retreat,  the 
Americans  raising  a  terrific  sliout,  immudiatoly 
commenced  a  pursuit.  Batteries  groaning  with 
heavy  cannons  were  wheeled  into  action,  and 
opened  upon  the  Americans.  Still,  although 
clamor  and  misery  followed  their  course,  they 
pressed  on.  Then  the  flash  of  thousands  of 
mu.'kets  burst  forth  from  the  chapporal.  AVhole 
companies  were  ploughed  down,  and  the  artillery 
was  almost  dismantled.  Still  the  soldiers  ad- 
vanced. Dashing  through  death  and  horror 
they  reached  the  thicket,  and  sprang  forward  to 
tho  fierce  trial  of  tho  bayonet.  Then  tho  firing 
ceased,  and  nothing  was  heard  save  the  grating 
of  bayonet  with  bayonet  as  thoy  sprung  to  op- 
posing bosoms.  Then  arose  another  about,— the 
chapporal  was  gained. 


Snro  of  victory,  the  troops  now  at.cmpted  to 
drive  the  Mexicans  from  their  liatlcrivs.  lint 
iiiaiiiioil  by  the  Taiiijnii)  viloniiis,  iiiid  coin- 
iiiandoil  liy  tho  bravo  Iji  Vogii,  thow  guiisswo|>t 
every  thing  lioforu  thciii,aiid  covorcd  tho  rolriiil 
of  the  infantry,  while  tho  cavalry  prcjiarcd  fur 
another  charge. 

(ioiioral  Taylor,  seeing  that  nothing  cloclsivo 
could  bo  accomplished  while  tho  Mexicans  iv- 
lainod  their  guns,  onlorcil  Cajil.  May  to  cliari;o 
llioiii  with  ills  dragoiuis.  Whou  tho  riiplaiii 
I'ikIv  back  to  hiscomiiianil,  "  .Men !''  ho  exilaiinoil, 
''  follow,"  and  tho  troops  plunged  forward 
towards  the  rocks  of  tho  RoHaca.  On  thoy 
swept  until  thoy  reached  Colonel  Ridgely,  by 
wlioin  they  halted  until  ho  had  drawn  tho  ene- 
my's fire.  Then,  with  their  arms  bared  to  tho 
shoulder,  and  thoir  sabres  glittering  in  tho  hun, 
the  dragoons  advanced.  Silently  tho  enoiny, 
with  thoir  matches  ignited  close  to  the  cannon, 
awaited  them.  Nearer  the  dragoons  approached ; 
a  roar  like  thunder  broke  the  silence,  anil 
oiglitecn  horses  witli  seven  men  fell  dead.  Lieu- 
tenant Sackett  was  thrown  into  tho  midst  of  tho 
enemy;  Lientonant  Inge  was  sliot  through  the 
throat.  Still  tho  survivors  j)ressed  on,  Leapin;< 
over  the  brccclics  of  the  cannon,  they  overthrew 
the  cannoneers,  nnd  drove  back  tho  Tampiin 
regiment  with  tlieir  sabres.  Those  wore  repulsed 
but  A  moment;  then  rushing  back  to  their  sta- 
tions, theysolzal  the  horses  bridles,  nnd  fouglit 
hand  to  hand  with  thoir  riders.  Again  tliey 
were  driven  back,  and  again  returned,  climbin'^ 
over  their  dead  companions,  and  planting  their 
stiindard  by  tho  principal  battery.  La  Vtgn, 
their  general,  black  with  smoke,  and  grinieil 
with  blood,  stood  among  his  fallen  heroes,  and 
called  the  survivors  to  their  posts.  Nobly  obey- 
ing this  call,  they  closed  around  him  like  a  wall 
of  iron.  But  May,  concentrating  his  forces,  again 
rushed  upon  them,  breaking  thoir  ranks,  ami 
capturing  La  Voga  liimsclf.  Then  the  shattereil 
band  slowly  left  their  guns.  One  of  them  toro 
the  flag  from  the  stati',  wrai>ped  it  around  his 
body,  nnd  attempted  to  escajie,  but  weary  and 
wounded  he  fell,  and  was  captured. 

Thus  was  won  tho  battle  of  Resaca  do  la  Pal- 
nia. Tho  ilexicans  were  completely  routed,  and 
eleven  hundred  were  lying  still  and  cold  on  tlio 
plains  of  Texas. 

The  little  fort  on  tho  livor  had  not  been  idle. 
On  tho  yd  of  May,  all  the  cannon  in  Maiamuraa 
opened  a  heavy  cannonade,  and  soon  after  tliu 
Mexicans  crossed  tlio  river,  and  poured  forth 
heavy  discharges  from  their  field  batteries.  Tho 
littlo  garrison  were  undismayed.  Surrounded 
by  many  times  tlieir  number,  they  hurled  defi- 
ance at  their  foes,  and  prepared  for  tho  fierce 
struggle  of  an  assault;  and  when  their  ammuni- 
tion was  almost  exhausted,  they  sullenly  awaited 
the  onset  of  the  eueniy.  On  the  Uth  Mi\jur 
Brown,  their  commander,  was  mortally  wound- 
ed  by  a  bomb,  yet  still  his  men  boro  on.  Vn 
the  8th  tho  sound  of  distant  cannon  broke  n]ji)ii 
their  ears ;  they  sprang  upon  tho  ]iara[;ets  and 
listened;  again  and  again  it  echoed  along,  ami 
then  wild  cheers  followed  the  reports.  Ciencr.il 
Taylor  had  met  tho  enemy,  and  on  tho  follow 
ing  day,  when  his  little  army  spuing  from  the 
neighbouring  thickets,  in  pursuit  of  tho  Mex- 
icans, one  sliout  arose  from  the  fort  heard  above 
the  din  of  battle. 

The  capture  of  Matamoros,  and  tho  neigh- 
bouring posts,  followed  these  victories.  G  or , .  '1 
Taylor  refreshed  his  troops,  received  reinforco- 
monts,  and  marched  for  Monterey,  in  the  neigli- 
bourhood  of  which  ho  arrived  on  tho  Idth  uf 
September. 

On  the  21st  this  strong  city  was  attacked  at 
two  stations  by  the  main  army,  while  General 
Worth  led  a  division  against  the  forts  on  a 
neighbouring  hill.  Generals  Twiggs  and  Butler, 
Colonel  May's  dragoons  and  the  Texas  volunteers, 
became  inTolved  between  three  fires,  directed 


JiA.. 


UNITED  STATES. 


nit 


ipn  now  nt.>.Miptod  to 
llieir  liiitlcricH.  Hut 
vi'lcrniiH,   iiMil    poiii- 

I'KII,    tlU'W  )tUIIHHW<'pt 

1(1  I'ovt'i'ccl  tlio  ivlriiil 
cttvalry  iirc'imrcd  I'ur 

tlint  notliiiiff  <lcoUivi' 
ilo  thv  Mv.xicniiH  rc- 
Ciijit.  May  to  diarno 
Wlii'ii  the  ra|p|iiii\ 
'  Mciil''  liouxi'luiiiicil, 
m    i>liiiigv(l    I'orwaril 

0  licHnvu.  On  tlicy 
Culoiiel  I{i(l^'ely,  liy 
had  drnwn  tlio  viie- 

Ir  arum  barvd  tu  tho 

ttlittoring  hi  thu  miii, 

Hili'iilly  tho  I'licniy, 

1  (low  to  tlio  cuiiiiun, 
dragoons  npiiroaclicd ; 
>ko  thu    xiluiKMj,  and 

int'ii  t'l'll  (k'ad.  I.Uiu- 
I  into  tho  iiiidst  of  tho 
van  Hhot  throiigli  tho 

prcsHi'd  on.  Loapinn 
iiinoii,  tlicv  overtlircw 

0  hack  thu  Tainjiici) 
Tlmso  were  repulmil 

\aif  hack  to  their  Nin- 
es' bridles,  and  fought 
riders.  Again  thiv 
lin  returned,  clindiin^ 
iH,  and  planting  their 

1  bottery.     La  Vegn, 
8in()ke,  and   grimed 

Ids  fallen  heroes,  and 
r  posts.  N(d)ly  ohey- 
irouud  him  like  a  wall 
'ating  his  forces,  again 
Ing  tlieir  ranks,  ami 
'.  Tliun  tho  shattered 
I,  One  of  them  tore 
rapped  it  around  hii 
scajio,  but  weary  and 
Miptured. 

of  Uesaca  do  la  Pal- 
oinplutcly  routed,  and 
btill  and  cold  on  tho 

or  had  not  been  idle, 
cannon  in  Maiuinoriia 
0,  and  soon  after  the 
;r,  and  poured  forth 
r  Hold  batteries.  Tho 
sinaycd.  SiirroundeJ 
her,  they  hurled  deli- 
spared  for  tho  lieno 

when  their  nnimuni- 

they  sullenly  awaileil 
On  the  Utli  Miyor 
was  mortally  wound- 
men  boro  on.  (Jii 
it  cannon  broke  u]>(>u 
>ou  the  ])arapcts  and 

it  echoed  along,  and 
the  reports.  Ciener.d 
r,  and  on  tho  follow 
rmy  sjiiang  from  the 

pursuit  of  tbe  Hes- 
i  tho  fort  heard  above 

oras,  and  the  neigh- 
so  victories.  Ger..'I 
s,  received  reinforco- 
unterey,  in  tbe  neigh- 
rived  on  tho  19th  ul 

city  was  attacked  at 
army,  while  General 
linst  the  forts  on  a 
ds  Twiggs  and  Butler, 
1  the  Texas  volunteers, 
tbre«  fires,  directed 


ngnlnst  thorn  from  stronnty  built  forts.     IleroJ  thousand  men,  hero  awaittMl  tho  Iwst  General  in 


iJiey  stood  for  several  hours  In  tho  very  Jaws  of 
death,  with  the  halls  sweeping  througli  and  thin- 
ning their  ranks  every  instant.  .May  and  'I'wlirgs 
were  heard  high  over  the  scene  of  i-hinghlcr,  cx- 
liortliig  their  heroes  to  the  charge;  while  ilnl- 
Icr's  troops,  s\vee|ping  on  with  the  bayonet,  over- 
threw tho  oppoHing  cavalry,  and  ru-hed  almost 
to  the  guns  of  the  flirt.  Hut  tho  Mexicans  miw 
the  danger,  and  calling  the  troops  around,  pre- 
piired  to  meet  it.  Our  coiiipaides  were  com- 
pletely riddled  liy  tho  trememhiiH  tires  poured 
u|M>n  them,  and  in  gloomy  rage  were  torn  from 
the  scene  while  the  shouts  of  tho  .Mexh'aiiK  rang 
upon  tho  air. 

lint  tho  Americans  soon  changed  tho  shout  of 
triumph,  ('apt.  Ihickus,  having  cllmhed  nixm  a 
tannery  near  tlio  fort,  poured  into  it  n  (ieiidly 
lire  of  musketry.  Hefore  their  Mstonishment  at 
this  h(dd  feat  had  subsided.  General  (jiillman 
Clinic  niion  It,  leaped  tho  onibraiures,  wheeled 
round  tho  cannon,  and  drove  olf  tho  Mexicans 
with  tho  bayonet. 

The  Imlllo  now  raped  with  new  fury.  From 
thirty  heavy  cannons  the  Mexicans  poured  forth 
a  diMidly  lire ;  whole  sections  mclleil  under  it, 
and  General  Itiitler  was  wounded,  and  retired 
from  tho  Held.  The  rapid  charges  of  ('oloiicl 
Garland  against  tho  second  fort  were  unsuccess- 
ful, and  tho  counmnd  waa  withdrawn  to  the 
caidiired  station. 

About  this  time  ft  body  of  lancers  wrcnd 
slowly  round  tli"  wall  of  the  city,  toward  t.'.e 
luiltcrv  oppo."''  Ii  ~  citadel.  At  seeing  tiici/i 
Gaptaiu  l!ra>.'>.  Hoped  forward,  and  liy  n  few 
Well  directed  eluirges  drovo  them  hack  with 
loss. 

On  tho  211(1  a  grand  attack  was  nindo  upon  al! 
tho  Mexican  stations.  Maildened  by  heavy  loss- 
es, the  American  rangers  hurst  into  tho  houses, 
tore  the  .^kirmichers  from  tho  windows,  and 
bored  through  the  side  walls  toward  tho  central 
jilazu.  Tho  dull  sound  of  the  pickaxe,  con- 
trasted strangely  with  the  roar  of  tho  guns. 
Streets  and  sipiaros  were  thus  pasvcd  until  the 
troops  were  in  the  vicinity  of  the  principal  plaza. 
Here  they  halted,  issued  from  tho  houses,  and 
coniincncod  a  cannonade.  This  renewed  the 
general  action.  Soon  tho  walls  of  the  great 
cathedral  tottered,  and  at  length  a  portion  fell 
inward  with  a  fearful  crash.  There  was  an  in- 
stant's ccs,«alion  of  the  enemy's  lire,  then  it  com- 
menced again  with  renowed  fury,  riitil  near 
sunset  the  Americans  fought  desperately,  against 
an  intrenched  foe  of  three  times  their  number. 
Then  they  were  withd'awn  to  await  the  arrival 
of  Genend  Worth's  division.  This  otlicer,  after 
capturing  the  Hishop's  Palace  and  other  re- 
doulit.i,  had  entered  tho  city,  and  penetrated 
toward  the  S(iuaie,  on  the  side  opposite  General 
Taylor.  Night  set  in,  and  liotli  armies  retired 
to  prepare  for  a  flnal  struggio  on  tho  ensuing 
day. 

On  tho  2-lth,  proposals  for  a  capitulation  were 
received  from  iho  Mexican  (ieiieral  Ampndia, 
and  negolialions  ensued,  whhdi  i'esulte(l  in  a 
surrender  of  the  cily  and  puldio  stores  to  the 
army  of  General  Ta.vhir.  The  army  maiched 
iiilo  the  iiikrior  on  |  arolc.  the  olhccrs  and  S( 
iliers  letaining  most  of  their  arms,  together  with 
a  liattery  of  artillery. 

The  crowning  point  of  ( leiioral  Taylor's .  areer, 
was  the  haltle  of  Hiieiia  Vista.  The  generals  he 
had  hoietolbro  enf;aged  with  were  those  of  litll 
popularity;  now  lie  was  contending  with  one, 
en  whom  the  nation  depended  with  enliro  con- 
lideiiee,  and  for  whom  they  were  willing  to 
make  any  sacrifices. 

About  seven  miles  south  of  Sa'lillo  stands  the 
small  village  of  Uuena  Vista.  The  deep  gorgeof 
Angostura  is  at  some  distance  from  it,  surround 
ed  Uy  rocks,  hills  and  ravines,  and  holding  the 
key  of  a  position,  which,  for  dcfensivo  warfare, 
i-i  not  8urpas,sj(l  by  any  other  on  the  (Miitiiient. 
ticnerul  Taylor,   with  his  little  army   of  live 


Mexh'o,  with  tweiity-ono  thousand.  They  soon 
came,  arranging  the'-  a.tillery,  moving  Into  line, 
and  choosiiiK  posilhim  for  tlie  attack.  In  the 
al'tcriioiin,  a  party  of  lancers  wdiiiid  round  the 
heighls  to  Iho  left  of  tho  .\merlcan  position, 
with  thu  inleiitlon  of  making  a  charge;  they 
Were  followed  by  some  infantry,  and  oiio  artil- 
lery company,  who  cominonood  an  attack  in  that 
ipiarter.  Considerable  skirmishing  took  place, 
and  the  troops  of  both  armies  niaini'uvred  till 
night. 

On  tho  2!)d  at  early  dawn,  the  movements  in 
both  armies  gave  token  of  Ihe  approaching 
struggle.  The  enemy,  reinforced  liurlng  the 
night,  now  bore  down  an  imnieiiso  cidumn  upon 
the  liltlo  army  on  the  left.  C'olonol  Marshall, 
calling  his  little  hand  around  him,  prepared  for 
tho  charge.  Por  three  hours  they  fought  for 
victory,  and  the  sun  rose  on  the  dreadful  battle 
already  commenced. 

At  eight  o'clock,  a  dense,  deep  column  came 
steadily  U|ioii  the  Americun  centre.  The  oyo  of 
their  leader  and  his  artillerists  watched  tlu'm  In 
stern  silence  as  they  drew  near.  They  passed 
artillery  shot,  and  a  wild  shout  oriise,  in  antici- 
pation of  victory;  hut  now  tho  heavy  balls 
ploughed  their  way  tVom  sido  to  side  of  that  liv- 
ng  Cdlumn,  sweeping  with  fearful  havoc  through 
their  ranks.  The  severed  ranks  closed,  and  the 
columns  still  pressed  on.  Asecond  and  third 
time  the  death  shower  was  poured  upon  them, 
each  time  with  frightful  olfect ;  then  a  panic 
seized  llioiii,  and  they  Hod  in  dire  confusion. 

The  Mexican  General  viewed  this  rout  with 
iismay,  ond  instantly  began  to  repair  it.  His 
cavalry  and  a  large  infantry  force  united  under 
over  of  tile  rocks  in  one  body,  and  issued  forth 
to  attack  the  loft  yving.  'I'hiH  had  been  the 
first  point  of  attack,  and  was  now  reinftirced  by 
tho  Illinois  and  Indiana  regiments,  and  tho  ar- 
tillery of  Gapt.  O'Hrien. 

General  Laiio  rode  along  his  linos;  and  point- 
ing to  the  coming  hosts,  reminded  the  men  that 
they  wore  Americans,  and  exhorted  them  to 
their  duly.  Throwing  tho  artillery  rapidly  for- 
ward, he  ordered  the  second  Indiana  regiment 
to  support  it,  and  placing  himself  hy  the  soldiers 
of  tho  Ulinoi.s,  watched  the  foo's  progress.  In  a 
ma.ssive  column  they  came  on,  shouting  in  an- 
ticipation of  victory.  Tho  battle  now  opened 
Swecjiing  through  the  heavy  Mexican  phalanx, 
tho  shot  mowed  down  yvlioiu  columns,  and  lev 
elled  the  cavalry ;  yet  the  liiius  closed,  ami 
pressed  on.  Then  another  road  oiiened,  and  the 
carnage  wius  still  frightful.  Still,  with  pale,  com- 
pressed lips,  tho  Mexicans  jiressed  forward.  The 
Americans  were  melting  at  their  approaidi,  and 
tho  artillery  was  surrounded  with  (lead.  Gen- 
eral Liiiio,  sweoiiing  over  the  Held,  urged  his  troojis 
to  Hrmness;  while  O'Urieii,  leaping  from  hi- 
horse,  seized  a  gun,  and  kept  thu  artillerists  at 
their  places. 

At  the  fearful  moment  when  the  energy  of 
every  man  was  i'e(iniied  to  insure  victory  to  the 
Americans,  the  Indiana  regiment  moved  rapidly 
I'roiii  their  stations,  and  commenced  an  inglori- 
ous retreat.  Tlio  statf  otHcers,  at  this  shamofid 
sight,  galloped  across  their  path,  and  seizing  the 
regimental  colors,  called  on  the  troops  to  leiiieiu- 
ber  their  country  ;  some  few  brave  spirits  came 
from  the  mass,  in  answer  to  tho  call,  but  the 
greater  part  still  Hod. 

Now  the  Mexicans,  inspired  by  this  success, 
poured  on  with  exultant  shouts.  Sure  of  vic- 
tory, tho  lancers  bore  down.  They  bore  up, 
their  stern  captain  refusing  to  yield,  until  the 
soldiers  less  than  the  caunon  fell  into  confusion. 
Then  remounting  his  horse,  which  was  wounded, 
like  all  tho  othei's,  he  ordered  a  retreat,  and  the 
cavalry  dashed  down  and  took  his  guns. 

Hut  now  the  ringing  voice  of  General  Wool 
came  ringing  over  tho  licld,  "Illinuis!  Illinois  1 
to  tho  rescue  I  "  and  the  fiery  sons  of  the  west, 
punting  for  couilict  and  rcvongo,  opouud  tboir 


V(dley»  of  muiketry.  Still  llio  living  avalanche 
poured  on.  Theii  the  Mlsslsslppiaiis  planted 
Iheni'ielves  in  the  path,  and  awalled  the  striigglo. 
,\ll  around,  horsemen,  arllllcry,  and  inliinlry, 
were  concentrating  Iheiiisclves  upon  ihcce  de- 
voted regiments.  Still  the  tall  form  of  Wool 
was  seen  ulidiiig  from  ((iinpany  to  company, 
shouting  that  thrilling  war-cry,  which  Hllud 
every  heart  with  Hro. 

Hut  a  Htlll  more  stirring  appeal  awaited  them. 
General  Taylor,  on  his  white  hmse,  rode  between 
the  two  armies,  while  the  arinv  carried  Ids  name 
in  exultant  shouts  to  llio  veiv  skies.  Hcforo 
that  wild  battle  cry  was  over,  liie  Mexicans  wero 
towering  upon  our  trtuips  for  the  Hnal  struggle. 
Then  Captain  Hragg  galloped  Into  hatlery, 
and  Iho  riHes,  muskets,  ami  heavy  ordnaiu^o 
commenced  their  deadly  wiirk.  Now  tho  repii- 
tiithin  of  each  general,  nation,  army  wasat  stake. 
Again  and  again  the  Mexicans  advanced,  and  an 
often  rolled  hack,  before  the  showers  of  iron  hail 
whl(di  greeted  them.  N(dily  the  American  troops 
did  their  duly.  Kacli  siddler  fought  as  if  victory 
depended  on  his  individual  eti'orts.  Hrokeii  and 
rejiulKcd,  the  enemy  commenced  ihelr  disastrous 
retreat.  Their  dead  and  wounded,  lying  in 
masses,  or  Ki^ittcred,  marking  the  whole  lino  of 
their  march.  Yet  over  these  the  terrified  lancers 
rode,  grinding  them  to  earlli,  and  completing 
the  W(irk  of  (leatli.  Hanks  were  trodden  down 
by  their  comrades,  or  whirled  over  slippery 
rocks.  Then  they  burst  upon  the  infantry,  over- 
throwing cidunin  offer  column,  and  scattering 
tho  Hower  of  the  army  like  cliiiH'.  On  ]ioiiied 
the  shoiiling  Americans,  hliKhtins  those  splendid 
companies  with  their  terrible  (Vischaiges,  and 
sweeping  the  entire  field.  Siill  the  war-cry  of 
Wool,  and  the  shout  for  Taylor  went  up,  urging 
Iho  tri  .ips  to  pursuit.  The  Kentucky  regimei  c 
under  tho  command  of  Clay  and  McKee,  pushed 
alHer  the  fugitives,  far  in  advance,  until  they  ho- 
came  eiitanpled  among  the  ravines  and  jiasi-es  on 
the  left.  Seizing  this  favorable  moment,  the  cav- 
alry whirled  oround,  and  attacked  these  troops 
with  their  wlnde  force,  and  the  liatllo  com. 
nienced  again.  Now,  after  a  liard  day's  battle, 
facing  an  entire  Hrmy,  the  Kentucky  regiments 
fought  till  night.  Their  colonels  fell,  but  tho 
soldiers  gathered  round  tho  bodies,  and  fought 
hand  to  hand  with  the  foe.  Tho  contest  was 
too  uneijual.  Tliey  were  driven  hack,  and  tho 
day  seemed  hist.  Hut  the  artillery  again  met 
the  enemy,  drove  them  back,  and  secured  tho 
victory,     tieneral  Taylor  had  triumphed. 

The  Americans  sank  oxhausled  upon  the  field, 
and  night  fell  on  the  scene  of  slaughter.  Two 
Ihonsand  dead,  dying  and  wounded,  friend  and 
foe  lay  around. 

This  great  battle,  by  far  the  most  rcniarkablo 
of  the  war,  was  the  last  military  achievement  of 
tieiieral  Taylor. 

General  Kearney,  an  oHieer  of  marked  aliility 
and  energy,  was  ordered  liy  tho  J'resideiit  to 
raise  a  iiiimlH'r  of  men,  not  to  exceed  '^,(11111, 
which,  united  with  the  regular  army  at  Port 
I.eaveiiworth,  on  tho  .Missouri  Uiver,  were  to  bo 
called  the  "Army  of  the  West,"  and  wero  to 
carry  out  a  most  important  part  of  Ihe  plan  of 
operations  determined  on  by  the  government  of 
Iho  Pnited  ."^lates.  His  iiiHtrnctions  were  to 
cross  the  prairies,  and  take  posses.sum  of  New 
Mexico.  He  was  furllier  coiiimi.ssioncd  to  pro- 
ceed to  Calirornia,  after  securing  possession  of 
New  Mexico. 

The  (iovernor  of  Missouri  was  cidled  upon  for 
1,0U0  volunteers — one  battalion  to  serve  as  light 
artillery,  and  tlie  rest  as  mounted  riHemen.  So 
great  was  tho  enthusiasm,  that  no  difficulty  was 
oxperieiicod  in  raising  volunteers,  although  each 
man  had  to  provide  himself  with  a  horso,  and 
every  thing  exeeut  his  arms. 

After  many  delays,  the  ''  Army  of  the  West " 
wore  in  pi'(i|ier  trim,  and  started  from  port 
Leavouwoitli,  on  the  UUlh  of  June,  IdlU,  uud 


643 


HISTORY   OF  THE 


ftrrivoil,  on  the  2ntli  of  July,  nl  Itmil'H  Kort,  n 
(li'<tiiii('(>  1)1'  filU  tiilU'd.  ll'To  wiiH  foiiiiil  llio  rc- 
m  liiiiliT  o(  llio  lroii|w  onli'ivil  tii  Juiii  (ii'iK'ral 
lu'.inii'y.  IIIh  wlmlo  fiiroo  tlirn  rimiilnTiMl  almut 
],7.")ii  iiiin.  Oil  llio  fllnl  of  .Inly,  n  pnicliiiiiutioii 
WMK  i^MiU'il  li  till'  iiilialiitniitsof  Nvw  Mi'xico,  iic 
ciM'iliii^'  Ik  iiislnirliiiiiH, 

On  llio  .'111  iif  AiifjuMl,  llio  iiriiiy  odiiiiiuMirod  ll» 
innvnni  innvoiiioiilH,  iiiiil  in  ton  iIiivh,  during 
wliloli  liiilli  tlio  iiion  nnil  Iioii«Ih  nulloroil  mioni 
Inldlornlily,  tlioy  lioffiiii  to  iiwonil  tho  Hockv 
Mdiitiliiiui.  Si'uiitH  woro  fro(|iu'ntly  on|itiiroii, 
who  Kiiiloil  llmt  Annijn,  tlio  (iovornor  of  Now 
MoxiiMi,  wiiiild  (i|i|»iw  llio  |iroi;ro»Hi)f  tlio  Aiiior- 
iciiiiK;  iiii'l  wliii,  iiflor  lioiii(;  hIiiiwm  llio  "IronKtIi 
of  llio  iiriiiy,  woro  soul  liiick  to  .\riiiiJo.  (lonoi'iil 
Koiinioy  iinivoil  at  llio  I.owor  Morn  vlllnKO  on 
tlio  iruli  of  Aiij:iist,  ami  adilron'-oil  llio  |ioo|ilo. 
IIo  ooinpolloil  llio  iiloaMos  In  hwoiii'  iilli>;:iaiioo  to 
tlio  Unitoil  StaU'.!,  iind  t;roolod  tlio  |ioo|ilo  n« 
oilizons  of  I'liil  oouiitiy.  His  iiddios.*  pivo  a 
fri'oiil  doal  of  Naii-faoiiiiii  lo  tlio  iiilialiilanl". 

On  liis  niMioli,  tJonoral  Koariioy  onioiiiitirod 
llio  vill.ijro  of  Sail  Mlfiuol,  on  tlio  liilli  of  Aii(i"s', 
w  lioro  lio  iiiado  aiiollior  ii|ioooli,  siiiiil.ir  in  loiio 

10  llioono  inado  lit  I.owor  Moio  villano.  Sliorllv 
afiorloaviiijtSan  Mij;iiol,(ioiioral  Koiinioy  loainoil 
tli;il  (ii'iu'i'iil  .Siila/.ar  wai  in  ooiiiniaiiil  of  llio 
IniopH  ilosllnod  to  opiioso  liirt  | 'ro^rivsj.  On  tlio 
day  followiiifr,  llic  ton  of  Saliizar  wa«  iiiailo 
lirisonor,  wlio  iiiforniod  lliv>  nonoral,  llial  llio 
Aloxio.'in  IroopM  had  all  roliirnoil  to  llioir  lioinot. 
Tiio  AmoriiaiiH  arrivod  at  a  oanon,  on  tho  IHih 
of  Annual,  winro,  a  day  or  two  hoforo,  a  Moxi- 
laii  foroo,  oonsistinit  of  .'l,iMlll  inoii,  had  boon  as- 
piiiihlod ;  iiiit  had  ttod  on  Ih"  approaoh  of 
(ioiiorai  Koarnoy.  Tlio  army  niarohod  into  llio 
plii/.a  of  .Santa  I'o,  wlioro  tlioy  v.oro  roooivod  hy 
llio  aotiii)!  ^'ovornor  and  otiior  dijriiitario.s  Ar- 
iiiijo  liuviii({  niado  his  osoapo,  Tho  .\iiiorioin 
llii).;  was  lioislod,  and  (ionoral  Koarnoy  addro-sod 
tho  poopio,  as.snrili);  llioni  of  full  prolootion,  and 
taking  iios''o.si4ion  of  tho  oonntry  in  llio  '  anio 
of  too  UnlttiU  i:$tatc.<<,  |iruolaiinutl  liiniDolf  (iov- 
ornor. 

On  tlio  2d  of  Soptonilior,  (icorps  lion',  ;>ii,nvn 
ns  tho  propriolor  of  HoiiI'h  I'ort,  was  appointod 
oivll  (Iovornor  of  Now  Moxioo,  and  (ionoral 
Koami'y  slariod  on  a  rooonnoiasaiioo  down  llio 
Uio  (iiaiido,  Willi  Toil  nioii.  IIo  was  favorahly 
roooivod  ovory  wlioro  on  tho  ronio,  and  tho  inosi 
I'rlondly  disposition  was  nianiloslod  l>y  iho  In- 
dians. A  Iroaty  of  poaoo  was  ooiulndod  liolwoon 
the  .\paolic  Iriho,  .so  forniidahlo  to  Iho  Moxic.ms, 
nnd  tho  .\niorioans,  in  tlio  latlor  part  of  .Soptoni- 
l)or.  Arraiij{oiiiontj'  woro  also  inado  for  iniprov- 
in(t  Iho  oivil  jjovornniont  of  llio  coiiiitry,  and  a 
oodo  of  hpvs  was  oslahlisliod,  wliioli  woro  drawn 
lip  liy  (.'olonot  Doniphan  and  Willard  1*.  Hall. 

(ionoral  Koarnoy,  having  hoiii  iiiloiiiiod  of 
llio  approaoh  of  llio  Missouri  roiriniont,  iindor 
Coloiioi  I'rioo,  loll  .Saiit;i  I'o  willi  JlUO  nioii,  lo 
inaii'li  aoross  tho  oounlry  lo  I'ppor  Califoniia. 
ISooii  alter,  ho  was  inlorinod  of  tho  ooliipiosl  of 
California  hy  I'omniodoro  Stooklon  and  Colonol 
I'Vciiionl ;  and  this  nows  indiuvd  him  lo  solid 
liaok  II  |ioriion  of  his  nion.  IIo  tlioii  niarohod 
Iho  disiaiioo  of  1,000  iiiilo",  Ihroiifjh  an  unknown 
loiiiilry,  with  only  !oo  ilnii;o.ins  as  an  osoorl ; 
tho  romaindor  of  tlio  "  Army  ol  the  Wost ''  boiiij: 
poslod  at  dilforont  plaoo."  in  .Now  Mosiio. 

C'olonol  Uoniphnn,  with  llio  ohjoot  of  oponing 

11  ooiuiiiuiiiofition  Willi  (ionoral  Wool,  al  C'lii- 
hurtliua,  left  Valverdo  with  jOO  iiion,  and  aftor 
n  journoy  of  tliroo  diivB,  ihroiifili  a  dosorl  oonn- 
try, arrivod  noa-  Iho  town  of  K.l  I'aso.  Soar 
tliia  (ilaco  llioy  cncanipod.  Tlioy  had  all  disporsod, 
the  roar-guard  hoiiij,'  six  milos  holiiiid,  wlion 
t'ley  woro  attaokod  l>y  n  largo  body  of  Mexioans, 
■with  cavalry  and  artillery.  IKniiphan'.s  inou 
hail  not  limo  to  snddlo  llioir  Iiorsos,  but  drew  np 
rapidly  in  front  .>f  llioir  cnoainpinont,  dolor 
iniuod  to  tijiht  lo  tlio  hit.  Tho  Moxioaiis  soul  a 
black  Hag,  with  skull  and  oross-bonos  I'pon  it, 
Willi  uu  iutimaliuu  tluil  no  (juartvr  wuulU  be 


given.  Tlioy  tlioii  opened  flioir  flro  nnd  ohnrftCMl 
handwinioly,  but  were  driven  bnok;  wdillo  n 
handful  of  Donlphan'H  men  ran  np  to  llio  Mex- 
ican lino,  and  nociirod  llioir  ciinnon.  This  brnvo 
and  dos|ioral«  not  porploxoil  tho  Mexicans,  who 
now  HPi.>iiicd  for  the  tirst  linio  lo  bo  nwiiro  of  Iho 
clinrnctcr  of  llie  foes  wllli  wtioni  they  had  to 
deal;  they  woro  soon  routed,  leaving  about  '20(i 
in  killed  and  wonndod  on  the  licld,  while  the 
loss  of  the  AnicrioaiiH  was  seven  wounded  ond 
none  killed.  This,  the  first  battlo  fought  by 
the  "  Army  of  the  West,"  was  called  the  battle 
of  Hracilo,  fi-oni  n  bciid  of  tlio  river  near  which 
it  was  fought. 

('olonol  Doniphan  entorod  Kl  T'iiho  on  tlio 
i'.HU  of  Doconihor,  and  met  with  no  np|iosllioii. 

110  dospalolied  a  mossengor,  to  hurry  a  compnny 
ol'  arlillory,  which  ho  had  some  time  before  or- 
lored  from  .Santa  Vi;  and  dotcrminod  to  await 
Is  arrival,     lioports  woro  constnntly  being  re- 

roivod  of  anti'  ipalod  resistance  at  Carried — a 
forlillod  place  <oiiio  distance  on  Ibis  side  of  Chi- 
linahiia.  At  last  ho  found  Ihat  regular  carriers 
Woro  sent  to  Ihat  place,  and  ho  was  induced  to 

ispoct  Orlis,  the  prict,  of  hoiiig  Iho  agent  of! 
llio  corrospondonce.     Ho  accordingly  deipnlobed 

I  scouting  party  to  calidi  him  in  the  act;  but' 
owing  lo  the  bad  inaiiagemont  of  the  oflicor  in 

liargo,  who  instead  of  waiting  to  soi/o  the  mos- 
soiigi'r  after  ho  hail  started,  and  try  to  liinl  de- 
spalclies  upon  iiiin,  only  siirroiindod  the  bouse, 
ainl  arroslod  Orlis,  who  was  taken  before  Col-I 
onol  Doniphan  and  upbraided  with  troaohorv;! 
ho  (Orlis)  roinarkod  Unit  ho  did  not  consider  tlio' 

lolivoring  one's  country  from  a  foreign  power! 
ireacbory;  anil  that  ho  was  tho  enemy  of  all  I 
Americans;  and  that  be  would   nso  his  nimosi' 

ndoavors  to  free  his  country  from  them,  but  lliat 
ho  would  not  atleinpt  lo  oxcito  an  insurrection; 
all  should  bo  fairly  and  openly  done.  Colonel 
Doniphan  told  him,  that  wliil.i  bo  admired  his 
sentiments,  ho  would  take  caro  that  an  opporlu- 
nily  was  not  given  liim  for  cirrying  them  Into 
oll'oct.  A  strict  watch  was  kept  over  him,  nnd 
Doniphan  roiiiarked,  that  as  ho  had  soon  bow 
.Moxliiiiis  could  iglit  upiui  ground  of  their  own 
soloolioii  — nioa  li  ig  Itracito,  whoro  Orlis  was — 
he  would  take  him  along  with  him,  in  order  lliiit 
he  might  .see  Iho  Mexicans  light  upon  ground  of 
his,  Doniphan's,  seloclim.     This  threat  llio  col- 

nel  carried  into  oti'ool,  taking  liim  to  Ciiibua- 
liiia. 

The  artillery  arrivod  on  tho  1st  of  Kebriiary, 
1817,  and  ("olonol  Doniphan's  force  was  iiicroa>-oil 
lo  1,000  inou;  and  on  the  lllli,  ho  set  out  for 
t'liiliiialiua.  After  a  niaicli  id'  If.")  milos,  bo  ro- 
ooivo  1  iiifonimlion  that  (ionoral  Wool  was  not 
at  Chilinahua.  This  was  very  dislie  irtening  iii- 
tjligoiice,  for  it  WHS  fully  expoctod  that  tho  two 
forces  would  there  bo  coniliinod.     Aftor  some] 

loliberalioii  it  was  decided  to  go  forward.     Tlio| 

iiareli  from  the  place  where  the  ooiiiicil  of  warj 
was  liobl.  was  one  <if  the  most  dillicidt  and  daii 
goroiis  of  tho  whole  route.  Tho  most  pnuniiieiit 
sources  of  danger  were  tires  upon  tho  priirios,  I 
and  long  journeys  willioni  water,  comhinod  with 
the  moiiiontary  expectation  of  an  allack.  r 

It  was  very  oloar,  on  the  'J7lli  of  Kobriiary, 

111  it  a  bailie  would  bo  fought  upon  the  day  fol-j 
lowing;  Colonol  Doniphan  having  roooivod  in- 
I'oriimlion  that  tlio  eiioiiiy  wore  posted  in  the 
neighliorhood  of  Iho  Hacrainoiito,  and  that  every 
thing  was  prepared  for  a  batllo.  Tho  following 
is  a  seini-ollicial  aocoiinl  of  the  batllo: — 

I         "  lltvii  iji' M'.Tri'.K,  ll:iil»ll..ii  MUsiiiirl  I.UIil  .\rllll.rv, 
•■I'.iiii.  iii'iir  ll.llmuliim,  MiaI.,.,  M,i,rli  ■!,!,  In;.-' 

"To  Colonel  A.  W.  D.niiphan,  Coiuiimmling 
Amoriean  Korc.s  in  the  Sinlo  of  Cliihnaliiia. 
"  ."^ir : — I  have  the  honor  lo  report,  that,  agree- 
ably to  your  instructions,  I  loll  the  c.inip  near 
.s'lHj,  on  the  luorning  of  llio  2Slli  idtinio,  ac- 
coiijianiod  by  my  adjutant,  l.ioiuonant  L.  D 
Walker,  and  iioii-i'oniiniKsinUid  stall',  and  pro 
ceoilod  in  ailvanco  to  a  imsilion  ooiiim.inding  .■ 
full    view  of  iliu  bueuiy  s  oauip  and  iutroneh 


montK,  dltuntod  abont  four  mile*  diKtnnt  fVnm 
this  imlnt.  Tho  enemy  won  diwovcred  to  l>o  in 
force,  awaiting  our  approach,  having  occupied 
tho  ridgo  and  neiglibcring  hclglu.s  about  Sacra- 
inoulo.  I'pon  examination,  It  wan  ascerlaincd 
Ihat  bis  introneliinont.s  and  redoubts  (M'ciipied 
the  brow  of  elevation  cxlcnding  across  iho  ridco 
between  tho  Arrvi/o  .Vcviand  that  ii(  S'lirnmni'", 
Uith  of  which,  nt  tliin  point,  croas  the  valley 
from  tlio  elornted  ridgo  orinoiiiilaiiis  in  the  rear 
of  tho  valley  of  '/'iirrron,  known  by  tho  name  of 
the  Sierrii  tlx  Vietorinun,  that  of  Xomlire  ilr. 
Hind  on  the  east,  nnd  Ihroimh  whidi  runs  Iho 
/{io  ilfl  Ntimhre  ile  /fim.  This  valley  is  about 
four  milos  in  width,  and  iiitronched  by  tho 
onomy  entirely  ncros,s,  from  mountain  to  nionn- 
tnin,  the  rond  to  Iho  city  of  Chibuahua  running 
directly  through  Ito  eonire— and  of  neco<siiy 
pitssing  near  to,  nnd  cnn'siiig  Iho  /i'i»  Sunn- 
nirntii,  nt  Iho  Itiinrhn  Surrnmrntu,  a  strongly 
milt  nnd  fortified  hons<>,  with  adjoiring  corra- 
als,  nnd  nt  other  enclosures,  belonging  lo  Angil 
I'rias,  the  (Iovornor  of  Chilinahna.  From  ob- 
servation it  was  ascertained  that  the  enemy  had 
oceupiod  tho  silo  between  Iheso  bill.s,  and  Ihat 
the  batteries  upon  them  were  supported  by  In- 
fantry— his  cavalry  being  in  advnncod  ]iosiliiiii», 
formed  into  three  columns,  between  the  Arniyo 
.SVro,  and  our  ndvanco.  During  these  obscrvn- 
tions,  tho  enemy's  advanced  guard  discovering 
my  parly,  approached  rnpi'lly,  with  the  evident 
intention  of  intercepting  it ;  but  being  mot  by 
that  of  our  triHips,  which  I  had  sent  forward,  it 
ns  rapidly  rcfroated.  At  this  lime,  also,  the 
Ibreo  columns  of  tho  enemy's  cavalry  rocrossi'd 
the  Arroyo  .SVco,  and  retired  behind  their  in- 
Irenehmcnts.  I  then  apiiroacbed  wilhin  (iOo 
yards  of  tho  most  advnncod  redoubt,  from  which 
]ioiut  the  oni'Miy's  formation  was  plainly  disccrn- 
nblo.  The  Inlrenehmonts  con-isiod  of  a  lino, 
with  iiitorvnls,  compos. d  of  circular  roilonbl.s, 
frmn  IlOO  to  600  yards  iiitorvnl,  with  intronch- 
ments  between  each,  covering  batleries  partly 
fiinsked  by  cavalry.  Tlio  redoubt  noaiest  to  my 
position,  contained  two  pieces  of  oaiinon,  sup- 
|iorlcil  by  several  biiiidrod  inliintry. 

"Tho  enemy's  right  and  loft  woro  strong  po- 
sitions— Iho  Ctrro  I'rijolf*  on  his  right,  and 
linving  lii'.'h  precipitous  sides,  with  a  rodoiib*. 
commanding  the  surrounding  coiiiilry,  and  tin 
pass  loading  towards  Cliihiialina,  through  the 
Arroyo  Soco.  The  Corro  .s.ioramonto  on  bis 
left,  consisting  of  a  pile  of  iimnenso  volcanic 
rocks,  siirmonnted  by  a  battery,  coiiimnnded  the 
main  road  to  Cliihiinhua,  loading  directly  in  front 
of  the  enemy's  inti-enchrnonts;  crossing  the  Uio 
.Sacr.amonto  at  the  raiielio,  directly  under  i!s 
fire,  and  also  comnianding  the  road  from  Ter- 
roon,  immecliatoly  in  its  ivar;  the  ero.s-ing  of 
the  main  roinl  over  tho  Arroyo  Seco,  at  the 
point  from  which  my  roconnnissaiuv  was  made, 
laid  diroclly  under  tho  fire  of  tho  baltorio.s  on 
the  enemy's  rignt,  which  reinlored  it  iieoossjiry 
to  a.scortaiii  the  praotieubility  of  a  route  nioie 
distant  from  the  onomy 's  introncbments.  Tho 
passage  was  found  to  be  practicable,  with  soiiio 
lilllo  labor,  and  a  point  soleo;od  as  the  best  for 
tho  passage  of  tho  artillery,  and  wagons,  and 
Merohaiils'  trains.  The  wliole  point  ol  the 
.'iiomy's  lino  of  introiu  hiiients  appealed  lo  bo 
iboiit"  two  miles,  and  his  force  ;i,000  iiion.  Tlio 
artillery  being  masked,  the  niimhor  nnd  ealihie 
of  the  cannon  could  not  bo  ascertained. 

"Kurther,  I  have  the  honor  to  report,  that  tbo 
ballidion  of  artillery  under  my  command,  com- 
posed  of  1 10  moll,  and  seven  ollieors,  willi  a 
battery  of  si.x  pieces  of  arlillory,  were,  on  tho 
morning  of  the  batllo,  dirceteil  to  form,  under 
tho  direction  of  Captain  Weiglitman,  between 
tho  two  coliiMins  of  iiierehanls'  and  provision 
wagons;  being  thus  masked  from  the  view  ol 
llio  enemy.  In  Ibis  coliinm  my  troops  eoii- 
liniieci  the  inareli  lo  wllliiii  l,oOO  yards  of  tliu 
enemy's  most  advanced  position;  our  direction 
wai  tlieii  ehungud  lo  the  right,  an  J  tlio  eolunin, 


UNITED  STATK8. 


M3 


ir  tiillcs  ili'fnnt  (Vnm 
OH  (liwovcri'd  to  \>o  in 
met],  linviiiK  onfiiplcil 

lit'iKlii.i  iilidiit  Sacni- 
11,  It  wm  nsrortiiiniMl 
III  ri'ilmilit'i  ocriipicil 
nilinK  ncni'i'"  tlio  riiIi:o 
111  Ifiiit  ii( Surrnmrti'", 
iiint,  oriiiw  lli«  vnllc.v 
iniiiintnirifi  in  tim  riar 
Mown  liy  tlio  tmimi  nl' 
,  tlmt  of  Nomhrr,  ilr, 
iiimti  wliirli  riini  lim 

Tliii  viilloy  if  iilioiit 
1  iiitri'iulifil  tiy  till! 
ti  rMoiiiitnin  to  tiionii- 
>rC'liilMiiiliiiii  riiiiniiii; 
ro— mill  (if  niTi'-wily 
'oIliK  tlio  /till  Sunn- 
•rnniriitii,  a  Hlriintrlv 
with  iiiljoii'in);  mrra- 
»,  liolonL'iiiff  to  An(."l 
liliiialiiiii.  From  ol>- 
(1  tliat  the  ciicrriy  liail 

tlii'.vu  liilli',  ami  that 
vi'To  Biipporti'il  by  in- 
in  advaiicril  ponitiiiii", 
,  hi'twocn  the  Arrnyi 
)iiriiif,'  tlicNe  otwcrva- 
cil  gnaril  ilisroviTiiii; 
illy,  with  the  cvideni 
t ;  hut  Ixinj;  met  hy 
[  hail  Hcnt  forwaril,  it 
.  this  tiiiu',  also,  till! 
ly's  cavalry  rirrosseil 
ireil  lichiml  thoir  in- 
iiroaiht'il   within   (iOo 

I  riKloiiht,  from  wliirh 

II  was  plainly  discirn- 
(•on-istoil  of  a   liiii'. 

of  ciri'iilar  ri'iloiihln, 
ervnl,  with  intrench- 
■rinK  hatteries  partly 
'odouht  nairest  to  my 
eces  of  uiinnoii,  sujj- 
inlaiitry. 

left  woro  strong  po- 
!•»  on  his  rifrht,  iiimI 
iiles,  with  a  rcilonli*, 
\\vi  country,  ami  tin 
liiiahua,  tliriiii|;h  the 
1  Sacraiiientii  on  his 
of  iininenso  voloanie 
ttery,  coniiiiaiiileil  the 
adili)?  directly  in  front 
nts;  erossinj;  the  Uio 
o,  directly  under  i!s 
r  the  road  from  Ter- 
var;  the  en)S.-int;  ol' 
Arroyo  Seen,  at  tlio 
innivsanco  was  in'ide, 
e  of  till)  batteries  on 
remlered  it  liueessjiry 
ility  of  a  route  more 
intreni  hments.  The 
raiticahle,  willi  some 
lec:ed  as  the  liest  lor 
ry,  aiel  wa^'ons,  and 
wiiole  point  ol  the 
leiits  appeared  to  ho 
iirce  ;),OUU  mon.  Tlio 
I  Miiiuher  and  eulihre 

ascertained, 
nor  to  report,  tliat  the 
r  my  coiuniaud,  eoin- 
even  otiicers,  with  a 
rtillery,  wore,  on  tlio 
reeled  to  form,  under 
Weijjhtnian,  between 
•liams'  and  provision 
ed  from  the  view  of 
limin  niy  troops  con- 
in  1,")UU  yards  of  lliu 
iisition ;  our  direction 
iglit,  auJ  the  culumu, 


liaving  crowod  the  Arroyo  Scco  withfnit  rcocii 
of  tho  enemy ■»  fire,  rapidly  advanced  towards 
llio  tahle-lnnd  between  the  Hecoand  Sneramento. 
At  this  time  the  enemy  was  perceived  n'lvanc- 
Ing  from  his  intreiichments,  to  prevent  our  wi/- 
inu  upon  the  heights,  but  by  a  rapid  movement 
of  the  battery,  it  was  ipiirkly  drawn  from  it" 
mask,  aihl  seizin;;  upon  a  favorable  position, 
protected  in  the  rear  by  a  mask  from  the  attack 
of  ft  larife  IkmIv  of  the  enemy's  cavalry,  ascer- 
taired  'o  \k  liant;iiiK  on  our  rear,  it  was  fonncil, 
and  at  oni  e  ii|K'ncd  tire  ii|M>n  the  enemy's  cav- 
alry, rapidly  advancing  upon  iis.  At  this  time 
his  charpiifi  (olnnin  was  about  iiOO  yards  dis- 
tant, and  the  effect  of  our  stray  shot  and  shells 
was  such  as  to  break  hi;  ranks  and  throw  hi» 
cavalry  intti  confusion.  The  enemy  no  v  rapidly 
deploycl  into  line,  brintfiiiK  »\t  his  artil'ery  Irom 
the  intrenclinicnts.  Itiiriiig  this  tii'ic  our  line 
was  prepdriuK  for  a  charge — my  artillery  a<l- 
varicinj-  by  hand,  and  (iriiiK.  The  enemy  now 
opened  n  heavy  (ire  of  cannon  U(ion  onr  line, 
mainly  directed  upon  the  battery,  with  little 
etl'ei't.  Ijeiitenant  I'orn  had  his  horso  shot 
under  hini  by  a  nifiepoHiid  ball,  at  this  stn|{e  of 
the  action,  and  several  mules  and  oxen  in  Ihe 
merchaiit  wa^ions,  in  our  rear,  were  wounded  or 
killed,  which,  however,  was  the  only  ilamnpe 
dime.  The  lire  of  onr  cannon  at  this  time  had 
Mich  t'ood  etfecl,  as  to  irnmount  one  of  the 
enemy's  [dices,  and  completely  to  ilisjitrse  his 
cavalry,  and  drive  him  from  his  [s>-ilion,  forcing 
him  to  tifnm  retire  behind  his  inlrem  hments. 
For  a  short  time  the  (irinjf  on  either  side  now 
ceased,  and  the  enemy  appeared  to  lit  remcvin)? 
his  cannon  and  wounded,  wlol-t  our  line  pre- 
pared to  elianue  our  jio-ition,  and  move  towards 
the  rif,dif,  for  the  pnrpo-e  of  occupyini;  a  more 
advanta^'eous  f;roniid.  Onr  object  beiii);  wmn 
paii.ed,  the  ord.  r  to  advance  was  given,  and  im- 
mediately after  I  was  direi  led  to  wnd  the  sec- 
tion of  howitzers,  to  support  a  charpe  upon  the 
enemy's  left.  1  immediately  ordered  Captain  II. 
11.  M'eighlnian  to  detach  the  section,  eompos<d 
of  two  twclve-pouml  monntain  howitzers, 
niountcd  upon  carriages  coristruct'd  especially 
lor  ficld-prairie  .'ervice,  and  drawn  by  two  horn'' 
end..  Thesf!  Were  commanded  by'  Lieutenant 
K.  F.  Cliouieaii  and  II.  I».  Kvans,  and  maniied 
by  some  twenty  men,  wh  se  condnct  in  this  sc- 
tiun  Ci'innot  be  too  much  comiiiende  I. 

Captain  Weightiiiiin  charged  at  full  gallop 
upon  the  '.nemy's  lel't,  [ireceded  by  CaptJiin 
lieiil  and  hi  <  company  of  horse,  and  after  cro>.s- 
irig  a  ravine  loine  VM  ya-ds  from  the  enemy,  he 
unlinibered  the  k'uns  within  'M  yards  of  the  in- 
trencliinent,  and  poured  n  de-lriictive  tire  of 
canister  into  his  ranks,  which  was  wariidv  re- 
tiirned,  but  without  etf.cl.  Captain  \Vei;;htnian 
iit-ain  ad'. allied  upon  the  intreiKhinent.  pa-.-ing 
llirough  it  in  the  lace  of  the  enemy,  and  within 
a  few  leet  of  the  ditche- ;  and  in  liie  mid.-t  «t 
croAs-fires  Ironi  three  direction-,  a^ain  o(>tritd 
his  tire  to  tlie  rifrht  and  left  with  Mieii  elfecl. 
that,  with  the  f.irniidable  i  har^re  of  the  eavair* 
and  dismounted  men  of  M):ir  own  regi:iieu!,  anil 
LieHle.iant-colonel  .Mitchell's  e-.<ort,  the  eiietuv 
were  driven  Irom  the  breastworks  on  our  r\^\'a 
in  (.'real  confusii.n.  .\t  ihi,  time,  under  .i  beavj 
cross-lire  troiii  a  b.uury  of  four  M.\-poiiiider?, 
uniier  Lieutenant's  liorn'  Kiidnn.  amlLibeaiiiiie, 
iip.iii  the  enemy's  right,  supisTied  by  Jliy  -r 
Gilpin  on  the  lei;,  •ilid  liie  wa|,on-train  escirted 
by  two  companies  of  infantry  under  (.  aptains 
t.  F.  (ilasgow  aiid  ."-'killm.in.  iii  rear,  .Major  tii;- 
jiin  charged  iii.on  tlie  enemy  s  centre  and  forced 
liim  trom  his  intrenihinenis,  under  a  heavy  lire 
uf  artillery  au'l  small  amis.  At  the  Mime  time, 
tl.c  tire  ol  our  own  Uittery  was  opened  ii|ion 
the  cnciney's  extreme  rigli:,'from  wbieli  a  con- 
tinued tire  had  been  kepi  up  uism  our  own  line 
and  the  wii^'on-truin.  Two  ol  the  enem>'»  guns 
were  tssiii  ilisniuunied  on  their  right,  tl'i:.!  bat- 
tery sileDced,  and  the  eiieiiij  ilislojiged  trom  the 
reooubi    ou   tho    L\rru    liijuUt.      I'uveivuy 


n  liocly  of  lancprn  forming,  for  the  pi.rposc  of 
outflanking  onr  left,  and  attacking  the  n.erchnnl 
train  under  Captain  (ihisgow-,  1  again  opened 
uiwin  them  a  very  destrnctivc  lire  of  (.Tai*  and 
:;  V'Tical  ca^e  'hot,  which  ww.ri  i  lenred  the  h'fl 
of  oiii  '...ii\  liie  enemy,  vacaiiug  his  intrench- 
ments  and  deserting  his  guns,  was  hotly  jiursned 
towards  the  mountains  beyond  C^rro  Irijoles, 
and  down  Arrnyn  Sn-n  ile  Surravirulo^  by  l/oth 
wings  of  the  nriny,  under  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Milchell,  Lieutenant-colonel  .Jackson,  and  Major 
(iilpin,  and  by  Captain  Weightman,  with  the 
section  of  howitzers.  Muring  this  pursuit,  my 
oflicers  repeatedly  o|>ened  tlieir  tire  njion  the 
retreating  enemy  wi'li  great  efl'e<'t.  To  c/iver 
this  llight  of  the  enemy's  lories  from  the  in- 
Ireiiclud  camp,  the  heaviest  r>f  hifl  cannon  had 
lieen  taken  from  his  intrenchinents  to  the  Crrm 
SuTunifnlri^  and  a  heavy  tire  opened  upon  rmr 
pursniuji  forces  and  the  wdgoiis  ,.  Ilowing  in  the 
rear.  To  silence  this  battery,  I  had  the  honor 
to  anticijiate  your  order  to  that  effect,  by  at  once 
occupying  the  nearest  of  the  enemy's  intrench 
ments,  IX-^i  yards  ilit-tant,  and  notwithstanding 

Ithfc  elevated  position  of  the  MexicJ.n  battery 
giving  him  a  plunging  tire  into  my  intrench- 
inents, which  were  not  enlihided,  and  the  greater 
range  of  his  long  nine-[K>under.',  the  first  tire  of 
our  guns  dismounted  one  of  his  large-t  pieces, 
and  the  tire  was  kept  up  with  such  triskn(*> 
and  ileci-ion  of  aim,  that  the  battery  was  soon 
silenced,  and  the  enemy  s<-<n  prwipitately  re- 
treating. The  lire  was  then  continued  u[>on  the 
Haiicho  .''Bcramento,  and  the  enemy's  ammuni- 
tion and  wagon  train,  retreating  u[«>n  the  road 
to  Chihuahua.    Hy  their  fire,  the  hous«and  seve- 

.  r.'d  w  agons  were  rendered  untenable  and  ti^tlfss. 
iJy  this  time,  Llcut<!nant-colonel  Mitchell  ho'l 
sialed  the  hill,  followe<l  by  the  section  of  how- 
itzers,  under  Captain   Wcightman,  and  the  Ivst 

;  position  of  the  Mexican  forces  was  t.akcn  [k«,s<-«- 
sion  of  hy  our  troo(»Ti ;  thus  leaving  the  Ameri- 
can fore*:*  masters  of  tho  field.    IL-iving  siience<l 

-the  fire  from  Cerro  Sac.-anicnto,  one  tialtery  w,\s 
removed  into  the  phiin  at  the  rsncho,  wher<!  we 

igaineil  the  road,  and  were  in  prirsnit  of  the 
enemy,  when  I  received  yonr  order  to  return 
and  encamp  within  the  eticmy's  ir.frenchments 

:for  the  night.     Fr>m  the  time  of  lir<t  opening 

imy  tire  Uj«>n  the  .MexicAii  civalry.  to  the  c<-#a- 

jti'iii  of  the  tiring  u[«.n  the  ranctio  and  battery 
of  SiM-rainento.  w.is  a!p,ri!  three  Imurs;  and 
during  the  whole  time  of  the  attion,  I  take  the 

i  utmost    pleasure  in  stating,   that  every  otlicer 

land  rnan  of  my  command,  did  hi»  duly  with 
clieerfahiest',  coolnes^s  and  pre^isinn,  which  is 
sutlicicntly  shown  Ijv  the  adndrable  etTett  pr.>- 
iliiced  by  their  tire,  the  great  accuracy  of  their 
aim,  their  exjicditiMD  and  ingcnii:y  in  supplying 
deticienciiss  in  the  Meid  dnnng   tlw  action,  and 

jthe   prompt  mamigenK-nt  of  their  pieces — ren- 

jdereil  stiil  wore  rein.'irkabie,  from  the  tact,  that 
I  ha.l,  during  the  tight,  less  tiian  t%vii-;hirds  the 

inaint«.T  of  c;innoneers  generally  re-,uired  for  the 
!^rvic«,-   of  light  artiiKry,  and   but   tour  of  tiie 

j  twelve  artillery  carriages  ls;li)ng;r.g  to  my  bit- 
tery  harness.d  wiUi  hors<-*»,  the  rumaining  eigiit 
Ciirriages  being  harnex-td  to  mules  of  the  coiin- 

;try.  l»uring  tne  day  iii_\  statf  were  of  the  gre.it- 
e^l    fertile ;     Adjutant    l.co  i).    Walker  bavin.' 

,l)een  pent  with  llie  leiwii/crs,  and  the  non-com- 

j  iiiUsiuned  othivrs  reiiiaiiiing   «ith    ine,  to  a»j>isl 

;in  the  MTviee  of  the  liatttry.  In  tlii.4  action, 
the  Iroo|>3  under  your  command  have  capture-; 

'one  nine-]«iunder,  one  .six-i«)iindvr,  and  siven 
four-ijouuiicr  gu'i.s.  ull  niountt  d  ou  new  st-K-k- 
trail  carriages,  liiCHS  pieces  Werem3nuf,icti<red 
in  Chihuahua,  cxi-epl  tlie  six-|>tiunder,  which  Ls 
an  oil!  Spanisli  piece.  'Ihreo  of  the  lour-imund- 
crs  Wire  made  at  ttie  mint  ia  <.  hihiwhua.  Seven 
of  tile  teU  pieies  were  spikeil,  but  hjie  beeU  un- 
spiked  since  their  capture;  lour  of  tliesu  were 
reiiilercd  uii.««;rvKfcai.le  in  the  action :  one  en- 
tirely dismountcil,  was  r^i^^d  iy  my  adjulivu;, 
Wiiibl  iu  tlie  ut;l  vf  U.'Oi^  urd^t:<l  U<j>.i  :ii%i  Lsu,i 


by  tho  retreating  cneiry.  Tlicre  wcrcnl-o  tdkfTi 
two  piece*  of  artillerv,  mounting  t!  rce  Wi>M- 
pieces  of  one  and  a  h,!'-'nch  calilire  eai  h,  and 
these  are  formidable  weajions  upon  a  ch.irginjf 
force.  With  these  twelve  jacces  of  arlill-  ry  wm 
t.ikin  a  due  propor>i'>n  of  aminnnilion,  imple- 
ments, harncw,  mole!i,  ctf. ;  and  they  m.iy  \>« 
rendered  s<;rvireable  r>y  Ix.ing  proi>er!y  repalrcfl 
and  manned ;  for  which  pnrp(»s<!  I  would  ask 
for  further  reinforceme;''  of  my  command.  It 
is  with  feelings  of  gr-rlltudc  to  the  Kuler  of  all 
battles,  that  I  have  now  the  honor  to  report, 
that  not  a  man  of  my  coinmaMi  has  t«;*n  hurt, 
nor  any  animals,  with  ihe  exception  of  ono 
horso  killed  under  Lie,;«*nanf  Itom,  chief  of  tho 
first  wction  of  six-pound  gu^s,  and  of  one  mnle, 
Ulonging  to  the  t'nite*!  ^tate»,  shot  under  ono 
ol  the  cannoncerB  ;  neither  ht.s  a  p^in  or  other 
.•arriage  of  my  battery  neon  toiiehe'l,  except  in 
one  instance,  when  ft  nint-iiO'ind  ball  stmck  the 
tire  of  ft  wheel,  without  prisiucing  any  injury. 
This  is  a  fact  worthy  of  notir  ■,  that  s.i  li!;lt 
damage  was  done  to  a  cotnm ind grwtly  ir'-^yd 
to  the  enemy's  fire,  and  of  it.stlf  made  a  judnl 
of  attack  by  the  enemy,  if  I  may  s<<  judge  by 
the  •bowers  of  cannon  and  other  «hot  constantly 
[(oured  into  us.  as  lon^'  as  the  enemy  continual 
to  ix-cupy  his  |)«rsiii'.fi.  J  might  call  your  atten- 
tion to  tho  individual  instanctTS  of  [>ersonaI 
courage  and  goixl  cndnct  of  the  men  of  niy 
command,  as  well  as  of  tl,c  intrepid  bravery, 
cool  and  detenninfl  conrngo  of  lu'-ny  of  jour 
own  regiment,  and  Lieutt;mnt-co)oricr.Miteheir» 
es<ort.  who  charged  wi'h  ut  H(>on  the  enemy'* 
works,  were  it  not  irr.(Kj*(ible,  in  any  reas<>na!.|o 
■space,  to  name  mi  many  »<jaally  worthy  of  di.*- 
itinclion;  and  did  I  •  .t  presume  that  other  li.  Id 
^ollicers  on  th.V.  iKcasioii,  would  report  the  pr<»- 
ceedings  of  their  own  iouim,.ud.s  and  the  pr;i;se- 
worthy  conduct  of  their  o*ij  iil!iit,-s  and  men. 
I  "  Wiih  high  .-cis(itet,  t  am,  sir, 

"Vd'.f 'I, o»t  ol>ei;ient  servant, 
.'  "SI.  I.twia  Clauk, 

The  day  foiiowin^'  t!:e  battle  was  devoted  to 
the  mending  of  the  ti»tiere»i  clothes  of  the  army, 
previous  to  a  triiimpbai  march  into  Chihiiahna. 
Ila^in^  Uecn  diMpj^.;-!!*.!  again  in  findinjt  (ien- 
jeral  W«ol,  an  expre«  w.v  s«nl  to  general  'i.>)- 
,lor,  re"|nesting  to  be  intormed  wheti.er  xUrf 
ihould  return  home,  or  join  hiin;  an  answer  was 
refeivtsi,  stating  that  ttey  shouiu  join  hiin  by 
way  of  I'arra*  and  f'.Jtiiio.  They  atcoruingly 
startwl  for  .Saltiilo  oil  im  ^Sth  ol  Ap.'il;  tra-.vl- 
'  ling  a  distance  of  'jiA'  nuics  in  fony-tive  iiajs, 
arrningat  .""altiiio  on  ti^  22d  of  Mjv.  Hero 
^they  hail  many  (it;ers  i.-  ule  them  to  enlist  again, 
■but  home  Wiis  preferable,  aiid  they  returottl  t<> 
Uhe  United  .'"tate*,  md  vre  recei.tiJ  wit.i  every 
lmaniIe«lation  of  jo_.  :ind  plta.«;ire. 

In  the  iiiei-'ntinie,  iiiij".r*iiit  e\en!.s  were  tak- 
ing idace  in  Calilorm*.     iJeioro  the  w.'»r  begiii, 
111  iBl'i,  the  territory  of  L',<|>,.'r  CLilitomia  lorioeii 
liie  noril:-we,stern   lOffon  ui  tne   Ucpubhe  of 
^Mi/XKo.     It  was  cl.it tly  inh.^iiiei   by   loi.ia.'is, 
and   i>or;iiins  of  the  co.:i>iry,  i;i   the   yail^-y  ol 
>an  J'frt-.  luid  the  vi-  ility  ol  Un  An^'cks,  were 
very  leriile.     (.Jencrai  ."^lu-t,  e.'iniiiauder  of  Ili8 
' -><piadroii  on  the  I'aci.ic  cvah."!,   hjviog  r««.-i»e«l 
inlorm.'.tion  of  the    vtStt  ii|>on  tne  i>io  (>r;kitde, 
ornted  ul  Montvre;,,  an.'  huiste.i  Ifie  AiutricdU 
.tlitgo\er  that   t.iwn,  auiidsi   liie  ciK«r*  ol  l(i« 
..VinencEUu,  and  a  .soliite  '><>>u  iiiC  ioi|<s  in  li.o 
h.irbur.     Ije  tttso  i.-«!i.vd  a  pr'KlaiitaiKrfi  to  ttio 
jv-ipic  of  California,     l"..:  Americiui  IL^;   wa* 
iiUo  iLilatc-d  at  !?au  Fraiu  Uc»>,  by    i(onti.'oa»«.ry, 
commander  of  the  -luoiitji-war  l'ort«mo:;tii. 

C'uptaiu  i'nmont,  «>tli  17U  m«a,  Brr;Tc>i  in 
Caiilornia  by  an  ovv:laad  route,  ana  to>jk  [lu*^- 
pioii  of  boiiuuia,  one  of  l!.«  iui<ft  i:u^'-r.»til 
\K.tii»  in  tiio  tcr.-i:ory,  wiicn:  i.e  it;:t  a  >iua..  »,.•.*■ 
ris^u,  and  utarciied  lor  ajiJ  t-wk  j<«-:?es.Ma  i-f 
^aa  Juan,  about  o'i  wi'.es  c*.-t  •'<  ^^.r.:<    .,. 

luiiuotituiv.y     i.tivr    r_^ij^    i..w    ^-„'    i.f    tiw 


1^ 


hwi 


S44 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


Pii 


United  States,  tlio  fortification  of  Montei\\v  took 
jiliiee,  and  Commodore  Sloiit  sailed  for  the  United 
!^tatcs,  leaving  Commodore  Stockton  in  com- 
mand of  tlic  Pacific  scjuadron.  Sliorlly  after 
tlii^  tlio  Cyane,  Commandant  Dnpont,  with 
Captain  Fremont  and  volnnteers  on  board,  sailed 
for  San  Diefto,  and  tlui  frijiato  Conprcss,  Com- 
modore Stoektou,  sailed  for  San  Pedro,  the  port 
of  Los  Angeles,  the  capital  of  California.  The 
frigate  Savannah  remained  at  Monterey,  and 
the  sloop-of-war  Portsmouth,  at  San  Francisco. 
Tims  all  the  ports  of  the  territory  wore  scoured. 

Conmiodore  Stwkton  proclaimed  California 
in  full  posDCssioa  of  the  United  States  on  the 
ITtli  of  August,  and  shortly  after,  joined  the 
sipi'.drou  at  San  Francisco.  Scarcely  had  he 
arrived,  when  infornnition  was  received  that  all 
the  country  below  Monterey  was  in  arms ;  he 
immediately  returned,  and  gained  a  victory  of 
the  Callfornians  at  the  Itanche  Sepulinda.  On 
the  23d  of  September,  Pueblo  do  h)3  Angt'les, 
which  had  been  left  in  comniand  of  Captain 
(.iillespie  with  30  men,  was  invested  with  an 
army  of  C.ilifornians  under  Manuel  Gaspar,  who 
fiirced  Gillespie  to  surrender  the  place,  and  retire 
to  S.in  Pedro,  where  ho  embarked  for  Monterey. 

Caspar  then  led  200  of  his  men  against  Santa 
liarbara  (which  place  had  been  loft  in  com- 
niand of  Lieutenant  Tidbot  with  only  nine  men), 
wliere  ho  was  held  in  check  by  Talbot  for  ten 
days.  Talbot  and  his  men  then  retired  to  the 
mountains,  and  were  summoned  to  surrender; 
but  on  his  refusal,  a  detachment  of  forty  men 
WiW)  sent  against  him,  who  promised,  if  liewou'.d 
preserve  nculralily  during  the  war,  t*)  permit 
liij\i  to  retire.  This  not  proving  elTeetual,  the 
grass  was  fired,  and  ho  was  burned  out,  retreat- 
inj;  to  Monterey  on  foot  a  distance  of  500  miles. 

Some  two  days  after  the  arrival  of  Lieutenant 
Talbot  at  Monterey,  a  party  of  27  Americans, 
under  Captains  Burrows  and  Thompson,  were 
attacked  by  80  Californiuus,  and  Captain  Bur- 
rows and  throe  Americans  sluin.  Three  of  the 
enemy  were  also  killed,  but  the  Americans  were 
kept  shut  up  in  St.  John's,  until  the  arrival  of 
Major  Fn'iiumt.  Tho  whole  party  then  left  St. 
John's,  and  arrived  at  San  Fernando  on  iho  lltli 
of  January. 

W  hile  tliesc  affairs  were  in  progress  in  Cali- 
fornia, (ieuend  Kearney  was  on  his  march 
lliillar  from  Santa  Fe.  lie  met  Carson  on  the 
Ctii  of  October,  wlio,  with  fifteen  men,  was  on 
his  way  to  Washington,  with  an  account  of  the 
coinpiest  of  that  country  by  Fri'uiont  and  Stock- 
ton. General  ivc  irney  persuaded  him  to  act  as 
his  guide  towards  the  Pacific,  and  allow  some 
other  person  to  take  his  ile^patches.  On  tlie 
loth  of  tVtober,  tliey  left  the  i;;,.  Cliauuv;,  and 
commeuced  their  inarch  with  100  men,  well 
niuipped,  towards  the  Pacific  coast. 

iliey  Were  met  on  the  5tli  of  December,  by  a 
(.mall  body  of  volunteers  under  Captiiin  Gil- 
ies|iie,  who  gave  tlietu  information  concerning 
the  state  of  the  coiiiury.  lie  stated  that  an 
iirtuod  party  of  Calit'ornians,  with  an  extra  num- 
ber of  lior?es,  were  encimped  at  S.iii  Pasipial, 
liiieo  loigues  ili>lant.  General  Kearney  de- 
lenuiiieil  to  nuu-eh  upon  iheiu,  in  the  (loul)le 
hope  of  a  victory,  and  obtaining  a  ren.ouut  fiu- 
liis  poiu-  sohliers,  whose  animals  had  been  com- 
jiletely  worn  nut  during  their  march  from  Santa 
Fe,  a  disiauee  of  l,u6o  miles.  They  encount- 
ered the  enemy  at  daybreak,  on  tlio  titli  De- 
cember, and  Captain  Jidiuson,  who  led  tho  ad- 
vanced guard,  maile  a  furiius  onshiught  upou 
thein,  but  fill  alurnst  at  tho  beginning  of  the 
action.  The  enemy  were  forced  to  retreat. 
Captain  Moore  pursued  them,  but  tho  mules  on 
which  Iho  draijooiis  were  mounted,  could  not 
keep  up  with  Ins  horses,  and  the  enemy  seeing 
this,  renewed  tho  fight.  Their  superior  num- 
bers nearly  proved  fatal  to  the  liltio  bund;  but 
the  dragoons  coming  up  soon  after,  they  lied 
from  the  field,  carrying  otf  most  of  their  dead 
Willi  them.     Captain  Johnson,  C.ipluin   .Moore, 


Lieutenant  Hammond,  two  sergeants,  two  corpo- 
rals, eleven  ])rivates,  asd  a  man  attached  to  the 
topographical  department  were  slain.  General 
Kearney  was  wounded  in  two  i)lace9.  Captain 
Gillespie  had  three  wounds.  Lieutenant  Warner, 
of  the  topog"aphi<'al  engineers,  three,  and  Cap- 
tain Gibson  aad  eleven  others  were  also  wounded, 
most  of  them  having  from  two  to  ten  wonnds 
from  lances.  The  crippled  state  of  the  soldiers 
caused  a  holt  until  the  12th  of  December,  when 
tlio  march  wo-s  resumed,  and  on  the  12th  the 
army  reached  San  Diego. 

On  the  arrival  of  General  Kearney,  he  and 
Commodore  Stockton  laid  a  plan  for  putting  an 
end  to  the  war. 

The  little  army,  consisting  of  about  500  men, 
started  from  San  Diego  on  the  2'.)th  of  Decem- 
ber, to  march  to  Los  Angeles.  They  had  only 
proceeded  100  miles,  as  lur  as  tho  IJio  San  Ga- 
briel, when  they  met  the  enemy,  who  with  600 
mounted  men,  and  four  pieces  of  artillery,  'vero 
prepared  to  dispute  tho  passage  of  tho  river. 

On  tho  8th  of  January,  1847,  tho  Amerioans 
waded  through  the  river,  under  a  most  gidling 
lire,  reserving  their  fire,  uaiii  they  reached  the 
opposite  bank.  Here  they  succeeded  in  com- 
pletely routing  tho  enemy,  ond  encamped  there 
over  night,  and  resumed  their  march,  earlj-  next 
morning.  On  tho  jilains  of  the  Mesa,  another 
attempt  was  made  by  the  enemy  to  save  their 
capitjil.  They  concealed  themselves  in  a  ravine, 
us  the  Americans  approached,  when  they 
opened  a  brisk  fire  with  their  liehl  pieces,  and  at 
the  same  time  charged  upon  them  both  in  the 
front  and  rear.  They  fell  back,  however,  as  the 
Americans  udvanco<l,  and  finally  retreated,  after 
another  charge  on  the  left  Uaiik.  The  Ameri- 
cans entered  the  city  of  Los  Angeles  on  the  10th 
without  opposition. 

Two  or  three  days  previously  to  tho  battle  of 
the  8lh  of  Junuiu'y,  propositions  were  iiuide  by 
Joso  -Maria  Flores,  tho  commander  of  tho  Cali- 
foruiaiis,  for  peace.  But  Captain  Stockton  replied 
that  he  would  receive  no  overtures  from  a  man 
who  had  broken  his  parolo  ;  that  ho  was  a  rebel 
in  arms,  and  if  taken  he  wouhl  be  shot. 

After  losing  tho  baltlea  of  the  8th  &  Uth,  they 
met  Colonel  Fremont  on  his  way  to  Ciudad  de 
lus  Angeles.  Flores  had  fied,  leaving  the  com- 
inand  to  Dim  Andres  Pico,  who  [jropo'd  sur- 
rendering his  force  to  Coh)nel  Fremont,  who, 
l)eing  unaware  of  what  had  occurred  previously 
agreed  to  accept.  The  articles  of  capitulation 
Were  signed  on  the  13th  of  January.  The  terms 
did  not  treat  the  Callfornians  either  as  rebels,  or 
OS  citizens  of  tho  United  States,  nor  e.taet  oaths 
of  allegiance  until  a  definite  treaty  of  peace 
shouhl  be  concluded  between  the  two  Powers 
Commodore  Stockton  approved  of  this  .igreement 
though  he  regretted  that  the  ojiportunity  wiui 
lost  for  punishing  the  ollicers  for  breaking  their 
parole. 

Colonel  I'rcmont  joined  tho  forces  of  Kearney 
and  Stockton,  at  Los  Angeles,  on  the  15th.  It 
was  here  that  tho  dispnto  arose  betweeti  Kearney 
and  Stockton,  as  to  their  relative  prerogatives, 
which  eventually  lost  to  the  eouiilry,  the  valu- 
able services  of  lUie  of  her  most  brilliant  und 
talented  ofiicers. 

Comnuidore  Stockton  had  been  greatly  pleased 
with  the  conduct  of  Colonel  Fr.  mont,  and  was 
deei>ly  imprcfsod  with  his  ability  an<l  /.eal;  nuil 
in  return  for  bis  services,  before  leaving  tin 
coast,  appointed  him  Governor  of  Calllornla. 

Commoihire  Shubrick  arrived  at  .Molilerey 
and  assumed  cmnmand  of  the  naval  forces  on 
that  Blalion,  in  January,  1S47.  General  Ivear 
ney  was  joined  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Cooke,  al 
San  Diego,  with  a  battalion  of  .Moriuons,  who 
were  posted  at  San  l.nis  l£ey,  to  prevent  the 
reiulorceineuls  IVo'u  entering  Caliloiuia  from 
S.iii.ira.  General  Ivearney  sailed  to  .Monterey. 
Captain  Tompkins  arrived  with  his  company  ol 
I'nileil  Slates  artillery,  and  was  statinned  at 
.Moulerey,  and  on   the  Ulh  of  March,  Colonel 


Stephenson,  with  250  of  the  Now  York  Califor- 
nia volunteers,  arrived  at  San  Francisco.  The 
rem.iuder  of  Ids  regiment  arrived  soon  after. 
He  was  ordered,  soon  afterwards,  to  occupy 
Monterey,  with  four  companies,  and  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Burton,  with  three  companies,  occupied 
Santa  Barbara.  The  einigrnnis  who  had  fiirmod 
tho  California  Battalion,  were  discharged,  and 
began  to  estal)Ii^h  themselves.  New  settlements 
were  formed  in  all  directions.  General  Kearney's 
last  act  was  to  order  Lieutenant  Colonel  Burton 
to  sail  to  La  Paz  in  I.flwor  California,  and  occn 
py  that  country.  This  was  accomplished  with 
out  much  difficulty. 

A  brilliant  victory  was  gained  by  Licntenant 
Colonel  Burton  at  La  Paz,  over  300  of  tho  ene- 
my, killing  and  wounding  50  of  their  number, 
witli  the  loss  of  only  three  men.  Some  50 
Americans,  under  Lieutenant  lleywood,  wero 
besieged  at  San  Jos^',  tho  most  southern  port  of 
California,  for  30  days,  by  nearly  -100  of  tho 
enemy,  yet  despite  of  all  the  horrors  of  famino 
and  thirst,  they  maintained  their  post  until  they 
wero  released  by  the  United  States  ship  Cyane, 
the  crow  of  which  put  the  enemy  to  flight.  A 
series  of  minor  fights  and  skirmishes  took  place 
on  tho  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico,  in  which  tho 
enemy  wore  generally  worsted. 

In  Februarj',  1847,  (louerul  Kearney  received 
instructions  from  tho  war  department,  to  assunio 
the  government  of  California,  and  issued,  on  the 
1st  of  March,  1847,  a  procbiinatiou  to  that  etl'ect. 
When  Colonel  Fremont  was  apprised  of  this  ac- 
tion, he  decliue<l  to  obey  his  military  orders,  and 
continued  to  act  as  "governor  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  California,"  under  autlu.rity  from 
Commodore  Stockton,  alleging  that  uthor- 

ity  conferred  on  General  Keari.ey  •  ^como 

obsolete  by  events,  of  which  the  govt.  .  t  had 
taken  no  note.  The  principal  of  these  was  tlie 
conquest  of  California,  which  ho  stated  had  been 
accomplished  by  Commodore  Stockton  and  him- 
self, before  the  arrival  of  General  Keimiey. 

At  tho  end  of  May,  General  Kearney  left  fi)r 
home,  having  appointed  Colonel  Mason  governor 
of  California,  llo  was  accompanied  by  Colonel 
Fremont  a.id  his  original  engineering  parly. 
When  they  reached  Fort  Leavenworth,  formal 
charges  of  mutiny,  and  dis*)bcdieiu'e  of  the 
commands  of  his  superior  ofiiccr,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  good  order  and  nnlitary  discipline,  were 
preferred  by  General  Kearney  ag.ainst  Colonel 
Fremont,  who  desired  a  sjieedy  trial.  He  was 
subseiiuently  tried  in  Washington,  before  a  court 
martial,  and  found  guilty  of  all  the  charges;  but 
recommended  to  executive  clemency.  Although 
the  President  approved  of  tlje  sciitence  of  Iho 
court,  which  wa.s  "dismissal  from  service,''  he 
was  of  opinion  that  the  charge  of  mutiny  was 
not  sustained.  The  sentence  was  remitted,  and 
Iremont  relea.sed  from  arrest,  and  ordered  to 
report  for  duty.  Ho  was  ordered  to  join  the  rifle 
regiment,  hi  which  he  hehl  a  cominission,  as 
lieutenatit-cohuiel  in  Mexico ;  but  he  was  not  cou- 
S(  ioMs  of  meriting  the  sentence  of  the  court,  and 
he  woula  not  seem  to  admit  its  justiie,  by  ae- 
I'cpting  executive  clemency.  He  therefore  re- 
si;5i'cd  his  coinniission. 

An  insurrection  broke  out  in  tho  northern 
part  of  New  .Mexico,  soon  alter  Cidonel  Diuii- 
I'han  lelt  for  I'hihualiMa.  The  object  of  thOfO 
engaged  in  it  appeared  to  be  to  minder  all  Iho 
American  residents,  and  as  many  of  iho  Mex- 
icans as  had  taken  oltice  under  the  govern- 
meiit  established  by  General  Kearney.  The  insr.r- 
reetiou  was  formed  by  a  number  of  prominent 
Mexicans,  headed  by  Thomas  (Irtiz,  and  Diego 
.\rchalcla.  The  failure  of  their  plan  is  attribu- 
ted to  the  postponement  of  their  scheme,  from 
tho  time  first  agreed  upon.  The  leaders  fled, 
tlion(;li  their  doctrines  were  rife  among  the  peo- 
ple, and  gave  great  anxiety  to  the  outhorities. 
Governor  IJeiit  is'Ued  a  proc'amatiou  on  theSlh 
of  .lannary,  wliicli  appealed  to  have  tlie  d^^sir<d 
uU'eul,  for  llio  governor,  confiding  in  the  ai>puf- 


Now  York  Colifor- 
an  Francisco.    The 

lirrivcd  soon  nfter. 
■nvnrds,  to  occupy 
lii-.-',  and  Mciitenniit 
I'liinpnnics,  occiiiiicd 
Ills  ivlioliad  I'oriiKHl 
ero  discliarged,  ami 
New  cettlomoiita 
General  Kearnev's 
innt  Cdloncl  Burton 
^ilifornia,  and  ocon 
accompILMbed  with 

incd  by  Licntsnnnt 
■or  3(iO  of  tho  oiii»- 
i>  of  their  number, 
•0  men.  Some  50 
It  Hey  wood,  woro 
>st  soutlierii  port  of 
nearly  400  of  tlio 
I  horrors  of  funiino 
heir  post  until  tlicv 
States  ship  thymic, 
"oiiiy  to  llipht.  A 
riiiislie^  took  place 
ico,  in  which  tlio 
d. 

Kearney  received 
>artment,  to  assuiiio 

and  issued,  on  tlio 
lation  to  that  etlect. 
ipprised  of  this  iic- 
iiilitaryorder.-saud 
r  and  conimaiidcr- 
er  authcrity  fr<,m 
g  tliat  Mtlior- 

iriiey  I  ^coino 

lepovf.  .        I  had 

1   of  tllCSO  WHS   the 

ho  stated  had  been 
Stocliton  and  him- 
3ral  KeaiTioy. 
il  Kearney  "left  for 
lel  Miwoii  ({overuor 
panied  by  Colonel 
engineering    party, 
ivenworth,  formal 
lohedieiice   of    tlie 
ieer,  to  the  prejn- 
ry  discipline,  wero 
'  against    Colonel 
ily  tr'nl.     He  was 
ton,  before  a  court 
1  tho  charges;  but 
uency.    Althougli 
0  sentence  of  tho 
from  service,"'  he 
0  of  mutiny  was 
*va»  remitted,  and 
t,  and  ordered  to 
ed  to  join  tlierillo 
n  C(imiiiissi(m,  as 
111  he  w  as  not  coii- 
of  tlic  court,  and 
its  justice,  by  ac- 
ilo  tlivretiiro  re- 
in the   northern 
■r  Colonel  Doni. 
'  olyeet  of  thoso 
)  murder  all  tho 
>"iy  of  the  Mox. 
ier    the   goveni- 
iruey.  Tlie  insur- 
er of  prominent 
l»rtiz,  and  Diego 
plan  is  uttrilm- 
■ir  scheiiic,  from 
he  leaders   lied, 
among  the  peo- 
the  authorities 
ation  on  iheOih 
luve  tlio  divircii 
H  iu  tlio  appuf- 


UNITED  STATES. 


S4S 


ent  tranquillity,  went  to  Taos  unattoudeJ  on  pri- 
vate business. 

On  tho  19th  of  January,  a  party  of  Pueblo 
Indians  appeared  in  the  village,  and  detnanded 
the  release  of  two  of  their  comrades,  who  were 
conlincd  in  prison  for  crime.  Stephen  L.  Lee, 
the  sheritr,  would  have  complied  with  their  re 
quest,  had  not  Vigil,  tho  Mexican  prefect,  for- 
bidden it.  The  Indians  then  murdered  both  Vigil 
and  Lee,  and  themselves  released  the  prisoners. 
They  were  now  joined  by  a  party  of  Mexicans, 
oud  marched  to  the  house  of  (Jovernor  Bont, 
who  attempted  to  escape,  but  was  shot,  scalped, 
and  his  body  nailed  to  a  board,  and  paraded 
tlirough  the  streets.  Mr.  Leal,  tho  district  uttor 
ney,  they  treated  in  a  more  brutal  manner, 
nciilplng  hiin  alive,  and  shooting  arrows  into  his 
body  a  little  way  at  it  time.  Messengers  wore 
thcii  dispatched  ull  over  the  country,  proclaim 
ing  that  a  blow  had  been  struck,  and  inviting 
tlic  aid  of  the  people  in  prosecuting  the  revolt, 
Several  Americans  were  murdered  on  the  same 
day,  at  the  Arroyo  Hondo,  and  two  others  on 
the  liio  Colorado, 

On  tho  20th  of  January,  Colonel  Price  heard 
(\(  these  events,  and  that  tho  insurgents  had 
raised  an  army  of  1,500  men,  and  were  advanc- 
ing to  tight  him.  He  met  them  on  the  24th, 
aud  defeated  them,  they  flying  in  all  directions, 
leaving  30  dead  on  the  Held.  On  tho  20th  he 
WHS  informed  that  some  60  or  80  of  thom  were 
posted  on  tho  gorge  leading  to  Embndo,  and 
dispatched  Captain  Burgwin  with  180  men  to 
tight  them. 

He  found  them  600  strong,  and  posted  on  the 
precipitous  sides  of  the  mountains.  Neverthe- 
less he  drove  them  from  their  position,  with  the 
loss  of  20  killed  and  60  wounded  on  their  part, 
wliile  he  IiikI  only  one  man  killed  and  one 
wounded.  Ho  then  marched  to  Trampas,  where 
he  was  joined  by  Colonel  Price,  and  the  whole 
army  inarclied  over  the  Taos  Mountains,  break- 
ing a  road  through  tho  snow  for  their  artillery, 
It  was  ascertained  that  the  enemy  had  fortified 
I'ueblo  do  Taos,  a  place  remarkable  for  its 
strength,  Iwing  surrounded  by  adobe  walls  an- 
strong  pickets,  every  i)art  of  which  was  flanked 
by  some  projecting  building. 

Colonel  Price  opened  his  batteries  on  tho  town 
on  the  3d  of  February,  but  retired  shortly  after 
to  await  the  concentration  of  his  forces.  On  the 
4lli  tho  fire  was  again  oi)oned,  but  it  being  found 
inipos-sible  to  make  a  breach  in  the  walls  with 
tlie  howitzers,  it  was  determined  to  storm  tho 
church,  situated  in  the  north-western  angle  of 
the  town.  Tho  attack  was  led  by  Cuptjiin 
Hurgwin,  who  established  his  party  \inder  the 
western  walls  of  the  church,  and  attempted  to 
ettoct  an  entrance  with  aie.s,  while  the  roof  was 
tired,  with  the  help  of  n  temjiorary  ladder. 
Captain  Burgwin  was  fatally  wounded,  while 
endeavoring  to  force  tho  door,  and  died  ou  the 
7th  of  February. 

It  was  found  to  be  impossible  to  force  tho  door, 
and  they  retreated  behind  the  wall ;  while  they 
li;id  been  thus  engaged  small  holes  had  been  cut 
ill  the  wiUI,  and  shells  were  thrown  in  by  hand 
doing  great  execution.  A  breach  was  at  last  ef- 
Iccted  hy  Lieutenant  Wilson,  who  procured  a 
si.y  Douuiler  :nd  tired  ten  rounds  of  grape 
within  Ou  yards  of  tho  wall.  Tho  gun  was 
then  brought  to  bear  within  ten  yards'  distance, 
and  throe  more  rounds  of  grape,  and  a  shell 
were  tired. 

The  capture  of  tho  town  was  speedily  etTocted, 
numbers  of  the  enemy  endeavoring  to  "escape  to- 
wards the  mountains ;  but  were  intercepted  bv 
I'aptaiiis  Slack  and  St.  Vrain,  who  killed  61  o"f 
them.  In  order  to  obtain  terms,  they  gave  up 
to  us  the  Indians  who  had  been  concerned  iu 
the  murder  of  (toveriior  Brent,  oml  much  pro- 
jieriy  belonging  to  the  Americans  whom  they 
had  murdered. 

On  the  luih  of  January  the  jwople  of  f'lc  town 
of  Muro.  ou  the  side  of  the  wouutuius,  hid  risen 
'M 


and  murdered  eight  Americans  residing  there. 
Captain  Henley  being  in  tho  vicinity,  attempted 
to  take  the  town,  but  was  repulsed,  and  lost  his 
life.  Captain  Morin  reinforced  tho  as!<4iilant.s, 
and  took  and  burned  the  town.  The  Indians 
sued  for  peace,  and  gave  up  those  who  had  ox- 
cited  them  to  rebellion.  Many  of  those  who  had 
borne  an  active  part,  were  tried  and  convicted, 
and  promptly  executed.  Colonel  Price  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  for  his 
zeal  and  bravery. 

Hostilities  were  kept  up  for  some  time  by  the 
Camanche,  Arapaho,  and  Kiawa tribes oflndiaas 
with  others  inhabiting  the  country  from  Mis- 
souri to  Santa  F4  and  California.  Colonel  Gil- 
pin, with  a  battalion  of  troops,  was  ordered  to 
tho  scene  of  these  operations,  and  by  bis  skill 
and  bravery  succeeded  in  restoring  quiet,  and 
now  tho  Santa  F6  trader  and  the  government 
trains  pass  unmolested. 

When  the  movements  of  the  Mexicans  against 
General  Taylor  on  tho  Rio  Grande  rendered  war 
l)etwcen  the  United  States  and  Mexico  inevita- 
ble. General  Scott  submitted  a  plan  of  opera- 
tions to  government,  having  for  its  basis  a  vigor- 
ous prosocntion  of  hostilities.  This  was  rejected 
by  the  war  department.  Tho  general  then  re- 
quested permission  to  join  Taylor  with  large 
reinforcements,  and  be  ready  for  an  advance  on 
tho  enemy's  capital  at  a  moment's  warning. 
This  was  also  disapproved,  and  Scott  was  obliged 
to  remain  jnactive  at  Washington,  until  Novem- 
ber, 1840,  when  he  received  authority  from 
Secretary  Marcy  to  organize  a  force  independent 
of  that  under  General  Taylor,  and  proceed  with 
it  to  the  Gulf  coast.  In  obedience  to  this  order, 
he  reached  Rio  Grondo  on  tho  1st  of  January, 
and  immediately  commenced  preparations  for 
the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz.  On  the  9th,  the  troops, 
numbering  cloven  thousand,  were  landed  on  the 
wide  beach  near  tho  city.  "A  more  stirring 
spectacle,''  says  an  eye-witness,  "  has  probably 
never  been  witnessed  in  America,  In  tho  first 
lino  there  were  no  less  than  seventy  heavy  surf- 
boats,  conti\ining  nearly  four  thousand  regulars, 
all  of  whom  exjiected  to  meet  the  enemy  before 
they  reached  the  shore.  Yet  every  man  was 
anxious  to  be  first,  and  plunged  into  the  water 
waist-deep.  When  they  reached  the  shore,  the 
stars  and  stripes  wore  instantly  floating,  a  rush 
was  m".do  for  tho  sand-hills,  the  troops  pressing 
onward  amid  loud  shouts.  Three  long  and  loud 
cheers  rose  from  their  comrades  still  on  board, 
awaiting  to  bo  disembarked,  and  meanwhile  the 
tops  and  every  portion  of  the  foreign  vessels  wore 
crowded  with  siwctators  of  the  scene. 

On  tho  22d,  after  summoning  tho  city  to  sur- 
render, General  Scott  opened  liis  batteries,  and 
tho  bombardment  was  commenced  in  regular 
form.  The  details  pre-sent  scenes  of  tho  most 
thrilling  interest  of  individual  heroism  and  in- 
tense suflTering.  Tho  enemy  were  superior  iu 
number  to  their  assailant.s  and  both  city  and 
castle  were  bri.stling  with  infantry.  Yet  while 
bombs  and  balls  were  falling  around  them  as  thick 
as  a  summer  shower,  tho  Americans  labored  at 
their  trenches,  erected  batteries,  and  completed 
their  investment.  All  night,  while  the  terrible 
drama  went  on,  fiery  streams,  carrying  winged 
messengers  of  death,  traversed  the  air,  shattering 
the  flinty  rocks  like  chatt',  or  crushing  through 
walls  and  houses  into  tho  streets  of  Vera  Cruz. 
Houses  and  battlements  shook  with  the  explo- 
sions, while  tho  heaving  (itdf  tossed  and  lashed 
ns  though  participating  in  tho  fearful  uproar. 
Sweeping  up  and  down,  between  the  fires  of  both 
armies,  the  tall  form  of  General  Scott  thrilled 
each  soldier  as  it  had  done  a  former  army,  near 
tho  roar  of  Niagara:  while  here  and  thero  the 
.Vmerican  officers  stood  upon  tlieir  guns,  and 
watched  the  flatning  tires,  as  they  drove  into  the 
city.  Rows  of  bu'ldings  were  heard  crashing  iu 
tho  streets,  while  wailings  of  de:itli  from  thou- 
sands of  voim!8  told  of  tho  fearful  consequcnccd. 


Then  the  stem  old  castle  would  vomit  forth  its 
discharges,  the  balls  plunging  nnd  hissing  in  the 
water,  or  rattling  like  fallen  meteors  along  the 
shore. 

Such  was  tho  scene  during  the  night  of  the 
22d.  On  tho  following  day,  one  of  those  ter- 
rific storms,  denominated  northers,  set  in,  and  a 
suspension  of  hostilities  became  necessary.  The 
ocean  dashed  and  roared  along  the  shore,  so  as  to 
render  any  communication  with  tho  fleet  impos- 
sible ;  while  showers  of  sand  filled  the  trenches 
of  the  Americans  as  soon  as  opened,  blind 
ing  the  laborers,  and  scattering  their  materi- 
als. This  subsided  during  tho  night,  and  on  tlie 
following  day  the  bombardment  recommenced 
with  increased  spirit, — several  new  batteries  hav- 
ing been  opened  iu  tho  morning.  The  heaviest 
walls  crumbled  before  the  iron  bolts  that  were 
hurled  against  them,  while  scores  of  men,  wo- 
men, and  little  children  were  cngidfed  under 
their  ruins.  Tho  terrified,  shrieking  masses  flew 
from  station  to  station,  os-ono  after  another  bo- 
came  untenable,  until  at  length  no  ])lace  was 
secure.  Heavy  bombs,  loaded  with  powder  and 
small  shot,  fell  and  exploded  among  dense  groups, 
crushing  nnd  mangling  hundreds. 

At  length  tho  citizens  crowded  to  General 
Morales,  and  demanded  the  opening  oi  a  nego- 
tiation for  tho  surrender  of  tho  city,  if  not  the 
castle.  This  was  refused,  and  though  clamor 
and  anorchy  wero  loud  against  him,  the  general 
kept  his  soldiers  to  their  posts,  and  announced 
his  resolution  to  die  rather  than  surrender. 
Then  despair,  tumult,  discord  ran  wild  through 
tho  city.  Morales  was  deposed,  and  Cicneral 
Ijmdoro  appointed  in  his  place.  Negotiations 
for  caiiitulation  immediately  ensued,  and  on  the 
2'Jth,  the  garrison  marched  from  both  city  and 
castle,  laid  down  their  arms,  and  departed  to  the 
interior.  The  .Mexican  flag  was  hauled  down, 
and  as  the  American  ore  ran  up,  it  was  saluted 
by  the  guns  of  San  Juan  do  Ulloa  and  tho  fleet. 
The  Mexican  army  was  dismissed  on  condition 
of  not  again  serving  in  the  war,  unless  exchanged. 
The  olhcers  and  soldiers  retained  their  side  arms 
and  all  private  ell'ects.  The  public  stores  and 
military  property,  with  both  city  and  castle, 
were  yielded  to  tlie  United  States. 

This  siege  will  ever  bo  remarkable  for  the 
great  strength  of  the  |)laco  attacked,  the  vigor 
of  the  besiegers,  aud  their  comparatively  insig- 
nificant loss.  Two  oflieers  were  killed,  and  a 
few  soldiers.  The  number  of  killed  and  wound- 
ed among  tho  Mexicans  is  unknown,  but  was  no 
doubt  very  great. 

After  refreshing  his  men  for  about  two  weeks, 
tienend  Scott  advanced  v^^tli  April)  towards  the 
capital.  On  the  I'.lth  ho  arrived  at  the  Sierra 
Gordo,  where  General  Santa  Anna  had  stationed 
liimself  with  eleven  thousand  men.  The  Sierra 
is  a  strong  pass,  situated  among  lofty  rocks,  and 
entirely  coutroUiiig  the  roa*l  toward  the  interior. 
Tlie  Mexican  lieiu'ral  had  fortified  it  so  carefully 
that  it  was  considered  impregnable,  except  iu 
front.  Further  along  the  road  was  another  hill 
similarly  fortified,  and  defended  by  Gor.eral  La 
Vega,  with  throe  thousand  men.  Besides  these 
princiinil  works,  batteries  wi're  placed  at  ditl'cr- 
ent  poiuts  ou  the  road,  so  as  to  swee|)  directly 
across  it.  Iu  front  ofthose  stations  was  tho  Rio 
do  Itt  Plan,  a  small  stream  between  deep  rugged 
hanks.  The  road  itself  was  broken  up  by  gorges, 
liills  and  ravines.  Such  was  the  position  which, 
although  defended  by  eleven  tliousimd  men, 
tienerul  Scott  was  about  to  storm  w^itli  eight 
thousand. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  circumstances  of 
this  battle,  was  the  scientific  occuracy  with 
which  its  every  vicissitude,  with  one  exception, 
was  foretold  by  the  American  general's  order, 
(No.  Ill),  which,  although  written  ou  the  17th 
day  of  April,  is  an  exact  narration  of  every 
pint  of  the  action,  ex.ept  that  relating  to  Geu- 
ei-al  Pillow. 

Undoubtedly  nn  attempt  to  curry  Sierra  Gordo 


646 


niSTORT   OF  THE 


by  an  attack  in  front,  leading  the  troops  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  in  the  face  of  the  enemy's 
bnttorics,  would  liave  been  rashnesa.  The 
American  general,  therefore,  opened  a  now  road 
in  the  rear  of  the  hill,  and  favorable  to  an  im- 
mediate pafsiige  to  the  Jalapa  road,  should  the 
fort  be  carried.  This  labor  was  effected  on  the 
afternoon  of  the  17th,  during  which  time  some 
of  the  American  troops  became  engaged  in  a 
skirmish  with  the  Mexicans  and  carried  a  small 
advanced  redoubt.  During  the  night  the  troops 
were  engaged  in  lifting  the  cannon  up  tlie  steep 
rocks  and  preparing  for  the  assault  of  the  follow- 
ing day.  For  eight  hours  they  thus  toiled,  al- 
though previously  worn  down  by  long  marches, 
want  of  rest,  and  heavy  labor. 

At  daylight  on  the  18th,  General  Twiggs 
moved  to  the  attack  npon  Sierra  Gordo.  The 
Btrugglo  was  fierce  but  short.  Mexico's  feeble 
sons  shrunk  convulsively  before  American  valor, 
and  Sierra  Gordo  was  won. 

Meanwhile  General  Shields  with  his  volun- 
teers attacked  the  redoubt  in  front.  Emulating 
the  example  of  their  comrades  under  Twiggs, 
the  troops  rushed  on  under  a  most  galling  tire, 
without  pausing  for  a  moment.  Tlicir  general 
fell  by  a  ball  through  the  lungs,  but  the  fort  was 
carried  at  the  point  of  the  bayouet.  Tlie  divi- 
sion then  hastened  to  the  Jalapa  road  to  inter- 
cept the  flight  of  the  enemy. 

Pillow  was  unsuccessful ;  but  he  kept  General 
La  Vega  engaged  until  the  fall  of  Sierra  Gordo, 
and  finally  assisted  in  capturing  him. 

On  the  enemy's  side  all  was  now  flight  and 
confusion.  That  vast  army  which  in  the  morn- 
ing had  appeared  utterly  impregnable,  was  bro- 
ken, scattered,  annildlated.  Generals  Santa  Anna, 
Caiializo,  and  others,  fled  through  a  narrow  pass 
to  Puebla.  Three  thousand  troops,  five  generals, 
forty-three  pieces  of  brass  artillery,  and  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  small  arms  and  military  stores, 
were  the  rewards  of  victory. 

The  total  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  that  of  tlio  Mexicans  exolu- 
Hive  of  prisimcrs  and  deserters,  about  one  hun- 
dred more. 

Within  less  than  a  month  after  this  battle,  the 
towns  of  Jalapa,  Perote,  and  Puebla,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Americans.  The  army  remained  at 
the  latter  place  until  the  8th  of  August,  when  it 
resumed  its  advance  toward  the  capital.  Alter 
pa-ssing  round  Lake  Chaloo,  by  an  imfreqiiented 
road,  in  order  to  avoid  the  strong  fortrcs.  of  El 
Ponon,  the  troops  entered  San  Augustine  (Au- 
gust ISthJ,  a  village  twelve  miles  south  of  the 
city. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  following  day,  a  re- 
connoissai;ce  of  tlie  fortress  of  San  Antonio  took 
place,  during  which  C'apt.  Thornton  was  killed, 
but  a  heavy  rain  rendered  an  attack  npon  it  that 
evening  impracticable.  The  troops  bivouacked 
on  the  open  plain,  without  tents  or  hlankols,  and 
exposed  to  a  drenching  rain. 

At  one  o'clock  p.  si.,  on  the  19th,  Generals 
Twiggs  and  Pillow,  assisted  by  Generals  1'.  F. 
Siiiitli  and  Cadwalader,  attacked  the  fortitication 
of  (  oiitreras,  defended  by  thousands  of  Mexicans 
witli  tweuty-two  jdeccs  of  cannon.  The  assault 
upon  this  place  was  continued  for  six  hours,  du- 
ring which  one  incessant  cannonade  shook  the 
ground  for  miles  around.  At  the  same  time,  a 
largo  body  of  Mexican  cavalry  appeared  in  the 
rear  of  the  fort,  as  though  [jrejiariiig  for  a  charge. 
About  this  time  General  Scott  arrived,  and  [ler- 
ooiving  the  great  force  of  the  enemy,  ordered  up 
General  Shields  to  assist  Cadwalader  and  Colonel 
Kiley  in  watching  the  lancers,  and  also  rein- 
forced Generals  Smith  and  Pillow.  Hut  the 
Mexicans  were  not  dismayed.  One  wide  peal  of 
artillery  burst  from  their  heavy  guns,  and  tlie 
fort  was  hid  from  view  by  flro  and  smoke. 
Companies  diminished  fearfully  before  their 
plunging  vollies;  and  a  position  which  General 
Suiitli  had  assumed  with  his  artillery  was  before 
night  aliaiidoncd.    Each  elUirt  of  tlie  asBailuuLs 


was  met  in  mid  career  and  foiled.  The  troops 
finally  paused,  night  fell  on  the  fearful  struggle, 
and  still  Contrcras  was  not  gained.  Weary  and 
disapjiointed,  they  sank  down  amid  the  rocks 
and  gorges  of  the  battle-field.  The  commander 
retired  to  San  Augustine.  At  intervals  during 
the  whole  night,  rain  fell  in  torrents,  completely 
drenihing  the  troops,  and  preventing  them  from 
building  fires. 

Before  daylight  on  the  20th,  the  commander, 
accompanied  by  General  Worth,  set  out  for  Con- 
treras,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  combined  at- 
tack upon  the  fortress.  The  roar  of  cannon, 
with  rapid  discharges  of  musketry  and  rifles  soon 
assured  him  that  the  attack  had  already  begun. 
Still  he  hastened  forward,  until  a  single  horse- 
man was  seen  spurring  along  the  rugged  plain 
with  furious  h.iste.  It  was  Colonel  Mason,  the 
bearer  of  glorious  tidings.  Contreras  had  been 
taken  by  tJeneral  Smith.  The  intrepid  Riley 
had  led  the  van  through  a  long  rugged  gorge, 
marched  directly  up  to  tlie  fort  and  carried  it  at 
the  jioiiit  of  the  bayonet.  Several  hundred  of 
the  enemy  were  killed,  thirteen  hundred  taken 
prisoners,  including  (ienerals  Blanco,  Salas,  Gar- 
cia, and  Mendoza,  and  a  large  amount  of  stores, 
with  twenty-two  field  pieces  captured.  The 
enemy  fled  toward  San  Pablo  and  Cburubusco 
rapidly  pui-sued  by  the  Americans ;  while  nt  the 
same  time  General  Worth  moved  upon  San  An 
tonio.  This  was  speedily  abandoned  by  the  gar- 
rison, who  retired  to  Churubusco. 

The  enemy  now  concentrated  their  troops  in 
the  fortification  of  Churubusco,  whiclrhad  been 
constructed  in  the  short  space  of  thirty-eight 
hours.  The  cathedral  and  other  buildings  near' 
the  fort  were  scaffolded  for  infantry,  and  every 
roof  was  lined  with  armed  men.  All  the  stores 
and  artillery  saved  from  Contreras,  San  Pablo, 
San  Antonio,  and  San  Augustine,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  from  the  city,  were  here  col- 
lected. 

This  j)laco  was  attacked  by  General  Worth, 
with  the  tlower  of  tlie  American  nniiy.  The 
thick  growth  of  vegetation  covering  the  hill  on 
which  the  redoubt  was  built,  embarrassed  for  a 
short  time  the  operations  of  the  Americans,  and 
exposed  them  to  considerable  loss.  But  this  dif- 
ficulty being  surmounted,  they  advanced  steadily 
toward  their  object,  and  carried  it  in  a  very 
short  time.  The  enemy  threw  down  their  arms, 
and  fled  by  thousands  toward  the  city,  while  the 
Americans  led  by  Worth,  drove  on  in  hurried 
pursuit.  Many  of  the  enemy  were  killed  in  the 
flight,  and  the  whole  road  was  strewn  with  arms 
and  clothing  thrown  away  by  the  fugitives. 
The  pursuit  contiuued  until  the  Mexicans  were 
within  the  city. 

"  After  so  many  victories,"  says  General  Scott, 
"we  might,  with  but  little  adilitionid  loss,  have 
occu|iiod  the  ca|)lt,'d  the  same  evening.  But  Mr. 
Trist,  commissioner,  etc.,  as  well  as  myself,  had 
been  admonished  by  the  best  friends  of  peace 
intelligeut  neutrals,  and  some  Anicrioan  residents 
— against  precipitation ;  lest  by  wantonly  driving 
aw.iy  the  government  and  others  dishonored,  we 
might  scatter  the  elements  of  peace,  excite  a 
spirit  of  national  desperation,  and  thus  imlefl- 
nitely  postpone  the  hope  of  accommodation 
Deei>ly  impressed  with  this  danger,  and  remem- 
bering our  mission — to  conquer  a  peace — the 
army  very  cluerl'ully  sacrificed  to  patriotism, 
to  tiie  great  wish  and  want  of  our  country,  the 
eclnt  whicli  would  have  followed  an  entrance 
sword  in  hand  into  a  great  capital.  Willing  to 
leave  .something  to  this  republic  of  no  immediate 
viduo  to  u:i,  on  which  to  rest  her  pride  and  to 
recover  temper,  I  halted  our  victorious  corps  at 
the  gates  of  the  city  (at  least  for  a  time),  and 
have  them  now  cantoned  in  the  neighbouring 
villages,  where  they  are  well  sheltered  and  suji- 
plied  with  all  necessaries. 

"  On  the  morning  of  the  2l8t,  being  obout  to 
take  up  battering  or  assaulting  positions,  to  an 
thorizu  mu  to  sumniou  the  city  tu  Burruudor,  or 


to  sign  an  armistice  with  a  pledge  to  enter  at 
cnce  into  negotiations  for  a  peace,  a  mission 
camo  out  to  propose  a  truce.  Kejecting  its 
terms,  I  despatched  my  contemplated  note  to 
President  Santa  Anna,  omitting  the  summons. 
The  22d,  coiiimis.>-ioiicrs  were  appointed  by  the 
commanders  of  the  armies;  the  armistice  was 
iignod  the  23d,  and  ratifications  were  exchanged 
the  24th." 

"  The  first  article  of  the  armistice  stipulated 
that  hostilities  shall  instantly  and  absolutely 
cease,  between  the  armies  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  and  the  United  Mexican  States, 
within  thirty  lengncs  of  the  capital  of  the  latter 
states,  to  allow  time  to  the  comnii.ssloners  ap- 
pointed by  the  Bnited  States,  and  the  commis- 
sioners to  be  appointed  by  the  Mexican  Kcpublic, 
to  negotiate.  The  armistice  shall  continue  as 
long  as  the  commissionci-s  of  the  two  govern, 
nicnts  may  be  engaged  on  ncgotiation.s,  or  until 
the  commander  of  either  of  the  said  armies  shall 
j;ive  formal  notice  to  the  other  of  the  cessation 
of  the  armistice  for  forty-eight  hours  after  such 
notice." 

Negotiations  then  commenced  between  Iiir. 
Trist,  the  American  plenipotentiary,  and  the 
authorities  of  Mexico,  but  the  hopes  of  the 
friends  of  peace  were  destined  to  be  disap- 
pointed. The  Mexicans  made  demands  which 
were  consiilered  inadniis.sible.  All  elVorts  of 
compromise  were  inetlectual,  and  on  the  6lh  of 
September,  the  ultimatum  otl'ered  bj  Jlr.  Trist 
on  the  2il  was  rejected,  and  the  negotiations 
dosed.  On  the  same  day.  General  Scott  wrote 
to  the  Mexican  commander,  charging  him  witli 
the  violation  of  the  armistice,  by  refusing  the 
passage  of  supplies  from  the  capital  to  the 
American  army,  and  threatening  the  recom- 
mencement of  hostilities,  in  case  satiiifactiou  waj 
not  given.  Santa  Anna  replied  in  a  similar 
strain,  expressing  his  astonishment  at  the  reccii- 
tion  of  such  a  charge,  and  accusing  the  Amer- 
icans of  intercepting  the  communications  with 
the  capital,  and  of  committing  outrages  upon 
peaceable  citizens.  He  iiitimated  his  perfect 
willingness  for  another  appeal  to  arms,  with  a 
determination  to  use  every  etfort  to  repel  in- 
vasion. 

The  armistice  being  terminated.  General  Worth 
was  sent  (September  8th)  to  attack  the  Molinos 
del  Key,  a  strongly  fortified  station  in  front  of 
Chepultepec.  When  the  Americans  wer^j  near 
the  works,  the  enemy  opened  upon  them  a 
iieavy  fire,  which  mowed  down  wliide  comp.a- 
nies.  For  a  moment  the  ailvance  wavered,  liut 
the  reserve  led  by  Cadwalader  swept  to  tlioir 
van,  restored  order,  and  continued  the  luarob. 
At  this  critical  moment  four  thousand  lancers, 
taking  advantage  of  the  temporary  confiisioii, 
came  towering  down,  their  long  iieiinants  gleam- 
ing in  the  sun,  and  their  spears  set  tor  a  chaise 
Col.  Duncan  opened  two  pieces  of  his  battery 
upon  them,  followed  immediately  alter  by  (apt. 
Drum,  while  .Major  Sumner  with  two  sipiadroiis 
of  dragoons,  and  Capt.  Uutt  "s  company  of  mount- 
ed rifles,  jiassing  rapidly  down  under  fire  tVoiii 
the  enemy's  works,  charged  the  head  of  tlieir 
column.  Under  the  rapid  discharges  of  artillery 
their  crowded  ranks  melted  powerless  away,  and 
iu  a  few  minutes  the  whole  force  was  flying  ia 
confusion.  Twice  they  turned  and  rallied,  hut 
were  finally  scattered  before  the  superior  prowc-^s 
of  our  artillerists. 

The  Americans  then  united  against  the  fortiti- 
cation, which,  after  a  vigorous  struggle,  was  car- 
ried. Seven  pieces  of  artillery,  a  large  quantity 
of  ammunition,  suiidl  arms,  etc.,  with  about  six 
hundred  prir^oners,  were  the  rewards  of  victory. 
But  to  will  these,  some  of  the  best  ofticersin  tliu 
army  had  been  sacrificoil,  and  but  two  of  tlieli 
whole  number  escajicd,  having  their  horses  killed 
under  them.  So  terrible  was  the  lire  of  tho 
eii.niy,  that  while  our  cavalry  were  passing  in 
front  of  the  fort  to  charge  the  enhimn  of  l.-uu  er.-i 
— u  8])uco  of  time  not  greater  tluin  ten  secuulii— 


I  a  pledge  to  enter  at 
r  A  peace,  a  mission 
triico.  Kcjccting  its 
coiittMiiplutod  note  to 
iiitting  tlio  sniuiuuiis. 
•ere  np])iiiiitod  by  the 
!s;  the  nniiistico  ivaa 
atioiis  were  cxchangeJ 

0  nrmigtice  stipnlatcd 
tnntly  and  absolutely 

1  of  the  Unito<l  States 
lited  Mexican  States, 
10  capital  of  the  latter 
he  coniinissioncra  ap- 
atcs,  and  the  ooniniis- 
tho  Mexican  Kepiiblic, 
ice  shall  continue  as 
i  of  the  two  govern- 

negotiations,  or  until 
>f  the  said  armies  shall 

other  of  the  cef«»tii)n 
:ight  hours  after  sucli 

menced  between  Jir. 
lipotcntiary,  and  the 

ut  the  hopes  of  the 
estined    to   be  disap- 

nade  demands  whieli 
<ible.  All  oH'orts  of 
ual,  and  on  the  Gth  of 

otiered  bj   Jlr.  Trist 

and  the  negotiations 
,  General  Scott  wrote 
er,  cimrging  him  with 
slice,  by  refusing  tlio 
the  capital  to  the 
reatening  the  recuni- 
n  case  satisfaction  w.is 

replied  in  a  similar 
lishmcnt  at  the  reccii- 
1  accusing  the  Amer- 
oommunications  with 
lilting  outrages  upon 
intimated  his  perfect 
peal  to  arms,  witli  a 
^ry  crt'ort  to  repel  in- 

iiiated,  General  Wortli 

to  attack  the  Molinin 
;d  station  in  front  of 
Americans  wer>j  near 
ijiened  i\\Hm  them  a 

down  wliole  compa- 
advance  wavered,  Imt 
ilader  swept  to  their 
:ontinued  the  manb. 
our  thousand  lancer,-, 
temporary  confusion, 

long  pennants  gleain- 
)cara  tet  for  a  eliarco. 

pieces  of  his  battery 
diately  alter  by  lajit. 
r  with  two  sipiadroiis 
'  's  company  of  mount- 
;o\vn  under  lire  iVoin 
cd  tlie  head  of  tlioir 
discharges  of  artillery 
1  i)owerles9  away,  and 
lo  force  was  flying  in 
rned  and  rallied,  hut 
;  the  superior  proH  esj 

;ed  against  the  fortili- 
)us  struggle,  was  car- 
lery,  a  large  (piantity 
,  etc.,  with  ohout  six 
e  rewards  of  victory. 
he  best  officers  in  tlia 
jHil  but  two  of  tlkir 
Ing  their  horses  kilKil 
was  lliu  lire  of  the 
airy  were  passing  ui 
iho  ('(ihitnn  of  lamrr.-; 
;r  tli.in  ton  seconds— 


UNITED  STATES. 


8ff 


they  sustained  a  Jobs  of  six  officers  ■wounded, 
thirty-two  privates  killed  and  wonnded,  and  one 
hundred  and  five  liof^es.  The  total  loss  in  killed 
and  wounded  was  seven  hundred  ond  eighty- 
nine.  On  the  11th  a  colunm  of  cavalry  sallied 
from  the  fort  on  tho  San  Antonia  road,  for  the 
purpose  of  capturiug  Capt.  Magrndcr's  battery, 
which  was  statio'.ied  with  the  picket  within 
about  eight  hundrod  yards  of  the  enemy.  Wher 
within  tiiir  range,  the  captain  opened  upon  them 
with  shot  and  sliell,  driving  them  back  to  the 
fort  in  some  confuiion.  The  enemy  then  directed 
their  lire  upon  the  battery,  but  with  no  other 
cSect  than  killing  one  man. 

About  sundown  General  Twggg,  with  the  bal- 
ance of  his  division,  arrived  at  Piedad,  and  Gen- 
eral Pillow,  with  his  command,  moved  to  the 
fonth  of  Tacubay.%  and  occupied  a  station  west 
of  Clicpultepec ;  Quitman's  troops  were  stationed 
on  the  road  from  Tacubaya  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Worth  remained  in  Tacabaya. 

At  daylight  on  the  12th  all  the  batteries 
opened  upon  Cliepultepec.  When  Capt.  Steptoe, 
of  Twiggs'  division,  commenced  his  fire,  several 
heavy  columns  of  the  enemy  left  their  position 
and  came  within  cannon  range.  They  were 
driven  back  with  loss.  The  captain  then  turned 
his  ottention  to  a  fort  fronting  Chcpultepec,  and 
after  an  hour's  cannonading  drove  the  enemy 
from  it,  and  uilenced  their  guns.  All  day  the 
siege  batteries  continued  tlieir  heavy  fire  upon 
the  castle,  riddling  its  buildings  and  sweeping  its 
defenders  from  the  heights.  As  they  fell,  the 
fierce  survivors,  forgetting  the  tics  of  humanity 
in  the  uproai  of  battle,  tore  them  from  the  works, 
threw  them  into  wells  and  ditches,  and  went  on 
with  their  terrible  work. 

Ou  tho  following  day  General  Scott  selected 
tlif  divisions  of  Worth  and  Twiggs,  the  flower  of 
his  anuy,  to  storm  the  fortress.  When  they  be- 
gan their  march,  the  heavy  batteries  on  both 
si'les  were  opened,  and  the  strongest  companies 
d'^■indkH^  away  to  a  scattered  remnant.  Hour 
afior  hour  did  three  thousand  troops  wrestle 
with  four  times  their  number,  stationed  behind 
almost  impregnable  works.  But  they  w^ere  toll- 
irg  for  the  City  of  Mexico,  the  far-famed  halls  of 
ilontszuma.  Tho  star  of  victory  still  beamed 
ou  American  valor,  while  the  lomembranco  of 
Cerro  Uorda,  Contrerjis  and  Churubusco,  brood- 
ing over  the  sons  of  Mexico,  withered  all  hope 
or  ett'ort — Cliepultepec  fell. 

"About  four  o'clock  next  morning,"  says  Gen- 
eral Scott,  "  (September  14th),  a  deputation  of 
the  ayuntamiento  (city  council)  waited  on  mo 
to  report  that  the  federal  government  and  the 
army  of  Mexico  had  fled  trom  tho  capital  some 
three  hours  before;  and  to  demand  terms  of  ca- 
pitulation in  favor  of  tho  church,  the  citizens  and 
the  municipal  outhorities.  I  promptly  replied 
that  I  would  sign  no  eaiiitulatiou ;  that  the  city 
had  been  virtually  in  our  possession  from  the 
time  of  tho  lodgments  ett'ected  by  Worth  and 
tjdituian,  the  day  before ;  that  I  regretted  the 
silent  escape  of  tho  Mexican  army,  that  I  should 
levy  upon  the  city  a  moderate  contribution  for 
sjieeial  purposes ;  and  that  the  American  army 
slioiild  como  under  no  terms  not  self-imposed — 
stuli  only  as  its  honor,  tho  dignity  of  the  United 
tStates,  and  the  spirit  of  tho  age,  should,  in  my 
opinion,  imperiously  demand  and  impote." 

About  diiyliglit,  Generals  Worth  and  Quitman 
were  ordered  to  enter  the  city.  Quitman  pro- 
ceeded to  the  grand  plaza,  and  raised  the  United 
States  flag  on  the  notionid  palace.  General 
Scott  aud  the  whole  army  followed  soon  after, 
taking  possession  of  the  city  with  much  pomp. 

Tho  flying  government  had  released  about  two 
thousand  convicts  from  tho  public  prisons,  and 
throughout  that  and  the  lollowing  day,  they 
continued  to  fire  from  the  windows  and  tops  ot 
the  houses  upon  the  American  troops,  killing 
some  and  wounding  many.  At  first  tho  artillery 
was  tried  on  them,  but  owing  to  their  concealed 
position  It  was  not  ctloctivo.    Tho  rifle  regimeut 


and  some  of  the  infantry  were  then  sent  in  pur- 


suit, and  the  evil  was  soon  arrested 

The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  this  assault  was 
very  severe.  Generals  Pillow  and  Shields  were 
each  wounded,  together  with  other  voluable 
otficers.  The  total  loss  in  the  valley  of  Mexico 
from  the  lUth  of  April  until  tho  time  of  taking 
the  city,  was  two  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
three  men,  of  whom  three  hundred  and  eighty- 
three  were  officers.  Their  achievements  equal 
in  magnitude  any  operations  of  American  history. 
They  utterly  dispersed  an  army  of  thirty  thou- 
sand men,  taking  a  number  of  prisoners  equal  to 
themselves;  seized  seventy  pieces  of  artillery, 
stormed  San  Antonia,  San  Pueblo,  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  -Molino  and  Chepulfepec,  and  en- 
tered the  capital  in  triumph 

General  Scott  proclaimed  martial  law  in  Mex- 
ico, but  permitted  tho  people  to  continue  their 
usual  business  ovocations.  All  excesses  of  the 
soldiers  were  rigidly  punished,  w  'file  at  the  same 
time  the  citizens  and  their  soldievy  were  taught 
that  they  could  not  insidt  the  Au  erican  charac 
ter  with  impunity. 

The  city  of  Pucbla  wos  besieged  by  Sanui  Anna. 
The  garrison,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Childs,  was  small,  and  encumbered  with  1800 
sick.  Childs  was  summoned  to  surrender,  and 
on  his  declining,  tho  tiring  of  the  Mexicans  was 
renewed  with  increased  energy,  the  garrison  en- 
during  tho  greatest  privations',  and  being  nearly 
worn  out  with  their  exertions.  But  they  nobly 
maintained  themselves,  and  after  various  in- 
stances of  bravery  and  devotion,  Santa  Anna 
withdrew,  in  order  to  oppose  the  march  of 
General  Lane,  from  Vera  Cruz,  with  reinforce- 
ments. The  bombardment  of  the  town  was  con- 
tinned  until  tho  worn-out  garrisou  were  relieved 
by  General  Lane.  The  siege  lasted  40  days,  and 
was  the  longest  military  operation  of  the  "war. 

Kumors  of  the  enemy's  designs  on  Puebla  had 
reached  Vera  Cruz,  in  the  lotter  part  of  Septem- 
ber, and  General  Lane  was  dispatched  with  a 
considerable  force,  for  the  interior.  He  had 
some  hard  fighting  on  the  road.  He  came  upon 
a  company  of  guerrillas  at  the  hacienda  of  Santa 
Anno,  near  tho  San  Juan  river,  and  sent  Captain 
Lewis's  company  of  mounted  volunteers,  in  pur- 
suit, who,  with  a  portion  under  Lieutenant  Lilly, 
succeeded  in  ovtrtakitig  them,  and  after  a  short 
skirmish,  drove  them  from  their  position.  The 
whole  lorco  now  proceeded,  until  it  reached 
Paso  do  Orejas,  where  the  rearguard  was  fired 
upon  by  a  small  guerrilla  force,  and  Lieutenant 
Cline,  a  gallant  young  officer,  killed. 

Tho  march  was  a  very  fatiguing  one  to  the 
troops,  on  account  of  the  heat  of  the  weather, 
and  the  bad  state  of  the  road.  Great  difficulty 
was  experienced  with  the  artillery,  the  road 
being  obstructed  by  ravines,  passes,  and  other 
obstacles.  In  the  mean  time  rumors  were  con- 
stantly being  received,  concerning  a  large  Mexi- 
can force  concentrating  between  I'erote  and 
Puebla.  On  arriving  at  the  former  place.  Gene- 
ral Lane  learned  that  they  numbered  4,OoO  men, 
with  six  pieces  of  artillery,  aud  were  command- 
ed by  Sauia  Anna  in  person.  From  his  spies, 
ho  learned  that  the  enemy  were  at  lluamautla, 
a  city  but  a  few  miles  distant.  Thither  he  de- 
termined to  march,  and  if  possible,  give  them 
battle. 

To  execute  this  as  quickly  as  possible,  tho 
general  left  his  train  at  the  hacienda  of  San 
Antonio  Tanmrio  in  charge  of  Colonel  Brough's 
regiment  of  Ohio  volunteers,  Captain  Simtnous' 
battalion,  and  a  battery  under  Lieutenant  Pratt, 
and  moved  forward  with  the  rest  of  his  com- 
mand. On  the  9th  of  October  they  came  with- 
in sight  of  the  city,  after  as  rapid  a  march  as  the 
nature  of  tho  ground  would  permit.  A  halt  was 
made,  and  tho  advance  guard  of  horsemen,  un- 
der  Captain  Walker,  ordered  to  move  forward 
as  far  as  the  entrance  of  the  city,  but  not  to  en- 
ter if  the  enemy  were  in  force  until  the  arrival 


city,  parties  of  horsemen  were  observed  ridinn 
over  the  fields,  in  the  direction  of  the  city,  and 
Walker,  lest  he  should  bo  anticipated,  put  his 
men  to  a  gallop.  General  Lane  anxiously 
watched  his  progress,  nntil  his  movements  were 
concealed  by  a  hedge  of  thick  maguay  bushes, 
on  cither  side  of  the  road.  In  a  few  minutes 
firing  was  heard  from  the  city,  and  a  body  of 
2,000  lancers  were  seen  hurrying  over  tho  ncigli 
boring  hills,  and  General  Lane  ordered  Colonel 
Gorman  to  advance  with  his  regiment,  and  enter 
Ilnamantla  from  the  west,  while  Colonel  Wyn 
koop  moved  towards  the  east. 

On  his  arrival  at  the  entrance  of  the  city, 
Captain  Walker  discovered  600  of  the  enemy 
drawn  up  in  tho  plaza.  Dashing  into  their 
midst  with  his  handful  of  men,  he  engaged  them 
hand  to  hand,  and  after  a  bloody  conflict,  suc- 
ceeded in  driving  them  away,  and  capturing 
three  of  their  guns.  A  vigorous  pursuit  was 
now  commenced,  in  which  Colonel  La  Vega, 
the  brother  of  General  Iji  Vega,  and  Miyor 
Iturbide,  a  son  of  the  unfortimate  Emperor  of 
Mexico,  were  captured  by  Lieutenant  Anderson 
of  the  Georgia  volunteers,  he  norrowly  escap- 
ing with  his  life. 

Walker's  men  imprudently  dispersed,  after 
pursuing  the  enemy  some  distance,  and  returned 
to  the  square  in  small  parties.  This  was  in  con- 
sequence of  a  belief  that  the  enemy's  whole  force 
was  routed.  A  company  of  lancers  suddenly 
charged  upon  the  plaza,  and  separated  the  Ame- 
ricans into  bodies.  A  desperate  fight  now  took 
place,  in  which  the  Mexicons  behaved  with 
unwonted  gallantry ;  but  Walker,  by  skilful  ma- 
noeuvring, succeeded  in  uniting  his  forces,  anil 
dismounted  his  command  in  the  convent  yard. 
Here  another  action  took  place,  in  which  tho 
lancers  were  assisted  by  both  artillery  and  in- 
fantry. Captain  Walker,  while  directing  the 
movements  of  his  little  band,  fell  mortally  wound- 
ed, and  soon  after  expired.  The  enemy  were 
finally  driven  back.  The  death  of  Caiitain  Walk- 
er was  sincerely  lamented  all  over  tho  United 
States ;  as  he  was  widely  known  as  one  of  tho 
best  otticers  in  the  service. 

In  tho  mean  time,  the  main  body  of  the  Ame- 
rican forces  arrived  ot  the  city,  and  opened  their 
fire  upon  ma.sses  of  the  enemy.  The  Mexicans 
fled,  leaving  150  dead  upon  the  field,  while  tho 
loss  of  the  Americans  was  thirteen  killed,  and 
eleven  wounded. 

General  Lane  now  marched  to  the  relief  of 
Colonel  Childs,  and  remained  with  his  wluilo 
force  at  Puebla,  until  the  18th  of  October,  when 
he  received  information  that  tho  Mexican  Gen- 
eral, Kea,  was  at  Atlixco,  ao  miles  distant.  Lane, 
after  a  forced  march  of  five  hours,  came  in  sight 
of  the  enemy's  advance  guard,  near  Santa  Isa- 
bella. A  halt  was  now  made  until  tho  cavalry 
could  come  up  from  their  examination  of  u  neigh- 
boriug  hacienda.  A  straggling  fire  was  oiicned 
by  small  parties  of  tho  enemy,  from  tho  foot  of 
a  neighboring  hill,  which,  however,  did  no 
execution.  On  tho  arriviU  of  tho  cavalry,  Gene- 
ral Lone  put  his  whole  force  in  motion  ;  but  as 
the  Mexicans  appeared  to  be  confused,  tlio  cav- 
alry were  ordered  to  charge  tho  enemy,  niul 
keep  tlieiu  cngogcil,  until  the  infantry  ouuM 
come  up.  The  action  was  continued,  until  tho 
infantry  arrived  by  a  forced  march,  when  the 
foe  tied,  pursued  by  tho  cavalry.  A  running 
fight  was  kept  u|>,  until  within  less  than  two 
miles  of  Atlixco,  when  tho  enemy's  main  body 
was  observed  to  be  posted  on  tho  side  of  a  hill, 
behind  rows  of  chaiHjral  hedges.  The  cavalry 
dashed  into  their  midst  without  stopiiing  to  as- 
certain their  numbers,  and  forced  them  within 
the  thickest  part  of  their  slultcr.  Then  dia- 
mounting,  the  assailants  elitered  the  chaimral, 
hand  to  ha.id  with  their  foe.  Tho  struggle, 
which  was  long  aud  terrible,  scores  of  tho  ene- 
my falling  beneath  the  heavy  blows  of  the  Ame- 
ricans, lasted  until  thu  lii:aiitry  I'aiiio  uj),  who 


of  the  infantry.     When  wilhiu  three  miles  of  tho' for  tho  last  aix  m.lcJ  had   beeu  using  their  ut- 


548 


niSTORT  OF  THE 


most  endoavonrs  to  join  the  osvalry.  It  was  im- 
possible fur  the  artillery  to  advance  at  a  foster 
pace  than  a  walk,  the  road  beiuf;  intercepted  by 
numerous  gullies;  and  so  worn  out  were  the 
cavalry  by  their  exertions,  and  the  intense  hent, 
that  tiiey  could  pursue  the  enemy  no  farther. 
The  column  continued,  however,  to  approach 
the  town,  and  reach  a  bill  overlooking  it,  just 
08  night  set  in.  _  Lane  was  enabled  to  continue 
his  operations  with  perfect  certainty,  however, 
for  the  moon  shone  brightly,  and  afforded  a  mag- 
nificent view  of  the  surrounding  country. 

General  Lane  did  not  deem  it  prudent  to  risk 
a  street  light,  atniglit  in  an  unknown  town;  he 
therefore  posted  his  artillery  on  a  hill  overlook- 
ing the  town,  and  ordered  them  to  open  their 
fire  npo.i  it.  This  was  speedily  put  into  execu- 
tion, and  every  gun  was  fired  with  the  utmost 
rapidity.  This  w^as  continued  for  upwards  of  nn 
hour,  with  great  effect ;  the  gunners  being  en- 
abled, by  the  liglit  afforded  by  the  moon,  to 
direct  their  8  jot  into  the  most  populous  parts  of 
the  city. 

Fin<ling  that  the  firing  from  the  town  had 
ceased,  Lone,  wishing  to  obtain  its  surrender, 
ordered  Major  Lilly  and  Colonel  Brough  to  ad- 
vance cautiously  with  their  commands  into  tUe 
town.  On  their  entering,  the  general  was  met 
by  the  city  council,  who  desired  that  their  town 
might  be  spared.  Quiet  being  restored.  Lane, 
on  the  following  morning,  coumienccd  his  return 
to  Puebla. 

Ho  learned  that  two  pieces  of  artillery  had 
just  been  finLshed  at  Guerooingo ;  he  resolved  on 
destroying  them,  and  proceeding  to  the  town 
with  450  men,  commenced  a  thoroagh  search. 
The  pieces  had  been  removed,  but  their  carriages 
were  found,  ond  destroyed.  A  party  of  the 
enemy  were  observed  in  the  vicinity ;  but  on  the 
approach  of  the  troops,  they  precipitately  re- 
treated. The  next  morning,  Lane  entered  Pue- 
bla, without  further  accident. 

Captain  Lavellette,  with  a  portion  of  the 
American  squadron,  consisting  of  the  frigate 
Congress,  the  sloop  of  war  Portsmouth,  and  the 
brig  Argo,  entered  the  port  of  Gnaymas,  a  small 
town  of  the  Gulf  coast,  about  the  same  time  that 
the  battle  of  Atlixco  was  fought  (October  IS- 
IS).-—On  the  18th,  tlie  Argo  anchored  between 
the  islands  of  Almagre  Grande  and  Almagre 
Chico,  placing  a  mortar  on  each.  The  other 
vessels  had  already  taken  their  stations  Mr. 
■yvilliam  Robinson  was  dispatched  with  a  flag  of 
truce  to  the  governor,  and  tlio  object  of  the  Amer- 
icans was  explained,  and  ho  (the  governor)  was 
advised  to  surrender.  This  ho  refused  to  do,  and 
Mr.  Robinson  returned  to  the  Argo. 

The  Congress  and  Portsmouth,  arranged  them 
selves  in  a  position  for  attack,  on  tlie  19th,  and 
a  summons  was  again  sent  for  the  Mexicans  to 
surretuler ;  but  tliey  declined  answering,  until 
nightfall.  Then,  the  commandant  took  up  a 
position,  three  miles  distont,  having  previously 
placed  there  o  battery  of  fourteen  guns,  to  resist 
the  Americans,  should  they  attempt  to  penetrate 
the  interior.  The  liorobardment  of  the  town 
was  commenced  on  the  20th,  at  six  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  was  continued  for  more  than  an  hour; 
five  hundred  shells  and  shot  being  thrown  into 
tlie  town,  killing  one  English  resident,  and  de- 
stroying several  houses.  Tho  garrison  having 
abandoned  the  town,  thn  citizens  announced 
3  tj  II'  cen  to  terms,  when 
^il'ji-'  ond  marines,  landed 
!  ;L  ■;  on  a  fort,  defenu- 
A  proclamation  was 
!e  >  t'.i.o,  by  Lavellette, 
'.11.  Ill  . ir"  .i-ing  the  surrender 
^  V  u  the  name  of  the 
A  .■'■1.1,!  ' 'uilitary  police  were 
establislicil,  and  the  iai^i'cia  authorities  invited 
to  continue  iu  office,  the  church  property  being 
placed  under  American  protection,  and  tfie  cus- 
tomary order  of  business  ordered  to  be  resumed. 
Mr.  Itobiuson  was  matlo  collector  of  the  port. 


their  cnfiia  'V'l 

a  part'-    . 

and  ;•' 

iP"  ■ 

is;-' 

olfdi 

of  n 

United  Hiaw 


\)r 


The  port  of  Mazatlan  was  captured  about  the 
some  time,  by  another  portion  of  the  bquadron. 
General  Lane  followed  up  his  victory  at  Atlixco 
and  lluamautla,  by  a  successful  attack  upon 
Matamoras,  where  he  defeated  a  party  of  Mexi- 
can lancers  ;  and  measures  were  taken  by  Lone 
to  hinder  his  being  disturbed  by  them  in  future. 

Events,  that  tended  to  cost  a  shade  over  the 

Eroud  enthusiasm  of  the  officers,  who  had  so 
eroic'illy  followed  their  leader  to  the  conquest 
of  the  famed  city  of  the  Montezuma,  occurred  in 
the  month  of  November,  in  Mexico.  By  an  ar- 
ticle in  the  military  code,  "  private  letters  or 
report?,  relative  to  military  marches  and  opera- 
tions," being  "  frequently  mischievous  in  design, 
and  always  disgraceful  to  the  army,"  ore  strictly 
forbidden ;  "  ond  any  officer  found  guilty  of  mak- 
ing such  report  fur  publication,  without  special 
permission,  or  of  placing  the  writing  beyond  bis 
control,  so  that  it  finds  its  way  to  the  press, 
within  one  month  after  the  termination  of  the 
campaign  to  which  it  relates,  shall  bo  dismissed 
from  the  service."  It  appears  that  some  time 
after  the  victories  of  the  19th  and  20th  of  Au- 
gust, the  Pittsburgh  Post  published  extracts  from 
private  letters,  dated,  "  Tacuboya,  Mexico,  Au- 
gust 2'UIi,  18-47,"  purporting  to  give  an  original 
account  of  the  battles  of  Contreros  and  Cburn- 
busco.  This  letter  was,  by  some  means,  copied^ 
by  a  Tampico  paper,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  gcneral-in-chief,  who  issued  an  order,  de- 
nouncing the  letters  as  despicable  and  scanda- 
lous, and  intimating  the  general's  surmisings  of 
their  authors.  A  card  was  published  the  fol- 
lowing day  in  one  of  tlie  le.iding  Mexican  papers, 
by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Duncan,  stating  his  con- 
nection with  the  Pittsburg  letter,  ond  uaing  nil 
the  means  in  his  power  to  exculpate  the  Gene- 
rals suspected  by  the  commander,  from  all  blame. 

He  and  General  Worth  were  the  some  day 
placed  under  arrest;  and  General  Pillow  was 
subsequently  arrested  for  contempt  of  his  su- 
perior. The  general-in-chief  himself  was  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  government,  on  specified 
charges  preferred  in  part  as  an  appeal  by  Gen- 
eral Worth,  and  a  court-martial  ordered  to  try 
him,  along  with  the  other  officers,  Mnjor-General 
Butler  being  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
army. 

General  Towson,  paymaster-general,  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  court.  The  other  mem- 
bers, first  named  by  President  Polk,  were  Briga- 
dier-General Caleb  Gushing,  and  Colonel  E.  G, 
W.  Butler.  Lieutenant  Ilamniond  was  named 
as  chief  advocate.  Subsequently  Colonel  Butler 
was  relieved,  and  Brevet  Colonel  Belknap  ap- 
pointed in  his  place. 

Captain  S.  C.  Ridgely  also  succeeded  Lieu- 
tenant Hammond,  as  judge  advocate  and  re- 
corder. The  first  place  of  meeting  was  Perote, 
but  it  was  subsequently  changed  to  Puebla,  where 
they  met  on  the  18th  of  February,  18-48;  and 
after  a  lengthy  session,  removed  to  Fredricktown, 
Maryland.  All  the  offlcers  accused  were  present, 
and  the  case  occupied  the  court  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  The  proceedings  were  published 
daily,  both  in  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  and 
excited  n  universal  feeling  of  regret,  thot  the 
nun  who  had  behaved  theuiEclvos  so  nobly 
through  all  the  various  scones  of  a  two  years' 
war,  should  at  its  close  be  so  involved  in  diffi- 
culty. 

General  Twiggs  hod  been  ordered,  after  the 
fall  of  the  capital,  to  Jalapa,  to  organize  a  train 
for  the  main  army,  and  keep  in  check  the 
neighbouring  guerrillas.  lie  left  that  city  on  the 
19th  of  Ncember.  and  marched  for  Mexico, 
where  he  was  ;iiso  joined  by  General  Butler, 
with  a  train  and  sujiplies, 

During  the  campaign  that  followed  General 
Scott's  march  from  Pucb'.a,  General  Patterson 
had  boon  statio>:<td  »'.,  Vera  Cruz,  using  all  his 
endeavours  to  keep  the  communication  with  the 
army  open,  and  cliostiso  the  guerrillas,  who 
swarwed  iu  tliut  vicinity.    Those  roving  bands 


were  aided  ond  abetted  by  a  priest  named  Podro 
larauta,  who  abandoning  his  sacerdotal  duties, 
or  rather  combining  them  with  those  of  the  sol- 
dier, had  thrown  the  whole  weight  of  bis  influ- 
ence against  the  friends  of  peace.  They  were  a 
cause  of  greater  trouble  to  the  Americans  than 
Santa  Anna's  army.  'Iheir  depredations  wore 
numerous,  and  of  the  most  daring  charac  •. 
To  their  partial  success,  may  bo  attributed  itio 
obstinacy  of  the  Mexicans,  in  refusing  to  listen 
ta  terms  of  peace. 

In  the  fall  of  1847,  General  Patterson  left  Vera 
Cruz  (after  intrusting  the  command  of  that  city 
to  Colonel  Wilson),  with  a  large  train,  and  ad- 
vanced by  easy  marclies  to  Jalapa.  lie  stortcd 
from  Jalapa  on  the  25th  of  November,  on  route 
for  the  capital;  but  before  leaving,  hung  two 
American  teamsters  for  the  murder  of  n  Mexi- 
can boy,  and  on  the  following  day  shot  two 
Mexican  officers,  Garcia  and  Alcode,  for  viola- 
tion of  parole.  This  caused  a  great  excitement, 
and  insurrection  seemed  to  be  inevitable,  but 
was  suppressed,  and  Patterson  commenced  his 
journey,  and  reached  the  city  of  Mexico,  on  the 
6th  of  December. 

A  number  of  guerrilla.',  under  an  officer 
named  Mijares,  attacked  a  body  of  Americans 
about  the  middle  of  December,  ond  were  repulsed 
with  considerable  loss,  their  leader  being  among 
the  number.  Another  engapemeiit,  similar  in  its 
character,  further  to  the  north,  also  resulted  in 
victory  to  the  American  arms.  An  expedition 
was  sent  to  Cholulo,  on  the  night  of  the  2l9t,  to 
apprehend  some  American  oflicers.  A  liglit  took 
place,  in  which  three  of  the  enemy  were  killed 
ond  three  wounded. 

The  Mexican  general,  Valencia,  was  coptnred 
by  o  party  especially  organized  for  that  purpose, 
early  in  January.  The  following  are  the  par- 
ticulars:— 

"  Colonel  r.  M.  Wynkoop,  of  the  1st  Pennsyl- 
vania  volunteers,  having  learned  by  a  Mexican 
friend,  that  Padre  larauta  and  GcneriU  Rea 
were  at  Tlalnepanatla,  about  five  leagues  froir. 
the  city  of  Mexico,  applied  to  General  Scott  for 
permission  to  take  20  men  and  capture  them. 
Permission  being  granted,  the  colonel  set  off  or, 
the  1st  January,  with  88  Texan  Rangers  under 
command  of  Lieutenants  Daggerts,  Burkes,  and 
Jones.  Upon  arriving  at,  and  charging  Tlalne- 
panatla, ond  finding  no  one  there,  they  learned 
that  Rea  and  larauta  had  left  for  Toluco,  a  few 
hours  previous  to  our  arrival.  Colonel  Wyn- 
koop here  learned  that  General  Valencia  and  Ids 
staff  were  at  a  hacienda  some  six  leagues  distant, 
lie  immediately  set  oft  with  his  party,  and  ar- 
rived at  the  hacienda,  which  ho  surrounded. 
Admittance  into  the  house  was  demanded  by  tlio 
party,  but  for  a  time  refused,  when  Colonel  Siba, 
a  wounded  Mexican  officer  on  parole,  opened  the 
door,  and  assured  Colonel  Wyiihoop  that  (ieii- 
eral  Valencia  had  departed  that  day  for  Toluco ; 
but  this  not  being  credited,  liglits  were  de- 
manded to  scorch  the  building.  Colonel  Siba 
then  proposed  to  deliver  General  Valencia  the 
next  day,  if  the  party  would  leave.  To  this  tlio 
colonel  would  not  us«ent,  but  proposed  to  si-nd 
an  officer  and  eight  men  with  him  to  await  their 
return.  This  proposition  completely  disconcert- 
ed Colonsl  Siba,  thus  convincing  Colonel  Wyii  - 
koop  that  Valencia  was  really  in  the  hoiiao. 
Search  was  accordingly  mode,  but  lie  could  net 
be  found.  The  colonel  then  declared  that  lie 
would  not  leove  the  hacienda  without  him ;  tlint 
if  Valencia  would  give  himself  up,  ho  would  b« 
perfectly  safe,  but  tliat  he  could  not  answer  for 
hij  life  s'lould  ho  attempt  an  escape.  At  this 
moment  a  person  stepped  up  and  8ai<li  "I  ma 
Valencia."  He  then  said  that  it  wcs  against  tlio 
usages  of  civilized  warfare  to  attack  u.  man  in 
the  peace  ond  quiet  of  his  family  iu  the  dead 
hour  of  the  night.  The  colcnol  .-mawored  that 
it  was  the  only  way  ho  (ouid  be  ('n|>t.irecl. 
Colonel  Arrera  was  taken  in  Uie  riauie  hacienda 
ou  that  uiglit." 


UNITED  STATES. 


S40 


ly  n  priest  nitmed  Pftdro 
;  his  sncerclotnl  diitiefi, 
1  witli  those  of  tlie  sol- 
ole  weight  of  his  inflii- 
)f  peace.  They  Avcro  a 
to  tlie  Amerieutis  than 
lieir  depre(hitions  wio 
Host  daring  charnc  -. 
may  bo  nttribtitcd  tho 
IS,  in  refusing  to  listen 

crnl  Patterson  left  Vcrn 
e  command  of  tlint  city 

a  lai'ge  train,  nnd  ad- 
to  Jalapa.  lie  started 
>f  November,  en  route 
)ro  leaving,  hung  two 
the  murder  of  a  Mexi- 
Uowinp  day  shot  two 
ond  Alcadc,  for  viola- 
scd  a  great  excitement, 

to  be  inevitable,  but 
terson  commenced  his 
city  of  Mexico,  on  tho 

loi",  under  an  officer 
a  body  of  Americana 
iber,  and  were  repulsed 
Mr  leader  being  among 
gagemeiit,  similar  in  its 
north,  also  resulted  in 
arms.  An  expedition 
10  niglit  of  tlic  21st,  to 
1  officers.  Alight  took 
the  enemy  were  killed 

'oloncia,  was  ca])tnred 
nized  for  that  purpose, 
allowing  ore  the  par- 

)p,  of  the  1st  Pcnnsyl- 
learned  by  a  Mexican 
ta  and  General   Kca 
lout  five  leagues  froir. 
to  General  Scott  for 
m  nnd  capture  thetn. 
the  colonel  set  otf  or. 
Texan  Rangers  inulcr 
Daggcrts,  Burkes,  and 
and  charging  Tlaliie- 
le  there,  they  learned 
eft  for  Toluco,  a  few 
rival.     Colonel  Wyn- 
leral  Valencia  and  liis 
ne  six  leagues  di.stant. 
ih  his  party,  and  ar- 
'hieli   he  surrounded, 
was  demanded  by  tho 
1,  when  Gdloucl  Silia, 
on  parole,  opened  tho 
AVynbjop  that  Geii- 
thatday  for  Toluco; 
ed,   lifjhts  wero   do- 
Iding.    Colonel  Sitia 
icneial  Valencia  tho 
d  leave.     To  this  tho 
)Ut  proposed  to  send 
th  him  to  await  their 
)nipletely  disconcert- 
incing  Colonel  Wyn- 
'rally  in  the  houtie. 
[le,  but  lie  could  net 
en  declared  that  lio 
la  without  bim ;  that 
lelf  up,  he  would  ha 
)uld  not  answer  for 
an  escape.     At  this 
ip  and  suiil,  "I  niu 
at  it  wcs  against  tlio 
to  attack  11  man  in 
family  iu  tho  dead 
Iciinl  ••inswored  that 
(ouid   he  capttirotl. 
I  lilt  duuiu  hacienda 


Another  capture  of  officers  took  jdnco,  about 
a  week  after,  in  the  neighbourliood  of  Santa  Fe. 
About  60  guerrillas,  under  Colonel  Zcnobia, 
were  charged  and  dis])ersed  by  Colonel  Domin- 
gnez,  after  which  the  latter  jirocceded  to  the 
plains  of  Solva,  whore  he  received  a  communi- 
cation from  the  neighbouring  haciendas,  request- 
ing his  assistance  in  liberating  tho  inlinbitants 
from  the  tyranny  of  General  Torrejin.  After  a 
short  skirmish,  on  the  Otii  of  Deceriibcr,  Doinin- 
guez  succeeded  in  dispersing  tho  Mexican  party, 
capturing  Generals  Torrejin,  Jlinon,  Guana.  50 
cavalry,  and  two  deserters.  The  Mexican  gen- 
eral had  150  men,  being  on  his  way  to  Join  some 
forces  at  San  Andres,  and  proceed  thence  to 
Orizaba.  The  force  of  the  Americans  amounted 
to  70  men. 

The  guerrillas  now  became  more  daring  and 
revengeful.  About  tho  1st  of  January  a  largo 
train  of  wagons,  carrying  a  largo  amount  of 
specie,  set  out  for  tho  interior  nnder  tho  direction 
of  Colonel  Miles.  Tho  rear  portion  of  the  train 
was  unable  to  leave  until  the  morning  of  the  4th. 
The  pack  mules  became  very  much  scottered,  in 
moving  over  the  heavy  sand,  and  Lieutenant 
Walker,  with  a  party  of  mounted  riflomoii,  were 
thrown  seven  miles  beidnd  the  main  body  of  the 
wagon-train.  A  party  of  guerrillas  captured 
some  of  the  packs,  and  information  convoyed  to 
Lieutenant  Walker,  moved  towards  Santa  fe, 
and  found  the  enemy  drawn  up  in  battle  array. 
A  charge  was  ordered,  when  the  guerrillas  scat- 
leied  in  all  directions,  and  opened  a  heavy  fire 
upon  the  lieutenant's  little  company.  All  com- 
munication with  the  main  party  being  thus  cut 
ollj  Walker  sent  to  Vera  Cruz  for  assistance. 
He  lost  live  men  killed  and  five  wounded.  The 
ilexicans  captured  300  pack  mules,  and  about 
$100,000  in  specie. 

Colonel  Hays,  with  100  rangers  nnd  a  few  Il- 
linois volunteers,  reached  Teotihuacem,  twelve 
leagues  north-east  of  Mexico,  in  pursuit  of  larau- 
ta.  Hero  ho  was  attacked  by  a  party  of  guer- 
rill.is  under  tho  padro  himself.  A  severe  battle 
ensued,  in  which  tho  Americans  lost  eight  men, 
Tho  padre  is  said  to  have  been  slightly  wounded, 
and  one  of  his  men  made  prisoner. 

Sernia,  Toluco,  and  Pachuca,  were  occupied 
by  different  portions  of  the  American  army  un- 
der General  Cad wallader,  about  this  time;  and 
Orizaba  was  also  taken  by  a  detachment  of  500 
cavidry  under  General  Lane. 

A  train  of  2,000  wagons  left  Mexico  on  tho 
14tU  of  January,  escorted  by  a  detachment  under 
Majqr  Cidwallader,  and  although  groat  efforts 
were  made  to  capture  them  by  the  guerrillas, 
they  arrived  safely  at  Vera  Cruz. 

Colonel  Cliilds  in  the  same  month  intercepted 
letters,  which  disclosed  a  plot  hatched  by  Gen- 
eral Rea,  at  I'uebia,  to  murder  Don  Raphael 
Isunz.Ti,  the  Mexican  governor,  and  such  of  the 
inhabitants  as  wero  iu  favor  of  a  pe.iee  with  the 
United  States.  The  object  appeared  to  be  to 
abolish  the  existing  government,  and  proclaim 
Rea  dictator.  Measures  were  taken  by  Colonel 
Childs  to  prevent  this  jilot  from  being  carried 
into  execution,  nnd  a  proclamation  issued,  warn- 
iug  all  spies  to  leave  the  city,  and  making  it  a 
peuttl  offence  for  any  of  the  inhabitants  to  hold 
comnuinictttion  with  the  guerrillas.  No  attempt 
was  made  to  carry  the  plot  into  execution. 

Two  largo  trains  lett  Vera  Cruz,  one  for  Ori- 
zaba, and  the  other  for  the  city  of  Mexico,  on 
tlio  7th  of  February,  escorted  by  1,000  men  un- 
der Colonel  Rankhead,  who,  since  tho  10th  of 
December,  had  been  civil  and  military  governor 
of  Vera  Cruz.  Although  keenly  watched  by  the 
guerrillas,  they  arrived  safely  at  their  destina- 
tion. General  Scott  had  on  tho  12th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1847,  issued  an  order  against  the  guerrillas, 
by  whioh  every  American  post  established  in 
New  Mexico  was  authorized  to  push  daily  de- 
tachments OS  far  as  practicable  on  tho  roads,  in 
order  to  protect  them  ttom  the  marauding  par- 
tics.    "  No  quarters,"  says  tho  order,  "  will  bo 


given  to  known  murderers  or  robbers,  whether 
called  guerrillas  or  ranchercs,  and  whether  serv- 
ing under  Mexican  comnussions  or  not.  They 
are  equally  pests  to  unguarded  Mexicans,  foreign- 
ers, nnd  small  parties  of  Americans,  and  ought 
to  be  exterminated.  Offenders  of  tho  above 
character,  accidentally  falling  into  tho  hands  of 
American  troops,  will  bo  momentarily  held  as 
pris(jners,  that  is,  not  jiut  to  death  without  due 
solemnity.  Accordingly  they  will  bo  reported 
to  commanding  officers,  who  will,  without  delay, 
order  a  council  of  war  for  tho  summary  trial  of 
the  ofl'enders,  under  the  known  laws  of  war  ap- 
plicable to  such  co-ses. 

"  A  council  of  war  may  consist  of  any  number 
of  officers  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  thir- 
teen, and  may,  for  any  flagrant  violation  of  the 
laws  of  war,  condemn  to  death,  or  to  lashes,  not 
exceeding  fifty,  on  satisfactory  i)roof  that  such 
prisoner,  at  the  time  of  capture,  actually  be- 
longed to  any  party  or  gang  of  known  robbers, 
or  murderers,  or  had  actually  committed  murder 
or  robbery  upon  any  American  officer  or  soldier, 
or  follower  of  the  American  army." 

Several  guerrilla  parties  wore  broken  up  by 
the  active  operations  called  forth  from  different 
portions  of  (iencral  Scott's  army.  Still  the  roads 
continued  to  bo  infested  with  these  marauding 
parties,  and  travellera  or  stragglers  from  the 
American  army,  to  be  murdered.  Arrests  were 
continually  made  and  executions  took  place,  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war. 

The  mission  of  Mr.  Twist  as  negotiator  with 
the  Mexiean  government,  did  not  end  his  fruit 
less  r.ttcmiits  to  obtain  peace  after  the  battles  of 
Contreras  and  Churubusco.  After  repeated  ef- 
forts by  General  Scott  and  himself  to  bring 
about  tho  desired  result,  they  at  length  met  with 
success.  General  Scott  in  January,  1848,  laid 
before  tho  Mexican  authorities,  the  basis  of  a 
treaty,  similar  to  the  one  which  had  been  re- 
jected. They  appointed  Luis  G.  Ciieras,  Rer 
nado  Conto  and  Miguel  Atristuin,  as  commission' 
ers ;  tho  United  States  being  represented  by  Mr. 
Twist.  Tho  negotiations  were  opened  at  Guada- 
loupe  Ilidalgo,  and  after  their  respective  powers 
were  made  known  by  tho  commussionors,  they 
arranged  and  signed  a  "  treaty  of  jieace,  friend- 
ship, limits,  and  settlement,  between  the  United 
States  of  America  and  the  Mexican  Republic." 
This  treaty  arrived  in  Washington  in  February, 
and  was  laid  beCoro  tho  American  Senate.  It 
was  agreed  to  with  some  amendments  on  the 
10th  of  March.  Mr.  Sevier  was,  on  the  14th, 
ai)poiuted  e^voy  extraordinary  and  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  present  the  treaty  as  jmiendcd, 
to  the  Mexican  Congress,  who,  after  a  strong 
debate,  ratified  it.  Tho  news  of  peace  was  re- 
CL'ived  by  the  great  body  of  both  nations  with 
every  manit'ostation  of  satisfaction. 

Tho  army  left  Vera  Cruz  by  detachments,  and 
the  greater  part  arrived  at  New  Orleaus  by  the 
middle  of  June.  1818. 

Intelligence  of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Upper 
Californi;i,  which,  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  had 
been  ceded  to  the  United  States,  was  received  at 
Washington  in  tho  latter  part  of  184«.  Colonel 
Mason,  governor  of  the  territory,  in  his  official 
dispatch  to  the  government,  expressed  the  opinion 
that  there  was  more  gold  iu  the  region  of  the 
Sucramouto  and  San  Joacliiui  Rivers,  than  would 
pay  the  cost  of  the  Mexican  War  a  luiuilred  times 
over.  The  existence  of  the  gold  in  tho  bods  of 
the  streams  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Marshall,  in 
.May,  1848,  while  digging  a  mill  race  near  Sutter's 
Fort,  on  tlio  American  fork  of  tho  Sacramento. 
The  news  sjiread  rapidly,  although  the  rumors 
were  not  geuerally  believed,  until  the  roce[>tion 
of  Colonel  Mason's  despatch,  resolved  all  doubts. 
Business  and  trades  of  all  kinds,  received  a  fresh 
impetus,  and  emigrants  crowded  every  road  to 
tho  gold  region.  San  Francisco,  the  principal 
port  of  Alto  California,  beoame  a  large  city,  and 
its  great  harbour  was  tilled  with  tho  vessels  of  all 
nations.    Cities  and  towns  sprung  up  as  if  by 


magic  in  the  vicinity  of  tho  mines,  and  the  prices 
of  all  kinds  of  nicrchandiso  rose  to  an  enormous 
height,  and  there  seemed  to  be  but  little  prosjiect 
of  a  diminution.  The  aspect  of  the  w  hide  terri- 
tory seemed  changed,  and  from  a  [uior  grazing 
country,  it  became  a  commercial  point  to  which 
the  eyes  of  all  the  world  wero  turned. 

The  Presidential  election  occurred  in  1848. 
General  Lewis  Cass  was  nominated  by  the  De- 
mocratic party  for  Presicient,  nnd  General  Wil- 
liam O.  Riitler  for  Vice-President.  The  candi- 
dates of  tho  Whig  party  were  General  Zachnry 
Taylor,  and  Millard  Fillmore  of  New  York,  for 
the  same  offices.  There  was  another  party 
formed,  pledged  to  the  prohibition  of  tho  exten- 
sion of  slavery,  by  congressional  enactment  ond 
other  reform  meiusures.  Tho  candidates  of  this 
party  were  Martin  Van  Buren  and  Charles  F. 
Adams.  General  Taylor  and  Millard  Fillmore 
were  successful — each  receiving  160  votes  iu  tho 
electoral  college. 


TAYLOU'S  ADMINISTKATIOX. 

Having  received  tho  majority  of  votei.  Gen- 
eral Taylor  entered  npon  tho  duties  of  his  high 
office  on  tho  4th  of  March,  1849.  His  inaugural 
aildrcss  was  remarkable  for  its  brevity,  but  still 
lucid  and  eloquent,  Jno.  M.  Clayton  was  ap- 
pointed Secrotiuy  of  State,  and  Thomas  Ewing, 
of  Ohio,  was  chosen  to  fill  the  oflicc  of  a  new 
department  created  during  tho  Congressional 
session  of  1848-9,  to  relieve  tho  Secretaries  of 
the  State  and  Treasury  departments  of  a  portion 
of  their  arduous  duties — denominated  the  Homo 
Department.  AVilliam  M.  Meredith,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Congress  assembled  on  the  1st  Monday  iu 
December,  1849.  In  tho  Lower  House,  thero 
was  an  administration  majority,  but  an  opposition 
majority  in  the  Senate.  The  most  of  the  appoint- 
ments, made  by  tho  President,  were,  however, 
approved  by  that  body.  Tho  message  to  Congress 
was  short,  but  charact.  ristic  of  the  Chief  Magis- 
trate, and  sufficiently  indicated  the  moderate 
course  ho  intended  pursuing.  Tho  subjoct  of 
slavery  Wiis  introduced  into  every  debate.  Tho 
bills  jiroviding  territorial  governments  for  Cali- 
fornia and  New  Mexico  wero  defeated. 

John  C.  Calhoun  issued  an  address  to  the  peo- 
ple of  the  Southern  States,  compKiining  of  various 
acts  of  aggression  U[miii  the  rights  of  Southern 
slaveholdiiig  people,  and  exhcu-tiiig  them  to  make 
all  tho  resistance  in  their  power;  and  ofter  tho 
adjournment  of  Congress,  a  caucus  of  tho  south- 
ern members  was  held  iu  Washington.  Tho 
etl'ect  of  this  was,  an  increased  exciteinont  upon 
the  subject  of  slavery. 

Tho  parties  iu  tho  House  of  Rojiresontativoa 
wero  equally  balanced,  on  tlio  assembling  of 
Congress  in  Decemher,  18j0.  A  few  "free 
soilers  "  had  been  elected  in  the  Northern  States, 
men  pledged  to  oppose  the  extension  of  slavery ; 
and  these  held  the  balance  of  power.  The  con- 
test for  the  speakership  continued  six  weeks,  and 
Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  was  elected  by  a  small 
miyority. 

The  excitement  did  not  end  here.  The  subjoot 
of  slavery  was  introduced  into  every  debate. 
The  people  of  California,  wishing  to  establish  a 
better  form  of  government,  met  in  convontion 
and  adopted  a  State  Constitution;  aud  slavery 
w.as  for  ever  prohibited  by  the  pvottxod  doclara- 
tiun  of  rights.  Application  was  made  for  admis- 
sion into  tho  Union,  but  the  clause  relating  to 
lavery  was  bitterly  upiiused  by  the  Southern 
members  of  Congress.  Other  things  conspired 
to  feed  tho  excitement.  The  govornmeut  of 
Texas  put  forth  a  claim  to  tlie  territory  of  Now 
.Mexico;  the  question  of  the  abolition  of  tlio 
slave  trade  in  tho  District  of  Columbia  was  ugi 
tatod ;  and  it  soon  became  clear,  that  no  business 
euuld  bo  dono  in  Congress  uutil  tho  subject  w.kii 
settled  by  oompromiso. 


550 


HISTORY  OP  THE 


A  Compromise  Committw  of  thirteen,  of 
which  Henry  Clay  was  chniminn,  wns,  on  tlie 
motion  of  Mr.  Foote,  elected  by  ballot  on  the 
IPth  of  April.  On  the  6th  of"  Mar,  this  com- 
mittee, reported  the  "Omnibus  liill"  to  the 
Senate;  the  object  of  which  was  to  restore  har- 
mony to  the  national  councils,  and  culm  the  ex- 
citement of  the  public.  It  provided  for  tlio  ad- 
mission of  California ;  giviii(t  territorial  govern- 
ments to  New  Mexico  and  Utah ;  paying  Texas 
to  relinqui^ih  her  claim  upon  New  Mexico  ;  and 
the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  The  discussion  of  this  great  measure 
drew  forth  a  display  of  talent  and  statesmansliip 
unsurpassed  in  the  annals  of  the  Uepuldic.  Able 
men  were  ranged  on  both  sides  of  the  question. 

General  Lo|iez  with  about  COO  men,  on  l>oard 
of  the  steamer  Creole,  destined  to  attempt  to 
revolutionize  Cuba,  arrived  otf  Yucatan  about 
the  middle  of  May.  On  the  19th  they  reached 
Cardenas,  Cuba,  where  the  men  were  disem- 
barked, and  alter  some  slcirmishing,  tlio  town 
surrendered.  The  invaders  maintained  possession 
during  the  day,  and  in  the  evening,  after  another 
slight  skirmish,  went  on  board  of  the  Creole. 
After  landing  her  men  at  Key  West,  the  Creole 
was  seized  by  the  United  States  revenue  officers. 
The  expedition  was  pretty  generally  condemned 
by  the  |>eople  of  the  United  States,  and  many 
distinguished  persons,  who  were  charged  with 
oiding  and  a1>etting  it,  were  arrested  and  brouglit 
to  trial  fora  violation  of  the  neutrality  lawsoftlieir 
country,  but  discharged  for  want  of  evidence. 

For  upwards  of  two  months,  the  diccussion  of 
the  "Omnil>U3  Bill"  was  continued,  and  the 
Senate  seemed  to  bo  pretty  gotierally  divided 
upon  the  merits  of  the  bill.  "  Some  of  its  provi- 
sions were  generally  occeptablc;  but  their  combi- 
nation with  other  obnoxious  measures  was  con- 
demned. By  successive  amendments,  the  bill 
was  reduced  to  the  provision  of  a  territorial 
government  for  Utah. 

Tlie  sudden  death  of  the  Fresidcnt,  while  the 
public  mind  was  occupied  with  the  debates  on 
the  compromise  measures,  threw  the  nation  into 
mourning.  General  Taylor  expired  on  the  9tli 
of  July,  after  a  short  illness,  at  the  age  of  05 
years.  His  last  words  were  expressive  of  the 
character  of  his  life.  "  I  have  etideiivoured  to  do 
my  duty,"  are  words,  which  denote  a  man  of 
that  beautiful  simplicity  of  character,  which 
belongs  only  to  the  best  of  earth. 


Portugal,  all  of  which  had  been  satisfactorily  mise  measures  of  1860;  and  that  they  wore  to 
settled.  A  treaty  had  been  negotiated  by  Mr.  |  be  cheerfully  obeyed.  Ho  nominated  William 
Webster,  with  the  British  minister,  by  whie:.  T. ,  Marcy,  of  New  York,  for  Secretary  of  State , 
a  route  across  Nicaragua,  in  Central  America,  James  Guthrie,  of  Kcntiirky,  fur  Secretary  of 
wos  opened  to  botli  nations.  the  Treasury  ;  Rolicrt  McClelland,  tif  Micliigan, 

An  agent  had  been  sent  by  the  government  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  JeH'crson  Davis,  of 


FILLMORE'3   ADMINISTRATION. 

According  to  the  requirements  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, Mr.  FiUmoro,  tlie  Vice-President,  l)ecaine 
President,  and  was  inaugurated  immediately 
after  the  death  of  General  Taylor.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Cabinet  at  once  tendered  their  resig- 
nations, which  were  accepted,  and  a  new  Cabi- 
net organized.  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  apiKiinted  Secretary  of  State,  and  the 
various  other  offices  were  filled  by  men,  who 
were  distinguished  as  Whigs,  and  in  favor  of  the 
compromise  measures.  These  measures  having 
been  brought  forward  separately,  were  not  so 
strenuously  opposed  as  before,  and  at  length 
passed  both  Houses,  This  act  occasioned  great 
rejoicing  by  the  friends  of  the  Union,  both  North 
and  South. 

The  policy  of  the  administration  of  the  new 
President  could  not  be  doubted,  a8  he  had  long 
been  identified  with  the  Whig  party.  In  his  first 
ounual  message  to  Congress,  the  principles  of 
Union,  compromise,  doiiicstio  protection,  and 
foreign  neutrality,  were  lucidly  and  forcibly  re- 
commended as  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  honor  and  safety  ot  the  country. 

The  foreign  relutions  liad,  during  General 
Taylor's  administration,  occupied  a  great  share 
of  the  attention  of  tlie  government.  Difficulties 
bad  occurred  with  V-ngimi]  France,  Spain  and 


the  United  States,  during  the  Hungarian  struggle 
for  independence,  to  ascertain  the  exact  position 
of  atfnirs,  so  that  if  the  independence  of  Hungary 
could  bo  maintained,  its  government  might  be 
recognized.  A  rich  correspondence  took  place 
in  December,  1850,  concerning  this  agency,  Iie- 
tween  Secretary  Webster,  and  Chevalier  I'lulsC' 
niann,  the  Austrian  minister  to  the  United 
States.  The  reply  of  Mr.  Webster,  to  the  letter 
of  the  minister,  was  a  noble  vindication  of  the 
conduct  of  the  government,  and  worthy  the 
character  of  the  age,  and  the  peculiar  position 
of  America. 

Another  attempt  was  made  in  the  spring  of 
1861,  to  revolutionize  Culm.  Men  and  supplies 
were  collected  in  several  of  the  southern  ports, 
and  the  government  were  soon  informed,  by  the 
bustle  of  preparation,  of  what  was  afoot.  A 
proclamatiim  was  issued  by  the  President,  de- 
claring his  intention  to  uphold  the  neutral  laws, 
and  warning  those  who  violated  them,  that  they 
would  place  themselves  beyond  the  protection 
of  the  government.  Nevertheless,  the  steamer 
Pampero,  witii  more  than  400  men  on  board, 
under  command  of  General  Lopez,  saile<l  for 
Cuba,  in  August.  The  troops  were  landed  at 
Bahia  Honda;  but  none  of  the  inhabitants  join- 
ed them,  as  they  had  been  taught  to  expect. 
Colonel  Crittenden,  with  a  siiiaTl  detachment, 
being  left  in  charge  of  the  baggage,  while  Lopez, 
with  the  main  body,  proceeded  into  the  interior, 
was  attacked  by  a  greatly  superior  force  ol 
Spaniards,  and  after  a  desperate  resistance,  dis- 
persed. Colonel  Crittenden  and  .51  men,  attempt- 
ing to  escape  in  b«at»,  were  captured,  taken  to 
Havana,  and  shot.  General  Lopez  was,  in  the 
mean  time,  attacked  by  Spanish  troops;  at  first 
he  repulsed  them  with  slaughter,  but  they  were 
reinforced,  and  compelled  the  Americans  to  dis- 
perse. Most  of  them  were  killed  or  captured, 
General  Lopez  was  taken,  sent  to  Havana,  and 
put  to  death  by  the  garotte. 

A  national  convention  of  the  Democratic 
party  assembled  in  Btdtimore,  in  June,  1862.  A 
series  of  resolutions  were  adopted,  enbodying 
the  principles  of  the  party,  and  Franklin  Pierce, 
of  Now  Hampshire,  nominated  for  the  Presi- 
dency, and  WilUam  K.  King,  of  Alabama  for 
Vice-President. 

A  convention  of  tlie  Whig  party  assembled 
soon  after  in  the  same  city,  and  after  adopting  a 
"  platform"  of  principles  proceeded  to  ballot  for 
candidates  for  the  highest  offices  in  the  gift  of 
the  American  people.  Gciiend  Wintield  Scott, 
of  Now  Jersey,  was  nominated  for  President, 
and  William  A.  Graham,  of  Nortli  Carolina,  for 
Vice-President.  The  "  coinpromiso  measures," 
were  sanctioned  in  express  terms,  by  both  of 
these  conventions. 

A  "  free  soil"  convention  was  held  at  Pitts- 
burgh, in  August,  and  John  P.  Hale,  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  (jcorge  W.  Julian,  of  Indiana, 
were  nominated  for  the  Presidency  and  Vice- 
Presidency.  Other  candidates  were  nominated 
in  various  sections  of  the  Union 

At  the  election,  held  on  the  23d  of  November, 
Franklin  Pierce  and  William  R.  King  were  elect 
cd  to  the  offices  for  which  they  were  nomi' 
nated. 


PIEBCKS  ADMINISTRATION. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1853,  Franklin  Pierce 
was  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States. 
His  address  was  a  shorter  one  than  usual,  and 
by  its  frankness  attracted  general  attention.  He 
declared  his  iatenUon  to  carry  oat  the  compro- 


Mississippi,  Secretary  of  War ;  JiinusC.  Dobliln, 
of  North  Corolina,  Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  James 
Campbell,  of  Pennsylvania,  Postmaster  lieneral; 
and  Caleb  Cushing,  of  Mas.<achusctts,  Attorney 
General.  These  apiiointracnts  were  confiniied 
by  Congress  in  an  extra  session,  convened  on 
the  7th. 

The  debate  of  Congress  on  the  affolrs  of  Cen- 
tral America,  which  engaged  their  attention  at 
the  adjournment  of  their  regular  session,  was 
continue<l  from  time  to  time  without  any  result. 

Soon  after  the  inaugnration  of  President 
Pierce,  the  diplomotic  corps  paid  their  respect.^ 
in  a  formal  visit,  and  congratulated  bim  on  his 
accession.  The  President  replied  in  a  short 
speech,  reciprocating  the  expressions  of  national 
amity,  and  said  that  in  the  conduct  of  our  rela- 
tions he  should  of  course  ''  look,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, to  what  the  interests  and  honor  of  the 
United  States  may  require." 

Congress  met  on  the  6th  of  December,  nnj 
the  iues.sago  of  the  President  was  submitted  to 
that  body  on  the  tith.  It  touched  principally 
upon  our  relations  with  foreign  countries,  and 
financiol  matters,  and  concluded  by  anpouncin^r 
the  death  of  the  Vice-President,  on  the  IStli  of 
April. 

On  the  4th  of  January,  a  hii!  providing  for  the 
organization  of  Nebraska  and  .'\ans.'us  territories 
was  introduced  by  .Mr.  Dough  s,  and  alter  con- 
siderable debate,  p^isscd  both  H)use3. 

A  vote  of  tlianks  was  i)nssc(l  by  the  House, 
to  Captain  Duncin  N.  Ingraham  "  for  his  judi- 
cious and  gallant  conduct  on  the  2£d  of  July,  i:i 
extending  the  protection  of  the  AnKiicaii  go- 
vernment to  Martin  Kosta,  by  rescuing  him  from 
forcible  and  illegal  seizure  and  imprisonment  on 
hoard  the  Austrian  brig  of  war  Hussar." 

hesolutions  were  adopted,  expressing  the  pub- 
lic thanks  to  the  officers  and  others  engaged  in 
rescuing  the  survivors  of  the  steaniship  San 
Francisco,  wrecked  otl'  Charleston  on  the  niglit 
of  the  25lh  of  December.  The  President  was 
requestetl  to  procure  three  gold  medals  with 
suitable  devices — tmo  to  be  presented  to  Captain 
Creighton,  of  the  sliip  Three  Bells,  of  Glasgow  ; 
one  to  Captoin  Low,  of  the  barque  Kilby,  of 
Boston  ;  and  one  to  Captain  Stoutfer,  of  the"  ship 
Autiu'ctic,  as  testimonials  of  national  gratitude 
for  their  gallant  conduct  in  rescuing  obout  five 
hundred  Americans  from  the  wreck  of  the  steam- 
ship San  Francisco;  and  $100,000  was  appro- 
priated to  reward  the  t>fficers  and  crews  of  the 
vessels  that  aided  in  the  rescue. 

The  "G.idsden  Treaty"  with  Mexico,  os  amend- 
ed in  the  Senate,  was  ac^t,iied  by  Santa 
\nna.  The  first  article,  relating  to  the  new 
boundary  between  the  United  Stotes  and  Mexi- 
co, is  as  follows : 

"The  Mexican  Republic  agrees  to  designoto 
the  following  as  her  true  limits  with  the  U  idled 
Stotes  for  the  future :  retaining  the  same  divid- 
ing line  between  the  two  Calil'ornias  as  already 
defiucd,  and  established  according  txj  the  5lli 
article  of  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  tlio 
limits  between  the  two  Republics  shall  bo  as  fol- 
lows: Beginning  in  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico,  three 
leagues  from  land,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  as  provided  in  the  5th  article  of 
the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo;  thence,  as 
defined  in  the  said  article,  up  the  middle  of  tliat 
river,  to  the  point  where  the  parallel  of  81"  47' 
north  latitude  crosses  tlie  same ;  thence  due 
west  one  liundred  miles;  thonco  south  to  the 
parallel  of  3 r  20'  north  latitude;  thence  along 
the  said  parallel  ofSl^  20'  to  the  111th  meridian 
of  longitude  west  of  Greeiiwicli ;  tlience  in  a 
straight  line  too  point  on  the  Colorado  river, 
twenty  English  miles  below  the  junction  of  tho 


UNITED   STATES. 


rm 


;  and  that  tliey  wure  to 
Ho  nnniinnioil  'William 
k,  for  Secretnry  of  State, 
iitucky,  fur  »^i>orctnry  of 
McClfllaml,  of  Micliignn, 
'ior;  Jurtbrson  Dnvin,  of 
f  Wiir;  JimiisC".  Dobbin, 
otnry  of  the  Navy ;  .latiics 
Ilia,  Postmaster '(Jeiieral ; 
MassaclinsottH,  Attornov 
ntmfiitg  were  coiifiriiie;! 
'a  session,  convened  on 

ss  on  the  nflfalrs  of  Cen- 
RBgcd  tlieir  attention  at 
eir  reptilar  session,  was 
time  without  any  result, 
ipnrntion  of  President 
'orps  i)ai(l  their  respect.i 
ongratiihited  him  on  hu 
ent  replieil  in  a  short 
e  e.^pressions  of  national 
the  conduct  of  our  rela- 

0  "  look,  in  the  first  in- 
srcsts  and  honor  of  the 
ire." 

'  6tli  of  December,  nnj 

ident  woi*  submitted  to 

It  touched  principally 

1  forcifin  countries,  nnS 
included  by  anpounoin;; 
•esidont,  on  the  18th  of 

a  bill  providing  for  the 
X  and  Xansiis  territories 
Doupli  s,  and  alter  con- 
)oth  Hiuses. 
I  passed  by  the  House, 
Ufraham  "  for  his  judi- 
t  on  the  2£1  of  July,  i:i 
I  of  the  American  (:o- 
a,  by  rescuinj,'  him  from 
i  and  imprisonment  on 
if  war  Hussar." 
ed,  expressing  the  pub- 
nnd  others  engaged  ia 
>f  the  steamship    San 
larleston  on  the  night 
The  President  wi« 
so  gold    medals  with 
B  presented  to  Captain 
•ce  Bells,  of  Glasgow  ; 
the  barijue   Kilbv,   of 
in  Stontfer,  of  the"  ship 
of  national  gratitude 
in  rescuing  about  five 
ho  wreck  oftbestcam- 
$100,000  was  appro- 
eers  and  crews  of  the 
escue. 

vitli  Mexico,  as  amend- 

aci\;,iied     by    Santa 

relating   to  the  new 

ited  States  and  Mexi- 

agrees  to  designate 
niits  with  the  United 
ining  the  same  divid- 
L'alifornias  as  already 
iccording  to  the  6th 
idahipe  Hidalgo,  the 
iiddlcs  shall  be  as  ful- 
iulf  of  Mexico,  three 
to  the  mouth  of  the 
in  the  5th  article  of 
Hidalgo;  thence,  as 
up  the  middle  of  that 
he  parallel  of  8r  i7' 
I  same  ;  thence  due 
thence  south  to  the 
titude ;  thence  along 
0  the  111th  mcridiau 
nwieh  ;   thence  in  ,1 

the  Colorado  river, 
r  the  junction  of  the 


Gihis  and  Colorado  rivers  ;  thence  up  the  middle 
of  the  said  river  Cobirado,  until  it  intersects  the 
present  lino  between  the  luitcd  States  and 
MexiOD." 

A  commissioner  was  appointed  by  each  po- 
vernnieut  to  survey,  and  lay  down  tbi"  boundary, 
and  llieir  decision  was  to  beliiial,  and  to  be  ciin- 
sidered  as  a  Jiart  of  tlie  treaty.  'I'lie  I'nited 
Slates  were  releiused  from  tlio  obligiilion,  iin- 
]i<psed  by  the  treaty  of  (luadalupe  llidalpi,  to 
protect  the  Mexiean  frontier  apiinsl  tlie  Iinlians. 
In  consideration  for  this  release,  and  for  the 
tcrrilorv  ceded  bv  Mexio.  Ilio  I'nited  Stales  lo 
jiay  #1(3,000,000,  of  which  $7,000,000  was  to  be 
paid  on  the  ratitication  of  the  treaty,  and  the 
runiaiudcr  on  the  establishment  of  the  boundary 
line — vessels  and  citizens  of  the  United  .Stales 
were  to  have  free  pivss;ige  tlii'<tuf;b  the  Gulf  of 
Calilbrnia,  and  along  tlio  Colorado  Kivcr.  The 
nulhori/.ation  of  tliu  construction  of  a  idaiik 
Mad  and  railway  across  the  isthmus  of  Teliuau- 
ti-pec  Wiis  conlirmed,  and  neither  government  to 
tln-ow  any  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  free 
transit  of  persons  ami  mercliandise  of  bolh  n.i- 
tions;  no  higher  charges  were  to  be  m.ailo  upon 
the  Irausit  of  the  persons  ami  property  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  than  upon  those  of  other 
foreign  nations;  no  interest  in  the  road  or  in  its 
proceeds  to  he  transferred  to  any  foreign  govern- 
ment ;  and  no  jiassports  or  Klteis  of  security  to 
be  required  of  persons  merely  crossing  the  I'itb- 
nms.  The  United  Slates  were  to  have  the  right 
of  transporting  llieir  mails  across  the  Isthiiius 
ia  closed  bags  free  of  all  Cnstoin-bouse  or  other 
diarges  by  the  -Mexican  government.  Arrange- 
ineiils  were  made  by  which  the  United  Stales 
are  to  transport  troops  and  munitions  of  war  by 
the  road.  When  the  road  was  coiripleted,a  port 
iiteulry  Wiis  to  be  opened  at  or  near  its  terminus 
in  ilie  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  United  Stales  may 
txleiid  10  the  road  such  protection  as  shall  be 
warranted  by  laiblio  or  internatioinil  law. 

.\tter  considerable  debate  in  Congress,  the 
bill  making  the  approiiriation  of  $lii,(iuO,Ooo 
reipiisiie  to  carry  into  effect  the  stipulations  of 
the  treaty,  was  passed,  by  a  vote  of  102  to  03 
ia  the  House,  and  34  to  li  in  the  Senate. 

A  treaty  was  negotiated  between  the  Uniteil 
Stales  ami  Great  Hritain,  providing  for  c  jmmer- 
c;al  reciprocity,  between  this  counlry  and  the 
IkilLsh  provinces,  it  jirovided  that  the  tisherios 
of  ihe  provinces,  with  the  exception  of  those  ot 
Xewtouudland,  shall  bo  open  to  American  ciii- 
zens ;  that  disputes  resjiecting  fisheries  should 
be  settled  by  arbiiralion  ;  that  the  Hrilish  should 
have  a  right  to  participate  in  the  American 
fisheries  as  far  as  the  30th  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude; that  there  should  be  free  commerce  be- 
tween the  provinces  and  the  United  Stales  in 
Hour,  breadstuffs,  fruits,  fish,  animals  lumber, 
and  a  variety  ot  natural  productions  in  their 
unmaiiulactured  stale.  The  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  Canadian  canals  were  to  be  thrown  open  to 
American  vessels ;  and  the  Anioiican  govern- 
iiierit  was  to  urge  upon  the  States  to  admit 
Ihitish  vesseLs  into  their  canals  upon  similar 
terms.  The  treaty  was  to  be  submillcd  to  the 
provincial  legishitures  of  the  Urilish  provinces, 
as  Well  as  to  the  governments  of  the  two  coun- 
tries. 

The  Japan  expedition  was  attended  with  ex- 
ceedingly favourable  results.  A  treaty  of  amity, 
preparatory  to  a  commerci.d  treaty,  had  been 
negotiated.  This  treaty  was  ratitied  by  Congress. 
It  contained  two  important  slipnlations,  that 
two  pons  on  ditferent  islands  should  be  open  to 
American  vessels;  that  the  steamers  from  Cali- 
foraia  to  China shouhl  be  furnished  with  supplies 
ot  coals;  and  that  sailors  shipwrecked  ou  the 
Japiuiese  coasts,  should  receive  hospitable  treat- 
ment. The  negotiations  throughout  were  con 
ducted  in  a  very  friendly  spirit.  The  liussiaus 
niso  endeavoured  to  enter  into  a  treaty,  but  the 
Japanese  declared  that  their  efforts  "had  been 
uasjceessful.    A  treaty  was  lUso  negotiated  with 


Russia,  nnil  ratified  by  the  Senate,  guaranteeing 
tho  neutrality  of  the  United  States  in  the  war 
of  the  Allied  Powers  of  Kurope  w  lib  that  coun- 
try, and  recognizing,  ns  a  doclriue  of  interna- 
lioual  l:iw,  the  principle  that  free  ships  make 
free  goods,  and  that  tho  property  of  neutrals, 
unless  contraband  of  war,  shall  be  respected, 
even  if  U)Und  on  board  enemies'  vessels.  Several 
Indian  trealies  were  also  ratitied,  and  Congress 
adjourjieil  on  the  7th  of  An;zusl. 

liiteMigenco  was  received  about  this  time,  of 
the  destruction  of  Greytown,  on  the  .Musi|uito 

|Co:i8t,  by  bombardment  from  n  United  States 
ship  of  war,  muler  circumstances  wbicdi  gave  the 
act  a  good  deal  of  importance.  Some  months 
before,  property  was  alleged  to  have  been  stolen 
Irom  Ihe  Accessory  Transit  Comimny,  and  re- 
moved within  tho  limits  of  San  Juan,  or  (irey- 
town,  A  demand  for  its  resloiatiou  wa.s  made 
by  the  agent  of  the  Company  upon  the  authori- 
ties of  the  town,  who  replied  tliat  after  a  dili- 
gent inquiry  they  could  obtain  no  trace  of  such 
properly,   nor  any  evidence   that   it  had   ever 

I  been  broncht  within  their  jurisdiction.  For 
this,  the  Company  claimed  damages  to  the 
amount  of  $l(i,0(ji).  In  185.),  the  Company 
hired  of  Ihe  authorities  a  site  ou  Point  -Xreua.s, 

i  agreeing  to  vacate  it  when  required  to  do  so. 
The  requisition  was  made  in  M.arch,  1853,  and 

i refused  by  the  Comjiany,  upon  which  the  an- 

jthorities  proceeded  to  remove  the  building, 
which  was  a  mere  shed  for  temporary  purposes. 

j  l"or  this  the  Company  claimed  damages  to  the 
amount  of  $8,000. 

In  .May,  of  Ihe  present  year,  a  negro  captain 
of  a  river  lii>at  was  shot  V}'  Captain  Smith,  who 
conunamUd  a  steamer,  plying  on  the  river,  who 
had  previoii>ly  had  some  dilliculty  with  biiu. 
The  general  lesliniony,  both  of  Americans,  and 
others  who  \vilacs<ed  the  alt'air,  was  that  it  was 
a  delilierale  murder.  A  warrant  was  istued  by 
the  Mayor  ot  Sin  Juan,  for  Smith's  arrest;  but 
the  ollicer  who  went  on  board  the  steamer  lo 
exei'Ute  it  was  resisted  by  the  passengcr.s,  headed 
by  -Mr.  Horland.  the  Minister  ot  the  United  States 
lo  Nicaragua,  who  justified  his  conduct,  by  siy- 
iiig  that  he  was  instructed  not  to  recognize  in 
any  way  the  authority  of  Greytown.  which 
ehiims  to  derive  its  authority  from  the  Mus(piito 
King,  ns  separate  and  distinct  from  Nicaragua. 
-Mr.  Uurhind  afterward  went  on  shore,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  arrest  him,  on  charge  of 
obstructing  officers  of  the  law  in  the  discharge 
of  their  duty.  This  was  resisted,  and  in  the 
iiif'l,c  that  ensued,  Mr.  Horland  was  struck  on 
the  face  with  a  bottle  thrown  by  some  person 
unknown. 

On  the  10th  June,  the  United  States  ship 
i'i/,ine  was  sent  to  San  Juan,  under  Com- 
mander llollins,  who  was  instructed  to  consult 
with  .Mr.  I.  W.  Fabeus,  the  United  Slates  Com- 
mercial Agent  there,  and  to  take  such  steps  to 
enforce  the  demands  of  the  United  .States  go- 
vernment as  might  be  necessary — on  the  Uth 
ot  July,  he  made  a  formal  demand  on  the  autho- 
rities for  the  immediate  payment  of  $'24,iiuo,  as 
indemnity  for  the  property  of  the  Transit  Com- 
pany which  had  been  stolen  and  destroyed,  and 
a  pronq)t  njiology  for  tho  insult  olfered  lo  Mr. 
Horland,  with  satisfactory  assurances  of  future 
good  behavior  towards  the  United  States,  and 
her  public  functionaries.  To  this,  no  reply  was 
received  ;  and  on  the  12th,  Commander  llollins 
Lssued  a  proclamation  declaring  that,  by  virtue 
of  his  in~tructions  from  the  United  States  go- 
vernment, unless  the  demands  were  complied 
with  by  nine  o'clock  the  next  morning,  he  should 
bombard  the  town. 

A  copy  of  this  proclam.'.tion  wa.s  .sent  on  board 
the   liritish  ship  JltrmiulHy  whose  commander, 

I  Lieutenant  Jolly,  protested  against  the  lliroat- 
cned    bombardment,  saying   that    such  an  act 

'  would  bo  without  precedent  among  civilized  na- 
tions, and  that  a  largo  amount  of  properly  be- 
longing to  Hritish  subjects,  would  bo  destroyed, 


which  it  was  his  duly  to  protect ;  but  ns  the 
force  under  liis  command  wat  totally  inndcquuto 
for  its  proteclion  against  the  Cifinr,  he  could 
ludy  enter  his  protest.  Commander  Hcdiins  re- 
I'lied  to  this  note,  that  he  was  only  fnUilling  tho 
orders  of  bis  govermncnt — that  he  symp'ithizcd 
with  Lieutenant  Jolly  in  the  risk  of  Lnglish  snb- 
Jecls  ami  property,  and  that  ho '' regrelled  ex- 
ceedinjrly  that  the  force  under  hisccunmand  was 
not  doubly  eipial  lo  that  of  the  ('i/iiid:" 

On  the  morning  of  the  liili,  a  guard  of 
marines  ami  seamen  went  on  shore  to  secure  tho 
arms  and  ammunition,  and  lo  remove  property 
exposed  to  destruction.  On  tho  next  morning, 
a  steamer  was  sent  to  the  shore  to  aid  British 
subjects  in  removing  their  persons  and  jiroperty 
to  a  ]dace  of  safely ;  but  only  a  few  availed 
themselves  of  it.  At  nine  o'clock,  the  batteries 
of  the  Cijiinr  were  opened  U|ion  the  town,  and 
firing  was  kejit  up  at  intervals,  until  4  o'cloik, 
when  a  parly  was  .sent  on  shore  to  complete 
the  destruction  of  the  town,  by  setting  tho 
houses  on  fire,  which  was  doc.e.  Lieutenant 
Jolly,  after  tho  town  had  been  destroyed,  de- 
clared it  10  be  under  his  protection,  and  pro- 
claimed martial  law. 

Congress  met  on  the  4th  of  December,  1S54, 
and  the  Presidenrs  message  was  communicated 
the  same  day.  It  dwelt  at  .huuc  length  ni>ou 
our  foreign  relations,  niul  vindicated  the<leslrnc- 
tion  of  Greytown  by  Ihe  sloop  of  war  <'i/'ini\  on 
the  ground  that  the  inhabitants  bad  been  guilty 
of  fiagrant  outrages  upon  the  rights  and  properly 
of  Americans,  and  that  there  was  no  recognized 
aulhorily,  to  which  we  could  look  for  redres-:. 
The  transaction  lia<l  been  the  subject  of  com- 
plaint on  the  part  of  some  foreign  powers,  and 
saiil  to  have  been  characterized  with  more  of 
harshness  than  of  justice.  The  President  thought 
it  would  not  bo  hard  to  Hud  repeated  instances 
in  tho  history  of  other  States,  wbieh  would 
fully  juslily  the  chastisement  of  (Jreytown.  Tho 
fiuuucial  condition  of  the  country  was  then 
dwelt  upon. 

Attention  was  directed,  about  this  time,  to  an 
expedition  in  process  of  preparation,  under  com- 
mand of  Cidonel  Kinney,  to  colonize  and  .sclllo 
certain  iiorlions  of  the  territory  on  the  Musquito 
coast.  The  settlement  w!is  to  be  made  under  a 
grant  idleged  to  have  been  made  to  two  British 
subjects,  named  Sheppard  and  Haly.  by  the  pre- 
.doces.sor  of  the  present  King  of  the  Musipiilo 
counlry.  The  government  of  Nicaragua  pro- 
tested against  this  expedition,  as  an  invasion  of 
its  lerrittiry,  and  .as  in  violation  of  the  Neutrality 
Laws  of  tiie  United  States.  To  these  represen- 
tations Mr.  Marcy,  the  ."secretary  <if  Slate,  replied, 
that  there  Avas  no  evidence  of  any  hostile  intent 
on  Ihe  part  of  the  expedili'm,  but  that,  on  tho 
contrary,  it  was  merely  a  peaceful  emigration 
company,  intending  to  settle  upon  lands  to  which 
they  had  a  claim,  not  for  purposes  of  conquest, 
butof  cultivation  and  iniprovenieni ;  and  tliat  it 
was  not  in  violation  of  our  Neulndity  Laws,  in- 
asmuch .J  the  menioe._  of  the  expedition  would 
be  ;.i  ail  respects  subject  to  the  authority  of  the 
country.  'Jo  l\n:<e  representations  Mr.  Mar- 
colela,"tlie  Minister  from  Nicaragua,  replied,  un- 
der date  of  January  I'Jth,  setting  forth  the  vari- 
ous Hlteiniits  of  (ireat  Britain  to  establish  a  pro- 
tectorate over  the  Musijuito  coast,  and  to  plant 
an  English  colony  there,  and  the  declaration  of 
the  government  of  the  United  Stales  that  they 
would  never  acknowledge  any  such  protectorate, 
nor  permit  the  Kuropeaii  govcruuienta  cither  to 
interfere  with  the  domestic  concerns  of  tho 
American  repubUcs,  or  to  establish  new  colonies 
upon  this  continent  which  jeopard  their  inde- 
pendence or  ruin  their  intorcots.  The  American 
Secretary  of  State,  also,  in  1811),  and  ut  other 
times,  informed  the  British  authorities  that  tho 
American  government  could  never  acknowledge 
the  indeiieudeuce  of  the  Mosquito  Indians,  or  ad- 
mit that  they  have  any  right  of  sovereignly  ovoi 
the  territory  they  claim.    The  winicter  urged 


i     I' 


9S3 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


that  by  the  declarationR,  so  frequently  repeat- 
ed, and  80  explicit  and  oin|>liiitic  in  tlicir 
terms,  the  government  of  the  Unitoil  HfnteH 
had  denied  the  right  of  tlio  Mosr|iiito  King 
to  muke  any  grants  of  land,  and  dcnuuneed 
'  the  policy  of  |ilanting  new  colonies  npon  tlioHO 
territoriuH,  It  could  liurdly  be  Hupposetl, 
therefore,  that  it  would  attempt  to  establish 
such  colonies  itself,  or  ]>erniit  the  invasion 
by  its  citizens  of  the  rights  and  territories  of 
the  State  of  Nicaragua. 

Colonel  Kinney,  on  the  28th  of  January, 
wrote  to  Secretary  Marcy,  declaring  that  the 
objects  of  the  exjiedition  were  to  occupy  and 
improve  the  lands  within  the  limits  of  his 
grant,  and  that  everything  was  to  be  doue 
]ieaceably,  and  without  invading  the  rights 
of  either  communities  or  tjtatcs. 

He  said  it  was  his  intention  to  establish 
municipal  regulations  for  the  government  of 
the  colonists,  so  that  it  might  be  in  his  power 
to  enforce  order,  and  keep  up  the  forms  of 
civilized  society  from  the  beginning.  The 
Secretary  replied,  under  date  of  the  4th  of 
February,  that  if  the  expedition  was  a  njore 
peaceful  emigration,  and  if  those  connected 
with  it  chose  to  abandon  all  claim  to  the  ])ro- 
tection  of  the  United  States,  and  submit 
themselves  to  the  jurisdictioit  of  some  other 
country,  this  government  would  not  interfere 
with  it;  but  the  ministers  of  the  various  Cen- 
tral American  governments  denied  that  he 
had  any  grants  of  lands  within  their  domin- 
ions, and  our  government  does  not  acknowl- 
edge the  Mosquito  King. 

Congress  adjourned  on  the  4th  of  March. 
On  the  17th  of  February,  the  President  sent 
in  a  message  vetoing  the  bill  i)roviding  for 
the  payment  of  claims  of  American  citizens 
for  spoliations  committed  by  the  French  prior 
to  1801.  The  bill  increasing  the  annual  a)>- 
propriation  from  *38.'>,000  to  *850,000  to  the 
proprietors  of  the  Collins  line  of  Liverpool 
steamers,  was  also  vetoed.  In  addition  to 
the  laws  enacted,  several  joint  resolutions  of 
considerable  public  interest  and  imi>ortance 
were  adopted.  One  of  them,  approved  on  the 
15th  of  February,  authorized  the  President 
to  confer  the  title  of  Lieutenant-general  by 
brevet,  in  a  single  instance,  for  eminent 
services.  The  President,  in  accordance*  with 
the  intent  of  Congiess,  conferred  the  title 
upon  General  Scott. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  session,  the  Presi- 
dent transmitted  to  Congress  a  very  large 
collection  of  correspondence,  relating  to  a 
conference  of  American  Ministers  held  at  Os- 
tend  in  October,  18ri4.  The  documents  were 
quite  voluminous,  and  advised  the  purchase 
of  the  island  of  Cuba,  or  if  that  failed,  a  re- 
sort to  force  was  recommended.  The  Presi- 
dent did  not  deem  it  advisable  to  follow  the 
course  indicated  in  this  despatch  ;  and,  in 
consequence  of  this  hesitation,  Mr.  Soule,  in 
a  letter  dated  Deoombor  the  i7th,  18.i4,  re- 
signed his  office  as  3Iinister  at  Madrid,  say- 
ing he  had  no  alternative  but  to  take  that 
step,  or  linger  in  languid  impotence  at  the 
capital.  The  proceedings  of  the  conference 
at  Ostcnd  caused  a  lively  feeling  of  indigna. 
tion  both  in  this  country  and  in  Kuroj)e. 

A  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  was  ixiHsed  both  in  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  Colonel  Kinney  had  to  en- 
counter unexpected  obst^cls*  to  his  Central 
Americaa  colosizatioa  schema,    lie  was  ar- 


rested both  in  New  York  and  I'hilndelphia, 
on  charges  of  attempting  to  violote  the  Neu- 
trality J^aws,  but  in  both  cases  ho  was  releas- 
ed on  bail  to  await  the  issue.  The  f'nited 
.*>'/(iMv,  chartered  to  convey  himself  and  party, 
I  was  detained  in  the  port  of  New  York, 
I  watched  by  government  vessels. 
[  Another  expedition,  of  a  somewhat  difTer- 
eiit  eharaoter,  set  sail  from  New  York  on  the 
31st  of  May.  The  bark  Ji'linm;  and  steam 
lirojieller  .lirtic,  under  the  comnnind  of  Lieu- 
tenant Ilartstein,  United  States  Navy,  start- 
ed in  search  of  Dr.  Kane  and  his  as.sociates, 
who,  in  the  AJvanee,  started  to  search  for 
Sir  John  Franklin,  and  was  supposed  to  be 
ice-bound  in  the  N(U-thern  Seas. 

In  the  spring  of  185."),  William  AValker, 
"  the  gray-eyt;d  man  of  destiny,"  invaded 
Nicaragua,  and  in  1850  had  so  far  succeeded 
in  establishing  himself,  that  having  sent  a 
minister  to  the  United  States,  his  government 
was  recognized  and  diplomatic  relations  open- 
ed between  the  two  countries.  In  the  follow- 
ing winter  the  subject  of  enlistments  in  the 
United  States  of  recruits  for  the  liritish  army 
then  operating  in  the  Crimea,  disturlx^d  the 
friendly  relations  existing  between  Fngland 
and  America.  Crampton,  the  liritish  min- 
ister, having  become  involved  in  the  affair. 
President  Pierce  requested  his  recall,  which 
was  refused  by  his  government.  Ho  was  dis- 
uiLssed,  however,  by  the  authorities  at  Wash- 
ington, together  with  the  Kngli.sh  consuls  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Cincinnati,  who 
had  taken  an  active  ])art  in  the  eidistments. 
England  remained  unrepresented  at  Washing- 
ton for  a  short  time,  but  the  alfair  was  finally 
settled  amicably. 

Discord,  dispute  and  bloodshed  marked  the 
latter  years  of  I'ierce's  administration.  The 
conflict  over  the  government  of  Kansiis  drew 
forth,  in  1851'),  a  message  to  Congress,  in  which 
the  President  declared  the  creation  of  a  Free- 
State  government  in  Kansas  an  act  of  rebel- 
lion, and  justified  the  principles  of  the  Doug- 
las Kansas-Nebraskaact  of  1854, by  which  the 
Missouri  comiiromise  act  was  repealed.  Vio- 
lent jiarty  feeling  extended  throughout  the 
country,  and  its  result  was  riot  and  bloodshed 
in  the  territory  of  Kausiis,  and  upon  its  bor- 
ders. 

A  largo  meeting  of  the  residents  was  held 
in  Leavenworth,  on   the  .'JOtli  of  April,  in  re- 
ference to  the  postponement  of  the  time  for  the 
registration  of  lands.     A  portion  of  the  meet- 
ing were  in  favor  of  the  extension,  and  the 
remainder  opposed  to  it.    An  angry  discussion 
ensued ;  from  words  the  opponents  came  to 
'  blows,  and  Malcolm  Clark  was  shot  by  a  law- 
j  yer  named  McCrea.    The  pco))le  became  much 
;  excited,  and  strove  to  lynch  McCrea,  but  the 
commanding  officer  at  the  fort  rescued  him. 
I  In  a  memorial  to  Congress,  the  anti-slavery 
;  settlers  in  Kansas  coni))lained  that  the  Mis- 
j  sourians  had  entered  their  territory  in  large 
I  nmnbers,  "  seized  upon  their  rights,  and  se- 
I  lected  for  them  their  rulers."   The  other  i)arty 
I  — asserting  that  slavery  had  been  recognized 
in  the  territory — denounced  any  attempt  to 
overthrow  the  institution. 

The  authorities  at  Washington  took  gen- 
eral ground  against  the  action  of  the  Free- 
Stato  party.  In  August  the  lower  house  of 
Congri'ss  amended  the  annual  oppropriation 
bill  for  the  maintenance  of  the  army,  provid- 
ing "that  no  part  of  the  military  force  of  the 


United  States,  herein  provided  for,  shall  bo 
employed  in  aid  of  the  enforcement  of  the  en- 
actments of  the  alleged  Legislative  Assembly 
of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  recently  assembled 
I  at  Shawnee  Mission,  until  Congress  shall  have 
!  enacted  either  that  it  was  or  was  not  a  valid 
I  legislative  assembly  chosen  in  conformity  with 
I  the  organic  law  by  the  people  of  the  said  Ter- 
I  ritory,"  and   "  that  until  Congress  shall  have 
passt^d  on  the  validity  of  the  said  legislative 
assembly,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President 
to  use  the  military  force  in  said  territory  to 
preserve  the  peace,  suppress  insurrection,  re- 
pel invasion  and  protect  ))ersons  and  ]iroperty 
therein  and  upon  the  national  highways  in 
the  State  of  Missouri  and  elsewhere,  from  un- 
lawful seizures  and  searches,"  and  "  that  the 
President  is  required  to  disarm  the  present 
organized  militia  of  the  territory  of  Kansas, 
to  recall  all  the  ITnited  States  arms  therein 
I  distributed,  and  to  prevent  armed  nu'n  frtmi 
going  into  said  territory  to  disturb  the  public 
'  peace,  or  to  aid  in  the  enforcement  or  resist- 
ance of  real  or  |)retended  laws." 

This  amendment  was  amended  in  the  Senate 
and  returned  to  the  lower  house,  ■which  ad- 
journed sine  (/(>  without  acting  upon  the  bill, 
and  thus  the  army  was  left  without  any  sup- 
port. An  extra  session  was  culled  on  thediiy 
of  adjournment,  which  mot,  passed  the  bill 
w  iti;out  any  proviso,  and  then  again  adjourn- 
ed. On  the  assembling  of  Congress  in  the 
following  December,  the  condition  of  Kansas 
was  again  referred  to  in  the  message  of  tlio 
President,  in  which  he  firmly  adhered  to  the 
principles  laid  down  in  his  former  message, 
and  strife  and  contention  continued  in  the 
unfortunatu  territory. 

ADMINISTRATION   OF  BUCHANAN. 

In  the  Presidential  contest  of  1856  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  endorsing  the  Konsas  and  Ne- 
braska bill  as  embodying  the  oidy  safe  solu- 
tion of  the  slavery  question,  nominated  James 
Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  President,  nnd 
JohnC.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  for  Vice- 
I'resident.  The  di.s.solution  of  the  Whig  I)arty, 
which  commenced  by  the  im])osition  of  th- 
Southern  platform  on  its  national  conventidii 
of  1852,  was  now  consummated  by  the  eager 
])articipation  of  most  of  its  Southern  mem- 
l)ers  of  Congress  in  the  rei)eal  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  by  the  passage  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Those,  of  whatever 
party  in  the  past,  who  condemnetl  that  repeal 
and  who  united  on  that  basis,  were  first  known 
simply  as  "  anti- Nebraska,"  but  had  gradually, 
and  almost  si)ontaneously  a.ssumed  the  desig- 
nation of  "  Republicans."  As  such  they  had 
carried  most  of  the  Free-State  elections  of 
1854,  but  were  less  decidedly  successful  in 
those  of  1855.  Their  first  National  Conven- 
tion was  held  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  on  the  22d 
Febnmry,  1856,  but  no  nominations  were 
then  made.  Their  nominating  convention 
met  at  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  June,  1656, 
when  John  C.  Fremont,  of  California,  was 
nominated  for  President,  and  Wm.  L.  Dayton, 
of  New  Jersey,  for  Vice-President.  This  con- 
vention declared  it  both  the  right  and  the 
duty  of  Congress  to  prohibit  in  the  Territo- 
ries the  "  twin  it'lics  of  barbarism— ])olyganiy 
and  slavery."  A  convention  of  the  American 
party  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  22d  Feb., 
1856,  which  nominated  respectively,  Milkrd 


UNITED  STATES. 


S88 


provided  for,  uliall  bo 
enforcement  of  tlioen- 

Legialativo  AsKembly 
KHK,  recently  aNHenibled 
til  (.'ongreRM  kIiiiU  Iibvi. 
■88  or  waH  not  a  valid 
sen  ill  conformity  with 
|ieo|ilo  of  the  Kiiid  Ter- 
il  C'ongreHH  .shall  have 
)f  the  Naid  li'jfiKlative 
!  duty  of  the  President 
:e  in  naid  territory  to 
ipresg  insurrection,  re- 
t  |H-rsunsand  property 
national  highways  in 
id  elsewhere,  from  uii- 
rches,"  and  "  that  the 
to  disarm  the  present 
B  territory  of  Kansas, 
1  States  arms  therein 
*'eiit  armed  men  from 
'  to  disturb  the  public 
I'nforcement  or  resist- 
d  laws." 

amended  in  the  Senate 
ver  house,  which  ad- 
.  acting  upon  the  bill, 
left  without  any  sup- 
was  called  on  the  day 
met,  passed  the  bill 
[|  then  again  a<ljourii- 
;  of  dongress  in  the 
I  condition  of  Kansa.s 
in  the  message  of  the 
firmly  adhered  to  the 

his  former  message, 
jn  continued  in  the 


OF  BUCHANAN. 

test  of  18513  thoDeni- 
tho  Kansas  and  Ne- 

the  only  safe  solu- 
in,  nominated  James 
ia,forrresident,  niiil 
Kentucky,  for  Vico- 
)n  of  the  SV'hig  Jjarty, 
im])08ition  of  th- 
national  convention 
nmated  by  the  eager 
its  Southern  nieiii- 

rei)eal  of  the  Mis- 
10  passage  of  the 
Those,  of  whatever 
idemnud  that  repeal 
sis,  were  first  known 
,"  but  had  gradually, 

assumed  the  desig- 
As  such  they  had 
■-State  elections  of 
dedly  successful  in 
it  National  C'onven- 
■gh.  Pa.,  on  the  2lM 

nominations  were 
inating  convention 
le  17tli  June,  185(i, 

of  California,  was 
nd  Win.  L.  Dayton, 
resident.    TliLs  con- 

tho  right  and  the 
ibit  in  the  Territo- 
rbarism — ])olygamy 
on  of  the  American 
phia,  the  22d  Feb., 
igpectively,  Millard 


Fillmore,  of  Now  York,  and  Andrew  J.  Don- 1 
els'.m,  of  Tennessee,  for   President  and  Vice- 
President.     From  this  convention   the  aiiti- 1 
Nebraska  delegatcH  withdrew  upon  the  failuri  I 
of  a  resolution  to  nominate  no  men  who  were 
nut  in  favor  of  interdicting  slavery  iiorlli  of  the  ; 
Missouri  line.    After  an  animated  canviLSK,  at 
X\w.  ensuing  election  James  huohanaii  receiv- 1 
eil   171  electoral  vot<'H  and  l,n:iS,lt>y  of  the  | 
popuhir  voU'S ;  (,'ol.   Fremont,    114  electoral 
and   l,.T-ll,2t)4  po|mlar  votes;  Mr.  Fillmore 
received  the  electoral  vote  of  Maryland  alone, 
but  H74,.^34  of  the  popular  vo'  -s. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  18,')7,  Mr.  Duchanan 
assumed  the  duties  of  the  Presidential  odice. 
The  disturbed   and  distracted  condition    of 
Kansas,  resulting  from  the  immediate  efforts 
of  the  South  to  introduce  slavery  there,  upon 
the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  ne- 
c  Bsarily  attritcted  the  early  att<intion  of  Mr. 
Hiu'lianan's  administration.    John  W.  Ueaiy, 
the  fourth   of  the    TiTi'itorial  tJovernors  of 
Kansas,  having  recently  resigned,  the   Presi- 
di'Mt  .selected  as  his  sucees.sor  Hobt.  J.  Walker, 
of  .Mississippi,  with  Fred  P.  Stanton,  of  Ten- 
nessee, as  Secretary.     The  anti-slavery  jiarty 
ill    Kansas,  comprising  a   large    majority  of 
the  settlers,  though  prevented  by  Federal  force 
from  elfeoting  such  an  organization  as  they 
desired,  still  refused   to   recognize  the  1^'gis- 
liitiire  chosen   by  the  jiro-slavery   men  ;  and 
each  party  held  independent  conventions  and 
elections.     A  constitutional  convention,  call- 
ed liy  the  pro-slavery  Kegisluture,  met  at  Le- 
loiiiiitoii  in  September,  l'<.^7.     Having  form- 
ed a  |)ro-slavery  constitution,  they  submitted 
till!  ipiestion  of  slavery  alone  to  the  jieople, 
this  at   least  being  reipiired  by  the   Kan.sas 
and  Nebraska  act  of  ( !ongress.    Thus  any  vote 
cast  at  this  election,   even    though    against 
slavery,  would  necessarily  be  in  favor  of  a  con- 
stitution   which    contained    slavery   clau.ses. 
The  adherents  of   the  Topeka  Constitution 
refused  to  Vote  at  this  election,  when  at  the 
Constitution  lei'M  tlavcry  was  adopted  by  a ! 
vote  of  tJ,2'Jtj   to   .")i)l).      Itut  at  an    election  ; 
which    had    lieen   held    in    October,     l.'<.")7,  ' 
for  a  Territorial    Legislature,  under  the  pro- j 
slavery  organization,  most  of  the  Free-.State 
men  had,   nevertheless,   voted,  carrying  the  ; 
Legislature  anil   electing  a  delegati;  to  Con- 
gress.    This  Legislature,  whose   legality  was 
now  unipiestioned,  submitted  the  lA'conipton 
Conslitution  to  the  people  on  the  4th  Jan., 
IS.'iS.  At  this  election,  which  the  pro-slavery 
]iarty  in  turn  did  not  choose  to  recognize  as 
valid,    a  majority    of    ll),084   was  returned  ' 
agai?!st  the  said  constitution   in  any  shape. 
Cn  April  30,  1858,   Congress  pas.sed  a  bill 
admitting  Kansas  into  the  I'nion  under  the 
Lecoiiipton    Constitution,   with  a    condition 
piecwlent  submitling  to  the  peo]de  of  Kansas 
a  proposition  to  reduce  the  cession  of  public 
lands,  which  had  been  stipulated  in  that  in- , 
Btninieiit  at  six  times  the  usual  amount,  to 
the  number  of  acres  which  had  been  granted  to  ; 
other  States.     On  the   3d   August,  1858,  the 
Jieoplo  of  Kansas  voted,  by  an  overwhelming 
majority,  to  reject  the  condition   precedent, 
and  thus,  in  effect,  rejected    the   Lecompton 
Constitution.  The  Territorial  I^tgislature  had 
now  passed  completely  into  the  hands  of  the 
Free-State  party,  and    all  etforts    to    make 
Kansas  a   Slave    State  were   abandoned    in 
favor  of  an  effort  to  organize  it  as  a  Demo- 
cratic Free  State,  which,  however,  also  failed. 


lu  March,  185!l,  a  new  Constitution  and  Con- 
vention assembled  at  Wyandot,  by  direction 
of  the  peoph-  ;  a  Free-State  Constitution  was 
duly  framed  and  ratilled  by  the  people  in 
Octolier,  185!».  The  first  undisputed  State 
election  was  held  under  it  on  the  titli  Dec. 
f(dlowing,  whin  Itepublican  otiicers  and 
members  of  ('(Uigiess  were  elected.  Finally, 
on  Jan.  21,  ISill,  the  arduous  Kansas  strug- 
gle, openeil  by  the  repeil  of  the  .Mis.souri 
Itest fiction,  was  closed  by  her  admission  to 
the  Federal  Union,  as  the  thirty-fourth  State 
thereof,  and  with  a  Free  (.'onstitiition. 

On  the  litli  .March,  1857,  the  decision  oiid  i 
opinions  of  the  I'niteil  States  Supreme  Court  i 
were  made  public  in  the  ca.se  of  Dred  Scott.  [ 
The  intention  <d"  this  decision  was  to  establish  ■ 
the  right  of  the  master  to  take  his  slaves  into  | 
any  Territory  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  hold 
them  there,  in  despite  of  all  conflicting  con-  j 
gressioiial  or  territorial  legislation,  until  the 
Territory  should   be    prepared    to  become   a  | 
.State.     Dred  Scott,  a  slave,  had  sue<l  for  his ; 
freedom ;  having  been  held  as  a  slave  in  Mis- 
souri   previous  to   1^34,  and    shortly  there- 
after accompanieil  his  master  to   Fort  Siiel-  j 
ling,  in  the  Territory  now  known  as  Minne- 
sota,  but    which    was    then    an    unorganized 
Territory  of  the  Tniled  States,  and  covered  j 
by  the  slavery  prohibition    incliuled   in  the  I 
Missouri  Conipromise  of  1820.    Chief  Justii'e 
Taney,    pronoiiiiciiig    the   decision,    aflirmed  | 
that    Dred    Scott   had   no  right  to  sue   in   a  j 
court  of  the   I'nited  States,  on  the  ground  I 
that,     ])reviously    to    and    at    the    time    of  i 
adopting  the   Federal    Con.stitutioii,  no    |ier- ' 
sons  who  had  been,  or  whose  ancestors  had  \ 
been  slaves,  were  regarded  as  citizens,  or  as  ; 
having  any  rights  which  the  white  man  was  | 
bound  to  respect ;  and  furthc>r,  that  no  State  ' 
has,  or  can  have,  any  right  to  confer  citizen-  \ 
ship  on  such   persons.      The  Justice  then  fur- 
ther pronounced   the   Act    of   Congress    (the 
.Mis.souri  ('(MiiproMiise  of    1820),   which  pro- 
hibited  a   iierson   from   holding  ])roperty  in 
slaves  north   of  the   line  therein    mentioned, 
not  warrante<l  by  the  Constitution,  and  there- 1 
fori'  Void.  j 

Justices  McLeiin,  of  Ohio,  and  Curti.s,  of  | 
Massjichu.setts,  dissented  from  both  the  ileci-  I 
siou  and  opinions  of  the  court,  and  further  | 
declared  that  the  court  had  transcended  its  \ 
authority  in  its  utterances  concerning  the  \ 
Missouri  Coinpronii.se,  and  in  all  except  tliat  ! 
which  had  a  direct  bi-iiringon  the  jurisdiction  I 
of  the  lower  court  against  which  it  decided.     I 

Its  bearing  upon  the  slavery  ijiiestion  was  ; 
denounced  and  re|)udiated  by  the  Kepublican  1 
party;  and  the  platform  subsei|uently  adopt- 1 
cd  by  that  )iaitY  at  f 'liieago  maintained,  as  a] 
cardinal  principle,  that  it  was  not  only  the! 
right,  but  the  duty,  of  Congress  to  abolish 
slavery  in  all  the  'J'erritoriis;  and  on  the  I'.tth 
.Fune,  18(12,  by  a  Hipublieau  Congrcs.s,  this 
act  was  performed. 

A  large  portion  of  the  Northern  Demo- 
cratic jiarty,  known  as  the  Doughts  Democ- 
racy, al.so  disrcgaidid  this  decision  ;  for  this 
party,  whilst  admit  ling  that  the  Constitution 
authorized  the  niigralioii  of  slaves  from  the 
States  into  the  Territories,  had  long  main- 
tained that  after  their  arrival  it  was  conipe- 
tent  for  the  Territorial  Legislature  to  jirotect, 
impair,  or  destroy  the  rights  of  the  master. 
1  They  claimed  this  jiower  by  virtue  of  a  8U|)- 
I  posed   inherent    attribute   of   popular   sove- 


reignty alleged  to  Indong  to  the  first  settleni 
of  a  Territory,  just  as  it  exists  in  the  peojilo 
of  one  of  tliu  States.  The  remainder  of  I  ho 
Democratic  party,  devoted  to  the  ]iro-slavery 
interest,  ardently  sustained  the  decision. 

On  May  11,  1858,  Minnesota  was  admitted 
to  the  Union,  and  Oregon  on  February  14, 
185!>.  Hie  strength  of  the  Hepiiblican  party 
steadily  increased,  though  the  decline  of  the 
American,  or  Fillmore  party,  inured  to  the 
benefit  of  the  still  united  organization  of  the 
Democracy.  In  the  year  1M58  Illinois  was  the 
arena  of  the  jiopular  form  of  political  contest 
known  as  fltumjiing  for  the  senatorial  seat 
betwiH'n  Senator  Douglas  and  Ann.MiAM  Lix- 
coLN,  the  Kepublican  competitor.  In  this 
campaign,  in  which  ho  was  defeated,  the  lat- 
ter prophetically  enunciated  the  startling,  if 
not  absolutely  novel  doctrine,  that  "the 
Union  could  not  permanently  endure  half- 
slave  and  half-free;"  and  shortly  afterwards 
Senator  Seward,  of  New  York,  also  character- 
ized the  contest  Ix'tween  the  North  and  South 
as  "an  irrepressible  conflict,"  until  the  United 
States  should  become  entirely  a  slave-holding 
or  free-labor  nation.  During  the  year  IH5'J 
the  Territorial  Legislature  of  New  Mexico, 
a.ssiiniing  the  legal  existence  of  slavery  in 
that  territory,  in  accordance  with  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  passed  numerous  acts  iirotect- 
ing  and  fostering  slavery. 

Towards  the  close  of  this  year  John  lirown, 
a  man  of  remarkable  strength  of  character, 
who  had  already  distinguisheil  himself  amid 
the  troubles  in  Kansas,  both  by  word  and 
deed,  and  whose  ruling  conviction  was  the 
wickedness  of  slavery,  juit  into  execution  u 
design  which  he  had  long  meditated,  to  free 
the  slaves  of  Virginia.  For  this  purpose  he 
had  purcha.sed  two  hundred  Sharp's  carbines, 
two  hundred  revolver  pistols,  and  about  onii 
thousand  pikes,  with  which  to  arm  the  slaves. 
These  arms  he  had  collected  and  deposited  in 
the  vicinity  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  at  mid- 
night, on  Sunday,  the  Ititli  October,  18511, 
with  a  force  comjirising  sixteen  whiles  and 
five  negi'oes,  he  rushed  across  the  Potoniae 
at  llai'iier's  Ferry,  and  there  seized  the  ar- 
mory, arsenal,  and  rifle  factory  beliniging  to 
the  United  States.  On  Tuisday  moriiing, 
the  18th,  the  whole  band.  e.xcc|iting  two  who 
had  escaped,  were  either  killnl  or  captured, 
the  slaves  of  the  neighborhood  having  failed 
to  res])ond  to  this  etlort  in  their  behalf. 
Among  the  captured  was  .lohii  Urown  him- 
self, badly  wounded,  as  were  the  eight  or  ten 
others  who  had  retreated  with  him  to  tlio 
engine-house,  where  they  were  taken  by  a 
detachment  of  ninety  I'nited  States  marines 
sent  from  Washington  by  the  President,  with 
two  pieces  of  artillery.  Large  numbers  of 
volunteers  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  had 
also  hastened  to  the  scene  of  action.  John 
Urown  and  several  of  his  ])arty  were  after- 
wards tried  before  the  appropriate  judicial 
authorities  of  Virginia,  and  were  convicted 
and  executed. 

The  36th  Congress,  which  met  Dec.  5, 1859, 
was  strongly  Democratic  in  the  Si'iiate,  but 
the  House  of  Uepresentatives  being  divided 
between  Republicans,  Democrats,  Americans 
and  Anti- Lecompton  Democrats,  contained  no 
clear  majority  for  any  jiarty.  In  the  Senate, 
j  after  most  of  the  session  had  been  consumed 
in  their  di.scussion,  resolutions  of  the  Le- 
comptoa  Democrats  thereof,  offered  by  Jefl'er- 


6S4 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


1^1 


Boi)  Davik,  of  MiHHiHoippi,  wuni  luiiuictl  \ty  itii 
im[>o)iiii){  party  vuto,  iiitoiuluti  to  donoiincn 
tlio  Auli-Locoiii)iton  ov  DotigluH  Democracy, 
UK  Willi  11.1  tJKt  Hcpulilicitiifi,  ikH  iimking  wur  on 
tliu  guiii'iuitcud  I'iglitx  of  tlio  Houtli.  In  tlio 
HoiiMc,  iiiglit  wiu'ks  wore  oxpoiiilcd  in  tlio 
choice  of  a  Hpnnkcr,  rosiiltiiiK  in  tlio  olioicu  of 
William  rcnniiigtoii,  U('publican,of  New  Jcr- 
Hcy.  l)urinf(  tlii.s  coiitciit  liittcr  ilt-nunciatiiin 
was  niiulo  of  the  llopublicnii  mombci'H  of  tliu 
HoiiNu  who  had  ondorsod  "  Thu  Impending 
CriHix,"  a  book  by  one  Ilinton  11,  llulpor,  of 
Korth  Carolina,  which  was  in  Hiibntanco  a 
vehement  appeal  to  the  poor  whiten  of  the 
Bouth  ugainHt  further  servility  to  the  slave- 
holders,  backed  by  ample  HtatiHticH,  proving 
slavery  injurious  to  the  South. 

On  the  -'3d  April,  1800,  the  Democriitio 
(Jonvoation  met  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  to  nomi- 
nate candidates  for  the  offices  of  I'l-esident 
and  Vice-President.  The  Douglas  Democracy 
having  triumphed  in  the  proceedings  for  the 
adoption  of  a  platform,  the  delegates  of  tlie 
Boven  cotton  States  withdrew  from  the 
conveittion,  and  after  fifty-four  ballotings 
for  a  I'rosidoittial  candidate,  the  conven- 
tion adjourned  to  meet  at  ISaltimore  on 
the  1 8th  June,  1800,  wlierc,  after  the  with- 
drawal of  numerous  other  delegations,  Ste|)lion 
A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  was  nominated  for 
President,  and  llerschel  V.  Johnson  be- 
came the  candidate  for  Vice-President.  On 
the  same  day  the  delegates  seceding  from  the 
convention  nominated  John  C.  Breckinridge, 
of  Kentucky,  for  I'resident,  and  Joseph 
Lane,  of  Oregon,  for  Vice-President.  The 
illustrious  Abraham  Lincoln  was  nominated 
at  Chicago,  by  the  Ke|)ublican  Convention,  on 
the  19th  Alay,  for  President,  with  Hannibal 
Hamlin,  of  Alaino,  for  Vice-President.  The 
candidates  of  the  Constitutional  Union,  lote 
American  party,  were  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee, 
and  Edward  Everett,  of  Alassachusctts.  The 
position  of  the  respective  parties  in  this  con- 
test was  well  defined.  That  of  the  Republi- 
can party  was  that  Congress  was  bound  to 
])rohibit  slavery  in  any  and  every  Federal 
Territory.  The  Douglas  Democracy  main- 
tained that  neither  Congress,  nor  the  j)eoplo 
of  the  Union,  nor  any  part  of  it,  outside  of 
said  Territory,  had  any  right  to  interfere 
with  the  matter.  While  the  supporters  of 
IMr.  Breckinridge  u|)held  the  right  cf  the 
citizen  of  an^'  State  to  migrate  to  any  Terri- 
tory, taking  with  him  anything  which  was 
property  by  the  law  of  his  own  State,  and  to 
hold  and  enjoy  such  property,  and  be  pro- 
tected in  its  use  by  Congress,  whether  with  or 
without  the  co-ojieration  of  the  Territorial 
Legislature.  The  canvass  was  one  of  intense 
interest.  In  many  of  the  Northern  States 
coalitions  of  the  other  parties  against  the 
Republicans  were  formed,  based  upon  their 
united  lu)stility  to  the  Republican  idea  of  ex- 
cluding slavery  from  the  Territories ;  and 
the  mercantile  fears  of  convulsion  and  civil 
war  were  so  vivid  that  the  contest  was  ])ro- 
secuted  by  the  combined  adversaries  of  Jlr. 
Lincoln  with  the  energy  of  d(;speration, 
the  controlling  aim  being  to  thus  conciliate 
and  satisfy  the  South.  At  the  South,  no  such 
coalitions,  on  the  other  hand,  were  formed. 
On  the  6th  November,  1860,  Abraham  Ijin- 
coln  was  designated  by  the  people  as  their 
next  President.  Of  the  electoral  vote,  he  re- 
ceived 180,  Mr.  Breckinridge,  72 ;  Mr.  Bell, 


3U ;  and  Mr.  Douglas,  12.  Of  the  jHipular 
vote,  Mr.  Lincoln  received  in  tho  Freo 
States,  1,S;U,|H();  inihe  Slave  Stales,  20,430. 
Mr.  Douglas  received  in  the  Freo  States, 
1,128,01!);  in  tho  Slave  Slates,  103,r)2.'). 
Mr.  Breckinridge,  27'.l,'-'ll  in  the  Free,  and 
670,871  ill  the  Slave  States;  whilo  Mr.  Bell 
received  130, 1  HI  in  the  Free,  and  ft  I  J), 973  in 
tho  Slave  States,  Immediately  after  the 
elections  public  meetings  were  held  in  Char- 
leston and  elsewhere  in  South  Carolina,  at 
which  groat  joy  was  manifested  at  the  result, 
and  resolutions  enthusiaHtically  adopted  in 
favor  of  the  secession  of  tho  Statu  from  the 
Union.  Its  legislature  shortly  piuised  an  act 
for  tho  call  of  a  convention  to  carry  tlio  State 
out  of  tho  Union. 

In  the  midst  of  all  tlio  elements  of  pros- 
perity every  material  interest  of  the  country 
V  as  now  de|)i'essed  by  the  apprehensions  of 
civil  war.  The  ]irico  of  all  public  securities 
fell,  and  the  credit  of  the  Federal  Qovorn- 
nient  was  shaken. 

In  his  annual  message  of  tho  3d  Decond)er, 
1800,  President  Buchanan  appealed  to  Con- 
gress to  ]>roposo  an  amendment  to  tho  Consti- 
tution, which  should  declare  that  instrument 
on  three  jKiints  :  1,  As  expressly  recognizing 
tho  right  of  property  in  slaves  in  tho  States 
where  it  then  existed  ov  might  thereafter 
exist ;  2,  as  pointing  tho  duty  of  jirotecting 
this  right  in  all  the  coniinon  territories  until 
they  shall  be  admitted  as  States  into  tho 
Union,  with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  con- 
stitutions may  prescribe ;  3,  as  recognizing 
tho  right  of  the  master  to  have  his  slave,  who 
has  escaped  from  one  State  to  another,  re- 
stored ami  delivered  up  to  him,  and  as  attest- 
ing the  validity  of  tho  fugitive  slave  law 
enacted  for  this  purpose,  and  as  rendering  all 
State  laws  impairing  or  defeating  this  right 
mill  and  void. 

The  message  further  declared,  that  unless 
tho  Southern  States  obtained  this  act  of  jus- 
tice from  tho  Northern  States,  they  would  be 
justified  in  revolutionary  resistance  to  tho 
Oovernment  of  the  Union,  so  characterizing 
secession ;  and  also  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  Comstitution  had  conferred  no  power 
on  the  Federal  Government  to  coerce  a  State 
to  remain  in  the  Union,  but  simply  to  enforce 
the  laws  upon  individuals  within  tho  limits 
of  a  State. 

Tho  message  was  denounced  by  both  the 
anti-slavery  and  pro-slavery  meniikir.-  of  Con- 
gress. By  the  former  it  was  oi.'n.'i'.ri  id  to 
mean  a  denial  by  the  Presidujitto  fiif<>/(e  tho 
laws  against  the  citizens  of  a  Stiife  after 
secession  or  rebelli(m ;  by  the  i.'ntcr  as  deny- 
ing tho  right  of  jieaceful  sectsiiion,  and  as 
indicating  the  intention  of  collecting  the 
revenue  in  the  i)orts  of  South  Carolina  by 
means  of  a  naval  force,  and  to  defend  tho 
public  property.  The  oi)posing  parties  in 
Congress  now  breathed  nothing  but  mutual 
defiance.  There  was  no  longer  any  social  or 
friendly  intercourse  between  the  pro-slavery 
and  anti-slavery  members.  South  Carolina 
had  called  a  Convention  to  adopt  a  secession 
ordinance,  aiul  all  the  federal  officers  within 
her  limits  had  resigned ;  ond  the  other  cotton 
States  were  pi   :  aring  to  follow  her  example. 

In  the  Senate,  a  committee  of  thirteen  was 
now  created,  consisting  of  five  Republicans, 
five  from  slaveholding  States,  and  three 
Northern  Democrats,  to  report  on  the  dis- 


tracted condition  of  tho  country.  Tho  com- 
mittee met  on  the  21st  December,  1800,  and 
on  the  next  day,  Mr.  Ciittenden,  one  of  its 
members,  Hiibmittnd  to  it  a  propositimi  to 
amend  the  Constitution  by  prohibiting  slavery 
forever  from  all  territories  north  of  :iO°  ,'10' 
(or  the  old  Missouri  ComjiromiHe  line),  and 
recognizing  ami  protecting  it  in  all  territories 
lying  south  thereof.  It  was  rejected  by  the 
committee,  the  five  Rejiublican  members,  and 
two  from  tho  cotton  States,  Messrs,  Davis 
and  Toombs,  voting  against  it ;  and  on  the 
3 1st  Dec,  1800,  tho  committee  reported  to 
the  Senate  their  inability  to  agree. 

Ordinances  of  secession  were  now  adopted 
by  tho  seven  cotton  States.  On  tho  17th 
December,  1860,  a  convention  met  at  Colum- 
bia, South  Caroliiuk,  but  in  consequence  of 
the  prevalence  of  small-pox  in  that  city,  ad- 
journed to  Charleston,  where,  on  the  20th 
December,  thu  ordinance  of  secession  was 
unanimously  passed,  and  thereupon  the  Fed- 
eral pro|)erty  within  tho  limits  of  the  State, 
where  it  was  feasible,  was  seized.  The  Con- 
vention of  Florida,  on  the  7th  January,  IHO I  ; 
Mississippi,  tho  9th;  Alabama,  tho  11th; 
(ieorgia,  the  19th;  Louisiana,  the  2''>th  ;  and 
Texas,  the  Btli  February,  jmssed  ordinaiici's 
of  secession  by  overwhelming  majorities. 
Many  eflbrts,  in  tho  meanwhile,  were  being 
made  at  the  North,  for  conciliation,  by  public 
meetings  and  otherwise  ;  and  many  memorials 
in  favor  of  peace,  by  means  of  the  (!rittenden 
Compromise,  were  |irescnted  to  Congress  from 
diflerent  portions  of  tho  North,  even  from 
New  England,  and  also  from  tho  border  slave- 
holding  States,  a  large  number  of  whoso 
jieople,  while  believing  in  tho  right  of  peace- 
ful secession,  resisted  tho  eflbrts  of  the  ex- 
treme men  in  their  midst,  and  were  still  de- 
voted to  the  Union. 

A  sniall  band  of  Federal  soldiers,  under 
Major  llobt.  Anderson,  garrisoned  the  poits 
in  Charleston  harbor  at  the  jieriod  of  South 
Carolina's  secession.  On  tho  night  of  tlin 
26th  December,  Major  Anderson  transferred 
his  command  from  Fort  Moultrie,  an  old  and 
weak  fort,  which  had  been  tenanted  for  cou- 
venienco  to  the  city,  to  Fort  Sumter,  the 
principal  of  tho  defences.  The  remainder 
were  immediately  seized  by  volunteers  acting 
under  tho  State  authorities,  and  additional 
fortifications,  defending  tho  city  and  com- 
manding the  harbor  approaches,  were  jiuslied 
forward  by  them.  On  tho  20tli  December, 
conmiissionois  from  the  State  of  South  Caro- 
lina reached  Washington,  under  instructions 
to  negotiate  with  the  Federal  Executive  a 
partition  of  all  the  properties  and  interests 
of  South  Carolina  in  the  Union  from  whicli 
slio  had  seccdetl  ;  but  they  were  infoiniej 
that  the  President  could  only  meet  them  iis 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  On  tho  Dili 
of  January,  1801,  the  steamer  Star  of  the 
West,  from  New  York,  having  on  board  2i'iO 
soldiers  and  am]>lo  supplies  for  Fort  Suniler, 
appeared  off  the  bar  at  Charleston.  Attem|it- 
ing  to  steam  up  the  harbor  to  Fort  Suihk  r, 
she  was  fired  upon  from  Fort  INIoultrio  and  a 
battery  on  Morris  Island,  and  being  struck 
by  a  shot,  put  about  and  left  for  New  York, 
without  communicating  with  Major  Ander- 
son. 

About  this  period  most  of  the  forts, 
arsenals,  and  other  property  of  the  United 
States  in  the  cotton  States  were  seized  by 


UNITED    STATES. 


B8S 


10  country.  Tlio  com- 
;  DocPiiibor,  1800,  ami 
Ciittmidi'ii,  Olio  of  ilH 
to  it  a  propoMition  to 
iljyproliihiiiri^-ilavrry 
:)iicH  north  of  ;i(;°  ;(()' 
Joiii]ironiiHo  lino),  and 
ting  it  in  nil  tonitoiioH 
t  wiiM  rojoctod  liy  tho 
lubliciin  nionihoi'H,  and 

8tttt('H,    Mt'SHl'S.    DuvJB 

gninst  it;  and  on  tlm 
omniitti'o  reported  to 
ty  to  ngrco. 
ion  were  now  adopted 
rftatos.  On  the  17tli 
vontion  met  at  C'olinn- 
iut  in  coimeqtienco  of 
•pox  in  tliut  city,  nd- 

wliero,  on  tlio  aotli 
iieo  of  NccoKHion  wuh 
<1  thereupon  the  Foil- 
0  liniitH  of  thu  States, 
'as  Hcized.  Tho  Con- 
lio  7th  January,  18(11  ; 
Alabama,  tho  llMi; 
lisiana,  the  2.')th ;  and 
■y,  passed  ordinanci's 
vhelming  majorities, 
umwhihs  woro  being 
conciliation,  by  publio 

and  many  memorials 
an8  of  ihc  (.'rittendeu 
ntod  to  (-'ongress  from 
10  North,  oven  from 
rem  tho  border  slave. 
0  number  of  whoso 
in  tho  right  of  peace- 
ho  ellbrts  of  tho  ex- 
it, and  were  still  de- 

leral  soldioi's,  under 
garrisoned  the  ports 

tho  i)eriod  of  Soiith 
)n  tho  night  of  tlio 
Anderson  transferred 
Moultrie,  an  old  and 
?n  tenanted  fur  con- 
3  Fort  Sumter,  tlio 
*8.  Tho  remainder 
by  volunteers  acting 
ities,  and  additional 

the  city  and  coni- 
oaches,  were  jiuslied 
he  2(Jth  December, 
State  of  South  Ciiro- 
,  under  instructions 
''ederal  Executive  a 
erties  and  interests 

Union  from  whieli 
hey  were   informed 

only  meet  them  ns 
itates.  On  tho  Otii 
iteamer  Star  of  tlic 
aving  on  board  Si'il) 
es  for  Fort  Sumter, 
irleston.  Atleiii|it- 
!>r  to  Fort  Sumtd', 
Fort  Moultrio  and  ii 
I,  and  being  struili 
left  for  New  York, 
with  Major  Ander- 


the  roHpeetivn  State  aiithoritioM ;  in  some 
cnHos,  oven  before  HooehHion  ;  and  the  aiillmri- 
iii'H  of  Louisiiiiui  lliiiH  roliliod  the  lliniieh 
^liiit  and  Hub-Troasiiry  at  .New  OiIoiimh  of  ii 
liiigo  iimnunt.  I.ieut.  SleniMier  being  eoiii- 
niiiiiiled  )iy  his  siiperlur  oIVh'oi,  ('inniiiiuider 
Armstronn,  to  suneiiiler  Furls  I'iikciis  iinil 
iMcltiie,  oil  the  Florida  I'liiisl,  dilleil  (lie  older, 
and  wilhilrawiiig  his  siiiull  force  from  l'"ort 
Meliiio  to  tlut  slidiigor  and  lens  aeee.ssiblo  | 
Fort  rickons,  was  soon  besieged  thorein  by  u 
foriuidablo  volunteer  force. 

On  tho  8th  January,  IHOl,  Presiileut  Uu- 
chaiiau  sent   iv  Hjiecial   message  to  ( Jougress,  j 
uri{itig  tho  adoption  of  tho  com|>ii>iniHe  moa-  i 
Bures  proposed  by  Mr.  Critten'l'u,       Itefor- ' 
ring  to  tho  sei/.iiro  of  tho  fedora!  property  by 
thu  So\ithern  States,  as  a  purely  aggressive  I 
net,  and  not  in  resistaneo  to  any  attempt  to 
coo'co  a  State  or   States  to  remain  in  Ili0| 
Union,  he  further  expressi^il  the  opinion  thatj 
the  ])owers  already  possessed   by  the  J'resi-i 
dent,   to  cnii>loy  the   militia  in   suppressing 
insurrections,  wore  only  in  eases  of  insurrec- 
tion against  a  State  (lOverniiKMit,   anil  not  i 
against  tho  authority  of  the  United  .States,  I 
mill  conseipiently  with  (Jongress  still   rested 
the    res|)onsibility    of    Rec\uiiig    peace    and 
union  to  tho  distracted  country,  by  declaring 
war  or  authorizing  the  employment  of  mili- 
tary force  at  this  juncture. 

On  the  Kith  January,  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Clark,  a  Republican  Senator  from  New 
Kampshire,  the  Senate  resolved,  by  a  vote  of 
2')  to  2:1,  to  strike  out  the  entire  preiimblo 
and  resolution  of  Mr.  Crittenden's  ]iroposi- 
tiou  and  insert  in  lieu  thereof  tlioso  of  a 
directly  opposite  cliaracte.r.  Six  senators 
from  tho  secession  States,  Messrs.  ]?onjamin 
and  Slidell,  of  IjO\iisiana;  .Mr.  Iverson,  of 
(Jeorgia;  jlessrs.  lleiiipliill  and  Wigfall, 
of  Texas;  and  Mr.  Johnson,  of  Arkansas, 
refused  to  vote  against  tho  Clark  amend- 
ment. 

Tho  hopes  of  avoiding  civil  war  were  now 
chiedy  fixed  on  Aho  border  slave  States,  which 
still  stood  aloof  from  secession  and  manifest- 
ed an  earnest  desiro  not  only  to  remain  in 
the  Union  themselves,  but  to  exert  their 
jiowerful  influence  to  bring  back  tho  seceding 
States.  On  tho  I'.ltli  January,  lUGl,  the  Oon- 
cral  Assembly  of  Virginia  adopted  resolu- 
tions, extending  an  invitation  to  call  the 
other  States  to  unite  with  her  in  an  effort  to 
adjust  the  unhappy  controversy  in  the  spirit 
in  which  tho  Constitution  was  originally 
fi-amed,  and  to  appoint  Commissioners  for 
this  ])urpose  to  a  Conventimi  to  bo  held  in 
Washington  on  the  4th  Febnmry,  18(il. 
This  I'eaco  Convention  met  on  the  4th  Feb- 
ruary, and  selected  Kx-1'resiilcnt  Tyler,  of 
Virginia,  as  its  President.  It  was  composed 
of  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  commission- 
ers, of  great  respectability  and  influence,  re- 
presenting twenty-one  States.  Four  days 
thereafter,  deputies  from  six  of  tho  cotton 
States  adopted  and  published  at  !Montgom- 
ery,  Alal)ama,  a  I'rovisional  Constitution  for 
the  so-called  Confederate  States.  Amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution  of  tho  United 
States  were  reported  in  tho  I'eaco  Conven- 
tion, substantially  the  same  with  tho  Critten- 
den Compromise,  and  after  much  time  con- 
sumed in  discussion  and  in  voting  upon 
various  propositions  oflbred,  a  final  vote  was 
taken  on  tho  26lh  February,  oud  on  the 


samn  day  the  (.'ouvontion  communieattui  to 
Congress  Ibe  aniondiiient  they  had  adopti'd, 
with  a  i'ei|iiest  tliut  it  might  lie  Hubiiiitleil, 
under  (he  Coiisdiiitiiiii,  to  the  several  Slate 
I.egi.HliitureH.  In  the  .Senate  no  direct  vote 
was  over  taken  upon  it,  iind  in  tlio  House  of 
Kopreseiitatives  the  Speaker  was  refused 
leave  oven  In  pro.soiil  it.  <  )n  the  2d  March,  tho 
day  bofiiro  the  final  iidjouriinioiit  of  Congress, 
.Mr.  ('lurk's  aniendiiient  to  Mr,  ( 'rilteluU'li's 
proposition  was  ronioved  in  tho  Senate,  and 
tho  proposition  itself  was  defeated  by  a  vote 
of  Ii)  in  tho  aflirmativo  against  20  in  tho 
negative.  On  the  (Itli  of  February,  18(il, 
the  convention  of  tho  seceded  States  having 
mot  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  adopted  a 
provisioiml  framework  of  government  for 
"the  (.'oiifederato  Slates  of  America,"  which 
was  subseiiiienlly  (March  lltli)  suiiorseded 
by  a  permanent  Cuiislilnlion,  substantially  u 
copy  of  the  FimIoiuI  Constitution,  but  with 
slavery  as  the  corner-stone  of  tho  structure. 
JetreiMin  Davis,  of  .Mississippi,  was  by  tho 
Confodi'rato  Congress  then  \inanimously 
elected  I'resideiit,  and  Alexander  J[.  Ste- 
phens, of  (Joorgia,  \'iee-l 'resident  of  tho  Con- 
fedoraey  for  the  current  year. 

On  tho  ,■!(!  .March,  lH(i|,tlio  30th  U.S. 
(/'ongress  expired,  many  of  tho  Southern 
members  Ihoroof  having  already  vacated  their 
seats,  and  the  various  nu'iisures  of  compro- 
mise  which  had  been  proposed  to  heal  the 
existing  ditUcnlties  Imving  failed. 

Three  now  territories  were  organized  at 
this  session — Kansas,  Colorado,  Dakota. 

The  organic  act.t  wiu'o  in  each  case  silent 
respecting  slavery,  as  a  |)eace-ofl'ering  and 
concession  to  the  unionists  of  tlin  South. 
The  measures  doi'iiiod  necessary  by  the  I'rosi- 
dont,  and  suggestiMl  by  him  to  Congress,  to 
enable  him  to  execute  tho  laws  and  defend 
the  (lovernmont  at  tho  South,  woro  not 
acted  upon.  At  tho  close  of  .Mr.  Duclian- 
an's  administration  nn)st  of  the  defensive 
fortifications  within  the  seceding  States, 
S(mie  thirty  in  number,  mounting  over  three 
tlumsand  guns,  and  having  cost  at  least 
twenty  millions  of  dollars,  had  been  seized 
and  ap]U'opriated  by  tho  Confederate  authori- 
ties. They  wiue  also  in  possession  of  the 
navy  yards  and  arsenals  therein,  filled  with 
arms  and  munitions,  together  with  tho  entire 
army  of  tho  fronli<'r,  with  all  its  (M|uipmenls, 
the  Southern  revenue  cutters,  mints,  custom- 
houses and  sub-treasuries,  amounting  in 
value  fully  to  twenty  millions  of  dollars 
more. 


LINCOLN'S  AD.AriNISTRATION. 

Tn  proceeding  from  liis  home  to  the  Federal 
capital,  Mr.  Lincoln  was  everywhere  honored 
as  the  chosen  Executive  of  the  nation,  lie 
was  obliged,  however,  to  pass  through  Balti- 
more chmdestinely,  an  attempt  to  assassinate 
him  there,  under  cover  of  mob  violence,  hav- 
ing been  assured.  Apprehensions  of  tumult 
at  his  inauguration  had  also  boon  entertained, 
but  that  ceremony  was  conducted  in  a  tran- 
([nil  and  ini[)osing  manner.  In  his  address 
thereat,  tho  President  having  rejected  the 
doctrine  of  secession,  and  ])ointed  out  dis- 
union as  physically  impossible,  declared  that 
he  had  no  purpose,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 


interfere  with  tho  institution  of  slavery  in 
tho  States  whore  it  existed,  and  ainiounced 
his  intention  of  causing  a  faithful  execution 
of  the  Federal  laws,  including  that  roNpeeliug 
fugitive  slaves;  and  further,  of  using  tho 
power  confided  to  him,  to  hold,  occupy,  and 
possess  the  property  and  Jilaces  belonging  to 
the  (•overniuont,  and  to  colleel.  the  duties  and 
imposts;  but  beyond  this  declared  that  there 
would  be  no  invasion  of  any  State.  He  fur- 
th(M'  proll'iu-od  the  olive  brani'b  to  tho  South,  by 
intimating  that  his  right  to  furnish  the  mails, 
and  to  appoint  Federal  ollicors  for  jiarts  of  tho 
Union  unanimously  hostile  thereto,  would  bo 
waived  as  impracticablo  until  current  events 
should  show  a  modification  to  bo  proper. 
These  assurances,  however,  were  not  regarded 
by  the  people  of  the  South. 

Tho  National  Cabinet  was  coniposed  as 
follows: — Wii,i.iA.M  Is.  Skwaud,  of  N(^w 
York,  Secretary  of  State ;  Salmon  V.  Ciiask, 
of  t)hio.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ;  S1.M0M 
Cajikiion,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  War ; 
(ilDKON  Wki.i.ks,  of  Connecticut,  Secretary 
of  thu  Navy;  Cai-KH  II.  Smith,  of  Indiana, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior;  KdwaiiI)  IJatkh, 
of  Missouri,  Att(uney-(!enernl;  Montoom- 
KliY  III.AIU,  of  .Maryland,  l'obtmast(T-Ceu- 
eral. 

Mr.  Jefferson  Davis,  ruling  at  Montgom- 
er, ,  Alabama,  shortly  completed  his  ('>liinet, 
which  consisted  of  UonKUT  Toomhh,  of  <i»..ir- 
gia.   Secretary  of  State ;  CllAiii.ES  (I      "    •.!- 
Ml.NiiKli,  of  South  Carolina,  Secretary 
Treasury ;    Leuoy    Poi-e   Wai.keh,  of 
banni,  .Secrelary  of  War  ;  Stkpiikm  Ii. 
Louv,   of   Florida,  Secretary   of    tho   Na\y  ; 
aiul  Joii.v  II.  KEA(iA\,  of  Texas,  I'ostmaster- 
General. 

Shortly  after  Mr.  Lincoln's  inauguration, 
John  Forsyth  and  Martin  J.  Crawford,  ('om- 
missioners  from  tho  Confederate  (iovernment 
to  the  (iovernment  of  tho  United  Slates,  em- 
powered to  adjust  terms  of  amity  ns  between 
two  nations,  arrived  at  Washington  nnd  re- 
quested an  interview  with  I'resideiit  Lincoln, 
but  were  informed  that  the  Kxecutive  coulil 
recognize  them  only  as  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  For  some  few  days  the  new  admin- 
istration hesitated  to  discaril  the  ])olicy  of 
indecision  and  inaction  inherited  from  its 
])redecessor,  but  on  the  21st  March,  after  a 
long  and  excited  Cabinet  mooting,  it  was  re- 
solved that  Fort  Sumter  should  be  vigorously 
defended.  In  tho  moantime,  the  authorities 
of  the  seceded  States,  instead  of  manifesting 
a  desire  for  peace,  were  investing  every  fort 
and  navy  yard  with  rebel  troops  and  fortifica- 
tions, and  busily  pre|)iiring  to  make  war  upon 
the  Federal  (Jovermiient.  A  docidi-d  activ- 
ity of  the  latter  now  took  place.  Ships  of 
war  were  rapidly  fitted  for  service,  ancl  sev- 
eral large  steamers  having  been  loaded  with 
provisions  and  munitions,  sailed  southward 
on  tho  7th  April  from  Ni^w  Yoi'k  and  other 
Northern  ports,  under  sealed  ordi;rs.  On 
tho  8th,  fonnal  notice  was  given  to  Gov- 
ernor I'ickens,  of  South  Carolina,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Federal  (iovernment,  that  Fort 
Sumter  would  be  jirovisioned  at  all  hazards. 
On  tho  11. -h,  {)en.  lioauregard,  formerly  a 
m.ijor  of  the  United  States  army,  command- 
ing the  rebel  forces  around  Charleston,  in  ac- 
cordance with  orders  received  from  tho  rebel 
government,  opened  fire  on  the  fort,  the  sur- 
render thereof  having  been  duly  demanded  and 


BSO 


II  I  BTOU  Y    O  I-'    T  II 


i   1 


i    ' 


I'i'tilHi'd.  On  tliii  l.'WIi,  iiftor  lliirlyl'iMir  lioiirn 
DiMioiiiliiirilinriil,  iliii'iiii;  wliioli  (liii  liri'  of  (lii< 
furl  WHS  pi'iiiiillv  iniiiiitaiiii'il  ii)(iiiiiHt  tliu(  nl'ii 
\;\>.llv  NM|irihi|'  r<uri\  lli(i  toll  lici'iiiiiin^  rii 
<iirlv  \inlriiulili<,  iiiiil  im  |in>viMiiiiis  l)\il  |iiMk 
ii'iuiiiiiiin;,  Mujur  Aiiili'i.Hoti  rviir\mtiMl  it  iiii 
(li'i-  liiijlily  lniiii«iiilil(>  oonililiiiiis,  axil  wiis 
Ii'iiiisI'i'iiimI  Willi  liiN  I'lXiuiiiiiiil  lo  llu-  Ki'ilciiil 
lnnis|Miil  liitlt'h\  iiwiiiliiii;  the  h'huK  dH'  iIic 
jinrt.  'I'lin  IliM't.  iViiiii  New  Voik,  Imli'ii 
Avilli  |<i-iivisii<i\H  I'lM'  tliK  Kiiri'iHiiii,  liail  iiriivt'il 
<iir  tlio  lull'  (luriii){  tlio  Ixiinliunliiii'iil,  Iml 
l>riu!i'iilly  iimilo  lui  t'lliirt  to  t'ullil  iIh  or- 
I'linil. 

Till'  uinvM  (if  tlio  itttiiok  Mjiim  Sumter,  iiiiil 
iln  NiiniMiiIci',  faiiHi'il  iiittMisK  and  iiuivi'iHal 
<'Vi'iti'mti|it  tlii't>iik;li<iiit  biitli  tlM<  Nortli  ami 
lli(>  Soiilli,  in  tin'  latti'i-  charui'tori/.'il  bv 
Uri'al  vi>ioi('iii}<.  Oii  tli«  l.'ith  Apiil,  llu'  I'l'il 
I'lal  l'",\('i'iilivi'  issiu'il  Ills  |iit>i'lauialii>n,  rail 
iim  fnilli  lilt'  iiiililiit  of  tlu'  wvi'ial  Stati':i  of 
tlu>  rniiui,  to  the  miiulior  of  7.'',IH)0,  in  onU  ;■ 
to  s\i|>|in's.s  the  further  |)roj;ivHH  iif  the  re 
I'l'llion.  This  proelaiuation  \\i\n  n>eeiveil 
tlironi;luiul  the  Kreo  .Stales  with  hearty  U|>- 
(iroval,  ami  they  vii'il  with  eaeh  other  in  re- 
Kpomlim;  tr  iu  eall.  The  N|iiril  of  the  luur 
iiuliented  a  now  almost,  nnluokeii  unanimity 
then'in  of  Peuu'.'ials,  as  well  as  Ki'pul'Hi'ans, 
in  support  of  the  liovernmenl.  On  ilu>  other 
hand,  the  aulluuilies  of  the  Slave  Slates  not 
yet  seeeded,  with  the  exeeptioiuif  Maryland, 
ivfui  id  U)  respond  thereto,  and  geuenilly  ehar- 
aeteri/ed  llu'  proelamalion  as  a  wieked  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  of  the  eonntry,  for  the  uneon- 
slitntional  purpose  ot  eoereiiif;  the  Southern 
Stales.  t)ii  the  llith,  several  eompanies  of 
I'ennsylvania  militia  readied  \Vashin){ton  and 
n'p'irled  lor  iluly.  On  the  ISth  moro  vol- 
tmteers  from  ihe  sanu'  State  also  passed 
through  l>iillimore  without  hindranee.  |li>' 
iMi  th"  I'.'th,  the  (>lli  Massaeloisetts,  a  t'nil  re 
j;iment,  haviuij  reiu'lied  Haltimore,  weiv  at- 
ttu'ki'd  in  the  sliii'ts  theii'of  hv  a  seei-ssion 
nnih,  vipoii  wliieli  several  volleys  were  tired 
liy  a  small  portion  of  the  reijiment,  wherehy 
eleven  of  Ihe  rioters  were  killeil,  and  four  se 
verely  wounded.  Of  tln>  soldiers,  three  were 
slain  aiiil  eiylit  sevori-ly  wounded.  Ten  mi 
armed  eompanies  of  the  Philadelphia  \\  ash- 
injjion  liris^ude,  who  had  arrived  with  the 
Massaehu.'ietis  res;iinent,  were  also  attaeked 
ere  transportation  through  the  eity,  and  nlli 
mately  ret\irned  to  IMuladelphia.  Oreal  op- 
))osition  was  now  niaiiifesli'd  to  the  furtlu-r 
Iransporlalion  of  Northern  troops  through 
that  eity  ;  and  in  nsponse  to  a  re.piest  o*"  its 
Mayor,  aiiit  of  the  State  Oovemor,  llieks, 
the  President  agreed  to  fevhid  the  passagi' 
through  that  eily  of  oertain  Pennsylvania 
troops  then  on  their  way  from  llarrisluirgh 
to  Washington,  and  seleeted  the  route  hy 
Annapolis,  to  answer  the  niiiilaiy  neeessily. 
^Vhereupon  Oovernor  llieks  ohjeeled  to  the 
j';iss;ige  of  Norlliern  troops  aeross  any  por- 
tion of  Maryland,  und  the  Young  Men's 
(.'hristian  Assoeiation  of  Haltimore  peti 
tioned  the  Pn.>8ident  to  end  the  eonlliet  l>y 
Coueeding  the  demands  of  the  South.  I>y 
the  oit.ing  of  telegraph  win's  and  Imrniiig 
of  ruilroail  hriilges  eonmvting  Pallimore 
with  the  Five  Stal<'s,  the  eoininuniealion  of 
the  tJovernment  at  XYashington  with  the 
Nortli  was  now  intercepted.  On  the '_' 1st  the 
8th  Ma.ss.iohuselts,  under  Gen.  11.  V.  Put- 
lor,  arrivo'l,   after  boiuo    obstruction  ut  Au- 


iiapoliH,  whei'ii  ho  wuh  ri'inl'oreed  l>y  tho  7tli 
of  New  York,  and  proi'eeded  on  Ihe  L'lth  to 
1  Washington.  The  7I«I  New  York  and  (Jov 
ernor  Spragiie's  Uhode  Island  ri'giment  were 
now  on  their  way  thither;  iiiiil  on  the  'J'llh 
Ihe  most  of  these  troops  had  arrived  in  Wash 
ingliui,  to  lliii  gri'al  HiitiKlai'lion  of  its  loyal 
eili/.i'iis  and  llu'  disroiuliliire  of  the  seeessioii 
isis  tlieieol',  iiolli  having  expected  the  speedy 
capture  of  the  eily  hy  the  relieln. 

On  the  LTth  .April  the  Legislaturo  of  Mary- 
land convened  in  e\tra  seHHion,  and  decided 
not  to  secede  frtuii  the  I'nion,  hut  created  a 
State  Military  Hoard,  with  power  to  adopt 
measures  for  the  Hufety,  peace,  and  defence  of 
the  Slate,  lint  with  the  Ntrength  and  deter 
minalion  of  the  l''ree  States  now  fully  hIiovvii, 
the  arliial  minority  of  the  sei'eNsimi  eli<inent 
of  Maryland  revealed  itself  as  growin>{  Htill 
less.  A  large  I'nion  meeting  was  held  in 
Italliniiuc  on  May  >lth,  and  on  the  \'M\\ 
'.!en.  Iluller  occupied  the  eity,  and  eomiini- 
nicalions  with  the  North  lieing  shortly  re- 
estahlished,  Ihe  salely  of  llu'  I'Vderal  cap- 
ital was  ussureil.  Py  the  enil  of  May  lifly 
thousand  men  held  the  tine  of  the  Potomac, 
and  guarded  Washington,  while  every  loyal 
Slate  si-emcd  actively  desirotm  id' swelling  tho 
ranks  of  the  I'nion  armies. 

Oil  .Vpril  I7tli,  IStil,a  I'onvetilion  in  Yir- 
ginia  voted  Ihal  that  Slate  should  secede  from 
the  |lniou;  and  immediately  expeditions, 
planned  long  pn'viously,  were  set  on  foot  to 
capture  the  pederal  arseniil  at  llarpi'r'a  Kerry, 
and  the  navy  yard  al  Niul'olk,  ill  that  Slate. 
On  the  ISlli,  l.icut.  .limes,  who  was  in  charge 
of  the  arsenal,  learning  thai  a  force  of  L'.filM) 
Virginia  militia  was  advaiu'ing  iiptut  that 
post,  after  partially  sneceeding  in  destroy- 
ing tho  national  |uoperty  there,  evacuated 
tho  place  and  retivated  to  ('liamlierHhurg, 
I  Pa. 

On    the    night    of   the    llUli,    olmtniolioim 
were  placi'il  l>y  the   rebels  in  the   channel   of 
Kli/.abelh    river,  leading   up   from    Hampton 
Ivoads   to    Norfolk,  and  a   Yirginia  militnry 
lorci",  under  (len.  Taliaferro,  reached  the  lat- 
ter place  on  the  K'^lh  to  sei/.i'  the  navy  yard, 
and  federal  ve.s.sels  and  other  properly  there, 
amounting   in  value  to  fully  ten  millions  of 
dollars,     including    the    powerful    forty-gun 
steam    frigate     .l/cni'/imc,  with    the    Ciiiiilior- 
Idii.l,   the     (ii-nn.nitowii,   the    J'h/miiiitJi,  the 
/iiiritiiii,  and  many  otiu'r  vessels,  with  lu'arly 
two  thonsaiiil    eanmni,  some  thousand  stand 
of  ar'us,  anil  immense  ipianlities  of  innnitions 
and  naval  si  or  'S.     On  the  evening  of  the  '.'Otli, 
iCapt.    .McCaulcy,  the    eommanilant,  ordered 
1  all   the  ships    to    be   sciitlled,   excepting  Ihe 
,  ('iniilnrliiihl.     I'apt.  Paulding,  in  the  frigate 
1  /'iiiriiii;  from  Washington,   with  a  force  on 
1  board  of  six   hnnilred  men,  and  with   instruc- 
!  lions  from  the  lioveniment  to  awsuiuo  com- 
i  luand  at  Norfolk,  arrived  during  the  ovening 
I  at  the  navy  yard  and   found  the  guns  therein 
'  lenilered   temporarily   iiselesH  by  Mcl'auley's 
orders,    and   nearly    all  the  slii   .i,   including 
the    MrnimiK;   sinking,       Uo    proceeded   at 
once   to  hastily  transfer   papers,  money,  and 
other  portables  to  the  I'lunnf  anil  the  l\im- 
;  lurlaiiil,  and  then  atlenipted  t')  destroy  the  re- 
I  mainder  of  the  public  properly,     t)n  the  next 
!  morning    he    Ictt     Norfolk,    whereupon    the 
[  navy  yard  was   immediately  occupied   by  the 
[rebel   forces   adjacent,  in   the   name  of    Yir- 
ginia, and  her  tlag  there  raisud.     On  the  24th, 


all  thn  puldie  property  hero  and  vlmiwhern 
acipiired  by  the  Slate  was  by  ronveiiliiui 
turned  over  to  the  Southern  t 'onfederni  y. 

.Shoilly  al'lerwardii,  on  the  'Jltli  May,  Ihe 
peaceful  aeeesHioii  of  Virginia  to  that  t'onl'iil 
eracy  was  ralilied  by  an  overawed  populiu 
vole  of  l:.'.''.'.!.''!)  for  secession  lo  'JO,:iVil  I'nr 
the  I'liioii,  the  vole  of  several  weslern  eouii 
lies  lii\ing  also  been  exeluded.  This  ten 
dereil  disunion  u  phyHicid  impossibility  ;  to 
concede  the  weHtern  portion  of  this  Slate  In 
the  Southern  Confederacy  would  have  in 
volved  ultiniiitii  ilisinlegration  of  the  Krin 
.MtaleN  theinselvoH ;  for  a  portion  of  Weslern 
Yirginia,  known  as  "Ihe  Panliandle," 
nI retches  imrlherlv  nearly  to  l,aki>  l')rie,almiihl. 
dividing  the  old  Vice  .States  from  Ihe  new, 
and  would  tlitlH  become  an  easy  ineaiiH  nf 
cutting  oir  coiniiinnicalion  between  them  bv 
hostile  powers.  Itut  the  people  of  West  Sir- 
ginia  being  strongly  loyal,  iiHsembleil  in  con- 
vention on  the  l.'llli  May,  at  Wheeling,  and 
formally  repudiated  the  Hccessiou  of  Ihe  Stale. 
On  the  llth  .1  line,  a  secunil  eonvenlioii  of 
Virginia  met,  wherein  it  was  nnanimously 
voted  that.  West  Virginia  be  set  apart  lis  a 
new  State,  aiul  its  government  was  llini 
formed.  A  legislature  of  N'irginia  ineiling 
Hhorlly  after  at  Wheeling,  assented  to  this  lu 
aeeorilance  with  tho  {''cileral  ( 'onslilulion  ;  aiul 
later,  on  .January  Uli,  ISill!,  the  l''ederiil  Con 
gress,  rei'ogni/.ing  Ihe  doctrine  that  the  lovsl 
eiti/.etiN  alone  of  u  Stale  coiislitute  Ihe  .Sliile, 
adinitled  tho  new  .Stale  of  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union. 

On  tho  27th  April,  ISl'il,  President  l.iii- 
coin  issued  II  proelamalion  announcing  the 
bloekadii  of  the  Soiilhcrn  ports,  Ihe  chief  nl' 
which  were  Hoon  thereafter  iHeclually  cIokiiI 
by  the  PederHl  naval  forecH.  t>n  the  I'd  May 
he  made  a  further  reipiisition  upon  the.Slalrs 
for  'lL',0""  additional  volunteers  for  three 
years,  and  ten  l-egimeiils  wi'ie  luhled  to  tlie 
regular  army-  Many  millions  weie  now  lin- 
dored  to  tho  tlovernmciit  by  the  legisliiliiu  s 
and  eili/.e.is  of  tho  loyal  ijlateH.  A  liir;;i' 
force  of  PeniisylvHiiians  was  organi/id  nl 
ChamlH'rslmrg,  Pa.,  under  the  euniiiiaiiil  of 
(ieii.  Hubert  Patterson,  of  that  Slate  ;  ami 
tien.  Hutler,  having  been  made  a  miijnr  gi  ii- 
eral,  was  placed  ill  command  <d  Ihe  llepiiil- 
lueiit  of  Kasteni  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina. tle(U"ge  It.  McClellan,  John  t '.  I''re- 
mont,  anil  <lohn  A.  I'ix  were  now  appoiiili  <l 
miijor  general.s  in  the  regular  airuy,  the  lnl- 
ter  to  commanil  in  New  Ni)ik,tlen.  .Mcl'lil 
Ian  in  the  heparlment  of  the  I  >!iio,  and  ( ini. 
Fremont  on  his  return  from  Furope  being 
assigned  to  the  |)eparlmenl  of  the  West. 

The  work  of  secession  now  rapidly  pro- 
cei'ded  in  tho  Slave  Stales  yti  remaining  in 
Ihe  llnion.  In  Tenne.-..see.  early  in  .M'lii  li, 
l.'llli,  a  vote  of  the  people  was  taken  upon 
calling  a  State  Convention  to  secede  from  lli.' 
I'nion,  v^hicli  waa  defeated  by  over  jd.iMiO 
Union  niiijority.  Hut  shortly  after  the  bom- 
bardniont  of  Sntntvr,  the  l,egislalnr<'  seen  lly 
authori/.ed  the  (iovernor  to  appoint  comllli^- 
Hioners  to  enter  into  a  military  hiigue  witli 
the  Confederate  Stales;  and  on  the  lilh  .M:iy, 
the  Legislature  passed  an  ordinance  of  kccin 
sioii,  and  on  the  7lh  ratitied  the  eonvenlioii 
foriuid  with  the  Confeilcrate  (iovonnient  by 
these  roniniisNionei's.  Tho  orilinance  ot  sc- 
cession  was  nominally  Hubinitted  to  the  pop- 
ular vote  oil  the  tilh  June,  with  the  follow- 


V  lii'l'd  illiil  «ilHnwlii'i'i< 
'  wiiH  liy  ronvriilidii 
lliriii  ( 'iinri'ilrriuv. 
>ii  tli<i  '-'llh  May,  lli« 
it'Kiiiiu  (<>  lliitt  ( 'iiiil'icl 
iiii  ovcniwi'd  |io|iiilui 
'CCHHitiii  lo  l!0,!tVll  I'lir 
Hcvi'iul  wrKlcni  iiiini 
tixcliiilcd.  'I'liiH  icn 
ii'iil  iiii|ii>i<Hiliilil y  ;  In 
)rti(in  of  tlim  Sliiln  (o 
niii'V  wcMilil  liiivti  in 
li'tjnitum  ol"  (111'   l''nii 

•  II  |>i>llil>ll  of    Wi  rtlrlll 

I  "  llio  riiiiliaiiilli'," 
I'ly  (i>  liiik(<  l''.rii<,aliiiiihl 
HtulcH  IVnm  till"  lu'w, 
inn  Hii  I'liNy  iniNum  ol' 
lion  liclwrrn  llicin  liy 
Ini  |i('(i|il(>  lit'  WckI  Sir- 
lyal,  nHscinlilril  in  ihM' 
Slay,  nl  W'liiM'linj;,  and 
1'  WMM'HHion  ol'  I  111'  Slalr. 
Ki'ciiiiil   niiivi'iiliiin    'i( 

II  itr  wiih  iiiiiiniiiRiimly 
iiiiii  )>(<  Ni'l  ii|>iirt  iiH  a 
({ovrniiiiriil  wuh  tlnn 
11  id'  Vii'niiiia  iiirilini! 
in^,  hhhi'IiIimI  111  lliiH  III 
di'i'iil  ('iiiiHlitiilli'ii ;  mill 
ISliL",  Ihi'  l''i'di'nil  ('on 
diirlriiii*  tlial  llii'  liiv:il 
Ic  I'liiiHlilulo  llm  Sliili', 
!•  iif  Wi'Hi.  V'iigiiiiu  into 

,  IHiil,    rirHiilciil    I, ill 

iialiiin    aiiiioiiiiriii^  llm 

nil    |niliH,  till'   cliirl  id' 

rnl'li>r  cllri'tiiiilly  ilimrd 

lllCI'H.        (Ill  llll'  I'll   Miiv 

iiiHiliini  vi|iiiii  IliK  Sliilis 

viilllllll'rrM    I'ur     llllrii 

iiIh  w.'I'o  aildril    lo  llii' 

inillioiiM  win"  now  Irii- 

Ml    liv  lliii  Irnislaliiii's 

yiil    iilatrH.      A    liii^;i' 

mm    was  iir^iini/i'd    id 

iidi'r   llii<  roniniiind   ol' 

I,  of   lliiil    Sdili'  ;    iiiid 

■cii  iniiili'  a   niiijiir  );i  ii- 

niaiiil  of   llll'    l»r|iiirl- 

;iniii   mid    Nmlli   ('mo- 

(ii'lliin,  John    < '.     I''ri  • 

n  wrio  now  ii|i|ioinlrd 

icHiilar  iii'iiiv,  llll'  llll- 

,'.•  Vorli,  (iiii.   Mil '111 

I  of  llll'  Oliio,  mill  <lrii. 
11    from    Kiiropr    liriiij,' 
lllrlll   of  llir  W'l'sl. 
loll   now    rii|iiilly   pro- 

lali'H  yi-l  I'l'iiiiiiiiiii^'  in 
u'i.M'1'.  t'liily  ill  .M'lii  li, 
ii'iijilo  wiiN  lakrii  iipoii 
(ion  lo  Kt'rrdi'  fi'olii  lli>' 
•iili'd  liy  over  ,'i(l,iililt 
sliorlly  iifli'l'  llio  lioiii- 
lie  1,1'uihliiliiri'  KiTirlly 
or  to   ii|i|ioiiit  roiiiinis- 

II  iiiililiiry  Iriiijiii'  wiiii 
;  and  on  llio  lilli  M"v, 
an  ordiiiiiin'i'  of  snis 
iitilii'd  tlir  roiivi'iitioii 
ill  riito  (lovfiiniint  I'V 

'I'lio  ordinmu'o  of  w - 
subiniltcil  to  tin'  pop- 
)  um-,  with  tho  foUow- 


n 
W 

o 

^  3 

i-  >-* 

•  w 

'V  il" 


M 


^ 


II 
I] 


/ 


"UNITED    STATES. 


557 


iiig  proclaimed  rosiilt :  for  Hoparation,  104,- 
913;  against  scporiitioii,  47,238;  tho  people 
of  I'^ivst  'I'ciiiipssco,  a  niountaiiioiiR  region, 
wlieio  slavery  never  eoulil  liiive  i\  llrni  foot- 
liolil,  voting  1>_V  more  tlinn  two  to  one  agiiinst 
separation.  They  furllier,  on  the  17lli  Slay, 
ill  eonvention,  protested  against  the  late  elec- 
tion as  having  heen  in  no  part  of  the  State, 
exi'cpt  Kast  Tennpss<'e,  a  free  one  ;  as  not  ex- 
jiiensivo  of  tho  will  of  tho  majority  of  Tennes- 
see freemen  ;  and  earnestly  I'xpressed  a  desiro 
to  remain  in  the  Union,  even  if  the  rest  of 
tlie  State  were  resolved  to  go  out.  In  eonsc- 
cpience  whereof,  this  part  of  tho  State,  being 
isolated  from  aid  by  tho  nentrulity  of  Ken- 
tucky, henceforth  and  for  a  considerable  pe- 
riod was  subjected  to  the  bitter  proscription 
of  the  Confederacy. 

lu  Kentucky,  all  ertbrts  to  carry  tho  State 
out  of  the  Union  failed,  a  large  nuijoritj-  of 
lior  people  being  loyal,  and  her  proximity 
to  otluT  loyal  States  having  its  weight 
against  that  of  thi^  organized  relx^llion  at  oj)- 
portune  monu'uts.  The  Legislature,  however, 
eiirly  declared  that  while  tho  Static  would 
never  sever  its  connection  with  the  Natioiud 
llovernmcnt,  she  would  not  take  uj)  arms  for 
eillier  belligerent  party,  and  for  some  time 
this  policy  was  mainly  acted  upon. 

Until  tho  bombardment  of  Sumter,  North 
Carol ina  seemed  largely  in  favor  of  the  Unicui ; 
but  at  an  extra  session  of  tho  Legislature, 
May  1,  li^'til,  tho  tiovernor  wa.s  authorized 
to  tender  aid  to  the  Confederate  aiithorities, 
and  a  convention  was  called,  which  met  on 
llie  -Dth  May ;  and  on  that  day  it  passed  an 
ordiiumoe  of  secession  by  a  unanimous  vote. 

Upon  the  reception  of  the  news  from  Fort 
Simiter  in  Arkansas,  a  convention,  winch  had 
pnniously  voted  not  to  seceile  from  the  Union, 
was  reconvened,  and  passed  an  (udinance  of 
secession  by  a  vote  of  t'l'.t  to  1.  In  all  these 
States,  wherever  possible,  tho  Federal  prop- 
erly was  now  seized  upon.  In  JIisso\iri,  also, 
oil  .May  I'd,  an  extra  session  of  llie  Legislatnro 
was  con\  ened,  which  speedily  entrusted  to  tho 
tiovrnor,  a  sympathizer  with  tho  rebellion, 
the  entire  control  of  the  military  and  pecu- 
niary resources  of  thi^  State.  The  Federal 
arsenal  in  Western  Missomi  was  seized  on 
till'  -(till  April,  and  its  I'ontents  carried  oil' 
to  eipiip  the  rebels;  but  the  arsenal  at  St. 
I.Huis  was  promptly  protected  by  its  com- 
niaiidant,  ('apt.  Natli.  Lyon,  and  on  the 
iii,;,'lil  of  the  I'lMh  its  coiiteiits  safi'ly  trans- 
firreil  lo  Spriiigliehi,  Illinois.  Within  ten 
days  from  the  reception  of  llie  I'resident's  call, 
a  regiment  had  been  rai.sed  by  Col.  F.  ]'. 
I'llair,  and  four  others  were  being  rapidly 
fiirnied  iil  Si.  Louis,  in  despite  of  the  Slate 
authorilies.  On  :May  IDth,  at  the  head  of 
six  thousand  armed  Uiiionisis,  ('apt.  Lyon 
and  Col.  lilair  siiniiunded  tin-  State  (iiiard, 
oiguni/ed  111  Cnnip  .Liek.son  in  tlii^  interests 
of  ihe  reliellicin,  and  demanded  its  immediate 
suni'ihler,  which  was  at  once  complied  with, 
a   coiisideiahle   anioiiiil  of   miinilions    being 

IiiiiicmI   over   lo   lli iptors.      Shollly  iifler- 

warils  a  (i'lniaii  Union  regiment  in  Si.  Louis 
liri'd  upon  sume  assailanlf,  killing  twenlv- 
tno.  (In  the  IJlh  May,  Ceii.Wm.  S.  Harney 
look  cciinmaiid  of  llio  I'nion  forces  in  Mis- 
foii'.i.  iiiul  Capl.  Lynn  was  made  Ibigiidiei- 
Ceneral  of  the  Isl  Missmui  Ibigade.  (li'ti, 
llaiii'v  now  eiileri'd  into  a  conipact  with 
t;cn.  Stci  ling  Trice,  upon  tlie  part  of  the  Stato 


government,  tho  proposed  object  being  to  re- 
store trampiillity  to  Missouri;  but  this  com- 
pact proving  to  be  n  protection  to  treason 
and  terrorism,  it  was  rejiudiated  by  tho 
Federal  (Jovernmont,  and  (Jen.  Jlarney  was 
removed  from  his  command,  being  succeeded 
therein  by  CJeti.  Lyon.  Ujiou  this,  (lov. 
•Jackson  and  Gen.  Price,  mustering  (he  advo- 
cates of  tho  rebellion  within  the  State,  pro- 
ceeded to  openly  act  in  concord  with  its 
leaders,  and  tho  former  shortly  ofVicially  called 
for  60,000  State  militia,  to  repel  what  lio 
termed  the  Federal  invasion. 

For  some  weeks  after  the  seizui'o  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  the  rebels  controlh'd,  at  that 
point,  the  IJaltimore  and  Ohio  Hiiilroad ;  on 
May  Kith,  to  strengthen  their  [losition,  they 
burned  several  bridges  farther  west  on  that 
road.  On  the  L'Olh,  at  Clarksburg,  in  Harri- 
son County,  two  companies  of  the  Confeder- 
ates, having  entered  that  ]ilace,  and  being 
ontn\imbered  by  the  Unionists  there,  sur- 
rendered their  arms  and  dispersed  without 
a  contest.  Tho  Union  volunteers  of  AVest 
Virginia  were  now  organized  at  Camp  Car- 
lisle, in  Ohio,  opposite  Wheeling,  under  the 
command  of  Col.  Kelly,  (leo.  H.  McClellan 
having  been  aiipointed  a  majm'-geueral,  and 
assigned  to  this,  the  Department  <if  the  Ohio. 
On  the  L'VtIi,  the  l.st  Virginia,  1,100  in  num- 
ber, together  with  the  llith  Ohio,  Col.  Irvine, 
and  the  14th  t)liio,  Col.  Steedman,  crossed 
the  Ohio  and  occupied  Wheeling  and  I'ark- 
ersburg,  the  terminus  of  the  north-west  branch 
of  the  lialtimore  and  t>liio  Kailroad.  On  the 
.'iOtli,  the  Unionists  reached  (irafton,  and 
there  a  force  of  7,000  or  S,000  men  was  col- 
lected under  (len.  Morris.      The  tracks  of  (he 


turn)>ike  two  or  three  ndles  in  tho  rear  of 
Col.  I'egram.  Col.  Kosecrans  approached  tho 
rebel  ]iosition  about  noon,  having  marched 
since  ilayliglit  through  a  di^nso  forest  and 
under  a  drenching  rain.  He  was  then  opened 
u]ion  by  the  rebel  gnus,  and  lU'tcr  u  half  hour 
of  random  firing,  his  orders  to  charge  bay- 
onets were  promptly  obeyed  by  his  forces, 
and  tho  rebels  lied,  leaving  tlieir  cannon, 
munitions  and  stores,  and  l.'iri  dead.  Tegram 
attempted  to  escape  during  the  night,  but  was 
forced  to  surrender  on  the  following  day,  tho 
iL'tli  July,  with  about  (iOO  men. 

(len.  McClellan  entered  I'everley  the  next 
morning.  Hanking  (!en.  Gaine(t,  and  thus 
forcing  him  also  to  a  hasty  flight.  The  latter 
crossed  the  Ijiurel  Mountains  eastward  to  tho 
narrow  valley  of  the  Cheat  Kiver,  along  tho 
solo  road  of  whicli  ho  lied  to  Carrick's  Foul, 
felling  trees  to  obstruct  the  ])ursuit  of  tho 
enemy.  Having  crossed  tho  river  here,  anil 
finding  a  strong  and  shelti>rod  jiosition,  ho 
turned  and  offered  battle,  twice  repulsing,  by  a 
heavy  lire  of  musketry  and  artillery,  the  ellorts 
of  the  LInion  forces  to  cross  tho  river.  Col. 
l>umont  with  tho  7th  Indiana,  marching 
down  tho  bluff  and  throiigh  the  middle  of  tho 
stream,  between  tho  two  contesting  armies, 
and  forcing  his  way  through  a  dense  forest 
of  laurel,  now  ajipeared  on  the  right  flank  of 
the  rebels,  who  thereupon  lied.  At  a  second 
ford,  a  short  distance  below,  (ien.  (Jarnett 
gallantly,  but  vainly,  attempted  to  rally  his 
forci^s,  who  received  and  relumed  one  volley 
and  then  retreated,  being  some  3,000  in  num- 
ber at  this  point,  pursued  by  tiOO  Indiana 
troops,  (len.  (iarnctt  was  here  shot  through 
the  body,  falling  dead,  and  his  command  wero 


railroads,  which  had  been  damaged  by  a  ndiel  pursued  two  miles,  when  the  Union  soliliers 
force,  wer(>  now  repaireil,  the  latter  having  ;  halted,  leaving  the  rebels  to  cross  the  nioun- 
retreated  to  I'liilipjii,  tifleeu  miles  southward,  i  tains  and  join  (ien.  Jackson  at  Monterey, 
and  apart  from  tlie  railway.  On  the  night  |  (!eii.  McClellan,  who,  with  a  large  portion 
of  .June  '_M,  an  attempt  was  niiide  by  the  j  of  his  fmco,  had  not  joined  in  the  ]UMsiiit, 
Union  forces  to  suriirise  I'hilijipi.  Four  |  but  had  moTed  south  from  Iteverley  to  Hiit- 
reginients   approached   it    by  dill'erent   roads,    lonsville,  telegra|ilied  the  loss  of  the  enemy 


the  divisiiui  under  Col.  Kelly  failing  to  arrive 
at  the  eoncerled  time,  4  A.M.,  owing  to  the 
state  of  the  mails.  The  rebels,  only  si.x  or 
seven  hundred  in  number,  under  Col.  (!.  A. 
I'orterfield,  fled,  however,  after  a  short  resist- 
ance, having  been  opened  upon  with  artillery 
and  charged  by  the  infantry  of  tho  Unionists, 
who   had   arrived    under   Cols.   Diiniont   and 


111  this  action  to  have  Invn  about  'JOO  killed, 
1,000  prisoners,  and  seven  guns;  and  thai  of 
the  Union  forces,  1,'t  killed  and  40  wouiuliil. 

Simultaneously  with  Gen.  McClelhin's  ad- 
vance upon  lievcrlcy,  d'en.  Cox,  with  a 
large  Union  force,  moved  eastward  from 
(Juyandotte  to  the  Kanawha,  and  up  that 
river,  reaching  Charleston,  tho  capital  of 
Lander.  Col.  Kelly  pre.senlly  arriving,  fell  :  Kanawha  Coiiiily,  on  the  L'ritli  July.  Tho 
upon  them  and  disiiersed  tle'iii  completely,  i  rebels  in  this  sccliun,  commanded  bv  Gov. 
Col.    Kelly   was  severely  wounded    and  two 


Unionists  were  killed.  The  rebels  lost  six- 
!  tien  killed  and  ten  captured.  J'orlerlield 
then  hastily  relieated  with  a  few  stragglers 
lo  Hutlonsville,  where  conscriplion  was 
raiiidly  increasing  the  rebel  forces,  (lon. 
arrivrd  at    Graflon    on 


Wise,  continiii'd  to  Ihe  before  the  approach 
of  Gen.  Cox,  who  reached  Gaiiley  liriilge  on 
the  L'ltlli,  finding  it  biirni'il  by  the  retreating 
rebels.  (Jen.  Wi.se  succieded  in  reaching 
Lewisbiirg,  the  capital  of  Greenbrier,  a  county 
devoted  lo  the  rebel  cause,  and  here  was  n- 
ly 


McClellan    arrivid   at    (iraflon    on    the   L'.'bl  i  inforced    by   (Jen.   John    I!.    Floyd,  formerly 
.lune.aiid   issued   proclamations   eonileiiining  :  the  U.  S.  Sccrelary  of  War  onder   I'resident 


the  guerilla  warfare  of  the  rebels,  and  exhort 
ing  his  own  soldiers  to  forbear  pillage  and 
outrage  of  every  kind.  The  rebel  main  force, 
several  tlioii.sand  in  number,  under  (Jen.  Kobt. 
S.  Garnelt,  were  now  sirongly  intrenched  on 
Laurel  Hill,  near  lievcrlcy,  the  capital  of 
Itandolph  County,  coniiiianiling  the  road  In 
I'hilippi  ;  a  smaller  forci^  under  Col.  .lolin 
I'egram,  was  on  Hiih  .Mountain,  conimanil- 
ing  the  turnpike  leading  from  l!e\erliy  to 
Itiiekhaiiiioii.  After  a  ni'omioi.ssanie,  ( !eii. 
Me(  iellaii  resolved  lo  iillaek  I'egram  first,  ami 


Ibiehanan.  Gen.  Floyd  now  assuineil  tin) 
olVensive,  and  afler  surprising  the  7tli  Ohio, 
Col.  Tylei,  near  Siiinnierville,  and  routing 
(hat  regiment  with  a  loss  of  L'OO  of  il  ■  men, 
he  moved  southerly  toCainifex  Ferry,  wher(>, 
endeavoring  to  strike  (he  rear  of  Gen.  Cox, 
he  was  himself  atlacked  on  the  loth  August 
by  a  strong  force  under  (Jen.  l{oseeians,  in  a 
reconnoissance  in  force,  which  resulted  in  a 
short  but  severe  act  ion,  and  a  loss  of  about 
•JOO  of  the  Union  troops—  very  much  greater 
Ihaii    llial    of  (he   iiil  reliehed    rebels.       Gen. 


sent  Col.  Kosecrans  to  gain,  by  a  detour,  tho  ,  Uosecrans  liaving  directed  hi.t  troop.s  lo  bo 


W8 


HISTORY    OF   THE 


ready  forassault  early  on  the  folloN'iug  morn- j  under    <jen.    Alagruder,    safely    intrenched. 


iiig,  WHS  eluded  by  the  enemy  during  the 
niglit ;  tlie  latter  rapidly  retreating  some 
thirty  niilt's  to  Big  Sowell  Mountain,  and 
thouce  to  Meadow  Bluff,  whither  he  was  not 
pursued.  Gen.  Leo  now  nssumod  the  coni- 
niaud  of  both  Floyd's  anil  Wise's  forces,  num- 
bering, with  recent  reinforcements  from  the 
northern  front,  about  20,000  men  ;  and  Rose- 
crans,  after  remaining  some  days  before  him 
at  Big  Sewell,  retreated  to  tlauley  unpui-sued. 
Gun.  Lee,  being  shortly  recalled  to  take  com- 
mand on  the  coast,  made  a  slight  attack  on 
the  Union  position  held  by  Gen.  ReynoUIs 
on  Cheat  Slountain,  but  soon  retired  again 
to  his  camj)  at  Greenbrier.  On  the  3d  Octo- 
ber, after  Gen.  Lee's  departure.  Gen.  Rey- 
nolds in  t\irn  luisuccessfully  assaulted  tho 
rebels,  now  commanded  by  Gen.  11.  R.  Jack- 
son of  Georgia.  On  the  10th  November, 
Col.  Jenkins,  with  a  regiment  of  rebel  cav- 
alry, surprised  tlie  Union  forces  stationed  at 
Guyandotto,  tiiking  over  100  prisoners  and 
plundering  the  loyal  inhabitants;  and  on  the 
following  morning,  the  Union  Col.  Ziegler, 
of  tlie  Dtli  Virginia,  arrived,  and  ordered  to 
be  burned  the  houses  of  the  secessionist  in- 
habitants who  had  instigated  the  raid.  On 
the  14th,  the  rear-guard  of  Gen.  Floyd,  who 
was  then  retreating  southward,  was  attacked 
by  ticn.  Benhani,  and  its  colonel,  St.  George 
Croghan,  was  killed.  Floyd  then  retreated 
unpursued  to  I'eterstown,  fifty  miles  south- 
wai'd.  In  the  north-east.  Gen.  Kelly,  by  a 
spiiited  dash  from  Xew  C'reek,  October  2oth, 
drove  out  of  Romney  a  rebel  battalion,  captur- 
ing two  cannons,  sixty  prisonui's,  and  several 
hundred  stands  of  arms.  Gen.  R.  H.  Milroy, 
the  successor  of  Gen.  Ueynolds  at  Clieat 
Mountain,  failed  on  December  12tli,  in  a  sim- 
ilar attempt  on  tho  rebels  strongly  posted  at 
Alleghany  Summit ;  but  on  Dec.  31st,  the 
ground  now  being  covered  with  snow,  he  de- 
spatched JIajor  NVebster,  of  the  2>')th  Oiiio, 
with  800  men,  to  lluntersvillo,  from  which 
a  considerable  rebel  force  was  driven  out. 
Tlic  campaisjn  of  18G1  in  Western  Virginia 
thus  closed,  with  few  rebels  remaining  there. 
On  the  22d  May,  Gen.  Butler  took  cciin- 
niand  at  Fortress  Monroe  of  some  ir>,000  raw 
but  gallant  soldiers,  and  wa.s  soon  there  con- 
fronted by  12,000  Confedenites  under  Gens, 
linger  and  Magruder.  Some  fugitive  slaves 
entering  his  cjiinp  about  this  time,  and  being 
d.'nianded  under  a  (lag  of  truce  by  their  mas- 
t  r,  Gen.  Butler  decided  that  if,  according  to 
the  latter,  slaves  were  pro|terty,  and  Virginia 
a  foreign  luvtion  at  war  with  the  United 
States,  such  i)roperty  shuidd  be  held  as  ron- 
triihiiiiil,  and  refu.sed  to  return  the  slaves. 
J  laving  .seized  and  fortified  Newport  News, 
lit  the  mouth  of  James  River,  on  the  9th 
Jiiiii',  Gen.  Butler  ordered  a  reconnoissance 
in  force  towards  the  rebel  position  at  Little 
Bethel,  the  expedition  being  under  command 
of  Cien.  K.  W.  J'ierce,  a  militia  brigadier  of 
3Fassacliu.setts.  Just  before  daybreak  two 
T7iii<)n  regiments,  those  of  Cols.  Bendix  and 
1'owiisend,  of  New  York,  at  a  junction  of 
roads,  caiiie  into  collision  ;  the  former  mistak- 
ing the  latter  fur  the  enemy,  and  o])eniiig 
fire,  kiUed  two  of  that  regiment  and  seriously 
Wounded  eight  or  ten.  The  rebels  at  Little 
Bethel,  being  thereupon  alarmed,  safely  r<>- 
frealed.  (ii'ii.  I'ierce  Ihi'u  puslu-d  on  to  I.ig 
Dethel,  whoro  he  fuuuj   1,800   Cuufudorutos, 


!  After  fr  ur  hours'  action,  the  Union  forces 
'  being  e^  posed  in  an  open  field.  Gen.  Pierce 
I  ordered   a  retreat,  which  was  made  in  good 
order,  a   loss  of  100   men  having  been  sus- 
tained, including  among  the  dead  Major  The- 
odore   Winthrop,   aid   to  Gen.    Butler,  and 
Lieut.  John  T.  Greble,  of  tho  2d  regular  ar- 
tillery.    During  the  night  the  rebels  retreated 
to   Yorktown,   ten  miles  up  the  Peninsulo. 
On  tho  lt)th  August,  Gen.  Butler  was  suc- 
ceeded in  his  command  by  Gen.  Wool.    Dur- 
ing tho  month  of  May,  Maryland   Heights, 
opposite   Harper's   Ferry,  was  held  by  the 
rebels,  under  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston ;  and 
on  the   19th,  u  considerable  force   of  rebels 
appeared  opjKysite  Williamsport,  a[)parcntly 
contemplating  an  invasion  of  the  North.    On 
the  24th  May,  the  day  of  the  Virginia  seces- 
sion election,  10,000  Union  troops  advanced 
into  Virginia,  from  W^ashington,  by  order  of 
Lieut.-Cien.  Scott,  commanding  there.     The 
(J9th  New  York,  Col.  Corcoran,  seized  the 
junction  of  tho  Orange  and  Manassas  Gaj) 
Railroads,  several  miles  westward  of  Wash- 
ington.    The  New  York  Fire  Zouaves,  under 
I  Col.  Eils'vorth,  proceeded  to  occupy  Alexan- 
dria.    Oiiserving  a  secession  flag  tlying  from 
I  the  Mar, hull   House,  an  hotel  of  that  city. 
Col.  Kili  ■vortli,  with   four  men,  entered  and 
took  it  down.     » )n  his  return  down  tlie  stairs 
of  the  house,  he  was  shot  dead  by  one  Jack- 
'  son,  the  innkee))er,  who  was  in  turn  at  once 
I  killed  by  a  private  of  the  regiment,  Frank  E. 
\  Brownell. 

\  Gen.  McDowell,  commanding  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  now  occupied  several 
weeks  in  fortifying  his  position  there.  Early 
j  in  June,  Lieut.  C.  H.  Tompkins,  of  the  2d 
I  regular  cavalry,  dashed  into  the  village  of 
j  Fairfax  Court-House,  with  a  portion  of  that 
I  force,  temporarily  driving  the  enemy  there- 
I  from,  with  a  small  loss  on  both  sides.  On 
the  17lh,  near  Vienna,  thirteen  miles  from 
Alexandria,  a  train  tipon  the  railway,  con- 
taining "00  of  Col.  McCook's  1st  Ohio,  under 
tien.  Ivobt.  C.  Schenck,  was  raked  by  a 
masked  battery  of  two  guns,  jilanted  there  by 
Col.  Gregg,  commanding  800  rebels.  South 
Carolinians,  who  had  started  that  morning 
from  Dranesvilie,  destroying  the  track.  The 
<  )liio  men  at  once  sprang  from  tho  cars  and 
formed  on  the  side  of  the  track,  wliereupon 
the  reliels  retreated  to  Fairfax  Conrt-Hou.se, 
and  the  Unionists  then  returned  to  the  camp 
at  Alexaiulria,  bringing  their  dead  and 
wounded,  twenty  in  number,  in  blankets,  the 
engineer  of  the  train  having  at  tlie  outset  lied 
with  liis  locomotive.  (In  June  "tli.  Gen. 
Patterson,  with  20,(100  men,  advanced  from 
Chauibersburg,  Pa.,  to  Ihigerstown,  .AM.,  and 
t'ol.  Lewis  Wiillace  took  pos.sessioii  of  Cum- 
berland anil  Romney.  (Jen.  Jolinston,  of  the 
rebels,  thereupon  burned  the  bridge  at  Point 
of  Rocks.  On  the  14th  he  evnciiatcd  HaqK-r's 
Ferry  and  retreated  to  Leesbuig,  Va.,  having 
destroyed  the  costly  railway  bridge  over  tho 
Potomac  at  the  former  place,  and  also  the  ar- 
mory ami  shops  thereof,  the  machinery  of 
which  lie  had  previously  removed  to  Kicli- 
niond.  On  the  Kith,  Gen.  Thomas,  of  the 
Union  army,  crossed  the  Poloniac  at  Wil- 
liamsport, but  recidssed  on  the  18th,  (Jen. 
I'atteison  still  remaining  at  llagcrstown ; 
wliereupon  the  rebi'ls  iituiniiig,  entirely  de- 
htruyud   tJio    remuiuing   works    at   HiujHir'b 


Ferry,  and  conscripted  all  the  citizens  of  tho 
neighborhood.  On  July  2d,  Gen.  Patterson, 
crossing  tho  Potomac  at  Williamsport,  en- 
countered (Jen.  Jackson,  subsequently  known 
as  "  Stonewall,"  who  fell  back  to  Bunker 
Hill,  which  place  was  occupied  on  the  loth 
July  by  Gen.  Patterson  without  resistance. 
But  on  the  17th,  tho  latter,  from  want  of  cour- 
age, common  sense,  or  loyalty,  moved  away 
from  the  enemy  in  his  front,  marching  to 
Charlestown,  twelve  miles  eastward,  and  per- 
mitting Johnston  to  load  his  entire  command 
to  Manassas.  At  Charlestown  he  remained 
without  action  until  the  22d  July,  when 
learning  the  disaster  of  Bidl  Rxin,  to  be  pres- 
ently chronicled,  he  hastily  retreated  to  Har- 
per's Ferry,  where  on  the  25th  he  was  super- 
seded by  Gen.  Nath.  P.  Banks. 

On  Tuesday,  July  IGth,  Gen.  Tyler's  col- 
umn, the  advance  of  the  Union  grand  army, 
moved  towards  tho  enemy  to  Vienna,  and  on 
Thursday  reached  Centreville,  the  rebels  re- 
tiring quietly  before  it.  At  1  o'clock  p.m., 
it  moved  throe  miles  beyond  that  village  to 
Blackburn's  Ford  on  Bull  Run,  where  the 
rebels  were  found  strongly  posted.  A  vigor- 
ous artillery  conflict  now  took  ploce,  in  which 
a  L^nion  lo.ss  of  83  and  a  rebel  loss  of  68  was 
sustained.  The  Unionists  finally  drew  back, 
having  learned  that  the  main  rebel  ormy  was 
posted  along  the  wooded  valley  of  Bull  Bun, 
half-way  between  Centreville  and  Manassas 
Junction,  and  purposed  to  renniin  there. 
During  tho  18tli  and  19th,  tho  Union  army 
was  concentrated  near  tho  ridge  on  which  Cen- 
treville is  situated.  On  Saturday,  the  20th, 
three  days'  rations  were  distributed,  and  pre- 
|>arations  made  to  move  on  the  enemy  at  2 
o'clock  on  the  following  morning.  Gen. 
Beauregard,  commanding  the  rebel  forces,  was 
now  well  informed  by  sympathizers  at  Wash- 
ington, and  within  the  Union  lines,  of  the  de- 
tailed intention  of  the  Unionists,  and  was  re- 
inforced by  the  full  force  of  Gen.  Johnston's 
Army  of  the  Shenandoah.  The  I'liion  order 
of  battle  was  to  menace  the  rebel  light  by  an 
advance  of  the  1st  Division  on  the  Manassas 
road  from  Centreville  ;  to  make  a  more  seii- 
ous  demonstration  on  the  road  running  wes- 
terly from  Centreville  to  (Jroveton,  which 
crossed  Bull  Run  by  the  Stone  Bridge ;  l.ut 
to  make  the  main  attack  by  a  column  of 
l."),000,  composed  of  the  2d  Division,  Gen. 
Hunter,  and  3d  Division,  (Jen.  Heiutzelmaii, 
which  was  ordered  to  detour  to  the  right, 
crossing  Cub  Run  and  Bull  Run  at  the  fonl 
of  Sudley  Spring,  three  miles  above  the 
Stone  Bridge,  thus  turning  the  rebel  left  and 
throwing  it  upon  tho  centre,  where  it  was  to 
be  flanked  by  the  1st  J)ivisioii,  under  (Jrii. 
Tyler,  crossing  the  Stone  Bridge  at  the  criti- 
cal moment.  The  .'ith  Division,  Gen.  Miles, 
was  held  in  reserve  at  Centreville.  The  4tli 
Division,  Gen.  Runyon,  guarded  the  eoinnui- 
j  nication  with  Alexandria,  being  about  seven 
miles  from  Centreville.  Gen.  Tyler,  in  front 
of  Stone  Bridge,  opened  with  his  artillery  iit 
tiA^  A.M.,  with  reply  from  the  enemy.  'J'liiee 
hours  later.  Hunter's  advance,  under  Cel. 
Burnside,  crossed  at  Siidley  Spring,  and  after 
marciiing  a  mile  throtigh  the  woods  down  the 
road  on  the  right  of  Bull  Run,  it  reailiid 
some  clear  fields,  and  was  there  opened  ujuiii 
by  the  rebel  artillery  and  infantry  from  the 
woods  in  its  front.  It  advanced,  tighli:g 
being  followed  and  supported  by  tho  rost  of 


■ffriiiwuni  ; 


UNITED    STATES. 


090 


tlio  division,  which  wna  now  jniiifd  on  its  left  I  rebel  force  of  cavalry  shortly  thereafter  I  shortly  afterwards.  Two  or  thrco  tliousnml 
by   Heintzelman's.      This   column,  still   ad- 1  entered.  raw,  undisciplined  troops  were  here  gatliciid 

vancing,  crossed  the  Warrcutoii  road,  where  I  Gen.  ^\uJ>owo!l  reported  the  Union  losses  ■  in  tlie  rebel  camp,  commanded  by  Col.  Mar- 
it  found  ami  aide(l  Sherman's  brigade  of  Ty-  in  this  engagement  at  481  killed  and  1,01 1  ;  luaduke.  At  Gen.  Lyon's  unexpected  ap- 
ler's  division,  and  soon  nearly  cleared  tlio  wo\itided,  but  made  no  report  of  the  number  1  proach,  Jackson  ordereil  those  forces  to  bo 
road  of  Iho  rebel  butteries  and  regiments  of  his  forces  made  jjrisoners.  (Jen.  Bcaure- 1  disbanded,  but  Marmaduke,  determined  to 
there,  commanded  by  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston,  gard  reported  the  rebel  loss  ;-t  2(1!)  killed  and  \  light,  met  Lyon  advancing  from  the  liuuling, 
One  of  tho  most  ellectiAo    Union  batteries,    1,5;<3  wounded,  also  making  '-.j  report  of  his  i  and  was  routed  by  him,  losing  two  guns  and 

losses  by  capture.     He  further  reported  l,4t)0  i  much  camp  equipage.     Jackson  now  fled  to 


GrilBn's,  was  hero  surprised  by  a  rebel  regi 
nieut,  through  tho  mistake  of  the  batte- 
ry's oflicers,  who  had  supposed  their  assail- 
ants to  be  a  Union  force.  Three  attacks 
thereon  were  repvd.sed,  however,  with  much 
slaughter  on  both  sides,  and  the  battery  still 
remained  uucaptured,  though  all  its  horses 
were  killed.  At  3  p.m.  the  rebels  abandoned 
the  Warreuton  road  to  tho  Union  troops. 
Gen.  Tyler  now  pushed  Sherman's  and  Keyes' 
brigades  over  Bull  lluu,  driving  the  enemy 
in  a  severe  struggle,  and  advancing  till 
checked  by  a  heavy  artillery  tire  from  their 
batteries  on  the  heights  above  the  road,  which 
were  supported  by  a  brigade  of  infimtry, 
strongly  {)osted  behind  breastworks.  Tho 
2d  Maine  and  3d  Connecticut,  by  a  gallant 


wounded  and  other  prisoners  dispatched  by 
him  to  llichmond.  The  Unionists  also  lost 
17  field-pieces,  and  a  large  amount  of  small 
arms,  accoutrements,  and   nuiuitions.      The 


Warsaw,  80  miles  south-west.  Here  he  was 
reinforced  by  Col.  O'Kane,  who,  on  tho  18th 
June,  had  surprised  and  routed  a  half-organ- 
ized   regiment   of    Unionists,   under    Capt. 


forces  ongiiget'.  in  this  conflict  were  about  [  Cook,  at  Cam])  Cole,  15  miles  distant.  On 
25,000  on  each  side ;  a  large  number  of  the  i  the  3d  July,  having  retreated  to  Lexington, 
troops  of  tho   Unionists,  however,  remained  !  he  was  fnither  joined  by  Gen.  I'rice,  with  his 


in  inaction  throughout,  owing  to  the  imbecil 
ity  and  lack  of  i)ur])Ose  which,  at  this  period, 
|)resided  over  tho  military  councils  of  the 
Union. 

In  consequence  of  this  serious  defeat  of  the 


forces,  amounting  in  all  to  3,600.  Being 
pursued  by  Lyon,  they  at  once  retreated  23 
miles  into  Jasper  County,  where,  on  tho 
morning  of  the  4th,  they  were  confronted  by 
a  Union  force  of  1,.">00  under  Col.  Franz 
Sigel.     The  latter  finding  the  rebels  superior 


Unionists,  the  rebellion  was  for  tho  moment 

greatly   strengthened    and   consolidated,   its  i  in  numbers  and  in  cavalry,  but  inferior  in 

numbers  in  the  field  were  instantly  doubled,  j  artillery,  by  princiiially  using  the   latter  jn 

while  tho   Union  force  was  reduced  by  half, !  his  side,  inflicted  great  damage,  and  received 

charge,    temporarily    carried    the    buildings  !  for  most  of  the  7r),000  three  months'  voliin-  j  very  little.     After  three  or  four  hours,  tho 

which  sheltered  the  rebel  guns,  but  recoiled  1  teers  quitted  the  service  on  the  expiration  of  enemy  flanked  him  right  and  left  with  cavalry, 


fioiu  the  severe  tire  from  the  breastworks,  '  their  terms  of  enlistment,  within  tho  follow 
and  moved  down  the  lluu  under  tho  shelter  |  iug  three  weeks.  A  few  weeks,  however, 
of  the  blutf,  covering  a  force  who  now  ef- 1  suthced  to  elUiee  this  disparity;  the  nation 
fected  the  removal  of  the  obstructions  j)laced  '  rising  from  this  defeat  to  a  true  ajipreciation 
by  the  rebels  upon  the  road  from  the  Stone  |  of  the  contest,  swelled  its  forces  once  more  till 
Bridj!o.     At  this   critical  moment,  at  which  j  they  exceeded  those  of  the  enemy,  who  in  the 


the  Union  triunqih  seemed  inevitable,  Gen. 
Kirby  Smith,  with  heavy  rebel  reinfoice- 
mi'iits,  appeared  on  the  held,  having  arrived 
fron\  I'iedmont,  tifteen  miles  distant,  and  be- 
iuL'  entirely  unexpected  by  the  rebels  them- 
selves. Smith  being  shortly  wounded,  was 
succeeded  in  coninuind  by  Col.  Arnold  Elzey, 
who  pressed  forward,  followed  by  the  entire 
force  of  the  now  confldent  enemy.  After 
thirteen  hours  of  sevro  action,  not  having 
bfcn  once  reinforced,  iind  having  continually 


and  compelled  him  to  retreat  three  miles  to 
his  unprotected  baggage  train.  At  Dry 
Fork  Creek  he  routed  a  strong  cavalry  force 
which  had  been  massed  in  his  front,  and  then 
continued  to  Carthage  and  thence  to  Sar- 
coxie,  fifteen  miles  eastward.  The  Union 
loss  in  this  atl'air  was  13  killed  and  31 
wounded  ;  that  of  the  rebels  40   killed  and 


meanwhile    expended    in   exultation     much 
energy  which    might  have  been  better  used 

in  preparation  for  the  more  serious  conflicts  |  12.t  wounded.  The  enemy  being  now  rein- 
yet  to  come.  I  forced  by  several  thousand  Arkansas  and 
On  the  4th  of  July,  the  37th  Congress  j  Texas  troops,  under  Gens.  MeCulloch  and 
met  in  extra  session  and  continued  until  1  Pearce,  C!en.  Sigel  continued  his  retreat  to 
August  0.  Various  measures  to  aid  the  i  Si>ringfield,  where  he  was  joined  on  the  10th 
Government  in  its  prosecution  of  the  war  were  ,  by  Gen.  Lyon,  who  assumed  command. 
pa.ssed,  including  a  bill  to  call  out  i)00,000 ,  Col.  Smith,  with  a  Union  force,  on  the 
volunteers;  one  authorizing  the  Secretary  of  i  10th,  at  Palmyra,  attacked  and  routed  tho 
the  Treasury  to  borrow  iti2J0,OOtl,0O0 ;  and  a  |  rebel  Gen.  Harris  of  Xorth-eastirn  ^lissouri, 
ncountered  fresh  rebel  regiments,  the  Union  I  bill  confiscating  the  property  used  for  in-  who  was  engaged  in  destroying  the  Hannibal 
f.irccs  retreated,  and  shortly  a  jianic  among  j  surrectionary  purposes  by  persons  engaged  in  '  and  St.  Joseph  Bailroad,  and  in  guerillii 
tliciii  ensued.  The  fresh  battalions  of  the  i  rebellion,  and  emancipating  all  slaves  whose  j  raids  u]ion  the  property  of  the  Unionists, 
eueiiiy  continued  to  fill  tho  woods  on  their  labor  was  employed  in  aid  thereof.  Kesolu- j  On  the  20th  July,  the  State  Convention  re- 
riglil,    extending  rapidly   towards    the   rear,  |  tions  were   also   adopted — exi)elling   certain  ,  a.ssembled    at    Jefl'erson    City,   declared    tho 


members  of  (.'ongress  from  the  Slave  States !  chief  offices  of  the  State  (lovernment  vacated 

who  had  vacated  their  seats  and  (led  to   the   by  the  treasonable  acts  of  their  oecupant.s  and 

(.'onfederaey  ;  declaring  it  to  be  no  part  of;  elected  Hamilton  11.  Gaml'li',  Governor ;   W. 

down  to  tho  Bini,  juirsued   by  1,;")00    the  duty  of  the  Federal  soldiers  to   .-apture  |  I'.  Hall,  Lieutenant-Governor ;  and  Mordecai 

avahy  under  Lieut.  Cul.  Stuart.     At  '  and  return  fugitive  slaves  ;  declaring  the  war   Oliver,  Secretary  of  Slate  ;  which  procee<ling8 


tiring  from  under  coviir,  and  seeming  by  their 
shots  and  cries  to  be  innuni'srable.  Two  or 
lliiee   of    the    Union    regiments   broke   and 

nislii 
rebel 


this  Union  defeat  on  the  right,  Gen.  John- ;  to  be  maintained  by  the  Union,  to  defend  the  i  were  in  the  following  Nm ember  ratified  by 
stoM  ordered  Gen.  Ewell  to  attack  the  left,  j  Constitution  and  iu-e.-ierve  the  Union,  and  not  the  jieople.  On  August  tith,  the  ejected  Gov. 
Kwell  being  received  by  the  2d  Union  Brig- i  to  overthrow  or  interfere  with  the  rights  Jackson  undertook  to  issue,  by  the  virtue  of  hi.s 
adc.  Col.  T.  A.  Havi.s,  with  a  heavy  tire  of  i  or  establislied  institutions  of  the  Southern  oflice,  a  Declaration  of  Independence,  assert- 
gi;q>e  anil  canister,  precipitately  retreated ;  t  States ;  and  declaring  it  to  be  the  fixed  de-  ing  therein  the  jiolitical  connection  of  tho 
but  notwithstanding,  the  Union  panic  shortly  !  termination  of  the  [leople  and  States  in  Con-  Siato  of  .Missouri  with  tl.e  Federal  Union 
became  general,  though  the  enemy  failed  to  gross  represented,  to  maintain  the  war  for  the  to  have  been  dissolved  b.\  the  recent  acts  of 
l\illciw  uj)  their  advantage  by  anv  ("Xtensive  suprenuicy  of  the  Government,  until  all  rebels  the  latter;  and  on  the  31st  October,  ho 
pursuit.     Preceded    by    their   cavalry,    they  .  thereto  sho\ild  submit.  j  further  iindertook    to  form    an   alliance  be- 

cros.scil  Bull  Hun,  and  halted  on  distantly  I  One  of  the  particular  consequences  of  the  tween  this  State  and  tho  So\ithern  Confed- 
observing  the  Union  .Jth  Division  tirawn  up  oil  Bull  Bun  defeat,  however,  was  the  strength- 1  eracy,  transferring  all  the  military  force  and 
the  slope  west  of  Centreville,  and  upon  which  .  ening  of  the  rebel  army  in  Missouri.  Having  :  material  of  the  former  to  the  executive  of 
they  were  expected  to  advance.     They  short- |  been  early  in  May  invested  with  unlimiteil   the  latter. 

ly  returned,  however,  to  the  woods  skirting  I  authority  by  the  Legislature,  Gov.  Jackson  j  On  the  1st  of  August,  Gen.  Lyon  hearing 
Bull  lluu.  Night  soon  afterwai-ds  closed  in,  organized  a  large  army  of  rebels,  as  a  State'  that  the  enemy,  largely  reinforced,  were  ad- 
aud  towards  midnight,  un<ler  peremptory  forci',  appointing  Sterling  Price  major-general ;  vancing  u])onhim  at  Siiringtiel.l.  in  two  strong 
orders  from  (Jen.  AlcDowell,  the  Titli  D)'-  thereof.  Fearing  an  attack  from  the  Federal :  bodies  from  tho  south  aiul  west,  and  resolv- 
vision,  which  had  now  become  the  rear-giuird  force  gathering  at  St.  Louis,  Jack.son  and  ing  to  strike  the  southern  column  before  a 
of  (he  Union  army,  commenced  its  retreat  Prici>  started  therefrom  westward  with  their  j<n\ction  of  tho  two  was  eHVeted,  set  out 
t.>wards  Washington.  At  7  a.m.  of  Mon-  followers,  reaching  Booneville  on  the  ISih  from  Springfield  with  .■),.'i(i0  infantry,  400 
day,  tho  22(1,  the  last  of  the  Union  strag-  of  June.  The  Union  Gen.  I.yon  and  his  cavalry,  and  b"*  guns.  \t  DrySpiings  ho 
glors  uuJ  wounded  loll  Ceulrevillo,  which   a   army  reached  llockpoil,  oppo.-.ite  Booneville,   i ncountered  and  routed  a  ditachn.cnt  of  tho 


BOO 


'HISTORY    OF    THE 


''ft:  1  ■ 


enemy,  under  McCuUoob,  who  then  moved 
his  forces  westward  and  joined  the  other  rebel 
column. 

Lyon  then  returned  to  Springfield.  On 
the  7th,  tlie  enemy,  commanded  by  Price,  ar- 
rived lit  Wilson's  (Jroek,  ton  miles  south  of 
S|)ringfleld.  On  the  9th,  Lyon  advanced  from 
the  latter  place  with  his  main  force,  having 
sent  Sigel,  witli  1,200  men,  to  gain  the  rebels' 
rear  by  tiieir  right.  On  the  10th,  fire  was  thus 
opened  both  upon  the  rebel  front  and  rear. 
The  enemy  at  first  gave  way  before  the  unex- 
pected charge  of  Sigel,  but  presently,  being 
vastly  superior  in  numbers,  attacked  him  with 
two  batteries  and  a  largo  force  of  infantry, 
causing  his  command  to  fly  in  confusion,  and 
assailing  it  with  large  bodies  of  cavalry,  by 
which  a  loss  of  800,  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
force,  was  sustained.  Ocn.  Lyon,  in  the 
meantime,  had  opened  his  batteries  in  front 
with  great  eft'ect,  and  his  infantry  re])oatedly 
drove  .bock  the  rebels  in  disorder,  who  were 
as  often  rallied  by  their  officera,  assured  by 
the  superiority  of  their  numbers.  Gen.  Lyon, 
having  been  twice  wounded,  was  killed  by  a 
third  bullet  as  ho  was  heroically  leading  a 
bayonet  charge  of  the  2d  KaiLsos,  whose  com- 
manding officer,  Ool.  IVlitchell,  had  previously 
fall(>n,  severely  wounded.  Shortly  after  the 
death  of  Gen.  Lyon,  the  enemy,  who  had  re- 
treated, s\iddenly  reappeared,  and  i.  fier'  - 
engagement  took  place  along  the  entire  lir  i. 
After  many  rei)ulses,  the  rebels  finally  fled  in 
wild  confusion.  The  ammunition  of  the 
Union  forces  having  been  exhausted,  and  '.  ,e 
tidings  of  the  rout  of  Col.  Sigel  having  ar- 
rived, a  retreat  of  the  Unionists  to  Spring- 
field was  ordered.  In  this  remarkable  en- 
giignraent,  in  which  3,700  Unionists  assailed 
for  six  ho\irs  the  enemy  numbering  23,000, 
of  whom  14,000  were  well-armed  and  well-dis- 
ciplined troops,  the  Union  loss  was  223  killed, 
721  wounded,  and  292  missing;  that  of  the 
enemy  2G5  killed,  800  wounded,  and  30  miss- 

Springfield  being  unfortified  and  otherwise 
untenable,  the  Union  forces,  on  the  19th 
August,  evacuated  it  and  reached  Holla 
unmolested.  Gen.  Fremont  now  assumed 
command  of  the  Western  Department,  over 
which  a  force  of  .')5,r)93  men  was  scattered, 
con  ting  formidable,  and  often  superior, 
nu.  .s  of  rebels.  He  proceeded  to  fortify 
St.  ^jiinis,  Cajjc  Girardeau,  Ironton,  Rolla, 
and  Jefferson  City.  On  the  31st  August  he 
issui'd  a  general  order,  in  which  ho  memor- 
ably d(!clared  the  slaves  of  the  rebels  to  be 
free.  Gen.  Price,  liaviiig  sepanited  from 
Gen.  MeCulloch  and  his  forces,  moved  north- 
ward from  Springfield  and  appeared  before 
Lexington  on  the  lllh  September.  ll(!re  he 
wi-iS  joiueil  by  (Jon.  Ifaiiis  from  the  north 
side  of  (lie  river,  and  by  reinforcements  and 
volunteois  from  all  directions,  until  bis  force 
amounted  to  about  25,000,  with  13  guns. 

Ou  a  liill  north-east  of  the  city,  Col.  Mul- 
ligiin,  at  tlie  head  of  2,780  Union  soldiers, 
witli  barely  10  rounds  of  ammunition,  had 
pastel  himself.  He  was  at  once  cannonaded 
by  the  rebels,  but  no  general  assault  was 
made  upon  him.  On  the  17th,  he  was  cut 
off  from  tlie  river  and  de])rived  of  water,  save 
that  of  ucciilcntal  rains.  The  rations  and  am- 
munition now  became  short,  while  the  rebels 
madti  fi)Mr  e!iarj;es,  but  without  success.  On 
the  ISth,  Capt.  Glcosou,  with  a  small  baud,  in 


a  heroic  sally  retook  a  hospital  which  had  been 
shortly  before  captured  by  the  rebels,  and 
from  tho  roof  and  balcony  of  which  their 
sharp.shooters  had  ])ourod  a  deadly  fire  within 
the  Union  intrenchments.  On  tho  20th  the 
rebels  rolled  up  a  lino  of  hemp  bales,  40  yards 
long,  to  within  ten  rods  of  the  garrison.  The 
Missouri  Home  Guard,  constituting  a  good 
portion  of  Mulligan's  forces,  now  becoming 
dispirited,  their  colonel  having  been  killed, 
retired  witlnu  the  line  of  tho  inner  intrench- 
ments uiiil  raised  a  white  flag,  at  which  the 
rebels  ceased  firing.  Col.  Mulligan  and  a 
council  of  officers  then  decided  to  surrender. 
Tlie  Union  loss  in  this  affair  was  40  killed 
and  1 20  wounded ;  that  of  the  Confederates, 
about  the  same.  The  troops  which  had  been 
dispatched  from  different  quarters  by  Gen. 
Fremont  to  reinforce  Col.  Mulligan,  failed 
to  reach  him,  having  been  delayed  by  rains  or 
bad  roads,  or  tho  confrontation  of  superior 
rebel  forces. 

Gen.  Price  now  retreated  to  tho  south- 
west, and  on  tho  27th  Septemlier  Gen.  Fre- 
mont left  St.  Louis  in  pxirsuit.  Price  skil- 
fu'ly  continued  his  flight  to  Neosho,  in  the 
south-west  corner  of  the  State,  where  he  found 
Governor  Jackson  and  a  ]>art  of  the  old  Leg- 
islature, who  now  formally  i>assod  an  ordi- 
nance of  secession.  Gen.  Fremont  having 
reac'.  Tipton,  there  s))ent  some  time  in  or- 
ga'i..  ...vin.  Tho  roads  were  now  excessively 
bad  iVom  tho  autumn  rains,  and  his  army, 
some  30,000  men,  including  5,000  cavalry 
iUid  80  guns,  wns  illy  provided  with  means 
of  ;  ■"■.])or\ .,  ...I;,  jut  on  the  17th  October 
hemo-.ed  !o  H'aiMiw.  On  the  2 1  st,  the  rebel 
Gen.  Jetr.  Thompson  wa.s  overpowered  at 
Frcdericktown  by  superior  Union  forces, 
and  after  two  hour.s'  fighting,  fled,  hotly  pur- 
sued, and  leaving  00  dead. 

On  the  21th  October,  Jlajor  White,  who 
led  the  advance  of  Gen.  Fremont's  army,  and 
who  had  rccai)tured  Lexington  on  the  10th, 
without  loss,  taking  70  iiriaouers  and  reUius- 
ing  a  number  of  Unionists  captured  with  Mul- 
ligan, was  joined  near  Springfield  by  Major 
/5agonyi,  of  tho  Fremont  IJody-Giuird,  who 
assumed  command  and  resolved  to  capture 
that  place  tho  next  day.  The  two  comnmnds, 
numbering  about  300  men,  found  1,200  in- 
fantry and  400  hoi-so  posted  and  prepared  for 
them  on  a  hill  on  the  outskirts  of  Springfield, 
ITpon  these  Zagonyi  at  once  charged,  losing 
seventy  men  ere  he  co\dd  strike  a  blow.  He 
soon,  however,  caused  the  rebel  force  to  scat- 
ter in  flight  through  the  coni-fields  in  the 
rear,  and  a  greater  part  of  them  having  taki^i 
refuge  in  tho  village,  were  then  driven  there- 
from with  great  slaughter.  Shortly  after- 
wards tho  other  Union  forces  arrived  at  this 
place. 

On  November  2d,  Gen.  Fremont  was  un- 
wisely supe:'seded  in  his  connnand  by  Gen. 
Hunter,  and  his  body-guard,  though  enlisted 
for  three  years  and  composed  of  the  very 
best  material,  were  soon  afterwards  mustereil 
out  of  service  by  order  of  Gen.  jNIeClellan, 
who  had  now  succeeded  (!en.  Scott  in  the 
chief  command  at  Washington.  Five  days 
after  Gen.  Hunter  had  assumed  command, 
by  orders  also  emanating  from  Washington, 
Springfield  was  unnecessarily  abandoned  by 
the  Union  army,  which  retreated  to  Kolla. 
This  movement  ilisheiirteiied  the  I'nionists 
and  elated  the  rebels  of  all  Southern  Missouri. 


On  November  12th,  Gen.  Henry  W.  Halleck 
succeeded  to  the  command  of  the  Missouri 
Department. 

The  Legislature  of  Kentucky,  which  met 
on  September  3,  was  strongly  Union  in  char- 
acter, and  proceeded  at  once  to  repass  over 
tho  Governor's  veto,  a  bill  directing  him  to 
order  by  proclamation  the  Confederate  troops 
encamped  in  Kentucky  to  decamp  immedi- 
ately. Gen.  Zollicofler,  commanding  the 
rebel  forces  in  East  Tennessee,  had  advanced 
through  Cumberland  Gap  into  Kentucky  for 
the  purpose  of  cutting  off'  from  that  loyal 
portion  of  Tennessee  all  communication  witli 
the  ioyal  States;  and  a  large  rebel  forco 
uii'''".'  Gen.  Bishop  Leouidas  Polk  held  and 
was  fortifying  strong  positions  on  tho  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  at  Hicknmn,  Chalk 
Bluff's,  and  Columbus.  Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant, 
commanding  at  Cairo,  111.,  now  occupied 
Paducab,  on  tho  south  bonk  of  the  Ohio,  there 
being  IG  miles  distant  a  Confederate  force  of 
3,800  strong.  Gen.  Robt.  Anderson  assumed 
command  at  Louisville  of  the  Department  of 
Kentucky,  September  20th,  and  the  organ- 
ization of  Union  volunteers  rapidly  pro- 
ceeded. Strong  bills  and  resolutions  in  aid 
of  the  prosecution  of  the  war  against  the 
rebels  were  now  passed  by  the  State  Legisla- 
ture. On  tho  lOth,  Zollicofler  advanced 
to  Barboursville,  Ky.  A  large  number  of 
prominent  sympathizers  with  the  rebellion, 
natives  of  the  State,  including  ex-Vice-Presi- 
dent John  C.  Breckinridge,  now  escaped  to 
the  Southern  Confederacy,  and  openly  gave 
in  their  adhesion  thereto. 

Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  early  in  October, 
succeeded  Gen.  Anderson  in  command  of  this 
district,  and  shortly  informed  the  Federal 
Govermnent  that  200,000  men  were  neces- 
sary to  hold  Kentucky,  being  deceived  as  to 
the  strength  of  tho  rebels  there  in  arms,  who 
were  then  not  over  40,000.  On  October 
21st,  Zollicoff'er,  with  a  considerable  force, 
attacked  the  Unionists  organizing  at  Camp 
Wildcat,  under  Gen.  Schoepf  Though  su- 
perior in  numbers,  the  rebels  were  repulsed 
and  driven  away.  A  portion  of  the  rebel 
army  under  Gen.  Polk  was  encamped  at 
Belmont,  on  the  Missouri  side  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, opi)osite  Columbus.  On  Novendjor 
6th,  with  2,850  Illinoisans,  Gen.  Grant 
moved  down  the  river  in  four  steamboats 
uiwn  this  forco  at  Belmont.  Fighting  with 
great  gallantry,  tho  Unionists  carried  and 
fired  the  enemy's  camp,  capturing  several 
guns  and  driving  the  rebels  over  the  bluff  to 
the  river.  Gen.  I'olk  now  trained  some  of  tho 
heavy  guns  of  Columbus  upon  tho  victori- 
ous Unionists,  and  sent  5,000  nu'u  to  the  aid 
of  his  routiul  fugitives.  Thoiigh  largely  out- 
numbered, the  Unionists  successfully  cut  their 
way  back  through  these  fresh  troops  to  the 
boats,  bringing  oflf  all  their  own  guns,  with 
two  captured  from  the  rebels,  losing  two 
caissons,  and  400  men  killed,  wounded,  and 
taken  prisoners.  In  this  action.  Gen. 
Grant's  horse  was  shot  under  him.  The  en- 
tire rebel  loss  was  about  800. 

Ou  the  9th  November,  Gen.  William 
Nelson,  comnmnding  the  Union  forces  in 
Eastern  K(m;  ,ucky,  ilrove  o>it  of  Pikotou  a 
considerable  rebel  force  under  Col.  John  S. 
Williams,  nnd  caused  them  to  retreat  as  far 
as  I'ouud  fiap,  with  inconsiderable  loss,  how- 
ever, on  either  side.     The  hoju's  of  the  heroic 


TJNITED    STATES. 


6G1 


mry  W.  Ilalleck 
of  the  Missouri 

icky,  which  met 
'  Union  in  cliar- 
3  to  repaRS  over 
directing  him  to 
nfederato  troops 
Incamp  immcdi- 
>mman(ling  tho 
p,  had  advanced 
o  Kentucky  for 
from  that  loyal 
•nnnication  with 
rgo   rebel   force 

I'olk  held  and 
>n8  on  tho  east 
licknian,  Chalk 
HyBsesS.  Grant, 

now    occupied 

the  Ohio,  there 
edenito  force  of 
iderson  assumed 

Department  of 
and  the  organ- 
8  rapidly  pro- 
iolutions  in  aid 
var  against  tho 

0  State  Legisla- 
:oflcr  advanciHl 
irge  number  of 

1  the  rebellion, 
;  ex-Vice-Prcsi- 
now  escaped  to 
nd  openly  gave 

•ly  in  October, 
ommand  of  this 
id  the    Federal 
en  were  neccs- 
:  deceived  as  to 
re  in  arms,  who 
On   October 
siderable  force, 
lizing  at  Camp 
f.     Though  su- 
wero  repulsed 
n  of  the  rebel 
I   encamped   at 
Je  of  the  Mis- 
On  Novenil)er 
,    Gen.    Grant 
lur  stoumbottts 
Fighting  with 
s  carried   and 
)turing  several 
er  the  bluff  to 
ed  some  of  tho 
m  the  viotori- 
mcn  to  the  aid 
gli  largely  oiit- 
sfully  cut  their 
troops  to  tho 
■vn  guns,  with 
Is,   losing  two 
wounded,  and 
action,     Gen. 
liim.     Tho  en- 

ien.  William 
ion  forces  iu 
of  Piketon  a 
Col.  John  S. 
retreat  as  far 
ible  loss,  how- 
i  of  tho  heroii: 


TTnionists  of  East  Tennessee,  aroused  by  these 
successes,  were  shortly  drstroyed  by  the 
onurso  of  Gen.  Scliofpf,  coiiiinanding  tho 
Union  army  in  front  of  Zollicoller.  Ia'aI 
to  believe  that  an  overwhelming  Confederate 
force  WHS  advHiicini;  from  Howling  (Jreeu  to 
lliuik  his  ri;,'lit,  he  liastily  tied  to  the  Ohio, 
aud  left  East  Tennessee  to  her  fate. 

On  tlie  18tli  November,  the  Secessionists 
of  tho  Stato  held  a  convention  at  liusselviile, 
))rotccted  by  thu  Confederate  camp  at  Bowl- 
ing Gre<m,  and  organized  a  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment, which  included  a  species  of  IjCgisla- 
tivo  Council.  (Jeo.  VV.  Johnson  was  desig- 
nated as  Governor  by  them,  and  commis- 
sioners to  negotiate  for  the  admission  of 
Kentucky  into  tho  Confederacy  wore  also 
appointed ;  and  shortly  afttsrwards  a  full 
delt^gation  from  this  Stato  was  admitted  to 
tho  Confederate  Congress,  having  been  chosen 
thereto  by  tho  al>ovesaid  Council. 

On  tho  1st  June,  a  small  privateer,  tho 
Savannah,  ohided  tho  Federal  blockaders  at 
Charleston,  8.  C,  and  falling  in  with  a  North- 
ern merchantman,  captured  her.  On  tho 
same  day,  observing  another  vessel,  which  she 
sup|)osed  to  be  another  merchantman,  she 
made  all  sail  thereto,  an<l  discovered,  when 
(<>o  late,  that  she  was  under  the  guns  of  the 
U.  S.  brig  J'erri//  shortly  s\irrendoring,  tho 
men  and  oflicers  were  despatched  to  New 
Vork  in  tho  vessel  recently  their  own,  and, 
after  some  intention  on  tho  part  of  the  Fed- 
1'inl  authorities  to  try  them  as  pirates,  and 
tin-oats  of  retaliation  by  President  Davis, 
tiu'.y  were  ultimately  exchanged  as  jirisoners 
;)f  war.  Two  months  later,  the  Petrel,  for- 
merly the  U.  S.  revenue  cutt<;r  Aiken,  l>e- 
trayeil  to  South  (/'arolina  by  her  officers  at 
llio  commencement  of  the  rebellion,  ran  out 
from  the  same  harbor,  and  shortly  encountered 
the  gunboat  iSt.  Lainrence.  Mistaking  the 
latter  for  a  merchantman,  the  )>rivateer  fired 
at  her.  The  aS'<.  Lawrence  at  once  answered 
with  a  broadside,  wliicli  sunk  the  jirivatoer 
with  five  of  her  cr(!w.  Tiie  remainder,  thirty- 
six  in  number,  wei'o  picked  tip  and  sent  to 
Fort  Millin,  on  tho  Delaware,  as  prisoners. 
Oil  June  HOtli,  the  steam  privateer  Sumler 
run  tho  blockade  of  New  Orleans,  and 
shortly  capttn-ed  fifteen  merchantmen  in  the 
West  India  waters.  At  the  llritish  port  of 
Niussau  she  was  promptly  furnished  with  sup- 
plies, and,  after  a  continued  success,  finally 
entered  tho  Hritish  harbor  of  Gil)raltar. 
Tlio  U.  S.  gunboat  Timrnrora,  anchored 
ill  the  Spanish  port  of  Algcsiras  opposite, 
with  the  Kcarsitrije  succee<ling  her  iu  the 
watch,  held  the  ))rivateer  there  until  tho  Con- 
foderate  officers  abandoned  her,  and  |)rocee(led 
to  Liverpool  to  take  charge  of  a  better  steamer, 
the  Alabanui,  which  had  there  been  con- 
structed for  the  Confederacy.  The  privateer 
Nashville  also  succeeded  in  running  out 
of  Charleston,  and,  after  burning  an  .A.meri- 
can  merchantman  in  Pritish  waters,  ran  into 
Southampton,  where  the  Tniwirora  then  wivs, 
b\it  tho  latter  was  com])elled  to  remain  twenty- 
foin-  hours  after  the  depaituro  of  tho  former, 
who  thus  escaped. 

On  August  L'Gth,  1801,  Gen.  P.  F.  But- 
ler sailed  from  Fortress  Monroe,  in  command 
of  a  largo  military  force,  accompanied  by  Com. 
Silas  Stringham,  "oinmanding  a  commen- 
surate laval  force.  Arriving  at  llatteriis 
lulot,  tuo  outrouco  to  Pamlico  Sunad,  ou  tho 
37 


y8th,  ho  proceeded  to  bombarii  "le  rebel  forts 
Ifatteras  and  Clark,  defended  by  700  Con- 
federates, under  Com.  Barron,  lato  of  tho 
U.  S.  Navy.  On  the  morning  of  tho  29th 
the  lutter  surrendered,  "15  prisoners,  2!)  can- 
non, and  1,000  stand  of  arms  being  taken. 
For  several  days  thereafter,  blockade-runners 
from  various  rjuurters,  entering  the  inlet,  were 
also  captured.  Ijato  in  September,  tho  20th 
Indiana,  Col.  Brown,  of  the  Union  troops  at 
Ilatteras,  occupied  Chicamicomico,  some  fif- 
teen miles  north-east  of  tho  inlet.  On  Sep- 
temb«!r  29th,  wliilo  proceeding  through  tlie 
Sound,  tho  Union  steamer  I'hnnt/,  loaded  with 
stores,  was  ca[)tured  by  three  armed  steamers 
from  the  mainland ;  and  shortly  after,  Col. 
Brown  discovering  five  rebel  steamers  emer- 
ging from  Croatan  Somid  to  attack  him,  de- 
stroyed his  camp  and  made  a  rapid  march  to 
tho  Ilatteras  Lighthouse,  with  a  loss  of  f)0 
stragglers  made  j'-isoners.  In  the  meantime 
his  courier  had  r.iached  the  forts,  and  tho 
Union  steam  frigates  Snuquehanna  and  Mont- 
ivello  were  dispatched  on  the  ocean  side  of  the 
island  to  liis  relief,  while  Col.  Hawkins  started 
from  the  forts  with  six  companies  of  Zouaves 
for  the  scene  of  action.  The  Jfonticello 
opened  upon  tho  rebel  forces  with  shells, 
which  cau.sed  them  to  flee,  panic-stricken. 
The  land  being  less  than  a  mile  wide  l)etwcen 
tho  ocean  and  the  Sound,  afforded  them  no 
place  of  safety,  and  the  8laught<T  was  im- 
mense. The  firing  was  thus  continued  until 
night  set  in,  when  tho  rebels  re-embarkt^d. 
The  amount  of  their  loss  has  never  been  as- 
certained. 

On  the  night  of  September  1  .^th,  an  expe- 
dition from  the  flag-ship  Colorai/o,  Com. 
Morvine,  of  the  Gulf  blockading  squadron, 
boarded  the  rebel  privateer  tTudah  in  Pensa- 
cola  harbor,  fired  and  scuttleil  her,  with  a 
loss  of  3  killed  and  12  wounded.  On  the 
night  of  October  9th,  a  Confederate  force 
from  Pensacola  surprised  and  destroyed  tho 
camp  of  the  Oth  N.  Y.  (Wilson's  Zouaves), 
about  two  miles  from  Fort  Pickens,  on  Santa 
Uosa  Island  ;  but  in  retreating  to  their  boats, 
were  followed  and  sevcM'cly  harassed. 

On  the  29th    October,  a  second  military 
and  naval  (expedition,  under  Gen.  W.  T.  Sher- 
man and  Com.  Sanuiel  F.  Du  Pont,  and  con- 
I  sisting  of  10,000  men  and  a  fleet  embracing 
j  the  steam  frigate  M'ahasli,  11  gunboats,   31 
I  steamers  and  20  sailing  vessels,  left  Hampton 
I  lloads,  and  after  a  stormy  passage  arrived  off 
Port   Royal,    S.    C,    November   4tli,   which 
i  harbor  was  strongly  fortified  by  the   I'cbels. 
i  On  November  7th,  tho  war-steamers  of  the 
j  fleet  iu  order  sailed  up  before  the  fortifica- 
•  tions  on  one  side  of  the  entrance  and  down 
'  before  those  of  the  other  siile,  constantly  dis- 
'  charging  their  shot  and  shell  thereupon.  After 
five  hours  of  fearful  carnage  and  devastation 
'  among  the  rebels,  tho   latter  took  to  flight, 
and  the  neighborhood  was  at  once  occupied 
!  by   the    Union  forces.     On   December  (itli, 
Beaufort  was  also  occupied  by  them,  and  on 
December  20th,  Tybeo  Island,  commanding 
tho  approach  to  Savannah.     The  slave-hold- 
ers of  the  region,  having  burned  their  cotton 
and  other  crojis,  fled  to  Charh«tou  with  their 
domestic  animals,  and  as  many  of  their  slaves 
as  they  could   control.     Labor  and    sehr)ols 
were  at  once  provided  by  the  Federal  author- 
itiiis  for  th(^  negroes  itMiiaiiiilig. 

Jauies  M.  Masou  aud  John  SliJoll,  Cou- 


f(iderato  envoys  to  Groat  Britain  and  France, 
evaded  the  blockade  at  Charleston  in  tho 
steamship  Tlieodora  and  proceeded  to  Ha- 
vana, Cuba,  which  port  they  left  on  Nov.  7, 
for  England,  in  tho  British  steamer  Trent. 
Capt.  Wilkes,  of  the  United  States  steamship 
San  Jciriuti),  intercepted  the  I'rcnt  in  the 
Bahama  Channel  on  the  8th,  and  firing  a 
shell  across  her  bow  compelled  her  to  stop, 
lie  then  boarded  her  and  brought  away  tho 
embassadors  aud  their  secretaries,  leaving 
their  families  and  papers  undisturbed.  Ou 
reacliing  the  United  States  the  rebel  officials 
were  confined,  by  order  of  the  Government, 
in  Fort  Warren,  near  Boston.  Great  excite- 
ment was  caused  thiougliout  Europe  and 
America  by  this  act.  The  seizure  was  justi- 
fied by  the  doctrines  and  practices  of  Great 
Britain,  and  especially  by  the  Queeji's  proc- 
lamation of  nc'itrality  between  the  United 
States  and  tho  Confederates,  of  May  13, 1861, 
which  forbade  the  carrying  of  officers  and  dis- 
patclies  for  either  party  ;  nevertheless  a  per- 
emptory demand  was  instantly  made  by  Great 
Britain  for  the  unconditional  surrender  of 
tho  rf^bel  envoys  and  their  secretaries. 
France  also  extended  her  moral  aid  to  this 
demand  in  a  considerate  note  to  the  United 
States  ;  and  tho  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Sew- 
ard, com|ilied  with  it,  technically  basing  his 
compliance  upon  the  failure  of  Com.  Wilkes 
to  bring  the  Trent  into  port  for  adjudication 
of  the  act. 

On  the  25th  July,  Gen.  Scott,  though  nom- 
inally remaining  in  chief  command  at  Wakh- 
ington,  was  practically  stiperseded  by  tl  o 
formation  of  the  new  military  Department 
of  Washington  and  North-eastern  Vijinia,  to 
which  Gen.  INIcClellan  was  then  assigned. 
The  latter  commenced  at  once  the  organization 
of  the  forces  of  the  department,  which  now 
began  to  be  increased  by  the  renewed  activity 
of  the  loyal  States,  and  on  the  15th  Oct.  they 
amounted  to  150,000  men,  well  drilled  an<l 
fitted  for  service.  The  enemy  in  the  nienn- 
while  failed  to  follow  up  their  victory  at  Bull 
Kun  by  advancing  on  Wa.shington  or  Balti- 
more, which  were  then  clearly  at  their  mercy. 
On  the  17th  October,  the  XTnion  army  occu- 
pied Fairfax  Court-House,  the  Confederates 
retiring  to  Centreville  and  Manas.sas.  On 
the  ItUh,  Gen.  (>eary  captured  from  the  rcli- 
els  Bolivar  Heights,  overlooking  Harper's 
Ferry.  Ou  the  20tli,  Brig.-(Jen.  Stone, 
guarding  the  line  of  the  Potomac  at  I'ooles- 
ville,  Md.,  ordered  Col.  Devens,  ICth  Mass., 
and  Col.  Lee,  20th  ^Inss.,  with  a  portion  of 
their  commands,  to  move  towards  the  enemy, 
<liscovered  in  tho  region  of  Lcesburgh,  Va. 
For  this  ]iurpose  they  cros.sed  the  Potomac, 
aud  at  noon,  on  the  2 1st,  ut  Ball's  Bluff,  on 
tho  Virginia  shore,  were  attacked  by  mus- 
ketry from  tho  woods,  surrounding  on  three 
sides  the  field  on  which  they  were  formed. 
They  then  fell  back  to  the  edge  of  the  bluff, 
which  was  about  150  feet  high,  and  betweca 
1  and  2  r..M.  were  reinforced  by  Col.  E.  D. 
Baker,  who  assumed  command,  with  a  force 
consisting  of  the  New  York  Tammany  regi- 
ment, Col.  ^Milton  Cogswell,  the  California 
regiment,  Lieut.-Col.  Wistar,  comprising, 
with  the  Massachusetts  men,  1,90()  men. 
The  rebel  assailants  comprised  the  8th  Vir- 
ginia, l.'Uh,  17th,  and  18th  Alississippi,  form- 
ing the  brigade  of  Gen.  Evans.  The  struggle 
continued  iur  two  hours,  with  a  great  slaugh> 


563 


HISTORY    OF    TH: 


ter  of  the  exposed  Union  forces.  Col.  Baker 
having  bravely  fallen,  8hot  tliroiigli  the  hoail, 
Col.  Cogswell,  who  succeeilcd  to  tlie  command, 
attempted  to  clmrgo  the  enemy  on  the  left, 
and  eMcape  towurdw  Gen.  Stone,  but  being 
met  by  a  fresh  MissiKHip|ii  regiment,  wan 
thrown  in  disorder  down  the  blulf  just  ns 
darkness  wan  ensuing.  The  pursuing  rebels 
from  the  blutf  contin\ied  to  tiro  upon  the 
struggling,  flying  mass  below  and  in  the  boats, 
which  being  overloaded,  were  shortly  upset. 
Few  of  the  Union  force  escaped  drowning  or 
the  destructive  fire  of  the  enemy ;  the  loss 
being  not  less  than  1,000  men,  including  300 
killed,  and  more  than  50U,  mostly  wounded, 
taken  prisoners. 

On  December  20th,  Gen.  E.  0.  C.  Ord,  com- 
manding 3d  Pennsyhania  Brigade,  with  about 
4,000  men,  moved  on  Dranesville,  Loudon 
Co.,  Va.,  to  forage.  Near  Diunesvillo  the 
Union  forces  were  attacked  by  a  rebel  brig- 
ado  under  Gen.  J.  E.  li.  Stuart,  consisting 
of  about  2,300  ukmi.  The  rebels  were  badly 
beaten,  losing  2;!0  men,  including  several 
officers.  The  Federal  loss  was  9  killed  and 
60  wounded. 

The  Army  of  the  Potonuic,  comprising 
nearly  200,000,  were  now  eagerly  awaiting 
the  expected  permission  to  move  in  ma.s.s  on 
the  enemy,  and  the  loyal  people  of  the  North 
still  hurried  regiments  to  it,  to  be  in  time  for 
the  decided  movement  that  was  supposed  to 
be  shortly  inevitable.  The  weather  was  ex- 
tremely propitious,  the  roads  remaining 
hard  and  dry  till  far  into  the  winter.  But 
winter  settled  upon  this  grand  army  witho\it 
a  blow  being  struck  by  it.  Tlie  rebels, 
vastly  outnumbered,  wisely  refrained  fi-om 
disturbing  this  virtual  siege  of  Washington, 
by  any  oti'ensive  movement.  This  neglect  of 
a  grand  opportunity  is  attributed  both  to  the 
incapacity  of  Gen.  McClellan  for  the  |>osition 
wliich  he  held,  and  to  the  induence  of  the 
party  who  hoped  to  restore  the  Union  with 
slavery,  by  means  of  little  fighting  and  a 
speedy  compromi.se. 

On  the  withdrawal  of  the  Union  forces 
from  South-western  Missouri,  Gen.  Trice,  the 
rebel  connuander,  at  once  returned  from 
the  Arkansas  border,  pa.ssing  triumphantly 
through  Springfield  and  occupying  Le.viiigton 
and  other  points  upon  the  ^Mississippi.  Itrbel 
incendiaries  and  guerillas  became  frecjUiMit, 
and  small  combats  took  place.  The  village 
of  Warsaw  was  burned  by  them  on  Novem- 
ber 19,  1801,  and  Platte  City,  J\>cember  1(!, 
1861  ;  and  on  December  20,  nearly  100  miles 
of  the  railroad  crossing  Northern  Missouri 
was  disabled  by  them;  whereupon  Gen.  Ilal- 
leck,  commanding  the  department,  threatened 
to  shoot  parties  engaged  in  this  kind  of  work  : 
but  this  threat,  never  executed,  was  of  little 
force.  On  December  1.^,  the  rebels  occupy- 
ing Lexington  under  Gens,  liains  and  Stein 
■were  driven  southward  therefrom  by  Gen. 
Pope,  with  a  lo.ss  of  300  prisoners  and  most 
of  their  baggage,  including  seventy  wagons 
lailen  with  clothes  and  sujiplies  for  Gen. 
Price,  \\wn  at  Osceola  with  S,000  men.  On 
the  ISlh,  Col.  Jeir.  C.  Davis  cai)tured,  by 
surprise,  a  rebel  cam])  at  ]Milford,  consisting 
of  3  colonels,  17  captains,  1,000  men,  1,000 
stand  of  arms,  1,000  horses,  with  tents,  bag- 
gage, and  supjdies.  Gen.  Price  now  retreat- 
ed rapidly  to  the  southern  line  of  tlii^  State, 
wheru,  ueur  Boston  Mountain,  he  Wiu>  joined 


by  Gen.  McCuUoch,  with  a  division  of  Texas 
and  Arkansas  Confederates,  and  on  March 
3,  18(12,  by  Gen.  ICarl  Van  Dorn,  Confederate 
commander  of  the  Trans-Mississippi  Depart- 
ment; and  also  by  tlen.  .Vlbert  Pike,  of  Ar- 
kansas, at  the  head  of  .some  0,(100  Indian.s. 
The  number  of  rebels  was  increased  by  these 
accessions  to  20,000.  Most  of  the  Indians, 
Creeks  and  Choctaws,  being  slaveholders 
themselves,  had  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  the  Confederacy  ;  and  on  December  9, 
18G1,  the  ndnority  in  favor  of  the  Union, 
under  Chief  Opothleyolo,  were  beaten  on 
Bushy  Creek,  180  miles  west  of  Fort  Smith, 
and  com])elled  to  fiec  into  Kansa.s.  March 
li,  1802,  tlen.  Van  Dorn  attempted  to  isolate 
the  division  of  Gen.  Sigel  at  Bentouville 
from  the  rest  of  the  Union  army  near  Motts- 
ville,  which  was  now  commanded  by  Gen. 
Samuel  1{.  Curtis,  of  Iowa.  By  skilful  fight- 
ing and  falling  back  throughout  the  day. 
Gen.  Sigel  batlled  this  attempt,  with  small 
loss,  and  at  1  IMI.  was  joined  by  reinforce- 
ments from  (.ien.  Curtis,  when  ho  deliberately 
encamped  at  Pea  llidge,  near  Gen.  Curtis's 
centre.  On  the  7th,  the  enemy,  instead  of 
advancing  upon  Gen.  Curtis  by  way  of  the  di- 
rect road  from  Fayetteville,  succeeded  in 
reaching  and  advancing  on  the  road  from 
Bentonville,  thus  flanking  the  Unionists. 
Gen.  Curtis  promptly  changed  his  line,  mak- 
ing the  first  and  second  divisions,  under  Si- 
gel and  A.sboth  his  left ;  the  third,  under  Jell'. 
C.  Davis,  his  centre;  and  the  4th,  under  Col. 
Carr,  his  right.  This  line,  about  three  miles 
in  h?ngth,  stretching  from  Sugar  Creek  to  Klk- 
horn  Tavern,  was  confronted  by  Gen.  I'rice 
with  his  Mis.souri  forces.  Gen.  Mcintosh 
commanding  the  centre,  and  Gen.  MeCul- 
i  loch  on  the  left.  At  lO.V  a.m.,  Gen.  Uster- 
t  haus  advanced  on  the  rebels  from  Leetown 
'  in  the  centre  nearly  to  the  Bentonville  road, 
i  but  was  driven  back  in  disorder  by  over- 
■  whelming  numlurs,  and  witli  the  loss  of  his 
;  battery.  At  the  Siime  time  JKCullocli  at- 
I  tacked  Carr's  forces  with  vastly  supeiior 
numbers  at  Elkhorn  Tavern.  Col.  Davis  now 
advanced  to  the  aid  of  Dsterhaus,  and  al- 
though rejieatedly  compelled  to  fall  baik, 
I  held  his  ground  at  the  close  of  the  day,  re- 
capturing diu'ing  the  confiict,  by  a  desperate 
charge  of  the  l.*^th  Indiana,  two  guns  of 
Davidson's  Battery.  Gen.  Curtis,  with  As- 
both's  division,  finding  his  left  unassaili'd, 
at  2  r.M.  moved  to  Elkhorn  to  the  KU]i)iort 
of  Carr,  whom  he  reached  at  o  r.M.  The 
latter  had  been  fiercely  fighting  with  an 
innuen.sely  superior  force  for  seven  hoiuvs, 
during  w  hich  one-fourth  of  his  comnumd  had 
fallen.  Gen.  Asboth  imw  opened  a  heavy  ar- 
tillery fire  on  the  rebel  forces,  and  the  2d 
Missouri  Infantry  also  vigorou.sly  attacked 
them.  But  night  shortly  closed  in,  and  both 
armies  rested  on  the  battlefield.  On  the 
morning  of  the  8th  Col.  Davis  renewed  the 
battle  in  the  cntre,  and  the  rebels  replied 
from  new  batteritw  and  lines  formed  during 
the  night,  raking  the  Union  right  wing,  and 
causing  it  to  slightly  fall  back.  Asboth's 
and  Sigel's  divisions  were  soon  in  position, 
comjileting  the  Union  line  of  battle.  Gen. 
Curtis  now  ordered  his  right  to  advance  to 
the  support  of  the  Dubucpie  Battery,  posted 
on  an  elevation  at  the  extreme  right.  He 
then  )iliiei(l  the  Ist  Iowa  Battery  in  an  open 
iicld,  uud  other  batteries  with  supporting  in- 


fantry were  speetlily  placed  in  such  positions 
as  to  cause  tho  rebels  to  recoil.  The  Union 
left  wing  was  meanwhile  pushed  forward, 
driving  the  rebels  into  the  deep  ravines  of 
(.'ross-Tind)er  Hollow.  At  \H  a.m.  the  rout 
of  the  rebels  was  comi>lete.  After  entering 
tho  Hollow  their  main  force  turned  to  tho 
right,  following  obscure  valleys  which  led 
into  tho  Huntsvillo  road.  On  this  they 
esca])ed  to  a  point  some  eight  miles  ou  tho 
Bentonville  road,  whence  Van  Dorn  dis- 
patched a  fiag  of  truce  to  Curtis,  soliciting 
an  arrangement  for  burying  the  dead,  which 
was  accorded.  The  comumnd  of  Curtis,  in 
this  battle,  numbered  about  10,iJO0  men,  and 
48  j)iece8  of  artillery.  Tho  rebel  force  was 
about  30,000,  including  5,000  Indians,  who 
were  worse  than  itseless  in  tho  action,  seem- 
ingly terrified  by  the  novelty  of  the  artillery. 
The  Federal  1o.<h,  dining  the  three  days,  was 
reported  at  1,301,  of  whom  701  were  of  Col. 
Carr's  division.  The  rebel  loss,  unascertain- 
ed, was  probably  much  more,  including  Gens. 
McCulloch  and  Jlclntosh  killed,  and  Gens. 
I'riee  and  Slack  wounded. 

The  enemy  having  disappeared.  Gen. 
Curtis  now  jn-oceeded  towards  Batesville, 
on  White  Rivei-,  for  supplies,  which,  how- 
ever, failed  to  arrive,  owing  to  low  wa- 
ter. Compelled  tlnis  to  rely  for  sui)plies  upon 
wagon  trains  from  Kolla,  Mo.,  several  hundred 
miles  distant,  he  gave  U]>  his  intended  march 
on  Little  Bock,  the  capital  of  Arkansas,  and 
after  waiting  eight  weeks  at  Batesville  he 
moved  in  a  south- western  direction.  In 
making  his  way  across  the  cypress  swamjis 
of  the  Cache  Kiver,  he  was  attacked  by  a 
rebel  force  of  1,500  Texan  cavalry,  un- 
der Gen.  Albert  Bust.  These  he  routed 
after  an  hoiir's  conflict  by  an  impetuous 
charge  of  the  1st  Indiana  Cavalry,  with  a 
loss  to  the  rebels  of  110  killed.  Being  short 
of  provisions  in  an  iidios])itable  country. 
Gen.  Curtis  now  proceeded  to  Helena,  on  the 
Mississippi,  which  he  reached  about  July  12, 
bringing  with  him  a  large  numbirof  negroes, 
who  had  been  employed  by  the  rebels  in  ol>- 
structing  the  roads,  and  were  thus  entitled 
to  tlu'ir  freedom  hy  law  of  Congress. 

On  Aug.  U,  18(12,  at  Kirksville,  Adair 
County,  Jli.ssouri,  Col.  John  McNeil,  with 
1,000  cavalry  and  (i  guns,  attacked  a  rebel 
band  of  Missouri  ]uirtisans,  under  Col.  Por- 
ter, two  or  three  thousand  in  number,  aim, 
lifter  a  severe  light  of  four  ho\irs,  defeated 
them,  inflicting  a  loss  of  180  killed.  .")(lO 
wounded,  and  several  w  agon-loads  of  arms  ; 
the  Federal  lo.ss  being  28  killed  and  tJO 
wounded.  On  Sept.  2  another  of  these  rebel 
partisan  forces  ef  1,200,  under  Col.  Poinde.x- 
ter,  was  attacked  and  routed  while  crossing 
Chariton  Itiver,  by  Col.  Odin  Guitar,  '.Hh 
Militia  Cavalry  of  Missouri,  with  tlOO  men  iind 
2  gnus,  many  of  the  rebels  being  driven  in- 
to the  river  and  drowned.  Poindexter  fitc- 
ing  northward  to  ,join  I'orter,  was  driven 
back  by  another  Union  force  under  Gin. 
Benj.  Loan,  and  again  attacked  by  Guitar, 
who  utterly  annihilated  his  command  ;  and 
Porter,  being  driven  back  upon  McNeil  by 
the  same  movement  of  Gen.  Loan,  was  like- 
wise compelled  to  dis)iirso  his  bund  to  save 
it  from  destiuction.  No  rebels  henceforward 
appeared  in  any  force  north  of  the  ^lissumi 
Kivir.  On  Aug.  11,  the  Ft  ileial  garrison  at 
iudt'peudeuco,   iu   tho   wusluvu  puit  uf  the 


UNITED    STATES. 


563 


icctl  in  Biicli  positions 

)  I'pcoil.     Thi!  Union 

lili'  (msliecl   l'orwi\id, 

tlif  ilri'|i  luvinos  of 

At   14  A.M.  tlip  rout 

itc.     After  fiitorim; 

forco  tiiriH'il  to  tlio 

0    vullej-s   which  ltd 

:)uil.       On   tlii»   tliey 

•■  fight  miles  on  tlio 

ncu    Vnn  Dorn   dis- 

to  Curtis,  Kolicitiuf; 

jiiif;  the  dead,  which 

iiinuiid   of  Curtis,  in 

nut  U),;>00  men,  mid 

The  rebel  force  was 

;  .'1,000  Indians,  wlio 

in  the  action,  seem- 

ivelty  of  the  artillery. 

;  the  three  days,  was 

lom  701  were  of  Col. 

bel  loss,  uuascertaiii- 

niore,  including  Gens. 

.sh   killed,  and  Ceu.s. 

l1. 

di.sa])pcared.    Gen, 
towards    Batesville, 
iupplies,  which,  how- 
owing   to   low    wa- 
rely  for  supplies  upon 
Mo.,  several  hundred 
|)  his  intended  march 
tul  of  Arkansas,  and 
eks  at  Hatesville  he 
tern    direction.       In 
the   cypress  swam ) is 
i  was   attacked  by  a 
Te.xan   cavalry,    uii- 
t.     These    he    routed 
et   by   an   impetuous 
ana  Cavalry,  with  » 
killed.      Being  short 
iiliospitable    country, 
ilcU  to  Helena,  on  the 
•ached  about  July  IL', 
se  number  of  ni'groes, 
by  the  rebels  in  (il>- 

I  were  tiius  entitled 
of  Congress. 

it  Kirksville,  Adiiir 
John  McNeil,  with 
uiis,  attacked  a  rebel 
.aiis,  under  Col.  l\ir- 
nid  in  number,  ain!, 
four  hours,  defeated 

of  i!-o  killed.  :m 

vagoii-loads  oi  arms ; 
:  :.'«  killed  and  0(1 
mother  of  these  rebi'l 

under  Col.  I'oinde.x- 
outed  while  cros.'.iiii; 
1.  Odin  Guitar,  IMh 
iiri,  with  (iCOmeniiiid 
bels  being  driven  in- 
ed.     I'oindexter  llci'- 

Porter,  was   driven 

II  forco  under  Gen. 
attacked   by  Ciuitar, 

bis  cemmaiid  ;  and 
ck  upon  JlcKeil  by 
Jen.  1.01111,  «as  like- 
se  his  band  to  save 
I  rebels  henceforward 
rill  of  the  Missouri 
'  l'\  (leial  garri.-ion  Ht 
ivubteru  puit  uf  the 


Stftte,  consisting  of  312  men  of  the  7th  Mis- 
souri Cavalry,  under  I.ieut.-Col.  Buel,  was 
surr("ndered  after  a  short  resistance  to  11  rebel 
band  of  WO,  under  Col.  Hughes.  The  latter 
being  joined  by  Col.  Cotl'ey  with  1,500  Ar- 
kansas Cavalry,  then  attacked  MaJ"!  Foster, 
of  the  "til  Militia  Cavalry,  ^'00  men,  at  Lone 
Jack,  Jackson  County,  defeating  him  and 
compelling  him  to  retreat  with  a  loss  of  two 
puna  to  lioxington.  Coffey  ailvaneed  upon 
tlio  latter  place,  but  finding  Gen.  Blunt  in 
strong  force  there,  (led,  vigorously  jiursiied 
to  the  Arkansas  line  by  the  latter,  but  es- 
caped without  siu'ious  loss. 

Gen.    Schotield,  cinnnianding  this  depart- 
ment, was  now   superseded  by   Gen.   Curtis, 
and  took  the  field  against  tho  rebels  in  the 
south-west  of  tho  State,  who  were  meditating 
a  fresh  invasion.       On  Oct.  1  ho  left  Spring- 
lield.     At  Newt<niia  his  advance  under  Gen. 
Salomon  was  overwhelmed  and  pressed  back 
by  a  large  body  of  rebel  cavalry.     Being   re- 
inforced shortly  by  Gen.  Blunt,  from  Arkan- 
sas, his  force  was  swelled   to    10,000    men, 
while  that  of  the  enemy  at   Newtonia  was 
estimated   at    15,000.     Being   charged  with 
artillery  and   cavalry,   tho  rebels,  who  were 
badly  armed,  now  fled  30  miles  into  Arkansas. 
Hcliotield  pressed  on  to  ]'ea  Kidge,  where  the 
rebel  forco  having  licen  divided,  ho  sent  Gen. 
Blunt  ill  pursuit  of  that  portion  which  hail 
moved     westwartl,     under    Cooper,    towards 
I'ort  Scott.     The  latter  being  overtaken  near 
M:iysville,  was  compelled  to  flee  in  disorder 
across  the  Arkansas  to    F'ort  Gibson,  losing 
four  guns.     Gen.  .Scholield  jmrsued  the  main 
body  of  the  rebels  as  far  as  iruntsville,  and 
liiidiug  them  resolved   to  avoid   lighting  till 
tliey    were    reinforced,    returned    to    Osage 
Springs,  from  whence  he   dispatched  a  force 
uiidi'r  Gen.  Herron  to  attack  some  .3,000  or 
4,000   rebel   cavalry  on  White    Kiver,  eight 
miles  from  Fayetteville.     These  were  assailed, 
Oct.  2S,  so  vigorously,  that,  although  superior 
in  numbers,  they  shortly  fled  into  the  moun- 
tains, losing  their  camp  ecpiipage.     On   Nov. 
20,  Gen.  Scliofield   was   forced    by  sickness 
to  resign    his   command.       tJen.    Hindman, 
coiniuanding  the   Confederate   forces  in   Ar- 
kansas, having  colb^cted  a  large  force,  early 
in  December   crossed    tho    Arkansas    River, 
near  Van  Ruren,   with  9,000  infantry,  2,000 
cavalry  and  extensive  artillery,  and  advanced 
upon  "Gen.    Blunt  at  Cave   Hill  with  .'>,000 
troops.     Gen.    Blunt,  showing  a  bold   front, 
at  once  ap|)rised  (Jen.  Herron,  commanding  the 
2d  and  3d  Divisions  of  the  Federal  forces,  who 
was  then  at  Wilson's  (!reek,  10  miles  north  of 
Spiingtield,  and   who  immediately,  by  forced 
marches,   proceeiled   to   the  relief  of  Blunt. 
On  Dee.  Ttli  he  reached  Fayetteville,  and  had 
]iroceeded  thence  fivi?  miles,  when  his  cavalry 
in  the  advance  were  attacked  and  thrown  into 
confusion   by   Marmaduke,  coiniuanding   the 
vanguard  of  Ilindiiian's  army.    The  main  por- 
tion of  his  cavalry  reached  Gen.  Blunt,  and  the 
remainder  returned  to  him.     On  the  Citli  De- 
comber,  thus   divested    of  cavalry  and  with 
about  4,000  men,  he  was  confronted  by  the 
rebel  main  force  at  Prairie  Grove,  on  Illinois 
Creek.     Ho  at  once  gallantly  attacked    the 
enemy.       The   battle   wius   desperately    con- 
testi'd,  the  batteries  of  both  sides  being  re- 
pi'atedly  charged   upan,  often  taken,  and   as 
often  iibaiidoiieil  under  the  overwheliiiiiig  tire 
of  infantry  ooucoutratod  upon  them.     At  2 


P.M.,  however.  Gen.  Blunt  came  up  on  tho  right ! 
of  Gen.  Herron,  confronting   the   rebel   left, 
where  a  largo  force  had  bi'cn  massed  for  the 
purpose    of    flanking    tie'    latter's     position. 
The  battle  thus  continucil  with   great   vigor 
until  evening,  when  the  rebels  retreated  into' 
the  woods,  leaving  the   I'nion  soldiers  in  the; 
open  flolds  where  it  had  lieen  fought.     Dur- 
ing tho  night  tho  rebel   force  retreated  from 
the  neighborhood.     Tho   Union   loss  in  this 
battle  of  Prairie  Grove  was   107  killed,  7!)8 
wounded  and  183  missing.     Gen.  Hindman's 
otlicial    report    made    his    loss    104    killed, 
among  them  Gen.   Stein,  of  Missouri;   817 
wounded,  and  330  missing. 

After  the  betrayal  of  the  Unit<>d  States 
frontier  army  to  the  Confederates  by  Gen. 
Twiggs  in  February,  ISO  I,  most  of  the  post.s, 
extending  from  Imlianola,Texa.s,to  Fort  Bliss, 
on  the  route  to  New  Mexico,  a  distance  of 
075  miles,  were  shortly  given  up  to  the  Con- 
federate authorities  by  the  orticers  in  coin- 
iniind,  who  were  generally  in  full  sympathy 
with  the  rebel  cause.  A  forco  of  700  at  Kl 
PiLSo  was  also  betrayed  to  the  rebels  Viy  their 
commanding  officer.  Major  I.ynde;  whereupon 
the  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  Abraham  lien- 
clier,  at  once  called  out  the  militia  thereof, 
exerting  a  wholesome  counteracting  influence 
upon  its  Mexican  population  in  IxOialf  of  the 
Union.  On  Dec.  2,  1801,  a  now  governor, 
Henry  Connolly,  arrived,  and  Col.  K.  K.  S. 
Canby,  a  loyal  oflicer,  had  al.so  succeeded  to 
the  military  command  of  tho  department. 
Tho  Territorial  Legislature,  at  the  (iovernor's 
recommendation,  promptly  repealed  tho  act 
protecting  slavery  in  the  Territory.  Col. 
Canby  had  now  organized  his  scanty  forces, 
and  held  the  frontier  posts  as  far  down  as 
Fort  Fillmore,  which  still  remained  in  the 
hands  of  the  Texans.  I 

Gen.  H.  F.  Sibley,  having  organized  a 
rebel  brigade  in  Texas  for  the  coni|uest  of 
New  Mexico,  on  Fi;b.  10,  1802,  confronted  : 
Col.  Canby  at  Valverde,  about  seven  miles 
from  Fort  Craig,  on  the  eiust  bank  of  the 
Bio  Grande,  with  a  force  of  2,300  men,  most 
of  them  etlieiently  trained  in  i)revious  fron- 
tier service,  and  famous  as  "  T'exan  rangers." 
The  battle  was  opened  in  the  morning,  and 
continued  mainly  with  artillery,  wherein  the 
Unionists  were  superior  both  in  guns  and  in 
service,  until  noon,  when  tho  rebel  coinnian- 
<ler  ordered  a  charge  of  1,000  infantry  upon 
the  Union  battery,  commanded  by  Lieut. 
Mcllae.  The  battery  was  taken,  and  Lieuts. 
McKao   and    Michler    were    killed    at    their 


posts, 
though 


The    sui>porting    Union     infantry. 


largely  outnumbering  tho  Texans, 
most  shamefully  fled  from  the  field  to  the 
fort.  The  lo.sses  of  men  were  about  equal, 
00  kille<l  and  140  wounded  on  either  side. 
The  rebels,  deeming  an  assault  on  Fort 
Craig  unadvisable,  then  pushed  on  up  tho 
river,  advancing  towards  Santa  Fe.  At 
Apache  Piuss,  fifteen  miles  from  the  latter 
lilace,  March  24,  they  encountered  a  raw 
Federal  force  of  1,.300,  mostly  Colorado 
volunteers,  under  Col.  John  P.  Slough, 
whom  they  speedily  routed  bj'  a  charge,  but 
inflicting  small  loss  upim  them.  Sibley  then 
triumphantly  entered  Santa  Fe,  which  place, 
however,  he  was  shortly  eonipelled  to  (-vacu- 
ate,  retreating  by  forceil  marelies  to  his  depot 
at  Albui|Ueripie,  as  Canby  was  marching 
upon  it  from  Fort  Craig.     Ho  saved  it,  but 


evacuated  it  abso  on  the  12th  April,  and  was 
pursued  in  his  retreat  down  the  west  bank  of 
the  river,  by  Canby  on  tho  east.  In  order  to 
avoid  another  general  action  in  his  eriiipled 
C(Uulition,  he  shortly  abandoned  the  river  for 
the  mountains,  and  by  an  arduous  march 
through  the  most  desolate  and  rugged  of 
regions,  succeeded  in  evading  his  enemy,  and 
returning  to  Fort  Bliss  in  Texas. 

Early  in  January,  1802,  Col.  James  A. 
Garfield,  commanding  a  Union  brigade, 
moved  on  Humphrey  Marshall,  commanding 
the  Confederate  forces  in  Soiith-eiuitern  Ken- 
tucky. Near  Prestonburg,  Floyd  County,  ho 
encountered  the  latter,  whom  he  forced  to  re- 
treat into  Virginia.  About  Feb.  22  Cumlior- 
Innd  (!ap  was  also  abandoned  to  the  Union- 
ists, ami  shortly  afterwards  Gim.  Garfield 
surprised  and  captured  a  considerable  rebel 
camp  at  Pound  Ga|). 

On  Jan.  17th,  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas, 
ordered  by  Gen.  Buell  to  assume  the  com- 
mand of  the  Union  forces  in  Kentucky, 
operating  against  Gen.  Zollicofler's  army, 
reached  Logan's  Cross-Roads,  having  tinder 
him  a  forco  of  about  8,000  men.  Here,  on 
the  lOtli  January,  he  was  attacked  by  Major- 
Gen.  George  B.  Crittenden,  who  had  super- 
seded Zollicofler.  Tho  charge  of  the  rebels 
was  desiierate,  and  tho  battle  lasted  for  nearly 
two  hours,  during  which  tho  opposing  infan- 
try often  fired  through  the  same  fence.  In 
the  midst  of  the  battle  Gen.  Zollicofler  was 
shot  by  Col.  Fry,  of  tho  4th  Kentucky,  tho 
latter's  horse  being  shot  dead  about  the  same 
time.  A  charge  of  the  9tli  Ohio,  with  fixed 
bayonets,  carried  the  day,  the  rebels  flying  to 
their  intrenchments  on  the  Cumberland 
River,  at  Camp  Beech  Grove.  The  rebels 
lost  in  this  action  li)2  killed,  02  wounded, 
ami  ^'i  prisoners.  The  Union  loss  was  3!) 
killed  and  207  wounded.  The  Unionists  at 
once  proceeded  to  shell  the  rebel  intrench- 
ments, and  shortly  afterwards  night  fell. 
Taking  advantage  of  a  small  steamer,  the 
C'onfederates  silently  escaped  across  the  river 
during  the  night,  leaving  12  guns,  with  cais 
sons  and  many  small  arms,  1 ,500  horses  and 
mules,  and  all  their  army  material. 

On  Feb.  2,  1802,  Com.  A.  H.  Foote,  with 
seven  gunboats,  and  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  with 
13,000   men  on   steamboats,  left  Cairo,  and 
moved  up  tho  Ohio  and    the  Tennessee  to 
within   ten   miles  of   Fort  Henry,  a  strong 
rebel  work  commanding  the  latter  river  from 
its  east^-rn    bank,  mounting   17   large  guns, 
and  defended    by   Gen.  Lloyd  Tilgliman,  of 
Ky.,  with  2,l)00  men.     About  twelve   miles 
distant,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Cumber- 
land  River,  was  situatetl   Fort   Donelson,  a 
still  more  formidable  rebel  fort,  the  two  be- 
ing   connected   by  a  military  road,  so   that 
reinforcements  couhl  easily  be  thrown  from 
one  into  the  other.     On  Feb.  4,  Gen.  (Jrant 
debarked  his  forces  within  four  miles  of  Fort 
Henry.     On  the  morning  of  the  0th,  his  main 
body,   under    Gen.   John    A.    McClemand, 
:  moved  to  seize  the  military  road  connecting 
I  the  two  forts,  while  a  brigade  under  Gen.  C. 
[  F.  Smith  advanced  on  *he  west   bank  of  the 
I  river;  and   Cobj^  Foote,  with  his  gunboats, 
including   the  imn-clads   Cincinnati,   J'Jnsey, 
;  C<iroiitli}et,  and    St.   Louis,  steameil, slowly 
up    and    attacked    the    fort  fi-om   tho  river. 
.-Vfter  an  liour's  exchange  of  cannonading  tho 
I  Eaacjc  was  pierced  by  a  :J4' pound  shot  from 


5R4 


IIISTOllY    OF    THE 


i;   i 


■    I 


the  fort,  which  exploileil  one  of  her  boilors, 
by  which  both  of  her  pilots  woro  killed,  ami 
('iipt.  W.  D.  I'ortcr  and  forty  of  his  men 
Hovoroly  scalded.  Tlio  ICssex  thi-ii  drifted 
OHt  of  the  action,  but  the  reiniiining  iron- 
clads continued  to  a|)proach  the  fort  nntil 
within  llOO  yardsf  thereof,  gradually  silencing 
ita  guns.  At  2  p.m.  Col.  Tilglunan,  who 
liad  previouHly  ordered  the  entire  force  with- 
in the  fort,  with  the  exception  of  those 
engaged  in  working  the  gnna,  to  retreat  to 
Fort  Donelson,  raiHcd  a  flhg  of  truce,  and 
shortly  surrendered,  tion.  McClernand  failed 
to  intercept  the  main  rebel  force  on  their 
way  to  Fort  Donelson.  This  engagement  is 
chiotly  memorable  as  the  first  in  history  in 
which  iron  clad  boats  were  tried. 

Six  days  after  the  fall  of  Fort  Henry, 
Oen.  Floyd  arrived  at  Fort  Donelson  with 
heavy  reinforcements  and  assunie<I  connmird, 
superseding  (ten.  CJideon  J.  Pillow.  The 
fort  covered  a  level  plateau  of  100  acres, 
surmounting  a  steep  bluti'  100  feet  high, 
Iniving  two  strong  water  batteries  on  the 
bunk  at  its  base.  The  fort  itself  had  S  heavy 
guns  mounted  in  addition  to  the  field  bat- 
teries of  its  garrison,  which  now  amonnted  to 
about  15,000  men.  On  Feb.  1,3,  (Jen.  Grant, 
bringing  Smith's  division  aci'oss  the  Tennes- 
see, proceeded  from  Fort  Hcm-y  to  Fort  Don- 
elson, investing  the  latter  by  a  line  3  miles 
long,  and  200  rods  distant  from  the  rebel  out- 
works. Skirmisliing  V)y  sharpshooters  took 
place  during  the  day,  and  in  the  evening 
Com.  Foole  arrived  with  his  gunboats,  four 
iron-clad  and  two  wooden.  At  ',\  p.m.  the 
next  day,  the  latter  had  steadily  advanced  to 
within  400  yards  of  the  great  giuis  of  the 
fort,  driving  most  of  the  enemy's  gnnnerM 
from  their  posts.  At  this  ]ioint,  perceiving 
victory  hopeless  from  the  crippled  condition 
of  his  fleet,  he  withdrew  down  the  river, 
having  been  himself  painfully  v  --unded  in  the 
foot.  Elated  with  the  defeat  oi  the  gunboats, 
the  rebel  general  Floyd  at  once  assmned  the 
oifensivo  against  the  Union  forces.  At  day- 
light on  the  morning  of  the  l.Tth,  (ten.  Pillow 
commanding  the  rebel  left,  which  had  been 
heavily  massed,  vigorously  attacked  the  l^nion 
right  under  Oon.  McClernand,  and  after  sev- 
eral  hours  of  desperate  fighting,  caused  the 
latter  to  slowly  fall  back  on  the  Union  centre. 
About  noon.  Pillow  joined  Huekner,  leailii'g 
the  i-ebel  centre,  and  a.ssumed  eouiinand  of  the 
Tinited  forces.  A  charge  was  then  made  by 
the  rebel  cavalry  under  Oen.  Forrest  on  the 
Union  infantry  supporting  a  battery  of  six 
j)ieces,  which  WHS  thus  captured.  Col.  O'.ift 
with  the  Jst  ami  Col.  Thayer  with  the  ;id 
brigade  of  the  Union  centre,  having  been 
sent  by  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  its  coinmander, 
ti  the  aid  of  McCleniund's  overmatched 
forces,  the  rebel  advance  was  checked.  Gen. 
Grant,  who  was  in  conference!  with  Com.  Foote 
on  a  gunboat  some  miles  distant,  not  having 
exj)ccted  this  attack,  arrived  on  the  field  at  3 
P.U.,  and  orlered  a  general  advaiiee,  (Jen. 
Wallace  leading  against  the  enemy's  left,  ami 
Gen.  C.  F.  Smith  charging  the  right.  At  5 
P.M.  Wallace  had  driven  Luckner  to  the  in- 
tronclnnent  from  which  he  had  rallied  in  tlu; 
morning,  and  rested  within  l.")0  yards  thereof. 
CJen.  Smith,  in  a  bloody  charge,  carried  tlio 
works  before  him,  and  thus  a  position  wa.s 
Rained  by  the  Unionists  s{i>\irii  iiL;.iiiist  re- 
capture.    Tho  weather  during  the  uiglit   b-j- 


came  severely  cold,  an<l  great  sulfering   was 
endured  by  both  sides  in  consequence,  many 
of  tho  wo\inded  being  actually  frozen  to  death. 
The   rebels  were    now    greatly  outnumbered, 
and   their  gallant  attempt  to  extricate   them- 
selves from  the  iiivestinent,  by  cutting  through 
the    I'uinn    right,  had    failed.       Kighly-foiir 
hours  of  alternate  watching  and  lighting  had 
completely  exhauste<l  them,  and  the  positions 
gained  by  Gen.  Smith  rendered  other  of  their 
intreiH'hments  untenable.   A  surrender  U>  tho 
Unionists  was   inevitable.     (Jen.  Floyd,  now 
devoting  his  energies   to  his  own    persoiwil 
escape,    turned   over  his   command   to  Gen. 
Pillow,  who,  actuated   by   the   siime   motive, 
pa.ssed  it  to  (Jen.  Hnekner.     Floyd  filled  two 
rebel  steamboats  at  hand  with   his  own   bri- 
gade shortly  before  sunrise,  and  steamed   tip 
the  river,  leaving  the  rest  of  tho  garrison   to 
their  fate,  of  whom,  however.  Col.  Forrest  with 
I  HOO  cavalry  esca]>ed  on  a  partially  overflown 
road  by  the  bank  of  the  river.     The  terms  of 
'  the   capitulation   having  been  fixed  by  Gen. 
!  Grant  at  unconditional  and   immediate  sur- 
!  rendiT,   with   the   alternative  of  instant   re- 
newal  of  the  attack,  the   rebel    capitidation 
(  took  plaeeonthemorningof  the  Kith  February, 
•  1802.      The  rebel  loss  in  this  confiict  and  sur- 
'  render  was  fully  10,000  men,  including  2,000 
killed    and   wounded.      Tho    Union   loss   in 
killed   and   wounded  was  somc-what    larger. 
Tims  of  tho  three  great  avenues  leading  from 
the  Free  States  of  the  North  into  tho  South- 
western States,  the  .Missi.'isippi,  (he  Tennessee, 
and   the    CumlierlamI   rivers,  two  were  freed 
of  their  formidable  rebel  barriers,  and  in  pos- 
ses.si(ni  of  the  Uniotiists,  and  tho  general  rebel 
line  of  defence  was  broken.     Important  union 
succes.ses  now  followed  throughout  Kentucky 
and    Tennes.see.     Sinndtaneonsly  with    Gen. 
(Jrant's   movement  on  Donel.son,  Gen.  Buell, 
commanding   the  Department   of   the    Ohio,  I 
had  dispatched  (Jen.    O.    >I.    IMitchel,    with 
about  1  li,000  men,  against  the  enemy  at  Bowl- 
i  ing  Green,  uniler  (Jen.  A.  S.  Johnston.     At 
j  Mitchel's    approach,    (Jen.    Johnston,   being 
I  greatly  outinimbered,  dismantled  his  camp  and 
fled  rapidly  to  NashviUe,  ilestroying  a  large 
amount  of  rebel  property  in  tho  co use  of  his 
retreat.       General   consternation    ensueil    at 
Nashville  at  the  news  of  tho  rebel  tlisaster, 
which  was  received  by  tho  citizens  while   on 
their    way  to   church    on  Sunday,   Feb.    Hi. 
I'jvery    moment    they    expected    to   see    the 
enemy's  gunboats  approaching  the  citj",  and 
befori!   night  a  panic   of  soldiers  as  well  as 
civilians  took  place,  and  hundreds  of  the  ]io- 
pulation,  gatheiing    their  tninsportid)li!   pro-  | 
perty,  tied  (Vom  the  city.     The  military  an-  j 
thorities  seized  every  vehicle  for  the  use  of  the  , 
lios[)italH.     On  the  following  day.  Gen.  John- ' 
ston  arrived  in  his  retreat,  and  after  inform-  j 
ing  the  Governor  he  .should  make  no  attempt  j 
to  defend  the  city,  contiinu'<l  his   precipitate: 
march   to   tho  south.     Bank    directors   now 
rushed  to  convey  their  specie  ami  other  valu- 
ables to  the  railway  connecting  with  Chatta-  ■ 
nooga,  Coliunbia,  and  other  jioints  of  safety  ' 
southwanl.      (Jov.    Harris    Hed    across    the 
country    to   Memphis,  taking  with   him  the ; 
State  records  ;  and  the  Legislature,  in  panic- 
stricken  adjourniuent,  followed  him.       Vast 
pul)lie  stores  were  nliandoned  to  th(!  po])ulace 
or  to  the  flames.     Two  gunboats   in  process 
of  eoiistiiiclion  were  b\niied,  and  two  uuigni- 
liccut  bridgiM  tro...-)ing  tho  C'uiuberlaud  Kiver  ! 


were  also  destroyed.  On  Feb.  23d,  a  small 
!  advance  of  (Jen.  lliiell's  coliinni  took  posses. 
j  sion  of  the  village  of  Kdgofield,  opposite  Nash- 
ville, and  shortly  afterwards  the  city  was 
formally  surrendered  by  its  Mayor,  Cheatham, 
and  was  made  tho  heailipiarters  of  Gen.  Buell, 
while  his  army  was  ciuartered  around  tho 
city. 

j  These  contintied  Union  successes  renilered 
untenable  the  relM-l  stronghold  at  Columbus, 
Ky.,  coniman<ling  the  Mississippi,  '''hough 
strongly  fortified  and  stored,  its  garrison,  un- 
der (!en.  Polk,  had  been  reduced  by  sucees- 
'  sive  detachments  to  about  3,000  men.  After 
I  having  taken  t'larksville,  on  the  (.'undierlaml, 
(^)m.  Foote  returned  to  Cairo  and  collected 
a  fleet  of  six  gunboats,  and  eaily  in 
March  dropjied  down  the  Mississip])i,  fol- 
lowed by  three  transports,  with  two  or  three 
thousand  sohliers,  under  (Jen.  W.  T.  Sher- 
man, while  a  supporting  force  moved  over- 
land from  Padncah.  On  their  ajiproach  to 
Columbus,  tho  enemy  retreated  45  miles 
down  iho  river  to  Island  No.  10,  leaving 
many  cam|)  stores,  and  rolling  their  heavy 
guns  off  the  bluH'  into  the  river.  On  March 
;t,  Ge  lie,  with  a   Union  force  of  about 

40,00  .  invested  New  .Madrid,  a  short 

distal  :ow  Island  No.   10,  on  the  ^li.s- 

souri  k    of   tho   river.     This  place  was 

strongly  defended  by  20  lu'avy  guns  and 
nine  well-ajipointed  gunboats  anchored  before 
it.  Its  garrison  consisted  of  i),000  infantry 
under  Major-(Jen.  Mct'own  ;  the  gunboats 
being  Uirected  by  C(mi.  Hollins.  On  the 
13th,  (Jen.  Pope  opened  a  heavy  cannonade 
upon  the  place,  which  was  replied  to  during 
the  day,  the  Unionists  steadily  pushing  for- 
ward their  trenches.  During  a  violent  thun- 
der-storm on  the  following  night,  the  rebels 
evacuated  the  place,  leaving  behind  them  33 
cannon,  several  thou.sand  small  arms,  and  a 
large  amount  of  other  war  material.  On  tho 
17th  31arch,  Com.  Foote,  with  five  gun- 
boats and  four  mortar-boats,  made  a  general 
attack  on  the  strong  rebel  fortificaliims  at 
Island  No.  10,  but  without  materiiil  success. 
On  April  5,  (Jen.  Beauregard  left  for  Corinth, 
ceding  his  commaiiil  to  Gen.  Makall.  In  tho 
meantime  tho  engineer  corps  of  Gen.  Pope 
had  cut  a  canal,  twelve  miles  in  length,  acro.ss 
the  Missouri  peninsula,  opposite  Island  No. 
10,  through  which  steamboats  and  barges  and 
two  gutiboats  succeeded  in  safely  pa.ssing  to 
tho  river  bi-low  that  stronghold.  Ai)ril  7, 
(Jen.  I'ope  dispatched  a  division  across  the 
river  towards  its  rear,  when  the  rebel  forces 
there,  under  Mct'own,  sinking  their  gun- 
boats and  transports,  esca|)ed  {'astward,  leav- 
ing Makall,  who  was  soon  compelled  to  sur- 
render his  force:  ihiei!  generals,  273  ofii- 
cers,  (!,700  lu'isoners,  123  ]iieces  of  heavy 
artillery,  7,000  stanil  of  small  arms,  and  a 
largo  <iuantity  of  ammunition  and  other  ma- 
terial, were  re|)orted  in  the  cai>ture. 

April  12,  Com.  Foote  and  (Jen.  Pope 
moved  down  the  river  to  Fort  Pillow,  situ- 
ated on  tho  Chickasaw  BiiiU's,  about  70  miles 
above  Memphis.  Com.  Foote  having  planted 
his  mort.irs  on  the  Arkan.saa  side  of  the  river, 
commenced,  on  the  17th,  a  bombardment, 
promptly  rejilied  to,  which  was  kept  up  for 
nearly  two  weeks,  but  with  little  effect,  tho 
high  stage  of  the  river  ineventing  the  co-op- 
enitiiui  of  the  Union  arnjy. 

Jlay  4,  a  powerful  ruU  1  ram,  the  Mallort/, 


Oil  Ffb.  L'.t.l,  IV  small 

1  colli  til II   took     pORtil'H. 

toliuld,  o).|io.sit(.  Niisb. 
iHiinls  till'  vity  was 
its  Mayor,  Clipa'tliniii, 
iiartoiHofOcn.  liucll, 
iiaitcrod   aiouiul    tlio 

)n  RiiccoAHcs  ronderpcl 
uphold  nt  Coliiniliiis, 
MisKissijipi.     ''Mioiigli 
oicd,  iiH  parrisoii,  iiu- 
u  lodiiofd  l)v  siicceg- 
iit  ;!,()00  iiion.    After 
,<>iith(iCiiml)Pilaii(l, 
<'air(>  and  collected 
)ntii,    and    oaily    in 
tiio    JlisfiiKNippi,   f(,l. 
'«,  witli  two  or  three 
(ion.   W.  T.  IShci-. 
force  moved  ovor- 
their  approacli  to 
retreated    4;")    miles 
mid   No.  10,  leaving 
>lliiig   their  heavy 
liver.     On  March 
iiion  force  of  about 
lew  Aliulrid,  a  short 
'"o.   10,  on  the  Jlis- 
■r.     This  place  was 
20   lieavy  ginis   and 
Miats  niiohored  before 
•d  of  i),000  infantry 
own  ;    the   gunboats 
IlolliiLs.       (»,i    the 
a  heavy  cannonade 
as  replied  to  during 
iteadily  pushing  for- 
ming a  violent  thnn- 
liig  night,  the  rebels 
iing  behind  them  ;j;{ 

I  small  arms,  and  a 
ir  material.     On  the 
ite,    with    iive    gnn- 
ats,  made  a  general 
:bel  fortilications  at 
ut  material  success, 
aid  left  for  Corinth, 
en.  Makall.     Jn  the 
orps  of  Oen.  i'ope 
iles  in  leiiglh,  across 
opposite  Island  No. 
oats  and  barges  and 
in  safely  pitssing  to 
ongliold.     April   7, 
di\ision  acro.ss  the 
!ieii  the  rebel  forces 
sinking    their  gun- 
lied  eastward,  leav- 

II  coiii)pelli(l  to  siir- 
geneiids,  L'7;i  ofli- 
.'!  pieces  of  heavy 
small  arms,  and  a 

tion  and  other  ma- 
c  capture. 

and  Oen.  I'opo 
Fort  J'illow,  situ- 
lls,  about  70  miles 
Dto  having  planted 
IS  side  of  the  river, 
I  »  bombardment, 
1  was  kc])t  up  for 
h  little  elfeet,  the 
venting  the  co-op- 

laiu,  the  jUalluri/, 


UNITED    STATES. 


S6S 


(iipported  by  three  gunboats,  attacked  tlie  teries  of  Vieksburg  iiiiharmcd.  Three  other  charged  in  full  force,  and  thrice  they  drove 
Union  gunboat  Cinciiinnli,  commanded  by  rebel  gunboats  on  the  Yiuoo  wore  destroycil  the  enemy  bark  with  great  slaughter.  At 
Ciiiii.  Stembel,  who,  at  the  instant  of  col-  by  th"ir  commaiideis  nt  the  uppioacli  of  L'J  r.ji.,  the  rebel  commander,  A.  H.  .lohii- 
lisioii,  shot   the   rebel   pilot,  ai.  1  was  in  turn    Lieut. -Col.  Kllet,  with  two  rains  in  pursuit  of  slcm,    in    JIurlbnrt's    front,    was    struck    in 

I  them.  the  thigh  liy  a   fragiiient  of  a  shell,  but  eon- 

Shortty  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Donolson,  tinned  silently  in  his  saddle  for  a  few  mo- 
(!eii.  (iraiil,  at  the  head  of  10,000  men,  niov-  iiieiits,  when  he  was  removed  tlierefidiii  dy- 
lint,  being  crippled  ami  sinking,  was  rim  ed  up  the  Teiinessei',  debarking  at  Tittsburg  iiig.  The  division  of  \V.  11.  Iv.  Wallace  re- 
ii|i.iii  a  shoal,  where  she  sank.  Hut  the  ri'bel  l,aii(liiig,  a  small  village  eight  miles  abo\e' pulsed  four  desperate  charges  during  this 
Miillori/  was  in  turn  cut  into  by  the  <SV.  Siivaiiuah,  Teiiii.,  twenty  miles  north-east  of  liloody  .Snnilay,  and  once  or  twice  piirmied 
Vyddi'i  and  sunk,  most  of  her  crew  going  <lown  i  Corinth,  I\Iiss.,  and  two  or  three  miles  north  i  the  enemy,  being  stopped  only  by  the  ex- 
wllli   her.     One  of  the  rebel    gunboats   was   (if  Sliiloh   (,'liurch.       Five   divisions  of   (he  |  traordinary  disparity  of  numbers.     At  .''i  I'.M. 


sc'Vei't'ly  wounded  by  the  jiilol's  mate.     The 
CiiiciiKKiti,  whose  rapid  broadsides  made  no  i 
iuipression  upon  the  iron  mail   of  her  assail- 


also  burned,  and  another  had  her  boiler  e\- 
)>liiih'd  by  a  shot,  and  ceasing  the  light,  they 
(bil'led  down  to  their  batteries,  under  cover 


ated  by  the  Confederates;   and  on  June    (1 
Com.   IJitvis,  with    (ive   gunboats   and    four 


Union  army  were  encamped  in  a  semicircle  of  I  the  two  divisions  fell  back  nearly  half  tt 
three  or  four  miles  southward  of  I'ittsburg  ;  mile  to  a  position  about  that  distance  from  the 
Landing.     I'revious  to  April   4tli,  small  en-   river,   Oen.  AV   1[.  I-.  AVallace  liav'iiig  fallen 


of  the  smoke.    Juno  4,  Fort  I'illow,  and  Fort   gagements  had  taken  place  with  iiisigniticaiit  |  mortally  woumled.     This  was  the  last  pot-sible 
liaiidolph  12  miles  below  it,  were  both  eviu'U-    bands  of  the  enemy  in  the  iieigbborhood,  who  j  staiiding-gr(>(ind  of  the  beaten  l^nioii  army. 


ranis,  approached  .^lemphi.s.  A  riOiel  tleet  of  land  superior  numbers  were  at  Corinth.  The 
eight  gunboats  advanced  in  order  to  meet  I  Union  army  lay  here  for  three  weeks  without 
him,  and  an  interesting  engagement  shortly  U'recting  dt^feiices  of  any  kind.  (len.  Albert 
took  place,  lasting  over  an  hour,  within  full  !  Sidney  Johnston,  the  ablest  of  the  (!onfeder- 
view  of  the  citizens  of  Memphis.  The  prow  j  uto  generals,  had  concentrated  at  Corinth  an 
of  the  Union  ram  Queen  of  the.  M'eH  struck  experienced  and  well-drilled  army  of  .''10,000 
tlio  rebel  gunboat  ft't'd. /Vkw,  damaging  her  to  1  men.  l>uriiig  the  night  of  April  'M,  this 
siK'li  extent  that  she  was  at  once  lieaded  for  i  grand  army  moved  sih  iitly  out  of  Corinth, 
tliii  Arkansas  shore.  The  rebel  gunboat  anil  advanced,  with  caution,  to  within  three 
Jleniirej/arU  then  struck  the  (Jiieen  aft,  and  miles  of  the  Federal  pickets.  Kvery  prepa- 
ilisabled  her,  and  thereupon  the  Union  ram  ,  ration  was  then  made  for  a  stealthy  and  dcs- 
Mmiitrch,  striking  the  /ie,Kiire)/iiril  in  her  |ierate  assault  at  daybreak.  Oen.  I'rcntiss's 
bow,  caused  her  to  till  and  sink,  while  the  i  division,  encanijicd  across  the  direct  road  to 
JfdiKireh  towed  the  Queen  away  from  Jieril. 
The  rebel  gunboat  den.  Lurrll  being  struck 
by  a  .^lO-poiind  ball  from  the  Union  thigboat, 
the  lienton,  sank  in  ".")  fi'et  of  water,  carry- 


made  no  considerable  resistance,  alihoiigh  it  '  A  deep  and  rapid  river  in  its  rear  could  not 
was  well  known  that  the  enemy  in  great  force  !  be  crossed  without  a  hideous  massacre  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  retreat.     The  rebels  hesitated 


for  a  few  moments  to  follow  up  their  extraor- 
dinary advantage.  This  gave  an  opportunity 
to  the  Unionists  to  plant  their  remaining 
gtins,  22  in  number,  in  a  semicircle  on  the 
blutr,  commanding  the  a|>|:roach  of  the  enemy. 
At  0  o'clock  the  enemy's  batteries  were  thus 
promptly  replied  to,  and  shortly  afterwards 
the  gunboats  J'l/ler  and  J.,ej'ini/ti)ii  opened 
with  shell  and  shot  through  an  opportune  ra- 
vine in  the  blnlf  across  the  new  front  of  the 
rebels,  preventing  any  charge  upon  the  Union 
guns  by  their  infantry,  and  iinally  coni|iell- 
iiig  tlieiii  to  move  farther  liack  for  the  night. 
A  heavy  rain  fell  during  the  night  upon  the 
weary  and  wounded  thousands.  Oen.  lieau- 
Countle.ss  forces  of  the  enemy  regard,  who  bad  succeeded  Oen.  Jolinstoii, 
iiig  down  a  part  of  her  crew.  The  four  re- 1  rushed  U])oii  tlieiii  with  deadly  volleys,  and  i  despatched  a  messenger  to  Corinth,  from  blii- 
maliiiiig  rebel  boats  now  beaded  for  the  taking  tlieui  prisoners  ere  they  had  time  to  :  loll  Cliuroh,  annouiieiiig  a  comph  victory, 
Arkansas  shore,  where  the  crows  of  the  tA;//!  ,  form  iu  line  of  battle,  or  even  to  seize  their  after  ten  hours'  severe  battle.  A-  daylight, 
Tliitiitpmn,  Gen.  Jlru;///,  and  Sinnler  es-  weapons.  The  adjacent  Union  division  on  |  on  the  7tli,  the  lighting  was  renewed,  but  the 
Ciijied  into  the  woods,  and  the  Tlioinj>aoii  the  right,  tindiu"  Oen.  Sherman,  was  now  Union  army  was  now  reinforced  by  Nelson's, 
being  shortly   struck   by  u  shell,  was  set  on    compelled  ;o  retreat  behind  (he  next  ravine,  '  Critleiuleu's,  and  JleCook's  divisions  of  Oen. 

■         '  to  the 


Corinth,  was  thus  surprised  while  some  of 
its  men  were  dressing,  others  washing  or 
cooking,  while  many  of  the  ollicers  bad  not 
vet    risen.       Countless    forces  of  the  eiiemv 


tire  and   burned   to  the  water's  edge.     Tli 
(ien.  Win  Ihiii  escaped  down  the  river.    No 
one  was   killed   on   the   Union   tleet,  and  the 
city  of  Memphis  was  surrendered  immediately 
after  the  action. 

In  an  expeilitiou  up  the  Arkansna  and 
White  rivers,  shortly  afterwards,  the  Jfonnil  but  they  were  there  exposed  to  a  deadly  tiie 
('ill/,  the  Federal  gunboat  in  advance,  was  tVom  woody  coverts,  and  speedily  ilanked. 
blown  up  at  St.  Charh'S  by  a  ball,  wliieli  The  commander,  with  2,000  of  bis  force,  be- 
jia-ssed  through  her  steam  drum,  from  a  con-  came  separated  from  the  remainder,  and  was 
cealed  battery  on  the  shore.  Of  the  KT)  completely  surrounded,  and  at  4  r.M.  was 
persons     on     board,     scarce     any     escaped   obliged  to  surrender.     ]>v  the  rout   of  Slier- 


leaving  their  camps  and  camp  eipiipage 
enemy,  with  one  brigade  comiiletely  routed. 
At  7  A.M.,  McClernand's  division,  in  the  rear 
of  Shermaii's,  moved  to  its  supjiort  and  found 
it  iiractically  destroyed.  Oen.  rrontiss  en- 
ivored  to  re-form  his  men  in  an  open  field, 


man's  and  I'rentis.s's  divisions,  the  eiiei.'v  were 
left  free  to  mass  themselves  on  McClernand's 
forces.     After   repulsing  many  attacks,   and 


ileiith  or  injury.     Many  jiimiied   overboard, 

irantio  with  scalds,  and  were  drowned,  while 

the  boat-s  sent  to  their  relief  from  tin;  (hiuen- 

litijii  were  tired  on  with  grape  and  canister, 

by  which  most  of  the  remainder  were  killed. 

lint   in  a   few    minutes    the   batteries   were 

taken  by   Col.  Fitch,   of  the   4lith    Indiana, 

commanding  the  exjiedition,  which,  however,  !  nah  superintending  the  reci 

failed  in  its  purpose  of  opening  commiiiiica-  '  where  also  was  his  sixth  divi. 


lUiell's  army,  from  Nashville,  which  had  o[i- 
liortunely  arri\ed  at  Savannah,  ami  pushed 
on  to  I'ittsburg  Landing,  at  the  sound  of 
cannon.  These,  with  Oen.  Lew  AN'allace's 
division,  coniprised  about  2.'>,000  fiesii  Union 
forces,  while  the  rebel  reserve  forces  were 
scarcely  ;!,t)00.  The  enemy,  though  wearied 
with  sixteen  hours  of  manieuvring  and  liglit- 
iiig,  during  the  jirevious  diiy,  nevertheless 
stood  iiniily  to  their  arms.  'I'liey  were  speed- 
ily coiicentrateil  njion  Nel.son's  division,  who 
opened  the  buttle,  but  the  latter  niiiiiitained 
its  po.sition  for  many  hours  iigaiust  the  supe- 
rior luimbers  of  its  foes.  Crilteiideii's  and 
McCook's  divisions  were  engaged  later.     The 


rising  many  ollicers,  and  half  his  liatterics,  |  latter  being  attacked  in  force,  caused  their  a.s- 
the  latter  gave  way  about  11  .\.M.,  and  thus  |  sailants  to  recoil,  and  drove  I  ,111  nearly  a 
three  of  tin;  Union  divisions  were  routi'd  ere:  mile,  to  the  original  |iosition  held  by  Jlet^'ler- 
noon.     C!en.  Orant,  who  had  i  "<■)'  at  Savan-  \  nand,  which  was  also  shortly  retaken.      Oen. 

11     f  supplies, '  Lew  Wallace's  division,  on  the  extreme   Un- 
I.  .  nder  Oeu.  I  ion  right,  opened  tire  at   dawn.     Advancing 


Lew    Wallace,    arrived     on    the    battle  field  ^  bis  right,  under  Oen.  O rant's  personal  direc- 

tion,  he  attempted  to  turn  the  enemy's  left, 
which   was   stubbornlv  resisted   with  heavy 


reinforcements.    Sherman's  uiul  McClernand's 


tion  with  (»eii.  Curtis,  who  was  apiiroacliiiij; 

from  the  West.  I  abotit  8  A.M.      Ite  at  once  reformed  the  brig- 

On  June  24  the  Union  fleet  on  the  Miss-  ades,  re-established  his  batteries  and  new 
issippi  proceeded  down  to  near  Vieksburg,  ;  lines  of  defence,  tlu' divisions  of  (tens,  lliirl- 
where  it  shortly  communicated  with  Com.  1  biirt  and  W.  II.  L.  Wallace  being  still  intact,  j  re-formeil  divisions  al.Ku  steadily  advanced 
Farragut's  fleet  from  the  tJiilf,  lying  below,'  He  also  promptly  sent  for  Oen.  Lew  Wal- 1  under  a  heavy  fire,  and  ut  4  f.M.  the  original 
where  were  also  four  regimenls  of  iufatitiy  lace's  di\iNion,  but  that  force,  consisting  of  front  lines  of  the  Union  foices  bail  been  re- 
tinder  Oen.  Williams.  The  siege  of  Vicks-  11  r'';.;iiiieiits,  2  batteries,  and  2  batt.ilions  of^  taken,  and  tlio  wliide  Coiifideiate  iiimy  was 
burg  was  now  opened,  and  continued  with-  cavalry,  were  prevented,  by  coiintermaiehing ,  retreating  towards  Corinth,  feebly  pursued, 
out  effect  until  the  24th  July,  when  it  was  to  avoid  the  enemy,  from  reaching  the  bloody  1  The  victory  was  thus  to  the  Unionists,  who 
abandoned.  During  the  siege  the  rebel  ram  field  till  after  iiiglitfall.  For  six  hours  the ;  iio8iioi>sei.l  the  field  and  tho  dead,  but  tho 
Arktmsiig,  irowx  the  Yazoo,  ran  through  the  '  overiiiatehed  Union  forces  stood  the  brunt  |  ii^saes  wore  about  equalized.  Oen.  Beaure- 
Uuion  fleet  and  took  refuge  under  the  bat- [of  battle.      llurlburt's  division  was  tUriwlgard  oiU«iaUy  rejwtcil  tlie  Confederate  loss 


(MS 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


nt  1,728  killod,  8,012  woiin<li)(l,  uiul  1)57  miHH- 
ing;  toti\l,  10,09'.).  Tho  utlifiikl  Fodi'inl  Iom 
■wm  ro|iortoil  iit  l,7.'ir)  killed,  7,HH'i  wuundud, 
and  II,!).'!!!  priMoiuTs;  totid,  lH,.''i7.'l. 

(iiui.  IliiUock,  outiininndiii^  tli«  l>c>|)ai'tmont 
of  tlio  iMiHKiHKi|i|)i,  shortly  uftor  iho  .Sliiluli 
biittlcM,  iii'rivt>d  mid  uhniiiiumI  (■oiiiiiiand  of  lli« 
Union  foi'ciiH,  which  wuio  iiiv.scntly  iiiorriiHi'tl 
to  ovrr  100,(MI()  mi'n  by  ii-infoicc^Micnts  from 
vai'iouH  (|uiu'tc-rH,  including  (ii<n.  I'o|i(i  with 
2.*),I)U0  men  from  Mi.sHonri.  lint  no  iittcnipl 
nguiuKt  tho  rubulH  ul  ('oririlh  wiw  mad()  liy 
Qtm.  Hullock  for  wuukH  following,  during 
which  Cten.  Bouurngard  strengthonod  Iuh 
workH.  Ity  hIow  approanheH,  tliu  Union  but- 
teries wore  brought  within  throo  niiliis  of 
Oorinth  by  May  2lHt,  and  on  that  day  a  Un- 
ion forcu  partially  dcfttroyud  the  ('harloHton 
and  MuinphiH  Hiiilroad,  at  Olendalo,  eight 
niilns  north-west  of  Oorintli.  The  railroad 
at  Purdy  wan  nUo  broken,  and  on  the  27tli, 
a  Union  force,  dispatched  to  cut  tho  railroad 
south  of  Corinth,  found  tho  rebel  army  there 
in  full  retreat.  Tho  evacuation  of  Corinth 
was  completed  on  the  2!)th,  (ien.  Ut'auregard 
having  fallen  back  to  Tupelo,  jiurHued  by 
Gen.  Pope  as  far  as  Ciintown. 

April  9,  CJon.  O.  M.  Mitcliel,  conunanding 
a  division  of  Buell'a  army  at  Na-shville,  ad- 
vanced through  Fayetteville  to  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  which  lie  surprixcMl  and  captured,  sinz- 
ing  a  largo  number  of  loooniotiveA  and  fun, 
with  which  he  pushed  westwanl  on  the  Mcim- 
phis  and  Charleston  road  as  far  as  Tusciini- 
bia,  thus  holding  the  avenue  along  which  rein- 
forcements of  men  and  supplies  and  munitions 
of  war  were  conveyed  from  the  west  to  the 
rebel  armies  in  the  east.  From  Tuscumbia 
he  dispatched  a  force  as  far  south  as  Hussel- 
ville,  capturing  a  largo  amount  of  Confederate! 
pro|M)rty  without  loss.  l)n  April  29  ho  took 
Bridgei)ort,  Ala.,  driving;  out  a  force  eipial  to 
his  own,  and  inllicting  a  loss  of  72  killed  itiul 
wounded,  S.")©  prisoners,  and  2  giuis.  Being 
compelled  to  abandon  Tuscumbia  by  tlu^ 
gathering  of  rebel  forces  around  liim,  he 
burned  the  railroad  bridges  at  Decatur  and 
Bridgeport,  and  returned  to  tho  Tennessee, 
holding  all  Alabama  north  of  that  river.  In 
June  Gen.  Mitchel  was  summoned  to  a.ssume 
command  at  I'ort  Royal,  S.  C,  where  he  died 
of  a  malignant  fever,  Oct.  2.1.  On  July  2."! 
Gen.  Ilalleck  was  designated  as  commander- 
in-chief  at  Washington,  and  Gen.  (Jrant  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  command  at  Corinth. 

Ship  Island,  between  tho  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Bay  of  Mobile,  about  6t> 
miles  from  New  Orleans,  was  occupied  in 
Dec,  1861,  by  Gen.  Phelps,  with  a  jiart  of  a 
force  of  volunteers  raised  by  Gen.  B.  F. 
Butler  in  New  England  for  conHdential  ser- 
vice. Phelps  then  issued  an  earnest  but  un- 
timely proclamation,  declaring  the  aim  of 
the  Government  to  be  the  overthrow  of  sla- 
very. On  March  25, 1 862,  after  a  severe  and 
hazardous  passage,  Gen.  Butler  arrived  at 
Ship  Island  with  the  remainder  of  his  forces, 
which  now  numbered  1  .'5,700  men,  and  which 
were  destined  to  aid  tho  naval  forces  under 
Com.  Farragut  in  the  capture  of  New 
Orleans.  The  apjiroach  to  the  latter  place 
by  tho  Mississippi  was  cnnnnanded  at  a  bend 
of  the  river,  about  60  nule.s  below,  by  two 
Rtrong  forts — Fort  J  'ckson  and  Fort  St. 
Philip.  The  river  itseif  at  this  point  was 
obatructed  by  a  great  boom  of  chain  cables, 


ohl  hulks,  and  cypress  trws.  Tho  Union 
naval  forces  consisted  of  47  heavily  armed 
vessels,  21  of  tliein  being  niortar-sehooners, 
under  Com.  Porter,  each  throwing  a  21.^)- 
pound  shell.  The  rebel  lleet  eonsistcMl  of  the 
iron-clad  JmiiIhIuiki,  the  ram  MmtnuHnu,  and 
I!)  other  gunboats,  under  Com.  Whittle, 
den.  Manslielil  H.  Lovell  commanded  the 
military  forces  of  the  region.  On  April  17, 
the  Union  lleet  reacheil  tho  vicinity  of  the 
forts,  whereupon  a  formiilalilo  tire-ship  was 
sent  down  on  tho  strong  current  by  the 
relx'ls,  which  was  duly  grappled  by  a  boat  of 
tho  Union  Iroqaoui,  and  towed  to  tho  river 
bank,  there  to  harndessly  burn  up.  The 
Union  mortar-boats  were  scarcely  stationed 
within  range  of  Fort  Jackson,  tho  lower  fort, 
on  the  19th,  when  it  opened  lire  upon  them, 
wliih;  nwre  harndess  Hre-rafts  were  si-nt  down 
tho  current.  The  bondiardment  of  Fort 
Jackson  was  continued  from  the  gunboats 
and  mortars  throughout  tho  day,  during 
which  tho  wooden  interior  of  the  fort  was 
burned.  The  next  day  ono  of  tho  Union 
schooncM-s  was  struck  and  sunk,  while  the 
gunboat  Oneida  was  twice  hit,  two  of  her 
gun-carriages  smiushed,  and  nine  men  woutnl 
ed.  On  the  third  day  of  the  bombardment, 
it  was  resolved  to  force  a  jiassago  by  the 
forts,  anil  tho  gunboats  J'iiiola  and  Jlanca 
undiir  Ca|)t.  B(!ll,  at  10  p.m.,  moved  upward 
to  bleak  the  chain-boom  stnitching  from  fort 
to  fort.  'I'he  J'iiiola,  vuider  cover  of  the 
darkness  and  a  heavy  fire  from  all  the  mor- 
tar-schooners, ran  up  the  westt^rn  shore  to  the 
chain,  and  directly  under  the  guns  of  Fori 
Jackson.  She  then  threw  ui>on  the  cable  a 
powerful  jietard,  which,  however,  failed  to 
explode.  Tho  Ilanea  made  fiust  to  a  hulk 
next  eastward,  which  sup|)orted  tho  chain, 
and  she  shortly  cut  the  latter  in  twain  at  that 
point.  Tho  cables  of  tho  liulk  were  then 
slipped,  and  it  immediately  swinig  round, 
dragging  the  /Urtjtcrt  towards  the  nearest  shore, 
and  both  were  shortly  fast  aground  within 
range  of  both  forts.  The  J'iiiola  then  res- 
cued tho  Itasca  from  her  perilous  position, 
and  both  vessc^ls,  unharmed,  returned  in  the 
darkness  to  their  |>osilions.  On  the  24th,  at 
2  A.M.,  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Jackson 
having  steadily  continued,  (^'om.  Farragut, 
with  his  three  largest  ships,  the  Hartford, 
liichmond,  and  Jirookli/n,  moved  \ip  the 
river  on  the  western  bank  ti>  engage  Fort 
Jackson  ;  while  Cupt.  Bailey,  with  eiglit  gim- 
boats,  ))roceeded  near  tho  eastern  bank  to 
tight  F'ort  St.  Philip.  Six  small  steamers 
engaged  the  water  batteries  below  Fort  Jack- 
son. Capt.  Bell  with  si.K  gunboats  ke|it  the 
middle  of  the  river.  Cajit.  Bailey's  division 
being  first  observed,  was  fired  upon  by  both 
forts  as  it  reached  the  breach  in  tho  boom,  but 
it  succeeded  in  passing  the  forts  materially 
tniinjiwed.  Of  Capt.  Bell's  division,  the 
Itasca  was  disabled  by  a  ball  from  Fort  St. 
I'hilip  passing  through  her  boiler,  and  she 
drifted  down  tho  river.  Tho  Winona  was 
driven  back  by  the  fire  of  that  fort,  and  the 
Iiermebcc  became  entangled  in  the  cable,  and 
finally  returned  to  bislow  the  forts.  Tlie  rest 
of  the  division  passed  the  forts  unharmed. 
Tho  Hartford,  bearing  Com.  Farragut,  and 
the  liichmowl  following,  ])oured  heavy  broad- 
sides upon  Fort  Jackson  as  they  passed,  but 
the  lirookli/ii,  Capt.  Craven,  running  over  a 
hulk  which  bad   been  connected   with   the 


I  chain,  was  first  subject<ed  to  a  heavy  iiro  from 
I  Fort  St.  Philip,  then    attacked  by  the    rebel 
I  ram    Manannaii,  which,  however,  struck    her 
I  without  injury.     SubKequenlly,  while  uniii'r 
a   raking    fire   from    Fort   Jackson,  she    was 
again   attacked  by  a   large  rebel   steamer,  to 
wliiili  she  ailministered  a  broailside  that  tiii- 
isheil    the   hitter's   career.      Passing    Fort  .St. 
i  I'hilip,  she  completely  silenced  that  fiu-t  wiili 
J  grape    and    canister,    and    above    it  engaged 
sineral  of  the  relsd  gunboats.     The  Cai/Uj/n, 
Capt.    Bailey,    having  pasS4'd    the   forts,    en- 
countered tho  entire  rebel  llotilla  of   18  gmi- 
boats,  but   skilfully  avoided  destruc'  'miI 

forced  three  of  her  smaller   enemi 
render,  as  tho    flinina  and    Oiieidi  .■  to 

her  rescue.  Four  of  the  rebel  gunboats 
were  now  driven  ashore  and  blown  u|)  hy 
these  vessels.  At  6  A.M.  the  Morijini,  rebel 
iron-clad.  Com.  Bev.  Kennon,  attacked  lie- 
\'aruiia,  twice  butting  her,  and  assailing  with 
a  raking  fire;  but  tho  I'dn/iid  now  disabled 
her  foe,  causing  her  to  drift  out  of  the  light. 
During  this  c(mtest  another  rebel  iron-dad 
twice  Btriuk  tho  Varitnu  in  the  jiort  side 
with  a  beak  under  water.  The  last  time,  llir 
latter  stuck  fast  in  the  Varuniia  side,  and 
tho  rebel  craft  being  draw:  aromid  close 
thereto,  was  ploughed  by  fivo  eight-inch  shells 
abaft  her  armor,  and  becoming  disengageil, 
she  shortly  drifted  ashore,  a  burning  wreck. 
The  ^'arnna,  now  sinking,  was  run  ashore, 
but  still  firing  upon  tho  jV»r//«)(.  Tho  Oiiciiln 
coming  to  her  rescue,  was  directed  by  Capt. 
Boggs,  of  tho  \'iiniiia,  to  |iursue  the  Jtf'irf/aii. 
Tho  latter  shortly  surrendered,  hav'  'i)st 
over   f)0   killed  and   woundi'd,   am  ng 

been  fired  by  her  commander,  win  s 

wounded  to  tho  fiames.  Tho  T7ii«/..  .eu 
sunk,  but  her  crew  gained  the  shore.  The 
loss  of  the  National  force  in  this  engagement 
was  but  30  killed  and  110  wounded. 

On  the  morning  of  the  2i)th,  the  C'tii/iiffa, 
still  leading,  approached  tho  t!haluietle  bat- 
teries, three  miles  below  the  city,  which  were 
speedily  silenced,  and  about  noon  tho  whole 
fleet  was  moored  opposite  New  Orleans.  Gen. 
Lovell  had  already  withdrawn  his  force  of 
several  thousand  men  beyond  the  city  limits, 
and  sent  them  to  t^anip  Moore,  78  miles 
above,  on  the  Jackson  Railroad.  A  panic 
and  rage  amounting  to  insanity  had  taken  |)os- 
session  of  the  relads  in  the  city.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  ])ri,perty  to  tho  amount  of  eight 
or  ten  millions  was  fired  by  them  and  con- 
sumed in  a  few  hours.  The  river  seemed 
covered  with  floating  masses  of  flume,  richly 
freighted  vessels  being  fired  and  cut  adrift. 
Two  iron  rams  nearly  finished  were  both  de- 
stroyed. On  the  20th  the  city  was  formally 
surrendered,  after  a  ridiculous  exhibition  of 
spiteful  hesitation  by  its  Mayor,  Munroe,  it 
being  found  necessary  to  send  a  Union  force 
to  take  down  the  flag  of  Louisiana  from  tho 
City  Hall.  Crowds  of  rebels  followed  the  ma- 
rines, hooting  and  yelling,  but  fearing  to  offer 
any  personal  violence,  as  tho  whole  city  lay 
ex|)Osed  to  the  shells  of  the  fleet.  Kiglit 
miles  above  the  city,  at  Carrolton,  Com.  Far- 
ragut found  abandoned  two  forts  mounting 
thirty-five  guns,  which  had  been  disabled ; 
and  also  a  second  chain-boom  extcndevi  across 
tho  river  to  jircvent  tho  descent  of  Com. 
Footo's  flotilla  from  above. 

Gen.  Butler  now  brought  up  his  forces 
which  had  been  waiting  at  tho  bar  bolow, 


UNITED  STATES. 


Mi 


a  iioiivy  flro  from 

kcd  iiy  tliH  tfM 
vcvcr,  Hi  nick    licr 

itly,  wliiln  iiiiilor 
Jai'kHoii,  hliu    wuH 

I'clii'l  Kli'iimci',  to 
inmilsiilc  tliiit  till- 

I'liKHiiiK  Fort  Ht. 
i'(m1  tlmt  fort  widi 
iiliovc    it  i'iij(iif,'('il 

H.  Tin-  <  'ni/ui/ii, 
•i\  thd  fditH,  I'll- 
llotilliiof  IH  gmi- 
1  doHtruc'  Mid 

r  piKMiii 

1    Oiteiili  .•  t(i 

H     Vfbol     gUlllldutH 

iiul  lilowii  ii|i  l)v 
lio  J/i)iif<iii,  rebel 

Kill,    llttlickl'll     lllli 

mill  iiHHiiiliii^  will) 
'iniii  iKiw  (liHiilileil 
t  out  of  tilt)  (ijjiit. 
lOr  irbcl  iroii-c'luil 
ill  tli<;  ]ii>i't  Nidi' 
riie  liiMt  time,  tile 
iiniiititi  Hide,  iiiid 

,W.     Hl'dlllul    cloHo 

M  eiglit-iiK'li  hIh'IIh 
lining  diHeii^itged, 
a  biiniiiig  wrcfk. 
wiiH  run  hkIioio, 
•(inn.  Tlio  (hii'l(/u 
ilirected  by  C'ii|il. 
rHiio  the  3fi)rf/(iii. 
ered,  luivi  'imt 
led,    IllK  ii;^ 

ider,  will  s 

rho  T  «)«,,,  .111 
,  tlio  Kliore.  'i'liii 
n  this  eiigageuieut 
woiuideiL 
5th,  the  Ctn/iujii, 
10  Chalmctte  bat- 

0  city,  whieli  were 
it  lUMin  the  wlioUi 
lew  Orleans.  Hen. 
awn  his  force  of 
:id  tlio  city  liiiiitH, 

Aloore,  78  miles 
lilroad.  A  panic 
ity  had  taken  pos- 
)  city.     It  is  esti- 

1  amount  of  eigiit 
ly  them  and  eon- 
riio  rivor  seemed 
8  of  flame,  richly 
\  and  cut  adrift, 
led  were  botli  de- 
city  was  formally 
ous  exhibition  of 
layor,  Miinroe,  it 
iid  a  Union  force 
oniiiiana  from  the 
» followed  the  ma- 
ut  fearing  to  offer 
lio  whole  city  lay 
tlio  fleet.  Kight 
rolton.  Com.  Far- 
3  forts  mounting 

1  been  disabled ; 
n  extciulea  across 
descent  of   Coin. 

it  up  his  forces 
b  the  bar  bolow, 


Itiid  shiirlly  led  them  to  (he  rear  of  Fort 
SI.  riiilip.  Oil  the  L'Hth  A)iril,  Cnni. 
I'liiN'r  liuviiig  Hti'iidily  cniitiiMii'd  the  lioiu- 
liMiilliii  lit  of  llie  fiiitH,  rei'i'iviil  the  eipitulil- 
tinii  nl'lii'ii.  Iliiiicaii  ami  Lieut. -( 'ul.  IliggiuK, 
e  iiiiiiiaiiiiiii;;  tlieiii.  Diiriii,!,'  (lie  emifi'ri'iii'e 
ii|Miii  till'  llnniit  Litiii\  the  rebel  rain  l^iniin- 
ii.in,  |ierliilii>usly  ""t  on  fire  with  all  her  guns 


IJiiiler  insfriietious  friiiii  WaHliiiigtiin,  the 
siege  Was  iibandoneil,  ami  Coiii.  Farnigiit  re- 
luriiiil  to  New  Orleans,  which  lie  i  'iiclied  on 
llie  -Sth  •Inly,  and  Oi'ii.  Williams,  uilli  his 
CDniiiiaiiil,  coiii|irihiiig  a  great  iiiaiiy  sick,  ve- 
tni'iiril  lo  ilatiui  Iviiiigii. 

At  (liiyli^ilit,  on  August  .''ith,  an  attack  was 
iiiailii  on    llie   latter  plaoc,  by  a    Ciiiifeilerate 


^llclttell,  ilrifli'd  down  u|miu  I'nrlei's  lleet,  in  I  fnrce  ol'  l.'l  regiineiits,  under  Miijiii-(leii. 
till-  liiid.st  of  which  she  was  expected  to  ex- I  .loliii  ( '.  Itreckinriilge,  the  Naliniial  forces 
ploile.  lint  the  explosion  <lid  not  take  place  ainountiiig  to  '.(  regiments,  thinned  by  sick- 
iiiitil  she  was  abreast  of  (''ml  St.  I'hilip,  by  I  nesM.  A  severe  battle  of  two  hours  ensued, 
which  a  I'uIhiI  soldier  in  that  fort  only  was  !  dm  iiig  which  many  iifKeers  on  both  sides  fell, 
killed.     'I'ho  tliven  reiimiiiing  rebel  steainerii !  including  ( icii.  WilliiiniH,  who  was  shot  dead 


were  sriilt led.  'J'lieir  olllceis,  with  those  of 
the  l.iwiUiiuin,  were  sent  iimtli  as  prisoners 
williiiiit  parole,  for  this  violalioii  of  the  pro- 
gress of  a  capitiilatiiin.  The  forts  were  shortly 
liiined  over  to  (Jen.  riielps.  The  rebel  furls 
I'ikc  Hinl  .Morgan  on  liiike  I'oiicliartrain,  iiiid 
Livingston   on    the    (iulf,    were    now  easily 


while  gallantly  leading  the  Ulst  Indiana,  its 
liclil-ollicers  being  all  killed.  At  10  A.M.,  the 
Confeileratcs  withdrew  with  a  loss  of  400, 
(ieii.  ( 'larke,  comiiiaiiding  one  of  their  brig- 
ades, being  left  on  the  Held  mortally  ooiindeil. 
'I'lie  powerful  rebel  ram  .trlidiiniin,  which 
mil  eluded  the  iittcuipls  of  both  Ooin.  Farm- 


tiik'U,  and    on    the    1st  of   May  (ieii.  Iliitlertgnt   and    (.'ommaiider   I'orter  to   destroy  her 


iiiriwd  at  New  Orleans  iinil  took  poHScs.siou, 
inarching  on  foot  to  the  air  of"  Yankee  Doo- 
dle" through  various  streets  to  the  ciistoiii- 
hoii.v'  from  the  levee,  at  the  head  of  his  forces, 
iiiuid  a  crowd  of  .'lOjOIIO  highly  excited  rebels, 
who  pressed  forward  to  gel  a  sight  of  him, 
willi  mingled  erics  of  curiosity  and  delialiee. 

L'lider  the  vigorous  and  able  rule  of  '.ien. 
]iiitl 'r,  till)  city  Slum  enjoyed  perfect  order 
iind  extniordinaiy  eleaiilinesH,  while  the  open 
or  iu-iiilting  disjilay  of  treason  to  the  iia- 
li'iual  allegiance  was  tlioioughly  suppressed 
by  rigid  but  ellective  measures,  among  which 
,11  order  by  him  sub|ccteil  women  who  pas.sed 


while  near  Vicksbiirg,  and  had  come  down 
with  two  tenders  to  aid  liieckiiiridgo  in  his 
attack  on  liiiton  Itoiigc,  was  rendered  tempo- 
rarily useless  by  the  breaking  down  of  her 
engine.  'I'ho  day  alter  the  battle,  ('onimandcr 
rorter,  in  the  giiubimts  h'usm,  ('iii/v//ti,  mn\ 
Slimier,  pursued  her  and  her  consorts  up  the 
river.  Shortly  after  being  overtaken,  her 
reiiiainiiig  engine  became  disalded.  1  ler  com- 
mander, I.ieiil.  Stevens,  then  set  hi'V  on  lire 
and  abandoned  lur,  escaping  with  his  crew  to 
the  shore.  'J'li  h'/turx  shortly  fired  her  mag- 
azine with  a  shell,  whereat  she  blew  np.  In 
consequence  of  the  active  and  thorough  ]ire| 


llie  limits  of  a  decent  indulgence  in  their  I  anitions  of  (Ien.  Ibitler  at  New  Orleans,  a 
exliiliition  of  feeling  against  the  llnion  sol-  ,  meditated  attack  for  its  recapture  liy  the 
iliers,  to  the  punishment  by  iiiipri.sonnient  to  ;  rebels  was  iibandoneil  ;  whereiqion  ho  sent 
which  disorderly  courtesans  are  usually  sub-  (Sen.  Wcitzcl,  in  October,  to  re-establish  the 
jeolcd  in  well-ordered  cities.  nati'iial  anthorily  in  the  wealthy  regions  of 

Tlei.Mayor  and  municipal  authoritieshaviiig  the  State  lying  imi  Ih-west  of  New  Orleans, 
proved  ini'apable  of  understanding  or  admin- '  sequestraliiig  llie  whole  district  by  coinmis- 
i.slcriug  the  iifrairs  of  the  city,  under  the  ox- !  sioii,  liberating  the  slaves,  and  largely  iucreas- 
isting  situation,  were  (h'posed  by  him  and  sent ;  ing  the  number  of  white  loyalists,  and  iiisti- 
lo  jail  for  a  short  jieriod.  Several  iiewspa-  tilting  an  election  of  momburs  of  Congress 
pels  also,    lOt  being  inclined  to  print  his  otii- ;  from  that  district. 

cial  doeuuiont.s,  and  foolishly  continuing  to!  On  llcceniber  Itth,  (!cn.  N.  1'.  ISanks 
issue  rebellious  appeals  to  the  (ii^ople,  were  ,  reached  New  Orleans,  superseding  Oen.  Butler 
)iroiiiptly  supprcH.sed  by  him.  lie  also  hang-  in  the  coniinaiid  of  the  department.  (Jen. 
ed,  on  Juno  7tli,  one  Win.  H.  Miiinford,  the  liiitler  tinned  over  to  his  successor  4,000 
leader  of  a  rebel  mob  who  hud  torn  down  more  soldiers  than  he  had  received  from  the 
from  the  iMint  the  National  flag,  where  it  had  military  authorities  of  the  North,  including  .'! 
been  hoisted  by  some  sailors  of  the  J'nisri-  regiments  and  2  batteries  of  negroes,  lie 
C')/(f,  on  27tli  April.  About  '.lie  snnie  time '  expended  ^.")l.'i),000  in  feeding  the  poor  of 
he  pardoned  hix  misguided  rebel  sohlieis  who  New  Orleans,  and  the  remainder  of  iin  aggre- 
liail  violated  their  parole  byre-enlisting  in  gate  of  §1,OS8,000,  which  he  had  colli'cted  by 
the  rebel  service.  Shortly  after  the  surrender  !  taxation  and  confiscation,  he  turned  over  to 
of  New  Orleans,  liatoii  Kongo  and  Natchez  the  national  treasury.  His  vigorous  and 
were  occupied  by  the  riiion  forces,  and  the  unique  administration  of  affairs  had  caused 
advance  of  llin  Union  si|uadroii  reached  him,  and  all  lii.s  cominissioned  oflicers,  to  be 
Vicksbiirg.  On  the  night  of  June  t'titli,  the  |)roclaimed  by  the  Confederate  Kxecnlive  as 
Union  force  before    this   jdaco    having  lieeii  '  felons  and  outlaws,  iiiid  a  reward  of  ^10,000 


iiicrciLsed  by  4,000  soldiers  under  (ien, 
'i'lioinius  Williams  and  Com.  Porter's  mortar 
fleet,  a  bombardment  was  opened.  On  the 
afternoon  of  the  2Sth,  Com.  Karragut,  with 
kix  vessels,  passed  Vicksbiirg  and   coiiimuiii 


was  also  olfered  for  his  body,  dead  or  alive, 
by  a  private  citizen  of  Charleston,  S.  C. 

On  the  l.'Uh  January,  lSti2,  the  advance  of 
a  large  military  and  naval  expedition,  under 
Cell.  A.  JO.  nnrnsiile  and  Com.  Ji.  M.  (iolds- 


cated  with  the  nalional  fleet  of  mortiir  and  borough,  reached  llatteras  Inlet.  The  forces 
gun  boats  from  ('airo,  under  ("apt.  Oavis.  !  of  (Jen.  I'lirnside  amounted  to  1 1,:'i00  men  in 
(leu.  Williams,  with  his  sol(li;'rs,  and  a  force  j  .10  or  40  transporls,  organized  in  In  igadescoiii- 
of  1,'JOO  negroes  culleeted  in  the  region,  at-  niandcd  by  <!ciis.  Foster,  Ueno,  and  I'arkes. 
teiiqited,  but  failed  in  making  a  canal  across  ;  The  naval  force  consisted  of  lil  gunboiits, 
the  peninsula  opposite  Vicksbnrg,  and  the  !  inoniiting'J4  guns.  The  fleet  was  severely  criji- 
bombardment  failed  to  materially  ntl'ect  the  |  jiled  by  slrcssof  weatlier,and  foiirortlve  traiis- 
uaturally  strong   fortifications  of  the  place.  1  ports,  with  one  gunboat,  weru  lost  off  the  bar. 


After  a  iiecivi„»;,n  delay,  on  February  5111,05 
vessels  of  lio'  fleet  moved  up  I'amlico  ami 
Croiitan  .Soumls  at  the  rate  of  four  mill  s  an 
hour,  until  off  the  soiille  in  |H>int  of  lloaiiuko 
Island,  where  they  aiicliored  for  lli,  iiight.  At 
III  A.M.  Febrimiy  .Uh  the  gunboats  led  tho 
way  into  Croiitan  .Sound  lliioiigh  ItoaiioKi  In- 
let,  driving  seven  rebel  gunboats  before  tliiiii. 
At  noon,  the  hitter,  having  reached  the  libel 
Fort  Ihirlon,  halted,  and  with  the  latter  opened 
lire  upon  the  Union  force.  At  4  I'.M.,  covered 
by  the  tiro  <if  the  iMiion  gunbimts,  7,riOO  men 
debarked  on  Uoaiioke  Island  some  two  miles 
from  Fort  llartoii,  and  bivouiieked  for  tho 
night.  The  fort  was  defend(>d  by  about  ;t,000 
Confederates,  iinderCen.  Shaw.  At  an  early 
hoiiron  Feb.  H  the  Uiiionists  advanced  through 
the  bogs  snrroiiiiding  the  fort,  ami  then  resolv- 
ed to  charge  tho  causeway  which  led  to  it  and 
was  completely  commanded  by  itn  lire.  This 
was  shortly  accomplished  in  the  most  gallant 
manner,  by  the  flMi  and  filst  New  York,  21st 
and  2.'ld  Massacl  Msetts,  and  10th  Connecticut. 
Lying  do.  n  beiii  'h  a  fire  of  grape,  the  .list 
and 'Jth  New  Vo. !;  r,d  21st  Massaelinselts 
suddenly  ro.se  and  rushed  over  the  rebel 
breastworks,  chasing  the  enemy  therefrom,  and 
speedily  capturing  the  most  of  them.  Tho 
rebel  loss  in  killed  ami  wounded  was  .''il'i, 
among  the  former  being  ('apt.  O.  •),  Wise,  son 
of  the  rebel  general  ;  in  prisoners,  2,700.  The 
entire  Union  loss  was  about  .'iO  killed  mid  200 
wounded.  A  large  amount  of  war  materiul, 
including  some  forty  guns,  was  thus  captured. 

On  the  following  day,  the  rebel  gunboats, 
seven  in  niinibiu',  having  been  hotly  pursued  by 
fourteen  Cnioii  gunboats  under  (Vim.  Hownr. 
lip  Albemarle  Sound,  were  set  on  tire  and 
abandoned  by  their  crews  at  Flizabeth  City. 
The  hitter  was  al.so  fired  and  partially  destroy- 
ed. Four  of  the  Union  gunboats  then  ]iio- 
ceeded  to  Kdenton,  where  eight  cannon  and 
sevi^'al  schooners  laden  with  supplies  were  de- 
stroyed or  captured.  On  .March  12,  the  main 
expedition  arrived  at  a  point  OM  miles  bi4ow 
Newberii,  N.  C.,  on  the  Neiise  I'iver.  Next 
morning  the  troops  landed  and  pushed  up  on 
I  he  banks,  following  the  gunboats  on  tho 
river,  which  shelled  the  road  for  them  to  within 
a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  rebi;!  defi'iices  of  the 
city.  Half  way  up,  the  gunboats  eiic<iiiiitcred 
heavy  obstructions  of  sunken  vessels,  spin's, 
and  torpedoes,  but  these  were  removed.  The 
next  day,  March  14,  one  after  another  of  tho 
forts  defending  Newbern  on  the  water  were 
evacuated  at  tho  approach  of  the  Union  gun- 
boats, which  advanced  firing  their  Rhellseven  to 
the  city  wharves.  The  land  defencesof  the  city 
were  strong  breastworks  covering  the  railway, 
and  well  mounted  with  heavy  guns  and  field 
batteries,  and  manned  by  about  .'),000  men, 
under  (Sen.  L.  O'l?.  Uraiieh.  At  7  A.Ji.  (Ien, 
liurnside  moved  on  tli<;  rebel  works,  and  after 
an  hour's  vigorous  fighting,  a  general  assault 
was  made  by  the  Unionists,  and  the  whole  lino 
of  fortificalion.s  was  shortly  in  their  hands. 
The  rebels  innnning  these  works  then  fled  into 
the  city,  pursued  by  ( !en.  Foster.  They  then 
hastily  fired  this  place  at  niiiiierous  |>oiuts, 
and  retreated  (Ui  (loldsboro,  by  the  rail- 
road, which  ivas  now  subjected  to  severe  .shell- 
ing by  the  I 'iiioii  gunboats,  The  capture  of 
the  intrenchnienfsand  city  included  ti!)  cannon, 
two  steamboats,  and  large  quantities  of  muni- 
tions, with  r>00  prisoners.  Tho  Union  loss 
was  about  100  killed  and  500  wounded.     Tho 


S68 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


■f-S, 


rolx)!  loHR  ill  killt.'d  unti  wounded  wiui  about 
200. 

Marcli  23,  Ocn.  ISuruHidu  occu|)i(!d  Moru- 
head  City  without  ivniHtiiiK.'f,  uiid  also  Itriiu- 
fort,  acioss  tin;  N'rw|i()rt  Uivcr.  April  U"),  tli<^ 
HtroHKiiud  costly  Frdrral  foiticss,  Fort  Macon, 
Ktandiii;;  at  tlic  entrance  of  Ncwpoit  JUvcr, 
and  Kci/.iHJ  by  (Jov.  ICilis  n|ii>n  llic  .siuMission  of 
till!  Stale,  WiiH  invested  by  tin;  Uniim  forces, 
and  liiavy  tiro  opened  tin  reon  fioni  batteries 
and  tliinking  mortars  at  i,L'0()  feet  distance, 
while  four  xunboats  circled  befoii;  the  fortress, 
and  discharptd  their  shot  and  shell  thereujiou 
in  turn.  The  next  ihiy,  most  of  his  gums  hav- 
ing been  dismounted,  Col.  White,  commanding 
the  fort,  surrendered  it,  with  its  gani.son  of 
TiOO  nii.'ii.  In  the  meaiilime,  tlio  towns  on  the 
Chowan  Jlivera-s  far  as  Wilton  were  ocoupied 
by  the  Unionists  with  little  resistance.  April 
'20,  <!en.  Ileno  endeavoring  to  intercept  a 
rebel  force  leaving  Klizabetli  City  fur  Norfolk, 
wan  confronted  near  Camden  by  anollier,  which 
was  strongly  ]iosted,  and  wliich  aft<'r  some 
temporary  advantage  was  linally  drivi'u  oil', 
tlie  SJnionists  having  lostintli(>  engiigenient 
LO  killed  and  OH  wounded,  aiid  the  rebels  about 
tlie  same  numbers.  On  July  I,  (ien.  Hurn- 
Kidn  was  ordered  to  hasten  to  Fortress  Monroe 
with  all  his  disposable  troops,  ami  left  (ien. 
Foster  in  command  of  the  North  Caroliiia  De- 
Jiartment,  with  a  small  force  to  hold  the  posi- 
tions gained  there.  Ijite  in  the  year,  (!en. 
Foster,  having  received  reinforcements,  assum- 
ed tlio  otfensive,  and  on  Dee.  II  advanced  on 
Ciohlslioro.  Near  Kingston  he  encountered 
a  considerable  rebel  force,  \inder  (!en.  Kvans, 
whom  he  routed  after  a  short  but  sharp  fight, 
capturing  400  jirisoners.  He  next  advanced 
on  (Joldsboro  and  destroyed  the  railroad  bridge 
of  the  Wilmington  and  Wehloii  road  over 
the  Neuse.  He  then  returned  to  Newbern, 
a  vastly  superior  force  having  been  gathered 
in  his  front,  under  the  rebel  Uen.  C  W. 
•Smith. 

The  inaction  of  the  Grand  Army  of  tlic 
Potonmc,  under  (!en.  Mo"lellan,  continued 
throughout  the  winter  of  lM()l-(')2.  No  en- 
gagements took  place  of  any  note,  except  at 
Math  and  JJomney,  where,  January  l.st,  na 
tional  detachments  were  driven  from  their 
garrisons  by  Cen.  (Stonewall)  Jackson  with 
11  large  force,  and  the  dash,  on  February  l.'ith, 
of  the  Union  (Jen.  F.  W.  Lancler,  at  Itloom- 
ing  Ciap,  in  which  he  indicted  a  lo.ss  of  M^ 
killed  and  wounded  upon  the  enemy.  On 
January  llUh,  K.  M.  (Stanton  siuveeded  Simon 
Cameron  as  Secretary  of  War,  and  shortly 
afterwards  a  war  order  commanding  a  genera! 
advance,  on  February  '2'2il,  towards  Uich- 
mond,  was  issued  by  the  I'resident.  'J'he 
Army  of  the  IVitonnie  was  now  organized  in 
four  corps,  under  Gens,  McDowell,  Sumner, 
Heint/.elman,  and  Keyes.  The  IVesident's 
plan  of  movement  wjus  directly  southward  to 
a  point  on  the  railroad  south-west  of  Manas- 
sas. That  of  Gen.  -McClellan  was  by  the 
('hesapeake,  up  the  Happahannock  to  Fort- 
ress Monroe,  making  a  secondary  ba.se  of 
West  I'oint.  The  hitler  plan  involved  a  long 
ilelay,  and  heavy  expen.se  in  procuring  naval 
transportation.  It  also  left  the  national 
metropolis,  with  il.s  archives  ami  enormous 
stores,  dangerously  ex]HiHcd,  or  else  involved 
a  spiious  dispeihion  of  the  ii.'.liiiniil  force.-,. 
It  was  nevertheli')*  adoptcil,  the  I'resident 
deferring  the  cummon-iicuse  uf  the  civilian  to 


niilitury   science.      The   Confederates,  about 
00,000  in   number  at    Manassas,   were    now 
coinniandcd    by    (jcn.    J.    F).   Johnston,    who 
completed,   on    the  Htli   March,    tie    evaciia- 
tiiin  of  his  winter  ciinips   and   successful   re- 
lirenient  southward  to  the  line  of  the  Itiippa- 
hannock.   The  Union  coinmanilcr  received  his 
Hist  information  i>f  this  important  movement 
of  the   enemy  the    day  after   its   coinplelion. 
The   latter,  awaiting  transportation  to    Fort- 
ress Moiiri'e  at  this  moment,  ordered  an  ail- 
\aiice  of  his  grand   army  upon   the  enemy's 
deserted  lines,  with  a  view  of  practice,  where- 
upon the  rrisideiit  relieved  him  of  the  eoiii- 
iiiand  of  all  military  departments  but  tliat  of 
the    rotomac.      (Jen.  Natli.    1*.  Jiaiiks,   com- 
manding the   national  forces   on  the    u|iper 
I'otoliiac,  w;ts  now  ordered  by  Gen.  Mc('lellan 
to  move  down  from  the  Shenandoah  valley  to 
Maiias.sa.s,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  reposses- 
sing hiiiiselfof  the  latter  position.    At  10,1. M. 
on  March  L'.'id,  a  division  of  JJank.s's  army,  un- 
der (ien.  Shields,  comprising  tl,000  infantry, 
'  7M  cavalry,  and  24  guns,  and  well  posted  at  : 
the   village  of   Kernstown,   was  attacked    by  | 
(ien.  Jackson,  but  the  latter,  notwithstanding 
a  desperate    stand   behind   a   high  and  solid  | 
stone  wall,   was  ultimately   Hanked  therefrom  j 
,  and  forced  to  retreat  in  di.sorder,  with  a  lo.ss  ' 
I  in  killed  and  wounded  of  1,11110  to  l,.'ilMI,  I'idO  j 
!  piisoners,  and  l!  gun.s.     The  national  los.s  wesj 
'  lo:{   killed.    111    wounded,   and  '2\    missing, 
Jackson   was  then  unsuccessfully  pursued  up  i 
the  Shenandoah   valley  as  far  as   Woodstock,  \ 
j  by  (ien.  IJaiiks.  j 

The    forty-gun    steam    frigate    Jfiirhnar,  ! 
.scuttled  upon  the  evacuation  of  Norfolk  navy  i 
yard    by  its  commander,  was  raised  by  the 
rebels   and   cut  down  to  her  hull,  over  which 
I  was  then  constructed  a  sloping  shield  of  rail- 
!  road  iron,  lirnily  iilated  and  extending  two  feet 
beneath  the  water,  and  lesembling  the  slanting 
roof  of  a  house;   the  .'nds  of   the  vessel  pro- 
jected   a  few  feet   beyonil  this  roof.     On   the 
noon  of  Saturday,  March  8,  l.Htii',  this  formid-  , 
able  craft,  heavily  armed  willi  KKi-pmin  I  Arm- ! 
strong  guns  and   aceoin]ianied   by   two  other, 
[  war   vessels,   the  ,f(iiiiintnir:i   and    i'orkt(i>cii, 
t  proceeded  from  Norfolk  to  Newport  News,  , 
:  where  were  lying  at  anchor  two  national  sail- 
1  ing  frigat(!s,   the    Ciimheilani!  and   the    (\iii- 
,1/irsii.      Passing  the  latter,  she  dischiirged   a 
;  single  broadside  at  her,  and  procciled  towards  ' 
I  the    (,'Km/>i';/aH'/,  receiving  ii|ioii  her  sloping 
jshield  without  harm   the  heavy  broadsides  of 
both  frigates.     The  formidable  Union  liattery 
on  the  shore  also  opened  upon  lier  point  blank, 
lint  its  shot  and  shell  glanced  harmlessly  away  ] 
from  her  sides.     The  iron  prow  id"  the  J/riri- 
htric  twice  struck  and  crushed  in  the  side  o." 
the  (  'uinliiiliir  /,  and  ponderous  niissiles  were 
poured   into  the   latter,   which   scattered   her 
I  massive  guns  and  the  mutilated  bodies  of  her 
!  crew  ill  all  dircctioiLS.     Jlut  she  still  nobly  , 
replied,  until  after  forty-five  minutes shcsunk 
in  .'>4   feet  of  water,  carrying  down  with  her 
the  dead  and  wounded  upon  her  decks,  her 
Mag  still  t'yiii';  iVom  the  topmast.     Tiie    Con- ^ 
I/nun,    having    endeavored     to     escape,    ran 
iiground,  and   was    now   apjiroaclied   by   the 
J/i  iilniiii'  and  her  allies,  who   at  once  <lis 
cliarged   broadside  after   broadside   at   clo.^e  i 
range,  inking  her  from  stem   to  stern.     The 
decks  were   in   an   instiuit   covered  with   dis- ■ 
mounted  guns  and   mangled   limbs   and   the 
_  vewtel  tired  in  three  separate  jilaccs.     The  | 


ilag  was  drawn  down  at  4.oO  i-.m.  to  pre- 
vent further  sulfering.  While  s'le  had  a  white 
Hag  tlying  to  intimate  her  surrender.  Union 
soldiers  from  the  iioie  tired  upon  the  rebel 
vessels,  whereupuii  the  J/oiiiuiin  pouieil 
ano*her  broadside  into  the  I .'niKirins,  notwith- 
standing  the  white  Ihig.  'i  he  ollicers  of  the 
latter  were  taken  prisoners,  while  the  crew 
were  permitted  to  escape  to  iheshorein  their 
boats.  The  Ciiiii/ni:ii  liurneil  iiiilil  midnight, 
when  her  magazine  exploded,  completely  de- 
stroying her.  The  Jfm-iiiiar,  afler  leaving 
the  Coiii/riHS,  jiroceeded  towards  the  Miuin'- 
sutUy  which  with  another  splendid  frigate,  the 
St,  J^iwrence,  had  run  aground  about  a  mile 
from  Newpcirt  News,  in  coming  frniii  FortresH 
Monroe  to  the  .scene  of  action.  For  two  or  three 
hours  the  Mirrimur  tired  upon  the  Miiiin- 
sola  at  a  mile's  distance,  not  being  able  from 
the  shallowness  of  the  water  to  approach 
nearer,  while  her  consorts,  the  JoiinhUiiiii. 
and  Yorktovm,  also  kejit  up  a  vigorous  lire 
u|)oii  her  at  nearer  range.  At  7  l'..M.  they 
desisted,  and  steamed  back  towards  Norfolk. 

At  0  A.M.  of  the  following  day,  they 
again  n)ipeared  anil  jiroceeiied  towards  the 
rear  of  the  firmly  grounded  jM innrmitii.  iJur- 
ing  the  night,  two  small  steameis  had  arrived 
froia  sea  at  Fortresa  Monroe,  towing  a  small 
raft,  suriiiotinted  by  a  small  round  tower,  a 
few  feet  in  height.  1'his  was  the  J/oitilm; 
devLsed  by  Capt.  Ericsson  .ind  built  by  private 
enterprise  as  an  experiment  of  invulnerabil- 
ity. She  mounted  Init  two  gun.s.  The  jl/.r- 
rtinar,  Hjiparently  unconscious  of  the  vicinity 
of  the  antagonist  she  was  shortly  to  en- 
counter, again  leisurely  jiroceeiled  to  open 
lire  upon  the  Miitnemdn.  The  J/miilor  then 
approached  and  intervened  ilirectly  between 
the  nneipially  matched  untogonists,  and  open- 
ing her  fire  upon  the  astonished  J/tiiiiiirtr, 
shortly  compelled  her  to  change  her  position, 
in  doing  which  she  grouniled.  As  somi  as 
she  got  allottt,  she  stood  down  the  bay,  cliasi  d 
by  the  ^loiiili'r.  Suddenly  she  turned  and 
ran  over  the  latter,  but  without  (hiiiiiiging 
her,  and  seriously  injuring  her  own  prow  and 
her  mail  so  that  a  bad  leak  ensued.  The 
ships  now  closed  and  hurled  shot  iinil  shell  at 
each  other.  The  rebel  Yiirktiivn  eiideavur- 
iiig  to  intervene,  received  a  IT'lpoiind  shut 
from  the  Monitor,  which  at  once  disabled  her. 
The  Monitor  now  steamed  around  her  mme 
unwieldy  antagonist,  discharging  her  missiles 
at  likely  vulnerable  spots,  and  at  length  thieu 
boles  were  observed  to  have  been  made  in 
the  Merrimai;  and  she  Mas  evidently  sinking 
She  now  gave  up  the  fight,  which  she  was 
(leHtined  never  to  renew,  and  fled  towanls 
Norfolk,  pursued  but  a  short  distance  by  the 
Monitor,  which  had  been  ordered  not  to  leave 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Heet.  In  this 
nieinorablo  contest  the  Monitor  was  entirely 
uninjured,  although  bhe  was  struck  by  I  lie 
rebel  broadsides  twenty-two  times,  ttne  of 
the  rebel  Ixilts,  however,  struck  the  grating 
of  the  jiilot-hoiise,  through  which  her  gallant 
commander,  Lieut.  Worden,  was  watching  his 
enemy,  knocking  off  some  cement  into  his 
face  with  such  force  as  to  blind  him  for  some 
days  and  |permaneiitly  destroying  his  left  vy. 

During  the  month  of  April.  IMii;,  a  pur- 
tion  of  the  (irand  Army  of  the  I'otmnac,  ceti- 
sistingof  lL'l,.'')(iO  men,"H,.Mi:;  aniniiils,  l,l.iil 
wagons,  44  batteries,  and  an  immense  i|miii- 
tity  of  equipage,  was  traasferred  from  Wash 


UNITED    STATES. 


im 


iiigtou  to  KiirtrcsH  .Moiiiix-.     On  the  L'd  Ai)ril 
(icii.    Mcl'lt'Uan    iin'licil    tlin    liiltcr    pliicc, 
soiiK!  (Wt,(llM)  (jf  Ills  iiii'ii  iiikI   IflO  fjiiijH  Inning 
iilniicly  bi'fii  triinsjiortcil    lljitliir.      lie.    jjir). 
cicdi'ii     to     r(!i;oiiiioitre     tin;    nliil     liiicM    at 
Yoiktown,   \vliii!li    wi-nt  tln'ii    clcfiinliil    )iy  a 
fdici^  of  aljoiit    10,000  mill,  iiiidci-   (!i'n.  Ma- 
pnicl<:r,  and    conclildi-d  to  Ix'.sii-gc;   instead   of 
ijiakiiig  any  di;tciiiiint'd  assault  \i|i(iii   lliini. 
On  tin;   liitli,  a  reconnoisiuanct;  in  liiixc  niadi? 
1)V  tlio  lid  iJivi.siou  nndci- <!fn.  \V.  K.  Sniilli, 
on    till)    Warwick,    whm   Kucci^ssfully   rlu'ckeil 
by  tlio  rebels.     May  41b,  the  great  |ire|iara-| 
tioii.s  for  lii.4   bcsiogenient  liaving  been  tiiUy  ; 
coiiipiet^.'d  by  tb(!    IjnionJHtH,  (jeii.  Magriider 
abiiiidoned    liis    linen   and    letreati.'d    np    tlie! 
jieiiiiisula,  and    was   tlieren|ioii    imrHUed    by 
several  divisions  of  tin;  Union  army.      <,'on- 
eeiitrated  from   various   |ioiiit.H   and    in   large 
t'liee,  the    rebels   now  made  a  stand    at    Wil- 
liaiusliurg.       Th']    various    Union    divisions; 
a  Ivaneed    to    tliia    place    by    ilitferent   roads, 
which    were    nearly  im])a.ssjil<le   from  a  heavy 
riiii  which    had   set   in.       At    daylight.    May 
i'l,  (>i!n.  ilookcT,   moving   ovir   the   llaniiiton 
road,    came    in    .sight    of    the    rebel    works,  I 
which  were  |ilaeed  on  well  chosen  ground,  anil  | 
oonsisled   of  l'"ort  .Magriider,  at  the  junction  i 
of  the   Vorktown  and  Jlanipton  roads,  with  j 
u  line  e.\teiidiiig  across  the  peninsula,  of  re-  i 
doubts,  rille-pits,  and  tangled  ubattis.    Hooker  j 
ut   once   attacked   the  enemy,   expecting   thi' 
s|MMdy  arrival  of  the  remainder  of  tin;  Union 
tioips,    and    was    soon   desiierately    engaged 
with  a  Viistly  biiperior  force.     'I'hree  times  lie 
repulsed  the  rebel  charges   njion  bis  centre, 
e;;cli  made  with    fresh  troops  and    increasing 
numbers.     At  1  r.M.  all    his    regiments   were 
engaged,  and  though  still   tightiug  gallantly, 
iveri;   fast  being   thinned    without   adviineing 
ugiiinst  the  overniatching  foe.      Shortly  after 
*ards  (icii.  Ixjiigslreel's  division  of  the  rebel 
army,  which   had   been    inarching  to  the    de- 
fend: of  liii'hinond  and    ri'CHlled    to  the  Wil- 
liaiii.sb  ng  defences,  reached   the  Held,  and  a 
fresh    attempt     was    at    once    made  by  the 
enemy  on   both    (ien.    Hooker's    centre   and 
left       After  u  protracted  struggle   it    was   re   ' 
pulsed   with    gieat   slaughter   on    both   sides,! 
and  with  a  loss  of  four  Union  guns  and  MliO  i 
|uii-.  ner.s.      At  4..'>0   I'.M.   (ien.    Ilookei's   di 
visiiiM,  which   liad    for  nine   hours   gallantly  J 
stood  against  the  whole  rebel  army,  skilfully  ! 
fortilied,    was    relieved    by    (leu.     Keaiiiey'sl 
division  and  held  as  a  reserve.     The  niuskel-  ! 
vy  liring  was  now  renewed   along    (ho  whole  i 

line,  and   our    regiments    Ijegaii    to    advai 

A    gallant    charge  of   the   iiStli   New    York, 
Col.    llobart   Ward,   which    lost   most    of  its 
ollicers  therein,  siippleniented   by  a  charge  of 
the  40lli    Mew     'S'oik,   Col.    Wiley,  drove    the 
enemy  from   the   rille-pits  of   the   centre,  and 
this  ground  was  lield.      (leii.  .liiiiieson  brought  [ 
up  his  brigade,  and  a  second  line  was  formed,  i 
when  darkness  closed  in,  preventing  further  j 
action.     (Jen.  Hancock  had  Immmi  sent  to  llank  j 
the  enemy's  left,  and  by  a  brilliant   bayonet 
charge  he  routed   and    dispersed   their  whole 
force  there,  killing,  wounding,  and  capturing 
.'lOO  or  (100,  with  a  loss  of  btit    ;il  iiieii,  and 
holding  the  works  wli'li  he  captured.      At  .') 
I'.M.    (ien.     MeClellan    reached    the    front  at 
llaneuck's  position,  and    shortly  before   dark 
heveral  fresh   divisimis  of  his   army   arrived. 
In  his   report   of  this  contlict,  (ien.  Hooker 
calls  atleutiou  to   the  remuikablo   fact  that. 


his  division   wa.s  pprinitteil   to  carry  on   this   having  Ijiirned  a  part  of  their  stores.     Jackson 
iinefpial  struggle  from  morning  till  night  tin-   did  not  follow  up  the  pursuit,  but  presently 


aided,  in  the  presence  of  more  than  150^000 
of  their  comrades  s.itli  arms  in  their  hands. 
Huiing  the  night  the  rebels  hastily  evalu- 
ated Williamsburg,  having  SOO  .severely 
w'oun.led  to    beconie    ]irisoniis.       (!en.    Mc- 


reerossed  tl".  .Shenandoah  .Mountain  to  Lelv 
anon,  e  'he  17tli  .May  proceeded  towards 

Harriso.i  .irg,  by  the  way  of  Fiont  Uoyal,  to 
meet  lianks  at  JStrasburg.  At  Front  Koyal 
a  small   Union  force,  holding  the  jilace  under 


Clelhin  ri;porti  d  a  total  loss  in  this  engage  Col.  J.  It.  Kcnly,  was  driven  out  by  Ai.hby  s 
liient  of  4.')ii  killed,  1,100  wounded,  and  '^7-  cavalry,  the  advance  of  Jackson's  army,  and 
missing.  The  rebel  loss,  not  oHicially  pro  a  fewniiles  farther  on  was  overtaken,  his  train 
elaimed,  was  prob.'ibly  eipial  to  that  of  the  captnnMl,  and  his  command  of  iKlO  annihilated 
Union  forces.  (Ien.  Franklin's  division,  i  by  the  8,000  pursuing ;  70()  Unionists  were 
whiih  had  bee'i  dispatched  to  jNlctJIellaii'b  [  made  jirisoners,  and  a  number  of  guns  weru 
aid  from  Washington,  in  cons(;i|uence  of  the  taken  in  this  re)«'l  lriuin]ih. 
hitler's  delusion  respecting  the  enemy's  force  j  On  May  LMth  (jen.  lianks  at  Strasburg,  will 
before  him,  reached  West  I'oint,  on  the  York  '  hardly  7,000  men,  learning  the  advance  of  l,''i,. 
lUver,  the  ihiy  iifii  r  the  battle  of  Williams- 1  000  or  L'O.OOO  rebels,  started  to  retreat  towards 
burg,  and  the  day  thereafter  found  themselves  Winchester,  At  i)  A..M.,  three  miles  beyond 
engaged  with  a  large  force,  which  thrice  Htrasbiirg,  his  train,  which  was  in  the  aihanie, 
drove  them  from  the  plains  near  the  ■lillage, ;  was  attacked,  and  much  disorder  ensued,  but 
on  w  hich  th'  y  were  encamped  ;  but  at  length  j  the  column  being  reorganized  with  the  triiiii 
the  Union  batteries  having  been  landed  and  '  in  the  rear,  the  Unionists  retreated  to  Win- 
poHtcd,  with  the  aid  of  the  gunboats  on  the  che.ster  by  midnight,  with  moderate  lo!;s.  On 
river,  silenced  the  rebel  butteries  posted  on  the  li.'ith,  the  enemy,  who  had  do.sed  around 
the  hills  near  by,  and  the  Union  infantry  Winchester,  oipened  at  daylight  with  their 
shortly  pushed  into  tin-  suriounding  woods  artillery.  F'acing  aconlident  enemy  of  L'O,i.'0O, 
to  tind  the  enemy  retreated.  The  I'nioii  the  7,000  Unionists  held  their  ground  for  live 
loss  in  this  affair  was  l!it  men.  On  the  ><tli  hours,  whi'ii  the  whole  rebid  army  was  brought 
.May,  (jell.  Stoni-man,  with  the  advance  of  npim  theiii.  They  then  retreated  in  three 
the  Union  army,  moved  from  Williamsburg  columns  through  Winchester,  suiriiingserioiis 
to  o|)eii  coiumunieatioii  with  Franklin.  The  loss  in  itsstreets  from  the  missiles  of  the  rebel 
rain  still  fell,  and  the  roads  were  so  im-  residents.  In  the  cour.se  of  the  afternoon 
](erfect    in    coiisei|uence,   that    slow    progress    they   reached  MartLiisbing,    'J2   miles  distant, 


was  made  by  the  main  army  in  advancing 
towards  liichniond.  <  )ii  the  l'2d  .May,  (ien. 
.Mcl'lellan  maile  his  hcadijiiarters  at  Cjal 
Harbor. 

On  the  loth  .'\[ay,  flen.  Wool,  commanding 
at  Fortress  .Monroe,  advanced  from  that  place 
with  a  force  upon  Norfolk,  which  was  surreii- 


sharply  followed,  and  during  the  night  tied 
\'Jt  mil  's  farther  to  the  I'otoimie,  but  now  iiii- 
piirsued.  (Ien.  Hanks  reported  his  loss  in  the 
retreat  at  ll.'*  killed,  l.'i.')  wounded,  and  711 
missing;  whilea  tenlhof  his  watrons.  together 
with  a  large  f.moiiiit  of  stores,  were  destroyed. 
The  rebel   loss  was  reported  at  liN  killed   and 


deied  bv  lis  .Mayor,  no  enemy  being  found  theic  :Il"J  woiindeii. 
to  dispute  possession.  The  Na\y  Yard  .nnd  (ien.  Shields'  division,  which  had  been  or- 
I'oilsmonlh  were  also  reiiossessed.  The  rebels  i  dered  to  (ien.  Me|)owell  at  Fredericksburg, 
pari iailv  blew  ii|p  ilie  l)iy  l)ock,  and  ileslroyeiU  now  rapidly  riturneil  to  the  Shenandoah,  by 
iiV  tire  the  celebialed  iidii-clad,  the  .l/pr/u/iic,  :  the  Maiia.-sas  (lap  Hallway,  to  attack  .laik- 
and  abandoned  about  1.'00  cannon,  mostly  .sjiik-  son,  while  (ien.  F'remoiil  h  ft  Franklin  on 
ed,  but  still  valuable.  i  I'.'itli    May  to  cross    the    .Alleghaiiies,  and    ile- 

After  his  defi  at  by  ( Ien.  Shields,  the  rebel  i  scend  into  the  valley  to  co  o|.eiate  with 
(Iin.  Jackson  retnated  up  the  Shenandoah  (lens.  M(T)owell  and  Shields  by  inliieeptiiig 
valley  and  took  iiosition  at  Klk  liiiii  valley,  .lackson.  who  was  now  relieating  ra|iiilly  up 
where  hearing  Ih  it  a  junction  of  the  Union  i  tiic  \alley.  On  the  evening  of  .Inne  1st,  Fie- 
forces  in  West  N'irginia.  under  (Ien.  Fremont,  I  niont  leached  Stiasbuig,  to  lind  that  .lackson 
was  contemplated  with  those  of  (ien.  Hanks  had  pas.sed  through  that  place  a  few  hours 
now  in  pursuit   of   him,  he  at  once  advanced    previous,  and   the  m-xt  n.oining  the  cavalry 


across    .Shenandoah    -Mountain    to   strike    the 
advance  of  (Ien.  Fremont,  under  (Ien.  Milro\ , ! 
who  had    coneentratcd    his   command    at    .Mc- 
Dowell.     The  division  of  ( Ien.   Fdwaid  John- 


ad\aiHe  of  (Ien.  Sliii  Ids'  divi^-ion  reaehed 
that  point.  The  latter  now  pii.-hed  np  the 
South  Fork  of  tin  Shenandoiih,  while  (Ien. 
Fremi'iit  followed  the  iiiemv  do'vn  the  North 


son  led  the  rebel  adve.nee,  which  arrived  and  Fork  to  llariisonlmi',' ;  tin-  ailMilice  of  each 
posted  itself  on  Hull  Hasliiie  .Mountain,  a  mile  being  seriously  liimhred  by  swollen  streams 
or  two  west  of  .McDowell,  on  .May  f'.  On  the  i  and  burned  biiilL'es.  On  .lune  .'ith,  Jiick.son 
s.imed.iy  (Ien.  Schenek  with  L',0(iO  men  naelied  '  moved  iVoiii  llai  lisonbiirg,  south-i  asle4ly 
(ien.  .Milrov  from  the  town  of  Franklin,  .'(1  towards  I'ort  Kepublio,  on  the  South  I'ork. 
mill  s  north.  The  rebels,  including  .lackson's  '  Within  a  few  miles  id'  the  latter  place  his 
■  .ili.mn,  which  had  now  arrived,  were  consider- :  rearguard  under  .Ashby  was  attacked  by  the 
aoiv  superior  in  numbers  and  were  better  )iosl- 1  Union  cavalry  jiuisuing,  am'  during  the  en- 
eii.  Cannonadiiiu' and  Kkirmishing  continued  gageinent  .\sbby  was  killed.  Heing  seveiely 
from  10  .V..M.  until  II  I'.M.,  when  aehiiri;e  up  the  pressi  d.  .lack son  oi dered  l)wi  M.  eonmiaiwliiig 
mountain  was  made  bv  L',000  id"  the  Union  his  rear  divi-ioii  of  ."p. 00(1,  to  biilt  and  take  it 
forces,  who  were  eiieaged  at  close  range  for  strong  position  along  a  ridg.'  near  U'niou 
an  hour  mill  a  half,  dining  which  an  attimpt  Church.  At  "J  A.M.,  ■Inne  7th,  (Ien.  Fre- 
wiis  made  l.i  turn  the  rebel  rig'  '.,  but  failed,  mont's  advi.noo  reached  a  small  village.  <  loss 
.\t  y  P.M.  (he  llu'ht  ceased.  The  I'liinii  loss  Ki'ys,  7  miles  from  Harrisonburg,  and  soon 
was  J.'ifi  ;<  Ien.  Jackson's  report  placed  his  loss  his  army  became  engUL'ed  with  the  en<  my. 
at  4(11.  During  the  night  the  Union  troops  In  desperate  contlict  he  luUanced  steadily, 
rctrealed  to    Franklin  with   their   wounded, ,  con.staiitly  gaining  ground,  until  IJ  I'.M.,  wlieu 


STO 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


tlio  brigade  of  Gon.  Stuhl  I'ccoileil  from  a  ter- 
rible tire,  and  Gen.  Sclieiiclc,  of  the  Union 
rigiit,  WHS  forced  to  recede  strategically  a 
niiii!  distant,  where  ho  wbh  cannonaded  by 
the  rebels,  to  whom  he  vigorously  replied  till  1 
dark.  The  Union  loss  iluring  the  day  was 
004.  The  rebel  loss  was  reported  at  .129. 
Dining  the  night  the  rebels  silently  abandon- 
ed their  position,  leaving  their  dead  iMid  mor- 
tally wounded.  The  cavalry  advance  of  Gen. 
bhields'  division,  under  Col.  Carroll,  on  Juno 
8tii,  followed  by  Gen.  Tyler's  brigade  of  in- 
fantry, reached  the  vicinity  of  Port  RepidiUc, 
and  oil  Juno  9th  were  attacked  by  Gen. 
Jackson,  who  made  an  attempt  to  outHank 
their  left.  Bring  some  3,000,  while  their  im- 
niediiite  assailants  were  8,000  in  ninnber,  the 
Union  forces,  after  a  great  display  of  gallantry 
and  spirit,  retreated,  the  i-cbcls  pursuing  them 
five  miles,  and  captin-ing  iCtO  ])risoners. 
Jackso;<'s  army  now  safely  crossed  the  river  at 
Port  Republic,  ami  by  burning  the  only  bridge 
in  the  neighborhood,  intercepted  the  pvu'suit 
of  Fremont.  Jackson  having  thus  brilliantly 
beaten  his  taiemies,  the  latter  were  shortly  ri^ 
culled  to  AVushingtoM.  On  the  1 2tli,  Jackson 
lidsurely  recrosseil  the  South  Fork,  and  on  the 
17th  June  was  ordered  to  Richmond  with  his 
conunaud.  23d  May,  at  Lewisb\irg,  iu  AVest 
Virginia,  an  engagement  took  place  between 
three  reginicnts  of  rebels,  under  Gen.  Helh, 
and  the  30th  and  34th  Ohio,  under  Col.  Geo. 
Crook,  in  which  the  rebels  were  routed,  with 
considerable  loss.  May  15th  the  Union  gun- 
boats, under  Com.  J.  Rogers,  proceeded  up 
the  James  River  unimpeded  to  within  eight 
miles  of  Kichnioud,  to  co-operate  with  tiie 
Union  hunl  forces  moving  on  the  latter  place. 
Towards  the  latter  end  of  May,  Gen.  Me- 
Cli'llan  had  thrown  two  corps,  comprising  his 
left  wing,  across  the  ('hickahominy  near 
Wliito  Oak  Swamp,  but  his  right  remained 
on  the  north  side  of  the  now  swollen  and 
almost  impassable  river,  thus  exposing  them 
both  to  defeat  in  detail.  On  May  27th,  Gen. 
Fitz-John  Porter,  who  was  on  tlie  north  side 
of  the  river  with  two  divisions,  moved  up 
towards  Hanover  Court-House,  to  aid  the 
expected  junction  of  Gen.  McDowell's  forces 
from  Fredericksburg.  At  the  Ashlan<l  fork 
of  the  road,  two  miles  south  of  Hanover  Court- 
Houso,  a  portion  of  Jackson's  army,  under 
<ten.  Ib'Hiu'h,  wa.s  met  and  pushed  back  with 
a  loss  of  2(U)  killed,  730  prisoners,  and  I  gun; 
the  Union  loss  being  .')3  kiUecl  and  344 
wounded.  On  May  31,  CVsey's  division, 
Keyes'  (4tli)  corps,  tlie  advance  of  the  Un- 
ion army,  near  Fair  Oaks,  on  the  .south  side 
of  tlie  ( 'liickahominy,  was  attacked  by  Gen. 
D.  H.  Hill's  <li\isi(>n  of  the  relxd  army.  Af 
ter  desperate  lighting,  the  Union  division, 
largely  outnund)er<'d,  was  llanked,  ni\il  drivei 
back  in  di.sonlerly  retreat  upon  C'ducIi's  di- 
vision (Keyes'  corps),  between  b'air  Oaks  and 
Seven  Pines,  with  the  loss  of  0  guns.  The 
hitter  division  now  stood  the  brunt.  Jleing 
pressed  back  upon  Fair  Oaks  by  the  eneniy's 
overpowering  advance,  it  held  its  own  there 
until  the  tjirdy  arrisal  of  (len.  Sumnrr's  corps 
from  across  the  swollen  Chickahominy,  where 
the  further  progress  of  the  enemy  was  checked. 
The  other  Union  corps  (Gen.  ileintjielman's), 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  had  arrived  at  3 
o'clock  to  support  (,'oueh,  b'lt  the  ri^bels  soon 
interposed  between  them,  having  turned 
Couch's  left.     Au  hour  uud  a  Imlf  beforo  sun- 


set, the  division  t)f  Sedgwick,  of  Sumner's 
corps,  arrived  and  moved  forward  in  line  of  | 
battle,  sweeping  the  field,  and  recovering  j 
much  ground  that  had  been  lost,  when  dark- 1 
ness  ended  the  battle  for  the  day.  During 
tlie  night  Gen.  MeClellan  arrived  from  New- 
bridge, but  without  the  corps  either  of  Fitz- 
John  Porter  or  of  Franklin.  The  ne.vt  morn- 
ing, June  1st,  Sumner's  left  was  attacked  by 
the  rel)els  under  Gen.  Pickett,  but  after  a 
desultory  conflict  of  two  or  three  hours,  they 
desisted,  and  retreated  unpursued.  During 
the  engagement  of  Maj*  31st,  Gen.  Jo.  John- 
ston, the  rebel  commander-in-chief,  being  with 
his  left,  nniler  Gen.  (t.  W.  Smith,  near  Fair 
Oaks  crossing,  was  struck  in  the  side  by  a 
shell  and  disalih^d ;  whereupon  Gen.  Smith 
succeeded  him  in  tlie  command,  who  in  turn 
was  shortly  disabled  by  a  paralytic  stroke, 
and  removed  from  the  field.  Jeflerson  Da- 
vis, who  was  tli(M'e  pri>sent,  then  temporarily 
assumed  the  command,  leading  in  jierson  one 
of  the  charges  in  this  part  of  the  field.  On 
Juno  lat  no  demonstration  was  made  by  the 
Union  forces  to  distiirli  tin?  rebel  jiossession 
of  Couch's  and  Casey's  camps.  The  official 
report  of  the  Union  loss  in  this  desperate 
battle  jilaeed  it  at  .'>,739.  That  of  the  enemy 
was  about  7,000,  On  June  2(1,  a  reconnois- 
sanco  in  force,  under  (Jen.  Hooker,  advanced 
unmolested  to  within  fimr  miles  of  Rich- 
mond, whither  the  enemy  had  fallen  back. 

The  President  iifiw  reinforced  (Jen.  MeClel- 
lan with  the  disposable  troops  at  Fortress 
Monroe,  and  live  new  regiments  from  Palti- 
more,  and  on  the  12tli  June,  McCall's  division 
of  Mc])oweirs  cor[is  arrivt'd  by  water.  On 
the  13tli,  tilt!  first  of  the  numercuis  notable 
and  unjirotitable  cavalry  raids  of  the  war  was 
made  by  Gen.  J.  K.  R.  Stuart,  who  captured 
near  Tunstall  Station  lOo  jirisoners  and  2(iO 
inules,  and  burned  two  schooners  loaded  with 
forage. 

On  the  2Gth  June,  Fitz-John  Porter's 
corps  rested  behiml  defences  at  jMechan- 
ic.sville,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Cliicka- 
liominy  ;  the  other  corps  of  the  Union  army 
were  on  the  south  side.  Tli(<  rel»>l  jilan  was 
to  destroy  Porter's  corps,  and  then  proceed 
down  the  river  to  the  I'liion  rear.  On  this 
day,  Jackson  moved  down  the  river  from 
Ashland,  and  was  shortly  sup]iorted  by  (!eiis. 
nrancli's  and  A.  1'.  Hill's  colunins.  The 
three  columns  now  moved  towards  Meehan- 
icsville,  Jackson  in  the  advance  and  neanst 
the  Pamuukfy  Piver,  Hranch  next,  and  Hill 
la.st,  with  ills  right  resting  on  the  Chicka- 
hominy. The  I'liio'i  troops  were  in  a  posi- 
ticiii  on  Heaver  Dam  Creek,  strengthened  by 
felled  timbers  and  rille-pils,  their  left  resting 
on  the  Chickahominy,  and  the  right  in  a  for- 
est. The  struggle  wiis  most  despi'rate.  The 
enemy  advanced  towards  the  stream  upon 
the  Unuiii  right,  liehl  by  Gen.  Peynolds,  but 
were  speedily  fori(>d  back  by  the  steady  fire 
of  the  I'nion  liatteiie.s.  Again  their  troops 
were  massed  for  anotiier  attack,  and  ndvan'.'ed 
only  to  be  slaughtereil  by  the  batt<'ries  of 
St'yniour,  who  commanded  the  Union  left. 
,  l''cir  six  hours,  or  until  0  r.M.,  the  battle  eon- 
I  tinned,  when  the  defeated  enemy  retired. 
I  At  daylight,  June  27tli,  (!en,  ftleClelhin 
ordered  J'orter  to  fall  back  to  tJaines'  Mills, 
so  as  to  protect  the  liridges  across  the  Chicka- 
j  hominy.  At  !i  i'..m.,  Gen,  A.  P.  Hill  ad- 
I  vauced  and  oi>eucd  buttle,  and  shortly  there- 


after two-thirds  of  the  force  of  Gen.  I^ee, 
now  eomniaiul(U'-in-eliief  of  the  rebel  army, 
were  brought  into  a(!tion ;  a  general  advance 
of  Jackson's,  D.  H.  Hill's,  Kwell'.s,  and  Long- 
street's  columns,  coni|)rising  about  00,000 
men,  from  right  to  left,  being  inaile  under  a 
ten  tic  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry  from  both 
sides.  The  total  force  of  Porter  was  barely 
3.'),000,  including  Slocum's  ilivision,  which 
was  sent  over  to  him  ;  while  00,000  Union 
troops  remained  idle  during  the  conflict,  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Chickahominy,  to  watch 
and  guard  against  25,000  rebels,  the  Union 
commander-in-chief  having  greatly  over-esti- 
mated his  enemy  in  that  quarter.  At  3.30 
I'.M.,  Porter  was  so  severely  pressed,  that  the 
second  Union  line  under  Meade  and  Iteynolds, 
supporting  McCall's  division  in  the  centre, 
was  ordered  up.  For  hours  the  battle  now 
raged,  with  repeated  and  desperate  charges  on 
the  ovennatehed  and  exhausted  I'nionists, 
which  were  gi;''  '"y  repulsed  by  them.  Ficsli 
rebel  brigade  e  promptly  advanced  to  re- 

place those  vvh.  1  had  been  hurled  back.  At 
.')  P.M.,  Porter  telegraphed  again  that  his  pci- 
sition  was  extiemely  critical,  when  French's 
and  Mi'agher's  brigades  of  the  2d  Corps  were 
ordered  across  to  his  support.  ]5cfore  thi\v 
couhl  reach  the  field,  liowever,  the  rebels, 
rallying  all  their  forces,  had  stormed  the 
Union  intrenchments,  on  the  right  and  left, 
in  one  last  desperate  effort,  which  wns 
crowned  with  success.  The  Union  infant ly 
were  driven  from  the  defences,  with  terrible 
slaughter  on  both  sides.  Home  back  a  mile 
in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  their  officers  to  rally 
them,  they  came  uixin  the  fresh  brigades  of 
Aleagher  and  French.  Wearied  and  decima- 
ted, they  again  reformed  behind  these,  and 
advanced  in  order,  ready  to  meet  a  fresh  at- 
tack. ]?ul  the  enemy  had  halted  for  the 
night  in  the  field  they  had  thus  far  w<iii. 
Twenty-three  guns  were  left  in  tin;  rebil 
hands  as  trophies,  and  many  prisoners ; 
iiuiong  the  latter  the  gallant  Gen.  Heynolds, 
who  rode  by  nii.stake  into  a  rebel  regiment 
shortly  after  dark.  The  I'nion  losses  in  this 
desperate  action  were  hardly  less  than  S,(i(iO 
men,  while  those  of  the  rebels  were  [Jidbably 
about  two-thirds  as  many. 

During  that  night,  the  Union  forces  were 

by  order  withdrawn,  unmolested,  across  the 

Chickahominy,  preparatory  to  a  flank  iiwne- 

iiient  of  the  whole  force   to  the  James  Ki\ei', 

through     tli(!    White     Oak     Swiiinp.        Gen 

Keyes  was  at  once  (lispatche<l  with  his  eoi|is 

on  the  road  across  the   latter  to  seize  slKJi.ji 

positions   on    the   James   J{iver    side    of   the 

swum)),  so  as  to  protect   the  jiassage  of  the 

I  trains  an<l  th(<  army.     During  the  night   (In' 

:  Union  conimander  removed  his  headciiiaiteis 

!  to  Savage's  Stalioii,  to  supi>rinteiid  tla?  movc- 

'  nient.     The  Union  base  of  su]iplies  at  West 

Point  was  now  cut  off  by  the  retnat  of  I'ei- 

ter,  and   the   rebel   cavalry   under  J,   Iv   1". 

I  Stuart,  the  next  day,  June  28,  |iushed  fri- 

wiird  towards  White   House,  but   rested  ul 

Tunstall's  Station  for  the  night,  during  wliiili 

the  Union  force  devoteil  itself  to  tluMlcsdiu- 

tion  of  the  vast  .stores  of  the  former  pliec. 

Immense  amounts  of  iirovisions,  munitinns, 

and  supplies  were  necessarily  consigned   In 

destruction,  while   2,.''>(I0  wounded   were  left 

in  hospital,  with  surgeons  and  attcnduntN,  to 

fall  into  the  enemy's  hands. 

No  serious  attack  or  for«ard  wovciuuut 


hmN 


UNITED    STATES. 


871 


wtis  iiiiulo  by  tlio  liittor  (luring  Juno  28tli,  tlio  ai'tillery,  coiiiiiosoil  of  IU)0  guns,  whiuli  wiia 
puz/,le<l  rcbol  coniiniindrr  not  beliovini;  it  nuissod  upon  it  ;  tlio  liiKlit'st  point  of  all 
jioKsibli!  that  liin  nntaj^onist  could  thus  ahan-  thoroon  lioins;  rrowncil  hy  ten  heavy  mc^t) 
dim  till, iiositionwilliout  a  batllc.  On  ihii  L'yth,  [  miiis,  whioli  Cul.  'lylir  iiad  suciTcdcd  in 
tlu^  roiii'at  having  been  fully  discovcriMl  by  !  biiiigiiii;  tliroiijih  tin-  K\vaiii|>.  Jb'n;  woiv 
tlio  oiu'iiiy,  (!oii.  Magrudor  puisuod  oii  the  posted  the  I'liioii  fm-ics,  in  division  al'tci- 
\Villiaiiisbui;{  road,  and  cinning  up  with  the  j  division,  ifachiui;  back  to  tho  river.  To  nt- 
Uiiiou  rear  near  Savagtvs  Station,  attacked  it :  taok  sueli  a  iiositinii  seeiiie<l  madness.  Hut 
ill  full   force.      He  v.'ius  gallantly  repelleil   by    about  L'  o'clock  a  ndiel  coliiuin  emerged  from 


Hen.  l!urn'.s  brigade,  supported  by  those  of 
liiooksand  Ilnnoock.  At  It  r.M.  he  recoiled, 
withoutgainingany  advantage,  and  tho  Union 
forces  fell  back,  by  ordor,  upon  White  Oak 
Swamp,  tho  roar-guard  under  tJon.  Fieiich 
cr(«sing  and  destroying  White  Oak  Swamp 
bridge  at  5  A.M.,  Juno  liOtli.  Here  Franklin 
with  his  divi.sion  was  left  to  defend  tlu^  oro.ss- 
iiig,  and  every  attempt  of  the  rebels  to  cross 
tlie  marsh  and  crook  was  defeated.  In  the 
nieaiiliiiie,  fartlu'r  on  towards  the  James  Hivor, 
rebel  forcii.s  inder  A.  I'.  Hill,  Jackson,  and 
boiigstreet.  tho  latter  accompanied  by  Gen. 
liCc  ami  Jell'er.son  Davis  in  person,  had  moved 
down  from  llichiiiond  between  the  swaiiiiiainl 
the  river,  on  tho  Charles  City  road,  which  was 
giiariled   by  Slocnm,  and   al.so   on   tho   New 


the  woods  skirting  the  plain,  below  !''0  pla- 
teau, and  moved  steadily  forward  on  Couch's 
division  in  the  centre  of  tho  Union  front, 
while  a  hi'iivy  tiro  of  artillery  opened  on  both 
side;!i.  The  l^niou  division  remained  motion- 
less until  the  enemy  came  within  close  mus- 
ket range,  when  it  poured  its  deadly  volleys 
upon  its  as.sailants,  who  were  shortly  driven 
in  .shattered  fragments  back  over  the  field  to 
the  adjacent  woods.  For  two  hours  there- 
after, the  conllict  was  confined  to  tho  artil- 
lery, and  then  a  silence  of  two  hours  more 
ensued.  At  0  r.M.,  a  fierce  lire  of  all  the 
rebi'l  artillery  suddi'iily  was  opened,  and  un- 
der its  cover,  column  on  column  of  their  infan- 
try advanced  in  another  and  grander  attempt 


to  ilislodge  t  ■  Union  forces,  and  drive  them 
jlaiket  road,  upon  which  McCall  was  (losted  into  the  .lames,  liiaviiig  tlu^  tempest  of  shot 
with  his  gallant  I'ennsylvania  Itescrves,  j  and  shell  from  litlll  cannon,  they  came  on  tho 
whom  liard  fighting  had  fow  reduced  from  i  double  nuick  with  tin;  lioiio  of  carrying  the 
10,1100  to  ll,OI)t).  At  I!  r.M.,  June  lioth,  the  i  position  in  one  impetuous  charge,  but  only  to 
I'lu'iiiy  arrived  near  (jlendalo  and  NeLson's  I  reel,  break,  and  disappear  before  tho  volleys 
Farm,  and  a  succession  of  desperate  stiuggles  !  of  mu.sketry.  Again  and  again  the  rebel 
ensued  at  both  positions,      lieing  eheckeil  by  '  leaders    thus    re-formed    their   battalions,  or 

ailillery    in   tho   attack    n|ion    Slociiiu,    they  |  brought  forth   fresh  troops  beneath  the  cloud  |  I'opo  befoi-e  tho  Army  of  tl 
fell  with  fury  upon  !Me('all.     The  latter  held  j  of  smoke  that  canopied  tho  field,  to  be  sub-  I  reach  him,  and  tlien  move 


wilful  neglect  of  tho  nationnl  atitlioritics  to 
send  him  sufticiont  and  opportune  reinforce- 
ments ;  and  on  Aug.  4,  (>en.  Hallcck,  now 
commander  in-chiof  at  W'a.shington,  assuming 
(ion.  McClellan's  estimate  of  his  own  strength 
and  that  of  his  rebel  antagonists  to  be  correct, 
directed  him  to  withdraw  liiti  forces  by  water 
to  Ac(p.'  1  ( Ircek,to  sujiport  a  fresh  demonstra- 
tion on  1  ichmoiid  in  accordance  with  tho  I'ich- 
ident's  original  plan,  from  a  base  on  tho  Hap- 
pahannock.  McClellan  protested  against  this 
order,  and  asked  for  more  reinforcements,  but 
his  wi.shos  were  not  complied  with.  On  tho 
2  tth  August  ho  reported  at  Acipiia  Creek,  liis 
forces  having  been  previously  transferred  to 
that  place,  without  molestation  by  the  enemy. 
The  corps  of  JIcDowell,  lianks,  and  Fre- 
inimt,  with  all  the  troops  in  garrison  around 
Washington,  hail  been  organized  into  a  com- 
mand, to  be  called  tho  Arniy  of  Virginia,  and 
(Jen.  John  Pope  was  called  from  the  West  to 
take  command,  entering  upon  his  duties  on  tlio 
L'tith  Juno.  The  entire  strength  of  this  army 
wius  about  r)t),OI)0  men,  who  were  intended  to 
protect  Washington  and  co-operate  in  some 
way  with  the  Army  of  the  I'otoniac.  (len.  I'opo 
at  once  concentrated  it  at  Sporryville,  with  tlio 
puipose  of  operating  on  the  enemy  towarils 
(iordonsvillo  and  Charlottesville,  so  as  to 
draw  off  a  part  of  tho  army  in  front  of  Met  'lel- 
lan.  I'.iit  Richmond  being  now  relieve  finm 
all  danger,  (ien.  I.ee  deterniined  to  move  his 
army  rapidly  acro.ss  the  country,  and  crush 

I'otomae  coxild 
I   Washiiii'ton. 


his  position  witliout  a  gun  lost,  afti'r  a  series  |  jected  to  the  same  vain  sacrifice.     ])arkness  \  On  the  Oth  .August,  (!en.  J'o|ie,  who  had  or 


of  charges  and  countercharges  of  tho  most 
deadly  character  iiad  taken  iilace,  in  the 
midst  of  constant  volleys  of  grape  and  can- 
ister. Jietween  sunsi^t  anil  dark  he  was  re- 
inforced on  his  left  by  a  portion  of  Hooker's  i  the  Union  left  upon  them, 
division,  who,  charging  desperately  across  an  i  A  niostextianrdina'v  order  was  now  issued 
iipen  field,  drove  the  rebels  back  again  into 
the  woods.      Cooper's  and  Jtandairs  batteries 


at  length  closed  this  one-sided  carnage,  anil 
they  retired  into  the  fields  and  woods  out  of 
close  range,  although  the  gunboats  contin- 
ued to  throw  their  great  missiles  clear  over 


were  both  captured  by  tho  rebels  and  reca|i 
tuieil  by  the  I'nion  forces. 

While  the  rebel  artillery  was  thus  this  day 
attacking  the  U'^niou  rear-guard  at  White 
Oak  Swami)  bridge,  and  the  battle  was  rag- 
ing at  Nelson's  Farm  and  (Jlonilale,  tho  ene- 
my al.so  came  down  on  I'ortor,  upon  the 
James,  and  braved  the  ponderous  fire  of  his 
gii'ilioats.      Infuriated   by  tho  prospective  es- 

ipe  of  tho  Union  army,  they  thus  uiisuccess 


by  the  commandei-in  chief  of  the  Union  army 
to  his  victorious  forces,  to  retreat  from  the 
strong  iiosiliun  v.hero  they  had  achieved  so 
decided  and  bloody  a  success,  and  the  evacua- 
tion of  Malvern  Hill  was  badly  conducted, in  a 
hurried  and  disorderly  night  march  overcrowd- 
ed and  poor  roads,  the  Union  dead  being 
left  unbnried,  and  many  of  the  wounded  to  fall 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  movement, 
however,  was  not  molested  by  the  latter, 
not  having  been  comprehended  by  them,  and 
having  been  skillully  covered  by  Keyes' corps, 


fully  endeavored  at  all  points  to  break  through  \  with  the  cavalry,  which  did  not  leave  till  after 

the  long  Union  lino  which  stretched  from  the 

niiildle  of  the  swam|)  to  .lames  Uiver.    During 

the  struggle,  Mc(!all   fell   into   tho   hands  of 

the  ciieiny.      Ileintzelmau,  who  was  in  chief 

cnmmaud   of  tho    troops  on   the   field,   with 

Kianklin,    fell    back    to    the    James,    on    the 

hanks  of  which   tho   Union   trains   were  now 

rapidly  gathering.     On  the  forenoon  of  July 

1st,  the  roar  of  tho  wasted,  wayworn   Union 

army  reached  the   jiosition  lussigneil  it,  upon 

and   around    Malvern    Hill,  on    tho   James, 


ilaylight  of  the  I'd.  t>n  the  evening  of  the 
;id,  the  rear-giiard  weiil  into  camp,  and  the 
whole  army  rested  under  the  cover  of  its  bat- 
teries, and  the  gunboats  in  the  iiosition  se- 
leeted  b;.  the  ciuiimaiider,  at  liarrison's  liar, 
seven  miles  down  the  .lames. 

(ien.  .McClellan  reports  the  Union  loss  in 
tho  seven  days"  lighting  and  retreating  from 
Meclianicsville  to  Ilairison's  liar,  al  1,.'>SL' 
killed,  7,7<l'.t  wouiideil,  and  ;"),'.l."i.S  missing; 
total,    ir),21',l.      The   losses  of  the   rebels   the 


dered  forward  his  second  corps,  about  f^,(l(ll) 
strong,  \inder  lianks,  to  ('iilpe|iper  Coiirt- 
Ifouse,  directed  the  latter  to  ]iroceed  to  Cedar 
Mountain  and  take  up  a  strong  ]iosition,  to 
resist  the  advance  of  Jackson,  lint  ere  this 
Jackson  himself  had  crossed  the  Itiipidaii, 
and  occu)iied  the  sides  and  neiglibmhood  ot 
Cedar  .Mountain  with  2."),00l>  men.  At  I  p.m. 
Jianks  approached  the  mount aiii,  whence  a 
destructive  tire  of  artillery  was  at  once  poured 
on  his  advencing columns.  Uuihresliniatin;; 
tlr>  number.-  of  his  enemy,  he  venturecl  ti 
eh.irge  the  re'iel  batteries  thereon.  The  un- 
e  ipeeled  tiro  if  the  large  masses  of  infantry 
I  oncealeil  by  t'le  foliage  and  ravines  of  tho 
mountain,  com|i"lled  him  to  fall  back,  though 
not  till,  in  the  sunt  space  of  an  h.df  hour,  ho 
had  left  a  third  of  his  entire  commhud  on  tho 
field,  (lens.  Oeary,  Augur,  and  Carroll,  of  tho 
Union  army,  were  severely  wounded,  and  ( ien. 
I'riiici'  was  taken  prisoner  after  ihiik.  The 
rebel  loss  was  leported  at  L'L'.'i  killed,  includ- 
ing (len.  Winder,  and  l.llllO  wounded. 

(len.  I'ope  at  Cnlpep|ier,  hearing  the  cim- 
noniiile,  hastened  forward  with  .McHoweU's 
corps,  commanding  Sigel  to  follow,  but  beliire 
he  could  organize  Ids  forces  for  bat  lie,  Jiiik- 
son  had  ra]iidly  retreated  across  the  Itiipidiin, 
having  accomplished  his  purpose  of  dicoyi'n' 
lianks  into  complete  disaster.  On  the  l(5th 
and  I'.tth  August,  (len.  I'ope,  who  had  ad- 
vanced his  infantry  to  Hobeitson's  Uiver  iind 
liaecoon  Fold,  and  had  begun  agnin  to  ope 
rate  with  his  cavalrv  on  the  enemv's  comniu- 


fornard  uioveut'ut 


closely  pursued  by  the  converging  columns  of  i  Confederate  authorities   did   not   leport,   but 
the  rebels  ;   thus  miding  a  retreat  as  niemora-  i  they   proliably  snirered  as  heavily,  the   rebel 
alile,  from  the  suH'ering  endured  and  courage    capital    being   crowded  at  tho   time  with  the 
hIiowu,  as  the  most  pitiful  or  admirable  purls  I  wounded  and  dying, 
of  Napoh'on's  retreat  from  Hussia.  On  July  ,"<,  (ien.  I.ee  withdrew  his  forces  to  I  nications,  having  learned  that  the  whole  rebel 

The  plateau  of  Malvern  Hill,  with  James  Kiclimond,  not  caring  to  renew  the  costly  ex-  |  artny  of  Virginia  was  rapidly  nssemliliiig  to 
Uiver  at  its  back,  and  about  a  niih<  and  a  '  perimeiit  of  Malvern  Hill  at  Harrison's  liar,  j  overwhelm  him,  safely  retreated  iiciiiss  tho 
half  long,  was  protected  from  the  approach- j  The  failure  of  (ien.  .McClellan  to  iiccom- !  Happahaiinock,  and  though  pni.suid  by  tlio 
iiig  enemy  by  several  ravines,  while  its  sloping  i>lish  the  capture  of  Uieiimond  was  attributed  :  enemy,  succeeded  in  holding  the  fords  for 
ground  gavo  u  clean  sweep   for  tho   Union    by  him,  iii  u  spirited  corre.spomlunce,  to  the  ,  several  days.     On  the  24th,  the  eucuiy  com- 


679 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


=n  :i]: 


,    y 


ui 


IW! 


menced  a  movoment  \i\t  tho  stream  to  turn 
tlu!  Union  ri;;lit.  Topo  being  ordered  to  pro- 
tect I'Vedoricksbnrg,  could  not  extend  liis 
lines  to  tlic  right  to  keep  pace  with  tlio  rclnd 
niovi'inent.s  without  wciikening  hisccutio,  and 
ti'lcgrajiht'd  re|)catodly  to  Washington  that 
lie  must  1)0  reinforced  or  retreat.  A  sudden 
ficshet  of  tho  river  tcnipiu'arily  relieved  him 
from  danger.  On  the  li.'nh,  an  ineonsidera- 
l)le  reinforeeiuent  of  7,001)  reached  him,  hut 
in  turn  his  resolution  to  fall  on  tho  Hank  and 
rear  of  tho  long  rebel  column  passing  up  the 
river  was  defeated  by  the  freshet.  On  tho 
night  of  tho  L'.Jth,  (Jen.  J.  K  I?.  Stuart,  with 
1,.')00  rebel  cavalry,  who  had  suecei'ded  in 
crossing  the  river  at  Waterloo  J'.ridge  during 
the  day,  pushed  on  to  Warrenton,  and  snr- 
]irised  C!en.  I'ope's  head-ipiarters'  train  near 
i'atlett'.s  Station,  capturing  his  dispatch-book 
and  the  per.somil  bagg.ige  of  his  military  fami- 
ly. Receiving  word  that  ;iO,tlOO  of  tho  Army 
of  the  Potomac  were  on  their  way  to  join 
liim,  I'ope  now  determined  to  concentrate  hi.s 
forces  on  the  tnrn))ike  between  Warrenton 
iiud  (iaine.sville,  and  give  the  enemy  battle. 
On  the  "Jlith,  Jackson  passeil  arouml  his  right, 
to  cut  oir  his  communication  with  Washing- 
ton, and  niovi'd  swiftly  through  Thorough- 
fare Oap  and  south-easterly  by  Oainesville. 
]'>eforo  dark  on  that  day,  .lackson  struck 
the  Alexandria  Hailroad  at  Ibistow  Station, 
and  thus  )daced  himself  without  resistance 
b.,'tween  Pope's  superior  army  and  its  base 
at  Washington,  having  made  the  march  of 
(ifly  miles  in  forty-eight  hours  with  the  ce- 
lerity of  cavalry,  his  men  subsisting  on  ccu'n 
standing  by  the  way.  Burning  railway  trains 
at  Pristoiv,  he  moved  np  to  ^l,ina.ssas  Junc- 
tion, followed  by  Ew  11,  and  destroyed  there 
an  immense  amount  of  cperrtermasters'  and 
commissary  stores,  and  sutlers"  di'pots,  and 
ul.so  captured  S  giuis  and  300  pri.soners. 
His  success  was  thus  far  perfect,  but  his 
position  was  extremely  critical.  Ho  now 
moved  oir  to  Centreville,  and  crossed  the 
]!nll  llun,  pursued  by  Pope,  who  ordered 
I'orter  to  come  up  at  once  to  Mana,ssas. 
At  G  P.M.,  Jackson's  advance,  now  moving  to- 
wards Tliorouglifaro  (!ap,  encountered  King's 
division  of  McDowell's  corps,  and  a  san- 
guinary combat  ensued,  which  terminated  at 
dark  with  the  relxd  success.  At  10  1". M., 
(ren.  Pope  at  Centreville  ordered  McDowell 
and  King  to  hold  their  groiuul,  obstructing 
Jackson's  retreat  hy  the  (iap,  and  directed 
Kearney  at  I  A.M.  to  jiush  forward  from 
Centreville,  on  the  Warrenttm  turnpike,  to 
Jirevent  .Jackson's  ordy  other  way  of  escape 
northward  t<i  J.,eesburgh.  Supposing  Porter 
now  at  .Manassas  Junction,  he  conlidi'ntly  ex- 
jpccted  to  capture  Jackson  before  l.ongstreet 
could  arrive  through  the  Oap  to  the  iatter's 
rescue.  At  I!  P.M.,  .\ugust  L'.'^,  I.oniistreet's 
division,  dispatched  by  Oeii.  I,ee  to  .(aekson's 
aid,  passed  through  the  Oap,  driving  olf  Jtick- 
ett's  ilivision  posted  on  the  eastern  sidi-,  and 
early  on  the  L'lKh  reached  (iaines'ille,  .Mc- 
Howell  and  King  having  left  the  way  clear 
liy  retreating  on  ^lamissas  Junction  .'  iring 
the  night.  At  noon,  l.ongstreet  cai  vapid- 
ly into  action  on  the  right  of  .lack.son,  who 
liiid  been  holly  assailed  since  daylight  by  Sigel 
from  Oroveton,  supported  by  lieynolds.  The 
rebel  strength,  now  constantly  iiwreasing,  as- 
Humed  the  ollensive  against  the  I'nion  right, 
which  held  its  ground,  though  with  heavy  loss. 


I'ut    Kearney's    division    of    Heint/.elnuiu's  j 
corps  shortly  arrived  on  the  fiehl  to  su]iport  | 
Sigel's  right,  while  Iteno  coming  up  by  the  ! 
Oainesvilh^    turnpike    supported    the    Uni(Ui 
centre.     About  "J  P.M.,  Hooker's  division  of 
lleiutzelman's  corps    came  down  the  Smiley 
Springs  road  on  tho  extreme  right,  and  at  ■> 
P.M.    the  two  ilivisions  of    Heintzelmaii  and 
l!eno  niaili!  a  furious   charge  on  the  enemy's 
h'ft,  which  forci'd  it  back,  leaving  the  I'nion 
forc;'s  masters  of  tho  field,   when   ihirkiu'ss 
ens\U)d.     Tho  losses  ou  cither  side  wore  about 
7,000  men. 

Tho  nl^\t  morning,  Pope  again  gave  battle 
with  the  diwperato  hope  of  breaking  the 
enemy's  left,  and  ordered  I'orter,  who  had 
failed  to  ]iarticipate  in  the  battle  of  the  day 
before,  to  advance  down  tho  Warrenton 
turnpike,  siipported  by  King,  ami  attack; 
while  lleintzelman  and  Keno,  .supported  by 
IJickett's  division,  were  to  assail  the  enemy's 
left  under  .lackson.  i'orter's  attack  was 
feeble,  and  being  shortly  ovrrpowered  ho  was 
thrown  back  in  confusion.  The  Confeder- 
ates now  eagerly  pursued  and  joined  Imttle 
along  the  entire  front.  The  Unicm  forces 
were,  however,  shortly  rallied,  and  the  battle 
raged  with  varying  success.  Tho  Uidon  at- 
tack (Ui  the  rebel  left  was  met  by  a  cross  lire 
of  four  batteries  from  l.ongstreet 's  h'ft,  which 
decinuited  the  assailants  and  <lrove  them  back 
in  confusion;  whereupon  the  whole  rebel 
front  was  pressid  forward,  the  rebel  artillery 
doing  fearful  execution  on  the  disordered 
and  I'ecoiling  Union  infantry.  At  dark,  the 
left  of  tho  llid(m  forces,  though  stamling 
lirm,  and  covering  tho  turnpike,  their  oidy 
safe  line  of  retreat,  had  been  forced  back  a  I 
considerable  distance.  At  8  p.m.  Oen.  Po]ie  j 
instructed  his  corps  commanders  to  withdraw  1 
deliberately  to  Centreville,  and  CIcn.  ]{eno ' 
was  ordered  to  protect  the  retreat,  which 
was  made  in  good  order,  no  pursiut  across ; 
Midi  Hun  being  attem|)ted.  At  10  p.m.  Pope  i 
reached  Centreville,  where  he  prepared  for  a 
rebel  attack,  having  bi'cn  joined  by  Sumner's 
and  Franklin's  corps  from  McClellan's  army, 
raising  his  totjd  force  to  00,000  men.  Mo 
direct  attack  was  m.nde,  but  tho  next  nuun- 
ing,  Jackson,  by  direction  of  Oen.  Lee, 
crossed  UuU  Uun  at  Sudley  I'ord,  and  moved 
down  to  Fairfax  Court  llcnise,  for  the  )mr- 
pose  of  assailing  the;  I'nion  right.  Near 
Chantilly,  at  ij  p.m.,  Sept.  1,  Jackson  was  at- 
I  lacked  by  Keno's  inferior  forc(>.  Oen.  Isaac 
[  .r.  Stevens,  commanding  the  Cnion  left  divi 
■  si(Ui,  was  shot  di'ad  while  leading  it,  where- 
'  upon  both  divisions  fell  back  in  <lisorder. 
(!en.  Phil.  Kearney,  with  his  division  of 
lleintzelm.in's  corps,  now  advanced  and  ve 
newed  the  action,  in  the  midst  of  a  thunder- 
storm furio\is  enough  to  tii-riously  allect  the 
iimmunition.  O.n.  Kearney,  riding  reckh'ss 
Iv  almost  within  the  rebel  lines,  was  shot 
dead  about  sunset,  his  connuaml  devolving  on 
(ien.  Ilirney.  Tin"  latter  ]U'omptly  ordered 
:  a  bayonet  charge  of  his  own  brigade,  which 
was  gallantly  executed,-  driving  back  the 
enemy's  advance,  by  which  Oen.  ISirney  held 
,  the  ti'eld  (d'eonlliellhriMigh  the  night."  The 
i  I'nion  loss  in  this  battle  was  about  .^OO. 
j  Pope's  retreat  conliiuieil  on  tin'  following 
I  day  and  Ihereafler  without  fuither  annoyance 
from  the  enemy,  until  his  wlnde  army  had 
fallen  back  within  the  intreiuhments  along 
tho  south  bank  of  tho  I'otonuic,  covering  the 


approaches  to  Washington.  Pope  shortly 
thereafter  resigned  his  command  to  Oen. 
McCh'llan,  aiul  was  sent  by  the  Administra- 
tion to  tho  Niu'th-west  to  conduct  a  cam]iaiL'ii 
against  the  Sioux  Indians,  who  had  recently 
ma.ssacred  several  huiulred  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Miiuiesota.  The  entire  rebel  lo.sscs  iu 
Pope's  brief  campaign  from  Ceu.ir  Mountain 
to  Chantilly  was  about  l.'ijOIK)  men,  whili' 
those  of  the  Unionists  were  fully  double  lli;it 
nund)er,  a  large  nund)er  of  otlicers  of  distiiic 
tion  being  included  among  the  killed.  The 
failure  of  Pojie's  campaign  was  jiartially  due 
to  the  su|)erior  knowledge  of  the  Held  of  con- 
tlict  which  his  antagonist,  (!en.  I.oe,  ])osse^s. 
ed  ;  Init  the  jealousy  maidfestcd  in  constaiit 
disobedience  of  his  (uders,  of  otlicers  of  his 
own  army,  who  had  lately  served  under  Oen. 
McCh'llan,  nmloubtcdly  had  its  weight  iij 
turning  more  than  one  prospective  victory 
into  defeat.  On  this  charge  of  cul)>able  dis- 
obedience to  Pope,  Major-Oen.  Fitz-Jolin 
Porter  was  snbsc(|iu'ntly  tried  and  f(iuiiil 
guilty  by  a  coiirt-nuirlial. 

Upon  fidl  advices  of  Pope's  disasters,  Se|it. 
2,  tho  Oovernment  .invested  Oen.  McClell:,u 
with  tho  entire  control  of  all  the  finces  I'l  r 
the  defence  of  the  capital,  ami  the  latter  at 
once  conceidrated  his  command  within  the  ilr- 
fences  of  Washington.  On  the  tilhtien.  l.ie, 
with  bis  entire  army,  being  reinforced  liy 
D.  II.  Hill's  fresh  division  from  Uichmmiil, 
arrived  without  resistaiu'c  at  Fredeiick,  .Mil., 
cro.ssing  the  Potomac  in  the  vicinity  nt' 
linger.stown.  On  the  8th  ho  i.ssucd  an  ad- 
dress to  the  )ieople  of  Maryland,  annonnciii;,' 
that  ho  had  come  among  them  to  aid  tlu'm  iu 
throwing  olf  the  foreign  yoke  of  the  Unite.l 
States,  ami  a  recruiting  oHic(^  was  )ironiptly 
opened,  at  which  the  numbers  won  by  him  t.i 
the  rebel  standard  al>o\it  ei|mdled  his  loss  in 
deserters.  On  the  7th  Oen.  McClellan.  iip 
prised  of  the  disappearaiu'e  of  I.ee  from  liis 
front,  commenceil  to  move  slowly  and  i:,u 
tiously  tip  the  river  from  Washington,  on  ilic 
Maryland  side,  by  iivi;  dilfeient  paiallil 
roads,  with  his  left  wing  resting  on  the  rivi ). 
On  the  Kith  he  I'utered  Fredericksburg,  ^^lli^ll 
the  rebels,  nuiving  westward,  had  two  (Im\s 
previo\isly  evacuated.  During  the  day  ;m 
order  of  C!en.  I.ce  fell  into  his  hands,  v  liiili 
fully  disclosed  th<'  rebel  commander's  oliji 't 
to  bo  the  capliu'c  of  llaiper's  Ferry  ;  and,  tui- 
iher,  that  Jackson's  corjis  and  Walker's  divi- 
sion were  already  aeitiss  the  I'oldiiiac  in 
(piest  of  it,  and  that  only  !McI.aws'  n  1  >  1 
corps  of  20,000  was  now  between  the  Uiii.ii 
army  and  Harper's  Ferry.  Franklin's  <.i|  s 
of  tlie  Union  army  was  some  ndhs  soulli  ■  1' 
Frederick  at  this  tinm,  and  in  front  of  .Me 
Laws.  The  easy  task  (d'  precipitating  Finiil; 
lin  upon  tho  latter  would  havi;  ri'lieviil 
Harper's  Ferry.  This  was  not  done.  and. 
instead  of  a<lvancing  his  irndn  boily  on  the 
roads  leading  through  ('rnni]iton's  (lap  lo  llic 
Potomac,  McClellan  namd  to  the  noith-wcst 
towards  Ilagerslown,  thmugh  Turner's  Oa)', 
of  the  South  .Mountain  range  of  hills,  lb  le 
a  portion  <d'  the  rebel  army,  \nider  D.  H. 
Hill,  was  siKingly  posteil  on  both  siiles  el 
till'  nalional  roail  leading  through  the  0:i{', 
while  Longstreil  and  .lackson  had  pushed  "U 
to  Hiigerstown  to  co-operate  with  Mcl.a«s 
against  Harper's  Ferry  and  Maryliind  lb  ii;hts. 

At    7  a.m.,    Sept.    11,  the    battle  was   heiu 
commenced  by  the  advance  of  Cox's  division 


liiiigton.  rope  Bhorilv 
his  oomniniul  to  (!in. 
sent,  by  tlu;  Ailministiii. 
st  to  coiiiluot  11  oniii|piii:.'n 
(liiuis,  wild  liiiil  rciciitlv 
iiili-cil  of  tlic  iiiliivliituiii's 
ciiliiv  i-clicl  losses  in 
;n  tVoiii  CiMi.ir  iMoiiiitniu 
Mint  1.">,()(I()  nicii,  vliil,. 
ts  well' fully  (loulilf  tlmt 
Ix'i-  of  ollict'is  of  (listiiic- 
iiiioiig  tlie  killed.  Tlic 
paigu  was  |iiiHiiilly  duo 
li'dgo  of  f  ho  (icld  of  Cdii. 
onist,  (li'ii.  l,oc,  possess, 
r  iimiiifi'stod  ill  eoiislinit 
iili'is,  of  oftic'crs  of  his 
iitoly  served  under  (!en. 
illy  hud  its  weijjht  iij 
>iie  |)ios|ieetive  vieloiy 
thnige  of  eulpnhlo  di.s- 
iMaior-(!en.  J-'itz-Jolni 
entlv  tried  and  foiiinl 
tial. 

)f  Pope's  ilisiisters,  Si|ii. 
nvested  (!eii.  MeClellaii 
ol   of  nil   the  forces  f',,r 
ipital,  and   the  latt.  r  at 
couiuiaiid  within  the  ilr- 
.      (»n  the  (ilhtien.  I.ir, 
V,    lieillg    reinfdieed    l.y 
vision  from  ]{ielinioiiii, 
anoe  at  Fredeiiek,  .M,l., 
0    in    the    vicinity  el' 
Sill  he   issued  iiii  ad- 
Maryland,  aniioniuin^' 
iiig  them  to  aid  them  in 
ign  yoke  of  the  rnit.il 
ng  ollic(\  was  |ironipily 
n\inibers  won  liy  him  in 
out  eijualled  his  less  in 
th   (ieii.  .Mcflelliin,  ii|. 
iirance  of  Lee  from  his 
move  slowly  and  ii.n 
'om  Washington,  on  iln' 
five     dilleient    iiaiiillcl 
ng  resting  on  the  ii\i  r, 
I  l'"redeiieksliiirg,  whiili 
est  ward,  had   two  days 
During   the  day   an 
into  his  hands,  wlii,  li 
lel  eomnmiKler's  ulijut 
arper's  Kei  ly  ;  and,  tni- 
iijis  and  'Walker's  (ii\i- 
rross    the    roloniiic    in 
:   only    ^Mel.uws'    id  .1 
ow  between  the  I'liii  n 
•rry.      Kiiinklin's  ei.i|  s 
IS  some  mihs  seulh  if 
e,  and  in  front  of  .Mc- 
o(  precipilaliiig  KianI;- 
would    have    lelieMil 
s   was    not   doiii'.   ami, 
his   main   budy  on  the 
Crampton's  (inp  to  tin' 
ovi  d  to  the  n<iilli-«i>t 
hroiigh  'I'll nil  r's  Cap. 
range  of  hills,      lb  le 
1  army,  under   1).    II. 
-teil   on    bolh   sidi's  el' 
ing  thriiiigh   llie  (lap, 
aekson  had  |  iished  en 
iiperate   willi    Mel.aws 
mil  .'\laryliind  ll<  iL:hls. 
,  the    buttle  was   hi  10 
uice  of  C'ox'b  diviaiua 


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li'lil 

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if 

UNITED    STATES. 


673 


of  Reno's  corps.  Tlio  superior  numbers  of 
tlio  Unionists  enabled  them  to  steadily  gain 
gioinul,  though  constantly  subjected  to  a 
liiavy  tii'o.  At  noon  tho  musketry  firing 
ceased,  and  for  two  lioui-s  cannonading  only 
cintiuued,  botii  sides  awaiting  reinforcements. 
At  -  r.M.  Hooker's  corps  came  up  and  took 
]iusition  on  tlie  old  llagerstown  road  loading 
away  from  the  turnpike,  with  intent  to  flank 
the  rebel  left.  An  hour  later  the  lino  of  bat- 
tle was  forme^d  at  tho  base  of  tho  ridge  and  a 
general  advance  conmienced  up  the  turnpike 
iu  the  pass,  and  the  rocky  wooded  steeps  on 
either  side,  tho  ground  being  stubbornly  con- 
tested foot  by  foot.  The  enemy  was  re- 
inforced by  l.ongstrcet,  about  4  p.m.,  who 
then  assumed  command.  At  sunset  tho  vic- 
torious tlag  of  tho  Unionists  was  ]>lanted  upon 
tlie  crest  of  the  ridge,  the  enemy  fleeing  down 
the  other  side.  JJy  dark  Gen.  McClellan 
had  most  of  his  army  in  hand  at  the  base  of 
tiie  mountain,  ready  to  renew  tho  action  next 
morning,  but  (j!eu.  Lee,  having  gained  time 
fur  Ids  operations  against  Harper's  Ferry, 
withdrew  his  forces  during  the  night.  Tho 
Union  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  1,008. 
That  of  the  enemy  wius  unknown,  excej)t  in 
prisoners,  of  whom  3IcUlellan  reported  a 
total  of  1,500.  Among  tho  Union  dead  was 
Jlajor-Uen.  Jesse  L.  Reno,  killed  by  a  mus- 
ket ball  at  the  head  of  his  division. 

On  tlie  14th  Franklin's  oori)s  of  tho  Union 
army  reached  the  pass  thi-ougli  Crampton's 
(lap,  at  which  he  overtook  two  or  three  bri- 
gades of  !5IcLaws'  division,  whereof  tho 
larger  portion  was  some  miles  farther  on 
towards  Harper's  Ferry.  After  a  contest  of 
live  hours  the  rebels  were  driven  out,  badly 
cut  up ;  but  Franklin,  uninformed  of  the  criti- 
cal situation  of  Harper's  Ferry,  failed  to  vig- 
orously follow  up  his  advantage.  On  tho  I3th 
(ien.  Jackson  arrived  by  way  of  Williams- 
jiiirt  and  ^[artinsburg  before  Harper's  Ferry, 
while  Mcljaws  advanced  to  Sandy  Hook,  |)re- 
vi'iiting  all  egress  from  Harper's  Ferry  down 
tlie  I'otomac.  Tho  garrison  at  the  latter 
place  was  11,.')8.1  men,  with  about  50  jneces 
of  artillery,  tinder  Col.  Miles,  appointed  by 
McClellan,  and  an  unlit  commander,  as  had 
been  shown  by  his  conduct  at  tho  first  battle 
of  IJull  Run.  Harper's  Ferry  is  situated  in 
a  goige  commanded  by  steep  mountains  on 
tliree  sides,  on  one  of  which  he  should  have 
concentrated  his  comniaml,  and  held  out  till 
relievi  1.  Some  of  his  forces  ho  had  ))Osted 
on  .M  ryland  Heights,  under  Col.  Fortl,  32d 
Ohio,  >  lit  refused  to  supply  the  latter  with 
axi'S  and  spades  to  fortify  liis  position  upon 
till!  ap|)roaeh  of  Alcl.aws  thereto.  Tlio  lat- 
liT  made  an  attack  thereitpcn  in  force  im  the 
iiiiiining  of  Sept.  Ill,  but  '.as  repulsed;  but 
on  the  morning  of  Sept.  ll,  Col.  Ford,  with- 
oMt  being  further  assailed,  abandoned  the 
Heights  entirely  to  McLaws,  wlio  commenced 
sliilling  therefrom  the  Uiiidn  forces  at  tlu^ 
I'l'iiy,  and  at  Bolivar  Heights  beyond  it. 
Walker's  guns  also  opened  from  Loudon 
lli'iolits,  and  Jackson's  batteries  were  Jilay- 
iiii;  from  several  points,  some  of  them  enfi- 
lading the  Union  position  on  l^olivar  Heights. 
At  U  I'.M.,  Se])t.  U,  the  Union  cavalry,  l.',000 
mill,  under  (Jul.  Davis,  12th  Illinois,  escaped 
to  the  Maryland  bank,  and  thence  fo  (ireeii- 
lasll.',  I'll,,  capturing  by  the  way  the  ammu- 
nition train  of  Oen.  Longstreet,  consisting  of 
lifly  or  sixty  wagons.     Next  day  at  daybreak 


tho  rebel  batteries  opened  from  seven  com- 1 
manding  points.  At  7  a.m.  Miles  caused  n 
white  flag  to  bo  raised,  but  the  relirls,  not  j 
perceiving  it,  continued  their  lire  an  half 
hour  thereafter,  dtiriug  which  Miles  was  mor- 
tally woundi.'d.  Uen.  Jackson,  leaving  the 
reception  of  the  surrender  to  Hill,  hastened 
at  once  with  liis  forces  to  rejoin  Gen.  Lee, 
and  reached  tho  Antietam  on  the  following 
morning,  Sept.  1(3.  Harper's  Ferry  had  no 
important  bearing  on  the  campaign,  the  rebel 
army  having  already  passed  it  on  their  way 
into  3Iaiyland,  and  its  retention  after  that 
event  was  a  military  error  of  the  general-in- 
chief,  Hullcck  ;  but  the  loss  of  so  many  trooiis 
at  this  juncture  was  serious. 

Gen.  McClellan  now  pusheil  forward  bis 
army  towards  Antiefatn,  having  ascertained 
that  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  were  con- 
centrated there,  and  on  tho  15th  ho  found 
them  drawn  uji  in  lino  of  battle  on  a  rolling 
country  that  stretched  along  the  west  sidt!  of 
Antietani  Creek,  near  Sharpslmrg.  JlcClel- 
lau  did  not  attack,  however,  tintil  the  after- 
noon of  tho  IGtli,  thus  enabling  Jackson, 
Walker,  and  McLaws  to  arrive  from  Harper's 
Ferry  and  participate  in  the  battle  ;  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  I'tli,  when  the  battle  be- 
gan in  earnest.  Gen.  Lee  had  his  whole  army 
at  hand,  with  the  exception  of  A.  1'.  Hill's 
division,  left  at  the  Ferry.  Having  resolved 
to  turn  the  enemy's  left,  McClellan  despatch- 
ed Hooker,  at  4  1".m.,  September  IGtli,  by  a 
long  detour,  to  cross  tlie  Antietam  cnit  of  sight 
and  range  of  the  rebel  batteries.  The  passage 
of  the  stream  being  eflected,  Hooker  moved 
cautiously  down  on  the  enemy's  flank,  and 
found  himself,  at  dark,  in  an  open  field, 
bounded  by  woods,  breast  to  breast  with  the 
enemy's  lines.  Here,  within  half-musket 
shot  of  each  other,  the  two  armies,  after  some 
desultoiy  firing,  lay  down  for  the  night; 
Rickett's  division  of  the  Union  force  being 
on  the  left,  ileiide  with  the  rennsylvania 
Reserves  in  the  centre,  while  Doubltulay  had 
planted  his  guns  on  a  hill  to  the  right.  At 
daylight,  September  17tli,  the  left  of  Meade's 
and  right  of  Rickett's  divisions  became  en- 
gaged, and  soon  the  whole  of  Hooker's  corps 
hurled  itself  against  J'lwell's  and  Jackson's 
divisions  of  the  enemy.  The  main  contest 
was  in  an  open  space,  composed  of  a  ploughed 
field  and  a  cornfield.  Tlie  rebels  shortly  gave 
way,  at  first  retreating  slowly  and  then  pre- 
eiliitutely  over  the  field  and  across  tlio  road 
beyond  into  a  piece  of  tliick  woods,  imrsued 
by  (Jen.  Jleade  with  the  rennsylvania  Ue- 
serves.  Here,  reinforced  by  Hood's  division, 
the  rebels  in  turn  hurled  themselves  upon  the 
Unionists  with  terrible  volleys,  and  in  over- 
whelming force  charged  them  back  across  the 
cornfield.  (Sen.  Hooker,  at  this  critical  mo- 
ment, ordered  Doubleday  to  despatdi  him  his 
best  brigade,  which  immediately  came  down 
the  hill,  led  by  Hartsulf,  nioviiig  to  the  crest 
of  the  rise  that  conimanded  the  cornfield. 
This  they  held  for  an  half  hour  unsupported, 
and  then  they  daslied  down,  driving  out  the 
rebels  for  a  second  time  from  tlie  cornfield  into 
the  woods;  among  the  fallen  liere  being  the 
Union  leader,  Gen.  Harf. stiff,  severely  wound- 
ed. Rickett's  division,  holding  the  left  of  the 
line,  and  at  lenipfing  to  advance  had  fallen  back, 
and  Matislii'ld  was  ordered  to  its  lelief  with 
a  part  of  his  corps.  They  too  were  diiveii 
back,  with  their  general  mortally  wounded. 


Hooker  now  advanced,  with  Crawford's  and 
Gordon's  fresh  brigades  of  JLtn.sfield's  corps, 
to  Rickett's  support,  determined  to  carry  tlio 
wooils  on  the  right  and  beyond  the  corn- 
field, and  amid  a  shower  of  rebel  bullets,  was 
painfully  wounded,  by  a  niusketball  through 
his  foot,  which  comiielled  him  at  l)  A.M.  to  re- 
linquish the  command  to  Sumner.  The  latter 
now  sent  forward  Sedgwick's  division  of  his 
own  cor[is  to  supjiort  Crawford  and  Gordon. 
At  this  moment  tho  fresh  rebel  forces  of 
Walker  and  McLaws,  seconded  by  Karly  on 
their  left,  were  hurried  from  their  yet  nnas- 
sailed  right,  and  poured  upon  the  advancing 
Unionists.  And  again  the  centre  of  flie  hit- 
ter's right  gave  way.  Sedgwick,  vainly  striv- 
ing to  rally  his  forces  under  tlit^  terrible  fire, 
was  three  times  wounded.  Gen.  Howord, 
who  took  his  command,  was  unable  to  re-form 
it,  and  the  efforts  of  Sumner  himself  wero 
eiptally  unavailing.  Thus  the  bloody  corn- 
field was  again  retaken  by  the  enemy.  Tho 
attempt  of  the  latter  to  advance  beyond  it  was 
rejielled  by  the  heavy  fire  of  the  Ilnion  bat- 
teries, while  Doubleday  on  the  farther  Union 
right  still  maintained  his  original  ground. 
Franklin  now  came  up  with  his  frt'sh  corps, 
and  at  once  ordered  Sloeum  and  Smith,  com- 
manding his  two  divisions,  to  retake  the  field. 
So  suddenly  and  unexpectedly  did  they  exe- 
cute this  onler,  that  it  was  with  compara- 
tively small  loss  that  they  swept  over  tlio 
cornfield  and  through  the  woods,  clearing 
them  of  the  foe.  The  ground  thus  retaken 
!  was  not  again  lost.  Near<'r  the  centre  the 
!  Union  lines  successfully  withstood  numerous 
j  assaults  of  the  enemy,  and  when  night  closed 
,  the  battle,  held  advanced  jiositions. 
I  Rurnside's  cor])S  held  the  extreme  Union 
j  left,  oiiposito  tho  lowest  of  the  three  bridges 
I  crossing  tho  Antietam.  At  8  a.m.  he  was 
j  ordered  to  cross  this  bridge,  but  his  feeble 
I  attempts  to  execute  this  order  were  succes- 
sively  repulsed.  At  1  P.M.,  being  perempto- 
;  rily  ordered  to  carry  it  at  the  point  of  the  bay- 
■  onet,  it  was  successfully  charged  by  the  6 1st 
New  York  and  51st  rennsylvania,  the  enemy 
retreating  therefrom  to  the  heights.  Again 
Rurnside  halted,  end  it  was  not  until  3  r.M. 
that  renewed  orders,  of  a  )iereni]itory  nature, 
cau.sed  him  to  charge  up  the  heights,  which 
were  now  gallantly  carried,  some  of  the  Un- 
ion troops  reaching  even  the  outskirts  of 
Sharjisburg  beyond.  Rut  this  ailvantago 
came  too  late.  A.  P.  Hill's  division  now  ar- 
rived on  the  field  and  charged  this  portion 
of  the  Union  lines,  and  covered  by  a  lieaiy 
fire  of  artillery,  drove  it  bark  in  confusion 
down  the  hill  towards  Antii-tam,  pursuing 
tintil  checked  by  the  fire  of  the  Union  batte- 
ries across  the  river.  'J'liey  refrained,  how- 
ever, from  .•iftempting  to  carry  the  briilgo, 
and  retired  to  their  lines  on  the  heights,  as 
darkness  ensued.  Among  their  killed  in  this 
charge  xvas  Gen.  L.  G'R.  Riancli,  of  North 
Carolina. 

The  Union  and  rebel  forces  engaged  in  this 

bloodv  and  indecisive  battle  were  about  e(pial, 

iK'ing' between  80,000  and  110,000  each.    (ien. 

McClellan   reported  his  entire  loss  at  2,010 

killed,  !),Ht)  woumh^d,   and   1,043  missing; 

!  total,  l-',4t'iO.     The  aggregate  losses  reported 

!  bv  the  rebel  divisinnftdmniiiuders  were,  1,813 

killed,  !t,3!l'.)  wounded,  •_',•-"•'-   ""issing  ;  total, 

!  I3,5.'(3;  but  they  were  probably  niueli  larger, 

I  as  2,700  alone  of  their  dead  wero  buried  by 


B74 


HISTORY    OP    THE 


tlio  Unionists,  whilo  six  thotiHand  pi'Uont'i-x, 
with  115  guuK,  wcro  taken  by  the  latter. 

D\iriiig  the  nij^Iit  following  the  batllo,  Oen. 
Leo  (|uii'tiy  moved  olf  across  tlie  I'otoniiie, 
di'eliniiig  to  renew  the  eonibat.  On  the  night 
of  the  I'Jth,  (ien.  tlritlin,  witli  two  Union 
brigailcs,  orotuieil  the  river  and  carried  eight 
rebel  batteries  posted  on  the  Virginia  bhitl's. 
lint  on  tiie  morning  of  the  2Uth,  a  recon- 
iioissuncoiu  force,  under  Porter,  was  aiubushed 
by  A.  r.  Uill  a  niilo  from  tlie  river,  and 
driven  back  to  the  stream  with  great  slaugh- 
ter anil  loss  of  200  prisoners.  On  Sept.  2»M, 
Gen.  Sumner  rcoccupied,  without  opposition, 
llarp(U''8  Ferry  and  its  ntnghborhood.  Lee 
Bhortly  I'etired  to  Winchester,  unpursued  by 
]VIe('lellau,  and  more  tiian  a  niontli  was  now 
consumed  by  the  latter  in  resting,  in  bringing 
up  supplies  and  ammunition,  and  in  at- 
tempts to  ]irooiiro  reinforoen)ents  of  nu'U. 
At  length,  at  the  close  of  Octolnsr,  he  crossed 
the  Potomac,  and  moved  ilo^i  to  Alanassas. 
He  proceeded  Ihenee  to  Warrenton,  but  on 
Nov.  Hh  he  was  directed  to  tiire  over  his 
connnand  to  Iturnside,  which  order  ended  his 
activi)  services  in  the  war. 

])uring  the  month  of  July,  1802,  Gen. 
liuell,  eonnnanding  at  Corinth,  moved  east- 
ward with  a  force  of  about  2r>,000  men 
towards  I'liattanoiiga,  leaving  Uen.  iSIitchell 
to  repair  and  hold  the  railroad  running  to 
Nasliville,  as  a  ba.se  ft)r  his  supplies.  (Ien. 
Hi'agg,  till)  connnander  of  the  rebels  confront- 
ing him,  moved  on  parallel  roads  from  Tn- 
jield,  .Miss.,  and  reached  Chattanooga  in  ad- 
vance of  the  Union  army.  On  July  uth, 
Cien.  Forrest,  lebel  guerilla  chieftain,  ca{)- 
tured  Alurfreesboro,  Tenn.  ;  and  about  the 
same  time,  and  with  the  same  general  object 
of  liorse-stealing,  Uen.  Morgan  made  a  raid 
on  Oynthiana,  Ky.,  but  was  jiresently  chased 
away  by  a  ca^•alry  force  under  Green  Clay 
Smith. 

The  army  of  Gen.  Bragg  was  now  swelled 
by  conscription  to  .some  40,(IO()  men,  in  three 
corps,  under  Gens.  Hardee,  IJishop  I'olk,  and 
Kirby  Smith.  With  this  force  lie  jirojiosed 
an  invasion  of  Middle  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tncky,  Louisville,  with  its  inimenso  resources, 
being  his  immediate  object.  On  Aug.  24th, 
lie  crossed  the  Tennessee  witli  30  regiments 
and  40  guns,  and  passing  through  Dunlap  and 
Cro.ssvilh;,  entered  Kentucky  on  the  f)th 
September.  Kirby  Smith,  with  liis  divi- 
sion, ailvanced  by  the  way  of  Hig  Creek 
Gap,  through  the  Cumberland  Mountain, 
flanking  the  Union  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Morgan, 
commanding  at  Cumberland  Gap,  and  c\itting 
liim  oir  from  his  supplies ;  whereupon,  on 
Aug.  1 7tli,  the  latter  blew  up  his  works  and 
retreated  to  the  Ohio,  over  a  sterile  region 
most  dillicult  to  traverse,  which  was  his  only 
way  of  esca|ie.  He  arrived  at  the  Ohio 
liiver,  however,  without  mat*  .iai  loss,  though 
liarassed  the  most  of  the  way  by  the  rebel 
guerilla,  John  Morgan,  with  700  cavalry. 

On  Aug.  29th,  Kirby  Smith  reached  Rich- 
mond, Ky.,  where  he  was  met  by  a  raw 
Union  force,  about  ei(tial  in  numbers  to  his 
own,  under  Gen.  JL  ]).  Manson,  who,  on  the 
morning  of  Aug.  IStli,  attacked  him  at  Uog- 
eraville,  but  was  shortly  defeated,  his  whole 
line  giving  way  and  retreating  beyond  Rogeis- 
ville,  where  \if  stood,  maintaining  the  light 
three  Imurs,  till  Gen.  Nelson  reached  tlie 
gru'.iiul    and   assumed    command.      Another 


stand  was  then  made,  but  in  loss  than  half  an 
hour  the  Unionists  were  totally  routed  and 
disjiersed.  Gen.  Manson  becoming  a  prisoner. 
Sept.  4th,  Smith  entered  J<e.\ington,  Ky., 
and  then  moved  on  as  far  as  Cynthiana, 
within  striking  distance  of  botli  Cincinnati 
and  Louisville,  liy  this  time  Gen.  Uragg, 
flanking  liuelTs  left,  had  entered  Kentucky 
at  Glasgow.  Unell,  who  liad  concentrated 
his  forces  at  Murfreesboro,  imw  niarehud  on 
the  enemy,  who  retired  as  ho  advanced,  first 
from  Glasgow,  and  then  from  Munfordsville, 
and  continued  northward  to  Frankfort,  the 
State  capital.  ]{uell  then  marched  directly 
to  Louisville,  which  was  seriously  threatened 
by  Kirby  Smith,  and  arrived  there  on  the 
2r)th  September,  to  the  great  relief  of  the 
citizens.  Here,  while  reorganizing  his  forces, 
he  was  ordereil  to  turn  over  his  command  to 
Thomas,  in  conscMiuenco  of  his  delay  in  lind- 
ing  tlio  enemy,  but  the  execution  of  tlie 
order  being  suspended,  ho  proceeded  on  t)ct. 
1st  to  move  in  live  columns  towards  IJards- 
towii,  where  the  main  rebel  force,  under 
liragg,  were.  With  his  trains  laden  with 
the  spoils  of  Kentucky,  JSragg  now  slowly 
r<;treated  before  liutOTs  advance  to  Sjiring- 
tit^ld,  02  miles  from  lAUiisville.  Thence  he 
proceeded  towarils  I'erryville  to  form  a  junc- 
tion with  Kirby  Smith,  who  was  now  retiring 
from  his  designs  on  Cincinnati,  having  earrietl 
the  rebel  Hag  within  seven  miles  of  that  city. 
On  the  7tli,  ItucU  overtook  the  enemy  near 
Perryville,  and  pressed  back  a  coiisidtu-able 
body  of  them  whom  he  found  drawn  up  in 
order  of  battle.  The  next  morning,  the  ene- 
my attacked  and  was  repulstul  by  Gen.  Mc- 
Cook,  who  had  imshetl  forward  for  water  to 
Doctor's  t!reek.  About  noon,  McCook  hav- 
ing advanced  his  division  between  two  and 
three  miles  from  Gen.  Uuell's  headquarters, 
proceeded  further  to  make  a  personal  rccon- 
noissance.  While  thus  absent  from  his  com- 
mand, it  was  suddenly  and  overwhelmingly 
assailed  in  front  and  (lank  by  swift  charges 
of  nia-sses  of  rebel  infantry  and  by  the 
heavy  cannonading  of  their  artillery,  which 
had  been  skilfully  concealed  in  the  adjacent 
woods  and  ravines.  The  whole  left  corps  of 
the  Union  army  was  thus  desperately  pressed. 
Gen.  Tcrrill's  brigade  was  shortly  driven 
back  in  a  complete  rout,  and  ho  was  killed, 
as  well  as  Gen.  James  S.  Jackson,  who  coin- 
iiiamhMl  the  division.  The  rebels  then  charged 
upon  Rousseau,  commanding  the  lid  Division 
in  the  centre,  which  for  two  or  three  hours 
bore  the  chief  weight  of  tho  battle,  lighting 
bravely,  but  losing  gi'ound.  TIks  rebels  then 
struck  the  left  flank  of  Gilbert's  corp.s,  lield 
by  Gens.  K.  1$.  Mitchell  and  P.  }L  Sheridan. 
Put  Sheridan  shortly  charged  at  double-«|uick, 
driving  the  enemy  into  and  through  Perryville, 
up  to  the  protection  of  two  batteries  on  the 
blulfs  beyonil,  capturing  lifteen  ammunition 
wagons  and  a  train  guard  of  140,  and  then 
retiring  to  tho  I'nion  baltt.'ries  as  darkness 
came  on.  For  two  hours,  tho  30th  Union 
brigade.  Col.  Gooding,  sent  by  Gilbert  to  tho 
aid  of  AlcCook,  fiuight  on  the  extreme  left 
again.st  superior  numbers,  losing  549  men  out 
of  1,423.  Gen.  Puell  did  not  learn  until 
4  I'.M.  that  any  serious  conflict  was  in  jiro- 
gre.Hs,  when  he  sent  reinfoieements  from  the 
centre,  and  ordered  Crittenden,  coninianding 
llie  right,  to  advance;  but  night  fell  ere  these 
forces  arrived.     During  the  night  Lragg  de- 


camped to  liarrodsburg,  where  lie  was  joined 
by  Kirby  Smith.  Tho  Union  logs  in  this 
engagement  was  about  4,000  and  10  guns; 
that  of  the  enemy  about  2,.''iOO.  Pragg  now 
retreated  precipitately  to  East  Tennessee, 
through  Crab  Orchard  and  Cuinberlanu  (Jap, 
destroying  on  the  way  a  largo  amount  of 
valuable  stores  and  spoils  for  want  of  trans- 
portation across  tho  mountainous  country. 
He  was  ]>ur8ued  as  far  as  Crab  Orchard  by 
Uuell's  forces.  'J"he  Governnu-nt,  deeply  di.s- 
satisfled  at  the  failure  of  Piiell  to  destroy  the 
rebel  army,  now  relieved  him  from  command, 
and  appointed  Maj.-Gon.  Rosccrans  to  suc- 
ceed him. 

On  tho  elevation  of  Gen.  Hallcck  to  the  chief 
command  of  the  Union  forces,  Gen.  Rosecraiis 
had  been  jilaced  in  command  under  Grant  in 
Northern  Mississippi  an.l  Alabama.  During 
the  summer  he  wos  active  in  his  department, 
hut  no  event  of  ini|)ortanco  occurred  there. 
About  Sept.  1,  having  left  luka  in  charge 
of  Col.  R.  C.  Murphy,  8th  Wisconsin,  ho 
moved  eastward  to  watch  tho  enemy's  move- 
ments about  Corinth.  Murjihy  disgracefully 
abandoned  his  post,  |)erniitting  a  large  amount 
of  stores  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
and  the  rebel  (Ien.  Price  shortly  occupied  tlio 
place.  Gen.  Grant  being  atl.ised  of  this, 
sent  Gen.  Ord  with  5,000  men  to  Purnsvillo 
to  move  on  luka  from  tho  north,  while  Rosc- 
crans, having  concentrated  his  two  divisions 
and  advanced  on  the  south,  reaahed  Jacinto 
on  Sept.  18.  On  the  morning  of  tho  19tli, 
the  lattor  being  duly  advised.  Gen.  Grant 
proceeded  to  the  attack  of  luka,  and  after  a 
march  of  nineteen  miles,  came  within  two  miles 
of  that  jilace  at  4  p.m.;  one  division,  Hamil- 
ton's, of  about  3,000  men  and  one  battery 
being  pushed  thus  far  in  advance.  Tho  rebels 
held  a  strong  position  along  a  deep  ravine, 
crossing  the  main  road,  and  behind  the  creht 
of  a  hill,  while  the  nature  of  the  ground  pre- 
vented the  formation  of  any  exttuided  line. 
The  battle  was  thus  maintained  by  a  single 
Union  brigade  against  more  than  three  times 
its  numbers.  The  single  Union  battery,  the 
11th  Ohio,  was  capltired  by  the  rebels  after 
every  gunner  and  horse  thereof  had  fallen. 
While  it  was  in  their  jiossession,  and  theii 
dense  masses  were  sweeping  down  on  tho  small 
Union  force  engaged,  threatening  it  with  en- 
tire <lestruction,  Stanley's  division  came  up, 
and,  though  no  more  troops  could  lie  sent  to 
the  front,  jii'evented  Hamilton  from  being 
outflanked.  Gen.  Sullivan,  commanding  tlie 
front  brigade  of  Hamilton,  in  a  desperate 
struggle  now  recaptured  the  battery.  Tlio 
rebels  immediately  rallied,  and  precijiitating 
themselves  upon  his  diniinisheil  fence,  again 
took  it.  Every  ilauk  movement  of  the  enemy 
was  promptly  ftopped,  and  tlio  battle  thus 
kept  at  the  front  upon  the  road.  For  three 
hours  it  was  maintained  by  the  5th  lown, 
and  11th  and  20th  Missouri,  when  darknesfi 
closed.  The  Union  forces  then  laid  down  on 
their  arms,  expecting  to  renew  the  struggle 
the  next  morning.  (Jen.  Ord  failed  to  arrive 
and  attack  on  the  other  road,  as  hail  licen 
confidently  expected,  but  arrived  within  4 
miles  of  luka,  where  ho  awaited  the  sound  of 
Rosecrans'  guns,  which  he  did  not  hear.  The 
next  morning  he  moved  ropidly  toward  and 
into  luka,  to  find  the  enemy  fled  therefrom. 
Uosecrans  pursued  the  rebels  for  25  miles, 
but  they  Lad  tuu  much  tho  sturt  to  bo  over- 


UNITED    STATES. 


STS 


where  lio  was  joinnl 

Union  loss  in  tlii.i 

4,(100  luul   10  giins' 

I'.r.tlO.     Urngg  „„«• 

to    East   Tennessee, 

1(1  Cnniheiliind  (Jap, 

a    largo   amount  of 

Is  for  want  of  trans- 

oiintainouH   country. 

as  Crab  Orchard  by 

'ornment,  deeply  di.s. 

Hiicll  to  destroy  tliu 

him  from  comniumi, 

1.  Jtosecrans  to  suo- 

i.iralleok  to  tho  chief 

rces,  Oen.  Kosecraiis 

nand  under  Urant  in 

Alabama.     During 

e  in  his  department, 
mco  occurred  there, 
left  luka  in  charge 

nth   WiHconsin,  Im 
tho  enemy's  niove- 
ilurphy  tiisgiaeefully 
itting  a  large  amount 
hands  of  the  enemy, 
shortly  occujiied  tlio 
ng  ml.ised  of  thi.s, 
0  men  to  Jturnsyillii 
0  north,  while  Uo.se. 
sd  his  two  divisions 
11th,  reaahed  Jaeiiito 
lorniiig  of  tho  linli, 
ilvised,   Oen.    (Jrant 
of  luka,  and  aft<r  a 
ime  within  two  miles 
^ne  division,  llamil- 
en  and  one  battery 
advance.    The  rebels 
long  a  deep  ravine, 
md  behind  the  crest 
!  of  tho  gi-ound  pre- 
any  extended  line, 
ntuined  by  a  single 
are  than  three  times 
Ifnioii  battery,  tlie 
by  the  relwla  after 
thereof  had  fallen, 
issession,  and  tlieii 
g  down  on  tho  small 
JHtening  it  with  en- 
I  division  came  up, 
p.")  could  Iw  .sent  to 
inilton   from    being 
n,  commanding  the 
n,   in    a  desperate 
the   battery.     Tho 
,  and  precipitating 
nished  force,  again 
nienl  of  the  enemy 
<1  th<i   battle   thus 
3  road.     For  three 
by  the  f)th  Iowa, 
iri,  when  darkness 
then  laid  down  on 
siiew  the  stnipglo 
rd  failed  to  arrive 
•oad,  as  had  Ijcen 
arrived  within  4 
itcnl  the  sound  of 
lid  not  hear.  The 
ipidly  toward  and 
iiy  fled  therefrom, 
ids  for  2;")  miles, 
)  btutt  to  bo  over- 


taken. Thu  total  Union  loss  in  this  allair 
was  782— lU  killed,  ftllH  wounded  ami  40 
niissinj;.  The  n^bel  loss  was  1,4;!8,  about 
WU  being  killed  and  wouuiIcmI. 

I'riee,  Van  |)()rii,  and  J^i.vell  now  iiniteil 
tliiir  entire  fiirees,  and  loneentnitiHl  on  Kose- 
oians  at  (Jorinth  before  he  could  receive  re- 
infiireeinents.  The  latter,  though  conscious 
of  bi'ing  outnumlxjied,  ivlied  upon  the  charac- 
ter of  his  troops  and  upon  tho  strength  ()f 
his  position,  having  erected  works  within  the 
old  and  too  extensive  fortifications  of  Meaure- 
ganl.  Hamilton  commanded  his  right,  Davies 
the  centre,  and  McKean  the  left,  whilt!  three 
regiments  under  Col.  Oliver  |)roceeded  to  meet 
the  .'bels  advancing  on  tho  C'hewalla  rimtl. 
(Jn  the  .'Id  October,  at  7  A..V,,  the  right  of  the 
enemy  under  Lovell  was  encounterml  thereon, 
and  during  the  day  was  engaged  with  a  por- 
tion of  McKean's  and  Davies'  divisions,  who 
nt'ler  considerable  fighting  gave!  ground,  when 
night  compelled  a  pause  in  the  engagement, 
and  the  Union  army  was  drawn  back  within 
the  town.  At  daylight  the  tight  was  re- 
opened by  the  lire  of  a  rebel  battery  plantcKl 
(luiiiig  the  night  200  yards  from  the  Union 
works  covering  the  Chewalla  road.  Shells 
were  thro\vn  into  Corinth,  causing  a  general 
consternation  of  the  non-combatants  therein. 
Ilatteries  on  both  sides  now  0|)ened,  but  no 
rebel  infantry  were  visible  till  9  A..M.,  when 
heavy  columns  suddenly  ])oured  out  fioin  the 
woods  east  of  tho  railroad,  moving  U|)  the 
Holivar  road  by  division.s,  and  opened  out  in 
the  shape  of  a  monstrous  wedge,  I'riee  being  on 
tho  left  and  Van  Dorn  on  the  right.  The  ad- 
vaueing  masses  were  torn  by  the  shot  and  shell 
(if  tho  whole  line  of  Union  batteries,  but  they 
still  pressed  forward  within  musk(^t  range, 
with  faces  averted  like  men  advancing  against 
a  iliiving  storm  of  hail.  They  njached  the 
hill  in  front  and  right  of  the  battery,  called 
l'"(irt  Kichardson,  wlnn-o  Oen.  Davie.s'  Union 
division  gave  way  beftu-e  them.  (Jen.  l.ose- 
cransatonco  rallied  it  by  liLs  gallant  exanii)le, 
but  his  headcpiarters  were  seized  by  tlu!  ad- 
vancing foe,  who  poured  their  tiro  from  it 
upon  the  Union  troops  on  tho  opposite  side 
(if  till-  public  .s()uare.  Hamilton's  veterans 
MOW  fell  back,  and  the  ridiels  seized  Fort 
liieliardson,  killing  its  commander.  Sudden- 
ly, the  .'ilith  Illinois,  concealed  in  a  ravine  near 
it,  rose  and  charged,  driving  the  foe  in  wild 
confusion  back  and  out  of  the  works.  The 
whole  Union  line  now  rallied  an.i  advanced, 
and  shortly  the  rebel  legions  of  I'riee,  with 
broken  lines,  demoralized  and  fugitive,  were 
pursued  down  tho  hill,  into  the  marsh  and  j 
forests  adjacent.  Van  Dorn,  who  had  faileil  ; 
in  the  all-important  work  of  attacking  simul- 
taneously with  I'riee,  now  desperately  at-: 
tempted  to  Ciirry  Kort  Uobinett.  Two  of  his 
l)riga(h«,  led  by  a  brave  Ti^xan,  Col.  Kogi^rs, ' 
advanced  through  a  terrible  fire  from  both  i 
that  batteiy  and  Fort  Williams,  a  hundred  and  ; 
fifty  yards  distant,  and  then  i)ressed  onward  i 
within  range  of  a  deva.stating  musketry,  tillj 
they  reachi'd  the  ditch.  Itogers,  with  tho 
reVjel  Hag  in  his  hand,  leaped  this  and  planted 
his  stauilard  on  the  ramparts,  and  then  fell 
(L>ad  into  tho  ditch,  with  his  banner.  The 
five  Texans  who  accom|)anied  him  fell  i^orpses 
into  the  fort.  The  Ohio  brigade,  C(d.  Fuller, 
tlii'u  rose  and  delivered  six  volleys  in  sueees- 
liion  and  cleared  the  front  of  the  enemy.  Tho 
supporting  rcbol  bii<{ade  uuwudvuucediui  the 


first  had  done,  and  made  a  rush  up(m  tho  (i.'id 
Ohio,  who  were  ready  to  receive  them.  A 
terrific  hand-to-hand  combat  ensued  of  searre- 
ly  a  niinnte,  during  which  the  uproar  was 
hideous  and  the  carnage  dreadful  of  the  mad- 
dened eombatants,  who  used  bayimets,  elnbbed 
muskets,  and  even  their  lists,  in  their  rage. 
This  was  the  final  struggle.  Tho  rel  els 
then  flung  away  their  arms  and  fled,  pursued 
to  tho  woods  by  tho  lltli  Missouri  and  27th 
Ohio. 

Tho  Union  forces  engaged  in  this  fight 
numbered  l."t,700  ;  those  of  the  rebels,  .'18,000. 
(ien.  .Mcl'herson,  arriving  at  ('oriiith  with  live 
fresh  regiments  from  (ien.  (Jrant,  now  pressed 
after  the  retreating  enemy,  who  was  struck 
by  another  division  from  (Jen.  < Jrant,  under 
Ord,  at  the  Hatehie  Kiver,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped destruction,  (ien.  lioseerans  now  fol- 
lowc'd  Meriierson  to  liipley  with  most  of  his 
army,  eager  to  pursue  and  capture  the  demor- 
alized enemy  ;  but  he  was  direetecl  liy  (Jen. 
(Jrant  to  desist  and  return  to  Corinth,  where 
he  remained  until  the  2.">th  October,  when 
lie  \vas  directed  to  rejiort  at  Cincinnati,  to 
tak(!  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  and 
Department  of  th(^  Cumberland,  superseding 
Huell.  (icn.  Hosecrans  reported  his  total  loss 
at  (^'orinth  and  in  the  subse(nn'nt  pursuit  at 
2,:i.')!)— :!1.")  killed,  1,H|2  wounded,  and  232 
missing.  TIk^  reb(4  loss  was  1,I2U  killed, 
r),<)'J2  wounded,  and  2,248  prisoners.  1 4  flags, 
2  guns,  and  a  large  number  of  small  arms 
were  among  th(^  T'ni(ui  trophi(.'S. 

( »n  the  22(1  September  a  proclamation  from 
tim  President  of  the  United  States  appeared, 
abolishing  slavery  in  all  the  States  that  shouhl 
b(?  in  rebellion  on  thcj  1st  January,  18(13. 
Hitherto  the  war  had  been  prosecuted,  on  the 
part  of  tli('  Union,  with  the  desire  and  ex- 
pectation that  it  would  be  clos(vl  without 
seriously  disturbing  the  institution  of  slavery ; 
and  most  of  tho  commanding  army  oHicers, 
especially  those  educated  at  West  I'oint,  be- 
lieving that  slavery  should  be  protected  under 
the  Federal  ('onstitution,  imbued  their  orders 
with  this  spirit. 

Gen.  Iiutler  early  declared  tho  slaves  t(}  be 
contraband  of  war — a  most  wholesome  posi- 
tiiin  ;  and  shortly  afterwards  (Jen.  Fremont  is- 
sued his  nieniorablo  (ieiieral  Order,  conliscat- 
ing  the  property  of  the  enemy,  real  and  [wrson- ' 
al,  to  t  he  public  u.se.  anil  d(  ilii  ling'"  t  Ik  ir  slaves, 
if  any  they  have,  free  men,"  which  was  order-  i 
ed  by  the  I'resident  to  be  modilic^d  to  accord 
with   the  act  of  Congress  of  Aug.  (i.    IStil, 
whereby  only  slaves  used  for  militaiy  pur|)oses 
were  so  freed.    On  May  '.•,  (!en.  Hunter,  com- 
manding at   Hilton   Head,  in  a  general   ordi^r 
declared  free  the  slaves  of  the  three  States  of; 
(Jeorgia,  Floriila,    and    SdUth  Carolina,  em- 
braced within   his   Department,  which    order; 
was  shortly  rescinded  by  the  I'resident.  (Jens. 
Halleck,  liiiell,  and  Met  'lellan  were  especially 
imbued  with  a  [uo  slavery  feeling,  and  many 
instances  of  cruel  slave-hunting  were  tolerat- 
ed by  them  within  their  lines,  even  after  the' 
time  when  the  anti-negro  prejudice  of  a  ])or- 
tion  of  thi^  Union  rank  and  file  had  lieen  con- 
verted by  experience  near  tho  fields  of  slav- 
ery into  a  hearty  desire  fur  its  abolition.     On  ' 
July  7,  I8t)2,  directly  after   his   retreat  from 
the  Chickahominy,   (ien.   McClellan    indited 
a   letter  to  the    rresideiit,  recommending  a 
policy  which  he  thmiglit  j-hould  be  adopleil,  the 
chief  fuutureo  of  which  were,  no  contiscatiou  of , 


the  property  of  tlu?  enemy,  and  no  emancipa- 
tion of  their  slaves.  Hut  the  )iublic  lindwas 
now  slowly  and  steadily  gravilatiii  towards 
the  conclusiiin  that  the  Kebellion  was  vulner- 
able chiefly  thriuigh  slav(ny,  and  that  tin!  latter 
was  distined  to  fall  with  the  (|Uelliiig  of  tho 
fiMiiier.  I'risident  Lincoln,  anxious  that  tho 
Union  should  retain  its  hold  on  the  border 
Slave  .Slates,  in  his  first  annual  message  had 
proposed,  and  Congress  had  appropriated 
j(  100,000  towards  asystemofeiil(inization,aii(l 
a  few  wn^tched  blacks  were  taken  to  Cow  Is- 
land, a  sandspit  near  Hayti,  in  coiise(|uence. 

On  June  111,  18t)2,  tlu^  I'resident  approved 
tho  act,  which  had  passed  Congress,  liy  which 
slavery  was  abolished  and  prohibited  in  (ncry 
territory  of  the  Union.  This  Congress,  tho 
.'i7th,  also  passed  a  bill  to  punish  otiicers  and 
privates  of  llu!  army  for  arresting,  ('etaining, 
or  (hdivering  jiersons  claimed  as  fugitive 
slaves.  It  al.so  ub  dished  slavery  in  tht'  J>is- 
tri(^t  of  Columbia,  and  enacted  a  bill  confis- 
cating the  slaves  of  the  rebels;  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  suggestion  of  I'resident  Lincoln, 
]U'o|iose(l  to  co-operate,  by  jieeuniary  c<uiipen- 
sati(Mi,  with  any  Stal(!  which  might  adopt  tho 
gradual  abolishment  of  slavery.  Further  im- 
portant liills,  all  tending  towards  the  destruc- 
tion of  shivery,  and  stubbornly  contested,  were 
passed.  One  establishing  diplomatic  inter- 
course with  Liberia  and  Hayti;  oik?  re(piir- 
ing  e(|uality  in  education  and  )Mini.shinent 
between  whites  and  blacks  ill  the  schools  of 
the  District  of  Columbia;  oik;  concc'ding  tho 
right  of  search  on  the  African  coast.  The  fugi- 
tive slave  act  was  also  repealed  ;  continenient 
of  sus|)ecled  slaves  in  Federal  jails,  the  hold- 
ing of  slaves  (Ui  national  vessels,  and  the  coast- 
wise slave  trade,  wi-re  forbidden,  and  color 
was  declared  no  impediment  to  giving  testi- 
mony. 

On  the  day  appointed,  Jan.  1,  18(13,  when  at 
length  he  saw  tliat  the  time  had  arrived  for 
him,  both  as  comniamh'r  of  the  armies,  and  as 
a  civil  magistrate,  to  strike  .slavery,  I'resident 
Ijincoln  consummated  the  great  event  of  tho 
nineteenth  century,  and  issued  his  nieniorablo 
I'roclamation  of  Freedom. 

During  November,  18(12,  Morgan,  Wheeler, 
and  other  rebel  leaders  of  cavalry,  made  sev- 
eral small  raids  upon  the  I'nion  rear  and  sup- 
ply trains  in  Ko.seeian.s' departnienf,  at  Mitch- 
ellsville,  Lavergne,  Noleiisville,  and  other 
places,  being  speedily  driven  away,  in  most 
cases,  by  Union  forces.  On  Dee.  7,  Col.  A.  B, 
,Moore,  lOtth  Illinois,  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured at  Hartsville  by  Moiyan,  at  the  head 
of  1,,")00  cavalry,  his  own  force,  carelessly 
disposed,  lieing  about  that  nuinlier.  Dec.  II, 
Wheeler  attacked  a  Uniiui  biigade  under 
Col.  Stanley  .Matthews,  which  was  fiuaging 
between  Nashville  and  Murfiecsboro,  but  was 
gallantly  driven  off. 

At  the  clos(!  of  December,  (ien.  lioseerans, 
having  reorganized  at  NashvilU;  th(f  army  to 
whose  coniniaiid  he  succeeded,  and  secured  his 
communications,  ])roceeded  to  move  against 
the  enemy  under  Bragg,  who  bad  now  reap- 
peared in  his  front  at  Miiifreesboro.  On 
Dec.  2il,  his  three  grand  divisions,  iho  right 
under  (icn.  McCook,  the  centre  under  (!en. 
Thomas,  and  the  left  commanded  by  (leu. 
Crittenden, moved  on  the  roads  leading  .south 
and  south-west  from  Nashville.  On  tho  20th 
the  enemy  was  discovered  in  jiosition  along 
tho  blutl'ti  uci'ubb  ^toue  iiivcr,  near  ^lurfreuK- 


B70 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


m 


m 


[I'llj:! 


;M    f: 


boro.  llurkcr's  brigHilo  of  (-'rittendeli's  di 
vision  croKscil  tlio  river  uiuiur  tlie  ornmooiis 
iiifi)iiimti()ii  tliiit  the  foo  wiiH  rctrciiting,  mid 
making  ii  giilliint  iIiikIi,  drovo  buck  a  rcbol 
I'fgiiiii'nt,  but  diHcovering  tliiit  Ureckiuridgc's 
ontiro  rorps  was  in  that  neighborhood,  llur- 
ker  witlulri'w  \vilho\it  hiss. 

On  Ih'c.  ;i(i,  tlio  Union  army,  aino\inting 
to  about  40,000,  took  position  near  Htonu 
Kivcr,  a  iittio  wont  of  Murfreesboro,  along  a 
lino  of  tlireo  or  four  miles  and  about  half 
a  milo  from  the  ri'bel  lines.  The  right  of 
the  hitter  rested  on  and  across  the  river, 
which  WHS  fordabli^  at  uU  (loints,  although 
heavy  rains  were  now  falling.  Gen.  Jolin- 
.son  commanded  the  right  of  .SicCook's  divi- 
sion, (!en.  Davis  the  centre,  and  Gen.  She- 
ridan the  left.  Ujion  this  division,  at  7  a.m., 
Dec.  31,  the  enemy  under  Hardee,  secondeil 
by  lSisbo|i  Polk  and  McCown's  division,  burst 
from  the  thickets.  They  instantly  crushed  its 
extreme  right,  capturing  its  gun.i,  and  u  large 
portion  of  the  men.  Davis's  connnnnd  wiui 
then  sti-uck  by  them,  and  pressed  back  in 
confusion  over  the  field.  A  concentrated 
assault  wivs  then  made  upon  the  lines  of 
.Sheridan  and  Davis,  who  ut  this  point  re- 
j)ulsed  several  determined  attacks  on  their 
front,  during  one  of  wliich,  while  leading  a 
Buccessful  charge.  Gen.  J.  VV.  Sill  wius  killed. 
The  rebel  columns  then  bore  down  heavily 
on  Sheridan's  Hank,  compelling  him  to  move 
towai  (Is  Negley  on  the  centre.  Halting,  he 
placed  his  butteries  and  troo|>8  at  a  strong 
])oint  facing  south  and  west.  Dense  masses 
of  the  enemy  now  assailed  his  position  and 
three  times  were  they  compelled  to  full  back, 
when  his  unnnunition  wus  e-xhausted.  The 
rebels  triumphantly  pressed  on,  reaching  a 
position  which  gave  them  un  advantugeons 
tire  on  Thomas's  corps.  At  1 1  a.m.  the 
greater  portion  of  McCook's  command  had 
been  rovited,  and  several  batteiies  of  the 
enemy  were  concentmteil  on  Xegley's  divi- 
sion of  Thomas's  corps,  compelling  him  to 
recoil.  At  this  juncture,  (ien.  Uosecrans, 
ap[)ri.sed  of  his  disaster,  pushed  np  (ien. 
Jiousseaii  with  the  reserves  ond  Van  Cleve's 
tlivision  from  the  left  to  withstand  the  tri- 
umphant progress  of  the  enemy  at  this  point. 
Xnn  L'leve  having  fallen,  he  led  in  person  a 
charge  of  the  hitter's  troops,  which  repelled  the 
rebel  advance.  Kousseuu  then  des|ierately 
churged  the  enemy  in  his  front  and  jiiessed 
tliem  back  into  the  cedar  woods,  taking  many 
prisoners.  The  ground  here  taken  was  held, 
and  the  concentration  of  the  Union  butteries 
at.  this  ])oint  of  the  line  re|ielled  every  rebel 
advance  with  great  slauglit<'r.  On  the  recoil- 
ing of  Negley,  I'ahner's  division,  the  right 
of  the  Union  left  wing,  retired  for  a  space 
to  uvoid  a  rel)el  tlank  advance,  while  llazen, 
commanding  the  left  extremity,  fell  buck  to  u 
low  wooded  hill  between  the  Na.shville  road 
and  tlio  railroad,  which  he  held  till  the  battle 
ended.  Gen.  Wood,  commanding  the  divi.sion 
of  the  left  in  front  of  Hreckinriilge,  nobly 
held  his  ground  through  the  day,  conanand- 
iug  in  |)erson  till  evening,  though  severely 
woumleil  in  the  foot  early  in  the  day. 
AVliile  tho  rebel  attack  was  being  concen- 
trated on  I'ulmer's  and  Wood'.s  divisions, 
Gen.  Itosecrans  visited  that  portion  of  the 
line,  ancl  by  his  directions  and  encourag''- 
nii  lit  created  great  entliusiasm  here,  us  el.se- 
wliero    during    tho  day,   umunj'    tho    Union 


troops.  And  here  his  chief  of  staff,  Garesch6, 
was  struck  and  decapitated  while  riding  at 
his  side,  by  a  shell  from  the  enemy. 

The  (lay  closed,  leiiviiig  the  Unionists  mas- 
ters of  the  original  ground,  but  with  ii  heavy 
loss  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  '2S  iiieces 
of  artillery  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
Throughout  tho  following  day,  Now  Year's 
day,  both  armies  maintained  their  respective 
positions,  with  some  artillery  tiring,  while 
both  were  engaged  in  constructing  now  de- 
fences. The  rebel  cavalry  had  already  ot- 
tacked  the  Union  line  of  communication, 
cutting  off  his  sti|iplies  and  ammunition,  but 
(Jen.  IJosecrans  determined  to  stay  and  give 
battle  in  the  sanio  spot  with  what  ammuni- 
tion he  had.  At  8  a.m.,  Jan.  2,  tho  rebel 
batteries  opened  fire  in  front  of  the  Union 
centre  and  left,  under  which  Hascall's  divi- 
sion stitlered  severely,  but  being  spiritedly 
replied  to,  after  an  half  hour  tho  enemy 
ceased  to  tire.  At  It  r.M. ,  three  grand 
columns  of  as.sault,  comprising  tho  entire 
rebel  right  wing,  under  lireckinridgo,  bore 
down  upon  that  [lortion  of  Van  Cleve's  divi- 
sion which  had  been  sent  across  the  stream 
iluring  the  morning.  In  a  1.  'v  momenta, 
both  tho  lirst  and  second  Union  lines  were 
swept  back  by  tho  overwhelming  advance, 
until  within  cover  of  tifty-eight  cannon 
massed  by  Uosecrans  on  an  eminence.  With 
thi.s  terrible  battery  ho  entiladed  tho  rebel 
columns  as  they  approached,  while  tho  divi- 
sions of  Negley  and  Jell".  U.  Davis  pressed 
forward  to  tho  rescue.  In  turn,  tho  enemy 
was  now  hurled  back,  tho  Union  forces 
charging  them  with  loud  cheers  for  half  a 
mile,  capturing  four  of  their  guns  and  a 
large  number  of  jirisoncrs.  Darkness  and 
rain  prevented  extensive  pursuit,  but  Crit- 
ti^nden's  entire  corps  passed  over  the  stream, 
and  with  Davis's  division  occupied  the 
ground  which  was  thus  won.  Tho  next  day 
was  [Hissed  in  quiet,  beneath  a  pouring  rain. 
At  1 1  P.M.  thereof,  Bragg  steilMiily  evacuated 
ilurfreesboro,  his  retreat  not  being  discovered 
till  too  lute  for  eliective  pursuit.  During  the 
battle,  the  rebel  cavalry  under  Wheeler  passed 
around  the  Union  army,  destroying  a  large 
amount  of  its  supplies  at  Lavergne,  and  re- 
turning to  cover  Bragg's  retreat  on  the  4th 
and  .'itli  January.  About  the  same  period, 
I'orrest,  who  hud  bern  sent  by  Bragg  tocut  the 
Union  eommuiiicutions  in  West  Tennessee, 
wus  r(juted  at  I'urker's  Cross-roads  by  Col.  C. 
I>.  Dunham  and  (ien.  J.  C.  Sullivan.  Gen.  J. 
II.  Morgan  also  made  a  simultaneous  raid 
into  the  heart  of  Kentucky,  capturing  Eliz- 
ubethtown,  inflicting  considerable  other 
damage,  and  returning  with  little  loss.  On 
the  other  hand,  and  also  about  the  same 
peri. 1(1,  the  Union  Gen.  II.  Carter  made  a 
successful  raid  from  Winchester,  Ky.,  into 
East  Tennessee. 

Tho  Union  forces  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Murfreesboro  were  about  40,000.  Those 
of  tho  enemy,  about  00,000.  The  Union 
loss  was  1,533  killed,  7,24.'i  wounded,  with 
about  2,S00  missing.  The  killed  and 
wounded  of  the  enemy  amounted  to  14,.')00 
men. 

During  the  early  months  of  18C,3,  numer- 
ous raids   and   small  engagements  took  place 
in    this    department.       In    February,    Gen. 
Wheeler  pniceudLMl,  with  4,.')00  rebel  cavalry  | 
from  I'tunklin,  as  far  us  Dover,  uuar  i'ort , 


Donelson,  whero  he  was  successfully  resisted 
by  Col.  A.  C,  Harding,  with  only  (!00  men, 
who  held  his  ground  till  some  gunbimls  ar- 
rived on  the  river  and  nsscued  him.  Wheeler 
then  returned  to  Franklin.  On  March  5, 
1,300  Unionists  under  Col.  John  (.'obnrn, 
being  assailed  by  six  brigades  of  lebel  cav- 
alry under  Gen.  Van  Dorn,  after  a  stout  re- 
sistance were  compelled  to  surrender  to  (he 
latter.  March  20,  Col.  A.  S.  Hull  with 
1,323  men  was  assailed  at  Aliltou  by  the  rebel 
Cion.  Morgan  with  a  vostly  superior  force, 
but  being  skilfully  posted,  defeated  the  latter. 
On  April  10,  Van  Dorn  attacking  (Jordon 
Granger  at  Franklin,  was  also  successfully 
resisted.  On  April  29,  Col.  A.  D.  Streiglit 
wus  despatched  by  Gen.  Kosecrans  to  the 
rear  of  Gen.  Bragg.  Ho  proceeded  into 
North-western  Georgia,  inflicting  considera- 
ble loss  ou  the  rebels.  Near  Rome,  after  a  run- 
ning fight  with  Forrest  for  nearly  100  miles, 
he  was  captured  with  his  force,  amount- 
ing to  1,30.')  men.  Having  been  sent  with 
his  officers  to  Libby  prison,  llichniond,  ho 
escaped  therefrom  to  the  Union  lines  about  a 
year  ofterwords. 

Tho  capture  of  the  important  post  of  Vicks- 
burg,  commanding  the  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, was  the  object  of  a  plan  inituited 
by  (ien.  Grant  at  tho  close  of  November, 
18C2.  Gen.  Sherman  was  to  move  his  army 
from  Memphis  upon  Vicksburg,  while  Gen. 
Grant  himself  was  to  jirevent  the  enemy  at 
Jackson  City  from  reinforcing  the  place.  On 
November  28th,  Gen.  Grant  moved  through 
Holly  Springs  to  Oxford,  making  tho  former 
j)lace  his  temporary  depot  of  supplies,  and 
leaving  it  in  charge  of  Col.  R.  C.  Murphy,  8th 
Wisconsin,  with  1,000  men.  On  December 
20th,  this  commander  unnecessarily  surren- 
dered the  place,  with  some  2,000  men,  includ- 
ing a  large  hospital  full  of  sick  and  wounded, 
and  $4,000,000  worth  of  property,  to  the 
rebel  Gen.  Van  Dorn,  who  shortly  burned 
the  latter.  By  this  disaster  the  co-operation 
of  Gen.  Grant  in  the  expedition  against  Vicks- 
burg became  impossible.  Ho  was  compelled 
to  fall  back  to  Grand  Junction  and  thence  to 
Memphis,  while  the  rebel  Gen.  I'endleton  ut 
Granada  was  left  free  to  reinforce  Vick.s- 
burg,  where  ho  shortly  took  the  command. 
Gen.  Sherman  left  Memphis  on  the  20th  De- 
cember with  30,000  men,  and  on  the  20tli  en- 
tered the  Yazoo,  and  ascended  it  to  Johnston's 
Landing,  near  Haines'  Blutt'.  Here  he  disem- 
barked his  army,  ond  moved  down  on  Vicks- 
burg. On  the  2Cth,  tho  gunboats  of  Com. 
I'orter  opened  fire  upon  the  batteries  on  the 
Bluff,  and  during  Jlie  27th  and  28th  the  army 
pressed  forward  towards  the  city,  nolwiili- 
stauding  tho  ground  and  obstacles  to  traverse 
were  of  a  most  difficult  nutiire.  Gen.  Bluir' 
brigade  wus  debarked  between  Gen.  Morgan's 
and  Gen.  M.  L.  Smith's  division,  and  accom|)u- 
uied  by  two  rc-iments  of  Morgnn,  crossed,  be- 
neath a  lieavy  fire  of  artillery,  the  Chickasaw 
bayou,  where  an  intricate  abattis  covered  both 
banks,  between  which  was  a  quicksand  l)e(l  of 
300  feet  in  width,  with  1.")  feet  of  water,  3  feet 
deep  in  its  middle.  He  then  carried  two  lines 
of  rifle-pits  at  the  base  of  the  centre  hill,  on 
which  tlie  city  lay ;  Thayer's  and  De  Courcey's 
brigades  also  shared  in  this  |ierilons  assault. 
But  the  city  was  inqiregnable,  and  the  storm- 
ing party  was  forceil  to  retiri!,  Blair's  brigade 
losing  030  men,  Thayer's  111,  Muigau's  di- 


a  succpssfully  rosiototl 
;,  with  only  (iOO  mon, 
ill  Honio  KtiiiLoiits  ar- 
cscMied  him.     Whoeler 
nkliii.     On  Mitich   5, 
(.'ill.  John  (.'ohiini, 
irigailc'S  of  rebel  ciiv- 
)orn,  nftor  h  stuiit  re- 
il  to  siirrcndur  to  fhu 
ol.   A.   S.    Hall    with 
at  Milton  by  tho  rebel 
vastly  8ii|)erior  force, 
u»l,  flofoiilcd  the  latter. 
)ru  attacking  Gordon 
was  nlso  successfully 
>,  Col.  A.  1).  Streight 
in.   Kosecmns    to  tho 
IIo    proceeded    into 
,  inflicting  considera- 
foarKonie.aftcriirun- 
for  nearly  100  miles, 
1   his  force,   anuiunt- 
lying  been   sent  with 
)rison,  liichmond,  lio 

0  Union  lines  about  a 

portant  post  of  Vicks- 
lavigation  of  the  Mis- 
t  of  a  plan  initiaU'd 

close  of  November, 
■as  to  move  liis  arnjy 
icksbiirg,  while  Oeii. 
irevcnt  tho  enemy  at 
orcing  the  place.     On 
•  rant  moved  through 
J,  making  tho  former 
pot  of  supplies,  and 
3l.  K.  C.  Murphy,  8th 
men.     On  December 
unnecessarily  siirrcii- 
ne  2,000  men,  indiid- 
)f  sick  and  wounded, 
of  property,  to   the 
wlio  shortly  b\irned 
ster  the  co-operation 
idition  against  Vieks- 
llo  was  comjielled 
notion  and  thence  to 
3l  Gen.  Pendleton  at 
to   reinforce   Vick.s- 
took   tho  command, 
phis  on  the  20th  De- 

and  on  the2(')th  cn- 
iided  it  to  Johnston's 
utt".  Here  he  diseni- 
ved  down  on  Vicks- 

1  gunboats  of  Com. 
the  batteries  on  the 
li  and  28th  the  army 

tho  city,  notwith'- 
jbstacles  to  traverse 
iture.  Gen.  IJluii' 
veen  Gen.  Morgan's 
lision,  and  accompa- 
^lorgan,  crossed,  bc- 
lery,  the  Chick«.saw 
ibattis  covered  both 
a  quicksand  bed  of 
feet  of  water, ;)  feet 
en  carried  two  lines 

the  centre  hill,  on 
'»  and  De  Courcey's 
lis  jieriloHs  as.«ault. 
ble,  and  the  storm- 
ire,  Ulair's  brigade 

111,  Morjjau's  di- 


UNITED    STATES. 


Icissiit  207.  (Jen.  Hheniian  now  saw  that  tl 
tiisk  of  reducing  the  city  wa.s  liopclc.sH,  anil 
liiiving  bulled  his  dead  un<l('r  a  Hag  of  truce, 
III'  riM'Uibai  ki'd  his  ai my  and  waK  about  start- 
ing for  .Milliken's  IJcnd,  wluMi  he  was  supcr- 
hi'ili'il  by  <  ien.  .Met 'lernand. 

The  latter  shortly  proceeded  with  his  forces, 
accompanied  by  Admiral  Porter  with  his  gun- 
boat.s,  >ip  White  Kiver,  and  thence  to  tho  Ar- 
kansiis,  towards  Fort  Kindman,  or  Arkansas 
Post,  which  was  tho  key  to  tho  e.xtensivo  coun- 
try whence  rebel  f(u-ces  were  constantly  sent  to 
operate  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  was  coni- 
mandeil  by  Col.  Churchill,  On  the  9tli  Janu- 
ary, Mct.'leniand  arrived  at  a  bend  of  the 
Arkansas,  three  miles  frcmi  the  fort,  where, 
tliDugli  furioiisly  bombarded,  he  shortly  lanil- 
ctl,  and  exp(!nded  the  remainder  of  the  day  in 
investing  the  relnd  works,  the  forces  at  night 
lying  on  their  arms,  without  fires  or  tents,  in 
position  for  a  general  assault  the  next  morn- 
iag.  At  daylight  the  Union  gunboats  moved 
up  to  within  four  hundred  yards  of  thu  fort 
and  iii)eued  fire,  to  which  tho  latter  re|)lied. 
Hut  the  united  fire  of  tho  land  and  river  bat- 
teries gradually  overwhelmed  that  of  the  fort, 
and  at  3  i'..M.  had  entirely  silenced  it.  In  the 
nii'uiiwhilo,  several  partial  attempts  were  made 
by  the  Union  forccis  to  scale  and  carry  it  by 
assault,  which  failed,  the  division  of  A.  J. 
Smith  bearing  the  brunt  of  tho  conllict  there- 
in. (Jen.  Mct'lernand  now  ordertul  a  general 
assault,  but  before  it  was  ellccted,  a  white  flag 
w;is  raised  from  the  ramparts.  Seven  stand 
of  ciilors,  5,000  prisoners,  17  cannons,  3,000 
.small  arms,  and  hirgu  cpiantities  of  munitions 
were  the  fruits  of  this  victory.  The  total 
Union  loss  was  977.  Having  destroyed  the 
works,  (Jen.  McClernaiul  returned  to  ^lilli- 
ki'u's  Hend.  About  this  time  the  Union  rams 
(jiieni  of  thf  West  and  Luiianola  were  cap- 
tured by  tho  rebels,  but  tho  latter  being  de- 
ceived by  a  counterfeit  ram,  made  of  a  tlat- 
boiit,  with  smoke-stacks  of  pork-barrels  and 
furnaces  of  mud,  sent  floating  down  tho  river 
by  ( 'om.  Porter  from  above  Vicksburg,  they 
blew  up  tho  IntUanola  and  hurried  the  Queen 
lip  till!  Red  Kiver. 

(Jen.  CJrant  now  assumed  the  immediate 
(■fimmand  of  all  tho  forces  of  his  department, 
concentrating  them  towards  the  last  of  tho 
iiiontli  at  Milliken's  Bend  and  Young's  Point, 


577 

vision  875,  and  Stuart's  brigade  fi.'^ ;  a  total ;  encountering  snngs  and  fallen  trees,  and  tho  I  McClernand   ailvanctng   on    tho    right,  and 

~ ■••  -   ■  -  ••  Ohterhaus  on    the    left,  engaged    tho  enemy 

brfore  I'lPi't  (jlibson.  The  relwds  were  de- 
flated witli  heavy  loss,  and  pursued  (owards 
till!  latter  pliice.  As  tho  Union  iirmv  ud- 
vaiioed,  I'ort  (iibson  and  Grand  (iulf  Were  in 
turn  ivaiMiated  by  the  enemy. 

Gen.  Grant  had  expected  to  remain  sonio 
time  at  (Jrand  Gulf,  to  co-operate  with  (Jen. 
Hunks  in  the  reduction  of  Port  Hudson,  but 
tho  latt*!r  bail   not  yet  invested  that   place. 
(Jen.  Grant  accordingly  changed  his  plans,  and 
boldly  resolved  to  march  rapidly  against  tho 
superior  forces  of  the  enemy  and  iM'at  them 
in  detail.      Ho  accordingly  at  onci;  I'uipati'bed 
McPherson's  corps  to  the   northia  i,  while 
Shennan  and  MetJlernand  followed  the  Hlack 
River,  the  three  divisions  l«'ing  w.iliin  sup- 
|iortiiig  distance  of  each  other.     On  May  12, 
Mcpherson  encoinitered  a  force  of  the  enemy 
near  Raymond,  shortly  driving  them  through 
the  latter  jdace  after  a  spirited   battle;  the 
Union  loss  being  142,  and  that  of  the  n'bels 
lO.'l  killed,  with  720  wo\iinled  and  prisoners. 
The  enemy  then  retreated   towards  Jackson, 
the  ca])ital  of  Missis.-,ippi,  losing  heavily  in 
prisoners.     On  May   14,  after  a  heavy  rain, 
JlcPherson  came  up  with  a  strong  force  of 
them   under   Gen.   W.   H.   T.    Walker,   who 
made   a   stand   before   Jackson.     Tho   whole 
I'nion   line  then  swept  forward    in   jierfect 
array,  and  drove  tho  enemy  within  range  of 
the  guns  which  formed  the  ilefences  of  Jackson, 
while  the   Union  batteries   poured  a  deadly 
tire   into   the    routed  nuusses.     Thus  pressed 
by  Mcl'herson,  and  threatened   in  the  flank 
by  the  other  Union  commanders,  the  enemy 
aliandoned  the  Slate  capital.     l.ea\ing  Gen. 
Sherman   here  to  destroy  the  railroads  and 
military  factories  of  the  enemy,  (Jen.  Grant 
moved   the  rest  of  his  troops  westward  ti> 
wards Kd wards'  Station, as (jen.  Jo.  Johnston, 
now  commanding  the  rebel  dejiaitment,  bad 
ordered  Pemberton  to  march  out  from  Vicks- 
burg and  a.s.sail   tlie  Union  rear.     Learning 
that  the  force  of  the  enemy  thus  threatening 
him  was  near  Champion   Hills,  and   2;i,000 
strong,   (Jen.  Grant    concentrat«il    his   army 
with  great  rapidity   near   Kdwanl.-s'  Station, 
and  ordered  Sherman   to  leave    Jackson  at 
once  and  hasten  forward  to  that  rendezvous. 
On    tho     llith     May,    Hovey's    division    of 
McClernand's  corps,  and  McPherson's  corps, 
with    the   exce]>tion   of    Ransom's   division, 
were  drawn  \ip  before  the  enemy  ;  but  Gen. 
Grant   delayed    the    nrder  of  attack   till   he 
could  hear  from    McClernand,  wlm  bad   not 
yet  arrived  with  the  rest  of  hisdivisiuns.      At 
11   A.M.   the  battle    was  precipitated    by    tho 
enemy  upon  Hovey,  who  for  hours  gallantly 
resisted   su|ienor  numbers.      While    ho    was 
thus  contesting  the  ground,  Logan's  division 
winked   around  to  the  loft  and   rear  of  tho 
rebels,  and  so  weakened  their  efforts  against 
Hovey,   that   he    finally    ordered   a    charge, 
under  which  they  gave  way  and  disappeared 
over  the  ridge.     The   jmrsuit  was  continued 
till  after  dark.      In   this  victory   1,000  pris- 
oners and   two  batteries  were   captured   by 


of  1,731.  Gen.  I'emberton  reported  his  totaL  boughs  of  standing  ones,  and  making  a  pro- 
gress of  less  than  a  ipiaiter  of  a  mile  an  lioui'. 
.Vt  the  village  of  (ireenwood,  near  the  jiilie- 
tion  of  the  Tallahiitcbie  with  the  ^'allabuMia, 
the  rebels,  alriady  infoniied  of  the  expedi- 
tion, liiid  erected  works,  cniiinianiling  the  Tal- 
lahatchie's channel.  l>uring  .March  llttli  and 
I'tth  tho  Union  gunboats  endeavored  to  si- 
lence these  batteries,  but  without  success, 
wliere\ipon  this  expedition  retinned,  and  this 
route  was  also  abamloned.  Gen.  (jiant  then 
made  an  attempt  to  reach  the  rear  of  tho  bat- 
terh'S  on  Haines'  liluff,  by  the  Sunflower  Riv- 
er, Steele's  Itayou,  and  tho  Yazoo.  Similar 
difficulties  to  those  of  the  former  routes  were 
exiierienced  in  this  one,  and  it  was  also  given 
up. 

It  was  now  determined  to  run  tho  gun- 
boats and  transports  pa.st  tho  rebel  batteries, 
which  extended  for  eight  miles  along  the 
Mississippi,  and  to  march  the  army  by  an 
inland  route  to  New  Carthage,  below  Vicks- 
burg. On  March  2.">,  (Jen.  McClernand 
started  from  Milliken's  Ik-nd  with  tho  l.'Jth 
Army  Corps,  directly  followed  by  Gen. 
McPlier.soii  with  tho  17th.  Tho  roads  were 
extremely  bad,  mostly  covered  with  water, 
or  mere  beds  of  deep  mud,  and  tlie  advance 
was  very  slow  and  laborio\i8.  On  approach- 
ing New  Carthage,  it  was  foiiiul  that  a  break 
in  the  levee  uniting  the  Mississippi  with  the 
Rnyoii  Viilal,  had  transformed  tho  village  site 
into  an  island.  Gen.  (Jrant  then  decided  to 
strike  the  river  at  Perkins,  twelve  miles 
farther ;  and,  upon  arriving  at  the  latter 
place  and  finding  a  want  of  tran.s|)ortation, 
tho  army  marched  to  Hard  Times,  seventy 
miles  from  Milliken's  IJend.  On  the  night 
of  April  It),  eight  gunboats,  under  (.'om. 
Porter,  moved  down  the  river  in  single  file. 
When  fairly  opposite  the  city  they  were 
heavily  fired  uiion.  They  promptly  responded, 
and  finally  eflectcd  a  passage  unharmed. 
Three  transports  then  followed  the  gunboats, 
two  being  destroyed  liy  the  fire  of  the  enemy, 
and  one,  the  Silver  M'uve,  passing  unscathed. 
On  tho  night  of  April  22,  six  more  transports 
were  sent  down,  shielded  by  twelve  forage 
barges.  The  whole  fleet,  with  the  exception 
of  the  trans]iort  I'iijresn,  and  half  of  the 
barges,  passed  in  .safety. 

On  the  2'Jtli  April,  Com.   Porter  made  a 
naval  attack  on  t!ie  rebel  batteries  of  Cirand 


with  the  imrpose  of  proceeding  below  Vicks- !  (!ulf;  but  after  five  hours'  bonibardiiHnt, 
burg  and  ailvancing  upon  it  from  tho  south.  '  seeing  that  the  works  could  not  be  reduced 
I'or  six  weeks  he  employed  his  army  in  en-  from  the  water.  Gen.  Grant  decidrd  to  dis 
il'avoring  to  complete  the  cmal  which  (Jen.  ]  contiinie  the  assault.  The  gunboats  and 
Williams  had  failed  in  cutting  the  year  before  transjiorts  then  ran  the  firand  Gulf  batteriis 
across  the  bend  of  the  Mississippi  at  Young's    without   injury,    while    the    army    marched 

down  the  Louisiana  bank  to  n  jioint  oii]iosite 
Rruinsburgh.      On   A[>ril   30,  Gen.    MeCler- 


I'oiiit,  and  liy  which  he  pio)ioseil  to  jiass  be- 
low  Vick.sburg.     F'ailing  in  this  ])rojeot,  he  at- 


teiiipted  to  o])en  another  route,  through  Lake   nand's   corps   was    pushed    forward   towards 


Providence,  Swan  Lake,  the  Tensas,  Plaek 
and  Red  rivers,  which  latter  effects  a  junction 
with  the  Mississippi  below  Natchez.  The 
Mississippi  floods  opened  this  route  for  a -short 
)ieriod,  when  thev  fell,  and  it  also  had  to  be 


Port  (Jilison,  in  the  rear  of  Grand  (Julf,  and 
found  the  enemy  posted  on  two  roads,  about 
four  miles  from  tho  former  idace.  While 
Grand  Gulf  was  being  thus  invented.  Gen. 
Sherman  executed  a  fx'int  agains,;  the  rebe 


abandoned,     Gen.  CJi-nnt  now  made  a  third  |  works  at  Haines' PlnfT,  by  landiig  his  troops 

trial  to  flank  the  Vicksburg  ilefences  on  the  '  as  if  to  storm,  and  thus  prevent'-d  Pemberton,  j  the  Unionists.  Tho  Union  loss  was  aljout 
eastern  side  of  the  Mississipiii,  l.")0  miles  north 'commanding  at  Vicksburg,  from  reinforcing  |  2,. ')00,  that  of  Hovey's  division  alone  being 
of  Vick.sburg,  through  Moon  Lake,  by  the  (Add- 'Grand  Gulf.  Having  acci  nijilished  this,  1,202— one-third  of  its  force.  At  daylight 
Water  and  Tallahatchie  rivers,  thence  by  the  !  Sherman  sent  Blair's  divisi  )n  to  Milliken's !  oi\  the  17th,  the  jpursuit  of  the  enemy  was 
Yazoo  to  the  Mississippi.  ."ijOOO  of  his  forces  '  Bend  as  a  garrison,  and  liurri,-d  the  remainder  renewed,  and  AlcClernand,  in  the  advanne, 
under  Gen.  Ross,  in  transports,  accompanied  of  his  army  down  the  west  bank  of  the  Mis-  soon  overtook  them  strongly  posted-  mh  both 
by  seven  gunboats,  attempted    this  piUi.s»ge, '  sissijud  to  join  Gen.  Grant.     On  May    1st, ;  sides  of  the  Black  Uivcr.     On  the  west  they 

as 


S78 


HISTORY    OY    T  TI  T! 


V  \'''l 


rested  upon  n  wooilcd  bliitf,  mid  on  tli«  i'a«t 
upon  an  open  bottom,  which  wiw  protected 
by  a  Hhallcuv,  inuildy  l)»\iiu.  Aci'ohh  tliin 
t)iivi)ii,amidnt  sfiot  and  nIii'11,  Iinwlcr'H  bi'iiradu 
of  Ciirr'K  division  churgt'd  so  Niiddciily  >i|"m 
tlio  niciiiy,  "ith  llxcil  bayoiictn,  that  tli« 
wlioli"  fiiiTP  thoro  wcrt)  routed,  and  Hod  acrons 
tlin  railroad  bridge  and  temporary  army 
bridge  over  the  lliat'k,  leaving  1^  gium  and 
l,r)0(l  prisoners.  Tho  rebels  on  the  westi'm 
Hide  then  burned  theso  bridges,  and  retreati'd 
towarcU  Vioksbiirg.  Hheruian  now  reached 
BriflgepriH,  and  crossed  tho  ri*  er  by  pontoons, 
■whilu  MoCli.'rnand  and  Mcl'liersoii  built  lloat- 
ing  bridgen  during  tho  night. 

On  tho  IHth  the  whole  army  was  closing 
in  on  Vicksbnrg.  On  (lie  lidh  Shennan's 
right  reached  tho  Mississippi,  within  view  of 
tho  Union  gunboats,  and  llaiiies'  liliiir  was 
haHtily  evacuated  by  the  enemy.  On  the 
samo  day,  at  L'  I'.M.,  th(^  army  moved  to  tho 
assault  of  the  pljico  vnider  a  terrible  fire,  but 
only  H  portion  of  Sherman's  corps,  Ilhiir's 
division,  gained  any  advantage,  and  at  night 
tho  troops  were  recalled.  Tho  two  following 
days  wore  devoted  to  bringing  up  the  sup- 
plies, and  at  10  A.M.  on  tiio  2L'd  another 
grand  assault  was  attempted,  which,  though 
gallantly  and  diwperately  essayed  fin-  hours, 
ivsnlted  mainly  in  the  slaughter  of  the  I'nioii 
forces  at  all  points.  The  Union  loss  was  aggra- 
vated by  a  coutiinianco  of  tho  assaidt,  result- 
ing from  (icn.  McCleruand's  overestiiuating 
tho  successes  of  thu  Union  troops  at  his  por- 
tion of  the  line. 

Vickiiburg  was  now  completely  invested  ; 
on  tho  Mississippi  by  I'orter's  lleet  of  gun- 
boats, of  which,  howi'ver,  one,  tho  ('inrimi'it!, 
was  sunk  on  the  L'7th  by  the  rebel  batteries; 
aiul  on  the  cast  by  <<en.  (Jrant,  whose  rear 
was  protected  from  any  attack  of  .Ii)linston's 
forces  by  tho  IJig  ISIack  Uiver,  and  by  a  large 
force  under  (ien.  Sherman  detaih'd  to  waleh 
that  rebel  leader.  l);iy  by  day,  the  Union- 
ists do:;  their  way  towarils  Vicksburg,  ami 
soon  reached  positions  whence  shells  couhl 
be  thrown  into  the  city.  On  the  2r)th  a 
mine  was  sprung,  shattiM-ing  one  of  thi>  rebel 
forts  opposite  the  I'liion  centre  and  a  bloodv 
struggle  ensued  for  its  possession,  which  re- 
sult<'d  in  a  Union  vi<'tory.  Thi^ncefurward 
fort  after  fort  of  the  outer  works  wa:i  mined, 
while  counter-mines  wen^  run  by  the  enemy, 
the  op[iosing  forces  often  hearing  lh(^  so\ind 
of  each  other'.s  picks.  At  length,  on  tho  .^(l 
Jidy,  after  4.')  days  of  besiegement,  having 
been  pressed  by  extreme  famine  and  willioiit 
hope  of  relief.  Gen.  l'emb:'rton  proposed  a 
surrender,  which  was  elfected  on  the  4lh  ;  hi.s 
troops,  some  27,000,  being  duly  paroled  ami 
marched  out  of  the  lines,  and  the  national 
ensign  hoisted  over  the  city. 

Immediately  upon  the  surrender  of  Vicks- 
bnrg, (len.  Grant  |>re.s,scd  his  army  forward 
to  tho  liig  Black  upon  Johnston,  who  was 
shortly  driven  into  .Tack.son,  and  thence  dur- 
ing the  night  of  July  1(1  acro.ss  Pearl  River, 
throngli  Bran<lon  to  Morton,  jiursiuul  by 
Sherman  as  far  as  Brandon.  During  (lie 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  a  Union  force  of  1,000 
in(!n,  mostly  negroes,  left  in  charge  of  Jlil- 
liken's  Bend,  under  Gen.  E.  S.  Detniis,  was 
attacked  by  .1,000  rebuls  from  Bichmond, 
La.,  under  Gen.  Henry  McCuUoch,  with 
heavy  and  about  eipnil  loss  to  eacli  .side. 
Ifolona,  Ark.,  well   fortified,  and   under  the 


command  of  Uon.  B.  M.  I'rentiiis,  also  was  at- 
tacked on  the  ltd  July  by  Lieut,  (ien.  Holmes 
with  a  force  of  about  f<,000  rebels,  jiiid  wi(h 
GeriH.  I'l  iee,  {'arsons,  ami  .Marmaduke  as  sub- 
ordinates. The  rebcla  were  d<deated  with  the 
heavy  loss  of  l,(l,'t(i. 

Outho2lth  DecemlMT,  Gen.  Banks,  c(mi- 
nuinding  tho  Department  of  the  (i\ilf,  de- 
spatched the  42d  .Massachusetts,  Col.  Burrill, 
to  Galvesloii,  Texas,  I'ounnander  Kenshaw 
having  held  that  place  since  Oct.  8,  with 
four  steam  gunbojits.  On  Jan.  I,  the  rebel 
(ieiii'ial  .Magruder,  connoamling  in  this  re- 
gion, uiadi'  an  assaidt  upon  the  Massachu- 
setts  troops    encampeil     on    the    wharf,    and 

,  recaptureil  (he  place,  <"ol.  Ilurrill  and  bis 
L'lj.'i  men  being  killnl  or  taken  prisoiu'rs.  In 
co-operation  with  .Magruder,  time  powerfid 
rebel  rjiuis  attacki'd  the  Union  licet  blockad- 
ing the  bay,  anil  after  a  short  but  lien  e  fight 
eaptined  the  lliirr'nl  Lniie,  ami  forced  the 
couuuanili'r  of  the  llagship  \ViKljii\il,  Ben- 
shaw,  to  blow  her  uji,  in  doing  which  he  lost 
his  own  lite.  On  Jan.  21,  lSt;:t,  the  two 
gunboats  blockading  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine 

;  were  attacked  and  captured,  after  a  feeble 
resistani'e,  by  two  rebtd  guidjoats  fitted  out 
in  the  river  above  for  tluit  purpose.  On  Jan. 
12,  till'  blockade  of  (Jalveston  being  re-estab- 
lished under  (.'om.  Bell  of  the  Jirnnkh/ti,  he 
despatched  the  gunboat  I/iillernn,  l.ieut.-Uom. 
Blake,  to  overhaul  a  stranger  in  the  olfing. 
A]i|iroiiiliing  the  latter,  B''ike  discovered  her 

j  to  be  the  < 'oiifederato  privateer  .  I  A(/)«hii(,  and 

I  at  once  attempted  to  close  with  and  board 
her,  but  the  Jfiillrriin  was  sunk  in  tho  at- 
tempt, the  crew  being  rescued  by  the  victors. 
On  the  lltli  of  January,  Gen.  Banks  de- 
spatched (!en.  AVeitzel  with  a  laml  force  of 
4,;")00  men  to  Bayou  Teche,  tho  artillery  and 
cavalry  moving  np  tho  bayoii  by  land,  and 
the  inl'antry  carried  on  four  gunboats  under 
Com.  .McICean  Buchanan.  .\t  Carney's 
Bridge,  the  enemy,  about  1,100  strong,  was 
attacked  and  beaten  on  the  lltli,  and  the 
rebel  gunboat  Ciitliiti  near  that  place  was  so 
iliMablcd,  that  she  was  fired  and  destroyed  by 
her  commander.  The  Union  loss  was  about 
:^0,  among  tho  killed  being  tho  gallant  Bu- 
chanan. 

The  next  niotitli  was  occu|)ied  by  Gen. 
lianks  in  attempting  to  open  the  Atehafalaya, 
but  early  in  .March  he  concentrated  his  troops 
at  Baton  Itouge,  to  co-operato  with  Admiral 
Karragut  iii  an  attack  upon  Bort  Hudson. 
On  the  night  of  March  14th,  Karragut  pro- 
ceeded to  run  the  rebel  batteries  at  the  latter 
place  for  the  purjioso  of  attacking  above.  At 
1  1  I'.M.  his  fieet  was  discovered,  and  each  of 
his  vessels  as  it  came  within  range  of  the  ex- 
tensive batteries  received  the  fire  thereofand 
spiritedly  replied  thereto.  At  1  A.M.,  the  Hag- 
ship  /fni-IJ'iiri/  and  her  consort,  tho  .tlbiitrnKH, 
in  the  advance  had  safely  |iassod,  but  the  re- 
maining gunboats  failed.  The  frigate  Jfisn- 
inxijijii,  armed  with  21  gnnsand  2  howitzers, 
ran  agnnnid  abreast  of  the  heavit^st  rebel  bat- 
tery, and  after  remaining  a  target  thereof  for 
an  half  hour,  was  fired  and  abandoned  by  her 
commander  and  crew.  Gen.  Banks,  deeming 
the  force  holding  J'ort  Hudson  too  .strong  for 
him,  made  no  attack  and  shortly  returned  to 
the  Atehafalaya.  On  the  llth  April,  his 
nniin  column,  commanded  by  him  in  peiaon, 
moved  from  Berwick  City,  while  Gen.  Gro- 
vcr's  division  moved  up  tho  Atehafalaya   in 


triiUHpnrta,  passing  into  Grand  ]..iiko  to  rut 
olV  tho  retreat  of  tho  enemy  under  Taylor. 
Here  the  rebel  ram  Qiifiii  nf  t/if  HViMviu 
destroyed  by  the  Union  guuboats.  (bii.  Gro- 
ver  then  iiio\cd  up  Grand  l.iike  to  liish 
Bend,  above  Kort  Bisland.  Landing,  he  was 
altacked  by  the  enemy,  whom  be  beat  oil'. 
The  rebels  then  evaemited  Kort  Bisland  and 
relreated  on  ( Ipelousas,  losing  heavily  in  pi  it- 
tillers,  and  burning  the  briilges  <>(  the  region. 
On  May  2il,  Banks  entered  Opelousas,  tlie 
Union  gunboats  having  in  tho  ineaiiwhiln 
opened  the  Atehafalaya  to  Bed  Biver,  and 
established  commnnicatiim  with  Adiniial  Kai- 
ragut  at  the  iiioulb  of  that  stream.  'J'a\  lor 
now  rctri'iitcd  on  Shrevepi)r(,and  was  thence 
pursued  by  a  jiortion  of  Banks's  force,  under 
Gen.  Weil/el,  as  far  as  Grand  Kcore,  where 
further  jmrsiiit  of  the  virtually  dispersed 
enemy  was  deemed  useless.  On  the  Nth  of 
.May,  Banks  reached  .Mexandria,  an  important 
and  strongly  fortified  place,  which  had  snr 
rendered  to  Admiral  Biutcr's  gunboats.  Gen. 
Banks  re|iorted  his  captures  in  this  campiiigu 
at  2,000  )irisoiiers  and  22  guns.  He  al.-o 
seiziul  or  destroyed  10  rebel  steamers  and  3 
gunboats. 

On  the  10th  of  May,  Geii.  Banks  was  ap- 
prised by  Gen.  Grant  of  the  hitter's  entrain  e 
upon  the  campaign  against  Vicksbnrg  and 
invited  to  co-operate,  but  was  obligeil  to  ile 
dine  frimi  the  lack  of  transportatiou,  and  (he 
demands  of  bisdepaitment.  I  )n  the  14th,  hi! 
proceeded  to  move  down  from  Alexandria  on 
I'ort  Hudson,  by  way  of  Simmspoit,  to 
invest  it  on  the  north,  whih-  Gen.  C.  ('. 
Augur,  with  3,.')00  men  from  Baton  Bonge, 
inv(!sted  it  on  tho  sotith.  <^n  the  2.">th,  aliir 
some  resistance  of  the  enemy,  the  junction  it 
the  two  forces  was  eflectcd  in  the  rear  of  ll  • 
rebel  wiu'ks,  and  <ui  the  27tli  an  assault  was 
made  thereon  by  the  land  fmces,  while  I  lie 
Uiiiiin  gunboats  under  Admiral  Karnigiil, 
from  below  the  rebel  river  batteries,  tiiiew 
shot  and  shell  within  the  fortifications.  'J'lie 
fighting  was  of  the  most  desperate  and  herei' 
character  upon  the  part  of  tho  besiegers,  ai.l 
the  colori;d  troo])S  engaged  therein  were  es- 
pecially commended  for  their  noble  beariii;,'. 
The  Union  loss  in  this  unsuccessful  atteni|ii 
was  21i;i  killed  and  1,.')4'J  wounded,  while  (lie 
rebel  loss  was  scarcely  !iOO.  ISanks  imw 
pushed  his  batteries  nearer  and  nearer  to  (lie 
rebel  works,  and  on  Sunday  morning,  J  iim,' 
10th,  a  second  general  assault  was  made  there- 
on, Farragnt  again  co-ojiciating  with  his  gun- 
boats. This  attack  was  also  frnitless,  and 
accompanied  with  severe  loss  tn  i!,,  '  :iii;i  in. 
It  was  continued  until  11  i.,  win  n  muii  as 
could  rctiri:  fell   b:  "      lird  assault  was 

being  planned  '  i,s,  w  hen  ( he  n<-w8 

of  tlio    surreni  ksburg  caused   (      i. 

Gardner,  tho    i  nit""    of  I'cut    Hi.       ,i, 

which  was  alrcui.  erely  prcs  ed  by  famine, 

to  surrender  on  July  8.  Al...ut  t),000  pri- 
soners, fifty-ono  ])ieceH  o'  artillery,  two 
steamers,  and  a  large  ipiantii  >  el'  ammunitioii 
hero  fell  into  the  bands  of  the  Unionists. 
The  Mississippi  was  now  opened  in  its  entiio 
length,  and  the  Southern  Confederacy  cut  olf 
from  its  large  supplies  of  men  and  animals, 
which  it  bad  constantly  received  from  the 
country  west  of  the  Mississijipi. 

U^pon  the  withdrawal  of  Gen.  Banks  from 
the  lied  Biver,  Gen.  Bichard  Taylor  col- 
lected a  new  force  of  sovinal  thousand  uicn, 


o  (Jiniul  Ijiko  to  cut 
cii'Miiy  under  Tiivlm-. 

jiifvi,  „ftii,-  \y,si  wi,, 

KiinlM.atM.  (ten.  (iiii. 
Iiaiiil  I.iikd  tu  liihl, 
11(1.  I.aiiilihjf,  |i,i  «„.( 
V,  mImhii    lie    liriit   ,,ir. 

<<cl    l''l)l  t     IliNlllllll  iiikI 

luring  lirnvily  in  pi  is. 

Ijlicl^JCH  (if  tllll    ll'xidll. 

itcrcd  ( )|ic|iiiiNns,  (Ijc 
ij,'  ill  tlio  iiiciiiiuliilii 
»  t(i  l!c(|  Kivcr,  jiiid 
ion  with  Adiiiiial  Fur- 
llmt  Ktrcnin.  'J'H\liir 
(•l">il,niid  wiiN  IlKMicd 
f  liiiiikH's  fdicc,  under 
(iniiid  Kodi-e,  wlieii! 
viitually  diH|ieiHt'd 
(St.      Oil 'the   8tli    (,f 

xaiidiia,iuiiiii|>oitaiit 
liiee,  wliieli    |iiu|   h,,,.. 

itei'Kgiiid>()atH.  (!en. 

ins  in  tliiK  eHin|iiiij;ii 

'I    --   K'niH.     Jle  alM) 

eli(d  Kteanieis  and  'S 

,  <!en.  Hanks  whh  aii- 
r  I  lie  latter'sentraiicn 
iiinst   Vieksliui-K  and 
it  waN  (ddi;,'eii  to   de- 
iiiiKjiorlalion,  and  tlio 
i'lit.      (tntliu  lltli,  lie 
1  from  Alexandria  on 
of    Siniinsjiorf,    to 
wliile    (Jell.   ('.  ('. 
fidiu   liaton  IJoiip', 
.      <Jn  tiie  LTitli,  afi.  r 
K'Miy,  (lie  juiietion  i  r 
le«Hu  (liu  rear  of  tl;  ■ 
-7tli  an  uh.sanlt  was 
iiid   forces,  wliile  ||i,i 
Adiiiiraj    Fiirrai;iil, 
iver   liatteiies,  threw 
1-  fortifications.     'J'he 
dcs)ierate  and  lieroii' 
of  llin  hesierrrrnj  ,„,,| 
[cd    tliereiii  were    ,  s- 
tlieir  nolpje   lieariii;;. 
ilLsiiccessfu!  Hlleiii|.t 
Wounded,  while  the 
.'too.     JSiinks    now 
er  and  nearer  fo  (he 
idiiy   morning,  June 
ault  was  made  there- 
■rating  with  lii.s  giin- 
uLso    fruitless,  and 

loss  t(.  t|„     '       .iei-,  i.s. 

I  A  \|.,  wh(ii»i(,h  as 

*     i»ird  Rssnult  was 

•  Ks,  «  hen  the  iKwg 

vslmrg  caused   <      ,. 

of  J'ort    JI„,     .1,^ 

rproscil  hy  faiiiiiic, 

Aluiit  (i,000  pri- 

of  artillery,  two 
til\  i<(  animuiiilioii 

of  the  rnioidsls. 
Jjiened  in  its  entiro 
l.'onfederncy  cut  olf 

men  and    animals, 

received    from  the 

sij)|>i. 

r  (ien.  Banks  from 

chard    'I'aylor    col- 

rul  tliouiiuud  uicn, 


U  N  I  T  R  n    H  T  A  T  K  H . 


B70 


luid  reoccii|)ie(l  Alexiiiulria  and  OpeloiiHiis.  '  under  Htonewall  •lackHoii,  wan  placed,  and 
Jle    iIhui    proceede(l    iipiinsi    HniHhear  t 'ity,  |  lliern   confronted    liy    tlio    Union    left   wing, 

wliich  he  captured  on  June  lit,  it  having  I n  '  under   (ien.    Kranklin.      Tlie    city  was    imw 

Hhaliiefully  ih^feiidt'd.  The  t'liionisls  here  I  hulijecteil  to  a  H.'vere  houiliardment,  whicli, 
just  1,1111(1  prisonors,  ID  heavy  guns,  and  ijil',- j  while  it  nearly  destroyeil  the  place,  failed  to 
(liMl.ddl)  id'  supplies;  while  many  thousands  I  completely  drive  out  the  reliel  sharpshooters 
of  Idacks,  who  had  Immmi  lilterated  hy  Hunks's  ;  there,  who  hindered   the  laying  of   the  pun 


advance,  wnre  forced  hack  into  slavery. 
Oil  June  "JM  Taylor's  van,  under  (ireen,  as- 
Manlled  l)onaldson\ille,  hut  tliren  gunboats, 
sent  thither  hy  Farriigut,  soon  put  tlu^  rebels 
to  flight  with  Mevt'ni  loss.  Upon  tho  f.ill  of 
I'urt  Kudson,  'I'aylor  abandoned  tlio  country 
cast  of  tho  Atchafalaya. 

On  Sept.  f),  (leii.  Hanks,  in  accordance 
with  the  views  of  the  autiioriticR  at  Wash- 
ington, deHiiatch(Hl  (Ien.  Franklin  with  4,(H)0 
men,  and  four  gunboats,  under  I.ieut.-C'oin. 
Crocker,  to  Hoi/.o  Sabine  City,  situated  on 
the  Sabine  Kiver.  The  forces  were  not  land- 
ed from  the  transpurtn,  and  two  of  the  gun- 
bnats,  the  <  'llfinn  and  Sarhem,  which  were 
of  inferior  strength,  were  disabled  and  cap- 
tured, with  all  on  board,  in  the  naval  cngage- 
mi'iit  which  ensued,  and  tli(!  expedition  short- 
Iv  returned  to  New  Orleans.  On  Sept.  HI) 
the  Union  foixe  of  (ieii.  Dana  at  iMorganzia, 
some  (100,  were  surprised  by  th(!  rclsd  (Jen. 
(ireen,  and  about  400  captured.  On  Nov. 
;i,  a  portion  of  Oen.  C  (!.  Waslibume's  force, 
who  had  Ixm-u  ordered  to  the  Teclio  from 
Opeloiisas,  was  surprised  by  Taylor  and 
(ireen  near  Hayou  l!ourb(\iu.\,  and  a  loss 
of  Zl'i  sustained,  the  rebel  loss  being  about 
one-half  of  that  number.  At  the  commence- 
neiit  of  November  an  important  expedition 
was  made  by  (Ien.  Itanks  into  T(!xas.      Thi! 


toons.  Volunteers  from  the  7th  Michigan 
and  l!lth  and  l.'<)fh  Massachusetts  thereupon 
crossed  in  boats  and  aiTomplished  that  work. 
Tho  pontoons  being  laid,  (ho  Union  army, 
including  Franklin's  corps,  crossed  over  the 
river  (Ui  l>ec.  II  and  ll',  unm(dested,  \*'l^ 
being  unable  to  reach  the  jiontoons  with  his 
batteries,  owing  to  the  height  of  the  liankB 
of  the  river.  Although  heavy  and  random  ar- 
tillery liring  took  place  in  the  mru'iiing,  the 
battle  did  not  conimence  until  about  I  I  A.M., 
when  the  fog  cleared  away.  Couch's  divi- 
sion of  the  right  of  the  Union  army  then 
emerged  from  among  the  ruins  of  Fre(lericks- 
burg,  and  moved  swiftly  to  the  assault  across 
the  plain  and  up  Marye's  Hill,  in  three  niaH- 
sive  columns,  their  ranks  ploughed  and  torn 
by  the  ndiel  batteries  from  sixti^en  direct  and 
enfilading  |)ointH,  tier  above  tier  rising  to  the 
crest  of  the  liill.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  they 
were  stopped  by  a  stone  wall,  four  feet  in 
height,  behind  which  tho  Confederate  infantry 
securely  poured  upon  them  the  fiery  sleet  of 
their  inusk(^try.  Still  tho  lino  tindulatod 
along  tin?  slope,  and  the  slaught(>red  brigades 
wvxr  succeeded  by  others,  to  bo  niowe(l  down 
in  turn.  Two-thirds  of  ^leaghcr's  Irish  bri- 
gade fell  on  tho  way  <ip  these  impregnable 
heights,  and  other  brigades  of  Sumner's  and 
Hooker's  grand  divisions  successively  moved 


rebel  garrison  at  Fort  Ks|)eranza,  in  Mata- 1  up,  (Uily  to  be  strewn  upon  the  bloody  ground, 
gorda  Hay,  abandoneil  their  works  at  the  ap- '  And  thus  the  slaughter  was  maintain(Hl  on  i\w 
primcli  of  the  Union  f(>rc(>s,  and  by  the  '.)th  right,  with  vain  sacrifice  and  heroic  valor,  till 
of  Niivcml)er  Hrazos  Island,  I'oint  Isabel, !  after  dark,  when  the  t<'rraces  and  slopes  ujion 
and  HrowiiHville  were  captured.  The  nrniy  !  the  hill  were  pile(l  with  the  Union  dead.  On 
tlieu  prociH'ded  north-east  to  Aranzas,  captur-  [  the  left  but  a  portion  of  Franklin's  command, 
iiig  3  guns  and  100  prisoners.  All  Texas  1  which  comprised  one-half  of  the  Union  army, 
west  of  the  Colomdo  was  thus  virtually  aban- !  was  engaged  during  tho  day.  Smith's  corps, 
(lolled  by  tho  rebels,  none  being  found  by  I  21,000  strong,  not  having  been  sent  in.  The 
(•xpeiliti(nis  sent  in  vari(ms  directions  from  two  corps  of  UeyiKdds,  some  1(5,000  men, 
HiDWnsville.  (Ien.  Hanks  now  proposed  to  with  Sickles' division  of  J  looker's  command, 
mine  inland  and  contest  the  niixstery  of  the  !  kept  up  the  contest  against  Jackson  till  night- 
State,  but  ho  was  overruled.     The  expedition    fall.      Here   tho   loss  was   also  severe,  Cen 


was  abandoned,  and  Hanks  shortly  roturned 
to  Now  Orleans,  followed  by  Gen.  A.  J. 
Hamilton,  who  had  beiui  appointed  Military 
(lovernor  of  Texas,  ami  had  accompaniiHl  the 


.Meade  alone  losing  1,"()0  out  of  C,000  of  his 
command. 

The  ITiiion  losses  during  tliis  bloody  dny 
were  Ifilvl  killed,  !),10l  wounded,  and  ;5,234 


army  there.      Shortly  thereafter  Hanks  was '  massing — total,  13,771.      Among   tho   killed 
relieved  from  command.  was  Major-(<en.  (ieo.  D.  Bayard,  commanding 

On  Nov.  8,  1802,  (Jen.  Burnside  reluc-  Franklin's  cavalry,  and  many  brigadiers  and 
t:iutly  assumed  command  of  fli(!  Army  of  the  other  ollicers  of  high  rank.  The  loss  of  tho 
I'otomac,  and  iinmediivfely  conimenc(!d  a  rapid  [  enemy,  though  at  first  reported  by  (Jen.  Leo 
iniireh  to  F'rederick.sburg,  to  capture  it  and  !  at  1,800,  was  subse(iuently  a.scertained  to 
cut  off  I.ei^'s  retreat  towards  Hichmoiid,  thus  \  have  been  over  ."),000.  The  Union  army  en- 
compelling  the  latter  to  a  battle  in  the  field,  gaged  in  this  conflict  numbered  about  100,- 
Owing  to  a  misunderstanding  between  (Jens.  (100,  that  of  the  enemy  80,000.  Gen.  Buin- 
Halleck  and  HurnHi(l(!,  the  pontoon  trains  did  I  side  proposed  tho  next  morning  to  renew  the 


not  arrive  from  Washington,  and  the  army 
w.is  unable  to  errs.-  the  river  at  the  exj«>cted 
time.  This  enabled  Gen.  Loo  to  penetrate 
Hurnside's  d(;sign,   ond  furnish(Ml    him    with 


attack,  but  was  prevented  by  tho  remon- 
strances of  Gen.  Sumner  and  other  officers, 
Some  skirmishing  and  cannonading  followed 
on  the  Mlh  and   15tli,  and  on  tho  night  of 


ample  time  to  counteract  it.  Most  of  the  ,  tho  latter  day  the  entiro  army  was  with- 
r("bel  army  was  concciitrat<'d  on  the  heights  I  drawn  across^f  he  river,  tho  pontoons  removed, 
of  Fredi  ricksburg,  when  the  Union  army  !  and  the  campaign  against  Fredericksburg 
was  ready  to  cross  tho  river  there.  These '  ended.  Gen.  liiirnnide  soon  planned  another 
heights  rise  in  successive  terraces,  and  some  j  advance  movement,  and  actually  commenced 
tliri-e  miles  below  tho  city,  where  they  are  j  it  on  Jan.  20,  18()IJ,  but  abandoned  it  in  con- 
lieavily  wooded,  curve  lowardi  i\n-  river.  se(|uence  of  .severe  storms  wliicli  then  set  in, 
At  this  latter  point  the  right  of  Luc's  uiuiy,  jauil  tho  campaign  in  Virginia  was  luaclically 


closed  for  the  dcasoii.  Having  prepared  a 
general  order  dismissing  soine  of  liis  otricera 
from  the  army  for  fomenting  discontent  there- 
in, he  hiibiiiitled  it  to  the  I'resident  for  his 
approval.  Instead  of  giving  this,  the  latter 
decldeil,  nil  Jan.  ''H,  to  relieve  (ien.  Hiirnsidu 
fiom  his  command. 

I>uring  this  winter  and  spring  niimernuH 
raids  were  made  in  Virginia  by  (lens.  .Stuart, 
Fitzhiigh  I.ee,  Moseby,  and  others,  in  which 
small  and  isolated  bunds  of  Unionists  or 
poorly  guarded  hiipply-trains  wuro  oftun  cap- 
tured. 

Gen.  Hooker,  who  succeeded  Gen.  Hum- 
side,  at  once  (h^voted  himself  to  reorgani/.ing 
and  improving  tho  discipline  of  tin-  Army  of 
the  rotoinac,  and  by  the  opening  of  spring 
it  numbered  about  100,000  eirective  infantry, 
with  I  ;i,()00 cavalry,  and  10,000  artillery,  in  all 
res|)ects  Weil  appointed.  On  April  27,  ISG."), 
Gen.  Hooker  (lis|iatcheii  (ten.  Stoneman,  with 
most  of  the  Union  ca>alry,  to  cut  the  railroadit 
in  the  rear  of  Gen.  Lee  and  of  Fredericksburg. 
He  also  directed  Gen.  Sedgwick,  with  Homo 
20,000  men,  fo  cross  in  front  of  Fredericks- 
burg and  carry  the  intrenched  heights,  while, 
by  throwing  his  army  suddenly  over  the  river 
above  that  place,  he  should  compel  Lee  either 
to  attack  him  or  retreat  towards  Richmond 
to  save  his  communications. 

On  Saturday,  May  2(1,  Gen.  Hooker  estalv 
lislied  his  liea(li|uarters  at  a  house  niinied 
Chancellorsville,  at  the  intersection  of  tho 
(iordonsville  and  Orange  (,'ounty  roads,  and 
was  there  surrounded  by  about  7'!,000  of  his 
army,  while  Sedgwick  had  also  succeeded  in 
crossing  the  Itappahaniiock  three  miles  below 
Fre(l(;ricksburg.  Upon  learning  tho  passage 
of  the  main  Union  army  above  him  instead 
of  below  him,  as  he  had  exp(!cted.  Gen.  Leo 
left  a  small  body  in  his  works  on  Fredericks- 
burg He:'glits,  and  hastened  his  main  body, 
some  ,')0,000  men,  about  half-way  down  tho 
Gonhmsville  road  towards  Chancellorsville. 
On  Saturday  afternoon.  May  2,  he  despatched 
Stonewall  Jack.son  to  execut((  a  flank  move- 
ment on  the  Union  extreme  right,  which  was 
commanded  by  Howard.  Just  at  evening 
(<en.  Jack.son,  with  2.'),000  men,  burst  from 
some  thick  woods  upon  the  exposed  flank  of 
that  corps,  and  drove  it  back,  panic-stricken, 
upon  Sickles  in  the  centre  of  tho  army,  in 
spite  of  Gen.  Howard's  frantic  exertions  to 
rally  luid  reform  it.  In  this  crisis,  Gen. 
Hooker  moved  up  Berry's  divi.sion.  Sickles 
and  Howard  then  rallied  a  portion  of  their 
commands,  and  the  |)rogress  of  tho  enemy 
was  arrest(!(l.  Thirty  pieces  of  artillery  were 
now  massed  in  front  of  Berry's  position. 
Upon  these,  while  darkn(>ss  was  falling,  three 
charges  were  nuuh?  by  (he  rcdx-Is.  Each 
time  the  latter  were  repelled  with  gi-eiit 
slaughter,  the  constant  discharges  of  canister 
sweeping  whole  ranks  of  them  away.  Towards 
midnight  a  cessation  of  the  conflict  took  place. 
In  front  of  these  batteries,  between  9  and  10 
P.M.,  fell  the  gj-eat  rebel  general  T.  J.  Jack- 
son (Stonewall),  mortally  wounded  by  the 
mistaken  fire  of  his  own  men,  which  was 
delivered  in  accordance  with  his  general  or- 
dera  respecting  the  ajiproach  of  suspicious 
bodies  of  horse.  This  disaster  to  the  enemy 
was  almost  equivalent  to  a  victory  for  tho 
Unionists. 

At  Tl  A.M.,  May  .3d,  tho  enemy  renewed  the 
attack,  and  were  met  by  Berry's  und  Birney's 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


divisions,  nupporteil  by  Wliipple  ami  WilliiiiiiH, 
the  artillory  t>f  the  Litter  commiindina!  nil  the 
npproiiolics  by  the  iilaiik  roail,  on  which  tl>e 
euiMiiy  mainly  lulviineiMJ.  The  liittci'  wcie 
mowed  (Iowa  by  liiinilfedH,  but  iVcsli  regi- 
ments constimjly  sueoeeded  '!ie  slmtteri'd 
ones,  until  Ueii.  Sickles  was  forced  to  send 
to  Hooker  for  ossistiuice.  The  messenger 
found  the  latter  at  Chancellorsville,  stunned 
nnd  insensible.  A  cannon  ball  hud  b\it  just 
struck  11  jiillar  ugniust  which  he  was  leaning, 
and  an  hour  passed  ere  he  was  able  to  give 
an  order,  and  Sickles  was  again  coiu]ielled  to 
recoil,  after  repelling  live  fierce  charges  and 
capturing  eight  Hags.  Tlie  battle  thus  raged 
in  fearful  earnestness  until  ubout  noon,  wlien 
tlio  rebels  withdrew.  Huring  this  day  Gen. 
Sedgwick  had  stormed  and  carried  the  heights 
of  Fredericksburg.  He  then  moved  o\it  on 
the  Chancellorsville  road,  in  the  rear  of  the 
rebel  army.  At  fl  r.M.  Ocn.  Lee  turned  his 
attention  to  the  advance  of  Sedgwick,  and 
sent  tten.  McLaws,  with  a  constantly  aug- 
menting force,  to  stop  the  former's  jjrogress, 
the  fighting  continuing  till  dark.  The  next 
morning,  ^luy  4,  the  rebels  concentrated 
a  still  heavier  force  upon  him,  and  striking 
him  in  flank,  drove  him  down  totheri>er, 
and  during  the  night  across  it,  ut  Banks's 
Ford,  with  the  heavy  loss  of  ."i,000  men.  The 
rebels  also  reoccu[iied  the  heights  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. On  the  sauu!  night  Hooker 
recrossed  the  Kappaliannock  unmolested,  and 
returned  to  his  old  camp  at  Falmouth. 
The  Union  loss  in  this  tremendous  conllict 
was  17,1117  men.  It  is  significant  that  no 
official  statement  of  the  rel)el  lossi's  was 
ever  nuide,  but  it  is  estimated  that  they  were 
iully  eipuil  to  those  of  the  L'nioniscs.  Tin- 
raid  of  Oen.  Stoneman  to  the  rear  of  (ien. 
Tree's  army  wu.,  rendered  ineffective  by  the 
scattering  of  his  forces.  Though  these  vari- 
ous detachments  siiccecded  in  cutting  the 
railroads  at  various  point.s,  the  injurii'S  were 
easily  and  ijoickly  repaired. 

In  .Vpril  the  ri'bel  tJeneral  I.ongstrei't,  with 
a  u>rce  of  10,000  nu'n,  had  ad  vanced  on  Sullolk, 
an  ii;\|iortiint  railroad  junction  coveiing  the 
approaelies  to  Norfolk,  and  held  by  (ien.  Peck 
with  1.1, '100  nu-n.  After  some  seiious  en- 
gagemen's,  Lc'igstreet  sat  down  bi'fore  it  in 
a  regular  siege,  which  he  prosecuted  with  no 
decided  success  until  May  M,  when  he  rai.sed 
the  siege,  aiul  jiroceeded  to  join  J.ee  at  Fred- 
ericksburg. 

On  .lune  :l  a  pcution  of  (Jen.  Lee's  arniv 
moved  up  the  northern  bmk  of  llic  Ka]ip.t- 
lumnock  to  Cidpepper  ('ourlllou:  e,  and 
shortly  af.eiwards  (mil  llonkii  disputched 
Oeii.  j'le  usanton,  with  cavalry  and  infantry, 
tc  obserM!  this  niovi'meiil  of  the  eneuiv  on 
liis  right.  Tie;  latter  soon  iliscoven'd  that 
the  nuist  of  the  rebid  army  was  in  this  re- 
gion, and  on  the  march  westward.  At  I'ev- 
erley  Fonl,  cui  .lune  0,  he  engaged  ilic  rebel 
cavalry  under  J.  K.  I>.  Stuart,  ai.d  after  a 
spirited  contest  fell  back  to  avoid  overwhelm 
ing  numbers,  the  losses  on  ea'.  Ii  side  being 
about  e-iual.  On  the  11th  (ien.  K.  IL  Mii- 
roy,  commanding  a  force  oi  7,0011  nien  at 
Winchester,  received  orders  from  tla^  ilepart- 
jnent  conunander,  Schenck,  to  witiidraw  to 
Har|)er'H  Ferry.  Failing  to  obey,  he  re- 
nmined,  imly  to  shoi-tly  asceitaiu,  on  .lune  lit, 
that  FiWcirs  and  Longstnel's  entire  armies 
were  advancing  rapidly  upon  him.     He  nev. 


ertlieless  still  remained,  ami  the  next  day 
four  batt(Mies  opeiuul  upon  him,  and  10,000 
of  Fwell's  infantry  swept  over  his  outer 
l)reastworks  a  mile  from  the  town.  Attempt- 
ing to  storm  the  main  fort  the  assailants  were 
n  pulsed  and  di'sisted  for  a  time  ;  but  at  I 
A.M.,  .luue  l.">,  Milroy  called  a  council  and 
decided  to  evacuate  the  town  and  fall  back 
on  Harper's  Ferry.  Sjiiking  his  guns,  his 
troops  marched  forth  on  the  Martinsb\irg 
road,  ami  found  a  rebel  division  four  miles 
out,  who  shortly  routed  aiul  dispersed  them. 
One  part  of  the  fugitives  under  Jlilroy 
reached  Harper's  Ferry  in  safety,  and  im- 
olhcr,  some  L.',7l)0,  fled  as  far  as  Blooily  Hun, 
Pa.  But  many  hundreds  were  n..ido  prison- 
ers, and  the  loss  of  artillery  and  wagons  was 
extensive. 

On  June  li?  (ien.  Hooker  began  to  move 
his  army  northward,  |)iuising  through  Dinn- 
fries  to  Centreville.  On  Juno  15  the  rebel 
advance  of  Kwcll  entered  Chanibersburg,  I'a., 
and  shortly  afterwirds  the  whole  rebel  army 
forded  the  Potomac,  Hill's  and  Longstrect's 
corps  uniting  ut  Hagerstown,  end  I'dlowing 
Kwell,  on  June  27,  towards  Chanibersburg. 
Tiie  hitter  still  ou.shed  forward  his  advance 
to  Kingston,  which  is  b\it  13  miles  from 
llarrisburg.  I'lie  most  inteu.so  excitement 
now  existed  throughout  the  North.  The 
['resident  called  on  the  nearest  States  for 
ndlitia,  and  was  promptly  resjjonded  to  by 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  chiefly.  On 
the  L'7th  Hooker  oecu|iied  Frederick  City, 
(.'avalry  engagements  had  taken  place  all  along 
the  march  of  the  rebel  army,  at  Beverley  s 
Ford,  Brandy  St.ition,  I^iipervi'le.  and  other 
places,  which,  however,  did  not  impede  its 
advance. 

On  the  "JSth  Hooker  was  superseded  in  the 
couunand  of  the  army  by  (ien.  (ieo.  .S.  Meade, 
though  such  a  change  of  comnuinders  was  an 
extraordinary  metvsure  to  take  on  the  brink 
of  a  great  battle.  Lee  was  now  well  ad- 
vanced into  I'ei.nsylvania.  On  the  28th  a 
portion  of  Kwell's  army,  under  Early,  reached 
York,  on  which  borough  he  levied  a  large 
sum  of  money.  On  the  L".)th  Meade  had  ad- 
vanc.it  as  far  as  South  Jtonntain,  threaten- 
ing the  eounuunicatidus  of  Li-e,  who  thereup(ui 
iliri'cted  Lon;sln>et  aiul  Hill  u  march  from 
t'iiamlieisburg  to  (iettysburg,  and  Kwell,  who 
WHS  at  Carlisle,  to  hasti'U  to.vard  that  rendez- 
vous. (Ien.  Meade,  hearing  of  tin  se  move- 
ments, at  once  ordered  (!en.  Iteynolds,  with 
the  1st  and  llth  ccups,  to  occupy  (Jetty.sburg. 
On  arriving  at  the  latter  place,  J\dy  1st,  with 
till'  ad\aMce  of  his  command,  he  lonnil  that 
(ien.  Piul'ord,  with  a  division  of  llu'  I'nion 
I'avalry,  bail  there  encountered  the  van  of  the 
leliil  army,  under  (ii'U.  Ilclh,  of  iliU'.s  corps, 
marching  in  on  the  Ciishtown  road.  Key- 
nolils"  1st  corps,  under  (ien.  J.  .S,  Wads- 
worth,  at  once  rushed  through  the  village, 
and,  driving  back  the  enemy,  occu|)ied  the 
ridge  overlookir^g  the  |ilace  from  the  north- 
west. At  the  commencement  of  this  action 
(ien.  Reynolds  fell,  mortally  wo\indeil,  and 
the  eoiini  anil  of  the  1st  corps  devolved 
on  (ien.  Ooublcday.  Wadsworth,  severely 
pressed,  •  w  fell  back,  and  ihiring  the  move- 
ment the  rebel  advance,  some  MIO,  in  ler 
Archer,  were  I'Uveli'ped  by  the  right  of  the 
I'uion  division  and  made  prisoners.  At  II 
A.M.  (ien.  Howard  arrived  with  <he  llth 
corp:i  and  a.sttumed  comnian  1,  whereupon  the 


struggle  was  renewed  with  s]iirit,  the  Union- 
ists having   the   best  of  the   light,   until   at 

1  r.M.  Ewell's  army  froii  York  eamo  rapidly 
into  the  battle,  outllanking  Howard's  line. 
The  two  corp.s,  the  Ist  and  llth,  now  fell 
back  through  the  streets  of  the  village,  losing 
many  prisoners,  and  were  rallied  on  Ceme- 
tery Hill,  just  south,  of  the  place.  Sickles, 
wi».h  the  3il  corps,  arrived  shortly  afterwards 
and  came  into  position  on  Howard's  left,  but 
was  shortly  presseil  back  with  severe  loss, 
(ien.  Meade,  who  was  at  T  •:'  ytown,  10  miles 
distant,  hearing  of  the  events  at  (iettysburg, 
at  once  ordereil  Hancock  to  proceed  thero 
and  t)iko  comnumd.  At  3  1'..m.  the  latter 
reached  Cemetery  Hill,  to  find  Howard  rally- 
ing his  forces  behind  it.  The  enemy  now 
approached  the  ridge,  but  were  met  by  a 
fierce  artillery  fire,  against  which  they  vainly 
struggled  to  advance,  until  night  coming  on 
the  conflict  ended  Hancock  now  reported 
the  state  of  affairs  to  (!en.  Meade,  and  the 
latter  determined  to  fight  a  defensive  battle 
on  the  morrow  at  this  place.  At  1 1  l'..M.  ho 
arriveil  on  the  field  to  direct  the  important 
events  to  ensue,  having  dispatched  orders  to 

I  all  the  different  corps  to  march  with  the  ut- 
most .-(peed  thereto.     On  the  morning  of  July 

2  the  Union  line  of  buttle  extended  nearly 
five  miles,  from  Cemetery  Hill  in  its  middle, 
along  a  row  of  heights  in  the  shape  of  a  horse- 
shoe, Howard  holding  thi^  centre,  with  the  1st 
and  1 2th  corps  on  his  right  under  Sloeum, 
and  Hancock's  2d  corjis  and  the  3d  corps  of 
Sickles  on  his  left.  (ien.  Sedgwick's  tlth 
corps,  on  its  way  from  ^laiuhester,  3(1  miles 
distant,  did  not  arrive  till  2  r.M.  of  this 
eventful  day.  Ewell  connnanded  the  left. 
Hill  the  centre,  and  Long.stre(^t  the  right  of 
Cien.  Lee's  army.  It  was  not  until  evening 
that  the  latter  directed  I.ongstreet  to  advance 
against  the  Union  left,  under  Sickles,  for  the 
purpose  of  flanking  Cemetery  Hill.  A  mile 
and  a  half  of  battle  lints  then  suddenly  swept 

i  up  on  Sickles,  who  had  advanced  beyond  the 
general  line,  nnd  hurled  him  back  with  severe 

I  loss.  A  bh>ody  struggle  now  eieuu'd  for  the 
possession  of  Koiind  Top,  an  eminence  on  his 
left.      Sickles  was  here  slruck  in  the  leg  by  a 

i  cannon  Iwll  ami  carried  oirthe  field;  but  the 
enemy  was  repelled  by  Svkes'  ."itli  emp.-:, 
while  Hancock  elnsed  in  from  the  riudit  with 
portions  of  the  lit,  and  Sedgwick's  lilh  corps, 
and  was  driven  to  the  ridge  from  which  they 

.had  expelled  Sickles,  thus  leaving  the  Cnion 

I  line  where    Meade    had    intended  to  place   it. 

I  ( >n  the  l'nioi\  right  .Sjucum  bad  been  iiowded 

]  back  during  the  day  by  l)well,  who  seized 
some  of  liis  rille-pits.  Marly  next  morning, 
July  3,  .Sloeum  |nished  forward  to  retake 
these,  and  for  six  houis  the  struggle  was  most 
desperate.  At  II  A.M.  the  enemy  n'ceded, 
Sloeum  re-establishing  his  line  and  resting 
upon  it.  A  ])nuse  in  the  conllict  "ow  took 
place.  Lee,  who  had  tried  to  break  Ij  !i  of 
the  I'nion  wings  nnd  failed,  now  brought  'i- 
ward  12.")  heavy  puis  to  Hill's  and  Long- 
street's  fronts,  and  eoiicentrated  tlieir  tire  on 
Cemelerv  Hill,  the  rnion  ;^entre,  a  little  bt!- 
hind  the  iii'st  iif  which  was  Meade's  hend- 
ipuirters.  At  2  r.M.  this  terrible  battery 
opened,  and  fiu'  two  hours  shut  and  shell  fell 
and  burst  upon  this  hill,  w  hili'  100  rnion 
guns  niaili-  constant  reply.  Aliont  I  r.M.  a 
irr.md  eluiiu'e  was  ord.'red  by  (Ien.  l.e<^  upon 
i.'eme!i:y  Hill,  and  more  thpccia'ly  on  Hau- 


th  8]iirit,  tlie  Union- 
the  liglit,  until  iit 
York  caiiio  ru|iii)ly 
Iciii};  iroward's  liuf. 
iiiid  lltli,  now  fell 
of  the  village,  losing 
■0  rallirj  on  Ccniu- 
tlic  place.  Sickles, 
d  shortly  aftorwuids 
n  JIoward'B  left,  but 
:k  with  seven!  loss. 
T.'!  jytown,  10  miles 
venta  at  tJettysbuig, 
'k  to  proceed  tlino 
t  3   I'.M.   the    latter 

0  find  Howard  nilly- 
t.  Tho  enemy  now 
lit  were  met  by  a 
st  which  they  vainly 
;il  night  coming  on 
iicock  now  reported 
ieii.  Meade,  and  tho 
t  a  deleiisivo   battio 

uce.  At  n  P.M.  ho 
irect  the  im]iortant 
ILspatched  orders  to 
(  march  with  tho  iit- 
the  morning  of  July 
tie   extended   nearly 

Hill  in  its  middle, 
the  shaiK!  of  a  lioise- 

centre,  with  the  Iht 
glit  under  Slocum, 
and  the  ;!d  corps  of 
•n.  Hedgwick's  titli 
anchester,  .'Ul  niih'.s 
till  2  P.M.  of  this 
immanded  the  left,  i 
ig.street  the  right  of 
s  not  until  evening 
mghtreet  to  advance 
ider  Sickles,  for  tho 
ptery  Hill.  A  niilo 
hen  suddenly  swept 
ilvaneed  beyond  the 
im  back  with  severe! 
now  ensued  for  the 
an  eminence  on  his 

1  lick  in  till!  leg  bv  a 
irthe  Held;   but  the 

Sykes'  ,")tli  eiii|i.-, 
from  the  riixht  with 
'dgwiek's  liih  corps, 
,'e   from  which  they 

leaving  the  I'liioii 
iteuded  to  jilace  it. 
II  had  been  crowded 

l)well,  ^^llo  seizeil 
iaily  next  morning, 
f'irwaril  to  retake 
I!  stiuggli'  was  most 
le  enemy  receded, 
s  line  and  resting 
'  conflict  ruiw  look 
I  to  break  i,  h  of 
I,  now  brought   '  r- 

Hill's  and  I.ong- 
:raled   llieir  lire  on 

t^eiitre,  a  little  be- 
I'as  Meade's  henil- 
s  terrible  battery 
shot  and  shell  fell 
,  while  lilt.)  rnioii 
:.  About  1  P.M.  n 
by  (leii.  l.ee  upon 
espceiu'ly  on  iliiu* 


K 


►^ 


C/2 


&  >* 


Cm 


05 


i 


h 


UNITED  STATES. 


Ml 


cock's  (2d)  corps.  Hancock  wvm  now  wouiul- 
0(t,  and  Gibbon  succeeded  to  liis  command. 
The  rebel  lines  advanced  three  deep  till  within 
})jint-blauk  range.  Before  the  (ire  of  18,000 
muskets  the  first  rebel  lino  litei'ally  melted 
uway.  But  the  seconi.  'ino  swept  onward 
imd  over  the  Un'cr  riilo-pits  to  the  guns, 
biiyoneting  th'.  pu'-.iiers  a'.id  waving  the  rebel 
fl.igs  in  victory.  Then  a  storm  of  gra|(0  and 
canister  from  the  Union  guns  on  the  west- 
ern slope  of  Cemetery  Hill,  which  enfiladed 
the  siKjt,  iell  upon  this  line.  It  reeled  back, 
and  in  a  moment  the  Unionists  leaped  forth 
ii|>on  what  was  now  but  a  disordered  mass. 
\Vholo  regiments  surrendered,  and  the  battle 
was  over,  thus  ending  in  a  bitter,  crushing 
defeat  of  the  rebels. 

Cien.  Meade  reported  the  ITnion  losses  in 
the  battles  of  Gettysburg  at  2,H3l  killed, 
l;{, 709  wounded,  and  f),()4.'5  missing;  total, 
;i:!,l80.  41  flags  and  13,0)21  prisoners  were 
captured  by  him.  Gen.  Lee  gave  no  return 
of  his  losses,  which  were  probably  18,000 
killed  and  wounded,  with  10,000  unwounded 
prisoners. 

During  the  2d  ami  .3d  July,  the  ca\alry  of 
both  armies  wore  not  seriously  engag(>d,  but 
in  a  dash  of  the  Union  cavalry  under  .Merritt, 
to  strike  the  rebt'l  right  flank,  (!en.  Karns- 
worth,  commanding  the  H\ipporting  briga(h>, 
was  killed.  No  immediate  elVective  jiursuit 
of  the  rebel  army,  who  at  lii-st  retired  slowly 
anil  cautiinisly,  was  iitteinpted,  (ien.  IMeade 
having  no  reserves  and  scarcely  any  ammuni- 
tion left.  Lee  then  recriissed  the  Cumber 
land  Mountains  and  pressed  rapiilly  towards 
the  I'otomac.  Sedgwick,  with  the  (Ith  corps, 
moved  towards  that  river  on  the  east  side  of 
th(!  mountains,  to  intercept  the  rebel  nmreli, 
wiiile  the  Union  cavalry  continually  harassed 
the  enemy's  rear,  capturing  trains  and  jiris- 
onert  Arriving  at  the  I'otomac,  l^ie  found 
the  ri  ■  r  so  swollen  by  recent  rains  that  all 
the  fori  .<  were  impassable.  For  four  days 
Leo  remained  at  Williamsport  strengthei-.ii.g  1 
his  position,  but  before  he  had  con)ph'ted  hi.;  j 
]iri'parations  to  cross  the  river.  Gen.  Meade's 
army,  strengthened  by  French's  divisions  and  ! 
Couch's  militia,  arrived  there,  July  13,  ready  ; 
to  assail  him.  But,  unfiU'tunately,  (Jen.  ; 
Meade  deferred  his  own  judgment  to  the  ad-  ■ 
vice  of  a  majority  of  his  corps  eonnuaTidei-s,  J 
and  refrained  from  ordering  an  assa  '.and 
Lee  was  thus  permitted  to  withdra.  or.s 
the  I'otomac  during  the  night,  without  «  l)low 
bring  dealt  him,  to  the  ii\tenso  ilisiippoint- 
nieut  of  the  nation.  The  cavalry  uudrr  Kil- 
jiatrii'k  took  a  few  prisoners  at  Falling  W'li- 
teis,  and  Gregg's  cavalry  was  involved  in  a 
spirited  contest  at  Shcpenlstown  with  Fit/- 
hugl  Lee's  force.  On  the  IStli  Meade  cross- 
ed the  I'otomac  and  movol  down  tlu*  Loiulon 
valley  on  Lee's  (lank,  with  tin?  purpose  of 
striking  his  line  at  some  point.  Two  diiys 
were  lost  by  the  Union  army  in  passing 
tliroM!;h  ALinaiisas  Gnp,  where  a  brigade  of 
Kwell's  men,  holding  the  pass,  engaged  i\  por- 
tion of  the  Union  forces  under  Gen.  F.  I!. 
Spinola.  During  this  time  I.i'e  ninvid  rapidly 
southward,  passing  aroiiiid  the  ri^lit  flank  id° 
the  Union  army  towaids  the?  liapidan.  At 
till' close  of  duly,  tlin  latter  again  took  up  its 
old  jmsition  on  the  |{appalin;inoek. 

Muring  l/ce's  movement  towards  the  North, 
{{iehmond  was  left  n  imrtion  of  the  time  do- 
femluJ  by  but  a  sinjjio  brigade  under  Ucu. 


Wise.  Oil  July  I,  Gen.  Keyes  was  sent  by 
Gen.  Dix,  commanding  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
to  make  a  demonstration  on  the  rebel  capital, 
but  he  shortly  returned  therefrom  without 
having  accomiilished  anything.  Various  de- 
tachments of  the  Union  cavalry  under  Bu- 
ford,  Kiljiatrick,  ami  I'leasanton,  iluring  the 
months  of  August  and  September,  m.idt;  raids 
and  reconnoissanccs  into  the  enemy's  country 
across  the  Rappahannock.  During  the  lat- 
ter month,  Lee  sent  considerable  reinforce- 
ments to  Bragg  in  Tennessee,  and  the  1  Ith  and 
12th  corps,  under  Hooker,  were  sent  to  the 
aid  of  the  Union  armj'  at  Chattanooga.  Oct. 
1 2,  Meade  crossed  the  Itap])ahannock  in  force, 
but  shortly  recrossed,  having  lieen  completely 
outtlankeil  by  Iao.  During  the  retreat  a 
fierce  cavalry  conflict  between  the  opposing 
forces  took  place  at  Braiuly  Station,  in  which 
the  Unionists  proved  decidedly  superior. 

Meade  retreated  as  far  as  Centreville,  close- 
ly followed  by  the  enemy's  cavalry  under 
Stuart.  The  latter,  on  the  night  of  Oct.  13, 
got  ahead  of  the  Union  2d  corjis.  Gen.  War- 
ren, acting  as  rear-guard,  but  adroitly  escapeil 
from  his  perilous  position.  The  next  day, 
A.  1*.  Hill's  corps  found  it.self  in  a  similar 
position,  and  giving  battle  to  the  2d  corps, 
was  defeated,  and  retreateil,  leaving  G  guns 
and  losing  many  prisoner.s.  Lee  now  de- 
stroyed the  Orange  and  Alexanilria  Bailroad 
from  the  Bapidaii  to  Maiiassa.s,  and  returned 
to  his  former  jiosition.  On  the  "th  Novem- 
ber, Gens.  French  and  Sedgwick  attacked 
the  enemy  at  Kelly's  Ford,  taking  ."lOO  |)ris- 
oiiers,  and  then  moved  against  the  enemy's 
works  at  Bap|>aliannoek  Station,  where,  after 
a  short  and  desperate  close  combat,  Gen. 
David  A.  Kussell  leading  the  charge,  the 
Unionists  took  1,000  men,  four  guns,  and 
eight  battle  flags. 

On  the  2<itli  November,  Gen.  Warren, 
with  the  2d  corps,  crossed  the  Uaptdan  at 
(ierniania  Ford,  and  moved  against  the  ene- 
my, but  Gens.  French  and  Sykes,  who  were 
to  eo-operate,  failed  to  arrive  at  the  con- 
certed time.  On  the  evening  of  the  27tli, 
Ni'wton  with  the  l.st  corps,  and  Sedgwick  with 
the  (ith,  came  up,  but  the  enemy  had  retreat- 
eil as  far  as  Mine  Itun,  where  they  were  next 
found  in  strong  ]>ositioii.  After  one  or  two  days 
expendi'd  in  reeoniioissance  and  niaim'uvring, 
it  was  resolved  that  a  grand  assault  on  the 
rebel  fortiflcations  should  take  ])lace  at  8  a.m., 
Nov.  .30  ;  but  the  force  and  position  of  the 
enemy  were  found  ere  that  time  to  he  such  as 
to  make  the  atteinj.t  too  hazardous,  the  op- 
|iortuiiity  for  flanking  him  having  been  lost. 
(Jell.  Meade  then  il>ei>led  to  abandon  the  ex- 
liedition,  and  on  the  night  of  Dee.  1  linuight 
his  troops  back  across  the  Bapidaii,  and  now 
retired  to  winter  quarters. 

During  the  year  lSti3  several  iiiiiiur  niili 
tary  ojierntions  took  place  in  West  Virginia. 
July  1.^,  a  [irotitless  raid  was  niach'  by  Col. 
John  Toland  with  1,(100  Unionists  from 
Ib'owntown  on  Wytlu'ville.  Aug.  2ii,  (!eii. 
W.  W.  Averill  engaged  a  rebel  fi)i<'e  at 
Lewisburg.  under  Col.  Geo.  S.  I'attnu.  tin' 
Uiiiiin  loss  being  2(t7,  that  of  the  rebels  l.'iii; 
and  on  Nov.  (i,  (!en.  .\viiill  with  ."i.tKKI  iiieii 
met  a  rebel  force  under  Gen.  Fehols,  nnd 
drove  the  latter  with  heavy  loss  f'loiii  Droop 
.Mountain,  in  Greenbrier  County,  into  .Monroe 
County.  In  the  month  of  l>ecenilier,  Averill 
I  destroyed  a  portion  of  the  Virginia  and  Ten- 


nessee liailrood  at  Salem,  and  a  largo  amount 
of  other  rebel  property  found  there  and  in 
the  vicinity. 

July  3,  1803,  the  successful  rebel  raider, 
Morgan,  with  2,000  men,  crossed  the  Cumber- 
land River  near  Burkesville,  ond  on  that  day 
partially  sacked  Columbia,  having  pushed 
back  Col.  Wolford's  cavalry,  which  had  ad- 
vanced to  impede  him.  July  4,  he  attacked 
200  of  the  25th  Michigan,  under  Col.  O.  H. 
Moore,  and  after  a  desperate  fight  of  soma 
hours,  drew  oft',  badly  worsted.  July  f),  ho 
captured  Lebanon,  after  a  sharp  fight  in  which 
his  'cother  Thomas  was  killed  ;  whereupon  in 
revenge  he  burned  some  twenty  liouses.  He 
then  jiroceeded  to  Springfield,  compelling  his 
jirisoners  caiiturcd  at  Lebanon  to  run  tlio 
whole  distance  of  ten  miles  in  ninety  minutes, 
and  knocking  out  the  brains  of  a  sergeant 
who  gave  out  on  the  way.  At  Springtiehl  ho 
rob'oed  and  jiaroled  his  prisoners.  July  7, 
]Horgan  reached  Brandenburg,  on  the  Ohio, 
which  he  plundered.  He  (here  seized  tlio 
steamers  Alice  Dean  and  McComb,  in  which 
ho  ero.ssed  the  river,  and  then  burnt  the  for- 
mer vessel.  Tiie  pursuing  force  of  Union- 
ists, under  Gen.  Hobson,  arrived  at  Branden- 
burg just  as  he  left.  He  then  pas.sed  through 
Coiydon,  to  Salem,  Ind.,  where  he  capfured 
300  Home  Guards  of  Corydon,  who  had  fal- 
len Viack  before  him.  At  Corydon,  he  broke 
up  the  railroad,  burnt  the  depot,  and  levied  a, 
ransom  of  the  mills  nnd  factories,  lie  then 
'  proceeded  to  Old  Vernon,  and  demnnded  its 
'  surrender,  but  being  oppo.sed,  decamped,  lie 
then  pa.s.sed  through  Versailles  and  sweeping 
around  Cincinnati  at  a  short  distance  theie- 
I  from,  struck  the  Ohio  below  I'arkersburg. 
'■  Along  the  route  he  levied  on  property,  even 
I  of  the  meanest  kind,  but  the  sharp  pursuit  of 
j  ."iO  miles  a  day  gave  him  no  time  to  do  exten- 
'  sive  mischief,  though  the  line  of  his  march 
'  anil  retreat  was  strewn  with  an  extraonliiiary 
assortment  of  domestic  goods.  At  Miami- 
ville  he  overturned  a  railroad  train  and  burned 
."lO  (ioveriiment  wagoiLS.  On  (he  (."illi,  reach- 
ing Winchester,  he  robbed  (he  mail,  and  stole 
lti.'i."),00t)  worth  of  propei(y  and  (it'ty  horses, 
driving  with  shouts  and  laughter,  through  the 
streets,  ca]itured  mules,  who.se  tails  were  tieil 
up  in  fnignienta  of  the  Union  flags  found  in 
the  place. 

Gen.  Judali  with  a  strong  force  was  now 
nuning  up  the  Ohio  from  I'oilsuiouth,  while 
gunboats  patrolled  the  stream  to  intercept 
the  raiders.  Oppositi'  Ibiflinton  Island,  be- 
low I'arkersburg,  Judah  came  niioii  them, 
anil  at  the  same  time  llobson  attacked  them 
from  the  rear,  and  the  pmlioats  from  the  river. 
In  desperation,  Morgan  divided  his  forces,  one 
paii  of  which  rushed  for  the  river,  but  were 
driven  back  by  the  fire  of  the  gunboats.  A  run- 
ning fight  now  ensued,  the  main  body  of  the 
raiders  fleeing  up  the  river.  At  Belleville 
and  Hawkinsviile  they  again  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  cross,  and  scattered  into  wnn- 
\  deling  detachments.  Some  2(10  escaped  into 
South-western  Virginia.  Morgan  himself, 
with  another  portion,  stniek  into  ( 'oliiinbiiina 
County,  where  he  suneiidered  to  Col.  Shaikle- 
ford.  "  Over  2,000  were  capdiicd  or  killed. 
Morgan  and  several  of  his  liflieeis  wrie  (hen 
eonlined  in  tlu^  )ienitentiaiy  at  Colunibus, 
whence,  on  Nov.  2l'),  seven  of  them  ncluding 
Morgan,  c  i  'iied  and  ultimately  reached 
I  Richmond      /a.      Returning    to   service  in 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


i«l 


EaHt  Teuiiosseu,  Morgan  was  killed  tho  next 
year. 

On  June  2'ltli,  1803,  liiivin};  compU^tLMl  IiIh 
Iirei>arutioiis  at  Murfiensboro,  Oon.  KuNuoruns 
advuiimd  towardx  Slii^lbyvillu,  Tulliiiioma, 
and  Cliattauuoga,  wlivru  divlHiun.s  of  Ui'agg'x 
jiowerful  army,  of  Home  40,000  nion,  wi!re 
Htron^ly  fortitiud.  Ho  croKHod  tho  CiiuiIm-t- 
laud  Mountains  by  four  diil'orent  roiites,  and 
on  June  27tli  a  |)ortion  of  his  forccH,  under 
Gordon  Granger,  advanced  on  Skelbyvillu, 
which  wan  evacuated  by  the  enemy,  uftt^r  a 
short  resiatanco.  Juno  30th,  TuUahouia  was 
also  evacuated  by  tho  enemy  the  ,,  who  rap- 
idly fled  before  the  advance  of  KoHucraus' 
light  troops.  Tho  main  Union  army  moved 
directly  on  Chattanooga,  tho  remaining  i-elKd 
stronghold  in  Tonne«sue,  and  on  Aug.  2lHtitH 
colunuis  drew  up  on  tho  baiikH  of  tho  Tennes- 
see, in  front  of  tho  place.  3<1  September,  leav- 
ing 7,000  men  with  Gen.  Hozen  to  deceive 
Itragg  with  feints  in  the  front.  Gen.  ICose- 
crans  took  his  main  army  over  the  river,  a  few 
miles  below  Chattanooga,  and  niarcluMl  up 
tho  Lookout  valley,  west  of  liOokout  Moun- 
tain, In  danger  of  being  cut  otf  from  his 
base  of  supplies.  Gen.  Uragg  hastily  evacuat- 
ed Chattanooga  by  the  valley  traverseil  by 
Chickamauga  Creek.  Gen.  Uoseerans  s\ippos- 
ing  that  Bragg  was  in  full  retreat  to  Komi;, 
at  once  ordered  Gen.  Crittenden,  who  had 
taken  possession  of  Chattanooga,  to  pursue 
the  enemy.  Crittenden  fortunately  delayed, 
and  Koseerans,  to  his  astonishment,  siscei  tuin- 
ed  that  the  foe  had  faced  about  and  was  rap- 
idly concentrating  around  fjifayette  the  most 
elfective  rel)el  army  which  had  ever  appeared 
in  this  region,  with  the  plain  purpose  of 
marching  back  on  Chattanooga.  Koseerans 
now  hastened  to  concentrate  his  scattered 
forces,  of  whom  Crittentlen  was  in  the  Chick- 
amauga valley,  Thomas  was  crossing  the 
mountains  by  way  of  Steven's  Gaj)  to  sup- 
port tho  former,  while  McCook  was  over  the 
Ijookout  Mountain  flanking  Itragg's  position 
far  to  the  south.  Bragg  now  onlercul  ( Jen. 
I'olk  to  attack  Critt^jnden  in  his  isolated 
position,  and  Gen.  Hindnian  to  occupy  the 
Gap,  and  resist  the  lulvance  of  Thomas,  lie 
also  instituted  measures  to  intercept  McCook 
on  his  way  to  Thomas.  Neither  Polk  nor 
Ilindman  succeeded  in  executing  their  part 
of  the  rebel  plan,  while  McCook  evadi'd  the 
trap  by  recrossing  L<>ok')ut  Mountain,  and 
hastening  down  tho  Lookout  valley,  ami 
thence  by  Steven's  Gap,  reaching  Thomas. 
A  race  now  took  place  U'tween  the  two  op- 
posing armies  in  the  Chickamauga  valh'v, 
moving  in  parallel  lines  back  to  Chattanooga, 
the  enemy  endeavoring  to  outflank  Uos<-craiis 
and  force  him  to  buttle.  On  the  IHlh,  the 
Union  lines  were  still  ten  miles  fiom  Chatta- 
nooga, and  some  twelve  miles  in  len^^th.  On 
that  day  all  the  fords  on  the  Union  left  were 
fiercely  assaulted  and  captured  by  the  rebels. 
On  tho  morning  of  tho  l!lth  Septendmr, 
Thomas  held  tho  Union  left,  (Vittenden  the 
centre,  and  McCook  the  right  of  the  Union 
lines,  which  exteiuled,  .').'),tl()0  strong,  from 
Gordon's  Mills  along  tUv  creik  towards  I 'hat- 
titnoogo.  Tho  entiri!  rebel  iinny  was  also 
firmly  establishiMl  on  the  sanio  side  of  the 
creek,  having  rendered  it  useless  as  a  Union 
lino  of  defence  by  crossing  during  tho  night 
at  the  ftu'ds  which  they  liehl. 

About    10    A.M.   tho    battle    commenced. 


Croxton's  brigade  on  the  left,  which  hiul  boon 
s»Mit  towards  tho  river  to  reconnoitre,  was  fu- 
riously assaile'l,  and  liraiman  and  Baird,  com- 
manding the  loft  and  centre  of  Thomas'  wing, 
moved  to  its  s\iccor.  Soon  tho  engngement 
rolled  down  the  line  toKeynolds,  holding  the 
right  of  Thomas,  and  tho  whole  Union  Ml 
wing  was  thus  engaged  with  tho  reUd  right 
undi.T  I'olk.  The  rebels  in  front  of  Baird 
were  shortly  hurled  bock,  badly  cut  up,  but  l>e- 
ing  reinforced,  again  advanced,  two  for  one, 
and  Baird  in  turn  was  driven  before  them. 
Johnson's  division  of  McCook's  corps,  p.nd 
Palmer's  division  of  Crittt^ndon's,  then  came 
in  on  Baird's  right,  giving  a  clear  8U|>erior)ty 
to  the  Union  lines,  which  now  outflanked 
the  t!nemy  and  drove  him  back  in  disorder, 
and  with  fearful  loss,  upon  his  reserves,  jiost- 
ed  near  tho  cre<;k,  and  enabling  the  broken 
divisions  of  llrannan  and  liaird  to  rally  and 
reform.  A  lull  in  the  conflict  now  ensued 
from  4  to  ,')  p.m.,  when  the  enemy  once  more 
charged  Thomas'  right  and  the  Union  left 
centre,  with  such  impetuosity  as  to  throw 
them  into  disonler.  But  Gen.  W.  llau^n,  of 
(Jriltenden's  corps,  massing  twenty  ginis  on  u 

'  ridge  commanding  the  Kossvillc  road,  poured 
a  cross  fire  into  the  charging  columns  of  the 
enemy  till  they  tunuid  and  retreated  in  con- 
fusion. At  sunt'i^t  Johnson's  front  was  again 
a.ssailed  with  a  division  of  Hill's  corps,  undi-r 
Gtiu.  Pat  Cleburne,  but  night  closed  the  con- 
flict without  the  rebels  gaining  luiy  advantage 
thereby. 

On  the  Union  right,  during  tho  morning, 
cannonading  chiefly  took  place.  About  3 
I'.M.    Stuart   att<;mpted   to   advance,  without 

'  success;  and  Hood  pushed  forward  two  of  his 
divisions  upon  Jell".  (!.  Davis,  of  McCook's 
coqis,  but  J)avis  nuiintained  a  stout  resist- 
ance, and  tming  reinforced,  drove  the  ene- 
my back  us  the  day  closed.  The  two  armies 
now  stood  confronting  each  other  on  groiuid 
which  gave  no  a<lvantiige  to  either,  th(!  entire 
force  of  the  rebels  iM.'ing  about  70,0(K),  while 
that  of  Uoseerans  was  not  over  .').''>,0()0.  Both 
armies  pa.ssed  the  cold  night  without  tires, 
the  Union  army  in  addition  sufl'ering  from 
tho  want  of  water.  During  the  night  Kose- 
erans shortened  his  lines  nearly  a  mi'e,  with- 
drawing his  right  from  (iordon's  Mills  and 
resting  it  on  Missionary  Kidge  ;  and  Bragg 
moved  Breckinridge's  division  of  Hill's 
corps  from  his  left  to  his  right.  At  8  A.M. 
on  t\w  f(dlowing  morning,  the  2(»th  Sep- 
tenib<!r,  the  fog  lifti'd  and  Hrcckinridgo  ad- 
vanced his  fresh  troo|is  across  the  Kussville 
road,  covered  by  a  terrific  lire  of  the  rebel 
artillery,  in  a  resolutt^  charge  upon  the  breast- 
works of  logs  and  rails  which  Thomas  had 
thrown  up  dining  the  night.  Line  upon  line 
of  gallant  men  crundiled  t.>  fragments  before 
the  fire  of  the  latter,  and  still  fresh  troops 
were  advanced  by  the  rebel  leaders.  AVhihi 
the  tiile  of  battle  before  Thomiui  ebbed  and 
flowed  with  frightful  carnage,  tho  Union  left 
centre  was  also  desperately  and  indecisively 
assailed,  but  iiragg's  attempt  to  turn  the  Un- 
ion flank  was  baflled  by  Thomas's  firmness. 
About  noon  Koseerans  lU'dered  Wood,  of  the 
Uidon  centre,  to  leave  his  position  and  sup- 
port Keynolds,  who  was  sevitrely  pressed  on 
the  left.  This  order  lost  the  battle  to  the 
Unionists.  Wood  attempted  to  executt'  the 
order  by  pa.ssing  in  the  rear  of  Brannan  and 
between  Lim  and  Koyuolds,     luto  the  gap 


thus  o|>encd  fa  the  Union  front  Jjongstreek 
at  once  tlirt^w  Hood's  command,  siip|>orted 
by  an  advance  of  liucknerl  on  the  Union  right 
flank.  The  charge  was  terribly  decisive.  1  >iv 
vis,  from  the  right,  attempted  to  close  tli« 
fatal  opening,  but  he  was  torn  in  i)ieces  l)j 
the  rebel  shock.  Brannan  on  the  left,  and 
Sheridan,  of  Crittenden's  ccn-ps,  v/ore  struck, 
and,  cut  otT  from  the  Union  army,  were  push- 
ed to  tho  right  and  rear,  with  a  loss  of  ontv 
half  their  nund)^!).  Ijike  the  centre,  the 
v.hole  right  wing  now  crumbled  into  a  dis- 
ordered mass,  flying  towards  Kossville  and 
Chattanooga.  Gens.  Koseerans,  McCiwik,  and 
Crittenden  were  borne  backwards  in  the  wild 
rout.  At  Kossville,  Mc(-'ook,  with  Sheri- 
ilan  and  Davis,  attempted  to  rally  and  re- 
form the  wrecked  divisions,  while  Koseerans, 
cut  off  from  Thonnts,  who  was  still  stoutly 
fighting  ami  holding  his  own  on  the  left,  hast- 
ened to  Chattanooga  to  nuike  preparations  to 
save  it  from  prospective  capture.  It  was 
now  that  the  few  divisions  of  Gen.  Thomas 
were  compelled  to  withstand  the  assault  of 
the  whole  rebel  army  of  70,000  men.  Bat- 
talion after  battalion  swept  up  on  his  front,  to 
be  melted  and  scattered  by  his  steady  lire. 
Unable  to  force  his  front,  tho  enemy,  at  3 
P.M.,  gidneil  a  low  ridge  running  at  right  an- 
gles to  tho  right  extrenuty  of  his  line,  and 
poured  into  a  gorge  directly  in  his  riar.  The 
moment  wim  critical,  but  Gen.  Gorilon  Gran- 
ger, commanding  a  small  reserve  corps  at 
Kossville,  who  had  been  inspired  during 
tho  morning,  though  without  direct  infor- 
nuition  or  orders,  to  start  his  columns  tow- 
ards the  scene  of  conflict,  arrived  at  this 
very  moment  at  Tho.iias's  position.  Gen. 
.Steednuui,  commanding  Whilaker's  and 
Mitchell's  brigades,  seizing  the  flag  of  a  regi- 
ment, headed  the  charge,  and  in  twenty  min- 
utes the  rebel  Hindnnin's  forces  had  disap- 
p(!ared,  and  the  Union  forces  held  both  the 
gorge  and  tho  ridge.  At  4  P.M.  the  storm 
luirst  again  with  greater  fury.  Longstreet's 
veterans  wen^  now  sent  to  retake  the  position 
from  which  ilindman  hud  bei'U  driven,  and 
shortly  all  but  a  fraction  of  the  entire  relsd 
army  investetl  the  ridge  whereon  Thonuis, 
with  but  thriH)  divisions  of  the  Union  army, 
rested.  Again  and  again  the  rebels  charged 
the  front,  b\it  Steednian's  two  immortal  brig- 
ades stood  in  their  ]>oKition  like  towers.  The 
baffled  enemy  now  udvuneed  on  tlu^  left,  and 
as  tho  heavy  column  ajiproached,  Keynolds 
charged  upon  it  with  s\ich  vigor  as  to  rout 
it,  capturing  liOO  prisoners,  who  were  taken 
offtholhtld  in  theUidon  retreat.  Night  was 
now  approaching,  and  the  amnninition  of 
Thomas  was  nigh  exhausted,  but  the  latter 
again  ordered  a  bayonet  charge  upon  the  reb- 
els, who  were  rallying  for  a  final  assault.  It 
was  successful,  and  tho  str\iggh'  was  ove. . 
The  field  was  shortly  covered  with  darkness. 
Thomas  fell  back,  unpursvu'd  and  in  good 
order,  <m  Kossville,  whej-e  a  ni-w  line  of  buttli^ 
was  formed  of  McCook's  and  Crittenden's 
rallied  corjis,  Tho  enemy,  however,  did  not 
advance,  and  on  the  night  of  Monday,  Septem- 
ber 21st,  the  Union  army  was  withdrawn  in 
order  and  unmolested,  to  the  position  ussigni d 
it  by  Koseerans  in  front  of  Chattnnodgn. 

The  Union  losses  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga were  l,l>44  killed,  D,2lJ2  woundi^il, 
4,9 4 &  missing,  exclusive  of  a  cavalry  loss  of 
about  OOU;  toUl,  10,3S1.     30  guus,  2U  cais- 


UNITED    STATES. 


BoiiH,  and  K,4r)U  Hiiiiill  iiriiis  fi'll  into  tlii)  IiiuhIh 
cf  tliu  (Micniy.  <i<!n.  Hiiixn  icportetl  a  Iobh 
0-:  18,000;  ltl,00(l  kill<;<l  iiml  woundnd,  iiu<l 
'J,0()()  priHont'in.  Tlioiiuli  l!iaj{g,  on  Scpti'in- 
lirr  '2M,  a|i|H^ai'i.'il  in  lon^i'  iinil  Hat  down  lir- 
)()i'(i  <'luittHn()iij<a,  111)  wisi^ly  did  not  atU'ni|pt  j 
to  talti!  it  l)y  assanlt.  On  Oitolii-r  I'.tlli,' 
wliilo  tluiH  inVHHti'd  line,  (iitn.  ItoKccnins  rc- 
irivitd  an  oi'di^r  rclit-ving  liini  IVdni  coniinaMil, 

March  30,  IKfKi,  in  liin  Orpartnicnl  of  tli<' 
Oliio,  ut  Sonit'i'mit,  Ky.,  a,  fcncii  of  L',r>()(» 
niountod  n^lx^lH,  nndtT  (Jen.  IVgrani,  whh 
nmt'Ml  ftud  diivon  tlienco  across  iIk-  CunilH'i- 
laiid  into  Tonnosscu,  \>y  (ion.  t^.  A.  (iilniuri', 
witii  1,^00  men.  In  .fwuv,  (irn.  itiirnsidi', 
L'uiuMiandin<{  tlio  Dcpailiiicnt,  dt'spatcliiHl  a 
cavalry  force,  nndcr  Col.  II,  S.  KanmlcrN,  into 
KuKl  TtMinessoc,  wliich  linrnrd  important  rulicl 
lirid>;()H,  captured  ,')(I0  pri.soiKM's,  and  also  do- 
hlroycd  a  lar^u  (piuntily  rif  ( 'onfodcratc  stores. 
Au){.  10,  Kunihidt!  advimccd  witli  20,000 
men  from  Camp  NciHon,  near  Kiclimond,  Ky., 
against  Knoxviltc,  Ti-nn.,  wliicli  was  licid  liy 
lliickner  witli  a  Hmall  force.  Jiapidly  ap- 
prcmcliing  tlio  place  In;  met  no  uppoNitioii. 
On  Sept.  1  his  caval'v  advance,  and  on  the 
ltd  liis  nmin  body,  entered  tlie  town  and  wen; 
received  by  tin;  loyal  Kast  TenneHseiNins  willi 
enlliiiHia.stic  i;xpr('H.sion.s  of  inleoNi;  joy  at  tlii.s 
deliverance  from  tlin  KuU'erin^js  of  reliel  rule. 
Itiickner  left  behind  a  lar);<.'  (|inintity  of  ipiar- 
lermuster's  Ktore.s  in  eviicualin;;  the  jiliu'e. 
liuinsiili:  also  pre.s.sed  on  to  Kingston,  where 
III'  met  till'  pii;kotH  of  UoKecrans,  and  he  also 
visiii'd  l.oinlun.  The  ri'bi'l  garrison  at  Cuni- 
bi'i'laiiil  t^ap,  of  2,000  men,  wiih  cut  oil',  and 
on  the  !lth  Hurntndered  to  llnrnside's  forces. 
The  I'nion  cuvidry  then  moved  rapi<lly  eiist- 
w:inl,  pursuing  a  sunill  rcrhid  forci-  midertJeii. 
Slim  Jiuies,  into  Virginia.  Nov.  (J,  Col. 
iSliackleford's  force  was  attiicke(l  iit  Hogers- 
villi',  by  J, 'JOO  mounted  rebels  under  (Icn.  W. 
v..  dones,  who  rout<'<l  it,  taking  T.'iO  prison- 
er.i ;  but  a  singidar  panic  then  look  jilace  on 
b'llh  sides,  tin;  Unionists  lleeing  to  liull's 
•  lap,  IS  miles  ilistant,  wliile  (Jen.  J(Uies' 
fiiri'i'  moved  as  rapidly  in  tin;  opposili;  direc- 
lion.  Itragg  now  dispatched  a  larg<'  fence 
miller  (ien.  l<ongstrei;t  to  strike  ISurnsido  and 
ricover  Knoxville.  At  riiiladelphin.  Col. 
Wolford  with  L',000  Ihiionists  was  assailed 
by  an  ovi;rwhelming  force  of  about  7,000  of 
l,iinj;stre(;t'H  men,  and  after  a  severe  light  of 
heveial  bom's,  was  forced  to  cut  his  way  out, 
leaving  his  battery  and  .'!'J  wagons,  but  sav- 
ing till)  most  of  his  command.  I  ien.  liurnside 
Mow  coiii;eiil rated  his  forces  at  ( 'ampbeH's  Sla- 
tiiiu  bidore  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  am! 
was  joined  by  I'.is  own  cmps,  the  Dili,  from 
Vicksburg.  At  Campbell's  Station  lie  was 
clo.sely  pursued  by  the  eheniy,  but  slowly  fell 
back  to  Kno.wille,  with  an  exbibilion  of  cre- 
dilabli' geneial.ship,  Nov.  17,  l.ongsl reel  be- 
sieged him  at  Knowille,  and  on  the  I'Mth  as- 
saulted Fort  Sandc  rs,  a  part  of  the  t'liimi 
works,  but  was  ri'pulseil  wilh  a  loss  of  HOO, 
that  of  the  Unitmisls  being  iibout  100.  |)e<;. 
!>,  i.ongstreet  rai.seil  the  siege  and  niovi'd  east- 
waid  to  llussellville,  Virginia,  niimoli'sled. 

•  hi  iIk;  defeat  of  Woseiiiiiis  'it  ! 'liickamau- 
g<i,tlie  lllhand  12lli  Army  Corps,  iiMler  (ien. 
iluoki-r,  wen;  orileied  from  tlii'  A'lny  of 
Hie  rolomac  to  the  Tennes.see,  and  Oct.  'f.'ld 
cniii-iiiiiii((.(|  |,(,  liriilgeporl.  .Meaiiwhilo,  a 
luge  eiiMilry  force,  umli;r  Wheeler,  was  de- 
npiilulicd  by  Itragg  across  Iho  Tunncsscu    to 


destroy  the  Union  conumniications.  Oct.  2, 
at  Anilorson's  Cross-roads,  Wheeler  burned  b 
train  id'  HOO  wagons,  destined  for  IJen.  'J'liomas 
at  < 'hattanooga.  lie  n<;xt  burned  a  large 
ipiantity  of  supplies  at  .McMinnville,  and 
then  swept  down  to  Warren,  destroying  I'nion  ; 
stores  and  cominunicalions.  lie  was  spirit  i 
ediy  attiieked  at  .Miirfri'csboro  and  Karmiiig- 
ton  by  inferior  Union  forces,  and  finally  n;- 
crossed  tin;  Tennessee  Uiver  n<;ar  the  mouth 
uf  the  Elk,  having  lost  about  2,000  nn-n  in 
thn  raiil,  but  having  destroyed  a  niilliuu  of 
dollars'  worth  of  government  property, 

Oct.  IH,  (Ien.  (imnt  ass\inied   comuiainl  of 
the  I)(;parlmentH  of  tlio  Ohio,  of  thi;('umb«r- 
land,  and  of  the  Tennessee,  anil  short,    there- 
after arrived  in  Cbnttanooga.      In  the  ineiin- 
wliile,  (ien.   Sliernian    wilh  his   whide  army 
had   moved  from  tin;  neighborhood  of  Vicks- 
burg   tu   .Memphis,   and    tlienci;    to   Ath(;ns, 
Ala.,   repiiiriiig   the    railroads   as    he    moved, 
and  depending  on  theadjairent  count  rv  for  sup- 
plies.     On  the  27th  October,  Urown's   Ferry, 
three  miles  below  iiookoul  Mountain,  was  se- 
crelly  occupied  by  1,000  I'nion  troops,  under 
jOeii,  lla/.eii,  and    Iho  m;xt  day  the  wholu   of 
!  Ilooki'r's    llth  corps  crossed    the  'i'(;nneHKee 
anil  encamped    in    I.ookoiit    V.'dley.     (ieary's 
ilivision    of  the     12th    corps    bivouacked    at 
I  Wauhatchie,  and    at    I    I-..M.,    Oct.    2!illi,   was  | 
suddenly  attacked  in  tin;  moonlight  by  over-! 
whelming    numbers,    under    Laws,  of   Long-' 
street  rebel  corps,  holding  Lookout  .Mountain. 
Schurz's    division    <if    Howard's    corps,    near 
1  llrown's    Ferry,  was  at  once   ordered   to   his 
relief.      Tyiiilale's  brigade  charged  and  carried 
a  hill  on  the  enemy's  left,  from  whence  they 
;  were  suddenly  eiiiiladed  ;  while  •  >ilan  Smith's 
thin  brigade,  the  7i'ld  •  )liio  and  ib'hl  .MasKachu- 
setts,  made  a  bayonet  charge  up  tlei  !:ide  of  a 
dillieult   hill   200  fi'ct  high,  comph'tely  n>ut- i 
ing  over  2,000  of  the  enemy  from  their  bar- 
ricades   on    the    top.     'i'he    lighting    Isfore 
I  deary     continued     to    be    desperate,   but    at 
length,    1    l'..M.,   the   enemy   were    completely 
pushed    back,   and   ciimpelled    to  take  refuge 
on  Loiikoiit  .Moiintiiiii.     The  I'nion  foi s  be- 
ing now  (irmly  established  at  Jlrown's  Feny, 
the  army  in   ( 'hattanooga  was   relieved   from 
the  fear  of  stai'Natioh,  and  (irant  resolved  to 
wait  until  Slierman  arrived  en;  assuming  the 
uU'ensive.      Nov.    I.''),    the  latter    reported    in 
person,   and   by  the   21th    his  command   had 
arrived  and  encamped  on  both  sidesof  (Jliick- 
aniauga  Creek,  near   the   extremity    of    Mis- 
sionary Itidge,   I  he    extreme    north    ]ioint   of 
wli;;'h,  unoccupied  by  the  enemy,  was  at  once 
seized  by  bin.      (Jen.  (iriint   now  had    Sher- 
man's army  above  iiiid   Hooker's  army  below 
him,  and   bolli  on  the  same  side  of  the   Ten 
nessee,  whili'  Thomas  lay  in   front  of  Cliatta 
'  nooga.     On  the  21th,  Hooker    moved  against 
i  Lookout  .Mountain,  building  bridges  to  cross 
i  the  creek.      He  then  swept  irresi^libly  down 
'  tin;  valley,  and  climbeil  the  sleep  hides  of  the 
I  mountain  wilh  marvellous  celerity  and  skill, 
driving  the  enemy  befori'  him.     About  noon, 
•  ieary's    advaiiie    rounded    the  peak    fif   the 
iiionnlaili,  and  still    pressed  on.      Just  as  the 
I  iiioii    fiiices    reached    Iho    sumiiiit,    whence 
they  were  still   moving  forward,  making  huii- 
di'ed.s    of    prisonerH   and   pri'ssiiig  the  rest  id 
the  rebels  down   the   precipitous    easlern    <le- 
cliv  ity  of  the  mountain,  the   thick   fog  which 
liiid    rested  thereupon  rose  and    disclosed    the 
J  victory  to  the  rest  of  the  L'niun  army  on  the 


|daiii..  !m;Iow.  At  2  I'.M.,  a  thick  and  hla(;k 
cloud  lowered  upon  the  mountain,  rendering 
further  movement  perilous ;  and  at  4  I'.M. 
Hooker  had  lirmly  establislieil  and  fortified 
his  line  along  the  eastern  brink  of  t  he  precipice. 
On  tin;  morning  of  tin;  2.''itli,  the  Union  army 
was  stretched  in  un  unbroken  line  from  tin; 
north  end  of  Lookout  .Mountain  to  lliu 
north  end  of  Missionary  Itiilge,  (ien.  Hooker 
now  moved  down  from  Lookout  .Mountain, 
and  crossed  Chattanooga  Valley  towards 
Missionary  Uidge,  whero  the  entiri;  n'ln'l 
army  was  now  concentrated,  OHterhnUH  mov- 
ing upon  it  eastward,  (ieary  on  tin;  west,  ami 
(.'ruft  directly  upon  it.  At  the  saiui;  ti'iie, 
Sherman  attacked  the  rels'l  position  in  IiIh 
front,  (ien.  (Ja8i;  leailing  the  uilvance  across 
n  ileep  valley  covered  with  a  forest  and 
bristling  with  breast w<irkK  and  abatlis.  Tim 
battle  wa.s  thus  fairly  ojiened  and  swayed 
backward  and  forward,  b\it  with  the  gradual 
advanci;  of  the  Union  lines.  Though  Sher- 
man waschei  ked  at  one  time  by  a  sudden  and 
heavy  artillery  lire,  still  he  lost  no  ground. 
Tin;  battli;  raged  most  fnrionslv  before  him, 
for  this  northern  position  of  the  rebels  was  a 
vital  one  to  tlieni,  by  losing  which  their  rear 
anilbaseof  su|i|ilies  at  Cliickamauga  woulit 
be  threatened.  At  2  r.M.,  (Jen.  (irant,  still 
awaiting  advices  of  Hooker's  advance,  found 
that  llriigg  was  weakening  his  centre  to  sup- 
port his  right.  Thomas,  of  the  Union  centre, 
was  at  on(;e  ordered  to  advance  straight  to- 
wards tin;  steep  face  of  the  mountain  in  front. 
All  along  the  crest  of  the  ridge  the  eni'niy'x 
artillery  opened,  but  the  gallant  line  still 
chargeil  steadily  and  in  onler  over  the  ene- 
my's lillepits  at  the  ba.se,  and  up  the  ilillieiilt 
ascent.  Their  progress  was  onward  wilhoiit 
wavering  until  at  about  dark  the  summit  of 
th<;  ridge  was  carried.  The  ri  sistance  on 
Thoiiia.s'  left  beiiig  overcomi',  the  eneniy  by 
midnight  were  in  lull  retreat,  and  the  w  lioli) 
of  their  strong  position  on  Liiokoiil  .Monnliiin, 
Chattanooga  N'alley,  and  Mis.siniiaiy  liidge 
fell  into  the  possession  of  the  Union  ainiy, 
wilh  six  thousand  prisoners,  10  piecrs  of  ar- 
tillery, and  7,000  stand  of  small  arms. 

'J'he  next  day  .Sherman  and  Hooker  pursued 
the  enemy.  At  Itinggold  a  stand  was  nindo 
by  (it'll.  I'at  (!leburne,  con:nianding  the  rebel 
rear,  but,  after  a  spirited  tuitest  on  both 
sides,  he  was  eonipelled  to  conliniie  bis  re- 
treat, (iranger's  and  Sliernian's  corps  weru 
short  ly  despalclieil  from  ( 'haltanooga  to  thn 
relief  of  liurnside,  who  was  now  seveiely 
pressed  by  Longstreet  at  Knoxville.  I'.y  ex- 
traordinary miirehes,  tliise  n  irifiirci  nieniM 
reached  the  latter  place  on  |)ec.  li,  cnnipelling 
Longstreet  to  at  once  raise  the  siege  and  de- 
camp. 

The  Union  lossis  in  these  struggles  wero 
reported  at  7.''>7  killed,  l,.'i2'.l  woiinded,  iind 
:):)0  missing;  total, '''iji'iKi.  The  nbel  killed 
and  wounded  was  not  reporled. 

ilan.  H,  ISIi.'t,  Sprinulielil,  in  MisRonii,  wiir 
atlacked  by  the  ri  liel  Maniiinliike,  wilh  l.tiliO 
men,  but  they  wi'ie  sue  i  essfiilly  rcfislid  by 
•  ien.  K.  II.  lirowii,  of  the  Mi>Mi\iii  mililia, 
wilh  a  force  of  1,200  nun.  losing  mtiie  200 
miri,  to  a  L'.'iion  loss  of  In;).  On  .Ian.  loih 
a  spirited  light  look  place  lulwiin  Marma- 
duke's  fori'cs  and  a  I'nion  force  iindi  r  Col. 
Merrill,  21st  Iowa,  at  lliirlsville,  where  the 
former  were  repulsed.  At  Ihitesville  Mar- 
uiaduko  was  attacked  and  routed,  Feb.  4,  bjf 


BM 


KT8TCRY    OP    THE 


the  4th  Missouri  Cavalry,  Col.  O.  E.  Wuriiig. 
March  9,  Ocii.  Curtis  was  relieved  from  the 
comniand  of  t)ie  Department  of  Missouri, 
and,  May  lU,  was  succeeded  by  Ocn.  Sclio- 
field.  March  I'S,  the  steamboat  .VriHi  Gaty 
was  attacked  by  a  i>arty  of  guerillas,  wlio 
robbed  and  murdered  a  number  of  white  anil 
black  |>ersou8  on  board.  Such  of  the  latter  as 
were  taken  in  attempting  to  e8cai>e  were  drawn 
up  in  line  by  the  side  of  the  boat,  and  sliot,  one 
by  one,  through  the  head.  April  18,  Fayette- 
ville  was  attacked  by  2,000  mo\inte<l  n^bels 
under  Gen.  Cabell,  who  was  shortly  com- 
pelled to  retreat  across  the  Boston  Mountains 
to  Ozark.  April  26,  Marmaduko  attacked 
Cape  Uirardeau,  a  largo  depot  of  Union 
army  stores,  but  was  driven  otf  by  a  force  of 
1,200  men  with  six  guns,  under  Gen.  John 
McNeil.  May  20,  Fort  Blunt,  in  the  Cher- 
okee Nation,  was  struck  at  by  3,000  rebels  un- 
der Col.  Coffey.  Col.  Wni.  A.  Phillips,  com- 
manding there,  with  800  men  and  a  r'-giment 
of  Creek  Indians,  drove  them  across  the  Ar- 
kansas. July  1,  Standwatic,  the  Cherokee 
rebel  chief,  with  a  foi-ce  of  700  Texans  and 
many  Indians,  on  Cabin  Creek,  met  the  1st 
Kansas  colored,  800  strong,  ami  i>00  Iiidianf. 
Htandwatio  was  defeated,  the  rebel  Indians 
proving  worthless. 

July  17,  Gen.  Blunt,  with  3,000  men  and 
12  light  guns,  attacked  6,000  relwls  \uider 
Gen.  Cooper,  near  Fort  Bl\ui%  and  routed 
them  witli  a  loss  of  400.  Co  ley  attacking 
I'ineville,  Aug.  13,  was  beaten  oil'  by  Col.  Ca- 
therwood,  6th  Missouri  Cavalry,  with  a  loss 
of  200. 

On  the  morning  of  Aug.  21,  a  band  of  300 
rebel  g\ierillas,  under  one  Qiuvutrell,  s\ir- 
priscd  the  inhabitants  of  Lawrence,  Kans:is, 
while  the  latter  were  still  in  their  beds.  ll»'sist- 
ance  was  useless.  Banks,  stores,  and  pi'ivato 
dwellings  were  robbed.  The  court-house  and 
mauy  of  the  best  residences  were  lii-ed.  Every 
negro  aiul  German,  as  well  as  many  other 
citizens,  were  killed  wherever  found.  At 
10  A.M.,  140  men  liaving  been  murdered  and 
185  buildings  burned,  the  miscreants  iled. 
Aboiit  100  of  them  were  overtaken  and 
killetl  in  the  subsequent  pursuit ;  the  rest, 
including'  Quantrell,  finally  escaping.  In 
Augiist,  Gen.  F.  Steele,  with  6,000  men  of 
Gen.  Grant's  army,  and  Gen.  Davidson,  with 
about  the  same  niimber  from  Missoviri,  ad- 
vanced on  Little  llock,  the  capital  of  Arkan- 
sas, and  at  7  r.M.,  Sept.  10,  having  driven 
the  enemy  under  Marnm<luko  and  Tapjian  be- 
fore them,  and  taken  ab  nt  1,000  prisoners, 
occupied  the  place.  Numerous  other  minor 
engagements  took  jilace  in  Missouri  and  Ar- 
kansas. Oct.  2."),  I'iiie  Blulf,  Ark.,  was  8\ic- 
cessfully  defended  by  Col.  Powell  ( 'lay ton  with 
350  men  for  five  hours  against  Marmaduke 
with  2,500  men.  At  Arrow  Uoek,  Oct.  12, 
Gen.  E.  B.  Brown  attacked  a  united  rebel  force 
under  Shelby  and  C()fl"ey,  and  put  them  to 
flight,  intlicting  a  loss  of  300.  Dec.  18,  Stand- 
watie  and  Quantrell  were  repulsed  by  Col. 
rhilli])S  at  Fort  Gibson,  Indian  Territory. 

During  the  year  1802  several  bands  of  the 
Sioux  of  Minnesota  hud  openly  nuule  war 
lijion  the  whites ;  the  eliii'f  of  tlii'se  attiicks 
at  Yellow  Jledicine,  New  I'lui,  Ceilar  City, 
Fort  Ridgely,  and  Fort  Abi'icroinbie,  were 
mode  by  Little  Crow's  band,  who  butchered 
Mome  5(10  peraons,  mainly  defenei^less  women 
and  children.     At  Wood  I^ke,  Little  Crow 


wa«  routed,  Sept.  22,  1862,  by  Gen.  H.  H. 
Sibley :  500  of  the  savages  were  captured, 
and  300  convicted  of  murder.  Their  sen- 
tence was  deferred  by  President  Lincoln, 
and  the  most  of  them  >iltiinat«ly  escaped  pun- 
ishment. In  the  summer  of  1863,  Gen.  I'ojie 
assumed  the  ciimnmiul  of  this  department ; 
and  in  July,  tJen.  Sibley,  at  Dead  Butl'ulo 
I^ike  and  other  places,  ov(-rtook  the  hostile 
savages,  killing  many,  and  disiK-rsing  the 
others.  Gen.  Conner,  conmianding  in  Utah, 
attacked  some  300  hostile  and  (le|)reilating 
Shoshonces  on  Bear  lUver,  Idaho,  on  Jiui. 
29,  1863,  and  killed  224. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  Port  Royal  by 
the  Unionists,  Gen.  Cj.  A.  Gillmoru  proceeded, 
by  shar]>  fighting  and  hard  work,  to  plant 
batteries  of  mortars  and  rilled  guns  on  the 
liig  Tybt!0  Island,  sotith-east  of  Fort  Pulaski, 
for  the  purpose  of  reducing  this  important 
rebel  fort  of  40  heavy  guns,  which  was  some 
two  miles  <listant.  I  le  also  succeeded  in  placing 
a  battery  at  Venus  I'oint,  on  the  north-east. 
On  the  morning  of  April  10,  1862,  Major- 
Gen.  Hunter,  commanding  the  department, 
opened  fire  on  the  fort  from  these  works,  and 
at  2  P..M.,  it  being  evident  th>it  the  fort  was 
fast  becoming  a  ruin  beneath  the  steady  e 
therefrom,  it  was  surrendered  by  its  coi. 
mander,  C.  H.  Olmstead,  with  385  men. 

Jan.  23,  1862,  a  large  number  of  old  hulk, 
collected  at  the  North  and  loaded  with  stone, 
were  sunk  in  Charleston  Harbor,  to  impede 
the  navigation  thereof  by  blockade-runners, 
a  proceeding  which  was  designated  as  bar- 
barous by  the  British  ownei-s  of  the  latt<'r. 
Feb.  28,  Com.  Dupont,  with  an  extensive 
naval  force,  together  with  a  land  foi-ce  under 
Gen.  Wright,  moved  down  from  Port  l{oyal 
anil  took  possession  of  the  whole  coast  as  far  as 
St.  Andi-cws  and  Cuml>erland  Sound.  May 
9,  I'ensucola,  Fla.,  was  evacuated  by  Gen.  T. 
N.  Jones,  who  burnt  all  the  combustible 
works  there,  and  retreated  inland.  Success- 
ful Union  ex|>editions  now  took  |>laco  from 
Port  Royal  under  Capt.  Steedman  and  (j!en. 
Brannun,  to  St.  John's  and  Jacksonville. 
Two  negro  regiments,  on  Maich  10,  proceed- 
ed, under  Col.  T.  \V.  Higginson,  to  the  latter 
place,  and  being  reinforced  by  two  white 
regiments,  held  it  for  a  short  while.  When 
left,  the  i)laco  was  wantonly  fired  and  de- 
stroyed by  some  soldiers  of  the  8th  Maine. 

On  February  ll,Gen.T.  W.  Sliermnu  took 
possession  of  Edisto  Island,  and  the  Union 
gunlraats  shortly  advanced  to  a  point  on  the 
Stono  River,  three  miles  from  Charleston. 
On  June  16,  1862,  (iin.  H.  S.  Wright  ad- 
vanced with  t),0(K)  men  against  the  rebel 
works  at  Secessionville,  on  the  east  side  of 
James  Island,  eoninuinded  by  Col.  J.  S. 
Lamar.  Nothing  was  accomplished,  and 
after  a  bloody  engagement  of  a  lia'f  hour 
the  Uniim  forces  fell  back,  with  the  heavy 
loss  of  574,  leaving  their  dead  in  the  hands 
of  the  enemy,  whose  loss  was  about  half  that 
nundier.  On  October  21,  1862,  Gen.  J.  M. 
Bra:  Ml,  with  4,448  men,  pursued  the  enemy 
as  far  ■".i  Pocotaligo,  whence,  after  a  consider- 
able i,  tillery  fight,  Braniian  returned  at 
nij^ht  to  Hilton  Head.  About  tliis  time 
Col.  Bates,  with  400  men,  advanced  to  Coos- 
awhatchie,  and  engiiged  the  enemy,  dispersing 
a  trainful  of  reliel  reinforcements  from 
Savannah.  January  31,  1863,  some  rebel 
iron-dads,  under  Capt.  D.  N.  lugraham,  stole 


upon  the  blockading  fleet  ofl'  Charlestoi.,  dis- 
abling two,  the  Mercedila  and  Kei/nlone, 
whereujion  the  relnjl  authorities  undertook  to 
declare  the  blockade  of  that  port  to  be  duly 
raised. 

February  27,  1863,  the  relwil  steamer 
\ii«hville  was  discovered  nground  oil"  the 
Ogeechee,  and  (h^stroyed  by  Com.  Wonlen,  in 
the  iron-clad  Montaiik.  March  3,  the  rebel 
Fort  McAllister,  on  the  Ogeechee,  was  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  at  long  range  by  the  Union 
iron-clads;  and  on  June  7,  the  rebel  stenmir 
laiuic  iHinith  was  sunk  by  the  gunlHiat  B'lWrf- 
hickon,  while  attempting  to  escape  from  Char- 
leston Harbor.  April  7,  1863,  Com.  Du]iont 
proceeded  to  assail  Fort  Humter  with  a  flret 
of  nine  iron-clads.  Full  300  relsd  cannons 
lined  the  channel  to  l>e  traversed  thereto,  on 
Morris  and  Sullivan  Islands,  Cumining's  Point, 
and  other  places.  At  noon,  A]>ril  7,  the  fleet 
moved  steadily  up,  passing  Moiris  iHlaiid 
and  reaching  a  point  opposite  Battery  Bee, 
on  Cumming's  Point,  iH'fore  a  gun  of  the 
enemy  was  fired.  As  the  Wechawkfii,  Com. 
John  Rodgers,  in  the  advance,  with  a  torpedo 
machine  attached  to  her  bows,  was  sounding 
to  pass  into  the  harbor,  a  general  fire  opened 
from  the  batteries,  and  from  Forts  Sumter 
and  Aloultrie.  Suddenly  the  M'eehnmkeii's 
advance  was  stop|ied  by  an  immense  hawser 
tretching  from  Sumter  to  Moultrie,  which 
»as  buoyed  by  empty  casks  and  attached 
by  nets,  cables,  etc.,  to  torpedoes  below.  This 
at  once  entangled  her  propeller,  and  rendered 
her  unmanageable.  An  attem|it  was  then  niaile 
by  other  vessels  of  the  fl(>et  to  pass  westward 
of  Fort  Sumter,  but  here  they  were  met  wiih 
row  u|)on  row  of  piles  rising  ten  feet  abovt: 
the  surface  of  the  water,  and  by  the  constant 
fii'e  of  three  rebel  iron-clads.  The  flagship 
Irnnmthii  now  refused  to  oIk-v  her  rudder, 
and  drifting  towards  Fort  Moultrie,  got  foul 
of  the  t'atskill  and  \anlurkft,  whereupon 
Com.  Dupont  signalled  the  rest  of  the  fleet  to 
act  as  they  deemed  best.  The  Kmkuk,  Lieut. 
Rliiiid,  then  ran  within  500  yards  of  Sumter, 
and  there  remained,  jiouring  a  constant  fin^ 
upon  the  fort  for  a  half  hour,  when  she 
withdrew,  fa.st  settling  in  the  water.  Si-j  of 
the  fleet  were  thus  severely  injured.  The 
Nahanl  was  struck  thirti-en  times,  the  turrit 
of  the  J'ngiinic  was  knocked  to  jiieecs,  that 
of  the  Nnnhirket  so  deranged  that  her  jiort 
couhl  not  be  opened,  the  Cdlnklll  was  pirrced 
with  rifled  shot,  and  the  IroimUlea  bad  one 
of  her  port-shutters  shot  away.  The  Jxfnhik 
was  struck  ninety  times,  both  of  her  turrets 
being  riddled,  and  nineteen  hides  made 
through  her  hull.  At  8  I'.m.  she  reaehed 
Lighthouse  Inlet,  where  she  sank.  Com.  Du- 
pont having  three  hours  previously  given  the 
signal  for  a  general  withdrawal  from  the  con- 
test. 

On  Juno  17,  1863,  Capt.  John  Rodgera,  in 

the  Weehavkfn,  attacked  the  jiowerful  lelii'l 

iron-clad /I</n»i<n,  in  Wilmington  River, at. 'Ulii 

yards  range,  and   after  five  destructive  hhnls 

at  her  with  a  15  ihch  gun,  in  fifteen  minutes 

caused  her  to  surrender,  with  four  guns  mid 

■  165  nu'n.     Juno  12,  (ien.  (iillmoi-e   relieved 

:  Gen.  Hunter  in  command  of  the  land  forces 

I  of   the   department,    and    on    Jidy    6,   Cmii. 

i  Dahlgren    succeeded    to    Coin.    Dupont,    the 

j  naval  commander.     On  the   lOlh  July,  Cill- 

moro  surprised  the  rebels  in  the  fortifications 

ou  the  south  end  of  Morris  Island,  and  cap- 


Bt  off  CImrlfHtoi.,  (liH- 
edita  and  Jx'ri/nlone, 
tlioi'iticH  undertook  to 
'  tliat  port  to  b(!  dvily 

,    tho    ridiol    BteiiniPr 
irpd   nground   oH"  tlici 
1  b_v  Com.  Worilcii,  in 
Mnrch  3,  tlic  vrl)il 
I  Ogeechec,  wiih  iiiikiic- 
ig  range  by  tlic  Uiiiiiu 
10  7,  tb(!  rebel  slonnicr 
(y  tho  giiulH)nt  irMcd- 
{  to  escape  from  I'liar- 
7,  18(13,  Com.  iJnpoiit 
t  Hiinitor  witli  a  ticel 
ill  I3()()  rebel  cannons 
I  traversed  thereto,  on 
nd»,  Cnniming's  I'oint, 
noon,  Apiil  7,  the  (h'et 
a88ing    MoiriH    Inland 
Dpposito   l{att<'ry  I'.ee, 
Iw'fore   a  gun   of  the 
the    W'eehawkfn,  Com. 
Ivanee,  witli  a  torpedo 
•r  bows,  wan  Hounding 
.  a  general  fire  openeil 
il   from   Forts   Humti'r 
nly   tho    J\'eeh(iv>ken'i> 
ly  an  immense  hawser 
'.r  to   Moultrie,  which 
y  casks   and   attached 
orpedoes  below.     This 
iropeller,  and  rendereil 
attem|it  was  then  made 
fleet  to  pass  westward 
re  they  were  met  wiili 
rising   t<;n  feet  above 
It,  and  by  tho  constant 
dads.      The  flagship 
to  olM>y  her  rudder, 
ort  Moultrie,  got  fo\il 
'nnlurkft,   whereupon 
the  rest  of  the  fleet  to 
Tho  J\fokiik;  Lieut. 
."iOO  yards  of  .S\imter, 
ring  n  constant  fire 
ndf    ho\ir,    wIumi   she 
in  the  water.     .Si\  of 
rely  injured.      Tho 
t<'<-n  times,  the  turret 
)eked  to  ])ieees,   that 
iinged  that   her  port 
( 'dtukil/  was  ])ienT(l 
IroHniiha   had  one 
away.      The  hrnhik 
both  of  her  turrets 
ineteen    ludes    niado 
S  I'.M.  she    reached 
she  sank,  Com.  Dn- 
providusly  given  the 
drawal  from  tho  con- 
it.  Jolm  IJodgers,  in 
i  the  powerful  rebel 
minglon  l!ivi'r,at.'l(l(t 
ve  destructive  shots 
n,  in  fiftoeu  minutes 
with  four  guns  niid 
n.  (lillniore    relieved 
d  (if  the  hind  forces 
I    on    July    (i.   Cum. 
Com.    Oupont,    the 
the    10th  duly,  (iill- 
in  tho  fortifications 
rria  Island,  aud  cap- 


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tiimd  200  ]iri80iiorH,  i^iglit  battviiuH,  and . 
tliipo  niortnrs.  Thii  iioxt  <lny,  Gen.  Strong, ' 
with  a  forco  iif  2,000  nipii,  attcmptRfl  to  carry 
Fort  WHgtior  by  assiiiilt,  witlidruwiiij;  uftor  i 
H  H|iirit(Ml  ctrurt  without  hiktimh,  but  with 
niddi'iiito  loss.  July  IM,  aiiotlior  nioro  for- 
iiiidHblit  iiHHiuilt  was  uttciii|it(!d  by  (ii'U.  i 
Strong's  brigade,  (icn.  (liihuorc  luid  now 
jilacifd  a  Roiiiicirclo  of  liattorics  about  1,M(I0 
vards  from  the  fort,  and  thu  land  attack  was 
assisted  by  tho  irou-chids  under  Uahlgren. 
About  noon  tho  bonibardnicnt  o|)ened,and  wa.s 
kept  U|>  till  8  P.M.,  when  thu  grand  assault 
waa  undertaken.  Tho  AHh  Mussac'luisotts, 
colored.  Col.  Shaw,  led.  Every  foot  of  the  ad- 
vance was  swept  by  tho  gnus  of  the  fori,  and 
after  half  an  hour's  bloody  combat  before 
and  upon  the  latti-r,  the  remains  of  the  as- 
saulting brigade  fell  back,  (Sen.  Strong  being 
mortally  wounded  and  every  comnumding 
olHcer  iMjing  wounded  or  killed,  t'ol.  Shaw 
fell  on  the  parapet  of  tho  fort,  and  in  a  hhort 
time  Cols.  ChatJield,  liarton,  (Ireeii,  Jackson, 
and  many  other  noblo  officers  fell,  killed  or 
wounded.  In  this  fearful  assault  the  Uidon 
loss  was  fully  \,^i)0  men,  while  thct  of  the 
rebels  did  not  exceed  100. 

Oi'ii.  Uillmore  now  rc^solvod  to  reduce  tlie 
fort  by  a  regular  siege,  and  for  that  purpose 
Bteailily  pushed  his  works  towards  it,  opening 
parallels  and  constructing  trenches  under  0 
constant  fire  of  tho  enemy.  In  a  nuirsh 
westward  of  Morris  Island,  five  miles  from 
(,'liarleston,  he  established  abattery  of  ;17  guns, 
including  one  monster  ."iOO-pounder,  called  the 
Swamp  Angel,  and  intended  to  reach  Charles- 
tun  with  its  fire,  whili"  the  range  of  the  rest 
of  the  batti  i  ■,  i  eaclied  Fort  Sumter,  2  J  miles 
distant. 

On  tho  17th  August,  fire  was  opened  from 
th(^  battery  on  Sumter,  whilt!  the  (ire  of  Wag- 
ner was  diverted  by  tho  fleet  under  Dahlgren. 
Com.  C  W.  Rodgera,  of  the  Ciitskill,  vtas 
killed  during  tho  day,  and  his  vessel  with- 
drew from  the  fight.  For  seven  tluys  the 
bombardment  of  Sumter  was  kept  >ip,  until 
the  fort  was  reduced  to  ruins,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  tho  ca.semates,  where  a  small  gar- 
rison kept  the  rebel  flag  still  flying.  Gen. 
liillmoro  having  duly  demanded  the  sur- 
render of  Charleston,  now  threw  shells  from 
the  Swamp  Angel  into  the  middle  of  the  city. 
On  Sept.  1  another  nnsurce.ssful  engagenu'iit 
took  place  between  the  Union  iron-cluils  and 
the  fort,  but  day  by  day  Gillmore  was  slowly 
a|)proaching  Fort  \\'agner  by  sii|)  and  mine, 
>uitil  on  Sept.  t)  he  was  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  tho  ramparts.  At  9  A.M.,  Sept.  7, 
Gen.  Terry  advanced  in  three  columns  to  the 
assault,  when  the  garrison  evacuated,  leaving 
If*  guns  in  Wagner  anil  7  in  IJattery  firej;^ 
near  by.  On  tho  night  of  the  8tli,  a  party 
in  boats  from  Admiral  Dalilgrcn's  flet^t,  under 
Com.  Stephens,  attempted  to  carry  Fort 
Sumter  by  assault,  b\it  failed,  most  of  the 
storming  party  being  killed  or  forced  to  sur- 
rcnilcr.  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg  were  now 
strengthened,  and  other  works  erected  on  this 
end  of  the  island,  which  was  a  mile  nearer  to 
Charleston  than  the  nnirsh  battery,  whose 
Swamp  Angel  had  burst  at  its  thirty-sixth 
discharge.  Under  the  ren(!wed  bombardment, 
<!liarleston  was  abandoned  by  most  of  its  in- 
habitants, and  a  large  portion  of  the  buildings 
ouflei-ed  severely.  Dec.  C,  tho  Wee/iaiiken 
foundered  in  a  gale,  as  she  loy  ofT  Morris  Island. 


Tho    military   events   in    North    Carolina  I 
during  18(i,'>  were  confined  chielly  to  an  un- ' 
successful  attempt  of  Gen.  I).  II.  Hill  to  re- 
take Newborn,  on  March  14, and  to  his  siege; 
of  Washington,  in  that  State,  from  which  he 
was  driven  away  by  Gen.  Foster  on  April  17lh. 
On    May  21,  a    I'nion  force   cajitured   some 
rebel    works   at    (!um    Swamp,    taking    Ui.') 
prisoners;  and  a  I'nion  cavalry  raid  on  July 
;t   to    Warsaw,    and    another   soon    after    to 
Itocky  !^lount,  on  the  Weldon  and  Wilming- 
ton jtailioad,  proved  quito  successful. 

Jan.  0,  iHlili,  the  French  Kni|>eror  made  a 
formal  oiler  of  his  services  as  mediator.  Dur- 
ing this  winter  the  national  cause  was  in  its 
greatest  peril,  and  the  separation  of  the  North 
and  South  seemed  almost  inevitable.  Tht^ 
ri'duced  Kepubliean  nnijorities  in  the  State 
elections  of  IHtiJi  seemed  ti>  indicate  an  oppo- 
sition on  the  part  of  a  majority  of  the  voters 
of  the  North  to  the  Administration,  and  to  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  on  the  anti-slavery 
basis  of  the  President's  recent  proclannitions. 

Apiil  It),  lHli2,  the  rebel  Congress  had  passed 
a  sweeping  Conseri)ition  Act ;  and  on  March 
3,  1H(1.'},  th(!  .')7th  Fetleral  Congress  passed  a 
similar  one,  which  intensified  tho  o]>position 
to  tho  administration,  certain  State  Judges 
even  assuming  to  declare  the  act  unconsti- 
tutional. On  Sept.  15,  I'res.  Lincoln  issued 
u  proclamation  sus|iending  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus,  the  opposition  to  the  national  cause 
having  become  alarmingly  overt  on  the  j)art  of 
many  |)ersons  of  tin"  S'orth.  May  4,  C.  L. 
Vallandiglutm,  a  promintmt  peace  Democrat 
of  Ohio  and  i-ebel  sympathizer,  was  arrested 
by  order  of  Gen.  Hurnside  for  resistance  to 
the  Goverinnent,  tried  by  court-martial,  and 
sentenced  to  close  confinement  during  the  war. 
The  President  modified  ihi^sentence  to  banish- 
ment beyond  thi;  SouthtTn  lines,  and  this 
sentence  was  duly  executed  by  Gen.  Hose- 
eran.s.  This  ease  excited  the  most  vehement 
denunciation  of  the  ( iovernmiut  by  the  Demo- 
cratic press.  Vallandighiim  was  nondnated 
for  till"  (iovernorship  of  Ohio  by  the  Democ- 
racy of  that  State,  and  demands  were  made 
upon  the  President  for  a  revocation  of  his 
banishment.  Meetings  of  the  Deiriocnicy  were 
held  in  various  parts  of  the  Union,  at  which 
Vallandigham's  arrest  was  denounced  as  a 
lawless  outrage,  and  a  purpose  to  resist  the 
FeilcM'al  Government  in  its  execution  of  war 
measure^,  especially  that  of  conscription,  was 
clearly  iiiijiialed  thereat.  Notwithstanding 
the  victories  of  Yicksburg  and  Gettysburg, 
the  ])ros|)ect  iluring  the  summer  of  iMi^l  was 
gloomy  indeed.  Th«^  pressure  of  a  migliiy 
war  indebtedncs.s  was  now  beginning  to  be 
severely  felt.  On  Jidy  l.'itli,  riots  broke 
out  in  the  city  of  New  York,  osten-jbly 
in  resistance  to  the  iiieipialily  of  the  draft. 
Tho  otiicis  of  the  iirovost-marshals  charged 
with  the  enrolment  were  burned,  felegraiih 
wires  cut,  railroads  toin  up,  the  mayor's  house 
sacked,  the  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  Inu'iied, 
and  many  must  atrnious  andticnilish  outrages 
of  murder  and  lingering  tort\ire  perpetrated 
upon  the  colored  race  by  the  rioters,  who 
were  mostly  ignorant  Irish  laborers  and 
thieves.  For  three  days,  the  organized  militia 
of  tho  city  being  at  the  front  defending  the 
nation,  these  riots  were  ki'jit  up.  All  busi- 
ness wius  8top])ed,  and  a  revolution  at  the 
North  seemed  in  sueciissful  j)rogres8,  for  sim- 
ultaneous  and   subsidiary   riots   iu   lioston, 


Jersey  City,  Tniy,  unil  Jamaiai,  N.  Y.,  took 
place.  Tho  news  of  tho  Union  successes  at 
Yicksburg,  I'ort  Hudson,  and  other  places, 
together  with  a  return  to  tho  city  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  nnlitia,  finally  restored  order  in 
New  Yt)rk  and  other  jjlaces,  but  not  until 
hundreds  of  lives  had  been  lost,  both  of 
rioters  and  their  victims,  and  some  flL',(IO0,(J00 
of  property  destroyed  in  New  York  alone. 
Although  tho  Democratic  press  still  continued 
to  fulminate  against  the  draft  and  the  other 
war  measures  of  tho  Adnnidst ration,  tho 
logic  of  thu  military  successes  of  the  North 
was  of  more  power.  The  draft  was  generally 
adjudged  valid,  and  a  great  reaction  took 
place  in  tho  fall  elections,  in  which  tho  He- 
liublicans  and  friends  of  the  Administration 
generally  triumphed  by  overwhelming  ma- 
jorities, plaiidy  indicating  tho  fixed  resolve 
of  the  people  to  end  thu  rebellion  and  slav  cry 
together. 

V^arious    measures    weie    passed    <luring 
1803  by  tho  37th  Congress,  having  reference 
to   the  employment  of  negroes  as  soldiers; 
among  others,  one  ordering  a  general  enrol- 
ment regardless  of  color.     The  arming  of  tho 
blacks  was  generally  denounced  by  the  Denw- 
i  eratic   jiress,  and  the   Confederate   Congress 
•  pas.sed  un  act  decreeing  death  to  any  Federal 
I  officer  ca]>tured  in  command  of  negroes,  and 
:  Union   conunanders   authorizing  the   \ise  of 
I  negro  soldiery  hail  been  in   many  cases  de- 
i  clared  outlaws  by  the  Confeth^rutc   authori- 
ties,  although  since   the   connnencement    of 
the  war  the  latter  had  nnide  >ise  of  negroes 
in  aid  of  the  rebellion.     In  the  exchongo  of 
jirisonei-s  the  tVuifederates  refused  to  reeog- 
i  ni/.e  negroes  as  prisoners  r)f  war,  which  neces- 
sitated   an    order    from     Presi(h'nt    Lincoln, 
[dated  Jidy  30,  181)3,  declaring  that  a  rebel 
soldier  woidd  be  executiul  for  every  United 
States  soldier  killed  in  violation  of  the  laws 
;  of  war,  and  a  rebel  soldier  l)hiced  at   hard 
\  labor  on  the  public  works  for  every  one  en- 
slaved by  the  enemy.     Tho  organized  work 
of  arming  the  blacks  went  on  in  spite  of  all 
opposition.     May  22d,  a  bureau  was  estab- 
lished having  especial  reference  to  this  nnitter, 
and  shortly  recruiting  .stations  for  black  sol- 
diers were  ojiened  in  various  States  South  as 
well   as    North.     In    Decenjber,    lS(i3,   over 
j  fiOjOOO  were   enlisted  and  in  actual  s<'rvice, 
;  and  this  nunditT  was  largely  increased  (hiring 
I  the  Kubsei|uent  year.     Though  in  the  average 
I  tliey  were  found  during  the  war  inferior  to 
i  the  white  soldiery,  yet  in  numerous  military 
i|Ualifications  they  were  ef)Ual,  and  in  somo 
superior.     Their  lighting  was  noticed  by  their 
c  oiiimanders   in   many   instances    with    well- 
,  ilrsi-rved  commendation.      During  the  month 
'of  November,   18113,  the   National   Cnnetery 
at  Gettysburg,  for  the  burial  of  thi'  siddiers 
I  who   fell   there,  was   consecrated    with   great 
ceremony.      In  December,  the  38tli  Congress 
,  met,  Schuyler  Colfax  being  eli'cted  S|ie«ker 
of  the  House.      To  his  annual  message  trans- 
'  niitted  thereto,  President  Lincoln   appended 
',  a   proclamation   of  amnesty,  otiering  a   free 
|iardon  to  uU  rebels  except   former    Federal 
,  Congressmen,    judges,    or    army    and     navy 
ollicers  and  certain  others,  on    condition   of 
'  taking  an  oath  to  support  the   Federal  Con- 
stitution and  Union.     A    second    ]>roclania- 
:  tion    was   also  |iubli.shed  at  the  same  time, 
proposing  to  re-atlmit  any  one  of  the  rebel 
;  States  into  the  Union,  upon  ouc-teuth  of  the 


BM 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


citizPiiH  thuraof  having  doclurnU  for  the  Union  ' 
mill  taken  Uin  oath  of  aninpnty. 

Kiirly  ill  Fobruary,  180+,  iin  oxpodition 
under  (ipii.  Truman  Seymour  loft  Tort  Itoyiil 
for  Jiicksouvillii,  Fhirichi.  It  whs  oonipoHud 
of  .">,(l(l()  troopK,  on  1!0  stciituprs  mid  S  schoon- 
ers. On  the  7th,  it  arrived  at  and  took  pos- 
NeH^inn  of  Jai'kHonville.  Col.  Henry,  leading 
tlie  Ciivah'y,  then  pushed  on,  jireKsing  buck 
tlie  rebel  force  under  tien,  Finnegan, through 
Itiildwin  and  Sandoraou,  to  J>akn  City,  wlu^re 
Finnegan  took  a  strong  poMtion  ;  whereupon 
Henry  waited  for  Qun.  Seymour  with  the 
infantry  then  at  Sanderson.  Oen.  Gillniore, 
who  had  accompanied  the  expedition,  having 
returned  to  Hilton  Head,  had  left  (!en.  Sey- 
mour in  connnand,  and  the  latter  now  under- 
took to  advance  inlami,  without  supplieH,  to 
cut  the  enemy's  railroads.  Three  ndles  from 
Olust<!e  ho  camo  in  close  pro.\iinity  to  Fin- 
negan's  force.  Hamilton's  battery  was  placed 
barely  150  yards  from  the  rebel  front,  and  its 
gunners  were  thus  at  the  njercy  of  the  lattcr's 
sharpshooters.  In  twenty  minutes,  half  of 
the  men,  horses,  and  two  of  Hamilton's  four 
guns  were  lost.  The  couUict  raged  with  great 
ferocity ;  Oen.  Seymour,  with  reckless  gal- 
lantry, was  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight,  urg- 
ing his  men  to  what  was  but  a  vain  self- 
slaughter.  From  2  o'clock  till  dusk,  the 
diflerent  regiments  that  came  into  position 
were  met  by  a  murderous  tiro.  Seymour 
then  retreated  to  Jacksonville,  leaving  his 
<lead  in  the  enemy's  hands  and  bringing  otf 
liis  wounded.  The  Union  loss  was  fully  1 ,000 
men,  that  of  the  rebels  about  700.  Soon 
nft«r  the  battle,  tlio  rebel  Gen.  Fatten  An- 
derson most  honorably  sent  in  a  complete  list 
of  Union  prisoners  in  his  liands,  with  a  de- 
scription of  the  injuries  of  each  of  the 
wounded. 

During  the  winter  of  1803-64,  extensive 
salt-works,  valued  at  $3,000,000,  belonging 
to  the  Confederates,  were  destroyed  in 
Florida  by  the  Unionists,  but  no  other 
event  of  any  importance  occurred  in  that 
State  during  the  year.  In  South  Carolina,  a 
useless,  wasteful  tight  took  place  near  l^e- 
gareville,  on  John's  Island,  in  which  the  2(!th 
U.  S.  Colored  made  live  spirited  but  unsuc- 
cessful cliarges  upon  a  well-placed  rebel  bat- 
tery. Long-mnge  tiring  took  i)laoe  irregii- 
larly  during  most  of  the  year  around 
Charleston.  In  North  Carolina,  Feb.  Lpt, 
Oen.  Pickett  threatened  Newbern,  alter 
capturing  au  outpost  at  Bachelor's  Creek, 
taking  100  prisoners.  A  part  of  his  force 
boarded  the  gunboat  U lulermriler,  lying  near 
the  wharves  of  Newbern,  and  destroyed  her 
by  tire.  On  April  17th,  Oen.  Hoke  with 
7,000  njen,  assisted  by  the  rebel  ram  Albe- 
marle, made  an  attack  upon  I'lymouth,  held 
by  Oen.  Wessels  with  2,400  men.  The 
rebel  ram  soon  disabled  the  three  Union  gun- 
boats stationed  there,  and  after  throe  days, 
occupied  in  spirited  fighting  at  the  out]>ost.s 
of  the  town,  the  latter  was  surrendered  by 
Wessels  on  April  20th,  with  l,i)00  prisoners, 
25  guns,  and  some  valuable  stores.  April 
28th,  Washington  was  evacuated  by  the 
Union  Gen.  Palmor,  anil  on  May  5th  the 
Albemarle,  accompanied  by  two  n^liel  gun- 
boats, engaged  the  three  remaining  Union  gun- 
boats in  these  waters.  After  a  tierce  cannon - 
ade  at  short  range,  in  which  most  of  the  ves- 
wIb  engaged  were  severely  injured,  the  ram 


was  beat<<n  oil',  and  up  the  Hoanoke,  by  the 
Union  boats,  leaving  one  of  the  rebel  gun- 
boats as  a  trophy.  Oct.  27th,  laeut.  ('usiiitig 
approached  the .  {Il>emiirl\  biirricnded  at  a ilock 
eight  miles  up  the  Itoanoke,  and  alVixed  tu  her 
a  toipedo  which  completely  destroyed  her.  Me 
tlieu  sueceodi'd,  by  swimming  beneath  a  heavy 
tire,  iiie.sca|iini;  to  the  Union  vessels  in  the  oil- 
ing. Oct.  31»t,  I'lymouth  was  retaken  by  a 
lleet  under  ('om.  Macomb.  During  the  sum- 
mer several  uniinportitut  raids  were  made  -by 
the  Unionists,  by  which,  however,  numerous 
slaves  wei'e  liberated. 

On  the  4th  March,  a  free  State  govorn- 
ment  for  liouisiana  was  inaugurated,  with 
Gov.  Halm  at  its  head,  before  an  immense 
and  enthusiastiu  nmltitudo  in  Lafayette 
8:|uare,  New  Orleans.  Karly  in  the  same 
month,  Admiral  I'orter,  with  a  large  fleet  of 
gunboats  and  transj)ort,'(,  carrying  10,0(K)  of 
Sherman's  troops  under  (ten.  A.  J.  Smith, 
proceeded  ui>  the  Red  Hiver  as  far  as  | 
Siinmsport,  on  the  way  to  Alexandria,  where  j 
Oen.  Ranks'  army  of  some  15,000  men  was 
to  join  them  in  an  expedition  to  capture 
Shreveport,  and  attack  the  rebel  army  of  Gen.  ' 
Kirby  Smith,  stationed  in  this  region.  On  \ 
the  way  tip  the  river,  Kort  De  Russy  was  caj)- 
turod,  with  10  guns  and  283  prisoners,  by  Gen. 
Smith,  the  main  rebel  force  there  of  5,000  men, 
under  <ien.  Walker,  retreating  up  the  river. 
.VIexaudria  was  surrendered  to  I'orter  with- 
out a  struggle  on  March  Kith,  and  the  army 
of  Ranks  shortly  joined  the  Union  forces 
there.  The  army  and  gunboats  then  moved 
up  the  river  towanls  Shreveport.  At  Sabine 
(.'ross-roads,  near  Mansfield  and  about  40  miles 
from  Shreveport,  the  rebels  made  a  stand,  the 
Union  cavalry  coming  u])  with  them  on  the 
Hth  April.  The  advance  of  the  Union  army, 
the  rest  of  whi(;h  was  .scattered  over  the 
country  far  to  the  rear,  was  here  suddenly 
confronted  by  a  force  of  20,000  men  under 
Kirby  Smith.  Leo's  cavalry,  and  Ransom's 
infantry,  were  first  engaged,  and  soon  out- 
flanked by  an  overwhelming  force.  Ten  of 
Ransom's  guns  and  1 ,000  prisoners  were  short- 
ly lost,  and  by  5  p.m.  a  disorderly  rout  of  the 
Union  forces  engaged  took  place,  the  ranks  be- 
ing broken  by  the  fleeing  supply-train  of  Lee's 
division.  At  this  moment  Franklin's  divi- 
sion arrived,  and  by  the  great  gallantry  of 
both  commander  and  men,  tlio  victorious  pro- 
gress of  the  enemy  was  for  a  moment  checked, 
but  his  forces  were  soon  borne  back  with 
the  rest  in  complete  disorder.  Gen.  Emory, 
who  was  advancing  behind  Franklin  and  was 
advised  of  the  rout,  drew  up  his  forces  in  lini- 
of  battle,  and  allowing  the  flying  columns  to 
pass  to  his  rear,  to  reform  if  they  would, 
i)rea.sted  the  hostile  wave,  till  night  put  an 
end  to  the  conflict.  During  the  night  Ranks 
fell  back  fifteen  miles  to  Pleasant  Hill, 
where  Smith  had  arrived  with  his  veterans 
and  posted  himself.  The  next  day  the  con- 
lidetit  reb(!ls  here  renewed  the  attack  upon 
Kniory,  who  was  posted  in  front  of  Smith. 
Afler  some  hi'avy  fighting,  the  former  gave 
way,  and  was  slowly  pushed  back  on  Smith's 
reserves.  Suddenly  volleys  of  the  lattcr's  ar- 
tillery and  musketry  swept  the  crowding  re- 
bels, and  before  they  could  recover  from  their 
surprise,  they  were  charged  by  Smith's  West- 
ern veterans,  headed  by  Gen.  Mower,  and 
wei-e  driven  back  with  great  slaughter,  leaving 
two  batteries  and  many  prisoners.    Notwith- 


standing this  victory,  Ranks  thouglit  it  Ix'st, 
from  the  want  of  water,  to  resume  tlio  n'treni, 
which  WHS  continued  to  Grand  Ecore  iiml 
Alexandria  without  further  serious  niolesta- 
tion.  Ranks  reported  his  losses  in  these  eii- 
gagements  at  280  killed,  1,541  woundcil, 
and  2,1.")0  missing,  No  report  was  ever 
niaile  of  the  rebel  losses.  The  forces  eiigagiil 
at  Pleasant  Hill,  were  15,000  Unionists 
against  22,000  rebels.  TTpon  Ijeing  inform- 
ed of  the  retreat  of  Ranks,  Porter,  who  had 
advanced  his  gtinboats  with  great  (.lifliculty 
up  the  river  as  far  as  Springfield  Jjanding,  at 
once  turned  back,  and  from  the  unusual  Tow. 
ness  of  the  river  and  the  presence  of  the  eneiiiy 
in  great  numbers  all  along  its  banks,  danger 
of  destruction  to  his  fleet  seemed  imminent. 
Many  <letormineil  attacks  were  made  upon 
it  above  Alexandria  by  largo  forces  of  the 
enemy,  but  they  were  invariably  beaten  oil" 
with  great  slaughter  by  the  raking  fire  of  tlm 
boats.  One  or  two  of  the  latter,  which  had 
run  fast  agiHUind,  were  destroyed  by  Porter, 
but  after  much  annoyance  from  thi^  ol)structe.| 
navigation  and  the  enemy,  the  greater  portion 
of  the  Huet  shortly  reached  Alexandria.  On 
April  23d  Gen.  Ranks  marched  rapidly  froni 
Grand  Ecore  against  (!en.  liee,  who  hadtakiii 
a  strong  posit  ion  at  the  crossing  of  Cane 
River,  40  miles  below,  with  8,000  men  anil  li! 
guns.  Striking  the  enemy  suddenly.  Ranks 
caused  thorn  to  abandon  their  works  and  re- 
treat in  disorder  southwcstward  towards 
Texas, 

The  river  was  now  so  low  that  the  gun- 
bonis  could  not  pass  the  fulls  near  Alexan- 
dria, and  unless  the  army  remaineil  to  protcit 
them,  their  destruction  seemed  inevitnlile. 
At  this  juncture  Lieiit.-Col.  .loseph  Rniley, 
engineer  of  the  lOtli  corps,  obtained  leave  tu 
build  a  dam  across  the  river,  of  timber  aiul 
sunken  coal-boats  filled  with  stone,  whereby 
the  depth  of  water  in  the  channel  on  the  i'a|>- 
ids  might  lie  siifliciently  increased  for  tlm 
]iassago  of  the  gunboats.  After  eight  or  iiiin' 
days'  labor,  on  the  iltli  May  the  work  vns 
near  completion,  and  the  water  was  rapiiily 
rising,  when  a  portion  of  the  dam  gave  way. 
The  gunboats  Lexiiii/loii  and  ^'^lonlni  were 
hastened  down  the  chute,  and  succeeded  in 
passing  with  one  hole  only  knocked  in  tlio 
bottom  of  the  latter,  caused  by  her  frighteind 
pilot  stopping  her  engines  as  he  nppriiacln  d 
the  abyss.  Eucourngeil  by  this  |mrtinl  sni>- 
cess,  Rniley  renewed  his  cfloits,  with  tin' 
whole  army  assisting  him,  and  by  constructini; 
wing  dams  to  relieve  the  pressure  of  the  water 
on  the  main  dam,  his  exertions  were  crowned 
with  complete  suceeRs,  and  by  the  13lli  May 
the  entire  fleet  had  pH.ssed  into  the  navigaliK' 
watera  below  the  falls.  Rniley  wns  rewarili  d 
for  this  work  with  a  generalship.  At  Dunii'a 
Rayou,  30  miles  lielow  Alexandria,  the  gtin- 
boats iSI</n(il  and  ('oviiiijUm,  convoying  tin' 
transport  Warner,  were  attackeil  by  a  lait;i' 
rebel  force  on  May  5.  The  iS'iV/;irt/ and  War- 
iier  were  forced  to  surrender,  with  most  of 
400  soldiers  on  board,  and  the  i'ociiiijton  w^is 
burned.  Most  of  the  I^niiiii  posts  on  llio 
coast  of  Texas  were  now  cvacualeil  and  theii- 
garrisons  came  around  to  reinforce  Gen. 
LSauks.  On  the  de|>arture  of  the  fleet  fnnn 
Alexandria,  Banks  moved  to  Simiusport,  on 
the  Atchafalaya,  having  a  cavalry  skirmish  at 
Mansuru  on  the  way.  Porter's  fleet  moved 
down  the  Ked  River  parallel  with  the  army, 


UNITED    STATES. 


OB', 


Jank«  thought  it  licst, 
to  rpHuino  tiio  rrtrciit, 
to    Orniiil   Kooro  anil 
■tlior   Horioim  niolostii- 
hin  loHMi'H  ill  llii'Ho  111. 
Il';<l,    l,riU    woiiikIcI, 
No    report   was   t'nr 
I-     Tho  forcoH  (•iigiigcil 
If    ir),00(l     iriiioniNts 
njiou  Ix-iiig  iiifiiriii. 
inks,  I'ortor,  wlio  liad 
with  great  ilifficully 
priiigfioKl  finding,  »t 
from  the  timiRuul  Tow- 
piTsi^nceof  tliocneniv 
long  its  bnnkH,  diuigcr 
eet  Keeiiuiil  iiiiinineiit. 
•ks   were  nmdo  \i|ioii 
>.y  largo   forces  of  tlm 
invariably  beaten  oil' 
tlio  raking  fiie  of  llm 
th(!  latter,  whieh  had 
destroyeil   by  I'orter, 
ce  from  the  obstrurted 
iiy,  the  greater  portion 
lied  Alexandi-iii,      ()u 
nnuehed  rapidly  froui 
n.  I!ee,  who  had  taken 
ho   crossing   of   Cane 
vith  8,000  meu  and  Ki 
[>my  suddenly,  Hanks 
n  their  works  and  rc>- 
thwestward    towards 

10  low  that  the  pin- 
he  falls  near  Alexaii- 
y  remained  to  protect 
1  seemed  inevitable, 
.-(.'ol.  .losoph  liaii.'y, 
rps,  obtained  leave  Id 
river,  of  timber  and 
with  stone,  whercdiy 

0  channel  on  the  ia|i. 
ly  increased    for    tlm 

After  eight  or  nine 
Jlay  the   work   was 
le  water  was   rapiiilv 
f  the  dam  gave  wiiv. 
'"    and   jVios/io  Wei,, 
te,  and  succeeded   in 
>nly  knocked   in  tin' 
sed  by  her  frightem  cl 
I's  as  he  approached 
by  this  partial  snc- 
is    etlbrts,    with    t\„- 
,  and  by  constriictini,' 
|)ressure  of  Ihi'  water 
■rtions  were  crowned 
id  by  the  l;!th   .Alay 
id  into  the  navigalde 
Hailey  was  rewardc  d 
ralship.     At  Dnnn's 
VIexanilrin,  the  gun- 
</to»,  coeivoying  the 
attacked  by  a  laisj<' 
10  Siijiinl  and   Win- 
•nder,  with   most  of 

1  the  Cue! lit/ton  \\\is 
L'nion  posts  on  the! 
evacuated  and  their 

to  reinforce  (ien. 
•e  of  the  duct  from 
I  to  iSimmspoit,  en 

cavalry  skirmisli  at 
'orter's  fleet  moved 
llcl  with  tho  armr, 


kiid  Hliortly  rusumud  itH  patrol  of  the  MiwiB- 

"'I'l''- 
This  expedition,  whicli  waH  most  disastrous 

to  the  military  r(>]iutation  of  its  commander, 

ftlsi)  brought  mucli  odium  upon  tho  Uovern- 

nii'iit,  who  ))(;i'mittod  cotton  speculations  to 

take  place  under  its  protection ;  and  in  those 

s|ii'eulation8  Admirul  I'orter  was  to  u  certain 

extent  implicated. 

(Jen.  Steele,  commanding  in  Arkansas,  who 
was  to  co-operato  in  tho  movom<*nt  on  Hhreve- 
|i(irt,  taking  it  iu  tho  roar,  and  keeping  I'rico 
in  Arkansas  from  joining  tho  robol  forces  in 
Louisiana,  moved  souti.'ward  with  some  1 2,000 
men  siiunltanoously  with  ]ianks'  advance 
from  Alexandria.  At  I'rairio  d'Anno,  April 
];!,  he  was  attacked  by  IVico  with  a  consid- 
erable forcd,  whom  ho  boat  ott".  Uecoiving 
news  of  lianks'  defeat,  on  April  15,  he  turned 
to  the  left  and  entered  (.'anuh'n.  Hhortly 
tlieieafter  his  wagon-train  was  cut  olf  and 
destroyed  at  Mark's  Mill,  and  on  the  27th 
he  was  iu  full  retreat,  with  tho  whole  rebtd 
force  of  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  left  free  to 
(ipei'ttte  against  him.  At  Jenkins'  Ferry,  on 
the  Sabine,  he  was  assoilcd  by  the  enemy  in 
great  force,  led  by  Kirby  Smith.  Hut  turn- 
iiij;  upon  them,  he  gave  battle  with  such  fury, 
that  they  woro  completely  and  brilliantly  re- 
pulsed, tho  Union  loss  being  750  killed  and 
wounded,  that  of  tho  onomy  2,300,  including 
three  gem^rals.  During  tho  rest  of  his  retreat 
lie  was  unmolested,  and  though  nearly  overcome 
by  fatigue  and  hunger,  his  forces  reached  Lit- 
tle liiick  on  May  2. 

During  tho  year  18G4,  numerous  minor  con- 
llids,  partisan  encounters,  and  raids  took  place 
in  Arkansa.s.  June  27,  (Jen.  Carr  worsted 
the  rebel  Shelby.  About  tho  same  time  (ien. 
]»i)bbins,  with  a  superior  rebtd  fore;,  attacked 
Col.  Urooks,  with  400  blacks,  on  Big  (!reek, 
hut  gained  no  advantage.  Aug.  23,  Shelby, 
with  2,000  men,  captured  the  most  of  the 
filth  Illinois,  between  DuvulPs  ItluH'and  Lit- 
tle Kock.  Early  in  IStU  a  Union  State  gov- 
eriiiiii'nt  was  formed  in  Arkansas ;  and  in 
Jlarcli  a  Union  Constitution,  prohibiting  sla- 
veiy,  was  ratified  liy  a  vote  of  tho  people. 
Members  of  Congress  and  purmanent  State  of- 
ticers  were  at  tho  same  time  elected.  At  the 
elcise  of  tho  year  after  Steeh^'s  reverses,  most 
<if  the  State,  however,  Miis  again  under  rebel 
rule. 

On  Jan.  28,  1864,  fJen.  Itosccrans  assumed 
ooiumand  of  the  Department  of  Missouri,  and 
shortly  afterwards  discovered  an  extensive 
treasDiiablo  organization,  called  tho  Order  of 
tlie  Sons  of  Liberty,  whereof  the  grand  eom- 
inaudei-s  wert^  (Ien.  Sterling  Price  in  the  South 
and  0.  L.  Vallandigham  in  the  North.  The 
otiicers  and  liMiding  members  of  the  organi/a- 
tion  within  his  department  be  promptly  ar- 
rested and  lodged  iu  iirison,  whcro  they  were 
kept  for  some  time.  In  July,  a  rebel  out- 
bieak  took  place  in  I'latte  (bounty,  and  numer- 
ous guerilla  outiiiges  also  occnri-ed  in  the 
west  of  the  State.  At  tho  close  of  September, 
(li'ii.  I'rice  advanced  from  Arkansas  into  Jlis- 
Bouri  with  10,000  men.  On  tho  27th,  he  was 
resisted  at  Pilot  Knob  by  (Jen.  Hugh  S. 
Kwing,  with  about  1,200  men.  The  latter 
blew  up  his  works,  ami  escaped  during  the 
night  to  Kolla.  I'lieu  then  moved  north  to 
the  Missouri  Uivor,  threatoning  St.  Louis  and 
Jelferson  C'ity.  (Ien.  A.  J.  Smith,  with  4,500 
infantry  and  1,500  cavalry,  vigilantly  followed 


him.  About  this  time  a  rebel  (h'tachment 
under  Shelby,  after  a  prolonged  fight,  captured 
(ilasgow.  On  Oct.  IH  I'rice  ruitched  Lexing- 
I'.in,  driving  before  him  (!en.  lilunt  with  a 
force  from  Kansas,  who  retreated  on  Indepen- 
dence. On  tli(^  Little  lliue.  Price  flanked  the 
Kansas  men,  imw  commanded  by  Curtis,  com- 
pelling them  to  fall  back  to  tlio  Dig  liliic. 
On  the  hitter,  Oct.  23,  a  fight  was  maintained 
between  him  and  tho  forces  of  ('iirtis  and 
I'leasaiiton,  until  at  1  p.m.  tho  rebels  wore 
routed  und  (led  southward,  pursued  beyond 
Little  Santa  Fe.  In  tho  meanwhile.  Smith, 
with  9,000  infantry  anil  5  butteries,  by  a  false 
move  to  Lexington  and  Independence,  had 
opened  a  door  of  escape  to  Price.  Pleasan- 
tim's  cavalry,  however,  overtook  tho  latter  on 
tho  Little  Osage,  Oct.  25,  and  in  a  spirited 
conflict  there,  captured  8  guns  and  1,000  pris- 
oners, including  (iens.  Marniadukc,CalMdl,  and 
other  ofKcers.  At  Newtonia,  I'rice  was  again 
struck  by  Hlunt  with  some  Kansas  forces  and 
Sanborn  s  brigade,  and  was  there  routed.  He 
was  then  chased  liy  Curtis  to  Fiiyettovillo, 
Ark.,  and  this  ended  the  last  rebel  invasion 
of  Missouri.  Though  Price  obtained  about 
(1,000  ri'criiils  from  rebel  sympathizers  in  tho 
latter  State,  still  tho  rising  was  not  so  exten- 
sive OS  he  had  expected. 

{/'oiigress  having  revived  tho  military  gra<le 
of  Lieuteiiaiit-Oeneral,  previously  held  by 
(ien.  Washington  alone,  on  March  2,  18li4, 
(Sen.  (irant  was  eiMitirmed  by  the  Senate  as 
tho  President's  noniineo  for  the  place,  the 
popular  judgment  having  decided  that  ho  was 
the  fittest  person  to  giasi>  and  curry  out  u 
successful  plan  of  the  war,  and  to  command 
all  tho  forces  of  tho  Union.  (Sen.  (trant 
fixed  his  lieadi)uarters  with  tho  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  which  was  still  eomman<led  by  (.Jen. 
Meade,  und  (Sen.  Sherman  took  command  of 
the  Department  of  tho  Mississippi,  with  the 
experienced  .MePliersoii,  Hooker,  Thomas, 
Howard,  Hurlbert,  l^yoii,  and  Schofield  as 
his  subordinates.  The  Army  of  tho  Potomac 
was  ri^organized  into  three  corps,  commanded 
by  Warren,  Hancock,  and  Sedgwick,  and  tien. 
liurnsido  was  ordereil  to  unite  his  9th  corps 
to  that  army,  raising  its  strength  to  over 
100,000  men.  (!eii.  (irant's  jdan  was  to  move 
these  two  grand  armies  simultaneously,  the 
one  east  and  the  otlier  west  of  the  AUeglianies, 
lliclimond  and  Atlanta  being  tho  objective 
points.  Thus  the  Held  of  his  designs  stretched 
5,000  miles,  over  whieh  his  forces  were  scat- 
tered, while  (')()0  ve.ssids  of  war  with  4,0ll(i 
guns  lav  on  the  rivers  and  coasts  for  2,500 
miles. 

Karly  iu  Febniary,  Ocn.  IJiitler,  command- 
ing at  Fortress  Monroe,  having  heard  that 
Uiehmond  was  weakly  garrisoned,  startetl  an 
expedition  to  capture  it  and  liberate  tho  pris- 
oners there,  but  it  failed,  from  the  enemy 
being  apprised  thereof. 

Feb.  27  (ien.  Carter,  with  1,500  cavalry, 
made  a  raid,  flunking  tho  rebel  army  in  Vir- 
ginia, pushing  nearly  to  Charlottesville,  and 
returning  March  2.  He  thus  masked  ii simul- 
taneous raid  of  greater  imjiortance  by  Kil 
putrick,  who  pa.ssed  across  the  Kapidan  and 
rapitlly  to  the  rear  of  Lee's  army,  and  pushed 
on,  cutting  the  enemy's  communications  to 
within  3^  miles  of  Uiehmond,  inflicting  on 
the  pdnds  serious  losses.  Ho  then  proceeded 
across  the  White  House  Railroad,  and  thence 
dowu  the  pcuiubula  until  near  New  Kent, 


where  ho  met  a  forco  sent  \ip  to  his  aid  from 
Fortress  Monroe  by  (leu.  Ilutler.  A  portion 
of  his  command,  some  400,  uiider  Col.  I'Irio 
Dahlgren,  mistook  their  way,  but  nllimately 
reached  and  ehurged  tho  outer  works  of  liieli- 
mond.  Th<7  then  miide  the  circuit  of  that 
city,  but  in  striking  for  King  ami  (^iii  rii  C. 
H.  they  were  stopped  at  Dubney,  and  Dahl- 
gren was  killed  by  tho  militia  of  that  jilace, 
while  his  force  was  scattered,  100  being  mitilu 
prisoners.  His  body  was  treated  with  igno- 
miny by  the  enemy. 

On  May  4,  the  preparations  ladng  com- 
plotod,  (Jen.  Meade's  army  crossed  the  Uupi- 
dan  at  (icrniania  and  Fly's  Finds,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  a  tract  of  broken  table-lainl  ni'ai* 
Spottsylvunia  Court-Honse,  culled  the  Wil- 
derness, which  stretched  from  Chaneellors- 
ville  to  Mine  Hun,  where  Lee  lay  intrenched. 
On  Thursday,  May  5,  advancing  through  this 
impi'rfectly  known  country,  Warren's  corps, 
with  whom  (iens.  (irunt  and  .Meade  made 
their  heiuhpiarters,  moved  as  far  us  the  Old 
Wilderness  Tavern,  Sedgwick  being  on  their 
right  towards  the  ford.  Hancock  was  di- 
rected to  move  forward  from  Chaneellorsvillo 
to  Shady  (Jrovii  Church,  further  down  the 
river,  while  Sheridan's  ca\alry  swept  still 
further  south-west  in  a  reconiioissanc*'.  Pre- 
sently, finding  an  unlooked-for  battle  immi- 
nent, (irant  ordeied  Hancock  to  close  up 
with  Warren  and  form  the  left  wing.  At 
3  r.M.  Lee  attempted  to  get  Ix'tween  llaneoek 
and  Warren,  whereupon  (irant  ordeied  Mott's 
division  of  Hancock's  corps,  with  (ietty's  on 
Warren's  left,  to  charge  into  the  dense  woods 
and  undeidirush  and  hold  the  enemy  in  ilieck. 
Two  hours  of  stubborn  und  bloody  eoiitlict 
with  musketry  alone,  the  nature  of  tiie  ground 
entirely  forbidding  the  use  of  cavalry  or  ar- 
tillery, now  ensued,  resulting  in  great  loss  to 
both  sides,  and  without  advantage  to  either, 
though  the  rebels  claimed  1,000  prisoners  to 
the  Linionists'  300  for  this  clay.  Huiiiig  the 
night  Hurnside's  corps  arrived  In  a  forced 
march,  and  at  early  dawn  on  Friday,  May  0, 
the  whole  Union  front  advanced.  .\t  5  a.m. 
Sedgwick  attacked  on  the  right,  gallantly 
moving  on  Kwell,  while  Hancock  on  the  left 
pushed  forward,  crowding  back  Hill  and  tak- 
ing many  |>risoneis,  until  he  had  moved 
nearly  two  miles  on  the  lirock  road.  Here 
Loligstn'ct  arrived,  and  threw  the  Union 
front  into  eonfusion  ;  but  some  of  lliiinside's 
corps  siislainiiig  it,  Loiigstreet  was  In  turn 
pressed  back,  he  himself  falling  seviitdy 
w-oundeil.  A  second  despeiati' attack  at  11 
i  A.M.  ]ires.sed  the  2d  I'orps  back  to  its  in- 
trenched line,  the  llroi  k  road,  near  whii  h 
(ien.  James  S.  WioUworth  fidl,  shot  tliioiigh 
tli(^  head.  A  lull  now  took  place,  dining 
which  liuriiside's  corps  was  placed  between 
Hancock  and  Warren.  Sndilenly  the  nniteil 
forces  of  Hill  and  Loiigstreet  fell  on  tho 
I'nioii  U'ft  and  left  centre.  For  three-ijuar- 
ters  of  an  hour  the  battle  here  raged  with 
terrible  ferocity,  the  rebels  gaining  ground, 
when  llaneoek  despatched  Carroll's  brigade 
to  strike  the  foe  in  ilank,  u  movement  which 
succeeded,  uml  ilrove  the  enemy  back  with 
heavy  loss,  und  enabled  Hancock  to  gain  his 
former  position. 

Ju.st  after  dark  the  enemy,  iiniler  (lordon, 
struck  swiftly  and  heavily  the  Union  rit;ht, 
surprising  ami  routing  the  brigades  of  Tru- 
man  Seymour,  and  Slnvler,  und  taking  Sey- 


888 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


I 


>h. 


Il- 
ls:: 

I- 


i 

I' 


liioiir  iukI  HoiiH'  4,(1(10  (illnT  priHoiicrn.  (Ji'ii. 
Hi'ils^wii'k  Hiicci'fili'il,  liowovcr,  in  n'uforinjj 
IiIh  liiicH,  mill  till'  kitoikI  iIiiv'n  lif(litin^  nf  thiH 
wrii'M  (if  lildiiilv  Klniifi^li'S  cIiinciI.  Tlit)  nnxt 
tiny,  Hiiliiiilav,  -May  7,  tim  attack  of  Let!  wiin 
iiiil  rt'iM'Wi'd,  mill  till)  (lay  \\un  K|iout  in  ri'oon- 
MiiiHsuiHN's  mill  (ikiiiiiishrH.  Hi'ing  now  ooii- 
villi''  il  tliitt  tlio  I'lH'iuy  wiiH  |)ro|>ftiiMj{  to  ri'- 
ti't'iit,  (iniiit  (liitiM'tiiiniril  to  iiiuvii  in  a  niglii 
iiiarrli  towiirclH  S|>ottsyl\iiiiiii,  to  out  liini  oil' 
fi'uiii  liicliiiioiul,  L<>>i  watt  soon  inailo  nwair 
(if  I  his  nuivi'iiicnt,  and  at  onet;  (luH|iatc'ho(i 
]<(iii^strt'ct  l)y  a  parallel  road,  who  reaoliod 
tli('  )(oal  livfora  thu  Union  army,  having  thu 
Hhiirtt'Ht  distani'o  to  no.  At  8  a.m.  on  Huiiduy, 
^lay  H,  Warri'ii'K  corps  canio  full  iijion  the 
foiciw  of  Longstri'ut,  whosti  guns  wnre  posted 
oil  the  ridge  ncios.s  the  rividet  Ny,  liefore 
SpoltHylvanitt  I'oiirt  House,  and  Hwe|it  the 
Vnion  colmiins  as  they  advanced.  Hohiiison's 
division  on  the  left,  confronted  by  an  over- 
whelming forcj,  gave  way  in  disorder.  Uen, 
AVari'i'ii,  however,  seized  a  divisiou  flag,  and 
rallii'd  the  ti'Oop.H  l>y  his  gallant  bearing. 
After  four  hours'  severe  contest  tho  oueniy 
was  driven  back  with  groat  loss.  Towards 
evening,  a  part  of  the  Union  Gth  corps  coining 
up,  thu  assault  on  the  enemy's  position  was 
renewed,  and  after  an  hour  and  a  half  of  se- 
vere lighting,  the  first  line  of  their  breast- 
works was  (urriod,  with  heavy  loss  on  both 
sides. 

The  ne.\t  day,  Monday,  May  9th,  tho  Un- 
ion lines  were  entirely  clear  of  tho  Wilder- 
ness, and  advanced  to  within  three  miles  of 
Spott.sylvania  Court-House,  and  well  in- 
trenched. During  the  day,  while  placing  a 
battery  and  pleasantly  bantering  a  soldier  for 
his  nervoiisness  at  the  whistle  of  a  ])afiKing 
bullet,  Gen.  Sedgwick  was  struck  in  tho 
face  by  the  ball  of  a  slLirjishooter,  and  in- 
stantly fell  dead.  Tho  next  day  Oeu.  H.  G. 
AV right  succeeded  to  the  connnand  of  the  Gth 
corps.  No  general  engagement  took  jilaco 
during  tho  day,  both  armies  being  fearfully 
oxliaiisted.  On  Tuesday,  tho  10th,  at  G^ 
P.M.,  (fen.  Grant  again  assaulted  tho  enemy's 
woiks  after  a  day's  cannonading,  and  after 
Harlow's  division  had  been  fiercely  attacked 
and  had  rescued  itself,  while  recrossing  tho 
]'o  from  an  isolated  position.  Wright's  1st 
divisiciii,  Col.  Upton,  and  3d  division,  Gen. 
1).  A.  Russell,  rushiul  over  tho  first  lino  of 
rebel  defences,  in  the  face  of  three  rebel  bat- 
teries, Gowan's,  McCartni'y's,  and  Kliodes', 
and  took  000  prisoners  and  12  guns.  But 
the  assault  on  tho  rest  of  the  front  resulted 
in  a  terrible  and  u.seless  slaughter  of  the  as- 
sailants. Tho  Union  losses  of  tho  day  were 
fearful.  Tho  next  day,  May  llth,  was  ex- 
]iended  in  skirmishing  and  reconnoitring, 
the  aft*Tnoon  being  rainy.  At  nightfall 
Hancock  changed  his  position,  and  moved  si- 
lently to  tho  left,  between  Wright  and  Hurn- 
side.  Between  •i  and  5  A.M.,  May  12th,  in 
tho  midst  of  a  potiring  rain.  Barlow's  and  Bir- 
iiny's  division.s  advanced  against  a  salient  an- 
gle of  the  eueiiiy's  works,  held  by  Ed.  John- 
son's division  of  Ewell's  corps,  Miles'  brigade 
leading.  Theenemy  were  overwhelmed  in  their 
trenches,  and  (.!ens.  .Johnson  and  (J.  W.  t-'tew- 
artand  3,000  other  prisoners  and  30  guns,  were 
captured.  Hancock  now  pursued  the  enemy 
in  his  front  nearly  a  mile,  when  they  rallied, 
and  a  long  and  bloody  fight  ensued.  Gharge 
followed  charge  in  tjuick  successiuu,  and  the 


mutiuil  carimge  was  fearful.  Wright's  corpH 
WHS  sent  to  aid  Hancock,  who  was  now  press- 
ed with  tho  savage  deteriiiinal  ion  of  the  en- 
emy to  recover  the  position  which  they  had 
lost  to  him,  and  before  his  position  (he  strug- 
gle and  slaughter  were  awful.  The  rain  set  in 
again  at  noon,  but  the  lighting  continued  (ill 
midnight,  when  it  ceased,  and  Hancock  still 
held  his  prize.  Leo  now  fortified  and  held  a 
line  immediately  in  Hancock's  front,  and 
several  days  of  nianienvring  ensued  without 
much  fighting.  On  the  ll^th,  an  assuidt  on 
the  enemy's  lines  by  Gibljon's  and  Barlow's 
divisions  was  ropulhed  with  heavy  loss  ;  and 
on  the  I'.lth,  Kwcll  assaulting  Tyler's  forcn  on 
tho  Union  right,  was  gallantly  repulsed.  On 
the  21st  tien.  Grant  advanced  by  a  flank 
movement  from  Spottsylvania  to  tho  North 
Anna,  towards  Itiehmond.  Gen.  Meado  re- 
ported his  losses  up  to  this  tinio  at  39,7'Jl, 
inclinling  many  officers  of  high  rank.  The 
rebels,  fighting  on  the  defensive,  sufiered  less, 
but  still  heavily.  Among  their  killinl  were 
Gens.  Sam.  Jones,  Jenkins,  Daniels,  I'errin, 
and  J .  M.  Jones. 

Notwithstanding  thu  heavy  depletion  of 
tho  Union  ranks,  (jen.  Grant  announced  his 
intention  ''of  fighting  it  out  on  this  lino,  if 
it  took  all  summer."  Heavy  reinforcements 
were  hurried  to  him  from  NVashington,  and 
till!  base  of  supplies  was  changed  to  Freder- 
icksburg from  the  original  one  north  of  thu 
iiapidan.  To  tho  former  place  tho  Union 
wouniled  and  sick  were  transported  fmm  tho 
front,  and  were  tenderly  cured  for  by  the 
Government,  aided  by  the  Sanitary  and  C'hris- 
tian  associations. 

On  May  'Jth  Hlieridan  was  despatched  from 
the  Wilderness  on  a  raid  to  stiver  Gen.  Leo's 
communications  with  Richmond.  He  soon 
reached  the  enemy's  rear,  destroying  ten  miles 
of  the  Virginia  Central  Jtnilroad,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  supplies,  and  liberating  400  Union 
prisoners.  He  then  moved  on  until  he  ac- 
tually entered  the  first  line  of  works  around 
Richmond,  near  which  he  encountered  C<en.  J. 
E.  B.  Stuart,  who  was  mortally  wounded  in 
the  ensuing  conflict,  as  was  also  the  relx'l  Gen. 
Gordon.  He  then  proceeded  to  Haxall,  and 
thence,  by  White  House  ond  Hanover  Goux't- 
Hous(>,  returned  to  the  Army  of  the  I'otonuic. 

In  co-operation  with  Gen.  Grant,  Gen. 
B\itlor,  on  4th  May,  having  been  reinforcetl 
by  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith's  (18th)  corps,  and 
Gen.  (jiilimore's  (lOtli)  i^orps,  from  South 
Carolina,  with  2.'),000  of  his  command,  in 
trans|)orts,  accompanied  by  iron-clads  under 
Admiral  J-oe,  moved  up  the  James  River  to 
City  I'oint  and  Bermuda  Hundred,  which  he 
occupied  and  commenced  to  intrench  on  the 
Gth.  The  gunboats  moved  slowly  and  cau- 
tiously, removing  the  torpedoes  in  the  river, 
but  on  the  Gth,  one  of  the  latter,  containing 
2,000  pounds  of  powder,  (>xploded  under  tho 
Com.  ,/inies,  destroying  the  vessel  and  half 
of  hor  crew.  Col.  R.  West,  with  1,500  cav- 
alry, moved  simtdtaneously  with  Butler  up 
tho  north  bank  of  the  James,  while  Gen. 
Kautz,  from  Suffolk,  ojierated  against  tho 
roads  south  of  Petersburg  and  Richmond. 
On  the  7tli  liullor  made  a  reconnoissanco 
against  tho  I'etersburg  and  Itiehmond  Rail- 
road, destroying  a  portion  of  it  after  some 
fighting.  On  the  Kith  and  14th  ho  can-ied  a 
portion  of  the  enemy's  front  line  of  defences 
at  Dniry's   BlulT,  witli  small  loss.     lu  tho 


meantime  Beauregard  had  eu'lected  his  foni'g 
in  North  and  South  Ciirolinn,  and  brouglit 
them  to  the  defence  of  I'etersburg  and  Uii  h. 
nionil.  (»n  (he  IGth  the  enemy,  under  lleau- 
regard,  iittarked  Butler  in  front  of  Dniiv's 
Blulf,  uid  forced  him  back  to  his  intreihli. 
nients  between  the  forks  of  the  James  ami 
the  A|ipomattox  rivers.  In  this  assaiill, 
made  before  daylight,  in  a  heavy  fog,  Biillir 
lost  about  4,0(10  men,  Heckiiian's  brigiuji' 
being overwhelmtMl.  A  (|muitity  of  lelegnipli 
wire  placed  in  front  of  Gen.  Smith's  line, 
hold  by  Brooks'  and  Wen/erN  divisions,  and 
intertwisted  among  the  trns,  threw  the  usHiiiJ. 
ants  to  the  groiMul,  where  liundreds  of  tliim 
were  killed,  and  the  rest  made  to  recoil  from 
tho  attack.  Beauregard  now  erected  a  iiiii' 
of  works  across  the  peninsula  in  friuit  of  lint- 
ler,  by  which  asnnill  force  of  the  enemy  cniiM 
impede  any  advance  by  the  latter  noithwaid 
except  by  trans]iorts,  or  by  crossing  the  riv- 
ers. 

t)n  May  2.'>,  approaching  the  North  Anna, 
Oen.  Grunt  found  (ten.  I.ee  planted  aeioss 
that  stream,  in  a  fine  position,  covering  tlic 
Virginia  (.icntral  Railroad.  The  enemy  hav- 
ing divined  Grant's  intention,  had  moveil 
with  silence  and  celerity  from  SpottsylMinia 
on  a  shorter  line.  Warren,  on  the  rnimi 
right,  crossed  Jericho  Ford  at  Ti  p.m.  on  Mny 
23,  and  soon  an  attack  was  nmde  on  Grillin's 
division  by  a  portion  of  Hill's  corjis  of  rebels. 
Gritlin  hold  his  position,  when,  being  repulseil 
in  his  front,  the  relH'l  leader  attempted  to 
flank  him.  Grillin  then  hurried  Bartlcli's 
brigade  to  tho  rescue  of  his  right.  The  KM\ 
I'ennsylvania,  Lieut. -Col.  McCoy, ran  ujion  till' 
rebel  brigade,  and  one  of  the  BennsylvaniaiiH 
seized  Brown,  the  rebid  leader,  by  tho  eolliir 
and  dragged  him  from  his  horse  a  ]irisiin<  r, 
while  nearly  a  tho\isand  of  his  comiiianil 
shared  u  similar  fate,  and  the  rest  «>  r. 
routed.  Hancock,  on  the  left,  was  mean- 
while desperately  engaged  on  tho  north  siilc 
of  the  stream.  A  strong  fortification  lini', 
protecting  a  bridge,  held  by  Mel.aws'  division 
of  Longstreet's  corps,  at  G  P.M.  was  stonucd 
and  carried  by  I'ierce's  and  Egaii's  brigadi"* 
of  Birney's  division,  with  a  loss  of  but  I'lO 
men.  The  bridge  wiw  secured,  on  wliiili 
Hancock's  cor\m  innnediately  crossed,  whili' 
Wright's  corps  crossed  at  Jericho  Ford  and 
took  jiosition  in  the  rear  of  Warren.  On  (lie 
night  of  th(!  2Gtli,  Gen.  Grant  being  satislird 
that  tho  position  of  the  enemy  was  impici;- 
nable,  recio.sse(l  tho  North  Anna,  and  innvini; 
around  Lee's  right  flank,  crossed  the  I'aniiin- 
key  at  llanovertown.  Sharp  lighting  ei- 
curred  beftu'e  a  lodgment  was  ellected  on  the 
opposite  bank,  and  on  tho  '2Si\\  Slieiidiiii 
had  a  severe  cavalry  engagement  with  Fitz- 
hugli  l-ice,  whom  ho  routed,  the  Union  l(is» 
Ixiing  400,  while  that  of  tho  rebels  was  Kill). 
The  whole  army  now  rapidly  advanced  to  the 
Chickohominy,  and  Gen.  Grant  transferieil 
his  base  from  the  Rappahannock  to  the  Wliiti^ 
House.  Here  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith,  with  the 
18th  corjis,  who  had  been  ordered  by  (Iin. 
Grant  to  leave  Butler  ut  Bermuda  Hiiiidi'i'il 
ond  join  him,  arrived  on  June  1,  having  biin 
brought  around  in  transports.  Fhiergetic  rc- 
connois.sanc(iS  made  by  <-ien.  Grant  now  it'- 
vealetl  tho  enemy  in  front  in  fidl  force  niul 
Strong  ]iosition,  and  an  attempt  of  Warren  to 
possess  the  ISIechniucsville  pike  failed.  Gc". 
Grant  next  determiued  tu  flouk  the  euuniy 


imil  (•oMnctod  IiIm  fimi'H 
Citi'dliiia,  niid  lir(>ii(.'lit 
f  l'('ti"rN>(iir({  itiiil  Hir||. 
Ill'  t'lii'iiiy,  iiticlcr  llciiu- 
•r  in  front  of  Diinv's 
liiK'k  to  liJH  inlrcni'li. 
ikn  of  tin'  .liinifM  aiHJ 
TH.  Ill  tliis  llHNIinll, 
in  a  heavy  {i>f!,  Ilntlir 
n,  llcrknnin'H  In-i^jml.' 
V  i|niintil,v  of  tflf;;rii|ili 
of  iU'u.  SniitirN  iini', 
Vcii/.HrH  iliviHionH,  iiiiij 
I  trc'M,  threw  the  iiNHiiil- 
lero  liundredH  of  tlirm 
at  nnide  to  reeoil  ficim 
rd  now  erected  ii  II ih' 
linsnlii  ill  front  of  jliii- 
reo  of  the  eniiiij-  cimlil 
f  the  hitter  noilliwanl 
or  by  croKKing  the  liv- 

liiiift  the  North  Anna, 
n.  Leo  planted  aeioss 
|io8ition,  ooveriiij;  tlir 
Olid.  The  Oiieniy  hav- 
intontion,  hiid  nioveil 
ty  from  Siiottsylvania 
barren,  on  the  I'nioii 
ford  at  Ti  p.m.  on  May 
WHS  made  on  <irillin".i 
f  IliU'H  corjiHof  reliels. 

I,  when,  being  re|i\ilseil 
1  leader  fttteni|ite(l  to 
irn  hurried  Jhirtlclt's 
f  hitt  right.  'J'lie  S.'l.l 
il.  McCoy,  ran  iipoii  till' 
i)f  the  I'eniiHylvHniaiia 
1  leader,  by  the  collar 

his  horse  a  prisonii-, 
ind    of   Ids   coniniaiiil 

and  the  rest  wen 
the  left,  was  mean- 
;ed  on  the  north  siilc 
ng  fortirication  lini', 
1  by  McLaws'  division 
it  ti  I'.M.  was  Kloriiic'cl 
and  Kgah's  lirij,'aili's 
th  a  loss  of  bnt    I  IK) 

secured,  on  wliiili 
liately  crossed,  wliilr 
at  dericlio  Ford  ami 
r  of  Warren.  (Mi  (In: 
Clraiit  being  Hatisl'uil 

eni'niy  was  ini|iii'i;- 
th  Anna,  and  moviiii; 
:,  crossed  the  I'aniiiii- 

Sliaip  lighting  ei'- 
it  wa.s  etl'ected  on  tin' 
I  the  L'8tli  Sheiiilaii 
igagenieiit  with  ]''it/.- 
iited,  the   I'nion   Idss 

the  rebels  was  KIKl. 
[lidly  advanced  to  tlic 

II.  (irant  transfencil 
hnnnock  to  th(!  White 

V.  Smith,  with  the 
cell  ordered  by  (iiw, 
t  ISerniudii  lliiiiilriil 
1  Jiiiio  1,  having  bi'iii 
pnrt.s.      Kncrgetio  ii'- 

Gen.  (.iriint  now  re- 
mt  in  full  force  and 
Rttenipt  of  Wari-cn  to 
le  pike  failed,     tieii. 

to  flunk  the  eni'Diy 


a 

M 


w 

e 


-< 
> 


I  iii.iii|iiii|ii| 


iKi'f'iii'; 


•v 


mmmm^ti 


II  N  I  r  ii;  It  Ml'  A  III',  H, 


illiil    nrlri>   Culil    llilllit>r,    Pii    tlii<   iMii|iim(>    nil  UilliHil  i'  imiii'IiicIi'iI  In  ii'iiijl  n  lini  willilhlun 
rmiiliU     III''     ' 'lM'l<iiltiiiiilhv     itl     lllii'      |i"iiil.     iiilli'M    111'   llii>   lilv        <l|i,|iiiii>    |Iilli,lliM     \V, 

t'lllll     lllirlinl      \\»1     III)     llM|llll  llllll     flM'IIM   i>r     Mil        l>'       Mlllllll'll     11111111     'lll\  lllll'l'lj      III     wHllill     lllll'll 

llliiriiii'i  KHiil'i  Ii'ihIIiiu  III  IIh'IiiiiiiihI,      <  III  Miiy  '  iiilli'"  iimilli  nl   l'i'|i'iiiliiii|i        lie  iljil  iinl  i mil 


llll'llll'  llll'  IIMIllllll  lill  lll'll  Mllllllim  II,  mIii'Ii  I 
ill'IIH'll  l||l<  I'llilin'M  lilli'  Illlirill'U  ill  llnlll  m| 
llll'  lllllill  ill  |i'llll"l  In  llllll'  mMiiiiM'Ii  IIih'i, 
llllll  l'll|llll|i'l|  Id  ^IIIIH  mill  llllll  |ll  iHiilll'IM 
Mill    lllntl^ll    till-    lli^lll    M  UN   Hill'   (if  l-ll'lll     IIIIIMII 

liljlil,  Hiiijlli  liilfill\  ii'ili'il  llll  iiiiiiiiiii^,  llllll 
ilni  Inn  llll'  iil(i|il  riliMliiiiij  vtiiM  ii'inriiii  I'll 
^^illl  lii'i''ti  I  I'li-I  lili'i.  I  llllll 'ii-ll  mImm  ciiflii'  ll|i 
ilili  iiiU  llll'  iiiulil,  mill  Will  ii'ii  mill  IIiiiiih|i||' 
■  HI  III"    iii'«l    ilm,  .llllll'   Milli,  will  II   III  11   I'  V 

II  ^I'lii'iiil  ti'iMiiiih    ntm  lllllill',    l,i-i-  llllvill^   liv 

llll'l    lillll'   IIIiImiI    Willi     llll'    MIMmI    III     illu   IIIIIIV 
nil  III' (  ,    III    lllllHlil  Ii'm   iii||I",  I  111  ill  ll  II   I  iillji'  III 

lii'i   liiiiil    iliiilnij   till'    hi^lil,  mill    III    ilinliulil' 

lliiiii'ilili'  rii|iliMi'>l  l| ilwmliH  ill  IiIm  finiil, 

liiliiiin   I    |/iiii<i   mill    lull   |ii  iMiiiH'iM       'llll'   nxl 

III  llll'  l"i>  I'M,  lliiiii|i|i  I'll  iii!uliii|>  imlilv,  Hiiiii 
I'll    lin    mil  iiiilii(>i',    mill    iil    iilylil    nl    liii-   I /III  j 

llll'      I  '  Ililllli'llM     WI'll'     lllivi'll     Mill      Willi     IlI'MVVj 

l""i  limn  llll'  iiilvmiii'l  |iiiMiliiiii  Kiiiinil  in  | 
I'm  iiuiili 'll  lioiil  lliiiiiiu  llll'  iillink  nil  I'l'  ' 
lii'iliiii(.',  llll  I'll'  Milli,  lllllill  <liM|iiili  lull  I 
I'l'M  V  In  Wiillliiill  .llllll  llllll  riniii  lli'iiiiinln  I 
llniiilliil  In  HI  i/i'  mill  Imlil  Ilm  iiiilinml  llnii',  ! 
lull  Tiiir  wiiM  iiii'iiintvi'ii'il  liy  ri'ki'HM  iliv 
i'l'iii  111  l,nni>Nlii  ll  H  ini|i>i  mill  wii'i  linili'ili 
l.m  ll 

•  III  llll.  li'Ui  (|i.|i.  (iimil  "I'll ml  I'linllni 
^I'lM'lllI  i|i"niilll  nil  I'|.|i.|mIiiiiu,  Kli'l  III  '.)  t'  ^.  il 
WIIM  lllllill',  'iliil  lliii'i*  llMM-M  III''  I'liinii  ltnn|iii 
iiniMil  nil  sillily  ii|i  ill  iImi  llll  I'  nf  n  iliiolly 
lill.,  In  III.  HW'i'iil  ilnwii  liy  lliniiMiinilH,  willi'iiil, 
iji'iiliiiiK  iiliy  ml  vmiliiyi.  fli  n  Uiiint  iinw  in 
llllll  In  i|  ill  linnl  nf  I'lli  inliiiiv,  niiil  lU'nl 
,\|i.mli'  Willi  llll.  'll  mill  Mil  I  iii|iH  Id  m  i/<'  hii'I 
VVi  lilnn    Itiiilininl   nn    Urn    <'Iii'|iiv'h 


;l|,  Hlii'iiilmi  Hiivi'il  ll,  mill  llll'  iii'tl  iliiy  Hi 
Itlli  i"ii|i'i  mill  Ui'ii  W  I''  MiiiIiIi'm  liirii' 
I'tinii'  ii|i,  mill  III'  'llllll'  ''  11  Rlim|i  iniillii  I  iii 
lllll'll  ill  mi  iiiluiiii'i'  III  I  I'  U  irntii  llll'l  |ii'iiil, 
|nHmi|.4  llin  I 'lili'liiiliniiiiin  Tin'  ihIviiiiik 
Mii'i  llllll,  llll-  I'liinii  I'liii'H  liUiiinnliiiiii  mi 
till'  iiiiimni  llll'l  llllll  ijiiiin'il  iil  ii  vi.mI  n(  '.  ,111111 
lllllill  mill  umiliili'il  lllllill  ii'iiiilvi'il  llllll  llll' 
llllll   liiii'M  mi    Mill  * 'liiiliiilnniiliiy    mIhiiiIiI    Im 

ImiiiiI    III     Hllllliun    nil    llln    lli'll     ijin  ,    .llllll'    ,1, 

llllll  In"  ii'iiiiiiiiyi'il  lil'i  liiii'M  i|iiiiii|i  llll'  iii(i|il 
M  I'liilv  iliivvii,  wliiili  «iiM  ilniiiliil  mill 
iiiiiiv,  llll'  immiiill  «ti«  Hwilllv  lllllill'  li\  llll' 
lllllill'  I'lilmi  llnlll,  mill  iiu  MvvlMlv  ii'IiiiIhiiI 
Willi  li'iiililn  mIiiiiiiIiIi'I  Miunni'li,  nii  llii. 
I'll,  llllll  I'liiiiK  nil  III  llio  i'Iii'Iiiv'h  wiiiIi'i 
IIiiiI'ih'u  ilh  I'limi  iliilii'll!ii|  lln' iiniin  in  lii'i 
IhiiiI  rnilii  llii'ii  1 1' I'll  I  i"i  I,  lull  i  11(1 1  111  I'l' (III  IIU  mil! 
i,..\i.|iil  liniiiliril  |ii  i'li'iii'iH  ;  Imlil  hum  ulmi  liy 
iliiti'ii    llll' ll    lit    It    lii'iivy    rmi'i'    iiiiili'i     Hill. 

I  lililiiiiiM,  nil   llmlnn''!  llllll,  |;iiiiii.i|  Ilm    iiliil 
u.'ili'i.  lull   WIS  ninilili'  In  Imlil  llniii  ;    ii    |im 

ll.'linr  IiIm  linll        "nllll'HIIII        llnni'\|.|,  lilililliil 

ri   |iii'iilimi   Ini    liiiniii   nilliiii    lilli'in    yimlu  nf 
llll.  iiii'iiiv'm  lllll'll,  mill  ii'iii*4li'i|  I'vi'ry  iill'-iniil 

In  .|l  llnil(ji'    lln'lll    lllllil     llll'V     Wl'll'     II'MI'M'I     III 

II  'ii!»iin  mill        Wiiulil'i  mill  HiiilHi'.'   ii..iiiiiIIh 

will'   li'M'l  li|iinil\     lllllll    I  llllnni  Ii'm^    wIiiIi.    Will 

iii'l  Ilm  ii'<ii|i'  Wl'll' iniili'iil  In  llnlll    llnli 

I'lit!   liiMH    nilli    II   lii'ii\y    mlllliiv    liii'       'I'll" 
iiinmill  wiH  Ml mii'ly  Iwi'iily  iiiIiiiiIi'M  in   iliiiii 

ll Iiiil  ill  Hull  mIihiI  |iriini|  IH.IMMI  l>iiiniiiulN 

\.,\  liifmi.  (Ill' ii'liil  will  ll"  ll  illi'il  mnl  wnninliil. 
|liiiiii|i  llll'   iliiv  mlilli'iv  ii'iiiu    I 'iiilliini'il, 

llll'l      nil  IImIiiIIIiI       lllill|2       Willi      IiI'IIhI      III    'IIK       llll 

In ,  i."|ii'i|iilly  nil    llin    lill,    wlnii     Ilin    Iwiijlinlij    i|,.      ...,., ,.,,, ,,....,. 

iiiiiiii'M  Wl'll'  ill  I'liiMi'  |iiiiii  iinil  V,  Ilm  Inw  luliiK    li^lil        I'lim   iii'ivmiii'iil   wim  IiiiMImI  liy   A.   I' 

III  I'lii.  llllll'  nf  II  i|i|'<i',  mill  llll.  I'lii'inv  'III  III"  Hill,  mnl  nn  Ilm  ^.li|^  iilli't  ii  InHj  nf  4,'l'l'l, 
"ili'i.iiiil  iinili'  llnlll  lill  V  ymilii  ii|iiii  I.  ,|i|iil  iiimiiiy  |iii»nii''i«i,  il  wim  «ivi'n  ii(i  A  Imnl 
llll'l  lllllll,  llll'  I  iii'inv,  ill  llllll,  iliiiii£i'il  llin  lliin  liiiii'  'liim  W'lUnn  hikI  Kmil/,  wi'li 
I'lii'iii  iiili  I'lnliini'iil'i,  Inil  W'i'in  M'|ntlHi'i|  '4,fMll|  I'liinn  mimiIiv,  fn'i'l"  ii  rii|i|  mi  lln-  'n 
"llll  ll  irilili'  iil.iiiijlili'i,  mnl  Ilm  iiniil  iliiy  iiinl  .  iiny'ii  iiiilininlH,  mIiII-iiii^  Ilm  Wi'Mnii  iil 
ii<\l  m,>li'  iiiinli'  |imliiil  iiMumillii,  wlii<  li  iilin  Itiuiii'ii  Hliitimi  mnl  liiiriiiK  i*.  nfi,  mnl  Hi" 
I. llllll  ^  I  iiiiivilli'    III     ('.llllll  q,'ill"  ;      Init.    liny     wi  i" 

I'ln'  lllllll    I'ninii    Imifl   nl   ( 'nlil    lliiilini    wiin    nlmi  liy  iiii  iniiinli  il  liy  lm|;'    fiiixM   of  lli"   <  n 

i:>,l''i:i;     l,7ll~i    lllllill,    ;i,lll:!    wnninli'il,    mnl    iiny,  IkIumihI    wiIIi  iliDn  nily    In  lln   lin" 

'.',|l'li  liii">iiii|r,  lln  linliiiK  iiniiiv  ((iii'iiilii  mnl  li". Inn'  I'l  liin'iiiii;,  liy  H  l'iii((  iiKiiil,  i»fl' r 
iillnr  iilliii'i.i  iiiiimi^  lln  l<i|li'il  mnl  winiinlnl.  Iniviii|{  In  in  iillin|.'i<l  mnl  '«  vinly  'l"f<  iil»'<l 
'llll    llllll   Inoii   Willi  linl    li'linl  llll  ilt.    Hlnliy   '   liik         <  Ji  II     liilll"!     li'iW   'UMlJiinl 

I  In  .In  III'  7  III,  Hill  liilmi  H  i  imili  y  |nnri  iilml  |)i'i.|i  I 'ml  I  inn,  l<  ii  iiiiI'm  linin  III'  lilimii'l,  hii'I 
iipiiiiiil  l,i'i''ii  llll,  nil  il<iin»  mnl  ill  iilinyiii)<  (III!  Iliii-w  ll  |in(iln'iii  liinl|<"  nvir  lln  .liiiii<.«  nl 
\  ii(;iniii  f'liiliiil  lliiilinml  ill  'I'ii'hIihii'h.  i  lliiil  )iiiiiil  On  .I'lin  X.'ilji  Hlniniaii  liinl  ii 
'llll'V  llii'ii  llllll  iiii|  liv  wiiy  nf  ,^|iiilliivlvmii(i  iiinn'Miifiil  mmliy  (Ij/lil  nii  lli"  (ii  (iiiii.iilii|  Mini 
"  Wliili'  llniiMi'  willi  .'I711  |iiiiiniiiin,  Inning  !  hIikiiI  lliin  |>«iinil  w/iMil  imin.r  "(i(/i«a"((i"lil« 
'"'''I  11    linily  nf    ii'lnl    niMiliy  iiinlii    Winl"    linik   [ilin "  iilniiK  lln-  liinn  in  linnl  nf   I'llcm 

Iniii;.  linl  iinw,  nfl<  (  illiil  w""lm  nf  i(i<»»^ 
mini  liKlilin^f,  in  wim  li  fully  7'l,'"/'l  nf  (In 
I'liinii  iiiiny  liwl  lo'ii  I'm*.,  ft  ijiiK  I  <  nun 'I 
'('li<'»i"  1  nnni.niiK  Iniiv  B,  in  .••  •  ""r,  i*'r'-  '(iin  kly 
lllllll"  ii|i  liy  >"irif«i'<'iiii'ril«  fr'/rii  cKri'iiiii 
I'll  I'niii.H  I'lnHHi'il  llll'  ('llll  kulinimiiy  III  l,nii«  i|iimli  m,  iiiiil  lli<'  Mtiii)'  Klill  liiHiliUiltMl  lU  Hi- 
111  iiIki'  mnl   .Imn  k'    In  IiIk",  mnl    liy   ililf- n  nl    l<  jri  ity  mnl  iiiniul". 

liiiii|.<  nl  III  I  III, I  fill  will  i|  III  llll.  .Iiiiiiin,  will I         <  III  .Inly  .ii'.lli,  lfmi<,i>  k  ,  r(,««<l  tin   .Iniiiii, 

Hiiniis  iiinliNt.itinii.  liy  |iniilniiini  III, il  fill  V  mnl  MiI"'h'  liiiu-i'l",  "f  l',m  Inw'n  <li  vuinii,  <  df 
llllll  llll'  |iiimiii)^i'  nf  lliiH  livir  wiin   mmli'  nn    1  iml  it  filol  '/iii|ii>il  k<l    l»"  (,  I'nlt'iin,  'ii|ilnr 

'I Mill.      ( lllllll  tniw  Imiti'inil  In  lii'iiiiinlii    111(1;  fniitKniii       'In  tin;  iimrniiiK  of  ./uly  '/'itli 

ll'iii'lii'il  In  iiii|M'l  till'  fiiiii'H  lllllill  lliitjnr  In  i«  mill''  wliii  ll  Inul  l^<-'i  rwii  ff'<tii  h>mmnti'* 
til'-  iiiiini'iliiiti'  iii|iliiii'  nf  I'l  ti'ihliiii'if.  'Ill  Inn  K  lllllll  r  M  f'/rt  ill  llin  fr'iiii  wii*  "(.rinij/,  mi- 
'liiiii'  Hl.'i  (!,.|,  linl Im  llllll  ili".|iiilr|ii'il  'll  nn.  inliiliiHiiK  iin  if^M'*"''  ''^  .'500  i(i"ii,  »«'l  l<-«v- 
Inlliniiii'  mill  Kiiiilz  ii(;iiiiii,l  riliinlniii/,  lln  iiij^  (in  iiniii' liHC  linlln'*',  wliil"  t)i«  I 'ninti  j^niiii 
I'l'ii'i  I'l  alt. Ill;  liy  tin'  iinilli,  tlii.  Iiillii  1  .  n|Mini|iill  rilnnjf  tin'  fioK'.  Tli"  "liHiiii.jf  »•• 
till'  hniiili.wi'Hi,  lint    lliu   i:iiiiilfiiiitti>>ii   fiii|i«i.    Mult.,    ui<li>t|i<!iiJiaij|'.'   Ui   Mtc«<im,   r*MtMmit  in 


II 'iiil'lnii.      iliitlir  I'.MIi  )limit  nil  iiHy  'Aill 
iliin*    iVmn    tliM    I'lii'iny'ii    fimit,   i,imHiii(/   lln- 
I   llll  llilllnllllllV      fill     111     l,n""«     li((llt.       Hllillli'i 
lllllll   wiiM   I'inliiii  kill  mnl    iiliiiiii'l  In  lliill'i 
III   lli'ii Ill   lliiinliiil        'I'lii'   nut  nf   lli"   In 


nun 


II  illmmli'i  III  Ilm  Uiiimi  fmii'M,  Ilm  iniiiiilliiiilK 
liiillin;  In  inlmiiii'  (niiiii(illv  limn  lli"  inilir 
In  III"  liil({l'  lil'Vnliil,  mnl  tllllM  llililililiil  IliK 
I'lniiiy  111  iiilly  riniii  IiIm  MiiiiniMi'  iiml  iimw 
iliiHii  III"  iii.|{iii   iliiliilini    nl    lliiiiniiili',  wlii'li 

'Mil ijill'lltlv     llll"tll|ili.ll     In     ililll(in     lli|iill(!ll 

III"  llllll  I  .        Till'    I  lliinli  I'liiu  III  k  llli'll,   vtnillnl 

I  i|,  lllnl  InlMiitii'lH  «liu  I,  ('III,  wllll"  llllll  nf 
III"  I'lii'lllV    wiiH    lint    1,11(111 

A  ii|f  I 'Mil,  lliiiii'iiik  iiuiiiii  lllllll  kill  llin 
III"  I    llll    III     |l""|i  Itiillmi'    lull   nlllnnil    ini) 

III  ml  Miii'i'i'HH  ;  mnlHi'ii  <  lni/u'ii  iiiyiili  y  wKli 
MiIim'  infiiiiliv  iii|\nii,'i.i|  nil  Ilm  <  Inn  Iim  •  it  y 
inii'l  iiliniit  tli"Miiiiii'  liiii",  liiil  willinnt  (fiiiii 
iii((  liny  ml  viiiilii((i',  mill  llin  linivMiii  nl  wniit 
wlniilly  iiliiiiiilniii.il  Willi  lii'Mvy  lnim"M  nn  l,,,l|i 
iiifli.M  A  iitf  I*',  W'iiii"ii  iMii  IimI  till.  Wi. lllllll 
lliiiliniiil,  tliii"  iiiili'U  iliMldiil   fimn  III"'   I   nn  II 

lilt  II  k  ,    1 1  I'll'  In*  wit"  HI' vi'i  "I  y  It tilt-il,  Ini  I  i-l','i,| 

lilM  uinninl  Mini  fmlilinil  |l  llnlll  IiIm  ii'a-ii 
mill  nllii'i  I'liinn  fiiiii'H  iiMii  liiiii  Wl'll.  Ill 
tin  kill  III  mi  iniiH  liliii'M  lllllill^  III"  (ii'«l  llii"« 
iliiyH,  liiit  III.  hIiII  In  111  lii'i  iinuilimi,  lliiin(;li 
Willi  III"  Inlill  Iniiii  nf  'l.l/i'i  lliiill,  wliili.  tlin 
t'ln.iny'H  wiim  Nf.mi.i.ly  IniH  tliiil  iiiiinli"!  *  lit 
Ail«  ',(1,  lliiinnik  Mtiink  tin-  W'l  lilnn  m.miIhI 
lli'iiln'ii  Kliitinii,  (mil  inil"M  in  ilm  n  mi  nf  Wm 
ii'li.  lli'M'  Int  WHM  ittlmk'il  liy  Hill  iiinl 
fmii'ij  In  ii'tiinl,  willi  lli"  (iiii»y  Imni  ,,f 
'^,4'i"  mil  nf  ".'illll  linn,  mnl  liy"  K'ni",  Hill  n 
Imiq  ttf'iiii^  iii.Hily  mm  Init  ^  y  Mi.|il  '  ',  iJiitli-i, 
iii|'/mn'iti|{  ',11  III"  liiflit  (nwmiln  I  M-liinnii'l, 
iiHiiHiiItt  ,|  m,,l  iii|,lnri.'l  till'  f. III. tny'H  mil|if,iil, 
I'nil  Hniii«,,n.  inlli  In  KniiM  ( (m  ("Ii'Im 
ninliT  Ui'ii  I'H'I'I  nlliiii(il"l  In  ri  Ink"  il,  Inil. 
fnili.il  till  I,  W'liiiiii  nil  III"  lift  mUmn'il 
iiM  fill  iiM  K,|iiii|i'l  (,<'vi'l  lOH'l,  iiilf"n<  liifi(t!  IiIm 
ii"*l'/  i^nim'l  (ji'iiiii'l  On  Oil  '//,  h  fnrllnr 
iiflyiiin"  nf  tin*  I'liinn  fmn'M  whh  iiiH'I"  In 
wiml  (In  liinnii'l  mnl  n(inii  id"  •■iKinyn  wnik^ 
hI  ((Ht'lu'rH  (Inn  mnl  Hi"  llnyillon  j,liiiik 
tmi'l,  lull  iifl' f  iniiHnl/ mill"  |,inliii' l< 'I  (i^lil 
lli({  llll'l  liinyy  l'««,  tiuxn  Hin'<  ivfnll'/  o.n 
ll  ii'lini/  '«it|t  Hi"  r«li"l  (li'Hi  iiinl  ((miin,  fc  H' 
|,i  lliiiK  »V'hi|"  (|iiiii|iti,ii,  Hmnifli  tiiHi  trittiii 
ii  .nillH,  till'  -mlii'l"  mm'/  whm  fi(ii,fily  Knife  in 
|Ih  mill  111  (iiiii  llll  liifni"  (''•l'iil<'ii(<.  mill 
lli«  111"  Wi'l'l'ili  (tuilrnicl,  Miiil  V»iii(liwii  m.'l 
K'(iiif|i|   l,"iii|   ((i(£l,wiiy» 

'I  I,"  'M(n(,iiiKii  i,f  l>''ii  DKmn*!  'nn  h  •> 
witH  iiiiw  (,r<i' III  llll  /  lllllill,  Hn  /i<  t  liKnn 
Hii.fi'iii  nf  l\i>-  I  i,|i,in«l«  l.<inK  nn-r  7'»,'i'''i, 
w(,il"  'Iml  iif  III"  riirflu  wmi  int.  ii/ft  Vlli<i<i 
Wild  nil  Hi"  iliiKjK  »(il«'  liii\i<iiin  ilnririK  H.i» 
I  i<iii|>m(i;ii,  1)1'  A  liny  nf  Hi"  (''it'iron/  t/,i,|f 
Iml  '■'•/,  lenm  h(i'(  Imit  ti'i*  '/,'i  '( li"  i*tr,|i*i/ri 
1  i,it*-ii     i^itl|,,iit'    ttfifiMii-r,*     Nil/mitnKf ,    lint    ii, 

•  lllllll  fitly  II, ;,trilrtitji|  tii  l,i">ik  tdc  fitiin  t  ),T 
tin-  r>'li<-lli<iM.  'Hi*'  I'iii« «  iiii»(»i(i»i|  i-y  itm 
r"ln'lK  '(iiririK  i'  Hi'-y  /i»!r"f  ri»-/,»»r<i|  tr'tm. 

'(lii'Mi  wi'f"    iM'/<i(il   iiith'ir   iiiUngi-tii'-u'i    n 
WiKij'iti   nii'l    S'ltUiiiti  Vni/iiim  ilnrir.jf  till 

•  iirly|riiri.  nf  (''il.  '  i.ittiii 'liht'f,  'Hi  •It.i,. 
'J,  lii«  rili«-l  '<"fi.  'H4.li  •'"«  i»fi»iii»'(  Mmyrf 
Itwr  aiiil  .''I'i'i  llliii'iiu  ki>il  ihf*  (('"'*  *^ 
,(iij,(n»il|i',  «ft>  r  d  nfdiirt  n,ftt-t>..  At  >.*,« 
I  I'riWi  nf  ilif  n>',r,l(,,  |!/aM'T  »,.i/I<'  «  tht't  iti'fi 
Wi5«»  VirKiiii*  ff'iiri  K<»rly'«  (i'l"!'!'./.,  ilMf.( 
uiuif  lUiiiHfl'',  li'it.  ••«  «(i/<fil/  ill***'!  »»•/ 
••■y '»"ri.  A  yi-nll ;  imii|  iii  K»-l/r'i»ry ''»,»   '»»llii(» 

•  •ir|iri««-«(  K'r;{ii(tiiri,»  flu  I  (fi(»»ill»,  ».  W%yf,« 
'  iiniily,  •f./|  »*f>«iiri-il  liifd  »iit,  »  iiT/rUfii,  '4 
(.in  fnri*,  '>fi  M»y  I,  ('"it, 'i"^i  AiK^I  «t»h 
I'l. '»')'(  rri'Ti   iiionril   tip  t.h-  >'ii*-ttin^i'mh  S't4- 

i.-V     t/,     ,Vl;».M»fk<-',    ''tt'fl'  (.1     ■»  M*t.'/.'«/.'*'/»|| 


BOO 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


m 


i      -h 


liirgii  fdi-co  of  roln-ls.  The  IntU'r,  by  a  refM)- 
liitc  clmrgo,  routed  Sipcl,  dnviiig  liim  to 
t'cilar  I'ri'i'k,  and  i'U|)turin(»  700  nu'ii,  (i  ftiiiis, 
itiid  |>;irt  of  liJH  triiiii.  ()u  Mny  !0,  (ion. 
Avi'iill,  diHpatvliiHl  with  2,000  cnvitlry  by 
(U'ji.  Cidiik  on  tlio  Kunawhii,  to  lU'Htroy  tlio 
lead  mines  iit  Wythevillc,  was  tlicro  bcntoii 
liy  a  heavy  cavalry  force  uiidor  John  Mor- 
}{!Ui.  About  this  period,  near  Dublin  Sta- 
tion, (icn.  ("rook  with  (i,(IOO  im-n  Ix-at  oli"  an 
inferior  form  under  tion.  MeCanshuid. 

At  ]'iedniont,  Juno  fi,  (i<Mi.  Hunter,  who 
liad  succeeded  Sigel,  mot  (ien.  W.  K.  Jones, 
with  most  of  tho  rebel  force  of  this  <h*|iart' 
ment.  The  rebels  were  routed,  le«vin)?  1,;')00 
jirisoners,  .'$  guns,  and  3,()(M(  small  arms,  after 
liisint;  many  in  killed  and  wounded,  among 
the  former  being  (heir  leader,  (ien.  Jones. 
Hunter,  joined  by  tVook  and  Averill  at 
•Staunton,  which  he  luut  taken,  then  advanei-d 
on  lA'iu'hburg,  attacking  it  on  June  1^;  but 
it  had  been  lieavily  reinforced  by  l,ee,  and 
Hunter  was  forced  to  reli  -at  across  the  Alle- 
glianies  to  .Meadow  Hlutf,  in  West  Virginia, 
Kliar|)ly  |mr.sued  and  sutlering  severely. 

On  July  I'd,  (!en.  Karly,  coinnuinding  the 
corps  sent  from  Kicliniond  'o  the  relief  of 
l.yui'hburg,  uppeiired  northward  (Ui  the  I'oto- 
niac,  c.iusing  .Siitel  to  retreat  with  heavy  loss 
of  stores  from  .Mariiuslmrg  to  Maryland 
Heiglit.s.  The  rebels  then  di-stroyeil  a  por- 
tion of  the  Italtiuiore  ami  Ohio  l<ailroa<l,  otv 
cupied  llHgerstown,anil  raided  into  tli((  border 
of  ri'nnsylvauia,  creating  great  excitement  at 
the  North.  (!eu.  Wallace,  confronting  the 
invaders  on  tho  Monocacy,  with  «  force  of 
.'1,000  .Maryland  Home  (i\iarils  and  a  brigade 
of  tho  I'Jth  coriis  under  (ien.  Kicketts,  was 
atta<kc-d  near  Frederick,  July  !•.  He  -vaH 
ropeati'dly  ehargod,  and  each  charge  wim  re- 
pelji'd  by  a  tierce  an<i  bloody  strugslle,  until  at 
4  P.M.  he  was  forced  to  retreat.  The  Union 
loss  in  this  action  was  l,i).-i'.l;  that  of  the 
rebels  somewhat  less.  !•"  .ly's  cavalry  a>l- 
vance  under  (Jen.  Uradley  T.  Johnson  i\ow 
a|>|  I'liaehi-d  l!altimori>,  and  rubbed  a  I'liila- 
tli-lphia  mail  train  and  passc-ngers  at  ]i  short 
•  listance  therefrom.  On  the  iL'th,  Karly's  en- 
tire army  wius  within  six  or  seven  miles  of! 
Wa.shingt(ui,  at  which  point  he  lost  L'SO  killed  , 
anci  \voun>U'd  in  a  skirmish.  Itut  his  force,  I 
now  reiluced  to  l.'),0()0,  being  confronted  by  | 
one  of  4tt,l»0(l,  he  i)reeipitalely  leln-ali-d  aei-oss 
the  Potomac  near  I'ooli'sville,  with  vast  hcnls ' 
of  cattle  and  other  plunder.  (Ien.  Wright! 
fiillowed  in  pursuit  to  the  Shenandoah,  where, 
near  Island  Kord,  on  July  \'.K  Karly  drove 
b:u'k  the  Union  advance,  inllieling  a  loss  of; 
fiOO  men.  .Near  Winchester,  .Averill  had  an 
ennagiMuent,  .July  L'O,  with  a  division  of  the 
rebels,  defeating  it  with  heavy  loss  and  cap- 
turing four  guns.  On  the  "J  1th.  Karly,  eon- 
cenh.iling  a  large  force,  fell  (ui  the  tnxips  of 
Crook  and  .Av'^rill,  dri\iug  thi^ni  into  Mary-i 
hind  with  a  loss  of  l,'Jll(l,  inelmling  among' 
till'  killed  Sen.  .Mulligan,  the  detelider  of 
li'->.ingtoii,  iMo.,  anil  thus  became  master  of 
the  soulhern  shore  of  the  I'otoniac  tVom 
Willi<iinsport  to  Shepardstown.  (  hi  tln^  ^lOth, 
Alct'ausland  reorossi'd  the  I'otcuuac,  and 
neived  upon  ( 'hambi'rsburg,  I'a..  demanding 
theii'of  a  ranM.m  of  jii.')(Ml,()(IO,  which  being 
rel'used,  he  tired  llin  town,  destroying  two- 
thirds  of  it.  Tin-  rebel  laider.lobn  S.  .Moseby 
now  appeared  in  an  insignilieani  raid  on 
Adainsiown.      lii'trealing    towaids  Cuuiber- 


hind,  McOntisland'A  and  Johnson's  forces  de- 
featcil  (^ol.  Stough  at  Oldtown,  but  were  in 
turn  routed  near  iMoorctiehl  liy  Averill,  on 
.Vug.  4.  Karly  now  propos -il  to  hold  tho 
Shenandoah  till  after  the  In  rvest,  and  made 
a  large  rei[ui8itioii  for  gruia  ou  tho  inhabi- 
tants. 

On  Aiig.  7,  the.  MidiHc  Department,  com- 
posei!  of  those  of  West  Virginia,  Wosliing- 
to:.,  an.l  .SusipnOianmi,  was  created,  ami  lien. 
Sheri(hin  assumed  the  comnnmd.  On  the 
loth  the  hitter  moved  his  forces  up  tho  val- 
ley, when  the  enemy  retired  to  Strosburg. 
.Mostdiy  now  attacked  and  burne<l  Sheridan's 
supply-train  at  Uerryvillc,  whereupon  Sheri- 
ilan  fell  back  to  Charlestown,  There  Karly 
engaged  him  in  an  indecisive  conflict,  which 
lasted  six  horn's.  Sheriilau  then  fell  back  to 
Holivar  Heights,  where  ho  was  confronted 
for  several  days  by  Karly.  At  the  close  of 
.August,  Karly  again  moved  up  the  valley, 
followeil  by  Sheridan,  but  no  important  en- 
gagement took  place  till  Sept.  11).  when 
Karly,  strongly  poste  1  on  the  Opeipiau  Creek, 
near  Winchester,  was  assailed  by  the  pursu- 
ing army,  Oen.  (inu  t  having  finally  permit- 
teil  (ten.  Sheridan  'isk  a  general  engage- 
ment. At  l(»  .\.M.,  .-'leridan  having  arrived 
at  a  ili'sired  point  on  the  rebel  right,  ordered 
a  general  advance,  ami  the  artillery  opened 
•  'ig  the  wh<de  line,  drover's  and  Rickett's 
ilivi.sion  carried  the  enemy's  lii-st  line;  where- 
upon, being  assailed  by  two  fresh  divisions 
of  the  latter,  they  were  pushed  back  in  dis- 
order, ami  with  gi-eat  loss.  Itut  ('apt.  Hig- 
by,  '.'4th  Iowa,  followed  by  u  sergeant  and 
twelve  nu'ii,  formed  a  rallying  inu'lens,  with 
face  t()  the  fnuit,  anil  a  new  line  was  s|M'edily 
formed.  Torbert's  cavalry  .shortly  struck 
the  enemy's  left  in  (lank,  and  the  whole 
Union  centre  charged.  The  rebel  lines  crum- 
bled into  fragments,  and  their  whole  army 
pr-Mipitately  retreated  through  Winchester 
to  Kisher's  Hill,  eight  miles  south  thereof. 
Karly  left  behind  his  dead  and  wounded,  and 
nearly  H,OIIO  prisom-rs,  togeiher  with  five 
|iiei'es  of  artillery  and  nine  battle  (lags.  The 
I'ninn  loss  was  aliiiut  ,'!,OOII,  ineluding  (!en. 
David  A.  Kussell  t;mo;,g  the  killed.  The 
total  rebel  loss  was  undoubtedly  nnu'h  greater. 
.\mong  their  killed  were  (iens.  Khodes  and 
(iodwin. 

Sheridan  sharply  followed  the  enemy,  and 
again  attacked  them  at  Fisher's  Hill  on  the 
l!Mh  with  such  vigor  that  they  again  broke, 
and  now  tied  towanls  Woodstock,  leaving 
1,100  prisoners  and  lii  guns.  Sheridan 
closely  followed  tho  retreating  mass,  devas- 
tating the  valley  as  he  moved.  The  .South- 
ern press  priiposed  retnliatiMu  for  this  by 
burning  one  i.f  the  larg.-  cities  of  the  North, 
and  an  unsuice.ssful  attempt  was  actually 
niaile  by  rebel  emissaries  u  few  weeks 
thereafter  in  New  York,  in  various  hotels, 
with  petroleum,  •'^beridan  pursued  as  far  as 
lirown's  (!ap,  in  the  lllue  liidge,  eight  miles 
siMith-east  of  I'ort  Uepublie,  where  K:"rly 
assumed  a  formiilable  position.  Sheridan 
thru  returned  down  the  valley,  and  was  at 
lacked  on  the  ".'Ih  October  by  the  rebel  (!eii. 
Kosser,  with  a  large  Imdy  ol  cavalry,  but  ile- 
feiitcil  him,  taking  ."il>0  prisoners  and  I  I 
guns,  and  causing  him,  in  his  relreat,  to 
"jump  fur  -i>  miles."  .Sheridan  now  left 
his  army  fur  a  .^ImuI  visit  to  Wasbing- 
tuii,     Eiuly,  who  had  been  reinforced  by  1'2,- 


000  men,  hearing  of  Slieridan's  absence,  if. 
solved  to  attack  his  army  la'fore  his  return. 
On  the  night  of  the  LSth,  leaving  Fisher's 
Hill,  and  knowing  the  ground  thoroughly,  ho 
crossed  the  mountains  and  fiuilcd  the  north 
fork  of  tho  Shenandoah.  Marching  with  thu 
utmost  secrecy  and  celerity,  lie  stole  down 
tipon  tho  flank  of  the  Union  position  on  Ce- 
dar Creek,  near  Middletown.  There  his 
forces  arrived  and  stood  fur  on  hour,  shiver, 
ing  with  cohl,  within  (')00  yards  of  thu  Uiiinn 
camps.  At  daybreak  »  deafening  yell,  ami 
tho  blaze  nud  crash  of  10,000  muskets,  timk 
place,  and  charging  through  the  fog,  tlii! 
rebels  were  upon  the  surprised  and  paiiic- 
stricken  army  before  any  linn  of  battle  cmilil 
be  formed,  and  in  fifteen  minutes  the  Army 
of  West  Virginia,  commanded  by  Crook,  be 
came  a  Hying  mob,  pressing  back  to  a  seceiiil 
hill,  a  half  mile  distant,  where  lay  the  I'.ith 
corps,  under  Kinory.  This  corps  in  turn 
was  Hankeil,  and  fled  with  the  rest  towards  a 
third  hill,  on  which  lay  the  Cth  corjis,  nmlcr 
I  (4en.  Wright,  with  Torbert's  cavalry  Mip 
IM)rting  itfl  right  flank.  Tho  24  gtins  whiili 
had  been  captured  by  (he  rebels  they  now 
turned  upon  the  Unionists,  enlihi'lmg  the! 
entire  line  of  tho  latter.  Jicpulsing  a  tie- 
mendous  chiirgo  of  the  enemy,  Wright  was 
enabled  to  cover  the  fugitive  crowd,  iiml 
while  the  enemy  were  hesitating,  a  jmrt  beinj; 
engaged  in  plundering  the  ca)iturcd  camps, 
he  retroat(ul  in  good  order  towards  Middle- 
town.  Hut  ho  WHS  soon  terribly  assailed  on 
the  left  flank,  in  the  wooded  fields  near  that 
place ;  and  from  tho  adjacent  heights  Karly's 
batteries  jioun'd  a  terrible  lire  on  tho  >  ., 
covered  army  as  it  pa.ssed  within  range, 

(ii.i.  Sheridan,  returning  from  Waslnuj.^ 
ton,  wiio  leisurely  proceeding  on  his  way  to 
the  front  from  Winchester,  where  he  had 
slept  the  night  before.  He  heard  the  thun- 
der of  the  artillery,  and  met  the  frightei.eil 
fugitives  of  the  Union  army,  i'ast  these  ami 
the  cheering  wounded  lying  along  (he  road 
side,  he  now  fled  himself,  but  it  was  towanls 
instead  of  from  the  front,  which  he  reueluil 
at  10  A.M.,  just  as  AVright  had  halted  ami 
the  enemy  ceased  to  pi  rsiie.  liy  the  inspi- 
ration of  his  jiresence  and  the  homely  assur- 
ances of  his  sanguine  nature  that  his  forces 
were  now  going  "to  lick  the  enemy  out  nf 
(heir  boots,  and  get  the  tightest  twist  mi 
them  ever  seen,"  the  retreat  was  stopped, 
'and  in  a  short  time  a  new  line  of  battle  was 
formed,  and  the  cii'stfallen,  shattered  Imtia 
lions  were  converted  into  fresh  men,  excited 
and  i-ager  for  victory.  At  1  I'.M.  Kuuny's 
!  new  line  was  again  attacked,  but  the  em  iny 
j  were  shortly  repul.sed.  At  It  I'.M.  the  unliT 
!  wius  given  for  the  entire  Union  line  to  ail 
'  Vance,  and  in  an  instant  it  moved  swiClly 
and  solidly  on  the  enemy's  posi^!  m,  iH-foie  a 
tremendous  fire  of  artillery  aiul  muskeliy, 
I  the  Unionists  having  but  few  cannon  to  ii- 
spoiid  to  the  fornier.  The  assailing  lines 
were  thus  torn  and  fell  back  ;  but  again 
'  roused  by  the  gallant  ell'orts  of  their  letn- 
iminder,  one  grand  overwhelming  charge  was 
made,  and  the  rebel  front  gave  way,  and  llic 
whole  late  victorious  army  of  the  einiiiN  was 
now  ill  turn  pursued,  a  disordered,  paiin- 
stricken  mob,  up  to  and  through  Stiaslmig, 
by  infantry  and  cavalry  ;  and  thence  to  Wood- 
stock,  I. ''i  miles  beyond,  by  the  latter.  The 
Union    army   slept    that    nitjlit,   as   it   lad 


■Kinif^wrtWMgw 


UNITED    STATES. 


ODl 


Slinriilaii'H  iilisoiiop,  vk- 
•my  iK'foro  IiIn  rcdnn. 
18tli,  li'iiviiig  Fisliir'n 
grouiul  thoroiiglily,  lio 

UlUl    fol'llcil    tllll    IKIIill 

1.  Murohiiig  with  thu 
ilcrity,  lip  stole  down 
Tnioii  position  on  ( 'c- 
:llotown.  Thcro  liis 
xl  for  oil  lioiir,  Kliivii'- 
DO  ynrilti  of  tbu  lJiii,)ii 
a  (lonfeiiiiig  yell,  imii 
10,000  muskets,  tcnk 
lirough  tlio  fog,  the 
suvprisptl  iiiiil  |iaiii('- 
ly  linn  of  biiltic  ooiilil 
on  minutes  tlie  Army 
niinileil  by  Crook,  l.c- 
«Hing  back  to  u  seediiil 
(,  wlierij  lay  tbe    I'.idi 

Tliis  corps  in  liini 
ilh  the  rest  towards  u 
'  the  Ctli  corps,  under 
orbert's  cavalry  mi|. 
The  24  guns  whicli 
the  rebels  they  nciw 
nnists,  entilailiug  tii>> 
'r.  Kepnising  a  trc- 
I  enemy,  Wright  Wiis 
fugitive  crowd,  nnd 
nsitating,  a  ]iart  b(•iIl^' 
tlie  captured  camps, 
rder  towards  Middlr- 
n  terribly  assaiii'd  du 
ridded  tiehls  near  that 
jnoent  lieights  Karlv's 
•ible  (ire  on  the  >  .. 
'd  wit'iin  range, 
•ning  from  \\'ashni). 
fding  on  his  way  to 
ester,   where    he    ha>l 

][e  heard  (he  (hini- 
1  nu't  tlie  frightci.cd 
rmy.     J'ast  these  and 
lying  along  (ho   road 
If,  but  it  was  towards 
it,  which   he   reaclicd 
ight  had  halted    iiuil 
rs>u'.      Hy  the  iiis|ii- 
ilid  the  homely  assiir- 
lature  that   his  furois 
k   tiu!  enemy  out   dt' 
le  tightest    twi.>il   i>u 
•etreat    was    stopped, 
'W  line  of  batlli^  was 
lien,  shattered    list  In 
<)  fresh  men,  exciled 
At    1    P.M.    Kuiory's 
I'kt'd,  but  till"  enemy 
At   If    P.M.  the  ordi  r 
p  Union   line   In   .'iil 
lit   it    moved   swiflly 
ly's  posi<!  )u,  before  a 
llery   aiid   musketry, 
it  fi'W  cannon  lo  ii- 
Tlie    assailing    lines 
■II    back  ;   but   aj;:iiii 
tl'orls  of  their  cum 
vheluiing  charge  was 
it  gave  way,  and  the 
ly  of  the  enemy  was 
I    disordered,    paiiie- 
1    llirougli  Slnisliiii^', 
ami  thence  to  Wood- 
by  tbe    latter.      The 
it    iiijjht,    un   il   lad 


fought  thftt  day,  without  food.  In  this  nntc  slaughter  then  ensued,  in  which  was  spar- 
Uniou  defeat  transmuted  to  victory  by  the  |  ed  neither  age  nor  .sex,  white  nor  black,  soldier 
reiuforeemeiit  of  a  single  man,  the  Vnion  nor  civilian.  Women  and  ehildri'n  were 
loss  was  nearly  ;i,()00,  including  among  tlio  ^  backiKl  to  death  (U- eocdiy  shot  down.  Homo 
killed  Cien.  D.  I>.  Itiilwell  and  nuiny  othi^r 
ollicer.s.  The  rebel  loss  was  heavier,  includ- 
ing (!cn.  KaiiLseur  among  (he  killed,  l,."i0() 
prisoners,  and  2M  guns,  besides  the  24  guns 
lust  and  recovered  by  tlie  Unionists.  A("(er 
this  iiodible  allair  (here  was  no  .gageiiicnt 
of  any  nionieiit  in  thu  Shenandoah  Valley. 

l)uriiig  the  latter  part  of  18li:l  and  the 
party  part  of  IH(i4,  numerous  raids  and  de- 
sultory coiidicts  (ook  place  between  Virginia 
and  the  Mississippi,  wdiich  contributes!  very 
lidle,  however,  to  a  settlement  of  the  griind 
issue.  Aug.  10,  18();t,  1,(!0()  cavalry,  a  jior- 
tioii  of  the  Union  army  in  West  Tennessee, 
under  Uol.  J.  J.  I'hillips,  raided  to  (irenada, 
iliss.,  where  they  destroyed  TiO  locomotives 
ami  TiOt)  cars.  In  |)ecember,  l.'^lilJ,  the  rebel 
Kiirri'st,  with  4,(100  cavalry,  operated  upon 
West  Tennessee,  horsestealing  being  his 
main  object.  l>i'C.  21,  a  small  Union  force, 
under  ("ol.  i'rinee,  7th  Illinois,  w:'S  routed  at 
Siiinerville  by  the  rebel  Uieharilson's  cav- 
ally.       Jn    Feliriiarv,    IStil,   (ien.    Sherman, 

with  a  portion  of  the  Union  forces  at  Vicks-    the  same  number,  under  tii'i     .\.  .1.  Siiiilh,  ad- 
'  1     .       .1     •  1-  1     .        •  vaneingoii  Forrest  was  tliii'e  assailed  by  the 

latter,  who  bad  (here  coiieeilraled  and  fori 


f  the  sick  and  the  wounded  were  made  to 
stand  up  and  bo  shot.  Others  were  buiued 
with  tilt!  tents  wlierein  they  had  been  ikst- 
eiietl  to  the  (loor.  The  scene  of  bloody  atro- 
city continneil  till  dark,  and  was  (!ven  renewed 
the  next  nuuning.  Major  Itradford  wiw mur- 
dered in  cold  blood  aftc^r  having  been  cap- 
tured several  miU's  (Vi>m  the  fort.  Tlu;  whites 
were  here  massacred  because  they  were  loyal 
Southerners  w  "  home-maihi  Yankt^es,"  and 
the  negroes  beca\ise  they  were  "  niggers."  The 
iiii.sertants  then  (led  from  (he  scene  of  this 
achieveiiieiit  into  Mississippi,  inedectively 
piirsueil  by  (ii'  .  S.  I>.  Stnrgis. 

At  iiiintown  on  the   Middle   Kailroad,  on 
iJuno    10,  Sturgis  found    Forrest's  force,  and  j  portion   of   the    ridge.      Mcl'herson,    in    tlio 
an   engagement   ensued,  in  which  (hi'  former  i  nieantime,  hail  advanced  through  Snake  C'eek 
was  di.sgracefiilly  beaten  and  driven  back    to    (lap    to    strike    the    rpbcl    (lank.       May     10, 

Ivipley,  where  on  the  next  day  a  second  (ight  |  Sherman  moved  over  the  most  of  his  forces 
ensued,  by  wliiili  Forrest's  pursuit  was  ;  to  Mcl'herson,  which  compelled  didinston  to 
checked.    Sturgis  then  returned  to  Meiiiidiis,  ]  evacuate    Daltou   and    retreat   to    Itcsacn,    If* 


tJen.  Sliprman  commenced  his  paralhd  cam- 
paign against  Atlanta.  His  army  amounted 
to  aliDiit  1011,0(10  men,  with  .'■|.')4  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery, being  i'om|iosed  of  the  Army  of  tlio 
("iiiiibcrlaiid,(lcn.  Thomas,  tlO,"";) ;  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  (leii.  Mcl'herson,  24,4liri ; 
and  the  Army  of  the  Ohio,  (Ien.  Scliolield, 
I  ;i,.').'i'.).  The  rebel  army  opisii'ing  hiiu,  under 
(Sen.  J,  J<ihnston,  amounted  to  about  (10,000 
men,  and  was  divided  into  three  corps,  led  by 
Hardee,  liood,  ami  Polk,  dohnston  lay  in 
and  ttbo'it  Dulton,  stnuigly  fiutided.  J)al(oii 
was  covered  by  a  mountuin  called  iiocky 
Face  ilidgp,  but  this  was  travpispd  by  15u/.- 
zard-lloost  'lap,  through  which  ran  (he  rail- 
road. May  7,  Thomas  made  u  fein(  against 
Dalton,  and  shortly  a  vigorous  attack,  in 
which  Newtiui's  division  of  Howard's  corp.i, 
and  Oeary's  tlivision  of  Hooker's,  carried   a 


having   lost   a  third   of  his  force  of   12,t)00. 
At  Tupelo,  July  II,  a    I'liicn  force  of  about 


liiirg,  advanced  to  Mi'ridian,  destroying  a 
great  amount  of  railroaii  property,  and  re- 
turning with  400  prisoners,  1,000  white  and  '  (ied  liiscimiiiiand.  He  wasciudi  time  repulsed, 
'i,()(ll)  negro  refugees.  Feb.  22,  (Jen.  W.  and  (iiially  (led  vi(li  heavy  loss,  leaving  his 
S.  Siuidi  widi  7,0<)()  nu'K  was  uKacked  a(  '  killeil  and  wounded  on  (beheld;  but  Smith 
Okoloiia  by  a  larger  force  of  rebel  cavalry,  iiiade  no  further  advance,  h'aving  the  niis- 
nnd  bead'ii  back  (o  Memphis  with  a  loss  of  creant  to  escape.  On  Aug.  (.■<,  Hanking  (he 
2011  men  and  .'"iguiis,  having  however  destroy-    Union  army  by  night,  Forres(  appeared  with 


eil  a  large  aiiioiiiit  of  rcbid  jiroperty.  March 
.'itli,  ("ol.  Osband  with  a  Union  force  was  at- 
taeUed  at  Vazoo  City  by  a  far  superior  rebel 
fon'o  under  lUidiardson  and  Koss,  which 
nearly  carried  the  town,  but  was  liiially 
driven  olf  by  Union  reinforcements.  Shortly 
iflerward  Vazoo  City  was  ordereil  to  be  evac- 
miti'd  by  the  Unionists.  In  March,  Cell. 
I'almer  with  the  1 4th  corps  operated  again.st 
a  |M)rliiui  of  Hardee's  corps  of  the  rebid  army, 
and  hail  inconsiderable  collisions  therewith 
ai  Tnnnel  Hill  and  IJocky  Faeo  Hidge. 

.March     hi,    Forrest    with    .'^1,000    cavalry 


Il,(t00  men  in   (he  sdeets   of  .Memphis,   but 


miles  sniidi  of  (hat  stronghold.  Howard, 
who  had  been  left  at  Halton,  now  folloned 
on  the  enemy's  track.  May  U'l,  .lohnstoii 
a((«cked  iloidvcr  and  Scholiel  I  in  his  fidn(, 
and  on  his  left,  at  Hcsaca,  but  was  bloodily 
repulsed,  losing  four  guns  and  many  prisoners. 
I>iiriiig  the  night  he  abandoned  Itesaca,  and 
retreated  across  (he  Oos(euiiula  Itiver,  ]>ar- 
(ially  des(royiiig  (he  bridgi-.  The  whole 
Uiiiiui  army  at  once  pres.sed  rapidly  in  pur- 
suit over  the  rmigh  country,  (he  army  di- 
visions  often    being   necessarily   wide   apar(. 


shortly  lied   (herefrom   without   having  (imo  Ondie  17(li,  N'ew(on's  division  had  a  slm 
to    do    anv    damage.      Various    insignilicant  I  artillerv   con(est   at    Adairville;   and  on  the 


contests  took  place  towards  the  clo.se  of  the 
year  at  Jiean's  S(ation,  ( 'harlestoii.  Mossy 
Creek,  Daiidridge,  and  Maryville,  in  East 
Tennessee.  June  I,  ISill,  tbe  rclvd  raider 
.Morgan  star(cd  with  2,."il)0  men  for  East 
Tennessee,  ,im  another  raid  by  (Ins  w.iy  of 
I'oniid  (lap  into  Keiidicky.  He  shortly 
capdired  Mount  Sterling,  I'aris,  Cynthiana, 
and  Williamstowii,  doing  much  damage.     At 


b.'iid  in  the   Licking,  MM   of  his  force  en 
rai'h'd     rapidly    from     Jlississippi,    through    trapped  and  capdired  Ijen.  H<d).son,  with  I,ll00    taking  placi' on 
West  ■Pennessce,  capturing    Union  City  fnun  i  well-armed   I'liimiists.     June    12,  (Icn.    Hur-    Church,    Hook( 


l>>tli,  after  some  vigorous  skiriiiishing,  Clinton 
was  captured.  Home  was  also  taken  by  JeO'. 
C.  Uavis'  division  of  Thomas'  corps,  which 
destroyed  (here  mills,  v  arehouses,  and  foun- 
dries of  great  imp..itaiice  (o  (he  enemy. 
Johnston  now  took  up  a  strong  and  forliticd 
position  covering  (he  .Mladioiia  I'a.ss,  near 
Dallas.  On  (he  2Hd,  Slierman  having  rested 
a  few  days  (o  bring  up  his  su|iplies,  adviineed 
towards  the  latter  place,  more  or  less  fighting 
the  way.  Ni'ar  New  Hope 
■   came    upon    the   enemy    in 


Hawkins,  who  tamely  surrendered.      He  j  bridge,  with  a  Union  force  in  pursuit  of  Mor-    strong  force,  and  attacked  him  lui  May  2.'ith, 
laptured    llii'knmn,  but  was   driven   olVgan,   found    him   near  Cynthiana,  killed  and    gaining  some  ground.      ( tii   the    2Stii,   .lidiii- 


wounded  .'I'M)  id' his  command,  ca](tiircd  100  slon  siiideiily  attacked  Mcl'herson  a(  Dallas, 
men  and  '  ,000  horses,  and  liberated  some  of  '|"wo  nnsuccesst'iil  assaulls  wen'  ripnlsed  by 
llobson's  men.  Morgan  succeeded  in  escap-  the  Ia((er,  (lie  ridiels  losing  ,'i,00(l  men 
ing  with  (he  res(  of  bis  I'ollowers  (o  .South-  and  the  Unionists  about  1,011(1.  On  the  1st 
western  Virginia;  but  on  Sept.  ;l  hi' was  sur-  .Inn",  Sherman  st  lit  .Mcl'lierson  around  (o 
pri.scdwidi  a  small   band  at  Creciiville,  I'.ast  l  the    left    <ui    another    (lank    movcinen(,    ciuii- 

Alladionii 

atioiis,  and 

imp  on  Jehn.sini's  Island,  Lake  l')iic,  by  ccr- j  I'all  back   to   Kein  saw  .Minintaili.      Allatooiui 

.\  sharp  conllict  ciiMii'd  j  (ain  I'l'bel  agents  and   refugees  from   Canaila.  |  Pass   was    now    iiiaile  a   seomidary    base    and 

Major    lioodi  was  killed.  : 'I'liey  sei/cd   a   s(eaniboa(    in  which    (hey  had  !  garrisoned    by   Slierman,    and    (he    railroads 


tiiim  I'aduiah,  Ky.,  with  heavy  loss,  and  fell 
I'aek  into  Tennessee,  In  his  operalii  iis  be- 
fi ire  I'adiicali,  Forrest  was  guilty  of  nunier- 
mn;  'laslard  and  cowardly  acts,  such  as  violat- 
ing a  truce  and  using  woincii  and  children  a.i 
shields.       .\pril    12,    at    suiirisi'    he    attacked 

Furl    Pillow,  on    the    Mis;,issippi,  garrisoned  ;  Tcniies.see,  and  killed  by  (icn.  Cilleni.      Sept.  |  pelling    the    enemy    d<    evacnad 
by  .'i.'i7    men,  including    2ii2     lilacks,    under  '  I'.t,  an  altcmpt  was  made  on  the  Uiiimi  prison  1  Pass  and    his  neighboring   (oi(i(i 
.Major  I,.  F.  llootli.     The  gunboat  A'»'  /:'ni 
aided  in  (he  defciicr 
uiilil   11   A.M.,  when 

Major  I'railford,  |:i||i  Tennessee  cavalry, then 
assnmed  the  idiiimand,  ami  withdrew  his  men 
iiilo  I  111'  inner  works.  Shortly  after  noon  the 
li,'lit  slaiUed.aii.l  I''oncst  scut  di  Major  IJrad- 
liird  a  sumnions  to  surrender  w  itliiii  twenty 
iiiiiiiiles,  w  hieh  the  Inl  ter  declined.  I  •iiriiig  mis 
neg' illation  niaiiv  of  the  reliels  stole  u.'iperceiv- 
el   I  -       -     •- 

lir.i. 

Ill  id',  with  erics  of  "  No  iiinirter."    The  for(  ,  ridiie. 


(akeii  passage  at  Mahlen,  Canada,  but  were  |  were  repaired  up  to  that  point.  On  the  1  Ilh 
shortly  compelled  to  run  it  luihore  near !  .Iiiiie,  the  army  again  advanced  on  the  eiiemy'H 
Saiidwiih,  Canada,  where  they  escaped.  Oct.  1  lines,  which  now  covered  Kenesaw,  Pine,  and 
2,  Iturbridge advancing  on  the  rebel  salt-works  i  Lost  ^lountain.s,  and  were  actively  iH'ing 
at   Saltville,  was  beaten  oil'  by  Piieckinridge,  [  strengthened  each   hiiir,     Sherman   now    «t- 


vvitli  consideralde  loss.  Oct.  28,  (ien.  (iillcm 
rou(ed  a  rebel  force  at  .Mmristown,  but  on 
wards  the  fort,  and  the  moiiieiit  .Major  Nov.  Li  was  in  turn  surprised  and  utterly 
f'lid's  answer  was  received,   a   rush  was    beaten  (In'ie,  in   a   night  att.ick   by   llreokin 


\va.- 


lak. 


11  am 


1  t1 


(eniptcd  to  force  a  passage  lit  (ween  Keiicsaw 
anil  Pine  Mountains.  Oii  die  I4lli,  during 
a  sharp  cannonade,  (Ien.  Polk  was  s(ruck  by 
a  three  inch  shot  and  killed.  The  next  morn- 
imi    Pine    Moiiiidiin    was    disco\ered    to    bo 


le  garrison  were 


driv 


en  ilown 


Mav,    ISlil,  siniiiltaiieoiislv    with  ;  abandoned.      On    (he     I7(h,    Lost     Moiindiin 


(he  bank  to  and  into  the  river.    An  indiRcrimi-    ihtMulvaiicu  of  (Jen.  (riant   upon  Itichmoud, !  was  also  abandoncil  by  the  enemy,  who  cou- 


803 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


cuntmtud  liis  jiositioii  on  Kimu-wiw.  A  i'vw 
diiyH  iiow  cliiiiHi-(l  with  eouHtant  cuiinoniuling 
uuJ  lipiivy  I'uiiiH,  tliH  Union  forces  advancing 
Kti-iiilily  but  alowly  on  tlie  cncniy^H  poHition. 
On  the  2J<1,  llootl  umtlo  a  Huddfn  and  fuii-co 
attack  on  Hooker's  corps,  but  fiiiled,  willi  a 
loss  of  800  men.  SSIicnuau  now  unwisely  de- 
trnnined  to  assault  in  turn,  aikd  on  tliu  27tli 
tliu  two  urniios  of  Thomas  and  McPhcrson 
attackt^d  at  two  dilTerent  points,  but  were 
fearfully  wpulsod,  with  the  severe  loss  of 
;t,OU(),  (Jens.  Harkoi-  and  Dan.  McCook,  and 
many  other  valuable  officers,  being  included 
among  the  Union  killed.  After  having  buried 
his  dead  under  a  Hag  of  truce,  Sherman  sent 
iMcl'herson  towards  the  Chattahoochee  River, 
far  in  the  rear  of  Kenesaw  Mountain.  ]?y 
this  simple  movement  Johnston  was  at  once 
compelled  to  evacuate  his  strong  position  on 
Kenesaw,  and  Sherman  rode  into  Marietta 
on  July  2.  On  the  4th  and  5th  July,  the 
enemy  succeeded  in  cii)ssing  the  C'liattahoo- 
cliee  in  safety ;  but  by  the  9th  Sherman  ha<l 
skilfully  nninaged  to  scciii'e  three  available 
Jioints  for  crossing  the  river,  when  the  enemy 
reluctantly  abandoned  again  his  lino  of  div 
f 'nee  and  fell  back  lo  Atlanta.  The  Union 
army  now  rested  for  n  few  days  within  sight 
of  tlio  steeples  of  Atlanta.  In  the  mean- 
while, (len.  Uousseau,  with  2,000  cavalry,  had 
proceeded  arouuil  Atlanta  and  destroyed  the 
railroad  at  Opelika,  Ala.,  cutting  otf  John- 
ston's Kup[)lies.  Johnston  was  now  removed 
from  his  cotumand,  and  Hood  |>ut  in  his 
place,  and  the  lattttr  at  once  adopted  the 
policy  of  au  impetuous  olfensive.  On  the 
liOth  July  ho  suddenly  lussitilcd  with  his  en- 
tire army  the  yet  unformed  lines  of  Sherman, 
in  a  new  position  about  live  miles  from  At- 
lanta. Newton's  ilivision  of  Howard's  corps, 
and  Johnson's  of  Palmer's  corps,  and  Hooker's 
corps,  the  latter  being  entirely  uncovered, 
received  and  gaUantly  withstood  the  shock. 
Mood  faileil  to  break  through  the  Union  lines 
ami  fell  back  to  his  intrenchnusnts, after  a  brief 
and  fierce  enga'jeiuerl,  in  which  he  lost  full 
0,(1(10  men,  incbulinfi  among  the  killed  several 
generals,  while  the  l'ni(Ui  loss  was  about  one- 
Imlf  tli:it  number.  On  the  2l!d,  Shernuin  ad- 
vanced lo  within  two  miles  of  the  city,  when 
he  was  stopped  by  an  extensive  and  strong 
line  of  works.  Itood  now  niiissed  his  entire 
aiiiiy  against  Mel'herson  on  the  h'ft,  who  hail 
ailv.mied  on  the!  c'ity  from  Decatur.  Itlair 
Wiis  (list  si  ruck,  but  soon  the  whole  line  of 
tlie  .\riny  of  tin.'  Tennessee  became  engaged. 
.'\  leuvv  force  pressed  lo  ilie  Union  rear  ami 
cMpiuied  12  guns,  wliili-  in  the  front  the 
I'i'lii'ls  dashed  up  to  the  Union  breasi works, 
mid  for  a  half  hour  the  two  armies  foiight  face 
t)  face  with  their  battle  colors  (lying  from  the 
3aiiie  Works.  Logan,  of  the  eentre,  soon 
jnassed  his  troops  and  charged.  Wood's  di- 
vision lejvdiiig,  by  which  all  l)vit  two  of  the 
lost  guns  were  retaken.  In  this  stubborn 
roiilest  the  Union  loss  was  3,722,  including 
nnioMg  thi!  kilh'd  (!en.  Mel'herson,  who  was 
shot  dead  while  riding  through  u  piece  of 
wooils.  (ien.  Logan  reported  the  rebel  dead 
at  over  ;5,t)00,  ami  tie'  total  rebel  loss  was 
estimated  at  I2,0oil,  including  1,700  prisoners. 
IS  slanil  of  colors  miil  .'VjOOO  small  arms  were 
also  captured.  The  nest  day,  (iarrard  re- 
tnrneil  from  a  successful  railroad-ilestroying 
raid  to  Covlngtoii.  in  the  rebel  n'ar ;  and 
Stonemun   with   ."i,000  cavaliy,  supported  by 


A.  I).  McCook  with  4,<)00  infantry,  was 
shortly  despatched  to  capture  Macon  and  cut 
the  railroail  there,  '['his  expedition  failed; 
McCook  was  hemmed  in  by  a  superior  force, 
but  succeedetl  in  cutting  his  way  out,  while 
Stoneman,  appearing  before  Macon,  was 
obliged  to  hastily  withdraw  therefrom.  He 
was  then  shortly  surrounded  by  Iverson,  who 
commanded  an  inferior  force,  and  was  de- 
ceived into  a  Btirronder. 

July  27th,  Howard  succeeded  IMcPkeraon, 
and  Hooker  resigned  his  position  iu  conse- 
';"ence.  On  the  28th  Hood  again  dcs]H!r- 
atcly  flung  his  army  upon  the  Army  of  lim 
Tennessee,  which  had  Iwen  shifled  froK'  the 
extreme  left  of  the  Decatur  roatl  to  Proel)r'8 
Creek,  on  the  extreme  right,  and  was  i)rotect- 
ed  by  rail  breastworks.  Six  times  the  rebels 
advanced  against  this,  only  to  be  cut  down, 
to  break  and  lice.  The  conflict  continued 
from  noon  till  4  p.m.,  when  the  assailants 
gavt!  it  uji  and  retreated.  The  enemy's  loss, 
in  this  bnive  attack,  was  estimated  at  0,000, 
while  the  Union  loss  was  scarcely  one-tenth 
of  that  iiumbtT.  Five  stand  of  colors  and 
2,000  muskets  were  captured.  Hood  now 
permitted  Sherman  to  advance  without  inter- 
ruption, but  sent  Wheeler's  cavalry  to  break 
up  the  railroad,  whereon  Sherman  do|)endod 
for  subsistence.  Learning  the  absence  of 
Wheeler,  Sherman  at  once  dis])atched  Kil- 
Patrick's  cavalry  to  bveak  up  the  West  Point 
and  Macon  railroads  in  Hood's  rear ;  and  on 
.\iig.  2lJth  the  whole  Union  army,  save  the 
2Utli  corps,  was  behind  Atlanta,  co-operating 
in  the  work  of  desti-uclion,  U'fore  Hood  knew 
what  Shernnm  was  doing.  Hood  was  now 
completely  cut  off  north  ami  east,  and  his  al- 
ternative was  either  a  successful  assault  or 
the  abandonment  of  Atlanta.  ( )n  August  Slst 
S.  1).  Ijce  and  Hardee  fell  on  Howard  near 
Jonesborough,  and  a  tierce  battle  followed. 
At  4  I'.M.,  l)avis'«  corps,  on  Thomas's  right, 
closed  up  with  Howard,  and  charged  the  en- 
emy's lines,  capturing  an  entire  brigade,  with 
its  general  and  eight  gun.s.  Again  the  rebels 
were  defeated,  losing  .'i.OOO  men.  During  the 
night  of  August  ;Ust  Hood  hastily  evacuated 
Atlanta,  blowing  up  magazines  and  stores, 
and  (hwtroying  seven  locomotives  and  eighty- 
one  cars,  and  a  large  amount  of  cotton.  On 
September  1st,  Slocuin,  who  was  seven  mih's 
north,  on  the  ChattahoiM'hei!,  with  the  20th 
corps,  moved  into  the  city.  Mood  was  now 
pursued  for  thirty  miles  to  Jjovejoy's,  where 
ln'  was  found  strongly  fortilied.  J5ut  on  the 
."nil  Sherman  returned  to  .\llanta,  to  permit 
his  army  to  rest  awhile  at  this  important 
point,  which  it  had  so  nobly  won.  Kstablish- 
ing  his  lieadipiarteis  here,  Sherman  ordered 
the  lemoval  of  the  citizens  to  the  North  or 
the  South,  as  they  should  prefer.  This  meas- 
ure was  denoiuiccMl  by  Hood  and  other  South- 
erners as  an  act  of  thi^  most  studied  and  in- 
genious cruelty,  while  it  was  defended  by 
Sherman  as  i\  military  necessity.  During  the 
campaign,  Pillow,  Wheeler,  and  others,  with 
forces  '  1  rebel  cavalry,  operated  upon  the 
U"''.u  rear  at  Lafayette,  Dalton,  and  in 
Southern  Tennessee,  doing  eonsiilerable  dam- 
age, but  influencing  little  the  issue  of  the 
eampaiirn.  At  the  c'losi-  of  .September,  Hood 
flanked  Sherman's  vi'{ht,  and  his  cavalry  pro- 
ceeded as  fai-  as  l!ig  Shanty,  whiTe  lliey  de- 
stroyed the  railroad  ;  while  I'lineh's  division 
of  rtibtl  infantry,  on  September  28th,  invested 


and  assaulted  the  Union  de)>ot  of  supplies 
at  Allatoona,  held  by  Oon.  Corse  with  1,944 
men.  Corse  held  out  against  this  vastly  su- 
perior force  until  he  lost  one-third  of  his 
men,  refusing  to  leave  his  post  of  duty  though 
seriously  wounded  himself.  t!en.  J.  1).  Cox 
with  the  23d  corps  then  came  to  his  res- 
cue, when  the  oitemy  drew  olf,  leaving  2!U 
dead  and  411  prisoners.  Hood  now  endeav- 
ored to  draw  Sherman  out  of  Georgia  by  cross- 
ii'^  Sand  Mountain  and  marching  towards  the 
Tcnnossee.  In  this  ho  failed.  The  latter  at 
nice  entrusted  Gen.  Thomas,  reinforced  by 
A.  J.  Smith's  forces  from  Missouri,  with  the 
tlofenco  of  Tennessee.  He  then  concentrated 
all  his  remaining  forces  near  Atlanta,  and 
destroying  the  foundries,  mills,  anil  other 
works  at  that  place  and  Rome,  and  dismant- 
ling the  railroads,  he  detached  hiniM'lf  from 
his  cominiiuications,  and  prepared  to  march 
to  the  sea. 

When  tho  rebel  commander  found  himself 
north  of  the   Tennes.see,  and   that   Sherman 
had  left  him  there,  he  determined  to  advance 
north  and  attack  Nashville.    September  2.'ld, 
Forrest's  cavalry  captured  Athens,  Ala.,  held 
by  Col.  Campbell  with  (100  men.    He  then  pro- 
ceeded north  to  Pulaski,  but  was  driven  olf 
eastward  by  a  Union  force  tinder  (fen.  Rous- 
seau.      He    shortly    afterwanls   divided    his 
forces,  sending  Uuford  with  4,000  men    to 
capture  Hui.  tsville  and  Athens,  Ala.,  again, 
while  he  with  .IjOOO  proceeded  nortli-wi>st  to 
Coltind>ia.     His  plans  in  both  cases  failed,  ns 
large    Union    forces  were  gradually  concen- 
trating upon  both  him  and   liuford.     They 
both,   however,   succeeded    in    withdrawing 
across  tho  Tennessee.     Ociolx'i  20lh,  Hood 
made  a  feint  against  Decatur,  Ala.,  w  here  he 
had  a  slight  conflict  with  Gonhm  d  ranger. 
During  this  his  vangttard  crossed  the  river 
near  Florence.     Forrest  now  advanced  upon 
Johnsonville,  Tenn.,  an  important  supply  de 
pot  for  Nashville,  and  defended  by  1,000  men 
under  Col.  C.  R.  Thompson,  with  the  aid  of 
three  gunboats.       Several  days'  fighting  en- 
sued here,  but  the  eiu'my  finally  withdrew  at 
the  approach  of  Gen.  Schofleld  with  the  2:!d 
corps  from  Nashville.    The  Union  vessels  here 
were  fired   by  their  commanders,  to  prevent 
their  capture  by  tho  enemy,  and   the  flames 
extended  to  the  depots  of  supplies,  involviiig 
a  loss  of  $1,.')00,0()0.      About  November  1  7lh 
,  the  entire  army  of  Hofxl  crossed  the  Teniies- 
!  see.     21th,  (Jen.  Schofleld  fell  back  iiml  coii- 
]  I'enlrated   at  C<dumbia,  while  Oimi.  tJranger 
!  retired    on    Stevenson.      Hood    now  |iri"(se(l 
1  Ncholield   severely   at    Duck    liiver,  and  the 
j  Utter  marched  swiftly  for   Franklin,  silualeil 
cm  a  Is'iid  of   (he    ilarpelh    River,    eighteiu 
miles    from   Nashville,  to   av<pid   being  disas- 
i  tronsly   lait  olf  by   Hood  from  crossing  that 
river.      Ho<id  rareil  and  fimglit  with  him  the 
i  whole    way.      Schofleld,    though    crippled   by 
[  his  inunense  train,  won  this  race  anil  got  into 
I  position  at  Franklin  on  the  'MHU.      Hood  ar- 
1  rived  'eiter  on  the  same  day,  and  wiui  no»  ready 
\  for  battle  till  I  P.M.      He  then  threw  himself 
j  impetuously   upon    Sehotield's  centre,    inider 
j  Wagner,  forcing  it  back  with  the  loss  of  two 
guns,  and  obtaining  the  possession  of  the  fiist 
line  of  Union  works  at  a  teriible  .sacriflce  of 
lite.      l!y  the   etforts  id'  Cox,   Staidey,   Wag- 
ner, and  Ojidyke,    the   lines  were  reformed, 
ami    at    sunset  a  sa\age   struggle,   iii  whirli 
bayonets    and    clubbed   muskets   wore  used, 


on    (lp|)ot    of    RU|)|>ltP!l 

ion.  Oorso  with  1,944 
igaiiiHt  this  vnstly  hh- 
lost  ono-thini  of  his 
is))08tof  (hity  thouRh 
Kolf.     tJcn.  J.  I),  ('„x 
ion   cnmo  to  h'm  ivs- 
[Ircw  oir,  liinvinf;  L'.'U 
Hood  now  onihiiiv- 
ut  of  Georgia  by  crosR- 
marching  towaniB  thn 
failed.     The  latter  at 
honinii,  reinforced  l>v 
in  MisHonri,  with  the 
}fe  then  concentrated 
H   near  Atlanta,  and 
I'M,  mills,  and    other 
Home,  and  diNniant- 
itachecl  hiniMjIf  from 
d  prepared  to  nnirili 

lander  found  himself 

•,  and   that   Hhermnn 

■termined  to  advance 
■ille.  S<-|.temlier  L'.'ld, 
•ed  Athens,  Ala.,  held 
••Omen.  Jfe  then  |)ni- 
i,  Imt  was  driven  olf 
ree  under  (Jen.  Hons- 
erwards   diviih>d    his 

with  4,(»()n  men    to 

Athens,  Ala.,  npiiiii, 
icceded  north-west  tn 
1  both  cases  failed,  iis 
ro  gradually  concen- 

and  Uufoid.  Thev 
led    in    withdrawinj; 

(kiobei  i'fith,  JIcmhI 
catiir,  Ala.,  where  lio 
th  (jiordon  d ranger, 
rd  crossed  the  river 

now  advanced  u|)()ii 
important  supiily  di' 
■fended  by  l,Oi)()  men 
son,  with  the  aid  of 
al  days'  fighting  eii- 
y  finally  withdrew  nt 
hofield  with  the  '_>;i,l 
he  Union  vessels  hern 
manders,  to  prevent 
■niy,  and  the  ilanies 
r  supplies,  involvirg 
l«>nt  Ni)veml)er  ITtii 

crossed  tli(?  Teniies- 
Id  fell  back  and  con- 
rtliile  (ien.  (Jraiigei- 
Hood  now  pressed 
Mck  Itiver,  anil  Ihc 
■  Franklin,  siluatcil 
■III  Jiiver,  eighticii 
'   avoid   being  disas- 

fiiim  crMssiiig  that, 
ought  with  him  the 
hou^h    crippled   by 
lis  race  and  got  into 
he  .'If Mil.      Hood  a r- 
I',  and  was  not  reiuiv 
then  threw  himself 
I'ld's  centre,   under 
vith  the  loss  of  two 
issession  of  the  fiist 
leniblc!  saoiilice  of 
'o.x,   Stanley,   Wag- 
ii's  Were   reformed, 
struggle,    HI   whirh 
uiikutJt   wore  lined, 


UNITED    STATES. 


took  place  for  the  nmst^ry  of  the  ground 
which  had  been  lost.  It  was  retaken  by  the 
Unionists,  together  with  the  lost  guns,  10 
rebel  battle-Hags,  and  300  prisoners.  At  10 
r.M.  the  battle  ceased,  the  ivlRd  loss  having 
been  over  (i,000  nii  n,  including  four  general 
olliccis  killed,  six  wouiuled,and  olio  captured. 
The  Union  loss  waa  2,;!00.  During  the  uight 
Seholield  fell  back  to  Nashville. 

tJiMi.  Tlionma  at  Nashville  was  now,  Dec. 
1 ,  reinforced  by  the  command  of  A.  J.  Smith 
from  Missouri,  and  by  6,000  troojia  and  a 
negro  brigado  from  ChattaiuK)ga.  Kight 
Union  gunboats,  with  tho  iron-clad  A'^eonlm, 
camo  up  the  Cumlierland,  and  piotecteil  the 
city  on  the  river  side,  but  Hood  advanced  liis 
lines  around  tho  city,  and  etTectually  cut  olf 
all  coiiimunicationB  south.  Forrest  in  the 
meanwhilu  had  iMten  sent  to  operat4*  against 
Minfieesboro,  co-operating  with  Hates'  divi- 
sion of  Cheatham'a  corps.  These  were  re- 
|iul8od  in  their  attack,  Dec.  4,  on  the  block- 
lioiise  at  Overall's  Creek,  five  miles  north  of 
M  arfreesboro,  and  shortly  afterwards  wi're 
driven  with  considerable  loss  from  before 
Fort  Ilo8(,'crans,  held  by  Gen.  Kousscaii. 

From  want  of  a  cavalry  force  (Jen.  Thoma.s 
delayed  in  aasuming  the  oirensivo,  thereby 
ciiusing  some  solicitude  to  Gen.  Grant,  but 
the  latter'.s  confhieuce  in  the  man  was  shortly 
restored.  On  the  l.'ilh  December,  tho  tem- 
]ii  nitnre  having  moderated,  though  a  gla/e  of 
ii'c  covered  the  country,  three  corps — A.  J. 
Smith's,  the  ICilh,  <<n  the  right ;  Wood's,  the 
■Ith,  nc!Xl  on  his  hd't;  with  Scholield'sliljdcoriis 
oil  Wood's  left  as  a  resi-rve — were  conceii- 
tiatcd  on  the  rebel  left.  At  daylight,  while 
Streiliiiaii,  with  a  mixed  body  of  troops, 
llircalened  the  rebel  right,  the  two  corps  of 
Sajitli  and  Wood  made  the  onset  upon  the 
CMciny's  left.  This  disappeared  before  them 
and  was  thrown  in  ciuifusion  upon  the  rebel 
centre.  Wilson'.s  cavalry  now  swept  round 
the  right  and  attacked  the  rear  and  flank  of 
tlie  rclx'ls,  thus  heapiMl  on  their  centre.  With 
liis  left  gone  and  his  centre  thus  imperilh^d, 
lliMid  threw  over  troops  from  his  right,  ami 
succeeded  in  holding  through  the  day  his 
strong  position;  but  when  night  closed,  the 
day's  work  had  given  to  the  Unionists  HI  guns, 
1,-IM)  prisoners,  and  40  wagons,  while  their 
jesses  were  trivial.  During  the  night  Hood 
look  up  a  new  jiosition  two  miles  in  his  rear, 
sliiirtening  his  lines  from  six  to  three  miles. 
Ua  the  following  morning,  Wood  mlvanced 
mil  the  enemy's  desi-rteil  works  upon  his  cen- 
lie,  while  Steedman  again  attacked  bis  right, 
and  >Sinith  and  Hclioliehl  engaged  his  refoi  iiied 
left.  Hut  the  main  attack  wa.s  delayed  uolil 
'' ilson's  cavalry,  which  had  been  sent  to  his 
iiai-  by  a  wiilo  circuit,  could  be  heaiil  from. 
This  news  came  about  4  1"..M.,  when  the  whole 
I'nion  line  had  advanced  to  within  tiOO  yards 
of  the  enemy.  The  latter,  duly  prepared, 
received  the  assault  of  WootI  with  volleys  of 
musketry  ami  artillery,  and  the  assailing  cid- 
uiaiiR  were  repulsed  with  fearful  slaughter  in 
tlicuattein|)tH  toovoicoino  thoabattis  strewed 
ii|iiiii  Overton's  Hill,  which  was  the  enemy's 
^•|•lltl•(^  lint  Wood  speedily  reformed  his  line, 
w'lile  .Smith  and  Hcholiel.rs  men  swept  over 
till' enemy's  work  on  the  left.  A  second  litoc 
^  ood  and  Steedman  advanced  up  Ovirlon's 
Hill,  swei  pin;;  all  before  them,  capimleg  the 
c'lmmanding  forts  and  nine  piecs  id"  artiKviy. 
The  rcbula  now  abandoned  tixu  iMttiites  ul 
30 


all  points,  and  lied  in  dismay  through  the 
I'.rentwood  I'ass.  A  |)ortion  of  Wilson's 
cavalry  pursueil,  but  night  ]iut  an  end  to 
tho  conflict.  While  tho  Union  army  resteil 
upon  the  field,  the  remnant  of  the  enemy 
retreated  through  the  darkness  to  Ilarpetli 
lliver.  Tho  next  day  the  pursuit  was  re- 
newed, and  was  kept  uii  for  several  days ; 
but  tho  country  was  now  flooded  by  incesnant 
rains,  and  in  the  abscnco  of  pontoons  the 
rotuls  were  scarcely  passable  in  tho  rear  of 
the  fleeing  enemy.  After  being  severely 
pres.sed  at  Franklin,  Hood  succeeded  in 
crossing  the  llarpeth,  Hutherford's  Creek, 
and  J)uck  River.  At  Cidumbia  Forrest's 
cavalry  rejoined  his  army,  and  formed  a 
strong  rear-guard  for  it.  On  tho  last  of  tho 
month  Hood  crossed  the  Tennessee  with 
what  remained  of  his  forces,  and  Jan.  2.3, 
iHi'iA^  was  relieved  from  command  at  his  own 
rcipiest. 

While  Hood  was  before  Naahville,  a  por- 
tion of  his  cavalry  under  (ien.  Lyons  made 
a  feeble  raid  uiion  the  1/ouisville  liailroad  in 
Thoma.s's  rear.  They  wiu'o  chased  out  of 
Tennessee,  all  but  Lyons  and  about  100  men 
being  killed  or  captured.  On  Dec.  (>  Stone- 
man  started  from  KnoxviHe  after  a  relxd 
force  under  Huke,  who  was  retreating  to  Vir- 
ginia. At  Kingspiu't  he  dispersed  this  com- 
mand, capturing  liOO  prisoners.  At  Wythe- 
ville,  about  Dec.  lii,  some  rebid  cavalry  un- 
<ler  V'aughan  were  routed,  anil  the  lead-works, 
railroad,  and  other  valuable  rebel  property 
in  the  neighborhood  destroyed.  Jireckin- 
ridge,  commanding  in  this  region,  now  re- 
treated across  the  iiKUintains  into  North 
Carolina,  abandoning  the  important  salt-works 
at  Saltvilie  to  Stuiu'man,  who  utterly  de- 
stroyed them. 

(■en.  Thomas  reports  the  captures  of  his 
campaign  IVomScpt.  7,  1H()4,  to  Jan.  20,  IHliri, 
at  ll,^-ji7  men,  including  one  major-geni'ral,  7 
brigadiers,  and  many  other  ollicers,  together 
with  72  pieces  of  artillery  and  3,070  small 
arms.  The  total  I'nion  loss  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing  was  about  I0,00t>,  whilo  that  of 
the  rebels  was  over  20,000. 

The  State  electi'>ns  and  the  I'residential 
canva.ss  (If  li'^tM  rellected  the  aspects  of  the 
war.  The  Democratic  party  nominated  (Jen. 
G.  I>.  .McClellan  as  its  candidate  for  the 
I'lesidency,  and  Gee.  II.  I'eiulleton,  of  Ohio, 
for  Vice-l'rcsident.  The  Ivepublicans  noiui- 
iiattd  IVesiilcnt  Lincoln  for  a  second  term, 
with  .Vndrew  John.son,  of  Tenn.,  for  Vice- 
I're.sidint.  A  aniall  party  of  discontented 
Kepiililicans  nominated  (Jen.  Fremont  for 
I'lisident,  and  John  Cochrane  for  Vice-1'resi- 
dcnt,  but  they  soon  declined.  The  policy 
signitied  by  the  Democratic  platform  wsis sepa- 
ration, or  re-establishment  with  slavery.  The 
letter  of  acceptance  of  Gen.  .McClellan  was  for 
the  latter  only,  while  tlie  Itcpublican  candi- 
ilale  was  •  !  dged  to  the  re-establishment  of 
the  Union  without  slaveiy.  The  political 
blunder  of  the  hemocrats,  and  the  Uniiui 
8Ucees.sos  of  Sherman  and  Farragut,ftssuied  the 
success  of  I'les.  Lincoln.  The  October  dec 
tions  wcr<'  overwhelmingly  Uepublican,  and 
;  Maryland  now  adopted  a  Constitution  abol- 
ishing slavery.  In  the  NovemlMU'  elections 
the  <  lictoiiil  votes  of  but  three  Stales-  New 
Jersey,  ilclaware,  and  Kentucky-  '-'1  in  all, 
were  ea.st  for  McClellan  and  I'l'iidletoti  ;  the 
ronmindur,  212,  bi.ing  for  Lincoln  and  Johii- 


803 

son.  Tho  vote  of  tho  soldiers  wos  nearly  4 
to  1  in  favor  of  the  latter.  Kentucky,  though 
thoroughly  Union,  was  eijually  pro-slavery  ; 
and  the  Act  of  Congress  providing  for  the  en- 
rolment of  slaves  as  soldiers  caused  great  dis- 
satisfaction there,  and  ensured  tho  State  voto 
in  favor  of  McClel'an. 

Juno  30,  lSt)4,  Salmon  P.  Chose,  Secretary 
of  tho  Treasury,  .-csigned  his  post,  afler 
having  discharged  its  duties  with  great 
ability.  Upon  his  entrance  thereupon,  tho 
Federal  credit,  was  in  r  most  depressed  con- 
dition. In  Dec,  18iil,  the  banks  of  the  loyal 
States  and  tho  Federal  Treasury  sus|M'n<led 
specie  payment,  and  acts  were  shortly  passed 
by  Congress  making  Treasury  iiot<'s  a  legal  ten- 
der. A  depn-eiation  of  tho  currency  at  onco 
took  place,  and  continued  tiiroughout  tho 
war,  the  price,  in  currency,  of  gold  >fflecting 
to  a  certain  extent  tho  various  phases  of  tho 
war.  At  (Uio  time,  in  July,  lf'04,  immedi- 
ately following  the  Union  failures  in  Virginia, 
it  stood  at  2i)0.  Various  acts  were  promptly 
passed,  from  time  to  lime,  by  Congress,  in 
conformity  with  the  Secretary's  plans,  to  raise 
the  iniinensc  sums  necessary  fiu'  the  prosecu- 
tion of  tho  war,  and  to  induce  the  people  to 
Ijocome  lenders.  A  eomprchensivt;  system  of 
internal  taxation  was  reluctantly  resorted  to, 
and  a  Natimial  Hanking  law  was  passed, 
which  forced  the  State  banks  to  Ih'Coiiio 
National  bank).,  and  thus  reipiireil  them  to  ab- 
sorb a  large  amount  of  (Jovcrninent  securities. 
Various  ini'ims  were  also  taken  to  prevent 
speculators  from  forcing  up  tln^  price  of  gold, 
anil  a  system  was  inangiirated  of  selling  tho 
Government  surplus  gold  derived  from  tho 
Ciihtom.s,  and  applying  it  to  the  purchase  uf 
the  Government  paper.  The  following  is  an 
exhibit  of  the  growth  of  the  nutiouat  debt 
during  the  war: 

IHM) tlC)4,7li0.7O3 

\mi <I0,S(;7,H2« 

lHf.2 r>14, 21  1,371 

18113 I,0'.t7,274,3r.0 

1804 I,740,03f,,ti8f| 

lH6t> 2,42;i,437,OOl 

1800 2,74t»,4"Jl,74f) 

Tliis  sum,  together  with  the  State  and 
local  debts,  made  the  total  expenditure  in 
|)rosecuting  the  war  over  t'uiir  billions — an  in- 
credible sum — the  most  of  which  was  raised 
from  the  loyal  people  themselves.  Tlu'  rebels 
also  were  iddiged  to  issue  iircdeeinable  paper, 
but  it  shortly  became  worthless,  anil  they 
then  maintained  their  army  chicfiy  by  reipii- 
sitions. 

1)uring  the  year  It^Ol  two  attempts  went 
made  to  negotiate  a  peace,  by  iinauthori/.ed 
parties  from  each  side,  one  by  Horace  (Jreeley, 
who  met  at  Niagara  .Messrs.  Clay,  HoIcoiiiIk-, 
and  .Sandei-s,  rebel  refugees  in  ( 'aniida.  The 
following  missive  from  I'rcs.  Lincoln  termi- 
nated this  negotiation : 

"  Kxi:riTlvi;  M.^NsloN. 
"  WAsniMiTii.N,  ./»/y  IK,  18(14. 

"  To  irliom  it  mill/  rniireni  : 

"Any  proposition  which  cmbraivs  tho 
restoration  of  peace,  the  iiite^iAty  of  the 
whole  Union,  and  the  abandonfiieiit  of  slav- 
ery, and  which  conies  by  and  with  an  autho- 
rity that  can  conliol  the  armies  now  at  war 
agaiiisu  the  I'liited  Stales,  will  lie  iiceived  and 
eoiisidcied  by  the  lAecullMi  GoMinineiit  of 
tliu  Uiiit<-d  States,  olid  will  be  met  by  liberal 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


«:i? 


temiB  on  subiitnntial  atid  collateral  puints; 
and  the  bearer  or  bf  arers  tliuroof  Hlmll  have 
safe  conduct  both  ways. 

(Signed)      "  AlinAIIAM  LiNCOI.S." 

Another  attempt  wiia  niado  by  Col.  .Iiiri|iio.s 
and  Mr.  Gilniore,  who  were  ])erniitti'd  to 
n|i|iroHch  President  Diivis,  at  Kichniond,  l>\it 
this  eflbrt  also  terminated  in  conipleto  fail- 
ure. 

Dec.  6,  1864,  the  38th  ConpesH  reas 
sembled,  and  during  the  nv<>ning  seHHion, 
])as8cd,  by  tlm  rei|nir(<d  two-tliird»  vote,  the 
13tli  amendment  of  the  Federal  Constitution, 
uboliNhing  an<l  forever  prohibiting  slavery 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  by  tlii' 
RubHequent  ratilieution  of  moro  than  two- 
thirds  of  the  States,  it  became  a  part  of  the 
Constitution. 

In  Feb.,  186.">,  rebel  comniissionerH,  condi- 
tionally uuthorized  by  the  Confederate  au- 
thorities, met  I'res.  Lincoln  and  .'(ec.  Sew- 
anl  I'.i  Fortress  Monroe,  to  negotiate  a  )ieace, 
but  not  being  authorized  to  concede  the  re- 
ostnblishment  of  the  Union,  they  shortly  de- 
parted a.s  they  had  come. 

March  4,  lt'C4,  the  second  inaugurntion  of 
I'res.  Lincoln  took  place,  when  ho  delivered 
an  addre.ss,  menioiablo  for  its  grandeur  of 
tho\ight  and  teiidciness  of  feeling;  a  fitting 
ineinorv-pieoi'  for  the  rising  youth  of  this 
country,  as  \.-ere  al:;o  the  n'uinrkable  im- 
pniniptu  worils  wliioli,  shortly  before,  Nov, 
I'.lth,  |S(>.'?,  fell  from  his  lips  at  the  dediea- 
tion  of  the  niii'ional  ecuielery  at  (Setlyslmrg. 

On  the  r>th  Au;;>iKt,  lS(i4,  Adm.  Farragut, 
with  a  thet  of  four  iron-elads  and  fovirleen 
wooden  ships  of  w,  •,  moved  up  the  entrance  to 
the  spacious  .Mobile  May,  which  was  defended 
by  the  strong  forts,  Morgan  and  (iaines  and 
I'owell,  by  a  channel  lineil  with  torpedoes,  and 
by  a  onsidt-rahle  rebel  fleet,  under  Franklin 
Jiucliaiuin,  including  a  powerful  ram,  the 
7'eiiiii'iiKni.  A  land  force  of  .'),00l)  nii'U  iinder 
(it'll.  (!iu-don  (irangcr  cooperati'd  with  Ad- 
iiiiral  Farragut,  and  wai<  landed  on  Dauphin 
Island  in  rear  of  Fort  (iaines;  the  wooden 
Hhips  were  lashed  two  and  two.  The  Itronk 
If/n  with  her  port  consort,  the  OHnidra,  lead- 
ing, much  against  the  inelii.ations  of  the 
Admiral,  who,  however,  followed  next, 
lashed  in  the  maintop  of  the  flagship  llnrl- 
for'l.  The  monitors  advanceil  bi'tween  the 
woo  Icii  Meet  and  Fort  .Morgan.  The  iron-clad 
'/'eci'iti.-e/t  led,  and  at  a  ipnirter  to  seven  lireil 
the  first  gini,  and  Fort  Morgan  presently 
replied.  The  linmkli/n,  being  then  directly 
\inder  the  guns  of  the  fiwt,  opened  on  tlie 
fort  wil,h  grap'.  I'rrsently  the  '/Wiimnr/t, 
which  was  a  slinrt.  disliuco  aheail  of  the 
/l.iiii/:li/ny  was  blown  u{>  by  a  tmpi'do,  and 
instantly  sunk,  carrying  ilown  * 'oin.  Craven 
and  must  all  of  the  otluus  imi  board,  lint 
17  out  of  130  wciv.  "(avi'd  by  (Uie  nf  Iut  own 
boats  and  a  boat  scut  fnun  the  Jfrhimmrt,  in 
the  midst  of  the  le;  rible  fi.o.  'I'he  Unmkii/n, 
fearing  more  torpedoes,  now  recoiled,  and 
Hwaiterl  the  re>t  of  the  fleet,  whereupon  Farra 
gut.  seeing  [hr.  delay,  tonk  the  lead,  followed 
by  the  othi'r  ships,  "  their  ollicers  believing 
they  were  going  to  a  noblo  death  with  their 
commancler  ill  chief "  At  ten  miu.ites  ]nist 
eight  he  was  past  the  fort,  when  suddenly 
the  ri'liel  lam  Ti-nni-nne.e  d.ished  out  to  run 
him  diwii,  but  \w  simply  returned  its  lire 
uud  kept  on,  reoeiviuj  the  Uros  of  the  three 


rebel  gunboats  ahead,  the  Morgan,  the 
(riiiiii'M  and  the  iSiiina.  The  JIartJ'urd  now 
cast  olf  her  consort,  the  Mctacomrt,  with 
orders  to  go  after  these  boats,  whereupon, 
after  an  hour's  fight,  the  (ialiien  fatally  in- 
jured, was  run  ashore  and  burned,  the  J/tui/im 
escaped  up  the  bay,  while  the  AV/hki  was  cap- 
tured. The  admiral,  supposing  the  light  to 
be  over,  now  signalled  his  fleet  to  come  to 
anchor,  but  suddenly  the  rebel  ram  bravely 
stood  out  from  under  the  guns  of  the 
fort  to  attack  the  whole  fleet.  The  stronger 
(Tjiion  vessels  immediately  cloned  upon  her. 
The  Jfuiiiiiti/it/itlii  struck  her  first,  carrying 
away  lu'r  iron  prow  and  cut-water.  The 
Liifkdintiinn  came  next,  crashing  in  her  own 
stem,  but  only  efTccting  a  heavy  list  of  the 
rebel  monstir.  The  ram  then  avoided  the 
blow  of  the  lldrtj'onl,  and  riddli.'d  the  sides 
of  the  hitt<'r  with  shot  and  shell.      I'lcsently 


which  she  destroyed  a  number  of  valuablo 
ships,  she  was  stopjied,  Aug,  If),  18(i3,  by 
the  .Slitf/arit,  ('apt.  Craven,  who  made  her 
his  pi'i/.e.  Tlinre  other  Ib'itish  corsairs,  dur- 
ing the  year  lf^t'i4,  were  adtled  to  the  list,  the 
7i(//i(/((//w»'<>,  O/iinti'fjMMX  VliirkiimaiKja.  t>ct. 
7,  lf'<>4,  the  Fliiriilii  was  ciiptiired  in  the  Ilia- 
zilian  port  of  Maliia  by  Cajit.  Collins,  in  the 
WarhuKelt,  and  was  afterwarils  sunk,  in  a 
collision,  while  In-ing  brought  into  Hampton 
Hoads.  The  United  States  (lovcrnmciit  sub- 
Ke<piently  disavowed  the  act,  l>uring  !8(i3, 
a  privateer,  under  one  C.  W.  JJead,  did  much 
damage  along  the  coa.st,  and  Jtine  24,  he 
entered  the  harbor  of  I'orthind  in  'ho  cap- 
tin-ed  schooner  Arrher,  to  which  l.e  lia<l 
transferred  hinibclf,  and  stole  the  rovenvio 
cutter.  Cimliinf/.  Volunteciti  gliertly  pro- 
ceeded to  sea  in  puisuit  of  him,  and  presently 
capfurc'l   him  and  hi.i  companiens,  who  were 


the  second  blow  of  the  Lnokinriinnii,  intcniled  i  piaoed  in  prison.       J>ee.  (i,  i.Sti3,  the  steamer 
for  the  ram,  was   received  by  the  J/nrlfurd,]  ('/nviijiiuki;  ninning  between  New  Vork  iii;.l 


doing  much  damage  to  both  vessels,  but  the 
(^liitkiiniiii'  kept  battering  the  stem  of  the 
ram.  while  the  Miiiihullitn  sent  a  shell 
through  her  plating.  Her  smokestack,  steer- 
ing gear,  and  Jiort  shutters  were  now  de- 
stroyed, ami  as  the  OKiiijirc  was  about  to 
strike  her,  she  hoisted  the  white  flag.  The 
tight  was  over,  and  at  10  A..M.  Farragut  an- 
clioreil  tlut  fleet  within  four  miles  of  Fort 
Morgan.  Muring  the  night  Fort  Towell  was 
evacuateil  and  blown  up,  and  the  next  day. 
Fort  (iaines  was  si'verely  shelled  by  the 
('lilrkiiiiiiir,  ami  on  the  following  morning  it 
was  surrendered  by  its  eomiiiander.  Col.  An- 
derson, in  a  highly  honorable  manner,  though 
he  was  strongly  censured  by  his  superior, 
( ion.  I'age,  whocommanded  Fort  Morgan,  lint 
when  the  latter  was  invested  ami  fired  u|)on, 
by  (iranger  from  the  landward  and  the  fleet 
in  front,  I'lige  held  out  no  longer  than  An- 
derson, dill,  and  his  surrender  was  accom- 
panied  by  several  dishonorable  acts  of  spite, 


Portland,  was  seized  by  sixteen  rebels,  d;  i 
guised  as  passengers,  who  killed  one  of  tliC 
engineers  for  scalding  them.  They  then  ran 
into  Siuiibro  harbor.  Nova  Scotia,  and  the 
civil  authorities  at  Halifax  shortly  restored 
the  steamboat  to  her  owners.  On  Sutulnv 
morning,  June  1!),  18(14,  the  Alahamn,  nndi  r 
('apt.  Seinmes,  after  <lue  pre|iaration,  stcHiiei! 
out  of  the  French  jiort  of  C'herbourg  to  figlit, 
the  U.  S.  gunboat  Kenrmrgi;  under  dipt. 
W'inslow,  who  was  watching  the  exit  of  tlie 
fijrmer.  The  vessels  were  well  matched  in 
size  and  ecpiipment,  but  a  llritish  tender, 
the  steamer  Dierhomul,  ('apt.  Lancaster,  leiu 
the  moral  aid  of  its  presence  to  tlie  pirate. 
At  Vl\  l>.M.,  after  about  an  hour's  conflict, 
seven  miles  from  the  shore,  the  firing  of  tlio 
llritish  gunners  of  the  Alitimma  ladiig  far  in- 
ferior to  that  of  the  A  niericans,  the  .lldliaiiin, 
with  her  engines  disabled,  and  large  holes 
lorn  in  her  sides,  attempied  to  flee  to  the 
neutral  shore,  but  ]iresently  sank,    lioats  were 


such  as  the  spiking  of  guns,  and  the  hiding  of  then  sent  from  the  A'cf/rwiv/c  to  rescue  her 
swords  to  avoid  their  surrender.  The  defences  '  ciew  from  drowning,  but  the  l><erh(nnid 
of  Mobile  I'.ay  thus  captured,  closed  that|iort  picked  up  a  large  number,  amiuig  them  Ciipl. 
against  blockaile-rnnners  henceforth,  'llio  I  Semniesiiiid  his  ollicers,  and  ran  off  with  Iheni. 
siiallowiiess  of  Uie  water  prevented  the  ap  !  On  Nov.  II,  ISC.t,  having  sent  his  final 
proach  of  the  fleet  to  within  shelling  ilistaiicc  niessiiges  by  the  tilegiapli  coiiiiectiiig  willi 
of  the  city,  and  it  was  not  attacked.  The  :  the  North, "( !en.  Mierniiin  cut  that  al.so,  iind. 
Union  losses  in  this  conflict  were  Uio  killed,  ^  living  on  the  eomiiry,  moved  forward  from 
and    170  wounded.      104  guns  and  I,  I'll  men    Atlanta  in    t"ur   cdliimns,  two   of  the   ri^'lit 


were  c»i)tureil. 

(treat  skill  was  evinced  dining  the  war 
in  till!  construction  of  iroiiehnls,  mid  in 
torpedo  operations,  by  the  n'bel  naval  coiii- 
inaiidcrs,  who  were  mostly  recreant  IJ.  S. 
oflieers  ;  but  their  chief  notiuiety,  or  rather 
that  of  Hiitish  syiiipathi/iTs,  lay  in  the  career 
of  several  privateers,  which  preyeil  most  di.s- 
aslrously  on  the  Northern  commerce,  espe 
cially  the  llritish  blockade-runner  Oirlo, 
under  the  name  of  the  I'loHln,  and  com 
manded  by  John  N.  Maflit,  and  the  Aliihnmit, 


wing, 
iiiidei' 


sisliiig  cif  the    l.'itli  and  I  7th  corps, 

Howard,  ai'.l  the  twii  of  the  left  wii„ 
cniiipo.sed  of  'lie  1  Ith  and  LMlth  corps,  iiiul,  i 
Sl.aiini.  The  laltei's  fonis  moved  on  ditler- 
eiit  roads,  destinying  the  mil-track  as  tliiv 
leUanced  through  Dec.itiir,  ( 'ovington,  Mmii- 
son,  anil  Katonton,  wliili'  Howard  ailvaneed 
by  MiMonough,  .Mi.niicello,  Clinton,  ioid 
(fordiPli,  the  chief  (il.stade  to  the  progress  of 
both  being  the  badness  of  the  roadN.  On  llie 
•.'1st,  Slocum  reached  MilledgiMlle,  the  capi- 
tal of  the   Stale,  and   Howard  arrived  there 


built  in  England,  and  commanded  by  Jtaphael  1  on  the  following  day.  In  lh«^  ineaiiwhilr, 
Senimes,   siibsecpient   to   his  ailventiires  with  f  Iviliiatrick,    with    his   cavalry,   swarmed     l.e 

I  the  Stiiiitrr.  These  vessels  were  manne<l  by  country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  march.  .\t 
liritish    sailors,   and   <lid   a   vast   amount   of^  Lovejoy's,    he   charged   and   scattered    H.oinl 

'damage  to  the  rnioii  commerce,  in   tlu!  form    militia,    and    at    Hear    Creek     encountiKil 

I  of  capture,  lobbery,  and  ilestruction  by  fire  Wheeler's  cavalry,  whom  he  forceil  back  to 
of  rcoies  of  unarmed  ves.sels,  great  and  small,  ;  .Macon,  where  cinite  a  rebel  army  was  conicn- 

'  amounting,  with  their  cargoes,  to  many  mil-  trateil,  and  strongly  fortified.  This  plan' 
lions  of  ilollars  in  value.  Another  liritish  Kilpuliick  threatened,  while  Howard  cmssrd 
sti'aiiier,  c:illeil  the  .A/yirm,  hecaine  the   priva     tin'  Ocliinlu'ee  at  ( Iriswoldville,  ten   miles  l"'- 

,  teer    <r':or<jiii,    but    alter   a    briisf   caiccr,   in    voiul.     At  ihih  place  a  part  of  the  l.">lh  corps 


UNITED    STATES- 


SOS 


<I  a  iiiimbor  of  vslimHo 

)I>P<1,  Aug.    If.,    ltl(!3,    l)y 
t'lavcii,   wJio   Hindu   lior 
Ik'i-  ItritiHh  corHuiiH,  dur- 
1)1-0  luMi-d  t(i  tlio  list,  tliu 
and  VhifkdiuaiKja.    Oct. 
wuHraiiliircd  in' (In.  [du. 
hy  CH])t.  ColliuH,  in  (iio 
1  afterwards  sunk,  in  a 
;  brouglit  into  Hampton 
Statt'H  (•ovcrnmciit  snl). 
th<i  act.     During  !8(i;}, 
le  V.  W.  JJemI,  did  muili 
■oast,  and  Jiuio   24,  lie 
of  I'ortknil  in  *ho  cnji- 
her,    t«    wliioh    l.o    liad 
and   Ktolo  the   rovonuo 
'oluntcr-ra    slicrtly   pio- 
lit  of  liim,  and  |)rf8cntlv 
1  ooiniJaiiionH,  who  wfiii 
I'l-.  (i,  1803,  thu  Ktfani.T 
iH'lwpc.-i  Ni-w  Vork  ai;,l 
by  sixt("(-n  rebels,  ci:'i- 
,  who  killed   one  of  (I,,. 
them.     'J'hcy  then   ran 
Nova  Scotia,  and  tim 
lalifax  shortly  restored 
!•  ownerH.      On   Suiidnv 
i>4,  tile  Alalmma,  undi  r 
ue  preparation,  Nteannd 
■t  of  f "lierbourg  to  tigiit 
Cenrsargi;   un(UT  Capt. 
tolling  tins  exit  of  the 
were  well   nuitched   in 
but  a   Jiritish   tendci, 
tl,  Capt.  Lancaster,  leni 
prenence  to  the  iiiralc. 
uit  an   hour's  omtlid, 
hore,  the  firing  of  (|,u 
Aldiiama  lieiiig  far  iii- 
lerieans,  i\w  Alnbaiiid, 
bled,  and   large   holes 
inpud   to  flee  to   tlii' 
iitlysank.    Itoats  weio 
riirsiir^/e  to  rescue  her 
b\it    the    Iherhovitil 
)er,  iiniiing  them  ('ii|ii. 
mid  ran  olf  with  lliim. 
tia\iiig  Milt    bis   liiiiil 
apli   connecting  willi 
ii"  (III    that  iiImi,  mill, 
iiKHed    forward    finiii 
ns,  two   (if  the   rigiit 
loth  and   I7lli  corps, 
t«(>  of  the  left  wiii^, 
11(1    LMlth  corps,  mill:  i- 
(s  nioM'd  on  (litter- 
he   laillraek   as   tlicv 
111-,  Covington,  ^liiili- 
le    Howard   advanceil 
ieello,   i'linton,    mid 
cle  III  the   progress  of 
if  the  loads.      ( )n  (lie 
illc(lg(  \ille,  th(>  cai  i- 
oward   arrived   llieio 
Til    the    nieHiiwhili', 
iValiy,   swarmed    .he 
of   the    iiiaieli.      At 
iind   scattered    '.\i'\"\ 
Creek     eiieiniiilen  il 
I   he   forced    back   lo 
army  was  coiiceii- 
rtillcd.       'I'his    pliuo 
Idle  llowiird  cid.s.scd 
ville,  ten  miles  be- 
at of  the  l.'dh  corps 


was  left  to  protect  the  Union  rear,  which  was 
shortly  attacked  by  thnte  brigades  of  militia, 
fi-oiii  jiacon.  These  assailants  were  repelled, 
with  a  loss  of  a  (hoii.sand  men.  The  Oeorgia  ! 
Legislature,  sitting  in  .Milledgeville,  hastily  j 
iiilioiirned  at  the  approach  of  the  Union  army. 
'J'lie  latter  had  thus  far  lived  on  the  plenty  of 
till'  country  through  which  it  had  moved,  and 
accumulated  much  more.  At  Milledgeville 
the  trains  were  stored  with  forty  days'  ra- 
tions, and  after  u  brief  rest  Slierman  again 
niovial  on  towards  the  sea.  On  the  2l>th 
November,  the  rebel  Wheeler  was  found  at 
Htindetwville,  and  driven  away  to  Wayneston 
by  Kilpatrick,  where,  attacking  in  turn,  ho 
was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  200  men.  Nov. 
30,  Millen  was  reached,  a  place  on  the 
Central  Ilailroad,  from  whenco  both  Au- 
gusta and  Savannah  wore  threatened.  Up 
to  this  point  the  railway  tracks  were  de- 
stroyed as  the  army  moved.  After  a  short 
halt  at  Millen,  Sherman  moved  down  towards 
l-<avannah  on  six  dilfiirent  roads,  protected  on 
Ilia  flanks  by  the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah 
rivers,  and  ]>assiiig  through  a  wild  country  of 
forests  and  swamps.  On  December  9,  alMuit 
ten  niih.'s  from  Savannah,  the  left  wing  struck 
llie  Charleston  Ilailroad,  coming  upon  the 
skii'iiiisliers  of  Hardee,  who  commanded  the 
rebel  forces  at  Savannah. 

On  the  loth.  Savannah  was  completely  he- 
li'HguertMl,  while  the  signal  guns  from  the 
Union  (b^et  in  Os.sabaw  Sound  iiad  been 
heard,  and  Capt.  Duncan  sent  by  Howard  in 
a  canoe  past  Fort  .McAllister  to  communi- 
Oiito  witli  Admiral  D.ihlgren.  Dec.  12,  Slier- 
niiui  (lespaiched  (Sen.  Ha/en  to  capture  Port 
McAllister,  which  had  twice  repulsed  ait  at- 
t:ick  of  the  LTnion  iron-chids,  and  commanded 
til '  entrance  of  the  Ogeechee  Kivfir,  effectu- 
ally preventing  the  co-operatiim  of  the  Union 
vessels  in  tbo  capture  of  Savannah.  On  the 
l:ltli,  while  Oens.  Shermiiu  and  Howard 
watiilie  1  the  ojierations  from  the  top  of  a  rice- 
iiiill,  I  lire:;  miles  distant,  ami  a  Ifniou  gun- 
b  Hit  eiit"red  t!ie  mouth  of  tin!  Ogeechee,  Ha- 
zeii's  division  marched  over  torpedoes  and 
iib.ittis,  in  the  face  of  a  volley  of  grape,  and 
niter  a  briff  but  des|)erato  struggle  before  and 
upon  the  para])(!t,  captured  the  f(U't.  Slier 
iiiin  met  Dahlgren  on  board  the  flagship, 
Jfirvfut  Miton,  the  next  day,  and  arranged 
with  (ion.  Foster  to  send  some  sii^go  ordnance 
fiimi  Hilton  Head.  On  the  17th,  the  guns 
hiving  arrived  and  been  placed,  h"  sumnioneil 
the  siirnfiider  of  Savannah,  which  wius  re- 
tieuMt  by  Hardee.  Ho  then  proceeded  to 
(•■iinph>to  the  invostiuivnt  of  the  city,  during 
Nvliii'h,  on  Dec.  20,  ho  stjirted  to  pay  a  flying 
\\-\\.  to  Hilton  Head.  On  his  way  he  was  met 
by  an  army  tug,  with  a  message  from  his  ad- 
jiilanl,  Ciipt.  Dayton,  stating  that  llardee, 
with  his  force  of  1,'>,IKI0  men,  had  siicccedi^d 
ill  evacuating  the  city  on  tlii^  night  of  the 
-iltli,  and  h;id  retreated  towards  Chiirleston. 
lie  imiiie  liately  turne(l  back,  and  on  the 
'_'_M  he  rode  into  Savannah,  where  he  found 
l.il)  re\)((l  pieces  of  ordnance,  a  large  auKuint 
(if  ammunition,  and  ,'18,000  bales  of  cotton.] 
TliMS  his  march  to  the  sea  ended  in  eoiiiplete  i 
success,  (hiiiigh  failure  had  been  giiieially 
pre(licted  for  it  by  military  men,  as  being 
eontiaiy  to  all  prtn-edent  ill  thus  cutting  an 
iiriiiy  loo.se  from  its  hiise,  and  depending  for  '. 
supplies  oil  fomge  alone  for  weeks  in  a  hostile  ' 
country. 


On  November  2.')th,  Ocn.  Dana,  who  had 
been  despatched  u|)on  a  railway-destroying 
expedition  from  Vicksbiirg,  after  doing  much 
damage,  encountered  a  largo  rebel  force  on 
the  Dig  lilack,  which  he  defeated.  About 
the  same  time  (Jon.  Davidson  moved  out 
from  Uaton  Itoiige  to  Tangipahoa  and  de- 
stroyed much  rebel  railroad  property.  Decem- 
ber 21st  (Sen.  Grierson,  with  3,500  cavalry, 
made  a  most  destructive  raid  to  the  rear  of 
Hood's  Rrmy,  destroying  at  Verona  32  cars 
aii('.  8  warehouses  filled  with  ordnance  and 
siijiplies.  At  Egypt  ho  routed  a  largo  force, 
taking  ."iOO  )>risoners.  ITo  finally  returned  to 
Vicksbiirg,  bringing  in  many  pr.soners  and 
raurli  projicrty,  after  having  de'itroycd  an  im- 
mense amount  of  the  Inttci.  December  1st 
(Jen.  Hatch,  with  5,000  men,  who  had  been 
dispatche<l  by  (Jen.  Foster  to  seize  the  CJharles- 
ton  and  Savannah  Ilailroad,  near  (Jrnhams- 
ville,  was  defeated  with  a  loss  of  7-10.  De- 
ceiulx'r  titli  Foster  seized  the  rebel  works  at 
I'ocotaligo  and  the  railway  crossing  of  the 
Coo.sawhatchie  and  Tullifiniiy. 

(Jen.  Sherman,  having  rested  his  army  at 
Savannah,  on  the  LOth  January,  18(15,  dis- 
))atcli(Kl  the  I7tli  corps,  (Jen.  Ulair,  in  trans- 
ports, to  I'ocotaligo,  where  it  threatened 
Charleston.  Hut  the  rest  of  his  army  did  not 
move,  owing  to  incessant  rains,  till  February 
1st,  wi'on  it  started  forward  in  four  corps,  on 
as  many  diiTerent  roads,  ('oliimbia,  S.  C,  being 
its  objective  point.  (Jen.  Slocuni,  with  the  left 
wing,  and  with  Kilpatrick's  cavalry,  moviul 
up  the  Savannah  to  Sister's  Ferry,  threaten- 
ing Augusta.  By  this  strategy  Sherman  kept 
the  rebel  armies  at  Charleston  and  Augusta 
from  uniting  to  resist  him  on  the  'ine  of  the 
marshy  Salkehatchie.  Slocum  ,>nd  Kilpat- 
rick were  detained  a  fortnight  at  Sister's 
Ferry  by  the  extraordinary  floods,  vhich  wi- 
dened the  Savannah  at  this  point  three  miles. 
When  the  water  had  subsided  to  waist  deep, 
the  columns  moved  rapidly  over  the  inun- 
dated fields,  and  thence,  about  February 
7tli,  northward.  Kilpatrick  in  the  meantime 
pushed  towards  Augusta,  diverting  from  Slo- 
cum the  attention  of  the  enemy's  forces  in 
the  vicinity. 

Howard  moved  from  Pocotaligo  on  Janu- 
ary 3 1st,  crossing  the  Salkehatchie  at  iliv- 
ers's  bridge.  Wading  a  swamp  of  three  miles, 
at  llivers's  bridge,  from  one  to  four  feet  deep, 
(Jens.  Mower  and  (Silos  A.  Smith  led  their 
divisions  of  Hlair's  corps,  and  drove  the  rebel 
brigade  guarding  the  briib^o  behind  the  Edisto 
at  Uranchville,  with  the  small  Union  loss  of 
1)0.  On  the  7th  this  portion  of  Sherman's 
army  reached  the  South  (Carolina  Ilailroad, 
and  at  once  commenced  to  destroy  thi!  track, 
and  by  the  llth  Slocum  had  also  reached 
and  commenced  to  tear  up  this  railroad  fur- 
ther towards  Augusta.  Thus  the  enemy's 
communication  between  Charleston  and  Au- 
gusta was  completely  S(!vered.  Sherman 
now  rapidly  moved  his  right  wing  upon  Or- 
angebiirgb,  crossing  the  South  Edi.sto  River 
at  various  |)(iints  for  15  miles,  and  driving 
(he  scattered  eiieiiiy  before  him  into  Colum- 
bia. The  whole  I7tli  corps  shortly  reached 
Orangeburgh,  flanking  the  main  rebel  forces 
III  lliancbville  on  tlii!  right,  and  thus  rernh^r- 
iiig  the  abanclonment  of  (-harleston  by  the 
enemy  a  military  necessity.  All  the  Union 
cobinins  were  now  iiiining  for  Columbia.  The 
iruli  corps  was  feebly  |■e^.iste^l  at  tlu^  Conga- 


ree,  but  the  army  met  with  scarcely  any 
obstacle  except  the  innumerable  swamps 
which  were  lo  bo  traversed.  On  the  10th, 
Slocum  reached  the  Saluda,  a  few  miles  above 
Columbia,  only  an  hour  or  two  after  the  arri- 
val of  Howard  further  to  the  west,  and  at  11 
A..M.,  on  the  17tli,  the  capital  of  South  Caro- 
lina was  suiTendered,  by  its  mayor,  to  Col, 
Stone,  of  Logan's  cnr[>s,  who  was  soon  posted 
in  the  city.  A  high  wind  was  prevalent  dur- 
ing the  day,  and  a  conflagration  of  the  city 
took  place,  which,  in  spite  of  the  labors  of  the 
Union  soldiers,  reduced  a  great  part  of  it  to 
ashes.  (Jon.  Wade  Hamptim,  the  rebel  com- 
mander, had  ordered  the  destruction,  by  iin<, 
of  the  cotton  in  the  place,  ere  ho  fled  from  it. 
The  smouldering  fires  were  rekindled  by 
the  rising  wind  an<l  communicated  to  the 
buildings,  llampton,  however,  accused  Sher- 
man with  having  ordered  the  conflagration. 
Though  the  main  portion  of  the  Union  army 
did  not  enter  Columbia,  jiillaging  gangs  of 
blacks  and  whites,  stragglers  and  riffraiT,  soon 
sprea<l  throughout  the  city,  and  these  no 
doubt  assisted  in  spreading  the  fire,  to  aid 
tbo  work  of  plunder  and  cruelty,  which  they 
were  i>ermitted  to  indulge  in.  The  extensive 
work  of  foraging  which  had  been  a  necessary 
part  of  the  ))lan  of  Sherman's  march,  necessa- 
■  rily  involved  devastation.  The  i>i-actico  of 
this  was  also  heightened  in  South  ('arolina 
by  the  general  desire  of  visiting  retributive 
justice  upon  the  originators  of  the  retx-llion. 
The  fall  of  Columbia  involved  that  of 
Charleston,  and  all  its  harbor  defences.  On 
the  IGth,  Hardee  fired  the  cotton  and  stores 
accumulated  there  and  marched  out  to  ef- 
fect a  junction  with  Heauregard's  remain- 
ing forces,  and  with  Cheatham,  who,  with 
Hood's  shattered  forces  from  North  Missis- 
sippi, was  endeavoring  to  reach  the  front  of 
Sherman.  A  great  portion  of  Charleston, 
also,  was  destroyetl  by  fire,  and  the  horror  of 
the  conflagration  was  heiglitoned  by  the  igni- 
tion and  explosion  of  a  large  amount  of  pow- 
der stored  in  the  North-western  Ilailroad  de- 
pot, caused  by  btiys  accidentally  laying  a 
train  therefrom  to  tin;  burning  cotton  in  the 
street,  by  carrying  handfiils  to  throw  upon  the 
latter.  200  lives  were  lost  by  this  explosion. 
On  the  18tli,  after  nearly  two  yeai'S  of  bo- 
siegcment  and  bombardment,  the  mayor  sur- 
rendered the  city  to  (Jillmore,  with  all  the 
surrounding  forts.  A  colored  regiment, 
wearing  the  nati(Uial  uniform,  and  bearing 
the  national  flag,  first  marched  into  its 
streets.  4.'i0  jiieces  of  ordnance  were  cap- 
tured in  Charleston  and  its  defences.  (Jeorgo- 
town  was  al.so  hastily  evnonated,  and  Beaure- 
gard fell  back  on  Cbarlott<>,  towards  which 
Sheniian  ])usbed  on  in  a  heavy  rainstorm. 
On  the  23(1  be  suddenly  faced  eastward,  and 
leaving  Charlotte  far  in  the  rear  marched 
rapiilly  towards  Fayettevillo,  N.  C,  crossing 
the  Catawba  unmolested,  and  the  Tedee,  at 
('heraw,  whore  ho  cajitured  25  giins  from  a 
feeble  force  of  the  enemy. 

Hampton's  and  Wheeler's  covalry,  of  Har- 
doo'f  advaiiee,  had  already  had  Piigagements 
with  Kilpatrick  on  the  region  lying  towards 
Charlotte,  at  Williston's  Station  and  Aiken, 
and  they  now  attempted  to  reach  Fayetto- 
vill(>  ill  advance  of  the  Unionists.  Kilpa- 
trick eiideiivorcd  to  intercept  them  by  hold- 
ing tbrin  roads  near  Solemn  tSrove.  On  one 
of  ihese  ho  wiui  surprised,  March  8,  by  Hanip- 


■■^ 


im 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


■J  " 


St  viM 


1111(1  Ni'wIhtii.  Ndilli  ('iii'cilin.'i  whh  ciciilcd  a 
ili>|iiirtin<<nt,  niul  pliu'cd  hiuIit  Si'liKficlil.  (hi 
Kflinmrv  1  llli,  llio  luttiT  |iiiKlir(l  forwui'il,  willi 
iiboiit  L'0,()()()  iiirii,<iii  Flirt  AiiilrrNoii,  mi  tliu 
wcKt  blink  of  Ciipo  Kt'iir  Hivcr,  anil  l>_v  a  Hank 
iiiovt'iiicnt  e<>iii|it'llt'(l  till'  ciiriiiv,  iiiiiirr  (iiii. 
Kiiki-,  ilrfriiiliii^  it  anil  tlif  liiiiH  adjiiri'iit,  t( 


ton  mill  routed,  IcitviiiK  nioNt  of  IiIh  ^iiiih.  Iii'iil){i>  iiiid  Srliolirld  at  (ioldHliiiro,  triii|i<i- 1  wito  hiui'itIv  woiinilril.  On  llii>  mxt  iiioni. 
\Vliili'  tliii  ciii'iiiy  wiTO  |iluMilrriiig  hin  oaiii|i,  laiilv  tiinii'd  ovri  Iiih  army  to  llu-  laltiT,  audi  iii^  tliii  ina^a/tiiir  lijinv  ii|i,  killing;  L'OI)  of  llm 
lie  Hiiddc'iily  t'liii'rjjcd  from  tlie  hwhiihi  into  liastrncil,  on  M;iicli  'JT,  to  City  Point  to  victoiH  and  woiindiiin  l<Ml. 
wliiclilif  liad  lii'rii  iliivi'ii  with  the  most  of  I'oiirtiill  witli  tlic  I'li'sidnit  and  (li'ii.  (iiaiit.  [  'riiomiinV  aiiiiy  in  'I'nnirMsiM' was  now  lim- 
liis  men,  ami  ntook  IiIh  liradniiaitrrs,  miiis,  'I'liiis  in  iiim|ililc  hihti'sm  cndnl  lii.i  (jri'iit  |  krn  \i|i,  A.  J.  Sniitli'ii  roniinand  \<f\\\^  m'IiI  to 
and  (.•aptiii-i'd  men,  and  niiiKi'd  the  iininy  to  mmrli  of  marly  ^«l(t  milrs  aciosM  tlir  Slatr  (liii.  Canliyat  Ni'W  Orlntiis,  and  Srlioticid's 
llrn  ill  piuic  from  tlio  |iliioi'.  of  Oi'iiri^in,  and  llicnrr  IVoiii  Havamiali  lo  tlio   i'oi|ih  liidii;<lit    Ka.st  ami  wnt   to    l'"orl   Kihlur 

At  CluM-aw,  till!  right  and  li'ft  wiiigd  of  till-   niiddlr  of  Norlli  t'aiolimi. 
rnioii    army  iiii-t  and  maivliud  togftlirr  on'      Dnring  tin' moiilli  of   I )i"'oinlHT,  18(51,  nil 

Fayi'ttovillc,  which  tliny  MMiclird  on  tlio  ll'tli.   i'X|H'ditioii    priu' Ird  from   lIaiii|itoii    I'liailN 

At  till- Hiinio  timo  a  Btcam  tug  rnichril  tin' ,  aj-aiiist  Fort  Fishi'i-,  tho  wawun!  ilcfi'iiiT 
liliioc,  aniiount'ing  that  Wilmington  had  lii'iMi  of  Wiliniiigloii,  N.  (".,  wliitli  waH  tlin  liiNt 
u:i|ilui-nil  nliout  a  fortnight  previous,  niid  that  |iort  of  tlir  ( 'onfi'drrary  rrniaining  aiTcsnililo 
( It'll.  Srholii'lil,  who  had  liorn  lirotiglit  anniiid  :  to     lilorkadr-runnrrM.       Tho    himl    fori'ii    of 

from  Ti'tinrssi'i)  to  Ni'wlH-rii,  in  coninnction  i  Honio  (1,(1(10  im-ii  was  i-umimimlril  liy  (ten.  H. ;  hastily  abandon  llii-ir  workH  on  tho  I'.tlli,  and 
with  Com,  I'orti'r,  wan  preparing  to  join  tlir  '  F.  Hutlrr,  and  tlii>  lli'ct  of  7.'1  vrssi'ls.  carrying  i  fall  back  behind  Tower  Cicrk;  licri'  they 
Union  army  at  (ioldsboro.  The  foivesof  Iteaii- ■  li'ni  gnus,  by  Admiral  Porter.  (Jen.  Ibitler,  I  wen  assailed  the  next  day  by  (!en.  Terry, 
regard,  llanlee,  Cheatliani,  and  others  were  having  read  of  the  explosive  eireels  of  a  large !  wliili)  (Jen.  Cox  struck  tle'iii  in  Hank  and 
now  united  in  North  Carolina,  niider  (Jen.  '  amoniit  of  powder  at  village  in  Kngliinil, '  rear,  ca|itiiring  K"."!  men  and  l.",l  guns.  Cox 
.lo.  Johnston,  comprising  Ill.dOO  veterans,  had  devisicl  the  plan  of  loading  a  boat  with  i  then  moved  on,  threatening  to  cross  (he  Capo 
On  March  l.'>,  .Sherman  made  ii  feint  on  I'.'id  tons  of  powder,  which  slioiilil  be  e.xplod- ^  Fear  above  Wilmington.  Hoke  then  hastily 
Averysboro,  threatening  Kaleigh,  with  a  por-  ed  near  the  foil,  and  thus  blow  it  and  its  gar- ,  burned  (he  cotton  stores  and  Kteaniers,  in- 
tioii  of  his  left  wing  under  Slociim,  w  Idle  he  i  ison  into  the  air.  After  some  delay,  on  ac-  ]  eluding  the  privateers  <  'liir/,tiiiiini(/(i  and  Ttil- 
moved  the  rest  of  his  army  towards  (Jolds-  eoiint  of  the  weather,  the  place  of  rende/voiis  /((/ifMxd,  at  the  latter  place,  ami  evaciia(ed  it, 
boro.  Near  .\verysboio,  Kilpaliickdiscovered  at  New  Inlet,  near  Fort  Fisher,  was  liiially  ,  The  next  morning,  Fein  nary  "JUd,  the  I' iiion 
llarilei)  with  'J(t,()(lO  men  occupying  an  in  reached  on  the  L'ltli,  and  on  the  nioriiiiig  of  '  army  had  poKsession  of  the  place,  lia\  ing  siis- 
treiirlu'd  position.  On  the  liith  Ward's  ili\i'  that  day  Com.  A.C.  Kliind,  having  during ,  tiiined  a  lo.ss  of  about  '.'(Ml  men  in  gaining  it, 
sion  of  the  2(ttli corps,  with  .Slociim,  advanced  the  night  towed  the  powder-boat  to  an  an- 1  while  the  enemy  lost  about  l,(l(i(l  men  and  ll.") 
to  the  attack  amid  torrents  of  lain,  and  drove  chorage  within  |(MI  yards  of  the  fort,  explod-  gnus.  Cox's  and  Conch's  divisions  shortly 
the  enoiiiy  from  their  works.  The  rebels  re-  ed  it,  but  it  proved  to  be  ipiitu  harmless  in  afterwards  advanced  towanis  Kinstoii.  Two 
treated,  leaving  lOS  dead  on  the  Held, '_'17  its  elfccts,  and  Col.  I.aiiib,  (he  commander  of  regimeiitH  sent  by  Cox,  under  Col.  Cpliani, 
prisoners  and  3  guns.  Kilpatrick,  who  hud  the  fort,  supposed  it  to  have  been  merely  the  ITith  Connecticut,  to  seize  and  hold  the  cro.ss- 
ildvanced  to  the  (Joldsboio  road,  was  there  bursting  of  one  of  the  great  gnus  of  the  (leet.  ing  of  .Sonth-west  Ciiek.  were  siupiised  by 
vehemently  assailed  by   .Mcl.aws'  rebel  divi-   (hi   the  '2'ilU  a  landing   was   ellected  of  the    lloke  iinil   7(l((  were  captured.     .Maicli    Knii 


Hion,  but  till!  whole  I'nion  line  tinally  ad- 
vanced, and  during  the  night  the  enemy  re- 
treated  on  the  roiul  to  Hmithlield,  ']'lie 
Union  loss  in  the  ongagement  was  about 
t)((0.  The  next  day  Sloeum  cros.sed  South 
Jtiver  and  took   the  road  to  (Joldsboro.     On 

till!  IStli  both  wings  were  within  a  few  miles   superseded  in  the  command  of  his  depiirtiiieiit 
of  this  place,  ;  by  (Jen.  Old. 

Near  Beiitonville  Slocum  wa.s  suddenly  .lainniry  lllli,  a  second  expedition  against 
confronUid  by  the  whole  of  Johnston's  army.  Fort  Fisher,  composed  of  some  8,00(1  men. 
Couriers    now    arrived    from     Schotield    and    under  (Jen.  .\.  11.  Terry,  left    Fortress    Mon- 


troops,    who    pushed    up     towards    the    fort,  |  lloke  attai'ked  Roger's  di\  isioli  of  Cox's  left, 

headed   by    (Jen.    Weit/.el,    but   (Jen.    Huder 

sliordy    ordered     their    re  embarkation,    and 

after  two  days  of  liea\y  bonibardnient  from 

till)  (leet  he  further  ordered    the  return  of  the 

expedition.     (Jen.  Ibiller  was  soon  afterwards 


but  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss.  Iloko 
the)'  'lastened  to  Smithtield  to  join  Johnston, 
an  I  the  1  Itli  Schotield  ciossi  d  the  NeilM! 
anil  entered  Kinston.  ( In  the  L' 1st  he  reach- 
ed (Joldsboio,  simultaneously  with  the  ariiMil 
there  of  Shernian. 

During  the  winter  of  IHlil-.'i,  demonKtni- 
tioiis  were  ninile  both  from  the  noith  and 
south  upon  Alabama.  From  (he  north,  on 
.March   'J'Jii,    (Jen.    James    II.    Wilson,   with 


Terry,  who  were  on  their  way  to  (Ioldsboro, 
and  several  divisions  of  the  right  wing  were 
hiirrii'il  to  the  relief  of  the  outiinnibeii-il  left, 
under  Slocum,  who  was  ordered  to  .■.land  in 
the  meanwhile  on  the  delensive.  At  the 
first  onset  Carlin's  division  was  hurled  back 
oil  the  main  body  with  the  lo.ss  of  three  gins 
A  portion  of  Pavis's  corps,  the  I  lib,  and 
Williams's  cinps,  the  'JOtli,  behind  frail  barri 


(le,  and  arrived  otf  Wilmington  on  the  iL'tli.  i  l.'!,000   cavalry  and   (!  baderiis,  was  sent    by 


I  (Jen.  Thomas  from  ihe  Tenm  smc  to  raid  into 
Northern  Alabama.  On  the  .'tlsl  he  incoiin- 
tered  the  enemy  in  force  at  MonteMillo,  un- 
der Hoddy,  whom  he  roiiti  d.  I'loceeiling  in 
the  work  of  destroying  rebel  proinity  in  \i\- 
lions   ilircctions,  J,oiig's  and    Cpton's  divis- 


The  troops  were  di.si'iiibarked  Ihe  next  day, 
and  on  the  day  thereafter  a  reconnoissance 
WHS  made  to  within  TidO  yards  of  the  fort. 
(»ii  .Sunday  the  l.'itli,  after  ii  terrible  lire  of 
lliree  days  from  the'  100  guns  of  the  tieet,  the 
assault  was  made  upon  the  works,  which  wen 

all!  iidy  badly  damaged.  A  force  of  marines  ions,  (i.OOO  in  niiinber,  came  upon  Foiic-I, 
and  sailors,  some  2,0(10  in  iinmber,  a.s.sanlted  with  .'i,(IO(l  men  well  barricaded,  at  lioyle'-i 
cades,  then  stopped  the  rebel  inhance.  Six  from  the  sea  side,  while  (Jen.  Ames  adianced  Cicek.  I  •isiinuinting,  they  charged  the  lallir 
assaults  of  .lohuston's  army  were  received  by  !  on  the  l.ind  side.  At  It  o'clock  the  three  brig  j  with  such  vigor  as  to  put  them  to  headlon;; 
till!  Cnioiiists  in  less  than  an  hour,  but  wilhjades  of  the  latter,  led  by  Curtis,  ]'i  iiiiy-  llight,  and  took  L'  guns  and  L'OO  inisoneis. 
out  lo.ss  of  ground,  ami  with  heavy  loss  of  i  packer,  and  Itell,  rushed  forward  upon  the  .\pril  .'>th,  Wilson,  with  !1,000  of  his  force, 
men  to  t!io  assailants,  vnIicii  night  fell.  I)ur-  [  fort,  while  the  guns  of  the  tIeet  weie  diverted  '  reached  .Seliiia,  Its  outer  defences  were  as- 
iiig  the  night  the  wagini-train  with  its  giiurd  to  the  balleiies  on  il^  left  and  above  it.  saiiltcd  and  soon  taken  bytliii.  Long,  who 
of  two  divisions,  and  Iliizen's  div  ision  id"  the  !  The  enemy  were  shoiiiv  driven  from  Ihe  ,  was  killed  while  leading  the  attack.  The 
1. "it h  corps,  came  up  on  Slocuni's  right,  ren-  heavy  palisading  on  the  land  face.  Kleven  ii'bels  then  rallied  on  a  new  line,  but  were 
ilering  his  jiosition  secnre.  The  next  day  traverses  were  civrried,  and  at  !U  I'.M.  a  lodg- 1  shortly  driven  from  that  by  I'ptoii,  and  llic 
Iloward  came  up  .ind  coiuiecled  with  his  left,  meiit  was  eirected  on  the  parapet,  and  the  fort  i  city  soon  taken,  willi  .'12  guns,  "J, "00  priMHi- 
March    'Jl    Scliolield   entered   (Inldslioro,  and    was  soon  won.      On   the  seaside   the  marines   ers,    and    vast   stores   of  all    kinds.      Foriist. 

had  simultaneously  dashed  forward,  but  had  and  Poddy,  with  ,'!,(l00  followers,  ei.capi  d  in 
been  repul.s<'d  with  great  eornage,  though  a  the  night.  Wil.son  then  destroyed  the  extcn- 
large  number  of  them  had  gained  the  ilitcli,  I  sive  rebel  arsenal,  foundries,  ;toii,  etc., 
and  some  evi  n  climbed  the  parajiet.  About  :here,iMid  the  town  wass.uked  b\  Ins  troopers, 
e  night  1  niidnighl  (Jen.  Whiting  and  Col.  Lamb,  the;  On  the  iL'tli  he  leaihed  Montgomery,  which 
Smith- '  cominanders,  with   the  garrison,  some  2,000   was    proniptly  surrendcreil.      A    rebel   forci^ 


Terry  advanced  to  the  Neiise  at  Cox's  bridge, 
in  Johnston's  rear,  while  .Mower  in  a  noisy 
battle  worked  around  his  Hank  to  the  right, 
and  nearly  reached  Mill  Creek  brilge,  the 
only  line  of  his  retri'iit.  During  tl 
Johnston    hiistilv  decamped   towards 


Held.  The  total  T'niou  loss  in  this  engage- '  men,  surrendered.  Id'.'  guns  fell  into  the  under  liuford  was  then  rooted  by  a  ]iortioii 
ment  was  I,OtJl.  2(17  rebel  dead  were  buried,  Pnioii  hands,  besides  eipiipage  ami  stores.  Of  his  command  nndei  Lagrange,  and  Coliim- 
aiiil  l,ti2."i  ]irisoners  were  taken  by  Ihe  The  I'nion  loss,  in  killed  and  wounded,  was  bus,  with  1,200  piisoiicis  and  .'i2  guns,  was 
L'nionists.  (1  |ii,  among    the    killed   being  Coh.  Pell  and   taken  by  Wilson  on   the   night   of  the  It'.ili. 

Uen.  Sherman,  after  viaitiiif;  Ten  vat  Cox'b  I  Moore,  while  (,'ol.-,.  (.'uitis  and  Pennypackcr,  Here    tho   rebil    ram   Jiirkt,i>n,  and  a  larj;o 


.  Oil  till'  iH'xl  iiiorii. 
lip,  killing  L'(l(»  (,r  tlio 
(Ml. 

iiiirNsci'  wnH  now  hri)- 
iiiiiimiiil  liciii^  M'lit  to 
■Iriilis,  mill  Silidlicl.rH 
I  si'iil  111  |'',iil  l''islnr 
'aiiiliiiii  wiiH  I'liuli  il  a 
iiiuliT  Si'liiidcUI.  (Ill 
•|HihIu'<I  fui'wiii'il.wilh 
'lilt  Aiiilrr.siiii,  on  llii) 
Hivcr,  mill  liy  ii  timik 

I'  t'llCIIlV,   IIIkIiT    (illi. 

the  liiii'S  ailjiici'iil.  Id 
irks  on  tlm  l!l(|i,  mul 
■r  <  'rt'rk  ;    licii-   (jii'v 

iliiy  liy  (irii.  'rcny, 
:  tlii'iii  in  Itiiiik  mul 
I  mill  I'll  jjniiN.  Cox 
liiij;  111  iiiiNs  the  ('ii|pi) 
lloki'  then  liHslily 
•s  iind  steaineis,  in- 
/ii</,iiiii(iii(/ii  mill  Til/- 
ice,  mill  evaeiiiiteil  it. 
limy  L'l'il,  the  I'liiim 
lie  Jiliu'e,  hii\  in;;  kiis- 
III  men  ill  ^'iiiiiin^  il, 
lit  1,11(1(1  men  mill  li.'i 
li's  ilivisioiiH  shoitlv 
'iiiils  Kiiiston.  Two 
iiniler  Col.  r|pliiini, 
e  mill  liolil  the  eios.v 
<,  Were  Niiii'ii.seil  hv 
liii'eil.  .Mmi'li  llliii 
i\  isioii  of  Co.v's  h  I't, 

heiivy  los.s.  Iloko 
I'M  to  join  •lohiiston, 

I  eiossiil  the  Neiisi! 

II  the  L'l.st  lie  reaeli- 
ii.sly  with  the  aniMil 

IStil-ri,  ilemoiiKtriL- 
Voiii  the  noilh  mill 
'idiii  the  noiih,  on 
II.  Wil.son,  wilh 
teiiis,  wii.s  Kent  hv 
mil  SM-e  to  niiil  into 
•'!  I^t  he  eneoiin- 
lit  iMiiiiti'Millo,  nil- 
rroiiiiliii;^  in 
liel    |iro|iiity  ill  xa- 

nil  l'|itoii".s  ilivi.s- 
inie  iijion  l-'oiri'.'.t, 
I'iiaileil,  al  ISoyle'.s 
y  ehar;;iil  the  hitli  r 

them  to  lieailion:{ 
ml  L'fll)  |iiiMineis. 
•,(I(M)  or  his  foire, 
let'eiires  were  as- 
ly  <  !en.  l.oiiK,  w  ho 
"the  iittaik.  'I'lii. 
new  line,  hilt  weio 

y  I'liton,  mill  the 
;iiiis,  •.',7(1(1  |iri.<oii- 
II  kiml.s.  FoiiiBt 
lowef.s,  e:.rapicl    in 

.stioyecl  the  exten- 
liis,  '  lion,  ete., 
;eii  In  Ills  ti'oopeis. 

ont;;iimeiy,  whirh 
I.  A  rehel  foreii 
iiteil  hy  a  portion 
laiip',  mill  Coliini- 

iiiHJ  'pL'  f;iiiis,  was 

lu'lit   of  the  li'iih. 

.■<')?,  mill  a  largo 


N 


I      i 


k 


UNITED    H  T  A  T  R  S  . 


ikiiinuiit  iif  niilroiul  anil  other  |irii|H>i'ty,  wi'iv  |  liy  wliich  tlii<  irnioii  Iff'  wuh  |ii'nimii)'iilly  cx- 
<lciitrnv<"<l.  Oil  lliiH  Hiiiiii-  iliiy  l.iiK'""K"  ,  li'ii'l'"'!  <">  Hiitohi.'r'H  Iliiii. 
rriii'lii'il  Wi'st.  I'oiiil,  ilc'fi'ii'li'il  l)y  Kurt  'IVIrr,  I  In  Nortlicni  VirKiuia,  Juii.  II,  tlin  ri'lwl 
wliii-li  III' sliiirlly  iiHsiiiilti'il  iimi  t'a|iliin'il  witli  itciHHcr  Hiir|ii'iHi'il  tin-  pirriHon  nf  llrvrrli'V 
ilM  ^iii'i'iHiui  lit'  -li'i,  liiivin;{  killi'il  ( ini.  'I'vIit,  |  imil  took  KM)  |ii'iNiiiiri-t(,  Iii'hiiIi'h  Ki'i'iiiin^  tiimli 
its  I'liiiiiimiiili-i'.     (Ill  till'  JIhI  Wilsim  I'liti'i'i'il    siioil,      Fi-li.  "1,  l.ii'iit.  MrNi'il  ni|iliii'i'il  (ii'iih. 


Mnciiii,  wlii'i'i'  on  lliii  llotli  liii  wiiM  jniiiril  liy 

Cl'llXlllll,    will)    llllll     Nlir|M'iHIMl     'rilM-lllllllNIl    nil 

dm  .'illi,  mill  liikil  liiiiviiil  iliiriii;{  'M)  iIiivh  (iriO 
iiiili'H  ill  nil  in'i'){iiliii'  niiili',  ili'Hli'iiyiii)(  iiiiirli 
I'i'lii'l  |irii|ii'i'ty.  At  Mariiii  I, '.'(10  iiiililni  ami 
t>  KiMirralH  woro  Hiirruiitlurml  by  (ii'ii.  llowi'll 

Colli  I. 

On  tlio  'JOtli  March  (!rn,  ('aiiliy  rniiniKMiRinl 
Mm  iiiovi'iiii^iitH  iiffaiimt  Mnliili',  now  lii'lil, 
iiMiIiT  Oi'ii.  Uirhiii'ii  Taylor,  liy  (li'ii.  Maury, 
with  iri.dOO  iiii'ii.  Till'  Kith  "coriis,  (ii'ii.  A. 
<).  Siiiilli,  iiroei'i'ili'il  from  Fort  (iaiiicH,  liy 
wiiti'r,  t<>  tish  Uiviir  ;  tlm  l.'lth  eorpH,  iinilur 
<ii'ii,  (liinloii  (Iran^rr, iiiovril  tVoin  Fort  Mor- 
fl-xn  uml  joiiK'il  tliii  liitli  on  FIhU  llivi'r. 
Itoth  niovcil  thi'iico  on  S|iiinisli   Foil,  dim  of 


Ki^lli'y  aii'l  C-'ook  ill  tlirir   Ih'iIs  at  Ciiiiilii'i 
lanil,  .Mil.,  ami  I'uniril  tlii'in  lo  Uirhiiioiiil. 

(it'll.  Hlii'iiilaii  li'fi  Wiiiclu'strr  on  Fi'h.  L'Ttli 
with  two  (livisioiiN  of  ravalry  miiiihi'riiif{ 
ahoiit  10,(1(10  iiii'ii.  Alaivh  I,  hi)  Hiicnri'il  thu 
hriil)(i',  which  tin;  t'lii'iiiy  iittiiiiiptiiil  to  ili'Htruy, 
iicroHH  tlin  iiiiilillc  fork  of  thii  Shvnaii(Juuh,  ut 
Muiiiit  ( 'rawforil,  ami  nitcroil  Hiauiiton  on  the 
2il.  Ho  then  ilrovii  tlm  cnciiiy  iH'forr  him  to 
Wayni'slioro,  whi'ic  ho  foiiiii'  tlinu  in  forcii 
ami  inti'i'iii'liril,  iimlcr  (irii.  Kurly.  Ilo  iiiiulc 
an  iniiiKMJiati-  attack  nml  uarricil  llicir  |io- 
Hition,  ami  l,('i(IO  iniHomiM,  II  pircoH  of  uril- 
naiici',   2110   loaili'il  HiiliHiHti'iicd   wii);onH,   iiiiil 


097 

viHioim  of  OiiTh  corpK,  Oca.  llirnfv,  with 
oiii'  iliviHion  of  tli«  '.'.'nil  corpH,  anil  McKcn- 
/.ic's  cavalry,  to  take  up  a  pimition  at  ilalcli- 
i'I-'h  Itiiii.  On  till'  L'Dtli,  Shrriilaii  rrachcil 
l>iliwiililic  Colli  I  lloiisc,  ami  the  left  of  thi) 
I'liion  infaiidy  line  exlemleil  to  the  (Quaker 
roail,  near  iln  intersection  with  the  lloyiltoii 
plaiik-roail.  The  general  pi«ilioii  fr  nil  ri^ht 
to  left  was  a.s  follow.s :  Shi'iiilaii,  Wiirieii, 
lliiiiiplire\M,  ( till,  \Vi'iglii,aml  I'arke.  From 
the  L".Hh  io  the  ,'UhI  the  rain  fell  in  torreiitx. 
])iirin);  the  llOtli,  .Shuriihtn  ailvanccil  from 
UiitwiiliHo  Cotirt-lloiiHO  towanU  Five  ForkH, 
wliero  he  foiiiiil  the  enemy  in  force.  'Jim 
latter  wuh  now  found  confronting  the  I'nion 
lineH  at  every  point  from  Itichmoml  to  tho 
extreme  I'nion  left.  Conceixiii^  the  vcIh'I 
liiii'H  to  lie  tliiiH  weakly  liihl,  (!en.  (iiaiit  now 
resolveil  to  reinforce  Sheriihtii  with  a  corps, 
to  enahle  him  to  turn  the  enemy 'h  v'mUt  Hank, 
while  the  other  corpK  ailvunceil  to  the  ilircct 
lutsaiilt.  On  tl  Hist,  Sheriilan  olitaineil  poH- 
Hi'KNion  of  till)  Five  Forks,  ami  Warren  ail- 
vunceil  to  Ki'i/e  the  White   Oak  mail.     Tlm 


17  liatlle-lla^s  were  captureil.  Jle  then  ]iro- 
leedeil  to  Cliarlottevillii  ami  ilestroyeil  the 
tliu  main  defences  of  .Mohile,  and  invested  it  j  railroads  and  bridges  in  the  nei^hliorhood 
on  the 'J'lli.  Ill  the  meanwhile  (len.  Steele's  [  thereof  while  uwaitiiij;  his  trains.  On  the 
command  advanced  from  I'eiiKacola  and  cut!lilli  he  divided  his  force  into  two  columns  '  latter  moved  with  liiit  omi  (Ayei's)  division, 
tlie  railroad  leadiii);  from  Tensas  to  Mont- ,  one  of  which  proceeded  to  destroy  the  •lames  instead  of  his  whole  corps,  iinil  was  driven 
(joinery.  Steele  then  ed'eeted  a  junction  with  Kiver  canal  from  Scotsville  to  Newniiirket, '  hack  on  his  second  division  (Crawford's)  liy 
till' forceH  liefore  Spanish  Fort,  and  |iiirtiiilly  ,  and  caused  the  enemy  to  Imrii  the  brid^jes '  superior  iiiiinhers,  cru  he  had  time  to  form, 
invested  Fort  Itlakely,  the  other  strong;  lie- 1  at  l>ui;j;uiilsville  nml  llarilwicksville.  'I'lie  This  was  in  turn  borne  back  on  the  third  di- 
feiice  of  .Mobile.  ( )n  April  f<,  after  a  severe  ;  si'cond  eoliimn  moved  towards  Lyiichliur(;,  vision,  under  Itell,  when  the  enemy's  advanco 
bombardment  of  Spanish    Fort,  a  part  of  its   lll^slroyillt;    tlie    railroad   as  far  as   Amhersl    was  checked.     A    division   of  the   L'd    corpx 

Coiirtliouse,  111  miles  therefrom,  and  then  was  immediately  sent  to  his  siippoit,  tho 
united  with  the  other  column  at  Newmarket.  :  enemy  driven  back  with  heavy  loss,  and  tlm 
The  river  bein^j  too  liitli  for  tlm  jiontooiis.  White  Oak  load  .seized.  The  eneiny,  at  Five 
and  the  liriiljjes  haviiif;  been  here  destroyed  Forks,  reinforced  with  cavidry,  now  forced 
by    the  enemy,  Sheridan   now   conclmled    to  |  Slieiidan    buck     towards     I 'iiiwiddie    Coiiit- 

llouHH.      Tlm  latter  here  displu\id  jjreat  gene- 


line  was  carried,  and  iluriii;{  the  ni^^ht  tin 
fort  itself  was  evaciiateil  by  the  enemy.  On 
the  '.till  Fort  Itlakely  was  c.irried  by  assault, 
under  a  fill  ions  lire  of  (jrape  and  canister, 
the   llnion  ri<jlit,    under  <!eii.   Hawkins,  be- 


in;;  coniposud  mostly  of  blacks,  who  fought  strike   a  base  ut   White   Koiiso,      Following 

nobly.     .\t   7   I'.si.    Fort    Hlakely  was  taken,  and   destroying  the  canal   from   Newmarket 

witli     ;i,000    prisoners   and    .'12    guns.      The  towards  lUchiiioiid,  to  within  eight  miles  of 

riiioulo8ahuri)  was  l,OOOkilleiluiid  wounded ;  (ioochlund,  he   rested  one  day  ut  (>olunibia 

that  of  the   rebels,   ill   killed   and   wounded,  and  communicated  by  scouts  with  (ien.  Ci rant, 

was  about  TiOd.     Mobile  was  thus  won,  for  He    next  moved    eastwurd    and  crossed   the 

nil  the  I  Ith  Maury  lied  therefrom  with  y,(IOO  .\iinas,  destroying  tlm  railroads  and  bridges 

men  up  tlie  Alabama,  leaving  .''iiOOO  prisoners  wiihiii  reucli,  and  then  proceeded   down  the 

to  the  rnionists,  who  entered  tlm  city  on  tlm  I'liniunkey,  reaching  White  House  on  the 
I2tli.  Four  gunboats,  including  two  iron- i  I'.ltli.  .\lter  four  days'  rest  he  moved  to  tho 
duds  and  one  transport  of  Admiral  That- '  .lames,  which  he  crossed  at  Jones'  Landing, 
clier's  Meet,  who  assistcil  in  tho  investment  of  and  joined  the  .\rmy  of  the  I'otoinac,  in  front 
-Mobile,  were  destroyed  by  torpedoes.     The  of  I'eteisbiirg,  on  the  27tli. 


)Miwerfiil  rebel  rums  JlinifKi'lllt!  and  Timca- 
liiiimt  were  scuttled  by  Maury  before  he  evacu- 
iili'd  the  place,  and  on  .April  21  tlm  ridiel  ram 

II'  //.  Ir>/)/),  ill  attempting  to  escape  down 
(he  .Mississippi  into  the  (lull",  was  blown  up 
by  her  commumler  to  avoid  capture. 

The  campuigii  in  Virginia  during  the  winter 
of  lSt'il-l)."i  waschielly  iliuructi'rized  by  quiet. 

Dec.    7,    IHCil,    Warren,    from    Meade's   hit. 


ralship  by  deploying  his  cavalry  on  foot,  coin- 
pelliiig  the  enemy  to  scatter  over  a  vast, 
extent  of  broken  and  wooded  country,  and 
making  their  progress  slow.  -McKeiizie's 
cavalry  and  three  divisions  of  the  .'itli  corjis 
(Warreirs)  were  now  ordered  to  Sheridan's 
assistance.  On  the  morning  of  the  Ist  April 
Sheridan,  thus  reinforced,  drove  the  enemy 
back  on  Five  Forks,  wliere,  later  in  the  even- 
ing, he  assaulted  and  carried  the  rebel  posi- 
tion, eupturing  nil  the  iirtillery  thereof,  and 
bi'twecii  .'1,000  and  ('i,()0(t  |irisoners.  During 
the  coiiHict,  (Jell.  Sheridan,  being  impatient 
at  (len.  Warren's  slowness  of  movement,  re- 
moved the  hitter  from  his  command  and  gave 
it  to  (len.  (Irillin.      Fearing  that  the  enemy 


(len.  Giant  had  oidered  u  forward  inove- 
iiieiit  of  his  army  to  take  place  on  the  29tli, 
but  on  the  inoriiing  of  the  2.')tli  (he  enemy 
ussaulted  the  '.ttli  corps,  holding  the  Appo- 
mattox Itiver  on  tlm  Onion  left,  uml  curried  ^  would  conceiitrato  on  Sheridan,  to  open  ii 
Fort  Stcadnian  and  a  part  of  the  lines  ad-  way  of  retreat,  (len.  (Irunt  ileciiutched  Miles 
joining.  They  then  turned  the  guns  of  the  division  of  Humphreys'  corps  to  him,  and 
j  fort  upon  the  Unionists,  but  (he  la(ter  stood  ordered  a  bombardment  to  be  kept  up  on  tho 
tiriii  on  both  Hunks  milil  reserves  were  brought  enemy's  lines  during  the  night, 
moved  down  the  Weldoii  Kuilroiid  us  fur  as  up,  when  the  enemy  was  driven  back  with  |  .\t  4  A.M.  the  next  day,  Suiiduy,  April  -d, 
the  .Meherrin,  destroying  about  20  miles  of  heavy  lo.ss  in  killed  uml  woiiiided,  uml  1,1)00  .  (Irunt  ordered  u  general  assuiilt.  Wright 
the  (ruck.  .Jan.  2.'t,  three  rebel  iion-clads,  prisoners.  The  Union  loss  was  only  (IS  ,  swept  everything  before  him,  and  to  his  left, 
tlm  \'iri/liii<i,  /''r<'i/iriik.Hliiii!/,ii\u\ /iiiliiiiiiii,/,  killed.  The  2d  and  Otii  corps  were  then  towards  Hatcher's  Kiiii,  captuiing  many  gniiH 
uceoinpuniod  by  live  wooden  steumers  and  (udercd  to  advance,  who  shortly  captured  the  and  several  thousand  prisoners.  He  then 
three  torpedo  bouts,  attempted  to  move  down  enemy's  picket  line  in  their  front  uml  8;!l|  joined  the  corps  of  Ord,  uml  the  two  corps 
from  Kiclmiond,  jiast  the  Union  works  on  tlm  prisoners,  (len.  (Irunt  hud  ugrecd  with  (len. ;  swung  to  tlio  riglit,  closing  the  enemy  there 
James.  The  jfirwri/,  one  of  the  wooden  Sliprman  that  the  latter  should  feign  to  move '  in  Tetersbiirg.  Humphreys  then  joined 
Kteamers,  was  destroyed,  and  the  T7///i/ii.f  up  the  Neuse  towards  Raleigh,  and  then  Wright  on  the  left  with  two  divisions.  I'arko 
disabled,  at  the  lower  end  of  Dutch  (lap,  and  hasten  north  to  the  Houmike.  (Irant  now  curried  the  enemy's  muiii  line  in  his  front, 
after  a  day's  contest  the  lleet  roturned  to  feared  that  Lee  would  cvucuute  I'etersburg  but  failed  to  jiciietrute  the  inner  line.  A 
Itichmoml.     Feb.  5,  .in  attack  was  made  on, and    liichmoml    by   the    Danville   road    and    portion   of   (libbons'    corjis    most    gallantly 

elfect  a  junction  with  .lohiiston.  He  there-  chargid  and  cupli.red  two  strong  inclosed 
fore  determined  to  curry  out,  on  the  2'.)tli,  works,  the  most  sulient  soiilli  of  I'etersburg, 
his  originul  plan  of  proceeding  around  and  thus  materially  shortened  the  line  of  its 
the  enemy's  right  Haul:,  and  destroying  the  investment.  The  enemy  south  of  Hutcher's 
Danville  road.  On  the  night  of  the  27th  linn  retreated  westwurd  to  Sutherluud's  Sta- 
lls   despatched  Gen.  Gibbons,  with  two  di- 1  tiou.     There  Miles'  division  engaged  them  in 


the  rebel  lines  ut  Dabney's  Mill  by  the  .''ith 
and  2il  corps,  the  former  attempting  to  (lank 
the  enemy's  right,  while  tlm  2d  asnailed  his 
front.  A  portion  of  the  Union  forces  were 
repulsed,  but  coiiHiderable  ground  was  won 
and  held  by  the  2d  corps,  under  Humphreys, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1 


1.0 


I.I 


*"IIIIIM  IIIIM 
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11 


2.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

^ 5"     _ 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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HISTORY    OP    THE 


a  sovore  contest,  wlieii,  at  the  ap))rouch  of 
Slicridan  and  a  division  sent  from  the  front 
of  Petersburg  by  Gen.  Meade,  they  broke  in 
the  utmost  confusion,  h-aving  their  ordnance 
and  many  prisoners.  The  rebel  general,  A. 
P.  Hill,  on  Lee's  left,  during  this  dt.y,  ordered 
Gen.  Heth  to  recover  some  of  the  works  car- 
ried by  Parke.  Heth  was  repulsed,  and 
Hill  was  killed  while  reconnoitring.  At  11 
A.M.  a  telegram  from  Gen.  Lee  reached  Jelfer- 
fcon  Davis,  while  in  church  at  Kichmond, 
containing  these  words  :  "  My  lines  are  bro- 
ken in  three  places.  Richmond  must  be 
evacuated  this  evening."  During  the  night 
both  Petersburg  and  Richmond  were  evacu- 
ated, and  the  enemy  retreated  towards  Dan- 
ville. On  the  morning  of  the  3d  the  pui-suit 
was  commenced.  Sheridan  ])ushed  for  the 
Danville  road,  followed  by  IMeade  with  the 
2d  ;  ad  6th  corps,  while  Ord  rajudly  moved 
along  the  South-Side  Railroad,  towards 
Burkesville,  the  intersection  of  the  Danville 
and  South-Side  railroads.  Towards  the  same 
point,  Lee,  north  of  the  Appomattox,  with  a 
shattered  force  of  scarcely  20,000  men,  was 
moving,  straining  every  nerve  to  reach  it 
first.  On  this  morning,  Weitzel,  with  a  por- 
tion of  the  Army  of  the  James  left  under  liis 
command,  north  of  the  James  River,  com- 
prising many  colored  troops,  marched  into 
Richmond.  The  enemy  had  fired  and  plun- 
dered a  part  of  the  city,  destroyed  the  bridges 
over  the  river,  and  left  1,000  prisoners,  and 
600  pieces  of  ordnance. 

On  the  4th,  Gen.  Sheridan  struck  the  Dan- 
ville road,  near  Jel  'ersville,  whore  he  learned 
that  Gen.  Lee  was  at  Amelia  Court-House. 
Gen.  Ord  reached  Burkesville  on  the  evening 
of  the  5th.  On  the  morning  of  the  Cth  it 
was  found  that  Gen.  Lee  was  moving  west  of 
Jettersville,  towards  Danville.  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan moved  with  his  cavalry  to  strike  Lee's 
flank,  followed  by  the  Gth  corps,  wiiiie  the 
2d  and  Sth  corps  pressed  after,  forcing  him 
to  abandon  several  hundred  wagons  and  seve- 
ral pieces  of  artillery.  Gen.  Ord  advanced 
from  Burkesville  towards  Farmville,  sending 
two  infantry  regiments,  and  a  cavalry  squad- 
ron, under  Gen.  Theodore  Read,  to  reach  and 
destroy  tiio  bridges.  This  advance  niet  the 
liead  of  Lee's  column  near  Farmville,  which 
it  attacked  and  detained,  until  Gen.  Read 
was  killed  and  his  small  force  overpowered. 
In  the  meantime  Ord,  with  the  rest  of  his 
corps,  arrived,  on  meeting  which  the  enemy 
began  to  intrench  himself.  In  the  afternoon 
Sheridan  struck  the  enemy  south  of  Sailor's 
Creek,  capturing  10  pieces  of  artillery  and 
about  400  wagons,  and  detained  him  until 
the  6th  corps  arrived,  when  a  general  attack 
of  infantry  and  cavalry  was  made,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  capture  of  6,000  or  7,000  pris- 
oners, among  whom  were  Gens.  Ewell,  Custis, 
and  other  officers  of  high  i-ank.  Leo  now 
moved  to  the  west,  but  the  pursuit  was  so 
sharply  kept  up,  that  it  was  evident  liis  es- 
cape was  hopeless.  On  the  7th,  having 
reached  Farmville,  Gen.  Grant  addressed  a 
note  to  him,  asking  his  svirrender,  to  avoid 
the  further  useless  effusion  of  blood.  On  the 
8th,  the  pursuit  was  continued,  Gen.  Meade's 
advance  having  considerable  fighting  with 
the  enemy's  rear-gunrd.  Late  in  the  evening 
Gen.  Sheridan  struck  the  railroad  at  Appo- 
mattox Station,  drove  the  enemy  from  there, 
and  captured  twenty-five  pieces  of  artillery,  a 


hospital  train,  and  four  trains  of  cai-s,  loade<l 
with  supplies  for  Lee's  army.  He  thus  in- 
tercepted Lee's  flight.  On  the  morning  of 
the  yth.  Gen.  Ord's  command,  and  the  Oth 
corps,  reached  Appomattox  Station  just  as 
the  rebel  army  of  Virginia  was  making  its 
last  charge — a  desperate  effort  to  break 
through  the  Union  cavalry.  The  Union 
infantry  was  at  once  thrown  in.  Soon  after 
a  white  flag  was  received,  requesting  a  sus- 
pension of  hostilities,  ])ending  negotiations 
for  u  surrender.  A  correspondence,  initiated 
by  Gen.  Grant's  note,  liad  in  the  meanwhile 
ensued  between  him  and  Gen.  Lee,  in  which 
the  latter  at  first  offered  to  treat  on  the  sub- 
ject of  peace,  and  not  upon  the  surrender  of 
his  army.  The  acceptance  of  this  offer  Gen. 
Grant  declined  as  beyond  his  authority.  The 
two  commanders  now  met  in  the  parlor  of  Mr. 
W.  McLean's  farm-house,  near  the  Appomat- 
tox Court-House,  and  the  result  of  the  inter- 
view is  set  forth  in  the  following  final  notes  : 

"Appomattox  Court-House,  Va., 

'  April  9tfi,  1865. 

"  Geneual  : — In  accordance  with  the  sub- 
stance of  my  letter  to  you,  of  the  8th  instant, 
I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  army 
of  Northern  Virginia  on  the  following  terms, 
to  wit :  rolls  of  all  the  officers  and  men  to  be 
made  in  duplicate ;  one  copy  to  be  given  to 
an  officer  to  bo  designated  by  me,  the  other 
to  be  retained  by  s\ich  officer  or  officers  as 
you  may  designate.  The  officers  to  give  their 
individual  paroles  not  to  take  up  arms  against 
the  Governnu'ut  of  the  United  States  until 
properly  exchanged ;  and  each  compiuiy  or 
regimental  commander  sign  a  like  parole 
for  the  men  of  their  commands.  The  arms, 
artillery,  and  i)ublic  jiroperty  to  be  parked, 
stacked,  and  turned  over  to  the  officers  a])- 
pointed  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will 
not  embrace  the  sia:'-a)'n)'5  of  the  ofticei's,  nor 
their  i)i'ivate  horses  or  baggage.  This  done, 
each  officer  and  man  will  be  allowed  to  re- 
turn to  his  home,  not  to  be  disturbed  by 
United  States  authority  so  long  as  they  ob- 
serve their  paroles,  and  the  laws  in  force 
where  they  may  reside. 

"  U.  S.  (JuANT,  Lieut.-General. 
"  General  R.  E.  Lee." 

"  Head  Quaktehs,  Aiimy  of  Northern  Va., 

"  April d.  \mrt. 

"  General  : — I  received  your  letter  of  this 
date,  containing  the  terms  of  the  surrender 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  as  pro- 
posed by  you.  As  they  are  substantially  the 
same  as  those  expressed  in  your  letter  of  the 
8th  instant,  they  are  accepted.  I  will  pro- 
ceed to  designate  the  [iroper  officers  to  carry 
the  stipulations  into  effect. 

"  B.  E.  Lee,  General. 

"  Lieut.-Gen.  U.  S.  Grant." 

Gen.  Gibbons'  command,  the  5th  corps 
under  Gen.  Griffin,  and  McKenzie's  cavalry 
remained  at  Appomattox  Court-House  until 
the  paroling  of  the  siirreudered  army  was  com- 
pleted. The  remainder  of  the  army  returned 
to  Burkesville,  and  shortly  afterwards  to  Pe- 
tersbiH'g  and  Riclimond. 

The  surrender  of  Gen.  Leo  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  tluit  of  most  of  the  forces  in  the  She- 
nandoah Valley,  to  Gen.  Hancock,  who  com- 
nnindod  there.  t)n  the  17th,  Moseby  sur- 
rendered his  conunand. 

On  receiving  advices  from  Gen.  Grant,  dated 
April  5th,  Gen.  Sherman  had  moved  directly 


against  Joe  Johnston,  who  retreated  ra])- 
idly  on  and  through  Raleigh,  which  placo 
Gen.  Sherman  occujiied  on  the  morning  of 
the  IGth.  The  day  jireceding,  news  of  Lee's 
surrender  reached  him  at  Smithficld.  On 
the  14th,  a  correspondence  was  opened  be- 
tween Sherman  and  Johnston,  which  resrited, 
on  the  18tli,  inan  agreement  for  a  sus|)ension 
of  hostilities,  with  a  memorandum  or  basis 
for  peace,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Presi- 
dent. Tliis  ridiculous  memorandum,  which 
looked  to  an  immediate  rehabilitation  of  the 
States  in  rebellion  under  rebel  rule,  to  a 
general  amnesty,  and  to  the  protection  of 
slavery,  was  promptly  rejected  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  his  instructions  to  Sherman  to  re- 
sume hostilities  at  once  were  corimunicated 
to  the  latter  by  Gen.  Grant  in  j)erson,  on  the 
24th,  at  Raleigh.  Gen.  Joiinston  was  then 
notified  of  the  termination  of  the  truce. 
Gen.  Stoneman,  who,  in  accordance  with  the 
comprehensive  plans  of  Gen.  Grant,  had  been 
sent  east  from  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  on  the  20th 
March,  and  had  succeeded  in  destroying  rail- 
roads and  su])plies,  and  in  capturing  many 
pieces  of  artillery  and  prisoners,  defeating 
Gen.  Gardinernear  "alisbury,  was  now  but  a 
little  over  one  hundred  miles  west  of  Raleigh, 
and  on  the  line  by  which  Johnston  received 
his  supplies,  and  by  which  he  must  retreat. 
On  the  2ath,  another  meeting  between  Sher- 
man and  Johnston  was  agreed  upon,  which 
took  place  on  the  2Gth,and  terminated  in  the 
surrender  and  disbandment  of  Johnston's 
army,  together  with  all  the  rebel  forces  be- 
tween him  and  the  Chattahoochee,  upon  svib- 
stantially  the  same  terms  as  were  given  to 
Gen.  Lee. 

Jefferson  Davis,  who  had  fled  with  his  cabi- 
net and  the  archives  of  his  government,  on 
the  night  of  the  2d,  from  Richmond  to  Dan- 
ville, proceeded  thence,  by  way  of  Greens- 
boro, N.  C,  Abbeville,  S.  C,  towards  Geor- 
gia. He  finally  reached  the  neighborhood  of 
Irwinsville,  in  that  State,  after  a  difficult 
journey,  accomjianicd  by  scarcely  any  one 
but  his  P.  M.,  Gen.  Reagan,  and  the  mem- 
bers of  his  own  family.  Gen.  Wilson,  com- 
manding at  Macon,  hearing  of  his  flight,  had 
sent  out  forces  to  pursue  him.  At  early 
dawn.  May  11,  Davis's  camp  near  Irwins- 
ville was  surprised  by  the  command  of 
lient.-Col.  Pritchard  and  Lieut.-Col.  Har- 
den, who  fired  into  each  other  through  mis- 
take, killing  two  and  wounding  several  L^n- 
ion  soldiers.  Davis  was  then  taken,  j)ar- 
tially  clothed  in  woman's  attire,  and  was 
subsequently  sent  to  Fortress  Alonroe,  where 
he  was  long  and  rigorously  confined.  Rea- 
gan and  Vice-President  Stephens,  who  were 
captured  about  the  same  time,  were  sent  to 
Fort  Warren. 

On  the  4th  May  Gen.  Dick  Taylor  s>n-- 
rendered  to  Gen.  Canby  all  the  remaining 
rebel  forces  cast  of  the  Mississippi.  Gen. 
Sheridan,  with  a  force  sufficient  to  insure  nu 
easy  triumph  over  the  enemy  imder  Kirhy 
Smith  w:  3t  of  tlie  Mississipjii,  was  promptly 
sent  to  Texas,  but,  on  the  2(ith  May,  and  lie- 
fore  Sheridan  reached  his  destination.  Gen. 
Smith  surrendered  his  entire  comnnmd  to 
Gen.  Canby,  after  some  foolish  efforts  to  in- 
duce it  to  sacrifice  itself  by  resistance,  ami 
after  exhibiting  some  bad  faith,  by  first  dis- 
banding his  army  and  pcruiitting  an  indis- 
criminate plunder  of  public  property. 


fa 


UNITED    STATES. 


wlio   retreiifed   ra])- 
?aleigh,  which    placo 
1  on  t.'ie  morning  of 
ieding,  news  of  Lee's 
at   Sniitlifielil.     On 
!nce  was  opened  he 
iston,  wJiich  resrlted, 
lent  for  a  suspension 
emoriindum  or  basis 
pproval  of  the  Presi- 
nenioiandum,  wlach 
•eliabilitation  of  the 
er   rebel    rule,  to   a 
o  the  protection  of 
ijected  by  the  Presi- 
18  to  Sliernian  to  re- 
weie  corimunicated 
mt  in  person,  on  tlio 
Johnston  was  then 
tion    of    the   truce, 
accordance  with  tlio 
!en.  Grant,  liad  been 
;,  Tenn.,  on  the  20tli 
d  in  destroying  rail- 
in  capturing  many 
prisoners,  defeating 
)ury,  was  now  but  a 
ilea  west  of  Raleigh, 
Jolinston  received 
cli  lie  must  retreat, 
eting  between  Sher- 
agreed  upon,  which 
d  terminated  in  the 
lent   of  Johnston's 
the  rebel  forces  be- 
Uioochec,  upon  sub- 
8  as  were  given  to 

id  fled  with  his  cabi- 
his  government,  on 
Richmond  to  Dau- 
by way  of  Greens- 
C.,  towards  Geor- 
lie  neighborhood  of 
i',    after  a   difficult 

scarcely  any  one 
;iin,  and  the  mem- 
Gen.  Wilson,  coni- 
g  of  his  flight,  had 
o  him.  At  early 
amj)  near  Irwins- 
tlie    command   of 

Lieut.-Col.  Hai- 
Jther  through  mis- 
nding  several  Uii- 
then    taken,    jmr. 

attire,  and  was 
^ss  Afonroe,  whore 
y  confined.  Rea- 
ephens,  who  were 
ime,  were  sent  to 

Dick  Taylor  siir- 
ill  the  remaining 
lississijipi.  Gen. 
lent  to  insure  an 
niy  under  Kirby 
>pi,  was  promptly 
Otli  ]May,  and  bo- 
lestination,  Goii. 
ire  command  to 
isli  efforts  to  iii- 
'  resistance,  and 
lith,  by  first  dis- 
iiitting  an  India- 
iroporty. 


Tlie  last  actual  conflict  of  the  war  on  land 
took  place  Jlay  27,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  where 
Ool.  Barrett  was  driven  with  a  loss  of  80 
men  into  Brazos,  by  Gen.  Slaughter,  who 
coiiinianded  a  superior  force.  On  the  sea, 
the  pirate  S/iciiaitdoah  cruised  in  the  Pacific 
Oci'aii,  capturing  numerous  Union  merchant 
iiu  II  and  whalers,  until  Novcm'^er,  when  slu 
]iroceeded  to  the  !Mersey  a:id  there  surren 
dored  to  an  English  man-of-war. 

On  the  day  of  Lee's  surrender.  President 
Lincoln,  who  had  been  at  City  Point  since 
March  24th,  iu  constant  communication  with 
Gen.  Grant,  and  more  recently  in  Richmond, 
returned  to  Washington,  and  there  made  a 
considerate  address  on  the  reconstruction  of 
the  late  rebellious  States,  before  a  vast  con- 
course, at  the  Executive  Mansion.  On  the 
l:Uh,  anxious  to  take  the  first  step  for 
peace,  he  caused  the  Sccn^tary  of  War  to 
issue  an  order  stop])ing  further  drafting, 
recruiting,  and  purchase  of  war  material,  and 
announcing  the  speedy  removal  of  restric- 
tions ci  trade  and  commerce.  On  the  14th, 
the  anniversary  of  the  surrender  to  the 
rebels  of  Fort  Sumter,  its  old  flag  was 
carried  to  and  raised  over  that  fortress,  and 
the  wholo  country  was  at  this  moment  en- 
gaged in  loyal  rejoicing.  At  8  r.M.  the  Pres- 
ident, his  wife,  and  two  others  proceeded  to 
Ford's  Tlicatre,  to  which  he  and  Gen.  Grant 
had  been  publicly  announced  as  visitors. 
At  half-past  ten  p.m.  an  actor,  John  Wilkes 
Booth  by  name,  entered  the  vestibule  of  the 
I'leaident's  private  box,  fastened  the  door 
thereof  behind  him  with  a  short  jdunk,  and 
thfu  stole  behind  the  President,  who  was  at 
that  moment  intent  u[)on  the  plaj',  and  sliot 
liiiu.  The  ball  i)ierced  his  skull,  behind  the 
left  ear,  and  after  traversing  the  brain  lodged 
behind  the  right  eye.  At  7.22  the  next  morn- 
ing the  President  expired,  having  until 
tlieu  from  the  monicnt  of  liis  assassination 
given  no  signs  of  intelligence.  The  assassin, 
in  accordance  with  well-laid  plans,  leaped 
upon  the  stage,  and  brandishing  a  dagg(U', 
shouted  "  iSic  semper  li/rannls."  He  then 
iled  through  a  stag(,'-door  into  the  street,  and 
mounting  a  horse  brought  there  fiu'  his  use, 
.sought  refuge  in  southern  ^laryland.  But 
iu  jumping  from  the  President's  box,  his 
si'iir  had  caught  in  the  American  flag,  with 
which  the  box  was  adorned.  This  flung  him 
heavily  on  the  stage  and  so  crippled  his 
llight,  that  a  clue  was  aH'orded  to  the  detec- 
tiv(!s,  who  were  soon  on  his  trail.  ( )n  the  same 
night,  Mr.  Seward,  Secretary  of  Stat(<,  was 
attacked  in  his  sick  bed  by  Louis  Payne,  a 
fellow-conspirator  of  Booth,  mid  dangerously 
Wounded.  Booth  was  captured  in  a  barn 
in  Jliiryland,  where  he  was  so  severely 
wounded  that  ho  died  a  few  hours  after- 
wards. His  fellow-conspirators  were  also 
shortly  captured,  arraigned  and  convicted 
before!  a  military  court,  wlieii  the  existence 
of  a  plot  to  murder  the  most  prominent  of 
the  Union  authorities  was  developed.  Har- 
rold,  Bayno,  Atzeroth,  and  Mrs.  Hurratt  were 
hanged  therefor  on  the  7tli  July.  Others 
Were  iiuiirisoned  for  life  or  a  term  of  years. 
Under  the  beliiif  that  Jefferson  D;ivi"s  and 
other  prominent  men  of  the  South  were  im- 
lilicaled  iu  the  i>lot,  largo  rewards  were  offered 
lor  their  apprehiuision. 

The  obsequies  of  Mr.   Lincoln  were  cele- 
brutod  with  befitting  grandeur  and  soleuinity, 


and  while  the  entire  nation  mourned  with 
deep  and  genuine  grief  it  fain  would  not  blame 
the  muse  of  history  i'.r  pe  'fecting  such  a  grand 
life  with  the  glory  of  martyrdom. 

During  the  Wi.r,  the  wliole  number  of  men 
called  into  tlio  national  service  from  time  to 
time  was  2,()88,.'J2;5.  Of  these  about  l,riOO,- 
000  were  in  etlective  service,  and  about  300,- 
000  were  killeil  or  died  from  disease.  The 
numbers  of  the  rebel  forces  were  fully  as 
many,  and  their  losses  by  death  were  no 
doubt  greater,  from  their  inferior  hospital 
service.  The  Union  cause  was  greatly  as- 
sisted in  this  service  by  the  organized  San- 
itary and  Christian  Commissions,  which 
disbursed  millions  in  mitigation  of  the  hard- 
ships and  horrors  of  the  strife,  often  for  both 
friend  and  foe.  While  tlu!  brothers  and 
sons  on  both  sides  heroically  endured  death 
and  the  privations  of  the  field,  the  mothers 
and  sisters  wore  as  generally  j)rompted  to 
ministering  efforts  and  sacrifices.  I'roof  of 
a  sincere  patriotism  among  those  who  espoused 
both  the  rightful  and  the  mistaken  cause  are 
not  wanting  in  the  war's  records,  and  the 
finer  virtues  so  often  displayed  on  both  sides 
will  perchance  ultimately  cast  into  oblivion 
tlie  rarer  instances  of  wrong-doing  and  bar- 
barity, and  in  particular  the  horror  of  An- 
derson ville  jirison. 

On  M<iy  23d  and  24th  an  imposing  review 
of  the  two  main  Union  armies  took  placo  at 
Washington,    when   some    200,000    bronzed 
veterans,   the  voluntary   defenders   of  their 
nation,  jiassed   before  the  presence   of    the 
President,  Cabinet,  and   Foreign  Ministers. 
\  On  June    2d  Gen.   Grant    issued  an  order, 
}  thanking  the  soldiers  for  their  services,  and 
[  by  October   15,  785,000  men  were  mustered 
I  out  of  service.     Though  with  tin?  proud  con- 
sciousness of  having  done  a  glorious  duly, 
they  gladly  became  simple  citizens  again. 


JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 

Andrew  Joirxsoy,  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States,  took  the  oath  of  office  as  the 
constitutional  successor  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  on 
the  morning  of  the  15th  of  April,  1805.  The 
ceremony  was  very  private,  and  was  carried 
out  at  the  Kirkwood  House,  in  Washington, 
then  the  residence  of  Mr.  Johnson. 

The  President  did  not  change  anything  iu 
the  constitution  of  the  Cabinet ;  for  the  whole 
year,  the  secretari(!S  of  tlio  clivers  Depart- 
ments, who  had  worked  so  patriotically  with 
Abraham  Lincoln,  were  maintained  in  their 
olHoes.  To  many  deli^gations  from  white  and 
colored  citizens  who  called  upon  him,  An- 
drew Johnson  reiterated  his  views,  which 
were  then  nearly  alike  to  those  of  his  prede- 
cessor, as  to  the  manner  of  reconstructing 
the  Union.  As  Lincoln  had  done  himself, 
when  he  consented  to  have  at  Hampton 
Roads  a  conference  with  some  Southern 
chiefs,  in  the  hope  of  terminating  the  war, 
.\ndi'i!W  Johnson  indicated  from  tho  begin- 
ning his  conciliatory  tendencies,  in  saying 
that  he  did  not  believe  every  man  down 
.South  to  be  a  rebel  at  heart,  and  that  many  of 
the  Confederates  had  been  forced  to  take  arms 
in  the  war  against  the  Union.  He  expressed 
that  idea  to  a  colored  delegation,  when  lie 
said  :  "  1  fear  that  leading  colored  men  do 
not  understand  and  appreciate  the  fact  that 


they  have  friends  on  tho  south  side  of  tho 
line.  They  have;  and  they  are  as  faithful 
and  stanch  as  any  north  of  the  line." 

This  the  majority  of  Congress  did  not  be- 
lieve, and  hence  can  bo  traced,  from  the  very 
beginning  of  Andrew  Johnson's  administra- 
tion, the  principal  cause  of  'isagreement 
between  him  and  Congress — a  disagreement 
which  was  to  culminate  in  the  impeachment 
proposition  two  years  after.  On  one  side 
stood  the  President,  animated  with,  per- 
haps, a  too  conciliatory  spirit  toward  tlie 
ex-rebels  ;  on  the  other  side  stood  the  Con- 
gress, which  went,  perhaps,  to  the  other  ex- 
treme, by  keeping  a  spirit  of  hatred  and  of 
mistrust  towards  the  guilty  but  now  repekt- 
ing  sons  of  the  country.  This  problem  of 
reconstruction  gave  rise  to  the  fiercest  con- 
flict between  the  executive  and  the  legislative 
powers ;  many  nations  older  than  the  Uni- 
ted States  would  have  gone  down  under  the 
weight  of  such  a  deadly  fight ;  but  America 
weathered  that  constitutional  storm  without 
imperilling  the  existence  of  tho  country  and 
its  republican  institutions. 

By  a  proclamation  of  President  Johnson, 
the  1st  of  June,  1865,  was  ordered  to  be  ob- 
served as  a  day  of  humiliation  on  account  of 
the  death  of  Lincoln ;  and  a  few  days  after 
the  above  proclamation,  another  one  was  is- 
sued for  the  arrest  of  Jefferson  Davis,  Jacob 
Thom])son,  George  N.  Saunders,  Tucker,  Clay, 
and  Cleary,  as  being  the  promoters  and  sup- 
porters of  Booth  and  his  confederates ;  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars  wore  offered  for  tho 
arrest  of  Jeff.  Davis,  and  only  $25,000  and 
ij;10,000  for  others  of  the  party.  At  the  sanio 
time,  foreign  nations  were  notified  that  tho 
United  States  would  refuse  hosj)itality  to  any 
one  of  them  which  would  give  !io.si)itality  to  the 
rebel  cruisers.  These  measures  once  adopted, 
it  was  thought  no  more  necessary  to  exact  a 
pass])ort  from  travellers  en,.ering  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  the  previous  order  to  that 
effect  was  rescinded. 

By  his  proclamation  of  Jlay  29tli,  tho 
President  states  tho  terms  on  which  tho 
i  Southerners  could  be  restored  to  their  civil 
'  rights,  and  he  determines  tho  form  of  tho 
[  oath  of  fidelity  to  be  taken.  The  jirodania- 
tion  indicates  also  the  officers  and  diplomat- 
ists of  the  rebellion  who  were  excepted  from 
tho  benefits  of  his  proclamation.  Pro%isional 
Governors  were  immediately  appointed  for 
the  Southern  States,  with  the  power  of  call- 
ing State  conventions.  Virginia,  Tennessee, 
Louisiana,  and  Arkansas  having  been  already 
sufliciently  reorganized  by  J'resident  Lincoln, 
did  not  receive  .y  Provisional  Governor. 
Some  dissatisfactic.i  was  shown  by  a  portion 
of  the  people  at  the  course  of  affairs,  which 
they  thought  too  lenient.  Complaints  were 
made  that  ex-rebels  had  freely  returned  to 
their  homes  in  the  North,  and  paraded  iu 
the  streets  with  their  (.'onfederate  unifoEin. 
Secretary  Stanton  applied  to  Attorney-Gen- 
eral Spt«d  for  his  opinion  as  to  the  interpre- 
tation to  be  given  to  the  terms  of  the  ca])itu- 
lation  signed  between  Gens,  (irant  and  I^ee. 
The  Attorney-(ieneral  answered  that  the  ex- 
rebels  had  no  rij;ht  to  come  up  North  and 
reside  there,  under  the  pretence  that  they 
had  a  home  there,  and  that  the  capitulation 
had  allowed  them  to  return  to  tlu.'ir  homes. 
It  was  decided  by  Mr.  Speed  that,  "as  a 
matter  of  course,  residents  of  the  territory 


MO 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


in  rebellion  cannot  bo  regarded  as  having  I 
homes  in  the  loyal  States  ;  for  a  man's  home 
and  his  residence  cannot  be  distinct  the  one 
from  the  other." 

For  tlie  first  time  there  was  a  decisive  at- 
tempt to  secure  to  the  emancipated  negi'oes 
an  equality  of  civil  and  political  rights  with 
the  wiiites.  Political  rights  have  been  grant- 
ed since,  but  the  question  of  civil  rights  has 
not  yet  been  fully  settled.  The  first  step 
taken  systematicall ,  to  secure  that  double 
kind  of  lights  for  the  former  slave'*,  was  at  a 
public  meeting  held  in  Faneuil  I  iail,  Bos- 
ton, in  June,  18G5;  the  resolutions  adopted 
convoyed  most  of  the  ideas  which  Mr.  I'hil- 
lips  had  expressed  at  the  Annual  Convention 
of  the  New  England  Anti-Slavery  Society ; 
that  is,  immediate  suffrage  for  the  negro,  ami 
civil  equality  with  the  white  man.  President 
Johnson  was  not  a  warm  partisan  of  those 
plans,  and  he  said  so  in  his  address,  on  the 
10th  of  October,  to  the  First  Colored  Regi- 
ment of  the  District  of  Columbia,  whilst  a 
few  days  before  he  had  expressed  his  kindly 
sentiments  toward  the  South  to  a  Virginia 
delegation  which  had  called  on  him. 

In  18G2,  the  Congress  had  voted  the  fa- 
mous Test  Oath  bill,  by  which  all  persons  in 
the  Southern  States,  who  lind  directly  or  in- 
directly been  engaged  in  the  rebellion,  were 
excluded  from  holding  any  office  under  the 
Federal  Government ;  and  ahuost  immediate- 
ly after  the  opening  of  the  December  session, 
the  Senate  requested  Andrew  Johnson  to 
communicate  information  respecting  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  in  the  South — an  indirect  way 
to  ascertain  how  the  President  was  execut- 
ing the  law  relative  to  the  Test  Oath.  Mr. 
Johnson,  in  his  answer,  made  a  rose-colored 
picture  of  the  condition  of  tilings  at  tite 
South,  asserting  that  "  sectional  animosity 
was  surely  and  i-apidly  merging  itseK  into  a 
spirit  of  nationality."  Ho  transmitted  a  re- 
port from  Geu.  Grant,  w)io  also  wrote  that 
"  the  mass  of  thinking  ni'm  of  the  South  ac- 
cepted the  present  situation  of  affairs  in  good 
faitli."  Congress  took  another  view  of  the 
question,  inasmuch  as  the  reports  of  Carl 
Schur.7  and  others  were  at  variance  with  the 
assertions  of  Grant  and  Johnson. 

The  amendment  of  the.  Federal  Constitu- 
tion abolishing  slavery,  having  been  ratified 
by  27  States,  Secretary  Seward  officially  an- 
nounced the  fact,  in  his  proclamation  of  the 
18th  of  December,  1865.  The  colored  people 
held  many  conventions  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  year,  in  order  lo  discuss  the  important 
problems  relative  to  the  new  situation  in 
which  the  abolition  of  slavery  had  placed 
them.  For  the  first  time  began  the  regular 
and  public  movement  to  red\ice  the  hours  if 
manual  labor  for  a  day's  work.  Meetiii;.(s 
were  held  u  many  parts  of  the  country,  and 
the  principle  of  the  eight  lioui-s  was  at  first  fa- 
voi-ably  accepted  by  the  ]>ublic.  It  could  not 
be  expected  that  the  financial  system  of  the 
nation  could  be  of  a  fi.\ed  cliai'act(n-,  amidst 
the  warlike  troubles  which  had  threatened 
the  very  existence  of  tlie  country.  Congress 
was  only  feeling  its  financial  ways,  and  niudi- 
fying  at  its  session  the  rough  and  hasty  finan- 
cial measures  which  ever-changing  circum- 
stances coin|)eUed  the  rejiresentatives  to  take, 
with  the  view  of  providing  funds  for  the 
Treasury. 

While  the  work  of  reconstruction  proceeded 


slowly  at  home,  in  spite  of  the  differences  of 
opinion  between  the  President  and  the  Con- 
gress, the  work  of  reaffirming  abroad  American 
nationality  was  successfully  pursued  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  and  tho  Secretary  of  State, 
Mr.  Seward.  On  the  2d  of  June,  18(!5,  Earl 
John  Russell  recognized  officially  that  the 
war  of  secession  was  at  an  end,  and  the  Rrit- 
ish  Admiralty  received  orders  not  to  treat 
the  rebel  ciniisers  as  btdligercnts.  Put  as  the 
withdrawal  of  the  2-4  hours'  rule,  formerly 
granted  by  England  to  rebel  craft  before  she 
could  be  chased  by  Union  vessels,  was  not 
being  made  absolute  by  Lord  Russell's  note, 
Mr.  Seward  directed  that  the  customary  cour- 
tesies should  not  be  exchanged  between 
American  and  English  nion-of-war.  The 
stern  attitude  taken  by  the  Washington  cabi- 
net brought  tho  Rritish  cabinet  to  terms,  and 
a  quick  restoration  of  intercourse  was  effected 
on  the  American  basis.  On  the  Otii  of  No- 
vember, the  real  fi't'Iings  of  the  English  For- 
eign Office  came  to  a  test,  for  the  ex-Con- 
federate cruiser,  Shi^andoah,  arrived  at  Liv- 
erpool. She  was  given  up,  on  the  10th,  to 
the  American  consul  at  that  port. 

As  soon  as  the  rebellion  had  collapsed,  a 
notorious  Southerner,  Dr.  W.  M.  Gwin,  es- 
tablished in  Jlexico,  and  favored  by  Emperor 
Maximilian,  (extended  his  former  plans,  and 
invited  a  large  emigi'ation  of  the  ex-Confed- 
erato  soldiers  to  ile.xico,  where  they  would 
fight  against  Mexican  indep(!ndence,  under 
the  flag  of  the  Austrian  emjieror,  and  of  his 
best  ally,  France.  Mr.  Romero,  the  ^Mexican 
Minister  of  Juarez  at  Washington,  entered  a 
protest  against  such  a  scheme,  and  Mr.  Sew- 
ard, in  his  dis]>atches  of  July,  September, 
November,  and  December,  notified  the  French 
Government  not  to  favor  the  plan  of  Di'. 
Gwin.  On  the  38tli  of  July,  Seward  denied 
to  receive  a  letter  from  the  Emjieror  Maximil- 
ian, though  this  letter  was  given  to  him 
through  the  Manpiis  de  Montholon,  Ainba.s- 
sador  of  France  at  Washington.  In  his  dis- 
patch of  tho  Ctli  of  December,  addressed  to 
Mr.  Pigelow,  American  Minister  at  I'aris, 
the  Secretaiy  of  State  advises  him  that  the 
American  Government  refuses  to  listen  to 
the  proi)ositioii  made  by  Napoleon  III.,  that 
he  would  withdraw  his  troops  from  Mexico 
provided  the  United  States  should  promise 
not  to  iiiteifere  with  the  consolidation  of 
.Maximilian's  throne.  On  the  10th  of  Decem- 
ber, Mr.  Seward  reverts  to  the  same  subject ; 
he  says  that  the  United  States  do  not  recog- 
nize any  other  government  but  that  of  Juarez 
in  Me.\ioo  ;  and  he  declares  that  the  mainte- 
nance of  French  troops  in  that  country  is  lia- 
ble to  endanger  the  peaceful  relations  then 
existing  between  France  and  Americc. 

Ill  Canada,  Mr.  Seward  was  uui.ucce.(sfiil 
in  his  demand  for  the  extradition  of  Young 
and  his  I'oiifederates,  who  had  perpetrated,  in 
18(14,  the  St.  Albans  raid.  Tho  court  at 
Montreal  refused  to  allow  the  extradition  of 
tho  guilty  (larties. 

Wlii'ii  Congress  reasscniibled  in  December, 
18(j."),  the  pojmlar  disapprobation  of  the  con- 
ciliatory nuMisures  advocated  by  President 
Johnson  took  a  tangible  form.  The  latter 
felt  bound,  in  the  beginning  of  1800,  to  refuse 
his  a|>probation  to  the  act  known  as  the 
"  Civil  Rights  Act,"  and  to  another  one  for 
the  extension  of  the  "  Frecdmen's  Bureau." 
But  these  two  bills  were  passed  over   the 


Presidential  veto.  Sir.  Johnson  declare<l 
afterwards,  in  a  conversation  with  Senator 
Dixon,  of  Connecticut,  that  an  amendment 
having  already  been  added  to  tho  Constitu- 
tion, and  abolishing  slavery,  he  considered  it 
quite  useless  to  niuko  similar  acts  tending  to 
an  analogous  purpose.  He  reiterated  liis 
declarations,  in  a  sjieuch  delivered  as  an  an- 
swer to  colored  deputations  which,  being  led 
by  Frederick  Douglass,  J[r.  Downing,  and 
other  prominent  men,  had  called  on  him.  It 
was  on  this  occasion  that  he  made  his  famous 
declaration,  that  "  he  would  be  the  Moses  of 
the  black,  to  lead  him  from  bond.age  to  fi(!e- 
dom,  even  through  the  Red  Sea," — an  allu- 
sion to  the  red  stia  of  blood  shed  during  the 
late  war,  but  that  "  he  was  not  willing  to 
adopt  a  policy  which  will  result  in  great  in- 
jury to  the  white  as  well  as  to  the  colored 
man."  He  refused,  therefore,  to  ocknowledtro 
that  tho  negroes  should  not  be  "  satisfied 
with  an  amendment  abolishing  slavery,  and 
that  they  wished  it  enforced  with  appropriate 
legislation."  On  the  10th  of  February,  ho 
repeated  again  the  same  declaration,  to  a 
committee  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  which 
had  come  to  congi-atulate  him  relative  to  his 
formerly  expressed  sentiments. 

The  personal  policy  of  the  President,  as  to 
the  civil  and  political  statjis  of  the  negro,  was 
therefore  very  jilain.  He  took  care  to  ex- 
press his  ideas  relative  to  the  reconstruction 
of  the  South,  in  a  speech  delivered  on  the 
22d  of  February,  as  an  answer  to  a  coin- 
inittee  ilelegated  to  the  White  House,  by  a 
public  meeting  held  at  Washington,  and  at 
which  the  course  of  the  President  had  been 
endorsed  by  a  series  of  resolutions.  Mr. 
Johnson,  in  his  reply  to  the  delegation,  con- 
demned in  severe  terms  the  political  measures 
of  Congress,  and  the  creation  of  the  famous 
Committee  of  Fifteen.  "  They  assume,"  he 
said, "  that  a  State  is  out  of  the  Union,  and  to 
have  its  practical  relations  restored  before  the 
[  House  can  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its 
own  members.  What  position  is  that  ?  You 
have  been  struggling  four  years  to  put  down 
a  rebellion.  You  contended  at  the  begin- 
ning of  that  struggle  that  a  State  had  not  a 
right  to  go  out.  You  said  it  had  neither  the 
right  nor  the  power,  and  it  has  been  settled 
that  the  States  had  neither  the  right  nor  the 
power  to  go  out  of  the  Union.  And  when 
you  determine  by  the  executive,  by  the  mili- 
tary, and  by  the  public  judgment  that  these 
States  cannot  have  any  right  to  go  out,  this 
Committee  turns  round  and  assumes  that  they 
are  out,  and  that  they  shall  not  come  in.  I 
am  free  to  say  to  you  as  your  Executive  that 
I  am  not  pvepared  to  take  any  such  position." 
It  is  in  the  course  of  the  same  speech,  tlint, 
alluding  to  tho  le».i?rs  of  the  anti-Prrsiden- 
tial  jiarty  iu  Congress  and  in  the  country,  he 
uttered  hij  famous  sentence  :  "  Suppose  I 
should  pume  to  you  those  whom  I  look  upon 
an  btiing  opposed  to  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  this  government,  and  as  now  laboring 
to  destroy  them.  I  say  Thaddeus  Stevens, 
of  I'ennsylvania ;  I  say  Charles  Sumner,  of 
Mas.sacliusetts ;  I  say  Wendell  Phillips,  of 
Massachusetts."  And  as,  amidst  the  elicer- 
iiig,  a  voice  cried  aloud,  "Forney,"  tli<  Pres- 
ident retorted  conteinptuonsly  the  celebrated 
"  I  do  not  waste  my  fiie  o\\  dead  ducks  I " 

After  the  delivery  of  such  sentiments, 
which  were  met  on  the  other  side  with  no 


UNITED  STATES. 


601 


Ir.    Johnson   declared 
irsation  with    Senator 
,   that  iin  Rnion(lment 
Mod  to  the  Coiistitii- 
yery,  lie  considered  it 
imihir  iicts  tending  to 
lie   reiterated    Jiis 
h  delivered  as  an  au- 
tions  which,  being  led 
!,  i\rr.   Downing,  and 
lad  called  on  him.     It 
vt  he  made  his  famous 
vould  be  the  Moses  of 
from  bondage  to  fiee- 
Red  Sea,"— an  allu- 
)lood  shed  during  the 
e  was  not  willing  to 
'ill  result  in  great  in- 
ell  as  to  the  colored 
efore,  to  acknowledite 
d   not   be    "  satisfi,-d 
lolishing  slavery,  und 
reed  with  appropriate 
0th   of  February,  ho 
ne   declaration,   to  a 
ia  Legislature,  which 
to  him  relative  to  hi.s 
ments. 

f  the  President,  as  to 
itus  of  the  negro,  was 
He  took  care  to  ex- 
to  the  reconstruction 
'ch  delivered   on  the 
n  answer  to  a  coni- 
!  White  House,  by  a 
Wa.shington,  and  at 
President  had  been 
of  resolutions.     Mr. 
)  the  delegation,  con- 
he  political  measures 
ation  of  the  famous 
"  They  assume,"  he 
of  the  Union,  and  to 
IS  restored  before  the 
qualifications  of  its 
sition  is  that  ?    You 
r  years  to  put  down 
nded  at   the  bogin- 
t  a  State  had  not  a 
id  it  had  neither  the 
it  has  been  settled 
er  the  right  nor  the 
Union.     And  when 
»cutive,  by  the  mili- 
udgment  that  these 
•ight  to  go  out,  this 
id  assumes  that  they 
all  not  come  in.     I 
rour  Executive  that 
I  any  such  jiosition." 
!  same  speech,  that, 

the  anti-Prrsidcn- 
1  in  the  country,  he 
nco  ;  "  Suppose  I 
whom  I  look  upon 
undamentAl  princi- 
nd  as  now  hiboiing 
Thaddeus  Stevens, 
'harles  Sumner,  of 
encU'll  Phillips,  of 
,  amidst  the  cheer- 
Forney,"  the  Prea- 
usly  the  celebriited 
n  dead  ducks  !  " 

such    sentiments, 
)Uier  side  with  uo 


less  sharp  invectives,  the  chasm  was  fairly 
opened  between  the  President  and  Congress, 
a  chasm  which  was  not  to  bo  bridged  over  un- 
til the  lle])ublican  party  and  the  legislative 
power  could  liave  accomplished  their  designs 
in  si)ito  of  tho  opposition  of  the  Executive. 
The  Supremo  Court  decided  ^vith  Johnson, 
and  decided  against  tho  constitutionality  of 
the  test  oath  ;  so  that  Wendell  Phillips  could 
say,  a  little  afterward,  in  tho  name  of  tho 
whole  Kadical  party,  that  "  Congress  was 
alone  to  fight  for  the  nation  against  the  Su- 
preme Court  and  tho  President,  leagued  in 
the  service  of  rebeldom." 

It  required  but  a  spark  to  set  on  fire  all 
this  combustible  material;  first,  in  Illinois, 
whore,  at  public  meetings,  resolutions  were 
adopted  asking  the  House  of  Representatives 
to  take  measures  to  cause  the  impeachment 
of  the  President.  His  friends  were  not  slow 
at  placing  themselves  on  the  defensive.  The 
first  National  Union  Club  was  formed  at 
Washington,  with  the  view  of  resisting  the 
majority  of  Congress,  and  their  adherents  in 
tho  country,  at  whose  heads  was  hurled,  for 
the  first  time,  the  name  of  Radicals. 

Soon  after  a  general  convention  of  the  Na- 
tional Union  Club  was  proposed  to  be  held 
at  Philadelphia ;  but  this  call  having  been 
supported  by  all  the  Democratic  members  of 
Cougi'ess,  and  by  prominent  Southerners,  and 
being  indirectly  approved  of  by  President 
Johnson,  led  to  the  resignation  of  Messrs. 
Harlan,  Denison,  and  Speed,  members  of  the 
Cabinet.  On  the  14th  of  August  tho  Na- 
tional Union  Convention  assembled  at  Phila- 
delphia. Gen.  John  A.  Dix  was  chosen 
temporary  president,  and  Senator  Doolittle, 
of  Wisconsin,  the  President  of  the  Conven- 
tion. One  of  the  striking  features  of  the  fii-st 
day's  doings  was  the  entrance  of  the  dele- 
gates from  Massachusetts  and  South  Carolina 
arm  in  arm.  Henry  J.  Raymond,  of  the 
New  York  Times,  read,  on  the  third  day,  the 
address  prepared  by  the  committee,  which 
liaving  been  approved  by  the  convention,  was 
followed  by  a  series  of  resolutions.  The  cop- 
ies of  both  were  presented  to  tho  President, 
at  Washington,  by  Reverdy  Johnson,  of  Ma- 
ryland. 

it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the  original 
Union  League  would  remain  inactive,  in  pres- 
ence of  the  efforts  made  by  its  enemies.  On 
the  22d  of  August  the  Union  League  of  Phil- 
adelphia adopted  a  series  of  counter-resolu- 
tions embodying  the  sentiments  then  enter- 
tiiined  by  Radicals  with  reference  to  tho 
Presidential  policy. 

Soon  after,  Andrew  Johnson  left  Wash- 
ington, on  tho  28tli  of  August,  on  his  trip  to 
Chicago,  where  he  went  to  attend,  on  the  Gth 
of  September,  tho  inauguration  of  tho  Ste- 
phen Douglass  monument.  He  was  called 
at  many  places,  on  his  route,  to  deliver 
speeches  ;  and  in  every  one  of  them  ho  main- 
tained his  former  views,  and  assailed  the  ma- 
jority of  Congress.  Then  tho  conflict  de- 
scended from  the  oflficial  regions  to  more  pop- 
ular ones.  The  stanch  Unionists  of  the 
South,  who  had  kept  fast  by  their  principles 
during  tho  war,  held  a  convention  at  Phila- 
ddphia.  This  was  soon  followed  by  conven- 
tion.s  of  Northern  soldiers,  and  of  Southern 
soldiers.  A  convention  of  a  more  quiet  char- 
acter was  held  at  Baltimore,  by  workingmen, 
asking,  as   they  did  last  year,  that  a  law 


should  be  |)assed  for  limiting  to  eight  hours 
a  day's  work. 

In  spite  of  these  political  quarrels  the  vi- 
tality of  the  American  nation  showed  itself 
strong  in  financial  matters.  In  December, 
ISd."),  Mr.  McCulloeh,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, iiad  foreseen  in  his  estimate  a  deficiency 
of  112  millions  of  dollars.  Instead  of  that, 
there  was,  from  the  1st  of  October,  180."),  to 
the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  in  18C0,  a  surplus 
of  nearly  133  millions  of  dollars.  In  the  face 
of  such  a  prosperous  situation  the  Secretary 
recommended  the  retiu'u  to  specie  payment. 
The  items  which  had  given,  comparatively, 
the  best  results  to  the  Union  exchequer  were 
the  stanqis  for  bank-check  receipts,  and  the 
one-cent  stanii>s  for  match-bo-xes.  Still,  the 
consequ(^nces  of  the  war  were  too  near  at  hand 
not  to  have  an  efTcct  upon  the  general  situa- 
tion of  the  country,  and  it  was  not  surprising 
that  there  was  a  decrease  of  prosperity  in  the 
various  branches  of  industry,  which  decrease 
was  especially  felt  by  the  shipbuilding  inter- 
ests. 

In  foreign  affairs  the  Mexican  question 
took  the  lead,  as  in  the  previous  year.  On 
the  .'ith  of  April,  ISOO,  M.  Drouyn  do 
L'lluys,  the  French  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, declared  that  Franco  intended  soon  to 
evafuate  Mexican  territory.  Soon  after,  Mr. 
Seward  caused  the  I'resident  to  issue  a  |iroc- 
lamation  denying  to  Maximilian  tho  right  of 
declaring  in  a  state  of  blockade  the  port  of 
Matamoras,  and  tho  power  of  enforcing  de 
facto  such  a  blockade.  At  tho  same  time, 
Mr.  Campbell,  American  Minister  at  Mexico, 
received  peremptory  orders  not  to  recognize 
the  government  of  tiio  Austrian  Archduke. 
Mr,  Seward  ordered  also  Jlr.  Motley,  Amer- 
ican Minist(;r  at  Vienna,  to  protest  against 
the  intended  forwarding  of  Austrian  recruits 
to  Mexico, 

A  iiarty  of  Irish-Americana,  under  tho 
command  of  Spear,  effected  a  raid  in  Canada. 
But  tho  diploiiiatic  difliculties  which  resiilted 
from  this  raid  were  soon  pacified,  for  it  was 
easily  shown,  by  American  diplomacy,  that 
the  intent  and  practical  results  of  the  raid 
had  not  been  fairly  reported,  and  were  gross- 
ly exaggerated. 

The  struggle  for  tho  interpretation  of  tho 
14th  Amendment,  in  a  sense  favorable  to  the 
forcible  admission  to  citizenship  and  the  bal- 
lot of  tho  negroes  in  the  Southern  States, 
kept  up  and  was  manifested  in  the  beginning 
of  18(57.  On  January  lltli,  a  national 
Equal  Rights  League  Convention  of  colored 
men  assembled  at  Washington,  and  ado))ted 
an  address  to  Congress,  which  referred  it  to 
the  Reconstruction  Committee.  Congress  did 
not  need,  however,  to  bo  vu'ged  on  its  work, 
for  it  had  voted  many  acts  requiring  the  elec- 
tive franchise  for  the  negroes,  and  passed 
those  acts  over  tho  veto  of  tJie  President. 
The  bills  for  the  admission  of  Colorado  and 
Nebraska  specified  that  these  Territories 
could  not  be  received  as  States  if  they  did  ro- 
f\ise  "  tho  elective  franchise,  and  any  other 
right,  to  any  ])erson  by  reason  of  race  or 
color,  excepting  Indians  not  taxed."  The 
Presidi;nt  vetoed  these  bills  because  they 
were,  according  to  his  vioM's,  "  in  clear  vio- 
lation of  tho  Fedeial  Constitution,  under  tho 
l)rovisions  of  which,  from  the  very  founda- 
tion of  the  government,  each  State  has  been 
loft  free  to  determine  for  itself  tho  qualifica- 


tions necessary  for  the  exercise  of  sufTrago 
within  its  limits,"  Congress,  notwithstand- 
ing the  veto,  passed  the  bills,  and  moreover 
extended  their  provisions  to  all  Territories 
by  the  Territorial  Bill. 

But  Congiess  could  not  reach  the  inter- 
nal laws  of  States  as  easily  as  it  could  with 
Territories,  for  an  amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution would  have  been  necessary.  To  over- 
come tho  difficulty,  Congress,  on  tho  2d  of 
March,  assindlated  ten  Southern  States  to  so 
many  military  Territories,  under  tho  pretext 
that  "  no  legal  State  government,  or  adequate 
protection  for  life  or  property,  were  existing 
in  those  States."  Andrew  Johnson  declined 
to  sign  the  bill ;  still  it  was  passed  over  his 
veto. 

Moreover,  and  in  order  to  keep  tho  Exec- 
utive under  the  unsleeping  watch  of  tho  leg- 
islative power,  it  was  decreed  tliax  the  Forti- 
eth Congress  should  assemble  and  connnenco 
its  session  at  the  same  day  and  hour  at  which 
the  session  of  the  Thirty-ninth  closed. 

That  Congress  was  still  more  opposed  than 
the  preceding  one  to  tho  conciliatory  policy 
of  Andrew  Johnson,  and  still  more  determin- 
ed to  give  all  tho  ))olitical  privileges  to  tho 
negroes.  On  the  23d  of  Slarch,  an  act  was 
passed  to  the  effect  that  "  all  persons  born  in 
tho  United  Stjites,  and  not  subject  to  any 
foreign  power,  excluding  Indians  not  taxt^d, 
are  hereby  declared  to  bo  citizens  of  the 
United  States."  The  same  act  refused  the 
eli.'Ctoral  franchise  to  many  categories  of  men 
among  those  who  had  upheld  the  late  rebel- 
lion. The  President  vetoed  the  bill,  which 
was,  nevertheless,  ]iassed  by  Congress ;  and 
Andrew  Johnson  complied  with  the  requisites 
of  the  act,  by  a))pointing  military  conunand- 
ers  to  tho  ten  Southern  States  declared  to  be 
still  under  martial  law.  Applications  to  the 
Supremo  Court  were  soon  made  by  some  of 
tho  Southern  States  in  order  to  bring  to  a 
test  tho  constitutionality  of  the  reconstruc- 
tion laws.  The  Supremo  Court  denied  the 
motion  on  the  ground  that  it  would  be  power- 
less to  enforce  its  decision. 

Congress  adjourned  from  the  30th  of 
March,  1807,  until  tho  3(1  of  July,  and  it 
found  that  the  President  was  about  to  exer- 
cise the  only  privilege  left  to  him  as  consti- 
tutional commander-in-chief  of  the  army; 
that  was  to  remove  the  military  chiefs  of  tho 
five  Southern  districts,  and  to  appoint  in 
their  places  men  whom  he  thought  would 
work  more  in  accordance  with  his  own  views. 
The  first  dismissal  was  that  of  (leneral  Sher- 
idan, commander  of  the  Fifth  Military  Dis- 
trict. All  the  other  commanders  of  the  four 
remaining  districts  wen;  changed  previous  to 
the  close  of  the  year.  On  tlio  12th  of  Au- 
g\ist  the  St^cretary  of  War,  Mr,  Stanton,  was 
himself  suspended  from  his  office  by  order 
of  the  President,  and  Oen,  Grant  authorized 
to  act  as  Secret'    _     )f  War  ad  interim. 

On  the  20th  of  August  Andrew  Johnson 
declared,  by  a  proclamation,  that  ])eaee, 
order,  tranquillity,  and  civil  authority  existed 
throughout  the  whole  State  of  Texas,  which 
could  not,  therefore,  be  kept  under  military 
rule.  Another  proclamation  issued  on  Sej)- 
tember  17th,  relieved  nearly  all  the  whites 
of  tho  Southern  States  from  tho  political 
bondage  in  which  they  were  held. 

The  financial  problem  continued  to  be 
agitated  throughout  tho  your,  and  to  bo  dis- 


603 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


onxNcd  in  many  conventions  callcil  for  ex- 
amining the  subject  of  retuniing  to  specie 
p.\vmeuts  or  of  eiilnrging  the  federal  cur- 
rency. No  <lccisive  action  was  taken  by 
t'oiigress  n])ou  that  all-important  subject ; 
still,  the  reduction  of  the  debt  was  on  an 
uvenige  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  per  month. 
The  aggregate  business  of  the  country,  as 
comimred  with  that  of  the  previous  year,  ilid 
not  show  any  falling  oli',  as  compared  with 
18GG  ;  on  the  contrary,  there  was  a  slight 
increa.se.  Gold  fluctuated  little  during  the 
year;  it  was  quoted  in  average  at  141,  with 
a  few  variations  from  132  to  140. 

As  to  foreign  matters,  the  year  1867  wit- 
nessed the  opening  of  negotiations  for  the 
settlement  of  the  Alabama  Claims.  On 
January  12th,  Secretary  Seward  sent  to  Mr. 
Adams,  American  Minister  in  England,  a 
dispatch  covering  and  explaining  fully  the 
American  side  of  the  question.  In  his  an- 
swer, dated  March  9tli,  Ixjrd  Stanley  declined 
to  continue  in  a  discussion  of  the  case,  and 
seemed  to  abide  by  the  idea  of  arbitration,  as 
suggested  by  Mr.  Seward.  But,  after  the  ex- 
change of  a  few  more  despatches,  the  proposal 
to  arbitrate  failed. 

The  pro])osal  of  a  friendly  arbitration,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  between  S|)ain  j 
and  the  South  American  States,  wa.s  re- 1 
spectfuUy  declined  on  the  ground  that  the 
parties  themselves  desired  to  choose  their 
arbitrator,  instead  of  leaving  that  choice  ex- 
clusively to  the  President  of  the  United 
States. 

Negotiations  were  concluded  so  far  for  the 
purchase  of  the  islands  of  St.  Thomas  and  St. 
John  from  the  Danish  Government,  tliat 
King  Christian  IX.  issued  his  j)roclaniation, 
on  the  25th  of  October,  calling  the  islanders 
to  the  polls,  where  they  would  have  t<i  vote 
in  favor  of,  or  against,  annexation  to  the 
United  States. 

The  Mexican  imbroglio  was  definitely  set- 
tled by  the  declaration  of  Napoleon  III., 
forwarded  through  Gen.  Dix,  American 
Minister  at  Paris,  on  February  19th,  that 
Freneli  troops  >>'ere  actually  leaving  Mexico, 
the  territory  of  which  would  be  entirely  evac- 
nati'd  in  March. 

The  year  18(i8  was  not  remarkable  as  re- 
garded finances  and  foreign  jjolitics,  but  it 
witnessed  the  impeachment  trial  of  the  Pres- 
ident and  the  ratification  of  the  14th  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  the  country.  The 
amendment  removed  all  distinction  of  color 
in  citizenship ;  it  was  adopted  by  three-foiirths 
of  the  States. 

In  the  first  days  of  Janiiary,  new  difli- 
culties  arose  from  the  removal  of  Mr.  Stanton, 
Secretary  of  War.  The  Senati;,  after  having 
recpiired  from  the  President,  uccording  to  the 
Tenure  of  Office  Act,  a  statement  of  the 
motives  for  which  he  dismis.sod  Mr.  Stanton, 
refused  to  approve  of  the  suspension.  On 
hearing  this.  Gen.  Grant,  wlio  was  War 
Secretary  ail  interim,  resigned  his  duties, 
thro\igh  a  letter  ho  addressed  to  the  Presi- 
dent, on  the  14th  of  January.  Mr.  Andrew 
Jolmson  appointed  Major-(ien.  Lorenzo 
Thomas  to  the  vacant  ))laco  still  claimed 
by  Secretary  Stanton.  The  Senate,  on  being 
apprised  of  the  fact  by  a  Pre;-idential  mes- 
sage, laid  aside  its  routine  business,  and  went 
immediately  into  executive  session.  After 
au  exciting  debate,  the  Senate  adopted  a  res- 


olution to  tlio  ett'cct  that  the  President  had 
legally  and  constitiitionally  no  power  to  re- 
move the  Secretary  of  AV'ar. 

The  President  attempted  in  vain  to  ex- 
plain his  conduct,  thro\igli  a  communication 
sent  to  the  Senate  on  the  next  day  ;  he  and 
Congress  were  too  much  iit  loggerheads  to  at- 
tempt conciliation,  esiu'cially  when  tliero  ex- 
isted a  fact  and  a  tangible  (juestion  over  which 
both  i)arties  coulil  fight  it  out.  Secretary 
Stanton  refused  bluntly  to  vacate  the  War 
Office ;  and,  moreover,  he  applied  to  the 
courts  for  the  issue  of  a  writ  ordering  the 
arrest  of  Gen.  Thomas,  who  was,  in  fact,  ar- 
rested on  the  22(1  of  February,  but  innnc- 
diately  released  even  without  giving  bail. 
Gen.  Tliomas  M-as  not  the  man  aimed  at  by 
Congress ;  tliat  man  was  Andrew  Johnson, 
and  the  last  measure  was  t^ikcn  against 
him,  on  the  same  day  on  which  had  been 
arrested  his  Secretary  of  War,  Gen.  Thomas, 
whom  the  President  was  accused  of  making 
his  military  leader  against  Congi'css. 

Throughout  the  country  an  intense  excite- 
ment prevailed,  when  it  was  known  that  the 
House  of  lte|)resentatives  had  adopted  a  reso- 
lution impeaching  Andrew  Johnson  for  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors.  It  was  the  anni- 
versary day  of  the  birth  of  the  Father  of  the 
country.  The  Governors  of  Illinois  and  Penn- 
sylvania telegraphed  theirapprobation  toCon- 
gi'ess,  whilst  UK^etings  were  held  in  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  to  su))port  the  President.  On 
the  2Gth  March  the  I'resident  was  acquitted. 
The  Attorney-General,  Mr.  Stanberry,  re- 
signed, and  Mr.  William  AI.  Evarts  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor. 

The  work  of  reconstructing  the  Southern 
States  dill  not  proceetl  rapiilly  ;  the  majorities 
favorable  to  the  reconstructing  laws  of  those 
States  could  not  be  obtained.  Congress  de- 
cided, therefoi'c,  that  the  constitutions  to  be 
submitted  to  the  i)eoiile  of  the  unrecon- 
structed States  should  not  be  adopted  by  a 
majority  of  the  voters  as  registered,  but  that 
a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  should  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 
Virginia,  Mississippi,  and  Texas  having 
failed,  notwithstanding  those  facilities,  to 
com])lcte  their  reorganization,  were  considered 
as  not  being  in  the  Union,  and  were  excluded 
from  taking  part  in  the  Presidential  election. 

As  early  as  February,  the  ditlereut  jiolit- 
ical  organizations  of  the  eounti-y  issued  their 
calls  for  conventions  to  nouiinaU>  the  Presi- 
dential candidate's.  On  Jl.iy  I'Jth  the  name 
of  U.  S.  (irant  was  for  tlie  first  time  officially 
mentioned  for  the  Presidency,  in  the  resolu- 
tions adojiteil,  on  May  I'Jth,  by  the  Soldiers' 
and  Sailor.s'  (Jonvention  iield  at  Chicago. 
The  National  Republican  Convention,  which 
assembled  the  day  after,  with  Joseph  K. 
Ilawley,  of  Connecticut,  as  chairman,  unani- 
mously nominated  Gen.  Grant,  who  polled 
the  ().")0  votes  of  the  convention.  The  ballot 
for  the  nomination  of  the  Vice-Pre.sident  was 
not  so  easy-going,  neither  unanimous,  though 
it  resulted  in  <iuite  large  figures — .')22  votes 
for  Schuyler  Colfax.  On  the  29th  of  May, 
Gen.  Grant  addressed  to  Mr.  Ilawley  a  lett<!r, 
by  which  he  accepted  fornmlly  the  nomina- 
tion, aiul  approved  of  tho  resolutions  passed 
by  tho  Natioiuil  Union  Republican  Conven- 
tion. Mr.  Schuyler  Colfax  wrote  his  letter 
j  of  acceptation  the  day  after  the  candidate  for 
I  President  Lad  written  his. 


The  Pemocrats,  being  in  cognizance  of  the 
game  of  their  adversaries,  conmienced  their 
own  campaign  in  earnest.  In  June,  a  few 
prominent  gentlemen  from  New  York  asked 
Andrew  Johnson  whether  ho  would  agree  to 
run  as  a  candidate.  If«!  answered  aflirma- 
tively,  and,  at  the  same  time,  Frank  ]'.  lilair 
became  vei'y  prominent  as  tho  probable 
Democratic  candidate  for  the  nomination  to 
tho  Vice-Presidency.  Hut  the  National 
D(unoeratic  Convention  which  assembled  in 
New  York  on  July  4th,  was  to  decide  the 
(piestion.  Just  as  the  Bepnblicans  had  done 
at  Chicago,  tho  Democrats  wanted  to  do  at 
New  York.  They  also  had  their  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Convention,  sitting  at  the  same 
time,  and  in  the  same  city,  as  the  jjurely 
political  body  of  tho  jjarty.  Major-Gen. 
Franklin  presided  over  the  Democratic 
SoUliers'  and  Sailors'  Convention,  just  as  Gen. 
I.ogan  (and  aft(T  hira  Fairchild)  had  [iresided 
over  tho  Republican  Convention  of  Soldiers 
and  Sailors.  The  entire  vote  of  tho  National 
Democratic  Convention,  .TIT  in  niimber,  was 
cast,  after  much  balloting,  for  Horatio  Sey- 
mour, of  New  York,  for  President,  and  Frank 
P.  Blair,  of  Missoui-i,  os  Vice-President. 
The  candidature  of  Sir.  Chase  for  the  nomina- 
tion was  to.s.sed  about,  among  affirmations  and 
contradictions. 

Tho  final  result  of  the  Presidential  election 
was  not  much  to  be  doubted  when  the  result 
itself  of  the  September  luul  October  State 
elections  was  known.  In  nearly  every  State 
those  elections  were  so  unfavorable  to  tliu 
Democratic  party,  that  one  of  tlieir  papers  in 
New  York  demanded  the  withdrawal  of  Jlr. 
Seymour's  name  at  the  head  of  the  ticket. 
But  this  proposition  was  rejected  by  the  pai'- 
ty,  imisnuich  os  President  Johnson  had  just 
written  a  letter  indorsing  the  candidatiue  of 
Horatio  ',  eyniour.  All  this  was  of  no  avail 
against  Me  popular  tide,  which  rolled  .'>,71lv 
082  vote.s  for  U.  S.  Grant—  that  is,  a  major- 
ity of  ;U)9,G84. 

During  the  year  the  financial  condition  re- 
mained about  the  .same  as  the  year  before; 
but  the  evil  efl'ects  of  the  war  kept  contiim- 
ally  decreasing,  and  the  nuiterial  ))rosperity 
of  the  country  was  much  improved.  'I'liis 
was  due  also  to  a  large  reduction  of  internal 
taxes,  especially  on  manufactures.  The  delit 
of  the  (iovernment  on  the  1st  November  of 
this  year  amounted  to  iS2,.">27,120,r),"i2.  Tlio 
discti.ssions  in  the  ]>re.sH  and  in  Congress,  as 
to  the  best  way  of  funding  and  paying  tliat 
debt,  either  by  returning  to  s]iecie  payment 
or  by  authorizing  further  iss\u's  of  bonds  or 
notes,  continued  as  usual,  but  without  C(  la- 
ing  to  a  definite  financial  policy.  ( >n  July  'l'\ 
1808,  tlie  Funding  Bill  was  passed,  which 
did  a  great  deal  of  good,  but  was  not  of  a 
sufficiently  general  cliaracter.  Se<tion  2  of 
that  bill  appropriated  annually  the  sum  of 
?il3.'),000,()00  out  of  the  duties"  derived  fmni 
imported  goods,  these  to  be  applied  to  the 
payment  of  tlie  interest  an<l  a  proportionate 
reduction  of  the  iiublic  debt. 

The  diplomatic  relations  of  tho  Vniteil 
Slates  witli  other  nations  did  not  ofier  imuh 
interest  during  the  year.  No  new  question 
ai'ose;  and  tho  discussions  relative  to  fortiier 
difficulties  were  within  the  bounds  of  purely 
di]ilomatic  notes.  On  the  7th  of  March  tiie 
question  of  the  Alabama  Claims  was  agitated 
in  tho  llouso  of  Couimous;  and  every  orator, 


ins;  in  cogiiizunce  of  tlio 
aril's,  conimonood  tlioir 
riiest.  In  Juno,  a.  few 
ffoiii  Now  York  ii.skcd 
■tlior  lio  would  ajjioo  to 

in?  nnsworcd  nttirma- 
,10  tiiiio,  Frank  ]'.  Dlair 
loiit     ns    tlio    probablo 

for  tlio  nomination  (o 

But    the     National 

on  wliich  assonibiod  in 

4th,  was  to   decido  tlu> 

Eopiiblicans  had  done 
ocrats  wanted  to  do  nt 
ilso  had  their  SoldieiV 
ion,  sitting  at  the  aaniu 
lie  city,  as  the  ]iuroly 
10  iiarty.  Major-Cieii. 
over  the  Peinocnitic 
r'onvention,  just  as  (Jon. 
Fairchild)  had  iirosidoil 
Convention  of  Soldiers 
ire  vote  of  tho  National 
)n,  317  in  number,  was 
otinft,  for  Horatio  Scy- 
jr  rrosident,  and  Fiaiik 
iri,  as  Vioe-rrosidi'iit. 
r.  Chase  for  tho  noinina- 
aniong  affirnmtions  and 

ho  Presidential  election 
loubted  when  tho  result 
jor  and  Octt)ber  Stato 
In  nearly  every  State 
so  unfavorable  to  tlio 
t  one  of  their  jjajiers  in 
tho  withdrawal  of  Jlr. 
ho  head  of  tho  tickit. 
vas  rejected  by  the  |iar- 
dent  Johnson  had  just 
•siiif;  the  candidature  of 
Ul  this  was  of  no  avail 
do,  which  rolled  5,7 1(1,- 
Irant—  that  is,  a  niajui- 

?  financial  condition  ic- 
iie  as  tho  your  bofoic; 
f  the  war  k<'i)t  contimi- 
:ho  material  |)iosiMritv 
nuch  iniprovod.  This 
!o  reduction  of  intenud 
anufactures.  The  dilit 
1  the  1st  Novendjor  of 
)  mjr27,V29,?>r,2.  Tlio 
>ss  and  in  Congi-oss,  as 
nding  and  IMiying  that 
ling  to  sjiecie  iiayniciit 
her  issues  of  bonds  or 
■iiial,  but  without  ci  lu- 
iai  iMiIicy.  On  July  L'.'i, 
till  was  passed,  wliich 
ood,  but  was  not  of  a 
aracter.      Soction  2  of 

annually  the  sum  of 
ho  duties  derived  fimii 
'  to  bo  aiiplied  to  the 
it  and  a  proportioiialo 
•  debt. 

ations  of  tho  United 
ons  did  not  oU'er  niiioh 
■ar.  No  now  (jucstiiai 
ions  relative  to  foiiiiir 
1  tho  bounds  of  purely 

tiio  7th  of  March  the 
iia  Claims  was  agitated 
ous;  and  every  orator, 


UNITED    STATES. 


608 


from  Mr.  Sliaw  Lefevro  to  Jlessra.  Forster, 
Stuart  Mill,  Stanley,  and  Gladstone,  acknowl- 
eilnod  that  tho  American  Minister,  Mr.  Adams, 
had  pressed  liis  claim  in  ti  very  skilful  and 
(li^'nified  manner.  But  the  general  sontimont 
expressed  on  the  part  of  tluj  British  Govorn- 
iiieiit  and  orators  was,  that  tho  Qiicon  was 
ready  to  arbitrate,  and  submit  all  (piestions 
but  tho  great  point  of  recognizing  tho  belli- 
gerent rights  of  tho  Soiitli.  Mr.  Rt!Verdy 
Johnson,  who  replaced  Mr.  Adams  as  Amer- 
ican Minister  in  England,  did  not  succeed  in 
reaching  a  solution  of  that  vexed  (lucstioii. 

An  E.\trttdition  Treaty  was  signed  with 
China,  through  the  able  intervention  of 
Alison  Burlingame,  formerly  American  Min- 
ister at  I'ekiii,  and  who  had  been  appointed 
by  the  Cliin(!so  Government  as  Envoy  E.vtra- 
onlinai'y  to  America  and  Europe.  Tho  Berlin 
(iovernment  agreed  to  tho  principle  that  all 
Gerniiiii  naturalized  Americans  could  not  be 
|)roseeuti>d  or  punished,  on  their  return  to 
ilerniany,  for  having  not  complied  with  tho 
iiiilitiiry  laws  before  their  emigration  to  Amer- 
ica. In  Paraguay,  Mr.  Washburn,  United 
States  Minister,  having  harbored  in  the  lega- 
tion at  Asuncion  certain  persons  implicated 
ill  a  plot  to  help  the  cause  of  tho  enoniies  of 
Paraguay,  some  of  these  persons  were  forci- 
bly seized ;  and  Mr.  Seward  wrote,  under 
the  (lute  of  November  11,  that  an  apology 
and  a  promise  of  rei)aration  were  to  bo  ex- 
ai'ted.  The  Paraguayan  Goveruinont  was  al- 
ready half  destroyed  by  the  Allies,  and  it  com- 
plied with  the  request  of  tho  United  States. 

The  Fifteenth  Amendment,  passed  ou  the 
2.")th  of  February,  1809,  proclaimed — 

"  Ski'.  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  i 
by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  Stjvte,  on  ac- 
cimiit  of  color  or  previous  condition  of  servi- 
tude. 

"  Skc.  2.  The  Congress,  by  appropriate 
I'gislation,  may  enforce  the  provisions  of  this 
article." 

This  amendment  was  duly  ratified  in  the 
course  of  the  year  by  tho  roijuired  majority 
of  States. 

On  the  10th  of  February  the  Congress  pro- 
ceeded to  the  official  counting  of  the  Presi- 
di'iitial  vote.  Gen.  Grant  was  declared  to  be 
the  I'resident  elect,  and  a  committee,  com- 
poseil  of  Senator  Morton  and  Representatives 
Priiyn  and  Wilson,  was  instructed  to  call 
nil  Geiu  Grant  to  apprise  Turn  of  his  elec- 
tion. 

Of  com-se,  no  change  in  tho  financial  sys- 
tem of  tho  country  could  bo  expected  to  take 
place  at  tho  end  of  an  administration  which 
never  had  onjoyoil  the  confidence  of  tho  legis- 
lative power.  The  great  financial  measures 
destiiK^d  to  tho  clearing  off  of  tlie  national 
debt,  and  to  the  fostering  of  the  economical 
iiiteri'sts  of  tho  United  States,  were  purposely 
delayed  by  (.'ongress  until  tho  completion  of 
Andrew  Johnson's  administration.  Tho  only 
progress  which  tho  legislative  power  was  will- 
ing to  make  was  that  a  more  rigid  respon- 
siliilily  Was  exacted  from  the  officers  of  the 
Treasury,  and  that  a  largo  portion  of  tho  re- 
ci'ipls  WHS  applied  to  a  reduction  of  the  na- 
tiiuial  debt. 

Tlie  Alabama  Claims  cpiostion  continued 
to  follow  its  normal  course.     No  foreign  com- 


strong  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  tho 
American  Government  in  favor  of  a  recogni- 
zance of  tho  imlependenco  of  Cuba. 


plication  was  raised  before  the  4th  of  March, 
except,  perhaps,  that,  for  the  first  time,  a 


GRANT'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

Ui.vssES  S.  G  iiAST  was  inaugurated  on  tho 
4th  of  ^larch,  ISti!).  His  inaugural  address  was  i 
all  that  could  be  expected  from  one  who  had 
never  any  pretension  to  speech-making,  and 
who  was  anxious  to  please.  His  first  sen- 
tenccss  were  calculated  to  tletine  his  political 
standing.  Ho  took  care  to  say  that  he  had 
taken  tho  constitutional  oath  "  without  men- 
tal reservation,"  and  added  :  "  The  office 
has  come  to  mo  unsought.  I  commence  its 
duties  untrammelled.  I  bring  to  it  a  consci- 
entious desire  and  determination  to  fill  it  to 
the  best  of  my  ability  to  tho  satisfaction  of 
tho  people.  t)n  all  h'ading  (piestions  agi- 
tating the  public  mind,  [  will  always  express 
my  views  to  Congress,  and  urge  them  accord- 
ing to  my  judgment.  .  .  .  I  shall,  on  all  sub- 
jects, have  a  policy  to  recommend,  but  none  to 
eiiforceagainstthe  wishes  of  the  people.  .  .  ." 
He  then  recomnieudi!d,  but  not  in  a  very 
clear  or  very  strong  manner,  the  necessity 
of  paying  tho  national  debt  in  gold,  "  unless 
otherwise  expressly  stipulated  in  the  con- 
tract." This  did  not  eonimit  him  to  a  defi- 
nite policy  on  the  financial  ipiestion.  "  How," 
added  he,  "tlu!  jiublic  debt  is  to  bo  paid, 
or  specie  payments  resumed,  is  not  so  im- 
portant as  that  a  plan  bhould  bo  a<Uipted  and 
acquiesced  in."  In  regard  to  foreign  policy, 
his  declarations  were  unimportant,  but  he 
was  more  explicit  in  reference  to  the  great 
(piestionof  the  day — homo  politics.  He  rallied 
emphatically  to  the  ]iolicy  adopted  by  Con- 
gross  in  regard  to  the  status  of  the  colored 
people.  "  The(|uesti(ui  of  suliVago,"  said  he, 
"  is  one  which  is  likely  to  agitate  the  public 
so  long  as  a  portion  of  the  citizens  of  the 
nation  arc  excluded  from  its  jirivilegos  in 
any  State.  It  seems  to  mo  very  desirable 
that  this  question  should  be  settled  now,  and 
I  entertain  the  hope,  and  express  the  desire, 
that  it  may  bo  by  tho  ratification  of  the 
Fifteenth  article  of  Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution." 

On   the  5th   of   March,    President    Grant 
submitted,  for   tho  approval  of  the   Senate, 
the  following  names  of  tho  members  of  tho 
cabinet :  E.  B.  Wiusliburiio,  of  Illinois,  Secre- 
tary of  State;   A.  T.  Stewart,  of  New  York, 
Secretary  of  tho   Treasury ;    I.  D.   Cox,   of 
Ohio,  Secretary  of  tho   Interior;  Adolph  E. 
Borie,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  '• 
John  M.  Schdlic'ld,  of  Illinois,  Secretary  of 
War;  J.  A.  J.  Cresswoll,  of  Maryland,  I'ost- 
master-General;  K.  Hoekwood  Hoar,  of  Mas 
,  sachusetts.    Attorney  -  (ienoral.       Objections 
I  were  raised  as  to  tho  constitutionality  of  tho 
I  appoiiitmout  of  A.  T.  Stewart.    It  wasargued 
i  that  an  act  of  Congiess  passed  in   17S9  for- 
!  bade  any  person  already  engaged  i.i  business 
I  pursuits  to  hold  the  office  of  Secretary  of  t)ie 
1  Treasury.     The  President  forwardo<t  to  Con- 
gress a  message  in  which   ho  asked   that  an 
i  eycei)tion  shonlil    bo   made    in  favor  of  the 
I  largest  merchant  of  tho  United  States,  and 
I  even  of  the  world  itself.      Mr.   Sbormau,  of 
Ohio,  supported  tho  demand  of  Gen.  Grant, 
and  Sumner  opposed  it.     The  Senate  delayed 
tho  discussion  of  the  niotio:i ;  and  iu  the  in- 


terval, Mr.  Stewart  declined    to  accept    the 
office  tendered  to  him  by  the  Pre,<ident. 

Tho  Secretaryship  of  the  Treasury  was 
then  olfered  to  ami  accepted  by  tSeorgo  S. 
Boutwell,  of  Miissachusett.s.  At  the  same 
time  Mr.  Wasbburno  was  appointed  Minis- 
ter to  Franco,  and  his  ])liice  was  taki'U  by 
Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York.  Gi'iieral  Scho- 
iH'ld  was  al.so  replaced  at  the  War  OlVue  by 
J(dm  A.  Rawlins,  of  Illinois,  who  died  on 
September  0,  and  had  for  successor  William 
B.  Belknap,  of  Iowa.  Mr.  Borie,  having 
also  retired  from  the  office  of  Secretary  of 
the  Nif\'y,  was  succeeded  by  George  M.  Robe- 
son, of  New  Jersey. 

The  President  put  himself  at  the  work  of 
settling  the  affairs  of  the  three  Slates,  Vir- 
ginia, ^Iississi])i)i,  and  Texas,  whicii  had  not 
yet  been  rccoiistnicted,  and  which  hud  been, 
coiise(|ueiitly,  forbidden  to  take  ]uirt  in  tho 
Prosiilential  election.  Congress,  acting  on  his 
message  of  the  7th  of  April,  )aissed  an  act, 
providing  that  the  I'rrsident  might,  at  such 
time  as  he  deemed  best  for  public  JntereHt,  sub- 
mit the  constitution  of  either  of  tlie  three  non- 
roconstrncted  States  to  the  registered  voters 
of  such  States  for  their  ratilicatioi.-  or  rejec- 
tion. The  conditions  under  which  those  three 
States  were  to  bo  readmitted  into  tlio  Union 
were  made  very  stringent,  and  Congress  re- 
served for  itself  the  right  of  (ieeidiiig  iijion  the 
final  admis-siou,  even  after  the  States  .'-hould 
have  voted  the  adojition  of  the  Kifteentli 
Amendnient,  and  gone  through  any  otlier 
formality  impo.sed  on  them  by  Congres-s.  Dur- 
ing the  year  Virginia  alone  underwent  all 
these  formalities,  and  in  Deceniber  a  bill  was 
introduced  in  tho  House  of  IJi'preseiitatives 
providing  for  the  admission  of  tho  State ; 
but  as  considerable  debate  ensued,  the  bill 
could  not  bo  voted  that  year,  and  Virginia 
was  not  lulniittod  until  the  '.'tiih  of  Janiiaiy, 
1870. 

The  Fifteenth  Amendment,  which  gives 
practically  *lie  uncontrolled  right  of  sutl'iago 
to  the  negroes,  was  not  ratitied  tluriiig  tho 
year  by  L'8  States,  as  required  by  the  Consti- 
tution, and  it  was  only  in  the  beginning  of 
1870,  after  Missis.sippi  and  Texas  hail  ratitied 
it,  that  the  constitutional  nuiiiber  of  ratiliea- 
tions  having  been  obtained,  the  .\iiieiidineiit 
became  a  jiart  of  the  Cniistitutiou.  Not 
satisfied  with  that  jirogress,  a  sixteenth 
amendment,  providing  for  the  woman  suf- 
frage, was  brought  before  Congress  by  3Ir. 
Julian,  of  Indiana.  It  failed  to  be  taken  in- 
to coiisideiatiim  by  the  House,  though  tho 
discussion  of  it  and  its  merits  were  much 
agitated  in  the  press  an<l  in  conventii  ns 
tliroughout  the  country.  In  this  session 
Congress  refused  to  alter  the  preamlile  of  the 
Constitution  so  as  to  contain  a  recugnitioii  of 
a  Supremo  Being. 

Tho  movement  for  the  reduction  of  \he 
daily  hours  of  labor,  which  had  coninieneed 
two  years  befino,  gained  a  jiractical  result 
Ou  the  lOtli  of  May  tho  Presidi'iit  issued  a 
proclamation,  ordering  that  woiknieii  em- 
ployed in  Government  works  sliouUl  receive 
the  same  wages  for  an  eight-hours'  day's 
work  as  they  did  formerly  for  a  teii-liours'. 
The  President  joined,  in  that  ca.se,  with  tho 
laboring  mas.ses  against  the  iiitei]uetation 
put,  by  a  former  attorney-general,  iqion  the 
act  of  Congress.  Tho  year  before,  imbed, 
Congress    Imd    yieldtil    to    the   eight-houri»' 


604 


!  « 


ii 


mutroment,  and  fixed,  at  eight  houra,  the  day's 
work  in  the  United  States'  workshops,  lint 
wages  iiad  been  diminished  proi)ortionally,  so 
tliat  the  workmen  liad  gained  notliing  in 
reality.  Tlio  PreHidont  interfered  actively 
in  the  buttle  raging  between  the  partisans 
and  the  opponents  of  the  eight-hours'  law, 
by  directing  that  there  should  bo  no  reduc- 
tion in  the  wages  j)aid  by  the  Government 
by  the  day,  on  account  of  a  reduction  of  the 
liours  of  labor,  ordered  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress. 

Many  questions  of  general  importance, 
thoiigli  resting  only  on  personal  cases  and 
hiwsuits,  were  brought  before  the  Su[)renio 
Court,  wliich,  in  its  judgment,  decided  great 
political  (|uestions.  Thus,  tho  majority  of 
the  Supreme  Court  again  arrayed  itself 
against  the  ))olicy  of  exclusion  pursued  by 
('(ingress,  and  declared  that  Texas,  tliough 
not  yet  readmitted  by  Congress,  wivs  still  a 
State  in  the  Union.  Sir.  Justice  Grior  was 
th(!  only  one  to  hold  tlio  dissenting  opinion 
which  supported  the  Radical  doctrine,  accord- 
ing to  which.  States  had  gone  really  out  of 
the  Union,  and  that  they  could  re-enter  the 
Union  only  on  the  conditions  imposed  by 
Congress.  Other  judicial  cases,  relative  to 
private  monetary  transactions  concluded  dur- 
ing the  war,  were  brought  before  the  Supreme 
Court,  whose  judgment  in  such  cases  had  of 
course  a  political  bearing  on  the  more  imjwrt- 
ant  and  broader  questions  debated  in  Congress 
and  in  the  Cabinet.  Thus,  the  Court  ruled 
that,  tho  Confederacy  having  been  a  de  facto 
government  of  the  second  degree,  the  Con- 
'i'llerates  were  substantially  in  the  same  con- 
dition as  inhabitants  of  a  country  occupied 
an('  controlled  by  an  invading  belligerent. 
All  contracts  were  therefore  to  be  settled, 
now  and  hereafter,  in  conformity  with  the  j 
j)rinciple  that  all  moneys  due  were  to  be  | 
])aid  in  lawful  money  of  tho  United  States, 
at  the  rate  of  the  value  of  the  Confederate  '-, 
notes  when  those  moneys  fell  due,  or  the  j 
transaction  was  entered  upon.  The  Court ', 
decided  also  that  the  States  had  no  right 
either  to  tax  the  obligations  of  the  United 
States,  known  as  certificates  of  indebtedness, 
or  the  United  States  notes. 

The  more  important  question,  in  a  nation- 
al (loint  of  view,  whether  the  law  making 
United  States  notes  a  legal  tender  had  refer- 
ence to  State  taxes,  was  settled  in  tho  nega- 
tive by  the  Supreme  Court.  Cliief  Justice 
Chase  said  expi-essly,  on  delivering  the  opin- 
ion of  the  Court,  "  that  the  clause  making 
United  States  notes  a  legal  tender  for  debts, 
has  no  reference  to  taxes  imposed  by  State 
authority,  but  relates  only  to  debts,  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  tlie  word." 

As  it  might  have  been  expected,  the  ])rcs- 
Biire  of  personal  ambitious  and  of  jiolitical 
or  social  organizations,  was  brought  to  bear, 
as  it  is  usual  at  the  beginning  of  a  Presiden- 
tial year,  on  the  Executive  and  I^egislative 
powers,  to  press  upon  them,  by  way  of  so- 
called  national  conventions,  the  adoption  of 
the  principles  and  personal  ideas  entertained 
by  individuals  or  by  organized  bodies  of  citi- 
zens. The  colored  po)>ulation  held  a  conven- 
tion at  Washington,  presided  over  by  Fred- 
erick Douglass,  in  wliich,  after  having  refused 
to  accept  President  Roberts,  of  Liberia,  as  an 
honorary  member  of  the  convention,  the 
colored  people  endorsed  Grant  as  their  future 


HISTORY    OP    THE 

Moses,  more  reliable  than  Andrew  Johnson, 
and  jironnunced  against  emigration  to  Libe- 
ria. Tiio  Irish  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion, held  at  Chicago,  in  July,  attempted  to 
enlist  for  the  new  Government  the  sympa- 
thies of  tho  Irishmen.  A  resolution  was 
adopted  reciuesting  Congress  to  pa.ss  a  law 
for  the  nuturalization  of  foreigiieis,  after  one 
year  of  residence  in  the  United  States.  In 
August,  tho  National  Labor  Convention  met 
at  1'1-iladelphia,  an  1  reaflirmed  the  principle 
of  the  eight-hour  system  for  a  day's  work,  at 
the  same  time  attacking,  in  the  final  resolu- 
tions, the  rate  of  interest  and  seveial  financial 
measures  wliich  had  been  adopted  by  the 
Cioverniiient  and  Congress.  A  Temperance 
convention  was  held  at  Chicago,  looking  to  a 
political  organization  ;  but  it  failed  to  organize 
a  national  political  party  having  the  proliibi- 
tion  of  li(pior-selling  for  its  distinct  object. 
Even  local  interests  and  local  jealousies  had 
their  conventions,  as  for  instance,  the  "  Na- 
tional C'apital  Convention,"  which  assembled 
in  October,  at  St.  Louis,  with  the  view  of 
agitating  tho  country  to  effect  a  removal  of 
the  national  capital  from  Washington,  and 
to  transfer  it  to  some  Western  city.  At 
this  time,  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  wa* 
^•liosen  President  of  the  "  National  Woman 
Suffrage  Convention,"  an  organization  having 
in  view  the  elevation  of  woman  to  tho  rank 
of  a  political  elector.  The  Coolie  labor  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  learned  discussion  of  a  con- 
vention which  met  at  Memphis  for  that 
purpo.se.  This  long  array  of  conventions 
closed  on  December  10,  by  tho  meeting  at 
Washington  of  a  National  Colored  Labor 
Convention,  the  real  and  practical  aim  of 
which  was  to  counterbalance,  in  some  way, 
the  indifterence  which  had  been  evidenced  by 
the  National  Labor  Convention  of  Philadel- 
phia. The  negroes  of  tho  Washington  Labor 
Convention  sent  a  delegation  to  congratulate 
President  Grant,  an<l  to  offer  him  the  sup- 
port of  all  colored  laborers,  because  lie  had 
opened  to  them  the  gates  of  the  navy  yard 
and  of  otli(!r  departments  where  skilled  labor 
was  employed.  The  colored  depiitation  also, 
through  Mr.  Stella  Martin,  asked  the  Presi- 
dent to  see  to  tho  securing  of  land  for  the 
laborers  of  the  South,  so  that  they  might 
become  permanent  settlers  and  indejiendent 
citizens.  The  orator  pointed  especially  to 
eight  millions  of  acres  of  land  which,  accord- 
ing to  him,  could  be  used  by  Congress  to  se- 
cure these  results.  The  I'resident  promised 
to  bestow  his  greatest  attention  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

It  was  in  the  course  of  the  year  that  the 
first  official  action  was  taken  by  the  Govern- 
ment, in  the  matter  of  a  ship  canal  to  con- 
nect the  Atlantic  with  the  I'acifie.  Up  to 
that  time,  many  projects  had  been  put  for- 
ward, among  which  the  most  prominent,  with 
their  distances,  are  the  following : — 

ROUTE.  UILE8. 

Isthmus  of  Tehuantejiec 198 

Nicaragua, from  San  Juan  del  Norte  to 

Rrito 194 

Chagres  to  Panama  (Columbia.) 51 

Chepo  to  San  Bias 30 

San  Miguel  to  Port  F'scoces  (Caledonia 

Bay) 39 

Atrato  Valley,  by  Najiipi  and  Cupica. .    172 

A  treaty,  having  in  view  the  cutting  of  a 
canal  across   the  Isthmus  of  Darien,   was 


made  with  tho  Columbian  authorities.  This 
was  rejected  by  tho  Senate  of  Bogota,  In 
tho  mean  time,  however,  an  expedition,  umlcr 
the  general  superintendence  of  R(!ar-Adiiiiriil 
Davis,  wiw  allowed  to  proceed  with  its  surviv 
ami  scientific  work. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  country  w.as 
a  favorable  one  for  the  fiscal  year  eiKlrig 
June  30, 1869;  there  was  an  excess  of  receipts 
over  expenditures,  including  interest  on  the 
ptiblic  debt,  of  149,453,149. 40.  Out  of  tliiit 
sum  only  about  112,000,000  had  been  received 
prior  to  the  first  of  March  ;  the  balance,  i5s3G,- 
000,000,  were  received  after  theinatiguratlun 
of  tho  President,  and  the  funds  were  used 
from  time  to  time  to  purchase  five-twenty 
bonds.  The  direct  taxes  and  tho  duties  on 
im]>orts,  the  latter  being  jiaid  in  gold,  carried 
a  large  quantity  of  coin  into  the  Natioiml 
Treasury;  it  was  comjiaratively  easy  for  the 
Government  to  jiurchase  five-twenty  beiids 
to  the  amount  of  $75,476,800,  till  tho  (uid  of 
the  year,  at  an  average  price  in  coin  of  88  j  f;  J. 
per  cent.  In  spite  of  this  real  juosperity, 
since  the  receipts  of  the  Government  contin- 
ued on  the  increase,  and  the  debt  was  a  little 
reduced  during  the  year,  the  currency  k('|it 
on  its  downward  course.  In  this  conditiuii 
of  affairs,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  ail- 
vanced  the  opinion  th:it  ho  ought  to  be  al- 
lowed to  reduce  the  circtilation  of  United 
States  notes  about  $2,000,000  jier  month. 
He  also  recommended  the  funding  of  the 
whole  amount  of  the  five-twenty  bonds,  ex- 
cejit  about  l!i250,000,000,  out  of 'the  ?!l,l.')0,. 
000,000,  which  were  to  remain  in  the  hands  of 
tlie  public  creditors  on  July  1, 1870.  He  then 
started  the  jiroject  of  a  loan  for  an  amount 
not  exceeding  *  1,200,000,000,  to  be  oflered  in 
three  classes  of  $400,000,000  each,  the  iiist 
class  should  be  paid  in  twenty  years,  the  second 
in  twenty-five,  and  the  third  in  thirty  years. 
The  priucijial  and  interest  to  be  |iaid  in  coin; 
Eurojiean  subscribers  to  recei\('  their  inteicht 
in  European  money  markets  ;  the  five-twenty 
bonds  to  be  received  in  exchange  for  new 
bonds  ;  the  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  fuur 
and  a  half  per  cent,  per  annum  ;  and  bonds, 
both  princi|)al  and  interest,  to  be  free  fioni 
any  State  or  Federal  taxation.  This  plan  was 
based  on  the  re-established  prosperity  of  the 
country,  in  which  the  minimum  annual  rate 
of  increase  in  pojiulation  was  estimated  at 
1,100,000.  The  public  debt,  on  December  1, 
1809,  less  cash  in  the  Trea.sury,  was  ii2,  l-Vi,- 
559,735.23,  making  a  total  reduction,  since 
1805,  of  $304,129,830.20. 

The  diplomatic  history  of  the  first  nionlhs 
follow'  iig  Grant's  inauguration  is  quite  void  of 
interest.  The  Senate  had  injected  the  Claren- 
don-Johnson Treaty  relative  to  thi;  AIuImiim 
claims,  and  the  exchange  of  correspondence 
to  settle  the  question  upon  another  basis  had 
not  yet  fairly  begun.  Tho  Administration 
sympathized  with  tho  Cubans,  but  did  ii"t 
yield  to  tho  entreaties  of  Cuban  leadeis  in 
committing  itself  to  any  overt  act.  It  wa.s 
wrongly  stated  that  Minister  Sickles  had  of- 
fered tho  mediation  of  the  United  Slates; 
he  had  hardly  spoken  of  the  "  good  pfiices  " 
of  the  United  States,  as  able  to  bring  » 
settlement  between  tho  contending  jiartics 
in  Cuba.  Still,  that  ofl'er  was  declined  by 
the  Regent  of  Spain.  Tho  dijilomatic  note 
was  withdrawn  by  the  American  Govern- 
ment, whose  attention  was  called  soon  after 


UNITED    STATES. 


608 


inibiun  aiitlioritios.  This 
3  Senate  of  Bogota.  Ii, 
5vor,  ati  cxpf'ditioii,  undcf 
emlenco  of  Kiiar-Atliniinl 
to  proceed  with  its  suimv 

lition  of  the  cointry  wns 
•  the  fiscal  your  eiidUg 
5  was  an  oxcos.s  of  receipts 
including  interest  on  llje 
4S3,149.4(i.  Out  of  that 
)00,0()0  had  been  received 
March  ;  the  balance,  $30,- 
ed  after  the  inauguration 
nd  tlie  funds  wt're  tiscj 
to   purchase   five-twenty 

taxes  and  the  duties  on 
eing  paid  in  gohl,  carricl 

coin  into  tlie  Natioiuil 
mparatively  easy  for  tljc 
•clnise  five-twenty  bonds 
"),470,8C0,  till  the  end  of 
;e  price  in  coin  of  88,  'J ^ 

of  this  real  jirosperity, 
the  Government  contiii. 
and  the  debt  was  a  little 
year,  the  currency  kept 
irse.      In  this  condition 
tary  of  the  Treasury  aij. 
th;it  he  ought  to  be  al- 
!   circulation  of   Unitid 
j!2,000,000  per  montli. 
led    the    funding  of  tin- 
i  five-twentv  bonds,  ex- 
,000,  out  of 'the  Si  1,4  50,. 
to  remain  in  the  hands  of 
1  July  1,1870.    lie  then 
f  a  loan  for  an  amount 
,000,000,  to  be  oflered  in 
1,000,000  each,  the  first 
twenty  years,  the  second 
he  third  in  thirty  years. 
M-est  to  be  paitl  in  coin ; 
to  receive  their  intercht 
larkets  ;  the  five-twenty 
1  in   exchange  for  new 
erest  not  to  exceed  four 
ler  annum  ;  and   bonds, 
iterest,  to  be  free  from 
axation.     This  plan  was 
ished  prosperity  of  tlie 

minimum  annual  rate 
ition  was  estimated  at 
c  debt,  on  December  1, 
Treasury,  was  ^2, 4."i3,. 

total  reduction,  since 
.20. 

)ry  of  the  first  months 
(uratioii  is  quite  void  of 
lad  ityected  the  C'lann- 
2lative  to  the  A/alnima 
ngo  of  corresi)ondtiioe 
ipon  another  basis  had 

The   Administration 

Cubiins,  but  did  not 
8  of  Cuban  leaders  in 
my  overt  act.  It  was 
inister  Sickles  had  of- 
if  the  United  Stales; 
of  the  "  good  pfiices  " 
,  as  able  to  bring  a 
!>3  contending  jiartics 
>fi'er  was   declined  by 

The  diplomatic  note 
0  American  Govciu- 
was  called  soon  after 


to  the  civso  of  two  American  citizens,  who, 
having  unintentionally  embarked  in  a  Cu- 
ban vessel,  the  Grapps/ioty  were  executed  by 
tlie  Spanish  authorities.  The  Madrid  atitho- 
ritii's  promisetl  a  prompt  rejiai'tttion,  reserv- 
ing to  tliemselves  the  choice  of  the  opportu- 
nity. 

One  of  the  first  and  most  important  political 
events  which  occurred  in  the  year  1870  was 
the  ratification,  by  twenty-nine  States,  of  the 
Fifteenth  Amendment,  and  the  wording  of  the 
message  of  President  Grant  notifying  the  pro- 
mulgation of  the  Amendment.  This  notifica- 
tion was  an  imusvial  formality,  but,  says  the 
President  in  his  Jlessage,  "  I  deem  a  depar- 
ture from  the  usual  custom  justifiable.  A 
measure  which  makes  at  once  four  million 
people  voters,  who  were  heretofore  declared  by 
the  highest  tribunal  in  the  land  not  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  nor  eligible  to  become  so, 

is  indeed  a  measure  of  grander 

importance  than  any  other  one  act  of  the  kind, 
from  the  foundation  of  our  free  government 
to  the  present  day."  For  some  time  there 
were  many  disctissions  in  Congress  relative  to 
amendments  which  were  proposed  to  enforce 
tlie  F'ifteenth  Amendment  itself,  and  to 
secure  the  freedom  of  suffrage  to  the  male 
colored  population  of  each  State.  A  bill  to 
tliat  effect  was  j)assed  by  Congress,  and  many 
elections  were  held  iluring  the  year,  under 
tlic  working  of  the  new  law ;  the  negro  vote 
was  strongly — though  not  universally — Jle- 
jiublican  in  all  of  these  elections.  Still,  there 
were  some  wiio  were  not  satisfied  with  the 
progress  made  in  favor  of  the  colored  race, 
and  in  answer  to  a  serenade  given  to  him  by 
some  negroes  at  Washington,  Charles  Sum- 
ner declared  that  equality  of  rights  should  be 
secured  to  the  colored  race  in  the  common- 
school  system,  and  that  the  word  "  white  " 
should  be  struck  from  the  naturalization  laws 
of  the  United  States. 

Some  clianges  occurred,  in  June,  in  the 
composition  of  the  cabinet.  Mr.  Columbus 
Delano,  of  Oliio,  succeeded  to  J.  D.  Cox, 
wlio  resigned  his  office  of  Secretary  of  the 
Interior;  and  Mr.  E.  Rockwood  Hoar, having 
also  resigned  his  position,  was  succeeded  by 
Amos  T.  Akerman,  of  Georgia,  in  the  oUico 
of  Attorney-General. 

The  reconstruction  of  the  Southern  States 
was  finally  accomplished  by  the  admission  in 
f'oi\jrr(ss  of  the  Ilepresentalives   from  Vir-  | 
giiiia,  ^Mississippi,  and  Texas.  i 

A   very  imi)ortant   constittitional  case,  of  I 
intprost  to  all  the  connnercial  and   banking 
I'omnnmity,    came    up    befoi-e    the    Supreme 
Court.     It  was  to  determine  whether  the  act 
of  Febnuiry    23,    1802,  so  far  as  it  makes 
United   States  notes    a   legal  tender  in  pay- 
ment of  debts  contracted  prior  to  its  pa.ssBge,  | 
is  constitutional  and  valiil.     The  Chief-Jus- 1 
fice,  in  delivering  the  opinion  of  the  Court, 
(li'cided  in  the  negative,  asserting  that  "  the  ! 
(lovornment  of  the  United  States  is  one  of 
limited  powers,  and  that  no  department  pos- 1 
scsses  any  authority  not  granted  by  the  Con-  j 
stitution,"   which   is   opposed  to  siich  retro-  j 
active  equalization  between  coin  and  United 
■States  notes.     Three   Justices,  ISlessrs.  Mil- 
IiM-,  Swayue,  antl  Davis,  entertained  the  dis- 
s^'iiting  opinion. 

Next  to  tills  important  decision  came  up 
the  question  whether  Congress  bad  authority 
U)  tax  the  circulation  of  State  banks.     That 


was  decided  in  the  affirmafive,  by  the  major- 
ity of  the  Supremo  Court,  with  the  dissent- 
ing votes  of  Justices  Nelson  and  Davis.  The 
investments  of  ailministratoi-s  in  Confederate 
bonds  were  considei'eil  ns  Ikiving  been  matlc 
inqirojierly,  and  as  being  inoperative  as  a 
discharge  from  responsibility ;  the  Court  or- 
dered new  settlements  to  be  made. 

The  work  of  reorganizing  the  country,  and 
especially  the  South,  so  deeply  distracted 
commercially  and  industrially,  progressed 
during  the  year.  The  second  annual  Southern 
Commercial  Convention  lUisembled  at  Cincin- 
nati on  the  4th  October,  and  debated  all 
questions  relative  to  the  best  means  of  reviv- 
ing trade  and  industry  in  the  southern  and 
western  sections  of  the  United  States.  The 
Convention  advocated  direct  trade  willi  Eu- 
rope from  Southern  cities,  the  adoption  of  a 
homestead  law,  and  a  fair  and  equitable  sched- 
ule of  rates  for  freight  and  passenger  trans- 
portation. 

The  labor  movement  was  agitated,  and  the 
National  Labor  Congress,  held  in  August  at 
Cincinnati,  voted  the  immediate  formation  of 
an  independent  political  organization,  to  be 
known  as  the  "  National  Labor  Reform 
Party."  The  North-western  movement  against 
the  maintenance  of  the  national  capital  at 
Washington  was  continued  by  the  assembling 
at  Cincinnati  of  a  convention,  in  which  were 
reaflirmed  the  anti -Washington  resolutions 
ailoi)tud  at  the  National  Capital  Convention, 
held  in  St.  Louis  the  year  before.  Cincinnati 
also  had  the  honor  of  giving  hospitality  to  an 
"  Irish  National  Congress,"  which,  without 
eliciting  openly  any  Fenian  (iroelivities,  had 
for  its  object  the  union  of  the  various  Irish 
organizations  of  the  United  States. 

Ku  Kluxism  was  taken  in  hand  by  the 
Senate  after  the  reception  of  a  Presidential 
message  calling  the  attention  of  Congress  to 
the  case  of  North  Carolina.  The  majority 
report  of  the  Senate  committee  admitted  that 
the  Ku  Klux  organization  did  exist,  had  a 
political  purpose,  u.nd  was  composed  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Democratic  or  Conservative  party ; 
that  it  had  sought  to  carry  out  its  purpose  by 
murders,  whipping,  intimidations,  and  vio- 
lence against  its  opponents.  Senators  Blair 
and  Bayard  submitted  to  the  Senate  a  mi- 
nority report. 

The  message  of  President  Grant  at  the 
commencement  of  the  third  session  of  the 
Forty-first  Congress,  December  5,  1870,  was  a 
loiigcu"  document  than  was  expected.  It  was 
filled  more  especially  with  u  leiigtheiKM]  re- 
view of  foreign  questions,  and  contained  a 
strong  recommendation  for  the  annexation  of 
San  Domingo. 

T'.c  financial  progress  of  the  country  dur- 
inr_   this   year   was  not  so  great  as  it  was ! 
nattiral  to  exjiect  from  the  continued  increase  j 
in  its  receipts.     The   breaking   out   of  the ; 
Franco-German  war  prevented  the  Secretary  i 
of  the  Treasury  from  putting  on  the  money- ; 
markets  his  intended  loan,  the  proceeds  of 
which  were  to  realize  the  equalization  and  the 
funding  of  the  public  debt.     By  an  act  of 
Congress,  approved  July  14,  1870,  the  views  i 
of  the   Secretary  of  the  Trea.sury  were  en-  | 
dorsed  by  Congress,  which  authorized  him  to  1 
issue,  in  sums  not  exceeding  $200,000,000, 
coupon   or   registered   bonds  of  the   United  i 
States,  redeemable  in  coin,  at  the  pleasure  of  ] 
the  United  States,  after  ten  years,  and  bear- 


i  ing  5  per  cent,  interest,  also  ])ayablo  in  coin; 
also  to  issue  lli300,000,000  bonds",  jiayablo  after 
I  fifteen  j'luirs,  and  bearing  I.J  per  cent,  iiiter- 
jCSt;  also  ijt  1 ,000,000,000  of' liki^  bonds,  pay- 
I  able  after  thirty  years,  and  bearing  4  per  cent, 
interest.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  those 
bonds,  at  not  less  than  their  par  value  for 
coin,  was  to  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  re- 
demption of  any  outstanding  five-twenty 
bonds  of  the  United  States,  at  their  jiar 
value  ;  or  the  new  bonds  might  be  exchanged 
for  five-twenty  bonds  par  fur  i)ar.  J-Ivery 
preparation  was  made — even  a  portion  of  tlio 
paper  was  manufactured — in  order  to  be  Jire- 
jiari'd  to  throw  that  gigantic  loan  on  the 
market  as  soon  as  the  F"ranco-German  war, 
which  was  declared  two  days  after  the  ap- 
proval of  the  act  of  Congress,  should  cease. 
But  the  war  lasted  longer  than  expected,  and 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  compelled 
to  ask  authority  to  issue  iis36o,000,000  addi- 
tional of  bonds,  bearing  5  per  cent,  interest, 
and  payable  quarterly.  On  the  last  day  of 
November,  1870,  the  principal  of  the  ]mblic 
debt,  not  deducting  moneys  on  hand,  was 
82,418,073,044.43,  showing  a  still  larger  re- 
duction than  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year, 
when  on  July  Ist,  1870,  the  reduction  of  the 
public  debt  for  the  fiscal  year  had  been 
officially  figured  at  «slO7,77U,780.13.  Tho 
difference  between  gold  and  currency  declined 
from  32.9  premium  in  18G9,  to  1.').2  in  1870, 
which  was  an  improvement  of  about  1 7  per 
cent,  in  the  United  Stales  paper  currency. 
Tho  .surplus of  recei])ts  over  expenditures,  for 
the  fiscal  year  eiuling  June  30,  1870,  was 
§101,G01,!>l(i.88,  which  were  applied,  as 
usual,  to  the  payment  of  the  public  debt. 
Some  measures  were  adojited  by  Congress 
to  increase  somewhat  the  circulation  of  tho 
National  Banks,  and  for  a  riKluction  of 
^77,000,000  of  internal  taxes,  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  previous  year.  The  decline 
of  ship-building  and  the  American  carrying- 
trade  were  so  significant,  that  a  special  com- 
mittee was  apjiointed  by  Congress  to  visit 
New  York,  Boston,  I'hiladelphia,  and  Port- 
land, to  ascertain  what  remedy  could  bo 
brought  about  to  stay  the  di.'cline  of  so  im- 
portant an  item  of  nati.'iial  prospei-ity.  Tho 
report  showed  that,  in  1850,  7.")  per  cent,  of 
the  total  exports  and  imports  were  shipped 
in  American  vessels.  In  1855,  the  situation 
had  remained  the  same;  but  in  1809,  34  jier 
cent,  only  were  shijiped  in  American  vessels, 
to  CO  per  cent,  in  foreign  bottoms.  Nearly 
70  j)er  cent,  of  the  imports  at  Mew  York 
were  in  foreign  steamers.  Tho  committee 
suggested  many  remedies,  but  they  were  not 
tried. 

One  of  the  most  important  diplomatic  ques- 
tions raised  during  the  year,  was  that  relating 
to  the  war  which  broke  out  in  Europe  in  the 
middle  of  July,  1870.  On  August  22d,  tho 
President  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality, 
enjoining  American  citizens  not  to  take  any 
part  in  the  Franco-German  conflict.  On  tho 
8th  of  October,  some  French  men-of-war  hav- 
ing appeared  off  New  Y'oik, as  with  the  inten- 
tion of  practically  blockading  that  port  against 
German  merchantmen,  the  President  issued 
another  proclamation  declaring  that  such  fre- 
quenting and  use  of  American  waters  would 
not  be  tolerated  from  either  of  tho  bellig(;r- 
ents.  The  making  of  American  ports  d<q)ots 
for  matemls  of  war  was  also  prohibited ;  and 


flM 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


■  U 


;^: 


Mr.  KInIi  llionght  nccoRsary  to  tliiink  I'riiBBia, 
bccniisi-,  wliilt)  hor  imvy  wiiH  tlien  yot  in 
its  inl'iiuey  iind  (niito  uspleHs,  slio  liiid  doclarcil 
to  aillicn!  to  tlio  (iriiiciiilo  Ibrmorly  advocated 
by  the  United  .States,  tliat  jn-ivuto  property 
(III  the  liij;li  seas  sliould  bo  exemjit  Irom 
Ki'iziire.  No  dlHcussiou  nroHO  between  the 
United  States  and  Fi-ance  in  the  first  half 
of  tlio  year;  on  the  contrary,  very  cordial 
anil  familiar  relations  had  been  established 
iM^tween  the  Imperial  family  and  the  An\erican 
Minister  at  Paris,  Mr.  E.  B.  Washburno. 
Nevertheless,  ho  hastened  to  recognize,  accord- 
ing to  American  diplomatic  tradition,  the 
establishment  Je  facto  of  a  Jtepnblican  gov- 
oi-nrnent.  Mr.  Washburno  had  frequent  and 
friendly  interviews  with  Jules  Favro,  French 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs;  but  the  United 
States  Government  iloeliued  the  prayer  made 
by  Jules  Favro  to  bring  about  the  end  of  the 
war  through  the  good  offices  of  the  American 
Uovernmeut.  Immediately  after  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  and  during  the  siege  of  Paris,  Mr. 
Wushburne  took  charge  of  tho  interests  of 
the  Oerrnans  in  tho  French  capitr^l,  and, 
tiiough  authorized  to  do  so  by  the  State  De- 
partment, he  was  accused  by  tho  Frenchmen 
—  wrongly,  of  course — of  entertaining  Ger- 
laan  sympathies.  On  one  day,  a  battalion  of 
the  National  Guard  called  on  Mr.  E.  B. 
AV'ashburuc,  to  thank  him  for  his  hasty  recog- 
nizing of  the  Kepublio ;  and  later,  another 
niauifestation  was  directed  against  him,  on 
uocouiit  of  his  pretended  Prussian  sympathies. 
Some  Americans,  among  whom  tho  benevo- 
lent and  )>hilauthropic  Dr.  Thomas  W.  Evans 
was  a  chief  laborer,  established  an  ambulance 
in  Paris,  and  the  American  name  went  out 
gloriously  from  all  the  wrecks  and  ruins  of 
the  siege  of  that  unfortunate  city. 

In  C'hiiui  and  Corea,  the  American  influ- 
ence was  greatly  increased  through  ener- 
getic action  against  the  Coreans  and  the 
))irat(!s  of  tlie  southern  Chinese  seas.  Mr. 
Low,  Minister  of  the  United  States,  took  in 
hand  the  cause  of  the  French  and  Russians 
murdered  at  Ti  i-tsin,  ar.d  exacted  the  pun- 
ishment of  tlio  nuirderers.  A  few  more  notes 
were  exchanged  relative  to  tho  Alabama 
Claims  question,  just  before  the  death  of  Lord 
Clarendon.  The  Canadian  aiithorities  having 
revoked  tho  system  of  fishing-licenses,  and 
authorized  British  officers  to  seize  any  vessel 
actually  fishing  within  three  miles  of  Cana- 
dian waters,  some  American  vessels  were  thus 
seized,  which  fact  led  to  an  active  diplomatic 
correspondence  between  the  State  Dejiart- 
nieut  and  tlie  British  Government.  Tho 
Northwest  Boundary  question  was  raised  for 
til'!  first  time,  and  a  joint  commission  w.is 
formed,  with  Knglisli  and  American  conimis- 
•sioners,  to  arrive  at  a  definite  settlement  of 
the  frontier  near  Pembina.  In  Japan,  Mr. 
Do  Long,  United  States  IMinister,  was  in- 
structed to  protest  against  a  decree  of  depor- 
tation issued  against  3,000  native  Christians  ; 
tlu!  Japanese  Government  complied  with  the 
reijuest.  Tho  question  of  the  indemnity  of 
United  States  citiz;us  against  Spain,  claims 
arising  from  the  Cuban  war,  caused  a  frequent 
interchange  of  diplomatic  notes  between 
Secretary  Fisii  and  Don  M.  Lopez  Roberts, 
Minister  of  Spain  at  Washington.  The 
American  Government  succeeded  in  asserting 
tlie  elaiiiiK  of  its  citizens,  as  well  as  in  obtain- 
ing thu   release  of  llio  Lkiyd  AqHnwnll,  a 


vessel  which  was  seized  by  Spanish  authori- 
ticB,  on  tho  ground  she  was  engaged  for  tho 
Cuban  cause. 

The  year  1871  opened  with  other  changes 
in  tho  President's  Cabinet.  Attorney-Gen- 
eral Akornian  I'esigned  Ids  ofiice,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  ex-Senator  George  H.  Williams,  of 
Oregon.  President  Grant  dismissed  Gen. 
Pleasanton,  who  had  declined,  upon  tho  re- 
quest of  the  President,  to  tender  liis  resigna- 
tion an  Commissioner  of  Interna!  Revenue. 
In  April,  the  Supremo  Ciourt  tlecideil  that  the 
Federal  Government  had  not  tho  right  to  tax 
tho  salary  of  a  judicial  i,fliccr  of  a  State. 
Soon  after,  tho  same  Court  reversed  tho  de- 
cision at  which  it  had  arrived,  in  1870,  rela- 
tive to  the  bearing  of  tho  Legal  Tender  Act 
of  Congress.  The  court  had  judged  that 
United  States  notes  were  not  a  legal  tender 
for  debts  contracted  before  the  jjassage  of  the 
bill.  But  only  seven  judges  sat  on  the  bench 
on  that  occasion,  and  two  vacancies  having 
boon  filled  in  the  interval,  a  rehearing  of  tho 
case  was  demanded  by  the  Attorney-tJeneral ; 
and  by  five  voices  against  four,  the  court  decid- 
ed that  United  States  notes  were  a  legal  tender, 
even  with  retroactive  etiect,  and  that  they 
could  pay  any  debts  contracted  previous  to 
the  pa.sBage  of  the  act.  Chief  Justice  Chase 
maintained  the  opinion  held  by  him  on  the 
first  hearing  of  the  case,  and  voted  with  the 
minority  of  the  court. 

The  Ku  Klux  bill  was  jmssed  by  Congi-oss, 
after  a  lengthened  and  strong  discussion,  dur- 
ing which  some  Senators— Mr.  Trumbull 
and  others — declared  that  the  adoption  of 
such  a  bill  amounted  to  putting  an  end  to 
State  Government,  and  introducing  an  unwise 
change  in  our  government  system.  Senator 
Schurz  was  still  more  explicit,  and  he  said 
that  "  the  jjassage  of  this  nujasure  marks 
the  enlargement  of  the  national  jurisdiction 
at  the  expense  of  local  governments,  and  sets 
up  a  constructive  rebellion,  in  order  to  invest 
the  I'resident  with  discretionary  power  to 
suspend  the  liaheas  corpus  laws."  At  any 
rate,  the  measure  was  such  a  sweeping  and 
an  extraordinary  one,  that  President  (jJrant 
thought  necessary  to  issue  first,  on  the  4th 
of  May,  a  proclamation  intended  to  enlighten 
the  jieople  of  tho  United  States  as  to  the 
constitutionality,  the  necessity,  and  tho  in- 
nocuous character  of  the  bill.  Later,  in  Oc- 
tober, he  jiut  in  practice  the  aforesaid  bill, 
and  proclaimed  the  suspension  of  the  hahcaa 
ciirjnis  laws  in  some  districts  of  North  Caro- 
lina said  to  bo  infested  with  Ku  Kluxism. 
In  November,  a  proclamation  to  tho  same 
effect  was  issued,  as  aiiplicablo  to  Union 
('oiinty,  in  South  Carolina. 

The  Civil  Service  Reform  question  com- 
menced to  be  agitated ;  on  the  3d  of  Jlarch, 
Congress  voted  an  appropriation  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  a  newly  constituted  Board,  called 
the  Civil  Service  Commissioners,  tho  mem- 
bers aitpointed  by  the  President  being  Messrs. 
George  William  Curtis,  Alexander  G.  Cattell, 
Joseph  ISIedill,  Davidson  IT.  Walker,  E.  B. 
Ellicott,  Josejili  II.  Blackfan,  and  David  C. 
Cox.  Soon  after,  these  gentlemen  proposed 
the  new  rules  to  be  ap|ilied  to  candidates  for 
the  civil  service  of  the  United  States. 

Early  in  April,  1872,  the  Democratic  mem- 
bers of  Congress  issued  an  adilress  to  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  in  which  they 
protested  against  the   manner  in  wliich  the 


Adminstration  had  discharged  its  duties.  At 
tho  end  of  tho  same  month.  President  (Jrant 
made  a  visit  to  Indianapolis,  and,  at  the 
public  reception  which  was  tendered  to  him. 
Senator  Morton  answt^red  indirectly  tho  ail- 
dress  of  the  Democratic  Congressmen,  reas- 
serted the  Republican  principles,  and  broach- 
ed the  idea  of  tho  re-election  of  Grant.  Al- 
most immediately  after,  in  a  jirivate  meeting 
held  at  Cincinnati  by  some  prominent  Repub- 
licans, the  idea  of  tho  Liberal  Re|)ublican  ]ir()- 
grammowas  launched,  on  tho  basis  of  genital 
amnesty,  civil  service  reform  honestly  carried 
on,  specie  payments,  and  a  revenue  tarilF.  It 
was  decided  afterwards,  in  a  meeting  of  niorii 
than  100  very  prominent  Republicans,  that  a 
split  was  necessary  in  tho  party,  and  a  call  is- 
sued from  ^Missouri  for  a  Republican  National 
Convention  to  be  held  at  Cincinnati,  on  iMay 
1,1872,  in  opposition  to  tho  nomination  of 
General  Grant. 

At  tlie  same  time,  the  Domocratio  party, 
under  the  initiative  of  Vallandigham  himself, 
supported  by  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  even  by  Salmon  P.  Chase,  took 
what  was  called  a  "  new  departure  "  from  its 
former  doctrines.  Jefferson  Davis  attempted, 
in  a  speech  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  to  maintain  tliu 
Democratic  phalanxes  in  the  old  path,  but 
his  efforts  were  of  no  avail.  The  end  of  tlio 
year  found  the  two  gi-eat  |iarties  of  the  coun- 
try. Republican  and  Democratic,  divided 
among  themselves,  and  the  victory  >.as  left 
for  the  strong  Administration  i)arty  to  accept. 
IMeantime,  many  other  conventions  were 
held  by  the  National  Labor  organization,  by 
tho  negroes,  by  tho  Female  Suffrage  partisans, 
and  by  the  heads  of  police  departments  and 
chiefs  of  police  of  the  cities  of  the  United 
States.  Most  of  these  conventions  made  their 
headquarters  at  St.  Louis,  just  as  in  the  year 
previous  Cincinnati  had  enjoyed  the  honor 
and  profit  of  liarboring  them.  The  resolu- 
tions adopted  by  these  conventions  of  1871, 
were  nearly  the  same  as  those  voted  in  tliu 
meetings  of  the  previous  year. 

Tho  figures  and  statistics  of  the  United 
States  census  of  1870  weru  published  in  this 
year  ;  tlie  jiopulation  of  the  country  was  .'iS,- 
113,253,  showing  an  increase,  during  the  de- 
cade, of  22.22  per  cent.,  that  is,  of  C,92!»,r)0D 
inhabitants. 

The  financial  .sitviation  of  the  United  States 
was  good  in  1871,  though  not  so  appreciateil 
in  Europe,  where  the  funding  loan  could  not 
bo  placed.  The  best  evidence  of  the  pros- 
perity of  the  country  was  in  the  fact  that  tho 
receipts  were  in  excess  of  expenditures  to  the 
figtire  of  t;91,14r.,7r)G.fi4  ;  that  the  public  debt 
was  kept  decreasing  as  announced  in  former 
estimates,  and  that  the  premium  on  golil  kept 
equally  and  steadily  falling. 

The  average  premium  on  gold  for  the  year 

1808,  was 39.54  per  cent. 

18G9, 32.ij(l     "     " 

1870, 14.83     «     " 

1871, 12.1       "     " 

This  steady  decrease  in  the  premium  on 
gold,  and  eonsecpient  appreciation  of  the  na- 
tional paper  money,  was  due  especially  to  the 
re-establishment  of  confidence  in  the  credit  of 
the  Government,  which  confidence  led  to  an  in- 
creased demand  for  poper  money  in  the  busi- 
ness afl'airs  of  tho  country.  The  reveniio 
from  customs  for  tho  fiscal  year  1871  was 
I  greatly    in    excess    of    tho    estimates,    auJ 


mm 


UNITED    STATES. 


ecT 


iHchnrged  its  (lutirx.  At 
I  month,  President  ( Jrnnt 
idiiuiapoliH,  and,  at  tlio 
icli  wiia  tendiired  to  liini, 
wered  indirectly  the  iid- 
riitic  Congi-essnicn,  iciis- 
u  principleH,  and  brondi- 
"•election  of  Gront.  Al- 
ter, in  a  jirivate  nicetinf,' 
■  some  (ironiinent  Kejjiilj- 
)  Liberal  Kcpnblicun  jiri)- 
I,  on  the  basis  of  general 
3  reform  lionestly  carried 
and  a  rovenjio  tarilF.  It 
ds,  in  a  meeting  of  moro 
nent  Ke])iiblioans,  that  u 
1  the  party,  and  a  call  is- 
jr  a  Republican  National 
Id  at  Cincinnati,  on  May 
in  to  the  nomination  of 

,  the  Democratic  party, 
)f  Vallandigham  himseif, 
luincy  Adams,  of  Massa- 
y  Salmon  1'.  Chase,  took 
lew  departure  "  fi-oni  its 
ifferson  Davis  attempted, 
ta,  Ga.,  to  maintain  the 
!s  in  the  old  j)ath,  but 

avail.  The  end  of  tlio 
reat  (larties  of  the  coini- 
d  Democratic,  divided 
lid  the  victory  >/as  left 
istration  party  to  accept, 
other  conventions  were 

Labor  organization,  by 
L'male  Suffrage  partisans, 
police  departments  ami 
10  cities  of  the  United 

conventions  made  their 
ouis,  just  as  in  the  year 
had  enjoyed  the  hoiun- 
ng  them.  The  resoiii- 
le  conventions  of  1871, 
aa  those  voted  in  the 
BUS  year. 

:atist:cs  of  the  United 
were  published  in  this 

of  the  country  was  .IS,- 
increase,  during  the  de- 
it.,  that  i.s,  of  C,92!»,r)09 


ftmounted  to  $206,270,408.05.  Tho  receipt* 
from  internal  rovenuo  wore  about  $4,000,000 
lost)  than  tho  ostiraatos,  and  reached  tho  total 
of  $143,098,153.03.  In  January,  Congress 
j)nssod  an  act  increasing  to  $500,000,000  tho 
$200,000,000  bonds,  bearing  five  per  cent., 
])roviously  a\itliorizod  to  bo  iBsued.  The  loan 
was  otforud  both  in  Europe  and  in  this  couu- 
try ;  here,  a  large  portion  of  it  wos  taken, 
but  it  failed  in  Europe,  and  that  was  the 
cause  of  some  complaints  which  were  made 
in  Congress  against  tho  financial  policy  of  the 
Secretary  of  tho  Treasury. 

Tho  oorreapondenco  and  relations  with  Great 
Uritain,  form,  during  tho  year  1871,  tho  most 
important  and  about  the  only  point  of  interest 
in  the  diplomatic  affairs  of  tho  United  States. 
Tho  joint  CO'  imission  was  proposed  in  Janu- 
ary by  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  the  British 
Minister  at  Wa-shington.  After  tho  exchange 
of  a  few  notes,  tho  project  of  a  joint  commis- 
sion which  would  examine  all  cases  in  dispute 
bntween  tho  two  countries,  was  adopted. 
The  Commissioners  assembled  at  Wiushington 
on  February  27th,  under  the  presidency  of 
Huuielary  Fish.  On  tho  4th  of  May  was  read 
tho  statement  prepared  by  Lord  Tenterden 
anil  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  who  had  been  ap- 
]ii)inted  joint  protocolists,  and,  after  an  earnest 
discussion,  the  Washington  Treaty  was  signed. 
At  the  end  of  May,  the  arbitrators  who  were 
to  be  appointed,  according  to  the  Treaty,  wore 
dosignated.  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  of 
Massachusetts,  was  appointed  arbitrator  on 
bolialf  of  tho  United  States,  with  Mr.  James 
S.  FrazL-r  as  Commissioner  of  Claims.  Sir 
Ale.xander  Cockburn  was  appointed  by  Eng- 
liviul ;  M.  StaempQi,  for  Switzerland ;  Count 
ydopis,  for  Italy ;  and  Baron  Itajuba,  for 
Bnuil.  The  first  meeting  of  the  interna- 
tional tribunal,  thus  composed,  was  held  at 


nominatod  David  Davis,  of  Illiuoui,  one  of  the 
Judges  of  tho  Supreme  Court,  for  President, 
and  Joel  Parker,  of  New  Jersey,  for  Vice- 
President.  But,  both  of  them  having  do- 
cliued  the  nomination,  a  convention  of  work- 
ingmon  was  held  at  I'hiladelphio,  and  nomi- 
dated  Charles  O'Conor,  of  Now  York,  for 
President;  no  Vico-I'n'sident  wa«  nomi- 
nated. Tho  National  Colored  Convention, 
which  assembled  in  New  Orleans,  did  not 
nominate  any  candidate,  but  it  strongly  en- 
dorsed Grant's  administration,  and  at  the 
same  time,  tendered  its  thanks  to  Charles 
Sumner  for  his  continued  efforts  in  favor  of 
the  colored  race.  Tho  Liberal  Kepublican 
party  began  in  earnest  its  own  canvass,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Carl  Schurz,  of  Missouri, 
On  May  1st,  a  convention  was  held  in  Cin- 
cinnati, which  nominated  Horace  Greeley  for 
President,  and  B.  Gratz  Brown,  of  Missouri, 
for  Vice-President.  Some  leaders  of  the 
movement,  like  Carl  Schurz  and  Jacob  D. 
Cox,  being  dissatisfied  with  those  nominations, 
attempted,  in  u  conference  held  at  tho  Fifth 
Avenue  Hotel  in  New  York,  to  split  the  Lib- 
oral  party  by  nominating  Mr.  Groesbeck  for 
President  and  Frederick  L.  Olmsted  for 
Vice-President,  but  this  movement  failed  com- 
pletely. Tho  regular  Democratic  Convention 
assembled  at  Baltimore  on  July  9th,  endorsed 
the  nominations  luado  at  Cincinnati  by  the 
Liberal  llepublicana ;  and  thus  Horace  Gree- 
ley and  Gratz  Brown  wore  the  caudidatos  both 
for  tho  Democrats  and  tho  Liberal  Republi- 
cans. Some  dissatisfied  Democrats  attempt- 
ed in  vain,  in  a  convention  held  at  Louisville, 
to  place  before  tho  people  of  their  party  the 
names  of  O'Conor  and  of  John  Quiney  Adams, 
as  candidates  for  the  Presidency  and  Vice- 
Presidency.  This  movement  liad  no  import- 
ance.   Some  dissenting  negroes  led  by  W.  N. 


Geneva,  in  December,   1871;    Mr.  Bancroft  Saunders,  of  Maryland,  attempted  also  to  se- 

Davis  prepared  tho  American  case  and  he  laid  cure  the  negro  vote,  by  endorsing  at  their 

it  before  the  Tribunal.  convention  assembled  at  Louisville  the  nom- 

Tho  year  1872  witnessed,  in  its  beginning,  inutioii  of  Greeley  and  Gratz  Brown.     This 

another  change  among  the  members  of  tho  action  of  the  colored  minority  was  not  at- 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States :  Justice  |  tended  with  success. 

Nelson  retired  on  account  of  his  age  ;  and  ex-  The  regular   Republican   Convention  was 

Governor  Ward  Hunt,  from  New  York,  sue-  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  June  5th,  under  the 

ceeJed  him.      The  most  important  decision  Presidency  of  Thomas  Settle,  of  North  Caro- 

riMidered  by  tho  Court  was  the  one  establish-  Una.       With    acclamation,   it    renominated 


ing  tho  principle,  that  citizens  in  the  Terri- 
tories have  rights  of  self-government  cognate 
to  those  enjoyed  by  citizens  in  the  States. 

A  scheme  of  great  national  interest,  intend- 
ing to  place  the  telegraph  system  of  tho  coun- 
try in  the  hands  of  the  Government,  was 
brought  before  Congress,  but  failed  to  bo  en- 
dorsod  by  the  representatives  of  the  nation  ; 
yet  Congress  passed  an  act  creating  an  iin- 
nienso  public  park,  near  the  headwaters  of  the 
Yellowstone  River. 

On  tho  2d  of  February,  the  number  of 
Representatives  in  Congress  had  increased  to 
2S3,  and  by  on  Act  approved  on  May  30th, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, Indiana,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  Ala- 
bama, and  Florida,  were  authorized  to  send 
one  representative  to  Congress,  in  addition 
to  the  number  apportioned  by  tho  previous 
act. 

Tlie  Presidential  campaign  commenced  early 
in  the  year.  The  first  convention  held  for  the 
purpose  of  nominating  candidates  was  that 
of  the  Labor  Reform  Party,  which  met  at 
Columbus,   Ohio,   in    Februiuy,  and   which 


Grant  for  President,  and  choso  Henry  Wil- 
son, of  Massachusetts,  for  Vice-President. 
These  two  gentlemen  were  duly  elected  by 
the  popular  suffrage  in  November,  and  the 
majority  of  Grant  over  Greeley  was  of  762,- 
991  votes. 

This  year  witnessed  tho  act  by  which  the 
last  restriction  placed  upon  the  liberties  of 
the  Southern  people  w  ero  taken  off.  Congress 
voted,  on  May  22,  tho  abolition  of  all  politi- 
cal disabilities  imposed  by  the  third  section 
of  the  Fourteenth  Amendment.  Still  these 
disabilities  were  maintained  as  to  some  who 
had  been  the  leaders  in  tho  rebellion. 

Financially,  the  year  1872  proved  a  suc- 
cessful one.  The  national  debt  was  reduced 
by  $99,960,253.54,  although  there  was  a  re- 
duction in  the  rato  of  taxation.  The  decline 
of  the  American  carrying  trade  continued, 
and  iiearly  three-fourths  of  the  foreign  trade 
with  tho  United  States  was  carried  under 
foreign  flags.  The  Secretary  of  tho  Treosury 
again  called  tho  attention  of  the  people  to  the 
future  financial  policy  of  the  country,  and  as- 
serted tho  good  results  of  tho  prulectivc  sys- 


lU.MK) 
10.51)0 

lo.rno 
ri.iioi) 

111,000 
1U.0U0 


tem,  which  had  brought  about  tho  steady  r» 
duction  of  the  national  debt. 

Two  great  diplomatic  successes  for  tho 
United  States  are  to  be  registered  during  the 
year  1872.  Tho  Emperor  of  tlerniuny,  ac- 
cepted as  arbitrator,  in  order  to  determine 
the  true  boundary  lino  of  the  Noitlnvestern 
frontier  between  the  United  States  Territory 
and  tho  British  possessions  adjoining  Van 
couver's  Island,  confirmed  and  e,stablished  ihr 
claim  of  the  American  Government. 

The  Alabama  Claims  question  was  also 
settled  by  the  Geneva  Tribunal  of  arbitration, 
in  a  manner  satisfactory  for  tho  United  States. 
Mr.  Bancroft  Davis,  on  the  21st  September, 
transmitted  to  Secretary  Fish  the  award  of 
the  Tribunal  in  favor  of  the  United  States, 
which  award  was  i)aid  afterwards  without 
any  discussion  by  tho  British  (lovernment. 
In  the  settlement  of  this  great  question  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  retained  tho 
services  of  William  M.  Evarts,  Caleb  Cush- 
ing,  and  Mr.  Waito,  afterwards  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  to  succeed 
Mr.  Chase. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1874,  Congre«8 
increased  saloi-ies  of  the  officers  of  tho  gov- 
ei-nment  as  follows : 

01(1  flii'nry.  Now  Snlnry, 

Prenldcnt  of  the  United  StatM tS.-i,OHI       JBO.IU'O 

Vlce-I-renldcnt KmO 

Chief  JutiUco  of  Buitrf  mc  Court ft.rA'O 

JuRtloMof  Supreme  Court S,0*-0 

Circuit  JudirM '',0  0 

Bpcnkerof  tlio  IIouiw  of  Ucprwnliitivpw.    MK)!) 
MemUcm  of  tho  Coblnot f.OOU 

The  salaries  of  Members  of  (-'ongress  were 
also  increased  by  the  same  Act,  but  such  ob- 
jection was  raised  thioii^'hoiit  the  country, 
that  the  members  began  by  refusing,  individ- 
ually, to  draw  their  increased  pay,  and  after- 
words the  portion  of  the  bill  relative  to  the 
salaries  of  Congressmen  was  repealed.  On  tho 
4th  of  March,  1874,  President  Grant  and  Vice- 
President  Wilson  were  inaugurated.  It  was 
the  coldest  day  which  had  been  ex])erieuced 
in  Washington  since  its  foundation  ;  some  ca- 
dets of  the  Naval  School  went  on  the  sick  list 
on  returning  to  Annapolis.  The  general  ob- 
servations mode  by  the  President,  in  his  in- 
augural, were  few,  and  rather  too  precise  on 
certain  topics.  "  When  my  first  term  of  the 
oflice  of  Chief  Executive  began,"  he  said, 
"  the  land  had  not  recovered  from  the  eflect  of 
an  internal  revolution,  and  three  of  the  for- 
mer States  of  the  Union  had  not  been  restored 
to  their  Federal  relations.  It  seemed  to  me 
wi.se  that  no  new  questions  should  be  raised 
so  long  as  that  condition  of  affairs  existed  ; 
therefore,  the  past  four  years,  so  far  as  I  could 
control  events,  hove  been  consumed  in  the 
effort  to  restore  liarniony,  piil.lic  credit,  com- 
merce, and  all  the  arts  of  jieaee  mid  progress. 
It  is  my  firm  conviction,  tlirit  Ihc  civilized 
world  is  tending  towanls  icpiililiciinisin,  or 
government  of  the  peo]ile  tliioiiuh  their  chosen 
representatives,  and  that  our  own  gnjat  repub- 
lic is  destined  to  be  the  guiding  star  to  all 
others."  The  Presiilent  then  reviewed  rapidly 
the  different  questions  of  immediate  interest 
to  the  United  States,  saying  that  "  the  effect 
of  the  late  civil  war  has  been  to  free  the  slave 
and  make  him  a  citizen.  Yet,  he  is  not  posses- 
sed of  the  ci«l  rights  which  citizenship  should 
carry  with  it.  This  is  wrong,  and  should  bo 
con'ectetl.  To  this  correction  I  stand  com- 
mitted, Bo  far  as  Executive  influence  can 
avail."  Presitlent  Grant  continues  his  Mes- 
sugo,  by  making  au  apology,  for  having  worked 


008 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


HO  paniedtly  a»  lut  did  for  tlio  imicli'iHo  of  Hiiu 
D(miitij;o,  wliioli  |iurcliiiii«)  Imd  been  con- 
di'imiiMl  by  I'iimhichh.  I  In  Niiid,  "  In  the 
fiitiiro,  wliilo  1  liold  my  present  otliee,  tlie 
siibji'et,  of  iici)iiisitioii  of  territory  iiniNt  iiiivt! 
the  support  of  tlie  people  l)eforo  I  will  reroiii- 
iiiend  any  proposition  looking  to  sneii  iiuipii- 
silion."  After  liiiving"aeknowlpd)jed  tlieolili- 
f{iitions  ho  is  under  to  his  countrymen,"  for 
liis  rooluotion,  the  President  recalls  thiit  "  he 
Intd  scitrcely  a  respite  in  his  labors  since  tlie 
eventful  tiring  on  Fort  Humter,  in  April,  lH(i  1, 
to  the  jiresent  day  ;  "  and  ho  ends  his  Message 
by  those  words  of  personal  iiiteri^st:  "  Not- 
withstanding this  [the  roll-call  of  his  Herviees|, 
throughout  the  war,  ntid  fron\  my  candichiey 
for  my  present  olHce,  in  180^,  to  the  close  of 
the  last  presidential  campaign,  I  have  Ix^en 
the  subject  of  abuse  and  slander  scarcely  ever 
equalled  in  political  history,  which  to-day  1 
feel  I  can  afford  to  disi'egard,  in  view  of  your 
verdict,  which  I  gratefully  accept  as  my  vin- 
dication." 

The  changes  immediately  made  in  tlio  Cabi- 
net were  limited  to  the  a|)|>ointment  of  Wil- 
liam A.  llichardson  as  Seoretaiy  of  the  Treas- 
ury, vice  George  S.  Boutwell,  who  resigned 
liis  oflice.  The  internal  jiostal  system  of  the 
United  States  was  improved  by  the  adoption 
of  the  free-delive;  y  system  in  all  cities  contain- 
ing 20,000  inhabitants,  and  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  postal  cards. 

Among  the  many  conventions  which  assem- 
bled during  the  year,  the  most  im|>ortantones 
were  that  of  the  "  I'atrons  of  Husbandry," 
who  are  so  faniilar  to  every  American  uiuler 
their  popular  name,  the  ({rangers ;  and  the 
National  Cheap  Transportation,  which  orga- 
nized in  New  York  in  May,  1874.  Hotli  of 
these  orgaTiizations  had  nearly  the  same  view  ; 
that  is,  to  bring  Congress  to  legislate  for  the 
better  government  of  railroad  corporations. 
Early  in  Jaumiry,  1874,  u  report  was  made 
to  Congress  on  the  question,  by  its  Committee 
on  Railroads  and  "anals.  The  people  asked 
that  a  law  should  be  enacted,  regulating 
commerce  by  railroads  between  the  sevenil 
States.  No  action  was  taken  on  that  point, 
which  had  been  thoroiighly  examined  by 
(!eoi-go  W.  i\IcCrary,  o"  Iowa,  Chairman  of 
the  Committee  on  Kailroads  and  (janals. 

This  year,  except  1872,  when  449,483  im- 
migrants landed  in  America,  witnessed  a  larg- 
er o.xodus  from  Euro])e  to  this  country,  tliau 
any  one  previous.  In  187.'5  there  were  4;i7,()04 
immigrants  who  arrived  in  the  United  States, 
making  a  whole  total  of  8,808,141  since 
1820. 

Financially,  the  year  1873  would  have 
been  as  prosperous  as  the  ])revious  ones,  but 
for  the  incredible  panic  which  seized  the 
coinitry  in  SeptcTubcr.  Never  ha.s  been  more 
strongly  illustrated  the  special  character  of 
u  panic,  is))ccially  of  a  financial  one ;  rumors 
and  fears  caused  all  the  trouble.  It  began  at 
the  national  capital,  and  at  the  First  National 
liank,  managed  by  Jay  Cooke  it  Co.,  who  en- 
joycid  the  confidence  of  the  Government.  It 
was  inunediately  rinuored  that  the  United 
States  Treasury  itself  was  concerned  in  the 
Jay  Cooke  fuilnreH,  though  there  was  not 
an  atom  of  truth  in  the  saying.  The  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1873,  produced  in  the 
shape  of  excess  of  receii)ts  over  expenditures, 
almost  exactly  what  had  been  estimated  by 
tho   Socretury  of  the  Treasury  iu  hi.s  tiuau- 


eial  report  of  the  previous  year.  The  sur- 
plus, which  amounted  to  ♦43,3i»2,950.34,  wa« 
devoted  as  .is\ial  to  the  payment  of  the  na- 
tional debt.  Hut  tho  panic  having  settled 
ileep  into  all  commercial,  industrial,  and  finan- 
cial enterprises  of  the  country,  having  broken 
down  many  of  the  moneyed  institutions,  and 
closed  up  the  majority  of  workshops,  tho  na- 
tional financial  statiis  of  tho  second  part  of 
1873  was  not  so  satisfactory  as  that  of  tho 
firat  half  of  the  year.  The  I)e8t  evidence  that 
the  financial  panic  did  not  rest  upon  any  real, 
soinid  nu)tives,  is  that  the  shipbuilding  trade, 
which  had  been  depressed  for  so  long  a  time, 
began  to  revive.  Still,  the  panic  exercised  a 
tremendous  influence  over  ordinary  nuTcan- 
tilo  and  indnstiijd  transactions,  and  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  people  were  so  acute,  that  they  are 
now  (August,  1874)  not  yet  healed. 

No  <liplomatic  q\ieation  of  importance,  ex- 
cept that  pertaining  to  Cuba,  arose  during 
the  year  1873.  Foreign  nations,  as  the  Ar- 
gentine Hepublic  and  Austria,  admit,  or  de- 
clare their  intention  to  admit,  in  order  to  set- 
tle their  quarrels  with  other  countries,  the 
principle  of  arbitration  recognized  and  prac- 
tised by  the  United  States.  The  Chinese 
Kmjieror  agreed  to  relinquish  tho  old  system 
of  tlie  (^ourt  of  I'ekin,  and  to  receive  Foreign 
Ministei-s  in  his  celestial  presence. 

The  I'irt/lnixn,  an  A nu-rican  schooner,  hav- 
ing been  seized  on  the  high  seas  by  a  Spanish 
man-of-war,  and  bro\ight  into  the  port  of  San- 
tiago, as  guilty  of  being  an  insurgent  Cuban 
v<'ssel,  many  of  the  passengers  and  crew  were 
shot  by  the  Spaniards.  The  State  Depart- 
ment at  Wa-shington  insistcul  that  an  apology 
should  be  made,  that  the  T'i')y/i/(i«^  should  be 
remitted  to  the  United  States  Government, 
and  that  an  indemnity  should  bo  paid  to  tlie 
families  of  the  victims.  The  first  two  con- 
ditions were  soon  comidied  with  ;  and  the 
third  one  is  now  (August,  1874)  the  subject  of 
diplomatic  connnunications. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  j-ear  1874  Gov- 
ernors of  several  States  were  inaugurated : 
among  them  Governor  Kemper,  of  Virginia; 
Dix,  of  New  York  ;  William  Allen,  of  Ohio. 
Th(^  President  withdrew  the  nomination  he 
had  made  of  Mr.  Cushing  as  Chief  Justice, 
and  Mr.  Morrison  K.  Waite's  nomination  to 
that  oflice  was  afterwards  confirmed  by  the 
Senate.  In  February,  the  President  sent  a 
message  to  Congress,  asking  in  g(uieral  terms 
a  handsome  supjiort  of  the  centennial  enter- 
prise. His  nomination  of  Mr.  Cushing  as 
Minister  at  Madrid  having  been  confirmed 
by  the  Senate,  Mr.  Cushing  sailed  for  Spain 
in  March.  On  the  8th  of  the  same  month 
ex-President  Fillmore  was  carried  to  the 
grave;  and  tlii-eo  days  after,  Charles  Sunnier 
died  at  Washington,  after  having  seen  his 
former  censure  by  the  Massachuscttts  Legisla- 
:  tiire  rescinded  by  that  body.  In  !May  the 
I  Piesident  determined  to  suppress  the  warfare 
i  which  was  carrii^d  on  in  Arkan.sas  by  Brooks 
I  and  fia.xter,  both  of  whom  pretended  to  be  the 
j  legal  ttovernors  of  the  State.  Fighting  con- 
i  tinned  for  weeks,at  Little  Hock  especially, and 
1  also  in  the  neighboring  counties,  while  power- 
:  ful  moral  assistance  was  given  to  each  of  tho 
'  contestants  by  ditlerent  Members  of  Con- 
i  gre.ss.  The  I'residcnt,  acting  on  tho  advice 
'of  tho  Attoniey-tieiieral,  recognized  Baxter 
I  as  (iovernor  of  Aikimsas,  and  warned  Brooks 
'and  his  fellow-insurgents   to   disperse.     Ou 


May  23d  tho  Senate  passed  the  Civil  Itights 
Bill.  General  Bristow  was  unanimously  con- 
firmed by  the  Senate,  on  June  1st,  as  Secre- 
tary of  tho  Treasury.  Mr.  Itichardson,  the 
then  incumbent,  was  also,  on  the  same  day, 
confirmed  as  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Claims. 
Another  change  was  rendered  necessary  in 
the  Cabinet,  liy  the  resignation  of  Postmaster- 
General  Cresswell  on  the  24th  of  June.  Af- 
ter having  offered  tho  situation  to  several  who 
declined  to  accept  it,  tlio  President  nominated 
Mr.  Jewell,  then  Minister  of  the  United  States 
at  St.  Petersburg ;  this  choice  was  confirnied 
by  the  Senate. 

During  tho  first  half  of  1874  there  were 
labor  riots  in  ditferent  places  in  the  country; 
near  New  York,  at  tho  Bergen  Tunnel,  but 
especially  in  Pennsylvania.  In  the  miuith  of 
March,  the  workmen  of  the  Krio  Railway 
took  forcible  iiosscssion  of  tho  company's 
works  at  Susiiuelianna ;  they  were  driven 
away,  however,  without  bloodshed,  by  the 
State  troops  forwarded  there  by  tho  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  famous  French  exile, 
Rochefort,  arrived  in  New  York  on  May 
30th,  and  delivered  a  lecture  at  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Alusic,  but  without  ex- 
citing any  trouble,  ond  but  little  curiosity 
on  the  part  of  the  peojilo.  Early  in  the  year, 
tho  temperance  movement,  characterized  by 
bar-room  prayer-meetings,  began  in  the  West. 
In  Jtine  and  July,  the  country  was  visited 
by  various  disasters.  In  Minnesota,  the  lo- 
custs ca\ised  considerable  damage  to  the  crops. 
A  reservoir  burst  at  Middlefield,  Massachu- 
setts, destroying  a  great  amount  of  life  and 
p»operty  ;  and  a  terrible  rainfall  occasioned 
a  flood,  on  tho  27th  July,  at  I'ittsburg,  Pa., 
where  many  lives  were  lost.  A  fire  rage<l  in 
Chicago  on  the  14th  of  July,  and  destroyed  a 
large  part  of  the  city. 

Early  in  August  the  steamer  fat  liogen 
was  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  Ohio  river,  and 
twenty-five  lives  were  lost.  On  the  night  of 
the  7th  of  the  same  month  the  steamer  Henry 
Amet  sank  near  Waterjiroof,  Miss.  A  heavy 
frost  jirevailed  throughout  northern  New 
England  on  tho  same  night,  and  a  snow- 
storm occurred  in  New  Hamjishire. 

Congress  debated  for  many  months  the  fi- 
nancial measures  jii-oposed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  \  easury.  The  Confcrenco  Currency 
Bill  was  at  first  defeated  in  the  House,  on 
June  13th;  then  it  passed  on  the  20th,  and 
tho  Piesidi'nt  signed  it  two  days  after.  The 
new  five  per  cent.  loan  was  placed  on  tho 
market  July  2r>th  ;  and  on  the  27th  Secretary 
Bristow  accepted  the  bids  tendered  by  foreign 
bankers. 

The  passport  system  was  abolished  in 
France,  for  American  travellers;  but  it 
amounted  to  little,  for  travellers  were  still 
obliged  to  prove  their  identity  when  requested 
to  do  so.  A  new  I'ostal  Treaty  was  signed 
with  France,  and  went  into  operation  the  1st 
of  A\igust,  1874.  By  this  convention  tho 
postage  on  single  letters  of  half  an  ounce 
transmitted  between  France  and  the  United 
States  was  nine  cents,  prepaid. 

Adelbert  Ames,  Governor  of  Mississijipi, 
called  upon  the  President  of  tho  United 
States  for  National  troojis  to  suppress  a 
threatened  political  outbreak  in  that  State  be- 
tween the  Republicans  and  l)emocrats.  Tho 
I'residcnt  refused  the  appeal  of  tho  governor, 
and  did  wot  send  the  troops. 


iHKed  tlin  Civil  UiuhtH 
WHH  iiniiiiiiiioiiNJy  con- 

>I1    ,huw    iHt,   UH   Sui'lV- 

Mr.  IficlmnlNoii,  tlm 
w>,  1)11  the  HiiiiKi  (liiv 
llif  ("oint  of  ClainiH.' 
(iii(lci'i')l  iicecKMiiy  in 
nation  of  PoHtinnNtcr- 

0  24tli  of  Jnno,  Af- 
t\iiition  to  sovorni  wiio 

1  l*rcsii|(>ntnoniiiiiiti'(| 
•I-  of  tho  Uuit(!(l  Stiili'g 
ilioico  wan  confirniid 

of  1874   thore  wcro 
ilnccH  in  tlic  country; 
Uergrn  Tniiiu'l,  liut 
ill.     In  tho  mr>Mtli  of 
f   tho   Krio   Kiiiiwiiy 
of    tho   company's 
they   wi'i-o   (liiv<.n 
t    blootisliod,  by   tho 
hero  by  tho  tJovornor 
famonH  French  exile, 
New   York    on  AIny 
lecture  nt  the  New 
iic,  but  without   ex- 
but  littlo  curiosity 
.     Knrly  in  tho  yeiii-, 
!nt,  chtiriicterized  by 
a,  begnn  in  the  West, 
country  whh  visited 
n  Minnesota,  tho  io- 
dainago  tothocro|iK. 
i<ldlefield,  Slassuehu- 
t  amount  of  life  and 
3  rainfall  occasioned 
ly,  at  I'ittsburg,  I'a., 
ost.     A  fire  raged  iu 
hi\y,  and  destroyed  a 

steamer  Tat  liogcra 
I  tJie  Ohio  river,  and 
St.  On  the  night  of 
h  the  steamer  Jffnry 
oof,  Miss.  A  heavy 
lout  northern  New 
night,  and  a  snow- 
lamjjshire. 
nany  months  tho  fi- 
fd  by  tho  Secretary 
'onfen^nco  Currency 
d  in  the  Ilotise,  oii 
ed  on  the  2()th,  and 
Ao  days  after.  The 
was  placed  on  tho 
I  the  L'7th  Secretary 
tendered  by  foreign 

was  abolished  in 
travellers ;  but  it 
tiavellers  weie  still 
tity  when  reqtiested 

Treaty  was  signed 
to  operation  the  1st 
his  convention  tho 
I  of  half  an  ounco 
lice  and  tho  United 
paid, 

lor  of  Mississijipi, 
nt  of  tho  United 
ij)s  to  suppress  a 
ttk  iu  that  State  be- 
lt I'emoerats.  'J"hu 
;al  of  the  governor, 


UNITED    STATES. 


000 


GENERAL  SUMMARY. 

AOniClILTlMtE. 

It  is  easy  to  iiiiilerstanil  lliat  the  United 
Slates,  with  such  a  well-iriigiiled  teriitory, 
Ciiii  produce  in  the  vaih'Vs  of  the  Hudson, 
the  .Slissimii,  the  Ohio,  etc.,  8|ilrMdi(l  iigricul- 
tiiial  <'ri>ps,  besides  tin' cotton  crop,  whiih  is 
ijientiuned  elsewhere.  It  can  bu  said  of  tho 
whole  country  what  has  been  said  about  a 
small  part  of  it — Culifoinia.  That  .Slate  was, 
at  tirst,  considered  as  iH'iiig  only  able  to  give 
a  golil  crop,  while  it  is  eviditut  now  that 
wheat  and  corn  are  tliu  true  wi'iiltli  of  the 
still  called  (iolden  Statr.  I'eople  were  not 
wuutiiig,  either,  to  proclaim  that  the  United 
States  was  but  a  cotton-producing  country, 
and  that  its  fountain  of  wealth  had  been 
ruined  by  the  disorganization  of  the  Cotton 
Status.  Tho  prophecy  has  [u-oved  to  bo  a 
wrong  one,  oven  with  regard  to  cotton  itself, 
which,  plenty  as  before,  brings  very  nearly 
the  same  amount  of  iiioney  as  the  full  crops 
of  lf<;")H,  '.")'J,  'GO  produced  themscdves.  And 
it  will  be  seen  by  tho  statistics  given  below, 
that  the  true  wealth  of  the  United  States  is 
to  bo  found  in  their  wheat,  corn,  barley,  rye, 
and  other  cereals. 

The  number  of  farms  iu  America,  in  18.j(), 
was  1,1  ''•,()7i"),  comprising  1 13,I)H2,(11 1  .icres 
oi  II  .J  ved  land,  iiud  lKI),.'')2,><,00t)  acres  of 
unimproved  land.  In  ISliO  these  r,'ures 
run  up  to  1GH,201,.'18D  farms,  comprising 
L'  Ui,.")U8,244  acres.  During  the  same  period, 
the  moneyed  value  of  the  farms  increasiHl  by 
more  than  100  per  cent.,  and  it  was  ratinl  in 

181)0  at  $i;,Gr)0,872,r)i)7. 

In  181'j  tho  whole  iiroduetion  of  wheat 
was  100,4!)r),74t  bu.shels ;  in  18r)'J,  171,18;!,- 
:tSl  buLiiels,  or  an  increase  of  71  per  ci^it. 
The  States  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  were 
the  most  prominent  in  this  inci'ea.se.  From 
September  I,  18GI,  to  September  1,  18H2, 
2,1)72, .'ilT)  barri^Is  of  flour,  and  2."),7r)4,70'j 
Imshcis  of  grain,  were  exported  to  (Ireat 
Ihitain.  During  the  same  period,  thee.vpor- 
tiitions  to  other  Kuropean  countries  amounted 
ti)  2,412,047  barrels  of  Hour  and  17,180,970 
bushels  of  wheat. 

Corn  production  increased  between  181',) 
ami  IS.'i'J  by  more  than  40  per  cent.,  and  it 
Wiis  8;)0,4.'j  1,707  bushels  in  tho  latter  ycir. 
As  to  the  exportation  of  corn,  it  was  not  de- 
vi'hiped  as  e.vtensively  as  that  of  other  agri- 
cultural products,  because  tho  voyage  across 
t!ij  Atlantic  produces  a  damaging  ellect  upon 
till,'  llavor  of  that  article,  and  because  the 
nioi-e  corn  America  exporti-d,  tho  less  wheat 
— which  pays  better — would  have  to  bo  sent 
ti)  Europe.  Uesides,  tho  corn  which  might 
otherwise  bo  exporti  (I  ii)  consumed  at  home 
in  fiHiding  cattle,  and  especially  ,)ork,  which 
is  itself  sold  in  Europe  ii\  larger  quantity. 
This  pork,  which  ontors  into  the  trade  of 
America,  was  reckoned  iir  180O  nt  about 
32.-),000,000  pounds. 

The  produce  of  dairies,  including  milk, 
butter  and  cheose,  in  ISOO,  amounted  to  more 
than  ?(200,000,0l)0,  of  which  two-thirds  was 
developed  in  the  States  of  New  Y^ork  and 
remisylvania. 

Tobacco  is  one  of  the  most  important  agri- 
cultural products  of  the  United  States.  In 
1840,  219,103,31!)  pounds  were  produced, 
against  199,752,055  in  1850,  and  428,121,000 
40 


in  18liO.  Kxportation  was  carried  on  upon  a 
large  ncale,  inasmuch  as  tho  tobacco  consumed 
in  Kuropo  is  composed  of  the  American  pro- 
duction in  the  |ir»porti<)n  of  two-lll'ths. 
France  alone  consumes  three-fourths  or  four- 
tifths  of  United  States  tobacco.  The  Milue 
of  the  exportation  of  Amoricau  tobacco  to 
Kuropo  was  its  follows  : 


« 14,7 12,408 
12,221,843 
20,0-)2,772 

in 

(( 

II 

1855, 
1850. 
1857. 

17,(M)9,7(;7 

(1 

1858, 

21,074,038 
15,900,547 

1859, 
1800, 

TIm^  study  of  tobacco  statistics,  and  of  Cus- 
tom-House entries  anil  cli'arances  relative  to 
it,  would  teach  cigar  smokers  in  what  cpian- 
tity  till'  Coiini'clii'ut  tobacco  .'liters  into  the 
fabrication  of  "real  imported  Havana  cigars." 
A  I.  ge  iiuantity  of  the  "  ( 'oniieeticiit  seed" 
is  sent  to  (,'uli:t,  where  it  is  maiiuf;ictured  into 
cigars  or  re-expi  ''i'  to  the  Stales  as  genuine 
Cuba  tobacco.  CJi  •  .  -  dly,  Mk^  outside  envel- 
ope, or  leaf  of  a  ir^il  Havana  cigar  is  of 
Connecticut  origin 

Jlaple  sugar,  siughs,  and  honey,  though  not 
forming  an  '  'i  vrtant,  l.r;\neli  of  LJi.'i  il  States 
exports,  ci  ntute  a  good  tin  le  at  home. 
Lately,  strong  etl'orts  liave  In  en  made  in  Ohio 
and  Ciilif(uiiiii  to  i  .  .•oduce  winc'  culture. 
M.  liongworth  1  is  ;.  ■  ceeded  iu  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Ciiii  luiiau,  and  the  Cat.iwba  and 
California  wines  hive  become  rather  [lopular. 
Still,  the  special  Have:-  i.f  American  wiiii^  pre- 
vents its  exportation  to  foreign  countries, 
especially  to  Europe;  and,  on  iiuoli;  i'  hand, 
skilled  wiiic-gvowers  are  not  yet  numeruu'. 
enough  in  the  country  to  encourage  capital 
in  \iudeitaking  vine-culture  iu  greater  pro- 
portions than  is  already  carried  on,  inasmuch 
as  Ihoso  pro|)ortions  are  already  greater  than 
would  have  been  expected  in  Hie  early  days 
of  the  country.  Quite  recent  statistics 
demonstrate?  that,  in  California  especially, 
the  culture  of  the  native  gniiie  and  the  in- 
dustry of  wine-growing  have  been  developed 
on  a  large  .scale  within  the  i)ast  fi^w  years. 
The  State  is  reportiul  to  have  some  30,000,000 
of  vines,  covering  45,000  acres  of  hind,  valued 
in  the  aggregate  at  about  lil4,500,000.  At 
h'ast  one-f.)urtli  of  \.\w  hinil  in  some  parts  of 
I'aliloriiia  is  b.'tter  a(l:ii)ti.'il  to  wine-growing 
than  to  other  i)urpi)ses,  and  every  year  tho 
hind  planted  in  vines  grows  more  and  more 
valuable.  That  which  is  worth  at  tho  pres- 
ent market  i)iic()  two  dollars  and  a  half  per 
acre,  is  valued  at  one  liuu<lred  dollars  per 
acre  whi'ii  covered  with  vines.  The  sunny 
slopes  of  the  Californiiiu  hills  must  be  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  grape,  which 
grows  wild  and  in  great  abundance,  and  every 
year  of  cultivation  will  bo  likely  to  improve 
the  quality  of  tho  wine.  Ct.iod  California 
wine  is  now  worth  about,  one  dollar  ])er 
bottle,  or  five  ilollars  per  gallon,  and  niauy 
wine-growers  can  get  one-half  tint  sum  per 
i  gallon  by  selling  it  in  casks.  We  ha\e  hen? 
an  enormous  industry  for  the  future,  and  it 
\  is  probably  the  betjiiining  of  thi?  solution  of 
the  temperance  iiroblem.  With  good  and 
('h(?ap  wine  at  hand  people  would  cease  drink- 
ing alcoholic  liquors. 

Agriculttiriil  implements  are  mentioned 
under  the  head  of  muuufactuves.     As  to  the 


living  agricultural  ini|ilements  and  productB, 
horses  and  other  animals,  the  United  StatOH 
is  one  of  the  wealthii'st  countries  in  tho 
globe;  the  increase  is  IIIO  per  cent,  at 
least,  every  tenth  year.  In  I8l'.l  the  nuiii- 
bi'r  of  meat-produi'iiig  animals  killed  was 
111,703,112,  against  2 12,87  l,il.")3  in  1859. 
A  special  feature  of  agriculture  in  America 
is,  that  the  number  of  animals  employed  in 
agricultural  purposes  is  larger  than  the  num- 
ber of  the  laborers.  In  1800  thero  were  in 
tho  United  States: 

Horses 7,.300,972 

Mules  and  donkeys  .  .  .  1,290,349 

Milk  cows 8,728,8i;2 

Oxen 2,240,075 

Other  cattle 18,018,409 

Shei'i 24,823,500 

I'igs 39,023,172 

Tho  whole  represented  a  total  value  of 
about  1^2,000,000,000.  The  increase  in  pork 
only,  for  one  year,  amounted  to  37  per  cent., 
and  in  the  single  winter  of  1801-02,  tho 
number  of  hogs  killed  for  the  market  ro.se  to 
2,872,000. 

One  of  the  articles  of  American  comiiieree, 
which  ttould  have  been  liardly  |0'ophesii'd 
fifty  years  age,  i'l  the  ice  trade.  The  li idled 
States  can  be  considered  as  the  s(de  purvey- 
ors of  the  World  for  that  article,  for  every 
country  except  Kuroi.e  and  its  immediato 
vicinity.  The  success  in  this  branch  of  in- 
dustry is  |iriiicipally  due,  not  so  much  to  the 
cold  winters  of  tiie  north  of  tin.'  I'liited 
States,  or  to  their  |)roxiniily  to  the  aliiiost- 
ever  ice-bound  Cai  adas  ami  Northern  Lakes, 
a;i  to  the  spirit  of  cnterpiiM'  lU  Americans, 
the  .'-wiftness  of  their  clippeis,  which  carry 
so  rapidly  anil  so  cheaply  their  ice  CMrgca .-.  ii> 
South  America  or  the  East  Indies,  and  to 
tho  almost  sc'i'utific  manner  by  which  ice  is 
gathered,  stored,  and  shipped.  The  ice  trade 
was  inaugurated  as  early  as  1805,  for  tho 
West  Indies  consumption,  by  a  lio.stonian, 
Mr.  Frederic  Tudor.  In  1833  he  shipped  his 
first  Cargo  for  the  Ens!  Indies,  and  tin?  year 
after  he  si'iit  another  ice-laden  ship  to  Ibiutil. 
In  1840  the  exportation  of  that  article  from 
Uoston  amounted  to  05,000  tons,  and  in 
185()  to  140,000  tons.  The  iiw  •  ase  in  this 
kind  of  exportation  has  keot  stiiadily  ahead, 
and  it  brings  a  good  .source  of  revemio 
to  the  agricultural  iiopiilation,  which  can  so 
much  more  i  asily  attend  to  it,  as  ice  is 
gathered  in  a  season  during  which  agricul- 
tural labor  is  almost  at  a  .standstill. 

Though  produce<l  only  iu  very  few  South- 
ern States,  anil  especially  in  North  Carolina, 
turpentine  shows  a  fair  record  in  tho  agricul- 
tural statistics  of  America.  The  oxporta- 
tions,  in  1800,  were  4,072,023  gallons, valued 
at  1^1,911), 289,  for  turpentine  ossenco  alone. 
Tho  crude  article  was  exporti'd,  iu  the  same 
year,  to  the  amount  of  770,052  barrels,  val- 
ue 1  at  ^1,818,238.  To  England  the  expor- 
t:ili;)iis  amoiuiteil  to  12,323  tons  in  1858,  and 
12,83:!  toin  in  1S59.  The  civil  warputacheck 
ti.  that  c.imiiieriv',  which  now  (August,  1874) 
is  bi'ginniu;;;  again  to  revive. 

The  census  of  1870  shows  tliat  thero  are 
in  the  United  States  5,922,471  pci-sons  en- 
gaged iu  agricultural  pursuits.  Of  these, 
2,885,990  are  agrioiiltural  labos^ra ;  3,560 
dairymen  and  dairy  women ;  2,077,771   ar« 


r' 


u 


\  I 


610 

fairaers  and  planters;  1,085  aro  florists  ; 
31,485  aro  gardoaers  and  nurserymen  ;  0,588 
are  stock-raisers;  0,771,  stock-drovers  and 
stock-herders;  130  are  apiarists;  301  are 
turpentine  farmers;  2,117  are  tiirpoutiue  la- 
borers ;   1,112  wine-growers. 

The  census  of  1870  gives  the  following  fig- 
ures, showing  the  most  recent  particulars  re- 
lative to  all  branches  of  agriculture  : 

Number  of  fnnna  ;  improved  . . .    188,921,099 

Cash  value  of  farms l(l9,202,80l).861 

"            farming  implemcuts  !{:!(>, 878, 429 

Wages  paid  during  the  year 310,28(1,285 

Total  vahie  of  all  farm  products.  2,447,.'i;i8.(i.'i8 

Orchard  products 47,;i;tr),  189 

Produce  of  market  gardens. 20,719,229 

Forest  products 30.808,277 

Value  of  home  manufactures....  23,423,;5;!2 

Value  of  animals  slaughtered,  )  sog  950,370 

or  sold  for  slaughter. .....,)  '       ' 

Value  of  all  live  stock 1,52.'),270.457 

Number  of  horses 7,14i"),370 

"           mules  and  asses 1,12.5,415 

"           milch  cows 8,93,5,3:13 

"           working  oxen 1,319,271 

"          other  cattle 13..5ll(!,005 

"           sheep 28,477,951 

"           swine 25,134,5(19 

^Vhcat  (spring) bushels  1 12.549,733 

•'       (winter) "  175,195,893 

Rye "  10,918,795 

Imliaucorn "  7(i(),944.549 

Oata "  282,107,1.57 

Ilarlcy "  29.7(11.305 

nuckwheat "  9.821.721 

nice lbs.  73,(!35,021 

Tobacco '•  2(12.735,341 

Cotton bales  3.011,99(1 

Wool lbs.  100,102,387 

Peas  and  bcins bushels  5,74(1,027 

Potatoes  (Irish) "  143,337,473 

(sweet)  "  21,709,824 

Wine gaUons  3,092,330 

Ilutter lbs.  514,092,083 

Cheese "  53,492,153 

Milk gallons  235,500,.599 

Hay tons  27,310,048 

Clover bushels  639,057 

Gr,i88 "  ,58;t,188 

Hops lbs.  25,450,009 

Hemp tons  12.740 

Flax Iba.  27,133,034 

Flaxseed bushels  1,730,444 

Silk  (cocoons) lbs.  3,937 

Sugar  (cane) hhds.  87,013 

"       (sorghimi) "  24 

"       (m.iple) lbs.  28,443,045 

Molasses  (cane) gallons  0,593,333 

(sorghum) "  10,0.50,089 

"        (maple) "  921, a57 

Bees  (wax) lbs.  031,129 

"    (honey) "  14,702,815 


COTTOS. 

If  cotton  is  no  more  a  "  king,"  it  is  still  a 
powerf\d  prince,  who  helps  considerably  in 
the  progress  and  wealth  of  the  United  States, 
and  ket>])s  a  goodly  part  of  the  world  under 
their  domination.  It  is  impossible  that  it 
should  bn  otherwise,  for  the  soil  of  America 
is,  through  a  si)ecial  gift  of  Providence, 
the  beat  ndi'.ptecl  to  cotton  cultivation.  It 
produces,  at  the  same  tinu',  th(i  highest 
(juality  of  long  silky  Sea  Island  cotton,  and 
the  largest  (juantity  on  a  given  area  of 
gi-ouml.  The  most  conclii.sive  evidence  of 
the  superiority  of  the  United  States  in  the 
matter  of  cotton  ])roductinn  over  Egypt, 
China,  Brazil,  aiid  £a.st  Indies,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  fact  that,  during  tbo  kUs  war,  cotton, 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


though  smuggled  at  the  rate  of  a  few  bales 
on  every  blockade-runner,  was  still  sufficient 
to  provide  the  Confederacy  with  money,  the 
nerve  of  war,  and  that,  at  pi-esent,  the  whole 
country,  though  producing  yet  loss  cotton 
'■  aan  before  1801,  sells  it  for  nearly  the  same 
amount  of  money  as  it  did  previously. 

The  clinuix  of  cotton  jjroduction  was 
reached  in  1859,  but  in  the  early  days  of  the 
colonization,  American  cotton  had  asserted 
its  superiority.  As  early  as  iu  the  year 
1748,  an  inferior  quality  of  cotton  shipped 
from  Charleston,  realized  upon  the  English 
market,  £3  lis.  5d.  per  bag.  But  the 
British  could  not  believe  that  America  would 
ever  become  a  cotton-producing  country ;  in 
1784,  seven  bales  having  been  sent  to  Eng- 
land, wore  seized  by  the  Custom-llouso  au- 
thorities, who  declared  ex  cothedrtl  that 
the  invoice  was  not  boudjiile,  for  America 
could  not  produce  such  a  quantity  of  the 
white  crop.  Still,  they  had  to  bo  reconciled 
to  the  idea  that  such  a  fact  was  possible; 
and  the  English  im|iortations  ran  to  14,109,- 
389  pounds  and  even  842  bales,  at  the  time 
when  the  war  for  Indei)endence  broke  out. 
About  at  the  same  time  the  Sea  Island  cot- 
ton, the  pride  of  American  iiroduction,  was 
first  rai.sed  on  the  Georgia  coast,  especially  at 
Hilton  lle.id,  along  the  swampy  shores  of 
Sojith  (,'arolina.  It  was  sold  ut  prices  which 
forebode  the  cotton  famine  prices  between 
1801  and  18(i5,  that  is  to  say,  47  cents  a 
pound,  whilst  other  cotton  brought  only  27 
cents.  The  fibre  was  even  so  long,  that  the 
English  manufiicturers,  whose  machinery  was 
entirely  adapted  to  short  Surat  cotton,  took  to 
cutting  in  two  the  newly  imported  Sea  Island, 
before  spinning  it.  Soon  after  the  success 
won  by  the  Hilton  Head  cotton,  the  Edisto 
cotton  was  sold,  in  1805,  at  more  than  one 
dollar  a  pound  ;  and  it  reached,  in  1828,  two 
dollars  a  jiound,  the  highest  price  ever  paid 
for  cotton. 

In  1857,  one  bale  sent  from  the  same 
co\inty  of  Edisto,  was  sold  ut  the  rate  of 
$1.35  a  pound,  for  that  staple  was  considered 
(piite  sui)erior  to  the  cotton  which  bad  given 
the  famous  thread  No.  900,^so  much  admired 
at  the  London  Universal  Exhibition  of  1851. 

Between  1849  and  1850,  the  cotton  pro- 
duction was  nearly  donbhid  ;  2,445,793  bales 
of  400  pounds  each,  in  18(9,  and  4,075,770 
bales  in  1859.  The  nitiiors  of  war  had  al- 
ready exercised  their  iiilhience  upon  the 
crop  of  1800-'01,  which  reached  only  to 
.3,050,080  bales. 

The  area  occupied  by  the  cotton  lands  in 
Anu'rica  might  be  called  the  slavery  area,  for 
it  occupies  just  the  same  ground  as  that  in- 
stitution occupied.  The  northern  belt  of 
the  cotton-iu'oduciiig  country  is  marked  by 
the  ]iarallel  30°,  tlio  one  so  famous  un- 
der the  name  of  JIason  and  Dixon's  lino, 
which  bad  been  stretched  out  as  a  limit  be- 
yond which  slavery  was  told  :  "Thou  shalt 
not  go  farther !  "  Thirteen  States  produce 
cotton,  but  only  eigiit  of  them,  bordering  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Mexican  Gulf,  are 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  the  seed  on  a  largo 
scale.  In  taking  all  of  the  thirteen  States 
together,  (he  average  productive  capacity  of 
the  soil  amounts  to  one-half  bale  per  acre, 
as  shown  by  the  statistics  of  1872. 

The  principal  i)ortH  of  exportations,  accord- 
ing to  the  statements  of  1872-73,  are  : 


BiilCfl  for 
foreign  portit. 

Charleston,  S.  C.       100,169 
Galveston,  Texas.      210,438 

Mobile,  Ala 132,130 

New  Orleans  ... .    1,177,058 
Savannah,  Ga. . . .      375,895 
Added    to  these  figures    must 


1851-52 

of 

1852-53 

« 

1853-54 

1854-53 

1855-50 

18,50-57 

1857-58 

1858-59 

1859-00 

1800-01 

UftleB  for 
iunu'Htic  |)orta, 

225,010 
133,.30l 
197,131 
228,1,  C'", 
248,752 
be  cotton 

shipped  at  smaller  ports,  and  also  the  interior 
movement  of  cotton  to  northern  mills  and 
markets,  through  the  rivers  and  over  the 
railroads,  »ip  the  valley  of  the  Mi.ssis8ippi. 
This  movement  amounted,  in  1873,  to  40'2,29() 
bales. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  progress 
of  cotton  cultivation  and  exportation  during 
the  few  years  previous  to  the  war,  which  put 
a  momentary  check  to  that  branch  of  national 
wealth : 
The  crops  were  in 

"         "    3,015,029  bales. 
3,202,882     « 
2,930,027     '• 
2,847,339     " 
3,527,845     « 
2,939,519     « 
3,11.3,902     " 
3,831,481     " 
4,075,770     " 
3,050,080     " 
The  home  cons\imption  during  the  same 
years    varied    between     700,000    bales    and 
900,000.      In   1857-58,    only  595,502  bales 
were  for  home  consumption,  and  in  1859-00, 
.\merican    mainifacturers  employed  978,043 
bales.     The  lowest  and  highest  figures  of  ex- 
I  portation  for  the  same  period  were  the  fol- 
j  lowing:    987,83.3,100    pounds    in    1853-54, 
j  against    1,707,080,338   pounds   in   1859-00. 
The  average  price  of  cotton  j\im])ed  suddenly 
from  its  highest  figure  of  9,85  cents  informer 
years  to  12.55  per  pound  in  1850-57  ;  11.72 
in   1857-58;     .'.72,  in   1858-59;   10.8.5,  in 
1859-00;    ]2.;)0,    in    18()0-01.      After  the 
opening  of  the  civil  war,  cotton  increased  in 
value  in  proportion  with  the  decrease  in  pro- 
duction, so  that,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1803, 
the  extent  of  the  crop  being  estimated  at  the 
fourth   of  what  it   amounted  formerly,  the 
value  of  it  was  nearly  equal  to   the  value 
given  precedently  for  a  full  crop. 

It  is  impossible  to  get  at  any  reliable  sta- 
tistics of  file  production  of  cotton  during  the 
civil  war,  which  disturbed  the  administrative 
machinery  of  the  United  States.  In  the 
year  which  followed  the  termination  of  the 
war,  the  cotton  crop  was  in — 

1803-00  of  2,209,310  bales. 
1800-07  "  2,097,254     " 
1807-08  "  2,519,334     " 
1808-79  "  2,.30G,407      " 
1809-70  "  3,122,351      " 
1870-71  "  4,302,317     " 
1871-72  "  3,014,351      « 
1872-73  «  3,930,508     " 
The  home  consumption  during  these  yeai-s 
increased  steadily,  as  the   following  figuics 
will  show,  commencing  at  1803-00  inclusivo' 

1800 000,100  bides. 

1807 770,0.30     " 

1808 900,030      " 

1809 920,374      " 

1870 805,100      " 

1871 1,110,190     " 

1872 1,237,330     " 

1873 1,201,127     « 


^mm 


,    B»)cR  for 
'oreign  porU, 

1()0,169 
210,438 
132,130 
,177,058 
37r),895 


UnlpH  for 
aunu'Ktic  itorla. 

225,01(> 
133,304 
197,131 

228,!,  C", 
248,762 


figures  must  be  cotton 
"ts,  niul  also  the  interior 
to  iiortliern  mills  and 
IB  rivers  and  over  tlio 
Hoy  of  the  Mississippi. 
ntcd,  in  1873,  to  40'2,29a 

a  will  show  the  progress 

and  exj)ortation  during 

IS  to  the  war,  which  put 

>  that  branch  of  national 


3,015,029  bales. 

3,202,882     « 

2,930,027     " 

2,847,339     « 

3,527,845     « 

2,939,519     « 

3,113,902     " 

3,851,481     " 

4,075,770     " 

3,050,080     " 
ption  during  the  game 
u     700,000    bales    and 

H,  only  595,502  bales 
iiption,  and  in  1859-liO, 
rcrs  employed  978,013 
id  highest  figures  of  ex- 
10  period  were  the  fol- 
]>ounds  in  1853-54, 
8  pounds  in  1859-00. 
cotton  jumped  suddenly 
i  of  9.85  cents  in  fonnt'r 
und  in  1850-57  ;  11.72 
in   1858-59;   10.85,  in 

1800-01.  After  the 
var,  cotton  increased  in 
dth  the  decrease  in  pro- 
e  1st  of  January,  1803, 

being  estimated  at  the 
mounted  formerly,  the 
I'ly  equal  to  the  value 
a  full  crop. 

get  at  any  reliable  sta- 
on  of  cotton  during  the 
ibed  the  administrative 
nited    States.      In   tlio 
the  termination  of  the 
ras  in — 
,209,310  bales. 
,097,254     « 
,519,5,54     « 
,300,407      " 
,122,551      " 
302,317      « 
014,351      '< 
930,508     " 
ion  during  these  yeai-s 

the    following  figuiti 
5  at  1805-00  inclusive' 
000,100  bales. 

770,030      " 

900,030      " 

920,374      " 

805,100  " 
1,110,190  " 
1,237,330  •' 
1,201,127     " 


UNITED    STATES. 


Oil 


A  sudden  increase  iu  home  consumption  is  I  812  tons.  That  was  the  natural  consefpieneo  |  tonnage  belonging  to  the  United  States,  was 
thus  shown  within  the  last  three  years.  It  !  of  the  development  of  American  crops,  and  |  42.75  jier  cent.  During  the  ten  years  pre- 
must  be  nnlieed  also  that  the  bales  mentioned  I  esi)ecially  of  llio  cotton  crop,  which  had  to  ceding  1801,  the  same  decrease  went  dowr 
iu  the  statistics  of  recent  years  are  larger  1  be  tninsi)ortod  to  Europe  aud  other  countries,  j  to  only  25  percent,  on  the  whole,  or  about  2.7:j 
tliiin  the  bales  were  before  the  year  IHIO,  |  The  wheat  and  corn  crops  had  been  very  ;  per  cent,  yearly,  covering  a  loss  of  1,821,827 
when  they  weighed  no  more  than  395  or  397  !  good  for  some  years,  and  cotton  production  [  tuns.     This  is  an  insignificant  loss  wiien  cimi- 


pouuds,  whilst  they  are  reckoned  now  at  410  ;  attained  in  1859-00  its  highest  figure,  4,07 


and  even  at  404  pounds  per  bale.  Foreign 
exportations  kejit  about  in  the  same  ratio  as 
formerly,  being  larger  when  the  cotton  crop 
was  largo  itself  antl  prices  proportionately 
low,  and  being  smaller  when  the  crop  de- 
creased ;  the  foreign  manufacturers  adopted 
American  cotton  in  preference  to  any  other, 
and  their  wants  were  the  same  after  the 
American  civil  war  as  previous  to  it.  It  is  a 
fact  worth  while  to  bo  borne  in  mind,  that 
the  sujieriority  of  the  cotton  of  the  United 
States  has  been  demonstrated  ])reeisely  by  the 
eclipse  through  which  the  American  stajile 
passed  during  the  war.  All  the  energy  and 
the  whole  moneyed  power  of  England  was 
brought  to  bear  on  the  production  of  the 
Indian  cotton,  with  the  hope  of  finding  in 
the  Easl,  Indies  a  substitute  for  the  American 
staple.  These  elforts  were  of  no  avail ;  no 
other  article  coidd  take  the  i)lace  of  the 
cotton  of  the  United  States,  and  immediately 
after  the  war  foreign  manul'acturer.s  call'd 
again  at  their  former  source  of  supply.  The 
exportation  following  the  close  of  the  war 
would  have  been  still  larger  if  the  home  con- 
sumption had  not  increased  at  the  same  time, 
anil  thus  enhanceil  the  market  price  of  cotton 
while  n  diminished  tin;  available  exporting 
matter. 

The  prices  paid  for  cotton  since  the  war 
stand  as  follows : 

IVr  ponml  in  Xc\t 
York  inurki't, 

1805-OG 43.20  cents. 

1800-07 31.59  " 

18()7-08 24.85  •' 

1808-09 29.01  "              ] 

18(i9-70 23.98  "              ! 

1870-71..    10.95  "              I 

1871-72 20.48  " 

1872-73 18.15  " 

The  nine  Southern  States  which,  before  tin 


770  bales;  all  this  formed  an  immense 
amount  of  freight,  which  gave  employment 
to  any  vessels  which  the  American  shipyards 
could  nend  to  sea.  War  and  depression  of 
trade  came  afterwards,  and  caused  the  Ameri- 
can ilag  almost  to  disa)ii>ear  from  tho  ocean. 
It  is  only  within  the  last  few  months  that 
sliii>building  I  as  recovered  some  of  its  former 
activity,  ami  the  pres-ent  embarrassment 
caused  iu  Enghual  to  that  branch  of  industry 
by  the  demands  of  the  worknu'U  for  increased 
wages  tends  to  diminish  English  competi- 
ti<m.  America  built  more  shi|)s  and  steamers 
in  the  beginning  of  1874  than  she  had  done 
for  the  ten  corresponding  periods  of  previous 
years,  and  never  was  American  s>ii)eriority 
in  shipbuilding  shown  better  than  in  the 
magnificent  steamers  til'/  of  I'tlcin  and 
Cilj/  of  Tioh),  constiiicted  by  Koach  it  Sons, 
and  laiuiched  from  the  Chester  shipyards  on 
the  Delaware.  These  steamers,  the  largest 
atloat  after  the  (rrral  Juisleni,  belong  to  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamshi|>  line. 

It  is  unite  natural  that  the  mercantile  ma- 
rine of  the  United    States  should  have  (n'o- 
gressed  so  remarkably,  and  should  bi- called  to 
a  sph'udid   prosperity  in  the  future,  for  not 
nly  is  America  stretched   along  mure   thai 


pared  with  the  3,589,300  tons  built  between 
1852  and  1802;  the  yearly  increase  from 
1854,  until  the  war,  amounted  to  340,571 
tons,  not  less  than  204  steamers  were  con- 
structed in  tho  only  year  1859-00.  Ship- 
building was  confined,  at  that  time,  almost 
exclusively  to  New  York  and  New  England ; 
a  few  vessels  were  built  at  Baltimore,  whose 
industry  in  that  line  received  a  severe  blow 
from  the  war  and  from  the  competition  of  the 
Delaware  shipyards.  In  1855,  the  value  of 
the  tonnage  built  in  New  England  was  ^20,- 
000,000,  whilst  tho  South  built  only  $1,100, 
000,  and  the  West  not  even  one  million  dol- 
lars. There  were  in  tho  North  nearly  11,000 
workmen  (exclusively  employed  iu  this  branch 
of  industry,  on  an  average  of  ^500  each  for 
annual  wages.  In  1850,  the  North  built 
1,205  vessels  with  a  tonnage  of  370,047  tons; 
in  1857,  983  vessels  with  294,472  tims;  in 
1858,739  vessels  with  170,570  toms.  The  busi- 
ness was  fostered  by  tla;  bounties  of  the  Fede- 
ral Government  paid  to  the  fishermen  for 
every  ton  on  the  vessels  engaged  in  the  fish- 
erics.  The  amount  of  bounty  paid  in  tho 
twelve  years  ending  in  1859, was  of  more  than 
four  inilliuns  of  dollars,  of  which  Ma.sKachu- 
setts  received  two  thirds.  New  York  State, 
beiu};  engageii  more  especially   in    the   con- 


0,000  miles  of  ocean  shores,  but  its  interiud  I  struction  of  other  vessels  larger  than  the  ii.sh 


system  of  rivers  is  the  most  extensive  aiul  the 
best  naturally-arranged  of  all  countries,  to- 
gether with  immense  treasiu'cs  in  her  forests 
and  in  her  inines,to  help  the  building  of  wooden 


ing  smacks,  hardly  received  any  bounty,  but 
look  tho  lead  in  shi)ib\iililing. 

On  the   5,539,812    tons  which   formed  in 
.Tune,  l8iil,  the  entire  tonnage  of  the  United 


and  iron  ships.  As  early  as  1070  the  North  '  ^tnl'«.  >^*"*\'  '^'"'k  «>uld  claim  1,740,940 
Anu'rican  Colonies  were  already  so  much  de-  \  tons,  that  is,  nearly  30  percent,  of  the  geiu^ral 
veloped,  as  to  industry,  that  Sir  Joshua  i  *"'"'•  ^^"''.  "»  t"  shipbuilding  alune,  tho 
Chillis  wrote :     •'  t)m-  American  plantations 


employ  nearly  two-thirds  of  our  English  ship 
iiing,  and    therebv  !;i\e  constant   subsistence 


State  of  New  York  constructed  40,359  tons, 
that  is,  nearly  20  ]ier  cent,  of  the  whole  ton- 
na-je,  forthesame  year,  ending  June  30,  1801. 


to,  it  mav  be,  200,000  persons  here  at  home."!  Ii'  "'«  three  years,  18;)9,  180O,  1801,  tho 
The  AmVrican  tonnage  of  that  time  was  State  of  Maine  built  lij(!,ll.)  tuns ;  Massa- 
nearlv  40,000  tons.  One  hundred  vears  lat.'r,  I  chu.setts,  101,937  ;  I'ennsylvania,  00,84^,  and 
ust  <m  the  eve  of  the  Independence  War,  the  i  tl"i  balance  of  the  States  built  189,183  tons. 


war,  were  the  most  luominent  for  their  cot- !  vessels  built  in  the  Colonies  averaged  20  000    If  i'""''  ton  is  reckoned  at  a  valuation  of  J40, 
'  >      .^  -■    •  •.•  ,  !  L'ased  i  the  toiuiage  of  the  State  of  New  York  was  in 

ar<'ed   "'"'"''  '''"'1,   1,740,940  tons,  valued  at  S'59,- 


',  tons.    In 
it   (lil: 


1820  the  tonnage  had  not  incre 
after  the  American  crops  enl 


lluw  of  immigration. 


In  1  Sil),  there  were. 


ton  crops,  have  kept  their  jiosition  amongst 
the  thirteen  cotton-growing  States  since  the 
war.  In  closing  this  subject  of  cotton-pro- 
ducing it  may  be  important  to  state  that  sta- 
tistics cannot  be  obtained  of  mathematical 
accuracy,  for  the  small  planters  do  not  always 
rc[iort  the  state  uf  their  crops  with  a  rigorous 
exactitude,  and  lii'eanse  a  small  portion  of 
the  cotton  is  consumed  upon  the  [ilantation 
itself,  without  any  \-ecord  being  made  after 
the  ]iicking  sea.son  to  the  county  statistician. 
That  explains  to  a  certain  degree  why  sona; 
authors  put  4,801,292  bales  as  the  largest 
crop  acknowledged  to  have  been  gathered  in 
the  United  States,  that  is,  in  1859-00,  whilst 
others  nut  it  at  4,300,000  bales;  and  a  tliinl 

ae'iiur,  the  one  we  havi!  adopted,  puts  the    stop  to    this    great   industry    of  tl 
whole  crop  between  the   two  former  figures,  '  States.     The    amount   of  registered   and    (  n 
that  is,  at  4,075,770  bales  for  1859-00.  rolled  tonnage  sold   to  foreigners  in  1801   is 


thruugh    the    lu'oncv  of  mauhiuerv  and   by  a  i  •'^'>'''^'"  !    »'"'  *'"'  tonnage  of  all  the  other 
sieadv  elearini,'  of  the  West  by  aii  unceasing  :  ^*''*''«  ""«  ;5,"'-»f*,^<  -  tons,  valued  at  !pl51,- 


18:!(l, 
IHIO, 
IMHO, 
IK"), 
IHoO, 
lK-i7, 

IMil, 
18(i(), 
181)1, 

The  war 


l>:t 

873 

i,;iiio 

2.n:!4 
1.70:l 
i,:!;!4 

1,225 

870 

1.701 

1,14;) 


by  an  unceasing 

47,780  tons. 

ve.-fiels.  nnil  'iHtnU     " 
"   ■         11H,;10!)     " 

li  0*0  »)|i^       l* 

4i;ii,;ii»it   " 

;!78.804  " 

212,280  " 

120,001  " 

2l2.Hi)3  " 

2;!;l,l!)4  " 


in    tl 


South  put  a  inumenlary 
Unilell 


COMMEIICE    AND    N.WKiATION. 


954,880. 

If  we  compare  the  figines  of  American 
vessels,  befoie  the  war,  that  is,  5,539,812 
tuns,  in  June,  18'')1,  with  the  figures  of  the 
la.st  three  years,  a  vi'ry  large  dillerence  is  to 
be  foinid,  showing  to  what  extent  thi^  Ile- 
belliun  crippled  th(^  industry  and  commerce 
of  the  United  States. 

In  1870,  there  were  7,825  vessels  and 
2,400,407  tons  euteved  in  the  mercantile  ser 
vice  belonging  to  Anieiiea.  In  the  same 
year,  that  which  belonged  to  English  trado 
with  the  United  Slates  was  n|iresented  by 
23.105  ve.'csels  ami  5,993,153  tuns, 

Iiut,  in   1872,  those  figrrts  wore  alttred, 


staled  to  be  20, (i  19  tons.    Ananint  eondeunied  ,  and   Auu'iiean   conimerei^   begins  to  recover. 

as   unseaworthy,    7,9ii4    tons.     The    amount '  It  numbers  7,092  vessels  and  2,279,120  tons, 

,  lost  at  sea,  59,507  tons.     The  net  inerea.se  of!  whilst  England  decreases  and  is  represented 

Tlie  climax  of  navigation  and  shipbuilding    tonnage  fur  the  year  1801  was  185,944  tons,      by  19,182  vessels  and  5,408,327  tons. 


was  reached,  iu  the  United   States    in  Jinu',  [       (n  fmty-seven  years,  ending  in   1801,  the 
1801,  when  the  Aniericuu  tonnage  was  5,539- ,  decrease  of  shipbujldiiig,  and  of  ships   uiid 


There    are    motives,   therefore,   to  expect 
that  the  Umted  Slates  will  soon  recover  their 


Ol!i 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


:s'. 


h-ili   '  ij: 


iH 


Wl 


i'-i 


lost  mercantile  prestige  on  the  seas.  Nobody 
will  deny  tlmt,  at  leust  in  Anieiiciin  wiiters, 
American  ships  were  predominant,  just  be- 
fore the  war,  wlien  the  following  figures  are 
remembered ; 


10,70!) 


In  18UI,  for  the  fiscal  year  cndhig  Juno 
30,  the  whole  number  of  American 
vessels  entered  from  foreign  countries 
was 

Wliole  number  of  foreign  vossola  entered 
from  foreign  countries  was 

AVhole  number  of  American  vessels  clear- 
ed for  foreign  countries  was 

Whole  number  of  foreign  vessels  cleared  j 

for  foreign  countries  was 10,580 

Tonnage  of  American  vessels  entered 

from  foreign  countrieswas. r>,03S),017 

Tonnage  of  foreign  vessels  entered  from 

foreign  countries  was 'J,217,554 

Tomiage  of  American  vessels  cleared  for 

foreign  countries  was 4,889,313 

Tonnoge  of  foreign  vessels  cleared  for 

foreign  countries  was. 3,203,013 


Such  figures  denioustrato  sufficiently  the 
strong  vitality  which  shipbuilding  and  for- 
eign commerce  possessed  in  America,  and 
thoy  showed  that  if  such  a  trade  was  tem- 
porarily i)rostrated  by  a  five  years'  war,  and 
by  financial  embarrassments  likely  to  follow 
as  a  consequence,  it  would  soon  come  again 
to  life  and  prosjierity.  So  has  it  been.  No- 
body could  take  from  Americans  thi'ir 
peculiar  and  superior  science  of  shipbuild 
ing,  which  has  been  evidenced  to  the  world 
by  the  superior  sailing  qualities  of  the  clip- 
j)ers,  an  exclusively  American  invention,  and 
by  the  victories  won  by  the  American  yachts 
in  the  Cowes  races  in  ISClt,  and  by  the  A'li- 
c/taiUress,  a  New  York  yacht,  whieli,  in  July, 


down  to  our  own  time,  as  is  shown  below  by 
the  statistics  of  tho  year  ending  Ai)ril  30, 
1874.  Kxportations  from  tho  country  have 
nearly  always  been  equal  to  tho  importations 
from  abroad.  In  1 700  the  exi)ortations  from 
New  England  and  tho  North  Atlantic  colo- 
nies were  of  £31)5,000  against  £344,000  of 
imi)ortalion3. 

in    IStiO    tho   exportations   amounted    to 
?;100,1:3l',1'1)('>,  and  the  importations  to  i,:UV2,- 
I  1<Jl',U41.     The  jirincipal  articles  of  expoita- 
11,079  j  tion  for  1801  were  as  follows  : 
!Miuitimo  products :  whalebone, 

salt  fish,  oil,  etc f;4,4r)l,.5ir» 

Forest  products  ;  bark,  timber.  10,L'G0,80'J 
Agricultural  products :  tobacco, 

raw  sugar,  cotton,  pork 119,492,020 

Si)eeio  and  bullion 23,799,870 

The  exportations  of  homo  manufactures 
were  valued  at  $228,099,480  ;  of  foreign  ar- 
ticles at  §20,045,427. 

During  the  same  year,  18G0,  the  principal 
inqmrtations  were  cofiee,  tea,  copper,  raw 
silk,  silk  goods. 

A  question  which  is  of  the  utmost  import- 
ance to  American  commerce  was  temporarily 
sol  veil  in  h'^.M  by  the  Keci])rocity  Treaty 
concluded  with  England.  This  treaty  i>ro- 
vidcd  that  ci'rtaiu  specilled  articles  were  to 
be  excliaiiged  free  between  the  United  States 
and  the  t'anadas,  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova 
Scotia.  The  great  A\'est  found  thus,  for  its 
products,  an  easy  ontllow  into  tho  Ibitish 
I'ro  inccs,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures  : 
For  the  year  en<ling  June  3t),  1801,  Ameri- 
can merchandise  exported  to  those  Piovinces 


was   valued  at  :5!208,82.'),783,   while  the  ini- 

1874,  arrived   first  in  the  Engli.sh  Channel   i)ortations  from  the  same  localities  only  reach- 

j'aee.     As  to  steamships,  tho  glorious  memory  ;  ed    ^'l '"'0,347,355.       This   wa.s,   as  conqiared 

of  the   Collins   line,  which  nnule  such   fast  with   1853,  an  increase  of  §103,735,003  for 

trips  between  New  ^'ork  and  Liverpool,  be- ;  exportations,  and  of  §80,19'1,540  for  inq)or- 

tween    1855    and    1800,    has    not   yet    been ,  tati(Uis. 

eclipsed  in  tho   mind  of  the  nautical  world  j      Tho   figures   given    below  will   show  that 

by  the  splendid  passages  of  the  White  Star  American  commerce  and   navigation  begins, 

or    Innian   lines    of    transatlantic   steamers,  i  though  slowly,  to  retrace  their  stejis.     This  is 

In   1801,  there  were  but  six  diU'ercnt  steam- 1  due,  in   a  great   (ait,  to  what  nniy  be  called 

ship  lines;  they  canieil   t'i9,307  passengers,  l  the  yxcfox/ff/,  or  the  personal  agencies  which 

and   78,820  in    1802.     At  present,  there  is  ]  are  at  work  to  ilevelop  the   resoorces  of  the 

more  than   a  score  of  tlie.se    lines,  and   the  i  United  States  under  the  head  of  Connnerce, 

United   States,  which  did   not  own  a  single  {  Navigation,  and  Trnnsjiortation.     The  census 

one,  can  boa.st  of  ]ioKsessing  the  American  ,  of  1870  .sl'tws  a  ))op\dation  of  28,228,945  over 

lino  from   I'liiladelpliia  to    Liverpool,  while  1  tho  age  of  ten   years,  of  which  number  13,- 
they  almost  monopolize   (he  carrying   trade  ;  970,079  are  females.     Out  of  this  number  we 

of   the   Pacific,   between  California  and  the  I  can  enumerate,  under  the  head  of  Commerce, 
coasts  of  Japan  and  China.  Trade,  and  Navigation:  10,499  agents  ;  10,031 

As  to  the  Navy,  (lie  United  States  keep!  bankers  and  brokers  (15  females);  14,302 
tho  lead,  if  not  as  to  tho  i|uantity,  at  least  as  barkeepers  (70  fiMuales)  ;  21,332  boatmen 
to  the  seagoing  qualities  of  their  ships.  The  '  and  watermen  (30  females);  31,177  book- 
art  of  building  meu-ofwar  was  entirely  i  keejiers  and  accountants  in  stores  (293  fe- 
changed  in  the  making  of  the  J/ofiiVor,  No.  :  males) ;  7,338  canalmen   (10  females)  ;  222,- 

l.  American  iron-chuls  were  the  first  to  go  504  clerks  in  stcnes  (0,194  fenniles)  ;  120,750  advance  of  the  annual  ofiicial  report.  Those 
to  sea,  and  to  supjjort  successfully  the  wear  viraynien,  hackmcn,  teamsters,  etc.  ;  154,027  !  statements  ]irouiise  an  increase  for  the  jvast 
and  tear  and  tlio  dangers  of  long  voyages.  Cnqiloyes  of  railioad  conq>anies  (not  clerks) ;  i  year  of  over  Jil30,(i00,000  as  conqiared  with 
Just  as  Fulton  was  the  first  to  navigate  5,103  enqiloyes  of  street  railroads  (not  [  the  inqiorts  and  exports  of  1870.  The  aggre- 
practically  a  steamboat  on  the  Hudson,  so  clerks)  ;  8,:il0  enqiloyc's  of  telegraph  conqia-  gate  value  of  the  declared  exjiorts  to  the 
now  an  American  has  denionstated  to  the  nies  (luit  cleiks)  ;  17,302  hucksters;  14,882  j  United  States  from  tho  Consular  districts  of 
astonished  world,  in  the  waters  of  Hanqiton  laborers;  3,728  milkmen  and  niilkwomen ;  |  this  Oovernment  in  France  is  reported  as 
Koads,  that  an  iron-clad  could  navigate,  and  473  niule-))aikers  ;  2,002  iiewspajier  criers  amounting  to  !|f09,O77,5O2  in  1872.  This  is 
be,  at  tho  same  time,  a  good,  staunch  and  and  carriers  (7  feniaU's)  ;  2,738  olfieials  of 
vedoubtable  man-of-war.  |  banks  ;    1,902  ofiieials  of  lailroad  conqianies  ; 

A  country  endowed,  like  tho  United  72  ofilciiils  of  telegraiih  conqianies;  384 
Btates,  with  an  imnienso  territory,  and  with  '  )iawnlirokers  ;  10,975  pedlars  ;  3,049  jiilots; 
luwrly  every  natural  product  of  northern  and' l(i, 031  porters  in  stores  and  wareho\ises  ; 
Bouthern*  elinittti's,  could   hardly  helji  being  5t), 003  sailors  ;   14,203  salesmen  and  saleswo- 


(40  females) ;  100,400  traders  and  dealers 
(not  specified,  of  wliich  2,833  are  females) ; 
1,939  deah'rs  in  agricultural  inqilements ; 
3,392  in  books  and  stationery ;  7,019  in 
boots  and  shoes ;  4,087  in  cabinet-ware ; 
8,234  in  cigars  and  tobacco  ;  7,595  in  cloth- 
ing; 4,143  in  coal ;  2,493  in  coal  and  wood  ; 
1,701  in  coti;on ;  l,7ti5  in  crockery,  china, 
and  stoneware  ;  17,309  in  drugs  and  medi- 
cines ;  39,790  in  dry  goods  (001  females); 
0,402  gold  and  silver-ware  and  jewelry  ;  74,- 
410  groceries  (1,197  females) ;  3,375  in  luits 
and  caps;  1,404  in  ice;  9,003  in  iron,  tin, 
and  copper  wares ;  2,201  in  leather,  hides, 
and  skinj ;  11,718  in  liquors  (100  females); 
7,723  in  live  stock  (5  females) ;  9,440  in  lum- 
ber (4  females)  ;  1,455  in  newsjiapers  and 
lieriodicals  ;  11,809  in  produce  (03  fenuiles) ; 
7,528  in  provisions;  8,933  in  real  estate; 
3,152  in  sewing  machines;  1,990  underta- 
kers (20  females)  ;  920  weighers,  gangers,  and 
nu-asurers ;  93  wreckers. 

Tho  latest  report  on  hand,  ])ublished  by 
the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  and  which  gives  fig- 
ures and  data  as  recent  as  the  30th  Sejilem- 
ber,  1873,  presents  some  inltaesting  jiarticu- 
lars  relative  to  the  trade  of  the  United  States 
with  dilfereut  countries  in  Asia  and  in  Eu- 
ro])e.  A  report  from  the  Consul-General  in 
London  indicates  that  the  exportation  from 
that  port  to  the  United  States,  for  the  year 
ending  September  30,  1873,  was  £1,092,911, 
or  twelve  and  one-half  per  centum  less  in 
vahie  than  that  of  the  preceding  year.  The 
total  value  of  the  inqiorts  entered  for  con- 
sumption into  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June,  1872,  amounted 
to  5il07, 709, 110,  being  an  increase  of  Ss20,- 
701,034,  or  nearly  twenty-four  per  centvua 
over  the  inqiorts  of  the  previous  yt'ar. 
The  exports  for  tho  sanu;  jieriod  amounted 
to  !!!82," 39,003,  being  an  increase  over  the 
year  1871  of  §8,40(i,045,  or  nearly  eleven 
and  one-half  per  centum.  The  imports  into 
Canada  from  the  United  States,  entered 
for  home  consunqilion,  amo\inted,  during 
the  above  period,  to  §34,217,909,  being  an 
increase  over  1870  and  1871  of  §5,195,582. 
The  exports  to  the  United  States  for  the 
same  period  amounted  to  §31,890,810 — 
§921,174  more  than  the  previous  year,  while 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1871,  tho 
exports  from  (/'anada  to  the  I'nited  States  ex- 
ci'eded  the  imp<irts  from  this  country  by 
§1,95.3,255  ;  during  the  coi  responding  perind 
of  1871  and  1872  the  reverse  was  tho  case  liy 
§2.321,1.''.3. 

Tho  Consul  at  Marseilles  has  furnished 
statements  of  tho  imjiorts  and  exports  of 
France  for  the  first  eight  months  of  1873  in 


Buccefisful  in  geoeral  connnerce.     So  it  has 
been,  from  tli0  very  tiayg  of  tho  colouizatiuu 


men    (2,775    fenmles) ;    3,507    ship|ier8   and 


freightei'8 ;  7|97i>  steamboatmcn  uud  women       The  political  disturbauccB  in  Spain  do  not 


an  increase  of  18,752,888  over  the  year  1871. 
The  declared  value  of  the  ex]iorts  to  tho 
United  States  from  the  Consular  districts  of 
this  fiovernment  in  Cernmny,  for  the  year 
1872,  isestlmatedat  §37,177,000,  this  amount 
exceeding  that  for  1871  by  more  than  §4,000,- 
000. 


UNITED    STATES. 


618 


trailers  and  dealers 
h  2,833  are  females) ; 
iculldral  ini]>lometitR ; 
.sliitioiiery ;  7,019  in 
087  ill  cabinet-ware ; 
>a('co  ;  7,.')y5  in  clotli- 
■1113  in  coal  and  wood  ; 
in  crockery,  cliinii, 
t)  in  drngs  and  medi- 
goods  (00 1  females); 
fare  and  jewelry  ;  74,- 
niales) ;  3,375  in  hats 
?■ ;  y,003  in  iron,  tin, 
261  in  leather,  hides, 
liqnors  (100  females); 
Wales) ;  1),440  in  hini- 
).'>  in  iiews])a|)erR  and 
produce  (03  females) ; 
8,'J33  in  real  estate; 
ines;  1,9110  nnderta- 
weighers,  gangers,  and 
•s, 

n  hand,  ]>ublislicd  by 
■a,  and  which  gives  iig- 
t  as  tlie  30th  Septeni- 
no  inl<u-esting  jiarticu- 
le  of  the  United  States 
s  in  Asia  and  in  Ku- 
the  Consul-Genernl  in 
the  exportation  from 
•d  States,  for  the  year 
1873,  was  £1,092,911, 
If  jier  centum  less  in 
lireccdiiig  year.  The 
[lorts  entered  for  con- 
iniinion  of  Canada  for 
June,  1872,  amounted 
[  an  increase  of  ^'2U,- 
.'enty-four  per  centiua 
the  previous  yeai'. 
iame  period  amounted 
an  increase  over  the 
0-1;'),  or  nearly  eleven 
m.  The  imports  into 
nited  States,  entered 
m,  amounted,  during 
t!34,2 17,909,  being  an 
d  1871  of  *r),195,r)82. 
Jnitcd  States  for  the 
;^d  to  |i3 1,890,8 10— 
e  previous  year,  wliilo 
ig  June  30,  1871,  tlio 
)  tlie  I' nited  States  ex- 
rom  this  country  by 
n  eoires)ionding  period 
evcrse  was  the  case  by 

•seilles  has  furnished 
lorts  and  exports  of 
ht  months  of  1873  in 
otiieial  report.     Those 

increase  for  the  ]mst 
100  as  com|)ared  with 
s  of  1870.  The  aggre- 
lared    exports   to   the 

Consular  districts  of 
ranee  is  reported  as 
r)02  in  1872.  This  is 
S8over  the  year  1871. 
of  the  exports  to  tlie 

Consular  districts  of 
I'rninny,  for  the  yiiir 
',  1 77,000,  this  amount 
by  more  than  li(4,000,- 

mccs  in  Spain  do  not 


appear  to  have  produced  a  decline  in  the  com- 1 
nierco  of  that  Koi)ublic.     Indeed,  the  ollicial ' 
statement  shows  an  incri'iise  of   more  than 
§10,000,000  in  the  value  of  the  imports  for^ 
the  first  six   months  of  1873,   as  tonipared 
with  tlio  imports  for  the  corrcs|ionding  period 
of  1872.     The  Minister   at   IMadrid  reports' 
tliat  he  believes  the  returns  of  the  exports 
v'ill  atford  even  a  more  favorable  exhibit. 

During  tho  tivo  years  ending  with   1872,  i 
the  commerce  between  the  United  States  and  j 
Switzerland   hius    doubled.      The     value    of 
watches  exported  to   this  countiy  in  1872  is 
reported  as  having  amounted  to  lt<3,000,000. 

The  direct  import  and  export  trade  of 
China  with  the  United  States  appears  to  be 
very  snnill,  but  the  American  inland  and 
coast  trade  is  re|)orted  to  exceed  that  of  any 
other  nation.  Tho  entire  American  trade,  I 
foreign  and  coasting,  forms  nearly  thirty-  j 
seven  per  centum  of  tno  whole  foreign  trade 
of  China,  and  contributes  more  than  twenty- 
three  and  a  half  per  centum  of  the  reveniie 
collected  by  tho  foreign  customs  departments. 

We  will  end  tlii.s  chapter  with  a  general 
view  of  the  state  of  Trade  and  Shipping  of 
the  country,  taken  from  a  recent  ])oiut  of 
view.  The  latest  report,  issued  by  the  Bu- 
reau of  Statistics  of  tho  Treas\iry  Depart- 
ment, includes  the  ten  months  ending  April 
3(lth,  1874,  and  it  shows  that  for  the  period 
indicated  above  the  United  States  imported 
8I9."),304,370  in  1874,  against  *,'>.')0, 007, 409 
in  the  corresponding  period  of  1873  : 

Dom.  Kxporta.  For.  Exports. 

1874 ^.'i  18,9.')  1,380  ^518,702,172 

1873 48r),4r)7,3o3  22,10r),593 

The  specie  movement  included  in  the  above 
statistics  i.s,  rehitividy,  of  an  inconsiderable 
\alue;  for  in  1874  the  United  States  import- 
ed a  little  over  ii(25,000,000,  and  they  export- 
eil  ¥''9,17;',070  of  sfiecie  and  bullion. 

In  nniking  allowance  for  tho  differences  in 
tlu!  warehouse  amount,  the  exports  in  the 
iiiinie  ])eriod  arc  in  excess  for  1874  of  the  ini- 
piirts  to  the  extent  of  nearly  *,'iO,00(),()00, 
while  for  1873  the  imports  exceeded  tho  ex- 
ports byl!!l)8,411,017. 

The  carrying  trade  stands  as  follows  : 

I'oi  1874— In  American  vessels,  about .  $200,000,000 
In  Foreigu  veKsels 7«(»,000,000 

For  187;i-Iii  American  vessels 284,000,000 

In  Foreign  vessels « 1 1 ,000,000 

That  shows  th.at,  of  tlie  total  trade  by  water, 
74  per  cent,  was  cariied  by  foreign  vessels  in 
1873,  and  73  per  cent,  in  1874. 

For  tlio  twelve  months  ending  April  30,  the 
tonnage  and  number  of  vessels  stood  as  follows: 

'rumiinrc. 
1^<7;I— American  vcRsels  ent'd.  .11.073       .1,(iOi).420 

Foreign  ve8.Hols  ent'd 11). ((.W       7.81(1,077 

American  vcsselicl'd.  . .  .1 1,227 

Foreign  vcshcIs  cfd 1!i.8T."> 

1874— American  vessels  ent'd  .II.KtW 
Forei^'n  ves.sels  ent'd. , .  .2i,0'2;l 
American  vessels  cl'd. .  .  .12.032 


emigrate.  This  momentary  decrease  was  also  | 
due  to  tho  stringent  niea.snres  taken  by  (!er-  i 
many  against  emigration,  and  by  disheartening  i 
advices  circulated  by  other  Kuropean  govern- 1 
ments  relative  to  tho  business  situation  of  the 
United  States. 

Some  two  or  three  thousand  emigrants ' 
landed  in  the  North  American  Colonies,  be- 
fore tho  arrival  of  tho  Pilgrims,  but  they 
perished  miserably,  except  60  of  them ;  they 
liad  neither  the  faith  nor  tho  couragi^  and  per- 
.severing  sjiirit  of  the  Puritans.  When  the 
examjile  of  the  latter  had  sliown  that  coloni- 
zation and  emigration  could  be  successful  in 
America,  a  number  of  fJermans  came  ov(!r, 
and  .setthul  in  Pennsylvania,  at  the  end  of  the 
17tli  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century. 
The  Dutch  sctth^d  in  New  York,  the  Swedes 
in  Delaware,  ami  the  French  in  Louisiana  and 
(,'anada.  Hut  tho  tide  of  emigiation  began 
in  earnest  in  1820,  and  especially  in  1849. 
An  Act  of  Congress,  passed  March  2,  1819, 
ordered  that  statistics  of  emigration  shouUl 
be  kept.  The  total  of  emigrants  laiuled  from 
1790  to  1817  was  estimated  at  about  0,000  ; 
and,  in  1817  alone,  more  than  20,000  emi- 
grants arrived  in  tho  United  States ;  but  it 
was  .in  exceptional  year,  and  no  i-eliable 
statistics  were  kept  for  the  21  months  which 
elapsed  from  Januai-y  1,  1818,  to  September 
30,  1819.  From  this  latter  date  to  tho  pres- 
ent time,  the  following  table  will  give  all  in- 
formation relative  to  emigration. 

From  the  commencement  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  December  30,  1870,  7,803,80.j  immi- 
grants have  arrived  in  the  United  States 
from  foreign  countries.  The  following  table, 
compiled  from  the  sjiecial  report  of  the  Sta-  i 
tistical  Bureau,  Treasury  Department,  on  | 
immigration,  will  show  the  increase  during 
each  decade  since  1820: 

Prior  to  1820 2.'')0,000 

From  1820  to  1830,  inclusive iril,824 

"      1831  to  1840,       "        699,125' 

"      1841  to  18.50,       "        ....    1,713,251 

"      1851  to  1800,        "         2,598,214 

"      1801  to  1870,        "        2,491,451 


year,  whereas  the  first  statement  given  of  th« 
total  arrivals  since  tho  formation  of  tlio 
(iovernment  shows  the  number  during  the 
decade  by  ealendiir  years.  This  will  account 
for  the  aiiparent  difference  in  the  totals  for 
the  same  decade  in  the  two  statements. 

Tho  British  Isles  have  furnished  nearly 
one-half  of  all  thy  immigrants.  England, 
since  the  formation  of  the  Government,  has 
sent  510,192;  Ireland,  2,900,493 ;  Scotland, 
84,623;  Wales,  12,435;  Great  Britain,  not 
specified,  544,107;  or  a  total  of  3,857,850 
from  the  British  Isles.  Germany  has  sent  2,- 
207,500;  Prussia,  100,983;  omitting  those 
that  became  iiaupera  or  criminals,  or  through 
idleness  have  turned  out  non-producei-s,  wo 
may  safely  estimate  the  capital  value  of  our 
foreign  inimigration  during  1870,  at  i;200,- 
000,000.  As  a  subject  of  peculiar  interest, 
and  in  order  to  remove  the  impression  enter- 
tained by  many  that  the  large  majority  of 
immigrants  arriving  in  this  country  are  with- 
out a  trade  or  profession,  wo  append  a  care- 
fully prejiared  statement  of  the  occnjiations 
of  those  who  arrived  in  the  United  States 
during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1870 : 

Profesiional  Callingt. 


ArtofB 4 

Clli'mlslx 4.'l 

t'lt'ivvtrn'n JWi 

I)^'Illlst^^ .'i 

Fn^'iii(\'rn. . .  Kil 

FnrniTS 7 

I.iiwytTS 77 

Miihlnaim  S.'itf 

Nnturaliiitti. 3 


PhyRlrUins 

rricHts 

Ut'iwrtrrs 

HiirKi'oii 

Surveyor 

Tf  licht'm 

l*rori't*itin8  nut  stutcil. 


Tcital. 


ii.'^a 
lU 
% 
1 
1 

ti,i:i!l 


ArtMt. 


Foicifn  vessels  cl'd 20,1)89 


;t,74:l,497 
7,875,011 
;i,H77,(i;i4 
i),147..'t04 
;t.!»H4.(ilil 
9,071,310 


IMMKJnATION. 
There  is,  in  the  first  half  of  the  year  1874,  a 
slight  decreast!  in  immigration  figures,  as  coni- 
Jiared  with  those  of  former  years,  but  this  is 
dueespeeially  to  the  fimmeial  crisis  which  burst 
over  tli(!  country  in  Septendier,  1873,  and  pic- 
vented  many  iminigiants  already  settled  in 
Anieiiea  fnim  t'(nwar<ling  siillieient  funds  to 
tlait  friends  and  lelativcH  to  euablo  them  to 


Total 7,803,805 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
tide  of  immigration  has  steadily  increased 
during  each  decade,  with  the  single  excep- 
tion of  the  one  begiiuiing  1801  and  ending 
1870.  During  the  War  of  tho  Kebellion 
imniigration  to  this  country  was  jiartially 
checked.  The  following  table  will  show  the 
number  of  immigrants  arrived  during  each 
year  of  the  decade.  U  will  be  S(^en  that 
dining  1802,  probably  the  ihirkest  period  of 
the  war,  the  tide  of  immigration  reached  its 
lowest  jioint: 

June  30,  1801 140,528 

"        18(i2 09,449 

"        1803 130,000 

"        1804 193,754 

"        1805 180,007 

«        1800 3,'?0,701 

"        1807    298,907 

"        1808 282,189 

"        18ii9 352,708 

"        1870 387,203 


Total 2,300,-_'89 

i      Tho  above  statenient  shiiws  the  number  of 
,  immigrants  that  arrived  during  each   fiscal 


ArrliKi'ctH 

3 

Photodmiihcm 

a 

Curvor 

1 

Artists  not  Htxil4-(l 

I'.K) 

Krifn-iivcr    

1 

IitiAKf  nmkiT 

1 

Total 

200 

Lithngraplivr  .... 

1 

z:=z-— 

Skilled  Workmen. 

WO 

3,1110 
26M 

llnrlH'M 

ai 

Millm 

lIlnrkHmiths 

2,.'j;h 

MlUlncn. 

17 

liUn'k-miiktTH 

« 

Millwnghtii 

4 

llniliT  rniikiTi) 

a 

MiniTH 

.  4,7(a 

IlonkbimlLTA 

!• 

Moulili-n* 

2 

llm/.liTK 

a 

Nail-inakvrB 

1» 

Hivu.rs 

Ilrifk-ntnkiTH 

3(W 

!1 

Paint^'rH 

7M 

I'ilol 

1 

IllllflllTM 

7a7 

VlumtM'rs 

1 

('Hi'iiit't  iimkcrs  .. 

« 

I'litti  r» 

S 

CiiriM'iitcrK 

AM\ 

Printfrs  

..       180 

rmilktTs 

ChjuiiiUT 

(i 

1 

2 

Hope  infikcrH 

» 

22N 

Snililk-r.  

107 

('ntlftTliiHUTH  .... 

■■■■:   ,oY 

12 

Kiiwycr 

1 

CiirriLTs 

('Iltl.-M 

Ill 

r> 

DO.') 

ShipwriuhlH 

9 

IHstilttTM 

a 

2 

1 

Sliui'ninktTs 

Sonii  makers 

SptnnerM 

.  i,r>ri7 

SI 

2 

l>.VtT» 

.   ...       114 

10 

Kill'  luakcrM 

KtllhT 

2 

1 

122 

Tailors 

.    1,703 

I'lirriT 

) 

Tanners 

102 

(iil.In« 

« 

Tt'U'Kraph  o|HTator. . . 

1 

(lIlWilTK 

a 

Tinners 

911 

.      ..          2 

S 

5S 

..    1,I7S 

WlieelwrlnhtB 

Wm>I  wirter 

IiiHiriiinrti'.-niiikt'r 

1 

1 

Imn  workiTH 

:i 

Mei'hunii's  not  htatetl . 

. .  f.ntii 

.Il'Wt'lNTM 

W.t 

iltlilUTS 

.'M.'l 

TnUl 

. .  .ll.lltH 

I-ocksmlthn 

Ill 

^-_^rr 

Mit^cetltinmu 

Ofrtliwitlnnl, 

ARflltrt 

a7 

Mannrnrtureri 

„        M 

Hn.krrt 

2 

-MerehlllitH 

'.   7,07« 

rah-rcr 

1 

i.nii 

m 

Nurses 

« 

('MriKiils 

Cnntmctorii 

C«mk«  

4 

4 

711 

1« 

at 

Overseer 

1 

l)ni(fKi»*t« 

r>i 

I'eiiillers 

« 

I'MiliiM 

.H 

1  Hefuirecs 

..        4» 

Itiriiirr* 

36,C^.I1 

Kelitler 

I 

nn'iiirn 

22 

Sailors 

..    I.'ISU 

rinhrrriii'ii . 

liU 

Si-r^nnts 

. .  14,2U1 

(ianltliri* 

ni 

shi'plienis 

a 

*;r'M*rr« 

2 

Sniillers 

117 

Miiii'l  kucpprn  ... 

2.1 

Htenanless 

t 

Himicr 

1 

Stiiili'nls 

iss 

Iriirrpn'tiTH 

-1 

reanisters 

fl 

.IiH-'t'lnK 

'.M 

TlUVlllllH 

15 

l.iii'MM  m ., . 

S.1.517 

— ^— . 

l.iiiin  Ifi'-wM  .... 

7 

j             Tutu! 

.  ll5.Tli2 

LuiiilHrmuii 

U 

■ 

t 

ill:  J ' 


."  i^   ii 


.1 


li  1 


ifi 


.1  f 


I 


014 

ProfoMlonal  callings 8,133 

Artists aiHI 

Skillril  norknicn 31.!Hi-l 

Mbcfllaneous  *x'cui»atioua 1 1^^,7^8 

Ofciipntiiiiirt  not  Ktntod l'.HI.5!H( 

^Vithuut  uccupntlun l(l,5'.^) 

Total S«7,S«B 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


The  above  statement  covers  a  single  year. 
AVlien  we  consider  that  this  stream  of  immi- 
gration has  been  going  on  for  years  ami  is 
still  increasing  in  volume,  and  that  the  acqui- 
sitions to  our  industrial  interests,  as  shown 
by  tiie  table  given,  are  not  exceptional,  but 
the  rule,  as  proven  by  tlio  exj)erienco  of 
years,  wo  can  form  a  faint  idea  of  the  im- 
mense wealth  that  this  living  tide  of  hu- 
manity brings  to  our  nation. 

A  subject  of  such  vast  importance  may 
well  command  the  attention  of  our  leading 
statesmen.  Each  year  has  seen  some  im- 
]irr)vi'ment  in  the  system  of  transportation 
between  this  country  and  Europe.  Old 
abuses  are  gradually  wearing  away.  Swift- 
sailing  steamers  are  taking  the  place  of  the 
old  immigrant  ships,  reducing  the  trials  of 
the  steerage  from  weeks  to  days.  Better  ju-o- 
vi.sions,  better  ventilation,  purer  water,  bet- 
ter accommodations,  more  humane  treatment, 
are  being  exacted  by  the  enliglitenod  senti- 
nieiit  of  the  age.  Yet  the  fielil  for  improve- 
ment is  large.  Abuses  still  exist.  Vessels 
are  overcrowded,  provisions  are  not  what 
they  should  be,  ventilation  is  imperfect,  the 
immigrant  is  still  subject  to  deprivations  and 
abuses  that  tend  to  injure  his  character  and 
undermine  his  health.  Wo  have  made  pro- 
gress in  ocean  reform,  but  the  work  is  far 
from  completed.  Tlie  stranger  wlio  comes 
to  our  shoi-es,  bringing  his  muscle  or  talents 
to  ;.dd  to  our  country,  has  a  right  to  bo  pro- 
tected on  his  way  here,  to  tlio  best  of  tlie 
ability  of  the  Government.  This  is  what  has 
been  understood  by  Congress,  which  iias  imi- 
tated the  conduct  of  the  British  J\irliament, 
and  voted  laws  to  protect  the  immigrants, 
especially  on  their  landing  in  America. 
Another  law  gave  to  every  one  of  them,  will- 
ing to  st.ty  at  least  five  years,  a  grant  of 
laiul  of  U)0  acnrs.  Another  advance  was 
made  by  the  extinction  of  tiie  Know-Noth- 
ing  spirit,  which,  a  few  years  ago,  had  taken 
hold  of  the  minds  of  some  Ami'iioans,  who 
dreaded  tho  Hooding  of  the  couiitry  by  the 
foreigners. 

In  1871,  .121,350  immigrants  arrived,  and 
in  1872,  201,800. 

KPfCATIOK. 

In  1800,  there  were  al)niit  ."),(l((0,nOO  sdinl- 
ars  in  tho  jirivate  and  public  schools  of  the 
United  States,  This  iigurf  is  siiflicient  to 
support  the  opinion,  gem  rally  entertaimid 
throughout  the  world,  tliat  th(!  United  States 
people  aro  one  of  tho  best,  if  not  the  best 
educated  peoples  among  all  nations.  There 
are  very  few  pcreons  now  living  in  the  New 
England,  Middle,  and  Western  States  who  do 
not  know  how  to  read  and  write  ;  and  since 
the  termination  of  the  civil  war,  the  Southern 
States  have  fairly  entered  into  competition 
■with  their  more  learned  brethren  of  the 
Northern  section  of  tho  country,  in  the  West, 
before  laying  the  ftnnidation  of  any  township, 
two  sec;ions  of  public  lands  (each  contaiiiiiig 
040  acres)  uro   laiil  asiJo  for  the  exclusivo 


support  of  public  schools.  Beside  that,  the 
Federal  Government  comes  itself  often,  by 
other  donations  of  public  land,  to  the  help 
of  tho  States,  in  view  of  iiicrea.^'ing  their 
facilities  for  tho  extension  of  the  jiublic 
school  system.  iMore  tlian  fifty  millions  of 
acres  had  thus  been  distributed,  for  that 
purpose,  by  the  Federal  Government,  before 
the  census  of  1800. 

The  regulation  of  all  matters  pertaining  to 
education  is  left  in  America  to  the  initiative 
of  each  State,  but  all  of  them  have  that 
general  feature,  so  that  instruction  is  pro- 
vided by  law  for  all  persons  of  tho  school  age, 
without  any  charge  for  tuition.  Though 
attendance  has  not  yet  been  nuide  obligatory, 
there  is  a  strong  tendency  toward  such  a 
regulation ;  and  somt!  States  have  alreaily 
p;iss(Hl  laws  requiring  ])arents  to  send  their 
children  to  school  diiiung  a  specified  period. 
Public  schools  are  supjiorted  jiartly  by  funds 
derived  from  the  sale  of  government  lands, 
partly  by  voluntary  taxation,  and  also  by 
gifts  of  individuals.  Tho  whole  area  of  the 
Uniteil  States  is  tlivided  into  school  districts, 
which  number  1 1  ,'i^)0  in  tho  single  State  of 
>fow  York,  and  107,800  for  the  whole  coun- 
try. A  I'oard  of  Education  and  a  Superin- 
tendent are  appointeil  in  tliB  larger  cities, 
f(U'  the  jiurpose  of  directing  ami  controlling 
the  sy.stem  of  education,  and  in  smaller  cities 
a  Boaril  of  'J'rustees,  elected  by  the  inhabitants, 
fulfil  the  same  duty. 

Tli(!  school  age  varies  in  different  States, 
ranging  from  four  to  twenty-one  years,  and 
every  bnineli  of  instruction  is  taught.  Ln 
the  grammar  schools,  French,  German,  and 
vocal  music  are  added  to  the  ordinary  course 
of  stiuli"s.  The  pupils  who  enter  tlie  high 
schools  are  taught  ancient  languages,  higher 
mathematics,  philosophy,  etc.  In  1872,  vocivl 
music  was  taught  in  schools  of  all  grades  ; 
German  in  schools  of  7li  cities,  and  French 
in  tho.se  of  7.'1  cities.  In  the  rural  districts 
and  smaller  cities,  tlie  same  schools  are  at- 
tended by  both  Sexes ;  but  in  larger  cities 
boys  and  girls  have  ditferent  departments. 
Law  doi's  not  providi!  for  the  establishment 
of  se])arate  schools  for  colored  pupils;  but 
u.sage  has  done  it.  Nearly  every  State  is 
provided  with  a  normal  school,  for  tho  train- 
ing of  future  teachers  ;  these  schools  num- 
bered 101  in  America,  in  1872,  with  773  in- 
.strui'tois  and  11,778  students;  still  that  is 
not  siilliciciit  to  sup]ily  the  demand  for  teach- 
ers, for  120,807  new  ones  aro  annually 
wanted  in  the  I'nitt-d  States,  inasmuch  as 
(eacliers  do  not  eontinuo  in  .service  on  the 
average  more  than  three  years.  There  are 
iininial  cniiveiitioiis  of  teachers  held  in  every 
Stale,  and  also  an  annual  met^ting  of  the 
Xaliiinal  Ivliicalional  A.ssociation,  which  is 
composed  of  the  foremost  teachers  in  every 
branch.  Tlie  Kith  annual  session  of  that 
body  was  helil  in  187;j ;  it  comprises  four  de- 
piirtments  :  elementary,  normid,  superintend- 
ence, and  higher  education. 

There  are  many  evening  schools  for  tho  ac- 
comniodalion  of  those  who  cannot  attend  the 
day  schools.  Of  111  cities  having  more  than 
10,000  inhabitants,  ol  had,  in  1872,  218 
evening  schools,  with  1,300  teachers  and  (iO,- 
2'.l7  pupils.  Of  S_'  cities  with  a  population 
of  between  live  and  ten  tliou.saiid  inliabittiiils, 
7  had  II  evening  schools,  with  20  teachers 
and  .'lob  btuJeuth ;   of  103  cities  with  a  iKiji- 


ulation  below  .5,000  inhabitants,  7  reported 
■  9  evening  schools,  with  312  pupils. 
j  Besides  the  ))ublic  schools,  there  aro  many 
l>rivate  institutions  of  learning,  among  which 
the  "  Seniinaircs,"  or  Bomaii  Catholic  schools 
I  kept  by  priests,  are  vm-y  numerous.  Thero 
are.  also,  in  the  Uniteil  States,  about  100 
collegiate  institutions  called  Universities, 
but  they  have  no  feature  in  common  with 
the  Universitcs  of  Continental  Europe, — 
they  are  not  under  the  direction  or  patronage 
of  the  government,  and  many  of  them  aro 
purely  higher  denominational  colleges,  belong- 
ing to  some  sect.  Harvard,  Yale,  Brown 
University,  Columbia  College,  Cornell,  and 
two  or  three  others,  are  tho  only  ones  hav- 
ing some  similarity  to  Universities,  in  tho 
European  meaning  of  the  word.  The  only 
schools  directly  under  the  management  or 
supervision  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment are  tho  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point,  and  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annajioli.s, 
with  tlie  Artillery  School  of  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, Virginia. 

The  establishment  by  Congress  of  a  Bureau 
of  Eduea.tion  dates  only  from  1807.  'J'he 
commissioner  at  the  head  of  this  bureau  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  management  of 
schools.  He  is  appointed  only  for  "tho 
purpose  of  collecting  such  statistics  and  facts 
as  shall  show  tho  condition  and  progress  of 
education  in  the  several  States  and  Territo- 
ries, ami  of  ditrusiiig  such  information  respect- 
ing Die  organization  and  management  of 
school  systems  ami  methods  of  teaching  :. 
shall  aid  the  people  of  the  United  States  in 
tho  establishment  and  maintenance  of  efficient 
school  .systems,  and  otherwise  promote  the 
cause  of  education  throughout  the  country." 
The  Annual  Keport  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Education  shows  that  in  1872  tho  total 
sciiool  population  of  America  was  12,828,807, 
and  the  enrolment  7,379, OTiO.  TCe  average 
attendance  was  4,110,.'>2."),  for  28  States  and 
4  Territories  ;  the  number  not  registered  in  .'It 
States  and  0  Territories  reporting  was  4,008,- 
803.  For  18  States  ami  5  Territories,  theio 
were  304,283  ])Upils  in  private  schools.  The 
number  of  teachers  for  33  States  and  7  I'er- 
ritories  was  217,239;  and  the  total  expend- 
iture for  educational  purpo.ses  was  |i70,8yi,- 
981.  29.")  cities  reported  their  school  jiop- 
ulation  at  2,123,889  ;  292  reported  the  nuin- 
berof  schools  at  7,917  ;  and  in  315,  the  num- 
ber of  teachers  was  23,194. 

The  census  of  1870  shows  that  7,209,938 
persons  of  from  .5  to  24  years  of  age,  that  is, 
more  than  one  third  of  the,  population  of 
school  age,  were  receiving  instruction.  Tlii^ 
total  nuiiilier  of  iiihtriictois  was  221,042,  of 
whom  93,329  were  males,  and  127,713  fe- 
males. The  total  expenditure  of  schools  was 
!i!9.'),402,720,  of  which  *3,003,785  was  from 
endowment,  ^01,740,039  from  taxation  and 
public  funds,  and  i{i2,992,902  from  other 
sources  including  tuition. 

More  than  17  ])er  cent,  of  the  adult  males, 
and  23  jier  cent,    of  the   adult   females,  are 
illiterate.     But  this   is  due    to  the  ever-in- 
creasing flood  of  European  immigrants,  and 
to  the  ignorance  of  the  eiuanci|iated  slaves; 
for  in  tlioso  ligiircs,  the  illiterate  persons  of 
I  foreign   birth  are  numbered   at  nearly  800,- 
I  000,  and   i\w  colored   people   ill  nearly  tliri'i) 
inillions.     But  the  following  table,  compiled 
'■  by  the  Burtaii  of  Educaiiou  from  tho  ceubiiu 


II ; 


UNITED    STATES. 


613 


ImbitHnts,  1  reported 

312  i>iipils. 

liools,  there  are  many 
euniiiif;,  iimoiig  wliich 
oiiian  Cutholie  schools 
>rv  iiuineroiis.     Theio 

(1    States,  about  100 

called  Universities, 
uro  in  common  with 
jntineiital  ilurope, — 
lirection  or  patrona"o 
tl  many  of  them  are 
tional  colleges,  belong- 
irvnrd,  Vale,  Brown 
t'ullege,  Cornell,  and 
■0  the  only  ones   liav- 

Univorsities,  in  tho 
ho  word.     The  only 

the  management  or 
lited  States  Oovern- 
Academy  at  West 
cademy  at  Annajiolis, 
)ol  of  Fortress  Mon- 

Congioss  of  a  Bureau 
ly  from  18G7.  Tho 
id  of  this  bureau  has 
the  management  of 
nted  only  for  "tho 
c-li  statistics  and  facts 
ition  and  progress  of 

States  and  Territo- 
h  information  rcspptt- 
r»nd    management   of 
thods  of  teaching  i. 
the  United  States  in 
ainienancoof  eflioient 
lerwiso   promote    the 
iighout  tlie  country." 
of  tho  Commissioner 
it  in  1872    tho  total 
i'rieawas  12,828,S(J7, 
'9,lj.')ti.     TCe  averago 
25,  for  28  States  and 
•mot  registered  in  .'! 4 
reporting  was  4,G08,- 
d  5  Territories,  tlieio 
irivate  schools.     The 
;!.i  States  and  7  Tei-- 
nd  the  total  expend- 
•l)o.ses  was  $70,891,- 
■d   their  school  pop- 
12  reported  tho  nuni- 
ind  in  31.'>,  thonum- 
•  4. 

lows   that  7,200,938 
years  of  age,  that  is, 

tho,  jiopulatioii  of 
g  instruction.  I'Ik! 
ors  was  221,042,  of 
s,  and  127,713  fe- 
iture  of  scliools  w.is 
3,C()3,785  was  froia 
from  taxation  and 
92,002    from   other 

of  the  adult  males, 
adult  ftniales,  aio 
luo  to  the  ever-iii- 
111  inniiigrants,  and 
niancipated  slaves; 
illiterate  persons  of 
eil  at  nearly  8()(),- 
ple  at  nearly  three 
iiig  lalile,  eonipilnl 
uu  fruijj  thti  ovubUD 


38,B58,.371 
28,838,045 

5,638,144 

14,258,806 

8,00;i,8<8 

13,070,079 

3,0.54,'r)6 

20.04 

18.20 


of  1870,  will  throw  more  light  on  that  ini- ' 
iiortant  suViject,  which  touches  tho  national  [ 
prido  of  tho  United  States 

Aggregate  population 

Total   population,    10  jcara  old) 

ami  over 

Illiterate  population,  10  years  old 

and  over 

Male  population,  10  years  old  and  ) 

over i 

Illiterate  males,  10  years  old  and  ) 

over i 

Female  populaiA.i.,  10  years  old  | 

and  over f 

Illiterate    females,   10  years  old  ( 

and  over ) 

Percentage  of  total  illiterates  to  > 

total  poinilation  of  same  age. .  f 
Tcrcentage  of  male  illiteratcr.  to  ( 

male  population  of  same  age  . .  ( 
Percentage  of    female  illiterates  i 


to  female  population  of  same 


21.87 


UIU, 

811 

oe  V 


Total  population  iu  1870,  10-21  i     „  /.g2  045 

years  old )'       '     "^ 

Illiterate  population,  10-21  years  )      j  ^^„  q  jg 

old f       '     " 

Male  populotion,  10-21  years  old. .    4,815,865 
Illiterate  males,  10-21  years  old. . . 
Female  population,  10-31  years  old   4,877,080 
Illiterate  females,  10-21  years  old. 
Percentage   of   illiterates,   10-21 

years  old,  to  population  of  same 

age 

IVreeutage  of  mole  illiterates  to 

male    population,    both   10-21  ;- 

years  old ) 

Percentage   of  female   illiterates  j 

to  female  |iopulution,  both  10-  J- 

»1  years  old ) 

Tot;d  male  adults,  1870 0,443,001 

Jlalcadult  illiterates l,<iliM47 

Total  female  adults 0.003.000 

Female  adult  illiterates 8,090,049 

I'l'icentage  of  male  illiterate  ad-  / 

ults  to  total  adults > 

Peroentiigo  of   f(!male   illiterate  I 

adults  to  total  females ( 

One  of  the  important  features  in  all  quos- 
liiins  of  ))ublic  education  is  the  one  which 
luiiic  especially  relates  to  liberal  iirofessions, 
Kv  instruction  given  outside,  and  above  the 
imliniiiy  course  of  grammar  and  high  .schools. 
i'iie  following  summary  of  educational  insti- 
luiions  in  the  United  States  is  reported  by 
ilie  liuieau  of  Education  for  1872; 


084,741 
877,080 
958,807 

20.05 
20.03 
19.05 


17.15 
8:3.05 


schools  were  founded  in  the  United  States  in 
1857,  when  tho  State  Agricultural  College 
of  Jlichigan  was  opinied  with  seven  profes- 
sors and  u  farm  of  07i)  acres.  In  18G2  Con- 
gress passed  an  act  providing  for  the  establish- 
ment of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  me- 
clianie  arts  iu  all  tho  States  and  Tcrritoric^s, 
endowing  them  with  about  eight  million 
acres  of  public  lands;  and  nearly  all  tho 
States  have  organized  agricultural  colleges, 
pursuant  to  the  act  of  Congress.  Commercial 
schools  are  yet  left  entirely  to  individual  in- 
itiative, and  commercial  education,  in  a  prac- 
tical way,  is  given  only  in  the  private  busi- 
ness colleges,  so  numerous  iu  every  city  of 
tho  United  States.  There  aro  ))olytechnic 
schools  at  Boston,  Troy,  riiiladelphia,  and 
Hoboken,  in  which  technology  and  some  in- 
dustrial scii'iices  are  taught  especially.  There 
is  not  yet  iu  the  country  a  single  veterinary 
school.  Every  country  of  Europe  is  provided 
with  one  at  least.  But  the  deficiency  will 
soon  be  supplied  in  America,  where  there  are 
more  hor.ses  and  cattle  than  in  any  other 
country  in  the  world. 


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10,.1J4 

There  are  medical  and  law  de)iartments  in 
the  larger  |)art  of  American  Universities ; 
hut  it  is  generally  admitted  that  on  this 
ground  the  United  States  are  inferior  to  C<ni- 
tnu'utal  Europe,  where,  at  any  rate,  most  of 
the  y<iuiig  ,\merieans  who  intend  to  be  doe- 
tois  or  lawytMS,  go  in  order  to  beennie  rlll- 
cii^nt    in     their     avocations.      Ajjriculturul 


Gold  mining  was,  of  cour.se,  tlie  most  im- 
portant item  in  that  branch  of  national 
weidth,  a  few  years  ago,  after  the  discovery 
of  the  Califmiiia  golden  fields.  But  Califor- 
nia herself  is  at  present  richer  with  her  agri- 
cultural than  with  her  gulden  harvest;  and 
the  di.scovery  of  iron  ore,  of  copper,  and  of 
pi^troleum  in  many  regi.ms  of  the  United 
States  has  cunsideiiilily  diiniiiished  the  former 
pre-eminence  of  gold-miuiiig.  Still  this  branch 
of  industry  was  carried  to  the  highest  limits 
of  prosperity  immediately  after  it  opened,  for 
at  that  time  the  stock  of  gold  was  very  low  for 
the  whole  world,  amounting  only  to  about 
:t!l7."i,000,00l),  and  the  yearly  jn-oduction 
hardly  reidacetl  the  wear  ami  tear. 

The  gohl  placers  of  North  C'arolina  were 
discovered  before  those  of  the  I'acitic  State. 
Iu  182.'>  a  gold  vein  was  worked  iu  Mont- 
gomery County  (North  Carolina),  and  some 
other  discoveries  were  made  in  Virginia,  Geor- 
gia, anil  South  Carolina  ;  but  the  entire  pro- 
duct of  those  States  never  amounted  to  more 
than  about  one  million  dollars  annually.  It 
decreased  still  more  after  the  discovery  of  tlu! 
California  placers;  and,  at  ]ireKent,  it  is  only 
in  Slime  out  of-the-way  |ilaces  in  the  Nortli 
Carolina  mountains  that  gold  mining  is  still 
going  on  at  a  slow  rate. 

Eveiybody  in  the  United  States  is  familiar 
with  the  history  of  gold   diseoveiy  and  gold 
mining  at  the  beginning  of  the  California  set- 
tlement.    Tho  names  of  Captain   Sutter  and 
of  Marshall  recall  to  Aniericin  memories  tho 
most   da/zling  remembrances.     In   1802  the 
Report  of  the  Land  Otllco  Commissioner  en- 
larged theoretically  the  area  of  the  golden  re- 
gion of  the  United  States,  by  stating  that  it 
covers  17  degrees  of  latitude,  or  a  breadth  of 
more  than  1 ,000  miles  by  a  length  nearly  the 
same.     Still  tho  gold  district  is  practically 
large    enough    to    have    produced,    in    18,')3, 
j  Ji70,000,000,  that  is  four  times  as  nitich  as 
the  total  |)ioduction  of  gold  throughout  the 
]  liidance  of  the  other  eountries  of  the  earth. 
j  In    IStlL'   it  was  estiinat<d   Ihat   Washington 
:  Terrilury  alone  wcnild  pinduee  IV.ini  the  mines 
;  of   Salnioii    llivor   nearly    !J2O,O0U,UUO.     iu 


Colorado  the  quartz  gives  1^12  per  ton,  on  the 
average,  though  some  veins  recently  worked 
have  given  as  much  us  from  $20  to  ^.500.  In 
almost  every  Western  State  or  Territory  of 
the  United  States,  discoveries  are  made  as  to 
mining  prospects,  and  the  golden  crop  has 
been  valued  at  nearly  §100,000,000,  on  which 
a  primage  of  10  per  cent,  is  niised  by  the 
United  States  Government. 

Silver  mining  was  of  very  little  account  in 
America  before  tho  discovery  of  tl\e  Washoe 
mines  in  tho  Western  States.  Tliis  is  carried 
on  with  great  success. 

Copper  mining  is  more  important,  though 
almost  exclusively  concentrated  in  the  Lako 
Superior  region.  As  early  as  1844  explorers 
went  to  ascertain  whether  there  was  really 
native  copper  to  be  found  in  tho  vicinity  of 
tho  lake.  The  exploration  was  successful, 
but  it  was  not  until  18.')4  that  the  work- 
ing of  those  copper  mines  fuirly  began. 
From  $1,003,01.'),  tho  product  of  these 
mines  retched  |;2,C70,218  in  1850.  In  tho 
year  following  a  magnificent  block  of  native 
copper,  weigliing  500  tons,  was  discovered. 
There  are  some  other  copper  mines  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  States,  but  their 
products  aro  very  small,  except  in  Tennessiic, 
when  comjiared  to  the  products  of  the  i.ako 
Siqierior  district.  In  1800  there  were  14,- 
432  tons  of  copper  extracted,  of  a  value  of 
?i3,310,51fi. 

Iron  is  found  in  every  State  and  Territory 
of  the  United  States.  In  1850  the  iron  fur- 
naces i)roduced  841,550  tons,  valued  at  :si23,- 
148,.'<45.  In  1800  the  production  of  jiig-iron 
was  888,474  tons,  valued  at  nearly  ^20,000,- 
000.  The  rolled  and  otherwise  manufactured 
iron  was  estimated  at  400,293  tons,  valued  at 
^22,248,700,  that  is,  an  increase  of  30  per 
cent,  over  the  sLitistics  of  1850 ;  which  in- 
crease was  raised  to  44  per  cent,  for  the  pro- 
duction of  pig-iron.  I'cnnsylvania  is  tho 
State  which  took  the  lead  in  the  iron  manu- 
facture. 

I'ennsylvania  also  produces  the  largest 
((uantity  of  coal,  though  that  article  is  to  bo 
found  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union. 
In  1800  the  increase  in  value  of  coal  was 
109  per  cent,  more  than  ten  years  before;  iu 
1850  Pennsylvania  produced  coal  valued  at 
^5,208,351;  and  in  1800  it  produced  bitu- 
minous and  anthracite  coal  of  u  total  vuhio 
of  *  1 4,703,433. 

The  samt?  State  again  is  the  most  i)ronii- 
nent  for  ]ietioIeum  production.  Though  its 
exi.stence  was  known  to  the  first  coloiiLsts  of 
I'enusylvania,  jietroleuni  began  to  be  gener- 
ally used  in  1858,  when  the  oil  was  consid- 
ered as  good  for  .something  else  than  medi- 
cine. Titusville,  Venango,  Oil  Creek,  I'etro- 
lia  are  at  present  names  familiar  to  every 
American.  The  cxportations,  in  1802,  were 
for  seven  months  of  9,007,924  gallons,  which 
compensate  sufllciently  for  the  decrease  of 
whaleships,  whose  trade  was  eri|ipled  by  tho 
discovery  of  tho  so-called,  at  first,  tStmie-oU, 
from  the  now  adopted  Greek  word  of  the  same 
meaning,  'Tetroleum." 

Lead  mining  is  progressing  in  many  States 
of  the  Uepublic,  but  on  a  relatively  small 
scale,  an<I  the  article  produced  is  not  export- 
ed, lint  almost  entirely  consumed  at  home. 

Tlii^  total  prorlnction  of  native  salt  in  the 
I'liiled  Stutts  was  of  I  2,370,000  bushels  iu 
lt;5V,  audof  13,360,447  iu  1800.     Still  tho 


i 


n 


ti  . 


61G 

importation  of  tlmt  article  rtuicliod  14,000,- 
000  bushels,  ho  great  were  tlie  necossitics  of 
agriculture. 

According  to  the  census  of  1870  the  min- 
ing industries  stood  as  follows  in  tlu)  United 
States : 

Establishments 7,074 

Steam  engines 4,133 

Horse  power 100,111 

Water-wheels 134 

Horse  power 2,247 

Hands  employed 154,328 

Of  these  thero  wore : 

Men  above  ground C(),17S 

Men  under  ground 77,221 

Hovs  above  ground C,!)l() 

IJoys  under  ground 4,013 

i':t\nt.i\ «l222,3S4,S3 1 

Wages 74,4{!4,044 

Materials 14,27r),<i91 

Products 152,r)98,9'J4 

NEWSPAI'EIIS. 

The  first  printing  press  ir,  the  American 
Colonies  was  establislied  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
in  1029;  and  the  second  was  started  at 
Philadelphia,  in  lliSO  In  New  York,  it  was 
not  iintil  1092,  tliat  Mr.  Ibadford  estab- 
lished a  )iress.  The  first  journalist  who  has 
left  a  nanu!  was  IJenjamin  Kranklin,  who 
bonglit,  at  Philadelphia,  tlie  ('nuri-Mil  In- 
structor in  till  Arts  aii<l  t'>nirnrfit,  and  changed 
the  title  to  the  /'nnifi/frnni'i  (rdzflf-e,  which 
ho  continued  until  170."),  when  it  ])assed  into 
other  hands.  In  1810,  Pennsylvania  had 
seventy-one  papers;  in  1828,  one  hundred 
and  twenty-eight;  in  1840,  one  hundi-ed  and 
eighty-seven;  in  18.')(>,  four  hundred  and 
forty-eight,  of  which  thirty  were  daily. 

A  comparison  of  tho  newspaper  press  of 
the  country,  from  an  early  day  to  the  census 
year  of  1870,  will  develop  many  interesting 
fact.s.  The  number  of  new.spapers  published 
in  tho  United  .States  in  1725  wius  5 ;  in 
1775,  34;  in  1801,  200;  in  1810,  359;  in 
1720,  030;  in  1828,  852;  in  1830,  1,000; 
in  1834,  1,205;  in  1840,  1,401;  in  18,-)0, 
2,302.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoii.j^-  that 
tho  increase  in  thirty  years— from  1810  to 
1840 — was  1,042,  while  the  increase  in  flie 
last  thirty  years — from  1840  to  1870 — was 
4,470;  the  to*"'  number  of  publications  re- 
ported in  the  census  of  1870  being  5,871,  or 
one  for  every  0,501  of  the  i)opulation. 

Tho  first  attempt  to  establi.sh  a  newspaper 
in  tho  Colonies,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained, 
was  made  in  IJoston,  in  1090.  It  was  siip- 
]ires.sed  by  tho  Colonial  Legislature  upon  its 
first  appearance.  In  1701,  Um  Jios/cDi  J^'iirs- 
Ijetter  was  e.stablished  by  John  Campbell. 
This  paper  was  more  successful,  and  its  pub- 
lication was  continued  for  a  number  of  years. 
Its  size  was  8  by  12  inches,  and  piintod  in 
j)ica  type.  In  1719  The  Jionlon  Gase'.l''. 
made  its  appearance,  and  the  Amfrlmn 
Weekly  Mrrcurie  was  started  in  Philadelphia 
the  same  year.  In  1721  .lames  Franklin 
(brother  to  lien)  started  the  fourth  .Vmeri- 
can  newspaper  at  Hoston,  T/ic  iWfo  JCiif/huKl 
Courant.  The  N^eu)  York  Gaxetic  a|ip(^ared 
in  1725.  In  1705  the  British  Parliament 
imposed  a  stan)p  duty  of  one  halfpenny  on 
tUo  Colonial  uowspapois,  which,  lueetiug  wiijj 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


great   opposition,    was    removed    after    two 
years. 

Tho  first  semi-weekly  newspaper  in  the 
United  States  wa.s  started  in  Boston  in  1788, 
and  the  first  daily  was  started  in  I'hila- 
delphia  in  1784.  It  will  be  seen  by  the  fore- 
going that  inunediat(fly  after  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  which  secured  our  independence 
as  a  nation,  news|)aper8  sprung  up  in  dilfer- 
ent  parts  of  tho  Union. 

King  James  instructed  tho  Governor  of 
the  Province  of  New  York,  in  1080,  not  to 
allow  a  printing  ]>ress  within  his  jurisdiction  ; 
consequently  the  Knickerbockers  were  de- 
pendent upon  Massachusetts  and  Philadel- 
phia until  1093.  Previous  to  1705  eight 
pai>ers  were  started  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
No  daily  paper  was  issvied  until  1 788.  The 
tiist  paper  in  tho  I'rovince  of  New  York 
outside  the  city  was  started  in  Albany  in 
1772.  In  1810  New  York  State  had  sixty- 
six,  joiirnals,  of  which  fourt(!en  were  p>ib- 
lished  in  the  city  ;  in  1832  there  were  sixty- 
four  in  the  city,  and  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  in  the  State.  In  1851  the  press  of  New 
^'ork  State  was  :  daily,  fifty-si.x  ;  other  than 
ilaily,  four  hundred  and  two;  total,  four 
hundred  and  fifty-i.-ight. 

Th(^  first  paper  in  New  England,  outside 
of  Massachusetts,  was  started  in  Khode 
Island  in  1732.  No  newspaper  was  printed 
in  Connecticut  until  1755.  In  1775  there 
were  four;  in  1810,  eleven,  all  weekly; 
1840,  two  daily  and  twenty-seven  weekly; 
in  1850,  ei;;ht  daily,  six  tri-  and  semi-weel'v, 
and  thirty-two  weekly. 

Tlie  tirst  newspaper  was  started  in  New 
Hampshire  in  1750.  In  1850  it  had  a  total 
of  forty-eight;  three  daily,  two  monthly, 
and  forty-thr(!e  weekly. 

In  1810  there  were  fourteen  papers  in  Ver- 
mont. In  185()  it  had  three  daily  and  thirty- 
three  other  than  daily. 

In  1801  there  were  five  papers  published 
within  the  limits  of  ilaine.  In  1810,  while 
the  State  of  Maine  was  part  of  Massachu- 
setts, it  had  eight  papers.  In  1850  it  had 
seven  daily  and  seventy  other  th.an  daily. 

The  first  |>a])er  in  the  ^Middle  States,  after 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  was  started  at 
Annajiolis,  Md.,  1727.  The  first  pajier  was 
started  in  Baltinioio  in  1773.  In  1810 
.Maryland  had  twenty-one  papers;  in  1828, 
thirty-seven  ;  in  1850,  eighty  five,  of  which 
nine  were  daily. 

In  1701  Helaware  had  one  ])aper  ;  in  1810, 
two;  in  1828,  four;  in  1850  it  hud  three 
semi-weekly  and  nine  weekly. 

The  first  regular  paper  in  New  Jers(^y  was 
'started  in  Burlington  in  1777.     In  1850  the 
Stale  had  a  total   of  seventy-.seven  ;    seven 
[  daily  and  seventy  other  than  daily. 

The  (Jovernor  of  the  Colony  of  Virginia, 
sixty-four  years  after  its  settlement,  thanked 
Cod  that  it  had  no  free  schools  or  printing 
pres.ses.      His  predecessor,  in  1083,  had  been 
expressly  ordered   not   to    allow  a   jirinting 
press   within   his  jurisdiction.      In    1730    a 
:  newspa]>(n-  was  started  at  Williamsburg,  called 
\{\w    i'irf/iniii  ^/V;r»c,  and  was  printed  on  a 
,  half  sheet  of  foolsca]).     This  pajier  was  anti- 
republican,  and  in   1700,  Thomius  Jed'erson 
:  and   others  i.ssued   an    "independent   pajier, 
•  open  to  all  parties,  but  influenced  by  none." 
i  This  [leriod   was,  as   Mr.  JefTerson  said,  "at 
tho    beginning  of  Ke^'ululiouary   disputes." 


In  1705  Virginia  had  but  ono  newspaper; 
in  \77r\  two;  in  1810,  twenty-three  ;  in  1840, 
four  dailies,  thirty-five  weeklies  and  twelvo 
siMni-weeklies.  It  had,  in  185(),  sixteen  daily 
and  one  hundred  anil  forty-seven  other  than 
daily. 

Two  papers  were  printed  in  North  Carolina 
when  the  Revolutionary  war  commenced.  In 
1810,  ten;  in  1828,  twenty;  in  1850,  four 
dailies,  and  ninety-one  other  than  daily. 

In  1705  there  were  three  papers  in  South 
Carolina;  in  1775,  two;  in  1801,  ten;  in 
1828,  twenty;  in  185(),  eight  daily,  and  fifty- 
seven  other  than  daily. 

In  1775  Georgia  had  one  journal;  in  1810, 
thirteen;  in  1828,  eighteen;  in  1840,  five 
daily,  forty-four  weekly,  five  semi-weekly. 
In  1850,  seven  daily,  and  sixty-six  other  than 
daily. 

The  first  newspaper  in  Tennessee  was 
printed  at  Knoxvillo  in  1793.  In  1810 
Tennessee  had  six  journals ;  in  1828,  eight; 
in  1850,  nine  daily  and  ninety-two  other  than 
daily. 

At  Natchez,  in  1809,  the  first  paper  was 
printed  in  Mississippi.  In  1810  Mississippi 
had  four  journals  ;  in  185(5,  seventy  weekly, 
ami  six  semi-  and  triweekly. 

Tho  first  paper  iiublished  in  Louisiana  was 
in  1704.  In  1810,  there  were  ten  ;  in  1840, 
eleven  daily,  twenty -ono  weekly  and  two  semi- 
weekly  ;  in  1850,  twelvo  daily,  and  ninety 
other  than  daily. 

In  1828  Alalia  a  had  ten  papers  ;  in  18 10, 
twenty-eight,  an  in  1855,  daily  six,  weekly 
eighty,  and  sc^mi-  and  tri-weekly  five. 

Arkansas  had  two  papers  in  1828;  nine  in 
1840;  in  1850,  one  daily,  twenty  weekly, 
three  semi-  and  tri-we(?kly. 

In  1 828  Florida  had  twojournals ;  in  1840, 
ten  ;  in  1850,  eighteen  weekly,  and  three  scmi- 
and  tri-W(>ekly. 

In  1830  Texas  had  Juit  one  newspaper;  in 
1841,  eleven;  in  1850,  fifty-six. 

The  District  of  Columbia  had,  in  1810,  ono 
daily,  three  tri-weekly,  one  .semi-weekly,  and 
one  weekly.  In  1850,  six  daily,  and  nineteen 
other  than  daily. 

T'lie  first  published  in  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory was  issued  at  Cincinnati  in  1793.  In 
1810  Ohio  had  fourteen  pajiers;  in  1828,  sixty- 
six;  in  1851),  thirly-otu!  daily,  and  three  h\in- 
dred  and  seventy-two  other  than  daily. 

In  1787  the  first  jiaper  was  jirinted  in 
Kentucky.  In  1810  Kentucky  had  seven- 
teen joiirnals  ;  1828,  twenty-thife  ;  1840,  five 
daily,  seventy-six  weekly,  and  seven  setni- 
weekiy  ;  in  1850,  nine  ilaily  ;  other  than  daily, 
one  hiuulred. 

The  first  newspaper  was  printed  in  Indiana 
id)Out  the  year  18(10;  in  1828,  Indiana  had 
seviMitoen  papers;  in  1840,  seventy  three  ;  in 
185(i,  three  daily,  and  one  hundred  and  seven- 
ty-eight other  than  daily. 

Tho  first  paper  in  Jlichigan  was  published 
at  Detroit  in  1810;  in  1828  Michigan  had  two 
jo\irnals;  in  1840,  six  daily  and  twenty-six 
weekly;  in  1850,  seven  daily,  and  ninety- 
eight  othci'  than  daily. 

In  1810  Viisidusiii  had  six  papers;  in  1854, 
eighty-six  |'ii]iers,  ten  of  wliich  were  daily. 

In  1851  llliijois  had  eu(!  bundled  and  fifty- 
four  papers,  in  1828  it  had  four;  in  1850, 
seventeen  daily  and  two  Imiulred  and  twenty 
other  than  diiily. 

lu   1828   Mi;ifjOur'  had  live  journals;  ia 


UNITED    STATES. 


617 


Imt  oiin  nowspnppr; 
wpiity-throu  ;  in  1840, 

weeklies  nnil  twelvd 
II  IH")!;,  sixteen  daily 
)rty.sfven  other  tlmii 

0(1  in  Nortli  Carolina 
wiir  conimenc(ul.  In 
'cnty;  in  1850,  four 
ather  than  daily, 
n-ee  i)aperH  in  Houth 
in  1801,  ten;  in 
eiL'lit  daily,  and  fifty- 
one  jonrnal;  in  1810, 
iteeii;  in  1840,  five 
five  Benii-wcekly. 
d  sixty-six  other  than 

in  TcnnoRsee  was 
II'  l"y;!.  In  1810 
nils;  in  1828,  eight; 
linety-two  other  than 

,  the  first  paper  was 
In  1810  Mississippi 
8r)fi,  sovouty  weekly, 
ekly. 

iied  in  Louisiana  was 
n  were  ten  ;  in  1840, 
weekly  and  two  senii- 
e   daily,  uud  ninety 

ten  papers  ;  in  1810, 
rir),  daily  six,  weekly 
i- weekly  five. 
lers  in  1828;  nine  in 
lily,  twenty  weekly, 

no  journals;  in  1840, 
iekly,  and  three  semi- 
it  one  newspaper ;  in 
ifty-six. 

Jia  had,  in  1810,  ono 
no  semi-weekly,  and 
K  daily,  and  nineteen 

the  Northwe.st  Ter- 
'iimati  in  1703.  In 
ipeis;in  1828,  sixly- 
aily,  and  three  hiiii- 
ler  tlian  daily, 
ler  was  jirinted  in 
'iitiieky  had  seveii- 
ily-tliice;  1810,  five 
y,  and  seven  semi- 
y;  other  than  daily, 

s  printed  in  Indiana 
1828,  Indiana  had 
>,  seventy  three  ;  in 
hundred  and  seven- 

lipiii  was  [luhlished 
8  Michigan  had  two 
ily  and  twenty-six 
daily,  and  ninety- 

ix  pajiers;  in  18ri4, 
liicli  were  daily. 
Imiidred  and  (if(y- 
lad  four;    in  18"i(i, 
nulled  and  twenty 

live  jom-ualBj  in 


1«40,  six  daily,  twenty-four  weekly,  and  five 
Bomi-weekly  ;  in  \H»G  it  had  five  daily,  and 
one  h\iiidred  and  five  other  than  daily. 

Iowa  had  four  wei^kly  papers  in  1840.  In 
18.")()  it  had  four  daily,  and  sixty-eight  other 
than  daily. 

Accoiding  to  the  census  of  1850,  Min- 
nesota had  no  newspapia'.  In  1856,  she  had 
four  daily,  and  twenty-two  other  than  daily. 

In  1850  California  had  seven  papers,  ac- 
cording to  tlio  census;  in  185G  there  were 
eighteen  daily  and  Beveuty-soven  other  than 
daily. 

The  first  paper  was  started  in  Nebraska  in 
,^^^b\,  and  in  Kansas  about  the  same  time  or 
shortly  after. 

We  have  thus  briefly  given,  so  far  as  we 
have  been  able  to  gather  facts,  the  introduc- 
tion and  progress  of  newspaper  printing  in 
the  several  States.  To  sliow  the  actual  pro- 
gress made  up  to  1780,  wo  subjoin  tho  fol- 
lowing table  from  the  census  : 


StatcH  and  Ti^rrltoiiofl. 


Alahaina 

Ariroiia 

Arkalifiiis 

(.'ilifMrrila 

Coloinilo 

('nnn(S;llcitt 

l>»koU 

DflawnrL- 

liihlrirt  of  Cii)nmlji:i. 

norlcln 

(iforxiu 

Miiho 

lUinoirt 

Iiuliann 

iMWa    

KaDHAH 

Kunttitky 

Loiiiiiiaim 

MniiiR 

Maryland 

Mii-'-iarhuwUs 

Mif-hiKan 

Miitnfwita 

MiMiiSfflpl)! 

Missouri 

.Mtjniniia 

Nfliniska 

Nfvaiia 

Ni'iv  Jlaini>-hirP 

NiMV  JiT'wy 

New  Mcxiiti 

N.-w  Vi.rk 

N'lrtll  Carolina 

Ollii) 

OroRnn.. 

I'l'niifivlvnnia., 

Uh.Klf  Manrt 

S'tulh  Carolina 

Tenni'^M.1; 

Texas 

riah 

VtTinnnr 

Virjzinia 

Wa^hiriHton 

Wisl  Viriilnla 

\Vi«-.riiKin 

Wyuailiit,' 

X.jlal 


6!) 
1 

Ml 

201 

U 

711 

17l 
lii 

llllc 

«' 
5(15 : 
siwi 

2il.'l| 

117 1 
«)j 

W 

w 

SS: 
25!l! 
3111 

ml 

sr7»l 

lu 

*i 

Vi' 

51 

laa 

5 
R'K, 

114 
3!)5 

:!5 
540 1 

1)2 

55' 

m 

\Vi 

111: 

47: 

114' 
14 

51) 

lUII 

li 


ui.ni: 

ifrHI 
41ll.!»lH 

13.7.71; 

S0.'),7i'i 
1.1153 

2(1,  (Km 
M.4IKII 

lll.M.'ij 

lai.iifn 
•i.vm 

1,733,M1| 

.!(I.1.M3| 
3III.II'.I(I 
IKI.Sd,-) 
lll7,l:ill 
K4.1«:. 
1711,(1110 
2;lB,4.''.(ll 
21'  l,(ll«,124, 
Klj  2,V),774^ 
(i  lin,77S' 
71,Mih 
62J,K««; 
)'.l,,WOI 
.■iI,(KHI 

11, ••no 
I7.i,i)r.i 

2(15.5(10 

1,535 

",6(11.4117 

ni       tl'l,s3(ll 

2(1;  i,3.''s,:;(;7| 

4  45,750 
Kii  3,4111, 7(Vi' 
(i  S3,0.'i(l 
5l  SO,!KI(>: 
23.'),!l.',3l 

rAiioi 

M,3.->lli 
7I,:'1KI, 
14.1,8llll 


li,7Wi: 

64,413; 

,1i:i,:iS5' 

l,l)5ii; 


Copies  is- 

sncd  nnuii- 

ally. 

B.IIIS.IWO 

14.MI0 

l.B34.Wi(l 

47,473,76« 

1,1'.I(I,(I(H< 

17,461.710 

\").1«I4 

I,fill7,s-I0 

1II.UH3HKJ 

(140,330 

15,.M'.I,734 

3(Kl.aiKI 

liai  10.4113 

2fl,l«i4,ils.l 

l(i,40:i,:i,SO 

»,.'ilK,17(l 

IN,  370,1(10 

1:).75.'>,(I1I0 

l),S(l7.(i«l 

:M,41I7,77B 

13»,(l!ll.3(l(i 

1\I,)NI,07S 

U.54.'I,6.'M) 

4,"o:i,:):i(i 

47.1N).433 

2.h(;(l.«ll(l 

3,.'W..'ilK) 

2,573.0011 

7,3:17, 5N« 

18,(135.740 

i:i7,;iB0 

471,711,744 

(l.(IM.  115(1 

Ok,.M.\M4 

.'1,(157.300 

341,17(i„'>40 

ll,7SI, 5(111 

Wl(il,400 

1N,.')0U,H.14 

4,al4,SU0 

1„')7S,4(HI 

4,(ir),-),300 

13,:U!1„'>7» 

a«l,50l) 

4.012.400 

2S,7(I3,!I30 

34:1,300 


6,b71    674  30.M3,475  l,60S,548,2a0 


Of  the  5,871  ])eri()dicals,  with  an  annual 
i.ssiie  of  1,5(18,548,250  copies,  574  are  daily; 
1(17  thnie  times  a  week;  115  semi-weekly; 
4,21)5  w(^(;kly  ;  !)(!  semi-monthly ;  022  month- 
ly ;   13  bimonthly  ;  and  4!)  quarterly. 

They  are  devoted  to:  Advertising,  70; 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  03  ;  benevo- 
lent and  secret  societies,  81  ;  commercial 
and  financial,  142;  illustrated,  literary,  and 
inlsccllaiieous,  503 ;  nationality,  20  ;  poli- 
tics, 4,333 ;  religion,  407  ;  sporting,  6  ;  tech- 
nical and  professional,  207. 

The  foregoing  table  includes  nothing  but 
regularly  issued  ])eriodicals,  and  when  we 
add  to  this  the  immense  number  of  books 
annually  put  out  by  the  press  of  this  coun- 
try, th(!  mass  of  reading  matter  becomes 
truly  prodigious. 


THE   PUBLIC  DEUT  f>F  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

fSlfitcmcnt  of  ^member  30,  1873. 

DEBT    IIKAIIINO    INTEREST    I  .V    COIN. 


Tltlo  of  Loan. 


Anthnrii'.liiK  AiH, 


Hate  of 
Intm-'st, 


When  llcdccmablo.  ;  Whrn  Puyaldo. 


I.nan  of  IWfl Jniio  14,  INfiH 

Loan  of  Fi'bmary,  ISfll  ('Sra) Puhniurv  K  ISOl 

OrfKon  War  Ovl.t  iMari'h  3,  IWll 

Loan  of  July  arul  AukuvI,  ISOl  ('SV«).. . .  iJilly  17  aiul  AuKlint  6,  ItKll 

I'lvolui'uti.'s  of  lKi3 Fcbniary  35,  IBtW 

Loan  of  IWl  (>r») -Mari-li  .'I,  INVl 

'i'cn  forties  of  1S(U .March  H,  1H(H 

Kiv<!  twcniiiw  of  .Mnn-'h,  IHH Maroli  It,  IMM 

Kivn  IwiTil  ii'a  of  .Iiiiio,  IWl-l Jiino  311,  IHU 

Five  twrotii'a  of  lalS March  3,  IKrt 

■  lonsols  of  1S(15 .March  3.  1NI5 

Consols  of  lS(i7 .March  .1,  1H(16 

Consols  of  IKW .March  3,  lH(i5 

Fiindoil  Loan  of  1S.S1 Inly  1 1.  1W7(I,  anil  January  20,  1>'71 


6  per  cent, 
6  iwr  pent, 
tl  percent. 
R  jwr  cent, 
fl  iwrciiit. 
(1  per  cent. 
6  percent. 
i(l  per  wnt. 
,0  per  cent, 
(i  per  cent. 
(I  per  cent. 
n  |HT  cent. 
(1  per  cent. 
5  jtcr  cent. 


After  Jan.  1,  1N74. 


After  Jnne  30,  18N1 
lAfU'r  May  1,  IMir... 

After  June  :,0,  IWl  . 
(After  March  I,  1K74. 
|A(ter  Nov.  1,  IMi'.l, .. 
, After  Nov.  1,  l.MKI. .. 
lAfler  Nov.  1,  1K70... 

After  July  1,  11-70,  .. 

After  July  1,  lt-73... 

After  July  1,  IWI... 
lAftirMay  1,  lN-1... 


niv.  31,  IBSO. 
July  1,  ISNl. 


Mi»y  1,  1W(3. 

March  i.'iilfll! 
Nov.  1,  l^K•l. 
Nov.  1.  IKS-l. 
Nov.  1,  It-Ni. 
July  1,  IHNB. 
July  1.  l(-h7. 
July  1,  ISfcS. 


Title  of  Loan. 


Interest  rayahle. 


Amount  OtitstAnd- 
Inif. 


Interest  due  and 
unpaid. 


Loan  of  inns 

l,oan  of  Feliruary,  ISlil  ('Hra) 

Oregon  War  Ocht 

Loan  of  July  and  AuKUBt,  18(>1  ('SVs)  , 
Five-twenties  of  lh03. 


.;,raiuiary  and  .luiy. . . 
Jaiuiary  alui  ,Iuly,.. 

.|Jauiuiry  atul  July 

/•lanuary  antl  July. . 
/.May  and  Novetnlier. 


r..»an  of  IWhl  ("Si's) :  January  and  Jidy 

Ten-forties  of  It-OI March  anil  Septcinljcr 

Fivc-twentics  of  Mnn;h.  IWU .May  and  Noveinher, , 

Five-twenties  of  June,  i.SO-l ^-May  and  Noveuiher. , 

Five-twenties  of  lWi5 'May  and  Novenilsjr. . 

Consols  of  1S(15 1  January  and  July  ... 

ConsolBof  lWi7 I  January  anil  July. .. 

('onsoisof  I.SW .lanuary  and  July 

Funded  Loan  of  ISM February,  May,  etc  , . 


Total . . 


J30.(»IO,(IOO 

1K.4I6.(H10 

1I46.(KKI 

lsn,.'l21,:M 

173,(i5N.:iBO 

7.').0(  10,000 

llH,ri(l7.30« 

!M(i,(l(KI 

6S.OM,'.>00 
153,71  l,:ifiO 
2(l3,(i:i;i,l(K) 
810,C.5I,3(H) 

37,471,0(10 
2.Sl,3-)-l.lOO 


S1.71(1.i;il,560 


$ll(l,!).'>ll  ('<0 

37.  nil  (H) 

n,73l  75 

403.1111  30 

2,M0.r.3(l  7s 

15.5,31)1  05 

370.Wi3  71 

2,473  •'« 

3I4,(IH1  !)4 

2,334,(015  :15 

1.11711,1-73  41 

3,ll7)i,KI4  03 

147,H74  (Kl 

1,334,)H0  na 


810,!140,41'J  46 


Accrued  Interest  to 

date. 


iAin.mi  r,7 

4('i0.375  (nl 

2:l,li35  00 

4,7'«.l«l  75 

S(i:).3!ll  75 

l.h76.(«IO  (10 

2,4;B.01)I  25 

4.7.'i:i  00 

2!l0.4l«  00 

7(l-'!,56(i  75 

6.11(1.5.837  fiO 

7."(ai,3.'.6  0(1 

irai.K'iO  IH) 

1.1811,112  08 


SSn,811,ll6;l  75 


IlEnT  ON  WHICH   ISTEnKST  HAS  CHASED   SINCE  MATUIllTY. 


TiUe  of  Loan. 

1                         When  Matured. 

Amount  OutMtundl'g. 

InUirest  Accnu'il, 

Old  Debt          

,1837.. 

S57.(i)i5  on 

1,104  01 

504,171  81 
85  71 

Mexican  Indemnity  Stock 

At  various  dates  in  1851  and  1863 

Loan  of  1817 

1.C..MI  (Hi 

:<.mi  00 

33  (H) 

Bouuly  Land  Scrip 

luly  1.  1840 

33(1  CiO 

'I'l'xan  Indemnity  Stock 

December  31,  l.Sfl-l 

171,000  00 

!),  l.'iO  III) 

Loan  of  ISOO                              .... 

10,000  (H) 
10,Ci-l5.(i(D)  IS) 

(135  0(1 

Fivetwenliei,  18(12  (called) 

Di-eenilKsr  1.  1871,  and  at  stibsequent  dates. 

I74.(.50  03 

Treasury  Notes  prior  to  18-10 

At  various  dates  from  183«  Ui  1841 

83,575  :15 

2,070  7)1 

Treasury  Notos  of  18-1(1 

At  varions  dates  in  18-17  and  1848, 

0,0110  0(1 

3(10  (Kl 

Treasury  Notes  of  18-17 

At  various  datx-s  In  18-18  and  1840. 

'.at  00 

57  00 

Treasury  Notes  of  1K57 

At  various  dates  in  1868  and  1861) 

2,0(«1  (HI 

108  Oil 

Treasury  Notes  of  1801 

iMarch  1.  18)1.1 

3,1.50  (K) 

378  00 

.S.'veu  thirties  of  1  Mil 

'Auirust  1!)  and  Octolier  1,  18M  , . . 

]0,3.W  00 

l,4:iS  31 

One-year  Notes  of  18)1.3 

'At  various  dates  in  1.8(15 

80, 105  Oil 

4.li;i(l  85 

'rwo-ycar  NoU-s  of  18(i3 

At  various  dati's  in  IWifi 

55,(H10  00 

.3.7,55  !I2 

Compound-interest  Notes 

June  10,  18)17,  and  May  16,  18(18.. 

451,170  (X) 

110.035  ;« 

Seven  thirties  of  1804  and  18)15  . . . 

.\u{rust  16.  18f)7,  June  15  and  July 

15,18)iS. 

2(i.l,:  on  00 

21,8!l|  1(7 

CertiHcrtiesof  Indiibtcdue8.s 

At  varions  dates  In  lh<Ki 

5,000  00 

313  4H 

Tcmiwirary  Loan 

,  October  1.5.  180(1 

78,5)H»  00 

7,313  HI 

Three  jM^r  cent,  certificates  (called) 

,  Fcbrmiry  3S,  1873 

1  interest  has  censed 

5.000  00 

301  31 

ABprej.'ate  of  debt  on  whic 

S30,O.|li,570  2(1 

$,381,8)17  43 

DETIT  nEAUlNO   INTEREST  IN  LAWFUL  MONEY. 


Title  of  I.IJ1U1. 


Wllcn  I'ayable, 


Navy  I'cnsion  Fund i3  jM-rct,  IntcresI  uppliislt^ipensions 

Cert,  of  IndebUnlncss  of  1870.*  I  I)cr  ct.  Payalilu  September  1,  1876. 

AgffrcKatc  of  debt  bearlnfit  Interest  In  Ia\vf  id  money 


Interest  I'ay'bie.  I       Amount,      l  Fast  due  Int.  j    Accr'd  I)lt, 

I       517.5.000 

$40  00        I  0,780 


Jan.  and  July. .  . 
March  and  .-^ept. 


514.0IH1,000 
078,000  , 


51I,U78,0)HI 


$40  00        I       $181,780 


DEBT  BEAItiyr}  NO  INTEREST, 


Title  of  Iioan.                                                                    Authorixint?  Act... 

Amount. 

(lid  Demand  Notes  July  17,  1.8R1,  and  Felmiary  13,  1803 

l.cBal  Tender  Notes  Feliruary  VS.  IS)l->  July  1 1,  l.-Jrt,  and  March  3,  18)a. 

CcrtltlcalcB  of  Dcisjslt lone  8,  1873  (Clearing  House  CertiOcatcs) 

Fracliiinal  Cnrremy Iiilv  17.  1803,  .March  3,  IblU,  and  Juno  30,  IH» 

Coin  Certillciili'S March  3,  18)VI 

$70.)i(i7  50 
;!0)1.!)33.(I18  1)0 

•jo.\m.mi  00 

48.011.340  115 

30,330.)i00  00 

23,(i(il  at 

AtTRreKato  of  debt  bearinR  110  Interest 

$4)l5,4:i(l,:)00  ,fl 

RECAriTCLATION. 


Dcscrijitiiin  of  Debt, 


Debt  lieariuR  interest  in  coin 

Debt  bearing  currency  interest  . , . . 

!  Debt  on  which  interest  has  ceased,. 
Debt  bearing  no  interest 


Total  princli>al  of  debt 

Add  interest  unjiaid  and  accrued.. 


Itonds  at  0  jier  cent 

Ilonds  at  5  ist  cent 

Ccrtidcates  of  indebtedness  at  4  Jier  cent  . 
Navy  I'ension  Fund  at  3  per  cent 


Old  Demand  and  I,eKal  Tender  Noted  . 

Cerilncatesof  Deposit  

I  Fractional  Currency 

.Coin  Ccrtllicfttes. 


I  Total  debt 

Cash  in  the  Treajiury 


Amount. 

$1,218,8.10,1.50  00 

407,801.100  00 

(178  000  00 

14,0(KIOOO  00 

20.1)1)1.570  2)i 

3)17,001,(185  50 

aO.lIiO.OOO  00 

48.0ll.:l.t0  1p5 

;!0,32«,(K»  00 


$2,317.(i71),756  71 
.•18,338,735  47 
"$2,36(i,018,4«l  18" 


■Coin       $S:l,70!l.()87  44i 

Currency i.-mAW  2n1 

Special  deiMslt  lor  rcdem|itlon  of  ccrtincatcs  of  deim.-lt 20,1,50,000  00  105,150.437  72  _ 

Debt,  lesBcaib  in  the 'I'reasurv,  Decendier  1,  1873 j  $3,150. 8)13, l).V)  411 

Delil,  less  cash  in  Ihc  Trcxsury,  Novciulwr  1,  1^73 ' 2, 141,. 8:1:1,170  113 

Increase  of  debt  ilurinfT  the  pa«t  month $0,0-18,570  84 

Decrease  of  debt  since  December  1,  ln72 5',l,705.'.)7fi  HO 


iii 


r  'Vi^ 


m 


ois 

This  final  settlement  is  very  little  altered 
by  tlio  last  five  \>er  cent,  loan  issued  in  July, 
1874,  by  Secretary  Bristow,  and  taken  by  the 
foreign  bunkers. 

Tiie  statement  of  the  Public  Debt  would 
not  be  complete  without  a  parallel  statement 
of  the  gold  premium,  which  had  such  a  great 
influence  iu  the  financial  affairs  of  the  country. 

PUBLIC   DEBT. 

In  order  to  form  a  right  idea  of  the  extent 
of  the  Public  Debt  of  the  United  States,  and 
how  it  was  formed,  during  the  past  few  years, 
it  is  necessary  to  compare  the  figures  of  1873 
with  those  of  the  Debt  under  the  different 
administrations. 

The  I'ublic  Debt,  at  the  close  of  each  ad- 
ministrution,  was  : 
Washington  (first  term)  end- 
ing  1793 «l80,352,634  04 

(second  term) 82,0()4,479  33 

John  Adams 83,038,0.")0  80 

Jefferson  (first  term) 82,3 12, ISO  50 

(second  term) .')7,023,192  09 

Madison  (first  term) 55,9()2,827  07 

(second  term) 123,491,905   lO 

Monroe  (first  term) 89,987,427  GO 

^second  term) 83,788,432  71 

Jolin  Quiucv  Adams 58,421,413  07 

Jackson  (first  term) 7,001,098  83 

(second  term) 3,308,124  07 

Van  Buren 13,594,480  73 

Tvler 15,925,303  01 

Polk 03,001,858  09 

Fillmore 59,803,1 17  70 

Pierce 28,099,831  85 

Buchanan 90,580,873  72 

Lincoln 2,080,047,'*09  74 

Johnson 2,588,452,::  1 3  94 

Debt,  l(!ss  cash  in  Treasury, 

.March  1,  1873 ." .  2,157,380,700.53 

Tiie  outstanding  of  the  public  debt  of  the 
United  States,  since  the  end  of  the  civil  war, 
on  the  1st  of  July  of  each  year,  is  "hown  as 
follows  by  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
1'reasury,  December  4,  1871,  and  public  debt 
statement  of  same,  July  1,  1872  : 

1805 iJ2,08O,O47,809  74 

1800 2,773,230,173  09 

1807 2,078,120,103  87 

1808 2,011,087,841   19 

1809 2,.58S,451,213  94 

1870 2,480,072,427  81 

1871 2,35.3,211,332  32 

1872 2,253,251,328  78 

The  preceding  tables,  which  are  a  correct 
statement  of  the  Public  Debt,  as  appears  from 
the  books  and  Treasurer's  i-etnrns  in  the  De- 
])artniont  of  Treasury,  Noyrmber  30,  1873, 
will  show  the  details  of  tlie  Debt,  and  how  it 
wan  and  will  be  paid. 

The  following  table  shows  the  lowest  and 
highest  pric(!s  of  gold  at  New  York  for  each 
month  iu  the  last  twelve  years.  The  left- 
hiuid  column  in  each  year  shows  the  lowest 
price,  and  the  right-hand  column  the  highest : 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


Patk, 

.Tanuary 
Fi'bnmrv 
Marih  .'. 
Aiirll,... 
May  .... 
Jiino.  .. 
July 
AuKiiKt. .  .  . 
September. 
OctolKT.   . 
Ni»veml)er. 
December . 


Datx. 


H.1'4  IN)      l-'lHi  i:n>, 

ini.  Hii'j  \m>.,  icis.'< 
i.)a','i.i7    I'ji'ti'is'i 

18M.  1873. 


nil'.  liSS  llii'« 

ntvi 

tiw,  1101,'  lit'. 

Its    iiai!,  110', 

iiji. 

tOII,'«  111      MVi 

uiiV  uii'.  ii(M„ 

in>. 

10!!',  no.v  iH', 

iii'4  11.-.'.  nil'. 

Ul\ 

toil',  ti:)i.(  nil'.,' 

\VI\  ll.'.'s  111 

Wi'^i 

tii'.  111',  iiii'i 

III!',  Ill",  IIP, 

llM'-,, 

n-'i  ,im..'  115  i 

nil,  rjii^iiip, 

IIM', 

ii:i,V  n.iv  iiri   ' 

111',  i«   Ini', 

li:t', 

Hi',  115'.  ttl', 

iia'.,  nti',-  u'i\ 

ns'. 

112',  It.'.',  110', 

llf,  lll'4  lllH 

nn 

iVi^i  ll.T,  107', 

no    ivf^  11(1'. 

11'^'. 

tll'.ilMV  IIKI', 

noM  tip,  1118'. 

110'. 

iii",iti;),'i;io»', 

114V 
MH^i 
I18W 

lini,' 

11H', 
'181< 
llll'i 
tt«K 
llHi,' 

niv 

'lUV 


Hate. 

1      18fi2.       1       lSfi.1. 

l.«M, 

INW. 

.I'lnimrv. . . . 

..    par    lim      1:M      1110',- 

1511,  IfiO 

1117,1,  .^n.^ 

l''i'ljru.irv.. . . 

..  loai.  lut'.,'  i.vi   ,i7a'4 

t."i.  llil 

iiKi'.  am'. 

Miirch 

..  101',  102 'i  IMO      171", 

ir.ii    iiiii'i 

UKi.  am 

April 

.,  llll'v  lO'ii,  Mli      I.V.I 

lllli'.i  1S7 

114      tIKJ 

Jlav 

..  UI'J'.,  ll'4'.  141,V;  IW 

t(l,S      IIKI 

l-.'H',  1  i.-iv 

Jniiu 

..  HI-',..  Kill's  iio,>...  iiti'. 

IMI      lOI 

i:-^.V,  147'. 

July 

..   1011     il-.HI",  I'ilV.ll.') 

■i-ii    a.'fl 

1-!S      1 1(1,1, 

A'.iu-;!  t... 

..  ll-.i\  110'.,  1VJ>,  f.'O',- 

•ill  1,  Wi 

1  l.l'.  l.l^\ 

S  -ijllMIllRT.  . 

..  1111,1.,  r.'i    i','7   (1.1.11, 

i.-n    *v> 

tia-,  ii.'i 

<•    M  11  r.   ... 

..  1-fi      l:;7      1  IU>,'I.-|0'4 

1  Ml    i-r.) 

1 II    1  111 

N'lV.llllMT.  . 

..  l!!l      l-;.-!',  I|:l     ,1.M 

•,110      L'l'll 

II.-.'..  u>\ 

I'liN'mliiT.. 

..  l.-m      l.<4      117     ll.V.i'i 

an     ail 

1141...  11,;!^ 

January  . . . 
IVbniary . . . 
March  ...   . 

April 

.May 

.Mine 

July 

AuKilKt 

September. . 

October 

Novenitier. . 
lletTniber.. 


In  August,  1874,  the  price  of  gold  fluctu- 
ated between  109  and  110^^. 

RAII,R0.VD3. 

■  There  is  not  a  country  in  the  whole  world 
which  has  made  such  progress  in  building 
railroads  as  the  United  States.  Long  ago 
the  iron  horse  was  heard  snorting  f'' in  every 
city  to  the  smallest  village,  iu  New  England, 
in  the  Middle  States,  and  on  tho  Western 
prairies ;  but  the  Southern  States  were  sys- 
tematically opposed  to  building  railroads  in 
their  midst.  At  )ircscnt,  although,  the  more 
Southern  States  are  not  yet  as  much  interwoven 
witli  railways  as  the  North  and  West,  it  can 
be  safely  asserted  that  the  network  of  tho 
railroail  system  in  the  whole  country  has 
reached  ])erfection,  as  to  the  princijial  lines. 
The  pretliction,  uttered  years  ago,  that  New 
York  would  be  connected  w  ith  San  Francisco 
by  a  railroad,  which  would  become  the  great 
route  from  Europe  to  China  and  Japan,  is 
fulfilled,  ond  the  Pacific  Kailroad  already 
looks  as  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  other 
similar  lines  are  thought  of.  Tea  comes  now 
from  Shanghai,  and  silk  from  Yokohama, 
and  they  reach  London  or  I'aris  by  way  of 
the  iron  belt,  which  has  scaled  the  Uocky 
Mountains.  At  the  time  we  are  writing, 
August,  1874,  the  Italian  Jlinister  Plenipo- 
tentiary and  Envoy  E.ttraordinary  acroilited 
to  Japan  has  arrived  fioin  France,  on  his 
way  to  tho  Far  East,  from  Italy,  via  New 
York  and  San  Francisco,  instead  of  via 
Suez,  or  tho  Peninsular  Oriental  Company 
steamships. 

Still,  it  must  not  be  thought  that  the  in- 
fancy of  railroad  building  was  too  rapid,  or 
without  difficulties,  even  in  A  nierica,  wliere  so 
many  advantages  ])aved  for  them  the  way  to 
success.  Itailroads  for  tl'  transport  of  stone 
and  coal  came  into  opei.ition  in  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  and  Pennsylvania  in 
1820  and  1827,  and  increased  in  number  for 
general  traffic  up  to  1848,  when  0,000  miles 
of  railroad  wen;  comiileted  tliroughout  the 
States.  Since  that  stage  in  their  history, 
they  have  considerably  increased,  and  been 
pushed  to  great  distances  towards  the  in- 
terior. In  1853  tlie  length  of  railways  in 
actual   opi'iation  in   the    United   States  was 

14,494  miles,  nearly  oiie-hulf  of  which  wa.s  iu 
the  New  England  States,  and  in  tin;  State  of 
New  York.  The  number  of  railroads  in 
these  States,  and  also  in  IV'iinsylvania,  sur- 
prised  every  traveller  from  Eiuoi)e.     They 


were  seen  radiating  in  several  directions  from 
every  city,  interlining  and  crossing  and  send- 
ing out  branches,  so  as  to  bring  every  seat 
of  po])ulation  of  any  importance  into  ready 
communication  with  tho  chief  marts  of  com- 
merce. In  Massachusetts  alone,  in  the  early 
liart  of  1853,  there  were  about  1,200  miles 
of  railway.  At  tho  same  period.  New  York 
had  2,123  miles  ;  Pennsylvania,  1,244  miles  ; 
and  Ohio,  which  was  by  comparison  a  newly 
settled  State,  1,385  miles.  Ijitrgo  extensions 
were  made  in  all ;  and  the  entire  railway 
system  of  the  United  States  two  years  after- 
ward comprehended  nearly  18,000  mi'es,  with 
several  thousand  miles  in  course  of  construc- 
tion. Tho  principle  ])ursiied  in  organizing 
this  marvellous  system  of  transportation  has 
been,  in  the  first  place,  to  rest  satisfied  with 
single  lines  until  tho  resources  of  a  district 
were  so  far  opened  up,  and  capital  thereby 
created,  as  to  warrant  the  construction  of 
double  tracks.  Only  a  few  had  attained 
tho  dignity  of  double  lines.  Therefore 
American  railways  were  almost  all  only 
single  tracks,  and  did  not  admit  of  trains 
passing  each  other,  except  at  appointed 
stations. 

Of  the  considerable  railway  enterprises  of 
the  country,  tho  first  which  a])poars  to  have 
been  commenced  was  a  portion  of  the  now 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  the  first  stono 
of  which  was  laid  on  tho  4th  of  July,  1828. 
This  road,  was  originally  planned  for  a  horse 
track  only  ;  but  tho  introduction  of  steam 
locomotives  from  "'/Ugland  encouraged  tho 
attempt  to  run  them  on  the  line ;  and  in 
1830  a  small  engine,  constructetl  at  Balti- 
more, was  put  upon  tho  road.  Although 
the  traffic  was  gi'eat,  the  engine  appears  to 
hafe  been  only  partially  worked,  the  trains 
having  also  been  moved  by  horses. 

This  road  was  constructed  of  longitudinal 
rails  pinned  down  to  wooden  or  cross-stone 
ties,  imbedded  in  the  ground  ;  and  upon  the 
rails  ^vere  fastened  flat  bars  of  iron,  ^  inch 
and  ^  inch  thick,  and  2A^  to  4^  inches  wide, 
by  spikes,  heads  countersunk  in  the  iron. 
This  method,  which  was  generally  adopted 
upoii  the  early  American  railroads,  from  con- 
siderations of  economy,  and  with  a  view  of 
extending  the  lines  to  the  utmost  limit  of 
the  capital  proviiled,  was  soon  found  to  in- 
volve great  danger  and  conseiiuent  expense. 
The  ends  of  the  rails  became  loose ;  and, 
starting  up,  were  occasionally  caught  by  the 
wheels,  and  thrust  up  through  the  bottoms 
of  the  cars.  It  was  found  necessary  to  run 
tho  trains  with  great  caution  upon  tlie  roads 
thus  constructed,  and  the  passenger  traffic 
was  seriously  diverted  from  those  lines  that 
acquired  a  notoriety  for  snake-heads. 

In  1830  the  "  Hudson  and  Jlohawk  Rail- 
roail," from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  was  com- 
menced. In  October,  1831,  the  number  of 
passengers  on  it  was  stated  at  387  a  day,  and 
in  1832  a  locomotive  "  with  a  load  of  eight 
tons,  travelled  on  it  at  the  rate  of  thirty 
miles  an  hour."  "  In  1831,  twelve  different 
railroad  companies  were  incorporated;"  and 
"  from  this  time  railroad  enterprises  were 
multiiilied  with  great  rajiidity." 

In  PeniKsylvania,  it  is  stated,  sixty-seven 
railroads  were  in  operation  in  1833  ;  and  iu 
that  year  were  commenced  the  most  import- 
ant lines  of  Slas.sachusotts  and   New  Jersey. 

The  outlay  ui>on  the  American  lines   has 


sm 


UNITED  STATES. 


«1« 


lovcral  dircctiouH  from 
nd  crosNing  and  send- 
1  to   bring  every  sent 
nportiinco  into  ready 
0  cliiof  marts  of  com- 
tts  nionc,  in  tlio  early 
•e  about   1,200  miles 
(le  period,  New  York 
lylvania,  1,244  miles; 
y  comparison  a  newly 
OS.     Liirgo  extensions 
d   the  entire   r»ilway 
itiitcs  two  years  after- 
rly  18,000  mi'^s,  with 
n  course  of  constnic- 
irsued  in   organizing 
of  transportation  has 
to  rest  satisfied  with 
■sources  of  a  district 
and  capital   thereby 
the  construction   of 
few    had    attained 
lines.      Therefore 
!ro    almost    all   only 
not  admit  of  trains 
xcept    at    appointed 

ailway  enterprises  of 
hich  a])pears  to  havo 
portion  of  the  now 
ilroad,  the  first  stoiio 
e  4  th  of  July,  1828. 
y  planned  for  a  horse 
itroduction  of  steam 
and  encouraged  the 
on  the  line;  and  in 
onstructed  at  Balti- 
le  road.  Although 
le  engine  a))pcar8  to 
y  worked,  the  trains 
by  horses. 

ictud  of  longitudinal 
ooden  or  cross-stono 
ound  ;  and  upon  tlio 
bars  of  iron,  ^  inch 
\  to  4^  inches  wide, 
^rsunk  in  the  iron. 
is  generally  adopted 

I  railroads,  from  coii- 
and  with  a  view  of 
he  utmost  limit  of 
3  .soon  found  to  in- 
consequent expense, 
liecame  loose;  and, 
nally  caught  by  the 
lough  the  bot'tonis 
lid  necessary  to  run 
tion  upon  the  roads 
10  jiassenger  traffic 
im  those  linos  that 
iiaki^heads. 

and  aiohawk  Rail- 
lenectady,  was  com- 
31,  the  number  of 
d  at  387  a  day,  and 
itii  a  load  of  eight 
the  rate  of  thirty 
!1,  twelve  different 
ncorporated ; "  and 
d  enterprises  were 
dity." 

stated,  sixty-seven 

II  in  1833  ;  and  in 
1  the  most  im))oit- 
■1  and  New  Jeisey. 
muricau  Hues   bus 


been  from  £8,700  up  to  £ir),000  jier  mile, 
whilst  the  average  cost  in  Great  Britain  has 
been  nearly  £40,000  per  mile. 

Ill  1838  there  were  only  l,84.'t  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  United  Status;  in  18 IS,  (!,491, 
and  in  1800,  31,18,")  miles.  Most  of  those 
r.iilways  wore  originally  nlngli:  Inirk  lines. 
Ijut  soon  the  necessities  of  traffic  compel- 
led the  companies  to  lay  double  tracks ;  in 
ISllO  the  relation  of  every  State,  as  to  rail- 
roads, was  as  follows : 

NU.MDER  OF  MILES  OPEK  IN  EACH  STATE. 

State.  Mile!!  Open. 

Ohio SO,")? 

Pennsylvania 2943 

Jllinois 2925 

New  York 2809 

Indiana 2058 

Virginia 1805 

Georgia 1401 

Massachusetts 1314 

Tennessee 1 283 

.South  Carolina 978 

Wisconsin 937 

North  Carolina 887 

^Missouri 813 

JMichigan 807 

M  ississippi 798 

Now  Jersey 627 

New  IIaini)shiro 658 

Alabama 643 

Connecticut 608 

Veniiont SZS 

Iowa 549 

Kentucky 531 

Maine 476 

Maryland 406 

Ixiuisiana 328 

Florida 326 

Texas 294 

Delaware 137 

Khode  Island 104 

California 70 

Arkansas 38 

This  table  will  illustrate  the  extent  to 
which  railway  enterprise  has  been  developed 
in  the  North-Western  States,  espt^cially  in 
Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Indiana.  The  Illinois 
C'l'utral  Hailroad,  which  passes  through  706 
miles  of  that  State,  was  endowed  witli  alter- 
iiiite  sections  of  land  for  a  width  of  three 
mill's  on  each  side  of  its  track,  the  State  re- 
sfiving  each  other  section  It  thus  acquired 
2,r)95,000  acres  in  an  excellent  farming  re- 
1,'ioii  ;  and  from  the  sale  of  these  lands  the 
expenses  of  construction,  etc.,  have  be<in  or 
will  be  met.  The  effect  of  this  policy  in  the 
ili'velcipment  of  the  State  has  already  been  re- 
i'l'iTcd  to. 

Itomarkable  as  has  been  the  rajiidity  with 
which  the  American  railroads  have  been  con- 
structed, and  great  as  is  the  total  mileage  al- 
nady  made,  the  railroad  accommodation  of 
tlie  ITnited  States  is  not  to  be  regarded  as 
by  any  means  meeting  the  requirements  of 
llie  country.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  sys- 
tem has  only  been  co-equal  with  the  rafiid 
growth  of  the  population  ;  the  extent  of  mile- 
age is  attributable  to  tho  vast  extent  of  terri- 
tory settled,  and  the  great  distances  between 
till'  seats  of  poimlation. 

lu  many  parts  of  the  States,  indeed,  the 
existing  railways  are  quite  iubutliciuut.     la 


tho  South,  the  system  is  very  imperfectly  tle- 
veloped.  Whilst  slaves  existed,  there  was  a 
determined  hostility  in  the  Southern  States 
to  the  expansion  of  any  gcuieral  railway  sys- 
tem, arising  from  the  ai)prehensiun  that  it 
woulil  be  used  for  the  esea)ie  of  slaves.  Any 
one  who  glances  at  a  railroad  map  of  tho 
United  States  will  observe,  that  whilst  the 
Northern  States  are  covered  with  lines,  tho 
Southern  have  only  a  few  main  trunk  roads,  | 
and  that  the  greatest  care  has  been  taken  to  | 
prevent  those  lines  from  communicating  with  \ 
tho  Free  States.  It  will  be  necessary  to  cor- 
rect all  this,  and  to  bring  the  South  into 
much  more  intimato  communication  with  tho 
North  than  she  stands  at  present. 

From  West  to  East,  also,  tho  present  rail- 
ways are  (piite  insutFicient  for  the  growing 
traflio.  The  lines  of  communication  from  the 
West  by  canal,  etc.,  which  existed  previously 
to  railways,  have  not  been  affected  by  their 
ronstructii)ii.  The  produce  of  the  Western 
States  has,  in  fact,  increased  fluster  than  the 
means  of  transport,  and  additional  facilities 
for  the  conveyance  of  goods  were  early  and 


urgently  reipiired.  It  was  of  tho  utmost  im- 
portance to  the  development  of  the  West, 
that  no  time  should  be  lost  in  making  thin 
additional  provision. 

Another  ext<!nsion  of  the  railway  system 
was  felt  by  all  the  people  of  tho  Tnited 
States  to  be  most  es.sential.  Kvery  one  ap- 
preciated the  importance  of  establishing  rail- 
way intercourse  across  the  continent  from 
the  shores  of  tho  Atlantic  to  those  of  tho 
Pacific.  Four  dilferont  routes  had  been  pro- 
jected in  different  parts  of  the  Continent,  and 
eventually,  there  can  bo  little  doubt  they 
will  all  be  made  ;  only  one  is  at  present  con- 
structed. Tho  great  object,  of  course,  was 
to  connect  San  Fx'ancisco  with  New  York. 

The  construction  of  that  stupendous  roiul 
jirogressed  with  a  rapidity  whicii  astonished 
the  world,  and  tho  through  connection  by 
rail,  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco, 
was  established,  at  the  time  a)>pointed,  1869. 
The  Federal  Government  came  to  the  lielp  of 
the  States  and  of  private  enterprise.  The 
amount  of  this  help  is  shown  in  the  following 
table  : 


CUnRENCT  BON'DS  ISSUED  TO  THE  PACIFIC  nAILBOADB. 
(.Vc»(  Iiu'luded  in  the  Public  Debt  an  above  itatett.) 


Nnnip  of  Iljiilniftil. 


Central  Pacific 

Kansas  Pacific 

Union  Pacific 

Central  lir.ineli,  U.  Paoilic 

Western  Pacific 

Sioux  City  and  Pacific 


AllthorizinL'  Acts. 


When  Piiyatile. 


Int4'rcst  rnyixblc. 


.Inly  1,  '(>2  &  .luly  8,  '(i4  (5  ])ercent.!nO  yrs.  fin.  date. January  &  .July 
Fily  1.  '(>3  it  July  2,  '64  (5  percent.  30  yrs.  fm.  date.  January  &  July 
July  1,  '1)2  &  July  3,  '04  8  pcrcent.lllO  yrs.  fni.  date. 'January  &  July 
.Inly  1,  'U2  it  July  3,  '64  0  per  cent.  ;!iO  yrs.  fni.  date.  I  January  &  July 
Inly  1.  'Ii2  it  .Tuly  2.  '64:6  per  cent. 'HO  yrs,  fm.  date.  |  January  &  July 
laly  1,  '02  it  July  3,  '64  0  percent.  30  yrs.  fm.  date.  January  &  July 


Nnnu'  of  Ilnilrond. 


rrlnfipal 
Oiit>ttiu)(linf^. 


Central  Pacific 

Kansas  Pacific 

i  Union  Pacific 

Cinitral  IJranch,  U.  Pacific. 

Western  Pacific 

Sioux  City  .-uid  Pacific 


.  ^!3.-).S*-),120 

.      (>,;iO;!.oo(i 

.     2T.23t)..';ii' 

.      1, coo  oil 

.       l,i)T0-)!il) 

.1    i.(;2.s  3'.'!i 


Int.'H'Pt  ftcrrut'd 
.t  not  yet  imiil. 


Intoreot    pnicl     byjint.     ri'|'i'I<l     by  Ilal.  of    Int.    paid 
United  States,      trans.  niailB,  &e.       by  U.  Stntex. 


$047. 12S  00 

ir)7..')7.)  00 

080.!)  13  m 

40,000  00 

4n,2(!4  00 

40,708  no 


$7,021,483  27 

2.347,.')33  09 

8,(iir).943  81 

589,808  2(i 

48.5,912  94 

487,30,-)  49 


1733, 

1,173, 

8,«0f. 

21, 

9, 

0, 


39."> 
(i83 
483 
893 
3(17 
731 


40 

4.'> 
02! 

87} 
00 
89 


189.187  87 
173.8.'-.0  64 
014,400  19 
,507.914  !I9 
470.. '54.5  94 
480,573  (10 


Totals 


.*04.fl23,512  *l,r)1.5„587  80  $20,447,980  20  |4.54.5.4.53  03  $15.902.. 533  S3 

1^     '       '  1^  i' 


The  forepoinR  is  a  correct  statement  of  the  Public  Debt,  as  appears  from  tlio  books  and  Treasurer's 
Returns  in  the  Department  at  the  close  of  business,  November  30,  1873. 


In  .Tanuaiy,  1S61,  the  cajiital   invested  fir 

the  "  cost  (tiiil  cjiiijiinriitK"  of  the  31,lii,S  miles 

of  railroads  constructed  in  America  amounted 

to  ^1,177,994,828.     The  cost  of  in<ilii!e)uiiiiv 

of  .\nicricaii  railroails  is  much  higher  than  in 

ICngland.      This  explains  the  fact  liiat  while 

j  the  Kiiglish   roads  exhibit  an  extiaordinaiy 

:  amount  of  first   cost,  on  account  of  ihiinagcs 

!  paid    to    landownc -s,    it    does    not    appear 

!  that  the  general  ex|icnditures  have  bt-en  in 

much  larger  proportion  than  in  tho  United 

States. 

I      To  end  with  this  important  subject  of  rail-  i 
roads,  and  to  sum  up,  in  a  few  lines,  all  the  [ 
[  explanations  and  observations  given  above,  ■ 
'  as  well  as  in  order  to  give  the  latest  data,  it  \ 
I  is  only  neces.sary  to  add  that,  commencing  no  ; 
:  longer   ago   than    1830   with   23   miles,    the  ; 
I  number  of  miles  constructed  up  to  January, ' 
!  1S72,  was  60,852.    l>aring  1869,  the  mileage 
[constructed  was  4,999;  in   1870,  6,145;  and 
I  in  1,871,  7,453;  making  in  the  three  years  a 
'  tcital  of  18,597  miles.      The  largest  mileage 
!  iu  any  previous  year  wan  iu   1856,  wUeu  it 


reached  ,3,643.  During  the  four  years  of  our 
civil  war  but  3,273  miles  were  built.  Tho 
State  of  Massachusetts  has  one  mile  of  rail- 
way to  4.86  square  miles  of  territory.  A 
similar  ratio  would  give  to  tbs  States  of  Sew 
York  and  Pennsylvania  10,000  miles  of  lino 
respectively,  and  to  Illinois  11,000  miles,  or 
more  than  twice  its  present  mileage.  The 
cost  of  railroads  in  this  conntry  will  average 
$50,000  per  mile— the  total  for  the  60,852 
miles  being,  in  round  numbers,  $3,000,000,- 
000.  The  cost  of  mileage  constructed  in 
1871,  at  $30,000  per  mile,  was  about  $225,- 
000,000,  while  at  least  $50,000,000  were  ex- 
pended in  new  works  and  equipments  on  old 
roads,  making  a  total  ex)ienditnro  for  tho 
year  of  $275,000,000.  The  rapidity  of  the 
increase  of  business  of  the  railroads  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  quantity  ami  value  of 
their  gross  tonnage  traffic  is  still  more  re- 
markable than  the  raiiid  progress  of  these 
works.  In  1851  the  total  earnings  from  ])as- 
sengers  were,  for  8,838  miles,  $19,274,'J5 1, 
and  from  freights  $20,192,100 — an  uggicgato 


I 


830 


HISTORY    OF    THE 


1 


J    I'  ! 


:i-. 


of  |39,4C(>,3S8.  In  1861  the  total  ptvrningB 
wore  inO.OOO.OOO;  nml  in  1871,  «4r)4,i)ti"J,- 
(100.  I'lio  toiinaj^o  of  nil  tlio  railroads  in 
18(11  is  c'stiiiiatcil  at  30,000,000  nnt  tons  for 
31,2r)(i  niiliw;  while,  in  1871,  tlio  net  ton- 
iia>(o  was  100,000,000  tons  on  (iO.SriJ  unlcs. 
Tho  not  tonnage  reiluceil  to  pounds  of  all  the 
railroads  of  the  conntry,  in  1851,eqimlled  4(5 1 
lbs.  to  the  head  of  population ;  in  18U1,  1,012 
lbs. ;  and  in  1871,  5,000  lbs.  per  head.  Tlie 
valuo  of  this  tonnage  per  head,  in  1851, 
equalled  !i(35.34  ;  in  18(51,  $116.92;  and  in 
1871,  iis375  per  head.  The  increase  of  mile- 
aj;o  of  railways  constructed  from  1851  to 
1861  was  at  the  rate  of  about  20  per  cent, 
per  annum.  From  1861  to  1871  tho  rate  of 
annual  increase  was  about  10  per  cent.  The 
increase  of  tonnage  from  '5 1  to  '6 1  was  50 
))er  cent,  per  annum;  from  '61  to  '71,  at  the 
rate  of  23  per  cent,  per  annum.  Tho  increase 
of  poi)ulation  fi-om  '51  to  '61  was  at  tho  rate 
of  3.5  per  cent,  per  annum.  From  '61  to  '71, 
at  the  rate  of  2.3 — 10  per  cent,  per  annum. 

The  cost  of  t>'ans|)ortiiig  Indian  corn  and 
wheat  over  ordinary  highways  is  about  20 
cents  per  ton  j>er  mile.     At  such  rate  the 


former  will  bear  transportation  only  125 
miles  to  market,  while  its  value  is  ei|ual  to 
75  cents  per  bushel ;  the  hitter  only  250 
miles,  while  its  value  is  ;i(1.50  per  bushel. 
Witli  such  highways  only  our  moat  valuable 
cereals  will  have  no  eoiiimiM'oial  value  outside 
of  circles  having  radii  of  125  miles  and  250 
miles  respectively.  Upon  n  railroad  tho 
transportation  equals  1^  cents  per  ton  per 
mile,  thus  increasing  tho  circle  within  which 
corn  and  wheat,  at  the  prices  named,  will 
have  a  marketable  value  to  radii  of  1,600 
and  .3,200  miles  respectively.  Tho  area  of  a 
circle  having  a  radius  of  125  miles  is  49,087 
square  miles,  while  that  of  a  circle  drawn 
upon  tt  radius  of  1,600  miles  is  about  160 
times  greater,  or  8,042,406  square  miles. 
Such  a  (litl'erence,  enormous  as  it  is,  only 
measures  the  valuo  of  tho  agencies  at  present 
employed  in  transportation,  and  tho  results 
achieved  compared  with  tho  old. 

Tho  following  table  shows  the  mileage  of 
railroads  in  the  several  States  at  the  various 
periods  noted,  from  Jaiiuary  1,  1842,  to  Jan- 
uary 1,  1872: 


mi.        1840. 


Aliiltiiuiii 

i\rkim>jiK 

('.ilifiiriuii 

('uiinei'Iicut 

liflawiire 

yinri.ltt 

<Ji'oruiu 

Illlii.iH 

IniHium 

IdWIl 

Knnsiip. 

Kfiitncky 

I.<i.iisiutm 

Mjiinu 

Mnrvhinil  and  D,  C 

RliisBachiiSL'tts 

Michjpiii. , 

RUinu'SDtu 

Mia.Ji4p|.l 

Mi-;wjuri 

Nilirt.*kil 

Ni'vuila 

N.'w  Hninp^lure 

Nr\v'  J.TM'V 

Ni'w  Y..rk' 

Korth  Cul'ulina 

Ohio 

riro-'on 

]'r!lIH\lviinill 

lUl.alc-  I^Ilillil 

i^oiith  I'lirciliim 

T'nn(!SM,*c 

'J'i'xa-s 

VlTIIllMlt 

Vii-ltlniii 

Wo-t  VirtiiniH 

Wi.-cuii-in 


108 
3» 


871 
Zl 


28 
•10 
11 
!&9 
.173 
138 


K6 

3a 


453 
21 


88 
40 

I      m 

i      2.-|!l 
1      BN'i 


ao 


M 
ISIl 

S7 
30 

'7.ii' 

50 
804 


28.'J 
til 


!ia 

IMi 
71.1 
S7 
M 


801 


84-1 

m 


Total  niilfs. 


3,533    I   4,477 


1648. 


808 
8!1 
38 

liO!) 
88 
48 


88 
40 
118 
S.VI 
718 

aro 


175 
l\-> 
Wt 

•i 

i'.otVi' 
(is 
804 


301 
97 


1851. 


408 
3!) 
81 
(i43 
111 
888 


78 
80 
945 
8611 
1,05,1 
348 


4li7 

8011 

l,::iil 


1,840 
(IS 


8110 
8)*4 

tn 
so 

0,081 


4!l« 
.'I'.l 
81 

1108 


l(i7 

W) 

3;)4 

337 

1,105 

431 


IMi 
38 


044 
347 

8.:i.s7 
4'.'0 

1,800 

1,-m' 

liH 

ii.ia 
aiii 


an 

71 


1.1,360 


4M 

"ail' 

5110 
70 

r.(i 

1.105 

•van 
i.s-m 

851 


StiM 
BIO 
4811 
387 
1.804 
601 


413 
144 


0.17 
4M 

8,080 
004 

1,K)7 

ili'iai' 

108 
813 
511 
71 
630 
051 

ail 

870 


88,080 


1S«0. 


ti88 

ntii 

187 

800 

l..'i71 

a,7si 

8,014 
5^i3 


M4 
805 
478 
a77 
1.804 
737 


1108 
734 


iitil 
B3« 

a,  070 
il'i7 

a,  81 3 

8,448' 

108 
073 
iKi'l 
884 
510 
1,301 

ai8 

880 


180.3. 


805 

.',8 

83 

II'IO 

187 

408 

1.180 

8.008 

8,175 

731 


607 
XK 
6115 
408 

i.asi 

863 


808 
8.38 


lilil 
li.')3 

8.788 
037 

8.101 
4 

.3,000 

HIS 

071 
1,8.13 
451 
508 
1,370 
301 
001 


1,1.71 

853 

1,013 

8V0 

387 

40(1 

3,108 

6.1KII 

3,  .130 

3.100 

1,700 

1,183 

5.^0 

871 

880 

1.000 

8,8.35 

i.nia 

IKIO 

a.rvso 

3.143 

5!W 

700 

1.8(i5 

4.470 

1.100 

3,740 

IBO 

5,113 

1311 

1,801 

1„180 

805 

075 

1,400 

485 

1,785 


38,789     [38,180      35,0,85     |43,3I5     [00,862 


805 
3.8 
814 

m7 

134 

410 

1,480 

.3,1.17 

a,817 

801 

40 

667 

;i-i5 

681 

410 

1,807 

041 

813 

808 

035 

188 

"o07 
.804 

3,008 
084 

3,.-!ril 
10 

3,788 
185 

1,0117 

1,800 
405 
587 

1,101 
3l'i5 

1,010 


1163 
Ml 

408 

o;i7 

105 

437 

1,.175 

il.4IO 

8,IK10 

l,.18:l 

018 

813 

k:i5 

500 

6;j6 

1,486 

1,100 

673 

8ilS 

1,354 

080 

408 

0(17 

1IT3 

3,380 

1,007 

»:.m 
m 

4,308 
185 

1,070 

1,430 
513 
005 

1,404 
305 


1873. 


CANALS. 

At  the  moment  we  are  about  to  give  a  sy- 
nopsis of  the  progress  of  canals  in  the  United 
States,  the  former  .system  of  canal  boating  is 
revolutionized  by  the  introduction  of  steam 
canal  boats.  This  amelioration,  like  every 
other  ii'.troduced  hereto,  in  America,  will 
work  marvels,  and  soon  supersede  entirely 
the  old  system. 

TIk;  first  canals  constructed  in  tho  United 
States  were  those  of  Smith  Htidley  and  the 
j\[()ii(iiit;ue  Falls,  built  in  1702,  built  by  a 
IMassachusetts  company.  They  were,  the  first 
two  miles  and  the  second  three  miles  long. 
Ill  1825  the  Erie  Cniml  was  eomphted.  It 
is  3ii:;  miles  in  leiif^lh,  and  cost  $7,602,000. 
Its   width  wua  incrtjased   to    70  feet   at  tho 


level,  and  42  feet  at  the  bottom,  with  7  feet 
depth  of  water,  and  14  feet  hauling  way. 
During  the  st^i-son  of  1864  the  P^rie  Canid 
transported  2,300,000  tons  of  corn,  valued  at 
1^70,000,000;  the  average  cargo  was  163  tons 
by  each  trip. 

There  were,  in  1858,  in  the  United  States, 
3,188  miles  of  canals,  the  cost  of  which 
amounted  to  §00,000,000.  That  value  reach- 
ed §100,000,000  in  1862  on  account  of  the  wi- 
dening of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  and 
also  of  tho  extension  of  the  Virginia  and  Illi- 
nois canals. 

The  following  tables  give  the  latest  data 
and  information  relative  to  the  carrying 
trade,  and  to  the  working  .stmson,  of  the 
most  important  canals  of  the  United  States  : 


Taiii.b  V.—Tdiui  of  Lumber,  Agricultural  Pro- 
(lucln,  Monufneturm,  Mere/iuiidiiie  and  MiMcl- 
litnioim  Artirlm  roniiiig  to  t/ie  lluilson  Jlirrrj'iom 
the  ClLUIPIiAIN  Canal,  fvr  thirty-four  rears. 


Y'H.    UTM1IKH.       AOn'L.       HAS'F.      MD'HK     MIUCICI..  I    TOTAL. 


1»!H) 

1H40 
1841 
1H42 
18411 
1844 
184.'-. 
1840 
1847 
1848 
18411 
18.')0 
IS.")! 
18.53 
18,')3 
18.54 
185.") 
18,50 
18,' 


11)1,01)3 
I8l,13fi 
211,57.5 
H)4,7!ll) 
170,588 
188,!128 
187,740 
IDS,  103 
820,  ia8 
100,200 
32;!,441 
.'!41),812 
;t00,92.T 
437,311 
504,057 
361,051, 
308,725 1 
:M9,;180] 
205,,508l 
18.58  378,1)03 
I851l'!t40,753 
1811(1  :i23,48i: 
1801 1301,202' 
1802:201,470 
1803  307,314 
1804-300,131 
1805'444,.527 
I8fl0'.531,8;i4 
lH(i7  .521,700 
18118  047,70-5 
1S(5!1  570,088 


8.703 
7,03!) 
4,320 
5,2-40 
7,172 
7,388 
17,173 
1,5,800 


1,870 
8,010 
5.113 
,5,000 
,5,051 
3,002 
0,028 
11,51,5 


22,3.52  25,777 
11,702,3(),!l,53: 
!i;!,.5»1  10,048 
u0,470l  10,004 
35,2'.)3!22,430 
79,001  11,038 
30,51715,710 
20,422jl;t,002 
20.32721,085 
40,100  30,247 
-1.5,130,31,780: 
72,4:10  38,0.50 
1 0,5,1113  110,501 
70,10fl'40,020! 
03,534!  18,008; 
04,812  25,013' 


88,342 
77,405 
70,020 
54,007 
43,720 


10,324 
23,257 
24,315 
15,240 
27,2;i0 


1870 
187! 
1872 


50U.;i78 
5;i(l,330 
577,725 


43,04;i'20,;i93 
ill,  173  17,3.50 
25,12818,821 
;i2,510  I0,7;14 
0.008  19,943 


04 

78 
13 
42 
07 
0 
47 
1,575 
4,141 
(1,0171 
5,008 
0,004l 
4,3;i3: 
5,714 
0,331 
8,497 
0,1.59 
0,704: 
8,872; 
0,100! 
10,028' 
8,070 
7,017 
;!,,532 
2,439 
1,043 
3,121 
4,S89i 
il,20;! 
3,070 
3,175 
11,280 
4,8601 
4,310 


13,193 

10,.551 

B0,79:l 

10,7S8 

•l,7iW 

■9,051 

3  1,705 

3',1C-., 

4(,033 

20,170 

80,574' 

55,380 

45,405 

01,0.50 

00,835 

114,478 

108,983 

100,010 

118,033 

80,834 

108,085 

125,072 

iei,o;i4 

120,898 
138,579 
100,097 
123,237 
185,01:1 
307,0.50 
34:1,3.5:1 
200,701 
:!(13,0!11 
201,040 
305,087 


315,801 
201,007 
241,814 
210,477 
201.515 
210  378 
21,5,353 
2,5,->,(l40 
31;l,031 
20:1,5(18 
|313,223 
1470,188 
]408,474 
.500,123 
:6.54,:!B9 
.521,0.50 
,474,878 
630,;!90 
i400,9H8 
488,455 
070,;139 
,578,810 
,5:10,5:15 
485,015 
027,038 
0i)8,02:i 
051,820 
781,01:1 

80;t.,5.'<:i 
802,3:14 
0:10,4.5:1 

i805,004 
840,070 
i077,5;iU 


It  thns  appears  that  lumber  constitutes 
over  one-half  of  tho  produce  brought  l^o  tide- 
water by  the  Champlain  canal,  and  one-third 
of  that  from  the  Erie. 


Taiii.f.  VI. — Average  Cargo  of  Bont^,  Time  nereis- 
i.ary  to  make  a  I'annnge.  and  Cost  of  bringing  a 
Ihi'rrel  of  Flour  from  Ihiffuloto  AUmny;  Ijicli- 
age*  at  Alexander's  l/>ek,  and  total  Tons  l)e- 
lieered  at  Tidewater  from  the  Eric  Canal. 


AvcrnRC 

VEAJl. 

Oarjro 

of  UoatJ*. 

1841.... 

41 

1.844. . . . 

40 

1847. . . . 

07 

1848.... 

71 

1840. . . . 

08 

18,50. . . . 

70 

18.51.... 

78 

18.58. . . . 

80 

18.53.... 

84 

18,54.... 

94 

18.55.... 

92 

18.50. . . . 

100 

18.57. . . . 

100 

ia58. ... 

120 

18.50. . . . 

143 

1800 

140 

1801  .... 

1.57 

1803. . . . 

107 

1803  ... 

177 

1804.... 

1,50 

1805  ... 

100 

1800.... 

170 

1807.... 

1,50 

1808.... 

148 

1S09.... 

18;t 

1870.... 

101 

1871.... 

178 

1872. . . . 

100 

4*  •* 

=  $  5  g 


9 

7i 

lOi 
0 
81 
0 

8i 
0 
9 
8J 
8J 
8^ 
8* 
8* 
8i 
8i 
8i 
8i 
0 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

11 
11 


71c. 

00 

77 

58 

50 

58 

49 

5;i 

50 

52 

53 

00 

40 

34 

31 

43 

40 

48 

45 

67^ 

51 

53 

48 

48 

51 

33 

40 

42 


;io.;t20 

28,310 
43,057  1 
34,911  1 
!,36.918  1 
38,444  1 
40,:i00  1 
41, ,572  1 
43,007  1 
:15,9S1  1 
;!0,873'1 
31,223  1 
22,182;i 
33,.t73il 
S0,274il 
33,.i:)0,3 
31,170l8 
34.977:3 
30,071 
88,742:2, 

20,o;^7'3 

20,882 
28,054 
;i2,107 
34,025 
25,124 
20,725:: 

28,o;i5 ; 


5?  g  c  3 
H  =  -si 

5:12,520 

790,810 
,431,2,53 
,184.;!;i7 

200,724 
,.5.54,075 
,508,077 
,044,099 
,851.4:18 
,703.093 
,430,715 
.587.1:10 
,117,199 
,400,087 
.451,iJ33 
;27«,001 
1,440,009 
,017.094 
i,(i47,080 

140.034 
:,078,3«1 
,.523,004 
,220,112 
,378,.573 
,8.57,080 
,200,098 
,048,877 
,070,405 


U  N  I  T  R  I)    S  T  A  T  K  S . 


091 


'»■  AprifiiUiiml  Pro- 
rfkiiiiliM  and  Mined- 
the  Jliiilnin  Jlinrfiiiiii 
ur  thirty-four  Years. 


ail'mi  I  UIICEL.  I    TOTAt. 


Taiii.k  \ll.— Ihitcn  lit  Ihf  OjMitiiKj  and  CU'timj  of 
the  Erie  Canal  for  I'venty-eighl  Yenri. 


04 

7h! 

l.'lj 

071 
!) 

47; 

4,141 
(1,017 

o.un4 
4,:i,'i;i 

5,714 

(i,i!;ii 

R,4(»7 
«,  1  nil 

(1,704 

o.Kiir 
io,(!as 

H,()70 
7,047' 

5.',4;ii) 

1,B4H 

3,iai 

4,2H(|i 

;(,i;fln 
a,(i7o 
;t,i7r) 

(),2H(! 
4,H50 
4,21(1 


13,1  Oil 
lO.MI 
BO,  711.! 
10,7SH 

•i.7;iH 

I)  !,7fl.-) 

!)'  ,11,;  \ 
4(  ,(i2;i 

20,170 
80,ri74 

4.'i,41).'> 
01,(1.1« 

«o,H;t,') 

114,478 
108,082 
100,01(1 

ii8,(i;i;) 

80,8114 
108,08.') 
I2.'i,07a 
181,0!I4 
120,808 
i:!8,,'i70 
1(10,097 

I2;!,2.n7 
ia\oi;! 

207,(1.5(1 

24;i,;r.;i 

200,7(11 

:i02,»oi 

:201,(MI1 
3(1,5,087 


215,801 
201,007 
241,814 
210,477 
201.515 
2I1J  278 
21,'3,;i,5.1 
,2.).i,(l4U 

.•I  1:1,  Oil  1 

2(13.5(18 

:313.223 

470,188 

i408,474 

500,12.! 

,0.54,;!09 

.521,0.50 

'474,878 

530,390 

400,»fi8 

488,4,55 

070,339 

.578,810 

530,535 

485,015 

(127,038 

0,i8,023 

(151,820 

781,013 

8()3,5s:i 

802,234 

030,4.53 

H(i5,(il)4 

840,(170 

077,530 


lumber  constitutes 
uce  brouglit  :o  tidu- 
cannl,  ami  onu-thiiil 


(/  Bnat»,  Time  ncctn- 
nd  Cost  of  brinfjiiiQ  11 
'oh  to  Al/iaiiy  ;  Iah-Ic- 
,  and  total  Tuna  Ik- 
he  Uric  Canal. 


;  c  s  c  3 


0 
0 


123 
20 
32 
31, 
34 
30, 
88 
20. 
30 
1 28 
|32: 

1 24 

1 25 
1 20, 


,320,     532,520 
,31»'     709.810 
,0.57  1,431,2.53 
,011  1,184.337 
,018  1,200,724 
1,444  1,. 554, (175 
39(1  1,508,077 
573  1,(144,(199 
,007  1,851,438 
,081  1,702,(193 
,873  1,420.715 
,223  1.. 587.130 
,182  1,117,199 
,473  1,490,087 
.274;  1.451,333 
,430,3.270,001 
,179:8,440.0()9 
.9773.917.094 
,07113,047,089 
,742  8,14(t.034 
,037  3,078,301 
,883!3,.52;),(101 
,(1.54!3,220.1I3 
.107  2.378,572 
,025i  2, 2.57.0,89 
124:2.200,098 
72;5j2,(148,8T7 


yv.MU  ()rKNKI».  C'LOFtKl), 

1840 April  10 Xovcmhir 

1847 Jliiy      1 N'ovonilicr 


1818, 
1810, 
1S50. 
•)1 


U51    

1?!,52 


18.53.. 
18.54. . 
18.55,  . 
18,5(1.. 


Miiy      1 . . . . 

Jliiv      1 . . . . 

April  22.... 

April  15. . . . 

April  20, . .  . 
...April  20  ..  , 
...April     1.,.. 

...April    1 

...April    5... 


l)i!i!uml)i:r 

December 

Deeeniliiir 

Dect'uiber 

l)i!wiiiili(^r 

nouoiuber 

December 

Dueeiiiber 

Deeeinbor 


1857 April    0 December 

1858 April  28 November 

1.S.50 April  15 December 

1800 April  25 December 

ISO! May     1 December 

1 81I3 Sliiy     1 Dooomber 

1803 May    10 December 

l.Sdl \pril  30 December 

1805 May      1 December 

1,80(1 May     1 December 

1807 May     4 December 

1808 April  23 December 

1800 May     0 December 

1,S70 May   10 December 

1871 April  24 November 

1872 May   13 Dcoemlwr 

1873 May   15 November 


,035,2,070,405 


MASUFACTIIUES. 

'I'lic  ])roj;r(iss  of  manufiictures  in  the  Uuituil 
States  has  hoen  more  than  100  per  cent, 
gn^ater  than  the  increa.se  of  populatiou,  espe- 
lially  fcir  the  hist  twenty  years.  Tlius,  the 
t.ital  value  of  honie-manufuctured  products, 
iiicliidiiin  tilt!  (isheries  and  tlio  mining,  was 
*l,()l'J,2()(;,0l(>  in  1.8,50.  Ten  years  after,  in 
lSiiO,it  was  figured  at  §1,1)00,000,000 ;  tliatis 
an  iucrea.se  of  about  80  per  cent,  in  ten  year.s, 
add  an  augmentation  of  l'J3  per  ccuit.  as  coni- 
jiared  with  the  increase  of  tlie  white  popula- 
tion. So  every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the 
United  .States  produced,  on  an  average,  si.xty 
(l,)lhus  and si.vty-ono  cents  ;  and  to  this  should 
hi!  added  the  product  of  nuichiiu'ry,  of  an 
annual  valuo  below  §.500,  for  which  no  olli- 
cial  statistics  can  be  obtained. 

Tlie  cotton  uuinufacture  wa.s,  and  is  still, 
one  of  the  most,  if  not  tho  most  important, 
in  the  United  States.  It  began  as  early 
us  17.S(j  and  178,8,  iu  ^Massachusetts  and 
Kliodo  Island.  In  1800  hardly  300  bales  of 
cjtton  were  nsnil,  against  10,000  in  1810, 
and '.)(I.O;iO  in  l.Sl").  Nearly  100,000  opera- 
tives were  employed,  and  $L'1,000,()00,  repre- 
S'uliii,'  (he  value' of  81,000,0110  yards  of  cot- 
Ion  cloth,  went  into  tho  coders  of  tho  New 
Knglaiid  nianufaolurcrs.  Still,  the  American 
market  was  glutted  with  foreign  imported 
goods,  and  the  tarilf  acts  of  18l!(i,  1,8l'8,  and 
ISIiL',  which  imposed  an  ui/  valorem  duty  of 
-.)  per  cent,  upon  imported  cotton  goods, 
cleared  the  way  for  an  astonishing  progress  in 
New  England  maiuifactnres.  Tho  tirat  cot- 
ton-mill was  erected  in  1822,  at  liOWoU,  and 
soon  tiie  Lawrence  mills  were  built;  and  in- 
stead of  the  240  cotton  factories  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  1810,  there  were  1,240  mills  in 
1840,  with  2,284,031  spindles,  and  129  dye- 
ing and  printing  establishments.  All  these 
employed  72,119  hands,  and  produced  goods 
valued  at  $4(3,3,50,430,  with  an  invested  caj)- 
ital  of  $.5 1 ,  102,3.59.  The  protective  tariff  of 
1842  contributed  again  to  the  increase  of  cot- 
ton manufacture  in  America,  and  then  the 
Southern  States  began  to  build  the  first  reg- 


ular mill  Houtli  of  the  Delaware  Kiver.  This 
.Southern  nmniifaeture  progressed  well  \intil 
the  beginning  cd'  Ihe  civil  war,  though  ils 
strides  eoidd  not  bear  ((nnparison  with  tho 
advance  of  Ihe  Norlheiii  maiiufaetnrers.  li(!- 
tween  the  years  ISIOaiid  18,50  the  product 
in  the  South  was  about  i!<l  per  head  of  the 
|)(ipulation,  a  hirg<'r  ratio  than  that  of  the 
Niu'th  in  1820,  at  a  tinie,  though,  when  cot- 
ton nuiehinery  was  ipiite  ii\  its  iidancy.      In 

1869  the  Southern  sjiimiers  consumed  98,000 
bales  of  cotton,  that  is  an  increase  of  f)0  per 
cent,  over  the  ipiantity  used  in  18,50.  lint 
in  that  year,  18,59,  the  Siduda  Jlills,  and  the 
other  factories  erected  afterwards  in  tho  real 
Southern  States,  were  not  in  operation,  so 
that  the  principal  part  of  the  nutnufacturing 
was  done  in  Maryland,  at  Kllicott's  Mills,  or 
in  some  other  northward  Southern  State. 

In  18,50  there  were  1,074  cotton  mills  in 
America.  These!  mills  were  larger,  had  a 
more  improved  machinery,  and  consumed 
tJ41,240  bales,  of  400  poinuls,  of  cotton  each, 
and  mainifaetured  goods  amounting  in  valuo 
to  *0r>,.50l,(i87.  Out  of  the  1,074  factories, 
213  behuiged  to  the  South  and  West.  In 
18()0  the  inimber  of  mills  had  declii  ed  still 
more,  but  the  production  kept  increasii.g,  and 
reached  a  value  of  $1 1.5,237,920.  Then,  out 
of  the  91.5  factories  remaining  in  America, 
and  every  one  of  theni  iu  a  high  state  of  pros- 
perity, and  on  a  high  .sealo  of  etiieiency,  194 
belonged  to  the  Southern  and  Western 
States,  and  the  balance  to  Northern  States. 
From  1800  to  1870  the  same  decrease  in  the 
ninnber  of  factories,  and  tho  .same  increase  in 
manufacturing,  was  noticeable;  the  falling 
olf  in  tho  number  of  establishments  during 
tho  dec(ule  was  of  12|;  but  tho  number  of 
looms  was  24  i  per  cent.,  and  the  lunnber  of 
spindles  more  than   28   per  cent,  greater  in 

1870  than  in  1800.  The  capital  employed 
increased  also  30  per  cent.,  and  the  increase 
amounted  to  about  43  per  cent. 

From  1800  to  18"((  there  was  also  a  de- 
crease in  tho  ([uantity  of  raw  cotton  consum- 
ed, amounting  to  nearly  2.5,000,000  pounds, 
in*  0  ]ier  cent.  ;  still  higher  prices  increased 
the  value  of  manufactured  goods  to  nearly 
^.5.5,000,000,  or  more  than  94  per  cent.  The 
same  increase  was  to  Ix!  observed  in  the  total 
cost  of  labor  and  raw  material,  amounting  to 
about  §70,000,000,  or  8.5  per  cent.  The 
value  of  the  goods  was  inereased  also,  to  the 
figure  of  §02,000,000,  about  .53  per  cent, 
more  in  1S70  than  in  1800.  Tlirt)ugh  re- 
cently adopted  improvements  iu  machiiu'ry,  a 
greater  riuantity  of  goods  In.  (  been  produced 
from  a  smaller  amount  of  raw  material. 
There  was  also  not  only  a  great  .saving  in  tin; 
improvement  of  machiiu'ry,  but  an  increase 
of  oiieratives,  amounting  to  13,000  hands. 
The  annual  wages  went  up  also,  from  §190  in 
1800  to  §288  jier  head  in  1870,  an  increase  of 
§92  nr  47  per  cent.  Each  hand  produced, 
of  course,  more  in  1870,  that  is,  §1,341 
against  §948  in  1800,  an  increase  in  value  of 
§3()3  per  liead,  or  38.^  per  cent. 

The  woollen  manufactories  were  of  small 
account  in  tho  United  States  mitil  the  year 
1820,  when  they  produced  a  value  of  §4,418,- 
00,8.  In  18.30,  §14,528,100;  in  1840,  §20,- 
09(),099,  and  more  than  21,000  workmen 
were  employed.  In  18,50  tlie  carjjct  industry 
was  introduced,  and  American  weavers  pro- 
duced as  good  articles  as  foreign.     The  wool- 


len manufaeturo  rose  in  valuo  to  i>41,. 588,033, 
which  figure  does  not  include  goods  in  which 
cotton  was  mixed  with  wool.  In  180O  tho 
number  of  wo<dlen  mills  decreaseil  under  the 
operation  of  the  same  economical  laws  which 
had  eauseil  a  decrease  in  Ihe  cotton  factoiies. 
There  were  in  tliat  year  038  woollen  mills 
less  than  ten  years  before,  but  the  value  of 
the  proilucts  reached  §08,80.5,903.  In  1870 
the  increase  was  enormous,  and  reaelud 
§1.5,5,40,5,0.58  as  tlie  value  of  the  woollen 
[U'oducts  of  tho  United  Slates. 

The  iron  manufactiu'u  continually  increased 
in  tho  United  States,  and  kept  jiace  with  tho 
n(!wly  discovercid  ore  mines  of  the  West,  and 
the  coal  mines  also.  There  is  hardly  a  single 
country  in  tho  world  which  can  iirodtice  ore 
of  as  good  quality  as  the  American;  and 
there  ar(!  no  countries,  oven  without  excepting 
England,  in  which  industrial  fabricati<ui  has 
been  moi'O  improved  than  the  United  Stales. 
With  ore  at  discretion,  as  at  I'ilot  Knob 
i^Iountain,  in  !Miss(mri,  with  tli(!  une.\hausted 
coal-beds  of  I'enii.sylvania,  and  with  the  in- 
ventive genius  of  American  workmen  applied 
to  ))uddling  and  blasting  furnaces,  it  was  next 
to  impossible  that  the  manufacliire  of  iron 
should  not  become  one  of  tho  most  prosper- 
ous industries  of  the  land.  In  1830  there 
were  339  furnac(!S  in  operation,  uiakiiig  191,- 
,530  tons,  valued  at  §1,3,320,709,  and  employ- 
ing 29,2.54  workmen.  Seven  years  later  the 
n\imber  of  tons  had  risen  to  2r)(),000.  In 
18:50  the  State  of  IVnnsylvania  aloni!  pro- 
duced .504,.575  tons  of  jiig-iron.  In  l8r)0  tho 
whole  iron  ()roduction  was  841, .5.50  tons,  of 
which  812,917  was  pig-iron  ;  more  than  00,- 
000  people  were  employed  in  that  industry, 
the  value  of  which  was  more!  than  §riO,00(),- 
000.  The  im])ortation  into  the  United  States 
of  crude  iron  was  nearly  half  a  million  tons,  so 
that  tho  native  amount  of  iron  produceil  in 
the  furnaces  of  the  United  States  was  1,9.50,- 
,548  tons. 

In  1800,  the  production  of  ])ig  Won  reached 
902,310  tons,  valued  at  §40,117,15.50,  besides 
this  39;5,,530  tons  of  rolle<l  inm  were  pro- 
duced, having  a  value  of  §21,710,081  ;  which 
gives  a  grand  total  for  pig  and  rolled  or 
manufactured    iron    of   §07,828,231. 

Ijcather  manufactories  numbered  0,,528,  in 
18.50,  throughout  the  United  .States,  and  gave 
employment  to  22,57.5  workmen ;  tho  valuo 
of  such  pioducts  was  nearly  38  millions  of 
dollars.  For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1800, 
the  leather  manufactiue  had  increased  nearly 
one  hundrcil  per  cent.,  but  in  18.50  the  fabri- 
cation alone  of  boots  and  shoes  amounteil  to 
nearly  §.54,000,000,  ami  the  ^Hddlel■y  to  nearly 
10  millions.  The  Northern  States,  and  es- 
pecially  Massachusclts,  were  llic-  largest 
manufact(n'ers  of  shoes  and  boots  ;  for  the 
Lvnn  and  Koston  maimfactories  were  tlie  al- 
most exclusive  marts  for  the  sale  of  these 
articles  to  the  Southern  States.  The  intro- 
duction of  Coolie  labor,  the  increase  exacted 
by  white  workmen,  the  rules  imposed  on 
bosses  by  the  Crispin  association,  drove  from 
^las.iachusetts  and  New  England,  a  smidl 
part  of  their  monoiioly  in  this  trad(>.  .Still, 
in  1859,  tho  port  of  Boston  alone  exiported 
shoes  to  tho  anmunt  shown  by  tlu!  table  be- 
low, which  gives  an  interesting  view  of  the 
trade  carried  on  between  New  England 
and  tho  South  before  tho  abolition  of 
slavery : 


038 


HISTORY    OP    THE 


m 


mm 


3A8KH  Of  HllOBrt  RXPOIITKI)  PftOM    UOSTON, 

Klr«t 

Hit'oliil 

Thlnl 

Finmh 

qtiiirt4'r. 

i|iinrt4T, 

qimrtiT. 

<)imrt(>r. 

Bftltlmnrc. , , , , 

ll.i.'l.'* 

ii.riKS 

•.Il.7li7 

1:1,11-21 

riiiirliMhm. . . . 

■1,-J.l.l 

I.IM 

1I,.'I71I 

l.^■'l 

l,.mliivilW 

7.«7il 

a.MTi 

h,K71l 

U.IMI4 

7tiM 

IMII 

WIH 

imi 

MlMllttllf" 

l.BI^ 

M-i 

i.mi 

IMI 

M.ihlU 

miT 

a7ii 

(IIH 

1,'MI 

Nmhvlllii 

4,30J 

USII 

7.1W7 

l.'^ll 

Nitt*'hi'a 

■i 

u 

41 

411 

I'adiu'ith 

INI 

Wl 

IIMI 

177 

IVUTnlinrKh. .. 

m 

TJ 

a.11 

im 

I'lnc  IlliilT,  Ark 

•TtiS 

77 

mil 

■>\ 

U:<-hm(>n<l  .   ... 

(IM 

!IIU 

i-il 

Htin  Aiitniiin  . ., 

1117 

Wl 

4;U 

■il 

Siivitnuiih,  (li-o. 

Olll 

4(W 

l.;i*l 

lii:. 

St.  I.ouU 

»I,4IH 

4.:in 

liK.WUI 

H.ai.'i 

Vk-k«limv.MI«ii. 

711 

H-J 

W7 

87 

Nfw  orliniiH. . . 

l),4!m 

ii.aiH) 

1*4TU 

II.4-H1 

OthiT   Nunth  1 

OC.'ift'J 

•J7,U7U 

l«,7(lll 

Ull,lti4 

fill  t<i\v llrt         1 

lul  illriTt  Hi)nlh 

IMilluili'l|>li:ii 

17,91* 

O.ftNH 

i'l.aiR 

4,1104 

New  York.  . 

iiii.iw 

4(l,'l(l'.l 

M.auii 

•a,£ii 

All  uthun, . 


INSIt. 

Total 

yi'iir, 

(W.llll 

I7.IT7 

Ul.llll 

■J.IIW 

.•|,.'tlN 

V.(lll) 

1N,7nI 

117 

1,1111 

IIW 

IIK'I 

1,111'J 

7IKI 

a,wi 

53.774 

.'171 

.'I7,IWII 

•na.fun 

17,11111 

Sill,.1.'i8 
SI,  I  III 
IH'J.'.ill7 

|«.'<,:I(I7 


Total  cnw Slil,!!il<i    lMi,llia    !IIW,:1!W    10(1,714    717,111)1 

Tlio  (locliiio  ia  tlio  quaiititioa  Bhippeil  in 
the  fourth  quarter  is  very  limrkml.  'J'ho  total 
value  sent  South  ilircctly  in  that  year  was 
about  H  12,000,000;  but  a  largo  portion  of 
thoso  caHeH  that  were  sent  to  New  York  and 
I'hilailelphitt  were  to  supply  the  Southern 
market ;  at  least  half  the  whole  quantity 
was  taken  South,  and  the  returns  of  the  last 
quarter  of  the  year  show  a  decline  of  1 54,- 
615  pases;  and  the  depression  in  the  shoe 
trade,  leading  to  the  great  strike,  resulted 
from  the  diminished  business. 

Agricultural  implements  wore  manufac- 
tured, in  1850,  on  a  large  scale  in  the  United 
States,  which  have,  at  present,  almost  tlit? 
monopoly  of  that  article  for  the  worhl.  In 
18iiO,  the  value  of  agricultural  tools  and  ma- 
chinery manufactured  in  the  United  States 
was  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  their  value 
in  1850,  when  they  amounted  to  nearly  7 
million  dollars,  wliile,  ten  years  after,  they 
were  valued  at  nearly  1!)  millions.  The 
States  of  Now  York,  Ohio,  and  Indiana  took 
the  lead  in  that  kind  of  manufacture.  In 
1800,  agricultural  steam  implements  alone 
in  the  United  States,  reached  more  than  it4ti,- 
000,000  in  value. 

In  1850,  the  production  of  flour  was  rated 
in  value  at  |il36,056,73G,  and  it  employed 
nearly  24,000  people.  In  1860,  another 
advance  was  m!iih\  innl  tho  flour  manu- 
factured in  the  United  States  realized  $221,- 
000,    10. 

Tho  same  increase  was  ol  scrvable  from 
IS-W  to  1860,  in  the  timber  trade  and  sawing 
mill  industry.  The  piodiicts  of  this  nature 
were  valued  at  nearly  $59,000,000  iii  1850, 
at  «i93,651,000  in  1860. 

Of  a  grand  total  of  2,707,421  individuals 
engaged  in  manufactures,  mechanical  and 
mining  industries,  wo  copy  from  the  census 
of  1870  the  numbers  of  those  engaged  in 
the  most  special  and  important  branches ; 
3,811  agricultural  implement-makers,  includ- 
ing 25  females;  1,169  artificial  flower- 
makers  (951  females) ;  15,302  apprentices, 
not  specified  (200  females);  27,680  bakers; 


3,297  basket-makers;  141,774  lilackHiiiitliH ; 
9,104  bookbinders  and  finisherH ;  171,127 
boot  and  Hlioe-makers  (9,ri42  fi^nales);  I  1,241) 
lin^wcrs  ;  20,070  briek  and  tile-makers;  7,511 
liiiilders  and  coiitriutors ;  42,H,')5  cabinet- 
iimkers;  344,59i'(  carpenters  and  joiners; 
15,()(i9  carpet-inakcrH ;  42,464  carriage  and 
wiigoii-inakers  (32  fi'iaales) ;  3,834  cliaiToul 
and  lime-biirnerH  (5  females)  ;  3,534  cheesis 
makers;  28,286  eigar-makers  (1,844  female); 
1,779  clock  makers  ;  093  comb-makers  ; 
41,789  coopers;  111,606  cotton  mill  opera- 
tives (64,398  feuialcH);  28,702  curriers, 
tanners  and  finishers  (60  females) ;  7,558 
daguerreotypists  and  (ihotographists ;  2,874 
distillers  and  rectifiers ;  20,242  employes  in 
manufacturing  establishments  (not  specified) ; 
34,233  engineerH  and  firemen;  4,266  engra- 
vers; 27,106  fishermen  and  oystermen  (35 
females) ;  9,5 18  glass-works  ojierators;  18,508 
gold  ami  silver  workers;  8,184  gun  and 
locksmiths ;  33,8 1 7  harness  and  saddle-makers 
(50  females);  12,625  hat  and  cap  makers; 
962  hoop-skirt  makers;  22,141  iron  and 
steelworks  operatives  (not  specified) ;  34,246 
iron  foundry  operatives;  17,249  iron  and 
steel  rolling  mill  operatives;  17,752  lumber- 
men and  raftsmen;  54,755  machinists;  42,877 
manufacturers  ;  25,831  maiblr>  cutters ;  89,710 
iimsons, brick  and  stone;  11,582  luillors  (239 
females) ;  92,084  milliners,  dress  and  man- 
tua  makers  (1,604  male);  152,107  miners 
(46  females) ;  164  ncetUe-iimkers ;  3,803  oil 
well  operators;  85,123  painters  and  varnish- 
ei»;  12,469  iiaper-mill  opiii-atives;  2,535 
piano-forte  makers ;  23,577  plasterers;  11,143 
plumbers  and  gas-fitters  ;  5,060  potters  ;  575 
powder-makers;  39,800  printers  (1,495  fe- 
males); 47,298  saw-mill  operatives  (35  fe- 
males) ;  3,881  sewing-machine  factory  opera- 
tives; 15,900  ship-carpenters;  101,820  tail- 
ors, tailoressos  and  seamstr"sses  (97,207 
females) ;  30,524  tinners  (17  females) ;  20,942 
wheelwrights;  8,388  wood-choppers;  7,947 
wood-turners  and  carvers  (44  females)  ;  and 
58,836  woollen-mill  operatives  (22,776  fe- 
males). 

The  following  figures  give  the  latest  and 
most  complete  information  as  to  the  actual 
status  of  manufactures  in  the  United  States : 

Manufacturing       cstubliBhments, 

number 2.')a,148 

Stcnm-engincs,  horse-power 1,815,711 

"               number 40,101 

Watcr-wheeU,    horse-jiowcr. I,i;i0,431 

number 51,018 

Hands  employed,  total  number. . .  2,053,00(1 

MnlcsabovolO I,61.'>,.i08 

Females  above  13 323.770 

Youth 114,028 

Capital 18,118,288,700 

Wages 77.'i,5H4,y43 

Materials 2,488,427,248 

Products 4,238,325,448 

In  the  grand  totals,  the  most  important 
mechanical  ami  mamtfacluring  industries 
figure  as  follows : 


EttablUliinnnts    for    aKriuultiirol    Imple- 

meiitii  nnmboT 8,07(1 

niiickMnilliiiiff 2»l..'mi 

lliHitN  and  nliiien Sil.t'JS 

llrciwl,  cluckBrM,  etc ((..WO 

Ilriek ;i,lll 

CarpeiitcrliiK  anil  building 1 7, 1 43 

('urriaKCH und  hIuiU,  children's  woKnnii  1I,M7 

Oheenfl 1,H|;| 

Clothing,  childruii's ^'0 

"          men's 7,H;|S 

"         wuiuon's 1,847 

CooiMirngo 4,0(11 

Dontiatry.  incuhanienl d-'ill 

Drugs  aud  olioiniuuls 2112 

I'luuiing  niid  grist-mill  product* 22,5711 

Furniture  (not  spccitlod) 0,4^':t 

"        cbnirB OSII 

Gas !lll() 

Gunsmithiiig (Ill) 

Hardware fiH.'! 

"         naddlery l.V) 

Hats  and  eaim 4n;I 

Hosiery 8JH 

Irou,  pigs 3SII 

"      cuNtings 8,3'.'S 

**      stoves,  etc lj*li 

"      forged  and  rolled 

Leather,  tunned 4.2:17 

"         curried 3,0H;! 

Lime 1,001 

Liquors,  diiitilled 7111 

"        malt 1,«7'J 

"        villous 3118 

Lumber,  planed l,ll;l 

"          sawed 25,S17 

Machinery  (not  specified) l,7oi» 

MonumentN  and  touibiitoncs 1 ,0M 

Masonry,  brick  aud  atouc 2,2(!S 

Millinery 1  ,(1(!7 

Painting. 3,041) 

Patent  medicines 1119 

Photographs 1,01)0 

Plastering tilll 

Plumbing  and  gasfltting 7(15 

Printing  and  publishing  (not  speoiilcd)  311 

"                      "          book 40 

"                    "         newspaper...  1,19!) 

"                      "         job 009 

Pumps 4(i.") 

Saddlery  and  harness 7,007 

Salt 283 

Bash  doors  and  blinds l,ll(ri 

Shipbuilding 7(B 

Soap  and  candles 014 

Starch liK 

Stone  and  earthenware 777 

Sugar  and  molasses Ti:l 

Tin,  copper,  and  sheet-iron  ware 0,0  H! 

Tobacco  and  cigars (il 

"       chewing,  smoking,  and  snuff.  513 

"       cigars 4,(i;ll 

Tnmks,  valises 22'J 

Upholhtery liHi) 

Vinegar l*'! 

'Wasbiiig-mocliincs  iSi^  clothes-wringers  (>4 

Watch  and  clock  repairing 1,1011 

"            "         coses 40 

"           "         materials 10 

WheelwHghting 8,fii:l 

AVillowwarc lOS 

Woolsey  ware . .  SOU 

Wood  pulp f' 

"      turned  and  carved 711;! 

' '      miscellaneous  articles 117 

Wool-carding  and  cloth-dressing 1,001 

Woolsey  goods l,l)ilS 

Worsted  goods 103 

Zinc,  smelted  and  rolled 1 1 

"     statuary  and  building  ornaments  - 


cultural    Imple- 

2,o:fl 

2ti,;i(M 

8;i,.i'.'N 

ii.n.'.o 

„ •'Mil 

'l"K 17,143 

ililren'H  wogims  1I,SI7 

I,HI:) 

M 

7,K).s 

1,N47 

,       4,l)tll 

• (Wll 

„      21)2 

11  producU 88,r)7;i 

J) 8,«:l 

5a» 

J«)l) 

(IK) 

f)M 

Vir, 

4k;i 

S-IH 

!IN(i 

3,;i3H 

,    aat) 

ll 

.'  4,2:t7 

il.OH;) 

1,001 

711) 

1  ,f)73 

IWH 

l,li;i 

25,si7 

n«l) l,7;;i) 

istones 1,044 

touc 2,L'(iS 

l!()(!7 

3,040 

!tl9 

1,000 

(i!)I 

"IB 71).') 

ng  (not  spcoilled)  311 

book 40 

newspaper...  1,19!) 

job (i(ll) 

40.) 

i 7,007 

283 

I ],00.i 

703 

«14 

I!).') 

re 777 

71!! 

it-iron  ware O.OKl 

01 

)kmg,  and  snuff.  SI3 

4,o;u 

«0.) 

'.  ^m 

181 

Blothea-wringers  04 

iring l,10;l 

B 40 

Brials in 

8,fii;) 

108 

201) 
H 

■ed t:i;! 

rticlea 117 

li-dressing 1,001 

l,i);is 

103 

5d 11 

Idiug  ornaments  3 


A  NARRATIVE 


OF    THE    INDIAN    WARS 

IN  XEW  ENGLiAN  D, 


PREFACE. 


Tub  gracious  hnni)  of  divine  Providence  in 
(ho  preservfttionof  llioNow  England  colonics 
in  their  infant  state,  gloriousiy  appears  from 
the  facts,  briefly,  but  faithfully  transmitted 
down  to  us,  i)y  one  of  our  venerable  forefiitli- 
ers  ill  the  (oliowliif;  narrative  of  llie  troubles 
rtilh  the  Indians  in  New  England,  a  very 
numerous  and  barbarous  people,  dispersed 
ihroiigli  the  wilderness  in  every  part  of  the 
land. 

Thi'so  savages  began  a  war  with  the  first 
Knglish  adventurers,  while  they  were  few  in 
niimlier,  yea  very  few,  and  strangers  in  the 
land.  This  rendered  their  deliverance  an 
event  truly  great  and  memorable. 

They  were  saved  indeed  as  by  fire  :  Their 
loss  of  men  and  substance,  compared  with  their 
numbers  and  ability,  was  very  great,  and  long 
severely  felt. 

Heavy  as  the  public  expenses  were  to  sup- 
port the  war,  tliese  were  but  a  very  inconsid- 
erable part  of  the  burdens  and  charges  to 
which  particular  towns,  families  and  individu- 
als were  necessarily  subjected,  in  guards, 
garrisons,  and  watcliings  in  their  own  defence. 

The  whole  country  was  the  seat  of  war, 
and  every  man  procured  his  bread  in  jeopardy 
of  his  life. 

Like  Nehemiah's  builders,  each  one  toiled 
with  his  weapon  of  war  in  one  hand,  and  his 
instrument  of  labour  in  the  other;  exposed 
every  moment  to  death,  from  a  watchful  unseen 
foe. 

In  the  frequent  alarms  which  spread  from 
town  to  town,  some  escaping  from  danger, 
i'du  iiitu  giiiutei' ;  oliiois  uiut  their  own  fiite 
in  their  attempts  to  relieve  their  neighbours, 
in  the  same,  or  different  scattered  sotllemc-nts. 

This  was  the  deplorable  state  of  the  Now 
England  colonioa.a  very  few  townsexeepted  j 
a  distress,  more  easily  conceived  than  express- 
ed, and  indeed  scarcely  conceivable  l)y  the 


UY  WILLIA.M  IIUUDAIID,  A.  M. 


greater  part  of  the  present  cencration,  since 
the  then  hideous  wilderness  is  become  a  fruit- 
ful field,  and  well  settled  towns  overspread  the 
land. 

The  reader  iinaequainled  with  this  country 
in  its  uncultivated  state,  may  here  inquire. 
Why  the  first  settlers  thus  exposed  them- 
selves, by  making  disjoined  and  very  distant 
settlements]  Necessity  led  to  tliis :  The 
lands  near  the  sea  coasts  were  generally  leas 
fertile  and  found  hard  to  subdue  :  therefiire, 
furpresentsiibiistenceintheir  feel)le  condilion, 
they  were  obliged  to  seek  the  borders  of  rivers 
and  siri'uma,  for  the  sake  of  intervals  and  mea- 
dows, bolh  on  account  of  their  fertility,  and  of 
their  being  open  and  prepared  for  immediate 
improvement. 

riiey  were  also  encouraged  in  making 
these  scnttered  settlements  by  the  general 
friendly  disposition  ol  the  natives,  who  freely 
sold  their  lands,  for  which  a  valuable  consid- 
eration was  paid,  without  exception,  where  a 
claim  was  made. 

The  Indians  perceived  their  interest  in  ad- 
mitting their  English  neigid)ours,  as  they  fur- 
nished them  with  means  of  much  easier  sub- 
sistence ;  and  the  utmost  care  was  taken  by 
the  several  governinentsof  the  united  colonies, 
to  prevent  any  occasion  of  distrust. 

The  Pcquod  war  was  confined  to  the  west- 
erly parts  of  Connecticut.* 

Philip's  war,  aa  it  is  called,  began  in  Ply- 
mouth colony,t  but  spread  through  Massa- 
chusetts, Ne>v  Iliiiiipslilre,  and  Province  of 
Maine,  in  extentabove  300  miles.  And  with- 
in the  compass  of  one  y>ar,  the  numerous 
tribes  of  savages  within  the  limits  of  New 
England,  were  drawn  into  this  war  against  us, 
a  very  few  excepted. 

Surely  wo  may  say,  had  not  the  Lord  been 
on  our  side,  when  men  thus  rose  up  against 
MS,  they  had  quickly  swallowed  us  up. 

Our  fathers  indeed  had  come  out  of  great 
tribulation,  into  this  wilderness,  which,  under 
providence,  was  a  means  of  improving  them 


*  Not  far  friim  Ni'vv  l.mulun. 
t  His  Head  Quarlors  ncro  ul  Muiint  Hope,  nnw^Briatol. 


in  faith,  fortitude  and  potience,  to  endurn 
hardships  beyond  a  parallel,  until  they  obtiiin- 
ed  deliverance:  And  some  of  the  first  adven- 
turers lived  to  SCO  the  wilderness  become  a 
fruitful  field. 

Hut  this  was  not  their  intended  rest :  They 
had  sublimer  views;  They  looked  fornnolher 
and  iietler  country,  that  is  an  henvfuly.  And 
however  they  may  have  been  initri-presented, 
by  ignorant  or  ill  designing  peracuis,  they  were 
men  of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy. 

The  cruel  charges  of  peculiar  bigotry,  and 
a  persecuting  spirit,  waiilonly  alleged  against 
them,  are  foundifd  on  facts  not  truly  slated. 

According  to  the  natural  course  of  ihinga 
in  this  depraved  and  mutable  state  their  de- 
scendenis  at  this  day,  as  might  be  expecleil, 
have  in  a  measure,  departed  from  that  sim- 
plicity of  manners,  by  which  llielr  renowned 
ancestors  were  justly  distinguished  ;  Ibir  not- 
withstanding it  may  with  truth  be  asserted, 
that  no  instance  can  bo  produced,  in  the  ])re- 
sent  or  any  past  age,  among  llki!  numbcr.si, 
where  good  order  has  so  universaliy  prevailed, 
as  in  the  New  England  colonies,  even  in  (lop- 
ulousand  opulenttowns, especially  oureapllal. 

We  of  tills  province,  with  inconsiderable 
intermissions,  (roin  that  early  period,  iit  un 
known  expense  and  loss,  have  been  ciilli'il  to 
defend  our  lives  .ind  properties  agiiinst  iho 
incursions  of  more  distant  savages.  Our  trust 
hath  been  in  the  name  of  the  Loril  ourfaiheis' 
God  and  Deliverer;  and  hitlierlo  In;  lialh  de 
llvered  us.  May  we  never  be  unmindful  of 
of  his  signal  benefits  ! 

We  are  now  uiub'r  the  smiles  of  divine 
Providence  increased  to  a  multitude  of  people- 

Our  many  frontier  settlements  are  continu- 
ally exposed  to  sttvoge  invasion  :  And  though 
we  trust  not  to  our  own  bow  ;  yet  as  priidenco 
directs,  we  are  all  armed  and  pn'pared  lor  a 
defensive  war.  And  yet  baviiii;  llie  worm 
wood  and  the  gall  still  in  remembrance,  no 
people  more  ordent,  wish  and  priiy,  that  wars 
may  forever  cease,  and  peace  on  earth,  and 
good  will  among  men  universally  prevail. 

Boalon,  MaySO.mO. 


\ 


I  ''' 


624 


A    NARRATIVK    OF    THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


4ls 


ik 


■"■■■■    ^'^■■#^< 


A  NARRRATIVE 

or  TUE   IN'UIAN   WARS    IN   NEW  ENGLAND,  &c, 


Known  unto  God  are  all  liis  works  from 
the  founJation  of  the  world,  though  ninnifest 
to  us,  only  by  the  events  of  time,  that  fruitful 
mother  of  all  things,  which  in  the  former  ago 
did  bring  forth,  at  least  did  bring  to  light  the 
knowledge  of  this  western  world,  called 
America,  that  in  all  foregoing  times  and  ages, 
lay  hid  in  this  obscure  and  remote  region  cov- 
ered with  a  veil  of  ignorance,  and  locked  up 
from  the  knowledge  of  all  the  rest  of  the  in - 
habitants  of  the  earth.  To  whom  the  honour 
of  Its  investigation  doth  of  right  more  properly 
belong,  is  sutBciently  declared  by  the  history 
and  reports  of  such  as  were  eye  witnesses 
thereof  and  not  intended  to  be  any  part  of  the 
present  disquisition.  The  most  considerable 
part  of  all  the  north  side  of  America,  is  callel, 
New  England.  In  the  fertility  of  the  said 
salubrionsness  of  the  air,  and  many  other 
commodious  advantages,  most  resembling  the 
coiuitry  from  whence  it  borrowed  its  appella- 
tion. For  the  knowledge  then^of  the  world 
is  most  beholding  to  the  discoveries  of  the 
English,  under  the  conduct  of  Sebastian  Cabot, 
a  famous  Portuguese,  sent  out  under  the  com- 
mission of  Henry  tlie  Vllth,  about  the  year, 
1497,  though  since  much  perfected  by  the 
industry  and  travels  of  Capt.  Gosnold,  Capt. 
llndson,  Capt.  Smitlj,  and  other-,  of  the  En- 
glish nation.  North  America,  this  posthumous 
birth  of  time,  is  as  to  its  nativity,  of  the  same 
Blinding  with  her  two  elder  ^loiers,  Peru  and 
Mexico,  yet  was  suffered  to  lie  in  its  swadling 
clothes,  one  whole  century  of  years,  nature 
having  promised  no  such  dowry  of  rich  mines 
of  silver  and  gold  to  them  that  would  espouse 
her  for  their  own,  as  she  did  unto  the  other 
two,  which  possibly  was  the  reason  why  she 
was  not  so  hastily  courted  by  her  first  discr>"- 
erers,  nor  yet  so  early  secured  by  any  of  the 
princes  of  Europe,  lying  wholly  neglected  a.s 
It  were  until  a  small  company  oi'  planters, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  George  Pop- 
ham,  and  Captain  Gilbert,  were  sent  over  at 
the  charge  of  Sir  .Tohii  Popham  in  the  year 
1607,  to  begin  a  colotiy  upon  a  tract  of  land 
about  Sagadehock,  situate  on  the  south  side 
of  the  river  Kennebeck  and  about  that  called 
Shipscot  river  and  about  twenty  miles  south 
west  from  Pemmaquid,  the  most  northerlv 
bound  of  all  New  England.  Iiutthat  design 
within  two  years  expiring  with  its  first  founder, 
»oon  after  some  honourable  persons  of  the 
west  of  England,  commonly  called  the  Coun- 
cil of  Plymouth,  being  more  certainly  inform- 
ed ofseveral  navigable  rivers  and  c  mmodious 
havens,  with  other  places  fit  either  for  tniHic 
or  planting,  newly  discovered  by  many  skilful 
navigate .  s,  obtained  a  grant  by  patent,  imder 
the  great  seal,  from  King  James,  of  all  that 
part  of  North  America,  called  New  England, 
(rom  the  40  to  the  48  deg.  of  north  latitude 
From  which  grant  and  original  patent,  all 
other  cha.  ;ers  and  grants  of  land  from  Pern 
maquid  to  Delaware  bay,  along  the  sea  coast, 
derive  their  lineage  and  pedigree.  Thus  was 
lliat  vast  tract  of  land,  after  the  year  1612, 
cantoned  and  parcelled  out  into  many  lesser 


divisions  und  pu  reels,  according  as  ad  venturers  I 
pre.srnled,  which  said  grants  bc'ing  founded  i 
upon  uncertain,  or  filse  descriptions,  and 
reportaof  them  that  travelled  thither.ilid  many 
of  them  interfere  one  upon  another,  to  the 
great  <listurbance  of  the  first  planters,  and 
prejudice  of  the  proprietors  themselves,  as  is 
too  well  known  by  any  that  have  had  occasion 
to  stay  ever  so  little  among  them,  many  of 
whom  are  yet  surviving.  For  notwithstanding 
the  great  charge  and  vast  expenses  the  first 
adventureres  were  at,  the  Prst  proprietors  of 
the  whole  Province  of  Maine  and  others, 
(reaching  from  the  head  of  Casco  Bay  north 
east,  to  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  river  about 
sixty  miles  westward)  and  the  hopes  they  might 
have  conceived  of  being  the  first  founders  of 
new  c  lonies,  and  of  enlarging  their  estates 
and  inheritances  by  those  new  acquired  pos- 
sessions and  lordships,  there  was  little  profit 
reaped  from  thence  after  the  rich  fleeces  of  bea- 
ver were  gleaned  away,  nor  any  great  improve- 
ment made  of  those  large  portions  of  lands, 
save  the  erecting  of  some  few  cottages  for 
fishermen,  and  a  few  inconsiderable  buildings 
for  the  planters  which  were  on  those  occasions 
drawn  over  the  S(!a,  to  settle  upon  the  most 
northerly  part  of  New  England. 

But  whether  it  were  by  the  imprudence  of 
the  first  adventurers,  or  the  dissoluteness  of 
the  persons  thoy  sent  over  to  manage  their 
affairs,  or  whether  for  want  of  faithfulness  or 
skill  to  manage  their  trust,  they  were  by  de- 
grees in  a  manner  quite  deserted  almost  of  law 
and  government,  and  left  to  shift  for  them- 
selves ;  by  which  means  at  last  they  fell  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Mas.sacliusetts  colony, 
not  by  usurpation,  as  is  by  great  mistake  sug- 
ijested  to  his  majesty,  but  by  necessity,  and 
the  earn  St  desire  of  the  planters  themselves  ; 
to  acct^'  of  whom,  those  of  tin!  Massachusetts 
cohmy  were  the  more  easily  induced  ;  in  that 
they  apprehended  the  bounds  of  their  own 
patent,  by  a  favourable  interpretation  of  the 
words  describing  the  northern  line  (three 
miles  beyond  the  most  northerly  branch  of 
.Meriniac  river)  do  reach  somewhat  beyond 
Pemmaquid,  the  most  northerly  place  of  all 
New  England. 

This  WHS  the  first  beginning  of  things  in 
New  England,  at  which  time  they  were  not 
unlike  the  times  of  old,  when  the  people  of 
.Tudah  were  .=uld  to  be  without  a  teaching 
priest,  and  without  law ;  and  no  wonder 
thinijs  were  no  more  successfully  carried  oii. 

In  the  year  1620,  a  company  belonging  to 
Mr.  Robinson's  church  at  Leyden,  in  Holland, 
although  they  had  been  courteously  entertain- 
ed by  the  Dutch,  as  strangers  sojourning 
amongst  them,  yet  forseeing  many  inconve- 
niences like  to  increase,  and  that  they  jould 
not  so  well  provide  for  the  good  of  their  jios- 
terity,  under  the  government  of  a  foreign  na- 
tion, they  resolveil  to  intreat  so  innch  favour 
from  their  own  sovereign  prince  King  .Tames, 
as  to  grant  them  liberty  under  the  shelter  of 
of  his  royal  authority,  to  place  themselves  in 
some  part  of  New  England,  then  newly  dis- 
covered ;  wherefore  having  obtained  some 
kind  of  patent  or  grant,  for  some  place  about 
Hudson's  river,  they  get  sail  from  Plymouth 
in  September,  for  tlio  southern  parts  of  New 
England  but  as  they  intended  to  bend  their 
course  thitherward,  per  various  casus,  per  tot. 
lUsminina  rerum,  they  were  at  last  cast  upon 
a  bosom   of  the  Massachusetts   bay,  called 


ca[)e  Coil,  about  the  llth  of  November,  from 
whence  till!  wi'.ter  so  f.st  approaching,  they 
had  no  opp(utnnity  to  remove;  and  finding 
Some  eiicourngeinint  from  the  hopefulness  of 
the  soil,  and  courtesy  of  the  heathen,  they 
iesolvi!d  there  to  make  their  abode  for  the 
future  which  they  did,  laying  the  foundation 
of  a  new  colony,  which  from  the  remembrance 
of  the  last  town  in  England,  they  sailed  from, 
they  called  New  Plymouth ;  containing  no 
very  considerable  tract  of  land  scarce  extend, 
ing  an  hundred  miles  in  length  through  the 
whole  cape,  and  scarce  half  so  much  in 
breadth  where  it  is  the  broadest.  The  first 
foundersof  that  colony  aimingmore  at  religion 
than  earthly  possessions,  aspiring  not  to  any 
large  dimension  of  land  in  their  settling  upon 
those  toasts. 

At  Weymouth  also  was  a  plantation  begun 
by  Mr.  Weston  in  the  year  1622,  but  it  came 
to  little. 

The  north  and  south  border  of  Massachu- 
setts bay  being  thus  planted,  the  middle  part 
was  the  more  easy  to  be  filled  up,  which  was 
thus  brt^ught  about.  Some  gentlemen  and 
others,  observing  how  it  fared  with  those  of 
New  Plymouth,  were  desirous  upon  the  like 
ground  to  make  the  same  attempt  for  them- 
selves, wherefore  having  by  a  considerable 
sum  of  money  purehnsed  of  some  gentlemen 
that  had  a  grant  for  the  council  of  Plymouth 
all  their  right  and  interest  in  a  plantation  be- 
gun in  the  Massachusetts  bay,  and  having  at- 
triined  a  coiifirmation  thereof  by  patent  from 
King  Charles,  in  the  year  1628,  they  sent 
over  a  governor  with  several  other  ))erson3 
to  lay  some  foundation  of  another  colony  in 
the  Massachusetts  bay :  And  in  the  year  1030, 
more  of  the  |)ersons  interested  in  the  said  pa 
lent  (thence  commonly  called  patentees)  with 
several  other  persons,  intended  to  venture 
their  lives  and  all  with  them,  transported 
themselves  and  their  families  into  the  said 
Massachusetts,  who  did  in  a  .short  space  of 
time  by  the  accession  of  many  hundreds,  wl(0 
every  year  flocked  after  them,  make  such  un 
increase,  that  in  the  spaci;  of  five  or  six  years, 
there  were  twenty  considerable  towns  built 
and  peopled  ;  and  niany  of  the  towns  firs' 
planted  became  so  filled  wuh  inhabitants,  that 
that  like  swarms  of  bees  they  were  ready  to 
swarm,  not  only  into  now  plantations,  but  into 
new  colonies,  iiisoiuuch  that  in  the  year  16.'!.'>, 
a  new  colony  began  to  be  planted  upon  Con- 
necticut river,  partly  by  combination  amongst 
themselves,  removing  from  some  towns  about 
the  Massiichuselts  bay,  and  party  by  the  in- 
terest of  a  patent  purchased  of  tiiat  honourable 
gentleman,  Mr.  Fenwick,  agent  for  the  lord 
Say,  and  lord  Brook,  the  lords  proprietors 
of  the  said  river  Connecticut,  at  the  mouth  of 
which  river  they  built  afort,  (called  after  their 
own  titles.  Say  Brook  fort)  commanding  the 
passage  of  tho  said  river.  Yea,  such  was  the 
cinifliience  of  people  making  over  into  those 

fmrts,  that  in  tho  year  1C37,  a  fourth  colony 
legan  to  be  planted,  bear  tho  name  of  New 
Haven,  from  tho  first  town  erected  therein, 
seated  near  the  midway  betwixt  Hudson's 
river  and  that  of  Connecticut.  The  sea  coast 
from  the  pitch  of  cape  Cod,  to  the  mouth  of 
Connecticut  river,  inlittbited  by  several  nations 
of  Indians,  Wampnnoogs  (the  first  authors  of 
the  present  rebellion)  Narragansets.  Pequods, 
Mohegins,  as  the  more  inland  part  of  the  coun- 
try by  the  Nipnets  (a  general  iiaina  for  all  in 


hmpwsl: 


NARRATIVE 


flSS 


til  ')(■  N"VL'ml)ur,  Croni 
..St  U|)proncliinp,  they 

lc'iii()\  0  ;   unci   fiuditiij 
orn  lilt!  liopolulnrss  of 

of  llii!  licailipii,  ihpy 
llu'ir  alxiilo  for  llio 
Juying  the  foiindalinii 
Tom  the  remi'mlirance 
land,  tliey  sailed  from, 
mouth ;  containing  no 
of  land  scarce  extend 
n  length  through  the 
'ce    half  so   much   in 

broadest.     The  first 

imingmore  at  religion 
I,  aspiring  not  to  any 

in  tlieir  settling  upon 

I'as  a  plantation  hegun 
rear  1622,  but  it  came 

border  of  Mnssachu- 
anted,  the  middle  part 
e  filled  up,  which  was 
Some   geiillemen   and 
it  fared  with   those  of 
desirous  upon  the  like 
mo  attempt  for  tlieiii- 
ing  by  a  considerable 
ed  of  some  genilemen 
council  of  Plyniomli 
rest  in  a  plantation  be- 
lts bay,  and  having  nt- 
lereof  by  patent  from 
year   1628,  they  sent 
several  other  persons 
n  of  another  cohmy  in 
And  in  the  year  lG;iO, 
crested  in  thoaaid  pii 
called  patentees)  with 
,  intended  to  venture 
ith    them,    transpoiled 
families  into   the  said 
1   in   a  sliort  space  of 
fmiiny  hundreds,  wljo 
I'  them,   make  such  an 
CI!  of  five  or  six  venrs, 
isidcrable  towns"  built 
ny  of  the   towns  firs' 
I  \Mlii  inhabitants,  that 
IS  they  were  ready  to 
w  plantations,  but  into 
that  in  the  year  16.'!,'i, 
be  planted  upon  Con- 
■  combinatiim  amontrsi 
•om  some  towns  abuut 
,  and  party  by  the  in- 
sed  of  liiat  honourable 
k,  agent  fi>r  the  lord 
the  lords  proprietors 
licut,  at  the  mouth  of 
fort,  (called  after  their 
brt)  commanding  the 
Yea,  such  was  the 
king  over  into  those 
637,  a  fiiurth  colony 
ar  the  name  of  \ew 
iwn  erected  therein, 
y   betwixt  Hudson's 
ticut.     The  sea  coast 
od,  to  the  mouth  of 
ed  by  several  nation* 
(the  first  authors  of 
rragansets  Pcquoda, 
land  partof  thecoun- 
neral  name  fur  all  in 


land  Indians  betwixt  the  Miissachiisetts  and 
Connecticut  river.)  The  sea  coast  south  west 
from  Plymouth  was  first  possessed  by  some 
disciuitentcd  with  the  {^uveriiinont  of  Mass:: 
cliMsetts  colony,  from  which  some  being 
exiled,  others  of  their  friends  accompanying 
them,  settled  themselves  upon  a  fair  Island  to 
llie  south  west  of  cape  Cod,  now  called 
lUiodu  Island ;  others  settled  upmi  the  main 
at  a  |)lace  calleil  Providence,  ami  so  by  de- 
grees planting  towards  Narragaiiset  bay, 
made  another  ))laiitation  cdleiT  VVarwich, 
s\hicli  places  are  since  by  piUent  conferred 
upon  the  inhabitants  of  Ithode  Island;  the  rest 
of  the  country  from  Pocpiod  rivi  r  to  the  river 
Connecticut,  falling  within  'lie  bounds  of 
(Connecticut  colony  have  since  by  patent  also, 
been  confirmed  to  the  said  colony.  Things 
had  been  very  prosperously  and  successfully 
carried  on  in  all  the  aforesaid  colonies  and 
jurisdiction,  from  the  year  1G20,  to  the  year 
i()3(),  at  which  time  the  war  with  the  Pe- 
qu  )  U  b.v»iu.  The  following  account  was 
either  left  under  the  hands  ol  such  as  com- 
manded in  chief,  or  is  taken  from  the  mouths 
of  faithful  witnesses,  that  were  not  only  then 
present  but  personally  concerned  and  enga- 
ged in  the  service. 

There  was  a  nation  of  the  Indians  in  thi" 
southern  parts  of  New  FIngland,  called  Pe- 
(|ui)ds,  sealed  on  a  fair  navigable  river,  twelve 
mile*  to  thueastward  of  the  mouth  of  the  great 
Hud  famous  river  of  Connecticut ;  who  (as 
was  commonly  reported  about  tho  lime  «hen 
New  Kiigland  was  first  planted  by  the  English) 
iii'lns;  a  more  fierce,  cruel,  and  warlike  people 
than  the  rest  of  the  Indians,  came  down  out 
)f  the  more  inland  parts  of  the  continent,  and 
'>V  force  seized  upon  one  of  the  goodliest 
pliices  near  the  sea.  and  bc'ime  a  terror  to  all 
their  neighbours.  (Ui  whiun  they  bad  exercised 
several  acts  of  inhuman  cruelty  ;  insomuch 
that  being  flushed  with  victories  over  their 
fi'llow  Indians,  they  began  to  thirst  after  the 
blooil  of  any  fiireigners,  English  or  Dutch, 
that  accidentally  came  amongst  them,  in  a 
way  of  trade,  or  u|)on  other  accounts. 

In  'he  year  K'.il,  they  treacherously  and 
cruelly  murdered  Capt.  .Stone,  and  Capt. 
Norton,  who  came  occasionally,  with  a  bark 
into  the  river  to  trade  with  them.  Not  long 
nlier,  within  the  compass  of  the  next  year, 
tlic'v  in  a  like  treacherous  manner,  slew  one 
Mr.  Oldlmm  (formi!rly  belonging  to  new  Ply- 
tiiouth,  but  at  that  time  an  iiilmbitant  of  Mas- 
sarhuselts)  at  Ulock  Island,  a  placit  not  far 
friiin  the  mouth  of  their  harbour,  as  he  was 
fiiiily  trading  with  them  :  Uesides  some  other 
suci  like  nets  of  perfidious  cruelty  towards 
SOUK!  of  the  Dutch  that  hail  formerly  been 
trailing  up  Connecticut  river;  by  which  prac- 
tiiu'S  perceiving  that  they  began  to  stink  in  the 
nostrils  of  their  neiglmoiirs  whose  revenge 
they  now  began  to  fear,  and  not  willing  u 
to  have  to  deal  with  too  many  enemies  at 
once,  they  imitated  the  subtlety  of  the  chi 
dren  of  ArnmiHi,  when  they  began  to  stink 
before  David  ;  endeaviniriiig  to  strengthen 
themselves  with  alliance  of  some  of  those  they 
had  formerly  provoked,  that  by  their  assistance 
they  might  defend  themselves  against  the  rest 
not  ilonbling  but  to  make  their  part  uood  with 
their  f  preiijri  enemies,  if  tlu^y  could  be  recon- 
ciled to  their  Indian  neighbours,  the  Narra- 
gaiiseits  or  oiiier  boine-bred  em^mies,  and 
loiild  i»ul  f  u'tily  themselves  by  u  league  of 
41 


friendship  with  any  of  their  fo-eigr.  neigh- 
bours that  were  newly  come  to  plant  in  these 
parts.  To  :liis  end  they  sent  messengers 
ith  gifts  to  iho  MiissKhusetis  in  the  latter 
end  of  the  same  year  1031  ;  the  first  messen- 
gers were  dismissed  without  an  answer  :  Hut 
they  being  sensible  of  their  own  danger,  and 
and  of  the  great  importance  a  j)eacc  with  the 
English  of  tho  Massachusetts  might  be,  pur- 
sued the  business  veiry  earnestly,  sending  mes- 
sengers a  second  time,  who  olTered  much 
Wampam  (Indian's  money)  and  beaver,  with 
these  second  messengers  :  The  governor  and 
council  of  the  Massachusetts  had  much  con- 
ference many  days  ;  and  at  lust  after  the  best 
advice  they  could  take  among  themselves,  ccui- 
cludod  a  pence  and  frieii;'  hip  with  them,  upon 
these  conditions. 

1.  That  they  should  deliver  up  to  the  En- 
glish those  persons  amongst  them  that  were 
guilty  of  Capt.  Stone's  death,  and  the  rest  that 
were  with  him. 

2.  That  if  the  English  desired  to  plant  in 
Connecticut  they  should  give  up  tlieir  right  to 
them. 

3.  That  if  the  English  should  henceforward 
trade  with  them  as  their  friends,  which  was  a 
chief  thing  aimed  at ;  the  said  Petpiods  being 
at  that  time  at  war  with  tho  Dutch,  and  the 
rest  of  their  neighbours,  on  the  reasons  fore- 
mentioned.  To  these  conditions  they  readily 
agreed,  and  also  cunningly  insinuated  their 
desire  that  their  new  confederates,  the  Mas- 
sachusetts, should  mediate  a  peace  for  them 
with  the  Narragansetts  ;  intimating  likewise 
their  willingness  that  a  part  of  the  present 
which  they  promised  to  send  should  be  given 
to  them,  standing  so  much  upon  their  honour, 
that  they  would  not  be  seen  to  give  any  thing 
themselves;  such  wastlie  pride  and  height  of 
spirit  hidged  in  this  company  of  treachercms 
villians,  the  dregs  and  lees  of  the  earth,  and 
tho  dross  of  mankind. 

As  for  Capt.  .Stone's  death  they  slily  evaded 
the  guilt  of  it,  falsely  adding  that  there  were 
but  two  left  that  had  any  hand  therein,  and 
that  it  was  n  just  quarrel  wherein  he  was 
slain  :  For,  said  they,  he  surprised  some  of 
our  men,  ami  would  by  force  have  compelled 
them  to  shew  him  the  way  up  the  river, 
whereopon  the  said  Stone  coming  ashore, 
with  two  more,  was  watched  by  nine  of  our 
men  (say  they)  who  finding  them  asleep  in  th<- 
night,  slew  them  to  deliver  our  own  men,  one  of 
whom  going  afterward  to  the  bark,  it  was  sud- 
denly blown  up  :  Whereas  the  truth  of  the 
mnlter  was  thus. 

The  said  Capt.  Stone  formerly  l)elonging 
to  St.  Christophers  in  the  West  Indies,  occa- 
sionally coming  to  these  parts  as  he  pnsseil 
between  this  |ilace  and  Virginia  put  in  at  that 
river,  where  the  Indians  after  they  had  often 
been  on  board  his  vessel  to  trade  with  him,  at 
the  last  came  friendly  on  board  as  they  used 
to  do,  but  finding  the  capt.  asleep  in  his  cabin, 
took  tho  opportunity  to  murder  him  as  he  lay, 
casting  a  covering  over  him  that  he  might  not 
bo  discerned  by  the  rest  whom  they  presently 
nfl(!r  dispatched  one  after  another,  all  but 
Captain  Norton  who  made  stout  resistance, 
for  along  time  defending  himself  in  the  cook 
room  of  the  bark  till  the  gunpowder  which 
h("  hud  set  in  an  open  vessel,  to  be  more 
ready  fiir  his  use,  accidentally  took  fire,  by 
which  fatal  accident  he  was  so  burned,  and  his 
eyes  so  blinded  that  he  coulitnot  make  any 


longer  resistance,  but  forthwith  fell  into  the 
hands  cd"  these  cruel  and  blood  thirsty  Wictch- 
es,  who  nfti.'r  they  had  taken  away  his  life 
made  a  prey  of  all  that  was  in  the  vessel. 

As  for  Mr,  Uldlinm,  ho  was  murdered  at  an 
Island  called  by  the  IndiaiM,  Manisscs  (since 
known  by  the  name  of  Block  Island)  but  those 
that  murdered  him  (probably  inhabitants  of 
said  Island)  fled  presently  to  the  Pequods,  by 
whom  they  were  sheltered,  and  so  became 
also  guilty  themselves  of  his  blood. 

In  the  year  16.36,  the  death  of  this  Mr 
Oldham*  was  so  manifest  that  it  could  nei- 
ther be  concealed  nor  excused,  the  discovery 
whereof  being  remarkable,  is  here  inserted. 

One  John  Gallop,  with  one  man  more,  and 
two  boys,  coming  from  Connecticut,  and  in- 
tending to  put  ill  at  Long  Island,  as  ho  camo 
from  thence,  being  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor 
was  forced  by  a  sudden  iiiange  of  the  wind  to 
to  bear  up  for  Hlock  Island,  orFislier's  Island, 
where,  as  tiiey  were  sailing  along,  they  niel 
with  a  pinnace  which  they  fi)und  to  .Tnhii  Old- 
ham's, who  had  been  sent  to  trade  with  the  Pe- 
quods, (to  make  trial  of  the  realty  oftheir  preten- 
ded friendshipafterlhemiirderofCaptainStoin 
they  hailed  the  vessel,  but  had  no  answr, 
although  they  saw  the  deck  full  of  Indians 
(14  in  all)  and  a  little  before  that  had  seen  a 
canoe  go  from  the  vessel  full  of  Indians  like- 
wise, and  goods,  wliereu(>on  they  suspi  cled 
they  had  killed  .lohn  Oldham,  who  had  only 
only  two  boys  and  two  Narraganset  Indians 
in  his  vessel  besides  himself,  and  the  rather 
because  they  let  slip,  and  set  up  sail  (being  two 
miles  from  the  shore,  the  wind  and  tide  com- 
ing ofl'the  shore  of  the  Island,  whereby  they 
drove  toward  the  main  land  of  Narraganset) 
therefore  they  went  ahead  of  them,  and  having 
nothing  but  two  pii'ces,  and  two  pistols,  they 
bore  up  near  the  Indians,  who  stood  on  the 
deck  of  the  vessel  ready  armed  with  guns, 
swords  and  jiikes ;  but  John  (iallop,  a  man 
of  stout  courage,  U't  lly  among  them,  and  so 
galled  them,  that  they  got  all  down  under  the 
batches,  and  then  they  stood  oft" again,  and  re- 
turning with  a  good  gale,  they  stemmed  her 
upon  the  quarter,  and  almost  overset  her, 
which  so  nifrigblened  the  Indians,  as  six  of 
them  leaped  overboard,  and  were  drowned, 
yet  they  durst  not  board  her,  but  stood  off 
again,  and  fitted  their  anchor,  so  as  stemming 
her  the  sec(uid  time,  they  bored  her  bow 
through  with  their  anchor;  and  slicking  fast 
to  her,  they  mudediversshot  thrmighthe  aides 
of  her,  am!  so  raked  her  fore  and  aft  (being 
but  inch  board)  as  they  must  needs  kill  or 
liurf  ime  of  llie  Indians;  but  seeing  niuie  of 
them  come  forth,  they  got  loose  from  her,  and 
then  four  or  five  more  of  the  Indians  leaped 
into  the  sea,  and  were  likewise  drowned  ; 
whereupon  llieri!  being  but  four  left  in  her, 
they  boarded  her;  when  an  Indian  came  nj) 
ami  yielded ;  him  they  bound  and  put  into 
the  hold  :  then  aiiolheryielded  ;  him  they  al^o 
bound,  but(iullop,  being  well  acquainted  wiih 
their  skill  to  unloose  <ine  another,  if  they  lay 
near  together,  and  having  no  place  to  keep 
them  asunder,  flung  him  bound  into  the  sea  ; 
then  looking  about,  they  found  John  Oldham 
iimier  an  old  sail,  start  naked,  having  his  head 
cleft  to  the  brains  ;  his  hands  and  legs  cut  at 
iflbey  had  been  culling  them  off;  yet  warm  ! 


*  Tli(!  nrrnant  of  Mr.  f  llillmm's  ''-.ntli  in  nililpd  to  this 
rrlilinii  tVnin  Mr.  IftiltliJinO  Mhm*.  Kislory  i  **  Now  Eo 
gUllJ,  I'riMIl  il«  l>cgiilliiiif;  III  III!!!) 


«3« 


TTTE    INDIAN    WAHR. 


go  they  put.  liiin  into  the  seu ;  Ijut  uoiikt  not 
well  tell  how  to  come  at  llie  ollior  two  Indiiins 
•who  wore  in  ii  litllo  room  uiulerneiitli  wiili 
their  swords)  so  they  took  the  goods  wliicii 
were  left,  and  the  sa.U,  and  towed  tlie  boat 
away,  but  niplit  cuining  on,  and  the  wind  ris- 
ing, they  wore  forced  to  turn  her  oil',  and  tin; 
Wind  carried  her  to  the  Narraganset  shore, 
where  they  lei't  her. 

On  the  26th  of  the  said  July,  tlie  two  Indians 
which  were  with  John  Oldliain,  and  one  other 
Indian,  came  from  Canonicus(the  cliief  sachem 
of  the  Narragansets)  with  a  letter  from  Mr. 
Williams,  to  signity  what  liad  befallen  John 
Oldham,  and  how  grievously  they  were 
oiiended  :  and  that  Miantoninio  (the  second 
■achem  of  the  Narragansets)  was  gone  with 
17  canoes  and  200  men  to  take  revenge.  Hut 
upon  e.\amination  of  the  otherlndian,  who  was 
brought  prisoner  to  them,  they  found  that  all 
the  sachems  of  the  Narragansets,  exccpi 
Cf.nonicus  and  Mlantonimo,  were  contrivers 
of  John  Oldham's  death,  and  the  occasion  was 
because  he  went  to  make  ptace,  and  trade 
with  the  Peqiiods  last  year  ;  the  prisoner  said 
also  that  Oldimm's  two  Indians  were  acijuaint- 
ed  with  it ;  but  because  they  were  sent  as 
messengers  from  Caiionicus,  they  would  not 
imprison  them  :  but  the  governor  wrote  back 
to  Mr.  Williams,  to  Kt  the  Narragansets  know, 
they  expected  they  should  pcnd  home  John  Old- 
Lam's  two  boys,  and  take  revenge  upon  the 
Islanders,  and  withal  gave  Mr.  VVilliams  cau- 
tion to  look  to  himself,  if  there  should  be 
occasion  to  make  war  with  the  Narragansets 
'for  iilock  Island  was  under  them)  and  the 
'ie.\t  day  he  wrote  to  Canonicus,  by  one  of 
those  Indians  Uiat  he  had  suspicion  of  him 
that  was  sent,  nnd  yet  he  had  sent  him  back, 
because  he  wjs  a  messenger  ;  but  did  expect, 
if  he  should  send  for  the  two  Indians,  he 
should  send  them  to  him. 

Four  days  after  John  Oldham's  two  boys 
were  sent  home  by  one  of  Mianlonimo's  men, 
with  a  letter  from  Mr.  Williams,  that  Jlianto- 
nimo  liad  caused  the  saclieiii  of  Niantic  to 
eeiid  to  Block  Island  for  them,  and  that  he  had 
near  100  fathom  of  peak,  and  much  other 
goods  of  Oldham's  which  shoulil  be  reserved 
for  them.  And  three  of  the  seven  that  weie 
drowned  were  sachems,  and  that  one  of  the 
two  which  was  iiired  by  the  Niantic  Bachern, 
was  dead  also.  So  they  wrote  back  to  have 
the  rest  of  those  which  were  necessary  to  be 
sent,  and  the  rest  of  the  goods,  and  that  he 
should  tell  Canonicus  and  Miantoninio  thai 
they  held  them  innocent,  but  the  ai.x  other 
sachems  were  guilty. 

Lieut.  Gibbons  and  Mr.  Iligginson  were 
sent  after,  with  Cushmakin  the  sachem  of  the 
Mn-ssaclmselts,  to  Canonicus,  to  treat  with  him 
about  the  murder  of  John  Oldham.  They 
returned  with  acceptance  and  good  success 
of  their  business  ;  observing  in  the  sachem 
much  state,  gre;it  command  of  his  men,  and 
marvellous  wisdom  in  his  answers ;  and  in  the 
carriage  of  the  whole  treaty,  clearing  himself 
and  his  neighbours  of  the  murder,  and  oll'ering 
revenge  of  it,  yet  upon  very  sale  and  wary 
conditions. 

The  English  of  Massachusetts,  after  the 
peace  concluded  with  the  l'e<|uod8,  sent  a 
bark  tiiither  for  trade,  that  trial  might  be  made 
of  the  reality  of  their  friendship,  but  they 
found  them  treacherous  and  false,  and  that  no 
njvantage  was  to  l>u  iiad   by  any   commerce 


with  them,  insomuch  as  they  took  up  a  reso- 
lution never  more  to  have  to  do  with  them ; 
which  the  said  Indians  perceiving,  made  no 
acconnt  of  the  former  peace,  but  took  all 
advantage  to  do  us  mischief,  not  only  by  har- 
bouring iliose  who  had  murdered  i\Ir.  Oldham, 
Init  surprising  many  of  the  English  in  the  year 
1636,  when  Connecticut  river  began  first  to 
planted,  divers  of  whom  were  killed  (nine  at 
one  time  in  April,  1637)  by  them  about  Wetli- 
ersHeld,  when  the  p'antatioii  there  first  began, 
so  us  they  could  not  ])a53  up  and  down  the 
river  without  a  guard,  but  they  would  be  in 
danger  of  being  cut  oft'  or  carried  away,  us 
two  maids  were  saiil  to  be  ;  tliirty  men  have 
been  killed  by  them  in  all;  those  whofellinto 
their  hands  alive,  were  cruelly  tortured,  after 
a  most  barbarous  manner,  by  insulting  over 
their  prisoners  in  a  blusphemous  wise,  when 
in  their  dying  agonies  under  the  extremity  of 
their  pains  (their  fli  sli  being  first  slashed  with 
knives,  and  then  filled  with  burning  embers) 
they  culled  upon  God  and  Christ  with  gasping 
ijroaiis,  resigning  up  their  souls  into  their 
hands ;  with  which  words  these  wretched 
caitlH's  used  to  mock  the  English  afterwards, 
when  they  came  within  their hearingand  view. 
About  the  sume  lime,  some  agents  sent  over 
by  the  lord  Say  and  the  lord  Brook,  built  a 
forlat  the  month  of  Connecticut  river,  wherein 
was  placed  one  Lieutenant  Gardiner,  and  a 
conveiiii'iit  number  of  soldiers  to  secure  the 
place,  intended  soon  afier  to  bo  planted,  but 
all  the  winter  following,  being  the  end  of 
ilie  year  1636,  thtjy  wei-e  little  better  than 
besieged  by  the  said  savages,  not  daring  to 
stir  out  of  the  command  of  the  fort,  but  they 
were  ready  to  be  seized  by  these  barbarous 
enemies  :  at  one  time  the  lieutenant  himself, 
with  ten  or  twelve  of  the  soldiers,  marching 
out  of  ilie  f(ut  with  intent  to  pass  over  a  neck 
of  land,  to  burn  the  marshes;  as  soon  as  they 
had  passed  over  the  streight  of  the  neck,  they 
espied  a  company  of  Indians  making  towards 
the  said  i.sthmus,  wliicli  if  they  could  not 
recover,  they  saw  they  must  all  jierish ; 
whereupon  n^turning  back  with  all  speed, 
they  nariowly  escajied,  and  were  two  or  three 
of  them  killed  notwithstanding,  before  they 
could  get  back  to  the  fiirt,  which  was  pre- 
sently surrounded  with  multitudes  of  them; 
but  the  discharging  of  a  piece  of  (U'dnance 
gave  them  wnrning  to  keep  further  from  tli<" 
walls.  Somelimi's  they  came  wllli  their 
canoes  into  tlie  river  in  view  of  the  soldiers 
williin  the  fort,  and  when  they  apjuchended 
tlieiiiselves  out  of  ihe  reach  of  iheir  guns,  tiie\ 
winild  imilate  the  dying  groans  and  invocations 
of  the  poor  cuplive,  which  English  soldiers 
were  forced  with  silent  patience  to  bear,  not 
being  then  in  a  capacity  to  reipiite  their  inso- 
lent blasphemies.  But  they  being  by  these 
horrible  outrages  justly  pri-voked  to  indigna- 
tion, unanimously  agreed  to  join  their  forces 
together,  to  root  them  out  of  the  earlli,  with 
(joii's  assistance. 

The  governorand  council  having  soon  after 
assembled  the  rest  of  the  magistrates,  and  the 
minislers,  to  advise  with  them  about  doing 
justice  fiir  Oldham's  death,  they  all  agreed 
it  ihoiild  be  done  with  all  expedition;  and 
accordingly  on  the  SSth  of  August  following, 
SO  or  90  men  wer<!  sent  out  under  the  com- 
liittnd  of  Capt.  Eiidicot  of  Salem,  who  went 
to  the  I'eipiod  country  by  water,  with  com- 
iiiiBsion  to  treukwith  the   said   Pequuds,  lint 


offering  terms  of  peace,  if  they  would  surren- 
der the  murderers  of  the  English,  and  forbear 
further  acts  of  hostility,  or  else  fi^bt  ihein. 

The  captain  uforesaiil  cruning  ashore  with 
his  company,  by  a  message  sent  them  by  an 
interpreter,obtnined  little  speech  with  a  great 
number  of  thtun  atii  tlislaiice;  but  afier  ihey 
understood  what  was  propounded  to  ihein, 
first  cunningly  getting  behind  a  hill,  they  pre- 
sently ran  away  into  the  woods  and  swamps, 
where  there  was  no  jiursuing  of  them  :  how- 
ever, one  discharging  a  gun  among  them  as 
they  were  taking  their  fiiglit,  stayed  the  course 
of  one,  which  was  all  that  could  be  done  against 
them  at  that  time. 

Winter  approaching,  and  no  encouragement 
presenting  further  to  pursue  them  at  that  time, 
it  was  resolved  better  to  return  buck  for  the 
present,  and  wait  a  further  seuson,  when  more 
liirces  could  be  gathered  together  to  pursue 
the  quarrel  to  the  utmost. 

Miantonimo  soon  after  sent  a  message  to 
them  with  a  letter  from  Mr.  Williams,  to  sig- 
nify that  they  had  taken  one  of  the  IndlaiH, 
who  had  broken  prison,  and  had  hini  safe  fiir 
them,  when  they  shoiihl  send  fiir  him  (as they 
had  before  sent  to  him  fir  that  end)  iind  that 
the  otlier  had  stolen  away  (not  knowing  it 
seems  that  he  was  their  prisoner)  and  that 
according  to  their  promise  they  would  not 
entertain  any  of  that  Ish"  d,  which  should 
come  to   them  ;  but  they  ceived  it   was 

rathiT  in  love  to  him    wl  ;ey  concealed, 

for  he  had  been  his  servant  iormeijy,  but 
when  they  sent  for  those  two  li.uians,  one 
was  sent  them,  but  the  other  was  saitl  to  be 
dead  before  the  messenger  came :  but  the 
Pequods  harooured  those  of  Iilock-lshind,  and 
therefore  justly  brought  the  revenge  of  the 
li'nglish  upon  them. 

Amongst  those  soldiers  that  were  seiitunder 
Capt.  Endicot,  were  twenty  that  helongeil  to 
Saybrook-fort,  land  were  appointed  to  slay 
there,  to  defend  the  place  againstihe  Pequods  : 
ufterthe  said  capt  and  tin-  rest  were  departed, 
those  twenty  lay  wind  bound  in  the  Pequod 
harbour,  and  in  the  meanwhile  went  all  of 
ihetn  ashore,  with  sacks  to  fetch  some  of  the 
Pequods'  corn  ;  and  having  fi:lclicd  each  man 
one  sack  full  to  their  boat,  ilii'V  returned  for 
more,  and  having  loaded  themselves  the 
Indians  set  npiui  them,  so  they  set  down  their 
corn,  and  gave  fire  upon  the  Indians,  and  the 
Indians  shot  iheir  arrows  usrainst  them;  the 
place  was  open  about  the  distance  of  a  mus- 
ket shot;  ihe  Indians  kept  the  covert,  sme 
when  they  came  forth  at  a  time  and  discharged 
their  arrows:  the  English  put  themselves  in 
a  single  file,  and  ten  only  that  had  pieces  tliiit 
could  reach  them,  shot,  ihc  others  stood  ready 
to  keep  ihem  from  breaking  in.  So  they  con- 
tinued most  part  of  the  afltMiioon  ;  the  En- 
glish, as  they  supposed,  killed  divers  of  them, 
and  hurt  others;  and  llie  Indians  woumled 
but  one  of  the  English,  wlio  was  armed,  all 
ihe  rest  being  wilhiuit :  for  they  shot  their 
arrows  compass-wise,  so  as  they  could  easily 
see  and  avoid  them  standing  single,  ihcn 
always  gathered  up  their  arrows:  ut  the  hist 
the  Indians  being  weary  of  the  sport,  ga>  e  ilio 
English  leave  to  retire  to  their  bnut. — This 
was  in  October,  163C. 

About  twodiiys  after,  five  miui  of  Snybrook 
went  up  the  river  about  four  miles  to  feiih 
hay  out  of  a  meadow  lui  the  Peqiiodside  :  ihe 
gruBH  WHB  so  hi){h  as  sniiie   Pt^qiiods  h:<liii(( 


gijjj5jg^pBCTB|i«ai>r*<s!»™ma«a«'r'n-.- 


llioy  Wdulil  siirriMi- 
EiiL;lisli,iinil  (orl)ciir 
r  <-l3i'  (ij;ht  iherii. 
coining  aelioif  wiili 
igo  sont  llii  in  1)V  nti 
speech  wiiliii  [jrein 
ntc;  lint  afuT  llicy 
-opminded  to  llieni, 
■hind  II  tiill,  ihcv  pio- 
wiinds  and  ■wiiinps, 
ining  of  ihem  :  Iidw- 
giiii  iiniiing  ilit'in  us 
jhl,stii_vi'dlh(!  niiiise 
could  bedoiiL'uguinst 

d  noencouriigcment 
IK!  ihoiii  nt  tliHttiinc, 
retiiin  hni-k  fiir  iho 
r  seusmi,  when  more 
I  together  to   pursue 


A  NARRATIVE  OF 


637 


Mr 


sent  n   rncssiige   (o 
Williams,  to  sij;- 

Mie  oi"  the  IiidiHiis, 
and  hail  him  safe  fur 
send  for  him  (asthey 
ir  that  end)  and  that 
liiv  (not  knowiiifj  it 
;  prisoner)  and  that 
ise   ihey    would   not 

'1 1.   whieh    sliould 

y  ceived  it   was 

:ey  eoneeaied, 
rvani  lornie'ly,  but 
io  two  l:,((lans,  one 
other  was  said  lo  ho 
iger  came :  hut  the 
of  lilock-Ishind,  and 
the   revenge  of  the 

i  tlint  were  sent  under 
!nly  that  helongcd  V) 
e  uppoinli'd  to  slay 
againstlhePetjiiods": 
e  rest  were  de|iarled, 
mind  in  the  I*e<]uod 
inwhile  went  nil  of 
lo  feleh  some  of  the 
lug  ft.'lehed  each  man 
It,  iln-y  reiiirnod  liir 
led  themselves  the 
)  they  set  down  I  heir 
the  Indians,  and  the 
s  iiirainsl  iheni  ;  the 
e  disianei!  of  a  niiis- 
pt  ihe  eovert,  siui! 
time  mid  diseharged 
ill  pill  iheinselves  ill 

that  had  pieres  th;it 
le  others  stood  ready 
ig  in.  iSotliey  con- 
aliernoon  ;  the  Eii- 
illed  divers  of  ihi'iii, 
B  Indians  wounded 
lio  was  armed,  all 
for  they  shot  their 
IS  they  eoiild  easily 
tiding  single,  then 
arrow  8  :  ut  the  last 
f  the  sport,  gme  llie 

their  hoal. — Tliii 

le  men  ofSnylirook 
iiiir  miles  to  feicli 
e  I'ei|iiodsidn  :  iho 
10   I'eqiiods  hiding 


themselves  in  it,  set  upon  the  English  before 
tliev  were  aware,  and  took  onethathndhay  on 
his  back,  the  rest  fled  to  their  boat,  one  of  them 
had  Kve  arrows  in  him,  yet  recovered  :  he 
that  was  taken  was  a  goodly  young  iniin, 
whose  name  was  Uiitti-rfiold  :  whereupon  the 
meadow  was  ever  after  oullcd  J3ulterfiold's 
meadow, 

Icarm  Icariia  nomina  dcdit  aquis. 

About  fourteen  days  after,  six  of  the  sol- 
diers were  sent  out  of  the  fort  to  keep  an 
lioiise  which  they  hud  set  up  in  a  corn-field, 
alimit  two  miles  from  the  Ibrt.  Three  of 
them  went  forth  a  fowling,  which  the  lieu- 
tenant had  strictly  forbidden,  two  hud  pieces, 
and  the  third  only  a.  sword,  when  suddenly 
about  an  hundred  Indians  came  out  of  th<! 
covert  and  set  upon  them,  he  who  had  the 
sword  brake  through,  and  received  only  two 
shot,  aiiii  those  not  dangerous,  and  so  escaped 
to  the  hoiiso  which  was  not  above  a  bowshot 
olV,  and  persuaded  the  other  two  to  foUow, 
hilt  they  stayed  still,  till  the  Indians  came  and 
took  them,  and  carried  them  away  with  their 
iiiecos. 

Soon  after  they  beat  down  the  said  house, 
and  out  houses,  and  hay  stacks,  and  within  a 
how  shot  of  the  fort,  killed  a  cow,  and  shot 
diverse  others,  which  came  with  arrows  stick- 
ing in  them. 

After  Mr.  Endicot'sdepartiire,  thePoquods 
perceiving  that  they  hud  by  several  late  inju- 
ries and  outrages,  drawing  upon  themselves 
the  hatred  of  all  the  English,  as  well  as  of 
llicir  own  people  by  fortner  wrongs,  and  dis- 
iriistliig  their  own  ability  lo  deal  with  them 
all  at  once,  did  ut  the  last  by  all  subtle  insinu- 
ations and  persuasions,  try  to  make  their  peace 
with  the  Narragansets,  using  such  -rguments 
as  to  right  reason  seemed  not  only  pregnant 
to  the  purpose  but  also  (if  revenge,  that  be- 
witching and  pleasing  passion  of  mnn's  mind 
hill!  not  hlinded  their  eyes)  most  cogent  and 
invincible  :  but  they  were,  by  the  good  pro- 
vidence of  (rod,  withheld  from  embracing 
tiiose  counsels,  which  might  otherwise  have 
proved  most  pernicious  to  the  design  of  the 
JMwlish,  viz.  That  the  English  were  stran- 
gers, and  began  to  overspread  the  country 
which  would  soon  be  possessed  by  them  t( 
the  depriving  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  their 
right,  if  they  were  not  timely  prevented  ;  and 
that  the  Narragansets  woiihl  but  make  way 
for  their  own  ruin,  by  helping  lo  destroy  the 
I'eijiiods  ;  for  after  themselves  were  subdued, 
it  would  not  be  long  ero  the  Narragansets 
themselves,  would  in  the  nextplnc<!  be  rooted 
out  likewisi-  :  whereas  if  they  would  but  join 
together  against  the  EInglisli  they  could  dij- 
monstrate  how  the  English  might  easily  either 
be  destroyed  or  forced  to  leave  the  country, 
and  that  without  any  danger  to  themselves: 
telling  them  also  that  they  never  need  come 
to  any  open  battles,  they  might  destroy  them 
only  liy  firing  their  houses,  and  killing  their 
cuttle,  and  lying  in  wait  for  them  as  they  went 
about  thinr  ordinary  occasions  ;  which  course, 
if  it  were  pursueif,  they  said  their  new  and 
unwelcome  neighbours  could  not  long  subsist ; 
but  wouhl  either  be  starved  with  hunger  and 
cold,  or  forceil  to  forsake  their  country. 

Muchiavel  himself  if  he  nad  sat  in  council 
with  them  could  not  have  'nsinuated  stronger 
timsoiis  III  have  persuaded  them  lo  a  peace 
U  ia  luid   that  so  much  reason  was  upprti- 


bended  in  these  motivi!S,  that  the  Naragan- 
sels  were  once  wavering,  and  were  almost 
persuaded  to  have  granted  an  ear  to  their  ad- 
vice and  persuasion  and  joined  all  against  the 
English  ;  but  when  they  considered  what  iiii 
advantage  they  had  put  into  their  hands  by 
the  strength  and  favour  of  the  English,  to 
take  a  full  revenge  of  all  their  former  inju- 
ries, upon  their  invefemte  enemies,  the 
thought  of  that  wag  so  sweet,  that  it  turned 
the  scale  against  all  other  considerations 
whatsoever. 

Soon  after  this,  RJiantonimo,  sachem  of  the 
Narragansets,  came  to  IJoslon,  (being  sent  for 
by  the  governor)  with  two  of  Canonicus's 
sons,  and  another  sachem,  and  near  20  of 
their  men,  whom  they  call  Sannn]>s.  The 
governor,  having  notice  by  Cushatnakin,  the 
Massachusetts  sachem,  sent  twcniv  musket- 
eers to  Roxbiir\  to  meet  them.  They  came 
to  Boston  about  noon,  where  the  governor 
hud  called  together  all  magistrates  and  min- 
isters to  give  countenance  to  their  proceed- 
ings, and  to  advise  about  the  terms  of  peace. 
After  dinner,  Miantonimo  declared  what  he 
had  to  say  to  them  in  several  propositions, 
which  were  to  this  efTect,  that  theyhwl  al- 
ways loved  the  English,  and  now  desired  a 
firm  peace  with  them,  and  that  they  would 
continue  war  with  the  Peipiods,  and  their 
confederates,  fill  they  were  subdued,  and 
desired  the  English  would  do  .so  lo  :  Pro- 
mising to  deliver  their  enemies  lo  them,  or 
kill  them,  and  two  months  after  to  send  them 
a  present.  The  governor  told  them  that  they 
should  have  an  answer  the  next  morning, 
which  was  done,  upon  articles  subscribed  by 
him,  and  they  also  subscribed  with  him, 
wherein  a  firm  peace  was  concluded,  but  be- 
cause they  couhl  not  make  them  well  under- 
stand the  articles,  they  told  them  they  wo\ild 
send  a  copy  to  ftlr.  Williams,  who  could  best 
interpret  the  same  to  them.  So  after  dinner 
they  took  leave,  and  were  conveyed  out  of 
town  by  some  musketeers,  and  dismissed 
with  a  volley  of  shot. 

T/ie  Artictfn  here  follow. 

T.  A  firm  pcMce  betwixt  them  and  their 
friends  on  either  part  (if  they  consent)  and 
their  confederates  (if  they  will  observe  the 
articles)  and  their  posterity. 

II.  Neither  jiart  to  make  peace  with  the 
Peqiiods  without  the  other's  consent. 

III.  Not  to  liarbourany  of  the  Poqltods. 

IV.  To  put  to  death,  or  deliver  up  any  of 
the  murderers  of  the  English. 

V.  To  return  fugitive  servants. 

VI.  The  English  to  give  them  notice 
when  they  got  out  against  the  Peqnods,  and 
the  other  to  send  them  guides. 

VII.  None  of  them  to  come  near  the  En- 
glish pianlations  during  the  war  with  the  Pe- 
qnods without  some  Englishman  or  known 
Indian. 

IX.  To  continue  to  the  posterity  of  both 
parties. 

These  Articles  were  indiflTercntly  well  ob- 
served by  the  Narragansets,  till  the  Peijuods, 
their  mortal  enemies,  were  totally  subdued  ; 
but  then  they  began  to  glow  insolent  and 
tn'acherous,  especially  this  .Miantonimo  him- 
self; as  will  appear  in  the  seipiel. 

Ciishmakin  also,  the  sachem  of  Massu- 
chiisetts,  subscribed  these  articles  with  the 
Enu'lish. 

The  report  of  the  unheard   of   cruelties 


fiirenientioned,  which  had  Ix-en  (n^rpetratwl 
>y  the  I'eqnods  filling  die  ears  of  the  Engb-h 
hroiigliont  the  country  ;  it  was  agreed  by 
the  joint  consent  of  the  English  thninghoiit 
ihe  three  colonies  to  unite  all  their  forces  to- 
ther  fi)r  suppressing  the  common  enemy, 
early  in  the  spring,  A.  1).  1037,  who  were 
also  moved  inereiinto  by  their  own  necessi- 
ties as  well  us  by  the  earnest  request  of  their 
friends  at  Connecticut. 

Those  of  Plymouth  being  written  unto  by 
the  governor  of  the  Massachusetts,  appeared 
very  cordially  willing  thereunto,  lo  which 
end  they  agreed  to  send  fifty  men  at  their 
own  charge,  witli  as  much  s|)eed  as  the  mat- 
ter required,  with  sulficient  leaders  appoint- 
I,  and  a  bark  provided  to  carry  them  pro- 
isioiis,  and  tend  u[)oii  them  on  all  occasions  ; 
but  before  thi!y  could  be  dispatched  away  the 
next  spring,ne»s  was  brought  that  the  enemy 
was  w  holly  routed,  so  as  iheir  journey  was 
stopped,  and  their  good  will  accepted  fiir  the. 
deed;  as  if  they  really  had  been  there  to 
have  borne  their  pari  in  \\\'.  service ;  their 
non-appearance  in  liino  and  place  being  not 
lobe  imputed  to  any  backwardness  in  their 
minds,  but  to  their  too  late  invitation  to  thw 
service  ;  the  motion  fetching  a  large  compasa 
from  the  Connecticut  down  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts ;  from  whom  in  the  last  place  they 
were  solicited  ihereuuto.  Ami  for  the  other 
two  colonies,  those  of  Connecticut  liciiig 
quickened  by  the  spur  of  necessity,  and  pre. 
sent  sense  of  the  insolence  daily  acted  at 
their  very  doors,  were  soonest  upon  their 
inarch,  and  by  the  good  hand  of  God  upon 
them,  they  had  given  the  main  stroke  before 
the  friends  of  the  Massachiisells  could  come 
up  with  them,  yet  there  was  no  repinir.g  for 
the  want  of  the  glory  of  the  victory,  nor  waj 
there  any  cause,  those  that  were  the  cliiel 
actors  therein  being  forward  to  give  OoJ  thn 
glory  of  the  whole,  and  not  willing  to  p<Krkrt 
up  any  thing  thereof  themselves,  acknow- 
ledging that  they  never  saw  more  of  Ciod, 
or  less  of  mun  in  any  bnsiness  of  thnt  notur«3, 
as  may  more  fully  be  understood  by  particu- 
lars ensuing. 

The  colony  of  the  Massachusetts  deter- 
mined to  seiKl  an  hundred  and  sixty,  of  whom 
an  hundred  and  twenty  were  ordained  under 
the  conduct  of  Capt.  Patrick  of  Walertown, 
and  Ciipt.  Trask  of  Salem,  Capt.  Slimghlon 
of  Dorchester  being  to  command  in  chief; 
with  whom  was  sent  that  holy  mun  of  Clod, 
Mr.  John  Wilson,  (pastor  of  the  church  of 
Hostoii)  the  chariots  and  horsi-meu  of  our 
Israel,  by  whose  fiiitli  and  prayer,  as  some- 
times was  said  of  [.utiier,  (in  refeMMice  to 
(lermany)  tin'  country  wns  preserved,  so  as 
it  was  confidently  believed  that  no  enemy 
sliimhl  break  in  npmi  a  place  whilM  lie  sur- 
vived, which  as  some  have  obserN'cd  accord- 
ingly came  lo  pass. 

The  mailer  requiring  good  expedition,  atid 
it  being  long  befiire  the  whole  company  could 
be  dispatched  away,  Capt.  Patrick  with  forty 
tnef»  wiTO  sent  beliirehand,  lobe  sure  to  mvvX 
with  those  of  Connecticut  in  case  they  should 
be  in  action,  before  the  rest  of  our  forces 
(H)uld  get  into  u  readiness,  which  accordingly 
came  to  pass  ;  for  the  main  business  in  taking 
the  fort  was  over,  even  before  tiie  said  Pa 
trick  could  get  thither.  Capt.  UiiuerhiU  WB« 
sent  by  Mr.  Viino  the  governor  to  SayVirook 
the  winter  before   to  etrengtlic'u  the  gurtiaotv 


ess 


THE    INDIAN    AVARS. 


iheii),  Tho  aAsnulting  and  siirpriaiii^j;  of  (Ills 
Indian  fort  bein^  lUe  most  romiirkable  pioce 
of  servict!  in  tliut  wlioli;  nxpedilioii ;  titkit  ii 
as  it  was  ilclivtirvd  in  writinir  hy  tliiU  valiani, 
fuitliful  and  prudent  commandur,  Oapt.  Ma- 
son, cliit!(  in  tho  action,  who  livud  lonf^  aftor 
lo  reap  tho  frnit  of  liis  labour,  and  enjoy  the 
licnelit  of  that  day's  service,  having  an  inhe- 
rilancu  given  him  in  tliat  part  of  tliu  country, 
RH  a  just  reward  of  liis  fuithfnl  service  on  that 
liay  as  well  as  at  other  times,  Weqiiasli,  a 
Peijiiod  liy  nation,  Imt  disgiiated  hy  the  mi- 
chem,  proved  a  good  gnido  to  the  English, 
hy  whodo  'lirection  they  w«!ro  led  t,)  a  fort 
near  Mystic  river,  some  miles  nearer  iliaii 
Sassacoiu'B  furt,  which  they  first  intended  to 
assault. 

On  the  second  Wednesday  of  May,  being 
tho  tenth  day  of  that  month,  wo  set  sail  with 
ninety  men  of  tho  English  in  one  pink,  one 
pinnace,  and  two  boats,  towards  the  IVvpiods, 
with  seventy  river  Indians;  having  some- 
what a  long  passage  to  .Saybrook  fort,  about 
((•rly  of  our  Indians  desired  to  go  down  by 
land  on  Saturday,  but  on  Mcniday  tliey  went 
llirth  from  the  fort,  and  meeting  seven  Pe- 
(juods  and  Nianticks  ibey  slew  five  outright, 
took  one  prisoner,  and  brouglit  him  into  Say- 
brook  fort,  where  he  was  executed  by  Capt. 
Unilbrhill,  the  other  escaped. 

On  Monday  wo  landt'd  at  Sayhrook  fort, 
and  stayed  there  until  Tuesday;  Capt.  Un- 
derbill joining  nineteen  men  with  himself  to 
us  :  Whereupon  we  sent  back  twenty  of  ours 
to  strengthen  our  plantations  ;  and  so  set  sail 
on  Thursday  towards  Narraganset,  and  ar- 
rived there  on  Friday. 

On  Saturday,  myself,  with  Capt.  Underbill, 
nnd  Lieut.  Sealy,  with  our  guard  marche<l  to 
Canonicus  by  land,  being  about  fivo  miles 
distant,  where  we  wi-re  kindly  entertained 
after  their  manner  :  Having  bad  ]>arty  with 
him,  we  sent  to  Miantonimo,  who  would  give 
no  present  answer;  and  so  our  sabbath  being 
on  the  morrow,  wo  ailjourned  our  mi^eting 
until  Mo<i(biy,  at  which  time  there  ttsseml)led 
Miantonimo  with  the  cbiefest  of  them  about 
two  hundred  men;  and  being  solenuily  set 
for  consultation  after  their  manner,  told  lliinn 
we  were  now  going,  God  assisting,  to  re- 
venge the  wrong  conmiilted  ami  bloodshed 
hy  their  nnd  our  enemies,  upon  our  native 
countrymen,  not  any  way  desiring  their  aid, 
unless  they  would  voluntarily  send,  which 
they  (lid  exceedingly  approve  of:  Moreover 
we  told  them  that  the  English  and  they  hud 
always  been  friends  for  aught  we  knew,  and 
so  were  we  with  tho  Iiuiians  that  hail  not 
wnniged  Englishmen,  which  they  acknow- 
liulged,  and  so  made  a  large  description  of 
tho  I'equod's  country,  and  told  us  they  would 
send  men  with  us ;  so  we  resolved  there  to 
keep  our  rendezvous  atCanonicus's  plantation, 
on  the  morrow  night,  being  Tuesday;  but 
the  wind  being  stiff,  we  could  tu)t  land  our 
men  until  five  or  six  of  the  clock  in  the  after- 
loon,  at  which  time  I  landed  on  Narraganset 
shore  with  thirty-two  men,  and  so  niar(^i(!d 
lo  tho  place  of  rendezvous  formerly  appoint- 
ed ;  Capt.  Underbill  and  my  lieut.  landed 
•ho  rest,  and  camo  up  to  me  that  night. 
Ab<mt  two  hoars  before  day,  came  an  Indian 
wi'h  a  letter  from  Capt.  Patrick,  being  llii'ti 
ut  Robert  Williams's  plantation  with  forty 
men,  who  desired  us  to  stay  for  his  coming 
iJttl  joining    us,   not    intiinaliog   whan   tliat 


would  be  :  which  being  considered  and  tie- 
bated,  we  thought  it  could  not  be  our  safest 
course  to  wait  for  him,  (though  bis  |)resi'iit  as- 
sistance was  nnicli  desireci)  tor  these  reasons. 

1.  "  Hecause  the  day  before  when  he  had 
absolutely  resolved  to  go,  the  Indians  plainly 
told  us  tli<!y  iho't  we  were  but  in  jest,  and 
also  that  Englishmen  did  talk  much,  but  not 
fight;  nay,  they  erjucbided they  would  not  go 
on  ;  and  liesides,  if  we  should  defer,  we  fear- 
ed we  should  be  discovered  by  reasiui  of  the 
fre(iuont  recoursi!  l)etween  lliem  by  certain 
squaus  (who  liuve  mutual  intercourse) 
whereii|iou  we  were  eonstraitied  to  set  for- 
ward towards  the  Peipiods,  with  seventy- 
sev<m  English,  and  about  sixty  river  Indians, 
and  as  I  suppose  ni-ar  two  hundred  Narra- 
gan.st'ts,  and  marched  that  night  to  the  eust- 
i-rn  Nianticks,  where  we  kept  our  reiulezvous 
that  night :  the  sachem  of  the  place  adding 
about  an  buudreil  of  his  men  uiuo  us. 

We  st:t  forward  and  marched  about  ten 
mih^s,  where  nniking  an  alia  (or  ball)  there 
we  held  a  consultation  with  the  Indians,  who 
desired  to  know  what  we  intendi^d  I  We 
told  them  that  we  resolve<l  to  assjiult  Sassa- 
cous's  fort,  at  which  they  were  all  stricken 
and  as  it  were  amazed  with  fear,  as  they 
plainly  coid'essiMl ;  aOitr  a  long  debate  and 
pressing  of  them,  taxing  them  with  coward- 
ice, some  of  them  resolved  to  go  along  with 
us,  though  I  suppo.sed  they  had  no  such  in- 
tention, us  appeared  afterward;  some  of  them 
left  us  to  the  number,  as  1  suppose  of  an  hun- 
dred or  less;  aiul  marching  on  five  miles  fur- 
ther, we  made  another  alta,  where  they  told 
us  we  had  near  a  dozi'u  miles  to  Saccaccuis's 
fort,  as  we  gathered  by  their  relation ;  we 
were  constrained  lo  alter  our  resolution,  ami 
resolved  to  attempt  that  fort,  which  they  had 
fornu^rly  described  to  be  three  or  fi)ur  miles 
nearer;  nnd  also  one  of  CJapt.  Underbill's 
men  failing  put  it  out  of  doubt.  Hut  who- 
soever saitli  that  <^apt.  Underbill  bad  any  fall- 
ing out  about  that  or  any  thing  else,  doth 
speak  an  iintruth  ;  for  we  both  resolved  to  at- 
tack Saccncou.s's  fort,  as  we  concluded  in  our 
c<uisultnlion  at  Narraganset,  and  so  conliiuieil 
our  resolution  till  we  received  the  form<!r  rea- 
sons as  grounds  sulHcient  to  persuade  us  to 
the  contrary,  and  to  prosecuttMnat  which  was 
most  likely  to  be  uccoinplished. 

They  dr("w  a  plot  of  the  situation  of  the 
Pequods,  nnd  di'srrilied  Saccacous's  fort  to 
be  the  nearest,  which  was  the  chii-f  cause  we 
detiM'mlncd  to  assault  thnt  first,  and  bail  no 
rensiui  leaning  till  our  last  alta,  where,  upon 
llu!  reasons  forriu'rly  in"nlioned,  we  changed 
our  resolution  :  This  greatly  pleasi'd  the  In- 
dians that  were  with  us,  as  it  was  what  tliev 
much  desired;  for  it  was  dreadful  to  thtun  to 
hear  the  name  of  Susaacous, 

From  thence  we  marched  two  or  three 
miles  where  we  kept  our  rendezvous,  sup- 
positig  we  had  been  within  one  mile  of  the 
fort;  an  Indian  having  bei>n  sent  bidbrehami, 
brought  us  news  that  they  were  secure,  hav- 
ing been  fishing  with  many  canoes  at  sea,  and 
divers  of  thom  walking  here  and  there. 

About  two  hours  before  day  we  marched 
toward  tho  fort,  being  weary  and  much  spent ; 
many  of  us  having  slept  none  at  all. 

And  ns  we  began  to  march  towards  the  fort, 
the  Lord  being  phrased  woiulerfiilly  to  assist 
and  encourage  us,  afti'r  a  tedious  march  of 
three  or  four  miles  :  iibout  break  of  day  \\u 


came  in  fair  view  of  the  fort,  sinmling  on  the 
top  of  nn  hill  not  stiiep  ;  the  Indians  all  fiill 
ingback,  were  suddinly  vani>hrd  out  of  sight, 
.so  we  made  an  alta,  and  sent  bni  k  liu'  our 
guide  who  had  promisi.'d  to  go  with  \is  to  the 
fort,  but  his  heart  we  saw  much  failed  him  ; 
we  asked  him  what  they  intemlcil  who  pro- 
mised to  wing  us,  aial  to  surmuiul  lh<^  I'ort ; 
he  told  us  they  were  much  nfrnid  ;  but  he, 
seeing  our  resolution,  went  lo  them  and  pre- 
vailed with  divers  of  them  to  come  up  to  us; 
we  told  them  their  best  eouist!  would  be  to 
Hank  the  fi)rt  on  both  s:des,  and  having  no 
lime  longtu'  lo  confer,  we  |>roceeiled  ;  (.'apt. 
Underbill  lo  the  western  enlrniu'e  \v  ith  one 
division,  mysidf  to  the  enslcrn  as  silent  as  pes- 
sibly  we  coidd  :  so  it  ph-ased  (ioii  we  came 
up  within  two  rods  of  tho  palisndo,  before  we 
were  dicovered,  at  which  lime  a  dog  beganlo 
bark,  and  an  Indian  cried  out,  I  '  not  being 
myself  rightly  iidbrined  by  the  Indian  uuidi', 
of  the  right  eitrance,  though  there  was  a  lit- 
tle |)ostern  door,  whiidi  I  hn<l  thought  to  ha\e 
attempted  to  break  down  with  my  foot;  but 
the  Lord  directed  me  otherwise  liu'  the  better; 
for  i  then  feared  we  could  not  there  enter 
with  our  arms,  which  provi  il  true.  >So  I  sud- 
denly hasted  lo  the  palisndo,  nnd  putting  in 
the  muzzle  of  my  piece,  and  discharged  upon 
them,  and  so  did  tin?  rest  with  all  celerity  ; 
we  then  siidilenly  hnsteni'd  on  toward  ;liiit 
side  which  stood  toward  the  water  ;  where  I 
coiH'.luded  there  wasnn  entrnnce,  nnd  instantly 
fell  upon  it,  being  only  barred  with  twe  forc- 
ed boughs,  or  binnclMS  of  some  trees,  nnd 
hastening  over  them,  I  drew  one  after  me  : 
my  lieutenant  drawing  the  other  outward. 
We  suddenly  fell  upon  the  \vi-.;\vams;  the 
Indians  cried  out  on  a  most  hiilenus  manner, 
some  issuing  out  of  their  wigwams,  shooting 
at  us  desperately,  nnd  so  creeping  under  l)ed.i 
that  they  had.  We  hnd  resolved  awhile  not 
to  have  burned  it,  but  seeing  we  could  nut 
come  at  them,  1  ri'Solved  to  set  it  on  fire,  nficr 
divers  of  them  were  slnin,  ami  somi'  of  our 
men  sore  woiimled  ;  so  eiitering  one  of  their 
wigwams,  I  took  a  fire  brnnd  [iit  which  tiniu 
an  Indian  drawing  an  arrow  hnd  killeil  him, 
but  one  I)nvis,bis  siTgennt  cut  the  bowstring 
with  his  cutlnss]  and  suddenly  kimlli'd  a  fire  in 
the  malts  wherewith  they  were  covered,  and  fell 
to  a  retreat  and  surriMiiuled  the  fint  ;  the  tiro 
increasing  violently,  insiunuch  ihnt  thev  wern 
constrnined  loclimbto  the  top  of  the  ])alisnilo; 
from  whence  they  were  soini  fetched  down  I 
suppose totlie  number ofnu  hundred  nnd  fiiriy. 
Many  of  them  issuing  forth  wore  suddenly 
slain  by  the  English  or  Indians,  who  were  in 
n  ring  without  us;  all  being  dispntched  niiil 
endi.'d  in  the  space  of  an  hour,  having  two  of 
our  men  slain,  and  sixteen  wounded. 

IJeing  very  hot  and  dry,  we  could  very 
hardly  procure  any  water,  we  ciuitinued  thcio 
(me  hour  not  knowing  what  ciuirse  to  take  or 
which  way  lo  go,  our  pinnnces  not  beins; 
COOK!  in,  ntulber  did  we  know  how  fnr  or 
which  way  to  go  them,  our  interpreter,  being 
nn  Indian,  we  could  hnrdly  come  to  spcnk 
with  him:  when  we  did,  he  knew  noljiing  of 
what  his  countrynK-n  inlemled,  who  weie  ull 
hurrit'd  and  distracted  with  a  fi-w  hurt  men, 
but  chiefly  as  I  conci^ive  with  fear  oflheenemy 

"  The  enemy  npiironcbing,  they  began  to 
cleave  unto  us,  anil  I  verily  think  durst  not 
leave  ns. 

"  Our  pinnaces  then  roming  in  \  io w  w  ith  a 


UM 


A  N  A  U  11  A  T  I  V  E  O  F 


ait 


It;  (ort,  stniiiliiii,'  on  flio 
till-    Iniliiins  iill   fall 

\y  V^Uii^ll(■,l  iMiKil'slgliU 

mil    [iciit    liiicU    I'di-   iiiir 
K.'d  to  |,'o  Willi  UN  to  ilin 

81l\V     IIIIKtIl     f;ii||>,|    lii,,,  . 

ii-y  inloiidcil  who  [nd- 
to  siirniiiiul  ili(.  li.rt; 
triiiili  iif'niid  ;  lint  |i,., 
wt'iit  to  ilivMi  and  |pi-... 
Iiciii  to  ronic  n|i  to  n,s  • 
St  coniso    woulii    III-  1,1 

:':dl'l',     mid     lllivillfr     „„ 

wo  (Mdi'i'i'dt.,!  ;  {;ii|it. 
lorn  I'litrnncu  w  iili  one 
liisli'i-iMiH  diicnt  IIS  [ma. 
[ili'Hsi'd  (I'oii  vvc  cuino 
till"  imlUiido,  lioCoii.  \y,, 
lirli  liino  lido;;  lii'u'iinlo 
nod  out,  1  ,  noi  lieimr 
liy  till!  Indian  ynido, 

llOllfrll     ll,,.,-,.    ^vas   II    In- 

li  I  had  ihoii^hi  to  lia\« 
iwii  with  my  foot;  Inn 
itiiiTwiso  Tor  till-  Im'IIit; 
could  not  thiMo  imiIit 
|irmidinio.  So  I  sud- 
ili.siido,  iinii  |iuiiinp  in 
1",  iiinl  di.srhariji'd  noon 
ri'st  with  nil  (•.-Icriiy  ; 
istoiiod  on  toward  rlau 
rd  till-  WHliT  ;  «  hi-ri?  j 
I  tmlranrt-,  and  instanljy 
hiirrcd  with  two  lorn". 
•»  of  soini!  triTs,  and 
I  dri-w  on«  al'tor  inr  : 
If?  till-  oiImt  outward. 
(in    tin-    Hii;Haifm;    the 

I  ">|>st  hill K  manniT, 

licir  «if.'\vanjfl,  xhootin^ 
so<Trr|iin;r|indiT  lii-dj 
lid  resolved  a«  hill!    nut 
;  »i'<!iiif,'   we  could    ni.t 
I'd  to  set  it  on  Hre,  alier 
liiin,    iind  some    of  our 
lo  eiiterinuf  one  of  ihiir 
}  liriind  [at  wliieh    tiino 
nridw  had  killed  him, 
■emit  cut  the  liowslriiii,' 
Idenly  kindled  a  (ire  in 
nvere covered,  mid  fell 
nded  the  fort  ;   the  (irn 
(oiiincli  that  they  weri) 
ho  top  of  the  jiallsado; 
e  noon  fetched  down  1 
fan  hundred  and  foiiv, 
forth    wori!    suddeniy 
Indians,  who  were  in 
beiiif^  dis|mtclied   ami 
I  hour,  hnvinf,'  two  of 
•en  wounded. 
<iry,  wo  could   very 
^^,  we  continued  llicro 
vhat  course  to  lake  or 
r   |iiiinnces  not   hein-; 
e   know    how    far  or 
our  interpreter,  lieiii^' 
iiinllv  oimie  to  xpiuk 
I,  he  knew  notliinp  yf 
tended,  who  weic  all 
"■ilh  a  few  hurt  men, 
vitli  fearoflheeiieinv 
<  liini^,   they  hi-fiaii  i,i 
erily  think    duist  mil 

"iniiif;  iiiviuw  with  a 


I'liir  gale,  huiiif;  friiided  aa  it  were  to  serve  our 
neieisil^  liy  the  j^jood  hand  of  liod,  which  I 
think  was  never  iiioro  eiuiiieiilly  seen  in  a 
matter  of  like  luonienl,  and  less  of  man  in 
several  |iass«fi[e3.  Then  we  set  our  men  in 
oilier,  and  pre|i:ired  liir  lif^lit,  and  l)e;;iiii  to 
mil ''I'll  towiirtl  th(!  liarlioiir  where  tin*  pinnaces 
were  to  ride  :  the  enemy  aiiproachiii);,  (Jiipt. 
I'liderhill,  with  divers  Indians  and  certain 
Knglisli,  issued  out  to  encounter  them,  hut 
they  would  not  stand  to  it,  for  the  most  part 
tliev  loy  liehiiid  rocks, trees  and  liiishes,  \Vu 
ni.iiched  oil,  they  still  doiji^ing  of  us  ;  souie- 
liiiies  liazarilini^  themselves  in  open  Held, 
wiiere  sonii!  ofllieni  were  .slain  in  open  view, 
and  Its  we  hear,  many  wounded.  I  was 
s.iniewhal  cautious  in  hestowiinr  many  shot 
U|iiiii  lliem  heedlessly,  hecaiise  1  expected  a 
sli'oni.;  opposition;  and  thus  they  continued 
III  follow  us  till  we  came  within  two  miles  of 
our  pinnaces,  where  they  wholly  left  us,  which 
w.is  nearly  six  miles  as  I  conceive,  it  lieiii)^' 
then  iiliont  two  miles  more  to  the  river. 

"  l-'our  of  our  wounded  men  we  were 
forced  to  carry  oiirsilves,  while  at  leni^lh  we 
hired  the  Indians  to  hear  them  liiith  in  this 
hiid  all  the  followiiij;  enterprises  against  the 
I'l'iinods." 

This  service  liein;;  thiishapplly  accomplish- 
ed liv  these  lew  hands  thai  ciiiuo  from  (/'oii- 
ni'ciicut  ;  within  a  while  iil'ier,  the  forces  sent 
liom  ilie  .Massai'liusells  under  the  conduct  of 
{'apt.  .Sioiinlit.m  as  cominander  in  cliief,  arriv- 
ed ihire  also,  who  found  a  great  part  of  the 
work  done  to  tli-'ir  hands,  in  tlie  surprisal  of 
the  I'eipiods'  fort  as  al'oro.said,  which  was  yet 
hut  the  iireaking  of  the  nest,  and  nnkeimellini,' 
those  savage  wolves  ;  for  the  lioily  of  them, 
wilh  Sassacoiis  the  chief  saidi-iii  (whose  very 
naiiie  was  a  terror  to  all  the  Narragaiiseta) 
Weill  dispersed  aliroad  all  over  their  dispersed 
abroad  and  scattered  a'l  over  their  country, 
vet  so  far  were  the  rest  dismayed,  that  tliev 
never  durst  make  any  nssaiiU  upon  the  lOiig- 
lish,  who  In  several  parties  were  scattered 
ahoiit  in  pursuit  of  tliuiii. 

It  was  not  long  after  (lapt.  Stoiightoii's  sol- 
dii^rs  came  up,  liefore  news  was  lirought  of 
a  great  iiiiiiilier  of  the  enemy,  that  were  dis- 
coveiud  by  the  side  of  a  river  up  the  country, 
U^iiig  first  tnippaiined  liy  the  Narragansels, 
under  pretence  of  securing  them,  Init  wen 
truly  hi'iiimed  in  by  iheiii,  tliou;;li  at  a  dis 
taiice,  yet  so  as  they  could  not,  or  durst  not  stir, 
I'lom  ilm  place,  by  which  means  our  forces  of 
the  Masstichiiselts  made  an  easy  coinpiest  of 
tiinie  hundreds  of  them,  who  were  then 
cooped  up  as  in  a  pound  ;  not  daring  to  figlil, 
nor  able  to  fly  away,  and  so  were  all  lakei 
willioiit  any  opposition.  The  men  atiioii] 
them  to  the  nuiiilier  of  3(1,  were  turned  pic 
Beiitly  into  Charon's  ferryboat  under  the  coni- 
liiand  of  skip|>er(f  alhip,  who  dispatched  them 
a  little  without  the  harbour;  the  females  and 
children  were  disposed  of  according  to  tin 
will  of  tlie  coiii|ueiors,  some  heiiig  given  to 
the  Narragansels,  and  olherlndiunstliut  assist- 
iid  in  the  service. 

The  rest  of  the  enemy  lioing  first  fired  out 
of  their  strong  hold,  were  taken  nnddestroyed, 
a  great  number  of  them  being  seized  in  the 
places  where  they  inti-nded  to  have  hid  lliem 
selves,  the  rest  iUid  out  of  their  own  country 
nver  (Joiiiiucticiit  river,  up  towards  the  Dutcli 
plantation.  Our  soldiers  being  resolved  by 
UuJ'i  Biaiitaiice  tu  inaku  a  final  deKtructlon 


of  tht:m,  were  miiitled  to  pursue  ihiiii  which  I 
way  soever  they  .should  think  to  make  their 
escape,  to  which  eiiil  in  the  iiCNt  place,  our 
soldiers  went  by  water  towards  New  Haven, 
wliillier  they  heard,  and  which  ill  reason  was 
most  likely,  they  bimt  their  (Miiirse  ;  soon  after 
they  were  inloniied  of  a  great  nunibiT  of 
them,  that  had  betaken  ihemsiKus  to  a  iivigli- 
boiiring  place  not  fur  off,  whither  they  might 
hope  It  was  not  likely  they  should  bu  pursued  ; 
but  upon  search,  tiiey  found  fifty  or  sixty 
wigwams,  but  without  an  Indian  in  any  of 
them,  but  heard  that  they  had  passed  toward 
the  Dutch  plantation ;  whereupon  our  sol- 
diers that  were  before,  all  embarked  for 
Cluillupiack,  aflerwards  called  Now  Haven, 
and  lieiiif^  laiided  llieri,  they  had  not  far  to 
march  unto  the  place  wi  ere  it  was  most  pro- 
liable  they  should  either  iiid  or  hear  of  them  ; 
accordingly  in  their  iiiarcl  they  met  Iicp'  ami 
there  with  sundry  of  them,  w ''om  they  slew 
or  took  prisoners,  amongst  whoii.  were  two 
sachems,  whom  they  presently  beheinh'd  ;  to 
a  third  that  was  either  a  sachem  or  near  akin 
to  one,  they  gave  his  lili-  upon  coiulilion  that 
he  should  go  and  eiii|uii'e  where  Sassacous 
was,  and  accordingly  liriiig  them  word  :  this 
Indian,  overlooking  all  other  national  or  natu- 
ral obligations,  in  consideration  ol  his  life  that 
was  received  on  that  coiiihtion,  proved  very 
true  and  laillilul  to  those  that  sent  him;  his 
order  was  to  have  returned  in  three  davs,  but 
not  being  able  within  so  short  a  time  to  make 
a  full  discovery  of  the  business,  and  iiKo  to 
find  a  handsome  way  to  escajie,  he  made  it 
eight  days  before  he  returnud,  in  which  soiiie- 
tliiiur  fell  nut  not  a  litlU)  I'emarkablu ;  for 
those  he  was  sent  to  iliscover,  siispecling  at 
the  last  by  his  withdraw  iiig  hmiM'lf,  that  he 
cume  for  u  spy,  pursued  alter  hull,  so  ho  was 
forced  to  liy  for  his  life,  and  gelling  down  lo 
the  sea  side,  he  aecideiilally  iiiel  w  ilh  a  canoe 
a  litlle  before  turned  ailrill,  by  which  means 
he  paddled  by  some  shift  or  other  so  lar  out 
of  the  liarhoiir,  that  making  a  sign  In;  was  dis 
cerneil  by  some  on  bourd  one  ol  the  vessels 
lliat  iitlendedon  our  soldiers,  by  whom  beiii 
laki'ii  up,  he  made  know  n  w  hat  he  had  discov- 
ereil.  ISiil  iifur  hi.'  was  gone,  Sassiu'oiis  siis 
peel':;'.;;  (.iiid  i.:"t  without  just  cause)  what  the 
mailer  was,  made  lu.s  escape  from  the  rest, 
with  ^0  or  .'il(  ofliis  nien  to  the  .Mohawks,  by 
wlioiii  hunself  and  they  that  were  wilh  him, 
were  all  niiirderrd  alierwaril,  being  hired 
ihireuiito  liy  the  Nairragaiisets,  as  was  conli- 
di'iitly  allirmed  and  believed.* 

Thus  this  ireacheMiiis  and  cruel  villian  with 
his  companions,  having  against  his  faith  and 
promise,  as  well  as  conlrary  lo  the  laws  of 
nature  and  nations,  iininlered  several  olliers, 
both  of  the  Dutch  and  iOnglish  nalimi,  is  in  tin 
same  manner  himself,  against  the  lawsol  lios. 
pilality  murdered  by  those  to  whom  he  lied 
for  refuge.  V rnifiaiue la ill iiie,  aailhthi' hiiiil, 
I  irill  rrjKii/  it. 

It  is  worthy  our  observation,  thislliat  Sassa 
cons,  the  chief  sachem  of  the  I'eipiods,  as 
alierwards  I'hilip  of  iMoiint  Hope  (both  of 
them  in  their  several  limes  and  places  the  <on- 
trivers  of  many  bloody  and  cruel  mischiefs, 
yet)  escaped  the  hands  of  those  whom  they 
had  so  many  way*  provoked  to  the  utmost 
degree  of  iinlignation,  that  so  they  might  not 
too   much  gralily  their  own  fi|urit  in   taking 

*  SiiMniiroiis'H  i*i-ul|i  wiia  hi>iiI  (luwn  lo  tlie  Kiii{liili.- 
lluUiaiit'M  Mnttiichuitlli  lUtlory. 


revenge;  but  it  must  bu  lirought  about  by 
iliiise  means  by  wiiich  the  glory  of  diviiia 
vengeance  iiiiil  jiisliie  shall  iiinre  eniinenllv 
dune  liirlli,  that  it  might  helriih  said  oftlieiii, 
IS  Adoiiilie/ek  confessed  ol'himsi'lf.  As  1  liiivu 
lone,  so  (lod  liiilh  reipiitlcd  me. 

iiut  to  return  :  The  lest  of  the  l'ei|UiKl8 
from  whom  Sassacoiis  had  iiiaile  an  esiiipe, 
shifted  (!very  one  for  himself,  leaving  but  iliieii 
or  liiiir  behind  them  (wdieii  a  iiarty  ofsoldierit 
according  to  the  direction  of  hull  that  was  sent 
as  a  spy  came  upon  the  place)  w  ho  would  not 
or  could  not  tell  them  whither  their  company 
were  tied  ;  but  our  soldiers  ranging  up  and 
down  as  I'rovideiice  guided  them,  iii  the  last, 
July  13,  lliliV,  they  light  upon  a  great  num- 
ber of  them,  lliey  piiisiied  them  lo  a  small 
Iniliaii  town  seated  by  the  side  of  an  hideous 
swamp  (near  the  iilaie  where  Kairlield  or 
.Sti'iitlbrd  now  stiiiids)  into  which  they  all  slipl, 
as  well  l'ei|uoils  as  natives  of  the  |ilace,  be- 
fore our  men  could  make  any  shot  upon  theiii, 
having  placed  a  sentinel  to  give  warning,  Mr. 
I.udlow  and  (lapt.  Mii.soii  with  lialfa  score 
of  their  men  happened  to  discover  this  cn-w, 
(.Jiipl.  I'alrick  and  ('apt.  Tra.sk  withiiboul  an 
liiiiidred  of  the  Massarhiisetts  forces  came  in 
upon  them  presently  afier  the  alarm  was  given; 
such  coiiimaiiders  lis  lirst  liappmied  lo  be  there 
gave  spi-cial  orders  that  the  swamp  should  lie 
surrounded  (being  about  a  mile  in  compass) 
but  liieiit.  Davenport  heloiigiiig  to  ('ajit. 
Trask's  company,  not  hearing  the  wiird  of 
('ominand,  with  a  dozen  more  of  his  compiiny, 
in  nil  over  eager  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  rushed 
immediutely  into  the  swamp,  where  they  were 
very  rudi:ly  entertained  hy  those  evening 
wolves  ihatiiewly  kennelled  therein,  for  Ideiil, 
Davenport  was  sorely  wounded  in  the  body. 
.John  VVedwiiod  of  Ipgwich  in  the  helly,  and 
laid  hold  oil  by  some  of  the  Indians;  'I'hoimiH 
.^herinaii  of  said  Ipswich  in  the  neck;  some 
of  their  iieighliours  that  yeiitiired  in  with  iheiii 
were  in  danger  of  the  enemy's  arrows  that 
llew  Vk-ry  lliii:k  alioiit  them,  others  were  in  an 
lunch  hazard  of  being  swallowed  by  the  miry 
lioggs  of  the  swamp,  wherein  they  stuck  so 
fast,  that  if. Sergeant  Uiggs,  of  K'oxbiiry,  had 
not  rescued  two  or  three  of  them,  they  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  :  lint  siicli 
was  the  strenglh  and  courage  of  liiose  ihac 
came  to  their  rescue,  that  some  of  the  Indiaiii 
being  sliiiii  with  their  swords,  their  friends 
were  ipiickly  relieved  and  drawn  out  of  the 
mire  and  danger. 

lint  the  Indians  of  the  place,  who  had  foi 
company  sake  run  with  their  guests  the  I'e- 
ipiods into  the  swamp  did  not  love  their 
friendship  so  well  as  lo  be  killed  wilh  then] 
also  for  i^onipany  sake,  wherefore  they  be- 
gan to  bethink  themselves  ihev  had  done  no 
wrong  to  the  Knglish,  and  desired  a  parley, 
which  was  granted,  and  they  presently  iiii- 
derslood  one  another  by  the  meaiLi  of  'I'homas 
Sliintoii,  an  exact  interpreter  then  nt  hand. 
(Tpoii  which  the  sachem  of  the  place  wilh 
several  others  and  their  wives  and  children, 
that  likrd  better  to  live  ipiielly  in  their  wig 
wains  than  to  be  buried  in  the  swamp,  caiim 
forth  and  had  their  lives  griinled  lliem  :  .After 
some  time  of  further  parley  wilii  these,  the 
interpreli'r  was  sent  in  to  oll'er  the  like  terms 
lo  the  rest,  but  they  were  possessed  with 
such  a  spirit  of  stupidity  and  siilli^iiiiess  that 
they  resolved  rather  tosellthiur  lives  for  what 
they  cuuld  gut  there  ;  and  to  that  end  began 


eao 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


if 


1:1 1 


to  let  fly  their  arrows  tliick  against  him  as  in- 
tending to  make  his  blood  some  pait  of  the 
price  of  their  own  ;  hut  through  tlie  goodness 
of  God  toward  him,  liis  life  was  not  to  be  sold 
on  that  account,  ho  being  presently  fetch- 
ed off. 

By  this  time  night  drawing  on,  our  com- 
manders perceiving  on  which  side  of  the 
Bwamp  the  enemies  were  lodged,  gave  orders 
lo  cut  through  the  swamp  with  their  swords, 
that  they  might  the  better  hem  them  round  in 
one  corner  which  was  presently  done,  and  so 
they  were  begirt  in  all  night,  the  English  in 
the  circumference  plying  them  with  shot  all 
the  time,  by  which  means  many  of  them 
were  killed  and  buried  in  the  mire,  as  they 
found  the  next  day.  The  swamp  by  the  fore- 
mentioned  device  being  reduced  to  so  narrow 
1  compass,  that  our  soldiers  standing  at 
twelve  feet  distance  could  surround  it,  the 
enemy  kept  in  all  the  night ;  but  a  little  be- 
fore day-iireak  (by  reason  of  the  fog  that 
useth  to  arise  about  that  time,  obs'Tved  to  be 
the  darkest  time  of  the  night)  twenty  or 
thirty  of  the  lustiest  of  the  enemy  broke 
through  the  besiegers,  and  escaped  away  into 
the  woods,  some  by  violence  and  some  by 
stealth  cropping  away,  some  of  whom  not- 
withstanding were  killed  in  the  pursuit  ;  the 
rest  were  luft  to  the  mercy  of  the  conquerors, 
of  which  many  were  killed  in  the  swamp  like 
lullen  dogs,  that  would  rather  in  their  self- 
willedness  and  madness  sit  still  lo  be  shot  or 
cut  in  pieces,  than  receive  their  lives  for  ask- 
ing at  the  hand  of  those  into  whose  power 
they  were  now  fallen.  Some  timt  are  yet 
living  and  worthy  of  credit  do  atlirm,  that  in 
the  morning  entering  into  the  swamp,  they 
saw  several  heaps  of  them  sitting  close  to- 
gether, upon  whom  they  discharged  their 
pieces  laden  with  ten  or  twelve  pistol  bullets 
at  a  time,  putting  the  muzzles  of  their  pieces 
under  the  boughs  within  a  few  yards  of  them ; 
80,  besides  those  that  were  found  dead  (near 
twenty  it  was  judged)  many  more  were  kill- 
ed and  sunk  into  the  mire  and  never  were 
minded  more  bv  friend  or  foe  ;  of  those  who 
were  not  so  desperate  or  sullen  as  to  sell  their 
lives  for  nothing,  but  yielded  in  time,  the 
male  children  were  sent  to  the  Bermudas,  of 
the  females  some  were  distributed  to  the  Eng- 
lish towns,  some  were  disposed  of  among  the 
other  Indians,  to  whom  they  were  deadly 
enemies  as  well  as  to  ourselves. 

This  overthrow  given  to  the  Pequods 
struck  such  a  terror  into  all  the  Indians  in 
those  parts  (some  of  whom  had  been  ill  affect- 
ed to  the  English  before)  that  they  sought 
our  friendship,  and  rendered  themselves  to  be 
under  our  protection,  which  they  then  obtain- 
ed, and  have  never  since  forfeited  it  any  of 
them,  till  the  late  rebellion  of  Philip,  the 
subject  of  the  following  discourse.  Amongst 
th--  It  /  pf  this  prisoners  special  notice  was 
"f  the  wife  of  a  noted  Indian  called 
:'•-  Jo,  >i'ho  with  her  children  submitted 

.V.  V*  '.  ■  y  I  he  chance  of  the  war  fell  into 
i' <?  .'  .  tf  liie  English:  it  was  known  to 
:  '  -»  -  diation  that  two  English  maids 
iken  from  Weathcrstield,  upon 
Co'.iiC  ij  ivor)  were  saved  from  death, 
in  requittal  of  whose  pity  and  humanity,  the 
life  of  herself  and  \wr  children  was  not  only 
granted  her,  but  she  was  in  special  recom- 
mended to  the  care  of  that  honorable  gentle- 
Mr.  John  Winthrop,  at  that  time  being 


the  worthy  governor  of  Massachusetts  ;  who 
taking  notice  of  her  modest  countenance  and 
behavior,  as  well  as  of  her  only  request  (not 
to  suffer  wrong  either  as  to  the  honor  of  her 
body  or  fruit  of  her  womb)  gave  special 
charge  concerning  her,  according  to  his  noble 
and  christian  disposition. 

After  this  slaughter  at  the  swamp,  the  Pe- 
quods Ijeing  upon  every  turn  exposed  to  the 
revenge  of  the  Mohecins  on  one  side,  and  the 
Narragansets  on  the  English,*  by  whom  they 
were  put,  some  under  the  Mohegins  and 
some  under  the  Narragansets,  which  at  last 
proved  the  occasion  of  the  present  quarrel  as 
IS  conceived,  through  the  ambition  of  Mian 
tonimo,  as  will  be  hereafter  related. 

On  the  12th  of  July,  1G37,  one  Aganemo,  a 
sachem  of  the  Niantick  Indians  (who  were  a 
branch  of  the  Narragansets)  came  to  Boston 
with  seventy  of  his  own  men :  he  made 
divers  propositions  to  the  English,  which  they 
look  into  consideration,  and  promised  to  give 
him  an  answer  the  next  day  :  but  finding  that 
he  had  rescued  divers  of  the  Pequods,  sub 
mitted  to  him  since  the  last  defeat,  they  first 
demanded  the  delivery  of  them,  which  he 
sticking  at,  they  refused  further  conference 
with  him  :  But  the  next  morning  he  came 
and  offered  what  they  desired.  So  the  go- 
vernor referred  him  to  the  captains  at  the 
Pequod  country,  and  writ  instructions  to  them 
how  to  deal  with  him.  So  receiving  his  ten 
fathoms  of  wampum,  they  t'riendly  dismissed 
him. 

In  July  1638,  Uiicas  the  sachem  of  the 
Mohegins,  having  entertained  some  of  the 
Pequods,  came  to  the  governor  at  Boston 
with  a  pres(!nt,  and  was  much  dejected  be- 
cause it  was  not  first  accepted :  Hut  afterwards 
the  governor  and  council  being  satisfied 
about  his  innocency  they  accepted  it,  where- 
upon he  promised  to  the  order  of  the  Eng- 
lish, both  touching  the  Pequods  he  had  re- 
ceived, and  as  concerning  the  differences 
betwixt  the  Narragansets  and  himself,  and 
confirmed  all  with  this  compliment;  this 
heart,  said  he,  (laying  his  bund  upon  his 
heart)  is  not  mine  but  your's,  command  me 
any  difficult  service  and  I  will  do  it,  I  have 
no  men  but  they  are  all  your's,  I  will  never 
believe  any  Indian  against  the  English  any 
more  ;  and  so  he  continued  for  ever  after,  as 
may  be  seen  in  the  following  transactions  be- 
tween the  Indians  and  the  English  :  where- 
upon he  was  dismissed  with  some  small  re- 
ward, and  went  home  very  joyful,  carrying  a 
letter  of  approbation  for  himself  and  his  men, 
through  the  English  plantations. 

This  was  the  issue  of  the  Pequod  war, 
which  in  the  day  of  it  here  in  New  England 
was  as  formidable  to  the  country  in  general  as 
the  present  war  with  Philip  ;  the  experience 
of  which,  because  it  may  administer  much 
comfort  and  encouragement  to  the  surviving 
generation  as  well  as  of  praise  and  thanks 
giving  to  Almighty  God,  from  all  those  who 
have  thus  long  quietly  enjoyed  the  benefit 
and  reaped  the  fruit  of  their  labour  and 
coiirage  who  engaged  therein,  the  more  pains 
Iiath  been  taken  to  search  out  the  broken 
pieces  of  that  story  and  thus  put  them  to- 
gether, before  the  memory  thereof  was  buried 
in  ih"  ruins  of  time,  and  past  the  recovery 
and  knowledge  of  the  present  age. 


*  Seven  kiuidred  or  them  were  Ihooghllo  be  destroyed' 


After  subduing  the  Pequods  in  the  year 
1637,  the  Narragansets,  the  most  numerous 
of  the  other  Indians,  either  out  of  discontent, 
that  the  whole  sovereignty  over  the  rest  of  the 
Indians  was  not  adjudged  to  behmgto  them, 
or  out  of  envy,  that  Uncas  the  chief  sachem 
of  the  Mohcgin  Indians,  had  in  luated  fur- 
ther than  themselves  into  the  mvour  iif  the 
English,  were  observed  to  be  always  con- 
triving mischief  against  tViem,  notwithstand- 
ing a  firm  agreement  was  made  between  the 
English  and  the  said  Narraganselj  in  the 
year  1637,  when  they  had  helped  to  destroy 
the  Pequods,  and  also  notwr.hstanding  the 
triple  league  between  the  said  Narragan- 
sets, tho  Mohegins,  and  the  English  at  Hurt- 
ford  (the  chief  town  of  Connecticut)  made  in 
the  year  1638,  wherein  the  said  Indians  were 
solemnly  engaged  not  to  quarrel  with  tho 
.Mohegins  or  any  other  Indians,  until  they  firxt 
asked  the  advice  of  the  English,  to  whose  de- 
termination, they  had  likewise  obliged  them- 
selves to  stand  in  all  foUowing  differences 
among  them,  They  carried  it  subtilely  and 
underhand  for  some  years,  and  were  pretend- 
ing quarrels  with  the  said  Uncas,  against 
whom  they  had  always  an  inveterate  malice, 
ever  since  the  agreement  made  about  dis- 
tributing the  Pequods,  after  the  war  with 
them  bud  ended,  expecting  in  all  probability 
that  all  should  have  been  left  to  their  sole 
arbitrament.  The  Mohegins  on  the  other 
side,  though  not  so  numerous,  yet  a  more 
warlike  people  and  more  politic,  always  made 
their  recourse  to  the  English,  complaining  of 
the  insolence  of  the  Narragansets,  contrary 
to  their  league,  so  us  they  would  hardly  he 
kept  from  making  open  war  against  them, 
when  they  saw  all  other  attempts  to  kill  and 
destroy  Uncas  the  Mohegin  sachem,  by  trea- 
chery, poison  and  sorcery  prove  ineffectual. 
Inasmuch  that  at  last  the  malice  of  Miaiito- 
nimo  and  his  Narragansets  grew  to  that 
height,  that  they  began  to  plot  against  tho 
English  themselves,  for  defending  Uncus. 

The  Narragansets  were  ani  muted  by  the 
haughty  spirit  and  ospiring  mind  of  Mianto- 
nimo,  the  heir  apjiarent  of  all  the  Narraganset 
people,  after  the  decease  of  the  old  sucheni, 
Canonicus,  who  was  his  uncle.  This  Mian- 
tonimo  was  a  very  goodly  personage,  of  lull 
stature,  subtle  and  cunning  in  his  contrive- 
ments,  as  well  as  haughty  in  his  designs.  It 
was  strongly  suspected  that  in  the  year  164'2, 
he  had  contrived  to  draw  all  the  Iiidiai  j 
throughout  the  country  into  a  general  crn- 
apiraoy  against  tho  English:  l*or,  the  frst 
of  September,  1642,  letters  came  to  the 
court  of  Connecticut,  and  from  two  cf  the 
magistrates  there,  that  the  Indians  had  con- 
spired to  cut  off  the  English  alt  over  the 
country  :  Mr,  Ludlow  certified  as  much  ficmi 
the  place  where  he  lived  near  the  Dutch. 
The  time  appointed  for  the  assault,  was  said 
to  bo  after  harvest ;  the  manner  to  be  by 
several  companies,  entering  into  the  chief 
men's  houses,  by  way  of  trade,  end  then  lo 
kill  them  in  theirhouses,  and  seize  their  arms, 
and  others  should  be  at  hand  to  prosecute  the 
massacre  :  This  was  also  confirmed  by  three 
Indians  that  were  said  to  reveal  it  in  the 
same  manner,  and  at  the  seme  time,  lo 
Mr.  Ludlow  and  to  the  governor  of  New 
Haven.  It  was  added  also  thatunolher  Indian 
shculd  discover  the  same  plot  to  Mr  Iliimes 
of   Connecticut    by  some     special    circum- 


15W^EWW»»W*r*W«*»* 


A  N  A  U  li  A  TI  V  E  OF 


I   Pequods  in  ihe  ^car 
't»,  tho  most  nuriieroua 
litlior  out  of  discontftit, 
f,'nty  ovur  the  rest  of  iho 
Iged  to  beldiijr  to  llieni, 
Jucus  the  thief  sachi-iii 
lis,  had  in    mated  fur- 
into  the  lavour  i.f  the 
:d  to  be   always  con- 
them,  notvvithstand- 
was  made  between  the 
I   NarraganscU   in    tho 
I  had  helped  to  destroy 
so   notwithstanding  the 
'n  the    said   Narragan- 
d   the  English  at  Hart- 
if  Connecticut)  made  in 
n  tho  said  Indians  were 
to  quarrel  wilh    tho 
•  Indians,  until  they  first 
B  English,  to  whose  de- 
likewise  obliged  lliem- 
1   following  diHcrences 
carried  it  suhtilely  and 
ars,  and  were  pretend- 
le   said   Uncas,  against 
ys  an  inveterate  malice, 
;ment  made  about  dis- 
»,    after  the   war  with 
acting  in  all   probability 
leen   left  to  their  solo 
ohegins    on    the    other 
lumeroiis,  yet   a   more 
)re  politic,  always  made 
■lliiglish,  complaining  of 
Narragansets,  contrary 
they  would  liardly  bo 
pen  war  against  them, 
ler  attempts  to  kilt  and 
ohegin  sachem,  by  trea- 
rcery  prove  ineflTectual. 
the  malice  of  Mianto- 
agansets    grew   to    that 
,'an  to  plot   against  tho 
Jr  defending  Uncas. 
were  animated   by  the 
firing  mind  of  INIianto- 
it  of  all  the  Narrnganset 
•ase  of  tho  old  sachem, 
his  uncle.      This  Mian- 
idly  personage,   of  tall 
Linning  in  his  contrive- 
rhty  in  his  designs.     It 
J  that  in  the  year  164'.', 
draw  all    tho    Indian 
•y  into  a   General    crn- 
nglish  :    tor,  the   frst 
letters  came   to   the 
and   from   two   cf  the 
t  ihu  Indians  hail  con- 
English    all   over  the 
certified  as  much  fmni 
lived   near   the  Dutch, 
r  the  as.sault,  was  said 
the  manner  to  be  by 
itering    into  the   chief 
of  trade,  end   then   lo 
s,  and  seixe  their  arms, 
hand  to  prosecute  the 
Iso  confirmed  by  three 
id   to    reveal   it  in  the 
.    the    seme   time,   to 
iho    governor  of  New 
ilso  that  another  Indian 
le  plot  to  Mr  Ildines 
me     special    circuiu- 


(B! 


Itunccs,  viz.  that  being  much  liurt  by  a  cart 
(which  usually  there  aro  drawn  with  oxen) 
he  should  send  for  Mr.  Haines  and  tr>ll  him, 
that  Eiiglishtnan's  God  was  angry  with  him, 
and  sent  Englishman's  cow  (meaning  the 
oxen  in  the  cart,  or  Wayne)  to  kill  him  be- 
cuue  he  had  concealed  a  plot  against  tlie 
English,  and  so  told  him  all  as  the  other  In- 
dians had  done. 

Upon  this,  their  advice  from  Connecticut 
was,  that  we  should  begin  with  them  and  enter 
upon  a  war  presently,  and  that  if  Massachu- 
setts would  send  120  men  to  Saybrook,  at  the 
river's  mouth,  they  would  meet  them  with  a 
projiortionable  number.  This  was  a  very 
prol)ablc  story,  and  very  likely  it  was,  that  the 
Indians  had  been  discoursing  of  some  such  bu- 
siness among  themselves.  Hut  tho  general 
court  of  .Massacbusetta  when  called  together, 
did  not  think  those  infiirinations  to  be  u  suffi- 
cient ground  whereon  to  begin  a  war.  Although 
the  governor  and  magistrates  as  many  as 
could  convene  together  befiire  the  court  or- 
dered thata'!  the  Indians  within  their  jurisdic- 
tion shcmld  oe  disarmed,  which  they  willingly 
Yielded  unto  :  and  upon  all  the  eniiuiries  and 
examinations  which  were  made  by  the  court 
when  assembled  together,  they  could  not 
find  any  such  violent  presumption  of  a  con 
spiracy,  as  to  the  ground  of  a  war.  Besides, 
it  was  considered,  that  the  reports  of  all  Indians 
were  found  by  experience  to  bo  very  uncer 
tain,  especially  when  it  may  be  raised  and 
carried  by  such  as  are  at  variance  one  wilh 
another ;  who  may  be  very  ready  to  accuse 
one  another  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the 
English.  Miantotiimo,  sachem  of  Narragan- 
set,  was  sent  unto,  and  by  bis  readiness  to 
appear,  satisfied  the  English  that  ho  was  inno' 
cent  as  to  any  present  conspiracy  ;  though  his 
quarrel  with  the  Mohegins  (who  bordered 
upon  Connecticut  colony)  might  very  proba- 
bly, as  was  judged,  render  him  the  subject  of 
such  a  report,  or  an  occasion  of  it. 

The  said  Miantonimo  when  he  came  l)efore 
the  court  peremptorily  demanded  that  his 
accusers  might  be  brought  before  him  face  to 
face,  and  if  they  could  not  prove  it,  then  to  be 
made  to  suffer,  what  himself,  if  he  had  been 
found  guilty,  had  deserved,  i.  e.  death,  his 
reasons  for  which  were  very  plausible.  He 
urged  very  much  the  prosecuting  such  a  law 
against  his  accusers;  alleging,  that  if  the  En- 
glish did  not  believe  it,  why  did  they  disarm 
the  Indians  round  about:  and  if  they  did  be- 
lieve it,  equity  required,  tliatthcy  who  accused 
him  should  bo  punished  according  to  the 
oHence  charged  upon  himself.  He  ofl'ered 
also  to  make  it  good  against  Uncas,  sachem 
of  the  Mohegins,  that  the  report  was  raised 
either  by  him  or  some  of  his  people.  The 
English  answcreil,  that  divers  Indians  had 
robbed  some  of  the  Englishmen's  bouses, 
which  might  boa  sufficient  ground  todisarin; 
and  with  that  he  wx  something  satisfied.  The 
Connecticut  men  were  hardly  prevailed  with 
to  foibear  the  war  against  them,  but  at  last 
they  were  overcome  with  the  allegations  of 
the  Massachusetts  to  lay  it  asiilc. 

Miantonimo  when  ht^  was  at  Hoston  was 
very  deliberate  in  his  answers,  shewing  a  good 
understanding  in  the  principles  of  justice  and 
equity,  as  well  as  a  seeming  ingenuity  withal ; 
but  though  his  words  were  smoother  than  oil, 
yet,  as  many  conceived,  in  his  heart  were 
drawn  swords.     It  was  observed  also,  that 


he  would  never  si>eak  but  when  some  of  his  i  posed  being  vexed  in  Itis  mind  tliat  the  de- 
counsellors  were  present,  that  they  might,  as  sign  against  the   English,   intended  to  beRiij 


ho  said,  bear  witness  of  all  his  speechesat  their 
return  home. 

They  spent  two  days  in  the  treaty,  wherein 


l(i71,  did  not  take  place,  out  of  mere  malice 
and  spite  against  them,  slew  an  Eiiglishnmn 
travellinii  ulonif  the  road,   and  tho   said   .Mti- 


at  last  ho  gave  them  satisliiction  in  ail  things,  toonas  being  a  Nipiiet  Indian,  which  Nipnets 
iIioukIi  ho  held  oft'  long  about  the   N'ianficks,  j  were   under  the  command  of  tho   sachem  of 


of  whom  he  said  they  were  as  his  own  flesh, 
engaging  on  their  behalf,  that  if  they  should 
do  any  wrong,  so  as  neither  he  nor  they  could 
satisfy  without  blood,  then  ho  would  leave 
them  to  the  mercy  of  the  English.  At  his 
departure  he  gave  his  hand  to  the  governor, 
telling  him,  that  was  for  tho  magistrates  that 
were  absent. 

While  he  was  at  Boston  one  of  his  own  fol- 
lowers had  been  a  principal  evidence  against 
him ;  he  however  promised  to  didiver  him  to 
the  Mohegin  sachem  whose  subject  ho  was  ; 
notwithstanding  which  promise,  going  home- 
word  he  cut  oft'  his  head  to  prevent  his  telling 
more  tales.  And  with  great  discontent,  as  he 
was  going  home  said,  he  would  come  no  more 
to  Uoston,  wherein  he  proved  a  truer  prophet 
than  he  himself  believed  when  he  uttered  the 
words,  for  in  the  end  of  the  same  year,  1613, 
making  war  upon  Uncas,  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  him,  and  soon  after  by  the  advice  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  four  colonies  (at  that 
time  firmly  united  into  a  league  offensive 
and  defensive,  on  which  account  they  were 
after  that  time  called  the  united  colonies  of 
New-England  ;  tliough  since  that  time  they 
aro  reduced  to  but  three  colonies  j  that  of 
New  Haven  and  Connecticut  by  the  last 
patent  being  united  in  one)  his  head  was  cut 
oft'  fjy  Uncas,  it  being  justly  feared,  that  there 
would  never  be  a  firm  peace,  either  betwixt 
the  English  and  the  Narragansets,  or  betw  ixt 
the  Narragansets  and  tho  .Mohegins,  while 
Miantonimo  was  left  alive  :  However,  the 
Narragansets  have  ever  since  that  time  bore 
an  implacable  malice  agairst  Uncas,  and  all 
the  Mohegins,  and  for  tlit.r  sakes  secietly 
against  the  English,  so  fur  as  they  durst  dis- 
cover it. 

In  the  year  1645,  and  1646,  they  grew  so 
insolent,  that  the  commissioners  of  the  united 
colonies  were  compelled  to  raise  forces  to  go 
against  them,  but  when  they  perceived  that 
the  English  were  in  good  earnest. they  began 
to  be  afraid,  and  sued  for  piece,  submitted  to 
pay  tribute  to  satisfy  the  charges  of  jirepara- 
tion  for  the  war,  but  were  always  very  l)ack- 
ward  to  make  payment  until  the  English  were 
forced  to  demand  it  by  new  forces,  so  that  it 
appeared  they  were  unwilling  lo  Imld  any 
friendly  correspondence  with  the  English,  yet 


Mount  Hope,  the  author  of  all   the   present 
mirithief!*. 

Upon  a  duo  enquiry  into  all  the  preceding 
transactions  between  the  Indians  and  the  En- 
glish, from  their  first  settling  in  these  coasts, 
there  will  appear  no  ground  of  quarrel  that 
any  of  them  had  against  the  English,  nor  any 
provocation  upon  one  account  or  another ;  for 
when  Plymouth  colony  was  first  planted,  with- 
in three  months  aftcrtheir  first  landing,  March 
16,  1620,  Mttssasoit,  the  chief  sachem  of  all 
that  side  of  the  country,  repaired  to  the  En- 
glish at  Plymouth,  and  entered  into  a  solemn 
league  upon  sundry  articles,  (printed  in  New- 
England's  Memorial,  1689)  which  are  as  fol- 
lows, viz. 

1.  That  neither  he  nor  any  of  his  should 
injure  or  do  hurt  to  any  of  their  people. 

2.  That  if  any  of  his  did  any  hurt  lo  any  of 
theirs,  ho  should  send  the  oft'ender  that  tiiey 
might  punish  him. 

3.  That  if  any  thing  were  taken  away  from 
any  of  theirs,  heshould  cause  it  to  be  restored  ; 
and  they  should  do  the  like  to  his. 

4.  That  if  any  did  iiijiisllv  war  against  him, 
they  should  aid  him,  and  if  any  did  war  against 
them,  he  should  aid  them. 

5.  That  he  should  si-nd  lo  his  neighbour 
confekierates,  *,o  ciTtily  them  of  this,  that  they 
might  not  wrong  them,  but  might  likewise  be 
comprised  in  these  conditions  of  peace. 

6.  That  w  hen  his  men  came  to  them  upon 
any  occasion,  they  should  leave  their  arms 
(which  were  then  bows  and  arrows)  behind 
them. 

7.  That  ill  so  doing,  their  sovereign  lord. 
King  Jumes,  would  esteem  him  us  their  friend 
and  ally. 

This  league  the  same  sachem,  September 
26,  1630,  a  little  before  his  death,  coming  w  iih 
his  eldest  son,  al'terwards  called  Alexander, 
did  renew  wilh  the  English  at  the  court  of 
Plymouth,  for  himself  and  his  son,  and  iheir 
heirs  and  successors  :  And  after  that  he  came 
to  Mr.  Brown's,  who  lived  not  far  from  .Mount 
Hope,  bringing  his  two  sons,  Alexander  and 
Philip  with  him,  desiring  there  might  be  love 
and  amity  after  his  death,  betwei'ii  his  sons 
and  them,  as  there  hud  been  betwixt  himself 
and  them  in  former  times  :  yet  it  is  very  re- 
inarkalile    that    lliis     Massasoit,    culled     also 


lurst  never  make  any  open  attempt  upon  them,  i  Woosameqiien,  (how  iiiiicli  soever  he  afi'ected 


inlil  tho  present  rebelli<ui,  wherein  they  had 
no  small  hand,  is  too  evident,  notwithstanding 
all  their  pretences  to  the  contrary,  as  will  ap- 
pear in  the  sequel  of  this  history. 

Thus  it  is  apparent  upim  what  terms  the 
English  stood  with  the  Narragansets,  ever 
since  the  cutting  off  Miantonimo,  their  chief 
sachem's  head  by  Uncus,  it  being  done  with 
the  advice  and  counsel  of  the  English,  Anno 
1643.  As  for  the  rest  of  thi;  Indians,  ever 
since  the  suppression  of  the  Pecpiods,  in  the 
year  1637,  until  the  year  1675,  there  was  al- 
ways in  appearance  amity  and  good  corres- 
pondence on  all  sides,  scarce  an  Englishman 
was  ever  known  to  be  assaulted  or  hurt  by 
any  of  them,  until  after  the  year  1674,  when 
tho  son  of  one  Matoonas,  who,  as  was   sup- 


the  English)  was  never  in  the  least  degree 
well  aftiicted  to  the  religion  of  ihe  English,  but 
would  in  his  last  treaty  with  his  neighbours 
at  Plymouth,  when  they  were  w  ith  him  about 
purchasing  some  land  at  Swanzey,  have  hud 
them  engaged  never  to  attempt  to  draw  away 
any  of  his  people  from  their  old  pagan  super- 
stition, and  devilish  idolatry,  to  the  christian 
religion,  and  did  much  insist  upon  it  till  he  saw 
the  English  were  resolved  never  to  mnk*' any 
treaty  with  him  more  iipoti  that  accounr,  w  hich 
when  he  discerned,  he  did  not  further  urge 
it:  but  that  was  a  bad  omen,  that,  notwith- 
standing whatever  his  humanity  was  to  the 
English,  as  lliey  were  strangers,  (for  indeed 
they  had  repa  'eil  his  former  kindness  to  them, 
by  protecting  lim  afterwards  against  the  inso< 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


Unces  of  the  Norraganscts)  lie  maiiifeatcJ  no 
■iimll  digplitcpricy  ut' spirit  agninst  tlicm,  ns 
tlmy  woro  clirigliuiis ;  wliicli  strain  was  ovi- 
dciit  mure  In  his  son  that  siiccocduii  him,  and 
■  II  Ins  pcopli-,  iniiuiuiu'li  that  soniu  discorning 
|K>rsiin!i  »t' (hut  jurisdiction  have  ft-arud  tliut 
nation  ul' Indians  would  all  bu  rooltul  onl,  ua 
has  since  conio  to  puss.  Tho  liki.'  inav  W 
observed  concerning  the  Xarragansetts,  who 
were  always  mure  civil  and  courteous  to  the 
English  tiian  any  ui'  the  other  Indians,  though 
never  have  as  yet  received  the  least  tincture 
o.'the  christian  religion,  but  have  in  a  manner 
run  the  same  tiito  with  their  neighbours  of 
MiMint  Hope,  there  being  very  lew  of  them 
left  standing.  Nor  is  it  unworthy  tlierelation, 
what  a  person  of  quality  amongst  us  hath  lately 
alKrmed,  viz.  One  much  conversant  with 
the  Indians  about  Merriniao  river,  being  An- 
no IGtiO,  invited  by  some  Sagamores  or  sach- 
ems to  a  great  dance,  (which  solenniities  are 
the  times  they  make  use  of  to  tell  their  stories, 
and  convey  the  knowledge  of  some  past  and 
most  nuMiiorable  things topnsterity)  I'assucon- 
away,  the  great  sachem  of  tliat  part  of  the 
country,  intending  at  that  time  to  make  his  last 
and  farewell  s|)eech  to  his  children  and  peo- 
ple, that  were  then  all  gathered  together,  ad- 
dressed lumself  to  them  in  this  manner  : 

"  I  am  now  going  llie  way  of  all  Hesh,  or 
ready  to  die,  and  not  likely  to  see  you  ever 
met  together  any  more  :  I  will  now  leave  this 
word  of  cdunsel  witii  you,  that  you  may  take 
heed  how  you  quarrel  with  the  Knglish,  for 
though  you  raay  do  them  much  mischief,  yet  as- 
suredly you  will  all  be  destroyed,  and  rooted 
off  tho  earth  if  you  do  ;  for  I  was  as  nuich  an 
enemy  to  the  English,  at  their  first  coming  into 
these  parts,  as  any  one  whatsoever,  and  diil 
(ry  all  wayi  and  means  possible  to  have  des- 
troyed them,  at  least  to  have  prevented  the:u 
ailting  down  here,  but  I  could  no  way  effect 
it,  therefore  I  advise  you  never  to  contend 
wit})  the  English,  nor  make  war  with  them  :" 
And  accctdingly  his  eldest  son  Wanalancet 
b^  name,  as  soon  as  he  perceived  that  the  In- 
dians were  up  in  arms,  witlidrew  himself  into 
some  remote  place,  that  he  might  not  bo  hurt 
by  the  English,  orthc  enemies,  or  be  in  danger 
by  them. 

This  passage  was  thought  fit  to  be  inserted 
here,  it  liaving  so  near  an  agreement  with  the 
former,  intimating  some  secret  awe  of  God 
upon  the  hearts  of  some  of  the  principal 
amongst  them,  that  they  durst  not  hurt  the 
English,  although  they  bear  no  good  affec- 
tion to  their  religion,  wherein  they  seem  not  a 
little  to  imitate  Balaam,  who,  whatever  he 
uttered,  when  he  was  under  the  awful  power 
of  divine  illumination,  yet  when  left  to  him- 
lelf,  was  as  bad  an  enemy  to  tlio  Israel  of 
God  as  ever  before. 

But  to  return. 

After  the  death  of  tliis  Woosamequen,  or 
MuasBSoit,  his  eldest  son  succeeded  him  about 
20  years  gince,  Alexander  by  name,  who  not- 
v^ithstanding  the  league  he  had  entered  into 
with  the  English,  together  with  his  father,  in 
the  year  1639,  had  neither  affection  to  the 
Englishmen's  persons,  nor  yet  to  their  re- 
ligion, but  had  been  plotting  with  the  Narra- 
gansets,  to  rise  against  the  English  ;  of  which 
tho  governor  and  council  of  Plymouth  being 
informed,  they  presently  sent  for  him  to  bring 
htm  to  the  court;  the  person  to  whom  that 
Rer'ice  was  committed,  was  a   prudent  and 


reioluto  gentleman,  the  present  governor  of 
tho  said  colony,  who  was  neither  ,.I'"iid  of 
danger,  nor  yet  willing  to  delay  in  a  matter 
of  that  moment,  he  forthwith  taking  eight  or 
ten  stimt  men  with  him  well  armed,  intendi'd 
to  have  gone  to  the  said  Alexander's  dwell- 
ing, distant  at  least  forty  miles  from  the  go- 
vernor's house,  but  by  a  good  providence,  lie 
found  him  whom  he  went  to  seek  at  a  hunt- 
ing-house, within  six  miles  of  the  English 
towns,  where  the  said  Alexander,  with  about 
eighty  men,  were  newly  come  in  from  hunt- 
ing, and  had  left  their  guns  without  doors, 
which  Major  Winslow  with  his  small  com- 
pany wisely  seized  and  conveyed  away,  and 
then  went  into  the  wigwam,  and  demanded 
Alexander  to  go  along  with  him  before  the 
governor,  at  whicli  message  he  was  much  ap- 
palled, but  being  told  by  the  undaunted  mes- 
senger, that  if  he  stirred  or  refused  to  go  he 
was  a  dead  man ;  he  was  by  one  of  his  chief 
counsellors,  in  whoso  advice  he  most  con- 
fided, persuaded  to  go  along  to  the  go- 
vernor's house,  but  such  was  the  pride  and 
height  of  his  spirit,  that  tho  very  surprisal  of 
him,  so  raised  his  choler  and  indignation,  that 
it  put  him  into  a  fever,  which  notwithstand- 
ing all  possible  means  that  could  be  used, 
seemed  mortal;  wliereu|>ou  entreating  those 
that  held  him  prisoner,  that  he  might  have 
liberty  to  return  home,  promising  to  return 
again  if  he  recovered,  and  to  send  his  son  as 
hostage  till  he  could  do  so  ;  on  that  considera- 
tion he  was  fairly  dismissed,  but  died  before 
he  got  half  way  home.  Here  let  it  be  ob- 
served, that,  alihdugh  stmie  have  taken  up 
false  reports  as  if  the  English  had  compelled 
liiin  to  go  further  and  faster  tlian  ho  was  able, 
and  so  he  fell  into  a  fever,  or  as  if  he  was  not 
well  used  by  the  |)liysician  that  looked  to 
him,  while  he  was  with  tho  Englisn  ;  all  which 
are  notoriously  false;  nor  is  it  to  be  imagined 
that  a  person  of  so  noble  a  disposition  as  is 
this  gentleman  (at  that  time  em|)Ioyed  to  bring 
him)  should  himself,  or  sutler  any  cme  else  to 
be  uncivil  to  a  person  allied  to  them,  by  his 
own,  as  well  as  his  lather's  league,  as  the  said 
Alexander  also  was;  nor  was  any  thing  of 
that  nature  ever  objected  to  by  the  English 
of  Plymouth,  by  the  said  -'Mexander's  brother, 
by  name  Philip,  commonly  for  his  ambitious 
and  haughty  spirit  nicknamed  King  Philip, 
when  he  came  in  the  year  1G62,  in  his  own 
person  with  Sausamnn  and  secretary  and 
chief  counsellor,  to  renew  the  former  league 
that  had  been  between  his  predecessors  and 
the  English  of  Plymouth  ;  but  there  was  as 
much  correspondence  betwixt  them  for  the 
next  seven  years  as  ever  had  been  in  any 
former  times.  What  can  be  imagined,  there- 
fore, besides  the  instigation  of  Satan,  that  en- 
vied at  the  prosperity  of  the  church  of  God 
hero  seated,  or  else  fearing  lest  the  power  of 
the  Lord  Jesus,  that  had  overthrown  hig  king- 
dom in  other  parts  of  the  world,  should  do 
the  like  here,  and  so  the  stone  taken  out  of  the 
mountain  without  hands,  should  become  a 
great  mountain  itself,  and  fill  the  wholu  earth  ; 
no  cause  for  provocation  being  given  by  the 
English !  For  once  before  this,  in  the  year 
1671,  the  devil,  who  was  a  murderer  from 
the  beginning,  had  so  filled  the  heart  of  this 
savage  miscreant  with  envy  and  malice 
agair.st  the  English,  that  he  was  ready  to 
break  out  in  open  war  against  the  inha- 
bitants of  Plymouth,  protending  some  trifling 


injuries  done  him  in  bis  planliiig  land,  but 
when  the  matter  of  iimlroversy  came  to 
be  heard  by  divers  of  the  Massiicliusclls  co- 
lony, yea,  when  he  himself  came  lo  Ihistoii, 
as  itwtire  referring  his  rase  lo  the  jiid^mi'iit 
of  that  colony,  nolliiiigof  lliut  nature  could  be 
made  lo  a|>pear,  w  heriMipon  in  way  of  sul> 
mission,  be  was  of  necessity  by  that  evidi'iit 
couNiclion  forced  to  aiknow ledge  that  it  was 
the  naughtiness  of  his  own  heart,  tlmt  put 
him  upon  that  rebellton,  and  nothing  of  any 
provocation  from  the  Englinh;  and  lo  a  con- 
fession of  this  nature  with  a  solemn  renewal 
of  this  covenant,  declaring  his  desire,  that 
this  covenant  might  testily  to  the  wurld 
against  him,  if  ever  he  should  jirove  un- 
faithful to  those  of  Plymouth,  or  any  other 
of  the  English  colonies  iherein,  himself  with 
his  chief  counsellors  subscribed  in  the  pre- 
sence of  some  messengers  sent  on  purpose  to 
hear  the  difference  lielween  Plymouth  imil 
the  said  Philip,  But  fi>r  further  satisfaclicui  of 
the  reader,  tho  said  ngreenient  and  submission 
shall  hero  be  published. 

Tuunton,  .Ijiril  10,  1671. 
'•  Whereas  my  father,  my  brother,  and 
myself  have  formerly  subinitled  ourselves 
and  our  people  unto  the  king's  majesty  i>f 
England,  and  to  this  colony  of  New  Ply 
miMith,  by  some  solemn  covenant  under  our 
hand  ;  but  I  having  of  late  through  my  in- 
discretion, and  the  naughtiness  of  my  liear» 
violated  and  broken  this  my  covenant  with 
my  friends,  by  taking  up  arms,  with  evil  in- 
tent against  them,  and  that  groundlessly  ;  I 
being  now  deeply  sensibi,-  of  !iiy  md'ailhfiil- 
ness  and  folly,  do  desire  at  this  time  so- 
lemnly to  renew  my  covenant  with  my  an- 
cient I'riends,  and  my  father's  friends  above- 
mentioned,  and  do  desire  this  may  testify  to 
the  world  against  me  if  ever  1  shall  again 
fail  in  my  faithfulness  towards  them  (whom 
1  have  now  ond  at  all  times  found  kind  to 
me)  or  any  other  of  the  English  colonies  ; 
and  as  a  real  pledge  of  my  true  intentions,  I 
do  freely  engage  to  resign  up  unto  the  go- 
vernment of  New  Plymoulh,  all  my  English 
arms,  to  bo  kept  by  them  for  their  security, 
so  long  as  they  shall  see  reason.  For  true 
performance  of  these  premises,  I  have  here- 
unto set  my  hand  together  with  tho  rest  of 
my  council. 

The  mark  P.  of  Philip, 

chief  sachem  of  Pakanohct, 
The  n-.dik  V.  of  Tavoser, 
The  mark  ^f.  of  Capt.  Wixjmhe, 
The  mark  T.  of  Wookaponckunt, 
The  mark  S  of  Nimrod  " 
In  pretence  of 
WILLIAM  DAVIS, 
WILLIAM  HUDSON. 
THOMAS  BRATTLE. 

Philip  also  in  the  same  year  signed  tho  fol- 
lowing ArlicUs : 

1.  "  We  Philip  and  my  council  and  my 
subjects,  do  acknowledge  ourselves  subject 
to  Ills  majoity  the  king  of  England,  and  the 
government  of  New  Plymouth,  and  lo  their 
laws. 

2.  "  1  am  willing  and  do  promise  to  pay 
unto  the  governor  of  Plymouth,  one  hundred 
pounds  in  such  things  as  I  have  :  But  I  would 
intreat  the  favour  that  I  might  have  three 
years  to  pay  it  in,  forasmuch  as  1  r«nnot  do  it 
at  present. 


pliiiiliii^  Iniid,  liul 
■oiiiriiviTsy  Clime  to 
Masmicliiimlis  ro- 
K'lC  Clinic  lo  JJiisiiiii, 
iisL'  lo  till-  jiicJ(>iiiriit 
tliut  imtiirc  t'liuUi  lie 
i|'oii  ill    wiiy  (iC  sill,. 

l.Slty    1>_V    tluit     L-Vl(i..|,t 
ll)«  Icijjr,.   llilll   it   «|ia 

iwn  ln'iirl,  iliiit  |)ut 
iiml  iiiitliiiig  111'  uuy 
't,'li»li ;  uiiii  lo  u  Cdii- 
li  a  Mileiiiii  roiifWiil 
iiiR  Ilia  desire,  tlmt 
silly  to  llie  woiM 
itlioiild  pnivit  nil- 
nmiili,  or  any  ollit-r 
iHTfiii,  liinisfir  wiih 
"Scrilied  in  llit-  (no- 
's a<.'nt  on  (mr|iii»f  to 
vet'ii  I'lyiiionili  unci 
'iirlliiTsuliafacliiiii  of 
Mi'iit  and  subinlssioii 

.Ijirit  10.  11)71. 
my    lirotlipr,    niid 
iinliiiilttfd    onrsclvo!* 
i<!  kin-j's  iiiHJi'stv  of 
oloiiy  of  X,.w    i'lv- 
covt'iiant  under  our 
ate   tliroiigli  my  in- 
litiness  of  my  lu>art 
my  coveniiiit    willi 
arms,   wiili  evil   in- 
liat  ^roiiiidlessiv  ;    I 
i.-  of  my  unfaithful- 
ro    at  lliis  time  so- 
•eiiant  witli   my  aii- 
tder's  friends  aliove- 
tliis   may  testify  to 
:  ever  1   shall  agi>.iii 
Avarils  them  (wlioin 
lines  found  kind    to 
-■   Kiiglish  colonies  ; 
ny  true  intentions,  I 
Rii   up   unto  the  fjo- 
'uih,  all  my  English 
II  for  their  security, 
3  reason.     For  true 
mises,  I  have  here- 
(r   with  the   rest  of 

Philip, 
m  of  Pakanolitt, 

Tatoser, 
r  Capt.  H'litjinle, 

Wookaponchunl, 
\imrod  " 


E. 

irear  signed  tho  fol- 

y  council  and  my 
ourselves  subject 
England,  and  the 

louth,  and  lo  their 

Jo  promise  to  pay 
fulh,  one  hundicci 
ave  :  But  1  would 
might  have  three 
L  as  1  cannot  do  il 


A  NARRATIVE  OF 


OSS 


3.  "  I  do  promise  to  send  unto  tho  go- 
vernor, or  whom  he  shall  appoint,  five  wolves 
lieads,  if  1  Clin  get  lliein :  Or,  as  many  as  I 
can  procure,  until  they  come  to  fivo  wolves 
yearly. 

•I.  "  If  any  dilTerenco  fall  between  the 
English  and  myself,  and  people,  then  I  do 
promise  to  repair  to  tho  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth, to  rectify  the  dilVeronco  amongst  us. 

5.  "  I  do  promise  not  to  make  war  with 
any,  but  witli  thu  governor's  approbation  of 
Plymouth. 

6.  "  I  promise  not  to  dispose  of  any  of  tlio 
lands  that  1  have  at  present,  but  by  tho  ap- 
probation of  the  governor  of  Plyinouth. 

"  For  the  true  perf  )rmance  of  the  said 
sachem,  Philip  of  Paukaniiikett,  do  hereby 
bind  myself  and  such  of  my  council,  as  are 
present,  ourselves,  our  heirs,  our  successors, 
faithfully,  do  promise,  in  witness  thereof,  wo 
have  hereunto  subscribed  our  hands,  tho  day 
Riid  year  above  written." 

The  mark  P.  of  Philip, 

the  sachem  of  Pokanohct, 
The  mark  fof  Unromtlacn, 
Tho  mark  f  of    M'orokom, 
The  murk  7  of  Samkama." 
In  fht'  prctrnre  of  the  court  and  divers  of 
the  tnas^inlratea  iintl  other  gentlemen 
of  MusMchusetts  iind  Connecticut. 
To  which,  fort  lie  further  clearing  the  justice 
of  the  present  war  the  result  of  the  debate  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  united  colonies  about 
the  matter  of  tho  war  shall  bo  here  inserted. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  tho 
united  colonies  held  at  Boston,  September 9th, 
1C73. 

"  W'e  having  received  from  tho  coinmis- 
slonors  of  Plymouth,  a  narrative,  shev\'iiig 
llui  rise  and  several  steps  of  that  colony,  as  to 
tho  present  war  with  the  Indians,  which  hail 
its  beginning  there,  and  its  progress  into 
Massachusetts,  by  their  insolencica  and  out- 
rages, murdering  many  persons,  and  burning 
their  houses  in  suniiry  piantati.ins  in  both  colo- 
tiies.  And  having  duly  considered  the  same, 
do  declare  that  the  said  war  be  both  just  and 
necessary,  and  its  first  rise  only  a  defensive 
war.  And  therefore  we  do  agree  and  cnn- 
chida  thot  it  ought  to  be  jointly  prosecuted  by 
all  the  united  colonies,  and  the  charges  thereof 
to  be  borne  and  paiil  as  is  agreed  in  the  arti- 
cles of  confederation. 

JOHN  WINTHROP, 
.TAME.S  RICHARDS, 
THOMAS  DANFORTH, 
WILMAM  STOIIOHTON, 
.TOSIAH  WINSLOW, 
THOMAS  HINCKLEY." 
But  whatever  his  submission  was  before, 
or  his   subji!cling  himself  and   his   people   to 
our  king,  or  his  engagement  to  pay  a  sum  of 
money  in  part  of  the  charges  then  occasioned 
by  him  (and  notwithstanding  the  English  in 
or  about  Plymouth,  since,  or  before  that  time 
were  never  any  ways  injurious  to  him,  or  any 
of  his  people)  all  which  are  fully  declared  in 
a  narrative  given  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
tho  colony  of  Plymouth,  wherein  they  also 
signified  that  tho  settlement  and  issue  of  the 
former  controversy  between  Philip  and  them, 
was  obtained  anil  made  (principally)  by  the 
mediation,  and  inposed  advice  and  counsel  of 
the  other  two  confederate  colonies,  and  also 
in  a  letter  under  the  governor's  hand,  in  the 
following  vt  oida : 


"  I  think  I  can  clearly  say,  that  before  the- e 
present  troubles  broke  out,  the  English  <li<l 
nut  possess  one  foot  of  land  in  this  colony,  bin 
what  was  fairly  obtained  by  lionest  piirrhase 
of  the  Indian  proprietors:  nay,  because  soiiu' 
of  our  people  me  of  a  covetous  disposi- 
tion, uiiil  the  Indians  are  in  their  straits  easily 
prevailed  with  to  part  with  their  lands,  we 
Hrst  made  a  law  that  nono  should  purchase  or 
receive  by  gift,  any  land  of  the  Indians  with 
out  tho  knowledge  and  allowance  of  our 
court,  and  penalty  of  a  tine,  tivo  pounds  per 
acre,  for  alt  that  should  be  so  liought  or  ob- 
tained. And  lest  yet  they  should  ho  straight- 
eneil,  we  ordered  that  Mount  Hope,  Pocasset, 
and  several  other  necks  of  tlie  best  land  in 
the  colony,  In'cause  most  suitable  and  conve- 
nient for  them,  should  never  bo  bought  out 
of  their  hands,  or  else  they  would  have  sold 
them  long  since.  And  our  neighbours  i.t 
Rohobotb  and  Swanzy,  although  they  IxMight 
their  lauds  fairly  of  this  Philip  and  his  fatlier 
and  brother,  yet  because  of  their  vicinity,  that 
they  might  not  trespass  upon  the  Indians,  did 
at  their  own  cost  set  up  a  very  substantial 
fence  quite  across  that  great  neck  between 
tho  English  and  the  Indians,  and  payed  due 
ilamago  if  at  any  time  an  unruly  horse  or 
other  beast  bioki^  in  and  trespassed. 

"And  for  divers  years  last  past  (that  all 
occasion  of  ollenre  in  that  respect  might  be 
prevented)  the  Knglish  agreed  with  Philip  and 
his,  for  a  certain  sum  yearly  to  inainlain  the 
said  fi'nre,  and  secure  themselves.  And  if  at 
liny  time  they  have  brought  coinplainis  before 
us,  they  have  had  justice  imparlial  and  speedi- 
ly, so  that  our  own  people  have  freipiently 
complained,  that  we  erri'd  on  tho  other  hand 
in  shewing  them  over  miirh  fiivinir. 

.]OS.  WINSLOW." 

Marsh  field,  Mr;/  1,  1076. 

Yet  did  this  treaeheroiis  and  perfidicnis  cai- 
tilK  still  harbour  the  same  or  more  mischievous 
thoughts  against  the  I'^nglish  than  ever  before, 
and  hath  been  since  that  lime  plotting  with 
all  the  Iiidlans  round  about,  to  make  a  general 
insurrection  against  the  English  in  nil  the  co- 
lonies which,  as  some  prisoners  lately  brought 
in  have  confessed,  should  have  been  put  in 
execution  at  once,  by  all  the  Indians  rising  as 
one  man,  against  all  those  jilantations  of  the 
English,  which  were  next  to  them.  The 
Narraganseta  having  ))roinised,  as  was  con- 
fessed, to  rise  with  four  thousand  fighting  men 
in  tho  spring  of  l()7t!.  Hut  by  the  occasion 
hereafter  to  be  mentioned  .iboiit  Saiisaman, 
Philip  was  necessitated  for  the  safi-ty  of  his 
own  life  to  begin  the  rebellion  theyearbefi-  . , 
when  the  design  was  not  fiilly  ri;'_.  Yet 
some  are  ready  to  think,  that  if  iiis  own  life 
had  not  now  been  in  jeopardy  by  the  guilt  of 
the  murder  of  the  aforesaid  Sausaman,  his 
heart  might  have  failed  him  ;  when  it  should 
have  come  to  be  put  into  execution,  as  it  did 
before  in  the  year  1G71,  which  made  one  of 
captains,  of  far  better  courage  and  resolution 
than  himself,  when  ho  saw  hiscowartlly  temper 
and  disposition,  flingdownhis  armscalling  him 
a  white  livered  cur,  or  to  that  purpose,  and 
saying  that  ho  would  never  own  him  again, 
or  fight  under  him  ;  and  from  that  time  hath 
turned  to  the  English,  and  hath  continued  to 
this  day  a  faithful  and  resolute  soldier  in  their 
quarrels. 

That  tho  Indians  had  a  conspiracy  amongst 
themselves  to  rise  against  the  English,  is  con- 


firmed by  some  of  the  Indians  about  Had  ley.  al 
though  the  plot  was  not  come  loniutiirity  \\  hen 
Philip  begun,  the  special  providence  of  (ioj 
therein  overruling  the  roiitiiMMs:  fur  when 
the  begliiniiig  of  the  troubles  lirst  was  lepnrt- 
ed  from  Mount  Hope,  many  of  the  lii<li.ins 
were  in  a  kind  of  aiiinze,  not  knowing  well 
what  to  do,  sometimes  ready  to  stand  (or  the 
English,  as  forniiTly  they  had  been  wont  to 
do  ;  sonu'timrs  ready  to  strike  in  w  itii  Plnliji, 
(which  at  the  last  they  generiillv  did)  which 
if  it  had  been  foreseen,  much  ol  that  tlli^cllief 
might  have  been  prcvenli'd  that  fi'll  out  in 
several  places,  more  by  perfidious  and  treach- 
erous dealing  than  any  other  ways;  llie  En- 
glish never  imagining  that  alter  so  iiianv  oblig- 
ing kindnesses  received  from  them  bv  tlu'  In- 
dians, besides  their  many  eiigagemeniB  and 
protestations  of  friendship  as  fornii-rlv,  they 
wouhl  have  been  so  ungrateful,  perfidiously 
false  and  cruel,  as  they  have  since  proved. 

The  occasion  of  Philip's  so  sudden  taking 
up  arms  the  last  year  was  thia — there  was  one 
.lohn  Sausaman  a  \  cry  cunning  niid  pliiiisible 
Indian  well  skilled  in  English  language,  and 
bred  uj)  in  a  profession  of  tin"  chri.stiiin  reli- 
gion, employed  as  a  schoolmaster  at  Nalick, 
the  Indian  town,  who  upon  soiiieniisdenieanor 
fled  from  his  place  to  Philip,  bv  wliiuii  he 
was  entertained  in  the  room  and  otiii  e  of  a 
secretary,  aiiil  his  chief  counsellors  « lioiii 
lu'  trusted  w  illi  nil  his  iifliiirs  and  si'ciet  coiin- 
sets:  but  afterwards,  whether  upon  slint;  of 
his  own  C(Uis(  ieiire.  or  by  the  fieqiient  solici- 
tations of  Mr.  Elliot,  that  had  kieiwii  him  f'lom 
a  child  anil  instructed  him  in  the  principles 
of  our  religion,  who  was  ol'len  layinir  biline 
him  the  heinous  sin  of  his  a|iiistacv,  and  return- 
iiiU  back  to  bis  old  vomit  he  was  at  last  pie- 
1  ailed  with  to  forsake  Phili|i,  and  return  bark 
to  the  christian  Indians  at  Natick,  where  he 
was  bai)ti/.ed,  nianilesting  ]iublic  repeiitiiiico 
fiir  all  his  former  offi'iices,  and  made  a  serioiis 
profession  of  tin;  christian  religion  ;  and  did 
apply  himself  to  preach  tothe  Indians,  where- 
in he  was  better  gifted  than  aiiv  oilier  of  tho 
Indian  nation,  as  he  was  observed  to  conform 
more  to  the  English  manner  than  any  other 
Indian  ;  yet  having  occasion  to  go  up  wilh 
some  others  of  his  couirtryiiien  to  Xamaskit ; 
(now  Middleboroiigh)  whether  the  advaiitioMi 
of  fishing,  or  some  snrh  occasion,  it  matters 
not  ;  being  there  not  far  from  Philip's  coiiiilrv 
he  had  occasion  of  being  in  the  eonipanv  of 
Philip's  Indians,  ar.d  Philip  himself;  b\ 
which  means  he  disrerneil  by  several  circiim 
stances,  that  the  Indians  were  plotling  anew 
iif,, '"St  us  J  which  out  of  fiiillifiilness  to  llio 
English,  thu  said  Saiisaman  informed  tho 
governor  of,  adiling  also,  that  if  il  were  known 
that  he  revealed  it.  he  knew  they  would  pre- 
sently kill  him.  There  iippeariiig  so  many 
concurrent  testimonies  from  others  making  it 
the  more  probable,  that  there  was  a  certain 
truth  in  the  infiirmation,  some  iiicpiiry  was 
made  into  the  business,  by  examining  Piiilip 
himself,  and  several  of  his  Indians,  who  al- 
though they  would  own  nothing,  yet  could 
not  free  themselves  from  just  sii.s|)icion. — 
Philip  therefore  soon  after  ciuitrived  the  said 
Sausaman's  death,  which  was  strangely  dis- 
covered notwithstanding  it  was  so  cunningly 
effected,  for  they  that  murdered  him  met  him 
upon  the  ice  on  a  great  pond,  and  presently 
after  they  had  knocked  him  down,  put  him 
under  the  ice,  yet  leaving  his  gun  uiid  bat  upuu 


ffliui  iiaMi 


084 


THE   INDIAN  WARS. 


the  ice,  that  it  might  bo  tliought  he  full  in 
acciJcntully  thi  oiigh  c'ne  ico  and  was  drowned ; 
hut  liiMiig  missed  by  hia  friends,  whu  finding 
hid  hat  uiid  gnn,  they  were  thereby  led  to  the 
pliiuo,  where  hin  body  was  found  under  the 
I'M. — When  they  took  him  up  to  bury  him, 
some  of  his  friends,  parliculurly  one  Uavid, 
observed  some  bruises  about  his  head,  which 
nado  tiiem  suspect  that  he  was  first  knocked 
down  beCoro  he  was  put  into  the  water,  how- 
ever they  buried  him  near  the  place  where  he 
was  found,  witliout  making  any  further  inquiry 
at  present:  nevertheless  DuviJ  his  friend, 
reported  these  things  to  some  English  ut 
Taunton  (a  town  not  far  from  Namasket) 
which  occasioned  the  governor  to  iiirpiire  fur- 
ther into  the  business,  wisely  considering  that 
as  Saiisamiin  had  tnUI  him  that  if  it  were 
known  that  he  related  any  of  their  ph)t3,  they 
Would  murder  him  for  his  pains  :  wherefore, 
by  special  warrant  the  body  of  Sausaman  being 
digged  again  out  of  his  grave,  it  was  very 
up[iarent  that  4ie  had  been  killed  and  not 
drowned.  And  by  a  strange  providence,  an 
Indian  was  found,  that  by  accident  standing 
unseen  upon  a  hill,  had  seen  them  murdering 
the  said  Sausaman,  but  durst  never  reveal  it, 
for  fear  of  losing  his  own  life  likewise,  until 
he  was  called  to  the  court  at  Plymouth,  or 
befiire  the  governor  where  ho  plainly  con- 
It-ssed  what  he  had  seen.  The  murderers 
being  apprehended,  were  convicted  by  his 
undeniable  testimony,  and  other  remarkable 
circumstances,  and  so  were  all  put  to  death, 
being  three  in  number;  the  last  of  them  con- 
fi'Ssed  immediately  before  his  death,  that  his 
father  (one  of  the  counsellors  and  special  friends 
of  Philip)  waB  one  of  the  two  that  murdered 
Sausaman,  himself  only  looking  on.  This 
Was  done  at  Plymouth  court,  held  in  June, 
1075,  insomuch  that  Philip  apprehending  the 
dai'gor  his  own  head  was  in  next,  never  used 
any  further  means  to  clear  himself  from  what 
was  like  to  be  laid  to  his  charge,  either  about 
his  plotting  against  the  English,  nor  yet  about 
Sausaman's  death  j  but  by  keeping  his  men 
continually  about  hiin  in  arms,  and  gathering 
what  strangers  he  could  to  join  with  him, 
marching  up  and  down  constantly  in  arms, 
both  while  the  court  sat  as  well  as  afterwards. 
The  English  of  Plymouth,  hearing  of  all  this, 
yet  took  no  further  notice  than  to  order  a 
military  watch  in  all  the  adjacent  towns  hop- 
ing that  Philip,  finding  himself  not  likely  to 
be  arraigned  by  order  of  the  said  court,  the 
present  cloud  might  blow  over  as  some  others 
of  like  nature  had  done  before  :  but  in  conclu- 
sion, the  matter  proved  otherwise,  for  Philip 
finding  his  strength  daily  increasing  by  the 
flocking  of  neighbouring  Indians  unto  him, 
and  sending  over  their  wives  and  children  to 
the  Narragansets  for  security  (as  they  used  to 
do  when  they  intended  war  with  any  of  their 
enemies)  they  immediately  began  to  alarm 
the  English  at  Swanzey  (the  next  town  to 
Philip's  country)  as  it  were  daring  the  English 
to  begin  j  at  last  their  insolencies  grew  to 
such  an  height,  that  they  began  not  only  to 
use  threatening  words  to  the  English,  but  also 
to  kill  their  cattle  and  rifle  their  houses; 
whereat  an  Englishman  was  so  provoked, 
that  he  let  fly  a  gun  at  aiilndian,  but  did  only 
wound  not  kill  him  ;  whereupon  the  Indians 
immediately  began  to  kill  all  the  English  they 
could,  so  that  on  the  34th  of  June,  1675,  was 
the  alarm  of  war  first  Bounded  in  Plymouth 


colony,  when  eight  or  nine  of  the  English 
were  slain  in  or  about  Swanzey ;  they  first 
making  a  shot  at  a  company  of  English  as 
they  returned  from  the  assiunbly  where  they 
were  met  in  a  way  of  humiliation  on  that  day, 
whereby  they  killed  one  and  wounded  others, 
and  then  likewise  they  slew  two  men  on  the 
highway,  sent  to  call  a  surgeem  ;  uiid  the 
same  day  barbarously  murdered  six  men  in 
and  alwut  a  dwelling-house  in  another  [lart 
of  the  town;  all  which  outrages  were  c<mi- 
mitted  so  suddenly,  that  the  English  had  no 
time  to  make  any  resistance  :  for  on  the  lUh 
day  of  the  same  month,  besides  endeavours 
used  by  Mr.  Urown,  of  Swanzey,  one  tif  the 
magistrates  of  Plymouth  jurisdiction,  an  ami- 
cable letter  was  sent  from  the  council  of 
Plymouth  shewing  their  dislike  of  his  prac- 
tices, and  advising  him  to  dismiss  his  strange 
Indians,  and  not  to  sull'er  himself  to  he  abused 
by  false  reports,  concerning  them  that  intend 
him  no  hurt ;  but  no  answercouldbo  obtjiined, 
otherwise  than  threatening  of  war,  which  it 
was  hoped  might  have  been  prevented,  as 
heretofore  it  had  been,  when  things  seemed 
too  look  with  as  bad  a  face  as  they  then  did. 

However,  the  governor  and  council  of 
Plymouth,  understanding  that  Philip  con- 
tinued in  his  resolution,  and  manifested  no  in- 
clination to  peace,  they  immedialiOy  'ent  up 
svliat  forces  they  could  to  secure  the  towns 
thereabouts,  and  make  resistance  as  occasion 
might  be  J  and  also  dispatched  away  messen- 
gers to  the  Massachusetts  governcr  and  coun- 
cil, letting  them  know  the  state  of  things 
about  Mount  Hope,  and  desiring  their  speedy 
assistance  ;  upon  which  care  was  ininiediately 
taken  with  all  expedition  to  send  such  sup- 
plies as  were  desired  :  15ut  in  the  meantime 
two  messengers  were  dispatched  to  Philip, 
to  try  whether  he  could  no;  be  diverted  from 
his  bloody  enterprize,  so  as  to  have  prevent- 
ed the  mischief  since  fallen  out,  hoping,  that 
as  once  before,  viz.  in  the  year  1C71,  by  their 
mediation  a  stop  was  put  to  tile  like  tragedy, 
so  the  present  war  might  by  the  same  means 
have  been  now  turned  aside  :  For  in  the  said 
year  Philip  had  firmly  engaged  himself,  when 
he  was  at  Boston,  not  to  quarrel  with  Ply- 
mouth until  he  had  first  addressed  himself  to 
Massachusetts  for  advice  and  approbation  : 
But  the  two  messengers  aforesaid,  finding  the 
men  slain  in  the  road,  June  24,  as  they  were 
gcnng  for  the  surgeon,  apprehended  it  not  salt- 
to  proceed  any  further,  considering  also,  that 
a  peace  now  could  not  lionourabiy  be  conclud- 
ed after  such  barbarous  outrages  committed 
upon  some  of  the  neighbour  colony  :  Where- 
fore, returning  with  all  s]ieed  to  Hoa.nn,  the 
Massachusetts  fiirces  were  dispatched  away 
with  all  imaginable  haste,  as  the  exigence  of 
the  matter  did  require,  some  of  them  being 
then  upon,  or  ready  for  their  march,  the  rest 
were  ordered  to  follow  after,  as  they  could  be 
raised.  The  sending  forth  of  which,  because 
it  was  the  first  engagement  in  any  warlike 
preparations  against  the  Indians,  shall  be 
more  particularly  related. 

On  the  2Glh  of  June,  a  foot  company  un 
der  Capt.  Daniel  Henchman,  with  a  troop 
under  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice,  were  sent  out 
of  Boston  towards  Mount  Hope  :  It  being 
late  in  the  afternoon  before  they  began  to 
march,  the  central  eclipse  of  tlie  moon  in 
Capricorn  happened  in  the  evening  before 
they  camo  up  to  the  Neponset  river,  about 


twenty  miles  from  Boston,  which  i.rcusioned 
them  to  make  a  halt,  for  a  lillle  repast,  till 
the  moon  recovered  her  light  ugiiin.  Somo 
melancholy  fancies  would  not  be  persuaded, 
lilt  that  the  eclipse  filling  nut  at  tliat  inbliint 
if  time  was  omiiioiiH,  coii(^<'i«  iiig  iilfii  that  m 
the  centre  of  the  moon  they  disriMiied  nti  iin- 
sual  black  spot,  not  a  lillle  reseinliliiig  the 
scalp  of  an  Indian  :  As  others  not  long  be- 
Ibre,  imagined  ihey  saw  the  form  of  an  In- 
linn  bow,  accounting  that  likewise  imiinoiiH 
(although  the  mischief  following  were  done 
by  guns,  and  not  by  bows)  l.otli  the  one  and 
the  other,  might  rather  have  thmight  of  what 
Mareus  Criissns  the  Rnniaii  general,  going 
forth  with  an  army  against  the  I'arlhians, 
once  wisely  replied  to  a  |)rivnle  soldier,  that 
would  have  (lissuaded  him  from  marching 
that  time,  because  of  an  eclipse  of  the  moon 
in  Capricorn,  that  he  was  more  afraid  of  Sa- 
gitarius  than  of  Capricorniis,  meaning  iIn) 
arrows  of  the  Parlhians  (accounted  very 
good  archers)  from  whom  iis  tilings  ihen  fell 
out,  was  his  greatest  danger.  But  afler  the 
moon  had  waded  through  the  dark  shadow  of 
the  earth,  and  borrowed  her  light  again,  by 
the  help  thereof,  the  two  companies  marched 
on  towords  Woodcock's  house,  thirty  miles 
from  Bostmi,  where  they  arrived  next  morn- 
ing ;  and  there  retarded  their  motion  till  nflcr- 
noim,  in  hope  of  being  overtaken  by  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers,  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Samuel  Moseley,  which  nocordiiigly 
came  to  pass,  so  that  on  .Tunc  20,  they  all  ar- 
rived at  Swanzy,  where,  by  the  advice  of 
Ca|)t.  Cudworth  the  commander  in  chief  of 
Plymouth  forces,  they  wctc  removed  to  the 
head  quarters,  which  for  that  time  was  up- 
pointed  at  Mr.  Miles's  house,  the  minister  of 
Swanzey,  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  tlie 
bridge,  leading  into  Philip's  lands.  They 
arriving  there  some  little  time  before  night, 
twelve  of  the  troops,  unwiliing  to  lose  time 
passed  over  the  bridge,  for  discovery,  into 
the  enemies  territories,  where  they  found  the 
rude  welcome  of  eight  or  ten  Indians  firing 
ujion  them  out  of  the  bushes,  killing  oiio 
William  Hammond,  wounding  Corporal  Bel- 
cher, his  horse  being  also  shot  down  under 
him;  the  rest  of  the  trooi)ers  hnving  dischar- 
ged upon  those  Indians,  who  run  away  after 
tlie  first  shot,  carried  off  their  two  dead  and 
wounded  companions,  and  so  retired  to  their 
main  guard,  for  that  night  pitching  in  a  barri- 
cado  about  Mr.  Miles's  house.  The  enemy 
tliought  to  have  braved  it  out  by  a  bold  as- 
sault or  two  at  first ;  ))ut  their  hearts  soon  be- 
gan to  fail  them  when  they  [lerceived  the 
.Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  forces  both  en 
gaging  them :  for  the  next  morning  they 
shouted  twice  or  tlirice,  at  half  a  mile's  dis 
tance,  and  nine  or  ten  of  them  showing  them 
selves  on  this  side  of  the  bridge,  our  horse 
men,  with  the  whole  body  of  the  volunteers 
under  Capt.  Mosely,  not  at  a. I  daunted  by 
such  kind  of  alarms,  and  not  willing  to  lose 
the  bridge,  ran  down  upon  them  over  the 
said  bridge,  pursuing  them  a  mile  and  a  qiiiii- 
ter  on  the  other  side  :  Ensign  Savage,  that 
young  martial  spark,  scarce  twenty  years  of 
age,  had  at  that  time  one  bullet  lodged  in  his 
thigh,  another  shot  through  the  brim  of  his 
hat,  by  ten  or  twelve  of  the  enemy  discharg- 
ing upon  him  together,  while  he  boldly  held 
up  his  colours  in  front  of  his  company  :  But 
the  weather  not  suffering  any  further  action  at 


mmmum 


A    NA  IfkATlVE    OF 


ton,  whinli  <.rc'uiii(inc(l 

for  n  liltli)  rt'pnst,  (ill 

n'l-  lif,'lil  ufruin.     Somo 

111  not  111-    |>iTMiiiiii<'il, 

iMi,'  (lilt  at  iliai  inblMiil 

imM'i\inf;  alsd  ilmt  ,n 

llii'y  iliscrnii'il  nii  un- 

litllf  rescinliliiij;  llm 

»    (lllllT.H    lint   llllljr  I,,.. 

tin-    fdi-iii  of    nil    111- 
lint   lilu'wiso  ominous 
following  ucri)   ilom? 
ws)  hotii  tlu!  ono  Hlul 
liavu  tlioiiglit  of  wlittt 
floniiiM  jjt'iicnil,  poiiiir 
f,'iiinst    till-    rHilliiuns, 
n    [irlvnlc  soldier,  lliitt 
liirii  from   iimrcliing 
(•tiipac:  of  tht>  moon 
•as  more  afraid  of  Sa- 
■ii'oriiiis,    miMiniiipr  i|h) 
inns    (accounted    very 
im  as  tliiiin:*  tlien  fell 
iHiifjer.      Hut  after  tlie 
fill  llio  dark  sliadow  of 
ed  lier  lifjlit  npiin,  liy 
•o  companies  niarclied 
.'s  liousc,    thirty  mili'g 
ey  nrrived  next  iriorn- 
I  tlieir  motion  till  after- 
overtaken  by  a  com- 
ider   till-  comrnund  of 
y,   wliicli   nccordiiifily 
ri  June  20,  they  all  ar- 
^re,   hy  the   nJvico  of 
immander  in  chief  of 
\vc!re    remo\ed  to  the 
for  that  time  was  up- 
Ihoiise,  the  minister  of 
nrter  of  ii  mile  of  the 
Philip's  lands.     They 
tie  time  heforo  night, 
inwiliing  to   lose  tinio 
c,  for  discovery,   into 
where  they  found  the 
or  ten  Indians  firing 
I    hushes,    killing   oiio 
mnding  Corporal  I5el- 
dso  shot  down    under 
jopers  h.iving  disehar- 
,  who  run  away  after 
IT  their  two   dead  and 
ind  so  retired  to  their 
ht  pitching  in  a  barri- 
house.     The  enemy 
d   it  out  by  a  bold  as- 
t  llieir  hearts  soon  l)e- 
)    they  perceived    tlio 
noutli  forces  both  en 
iie.xt    morning  they 
',  Ht  half  a  mile's  dis 
them  showing  them 
lie   bridge,  our  horse 
)dy  of  the  volunteers 
i>t  at  a. I   daunted  by 
id  not  willing   to  h).<e 
upon  them  over   the 
'-tn  a  mile  and  a  (jiiiir- 
Ensign  Savage,   ihnt 
rce   twenty  years  of 
i  bullet  lodged  in  his 
ough  the  brim  of  his 
the  enemy  discharg- 
A'hile   he  boldly  held 
f  his  company  :  But 
[  anv  further  action  U 


that   limi",  those  that  were  thus  tiir  advanced 
wore  compelled  to   retreat  back  to  the  main 
guard,  liaviiig  fust  made  a  shot  upon  the    In- 
di.iii'<,  as  they  run  awiiy  into  tin;  swamp  near 
by,  whereby  they  killed  five  or   six  of  them, 
u^  was  iiiideritoMil  siuin  al'icrat  Narragaiiset  : 
This    resolute  charge    of  the    lOnglisli   fnrces 
upon  the   enemy  made  them  ipiit  their  olace 
on  Mount  Hone  that  very  night,  where  I'hiiip 
was  ni'ver  seen  alter;  till  the  next  year,  when 
ho  was  by  a  divine  mandate  sent  back  ;   there 
to   receive    the     reward    of    his    wiikedness 
where  he  first  bei;an  his  mischief:   Tlii!  next 
day  Major  Savage   that  was  to  coimnand   in 
chief  over    the    MasiiiuOiiisetIs   forces    being 
come    up    with     other   supplies,     about     six 
o'clock  over   niglit  the  whole   body  inlendeil 
to  march  into  Mount  Hope,  and  there  heat  up 
the  enemy's  ipiarters,  or  give  bini  battle,  if  he 
durst  abide  It:    Miit  the  weather  bising  doubt 
fill,  our   forces   did    not  march  till  near  noon, 
dliinit  which   time  they   set  out,  with  a  troop 
of  horse  in  each  wing,  to  prevtJiit  the  danger 
(if  the  enemy's  ambiiscndoes;   after  they  had 
marched  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  lh(!y  passed 
by  some   housi^s    la^w  ly  burned  :    Not   far  ofi' 
one  of  them  lliund  a  bible  newly  torn,  and  the 
leaves  scattered  about,  the  enemy,  m   hatred 
of  our  religion  therein  rcveuled  ;  two  or  three 
miles  furthiT  they  came  uj)  with  gome  heads, 
scalps,  and  hands  cut  olT  from   the  bodies  of 
some  of  lh('  English,  and   stuck   u[ion   poles 
iie'ir  the  highway,  in  that  barbarous   ond   in- 
hiinian  manner  bidding  us  defiance;  the  com- 
mander   in    chief    giving    order    that    those 
monuments  of  the  enemy's  cruelty  should  be 
taken  down  and  buried  ;    The  whole  body  of 
tlie  forces  still  march(!d  on  two  miles  further, 
where   they   found   divers  wigwams  of  the 
enemy,  among  which  were  many  things  scat- 
tered up  and  down,  arguing  the  hasty   flight 
'.f  the  owners;  half  a  mile  further,  as  they 
passed  on  through  many  fields  of  stately  corn, 
tliey    found    Philii>'s   own   wigwam ;    every 
place   giving  them  to  perceive   the  enemy's 
misty  departure  from  thence  ;  after  tlujy  had 
marched  two  mih^s  further  they  came  to   the 
seaside,  yet  in  all  this   time  meeting  with  no 
Indians,   nor  any    signs    of  them,  unless  of 
their  Higlit  to  some  other  places.     The  sea- 
son being  likely  to  prove  very  tempestuous 
and  rainy,  dipt.  Ciul  worth  with  some  of  the 
men    of    Plymouth    passed  over  to  Rhode- 
Island.      The    forces    under     Major    Savage 
were  forC(!d   to  abide   all  night   in   the   open 
field,    without   any    shelter,   notwithstanding 
the   abundance  of  rain    that    fell,  and   in    the 
morning   despairing   to  miM^t  with   an  enemy 
on  Mount  Hope,  they  retreated  back  to  their 
head  (piarters  at  Swanzy,  in  their  way  meet- 
ing with  many    Indian   dogs   that  seemed    to 
have   lost   their   masters.     That  niijht   Capt. 
Prentice's  troops  for  conveniency  of  ipiarters 
as  also  for  discovery,  were  dismissed  to  lodge 
at  .Seaconk  or  Rehoboth,   a  town  within   six 
miles   of  Swanzy.     As  they   returned   back 
in  the  morning,    Capt.   Prentice  divided  his 
troops,  delivering  one  half  to  Lieut.  Oakes.and 
ki'eping  the  other   himself,   who  as  they  rode 
iilniig,  espii^d   a  company  of  Indians  burning 
a  liou.so :  but  could  not  pursue  them  by  rea- 
son of  several  fences,  that  they  could  not  go 
liver   till    1I115    Indians    had    escaped    into    a 
swamp.     Those  with  Lieut.   Oakes  had   the 
like  discovery  but  with  better  success,  as   to 
liiu  advantage  of  the  ground,  so  as  pursuing 


of  them  upon  a  plain,  they  slew  four  or  five, 
of  them  in  the  chase,  whereof  one  was  known 
to  be  Tliebe,  11  sachem  of  iMoiint  Hope,  ano- 
ther of  them  was  a  chief  eoiinsillur  of 
Philip's;  yi't  in  this  attempt  the  lieutenant 
lost  one  of  his  ciuiipany,  .Inhn  Driice  by 
tiaine,  who  was  iiioiiiiilv  wounded  in  Ins 
bowels,  wheriiof  he  soon  iit'lerward  died,  to 
the  great  grief  of  his  coinpanioiis.  Alter  the 
said  troops  caine  to  h'Mid  iiuarters  iii  .Swanzy, 
ihey  understood  I'loiii  ('apt.  Ciidworth  that 
the  enemy  were  discovered  upon  I'ocasset,* 
anolher  neck  of  land  lying  over  on  arm  of  the 
I  more  towards  ('ape  Cod:  However  it 
was  resolved  that  a  more  narrow  search 
should  be  made  alter  them,  both  upon  Mount 
Hope  and  u|ion  the  ground  between  Swaiizv 
and  Rehoboth  to  scout  the  swamps  and  as- 
sault them  if  they  could  find  wliere  they 
were  entrenched.  Capt,  Henchman  und 
Capt.  Prentice  were  ordered  to  search  the 
swamps,  while  Capt.  Mosely  and  ('apt.  Paige 
with  their  dragomis  attended  on  Major  .Sa- 
vage, should  return  buck  inio  Mount  Hope, 
that  they  should  be  sure  to  have  none  of  the 
enemy  behind  them,  when  t'ley  should  re- 
move to  pursue  them  elsi  where. 

About  ten  o'clock  the  next  morning,  July 
•Itli,  Capt  Henchman,  niter  a  long  and  tedi- 
ous march,  came  to  the  head  quarters,  ami 
informed  that  ho  came  upon  a  placo  whi're 
the  enemy  had  newly  been  that  night,  but 
were  escaped  out  of  the  reach:  Hut  the  fol- 
lowing night  before  they  wert-  determined 
on  any  other  motion,  Capt.  Hutchinson  came; 
up  from  Hostou  with  new  orders  lor  thiMii  to 
pass  into  Niirraganset,  to  treat  with  tl 
sachems  there  that  if  it  might  be  so  to  pre- 
vent their  joining  with  Philip.  Capt.  Cud- 
worth  by  this  time  was  come  up  to  the  head 
t|uarters,  having  lefl  a  garrison  of  40  men 
upon  Mount  Hope  neck.  The  ii(!Xt  morning 
was  spent  in  consultation  how  to  carry  on 
the  treaty  ;  it  was  then  resolved,  that  they 
should  go  to  make  a.  peace  with  a  sword  in 
their  hands,  having  no  small  ground  of  sus- 
picion that  the  said  Narragansets  might  join 
with  the  enemy,  wherefore  they  thought  it 
necessary,  '.o  carry  all  the  .Massachiiaells 
forces  over  'o  the  Narragan.set  country,  to 
fight  them  if  they  should  be  needed;  Capt. 
Mosely  passed  over  by  water  to  attend  Capt. 
Hutchinson  in  his  dispatch;  the  other  com- 
panies with  the  troopers  ri.ling  round  about. 
As  they  passed  they  found  the  Indians  in 
I'oinham's  country  (next  ailjoining  to  l'hili|>'s 
Ixirders)  all  lied,  ami  their  wigwams  without 
any  people  in  them. 

After  they  came  to  the  Nnrragnnset  sa- 
chems, three  or  four  days  were  spent  in  a 
treaty,  after  which  a  peace  was  conclinled 
with  them  by  the  messengers  of  Connecticut 
colony  (who  wi-re  ordered  to  meet  with  those 
of  Massachusetts  (and  the  commanders  of 
the    forces    sent    again.st    Philip  :     Hosta'jes 


Philip  as  there  might  !»•  orciision,  if  he  otPer- 
ed  to  make  any  new  attempt  in  the  nieun- 
lime. 

Articles,  covenant  and  agreements  had, 
made  and  coneliided  by,  and  belweeii  Major 
Thiiinas  .Savage,  ('apt.  Kdwiiiil  Ilnl'liiiuioii, 
and  Mr.  .losepli  Dinlley,  in  bi  liiilt  of  the 
government  of  Massacliiisitls  colony,  and 
.Major  Wait  W'iniliiiip  anil  Mr.  Iliclnird 
.Sniiih,  on  behalf  of  ('miniiliciit  culnny  the 
one  party;  and  .AL'tiinaiig,  W  iiinpasli  <///«» 
( 'orman,  Taitson  Tawagesini,  coiini-i'lloiH  and 
attorneys  to  Ciinoniciis,  Niiiiii'it  Mataliiog, 
old  i|iieeii  Qniapen,  (.^uatiansliit  and  I'nm* 
ham,  the  six  present  hiicIiciiis  of  the  whiile 
Niirrnganset  country  on  the  other  party,  re- 
ferring to  several  difi'erences  and  troubles 
lately  risen  between  them;  and  for  a  final 
conclusion  of  sellled  peace  and  iiniily  be- 
tween the  said  sachems,  their  heirs  and  suc- 
cessors .fiirever,  and  the  governors  nf  the 
said  Massacliiisi-lls  and  Connecticut,  and 
their  successors  in  tht^  said  goveninients 
fori'ver. 

I.  That  nil  mid  every  of  the  sachems  tliiill 
from  time    to  lime  carefully  seize,  and   living 

or   dead   deliver    unto    01 r    other    of   the 

above  said  giiveniinenls,  all  and  every  of 
sachem  Philip's  Mibjects  w  halsiiever,  that 
shall  come,  or  be  found  wiihiii  the  precinct 
of  any  other  lands,  and  that  w  ith  great  dili- 
gence mill  faitlil'ulne''S. 

II.  That  they  shall  with  their  utmost  abil- 
ity use  all  acts  of  hostility  against  the  said  Phi- 
lip and  his  subjects,  entering  his  lands  or  any 
other  lands  of  the  English,  to  kill  and  de- 
.'.'roy  tin?  said  enemy,  until  a  ci'ssation  from 
war  with  the  said  enemy  be  concluded  by 
both  the  abovesaid  colonies. 

III.  That  the  said  sachems,  by  themselves 
and  their  agents,  shall  ciirel'iilly  seanh  out 
and  deliver  all  stolen  goods  whatsoever  taken 
by  any  of  their  subjects  I'roin  any  of  the  I')ii. 
glish,  whether  liirnieily  or  lately,  and  shall 
make  full  satisfaction  fur  all  wrongs  or  iiijii 
ries  done  to  the  estatir  of  any  of  the  subjects 
of  the  several  colonies,  ncciiiding  to  the  jinlg- 
uient  of  imlifl'erent  men,  in  casi' of  dis^ali-liic- 
tioii  between  the  oHenders  and  the  oU'eiuleJ 
parlies,  or  deliver  the  oirenders. 

IV.  That  all  preparations  fiir  war  or  acts 
of  hostility  against  any  of  the  Eiigli.«li  sub- 
jecti,  shall  forever  for  the  fiitnri"  cease  ;  to- 
ijether  with  all  manner  ol' thi'l'ts,  pilfi-rings, 
killing  of  cattle,  or  any  maimer  of  bleach  of 
peace  whatsoever  shall  with  the  utmost  care 
lie  prifvented,  and  instead  thereof,  tin'ir 
strength  to  be  used  as  a  guard  round  iiboiil  ihe 
Narraganst^t  connlry,  for  the  English  inhalii- 
tanis  safely  and  security. 

V.  Ill  token  of  the  abovesiiid  sachems' 
reality  in  this  trenly  and  conclusidii.  and  for 
the  security  of  the  several  En^dish  govern- 
ment.s  and  subjects,  they  do  fri'ely  deliver 
unto  the  abovesaid    uenlleincn,  in  the  behalf 


were  also  given  by  the  said  Niiraganscts  fi)r|ofthe  abovesaid  colonies,  .folin  Wi.beipiod, 
the  pirrformance  o"f  the  agreement.  A  copy  j  Weowlhim,  Pewkes,  Weenew,  four  of  their 
of  the    said    agreement,   and    the   articles  on  [nearest  kinsmen  and  choice  friends,  to  be  and 


which  a  peace  was  concluded,  here  follow. 
It  being  always  understood,  that  Plymouth 
colony  was  included  in  the  said  agreement, 
although  their  forces  were  not  then  present, 
but  remained  at  homo  near  the  enemy's 
borders,  to  secure    their  towns,    and  oppose 


•  'riininiiiiiliiiul  oviT  ii^iiiiiBt  tlip  cnstcrly  piiil(irRli(Hlc 
UlanJ,  whTc  anw  'rivnrstiiii  is,  was  cslled  I'u.Bssot. 


remain  as  hostages  in  several  places  of  the 
English  jurisdictions,  nt  the  appointment  of 
the  honourable  governors  of  the  abovesaid 
colonies,  there  to  be  civilly  treated,  not  as 
prisoners,  but  otherwise  nt  their  honmir's  dis- 
cretion,  until  the  abovesaid  articles  are  fully 
accomplished  to  the  satisfiiction  of  the  several 
governments,  the   departure  of  any  of  I'leni 


aaiiniiiiirli 


.] 


TUB    INDIAN    WARS. 


I 


in  the  muaiitimo  to  bo  acuduiKcd  a  lirfiacli  of 
ihu  peace,  and  of  those  present  artielen. 

VI,  The  Buid  gentlenmit  in  itie  Iwhnlf  of 
the  guvernments  to  which  they  huh>ii)>,  do 
ungiige  to  every  the  aaid  Rachenis  und  their 
siihjecti,  thiit  if  they  or  any  of  thoni  ahull 
sei'/,>!  nnd  bring  into  either  of  the  nboveauid 
Enghsh  governments,  or  to  Mr.  Smith  in- 
habitant of  Narragunset,  i'hihp  Hiichem 
nlive,  lie  or  they  so  delivering,  ahull  receive 
for  their  pains,  forty  trucking  cloth  coata,  in 
c(ue  they  bring  his  head,  they  shall  have 
twenty  like  good  coata  paid  them  :  For  every 
living  aubject  of  aaid  Philip's  ao  delivered, 
the  deliverer  shall  receive  t«.vo  coats,  and  •'•r 
every  head  one  coat,  as  u  gratuity  for  their 
service  herein,  making  it  appear  to  satisfaction, 
that  (he  heads  or  persons  are  belonging  to  the 
enemy,  and  that  they  are  of  their  seizure, 

VII.  The  aaid  aachems  do  renew  and  con- 
firm unto  the  English  inhubitanta  or  others,  all 
former  grants,  sales,  bargains  or  conveyances 
of  lands,  meadows,  timher,  grass,  stones,  or 
whatever  else  the  English  have  heretofore 
bo\ight  or  quietly  possessed  and  enjoyed,  to 
be  unto  them,  and  tlieir  heirs,  and  assigns  for- 
ever ;  as  also  all  former  articles  made  with 
the  confederate  colonies. 

Lastly,  The  said  counsellors  and  attornies 
do  premeditate ly,  seriously,  and  upon  good 
advice  covenant,  and  conclude  and  agree  all 
abovesaid  solemnly,  and  call  God  to  witness 
(hey  are,  and  shall  remain  true  friends  to  the 
English  governments,  and  perform  the  above 
said  articles  puntually,  using  their  utmost 
endeavour,  care  and  faithfulness  therein :  In 
witness  whereof  they  have  set  their  hands  and 
seals. 

Pctaquamicot,  July,  15,  1675. 
Tawageaon,  his  C  mark 
Tayston,  his  D  mark. 
Agamoug,  his  T  mark. 
Wampsh  alias  Corman,  his  X  mark. 
Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence 
qfui  underwritten,  heing  carefully  inter- 
preted  to  the  said  Indians  he/ore  sealing. 

DANIEL    IIKN'CIIMAN, 
THOMAS    PRF.NTICE, 
NICHOLAS    I'AIUE, 
JOSEPH    STANTON,  Intetp. 
HENRY    HAWLAW8, 
PEUOE    BUKOW, 
JOB    NEFF. 

During  this  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Nar- 
raganselts,  Capt.  Cudworth  with  the  forces 
from  Plymouth,  under  his  command,  found 
something  to  do  nearer  home,  though  of  on- 
other  nature  as  it  proved,  viz,  to  make  war 
whilst  the  others  were  (as  they  thought)  mak- 
ing peace:  in  the  first  place  therefore  he  dis- 
patched Capt.  Fuller  (joining  Lieut.  Church 
together  with  him  in  commission)  with  fifty 
ill  his  company  to  Pocussct,  on  the  same  ac- 
count, as  the  other  went  to  Narraganset ; 
either  to  conclude  a  peace  with  them,  if  they 
would  continue  friends,  and  give  hostages  for 
the  confirmation  thereof,  or  fight  them  if  they 
should  declare  themselves  enemies,  and  join 
with  Philip  ;  himself  intemling  to  draw  down 
bis  forces  to  Rehoboth,  to  lie  ready  for  a 
speedy  march  to  Taunton,  and  so  down  into 
the  other  side  of  the  country,  upon  the  news 
that  some  of  the  enemy  were  burning  and 
spoiling  Middleborough  and  Dartmouth,  two 
small  villages  lying  in  the  way  betwixt  Pocas- 
let  and  Plymouth.  Upon  Thursday,  July  7th, 


Capt.  Fuller  and  Lieutenant  Church  went  into 
Pocasset  to  seek  alker  the  enemy,  or  else  as 
(iccasioniniglitHerve  totreiit  with  those  Iniliaiis 
at  Pocasaow,  with  whom  Mr. Church  was  very 
well  aci|uaiii(i'd,  always  holding  good  correa- 
pondiMice  willi  them.  After  they  had  spent 
that  day  and  most  of  the  night,  in  traversing 
the  said  Pocasset  neck,  and  watching  all  night 
in  a  bouse  which  they  found  there,  they  could 
hear  no  tidings  of  any  Indians  ;  insomuch  that 
Capt.  Fuller  began  to  be  weary  of  his  design  : 
Mr.  Church  in  the  meanwhile  assuring  iiim 
that  they  should  find  Indians  before  it  were 
long,  yet  for  greater  expedition  they  divided 
their '/ompnity^  r!nn»  )<  nllftr  tnking  down  to- 
ward the  sea  side,  where  it  seems,  after  a  little 
skirmishing  with  them  wherein  one  man  only 
received  a  small  wound,  ho  either  saw  or 
heard  too  many  Indians  for  himself  and  his 
company  to  deal  with,  which  made  him  and 
them  betake  themselves  to  a  house  near  the 
water  side,  from  whence  they  were  fetched 
otf  by  a  sloop  befiire  night,  to  llhoue  Island. 
Capt.  Church  (for  so  he  may  well  bo  styled 
after  this  time)  marched  further  into  the  neck, 
imagining  that  if  there  were  Indians  in  the 
neck,  lliey  should  find  them  about  a  pease  field 
not  fur  oil.  As  soon  as  they  came  near  the 
said  field  he  espied  two  Indians  among  the 
pease,  who  also  at  the  same  time  espied  him  ; 
and  presently  making  some  kind  of  shout,  a 
great  number  of  Indians  came  about  the  field, 
pursuing  the  said  Capt.  Church  and  his  men 
in  great  numbers  to  the  sea  side :  there  being 
not  above  fifteen  with  Church,  yet  seven  or 
eight  score  of  Indians  pursuing  after  them. 
Now  was  fit  time  for  this  young  cajitain  and 
his  small  company  to  handsel  their  valour 
upon  this  great  rout  of  Indians,  just  ready  to 
devour  them  :  but  victory  stands  no  more  in 
the  number  of  soldiers,  than  verity  in  the  plu- 
rality of  voices  :  and  although  some  of  tliesi" 
fifteen  had  scarce  courage  enough  for  them- 
selves, yet  their  captain  nad  enough  for  him- 
self, and  some  to  spare  for  bis  friends,  which 
he  there  had  an  opportunity  of  improving  to 
the  full.  When  he  saw  the  hearts  of  any  of 
his  followers  to  fail,  he  would  bid  them  be  of 
good  courage  and  fight  stoutly,  and  (possibly 
by  some  divine  impression  upon  his  heart) 
assured  them  not  a  bullet  of  the  enemy  should 
hurt  any  one  of  them  :  which  one  of  the  com- 
pany more  dismayed  than  the  rest  could 
hardly  believe,  till  he  <tw  the  proof  of  it  in 
his  own  person,  for  the  >'niii2in  perceiving  the 
man  was  not  abb-  if.  fij;l  •,  lade  him  gather 
rocks  together  for  a  kind  of  inciter  and  barri- 
cade for  the  rest,  that  'in' ;  eithur  of  necessity 
fight  or  full  by  thecriCiiiity.  It  chanced  as  this 
fnint  hearted  soldier  had  aflat  stone  in  his  arms, 
and  was  carrying  to  the  shelter  that  ho  was 
making  upon  the  bank,  a  bullet  of  the  enemy 
was  thus  warded  from  his  body  by  which  he 
must  else  have   perished,  which  experience 

f>ut  new  life  into  him,  so  as  he  followed  his 
lusiness  very  manfully  afterward,  insomuch 
that  they  defended  themselves  under  a  small 
shelter  hastily  made  up, all  that  afternoon,  not 
one  being  either  slain  or  wounded,  yet  it  was 
certainly  known  that  they  killed  at  least  fiif- 
te-n  of  their  enemies  :  and  at  the  last  when 
they  had  spent  all  their  ammunition,  and  made 
the:r  guns  unserviceable  by  often  firing,  they 
were  fetched  all  off  by  Capt.  Geldings  sloop 
and  carried  safe  to  Rhode  Island  in  spite  of 
all  their  I'lKR'ifts  :  yea,  such  was  the  bold  and 


undaunted  courage  of  this  champion,  Capt- 
Church,  not  willing  to  leave  any  tiikeii  bthiiid 
of  (heir  (lying  for  want  of  cmiruge,  lii^  went 
buck  in  the  face  of  his  enemies  to  letch  his  hut, 
which  be  hud  left  ut  a  spring,  whither  (he  ex- 
treme heat  of  the  wcatiicr,  und  his  labour  in 
fighting  hud  caused  him  to  repair  li>r  (lie 
(juenching  of  his  (hirst  an  hour  or  two  befiire. 
It  seems  m  the  former  iiart  of  (he  same  day, 
five  men  coining  from  Rhode  Island,  to  look 
up  their  cattle  upon  Pocasset  neck,  were  as- 
saulted by  tho  same  Indiana;  one  of  (he  five 
was  Capt.  Church's  servant,  who  had  his  leg 
broke  in  the  skirmish,  the  rest  hardly  escaping 
with  their  lives  :  this  was  (he  first  lime  that 
ever  any  mischief  was  done  by  the  Indians 
upon  Pocasset  neck.  Those  of  Rhode  Island 
were  hereby  alarmed  to  look  to  themselves, 
as  well  as  (he  restof  the  English  of  Plymouth, 
or  the  Massachusetts  colony. 

This  assault  rather  heighlened  and  increas- 
ed than  daunted  the  courage  of  Cupt.  Chjrch  ; 
fiir  not  making  a  cowardly  flight,  but  a  fair 
retreat,  v^liich  providence  ufiered  him  by  the 
sloop  aforesaid,  after  hisainmunitionwasspent, 
he  did  not  stay  long  at  Rhode  Islniul,  but  bus- 
tened  over  to  the  Mussuchusetta  fiirces,  and 
borrowing  three  files  of  men  of  Cupt.  Hctnili- 
man  with  his  lieutenant;  Mr.  Church  and  he 
returned  again  to  Pocasset,  where  they  had 
another  skirmisli  with  the  enemy,  wherein 
some  few  of  them  (Iburtcen  or  fil(een)  were 
slain,  which  struck  such  a  terror  into  Philip, 
that  he  betook  himself  to  the  swamps  aliout 
Pocasset,  where  he  lay  hid  till  the  return  of 
tho  rest  of  tho  forces  from  the  Nurragansets, 
like  a  wild  boar  kept  at  bay  by  this  small 
party  till  more  hands  came  up. 

Tlius  wero  the  Plymouth  forces  busied, 
during  the  time  of  the  treaty  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  which  being  issued  as  it  was  : 

On  Friday  July  15, our  forces  marched  for 
and  arrived  at  Rehoboth,  where  having  no 
intelligence  of  the  enemy  nearer  than  a  great 
swamp  on  Pocasset,  eighteen  miles  from 
Taunton ;  they  marched  next  day  twelve 
miles  to  a  house  at  Metapoiset  (a  small  neck 
of  land  in  tho  bottom  of  'I  auutoii  Buy,  in  the 
midway  between  Mount  Hope  and  Pocasset 
Neck)  from  whence  they  marched  for  Taun- 
ton, July  17,  whither  after  a  tedious  march 
of  20  miles,  they  came  in  the  evening,  and 
found  the  people  generally  gathered  into  eight 
garrison  houses. 

On  Monday,  July  18,  they  marched  18 
miles  before  they  could  reach  the  swamp 
where  the  enemy  was  lodged  :  as  soon  as  they 
came  to  the  place,  Plymouth  forces  being  now 
joined  with  them,  our  srldiers  resolutely  en- 
tered in  amongst  the  enemies,  who  took  (he 
advantage  of  the  thick  under- wood,  to  make 
a  shot  at  them  that  first  entered,  whereby  five 
were  killed  outright,  seven  more  wounded, 
some  of  whose  wounds  proved  mortal  :  aft-T 
the  first  shot,  the  enemy  retired  deeper  into 
the  swamp,  deserting  their  wigwams  (about 
100  in  all)  newly  made  of  green  bark,  so  as 
they  would  not  burn :  in  one  of  them  they 
found  an  old  man,  who  confessed  that  Philip 
had  been  lately  there.  Having  spent  some 
time  in  searching  the  swamp,  and  tired  them- 
selves to  no  purpose,  (yet  it  was  said  that  one 
half  hour  more  would  have  at  that  time  utterly 
subdued  Philip  and  all  his  power)  the  com- 
mander in  chief,  night  drawing  on  apace,  not 
thinking  it  tafo  to  tarry  longer  in  so  aangerous 


I.I 


iiH  cliaiiiiiioii,  Cii|it- 
ve  Biiy  tokiin  bihincl 
r  <'ipurun<),  III'  wt'iij 
iiiifs  t(i  I'l'li'li  liii*  liut, 
iig,  wliitlior  tliii  vx- 
',  utiii  liJK  lulioiir  ill 

l(>  ri!(iuir  llir  tlm 
liciurortwo  hi'liiru, 
rt  ol'llio  HHirio  liny, 
iilu  IdIhiiJ,  to  look 
sunt  iiuck,  wi!ru  us- 
rn  ;  ono  of  tlie  five 
lit,  wlio  Imd  Ilia  Ivg 
rest  Imrdly  V8cu|iiii|^ 

(lie  llmt  tiiiin  tliiit 
oiKi  liv  lliu  liKJiuni 
mu  of  lilioili!  Iiiluiul 
iiok  to  tlicmaolvt's, 
iigliiiliol'1'l^'inoutli, 

litKned  and  incrcaa- 

,'0  orCajit.  CliJich ; 

ly  fliglit,  l)ut  u  liiir 

oH'ured  him  by  tliii 

nniuiiiiion  wusxpunt, 

lodu  laliimi,  but  liiia- 

thiisclla  I'orccB,  und 

leii  ol' Cupt.  lii^nili- 

Mr.  Cliurcli  and  lio 

let,  wlu;ro  they  had 

10   t'licniy,   whurcin 

en  or  lilti;t'n)  wore 

I   terror  into  ]'hili|i, 

the  awanips  almut 

lid  till  the  return  oi' 

in  the  Nurra<(unsets, 

bay   by  this  .sniuil 

[ie  U|i, 

loutli  forces  busied, 
aty  with  the  Narra- 
ued  as  it  was  : 
ir  forces  marched  for 
I,  where  having  no 
■  nearer  than  a  great 
ighteen  miles  from 
1  next  day  twelve 
tpoiset  (tt  small  neck 
J  auiiton  liiiv,  in  the 
Hope  and  Pocasdet 
marched  for  Tuun- 
ter  a  tedious  march 
in  the  evening,  and 
y  gathered  into  eight 


A    NARRATIVE   OP 


087 


,  they  marched  18 
reach  the  swamp 
;;ed  :  as  soon  as  they 
jth  forces  being  now 
Idiers  resolutely  en- 
mies,  who  look  the 
iider-wodd,  to  make 
tered,  whereby  live 
'en  more  wounded, 
roved  mortal  :  afi-T 
retired  deeper  into 
ir  wigwams  (about 
if  green  bark,  so  as 
one  of  them  they 
infessed  that  rhili|i 
laving  spent  some 
np,  and  tired  them- 
it  was  said  that  one 
<  at  that  time  utterly 
is  power)  the  com- 
wifi^  on  apace,  not 
gcr  ID  BO  aangeroiu 


■  pliico,  wl'.are  every  one  was  in  as  much 
danger  of  nis  fellows  as  his  foes,  being  ready 
to  Krn  upon  every  bush  lliey  saw  move,  sup- 
posing Indiiins  wore  there,  ordered  a  retreat 
to  be  soundi'd,  that  they  might  have  time  to 
dispose  of  their  dead  and  wounded  men, 
which  accordingly  was  attended  to  ;•  I'ly- 
moiith  forces  wiio  had  entered  in  the  rear, 
returning  in  the  front,  it  was  judged  that  the 
enemy  being  by  this  monna  brought  into  a 
pniina,  it  would  bo  no  hard  matter  to  deal 
with  ihern,  and  that  it  would  bo  needless 
chorge  to  keep  so  many  companies  of  soldiers 
together  to  wait  upon  such  an  inconsiderable 
enemy,  now  nimosi  as  '»ood  as  taken;  where- 
upon motit  of  the  'i.npanics  belonging  to 
Masnochiisetts  were  drawn  off,  only  Capt. 
Ilenchmiin  with  100  foot  being  left  there  to- 
gether with  the  Plymouth  forces,  to  attend 
the  enemy's  motion,  being  judged  sufficient 
for  thnt  end.  Major  Savage,  Capt.  Paige, 
with  Capt.  Mosoly  and  their  companies  return- 
ed to  Boston :  Capt,  Prentice  with  his  troop 
were  ordered  towards  Mendham,  where  it 
seems,  about  the  middle  of  July,  some  In- 
dians, wishing  well  to  Philip's  design,  had 
made  an  assault  upon  some  of  the  inhabitants, 
as  they  were  at  labour  in  the  field,  killing  five 
or  six  of  thorn;  as  soon  as  they  had  done, 
flying  away  into  the  woods,  so  as  they  could 
not  easily  bo  pursued.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  same  village,  lying  in  the  heart  of  the  ene- 
my's country,  began  to  bo  discouraged,  so  as 
within  a  little  time  after,  they  forsook  the  place, 
abandoning  their  houses  to  the  fury  of  the 
enemy,  which  by  them  were  soon  after  turned 
into  ashes.  Hut  to  return  to  King  Philip,  who 
was  now  hidged  in  the  great  swamp  upon 
Pocassi-t  neck,  of  seven  miles  long :  Capt. 
Henchman  and  the  Plymouth  forces  kept  a 
diligent  eye  upon  the  enemy,  but  were  not 
willing  to  run  into  the  mire  and  dirt  after  them 
in  a  dark  swamp,  being  taught  by  late  expe- 
rience how  dangerous  it  is  to  fight  in  such  dis- 
mal woods,  when  their  eyes  were  muflled 
with  the  leaves,  and  their  arms  pinioned  with 
the  thick  boughs  of  the  trees,  as  their  feet 
were  continually  shackled  with  the  roots 
spreading  every  way  in  those  boggy  woods. 
It  is  ill  fighting  with  a  wild  beast  in  his  own 
den. — They  resolved  therefore  to  starve  them 
out  of  the  swamp,  where  they  knew  full  well 
they  could  not  long  subsist :  to  that  end  they 
began  to  build  a  fort,  as  it  were  to  beleaguer 
the  enemy,  and  prevent  his  escape  out  of  the 
place,  where  they  thought  they  had  him  fast 
enough.  Philip  in  the  meantime  was  not  ig- 
norant of  what  was  doing  without,  and  was 
ready  therein  to  read  his  own  doom,  if  he 
tarried  much  longer  there,  he  knew  he  should 
fall  into  their  hands,  from  whom  he  could  ex- 
pect no  mercy  :  the  case  therefore  being  des- 
perate, be  resolved  with  an  hundred  or  two 
of  his  best  fighting  men  to  make  an  escape  by 
the  wafer,  all  passages  by  the  land  Being 
sufficiently  guarded  by  the  English  forces. 
The  swamp  where  they  were  lodaed  being 
not  fur  from  an  arm  of  the  sea,  coming  up  to 
Taunton,  they  taking  the  advantage  of  a  low 
tide,  either  waded  over  one  night  in  the  end 
of  July,  or  else  wafted  themselves  over  upon 
small  rafts  of  timber,  very  early  before  break 
of  day,  by  which  means  the  greatest  [lart  of 
his  company  escaped   away  into  the   woods. 


*  Tho  Engliiili  lost  fifleon  inon  io  this  csiwditiun— 
11  il  hinEon. 


leading  into  the  Nipmiick  country,  nllogclher 
unknown  to  the  Kiiglish  forcet  tliiit  lay  en- 
cumped  on  tho  iilliur  siiliuif  theswiuiui.  Almiil 
one  hundred  tiiorii  of  the  womni  and  childn 
which  were  likely  to  be  rather  burdensome 
than  serviceable,  were  left  behind,  who  soon 
after  resigned  up  themselves  to  the  mercy  of 
tho  English.  Philip's  escape  thus  from  Pocus- 
set  could  not  long  Ih)  concealed  alter  the  day 
appeared,  there  being  much  champaign  land 
tliroiigli  which  he  wiis  to  pass,  and  being  dis- 
covered by  the  inhabiiiints  of  Uehoboth,  they 
presently  followed  him,  together  with  a  party 
of  the  Mohegins,  that  a  little  before  came  to 
Hoston,  offering  their  services  against  Philip, 
and  wen)  sent  into  those  parts  lu  l,o  ordered 
by  Capt.  Henchman,  but  before  they  came  to 
him  wore  easily  persuaded  to  go  along  with 
any  of  the  English  that  were  engaged  in  the 
pursuit  of  Philip.  News  also  thereof  was 
carried  to  Capt.  Henchman,  who  as  soon  as 
he  could  get  over  with  six  files  of  men  (row- 
ing hard  all  or  most  pr.rt  of  tho  day  to  get  to 
Providence)  fiillowed  after  the  enemy.  The 
Mohegiiii  with  the  men  of  Rehoboth,  and 
some  of  Providence  cnmo  upon  their  rear 
over  night  slew  about  .'JO  of  them,  took  much 
plunder  from  them,  without  any  considerable 
loss  to  the  Knglish.  Capt.  Henchman  came 
not  up  to  them  (pursuing  them  only  by  the 
track)  till  the  skirmish  was  over,  and  having 
marched  2!2  miles  that  day,  was  not  w.,11  able 
to  go  any  further  that  night ;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  forces  that  came  from  Rehoboth  and 
those  belonging  to  Plymouth,  having  left  their 
horses  three  miles  off,  could  not  go  back  to 
fetch  them  without  much  loss  of  time,  and 
therefore  looking  at  it  altogether  bootless  to 
go  after  them  in  the  morning,  returned  back 
the  next  day,  leaving  Captain  Henchman  with 
bis  six  files,  and  the  Mohegins  to  pursue  the 
chase  to  Nipsachet,  which  he  did  the  next 
morning.  Capt.  Henchman,  that  ho  might 
the  better  engage  the  Mohegins  to  march  with 
him  30  miles,  gave  them  half  bis  provision, 
and  was  himself  recruited  again  by  the  care  of 
Capt  Edmunds  of  Proviilence,  Lieut.  Brown 
who  brought  provision  after  him  to  the  Nip- 
muck  fiirts.  Mr.  Newman  the  minister  of 
Rehoboth,  deserved  not  a  little  commendation 
for  exciting  his  neighbours  and  friends  to  pur- 
sue thus  fur  after  Pliilip  animating  of  them  by 
by  his  own  example  and  presence  :  but  why 
Philip  was  followed  no  further,  it  is  better  to 
suspend  than  too  critically  incjuire.  This  is 
now  a  third  time  when  a  good  opportunity  of 
suppressing  the  rebellion  of  the  Indians,  was 
put  into  the  hands  of  the  English  ;  but  time 
and  chance  bappenetb  to  all  men,  so  that  the 
most  likely  meuns  are  often  frustrated  of  their 
desired  end.  All  human  endcovours  shall 
arrive  at  no  other  success,  than  the  counsel  of 
God  hath  pre-ordained,  that  no  flesh  might 
glory  in  their  own  wisdom,  but  give  unto  God 
the  praise  of  all  their  successes,  and  quietly 
bear  whatever  miscarriages  he  hath  ordered 
to  hefal  them.  It  appears  by  the  issue  of  these 
things,  that  although  this  wound  was  not  incura- 
ble, yet  much  more  blood  must  be  taken  away 
before  il  could  be  healed.  But  by  this  means 
Philip  escaped  away  to  the  westward,  kind- 
ling tho  flame  of  war  in  all  the  western  plan- 
tations if  the  Massachusetts  colony  wherever 
he  came,  so  that  by  this  fatal  accident  the  fire 
that  was  in  a  likely  way  to  be  cxtlnguised,  as 
soon  almost  as  it  begun,  did  on  a  sudden  break 


out  through  the  wlinh' jiirindirlioii  of  Musstt 
chusetls  Cdlony,  both  caxtwiird  iiiid  wcniward, 
riiiliingi'riiig  also  the  neii^lilioiiiiii);  culniiy  of 
Connecticut,  which  liiilli  also  siillrii  il  some- 
what by  the  fury  of  this  flume,  lholl^h  not 
vonsiderablii  to  what  the  other  colonies  have 
undergone. 

While  things  after  this  manner  proceeiled 
in  und  about  tho  colony  of  Plymouth,  tho 
commissioners  of  the  rest  of  tho  colonies  wero 
consulting  and  advising  whiit  was  to  be  donn 
to  prevent  the  mischief  threatened  from 
spreading  any  further,  feniing,  (uh  indeed 
there  was  too  much  raiisi')  that  ullhoiigh 
Philip  only  appeared  to  iiiiike  the  first  at- 
tempt, yet  more  either  nireuily  were,  or  soon 
mlgtit  bo  persuaded  to  join  with  him  in  acting 
tJiis  b  oody  tragedy. 

It  lulh  been  already  decltired  what  halli 
been  done  fiir  the  securing  of  the  Nurnigun- 
si^ts,  those  thut  Mere  sent  as  messengers  on 
that  errand,  always  reported  that  the  elder 
people  were  in  appearance,  not  only  inclinublu 
to  peace,  but  seemed  very  desirable  thereof, 
insomuch  as  their  two  eldersuchems  express- 
imI  much  joy  when  it  was  concluded  ;  but  a* 
slnco  hath  appeared,  all  was  but  to  guiii  time, 
and  cover  their  treacherous  intents  and  Jiur- 
poses,  that  they  might  in  the  next  spring  fall 
upon  the  English  plantations  all  at  once,  aa 
some  prisoners  lately  brought  In  have  owned 
and  confessed  ;  nor  have  any  "f  those  Indiana 
with  whom  tho  present  war  ■■<  1/een,  ever 
regarded  any  agreements  of  |  nimle  with 

tho  English,  further  than  nece-  '  tlaviah 

fear  compelled  thcrciintn,  as  m  -  seen  by 

tho  records  of  tho   united   col  'Vom  the 

year  1G43  to  the  present  lime,  u,  ,i  ,ili8tand- 
ing  all  their  fulr  pretences  ;  for  Niiiigret,  the 
old  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  who  alono 
of  all  the  rest  of  that  country  sachems  dis- 
owned the  present  war,  and  refused  to  have 
any  hand  therein,  had  threatened,  as  waa 
proved  to  his  face  befiire  the  commissioners, 
in  the  years  1646  and  1G47,  that  they  would 
carry  on  tho  war  against  tho  Mohegins,  what- 
ever were  the  mind  of  the  commissioners, 
and  thut  they  would  kill  the  English  cattle,  and 
heap  them  up  as  high  as  their  wigwams,  and 
that  an  Englishman  should  not  stir  out  of  his 
door  but  lliey  should  kill  him  ;  all  which  ho 
could  not  deny,  yet  this  old  fox  made  them 
promises  of  peace,  when  the  dread  of  the 
English  ever  since  the  Pequod  war  moved 
him  thereunto  ;  forseelng  as  lie  is  sold  to  have 
told  his  neighbours,  that  they  would  all  be 
ruined  if  they  made  war  witii  tho  English, 
as  is  since  come  to  poss.  However,  the  good 
hand  of  God  wos  seen  in  so  ordering  things, 
that  the  Narragansets  wero  for  the  present 
restrained  from  breaking  out  into  open  hosti- 
lity against  the  English,  at  the  time  when 
Philip  began  ;  which  if  they  had  then  done, 
according  to  the  eye  of  reason,  it  would  have 
been  very  difl'icult,  if  possible,  for  the  English 
to  have  saved  any  of  their  inland  plantations 
from  being  destroyed.  Thus,  olthough  God 
hath  in  his  wisdom  suffered  so  much  of  the 
rage  of  tho  heathen  to  bo  let  loose  against 
this  people  bere,  as  sorely  to  scourge  them, 
that  by  tno  wrath  of  men  praise  might  be 
vielded  to  bis  holy  name,  yet  huth  he  in  his 
abundant  goodness  restrained  the  remainder 
that  it  should  not  consume. 

The  next  thing  in  order  to  be  related  is  tho 
calamity  that  befel  the  village  of  BrockHi)ld, 


oni 


THE  INDIAN    WARS. 


n    i. 


',-  li 


I  m- 1 


li 


ry, 


wliicli,  notwitljstanJing  all  the  care  timt  \vu9 
luktni,  fell  into  tlic  lianda  of  the  pcrlidious 
NinpeC  Indians,  as  sliuil  here  in  tlio  next 
pluco  111!  dfclnicd  ;  only  as  wo  pass  along,  to 
remind  tho  reader  in  a  lew  words,  what  was 
tli(!  issue  of  Capt.  H'.'nchman'a  pursuit  of 
Philip.  The  Plymouth  forces  being  return- 
ed home,  OS  was  said  before,  Capt.  Hench- 
man with  his  six  file  of  men,  and  the  Mohogin 
Inilians,  having  continued  in  the  pursuit  of 
Philip  till  they  had  spent  all  their  provision, 
and  tired  themselves,  yet  never  coming  within 
sight  of  him,  the  Mohegin  Indians  in  their 
company  directed  them  to  Mendham,  and 
then  leaving  them,  returnL'd  also  to  their  own 
country.  Capt.  Henchman  in  his  march  to- 
wards Mendham,  or  at  Mendham,  met  with 
Capt.  Mosely  coming  to  bring  him  provision, 
and  advertising  him  of  what  success  ho  hud 
met  with  in  his  pursuit,  they  altered  their 
course,  for  Capt.  Ilenchman  was  sent  down  to 
the  governor  and  council,  to  know  what  they 
should  do:  They  presenlly  remanded  him  to 
Poci'.sset,  and  ordered  him  to  stay  there  if 
there  was  need,  or  else  to  draw  off,  sur- 
rendering the  fort  he  had  been  building  to 
the  Plymouth  forces,  which  last  was  chosen 
by  those  of  Plymouth,  whereupon  Captain 
Henchman  returning  to  Boston,  was  ordered 
to  disband  his  men.  Captain  Mosely  was  or- 
dered to  march  to  Quabaog  or  JJrookfield, 
where  he  continued  awhile,  with  the  other 
captains  sent  up  for  the  relief  of  the  people 
there,  and  to  seek  after  the  enemy  in  those 
woods  ;  but  after  some  time  spent  in  ranging 
the  country  thereabouts,  not  meeting  with  any 
of  the  infidels,  he  with  his  company  came 
downwards,  searching  the  woods  betwixt 
Lancaster  (where  a  man  and  his  wife  with  two 
cliildren  were  slain  on  the  Lord's  day,  Aug. 
22)  an-l  Marlboro',  whore  also  a  lad  keeping 
sheep  was  shot  at  by  an  Indian  that  wore  a 
siiin,  as  if  he  had  been  a  friend  :  tlie  Indian 
w;is  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Hnssanemcsit 
Indians,  at  that  lime  confined  in  Marlborough, 
where  lliey  had  lil)erty  to  dwell  in  a  kind  of 
fort.  The  next  day  the  inhabitants  sent  to 
deinanil  their  guns;  Capt.  Mosely  acquainted 
therewith,  marched  to  the  fort  and  found 
much  suspicion  against  eleven  of  them,  for 
sinking  and  dancing,  and  having  bullets  and 
slugs,  and  much  powder  hid  in  their  baskets  ; 
insomuch  that  eleven  of  them  were  sent  down 
prisoners  to  Boston,  upon  suspici(ni  that  they 
liail  had  a  hand  in  killing  the  four  at  Lancas- 
ter, and  shooting  at  the  Marlborough  shep- 
liard  :  But  upon  trial,  the  saiil  prisoners  wer<! 
all  of  them  ac(piitted  of  the  fact,  and  were 
either  releasiid,  or  else  were,  with  others  of 
that  fort,  sent  for  betliir  security,  and  fi)r  pre 
venting  further  trouble  of  the  like  kind,  to 
some  of  the  islands  below  Boston  toward 
Nantasket. 

About  this  time  Capt.  Mosely  was  sent 
with  a  company  of  soldiers  to  some  Indian 
planlatjons  upcm  Merrimac  river,  as  high  as 
I'ennycook,  iiut  they  found  no  Indians  there; 
those  that  belonged  to  the  place  having  with- 
drawn themselves  from  their  native  place, 
that  they  might  not  meddle  in  the  ))resent 
quarrel,  as  is  confidertly  believed  that  VVoon- 
aloiiset  the  sachem  of  tliat  company  had  so  re- 
golveil.  That  cr.iist  being  clear  of  the  ene- 
mies, Capt.  Mosely  soon  after  was  sent  up 
wtli  bis  men  to  the  towns  westward  about 
Hadicv,  if  it  might  be,  to  subdue  the  enemy, 


who  a  little  before,  and  at  that  time,  was 
doing  all  the  mischief  he  could  in  those  wei'.- 
ern  plantations,  botli  by  fire  and  sword. 

But  to  return  and  pursue  the  rebellious  In- 
dians, and  keep  pace  with  them  in  our  his- 
tory, though  our  forces  as  yet  could  never 
overtake  them  in  the  woods.  The  governor 
and  council  of  Massachusetts  were  sensible 
of  as  much  danger  from  the  Nipnet  Indians, 
as  from  the  former ;  they  being  the  inland 
part  of  the  country  betwixt  the  sea  coast  and 
Connecticut  river  westward,  and  the  towns 
about  the  Massachusetts  bay  eastward,  where- 
upon some  persons  that  used  to  trade  with  the 
said  Nipnets,  were  sent  to  soimd  them,  and 
find  how  they  stood  afiected,  for  which  also 
there  was  the  more  rt^ason,  because  they 
were  always  in  subjection  to  the  sachem  of 
Mount  Hope,  and  so  were  the  more  like  to 
engage  in  the  present  quarrel;  of  which  there 
hjid  been  sufficient  proof  already  ;  when  14th 
of  July,  sotne  of  the  Nipnet  Indians  next_ 
bordenng  on  Philip's  country  set  upon  some 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Mendham,*  whore  they 
killed  fiiuror  five  persons,  which  was  the  first 
mischief  done  upon  any  of  the  inhabitants 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts,  ac- 
ted as  was  said  by  one  Matoonas,  who  was 
father  to  him  that  had  committed  a  murder 
soon  after  Philip's  first  rebelli(m.  Anno.  1G71. 
The  messenger  that  was  sent  thither,  brought 
word  back  that  they  found  the  said  Indians 
wavering:  the  young  men  very  surly  and 
insolent,  the  elder  ones  shewing  some  incli- 
nation to  maintain  the  wonted  peace.  Soon 
after,  July  28,  IGTo,  Capt.  Wheeler  was  sent 
to  assist  Capt.  Hutchinson  with  a  party  of  20 
horse  to  treat  further  about  the  peace,  who 
going  first  to  Quabaog,  or  Brookfield,  (a  town 
situate  about  60  or  70  miles  from  Boston,  in 
the  road  of  Connecticut,  lying  about  2.5  miles 
from  the  said  river,  and  not  far  distant  from 
thechii  f  seat  of  the  Nipnet  Indians)  the  in- 
habitants of  the  said  Urookfield  had  been  so 
deluded  by  those  treacherous  villains,  that 
fearing  no  danger,  they  obtained  of  those 
Nipnets,  tho  promise  of  a  treaty  upcm  the  2d 
of  August;  whereupon  some  of  the  chief  of 
the  town  rode  along  unarmed  with  tho  said 
Wheeler  and  Hutchinson,  with  their  party  of 
horse,  until  they  came  to  the  place  appointed  ; 
but  finding  no  Indians,  so  secure  were  they, 
that  they  ventured  along  further,  to  find  the 
infidels  at  their  chief  town,  never  suspecting 
the  least  danger,  but  when  they  had  rode  four 
or  five  miles  that  way,  they  fell  into  an  am- 
bush of  two  or  three  hundrt'd  Indians,  laid  in 
such  a  narrow  passage,  betwixt  a  steep  hill  on 
the  one  liand,  and  an  hideous  swamp  on  the 
other,  that  it  wa.-^  scarce  possible  for  any  of 
them  to  escape,  eight  of  them  being  shot 
down  upon  the  plane  (whereof  three  were  of 
Brookfield)  and  three  mortally  wounded, 
whereof  Capt.  Hutchinson  was  one;  Capt. 
Wheeler  was  also  near  losing  his  life,  whose 
horse  was  shot  down  under  him  and  himself 
shot  through  the  body,  so  that  all  manner  of 
hopes  to  escape  had  been  removed  from  him, 
had  it  not  been  for  his  son,  who  was,  byGod''9 
good  pn>vidence,  near  or  inixt  unto  him,  this 
son  l>eing  of  undaunted  courage,  (notwith- 
Nlnnding  his  own  arm  was  broken  with  a  bul- 
let) with  great  nimb'eness  and  agility  of  body 
dismountPil   himself,    and    speedily   mount"d 

*  A  town  HJiiiitltt  iiorltiwurj  J'roiii  Muiiiit  Hope,  wiiltin 
^0  inilefl  of  BuBtun. 


his  lather  ujiofi  his  own  horse,  himself  getting 
upon  another,  whose  master  was  killed,  by 
which  means  they  both  escaped,  and  wcro 
afterwards  cured.  Much  ado  had  those  that 
were  left  alive  to  recover  Urookfie  d,  which 
in  all  probabilty  they  would  never  have  done 
(tho  comtnon  road  being  waylaid  with  In- 
dians on  every  side  as  was  afterwards  known) 
had  it  not  been  for  one  well  acquainted  with 
those  woods,  who  led  them  in  a  by  path,  by 
which  means  they  got  thither  a  little  before 
the  Indians,  who  quickly  came  flocking  into 
the  town,  with  full  intent  to  destroy  it  with 
fire  and  sword.  But  by  special  providence 
the  inhabitants  were  all  gathered  <i  the  prin- 
cipal house  of  the  village  (there  being  scarce 
20  in  the  town)  before  the  barbarous  mis- 
creants came  upon  them,  immediately  setting 
fire  upon  all  the  dwelling  houses  wuh  most 
of  the  other  buildings  in  the  town,  save  'Vat 
one  into  which  the  inhabitants  were  retired 
which  they  several  times  attempted  to  burn, 
but  were  almost  miraculously  defeated  of 
their  purpose  by  the  immediate  hand  of  God. 
In  the  mount  of  the  Lord  it  shall  be  seen. 
For  when  they  had  for  two  days  assaulted 
that  poor  handful  of  helpless  people,  both 
night  and  day  pouring  in  shot  upon  them  in- 
cessantly with  guna,  and  also  thrusting  poles 
with  fire  brands,  and  rags  dipt  in  brimstone 
tied  to  the  ends  of  them  to  fire  the  house;  at 
last  they  used  this  devilish  stratagem,  to  fill 
a  cart  with  hemp,  flax  and  other  combustible 
matter,  and  so  thrusting  it  backward  with 
poles  spliced  together  a  great  length,  after 
they  had  kindled  it;  but  as  soon  as  it  had  be- 
gun to  take  fire,  a  storm  of  rain  unexpectedly 
falling,  or  else  all  the  poor  people,  about  70 
souls,  would  either  have  been  consumed  by 
merciless  flames,  or  else  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  their  cruel  enemies,  like  wolves 
continually  yelling  and  gaping  fi)r  their  prey. 
Thus  was  thatdistressed  company  strangely 
delivered,  who  hav(!  forever  cause  to  say  with 
the  Psalmist,  blessed  bo  the  Lord,  who  hath 
not  given  us  a  prey  to  their  teeth,  our  eoul  is 
escaped  as  a  bird  out  of  the  snare  of  the  fow- 
lers, the  snare  is  broken  Rtid  we  are  escaped. 
For  the  next  night  Major  Willard.by  accident, 
hearing  of  tho  danger  the  people  were  in, 
came  with  fi)rty-eight  dragoons  to  their  relief. 
Tho  occasion  which  brought  Major  Willard, 
and  Capt.  Parker  of  Grolon  with  fi)rty-slx 
more,  ao  timely  to  their  relief,  was  this  ;  Major 
Willard  in  pursuance  of  his  commission  from 
the  governor  and  council,  was  upon  Wednes- 
day, August  4th,  in  the  morning,  inarching  o>it 
after  some  Indians  to  the  westward,  to  secure 
then  :  just  as  they  were  settliig  forth,  some 
of '.he  people  of  Marlborough,  who  had  intel- 
ligence (by  those  that  were  going  to  Connec- 
ticut, and  forced  to  return)  what  distress 
Brookfield  was  in,  and  knowing  of  Major 
Willard's  purpose  to  go  out  that  inornitig  from 
Lancoster,  sent  a  post  to  acquaint  lilm  there- 
with, which,  ttiougli  it  did  not  find  him  in  tho 
town,  yet  overtook  him  before  he  had  gone 
four  or  five  miles  from  tho  place  :  whereu|)on, 
conceiving  it  more  needful  to  succour  Brook- 
geld  in  so  imminent  danger,  than  to  proceed 
further  upon  his  intended  di-slgn,  he  altered 
his  course  and  marched  directly  thither,  being 
about  30  miles  distant  when  the  tiiiings  were 
I  brought  him  ;  so  he  arrived  there  that  night 
very  seasoiuibly,  about  an  hour  alter  it  was 
dark,  or  else  in  all  probability  they  had   all 


A    NARRATIVE    OF 


080 


liorsf,  liinisclf'gi.ftin" 
mstor   was  killed,  liy 
1   ('S(U|)-,'il,  Hiid   were 
cti  ado  had  those  th»t 
er  ]iiookfie  ;1,  which 
:>uld  never  have  dont; 
ng   waylaid  ^^ith   In- 
as  afterwards  known) 
well  acquainted  with 
hem  in  a  liy  path,  by 
thither  a  little  heforo 
y  came   flocking  into 
nt  to  destroy  it  with 
y  special  providence 
gathered   <i  the  prin- 
e  (there  being  scarce 
the  barbarous  mis. 
I,  immediately  setting 
ig  houses  with   most 
1  the  town,  save  '''at 
ibitants  were   retired 
3s  attempted  to  burn, 
;ulously   defeated  of 
nediato  liand  of  God. 
ord  it  shall   be  seen, 
two  days  assaulted 
cipless   people,  both 
1  shot  upon  them  in- 
I  also  thrusting  poles 
igs  dij)t  in  brimstone 
to  fire  the  house;  at 
ish  stratagem,  to  fill 
nd  other  combustiblo 
g  it  backward   with 
a.  great  length,  after 
;  as  soon  as  it  had  be- 
of  rain  unexpectedly 
nor  people,  about  70 
e  been  consumed  by 
a  have  fallen  into  the 
lemies,    like   wolves 
;aping  for  their  prey, 
d  company  strangely 
ver  cause  to  say  with 
the  Lord,  who  hath 
leir  teeth,  our  soul  is 
the  snare  of  the  fow- 
aii<l  we  are  escai)ed. 
Willard,  by  accident, 
ho   people   were   in, 
igoons  to  their  relief, 
ight  .Major  Willard, 
■oton    with   forty-six 
lief,  was  this  ;   Majiir 
his  commission  from 
,  was  upon  Wednes- 
Drning,  marching  out 
westward,  to  secure 
setting  forth,  some 
)ugli,  who  had  intel- 
re  going  to  Connec- 
tnrn)   what   distress 
knowing    of  Major 
lit  that  morning  from 
accpiaint  him  there- 
i  not  find  him  in  the 
)eforn  he  had   gono 
place  :   whereupon, 
il  to  succour  Hrook- 
er,  than  to  proceed 
I   design,  he  altered 
Irectly  thither,  being 
en  the  tidings  were 
nd  there   that   niglit 
1  hour  alter   il  wan 
ibility  they  had   all 


perished  before  thr;  relief  sent  up  irom  Boston 
nould  have  reached  them,  which  was  not  till 
throe  days  after.  The  providence  of  (rod 
likewise  in  bringing  in  the  said  majorso  safely, 
as  well  as  seasonably  to  their  relief  was  very 
riiinarkable  :  for  the  Indians  had  subtly  con- 
trived to  cut  off  all  relief  sent  before  it  could 
come  at  them,  by  laying  ambushes,  and  pla- 
cing their  scouts  at  two  or  three  miles  distance 
round  the  town  :  about  an  hundred  of  them 
were  lodged  at  an  house  not  far  off  in  the  way 
toward  Boston,  to  cut  off  any  succour  that 
might  come  from  thence  ;  but  it  is  supposed 
they  were  so  intense  upon  the  project  they 
were  about  for  firing  the  house,  concluding  it 
would  without  fail  take  place,  that  either  they 
did  not  mind  their  business  of  watching,  or 
made  such  a  noise  for  joy  thereof,  that  they 
did  not  hoar  their  centinels  when  they  shot  off 
their  guns,  at  two  miles  distance.  It  is  said 
that  another  party  of  the  Indians  let  the  major 
and  his  company  purposely  pass  by  them, 
without  any  opposition,  waiting  for  the  blow 
to  be  given  at  their  first  approach  near  the 
house,  purposing  themselves  to  have  fallen 
iinon  their  rear,  and  so  to  have  cut  them  all 
off,  before  the  besieged  understood  any  thiii'^ 
thereof  But  it  pleased  God  so  to  order 
•.hings  in  providence,  that  no  notice  was  taken 
of  them  by  the  besiegers,  nor  were  they  at 
all  discerned  by  them,  till  they  had  made 
themselves  known  to  their  friends  ;  and  were 
admitted  within  the  court  of  God.  When  the 
enemy  had  notice  of  it  they  poured  in  lInMr 
shot  abundantly  upon  them;  but  they  were 
now  sheltered  from  the  danger  thereof;  only 
it  seems  their  horses  were  exposed  to  their 
furv,  as  many  of  them  were  mnimed  and  kil 
led,  as  were  most  of  the  cattle  belonging  t< 
the  inhabitants  of  the  place  .soon  after.  This 
honoured  person,  .Major  Willard,  continued 
at  Urookfield,  after  this  famous  exploit  for  the 
preservation  of  the  poor  besieged  there,  divers 
weeks,  to  order  such  companies  as  were  sent 
up  that  way  for  the  securing  the  plantations 
on  that  side  of  the  country  ;  and  not  lot:ij  after 
he  went  himself  also  to  Hadley  u  poll  the  like  ser- 
vice of  the  country  in  the  present  war  but 
after  sometinie  spent  in  those  parts,  he  return 
ed  back  to  his  own  place,  to  order  the  affairs 
of  his  own  regiment,  much  needing  his  pre- 
sence, and  leaving  the  forces  about  Hadley 
jniler  the  command  of  the  major  of  that  regi- 
ment. 

But  to  return  to  what  was  in  hand  before : 
after  the  Indians  understood  that  succours 
wer(!Come  in  to  the  besieged,  tlu-y  fired  all  that 
they  bai'.  Ii'ft  stainling  for  their  own  shel- 
ter, while  they  liad  liesieged  the  |)lace  before 
inentionod,  and  ran  all  away  into  their  own 
dens,  in  the  neighbouring  woods  :  however, 
it  was  confessed  by  one  of  themselves,  that 
the  enemy  had  80  of  their  men  killed  and 
wounded  in  this  business.  But  ere  we  pass 
any  further  in  pursuit  of  the  history  of  these 
ni;ilters,  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  let  the  reader 
understand  the  horrible,  perfidious  and  treach- 
erous dealings  of  those  Nipnet  Indians,  who 
although  of  all  other  they  had  the  least  roasi.n 
as  to  any  pretence  of  injury,  yet  did  m  )st 
deceitfully  and  barbarously  join  with  Philip 
and  his  Indians,  after  they  bad  been  several 
times  sent  unto  by  the  governor  and  council 
of  Massachusetts,  b'  the  advice  of  I'lyraouth, 
to  have  prevented  their  rising,  as  well  iis  ihe 
lisiug  of  the  Narragansets,  and  also  had  faith- 


fully promised  not  to  meddle  in  the  ([uarrel, 
as  may  more  fully  appear  by  the  engagement 
under  the  hands  of  their  sachems,  sometime 
jeforo  Capt.  Hutchinson  and  Capt.  Wheeler 
were  sent  up  to  them,  which  by  reascui  of  the 
haste  and  unskilfulness  of  the  messengers  on 
that  behalf  sent,  is  not  so  fit  for  public  view: 
but  the  account  of  it  from  their  return,  was 
under  their  hand  and  oath,  July  24,  1675, 
when  Lieut.  Ephraim  Curtice  spake  with  five 
of  the  Nipnet  sachems,  four  too  many  to  gov- 
ern so  small  a  people,  but  lying  upon  the  head 
of  the  principal  Indian  territories  they  were, 
divided  into  so  many  small  parties,  two  of 
whom,  viz.  Sam,  sachem  of  Weshacum,  and 
Netaump,  were  executed  together  afterwards 
at  Boston.  All  of  thetn  did  at  that  time 
solemnly  renew  their  covenant  and  promise 
under  their  hands  to  come  to  Boston  to 
speak  further  with  the  governor;  instead  of 
which,  what  they  perfidiously  did  against 
Ca])tam  Hutchinson  and  others,  hath  already 
been  declared. 

Upon  the  report  of  this  sad  disaster  that 
befel  the  inhabitants  of  Brookfield,  forces 
were  sent  up  under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Lathrop  and  others,  to  pursue  after  those 
Indians  harbouring  about  those  places,  and  if 
it  might  be  to  prevent  them  from  joining  with 
the  Indians  upon  Connecticut  river,  who  as 
yet  had  not  iliscovored  themselves  as  willing 
to  espouse  Philip's  interest,  but  rather  made 
some  si-mblance  to  the  contrary.  There  was 
much  time  spent  by  Major  Willard,  and  seve- 
ral companies  of  soldiers  left  under  his  coin- 
miind,  al)OUt  the  Nipnet  country,  but  all  to  no 
purpose,  for  partly  by  the  treachery  of  some 
of  the  Indians  that  came  to  their  assistance, 
thatse;Tned  to  fivoiir  the  English,  but  rather 
acted  in  behalf  of  the  enemy,  partly  by  the 
subtleties  of  the  enemies  themselves,  who 
could  easily  by  their  scouts  discern  the  approach 
of  our  soldiers,  and  by  the  nimbleness  of  th 
feet  escape  thern,  our  soldiers  could  never 
meet  with  any  of  them,  but  (Uily  by  that 
means  driving  them  furtlier  westward,  they 
"athered  all  the  Indians  they  could  to  their 
party  about  Pecomptuck,  alias  Deersfield, 
.Swanscot,  and  Squeakeag,  where  some  ])lan 
tatlons  of  the  English  newly  began,  whom 
they  assaulted  in  tlie  next  place,  and  did  what 
mischief  they  could  upon  them. 

It  is  hereto  be  noted,  that  although  that 
worthy  patriot  and  experienced  soldier,  Major 
Willard,  hearing  of  the  distress  of  Brookfield 
by  some  that  were  travelling  to  Connecticut, 
was  the  first  that  relieved  the  distressed  peo- 
ple of  Qnabaog  or  Brookfield,  yet  ftlajor 
Pyuchon  of  Springfield  also  by  accident  hear- 
ing of  thi'ir  calamity,  had  not  only  sent  word 
thereof  to  Hartford,  (from  whom  he  received 
a  supply  of  2.0  or  30  soldiers  under  Capt. 
Watts,  but  did  also  send  a  band  of  men  under 
Lieut.  Cooper  (afti^rwards  villainously  slain 
by  the  Springfielii  Indians)  who,  with  those 
sent  from  Hartford,  and  some  Indians  belong- 
ing to  Spiingfield)  seemingly  forward  to  help 
the  English)  made  up  four  score  or  there- 
abouts :  these  inarched  down  to  Brookfield 
the  same  day  that  Capt.  Lothrop  and  Capt. 
Beers  came  iipfrom  .Massachusetts  who  having 
spent  sometime  in  searching  the  wrods  about 
.Springfield,  and  finding  none  of  the  Indians 
did  the  next  day  march  up  to  a.  place  called 
Memiiiiiiiisset  by  the  Indians,  where  Capt 
Hutchinson  and  Capt.  Wheeler  were  assault 


,  and  finding  no  signofany  Indians  aniongsl 
those  woods  and  swamps,  the  cunifiany  that 
came  from  Spiingfielii,  left  tlie  soldiers  (who 
returned  to  their  (jiiarters  at  l>rookfit;hi)  and 
and  we  It  up  themselves  further  northward, 
at  least  20  miles  from  the  said  Brookfield,  and 
finding  no  track  of  Indians  i.n  all  those  woods, 
they    returned   liack  to  Springfield,  leaving 

lOugh  to  defend  the 
and  the  garrison  there 


enough  to  defend  the   people  of  Bruokfii 


,ing 
eld, 


By  this  it  appears,  that  the  Indians  by  this 
occasion  were  driven  more  westward  into  the 
woods  between  Hadley  and  Squakhead,* 
where  they  soon  effected  their  design,  viz. 
to  leaven  the  Indians  on  that  side  the  country 
with  the  some  prejudice  and  malice  against 
the  English,  with  which  they  themselves 
were  (tliough  without  cause)  embittered  ;  for 
in  a  few  days  the  device  took  place  amonst 
the  Hadley  and  Deerfield  Indians,  and  was 
presently  put  in  execution  by  the  said  Indians 
withdrawing  form  the  English  and  assisting 
Philip  and  the  Nipnets  to  spoil  and  destroy 
all  the  towns  westward,  as  soon  after  came  to 
pass:  yet  at  the  first  some  of  the  Hadley  In- 
dians pretended  real  friendship  to  the  Enirlish, 
and  offered  themselves  to  fight  against  Phili|), 
)Ut  the  Mohegin  Indians  that  came  afterward 
from  Hartford  began  to  suspect  the  treacli<!ry 
f  the  other,  and  told  the  English  plainly, 
that  no  good  would  be  done,  while  any  of 
that  company  went  along  with  them  iti  pur- 
suit of  the  enemy,  foras  was  said,  they  woiilil 
always  give  some  shout  when  they  came  near 
the  enemy,  as  if  they  should  thereby  wish 
them  to  look  to  themselves:  insomuch  that 
the  said  Hadley  Indians  fell  into  great  suspi- 
ciim  with  the  English,  and  for  a  proof  of  their 
fidelity,  they  were  required  to  bring  in  their 
arms  to  the  English,  but  that  very  night  they 
fled  away  from  their  dwellings  which  was  in 
a  wooden  fortification,  within  a  mile  of  Hat- 
field, whereby  they  plainly  discovered  ll'i'i 
ihey  had  secretly  plotted  to  join  with  Philip  b 
party,,  as  far  as  they  had  secretly  plotted  to 
join  witii  Philip's  party,  as  (iir  as  they  had 
an  opportunity  to  do  them  any  eniiiieiit  ser- 
vice. Some  think  the  English  failed  in  point 
of  prudence,  not  managing  that  buBine.''s  so 
warily  as  they  might,  which  if  they  had  done, 
their  defection  had  been  prevented,  but  il  is 
most  probable  that  Philip  had  hired  them  to 
his  own  quarrel,  by  sending  them  gifts  i"  the 
spring;  and  that  the  body  of  the  said  Indians 
were  mostreadily  inclined  thereunto  :  but  the 
sachems  and  the  elder  ones  of  them,  seemed 
loth  nt  first  to  engage  against  the  English.  In 
the  conclu.sion,  when  they  bad  so  falsely  left 
their  dwellings,  and  were  ri, lining  iilier  Philip 
and  the  Nipnet  Indians  (iil  that  lime  harboured 
in  those  woods)  tlie  Engli.-ih  wereso  provoked 
that  were  under  Capts.  Lothrop  and  Hi'ers, 
that  they  pursued  after  them  very  early  iho 
next  morning,  and  overtook  them  abinit  ten 
miles  above  Hatfield,  at  a  place  called  .Sugar- 
loaf  hill,  and  had  a  small  skirmish  with  llirm, 
wherein  there  were  nine  ortcii  of  the  English 
slain,  and  about  26  Indians  :  yet  the"  re.-t  es- 
caped, and  so  joined  with  Philip  and  his  coin- 
presently  niter  which  accident,  tliey  «  -re  so 
en.boldened,  that  upon  tlie  first  of  Sept.  about 
seven  days  after,  they  set  u^^n  Deertielil,  kil- 
led one  man,  and  laid  most  '  the  houses  in 
ashes.  About  two  or  three  days  lifter  they 
fell  upon  Squakeag,  another  new  pliintation, 
♦  Norlhfietd,  Hl'iy  inikaup  tlu^  rivrr ''roin  llitdtey. 


ll 


llJ 


GIO 


iitii'cii  iijiioa  liigluT  up  tlio  river,  above  Deer- 
field,  nliere  tlievkilliidniiieortenof  tJie|H'0|ile, 
till-  rest  liiirJK'  esciipeil  ir.lothe  garrison  house. 
Tlie  next  (J:iy,  tliia  disaster  not  being  known, 
Caj>t.  Ueers,  tor  fear  ot"  the  worst,  with  36 
men,  was  sent  up  to  the  said  Squakeag,  with 
supplies  both  of  men  and  provisions  to  secure 
the  small  garrison  there,  but  before  they  came 
very  near  the  tovvn,  they  svere  set  upon  by 
many  hundreds  of  Indians  out  of  the  bushes 
by  a  swamp  side.  Uy  this  sudden  sur[)risa!, 
Capt.  Beers  (who  was  known  to  fight  valiantly 
to  the  very  last)  with  about  20  of  his  men, 
were  slain,  the  rest  flying  back  to  Hadley. 
Hero  the  barbarous  villains  showed  their  inso- 
lent rage  and  cruelty,  more  than  ever  before, 
cutting  olF  the  heads  of  gome  of  the  slain,  and 
and  fixing  them  up'm  |ioles  near  the  highway, 
an<l  not  only  so,  but  one  (if  not  more)  was 
found  with  a  chain  hooked  into  his  under  jaw, 
and  so  hung  up  on  the  bough  of  a  tree,  (it  is 
feared  he  was  hung  up  alive)  by  which  means 
they  thought  to  daunt  and  discourage  any  that 
■night  come  to  their  relief,  and  also  to  terrify 
hose  that  should  be  the  spectators  of  so  sad 
in  object ;  insomuch  tliat  Major  Treat,  with 
lis  com[iany.  geing  up  two  days  after  to  fetch 
iff  the  residue  of  the  garrison,  were  solemnly 
llfected  with  that  doleful  sight,  which  made 
them  make  the  more  haste  to  bring  down  the 
garrison,  not  Waiting  for  any  opportunity  to 
take  revenge  upon  the  enemy,  having  but  100 
with  him,  tod  few  for  such  a  purpose.  Capt. 
Appleton  going  up  after  him,  met  him  coming 
down,  and  would  willingly  have  persuaded 
them  to  have  turned  back,  to  see  if  they  could 
have  made  any  spoil  upon  the  enemy,  but  the 
trreater  part  advised  to  the  contrary,  so  ihat 
they  were  all  forci^d  to  return  with  what  they 
could  carry  away,  leaving  the  rest  for  a  booty 
to  the  enemy,  who  shall  ere  long,  pay  a  sad 
reckoning  for  their  robberies  and  cruelties,  in 
the  time  appointed  :  but  the  sufferings  of  the 
Knglish  were  not  as  yet  come  to  their  heitrht, 
<or  after  they  were  come  to  Hadley,  the  com- 
mander in  chief  takingconnsel  with  the  officers 
ot  the  soldiers,  ordered  them  that  were  then 
present,  to  garrison  the  towns  about ;  some  to 
be  at  Xorthampton,  liiitfield  and  Deerlield, 
and  some  to  remain  at  Hadley,  where  were 
the  head  quarters  of  the  English.  But  per- 
ceiving that  littl(>  good  was  to  bo  done  upon 
the  I'liemy  in  those  parts,  it  was  agreed  that! 
what  corn  was  leftat  Deerfield,  biMng  threshed  ' 
out  as  well  as  they  cuuhl  in  those  tuinulls 
(aliDve  30011  bushels  was  supposed  to  be  there 
slaniliiiu  in  stack)  should  be  brought  to  Had- 
ley, and  to  wait  further  time  to  fight  the  ene- 
my. It  came  to  Capt.  Lollirop's  turn,  or 
niilier  it  was  his  choice  with  about  80  men  to 
guard  several  carts  laden  with  corn  and  <uli<'r 
goods.  The  cimipiiny  under  Capt.  Mosely 
then  quartering  at  Deerfield,  intended  that 
ilay  to  pursue  iifier  the  enemy.  Hut  upon 
Sept.  13,  that  most  fatal  day,  the  saddest  '.hat 
ever  befel  New  Kngland,  as  the  company 
under  Capt.  Lothrop  were  marching  along 
with  the  carts,  (it  may  be  too  securely)  never 
Bjiprehending  danger  so  near,  they  were 
sinldenly  set  upon  and  almost  all  cut  off, 
(00  killed,  toainst(!rs  included)  not  above  7  or 
8  escaping  :  which  great  defeat  came  to  pass 
by  the  unadvised  proceedings  of  the  cajitain 
wlio  was  himself  slain  in  the  first  assault)  al- 
th(iui;h  he  wanted  neither  cournn'e  nor  skill  to 
leadhis  soldiers  ;  bulhavinij  taken  up  a  wrong 


THE  INDIAN    WARS. 


notion  about  the  best  way  and  manner  of  fight 
ing  with  tiie  Indians  (which  he  was  always 
wont  to  argue  for)  viz.  that  it  were  best  to 
deal  with  the  Indians  in  their  own  way,  i.  e. 
by  skulking  behind  trees,  and  taking  their 
aim  at  sirglo  persons,  which  is  the  usual 
mannerof  the  Indians  fighting  one  with  another ; 
but  ''erein  was  his  great  mistake,  in  not  con- 
sidering the  great  disailvantage  a  smaller  com- 
pany would  have  in  dealing  that  way  with  a 
greater  multitu<ie:  for  if  five  have  todeal  with 
one,  they  may  surround  him,  and  every  one 
take  his  aim  at  him,  while  he  can  level  at  but 
one  of  his  enemies  at  a  time  :  which  gross 
mistake  of  his,  was  the  ruin  of  a  choice  com- 
pany of  young  men,  the  very  flower  of  the 
county  of  Esse.x,  all  culled  out  of  the  towns 
belonging  to  that  county,  none  of  which  were 
ashamed  to  speak  with  the  enemy  in  the  gate  : 
their  dear  relutionsathome  mourningfor  them, 
like  Rachel  for  her  children,  and  would  not 
be  comforted,  not  only  because  they  were 
not,  but  because  they  were  so  miserably  lost. 
The  like  mistake  was  conceived  to  be  the 
reason  of  the  loss  of  tlie  former  persons  slain 
with  the  said  Lolhrop,  pursuing  the  Indians 
that  ran  away  from  Hadley,  and  of  the  20  slain 
with  Capt.  JJeers,  men,  who  betook  themsel- 
ves, at  first  to  the  trees,  and  at  the  last  a  few 
got  to  their  horses  soon  after  the  captain  was 
shot  down.  For  hail  he  ordered  his  men  to 
march  in  a  body,  as  some  of  his  fellow  com- 
manders, advised,  either  backward  or  for- 
ward, in  reason  they  had  not  h)st  a  quarter  of 
the  number  of  them  that  fell  that  day  by  the 
edge  of  the  sword.  For  the  Indians,  notwith- 
standing their  subtlety  and  cruelty,  durst  not 
look  an  Englislmiaii  in  the  face  in  the  open 
fidd  nor  were  they  ever  yet  known  to  kill 
any  man  with  ihi'ir  guns,  unless  when  they 
could  lie  in  wait  for  him  in  ambush,  or  behind 
some  shelti'r,  taking  aim  undiscovered ,  so 
that  it  was  judged  by  those  that  escaped,  that 
there  were  7  or  800  Indians  at  least  that 
encounten-d  the  company  of  80  English,  yet 
if  they  had  kept  together  in  a  body,  and 
fought  marching,  they  might  have  e3ca[)ed  the 
numbers  of  the  enemy,  with  little  loss  in  coni- 
parisiMi  of  what  they  sustained.  For  the 
valiant  and  successful  Capt.  .Mosely,  and  his 
lieut.  coming  (though  too  late)  to  their  rescue, 
marched  through  and  through  that  great  body 
of  Indians,  and  yet  came  off  with  little  or  no 
loss  in  comparison  of  the  other.  And  having 
fought  all  those  Indians  for  five  or  six  hours 
upon  a  march,  lost  not  above  two  men  all  that 
while,  nor  received  other  damagi!  except  that 
8  or  9  were  wounded,  who  were  carried  to 
tlu'ir  ipiarters  at  night  at  Hadley,  whereas  if 
these  had  proceeded  in  the  same  way  of  fight- 
ing as  Capt.  Lolhrop  did  in  the  morning,  they 
might  have  been  surrounded,  and  so  have 
been  served  as  the  former  were  ;  but  God 
had  otherw  ise  determined  in  his  secret  coun- 
sel, and  therefore  that  was  hid  from  the  one, 
which  was  a  means  to  preserve  the  other  com- 
pany. 

Other  relief  was  also  seasonably  sent  in, 
viz.  a  company  of  English  and  .Mohegin  or 
Pequod  Indians  under  thiM;omniand  of  .Major 
Treat,  wlio  was  in  the  morning  marching 
another  way,  viz.  up  toward  ."^ipiakeag  to 
seek  after  thi"  enemy  that  w  ay,  with  about 
100  soldiers,  Indiansand  Kiujlish,  upon  whose 
iipproiic-li,  till"  enemy,  f<ielty  well  iici|uiiinteil 
by  this  lust  encounter  with  the  valour  of  the 


English,  immediately  went  clear  away,  giv» 
ing  Major  Treat  and  Capt.  .Mosely,  who  re- 
turned to  Deerfield  that  night,  an  opportunity 
to  bury  the  slain  the  next  day.  As  Capt. 
Mosely  came  upon  the  Indians  in  the  morn- 
ing, he  found  them  stripping  \kie  stain,  amongst 
whom  was  one  Robert  Dutch,  of  Ipswich, 
having  been  sorely  wounded  by  a  bullet  that 
raised  to  his  skull,  and  then  mauled  by  the 
Indian  hatchets,  was  left  for  dead  by  the  sav- 
ages, and  stript  by  them  of  ail  but  his  skin  ; 
yet  when  Capt.  ^Iosely  came  near,  he  almost 
miracuUiusly,  as  one  raised  from  the  dead, 
came  towards  the  English,  to  their  no  small 
amazement ;  by  whom  being  received  and 
clothed,  he  was  carried  off  to  the  next  garri- 
son, and  is  living  and  in  perfect  health  at  this 
day.  May  he  be  to  the  friends  and  relations 
of  the  rest  of  the  slain  an  emblem  of  their 
more  perfect  resurrection  at  the  last  day  to 
receive  their  crowns  among  the  rest  of  the 
martyrs  that  have  laid  down  and  ventured 
their  lives,  as  a  testimony  to  the  truth  of  their 
religion,  as  well  as  love  to  their  country. 

'Ihis  sore  defeat  of  Capt.  Lothrop  and  liis 
men,  was  the  more  to  be  lamented,  in  that 
(falling  out  so  sorn  after  two  other  of  the  like 
nature)  it  so  emboldened  the  enemy,  that  they 
durst  soon  after  adventure  upon  considerable 
towns,  though  well  garrisoned  with  soldiers, 
and  gave  them  occasion  of  most  insolently 
braving  the  garrison  at  Deerfield  the  next  day, 
hanging  up  the  garments  of  the  English  in 
sight  of  the  soldiers,  yet  on  the  oilier  side  of 
the  river.  However,  it  pleased  (iod,  who  is 
always  wont  to  remember  his  people  in  their 
low  estate,  to  put  such  a  restraint  upon  tliem, 
that  when  they  passed  very  near  the  garrison 
house  at  Deerfield,  wherein  were  not  left 
above  27  soldiers)  ihitir  captain  using  this 
stratagem,  to  cause  his  trumpet  to  sound,  as 
if  he  had  another  troop  near  by  to  be  called 
together,  they  turned  another  way  and  made 
no  attempt  upon  the  house  where  that  small 
number  was,  which  if  they  had  done  with  any 
ordinary  resolution,  so  small  a  handful  of  men 
could  hardly  have  withstood  the  force  of  so 
many  hundreds  as  were  then  gathered  together. 

What  loss  the  enemy  sustained  by  the  resis- 
tance of  Capt.  Lothrop  and  his  men,  (who 
no  doubt  being  all  resolute  young  men,  and 
teeing  they  should  be  forced  by  the  hard  law 
ofthe  sword  to  forego  their  lives,  held  them 
at  as  high  a  rate  as  they  could)  is  not  cerlainlv 
known.  It  hath  since  Ijeen  confessed  by  some 
of  the  Indians  themselves,  that  they  lost  90 
of  their  men  that  day.  Capt.  .Mosely's  men 
coming  suddenly  upon  them  when  they  were 
pillaging  of  the  dead,  fell  upon  them  with 
such  a  smart  assault,  that  they  drove  lliem 
presently  into  a  swamp,  following  them  so 
closo,  that  forsevenmilestogether,  they  finight 
them  upon  a  march,  charging  them  through 
and  through.  Perez  Savage,  and  Mr.  Picker- 
ing, his  lieutenants,  deserve  no  little  part  of 
the  honour  of  that  day's  service,  being  some- 
times called  to  lead  the  company  in  the  front, 
while  Capt.  Mosely  took  a  little  breath,  who 
was  almost  melted  with  lab-iiiring,  command- 
ing, and  leading  his  men  through  the  midst  of 
the  enemy. 

The  Indians  gathered  together  in  thoso 
parts,  appearing  so  numerous,  and,  as  might 
justly  be  supposed,  growing  more  confider.t 
by  Home  of  their  liite  successes,  and  the  num- 
ber of  our  men  beiiig  aiier  this  sad  rale  dimiii- 


■  Wf  nt  clear  away,  giv 
Capt.  MosL'h-,  w  ho  r(«. 
lat  iiii;lit,  an  o])|)()rtunity 
!  next  day.     As   Capt. 
a   Jtiiliuns  in  tlie  niorn- 
ppin;,'  t^ie  slain,  amonrrgi 
-Tt  Dutch,  of  Ipswich, 
ounded  by  a  bullet  that 
id  then  mauled   by  the 
left  for  dead  by  the  sav. 
em  of  all  bi.t'his  skin; 
ly  came  near,  he  almost 
raised   from   the  dead, 
iglish,  to  their  no  small 
m    being  received  and 
'd  off  to  the  next  garri- 
in  jierfect  liealth  at  this 
lie  friends  and  relations 
in  an  emblem   of  their 
lion  al  the  last  day  to 
among  the  rest  of  the 
d  down   and   ventured 
>ny  to  the  truth  of  their 
e  to  their  country. 
Capt.  Lothrop  and  his 
I  be  lamented,  in  that 
er  twoother  of  ihelikc 
-'<1  the  enemy,  that  they 
ture  ujHin  considerable 
rrisoned  with  soldiers, 
ion  of  most  insolently 
Deerfield  t!ie  ne.xt  day, 
ents  of  the  English  m 
et  on  the  other  side  of 
it  pleased  (Jod,  who  is 
iber  his  peof)le  in  their 
I  a  restraint  upon  them, 
very  near  the  garrison 
A-herein    were    not   left 
ittir  captain  using  this 
3  truinjiet  to  sound,  as 
p  near  by  to  be  called 
another  way  and  mmle 
ouse  where'  that  small 
they  had  done  with  any 
small  a  handful  of  men 
listood  the  force  of  so 
then  gathered  together. 
■  sustained  by  the  resis- 
'P  and  his  men,  (who 
()lute  young  men,  and 
'orced  by  the  hani  law 
their  lives,  held  them 
could)  is  not  certaitilv 
een  conlessed  by  some 
ves,   that  they  "lost  90 
Capt.  Mosely's   men 
lliem  when  they  Were 
fell   upon    them    wiih 
lat   they    drove    theiii 
',    following  them  so 
8  together,  they  foiiirht 
arging  them  'through 
vage.andMr.  I'icker- 
-•rvo  no  little  part  of 
service,  being  some- 
company  in  the  front, 
t  a  little  breath,  who 
lalnuring,  command- 
tliroughthe  midst  of 

J  together  in  those 
•rcHis,  and,  as  might 
*'iiig  more  confident 
fes<es,  and  the  num. 
r  this  sad  ratediium- 


THE  INDIAN  WARS. 


?" 

isheJ,  recruits  also  not  being  suddenly  expect-  from  Westfield  time  enough  for  their  rescue,  |  bullet  passlnif  through  his  own  hair,  by  thai 
ed,  at  so  great  a  distance  as  iin  hundred  miles  but  wantin;;  boats  to  transport  his  men,  could  i  whisper  telling  hini'thiit  lealh  was  very  near 
from  all  supplies,  the  commander  in  chief  with  not  d. I  so  murh  as  he  ,lrsu-ed.  Major  Pyn-Jbut  did  him  no  other  hiinn.  Nl.'ht  comino 
the  olhcers,  saw  a  necessity  of  liirhting  that  cliori  cmiiiir  from  ILidlev  with  Ciipt.  Apple-  >»,  it  could  not  be  discerned  what  h.ss  tht  ene"' 
garrison  at  Deerfi.-ld,  employing  the  foj-ces  ton  atid  what  forces  they"  could  bring  alon 
they  had  to  secure  and  strengthen  the  three  «ii!i  ih 
next  towns   below   upon   Connecticut    river. 


pre< 


;;' my  sustained,  divers   were   seen  to  fall,  sortie 

,32  houses   lieinsr   firj-t  consumed,!  run  through  a  small  river,  others  cist  their  "uns 
1...   - c  .1...    *, 1" i_.-_      ';...     .1         *   .        -.  1     -         1     •  '" 


ed   the  rest  of  the   town   from    lieingj  into  the  water,  it  bein"  their 


And  it  was  well  that  coupsel  was  thought  turned  to  ashes,  in  which  the  over  creduhius 
upon;  for  now  those  wretched  oaitilfs  begin ;  inhabitants  might  now  see  (what  before  they 
to  talk  of  great  matters,  hoping  that  by  de-  would  not  now  believe  at  the  burning  Majo"r 
grees  they  might  destroy  all  the  towns  there-   Pynchon's  barns  and  stables  a  few  days  be- 


abouts,  as  thi-y  had  already  begun:  their 
hopes,  no  doubt,  were  not  a  little  heigthened 
by  the  accession  (>f  the  Springfield  Indians  to 
their  party,  who  had  in  appearand'  all  this 
time  stood  the  firmest  to  the  interest  of  the 
Emjllsh  of  all  the  rest  in  those  parts  :  but  they 
all  hanging  together,  like  serpent's  ei.'(js,  were 
easily  persuaded  to  join  with  those  of  Hadley 
(there  being  so  near  alliance  l«"tween  them, 
for  the  sachem  of  the  Springfield  Indians  was 
f.ither  of  Hadley  sachem)  not  oirly  by  the  suc- 
cess of  their  treacherous  and  blood  thirsty 
coinpanio  ■,  but  by  the  same  inbred  malice 
and  antipathy  against  the  English  manners  and 
religion. 

The  inhabitants  of  Springfielil  were  not  in- 
peiisllile  of  their  danjer,  and  therefore  had 
uptiri  the  first  breaking  forth  of  those  troubles 
been  treating  with  their  Indians, and  had  receiv- 
ed from  them  tin?  firmest  assurance  and  pledijes 
of  their  fiitbfulnes?  and  fricMidship  that  could 
beiin.igineil  or  ilesired,  both  by  covenant,  pro- 
ml-cs,  and  bost.iires  given  for  security,  so  as 
no  doubt  was  left  in  any  of  their  iiiinds;  yet 
did  these  fiithlessand  unsrratefiil  monsters  plot 
v/lth  Philip's  Indians  to  burn  ami  destroy  all 
Springfield,  as  thi'v  h.iil  done  Hrookfielil  be- 
fore.  To  that  end  they  sent  "unniii'jly  and 
titiced  away  the  hosta>res  from  Hartfird, 
vrherethey  were  perha ps too  serun^ly  watched 
r'pr,  a  <lav  or  twi>  before  :  then  receivim; 
rI  out  ihrei-  hunrlred  of  Philip's  Itiilians  into 
liieir  fort,  privately  in  the  night  time,  so  as 
they  were  neither  discerned  or  suspected. 
Vea  so  confitlerit  were  such  of  the  inhabitunts 
as  were  most  conversint  with  the  Indians  at 
their  f  irt,  that  they  woiiM  not  believe  there 
was  any  such  plot  in  hand,  when  it  was 
strangely  revealed  by  one  Toto,  an  Indian  at 
W'iii.lsor,  (about  19  or  20  miles  below  Spring- 
field, upon  tin-  same  river)  better  affected  to 
the  Eni;li«h.  and  so  by  post  tidings  brought  !o 
SpriiiL'fii'ld  the  night  bi'Tore,  insomuch  that 
the  lieutenant  of  the  town.  Cooper  iiy  name, 
was  3,1  far  fnnii  believing  the-  stratagem,  that 
III  till'  tnoniinij  hiinself  with  anotln'r  would 
vi'iiiuie  to  ride  up  to  tin'  f  irt,  to  see  whether 
tliiiiijs  were  so  or  not.  Tin.'  fort  was  about  a 
mile  from  the  town  ;  when  he  cami;  within  a 
liilU' thereof,  be  met  these  bloody  and  deceit- 
ful uionsters,  newly  issued  out  of  their  E'l'iuf 
Triijitnii^  to  act  their  iiitendeil  tnischii'f ;  thev 
presently  fired  upon  him,  divers  of  them,  auil 
shot  him  In  several  places  through  the  body, 
vet  being  a  man  of  stout  couraL'e,  tie  kept  his 
liorsetill  he  reeovereil  the  next  i;arrisoii  house, 
his  coinp'inioii  they  shotilead  upon  'he  place; 
by  tliis  means  givinsr  ii  sad  alarm  to  tin  town 
of  their  iutiMided  mischief  which  was  ins.antlv 
fireil    ill  all  places    where  there  no  gKr.-ifons. 


fore,  to  the  very  great  damasre  of  the  owner 
the  faithless  and  ileceitfiil  friendship  among 
these  |)erfidious,  cruel  and  liellish  monsters. 

Among  the  ruins  of  the  said  dwellings,  the 
saddest  to  behold  was  the  bouse  of  Mr.  Pela- 
tiah  Clover,  minister  of  the  town,  furnished 
with  a  brave  library,  which  he  had  but  newly 
brought  back  from  a  srarrison  wherein  it  had 
been  for  some  time  before  secured,  but  as  if 
the  danger  had  been  over  with  them,  the  said 
minister,  a  great  student,  and  an  hilliio  lihrn- 
rum,  being  impatient  fiir  want  of  his  books, 
brought  them  back  to  his  great  sorrow,  fit  for 
a  bonfire  fir  tlin  proml  insulting  enemy.  Of 
all  the  mischiefs  dor.e  by  the  said  enemy  be- 
fore that  day  the  burning  of  this  town  of 
,Sprin;.'field  did  more  than  any  other  discover 
the  said  actors  to  be  the  children  of  the  devil, 
full  of  all  subtlety  and  malioe,  there  having 
been  for  about  40  years  so  good  correspon- 
(b'lice  betwixt  the  English  of  that  town  and 
the  neighbouring  Indians.  Hut  in  them  is 
maile  irood  what  is  said  in  the  Psalm,  That 
though  their  wonls  were  smoother  than  oil, 
yet  were  they  drawn  swords. 

After  some  little  time  siient  in  garrisonlntr 
the  place,  and  helping  the  inhabitants  to  secure 
what  they  had  left,  the  Enslish  soldiers  most 
of  them  returned  back  to  Hadley,  their  head 
ipiarters,  and  Major  Pynchon  lieinsr  so  full  of 
incumbrances,  by  reason  of  the  late  spoils  dmie 
to  himsell',  and  his  neighbours  at  Sprloijfield, 
could  not  any  longer  attend  the  service  of  coni- 
inandiii'.;'  in  chief  as  he  had  done  befiire, 
wherefore  beinir  according  to  his  earnest  re- 
ipiest  of  the  council  eased  of  that  burden  ; 
Capt.  Samuel  A[i|)leton  was  ordered  to  suc- 
ceed in  takm;;  the  charge  of  the  soldiers  left 
in  those  upjier  towns,  by  whose  industry, 
skill  aiiil  couriii;e,  those  towns  were  preserved 
from  running  the  saint?  fate  with  the  rest, 
wholly  or  in  iiart  so  lately  turned  into  ashes. 
For  the  enemy  growiiii;  very  confident  by  the 
late  successes,  came  with  all  their  fury  the 
10th  of  ( )ctober  fnllowini.'  iipim  Hatfield,  hop- 
ing' no  less  than  to  ilo  the  like  mischief  to  them, 
they  had  done  to  Springfield.  But  accordiiii: 
to  till'  !:""d  Providence  of  Almi'_'hty  (lod, 
Major  Treat  was  newly  returned  to  Xortli- 
ampton,  Cipt.  Mosely  and  Capt.  Poole  were 
then  iiarrisimin?  the  said  Hatfield,  and  Capt. 
.■\ppleton  lor  the  like  end  ijiiarterin?  at  Had- 
ley, when  on  a  sudden  7  or  800  of  the  enemy 
came  upon  the  town  in  all  quarters,  having 
first  killed  or  taken  two  or  three  scouts  belonir- 
ing  to  Capt.  Mosely's  company  :  but  they 
were  so  well  entertaineil  on  all  hamis  where 
thev  attempted  to  bienk  in  upon  the  town, 
that  they  f  uind  it  too  hot  for  thetti.  Major 
■\ppleton  with   sreat  nuirase  defending  one 


manner  to  ven- 
ture as  much  to  recover  the  dead  bodies  of 
their  friends,  as  to  defend  them  when  alive. 

At  last  after  burning  of  some  few  barns 
with  some  other  buildings,  the  enemy  basted 
away  as  fast  as  they  came  on,  leaving  thb 
English  to  bless  (lod  who  had  so  mercifully 
delivered  them  from  the  fury  of  their  mer- 
ciless foes,  who  had  in  conceit  without  doubt, 
devoured  them  all  :  But  this  resolute  and 
valiant  repulse,  put  such  a  check  u[>on  the 
pride  of  the  enemy,  that  they  made  no  further 
attempt  upon  any  of  those  towns  for  the  pre- 
sent, but  winter  drawing  on,  they  retired  all 
of  them  to  their  general  rendezvous  at  Xar- 
raganset,  plotting  their  general  design  of  ac- 
complishing their  intended  mischief  against 
the  English  the  next  s|)ring. 

Our  western  plantations  upon  Connecticut 
river,  the  stage  whereon  were  acted  the  most 
remarkable  passages  <if  this  barbarous  war 
hitherto,  was  .soon  after  removed  into  many 
other  places  of  the  country  in  the  winter  and 
spring  following,  whither  our  discourse  must 
ill  the  next  place  pursue  it.  There  was  not 
any  great  matter  actt  d  by  the  enemy  amongst 
the  jilantaticms  upon  the  great  rivi?r  during 
the  winter,  alter  tiie  assault  maile  iipim  Hat- 
field, October  10th.  It  is  evident  that  the 
body  of  them  returned  to  Xarraganset  upon 
the  approach  of  the?  winter,  which  set  in  more 
early  than  it  used  in  other  years.  Whi're 
Philip  iiestowed  himself  in  the  winter  season 
is  not  so  certain;  some  say  that  he  repaired 
further  westward,  to  try  his  firtuno  with 
those  Indians  that  lie  towards  Albany  near 
the  Dutch  river :  (.)tliers  more  jirobably  con- 
ceive that  he  lay  hid  in  some  part  of  the 
Xarraiianset  comurv  ;  for  tnniign  ne  was  not 
certainly  known  to  be  about  tin?  fort  at  Xar- 
raganset, when  it  was  taken  by  our  forces  in 
the  winter,  yet  as  soon  as  ever  they  were 
driven  out  of  till'  country  in  Febrnnry,  he  was 
found  amongst  them  that  did  the  miscliief  at 
Lancaster  in  that  month. 

Some  stragijling  parlies  of  them  remaineil 
about  Xorthamptoii,  Westfield  and  SpriiiL'field 
sometime  alter  their  defeat  at  Hatfield  :  Se\eu 
or  eitrht  of  the  inhabitants  of  Xorthaniplon  in 
the  end  of  October,  venturing  to  fetch  itisimie 
of  their  harvest,  that  was  left  siunewhere  out 
of  town,  were  in  danger  of  being  surprised, 
baviiifr  laid  tlii'ir  arms  under  their  -art,  so 
that  beiiis;  di'stitute  of  means  to  make  theit 
defence,  they  wi're  glad  to  fiy  away  with  the 
horses  out  oil'  their  carts,  leaving  what  they 
were  abinit  to  the  pleiisiire  of  the  Iiiiliann 
that  assaulted  them.  Major  Treat  upon  hear 
iiig  the  alarm,  presently  repaired  thither,  but 
could  not  come  time  enough  to  destroy  any 
of  :  enemy,  nor  yet  to  pri'vent  their  burn- 
ing of  fiiir  or  five  houses,  with  two  or  three 
barns  that  stood  somewhat  out  of  the  town. 
Within  a.  little  titne  after  they  killed  three  of 
the  same  town,    as  thev  were  at  work  in  a 


pe..ple 


iaviii<j  not  an  olRier  to  lead 'em}  of  the  town,  and  Capt.  Poole  the  other,  meailow  not  fir  from  the  town:   They  inteiid- 


Tli 

thein  beiii'g  like  sheep  ready  fir  the  slauu:hter,   end  ;   that  they  were  by  the  resolution 

Uiid  he  duibt  the  whole  town  had  been  tot.illv  I  Eiiijlisli    instantly   beolen   olT.    without   doinsr'well   guarded    by    two    files    c 


iifthe  ed  also  to  have  burned  tin 


,  but  it  was  too 
f    musketeers 


destroyed,  nut  th:it  a  report   of  the  plot  beiiii;    iiiiiih  ^arm.      Capt.    Apiileton's   serje.iiit  was   lod>;ed    there  fiir  the    purpose,  who  put  them 


lurriti, 


J  abi 


inil  over    in 


4!t 


gilt,  Major  Treat  came  ■  mortally   woiinJed  just  by  his  side,  another"  beside    their    intent      Si.x    or  seven   fier 


649 


THK    INDIAN    WARS. 


from  Snriiii»fii!lJ  soon  after  jj;(>iii'^  t>  llif!  in  II 
at  WVsttiolJ  (tliiit  wliicli  hclmigi'd  to  tlirir 
own  Ijuiiifj  buriiOuOcloJicr  Sth)  urnl  veiitciriiig 
without  Hrms,  tlireo  of  tlit'm  wito  killed  liy 
soinu  of  tliu  uiioiny  ;  wlio  took  tljo  lulviintaLjo 
also  to  burn  fiiiror  Kve  licUHi-s  tliat  hi'longcd 
to  tliu  siiid  Westfiold  :  But  by  tlio  i-tid  of 
November  ttie  const  wiis  pretty  clear  of  tlu-rn, 
except  some  few  of  them  that  lay  lurking  in  the 
Bwamps  tbereaboula  a'l  the  winter,  doing 
some  small  mischief  upon  some  out  dwell- 
ings of  Springfield. 

'I'lio  expedition  into  the  Narragansct  conn- 
try  following  in  order  in  the  next  place  to  be 
related;  but  bi-fore  we  come  thither,  a  lillle 
notice  must  bo  taken  by  the  way,  of  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  upon  t)ii!  Indians  about  Has- 
sanemesit*  and  Popachnog,  whither  Cant, 
llouchman  was  sent  in  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember; where  also  Capt.  Still  was  ordered 
to  meet  liiin  with  another  company  fiom 
Cambiidge,  with  intent  to  have  beat  up  the 
Indian  (piarti'is  in  those  parts:  They  being 
known  to  have  hid  an  hand  in  the  outra','es 
eouinillted  upon  those  that  belonged  to  Jlarl- 
borougli  and  Mendham,  cutting  off  the  scn'.p 
of  a  miller's  boy,  who  is  yet  alive. 

Niivcmhcr  \.:t.  1G7.1. — Capt.  Ilenchmii 
marched  out  of  Rostmi,  intending  to  visit  t'lCr 
Indians  about  llassanemesit :  The  third,  day 
they  saw  some  fires  of  the  Indians,  yet  could 
not  meet  with  those  that  made  them:  'I'he 
4lh day  they  marched  tosomepartof  tlie  Indian 
plantations  called  Hassanemesit :  The  captain 
would  have  taken  up  his  (juarters  a  mile  on 
this  .side  but  some  of  his  olFicers  overrided 
liim,  to  whose  imporlunify  he  gavi?  way,  and 
marched  a  mile  further  towards  the  enemy, 
md  by  that  means  saved  the  miller's  youth, 
taken  the  week  before  from  .Marlborough; 
for  in  the  morning,  \'c\-\!  early,  as  the  scouts 
were  looking  out  they  spied  a  wigwam,  where 
some  Indians  that  had  carrii'd  away  the  youth, 
had  lodged  all  night,  or  iji  some  wigwam  near 
bv.  When  the  Indians  saw  our  solduus, 
thev  hasteil  awiy  and  left  the  Marlborough 
youtli  behind  them,  who  by  that  means  es- 
caped their  liamls.  Our  men  under  cijit. 
HerK^hman  manhed  on  to  Poppachuog,  and 
finding  the  Indians  all  fled,  (alihough  they 
perceived  by  a  messenger,  accident.illy  sent 
back,  that  the  Indians  f.illowe.l  thiun  all  the 
way  ihey  marched)  iliey  came  l.iick  to  Mend- 
liain  to  settle  things  in  that  town.  Some  of 
the  inhabitants  informed  them  of  some  wig- 
wams about  ten  mih's  o(V:  The  captain  with 
Philip  Curtice,  his  lieut.  resolved  to  give 
thorn  a  caioisado  in  their  wlirwainsthat  ni^ht : 
To  that  end  they  mounted  "i'l  upon  horses, 
riding  npti'ii  miles  uito  the  woods,  and  when 
ihey  came  near  the  wiu'wanis,  they  dismount- 
ed, and  intended  presently  to  march  up,  and 
give  an  assault  U[)oii  tlnun,  alter  they  had  first 
gave  a  shout  to  fright  the  enemy  :  Thi-y  or- 
dered one  half  to  follow  the  lieutenant,  the 
other  to  fidlow  the  captain,  when  they  came 
within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  place,  their 
dogs  began  to  bark,  at  which  they  sloppeil, 
unJ  by  marching  again,  intended  presently 
te  fire  it  upon  them,  but  the  captain's  foot 
slipping,  he  could  hardly  recover  himself, 
when  suddenly  looking  behind  him,  he  saw 
no  man  following  him  :  The  lieutenant  had 
five  bijhind  him,  who  with  those  five  reso- 
lutely tired  on  that  side  be  was  aiiiiointed  to 
*  duiiiuiimoii  calluJ  HuiiaaiiuaaMiu,  iiuw  (jraUun* 


I  make  the  assault  upon;  but  they  were  re- 
pulsed by  tlio  (ndians,  wlio  fning  out  of  their 
dens,  shot  down  the  lieutenant  and  ano 
ther,  the  rt!st  pri'sently  ran  awav  to  a  fence  : 
The  captain  with  all  voheincncy  urged  thcuii 
to  stay  ;  they  replieil,  they  went  back  only  to 
chargi',  yet  went  clear  away  by  wliicli  means, 
together  with  the  cowardice  of  the  former,  so 
sad  a  loss  befel  the  company,  as  could  not 
easily  be  rejiaired  :  However  the  enemy  pre- 
sently deserted  ihi!  wigwam  and  gave  our  men 
the  next  day  an  o|)portuiiily  to  fetch  off  their 
two  dead  men,  and  bu;y  them,  and  .so  with 
grief  and  shame  they  were  constrained  to  re- 
turn to  their  tjuarters  at  Mendham,  to  whose 
iidnibitants  tin'y  gave  notice  of  200  bushels 
of  corn  belonging  to  the  Indians,  that  might 
have  b(!enprescrved,  whidi  for  want  of  hands 
uas  lost  by  the  fire,  that  tl;e  enemy  might  not 
be  benefitted  thereby.  It  appears  by  the  fore- 
going passage  that  thetimi"  of  our  deliverance; 
was  not  yet  come,  and  that  (Jod  had  further 
trials  to  acquaint  ns  with  before  he  would  turn 
his  hand  upon  our  enemies.  I>ut  it  pleased 
t!ie  Lord  so  to  order  things  that  they  them- 
selves li.'ll  into  that  pit  they  were  digging  fiir 
others,  as  ohall  appear  more  fully  in  what 
follows. 

Tin;  I'Inglish  plantations  about  Iladley  be- 
i;!g  ler  the  present  set  a  little  at  liberty  by 
the  Indians  drawing  ofi",  like  .seamen  after  a 
storm,  counted  it  their  best  course  to  repair 
their  tackling  against  another  that  may  be 
next  ccuniiiiT,  wherel'ore  the  inhabitants  con- 
cluded it  the  safer  way  to  make  a  kind  of 
l>arricado  about  their  towns,  by  setting  up  pal- 
lisadoes  or  cleft  wood,  about  eight  feet  long, 
as  it  wer(?  to  break  the  fi)rce  of  any  sudden 
assault  which  the  Indians  might  make  upon 
them  ;  which  counsel  proved  \ery  successful ; 
for  although  it  be  an  inconsiderable  defence 
igainst  a  warlik(>  enemy,  that  hath  strength 
'tiough  and  confidence  to  bi'siege  a  place,  yet 
it  is  suHicient  to  prevetit  any  sudden  assault 
of  such  a  timorous  and  barbannis  enemy  as 
these  were,  fir  alihough  they  did  afterwards 
in  the  spring  break  ihrouirh  these  pallisadoes 
at  Norlhain])t<m,  yet  as  soon  as  ever  they  be- 
gan to  he  repulsed,  they  saw  themselves  like 
wolves  in  a  pound,  that  they  could  not  fiy 
away  at  thejr  jileasuri",  so  they  never  ven- 
tured to  break  ihrough  alierwards  upon  any 
of  the  towns  so  secured. 

As  fir  those  of  i^prinijfield  they  were  now 
and  then  alarini'd  With  a  few  skulking  Indians 
liirkin;,'  about  in  the  adjacent  woods  ;  as  once 
at  the  Ijon>;  Meadow,  where  half  a  score  of 
llurm  were  seen  about  an  house  remote  from 
the  town,  who  were  pursued  by  a  party  of 
tilt*  IOut:lish  lowarils  Windsor,  aiut  so  es- 
caped, after  the  IOiil'IisIi  had  madi.'  one  shot 
upon  them,  not  knowing  certainly  how  many 
ihey  killed.  So  at  another  time,  a  (^'\\•  of 
ihosi"  barbarous  wri'tches  killi-d  a  poor  man 
belonging  to  Spriiigfielil,  as  ]w  was  going  to 
his  house  to  look  alter  his  corn,  on  the  ether 
side  of  the  river,  and  after  they  ha<l  killed 
the  man  they  burnt  down  his  house  ;  yet  at- 
tempted no  further  mischief  on  that  part  of 
the  town  that  had  escaped  the  fury  of  the 
flames,  October  H.  Hy  whiih  it  is  evident, 
that  all  the  number  of  Iinlians  that  had  as- 
saulted ihem  befiire,  had  withdrawn  them- 
selvi's  now  to  their  winter  <piaiters,  some  to 
the  Dutch  riii'r,  but  the  ^^reiitesl  number  of 
them  to  III'  sure  w<.'re   fouii  I   in  liio  winter  at 


the  Niirragaiiset  fiirt,  when'  we  shall  leave 
them  fiir  the  present  till  tlie  forces  of  the 
united  colonies  shall  lire  them  out  of  their 
nests. 

The  soldiers  continuing  some  time  at  Hat- 
field after  this  victory,  as  we  niav  well  call  it, 
(for  it  seems  to  have  given  the  first  check  to 
the  rage  of  the  heathen  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  unili.'d  colonies,  they  have  been  oii- 
serveii  ever  since  to  havi;  been  on  the  losin.' 
hand,  seldom  or  ever  daring  to  iiu'ct  our 
soUliers  in  the  open  field,  unless  when  they 
had  very  great  advantage  as  to  their  nninber.i 
or  covert  of  the  woods  and  bushes  :  Although 
like  some  raging  beasts  they  jiave  done 
much  mi.scliief  several  tiiiu'S  since,  when  tliey 
were  ready  to  expire,  or  when  the  pangs  of 
death  were  cmning  upon  them)  our  forces 
were  all  calli:d  home,  save  some  left  fiir  e.ir- 
risoning  the  towns  thereabouts. 

The  commissioners  of  thi?  united  colonies 
taking  into  serious  consideration  the  present 
state  of  things,  viz.  tliat  there  were  befon? 
this  time  so  manv  hundreds  gathered  tntreilnr 
into  one  body,  and  that  ihei-e  was  great  ri'ii- 
son  to  fi'ar,  if  they  were  let  alone  till  the 
next  spring  they  might  all  rise  togi'ther  as  ono 
man  round  about  ns  and  that  one  nWvr  arrotlier 
might  easily  be  di'sii-oyed,  befiire  any  help 
could  be  despatched  to  them.  On  the  one 
liarrd,  the  sharpness  of  the  winter  in  these 
pai-ts  was  well  weighed,  so  extreme  that  it 
might  hazard  the  loss  of  a  thousand  men  in 
one  night,  if  they  were  forced  to  lodi;e  abroail 
in  the  open  field  ;  as  also  the  diincnltv,  if  iini 
impossibility  of  si'inliiigany  relief  to  them  :il 
any  ilistaiice,  the  depth  of  snow  nsnally  innk- 
irig  the  ways  impassable  for  divers  months 
togetln.'r. 

On  tlie  otlier  hand  It  was  considiU'ed,  tlmt 
if  the  enemy  wi'i-e  let  alone  till  lln;  next  sim- 
mer, it  would  be  impossible  to  dial  withllieiu 
or  find  them  any  where,  bin  they  ini:;ht  wal.' 
ono  company  of' soldiers  after  aiiotln-r,  as  w.i-^ 
si'en  by  the  experience  of  the  firmer  vear 
Considi'ring  also  that  the  Narriiiiaiisets,  lii' 
most  nimnu'ous  of  all  the  ri'st,  and  the  be.-t 
provided  fiir  provision  of  all  theoiher  Indian  , 
had  now  declared  iheinselves  our  eneniie,-, 
who  if  they  were  let  alone  till  the  winter  was 
over,  wo  should  be  unable  to  ih'al  with  so 
many  enemies  at  once,  that  could  on  anv  nc- 
casion  spread  themselves  like  girisshoppei  s 
all  over  the  counlry. 

It  was  thereliiri'  finally  aeri'ed  upon  by  the 
general  consent  of  all,  to  fill  upon  ihe  winter 
ipinrters  <if  our  enemies,  by  a  more  cinisni- 
I'l-abh'  army  (if  I  may  so  call  it)  galhered  oi.t 
of  all  the  three  colonies,  and  thiit  with  nil 
expedition,  at  fiirthest  not  to  exceed  the  Idiii 
of  Di'cemlier,  befiire  they  should  hine  a 
thousan.l  nnui  in  arms,  ready  fiu-  the  desiiiri. 

As  fin'  the  late  league  made  or  rather  reneu. 
ed  with  the  Narragansels,  iFw  assunicier.tly  im  i- 
limit  and  known,  that  they  had  all  along  flum 
the  first  day  when  it  was  cimfirnied,  lirokrii 
evi'ry  article  ol  it,  especially  in  not  deliveiini; 
up  the  enemies,  which  had  sheltered  tlnni- 
selves  with  thi'in  all  this  while,  which  thoiiMii 
they  did  not  positively  deny,  yet  did  nothing 
but  fiii'l  excuses,  to  defi^r  it  one  w<'ek  iifier 
another,  till  at  last  they  would  he  excused  nil 
the  next  spring  upon  pi'<'terice  that  thi'V  could 
not  befoi'e  that  time  get  them  togelher.  .■\ii.l 
besides  the  fivourili;;  of  lllo«e  llial  lied  to 
theni,  and    sujiplyii.g  the   wiiole  body  of  ilm 


I,   «  lu'if  \vi:   shall  leave 

lit   till  tlie  t'orcus  of  tlio 

lire   tlit'tn  out  of  their 

iiuing  somo  time  at  Hat- 

,',  113  wi"  may  well  rail  it, 
given  ilie  (ii-st  check  lo 
pii  within  ihejuiisiliclioii 
I'S,  thi'y  have  hei'ii  on- 
have  lieeii  on  the  losing 
er  ihiriiiij  lo  meet  oiw 
liehi,  unless  when  tliey 
iliige  as  Id  their  miiiiher.i 
3  ami  Imshes  :  Alihoiiyh 
beasts  ihey  have  tlnnu 
il  tinu'S  since,  when  ihey 
e,  or  when  the  paiifjs  of 
upon  them)  our  forces 
'.  save  some  left  for  "ai- 
ereanouls. 

9  of  ihe  uniieil  colonies 
insiilerali.iM  llie  prer-eiil 
lliat  there  were  liefore 
iclretis  jralhered  tojjellier 
hat  there  was  great  rea- 
wei-e  h't  alone  till  lljo 
It  all  rise  together  as  oiio 
ml  thai  one  after  anollier 
roved,  hefori-  any  In  Ip 
I  to  them.  On  the  oiii> 
of  the  winter  in  iIh-m- 
led,  so  extreme  that  it 
I  of  a  thousand  men  in 
e  forceil  to  lndiie  iihroad 
also  the  dilliculty,  if  nut 
ingaiiy  relief  to  them  at 
ill  of  snow  usually  inak- 
lalile   for  divers   inoiiths 

it   was  considered,  thul 

aloiii"  till  the  next  suni- 

issihle  to  di  111  with  iheiii 

ri',  lull  lliey  might waile 

•rs  after  another,  as  \\a* 

ice  of  the    firmer    vear 

t   the    Narninansi'ls,  lii- 

I  the    rest,    and  the  b.vt 

of  all  the  other  Indian  , 

emsclves  our  eiiemie.-, 

Uiiie  till  the  winter  was 

iiialile    lo  ileal  with  so 

that  could  on  any  or- 

Ives    like'    grasshopneis 

;illy  aiirced  upon  hy  lli,' 
to  fall  upon  the  winter 
es,  liy  a  more  consi.i- 
so  call  il)  gathered  out 
ies,   and   that    with   ail 

not  lo  exceed  the  lOiii 
they    should    have    a 

ready  for  the  desii^n. 

maile  or  rather  renew- 
Is,  (Fw  iissnniciei.lly  ei  i- 

ley  hiul  all  along  fi.nii 
was  ciinfirmeil,  iiroki  ii 
cially  in  not  deliveiiiu; 
I  had  sheltered  llieiii- 
\s  while,  which  llionuli 

deny,  yi'l  did  nothing 
lel'er  it  one  week  after 
would  he  excnsi'd  I'll 
retenc(?  that  tln.'V  cotild 
I  llielil  log.'llier.       And 

of  ihose  mat  lied  lo 
the    \v!iolo  body  of  liiii 


A    NARRATIVE    OF 


648 


enemy  with  victuals,  upon  nil  occasions.  Ililui.y  ;  Major  Robert  Treat  for  the  forces  be- 
was  likewise  strongly  suspected  that  ill  all  the  longing  to  Connecticut,  and  .M;  ior  15ra<lford 
hue  proceedings  of  the  uneiiiy,  many  of  their]  for  those  of  the  colony  of  I'lymoutli,  and 
young   men   were    known  to    bo   actually   in   Major  Samiiid  Appleton,  for  those  of  .Massa- 


arnis  against  us,  many  of  whom  were  found 
either  wounded  amongst  them  in  their  wig- 
wams, or  elsewhere  occasionally  seen  return- 
ing back,  after  exploits  abroad,  to  ba  healed 
of  llieir  wounds  at  home.  Also  some  of  our 
men's  guns  that  were  lost  at  Deerfiehl,  were 
round  in  ihe  fort  when  it  was  fired.  There- 
line  all  scruples  na  to  the  justness  and  neces- 
sity of  the  warlieing  removed,  the  only  (]iie9- 
lion  was,  whether  it  were  feasible  and  expe- 
dient in  the  winter.  The  exigence  wa.s  very 
great,  ami  the  choice  very  liard  :  But  as  Daviij 
when  he  was  straitened  with  many  dilfi- 
cullies  at  once,  chose  ratlier  to  full  into  the 
hands  of  (lod  whose  mercies  were  great, 
though  he  might  be  provoked  to  cause  his  jeal- 
ousy to  smoke  againat  those  of  his  own  heri- 
t  ige  for  a  time;  so  in  this  exigence  it  was 
generally  conceived  to  bo  most  expedient  for 
the  country  lo  cast  themselves  upon  the  pro- 
vidence of  a  merciful  and  gracious  God,  rather 
til  111  by  delays  to  expose  themselves  to  the 
treachery  and  cruelty  of  a  perfidious  enemy, 
.\  war,  iherefire,  speedily  to  be  carried  on 
in  the  very  depth  of  winter,  being  agreed 
noon,  care  was  taken  for  supplies,  as  the  diHi- 
ciillv  of  such  an  alVair  so  circumstanced  did 
reipiire,  though  possibly  not  with  so  much  ne- 
cessary care  and  (.o  suitable  provi3ions,  ashad 
bi'eii  desired,  if  what  came  afterwards  lo  pass 
could  hiivi!  been  forseen  (which  peradventiire 
might  be  the  reason  things  went  on  so  In'avily 
for  wHiitof  well  oiling  the'  wheels)  in  the  mean- 
time a  small  army  of  a  thousand  fighting  men, 
well  appointed,  were  ordered  bythe  commis- 
rioners  lo  be  gathered  by  proportion  out  of 
all  the  colonies,  of  which  niimber  the  share 
of  .Massachusetts  was  lo  be  ,527,  the  rest  were 
to  be  supplied  out  of  Plymoiilh  and  Connec- 
ticut colonies  :  All  other  supplies  were  taken 
care  fir,  as  well  as  the  suddenness  of  the  ex- 
pi'dition,  and  diHiciilty  of  the  season  would 
allow.  The  sai<l  llioiisand  men  besides  some 
volunteers  of  Indian  friends,  w>'ri!  bv  the 
lime  and  place  nppointeil  as  near  as  couhl  be 
had,  called  together,  and  a  coiiimisslon  grant- 
ed lo  the  honourable  dosiah  W'inslow,  Ksip 
the  present  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  a 
man  of  known  ability  and  integrilv,  every 
way  so  well  ipialified  with  coiiriige  and  reso- 
lution, as  well  as  prudence  and  dis<'relion,  as 
might  have  preferred  him  to  the  condiicl  of  a 
fir  greater  army  than  ever 's  like  lobe  gatlier- 
eil  together  in  this  part  of  the  world,  in  this 
or  the  following  generations.  .And  indeed, 
as  he  was  the  first  governor  over  any  of  the 
united  colonies  in  Ni'W  Kiighmd,  of  them  that 
were  born  in  the  place,  so  may  be,  he  will 
piss  for  a  pattern  to  ihe  succeeding  race,  that 
may  come  after. 

Under  him  as  commander  in  chief,  were 
ordered  six  (ompanies  from  Massachusetis, 
under  the  commaiul  of  Major  Ap|iletini, 
('aptains  Mosidy,  (iardiner,  DaviMiporl,  Oli- 
ver, ami  Johnson  ;  five  companies  from  Con- 
necticnl  under  Major  Treat,  Captains  Sielv, 
(iailop.  Mason,  Walts,  ami  Marshall;  two 
companies  from  Plymouth  under  Major  llrad- 
ford,  and  ('aplain  (loruin. 

t'nder  the  jiovernor  of  Plymoul 


cliuselts,  to  whom  by  the  bononrnble  major- 
general  of  the  Colony  were  six  companies  of 
loot;  Delivered  at  Dedham,  December  the 
9th,  ICtTH,  containing  in  number  -IC.i  fighting 
men,  besides  a  troop  of  horse,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Capf.  Thomas  Prentice,  attending 
upon  llicm.  That  niglit  they  marched  to 
Wood.'ock's,  iibout  27  miles  from  Dedham. 
The  next  night  lliey  arrived  at  Seaconk  ; 
Capt.  Mosely  and  his  company  went  from 
•  hence  with  .Mr.  .Smith  by  water;  the  rest 
ferried  over  the  water  to  Providence. 

The  next  day,  December  12tli,  they  passinl 
over  Patuxet  river,  and  then  marchlngthroUi;li 
Poinhnm's  country,  at  night  lliey  met  with 
Capt.  Mosely  Hrd  his  company,  at  .Mr.  Smith's 
in  Wlckford,  the  place  intended  for  their 
head  (juarlers.  Capt.  Mosely  in  big  way 
thither  had  happily  surprised  'M>  Indians,  one 
of  whom  he  took  along  with  him  as  a  giiiile, 
Peter  by  name,  that  was  at  that  time  under 
some  disgust  with  his  counlrymen,  or  his  sa- 
chem, which  made  him  prove  the  more  real 
friend  to  our  forces  in  that  service,  wherein 
he  faithfully  performed  what  he  promised, 
and  without  liis  assistance  oiir  men  would 
have  been  much  at  a  loss  to  have  found  the 
enemy,  until  it  had  been  too  late  to  have 
foiiirlit  them. 

Two  days  after,  December  1  Ith,  five  files 
of  men  sent  out  tindt'r  Si^rjeant  IJeiinel,  and 
another  upmi  the  sccnit  killed  one  man  and 
one  woman,  and  brought  in  four  more  by 
one  o'clock  :  The  whole  company  marched 
after  into  some  of  the  country,  where  they 
burnt  l/iO  wigwams,  killed  7  of  the  enemy, 
and  brought  in  8  prisoners  when  they  return- 
ed at  night. 

'I'lie  next  day  an  Indian  called  Stone-wall 
.lohn,  pretended  lo  come  from  the  sachems, 
intimating  ibeir  willingness  to  have  peace 
with  the  Kiiglish,  yet  could  the  messenger 
hardly  forbear  ihreateiiing,  boasling  of  their 
numbers  niul  their  slrengih,  luhling  withal 
that  till'  Knglish  durst  not  fight  lliem  ;  What- 
ever were  pri'lended  by  this  treacherous  fel- 
low, some  of  his  crew  as  Ik"  went  home  met 
with  some  of  (lapt.  (l.irdiner's  men, that  wi-re 
slragL'liDg  about  their  own  business,  contrary 
lo  order,  and  slew  his  sergeant  with  one  or 
two  more,  '{"wo  also  of  Capt.  Oliver's  men 
were  killed  in  like  manner;  a  solemn  warn- 
ing for  soldiers  not  to  be  too  veiitiirous  in  an 
enemy's  country.  For  preventing  the  like 
mischief  upon  other  companies,  more  care 
was  taki'n  as  they  passed  to  the  head  (juarters, 
some  of  the  companies  being  lodged  three 
miles  therefrom.  Ciipl.  Mosely's,  ('apt.  Da- 
veiijiort's,  and  Capt.  Oliver's  coiii|ianles  being 
also  sent  about  that  time  to  bring  Major  Ap- 
plelon's  to  the  general  quarters,  a  few  despe- 
rate Indians  crce|)ing  undiT  a  stonewall  near 
the  place,  fired  iwenly  or  thirty  guns  at 
Mosely  in  particular,  a  commander  well 
known  amongat  them,  but  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany rnnnint:  down  upon  them,  killed  one 
and  scalti'red  ihe  rest. 

The  next  day  Capt.  Prentice  with  his  Irooji. 
ibelniisi'nt  lo  Pellyiiuiiniscot,  retnriieil  with 
IS  com- 1  the  sail  news  of  burninu' .lerry  Ihill's  garrison- 
Inander  in  eh  .'f  in  this  espedilion,  were  seiit|liouse  and  killiiiL'  I"  I'lnelishmen  ami  .">  wo- 
a:;  im^or  of  the  forces  belonijini^  to  <'iirh  co-lincn  uiid  children,  bm  two  osciiued  in  all. 


This  is  the  chance   of  war  viliieh  they   who 
indertook  must  prepare  to  iinderi;o. 

The  next  day  lironght  from  the  same  place 
1  little  better  news,  though  not  enough  to 
balanci!  the  sorrow  of  tln^ir  I'ormer,  viz.  that 
Connecticut  forces  were  come  thither  with 
hree  hiimlred  h^nglish,  and  an  hundred  and 
fifty  .Mohegins,  ready  fixed  for  war  on  the 
behalf  of  the  English  against  the  Narragan- 
set.s,  their  mortal  enemies  ;  and  by  the  way 
meeting  a  party  of  the  enemy,  they  .slew  five 
or  six  of  them  and  look  as  many  prisoner!!. 
The  whole  number  of  all  our  forces  being  now 
come,  the  want  of  provision  w  ith  the  sliarfinesB 
f  the  cohl,  minded  them  of  expedllion,  wliere- 
fiire,  the  very  next  day,  the  w  hole  body  of  l!ie 
Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  liircea  marched 
away  to  Petlyquaniscot,  intending  to  engage 
the  enemy  upon  the  first oppor.'unily  that  next 
olfered  itself :  to  w  liicli  lesol  illon  lho.se  of 
Connecticut  presently  consenteil,  as  'loon  as 
they  met  together,  which  was  about  five 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Uull's  house,  intend- 
ed for  their  general  rendezvous,  being  unliap 
plly  burnt  down  two  or  three  days  before, 
there  was  no  shelter  left  either  for  oHicers  or 
privati-  soldiers,  so  as  they  were  necessitated 
to  march  on  toward  ■he i-iiemy  through  the  sno w 
in  a  cold  storiTiy  evening,  finding  no  other  de- 
fiance all  that  night,  save  the  open  air,  nor  any 
oilier  covering  then  a  cold  and  moist  fleece 
of  snow.  'I'hrough  all  these  dillicultles  they 
marcheil  from  the  break  of  the  next  day, 
Decemiier  I'.'tli,  till  one  of  the  clock  in  the 
ifternoon,  without  even  fire  to  warm  them, 
ir  respite  to  take  any  fiiod,  save  what  they 
could  iliew  In  their  march.  'I'liiis  having 
waded  fourteen  or  fifteen  miles  through  ihe 
country  of  the  old  (^ueeii  or  Snake  Sipiaw  of 
Narragansel.  they  came  at  one  o'clock  upon 
the  edgeot'the  swamp,  where  their  guide  a;:- 
siired  them  they  should  find  Indians  enough 
befiire  night. 

Our  fiirces  chopping  thus  upon  the  seat  of 
the  enemy,  upon  a. sudden,  they  had  no  lime 
either  to  draw  up  in  any  order  or  firm  of  but- 
tle, nor  yet  opportniilty  to  consult  w  here  or 
how  lo  assault.  As  they  marched,  Capt. 
Mosely  and  Capt.  Davenport  led  the  |)!aii, 
Major  .\ppleton  and  (.'apt.  Oliver  brought  up 
iherearol  .Massachusetts  forces  :  (Jen.  Win.s- 
low  with  the  I'lymoiilh  fiirces  inarched  In  the 
centre;  those  of  Coniieclleut  came  U[)  in  the 
rear  of  the  whole  body  :  but  the  frontiers  dis- 
cerning Indians  in  the  swamp,  fired  itrime- 
dlalelv  upon  lliem,  who  answering  our  men 
ill  till!  same  language,  retired  presetilly  into 
the  swamp, ourmen  !■  'low  iiig  lliem  in  amain, 
without  slaying  fiirtlu'  w<ird  of  command,  as 
if  every  one  were  ambitious  who  should  go 
first,  never  making  any  stand  till  ihey  came 
to  the  sides  of  the  liirt,  Into  which  the  Indians 
that  first  fired  upon  them  betook  iheinsidves. 
It  seems  that  there  was  but  one  entru lice  into 
the  fiirt,  though  the  enemy  ftnind  many  ways 
to  come  out,  but  neither  the  English  or  their 
sjuide  well  knew  on  which  side  the  entrance 
lay  ;  nor  was  it  easy  to  have  made  another; 
wherefore  the  g'sid  providence  of  Almighty 
(lod  is  the  more  to  be  acknowleilged,  who  as 
he  leil  Israel  sometimes  by  the  pillar  of  fire, 
and  the  cloud  of  his  presence,  a  right  way 
through  the  w  Ihh'riiess,  so  did  he  now  direct 
our  forces  upon  that  tide  of  the  fort,  whero 
tliev  nii!:lil  ohly  enter  llnoiigli,  not  wiiboiit 
the  utmost  danger  ajid  hazard.     Tlie  fort  W4« 


»  i 


m 


644 


THE  INDIAN    WARS. 


i   'il 


raised  upon  a  kind  of  island  orfive  or  six  acres 
of  lisinfi;  land  in  the  midst  of  a  swamp  ;  tlie 
eidus  of  it  were  m.ule  of  pallisadoes,  set  up- 
riglit,  wiiicli  was  compassed  alxmt  with  an 
hedge  of  almost  a  rod  thickness,  tlirough 
wliich  there  was  no  passing,  unless  tin  v  conld 
have  fired  a  way  through,  which  then  they 
had  no  time  to  do.  The  place  whore  the  In- 
dians used  ordinarily  to  enter  themselves,  was 
upon  a  long  tree  over  a  place  of  water,  where 
but  one  man  could  enter  at  a  time,  and  which 
was  so  waylaid  that  they  would  have  !  .  jci 
cutoff  that  had  ventured  there:  hut  atone 
corner  there  was  a  gap  made  up  only  with  a 
long  tree,  about  four  or  five  feet  from  the 
ground,  over  which  men  might  easily  pass  : 
but  they  had  placed  a  kind  of  block-house 
right  over  against  the  said  tree,  from  whence 
ihey  sorely  galled  our  men  that  first  entered, 
some  being  shot  dead  upon  the  tree,  as  was 
Capt.  Johnson  ;  and  some  as  soon  as  they  en- 
tered, as  was  Capt.  Davenport;  so  as  they 
that  first  entijred  were  forced  presently  to  re- 
tire, and  fall  upon  their  bellies,  the  fury  of  the 
enemy's  shot  was  pretty  well  spent,  which 
some  companies  that  did  not  discern  the  dan- 
ger, not  observing,  lost  sundry  of  their  men, 
but  at  the  last  two  companies  beirig  brought 
up,  besides  the  four  that  fir'^t  marched  up,  they 
animated  one  another,  to  make  another  assault, 
one  of  the  commanders  erring  -iit,  thi  'i, 

they  run,  which  did  soencourr^,  the  -  -.s 
that  they  presently  entered  amain.  Alter  a 
considerable  number  were  well  entered,  they 
presently  beat  the  enemy  o»i  f  u  .lanker  on 
the  left  hand,  which  did  a  litl'a  she.  our 
men  from  the  enemy's  shot,  till  more  L^ai-:  up, 
and  so  by  degrees  made  up  higher,  first  into 
the  middle,  and  then  into  the  Uj>perend  of  the 
fort,  till  at  last  they  made  the  enemy  all  reiire 
from  their  sconses,  and  fortified  places,  leav- 
ing multitudes  of  their  dead  bodies  upon  the 
place.  Connecticut  soldiers  marching  up  in 
the  .-ear,  being  not  aware  of  the  dangerous 
passage  over  the  tree,  in  command  of  the  ene- 
my's block-house,  were  at  their  first  entrance 
many  of  them  shot  down,  although  they  came 
on  with  as  g;illant  resolution  as  any  of  the  rest, 
under  the  conduct  of  their  wise  and  valiant 
leader.  Major  Treat. 

The  brunt  of  the  battle,  or  danger  that  day, 
lav  most  upon  the  commanders  whose  part 
it  was  to  lead  on  their  several  companies  in 
the  very  face  of  death,  or  else  all  had  been 
lost;  all  of  them  with  great  valoiiraiid  resoln- 
tion  of  niinil,  not  at  all  afraid  to  die  in  so  good 
a  cause,  bravely  led  on  their  men  in  that  des- 
perate assault ;  leaving  llii-ir  lives  in  the  place 
as  the  bi!St  testimony  of  their  valonr,  and  of 
liive  to  the  cause  of  God  and  their  country. 
No  less  than  six  bravi?  captains  fell  that  day 
in  the  assault,  viz.  Oapt.  Davenport,  Capr. 
(lardiner,  Capt.  .Iohns(Ui,  of  .Massmhusetls, 
besiiles  Lieutenant  Upham,  who  died  some 
months  after  of  his  wounds  received  at  that 
time.  Capt.  Gallop  also,  and  Capt.  Sieley, 
and  Capt.  Marshall  were  .slain,  of  those  belong- 
ing to  ConnectioU  colony.  It  is  usually  Been 
that  the  valour  of  the  soldiers  is  nnich  wrap- 
ped up  in  the  lives  of  their  commanders,  yet 
It  was  found  here,  that  the  soldiers  were  rather 
enraged  than  discouraged  by  the  loss  of  their 
commanders,  which  madethetu  redouble  their 
courage,  ond  not  give  bark  after  they  were 
entered  a  srcond  lune,  nil  llicy  Ind  driviMi  out 
tlltiir  uiiemies  :   .so  alirr  iion  li  liionj  tuid  iiianv 


wounds  dealt  on  both  sides,the  English  seeing' 
their  advantage,  began  to  lire  the  wigwams' 
where  was  supposed  to  be  many  of  the  ene-j 
my's  women  and  children  destroyed,  by  the] 
firing  of  at  least  five  or  si.x  hundred  of  their 
smoky  colls. 

It  is  reported  by  them  that  first  entered  the 
Indians'  fort,  that  our  soldiers  came  upon  them 
when  they  were  ready  to  dress  their  diiuier, 
but  our  sudden  and  une.xpected  assault  |int 
them  beside  that  work,  making  their  cook 
rooms  too  hot  for  them  at  that  time,  when  they 
and  their  mitchin  fried  together :  and  proba- 
bly some  of  them  eat  their  suppers  in  a  colder 
place  that  night:  most  of  their  provisi(  ns  as 
well  as  their  huts  being  then  conti  'med  with 
fire,  and  those  that  were  left  alive  forced  to 
hide  themselves  m  a  cedar  swamp,  not  far  off, 
where  they  had  nothing  to  defend  themselves 
from  the  cold  but  boughs  of  spruce  and  pine 
trees  :  fi)r  after  two  or  three  lu)urs  fight,  the 
English  became  masters  of  the  place,  hut  not 
judging  it  tenable,  after  they  had  burned  all 
they  coidd  set  fire  upon,  they  were  forced  to 
retreat,  alter  the  daylight  was  almost  qnile 
spent,  and  were  necessitated  to  retire  to  their 
quarters,  full  fifteen  or  sixteen  miles  oft',  some 
say  mon?,  whither  with  their  dead  and  wound- 
ed men  they  were  forced  to  march,  a  difficulty 
scarce  to  be  believed  and  not  paralleled  in  any 
form(?r  age. 

It  is  hard  to  say  who  ac()ulttcd  themselves 
best  in  that  day's  service,  either  the  soldiers, 
for  their  manlike  valinir  in  fighting,  or  the 
commandiTS  fiir  their  wisdom  and  courage, 
'..  ;  ■n\  in  the  very  face  of  death. — Thi're 
uiij;ht  one  have  seen  the  whole  body  of  that 
little  regimental  army,  as  busy  as  bees  in  a 
hive,  some  bravely  fighting  with  the  enemy, 
oth(!rs  hauling  off  and  carrying  away  the  dead 
tttid  wounded  men  (which  I  rather  note)  that 
none  may  want  the  due  testimony  of  their 
vttlourand  faithfulness,  though  all  ought  to  say, 
not  unto  us,  but  unto  thy  name,  O  Lord,  &c. 

For  though  there  might  not  be  ahore  three 
our  four  hundred  at  any  time  within  the  fort 
at  once,  yet  the  rest  in  their  turns  came  up  to 
do  what  the  exigence  of  the  service  required 
in  briniring  off  the  dead  and  wounded  men  ; 
the  Massachusetts  regimtrnt,  together  with 
Capt.  Mosely,  was  very  serviceable,  forby  that 
mtNins  the  fort  being  clear  of  the  dead  bodies,  it 
struck  a  greater  terror  into  the  eni'inv,  to  sec 
but  eight  or  ten  dead  bodies  of  the  English 
left,  than  to  meet  with  so  many  hundreds  of 
their  own  slain  and  wounded  carcasses.  The 
number  of  the  slain  was  not  tli-n  known  lui 
the  enemy's  side,  because  our  men  were  fi)r- 
ceil  to  leavi'  them  on  the  ground  ;  but  our  vic- 
tory was  found  iil'lerwards  to  be  much  more 
consiihnable  than  at  first  was  Mppreliended  ; 
for  nithough  our  loss  was  very  great  not  only 
becaus(!  of  ihe  desperiiteness  of  the  attempt 
itself  (in  such  a  season  of  the  year,  and  at 
such  a  distance  from  our  quarters,  whereby 
many  of  our  wounded  men  perished,  which 
might  otherwise  have  been  preserved,  if  they 
had  not  been  forci-d  to  march  so  many  miles 
in  a  colli  snowy  night,  beflire  they  coidil  be 
dressed)  yet  the  enemy  lost  so  many  of  their 
principal  fighting  men,  their  provision  also  was 
by  the  burning  of  their  wigwams,  so  much  of 
it  spoiled  at  the  lakinsj  of  their  fort,  and  by 
surprising  so  much  of  their  corn  about  that 
time  also;  that  it  was  the  oirasion  of  their 
tot.d  ruin  afterwards  :  they  being  at  that  time 


driven  away  from  their  liabitations,  and  put 
by  from  planting  for  the  next  year,  as  well  as 
dej)rived  of  what  they  had  in  store  for  lh(! 
present  winter.  What  iinmliers  of  the  enemy 
were  slain  is  uncertain,  it  was  confessed  by  one 
Potock,  a  great  cotinsellor  amongst  them, 
afterwards  taken  at  Rhode  Island,  and  )>ut  to 
death  at  Boston,  that  the  Indians  lost  700 
fighting  men  that  day,  besides  three  hundred 
that  died  of  their  wounds.  The  nund>er  of 
old  men,  women  and  children,  that  perished 
either  by  fire,  or  that  were  starved  with  hun- 
ger and  cold,  tione  of  them  could  tell.  'J'here 
was  above  80  of  the  English  slain,  and  ISO 
wounded,  that  recovered  afterwards. 

There  were  several  circumstances  in  this 
victory  very  remarkable. 

First,  The  meeting  with  one  Peter  a  fugi- 
tive Indian,  that  upon  some  discontent,  flying 
from  the  Narragansets,  olfeied  himself  to  the 
service  of  the  English,  and  diil  faithfully  per- 
form what  he  jiroinised,  viz.  to  lead  them  to 
the  swamp  where  the  Indians  had  sealed 
themstdves  within  a  fort  raised  upon  an  Is- 
land of  Ron  earth,  in  the  midst  of  a  swamp, 
whither  none  of  the  English  coidd  have  piloted 
them  without  his  assistance,  the  place  being 
very  near  eighteen  miles  from  the  place  where 
they  were  qnart<'red. 

Secondly,  Their  being  by  a  special  provi- 
dence directed  just  to  a  place  where  they 
found  so  easy  an  entrance,  which  if  they  had 
missed,  they  could  never  have  made  a  way 
through  the  hedge,  with  which  they  had  sur- 
rounded the  palisadoeg  of  the  fort,  in  half  a 
day's  time. 

And  Thirdly,  If  they  had  entered  the  way 
left  by  the  Indians  for  a  passage,  they  might 
have  been  cut  olF,  before  they  could  have  come 
near  their  fortification. 

Lastly,  In  directing  their  motion  to  begin 
the  assault  just  at  theday  they  did,  fiir  if  ihi'y 
had  deferred  hut  a  day  longer,  there  fell  such 
a  storm  of  snow  the  next  day  that  they  could 
not  have  passed  through  it  in  divers  weeks 
after  ;  and  on  a  sudden, there  fell  such  a  thaw, 
that  melted  away  both  ice  and  snow,  so  that 
if  they  had  deferred  till  that  time,  they  conld 
have  found  no  passageintotheir  fortified  place. 

All  which  considerations  put  together,  niiikc! 
it  a  signal  favour  of  God  to  carry  llicni 
through  so  many  di(ricultiesloarconiplish  their 
desireil  end.  For  after  they  had  retireil  to 
their  quarters,  but  sixteen  miles  from  that 
place,  there  was  so  great  a  wantof  provision, 
the  vessels  being  frozen  in  at  the  harbour 
about  cape  Cod,  that  should  have  broni;lit 
them  relief,  and  the  frost  and  stiow  set  in  so 
viob-ntly,  that  it  was  not  posslhhr  (or  iheni, 
with  all  the  force  they  ciuild  make  (so  many 
of  their  ablest  soldiers  being  slain.and  wonnii- 
o<j)  to  have  nnide  another  (Uisct:  Ibit  the 
<:oodness  of  the  Almighty  (Jod  was  most  o( 
all  to  be  admired,  that  notwithstanding  all  the 
hardships  they  endured  that  winter,  in  very 
cold  lodgings,  hard  marches,  scarcity  of  pro- 
vision,  yet  not  not  one  man  was  known  to  die 
by  any  disease  or  bodily  distemper,  sa\c 
them  that  perished  of  their  wounds. 

Our  fiu'ces  being  compelled  by  the  afore- 
said occasicnis,  to  lie  still  some  weeks  after 
In  ;iing  also  that  the  enemy  so  sorely  broken, 
would  ulndly  have  sued  fi>r  jieace  :  but  as  w  iH 
said  of  old,  (lorl  lianleneil  their  heaits  to  llieir 
own  ruin  and  deslrnclion  aflerwanls:  Ibr  us 
80on  ns  our  soldiui'i  wore  abb;  to  march,  lied- 


A    NAUUATIVK    OF 


649 


t.'lr  liiibitntions,  and  put 
lie  next  yi'nr,  a«  \vt;ll  lis 
cy  liiiil  111  sliire  for  iho 
lit  iiiiiiiliLTs  iifilii!  cm^my 
I,  it  WHS  coiilt'sscii  liy  line 
iiisullor  iimoiijjst  llicrri, 
Jiodu  IhIiiiiJ,  iiiiii  |>iit  to 
it  tlic  Inilinns  lost  7U0 
,  besidos  tliri^c  liiiinlrod 
uikJs.     'I'lio  niiniliiT  of 

child riMi,  tlmt  pi-iislu'd 
rt'ere  stiirvcd  wiili  hiin- 
lliem  could  tnll.      'J'litTi! 

Eii<:lisli  slain,  nnd   150 
■oil  iiftfi'wards. 
il  circuiii3tiinct'S   in   this 
l)le. 
■  wiih  OUR  Pulrr  a  fiif^i- 

siimi!  discontent,  dying 
s,  oiriMC'd  hirnsolCio  llm 
I,  and  dill  fiiilhf'iilly  piT- 
•d,  viz.  to  lead  thcni  to 
'le  Indians  Imd  si-nlcd 
i)it  raised   upon  an    Is- 

the  midst  of  a  swamp, 
iglish  could  have  piloted 
Slaiiro,  the  place  liein^ 
!os  from  the  place  where 

^ing  liy  a  special  pnivi- 
to  a  pliice  where  they 
nnce,  which  if  lliey  had 
iver  have  iniide  a  way 
ith  which  ihey  had  siir- 
■i  of  ihe   fort,  in  half  a 

3y  had  entered  the  way 
r  a  passaije,  they  niiu;ht 
re  they  could  have  como 

ij  their  motion  to  liep;In 
ay  they  did,  for  if  ihey 
•  ioncfer,  there  fell  such 
xt  day  tlmt  they  could 
ijjh  it  in  divers  weelcs 
,  there  fell  such  a  lliinv. 

Ice  nnd  siiou',  so  that 

that  time,  they  could 
iilotheir  liirtified  phice. 
ons  puttoijelher,  miike 

God    to    cnrrv    ilii'ui 

IliestoaccoMiplish  ihcir 

er  they  had  rellied    lo 

<teen    miles   from    ihnl 

at  a  want  of  provision, 

en    in   at   the    hailioiir 

should   have   hroiioht 

ost  nnd   snow  set  in  so 

not  possilile  fiir   llieui, 

could  make  (so  miiiiv 

leiiijj  slain.niid  woiiiiij- 

otlier   onset:    I'lit    llie 

ity  (ind  was   ino.-t  of 

iiotwiihstnndiufr  all  llie 

that  winier,  in  verv 
relies,  scarcity  of  pM'- 
iian  was  known  (o  die 
idily  distemjier,  sum- 
leir  Wounds, 
npelled  liy  the  nforc- 
lill  some  weeks  iifler 
•my  so  sorely  liroKeii, 
fi<r  pence  :  liiilas  \\:f> 
ed  iheir  lieinls  lo  their 
nil  afieruards:  liir  iis 
ro  able  to  march,  lii'd- 


inff  that  all  the  enemy's  overtures  of  peuce, 
and  prolonging  of  treaties,  was  only  to  gain 
time,  that  they  might  get  away  iiilii  llie 
woods  ;  they  [iiirsued  afier  them,  and  some- 
times came  upon  th<;lr  rear,  hut  then  they 
would  iimnediatoly  tly  an  liundred  ways  at 
once  into  swamps,  so  as  our  mi.'ii  could  not 
follow  them,  or  if  they  did,  could  not  see  two 
of  them  together  ;  so  that  now  there  was  lillle 
good  like  to  be  done,  unless  they  could  take 
them  at  some  advantage.  At  length  having 
spent  all  their  provision,  and  tired  themselves 
in  pursuing  of  them  sixty  or  seventy  miles,  up 
through  the  woods  towards  .Marlborough  and 
Lancaster,  towns  that  lie  on  the  road  to  Con- 
necticut, having  killed  and  taken  near  70  of 
them,  our  soldiers  were  ordered  to  ri'turn 
towards  Uoslon,  to  recruitthemselveasupjios- 
ing  that  the  Niirragansels,  nnd  those  with 
them,  were  so  enfeebled  that  they  would  have 
no  mind  suddenly  tu  assault  any  of  the  English 
towns. 

If  any  desire  a  more  particular  account  of 
the  loss  which  we  sustained  at  the  taking  ol 
the  Narraganset  fori,  December  19th,  1075, 
they  may  take  it  as  here  follows  : 

Besides  the  six  captains  mentioned  before, 
that  either  were  slain  in  the  assault,  or  diej 
afterwards  of  their  wounds,  to  whom  may  bi 
reckoned  Lieut.  Upham,  that  died  lately  at 
Uosloii  of  the  wounds  he  then  received. 

There  were  outofthe company  belonglngto 
killed.  wourtthd. 


to  which  side,  and  by  what  degrees  pleuaelhiaid  (jaiionchet's  brother,  one  of  the  hoitagesal 
him  best.  liarltiird,  was  released.     This  was  brr  a  mere 

The  rest  of  the  winier  was  spent  in  fruitless]  pietiMice,  for  he  and  ihey  to(i,b(ller  ui.iier-ilood 

liir    bv 


3 

22 

9 

10 

5 

10 

7 

11 

3 

11 

4 

15 

Major  Appletou, 
Capt.  Mosely, 
Capt.  Oliver, 
Capt.  Gardiner, 
Capt.  .Johnson, 
Capt.  Davenport, 


in  all,       31  in  all,  79 

Tliero  were  shiin  and  wounded  of 

New  Haven  company,  20 

Capt.  Seiley's  couipauy,  20 

Capt.  Watls's  company,  17 

Capt.  Marshall's  company,  14 
Plymouth  company  umler  Major 

Bradford  and  Capt.  Gorham,  20 

in  alt,  91 


If  there  had  not  been  so  great  a  distance 
between  the  place  of  ihe  fight  and  their  quar- 
ters, nnd  so  much  cold  attending  ihem  in  tlu'ir 
relirement  thereunto,  some  better  account 
might  have  been  given  of  that  expedition,  than 
now  they  were  able  to  do.  For  a  maicii  of 
Bixteenoreighlcen  miles  is  too  much  to  breathe 
a  fresh  soldier,  unless  he  were  wi;!!  mounted; 
but  enough  to  kill  the  heart  of  them  that  have 
been  wearied  with  a  long  and  tedious  fight. 
As  for  the  coldness  of  the  weather  although 
it  be  a  good  besom  to  sweep  the  chauiber  of 
the  air  (which  might  be  the  reason  there  was 
no  more  diseases  amongst  them)  vet  it  is  an 
unwelcome  companion  to  wearied,  and  espe- 
cially lo  woundeil  men.  In  so  long  a  retreat. 

I5i;t  the  want  of  provision  fiiiling,  in  con- 
jancllon  with  the  iinseasonableness  of  the 
weather,  and  length  of  the  way,  our  forces 
were  hindered  I'lom  any  new  attempt  upon 
liie  eii"my,  which  if  they  would  have  attend- 
ed, it  W.-S  thought  it  might  have  put  an  end 
to  our  troul  les  :  but  he  that  holdclh  the 
icalos  of  the  victory  in  hia  hand  turneth  them 


treaties  aliout  a  peace  ;  both  sides  being  well 
wearied  with  the  late  desperate  'i\-^\i{,  were 
willing  to  refresh  theiiiselvi^s  the  remaining 
part  of  the  winter,  with  the  short  slumber  of 
a  [irelended  peace,  at  least  with  a  talk  or  dream 
thereof:  our  coiiiiiiaiiders  aim  therein  was 
christian  and  if  it  had  proceeded,  i.  e.  to  have 
prevented  the  shedding  of  more  blood  :  and 
possibly  some  of  the  elder  and  wiser  of  the 
enemy,  did  really  desire  what  was  pretended 
by  tliem  all  (for  they  liad  now  full  [iroof  of 
ihevalourand  resolution  of  the  Knglish,  which 
some  of  them  upon  fiiruier  successes  might  be 
ready  to  cpiestion)  and  they  could  not  but  see 
their  destruction  already  begun,  in  the  loss  of 
our  dwellings,  and  all  their  provisions,  as  well 
as  the  slaughter  of  the  best  part  of  their  light- 
ing mci  ;  but  through  consciousness  of  their 
barbarous  treachery  and  falsehood,  they  could 
not  trust  others,  and  so  were  willing  to  run 
the  utmost  hazard,  as  people  hardened  to 
their  own  destruction.  The  particular  pas- 
sages of  the  treaty  being  carried  on  by  the 
enemy  only  iii  pretence,  (and  by  our  men 
that  soon  discerned  their  fraud)  rather  out  of 
necessity,  to  conceal  their  inca[)acity  of  en- 
gaging them  anew,  than  any  real  expectation 
of  a  good  elfect,  are  not  worthy  the  relating. 
However,  though  the  foot  were  unable  to  do 
any  service  iii  the  depth  of  the  snow,  and 
sharpness  of  the  cold,  the  troop  was  sent  out 
upon  all  occasions  to  scout  about  the  country, 
who  brought  in  daily  much  of  the  enemy's 
corn  and  bi-aus,  which  they  had  hid  in  the 
ground  under  barns,  or  at  least  ke|)t  them 
Irom  making  use  of  their  own  provision,  or 
sjioiling  the  Knglish  cattle;  now  and  then 
bringing  in  prisiuiers  from  their  quarters,  as 
they  were  straggling  about  to  get  victuals. 

On  the  27th  of  December,  Capt.  i'rentice 
was  sent  into  iioiiiham's  country,  where  he 
burnt  near  an  hundred  wigwams,  but  found 
not  an  Indian  in  any  of  them. 

On  the  2Stli  of  December,  a  squaw  was  sent 
to  them,  who  had  been  taken  in  the  fight,  with 
a  proffer  of  peace,  if  they  would  submit  to 
such  terms  as  were  propounded  ;  the  principal 
of  which  was,  to  deliver  up  all  Philip's  In- 
dians, that  were  with  them  ;  the  squaw  re- 
turned, pretending  that  she  was  lame  nnd  un- 
able to  come  again  ;  but  the  30th  of  Decem- 
ber, an  Indian  came  from  the  sachems,  with 
with  seeming  thanks  fi.r  the  peace  proffered, 
yet  complained  we  made  war  upon  them,  and 
yave  them  no  notice;  but  bis  mouth  was  soon 
stopped,  by  the  answer  they  made  him:  he 
owned,  as  the  squaw  had  said  befi)re,lluit  they 
lost  300  of  their  best  fighting  men,  and  so  did 
two  prisoners  of  theirs,  taken  .lanuary  lllh, 
whereof  one  being  of  Philip's  company,  was 
put  to  death.  The  messenger  that  was  sent 
was  fiirly  dismissed,  with  the  express  men- 
tion of  what  terms  they  must  expect,  if  they 
desired  a  peace. 

.lanuary  lili,  there  came  two  messengers 
from  theiii,  as  they  said  ti)  make  way  for  a 
treaty  of  peace;  who  laid  the  blame  upon 
Canoiichet,  who  came  to  Boston  in  October 
last,  to  confirm  the  jieace  with  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  united  colonies,  as  if  he  had 
misinliirmed  them,  viz.  that  they  were  not  by 
by  the tiirmer  treaty  lo  have  delivered  up  the 
Wampunoogs,  or  Philip's  Indians,  until  the 


tl;e  particulars  of  the  ngicciiieiil  : 
chance  tlieailicles  which  thev  had  of  the  peace 
concluded  with  them,  wt^re  found  open  (wheth- 
er purposely  or  accidentallv  was  not  known) 
in  a  wigwam  in  the  flirt  when  it  wus  taken,  so 
they  could  not  be  ignorant  of  the  articles  of  the 
agreement. 

January  5th,  an  English  child  of  about  three 
or  four  years  old,  taken  from  Warwick,  was 
sent  in  to  put  the  better  pretence  upon  the 
treaty  mentioned. 

January  8lli,  the  messengers  were  sent 
back,  and  told  what  ihey  must  trust  to.  In 
the  afternoon  a  messenger  came  fidni  Nini- 
gret,  the  old  sachem  of  Narragansel,  who 
brought  a  hitler  from  .Mr.  Stanton,  the  inter- 
preter, signifying  the  reality  of  the  said  Nini- 
gret,  in  his  friendship  to  the  English,  ami  the 
straits  of  theenemy,  ihatcoru  was  twoshillings 
a  pint  with  them.  Yet  notwilhslandiiig  all 
their  dliriciiltles,  they  rather  delayed  tlie  lime 
till  they  could  get  away,  than  really  endea>  luir 
to  make  a  peace,  as  was  soon  inamfe»t:  tor 
that  young  and  insolent  saclietii,  Cauonchet, 
and  Panoquiu,  said  they  would  fight  it  out  to 
ihe  last  man,  rather  than  become  servants  lo 
the  English. 

January  lOlh,  a  fresh  supply  of  ■,old'.ers 
came  up  from  Boston,  wadlHg  thinii^li a  sharp 
storm  of  snow,  that  bit  somo  of  iheiii  by  the 
heels  with  the  frost.  The  next  da  .■  one  thi>.' 
came  with  them,  going  out  with  the  scouts,  fidi 
amongst  the  Indians'  barns,  in  one  of  which, 
as  ho  was  groping  to  find  i  rn  fin-  the  reled' 
of  his  horse,  he  catched  hold  of  an  Inilliiirs 
hair,  under  the  leaves,  who  presently  hehi  up 
Ills  hands,  (when  the  soldier  was  diawing  inr. 
sword,)  to  spare  bis  life,  which  was  granted, 
but  after  he  was  brought  to  the  bead  quarters, 
he  would  own  nothing  but  w  hat  was  forced 
outofhis  mouth,  by  the  wooldliig  of  his  he;id 
with  a  cord,  wherefiue  be  was  presenlly 
judged  to  die  as  a  Wampanoog. 

January  12lh,  anothermessengercame  liom 
Cononicus,  desiring  the  space  of'a  month  long- 
er, wherein  to  issue  the  treaty,  which  so  pro 
voked  the  commander  of  our  fiirces,  that  they 
resolved  to  have  no  more  treaties  wiih  the 
enemy,  but  prepare  to  assault  them,  with 
God's  assistance,  as  soon  as  ever  the  season 
would  permit,  and  it  washit,'h  time  to  lake  up 
fiir  within  a  few  days  after  they  uiiderslood  by 
some  that  were  taken  ptisouers,  that  the  ene- 
my were  gone,  or  going  into  the  IS'lpmuch 
country. 

Wii'hin  a  few  days  after,  about  the  ICtb  of 
ilanuarv,   the  scouts  brought   in  one  Joshua 
Tilt,  a  renegado  Englishman,  of  Providence, 
th.it  upon  some   discontent   among  his  neigh- 
bours, bad  turned  Indian,  married  one  of  the 
Indian  sipiaws,  renounceil  his  ndigioii,  nation, 
and  natural  parents,  all  at  once  figliling  against 
them.      He   was  taken  by   (.'apt.  Feiiner,  of 
Providence,  who  with  some  of  his  neifjhbours 
Indians  that  had  driven 
This  Tilt  being  one  of  the 
led  In   the  knee,   and    so 
he  had  in  his  habit 


were  pursuing  some 
away  their  cdllle. 
company  was  wouiuleO 
was  siezed  bvthe  iMijillsh 


I 


I 


1r 


si: 


i 


conformed  hi'mself  to  them  amongst  whom  he 
lived.  After  exaiiiination  he  was  condemne  1 
to  die  the  death  of  a  traitor.  As  to  his  reli- 
gion he  was  found  as  ignorant  as  an  heathen, 
which  II )  doubt  caused  the  fewer  Icars  to  be 


046 


THR    INDIAN    WARS. 


slu'J  nt  liiit  fiiiienil,  liy  liuint;  uiiwilliiig  to  luv- 
isli  pity  iijioM  liliii  tlint  liml  divt'sK.'d  liiiiisi'H' 
of  iiiiliiri!  Ilsclt',  as  well  lis  n'lij;i(in,  in  ii  tiiiii- 
wlioii  Sdiiiiicli  [lity  was  nct'iloil  rlsouliirt.',  and 
nutliiiis;  It'll  iii'siili'S  wlifi-esvilli  to  rvlicve  tlio 
siiMi'ri'rs. 

.faimaiy  21st,  Ci|)t.  I'reTilii'i''s  troops  Ijeiiii^ 
abroad,  iiu't  willi  a  parly  of  lliu  t'lu'iiiv,  ol' 
whom  tliL'V  took  two  pi'isoiKM'S,  aiid  killi'd 
iiitiu;  in  wliicli  fxploii,  soiiii'lliint';  iiappiMii-d 
very  u-markaljli",  i'orone  \V.  Dodgf.ol  Salem, 
riding  ill  company  with  anoilit-r  tViend,  tliey 
happeni-d  to  iiicet  willi  two  Indians,  the  said 
Diiilge  htnng  hotter  lioraed  than  his  friend, 
made  ufier  the  foriMiiosf,  leaving  his  friend  to 
deal  with  the  hindmost,  Init  his  pistol  missed 
firing,  whereupon  the  Indian  taking  him  liy 
llie  leg,  turned  him  otl'  his  horse,  and  getting 
upon  liim,  was  about  killing  him  with  Ins 
knife,  wliich  Mr.  I)odg<!  l.y  chaiiet!  espied,  and 
fame  time  enough  to  reseiie  his  friend,  and 
dispatcli  the  Indian  lying  upon  him,  and  yet 
overtook  the  first  Indian  lie  was  pursuing, 
time  enough  to  do  his  hiisiness  also  :  liy  that 
means  lie  did  three  good  oiiices  at  once,  saved 
the  lilt;  of  one  friend,  and  slew  two  of  his 
enemies.  Hut  wilhin  twom'  three  days  after, 
tlio  weather  much  ahering  from  what  it  was, 
induced  our  forces  to  take  the  first  opportu- 
nity to  pursue  tlie  enemy,  who,  as  they  under- 
stood hy  messengers  from  Providence,  wen.' 
now  upon  their  Hight  into  the  Nipmuc  coun- 
try :  lint  so  many  difficulties  were  cast  in 
their  way,  that  diey  could  not  lie  ready  time 
enough  to  prevent  the  mischief  they  did  ttt 
Warwick,  as  they  took  their  farewell  of  their 
country  :   For, 

January  27lh.  they  despoiled  Mr.  Carpen- 
ter of  two  hundred  sheep,  and  fifty  head  of 
neat  cattle,  and  fifteen  horses;  all  wliich  they 
lirove  along  with  them,  and  were  gone  too 
far  to  be  rescued  before  our  fiirces  set  out. 
Two  that  belonged  to  the  said  Carpenter 
were  wounded  anil  one  of  the  enemy  slain. 
Aa  they  marched  after  the  enemy,  they  found 
a  good  hmise  burned,  with  a  barn  belonging  to 
it.  Tliev  perceived  also  that  the  enemy  dealt 
much  ill  horso  flesh,  meeting  with  no  less  than 
sixty  liorses  heads  iiione  place,  which  they  iiad 
left  behind  them.  Our  soldiers  in  their  pursuit 
came  upon  the  rear,  killed  and  took  about 
seventy  of  them,  yet  never  could  come  to 
charge  them,  for  they  would  presently  betake 
themselves  into  swamps,  and  not  two  of  them 
running  together,  they  saw  it  was  an  endless 
work  to  proceed  further  in  the  chace  of  euch 
an  enemy;  but  our  forces  having  pursued 
them  into  the  woods,  belweiui  Marlborough 
and  Brookfield,  in  the  road  toward  Connecti- 
cut, were  constrained  to  turn  down  to  Hoston, 
III  tlie  beginning  of  February,  fiir  want  of  pro- 
vision, both  fiir  themselves  and  their  horses, 
which  gave  an  occasion  totlie  loss  of  those  les- 
ser towns  that  were  destroyed  by  the  Nipnet 
Indians,  who  presently  joined  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  upon  their  first  approach,  as  shall  bo 
related  allerwards. 

About  the  lOtli  .'f  February  after,  some 
hundreds  of  the  Indians,  whether  Nipnets  or 
Nashaway  men  isnncerliiiii,  belonging  to  liitn 
they  call  Sagamore  Sam,  and  possibly  some 
of  the  stoutest  of  t!ie  Narragaiisets  that  had 
escapud  the  winter  bruiii,  fill  upon  Lancaster, 
a  small  village  of  aboiii  fifty  or  si.\ty  faiuilies. 
jnd  did  much  inischief,  Ir.iiiiing  most  -if  the 
liouses  that  wore  not  giirrisoncd  ■  and  which  is 


most  sad  and  awful  to  consider,  the  house  of 
Mr.  iuiwlaiidsoii,  ininlster  of  said  Iiiincastiu", 
which  was  garrisoned  with  a  competent  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants  ;  vet  the  forlilication  of 
the  house  being  on  the  hack  aid)',  closed  np 
[with  fire  wood,  the  Indians  got  so  near  as  to 
tire  a  leanter,  whiili  burning  the  house  iiiiine- 
idiately  to  the  grouii<l,  all  the  persons  therein 
were  )iiit  to  the  hard  ciioice,  either  to  perish 
I  by  the  flames,  or  to  yield  themselves  into  the 
hands  ol' those  cruel  savages,  which  last  (ron- 
sidering  that  a.  living  dog  is  better  than  a  dead 
lion)  they  chose,  aiul  so  were  12  persons  sur- 
prised bv  the  Indians,  above  twenty  of  the 
women  and  children  they  carried  away  cap- 
tive, a  ruefiil  spectacle  to  behold  ;  the  rest 
i/eiiig  iiieii,  they  killed  in  the  place  or  reserved 
liir  further  misery :  and  many  that  were  not 
slain  in  fighting,  wen;  kilh'd  in  attempting  to 
escape.  The  minister  himself  wasoccassion- 
ally  absent,  to  seek  help  from  the  governor 
and  council  to  di'fi'iid  that  iiliice,  who  return- 
ing, was  entertained  with  the  tnigii'al  news 
of  his  wife  and  children  surprised,  and  being 
carried  away  by  the  eni'iiiv,  and  his  house 
turned  to  ashes,  yet  it  pleased  (lod  so  to  up- 
hold (lis  hi'iut,  comforting  himself  in  his  (iod 
as  David  at  Ziklag,  that  he  would  always  say, 
he  believi'd  he  should  see  his  wife  undchiMren 
again,  which  did  in  like  manner  soon  come 
to  pass  within  five  or  six  months  after;  all 
all  save  the  youngest,  which  being  wounded 
at  ihe  first  died  soon  after,  among  the  Indians. 
And  sucli  was  tb<!  goodness  of  Ciod  to 
those  poor  captive  women  and  children,  that 
they  found  so  much  favour  in  the  sight  of  their 
enemies,  that  they  ofl'ered  no  wriuig  to  any  of 
their  persons  save  what  ihey  could  not  help, 
being  in  many  wants  theiiiselve.s.  Neither 
did  they  oiler  any  uncivil  carriage  to  any  of 
the  females,  nor  ever  attempted  the  chastity 
of  any  ofthein,  either  beingreslrained  of  (rod 
as  was  Abiiiieleck  of  old,  or  by  some  other 
accidental  cause  which  wiihheld  tliem  from 
doing  any  wrong  in  that  kind. 

Upon  the  re[)ort  of  this  disaster,  Capt. 
Wadsworth,  then  at  Marlboroiigh,  with  about 
forty  resolute  men,  adventured  the  rescuing 
of  the  town  that  was  remaining  :  And  having 
recovered  a  bridge,  they  got  over  safe,  thougli 
the  planks  were  pulled  ofPbythc!  enemy,  and 
being  led  up  in  a  way,  not  discovered  by 
them,  they  forced  the  Indians  for  the  present 
to  ijiiit  the  place,  after  they  had  burnt  and  di!- 
stroyed  the  better  half  of  it.  Yet  afterwards 
it  not  being  judged  feiiBble,  it  was  abandoned 
to  the  pleasure  of  the  insulting  foe. 

Ten  days  after  they  were  so  flushed  with 
this  success,  that  two  or  three  hundred  of  them 
came  whc'ling  down  to  .Modfield,  a  town 
twenty  miles  from  Hoston,  westward  from 
Dedliam,  which  they  surprised  very  early  in 
the  morning  (and  though  there  were  one  hiiii- 
dreil  and  sixty  soldiers  in  it,  or  more,  besides 
the  inhabitants)  they  burnt  near  one  half  of 
the  town,  killing  about  twenty  persons,  but  by 
the  resistance  of  the  soldiers,  as  soon  as  they 
could  be  rallied  together  (it  lieiiig  at  or  before 
break  of  day,  none  in  the  least  suspecting 
such  an  assault  so  early)  they  were  ipiickly 
forced  to  forsake  the  place,  and  so  (not  with 
out  some  loss)  took  their  way  to  I'lymoutli 
colony. 

The  western  towns  above  Connecticut  were 
the  chief  seat  of  the  war,  and  felt  most  of  the 
mischief  thereof,  in  the  end  of  the  year  1675  ; 


but  the  scene  is  now  to  be  changed  ;  and  tiiu 
other  towns  aini  villages  that  he  eastward, 
nearer  liostmi,  must  bear  their  part  in  the  liko 
tragedies  :  For  as  was  said  belore,  the  Nar- 
ragaiisets  having  been  driven  out  of  the  coun- 
try, fled  ihrongh  the  Nipnet  plaiiialioiis,  to- 
wards Wiitchii.si't  hills.  Hireling  willi  all  the 
Indians  thai  hail  harboured  all  \\  inter  in  tho-^e 
woods  alioiit  \a-liaway,  lliey  nil  coinliihe<l 
aijainst  the  Kiigli>li,  yet  divided  tlii'ir  niim- 
liers,  and  one  of  them  were  observed  to  bend 
their  course  towards  I'lyiiioiilh,  taking  Mrd- 
field  ill  their  wav,  which  they  endeavmireil  to 
burn  and  spoil,  I'\'briniry  21,  lUT.'i,  as  their 
fellows  had  dime  Lancaster  ten  days  beliiie. 

Tlu!  siirprisal  of  this  Medtleld,  in  regard 
of  some  remarkable  ciicunislances  it  wii'i  at- 
tended with,  is  not  iiiiwiuthy  a  more  paiiiie- 
lar  relating  as  to  tlie  manner  thereof :  'Ihe  less 
of  Lancaster  had  sullirii'iitly  iiwakeiu'd  and 
alarmed  the  neighbouiing  vilhojis,  all  to  ?iiiiid 
upon  guard  ;  and  sonn-  had  obtained  ganls- 
(Uied  soldiers  liu'  their  greater  seciiiiiv,  as  was 
till?  case  with  them  in  the  town  of  .Medlirld, 
within  twenty-two  miles  of  Hoston.  .\iid  at 
that  time  wiu'e  lodged  therein  sevi'nd  g:ir- 
risoii  soldiers,  besides  the  iiiliiibitaiils ;  vet 
beiii^billelted  up  and  down  in  all  ipnoiers  of 
the  town,  could  not  be  g.ilhered  louelher  lill  il 
great  part  of  the  town  was  set  on  fire  and 
many  of  the  inhabitants  slain,  which,  how  it 
could  be  elFected  is  sirange  to  believe  :  Hut 
most  of  those  inland  plantations  being  over- 
run with  young  wood  (the  inhabitants  being 
very  apt  to  engross  more  lainls  iiilu  their  hands 
than  they  were  able  to  subdue)  as  if  they 
were  seated  in  the  midst  of  a  heap  of  biishis  : 
Their  enemies  took  the  advanlaire  tlienol', 
and  secretly  over  nii.'lit.  conveyed  theiiisel'-es 
round  nlioiit  the  town,  some  getting  under  the 
sides  of  their  barns,  and  fences  of  their  >i,- 
chards,  as  is  supposed,  where  they  lay  hid  un- 
der that  covert,  till  break  of  day,  when  they 
suddenly  set  iipiui  sundry  houses,  shooting 
them  that  came  first  out  of  their  door<,  and 
then  fired  thi'ir  houses  ;  Some  were  hilled  as 
they  attempted  to  fly  to  their  neighhoiirs  fi.r 
shelter.  Some  were  only  wounded,  and  some 
taken  alive  and  carried  of!' captives  ;  In  some 
houses  the  husband  running  away  with  one 
child,  the  wife  with  another,  of  whom  the  luie 
was  killed,  the  other  escaped.  They  began 
nt  the  east  end  of  the  tow  n,  where  they  llii'd 
the  house  of  one  S.imiiel  Mcu'se,  that  seems 
to  have  been  a  signal  to  the  rest  to  fiill  in  on 
other  parts  :  Most  of  the  houses  in  the  west, 
or  southwest  end  of  the  town  were  soon  bnnit 
down  :  And  generally  when  tliev  burnt  any 
out  houses,  the  cattle  in  them  were  burnt  also. 
Two  mills  belonging  to  the  town  were  biinit 
also:  A  poor  old  man  of  near  an  hundied 
years  old,  was  burnt  in  one  of  the  houses  that 
were  consumed  by  fire.  The  lieulenan*  of 
the  town,  Adams  by  name,  was  shot  downbv 
his  door  and  his  wife  mortally  woimdid  by  a 
gun  fired  afterwards  accidi'iiially  into  ihe 
house.  After  the  burning  id'  fiirty  or  liliy 
house!  and  barns,  the  cannibals  were  Irighteil 
away  rmt  of  the  town,  o\er  a  bridge  iIimi  lies 
upon  Charles  river,  by  the  shooting  of  a  piece 
of  ordnance?  two  or  three  times  ;  W  hen  ihey 
passed  over  the  bridge  tliev  firi'd  one  end 
thereof,  to  hinder  our  men  I'loni  |i'iisiiiiig 
them;  there  were  thought  lo  be  aliove  five 
hundred  ;  there  were  slain  and  innrtMlly 
wounded  seventeen  or  eighteen   poruonn,  be- 


A    NAKRATlVn    OP 


847 


111'  rliiiriiji'd  ;  ami  lliu 
,'i's  lliiit  li('  ciiNlHiir-d, 
ir  llii'ir  |iiirt,  in  ilir  liko 

wild    l)^•t^|•l^  llic  Niu-- 

'liiv ml  oI'iIk'  cimim- 

■  ipiirt    |i|iiiiliili(iiis,    li). 

.    ' liiij;  wiili  iill  llii^ 

ri'il  all  \\  iiiitT  ill  lliii«() 
y,    tlicv   all  I'liiiiliiiii'd 

t    dividi'd    ihi'ii-  iiiiiii- 

VCI-IMlllSlTVl'd    111    lllMid 

yiniiiilli,  tiikiiif;  Miii- 
li  llicy  iMidi'aVdiiri'd  lo 
arv  a  I,  KiT'i,  as  llicir 
l^tl•^  trii  days  liidiiif. 
<  Mcillii'ld,  ill  iTuaid 
rcilinslaiiccs  it  «a-  al- 
nliv  a  iiinic  [lai'ilri!- 
iiirrtliri-i-df:  'I'lic  ji.ss 
ii'iilly  awalit'iHil  aiul 
lir  villatiis,  all  In  viand 
liad  ulilaiiii'd  j;ariis- 
"•aUM-  si'rniiiN ,  a-i  was 

lie  tiUVll  dl'  .Slrdlirld, 

s  lit'  liii.slnii.      .\nd  at 
lliiTi'iii   si'M'ial    LJiir- 
llic    inlialiitanis;    vi-t 
iiwn  ill  all  iiiiaitiTs'iif 
falliiTi'd  liim'llii'i-  till  a 
was   set    1111  llfi;    and 
slain,  «  liicli,   liow  it 
iiiii,'!'  t"  liflii'M"  :    lint 
antatiiiiis    lannj;  nvrr- 
(llii'  inlialiitaiits  Ix-in^ 
^  lands  iiitu  tin'ii-  JniiulH 
>    aniiiliii')   as   it'  ilicy 
lit   n  lit'ap  111'  Inislii's  : 
I!   advanta^'i'    tlirrrot', 
convcvi-'d  llii'iiisid'cs 
imic  f,'i'lliii^'  iindi'ftlie 
1    f'iMici-s   ot"  their   ..>• 
vliiTi'  llii'v  lav  hid  mi- 
lk  lit'  day,  wiii'ii  thcv 
idry  linnscs.   sIkmiIiiiij 
t  111'  their  doors,    and 
Senile  were  killed  as 
llieir  nei;^hl)iiNrs   fi.r 
y  WoMiideil,  aiiilsiiMii! 
ifT'raplives  ;    In  some 
MiiinL;  iiway  w  ilh  one 
her,  of  wliDiii  the  one 
aaped.      'I'liey  hecr;,,, 
"11,  where  they  tired 
'1    Morse,   that  seems 
ihi!   rest  to  (iill  in  on 
I  houses  in  the    west, 
own  were  soon  Imrnt 
vlien   they  linriil  any 
hem  were  Imrnt  also, 
the  town  Weil'  Imrnt 
111'  near    an   iiiiiidred 
me  of  the  lionses  that 
'J'he  lieiitenant  iil" 
e,  was  shot  downliv 
rtally  wounded  liy  a 
ncideiilallv    into    ilie 
ni;    (if  flirty  or    liliv 
inilials  were  Cntjhied 
er  n  lirid^-e  that  lies 
e  sliootiiif:  ol'a  piere 
'  times  :   When  they 
they  (ireil    om;  eiiil 
lien    from    piirsnin^ 
lit   lo    lie  ahove  (n  e 
<l:iin     and     iin. rtally 
^litceii   powoii.i,  bt" 


tides  ntU':rs  liiineeroiisly  hurt.  The  loss  siis- 
tilini'd  liy  the  iiilialiiliints  aiiioiiiited  lo  aliove 
two  tlioi.saiid  pounds,  'i'liis  mercy  was  oli- 
served  in  this  sad  priiviilence,  that  never  a 
earrison  Inmse  was  lost  in  this  siirprisal;  nor 
any  111"  the  principal  dwi'llinf,'.s,  so  us  the  cliief- 
est  and  liest  of  their  Imildiiies  escaped  the 
fury  of  the  etieiiiy,  who  as  they  Jiassed  the 
liridi,'!',  left  a  writing  liehind  tliein,  oxpressinj; 
sometliiiifr  to  this  purpose,  that  we  hud  pro- 
voked them  to  wratli,  niid  that  they  wonld 
flight  with  lis  these  twenty  yeurs,  (lint  they  fell 
short  of  their  expectation  liy  nineteen)  aJdiiif; 
also,  that  they  hud  iiothiiif^  to  lose,  whereas 
we  hail  lioiisea,  liarns,  and  corn:  These  were 
some  of  the  liohl  threats  used  liy  the  Imrliuroiis 
crew,  lint  their  ruije  shall  proceed  no  further 
than  the  counsel  of  (iod  hulli  deteriiiiiiej. 
'I'lie  week  lietiire  was  heard  a  very  liideous 
crv  of  II  kennel  of  wolves  rimiiil  the  town, 
wiiicli  raised  Home  <if  the  inhahitants,  and 
was  looked  upon  liy  divers  persons,  as  an 
oiniiioiis  pres,ai;iii!^  ol  the  lollowing  calutiiilv. 
Another  assault  was  feared,  lint  as  soon  as 
the  soldiers  could  he  eathered  together,  thev 
turned  their  hacks,  us  it'  they  never  intended 
to  visit  them  more  :  whither  these  Indians 
went  when  lliey  left  .Medlii'ld,  is  not  certainly 
kiiiiwii  ;  the  soldiers  in  the  town  not  havini; 
opportunity  to  piirsni;  them  over  the  river,  liy 
rouson  tliatlhe  lindiie  was  part  nf  it  Inirned  : 
]{iit  it  is  Illo^t  proliahle  that  they  took  their 
wuy  toward  IMymimlh,  and  eontiniu'd  alumt 
that  side  of  the  connlrv  lor  the  futiiri",  wait- 
ini;-  opportunities  to  do  what  mischief  ihey 
could  to  the  l'^iii;lisli  in  those  parts  ;  for  within 
a  month  afler  the  assault  at.  Medtleld,  there 
Were  six  liuiiilred  of  them  si'eii  alioiit  I'atiixet 
and  Providence,  were  I'apf.  I'ierce,  with 
ulioiit  fifty  of  his  men  were  lost,  ihoiiiili  wiih 
liii  ereat  udvantaf;e  to  the  enemy,  who  at  that 
time  lost  aliovu  doulile  that  numher :  Onr 
worthy  captains  in  this  and  other  exploits, 
lieini.'  called  to  imitate  Sampson,  who  was 
content  to  die  with  his  enemies,  that  he  mii.'lit 
overllirow  them  therehv  :  It  haviiitf  so  fallen 
out  with  many  of  our  choice  commanders  and 
soldiers  at  l)eerfield,  Narraf^anset,  I'aliixi'l, 
und  likewise  not  loiii;  afler  at  Sniilmry. 

The  trovernor  and  council  of  I'lymoiith 
jierceivinj;  liy  the  report  of  these  oiitrau'i's 
commilteil  upon  the  towns  in  Massaclmsetts, 
that  lliey  were  like  to  lie  visited  this  sprini; 
liy  their  (lid  lieii;lilioiirs,  sent  (lilt  Capt.  I'ierce, 
of  Sitiiale,  aliiiut  the  latter  end  of  March 
will]  alioiit,  lil'ty  lvi<;lisli  and  Iweiitv  christian 
Indians,  alioni  C'ape  (%id,  who  proved  none 
of  his  worst  soldiers,  as  the  seipiel  of  this  his 
last  ex])eilitiiin  will  declare. 

("apt.  Pierce,  as  is  said  hefore,  lieiiifj  sent 
out  lo  pursue  the  enemy,  marched  towards 
I'alnxet,  where  he  iiiiderslood  the  Indians 
Were  many  of  them  gathered  toffelher  :  He 
lii'ine;  a  man  of  lesolute  couraf.,'e,  was  willini: 
lo  eiiL,'aii;e  them,  though  upon  never  so  irreal 
a  disadvantaije.  .Some  say  the  Indians  liv 
rounterfeitinjr,  drilled  him  into  a  kind  of  am- 
luish ;  possihly  more  of  them  discovered 
themselves  after  lie  liegaii  to  eiii;as;e  them 
thiin  ho  was  aware  of;  and  Ijeinj;  f;ot  omm- 
the  river  in  pursuit  of  them,  where  lie  dis- 
covered so  great  a  numher  of  iheiii,  lie  drew 
down  towards  the  side  of  the  river,  liopinj,' 
tl  i  liottcr  by  that  means  to  prevent  their  sur- 
rounding him;  but  that  proved  his  overthrow 
uiiicli  he  inlendud  as  his  greatest  udvuntago: 


I''or  the  Indians  gitiing  tiviu'  tlni  river  ro 
eiiUed  him  from  I  hence,  that  he  was  not  uble 
to  deti'iid  hiinsell  ;  thus  ass.iilted  on  all  sides, 
and  himself  not  lieii:<^  iilile  In  tia\'el  much  on 
foot,  was  thereliy  liindred  from  retiring' to  anv 
better  place  in  time,  so  th.il  he  saw  himself 
constrained  to  lii,'ht  it  iint  to  the  lust,  which  he 
dill  with  most  iiedaiinleil  courage;  und,  as  is 
said,  to  the  slaughter  of  an  hnndied  and  forty 
of  his  eneiiiK^a,  before  himself  and  his  com- 
pany were  cut  oH".  It  is  suid  also,  that  being 
apprehensive  ol'  the  danger  he  was  in  from 
the  greut  numbers  of  the  enemy,  lie  sent  a 
messenger  timely  enough  to  Providence,  for 
relief,  liiit  as  Solomon  saitli,  it  fuillifnl  mes- 
senger is  as  snow  in  liarvest,  anollier  is  as 
smoke  to  the  eyes,  and  vinegar  to  the  teetli. 
(Whether  through  sloth  or  cowardice,  is  not 
material,)  this  message  was  not  deliviu'ed  to 
them  to  whom  it  was  immediately  sent  ;  by 
accident  only  some  of  Hehobolli  understand- 
'iiig  the  dangi'r,  afler  the  evening  exercise  (it 
being  on  the  Lord's  day,  March  27tli,  1(J70) 
repaired  to  tlie  place,  but  then  it  «as  too  late 
to  briiiLC  help,  unless  it  were  to  be  spectators 
of  the  dead  carcasses  of  their  friends,  and  to 
perform  the  last  ollice  of  love  to  llieiii. 

It  is  worth  the  noting,  what  faithfulness  and 
couraije  some  of  tlu!  chnsliaii  Indians,  with 
the  said  (!aptaiu  Pierce,  shewed  in  the  fight. 
One  of  them,  whose  name  was  Amos,  afler 
llie  captain  was  shot  in  Ills  leg  or  lliigli,  so  as 
he  was  not  able  to  stand  any  longer,  would 
not  leave  him,  but  diarging  bis  gnu  several 
times,  fired  stoutly  upon  tlii^  enemy,  till  he 
saw  that  there  was  no  possibility  for  him  to 
do  any  further  good  to  Capt.  Pierce,  nor  yet 
lo  save  himself,  if  he  stayed  any  longer; 
therefore  he  used  this  policy,  perceiving  that 
the  enemy  had  all  blackened  iheir  faces,  he 
also  stooping  down  pulled  out  some  blacking 
out  of  a  )i(iiicli  he  cariied  with  hitn,  discolor- 
ed his  face  therewith,  and  so  iiiaUing  himself 
look  as  much  like  llobaniackco,  as  any  of  his 
enemies,  lie  ran  amongst  them  a  liltle  while, 
and  was  taken  for  one  of  them,  as  if  he  had 
been  searching  for  the  I'liiglibh,  until  he  bad 
an  opportunity  lo  escape  away  anions;  the 
bushes;  llierein  imitalingthecntlle  fish,  which, 
when,  it  is  pursued,  or  in  danger,  caslelh  out 
lit'  its  body  a  thick  humour,  as  black  as  ink, 
tliioiu.'h  which  it  passes  away  unseen  by  the 
pursuer. 

It  is  reported  of  another  of  tliese  cn|ie  In- 
dians, (friends  lo  tlie  Kiii;lisli  of  Plymouth) 
that  beins.'  pursued  by  one  of  the  enemy,  he 
betook  himself  to  a  gnat  rock  where  he  shel- 
tered liimself  for  a  while;  at  last  |ierceiving 
llial  his  enemy  lay  ready  with  his  gnu  on  the 
oilier  side  to  discharge  upon  him,  as  soon  as 
he  stirri'd  away  from  the  place  where  he  stood  : 
111  the  issue  liethonu'ht  oflliis  politic  stratagem 
to  save  himself,  and  destroy  h'.s  enemy,  (for 
as  •Solomon  said  of  old,  wisdom  is  better  than 
weapons  of  w.'ir)  he  took  a  stick,  and  hunt;  his 
hat  upon  it,  and  then  by  degrees  gently  lilted 
it  np,  till  he  thought  it  wonld  bi;  seen,  and  so 
become  a  til  mark  for  the  other  that  watched 
lo  take  aim  at.  The  oilier  taking  it  to  be  Ins 
head,  fired  a  gun  and  shot  through  the  hat  ; 
which  our  christian  Indian  perceiving,  boldly 
held  up  his  head  and  ilischarged  his  own  gun 
npiiii  the  real  head,  not  the  hat  of  his  adver- 
sary, whereiiy  he  shot  liiiii  ileai.1  upon  the 
place,  and  so  had  liberty  to  march  away  wit.'i 
tiic  spoils  of  his  enemy. 


The  like  subtle  device  was  used  byniinlhor 

of  the  cajie  I  ml  ill  iis.it  I  he  said  time,  being  one  of 
lliem  that  went  out  with  ("apt.  I'.en  e;  fl>r  be- 
ing in  like  m;iiiner  pursued  by  ime  of  Philip's 
Indians  as  the  former  \\iis,  he  iiimblv  got  be- 
hind the  bill  end  of  a  ll'ce  newly  turned  ip 
by  the  roots,  which  carried  a  considerable 
breadth  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  along  with 
it  (as  is  very  usual  in  those  |iarls  «  here  the 
roots  of  the  trees  lie  deep  in  the  ground)  wliicli 
stood  above  tlii^  Indian's  lielelit,  in  liiriii  ol'a 
large  shield,  only  it  uiis  somewhat  too  heavy 
too  be  easily  removed;  the  (uieiiiy  Indian  lav 
with  his  gnu  ready  to  shoot  him  down  upon 
his  first  deserling  bis  stalimi ;  but  the  subtle 
wit  taught  onr  christian  Netopa  better  device 
for  boring  a  little  hole  through  this  his  broad 
shield,  be  discerned  his  enemy  ulioiould  not 
easily  discern  him ;  a  ijooil  nmskeler  need  never 
desire  a  fairer  mark  to  slioot  at,  wherenjion 
discharging  his  gun.  In'  shot  hi  in  down.  \\  hat 
can  be  more  just  than  that  he  shoulil  be  killed, 
who  lay  in  wait  to  kill  another  man?  ni'i/ur 
iniin  h.r  jiixtiitr  alhi  est,  quuiii  vriis  iiitijicr.i 
tirxr  /irrirv  xiiit. 

Instances  of  this  tintnre  show  the  snbllety 
and  ilexterousiiess  of  tlie.se  natives,  if  they 
Were  Improved  in  fe:its  of  arms  ;  and  |iossibly 
if  some  of  the  Kliglish  liail  not  been  luo 
shy  in  making  use  of  such  of  lliem  as  wvvt^ 
well  alTecti'd  to  their  interest,  they  need  nei  er 
have  snU'ered  so  inncli  f'lom  llu'lr  enemies;  it 
having  been  f  lund  upon  hue  experience,  that 
many  of  them  have  proved  mil  only  faithful, 
but  very  serviceable  and  helpful  to  the  F'^ii 
glisli  ;  they  usually  proving  good  secoiubi 
though  they  have  not  ordliiiirily  ciiiilidenc.' 
enough  lo  make  the  first  onset.  I>ul  to  return 
to  the  procix'dings  of  thelndiiinslow  aids  Ply- 
mouth. 

I'Vliriiary  S.'itli,  they  assaulted  Weymouth, 
and  burnt  seven  or  eight  houses  and  bariij 
there,  w  hicli  Weymoiitb  is  a  town  lying  to- 
wards Plymonlh  coloiiy. 

March  l::'tli  following,  they  assaulted  the 
house  of  one  .Mr.  Clarke,  in  Ply  month,  cruelly 
mnrderini;  eh'vi'n  persons  that  belonged  to 
two  tiimilies  that  lodged  therein,  and  then  fired 
ihe  bouse.  The  cruelty  towards  these  per- 
sons w.is  the  more  reiinirkiible,  in  that  lliey 
liad  often  received  iiincli  kindness  from  the 
said  Clarke.  It  is  the  custom  of  such  debtors, 
to  use  tlii'in  worst,  of  whom  they  have  tiikeii 
lip  much  kindness  upon  trust  beforeliaiid. 

March  17lli,  another  parly  of  lliem  fell  upon 
Warwick,  a  place  beyond  Philip's  land,  to- 
ward the  Narnigiiiset  country,  where  they 
burnt  down  to  the  ground  all  but  a  few 
houses,  which  they  left  slaiidliii;  as  a  monu- 
ment of  their  barbarous  fury.  The  bk(>  mis 
chii'f  was  acted  by  them  npoii  the  houses  ol 
the  Knglisli  remaining  in  ihe  Narragaiiset 
coiinlry. 

This  2()lli  day  of  March,  being  the  first  day 
of  ihe  week,  as  the  first  of  the  yiir  after  on;* 
.Tiillan  account,  seemed  omiiions  at  the  first, 
on  sundry  accounts,  thri'ateiilng  a  titoomy 
lime,  yet  proved  in  tin  issue,  but  as  a  lower- 
ing morn  ti":  befiiri'  a  li'jhtsome  day. 

For  besides  the  b.irnilij;  of  !Mai  Ihorough,  at 
least  a  ijreat  pari  of  It,  on  the  same  day,  a  very 
sad.-icinileiit  felloiil  ihesamelinieal  Spiinefield 
shall  be  specified  hereafier;  besldi's  that  w  liicli 
liefi'l  Capt.  Pierce,  which  is  already  related, 
with  whom  fell  so  many  of  his  soldiers  on  iho 
same  day  also;  yet  had  the  enemy  no  cftiiso 


___|g^ 


M9 


TIIK  INDIA  M    WARS. 


j  I 


to  Ixittiit,  lining  foicHil  \>y  tlio  valour  oftliu  Kii- 
gli.ili,  III  ^ivn  9(1  iniiiiy  of  llit^lr  iiwr,  lives  in 
rxrliiiiiijr  ;  Sdiiiii  I'l'W  iiiiulo  llicir  i'Mt'ii|ii',  n* 
I'i  Hind,  liy  Hiilillo  ili'vicrM  ;  lir^ult's  iIkt  tliriM* 
Iliri'iiii'ntioMi'il,  iiiiiiilur  liy  II  liki-  hIiiI'i,  nut 
OiiU'  Hiivi'd  iiliiiHi'ir,  but  lii-!|ioil  nil  l'!n^lisliiMiiii 
111  CHcainr  iiUo,  wliciiii  lie  rmi  al'lcr  willi  liis 
li.il('li(*t  in  Inn  liiiiiil.an  il'lni  wiMiMiliniit  In  kill 
liii  wliiri'liy  ImiiIi  I't'ilii'm  niiuli' ii  Hliil't  to 
j;pt  iiwiiy  i  '111'  n-st  with  nil  Idsl  (ilio  luiliiitli- 
liiliii"n  iil'llii'  iiii'sHiMi({i!r  lii'iii;^  as  was  inliiiia' 
.ril  lu'tiii'i-,  ill!"  niiisii!  ol'llirir  »Iiiiij;IiIit)  hiivo  ii 
few  lliat  Inirijly  i'!icu|iutl  \>y  llni  iiilviiiiiii^i'  of 
till)  l)ii!ilic«  (^iviii);  tlii'in  o|i|»irtiinity  to  |iii9>i 
uiisiuMi,  yi't  it  WHS  (•(infiissoil  liy  ii  piisoiier  of 

tl noiny,  tiikrii  afuTwiirilH  liy  llio  Kn^lisli, 

tliat  tlii'y  lost  nil  liiiiulroil  iiiiil  fnrly  in  tliuton- 
ciiiinii'r :  uiul  liml  not  tlin  miid  Kii^'lisli  liy 
wadiiiji  nfirr  lliii  (MitMiiy  ovim-  n  river  iimdi- 
tlicir  iiiniiiiiniliiiii  uhi'U'k.s,  tline  liad  not  half 
9(1  iiiaiiy  of  llii'iii  lii'cii  cut  oil".  From  tlioiice 
tlicy  liirniMl  Imck  towiinU  Itclinliolli,  near 
•Svvan/.ey,  wIhmi  on  Murrli  SSlli,  tlioy  hiiriit 
tliiity  lw»rn»  and  near  forty  dwclliiif;  lioiisea, 
tliereliy  as  it  wero  tliieateiiiii(»  llni  iillur  di'so- 
lalioii  of  lliat  |»ior  town  ;  ami  9o|iroc('<'ilint^oii 
that  side  tlie  country,  tlioy  liiirnt  llic  very  next 
day  hIioiii  iliiily  liousea  in  I'mvideiice,  in  their 
way  toward  Narrajxanset. 

Hilt  it  was  now  full  sea  with  Philip's  affairs, 
fur  soon  after  the  tide  of  his  auccesaos  hepan 
to  turn  aliout  the  si-a  coast,  which  iiiadti  way 
for  the  falling  of  the  water  up  higher  in  the 
coiintry. 

For  nlioiit  this  time  news  came  to  Hostoii 
that  our  neijjhlioiirs  and  friends  of  Connecticut 
colony,  hearins;  of  the  attempis  of  the  enemy 
on  that  side  of  llie  country,  sent  a  parly  of  their 
soldiers,  under  the  command  of  Oapl.  (ieorije 
Denison,  with  some  friendly  Indians,  part 
Moheuins  and  I'eipiods,  part  Niantics,  helons;- 
inj;  to  Nlni^rel,  a  y  rrajjanset  sachem,  who 
never  en^ns;eil  in  this  quarrel  ajjaiiist  the  Kn- 
glisli ;  who  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  nieetiuf; 
with  a  coiisideralile  part  of  them  aliout  the 
Narni'^anset  cnniiiry,  killecl  ami  look  forty- 
fiveof  them,  without  the  loss  of  theirowii  men. 
This  victory  was  the  more  consiilerahle,  in 
that  several  of  the  chief  captains  of  tlit;  eiiemv 
were  at  this  lime  killed  or  taken;  nmoii!;st 
whom  was  Canonchet  (who  came  down  to 
get  seed  corn  to  plant  at  Sipiakhea^;)  he  was 
the  chief  sachem  of  all  the  Narraiifansrts,  the 
son  of  'Mianloniinii,  and  the  lu-ir  of  all  his 
fiilher's  pride  and  insoh-iice,  as  well  as  of  his 
malice  afjainst  the  Eiifrllsh,  a  most  pertidious 
villain,  who  had  the  last  Ocloher  heen  at  lios- 
ton,  preiendiiifr  to  make  a  firm  peace  with  the 
Enjflish,  hut  never  intending  to  keep  one  arti- 
cle thereof:  Therefore,  as  a  just  reward  of 
his  wickedness  ho  was  ailjudged  hy  those  that 
took  him  to  die,  which  was  accordingly  put 
in  execution  at  Soniiigton,  whither  he  was 
carried  ;  there  his  head  heing  cut  off,  was 
carried  to  Hartford  ;  the  Mohegins  and  Pe- 
qiiods  that  had  the  honour  to  take  him  prisoner 
having  the  honour  likewise  of  doing  justice 
upon  him,  and  that  liy  the  prudent  advice  of 
the  English  commanders,  therehy  the  more 
firmly  to  engage  the  saiil  Indians  against  the 
treacherous  Narragaiisels.  There  are  dilTer- 
ing reports ahoul the  maiinerofhisheingtaken, 
and  hy  whom,  whether  the  Indians  or  the 
English  first  took  him  ;  however,  it  wassuffi 
eiont  matter  of  rejoicing  to  all  the  coUinies,  of 
tLo  English,  that  tlio  ringleader  uf  ahnost  all 


this  mischief,  and   great  incendiary   hi'lwixt 
the  Narragaiisels  nnd  us,  died  himself  liy  thai 


sword   of  war   wlilili  he   had   drawn   iif^iiiiisl 
others. 

Concerning  llie  Narriigaiisels,  this  is  fur- 
iher  to  lie  added  here,  ih.ii  Mr,  Thomas  Slaiin 
ton  and  Ins  son  It'oliert,  who  have  alongliiin 
lived  amon^sl  tlielii,  and  hefll  niipiaiiileil  \>'illi 
their  language  and  nianner:!  of  any  in  .New 
lOiigland  do  iillinn,  thai  In  llieir  knowledge, 
the  Narragansel  sjieheins,  lieloie  ihe  lale 
tronliles,  had  I uo thousand  fighting  men  under 
them,  and  nine  hiimlred  anus,  yet  lliey  are  iii 
this  day  so  broken  and  HCUllered,  that  there 
is  none  of  lliein  left  on  that  side  of  the  coiinlry, 
unless  some  few,  not  exceeding  seventy  in 
iniiiilier,  that  have  sheltered  iheniselves  under 
the  inhabilants  of  Khoile  Island,  as  a  merchant 
of  that  place,  worlliy  of  credit,  lately  alliriiied 
to  the  writer  hereof.  It  is  considered  by  what 
degrees  they  liuvu  heen  coiisniiied  and  des- 
siroyed. 

'Ihe  first  week  in  April,  l(i7li,  Canonchet, 
their  child'  sachem,  having  with  this  people 
heen  driven  out  of  his  own  country,  by  the 
sword  of  the  Kiigbsh,  the  winter  before, 
breathed  still  nothing  but  riige  and  cruelty 
against  them  :  yet  as  appi'ared  in  the  Issue, 
himself  and  ihoy  that  escaped  with  him  were 
not  much  preserveil  from  the  |iiesi'iit  calamity 
that  befel  those  in  the  fort,  beiiii;  reserved  to 
another  and  more  igmiininioiisdi'alh.  For  the 
whole  boily  of  ihe  Indians  to  the  west  ward,  I  rus- 
ting iindi.T  the  shadowoflliiit  aspiring  bramble, 
he  took  a  kiiiil  of  care  of  them  upon  himself: 
Wherefore  foreseeing  so  many  hundreds  could 
not  well  subsist  willioiit  planting,  he  propound- 
ed it  in  his  coiiiii:il,  thai  all  tin'  west  planta- 
tions upon  (jonnecticiit  river,  taken  from  the 
Knglish, should  l his  last  sum iiier  be  jilanled  with 
Imliancoin  ;  which  was  indeed  initsell'a  very 
priident  consiilenition  :  to  that  end  ho  resolv- 
ed to  venture  hiniiielf  with  but  thirty  men 
(the  rest  declining  it)  to  fetch  .seed  corn  from 
Seacoiik,  the  next  town  to  .Mount  Hope, 
leaving  a  body  of  men,  not  less  than  fifteen 
hundred  to  follow  him  or  meet  him  about  Sea- 
conk  the  week  alter.  The  adventure  brought 
him  into  a  snare,  from  whence  he  could  not 
escape:  for  Capf.  (ieorge  Denison,  of  Ston- 
inglon,  anil  Capt.  Aveiy  of  New  London, 
having  raised  fiirty  seven  Knglish,  the  most 
part  volunteers,  with  eighty  Indians,  twenty 
of  which  were  Narraeaiisetis  belonging  to 
Ninigret,coiiiniamled  by  oiiecalled  Calapazet, 
the  rest  Peqiiods,  under  C'assafinamon  and 
.Mohegins,  under  Oiieco,  son  of  I'ncas,  being 
now  abroad  on  their  third  expedition,  which 
they  began  March  27th,  1G7(>,  and  ended  on 
tlio'lOth  of  April  fiillowing:  they  met  with  a 
stout  Indian  of  the  enemy's  whom  they  pre- 
sently slew,  and  two  old  sipiaws,  who  con- 
fessed Nammttenoo,  alius  ('anonchet  (these 
chief  sachems  usually  changing  their  names 
at  every  great  dance,  and  by  the  name  of 
Nammttenoo  was  he  then  known)  was  not  far 
ofT,  which  welcome  mnvs  put  new  life  into 
the  wearied  soldiers,  that  had  travelled  hard 
many  days,  and  met  with  no  booty  till  now  ; 
especially  when  it  was  confirmed  by  intelli- 
geiicu  the  same  instant,  brought  in  by  their 
scouts,  that  they  met  with  new  tracks,  which 
brought  them  in  view  of  what  isc.illed  Black- 
stone's  river,  the  faid  sachem  was  at  that 
moment  diverting  himself  with  the  recital  of 


men  a  few  ihiys  before,  but  tint  alarm  of  thu 
I'in^lihh  lit  that  time  heard  by  himself,  p  it  by 
lliat  disi-onrse.  appalled  by  the  silddiMnesi 
tliireol,  as  if  lie  had  been  iiiliirini'd  by  tei  ret 
ileiii  from  Heaven,  lliiil  now  liisowii  lion  was 
roine  ;  for  having  bill  7  men  iiboiil  liiiii,  he 
sent  lip  two  III  llieni  to  the  lop  ol  the  lull,  to 
see  wliiil  the  miiller  Wiis,  but  lliey  iillViyliled 
u  illi  the  near  iippinaih  of  llie  Kiiejiih,  ui  ilmt 
lime  with  firrni  speed  iiioiiiilie"  over  a  lair 
eliainpaeiia  on  the  oilier  side  ol  the  hill,  inn 
by,  as  if  they  wanted  lime  to  tell  wliiM  they 
saw  J  presenlly  he  sent  u  lliird,  who  did  llio 
like  ;  then  sending  two  inoro  on  llii'  siinii! 
errand,  one  of  these  last,  endowed  with  nioio 
courage,  ora  better  sense  ol  his  duty,  informed 
him  in  great  haste  thai  nil  ihe  lOnelish  aimy 
was  upon  him;  whereupon  having  no  time  lo 
consnil,  and  but  little  to  iiltempl  an  exape, 
and  no  means  lo  defend  himself;  he  begun  lo 
dodge  with  his  pursuers;  rnnniiig  round  llio 
hill  on  the  contrary  side  ;  but  as  he  was  run- 
ning so  hastily  by,  Calapa/et,  with  twenty  of 
his  fiilloweis,  and  a  few  of  the  Knglish,  bsilit 
est  of  loot,  guessed  by  the  swiliness  of  his 
motion,  that  he  tieil  as  if  an  enemy,  wliii  h 
made  them  immedliilely  lake  the  cliiice  al'lei 
him,  as  fiir  their  lives  ;  he  lliat  was  the  swifier 
jiiirsuer  put  him  ho  hard  lo  it  thai  he  rust  oil' 
first  his  blanket  then  his  silver  laced  coa!  (given 
him  at  lloston,  as  a  pledu'e  of  their  IViemlsliip, 
upon  the  renewal  of  his  league  In  October  he- 
line)  and  belt  of  peag,  which  made  them  pur- 
sue as  eaeerly  as  ilie  other  fled  ;  so  that  they 
forced  him  to  lake  to  the  water,  through  which 
as  he  over  hastily  plunged,  his  foot  slipping 
upon  a  stone.  It  made  him  fall  into  llie  water 
so  deep  thai  it  wet  his  gun,  tipon  which  acci- 
dent he  confessed  soon  after,  that  his  heart 
liirned  wilhiii  him,  so  as  he  became  as  a  rollen 
stick ;  void  of  strength,  insomuch  as  one 
.Monopoide,  a  Pecjnod,  swiliest  of  fimt,  laid 
hold  of  him  within  thirly  rods  of  the  ri\er 
side,  wil  hunt  his  making  any  resist  mice;  llioUi;li 
ho  was  a  very  proper  man,  of  goodly  slatnre, 
and  great  courage  of  mind,  as  well  as  sireiielh 
of  body;  one  of  the  first  Knglish  that  camo 
up  with  him  was  Kobert  Stanton,  a  young 
man  that  scarce  had  reached  the  iiid  year  of 
his  aee,  yet  adventuring  to  ask  him  ai|iieslioii 
or  two,  lo  whom  this  manly  .sachem,  looking 
with  a  little  neglect  upon  his  youthful  face, 
replied  in  broken  Knglish,  you  much  child, 
no  iimlerstand  matters  of  war  :  let  your 
brother  or  your  chief  come,  him  I  will  an- 
swer; and  was  as  good  as  his  word  ;  acting 
herein,  as  if  by  a  I'lthagorean  metempsycho- 
sis, some  old  Kiiman  ghost  had  posses.seil  tin? 
body  of  this  western  Pagan;  and  like  Attiliiis 
Kegulus  ho  would  not  accept  of  his  own  life, 
when  it  was  tendered  him,  upon  that  (In  his 
account)  h)W  condition  of  compliance  wllli  iIk; 
Knglish,  refusing  to  send  an  old  counsellor  of 
his  lo  make  any  motion  that  way,  saying  he 
knew  the  Indians  would  not  yield  ;  but  niore 
probably  lie  was  not  willing  lliey  should, 
choosing  rather  to  sacrifice  his  own,  and  his 
people's  lives,  to  his  private  humour  of  re- 
venge, than  timely  to  provide  for  his  own,  and 
their  safety,  by  entertalnliig  the  counsels  of  a 
leace,  so  necessary  fiir  the  general  good  of  all : 
he  continuing  In  the  same  obstinate  resolution, 
was  soon  after  carried  to  Stonlngtoti,  where  he 
was  shot  to  death  by  some  of  his  iiualily,  ,vc. 
the  young  sachem  of  the  Mohegins,  and  two 


Capt.   Pierce's   slaughter,   surprised  by  hisluf  the  Pequods  of  like  quality.     This  was  the 


A    NAItUATIVK    OF 


lull  tliii  Hliiriii  iiP  ihii 
iiril  li^v  liiinni'ir,  p  It  \iy 

ll      l>V      llll'     !lll(lll('.'llll-!<i 

I'll  iiirnriiii'il  \iy  sciri'l 

iiiiw  fii.Hiiwii  liirn  wiiH 
V    iiirii  iiIkiuI    tiiiii,   III* 

llll'  liip  III'  llll'  lull,  t.i 
,11,  lull    llirv  iiH'iii;lilril 

III'  llll'  Kn^lisli,  III  lliiil. 

Iiiiiiinlii'"  iivi'i'  II  liiir 
■r  Mitir  lit  llll'  liilt,  Mill 
iiiiii'  III  Irll  \t  liiii    lliry 

u  lllil'll,     will)  illil    lllll 

I  iiiiini  on  llir  saiiir 
I,  I'liiliiwi'il  willi  iniiin 
ic  III  liin  (lufv,  inrnniiril 

nil  llll-  l'iii>;liNli  iiniiy 
i|iiiii  liiiviii^  nil  Iiiiii'  III 

til     lllll'lli[lt      III)    I'MlljII', 

liiiiiHrir;  III!  Iir^iiii  til 
s  ;  I'liiiiiiii^  I'liiuiil  lllll 
■  ;  liiit  lis  III"  was  lllll- 
|m/.rt,  Willi  twriilv  nl 
'  iifllii-  Kii^^lisli,  Iji^lit 
(I  lllll  swilliirss  111'  llll 
<  if  an  I'lH'iny,  wliirli 
V  liiUi'  llll'  chiicii  iil'li'i 
III-  tliiil  was  tliii  swil'iiT 
ll  III  il  lli:il  III'  cast  nil' 
Hilviir  liici'ili^na!  (ijivnii 
il^'i'  iit'llii'ir  rni'iiil.slii|i, 

I  Iraijiiii  ill  Ortiilirr  lir- 
wliii'li  iiiailo  lliriii  jiiir- 
lliiT  tloil  ;    SI)  lliat  lliry 

II  WllIlM',  lliriMi;,'li  wliirli 
|i,'imI,  liis  fiiot  sli|i|iin^ 
liiii  tail  into  l)i)!  wuirr 
f;mi,  iipon  wliicli  nrci. 
II  al'liT,  lliat  liin  lii'iiit 
s  III!  liiMaiiii'  us  n  riilirn 
;lli,  iiisiiliiiirli  a.4  niiii 
,  swiltcst  lit'  rout,  liiiil 
illy  loila  oi"  till-  livrr 
;aiiv  rt'Histaiiri';  tltiiii>^li 
min,  lit'  tjiiDilly  ulatiiii', 
mil,  as  \v<>ll  as  slri'iijilli 
I'st  l'iiii;lisli  lliat  caiiiii 
iiTt  Slaiitoii,  a  viinntj 
iclii'il  lllll  S2il  year  nl' 
i;  III  ask  liiiii  II  c|iics(liiii 
lanly  sarlii'lii,  liiiikiii^ 
|iiin  liis  yiiiitlil'iil  taci', 
isli,  ynii  iniirli  rliilil, 
9  of  war  :  In  your 
!oini>,  liiiii  I  will  aii- 
1  us  liis  word  ;  ailiiii,' 
ifjorcnn  int.'tfiii|)syi:liii- 
lost  hui)  piissi'ssi'il  llio 
i<;an;  unil  likii  Allilins 
«crt'|)t  of  Ills  own  lil'i', 
liim,  upon  tliat  (in  liis 
iifcompliancu  wiili  ilio 
(I  un  old  coiinfti'llor  of 

I  timt  way,  saying'  liu 
1  not  yield  ;  Imt  n.iiri) 
willine;  tlicy  slnnild, 
flee  his  own,  and  Ins 
irivnte  humour  of  n-- 
ovido  for  his  own,  anil 
nin^;  tho  connsf  Is  of  a 
he  peneralpood  of  all : 
le  ohstinate  resoliitioii, 
I  Sloiiini;toii,  where  lie 
line  of  liis  (jnality,  «•. 
e  Mohegins,  uiid  two 
[uality.     This  was  th« 


il  visilily    ill'- 
:iiri'  and  ntli'i 


ronl'iisiiin  of  ii  diiinin-d  vvreleh,  lliut  had  ofleii 
opened  hii  inoiitli  lo  liliisphi'iiii'  ihii  name  of 
llie  liviii)^  ( lllll,  and  lli<  e  ihal  iiiiiki'  piiiti'ssiiiii 
llii'ii'iif.  Ill'  was  liilil  lit  liii'^Mi  of  Ins  lireiieli 
of  liiilli,  and  liiuv  he  liiiasled  In;  wiiilld  nut 
deliver  lip  a  Wiiinpaniiii;^',  iir  llie  patiiit^  of  u 
Waiiip. lining's  mill,  lliat  he  wiinid  liilin  llie 
I'lii^lish  ill  llieir  liiiiises  ;  to  wliieli  he  replied, 
olIieiH  were  as  tiirw.ir  I  fur  lliii  war  as  liiiii- 
Mi'll  :  and  that  liii  desired  lu  hear  no  inure 
lliereof.  And  when  he  was  tuld  his  nenlenre 
was  III  die,  he  said,  he  liked  it  well,  lliut  he 
Hliiiidd  die  liefiire  his  heart  wiis  siifl,  or  had 
spiikeii  uiiy  tiling  iiiiwoilliy  of  hiinself.  lie 
liild  the  l'iii<r|isli  Jiefore  they  put  liiiii  lo  deiitli, 
that  llie  killing  him  would  nut  end  llie  war; 
hut  it  was  a  lunsideriililii  step  thereiiiitu,  nor 
did  it  live  mui'li  Ioniser  aflerlils  death,  at  lea't 
nut  ill  till  se  parts  ;  for  after  iSudliiiiy  tif;hl, 
when  the  hiiii  of  llieir  liiipes  wkh  al  Us  lii^'li- 
est;  April  the  IHth  I'ulliiwiii)^,  il  visilil 
('lined,  till  it  set  in  a  ni^htiif  ulisci 
darkness  upon  llieiii  all,  us  is  tii  he  teiiiud. 

'I'lii!  inhuliilaiitsiil  New  lionduii,  Norwieh 
'ind  >Sliiniii^luii,  appi'elieii.-.ive  of  tlieir  danger, 
hy  reason  iit  llie  near  liiii'ilerini^  ol  the  enemy, 
and  iipiiii  oilier  prudent  roiiHideralion,  vulun- 
larily  listed  theiiiselves  under  Hiiiiie  alile  (,'eii- 
llo'iien,  and  resiiliite  suldiers,  iimuii^'st  iheiii- 
delves,  iMajiir  I'aliues,  ('iipl.  (leor^e  Denisoii, 
(,'apl.  Aviu'y,  with  wlioui,  or  umler  whom, 
w  illiiii  the  <:iimpas»  of  llie  year  l(i7li,  iliey 
made  ten  or  more  several  oxpediliuns,  in  all 
uhir'ii.at  lliiise  several  limes,  they  killed  itiiil 
tuuk  two  hundred  and  tliirly-nlne  of  the  eiie- 
mv,  liy  die  help  and  assistanee  iiftlie  I'eipiiids, 
iMulii'i^ins,  and  a  few  fiiendly  Niirnif^'aiiHets; 
liesides  lliirly  taken  inllieir  lonf^  march  home- 
ward, after  llie  tort  tif;lil,  Deceinlier  lIUli, 
lli7.'>  ;  and  hesides  10  captivated  ilitlie  second 
i'xpi"liluin,  not  reckoned  williin  llie  compass 
of  the  said  niimlier;  tu^etlier  with  fitly  f(uns, 
:iiid  Kpoiling  iheuiiumy  of  ail  hundred  InisheU 
111  com. 

In  January  ihey  weiita^aiii  in  pursuit,  ttiid 
tiiiik  five  men  and  u  hiiy.  (.'ertain  Nijinels 
inleiided  lu  have  sheltered  tliemselv(>s  under 
lliicas  i  liiithe  perceiving  It  would  lie  distaste- 
ful to  the  I'lii^lish,  uiioii  slialilied  them  oil',  so 
us  they  were  in  the  liegiiiiiin^  of  the  winter 
iiiiiiii,'ht  into  Itusloii,  many  of  thiun  hy  Peter 
I'^pliraini,  and  Andrew  I'ilyme,  with  tlieir 
fellows. 

Ill  all  which  expliiils,  neilher  they  nur  any 
iif  llieir  followers  siisiained  any  loss  hy  the 
swuiil  of  the  I'ueiiiy,  or  sickness  ;  as  is  ex- 
pressly declared  liy  the  reverend  iniiiister  of 
Sliiniiiglon,  Mr.  diimes  Noyce,  which  isa  mat- 
ter very  admiralilo  to  consider,  engaginij  all 
that  were  any  way  concerned  in  such  signal 
lestimiiiiies  111  divine  faviiur,  to  he  ready  to  pay 
their  vinvs  lo  the  .Must  High,  who  alone  teacli- 
I'lli  the  hands  of  his  people  to  war,  and  tlu'ir 
lingers  to  tight. 

Not  lung  after  Capt.  George  Denisoii,  of 
Stiiiiinglon,  with  sixly-si.x  volunteers,  and  a 
hundred  and  twelve  I'eipiods,  killed  and  took 
seventy-six  of  thi;  enemy,  amongst  whom 
were  two  Narraganset  suchems,  oiieof  wliiim 
was  the  grand-child  ol'  Poinhani  (who  is  ac- 
iimnted  llio  most  warlike,  and  the  heat  soldier 
ef  ull  the  Narraganset  sachems)  taking  at  the 
came  time  lUO  tnishels  of  the  enemy's  cum, 
iiu  small  damage  to  our  tmeiiiies  al  thai  time, 
and  all  this  without  the  loss  of  uiiu  man  of  the 
•aid  cuptain'9  followers. 


'I'lie  greater  mischief  wliieh  iiflerthis  liinoj  .Metapoisel,  n  plaeu  at  tvvelvu  milM  4lttUM 
was  dune  hy  llie  enemy  in  I'lymoiilh  culiiny,   from  .Swnnzey,  lo  slrciiglhen  ihp  pntriunn  nt 


was  liv  iiinniiig  uf  liMiises  aiiil  liariis,  wliuti  one  lliiiiin's  lioiisi',  wliereiii  were  neieiily 
lliey  niiglil  easily  du,  llie  inhiiliilanls  in  must ;  pi'l'HiiiiH,  amongsi  w  liuin  were  only  luiilid  six- 
uf  lliii.He  luwii.s  hi'iiig  repaired  tu  girrisiin  teen  men.  After  lliey  had  iiuiiilied  livti 
liiiiisesfur  lleir  Ljreali'r  si'cnnly  :  fur  uliiiiit  llur  miles  lit'  llieir  way,  having  Mr.  Ilrown's  sun 
M)l\\  of  April,  til'iy  uf  llie  em  my  hiiriit  aliuntfor  llieir   pilot,  lliey  met  Willi  minie   Swan/.ey 


leeii  liiiiisesand  tiarnn  iiiSilnale,  hut  were  .  people,  newly  liirnid  on  I  of  their  honsis  (liy 
so  i'i'i:oliitely  <'ncuuMi'ieil  liy  a  few  uf  the  in-   which  they    were  to  puss 

yet    ii'sisli'd    iiiilii    hliiui 


ileieil  hy  a  few  lA' 
were   driven   awa 


my.     iN 

all  ihat  i 


lialiilanlH,  that  ihey  were  ilriven  away,  am 
iherehy  pruvenleJ  fium  doing  liiither  mis- 
chief. 

Not  lung  aflir.  May  Htli,  lliey  Inirnt  ulioiit 
neveiiteen  hiiii.ses  and  luiriis  in  liridgewaler, 
a  small  luwn  in  I'lymouth  colony,  iwi'lve 
miles  on  this  side  'I  aiinluii ;  hut  It  pleased 
(ind  just  at  llie  lime  In  .send  a  thunder-show  er, 
wliicIi  pill  out  ihe  tire,  or  else  il  iniglil  liiive 
prevailed  much  further. 

It  is  very  reinarkalile,  lliat  ll,e  iiihahitant.i  of 
the  said  liridgewaler,  never  yet  lost  one  per- 
son hy  the  swurd  ut  llie  enemy,  tliiiiigli  llie 
luwn  is  siliiale  williin  i'lymunlh  ciiluny,  yet 
lliey  have  helped  tudeslriiy  many  uf  the  eiie- 
Niine  kiiiiws  either  love  or  hatred  hy 
is  hefure  them  in  lliings  of  this  iiiiture; 
nor  ought  slanders  hy  lliat  may  escape,  think 
themselves  less  sinners  tliaii  tliuse  that  periuli 
liy  the  swurd  of  the  eneiny  :  yet  alioiit  this 
nine  four  of  the  inliiihitants  of 'raunlon  were 
killed  as  lliey  were  al  their  work  in  the  tield, 
wherehy  it  is  said  that  lliirly  children  were 
made  tatherless  ;  .Su  iinsearchalile  are  the 
jiidgmenl.-i  of  the  ;Mmiglily  and  his  ways  (lUst 
liiiitingoiit. 

During  these  calamities,  (iod's  dispensations 
have  lieen  vanuiis,  as  well  in  reterences  unto 
towns  and  villages,  us  unto  persons  :  as  if 
some  places  have  heeii  hy  special  priivideiicu 
miirked  out  to  preservation,  us  others  unto 
deslriiclion  ;  of  winch  no  ulher  reasuii  (tan  he 
rendered,  lliiiii  the  eiiud  pleasure  oi'  (Jod  so 
lo  Older  and  dispo.a,'  of  events,  which  .some- 
times, as  Suluniun  says.areall  one  lo  the  good, 
and  tu  the  cle;iii  and  lu  the  unclean 

And  hecause  special  niitice  is  taken  of  the 
luwn  of  liridgewaler,  winch  iillhuugh  it  is 
feared,  as  it  were  in  the  midst  of  danger,  and 
liaili  uflen  heen  assaulted  hy  considerahle 
numhers  uf  the  enemy,  yet  never  lust  any  one 
of  their  iiilialiitants,  young  or  old  ;  a  particu- 
lar account  .shall  here  he  given  of  the  most 
reinarkalile  passages  uf  divine  pruvidi.'iice  re- 
lating lu  that  |ilaiilatiun  since  the  war  hegan. 
.)  line  ^lith,  l(i7.'i,  when  I'liilip's  m.dlce  agiiinst 
the  Knglish,  mixed  w  ilh  a  particular  prejudice 
against  (Jovenior  Winsluw,  hegan  lo  lioil  up 
III  the  height  uf  an  open  rehellion  ;  the  people 
of  Swan/.ey  heing  likely  tu  he  distressed  hy 
the  Indians,  a  post  w.is  instantly  sent  to  the 
giivernor  of  I'lyinouth,  '  i'  ly  l_\  iiig  through 
liriilgewater ;  ihesai'!  ,' 
day,  and  aliiiut  nine  or  ii 

ed  through  the  town,  left  an  order  from  the 
governor  t'ur  the  raising  uf  twenty  men,  well 
armed,  and  fiirnislied  with  horses,  to  he  forth- 
with dispatched  a  way  lorthe  relief  of, SwttiiZey; 
seventeen  weie  all  that  could  In."  raised  on  the 
sudden,  who  were  sent  thither  that  night,  and 
were  the  fust  that  wi'ie  U|ion  their  march  in 
ull  the  country  ;  and  jiossihly  they  fared  not 
the  worse  fur  their  forwardness  :   as  Dehiirah 


;  ■■■'  turned  the  next 
o  Liiick,  as  lie  pass- 


)  \N  llll  liaviii,^'  mil  :i  I 
yet  mule  diileful 
amenlaliiins,  »  ringing  of  llieir  ha  id",  and  In  • 
wailing  their  losses,  very  miii  li  also  persuad- 
ing the  liridgewaler  men  loliirn  liiick,  liecinnii 
of  the  dii'iger,  hut  they  having  su  clear  a  cull, 
had  alsii  mure  cunruge  than  i  uvMiriliii'  lu  de- 
sert the  cause  of  ( iiid  and  his  people,  lest  they 
sliiiiild  iherehy  helniy  the  lives  of  so  many  uf 
llieir  friends  inio  the  eneiiiy's  I  iiihIh  ;  iiiiil  so 
hy  the  good  liuiid  uf  ( iud  tuw  arils  them,  i  aiiio 
safe  lo  .Melupiiisi  I  that  night. 

The  next  day  in  the  iiiuriilng,  a  pari  uf  ihein 
went  to  giiuiil  Mr.  Ilrowii,  their  pilot,  hiii  k 
III  his  ipiarters  ;  In  their  return  ihey  came  slid 
ilenly  upon  a  |iany  of  Inili.ins,  uhuiit  lliirlv  ill 
all  ;  lliey  weie  within  »liot  of  one  iiniillier, 
liiit  the  i'^nglish  having  no  coininissiun  to  li^lil 
till  ihey  w  ere  assaulted,  uiiil  not  heing  iniped- 
id  ill  their  passage  lliey  ri'liiriied  sate  lo  llieir 
L'arrisoii  at  Melapoiset  :  the  Indians  preseirlly 
drawing  oil' and  tiring  three  gims  (llioiigh  nut 
with  intent  to  du  tlieiii  any  hurt,  us  was  con- 
leived)  gave  11  sliiiiit,  and  Ml  111!  I'lem.  W  hell 
this  parly  of  the  I'^iiglisli  ilrcv  near  lo  llieir 
garrison,  they  liiet  with  a  iiiiiipany  of  (iiil.s 
going  tu  fetch  ciirn  friini  an  huiise  ilesei  liil 
near  liy,  uliuut  a  ipiarter  of 'i  mile  fruiii  Mr. 
liiinrn's  huiise,  the  suldiers  g  ;  llieni  liiitKO 
uf  ihe  lii.lians  which  lliey  iliMuvered,  iiiid 
wilhiil  advised  llielii  hy  iiu  means  lu  veiilur. 
any  inure,  hecause  ut'  the  danger;  llnv  uerc 
resulved  nutwilhstaiidiiig  these  eurncst  per- 
suasiiins  uf  the  suldiers  lu  have  anuther  liirn, 
which  they  soon  fuiind  to  he  al  the  peril  uf 
tiieir  own  lives,  six  ot  ihein  hemg  presenily 
after  killed  right  out,  or  inorlally  vMiiinihil, 
as  soiiii  as  they  came  to  the  harii  where  was 
the  corn  ;  these  six  are  said  to  he  llie  liist 
that  wete  slain  in  this  ipiarrel,  'llie  suldii  r.i 
at  the  garrisun  hearing  the  guns,  made  wliit 
haste  they  ciiiild  lo  the  pl.'u'e,  hut  heuig  must 
uf  ihelii  in  that  interim  gone  tu  look  for  llieir 
horses,  they  could  not  cuine  lime  eiiungh  lor 
the  relief  uf  their  friends,  yet  iipuii  iheir  iip- 
appruacli,  they  wliii  had  dune  ihe  inisrhii  f  pii- 
seiilly  tied  away  :  one  .Junes,  hard  pursued 
hy  two  Indians,  was  hy  their  cumingdelivereil 
friim  the  extent  of  the  enemy's  cruelly,  Imt 
having  his  inurlul  wininil,  I  .  only  the  I'avunr 
iherehy,  to  die  in  the  uriiis  of  his  friends, 
though  hy  wounds  received  fiiim  his  enemies 
The  next  week  tifleeii  of  those  soMieis 
luoking  utter  their  liurses,  fell  into  un  umliu-h 
of  twenty  of  the  Indians,  hut  heing  prepared 
for  the  encounter,  they  di.scharged  their  guns 
upon  each  other;  hut  our  iiii-n  received  no 
hurt,  some  of  them  fell  the  «  ind  of  the  Inilhl ; 
passing  liy  tlieir  faces  ;  w  hat  damage  ih"  eiu'- 
iny  received  is  uncerlain,  yel  .sunie  uf  the 
English  repo't  they  found  some  ol'  their  ene- 
my's dead  hodies  in  the  place  ulterward. 

Thus  were  they  not  only  preserved  in  many 
I  perils  themselves,  lull  hecanie  insininienia) 
'also  for  the  preservation  uf  must  uf  that  uarri 


*lf 


the    priiphetess,   hlessed  (iod   for   ihem    that 

oH'ered  theiiLselves    willingly  among  the  pen- ' son,  who   with  iheir  goods,   liy   tlieir  mean 
pie:   these  seventeen  uf  IJiidgewater,  were,;  with   the  help  of  a  small  party  of  I'lyinoiilh 
June   21fit,   ordered   hy  CjjiL   Bradford   of  j  forces,  sent  thither  ifler  the  six   were  killed 


1  .t 


0.10 

(in  H  mi'miidii'd  iHtlorii)  wuri!  mion  oilortmiia- 

|ii>Mi'.l  iiitli'ly  to  Ki'ikI  laluiiJ, 

M.iny  imtr»i,'C!»  wi'ro  tliiit  siiriimor  coimnlt- 
ti'il  ii|mii  llii'lr  iicl^lilxiiirsiut  'ruiiiiton  unci  N.i- 
m  i^Uil,  vi't  il  |>li'usr(l  (iml  ti)  prdli'cl  lliu  [Mior 
tiiuii  111'  l!riilt;i.'wulc>i'  I'lDmiiiiy  otlii'r  liiirt,  nil 
ilii'  liri^iiiiiiii^'  111' April  roilovvini;,  wliuii  iIumm- 
M'lvi'4  Willi  ilit'ir  iiiiij^liliiiiiri  III'  'ritiiiitiiii  ikiiii 
Itrliolii'lli  wi'iv  »tioiij;ly  siiIuIii'lI  to  ili'Hi'rt 
ilicii' ilwi'lliiiL's,  mill  ii'|iuir  Jiiwii  to  llic  tiivvii^ 
liv  till!  sni  rtiili',  liiit  (iiid  i>iiriiiirui;i'ii  (liotii  to 
ki'('|i  tlii'ii'  Hliitioiii),  notwitliKtuiiiiin^  tliu  ox- 
tri'iiu"  ilaiigiT  tlirii  presi'liti'il.  It  is  n-portfii 
t  lilt  IMiilip  giivu  iirilun)  tliut  Tauiilon  unJ 
'iricigi'WiitiT  slioiild  Tint  liu  destroyed  till  tlio 
list,  \\  liicli  Ih  all  tli(!  favour  to  bu  fxpectt'd 
f'liiiii  nil  ciii'iiiyi  I'Ut  tlu'srtlmigiiurc  only  in  tlio 
'^iiiida  of  tiod,  and  not  to  bu  dutfrtniiii'd  liy 
iiiiin. 

April  Otii,  bring  Lord's  day,  a  gmnli  party 
of  ihu  iMioniy  iiiiiii!  down  upon  tbu  »uid 
liridgt'Wiiti'r,  biirnr  iin  oiitlioiisc  uiid  burn, 
bi'oku  up  and  rilli'd  sovurul  otiier  lioujua  in 
tliu  .liiini'  ipiurtur  of  tliu  town,  wliicli  aru  not- 
wiilistiuidin;,' yut  ruinulning;  lliey  sunt  out  n 
puny  of  tlii.'ir  ini'ii  to  piirsiiu  tliuiii  tbat  niglit 
uiid  nmny  duys  uftur,   but  could  not   lit'ur  of 

tlllMU. 

.May  7lh,  tin*  Lord's  day  nUo  (no  doubt  but 
fill!  bi.'lti.'riii'ss  of  the  day  will  iiicrea«utlie  bad- 
ness of  llieir  deed  utteinptcd  tliereim)  tliev 
liiid  intelligence  of  a  groat  liody  of  Indians 
dispersed  tjiat  way,  witli  intent  to  liave  fullen 
upiiii  (lie  town  lliat  very  day,  but  were  caau 
iilly  prevented  by  a  great  deal  of  rain  that  fel 
tlie  iiiglit  bel'uri; ;  liowever,  tliey  were  resol- 
ved not  to  niissthe  opportunity,  wliereforu  on 
tlie  next  day  (May  btli)  about  three  buiidred 
of  llieni,  one  Tisgimgen  being  tlieir  thief 
leader,  at  8  or  9  in  the  morning  made  an  as- 
Hiiiilt  iij)on  the  east  end  of  the  town,  on  the 
giiutli  side  of  the  river;  many  of  the  inhabi- 
luiits  staved  at  home  that  morning,  because 
of  ihe  iiili'lligenee  the  day  before,  and  so  were 
the  more  ready  to  entertain  iheni ;  some  not 
taking  ihat  warning,  venliired  into  the  field 
ubinit  their  occasions,  were  in  danger  of  sur- 
prisal,  but  by  tlie  special  favour  of  Goil  esca)i- 
ed,  and  came  time  enough  to  help  defend  their 
own  and  their  neigh l)oursdwellings,beiiigshot 
at,  and  Imrd  pursued  a  considerable  way. 

'I'he  Indians  presently  bi^gan  to  fire  the 
town,  but  it  pleased  Hod  so  to  spirit  and  en- 
courage several  of  the  Inhabitants,  issuing  init 
of  their  garrison  houses,  that  they  fell  upon 
them  willi  great  resolution,  and  beat  them  olf; 
ul  the  same  instant  of  time,  the  LortI  of  Hosts 
also  fighting  fiir  ihem  from  Heaven,  by  send- 
ing a  storm  of  thunder  and  rain,  very  season- 
ably which  prevented  the  burning  of  the  houses 
which  were  fired  :  The  soldiers  also  fighting 
under  the  banners  of  God's  special  prntection, 
were  so  successful  in  repelling  the  enemy, 
that  none  of  the  inbabitants  wore  killed  or 
taken,  and  but  one  wounded.  The  Indians 
by  this  stout  resistance,  being  beaten  ofli'lo  the 
skirts  of  tlu!  town,  made  a  fresh  onset  upon  an- 
other (piurter  thereof,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river,  where  they  had  done  much  more  mischief 
but  that  (lod  stirn^l  up  sundry  of  the  peo()le 
to  venture  out  of  their  fortified  bouses,  who 
fired  upon  the  enemy,  and  beat  them  from 
their  dwellings,  so  as  in  the  evening  they  drew 
oil' to  an  oiiihouse,  thrive  miles  distant  from  the 
town  :  The  next  day  the  inhabitants  expected 
another  assault,  but  the  onemy  having  burnt 


THE    1  N  i;  1  A  N    WARS. 


till]  house  and  burn  where  they  kept  their 
rendi'/.voin  over  night,  and  one  house  more 
t  fur  distant,  they  marchi'd  all  clear  away 
lor  that  lime.  Thus  it  pli'Ur>ed  (ioil  so  to 
ordi'r  Ins  dispensaiions  tow  ard  (Ins  small  town, 
IS  a  bland  plucked  out  of  the  fire,  they  did 
but  just  taste  of  this  bitter  cup,  which  others 
aiik  deeper  of;  yet  hail  they  not  »uch  mer- 
cy, US  lliest!  bad,  mixed  therewith:  under 
(iod,  the  courage  of  the  inhubitants  was  u 
great  means  of  their  presiuvation,  for  they 
lired  so  stoutly  upon  the  enemy,  that  they 
durst  not  come  very  near  some  of  the  garri- 
soned hoiisei,  Hahiting  them  only  nt  a  distance, 
(■oil  was  eminently  seen  upholding  the  spirit 
of  all  sorts,  men  and  women,  so  as  no  conati'r- 
nuliun  of  mind  was  seen  npon  any  of  them, 
during  the  whole  time  of  the  dispute. 

In  this  assault  they  lost  but  thirteen  dwell- 
ing houses,  whereof  live  only  were  in  the 
town  (the  rust  being  outhouses,  and  deserted 
for  the  presiMit)  with  some  few  barns,  and 
some  of  their  cattle;  all  which  was  a  very  in- 
considerable loss,  in  comparison  of  what  liefel 
others,  and  themselves  might  endureil,  if  Uod 
bad  not  by  bis  special  favour  prevented, 

July  14th  and  Ifllh,  another  party  of  In- 
dians came  down  upon  the  northwest  side  of 
the  town,  but  with  no  better  success;  for  they 
had  no  cominission  from  the  Lord  of  Hosts  to 
touch  any  of  the  persons  of  the  inbubiluiils, 
their  power  reaching  only  to  the  slaying  of 
their  catlli!  at  this  time, 

July  J8th,  llJth,  and  20tli,  they  sent  our 
parties  after  (be  enemy  to  pursue  them  by 
their  track,  who  fell  upon  some  of  them.  On 
the  20th  they  took  sixteen,  whereof  two  were 
men:  On  this  day  tlii'v  had  to  assist  them,  it 
■seems,  soiiu;  of  the  buy  indiuns,  sent  them 
from  Capt,  Uratlh- ;  some  of  the  captives  in- 
formed that  there  were  but  seventy  or  eighty 
in  the  company,  and  but  ten  or  twelve  men 
amongst  them  :  lint  within  a  few  days  these 
Bridgewater  men  shall  find  belter  success  in 
pursuit  of  their  enemies,  when  I'liili|)  himself 
shall  hiirdly  escape  their  liunds.iis  shall  be  seen 
afterwards. 

While  one  party  of  the  enemy  thus  acted 
their  part  about  I'lyinouth  colony  and  towards 
the  sea  coasts,  otiii'r  parties  of  them  were  not 
idle  in  the  Mussachusetts  colony,  where  they 
assaulted  many  iilaces,  doing  what  tnischief 
they  could  by  firing  of  houses,  and  killing  sev- 
eral persons  in  the  inland  plant  itions, 

iMarch  2d,  they  assaulted  (iroton  ;  the  next 
day  over  night  Major  VVillard,  with  seventy 
horse  came  into  the  town  ;  -10  foot  also  came 
up  to  their  relief  from  Watertown,  but  the 
Indians  were  all  lied,  having  first  burnt  all  the 
houses  in  the  town,  save  four  that  were  gar- 
risoned, iIk"  meeling  house  being  the  second 
they  fired  ;  soon  after  Capt.  Still  was  sent 
with  a  small  party  of  dragoons,  of  eight  files, 
to  fetch  ofi'tbe  inhabitants  of  (iroton,  and  what 
was  left  from  the  spoil  of  the  enemy,  having 
under  his  careabimt  sixtycurts,  being  in  depth 
from  front  to  rear  about  two  miles,  when  a 
party  of  Indians  lying  in  ambush,  at  a  |)lace 
of  eminent  ndvanta<;e,  fired  upon  the  front 
and  mortally  woiindrd  two  of  the  first  car- 
riers, who  both  died  the  next  night.  Had 
(iod  ])crinitted,  they  would  havi.'  done  eminent 
damage  to  the  whole  body,  it  being  full  an 
hour  before  ihey  could  be  drawn  up,  which 
was  done  with  cure  and  courage  ;  but  the  In- 
dians after  a  few  more  shot  made,  without 


doing  harm,  retired,  and  made  no  furtliur 
assault  iipiin  lliein,  being  the  siime  party  of 
Indians  which  the  ilav  befure  hud  burnt  son. ii 
part  of  ('helliisford.  Sonn  iiftrr  this  vil  iige 
WHS  deserted  an. I  ilrHtroMil  by  the  enemy  ; 
yet  it  was  a  Bpeclul  pro\  idiiice,  lliiit  lliiiligh 
the  carts  were  guardril  with  so  slender  a  con- 
vov,yet  there  was  not  any  coiisidenible  loss 
siistaiiud. 

The  surprisal  of  Oroton  wns  after  ibis  niun- 
iier:  On  March  2d,  the  Indians  came  in  the 
night  and  rifled  eight  or  nine  houses,  carried 
away  some  cattle,  and  alarmed  the  town. 

On  March  Dili,  about  ten  in  the  morning,  a 
parcel  of  Indians  having  two  days  lurked  in 
the  town,  ami  taken  possession  of  three  out- 
houses, and  feasted  the  s  niih  corn,  and 
divers  s.vine  and  po  iiicli  they  there 
seized,  lay  in  ambush  .  two  carls,  w  liich 
went  from  their  garrison  to  fi'tch  in  some  hay, 
attended  with  four  men,  two  of  which  espy- 
ing the  enemy,  made  a  difllciili  escape,  the 
other  two  wen;  set  upon,  and  one  of  them 
slain,  stript  naked,  his  body  mangled,  and 
dragged  into  the  lii<:bw'ay,  and  laid  on  his 
back  in  a  most  shunieful  mumier:  the  other 
taken  captiv»>  and  ul'terwards  sentenred  to 
death  ;  but  the  enemy  not  coi"  i  rrlng  in  llie 
niannerof  il,  execution  was  deferred,  and  he 
by  the  providence  of  Clod  escaped  by  a  bold 
attempt  the  in^iit  befiue  he  was  (b-signed  to 
bavo  been  eianghtered,  anil  fled  to  the  gar- 
rison at  Lancaster,  the  cattle  in  both  lowi.s 
wounded,  and  five  of  them  slain, 

March  l.'ilh  was  the  day  when  the  enemy 
came  in  a  full  body,  by  their  own  Mccouiit 
four  liundred,  and  ihoiitiht  by  the  inbabitants 
lo  be  not  many  less,  T'">  lown  w  as  at  this 
time,  (having  been  put  '  i  fright  by  the  sad 
catastrophe  of  Lancu  ■'.  next  bordiM'ing 

town)  gathered    into  -risons,  lour  of 

which  were  so  near  togi  i.„.,  as  to  be  able  to 
command  from  one  to  the  other,  between 
which  were  the  cattle  belonging  lo  those  fa- 
milies, driven  into  pastures,  which  nfterwards 
proved  their  preservation  ;  the  other  was 
near  a  mil'5  distant  from  the  rest. 

This  morning  the  Indians  (having  in  the 
niglit  placed  themselves  in  several  parts  of 
the  town)  made  their  onset;  which  benan 
near  the  fiiiir  garrisons,  for  a  body  of  them 
having  placed  ihemsi'lves  in  ambuscaib",  be- 
hind a  hill,  near  one  of  the  garrisons  two  of 
them  mude  discovery  of  themselves,  as  if  lliev 
had  stood  upon  discovery.  At  ibis  liims 
divers  of  the  people,  not  suspecting  that  any 
»uch  matter  (for  the  day  before,  many  had 
been  up<in  discovery  many  miles,  and  fiuiiul 
no  signs  of  an  enemy  being  so  near)  were  nt 
tending  their  occasions,  some  foddering  iheir 
cuttle,  some  milking  their  cows,  of  whom  the 
enemy  might  easily  have  made  a  seizure,  but 
(iod  prevented  ;  they  having  another  design 
in  hand,  an  soon  after  appeared:  These  two 
Indians  were  at  length  I'spied,  and  the  alarm 
given  :  whereupon  the  most  of  the  men  in 
the  next  garrison,  anil  some  also  in  the  second 
(which  was  about  eight  or  nine  poles  distant) 
drew  out  and  went  to  surprize  those  two  In- 
dians, who  kept  their  station  till  our  men 
reached  the  brow  of  the  hill,  then  arose 
in  the  ambush  and  discharged  a  volley  upon 
them,  which  caused  a  disorderly  retreat  or 
rather  a  rout,  in  which  one  was"  slain,  and 
three  others  wounded  ;  Meanwhile  another 
ambush  had  risen,  and  come  ii'ioti  the  back 


iiud    tijiiJii  ijii  I'urlliur 
'liij;    ll]n  aiiini'  |inrt^'  of 

lirliirc   llilll   lllM'Mt  M'lMI 

.SiMiri  ulirr  tlija  vil  iijjit 
ilMiMcl  li_v  \\w  iMicinv  ; 
nn  iiliricc,  lljut  lliiiiij;h 
I  ttilli  HI)  .tliiiiliT  n  ((III. 
1111^    i:i)ii«iilcnil)li'   UmH 

:)t(iii  wnH  iiI'liT  lliis  iiiiiii- 
liidiniia  niiiii'  in  (In; 
or  iiiiii'  liiHiscH,  tarried 
iiliirriii'il  ilic  tiiwii. 
It  Icii  ill  iliii  iiioriiiii^',  II 
l\V(i  days    liirki'd  in 

lOHSI'Ssioil  (if    llllCM!    Ollt- 

-(  «illi  cdrii,  and 

I.  I'll  llicv  llicrc 

.    l«i)  carls,  w  lii(^|| 

111  1(1  fcllll    ill    KdllH.  liny, 

II,  t«(i  of  wliitli  f)i|iy. 

u  didicull    fscapc,   liw 

iifioM,  and  iini>  of  ilirni 

li(id\-   iiiaiii.:l('d,  and 

liwiiv,  and  liiid  ,,„    lij, 

fill   Mianncr:   lliu  oiIkt 

fti'rwurds   scntenoed   lo 

y  not  cm. I  I  rrin^'  in  tin- 

)ii  was  d.HTrcd,  and  In- 

God  fs(a|icil  \)y  a  liold 

iirt!  Iio  was  di"mf,'ni'd  to 

I'd,  and  lli'd    In  ilie  pir- 

('    I'lillle  in    ijolli    lci\yi;s 

tliiMii  slain. 

m  day  wlieii  tins  enemy 
,   liy  llifir  own   acToiint 
iiilltit  liy  till!  inl.»l)il;iiilrt 
T*-"   lown  was   nt  ihij 
!t  •'         1  fri(,'lit  liy  ilio  sad 
'  nt'xt  liordi-rinf; 
"risons",  four  of 
));< .... . ,  as  to  l)«  alilc  to 
to   llic  ollit'r,    lii'lwccn 
«  Iii'lonirinr:  lo  lliosc  fa- 
ilures, wliicli  iilierwnrds 
■lUion  ;  the    other    was 
Ml  the  rest. 

Indians  (havinn;-  in    iho 
ves   in   several   parts  of 
r   onset;    which    hei,'aii 
IS,  for  a   hody   of  llieni 
'Ives  in  Hiiiliiiscade,  he- 
r   the  (jarrisoMs  Iwo  of 
if  lliemseives,  ns  if  ihev 
•overy.      At   ihls    lime, 
not  suspecting  that  any 
day  liefore,    many  had 
many  miles,  ntui  "found 
heinp  so  near)  were  at 
*,  some  foddering  iheir 
leir  cows,  of  whom  ihe 
vo  made  a  seizure,  hut 
liaving  aniiihi'r  design 
appeared  :   These  two 
1  espied,  and  thi!  alarm 
5   most  of  the   mm    in 
some  also  in  llie  setond 
t  or  nine  poles  distant) 
snrprize  those  two  In- 
•    station   lill    oiir  men 
the   hill,    then    arose 
charged  a  volley  upon 
disorderly   relVeat  or 
h  one   was    slain,   and 
;   Meanwhile    utiother 
come  «'V)n  the  back 


A    NArniATlVK    OP 


m 


■  idi!  of  the  garrison  so  ileHerled  of  men,  and 
pnlli'il  down  the  piillisiidoes  ;  The  soldiers  in 
iliis  roiil,  ri'irealed  not  to  thi'irown,  bill  piiis- 
ed  bv  thi^  next  garrison,  the  Wdiiieii  iind  chil- 
dren iiii'iinwliilu  expii!.!'!!  lo  hazard,  lint  by 
the  giiiiiliiess  iif  (liid  inude  a  safe  escape  to 
tlie  oilier  fnrtilied  hmise,  without  liny  iiiirm, 
li'iiving  their  substance  to  the  eniMiiy,  who 
made  a  prey  ol  il,  anil  spent  the  residiur  of 
llie  day  in  removing  the  corn  and  household 
Btulf,  (ill  which  loss  live  families  were  iinpo 
verislieil)  and  firing  upon  the  other  garrison  : 
Here  also  they  took  some  rattle.  No  sooner 
was  llie  signal  given  by  llin  first  volley  of 
shot,  but  iinmi'dnilely  in  several  parts  of  the 
town  at  once,  did  the  smoke  arise,  they  (iring 
the  houses. 

In  the  iirternooii  they  used  ii  stratagem  not 
unlike  the  other.  In  have  surprised  tin;  sini;le 
garrison,  but  (rod  prevented.  An  old  Indian 
passed  along  the  street  with  a  black  sheep  on 
ins  back  with  a  slow  pace,  an  one  decrepid  ; 
they  maile  several  shot  a',  him,  at  which  se- 
veral issuinl  out  lo  have  taken  liini  alive,  but 
tin!  walcliiuaii  seasonably  espying  an  ainbuali, 
behind  the  house,  gave  the  signal,  whereby 
lliey  were  prevented. 

The  night  following,  the  enemy  lodgeil  in 
the  town,  some  of  them  in  the  garrison  lliey 
had  surprised,  but  thi!  body  of  them  in  an  ad- 
jacent valley  when'  they  made  iheniselves 
merry  after  their  savage  manner.  The  next 
miiriiing  lliev  gave  two  or  three  vollies  at 
(,'iipt.  l'iirk<U''s  garrison,  and  so  marched  oft' 
fearing  as  was  thought,  tiiut  supply  might  be 
near  at  liaiiil. 

This  assault  of  theirs  was  managed  with 
thtfir  wanted  subllcty  and  barbarous  cruelty; 
for  lliey  stript  tin!  Iiody  of  liim  whom  they 
had  slain  in  the  lirst  onset,  and  then  cutting 
oir  his  head,  lixed  it  upon  a  pole,  looking  to- 
wards his  own  land.  The  corpse  of  the  man 
slain  ihi!  wei'k  before,  they  iliig  out  of  his 
gravif,  and  cut  oil'  his  bead  and  one  le  r,  and 
set  them  upmi  poli'S,  and  stript  oft' his  wiml- 
ing  sheet.  An  mi'aiit  which  they  found  dead, 
in  llie  house  they  first  surprised,  tliey  cut  in 
pieces,  which  afterward  they  cast  to  the 
ewiiie.  There  were  about  forty  dwelling 
houses  burnt  at  that  time,  besides  other  build- 
ings. This  desolation  was  followed  with  the 
breaking  up  of  the  town,  aniJ  scattering  of 
till!  inhabitants,  am',  removal  of  the  caiidli!- 
slick  after  it  had  been  there  seated  above 
twelve  years. 

('i)nceriiingthe  surprising  nfGroton,  March 
l.'i,  there  was  not  ,niy  thing  much  more  mate- 
rial than  what  is  i;!ready  mentioned,  save  only 
the  insolence  of  Joliii  Monoco,  or  one  eyiul 
John,  the  chief  capt.  of  the  Indians  in  that 
design;  who  having  by  a  sudden  surprisal 
early  in  the  morning,  seized  upon  a  garrison 
house  in  one  end  of  the  town,  continued  to  it, 
phindering  what  was  there  ready  ot  hand,  nil 
that  day  ;  and  at  night  did  very  familiarly  in 
appearince,  call  out  lo  Capt.  Parker,  that  was 
Indgeil  ill  another  garrison  house,  and  enter- 
tained u  gi-eat  deal  of  discourse  wiih  him, 
whom  he  called  his  old  neighbour  ;  dilating 
upon  the  cause  of  the  war,  and  putting  an 
end  lo  it  by  a  friendly  peace  ;  yet  oft  mixing 
bitter  sarcasms,  with  several  blasphemous 
scoft's  and  taunts,  at  their  praying  and  wor- 
shipping tied  in  the  meetinghouse,  which  he 
deridingly  said  ho  had  burnt.  Among  other 
Uiinga  whlcli  lie  boastingly  uttcrod  that  night, 


he  said  he  burnt  Mr.  'leld,  (though  it  l>e  not 
known  whether  he  »  is  there  perxiinilly  pre- 
sent or  iiol)  Lancaster,  and  that  now  he  \s  uuld 
..urn  till.'  Iiiuii  III  (irnloii,  an  I  ihi'  next  time 
he  would  burn  Clielinsforil,  C'oncnrd,  Water- 
lown,  Camliriilgi',  Cliurlestium,  Unxlmry, 
Motion,  adding  lit  la«l  in  llnir  dialect,  «•/(«/ 
me  I' ill,  mi- Jo  :  Not  mucli  uiiliki'  the  proud 
Assyrian  (if  his  pnvter  hud  la'cn  cipiiil  to  his 
pride)  siiiiiciiiiies  ihieiilened  against  Jcrii'"a- 
leni  but  was  by  the  remarkable  iiidvideiite 
of  (iixl,  so  ('oiifniiiiiled  williiii  a  lew  months 
lifter,  that  he  was  hereft  of  his  four  hundred 
and  four  score  (of  which  he  now  boasted)  and 
only  with  II  few  more  braggadocios  like  hiiii- 
self,  .Siiu'iiinore  Sam,  old  .leihrn,  and  the  ."Saga- 
more nl  l.^iialiaog.  Here  taken  by  the  Knglisli, 
and  was  seen  (not  long  befnre  the  writing  of 
this)  marching  Inwards  the  gallows  (ihidiigh 
Hostoii  streets,  w  liich  he  llireMtetied  lo  burn  at 
his  pleasure)  wiili  a  halter  about  his  neck, 
with  which  111!  washaiiged  at  ilie  town's  end, 
."'I'pl.  lilitli,  in  ihis  present  year,  ll)7().  So 
let  thine  enemies  perish,  O  Lord,  uiul  such 
ennleinpt  be  pnkired  nn  all  I'leni  that  open 
their  mouths  to  blaspheme  thy  Imly  name. 

Things  looked  willi  a  disiigreeabh!  face 
aboiil  ihnse  parts  lit  this  time,  yet  llinugh  the 
riglitenus  fall  seven  limes,  let  nol  their  ene- 
mies rejnice,  fur  ihe  righleniis  shall  rise  again, 
but  their  wicked  eiieniles  shall  fall  iiiln  mis- 
chief, and  ris(!  no  more.  Il  was  ebbing  wiUer 
w  ilh  New  Knglaiiil  at  this  time,  and  a  while 
after;  hut  Gnd  shall  liirn  the  slreani  before  it 
be  loiiu',  and  bring  dnwii  their  enemies  In 
lick  ll:i'  dust  bi'fni'e  ihi'lii. 

.^  IT  this,  .Vpiil  I7tli,  Capt.  Still  being  ap- 
]inii;led  In  keep  garrisiin  at  ( irolnii,  some  In- 
dians coming  In  liiint  fnr  swine,  three  Indians 
drew  near  the  giirrisnn  house,  supposing  it 
to  have  bei'ii  deserted,  two  of  them  were  slain 
by  one  single  .shot,  made  by  the  captain's  own 
hands,  and  tlu:  third,  by  another  shot  made 
from  the  garrison. 

The  ilaiiger  which  these  inland  towns  were 
like  to  be  exposed  In  frnlii  llic'  enemy,  after 
they  were  driven  out  of  the  Narraganset 
coiiiilry,  was  foreseen  by  tlie  council  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, vea,  ihev  had  some  intimation 
thereof  from  the  enemy  themselves;  but  they 
were  not  well  able  to  prevent  it  in  that  un- 
seasonable liini!  of  the  ye.ir  ;  no  wnv  fit  for 
marching  of  snldiers,  and  transporting  of  pro- 
visions (llie  winter  then  beginning  to  break 
up  in  this  country)  for  whih'  our  forces  were 
up  in  the  Narratranset  country  in  the  winter, 
a  couple  of  chrisiiau  Indians  wore  sent  as 
spies  into  the  Nipnet  and  Xarraganset  coun- 
try through  the  woods,  in  the  depth  of  winter, 
when  the  ways  were  impassable  fiir  any  other 
sort  of  people  :  These  two,  James  and  Job, 
(irdered  their  business  so  prudently,  as  that 
they  were  admitted  into  those  Indian  habita- 
tions as  friends,  and  had  free  liberty  of  dis- 
course with  them ;  they  were  at  first  a  little 
jealous  of  them;  but  by  the  means  of  one 
I'ved  .Tohn  (a  great  captain  of  the  Indians, 
ti;at  afterwards  led  them  that  spoiled  CJroton, 
who  having  been  a  companion  of  one  of  the 
said  spies,  both  in  hunting,  and  in  fighting 
against  the  Mohawks  fnrmerly,  so  esteemed 
of  him,  that  he  would  not  siifl'er  nnv  of  the 
rest  to  touch  him)  they  passed  through  all 
the  Indian  towns  lying  thirty  miles  distant 
from  Quabaog,  and  twenty  miles  northward 
of  the  road  lo  Connecticut. — One  of  the  said 


Hpies  rt'tiiriied  utioiit  ihe  :illh  of  January,  iu> 
fiirmuig  iheni  that  sent  him  wliiil  he  had  oik 
servi'sli  b  ''h  the  iiiiniber  ol'tlie  Indiiiiis  (iibout 
thi't'«>  ^i4,ii)rt'd  in  all)  also  their  sc\enil  low  Ii4, 
ami  what  pro\  isions  ihey  had;  plenly  of  m- 
inson,  much  pork  frnni  the  I'lngli-liinen's  ho'.;« 
which  they  had  iduli;  thiy  cnnlis^i'd  also 
thai  he  and  snilio  of  his  party  had  killed  ihe 
pi'ople  il  Nasaway,  the  last  year,  siisprclid 
In  have  been  done  by  ihe  Indiiilis  of  Mail- 
boroiigh  :  lie  told  iheiii  also  lliey  iiileiiiled 
III  burn  Lancaster  vvilhln  three  weeks  alter 
lliiit  time,  w  Inch  accnrdingly  lliey  did  ;  lidding 
mnri'over,  ihiit  smni!  l''reiicliiiien  were  wllli 
llieiii  at  i'ii('oniptiii:k,  ei.coiira^iiiff  of  llieiii  In 
go  on  with  thrir  designs,  proiiilsi' g  ihiiii  as. 
sislance,  w  liicli  made  some  ready  lo  ihink  iho 
Indians  were  slirreil  up  by  lln'  l''r<iicli  lo  do 
all  this  mischief — but  more  of  this  iifler. 
wards. — What  might  be  giilherej  frnm  ihii 
fiiresaid  p|•(lmi^es  is  easy  lo  conceive:  where, 
upon  new  forces,  willi  as  miiih  K]ieed  as  the 
season  Wduld  allow,  were  riiised  and  sent  inlo 
those  purls,  under  the  command  of  Miijur 
Savagi' ill  chief :  They  were  dispatched  away 
'he  be 'inning  of  March,  iiinl  appninled  In 
.licet  w.ih  such  as  slinuld  be  senl  frnm  ('(in- 
necticiit  ■.il.ii  »,  which  they  did  abiuil  <,iiia- 
baog,  and  sc  intended  lo  march  ilireclly  iipio 
those  Indian  towns  iibniil  Wati  liii-et  jlill.  In 
ihe  norlhvvest ;  but  the  Iiiilians  w  ere  yniie, 
and  our  forces  in  pursuit  nf  ihein  taking  llie 
wrong  jialh,  missed  nf  llieiii,  yet  iiiiigii)g 
ihroiigh  those  woods,  lliey  were  iil  niie  lime 
suddenly  assaulted  by  a  small  parly  of  In- 
dians firing  upon  ihein,  wniiiiiled  Mr.  <ier. 
shorn  liiilkly,  by  a  shot  in  his  lliivih.  and  kill- 
ing one  of  tlieii- snhliers  ;  alter  which  as  ihey 
marched  along  ihey  nccidenliilly  li'll  iip'.n 
annlher  small  parly  of  the  eiieiny,  nf  wlmm 
they  slew  .some  and  tnnk  others  lo  ihe  nuiii- 
lier  of  sixteen,  yet  could  not  meet  wilh  iho 
main  body  of  the  enemy,  who  il  seems  had 
passed  ever  a  great  river  by  ral'ls,  sn  ihal  nur 
men  cnilld  follnvv  them  nn  furlher.  w  lierel'nru 
turning dnwii  Inwards  lladley  and  Nnrihiiinp- 
ton,  whither  it  was  supposed  llie  Indiai  •■  in- 
tended In  pass,  ihey  came  very  seii.«iiiiiil.|y 
tn  the  relief  nf  the  said  towns,  which  else  had 
been  in  danger  of  being  lost.     Fnr, 

March  14lh,  llic  enemy  fell  npmi  Xnr- 
ihaniiilnn,  and  in  three  places  broke  ihrniigli 
the  fnrlificalinn  of  jiallisadnes.  set  tiji  roiiiid 
about  llie  town  a  little  befiire,  liir  iheir  bellir 
security;  but  the  town  beingat  lliiil  tiini!  lull 
of  soldiers,  they  were  ipiickly  n'pulsed,  iil'ler 
they  had  killed  fiiiirmen  iindiwo  women,  and 
fired  four  or  five  dwelling  houses,  and  as 
many  barns,  wilh  tlii!  loss  of  iiKiiiy  nf  iheir 
lives,  as  was  su)iposed. 

While  our  forces  under  Major  Sav.-.ge  cim- 
linued  on  that  side  of  the  cuinli-y,  u  sad  ac- 
cident fi'll  out  at  Sprinfield,  llie  certiiiiily  of 
which  it  is  judged  meet  here  In  reliueln  pre- 
vent mistakes  ;  the  matter  having  iliroiigh  a 
great  oversight  been  othi'rvvise  represeiiled 
than  indeed  it  was,  not  only  to  ihe  prejudice 
of  truth,  but  to  the  disadvantage  of  some 
persons  concerned  therein.  M'hile  the  sol- 
diers were  quartered  at  a  place  belnnging  lo 
Springfield,  called  the  long  meadow,  lline 
miles  from  the  town  below,  toward  Windsor, 
several  nf  the  inhabitants  having  nmsl  nf  ihe 
winter  kejit  from  the  public  meeting  nn  Ine 
Lord's  day  for  fear  nf  the  enemy,  were  en- 
couraged   to  adventure  to  tho    ass<\mbly  on 


I 


8B3 


THE  INDIAN  WARS. 


I'l 


the  86th  of  March,  riding  in  the  company  of" 
the  troopers;  but  having  heard  of  no  Indians 
thereabouts  a  f»ood  while,  were  more  sccun- 
tliari  they  had  cause ;  for  riding  some  of 
them  with  womon  behind  them,  and  some 
with  children  in  their  arms,  yet  not  so  care- 
ful as  to  keep  in  the  middle,  but  rather  in  the 
rear,  and  at  some  dis'^ncestragglincf  from  the 
rest  of  the  company,  a  party  of  Indians  lying 
in  the  bushes,  as  they  rode  along,  fired  upon 
the  hindmost,  end  killed  two,  and  wounded 
others:  Those  in  the  front  having  also  women 
and  maids  behind  some  of  them,  were  at  a 
stand  to  know  what  to  do,  fearing  they  might 
ex^pose  those  women  they  had  in  their  com- 
pany, if  they  should  ride  back  (in  that  wind- 
ing road  through  awoody  place  for  neara  mile 
or  two  together)  to  look  after  them  that  were 
behind  ;  at  the  last,  one  that  came  riding  up, 
told  the  foremost  company  there  was  no  hurt, 
and  that  they  were  all  coming :  They  that 
were  before  rode  away  with  all  speed  to  the 
end  of  the  town,  where  setting  down  the  wo 
men,  the  troopers  returned  back,  but  too  late 
to  recover  two  poor  women,  and  two  children, 
•who  upon  the  fi.-st  assau't  were  thrown  off 
their  horses,  and  immediatt  ly  hauled  into  the 
bushes,  and  through  a  swi.mp  on  the  other 
side  of  a  steep  bank,  so  as  they  co'ld  not  be 
heard  of  all  that  afternoon,  nor  the  next  day 
till  toward  night,  although  thoy  were  diligent- 
ly searched  after  by  all  the  troopers  in  and 
about  the  town  ;  at  last  when  they  were  des- 
cried just  by  a  swamp  side,  the  cruel  wretches 
endeavoured  to  kill  them  all,  but  in  haste  only 
wounded  them  with  their  hatchets,  yet  so  as 
one  of  the  poor  creatures  recovered  ;  the 
other,  with  the  children,  died  of  their  wounds 
before  they  were  brought  home,  or  within  a 
little  time  after.  They  did  not  complain  of 
any  incivility  toward  them  while  they  were 
in  their  power;  but  by  the  farewell  given 
them  at  their  parting,  they  found  it  true  by 
their  own  experience,  that  the  tender  mercies 
y-  the  wicked  are  cruelty. 

There  happened  no  other  matter  of  moment 
worthy  the  reporting  while  our  forces  tarried 
in  those  parts,  and  the  commanders  observing 
that  the  enemy  was  turned  back  again  through 
the  woods,  towards  Massachusetts  hay,  after 
a  month's  time  retired  back,  yet  could  never 
meet  with  the  enemy  in  their  return  through 
the  woods,  although  while  they  were  at  the 
towns  aforesaid,  they  understood  of  several 
attempts  made  upon  Sudbury  and  Marl- 
borough, the  most  part  of  the  Ir.tter  they  de- 
stroyed March  26tn,  which  mnile  the  inhabi- 
tants forsake  their  dwellings,  leaving  only  a 
few  houses  garrisoncil  with  soldiers,  the  bet- 
ter to  secure  a  passage  lo  the  towns  westward 
UDon  Connecticut  river. 

The  inhabitants  of  Sudbury,  with  the  sold- 
iers under  lieutenant  Jacobs,  of  Miirlborough, 
sufficiently  alarmed  by  the  late  mischief  dene 
about  these  towns,  resolved  to  try  what  work 
they  could  with  the  enemy  in  the  night : 
whereupon  going  forth,  March  27th,  toward 
morning,  they  discerned  where  the  enemy 
lay  l)y  their  fire,  (near  three  hundred  of  them) 
and  within  half  a  mile  of  a  garrison  house, 
near  the  place  where  they  had  done  so  much 
mischief  the  day  before.  Such  was  the  cour- 
a>re  and  resolution  of  the  English,  though  but 
forty  in  number,  townsmen  and  soliliers,  that 
they  adventured  to  discharge  upen  them  as 
Uiey  lay  by  tlieir  Rres,  when  it  was  so  dark 


that  an  Indian  could  hardly  be  discerned  from 
a  better  man  ;  yet  God  so  directing,  they  dis- 
charged several  times  upon  them ;  wound- 
ed thirty,  fourteen  of  whom  either  died  of 
their  wounds  the  same  d  ly,  or  soon  after, 
which  had  been  chief  agents  in  this  present 
mischief  against  the  Knglish.  Such  was  the 
success  of  this  skirmish  that  the  assailants 
came  off  without  the  loss  of  a  man. 

After  this  time  the  enemy  began  to  scatter 
about  in  sniall  parties,  doing  what  mischief 
they  could,  about  Massachusetts,  killing  a  man 
at  Weymouth,  another  at  Hingham,  as  they 
layskulkingupanddown  in  swamps  and  holes, 
to  assault  any  that  occasionally  looked  never 
so  little  into  the  woods  :  sometimes  alarming 
the  towns  about  Hoston,  by  discharging  the 
guns  upon  particular  persons  at  liillerica, 
Braintree,  and  at  Wrenlham,  near  to  which 
place,  in  the  road  to  Rehoboth,  they  assaulted 
one  Woodcock's  house,  killed  one  man  and 
one  of  his  sons,  wounded  another,  and  burnt 
his  son's  house. 

Notwithstanding  ihe  little  s.iccess  of  former 
attempts  Philip  and  bis  men  have  one  piece 
more  to  play  in  Massachusetts  colony,  before 
they  go  off  the  stage,  and  then  we  shall  see 
their  power  visibly  declining  every  where, 
until  their  final  overthrow  come  upon  them. 
There  were  several  small  parties  of  them  scat- 
tered up  and  down  al!  over  the  country,  yet 
the  main  body  of  them  was  still  lurking  up 
and  down  in  those  woods  that  lie  between 
Hrookfield,  Marlborough,  and  Connecticut 
river.  Possibly  they  had  some  hopes  of  driv- 
ing all  the  country  before  them  to  the  towns 
upon  the  sea  coast ;  for  having  burnt  the  de- 
serted houses  at  Marlborough,  April  17th,  the 
next  day  they  set  upon  Sudbury  with  all  their 
might  (hoping,  'tis  probable,)  to  do  there  as 
they  had  done  at  the  towns  next  beyond  it. 
They  did  at  the  first  prevail  so  far  as  to  con- 
sume several  houses  and  barns,  and  kill  seve- 
ral persons  ten  or  twelve  of  the  English,  that 
came  from  Concord  to  assist  their  neighbours 
at  Sudbury,  a  town  five  miles  distant  from 
them,  at  the  first  hearing  of  the  alarm,  who 
unawares  were  surprised  near  a  garrison,  in 
hopes  of  getting  "ome  advantage  upon  asmall 
party  of  the  epemy  that  presented  themselves 
in  a  meadow  ;  a  great  number  of  the  Indians 
that  lay  unseen  in  the  bushes,  suddenly  rose 
up,  and  interceptin';  the  passage  to  the  garri- 
son bouse,  killed  and  t  )<>k  them  all. 

But  our  sonows  and  losses  that  day  are 
not  yet  come  to  their  height ;  fiy  on  the  same 
(lay,  that  resolute  stout  hearted  soldier,  Capt. 
Wadsworth  (who  not  long  before,  with  not 
above  forty  men,  rescued  Liincaster,  when  it 
was  in  dani;or  to  have  been  all  lost  at  once) 
being  sent  from  Boston  with  fifty  soldiers  to 
relieve  Marlborough,  having  marched  twenty- 
five  miles  and  then  understanding  the  enemy 
was  gone  through  the  woods  towards  Sud- 
bury :  This  wearied  company,  before  ever 
they  had  taken  any  considerable  rest,  marched 
immediately  back  toward  Sudbury  (that  lies 
ten  miles  nearer  Boston)  and  being  come 
within  a  mile  of  the  town,  they  espied  a  party 
of  Indians  not  far  from  them,  about  an  hun- 
dred, not  more — as  they  conceived,  these  they 
might  easily  deal  with  ;  who  retiring  a  while, 
drew  Capt.  Wadsworth  and  his  company 
above  a  mile  into  the  v.wcJs,  when  on  a  sud- 
den a  great  body  of  the  enemy  appeared, 
about  five  hundred  as  was  thought,  who  com' 


passing  them  around,  forced  them  to  the  top  of 
a  hill,  where  they  made  very  stout  resistance  n 
considerable  while  ;  but  the  night  drawing  on, 
and  some  of  the  company  heginning  to  scatter 
from  the  res',  their  fellows  were  f()rced  to 
follow  their,  so  as  the  enemy  taking  the  chase, 
pursued  them  on  every  side,  as  they  made  too 
hasty  a  retreat,  by  which  accident,  being  so 
much  overpowered  by  the  enemy's  numbers, 
they  were  most  of  them  lost ;  The  captain 
himself,  with  one  Capt.  Brocklebank  (achoice 
spirited  young  man  much  lamented  by  the 
town  of  Rowley  to  which  he  belonged)  and 
some  others  that  fell  into  his  company  as  ho 
marched  along,  scarce  twenty  escaping  in  all 
so  that  another  captain  and  his  fifty  men  per- 
ished at  that  time,  as  brave  soldiers  as  any 
ever  employed  in  the  present  service. 

Thus  as  m  former  attempts  of  the  like  na- 
ture, too  much  courage  and  eagerness  in  pur- 
suit of  the  enemy,  hath  added  another  iiital 
blow  to  this  poor  country. 

The  same  day  anoth  r  party  of  the  English 
coming  from  BroofieliJ,  whither  ihey  were 
sent  as  convoy  with  provisions  for  the  garri- 
son, were  in  danger  likewise  of  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  same  Indians  ;  yet  riding  upon  a 
good  speed,  and  keeping  their  guns  always 
ready  presented  against  them  they  met,  they 
never  durst  fire  at  them;  only  throe  or  four 
having  unadvisedly  first  discharged  their  guns 
against  the  enemy,  and  falling  too  much  in 
the  rear  of  their  company,  were  cut  off  and 
lost.  It  is  reported  by  some  that  afterwards 
escaped,  how  they  cruelly  tortured  five  or  six 
of  the  English  that  night :  Yet  whatever  their 
success  was  this  day,  it  was  observed  by  some 
(at  that  time  their  prisoners,  and  since  releas- 
ed) that  they  seemed  very  pensive  after  they 
came  to  their  quarters,  showing  no  such  sigrs 
of  rejoicing  as  they  were  wont  to  do  in  liise 
cases;  whether  for  the  loss  of  some  of  their 
own  company  in  that  day's  enterprise  (saiil 
to  be  an  hundred  and  twenty)  or  whether  it 
was  the  devil  in  whom  they  trusted  that  de- 
ceived them,  and  to  whom  they  made  their 
address  the  day  before,  by  sundry  conjurations 
of  their  powaws  1  Or  whether  it  were  by 
any  dread  that  the  Almighty  sent  upon  their 
execrable  blasphemies,  which  it  is  said  thev 
used  in  torturing  some  of  their  poor  captives 
(bidding  Jesus  come  and  deliver  them  out  of 
their  hands  from  death,  if  he  could)  we  leave 
as  uncertain,  though  some  have  so  reported, 
yet  sure  it  is  that  after  this  day  they  never 
prospered  in  any  attempt  they  made  against 
the  English,  but  were  contiiuially  snitiercil 
and  broken,  till  they  were  in  a  maiuu>rall  con- 
sumed. After  this  time,  however  thev  hml 
braved  it  before,  they  seemed  to  apprehend 
that  it  was  scarce  feasible  with  them  to  wiili- 
stand  the  power  of  the  English,  and  ihcreKirr 
seemed  more  inclinable  to  a  peace  by  several 
overtures  made  by  them,  if  they  knew  how 
to  have  brought  it  about.  For  during  these 
encounters  they  were  willing  lo  admit  of  some 
l.ind  of  treaty  with  the  English,  about  ihi;  re- 
leasing of  sundry  of  their  captives,  vhlch  they 
took  at  Lancaster  and  elsewhere  :  to  his  end 
sundry  attempts  were  made  by  help  of  several 
of  the  praying  Indians  (as  they  were  called) 
about  the  redemption  of  some  of  the  women 
and  children,  which  were  nt  that  time  in  their 
possession,  and  by  degrees  something  was 
effected  that  way  ;  possibly  their  own  present 
sufferings  and  wants  that  were  upon  thorn. 


ed  tfiem  to  the  top  of 
ery  stout  ri'sislancu  n 
hp  night  drawing  on, 
bfginiiiiig  to  sciittiT 
W3  were  forced   to 
my  takiiigthechn.se, 
de,  as  they  made  too 
h  accident,  being  so 
e  enemy's  numbers, 
lost ;  The  captnin 
rocklebank  (a  choice 
:h  lamented  by  the 
h  he  belonged)  and 
his  company  as  h(! 
enty  escaping  in  all 
nd  his  fifty  men  per- 
•ave  soldiers  as  any 
ssent  service, 
impts  of  the  like  nn- 
nd  eagerness  in  pur- 
added  another  fatal 

party  of  the  English 
whither  thoy  were 
visions  for  the  gani- 
'iseoffidling  into  the 
s;  yet  riding  upon  a 
r  their  guns  alwiiya 
;hem  they  met,  tlie y 
;  only  three  or  foilr 
lischarged  their  guns 
falling  too  much  in 
y,  were  cut  off  and 
ome  that  afterwards 
y  tortured  five  or  six 
;  Yet  whatever  their 
as  observed  by  some 
TS,  and  since  releas- 
•y  pensive  after  they 
lowing  no  such  sigrs 
i  wont  to  do  in  like 
loss  of  some  nf  their 
ly's  enterprise   (said 
•enty)  or  whether   it 
hey  trusted  that  de- 
)m  they  made  their 
•sundry  conjurations 
whether  it  were  by 
ghty  sent  upon  I  heir 
ivhich  it  is  said   they 
their  poor  cnptives 
deliver  them  out  of 
he  could)  we  leave 
!  have  so  reported, 
lis   day   they   never 
they   made  against 
intinually   seiiiiered 
I  in  a  mannerall  con- 
however   they  hiid 
Dmed  to   apprehend 
with  them  to  « ith- 
iglish,and  theief.ire 
p  a  peace  by  severnl 
if  they  knew  how 
For  during  these 
Ing  to  admit  of  some 
igliah,  abcnit  the  re- 
;autives,  vhichthey 
where  :  to   his  enil 
!eby  help  ofseveriil 
they   were  culled) 
ome  of  the  women 
at  that  time  in  their 
Jes  something  Wiis 
y  their  own  present 
«oro  mion  ihom, 


A    NARRATIVE    OP 


might  induce  them  thereunto  :  For  by  this 
time  the  spring  <if  the  year  came  on,  their  pro- 
vision was  all  spent,  and  they  were  forced  to 
live  wholly  upon  ground  nuts,  and  upon  flesh 
of  the  English  creatures,  both  horse  and  neat 
cattle,  which  they  daily  plundered.  The 
ground  nuts  running  up  to  seed  in  the  sum- 
mer, begin  to  grow  so  sticky,  as  they  were 
scarce  eatable  ;  the  flesh  also  of  the  Kngli-h 
cattle  proving  unwholesome  for  their  bodies, 
fillingthem  withsundry  diseases  :  one  of  them 
having  eaten  much  horso  flesh,  complained 
that  he  had  eaten  much  horse  and  now  horse 
began  to  eat  him,  meaning  some  deadly  disease 
growing  upon  his  eating  such  rank  flesh,  un- 
wholesotne  for  their  bodies,  especially  without 
salt,  as  their  usual  manner  is.  The  fishing 
season  also  began  to  come  in,  wherein  they 
'jsed  to  take  abundance  of  all  sorts,  with 
which  those  great  rivers  up  the  country  are 
abundantly  stored  ;  they  used  to  take  thereof, 
and  drying  it  in  the  smoke,  make  provision 
thereof  fur  the  greatest  part  of  the  year;  and 
if  the  V,  ar  continued,  they  could  not  but  see 
they  should  utterly  be  cut  off  therefrom  ;  and 
that  if  the  planting  season  also  were  lost,  they 
should  be  in  great  want  of  summer  fruits,  sc. 
beans  and  squash  (besides  their  corn)  with 
which  they  were  wont  to  live  all  the  latter 
part  of  the  summer.  Upon  all  considerations 
they  seemed  pretty  inclinable  to  hearken  to  a 
peace,  though  some  were  apt  to  think  they 
would  never  have  kept  it  further  than  would 
stand  with  their  own  advantage,  and  their  pre- 
sent desire  thereof  were  only  to  gain  time. 

A  person  formerly  acquainted  with  the  In- 
dians about  Lancaster,  did  adventure  upon 
the  forementioned  overtures,  to  go  amongst 
them  to  try  if  he  could  not  prevail  with  them 
for  the  redemption  of  the  minister's  wife,  taken 
cajitive  in  February  last,  from  Lancaster,  and 
thrniigh  the  favour  of  him  who  lias  the  hearts 
of  all  in  his  hand,  inclines  them  as  he  pleases, 
obtained  the  desired  end  upon  an  inconsider- 
able sum,  which  gave  encouragement  to  the 
council  to  send  two  messengers  on  the  like 
errand  the  same  week  to  procure  the  redemp- 
tion of  others,  not  without  success  :  The  for- 
mer, vi',!.  Mrs.  Rowlandson  being  brought  to 
ISoston  upon  the  election  day.  May  3d,  it  was 
generally  looked  at  as  a  smile  of  providence, 
and  doiililless  was  a  return  of  prayer,  and  an- 
swer of  fiiith  with  which  her  husband  had 
been  uphelil,  and  supported  from  the  day  of 
her  capli'.ity  ;  his  two  children  also  were 
returned  buck  not  long  after,  more  by  tlio 
ovornillng  hand  '.>(  God  (that  turns  the  cap- 
tivity of  his  pel  .pie  as  the  streams  of  the  south; 
and  something  inclining  llieiii  to  pity  his  ser- 
vants, lliHt  are  of  themselves  more  cruel  than 
the  sea  monsters)  than  by  any  contrivance  of 
man's  policy. 

And  yet  notwithstanding  motions  of  this 
nature  about  the  redemption  of  some  of  our 
prisoners  still  in  their  hands,  there  was  no  ces- 
sation of  arms  between  us. 

About  this  time  letters  were  sent  lown 
from  Connecticut  colony,  inr)rmiug  thi  gen- 
eral court  then  assembled  at  Hostoii,  that  some 
of  the  Mohawks  (a  sort  of  fierce  and  savage  In- 
dians, yet  mortal  enemies  to  those  wo  were 
at  v.-arwilli)  had  fallen  upon  some  of  Philip's 
piiity,  and  destroyed  many  of  them :  Likewise 
that  many  i'f  tln-m  were  destroyed  by  fevers 
and  flu  xes.and  other  distempers  I'lllingaiiiongst 
Uieiu,  which  wiu  Euino  reviving  to  our  hopes, 


that  the  foot  of  our  enemy  should  sliJe  in  due 
time,  and  that  destruction  was  hastening  upon 
them  though  still  they  were  permitted  to  do 
mischief  in  sundry  particular  places  of  the 
country,  which  must  be  minded  as  we  pass 
along. 

Those  Indians  that  were  our  professed  ene- 
mies, after  they  had  been  beaten  out  of  the 
Narraganset  country,  February  1st,  tarried  a 
while  at  VViniinazeag,  a  place  two  days  jour- 
ney north  of  Quabiiag,  where  they  divided 
themselves  into  two  companies,  one  of  them 
tarried  <m  that  side  of  the  country,  the  other 
made  toward  Plymouth  colony,  taking  Med- 
field  in  their  way,  from  whence  as  they  march- 
ed along  they  met  with  a  notable  repulse  at 
Boggiston,  a  smallhamlet,orcomi)any  of  farms 
nut  far  from  the  said  Medfield,  where  they 
attempted  a  garrison,  but  meeting  with  stout 
resistance  they  left  the  enterprise,  and  kept 
on  their  way  towards  Plymouth  colony,  where 
they  scattered  themselves  up  and  down,  wait- 
ing for  opportunities  to  spoil  and  destroy  the 
English  plantations  on  that  side  of  the  country. 

Besides  what  is  already  mentioned,  on 
May,  11th,  a  party  of  them  assaulted  the  town 
of  Plymouth,  burnt  eleven  houses,  and  five 
barns  belonging  thereunto  :  On  the  other  side 
a  small  party  of  tVe  English  seating  about  in 
pursuit  of  the  Indians,  fell  upon  a  party  of  them 
that  lay  waiting  in  ambush,  but  being  discerned 
by  an  Indian  in  the  company  of  our  men  that 
gave  timely  notice,  our  soldiers  had  nn  oppor- 
tunity thereby  to  make  the  first  shot,  and 
thereby  not  only  prevented  a  mischief  to  them- 
selves, but  killed  also  some  of  the  enemy  (one 
of  whom  was  observed  to  be  of  more  note 
than  his  fellows,  by  his  attire)  the  rest  flej 
away  from  them  that  pursued,  though  but  a 
small  company  ;  so  that  there  was  daily  re- 
ciprocal acts  of  hostility  in  those  parts. 

Within  a  few  days  after  this,  seven  houses 
and  two  barns  more  were  burnt  by  the  enemy 
in  and  about  Plymouth ;  who  did  the  like 
mischief  about  the  same  time  to  the  remain- 
ing of  Namasketor  Middleborough. 

About  this  time  another  sort  of  Indians  that 
belonged  to  Wamesit,  a  pliice  near  Chelms- 
ford, bordering  upon  Merrimack,  (who  had 
been  provoked  by  the  rash,  unadvised,  cruel 
acts  of  some  of  the  English,  about  Oct.  27th, 
and  Nov.  4th,  had  fired  upon  them  several 
guns,  both  at  Chelmsford  and  Woburn,  killing 
stune,  and  wounding  others,  upon  suspicion 
that  the  said  Indians  were  guilty  of  burning  a 
barn  and  liny  stack  not  far  olf)  suddenly  turn- 
ed our  enemies,  after  the  winter  was  over; 
having  first  withdrawn  themselves  from  the 
place  assigned  tliein,  and  where  they  had 
been  relieved  all  the  winter  (some  of  them 
after  a  former  revolt)  iiiul  took  their  opportii- 
ty  to  fire  .Mr.  Falconer's  house  in  Andover 
town,  early  that  .spriiiu,  and  wounded  one 
lloger  Mark"-,  and  killed  his  horse.  Two 
more  houses  about  Shawskin,  beyond  the  said 
Andover,  were  burnt  about  March  10th : 
Also  they  killed  a  young  man  of  the  said 
town,  April  8ih,  the  son  of  (leorgo  Abbot ; 
and  anotlier  scm  of  his  also  was  carried  away 
the  same  day,  who,  notwithstanding,  was  re- 
turned some  few  months  alter,  almost  pined 
to  death  with  hunger. 

At  the  s  ime  time  they  killeil  some  of  their 
cattle,  cutting  out  only  the  tongues  of  Rome 
of  them  for  haste,  be!'-.;  shot  nt  by  several  of 
the  inhabitants  from  their  garrison. 


March  10th,  at  Concord,  two  men  going  foi 
hay,  one  of  them  wa.s  killeil.  At  Chelmi- 
ford,  the  said  Wamesit  Indians,  about  Mnrcli 
I8th  before,  fell  upon  smno  houses  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river  ;  burnt  down  three  or 
four  that  belonged  to  the  fuinily  of  Edward 
Colburn :  the  suid  Cnlhurn,  with  Sutniiel 
Varnham,  his  neighbour,  being  pursued,  as 
they  passed  over  the  river  to  look  after  their 
cattle  on  that  side  of  the  river;  and  making 
several  shots  against  them,  who  returned 
the  like  again  upon  the  said  Indians,  judged 
to  be  about  forty  ;  what  success  they  had  upon 
the  enemy,  was  best  known  to  themselves; 
but  tv.  a  of  Varnham's  sons  were  slain  by  the 
enemy,  shot  before  they  could  recover  the 
other  side  of  the  river.  April  IGlh.  also, 
were  fourteen  or  fifteen  hou.ses  wet<.  .^  jrnt 
there. 

Not  long  before  this,  February  1st,  1G76, 
Thomas  Eanics,  that  kept  a  farm  at  Sudbury, 
whose  dwelling  was  three  or  four  miles  out 
of  town,  had  his  house  assaulted  and  fired, 
his  wife  killed,  and  his  children  carried  cap- 
tive among  the  Indians. 

Also  two  men  were  killed  nt  a  farm  about 
Concord,  Isaac  and  Jacob,  about  the  middle 
of  February  and  a  young  maid  that  was  set 
to  watch  upon  a  hill,  of  about  fifteen  years 
of  age,  was  carried  away  captive,  who 
strangely  escaped  away  upon  a  horse  that  the 
Indians  had  taken  from  Lanciisler  a  little  be- 
fore. In  the  like  strange  manner  did  one  of 
Eames'  children  escape  away  about  May  3d 
last,  travelling  thirty  miles  alone  in  the  woods 
without  any  relief  till  he  came  to  an  English 
town.  Eames'  house  was  assaulted  when  l:o 
was  from  home,  by  an  Iixliiin  called  Netiis, 
not  limg  after  slain  nt  Marlborougli,  which 
had  been  very  familiar  with  the  English,  with 
nine  or  ten  more  of  hisciunpaiiy,  as  perfidio.is 
and  barbarous  as  himself.  They  buriK.'d  all 
the  dwellings  that  belonged  to  the  farm,  corn 
hay  and  cattle,  besides  the  dwelling  houses 
with  what  was  therein  ;  it  is  possible  those 
nt  Concord  were  killed  by  the  same  hands 
about  a  fornight  after. 

Many  such  like  remarkable  Instances  of 
special  providences  might  be  mentioned,  if  it 
were  convenient  to  insert  such  particular  pas- 
sages Into  the  genernl  narrative  of  the  late 
troubles  with  our  barbarous  enemies. 

On  May  3d  a  party  of  them  killed  a  man  at 
Haverhill,  upon  tlie  edge  of  Merriniiick  river, 
and  passing  over  the  said  river  to  Hriidford, 
spoiled  another  family,  killing  one  Thomas 
IClmball,  and  carrying  his  wife  and  five  chil- 
dren captive,  forty  miles  up  into  the  woods; 
although  it  was  ipiestioned  whether  this  last 
mischief  w.is  diuio  by  any  of  Philip's  party 
Imt  rather  by  some  that  belongi'd  to  the  east- 
ward Indians,  of  which  there  riiny  be  occasion 
(Joil  willing,  to  spenk  more  of  ni'lerwiird. 

For  the  suppressing  these  iiisolencies.  sev- 
eral companies  of  fresh  soldiers,  both  horse 
and  foot,  were  raifed  in  Miis-iiubiisetts  by  the 
governor  and  council  of  thai  colony,  and  sent 
out  to  suppress  the  coiniiioii  enemy  ;  the  foot 
under  the  ciunmanil  of  Captains  Slill,  Cutler 
and  Holbrook  ;  the  horse  under  the  command 
of  Captains  Brattle,  Prentice  and  Henchman; 
till:  last  of  whom  wns  commander  in  chief. 
These  several  compa  ies  modelled  as  afore- 
said, were  sent  out  .\pril"2rpih,  ICiTfi,  to  range 
the  woods  towards  Hassnnami'sit. 

The  Cth  of  .May  they  met  with  a  considert^ 


654 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


ble  party  of  the  enemy  ;  they  were  first  dis 
coverod  by  the  Natick  scouts  pursuing  a 
hoar,  and  at  first  not  discovering  that  the  Na- 
ticic  Indian  scouts  belonged  to  our  men,  it 
gave  somu  advantage  to  our  forces;  our 
horsemen  falling  upon  them  before  they  were 
mvan;,  killed  and  tjiik  of  the  enemy  about  16, 
which  they  took  no  notice  of  at  the  present, 
although  it  was  confessed  by  themselves  that 
they  lost  twenty  in  that  encounter.  It  was 
reported  that  the  sounding  of  a  trumpet  with 
out  order  did  much  hurt,  but  the  commander 
.n  chief  alfirnieth  that  it  was  no  disadvantage 
to  the  service  in  hand,  it  neitlier  being  heard 
by  our  own  foot,  nor  yet  by  the  enemy.  If 
liny  error  was  committed  by  the  English  com- 
panies, it  was  that  the  horse  did  not  timely 
enough  draw  down  from  tliu  top  of  the  hill, 
whereby  tliey  came  to  be  discovered  by  the 
enemy,  who  thereupon  made  the  more  haste 
to  escape  ;  however,  it  was  no  small  loss  to 
the  enemy,  some  of  the  slain  being  known  to 
bo  considerable  persons  ;  and  it  struck  such 
a  terror  into  them  that  they  never  durst  face 
our  miMi  afte  wards  ;  fm-  although  after  our  men 
returned  to  their  (piarters  at  Medlield,  they 
saw  two  hundred  Hres  in  the  night,  yet  they 
could  never  come  near  them  again  to  fight  any 
company  of  them  ;  but  the  season  proving 
rainy  hindered  any  further  pursuit  of  them  at 
that  time.  And  soon  after  this  the  soldiers 
being  visite«l  with  sickly  distiMnper  by  rea- 
son iif  an  epiiL-niieal  cold  at  that  time  prevail- 
il:g  through  the  country,  they  were  for  the 
prosont  released  for  the  recovery  of  their 
liealtli  with  intent  to  be  called  together  again 
Bt  a  more  convenient  time  ;  this  was  done  the 
lOlh  of  May. 

DiirinsJT  this  interval  of  time,  upon  a  report 
that  a  party  of  the  enemy  were  discovered 
about  Rehoboth,  busy  in  fishing  in  a  river 
thereabouts,  Capt.  Brattle  was  sent  up  about 
the  23  of  .May,  who  with  the  lu'lp  of  some  of 
the  inli:il)itants,  killed  11  or  l:i  of  them,  with- 
out the  loss  of  Init  one  of  our  men.  Had  they 
not  discovered  smne  of  ours  <ni  the  opposite 
shcn-e,  it  was  conceived  a  greater  spoil  might 
have  been  made  amongst  them. 

I5ul  iei  the  next  place  we  must  lake  notice 
of  the  pnireeilings  of  the  enemy  about  Con- 
iieolicut.  The  yreatest  body  of  them  made  to- 
wards Plymouth  colony  early  in  the  spring, 
.IS  Win  Siiid  before,  where  we  shall  leave  ihem 
for  the  present,  and  obs(!rve  what  tlie  remain- 
ing |)art  of  them  did  westward. 

Some  scattei.ng  parlies  were  skulking 
uboiitSpringfield  and  those  lower  towns,  upon 
a  small  nnrulier  of  wlmm  (-'apt.  Holyoke 
(newly  chosi-n  captain  of  Springfield,  in  ihi' 
roinn  of  his  filher  latiily  deceasi:d)  handselled 
his  iilHce  early  in  the  spring;  for  having  no- 
tice of  some  oft  hem  in  those  woods,  he  marched 
idler  ihem  with  ten  or  twelve  ycniiig  men,  and 
waiting  his  opportunity,  sur|>rised  them  near 
the  gri'ul  river  so  that  two  or  three  or  them 
were  left  dead  upon  the  place;  another  mortally 
wounded  ijoton  an  island  in  the  river,  whi^re 
it  is  coneluded  he  look  his  last  night's  lodging. 
The  other  being  sondy  wounded  was  taken 
nlive  and  brouglit  home  to  Springfield,  where 
he  roidi'ssed  rinmy  ihinus  to  one  of  the  inlia- 
lilianls  that  nnilerstood  their  language,  own- 
ing' ihi;  truth  in  itiaiiy  thiiujs  against  his  own 
eciiiiiianv.  and  ilicd  soon  after  of  his  wounds. 

This  wa«  but  a  preparative  to  an  liiyher 
picm   of  set  vice    which   Ca|it.   Holyoke  WiU 


soon  after  engaged  in  and  wherein  he  acquit- 
ted himself  beyond  expectation,  and  taking 
more  pains  than  ordinary  in  making  his  re 
treat,  he  got  a  surfeit,  which  ended  hia  days 
the  September  following,  near  Boston. 

About  the  beginning  of  April  likev/ise, 
some  of  the  inhabitants  about  Hadley,  attend- 
ing their  tillage  at  Hockanum,  within  three 
miles  of  the  town,  and  having  a  guard  '-' 
soldiers  with  them,  yet  three  of  the  company 
were  casually  slain  by  a  party  of  the  enemy 
that  lay  in  wait  for  such  an  opportunity.  One 
of  them  was  Mr.  Goodman,  a  deacon  of  the 
church,  that  went  a  little  beyond  the  com- 
mand of  the  soldiers  tbatcaroe  to  guard  them, 
to  view  the  fence  of  his  own  land,  and  two 
others,  that  contrary  to  express  orders  would 
venture  upcm  the  top  of  an  high  hill  near  by, 
to  take  a  needless  and  unseasonable  view  of 
the  country,  were  shot  down  by  the  enemy 
before  they  could  recover  their  corps  du 
guard. 

But  the  great  company  of  the  enemy  that 
stayed  on  that  side  of  the  country,  and  about 
Watchnset  hills,  when  the  rest  went  towards 
Plymouth,  though  they  had  been  disappointed 
in  their  planting  bj  tin;  death  of  Canonchet, 
were  loth  to  lose  the  advantage  of  the  fishing 
season  then  coming  in;  wherefore,  having 
seated  themselves  near  the  upper  falls  of 
Connecticut  river,  not  fur  from  Ueerfield,  and 
perceiviiifT  that  the  English  forces  were  now 
drawn  olf  from  the  lower  towns  of  Hadley 
and  Northatiipton,  now  and  then  took  advan- 
tage to  plunder  them  of  their  cattle,  and  not 
fearing  any  assault  from  our  soldiers,  ^rew  a 
little  secure,  while  they  were  upon  their  fish- 
ing design,  insomuch  that  a  couple  of  Eng- 
lish lads  lately  taken  captive  by  the  enemy, 
and  making  their  escape,  acquainted  their 
friends  at  home  how  secure  they  lay  in  those 
places,  which  so  animated  the  iidiabitants  of 
Hadley,  Hatfield  and  Northampton,  that  they 
being  willing  to  be  revenged  for  the  loss  of 
their  cattle,  Ijcsides other  preceding  mischiefs, 
took  up  a  reaoluti(Ui  with  what  strength  they 
coidd  raise  among  themselves  (partly  out  of 
garrison  soldiers,  and  partly  of  the  inhabitants) 
to  make  an  assault  upon  thein,  which  if  it  had 
been  done  with  a  little  more  deliberation, 
waiting  for  the  coming  of  supplies,  expected 
from  Hartford,  might  have  proved  a  fatal 
business  to  all  the  sad  Indians:  yet  was  the 
victory  obta-ned  more  considerably  than  at 
first  was  ap[)rehended  ;  for  not  having  much 
above  an  liundred  and  filty  fighting  men  in 
their  company,  they  inarcheil  above  twenty 
miles  silently  in  the  dead  of  the  night.  May 
ISth,  and  came  upmi  tin;  said  Indians  a  little 
before  breal.  of  day,  whom  they  found  almost 
in  a  deep  sleep,  without  any  scouts  abroad, or 
watching  about  their  wigwams  at  homo ;  for 
in  the  evening  they  had  made  themselves 
merry  with  new  milk  and  roast  beef,  having 
latelv  driven  away  many  of  their  milk  cows, 
as  an  English  woman  confessed  that  was  made 
to  milk  lliein. 

When  ihev  came  near  the  Indiana'  rendez- 
vous, they  1  lighted  off  iheir  horses,  and  tied 
them  to  some  young  trees  at  a  (]uarter  of  a 
iTiilo  distance,  so  mar(hiii'.r  up,  they  fiii'd  bri.sk- 
ly  into  ilii'ir  wiirwains,  Uilliiii;  many  upon  the 
place,  and  frii;liliiiij  others  with  the  sudden 
al.irin  of  iheir  guns,  and  iiiadi;  them  r.in  into 
till-  rivi-r  whi'i-e  tlu?  swiftness  of  tin!  stream 
currying  them  down  a  steep  fill,  they  perish- 


ed in  the  waters,  some  getting  into  canoos 
(small  boats  mode  of  the  bark  of  birch  trees) 
which  proved  to  them  a  Charon's  boat,  being 
sunk,  or  overset  by  the  shooting  of  our  men, 
delivered  them  into  the  like  danger,  the 
waters  giving  them  thereby  a  passport  into 
the  other  world  :  Others  of  them  creeping  for 
shelter  under  the  banks  of  the  great  river, 
were  espied  by  our  men  and  killed  with  their 
swords  ;  Capt.  Holyoke  killing  five  young 
and  old,  with  his  own  hands,  from  under  a 
bank.  When  tlie  Indians  were  first  awaken- 
ed with  the  thunder  of  their  guns,  they  cried 
out  Mohawks,  Mohawks,  as  if  their  own  na- 
tive enemies  had  been  upon  them  ;  but  the 
dawning  of  the  light  soon  notified  them  of  their 
error,  though  it  could  not  prevent  their  danger. 

Such  as  came  back  spake  sparingly  of  the 
number  slain  ;  gome  said  they  could  noi.  in 
reason  be  less  than  two  or  three  hundred  of 
them  that  must  necessarily  perish  in  the  midst 
of  so  many  instruments  of  destruction  ma- 
naged against  them  with  such  disadvantages 
to  them"  '  .  Someof  their  prisoners  after- 
wards ,d  that  they  lost  above  300  in  that 
camisau^  some  whereof  were  principal  men, 
sachems,  and  some  of  tholr  best  fighting  men 
that  were  left,  which  made  the  victory  more 
considerable  than  otherwise  it  would  have 
been  ;  nor  did  they  seem  ever  to  recover  ihein- 
selves  after  this  defeat,  but  their  ruin  imme- 
diately followed  npon  it.*  Yet  such  was  the 
awful  hand  of  providence  in  the  close  of  the 
victory,  mixing  much  bitter  with  the  sweet 
that  it  might  well  be  called  a  costly  victory 
to  the  conquerors,  that  so  no  flesh  should  glory 
in  itself. 

The  Indians  that  lay  scattered  on  both  sidcj 
of  the  river,  after  they  recovered  themselves 
and  discovered  the  small  number  of  them  that 
assailed  them,  turned  head  upon  the  English, 
who  in  their  retreat  were  much  disordered 
for  want  of  the  help  of  the  eldest  captain  that 
was  so  enfeebled  by  sickness  before  he  .set 
out,  that  he  was  no  way  able  for  want  of  bo- 
dily strength  (not  any  way  defective  for  want 
of  skill  or  courage)  to  assist  or  direct  in  mak- 
ing the  retreat:  For  some  of  the  enemy  fell 
upon  the  guards  that  kept  the  horses,  others 
pursued  them  in  the  rear,  so  that  our  men  sus- 
tained very  much  damage  as  they  retireil, 
missing  after  their  returns  thirty  eight  of  their 
men  ;  and  if  Capt.  Holyoke  had  not  played 
the  man  at  a  more  than  ordinary  rate,  some- 
times in  the  fr;)nt,  sometimes  in  lh<(  flank  and 
rear,  at  a  fatal  business  to  the  assailants,  our 
loss  would  have  been  still  greater.  The  said 
Captain  Holyoke's  horse  was  shot  down  under 
him,  and  himself  ready  to  be  assaulted  by 
many  of  the  Indiana,  .just  nnniiig  upon  him, 
but  discharging  his  pistols  upmi  mie  or  two 
of  them,  whom  he  presently  ilispalched,  and 
A  friend  coming  to  his  re.scue,  he  was  saved, 
and  so  carried  off  the  soldiers  willunit  any  liir- 
ther  loss.  It  is  confidently  reported  by  some 
that  were  there  present  at  this  engagement, 
that  one  told  above  an  hundred  Indians  left 
lead  upon  the  place  ;  and  another  afilrnied 
that  he  told  near  an  hundred  and  fiirty  swim- 
ming down  the  fdls,  none  of  which  were  ol)- 
starved   to  get  alive  to   the   shore   save  one. 


*  Tlirm  wan  bin  hne  of  our  itmn  killril  In  llio  vmige 
inrnt :  (liPir  to'iH  following  whs  tiwiiic  in  tin*  rf  pitri  o(  a 
rit|)f(iiil  litl«(Mi,  vvJMt  Hiiiil  riiilip  UU1  iitsir  »il)i  liMHI  mrn. 
word  wnn  llirn  civci)  tor  rvrrv  iiinii  to  shin  for  h-tiisrll' .  • 
puiii:  leiiieil  llie  inon,  whu  inMantly  flnliii  cuMuaiun. 


A   NARRATIVE   OP 


655 


getting  into  canoos 
liark  of  hirch  rrcps) 
llmron's  boat,  liciiio' 
hooting  of  our  inon° 
10    like  tlaiigor,   tlia 
■ebv  a  passport  into 
of  them  creeping  for 
of  the  prout  rivor, 
and  killed  with  their 
killing  five   young 
ands,  from  under  a 
8  were  first  nwaken- 
fieir  puns,  they  cried 
,  as  if  their  own  ra- 
upon  them  ;  Ijut  the 
notified  them  of  their 
>revent  their  danger, 
ike  sparingly  of  '.ho 
they  couhl  noi,  in 
)r  three  hundred  of 
y  perish  in  the  midst 
of  destruction  ma- 
such  disadvantiii,'es 
their  prisoners  after-  ' 
)st  above  300  in  tlmt 
were  prinripiil  men, 
,ir  best  fighting  men 
ie  the  victory  more 
vise    it  would  )i«ve 
ver  to  recover  thern- 
ut  their  ruin  immc- 
Yetsuch  was  the 
:e  in  tlie  close  of  the 
ter  with   tlie   sweet 
lied  a  costly  victory 
no  flesh  should  glory 

attered  on  both  sidej 
•covered  themselves 
number  of  them  that 
d  upon  the  Enijlish, 
e  much  disorileruj 
0  eldest  captain  that 
mess  before  Ik-  set 
iblc  for  want  of  b„. 
y  defective  for  want 
ist  or  direct  in  niak- 
e  of  the  enemy  fell 
It  the  horses,  others 
so  that  our  men  sus- 
e   as   they  retireii, 

thirty  elfjht  of  their 
ke  had  not  jilaved 
rdinary  rate,  some- 
les  in  the  (lunk  and 

the  assiiiliints,  nur 
greater.  'J'lie  said 
as  shot  downuiuler 

0  be  assaulli'il  by 
coming  u|>on  hini, 
'  upon  one  or  two 
ly  dispalthed,  ami 
:ue,  he  was  saved, 
rs  without  anv  fur- 
reported  liy  some 
this   erifTHgenient, 

ndred  Indians  left 

1  another  afllrnied 
d  and  forty  s«irn- 
af  which  were  oii- 
i   shore   save  one. 


II  liilli-d  in  ilii<  piiiijo 
•  iriL'  111  Ihi-  rijMirl  iil'  a 
••  iif.ir  niili  tiiilli  11,,'n. 

lu  "hifl  fur  h  t II',  I 

y  flt'il  ill  cit'.i'uBtuii, 


The  loss  that  befel  our  men  in  the  retreat  was 
occasioned  principally  by  the  bodily  weak- 
ness of  Capt.  Turner,  unable  to  manage  his 
charge  any  longer,  yet  some  say  they  wanted 
powder  wblcli  force<l  them  to  retire  as  fust  as 
they  could  by  Capt.  Turner's  order.  It  is  also 
saiu  by  one  present  at  the  fight,  that  seven  or 
eight  in  the  rear  of  the  English  through  haste, 
missed  their  way,  it  being  a  cloudy  dark 
morning,  and  were  never  heard  of  again ; 
and  without  doubt  fell  into  the  Indians'  hands, 
and  it  is  feared  some  of  them  were  tortured. 
About  seven  days  after  this  they  had  a  mind 
to  try  the  chance  of  war  again,  and  see  if  they 
could  not  recover  their  loss  by  returning  the 
like  upon  the  English  :  For, 

May  30th,  a  great  number  of  them  (suppo- 
sed t'-  1: 1  six  or  seven  hundred)  appeared  be- 
fore Ha  field,  fired  about  12  houses  and  barns 
without  the  fortification  of  the  town;  a  num- 
ber of  houses  in  the  centre  of  the  town  were 
surrounded  with  palisadoes ;  these  were  at- 
tacked ;n  the  daytime,  when  the  men  were 
r.t\  out  :n  the  fields,  except  one  aged  man ; 
they  drove  away  multitudes  of  their  cattle 
and  sheep,  spreading  themselves  in  the  mea- 
dow near  the  town  ;  which  bravado  so  raised 
the  courage  of  their  .leighbours  at  Hadley 
that  twenty-five  resolute  young  men  ventured 
over  the  river  to  relieve  Hatfield  in  this  dis- 
tress, who  charged  the  enemy  with  such  un- 
daunted courage  aii.l  resolution  {Auilacesfor- 
tunajuvat)  that  they  beat  down  five  or  six  at 
the  first  shot  they  made ;  so  making  way 
through  the  thickest  of  their  enemies,  that  lay 
ready  to  take  aim  at  them  bob.ind  every  tree 
as  they  oasscd  by  ;  yet  they  escaped  all  their 
■liot  till  they  ca;iie  within  a  little  of  the  town, 
where  they  lost  five  of  their  number. 

The  enemy  being  amazed  at  the  resolution 
of  our  men,  being  but  so  small  a  handful,  that 
they  fled  immediately  from  the  town;  having 
lost  twenty-five  of  their  men  in  the  enterprise. 
The  council  of  Massachusetts  gathering  by 
these  proceedings  of  the  Indians,  that  their 
desire  of  peace  was  only  to  gain  time,  ordered 
*.lmt  the  forces  raised  before  April  27th,  and 
for  a  time  released,  should  be  hastened  out 
igaiii  to  range  the  woods  towards  Hadley, 
and  those  parts,  made  an  agreement  with 
Hartford  colony  to  senJ  'irces  from  thence 
to  meet  them  aliout  Ri  kfield,  and  so  to 
scout  along  on  both  sides  Connecticut,  to  dis- 
rest  the  enemy  what  they  could,  and  keep 
them  fniin  fishing  in  those  waters,  their  hope 
of  pliintiiig  being  now  almost  over.  To  this 
end,  about  May  30tb,  1G7G,  the  forces  under 
Ciiiit.  Henehiniin  wen;  called  together  again, 
and  sent  to  ISmokfield,  lo  meet  with  those  ex- 
pected from  Hartford  rolony  ;  in  the  way, 
ours  bv  direotlim  of  Tom  Doublet  (a  Niitlc 
Indian,  who  was  a  little  before  employed  in 
the  redemption  of  captives)  following  tracks 
of  Indians,  rame  upon  a  party  of  the  enemy 
fishing  in  Weshiiciim  ponds,  towards  Lancas- 
ter, of  whom  they  killed  seven,  and  took 
tivenly-nine,  mostly  women  and  children  ;  y<'t 
belonging  to  considerable  persons,  it  made  the 
success  the  more  to  be  vabn-d.  Our  forces 
beiriii;  by  this  means  retarded,  could  not  meet 
wltli  those  of  Ooimecliniit  at  Urookfield,  but 
followed  them  ihe  week  after ;  liaving  first  re- 
turned from  Weshacom,  to  Marlborough  to 
siioply  themselves  with  aininiinitlon,  anil  so 
marilieddlreclly  towards  Hadley,  where  they 
met  with  Coiinocticut  forces:  and  from  thence 


according  to  mutual  agreement,  ours  marched 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  and  Connecticut 
forces  to  the  west  up  towards  Squakeag  (now 
Northfield,)  coming  to  Deerfield,  and  the 
great  fulls  thereabouts,  they  sent  up  their 
scouts,  but  not  hearing  of  the  enemy,  they 
marched  up  no  higher,  being  in  no  good  ca- 
pacity to  have  gone  further  if  there  had  been 
occasion,  by  reason  of  a  tedious  storm  of  rain 
which  occasioned  much  damage  in  their  am- 
munition and  provision.  While  our  forces  lay 
about  Deerfield,  gome  of  our  soldiers  ranging, 
lighted  upon  the  body  of  Capi.  '''urner,  about 
Green's  river,  in  passing  of  which  stream  he 
was  supposed  to  have  received  his  mortal 
wounds. 

While  our  forces  continued  thereabouts, 
they  did  the  enemy  some  little  spoil,  in  sei- 
zing much  of  their  fish  and  goods  stolen  from 
the  English,  and  hid  in  their  barns  under 
ground;  conjecturing  also  that  they  found  four 
or  five  places  where  some  of  the  English  had 
been  tortured  to  death  by  cruel  burning  after 
they  liad  been  fastened  between  stakes  set  in 
the  ground  ;  but  not  meeting  with  any  of  the 
enemy,  they  all  returni-d  home,  conceiving  that 
having  been  forced  from  their  quarters  in 
tho  ^  parts,  they  were  drawn  down  lower  to- 
wai  s  tho  English  plantations  eastward  viz. 
Plymouth  and  Massachusetts.  What  success 
Capt.  Henchman's  forces  had  in  their  retiring 
homeward,  and  what  they  observed  of  the 
motion  of  the  Indians,  may  be  seen  in  a  letter 
of  his  dated  June  30tli :  "  Our  scouts  brought 
intelligence  that  all  tho  Indians  were  in  a  con- 
tinual motion,  some  toward  Narraganset,  oth- 
ers toward  Watchuset  shifting  gradually,  and 
taking  up  each  others  quarters,  and  lay  not 
above  a  night  in  a  place.  The  twenty-seven 
scouts  brought  in  two  sijuaws,  a  boy,  and  a 
girl,  giving  account  of  five  slain.  Yesterday 
they  brought  in  an  old  fellow,  brother  to  a  sa- 
chem, six  squaws  and  children,  having  killed 
five  men,  and  wounded  others,  if  not  killed 
them,  as  they  su|)posed,  by  the  blood  found 
in  the  way,  and  a  hat  shot  through.  These 
and  the  others,  inform  that  Philip  and  the 
Narragansets  were  gone  several  days  before 
to  their  own  places,  Philip's  purpose  being 
to  do  what  mischief  he  could  to  tho  English. 
By  advice  I  drew  out  a  commanded  iiarty 
under  the  conduct  of  Capt.  Sill,  viz.  si  aeen 
files  of  English,  all  my  ti  'ops,  and  tho  Ii  dians, 
excepting  one  file,  being  all  we  coiih'  make 
provision  for,  for  what  with  the  fallhig  short 
of  the  bread  promised  us,  and  a  great  deal  of 
that  we  had,  proving  mouldy,  the  rest  of  the 
forces  bad  but  one  biscuit  a  man  to  bring 
them  to  this  place  :  This  party  was  ordered 
lowurds  Watchuset,  and  so  to  Nashaway  and 
Waslmkem  ponds,  where  we  have  notice  In- 
dians were,  and  so  to  return  unto  this  place  : 
whereby  your  honour's  letters  ihatcauie  to  me 
yesterday  morning,  1  iindestood  that  provision 
was  ordered  for  us  and  which  we  found  to  our 
great  relief,  which  we  met  with  lost  night  com- 
ing hltlier,  wenry  and  hungry.  The  com- 
manded parly  wo  left  at  Quonsiquomon 
where  they  intended  to  stay  a  while  for  the 
last  scouts  we  sent  out :  Eleven  prisoners  we 
had  in  all,  two  of  the  eldest  by  council  wo  |>iit 
to  death,  the  other  nine  the  commlgsiiry  is  or- 
dered to  convey  to  Boston,  with  the  baggage, 
horses,  and  soim'  of  their  attendants  not  fit 
for  tho  service. 

DANIEL  llEXCHMAN." 


It  plainly  appears  by  the  contents  of  tho 
said  letter,  as  by  many  other  testimonies,  that 
about  this  time  the  Indians,  our  enemies,  wlio 
hitherto  had  been  linked  together  as  brethren 
in  iniquity  and  cruelty  were  now  strangely 
divided  and  separated  the  one  from  the  other  ; 
some  impute  it  to  an  assault  made  upon  ihein 
by  the  Mohawks,  who  falling  upon  Philip 
with  the  inland  Indians,  slew  about  fifty  of 
them  ;  whereupon  those  of  Philip's  company 
resolved  to  return  to  their  own  country  and 
do  what  mischief  they  could  to  the  English 
thereabouts;  this  was  reported  by  an  Indian 
brought  to  Seaconk,  June  29,  1776,  taken  at 
Providence. 

Others  are  ready  to  think  that  it  was  upon 
some  quarrel  amongst  themselves,  occasioned 
by  an  evil  spirit  sent  from  God  upon  them, 
that  thereby  they  might,  being  scattereil,  the 
more  easily  be  taken  and  ruined  by  the  Eng- 
lish, now  that  the  time  of  vengeance  was 
come  when  they  shall  be  called  to  an  account 
for  all  their  former  outrages  and  cruelties  : 
for  now  is  the  snare  hastening  upon  them 
wherein  they  shall  be  hampered  in  their 
own  devices  so  to  be  taken  and  destroyed. 
It  cannot  but  be  acknowledged  as  a  very  re- 
markable providence,  that  Capt,  Henchman 
in  his  late  expedition  to  Hudley,  killed  and 
took  about  84  of  the  enemy,  without  the  loss 
of  any  one  of  his  own  men  ;  the  like  favour- 
able success  happened  to  Major  Talcot  in  his 
passage  from  Norwich  to  Quabaog,  as  wai 
said  before,  and  soon  after  his  r.  airn. 

But  by  the  time  our  foices  \.ere  returned 
home  as  far  as  Sudbury,  they  were  ordered, 
upon  the  solicitation  of  the  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth, two  companies  of  them  at  least,  to 
march  away  immediately  to  Dedham,  and  s  > 
to  Seaconk,  or  Rehobotli,  to  join  Major  Brad- 
ford in  the  pursuit  of  Philip,  who  was  it  seems 
with  many  hundreds  of  his  barbarous  followers 
fallen  upon  the  English  plantations  there- 
abouts, and  whither  also  a  little  before,  Capt. 
Brattle  with  a  troop  of  horse,  and  Capt.  Mosely 
with  a  company  of  foot,  were  sent  up  from 
Boston  to  pursue  after  them,  now  flocking  in 
great  numbers  to  those  woods.  There  wa.s 
at  this  lime  no  small  hopes  of  surprising  Phil- 
ip ;  several  reports  being  brought  that  he  was 
seen  in  this  and  that  place,  not  having  above 
twenty  or  thirty  men  attending  on  him  ;  but 
his  time  was  not  yet  fully  come,  nor  had  he  as 
yet  fully  accomplished  all  that  mischief  he  wiis 
like  to  be  suffered  to  d)  ;  For  on  the  1st  of 
July,  1C7G,  a  party  of  hi.'  Indians  coniniilted 
a  horrid  and  barbarous  nurder  upon  Mr. 
Hezekiah  Willet  of  Swanzy ,  a  hopefil  young 
gentleman  as  any  in  those  parts.  They  used 
frequently  to  keep  a  senllnel  on  thi;  top  of 
their  house  from  a  wnfch-house  built  thereon, 
whence  they  could  discover  any  Indians  be- 
fore they  came  near  the  house,  but  not  hear- 
ing of  the  enemy  in  those  parts  for  a  consider- 
able time,  that  necessary  piece  of  circumspec- 
tion was  omitted  that  day,  whereby  that  de- 
serving person  was  betrnyeil  into  their  cruel 
hands  ;  for  within  a  quartei*  of  an  hour  after 
he  went  out  of  his  own  door,  within  .-!;'ht  of 
his  house,  he  was  shot  at  by  three  of  tlieoi  it 
once,  from  every  one  of  whom  he  received  a 
mortal  wound;  tbey  after  their  larbarous 
manner  took  ofTliis  head,  and  carried  it  away 
with  them  (which  however  was  soon  alier  re- 
covered) leaving  tin.  trunk  of  his  body  b« 
hind,  us   a  sad   monument  of  tlieir   iiihuinun 


858  

cruelty.  The  same  Indians,  not  being  abo"e 
thirty  in  nuinbttr,  took  away  a  negro  belonging 
to  the  same  family,  who  being  lailhiul  to  bis 
master's  and  the  country's  interest,  ventured 
his  life  to  make  his  escape,  which  was  the 
preservation  of  many  others  ;  for  the  said  nC' 
gro  being  a  little  acquainted  with  their  Ian' 
guage  discovered  to  the  English  ailer  his  es- 
cape Philip's  purpose  to  seize  such  and  such 
places  :  in  the  first  place  to  assault  Taunton, 
which  in  all  probability  had  been  in  great 
danger,  if  their  treacherous  plots  and  purposes 
had  not  so  wonderfully  been  made  known  be- 
forehand. The  said  negro  afHrmed,  that  there 
was  near  a  thousand  of  them  ;  for  he  observed 
that  alth'jugh  they  killed  twenty  head  of  neat 
cattle  over  night,  yet  there  was  not  any  part 
of  them  left  the  next  day  at  eight  o'  clock  in 
the  morning.  By  this  special  providence  the 
enemy  was  defeated  of  their  purpose,  and 
never  after  had  an  opportunity  of  doing  any 
consiJeriible  damage  to  the  English  in  that 
part  of  tlio  country.  So,  after  this  day,  we 
may  truly  dale  the  time  of  our  deliverance, 
and  beginning  of  revenges  upon  the  enemy  ; 
now  is  their  own  turn  come,  when  it  shall  be 
done  unto  them  as  they  have  done  unto  us : 
llicy  that  before  led  others  into  captivity  must, 
henceforth  go  into  captivity  themselves :  and 
they  tliBt  killed  with  the  sword  must  them- 
selves be  killed  witli  the  sword,  as  in  the  se- 
quel of  this  narrative  will  abundantly  be  man- 
ifest :  the  history  of  which  before  we  shall 
any  further  pursue,  we  must  a  little  while  wait 
upon  our  fnend8(tho8e  forces  sent  from  Connec- 
ticut) in  their  return  back  into  their  own  colo- 
ny :  before  it  be  done,  some  things  should  be 
premised  concerning  the  occasion  of  their 
coming,  and  the  success  tiiat  did  attend  them 
in  tlicir  ma.r.h  thither. 

Our  friendi  and  brethren  of  that  colony,  al- 
though they  had  never  actually  felt  half  of 
those  miseries  that  befel  the  people  ofthe  other 
two,  yet  never  denied  their  assistance  to  the 
suppress'.ngof  the  common  enemy,  yea,  some- 
ifines  they  did  offer  it,  before  it  was  express- 
ly desired,  according  to  the  tenor  of  the  articles 
of  confederation  and  rules  of  common  pru- 
dence ;  considering  that  if  the  fire  of  this  war 
was  not  timely  extinguished  it  would  endan- 
ger th.^ir  own  fiibric;  tbere/ore  according  to 
agreement,  the  council  of  that  colony  ordered 
tlieir  succssful  commander,  Major  Talcot,  to 
meet  our  forces  at  Q,uabaog,  or  Brookfield, 
in  order  to  the  pursuing  of  the  enemy  in  those 
parts.  In  the  way  as  they  were  marching 
from  Norwich  thither,  divine  Providence  so 
far  smiled  upon  the  enterprise,  as  to  give 
them  an  opportunity  to  surprize  51  of  the 
eiiiMiiy,  of  whom  19  were  slain,  without  the 
loss  of  any  one  of  their  own  company,  which 
could  not  but  much  enhance  the  price  of  the 
victory  to  the  cimquerors.  The  like  success 
had  their  friends  which  they  left  behind  (the 
volunteers  gathered  out  of  three  towns  by  the 
seaside,  New-London,  Stonington  and  Nor- 
wich) and  who  were  some  of  them  releas- 
ed by  Major  Talcot,  when  he  first  beg^n  his 
niarcli,  that  tlicy  might  better  in  the  absence  of 
the  army  guard  their  own  towr»  •  for  before 
the  return  of  their  forces  unJ--  Major  Tal- 
cot to  that  side  ofthe  country,  Ji^y  had  made 
two  expeditions  against  their  enemies,  the 
Narragaiisets,  that  were skulkingupand down 
111!  llial  siilii  of  the  coiiiitry,  in  one  of  which 
iha^'  killed  and  look  above  30,  the  most  of 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


whom  being  men,  are  said  to  have  been  slain 
by  them.  In  the  other  45,  the  most  of  whom 
probably  were  women  and  children,  but 
being  all  young  serpents  of  the  same  brood, 
the  subduing  or  taking  so  many,  ought  to  be 
acknowledged  as  another  signal  victory  and 
pledge  of  divine  favour  to  the  English.  But 
to  return,  it  was  not  without  the  special  direc- 
tion of  Providence  that  those  Hartford  forces 
were  sent  to  those  western  towns  a  week  be- 
fore those  of  Massachusetts  could  get  thither; 
for  otherwise  one  or  more  of  those  towns 
might  have  been  lost ;  seeing  that  on  the  12th 
of  June,  soon  after,  if  not  the  next  day  after 
they  arrived  there,  the  enemy,  as  if  resolved 
to  try  the  utmost  of  their  power,  violently  as- 
saulted the  town  of  Hadley,  with  a  body  of 
about  700  men,  at  five  or  six  o'  clock  in 
the  morning  laying  in  ambush  at  one  end 
ofthe  town,  while  the  greater  part  of  them 
were  alarming  the  other ;  but  the  Connecticut 
forces  being  at  that  time  qiartered  in  the 
towns  thereabouts,  (who  were  English,  and 
friendly  Indians,  Pequods  and  Mohegins, 
about  500  in  all)  that  were  ready  at  hand, 
besides  those  that  had  been  quartered  there 
ever  since  March,  who  had  been  left  by  Ma- 
jor Savage  when  he  left  those  parts  under  the 
command  and  charge  of  Captam  Turner  slain 
at  the  great  falls,  as  is  noted  before,  but  since 
commanded  by  Captain  Swoin.  These  by 
their  joint  and  ready  assistance,  wherein  the 
fence  of  palisadoes  surrounding  the  town  was 
no  little  advantage,  gave  the  Indians  such  a 
smart  repulse,  that  they  found  the  place  too  hot 
for  them  to  abide  it ;  for  the  soldiers  or  towns- 
men within  firing  a  piece  of  ordnance.so  af- 
frighted the  savages,  or  a  party  of  them  against 
whom  it  wasdischarged.that  although  they  had 
just  before  surprised  a  house  on  the  north  port 
of  the  town, yetthey  instantly  fled  leavingsomo 
of  their  dead  upon  the  place;  nordid  they  any 
considerable  mischief  with  all  their  numbers, 
save  firing  abarn  about  that  end  ofthe  town  and 
killing  two  or  three  of  oursoldicrs,  or  two  da- 
ring mhabitants,  who  would  against  express 
order,  venture  to  go  without  the  fortification. 
It  was  accounted  by  some  that  were  pres- 
ent near  the  time  of  that  assault,  a  great  over- 
sight that  having  so  fair  an  opportunity  to 
chace  the  enemy  upon  so  considerable  advan- 
tage, it  was  let  slip,  and  not  improved,  for 
Connecticut  soldiers  being  all,  or  mostofthem 
furnished  with  horses,  they  might  have  been 
soon  overtaken,  and  many  of  them  destroyed, 
but  God  hid  it  from  their  eyes.  The  com- 
mander in  chief,  it  is  said,  quartered  at  one 
end  ofthe  town,  (Hatfield  was  then  within 
the  limits  of  Hadley)  on  the  wesi,  side  ofthe 
river,  and  did  not  apprehend  the  advantage 
till  the  season  was  over ;  nor  was  any  such 
assault  expected  from  the  enemy  so  early  in 
the  morning ;  it  bein^  a  general  ot)servation 
heretofore,  that  they  seldom  or  ever  used  to 
make  any  attempts  in  the  night ;  part  of  which 
could  not  but  be  improved  in  way  of  prepa- 
ration for  such  a  design.  But  the  Lord  of 
Hosts  who  is  wise  in  council,  and  wonderful 
in  working  will  find  some  other  way  to  des- 
troy our  enemies,  wherein  the  hand  of  his 
providence  should  more  remarkably  bo  seen, 
that  so  no  flesh  shiniid  glory  in  its  own  wis- 
dom or  strength,  but  tlia  salvation  might  ap- 
pear to  be  from  the  Lord  alone.  The  rest  of 
this  month  was  spent  without  any  other  mat- 
ter of  moment  happening  lliercln. 


The  governor  and  council  of  Massachusetts, 
taking  into  serious  consideration  the  many 
merciful  occurrences  that  had  returned  upon 
us,  notwithstanding  the  mixture  of  many  dis- 
pensations of  a  contrary  nature,  thought  them- 
selves bound  to  make  some  public  acknow- 
ledgment thereof,  to  him  whose  name  alone  is 
worthy  to  be  praised.  The  29th  of  June  was 
set  apartasadayofpublic  tha..ksgivingtoGod, 
who  had  thus  remembered  his  people  in  their 
low  estate.  And  that  matter  of  thanksgiving 
might  not  be  wanting  at  the  day  appointed, 
the  very  day  before  were  most  of  our  English 
captives  brought  back  from  the  Indians,  and 
many  more  soon  after  to  the  number  of  16, 
whose  mouths  might  then  well  he  filled  with 
laughterand  theirtongues  with  singing,  both  of 
themselves  and  all  that  were  any  way  concern- 
ed in  their  welfare. 

And  as  this  day  appointed  for  solemn  and 
public  thanksgiving  was  ushered  in  by  several 
special  mercies,  so  also  was  it  followed  with 
many  remarkable  benefits.  For  besides  the 
preserving  the  town  of  Northampton,  March 
the  14th,  and  Hadley  June  the  12th,  by  the 
timely  sending  our  forces  the  very  nlglit  be- 
fore they  were  assaulted  ;  the  saving  of  the 
people  of  Marlborough  from  being  cut  off, 
was  very  observal)le,  when  Mr.  Graves  by 
occasionally  going  from  the  sermon  with  the 
extremity  of  the  toothache,  March  26th,  dis- 
covered the  Indians  ready  to  assault  the  town, 
and  the  people  might  have  been  cut  off  had 
not  the  accident  happened.  It  is  certain  that 
after  the  end  of  this  month  the  power  of  the 
enemy  began  everywhere  to  full ;  for  tho 
body  of  the  enemy  that  lurked  about  Connec- 
ticut river  all  this  spring,  being  visited  with 
sundry  diseases,  disappointed  of  the  fishing, 
and  put  by  their  planting,  began  to  be  at  va- 
riance among  themselves  ;  the  Hadley  and 
Pocumtuck  (now  Deerfield)  Indians  quar- 
relling with  Philip  for  bringing  all  this  mis- 
chief about,  and  occasioning  the  English  and 
them  to  fall  out,  with  whom  they  had  always 
good  correspondence,  and  lived  lovingly  to- 
gether, but  now  they  were  like  to  be  ruined 
by  the  war.  This  quarrel  proceeded  to  that 
height,  that  from  that  time  forword,  those  se- 
veral Indians  that  had  for  so  long  a  time  been 
combined  together,  resolved  now  to  part,  and 
every  one  to  shift  for  themselves,  and  return 
to  their  own  homos  ;  Philip  to  Mount  Hope, 
and  the  Nnrragansote  to  their  own  country 
ogain  :  the  Nipnets  and  the  river  Indians  ben- 
ding their  course  westward,  others  north- 
ward, towards  Pennicook,  upon  Merrimack, 
intending  to  shift  for  themselves  as  well  as  they 
could  for  the  future;  all  which  is  like  to  Le 
the  real  and  true  state  ofthe  case  with  tho 
Indians  which  were  our  enemies ;  fiir  the 
next  news  we  heard  of  Philip,  was  that  he 
had  returned  back  to  Mount  Hope  now  like  to 
become  Mount  Misery  unto  him  and  his  vaga- 
bond crew,  and  that  his  friends  and  allies  that 
had  hitherto  stood  as  neuters,  waiting  only 
which  way  tho  scale  of  success  and  victory 
would  turn,  began  now  to  sue  for  mercy  at 
tho  hands  of  the  English  :  The  Massachu- 
setts' government  having  understood  some- 
thing of  this  nature,  put  forth  a  declaration, 
that  whatsoever  Indians  should  within  four- 
teen daysnext  ensuing,  come  in  to  the  English 
might  hope  for  mercy.  Amongst  sundry  that 
came  in,  there  was  one  that  was  one  nanifd 
James,  tho  printer,  tho  superadded  title  di> 


il  ofMaasnchusctts, 
oration   the    matij 
lad  returned  upon 
xture  of  many  dis. 
ure,  thouglitthem- 
ic  public  acknow- 
■hose  name  alone  ii 
J  29th  of  June  was 
a..ksgivingtoGa(l, 
his  people  in  their 
:er  of  thanksgivins 
he  day  appointed, 
lost  of  our  English 
!i  the  Indians,  and 
the  number  of  16, 
well  be  filled  with 
,'it)i  singing,  both  ol 
!  any  way  concern- 
id  for  solemn  and 
liered  in  by  several 
%a  it  followed  with 
For  besides  the 
rthamplon,  March 
3  the  12th,  by  the 
he  very  night  be- 
the  saving  of  the 
om  being  cut  off, 
n  Mr.  Graves  by 
e  sermon  with  the 
,  March  26lh,  dis- 
o  assault  the  town, 
B  been  cut  off  had 
It  is  certain  that 
the  power  of  tho 
i    to   fail ;  for   tho 
«ed  about  Connec- 
being  visited  with 
ted  of  the  fishing, 
began  to  be  at  va- 
the   Hadley  and 
d)     Indians  quar- 
ging  all  this  mis- 
the  English  and 
they  had  always 
ived  lovingly  to- 
like  to  be  ruined 
Proceeded  to  that 
orward,  those  se- 
0  long  a  time  been 
now  to  part,  and 
elves,  and  return 
to  Mount  Hope, 
leir  own   country 
river  Indians  ben- 
•d,   others   north- 
upon  Merrimack, 
vcs  as  well  as  they 
hich  is  like  to  be 
the  case  with  tho 
enemies;  for  the 
lilip,  was  that  ho 
Hope  now  like  to 
him  and  his  vaga- 
M(ls  and  allies  that 
ers,  waiting  only 
ccess  and  victory 
sue  for  mercy  at 
Tho  Massachu- 
understood  some- 
rth  a  declaration, 
)uld  wiibin  four- 
!  in  to  the  English 
ongst  sundry  that 
WHS  one  namfd 
«radded  title  di.i- 


A   NARRATIVE   OP 


C.57 


lingiiishirig  him  from  others  of  that  name  ; 
wlio  being  a  notorious  a])0stiit(!,  that  had 
leanKid  so  inudi  of  the  English  as  not  only  to 
read  and  write,  but  had  attained  likewise  some 
skill  in  priiitintr,  (and  niij,'lit  Imve  attaini-dmoru' 
had  lie  not  like  a  f.dso  villain  ran  away  from 
Ills  muster  before  his  time  was  out)  he  having 
seen  and  read  tho  said  declaration  of  the  En- 
glish, did  venture  himself  upon  tho  faith 
thereof,  and  came  to  sue  for  his  life  ;  he  alfirni- 
ed  with  others  that  came  along  with  him,  that 
more  Indians  had  died  since  this  war  began, 
of  diseases  (such  as  other  times  they  used  not 
not  to  be  acquainted  with,  than  by  tho  sword 
of  the  English. 

Not  long  after  many  of  them  came  and  of- 
fered themselves,  to  tho  number  of  near  two 
hundred,  men,  women  and  chiblren ;  nnd 
many  more  would  have  done  tho  like ;  but 
their  consciousness  of  guilt  made  them  con- 
clude that  their  cruelties  and  barbarous  mur- 
ders could  never  be  forgotten  by  the  English. 
Hut  what  occurrences  happrned  ne.xt  shall 
appear  in  theirorder.  About  the  end  of  June 
news  was  brought  to  Boston  that  Philip  with 
a  small  party  ofhis  men  lurked  about  Swansy 
orRcihobolli.and  that  ho  might  easily  betaken; 
an  Indian  offering  to  bring  them  to  the  ])lace 
where  they  might  find  him  ;  wliereiipon  sol- 
diers were  instantly  sent  awny  from  Boston, 
v/hospent  some  limein  searching  all  thewoods 
on  thatsideof  thecountry,  but  lit  last  were  for- 
ced to  return,  having  missed  oursoldiers  upon 
the  same  account,  under  Major  Bradford,  wli 
by  the  help  of  some  Indians  of  Cape  Cod 
always  true  to  the  interest  of  the  Engllsli 
not  only  escaped  an  unibush  laid  for  ihein, 
whereby  most  of  them  might  have  been  cut 
off,  but  slew  many  those  of  that  laid  in  wait  for 
tlieni,  without  any  loss  to  themselves ;  yea 
fiirttu-r,  a  squaw  sachem  of  Seaconet,  oiu;  of 
J'hillp's  allies,  having  first  sent  three  mcssen- 
prrs  to  the  governor  of  Plyinoulh,  to  sue  fir 
lite  and  liberty,  promising  submission  to  their 
goverment  on  that  condition  ;  but  understiuid- 
iiig  that  Plyinoiitli  firces  were  iibroiul  befmo 
her  messengers  returned,  she  with  her  peopli^ 
about  ninety  in  .lumber,  rendered  themselves 
tinto  Ma|iir  Bradford,  so  that  above  one  hun- 
dred and  ten,  on  a  moderate  computation, 
were  killed  that  day. 

The  Connecticut  forces  had  tho  like  suc- 
cess wlu'n  sent  into  the  Narraganset  cuiiiiti-y 
under  tlii^  eomniand  of  the  Wduderfiilly  suc- 
cessful Major  Tiilcot,  Capt.  George  Denni- 
jon,  and  Capt.  Newbiirv,  with  other  worthy 
commanders  of  the  same  forces  ;  For,  on  the 
2d  of  tJuly,  IGTC),  as  iIk?  said  commaiulers 
with  the  forces  under  them  were  pursuing  the 
enemy  in  and  abmil  the  Narraganset  cnuiitrv 
towanls  Mount  Hope,  hearing  that  Philip  with 
liis  regiment  of  Warnpanoogs  was  thereabniits 
their  Indian  scouts  from  the  top  of  a  hill  dis- 
covered a  great  luimbi'r  of  theenerny  that  hail 
newly  pitclied  their  station  within  the  semi- 
circle of  a  swamp.  The  English  soldiers 
were  all  mounted  on  horseback,  to  the  iiiim 
ber  of  three  hundred  ;  wherefore  the  com- 
manders nnlered  the  Indians  to  lit'  ready  nt 
the  top  of  a  hill,  upon  a  signal  givcMi  to  run 
down  rapidly  upon  the  enemy  who  were  se- 
r.irely  lodged  in  the  hollow  of  a  swamp  just 
opposite  them,  while  the  horsemen  lieinsi 
divided  into  two  S(pniilrons  to  ride  round  the 
hill,  so  that  at  the  same  instant  both  the  lierse- 
lueii  u|ton  the  two  wings,  and  the  Indians 
•13 


afiiot  rushing  down  suddenly  upon  the  enemy,  I  to  bear,  it  forcing  tears  from  their  ey on,  yot 
put  them  into  a  terrible  fright,  making  a  la-  did  not  the  unhappy   victim  ever  relent  or 


mi'iitalile  outcry,  some  getting  intothe  swam]), 
the  rest  that  were  prevented  by  the  horsemen 
and  (riendly  Iniliuns  coming  so  suddenly 
upon  them,  were  all  taken  prisoners ;  Capt, 
Newbury  wi'h  his  troop  alighted  from  their 
horses  ran  into  tho  swamp  after  them,  where 
they  killed  at  least  an  hundred,  as  was  judged 
by  some  then  present,  taking  also  many  pris- 
oners out  of  those  habitations  of  darkness,  the 
enemy  scarce  daring  to  make  any  resistance; 
for  none  of  the  English,  and  but  one  or  two 
(if  the  Mnhegins  and  Pequods  wero  hurt  in 
the  assault ;  yet  it  was  affirmed  by  a  captain 
present  on  the  iihice  that  with  those  they  killed 
and  took  at  Warwick  neck  on  their  return 
home,  (which  were  not  above  sixty)  that  they 
killed  and  took  oflho  enemy  at  that  time  above 
3000  young  and  old.  At  'he  same  time  was 
taken  the  old  sipiaw  of  Narraganset  colony, 
called  the  old  Queen. 

They  were  necessit.ated  with  this  booty  to 
return  homewards  to  gratify  the  Moheginand 
Peqiiod  Indians  that  accompanied  them,  who 
had  done  them  very  good  service  in  the  ])ur- 
siiit,  having  lost  one  or  two  of  their  men  in  the 
chase  ;  but  their  return  home  was  as  it  proved 
in  the  issue,  more  beneficial  than  their  longer 
stay  might  have  liecui,  to  have  made  a  fruit- 
less jiiirsult  after  Philip,  (whose  time  was 
not  yet  come  although  hastening  apace)  for 
in  their  return  they  met  (50  of  the  enemy,  all 
of  whom  they  slew  and  took,  so  as  their  sword 
returned  not  empty. 

Among  the   prisoners  then   taken    was  a 
sprightly  young  fellow,  seized  by  the  Mohe- 
ins,  who  desired  of  the  English  commanders 
that  he  might  be  delivered  into  tluur  hands, 
that  they  might  put  him  to  death  in  their  own 
way,  and  sacrifice  him  to  their  cruel  genius 
of  revenge,  in  which  iirutish  and  devilish  pas- 
sion they   most  of  all  delight  in.      The  Eng- 
lish, though  not  delighted  in  blood,  yet  at  this 
time  were    not  unwilling  to  gratify  their  hu- 
mour, lest  by  a  denial  they   might  disoblige 
their  Indian  fiieiids,  of  whom  they  lately  made 
so   much   use — partly  also  that  they  might 
have   occular  demonstration   of  the    savage, 
iiarbanms  cruelty  of  tho  heathen.      And  in- 
deed, of  all  the  enemies  that  have  been  the 
preceding  narrative,  this  villain  does  mostde- 
si!rve  to  become  an  object  ofjustice  and  sever- 
ity ;   fir  he  boldly  told  that  he  had   with  his 
gun   dispatched    19  of  the    Rnglish,  and  that 
he  had  charged  it  liu-  the  ?0;h,  b'l'  not  nv"-;- 
Ing  with  anollier,  ami   unwilling  ••>  lose  a  fair 
shut,  he  let  fly  at  a  Mohcjln,  and  killed  him  ; 
with  which  having  completed  his  number  he 
was    fiiUv   satisfied.     But  as  is   iismillv  said, 
justice    vinilii'tive    hath    iron    hands,     though 
leailiMi    feet — this   monster   Is  fiiUen   into  the 
liiinds  of  those  that  will  rejiay  lilm  seven-fold. 
In    the   first  place  therefore,  making  u  great 
circle  they  plaeed  him  In  the'  middle  that  all  tlii'ir 
eyes  nilglit  at  same  time  be  pleased  with  the 
utmost  levengi!  iipiin  him  ;   they  first  cut  one 
of  his  liiiijers  rmind  in  thi!  joint,  at  the  trunk  of 
Ills  hamUvltli  a  sharp  knife,  and  then  broke  it 
oil',  as  was  I'irmerly  the  custom  to  do  with  a 
slaughtered  ln'iist  before  he  isuncased;  and  then 
thev  cut  off  another  and  another  niter  that  till 


show  any  signs  of  anguish  ;  for,  being  asked 
by  his  tormentors  how  he  liked  the  war?  ho 
liked  it  very  well,  and  found  it  as  sweet  a£ 
Knglishmen  do  their  sugar.  In  this  frame  he 
continued  till  his  executioners  had  dealt  with 
tho  toes  ofhis  feet  as  tliey  had  done  with  tho 
fingers  ofhis  bands  before  ;  all  the  time  ma- 
king him  dance  round  the  circle,  and  sing  till 
he  had  wearied  both  himself  and  them.  At 
last  they  broke  the  bones  of  his  legs,  after 
which  he  was  forced  to  sit  down,  which  it  is 
said  he  silently  did,  till  they  knocked  out  his 
brains. 

Within  a  few  days  after,  200  of  the  enemy 
within  Plymouth  jurisdiction  being  distressed 
with  famine  'and  fear  of  danger,  came  and 
f  ubmitted  themselves  to  the  goverment  there  , 
but  i''ree  of  the  company  W(;re  i)resen!ly  de- 
tec  nd  of  a  cruel  murder,  and  villanoiis  as- 
sault upon  oiic  Mr.  Clark's  house  of  Plymouth 
by  a  well  minded  squaw  that  was  among 
them  (hoping  that  such  a  discovery  would  bo 
pleasing  to  the  English)  and  accordingly  ad- 
judged forthwith  to  undergo  condign  punish- 
ment, which  tho  rest  thui  surrendered  them- 
selves, did  not  in  the  least  resent ;  such  kind 
of  villains  being  always  exempted  ''roni  acts  of 
favour  and  mercy.  Those  200  that  had  new- 
ly surrendered  themselves,  that  they  might 
give  full  proof  of  their  fidelity,  offered  to  lead  a 
parly  of  the  English  to  a  place  not  far  off, 
wheretwenty  moreof  the  enemy  mightbe  sur- 
prised, amongst  whom  also  was  one  known  to 
be  a  bloody  murderer  of  an  EnglLshman  tho 
year  before  ;  accordingly  8  Englishman  took 
14  of  the  said  Indians,  and  the  next  day 
brought  in  all  tbe  aforesaid  20  of  the  enemy 
together  with  ;  the  said  murderer,  who  was 
presently  after  executed,  and  the  rest  taken 
into  favour. 

It  is  affirmed  also  tbat  five  orsix  sachemr.  of 
Cape  Cod,  towards  the  eastern  part  of  it, 
came  with  300  Indians  to  make  peace  with 
the  English,  on  the  6lh  July,  one  ofihesaid  sa- 
chems earnestly  desiring  the  English  that  none 
of  them  might  be  suffered  to  sell  any  strong 
liquors  to  the  Indians,  the  trading  of  which, 
possibly  both  in  a  measure  contributed  to  tho 
present  mischief. 

The  next  day,  .Tuly  7th,  a  small  party  of 
ours,  with  a  few  friendly  or  christian  Indians 
with  them,  killed  and  took  seven  of  tho 
enemy  in  tbe  woods  not  far  from  Dedham, 
one  of  which  was  a  Narraganset  sachem, 
who  either  himself  Informeil,  orby  someother 
at  iiat  time  certain  Intelligence  was  brought 
to  Boston,  ihnt  some  (d"  our  enemy  Indians 
had  got  to  Albany,  informing  people  there, 
that  they  might  the  more  easily  get  powder 
and  nmniunition,  that  the  English  and  they 
were  now  at  peace. 

One  of  the  said  Indians  was  the  sacliem  ot 
Springfield,  a  bloody  and  deceltfid  villain  ; 
It  Is  hoped  that  he  is  now  taken  in  the  f  naro 
from  whence  he  shall  not  be  suffered  to  escape, 
Philip  by  this  time  C(Uild  not  but  think  his 
ruin  was  near  at  hand  ;  yet  that  he  might,  in 
Imilntionofhlm  that  stirred  tip  all  this  mischiel 
express  tho  more  wrath,  because  he  knew  his 


i 


time  was  butshort,  intended  if  possible  to  des- 
thev  had  finally  dismembered  (uie  hand  ofall  lis 'troy  one  more  town  before  his  overthrow 
illglta.the  blooil  sometimes  spirting  out  in  |came;  wherefore  on  the  llth  of  July,  with  all 
stroums  a  yard  from  his  hand;  which  liarbarous  the  force  he  could  got,  or  that  he  had  hrft,  he 
anJuiiheardofcruultythoEnglishworenotablulintendod  to  set  upon  Taunton,  having  as  wai 


WPW 


053 


THE   INDIAN   WARS. 


concciviMl,  many  IniiKlriHls  in  liis  c<)ni|mtiy  ; 
Iml  liis  ilnsimi  lu'iiig  siriiiii;t'ly  discovi'icd  l)y  ii 
iii'f^ro  whom  itii-y  liml  tiiki'n  niplivo  ii  lilllc 
lii'lorc,  tlml  linviiig  livod  liriir  llu!  Iiidiaiis 
111  lori',  nndi^rslood  iniich  ol'llii'ir  liiiif;iiii;,'i', 
wlio  milking  Ilia  csriipo  li'oiii  llicin,  n('i|iiuliil('d 
t)ii'  iiiliiiliiliiiit!)  willi  lliu  plot  who  liiivinglinu!- 
Iv  niiliri',  fiiriiislifd  tlinnini'Ivca  wiili  siililii^rs 
wlii'irhy  llit>y  were  idilo  to  rcpiilae  liui  tMii-iny 
ii|>oii  Ills  first  ii|)pmacli;  so  that  ho  only  firrd 
two  honsi's,  find  tlion  fled  nwny  :  Kxci-pt  tho 
Lord  kuopoth  the  city  tliu  watcliman  wutcln  'i 
in  viiin. 

The  22d  of  this  month  of  July,  as  is  liintod 
lioforp,  thiicompnnii-M  sent  from  Concord,  Miiy 
.lOih,  up  toward  Hiidloy,  hnving  spent  imioli 
lim<(  mid  piiins  in  pursuit  of  Philip  nil  the  roiui- 
trv  over  (whom  tliey  could  not  overliikf)  Imv- 
iiig  tired  themselves  with  miiny  long  mid  tedi- 
ous mr.rches  through  the  desert  woods  before 
llioy  returned  home,  somooflhem  were  sent 
towards  Mount  Hope,  yet  their  labour  was 
well  improved,  and  followed  with  good  suc- 
cess nt  the  Inst :  for  in  ranging  those  woods 
in  Plymouth  colony,  they  killeil  and  took  (by 
the  help  of  Capt.  Mosely's  comnmiy  of  Ply- 
ni',.. I  colony)  an  hundred  and  hfty  Indians, 
without  the  loss  of  u  man. 

It  was  feared  that  Philip  and  his  company 
would  have  returned  into  tlie  Nipnet  country, 
to  prevent  which  several  horsemen  were  sent 
to  guard  the  passage;  but  he  lurked  about 
iiis  own  country  in  swiimps  and  oilier  secret 
places,  where  he  wns  as  yet  hid  from  the 
sight  of  the  enemy,  although  mnny  times  they 
happened  to  lodge  very  near  him,  insomuch 
as  nil  Indian  captive  promised  in  two  liours 
time  to  bring  our  soldiers  to  the  very  place 
where  ho  wns  ;  but  they  not  being  able  to 
pass  the  nearest  way,  cnme  a  little  too  late; 
for  they  being  so  chisely  pursued,  hasted  nwny 
leaving  much  of  (heir  treasure  behind  them  ; 
their  kettles  boilingover  the  fire,  their  dead  iin- 
buried,  and  20  of  their  party  were  overtaken, 
that  fell  into  the  English  hniiils:  Philip  him- 
self, and  some  few  of  his  strnggling  fiillowers 
making  llieir  escnpe  by  a  raft  over  an  nrm  of 
the  sea,  into  another  neck  of  land,  on  Pocasset 
side,  not  daring  to  trust  himself  nny  longer  in 
Metapoiset  woods,  so  full  of  our  English  sol- 
diers, as  those  of  Plymoulh,  ns  of  Mnssacliii- 
chuselts  colony,  who  almost  every  day  meet- 
ing with  some  of  his  party,  much  lessened  liis 
number.  Capt.  Church,  tlint  active  and  un- 
wearied commander  of  Plymouth  colony, 
was  at  this  ns  well  a4  long  before,  out  upon 
the  chase  with  but  18  English,  and  32  Indians 
that  were  friends,  had  four  several  engnge- 
ments  with  Philip's  party,  wherein  he  spoiled 
7G  of  the  enemy,  without  the  loss  of  one  of 
hia  own  men.  In  several  of  these  skirmishes 
those  Indians  that  upon  submission  had  their 
lives  given  them,  Iiave  done  nolible  service  in 
hunting  out  the  enemy  in  all  their  lurking 
pluoes. 

At  another  time  they  took  Philip's  squaw, 
and  one  of  his  chief  coujisellors  ;  and  about 
the  same  time  another  suchem  about  Pocas- 
set  with  forty  Indians  submitted  himself  to 
tho  government  of  Plymouth,  on  promise  of 
life  and  liberty.  It  seemed  that  now  the  time 
of  our  deli'-erance  was  come,  and  the  time 
also  for  tho  I'estruction  of  our  enemies  :  For 
the  last  week  in  July,  Massachusetts  under- 
standing that  some  Indians  were  seen  roving 
up  and  duwn  the  woods  about  Dedham,  al- 


most Hiarved  fiir  want  of  victuals,  sent  a  small 'shot  down,  and  had  tho  soldier  that  had  choice 


conipany  of  2li,  with  about  9  or  10  ciiristinn 
Indians,  who  pnrsneil  mid  look  !>{)  of  the 
enemy,  without  any  loss  to  ihe  English  ;  al 
which  lime  also  a  great  qiiantily  of  wampam- 
penganil  powder  were  Inkeii  from  the  enemy, 
flial  which  increased  this  victory  wns  the 
slaughler  of  I'onilium,  who  wns  one  of  the 
most  valiant  .-..ichems  that  belonged  to  the  Nnr- 
raganselB,  w  hose  cournge  und  strength  wa^  so 
great,  llint  nDer  he  had  been  mortally  woun- 
ded in  the  fight  so  as  he  could  not  stand,  yet 
ratching  hold  of  an  Englishman  that  l}y  acci- 
dent came  near  him,  had  done  him  an  injury 
if  hud  not  been  presently  rescued  byoneofhis 
neighbours.  Amongst  ihe  rest  of  the  captives 
at  that  tiii'ii  wns  one  of  the  said  Pomliom's 
sons,  a  very  likely  youth,  and  one  whose 
countenance  would  have  bespoke  favour  for 
him,  had  ho  not  beloiiged  to  so  bloody  and 
barbarous  an  Indian  as  his  father  was. 

These  siiccosyes  being  daily  spread  abroad 
amongthe  Indiaiis,put  many  of  them  in  a  trem- 
bling condition,  mit  knowing  well  how  to  dis- 
pose of  themselves.  Some  that  had  been  less 
active  in  the.s<!  tragedies,  and  were  rather  led 
ly  others  than  any  wise  inclined  to  mischief 
themselves,  of  which  number  was  one  of  the 
Nipnet  sachiuns,  railed  Sagamore  .lohn,  who, 
July  27,  cnme  to  siirreiuler  himself  to  the 
governor  ami  muncil  of  Mnssachusets  at  Hos- 
tim,  bringing  along  with  him  180  of  the  enemy 
Indians.  This  .lohn,  that  he  might  the  more 
ingratiate  himself  with  the  English,  whose  fa- 
vour he  was  now  willing  to  set^k  after,  did  by 
a  wile  get  into  his  hands  one  Matoonas,  nii 
old  malicious  villain  who  was  the  first  that  did 
any  mischief  within  Massachusetts  colony, 
.Tilly,  lull,  1G75;  bearing  nn  old  grudge 
ngamstthem  as  is  thought,  for  justice  that  was 
done  ii|)on  one  of  his  sons,  lu71,  whose  hiMul 
ever  since  hangs  upon  a  pole  near  the  gibl"l 
were  he  wns  hanged  up  :  The  bringing  in  oi 
this  malicious  calitT  was  an  hopeful  presage 
that  it  would  not  be  long  before  Philip  liim- 
sel<',  the  grand  villain,  would  in  like  manner 
rec<  Ive  a  just  reward  of  his  wickedness  and 
murders. 

Sagamore  John,  who  came  in  the  27th  of 
July,  affirmed  that  he  had  never  intended  nny 
mischief  to  the  English  at  Hrookfield  the  Inst 
year  (near  which  village  it  seems  his  place 
wns)  but  that  Philip  coming  over  night 
amongst  them  was  forced,  fiir  fear  of  his  own 
life,  to  join  with  them  against  the  English. 
Matoonns  also  when  he  wns  brought  before 
the  council,  and  asked  what  he  had  to  say  for 
himself,  confessed  that  he  had  rightly  deser- 
ved death,  and  could  expert  no  other,  adding 
withal,  that  if  lie  had  follov.-ed  their  counsel, 
he  had  not  come  to  this  ;  for  he  had  seemed 
to  favour  the  praying  Indians  and  tho  chris- 
tian religion,  afterwards  discovered  ijuickly 
that  ho  no  had  part  or  portion  in  that  mailer. 

About  this  time  several  parlies  of  English 
within  Plymouth  jurisdiction,  were  willing  to 
have  a  hand  in  so  good  a  matter  as  catching 
of  Philip  would  be,  who  perceiving  that  he 
was  now  going  down  the  wind,  were  willing 
to  hasten  his  fall.  Amongst  others,  a  small 
party  went  out  of  Bridgewater,  July  31sl, 
upon  a  discovery,  and  by  providence  were 
directed  to  fall  upon  a  company  of  Indians 
where  Philip  was  |  they  came  up  with  them 
and  killed  some  of  his  particular  friends : 
Philip  himself  was  next  to  his  uncle  thot  was 


which  to  shoot  al,  known  whi(di  had  been  the 
right  bird,  he  might  as  well  have  taken  him, 
ns  his  uncle;  but  it  is  said  that  he  had  not 
long  before  cut  off  his  hair,  that  he  might  not 
be  known  :  The  parly  that  did  this  exploit 
were  few  In  number,  and  therefore  not  biliig 
able  to  keep  close  in  the  rear,  that  cunning 
fiix  escaped  away  through  bushes  iindisctMii- 
ed  in  the  rear  of  the  English  :  That  which 
was  most  remarkable  in  this  design,  was  that 
trembling  fear  appeared  to  be  upon  the  In- 
dians at  this  lime,  insomuch  that  one  of  them 
having  a  gun  in  his  hand  well  loaded,  yet  was 
not  able  to  fire  it  off,  but  HuliVred  an  English 
soldier  to  come  close  up  to  his  breast,  mid  so 
shot  him  down,  the  other  not  being  able  to 
make  any  resistance ;  nor  were  any  of  the 
English  hurt  at  that  time. 

The  like  terror  wns  seen  in  others  at  that 
lime  ;  for  within  two  ilays  after,  Capt.  Church, 
the  terror  of  the  I.idlans  in  Plymouth  colony, 
marching  in  pursuit  of  Philip  with  about  .'!0 
Englishmen  and  20  reconciled  Indians,  took 
2.'t  of  the  enemy,  und  the  next  dny  following 
timm  by  their  trncks,  fell  upon  their  hend-ipiar- 
ters,  and  killed  and  took  about  130  of  them  ; 
losing  only  one  man.  In  this  (>ngagenieiit  (.tod 
did  appearin  a  more  than  ordinary  manner  to 
fight  for  the  English,  fiir  the  Indians  by  their 
number,  and  oilier  advantages  of  the  place 
weresoconvenienlly  provided,  thai  they  might 
have  made  the  first  shot  at  the  English  and 
done  them  much  damage,  but  one  of  their  own 
countrymen  in  Capt.  Church's  company  espy- 
ing them,  culled  aloud  unto  litem  in  their  owi; 
language,  telling  them  that  if  they  shot  a  gun 
they  were  all  dead  men;  with  wliicn they  were 
so  lunazed,  that  tlii^y  durst  not  once  ofl'er  to  fire 
at  the  English,  which  made  the  victory  the 
more  remarkable.  Philip  made  a  very  narrow 
escape  at  that  time,  being  forced  to  leave  his 
treasures,  his  beloved  wife,  and  only  son  to 
the  mercy  of  the  English.  Skin  for  skin,  all 
tlint  a  man  halh  will  he  give  fiir  his  life.  His 
ruin  being  thus  gradually  carried  on,  his  misery 
wns  not  prevented  but  augmented  thereby  ; 
being  himself  nctpialnled  with  the  sense  and  ex- 
perimental feellngof  the  raplivlly  of  his  child- 
ren, lossof  friends,  slaughter  of  his  subjects  be- 
reavement of  nil  family  n-Iallons,  and  being 
St rlppedofall  outward  comforts,  befiire  his  own 
life  slioiild  be  taken  away. — Such  n  sentence 
passed  upon  Cain,  made  him  cry  out,  that  his 
punishment  was  greater  than  he  could  bent. 
This  bloody  wretch  hath  oni-  week  more  to  live 
an  object  ofplty,  but  a  spectacle  of  divine  ven- 
geance, his  own  fiillowers  beginning  now  to 
plot  against  his  life,  that  they  might  make  the 
better  terms  fiir  their  own  ;  ns  they  did  nlso 
seek  to  betrny  squaw  Sachem  of  Pocnsset, 
Philip's  near  kinswoman  and  confed  'rate. 
For, 

August  Glh,  an  Indian  willing  to  shift  fiir 
himself,  fleil  to  Tniiiiton,  offering  to  lend  any 
of  the  English  that  would  IblUiw  him,  to  a 
party  of  Indinna,  which  they  might  easily  ap- 
prehend, which  30  persons  attempted  and  ac- 
cordingly seized  the  whole  compnny,  20  In 
number,nllbiittheiiquaw  Sachem  herself,  who 
intending  to  make  an  escape  from  the  danger, 
attempted  to  get  over  the  river,  or  arm  of  the 
sea  near  by ,  upon  a  raftor  some  pieces  of  broken 
wood;  but  whether  tired  and  spent  with  swim 
mlng  or  starved  w  ilh  cold  and  hunger,  she  wns 
stark  naked  in  Metapoiset,  not  far  from  the 


[>IJiur  tlint  )ind  choice 
II  wliicli  liiiil  l)<-i!ii  tlie 
vvW  Imvi!  tiikoii  liiin, 
mid  lliiit  III)  liml  iint 
iilr,  that  lio  iiiiglit  not 

lllllt    tlld    tills    f'N|>ll)it 

d  tluTt-'loru  not  liciiig 
liu  rear,  that  ciiniiiii^ 
f^\\  liiinht'N  iiiidiHiH'i'ii- 
lii^llsh  :  That  which 
this  di'iiigii,  wns  that 
il  to  Ih)  upon  thu  In- 
iich  that  oiiu  oftht^m 
wt'll  loaJvd,  y«'t  wm» 

I  HuRVrfd  an  English 
to  his  hrrnst,  and  so 

i(.-r  not  hcing  alilc  to 
or  were  any   of  thu 

L'. 

avcn  in  others  at  that 
8  aflnr,  Cupt,  Clnirdi, 
in  Flynioiith  colony, 
Philiii  with  alioiit  .'!0 
mcilcd  Indians,  took 
L>  next  day  following 
upon  thi'ir  h<>ad-<piur- 
:  ulioiit  lliU  of  llifiii  ; 
lhis«>ngagi'nu"nt  C!od 

II  ordinary  inaniicr  to 
•  tho  Indians  hy  their 
antagcs  of  tliu  placn 
ividcd,  thatthi-y  iniglit 
:  ut  iho  ICnglish  and 
,  but  OIK!  of  ihi'ir  own 
irch's  company  cspy- 
itolhcin  in  ihcir  ovvii 
hat  if  ihi'V  shot  a  gun 
with  wliicntlioy  wi'io 
St  not  onci!  odi-r  to  (iro 
ladc  thc!  victory  iho 
)  made  0  very  narrow 
ig  fiircod  to  leave  his 
ifc,  and  only  son  to 
I.  8kin  for  skin,  all 
pve  for  his  life.  His 
carried  on,  his  misery 
angincnied  thcreliy  ; 
wil  lithe  sense  and  ex- 
captivity  of  his  child- 
liter  of  hissiihjeclslie- 

ndalions,  and  being 
mforts, before  his  own 
ly. — Sncli  a  sentence 
him  cry  out,  lliat  his 
'  than  he  could  lieai. 
one  week  more  to  livt. 
lectacle  ofdivine  veil- 
rs  beginning  now  to 
they  might  make  the 
n ;  as  they  did  also 
Sachem  of  Pocasset, 
an    and    confcd  'rate. 

1   willing  to  bhift  for 

,  offering  to  lead  any 

nid  folUiw  him,  to  n 

lli(!y  might  easily  ap- 

ons  attempted  and  ac- 

lole   company,  20  in 

Sadiem  herself,  who 

cape  from  the  dai-ger, 

le  river,  or  arm  of  the 

'  some  pieces  of  broken 

and  spent  with  swim 

1  and  hunger,  slio  was 

iset,  not  far  from  the 


A    NARRATIVK   OV 


6A0 


water  side,  which  made  snmo  think  sho  was 
fust  tiiill'ilrownerl,  and  so  ended  her  wretched 
life  just  in  that  place  where  the  year  Ixdiire 
sill-  liiiil  lielpi'd  I'lillip  to  make  his  escape  ;  lier 
heail  bring  nil  oH'aiid  set  upon  a  pnli;  in  Taun- 
ton, was  known  by  some  Inilians  then  prison- 
irs,  whii-hsi'l  them  into  a  liorriMe  lainiMiimioii; 
but  such  was  the  righteous  hand  of  Qod  in 
bringing  at  last  that  mischief  iipnn  theinselv>!s, 
wliicli  they  had  wlhoutcaiiselongacted  against 
others. 

Philip,  like  a  savage  wild  beast,  having 
lienn  hunted  by  the  Englsh  forces  through 
tlie  woods  above  an  liiinilred  mihis  backward 
and  forward,  at  last  was  driven  to  his  own  den 
iip'in  Mount  Hope,  where  he  retiriMl  with  a 
few  of  his  best  friends  into  a  swamp,  which 
proved  but  a  prismi  to  keep  him  fist  till  the 
messenger  ofdi.'ath  came  by  divine  pernilsHlon 
to  execute  vengeance  upon  him,  which  was 
tniis  ocnomnlished. 

.Such  had  been  his  inveterate  malice  and 
wickedness  against  the  lOngllsli,  that  despair- 
ing of  mercy  from  them,  he  could  not  liearthat 
any  thing  should  he  suggested  to  him  uliout 
a  peace,  insomuch  that  he  caused  one  of  his 
confederates  to  be  killed  for  propounding  an 
j'Xpedient  of  peace  ;  which  so  provoked  some 
of  his  company,  not  altogether  so  despi^rate 
as  himself,  that  one  of  them  lied  to  Uhode- 
Ishinil,  whither  the  bnive  Captain  Church  was 
newly  retired  to  recruit  his  for  a  little  tiiiie, 
being  much  tired  with  marches  all  that  week, 
iniiirmiiig  them  that  Philip  was  lied  ton  swamp 
Kwanip  in  MountHope,  whither  he  would  un- 
dertake to  lead  ihein  that  Would  pursue  him. 
This  was  welcome  news,  and  the  iiest  cordial 
for  such  martial  spirits;  wheriMipmi  lie  irniiH!- 
dlately,  with  a  small  company  of  men,  part 
lOngllsli  and  part  Indian,  began  another  march 
which  shall  prove  fatal  to  Philip,  and  eml  that 
controversy  between  the  Knglish  and  him  : 
For  coming  very  early  to  the  side  of  the 
swamp,  his  soliilers  liegan  to  aiirroiind  It,  and 
(whether  the  devil  appeared  to  him  in  a  dream 
that  night  as  he  did  unto  Saul,  forelioding  I 
tragical  end,  it  matters  not)  as  he  was  eiiilea- 
viiring  to  make  his  esca|ie  out  of  a  swamp, 
ho  was  shot  through  the  heart  by  an  Indian 
of  his  own  nation,  as  it  is  said,  that  had  all  this 
while  preserved  a  neutrality  until  this  time, 
but  now  had  the  casting  vote  in  his  power, 
by  which  he  d(?termined  the  (pu'iTel  that  hail 
lieen  so  long  in  suspense.      In  ii  !:i  is  fiiliilled 


In  the  preceding  narration  monlion  hiith 
been  made  of  one  Capt.  Church,  whom  God 
alh  made  an  inalniiiient  of  signal  victories 
VIM-  the  Indians  In  that  colony,  and  of  great 
advantage  in  that  respect  to  that  whole  jiiris- 
dlcllon.  It  happened  that  the  siilil  Capt. 
Cliiireli  some  lime  in  .Tune,  of  this  present 
year  1070,  passing  ovi-r  in  a  canoe  from  Po- 
casset to  Ithode-lsland,  as  he  used  freipiently 
to  do,  (having  had  much  employment  upon 
the  sail!  neck  of  land  so  called)  several  Indi- 
ans whom  he  had  known  before  at  Lacken- 
ham,  a  village  near  Plymouth,  beckoned  to 
him  as  If  they  had  a  mind  to  speak  with  him  ; 
he  having  had  so  much  expi-rienre  as  well  as 
others  of  their  treachery,  was  not  willing  to 
adventure  loo  hastily  to  come  near  tlieinj  but 
when  they  seemed  to  urge  very  much,  and 
inadesigns  to  him,  and  at  last  laid  down  their 
guns  in  his  sight,  he  liegati  to  think  with  him- 
self there  mii;ht  be  something  in  the  mutter 
more  than  ordinary,  therefore  ho  resolved  to 
go  a  little  nearer  to  ihi!  shore,  and  then  he 
perceived  they  had  a  great  niind  K;  speak  with 
iilm,  using  much  iiiipurlunlty  for  that  end,  in- 
somuch that  he  ventured  to  go  ashcre  amongst 
them,  having  but  one  Englishman  and  two 
Indians  with  him;  lie  directed  them  to  keep 
oH'tlie  canoe  while  he  dlsciiursed  with  the  In- 
dians on  slinre.  As  toon  as  he  came  among 
them,  they  told  lilm  they  were  weary  of  fight- 
ing, and  that  they  had  fought  so  loii<;by  Phil- 
ip's instigation;  but  they  cou'.d  not  tell  for  what 
end,  and  therefore  resolved  they  would  fight 
no  longer,  and  all  they  desired  of  him  was,  that 
he  would  make  way  for  them  to  the  gover- 
nor, that  they  might  live  quietly  amongst  the 
I'jngUsh  as  they  had  done  before,  and  that 
llii-y  would  deliver  up  their  arms,  or  would 
go  out  witii  ihem  If  h(!  pleasiMl  to  accept  of 
them,  and  fight  for  him  ;  to  that  enil  they  de- 
sired a  time  to  parUiy  with  him  further  ahoiit 
that  business  at  what  time  and  place  he  woiihi 
apjioint:  He  told  them  he  would  meet  them 
two  days  after  at  .Seanonel,  a  place  u[>  higher 
on  the  said  neck,  about  12  o'clock  ;  accordingly 
lie  came  to  the  said  place,  found  the  same  In- 
dians with  some  others,  and  their  Snake  stpiaw, 
or  chief  woman  of  that  plantation,  there  ready 
to  meet  him. 

After  they  had  fallen  into  discourse  about 
the  beginning  of  the  war,  as  well  as  the  suc- 
cess and  mischief  of  it,  they  would  have  put 
the  blame  ofT    from  themselves,  and   laid  it 


what  was  said  in  the  prophet,  '\Vo  to  thee  that  upon  the  Knglish  :  Hut  he  presently  convinced 
spoili-st  anil  thou  was  not  spoiled,  and  dealest  1  them  by  an  undeniable  evidence,  that  they  first 
treacherously,  and  they  dealt  not  treacherous-  liegan  the  war  :  For,  said  he,  upon  this  Pocas 


ly  with  thee;  when  ihou  shall  cease  to  spoil 
thou  shall  be  spoiled,  and  when  thou  shall 
'Tiake  an  end  to  leal  treacherously,  they  shall 
deal  treachero-.sly,  with  thee. 

With  Phir.p  at  this  time  fell  five  of  his  trus- 
tiest follow',  rs,  of  whom  one  was  said  to  be 
the  sm-  ot  his  chief  captain,  that  had  shot  tin- 
first  gun  at  the  lOngllsh  the  year  liefore.  This 
was  done  the  12th  day  of  Auijusi,  1(57(5,  a  re- 
Kiarkalile  testimony  ofdivine  fivour  to  the  co- 
lony of  Plymouth,  who  had  for  the  former 
success,  appointed  the  17th  day  of  August  fol 


set.Fuly  7tli,  IG?-^,  you  first  finight  with  som<. 
of  Rhode-Island,  whereof  one  waiiny  ownser- 
vant,whose  le;;  you  broke.and  the  same  day  you 
shot  at  myself  and  company,  before  we  med- 
dled with  villi.  They  were  so  fully  convinced 
herewith,  that  they  found  nothing  to  reply, 
but  fell  into  other  discourse  about  a  peace  which 
tliev  were  very  desirous  to  obtain  upon  any 
oipial  terms,  as  was  said  before.  There  were 
about  fifteen  of  the  Indians  present,  be'sldes 
their  Snake  squav/  (which  is  with  us  their 
governess  or  lady)  In  conclusion  they  engaged 


lowing,  to  he  kept  .iS  a  day  of  solemn  Thanks-:  forever  after  to  leave  Philip,  and  to  go  out 
giving  to  Almighty  God.  There  having  been!  with  him;  which  they  did  forthwith,  as  soon 
so  strange  a  turn  of  Providence  observed  in  '  as  he  had  obtained  a  peace  for  them  with  the 
the  late  successes  obtained  in  and  about  Ply-  governor. 

mouth  colony,  it  may  not  be  amiss  here  to  en- 1  It  is  here  to  bo  observed,  that  these  were 
ipiire  into  the  progress  and  continuance  thereof  j  not  properly  Philip's  Indians,  but  belonged  to 
after  the  slaughter  of  Philip  that  grand  rebel.  I  the  .Seaconet  sijuaw.  who  was  nearly  related 


to  Philip,  and  her  subjects  had  hlherio  fought 
In  Philip's  quarrel  till  they  saw  nolhins;  hut 
misery  and  michlef  like  to  he  the  -ssii,-  o(  It  lo 
themselves,  as  well  as  theirnelghbntirs.  Aioiit 
;.'()  or  .'JO  of  these  .Seaconet  Indians  have  coii- 
fitaritly  gone  out  with  ('apt.  (Jhurcli  ever  since, 
and  not  only  been  fiithful  and  servlceabh-  to 
him,  but  very  successful  in  every  enterprl/.e 
they  have  gone  about,  nor  hath  he  lost  any  of 
them  in  any  skirmish  with  the  other  Indians  : 
And  it  Is  said  that  this  act  of  these  Indians 
broke  Philip's  heart  as  soon  as  ever  he  iiiider- 
stood  it,  so  that  he  never  rejoiced  after,  or  had 
any  success  in  any  of  his  di^slgns,  hut  lost  his 
men  one  time  after  another,  till  himself  at  last 
fell  into  the  hands  ofthose  under  Capi.Church's 
command  :  Foratthe  swamp,  wlieii  Phillpwas 
slain,  Capt.  Church  appointed  an  ICnglishmaii 
and  an  Indian  lo  stand  at  such  a  place  of  the 
swamp,  when;  it  happened  Philip  was  break- 
ing away;  the  morning  being  wet  and  rainy, 
the  Kngllsliman's  gun  would  not  fire  ;  the  In- 
dian having  an  old  musket  with  a  large  loiirli- 
hole,lttook  the  more  readily, with  which  Philip 
was  dispatched,  the  bullet  pasting  directly 
through  his  heart,  whore  ,Toab  thrust  his  darts 
into  rebellious  .\bsalom. 

Thus  did  divine  vengeance  retaliate  on  this 
notorious  traitor,  that  had  against  his  league 
and  covenant  risen  up  against  the  government 
ofPlymoulh,  to  raise  up  against  him  one  of  his 
ow-n  people,  or  one  that  was  in  league  with 
him,  as  he  was  with  the  Knglish  :  The  Indian 
that  did  this  execution  was  called  Alderman 
of  Seaconet.that  had  never  done  sny  sctof  hos- 
tility against  the  English.  Hy  these  passages 
It  is  manifest,  that  as  the  hearts  of  all  are  in 
the  hand  of  God,  so  he  turns  them  as  he  jilea- 
ses,  either  to  favour  his  people,  or  to  hate  and 
deal  subtly  with  his  servants,  as  seems  good 
to  him.  Since  this  engagement  with  the  Sea- 
conet Indians  (to  leave  Philip,  an  J  to  go  with 
Capt.  Cliurrh)  it  is  credibly  affirmed,  that  such 
hath  been  "Jieir  success  that  since  .Tuim!  afore- 
said, to  tlie  end  of  October  following,  there 
have  been  700  Indians  sidKlued.  either  by  kil- 
ling or  takiiis  captive  by  means  of  Capt. 
Church  a-id  his  company,  (part  Indians  and 
English)  besides  300  that  have  come  in  vo- 
luntarily to  submit  themselves  lo  the  govern- 
ment of  Plymouth.  It  appetirs  thus  by  the 
secpiel  of  things,  that  after  the  Lord  had  ac- 
complished his  work  upon  his  people,  that  ho 
is  beginning  lo  call  his  enemi^'s  to  an  account, 
and  punish  them  for  the  pride  of  their  hearts, 
and  for  all  their  treachery  and  cruelly  against 
Ills  servants.  Philip's  captains  have  run  the 
same  fate  with  himself,  some  before  and  some 
since  Us  own  fall. 

In  .luno  last  one  Tiashi],  a  great  Captain 
of  his,  his  wife  and  child,  or  children  being  ta- 
ken though  lie  escaped  himself  at  first,  yel 
came  since  and  surrendered  himself.  The 
next  noted  captain  of  Philip's  Imlians  that 
was  brought  in  after  Philip's  death,  was  called 
TiMspiquIn,  a  notorious  villain,  next  to  Philip, 
he  was  called  the  Vilack  sachem's  son  ;  It  was 
this  Tespiipiln  thai  burnt  so  many  houses  in 
Plymouth  lately.  Capt.  Church  with  his  com- 
pany were  in  pursuit  of  him  in  September 
last,  two  days  before  they  could  get  near 
him;  at  the  last,  on  the  ihinl  <lay,  they  found 
the  track  made  by  the  English  orchards :  This 
was  something  of  a  blind  track,  therefore  ihey 
were  forced  to  take  up  their  quarters  that  night 
without  discovering  any  place  of  their  run- 


. 


■pnepi 


eno 


TIIK    INDIAN    WARS. 


■    I 

r  I 


1  •;  I 


ili'3iviiii4,  Tliti  iii'xl  iiiiiriiiii){  nliciiit  1)  i<'cliirk 
llii'V  iMiiii'  li>  tlii'ir  lii>l.  riMiili'i'.VdiH,  Cicnri 
wliii'li  llii'v  wiTi' jiisi  };i>iii' :  Al  1  <)'  cluck  llii'v 
riiilli'  III  llic  .sci'oihl,  aiiil  mi^isinn;  iIh'Iii  iIiiti', 
llii'v  «i'i)ii  iiI'lcM'  ciiiiii'  lollin  lliii'il  li'iit'li,  wlici'c 
ill  iiricr  tlicy  liiiil  iimrclicil  ii  wliili-,  llicy  |ii'r 
.'iMvcil  llii'v  p;n>\v  very  mvir  iliiiiii,  liy  ilm  cry 
ills;  of  II  dilUl  wliicli  llu-y  lii'iini  :  'I'lic  |iliicc 
Will  iiciir  Liickdiiliaiii  U|iiin  I'licnKsi't  mick,  !>ii 
full  of  I)  ::<!ic  'liat  ti  mini  (UiiiK)  luil  sen  n  rml 
lii'l'iiro  liiii.  ,  Ciipt.Clmroli  i>rilci-i<i|  liin  iikmi  to 
niiiroli  up  liinctliiT  in  oim  niiik,  licciiiiso  lie 
(lisoi)Vi<rt'ii  till-  liiiliiiim  were  laid  in  one  i'iiM|jfi' 
ItV  ai'vi'i'iil  lirii!!,  HI)  liiiit  l>y  tlml  linio  llmv  till 
;'iiiiu'  11))  liitii  nil  t-von  riiiik  very  iieiir  lofreilier, 
williin  II  few  yiii'ils  of  llieiii  n*  lie  IiikI  ii|i- 
jviinli'il  ;  lliey  all  Hiniileiily  nislied  loijellier 
upon  tliein,  iinil  (■atclied  liolil  of  tliciii,  not 
fliiHeriiii;  any  lo  i'.icii|ie,  tlieni  lieiiijj  ahoiit 
SO  <if  tlieiii  in  all  :  TeHiiiiinin'M  wife  aiitl  cliil- 
lircMi  wore  lln'i'o,  ImiI  lie  was  iiliseiit,  an  also 
one  Jaciili.Hiul  iiiiirlllmtlielonsjed  lolliat  roin- 
iiaiiy.  The  raiitiiln's  liasie  would  notmlmil  of 
Ills  tiirryins;  nil  lln'y  caiiio  in,  (lli(inp;li  tlio  In- 
tiiaiis  siild  lliey  iiiij;lit  come  tliiit  iiii;lil)  wliere- 
forelio  llioiit?lit  upoiilliis  project,  to li'ave  two 
old  sipuiws  upon  tlie  place  willi  victuals,  and 
liid  tliem  tell  'resjiiijiiiii  lliat  lie  should  lie  his 
captain  over  Ills  linliaiH  if  ho  was  found  to 
lie  so  stout  a  man  as  tliey  roportod  him  to  lie  ; 
for  the  Indians  had  said  that  'rospiipiiii  roiiM 
not  i)o  pierced  liy  a  hiilli'l,  for,  said  they, 
he  was  shot  twice  hut  the  Imllels  glanced  liy 
him  and  could  not  hurt  him.  Thus  the  cap- 
lain  marched  away  with  his  liooty,  leaving  this 
trap  liehind  him  to  take  the  rest:  The  next 
morniiii;  he  came  to  see  what  his  trap  hail 
catclied,  there  he  found  Jacol)  afori'said  (a 
notorious  wretch)  aiiil  the  girl  he  missed,  lie- 
fiire,  lull  not  Tespi<piin  :  Hut  within  n  day  or 
two  after  the  said  I'espiipiiu  upon  tin-  'lopesof 
lieing  made  captain  under  Oapt.  (^hurcli, 
came  after  some  of  the  lomp.iny,  and  sulniiit- 
led  himself  ill  llii-  captain's  aliseiice,  and  was 
nent  to  I'lyinouih,  Init  upon  trial  (which  was 
tlie  ctiii.lition  on  which  his  being  promisoii  a 
captuin's  commission  under  I'apt.  I'hurch  did 
depend)  he  was  found  piMietrulile  liy  the  Kn- 
glish  guns,  for  he  fell  down  at  the  first  shot 
and  llipreliy  received  the  just  reward  of  his 
former  wickedness.  Alioiit  a  (iirtniglit  after 
the  surprising  of  Tespiipiin,  was  one  Toto- 
Kui's  company  taken,  wherein  were  aliove  .'jO 
persons  ;  lint  Totoson  escapeil,  and  is  still 
out  ill  relifllion,  unless  vengeance  hath  ovor- 
tukon  him. 

The  next  that  was  seized  wasone  Annawan, 
every  suKlh",  politic  fellow,  and  one  of  Plii- 
li|)'s  chief  counsellor:?  ;  he  had  aliout  twelve 
men,  and  as  m my  women  and  children  in  his 
company,  who  were  discovereil  liy  their  shoo- 
ting at  ihe  Knglisli  horses,  and  cattle  ;  some 
of  whiim  liel  g  taken  made  know  the  rest. 
Church  al  tint  time  had  lint  five  ll]nglislimen 
and  twenty  Imliaiis.  The  place  where  this 
Annawan  had  lietaken,  was  a  ledge  of  rocks 
in  iccessilile  li;it  at  one  place,  which  liy  a  few 
hands  miirht  easily  have  lieen  defended 
a.:ainst  agreaf  niimlier  of  assailants:  Hut  Ciipt. 
Cliurch  liy  direction  got  up  to  their  wigwams 
lieforo  they  were  awaro  of  it  ;  and  presently 
told  Annawan  that  he  cami!  to  sup  with  him  ; 
whereupon  Annawan  (who  hadl'illen  flat  up- 
on the  earth, expectiiigto  have  his  head  cut  iijr) 
l(«)kpd  lip  and  cried  tanhut,  in  their  language, 
Ibank  yuj,  as  oiiu  buiog  much  alfeclcJ  with 


the  geiiei'o.i^iV  <if  our  I'iiiglisli  raptiiin  ;  they 
found  some  ol  the  l')nglisli  lieef  lioiliiig  in  the 
kettle:  After  supper  he  had  iiiiiih  discourse 
with  the  said  Aliliawaii,  and  they  lay  down  to 
sleep  lofjether  in  the  wigwam  ;  (!iipt.  ('Iiiirch 
laving  one  of  his  legs  upon  Annawan  and  the 
oilier  upon  his  son,  that  he  might  have  notice 
if  liny  of  them  hIiouIiI  olli'r  to  stir  :  jM'ler  inid- 
iiight  Annawan  rose  up,  and  (.'iipl.  ('liiireh 
wax  presently  awake,  and  inteinled  to  wutcli 
after  his  prlHoner:  I  le  thought  ill  iiml  ho  tiiiglit 
have  gone  forlli  upon  boiiui  iiecessary  (iccii- 
sion  ;  liiit  not  long  iifliu-  ho  returned  again, 
having  fetched  out  of  tlio  swamp  hard  liy, 
two  horns  of  powder,  and  a  largo  lielt  of  peag, 
supposed  to  he  I'liilp'shell,  all  wliichhe  deliv- 
iireii  to  Oapt.  (Church,  in  a.  way  uf  thankful 
iicknowledgment  of  his  ciiiirtesy.  Amongf't 
other  discourses  that  passed  lietwen  them  con- 
cerning the  oi;casion  of  the  war,  carrying  it  on, 
the  Indian  would  fain  liavi<  excused  I'hilip, 
and  laid  the  lilanie  upon  the  praying  Indians 
(as  they  are  distiiiguishi'd  from  others  liy  that 
character)and  others  of  the  voiingest  sort  of  his 
followers,  who  (Mining  with  their  several  tales 
(whii^li  lie  likened  to  slicks  laid  on  a  liiMip)  till 
liy  a  multitude  of  them  a  great  fire  came  to 
lie  kindled:  They  make  much  use  of  piiralio- 
lical  expressions:  fiir  so  said  iSolonioii,  where 
no  wood  is  there  the  fire  goetli  out;  so  where 
there  is  no  tale-lieariu-s,  there  the  strife  ci'ii- 
selh,  I'rov.  ati,  -'0.  Hut  I'hilip  hail  had  large 
and  long  experience  of  the  geiilhiness  and 
kindness  of  the  lOnglish  liotli  to  himself  and  to 
his  people,  so  that  unless  he  liiidliorae  an  evil 
and  malicious  mind  against  the  English,  he 
would  never  have  hearkened  to  those  stories, 
contrary  to  his  fuithful  promises  of  allegiance. 
The  Siiid  Annawan  coid'essud  also  that  he 
dill  lieliove  liy  all  those  late  occurrences  that 
there  was  a  great  (tod  that  overruled  all ;  and 
that  he  had  fiiiind  that  whatever  he  had  done 
to  any  of  those,  whellnu-  Indians  or  linglish, 
the  same  was  lirought  upon  himself  in  after 
lime.  He  (Minfi'ssed  also  that  lie  had  put  to 
ileatli  several  of  the  lOnglisli  which  they  had 
taken  alive,  ten  in  one  day,  and  could  not  de- 
ny liut  that  some  of  them  had   liecn  tortured 


and  now  he  could  not  hut  sen  the  justice 
the  great  (!od  upon  liiniself,  with  many  other 
things  of  a  like  nature.  Hut  whatever  his 
confessions  of  this  nature  were,  lii'iiig  forced 
from  him  liy  the  poiver  of  conscience,  after 
he  was  didivcri'd  up  lo  authority,  Ikj  was  put 
to  death,  a.s  he  justly  had  desi-rved. 

It  is  saiil  that  I'iiilip  when  he  first  lii-gan 
lis  reliellion,  had  iiliout  ,'100  lighting  men  uii- 
ler  him,  liesides  those  that  lic^longed  to  his 
kinswoman,  Welamoo  drowned  nliout  Taun- 
ton, that  had  almost  as  many  umler  her;  and 
one  Qiienoipiin,  a  Narraganset  sachem  thai 
lived    near  him,   and  joined  with  him    in    his 

larrel  with  the  Knglish:  Hut  it  is  certain 
that  there  are  scarce  any  that  are  now  left, 
that  belonged  to  either  of  them  .  So  although 
the  Almighty  hath  mailo  use  of  them  to  bo  a 
scourge  to  his  people!,  he  hath  now  turned  his 
lauil  against  them  to  utter  destruction  and  ex- 
tirpation from  off  the  face  of  the  ;arlh,  peniil- 
veiiluro  to  make  mom  for  others  of  his  peo- 

le  to  come  in  his  stead. 
As  for  the  rest  of  the  Narragnnsets  that  joi- 
ned in  Philip's  quarrel,  it  is  already  declared 
what  end  they  were  come  unto.  As  for  the 
rest  of  the  Indians,  whether  Nipnet,  Nashn- 
way,  I'acomptuck,  Hadley,  or  SpringliulJ  In- 


diaiiH,  it  is  not  so  certain  wliiil  liait  become  ol 
them;  but  iiliir  llieir  sepaialion  one  from 
llie  other  iilioiit  .Inly  lust,  it  was  iibseived  by 
all  the  Iracka  in  those  woods  they  went  still 
westward;  and  about  the  iniihllo  of  yXiigust 
last,  a  gri'iit  party  of  them  weie  oIphcimmI  lo 
pass  by  Westlield,  a  small  town  to  the  we«t  o( 
Siiringlield,  and  were  judged  to  be  alioiit  '.'(It); 
r>iew»  thereof  being  brought  to  iMajor  Tiilrol, 
ho  with  Noldiiu's of Oiim,ecticiil  colony  under  his 
comniaiid,  both  Imlians  and  lOnglish,  pursued 
after  them  as  far  as  Ausoliniiioog  river  (m  the 
iniddh)  way  betwixt  Weslfield  and  llie  Dutch 
river,  and  l'"orl  Albany)  where  lie  overlook 
thiuii,  and  fiiught  with  them;*  killinij;  iiiid  In- 
king ■l.'i  prisoners,  iJ.'i  of  whom  were  lighliiig 
men,  without  the  loss  of  any  <iiie  of  his  com- 
pany tiavo  a  IMohegin  Indian:  Many  of  ihi' 
rest  wiu-e  badly  wounded,  as  iippiared  by 
the  bushes  being  much  besiiieiired  with  blooil, 
as  was  observeil  by  those  that  followed  ihriii 
further. 

It  is  written  since  from  Albany,  tli.it  there 
were  sundry  lust  besides  the  •I,')  aforeiiieii- 
tinned,  to  the  iiunilier  of  three  HCore  in  all; 
and  also  that  an  hundred  and  twenty  of  tlieiii 
are  since  liead  of  sickness;  so  that  vengeance 
seems  to  bu  pursuing  of  them  as  well  as  the 
rest.  Heveriil  of  their  friends  that  bclongeil 
to  Nasliaway,  and  the  places  adjoining,  re- 
pairtMl  lo  l'iHcata(|nii,  hoping  to  shroud  them- 
selves  under  the  wings  of  some  honesler  In- 
dians about  (.iuecliecho,  under  preleniui  of  n 
declaralion  sent  out  by  the  governor  and 
(\iuncil  of  Massachusetts  in  the  liei.'iiiiiliig  of 
.luly  last:  Hill  some  of  our  finces  under  (^ipl. 
Uatliorne  and  <!apt.  Sill,  with  the  help  ol 
Major  Walilen,  (Japt.  l''rosl,  and  others  resi. 
duig  in  those  parts  bi'iiig  in  readiin'ss,  sepa- 
rated the  vile  and  wickeil  from  the   rest | 

sent  them  down  to    llin   goviunor   at    lioston, 

where  8  or  'J  of  the  ringh^adeis,  such  aw  

eyed  .lohn,  Sagamore  .Sam,  of  Nashiiwiiy, 
chief  actors  of  the  late  outrages  and  bloody 
mischief,  had  justice  done  upon  them  soon  ni- 
ter. As  for  the  massacri'S  and  calaniitii's  thai 
lii'fel  the  Knglisli  liirther  eastward,  they  shall 
in  till!  second  part  of  this  niirrative  be  dichinil 

The  Indians  being  thus  dispiu'sed  several 
ways,  were  .strangely  confoiindt'd  ami  destroy- 
ed OIK!  parcel  after  a  iiotlier,  until  iheii'  wa- 
iione  left  in  the  western  or  southern  parts  tlinl 
durst  make  any  opposition  all  the  followiiiL.' 
part  of  the  year.  As  fiir  those  that  lied  west- 
ward  toward  Albany,  we  nIiiiII  there  leave 
them  fiir  the  preseni,  wishing,  we  iniiy  never 
hear  any  more  of  iIkuii  :  A  person  of  ipiiiliiy 
infiirms,  that  at  ilartfurd  in  Sepleniber  hist, 
ho  was  presiMit  at  the  exaniiiii,:'oii  of  one 
Clioos,  an  Indian,  formely  of (Jonneclicut,  but 
of  the  Narraganset  for  the  last  winter,  who 
confessed  that  he  was  one  of  iliat  company  of 
Indians  tlial  went  westward  the  month  beiiire, 
toward  IjuiIsoii's  river;  but  iifler  the  light  al 
Ausotu:inoog,  he  returned  back  to  C'oniiecli- 
ciit  for  fear  of  the  Mohawks;  and  lliiit  he  l;iy 
hid  about  Karniington,  till  he  was  iilmost  slar- 
ved,  and  then  he  went  to  the  seaside  lo  make 
use  of  the  oyster  bank  at  .Stratfiird  fiir  his  re- 
lief, where  ho  was  espied  by  the  Indians,  iiinl 
so  brought  to  Ilarlfiird. 

Ho  alfirmod  that  there  were  about  SOO  fiL'li- 
ting  men  amongst  those  Indians  ihatned  west- 
ward, beside.1  womon  and  children  ;  and  lliiil 


♦  [This  Imiilo  will  proliiilily  riiinilii  in  Sioekbidu'i', 
vlicto  the  meeting  huuae  uuw  sieadi.] 


IliMl' 


W'liiil  liiiM  lirniiric  ol 

l('|>lllllli(>ll     CHIC     I'i'dlll 

,  il  w  IIS  nliMi'i  veil  liy 
iiiiiU    lln-y    wnil  Hiill 

II  lllillllll!     Ill'    Allj^llHl 

III  wrii'   iilisi'i  \i'(l  1(1 

I  lllWII  III  llll'  \\l'>*l   III 

^l'll  III  III'  iiImhiI  '.'Oil; 
l^lil  III  iMiiJiii-  'riilrol, 
Uciiliuiliiiiy  iiiiiii'i'liii 
mil  lOii^liMJi,  iMii'Miiril 

mm J5  liver  (in  llm 

slIii'M  mill  iIki  DiiIoIi 
)  wliri'i'  III!  iivriliiiik 
iiiiii  ;*  killiii;j;  iiiiil  lii- 
wliiiiii  Weill  lii^liliii^ 
any  one  of  IiIh  ihim- 
niliiin  :  iMany  nl'  llie 
leil,  iiH  ii|i|ii'iil'e(l  liy 
I'snieiireil  Willi  lilooil, 
111  lliat  liilloweil  llii'in 

II  Alliiiiiy,  tlial  llieie 
I'H  lliii  -if)  iiiiiri'Mii'ii- 
r  lliiec!  Home  In  all ; 
I  ;inil  twenly  of  lliriii 
IS  ;  811  lliiil  veii^'eanri' 

iIkiiii  IIS  well  lis  till' 
rieiiilM  lliiil  lM'lon);ei| 
|ilai'i's  iitljiiiiiiMi;,  re- 
|iiiit;  III  hIii'oikI  iIii'IM' 
of  diiine  lioni'sler  In- 
miller  preleniMi  of  n 
^  lliii  ^overniir  anil 
Is  ill  IJiii  liei,'iiiniii|^  iif 
ur  fiirees  ninli'r  C,'ii[)t. 
II,  witli  llie  liel|i  III 
I'li.sl,  anil  iilliers  nisi- 
i;  in  ri'inliness,  se|m' 
III  fi'Diii  tliii  resl,  anil 
jiovcrniir  at  linslon, 
j^leiulei'S,  siicli  i\v  one 
Sinn,  of  Nasliiiway, 
oirlriif^es  anil  lilomly 
lie  n|ioii  llieiii  soon  ni- 
I'l'H  ami  ciilainilies  llml 
T  eastward,  lliey  sliiill 
narrativii  lie  ilii'liinil 
.liilH  il)s|)erse(l  several 
iifonii(l(i>l  mill  ilestroy- 
illier,  iinlil  llieie  wii- 
or  soiitliern  |iarts  lliiit 
inn  nil  till!  liilliiwini: 
r  tliose  tliat  (led  wesl- 
«■<!  sliall  tliiire  leine 
isliinfT,  wp  niiiy  never 
:  A  person  of  ipniliiy 
d  in  iSe|ileinlier  lll^^ 
I  i"xiiniini.:iiiii  of  one 
ly  of  (/'oniieclieilt,  liiit 
tlie  last  winler,  wlin 
nil  of  ilial  riiin|>any  of 
.aid  tlie  iiioiitli  liefnre, 
;  Init  after  tlie  Iji^lil  ill 
I'll  liaek  to  ('onnerli- 
iwks  ;  ami  lliiit  lie  lay 
ull  lie  was  alniost  slai- 
to  iImi  Heaside  lo  niiike 
It  Hlraiford  liir  lii.<  re- 
id  by  till!  IiidiuiiH,  iiiid 

3  wero  nliniit  SIO  fifjli' 
Indians  tlial  (led  west- 
lid  children  j  and  lliiil 

'  roiiictil  la  Hluukbldge,  iicii' 
standi.] 


lienr  2M)  of  iIhiiii  |iiiiiHeii  ting  ({rriit,  river  lin- 
liiw  Alliany,  and  were  sliel'i'ied  l.y  tlie  liidi- 
nns  of  lliiit  |iliire,  called  MoheeamlerN ;  lint 
nliiiiil  HI)  of  iliciii  iMriied  on  tliii  liitlier  nidii  of 
lliiil  river,  nciir  a  Oiilcli  viiiiici'  (Init  Im  licini; 
ronvictcd  of  fi,ditln^'  le^aiiiHt  tlie  I'lij^lisli,  was 
('ondciiincd  to  die,  iinil  excriilcil)  aliont  llic 
Nnrrin,'aiiHcl  coniilry  lliii  lust  fall,  liopiiif,'  lo 
hlii'llcr  llieinsclvcH  under  nneim,  Init  lin  not 
willing  to  eive  lliciii  countenance  Hj;iiiiiNt  the 
mind  of  Ins  IViemU  nl  ( loniiecliriit,  liiilli  since 
iiliandiined  lliem  to  sliil't  fur  tlieinsclveH,  wlio 
liHve  lieen  most  ofiliem  taken  and  liroiif^lit  in 
prisoners  lo  tliii  I'jiii^lisli  tins  winler. 

Alioiit  llie  nionlli  of  ( )itolier  last,  Mr.  Stan- 
ton clianced  to  coiini  from  ,Seai'oiiet  willi  .'1 
liidiiins  in  Ills  company,  l'ei|iioils  or  Molie- 
^'ins,  tliey  licariMt;  liy  a  captive  at  one  of  the 
next  towns,  that  ihi'ie  was  a  ninnlier  of  the 
enemy  not  fur  oil',  presently  led  Mr.  iSiimlon 
liiid  pursued  after  iheiii,  whom  tliey  soon  af- 
ter overlook,  and  miide  llieiii  all  prisoners  : 
Amniitjst  ihcm  was  an  old  man,  not  iilile  lo  i.ro 
their  pill!  liiit  promisint;  In  come  after  them, 
lliey  spared  Ins  life;  lint  as  soon  as  the  men 
reliinied  at  iiiL;lit  from  hiinlin;;,  tliii  old  man 
lold  what  had  liefel  their  women  and  children, 
wherenpon  llni  nest  morniiif^  they  presenlly 
following  afler  them,  overlook  them,  and  so 
recovered  the  prisoners,  and  slew  one  of  the 
three  that  curried  them  away;  the  other  two 
hardly  escaped;  one  of  them  is  called  Major 
■Syniiin,  liein^  part  a  I'eipiod  iind  part  a  Nar- 
rai,'iitisel,  liiil  of  eMranrilmary  sirenijlh  and 
conia^'i"  ;  he  perceiving  the  diinijer  lliey  were 
ill,  chalh'in.n'il  to  fit;ht  hand  to  hand  with  any 
live  of  lliem  with  llieir  halchelH  :  hiil.  they  iin- 
williii;,'  to  liaii;^  llieir  siiccess  upon  the  hazard 
of  II  sin^'le  combat,  (aniii  all  towards  him  at 
once,  whereupon  first  di«chari;ini^  his  fjnn 
Hiiioiie;st  the  whole  company, he  brnketliriiii;;h 
lliem  all  by  force,  and  so  escaped  their  hands, 
wi';li  oni- of  his  companions.  'riiis.Svmon  hiilli 
been  very  uctivii  in  killinj,'  and  lakliiu'  many  of 
the  enemy  ;  some  say  that  Im  with  his  own 
hands  hiilli  taken  and  killed  above  ihreescore, 
and  eillier  out  ol  hatred  lo  the  enemy,  or  love 
lo  llni  l'Ini,'lish,  is  this  last  week  ^one  willi  the 
Moldiers  to  the  east  wind,  in  pursuit  ofoiiripiar- 
rel  ai.'aiiist  lliem  in  thnsii  parts. 

At  aiiiilhrr  tlinii  lint  Ions.'  before,  when  ho 
was  out  iif^ainsl  llni  enemy,  he  came  siiddenlv 
upon  a  f^reiil  number  of  llieni  as  they  were 
spreail  under  a  sli'cp  b.inU,  frnni  wlii'me  leap- 
■iiL'  down  into  the  mid- 1  of  them  he  killed  some 
and  look  others.  I''ii.'lilliii,'  it  seems  isa  recre.i- 
lioiito  liini,for  lie  is  seldom  at  home  above  four 
,)r  live  days  to^^elhiir.  .Some  say  that  in  one 
of  his  former  expedliic.ns,  beini^  miicli  wea- 
ried and  spi'iil  he  laid  himself  down  lo  sleep, 
lull  towards  inornim^'  he  fell  into  a  dream, 
wherein  he  apprehended  the  Indians  were 
upon  him,  when  suddenly  rislnu;  ii|ihi!  espied 
the  Indians  comiiif^  toward  him,  but  suddenly 
presenting' his  jjiiiis  ai/ainst  them  lieso  frlc/htdii- 
ed  them,  th.it  lliey  L'avii  him  an  opportunity  to 
inakii  an  escape  from  a  mnltiliide  of  them. 

Sinci!  the  bof^inniiii^  of  December  last, 
news  comiiif^downlo  Mostonthat  mischief  was 
iliiiii-  about  .Seacmik  and  Itehobotli,  liy  soirv 
remaiiiiii";  Indians  ihereaboiils,  killinu'  their 
Rwineanil  horses,  several  persons  of  .Medlield 
went  out  nfler  them,  mid  piirsiiinrr  them  by 
their  tracks, came  iipona  small  party,  of  whom 
lliey  took  three,  onu  of  which  escaped  while 
euino  of  tiin company  were  going  after  thu  rest. 


A    N  A  IM?  A  T  I  V  K    O  P 


Oil 


TlioHii  that  were  luken  conleHneil  ihiirii  wni 
about  III)  that  were  liiikiiii^  np  mid  down  in 
ihose  \\'oods.  'I'liii  said  two  Imliaiis  were 
broiii;lit  into  Ihision  the  Hih  of  .lanuary. 

A  commission  was  formerly  i.'riinled  to  I'eler 
Mphraim,  an  inilian  of  N'alick,  lo  ).^ii  out  in 
pursuit  of  ihi'iii.  with  ^1)  of  his  company;  ii 
few  of  llni  l';in,;hsh  from  Medlield  went  with 
liini,  who  bein^  soon  tired  with  marchin^^  in 
ihe  snow,  returned.  The  Indians  kept  on  in 
llii'ir  desii,'ii,  and  came  across  a  considerable 
parly  of  theeiiemy  liavinj;lraceil  them  till  they 
liiiiml  wherethey  lod(.'eil  ovdrni^'hf  ;  theysiir- 
rounded  them  early  in  the  morning,',  in  their 
manniir  is,  and  then  oirered  them  i|narler  If 
lliey  would  yield  ;  ei;;lit  resoliilii  fellows  rii- 
lilsed  who  were  iristiiiiily  shot,  the  rest  were  all 
si'i'/.ed,  the  whole  number  was  i'i.  This  was 
donii about  the  middle  of  .lamiary.nncii  which 
seviiral  such  exploits  have  been  done  by  them, 
.lanuary  l^^td,  the  same  company  of  Indians 
look 'iy  III  the  eiiemv,  anion;;  whom  were  live 
able  men,  and  live  arms;  lliey  sent  I  he  prisoners 
home  by  Kve  of  their  company,  the  rest  went 
fiirlher  m  the  chrtcc. 

ilamiary  yiilli,  another  parcel  of  the  enemy 
were  bioii;;lit  in,  eifjhl  in  number,  of  whom 
live  were  men,  amoii;,'st  whom  was  thii  Indian 
called  (Niriieliiis,  who  three  years  since  was 
indicted  for  killinu'an  ICiiL'lisliiiiaii'scow  ;  upon 
which  111!  was  said  to  have  iiiiered  Heveriil 
llirealiiiii(;  speeches,  that  he  would  kill  l'".ii- 
L;lisliineiiaiid  their  cows  too  ;  which  was  iniw 
remembered  a;;alnst  him  when  he  was  in  piir- 
ticnlar  called  to  account  or  having,'  a  hand  in 
killing;  some  of  the  I'ln^'li-^h  and  Indiansalso  in 
leafrnii  with  ii.s,  liir  which  he  was  sentenced 
to  die,  and  was  accordin^'ly  executed  thi!  Kith 
of  February  followint;. 

(/'oncerninL' the  resl  ofliie  Indi.ins  either  in 
ihecolony  of  I 'lyinonlli,(Ioiini'ctic  lit,  or  .Massa- 
chusetts, lliere  is  no  ocrurrence  more  of  mo- 
ment come  to  li'_;lil  since  the  end  of  Ai|i;iisl 
last,  save  what  is  last  menlioned  before;  vel 
il  is  very  rem.irkable,  that  allhnni;h  terms  of 
peace  were  oll'ered  to  all  that  would  come  in 
and  .surrender  lliem«eves  (as  appears  by  a  de- 
claration put  out  in  .Inly  lasljand  ihat  a  .N'ipnet 
.Siichem  called  ,lohn,  did  tliereiipon  wllli  n 
iiumbiirof  his  ciimpnny  come  in  and  od'er  them- 
selves, and  were  accordinely  secured  of  iheir 
8  and   oiher  concernments  ;   yet   did    that 


And  lirniiiiiii  in  llni  preKcnt  narrative  ihern 
hath  been  fieipient  mentii  made  of  I'neaH, 
the  Mohi'i;  n  nachein,  and  of  his  faitlifnlneiD 
III  till;  interest  of  the  Kiielish,  I  add  in  thiii 
(ilace,  that  it  is  suspected  by  lliem  that  kiew 
him  best,  that  in  his  lieiirt  he  is  no  beller  iiih''- 
leil  III  the   I'lnclish  or  their  reltt'ion,   llem    ilm 

ri'st  of  his  connlrymen,  and  that   it  halh   I n 

his  own  advantage  lliiit  hath  led  him  lo  be  thus 
true  to  them  who  have  upheld  him  as  formerly 
au'niiisl  the  I'equods,  ho  of  lain  a'.oiiiist  llni 
.Varra^misiils  ;  yet  halh  he  not  lon;^  since  been 
convinced  of  the  triilli  ofoiir  reli;,'ion,  nnd  vaiii- 
ly  of  his  own,  as  himself  hath  solemnly  coides- 
si'd  ;  which  will  evidenily  appear  by  tie  pas- 
Hiif^e  thill  follows,  which  I  shall  here  represent 
just  in  it  was  from  under  the  hand  of  llni  ev- 
reiid  person  il  relates  unto,  namely,  Mr.l  ili  h, 
pastor  of  the  church  of  Norwich,  near  unto 
nncas's  place.  There  was  a  f,'ri'al  droiieht 
the  last  Slimmer  ;  but  as  il  seems,  il  «  a-  iniMii 
extreme  in  those  parts  than  with  nsaboiit  las- 
saclinselts  ;  and  allhoneh  probably  the  Kiii;ii-li 
iiiiehl  have  praved  for  rain  lhem-;elves  without 
any  motion  from  the  Indians,  yet  their  address 
to  the  said  .Mr.  I'"itcli  on  such  an  account,  with 
till!  conseipiences  thereof,  is  very  remaikable, 
which  take  in  his  own  words  : 

"(Nincernini^  the  droii!;lil,iVr.tnie  narrntive 
of  that  providence  is  this  :  In  An^oist  last  such 
was  llll!  want  of  rain,  that  ihe  Indian  corn  was 
not  only  dried  and  parched  up,  but  the  apple- 
trees  withered,  the  fruit  and  leaves  fell  olf  an 
in  autumn,  and  some  trees  .seeming  to  be  dead 
with  thaldroii^jht ;  the  Indians  caimi  into  town 
and  lainented  their  want  of  rain,  and  that  their 
powaws  could  (,'el  none  in  their  way  of  wor- 
ship, desiring,'  me  that  I  would  seek  to  (iod  fiir 
rain:  I  a[ipoinled  a  fast  day  (iir  the  purpose; 
the  day  bein;^  come  il  proved  clear  without 
any  clouds  until  .siinsettinj.j  when  we  canm 
from  till!  meetinj.',  and  then  Fornii  clouds 
arose  ;  the  next  ilay  rcnained  cloudy  ;  then 
l.'iicas  with  many  Indians  ,aine  to  my  lion'^e, 
I  Micas  larncnied  there  was  such  ii  .'.■i"'  '.('rain  . 
I  asked  whether  if  (iod  should  send  in  rain 
h(!  would  not  Htiribiile  it  lo  their  powaws; 
he  answered  no,  for  they  had  done  their  ut- 
most nnd  all  in  vain  ;  I  ie|ilieil,if  yon  will  dii- 
cliire  il  before  all  these  Indians  yon  shall  .see 
what  (iod  will  do  funis,  forulthoneh  this  year 
111!  halh  shewn  his  ani,'er  ay;Hinst  the  Kii^^lisli 
and  mil  only  aeaiiisl  the  Indians,  yet  halh  be- 
(/nil  t.i  save  ns,  and  I  have  found  by  experi- 
liar;,'''  '"■'  "as  put,  about  (,'ambrld;;e  villaire)  encii  twice  in  the  like  ease,  when  we  miifrht 
and  with  iiboiit  :>()  more  lied  away  into  the  I  by  fistiiiiT  and  prayer  he  hatli  triven  lis  rain, 
woods  to  shift  for  himself  anioii;.'st  ihe  resl  ofiaiid  never  denicl  lis.  'J'lieii  I'licas  iiiaile  n 
his  bloody  companions  ;  they  were  soon  after  ■  U'f'at  speech  to  the  Indians  (which  were  ma- 
pur-^ned,  but  lia.l  t'one  loo  last  and  loo  far  lojny)  confes'lie^'  that  if  (iod  should  then  send 
iieoverliiken.  Wliellier  it  were  conscioiisness  !  rain,  it  cold. I  not  be  asiribed  to  their  pownw- 
of  iheir  own  trmll.ihat  had  a  hand  in  the  blood  linir,  but  must  be  ackiiowli'd>.'ed  to  he  an  an- 
of  the  I'^iiijlish,  or  whether  not  likint.'  theirlswer  lo  oiir  prayers.  This  day  they  spread 
maiiner.s  so  well  as  to  be  cuiitined  ihereimto  ;  |  more  and  more,  and  ihe  next  dny  there  was 
wildcrealnresordinarily  love  the  liberty  id'ihe  !such  plenty  of  rain  that  onr  rivtir  roso  morn 
woods    beller   than    the    restraint   of  a    cu^je.  i  than  two  feel  in  heltrht.  ' 

They  made  noiio  ncni|ainled  wilh  their  disn_'ii  I  liy  ull  recorded  in  ihe  forcpoinf;  nnrra- 
befnre  they  went  away,  and  as  yet  litlle  ac- jlive,  there  are  Iiotie  into  whose  hands  it  shall 
count  can  he  niven  of  them,  only  it  is  known 'come,  bill  will  be  pensibln  that  the  present 
that  one  or  two  of  their  families  are  enter- !  lime  hiilli  been  a  day  of  u'reat  rebuke  and  Iron 
taiiied  by  Uiicns,  lint  what  is  become  of  ihcible  lo  thii  poor  jieople  sojonrnini.'  in  this  wil 
resl  is  uncertain  ,  there  were  but  seven  of  the;  derness,  iifioii  whom  siindiy  calaniities  havo 
company  trien,  so  tliey  are  not  ca|>ahleofilninL'  broke  in  at  once,  this  hist  as  v.ell  as  to  th>) 
anv  mischief.  Some  of  hiti-  have  travelled  former  years  :  In  many  places  they  have  hern 
lhroiii;h  the  woods  to  Connenticiir,  lint  liavo  visited  wilh  sickness  and  mortably,  more  than 
met  with  no  Indians,  nor  did  liny  hearofatiy  linmmiy  years  before,  deprivinp;  them  of  many 
in  their  passing  between  this  place  nnd  liiat.   'useful  persons;  amongst  others   the  losa  of 


1 

ire.icherons  villain  make  an  escii[ie  tins  winter 

from   (-apt.    Prentice's   house    (tinder    whose 


063 


THE   INDIAN    WARS. 


Mr.  Jolin  Winthrop,  the  late  worthy  gover- 1 
nor  of  till!  colony  ot'Connecticut,  is  lis  it  ought 
to  he,  much  liiiiionlcJ  by  all,  who  died  atBos- 1 
ton,  th<;5lh  of  April,  1670,  in  ihi;  73d  year  ofi 
!iisiige,  wliitlierlie  was  occasionally  called  the 
lii»t  winter,  to  sit  with  the  rest  of  the  commia- 
iiioners  of  the  united  colonies  to  consult  about 
the  f^reat  afl'uirs  of  them,  row  newly  engaged 
ill  these  troubles  from  the  heathen.  Ho  was 
the  eldest  son  of  the  furnoiis  governor  of  the 
Massachusetts,  deceased  March  20,  1649, 
Proles  aimilima  parentii.  The  memory  of  the 
fiither,  though  he  died  so  long  time  ago,  yet 
Btill  lives  in  the  minds  of  the  surviving  gene- 
ration, and  is  like  to  continue  much  longer  by 
the  remembrance  of  the  many  eminent  virtues 
found  in  this  the  eldest  of  his  ofl'spring,  who 
being  not  long  after,  or  about  that  time  called 
to  take  up  his  residence  in  that  colony,  was 
by  tiie  importunity  of  the  people  tliere,  pre- 
vailed with  to  accept  of  the  governor's  place, 
which  for  a  long  time  after  he  sustained  in 
that  colony,  though  annually  chosen  thereunto; 
being  so  well  furnished  with  many  excellent 
endowments,  as  well  moral  as  political  and 
iiliilosophical,  which  rendered  him  most  fit  to 
to  bo  an  healer  of  that  people.  Though  we 
uio  dealing  in  another  subject,  yet  shall  not 
we  pass  by  his  tomb  as  we  go  along,  without 
paying  the  homage  due  to  the  memory  of  so 
lioiiorable  a  gentleman. 

After  all  the  foremenlioned  calamities  and 
troubles,  it  pleased  God  to  alarm  the  town  of 
Boston,  and  in  that  the  whole  country,  by  a 
sad  hro  acciuentaily  kindled  by  tlie  cireless- 
iiess  of  an  apprentice  that  set  up  too  late  over 
iiiglit,  as  was  conceived  ;  which  began  an  hour 
before  day,  continuing  three  or  four  days,  in 
which  time  it  burned  to  the  ground  forty-six 
dwelling  houses,  besides  other  buildings,  to- 
gether with  a  largo  meeting  house.  Some 
mercy  was  olisorved  mixed  with  tiie  judgment 
for  if  a  great  rain  had  not  continued  all  the 
lime  (the  roofs  and  walls  of  the  ordinary  buil- 
dings consisting  of  such  combustible  matter) 
that  whole  end  of  the  town  had  at  that  time 
been  consumed.  Whereby  we  s<"e  that  God 
in  his  providence  can  turn  our  dwellinos  into 
Afihes,  without  the  help  of  either  foreign  or 
domestic  enemies.  Which  coimideration  may 
nwaken  all  from  security  and  confidence  in 
these  uncertain  and  unslable  possessions, 
that  have  no  firmer  fimndiition  that  may  so 
noon  after  their  first  erection  eaten  up  by  the 
flames  of  the  fiie,  before  the  iron  teeth  of  time 
have  had  leisure  to  devour  and  feed  upon 
them. 

God  grant  that  by  the  fire  of  all  these  judg- 
ments, we  may  be  purged  from  our  dross  and 
Im'Cohio  a  more  refined  people,  as  ves^'ls  fit- 
ted for  'lUr  master's  use. 


A  NARnATIVB  OPTIIE  INIIIAN  WARS  I\  NEW-E.MQ- 
LANU,  FROM  nSCATAQUA  TU  I'KM.MAQIJIU. 

The  occasion,  rise  and  progress  of  the  war 
with  the  Indians  in  the  southern  and  western 
piirtH  of  New-Knglaiid,  together  with  the  is- 
sue and  success  thereof,  hath  in  the  firmer 
part  of  this  nairative  been  already  declared. 
IJefore  un  entrance  be  made  inloa  rcMalion  of 
those  troiil)les  that  beful  the  eastern  and  nor- 
thern parts,  it  will  be  requisite  to  give  some 
general  description  of  the  place,  as  being  less 


frequented,  and  so  more  unknown  than  the 
other,  like  heralds  that  used  to  blazon  the  field 
befiire  they  medilled  with  tlie  charge,  as  un 
historian  once  said,  that  so  tt"!  reader  may 
not  miss  the  truth  in  a  story,  by  being  un- 
acquainted with  the  places  connected  with 
the  discourse.  Briefly  therefore,  that  more 
cost  and  pains  be  not  spent  in  the  survey- 
ing a  barren  and  rocky  country,  than  will 
quit  cost  (the  list  or  border  here  being  known 
to  bo  worth  more  than  the  whole  cloth)  that 
whole  tract  of  land  being  of  little  worth,  un- 
less it  were  for  the  borders  thereof  upon  the 
sea-coast,  and  some  spots  and  skirts  of  more 
desirable  land  upon  the  banks  of  some  rivers, 
how  much  soever  it  be  valued  by  them  that 
know  nothing  thereof,  by  the  uncertain  and 
fallible  reports  of  such  as  only  sailed  by  the 
country  or  viewed  some  of  the  rivers  and  ha- 
vens, but  never  passed  through  the  heart  of 
the  continent.  The  whole  being  worth  scarce 
those  means  that  have  been  lost  these  two 
last  years  in  hopes  to  save  if. 

This  north  part  of  New  England,  did  first, 
like  Zarah  put  forth  hi.  hand,  thereby  inviting 
the  adventurers  to  twisc  the  scarlet  thread  of 
their  hopes  about  the  same  auspicious  begin- 
ning they  were  ready  to  promise  themselves 
prosperity  in  having  that  advantage  before 
others  to  plant  and  people  that  part  of  the 
country.  But  that  fair  opportunity  was  al- 
most quite  lost  by  some  fatal  and  mischievous 
accidents  happening  soon  after  that  noble  en- 
terprise was  first  set  on  foot,  as  bath  been  al- 
ready in  part  and  may  hereafter  be  more  ful- 
ly declared. 

The  first  place  that  ever  was  possessed  by 
the  English,  in  hopes  of  making  a  plantation 
in  those  parts  was  a.  tract  of  land  on  the  west 
side  of  the  river  Kcnnebeck,  then  called  Sa- 
gatawock,  since  Sagadanock.  Other  places 
adjoining  were  soon  after  seized  and  impro- 
ved for  trading  and  fishing.  The  more  re- 
mote and  farthest  northward  at  this  time  Ik-.- 
longing  to  the  English  (Penobscot  forty  years 
since  being  surprised  by  the  French,  and  by 
them  held  to  this  day)  is  called  Pemmaqiiid, 
distant  seven  or  eight  leagues  from  Kennebeck 
and  is  the  utmost  boundary  of  New  England, 
being  about  forty  leagues  distant  from  the 
mouth  of  Tiscataipia  river  ;  I'l-mmaquiil  is  a 
commodious  haven  for  ships,  and  hath  been 
fiiund  very  advantageous  to  such  as  used  to 
come  upon  these  coasts  to  make  fishing  voya- 
ges ;  south  west  or  south  east  from  thence 
about  six  or  sev<Mi  leagues,  lies  an  island  called 
Monhlggon,  of  much  use  on  the  same  account 
fiir  fishing,  it  lying  three  or  four  leagues  into 
the  sea  from  Damarils's  cove,  a  place  of  like 
advantage  for  stages  of  fishermen  in  former 
times.  There  have  been  fiira  longtime  sev- 
en or  eight  considerable  dwellings  about  Pem- 
maqiiid which  are  well  accommoilated  with 
pasture  land  about  the  haven  for  feeding  cat- 
tle, and  some  fields  also  for  tillage  ;  all  the  land 
improvable  for  such  uses  being  already  taken 
up  by  such  a  number  of  inhabitants  as  is  al- 
ready mentioned. 

In  the  mouth  of  the  river  Kennebeck  lies  a 
considerable  island  called  Arowsick,  some 
years  since  purchased  by  Major  Clarke  and 
Capt.  Lake,  two  miircliants  of  Koslon,  on 
which  they  built  several  largo  dwellings,  with 
a  ware-house  and  many  other  edifices  near 
the  water  side,  it  being  intended  by  the  ow- 
ners for  a  place  of  tradingas  well  as  planting ; 


there  being  many  of  late  seated  there  fit  to  rnr 
ry  on  such  design;  where  also  was  built  a  fori 
which  if  it  had  been  carefully  defended,  might 
have  proved  the  defence  and  security  of  nil 
that  side  of  the  country,  as  it  used  to  be  iheit 
magazine.  Up  higher  beyond  the  river  Ken- 
nebeck, fiiur  leagues  eastward  towards  Pein- 
maquid,  is  another  considerable  rive.'  nilleil 
Shcepscot, upon  the  bunks  of  which  were  ma 
ny  scattered  planters,  who  lately  flying  IVoin 
their  dwellings  fiir  fear  of  Indians,  left  as  wiis 
judged,  a  thousand  head  of  neat  cattle  for  the 
use  of  the  Indians  that  made  the  late  insurrec- 
ti<in  against  the  inhabitants  of  those  parts,  be- 
sides their  fields  and  barns  full  of  corn.  There 
is  a  another  river  that  issues  into  Kcnnivbeck  a 
little  higher  up  intho  country,  called  Pegyps- 
col,  that  comes  down  from  behind  Oasco  bav. 
This  Pegypscot  is  the  seat  of  the  Anioscoggin 
Indians,  who  have  had  a  great,  if  not  a  prin- 
cipal hand  in  the  late  mischief. 

Some  few  leagues  to  the  south  of  Kenne- 
beck lies  the  famous  and  spacious  hoven  culled 
Ciisco  bay,  the  northeast  cape  of  which  is  made 
by  an  Island  called  Saguin  ;  the  southern  and 
ojiposite  point  of  land  is  called  cape  Elizabeth. 
Within  the  bosom  of  this  bay,  being  about 
eight  or  nine  leagues  over  at  tlio  mouth  of  it, 
are  a  great  numlier  of  small  islands,  many  of 
them  being  inhabited  by  fishermen  nnd  others  ; 
one  of  the  principal  of  those  is  called  .Tewtl's 
island.  There  are  many  places  about  the  bay 
fit  to  make  commodious  habitations,  and  on 
the  south  side  of  it  is  a  small  village  called 
Falmouth  ;  all  or  most  of  it  lately  destroyed 
by  the  Indians. 

Not  far  from  Casco,  to  the  southward  or 
south  west  still  is  a  river  called  Spiirwick, 
over  against  which  lies  Richmond  island,  not 
fitr  from  the  main  land,  being  diviiled  there- 
from by  n  small  channel,  for<luble  ut  low 
water  ;  it  hath  for  a  long  time  be('n  the  seat 
of  Mr.  Jordan,  in  right  of  Mr.  Winter,  the 
former  if  nut  the  first  proprietor  thereof, 
whose  daughter  he  married. 

The  next  jilantation  southward  is  called 
.Scarborough,  a  small  village  seated  upon 
Black  [)oint,  over  ogainst  « hicli  is  another 
point,  for  distinction  from  the  fiumer,  lalled 
IjIuo  point.  This  Black  point  was  lately  the 
seal  of  Mr.  .losselin,  being  a  parcel  of  the 
province  of  Maine,  on  falling  wiiliin  the  pie- 
ciiict  thereof,  and  fiiriiierly  by  patent  granted 
to  the  said  .losselin  or  his  predeix'ssois, 
since  |)urcliased  by  Mr.  Scotto,  of  Boston. 

Saco  river  lies  next  in  order  to  the  Piscata- 
qna,  a  navigable  river,  where  Major  Philips 
hud  a  commodious  situation  lately  ;  at  the 
mouth  of  which  river  lies  Winter  harbour, 
encompassed  on  one  side  by  a  iiecJ'  f  hinil, 
liirinely  the  property  of  one  Mr.  Wiiiier, 
whose  name  it  still  retains,  but  lately  pur- 
chased by  Major  Pendleton,  where  he  eii- 
joyei,  a  very  comfiirtable  seat  and  habitation. 

There  isanother  harbour  lying  a  little  soiiih- 
%vard  of  Saco,  made  by  that  which  is  called 
cape  Porpoise;  a  convenient  sent  lor  fisher- 
man, as  are  most  of  the  other  places  above- 
named.  Between  cupe  Porpoise  and  Pisca- 
ta()iiay  there  are  but  two  small  towns  more, 
(ihnugli  ainbitioiM  of  great  names)  the  one 
called  Wells  and  the  other  York.  Wells  is 
seated  upon  a  small  river  orcieek,  iiU'ordinir  a 
small  harbour  fit  only  for  barks  ami  siiiallc  r 
vessels ;  on  each  side  of  which  t<iwn  lies  a 
small  rivor,  the  one  is  called  Kenncbuiik,  l.'.e 


A   NARRATIVE   OP 


uUhI  tliiTB  fit  to  nnr 
ildo  wna  hiiilt  n  furl 
lly  (lufiMiilcil,  niiijlit 
ind  91'ciirity  of  hII 
1  it  used  to  Ih;  llit'ir 
fond  tlie  river  Ken- 
.•ord  t<i\viir(is  I'l'in- 
LTulilo  river  riilit'd 
of  wliicli  were  nia 
)  lalfly  flying  from 
Iiidiims,  left  ns  wns 
f  ncnt  ciitllc  for  tlic 
Jo  the  late  insurroc- 
I  (if  those  |mrls,  Iic- 

fiill  of  corn.  Tlicro 
!s  into  KeniK^heck  a 
try,  culled  lVp;yps- 

bt'hiird  Ciisco  hay. 

of  tlio  AtnoscoiTfiiii 
frcat,  if  not  a  iiriri- 
ihief. 

lU  south  of  Kcntio- 
lacioiis  haven  called 
i|)(!  ofwliich  is  made 
L  ;  the  soiilhern  and 
lied  cape  Kliznhelh. 
3  bay,  heing  alioiit 

at  the  month  of  it, 
ill  i.standn,  nmiiy  of 
iherrnen  ami  olliers  ; 
so  is  called  .Tewtl's 
daces  about  ihe  bay 
habitations,  and  on 
small  villapfe  called 
'  it  lately  deetroycd 

0  the  southward  or 
'  called  Spnrwick, 
chniond  island,  not 
ling  divided  lliere- 
1,  fordable  at  low 
lime  been  the  seat 
if  Mr.  Winter,  the 
proprietor    thereof. 


other  Maguncuck.  The  other  town,  York, 
formely  known  by  the  name  of  Agmenticus, 
from  a  high  hill  of  that  name  not  fur  tlierefnim. 
The  point  of  land  which  lies  between  the  said 
towns,  is  called  cape  Nadduck,  making  u 
tmull  harbour  likowido,  into  which  ixsnes  an- 
other pretty  river  on  the  banks  of  which  is 
situate  the  town  of  Vork.  All  or  most  of  the 
foreniunlioned  towns  and  plantations  are  seat- 
l-d  upon  nnd  near  some  greater  or  less  river 
whose  streams  are  principally  improved  for 
driving  of  saw  mills,  those  lute  inventions  so 
useful  for  the  dostriiction  of  wood  and  timber, 
especially  of  fir  trees  which  do  so  abound  in 
those  coasts,  that  there  is  scarce  a  river  or 
creek  in  those  parts  that  hath  not  some  of  those 
engines  erected  upon  them. 

The  upper  branches  of  the  famous  river  of 
Piscataquabi'ingalsoomploycd  all  of  them  that 
Wiiy,  namely.  Sturgeon  creek,  Sahnon  falls, 
Nevvechewannick,  Quecheco,  Oyjler  river, 
Swamscot,  Greenland,  Lamprey  l<]el  river, 
together  with  the  townsof  Ksthcr  and  Dover, 
seated  upon  or  near  some  ofthe  main  branches 
thereof,  whose  principal  trade  is  in  deal  boards 
cut  by  those  saw  mills,  since  their  rift  timber 
is  near  all  consumed.  On  each  side  of  that 
fine  navigable  river  of  Piscataqua,  down  to- 
wards the  mouth  of  it  are  seated  on  the  north 
eide,  the  town  of  Kittery,  (a  long  scattering 
plantation  made  up  of  several  hamlets)  on  the 
Houthsideof  the  town  of  Portoraouth,  to  which 
belongs  the  great  island  lying  in  the  mouth  of 
the  said  river,  a  place  of  considerable  trade  of 
late  years,  which  together  with  Strawberry 
l>ank,  the  upper  part  of  the  said  town  of 
Portsmouth,  are  the  magazine  and  chief  or 
only  place  of  trade  and  commerce  for  uU  the 
plantations  betwixt  it  and  the  Cusco  bay 
All  the  said  plantations  have  in  these  two  last 
years  1675  and  1676,  felt  more  or  less  ofthe  bar- 
barous and  perfidious  Indians  belonging  to 
that  side  ofthe  country,  a.s  shall  more  particu 
larly  be  declared  in  what  follows,  after  a  short 
discourse  ofthe  first  planting  ofthe  country, 
which  may  serve  as  a  kind  of  prologue  to 
the  following  tragedy. 

This  part  of  New  England  began  first  to 
be  planted  about  the  same  time  with  Vir- 
ginia, vl/.  in  the  year  1606.  There  the  first 
letter  patent  fjranled  by  the  king,  for  the 
limitation  of  Virginia,  did  extend  from  31  to 
41  degrei!S  of  north  latitude,  and  was  divided 
into  two  parts,  namely  the  first  and  the  se- 
cond colony  ;  tlie  former  was  appropiated  to 
the  city  of  London,  the  other  to  the  cities  of 
Bristol,  Exeter  and  tJie  town  of  Plymouth, 
each  of  which  had  laws,  privileges,  and  au- 
thority for  the  government,  and  advancing 
their  several  plauiatiiins  alike  as  saitli  Capt. 
Smith  ill  his  history  of  Virginia  and  New 
England.  This  second  colony  of  New  Eng- 
land, promising  but  little  advantage  to  the 
undertakers,  by  reason  of  its  mountainous 
and  rocky  situation,  found  but  few  adventu- 
rers forward  to  promote  the  planurig  liierool' 
alter  the  death  of  Sir  John  Popliani,  who  was 
the  first  that  ever  procured  men  or  means  to 
possess  it  ;  for  when  the  main  pillars  are  re- 
tiioved,  what  can  be  suspected  but  that  the 
whole  building  should  fall  to  the  ground. 
Yet  notwithstanding  the  discouragements 
the  first  planters  met  with  in  their  first  winter 
seasoning  in  that  eld  and  rocky  desert 
(which  made  them  all  return  home  in  the 
year  160S)  Sir  Francis  Popham  his  son,  hav- 


ing the  ships  and  provisions  which  remained  I  years  in  England,  and   coming  back  unto  th» 


ofllic  cimipany,  ami  supplying  what  was 
necessary  for  his  jmrpose,  sent  divers  times 
to  the  coast  for  trade  and  fishing,  of  who.su 
loss  or  gain,  as  sailh  my  author,  himself  was 
best  nbli!  to  give  an  account  ;  and  some  of 
the  ships  sent  by  him,  and  the  Earl  of  South- 
hampton, with  other  noble  adventurers,  did 
bring  home  some  ofthe  natives  of  the  place 
in  one  of  the  following  years,  by  whose  in- 
formation some  of  till!  first  undertakers  were 
encouraged  once  more  to  try  the  verity  of 
their  hopes,  and  see  if  possibly  they  might 
find  something  that  could  induce  a  tresh  re- 
solution to  prosecute  so  pious  and  honorable 
a  work. 

Hut  in  the  mean  lime  befiiro  there  was  yet 
any  speech  or  endeavour  to  settle  any  other 
plantations  in  those  parts,  that  about  Sagada- 
iiock  being  thus  abandoned  for  the  present, 
by  the  first  undertakers,  the  Frenchmen  im- 
mediately took  the  opportunity  to  settle  them- 
selves within  our  limits,  being  understood  by 
those  of  Virginia,  they  discreetly  taking  into 
their  consideration  the  inconveniences  that 
might  arise  by  sufTering  them  to  harbor  there. 
Sir  Samuel  Argal  was  sent  with  u  commis- 
sion to  displace  them  which  he  with  great  dis- 
cretion, dexterity,  and  judgment,  performed 
about  the  year  lei.'S,  which  made  way  for  the 
plantation  at  Nova-Scotia,  E-ranted  afterwards 
by  King  James  to  Sir  William  Alexander, 
one  of  his  majesty's  most  honorable  council  of 
Scotland.  The  said  Argal  seized  the  forts 
which  the  Frenchmen  had  built  at  Mount 
Mansel,  St.  Croix  and  Port  Real,  and  carried 
away  their  ordnance  and  provisions  to  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  to  their  great  benefit.  The 
said  places  were  held  by  the  English  many 
years  after,  till  about  the  year  1695  by  com- 
mission from  the  Scotch  lord  aforesaid  j  but 
how  his  right  came  afterwards  to  be  alienated 
to  any  of  the  French  nation,  doth  not  concern 
us  with  reference  to  the  business  in  hand,  fur- 
ther to  enijnire. 

Things  remaining  in  this  posture  for  the 
space  of  near  seven  years,  some  ofthe  first  ad- 
venturers apprehensiveofbetter  hopes  of  good 
that  might  ensue  by  a  fresh  attempt,  resolved 
to  set  the  design  a  foot  a  second  time,  to  which 
end  several  ships  were  sent  on  that  account  in 
the  year  161.5,  but  with  as  bad  success  as  the 
fiiriner  ;  for  in  the  year  before,  viz.  1614, 
Capt.  Smith,  desirous  to  jTromoic  the  colony 
of  New  England,  as  well  as  that  of  Virginia, 
came  thither  with  two  vessels,  and  returned 
back  to  England  in  the  least  nfthem,  with  in- 
tent to  bo  there  again  the  next  year  to  pro- 
mote the  said  plantation;  but  al'i  irhe  was  gone, 
one  Thomas  Hunt,  mailer  ofthe  ship  he  left 
iiehind,  like  a  dishonesi  man,  to  prevent  the 
carrying  on  the  plantation,  that  he  and  ii  few 
merchants  might  wholly  enjoy  the  beneHt  of 
the  trade  of  the  country,  aiVer  he  had  made 
his  voyage,  seized  upiui'.l  of  the  poor  innocent 
natives,  tlial  in  confidence  of  his  honesry,  had 
put  themselves  into  Ir.s  hands,  then  clapping 
them  under  hatches  carried  them  away  to  Ma- 
laga, whither  he  wi.s  bound  with  the  fish  he  had 
made  upon  the  const,  for  that  market ;  but  this 
vile  act,  although  it  deprived  him  forever  after 
of  any  more  em|'loyment  in  those  parts,  yet 
that  was  the  least  part  ofthe  mischief  that  at- 
tended this  wicked  practice;  for  upon  the  ar- 
rival of  the  adventurers  ships  the  next  year, 
two  natives  of  the  place  that  had  been  some 


said  ships,  as  soon  as  thev  uiidii'tood  the  in- 
jury so  treacherously  done  to  theiri  ■  unlrymen 
they  contracted  such  a  hatred  H>r4inst  our 
whole  nation,  that  all  hough  one  of  the  said  iia- 
tives  dii'dwiiin  afler,yet  the  other  called  l'l[)e- 
now,  sfiiilied  how  to  be  revenged,  which  he 
so  far  fi>und  means  to  etVect  that  he  frustrated 
this  second  attempt  of  settling  a  pluntution  i. 
these  parts. 

Yet  did  not  the  adventurers  cast  oft"  all 
hopes  of  carrying  on  their  design.  Wherein 
F'l-ovidence  within  a  --w  years  so  favoured 
them  that  one  or  more  of  the  savuecs  called 
Tisquantom  and  Sainoset,  carried  away  by 
Hunt,  was  brought  I.;.'  k  to  NewLiuntflaiul. 
from  whence  he  was  s. . m  after  conveyed  by 
the  prudent  endeavour  of  Capt.  Mason  (then 
i;overnnr  of  the  plantation  began  upon  New- 
foundland) into  the  hands  of  some  ofthe  ad- 
venturers, by  whose  means  they  hoped  t(> 
work  tt  peace  betwixt  the  said  natives  on 
that  coast  where  the  fire  had  been  kindleo 
bidbre;  for  the  adventurers  employed  ("apt. 
Thomas  Darmer,  a  prudent  and  industrious 
gentleman,  lo  settlellie  aft'airofihe  plantalioa 
now  a  third  time  revived  again  about  Ken- 
tucky, aboutthe  year  1619.  JJy  his  prudence 
and  care  a  lasting  peace  was  made  betwixt 
the  natives  ofthe  place  and  the  English,  who 
were  but  a  little  before  so  abhorred  by  them 
fur  the  wrong  formerly  received,  so  that  ibo 
plantation  began  at  last  to  prosper,  and  con- 
tinue in  good  liking,  and  assurances  of  the 
friividship  of  their  neighbours  that  had  been 
lately  exasperated  against  them.  This  Tis 
qauntum  before  mentioned,  was  most  instru 
mental  and  helpful  to  the  plantation  begun  at 
New  Plymouth  about  the  following  years, 
1620,  in  iheir  weak  beginnings,  there  being 
frequent  mentionof  bis  name,asal30of  one  .Sii 
moset,  a  native  ofthe  same  place,  by  the  liko 
providence  brought  back  to  Kennebeck,  and 
from  thence  with  Tisquantiimcaine  to  the  new 
planters  at  Patuxet,  or  Plymouth,  and  brought 
them  into  acciuaintance  with  Massasoit,  the 
sachem  about  those  parts,  wilhout  whoso 
friendship  that  new  pliiiitation  would  hardly 
have  subsisted  long. 

This  story  premised,  is  the  more  to  be  ob- 
served in  this  place  because  the  friendship 
upon  the  means  and  occasions  nforesiiivl,  con- 
firmed between  the  Indians  in  t'lies.  eastern 
parts  and  the  Eiiijlish,  had  cominmd  stedfast 
and  constant  to  this  year,  «  hen  it  was  broken 
by  another  treacherous  mid  wicked  jirartico 
of  a  like  nature,  and  paiallel  to  that  of  the 
aforesaid  Hunt,  as  may  more  fully  be  decla- 
.-ed  afterwards. 

Possibly  the  like  satisfaction  may  prove  the 
more  probable  means  lo  jirociire  a  settled 
peace.  But  to  return  whence  this  digression 
hath  been  made.  Some  years  were  spent  to 
bring  things  to  this  issue  :  The  adviMiliirers 
were  put  to  much  care  and  pains  beiiire  they 
could  get  their  patent  conhrined  and  renewed 
again  :  .Many  obstructions  they  met  with  from 
some  interlopers  who  began  to  look  into  tho 
traile  of  this  country,  and  would  irregularly 
have  had  a  share  therein,  or  grade  it  common 
to  all  traders,  to  which  end  they  peiitionej  lo 
a  parliament  then  called  to  bring  about  iheii 
ends,  but  at  the  last  it  was  settled  firmlv  in  the 
hands  of  sundry  noble  and  worthy  paienteos, 
lords,  knights,  gentlemen,  and  merchants 
commonly  known  by  tlio  name  of  tlie  council 


004 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


It: 


n 


of  Plyinoiitli,  who  liiul  iho  iilnoluto  |i(iwt!r 
uiulfT  till!  kiiif;  fur  iniikin;,'  nil  (.'niiits,  nml  liis- 
piiiiii!^  (if  nil  IiiikU  friiiri  tlui  'lOlli  to  tlio  t^tli 
ili'tjrci'R  iiorlli  liuitiidi! ;  nil  wliicli  wns  iKMoin- 
plislii'd  iiliom  till'  3'oar  10^1,  Soriii)  |>rintoil 
ri-lHtioiiD  lliat  ii|M!uk  iiftlii'Hi-  ti  aiisiiclioiij,  wrilo 
niucli  nf  tliii  fli>iii'i?<lilii(;  sliiti-,  and  iKipt'l'iil 
pi'i)!>|n'rily  oflljirt  |i|aiitatinii,  |iiilili»hi'd  nlintil 
fifty  y>'(ira  siiicc,  yi.'t  did  it  lu'vur  niipciir  by 
U'Imt  fcilliiwud,  that  liny  coTisidarnliii)  iidvaii- 
lagn  did  ovor  iiccnii;  to  tlio  (irat  uiul<'rtiiki.T», 
from  this  tlii'ir  new  plnntatioii  of  tlin  rnstcrn 

fmrtfl,  unless  hy  llio  trado  oi  fish  and  tirs,  which 
litter  niiitinuud  lint  Iiin^  ;  that  iiiaiiiit;t'ci  it  liy 
their  own  piirlicnlar  flocks  und  ixMsuniii  I'ti- 
di'iivoiirs;  and  if  without  iiflV'ncu  it  may  i>u 
RpokiMi,  thu  iniillitiiili'  of  piitciils  soon  ufti'r 
praiiti^d  to  g(3iitlomi'n  of  hrokcii  forliini's,  have 
jn'oviih.'d  l)iit  pliict'S  of  wnhorjoralilo  cxilf  or 
conlinuniont,  whither  many  dcscrvini^  persons 
of  lit'tti'r  education  than  foitune,  were  sent  to 
shift  for  themselves  in  a  foreign  land,  without 
b<Mng  further  troiiblesonn'  to  those  iieiirer 
home,  on  whom  they  had  their  hopes  and  de- 
punihtiice  ;  yet  it  must  not  be  deiiieil  lint  thiit 
iomi^  of  tlie  nnderlakers  were  at  vast  t-\- 
ponce,  castinfT  their  bread  n|)on  tl'tse  waters, 
where  none  of  their  friends  anil  rel.ilions  havt? 
OS  yet  hail  nn  opportunity  to  find  it;  The 
reuson  of  whicii  is  not  haid  to  ^ive,  in  refe- 
rence to  all  those  lauds  and  territories  that  He 
to  the  eastward  of  l'is(aiac|iia  river.  One 
muincuuse  had  been  the  luultiplicify  of  jjranis 
niul  patents  for  thu  dividin;^  of  the  said  tract 
of  land  for  besides  tiu!  strife  that  hath  liein 
occasioned  by  the  intricacy  and  indistinctness 
of  their  liberties  and  iiounds,  (enough  to  linve 
maintained  n  greater  iininber  of  lawyers  than 
ever  were  the  inhabitants)  if  tlie  grantees  had 
lieon  supplied  with  monies  proportionable  to 
jheir  suits  und  controversies  about  theirboiinds 
and  jurisdictions,  wliich  Hometiiiies  they  have 
been  ready  to  decide  with  their  swords,  wit- 
ness those  fatal  names  iin|)osed  on  such  ac- 
counts upon  some  jilaces  belonging  to  those 
parts,  ns  lilooily  Poii  '  ]!lack  Point,  liliie 
Point,  and  every  considi'rabli!  parcel  of  land 
lieing  by  patent  granted  to  several  parllc- 
nhir  persons  lilndci'(!d  the  erection  of  town- 
ships ami  villages,  which  if  itliad  been  olher- 
wise  disposed  of,  might  have  been  full  of 
towns,  and  well  |)etiplril,  and  thereby  the  in- 
liabilaiits  had  been  able  to  have  stood  upon 
their  guard,  and  defended  tliiMiiselvi's  against 
the  common  enemy,  w  hereas  now  thev  were 
but  like  scopoc  iliiiihtinf,  or  like  his  arrows 
that  biMug  l)ouiid  up  ill  oiii-  bundle  could  not 
be  broken  by  an  ordinary  fiirco,  but  being 
huise,  were  easily  siia[ipi'd  asunder  by  any 
single  hand.  Another  reason  might  be,  the 
einpliiylng  of  such  ngeius  and  instriiiniints  as 
either  wanted  skill  or  lideliiy  to  manage  wliiit 
they  were  entrusted  with,  which  niaile  many 
of  the  adventurers  long  ago  complain,  that  in- 
gtond  of  bills  of  exchange  und  other  relnrns 
which  they  expected,  they  received  nothing 
bulliirge  inventories  of  the  wants  of  their  sev- 
eral plantations,  and  the  servants  sent  over  to 
improve  them,  wliicli  were  all  the  returns  that 
inuny  o(  tliein  ever  received  for  llie  h-rge  sums 
of  money  many  disburced  for  the  carrying  on 
their  affiiirs.  A  lliird  reason  may  lie  the  sev- 
eral changes  of  government  the  inhabitants 
liave  passed  under,  which  have  occasioned  not 
only  much  vexation  and  ex  pence  to  such  as 
wcro  upon  tho  place,  but  much  diacourago- 


I  inent  to  sevi'ral  others  wlio  by  thu  coniino- 
(bousness  of  the  place  winild  willingly  have 
chnsiMi  stations  in  lliose  parts,  hud  they  seen 
I  any  hope  of  asellled  goviMiimeiit  ever  like  to 
'  be  obtained  ;  whirli  is  not  hard  to  ileinonstrute 
by  givin|^  a  bttle  loncli  us  wo  pass  along,  on 
the  several  changes  of  government  the  jilaces 
aforeinenlioned  have  been  moulded  into,  and 
the  several  proprietorc  that  of  late  have  elui- 
inud  interest  ill  the  land.  III  the  year  IGS'I,  u 
patent  was  grunted  by  the  council  of  I'ly  mouth, 
tliegrund  proprictors,toCapt.  Mason, for  a  largo 
Irart  of  land  about  Piscutaipia,  but  it  not  being 
distinctly  bounded,  himself  with  Sir  I'Vrdi nun- 
do  (iorges,  obtained  a  joint  patent  in  the  year 
l.AiO,  liir  till'  hind  betwixt  the  east  of  fiagiula- 
hock,  and  west  of  Nainukeiig,  but  that  also 
interfering  with  the  bounds  granteil  before  that 
timo  to  sundry  gentleineii  merihants  that  had 
obtained  n  patent  from  the  south  of  Charles 
river,  to  tho  northward  of  Merrimack,  dipt. 
.Mason's  bounds  were  afterwards  by  consent 
(as  is  said)  of  bis  agent  or  agents,  reduced  to 
some  branches  aboi  (  i  iscataipia  river  (who 
yet  could  not  agree  vitli  those  that  acted  in 
the  name  of  Shrewsbury  men)  but  being  whol- 
ly neglected  by  the  pretended  proprietor  or  his 
successor  (till  of  late  days)  was  by  tho  desire 
of  the  inhubilants  yielded  up  to  the  Massachu- 
setts government  near  twenty  years  since. 

In  iho  year  llJIiO  u  patent  was  grunted  by 
said  ciuincil  of  Plymouth  (signed  by  thu  Eurl 
of  Warwick,  and  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  und 
sealed  with  the  <  oinmon  seal  of  the  council 
aforesaid)  to  John  l)y,  Thomas  Lupe,  (Irace 
Harding,  and  John  Itouch,  of  London,  for 
a  largt;  tract  of  land  on  the  south  side  of  Sa- 
gadahock,  forty  miles  sijiiaro  by  tho  sea-side, 
und  so  up  into  the  country;  John  I)y,  ufore- 
saiil,  und  his  partners  took  in  another  as  part- 
ner and  associate  witli  them,  Mr.  Richard 
Durnmer.of  Newbury,  in  England,  in  the  year 
1G33,  to  wliom  they  delivered  tho  original 
patent,  with  an  order  from  them,  and  in  their 
name  to  take  ui)  tho  land  described  in  the 
patent,  but  he  being  denied  opportunity  to 
elfect  it,  as  also  a  nhip  formerly  sent  by  the 
patentees  for  that  end,  not  accomplishing  their 
desire,  they  not  long  alter  sold  all  their  interest 
in  the  said  patent,  to  oni!  Mr.  Uigby,  a  Lan- 
cashire geiilleii'  ■;,  who  inailo  Mr,  Cleaves 
his  agi'iit  to  manage  lliebusinessof  bis  [lurclia- 
sed  interest  in  the  said  patent:  to  whom  I\Ir. 
Duinmer  was  ordered  to  deliver  the  original 
patent,  which  accordingly  he  did  :  What  troii- 
lile  was  occasioned  soon  afterbetween  tlie  said 
.Mr.  Cleaves  and  .Mr.  Ume.s,  agent  for  SirFer- 
dinando  (iorges,  is  w\ll  known  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  place  and  need  not  here  bo  men- 
tioned ;  nor  yet  how  the  said  Mr.  Uigby  came 
forward  to  lose  his  interest,  ut  least  with  the 
inhabitants  in  the  patent. 

In  the  year  1G02,  Sir  Fordinado  Gorges  not 
trustmg  in   the   joint   jialent  for  himself  and 
jCapt.   Mason,  obtained  a  distinct  patent  for 
j  himself  and  got  cnnrumed   by   King  Charles 
I  the  first,  of  blessed  memory,  for  all  that  large 
I  tract  of  land  from  Sagadahock   to  Piscataijua 
river,  and  so  about  an  hundred  miles  up  into 
the  country,  by  tlio  name  of  tho  Province  of 
.Maine.     What  benefit  and  improvement  was 
ever  made  thereof  by  liis  agent  or  successors, 
is  best  known  to  themsidves;   but  for  the  in- 
habitants, who  upon  one  account  or   nnnllier 
had  been  induced,  either  by  any  precedaneous 
grant  or  liberty  from  himself  ur  hia  agents,  to 


lake  up  any  land  within  tho  bounds  of  the  iniil 
province  ;  they  iuiding  much  inconvriiieiicier 
und  tnniblo  for  want  of  an  orderly  and  settled 
government,  did  ut  the  last,  prtition  the  gen- 
eral cmirt  of  Massachiisetts  to  he  taken  under 
their  Jurisdiction  and  government  (reserving 
the  bborlies  and  privilegesof  their  former  pur- 
chases und  grunts,  as  to  the  title,  poHsession, 
and  properly  of  themselves)  which  was  gran- 
tod  them,  though  not  only  und  altogeihei  upon 
tlie  grounds  on  which  it  was  desired  by  iho 
petitioners.  Yet  notwithstanding  nil  this, 
things  wero  not  settled  either  to  tho  comfort 
or  content  of  the  inliubitants  :  For  sometime! 
soiiio  I'emanded  right  of  jurisdiction  over 
them,  by  virtue  of  Sir  Ferdinando's  jialenl, 
sometimes  commisaionors  employed  by  his 
Highness  the  duke  of  York,  attempted  In  set- 
tle a  governtiU!iit  amongst  the  peojile  j  soino- 
times  they  tried  what  might  bo  done  by  agree- 
iiient  amongst  themselves,  but  ufli^r  their  re- 
turn for  Knghind,  by  one  mean  or  other  tho 
government  relapsi^d  again  into  the  hands  of 
.Mussacliiisotts,  ullhoiigh  a  snpersedus  there- 
unto seems  to  liuve  been  put  by  uii  order  from 
his  majesty  this  last  year. 

IJy  till!  several  vicissitudes  und  changes  of 
government, the  iiourishingofthe  said  provinco 
hath  been  much  obstructed,  whicli  else  might 
have  been  advanced,  and  the  inhabitants  beeii 
put  into  a  capacity  to  have  secured  ihemsiflves 
against  the  late  barbarous  incursions  of  the  In- 
dians,might  tliereby  liuvo  been  prevented,  and 
so  the  mischief  also  which  hath  ensued  might 
thereby  have  been  averted:  For  a  well  ordered 
goverinent  would  never  have  siiirered  those 
that  now  wero  connived  at,  wliicli  if  they  had 
been  timely  looked  into  by  such  as  h  id  abso- 
lute or  positive  and  iintpiestioned  poweroi  rule 
in  their  hands,  would  have  been  otherwise  or- 
dered, the  present  mischief  that  is  come  upon 
those  places,  miglit  tliereby  have  been,  if  not 
prevented,  yet  more  easily  redressed,  than 
now  it  is  liko  to  be. 

As  for  die  tract  of  land  that  lies  eastward  be- 
yond Kennebeck  betwixt  that  und  Pcinma- 
(piid,it  is  said  to  have  belon!.'ed  loone  Mr.  Aid- 
worth  and  his  successors,  who  was  alderman 
of  Bristol,  und  on  that  hud  a  patent  llieieot' 
and  employed  some  as  bis  agents,  tliat  did 
somiaiines  reside  upon  the  place,  and  «  as  late 
ly  settled  in  some  order  or  goverinent  by  his 
highness  the  duke  of  York's  commissioners, 
by  whom  also  w  as  an  agreement  made  betwixt 
the  sagamores  of  the  Indians  in  those  partrt 
und  the  English,  ut  a  court  kept  by  their  up- 
pointrnent  in  Kemiebeik  v  '  .1,  jf  li  Imd  been 
observed,    might  ii  pr.  have    pre- 

vented in  I  It  Ti  ure  the  ipiai  'il  winch  is 
now    I'll'  een  tho  EiiL-lisli  and  In- 

dians (line  jenlousie.-        the  rising 

(if  till  .ns    about  twelv  thirteen 

years  it   was   atrrecd  that     i    any  mis- 

chief slu.  1  :ippen  t  l,e  done  by  the  ?]n- 
glish  or  liiili  1  s  one  ,'ainst  another,  though  it 
Wire  to  the  killing  ,ny  person,  neither  side 
should  right  themselves,  but  complaint  should 
bo  made  to  the  sagamon^s  if  the  Indians  did 
the  wrong  and  to  the  court  if  it  was  done  liy 
the  English  :  both  which  did  promise  that 
satisfaction  should  be  made  for  the  previmtini; 
any  quarrel  :  The  iiami'S  of  the  sachems,  n, 
likewise  of  them  that  wero  in  [lower  nt  the 
court,  do  still  remain  upon  [lul.lie  record. 
Hut  matters  of  government  in  those  parts  Ijc- 
ing  since  collapsed,  no  authcrity   more  tliai 


10  bniiiiil!)  (iI'lliK  aniil 
iicli  inuiiiivi'iiit'iicicr 

oi'ilorl^  iiiid  si'llli'd 
It,  |>rlitll>ll  lli(.>  jii'U- 
n  to  liu  tuki'ii  iiikIit 
LTiiiririil  (ii'ScrvMijf 
(if  llirlrloiimrjitir- 
'K^  title,  |)()rtsc'sti<in, 
s)  svliifh  wiin  j^riiii- 

Utid  IlltO^L'tllCI  II|IIII1 

,ns  denired  li^  llio 
isliindiii^  nil  lliii, 
llitr  to  tlio  iriiinfiii't 
Its  :  F(ir  Konictiiiiia 
jiiiimlictKiii    over 

i'diiiuiidii'«  )iiiti'nt, 
1  L'ni|ilovi'd  liy  Ills 
k,  nttt'iiijitod  tci  «et- 

tlin  |H'C)|ile  ;  goine- 
it  liu  doMi!  Iiy  ngreu- 
1,  Imt  ulii;r  lljtNr  ic- 
iiiuRii  or  (itlicr  tlio 

11  iiitn  l|je  liiiiids  of 
.  giipcrsi'dus  tlioru- 
ut  by  ail  oi'dtir  from 

di'9  Dtid  rlinnprs  of 
;oft!io  siiid  priivinco 
d,  wliicli  L'lftu  nil^'lit 
»  inlmliltttiilx  livi'ii 
auciiied  tlii'nis(dvi.'s 

Ill'llliiiollS  of  tilt!    Ill- 

iccii  |ir<,'veiitiMl,  iiiii] 

lllllll  )MI9llcd    llllgllt 

I  For  a  wi'lloiileicd 
mve  sidl'i'fi'd  tlioso 
t,  wliitli  if  llioy  Imd 
y  sucli  iis  It'.id  iiliKo- 
tionod  powcriil  lulo 
!  bft'ii  otIiLTwisuor- 
f  that  is  conio  upon 
ly  bavt!  bi'iMi,  if  not 
ily  redrusnud,  than 

iRt  lies  pnstw.ird  b(>- 
tbat  anil  I'riiiitia- 
lU'i'd  to  one  M?-.  AM- 
ivlio  was  iililcriiian 
I  a  patriit  lliiMcol* 
ia  ai^fiil'4,  tliat.  did 
Jilaro,  and  \mis  Into 
r  f^ovt'rini'nt  bv  bi^ 
rk's  coiTiinissioni'rs, 
'tiii'iitiiiade  bt'twixt 
ian9  ill  tliost!  purtii 
•t  kept  li_v  tlirir  up- 
if  it  bad  bfun 
liavf  pic- 
I!  "I  wli  ell  la 
i~li  uiid  111- 
'III!  risin» 

tllil'tlM'll 

i   any  mis- 
>y   llic    Kii- 


U'   <iil;i 

bo  Kn 
lonsicf. 
tufh 
'd   tliui 
done 

t  anolbur,  lboiii;b  il 
iTson,  iioitbiT  siilf 
lit  complaint  slmnld 
if  the  Indians  did 
■t  if  it  was  done  by 
I  did  proinise  that 
!  for  tbo  provi'iilini; 
of  tbi!  iiaciii'Mis,  115 
(!  in  power  at  llie 
pon  public  iicorj. 
t  in  tlioso  parts  lie- 
Jtbtrity   more  tliat 


A    NATIRATIVE    OP 


0U1 


WB«  iiii'rily  voluntary,  and  piTMiasivn  b<ini,'|  tiiri",  Irani  to  bi'wnro  of  tbiit  mibtlo  brood  and 
owni'd,  tiling*  iirr  now  broiigbt  to  tlial  iiiiii-  U;i'n«'ratioii  of  vipers.  Kvcr  Biiiio  I'liinity  was 
irubli-  "italr  wbiib  follows  iii'Xt  to  be  ili'ilaroil,|  put  brtwccii  tlio  st'od  of  tin?  woiniiii  and  llir 
Kvi>r  nini-i'  llic  lirnt  sittliiif^  of  a!iy  Kiif^lisb  si'i'd  of  tbo  S('r|ifiit,  it  baili  bi-oii  tin-  porliiiii 
plantation  in  tliosii  jiarts  about  Konnrbuckiior 


till'  spaco  ofaliiiiit  lll'ty  scars,  tbo  Indians  i 
wavs  carried  It  fair,  niiil  bolil  (.'ood  corrcs- 
ponib'iii'o  Willi  tbo  ICn;;lnib,  until  tbo  tirws 
canii-  of  I'liilip's  rcbollin;;,  and  rising  against 
tliu  inbabitiinlH  of  I'lyinoiilb  colony  in  tbc  end 
of.Iiinc,  l(i7o|  after  wliicli  time  it  wiis  ap- 
pri!bended  by  such  as  liiiil  the  I'Miininalioii  of 
llio  Indiiiiis  iiboiit  Kenncbi'ck,  tliat  tberu  was 
a  pcnenil  siirmiie  aiimngst  ibeiii,  tbiit  tliev 
■boiild  III)  rci|iiiri'd  to  assist  tbo  said  I'liilip  iil- 
llioiigb  tbey  would  not  ou  ii  tbat  tbey  were  at 
oil  eii'^aged  in  tliu  ipiarrcl.  llic  like  jealoii. 
ales  (lid  appear  in  all  tint  Indians  tliat  inbabi- 
ted  to  ;be  eustwai'dof  I'l^cataqiia,  wbicb  plain- 


of  her  need  in  I'veiy  gem  ration,  ami  in  every 
nation  to  meet  witli  ibe  sad  clbi  Is  of  ibnt  en- 
mity I  nor  can  tbey  ever  expi-ct  to  find  better 
dealing  fi'orii  any  of  ibii  oilier  soil,  fiirllier 
lllllll  eilb.'r  of  llieir  power  or  bope  of  benillt 
by  tbeir  favour  may  induce  tliciii  to  anotber 
disposition,  as  we  tbc  inbabitants  of  New  ICii- 
gland  bavo  found  by  ibcir  late  and  sad  oxpe- 
riincc  in  reference  to  lliese  pagans  in  the  west 
wbotn  ainogst  whom  our  lot  is  cast,  tbey  pro- 
ving, is  one  says  of  tbo  Mubometans  in  tbc 
east,  like  a  nest  of  borni'ts,  that  if  anv  one  of 
ibeiii  chance  to  be  provoked  llicy  will  lie  all 
about  bis  ears  that  comes  near  tFieiii.  Ibit  it 
is  tiino  to  begin   with   the   particulars  of  llie 


ly  show  that  there  was  a  design  of  general  ri- 1  tragedy   itself,  that   tbo   nailer  account    not 
■ing  of  the    Indiana    against    tht;    lOnglisb    ulbtbu    prologue  too  long.      It  was  on  the  2ltb 

(d' iluno    1075,  when  the  first  mischief  was 
dono    by    tbo    Indians    about    Mount    Hope, 


over  the  coiinlry  (possibly  as  far  as  V  irginia, 
tbo  Indians  there  iiiaking  insurrections  the 
aaine  year)  and  that  many  if  not  most  of  tbein 
were  willing  it  should  succeed,  nlthoiigh  the 
oldest  and  wisest  of  them,  did  not  liko  it,  fear- 
ing the  issue  as  they  had  cause  ;  Ibit  many 
of  the  young  men  about  ("asco  bay,  and  Ain- 
oscou'gin,  were  lu-rtainly  known  to  flock  thith- 
er the  last  year,  and  did  sundry  of  them  come 
short  lioiiie  :    For  lierein  they  acted  but  bkt? 

eavagi'S,   as  those   of  Virginia  did   but   fifty  and  that  a  coursu   was  taken  to  disarm  tiiem 

e,  shewing  tbi'iiisclves  friendly  and  along   tbo   shore.     This   rumour   did   so   far 

llitir  new  neighbours  till  tlioy  bad  awaken  tbo  inhabitants,    that  the   very  next 


before  20  days  wero  over,  tbo  first  firo 
gnn  to  kindle  in  iheso  more  reinole  and  nor- 
therly bounds  of  the  said  country,  or  two  hun- 
dred and  tifiy  miles  distance,  and  upon  this 
occasion,  the  lltli  of  .Inly,  Id?/),  a  letter  was 
brought  to  Kennelieck  from  one  Henry  Saw- 
yer, an  inliabilant  of  York,  sigiiilying  the 
news   of  tbo   Indians  rising  about  Plymoiilb, 


years  befo 

courteous  tot 

opportunity    to   do  them    mischief     So    that 

notwiibstanding  many  of  tbo  inhabitants  in  the 

eastern,  as  in  the  wi^slcrn  parts  of  the  country, 

that   wore   wont   to  triido  with  tlio   Indians, 

were  not  willing  to  beliovu  any  such  purpose 

among  them,  but  were  ready  to  think  some  of  Itbero  was  occasion.     The  third  day  after  mar 

the  ruder  sort  of  the  linglisli,  by  their  iinpru-  ching  np  tbo  river,  to  Qiiegebeck,  they  met 

dent  and  irregular  actions,  have   driven  tlieiii  with  the  inhabitants  of  Sbi^epscot  river,  which 

into  this  rebellion;  yet  is   it  too   evident  that :  is  a  river  lying  about  twelve  or  fourteen  miles 

tiio   said    Indians    (who   naturally  delight  in  to  tiio  northeast  of  Kennebeck.      Divers   of 

bloody  and  deceitful  actions)  did  lay  hold    of  the  Indians  thereabouts  by  the  persuasion  of 


lay,  at  a  general  meeting  of  the  Eng- 
lish, at  one  Capt.  I'atlishal's  house,  several 
ofTerod  themselves  as  volunteers  to  go  up  the 
said  river  of  Kennebeck,  to  make  discovery 
of  the  Indians  fidelity,  or  else  to  figlit  them  if 


any  opportunity  that  might  serve  as  a  pretence 
for  their  barbarous  practices.  Indians  about 
Wamineset  and  Piscataipia,  that  had  joined 
with  their  coiiiitrvinen  in  their  rising  against 
the  lOnglish  the  hist  winter,  when  they  were 
jiincbed  with  hunger,  in  the  cold  winter  f'ol- 
linving  returned  back  to  the  English,  anil  de- 
siied  to  miike  peace,  and  firmly  engaged  to 
continue  their  wonted  (Hendship;  yen,  some 
of  them,  as  if  tbey  were  really  sorry  for  the 
murders  and  cruelties,  of  their  own  vobinlary 
motion  came  with  the  prisoners  they  had  ta- 
ken, and  resigned  thoni  up  to  the  English,  yet 
when  their  own  ends  were  answered  and  an- 
other opportunity  was  oH'ered  of  doing  fur- 
llier  mischief  of  a  like  nature,  they  presently 
returned  to  their  former  practice,  as  is  well 
known  of  Simon  and  Andrew,  that  had  killed 
siiine,  and  led  others  captive  the  last  spring 
fVoiii  liradford  and  Haverhill,  who  came  in  the 
end  of.Iune  to  .Major  Walden's,  briiiL'ing  home 
English  prisoners  with  them,  yet  did  the  ve- 
ry same  Indians  within  less  than  two  months 
after  join  with  Amoscoggin  oiid  Kennebeck 
Indians  in  committing  the  said  tragedies  that 
were  last  acted  in  those  parts,  yet  was  be 
and  Ills  partner  siifTerod  to  escape  for  want 
of  sufficient  guarding  t'le  prison  where  lliey 
were  put  in  ord  t  fiir  further  trial.  Hut  .irio 
inpriant  p/n/rgce  ;  it  is  lioped  that  we  sliall 
»Aor  aomo  few  more  experiences  of  thi«  na- 


no  Mr.  Walker,  that  used  to  trade  with  them 
brought  down  an  inconsiderable  part  of  their 
ammunition,  as  a  few  guns,  a  lillle  ])owder 
and  shot,  with  a  lew  knives.  About  7  of  the 
Kennebeck  Iniliniis,  and  five  of  those  called 
Amoscoggin  Indians,  about  Pegypscot  (a  ri- 
ver more  southward  towards  Casco)  made 
this  pretence  of  bringing  their  arms,  Cajit. 
Lake,  Capt.  raltishall,  with  Mr.  Wiswal  in 
whoso  hands  was  settled  a  kind  of  military 
power  for  those  parts,  wero  sent  for  further 
to  examine  the  said  Indians,  of  whom  upi 
examination  they  saw  reason  to  suspect  some 
if  not  all  ;  wberenpon  tbey  sent  messengers  a 
second  time  to  the  Amoscoggin  Indians,  and 
also  a  letter  to  Mr.  Walker,  to  send  down 
their  arms  and  ammunition  to  them  for  their 
irreater  security.  After  Mr.  Wiswal  was  re- 
turned home,  the  5  Amoscoggin  Indians  afore- 
said, brought  in  their  puns,  but  probably  with 
no  good  intent;  for  an  Indian  called  Sowen, 
having  an  axe  in  his  band,  struck  nt  one  Hosea 
Hallet,  a  Frenchman,  but  was  prevented  from 
doing  him  mischief;  however,  the  said  Indian 
was  presently  bound  ond  put  np  into  a  cellar. 
Someof  the  English  that  used  to  trade  with 
those  Indians  were  ready  to  excuse  the  Indian, 
saving  he  was  drunk,  or  that  he  wasa  distrac- 
teil  fellow.  Mr.  Wiswal  with  the  other  two 
examinents,  looked  upon  those  as  mere  excu- 
ses, and  altogether  groundleso,  for  one  of  tliem 


to  this  day  affirms  that  ho  was  as  rational  and 
M'lisible  as  any  of  the  ie.it. 

The  ancient  Indians  being  asked  whnt  I'ley 
llioiight  was  meet  to  be  done  in  I'lC  ■■  i  cii-  .•, 
said  he  was  worthy  to  die  fur  sub  '  i  iiHri  nt, 
set  they  would  be  gbiil  if  bis  li'e  inigli'  bii 
<piiriil,  oU'ering  to  be  jointly  biiind  in  bn  be- 
half, til  pay  fnity  beaver  skins  at  next  fill'  voy- 
age, giving  their  hands  in  lok.n  o*'.iiiir  fidel- 
ity, and  also  leaving  their  arms  in  the  hiiiids 
of  the  English  as  a  pledge  of  tlii'ir  fuitbfiil  kee- 
ping those  articles  of  peace  concluded  on  be- 
twixt tlieni.  If  they  proved  ibemselves  hon- 
est men  they  were  to  have  their  arms  again, 
w  liich  was  accordingly  perforineil  the  Inst  of 
.Tune,  1()70;  they  having  in  the  meantime  car- 
ried themselves  peaceably  towards  the  Eng- 
lish, 'J'he  day  aiier,  an  Inilinn  called  Itobiii- 
Hood,  with  gre"t  applause  oftlie  rest,  made  a 
dance,  and  sang  a  .song  to  declare  their  conteni 
in  what  was  transacted  ;  and  so  they  parted, 
.setting  the  Iniliiins  at  liberty  that  bad  thus  en 
ged  fiir  their  friend  Sowen,  the  Indian  ;  but 
yet  to  ibis  day  not  oiii!  skin  of  beaver  w  n« 
ever  paid  lo  the  English,  as  was  promised,  the 
Indians  all  ibis  while  were  well  proviiled  fbi 
victuals  by  dipt.  Lake,  with  other  supplieg 
of  rum  and  lobncco,  even  to  the  digiisling  of 
Huwi)  English  then  pren>nt. 

lint  the  Indians  h.lt  as  hostages  upon  Sow 
en's  account,  however  civilly  they  w  ere  Ireiit 
ed,  ran  all  away  at  the  last,  trusting  more  to 
the  celerity  of  their  own  fi'ct,  than  to  the 
civility  of  their  Englifih  friends,  who  after 
tbey  were  escaped,  joined  witli  u  parcel  of 
their  It'llows  soon  after,  about  20  in  all,  in  rob- 
bing the  house  of  one  Mr.  Purchase,  an  an- 
cient planter  about  Pegypscot  river,  and  a 
known  trader  with  the  Indians,  wliatever 
wrong  may  be  pretended  by  the  said  Indians, 
as  done  them  in  their  trading,  (of  which  tiioro 
may  be  spoken  afterwards)  that  will  in  no- 
wise excuse  tbeir  perfidious  treachery  nnd 
falsehood,  in  breaking  coveniint  with  the  En- 
glish, dissembling  nnd  seeking  all  advnnla- 
tages  of  cruelty  against  their  English  neigh- 
bours, of  which  in  the  following  winter  and 
Slimmer,  107G,  there  will  be  a  more  lull  and 
undeniable  discovery.  This  was  done  in  tbo 
beginning  of  Si'plember,  iri?.").  Those  Indi- 
ans that  first  assniilled  Mr.  Purchase's  house, 
did  no  other  mischief  than  plundering  it  of 
strong  liquor  nnd  ammunition,  also  killing  a 
calf  or  two,  with  a  few  sheep,  but  no  inoro 
than  what  they  ate,  and  sjioiling  a  feather  bed 
by  ripping  it  open  to  turn  out  the  feathers, 
ciinlenling  ibi'mselves  with  the  case,  which 
they  might  more  easily  carry  away.  They 
ITered  no  incivility  to  the  mistressof  ihehnuse 
(her  husband  and  sons  being  at  that  time 
from  home)  yet  oni;  of  her  sons  ajiproaching 
near  the  house  and  finding  it  possessed  by 
those  new  inhabitants,  he  rode  nway  witli  all 
speed,  and  yet  no  faster  than  there  was  need, 
fiir  an  Indian  followed  biin  with  a  gun  under 
bis  coat  to  have  got  xyitbin  the  reach  of  bis 
piece. 

It  is  said  tbnt  at  tbe  first  they  used  fair 
words  and  spoke  of  trading,  but  as  they  went 
away,  told  those  of  tbe  bouse,  that  there  wero 
others  coming  afltrtbat  would  deal  fur  worse 
with  them:  which  within  a  short  time  after 
came  to  pass,  fiir  these  were  but  the  inis.sen- 
gers  of  death  which  was  soon  after  infiictod, 
and  that  in  amostbarbaroiismanneri.pon  sun- 
dry inhabitants  of  the  ncigboriiig  plantations. 


068 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


l! 


ll 


The  En^Iisli  in  tliuso  parts  being  much  in- 
censed hiM'ciit,  25  of  thiMii  soon  ulier  going  up 
Cusco  bay  in  a  sloop  and  two  Ijoau  to  giitht'r 
Indian  torn  and  to  look  lo  what  they  .'iad  up- 
on the  said  buy,  near  Ainoacoggin  'iver; 
rt  hen  tliey  canio  near  the  houses  they  heard 
u  knocking,  and  a  noise  about  the  liouaes,  and 
presently  espied  two  or  tlireo  Indians,  who 
us  yet  did  not  see  tlieni.  Tho  English  being 
come  a  good  way  I'roni  tlieir  vessel,  endea- 
voured to  get  between  the  Indians  and  the 
woods,  whicli  when  they  perceived  they  ran 
towards  the  water  side,  but  the  Eegiish  in 
pursuit  killed  one  of  ihein  and  wounded  an- 
other, who  liowever  escaped  away  i.i  a  ca- 
noe across  the  river,  a  third  running  back  to- 
wards tlie  woods  (led  to  the  other  Indians  and 
acquainted  them  witli  what  was  done,  wlio 
presently  came  down  and  lay  in  wait  to  in 
tercepC  the  Knglinh,  that  thought  of  no  dan- 
ger, but  scattered  themselves  all  about  the 
place  to  gather  iheircorn  and  lade  their  boats 
therewith,  but  before  they  were  ready  to  go 
away  the  Indiand  coining  down  fired  upon 
them  and  fenced  ihem  all  into  the  sloop  ;  had 
not  some  of  them  been  better  iirepared  than 
the  rest,  they  might  all  liave  been  cut  oil'; 
fur  sonn;  Utile  resistance  being  made  by  them 
that  were  ready  with  their  guns,  it  gavi!  tin' 
rest  an  opportunity  to  get  all  into  the  sloop, 
Vi't  not  without  many  w<uinds.  .So  withmnch 
ado,  they  all  escapeil  with  thiir  lives,  leaving 
the  two  boats  almost  laden  with  corn,  a  prey 
to  the  Imhaiis,  who  pu  sently  burnt  one,  and 
pl.indered  tlie  other  of  all  that  was  therein; 
some  are  ready  to  think  that  the  English  ilid 
itn|)riideiitly  begin  the  ipiarrel,  and  not  first 
enquire  into  what  the  Indians  were  about  in 
the  housi",  and  seek  redress  accoidm  *  to  the 
aforemeinicMied  agreement,  made  at  the  court 
at  Hennebeek.  JJnt  if  this  happened  alb'r 
what  follows  next  to  be  related,  viz.  that 
whicli  was  ilone  to  old  Mr.  W'akely  and  his 
family,  the  Knglish  can  be  blamed  for  noth- 
ing but  their  negligence  and  security,  in  ilia', 
having  alarmed  their  eneinii-s,  they  stood  not 
lictter  iijion  their  guard,  which  is  not  vei-v 
lertaiii;  for  it  is  tlnmghl  that  within  a  fi'W 
(lass  afier,  or  the  in'Xt  week,  a  more  horribh' 
oi  rage  was  committed  u|))ii  the  fiinily  of  an 
ancient  man,  whose  name  was  Wakelv,  an  in- 
iiabitani  of  Cisco  bav,  who  had  some  discon- 
tent \\  Inch  al'terwards  he  often  bewailed,  re- 
solving either  to  have  returned  back,  or  else 
to  have  removed  '•!  some  si'curer  place,  but 
h"  was  arrested  by  llie  sons  of  violence  lie- 
lore  he  conld  ell'cct  his  purpose. 

Tins  old  nnn,  toj^eiher  with  his  wife,  his 
son,  and  lils  daniihti'r  in  law.(tlien  far  advan- 
ced inpregancy)«  itlithiei- grand childrenwere 
cruelly  mu'-di'red  bv  those barbarboiis  savag"s 
U  one  time;  another  of  his  grandchildren  was 
taken  alive  and  leil  into  captivity,  a  daughter 
of  his  was  said  to  be  rnrried  to  Narragansi't, 
which  shows  that  they  joined  with  the  south- 
ern India, I-'  in  the  rebellion.  When  one  these 
Indians  had  embrued  iheh'  hands  in  English 
blood,  they  were  einbokhnied  lo  tli.;  like  bloo- 
dy attempts  in  the  adjacent  places. 

This  W'akely  lived  so  far  from  his  nelgl. 
hours,  or  else  was  encompassed  with  creeks 
nr  rivtrs,  that  no  relief  cmild  presently  be 
»'Mil  lo  him  :  liowevcr,  Lieut  lnger«oll,  of 
Casco,  the  next  day  with  a  file  iil  men,  re- 
paired to  the  place  where  his  house  stood  to 
sue  whut  was  the  reason  of  llie  fi>-i>  itiuy  dis- 


cerned the  day  before,  where  they  (bund  the 
house  burnt  to  ashes,  the  body  of  tho  old  man 
lialf  consumed  with  the  fire,  tlie  young  wo- 
man killed  and  three  of  the  grandchildren  ha- 
ving their  brains  beat  out  and  their  bodies 
laid  under  some  oaken  planks  not  far  from 
the  liousc  ;  one  girl  of  about  11  years  old,  was 
carried  captive  by  them,  and  having  been  car- 
ried up  and  down  the  country  some  liundreds 
of  mill's,  us  far  us  Narragunset  fiirt,  was  this 
last  .Tune  r.'tiirned  back  to  .Major  Walderii's 
by  one  S()uaiido,  the  sagamore  of  Saco;  a 
strange  mixture  of  mercy  and  cruelty. 

Soon  after  Capl.  Honiihon's  and  Major 
Philips'  dwellings  were  assaulted,  one  on  the 
I'ast,  the  otlier  on  tiie  west  side  of  Saco  river. 
It  is  said  they  iiad  seasonable  notice  of  what 
was  intended  against  them  by  their  barbarous 
enemies,  those  Amoscoggin  li.dians,  bv  the 
Indian  of  Saco,  their  neighbour,  better  mind- 
ed than  the  rest  of  his  countrymen,  wlio  ob- 
serving a  ntrangc  Indian  coming  to  his  wig- 
wam ill  coinpany  with  some  of  his  acquain- 
tance, one  oi  whom  im"irir.e,l  him  of  the  rest 
with  the  stranger  were  gone,  that  tho  said 
Strang!  r  came  from  the  westward,  and  that 
his  busine.'S  was  to  persuade  tlie  eastern  In- 
dians .11  full  upon  the  l<]iiglish  in  their  dwell- 
ings here,  as  tho  rest  had  done  to  the  west- 
ward. Cu,it.  Honitlion,  either  upon  this  in- 
formation, or  upon  the  knowledge  (if  what 
was  done  a  little  before  at  Casco,  had  left  his 
house,  and  was  retired  over  the  river  witti 
his  family  to  .Major  Philips'  garrison.  Thus 
two  are  better  than  one,  tor  otherwise  both 
might  have  b'eii  destn -ed  ;  fir  upon  tlie 
t'ighteeiith  of  September  following,  being  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week,  about  11  o'ehick 
thosi!  ut  Major  Philips'  garrison  saw  Capt. 
Honlthoii's  house  on  fire,  which  by  the  good 
providence  of  (iod  was  lo  tliem  as  the  firing 
a  beacon  giving  them  notice  to  look  to  them- 
selves, their  luiemies  being  now  come;  for 
otherwise  they  might,  to  their  great  disadvan- 
tage, have  been  too  siiildenly  surprised,  liir 
within  half  an  hour  after  they  were  iijion 
lliem,  when  a  sentinel  placed  in  a  chamber 
L'uve  notice  that  he  saw  an  Imlian  by  the 
h'lice  side  near  a  cornfield;  Major  Philips, 
not  willing  to  believe  ,11  he  might  see  with 
his  own  eyes,  run  hastily  up,  another  of  his 
nieii  coining  afier  crieil,  major  what  do  vou 
mean  I  do  you  intend  to  bi;  killed  !  at  which 
Words  he  turned  from  the  window  out  of 
which  he  was  looking,  when  presently  a  bul- 
let struck  him  on  the  shoulder,  grazing  only 
upon  it  without  breakiiiL;  tin"  bone.  The  In- 
dians upon  the  shot,  thinking  he  had  Ix'eii 
slain  thereby  (as  they  had  heard  afterwards) 
Uavi'  a  great  shout,  upon  whii;h  they  discern- 
ed that  they  were  snrroundid  by  them,  where- 
upon they  instantly  fired  on  the  enemy  from 
all  ipiarters,  and  from  the  flankers  of  the  fiir- 
lification,  so  as  they  wounded  the  captain  of 
the  I:,diiiiis,  who  presently  leaving iheussaul', 
retired  three  or  lour  miles  from  the  place, 
wliei'e  he  soon  after  died,  as  they  were  iiifor- 
tiled  :  He  counselled  them  lo  leave  the  siege, 
out  iliey  were  resolved  not  so  to  quit  tlii^ 
place,  nor  were  those  within  less  resolute  !o 
defend  it  ;  one  of  the  best  men  '-as  soon  after 
disiibled  f'diii  aiiv  fiirllier  servici',  bv  a  wound 

he  riceived  in  oi f  tin"  vollii  s,  made  bv  the 

Hs~ailants;  but  that  ilid  ii  it  in  the  least  daunt 
the  rest  (d'llie  deOndiiiits,  \' ho  contii.ued  ,'ti|l 
tu  fire  upon  lliu  enemy  :    Thi«  dispute  laslei! 


about  an  hour,  after  which  the  eiu-iny  despair- 
ing to  take  the  hvuse  by  assault,  thought  up- 
on a  device  how  to  burn  it. 

First,  firing  the  house  of  one  of  his  tenants, 
then  his  saw-mill,  hoping  by  that  ineuns  to 
draw  them  out  of  the  garrison  lo  put  out  tho 
fire,  but  missing  of  their  purpose  in  'hut,  they 
called  out,  you  English  cowardly  dogs,  n,;iio 
out  and  quench  the  fire.  They  continued  this 
sport  all  ihi!  uftorno-n  continually  firing  upon 
them.  The  liesieg'...i  hoped  fiir  relief  fnuii 
the  towns  but  none  came,  tho  major  still  en- 
couraging his  men  to  hold  it  out  w  Inch  they 
manfully  did  all  that  night,  when  they  were 
alarmed  almost  every  half  hour ;  and  be- 
tween whiles  they  could  hear  their  axes  and 
other  instruments,  knocking  about  the  mills  till 
the  next  day.  Those  within  the  house  con- 
ceived they  were  preparing  some  engine 
wherewith  to  burn  the  house,  which  really 
waj  the  case,  for  about  four  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  ot  the  sitting  of 'die  moon  when  ho 
saw  a  cart  with  four  wheels,  having  a  hurri- 
cado  built  in  the  forepart  to  keep  off  shot,  and 
filli'd  with  combustible  matter,  birch  rinds, 
straw,  powder,  and  poles  20  feet  long  ready 
to  fire  the  house  ;  he  bid  them  let  ihein  drive 
it  within  pistol  shot,  befiire  they  made  any 
ohot  against  them  ;  his  men  were  a  little  dis- 
couraged at  the  sight  of  this  engine;  but  he 
bid  them  be  of  good  couruire,  and  use  means, 
putting  their  trust  in  tjod.  who,  lie  was  con- 
fiilent  would  relieve  them.  The  curt  when 
brought  a  little  nearer  became  unwieldy  by 
reason  of  the  barricudo  planted  in  it,  and  be- 
ing to  pass  through  a  small  gutter,  one  wheel 
stuck  fast  in  the  slough,  which  brought  the 
cart  suddenly  to  the  left  whereby  the  drivers 
lay  all  open  to  their  right  Hanker,  when  they 
fired  upon  them  out  of  tho  said  flanker,  and 
having  so  fair  a  shot  upon  them,  and  not  be- 
ing above  pistol  shot  from  the  place,  they  kil- 
led G  of  the  enemy,  and  wounded  15,  as  they 
found  afterwards,  which  no  doiilit  made  them 
too  late  to  repent  of  their  resolution,  not  to 
fiillow  their  captain's  counsel  and  example 
in  leaving  the  siege  ;  for  now  they  preseiiily 
[inrted  :  so  as  at  sunrise  those  within  the  house 
■10  of  them  inarching  away,  but  how  many 
more  were  in  the  company  they  coiihl  not  tell. 

The  Indians  it  seems  went  towards  Him; 
Point  w".  ere  it  is  said  they  killed  several  per- 
sons, but  those  ill  the  house  feared,  the  inajot 
wascalhul  by  the  men  to  look  out  fiir  more  help, 
as  they  expected  their  return;  but  it  seems  their 
courage  fiiiledlhemus  toano'ther  ulieinpt  upon 
an  house  so  well  garrisoned  and  munfnlly  de- 
fended. Major  Phillips  sent  to  the  town  fiir 
help  acquainting  tliein  with  what  hud  passed, 
but  none  was  sent  them  either  that  day  or  the 
next,  so  liuving  spent  almost  all  their  uniniii- 
nitions,  the  people  that  were  with  him  would 
not  be  periisadeil  to  tarry  Ioniser  than  Tuesday 
morning,  w  hich  constrained  liii  nnd  his  faiiiily 
to  remove  lo  the  town.  Aboiii  a  fiuliiight 
after,  the  Indians  hearing  thereof,  cnine  and 
burnt  down  the  empty  house.  There  were 
riO  persons  in  the  siiid  house  during  ihi'  time  oi 
the  sieixe,  and  but  10  able  hnnils,  they  had  livo 
mori!  thut  could  do  something,  bill  through 
age  or  iniiiorily  not  able  to  make  any  great 
aisislance  ;  yt  it  pleusi'd  ({od,  in  whose  hands 
are  all  men's  lives  and  limbs,  who  is  never 
wont  to  fiiil  them,  who  in  time  of  ihuiger  are 
ready  to  confide  in  his  power  ami  gnodresa, 
as  nut  tu  neglect  the  use  uC  due  nieaiiii  fur 


v»... 


Ii  tlie  I'lifiiiY  ili'S|iiiir- 

llSSIllllt,   lllllljgllt   up- 

it. 

[)f  one  (if  Ills  tenants, 
J  by  thai  nji'ima  to 
I'ison  to  put  Old  tliu 
pnrpost!  in  Oiut,  tlii'y 
owurilly  (lugs,  i..,;iit) 
Tlipy  continued  this 
ntinnuUy  Krin<;  upon 
)ed  for  relicC  iVurii 
,  the  miijor  still  on- 
1  it  out  wliith  thi-y 
it,  when  th(!y  worts 
ulf  hour ;  uiiil  be- 
honr  their  axes  and 
ig  about  tlic  mills  till 
thin  the  house  con- 
arinor  some  engine 
loiisc,  whicti  really 
iiiur  o'clock  in  the 
'.he  moon  when  lie 
L"U,  Imviiig  a  barri- 
to  keep  ofl' shot,  ami 
mutter,  birch  rinds, 
i  20  ffvl  long  ready 
them  lot  tliem  drive 
;)re  they  made  any 
en  wore  a  little  dls- 
his  engine  ;  but  he 
Kge,  aiul  use  means, 
I.  who,  he  was  con- 
n.  The  cart  when 
•cnni('  unwieldy  by 
lanted  in  it,  and  be- 
lli glitter,  one  wheel 
which  brouglit  the 
whereby  the  drivers 

danker,  when  liiey 
c  said  flanker,  and 
I  theid,  and  not  be- 
1  the  place,  they  kil- 
.vonnded  15,  as  they 
no  doubt  made  them 
r  resolution,  not  to 
unsel  and  exampli> 
now  they  pi'esenllv 
ose  within  tlie!ious(! 

ay,  but  liow  iiiaiiv 
y  they  coi;!.l  not  tell, 
went  towurils  Illue 
y  killed  several  per- 
feared,  the  major 
ok  out  fiirniorelielp, 
irn;  but  ;tseeMistlieir 
no'lher  alienipt  iipun 
ed  and  maiiliilly  ile- 
len't  to   tli(3  town  for 

h  what  had  passed, 
ilher  that  day  or  the 

St  all  their  uinmu- 
ere  with  him  would 

umer  than  Tuesday 
J  hii    nnd  his  family 

About  't  fortnight 
r  tliereof,  cnrtu'  and 
)use.      Then!    were 

c  (hiring  the  time  o( 
hnnds,  they  had  live 
thing,  but  ihruugh 
•  to  maki'  any  great 
iod,  in  whose  hands 
inbs,  who  is  never 
tmii!  of  danger  are 
iwer  and  goodrens, 

(jf  due  means  fur 


^ 

ti 

m 

'? 

bi 

^ 

I— 4 

■§■ 

£^ 

a 

H 

> 

M 

t> 

^ 

^1    ^S 


'[ 


I 


1 


^m 


A   NARRATIVE   OF 


067 


tlu're  own  preservation,  9>  to  order  things, 
tlmt  not  one  person  of  all  those  ,50  was  either 
killi'il  or  rriortally  woiincled.  Major  I'liilips 
liiin-clf  was  wouiidfil  hut  not  dangerously, 
at  tlic  hegin;  ;^  of  the  assault,  his  mills  with 
other  edi"''  s  \'ere  the  first  day  burnt  hy  the 
ei"  iiiv.  <iiiil  itn  wore  all  the  houses  at  Saco, 
or  most  of  ihcin  soon  after,  that  were  above 
the  fishc.ineii  stages.  One  Mr.  Hitchcock 
I  .  in;^  carried  captive  by  the  enemy  from  the 
same  place,  died  in  the  winter  following  by 
eating  some  poisonous  root  instead  of  ground 
nuts,  ns  was  reported  by  the  Indians  after- 
wards. 

Much  about  the  same  time,  five  persons 
poing  up  the  river  of  Saco,  were  all  killed  by 
the  same  Indians. 

These  tragedies  being  thus  acted  at  Casco 
buy  and   .Siico,  those  barbarous  enemies  dis- 
persed thetnselves  in  parties  ;  intending  to  do 
nil  the  mi.schief  they  could  to  the   English  in 
habiting  about  that  side  of  the  country.      In 
the  same  month  of  September  they  came  down 
towards  Piscataipia,  <loiiig  the  like  spoil  upon 
the  inhabitants  of  the  several  branches  of  that 
river  which  they  had  been  doing  elsewhere 
In  the  first  place  they  burnt  the  two  Chestyes 
houses  about  Oyster  river,  and  killed  two  men 
lliiit  were  passing  along  the  rivi'r  in  a  canoe 
and  carried  away  an   old    Irishman,    with    a 
vouni;  man  taken  from  about  Exeter,  whc 
both  of  them  soon  after  made  an  escape  to  a 
garrison  at  Salmon   Falls  in  Kittery.   by  tlui 
help  cif  an  Indian  belter  disposed  than  the  rest, 
the  first  after  seven  weeks,  the  oilier  alter  a 
month's  captivity. 

About  th(!  same  time  one  Goodman  Robin- 
son, of  Kxeter,  with  bis  son,  where  travelling 
towards  llatTiptcni,  where  as  they  passed 
along,  they  were  waylaid  by  three  Indians, 
viz.  .Tohn  Sampson,  Ormnwell,  and  John 
Linde,  who  shot  the  old  in'iu,  and  left  him 
dead  U|)on  ihi?  place  ;  his  son,  hearing  the 
guns,  escapeil  their  hands  bv  running  into  a 
swamp,  whither  the  Indians  lufsiied  hitTi,  but 
could  not  overtake  him,  so  he  got  safe  into 
Il.iniptim  about  midnight,  where  he  related 
what  had  befel  him  l)y  the  way,  and  how  nar- 
rowly he  avoided  the  danger,  intimating  like- 
wise that  he  feared  his  fa  her  was  killed, 
which  wjs  found  too  true  by  Lieut.  Sweet, 
who  the  next  d:iy  with  1''  soldiers  of  the  town 
went  to  8<'nn!h  these  wo  whi're  they  f  luiid 
tlie  poor  old  man  shot  I.  .igli  his  back,  the 
bullet  having  passed  through  his  body,  and 
Wiis  stopped  by  the  skin  (Ui  the  other  slile. 
Another  person  of  Kxter,  wliosi-  iiami-  was 
l''oulsam,  was  at  the  same  time  driving  a  pair 
ofoxen  in  the  same  roail,  where  soon  after  he 
heareil  ihi-  report  of  the  guns  when  Robinson 
was  killed,  he  espied  the  three  Indians  creep- 
ing upiui  their  bellies  towards  him,  to  ilo  as 
much  for  him  as  tlu-y  hail  done  for  Robinson, 
but  leaving  his  oxen.he  put  on  his  horse  with  a 
speed,  anil  so  was  delivered  from  the  danger 
that  the  other  fell  into;  it  is  reportivl  that  lUir 
of  till*  Indians  tinule  a  shot  at  him  :  but  he  was 
I'ilher  got  out  of  their  reach,  or  else  they  mis 
si'd  their  aim  at  that  time.  Tin-  same  Imlians 
hud  a  little  before  met  with  another  English 
■nan  in  those  woods,  one  (.harles  itandlet 
whom  they  carried  captive,  Hllhoiigh  he  soon 
afli-r  escaped  out  of  their  hnnds,  by  the  helj 
of  another  Indian  ealli-d  .Tami's.  it  is  said 
there  were  four  Indians^int  <d' that  compa- 
ny, and  that  the  fcmrth  was  sunt  away  with 


Randlet,  so  thatthere  were  but  three  seen  to- 1  themselves  in  the  twilight,  uttering  several 
gelher  at  the  killing  and  pursuing  the  other 'insolent  and  barbarous  speeches,  calling  our 
aforementioned.     One    of  the   said    Indians,  men  English  dogs,  &c.  yet  all  this  while  out 

of  reach  of  their  shot,  and  then  they  runaway 


VIZ.  .lohn  Sampson,  was  killed  by  some  of 
Capt.  Hathborn's  soldiers  at  Casco  bay,  in 
September  following,  1676,  when  the  scouts 
of  our  forces  came  upon  the  Indians  on  a  sud- 
den, and  had  a  small  brush  with  them,  but  nil 
the  rest  made  a  shift  to  get  away  :  As  for  the 
other  two,  viz.  Cromwell  and  .lohn  Linde,  one 
f  them  it  is  said,  is  since  killed,  or  taken  and 
sold  away,  the  other  is  at  Kennebeck,  whom 
vengeance  may  also  in  due  time  overtake,  as 
it  hath  done  the  other. 

Within  tt  few  days  after  that  barbarous  act 
at  Oyster  river,  two  Indians  viz.  one  named 
Andrew,  and  the  other  Hopehood,  the  son  of 
him  called  Robinhood,  assaulted  the  house  of 
one  Tozer,  ot  Newechewannick,  wherein 
were  fifteen  persons,  all  women  and  children, 
who  without  d(uibthad  all  id'them  fallen  into 
the  merciless  hands  of  the  two  cruel  and  bar- 
barous caitiffs,  had  not  a  young  maid  of  about 
18  years  of  age,  first  espied  them,  who  being 
endued  with  more  courage  than  ordinarily  the 
rest  of  the  sex  use  to  be  (the  blessings  of  Jael 
light  upon  her)  first  shut  too  the  door,  where- 
by they  were  denied  entrance  till  the  rest, 
within  escaped  to  the  next  hcnise,  that  wns 
better  fortified  ;  that  younij  heroess  kept  the 
door  fast  against  them  so  long,  till  the  Indians 
had  chopped  it  into  pieces  with  their  hatchets, 
when  entering  the  bouse  they  knocked  tiie 
poor  maid  down  with  their  hatchets,  and  gave 
her  many  other  wounds,  leaving  her  for  dead 
upon  the  place  ;  niter  which  they  passed  (Ui 
toward  the  next  dwelling,  in  their  way  meet- 
ing with  two  children  that  had  escap<'d  the 
house  first  broken  o])en  I  y  them,  they  killed 
one  of  them,  of  three  years  ohl,  which  could 
not  foUow  fast  enough  or  else  iIm'V  that  carri- 
ed it  could  not  convey  it  over  a  fence  soon 
enough  to  save  themselves  and  it ;  and  carried 
away  the  other  of  seven  years  ohl,  which  how- 
ever was  returned  safi;  within  half  a  yenr  nfier. 
The  poor  maid  that  had  vtuitureil  her  life  so 
far  to  save  many  others,  was  by  a  striinse 
Providence  enabled  to  ri'rover  so  much 
strength  after  they  were  gone,  ns  to  repair  to 
the  next  garrison,  where  she  wns  soon  after 
healed  of  her  wounds  and  restored  to  perfect 
health  again. 

The  next  day  toward  night  more  of  the  bar- 
barous eneiTiies  being  gathered  together,  they 
iniule  an  assault  upon  the  ncigliboiir:ii!.'dwell- 
nigs.  The  English  as  many  ns  C(nild  be  spa- 
ri'il  out  of  the  i;arrison  (not   above  8  in  num- 


like  dogs  after  they  had  <lone  barking, 

After  this  those  very  Iiuiians,  as  was  si:p. 
posed,  burned  five  or  six  houses  about  Oyster 
river,  and  killed  two  men,  viz.  one  William 
Roberts  and  his  son-in-law.  The  inhabitaius 
of  Dover,  with  some  other  resolute  yoing  men, 
being  much  provoked  by  these  many  insolen- 
ces and  injuries  done  by  the  enemy,  obtained 
liberty  from  the  mnjor  of  the  regiment  to  try 
whether  they  coidd  not  meet  with  some  of  tiie 
Indians,  by  secret  ambushes  and  skulking 
amongst  the  bushes  and  trees  as  the  Indians 
used  to  do  with  them  ;  to  which  end  abi>ut 
twenty  divided  themselves  into  small  parties: 
Soon  after  ns  they  were  looking  fiir  theenen)y, 
a  party  of  ours  espieil  five  of  the  Indians, 
some  gathering  corn  in  tlie  field,  while  the 
lest  of  them  were  busied  in  heating  nn  oven 
to  bnke  sonu?  of  the  fruit  which  they  also 
gathered  in  the  snnu!  field.  The  English  were 
at  such  a  distance  that  they  could  not  make 
any  sign  to  their  comrades,  without  being  ilis- 
covered  by  the  Indians  in  the  fii'lil  ;  wliere- 
fiire  two  of  tli(Mn  crept  as  near  ns  they  could 
to  the  house,  at  oiu'  emi  of  the  field  where 
they  suddenly  rushed  upon  two  of  llio 
wretches,  nnd  knocked  them  down  with  the 
butt  end  of  their  muskets,  which  was  not  done 
so  silently  b\it  the  other  three  in  the  field  took 
the  alarm  and  fled  away,  who  might  else  ns 
easily  as  the  other  two  liave  been  surprised. 
These  outrages  tiius  daily  committed  filleil 
all  the  jilnntntions  about  Piscataqua  with  ft  ar 
and  ciuifusion  ;  scarce  any  place  where  there 
was  not  renson  for  some  to  c(unplai  neither  of  the 
lossof  their  friends  or  burningof  their  houses  ; 
which  caused  most  of  them  that  lived  scatter- 
ingly,  at  any  distance  fnun  neighlH>urs,  either 
to  garrison  their  houses  or  else  to  desert  their 
own  dwellings,  nnd  to  repair  to  their  next 
neighbours  that  were  better  fiirtified  than  them 
selves;  but  all  the  inhabitants  in  general  were 
alarmed  to  stainl  upcui  their  trnard. 

On  the  7th  of  October  fiillowing,  ceing  a 
day  of  public  hnmiliati(Ui,a  niun  wns  illicit  down 
ns  he  wns  riding  between  two  garrisDii  hou- 
ses nbout  Newechewai\nick,  nnd  died  of  his 
wounds  two  months  nfti'r;  the  snme  uisip.nt 
of  time  two  younsj  ineti  wert?  shot  dead  about 
a  mile  from  that  |)l.i(e  ;  these  two  had  their 
arms  or  guns  with  thi-m,  which  were  carried 
nwny  by  those  who  killed  them,  tii-;i 
their  upper  gnrnients  : 
three  Inst  (thonuli   kill 

their  repairing  ti 
if  public  worsliii 


!ier  with 
It  is  notsaiil  that  these 
pun   a  liny  of  hu- 


ber)  pursued  after  them  about  half  n  mile,  but 

night  lomini;  on.  it  wns  judged  best  to  retri-af,  liniliation)  were  surpriseil  ii 
lest  iitherwise  they  might  have  been  intercep-  iir  returning  from  tlie  place 
led  in  their  return  home,  liy  any  of  them  lying  j  which  would  in  a  great  measure  have  abntrd 
in  ambush,  which  is  their  usual  way  of  iloini;  jthe  sorrow  of  their  sad  funerals,  if  whei/they 
mischief  After  divers  shots  made  on  bnthjwere  suddenly  arrested  by  the  harbingers  of 
ides,  but  ;')  of  the  enemy  appeared  ;   who  vet  jdenth,  they  had   been   so  doinir.      Soon  aflir 

this  they  as<nulteil  another  house  at  Oyster  ri- 
ver, iiiitwithstnniling  it  was  garrisoned,  nnd 
meeting  with  a  good  old  man,  whose  name 
was  Heard,  without  the  garrison,  they  killed 
him  upon  the  place,  and  in  n  bnrbnioiis  man- 
ner cut  off  his  head,  and  set  it  upon  a  pole  in 

time 


•  appeareil  ;   wlioyet 
p;.  Winrol's  absence 


took  the  advantage  of  Cup' 

(whose  dwelling  was  imt  fir  oil)  to  iMirn  Ins 
house  and  two  barns  nmre,  wherein  was  much 
Knglisli  corn,  supposed  to  be  above  nn  hun- 
dred bushi'ls  in  one-  of  then'.  After  they  had 
done  this  mischief  they  il.-i'  away.      The  next 

ilav  after,  thi' same  Indians  or  others  of  their  1  derision.  Not  fiir  olf  about  the  same 
fellows,  came  upon  the  oilier  side  of  the  river,  they  burnt  another  hmise  and  barn, 
from  whence  lliey  shot  over  several  limr-s  to  l^pon  the  l<ith  of  October,  being 
some  that  were  giinding  in  the  tnill,  but  afteriaboiit  nn  humlred  of  tin'  '  uliaiis  «  err' cnllier- 
exdiauging  of  many  shot  on  both  sidi-s,  the'  •'  together  to  assault  Newechewannx-k ; 
river  betwixt  them,  six  of  the  enemy  showed      ley  begnn  wi'li  one  named  Tozer.  halt  a  mdo 


'  Siitnrdav, 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


from  tiio  upper  garrison,  at  Salmon  fiilU : 
Tin-  »iii(l  TiiziT  WHS  pri-auntly  killud,  his  son 
taken  (Mipiivo  (l>nt  rutiiriu'd  ut'lersoniR  iiioiitlis 
ri'sliainl)  m'vertil  guns  hi'ing  shot  at  ihls  as- 
sault, alarnii'd  Liout.  PliiistccI,  at  the  noxt 
giirrisoii,  who  hko  n  man  of  pulilic  8|iint,  i'u- 
mi-illalcly  sent  out  sovmi  men  from  llie  garri- 
son (inil"r  his  command,  to  see  what  the  inat- 
tcr  was,  but  l>eing  met  hy  an  atnl>ush  laid  in 
the  way  as  they  went,  lost  2  or  3  of  the  com- 
pany, thereat  lianily  escu_  .ng  hack  to  tlie 
place  from  wlieiice  tiiev  came;  whereupon 
llie  said  Lieuteinint  Plaisted  immediately  des- 
patched away  a  messenger  to  Major  Wald- 
ern,  at  Qnecliecho,  which,  hecausu  it  seems 
to  lie  the  last  time  that  ever  that  good  ami 
useful  man  set  pen  to  pajjcr,  the  letter  nhall 
be  iiere  insertej. 

SaJmnn/alh,  Orf.  16,  107.5. 
Mr.  Richard  WaUlern  and  Lieut.  CoIRn, 
tliese  are  to  inform  you  that  just  now  tlie  In- 
dians are  <Migaging  us  with  at  least  an  luin- 
dreil  men,  anil  liavi-  slain  four  of  our  men  al- 
ready, Richard  Tozi-r,  .lamias  Rarney,  Isaac 
IJolles,  and  Tozer's  son,  and  burnt  lienoni 
Hnilsdan's  house  :  Sirs,  if  ever  you  have  any 
love  for  MS  and  the  country,  now  shew  your- 
selves willi  men  to  lielp  us,  or  else  we  are 
all  in  great  danger  of  being  sl.iin,  unless  our 
God  woiiderfullv  appi'ars  for  our  deliverance. 
They  thatcaimotKght  let  them  pray:  nothing 
elso,  but  I  rest. 

Yours  to  serve  vou. 

R()(ii:k  I'L.MSTKO, 
GKORUli  RROmJIITOX. 

What  answer  was  returned  to  the  importu- 
nate and  pathetical  letter  is  not  fully  known 
at  present;  most  probably  he  that  wasmost  con- 
cerned in  the  (contents  of  it  was  either  absent 
from  home  or  in  no  capacity  to  send  the  relief 
desired,  which  if  it  coulil  have  been  had,  might 
liave  prevented  tin?  .sad  mischief  lliat  fell  out  the 
lie.xt  day;  when  Lieutenant  Plaisted  being 
more  earnestly  lient  to  perf  irm  that  last  oflice 
of  love  to  lii^  deceased  b'iellds,  whom  he  could 
not  by  all  his  endeavours  save  fniin  iIk?  ilanger 
ofdealh,  while  they  were  in  land  of  the  living, 
woidd  niM'ds  viMiture  himself  with 'JO  soldiiTs 
out  of  his  garrison,  to  fetch  oil  llii'  dead  bodies. 

To  thai  end  he  ordereil  n  pair  of  oxen  to  be 
yoked  to  bring  them  to  his  garrison,  in  ordi'r 
to  their  christian  burial,  not  considt'ring  that 
the  Indians  lay  skulking  thi'reaboiils,  waitnii; 
for  such  opportunities.  They  went  lirst  to 
the  (iirlhest  place,  where  they  found  l{. 
Tozi'r's  budv,  and  [)ut  it  in  a  cart,  but  corning 
back  to  take  up  tlje  <ithi'r  two  bodies  which 
were  fallen  in  a  lillle  swamp  near  to  the  gar- 
ris(Ui,  they  vvere  set  upon  by  l.")lt  of  the  ene- 
my, who  had  hid  themselves  in  the  bushes,  and 
iiinler  a  stone  wall,  and  logs  in  the  way  as 
they  were  to  pass;  by  the  sudden  noise  of 
llie  guns  the  cattle  Iieing  frighted,  ran  away 
to  the  uarrisim  with  such  of  the  dead  as  wen; 
fn-sl  laid  thereon  (and  possibly  with  one  of 
them  wouiiiied  at  that  instant)  leaving  their 
owners  to  fight  it  out  with  the  enemy.  Lieut. 
Plaisted  being  thus  desperately  assaulted,  he 
with  his  twenty  mi^n  were  forced  to  retreat 
to  II  place  of  iietter  advantage;  but  being 
there  so  warmly  pursued,  tliey  were  not  abh- 
to  abide  it  long,  although  tliey  killed  and 
tnorlaMy  wounded  several  of  the  Indians,  as 
llieiiuulvcs   have  siiico  confodsed;   but  they 


most  of  them  Iieing  so  much  overmatched,  took 
the  opportunity  of  a  fair  retreat  and  so  got  sale 
to  their  garrisons,  while  Lieut.  Pla'.steui  out  of 
the  height  of  his  courage,  disdaining  either  to 
fly  from  or  yicild  himsilf  (lor,  'lis  said  the  In- 
ihans  were  lolh  to  kill  him,  but  desirous  rather 
to  take  him  prisoner)  into  'he  hands  of  such 
cursed  caitilfs,  did  tight  it  on;  desperately,  till 
ho  was  slain  upon  the  place;  his  eldest  son 
and  another  man  were  slain  in  ilieir  too  !;;ie 
retreat,  and  his  other  son  was  sort  ly  ,vound 
ed,  so  that  he  died  in  a  few  weeks  after. 

The  Indians  were  contented  with  the  mis- 
chief for  the  pri'sent  and  slunk  away  into  the 
woods  before  the  ne.\t  day,  when  Capt.  Frost 
came  from  Sturgeon  creek,  a  few  miles  below 
the  river,  with  a  parly  of  his  frienils  and 
buried  the  dead.  During  these  onsets  tiie 
enemy  also  took  the  advantage  to  burn  three 
houses  and  two  barns  before  they  left  the 
place. 

The  hitter  end  of  the  same  month  they 
burnt  a  mill  near  the  same  place  belonging 
to  Mr.  Ilutchinson,  a  merchant  of  Hoston ; 
from  whence  they  came  down  towards  Sliir- 
gi'on  creek,  where  they  burnt  one  house  and 
killi^d  two  men  not  far  from  Capt.  Frost's 
lUvelling.  h('  escaping  himself  very  narrowly, 
bi'ing  shot  at  by  the  enemy,  Hlioiit  ten  in 
number,  who  might  easily  have  burnt  his 
house  and  taken  all  that  was  in  it,  being  o..t 
thrc^e  boys  besiiles  himself,  had  he  not  \ised 
this  policy,  to  call  out  to  some  to  march  this, 
and  the  <ilhiT  way,  to  look  after  the  Indians, 
as  if  he  had  many  at  hand  to  comin.ind,  which 
under  ''  id  was  the  means  of  his  esi-spe  ;  liir 
his  house  was  neither  fortified,  nor  well  man- 
ned, although  far  from  neighbours. 

'I'he  next  day  the  said  Indians  passed  down 
the  river  on  Kittery  side,  killed  one  man, 
whose  house  they  first  plundered,  and  then 
.set  it  on  fire;  all  this  was  done  just  .over 
against  Portsmouth,  from  whence  out  of  a 
small  battery  was  disc^liarged  a  piece  of  ordi- 
nance, which  by  II  gooil  ProvidcMice  wasdirect- 
ed  BO  to  fling  its  shot,  as  it  fell  very  near  a 
parly  oftlii"  Indians,f  ir  they  were  so  affrighted 
therewilh  (if  none  of  them  were  killed)  that 
ihey  left  a  good  part  of  their  [ilunder  near  the 
place.  They  were  pursued  by  some  of  the 
ICnjilish  beliire  they  could  recover  their  home, 
and  by  the  help  of  the  snow  that  fell  about 
that  time,  were  traced  till  they  were  overta- 
ki'n,  but  being  nearaswam|>  escaped,  through 
haste  leaving  two  of  iheir  packs  behind. 

Soon  after  they  went  up  the  river  again  to 
<iiiecln'cho,  where  they  burnt  a  house  and 
t«d  or  three  barns.  Another  party  of  tliein 
got  over  or  beyond  the  other  branchesof  Pis- 
cataipia  river,  towards  Kxi'ter,  and  Lamprey 
Kel  rivi'r,  where  they  killi'd  one  man.  Many 
<iflhem  were  in  the  woods  about  lOxeter,  and 
between  Hainptonand  Kxeter,  where  thi-y  kil- 
leil  one  or  two  men  as  they  wen;  travelling 
homewards,  occasioning  the  people  of  those 
towns  to  stand  continually  upon  their  guard, 
whic^h  proved  a  great  annoyance  to  thu  inhab- 
itants. 

Hut  let  us  look  a  little  back  to  the  planta- 
tions more  eastward  from  I'lscata(|ua  river, 
where  these  outrages  of  the  Indians  first  began. 

At  C^asco  bay,  Lieut.  Irigersoll'a  son  with 
another  man,  trolng  out  a  fowling  about  this 
lime,  were  both  killed  before  they  returned 
homi;,  hij  father's  house  beinj^  burnt,  Vikii 
iimny  utiiera  also  thoreabuuts. 


At  Rhick  point,  Lieut.  Augur  with  two 
more  weie  asnaulted  by  the  Indians,  where 
after  many  shot  exchanged  IxHwixt  ihein, 
himself  was  so  woundi'd,  that  he  d  ed  sfion 
after,  and  his  brother  also  Has  killed  within  a 
lew  days  after,  not  liir  Iron  the  same  place. 

When  the  rising  of  the  Indians  lijsl  began 
in  those  eastern  parts  (with  us  called  th<) 
county  of  Yorkshire)  ('apt.  W'incol  ol' Xewe- 
chewannick,  with  soim?  others,  having  a  sym- 
pathy for  some  of  his  neighbours,  niaiched  u|) 
that  way  with  a  small  party  of  nuui.  In  his 
first  skirmish  with  the  enemy  he  chanced  to 
lose  two  or  three  of  his  company ;  the  rest  not 
being  above  11  in  all,  as  ihey  were  marching 
along  by  the  sea-side  were  iis.<aulled  by  a 
great  number  of  the  Indians,  judgi'il  to  bo 
150;  being  hard  beset  with  so  great  a  num- 
ber, they  retreated  to  an  heap  of  bolts  that 
lay  near  the  water  side,  by  the  shelter  of 
which  they  lay  safe  from  the!  enemy's  guns, 
and  so  well  playtMi  their  fi;w  guns,  that  they 
slew  many  of  the  Indians,  and  put  them  all 
to  a  kind  of  rout  at  last ;  alter  which,  by  the 
help  of  an  old  canoe  they  recovi'red  sale  to 
the  other  side  of  the  bank.  Rut  nine  .Sacomen 
had  worse  success  who  caiiM!  with  u  good  intent 
to  help  their  friends,  upon  the  liearing  of  their 
guns;  but  as  they  came  to  rescue  (^ipt.  Win- 
col  with  his  small  party,  ihey  themselves  lidl 
into  an  ambush  of  the?  enemy  and  so  were  all 
cut  off,  with  two  <ither  men  also,  near  the 
place  where  the  first  skirmish  was,  for  the 
Imjians  from  the  shori'  siile  coiihl  discern  any 
that  were  coming  towards  them  when  they 
were  at  a  gn'at  iljtanre,  and  .so  might  easily 
way-lay  them  b.Tore  they  couhl  come  ii|>  to 
them.  Ni-ar  upon  seven  houses  were  burnt 
about  this  time,  and  some  persons  killed  at 
lilack  point. 

Two  persons  were  killed  at  Wells  in  the 
beginning  of  winter,  one  of  them  was  a  ser- 
vant to  Mr,  William  Symmonds  (one  of  the 
principal  men  in  the  town  aforesaid)  the  gen- 
tleman him.self  with  his  fiimilv  were  removed 
to  a  garrison  house  in  the  miilille  of  tint  town. 
His  servant  going  early  in  the  morning  to  look 
after  some  business  there,  tarried  longer  than 
was  needful  to  provide  something  liir  liini<eif, 
the  Indians  invited  thernselv(>s  to  breakfist 
with  him  making  the  poor  fellow  pay  the  shot 
when  they  liail  done  wilh  the  loss  of  his  life. 

A  week  after  one  Cross  was  sl.iin  at  Wells 
likewise,  who  was  a  kind  of  a  distracted  fel- 
low. Also  one  Isaac  (^onsins  was  there  kil- 
h^d  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  al'tiT  there  had 
been  some  overtures  of  peaci?  between  Major 
Walderu  and  tlie  Indians, 

With  such  kind  of  mutual  enrounti  i  f  was 
the  latter  part  of  the  yi'ar  spent  belwix'  the 
Indians  and  the  Knglish  from  l'iscalai|n.i  ri- 
ver to  Kennebeck,  from  the  beglnni'ig  of  Au- 
gust to  the  end  of  November,  whiui'lii  many 
were  slain  on  both  siihs;  of  the  KuliIIsIi  in 
those  parts  were  slain  upwards  of  fifty;  the 
enemy  lost,  as  appeared  afierwards  by  their 
own  confession,  above  1)0  partly  in  the  iifoie- 
said  skirmislu's,  and  ]ianly  in  their  joining 
with  the  Indians  to  the  westward,  whither  it 
is  said  many  were  iiiviti'd  to  repair,  to  Inip 
destroy  the  Knglish,  in  hopes  to  enjoy  their 
possessions  afterwards  ;  lint  (!od  hail  other- 
wise determineil,  \\  ho  dlil  arise  at  last  to  save 
till!  meek  (Uies  of  the  earth,  and  jilead  the 
cause  of  his  people. 

The  Quvcriiur  and  council  of  Massncliu 


A   NARRATIVE   OF 


GIIO 


iriir  with    two 

illilIlN,    wllirri! 

K'twixt    llicm, 

111"     <1  I'd     MOOIl 

iilli'd  wliliiii  a 

^  same  |iliir.c'. 

iDH  first  lir^iiri 

us   ciillrtl    ihii 

iciil  of  Xcwti- 

iiiviii";  (I  syrii* 

s,  niiiiclii'd  iiji 

imwi.      Ill  Ilia 

(!   cliaiK'i'd   til 

llic  rost  not 

vorc!  iiiarcliiiijT 

s<iiiiltc'd  liy   a 

jiidj,'i'd  to   l)n 

^Ti'at  a  imni- 

liiilti   iliat 

till!  sliidtrr  (if 

Mii'iiiy's  f^mis, 

mis,  tliat.  llifv 

|>iit    llu'iii    all 

wliicli,  by   till! 

"vcii'd  sail'  Id 

t  iiim.'  Siicriint'ii 

ill  a  i;(Hi(l  iiilriit 

licariii;,'  iit'llifir 

MIC  V;\f)t.  Wiii- 

iIkmiim'Ivcs  Frll 

iiid  SI)  wcic  all 

1,    iirar   lliu 

I    was,   fur   lli<! 

will  ilisccin  any 

I'ln    wlicii  tlicy 

Hii  iniglit  imsily 

Id  CIIIMI'    up    lo 

SI'S  were  liiiriit 
iKons   killed   at 

t  WrlU  in  ttie 
cm  was  a  scr- 
ds  (one  of  llii! 
'csaid)  llie  i;cn- 
'  were  removed 
ille  o('i1m>  Town, 
morning'  to  look 
ied  liiiif;er  llian 
linj;  tcir  limiseir, 
:'!*  to  liieakliist 
>w  pay  the  shot 
loss  of  liis  lile. 
s  slain  at  Welh 
distracted  I'cl- 
was  llii're  kil- 
aftcr  there  had 
lietweeii  Majop 

'iiroiinli  t  f  was 
lit  lielwi\'  iht! 
I'iscataijiu  ri- 
•eiiiiii'i^;  ol'All- 
whi'ieiii  many 
the  ICiiL;lisli  in 
Is  of  (il'ty;  the 
Aards  liy  their 
ly  in  the  afiire- 
I  llii'ir  Joiiiinpr 
ard,  whither  it 
re|iair,  lo  help 
lo  I'lijoy  ihi'ir 
oil  had  other- 
e  111  last  to  SMVo 
Mini   jileail   till) 

1  of  Massachit 


fU'M*  Imd  at  lliii  time  their  hands  lull  with  the|lhiisii  Indiana  uijout  the  river  of  Merrimack 
like  attempts  III'  L'liilipaiid  his  accoinplices  at  and  I'iscataipia,  that  still  stood  out  in  hustil.ty 
tlie  wistwitrd.  yet  wi.Tc  not  unmiiRil'iil  of  the  ai,'aiii3t  the  lvi^;lisli,  meeliiii^  with  those  uri- 
ileploriiidi!  coiidiiion  of  these  eastern  [)laiita-:  dcr  tlie  conmiaiid  of  Major  Walderii  afore- 
liui.s  ;  haviii'^  eiiinniitted  the  care  thereof  to' said  and  (Japt.  i'Vost  of  Ivittery  ;  it  was  inu- 
tile majors  ni'the  respective  rcffimeiils  of  the  liially  a;,'rei'il  hetwixt  those  several  eominan- 
sevtsral  cimnties  on  that  side  of  the'  countrv  ilers  to  sieze  upon  all  those  Indians  which  at 
hut  more  especially  lo  the  care  and  jirudence  that  lliiio  were  met  lo^'etlier  about  Major 
uf  the  honoiiralile  Major  U.  Dennison,  major  Waldern's  dwelliiif^  at  (.iuechi'cho  ;  the  de- 
(jeiieral  of  the  colony,  a  ({entleiiiaii  who  liy  si^n  succeeded  accordiiifj  to  expectation,  and 
liis  ;;reat  insight  in,  and  long  experience  of  i  all  the  Indians  were  hunilsoniely  surprised  the 
ull  martial  all'.iirs,  was  every  way  accomplish-  Otli  of  Septcmher  ll)7(i,  without  iIk!  loss  of 

any  person's  life,  either  Indian  or  l'>n>^lish,  to 
the  number  of  near  100  ;  by  which  di!vice, 
after  our  (iirces  had  them  al  in  their  hands, 
they  separated  the  peaceable  from  the  jicr- 
lidioiis,  that  had  been  our  enemies  diiriiiir 
the  hill!  troubles  ;  (indiiij(  (iliout  200  involved 
ill  the  former  rebi^llion  inon;  or  less,  they  tc- 
cordinuly  were  sent  down  to  the  governor 
and  council  at  JJoston,  who  adjudged  7  or  8 
of  them  imniediately  lo  die  ;  such  as  were 
known  to  have  had  their  hiinds  in  the  blood 
of  the  Knglish,  or  that  had  been  slii-d  by  tliinr 
means;  tlie  restlh.it  wrru  found  only  ucccs- 
sorics  lo  the   late    mischiefs,   had    their  lives 


eii  fir  the  manairing  that  whole  alFuir  j  he  had 
to  eas''  the  oilier  side  of  the  country,  drawn 
out  a  sullicient  number  of  soldiers  from  the 
next  counties,  to  have  reduced  all  the  Indians 
eastward  to  iheir  obedienci? ;  but  just  as  they 
were  intendird  lo  inarch  upto  the  head-ipiarters 
Indians,  to  fall   upon  ihoiii  then*,  viz. 


iif  till 


on  the  leiilh  of  Decembiir,  so  as  it  was  not 
possible  for  any  to  liave  travelled  that  way 
unless  they  carried  rackets  under  their  feet, 
v.lierewitli  lo  walk  upon  the  snow  :  Tliisonlv 
itoiisideralion  forced  them  to  lay  aside  the 
d.csign  for  llie  prt'si'iit,  but  soon  after  it  was 
done  to  their  hands  ;  for  tlie  deplli  of  the 
Miosv,  and  sharpness  of  the  i!old,  were  so  ex- 
treme, that  the  Indians  in  those  part  were 
Id  pinched  tlierewilh,  that  being  starved  they 
•ned  i':n-  pi'acc,  making  their  address  fust  to 
Major  Waldern,  on  that  account  by  wliosi 
mediations  that  whole  body  of  Indians  east- 
v.'ard  were  lirought  to  an  hopeful  conclusion 
of  pcai-e, 
and  possib 

lo  this  day,  hail  llieie  not  been  loo  just  an  occa- 
sion given  for  the  breaking  ol'  the  same,  bv 
tin?  wicked  pactice  of  some  lewd  persons 
wliieli  openi'd  tlie  door,  anil  made  way  for  llie 
bringing  in  all  those  sad  calamities  and  inis- 
cliielstliat  have  since  fillen  upon  those  parts 
of  the  country  as  shall  hereafter  lie  declared. 
In  the  latter  end  of.liine,  l(i7(),  the  liulians 


at  ()ssa|iy  and  I'igwaiichi't,  about  an  hiindrci 

inilesiipintothe  country  northward, the  winter 

setting  in  so  sharp  and  severe  in  the  beginning 

of  December,  and  latter  end  of  November,  it 

was  not  possible  to  have  marcheil  a  day's  jour- 
ney into  tlie  Woods  without  hazarding  all  tlii'ir 

lives  that  should  venture  up,  the   snow  being 

found  generally  in  those  woods  four  feiU  thick  |  spared,  but  were  sent  into   dill'erent  parts  of 

the  world  to  try  the  dilliTeiice  between  the 
friendship  of  their  neighbours  here,  and  their 
service  with  other  masters  elsewhere. 

Thosi!  who  had  been  always  peaceable 
and  trii.!  to  the  ICiii;lisli,  never  inlernieddling 
in  the  ijuarrcl,  as  W'analancet,  the  ,sai,'amore 
of  I'ennlcook,  and  some  others,  were  (]uieilv 
dismissed  totlieir  own  places.  Hesilcs  those 
that  wi-re  surprised  at  the  time  aforesaid, 
there  v.ere  several  others  who  had  been  the 
chief  actors,  that  were  taken  up  and  down  in 
those  wiioils  lieyoiiil  .Merrimack,  and  so  were 
delivered  up  to  justice;  as  John  Monix'o,  Sa- 
ganion?  Sam,  old  .letliro  with  some  others,  as 
hath  been  ah-cady  inentioned,  yet  young. letli- 
ro brought  in  10  at  one  time.  It  was  a  spe- 
cial liivoiir  I'roin  (lod  so  to  order  it,  that  the 
Indians  aforesaid,  were  so  sill  prised  ;  hir  had 
they  coiitiiiiicd  ilieir  former  rebellioti,  ami  had 
taken  the  opportiinily  to  have  joini'd  with  the 
eastern  Inillans,  as  some  of  them  did  a  few 
mouths  before,  they  would  in  all  likelihood 
have  utterly  destroyed  all  the  plantations  of 
the  Knt'lisli  beyond  l'iscatMi|iia  river,  as  ap- 
scliief  tliiit  was  lately  done  bv 


iifpeai'e,   wliiili   was  mutually   agreed   upon 
possibly  inijjht  have  remained  lirm  eiiouj,'li 


that  had   made  a  general   conspiracy  aLMinsi  i  pears  by  tl 


the    lOiiglisli,    were   slraiiLTely     dispersed   and 

dispirited,  so  that  from  that   time   they   began 

to  separate  one  from  anuther,  andi'vcry  nation 

of  iheiii  III  shift  f  iilhemsclves,  as  liiitli  .dready 

been  inentioned  in  the  loriner  part  of  this  iiiir- 

riilivi'.      ( 'iiiionicus,  the  great  sachem  of  the   lird  day 

Narragansels,  dislriisliiii;  the   prollers  of  the' murderei 


I'liiglisli.  was  slain  in  the  woods  by  the  Mo- 
lia\\  ks,  his  sipiaw  surrendering  heu'self,  bv 
this  means  her  li(e  was  spared. 

Many  of  those  about  liancasti'r,  and  the 
places  adjeiiiiiig  therein,  did  cunningly  en- 
deinour  to  hide  themselvi'S  among  those  In- 
dians about  l*iscatai|ua,  that  by  .Major  Wal- 
dern's means  had  concluded  a  peace, yet  could 
neither  dissemble  their  iialiire  and  disposition 
from  suspicion  of  II  li'-.ciiief,  nor  yet  sua  rliliciiilly 
conceal  their  passions,   nut  they    were  easily  tors  in  the  aforesaid   iiiischiel 


means  ot  a  lew,  Irom  too  inindi  connivance 
of  some  in  those  parts  that  entertained  a  bet- 
ter opinion  of  them  than  it  seems  ihey  deser- 
ved. For  whereas  mention  was  liirmerly 
of  a  small  party  of  Indians,  that  on  the 
f  May,  in  this  present  year,  had 
one  'I'liomas  Kembel,  of  Mradford, 
and  carried  away  his  wile  and  Kvi-  childten 
captive;  yet  two  or  three  of  the  actors  ilid, 
upon  what  consideralion  is  not  known,  return 
the  woman  and  children  again  within  six 
weeks,  and  because  of  their  voluntarily  re- 
turning of  them  weri!  dealt  more  favourably 
with;  being  only  put  into  firison  at  Dover, 
for  a  lime;  yet  possibly  conceiving  that  a 
prison  was  but  a  preparation  lorn  worse  evil, 
ihev  look  an  opporluiiity  (two  of  the  diief  ac- 


by  such  as  m  I, inner  tunes 


had 


Mc'piaiiilance  with  the  easli 


<il  trade,  or  other  conversi 


III 
W 


nilians  hy  way 
lereiipon  the 


lories  newlv    raised   in 


lassachiisetts   iiiiil 


lied  Si- 
noii  the  other  Andrew)  lo  convey  themselves 
lilt  of  the  place  of  restraint,  and    iiflerwards 

beck 


iigainoiigstthe  Amoscogginand  Ki'iiiii 


Some  little  colour  or  pretence  of  injury  wa» 
alli'g;'d  before  those  eastern  liulians  be^iaii 
their  outrage,  both  in  the  firmer,  as  well  as  in 
the  i)resent  year;  tin-  chief  actor  or  rather  iKo 
begimior  of  all  the  nforesliid  niischiel's  east- 
ward, is  one  Sipiando,  the  saganinre  of.'saco 
Indians,  whose  sipiaw,  as  is  said  was  abused 
by  a  rude  and  iiidiscri'et  act  of  somi?  I'Jnglish 
seaman,  the  last  suminer,  l(J7."i,  who  oilier 
overs<!l  tlu!  canoe  wherein  the  said  squaw  with 
her  chilli  vv'cre  sailing  in  a  river  tliereaboiits,or 
else  to  try  whether  the  children  of  the  Indians, 
as  th(!y  had  heard,  could  swim  as  naturally  as 
any  other  creatures,  wittingly  cast  her  child 
into  the  water  ;  but  the  sipiaw  immediately 
ilivinginto  the  water  after  it,  fetdied  itiip  from 
the  bottom  of  the  river,  yet  it  falling  out 
within  a  while  after  the  said  child  died  (w  Inch 
it  might  have  done  if  no  aU'ront  had  been  of- 
fered) the  saiil  Sipiando,  fitlier  of  the  child, 
hath  been  so  provoked  thereat  ihat  he  hath 
ever  since  set  himself  to  do  all  the  mischief 
he  can  lo  the  English  in  those  parts,  and  was 
never  as  yet,  siin^i  that  time,  truly  wiling  to 
be  reconciled,  although  he  is  said  lo  have 
sent  home  some  that  were  taken  captive  the 
last  year.  Surely  if  their  hearts  had  not  been 
secretly  lilled  with  malici-and  reveiii.'e  lieioro 
they  might  have  obtained  salisfiction  for  the 
wrong  done  at  an  easier  rate;  more  probab'y 
it  is  that  this  was  onlv  an  occasion  to  vent  this 
mischief  they  had  formerly  conceived  in  their 
hearts. 

There  is  an  injury  of  an  higher  nature  innn- 
tioned  as  the  ground  of  their  ijiiarrel  with   us 
who  live  about  I'emmaipiid,  which  happened 
the   last  spring,  viz.  one    LaiiL'hton,  with  an- 
other person  or  more,   who  having   oblaineil 
under  the    hand  of   Major    Waldern,   a  war- 
rant to  seize  any    Indians   east  ward  that   had 
bivn  L"i;!,_v  of  any  murder  or  sjioil  done   lo  the 
English  in  those  parts,  did  most    peilidionsly 
and  wickedly  entice  some  of  the  Indians  about 
cape  Sables  (who  never  liail  lieen  intheleast 
manner  giiiltv  of  any  injury  done  to  the    Kn- 
glish) on  board  their  vessel,  or  else  some  other 
way,  and  tlnni  carried  them  away  to  sell  tliein 
liir  slaves  ;    wh'cli  the  Indians  in    those    parts 
look  upon  as  injury  done  to  themselves,  have 
alleged    it    to  the  iiihabitants  of  I'emniiiqiiid, 
as  one  of  the  princij'al  u;ri"inils  of  their   pres- 
ent i|inirrel :      ThiMliing  alleired    is    too    trim 
as  to  matter  of  fact,  and  the  persons   that  dio 
it  were  lately  coinmiiled  lo  prison  in  order  to 
their  further  trial.      Yi'l  all  those  Indians  ilo, 
or  may    know  full   well,   that   they    who   did 
them  that  wrong,  were  liable  to  due  punish- 
ment (or  else  their  quarrel  might  be  arcoiiiit- 
ed  just,  and  they  considered  as  Indians,  must 
have   the    more  allowance)  if  they    could    be 
liiiind,     nor    ever    were    any     countenanced 
amongst  us,  that  had  done  them  any  kind  of 
injiirv,  nor   did   those   that   take   upon   them 
the  reveii'.ri'iir  ol  the   injury,  know   that   they 
were  inhabitants  of  this  coiinlry  that  did  the 
wrong  ;   nor  was  there  ever  any  orderly  com- 
plaint made  thereof;   but  this    cannot  excuse 
their  perlidionsiiess  and  cruelly.      Some  other 
pretenses  Hlleged    by    the  said    Indians  lliey 
vet  do  bear  no    proportion  to   the  mi'iilion  of 
a   wrong,  or  injury,  viz.  because  our  traders 
were    forbidden  lo    sell  any    iimmiiMition    to 
Biiy  Indians  whatsoever  ;  w  hicli  those  Indians 


he  rominand 


if  Caiit.  Will! 


Ilatli 


lorne  and  .and   criii 


liave  |i 
id  dc' 


ned  w  ilh  them  in  those  blooi 


lately 


till 


Cu|il,  .loseph  Still,  dusljjiied  furlliu  Hubdiiingl  J>arts,  whicit  fulluw  iiiurjur  uuxltu  be  rulatod 


say 


till 


lit   live    without  ;    yet     seeing 
ward    Indians 


hemselves,    as  the    west 


ii 


f  .„ 


have  gu  ill  Improved  that  which  they  had  Iju- 


^■^ 


070 


THE   INDIAN    WARS. 


run',  tlicie  was  little  rcasun  why  thoy  should 
ijunrrcl  with  us  for  selling  no  more. 

Furlher  ulso,  it  is  anirmed  by  some  per- 
sDna  worthy  of  credit,  that  for  divers  yeurs 
past  Imve  lived  in  those  parts,  that  the  Indiiins 
thureiilMUts  need  not  huvo  wanted  powder 
iind  shot,  only  they  wanted  something  where- 
with to  cloak  their  malicious  and  barharons 
))ractices  of  late  committed  against  us;  but 
there  being  different  opinions  about  this 
jjoint,  we  shall  leave  it  for  the  present.  But 
this  beingpremised  in  reference  to  the  pre- 
tended ground  or  occasion  of  the  quarrel,  it 
remains  that  the  efTects  therefore  be  now 
rt  lated. 

Before  the  war  with  Philip  was  well  ended 
to  the  southward,  there  was  a  fresh  alarm 
pounded  again  to  the  eastward;  for  on  the  11th 
of  August,  1C7G,  the  very  day  before  Philip's 
heart  that  had  harboured  so  many  mischievous 
and  treacherous  devices  against  the  English, 
was  by  one  of  his  own  company  shot  through, 
a  party  of  Indians  began  tlieir  outrages  at 
(/asco  in  a  most  perfidioi  s  and  treacherous 
manner,  killing  and  carrying  away  captive, 
to  the  number  of  30  persons,  and  burning 
tlieir  houses ;  amongst  whom  was  the  family 
of  one  Anthony  Bracke,',  an  inhabitant  of 
Casco  who  was  thought  ',o  have  been  killed, 
but  he  himself,  with  his  Vfife,  and  one  of  his 
five  children  carried  away  captive,  with  a  ne- 
gro did  happily  make  an  escape  from  their 
bloody  and  deceitful  hands,  in  November  next 
ensiling. 

The  manner  how  Anthony  Bracket  and 
his  wife  made  their  escape  was  very  re- 
markable and  therefore  judged  worthy  to  be 
here  inserted,  although  out  of  duo  place.  The 
Indians  that  had  led  them  captive  having 
brought  them  to  the  north  side  of  Casco  bay, 
news  was  brought  to  the  said  Indians  of  the 
surprizal  of  Arowsic's  house  in  Keniiebeck, 
with  all  the  stores  therein,  which  did  so  re- 
joice them,  that  they  made  all  haste  to  share  in 
the  good  things  there  to  be  had  :  Thus  eager 
to  be  gone,  they  promised  Bracket  and  his 
wife  that  they  also  should  have  a  share  there- 
in if  they  would  haste  after  them:  The  wo- 
men having  a  little  before  obaerved  nn  old 
birch  canoe  lying  at  tiie  water  side,  ho|ied  it 
was  an  opportunity  Providence  ofTered  for 
their  escape  ;  whiireupon  she  first  prudently 
ttiked  the  Indians  to  let  the  negro,  their  own 
servant  (at  the  sa'"-?  time  carried  captive  by 
tliem)  help  them  to  carry  their  burthens,  which 
was  granted  :  then  she  begged  for  them  a 
])iece  or  two  of  meat,  whicii  wiis  not  denied 
them.  Thus  being  furnished  with  help  and  pro- 
vision, the  Indians  leaving  thetn  behind  to 
some  after  with  their  several  burthens,  and 
a  young  child,  they  could  not  but  look  upon  it 
OS  a  nufna  Difinuf,  to  bid  them  shift  for 
themselves  :  The  woman  also  found  a  nee- 
dle and  thread  in  the  house,  with  which  she 
mended  the  canoe,  while  they  tarried  at  tl.'f 
side  of  the  bay,  in  which  they  soon  venture 
to  get  away,  which  prosperously  succeeded  ; 
for  in  that  old  canoe  they  crossed  a  water 
eight  or  nine  miles  broad,  and  when  they 
came  on  the  soiitli  side  of  the  bay,  they  might 
have  been  in  as  much  danger  of  other  Indians, 
that  had  lately  been  about  Black  point,  and 
had  taken  it  ;  but  they  were  newly  gone.  So 
things  on  all  sides  thus  concurring  to  help  for- 
ward their  deliverance,  they  came  safely  to 
the  seat  at  Black  point,  where  also  by  spe- 


cial providence  they  met  with  a  vessel  bound 
for  Piscataqua,  that  came  into  that  harbour 
but  few  hours  before  they  came  thither,  by 
which  means  they  arived  safe  in  Piscataquu 
river  soon  after ;  uU  which  circumstances  are 
very  worthy  to  be  noted. 

Amongst  those  Indians  that  siezed  this 
Bracket's  family,  the  chief  was  one  Simon, 
who  had  but  a  little  before  escaped  out  of 
Dover  prison,  where  ho  was  not  carefully 
overlooked  ;  lie  had  had  his  hand  in  the  mur- 
der of  sundry  English,  as  he  had  confessed; 
not  missing  any,  savo  one,  on  whom  he  had 
discharged  his  gun ;  but  because  he  came  in 
voluntarily,  bringing  in  a  woman  and  five 
children  of  the  English,  who  had  been  carri- 
ed captive  a  little  before,  it  was  questioned 
whether  his  last  act  of  submission  might  not 
balance  his  former  transgression,  and  there- 
fore he  was  committed  to  that,  not  so  secure 
a  prison,  till  his  cause  tniglit  be  further  consi- 
dered of.  It  is  said  that  coming  to  Brack- 
et's house  over  night,  lie  pulled  Uirth  a  coun- 
terfeited pass  under  the  hands  of  some  public 
officers,  or  men  entrusted  with  that  services 
making  shew  of  all  friendship;  but  the 
morning,  or  soon  after,  he  pulled  off  the  sor 
of  a  friend,  and  discovered  what  he  was;  -et 
granting  life  to  this  person  and  his  fur,  , 
that  did  not  or  could  not  resist,  which  he  de- 
nied to  some  of  the  neighbours  not  far  off, 
who  were  many  of  them  killed  by  this  bloody 
villain  and  his  partners. 

There  are  some  circumstances  in  the  as- 
sault of  Anthony  Bracket's  house  very  con- 
siderable, which,  because  it  was  the  first  out- 
rage committed  by  the  Indians  in  the  second 
insurrection,  1670,  are  worthy  of  a  more  par- 
ticular remembering. 

This  Indian  before  mentioned  called  Simon, 
after  he  had  escaped  out  of  the  prison  of  Do- 
ver came  to  Casco,  and  either  in  the  end  of 
July  or  beginning  of  August,  acquainted  him- 
self of  this  Anthony  Bracket,  ami  oil  fre<pien- 
ted  his  house.  Upon  the  9ih  of  August  some 
of  the  Indians  liaving  killed  a  cow  of  his,  the 
Indian  Simon  coming  to  his  house  promised 
to  bring  the  Indians  to  him  that  had  killed 
his  cow.  In  the  meantime  they  of  the  place 
sent  two  men  to  Major  Waldern's  at  Dover, 
to  complain  of  this  injury  done  by  the  Indi- 
ans, but  befiire  their  return,  very  early  in  the 
morning  on  the  11th  of  August,  Simon  with 
a  party  of  Indians  came  to  Anthony  Brack- 
et's house,  and  told  him  there  were  the  Indi- 
ans that  had  killed  his  cow;  but  as  sooii  as 
they  had  said  that,  the  Indians  went  further 
into  his  house  and  took  hold  of  all  the  guns 
they  could  see:  Bracket  asked  what  was  the 
tneiuiing  of  that,  Simon  replied,  that  so  it 
must  be,  asking  him  withal,  whether  he  had 
rather  serve  the  Indians,  or  be  slain  by  them; 
which  ho  answered,  that  if  the  case  were  so, 
he  would  rather  choose  to  serve  them  than  be 
killed  by  them:  Simon  replied,  that  then 
they  must  be  bound  whicli  was  presently 
done.  The  said  Bracket,  his  wife  anil  a  ne- 
^■ro  were  all  bound  by  the  Indians;  his  wife 
had  a  brother,  who  offering  to  resist  was  kil- 
led forthwith;  the  rest,  with  five  children 
were  led  away  prisoners. 

Two  hours  afVer  one  Pike,  that  lived  not 
far  olT,  but  knowing  nothing  of  all  this,  wont 
up  in  a  canoe,  toward  one  Robert  Corban's 
house  where  he  found  one  Humphrey  Dur- 
ham and  Benjamin  Atwel  at  work  about  their 


lay ;  after  a  little  stay  he  left  them,  intending 
to  go  up  higher  with  his  cano.'!,  but  as  soon 
us  he  was  a  little  past,  he  heard  the  report  of 
uns  which  made  him  witli  another  man  he 
liud  with  him,  presently  return  buck;  before 
lie  came  beyond  Corban's  house  he  saw  an 
English  boy  running  with  all  haste  whicli  made 
him  fear  some  mischief  was  at  hand,  and  pre- 
sently a  volley  of  shot  came  against  them,  but 
the  bullets  flying  over  their  heads,  did  them 
no  hurt;  presently  Simon  uppeare<l,  and  called 
them  to  come  on  shore;  but  they  liked  not  his 
courtesy,  and  turning  their  canoe  into  the 
stream,  got  out  of  the  reachof  their  guns,  has- 
ting down  to  his  own  house  with  all  spec  !  ; 
when  he  came  near  to  his  house,  he  called  to 
the  people  to  make  haste  away  towards  the 
garrison  house,  and  bid  the  rest  look  to  them- 
selves, and  fire  upon  the  Indians  tiiat  were 
coming  against  them  :  In  the  meanwliile  tho 
Indians  passing  from  Anthony  Bracket's  to 
Corban's,  killed  Corban  himself,  together 
with  Humphrey  Durham  and  Benjamin  Atwel, 
before  mentioned;  then  passing  on  to  the  oth- 
er houses,  killed  some,  and  carried  others 
away  captive.  At  one  of  the  next  houses  the 
women  and  children  got  off  into  the  water  by 
a  canoe;  but  one  James  Ross,  his  wife  and 
children  were  carried  away.  Corban's  wife, 
with  one  of  the  other  men's  wives,  and  tho 
ehildriMi  of  another,  they  carried  away  like- 
wise. 

In  another  side  of  the  town  as  three  per- 
sons were  going  to  reap  at  Anthony  Bracket's, 
passing  from  an  house  where  they  left  their 
canoeinet  with  John  Mouiitjoy  undone  Wake- 
ly,  to  whom  they  told  what  had  happened, 
soon  after  they  heard  two  guns  fired,  whereby 
it  seems  two  men  were  killed  ;  wherefore  co- 
ming back  towards  T.  Bracket's,  where  thtty 
left  their  canoe,  they  saw  him  shot  down  by 
the  Indians  ;  one  of  the  thiee  not  so  well  able 
to  run,  hid  himself  in  the  bushes  in  hopes  to 
escape  more  conveniently  afterwards,  which 
accordingly  he  did;  but  in  the  mean  lime  he 
saw  the  Indians  carry  away  Thomas  Brack- 
et's wife  and  children.  Soon  after  the  three 
men  aforesaid  got  safe  to  Mr.  Mountjoy's  gar- 
rison, but  not  truijting  to  the  security  of  that 
garrison,  they  soon  after  repaired  to  an  island 
in  the  bay,  called  James  Andrew's  island. 
One  George  Lewis  and  his  wife  tarried  all 
this  time  in  their  house  till  the  next  day,  when 
they  had  opportunity  to  get  safe  to  the  island 
aforesaid,  together  with  the  two  men  that  wero 
now  returned  from  Major  Waldern's  ;  whither 
they  had  been  sent  but  too  late,  to  make  com- 
plaint of  the  Indians  that  had  counterfeited  his 
)>ass  to  travel  into  those  parts,  and  had  done 
'his  mischief. 

The  day  after,  one  George  Felt,  suspecting 
the  worst  by  reason  of  asmoke  he  saw  cm  the 
opposite  side  of  town,  took  his  wife  and  chil- 
ren  in  a  canoe  to  see  what  the  matter  was, 
but  when  he  came  near  n  point  of  land  not  far 
off  he  found  several  of  his  neighbour's  goods, 
svhich  made  him  conclude  their  owners  wero 
killed,  which  was  a  sufficient  warning  to  him 
likewise  to  fly  for  his  life,  which  he  did  to  tho 
same  island.  After  a  number  of  them  had  es- 
caped thither,  they  recollected  that  they  had 
left  powder  behind  them  in  one  or  two  pla- 
ces :  whereupon  they  determined  to  venture 
a  party  of  them  in  the  night,  to  prevent  the 
Indians  from  having  any  advantage  thereby, 
and  fur  their  own  defence  if  occasion  ahoulj 


thum,  intending 
(1%  but  as  soon 
rJ  tlie  report  of 
nnutlior  man  tie 
rn  bacit;  bi.'fore 
)iise  lie  saw  an 
ustewliicli  made 
t  iiaiid,  and  pre 
gainst  tliem,  but 
mills,  did  tliem 
arud,  and  called 
iie^  liked  not  his 
canue  into  the 
I'llu'ir  guns,  lias- 
with  all  spec  1  ; 
UHe,  he  called  to 
ay  towards  tlio 
t<3t  look  to  iheni- 
Jians  tiiat  were 
meanwhile  the 
ny  Hracket's  to 
imself,  together 
ienjamin  Atwel, 
iigon  to  the  otli- 
I  carried  othera 
next  houses  the 
nto  the  water  by 
IS,  his  wile  and 
Corban's  wife, 
wives,  and  tlio 
ried  away  like- 

n  as  three  per- 
ithony  Uracket's, 
they  left  their 
y  iinuone  Wake- 
t  had  happened, 
ns  fired,  whereby 
I  ;  wherefore  co- 
tet's,  where  thtty 
n  shot  down  by 
e  not  so  well  abin 
shes  in  hopes  to 
fierwards,  which 
lie  mean  lime  he 
Tliomas  Urack- 
n  after  the  three 
.  Mounljoy's  gar- 
security  of  that 
aired  to  an  island 
Andrew's  island, 
wife  tarried  all 
e  next  day,  when 
safe  to  the  island 
wo  men  that  were 
sidern's  ;  whither 
[He,  to  make  corn- 
counterfeited  his 
ts,  and  had   done 

!  Felt,  suspecting 
ke  he  saw  on  the 
•lis  wife  and  chil- 

the  matter  was, 
int  of  land  not  far 
sighbour's  goods, 
leir  owners  were 
t  warning  to  him 
liich  he  did  to  tho 
LT  of  them  had  es- 
led   that  llioy  had 

one  or  two  pla- 
'niined  to  venture 
It,  lo  prevent  the 
[vantage  thereby, 
f  occasion  should 


A  NARRATIVE   OP 


en 


require  ;  accordingly  their  attempt  succeeded 
well,  lor  they  bnmglit  away  ii  biiriel  of  pow- 
der fiiiin  one  Wells's  house,  and  likewise  a 
Considerable  (piiiiilily  out  tif  a  chest  in  a 
store  liiiusi',  wliii'li  tlie  Indians  hud  been 
raiisiickiiig,  ami  liiul  laki'U  things  out  of  the 
Otiier  end  of  I  lie  chest,  yet  overlooked  the 
(iinvder.  In  tins  siirprisiil  of  the  plantation  in 
Cascn  bay,  called  FuiiiKiiiih,  tlieie  were  34 
pei'siins  killi'd  and  cunieil  into  captivity. 

Tiiat  tliis  was  not  a  casual  attetnpt,  but  a 
designed  plot,  will  appear  in  that,  just  alxnit 
the  same  time,  tliu  Indians  at  Ivennebeck 
made  the  like  insurrection  whereby  it  is  con- 
cluded, either  that  the  Indians  ivliich  escaped 
fioiii  Dover  stirred  tliein  up  thereunto;  or  that 
the  said  Indians  tiiidiiig  ihein  in  a  dispnsiliuii 
lending  that  way,  iiy  reason  of  some  injuries 
done  those  that  dwell  farther  northward,  they 
offered  their  service  to  help  forward  the 
design. 

It  is  to  be  noti^d  here  that  the  Indians 
about  Ivennebeck  were  persuaded  to  continue 
their  fbrnii  -  amity  with  the  English,  iiot- 
withslanding  the  report  of  Philip's  rising  that 
year  before,  and  the  outrages  committed  the 
last  autumn  and  winter  Ibllnwing;  yet  which 
is  more,  they  hail  lately  renewed  their  league 
will,  "he  English  in  those  parts, iillhough  they 
had  often  complained  to  those  of  I'emmaipiid, 
of  the  injury  they  suffered  in  the  willihold- 
"ng  from  them  the  tnuh;  of  powder  and  shot, 
without  which  they  said  they  could  not  siib- 
eiat,  and  for  want  of  wiiich,  it  is  alleged  by 
themselves,  that  some  uf  them  perished  the 
last  winter. 

IJiit  the  quarrel  of  late  fallen  out  betwixt 
the  English  and  the  Indians  about  Kennebeck 
and  eastward  thereof,  being  a  matter  of  i.'re;it 
importance,  it  snail,  fiir  the  satisfaction  of  ttie 
reader,  in  what  follows  be  more  particularly 
described;  it  being  the  duty  of  every  one  thai 
publish  things  of  this  nature,  to  do  the  right 
of  an  historiiin  to  all  who  are  any  ways  con- 
cerned in  what  is  made  public.  'I'lie  infor- 
mation was  received  I'rom  a  prudent  person, 
na  eye  and  ear  witness  of  all  that  happened 
amongst  the  said  Indians  both  the  former  and 
present  year,  and  one  that  was  more  publicly 
concerned  in  those  transactions  than  some 
others,  therefore  the  more  credit  may  be 
givtMi  thereto. 

Mention  is  already  made  of  what  happened 
in  September,  167.5,  lo  the  company  belong- 
ing to  a  sloop  and  two  boats  that  went  up 
Casco  bay  to  gather  corn,  upon  lliut  accident 
it  is  said  divers  Indiiins  on  the  east  side  of 
Kennebeck  river  repaired  to  their  fort  at  To- 
lonnoi'k,  (a  place  higherup  in  lliecounlry  be- 
yond Kennebeck  and  Sliee|iscot  river)  wli(!re 
was  an  English  trading  house  :  and  the  In- 
dians eastward  of  said  river,  had  as  yet  done  no 
harm  lo  any  of  the  English,  yet  did  Ciipt. 
Sylvaniis  Davis,  agent  for  Major  Clarke  and 
Ciipl.  Lake  of  Hoslon  upon  these  overtures 
ihiiik  fit  lo  fetch  down  the  powder  and  shot 
with  other  goods  from  the  said  trading  house, 
telling  the  Indians  by  the  messeiigersent  up, 
he  would  have  them  come  down  and  live  be- 
low in  that  river  to  lake  off  jealousies,  and 
tint  he  would  then  supply  them  with  what 
W:is  needful. — Hut  the  messenger  told  them 
in  case  they  would  not  come  down  and  de- 
liver up  their  arms  the  English  would  kill 
Ihem.  lie  that  »rn<hth  a  matiiige  hi)  the 
hand  of  afoul,  gailh  Solomon,  cuttcth  off  the 


,fi'ff,  und  (Irinketk  iLimiiifc.  'I'liis  message  I 
delivered  by  him  as  he  afiiTwarils  confessed,] 
but  who  put  it  into  his  mouth,  or  whether  it 
was  the  device  of  liis  own  heart  does  not  at 
present  concern  us  to  iiiipiiie,  but  the  dainiige 
that  side  of  tin;  couiilry  had  siislaiiied  theieliy 
is  not  easy  to  recount  j  for  upon  this  threaten- 
ing message  the  Indians  forsook  their  lint  and 
went  further  eastward  and  sent  to  .Tohii's 
river,  and  to  the  sea  side,  to  get  all  the  In- 
dians they  could  together  to  come  up  Penob- 
scot river. 

A  gentleman  who  nt  that  time  lived  at  Pcm- 
muqiiid,  a  kind  of  superinlendant  over  the  af- 
fairs of  that  place,  considering  the  sad  stale 
things  were  running  iiito,'laboured  to  obtain  a 
parley  with  the  said  Indians,  or  with  some  of 
them,  which  after  much  trouble  and  cost  he 
did  accomplish.  But  in  the  meantime,  such 
was  the  violence  used  by  some  refractory  En- 
glish in  those  parts,  that  ihey  could  scarce  be 
restrained  from  offering  violence  to  the  per- 
sons he  sent  up  as  messengers,  and  others 
that  lived  <piietly  amongst  ihem,  and  did  also 
as  violently  set  themselves  up  to  oppose  him  or 
any  others  that  acted  with  more  moderiition 
than  the  rest ;  protesting  against  them  as  tliosi^ 
who,  for  gain,  sup|)!ied  the  Indians  with  pow- 
der and  shot,  and  said  they  would  kill  any  In- 
dian they  met;  others  at  Monhiggon  oll'ered 
five  [louiids  for  every  Indian  that  should  be 
brought,  yet  would  not  these  jiersons  that 
were  so  violent  against  the  Indians  in  tlieirdis- 
course,  be  persuaded  then  or  afterwards  to 
light  ihe  Indians  in  an  orderly  way,  as  ap- 
peared both  by  their  security  in  not  acting 
better  upon  their  guard,  and  by  their  sudden 
flight  afirrwards,  running  away,  like  a  flock 
of  sliee|)  at  the  barking  of  any  little  dog. 
Things  being  in  this  posture,  what  could  be 
expected  lint  a  present  war  with  llie  Indians, 
allhougli  as  it  seems  there  wiire  fi3W  or  none  to 
be  found  willing  to  manage  it  in  those  parts. 
However,  the  person  af^iresaid  nndersland- 
iiig  the  general  court  at  Hoston  had  appointed 
a  council  of  war  at  Kennifbeck,  applied  him- 
self to  them,  laying  before  them  the  des[ierate 
state  things  were  fallen  into  ;  whereupon  they 
issued  out  warrants  to  restrain  all  mariner  of 
persons  meddling  with  the  Indians  without 
further  orders,  which  within  a  few  days 
should  be  had.  In  the  meanliine  the  sa- 
chems of  the  Indians  met  at  Pemmaqiiid, 
where  after  many  complainls  made  of  the 
hard  dealing  of  the  Hnylisli  in  Kennebeck  ri- 
ver, they  came  to  terms  of  peace,  promising 
to  keep  true  friemlship  with  the  English,  ami 
to  hiiuler  thi!  Amoscon'i.rin  Indiiins  f'rnrii  med- 
illiiig  with  the  English,  if  tiy  any  means  they 
could,  and  also  to  return  peaceably  in  the 
spring  of  the  year.  This  gi'iilleiimn  afore- 
said, having  a  loiigtimi'  wanted  to  uo  to  Hus- 
ton, was  willing  to  take  the  opportunity  of 
the  present  winter,  hoping  things  were  now 
pretty  well  settled  in  those  parts  bitween  the 
Indians  and  the  English,  found  soon  after  that 
he  was  cited  thither  to  answer  some  rem- 
plaints,  though  ill  grounded,  fiir  selling  pow- 
der and  shot  lo  ihi-  Indians  contrary  to  or- 
der. But  those  false  opinions  being  easily 
blown  away  by  his  iippearance  at  Boston,  and 
having  despatched  his  business  there,  he  re- 
turned before  the  v  inter  was  over  to  Pem- 
maqniil,  where  hearing  of  a  vessel  thai  inten- 
ded lo  take  Indians  in  those  parts  and  carry 
them  to  market,  which  ho  had  many  strong 


reasons  to  believe,  (it  being  no  hard  matter 
to  surprise  many  such,  that  siispecling  no 
fraud,  would  ..•asily  be  entice,!  abnard  a  ves- 
sel to  trade,  or  may  be  lo  drink  liiiuor)  .sent 
lo  both  the  master  and  the  company,  if  they 
hail  any  such  intent,  to  fiirbear,  seeing  those 
Indians  wei'o  at  peace  with  iis  ;  iinil  llkewi-e 
to  the  Iniiiins,  to  infiirm  iheni  of  such  a  ves- 
sel, and  to  beware  thereof;  but  yet  it  seems 
the  master  and  company  took  .several  Indians 
eastward,  who  were  also  at  peace  with  ns, 
and  to  our  great  sorrow  sliippi^d  them  on 
board  for  a  market. 

The  winter  being  now  over,  the  nl^irenien- 
tioiied  agent  of  Peiiinia<piid  went  lo  a  ineeiing 
of  the  Indians  eastward,  to  persuade  lliriii  of 
the  country's  willingness  to  continue  a  peace 
with  them.  They  seemed  very  joyful  thereat, 
and  in  flie  spring  brought  some  piesenls  lo 
confirm  the  peace,  and  lolliat  end  also  deliv 
ered  up  an  English  captive  boy  lo  those  of 
Keniieneck. —  But  when  the  siiniinercanie  on, 
the  said  Indians  having  lilierly  to  visit  ilieir 
friends  as  they  used  to  do,  they  missed  many 
of  them  who  had  in  iIk!  winter  been  perfiii- 
ioiisly  carried  away,  anil  as  is  related,  they 
fell  into  a  rage  iiijainst  the  English,  niaking 
complainllhereof  lolhesaid  agent,  Mr.  Earthy 
.Mr.  Richard  Oliv<'r,  and  others.  They  were 
told  means  should  be  usei.  fir  briiigiiiL:  those 
back  again  which  had  been  so  tians|)oiteo. 
Those  lo  whom  the  coinpla  nt  was  maile  did 
scarce  believe  it  to  be  true,  not  having  heard 
thereof  from  any  other  ham.  and  probably 
hoping  none,  especially  afiersiirh  solemn  war- 
ning, would  deal  so  perlidioiislv  wth  hea'hens, 
to  lay  such  a  stmnbling  block  lirfiire  liieni. 

The  Indians  being  certain  of  the  thing  dope, 
could  not  be  easily  pacified,  lieing  lil<e»  ise  in- 
censed against  the  English  liir  wiilihoid'ng 
the  trade  of  powder  and  .shot  the  last  w  inter, 
saying  they  were  frighted  from  their  corn  the 
last  winter,  by  the  people  about  Kennebeck, 
insomuch  that  many  i  I  (hem  died  in  tiieliillovv  - 
iiig  winliT  fiir  want  of  powder,  and  where- 
with lo  kill  venison  and  fowl  ;  adding  willial 
that  if  the  Ein;lisli  were  their  friends,  thi'V 
would  not  suffer  ihem  to  die  fir  want  ihereol'. 
However,  the  said  agent  making  the  best  he 
could  of  a  bad  cause,  used  all  means  lo  pacify 
the  complainants,  .ind  lo  that  end  |ironiiseil 
them  that  if  they  would  meet  Witli  any  of  the 
.Vmoscogiiin  Indians  (who  h:id  all  along  the 
bitterest  enmity  against  the  English)  he  wonl.l 
give  them  a  meeting  to  treat  in  onli'r  to  a 
peace.  Major  Waldern  liavlni.'-  already  conclu- 
ded a  peace  with  the  Piscataiiua  and  (^asco 
Indians,  and  bv  that  means,  iftliey  could  con- 
clude the  like  peace  with  the  .Aincscoggiii 
men  (that  could  not  yet  be  found)  there  would 
be  a  general  peace  with  all  the  Indians  east- 
ward of  Pisrataipni,  which  the  Indiiins  that 
were  present  at  this  discourse  seemed  very 
joyful  at.  Yet  still  by  one  fital  accident  nr 
another,  jealousies  still  seemed  to  increase 
in  their  minds,  or  else  the  fiirmer  inpiiies  be- 
gan lo  boil  afresh  in  their  spoils,  and  not  being 
easilv  digested,  whatever  had  been  said  nr 
done  lo  allay  the  olfelisiveness  thereof  .Sior 
after  comes  a  po«t  from  Totomiock,  to  desire 
him  lo  repair  thither  according  lo  his  promise, 
where  they  lohl  him  he  should  meet  .Sipnin- 
ihi,  and  divers  .\mo»copi.'in  sachems,  aid 
the  Miii;  was  sent  post  to  fetch  the  said  Sqan. 
do.  This  gentleman  mindful  of  his  promise, 
went  with   the    post  to   Kennebeck,   finding 


mmmmm 


073 


THE    TNnFAN    WARS. 


rf  I'! 
li 

1 


Capt.  Ldki)  lit  Ills  liouso  in  Arowaick.  It 
win  jii(lj^(!il  Mii'oi  tliiit  Cnpt.  Sylvaniis  Diivia 
should  ({<>  vvilli  liiin,  wllli  iiHtnictloiia  Iniiii 
thucoiiiicil  tlioii  siitiiii;  ill  Klmiiii!1h,'c1<,  iiow  to 
carr^'  (in  tlu'ir  tiviity.  Aftiir  tlicy  liuil  gcini! 
part  oi'  llu)   way     towarJa  TotciiMKick,   tlii'V 

fiirm,'   to   III!    lillijiisll     llDIISI',    wllLTC   lilCV     Vfl'I't! 

tolil  lliat  >;ri'al JfalKUsie.H  (ifilt'Ccit  in  t[ii.>  lii- 
iliaiM  wiTo  ii|iiiii  tlitsir  spirits,  from  what  tla-y 
liaii  licuril  of  Mug,  ami  Turuinkin,  an  Amos- 
ci)j;s;iM  saeliein.  Going  fiirtliur,  to  a  place 
called  Kedoiiufiook,  tliey  met  with  Inuiaiis, 
who  were  very  shy  of  telling  ihetn  any  thing  ; 
which  addiid  to  their  former  intiinalion  greatly 
increased  their  fears  ;  but  being  ri^solved  on 
their  voyage,  they  proceeded  in  their  way 
thither,  yet  falling  sliort  of  the  place  on  pur- 
pose, that  tliey  might  tiiiiah  their  business  with 
them  the  next  day.  When  they  came  to  tlieii- 
fort,  they  were  saluted  with  a  volley  of  slsct, 
then  brought  into  a  wigwam  where  their  sa- 
clienis  were  :  Madockawuiido  sat  as  a  chief, 
who  now  stiles  himself  their  minister.  Being 
set  in  council,  they  made  Asaiminasijua  tlieir 
speaker,  whoso  n(hipted  son  was  the  said  Ma- 
dockawando  :  He  told  them  it  was  not  their 
custom,  if  any  came  ai  meaaengers  to  treat 
with  them,  to  aei/.e  upon  their  persons,  .assonie- 
timos  the  .Mohawks  diil  with  sucli  as  hud  been 
sent  to  them :  Captain  Davis  and  the  other 
gentleman,  told  them  tliL-reiii  they  dealt  like 
men  :  answer  was  presently  maile  tiiem,  you 
(iid  otherwise  by  our  miMi,  when  foiirteim 
came  to  treat  with  you,  you  set  a  guard  over 
them,  and  took  away  their  guns;  aiiil  not  only 
go,  iiut  a  second  time  you  required  our  guns, 
and  demanded  us  to  come  dosvn  unto  you,  or 
else  you  would  kill  us,  which  was  the  cause 
of  our  leaving  both  our  fort  and  our  corn  to 
our  grea',  loss. 

It  was  without  doubt  no  small  troiilile  to  their 
minds,  in  a  treaty  with  those  pagans,  firrc  tliri 
piitiiUxe,  iiad  mm  potuis.iv  rr/i//i :  Vet  to  put 
the  best  constructions  that  might  be  on  such 
irregular  actions,  which  couhi  not  wi'll  be  jus- 
'irted,  they  told  them  the  persons  who  had  so 
done,  were  not  within  the  govi'rnineiif,  and 
therefore,  though  they  could  not  tall  them  to 
an  account  for  so  acting,  yi't  they  diil  utterly 
disallow  thereof;  we  sent  for  you  to  I'einnia- 
quid,  and  treated  you  kindly,  and  kept  you, 
ns  you  know,  from  the  violence  of  the  Ivig- 
iiah;  t)in  Indians  replied,  we  do  but  iirlorin 
you,  and  will  treat  further  in  the  al'lL'rnoon  ; 
but  when  the  afternoon  came,  our  two  mea  | 
sengors  told  them  their  biisinesa  was  to  mat' 
with  the  Amoacoggin  sachema,  and  thai  thev 
were  sorry  Scjuaiiiio  was  not  there  ;  then  hav- 
ing confirmed  peace  with  those  easlward  In- 
dians they  entreated  the  Ainnscoggin  men  to 
speak,  who  likewise  urged  Tarumkin,  the 
cliief  Amoacoggin  sachem  to  apeak,  who  after 
some  pause  said  he  had  been  to  the  westward, 
where  he  had  found  many  Indians  unwilling 
for  peace ;  but  says  I  found  three  sacliems 
(v;hom  he  named  though  those  ho  spake  to 
knew  them  not)  willing  to  have  peace  ;  and 
for  my  own  part  I  am  willing  for  peace,  and 
gave  them  his  hand  with  protestation  of  his 
continuing  in  friendship  ;  so  did  seven  oreight 
more  of  the  Amoscoggin  men  ;  whose  names 
they  took,  of  whom  Rlug  and  Robinhood's  son 
were  two.  After  this  Maihickawando  asked 
them  what  they  should  do  for  powder  and 
shot,  when  they  liad  eat  up  their  Indian  corn, 
wr.ul  they  g^iould  do  for  tho  winter,  for  their 


hunting  voyages  f  asking  withal,  whether  they 
would  have  them  die,  or  leave  their  country, 
and  go  nil  over  to  the  French  I  Our  mesaen- 
ger.s  told  him  they  would  do  what  ihcy  could 
witii  the  governor;  aonn:  might  be  allowed 
them  Cir  necessity  :  He  said  they  liudwaiteil 
long  already,  and  therefore  would  have  them 
now,  say  V''a  or  nay,  whether  they  should 
have  powder,  as  formerly  or  not  1  Our  mes- 
sengers then  replieil,  you  yourselves  say 
many  of  the  western  Indians  would  not  have 
peace,  and  ihendbro  if  we  sell  you  powder, 
and  give  it  to  the  western  men,  wliat  do  we 
but  cut  our  own  throats  1  Adding  further,  it 
isnot  in  our  power  without  leave, if  youshould 
wait  ten  years  moro,  to  let  you  have  powder; 
at  which  words  they  seemed  much  to  bo  offen- 
ded. 

But  yet  tho  next  day  tliey  resolved  to  go 
down  with  them  and  speak  with  tho  western 
men,  thereby,  if  it  might  be,  to  stop  their  fur- 
ther proceedings. 

So  going  down  with  tliom  tlie  next  day, 
they  met  with  some  Indians  who  had  got 
strong  liipior,  with  whom  tliey  fell  a  drink- 
ing ;  our  messengers  stayed  at  two  places 
for  thi'm,  and  finding  that  still  they  tarried 
behind,  not  knowing  what  further  to  do,  lliey 
went  home,  it  being  tliu  sixth  day  of  the 
week  ;  but  the  next  night  save  mie,  news 
came  to  Keiinebeck,  that  the  Indians  had  kil- 
led divers  English  in  Casco,  although  It  was 
not  yet  known  at  Peinmaciuid :  Upon  this 
news  Capt.  Davis  sent  out  one  sentinel  tho 
next  night ;  tho  rest  (snch  was  their  security) 
went  all  to  bed,  ami  in  the  morning  were  all 
like  Laish  surprised  :  Thus  might  it  be  said 
Inmilaiinl  JEvtlcn  nommo  (.sinn)  vinoq ;  te- 
piiltam.  The  particulars  of  the  surprising  of 
Kennebeck,  and  Arowalck  house,  are  thus  re- 
lated by  such  as  we  ••■  I'cijuaintijil  therewith. 

Upon  the  13tli  of  August,  JG76,  several 
Indians  repaired  in  the  evening  to  tho  liouse 
of  Mr.  Ilamnioiid,  an  ancient  inhabitant,  and 
trader  with  the  Indiansiipon  Kennebeck  river, 
his  dangliter,  or  a  maid  that  was  servant  in 
the  lioiisi',  either  naturally  afraid  of  the  na- 
tives, or  else  frtun  soini'tliing  she  observed  in 
the  countenance  or  carriage,  manifested  so 
inui-li  fear,  as  made  her  run  out  of  the  house 
to  hide  herself  in  some  place  abroad;  the  In- 
dians perceiving  it,  the  more  to  dissemble 
their  tfi'acherv,  ran  after  her  and  brought  lier 
into  the  house,  telling  her,  (although  they 
could  not  |iersuade  her  to  believe)  that  there 
was  no  reas(ui  to  be  afraid  of  them  ;  presently 
afier  more  of  the  barbarous  villains  coming 
into  the  house,  slie  grew  more  afraiil  than  be- 
line,  being  now  mine  strongly  persuaded  that 
they  came  on  purpose  to  kill  or  surpiisi!  those 
in  the  fimily,  whereupon  she  suddenly  made 
an  escape  out  of  the  house,  and  presently 
passed  into  a  field  of  Indian  corn,  whereby 
she  might  the  better  avoid  tho  danger  of  any 
pursuer,  and  so  run  across  over  tlie  land  that 
night,  ten  or  twelve  miles,  to  give  them  no- 
tice that  lived  at  Sheepscot  river;  it  is  said 
that  after  she  got  out,  she  heard  a  noiso  in 
the  house  as  if  they  were  fighting  or  scuffing 
within  doors;  liut  sho  did  not  count  it  wis- 
dom to  go  back  and  seo  what  tho  matter  was, 
knowing  before  enough  of  their  villainies, 
how  well  soever  lier  mistress  (that  was  more 
versed  in  tho  trade  of  tiio  Indians)  might 
think  of  them.  Thoao  of  Sheepscot  taking 
this  warning,  escaped  away  as  soon  as  tliey 


could,  leaving  their  cattle  and  ilwellings  iiii  a 
prey  to  the  Indians.  What  befil  niaater 
Ilainmond  and  his  family,  is  not  yet  certain- 
ly known:  Krports  pass  lip  and  down,  that 
some  who  came  ilown  the  river  atierward  <, 
saw  some  of  the  ileinl  stripped  upon  the  bank 
of  tho  river,  which  make  us  fear  the  worst 
concerning  all  the  rest  ;  for  certainly  the 
whole  ilimily,  l(i  in  number,  were  all  iit  that 
tiino  either  killed  or  carried  away  captive, 
none  savo  tho  maid  aforesaid  beii.g  known 
to  make  an  escape  to  inform  their  friends, 
like  Job's  messengers,  what  ijofel  tiiu  rest  of 
tho  family. 

Tho  Indians  having  in  this  manner  surpri- 
sed Mr,  Hammond's  houao,  they  pased  down 
the  river  the  same  night,  but  going  by  anoth- 
er house,  they  meddled  not  willi  the  people, 
only  turned  their  canoes  adrift,  that  lliey 
might  not  find  means  afterwards  to  escape 
themselves,  or  help  others  so  to  do:  Possibly 
their  chief  aiming  at  Arowsick  house,  they 
would  not  for  fear  of  being  discovered  make 
any  attempt  U[)on  a  place  near  by;  whert'- 
Ibre  the  11th  of  August,  very  early  in  tho 
morning,  having  in  the  night,  or  before  break 
of  day,  passed  over  on  the  island  called  Arow- 
sick; several  of  them  undiscovered  lay  hiil 
under  the  walls  of  the  fort,  and  behind  a  griMl 
rock  near  adjoining,  till  the  sentinel  was  genu 
from  his  place  (who  went  olT  it  seems  sooner 
than  he  should,  considering  the  danger)  when 
presently  some  Indians  followed  him  in  al 
tho  fort  gate  (as  smiie  repmt)  while  others  of 
them  immediately  seized  the  port-holes  there- 
of and  stiot  down  all  they  saw  passing  up  and 
down  within  the  walls,  and  so  in  a  little  tiino 
became  masters  of  the  fort,  and  all  that  was 
within  it:  Capt.  Lake,  joint  owner  with  .Ma- 
jor Clark  of  the  whole  island,  hearing  the 
bustle  that  was  below  betwixt  the  Indians  and 
those  that  belonged  to  the  place,  was  strange- 
ly surprised,  yet  himself  with  ('apt.  .Sylvanus 
Davis  and  two  inm'e,  iinderstaiidiiig  that  the 
Indians  had  seized  the  fort,  and  killed  divers 
of  the  liiigiish,  apprehending  it  bootless,  or 
rather  heartless  to  stay,  as  not  being  able  to 
stand  iipcin  their  guard  or  make  any  resist- 
ance, made  a  shift  to  find  a  passage  mit  of 
the  back  door,  wliereby  they  escapcil  to  the 
water  siile,  where  they  finind  a  canoe,  in 
which  they  all  entered,  and  made  away  'oward 
another  island  near  by  :  This  was  not  done 
so  secretly  but  tin;  Indians  discerned  them  be- 
forn  tliey  were  gone  fir:  four  of  them  there- 
fore hasliul  after  those  that  hail  escaped  in  an 
other  canoe,  and  coming  within  shot  dischar- 
gi^d  their  guns  upmi  them,  whereby  said  Da- 
vis was  badly  wounded  ;  yet  making  haste, 
ns  they  generally  use  to  do  that  fly  fiir  their 
livi'S,  timor  iiihlidit  itln.i,  they  got  ashore  be 
foro  the  Indians  overtook  them  ;  it  isaaid  they 
were  strangely  dispirited,  or  v\si:  they  might 
easily  have  defended  themselves  against  theii 
pursuers  :  but  when  once  men's  hearts  are 
sunk  with  fear  and  diacoiiragement  upon  a 
sudden  surprisal,  it  is  hard  to  liuoy  tliein  np, 
to  make  any  resistance,  dipt.  Davis  being 
badly  wounded,  could  neither  trust  to  his  legs 
to  fly,  nor  yet  make  use  of  his  hands  to  fight, 
yet  was  strangely  preserved:  Providence  di- 
recting him  to  go  into  tho  cleft  of  a  rock  near 
by  the  place  where  he  first  hinded  ;  the  Indi- 
ans liy  the  glittering  of  the  sunbeams  in  their 
eyes  as  they  camo  naliore,  did  not  discern  him; 
so  tiiat  lying  hid  under  the  covert  of  tho  hand 


I  iitiJ  (Kvi'Hiiigs  iiR  n 
W'liut  licl'il  iimstiT 
',  is  not  yrt  ci'iliiiii- 
ii|>  itritl  J(j\vii,  tliiit 
ic^  livi'i'  iilirrwiinl*, 
■i|i|ic(l  iijKin  till-  liiink 
i;  iiH  I'l.'ar  tin'  \viii-.-*t 
lor  ciiriaiiily  tlic 
Ix'f,  wciu  (ill  lit  llml 
Tried  iiwuy  rii|ilivi-, 
rt'suiil  Ix'ii.^  known 
nl'urni  tlit'ir  iViond.'i, 
Imt  ijL'fol  tiie  real  of 

1  lliis  iniiniiiT  snrpri- 
sn,  (iii'V  I'usod  (liiwii 
lit  p>ini;  by  iiniitli- 
not  wiili  tlio  ]»'i>jili', 
H   iidill't,    lliut    tiicy 
I'tiTWiirds  to   t'srapo 
s  so  to  do:    Possilily 
rowsick  house,  liu'y 
nf^  discovered  iiiako 
CO  near  hy ;   wliere- 
very  early   in    llio 
i^lit,  or  liel'ore  lireak 
e  island  called  Aro« - 
ndisooviM-ed   lay   iiiil 
•t,  and  lieliind  a  great 
le  sentinel  was  gono 
It  ofT  it  seems  sooner 
ni;  tlie  dan^'er)  when 
followed   him   in  at 
i>orl)  while  others  of 
tlio  port-holes  ttiere- 
V  saw  passini;  np  imd 
lid  so  in  a  little  tiino 
rt,  and  all   that   was 
lint  owner  with  .Ma- 
island,    )ieariii<^  tho 
twixt  till!  Indians  and 
le  place,  «  as  slraiif^'e- 
with  Ciipl.  Sylvaniia 
iderstaiidinj;  thai  the 
Ml,  and  killed  divers 
iiiliiig  it  liodiless,  or 
iM  not  lieiiig  alilu   to 
or  make  any  reslsl- 
id  II  passaj^e   out   of 
thi'v  esca|)ed  to  tins 
found   a  canoe,    in 
id  made  away  'owanl 
This    was    not  done 
s  discerned  tliein  lie- 
;   limr  of  lliem  there- 
at liad  escaped  in  an 
within  shot  dischar- 
n,  wherehy  said  Da- 
;  yet  inakiiii;   haste, 
1  do  lliiit  (ly  tiir  their 
they  j^ot  asliori;   ho 
lliein  ;   it  issaid  lliey 
I,  or  else  they  inifjhl 
mselvos  ajjainst  theii 
no  men's   liearls  are 
i)nra>.'ement  upon   a 
I'd  to  buoy  them    up, 
dipt.   Davis  heiiiy 
i'itlier  trust  to  his  lej^s 
of  his  hands  to  rij.'ht, 
ved :  Providence  di- 
)  cleft  of  n  rock  near 
rst  landed  ;  the  Indi- 
lip  siiiiheams  in  their 
,  did  not  discern  liino; 
lio  covert  of  tlio  haiid 


A   NARRATIVE   OF 


073 


of  Providence  for  two  days,  liu  at  lust  craw  hid 
u  lilllo  ahove  the  waterside,  till  he  ((iiind  n  ca- 
noe, wherehy  he  escaped  witli  his  life.  The 
other  two  were  lietU'r  fooliiien,  and  partiii}^ 
with  ('apl.  Lake,  made  their  esca|)ii  ten  or 
twelve  miles  to  the  firther  end  of  the  island, 
and  so  esciipiNl  from  I  ho  Indians,  till  they  found 
ineaiu  to  gi^l  oil'.  Poor  Capl.  Luk(!,  who  a 
fi.'W  lioiirs  liefore  sh-pt  ipiietly  in  his  mansion 
house,  surrounded  with  ii  slroiiij  fortification, 
defended  with  many  soldiers,  is  now  forced 
to  tly  away  with  iioni!  to  uttend  him;  and  as 
the  awful  hand  of  Providence  ordered  thiiif^s, 
was  as  sonii!  say,  pursued  hy  such  Indians  as 
were  mere  straiif^ers  to  the  place,  that  knew 
not  llie  master  from  the  man,  liiit  hy  one  of 
whom  he  was  shot  down,  as  is  siipposivi  soon 
after  he  came  ashore:  Ijieul.  Davis  heard  two 
(jiins,  hy  wlii<'li  it  was  thoii'^ht  and  soon  after 
was  known  lo  lie  hy  an  Indian,  wJ!:;  halli  since 
confessed  III  ('apt.  Davis  tliat  '.le  shot  him  that 
tlay  Arowsick  was  taken,  which  he  intended 
mil  lo  have  done,  hut  that  he  held  up  liis  pis- 
tol afjaiiist  him,  whereas  if  he  had  hut  asked 
ipiarler,  he  should  hav<!  hud  his  life.  Cajit. 
Lake  was  slain  at  that  time,  iilllioii<;h  many 
hopes  were  for  some  time  entertained  that  he 
was  taken  alive,  and  kept  with  other  captives 
anioni;st  the  Indians;  and  it  is  said  the  In- 
iliaiis  of  those  parts  did  not  intend  to  kill  him 
if  they  could  have  helped  it :  hut  it  was 
known  his  hat  was  seen  upon  an  Indian's  li<!ad 
not  101141;  after,  wliich  maile  his  friends  con- 
clude  what  had  hefallen  that  good  man,  who 
niii'lil  emphalicidly  lie  so  termi'd,  in  distinc- 
tion from  them  thai  may  truly  he  called  just 
men  and  no  more  :  For  it  seems  according  lo 
the  just  agreement  lietwixt  hiinselfandhis  part 
owner  of  Arowsick  Island,  it  was  notliis  turn 
this  yeiirto  have  heen  upon  the  place,  but  such 
was  his  goodness,  that  he  yielded  lo  the  desire 
of  his  friend  and  partner,  as  in  his  room  and 
stead  to  lake  upon  himself  that  service  in  ihis 
lime  of  danger;  it  is  hoped  his  goodness  in 
future  time  will  not  be  forgollen  by  such  ns 
w  ere  liiiy  way  concerned  therein,  or  had  ad- 
vaiitagi!  thereliy. 

This  island  (called  Arowsick,  from  an  In 
dian  so  named  that  formerly  possessed  it,  am. 
of  whom  it  was  purchased  by  one  Mr.  Uich- 
ards,  who  sold  it  lo  ('apt.  Lake  and  .M,i|or 
Cliike)  lies  up  ten  miles  within  the  month  of 
Kenneheck  river;  it  is  some  miles  in  Kuiglli 
iiiid  contains  many  llioiisand  acri's  of  very 
good  land  ;  where  meadow  and  arable  ground 
are  in  a  good  proportion  well  suited  togeth- 
er. Within  the  fort  aforesaid,  were  many 
convenient  liiiililinu's  for  several  ollicers,  as 
well  fir  wares  and  trailing,  as  hahitations :  six 
several  edilices  are  said  to  have  been  there 
erected.  The  warehouse  at  that  lime  was 
well  furnished  with  all  sorts  of  goods  ;  be- 
sides n  mill  and  other  accomnilatioiis  and 
dwellings,  wilhiiia  mile  of  the  fort  and  man- 
sion house;  some  inhabilants  of  which  hard- 
ly made  their  escape  upon  the  first  surprisal 
of  the  fort. 

All  which  considered,  the  loss  that  befel 
the  proprietors  at  the  surprisal  of  this  island, 
seems  to  be  very  great,  valiii'd  at  inaiiy  thou- 
sands; but  those  that  were  the  owners,  with 
others  of  late  times,  hmo  fouiiil  from  ihi-lr 
own  experience,  what  Solomon  said  of  old, 
lliere  is  a  lime  lo  get,  and  a  lime  lo  lose,  a 
lime  to  keep  and  a  lime  lo  ca«l  away  ;  a  linie 
to  break  down  as  well  as  a  time  to  build  up. 
41 


Till!  persons  killeil  and  taken  at  Kenneheck,' English  removed  lo  .lewell's   island,  wlierp 
at  Mr.  Ilammoiid's  and  Hi  Arowsick,  are  said    ihey   hoped  to  be  more   secure!   from   the    In- 


to be  .Vi,  jdiaiis,  but  the  barbarous  enemy  finding  se  little 

Upon  the!  report  of  the  sail  disaster,  all  the  I  resislanre    made  agaiiisl    them  on   the  main 

plantations  of  liie  lOnglish  in  thus.'  parts  were  '  land,  a  consiilerable  party  of  them  came  wiih 

soon  after  left,  and  liirs.ikeii  by  degrees.      All   llieir  canoes  lo  destroy  the  island,  also,  iiliont 


rees, 
the  rest  of  the  inhahilunts  of  l'Lenii(;hei:k  ri- 
ver, Sheepscot  river,  ^Sagadallock,  niiil  Da- 
maiiicottee,  li'aring  to  be  served  in  the  same 
way,  lied  to  the  islands  of  cape  liunawagon 
anil  Damsril's  cove. 

On  the  second  day  at  iiiglil  a  post  was 
sent  to  PeinmaquiJ  to  inform  them  of  what 
had  happened,  who  being  but  eight  or  ten 
men,  had  a  mind  to  go  on  the  island  railed 
.Monhiggon,  having  secured  the  best  of  their 
goods,  but  the  wind  taking  them  short,  they 
were  forced  to  turn  into  Daniaril's  <:ove 
where  they  found  .Mr.  Wiswall,  and  .Mr.  t^il- 
licot;  there  they  laboured  two  days  lo  .settle 
a  garrison;  hut  through  the  mutinous  dispo- 
sition of  the  people,  and  the  want  of  provi- 
sion nothing  could  be  done  lo  secure  the  Is- 
land, so  lliiit  it  was  soon  desertiid.  From 
thence  they  went  lo  Monhiggon,  resolviii" 
there  to  tarry  till  they  heard  from  IJostoii, 
from  whenci!  Mr.  Collicott  and  Mr  Wiswall 
promised  to  do  their  utmost  endeavour  to 
send  li(!lp.  There  they  settled  three  guards 
and  appointed  25  lo  watch  eviiry  night  not 
knowing  but  that  the  Indians  iiiight  come 
every  hour.  l5ulcoiitinuliig  there  a  fortnight, 
and  Knding  no  relief  like  to  come,  and  seeing 
all  the  i!ouiitry  burnt  round  about,  (for  after 
tliey  liail  got  all  that  could  ho  saved  from 
Pi!mmii(piiil,  they  saw  all  the  other  islands, 
Windgin's,  (^irbin's  sound,  New-Harbour, 
and  Peinmai|iild,  all  on  tire  in  two  hours 
time)  then  considering  what  was  best  to  be 
done,  they  found  no  boats  could  be  sent  to 
sea  for  fear  of  weakening  the  Island,  and  that 
most  of  those  who  were  on  it  were  .itrangers, 
coasters,  and  such  as  c:ame  from  the  main  and 
ready  to  he  gone  upon  every  occasion,  they 
laid  an  embargo  for  one  week;  after  which  a 
letler-'.vas  received  from  Major  Clarke,  desi- 
ring iheir  assistance  in  liKpilrlng  after  dipt. 
Lake,  if  alive,  saying,  what  could  be  had  at 
ICenni!lieck,  &c.  but  intimating  nothing  of 
any  help  like  lo  come;  besides,  those  that 
lironght  the  letter  told  them  it  was  in  vain  to 
expect  any  help  from  Uoslon,  it  being  ipies- 
tioneil  there  what  ihey  had  lo  do  with  those 
parts.  I'pon  which  liie  inhabitants  consid- 
ered, that  if  ihey  should  tarry  there  iiiid  spiuid 
all  their  provision  and  neither  bi!  alile  to  go 
to  sea,  nor  yet  lo  live  or  be  safe  ash  ire  for 
want  of  help,  it  were  brlti'r  for  llnni  to  re- 
move while  they  had  something  to  live  upon, 
and  seek  ein|iloynienl  elsewhere;  so  by  con- 
sent thev  resolved  forthwith  lo  transport  them- 
selves and  what  they  hud  savi'd  nf  their  goods, 
to  some  place  of  security,  so  ihey  sailed  the 
first  opportunity,  some  fir  Piscatai|iia,  some 
for  Hoston,  and  some  for  Salem,  at  one  of 
which  places  they  all  safely  arrived. 

Having  thus  escaped  at  first,  as  Lot  out  of 
Sodom,  bill  not  counting  themselves  safe  in 
that  Zoar,  where  for  a  lillle  while  they  made 
out  lo  hide  their  heads,  till  they  might  escape 
to  some  sure  place,  there  waiting  for  belter 
times,  when  they  may  with  peace  and  ijuiel- 


three  Weeks  after  I  he  aiiiremenlioned  misihlefs. 

There  was  a  fortilied  house  upon  the  said 
Island,  where  the  English  that  either  kept 
upon  the  island,  or  repaired  thither,  hoped  to 
secure  themselves.  I5iit  at  that  time  the  In- 
dians assaulted  the  place  many  of  the  English 
were  ahseni,  and  few  left  in  the  garrison  but 
women  and  children.  Some  were  gone  to 
other  places  lo  fetch  Indian  corn,  others  wero 
in  a  boat  employed  about  Hsh,  amongst 
whom  was  one  Kichard  Pols  willi  two  more. 
The  wife  of  said  Pols  was  washing  by  ihe 
water  side  where  she  was  surprised  with  her 
children;  and  carried  awny  in  sight  of  her  hus- 
band, who  WHS  not  a  Utile  distressed  at  that 
lad  spectacle,  but  was  incapable  of  afrording 
any  relief  either  lo  his  wife  or  children.  One 
of  the  Utile  innocents  espying  his  flilher  in  the 
boat,  ran  into  the  water,  calling  out  for 
help  ;  but  an  Indian  was  running  after  him  to 
catch  him  up;  the  poor  man  in  great  agony, 
liiMiig  within  uun  shot,  was  about  to  fire  upon 
the  Indian,  tint  learlii:;  he  might  wound  or  per- 
haps kill  his  child,  which  the  villain  had  sei- 
zed and  was  carrying  ofl",  he  forbore,  choosing 
rather  lo  have  him  carried  away  alive,  than 
expose  him  lo  the  loss  of  his  life  or  limbs,  by 
shooting  at  llie  Indian. 

It  is  said  some  of  the  Indians  wero  killed 
hy  those  in  the  [.'arrisoii;  it  is  mentioned  that  a 
lad  at  one  shot  killed  two  or  three  of  them; 
some  guns  were  found  afterwards  under  the 
fort,  which  were  supposed  to  have  belonged 
lo  some  of  the  liiillaiis  thai  were  killed.  Some 
that  were  abroad  when  the  f  irt  was  assaulted, 
desperately  broke  in  tliroiigli  tlie  Indians, 
whereby  at  the  last  many  p(!op|e  were  pre- 
served. — Some  Hying  away  to  .lewell's  is 
land,  in  a  canoe  toward  Klchinonil's  islaiiil, 
met  with  a  ketch,  to  which  they  made  known 
the  distress  the  people  wi're  in,  tliereu|ion 
went  lo  the  place  and  look  all  the  people  they 
found  there,  and  carried  lliem  oil'  to  a  place 
of  more  sali'ly.  Vet  there  were  several  per- 
sons said  to  be  killed  and  carried  away  at 
that  time,  vi/.  three  men,  who  were  known 
to  he  killed,  two  woman  and  two  children  llial 
are  supposed  to  be  yet  alive,  though  in  the 
enemy's  power. 

From  thence  they  went  lo  .Spurwinks, 
where  they  assaulted  one  place,  or  more,  and 
carried  another  away  capli\'e.  .■Vinon^st  thosi* 
that  were  in  danger  of  surprisal,  one  that 
I'liiild  not  run  hid  himself  In  a  ganleii  of  cab- 
liiiLTes,  so  that  he  was  not  fiiiiid,  yet  was  very 
near  theni,  tiir  he  overheard  sc!veral  ipiestioiis 
they  asked  him  they  took  ;  by  which  me, ins 
he  was  the  better  enabled  aflerv.ard  to  pre- 
vent the  danger  two  more  were  coming  into, 
lor  the  poor  fellow  ihey  hiul  taken,  told  them 
t  hat  one  ( ■endalaiid  another  man,  were  to  come 
that  way  by  and  liy  ;  whereupon  this  man  that 
hidiiimself,  meeting  (iendal  and  the  other  man, 
gave  them  notice  of  the  danger,  whereby  they 
were  delivered  out  of  the  snare  for  that  timr. 


hat; 


ilalions,  or  seel 


iiess  return  to  their  former 
some  oilier  elsewhere. 

When  the  afoii'sald  exploits  were  done  bv 
the    Indians  about  Casco  bay,  several  of  the 


Not    hi 


nfier    Mr.  (leiidal    fell    into    their 


hands  as  shall  hereafter  he  relalei 


With 


in  It 


while  afier  the  siime  time,  another  fatal  acci- 
dent befel  six  or  seven  persons  beloinjlng  to 
Ciisco:  For  upon  the  '-i'ld  of  September,  some 


674 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


I  Hi- 


norsdtiii  ihat  Ix^liiiif^od  to  u  slonp  nnd  a  bIibI- 
jop,  that  worn  pressed  iiitu  the  servico  (hih! 
roiiHon  iifwliinli  was  to  prevent  their  strni;- 
glini^,  they  lieiiiH;  persens  that  helinisjecl  tii 
those  parts  ahniit  ('iisco)  wen?  ovit  di'siroiis 
ti)  8avi!  SDiiK!  ril'iheir  previsioii,  lo  which  end 
they  first  inaile  their  address  to  C'apt.  Ha- 
thorne,  (under  whom  they  were  ordered  to 
■orve)  desirini^  they  might  he  rch^ased  ;  tlie 
captain  told  them  he  could  not  do  it,  hut  (h>si- 
nul  them  to  have  patiunro  for  a  whih' ; 
they  told  him  they  must  and  would  go,  else 
their  families  would  starve  at  home  ;  the  eap- 
tain  told  theui  furtlier  of  the  danger,  and  lud 
them  not  stir  at  their  peril.  However,  go 
they  would,  and  soon  after  went  to  .Mount- 
joy's  island  to  fetch  sheep  where  they  landed 
seven  men  ;  hut  the  Indians  fell  upon  them, 
when  they  hetook  themselves  to  the  ruins  of 
A  stone  house,  where  tlipy  defeniled  them- 
selves as  long  ns  they  could  ;  hut  at  last 
they  were  all  destroyed  either  with  stones 
cast  in  up(m  them  or  with  the  iMiemii^s'  shot, 
except  one  who,  though  at  the  first  it  was  ho- 
peil  his  wounds  wert;  nut  mortal,  yet  soon  after 
dieil  thereof.  AinoTigst  these  sviisone  (teorge 
Felt,  much  lamented,  who  had  heon  more 
active  than  any  mau  in  those  parts  against  the 
Indians,  hut  at  last  he  lost  his  own  life  amongst 
them,  in  this  too  desperate  adventure. 

The  Indians  growing  more  hold  by  these 
attempts  in  those  remote  places,  drew  down 
nearer  towards  Piscataqua,  for  tint  long  after 
a  party  of  them  came  upim  capo  Nidduck 
where  they  killed  and  carried  away  all  the  in- 
liahilants  of  a  few  scattering  houses,  to  the 
numher  of  seven  in  all  ;  and  such  was  their 
savage  cruelty  exercised  in  this  place,  as  is 
not  usual  to  he  heard  of,  for  having  clashed 
out  the  hrains  of  a  poor  woman  that  gave  suck, 
they  nailed  the  young  child  to  the  dead  body 
of  his  mother,  which  was  found  sucking  in 
that  awful  manner,  when  the  people  came  to 
the  place.  The  day  oefore  a  man  and  his 
wife  were  killed  at  Wells,  and  two  more  soon 
after.  On  the  I'-ith  of  October  following  near 
100  of  the  Indians  maile  an  r.ssault  upon  Black 
point,  all  the  inhabitants  being  gathered  into 
one  fortified  place  upon  that  point,  which  a 
few  hands  might  have  defemlod  ;  but  as  it 
seems  one  called  Mus.';.',  was  the  leader  of  the 
Indians,  one  that  had  from  a  chilil  been  well 
acquainted  with  the  English,  and  had  liveil 
some  years  in  English  families,  who  thouirh 
a  cuiuiing  fellow,  and  had  succi-ediid  mucii  in 
his  attempts,  but  as  this  time  shewed  more 
courtesy  to  the  English,  than  according  to  for- 
mer outrages  could  bo  expected  t'rom  any  of 
those  barbarous  miscreants,  arid  was  williritr 
to  make  offer  of  a  treaty  to  Mr.  .losselin,  chief 
of  the  garrison,  to  whom  the  said  MuiTg  prom- 
ised liberty  for  all  that  were  there  to  ch-part 
with  their  goods  upon   the    surrender   of  the 

1>lace :  The  said  .losselin  reports  that  wlien 
le  came  back  from  his  treating  with  Mugg, 
that  all  the  people  were  fied  away  out  of  the 
garrison,  having  carried  away  their  goods  by 
water  before  his  return,  insomuch  that  having 
none  but  his  househoM  servants  to  stand  by 
him,  he  was  capable  of  making  no  resistance, 
and  so  surrenderifd. 

When  people  liave  once  been  frighted  with 
reports  and  sense  of  danger,  they  are  ready  to 
fly  away  like  a  hare  before  the  hunter  or  his 
hounils;  one  of  the  itilnbitants  of  the  place 
affirmed  he  saw  2.'>0  Indians,  which  was  muru 


by  an  hundred  than  any  body  else  ever  saw 
near  the  fort.  Mut  when  a  place  is  consigned 
to  ruin,  every  thing  they  take  In  hand  shall 
tend  that  way. 

The  loss  of  Mlack  i)oint  was  ncconipaiiied 
wilh  anotliiT  sad  accident  that  liappeni'd  about 
thesame  time  at  Richmond's  island:  Koryoung 
Mr.  Fryer,  wilh  s<une  others  at  Piscataqua,  to 
whom  it  seemed  grievous  that  the  Indians 
should  make  all  that  spoil  in  every  place  in 
those  plantations,  ventured,  upon  the  great 
importunity  of  .Mr.  (Jendal,  with  a  ketch,  to 
try  what  they  could  save  of  such  things  as  the 
Indians  lia<l  left;  but  things  were  so  ordered, 
that  bi'forc  they  had  loailed  their  ketch,  com- 
ing too  near  the  stage  head,  they  presently 
found  themselves  in  danger  of  a  surprisal;  for 
part  of  their  company  being  ashore,  seized  by 
the  Indians,  or  in  danger  tluTeof,  whiuu  thev 
were  not  willing  to  leave  behinil ;  and  besides 
the  wind  blowing  in  hard  upon  them  they 
coidil  not  g<!t  out  of  the  harbour,  but  were  for- 
lu'd  to  abide  the  danger  of  an  assault,  the 
Indians  getting  many  <if  them  into  the  stage 
head,  aiuioyed  them  so  fast  with  thi'ir  shot 
that  not  a  man  of  them  was  able  to  huik  above 
<leck,  but  he  was  in  dangerof  beingshotdown; 
amongst  tli(!  ri'st  Mr.  .fames  Fryer  venturing 
too  much  in  view  of  the  enemy,  received  a 
wound  in  his  knee,  which  appeared  not  dan- 
gerous at  first,  but  for  want  of  better  looking 
to  than  could  be  found  amongst  that  black 
regiment,  into  whose  hands  he  soon  after  fell, 
it  proved  mortal  unto  him  within  a  few  days 
after;  he  being  by  a  strange  accident  brought 
home  to  his  father's  house  at  tlu!  great  island 
in  Piscataipia.  Mr.  Fryer  Ix'inu  tlius  woun- 
ded the  rest  of  the  company  <lelended  them- 
selves for  a  while  with  much  courage  and 
resolution  till  they  were  l)rought  to  the  sad 
clioic(?  of  f.dling  into  the;  hands  of  one  of  these 
three  bad  masters,  the  fire,  the  water,  or  the 
barbarous  heathen,  to  whom  at  last  they 
thought  it  best  to  yield  in  hopes  of  liberty 
afterwards,  at  least  of  lengthening  out  their 
lives  a  little  longer  for  the  Indians  had  man- 
ned out  a  canoe  wilh  sev(!ral  hands  to  cut 
their  cable,  and  others  stood  ready  within  the 
defence  of  the  stage  head,  by  whiidi  means 
the  Vf.'ssel  after  the  cable  was  cut,  soon  drove 
ashon; ;  and  then  it  was  threateneil  to  be 
pri'sently  burnt,  if  they  did  not  all  yield,  to 
which  they  all  at  last  consiuiti'd. 

The  Indians,  how  barbarous  soever  in  their 
own  nature,  yet  civilly  treated  their  prisotu!rs, 
and  upon  farther  discourse  sent  two  of  them 
to  Piscataqua,  to  give;  them  there  an  opp(M"tu- 
nity  to  ransom  their  friends.  The  persons 
sent  honV'  to  procure  a  ransom,  were  to  re- 
turn with  such  (pnintity  of  goods  as  the  In- 
dians had  desired,  by  such  a  precise;  limi';  but 
they  that  brought  the  things  for  their  ransom, 
coming  a  ilay  or  two  before  the  time,  when 
tlmse  that  sent  them  was  gone  up  the  river  at 
Black  point,  and  not  returned:  Some  other 
Indians  waiting  fi)r  such  an  opportunity,  sei- 
zed the  goods,  at  least  that  part  which  they 
most  desired,  and  through  mistake,  killing  one 
of  the  three  men  that  brought  them,  illsmissi'd 
the  other  two,  without  return  of  the  prisoners 
as  was  expicted. 

As  to  what  happened  afterwards  we  are 
yet  much  in  the  dark,  ami  l^ir  the  present  can 
write  but  by  guess  :  l''or  within  a  few  days 
afl(!r  the  return  of  .Mr.  flendal,  and  the  other 
man  thai   went  lu   carry  the  runsoni,   before 


the  1st  of  November,  Mugg  himself  came  to 
Piscalaepia,  briiisiing  Mr.  .lames  Fryer,  «  hr 
soon  alter  died  uf  his  wound  ;  one  of  ihi'  piis. 
oni-rs  along  wilh  him  complaining  that  wiili. 
out  his  knowledge  some  of  the  Indians  liiid 
seized  what  was  sent  for  the  riiiiHoni  of  the 
rest,  pronusing  upon  his  faith,  thai  hi-  won!.,' 
make  good  his  word  for  ihe  sending  hoini;  all 
the  prisoners,  and  odered  also  in  the  name  of 
the  other  Indians  to  confirm  a  ni'W  peace  with 
till!  English  for  the  future.  The  innjor  gen- 
eral of  the  Massachiiselts  colony  was  llien  at 
Piscalaqiia,  but  not  willing  to  transact  a  mat. 
ler  of  that  nature  and  iniuiient  by  bis  sole  iiii- 
ihorily,  ordered  ihe  said  .Mugg  (supposed  to 
be  the  chief  leadiT  of  ihe  Indians)  to  be  car 
ried  down  to  lloston  to  the  governor  nnd 
council  there,  to  conclude  the  business,  wilh 
whom  he  soon  after  agreed  iipiui  a  firm  jieacH 
with  the  English  of  Massachusetts,  in  tho 
name  of  Mailockawando  the  chief  of  all  liio 
Indians  in  tlu;  easti'rn  parts  about  Penobscot, 
engaging  also  to  remain  himself  as  liostai,'e, 
aboard  the  vessel  (in  which  he  was  siuit  home 
from  Boston,  the  21st  November  followiiiL') 
until  the  prisoners  (which  are  saiil  to  hi;  fifty 
<ir  sixty)  that  lliey  have  still  in  iheir  hand  i  bo 
sent  home,  and  the  rest  of  the  articles  per- 
formed; the  issue  of  which  we  as  yet  wait  to 
hear  in  God's  good  time,  this  12th  day  of 
December  fiillowing,  1()7(),  when  they  there 
have  made  an  end  of  the  retrkoning,  it  is  ho- 
ped we  may  have  our  rights  again. 

Tlii'ri!  are  two  principal  actors  amoni.'st 
the  Iiiilians  that  have  all  along  promoied  these 
designs  amongst  llieiii,  one  named  Si|uanilo, 
sagamore  of  .Saco,  ainl  the  aforiunentionid 
Madockawanilo,  the  chief  commander  of  the 
Indians  eastward  about  Piuiobscot,  who  are 
said  to  be  by  them  that  know  them,  a  strangB 
kind  of  moralized  savages;  grave  and  serious 
in  their  speech  and  carriage  and  not  without 
some  show  of  a  kind  of  religion,  which  no 
doubt  but  they  have  learned  from  ihe  iirinco 
of  darkness  (by  help  of  some  papist  in  those 
parts)  that  can  transform  himself  into  an  an- 
g<d  of  light,  under  that  shape  the  belter  lo 
carry  on  the  designs  of  his  kingdom.  |i  Is 
said  ilso,  they  pretcuid  to  have  som<!  visions 
and  revelations,  bv  which  they  have  been 
commanded  to  worship  ihe  great  (ioil,  iiiuj 
not  to  work  on  ihi;  Lord's  day.  We  know 
where  that  foiinlain  hath  its  rise,  that  sendeih 
forth  at  the  same  place  sweet  and  bilter  wa- 
ters; and  from  whence  their  hiNirts  are  inspi- 
red, that  join  blessing  of  God  with  cursing 
and  killing  his  servants. 

It  is  reported  by  some  that  came  lately 
from  those  parts,  that  the  Indians  there  as  yrt 

refuse  to  Im'. e  any   | ce    with    ihe    English, 

and  will  not  as  yet  return  any  of  our  capilvi! 
friends  till  God  speak  ID  the  aforesaid  luithii 
siasis,  that  are  their  leaders,  tlnit  ihey  slioiilil 
no  longer  make  war  with  us,  ami  the  like. 

But  not  to  trouble  ourselves  farther  with 
those  ministers  of  Satan,  or  those  that  are  nc- 
tiiated  by  the  angelof  the  boltomless  pit,  who 
possibly  since  their  delusions  are  but  twofold 
more  the  children  of  hell  than  they  were  be 
fiire.  We  know  belter  how  to  iindersiand 
the  mind  of 'the  great  Lord  :)f  heaven  and 
earth,  than  to  depeml  on  such  lying  oracles. 

That  God  who  hath  at  presi.iit  turned  their 
hearts  lo  hate  his  people,  and  ileal  siibllv 
wilh  his  servants,  we  hope  in  lime,  will  either 
luru    ll»o    btroum,    and    ouusu    them    lo   deal 


A  NARIIATI  VK    OF 


0TB 


»  liinuKrH'cnnic!  to 
itn<'!(  FrviT,  « lie 
;  nric  of  tin'  |»r-H- 
.iinin>;  lliiit    wiili- 

till-     IlllliilllS     llllll 

('  riiiisciiri  iif  llio 
li,  tliiil  lie  wniili.' 
.HfMiiliiti;  lioMie  nil 

•II)    ill   tin!    flllllll'  of 

a  new  jii'iiiM'  wltti 
'I'lio  iMiiidr  jji'ii- 
my  WHS  (lii'ii  ut 
lo  tiiinsiirt  H  milt- 
lit  l>y  liii  soil!  nil- 

|i;rj    (sil|ipoHl'(l    to 

(liiiiis)  III  III!  ciir 

|]i^   L;i)V("rii()r  iinr! 

i(>  liiisiiii'^s,  will) 

iIKiii  n  firm  [icact) 

sacliiisi'tts.    in    liio 

•  cliirf  III'  nil  llio 

nlx'iit  Pi'iiiOi-irot, 

insclf  in   liostniio, 

\r  wiiH  sent  liimic 

vcmlxT  liilldw  int') 

iiri"  siiiii  Id  1)1!   (ifiy 

II  in  llicir  liniidi  liu 

if  till!  urlicli'S  )i('r- 

I  wo  ns  vol  wiiil  lo 

,  thit   12tli  (lay  of 

i,  win'ii  llioy  tlicTo 

rcckoiiiiii;,  it  is  lin. 

its  np-iiii. 

i!il  iirtors  nin(inL"*t 
iiiitr  pr.inidlrd  lln'>ie 
H!  llllMM'll  S(|iiniiilo, 
111'    iirin'cmi'iitidiifil 

CdtlllllillKllT    of   tin! 

'iMidliscdt,  wild  nr« 
idw  llu'iii,  a  slnin^H 
;  i;ravtMiTi()  si'iioiis 
i;o  ami  iidt  witlicpiit 
ri'liyion,  wliicli  no 
(!rl  froin  llic  ])riii(-() 
mt!  |iii|iist  in  llidsi; 
liiinself  into  an   an- 

llU|»!     till!     l)l'ltl'r     lo 

lis  kiii<;ildni.  It  is 
liiivc  sdini!  visions 
•li  tlicy  liai'r  la-rii 
he  tji'i'iit  (idil,  llllll 
3  (l:iy.      \V(!  kniiw 

Is    llic,  llllll  S<!llll('lll 

■ert  and  lilllcr  «a- 
eir  hearts  am  iiispi- 
God    with    ciirsiiii» 

(■    that    came   lately 
Indiuiis  lliort!  as  yi't 
with    till!    KiiLllish, 
aiiv  of  diir  ra[ili\  0 
;hi'  af  ircsaid  riillni 
rs,  that  llii'V  shoiilil 
us,  and  the  like, 
selves  farther  with 
)r  those  lliat  nit!  iir. 
hol'ntnless  pit,  wlio 
oils  art?  hut  twofotd 
than  they  weri!  lie 
how   to   undemiaml 
lOrd    :)f  heaven  and 
siK'h  IV ins;  orurle*. 
pri'si.iit  turned  tlieir 
e,    and  deal   suhilv 
1  in  liirie,  will  either 
I1U5U    lliL'iii    tu    deal 


friendly  and  miicerely  with  his  peo|ilu  asiiiioii  after  lie  was  tiikeii  was  let  go  liy  the 
lieri'lotiire,  or  }^ivo  us  an  opportunity  to  de-  Ireiicliery  or  e.ireleisiiess  of  llieiii  tliiil  held 
^ln)y  iheiii,  hull.  I' or  when  our  liirces  wiTe  ciime  with- 
in till'  next  pl'ire  it  remains,  that  some  ai!-  in  a  few  miles  nfiln-  hillier  side  of  disco  lniy, 
i-oiiiil  lie  i;ivee  of  our  f  irees,  under  (lapl.  ILi-  oini!  of  our  Naliik  liidi.ins  iiiuler  llliiul  Will 
tliorne,  and  of  llie,r  several  expedilions  into  (a  Sa^'aincire  of  I'isealinpri,  who  went  in  i  om- 
llie  eiiHlerii  parts,  since  the  middle  of  ;;L'|iteiil-  Jiaiiy  with  b  of  his  men,  supposed  lo  lie  ^iiiid 
her  last;   first   up   towards  ('asco,  hy  the  sea  pijols  firtiiu  places  iiioie  <  a>tward)  mel  with 


Hide,  then  afierwiirds  through  llit!  woods,  di 
redly  iiortliward,  toHiird  Ossapy  aiui  I'ijj- 
waiuliel,  in  hopes  to  liiivo  found  the  enemy  ut 
their  head  ipiarlers. 

Upon  lice  lirsl    report  of  ihosu  duvnstntiolis 
and  spoils  that   hid    heeii   made    hy   Kri!   and 
swiird  in  those  eastern  plaiitaliiins  it  wasjiid- 
geil  necessary  to  semi  soen!  foriu'S  that   way 
to  pill  a  stop    lo  the  current  o     those   oiitra- 
(.'es,  hitforij  the  riiiiaiiidir  of  llie  soiilherii  In- 
dians Could  have  an  opportunity  to  join   with 
lh(!m:     To  that  end  alioiit  1)10  Knglish,  with 
fiirly    Inilians,    sveio   desjiati^hed    away    into 
tliosi!   parts,    under  the    cominand    of   Capt. 
WMliam    lialliorne,    ('apt.    Still,   and    Cupl. 
lliinlilif;,  who  were  to  jom  with  such  as  could 
hi!  raised    in  tlmse  pints,  under  .Major  Wald- 
erii  and  (-'apt.  Frosl.      Afier  they  had  surpri- 
sed till!  Indians  that  flocked    into  those  parts, 
(as  was  related  heliire)  which  was  done  upon 
tilt;  (lili  of  .Se|)tt!ml)er,  llJVl),  ('apt.  Ilathoriie, 
who  was  cominaiider  in    chief,    marched    the 
forces  hy  ihe  sea  side,  towards  Casco  :    For 
lit  llllll    time    ihey    wt!r«    upon   some    dtiniur 
whether  to  march  directly  imvardOssapy  and 
I'igwauchet,    where  the  ln!ad  t|Uarters  of  I  lie  1 
eueiiiy  was  supposed  to  lie,  or  else  to  march 
direcily  toward  Casco  hay  where  they  heard 
parties  of  llie  i:iieiiiy  were  dally  spoiling  the 
planlaiioiis  of  the    Knglish;   the    lust  it   was 
judged  the  most  e!(pedii!iit  to  try  if  lliey  eoiild 
not    meet    with    some    parties   of  the    enemy 
uinongst  those  plantations  near  iho  sea  side, 
by  liiat  means  at  le.ist  to  prevent  them  from 
doing  inure  mischief,  if  they  could  not  liiid  an 
opportunity   to  fill  upon  some  of  them  and 
ilestroy  tliem;   hiit    tiielr    time    was    not  yet 
come,  iiiir  were  all  the  desolations  as  yet   uc- 
coiiiplislied,    which    (iod    had   a    purpose  to 
liriiii,'  iiliiiiit  hy  llieir  means:    For  notwithstan- 
Aui'^  lliere  was  a  siitlit!it!iit  force  to  have  sup- 
pressed nil  llie  iiiiinhers  iif  the  enemy,  if  they 
li  id  lieeii  maiiv  more  than  they  were,  yet  lie- 
iiigi!iill)'ilileiied  and  grown  suOlle  hy  their  for- 
mer siiciesses,  lliey  had    so  dispersed    lliem- 
se'ves  all  aliout  the  woods  ill  those  parts,  that 
when    our    forces    were    in   one    place,    they 
wuiild  lit!  in  another,  and    so  did   much    mis- 
chief ilierealioiits,  while  diir  soldiers  wert!  out 
after  them;    For  after    they    hail    liy    several 
steps  111  ten  days  lime  got  to  ('asco  from  Ne- 
wei'liewaiiiiiik  (about  the  Dill  of  Septeinher) 
I  Lev  marched   I,)    Wells    and   from    Wells  to 
Winter  liirhoiir,  mid  so  f'roiii  tlierice  to  Ulack 
point  they    passed  hy  water,  and  tlieiiarrived 
111  ('asco  hay,   ahoiit  the  :illtli   of  Septeinher, 
\el  alioiit  that  very  lime  were  several    of  the 
lvii,'lisli  cut  off  at  .Moiiiiljoy's  ialaiui,  and  that 
ill  sight  of  our  forces,    when    they    were  not 
al>le  lo  come  at  them  fiir   want   of  hoalj   the 
island  lying  two  leagues  off  in  the    hay;  this 
h.iiilienei 


sdiiiiMif  llie  enemy,  and  laid  hold  of  a  couple 
of  th(!m  ;  justice    was  doiii!  to  one   of  them  ; 
lilt!    olhiT,  although   he   was   led   hy   two  of 
Itlind  Will's  Indians,  they    madt!  shift  to   lei 
go,  who  escapini,',   got  over  a  river  iiiid  gave 
iiolice  to  the  Indians   who  were  on  the  dllit!r 
side,    and    were     lieartl    lint    a     lillle     l)eli)re 
threshing  in  a  liiirn  that  helonged  lo  Anlhony 
llracket,    whom    they    had   lately    surprised. 
Another  disappointment  our  forc(!S  met   with 
ahoiit  the  same    time;    for  when  (!apt.    Ha- 
thoriii!  was  up  ut  ('asco  hay  with  his  soldiers, 
he  never  could    coiiii!    up    with   the   Indians, 
either  thniugli  want  of  skill  in  them  that  were 
his  scouts,  or   riilher   want  of  faithfulness   in 
one  that  should  have  Im-oii  hit)  guide,  who  had 
got    his    living    hy   trading    with  the  Indians, 
llit!ri!f  ire  seemed  unwilling  to  have  the  hrood 
of  them  deal  roy  I'd,  as  was  known  after  wards; 
and  hy  that  means  a  party  of  the  enemy 
capedthe  hands  of  our  soldiers.      Yet  it  pleas- 
ed   (lod  at  mil!  time  to  hring  the    forlorn  of 
our  forces  upon  a  party  of  the  ent!my,    who 
i!Spying  the  l']nglisli  presi-iilly  fled  away  into 
the   Woods  like  so  many  wild  deers;  yi!t  oiii! 
f  tht!iii,  viz.  ,r.   Sampson,  who  had  iiuen  of 
the  company  that   killed    Roliitison    the   year 
hefore,  was  hy  tin-  special  hand  of  divine  jus- 
tice, silfTered  to  fall   ity    some   of  our  forces  ; 
ho  was  a  very  lusty,  stout  man,  and  one  that 
was  armed  with  several  sorts  of  weapons.  Inn 
tht!re  is  no  weapon  shall   defend  them  whom 
death  liiiih  a  commission  to  di!slroy  ;   there  is 
no  rans'.n  in  that  war.     The  rest  of  the  In- 
dians that  were    scatlered  ahout  Casco    hay 
having  discovered  our  forces  made  their  es- 
cape;  hilt  we  hope  their  time    is   short,  and 
that  (tod  will  find  some  way  to  cut  off  tlit! 
hloody  and  ih'ceilfiil  enemies  of  his    people. 


and  not  sillier  them  to  live  out  half  their  days. 

Iliit  hv  one  such  accident  or  other,  our  sol- 
diers ciiiild  iidt  meet  with  any  nf  lliem  that  had 
dont!  the  mischief  in  those  parts.  While  our 
forces  lav  ahout  ('asco  hay,  a  small  party  of 
tlieeneiny  came  down  upon  the  horders  ol  llie 
town  of  Wills,  where  they  lay  in  atnliusli 
iit!ar  a  garrison  house  at  one  end  of  the  town, 
and  shot  Mr.  dames  (ioiige  from  his  horse, 
on  Lord's  day,  .Sept  rilth,  as  he  was  going 
home  from  mei!ting,  and  then  knocked  down 
his  wife,  giving  her  several  woiinds  with  their 
halcheti  aliiiut  the  head,  of  which  she  died 
ill  three  days  nfler. 

The  next  day,  Sept.  S-'dh,  llie  same  party, 
lieing  not  more  than  seven  in  niinilier,  weni 
toward  York,  and  siirpriserl  Capt.  Nidduck 
in  a  most  liarharous  manner,  killing  most  of 
the  poor  people  helonging  thereunto.  Some 
of  their  iieighlioiirs  hearing  the  guns,  came  to 
their  rescue;   the  Indians  heiiig  on  the  further 


sideofthe  river,  dared  lliem  to  come  over  and 
the  y:ird  of  ihe  same  month  as  was]  light  with  tliein  man  to  man,  using  many  re- 
■,  and  w!l'iiii  two  il  lys  after  aiiolh-i  proaclifnl  expressions,  and   making  i\  shot  at 


Haul  l.el 

er  piity  of  the  enemy  wert!  doing  mi-'cliief ;  tlit!m,  which  somi!  of  the  com|)ai)y  not  lieing 
at  Wells  and  cape  Nii.iluck,  and  yet  esca-'alile  lo  hear,  did  very  resolutely  adventure 
prd  away  when  they  had  done.  !  through  the  river  after  them;   hut  they   were 

.\or  c.iiild  our  fliices    in   all  the  expi'dilion    not    willing  lo  try    the  valour  of  ll,e  Knglisli, 
lueel  v/iih  any  of  tlleiii  hut  IWti;  one  of  which  i  when  they  j«sroeived  ihej  found  a   wuy  to 


pass  over  llii!  river  upon  ihem,  lint  ri!turnej 
iiack    toward    Wells,    \«  here  they  killed   one 
(leori,'!'  Farrow,  .Si'pieiiilii  r  L'<lli,  iis  he   «  as 
loo  carelessly  veliliiniig  lo  hi.-,  house    williinil 
any  cuinpany.      These  lliings  happened  while 
oiir  fiirres  were  at  Casio,  where  they  lariie.l 
st!Ven  or  t!iglit  days;    and   hearing  uf  ll  ese 
oiitrngi's  coiniiiilled  in  soiiie  of  those   places 
v\  Inch  tliey  left   hehiiid  lliem,  and  iiol    lieiii)^ 
alile  to  meet  with  any  of  li.em  ill  the   plavu 
where  they  were,  they  ritnriied  hack  toward 
Wells  and  Yiirk ;   Inn  the  Indians  were  es(!a- 
ped  away  into  the  woods  after  their  coinpuii- 
loiis   liefiire    they   came   there.     Our  soldiers 
having  thus  spent  much   lime   and  pains  in  a 
fruitless  expedition  toward  ('asco,  resoK  eti  tn 
venture  anolher  march  after  them  up  lowards 
( )ssapy,  siipposing  lliey  might  hy  that  lime  hu 
drawn  lioini!waiils  towards  their  winter  oiiar- 
ters;  orelst!  that  lliey  might  ilestroy  w  hat  they 
had  left  liehind  lliem,  to  prevent  their  harlioiir- 
iiig  there  fiir  the  future  :  lint  it  si  I'ineil  good  to 
him,  who  hy  his  sovereign  power  and  infinite 
wisdom    orderelli    all    events    and    purpose!) 
(wherein  his  peiiple  or  others  are  concerned) 
III  disappoint  all  endeavours  used  at  that  timu 
fiir  the  suppressing  of  the  (!nemy,  or  putting 
any  stop  to  their  wonted  successes;   for  Joon 
after   iMir   fiinres    wert!    returned    hack    from 
Casco,  news  was  liruiiglii  of  the  siirprisal  of 
Ulack  point,  on   the   Irjili  of  Ocloher,  as  was 
ii>"nlioiied  hefore;    whit^li   notwithstanding  it 
w,;s  judged   more  ailvisahle   to  venlure  and 
proceeil  on  with  the  ev[""l""n  towards  Os- 
sapy,  (whither  it  was  supposed    hy  this  tiiiii! 
lilt!    greatest  niimher  <<i   iliem   were   retired) 
rather  than  to   reliirii   hack  again  to   recover 
lllack  point,  where  was  nothing  to  he  expec- 
ted   lint    an  empty   fiirt,  and   some  deserted 
houses,  which  it  seems  the  Indians  had  forsa- 
ken liy    that  time.      And    hesiiles,  that   oilier 
forces  were  ahout  the  saint!   time  ordi-red   li> 
repair  thillier,  s.illicit!iit  for  the  repairing  anil 
securing   llie  place,  with   what  else   was  left 
remaining  from  the  hands  of  the  enemy  :    And 
likewise    several   snldiers    were    ordered    to 
garrison    the   towns  tlnreahonts,  to    prevent 
them  from  making  any   foriher  assault   upon 
tiiem.      However,    they   well!   so    far  emriol- 
ileiied  hy  the  taking  of  IShu:k  point,  ami    the 
ketch  at  Richmond  island  that  a  party  i)ftherii 
taint!    the    vi!ry    next    week    after    towartlis 
Wells.  Iiopiiu;  to  attain  lliul,  and  all  the  towns 
and  plait's  hitween  ('ascn  hay  and   Piscata- 
ipia,  as   they    had  dune    Bla(!k  point;    Fiw  a 
parly  of  them  iiinler  -Miigg  their  chief  l('a«ler, 
liroui;lii     ,Mr.    (lelidal    along    with    ttieiil    to 
Wells,  where  lliey  siiinmoneil   the  fir.st  gar- 
rison   at    the    town's  end.      To   lacililaM   the 
hiisiness,  they  sent  the   said   (iendal   as  their 
agent  »r  messenger  to  inovi!  them  to  siirteii- 
tier    witliimt    lia/ardiii<;    an    onset;     hut    ino 
pi'oph*    were  not  so  despondent  us  to  yield 
up    the    place    upon  so    slight    an    occusion; 
which  when  the  enemy  iliscerii*'tl,  lht!y  soon 
drew    till',    after    they    liiiil  dune   some  little 
mischief  to    the    inhahiluiils;    for    first    they 
killed    Isaac    Littlefield   not  far  from  the  gar- 
rison;   it  is  said  they   would  willingly   huv 
had   him  yield    himself  prisoner,  hut  he  re- 
fiisins;,  they   shot   him  down,  yet  they  were 
so  civil  as  to  suffer  his   friends  to   fetch  away 
his  hotly  wilhout  olleriiig  any  further  act  oi 
inliiimanitv   to   il,  or  hostility  towards   thtist} 
thai  (iirrietl  it  i.!!'. 

All  old  man  called  Cross,  was  likewise  kil- 


ars 


THE    INDIAN    WARS, 


U>(i  l>v  tlii'iil  iiliiiiit  till'  iiiiiiii'  liiiic  ;   iiikI  iiiidiIi 


tir  wIkhi"  ipiiini" 


iriHiin,   vvat  m 


liii;  Id  till"   c 

lllrit     III!  lili'l    HXOII    itl'i'r. 


'I'lMrt 


_v    Wdiiiidc'il 

I'IMl     llCttll     111' 


rii'iil  ciililc  wiTi"  .il.Hii  killi'il    liv   lliriu 


It  III 


wlilcli   (llinm^jli    liinii')   tliry  iirily    tmik    llii' 
tiiiinuiM  liiiviii';  till-  liiidirH  wliiilr  In  llii'  i)«  ii- 

[)f    till 


("I'*      lllllr^H     II     VMIH    llll!     Il'l(    (ll    Olio    (it      tllCIIl, 

wliicli  Willi  aUo  liikrii  iiway. 

'I'liii  wii«  hII  till-  iiiijirliii'f  iliinn  \iy  tlirm 
nflor  till'  tiikiii);  ofillac-k  |ii>iiit,  Tiio  inliiilii- 
lanU  oC  Wiiitrr  liiiili(iiir,  iii-iir  iiiljdiiiiTijj 
tlirri'tn,  lii'iiiir  iiliirini'd  with  llii'  Niirpriiiil  nf 
till'  olIiiM'  pliu'r,  lli'il  iiwiiy  willi  llirir  ^mikN 
fur  It  lliiii'  iiiilil  llii'y  lii'iiiil  llii>  I'lii'iiiv  wiMi' 
iiKivi'il  liirilmr  I'lisiwiird,  mid  tlii'ii  it  is  !«:iid 
tlii-y  iTtiiriird  III  llii'ir  |iliu'i'  n;,'iiiii.  In  this 
pnsliliv  liiivo  tliiiu'H  ri'iimiiii'il  fViT  «iii(i"  in 
(liii-ii'  iiiistiTti  |ilaiilutiiiii.s  lii'twi'i.'ii  I'isialaijiia 
(III!  Cascii  liay. 

Hilt  iiiir  liirrrs  iiiidi'r  tlii-  rimiinaiid  iif  Capl. 
Iliilliiiriii'  iiinl  ('ii|it.  Slill,  having'  at  last  iili- 
laiiin)  all  tliinifs  iirci'ssary  liir  awiiili'r  iiiarrli 
iiitii  ihi)  Wddd.s,  dill  ii|iiiii  till'  lirit  of  N'livrin- 
liiT  (iillinviin;,  si'l  lint  tnward.s  Otsapy,  wlii'ir, 
nftiT  liiiir  days  inariii  nfii  vi-py  diUlciilt  wav, 
iivi'r  many  liwrs,  nut  ivisy  t"  p.i«<  at  tlial 
tiino  id' till"  yi-ar.  llii'V  arrivi'il ;  Imt  fonnd  imi 
an  Indian  ritliiT  iIiiti-  or  in  llii!  way  as  ihrv 
marclird  alonij.  Tlin  Imliaiis  lii'lon^'iiiu  lo 
tliiisi?  pirN  liiid  not  many  yrars  lii't'ori-,  liin-d 
«onii>  ICii^'lisli  tradirs  to  Imild  lln-in  a  fort  for 
tlirir  siTiirity  iinaiiitt  llio  Mnliawks,  wliirli 
was  limit  vfrv  slnm:;  for  tliat  piirpusi',  four- 
liM'ii  fiM'l  liiijli,  willi  llaiiUiM-H  al  riicli  roriior; 
tiut  this  tiini-  ll.o  soldiiTs  liiti'iidini;  to  disap- 
point fiu-m  of  tlii'ir  ri'fiiiji',  iiiado  furl  tlii'ri'iif, 
wliicli  at  ttiat  tinio  was  vrry  nri'dful  for  our 
ppoplc  wlio  had  inarrhrd  many  niilos  lliroiiijli 
a  iJi'iTsnow  in  a  vory  roM  si'nson,  wIiimi  thoy 
could  hardly  ki'i'p from  fn-ezini^MH  thoy  passed 
ulonjr,  so  i-ariy  in  tlio  wintiT.  None  of  tin- 
iMiiMny  being  to  In;  found  tliori"  in  tlii"  9troni.'i'St 
fort,  it  was  not  coiiiili'd  worth  wliili"  fir  all 
thi' company  to  in  ircli  any  llirlhi'r;  wlirri'- 
fore  a  small  piivty  lii'iiig  sent  up  eiglitei'ii  or 
twenty  miles  firtlier  norlhwaril  aiiioiigsl  the 
woods,  where  as  they  passed  along  they  met 
with  many  vast  lakes,  (supposed  to  he  the 
cause  of  the  sharpness  of  the  cold  in  that  side 
of  the  country)  making  the  phice  scarce  halii- 
lalilo  for  any  lii.'sides  those  sava'^'os  that  used 
to  hunt  thereahoiits  for  tnooso  in  the  winter, 
and  lieaver  in  the  summer;  liut  at  this  time 
it  i«  supposed  they  were  all  gone  lower,  to- 
wards the  sea  side,  to  share  the  spoils  of  the 
l']n!;lish  plantations  lately  surprised  liy  them, 
which  IS  all  the  rewani  lliey  have  met  wiili, 
who  informer  years  liir  till- sake  of  a  little  lucre 
l>y  tratfic  with  ihein,  Imve  run  theinselves 
there  into  the  very  jaws  of  destruction,  either 
liy  irregular  dealing  with  them  or  liy  their 
too  iniicli  confidence  in  their  deceitful  friend- 
ship. 

The  9th  of  Novomlipr,  our  forces  having 
spent  nine  days  in  this  service,  returned  safe 
lo  Ncwechewannick  from  whence  they  set 
forth  at  first,  having  run  more  hazard  of  their 
limhs  by  the  sliarpness  of  the  front,  than  of 
their  lives  by   any  assault  from  their  enemies. 

There  was  a  great  probability  that  the  de- 
sign might  have  had  some  good  elTect  if  Mug'_' 
did  not  much  abuse  those  he  llei!  unto,  with  prof- 
fer of  peace  ;  for  he  told  them  that  there  were 
about  an  liundred  about  Ossapy  not  many 
dii^s  before.     JSul  it  becomes  un  Ic  look  L<9- 


yond  second   cause  in  events  of  this   niijiire  only   for   Ids   friend's    siike    niceplid,  which 

and  coiicliiile  ihal  (lod  had  raised  up  their  bar-  proved  a  fatal  iiilvenliire  lo  Mr.  .laniis  l''i'\er 

barons   eiieiiiies  t{i    bring   a  like   chasliseinent  and  innjlit  have  I ii  lo  the  oilier  iil-o  has  iii>| 

upon  the  Kiighsli  in  this  side  of  llie  country,  (iml    oiherwise  ilis[iosed  of  him.  Inn  iiiL' us  is 


with  that  whichotliers  had  I'lidiired  elsewhe 


■  [leil,  more  servint'  in  I 


he  la 


111' ihi 


111  llii>  end  of  the  former  and  beginning  of  the    Aiiioiii;st  nil  the  prisoners  at  that    lime  taken, 


ireseiit  year. 

Thi 


;  the  said    Tie  una  s  Cobbet  seemed  to  hi 


•dered  by  llii 


ide 


hid 


lings  were  so  ordereil  hy  lliu  proviilence 
of(iod,  that  the  vessels  before  iiientiiined, 
arrived  safely  at  Penobscot  in  the  beginning 
of  the  inoiilh,  where  they  found  the  said 
.Madiickawando,  who  was  ready  to  ronlirm 
and  make  yiiod  the  articles  of  the  peac"  con- 
cluded III  Huston  by  his  agent  in  his  naiiie; 
and  was  willing  also  to  deliver  all  the  prison- 
ers that  were  then  in  jus  power,  or  under  his 
coininand,  w  hicli  were  but  eleven,  who  wi're 
taken  in  the  vessel  at  Kichniond's  island,  the 
1 :2tli  of  October  last.  The  said  .Mtigg  like- 
wise being  sensible  of  the  iililii;ation  lie  lav 
underlo  make  his  word  good,  did  vi'iiliirn  lo 
^o  up  himself  lo  aiiollier  planlalion  of  the  In- 
dians, where  we  supposed  some  more  of  the 
Knulisli  prisoners  were,  lo  seo  whether  he 
could  obtain  a  release,  as  also  to  persuade  the 
rest  of  the  Indians  thereabouts  to  join  in  the 
confirmation  of  the  peace:  ll  ap[ieared  lo 
the  persons  lieloiii;ing  to  the  vessel  that  the 
said  .Muu-g  went  with  reliii  tancy,  and  fearinj; 
the  Indians  lie  was  goiiiLT  amongst,  would 
either  kill  him  or  keep  liiiii  in  prison  ;  lo 
which  end,  lieordered  the  coiniiiand  belonging 
to  till'  vessels,  lo  tarry  for  him  about  three 
days,  or  four  at  the  most,  assuring  ijiem  that 
if  he  did  not  return  by  that  time,  they  might 
cert  liiily  conclude  that  either  his  life  or  liber- 
ty was  taken  from  him  ;  however,  the  vessels 
tarried  about  or  near  a  week  beyond  the 
time  limited  in  e^tpectation  of  his  coming; 
but  after  so  long  a  stay,  they  neilher  seeing 
nor  hearing  fir  him,  were  ready  to  f.'ar  the 
worst,  viz.  that  his  countrymen  bad  made 
him  sure,  from  having  more  to  do  with  the 
Knglish,  W'lii'reupoii  for  fear  of  being  shut  up 
by  the  sharpness  of  the  winter  from  returning 
themselves,  they  look  the  opportunity  of  the 
next  lair  wind,  of  setting  sail  for  Hoslon 
(only  turning  into  I'eminaipiid,  lo  see  if  they 
could  hear  any  further  news  there)  where 
they  arrived  with  such  prisoners  as  were 
freely  delivered  by  Madockawando,  the 
25lli  of  Deceiiiber  following,  anno.  ll)7(i; 
amongst  which  prisoners,  besides  the  two 
af  iremeiitioiied,  who  were  found  at  Penob- 
scot, there  was  a  third,  by  n  more  remarkable 
[irovidence  than  ordinary,  added  iiiilo  them, 
.Mr.  Thomas  Cobbet,  sou  of  that  reverend  and 
worthy  minister  of  the  gospel,  .Mr.  Thomas 
Cobbet,  pastor  of  the  church  at  Ipswich,  ii 
town  within  Massachusetts  jurisdiction,  who 
had  all  the  time  of  Ins  son's  caplivily,  together 
with  his  friends,  wrestled  with  (Soil  in  their 
daily  prayers  fir  bis  release,  and  accordingly 
he  was  with  the  more  joy  received  bv  his 
friends,  as  an  answer  and  return  of  their 
prayers.  The  saiil  younffman  has  lived  with 
.Mr.  Fryer,  merchant,  of  Portsmouth,  for  some 
years  before,  and  liad  been  often  at  sea  with 
Mr.  .Tames  Fryer  the  eldest  son  of  the  said 
merchant,  and  who  had  after  much  experience 
of  his  fiilfulness,  dexterity  and  courage  on  all 
such  accounts,  borne  him  so  much  respect,  tliat 
when  he  was  urged  by  bis  father  to  go  alonir 
with  .Mr.  fteiidal  as  was  said  before,  be  would 
not  venture  unless  his  friend  Thomas  Colibet 
would  gu  along  willi  him  ;  which  survice  ho 


the  liarde 


lardest  poilion  ;  tur  liesides  the  ilesperali) 
daiigi-r  lliiil  he  escaped  before  lie  was  liikeii, 
first  by  a  bullet  shot  ihroiigh  his  waistcoat, 
secondly    by    a  drunken  Indian  ;    who    Inula 

I  knife  at  his  throat,    lo  cut   it,  when  his  liaiidi 
were  bound,  when  llie  Indians  came  to  sham 

I  the  prisoners    amon^'sf   them  he    fell  into  tin.' 
Iiiinils  of  one   of    the    niUijedest    fellows,    by 

1  whom  within  a  few  days  alier  his  snprisal, 
ho  was  carried  first  from  lilack  point  to 
Sheepscot  river,  in  the  ketch,  \\  hicli  the  In- 
dians made  lo  sail  in,  in  the  siiid  river,  from 
whence  he  was  fiirced  lo  trai'el  with  his  pa- 
lerooii,  four  or  fii'e  miles  over,  and  to  Daiiia- 
riscotiee,  where  he  was  compelled  lo  row 
or  paddle  in  a  canoe,  about  hfty  miles  far- 
ther to  Penobscot,  and  there  taking  leave  of 
all^liis  Miiglish  fi  •endsaiid  ac  piainlance,  at  leas', 
for  the  winter,  he  was  put  lo  paddle  a  canon 
up  fifty  or  sixty  miles  farther  eastward,  to  an 
island  called  .Mount  Desert,  where  his  pate- 
roon  used  to  keep  his  winter  station,  and  lo 
appoint  lii.s  liiiiiliiig  voyages  :  and  in  that  ile. 
sert  like  condition  was  the  poor  young  inaii 
f  irced  to  continue  nine  weeks  in  the  service 
of  a  savau'e  miscreant,  who  sometimes  would 
tyrannize  over  him,  because  he  could  not  iin 
dersland  the  language  and  fir  want  iheref ue, 
might  occasion  him  to  miss  of  his  game,  ortlm 
like.  Whateversickiiess  he  wassuliject  lo,  by 
change  of  diet,  or  on  any  other  account,  ho 
could  expect  no  other  nllowance  than  the 
wigwam  will  alTord  :  If  .loseph  be  in  the 
prison,  so  long  as  God  is  with  him  lliere,  ha 
shall  bo  preserved,  and  indue  time  remem- 
bered. 

After  the  end  of  the  nine  weeks,  the  Indian 
whom  he  was  M  serve,  had  spent  all  his  pow- 
der, whereupon  on  a  sudden  he  look  up  a  re- 
solution to  send  this  young  man  dow  n  to  Pe- 
noliscot  lo  Mr.  Casteen  to  procure  more  jiiiw 
der  to  kill  moose  and  deer,  which  it  seems  is 
all  their  way  of  living  at  .Mount  Desert;  the 
Indian  wascertainly  overruled  by  Divine  Pni- 
vidence  in  sending  his  captive  down  ihitlier 
for  a  lew  days  before,  ns  it  seems,  after  the 
Indians  111  that  place  had  been  powawing  to- 
L'elher,  he  told  him  that  there  were  two  En- 
L'lisli  vessels  then  come  into  Pemmaipiid,  or 
Penobscot,  which  indeed  proved  so;  yet  was 
it  not  minded  by  him  surely  when  he  sent  his 
captive  thither  for  powder,  for  it  proved  the 
mi  aiis  of  his  escape,  which  his  palermui 
iiiiu'hl  easily  have  conjectiiied,  if  it  had  not 
been  hid  from  him.  As  soon  as  he  arrived  at 
Penobscot,  he  met  with  Miiirsr  who  presently 
saluted  him  by  the  name  of  .Mr.  Cobbet,  and 
takini;  hun  by  the  hand,  told  him  he  had  been 
at  his  father's  house  (which  was  the  1st  or  2d 
of  November  before,  as  lie  passed  through  Ips- 
wich to  Boston)  and  had  promised  to  send 
him  home,  as  soon  ns  he  returned.  .Madocka- 
wando taking  notice  of  what  .Miigg  was  spi  lik- 
ing that  way,  alllioni;h  be  was  willing  he 
should  be  released  according  lo  .igreemeiit 
(his  pateroon  being  one  of  this  sagamore's 
siiipjects,  though  during  th'i  hunting  vovasie 
of  the  winter,  he  lived  at  such  a  distance  from 
him)  began  to  dumaiiil  sonielhiiig  for  sutisliiv- 


A    N  A  U  It  AT  IV  !•:    (J  I' 


077 


ncri'iiti'il,  w  liirji 
Mr.  ,liinir<  Krvcr 
iilliiT  iiNii  liii.s  not 
liitri.  Inn  ill!.'  iiM  i( 
iihd  (if  ihi-  li\  iMt;, 
I  tfiiit    tirni-  fiilii'M, 
llll'cl  111  llllMi    It  kI 
ilm  till'  ili'Hpi'iiiln 
ii'i-  lip  WHS   liikrii, 
l,'li   liif   wiii^icniit, 
III! ;    wiiii    liiiil  II 
l(  wlirri  Ills  liiiriil] 
iiri<  ninic  Id  hIihio 
!•■    ti'll  iiitii  fill) 
>^t    fillinvs,    liy 
il'iiT  liin  minrimil, 
ISIiirk    |iiiiMt    lo 
'h,  u  liicli   till'    lii- 
Hiiicl   river,  frorii 
rl    with    lii.it   |tii. 
r,  iiiiil  til  Diwiiii. 
inijM'lli'il   In    riiw 
It   hl'ty   niili'H   llir- 
II'  tiikin^  li'iivi'  111' 
'|iiiiiiitiin(')',  III  |i'ii"if. 
Ill  |iii(l(lli'  n  rniioo 
■r  i-ii«i«iiril,  to  nn 
,  wliiTi'   liii  |inti'- 
■r  sinlliiii,    nritl   lo 
i :   iiikI  ill  tl.ai  ilr. 
pour  youiij;  iiiiiii 
fki  ill   tilt'  scrvii'o 
somitinii'n  wiiiilil 
'  111'  could  not  iin 
ir  wiiiit  tlicri'loii', 
ofliii  •.'nnii',  ortlie 
wn.Hsiilijcit  to,  hy 
(itIii'riK'couiit,   lin 
liiwnnri'    limn    the 
Iini<|)li    In;    ill    tho 
lilli  him  tlipfo,  )i0 
lino  time  remcm- 

wrcks,  tlio  Indlnn 
sjiriil  nil  Ills  pow- 
II  lie  look  up  a  re- 
nan  ilow  II  to  Pe. 
rociire  niori)  pow 
wliicli  it  seeins  ij 
oiinl  Desert;  flio 
•d  hy  Divine  Pm- 
ive  down  lliitlicr 
seeiiirj,  lifter  tlio 
'II  piiwawiiif;  to- 
•e  were  two    En- 

I  PenimHipiid,  of 
oved  so;  yet  wns 

wlien  lie  sent  his 
liir  it  proved  thii 
ell  liis  paleriioii 
I'd,   if  it  lind    not 

II  m  lie  arrived  at 
'ir  who  pre.sentiv 
Mr.  Col.liel,    niiii 

him  lie  had  lieen 
rtas  tlie  1st  or  2d 
ssed  tliroiiirli  Ip,. 
rnmiHi'd  to  send 
lied.  .Madoeka- 
Hiis:!^  was  spi  ak- 
WBs  \villin;>  hu 
ijr  to  .iffreeiiient 
this  SBfjainore's 
liiiiilinfj  vovHt'o 
\i  a  distance  from 
liiii{{  for  gulisiiic- 


tioii,  III  a  wiiy  of  ruiiiiiin,  not  iiiidi^rstuiidiii^ 
heliire  that  \in  fatlier  Will  ii  irre.it  prenilinmn, 
in  liny  ii"i'd  to  rail  it ;  Ui'|ily\sa<  liiaile  liiiii 
that  lie  thoiild  liiive  Doiiiellniii;  in  lieii  ofa  ran- 
•oill,  vi/.  a  l!ii(>  coal,  w  Incli  tliey  lia<l  for  lam 
III!  Iiiiiird  till!  vessel;  wliiili  the  «ai,'iiiiiore  de- 
•ire, I  lij  nee  liefure  he  would  iilxuhilelv  ^Tunt 

II  releii'U  ;  lull  upon  siirlii  of  ilm  s.iiil  coiit 
Ki'i'iiiicl  \fiy  well  salislii'd,aiid  i;avi!  Inm  fire 
liht'ily  to  reliirii  lioliie.  W'liiUt  this  Mr, 
TliomiM  (.'ohhel  was  it  piisoner  ut  .Moiiiit  De- 
iert,  i;oin^  aloni;  with  the  Indians  lo  hunt  on 
uii  extreme  cold  dav,  he  was  so  iiverciiiiie 
wiili  the  sharpness  liiereof,  that  all  his  senses 
weres'iiUlenly  hi'niiinhrd.Ho  that  lie  fell  ilowii 
upon  llie  snow,  not  lieint;  ahle  to  stir  hand  or 
fool,  and  had  willniul  dniihl  iliere  perished  in 
a  hull!  lime, hill  the  Indians  he  Mas  i;iiiii){aloiu.' 
with,  luissiiiL,'  him  presently,  ran  ahimt  thi' 
woods  loseek  Inm,  and  wlien  lliey  fmnd  liiiii. 
tliey  were  ».>  pitiful  to  him,  or  so  careful  of 
llii'ir  own  piod,  us  not  to  cast  away  a  likels 
yoiliij^  liiiii,  from  whom  lliey  expected  I'llher 
nnicli  service,  or  a  ^'iiml  ransom,  for  want  of 
a  lillle  care  and  pains  lo  pp'serve  his  lili'  ; 
wherefori!  taking;  him  upon  tlieir  shoulders, 
they  lariieil  him  into  the  next  «ii.'wam,  ho 
llial  lie  soon  .il'ier  revived,  and  came  to  him- 
self iiifaiii,  without  any  firiher  mischief 

At  aiiolher  time,  the  saviiLTi'  villain,  whose 
prisoner  lie  was,  hh  lorii;  as  he  had  stroiii;  li- 
c|ilor,  for  live  days  toi;eilier  was  so  drunk 
\i".  was  like  u  mad  furious  heasl,  so  that  none 
durst  come  near  him,  his  sipiaw  lit:  almost  kil- 
cd  .11  one  of  those  driinkeii  tils. 

The  said  Thomas  to  i;et  out  of  his  aiijht 
went  into  the  woods  for  fear  of  heiinj  injured 
hy  Inm;  where  niakiiii,' ii  fire,  he  kept  himself 
ttlivi';  thesijuaws  heini,'  hy  (ioil's  speiMal  pro- 
vidence so  inclined  to  pity,  lliat  lliey  caim;  lo 
him  daily  with  victuals,  hy  which  ineaiii  he 
WHS  at  thill  tiiiu'  also  pie>,rved  ;  all  whii-h  put 
toi;elher,  iiiakes  his  deliverance  tliu  more  re- 
inurkalile,  as  an  answer  of  prayer. 

As  Ilir  the  rest  ol  the  prisoners  (which  nre 
said  to  he  ,00  or  lilt)  they  were  left  with  those 
who  first  siiprised  tliem  at  Keniieheck  and 
Shei'pscot  river  :  Tht'  women  were  employ- 
ed it  .seems  to  sew,  and  inaki!  fjiriuenls  f  u' 
them;  tliey  ha vini;  plundered  many  Kii^'ish 
efoods  at  Arowsick.  Tlies  are  so  much  ela- 
ted with  their  late  successes,  in  .spoiliiiff  so 
miiiiy  Eli;>;lisli  hahitalions,  thai  they  seemed 
not  very  ready  to  hearken  to  terms  of  peace, 
as  their  sairamore  .Madockawamlo  doth  de- 
sire: Xor  are  the  Eiif^lish  iihlo  lo  come  near 
tliein  with  any  of  their  fiici'i  this  winter  sea- 
son, in  ri'ijard  Imili  of  the  remoteiiess  of  the 
place,  and  sharpness  of  the  cold,  which  used 

III  ho  extremi'  in  those  parts.  How  their 
hearts  may  he  inclined  in  the  f  illowliifj  year, 
or  what  tin  Eiij;lisli  may  he  enahled  to  do 
ngainst  them,  is  known  unto  (iml  onlv,  on 
whom  we  desire  lo  wait  lor  a.  confortahle 
issue  of  these  our  Iroiihles.  Iiiit  until  they 
have  spent  all  the  plunder  that  is  taken,  it  is 
no  doiiht,  hut  thev  will  seem  averse  from  liav- 
llir  peace  ;  us  others  lo  the  westward  did. 
whose  hearts  were  hardeni'd  ii;iainst  all  jirof- 
f'ors  of  that  nature,  till  they  were  destroyeil  ; 
po3.-.ihly  .some  remnants  of  them  that  e-ica- 
ped  ill  those  other  parts,  are  got  hillier 
amon^^st  llie§e  and  do  uiilmate  tliem  all  they 
can  lo  hostility  aijaiiut  us,  till  they  make 
these  as  niiseriiule  as  themselves,  and  so  forced 
at  last  U>  fly  from  their  country      Many  liave 


lini-'it  ihi)  troilhles  svo  liiivu  met  with  from  eiitliiisi.inliral  or  iiiilni  ih.iliiilii  al  miscrc  int ; 
these  harharoiis  tieiu:lihours  roiinil  iihoiil  us,  who  hath  put  on  a  |.'aili  of  reli^illll,  i-iid  order 
hill  (lod  »e  trust  \\ill  deliver  us  nut  of  them  ed  Ins  peuple  to  do  ihe  like;  pel  lilrlllill^'  I'e- 
all  as  lie  haili  promisrd  to  do  for  the  ri;.;hleoiis,  li|;ioiis  wiii'ship  iimon^'Ht  the  Indian.s  in  liiii 
who  may  in  the  darkest  inuht  of  iilllii.tiiin  aay  way,  yet  is  Miipposed  to  liiivu  very  fainiliiir 
h^'lil  Is  sown  till'  tliem,  winch  shall  iipriii({  up  Converse  with  the  devil,  timi  ii|ipeiirii  lo  him 
III  the  appointed  time  thereof  'as  an  atiu'el  of  lij;ht   in   some  Ahape   or  olhrr 

No  lurllier  news  caiin'  to  hand  concerniiif;  sery  liei|Uenlly,  '1  Ins  Francis  (  iird  also  nf- 
llie  Kn){l,Hli  piisoners  at  Keniieheck,  alter  firineih,  that  there  is  not  so  ^'I'eiil  a  luiliiher 
the  return  of  Capl.  .Moore,  liom  J'eiioliscot,'of  Indians  as  is  liercin  reporteii  ;  for  he  saitli, 
till  the  .I'll  of  .lanuiiry ;  when  one  I'Vuncisj  when  they  were  |,'iiinj{  out  upon  some  design 
('aid.  with  anollier  youni;  man,  formely  an ;  while  he  was  in  iheir  hands,  he  had  oppoitii- 
inhahilaiit  ofsoine  place  uhoiit  Kinieheck,  or^nily  to  roiinl  iheni  all  and  could  lind  hut  !I8 
of  Arowsiik  (hut  then  the  prisoner  with  llieiof  them  that  were  tiieii ;  neither  could  he  dis- 
Indiaiis)  made  an  escape  friuii  them,  and  ^'oticern  that  there  wore  any  of  the  wislern  lii- 
ovi'r  to  (y'asco  Imv,  and  then  lo  Mlack  point,  dians  unless  Simon  and  Andrew,  that  form- 
froiii  thence  he  was  conveyed    to    I'iscataipia  I eriy  escaped  out  of  Dover  prison  ;    allliiiiH>li 


soon  after,  and  then  to  Ihislon, 

The  manner  of  Ins  escapi',  as  he  reports, 
was  this  :  He  was  employed  hy  the  Indians 
lo  thresh  corn  at  a  harii  a  lillle  lower  in  the 
river,  than  the  place  where  the  Indians  com- 
monly kept ;  heinj;  trusted  alone,  to  ^o  and 
come  of  himself,  hecaiise  there  was  no  sus- 
picion of  liny  coiniiij^  to  cany  him  away,  or 
seeinini,'  [(ossihility  lo  i;et  awiiy  without  heini; 
discovered,  he  found  means  to  plot'wilh  an- 
other vomit;  man,  who  was  sent  lo  look  fir 
horses,  whose  lli-sh  it  seems  i'  hy  those  wild 
savai^es  preferred  hefore  the  h 'st  heef,  so  that 
liavini;  their  I'lioice  of  holli,  lli  ry  took  what 
they  hked  he-l.  This  lieint,' the  ti'iployment 
of  ihe  youni;  man,  he  had  the  hetter  opportu- 
nity when  he  was  in  the  woods  to  make  a 
contrivance  to  f,'et  away.  Thus  liein;j  resol- 
ved upon  their  desii^n,  they  provided  neces- 
saries acconliii'.'lv,  ami  rent  such  ii  mess  \i,'e 
I  'lie  o  their  masters,  as  iiiii;lit  occasion  th 'in 
III.  (o expect  tliem  very  soon  lliatnieht.  Thus 
resolveil,  they  mariOied  away  as  soon  asl'iey 
perceivi'd  the  coast  was  clear;  and  haviiij; 
provided  a  c.iiioe  accordmL'ly  fit  for  llie  de- 
si;,'ii,  hy  the  help  ol' which  they  ijot  over  the 
wilier  hy  which  they  were  to  pass,  which  was 
not  frozen;   and  in  the  nit^ht  lime  liirned   into 


It  was  liefore  nppreheiiiled  there  were  iinilli- 
tiides  of  them  hocked  thither. 

Fnim.in  Cdril'.i  tlirlaratiim  «/'  llirir  he 
ginning,  August,  Will., 

The  Indians  come  to  Richard  Ifammond's 
and  there  killed  Kichard  Hammond,  ,'^aiiiiipl 
Smith,  and  .loshiia  (irani,  there  parting  theii 
coinpany,  eleven  men  came  up  Keiineheik 
river  to  my  house,  ami  there  took  me,  and  my 
liimilv.  'I'lierefore  the  rest  of  their  coinpiiiiv 
went  lo  Arowsick  and  lliern  took  the  (;airi 
son  :  Aliont  a  fortniudit  after,  ihi'V  ranie  down 
Ivi'iinelieck  river,  and  so  went  down  to  |)a- 
maril's  cove,  and  there  huriit  houses  niiil  kil- 
led catth' ;  then  comiiif,'  hack  parted  their 
coinpany;  one  party  went  to  .fewel's  island, 
and  the  other  party  went  to  Sauaihihoik,  he- 
iiiir  in  niimher  81.  Those  that  went  lo  Saga- 
ilahock  took  a  shallop;  from  ihence  came  to 
Kennelieck  river,  and  then  went  to  killint^anil 
destroy  iii>;  of  cattle  and  houses;  liir  they  had 
iiilelli;;ence  ofa  ketch  and  a  shallop  lit  Damii- 
ril's  cove,  and  i;oint,'  there  they  look  the  shal- 
lop, and  killed  two  men,  lieiiig  in  the  nuinher 
ahout  80.  The  next  das  made  up  their  forces 
went  ahout    to  Hlack  point   lieiiii'  ahout  120 


a  swamp,  v\  lu're  they  mit;lit  make  a  tire  toi  lit;litlii^'  men,  and  are  now  in  two  forts  ahout 
keep  them  from  sulferini;  with  the  cold  with- j  HO  at  a  place,  with  six  or  eielit  wigwams  he- 
out  lieinir  discerned;    so  that   within  two  or  tween  the  two  forts. 


three  days  they  recovered  the  fort  and  pirri- 
soii  at  lilack  point,  from  whence  they  were 
soon  conveyed  lo  I5o>ton. 

This  Francis  Card  made  his  relation  of 
initlers  when  he  came  lo  Mostoii,  viz.  that  the 
prisoners  which  he  left  hehind  were  well,  and 
not  much  ill  used,  only  put  to  do  the  servile 
work  ahout  the  Indians.  Woe  must  it  needs 
he  with  Christians,  when  put  not  only  to  so- 
joiirn,  hut  to  serve  in    those  leiits  of  Kediir. 


Now  the  heat  place  to  land  men  is  inCiisco 
hay,  and  in  Keniieheck  river;  the  one  place 
heiiitr  eitilit,  the  other  ahoiil  fourteen  miles 
from  the  fort  where  I  was  kept  ;  and  if  the 
arinv  do  not  |jo  with  speeil,  tliey  will  hi'  fioiie 
f  irty  miles  liirtlier  up  in  the  country.  Al  tho 
first  takii:  '  of  nu?  they  carried  me  up  lo  Ta- 
connet,  and  the  men  coniini;  down,  they 
liroiiiiht  me  and  two  more  men  down  for  fear 
of  onrkiUint;  their  women  and  children;   for 


Such  of  the  Women  as   wiTe    skilled    in  knit-|tliey   kept   their   women  and  chiMren  at    Ta- 


lini;  ami  sewinj;  were  employed  lo  make 
stockiiiiis  and  ijarinents  for  their  |iaIeroons: 
so  it  seems  the  ware-house  at  Arowsick  fur- 
nished them  witli  cloth,  sliilf  and  linen,  and 
the  inhahitaiits  siMVed  for  arliticers  to  cut  it 
out  and  make  it  up. 

He  reported  also  that  the  Imlians  spake 
nothing  of  aiiv  peace;  hut  rather  heiiii;  heis,'h- 
tened  with  their  late  and  great  successes, 
were  conlriviiiii  how  to  get  possession  ol  the 
oilier  places  in  the   hands  of  the  iMitrlish  on 


coniiet  all  tin"  summer.  As  soon  as  the  warm 
weather  doih  set  in  thev  do  intend  to  go  a  wav 
to  Taconnet,  and  there  to  hiiild  two  forts, 
for  there  ift  their  lisliiin;  places  and  plmtin<; 
i;;'oiiiid.  .S(|uaiido  dotli  infirm  tln'in  that  (.ioil 
doih  speak  to  him,  and  doth  tell  him  that 
(ioil  hath  left  our  nation  to  them  to  destroy, 
and  the  Indians  take  tiir  truth  all  that  he  tells 
them;  hecause  they  have  met  with  iioatrronl. 
Now  Mugt;  the  rogue,  lieint;  come  again  f-; 
the  fort,  doth  make  his  hnigs,   and    laiit;lis  at 


that  side  ol    the    countrv,    wliicli 


(tod  firhiil    the  I'wiglish,  and  saitii,  thai  I 


nth  fl 


UIRl 


tl 


1} 


llld 


ever  come    to    pass 


hut    fimling    so  way  to  hiirn  IJoston,  and  doth  make  laughter 


:y  work  of  their  former  exploits,  they  hope,  at  your  kind  entertainmi'iit ;   they  make  their 


to  accomplish  their  inirpose 


s,    with   the    like  hrags  how  the 


to  tal< 


ike  vessels,  and 


ig  islands,  and  so  Unvc 


facility  in  all  other  places  where  they  come,     to  go  lo  all  the  tisliii 

It  teems  SquunJo  is  their  ciiief  leader,  that .  the  countrj^  before  iheia ;   ruckonuj  to  be  -A 


678 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


|;rL'it  iiiuiilxir  in  tho  spring.  There  arc  a 
great  many  Iiulluiis  at  Canada  that  havn  not 
liuoii  out  this  summer,. Ixilh  of  Kennebock  and 
OaniarnHCoggln,  iherefure  a  great  many  of 
tliesu  Indians  at  ICenncb'jck  du  intend  to  go 
to  Canaila  in  the  spring  to  them,  and  tliey  do 
give  gifts  lioth  of  captives,  and  of  goods  to  the 
eastern  Indians,  to  hav<3  them  go  with  tliem; 
Imt  as  yet  I  do  not  know  what  tlioy  will  do, 
fur  Madockawando  and  fSijnando  are  of  seve- 
ral judgments,  and  so  hiivu  parted  and  Ma- 
dockawando  doth  pretend  love  to  t)iu  English 
captives  as  civilly  as  wc  can  exjioct  liv  snch 
a  people.  That  this  is  a  (ruth,  is  di-ulared 
l)y  me  Francis  Card,  the  S'ind  of  Jan- 
nary  1C79. 

Hy  the  report  which  he  brings  it  does  no' 
npperir  so  diin<:uU  a  matter  to  make  an  at- 
tempt III  recover  the  place  and  ilestroy  lliem 
that  hold  it,  '!!  v.ns  bt^fore  apprehemled :  In- 
scimncli  as  hat  design  that  was  under  debate 
'iit-r.i'e  the  governor  and  council  a  liitle  bi!- 
fore  and  was  let  iidi  for  the  present,  as  a  matter 
nol'feasible,  hath  since  been  set  on  foot  with 
u  fresh  resolution  :  .\nd  another  tiling  also 
occurred  about  the  saifie  time  which  put  new 
life  into  the  saiil  design,  viz.  an  apprehension 
that  there  were  s<'>eral  of  the  Naragansetts 
scattered  about  in  these  woods  near  Piscata- 
qua,  who  it  was  feared  might  join  with  those 
(if  Kennebeck  in  the  spring,  and  so  conn? 
down  upon  the  I'^iifiish  plantiitlon.-i,  and  spoil 
them  all  that  were  tliereabouts.  For  soon  af- 
ter Francis  Cird  came  to  IJust.in,  some  of 
Major  VValderu's  Indinns  at  <.iueeliecho,  as 
they  were  hunting  in  the  woods,  chanced  to 
meet  willi  thri-e  strange  Iiulians,  two  of  which 
had  gims,  but  those  of  Qnechecho  were  with- 
out. The  other  Inilians  began  to  have  a  talk 
with  them,  ij  see  if  they  ooidil  make  way  (i)r 
their  acceptance  with  the  Knglish;  Those  In- 
dians that  this  motion  wis  made  unto,  in  a 
most  perfidious  manner  gave  them  encounige- 
ment  in  the  business,  and  appointt^d  a  place 
where  to  meet  them  the  next  day,  saying  they 
could  not  have  them  go  ln>iiu>  with  them  to 
their  wigwams  lest  their  women  and  children 
woidiJ  be  frighted  wiih  the  sight  of  their 
guns;  all  which  spoken  upon  a  treacherous 
ac<:ount,  by  that  means  to  betray  them,  for 
they  had  neither  women  nor  children  at  their 
wigwams;  but  not  having  guns  themselves, 
as  the  othi-rs  hail,  ihey  durst  not  then  sei/.e 
upon  them.  'I'he  iii-xt  ihiy  thi'refore,  nccor- 
dnig  to  appiiintuient,  their  gui-sta  expecting  a 
treaty  and  a  fni'ndly  compliance  (vet  coming 
apart  as  was  ordereil  the  day  bi'l'oreto  be  the 
more  easily  surprised)  arrived  at  the  plact' 
appointed  and  then-  presiuilly  the  first,  being 
thus  treuehi'musly  brought  into  th<!  snare, 
was  despatched  out  of  hand.  The  like  was 
also  dont^  to  tlie  sei'oiid.  Tiic  third  was  at  a 
distani^e,  but  he  either  discerned  or  suspected 
ivhttt  beca-.iio  of  his  fellows,  and  therefore 
made  the  more  haste  to  escape,  but  his  de- 
ceitful friends  wen-  loo  <piick  i()r  him,  who 
shot  him  down  before  he  cmihl  get  out  of 
their  reach;  so  that  thi'V  took  him  ulive,  as  is 
said  ;  but  he  could  imt  live  much  !ong<!r  by 
reason  of  his  wounds.  The  Qui'checho  Imiians 
cut  off  the  scalps  of  theu'  poor  countrymen 
(which  9  thiur  usual  niiiniier  w  hi  i  it  is  loo 
far  to  carry  their  bends)  which  b'^iig  brought 
to  Major  Waldern,  they  wen-  presently  dis- 
cerned to  be  Narragansetts  by  thi!  cut  of  their 
h«ir.     This  Instance  k  u  sulHcieiit  evidence 


of  the  subtlety,  guile  and  falsehood,  natural 
to  all  these  Indians,  and  may  satisfy  any  ra- 
tional person,  what  little  trust  there  is  to 
put  in  their  words,  promises  or  engagements, 
though  ever  so  solemnly  made,  farther  than 
they  that  make  them,  for  ailvantage  in  the 
keeping  and  performing.  Subtlety,  malice 
and  revenge,  seems  to  be  as  inseparable  from 
them,  as  if  it  were  a  part  of  their  essence. 

Whatever  hopes  may  bo  of  tl»ur  conver- 
sion to  Christianity  in  after  time,  there  is  but 
little  nppeuriince  of  any  truth  in  their  hearts 
at  present,  where  so  much  of  the  contrary  is 
so  ordinirily  breathed  out  of  their  moullis. 

Tht-se  manners  of  the  Uentilcs  in  former 
tiMos,  while  they  remained  chililri  :.  of  disobe- 
dience, until  tlu!^  w  ere  reneweil  after  another 
image  :  Nor  are  these  incapable  subjects  for 
divine  grace  to  work  upmi;  yet  are  there 
some  natural  vices  proper  to  every  nation  in 
the  world,  as  I'aul  speaks  of  the  Grecians, 
from  the  testimony  of  one  of  their  own 
poets. 

I!ut  to  return.  These  things  so  concurring 
and  several  gentlenuMi  from  about  I'iscataqiia 
repairinjf  to  liuston,  so  represented  the  state 
of  things  er-jtward  beliirc  the  governor  and 
council,  tl  It  it  is  apprehi-ndeil  imtiuily  neci-s- 
sarv,  but  casible  also  to  suppress  the  aforesaid 
Indians  in  those  parts  :  Wlieriuipon  it  was 
forthwil''  concluded  ihat  an  expeditiiui  should 
be  made  against  tliem  ;  t)  which  end  2.')0  sol- 
diers, whereof  about  GO  wiTC  of  Nalick  In- 
dians, who  had  given  good  proof  of  their  value 
and  fiilhfulness  to  the  English  ;  all  which 
were  immediately  despatcheil  away  the  first 
week  in  Febriiarv,  by  water  undi'r  the  con- 
duct of  Major  Waldern,  as  commander  in 
chief;  u  persmi  well  approved  fiir  his  activity, 
as  well  as  fidelity  and  courage  in  matters  of 
this  nature.  They  had  to  encounter  with 
rough  and  contrary  winds,  and  mucli  cohl 
weather  the  first  week  after  their  setting  out; 
but  having  so  much  experience  of  the  favour 
aiiil  goodness  of  Almi;.'lity  (iod,  who  is  always 
wiuit  to  be  nreseiit  w  iili  his  servants  in  like 
cases,  though  he  hath  often  fiir  a  time  ilefi'rri  I, 
fiir  the  trial  of  (heir  fiiitli  and  exercise  of  their 
patience,  yet  iisi'th  not  to  fiiil  his  people,  that 
put  their  trust  in  him,  being  appointed  fiir 
that  end,  to  which  we  expect  a  comfortable 
answer.  We  thii!  have  jeiit  f  irth  luir  friends 
on  the  public  serv'ce,  being  thus  engagcil  to 
follow  them  with  piiivi'rs,  at  present  iti  silence 
wait  upon  the  Ijord  of  Hosts  to  give  a  blessing 
to  till' design  ;  hoping  our  friends  in  this  ne- 
cessary, though  dirtirnit  service,  thus  called 
fiirtli,  liave  gone  out  with  the  like  eiu ourage 
nieiit  .mil  resolution  that  sometimes  ,Ii'ab  did. 
Let  us  be  of  good  courage,  and  phiy  the  iimmi 
of  our  people,  and  fiir  the  cause  of  our  (lod. 
And  let  the  Lord  do  that  which  leemeth  him 


g" 


III. 


Upon  the  11th  of  February,  two  Indian 
squaws  that  had  run  away  fiom  Major  Wal- 
ilern's  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  out  of  dis- 
content, because  the  husband  of  one  of  them, 
and  some  of  the  relations  of  the  other  were 
sent  away,  came  back  with  more  wit  than 
they  curried  away  with  them,  though  with 
less  fiesb  upon  their  backs;  having  wandered 
up  towards  I'lgwaiichet,  till  they  .vero  almost 
slarved  there.  They  siiy  some  of  the  Indians 
were  seen  by  tlieiii,  pretending  they  were  go- 
ing to  the  head  of  Connecticut  river,  with 
hostile  inliMli  against  the  English;  but  they 


going  away  in  the  niunner  before  descrilwd, 
Rttle  heed  is  to  bo  given  to  the  stories  they 
tell  on  their  return. 

The  19lh  of  February  fiillowlng,  John  Ab- 
bot, the  master  of  Mr.  Fryer's  ketch  taken 
October  13th  at  Hhick  point,  came  into  the 
ishtof  Shoales,  havini;  made  a  desperate  ad- 
venture to  escape.  He  gave  a  more  probable 
account  of  ihiiigs  in  those  parts. 

He  salt  h  they  first  carried  to  Seeepscot  river, 
wliere  the  vessel  in  which  they  were  taker 
was  moored  all  the  winter ;  in  which  lime 
the  Indians  have  spent  all  their  ammunition 
and  most  of  their  provision,  thought  it  high 
time  to  be  looking  out  fiir  more  ;  to  wliicli 
end  they  caused  the  s.iii;  il  hot  to  fit  ii|)  the 
vesstd  (lieing  a  pinnace  of  about  .'!()  iiuis)  as 
well  as  he  coiilii,  with  such  assistaiicii  us  they 
could  alTord  him  ;  and  ten  of  theMi  shipped 
lemselvesin  the  same,  iiilendliig  fiir  I'ennli- 
scot ;  from  thence  to  sail  up  that  river  as  (iir 
as  they  could  ;  ami  then  leaving  tin  ir  vessel 
to  proceed  on  with  their  Cannes  as  high  lip 
the  river  as  the  stream  would  jiermit,  and  so 
to  pass  on  to  Canada,  to  buy  powder  of  tho 
French  there  ;  it  being  at  this  lime  thirtv  two 
shillings  a  pound  ninongst  the  Indians  at  Ken- 
nebeck. Hut  as  I'rovidence  onlered  il,  after 
these  mariners  launched  into  the  deep  a  small 
storm  with  a  contrary  wind  began  to  rise  ;  of 
which  the  English  skipper  fiiund  ways  in  his 
steering  to  make  the  danger  seem  more  than 
really  it  was,  insomuch  that  they  resolved  to 
put  in  ut  cape  Hoiiawaggon,  three  leagues  to 
the  eastward  of  Sheepscoi,  where  eight  of 
them  went  on  shore,  leaving  two  Indians  on 
board  with  the  English  i  kipper.  Afli'r  he  had 
got  so  well  lio  of  them  he  contrived  how  to 
get  clear  of  the  others  also  ;  therefiire  he  per- 
suaded iheii;  that  the  vessel  wouUI  net  ride 
safely  in  that  place,  so  that  he  prevailed  with 
lliem  to  let  biin  go  to  another  harbour  called 
Damaril's  cove,  two  or  ihree  leagues  more 
eastward.  In  the  way  as  he  sailed  he  so  or- 
dered 1  is  steering  that  uniiieliines  the  waves 
wen;  ready  to  overtake  the  vessel,  which  put 
his  two  Indians  into  n  fright,  so  that  they 
niiiili-  all  the  haste  they  oulil  to  get  ashore, 
as  soon  as  they  come  within  the  harbour,  urging 
him  to  go  along  with  them;  but  he  pretended 
a  necessary  excuse  to  stay  behind  to  look  after 
the  -vessel  but  with  intent  as  soon  as  he  should 
see  them  ashore,  to  hoist  sail  fi)r  some  English 
harbour,  having  no  lioily  on  board  with  him, 
but  a  small  English  child  about  three  years 
old.  It  seems  the  Indians  hud  a  child  or  two 
ofliieir  own  dead  in  the  vessel,  who  died  after 
they  began  their  voyage,  they  wi-re  the  fiir- 
warder  to  go  on  sliore  with  them  liir  burial. 
The  said  Abbot  now  perceiving  he  had  ob- 
tained his  purpose  (fiir  he  reviilved  on  this 
project  before)  first  greasing  the  mast  with  a 
piece  of  fat  pork  left  by  tin;  Indians,  as  high 
he  cnuld  reach,  that  he  with  his  own  liiiiids 
might  tho  more  easily  hoist  the  sail,  so  clioov 
ing  rather  to  cast  himself  upon  the  I'rovulenco 
of  Ood  on  tho  waters,  than  to  trust  himself 
any  longer  with  the  piM-fidious  savages  on  tho 
dry  laml;  he  came  safe  to  the  isle  ol  Slmales 
befiire  llie  evening  of  the  next  day,  the  10th 
of  February. 

Within  a.  few  days  af\er  ,Tolin  Abbot  iifiire- 
said  made  his  escape  in  the  vessel,  there  came 
an  express  from  Nlajor  VVhIiIimii  (the  com- 
mander in  chief  over  our  fiirces  sent  to  Ken- 
nobcck  to  subduo  :ho  Ir  '      j  in  those  parts. 


lufurc  (lc8cril)t>(i, 

I  lie   8ti>ric8  llit'v 

lini;,  Icilin  All- 
's ki'trli  liikin 
riiiiK!  iiiti)  il,i) 
i]i'9)ii'rnl('  11(1- 

II  IIKMC  |)rollul)|»j 

In. 

'i'0|).ic<il  rivrr, 

7   wt-ri!  iiikiT 

in  wliirli  riino 

li'ir  nmiiiiiiiiliiiii 

nu'lit  it  liii 
hint'  ;    tri   wliicli 

l)f    til   fit     up    till! 

ll   .'!(>   tci;is)   iin 

i-iistlllicc  IH  thl'V 
lIll'MI    .slii|i|ir,| 

(ill*      I'l'PKlll- 

lliiit  liver  m    du 
»i,'  llicir    vrssfl 

"■S     IIS     lll^.li     |||, 

"''iiiit,   mill  so 

|)ilWlllT    III'    ill,. 

tiinii  lliirlv  lwi> 
Indiiiiisiil  Ki'M- 
inliri'd  it,  iificr 
111'  i!ri>|i  n  siimll 
•ijnii  to  risi-;  i)f 
mill  wiiys  ill  liiii 
I'l'iii   iiiiirc   lliiiii 
"•V    rrsiilvcd  lo 
lirre   l(Mi(;iics  to 
wlicri>  risrjit  of 
tWd  Imliiiiii)  (III 
■r.   AfitTJK.  Imd 
'itrivdd   how  Id 
liiTffiini  lie  por- 
wcMild  iK't  rido 
'  prrviiilcd  with 
r  hiirliiuir  ciilli'd 
^  li'iiljiics  iiioro 
siiili'd  lie  nil  or- 
mi's  til,'   waves 
•»si'l,  which  put 
>,   so   tliiit   they 
til   t,'«'t  iishiire, 
liiiilHiiir,  iirf;iiij» 
lit  liepri'ti'iiih>(| 
lid  fi>  lucik  niter 
nil  as  lie  -iliiiiild 
r  soiiie  Kiiiijish 
lard    with  hiin, 
lit  three   vears 
I  11  rliild  or  two 
who  ijiivj  iiCicr 
were   the  (lir- 
'III    liir  liiiriHl. 
fT    he    had    ol,- 
■ilved    nil   this 
e  iiia-it   with  II 
iiliaiiii,  as  hi^h 
lis  own  liiiiids 
sail,  sii  ehoiiv 
le  I'rovidciico 
tniKi  himself 
laviiires  nil  tho 
le  (i(  Slmales 
da^',  tin;  lOlh 

Ahhot  uCnre- 
*l,  there  ciiini' 
I'll    (the  eoiii- 

sent  til  Ken- 

thuae  part*. 


A   NARRATIVE   OF 


070 


and  deliver  tho  English  captivi>8  tliut  have 
been  detained  in  their  iiands  since  August 
Insi)  which  givelli  thidaccouiit  of  their  poceed- 

I'Vli  I7lh.  This  iTKirning  the  wind  north- 
east, soon  iiiier  south  ami  smith-west,  \vn  set 
Kiiil  with  our  vease'.s  tVoin  lilack  point,  tor 
I'orlliiiid,  liiit  on  the  east  aide  of  cape  Klizii- 
betli,  we  espied  .lolin  I'aiiie  (who  was  sent 
out  a  scout)  who  hrouglit  word  the  way  was 
clear  of  ice  and  Indians;  whereupon  wo  steer- 
ed for  Mary  point  at  the  head  of  Casc<i  bay, 
and  got  there  this  night,  hut  loo  late  to  get  to 
the  fort  liefore  iiioriiiiig, 

Feb.  IStli.  We  sent  this  morning  our  scouts 
out  liy  land,  who  returning  about  8  o'clock, 
brought  word  they  saw  the  tracks  of  three  In- 
dians, and  found  a  lurch  raiioi'  at  Mnckipiil, 
about  iciiir  n. lies  olV,  by  which  we  feared  «e 
wi^re  discovered  ;  the  coin|iaiiies  about  four  o' 
dock  were  drawn  lort'i,  and  just  beginiiiiig 
iheir  iimrch  when  we  espied  live  of  tho  ene- 
my abeut  half  a  mile  oil';  they  lainliil  over 
against  us  on  nn  island,  and  hollaed  to  us, 
whereby  we  perceived  they  desired  a  treaty  ; 
Imping  to  gam  the  captives,  we  sent  .Toliii 
Paine  to  them,  ilii'y  promised  bull  to  bring  the 
captives  by  morning  and  dcKired  peace.  Af- 
ter I'^s  .fnhii  I'line  win  sent  again,  and 
stayed  aiiiong  the  liuliaiis  in  the  ronm  ul  Si- 
mon, who  came  In  the  major'  lie  tvus  ipies- 
tioned,  and  answoied  as  liillows. 

Quest.  How  caiiio  you  to  know  we  wi-re 
here  ( 

Ans.  We  coiitininilly  kept  *iiit  our  scouts, 
and  yeslerday  our  Indians  left  a  canoe  at 
Muckquit,  which  this  day  we  missed,  and 
perceived  the  Knglish  h.d  taken  it,  and  our 
liU'ii  that  left  tho  canoe  espied  you  u  great 
way  olf  at  I'orlland. 

Qiieat.  Why  did  you  break  yuur  covenant 
with  me  ! 

Ans.  Blind  Will  stirred  us  up  to  war  here, 
and  saiil  hu  wieild  kill  you  at  Quechechn. 
Simon  having  said  this,  asked  the  major  what 
his  business  was  here,  to  whom  it  was  an- 
swered, we  came  lo  let.  h  oU'llie  captives  and 
liKtko  war  as  we  see  good.  Simon  also  told 
us  that  the  captives  were  all  well,  (hat  we 
should  have  them  by  morning,  that  Sipiando 
was  there,  and  would  give  (he  captives  (o 
Major  Walilern  ;  tha(  they  iiid'iided  peace, 
Hiid  had  HOiil  to  linslon  before  now,  but  ihal 
Mugg  told  them  that  the  English  would  be 
here  shortly. 

The  major  upon  this  ilisiiiissed  Simon,  and 
sent  for  Si|iianilo,  lo  wli;ch  Sipiaiidoanswered 
hi)  would  iiiei'l  hull  half  way  if  lie  would 
come  alone  in  a  birch  canoe.  To  this  I 
inajiir  niiswereil,  he  wniild  not  venture  liiin- 
SellMi  one  of  their  leaky  caiioei,  and  that  if 
lie  had  no  more  lo  siy,  the  tri'.iiy  was  I'lided  ; 
To  ihis  Sipiaiiiln  aiiswereil,  he  would  be  wilh 
US  again  at  ten  n'lhick,  and  bring  the  I'aplives. 

Feb.  9lli.  Wind  north-east,  the  wi'ather 
thick  :  About  noon  we  diseovored  a  party  of 
Indians  in  f  iiiriecn  canoes  abniit  three  miles 
above  US  in  (he  bay  ;  they  lainled  on  a  pniiil 
of  land,  mill  burnt  one  Kiii;lish  house  and 
slioiili'il  to  some  nf  our  me.i  that  were  senilis, 
challenging  tliein  (o  light  :  Iiiiiiieibalely  on 
the  re(urn  of  our  scoiKs  we  luari'hed  aga  list 
them  as  secretly  as  we  could  ;  iipnii  sight  nf 
us  they  tied  ;  but  ('apt.  KrosI  came  U|ii>ii 
llu'ni  with  his  whole  body  before  lliey  were 
balf  out  of  gun  shot.     In   this  tkirmiiS  we 


judged  wc  killed  and  wounded  several  of 
them  witliniit  any  dmnago,  yet  soniu  ol  their 
biilleta  bit  some  of  our  men.  For  the  captain's 
sake  imineiiiately  after  this  wo  hung  out  a 
tlag  of  truce  and  the  enemy  did  (!;'■  like.  ,Iohn 
I'aiiio  was  sen?  lo  them  lo  dcinaii  J  (he  reason 
why  thoy  fired  the  houses,  and  broke  their 
prniniso, 

Simon  met  him  half  way,  and  answered,  (ho 
house  was  fired  accideiilally  without  order 
fiiiil  S<]uando  ;  that  they  had  sent  ftir  (hu  cap- 
tives who  wore  a  great  way  oil",  and  the  foul 
weatherhindored  their  coming  :  He  riuestion- 
ed  John  Paine  also  why  wc  fought  them  wiiile 
wo  were  in  a  treaty. 

Paine  answered,  they  broke  it  thnmselvos 
in  not  performing  their  prnmises,  challenging 
our  soldiers  to  figlit  ;  tli<!  latter  Simon  denied, 
and  answered  tho  other  u:i  beliire  :  Simon  told 
him  they  had  two  men  wounded,  and  expect- 
ed satisjaction,  lint  also  promised  the  captives 
the  next  day  and  so  h'lt  un. 

Feb.  yOth.  The  wind  north-east,  and  snow, 
it  was  resolved  to  sail  tor  Kenm'beck  (he  tirs( 
fair  wind,  whither  we  had  iiiiiiiediately  gone 
upon  our  knowleilgo  that  we  were  discover- 
ed by  (he  enemy,  biitdiatdie  wind  and  weadier 
hindered  us  hilherdi. 

Fi'b.  21.  This  morning  the  Willi!  iiDrlh-weMt, 
we  .set  sail  for  Keimebeck,  and  arrived  at  (he 
harbour's  inoiilh  at  liiiir  o'clock.  About  sun 
set  we  set  sail  up  the  river,  and  got  to  the 
lower  end  nf  Arowsirk. 

Feb.  22d.  Wo  sot  sail  this  mnrning  but 
could  not  get  to  (ho  liead  of  the  river  lor  ice, 
whereupon  wo  landed  our  soldiers  at  (wo 
o'clock  abiut  twelve  miles  olf  Aboundessll 
tiii'l,  mill  iinmediately  began  our  inarch  ;  at 
8  o'(  lock  111  night  came  to  the  fort ;  we  fiiiind 
i;o  Ii:(ii'i:;4,  there  we  took  up  oir  ipiartcrs 
this  i;i.;)it. 

Feb.  :J.">d.  Wo  sent  out  scouts 'luliscover 
the  march  nf  tho  enemy,  but  found  so  iiiaiiv 
(racks  every  way,  (hat  we  knew  iint  what 
way  (11  follow  tiieiii.  At  a  ooiincil  of  war  it 
was  resolved  that  Major  Waliicrn  should  sail 
for  Pennb.cot,  wilh  (wo  ketches,  aiel  part  of 
(he  soiiliers  to  seek  after  (ho  capdves,  and 
light  (ho  enemy  if  In;  hud  opportunity  ;  the 
re-i(  til  build  a  garrison.  In  the  iibseiico  of 
our  forces,  the  vessels  espied  si'veral  fires  be- 
low the  river,  and  niie  Knelish  house  was 
liiirni  ;  about  sunset  the  soldiers  re(uriied  (o 
the  vessels. 

Feb.  'Jllli.  This  morning  the  major  with 
two  boats  and  a  shallop,  went  to  spy  out  n 
place  (iisi'lllea  garrison,  and  fiiiind  one  against 
the  Inwerend  of  Arowsu  k  island  and  the  vos- 
.sels  are  broiiulil  to  it. 

I''eb.  U/iili.      Wi    rested  here  this  sabbath. 

.Iiiliii  linker's  house  opposite  the  lower  end 
of  Ann.  ;■''  being  juili,'ed  (he  most  conve- 
nient pl.iee  fir  (Inir  piiipo«e,  as  well  for  (he 
conveiiK'iH^y  of  wiKerlor  llie  soldiers,  as  fiir 
a  cove  wherein  ships  mii;lil  rid,',  within  com- 
inaiiil  thereof,  (he  vi'ssels  (lieri'fore  were  im- 
ini'iliad'ly  aiuhored  (here,  where  they  restoil 
on  the  I, mil's  day,  February  '2-'>l\\. 

iNexl  d.iy  according  lo  the  advii'O  of  the 
(•miiinainhrs,  .Major  Waldern  embarked  (iO 
mill  ill  two  vessels,  will  which  he  set  sail 
iminedi.ilely  for  Peiir.iscol,  leaving  the  rest 
to  bei'inploved  in  making  prepiiralion  for  se( 
tliiii^  .'i  garrison  in  (he  said  pluce. 

In  their  way  olf  from  (cyobscnl  point  they 
espied  two  Indians   ill   a   canoe,  (hut   waved 


(heir  caps  as  if  they  desired  to  speak  widi 
them,  John  Paine  and  Wal(er(ieiiil.'il  were 
presondy  seii(  ;  tliev  gave  them  intelligence 
that  many  Indians  wito  at  I'eiiiiiiiii|uid  with 
till!  English  captives,  upon  which  they  bent 
their  conrsi!  thither;  when  arriviiii;,  they 
anchored  at  four  o'clock  the  same  ilay  ;  soon 
after  two  Indians  halloed  to  them  I'lom  Mr. 
(iardner's  fort.  John  Paine  «  as  seiil  ashme 
to  enipiire  who  (hey  were,  and  what  was  lie- 
cmne  of  (he  captives.  Sundry  sorts  of  Indians 
were  found  about  the  place  wilh  several  sa- 
gamores, (he  chief  (if  whom  was  Mallahando, 
who  told  them  ho  was  glad  to  see  Englishmen 
there  and  that  he  desired  peace,  and  promised 
lo  deliver  such  captives  iis  «  ire  at  Piuinbvciit. 
the  next  morning;  adding  olso,  that  he  de- 
sired to  speak  «illi('apl.  Davis.  Alier.lnhii 
Paine  returned  (o  the  major,  he  was  at-nt 
back  wilh  (he  said  Davis  and  sliiyed  a-ilioK' 
(ill  three  sigainores  went  on  board,  ai.<l  sig- 
iiified  as  imich  to  .Major  Waldern.  as  they  had 
before  to  John  Paine.  Wliili!  thev  wi're  in 
liscmirse,  an  Knirlish  captive  was  espied  in 
a  caiioir   with  his  palernoii,  with    whom    they 

desired  to  s| k.  but  it    was    not    granted    at 

that  (line  ho  being  carried  farlhes-  up  the  river 
It  of  sight. 

So. ,11  alter  (lie  major  went  on  shore  v  'lli  -.ix 
men,  yi'l  carrying  noarin.-  with  tliein.  lie 
found  their  words  smoml  er  ihaii  nil,  yet 
were  there  drawn  swoids  in  their  heiiils,  of 
which  some  nf  their  ar'.ions  i;ave  no  small 
.'round  of  suspicion  ;  Inr  lliey  defiured  all 
nil  the  next  moriiinij ;  nor  were  they  willing 
111  let  the  man  that  was  espied  before  in  t.'n? 
canoe  come  on  board  (o  see  his  friiiiils  ivilli- 
niK  leaving  an  ho.slage  in  l.i-  room,  of  which 
he  inajnr  was  very  j;hiil,  that  he  inii.'lil  bavo 
ipportiiiiity  of  a  little  discourse  with  on,; 
whom  they  inii;lit  trust.  When  tlie\  ii'tiirii- 
from  the   slime  the   sign  was  prnnii>ied    le 

given  Inr  the  appeaiMiice  of  the  liidiai  s 
by  the  tiring  of  three  guns. 

The    next    iiiorniiii.',    Febuarv    L'Tili,     the 
major  with  the  s.iini.  number  as  bef  ire,  went 
1  neat  with    (hem,   they,    wilh    .loliii    I'aiue, 
first  hollaini^    to  (hem  :    I'pmi   (lieir    cniiiiiig 
on  shore  their  persons  weri'  .searched  on  bnlli 
ides,    and   all    arms  laid   aside.      The    whole 
I'orenoon  was  spent  in  a  treaty,  whereat  lliev 
seemed    much  to    rejoice  in    expeclalion   of  a 
peace    with    thi'    English;    \el     when    Mn)or 
Waldern  desired    a  pre-ienl  delivery   of  cap- 
tives, with  assistance  of  men  mid   canoes    to 
figlit    the    Moiiosciii.'L'.iii    Indiani,  eueniii's   to 
them  boll  ,  it  was  denied,  llioii(>li  thev  could  not 
ave  had  a  better  lefliinony  of  their  liilelity. 

They  alleeed  that  the  captives  were  (jiver 
dieiil  by  (he  Kenneiieck  _  Indians,  and  they 
must  have  sometlilnir  for  Ueepiiu;  (hem  for  a 
wiiilor,  and  therefore  were  not  willliii,'  in  h^t 
Iheiii  sjo  ^  '  '  lilt  a  ransoMi  ;  and  as  I'or  their 
canoes,  till  1  they    had    them    in    present 

service,  bei.  (hen  Imuiid  for  Penobscot. 
The  price  deinandeil,  twelve  skins  a  person, 
WHS  yielded  to;  iipoii  which  they  delivi'red 
William  ('liadbiirn,  .lolin  Wannick.and  .Inlin 
Wiirwooil,  which  were  all  that  thev  wnuld 
own,  or  could  In!  provi'd  lliil  lliey  h.id. 

The  part  of  pay  which  was  to  lie  In  lioiinr, 
was  peVseiilly  laid  iliiwii,  the  rest  was  pro- 
niiseil  to  be  sent  in  (he  afleriioon.  The  com- 
manders debated  what  was  further  to  be  done; 
iHie  or  I  wo  of  till"  old  s.i.;ainiires  (who  were 
believed)  seemed  aincero   about    the   iicacu, 


HlMnnm 


680 


THE    INDIAN    WARS. 


professed  that  none  of  them  had  any  hand  in 
the  war,  hut  only  some  of  their  young  men, 
whom  they  coiiM  not  ruh)  ;  liiit  several  of 
the  cntniiany  affirming  they  saw  sonic  of  the 
■aid  Indians  at  Casco  engaged  in  hostility 
Against  the  English,  it  was  resolved  not  to 
enter  into  any  league  of  peace  with  them,  !•  t 
rather  fight  or  suprize  them  aflsr  <h:-j  iiad 
dispatched  the  business  about  the  captives. 

'I'his  being  determined,  the  major  with  five 
of  his  men  went  on  shore,  with  part  of  the 
ransom,  the  better  to  beget  a  confidence  in 
them,  and  then  to  return  on  Woard  again,  and 
fit  his  men  for  fu'iher  service;  but  if  be  had 
not  wis'^ly  provided  against  all  exigencies  be- 
forehand, ho  might  have  been  prevented 
from  going  on  l)oard  any  more,  for  stepping 
aside  a  rod  or  two  from  the  place  for  t>etter 
circumspection,  he  espied  the  point  of  a  lance 
from  under  a  boai-d,  hid  there,  as  were  other 
arms  near  by,  for  a  treacherous  design  (hat 
was  in  their  minds,  soon  after,  upon  the  re- 
ceiving the  rest  of  the  pay,  lo  have  been  put 
into  execution.  Whereupon  .Major  VVJdern 
took  up  the  liince  und  came  towards  them, 
charging  them  with  liilsehood  and  treachery, 
for  hiding  wi-ino;is  just  by,  wherewith  to  de- 
■troy  them  as  soon  as  they  had  delivered  the 
goods.  The  Indians  discovered  the  r  ^uili 
by  their  countenances,  some  of  them  making 
towards  him,  thinking  to  get  the  weapon  out 
of  his  hands ;  but  he  bid  them  stand  off 
threatening  to  kill  every  one  thot  offered  to 
touch  him  ;  and  immediately  waved  his  cap 
over  his  head  (which  was  the  sign  agreed 
upon  for  all  the  soldiers  to  come  on  shore  in 
case  of  need)  upon  which  token  the  soldiers 
all  hasted  away.  In  the  meantime  the  En- 
glish that  went  on  shore  to  wait  upon  the 
major,  were  forced  to  bestir  themselves,  both 
to  secure  the  goods  from  being  carried  away, 
and  to  defend  Msyor  Wuldern.  Some  of  the 
■quawg,  with  others  of  the  enemy  ran  away  ; 
one  of  them  calched  up  a  bundle  of  guns  that 
wore  hid  near  by,  and  then  ran  off  with  them. 
Captain  Frost  seized  an  Indian  called 
Megunnaway,  a  notorious  rogue,  (that  had 
been  in  arms  at  Connecticut  last  June  at  the 
falls,  and  saw  the  brave  and  resolute  Cupt. 
Turner,  when  he  was  slain  aliout  Green- 
river,  (and  he  helped  to  kill  Tlioinos  Bracket 
at  Casco  in  August  last)  ami  with  the  help  of 
Lieut.  Nutter,  according  to  the  major's  order, 
carried  him  on  board,  while  himself  searching 
absut  farther,  found  three  guns  in  a  cow- 


house just  a:  hand,  wherewith  he  armed  the 
other  three  men  that  'rcro  with  him.  By 
this  time  some  of  the  soldiers  were  got  ashore, 
and,  instantly,  aocor.liiig  to  their  major's 
com?r2!'d.  pursued  the  enemy  towards  their 
L-anoes ;  in  il:^  <'!;use  several  of  the  enemy 
were  slain  whose  bodies  were  found  at  their 
return  to  the  number  of  seven,  amongst 
whom  was  Mattahando,  the  sagamore,  with 
an  old  I'owaw,  to  whom  the  devil  had  reveal- 
ed, as  sometimes  he  did  to  Saul,  that  on  the 
same  day  he  should  be  with  him;  for  he  had 
a  little  l)efore  told  the  Indians  that  within 
two  J.'iys  the  English  would  come  and  kill 
them  all,  which  was  at  the  very  same  time 
verified  upon  himself.  The  body  of  our  men 
overtook  them  before  they  all  recovered  their 
canoes  so  that  without  uoubt,  divers  others 
of  them  were  slain  likewise,  for  they  sunk 
a  canoe  wherein  were  five  drowned  before 
their  eyes,  and  many  others  were  not  able  to 
paddle;  four  they  took  prisoners,  whom 
they  brought  away  with  them.  There  were 
about  '2i>  Inili  ns  present  at  this  encounter. 

Much  moi  image  might  have  been  done 
by  our  men  upon  the  enemy,  if  ti^-^y  had 
known  the  moit  direct  way  to  their  canoes  ; 
but  the  Indians  having  prepared  all  things 
ready  for  flight,  as  well  as  for  fight,  the  more 
easily  made  their  escape.  One  of  the  cap- 
tives was  sister  to  Madockawando,  who  was 
entertained  very  courteously  by  the  comman- 
der in  chief,  and  would  have  been  carried 
forthwith  to  her  brother  in  hopes  by  her 
means  to  have  gained  the  better  terms  for  our 
remaining  English  captives,  bad  it  not  been 
certainly  known  that  he  was  gone  from  home 
upon  a  hunting  design,  and  not  to  return  in 
two  months. 

The  English  took  much  plunder  from  ttie 
Indians,  about  a  thousand  weight  of  dry  beef, 
with  other  things.  Megiinnawuy  was  shot 
to  death  the  same  day  or  next ;  so  that  justice 
is  by  degrees  pursuing  those  perfidious  vil- 
lains, and  they,  one  after  another  brought  un- 
der the  wheel  of  destruction.  Simon,  the 
arch-traitor,  seems  as  it  is  said,  by  his  con- 
sumptive looks,  to  have  received  the  sentence 
of  death,  which  may  bring  him  into  the  same 
place  or  state  with  the  re.^t. 

Feb.  28,  they  set  sail  for  Sheepscot,  but 
the  wind  failing,  they  put  in  at  Kennebeck, 
from  whence  Captain  Fiak  with  40  men, 
were  sent  to  the  same  place  to  seek  after 
plunder,  were  they  found  between  30  and  40 


buaheli  of  good  wheat,  which  they  brought 
away  with  them  several  other  things  they 
lighted  upon  here  and  there,  some  of  which 
were  brought  away,  such  as  one  or  two  grei» 
guns,  from  .Sagadahock,  and  boards  from 
Arowsick,  where  they  found  an  hundred 
thousand  foot,  of  which  they  brought  home 
enough  for  the  lading  of  their  vessels,  leaving 
the  rest  to  be  transported  in  a  more  conveni- 
ent season. 

While  our  soldiers  were  upon  Arowsick, 
two  of  the  enemy  chanced  to  come  upon  the 
place,  and  one  of  them  instantly  received  his 
reward,  the  other  received  his  payment  in 
part,  which  however  is  supposed  to  amount 
to  the  whole,  the  canoe  wherein  he  was  es- 
caping, being  found  the  next  day  all  bloody, 
and  split  asunder, 

March  Ist,  one  of  the  Indian  squaws,  a 
captive,  was  sent  to  Taconnet  fi)rl,  with  a 
message  to  the  Sagamores  treat  for  the  rest 
of  the  captives.  Five  days  were  given  her 
to  return,  which  were  not  expired,  when  Ma- 
jor Waldern  with  most  of  the  soldiers  were 
called  to  return  home  towards  linston,  where 
they  arrived  on  the  ICth  of  March,  1C76 — 7, 
having  first  put  in  at  Portsmouth  ;  bringing 
along  with  them  the  bones,  or  rather  body  of 
Captain  Lake,  preserved  entire  and  whole, 
and  free  from  putrefaction  by  the  coldness  of 
the  long  winter,  so  as  it  was  found  by  the  one 
that  was  near  him  when  lie  was  slain,  easily 
discerned  to  be  his,  by  such  as  had  known 
him  before. 

It  is  supposed  by  those  that  rcturr<  ,1  .'l.st 
the  enemy  are  by  this  encounter  of  :!io  En- 
iglish  so  scattered  and  broken  that  i  y  w'! 
i.jt  bo  able  to  rally  again  suddenly,  or  iiklk  - 
any  attempt  hereafter,  if  the  present  advan- 
tage be  seriously  pursued.  Thus  have  our  ene- 
mies, many  of  them  fallen  into  the  pit  them* 
selves  which  they  have  been  diggingfor  others. 

This  day  also  letters  were  received  from 
Major  Pynchon  of  Springfield,  but  without 
mention  of  any  appearance  of  the  enemy  in 
that  quarter  :  whereby  we  ore  encouraged  to 
believe,  that  thev  have  stumbled  and  fallen 
down  backward,  so  that  they  shall  never  rise 
any  more  to  make  farther  disturbance.  That 
which  crowned  the  present  service  was  the 
performing  it  without  loss  of  blood  ;  all  safely 
returning.  Let  them  accordingly  reineniber 
to  pay  a  suitable  tribute  of  lliuiikfiilness  to 
Him  whose  banner  they  went  forth  undsr  and 
returned  in  safely. 


Ih  they  brought 
ler  things  ihcy 
j  some  of  wliitli 
Ine  or  two  grea 
Id  hoards  frnri. 
|id  an  hundred 
brouglit  home 
vcssols,  leaving 
more  conveni- 

ppon  Arowsick, 
'  come  upon  tlie 
Itly  received  hia 
|his  payment  in 
Med  to  amount 
^rein  he  was  cs- 
Iday  all  bloody, 

idian  squaws,  a 

let  fiirl,   wiili  a 

jat  for  the   rest 

were  given  her 

pired,  wlienRIa- 

soldiers  were 

'">-iton,  where 

eh,  1G76— 7, 

louih  ;    bringing 

r  rather  body  of 

tiro  and  whole, 

the  coldness  of 

found  by  the  one 

uas  slain,  easily 

:h  as  had  known 


Im 


at  returr. 
nter  of    ' 


.1   Slat 
I,.  ?.:■.,. 


that  i      y    u-'i 
Jdenly,  or  niak.-> 

present  advan- 
bus  have  our  one- 
to  the  pit  them- 
liggingfor  others, 
e  received  from 
!ld,  but  without 
of  the  enemy  in 
e  enciiurnged  to 
ibled  and  fallen 
'  shiill  never  rise 
lurliniice.  That 
service  was  the 
>lood  ;  all  sufi-ly 
ingly  remember 

ihunkfulneiis  to 
forth  unJ'jr  and 


THE 


ENTERTAINING  HISTORY  OF 

KING    PHILIP'S    WAR, 


WHICH  BEGAN  IN  THE  MONTH  OF  JUNE,  1076. 


AS  ALSO  OF  EXPEDITIONS 


MonC  LATSLV  MADE  AGAINST  THE  COMMON  KNKMY,  ANP  INDIAN  REBELS,  IN  TIIU  CAitTEU.ll 

PARTS  OP  NEW  ENOLAND  : 


WITH  SOME  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  DIVINE  PROVIDENCE  TOWARDS 


COI^.  BEXJAiHOT  CIIVRCfIS 


RY    TilOMAS    CHURCH,    £8(1.    HIS    BOS. 


AS  ORtOtNAM.T  PniNTKD  AND  PlTni.IgnBD  IN 
UUSTON:  PRINTED,  1710.    NEWPORT,  KlIODE  I3I.ANI):  ItEPRINTED  ANDSOLD  BY 
SOLOMON  SOUTIIWICK,  IN  QUEEN  STREET,  1779. 


TO  THE  READER. 


TiiK  subject  of  this  following  narrative  of- 
ferin{»  itself  to  your  friendly  perusal,  relates 
ti.the  former  and  later  wars  of  New  England, 
which  1  myself  was  not  a  little  concerned  in: 
Form  the  year  1675,  that  unhappy  and  bloody 
Indian  war  broke  out  in  Plymouth  colony, 
wh«r«  I  WM  ihon  building,  and  beginning  a 


plantation  at  a  place  called  by  the  Indians 
Sogkonate,  and  since  by  the  English  Little- 
Compton.  I  was  the  first  Englishman  that 
built  upcm  that  neck,  which  was  full  of  In- 
dians. My  head  and  hands  were  ful  I  about  set- 
tlieifj;  a  new  ]ilantution  where  nothing  was 
brought  to  ;  no  pre])aration  ofdwelling-house, 
or  out-houses,  or  fencing  made.  Horses  and 
cattle  were  to  bo  provided,  ground  to  be 
cleared  and  broken  up;  and  the  utmost  cau- 
tion to  be  used,  to  keep  myself  free  from  of- 
fending   my    Indian    neighbours    all   round 


about  me.  While  I  was  thus  busily  em 
ployed,  and  all  my  time  and  strength  laid  out 
m  this  laborious  undertaking,  I  received  a 
commission  fmm  the  goveriunent  lo  en;,'iigo 
in  their  defence  ;  And  with  my  conimissiun  I 
received  another  heart,  ii.clining  nie  to  put 
forth  my  strength  in  military  wrvice:  And 
through  the  grace  of  (Sod  I  was  spirited  for 
tliot  work,  and  direction  in  it  was  reninveJ  to 
me  day  by  day.  And  ultliongli  many  of  the 
actions  that  I  was  concerned  in  were  very 
difficult  and  dangerous,  yet  myself,  and  thosA 


I 


683 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


who  went  with  me  voluntarily  in  the  service, 
had  our  lives,  for  the  most  part,  wonderfully 
prt'gorved,  by  the  over-ruling  hand  of  the  Al- 
mif?lily,  from  first  to  lii»t ;  which  doth  aloud 
l>i"S|)fak  our  praises  :  And  to  declare  his  won- 
derful works  is  our  indispensable  duty-  I 
was  ever  very  sensible  of  my  own  littleness, 
and  unfitness  to  bo  employed  in  such  great 
siTvioes,  but  'lling  to  my  mind  tliat  God  is 
strung,  I  endeavoured  to  put  all  my  confi- 
dence in  him,  and  by  his  almighty  power  was 
;«rried  through  every  difficult  action :  And 
my  desire  is  that  his  name  may  have  the 
praise. 

It  was  ever  my  intent,  having  laid  myself 
under  a  solemn  pronilso,  that  the  many  and 
rcpi'Hted  favours  of  God  to  myself,  and  those 
■.vith  me  in  the  service,  might  bo  p-jblished 
for  generations  to  c(nne.  And  now  n:y  great 
age  recjuiringmy  dismission  from  service  mtho 
niilitiii,  and  to  put  olTmy  armour,  I  am  wil- 
ling that  the  great  and  glorious  works  of  Al- 
miiiiity  (iikI,  to  us  children  of  men,  should 
apfieiirto  the  world;  and  having  my  minutes 
by  nic,  my  son  has  taken  the  care  and  pains 
to  collect  from  iheTn  the  ensuing  narrative  of 
many  passages  relating  to  the  former  and  lat- 
ter wars  ;  which  [  iiave  had  tiie  perusal  of,  and 
fiml  niilhintr  amiss  as  to  the  truth  of  it;  and 
with  as  little  rcHection  upon  any  particular 
person  as  might  be,  either  alive  or  dead. 

And  seeing  every  particle  of  historical 
Irutli  is  precious  ;  I  hope  t'.a  reader  will 
pass  a  favourable  censure  upon  an  old  soldier, 
ti'lling  of  the  many  rencounters  he  has  hail, 
and  yet  is  come  olT alive.  It  is  a  ])leasure  to 
remeinlier  what  a  great  number  of  families,  in 
this  and  the  neighbouring  provinces  in  New 
ICngland,  did,  during  the  war,  enjoy  a  great 
measure  of  liberty  and  peace  by  thehazardous 
aiiilions  and  marches  of  this'!  engaged  in  mil- 
itary exercisi-s,  who  were  a  wall  unto  them 
on  this  side  ai.il  on  that  side. 

I  desire  prayers,  that  I  may  be  enabled  well 
to  accomplish  my  spiritual  warfare,  and  that 
I  may  be  more  than  coiKjueror  through  Jesus 
Christ  loving  of  me. 

JJEN'JAMIN  CHURCH. 


TIIK  l'.NTF.ItTAIN'I.V(i  lilSTORV  OF  KINO  Pllll.ip's 
Will,     WHICH    HKdVN     IN    TIIK    VKAK     11)75. 

wtTii     Tin:    ■■nocECDiNns    or    bf.njami.n 

CIII'IU  II,  KSU. 

\\  till- year  1G74  Mr.  nenjamin  Church,  ol 
Duxliiiry,  beinir  providentially  at  Plymouth, 
in  the  time  of  the  court,  fell  into  acipiainlance 
with  ('apt.  .John  Alinv,  of  Rhode  Island. 
Oapt.  A  liny,  with  sireat  importunity,  invited 
blm  to  ride  with  him,  and  view  that  part  of 
riymoiith  colony,  tliat  lay  next  to  Rhode  is- 
land, known  then  by  their  Indian  names  of 
Pocasset  and  Sogkonale.  Among  other  ar- 
guments to  persuade  him,  he  told  him  the  soil 
Wiisvery  rich,  and  the  situation  pleasant ;  and 
pi-rauH<les  him  by  all  means  to  purchase  of  the 
riimpiiny  some  of  the  cmirt  grsiit  rights.  He 
accepted  of  the  invitation,  views  the  country, 
and  was  pleiiseil  \\  il!i  it ;  made  a  purchast!,  set- 
lli'd  a  firm,  found  the  gentleint'ii  of  the  island 
vi'ry  civil  and  obliging.  And  being  himself  a 
persnu  of  iini'nmnion  iictivily  and  industry,  he 
scpin  I'li'cted  two  iiuildings  ujmii  liis  farm,  and 
gained  a  good  ac<]uaintance  with  tho  nativei ; 


got  much  into  their  favour,  and  was  in  a  little 
time  ill  great  esteem  among  them. 

The  next  spring  advancing,  while  Mr. 
Church  was  diligently  settling  his  new  farm, 
stocking,  leasing  and  disposing  of  his  alfuirs, 
and  had  a  fine  prospect  of  doing  no  small 
things  ;  and  hoping  that  his  good  success 
would  be  inviting  unto  other  good  men  to  lie- 
come  his  neighliours  :  Heboid  !  the  rumour 
of  war  between  the  English  and  the  nativei 
gave  check  to  bis  projects.  People  iicgan  to 
be  very  jealous  of  the  Indians,  ana  indeed 
they  had  no  small  reason  to  suspect  that  they 
had  formed  a  design  of  war  upon  the  En- 
elisli.  Mr.  Church  had  it  daily  suggested  to 
him  that  the  Indians  were  |)lotting  a  bloody 
design.  That  Philip,  the  great  Mount  Hope 
sachem,  was  leader  therein  ;  and  so  it  proved, 
ho  was  sending  his  messengers  to  all  the 
neighbouring  sachems  to  engage  thorn  into 
a  confederacy  with  him  in  the  war. 

Among  the  rest  he  sent  six  men  to  Awa- 
shonks,  stpiaw  sachem  of  the  Sogkonate  Indi- 
ans, to  engage  her  in  his  interest :  Awa- 
shonks  8  1  far  listened  unto  them,  as  to  call 
her  subjects  together,  to  make  a  great  dance, 
which  is  the  custom  of  that  nation  when  they 
advise  about  monii'iitous  affairs.  But  what 
does  Awashonks  do,  but  sends  away  two  of 
her  men  that  well  understood  the  English 
language,  (Sassamon  and  George  by  name) 
to  invite  Mr.  Church  to  the  dance.  Mr. 
Church  upon  the  invitation,  immediately 
takes  with  him  Charles  Ilazelton,  his  tenant's 
son,  who  well  niidi-rstood  the  Indian  lan- 
guaiie,  and  rode  down  to  the  place  appointed ; 
where  they  found  hundreds  of  Indians  gath- 
ered together  from  all  parts  of  her  dominion. 
Awashonks  herself,  in  a  foaming  sweat,  was 
lesding  the  dance ;  but  she  was  no  sooner 
sensible  of  .Mr.  (.'hurch's  arrival,  hut  she  broke 
ofl',  sat  down,  culls  her  nobles  round  her,  or- 
ders Mr.  Church  to  be  invited  into  her  pre- 
sence ;  compliments  being  passed,  and  each 
one  taking  seats,  she  told  him.  King  Philip 
had  sent  six  men  of  his,  with  two  of  her  peo- 
ple, th.it  had  been  over  at  Mount  Hope,  to 
liraw  her  into  a  confeder.icy  witli  him,  in  a 
war  with  the  English,  desi.ing  him  to  give 
her  his  advice  in  the  case,  and  to  tell  her  the 
truth,  whi'ther  the  Uni])aiie  men  (as  Philip 
had  told  her)  were  uatherins;  a  great  army  to 
invade  Philip's  country?  He  assured  her  lie 
would  tell  the  truth,  and  give  her  his  best  ad 
vice  :  then  he  tuKl  her  it  was  but  a  few  days 
since  he  came  from  F'lyinouth,  and  the  Kn- 
U'liili  wen>  then  making  no  preparations  for 
war;  tliat  he  \v;is  in  C(Uiipnny  with  the  prin- 
cipal giMith'ini'n  of  the  government,  who  had 
no  discourse  at  all  abcnit  war;  and  he  helie- 
ved  no  thiiiigliis  about  it.  lie  asked  her, 
whether  she  ihoiiglit  he  would  have  brought 
up  his  ijoods  to  settle  ill  that  place,  if  he  aji- 
prehended  an  enteriiii;  into  war  with  so  near 
a  lieiyhbour  I  ."^he  seemi-d  to  be  somewhat 
convince  I  by  his  talk,  and  said  she  believed 
he  spoke  the  truth. 

Then  she  called  for  the  Mount  Hope  men, 
who  nnidu  a  furmidiilile  appi'arance,  with 
their  luces  iiaiiitcd,  iiiul  their  hair  tninined  up 
in  comb  lashiiui,  with  their  powder  horns  and 
shot  bags  at  tlunr  back--;  which  among  that 
nation  is  the  posture  and  figure  of  prepared- 
ness for  war.  She  told  Mr.  Church  these 
wore  the  persons  that  had  brought  her  the  re- 
port uf  tiu)  English  preparatiuns   fur   war, 


and  then  told  them  what  Mr.  Church  had 
said  in  answer  to  it. 

Upon  this  began  a  warm  talk  among  the 
Indians,  but  it  was  soon  tpiashed,  and  Awa- 
shonks proceeded  to  tell  Mr.  Church,  that 
Philip's  message  to  her  was  that  unless  she 
would  forthwith  enter  into  a  ciml'ederacy 
with  him,  in  a  war  against  the  I'^nglish,  he 
wpuld  send  his  men  over  privately,  t  >  kill  the 
English  cattle,  and  burn  their  houseo  on  that 
side  the  river,  which  would  provoke  the  En- 
glish to  fall  upon  her,  whom  they  would 
without  doubt  suppose  the  author  of  tin!  mis- 
chief. Mr.  (/hurcli  told  her  he  was  sorry  to 
see  so  threatening  an  aspect  of  affairs;  and 
stepping  to  the  Mount  Hopes,  he  (idt  of  their 
bags,  and  finding  tlieni  filled  with  bullets, 
asked  them  what  those  were  fir?  They  scof- 
fingly  replied,  to  shoot  |>igeons  with. 

Then  Mr.  Church  turned  to  Awashonks, 
and  told  her  if  Philip  was  resolved  to  make 
war,  her  best  way  wouhi  be  lo  knock  those 
six  Mount  Hopes  on  the  head,  and  shelter 
herself  under  the  protection  of  the  English  : 
Upon  which  the  Mount  Hopes  were  for  the 
present  dumb.  But  those  two  of  Awa- 
uhonk's  men,  who  had  been  at  Mount  Hope, 
expressed  themselves  in  a  furious  manner 
against  h  s  advice.  And  Liltle-eyes,  one  of  the 
(jueen's  council,  join<>d  with  tliiun,  and  urged 
Sir.  Church  to  go  aside  with  him  among  the 
bushes,  that  he  might  have  some  private  dis- 
course with  him  which  other  Indi.ins  imme- 
diately forbid,  being  sensible  of  his  ill  design; 
But  the  Indians  began  lO  side  and  grow  very 
warm.  Mr.  Church,  with  undaunted  cou- 
rage, told  the  Mount  Hopes  they  were  bloody 
Wretches,  and  thirsted  after  the  blood  of 
their  English  neighbours,  who  lin<l  nt^ver  in- 
jured them,  but  had  always  alxninded  in 
their  kindness  to  them.  That  for  his  own 
part,  though  he  desired  nothing  more  than 
peace,  yet,  if  nothing  but  war  w.nild  satisfy 
them,  he  believed  he  should  prove  i\  sharp 
thorn  in  their  sides;  Bid  the  coinpany  ob- 
serve thoso  men  that  were  of  such  bloody 
dispositions,  whether  Providence  would  suffer 
them  to  live  to  see  tlio  event  of  the  war, 
which  others,  more  peaceably  disposed, 
might  do. 

Then  he  tcdd  Awashonks  he  thought  it 
might  be  most  adviseable  for  her  io  send  to 
the  govern:>r  of  Plymouth,  and  shelter  her- 
self and  people  under  his  protection.  Sim 
liked  his  advice,  and  desired  him  to  go  on  tier 
belwlf  to 'he  Plymouth  gnvernmeiit,  which 
hc!  consented  to,  ami  at  parting  ailvised  her, 
\vliatever  she  did,  nut  to  desert  the  Kngllsh 
interest,  to  join  with  her  nei;;lilioiiis  in  a  re- 
bellion which  would  certainly  prove  fatal  to 
her.  [He  moved  none  of  his  goods  (Vom  his 
house,  that  there  might  not  be  the  least  um- 
brage from  such  uii  Hition.j  Slie  thanked 
him  for  his  advice,  ami  sent  two  of  her  metl 
to  guard  him  to  his  house  ;  which  when  they 
came  there,  urged  him  to  take  care  to  securo 
his  goods,  which  he  refused  for  the  reasons 
befiire  mentioned  ;  IJut  desired  the  Indinns, 
thiit  if  what  tiiey  feari'd  Hhouhl  happen,  they 
weald  take  care  of  what  he  lel'l,  and  iliiecled 
them  lo  a  place  in  the  womls  where  tliev 
should  dispose  uf  them ;  which  they  faith- 
fully observed. 

He  took  his  leave  of  his  jjiiHrd  and  bid 
them  tell  their  mistress,  H'  slie  riintinued 
•teady  in  ber  Jopendaiicu  un  the  English,  and 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


091 


Cliurcli  had 

iilk  nmoiig  tho 
It'll,  and  Awii- 

Cliiireli,  tliiit 
at  iinlrss  sliu 
I  ciiiili'ilcrncy 
1v<t;li^li.  lie 
[f\\,  I)  kill  the 
lioiisca  (III  llidt 
uviikt!  tliu  Kn- 
n  tlicy  woiilil 
lior  of  iIk!  nii'<- 

was  sorry  to 
of  iilTiiirs;  nnil 

liu  fi'lt  of  llii'ir 
t  will)  Imlli'ts, 
irl  Tliry  scof- 
t  with. 

to  Awnslionkg, 
(lived  to  tniiko 
o  knock  tlioso 
il,  and  slicllor 
:'  tlio  English  : 
3  wore   for  the 

two  of  Awa- 
t  Mount  Hope, 
"iirioiis  nianniT 
•eyes,  one  of  the 
i(!tn,  and  iir^i'd 
him  anion^  the 
inu!  private  dis- 

Indii'ins  iinine- 
if  his  ill  desijjn; 

and  grow  very 
,:'daiiiited  cou- 
ley  were  lilood y 

the    lilood    of 

0  had  neviT  in- 
ys  alxiunded  in 
lat  for  his  own 
hinj;;  more  than 
ar  would  satisfy 

prove  a  sharp 
le   company   oli- 

of  such  lihiody 
■nee  would  siilfer 
cnt  of  the  war, 
icahly    disposed, 

3  he  thought  it 
r  her  !o  send  lo 
and  Bhfller  her' 
prcitecliiin.     Sht< 

him  to  tto  on  her 
■eriiment,  which 
iiii;  advised  her, 
sert  the  Kiit;lish 
i;lihoiiis  ill  a  re- 
iy  prove  fatal  to 
is  plods  fiiiin  Ilia 
lie  the  least  nm- 
,|  Shi-  thanked 
two  of  her  men 
wtiirh  when  lliey 
Ue  care  to  secura 

for  the  lensoiig 
red  the  liidinng, 
iild  happen,  they 
left,  anil  ilii  ecled 
Hills  where  they 
k'liich    they    faith- 

«  );iiHr<l  and  liid 
if   she     riiiitinneil 

1  tliu  Gnglijii,  and 


kept  within  her  own  limits  of  Soekonale,  he 
woiihl  sec  her  aijain  quickly  ;  and  then  lia>- 
lened  away  to  Pocasset,*  where  he  met  with 
Peler  Niinniiit,  the  hiisliand  of  the  iiueeii  of 
Poeassi't,  who  was  just  then  come  over  in  a 
canoe  friini  Mount  llojie.  Pinter  told  him 
that  tinre  would  certainly  he  war;  for  Philip 
Inid  held  a  dance  of  8U\  era!  weeks  coiitiim- 
ance,  and  had  entertained  the  youni»  men 
limn  all  parts  of  the  country.  And  inhled, 
thill  Philip  expected  to  l,u  sent  for   to    Plv- 


at  some  distance  from  the  main  body.  Their 
orders  were  to  keep  so  far  before  as  not  to 
he  in  siglit  of  llie  army.  And  so  they  did, 
for  l.y  the  way  they  killed  a  deer,  flayed, 
roasted,  and  eat  the  most  of  him,  before  the 
army  caini.'  up  wiili  them  ;  but  the  Plymouth 
forci  s  soon  arrived  at  Swanzey,  and  were 
rhiefly  posted  at  Major  Urown's  and  Mr. 
Mile's  gMriisoiis;  and  were  there  soon  joined 
with  those  that  came  from  Massachusetts, 
who    had    entered    into  a   confederacy    with 


nioutli,    lo    be   examined    about    iSassamon'8|  their  Plymoiilh  brethren,  against  tho   perfidi 
death,    who  was  murdered  at    Assawomset   oiis  heathens. 

ponds  ;t  knowing  himself  guilty  of  contriving  I  The  enemy  wlio  began  their  hostdities 
that  murder.  'I'lie  samo  Peter  lold  him  that  wilh  plundenng,  and  destroying  cattle,  did 
he  saw  Mr.  James  Urown,  of  Swan/.ey,  ami  ,  not  long  conlent  themselves  with  that  game  ; 
Mr.  S.imuol  (torton,  who  was  an  interpreter,  ihey  ihirsleii  for  ICiiglish  blood,  and  they 
uiid  two  other  men,  who  brought  a  letter ^  soon  broaeheil  it ;  killing  two  men  in  the  way 
fiom  iho  governor  of  Plymouth  to  Philip. '  not  far  fnini  .Mr.  Mile's  garrison  ;  and  soon  uf- 
He  observed  lo  him  further,  that  the  young,  ter,  eiglit  more  at  .Maltapoiset  :*  I'poii  whose 
ineB  were  very  eager  lo  begin  the  war,  and  bodies  ihey  exercised  more  than  brutish  bar- 
would  fiin  have  killed  Mr.  Urowii,  but  Philip  :  barilies  ;  bihradiiig,  ilismembiring  and  man- 
prevented  it  J  idling  them  that  his  father  uling  them,  and  exposing  ihem  in  the  most 
hwil  charged  him  to  show  kindness  lo  Mr. '  inhuman  manlier;  which  gashed  ".nil  ghostly 
liiown.  In  short,  Philip  was  forced  lo  pro- 1  obje.ts  struck  a  damp  on  nil  biholders. 
inise  them  that,  on  the  next  Lord's  day,  when  The  enemy,  fliisiied  with  these  exploits, 
llii-  l']n"llsli  were  gone  to  meeling  they  should  ;  grew  yet  bolder,  and   skulkiiii;  every    where 


nlle  their  houses  and  from  that  time  forward 
kill  llii'ir  eallh". 

Peler  desired  Mr.  Church  to  go  and  see 
his  wile,  who  was  but  up  the  hilH  He  went 
and  iiiund  but  few  of  her  pi-ople  wilh  her. 
.She  said  ^!::y  were  all  gone,  against  her  will, 
lo  the  dances;  and  she  much  feared  thvre 
would  be  a  war.  Mr.  Church  advised  her 
to  go  to  the  island  and  secure  lierself,  ami 
those  that  wen;  wilh  her  ;  and  send  to  the 
giiverihu-  of  Plyinoiith,  who  .she  knew  was 
h.T  friend  ;  and  so  left  her,  resolving  to  has 
ten  to  I'lymoulh,  and  wiiit  on  the  governor: 
And  hi-  was  so  ex|)edilious  lli.it  he  was  willi 
the  governor  early  next  niorniiig,  thou.,'h  he 
wailed  on  some  of  the  magislrates  by  the 
way,  who  were  of  ihe  council  of  war,  and 
als-;  I.T?*.  run  at  the  eoveinor's.  lie  cave 
them  ail  aoccunt  of  his  observations  and  dis- 
coveries,  which  cohfirmed  iheir  former  inlel- 


lii'ences,  and  hasleneil   iheir  preparation   for    lielcher  received  a  shot  in  his  knee,  and    his 


ill-fence. 

Philip,  arcording  to  his  pmmis.' to  his  peo- 
i)le.  pel— '.led  llieiu  lo  in.irih  out  of  llie  neik 
on  the  next  Loril's  day  when  ihey  pI'Mulere.l 
the  nearest  houses  that  the  inhabilanls  had 
ileserlerl:  Hut  as  yel  oifeieil  no  violence  lo 
till!  people,  at  least  none  were  killed.  Ilmv- 
ever  ihe  alarm  was  given  by  their  iiiimbers  and 
hoslile  eipiipage,  and  by  llie  pii'y  they  made 
of  what  ihey  coulil  lind  in  the  forsaken  houses. 


in  the  liushes,  shot  lit  all  passengers,  and  ki 
led  inanv  ihat  ve'itured  abroad.  They  came 
so  near  as  to  sliool  down  two  senlinels  at 
.Mr.  Mile's  ['arris'in,  under  the  very  noses  of 
lnu^t  of  our  forces.  These  provocutions 
drew  out  the  nsenlnient  of  some  of  Captain 
I'lentiee's  troo^is,  who  desired  they  might 
havf;  liberty  lo  go  out  iind  sei-k  ihe  enemy  in 
llieir  own  ipiarler.  qiiarler-niiislers  (iill  and 
lielcher  commanded  the  p;irlies  drawn  out, 
who  earnestly  desired  ^lr.  Church's  com- 
p.iny:  Ihey  provided  him  ahorse  and  fur- 
niliire  (his  own  being  mil  of  llie  way;)  he 
readily  complied  wilh  their  desires  and  was 
soon  mounled. 

This  parly  u  :is  no  sooner  over  Mile's 
bridge,  but  were  fired  upon  by  an  ambuscade 
of  aboiil  a  dozen  Imliuns,  as  lliey  were  afler- 
wards  discovered  to  lie.  When  lliey  drew 
oil',    llie    pilot    was    inorliilly   wounded,    Mr. 


horse  was  killed  under  him,  .Mr.  dill  was 
slrilck  willi  a  miiskel  Imll  on  the  side  of  his 
belly;  bill  beiiii,' dad  with  a  bull' coal,  and 
some  ihiikness  of  paper  under  it,  it  never 
broke  his  skin.  The  irooperswere  surprised 
to  see  both  their  cominanders  wounded  and 
wheeled  olf:  liul  Mr.  Cliurch  persuaded,  at 
length  slorini'il  ami  slaniped,  a. id  told  them  it 
was  a  shiiiiie  lo  run.  and  leave  a  wounded 
man  there  to  become  a  prey  lo  the  barbarous 
enemy:  l"or  ihe  pilot  M'l  sat  on  his  horse, 
llioiiirh  so  ina/ed  Willi  ihe  shot,  as  not  to  have 


An  express  came  the  s.iine  day  to  llie  gov- 
ernor, who  immediately  gave  orders  lo  the 
ciiptains  of  llie  lowiis  lo  iiiardi  the  gieausl  1  sense  lo  guide  him;  .Mr.  (iill  seconihd  him, 
part  of  llidr  companies,  and  lo  rendezvous' and  oU'ered,  ill. nigh  much  disabled,  to  assist 
al  Taunton,  on  . Monday  niglil,    where  .Major ,  in   bringing    him  oil".      Mr.   Church   asked    a 

stranger  who  gave  him  hiscompany  in  that  ac- 
tion, if  he  would  go  w  illi  hmi  and  li'tcli  olf  ihe 
He   readily   consenled,  ami 


I'lr.idl'ord  was  to  receive  them,  and  dispose 
them  under  Capl.  (now  made  .Major)  Cut- 
worth,  of  Sciluiile.  The  guverni.r  desired 
Mr.  (!liiirdi  to  give  llieiii  his  conipanv,  and 
to  use  his  intere-t  in  iheir  behalf,  wilh  the 
geiillemen  of  Uhode  Island.  I'e  complied 
wilh  it,  and  ihey  ni.iirhed  the  monI  diiv  — 
Major  lirailfonrdesireil  Mr.  Church,  with  a 
coiimninded  parly,  i  on:.i»liiig  of  Knglish  ami 
some  IVieiidlv  Indiiiis,  to  nwN  h  in    the  froiil, 


'  Tivprliiii  pliiin^  utrr  agiitii»(  iUv  • 
IoIiiikI. 
t  MidillelHii' '  ch- 


illi laiil  ur  Uliiiili 


woiimleil   man 

ihev,  wilh  .Mr.  (iill,  weni  hut  ihe  wouiiileil 
man  fainled  and  fell  oil' his  horse  before  they 
liime  lo  him  ;  liul  Mr.  '.'Iiiircli  and  the  stran- 
eer  dismounle.l.  look  up  llie  man  d'ad,  and 
laid  him  befori  Mr.  (iill  on  his  horse.  Mr. 
('Iiiirch  lold  ihe  other  two,  if  ihey  wouhl  take 
care  of  the  dead  man,  he  would  go  mid  lelch 
his  horse  buck,  which  was  going  oll'lhc  cau- 


isey  toward  the  enemy;  but  before  he  gul 
over  the  causey  he  saw  the  enemy  run  to  the 
right  into  the  neck.     He  brought  back   the 

'horse,  I'lid  called  earnestly  and  repeatedly  to 
the  army  to  come  over  and  fight  the  enemy  ; 
and  wliiie  he  slooil  calling  and  persu.iding, 
llie  skulking  enemy  relumed  to  their  old 
stand,  and  all  discharged  their  guns  at  him  at 
one  clap,  lluv:gh  every  shot  missed  him;  yet 
one  of  the  army,  on  the  other  side  of  llie  river, 
received  one  of  the  balls  in  his  foo:.  Mr. 
Church  now  began  (no  succour  coming  to 
him)  to  think  it  time  to  retreat  :  fsayini.',  the 
Lord  have  mercy  on  U3,  if  such  a  handful  o*' 
Indians  shall  thus  dare  such  an  army  ! 

Upon  this  it  was  imined'aldy  resolved,  and 
orders  were  given  to  march  down  into  the 
neck,  and  having  passed  the  bridge  and  cau- 
sey, tho  direction  was  to  extend  bolh    wings, 

which  being  not  well   heeded,   bv  those  that 

I  -  .  V 

remained  m  the  centre,  some  ol  ihem  mislook 

their  friends  fur  iheir  enemies,  and  made  a 
fire  upon  them  in  the  right  wing,  and  woun- 
ded thai  noble  heroic  youth,  Kiisit;ii  Savag", 
in  the  thigh,  but  it  Impjiily  proved  but  a  tltsh 
wound.  'I'hey  marched  iinlil  ihey  came  lo 
llio  narrow  of  the  neck,  at  a  jilace  railed  Kee- 
knmiiit,*  where  lliey  look  down  ihe  heads  nf 
eight  Knglislinien  that  were  killed  at  ihe 
head  of  Mallapoisel  neck,  and  set  upon  poles, 
after  ihe  biirbaious  manner  of  ihose  savages. 
There  Philip  had  slaved  all  his  driinis,  iinii 
conveyed  all  his  canoes  lo  the  east  side  of 
.Maltapoiset  river;  hence  il  was  concluded, 
by  tho.se  that  were  acqiiainled  wilh  llie  mo- 
tions of  those  people,  thai  they  hail  quilled 
the  neck.  Mr.  Church  lold  them  thai  Philip 
was  doublless  gone  over  to  Pocassel  side,  lo 
engage  lliosi!  Indians  in  rebellion  wilh  him: 
which  lliey  soon  found  to  be  true.  The  ene- 
my were  not  really  beaten  out  of  .Mount 
Hope  neck,  though  il  was  true  ihey  lied  from 
thence;  yet  it  was  before  any  pursued  llieni. 
It  was  but  to  slrciiglhen  iheniselves,  aiul  lo 
gain  a  more  advanlageous  post.  However, 
some,  and  not  a  few  pleased  lliemsi  Ives  w  ilh 
the  fancy  of  a  mighty  coiniuest. 

A  grand  council  was  held,  and  a  resolve 
past,  to  biiilii  1  liirt  then  ,  lo  mainlain  llie 
tirsl  ground  they  Irid  gained,  by  llie  Indians 
leaving  it  to  litem  ;  and  lo  speak  ihe  tnilh, 
il  must  be  said,  that  as  ihey  gained  not  thai 
Held  by  ifieir  sword,  nor  their  bow  ;  soil  was 
rather  ihe'r  fear  than  iheir  coiiiiige,  ihat  obli- 
ged them  to  set  up  llie  marks  of  iheir  con- 
qiiesl.  .Mr.  Church  hiokid  upon  il,  and 
talked  of  il  with  coi. tempt,  and  urged  hard 
the  pursuing  the  enemy  on  Poi  asset  side, 
and  wilh  the  greater  earnesliiess,  because  of 
his  promise  made  to  Awashoiiks,  bdiire  meii- 
lioiied.      The   council   adjourned    llneisdves 

:ft-om  Mounl  Hope  to  Kehohoih,  where  Mr. 
Treasurer  Soulhworth,  being  weiiry  of  his 
charge  of  commissary  eeiieral,  pnn  ision  be- 
ing scarce  and  difficull  lo  be  obtained,  for 
llie  army,  that  now  lay  slill  to  ciner  llie  peo- 
(ile  from  no  body,  while  lliey  were  building 
a  fort  for  iiolhiiig)  relired.  ami  llie  power  and 
trouhlo  of  that  post  was  lell  w  ilh  Mr.  ( 'liiiieh, 

'who  still  urged  the  comniaiiding  nllicers  lo 
move  over  lo   Pocassel    side,    to    piirsui."    the 

.enemy,  and  kill  Philip,  w  hidi  would,  in  his 
opinion,  be  i««>re  probable  lo  keep  possession 
of  llie  neck,  ihuu  lo  tarry  lo  build  a  fort.      He 


III   ."S\MUIf.l'>. 


*  I'ppi'r  jmrt  iil*  Ui-i-lol. 


est 


KING   PHILIP'S   WAR. 


was  still  rC9tli'i9  on  timt  iide  of  thu  rivor,  and 
(lie  rntlicrhccuiisK  ofliiH  promise  to  the  squaw 
■nchciii  iif  Sogkoiinto,  ami  Captain  Fuller  al- 
so ui'<;t!il  till!  suniu,  until  iit  length  there  cnme 
fiirlliiT  ordiTi  concerning  the  fort;  and  with- 
al an  order  for  Captain  Fuller  with  six  files 
to  cross  liie  river  to  the  side  so  much  insisted 
on,  and  to  try  if  ho  could  got  speech  with  any 
of  the  Pocussct  or  Sogkoniito  Indiand,  and 
that  Mr.  Church  should  go  his  second.  Upon 
the  rapluin  receiving  his  orders,  ho  asked 
Mr.  Church  whether  he  was  willing  to  en- 
gage in  this  enterprise!  To  whom  it  was  in- 
deed too  ngieealile  to  he  declined  ;  though  he 
thought  the  enterprise  was  hazardous  enough 
for  them  to  have  more  men  assigned  them. 
Ca|)taiii  Fuller  told  him,  that  for  liis  own 
part  he  was  grown  ancient  anil  heavy,  h<^ 
ibared  the  travel  and  fatigue  would  be  too 
much  for  him :  hut  Mr.  Church  urged  him, 
and  told  him,  he  would  cheerfully  excuse 
liim  his  hardship  and  travel,  and  take  that 
part  to  himself,  if  he  might  hut  go;  for  he  had 
rather  do  any  thing  in  the  world  than  to  stay 
there  to  huild  the  fort. 

Then  thi  y  drew  out  the  numlier  assigned 
them,  and  inarched  the  same  night  to  the  fer- 
ry, and  were  transported  to  Rhode  Island, 
from  whence,  the  next  night,  they  got  pas- 
sage over  to  I'oca-iset  side,  in  Rhode  Island 
boats,  and  coiicIucIihI  there  to  dispose  them- 
selves in  two  ambuscades  before  day,  hoping 
to  surprise  some  of  the  <Miemy  by  their  failing 
into  one  or  other  of  their  ambushmcnts.  But 
Cupt.  Fuller's  party,  being  troubled  with  the 
epidemical  plague  of  lust  after  tobacco,  must 
needs  strike  fire  to  smoke  it;  and  thereby 
discovered  themselves  to  a  party  of  the  ene- 
my coming  up  to  them,  who  immediately  fled 
with  great  precipitation.   — — 

This  amlniscade  drew  off  about  break  of 
day,  perceiving  they  were  discovered,  the 
other  continued  in  their  post  until  the  time 
assigned  them,  and  the  light  and  heat  of  the 
sun  rendered  tlieir  station  both  insignificant 
and  troublesome,  and  then  returned  unto  the 
place  of  rendezvous,  where  they  were  nc- 
•piainted  with  the  other  party's  disappoint- 
ment, and  till-  ocrnsinn  of  it.  Mr.  Cliurcli 
calls  for  the  breakfast  he  had  ordered  to  be 
brouilht  over  in  the  boat;  but  tin?  man  that 
had  ihe  charge  of  it  confessed  that  he  was 
asleep  when  the  boalmen  called  him,  and  in 
baste  came  away,  and  never  thought  of  it. 
It  happened  that  Mr.  Chiirch  had  afewcakes 
of  rusk  ill  his  pocket  that  Ma<lam  Cranston 
(the  governor  ni' Rhode  Island's  Lady)  gave 
him  when  he  came  olVthe  island  ;  which  he  di- 
videil  among  the  company,  which  was  all 
the  provisions  they  had 

Rir.  Church,  after  their  slender  breakfast, 
pn)p.;scd  to  (^apt.  Fuller,  that  he  would 
march  in  ipiestof  the  enemy,  with  such  of  the 
company  as  would  be  willing  to  march  with 
)iim,  which  he  complied  with,  though  with  a 
great  deal  of  scruple,  because  of  his  small 
nuinber,  and  the  extreme  hazard  he  foresaw 
must  attend  them. 

Ikt  some  of  the  company  reflected  upon 
.Mr.  ('hurcli,  that  iiotwiihstaniling  his  talk  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  he  liiul  not  shewn 
them  any  Indians  since  they  came  over. 
WhicI  now  moved  him  to  tell  them,  that  if 
it  Wiis  llieir  desire  to  see  Indians,  he  believed 
he  slimild  now  soon  shew  them  what  they 
should  say  was  enough, 


The  numbi^r  allowed  him  soon  drew  ofl'to 
him,  which  could  not  be  many,  because  their 
whole  company  congisteii  of  no  more  than 
thirty-six.  They  moved  towards  Sogkonate, 
iinlil  they  came  to  the  brook  that  runs  i;.to 
Nunna(|uah(|at  neck,  where  they  discovered 
a  fresh  and  plain  track,  which  they  concluded 
to  be  from  the  gieiit  pine  swamp,  about  a  mile 
from  the  rord  that  leads  to  Sogkonate.  Now, 
says  Mr.  Church,  to  his  men,  if  we  follow 
this  truck,  no  doubt  but  we  shall  soon  see  In- 
dian" enough;  they  expressed  their  willing- 
ness to  follow  the  track,  and  movei!  in  it,  but 
had  not  gone  far  before  one  of  them  narrowly 
escaped  being  bit  with  a  rattlesnake:  And 
the  woods  that  the  track  led  them  through 
was  haunted  much  with  those  snakes,  which 
the  little  company  seemed  to  be  more  afraid 
of  than  the  black  serpents  they  were  in  r|Uesl 
of,  and  therefore  bent  their  course  another 
way,  to  a  place  where  they  thought  it  proba 
ble  to  find  some  of  the  enemy.  Mad  they 
kept  the  track  to  the  jiine  swamp,  they  had 
been  certain  of  meeting  Inilians  enough;  but 
not  so  certain  that  any  of  them  should  have 
returned  to  give  account  how  many. 

Now  they  passeil  down  into  Piinkatees 
neck  ;  and  in  their  march  discovered  a  large 
wigwam  full  of  Indian  truck,  which  the  sol- 
diers were  for  loading  themselves  with,  until 
Mr.  Church  forbid  it,  telling  them  they  might 
expect  soon  to  have  their  hamis  full,  and  bu- 
siness without  caring  liir  plunder.  Then 
crossing  the  heail  of  the  creek,  into  the  neck, 
they  again  discovered  fresh  Indian  tracks 
very  lately  passed  bef  ire  them  into  the  neck. 
They  then  got  privately  anil  undiscovered  un- 
to the  fence  of  Capt.  Alniy's  pease  field,  and 
divided  into  two  parties,  Mr.  Church  keeping 
the  one  party  with  himself,  sent  the  oth.'r 
with  Lake,  who  was  acjuainted  with  the 
ground,  on  the  other  side.  Two  Imlians 
were  soon  discovered  coming  out  of  the 
pease  field  towards  them  ;  when  .Mr.  Church, 
and  those  that  were  with  him,  concealed 
themselves  from  them,  by  falling  flat  on  the 
ground;  but  the  other  division  not  using  the 
same  caution,  were  seen  by  the  enemy,  which 
occasimied  them  to  run;  which  when  Mr. 
Church  perceived,  he  showed  himself  to  them 
and  told  tliem  he  would  not  hurt  them  :  Hut 
they  ran,  and  Church  pursued.  The  In<lians 
climbed  over  a  fence,  and  one  of  them  facini; 
about  discharged  his  p'ece,  but  without  e(r<'ct, 
on  the  English  :  One  of  the  Knglish  soldiers 
ran  up  to  the  fence  and  fired  upon  him  that 
had  ilischarged  his  piece;  and  they  conclu- 
ded, by  the  yelling  they  heard,  that  the  In- 
dian was  wounded;  but  the  Indians  soon  got 
into  the  thickets,  whence  they  saw  them  no 
more  for  thi^  jiresent. 

Mr.  Church  then  marching  over  a  plain 
piece  of  ground,  where  the  woods  were  very 
thick  on  one  side  ;  ordered  his  little  cor.ipany 
to  march  at  a  <iiiuhle  distance,  to  make  as  big 
a  show  (if  they  should  be  discovered)  as 
might  he;  but  before  they  saw  any  body, 
they  were  saluted  with  a  volley  of  fifty  or 
sixty  guns;  some  bulh'ts  came  very  surpri- 
singly near  Mr.  Church,  who  starling  looked 
behind  him,  to  see  what  was  heciuneofhis 
men,  ex]>ecting  to  have  seen  half  of  them 
dead,  but  seeing  llitun  all  upon  their  legs, 
anil  hriokly  firlnjr  at  the  smoke  of  ihelr  ene- 
mies' guns  (fiir  that  was  all  that  was  then  to 
be  seen,)  He  blessed  (iod,  and  culled  to  nig 


men  not  to  discharge  all  their  guns  at  one- 
lest  the  enemy  should  lake  the  advimtage  of 
such  an  opportunity  to  run  ii|ion  tlieni  with 
their  hatchets. 

I  Their  next  motion  was  immediately  inio 
jthe  pease  field.*  When  they  came  to  the 
I  (i'lice,  Mr.  Church  bid  as  many  as  had  not 
discharged  their  guns,  to  chip  under  the 
fence,  and  lie  close,  while  the  oilier,  ut  somo 
distance  in  the  field,  stood  to  charge;  lopii.g 
that  if  the  enemy  should  creep  to  the  fence, 
to  gain  a  shot  at  thos'*  that  were  cliargioL' 
their  guns,  they  might  he  siirprl.ed  by  tlioso 
that  lay  tinder  the  fence ;  but  cestmg  his 
eyes  to  the  side  of  the  hill  above  lein,  the 
hill  seemed  to  move,  being  covered  over  with 
Indians,  with  their  bright  guns  glittering  in 
the  sun,  oiid  running  in  a  circumference  witft 
a  design  to  surround  them. 

Seeing  such  mullituiles  surrounding  him 
and  his  little  company,  it  put  him  upon  think- 
ing what  was  become  of  the  boats  ihat  were 
ordered  to  attend  him;  and  looking  up  he 
espied  them  ashore  at  Sandy  point,  on  the  is- 
land side  of  the  river,  with  a  number  of  horse 
and  foot  by  them,  and  wondered  what  ■.hoiild 
ho  the  occasion,  until  he  was  afterwards  in- 
formed, that  the  boats  had  been  over  that  ,.ior- 
ning  from  the  island,  and  had  landed  a  party 
of  men  at  Fogland,  that  were  designed  in 
I'unkatees  neck,  to  fetch  oil' some  cattle  and 
horses,  but  were  ambuscaded,  and  many  of 
them  wounded  by  the  enemy. 

Now  our  gentleman's  courage  and  conduct 
were  both  put  to  the  lest,  he  encourages  his 
men,  and  orders  some  to  run  and  take  a 
wall  fiir  shelter  before  the  enemy  gained  it. 
It  was  time  fiir  them  now  to  think  of  escaping 
if  they  knew  which  way.  Mr.  Church  or- 
ders his  men  toslrijilo  liieir  \\  hile  shirts,  ihiit 
the  islanders  might  discover  them  to  be  En- 
glishmen; and  then  orders  three  guns  to  be 
fired  distinct,  hoping  it  might  be  observed  by 
their  friends  on  the  opposite  shore.  The  men 
that  were  ordered  to  lake  the  wall,  lieiiig 
very  hungry,  stopped  a  while  among  the 
pease  to  gather  a  few,  hi'iiig  uboiii  fcnir  rods 
from  the  wall  ;  the  enemy  from  behind  hailed 
them  with  a  shower  of  bullets  ;  but  soon  all 
but  one  came  tiimhlirig  over  nil  old  hedge 
down  ttie  bank,  where  .Mr.  Church  and  the 
rest  were,  aii.l  tohl  him  that  his  brotlu'r  U. 
Soiithworth,  who  was  the  man  that  was  mis- 
sing, was  l.llled,  that  they  saw  him  fill;  and 
so  iln'v  ilid  Indeed  see  him  fall,  Kill  il  was 
without  a  shot,  and  lay  no  liuiger  than  till  ho 
had  an  opportunity  to  cla|i  a  bullet  into  one 
of  the  enemy's  liirihead,  and  then  caine  run- 
ning to  his  com|iaiiy.  The  ineaniiess  of  the 
liiigllsh  powili-r  was  now  their  greatest  mis- 
fortune; when  they  were  imiiiedialely  upon 
this  beset  with  multitudes  of  Indians,  who 
possessed  thomsiUes  of  every  rock,  stump, 
tree  or  fence  that  was  in  sight  tiring  upon  then: 
withoutceasing;  while  they  had  no  other  shel- 
ter but  a  small  hank  and  bit  of  a  wiitor  i'tiice. 
And  yet,  to  add  to  the  dlsadvanlage  of  this 
Utile  handful  of  distressed  iii'Mi,  the  Indians 
also  possessed  themselves  ol  the  ruins  of  a 
stone  house  that  overlookeil  them;  so  thut 
now  they  had  no  way  to  previwit  lying  quite 
open  to  some  or  other  of  tlie  enemy,  but  to 
heap  up  stones  beliire  them,  as  they  did,  and 
still  bravely  and  wonJerfully  defended  them 

*  Tifirton,  about  hair  a  mile  above  FoglsinJ  (erry 


pilld  Ut  (>IIC>- 
OllvillltllgO  of 

loii  tliiTii  with 

ncilinti'ly  imo 
c'liinc  In  tlio 

iV  114  liHll  not 
umliT   the 

illiirr,  ut  3onio 

inrj^r;  Inpif.g 
111  tlio  foiico, 

KOiv  charging? 

)ri.f<l  liv  tlioso 

It   ci'stinp;   liis 

IHH(!      I  (Mil,   tliC 

cri'ii  (.vor  with 
lis  (.'littfring  in 
iiiiri'ieiicc  witfi 

Tniiii(liii<;  liiin 
iiii  iijioii  tliiiik- 
(iiils  llmt  wcriy 
Doliiiif;  ii]>  lie 
nillt,  (111  thi'  13- 
iiiilic'i'iiC  h<irsii 

^(1   wllllt   ^illOlllll 

s  iiftorwiirds  iii- 
M  ovrr  lliat  ;.i(ir- 
1  laiiilril  a  |i:iriy 
■ri'  (Ic'sis^iuu)  ill 
SDtiio  cuule  -111(1 
^d,  mid  many  of 

ii;(!  niid  conduct 
!  (>n(!iiiirii<;«'8  his 
till    und    tuki!   a 
ncniy   fjiiiiicd  it, 
liink  (il'osciipiiig 
Mr.  ("Iiurcli  or- 
wliili'  sliiits,  tliut 
r  tlicin  111  lie  Eii- 
hrrv  >;iiii3  111    I'C 
I  lio  iiliscrvi'il  liy 
iliiiro.     Till'  men 
till!    wall,  lii'iiit; 
.liilc   iiiiiiini;    llui 
aliiiiii    four  i-Diia 
iiin  lii-liiiid  liailcd 
IH ;    liul   Moon   all 
i>r   nil   old   licdsje 
(,'liiircli  and   tliO 
t   liis   lirotlii'i'   15. 
laii   that  was  iiiis- 
i\v    him  i'vill;   and 
I    fall,  I'lil   it    was 
in;jor  than  till  lie 
1   Imllft    into  one 
d  ihen  lainc  riiii- 
L'  meaniuss  ol  the 
heir  ^jrealest  inis- 
niinediiitely  ii|ioii 
..f  Indians,    whc 
(TV    rork,  slump, 
it  tirinjjuponllien: 
had  no  other  shel- 
of  a  water  iinee. 
advaiilaj;e   ol  this 
iii'M,   the    Indians 
111'  the  ruin.t  ot"  n 
•d   iheiii;    so   that 
r(!veiit  Ivini;  (luite 
le   eii(!iiiy,   liut   to 
,  ns  lliey  did,  and 
ly  del'eiided  them 


KING   PHILIP'S   WAR. 


fi81 


Helves  uiraiiist  all  the  miiiilHirii  of  the  eneuiy.lMr.  C'liureh's  turn  to  go  ulioard,  lie  had  left 
At  length  eaiiie  over  one  oi'the  hunts  fium  thuihiii  hat  and  cutlass  at  the  well  wluTe  he  went 
island  shore,  liiit  the  enemy  (ihed  their  shot, to  drink,  when  he  tirsl  came  down;  hi-  told 
so  warmly  to  her  as  made  Imm-  keep  at  soiiKi'his  coinpauy,  he  would  never  go  ollaiid  leave 
disliinee;  .Mr.  Cliureh  desired  them  to  send  Ins  hat  and  eutluss  for  the  Indians;  they 
their  canoe  ushore  to  fetch  iheni  on  hoard ;  .should  never  have  that  to  relliKt  upon  him: 
but  no  persuasions  nor  arguments  could  pre-!  Though  he  wa»  much  dissuuded  from  it,  yet 
vuil  »  iih  tlii-ni  to  liriiig  their  canoe  to  shore;! he  would  go  find  fetch  them.  He  put  all  the 
which  some  of  Mr.  ('hurch's  men  perceiving,  powder  lie  had  I'.'ft  into  his  gun  (and  a  poor 
Legaii  to  cry  out,  For  Ciod's  sake  to  take  |  charge  it  was)  and  went  presenting  his  gun 
them  oil',  for  their  aniiniiniiioii  was  speii',  &c.  at  the  enemy,  until  he  took  u|i  what  he  went 
Mr.  Clhiirch  laMiigsensilile  of  ihedangerof  the  for;  at  his  return  he  discliurg(!d  his  gun  at  the 


enemy's  hearing  their  coinplaints,  and  being 
made  acipiaiiited  with  the  weakness  and  scan- 
tiness of  their  umniimition,  fiercely  culh^d  to 
the  boat's  master,  und  bid  him  either  send  his 
(•alloc  ashore,  or  else  be  gone  presently  or  lie 
would  fire  upon  him. 

Away  goes  the  boat, and  leaves  them  still  to 
shift  for  themselves;  but  then  another  dilli- 
culty  iirosi!,  the  enemy  seeing  the  boat  leave 
them,  were  reanimated,  and  Hred  thicker  and 


enemy,  to  bid  them  farewell  for  that  time; 
but  had  not  powder  enough  to  carry  the  bul- 
let half  way  to  them. 

Two  bullets  from  the  enemy  struck  the  ca- 
noe as  he  went  on  board,  one  grazed  the  hair 
of  Ills  head  a  little  bi'tbre;  another  stuck  in  a 
small  stake  that  stood  right  against  the  middle 
of  his  breast. 

Now  tills  gentleman  with  his  nrmv,  ma- 
king in  all    twenty  men,  himself  and  Ins  pilot 


ove  KogUii'i  (arry 


/dster  than  ever;  upon  which  some  of  ihebeing  niimbrred  with  them,  got  all  suH^  oi 
.Tii'ii  that  were  lightest  of  fool,  began  to  talk:  board  al'ler  six  hours  engagement  with  three 
of  ullemptiiii;  an  escape  by  llight,  until  .Mr. !  huiidi'ed  indians;  whose  number  wo  were 
Church  solidly  convinci;d  them  of  the  iniprac- !  told  iificrwards  by  some  of  themselves.  A 
ticableness  of  it;  and  encouraged  lliem  yet,;dcbverunce  which  that  good  giMilleinun  often 
told  lliem,  that  he  had  observed  so  much  of  mentions  to  the  gloiy  of  (iod,  and  his  proti^c- 
th(?  remarkable  and  wonderful  [irovldence  of ,  ling  providence.  The  next  day  meeting  with 
Ctod  hilh(!rto  preserving  iheiii,  that  it  eiicou-lihe  rest  of  his  little  company,  whom  be  had 
ragc'd  him  to  believe,  with  much  confidence, :  left  at  I'ocasset  (that  had  also  u  small  skir- 
I hilt  (.1  Oil  would  yet  pre'-('rv(!  them  ;  that  not  i  niisli  with  the  Indians,  and  hud  two  men 
nliair  of  their  head  should  fall  to  the  ground;  ^  wounded)  they  returned  to  the  Mount  Hope 
bid  them  be  patient,  courageous  and  [irudent- ,  garrison;  which  Mr.  Church  used  to  call  the 
ly  siiariii;;  of  iheir  ammunition,  and  he  made  lootang  fort.  Mr.  Church  then  reluming  to 
no  doubt  but  ihey  should  come  well  oll"yet,'lli(>  island,  to  s(!rk  provision  for  the  army, 
&c.  until  his  lillle  army  again  resolved,  one  i  meets  with  Alderman,  a  noted  Indian,  that 
und  all,  to  slay  wilb,  and  stick  by  him.  One  vvns  just  ciiiiu!  ov('r  from  '.he  si|uaw  sucliem's 
oflliem,  by  ,\|r.  Cliuroh's  order,  wus  pitching  I  cape  of  I'ocasset,  haviiitj  deserted  from  her, 
a  (lat  sloiie  up  an  end  before  bin  in  the  sand,jtiiiij  brought  over  his  family;  who  gave  him 
when  a  bullet  from  the  enemy,  with  a  full  I  im  account  of  the  state  of  the  Indians,  and 
force,  struck  the  stone  while  he  was  pitching:  where  each  of  the  jagamore's  head  (piarKus 
it  an  end;  which  |int  the  poor  fellow  to  a  |  were.  Mr.  t!liu;-cli  then  diHCoursed  with 
miserable  start,  till  ,Mr.  C^hurch  called  npon;siiiiie  who  knew  the  spot  well  where  the  In- 
liim  to  observe,  how  <  lod  ilirected  the  bullets, '  dians  said  Weetamore's*  Inad  iinarters  were, 
that  the  enemy  could  not  Inl  him  when  in  the  j  and  oll'i'i-cd  thi'ir  ser\  ice  to  pilot  him.  With 
same  pl.ice,  yet  could  lilt  the  stone  as  itwasihis  news  be  hastened  to  the  .Mount  Hope 
ericteil.  garrison.      The  army  expressed  their  readi- 

While  iliey  v.en;  thus  making  the  best  de-  ness  to  embrace  such  an  opportunity, 
fence  ihey  could  ai/ainst  their  nuin(;roiis  ene-|  All  the  ablest  soldiers  were  now  immedi- 
lilies,  that  made  the  woods  ring  with  their jntely  drawn  oil',  eipiipped  und  despatched 
eonslant  yelling  and  shoiiling:  And  nijilit  j  upon  this  design,  under  tiie  coinmand  of  a 
coming  on,  somebody  told  Mr.  Church  they,  i,>rtain  olficer  ;  and  having  marched  about 
espied  a  sloop  up  the  river  as  lar  as  tjold  is-  (wo  miles,  vi/.  iiiililiheycamelo  the  cove  that 
land,  that  seemed  to lio  coming  down  towards  lieu  <iouth  west  Iroiii  the  Mount,  whi're  or- 
them;  H(!  looked  up  and  told  them,  succour  ,i,.rs  « ■•re  s^ivfii  for  an  hill:  The  cominan- 
was  now  coming,  for  he  believed  it  wuslder  in  chief  told  them  he  tlioui;lit  it  ]iroper  to 
(!aptiiiii  (lolding,  whom  he  knew  to  be  a  i  mke  advice  beliire  he  wiuit  any  further ;  cab 
mini  (iir  business,  and  would  certainly  fetch  |,.d  .Mr.  (.'Iiiirih  and  the  pilot,  and  asked 
lliem  oil',  if  he  came.  The  wind  being  fair, 'them,  how  they  knew  that  I'hilip  and  all  his 
the  vessel  was  soon  with  them;  and  ("aplainnii'ii  were  not  by  that  lime  gni  to  Weeta- 
(lolding  it  was.  Mr.  Church  (as  soon  as  they '  more's  camp  ;  or  that  all  her  own  men  were 
came  to  speak  with  one  anolher)  desired  him 'mil  liy  that  time  returned  to  hcrairainl  Willi 
to  come  to  anchor  at  such  a  distance  from  the' maiiv  more  fri'j;hlfiil  iiueslions.  Mr.  Church 
shore,  that  he  might  veer  out  bis  cable  ind^tnld  him,  they  hiid  aciiuaiiiled  liiiii  with  us 
ride  alloiil,  and  hi  slip  his  caiioi',  that  it  miehl '  murh  as  they  knew,  and  that  for  his  part,  he 
drivi!  ashore;  which  direction  Ciiplmn  (iold-' cMild  discover  nolhing  lliiil  need  to  discoii- 
ini;  observed;  but  llie  eni'iny  gave  hiiii  sin  h  nijre  them  I'niin  pioceediiii.';  that  he  ihought 
a  warm  snliite,  that  bis  sails,  colour,  and  '  it  so  priiclicable,  that  he,  with  the  pilot,  would 
stern,  were  full  of  bullet  holes.  'willinglv  lend  the  way  to  the  spot,  and  hazard 

The  cniioe  came  asbon-,  but  was  so  sinalb  the  biiint.  Ibit  the  chief  coinmander  ii.sis- 
that  she  would  not  bear  above  two  iiiiii  at  a  ted  on  this,  that  the  enemies,  number  were  so 
lime;  kihI  when  two  wiu'c  ijot  aboard,  ihey  irreal,  and  he  did  not  know  what  niirnbets 
turned  her  loose  to  drive  ashore  for  two  more, '  nKiri'  might  be  adde(i  unto  them  by  that  time 

aiid    the  sloop's  conifiiiny  kept  the  Indians  in , .     . 

pmy  the  while;    bul    when  at  hist  it  came  to i  •  HqutwMcli'ui  uI'l'iKBsw^t. 


time:  And  his  company  su  siiiull,  that  lai 
ciuild  nut  think  it  piacticable  to  ntt.ick  tliem: 
.\dded  moreover,  that  if  be  was  sure  if  Kil- 
ling all  the  enemy,  and  knew  thai  he  nns' 
los(!  the  lite  of  one  of  his  men  in  the  aiiion, 
he  would  not  attempt  it.  I'ray  .'^ir,  then  (re- 
plied .Mr.  Church)  pleiis(!  to  lend  your  c.nii- 
paiiy  to  yonder  windmill,  on  Ithoile  Isl.Hfd, 
and  there  they  will  be  out  of  danger  of  being 
killed  by  the  enemy,  and  we  shall  have  less 
trouble  to  supply  them  \\  lib  provisions.  I!iit 
return  he  would,  and  did,  unlo  the  garrison, 
until  more  strength  cann!  to  them,  and  a  sloop 
tu  transport  them  to  the  Full  river,*  in  order 
to  visit  Weetainorij's  camp.  .Mr.  ('Iiurcli, 
one  ]ia.\ter,  and  Captain  Hunti'r  an  Indiini, 
proll'ered  to  go  out  on  the  discovery  on  the 
left  wing,  which  was  uccepled;  they  had  not 
marche(r  above  a  (|uarter  of  a  mile  l.ebue 
they   started    three  of  the    enemy,      ('apliiiu 

Hunter  wounded   one  of  them  in    his    ki , 

whom,  when  he  came  up,  he  discovered  to 
be  his  near  kiisman  ;  the  captive  desired  fa- 
vour for  his  sipiaw,  if  she  should  fall  into 
their  lianils,  but  ask('d  none  lor  himself,  ex- 
cepting the  liberty  of  taking  a  whilf  of  tobac- 
co, and  while  he  was  taking  Ins  whilf,  bis 
kinsman  with  one  blow  of  his  halcliet  de- 
spatched him.  I'roc'eding  to  Weetamore's 
cain[i,  they  were  discovered  by  one  of  the 
(!nemy,  who  run  in  and  gave  information, 
upon  which  a  lusty  young  ti  Mow  left  his  meat 
upon  his  spit,t  running  hastily  out,  told  U\H 
coin|)anioiis,  he  would  kill  an  Fiiglishmun  be- 
fore h(!  eat  bis  dinner;  bul  failed  of  liis  de- 
sign, being  no  sooner  out  but  shutdown.  '1  ho 
enemies'  hres,  and  what  shelter  they  had  \\as 
by  the  edge  of  n  thick  cedar  swi,inp,  into 
which,  on  this  alarm,  they  betook  themselve.s, 
and  the  English  km  nimbly  pursued ;  but 
were  soon  ctjinmanded  back  by  their  chief- 
tain, after  th(;y  were  come  within  hearing  of 
the  cries  of  their  women  and  children,  and  so 
ended  that  exploit;  bul  returning  to  their 
sloop  the  enemy  pursued  lliein,  und  wounded 
two  of  llnur  men.  The  next  day  they  re- 
turned to  the  Mount  Hope  garrison. 

Soon  after  ibis,  was  I'hilip's  head  ipiarters 
visited  by  some  other  English  forces;  but 
Philip  and  his  gang  had  the  very  fortune  to 
escape,  that  W('etaniore  and   her's  (bul  now 

itioned)    had;    they    took    into  a   swamp, 

and  iJieir  pursuers  were  commanded  back. 
.M'ter  this  Darlmoulli's  distresses  re(|iiired 
succour,  great  part  of  the  town  being  laid 
desolate,  and  many  of  the  inhabitanls  killed; 
the  mosi  of  i'lyinoulh  forces  were  ordered 
ihilher;  and  coming  to  Kussel's  garrison  at 
l'onagiinset,|  they  met  with  a  number  of  llit) 
enemy  that  bad  siirrenilered  themselves  pris- 
oners on  terms  promised  by  Capt.  Eels  of 
ihe  siarrison,  and  Hi!l|ih  Karl,  «  ho  persiiadea 
them  (by  a  fnend  Indian  he  had  employed)  to 
come  in.  And  had  their  promises  to  the  In- 
dians been  kept,  and  the  Iniliaiis  fairly  treat- 
ed, it  is  probable  that  most  if  not  all  the  Indi- 
ans in  those  parts  had  soon  followed  the  ex- 
ampli!  of  those  who  had  now  siirrendereii 
ihemselves;  which  would  have  been  a  gooa 
step  towards  (inishing  the  war.  Ibit  in  spite 
of  all  that  Capt.  Kels,  Church  or  Iviil  coiiht 
SUV,  argui",  plead,  or  lieg,  somebody  else  that 
had   more  power  in  their  bunds  improved  it; 


*  Soulli  pnrl  iif  I'rniiiwii.    I  I'ri.liiiliy  n  numlnn  «|iii. 
)  111  llurliiiuuUi 


080 


Kl  Nd    I' II I  Lll'S    WAR. 


anil  w  itiiout  iiriy  rfj^iird  In  tlu;  proiiiiari)  iiiiuli- 
lliiMii  on  llicir  HurrtMiilcriiig  tliiMini'lvi-a,  tliry 
Wfic  ciinii'ii  iiway  to  I'lyiiunilli,  llii'rr  oolil, 
ami  tniiis|iorl<'(l  out  of  tlic  country,  liriii^; 
iilxiiil  oi^lit  scoru  persons.  An  aciioii  »o 
li.iti 'fill  lo  Mr,  ('liin\:li,  lliiit  hu  opposi'il  it  to 
t'lt'  loss  ol'tlii^  )^oik1  williiml  ruapucU  ot'soniu 
llml  l)rlori-  WOK.'  Ills  good  friendii.  Hut  wlillu 
lliiMi-  tiling's  wi'ro  nctiiig  nt  Durliiioutli,  Pliij- 
i|)  niiiili!  Ins  fsciipi!,  ifuvuig  liit  country,  'k-il 
oviT  Tiiunlon  rivor,  iinil  Iti'hobotli  plain  and 
I'aiuxct  riviT,  wlii-ro  Capt.  Edinund.i,  of 
I'roviili'nin",  iniidu  some  spoil  upon  liitn,  and 
liiitl  proliul)ly  done  more,  but  was  provenlfd 
liy  tlu!  c-opiiii(»  of  a  superior  ollicer,  timt  i)Ut 
l.lni  liy.  And  now  anollierfort  was  built  at  I'o- 
caHsel,  tliat  proved  as  troublesome  and  clnirgu- 
abli'  HsjIiatuI  Mount  Hope;  und  tliu  remain- 
der of  tlie  summer  was  improved  in  provi- 
drtii;  f,ir  llie  forts  and  forces  tliere  liiaintainetl, 
wliile  our  eneinits  wero  (led  some  hundred 
of  miles  into  tlie  country,  near  as  far  as  Alba- 
ny. And  luiw  strong  suspicMons  began  to 
arise  of  llie  XarragaiiMit  Indians,  lliat  tbey 
were  ill  alleeleil,  and  designed  miscliief;  and 
BO  llie  event  .sooti  discovered.  Tlie  next 
winter  tliey  began  tlieir  lioslililies  upon  the 
Unglisli.  Tlie  iiniteil  coliuiies  then  agreed 
to  siMid  an  army  to  suppress  them  :  (Jovi'r- 
nor  Winsliuv  to  c(Hnniaiiil  the  i:rin\.  He 
iiinlerliikiiig  the  expeilillon,  invited  Mr. 
Oliureh  to  roinmaiul  a  coiiipany  in  the  expe- 
dition, which  he  decliiii'd,  craving  excuse 
from  taking  coiniiiissloii,  he  promised  lo  wait 
upon  him  as  a  lii'liirm.ulo  tlirougli  the  expe- 
dilion.  Having  nule  wilh  the  general  to 
lioston,  and  from  thence  to  Rehoboih;  upon 
the  geneial's  reipiesl  lie  went  tlience  tin- 
nearest  w.iy  over  the  ferries,  wilh  Major 
Siniili,  lo  his  garrlMPii  in  the  Narraganset 
country,  to  prepare  and  provide  for  the  com- 
ing of  (ic'iieral  Wiiislow;  who  marched 
round  llii'iiii};li  ihe  toiiiitry  with  his  army, 
propuslnt;  by  night  lo  surprise  Piimliam*  (a 
certain  Narr.igaiiset  sachem)  ami  his  town; 
but  being  aware  of  the  approach  of  our  ar- 
my, made  llieir  escape  into  ihe  di'Si'rts;  but 
Mr.  Church  meeting  with  fair  winds  arrived 
8atc>  at  the  mijor's  girrison  in  the  evening 
und  soon  began  to  inipiire  afler  the  enemies' 
resorts,  wigwams,  or  sh'epiiig  places,  and 
having  gained  some  inlelligenci-,  he  iiroposed 
to  the  Khlriges,  and  some  other  brisk  hands 
that  he  met  with,  to  alleinpl  the  surprisinLT  of 
some  of  the  enemy,  to  m:ike  a  present  of  to 
the  iieneral,  when  he  should  arrive,  which 
miirhl  advantaL'C  his  design  :  Ueing  l>risk 
blades,  they  readily  complied  with  the  molion, 
ami  were  somi  iipmi  their  march.  The  night 
was  very  cold,  bill  blessi d  wilh  tin?  tuooii  ; 
berore  the  clay  broke  lliey  ellectcl  their  ex- 
ploit, and  by  the  rising  of  the  s irrived  at 

the  ma|or's  garrison,  where  they  met  the 
getH'ial,  and  presented  him  with  eighteen  of 
the  enemy  they  had  captured.  The  general, 
please((  wilh  the  i^xploit,  gave  them  thanks, 
parliriilarly  to  M"-.  (Miiirch,  the  mover  ami 
chief  actor  of  the  biislness  ;  and  sending  two 
of  lliein,  (likely  boys)  a  pnvsent  to  Hostim  ; 
smiling  on  Mr.  Church,  told  liim,  that  he 
made  no  doiibi  but  his  faculty  would  suppl'j 
them  wilh  Indian  boys  I'nougli  before  the 
V'li-'vas  ended. 

'J'lieir  next  niove  was  to  a  swamp,  which 


*  tiuclivai  oi  :>linwuu»:i,  or  Warwick. 


ihe  Indians  Ind    fortiKed    with  a  furt.     Mr. 

C'hurch  rill  in  ihe  giiieial's  guard  when  the 
liliiody  en;'agenient  began  ;  but  being  impa- 
Iieiit  ol  iieiiig  mil  of  the  heat  of  the  action,  im- 
piirliinalely  begged  leaveof  ihe  general  that  liu 
might  rundown  lo  the  assistance  of  his  friends: 
the  general  yn'lded  to  his  reipiust  provided 
he  could  rally  some  hands  to  go  with  liim. 
Thirty  men  immedialely  dre>.%  out  and  fol- 
lowed him  :  They  entered  the  swamp,  and 
passed  over  the  log,  that  was  the  passage  into 
tho  fort,  where  they  saw  many  men  and  se- 
veral valiant  captains  lie  slain  :  Mr.  Church 
spying  Captitin  Gardner  nf  Sulom,  amidst  the 
wigwams  in  tlie  east  end  of  the  fort,  mado 
towards  him,  but  on  a  sudden,  while  they 
wero  looking  vi"  \:  other  in  the  f;xcu,  Captain 
Ciardner  settled  down  Mr.  Church  stepped  to 
him,  ond  seeing  tho  blood  run  down  his  cheek, 
lifted  up  his  cup,  and  calling  to  him  by  his 
name  ;  he  looked  up  in  his  face,  but  spoke  not 
a  word,  being  mortally  shot  ihroiigh  the  lii'ud  ; 
and  observing  his  wound,  .Mr.  Church  found 
the  ball  entered  his  heail  on  the  side  that  was 
next  the  iiplaml,  when'  ihe  I'^iglish  entered 
llie  swamp,  upmi  which,  lun  iiig  ordered  some 
care  to  be  taken  of  the  captain,  he  iles|ialcli- 
ed  information  to  the  gener.il,  that  the  best 
and  forwurdest  of  his  army,  that  ha/.arded 
their  li\es  to  enter  the  lort,  upon  thi'  muz/.le 
of  the  enemies'  guns,  wi'resliot  in  'heir  backs, 
and  killed  by  lliein  that  lay  behind.  Mr. 
Church  wilh  his  small  company  hastened  cnit 
of  the  fort  that  the  I'^nglisli  wen-  now  posses- 
sed of,  to  get  u  shot  at  the  Indians  that  were 
in  the  swamp,  and  kept  firing  upon  th  ' 
He  soon  met  wilh  a  broad  and  bloody  Ir 
where  tliu  enemy  had  fled  with  their  woiliiil- 
ed  men  ;  follo.ving  hard  in  the  tract,  he  soon 
spied  one  of  the  eii"iny  who  clapped  his 
gun  across  I. is  breast,  inaile  towards  .Mr. 
('liurcli,  and  beckoned  lo  liim  wilh  his  hand  ; 
Mr.  Church  immediately  commainleil  no  man 
lo  hurt  him,  hoping  by  him  to  have  gained 
some  intelligence  of  the  eni'iny,  that  might 
be  of  advantage;  but  it  iinliappily  fell  out 
that  a  fellow  that  lagged  behind  coming 
lip,  shot  down  the  Indian,  to  .Mr.  (Church's 
great  grief  and  disappoiiiliiKmt ;  but  iniiiK'- 
diately  they  heard  a  gnat  shout  of  the  enemy, 
which  .si'emed  to  be  behind  ihein,  or  betwei-n 
them  and  the  fort ;  and  discovi-red  them  run- 
ning from  tri'e  to  tree  to  gain  advantages  of 
tiring  u(ion  the  English  thai  were  in  the  Ibrl. 
Mr.  Church's  great  dillicully  now  was  how 
to  discover  himself  to  his  friends  in  the  (brt, 
using  siHeral  inventions,  lill  at  length  he  gain- 
ed an  opportuniiy  to  call  to,  and  inform  a  Ser- 
jeant in  the  f  nt,  that  he  was  tliere,  and 
might  be  exposed  to  their  shots,  unless  they 
observed  it.  liy  this  tiiiii!  he  iliscovered  a 
number  of  the  enemy  almost  within  shot  of 
him,  making  toward-^  the  fort.  Mr.  ('hiirch 
and  his  company  were  liivoiired  by  a  liiMip  of 
brush  that  was  belwei-n  them  ami  the  enemy, 
and  prevented  their  being  discovered  to 
them.  .Mr.  ('liiirch  had  given  his  men  their 
particular  onlers  f,ir  firing  upon  the  enemy, 
and  as  lliey  were  rising  up  lo  make  their  shot ; 
the  hire-mi'iitioneil  secgeaiit  in  the  f  irt  called 
out  lo  them,  for  (iod's  sake  not  to  Hn-,  for  he 
believed  lliey  wen-  some  of  their  friend  In- 
dians; they  clappi'd  down  again,  but  were 
soon  sensibh^  of  their  serieanl's  mistake.  The 
enemy  got  to  the  top  of  ilii?  tree,  llie  body 
whereof  the   serjeanl  stood   upon,  and  there 


'chipiH'd  ilown  out  of  sight  of  tliu  fort,  but 
all  lliis  while  never  disiiivered  Mr.  ('Iinrcli, 
who  observed  llieni  lo  keep  galheriiig  net  i 
lliat  place,  until  lliere  .seeini'd  lo  be  a  forim- 
j  liable  black  heap  of  them.  Now  brave  Imys 
(said  Mr.  Church  to  his  men)  if  we  inind 
our  hits,  wu  n.iiy  have  a  brave  shot,  and  let 
our  sign  for  firing  on  them,  be  their  rising  to 
fire  into  tho  fort.  It  was  not  long  before  tho 
Inilmns  rising  up  as  one  body,  designing  lo 
pmir  a  volley  into  the  fort ;  when  our  ('liurcli 
nimbly  started  up  and  gave  them  such  n 
round  volley,  and  iinexpecled  chip  on  ihi'ir 
backs,  that  tliey,  who  <'scapid  w  illi  llieir  lives, 
wero  so  surprised,  that  tlii'y  si  aiii|H'red,  they 
knew  not  whilher  themselves,  about  a  >lo/rii 
of  them  ran  right  over  the  log  into  the  fort, 
and  took  into  a  sort  of  hovel  ihiit  was  built 
with  jioles,  after  the  niaiiner  of  a  corn  crib. 
-Mr.  ('hurch's  nn-ll  having  their  carlriilges 
fixed,  were  soon  able  lo  obey  his  onier, 
which  was  immedialely  to  charge,  and  run 
on  upon  the  hovel,  ami  overset  il,  calling,  as 
be  run  on,  to  some  that  were  in  the  fort,  lo 
assist  him  in  overselling  il  ;  ihey  no  sooner 
came  to  face  the  enemie.s'  shelter,  but  .Mr. 
Clinrch  discovered  that  one  of  them  had 
found  a  hole  to  point  his  gun  through,  right 
at  him  ;  but  however  encoiirageil  his  compa- 
ny and  ran  right  on,  lill  he  was  lilriick  will' 
three  bullets,  one  in  his  ihigh,  \\  hicli  was 
near  half  cut  oft"  as  it  glanced  on  the  joint  of 
his  hip-bone  ;  unolher  th ■diigh  the  gallicring 
of  his  breeches  and  drawers,  with  ii  small  llesh 
wound  ;  a  third  pierced  his  pocket,  and 
wounded  a  pair  of  mittens,  that  he  had  bor- 
rowed of  Cujitam  Prenlice  ;  being  wrapped 
up  together  had  the  misfortune  of  having 
many  holes  cut  throueli  them  with  one  bul- 
let ;  but  however,  hi!  made  u  sliifl.  to  keep  (M\ 
his  legs,  and  nimbly  discharged  his  g  in  at 
them  that  had  wonndird  him  ;  being  disabled 
now  to  go  a  step,  his  men  would  have  carried 
him  oil',  but  he  forbid  their  touching  of  him, 
until  they  had  perfected  their  pmjecl  of  over- 
setting the  enemies,  shelter  ;  bid  them  run, 
for  now  th(>  Indians  had  no  guns  charged. 
While  he  was  urging  them  lo  run  on,  the  In- 
dians begun  to  shoot  arrows,  and  wilh  one 
pierced  through  the  arm  of  llie  Knglishman 
that  had  hold  of  Mr.  Chiiri'h's  arm  lo  support 
him.  The  Knglish,  in  short,  were  disi'onraged, 
and  drew  back  ;  and  by  this  time  the  ICnglish 
people  in  the  fort  had  begun  lo  set  firi'  to  llui 
wiirwams  and  houses  in  the  fort,  which  Mr. 
Church  laboiireil  hard  lo  prevent;  they  told 
him,  They  had  orders  from  llie  general  to 
burn  them  ;  hi?  begged  llieni  to  forbear  until  he 
had  disciMirsed  with  the  general ;  and  hasten- 
ing to  him,  he  bes;ged  lo  spare  the  wigwams, 
iVc.  in  the  fort  from  fire,  lohl  him,  the  wig- 
wams were  iniisket-pn.of,  beiiej  all  lined  wilh 
liask(>ts  tubs  of  grain,  and  oilier  provisions, 
siiiricieiit  to  supply  the  whole  army,  iinld 
the  spring  of  the  year;  and  every  wounded 
man  might  have  a  good  warm  house  to 
lodge  in,  who  otherway  would  necessarily 
perish  wilh  the  storms  mi  ,1  cold  :  And  more- 
over, that  the  army  had  no  otlnT  provisions 
to  trust  unto,  and  depend  npf.n  ;  that  he 
kninv  that  tho  I'lymoiilh  forces  had  not  so 
much  as  one  biscuit  left,  for  he  had  seen 
their  last  dealt  out,  ffc.  The  general  advis- 
ing a  few  words  wilh  the  gei  tli'iiien  that 
wi'i'e  about  him,  moving 'oward-.  tlii'  (iirt,  de- 
signing lo   ridi!   in  himself,   and   bring  in  tho 


KIN  (J    PHI  LI  I"  S    WA». 


8^7 


(if  tliu  fort,  lull 
It'll   Mr.  Clmrrli, 

I  gallioriiij,'  iir't  > 
I'll   III  Iji'  u  ruriiii- 

Now     lllllVl'   lillVH 

irii)  if  \vi'  iiiiiiil 
ii\>'  hIiiiI,  anil  lit 
1)1'  (lu'ir  risiiig  I.) 
il  Idii^;  lu'liirt'  ill" 
tlVi  ilrni^iiini;  III 
vliL'ii  unr  Cliuirli 

VO      llu'lll     KMcIl     II 

li'il  rliii)  on  llirlr 
il  with  ilirir  livi'-i, 

si'iiiii|><'ri'il,  llii'y 
's,  iiliiiiit  a  dii/i'ii 
lii){  ihio  till-  fort., 
■I  lliiit  was  liiiill 
r  III  II  I'lirii  crili. 

lliinr  railiiil};r< 
iilii'v  liis  iinii'V, 
cliiir^i',  anil  run 
M'l  il,  ralliinj,  as 
II'  ill  llii'  fort,  111 
;    tliry   111'  siiiiiicr 

slirlirr,  liiit  Mr. 
II'    III'    tlii'iii   liaii 

II  llii'iiiii;li,  rij,'lrt 
nifiril  liis  <'iiiii|iii- 
'  was  tilniiU  w  III' 
if;li,  wliirli  win 
:1  on  till'  joint  of 
gli  till-  liallii'riiii; 
willi  II  Hiiiall  lli'sli 
liis    piickrl,     ami 

lliiit  III!  Iiail  liiir- 
;  liriiii;  wra|i|ii'il 
rtuiii'    III'   lunini; 

'Ml     willl  lllil'  I'lll- 

I  Hliil'l.  to  ki'i'|)  on 
irf>i-il     Ills  ;;  III  at 

;  liritii^  ilisalili'ii 
mill  liavo  nirrii'il 
loiicliiiif;  ol"  liiiii, 
r  |>riiji'Ct  111'  iivrr- 

;   liiil    tlii'in   run, 

II  fjiiiis  i-liari.'1'il. 
11  run  on,  tlir  Ill- 
's, anil  willl  ('111! 
'  llio  Kn^'lisliinaii 
I's  arm  to  sii|i|iort 
icri-  ^li^<^oll^lll.•<'.l, 

tiini'  till'  Kii^'r:--li 

I  111  si't  tin'  to  llm 
'  full,  wliioli  Mr. 
ri'vonl ;  lliry  lolil 

II  till'  •ii'iii-ral  lo 
to  forlii'ar  iiiilil  In; 
rral ;  anil  liasli-n- 
Ml'  tlic  wii;wiiiii.i, 

I'M   llllll,  till'   wiLT- 

'iiiLT  all  liiii'il  willl 
oilier  jirovisiiiiis, 
hole  nriuy,  niilil 
I  every  woiiiuleil 

warm  liiiiise  In 
voiilil  necessarily 
L'lilil  :    Anil  niore- 

otlier  |irovisii'iis 
I  u|ioii  ;  lliat  lie 
"iirce.s  liail   rmt  sii 

for  lie  linil  seen 
lie  general  ailvis- 
•  f;ei  tleineii  tliat 
Mini-  till'  fort,  ili'- 

aiitl   liriiii;  in  tlio 


wtioUi  army  ;  Imt  jint  us  In)  wiih  enieriiit;  llie 
»wniii|i,  one  nf tlie  raptiiiis  iiiel  liiiii,  ami  ii'^k- 
ml  liim,  wliiilier  lie  was  >;oiii^  I  lie  l.ilil  Imii 
into '!'!.  I'irt  ;  llie  rii|ilaiii  liiiil  linlil  of  lii'* 
lior  •,  III  il  llllll  llllll,  Ins  life  was  worth  an 
111!:  liri'il  of  llieirs,  iiiiil  he  slimiM  nol  i'\|'o,i' 
Ilimsi'If.  The  ^enerul  InM  him,  llial  llie  liriiiil 
was  iner,  aiiil  that  Mr.  Chiiivh  hail  iiilormeil 
liiiil  thai  the  f  irl  was  laken,  Ike.  ami  as  the 
riisii  wai  eimiiiistaiireil  he  wis  of  ilie  iiiimi, 
that  it  was  most  iiraiiiriilile  for  him,  iiiiil  Ins 
liniiy  to  shelli-r  theinseln's  in  the  fort.  The 
rn|itaiii  in  a  i^'ieat  heat  ri'|ilieil,  that  Cliiinli 
lieil ;  aiiil  tnhi  ihe  t;eiieral,  lliiil  if  hi'  iiinveii 
miiitlier  ste|i  towanls  the  fort  he  wonhl  si., ml 
his  horse  iimler  him.  Then  liriisheil  up  an- 
other (^elillemaii.  a  I'erlaiii  lioelor,  ami  n|i|ioseil 
Mr.  ('hiinh's  inlvice,  ami  iiaiil,  if  il  wrrfi  emu- 
plii'ii  willl,  it  Wiiiil.l  kill  iiiore  men  than  llie 
enemvlniil  killeil;  l'iir(saiii  he)  liy  lo-inorrow 
the  woiiiiileil  men  will  lie  no  siilf  that  there 
will  III'  no  iiMvinir  of  ilieiii  :  Ami  looking' 
upon  Mr.  ('hiircli,  ami  seeiiii;  the  liloml  How 
npace  fniin  his  woiiiiils,  lolii  him,  That  if  he 
pive  siirli  iiilvice  as  that  was,  he  slioiihl  lileeil 
to  liealli  like  a  ilo:;  lief  ire  he  Winild  eiidea. 
Viiiir  toslaiini'h  his  hlooil  :  ihoiii^h  after  tliev 
li.ail  prevaileii  a:,'aiiisl  his  ailvlee  ihey  wen' 
giiHieieiilly  kiiiii  to  him.  Ami  liiirniii^  up  all 
the  houses  ami  provisions  in  ihi!  fort  ;  the 
army  returneil  the  same  ni;;ht  in  the  storm 
ami  eohl  ;  ami  I  suppose  lliilt  every  one  who 
was  ai'ipniinleil  with  that  nii^hl's  march 
deeply  laments  the  miserie.s  lliiit  altemleii 
them,  especially  the  woiimleii  niul  ilyinjj 
men.  Hut  it  mercifully  cniiie  to  jmss  thai 
Captain  ,\mirew'  llelclier  iirriveil  at  Mr. 
Smith's  that  very  nielit  from  Huston,  with  a 
vessel  !;iailei]  with  provisions  for  the  army 
who  miisl  otlierwisu  hiiv.i  peri.shvil  fitr  want. 
Simie  of  the  eneir.y  t'lat  wore  then  in  the 
fort  have  since  infiirinr,!  •»,  that  near  a  tliinl 
of  the  Imlians  lieliiii;.'in!;  to  all  th"  Narraijan- 
net  country  were  killeil  liy  the  Kn:;li«li  ami 
liy  the  colli  of  ihat  niu'ht,  that  I'ley  Hi'ii  out  of 
their  fort  so  liaslily  that  lliey  carrieil  nolhiiit; 
with  ihem  :  That  if  the  l'^i<;lisli  hail  kept  in 
the  fort,  the  Imiians  woiihl  certainly  have 
been  necessilateil  either  to  surremler  theni- 
B'.Ives  to  them,  or  to  have  perislieii  hv  hiiiis^'er, 
ami  the  severity  of  the  season.*  Snmetime 
after  this  fort-li'^ht  a  cerlaiii  Susjkonate  In- 
dian iiearinij  Mr.  Olniri'li  relate  the  iiianner 
of  his  lieiii'^  woundi'il,  told  him,  that  he  did 
not  know  hut  he  hiiinelf  was  the  Indian  that 
wounded  him  oi  he  was  one  of  ihat  coiiipa- 
ny  of  Ihiiians  ihut  Mr.  Church  made  a  shoi 
upon,  when  lliey  were  rlsiiij;  to  make  a  shot 
into  the  firt.  They  were  in  niimher  alimit  six- 
ty iir  seventy,  th  it  just  then  c.iiiie  down  from 
I'uraham's  towi.  nml  never  liefoie  then  tired 
a  Kun  iiL'ainst  th.>  Kii'.;lisli  ;  th.it  when  Mr. 
Church  tired  upi.'i  llniii  he  killed  fourleen 
(load  upon  the  spot,  .tiid  wounded  a  i^realer 
numlier  than  he  killed,  many  of  whom  died 
adcrwai  Is  of  their  Wi.iinds,  in  tbo  cold  and 
storm  ill  !  followins;  niyrlit. 


•  Til.'  svvdhip  fiirlil  )i(t|i|i'Mit?iI  nil  Ofi'i-mlitT  'i'}.  Ilir.'i 
in  ivhii'li  iilioiii  liHy  r.iiilisli  wc'ri'  iiiiini'.  la  llii'  lulinii 
leiil  ilir.j  nl"  llifir  vviiiimiIh  ;  tiiiil  riliitut  Iliri'c  liiiinlrr'l  iir 
Ihri'i'  jniiiflri'il  mmiI  tiri\  Intli(iii.i,  iiicii.  vvuiiii'ii,  unit  tliil- 
.^A'li,  WIT.'  Iiillt'il,  niiii  ;1M  miitiv  iimn'  i-u)inin'<l.  tl  ii 
H.iiil  lit,'  tiini.jn'.j  \vi..svinii'i  wi'ri'  Iniriit  wiili  itii'  furl; 
iiii.l  Ivvd  liiiiiitrril  miirr  in  iillvr  jiiirH  ill"  \'iirrni;jiiHi'l. 
Till'  |il,ii'o  111' III..  I'lirl  1V11.1  nil  i-li'v:ilr,l  Kroiiml  iir  |iii'i'i'  nl' 
i.j'lsiit,  iiI'iltIi  i|i<llin't<  IT  f'liiir  u.'n'«,  in  llii-  niiildli'  nl'ii 
hi  ti'iii)4  .4,viiiii|i;  iiliiiiil  n.'ven  iiiiluii  iii^ur  ilui!  west  friilil 
Kitrrai^uatioi  mhiiIi  luri'^. 


Mr.  Chiircii  was  moved  with  iitlier  Wdiinil- 
I'd  men,  over  to  Khode  Island,  whi'ri',  in 
ilioiil  tliree  liionlhs  lime,  he  was  ill  .some  ^'lllld 
incisure  I'eeovered  ol'liis  wounds,  and  iheti'- 
ver  llial  allemled  llniii :  .■\lid  then  went  overlo 
Ihe  ei'iieral  Ik  lake  his  leiiM'  ol  hiiii,  \\  illi  a  de- 
si;4n  to  ritiini  home. 

Hut   the   j; al's  (;reat  imporluiiily  apiin 

persuaded  him  to  ari'ompany  him  in  a  loii^ 
iiianli  into  ihe  Nipniiick*  counlry,  though  he 
had  then  leiils  in  his  wounds,  and  so  lame  us 
not  111  he  alile  to  iiioiinl  his  hoi'.su  without 
I  wo  men's  assistance. 

Ill  this  march,  llie  lirst  I'lini;  rcmarkalile 
» as,  ihey  came  In  an  Indian  town,  where 
there  were  many  wij^wams  in  sii,'hl,  hut  an 
'.cy  swamp,  lyiii:;  lielween  them  ami  llie  wij;- 
w.inis,  preventeij  llieir  riiniiiii;^  at  once  upon 
it  as  they  intended  :  There  was  much  Cxnujf 
upon  I'arli  side  liet'ore  they  passed  the  Hwutnp. 
lint  Hi  lein^tli  the  i my  all  lied,  anil  Ik  cer- 
tain Miiliei,'an,  ihat  was  a  friend  Indian,  pur- 
sued ami  seized  one  of  the  enemy  that  had  a 
small  wound  in  his  lei,',  and  hroui^dit  him  he- 
lore  the  ijeneral,  where  he  was  examineil, 
.■^oiiie  were  tiir  lorliiriiii;  him  to  liriiii^  him  to 
a  more  ample  conl'ession  of  what  he  knew 
conrerniiii;  iiis  ciiunlrymen.  Mr.  (Mmrch, 
verily  lieheviiif;  he  had  lieeii  ingenuous  in 
his  confession,  inlei'ceded  iiiul  prevaileii  for 
his  e.scapin;;  lorliire.  Hut  the  army  lieini; 
lioiinil  f  irwani  in  their  march,  and  the  Indi- 
an's wound  somewhat  disenaliling  him  for 
travellin;^,  it  was  concliiiled  he  fih'Uild  he 
knoi'ked  on  the  head:  Accordini^lv  he  was 
lirouj;lit  hefore  a  (^reat  tire  and  the  .'.Iohe(.;an 
ihut  took  him  was  allowed,  as  lie  desired,  to 
he  his  oxecutloiiiT.  Mr.  Church  liikiiifj;  no 
deli;;lit  in  the  sport,  framed  an  errand  at  some 
distance  ainoii'^ihe  ha^iHasje-horses,  and  when 
he  (Jot  leii  nids,  or  therealioiits,  from  the  fire, 
the  exe;,.iiiiiiii'r  felchinj;  a  Mow  with  u  hatchet 
at  the  head  of  the  prisoner,  he  heini;  aware  of 
ihe  lilow,  iiiidi;ed  his  head  aside,  and  ihe 
executioner  missir.i;  his  stroke,  the  hatchet 
Hew  out  of  his  hand,  and  had  like  to  have  done 
execution  where  it  was  not  di'si(;ned.  The 
prisoner,  upon  his  n.irrow  escape,  broke  from 
them  that  held  him,  and,  notwillHtandin^  his 
wound,  made  iiseiif  his  li'ijs,  and  happened  to 
run  ri^'ht  upon  Mr.  ('Inircli,  who  laid  hold  on 
him,  and  a  close  sciillle  they  had,  hut  the  In- 
dian haviiiij  no  clothes  on  slipped  from  him, 
and  ran  iiijain,  and  Mr.  Church  pursued  the 
Imliiin,  althi'iiijh  lieiiii.^  lame,  there  was  no 
en-at  odds  in  the  race,  iiiuil  the  Indian  slum- 
hied  and  fell,  and  they  closed  aijain,  siiullled 
and  fiiUi,'lil  prelty  sim'.rlly,  until  the  Indian 
livlheadvant.ieeiifliis  nakedness,  slipped  from 
his  hold  aicaiii,  and  set  mil  on  his  third  race, 
with  Mi.Chiii'ch  close  at  his  heels,  emleavour- 
Iiil;  Io  liv  hold  on  the  hair  of  his  heail,  which 
w.is  all  llie  hold  could  he  laken  of  him  :  and 
riinnini^  ihroueli  a  swamp  that  was  covered 
with  hollow  ice,  il  made  so  loud  a  noise  that 
Mr.  ('liiirch  expecled  (hut  in  vain)  that  some 
of  his  Kiurlish  friends  would  f 'How  the  noise, 
ami  coini'to  his  assistance.  Ihit  the  Indian  hap- 
pened to  run  athwart  a  larije  tree,  thai  lay  fal- 
len nearlireasl  hi'^l;,  where  he  stopped  and  cried 
out  aloud  liir  help  ;  hut  Mr.  Church  lieini^  soon 
upon  hiin  aijaiii.  the  Imli.iii  sei'/.ed  liim  f.ist  liy; 
the  hair  of  his  lie.id.andendi'avouriii'^  liy  twist 
iiij'  to  hri'iik  his  neck,  hut  thoiit;li  \Ir.  Churi'h'si 


'  Couuiry  alniil  WonTHBIor,  Oxfiiril,  Cnisliin,  Jjfi'. 


[woiintla  had  Hiimewhal  weukeiinil  liiin,  ami 

ihe  Indian  u  sloul  lillow  ,  yet  he  held  hini  II. 
play,  and  Iwislcd  llie  Imhiin's  neck  as  well, 
anil  took  the  iid\  aiita^e  ot'  iiiany  iippoitiini- 
lies,  while  they  hunj;  hy  each  oiher's  hair, 
'  ^ave  llllll  III  iloi'ti  Ills  I  llllll  I  IS  III  the  liice  \\  ith  hiN 
head.  Hut  III  llie  heal  of  this  MiiDIe  lliey 
heard  the  ice  hreak  wiili  soniehinly  ciiiinn^ 
apace  to  them,  which  when  ihey  lieani, 
(  hiircli  concluded  there  « as  help  llir  mm 
or  other  (if  them,  hiil  was  ihniliirul  which  ii( 
llicin  must  now  receive  ihe  f  ilal  slmke  ;  anon 
someliody  comes  up  to  iheni,  who  piiited  lit 
he  tliu  Indian  that  had  lirst  laken  ihe  pi  isoiier. 
Wilhoiit  iipenkiii){  a  wind,  he  fell  them  out 
(for  it  was  bo  dark  he  could  imt  ilistin^nisli 
tlii'in  liy  si^'")  llu'  one  heiHL;  i  li'lhed,  and  llio 
other  naked,  he  felt  when'  Mr.  Church's  haMihi 
wen-  fisleiiud  in  the  Nelop's  hair,  iiinl  «  iili 
one  blow  settled  his  halchel  ii  hel«een  llieiii 
and  ended  the  strife,  lie  llieii  spoke  to  .Mr. 
('hurcli,  :id  liii^eed  liiin  in  his  arms,  a:»l 
thanked  him  aliundanlly  for  calchiiii;  his  pris- 
oner, and  cut  oil  the  heiid  of  his  Mcliin,  nml 
car-ied  il  tolhecainp;  and  ijiviiii;  an  acconiit 
to  the  rest  of  the  friend  Indians  in  the  caiiip, 
how  Mr.  (Church  had  seized  his  pnsoin  r, 
Jcc.  Ihey  nil  joined  ii  iniehty  shout. 

I'roceedint;  in  this  march,  tiiey  had  ihe  suc- 
cess of  killiii(5  many  of  the  enemy:  until  a* 
leiifjtli  their  provisions  I'ailiiii;,  they  I'lturne.i 
home. 

KiniJ  Philip  (as  was  hei'ore  hiiited)  was  tieil 
to  a  place  called  Scailacook,  helween  Vorkaml 
Alliany,  when'  the  Moohaas*  made  a  descent 
upon  him  and  killed  many  of  his  iiieii,  wliudi 
moved  him  from  thence. 

His  next  keniielliiif.'ph was  at  the  falls  of 

Connecticut  river, t  where,  somelime  alter, 
Cnpl.  Turner  fouiid  him,  came  upon  him  hy 
nijjht,  killed  him  a  (jreat  many  men,  and  fri^'ht- 
eiied  many  more  into  the  river,  that  were 
hurled  down  the  falls  and  dniwned. 

Philipgotovor  the  river,  andontlieliacksido 
of  U'etiiset  hills  meets  with  all  ihe  reimmnt* 
of  the  Narrnf^anset  and  NipmiickJ  Indians  that 
were  there  (gathered  tof^ether,  aiul  hecamo 
very  numerous,  and  made  their  descenl  on 
.Sudbury  and  the  adjaceiil  parts  of  llie  connlry, 
where  they  met  with  and  swallowed  up  valiant 
Capt.  WaiUworth  and  his  ciinipany,  and  miiihf 
many  other  doleful  desolalions  in  llmse  parts. 
The  n(!W3  whereof  comiiii;  to  Plynioiilh,  niitl 
they  exp(M'tiiii.''  probahly  the  enemy  woiilil 
soon  return  afraiii  into  iheir  colony  ;  the  coun- 
cil of  war  was  called  lo^'etl.er,  and  Mr. 
('liurch  was  sent  for  to  them,  beini;  ohserved 
hy  the  whole  colony  to  he  a  person  exlraor- 
diuarily  ()Ualitied  tiir,  and  adapted  to,  llio 
alTairs  of  war.  It  was  pmposed  in  council, 
that  lest  the  eiieniy.  in  llieir  reliirn,  should 
fill  on  Kehoholh,  or  some  olher  of  their  oiil- 
tiiwns,  a  ciiinpany,  ciin>islin^  of  flO  or  70 
men,  aliould  he  sent  into  ihiise  palls;  and  Mr. 
Church  invited  to  lake  the  eouiinaml  of  ihem. 
He  told  them,  llinl  if  the  ineiiiy  relumed 
into  that  colony  auain,  ihey  iiiinht  reasonably 
expect  that  they  would  come  very  numerous, 
and  if  he  should  take  the  comniaml  of  men,  ho 
should  not  lie  in  any  town  or  f;arrisiiii  with 
them,  lint  would  lie  in  ihe  woods  as  tliB 
enemy  did  :  Ami  liial  to  send  out  sindi  smalt 
companies  U'j;aiiist  such  niiilllludes  of  theeiie. 
my  ihat  were  now  musten'd  Io  jreilier,  would 

•  Mob«wli».    t  Abo»o   Dwrlilil.     |  Alwut  RulUml. 


ess 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


I)iit  to    Jflivur   HO    miny    inun    into    their | next  to  it  liiiirot!';   iijidii    wlilrli  lit- siiiilint;ly  tlie  Ima  i  ,  iinj  tiiot  liiin  they  not  having  any 


no 

liiiiiiN,  to  l>e  ili'<itniyril,  as  tliu  worthy  Cn|)tiiin 
Wiidnwiirtli  mill  \n»  coinpuny  wnro.  His  lul- 
vici!  ii|ioii  tilt'  whiilii  wus,  that  it'  thi'y  m'lil 
out  any  liirciM,  to  aciul  out  no  \as»  than  300 
•olUiiTH  ;  und  that  tim  ottior  colonies  shoiilil 
bi>  iiHkcii  to  Kfiid  out  their  (|uiitait  nUo  ;  ml- 
Jiiij^,  that  if  they  iiiloiidej  to  ninku  an  end 
of  the  war  by  subduine  the  enemy,  they 
must  make  a  business  of  tlie  war,  as  the  ene- 
my did  ;  anil  that  of  his  own  part,  ho  )iud 
wholly  laid  aside  all  his  own  private  business 
coiict-rns,  ever  since  the  war  iiroko  out.  He 
told  them,  that  if  they  would  send  forth  suuh 
forces  as  he  should  direct,  ho  would  gn 
with  (hem  fora  six  weeks' march,  which  was 
long  enough  for  men  to  be  kept  in  the  wooiIh 
at  once  ;  and  if  they  might  bo  sure  ofliborty 
to  return  in  such  a  space,  men  would  go  out 
cheerfully  ;  and  he  would  engage  150  of  the 
best  soldiers  should  list  voluntarily  to  go  with 
him,  if  they  would  please  to  add  50  more  ; 
und  100  of  the  friend  Indians  ;  and  with  such 
nn  iirmy,  he  made  no  doubt,  but  he  might  do 
guild  service  ;  but  on  other  terms  ho  did  not 
iiirliiie  to  be  concerned. 

Tlii'ir  reply  was  that  they  were  already  in 
di-lit,  and  so  big  an  army  would  bring  such 
rliiir^'o  upon  tliein,  that  they  should  never 
lie  iilile  to  pay  ;  and  as  for  sending  out  In- 
dian.'), they  thought  it  no  ways  aaviseable, 
mill  in  sliiirt  nmie  of  his  advice  practicable. 

.\(iw  .M  r.  Church's  consort,  and  his  then  only 
sun  wi'i'f  tilllhlstime  remaining  at  Duxbury, 
mill  lie  flaring  fur  their  safety  there  (unless  the 
war  wus  mure  vigorously  engaged  in,  rcsolv 
ill  to  iniivi'  III  Kliiide  Island,  though  it  was 
iiiiicli  iipposcil  liiith  by  government  and  rela 
iiiHs  ;  lint  at  length,  the  governor  considering 
tIm'  lie  mii^iit  he  no  less  serviceable  bv  being 
on  I  hat  "ide  of  the  colony,  gave  his  permit, 
anil  wislied  he  had  twenty  more  Osgood  men 
to  siind  with  him 

Then  preparing  for  his  removal,  he  went 
Willi  his  small  family  to  Plymouth,  to  take 
leave  of  tlieir  friends,  where  they  met  with 
his  wife's  parents,  who  much  persuaded  that 
she  might  be  left  at  Mr.  Clark's  garrison 
(which  they  supposed  to  be  a  mighty  snfi 
place)  or  al  least  that  she  might  be  there  iinti 
her  soon  expected  lying-in  was  over,  (being 
near  her  time.)  Mr.  Church  no  ways  inclin 
ing  til  venture  her  any  longer  in  those  parts, 
and  nil  arguments  prevailing  with  him,  lic!  n 
siilvedtiisetout  fir  Taunton,  and  many  oftheir 
friemls  accompanied  them.  There  they  found 
Capiain  Pierce  with  a  commanded  party,  who 
ofU'reil  Mr.  Church  to  send  a  relation  of  his 
with  smne  others  to  guard  him  to  Rhode 
Islaiiil  ;  lint  Mr.  ('hiircli  thanked  him  for  his 
re-ipecil'iil  olftT,  bill  for  uiimu  good  reasons 
ref  IS  'd  t'l  accept  it.  In  short,  lliey  gut  safe 
lo  Caiiiaiii  .lohii  Almy's  house  upon  Rhode 
Island,  where  they  met  with  friends  and  good 
i!itertiiinment.  But,  by  the  way,  let  me 
lint  forget  this  remarkable  Providence,  viz 
That  within  twenty  four  hours,  or  there- 
aliiiiits,  after  their  arrival  at  Rhode  Island, 
Mr.  Clark's  garrison  that  Mr.  Church  was  so 
iniicli  importuned  to  leave  hia  wife  and  child 
ren  at,  wii'?  destroyed  by  the  enemy. 

Mr.  Church  being  al  present  disenabled 
from  any  particular  service  in  the  war,  began 
to  lliiiik  of  some  other  employ;  but  he  no 
■sooner  took  a  tool  to  cut  n.  small  stick.  Inn 
DC  cut  off  the  top  if  his  fore-finger,  and  thi; 


said,  that  ho  thought 

to  leave  ihi!  war,  ami 

to  war   again.      Accordin^'ly 

being  born  on  the  l:iih  of  .Slay,  and  his  wife  some  discourse  with    hiin. 


e  win  mil  of  his   way,jarnis,  excepting  that  one  of  tia'in  hail  It  lante 

resiijvi'il  III!    would  go  in  l.is  hand  ;  they  urged  Mr.  (^'Ir.irch  to  come 

s  seciiiid  son  ashore,   fur   they  had   a  great  desire  to 


and  son  like  to  do  well,  Mr.  Cluirch  embraces 

le  opportunity  of  pa.ss.ige  in  a  sloop  bound  to 
liarnslable  ;  which  landrdhim  at  .Sogkoneiiet, 
from  whence  he  rid  to  I'ly  mouth  ;  and  arrived 
there  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  .lune  :  Tho 
general  court  then  sitting  welcomed  him, 
and  told  him  they  were  glad  to  see  him  alive. 
Hu  replied,  he  was  glad  to  see  them  alive, 
for  he  had  seen  so  many  fires  and  smokei 
towards  tlieir  side  of  the  country,  since  he 
left  them,  that  he  cuiild  scarce  eat  or  sleep 
with  any  noinfurt,  for  fear  they  hud  all  been 
destroyed.  For  all  travelling  was  stopped, 
and  no  news  had  passed  fiir  a  long  time 
together.  He  gave  them  an  account  that 
the  Indians  had  made  horrid  desolations  at 
Providence,  Wursvlck,  Pawtuxet,  and  all 
over  tho  Nurragainet  cimnlry,  and   that  they 

irevailed  daily  against  the  English  on  that 
side  of  the  country  :  Told  them,  he  longed  to 
hear  what  iiicthoils  they  designed  in  tho  war. 
They  told  him,  they  were  particularly  glad 
that  Providence  had  brought  him  there  at  that 
juncture  ;    for  they  had   concluded  the  very 

lext  day  lo  send  out  an  army  of  :i00  men  two 
thirds  English,  and  one  third  Indians,  in  some 
measure  agreeable  lo  his  former  proposal ; 
expecting  Uustoii  and  Connecticut  to  join 
with  their  cpnitas.  In  short,  it  was  so  con- 
cluded, and  that  Mr.  Church  should  return  to 
the  Island,  and  see  what  ho  could  muster 
there,  of  those  tliat  had  moved  from  Swanzey, 
Darliniiiith,  &c.  So  returning  the  same  way 
ho  came  ;  when  he  came  to  Sogkonesset,  he 
had  a  sham  |iut  upon  him  about  a  boat  he 
had  brought  to  go  liiimo  in,  and  was  forced 
lo  hire  two  of  the  friend  Indians  to  paddle 
him  in  a  eaiiou   from    Elisabeth's  to   Rhode 

Ishifid. 

It  fell  out, that  ns  they  were  in  their  \'oyagc 
passing  by  Sogkiiimte-point,  acme  of  the  eiie- 


u-poi 
icks  I 


my  were  iipmi  the  rocks  a  fidhing;  he  bid  the 
Indians  that  manngcd  the  canoe  to  paddle  so 
near  tho  rocks  a.i  that  ho  might  call  to  those 
Indians  ;  told  them,  that  he  had  a  great  mind 
ever  since  the  war  broke  out  to  speak  with 
some  of  tho  Sogkonnte  Indians,  and  that  they 
were  their  relations,  und  therefore  they  need 
not  fear  their  hurtingof  them.  And  he  added 
that  he  had  a  mighty  conceit,  that  if  he  could 
get  a  fair  opportunity  to  discourse  with  tliein, 
that  he  could  draw  them  ofi"  from  Philip,  fur 
he  knew  they  never  heartily  loved  him.  The 
enemy  halloed  and  made  siijns  for  the  canoe 
to  come  to  them  ;  but  when  they  appruHcheii 
them  they  skulked  and  hid  in  the  clefts  of  the 
rocks;  then  Mr.  Church  ordered  the  canoe 
lobe  paddled  o(F  again,  lest  if  he  came  too 
near  they  should  fire  upon  liim.  Then  the 
Indians  appearing  again,  beckoned  and  calh^l 
in  the  Indian  language,  and  bid  them  come 
ashore,  fiir  they  wante,!  to  speak  with  him. 
The  Indians  in  the  canoe  answered  ihetn 
again  ;  but  ;!iey  on  the  rocks  told  them,  that 
the  surf  made  such  a  noise  against  the  rocks, 
they  could  not  hea r  any  thi n g t hey  said .  Then 
Mr.  Church,  by  signs  with  his  hands,  gave 
them  to  understand  that  lie  would  have  two 
of  them  go  down  upon  the  point  o(  the  beach 
(a  place   where  a  man    might   see    who   was 


have 
He  tnlil  them,  if 
ho  that  had  his  weapon  in  his  hand  would 
carry  it  up  some  distance  upon  the  beach,  and 
leave  it,  he  would  come  ashore  ami  discourse 
with  them.  He  did  so,  and  Mr.  Church  went 
ashore,  hauled  uphis  canoe,  ordered  one  of  the 
Indians  to  stay  by  it,  and  the  other  to  walk 
above  on  the  beach,  as  a  sentinel,  and  lo  see 
that  the  coasts  were  clear;  and  when  Mi. 
Church  came  up  to  the  Indians,  one  of  them 
happened  to  bo  honest  George,  one  of  tho 
two  that  Awashonks  formerly  sent  to  call  him 
to  her  dance,  and  was  so  careful  to  guard  him 
beck  to  his  house  again,  the  lust  Sogkonule  In- 
dian he  spoke  with  before  the  war  brokt!  out  ; 
ho  spoke  English  very  well.  Mr.  Church  asked 
him  where  Awashonks  was?  He  told  him 
in  a  swamp  about  three  miles  off,  .Mr.t'hurch 
asked  him,  what  it  was  he  wanted  that  ho 
halliH'd  and  called  him  ashore  I  He  answer- 
ed, that  he  took  him  fur  Church  as  soon  as 
he  heard  his  voice  in  the  cunoe,  and  that  he 
was  very  glad  to  see  himulive,  and  he  believed 
his  mistress  would  be  glad  to  see  him,  and  speak 
with  him;  he  told  him  further,  that  ho  believed 
she  was  not  fond  of  maintaining  a  war  with 
the  English,  and  that  she  hud  left  Philip,  and 
did  not  intend  to  return  to  him  any  more  ;  he 
was  mighty  earnest  with  Mr.  Church  to  t.irry 
there  while  ho  would  run  and  call  her  ;  but 
he  told  him  no,  for  he  did  not  know  but  the 
Indians  would  come  down  and  kill  him  be r.v.ii 
ho  could  get  buck  again  ;  he  said,  if  Mount- 
Hope,  or  Pocasset  Indians  could  catch  him, 
ho  lielieved  they  would  knock  him  on  the 
head,  but  all  Sogkonate  Indians  knew  him 
very  well,  and  he  believed  none  of  them 
would  hurt  him.  In  short,  Mr.  Chinch  refiis 
ed  to  tarry,  but  promised  he  would  come  vet 
again,  and  spe^k  with  Awashonks,  and  s  : 
other  Indians  that  he  had  uiiiiiul  to  talk  with 
Accordingly  ho  appointeil  him  to  notify 
Awashonks,  her  son  Peter,  their  chief  Cup 
tain,  and  one  Nompash  (an  Indian  that  Mr. 
Church  hud  formerly  a  particular  respect  for, 
to  meet  him  two  days  after,  at  a  rock  at  the 
lower  end  of  Captain  Richmond's  farm,  which 
was  a  very  noted  place  ;  and  if  that  day  slinuUI 
prove  stormy,  or  windy,  they  were  loexpec' 
him  tho  next  moderate  day,  Mr.  Church  tell- 
ing George  that  he  would  have  him  come 
with  the  persons  mentioned,  and  no  mure. 

They  givintr  each  other  thi'ir  hand  upon  it 
parted,  and  Mr.  (Jhiirch  went  home,  and  tho 
next  morning  lo  Newport,  and  iiifurmi'd  the 
government  of  what  had  passed  between  him 
and  the  .Sogkonate  Indians,  und  desired  iheir 
permit  for  liirn  and  Daniel  Wilcox  (ii  man  tluit 
well  understood  the  Indian  language)  to  fii 
over  to  them.  They  told  him,  that  they 
ihought  be  was  mad,  after  such  service  as 
he  had  done,  and  such  dnni.r<'fs  as  he  escaped, 
now  to  throw  away  his  life,  fijr  the  rogues 
would  us  certainly  kill  him,  us  ever  he  went 
over;  and  utti-rly  refused  to  grant  his  permit, 
or  to  be  willing  to  run  the  risk. 

Mr.  Church  lold  them,  that  it  ever  had 
been  in  his  tliousiht  since  the  war  broke  out, 
that  if  he  could  discourse  with  the  Sogkonate 
Indians,  he  could  druw  them  off  from  Philip 
and  employ  them  against  him  ;  but  could  not, 


near  him)  accordingly  two  of  them  ran  along | till  now,  ever  have  an  oppurlunity  to  speuk 


KINO    PHI  MP'S    WAR. 


m 


liim  hf  !'.vi8 


willi  niiy  i>f  tlinrn,  iinil  wnit  vnry  Icitli  t<i  li>«(>||il'i!il,  only  their  ^'iiiiii  at  loiiit!  miiull  iliiilaiict*, 
it,  &.(!.  At  Irn^lli  llicy  tiilil  liiin,  if  li"  wniiM  liir  furnmlily'it  ■..iki- ;  ii|iriii  w  Imli,  wiili  oin' 
^it,  it  .hIkiiiIiI  III'  Hilly  will)  [III!  two  Iniiiiiiisii'iiii^t'Ml,  lliry  l.iul  .im.Ii'  llini  ^111114,  uihI  rami' 
lliiil  ('111111'  Willi  him  ;  hill  ihi'V  wiiuhl  j,'ivi'  liiiiijitiiil  ■•iit  liiiwii. 

ii'i'iiiil    iiiiiirr  ihi'ii'   hiiiiil-i.      lii'    luiik    hit        Ml',   (/hiii'i'h   |iiillril  Hill    lii^   ciiIiiIiikIi    mill 
Ivii 


nil  |ii 


li'iivr  111'  llii'Mi,  ri'.tcilviiii;  to  (iroscciilii  hi<  ili'-  iiski'il  A\t  ishoiiks,  whrlhi'i'  ihi'  liiiil  Inril  so 
»if;ii ;  llifv  toM  liiui  ihiiy  wciu  noriy  to  ncu  liiii({  iit  VVutuict,  h.h  to  for^'rt  toilrink  Octii- 
liiiii  ao  ri!Hiiliili',  Mill'  if  ho  wmit  dill  lliry  ever  )ir(;liL's  ;   und  drinkiiijf    to   lier,   he   |ii'r<;oivi'd 


(hilt  hIiii  wiiti'liiMl  liitii  vrrv  <lili|^(Mitly,  to  gi'c 
(hk  h(!  tlioii^hl)  wIhiIh'P  111'  nwiillovvcil  iiiiy  ol" 
iht)  nun;  hi-  oiri'i-t'd  her  tlio  slicll,  Imt  she 
dimircd  liini  In  drink  ii^iiin  liritt,  In-  tlii'li  told 
hiT,  tliuri!  wan  no  [loiKun  in  it,  and  |ii>uring 
aonio  into  thu  piilni  of  liin  hand,  sippud  il  ii|i, 
Ulid  took  the  hIii'II  nnd  drank  tn  hur  iighin,  and 
drunk  u  good  iiwifj,  \v(  irii  indrcd  wim  no  mori' 
than  hii  nuedud.  'I'lu'ii  they  all  »tandiii(?  up,  hii 
said  to  Awttnhoiiks,  you  won't  drink  for  Irar 
tliure  slioiild  lje  poison  in  it ;  and  tlioii  hanilotl 
it  to  a  litllit  ill-lookiii);  Cullow,  who  calchi'd  if 
rt'iidily  ononjjh,  and  as  grt't'dily  vonld  have 
swallowed  the  lirpior  when  he  had  it  nt  li'.s 
miMith  J  Imt  Mr.  Church  calched  him  liy  the 
throat  and  took  it  from  him,  nskint;  him, 
whether  lie  intended  to  swallow  shell  and  all  ? 
and  then  handed  it  to  Awashonks,  she  ven- 
tured to  lake  a  fjood  hearty  drum,  and  passed 
'I  amoni;  h  'r  iiitendaiils. 

The  sliell  bein).'  emptied,  ho  pulled  out  liis 
lolja<:(vj, and  ha\'.i;g  distriliuted  il,  they  iK'gan 
to  talk. 

Awgshcnks  duiranilod  of  iiim  the  reason 
why  he  iiid  nit  (ni»roeahli  t  l.'s  promise 
when  she  siw  him  list)  leun  u.'Wn  nt  Soi;- 
j|tonate  liefi  ru  now,  Rayi.i|<  l!i«'  prohalily  if 
ho  liud  coino  tl.cii,  aecr.r.i  iif^  to  his  promise, 
they  had  never  j  jiricd  v'li'.:  P  .ilip  a;;ain3t  the 
English. 

He  told  her  ho  was  provented  liy  the  war 
lireakin)^  out  so  suddenly,  and  yet  he  was 
afterwards  ciuniiifj  down,  and  came  as  far  as 
Punknleese,  where  a  (»reut  many  Indians  set 
upon  liim,  and  fouf^ht  him  a  whole  af;prnoon, 
thou!;h  he  did  nut  come  prepared  tii  fiijlit,  and 
liiid  Imt  nineteen  men  wilh  hitn.  whose  chief 
design  was  to  gain  an  opportunity  to  discourse 
with  some iSogkonate  Indians,  nponthisihert 
at  once  arose  a  mighty  murmur,  confused  noise 
and  talk  amonj^  the  fierce  looking  creatines, 
and  all  rising  up  in  a  liiiblnili;  and  a  great 
surly  looking  fellow  took  up  his  tornhog,  or 
wooden  cutlass,  to  kill  iMr.  Church,  but  some 
others  prevented  him. 

The  interpreter  asked  Mr.  Church,  if  he 
understood  what  it  was  that  the  great  fellow 
(tliey  had  hold  of)  said  (  Ho  answered  him, 
no.  Why,  said  the  interpreter,  he  says,  vou 
killed  his  brother  at  Punkateese,  and  therefore 
he  thirsts  for  your  blood.  Mr.  Church  bid  the 
interpreter  tell  him  that  his  brother  began 
lirst ;  that  if  he  had  kept  at  Sogkonale,  accord- 
ing to  his  desiro  and  order,  he  should  not  have 
hurt  him. 

Then  the  chief  captain  coininaiidcd  silence, 
and  told  them,  that  they  should  talk  no  more 
about  old  things,  Sic.  and  ipiulled  the  tumult, 
so  that  they  aat  down  again,  and  began  upon  a 
discourse  of  making  peace  with  the  English. 
Mr.  Church  asked  them,  what  proposals  thev 
would  make,  and  on  what  terms  they  would 
break  their  leauue  wilh  Philip  ?  Desiring 
lliein  to  make  some  pi'oposiils  that  he  might 
carry  to  his  inastors,  teliiiii:  them  that  it  was 


expect  to  see  his  face  again. 

lie  bought  a  bottle  of  rum,  and  a  small  roll 
of  tobiicco,  to  carry  with  him,  and  returned 
to  his  family.  Tiio  nixl  day,  being  the  day 
appointed  for  the  meeting,  he  orepared  two 
light  canoes  hir  the  tiesign,  and  his  own  man, 
with  the  two  Indians  for  his  company.  He 
used  such  argumenls  with  his  tender,  and  now 
almost  broken  lieartifd  wife,  from  the  expe- 
rience of  fornii'r  preservations  and  liie  pros- 
pect of  the  great  service  he  might  do,  might 
it  please  God  to  succeed  his  design,  &:c,.  that 
he  obtaini'd  her  consent  to  his  ultempl  ;  and 
committing  her,  tho  babes  and  liitnsolf  to 
Heaven's  protection,  lie  set  out.  They  had 
from  the  shore  about  a  league  to  paddle  ; 
drawing  near  the  place,  they  saw  the  Indians 
setting  on  the  bank,  waiting  for  their  coming. 
Mr.  ('liiiich  sent  one  of  his  Indians  ashore  in 
one  of  the  canoes  to  sec  whether  lliey  were 
the  same  Indians  whom  he  had  appointed  to 
meet  him,  and  no  more;  and  if  so  to  stay  ashore 
and  send  Ueorgi!  to  fetch  him  ;  nccordingly 
(ieorge  came  and  fetchi'd  Mr.  Church  ashore, 
while  the  other  canoe  played  oil'  to  see  the 
event,  and  to  carry  tidings  if  the  Indians  should 
prove  false. 

Mr.  ('lunch  asked  (ii'orge  wli(^lher  Awa- 
shonks und  the  otiier  Inilians  he  appointed  to 
to  meet  him  were  there  1  He  answered  thoy 
were  ;  he  then  asked  him  if  there  were  no 
tiiore  than  they  whomheappoini  jd  to  be  there) 
To  which  he  would  give  b'  ii  no  direct  an 
iuver.  However,  he  wei.t  ashore,  where  hi 
was  no  sooner  landed,  biit  vXwashonks  am: 
the  rest  that  he  had  appointed  to  meet  him 
there,  rosi?  up  and  came  down  to  meet  him  ; 
and  each  of  them  successively  gave  him  their 
hands,  and  expressed  themselves  glad  to  see 
him,  and  gave  him  thanks  for  exposing  liim- 
sell'to  visit  them.  They  walked  togetheraboiit 
a  gunshot  from  the  water,  to  a  convi?nient 
place  to  sit  down.  Where  at  once  rose  up  a 
gri'.it  limly  of  Indians,  who  had  lain  hid  in  tin 
grass,  (that  was  hii;h  as  a  man's  waist)  and 
gathered  round  them,  till  they  had  closed  them 
in ;  being  all  arined  with  guns,  spears,  hachets, 
iVc.  wilh  their  hair  Iriiiinied  and  lares  painted, 
ill  their  warlike  appearance.  It  was  doubtless 
some  what  surprising  to  our  gentleman  at  first, 
but  without  any  visible  discovery  of  it,  after 
a  small  silent  pause  on  eai.'h  siile  he  spoke  to 
Awashonks,  and  told  lirr,  that  (ieorge  had 
inlormed  him  that  she  hail  a  desire  to  see  him, 
und  discourse  about  niakini;  peace  with  the 
I'jiiglisli.  She  answered  yes  ;  then  said  Mr. 
('Iiiirch,  it  is  ciiitomary  when  people  meet  to 
treat  of  |'eiice,  to  lay  aside  their  arms,  and  not 
to  appear  in  such  hostile  form  as  voiir  people 
do  ;  and  desired  of  her,  that  if  they  iniglit  talk 
al  out  peace,  which  he  desired  they  might,  her 
iiii'ii  iniglit  lay  aside  their  arms,  and  appear 
more  triicliible.  Upon  wliii'h  there  betran  a 
considwable  ninsn  und  iniiriniir  aniong  them 
in  their  own  language,  till  Awaslioiilvs  asked 

Liin,  what  arms  they   should   lay  down,   and  not  in  his    power    to  concluile  a    peace    with 
where  1      He    (perceiving    that    the    Imiians  them,  but  that  lie  knew  that  if  their  proposals 
locked  very  surly,  and  much  displeased)  re-iwere  reasonable,  the  goverinent  would  not  be 
■lb 


unreasonable  ;  and  that  he  would  use  his  in> 
tercKt  wilh  the  L;"veriimeiit  lortliein;  ami  to 
encourage  llii-ni  lo  proceed,  put  tln'iii  in  loiiid 
that  the  l'ei|Uols  once  made  war  wilh  the  Kif 
glisli,  and  that  afler  they  suli|i  rtid  theiiHrlvi'S 
to  the  Kiiglish,  the  I'^iglish  liecame  lliiir  pri>- 
lectors, and  defended  them  against  otherniitionS 
that  would  otherwise  have  destroyed  them, 
icv.  After  some  furtherdiscourse  and  debate, 
he  brought  them  iil  lenuth  to  consent,  that  if 
the  government  of  Plymoiitli  would  firmly 
engage  to  them,  that  they,  and  all  of  them, 
and  their  wives  iiiiil  children,  ahiiuld  havo 
their  lives  spared,  and  none  of  the  in  transportej 
out  of  the  country,  they  would  subject  tliem- 
selves  to  tliein,  and  serve  them  in  what  they 
were  able. 

Then  Mr.  Church  told  them,  that  lie  wn4 
well  satisfied  the  government  of  I'lymoulli 
would  readily  concur  with  what  was  propo-ii'ii, 
and  would  sign  tlii'irarticles;  andcomplin.ent. 
ing  lliem  upon  it,  how  pleased  he  was  with 
llie  thoiit;!its  of  their  return,  and  of  the  former 
friendship  that  had  between  tliiin,  &c. 

The  cliief  captain  rose  up.  and  expressed 
the  great  value  and  respect  lie  bad  for  Mr. 
Church  ;   and  bowing  to  him  said.  Sir,  ifyou'll 

filease  to  except  of  me  and  my  men,  and  'vill 
lead  us,  we'll  tight  lor  you,  and  will  help  you 
to  Philip's  head  befori?  the  Indian  corn  be  ripe; 
and  when  he  had  ended,  they  all  expressed 
their  consent  to  what  he  said,  and  told  Mr 
(.-'liurch  they  loved  him,  and  were  willing  to 
go  with  him  and  fight  fiir  him,  as  long  as  the 
I'Jniilish  bad  one  enemy  U'fl  in  the  country. 

.Mr.  Church  assured  them,  ihiit  if  they  proved 
as  good  as  their  word,  they  should  find  Mm 
their's  and  their  children's  last  friend.  And 
(by  the  way)  the  friendship  is  still  maintained 
betwi-en  them  to  this  day. 

Then  he  proposed  unto  them,  lliat  tliey 
should  choose  five  men  to  go  straight  with  hirn 
to  Plymouth  :  they  told  him  no  ;  they  would 
not  choose,  but  he  should  take  which  five  liu 
pleased  ;  some  compliments  passed  about  it, 
at  length  it  was  agreed,  they  should  chooso 
three,  and  he  two.  Then  he  agreed,  that  ho 
would  go  back  to  the  island  that  night,  and 
would  come  lo  them  the  next  morning,  and 
go  through  the  woods  to  Plymouth  ;  but  they 
afler  wards  objected,  tliHt  his  travelling  tli  rough 
the  Woods  would  not  be  safe  fiir  him  ;  theene- 
my  might  meet  wilh  him,  and  kill  him,  and 
llien  they  should  lose  their  friend,  and  the 
wholi)  design  ruined  beside.  And  therefore 
propoied,  that  he  should  come  in  an  Knglish 
vessel,  nnd  tlii\v  would  meet  him,  and  come 
on  boaul  at  SoL'konate  point,  nnd  sail  from 
thence  to  Sandwich,  which,  in  fine,  was  con- 
cluded  upon. 

So  Mr.  Church  promising  to  come  as  soon 
as  he  could  possibly  obtain  a  vessel,  and  then 
lliey  parted.  He  returned  to  the  island,  and 
was  at  great  pains  and  charge  to  get  a  vessel 
but  wit  hunaccoii  lit  able  disiippointnients,.somo- 
times  by  the  liilseness.  and  soinetimes  by  tha 
fnintlieiirlediiess  of  men  that  be  bargained 
with,  and  somi'iiines  by  wind  and  weather, 
kc.  until  at  leinztb  .Mr.  Anthony  Low  put  into 
the  harbour  wiiii  a  laden  vessel  bound  to  tho 
westward,  and  lieiiur  made  aciiuaiiited  with 
Mr.  Church's  case,  tohl  biin,  that  he  had  so 
much  kindness  for  him,  and  was  so  pleased 
with  tho  business  he  was  engaged  in,  that  ho 
would  run  the  venture  of  his  vessel  ami  targo, 
tu  wait  upon  hiiii,      Accordingly,  next  niuro 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


'**IIIIM  IIIIM 
"  K  IIIIM 
■   m  12.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

■^ 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^. 


\ 


# 


\\ 


4\^ 


i'l? 


<^ 


■<^ 


% 


n? 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


%^ 


S"  4p^ 


#, 


i^< 


Q- 


t/j 


690 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


I'l 


itg  tlioy  set  sail  with  a  wind  that  soon 
brought  them  to  Sogiionate  point;  hut  cotninj; 
there  tliey  met  with  a  contrary  wind  anJ  a 
great  swi'lMiig  sea. 

The  Indians  were  tliero  waiting  upon  tlie 
rocks,  but  liad  nothing  hut  a  miserable  brolten 
canoe  to  get  aboard  in  ;  yet  Peter  Awashonka 
ventured  off  in  it,  and  with  a  great  deal  ol' 
difiicully  and  danger  got  aboard  :  and  by  tliis 
time  it  began  to  rain  and  blow  exceedingly,  and 
forced  them  up  the  sound  j  and  then  they  went 
away  through  Bristol  ferry,  round  the  island 
to  Newport,  carrying  Peter  with  them. 

Then  Mr.  Church  dismissed  Mr.  Low,  and 
told  him,  that  inasmuch  as  Providence  opposed 
his  going  by  water,  and  he  expected  that  the 
army  would  be  up  in  a  few  days,  and  prob- 
ably if  he  should  bo  gone  at  that  juncture,  it 
might  ru..i  the  whole  design  ;  would  therefore 
yield  his  voyage. 

Then  he  writ  the  account  of  his  transactions 
with  the  Indians,  and  drew  up  tlie  proposals 
and  articles  of  peace,  and  despatclied  Peter 
with  them  to  Plymouth,  that  his  honour  the 
governor,  if  he  saw  cause,  might  sign  them. 

Peter  was  sent  over  to  Sogkonnte  on  tin- 
Lord's  day  morning,  with  orders  to  take  thosi' 
men  that  were  chosen  to  go  (h)wn,  or  some 
of  them  at  least  with  him.  The  time  being 
expired  that  was  appointed  for  the  English 
army  to  come,  there  was  great  looking  for 
them.  Mr.  Church  on  the  Mondiiy  morning 
(partly  to  divert  himself  after  his  fatigue,  and 
partly  to  listen  for  the  army)  rid  out  with  his 
wife,  and  some  of  his  '•lends  to  Portsmoutli, 
under  a  pretence  of  cherrying;  but  came  home 
without  any  news  from  the  army  :  but  by 
midnight  or  sooner,  he  was  roused  with  an 
express  from  Major  Kradford,  who  was 
arrived  with  the  army  at  Pocass(!t;  to  whom 
he  forthwith  repaired,  and  informed  him  of 
the  whole  of  his  proceedings  with  the  Sogko:  te 
Indians.  With  the  major's  consent  am!  ad- 
vice, he  retun.ed  again  next  morning  to  the 
island,  in  order  to  go  over  that  way  to  Awa- 
sh'Miks,  to  inform  her  that  the  army  was  ar- 
rived, &c.  Accordingly  from  Sucliueesct 
neck*  he  went  in  a  cantie  to  Soiikonate  ;  told 
her  that  Major  Bradford  was  arrived  at  Pocas- 
Fet,  with  a  great  army,  whom  he  hail  informed 
of  all  his  proceeillngs  with  her;  that  if  she 
would  be  advised  and  observe  order  she  nor 
her  people  need  not  to  fear  being  hurt  by 
them;  told  her,  she  should  call  all  her  pi-oplt- 
downintotlie  neck,  lestifthoy  sliould  befouml 
stragglingahouf,  mischief  might  light  on  them; 
that  on  the  morrow  they  woidd  come  down 
and  receive  her,  and  give  her  furtlier  orders. 
She  promised  t(t  get  as  oiaiiy  of  her  people 
together  as  possibly  she  could  ;  desiring  !Mr. 
Church  to  consider  that  it  would  be  dillicidt 
for  to  get  ihetn  together  at  such  short  warn- 
ing. Mr.  Church  returniMi  to  the  island  and 
to  the  army  the  same  night.  Tlie  next  morn- 
ing the  whole  army  marched  towards  Sogko- 
natp,  as  far  as  Punkafee.so  ;  and  Mr.  Church 
with  a  few  men  went  down  to  .Sogkoiiafe  to 
call  .\washonks,  and  her  pi'oph;  to  come  up 
to  the  Kngllsh  camp.  As  he  wiis  going  down, 
they  met  with  a  Pocassi't  liiilliin;  who  bad 
killed  a  cow  anil  got  a  ipiarler  of  her  on  his 
back,  and  her  tongue  In  his  pnrUet ;  wlio  gave 
•hem  an  nrcount,  that  li(!  lauie  from  Pocasset 
two  days  since  In  company  with  his  mother 
und   several   other    ludlam,   now  hid  in   th 


I'lie  SUUlil-Klldt  CIHHIM  uf  KII'kIo  lll.lUil. 


swamp  above  Nomquid;*  disarming  of  him, 
ho  sent  him  by  two  men  to  Major  Bradford, 
and  procieded  to  .Sogkonate.  Tht-y  saw  si?v- 
eral  ImliiiiH  by  thi!  way  skulking  about,  but 
let  them  puss:  arriving  at  Awasjionks  carnp, 
told  h(!r,  lie  was  come  to  invito  her  and  lier 
people  up  to  Punkateese,  where  Major  Brad- 
ford, now  was  with  the  Plymouth  army,  ex- 
pecting her  and  her  subjects  to  receive  orders, 
until  fiirthiT  order  could  be  had  from  the  gov- 
ernment. She  complied,  and  so:)n  sent  out 
orders  for  such  of  her  subjects  as  wero  not 
with  her,  immediately  to  come  in  ;  imd  by 
twelve  o'clock  of  the  next  day,  she  with  most 
of  her  number  appeared  before  the  Kngllsh 
campatPunkateeso.  Mr.  Church  tendered  the 
major  to  serve  under  his  commission,  provided 
the  Indians  mlirht  beacce|)ted  withhim,  to  fight 
tlie  enemy.  The  major  told  him,  his  orders 
were  to  improve  him,  if  he  pleased,  but  as  for 
the  Indians  he  would  not  be  concerned  with 
them.  And  presently  gave  forth  orders  for 
Awashonks,  and  all  her  subjects,  both  men, 
women  and  children,  to  repair  to  Suiidwich, 
and  to  be  there  upon  peril,  in  six  days.  Awa- 
shonks and  her  chiefs  gathered  round  Mr. 
Cliurch,  (where  lie  was  walked  off  from  the 
rest)  expressed  themselves  concerned  that 
they  coulil  not  be  conlided  in,  nor  improveiJ. 
He  fold  them,  it  was  best  to  obey  orders,  and 
that  if  he  could  not  accompany  tlnnn  to  Sand- 
wich, it  should  not  be  iibovo  a  week  before 
he  would  meet  them  there  ;  that  he  was  coii- 
lident  the  governor  would  commission  him  to 
improve  tliem.  The  major  hastened  to  send 
them  away  with  .Tack  Havens,  (an  'ndlan  who 
had  never  been  in  the  ward)  in  th-  front  with 
afliigof  triiee  ill  bis  linnd.  'riicy  being  gone, 
Mr.  Church,  by  the  help  of  bis  iii.iii  Toby  (the  : 
Indian  wlioiii  be  had  taken  prismiir  us  he  | 
was  ifoiiig  to  ."^ogkoniiti)  took  •^nid  Toby's 
niotbrr,  and  those  iliiit  xicre  with  lirr,  pris- 
oners. Next  nioniiui;  the  wlnile  urniy  moved 
back  to  I'ocussi'l.  This  Toby  inioriiKMl  them 
that  there  wire  a  tirenl  many  liidiiins  gone 
to  Wespoist!  to  eat  Chiiiis,  other  provisions 
being  very  scarce  with  them,  that  I'lilllp 
himself  was  expected  within  three  or  four 
days  at  the  same  place ;  being  asked  what 
Indians  they  were  ]  he  answered  some  Wee- 
temores  Indians,  some  Mount  Hope  In- 
dians, some  Narragaiiset  Indians,  and  some 
other  Upland  Indians  in  all  about  three  hun- 
dred. 

The  Rhoilo  Islanil  boats  by  the  major's 
order,  meetluij  them  at  Pocasset,  they  were 
soon  embarked,  it  being  just  In  the  dusk  of 
the  evening,  they  could  plainly  discover  the 
enemies  fires  at  the  place  the  Indian  illrecteii 
to  ;  and  the  urniy  concluded  no  oilier  iiut  they 
wcM'u  bound  directly  thither,  until  they  came 
to  the  north  end  of  the  island,  and  heard  the 
word  of  command  for  the  boats  to  bear  away. 
Mr.  Church  was  very  fond  of  having  this 
probable  opportunity  of  surprising  that  whole 
company  of  Indians  embraced  ;  liut  orders,  it 
was  said,  must  be-  obeyed,  which  was  to  go  to 
Mount  Hope,  and  there  In  fight  Philip.  This 
with  some  otlii^r  good  opportuiii'ies  of  dolni^ 
spoil  upon  the  enemy,  beoig  unhappily  miss- 
ed, Mr.  Church  obtalneil  the  major's  consent 
to  meet  the  Soirkorrate  Indians,  accordlnir  to 
his  pr-omise.  lie  was  offered  a  guaril  to  I'ly- 
'iviinli,  but  chose  to  go  with  one  man  only, 
wlio   was  a  good    pilot.       About   sunset   he, 

^  la  'i'ivurtuu.        t  Adjuiiiiiig  t'dgluikl  ferry. 


with  Sabin  his  pilot,  mounted  their  horscB  nt 
Rehoboth,  wher-e  the  army  now  was,  and  by 
two  hours  by  sun  next  morning  arrived  safe 
at  Plymouth  ;  and  liy  that  time  they  had 
refr-eshed  themselves,  the  governor  and  treas- 
urer came  to  town.  Mr.  (Miunh  glvliitr  them 
a  short  account  of  the  affairs  of  the  army.  See. 
His  honour  was  pleased  to  give  lilin  thanks 
for  the  good  and  great  service  he  liad  done 
at  Sogkoiiate,  told  him,  he  had  confirmed  all 
that  he  had  promised  Awashonks,  and  had 
sent  the  Indian  back  again  that  br-onght  his 
letter  from  Awashonks  He  askeil  his  hon- 
our whether  Ire  had  any  thing  later  from 
Awashonks  1  He  tolil  him  be  had  not. 
Whereupon  he  gave  bis  honour  an  account 
of  the  major's  orders  relatlrrg  to  her  and 
hers,  and  what  discourse  passed  j>ro  arrd  con, 
about  them ;  and  that  he  had  promised  to 
meet  them,  and  that  he  had  enconrasjed  them, 
that  lie  thought  he  might  obtain  of  his  lioirour 
a  commission  to  lead  them  forth  lofi(;lit  Philip, 
His  honour  smilingly  told  lilin,  that  he  should 
not  want  commission  if  he  would  accept  it, 
nor  yet  good  Englishmen  enough  to  maku 
up  a  good  army.  i5ut  In  short,  be  told  his 
honour  the  time  was  ex|)lri  '  that  ho  had  ap- 
pointed to  meet  the  Sogkouates  at  .Sandwich. 
The  govenor  asked  him,  when  he  would  go  1 
He  told  him  that  afternoon,  by  his  honour's 
leave.  The  governor  asked  him  how  many 
men  he  would  have  with  him  i  He  answered 
not  above  hall  a  dozen,  with  an  order  to  take 
more  at  .Sandwich,  if  he  saw  cause,  and  horses 
provided.  He  no  somier  moved  it,  but  had 
his  nunilier  of  men  tenderlirg  to  go  with  him, 
among  which  were  Mr.  Jabez  Howland,  and 
Nathaniel  South  worth;  they  went  to  Sandwich 
that  night,  where  Mr.  Cliurrh  (with  need 
enough )  took  a  nap  of  sleep.  The  next  morn- 
ing, witli  about  sixteen  or  tnghteen  men,  ho 
proceeded  as  far  as  Agawom,  where  they  had 
great  expectation  of  meeting  the  Indians,  but 
met  them  not;  bis  men  being  discouraged 
aliout  half  of  them  returned  :  only  half  a  dozen 
stuck  by  him,  and  prmnised  so  to  do  until 
they  shiuild  meet  with  the  Indians.  When 
they  came  to  Slpplcan  rlviT,*  Mr.  Howland 
began  to  tire,  upon  which  .Mr.  Church  left 
him,  anil  two  more,  fiira  reserve  at  the  river, 
that  if  he  should  meet  with  enemies  and  be 
forced  back,  they  might  be  ready  to  assist  them 
in  getting  over  the  river.  Proceeding  In  their 
march,  they  crossed  another  river,  and  opened 
a  great  bay,  where  they  inlsrht  see  many  miles 
along  shore,  where  were  sands  and  H  its  ;  anil 
hearing  a  great  noi.se  below  them  towards  the 
sea,  they  dismounted  their  horses,  left  thorn 
aiiil  crept  among  the  bushes,  until  they 
came  near  the  bank,  and  saw  a  vast  compary 
of  Indians  of  all  ages  and  sexes,  some  on 
horseback  riiurilrrg  races,  some  at  foot-ball, 
some  catching  eels  arrd  flat-fish  irr  the  water-, 
some  clammlni;.  Sec,  but  which  way  with 
safety  to  find  out  what  Indians  they  were, 
they  wi're  at  a  loss.  Itut  at  li'ngth  retiring 
into  a  thicket,  .Mr.  CIrirr-ch  hallooed  to  them; 
they  soon  ar:-wereil  him,  arrd  a  couple  of 
smart  yonirir  fi'llows,  wi'll  moiinteil.cann-  iijion 
a  full  career  to  see  who  it  might  be  that  calli  d, 
anil  came  just  upon  ^Ir.  (JhurcOi  beliire  they 
discover-eil  him  ;  but  wherr  they  perceived 
till  mselves  so  near  ICrrijIislimeri,  ami  armed, 
were  iinrch  surpiisi'd,  ami  tin'ked  short  nriout 
to  run  as  fr.st  back  as  they  came  forwar'd,  until 

*  ll3c!ir«lL'r. 


ted  their  liorsca  nt 

now  waa,  and  liy 
iriiliiij  arilvccl  safa 

It  tiriK!  llicy  had 
rovfi-iior  and  'I'eas- 
,'liiiri'li  iriviric;  tlicm 
rs  of  the  artiiv,  &i'. 
o  give  liiin  thaiika 

vice   he    had  done 

had    coiifirtned  all 

va>ih(ii]ks,  and  Ijad 

II   that  ljnin:;ht  Ilia 

He  asked   his  hon- 

thiii;jf    hiter   from 

liin    he    had     not. 

lonniir  an  account 
latini;    to    her   and 

asscd  ]}ri>  and  con, 

0  had  promised  to 
eiicoiMasjed  them, 
itain  of  his  honour 

forth  to  fijiht  Philip, 
liiii,  that  he  should 
would  accept  it, 
enoiif^li   to   make 

1  short,  he  told  liia 


KING    PHILIP'S   WAR. 


6&1 


'  that  ho  had  ap- 
iiiates  at  Sandwich, 
ivhen  ho  would  go  ? 

n,  liy  his  honour's 
ied  him  how  many 
iin  \  He  answered 
ith  an  order  to  take 
w  cause,  and  horses 

moved  it,  hut  had 
iiiiT  to  a,n  with  him, 
tihez  Howland,  and 

y  wi'iiltoSandwich 
Clliurcli  (with  need 
p.  The  next  iiiorn- 
ir  eighteen  iiieii,  ho 
om,  where  they  had 
ing  the  Indians,  lint 

being  discouraged 
J  :  only  halfa  dozen 
seil  so  to  do  until 
le  Indians.  When 
!r,*  Mr.  Howland 
h  .Mr.  Church  left 
'eservo  at  the  river, 
ilh  enemies  and  ho 
ready  to  assist  theiu 

Proceeding  in  their 
vv  river,  and  opened 
iu'ht  see  many  miles 
«ands  and  II  its  ;  and 
w  them  towards  the 
ir  horses,  left  ihoni 
iiishes,  until  the',' 
aw  a  vast  coiiipary 
id    sexes,   some   on 

some  at  foot-hall, 
iit-lish  in  the  water, 
t  which  Way  with 
Indians  they  were, 
t  at  length  retiring 
I  hallooed  to  them  ; 
,  and  a  couple  of 
iiiounled.caine  upon 
might  lie  that  called, 
''liuieh  liefore  they 
len  they  perceiveil 
iliuien,  and  armed, 
I  tackeil  tliort  ariout 
came  forward,  until 


one  of  the  men  in  the  liu.«hi's  called  to  lliem, 
<inil  told  them  his  nnnie  wus  ('hni'cli,  tiiid 
need  not  li-nr  his  hurling  of  them.  I'pou 
which,  after  a  small  piiuse,  I  hey  turned  iilioiit 
th<  ir  horses,  iind  came  up  t<i  him  ;  one 
them  that  could  spe.iU  I'^nglish  .Mr,  Church 
took  aside  and  examined,  who  informed  him, 
that  the  Iiidijins  lielow  were  .\\v:.shoiiks  mid 
her  company,  and  that  Jack  Havens  was 
among  them ;  whom  Mr.  Cinr-ch  imme- 
diately sent  for  to  come  to  him,  iiiil  ordered 
the  messenger  to  inform  .Vwashonks  that  he 
>viis  come  to  meet  her;  Jack  llii.eiis  .soon 
came,  and  hy  that  time  Mr.  (Clinch  hud  ask- 
ed him  a  few  (piestions,  niid  hr.d  been  satis- 
fied hy  him,  that  it  was  .Vwashoiiks  and  her 
company  that  were  lielow,  and  that  Jack  had 
been  kindly  treated  by  them.  \  company  of 
Indians  all  iiioiiiited  uii  horseliiick,  and 
well  armed,  came  riding  up  tn  Mr.  Church, 
lint  treated  him  with  all  due  respects.  He 
then  ordered  Jack  to  go  tell  .Vwasiionks,  thai 
he  design) '  to  sup  with  her  in  the  evening, 
Mild  to  lodge  In  her  caiii|i  that  night.  Then 
taking  Eome  of  the  Indians  with  him,  he  went 
back  to  the  river  to  tidie  care  of  Mr.  How- 
land. Mr.  C  uircli  having  a  mind  to  try 
what  metal  he  was  made  uf,  imparted  his 
notion  to  the  Indians  that  were  with  him, 
riiiil  gave  them  directions  how  to  act  their 
parts;  when  he  came  pretty  near  the  place, 
lie  and  his  liiiglislnnen  pretendedly  tied, 
firing  on  their  retreat  towards  the  IikIImis 
that  pursued  llieiii,  and  they  firing  u>';  fast 
after  them,  Mr.  Howland  being  upr.n  his 
guard,  liearing*tlie  guns,  iind  by  and  liy  see 
ing  the  motion  both  of  the  l'!iigllsh  and  In 
diuiis,  concluded  his  friends  were  distressed, 
was  soon  on  the  full  career  on  horsehiick  to 
meet  tlieiu,  uiili!  lie  perceiving  their  laugh- 
ing, mistriisted  the  truth.  As  soon  as  Mr. 
Church  had  given  him  llic  news,  they  hasten- 
ed away  to  Awaslioiiks  Lpmi  their  arrival, 
they  were  immediately  conducted  to  a  shel- 
ter, open  on  one  side,  \vhitlier  .\waf honks 
and  her  chiefs  soon  camo  and  paid  their  re 
Kpeels ;  and  the  multitude  gave  shoiits  as 
made  the  heavens  to  ring. 

It  being  now  about  sun-setting,  or  near 
the  dusk  of  the  cvi  ning,  the  iN'etops  came 
running  from  all  (|'.iarters  loadeii  with  the 
t<i['S  of  dry  pines  and  tlu;  like  combnstihle 
iiiatler,  making  'i  huge  pile  thereof,  near 
IMr.  Church's  sin  Iter,  <iii  the  open  side' there- 
of;  hilt  by  this  lime  supper  was  brought  in, 
ill  three  dishes,  vi/..,  a  eurioiis  young  bass  in 
one  dish,  eels  and  thit  fish  in  a  second,  and 
Bhell-fish  in  a  third,  hut  neither  bread  nor 
salt  to  be  seen  at  table  ;  but  by  that  time 
Slipper  was  over,  the  mighty  pile  of  pine 
knots  and  topi,  vVc,,  was  fired,  and  all  the 
Indian-'  great  and  small  gathered  in  a  ring 
roiiiiil  it.  \waslioiiks  with  tli(>  oldest  of  lii'r 
p:'iiple,  mi'ii  and  women  niixiMl,  kneeling 
down  made  the  first  ring  next  the  lire,  and 
all  the  lustv  stout  men  standing  up  made  the 
iie\t,  ind  then  all  the  rabble  in  a  confused 
crew  surrounded  on  the  outside.  'I'lieii  the 
chief  CMplain  sleppi'd  in  between  the  rings 
mid  the  lire,  uilli  a  spear  in  one  hand,  and 
11  h  itelii'l  ill  the  other,  danciMl  round  the  fire, 
Iind  bi'!;an  to  fiirlit  with  it,  making  iiiei.tiuii 
of  all  the  srveral  natioiin  and  coinpantee  ef 
Indians  in  the  eonntiy  that  wen;  eiieir.ijc  to 
the    r.iu'li'li  ;  anil  at  naming  of  every  \ttx- 


ticiila,'  tribe  of  Indians,  he  would  draw  out 
ami  'iiilit  a  new  lire-brai  J,  a:d  at  linishinv. 
his  light  with  each  p.irtieiilar  liri'-bi'>  ,id, 
wonhl  bow  to  him  '.nil  thank  him  and 
wlii-n  he  hail  iiami.'d  all  the  several  nations 
an  i  tribes,  and  fought  them  all  lie  stuck 
do  rii  his  spear  and  hatchet,  and  came  out ; 
am  another  stepped  in  and  pctcd  over  the 
sail  c  dance,  with  more  fury  if  possible,  than 
the  first ;  and  when  about  half  ii  dozen  of 
their  chiefs  had  thus  a''tcd  their  parts,  the 
captain  of  the  guard  stepped  np  to  iNIr. 
Church  and  told  him,  they  were  making 
soldiers  fjr  him,  and  what  they  had  been 
doing  was  all  nne  swearing  uf  them,  and 
having  in  that  manner  engaged  all  the  stout 
lusty  men  ;  Awashonks  and  her  chiefs  came 
to  iMr.  Church,  and  told  him,  that  now  they 
were  all  engaged  to  fight  for  the  English, 
and  he  might  call  forth  all,  or  any  of  them 
at  any  lime  as  lie  saw  occasion  to  fight  the 
enemy ;  and  iinseiited  him  with  a  very  line 
firehA'.k.  Mr.  Church  accepts  their  offer, 
drew  out  a  iiiimber  of  them,  ami  set  out  next 
morning  before  day  for  Plymouth,  where 
they  r>rrivcd  the  same  day. 

'IV'ie  governor  being  informed  of  it,  came 
early  to  town  next  morning,  and  by  thai 
time  he  had  Englishmen  enough  to  make  up 
a  good  company,  when  joined  with  Mr. 
Ciiurch's  Indians,  that  offered  their  volun- 
tary service,  to  go  under  his  command  in 
ipiest  of  the  enemy,  'i'lie  governor  then 
gave  him  a  commission,  which  is  as  folluv.'s  : 

"Ca])tain  nenjamin  Church,  yon  are 
hereby  nominated,  ordered,  conimissioiicd, 
and  empowered  to  raise  a  company  of  vol- 
unteers of  about  two  hundred  men,  Kiiglisli 
and  Indians  ;  the  I'jnglish  not  exceeding  the 
number  of  sixty,  of  which  company,  or  so 
many  oflliem  as  yon  can  obtain,  or  shall  see 
cause  at  present  to  improve,  you  are  to  take 
the  eoininand  and  conduct,  and  to  lead  them 
forth  now  and  hereafter,  at  such  time,  and 
untt,  .such  places  within  this  colony,  or  else- 
where, wilhiii  the  confederate  colonies,  as 
yon  shall  think  lit ;  to  discover,  pursue, 
tight,  surprise,  destroy,  or  subdue  our  Indiiin 
enemies,  or  any  part  or  parties  of  lliem  that 
liy  the  providence  of  (Jod  you  may  meet 
with  ;  or  lliem,  or  any  of  them,  by  treaty  aiid 
composition  to  receive  to  mercy,  if  you  see 
reason  (provided  they  be  not  iiinrderous 
rogues,  or  such  as  have  been  |iriiicipal  actors 
in  those  villaiiies  :)  and  forasmuch  as  your 
eoinpany  may  be  uncertain,  and  the  persons 
often  changed,  you  are  also  hereby  em- 
powered, with  the  advice  of  your  company, 
to  choose  nw\  eoiiiiiiissionate  a  lieutenant, 
and  to  establish  sergeants,  and  corporals  as 
yon  see  cause:  And  you  herein  improving 
voiir  best  judgment  and  discretion  ami  in- 
most ability,  faithfully  to  serve  the  interest 
of  God,  his  majesty's  interest,  and  the  in- 
terest of  the  colony  ;  and  carefully  govern- 
ing your  said  company  at  home  and  abroad 
riiese  shall  Ii(!  niito  yon  full  and  ample  com- 
missuin,  warrant  and  discharge.  (Jiven  un- 
der the  piibliu  seal,  this  '^4tli  day  of  July, 
1070. 

Per  JOS.  WINSLOW,  Gov. 

Receiving  coiumission,  he  marched  the 
i.ri-.e  night  into  tli"  woods,  gut  to  Middle- 


buronub  before  d:iv,  and  as  soon  as  the  ligli- 
appeared,  took  into  the  woods  and  swainpy 
thiekets,  towards  a  place  where  th-'V  had 
some  reason  to  expect  to  meet  with  a  parcel 
of  Narragansel  Indians,  with  some  others 
that  bilongial  to  .Mount-Hope.  C'lininij 
near  to  where  they  expected  them,  (  aplaiii 
Church's  Indian  scout  discovered  the  enemy, 
and  well  observing  their  fires,  and  postures 
returned  with  the  iiitelliirenee  to  their  cai> 
tain,  who  gave  such  directions  for  the  sui- 
rounding  of  them,  as  had  the  desired  effect ; 
surprising  them  from  every  side  so  unex- 
pectedly, that  they  were  all  taken,  not  so 
much  us  one  escaped.  And  upon  a  strict 
cxaminntion,  they  gave  iiilclligence  of 
another  parcel  ol^  the  enemy,  at  a  placi, 
called  Munponset-Pond.  Captain  Church 
hastened  with  his  prisoners  through  the 
woods  to  Plymouth,  disposed  of  them  all, 
excepting  only  one  Jeffery,  who  jiroviiig 
very  ingenuous  and  faithful  to  him,  in  in- 
forming where  other  parcels  of  Indians  har- 
boured ;  Captain  Church  promised  him,  that 
if  he  continued  to  he  faithful  to  him,  he 
should  not  be  sold  out  of  the  country,  hut 
should  be  his  waiting  man,  to  take  care  of 
his  horse,  tkc.  and  accordingly  he  served 
him  faithfully  as  long  as  he  lived. 

Unt  Captain  Church  was  forthwith  sent 
out  again,  and  the  term*  for  his  eiicouriige- 
meiit  being  concluded  on,  vi/,,  That  the 
country  should  find  them  ammunition  and 
provision,  and  have  half  the  prisoners  and 
arms  they  took  :  the  captain  and  his  Kng- 
lisli  soldiers  to  have  the  other  half  of  the 
prisoners  and  arms,  and  the  Indian  soldiers 
the  loose  plunder.  Poor  eiicoiiragenieiit  ! 
IJiit  after  some  time  it  was  iiieiided. 

They  soon  captured  the  Muiiponsets, 
and  brought  ihein  in,  not  one  escaping. 
This  stroke  he  held  several  weeks,  never  re- 
turning empty  handed.  When  he  wanted 
intelligence  of  their  kennelling  places,  he 
would  march  to  some  phice  likely  to  meet 
with  some  travellers  or  ramblers,  and  scat- 
tering his  company,  would  lie  close;  and 
seldom  lay  above  n  day,  or  two,  nt  the  most, 
before  some  of  them  would  fall  into  their 
hands,  whom  he  would  compel  to  inform 
where  thi'ir  company  was  ;  and  so  hy  his 
method  of  secret  and  siiddt^ii  surprises  took 
great  iiunibers  of  them  prisoners. 

The  government  observing  his  extraordi- 
nary courage  and  conduct,  and  the  success 
from  heaven  added  to  it,  saw  cause  to  en- 
large his  commission  :  gave  him  power  to 
raise  and  dismiss  his  t<  ces,  as  he  should 
see  occasion  ;  to  coiiiniissioiiate  officers  un- 
der him,  Iind  to  mareli  as  far  as  he  should 
see  cause,  within  the  limits  of  the  three  uni- 
ted colonies  :  To  receive  to  mercy,  give  c,  nir- 
ter,  or  not ;  excepting  some  particular  mid 
noted  murderers:  viz.  Philip  and  all  that 
were  at  the  destroying  of  Mr.  Clark's  garri 
son,  and  some  few  others. 

Major  Itradford  being  now  at  Taunton 
with  his  army,  and  wanting  provisions, 
some  carts  were  ordered  from  Plymonlli  for 
their  supply,  and  Captain  Church  to  guard 
them  ;  but  he  obtaini'd  other  guards  fiir  the 
carts,  as  far  as  Middlehoroiigh,  ran  befiivo 
with  a  siniill  eoinpany,  hoping  to  meet  with 
some  of  the  (■iiciiiy,  appointing  the  earls  and 
their  guards  to  iiiict  with  tlieiii   at  Neiiiaa 


HHHl 


693 


KING  PHILIP'S  WAR. 


cot,*  about  nil  hour  after  sun's  rising  next 
mornini; ;  lie  iirrived  there  iilioul  the  hrcnU- 
ing  of  the  diivMght,  discovcrcil  ii  ci>m|);iiiy  dl' 
the  enemy  ;  hut  liis  time  was  too  sliort  to 
tviiit  for  guiiiiii!;  mlvantii^c',  and  therefore 
ran  ri<rht  in  ii|)oii  them,  surprised  and  capti- 
vated about  10  of  them,  —ho,  upon  examina- 
tion, informed,  tliat  Tisp-quin,  a  very  famous 
captain  among  the  enemy  was  at  Aiisawninp- 
»et,t  with  B  numerous  company. 

Diit  the  carts  must  now  he  ^unnh'd,  and 
the  opportunity  of  visitiiii;  Tispaqiiiii  must 
now  be  laid  aside :  The  carts  are  to  be  faith- 
fully guarded,  lest  Tispaquiii  should  attack 
lliem. 

Comingtowards  Taunton,  Captain  C'hureh 
taking  two  men  with  him,  made  all  speed  to 
the  town ;  and  coming  to  the  river  side,  he 
hallooed,  and  iiKjuiring  of  them  that  came  to 
the  river,  for  Major  IJradford,  or  his  cap- 
tains ;  he  WIS  informed  they  were  in  the  town, 
at  the  tavern. — lie  told  them  of  the  carts  thai 
werecoining,that  he  had  thecumberof  guard- 
ing thein,  which  already  prevented  his  im- 
proving opportunities  of  doing  service. — 
Prayed  therefore  that  a  ipiard  might  he  sent 
over  to  receive  the  carts,  that  he  might  be  at 
liberty;  refusing  all  invitations  and  persna- 
sioiis  to  go  over  to  the  tavern  to  visit  the 
major:  he  at  length  obtained  a  guard  to  re- 
ceive the  carts ;  by  whom  also  he  sent  his 
piisonera,  to  l)e  conveyed  with  tlie  carts,  to 
Plymouth,  directing  them  not  to  return  l>y  the 
way  they  came,  hut  by  Bridgwater. 

Hastening  hack,  he  proposed  to  camp  that 
night  at  Assawompset  neck.  Itnt  as  soon 
ns  they  came  to  the  river  that  runs  into  the 
great  pond  through  the  thick  swamp,  at  the 
entering  of  the  neck,  the  enemy  tired  upon 
them,  hut  hurt  not  a  man.  Captain  Ch  .„h'.s 
Indians  ran  rigiit  into  the  swamp,  and  fired 
upon  them,  but  it  being  in  the  dusk  of  the 
evening,  the  enemy  made  their  escape  in 
the  thickets:  the  captain  then  moving  ahont 
a  mile  into  the  neck,  took  the  advantage  of  a 
Binall  valley  to  feed  his  horses  ;  some  held 
the  horses  by  the  bridles,  the  rest  on  the 
guard  looked  sharp  out  for  the  iiiemy,  willi- 
ili  hearing  on  every  side,  and  some  very  near; 
but  in  the  deail  of  the  niirht,  the  enemy  be- 
ing out  of  hearing,  or  still.  Captain  Church 
niove<l  out  of  the  neck,  (not  tiie  same  way 
he  came  in,  lest  he  should  be  amhuscaihied) 
towards  Cushnet,]:  where  all  the  houses  were 
burnt;  an<l  crossing  Ciishnet  river,  being 
extremely  fatigued  with  two  niiihl?'  and  one 
day's  ramble  without  rest  or  sleep;  and  ob- 
serving good  forage  for  their  horses,  tlie  cap- 
tain concluded  upon  bailing,  and  taking  a 
nap:  setting  six  men  to  watch  the  passage 
of  the  river,  two  to  watch  at  a  time,  while 
the  others  slept,  and  so  to  taki  their  turns, 
while  the  rest  of  the  company  Went  into  a 
thicket,  to  sleep  under  the  guai'<l  of  two  sen- 
tinels more.  Uiit  the  whole  company  being 
very  drowsy,  soon  forgot  their  dan:rer,  and 
we'e  fast  asleep,  sentinels  and  all.  The 
captain  first  awakes,  loid<s  up,  and  JMilges 
he  had  slept  four  hours,  which  being  longer 
than  he  designed,  immediately  rouses  his 
C(Hnpany,  and  sends  away  a  file  to  see  what 
was  bnc(nnu  of  the  watch  at  the  passa<re  of 
llic  livt.T,  hut  they  no  sooner  opened  the  riv- 


*  New  Itayiilmiii  *  la  Sliililluuoruiigli.i  liiUjriiiioiiili. 


er  in  sight,  hut  they  discovered  a  company 
of  the  eiieiny  vii'wing  of  llieir  tracks,  where 
lliey  eaiiie  iiiiolhe  neck;  Caplaiii  (,'lnircli,  and 
those  wilh  liiin.siion  (lisperse<l  inlolhe  brush 
on  eacli  side  of  tin.'  way,  while  the  lile  sent 
got  undiscovered  to  the  passage  of  llie  river, 
and  found  their  watch  all  fast  asleep :  but 
these  tidings  tlmrnughly  awakened  the  whole 
company.  Hut  the  enemy  giving  ihem  no 
present  distiirhanee,  they  examined  their 
knapsacks,  and  taking  a  litllc  refreshment, 
the  captain  orders  one  party  to  guard  the 
horses,  and  the  other  to  scout,  who  soon 
met  with  a  track,  and  following  of  it,  they 
were  brought  to  a  small  company  of  In- 
dians who  proved  to  be  Little  Eyes,  and 
family,  and  near  relations,  who  were  of  Sog- 
koiiale,  but  had  forsaken  their  countrymen, 
upon  their  inaUii.g  peace  with  the  English. 
Some  of  Captain  (,'liurcli's  Indians  asked  him, 
If  he  did  not  know  this  fellow?  Told  him, 
this  is  the  rogui!  that  would  have  killed  yon  at 
Aw.'ishonk'sdance  ;  and  signified  to  him  that 
now  he  hail  an  opporluiiily  to  be  revenged 
on  him.  ISiit  the  captain  told  them,  it  was 
not  Eiiglishinen's  fashion  to  seek  revenge; 
and  that  he  should  have  the  same  quarter 
the  rest  had.  Moving  to  the  river  side,  they 
found  an  old  canoe,  with  which  the  captain 
ordenul  Little  Eyes  and  his  company  to  be 
carried  over  to  an  island ;  telling  hiin,  he 
would  leave  liini  on  tiiat  island  until  ho  re- 
turn, d  ;  and  lest  the  English  should  light  on 
lliein,  and  kill  them,  hi^  would  leave  his  cou- 
sin Light-foot  (whimi  the  English  knew  to  he 
tlieir  friend)  to  he  his  ^raard.  Little  Eyes 
expressed  himself  very  thankful  to  tin;  ciip- 
taiii.  He  leaving  his  onlers  with  Light-foot, 
returns  to  the  river  side,  towards  Poneiran- 
S(!t,  to  nusscll's  orchard;  coiiiiiiir  neat  the 
orchard,  they  clapped  into  a  thicket,  and 
there  lodged  the  rest  of  tin:  niirht  without 
any  (ire  ;  and  upon  the  morning  light  appear- 
ing, moves  towards  the  orchard,  discovers 
some  of  the  eneniy,  who  had  been  there  the 
day  before,  and  had  heat  down  all  the  apjiii  s, 
and  carried  them  a'.iay  ;  discovered  also 
where  they  had  lolged  that  night,  and  saw 
tlie  ground  wlier,.-  lliey  set  their  baskets 
bloody,  being,  !is  they  supposed,  and  ua  it 
was  afterwards  discovered  to  he,  wi'ii  the 
ll'sli  of  swine,  .5ci-.  wiin;!.  th'y  had  killed 
lliat  day.  They  had  lain  uinler  the  fences 
without  any  tires,  and  seemed,  by  the  marks 
they  left  lieliind  tlii'in,  to  he  very  nninerous  ; 
perceived  also  by  llii'  dew  on  the  grass,  that 
they  had  nal  been  hni;;  ginie  ;  anil  therefore 
moved  apace  in  pursuit  of  them.  Travi'lling 
tliri'e  miles,  or  more,  they  eaine  into  the 
country  rnad,  where  the  tracdi  parted,  one 
parcel  slierid  towards  the  west  end  of  the 
irreai  cedar  swamp,  and  the  other  to  the  east 
end.  Tile  captain  halted,  and  told  his  In- 
dian soldiers,  that  they  had  heard,  as  well 
as  he,  wliiit  some  men  had  said  at  i'lymoiith, 
about  thein,  iVe.  That  now  was  a  good  oppor- 
tunity for  each  party  to  prove  iheniselves  : 
the  track  heiiii;  divided,  they  should  follow 
one,  and  the  l',ni;li>h  tin'  other,  beini;  equal 
in  niimber.  The  Indians  deermed  the  mo- 
tion, and  were  not  willin;r  to  move  anvwlnre 
witlnnit  him  ;  said,  lliey  should  not  think 
thenisi  Ives  sale  witlnnit  him.  IJnt  the  eap- 
tain  insistiiiir  upon  it,  they  silliniitled  ;  he 
({live  the  Indians  their  choice  to  follow  which 


track  they  pleased  ;  tliev  replied,  they  weio 
light,  ami  able  to  travel  ;  therefore,  if  .10 
pleased,  they  wonhl  take  the  wist  track. 
And  appointing  the  riiii.s  of  .lohn  Cook's 
house  at  Cuslmet,  for  the  place  to  meet  at, 
each  company  set  out  briskly  to  try  their  for- 
tunes. Captain  Cliurch,  with  his  English 
soldiers,  followed  their  track  until  they  came 
near  entering  a  miry  swamp,  when  the 
ca|)taiii  heard  a  whistle  in  the  rear,  (which 
was  a  note  for  a  hall)  looking  behind  liini, 
he  saw  William  Fobes  start  out  of  the  com- 
pany mill  make  towards  iiim,  who  hastened 
to  meet  liiin  as  fast  as  he  could  :  Pohes  told 
liiin  they  had  discovered  abundance  of  In- 
dians, and  if  he  pleased  to  go  a  fi'w  steps 
back  be  might  see  thein  himself:  be  did  so, 
and  saw  thein  across  the  swamp,  observing 
them,  he  perceived  they  were  gathering  whor- 
tle-berries,  and  that  they  had  no  npprehen- 
dons  of  their  being  so  near  them  ;  the  cap- 
te.in  supposed  them  to  he  cliielly  women,  and 
therefore  calling  (Uit  Mr.  Uillano,  who  was 
acquainted  with  the  ground,  and  the  Indian 
language,  and  another  named  Mr.  Itarns; 
with  these  two  men  he  takes  right  through 
the  swamp  as  fast  as  he  could,  and  orders  the 
rest  to  hasten  after  them.  Captain  Church, 
with  Dillanoand  liarns,  having  good  horses, 
spurred  on,  and  were  soon  amongst  the  thick- 
est of  the  Indians,  and  out  of  sight  of  their 
own  men.  Among  the  eneniy  was  an  Indian 
woman,  who  with  her  husband  had  been 
drove  otl  from  Rhode  Island,  notwithstanding 
they  bad  an  house  upon  Mr.  Sanford's  land, 
and  bad  planted  an  orchard  before  the  war ; 
yet  the  inhahitaiits  would  not  be  satisfied  till 
tliey  were  sent  ort";  and  Captain  Church,  with 
his  family,  living  then  at  the  said  Sanford's, 
came  ac(|iiainted  with  them,  who  thmight  it 
very  linrd  to  turn  off  such  old  ipiiet  |>eople: 
but  in  the  end  it  proved  a  )irovidence  and  an 
advantage  to  him  and  his  family,  as  you  may 
see  afterwards.  This  Indian  woman  knew 
CaptninClinrcli,  and  as  soon  as  she  knew  him, 
held  lip  both  her  hands,  and  came  running 
towards  him,  crying  aloud.  Church,  Church, 
(iiiirc!;.  (.'aptain  Church  hid  her  sloplhe  rest 
of  the  Indians,  and  tell  them,  the  way  to  save 
their  lives  was  not  to  run,  but  yield  them 
selves  prisoners,  and  he  would  not  kill  lliem  ; 
so  with  her  help  and  Dillano's,  who  c(ni!d 
call  to  them  in  their  own  language,  niaiiv  of 
them  slopped  and  surrendered  tliemstdves, 
others  scampering  and  casting  away  their 
baskets,  &c.,  beloidi  themselves  to  the 
thickets,  but  Captian  Chinch  being  on  horse 
hack,  soon  came  np  with  them,  and  laid  liidd 
of  a  gun  that  was  in  the  hand  of  one  of  the 
foremost  of  the  company,  pulled  it  from  him, 
and  told  liiiii  he  must  go  back.  And  when 
he  had  turned  them,  he  began  to  look  altont 
him  to  see  where  he  was,  and  what  was  he- 
conn!  of  his  company,  Inqiing  they  might  bo 
all  as  well  employt'd  as  himsidf,  but  could 
find  none  hut  Dillano,  who  wns  busy  gather- 
ing up  prisoners.  The  captain  drove  his 
that  he  had  stopped  to  the  rest,  inqnirintr  of 
Dillano  tor  their  company,  but  could  have 
no  news  of  theni  ;  lint  moving  back  picked 
np  now  and  then  a  skidkinu;  prisoner  by  the 
way.  When  they  came  near  the  place  where 
ih.y  first  started  the  Indians,  they  discovered 
their  einnpany  stnnding  in  a  body  tcgelber, 
and   had  taken  some  (\:w  pi  isoiars ;  when 


■plied,  tliey  weib 

tlieicfore,  if  ;io 

the    wi'St   liiick. 

(if  .loliii  Conk's 

luce   to   iiicct  iit, 

y  to  tiT  their  for- 

villi   liis   Kiiglisli 

L  iijitil  tliey  value 

iiii|),    wlieii     tliu 

the  reiir,  (wliicli 

iti<;  beliiiiil  liiiii, 

out  of  tlie  coiii- 

111,  who  husteui'd 

II  hi  :   I'ohes  tolil 

ihiindiiiice  of  In- 

.'()   11   t\-\v  steps 

iiiself :  he  did  so, 

wiiiiip,  oliserving 

iutheiiiij;  wiior- 

id    no  npprehen- 

r  them  ;  the  cnp- 

fly  woineii,  and 

Dillaiio,  who  wa^ 

,  anil  the  Indian 

iiied    Mr.  Darns; 

es   ri^ht  tliroii>r|i 

Id,  and  orders  the 

Captain  Church, 

ivinji  ijood  horses, 

inion<;st  the  thick- 

t  of  sight  of  their 

my  was  nn  Indian 

ushand   had   been 

I,  notwilhstandiii;; 

r.  Saiiford's  land, 

d  before  the  war ; 

lot  be  satisfied  till 
itain  Chiireh,  willi 
;he  said  ISmiforilV, 
in,  who  thmi<:ht  it 

old  quiet  people : 
providence  and  nil 
iiinily,  as  you  may 
liaii  woman  knew 
111  as  she  knew  him, 
ml  came  runniiii! 
,  Chinch,  Church, 
lid  her  stop  the  rest 
III,  the  way  to  save 

II,  but  yield  them 
mid  not  kill  them  ; 
llano's,  who  could 
liiiiifuaire,  many  of 
ideied  themselves, 
nsliiii:  away  their 
lemselves  to  the 
eh  beinjr  on  horse 
hem,  and  laid  hold 
ami  of  one  of  the 
lulled  it  from  him, 
back.  And  when 
H»\\  to  look  about 
and  what  was  be- 
liii!;  they  iniulit  bo 
himself,  but  could 

I  was  busy  (rather- 
L'liptain  drove  bis 
!  rest,  iiKpiirinir  '>( 
ly,  but  could  have 
iviii^  back  picked 
iiif  prisoner  by  tlin 

iir  the  placid  where 
lis,  they  diseoverei! 

II  a  liiuly  tcjjether, 
/  pi  isoiiers  ;  w  hen 


KING    PIIIMP'S    WAR. 


003 


they  saw  their  captain  they  hastened  to  meet 
biiii :  they  told  him  they  fuiliul  it  dillioiiit  gel- 
liiij;  thrciiiuh  the  swaiiiii,  '""^'  neither  seeiiii; 
nor  lieiiriiig  any  thiiij;  of  him,  they  conclud- 
ed the  enemy  had  killed  him,  and  were  at  a 
j^irat  Kiss  «  hat  to  do. 

Ilaviiii;  broiiglil  their  prisoners  together 
i.luy  fiiiiiid  they  hail  taken  and  killed  sixty- 
six  of  the  enemy.  Captain  Clmivhthen  asked 
the  old  sipiiiw,  what  company  they  belonged 
inilo'?  She  said,  they  belonged  |iart  to  Philip, 
mill  part  to  Qiimiappiii  and  the  Narraganset 
Sachem,  discovered  also,  upon  her  declara- 
tion, that  both  Philip  and  (Jmitiappiii  were 
about  two  miles  olf,  in  the  great  cedar 
swamp;  he  inquired  of  her,  what  company 
they  had  with  them?  She  answered,  abiili- 
daiue  of  Indians,  The  swamp,  she  said, 
was  full  of  Indians  from  one  end  unto  the 
other,  that  were  settled  there,  that  there  were 
near  a  hundred  men  came  from  the  swamp 
with  them,  and  left  iheiii  upon  that  plain  to 
gather  whortle-berries,  and  promised  to  call 
them  as  they  came  back  out  of  Seonticiit- 
Neek  ;  whither  they  went  to  kill  cattle  and 
lior-.es  for  provisi.nis  fm-  the  company.  She, 
jiereeiviiig  Captain  Chinch  move  towards  the 
liwk,  told  him,  if  they  went  that  way  they 
would  all  be  killed,  lie  asked  her,  wheiv- 
nlioiit  they  crossed  the  river?  She  pointed  to 
the  upper  passing  place.  Upon  which  Cap- 
tain Cliiireh  jiassed  over  so  low  down  as  he 
thought  it  Hot  prolialile  they  should  meetwilh 
bis  track  in  their  return;  and  hastened  lo- 
w.irds  ilie  inland,  where  he  left  Little  Eyes 
wilh  Light-f'iot.  t'iiiiliiig  a  coiiveiiieiit  place 
by  the  liver  side  for  securing  his  prisoners, 
Caplain  Cliiireh  and  Mr.  Dillaiio  went  down 
to  ■^ce  what  was  become  of  Captain  Light -foot, 
and  the  prisoners  left  In  his  charge.  Light  foot 
seeing  and  knowing  them,  soon  eaiiu:  over 
W'lli  his  broken  canoe,  and  informed  tlieiii. 
thai  he  had  seen  that  day  about  one  hundred 
men  of  the  enemy  go  down  into  Scontieiit- 
Nei-k,  and  that  they  were  now  ri'tiiriiing 
again  :  upon  which  they  three  ran  down  im- 
nied'llely  to  a  ineiidow  where  Light-foot  said 
the  iiidiaiis  had  passed,  where  they  not  only 
saw  their  tracks,  but  also  them:  whereupon 
they  lay  close  until  the  enemy  came  into  the 
said  meadow,  and  the  f  uemost  set  down  his 
load  and  halted,  until  all  the  company  came 
up,  and  then  took  up  their  loads  and  inari'hed 
again  the  same  way  that  they  came  down  in- 
to the  neck,  which  was  the  nearest  way  imtn 
their  camp;  had  they  gone  the  other  way 
along  the  river,  they  could  not  have  missed 
Caplain  Church's  tracks,  which  wculJ  doubt- 
less have  exposed  them  to  the  loss  of  their  pri- 
soners, if  not  of  their  lives.  Ibit  as  soon  as 
the  co.ist  was  clear  of  lliein.  the  captain  sends 
his  Light-foot  to  fetch  his  prisoners  from  the 
island,  while  he  and  Mr.  Dillaiio  returns  to 
the  company,  sent  |iart  of  them  to  conduct 
Light-foot  and  his  company  to  the  aforesaid 
meadow,  where  Captain  Clinrcli  and  his 
coiiip-my  met  them.  Crossing  the  enemies' 
track  they  made  all  haste  until  they  got 
over  Mattapoiset  river,*  near  about  liiiir 
miles  beyond  the  ruins  of  Cook's  house, 
where  he  appointed  to  meet  his  Indian  com- 
pany, whither  he  sent  Dillaiio  wilh  two 
more  to  meet  them  ;  ordering  them,  that  if 


'  In  Rochester. 


the  Indians  were  not  arrived  to  wait  for  them. 
Accordingly,  finding  no  Indians  there,  they 
waited  until  late  in  the  night,  when  tliey  ar- 
rived with  their  booty.  They  dis|iatched  a 
(lost  to  their  ca[)tain,  to  give  him  an  account 
of  tiieir  success  ;  but  the  day  broke  before 
they  came  to  him  ;  and  when  they  had  com- 
pared successes,  they  very  remarkably  found 
that  the  number  that  each  company  had 
taken  and  slain,  was  equal.  The  Indians 
had  killed  three  of  tho  etuuiiy,  and  taken  six- 
ty-three pri.soners.as  the  English  had  done  be- 
fore them.  Ijoth  English  and  Indians  were 
surprised  at  this  remarkable  providence,  and 
were  both  parties  rejoicing  at  i!  ;  being  both 
before  afraid  of  what  might  have  been  the 
iineipial  success  of  the  ])arlies;  but  the  In- 
dians had  the  fortune  to  take  more  arms 
than  the  English.  They  told  the  ca|)taiii, 
that  they  had  missed  a  brave  opportunity  by 
larting ;  they  came  upon  a  great  town  of 
the  enemy,  viz.  Captain  Tyasks'  comiiany, 
(Tyasks  was  the  next  man  to  Phili]).)  They 
(ired  upon  the  enemy  before  they  were  dis- 
covered, and  ran  upon  them  wilh  a  shout; 
the  men  ran  and  left  their  wives  and  child- 
ren, and  many  of  them  their  guns.  They 
took--Tyasks'  wife  and  son,  and  thought  that 
if  their  captain  and  tho  English  eoinpany 
had  been  with  them  they  might  have  taken 
some  hiind'cds  of  them  ;  and  now  they  de- 
termined not  to  part  any  more. 

That  night  Philip  sent  (as  afterwards  they 
found  out)  a  great  army  to  waylay  Captain 
(.'hiireh  at  the  entering  of  Assav.-ompset- 
Neck,  expecting  he  would  have  returned  the 
same  way  he  went  in  ;  but  that  was  never  his 
method  to  relnrn  the  same  way  that  he  came; 
and  at  this  time  going  another  way,  he  escap- 
ed falling  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies.  The 
next  day  they  went  home  by  Scipican,  and 
got  Well  with  their  prisoners  to  I'lymoiitli. 

He  soon  went  out  again,  and  this  stroke  he 
drove  many  weeks;  and  .vheii  he  took  any 
nnniber  of  prise  i;ers,  he  would  pick  out  some 
he  took  a  fancy  to,  and  would  tell  them,  he 
took  a  particular  fancy  to  them,  and  had 
chose  them  for  himself  to  make  soldiers  of; 
and  if  any  would  behave  themselves  well,  he 
would  do  well  by  them,  and  they  should  be 
his  men,  and  not  sold  out  of  the  country.  If 
he  perceived  they  look.'d  surly,  and  his  Indian 
soldiers  called  them  treacherous  dogs,  as 
some  of  iheiii  would  sonietiines  do,  all  the  no- 
tice he  would  take  of  it,  would  only  be  to 
clap  them  on  the  back,  and  tell  them,  come, 
come,  you  look  wild  and  surly,  and  mutter, 
but  that  signifies  nothing,  these  my  best  sol- 
diers were  a  little  while. -igo  a>-  wild  and  surly 
as  you  are  now  ;  by  that  time  yon  havt'  been 
but  one  day  along  wilh  me,  you'll  love  me 
too,  and  be  as  brisk  as  any  of  them  And  il 
proved  so  ;  for  there  was  none  of  them  but 
(after  they  had  been  a  little  while  with  him, 
and  seen  his  behaviour,  and  how  cheerful 
and  successful  his  men  were)  would  be  as 
really  to  pilot  him  to  any  place  where  the  In- 
dians dwell,  or  hannted  (though  their  own 
fathers  or  nearest  relations  should  lii^  among 
them)  or  to  light  for  him,  as  any  of  his  own 
men. 

Captain    Church    was  in    two  particulars 
much  advanliiged  by  the  great  Englisli  army 
I  that  was  now  abroad.     One  was,  that  they 
'drove  the  enemy  down  to  that  part  of  the 


country,  viz.  to  the  eastward  of  Taunton  ri- 
ver, by  which  his  business  was  nearer  home. 
The  other  was,  that  when  he  fell  on  wilh  a 
push  upon  any  body  of  the  enemy  (were  they 
never  so  many)  ihey  lied,  e\|iecling  the  great 
army.  And  his  maiiuer  of  niarcliing  tlinnigh 
the  woods  was  such,  as  if  he  were  discoven-ii. 
tliey  appeared  to  be  more  than  they  were  ;  I'  r 
he  always  marched  at  a  wide  distance  eiic 
from  another,  par  ly  fir  their  safety  :  And 
this  was  ail  Indian  custom  to  inarch  thin  and 
scattered.  Cajitain  Church  inquired  of  some 
of  the  Indians  that  were  become  his  soldiers, 
how  they  got  such  advantage  often  of  the  En- 
glish ill  their  marches  through  the  woods? 
They  told  him,  that  the  Indians  gained  great 
advantage  of  the  English  by  two  things;  the 
Indians  always  took  care  in  their  marches 
and  lights,  not  to  come  too  thick  together ; 
but  the  English  always  kept  in  a  iieap  toge- 
ther, thai  it  was  as  easy  to  hit  them  as  to 
hit  a  house.  The  other  was,  that  if  at  any 
time  they  discovered  a  company  of  English 
soldiers  in  the  wfiods,  they  knew  that  there 
w  as  all,  for  the  English  never  scattered  ;  but 
the  Indians  always  divided  and  scaltered. 

Captain  Church  now  at  Plyir.ouih,  s(uiic- 
tliing  or  other  happened  that  kept  him  at 
home  a  few  days,  until  a  post  came  to  Marsh- 
field  on  tho  Lord's  day  morning,  inliirming 
the  governor  that  a  great  army  of  Indians 
were  discovered,  who  it  was  supposed  were 
designing  to  get  over  the  river  towards  'I'aiin- 
loii  or  IJridgwater,  to  attack  those  towns  that 
lay  on  that  side  of  the  river.  The  governor 
hastened  to  Plymouth,  raised  what  men  he 
could  by  the  way,  came  to  Plymniith  in  ihe 
lieginning  of  the  fiireuoon  exercise  ;  sent  I'or 
Captain  Church  out  of  the  nieetinglioiise, 
gave  him  the  news,  and  desired  him  inimcdi 
ately  to  rally  what  of  his  company  he  could; 
and  what  men  he  had  raised  should  join  them. 
The  captain  bestirs  himself"  but  fiiiind  no 
bread  in  the  slore-honse,  and  so  was  forced 
to  run  from  house  to  house  to  get  household 
bread  for  their  march  ;  but  this  nor  anylhiiig 
else  prevented  his  marching  by  the  lieginning 
of  the  afternoon  exercise.  Marching  wilh 
what  men  were  ready,  he  look  wilh  him  the 
post  that  came  from  IJridgwater  to  pilot  him 
to  the  ph.ee,  where  he  thought  he  might  meet 
with  the  enemy.  In  the  evening  tliey  heard 
a  smart  firing  at  a  distance  from  them  ;  but 
it  being  near  night,  and  the  tiring  lint  of  short 
continuance, they  missed  the  place,  and  went 
into  Uriilgwaler  town.  It  seems  the  occa- 
sion of  the  firing  was,  that  Philip  fniding 
that  Captain  Church  made  that  side  of  the 
country  too  hot  for  him,  designed  to  return 
to  the  other  side  of  the  country  that  he  came 
last  from.  And  coining  to  'raimlon  river 
with  his  company,  they  felled  a  great  tree 
across  the  river,  for  a  bridge  to  pass  over  on  ; 
and  just  as  Philip'.s  '  uncle  Akkoni|ioin, 
and  some  other  of  his  chiefs  were  passing 
over  tho  tree,  some  brisk  Uriilgwaler  lads 
had  ambushed  them,  fired  upon  them,  and 
killed  the  old  man,  and  several  others,  wlii,  h 
put  a  stop  to  their  coining  over  the  river  [U.A 
night. 

Next  morning  Caplain  Chiin-h  iiioved 
very  early  with  his  company,  wliiih  was  in. 
creased  by  many  of  liridgwatcr,  that  eiilisti-d 
under  him  for  that  exjiedilion,  and,  by  their 
piloting,  soon  camo  very  still  to  tlio  top  ol 


604 


the  ffCiiut  tri-e  wliiuli  the  riiniiy  hail  I'lMcii 
across  iho  livt-r;  iiml  ihf  <'.i|itiiiii  spied  mi 
Indinii  silliiii;  on  tin'  sliiiii|i  of  It  on  ihr 
other  »\iU:  III'  the  ritrr,  ami  he  ('la|i|)i'cl  his 
^iin  U|>,  ami  had  ihnihih'ss  drspatrhi'd  him, 
hut  that  iMit;  ol'his  own  Indians  calh'd  hastily 
in  him,  not  to  lire,  lor  lie  l)i  licvcd  it  was  oni' 
of  tlii'ir  own  nirn  ;  upon  wliioh  the  Imhaii 
upon  thi'  stump  hioUiil  aliout,  ami  ('a|ilain 
ChiM'ch's  Imliau  st'i'in<;  hi.<  t'acr  prrrcivrd 
his  niistakf,  for  he  knew  him  to  he  Philip, 
vhippi'd  upliis^iui  and  fired,  lint  it  was  loo 
late,  for  I'hilipiMiniediately  threw  himself  oiV 
tliu  Hliiuip,  leaped  down  a  hank  on  the  side 
of  the  river,  and  made  his  escape.  Captain 
('hurch,  as  soon  as  possihie,  jj^ot  over  the  ri- 
ver, and  scattered  in  quest  of  Fhili(>  and  his 
uompany  ;  hut  the  enemy  scattered  and  lied 
every  way  ;  hut  he  picked  up  a  considerahle 
many  of  their  women  and  children,  amon!> 
which  was  I'hilip's  wife,  and  son  of  ahout 
nine  years  old.  Discovering  n  considera- 
hle new  track  alnn>r  the  river,  ami  examin- 
ing the  prisoners,  found  it  was  Uunnappin 
;ind  the  i\arra;iansets,  that  were  drawin;;  otf 
iVoni  those  parts  towards  the  iVnrra^tan- 
set  cinintry  ;  he  inquired  of  the  prisoners, 
whether  Philip  was  !;one  in  the  same  track? 
'I'liey  told  him  they  did  not  know,  for  he  lied 
in  a  jrreat  frisrht  when  the  first  Knsrlish  j^mi 
was  fired,  and  they  had  none  of  them  seen 
or  heard  anythiuj;  of  him  since.  Captain 
I'hiirch  left  part  of  his  company  there  to  se- 
cure the  priscuiers  they  !;ot,  and  to  |iiek  np 
what  more  they  could  find  ;  and  w  ith  the 
n'st  of  his  ciniipany  hastened  in  the  track  of 
llie  enemy,  to  overtake  them,  if  it  miirht  he, 
hi'lore  tliey  got  over  the  river,  and  ran  some 
miles  nlouii  tlie  river,  until  he  eame  to  a  place 
where  the  Indians  had  waded  over  ;  and  he 
with  his  company  waded  over  after  them  np 
to  the  arm-pits;  heini;  almost  as  wet  hefoi'e 
with  sweat  as  the  river  could  make  ihcm. 
Followin<;  ahont  a  ii;ile  further,  and  nol 
overtakinif  them,  and  the  captain  hei'iir  un- 
der necessity  to  return  that  iiiijht  to  the  ar- 
my, came  to  a  halt,  told  his  company,  he 
innst  return  to  his  other  men.  Mis  Indian 
soldiers  moved  for  leave  to  pursue  tin'  eiie 
my  (thoiiirh  he  returned  ;)  said,  the  Niu-ia- 
jraiisets  were  ;;reat  ro^rues,  and  they  wanted 
to  ho  r<'ven;;ed  on  them  for  killini;  sinne  of 
their  relations;  named  'ro(!kamima,  ( Awa- 
shonk's  hrotlier)  and  some  others.  Captain 
Church  hid  them  <ro  and  prosper,  and  made 
Liithtfoot  their  chief,  and  ;rave  him  the  title 
iif  captain  :  Rid  ihein  ■;i)  and  quit  themselves 
like  men.  .\n<l  away  they  scampered  like 
so  innny  horses.  Next  morniu;r  early  they 
returned  to  their  captain,  and  informed  him, 
ihut  they  had  come  up  with  the  enemy,  and 
killed  several  of  llieni,  and  hroiisrht  liini  thir- 
teen of  them  prisoners  ;  were  niifjhty  proud  of 
their  exploit,  and  rejoiced  much  at  the  op- 
|iorturiity  of  avenjrini;  themselve.".  Captain 
Church  sent  the  prisoners  to  Uridirwater, 
nild  sent  out  his  s<'onts  to  see  what  enemies 
or  tracks  they  eoidd,  diseoverinn  some  small 
tracks,  he  lollows  them,  found  where  the  ene- 
my had  kindled  some  tires,  and  roasted  some 
lleshi  ^-c,  hut  had  put  out  their  fires  and 
were  gone.  The  captain  followed  them 
by  the  track,  putiin;;  his  Indians  in  the! 
front  I  some  of  which  were  such  as  he  had  ' 
nowl/  taken  from  the  enemy,  uiid   ndded  I 


KINO  PHILIP'S  W.AR. 

to  his  company,  (iavi:  them  order.-i  lo  march  | 
sillily,  and  iipini  liiMriiii;  a  whislle  iiillie  rear, 
to  sililiiwii,  nil  fiMilier  order  :  or,  upon  diseo- . 
very  of  any  of  ihe  enemy,  lo  stop,  for  his  di- j 
si;;n  was,  if  he  could  ihseiiver  w  here  lln'  eiie-  j 
inv  were,  not  to  fall  iipoii  them  (unless  lie- { 
eessilaleil  to  it)  nnlil  next  miirniiii;.  The! 
Indians  in  llie  front  came  up  with  many  wo- 1 
men  and  eliildreii,  and  others  that  were  faint  I 
and  tired,  and  so  not  ahle  to  kee|)  up  wilh 
the  eonipany  ;  these  sjave  them  an  iiccouni 
that  Philip  with  a  <;reat  niiiiiher  of  the  ene- 
my, were  a  little  hefore.  Ca|Jtain  Chrrch's 
Indians  told  the  others,  they  were  their  pri- 
soners, hut  if  they  would  siihmit  lo  order, 
and  he  still,  no  one  should  hurt  them  :  they 
heini;  their  old  acquaintance,  were  easily 
persuaded  to  conform.  A  little  liefore  sun- 
set there  was  a  lialt  in  the  front,  imlil  lln-  cap- 
tain came  up,  they  told  him,  they  discovered 
the  enemy.  He  ordered  them  to  do>r  them, 
and  watch  their  motion  til!  it  was  d.-irk. 
ISnt  Philip  soon  came  to  a  slop,  and  fi'll  to 
hreakini;  ai:d  choppini;  wood,  to  make  fires  ; 
and  a  i;reat  noise  they  made.  Ca|>lain 
Church  draws  his  company  up  in  a  rin;;,  and 
sal  down  ill  the  swamp  w  ithoiit  any  noise  or 
fire.  The  Indian  prisoners  were  nineli  sur- 
prised to  see  the  Kiii;lisli  soldiers  ;  hut  the 
captain  told  them,  if  they  would  heipiiet  and 
not  make  any  disturhaiice  or  noise,  lliev 
slionld  meet  with  civil  treatment  ;  hut  if  they 
made  any  disturliaiice,  or  ofiVred  to  run,  or 
make  their  escape,  he  would  ininieiliately 
kill  them  all  ;  so  they  were  very  snhniissive 
aiiilohsequi(m;».  When  the  day  liroUe,  Cnp- 
taiii  Chtirell  told  his  prisoners,  that  his  expe- 
iliiion  wixa  such  at  this  lime  that  he  cuiild  iiDt 
allord  llieiii  any  ijiiaril  :  told  them,  they 
would  find  it  to  he  their  interest  to  atteinl 
the  orders  he  was  now  ahont  to  uive  them  ; 
» liicli  was,  that  when  the  fiirlil  was  over, 
which  they  now  expected,  or  as  soon  as  the 
lirint;  ceased,  they  must  follow  the  track  of 
his  coinpaiiv,  and  come  to  them.  (An  In- 
dian is  next  to  a  hlood-houiid  to  follow  a 
iraek.)  He  said  lo  them,  it  would  he  in  vain 
fur  them  to  think  of  disohedieiiee,  or  lo  iraiii 
any  ihiiii;  hy  it,  for  he  had  taken  and  killed  a 
ifieat  many  of  the  Indian  rehels,  and  should 
In  a  llllle  lime  kill  and  take  all  the  rest,  iVc. 
I'y  this  lime  it  heu-aii  lo  he  so  llyhl,  as  the 
nine  that  he  usually  chose  lo  make  his  onset, 
1  le  moved,  sendini;  Iwo  soldiers  hefore,  lo  Irv 
if  lliey  could  privately  discover  the  I'liemies' 
postures,  15ut  very  unhappily  it  fill  out, 
that  the  very  samt!  time  Philip  had  sent  two 
of  his  as  a  scout  upon  his  own  track,  to  see 
if  none  do!;!red  them  ;  who  spied  the  two  In- 
dian men,  and  turned  short  nliout,  and  tied 
w  ith  all  speed  to  their  camp,  and  Captain 
Church  pursued  as  fast  as  he  could.  The 
two  Indiaiis  set  a  yelliiii;  and  howlintr,  and 
made  the  most  hideous  noise  they  could  in- 
vent, sonn  jiave  the  alarm  to  Philip  iiiid  his 
camp  ;  who  all  (led  at  the  first  tidings,  left 
their  kettles  hoilinir,  and  meat  roasting  upon 
their  wooden  spits,  niid  ran  into  ii  swamp 
with  no  other  hreakfast  than  what  Captain 
Church  at'lerwards  treated  them  with.  </ap- 
taiii  Church  pursuing,  sent  I\lr.  Isaac  Ihiw- 
hind  wilh  a  parly  on  one  side  of  the  swamp, 
while  himself  with  the  rest  ran  on  the  other 
side,  airreeing  to  run  on  each  side,  until  they 
met  on  the  further  end,  plucing  some  nieii  in 


secure  stands  at  that  end  of  the  swaiiip  wm  re 
Philip  enlei'ril,  eoni'liiiliii<r  llial  il'lliey  IiimiIi  il 
him  and  lieat  him  liaek,  thai  he  woiilil  lake 
hack  in  his  'iw  ii  iraek,  1  'aplain  C'liiireli  and 
.Mr.  How  land  snon  mil  al  ihe  Inrlher  eliil  ol 
llie  swamp,  (it  not  liii"i_>  a  !;ital  one)  w  her.' 
they  inel  wilh  a  ;;ieal  Miiiiilier  nf  llie  i  iiiiiiy, 
Well  armed,  eiimMi;;oiil  nflhe  sw.iinp;  lint,  lei 
sif;lit  of  llie  I'.n^listi,  lliiy  seemed  very  iiiiieii 
surprised  and  lacked  siiiirt.  Captain  Chin  eh 
e.'illed  haslily  lo  tlieiii,  iiiid  said,  if  lliiv  lireil 
one  gun  they  were  all  dead  men  ;  tor  he 
would  have  them  lo  know  llial  he  had  lliem 
hemmed  in,  wilh  a  foi'(!esnfiieieiitloeoiiiiiiaiiil 
them ;  hut  if  ihey  peaeeahly  surrendered 
they  should  havi'  giioil  <piarler,  iVe.  i'hey, 
seeing  hoth  Indians  and  I'.ni^lish  come  so 
thick  upon  tin  in,  wtii-  so  surprised  that  ma- 
ny of  them  stood  .still  and  let  the  p,ii>r|i^fi 
come  and  take  the  iruns  onl  of  their  hands, 
when  they  were  hoth  chaiged  and  cocked. 

Alaiiy,  hoth  men,  women,  and  eliildreii  ol 
the  enemy,  were  imprisoned  al  lliis  lime, 
while  Philip,  Tispaqiiiii,  Toloson,  tVe.,  eini- 
eliided  that  the  Knglish  would  pursue  tliem 
upon  their  tracks,  so  were  wayl.iying  tin  it 
tracks  at  the  first  end  of  the  swamp,  hopiiii; 
iherehy  lo  i;aiii  a  shot  upon  Captain  Chnreh 
who  was  now  heller  employed  in  lakiii!;  pris- 
oners, and  running  lliein  into  a  vallev,  in 
fiirm  shaped  sonielhin;;  like  a  piincli-hnw  I 
and  appoiiiliiiir  a  guard  of  two  files,  Irehle 
armed  wilh  gnns  taken  from  the  eneiin. 
Hut  Philip  having  waileil  all  this  wliili'  in 
vain,  now  moves  on  after  the  rest  nf  his  cmn- 
pany,  to  see  what  was  hecimie  of  tin  in. 
.\iid  hy  this  time  (\ipiain  •'hurch  was  :;ei 
into  the  swamp  re.iily  to  meet  him  ;  anil  as 
it  happeiK  I  made  the  tirst  discovery,  clapped 
hehiild  a  trei^  nnlil  Philip's  eoiiipanv  eaiiie 
pretty  neii,  and  then  fired  upon  tliein,  kilhil 
many  of  them,  and  a  close  skirmish  fiillow- 
I'd.  rpiin  this  I'hilip,  having  grounds  siilli- 
cieiit  to  suspect  the  event  of  his  compaiiv 
that  went  hefiire  them,  lied  hack  ii|ioii  his 
own  track;  and  coining  to  the  place  where 
the  amhiish  lay,  they  fired  on  each  other,  and 
one  Liiciis,  of  Plymouth,  not  lieing  so  care- 
ful as  he  might  have  heen  ahout  his  stand. 
was  killed  hy  the  Indians.  In  this  swamp- 
skirmish  Captain  Church  wilh  his  two  nn  n, 
who  always  run  hy  his  side  as  his  guard, 
met  with  three  of  the  enemy,  two  of  wliieli 
surremlered  themselves,  and  the  ea|itaiii's 
guard  seized  them  ;  hut  the  other,  heiiig  a 
great,  stout,  surly  fellow,  with  his  two  locks 
tied  up  with  red,  and  a  great  rattle-snake  skin 
hanging  to  the  hack  part  of  his  head,  (whom 
Captain  (^hiircli  concluded  lo  he  'J'oioson) 
ran  from  them  into  the  swamp  ;  Captain 
Church  in  person,  pursued  him  close,  till 
coming  i»retty  near  up  with  him,  presented 
his  gun  hetween  his  shoulders,  hut  it  inissinii 
fire,  the  Indian  perceiving  il,  turned  and 
presented  at  Captain  Church,  and  missing 
fire  also,  (their  guns  taking  wet  with  the  fiig 
nnd  dew  of  the  morning  ;)  hut  the  Ir.  linn 
turning  short  t'or  another  run,  his  fiiot  tripped 
in  n  small  grnpe-vine  and  he  fi'll  fiat  on  his 
face  ;  Captniii  Church  was  hy  this  time  up 
with  him,  and  struck  the  mu/./,le  of  his  gun 
nn  inch  and  a  half  into  the  hack  part  of 
his  head,  which  despatched  him  without  an- 
other hlow.  liut  ('a|itaiii  CImrch  loiikili;> 
hehind  lihn,  eaw  Totoson,  the  Imliau  whom 


ilicf<wii!ii|)  win  re 

llllltil'llll'V  IlI'Mlll'll 

liMl  he  »iiiil(l  liikii 
ipiMJn  Cliiircli  Mild 
llii'  riirllMT  Mill  III 
I  mini  our)  wlirr.' 
Iirr  111'  ilii'  I  iiiiiiy, 
Mic  .>u:iiii|i;  liiii,  iiM 
sii  iiinl  HIV  iiiiirii 
<':||i1;mii  Cliinrli 
I  s.llrl.  il'  llirv  lilril 
i'ikI  iiirii  ;  fur  In' 
iIkiI  III'  hiiil  llii'in 
Tlriililliirniiiiiiiiliil 
riilily  siiiTiiiilciril 
ll.unT,  At.  I'Iii'v, 
l'jM;^li>li   rornr  so 

MlPlllisill     lll.lt    lll.'l- 

111   li'l   llii'    r,Mi;li>li 
mil  iiI'llHii-   liiiiiil.s, 
^:ril  .■mil  ciM'Knl. 
I'M,  mill  I'liilili'i'ii  (if 
["iii'il    nl   llii.s    linir, 

'I'llllPsdll,  »Vc.,  I'llll- 

winilil  piM'siii'  tlii'iii 
II'  «,'iyl;iyiii;r  lln  ii 
llic  s>viiiii|>,  liiiiiiiii; 
III  ('ii|)liiiii  Cliiirrli 
iiycil  ill  liikini;  |)ii^. 
Vii   iiili)  II  v.'illi'v,   in 

iliC     II     pillll'll-jlllH  I 

III"  two   (ilc^,    iii'lilr 

rioiii    lilt"    ciM'iny. 

(I   all   llils   nliilc  in 

tlio  rt'St  oCliis  i-oiii- 

lll'I'OlllC     III'     lllllll. 

ill  riiiircli  WHS   yi't 
Mii'i't  liiiii  ;  iiiiil  lis 
itiliscoHTv,  rlii|pj)i'(i 
i|>'s  i'iiiii|miiy   riiiMi' 
il  iipiiii  tlii'iii,  kill,  il 
I.'*!'  ."kiliiiifli  fiilliiw- 
iiviiij;  j;roiii)ils  Milli- 
iit  dl"  his   t'oiii|)iiiiv 
lied   liiick  upon    liis 
to  till'  pliici'  whcrt. 
I  1)11 1'lirli  Dllii'i',  iiiul 
,  not  liriiif;  so  ciiii'- 
I'll  iilioiit  iiis  sliind. 
s.     Ill  tlii»  swiiinp- 
I  with  his  two  incii, 
siilu   I1.S  his   ifiiiinl, 
■iiiv,  two  of  viliji  h 
anil  till'   caplaiii'.s 
the  oilier,  lii'iiig  n 
wi;li  his  two  lock.s 
•at  rattli'-siiiikr  skin 
i)f his  luad,  (whoiii 
lod  to  1)11  'J'otosoii) 
swamp ;    Captiiin 
led    liliii   close,   llii 
'ilh  him,  presented 
ders,  but  it  niissiiij; 
11^'  it,  turned    and 
inreh,  and  inissiiifr 
ijr  wel  with  the  fog 
;)  hut   thf  II.  liuii 
■nil,  his  foot  tripped 

I  lif  fell  tint  on  his 
lis  hy  this  time  up 

muzzle  of  his  gun 
the  hark  part  of 
d  him  uiihoiit  an- 

II  ( 'lunch  liiokilii; 
I  the  Indian  whom 


Ki.NU     l'lllLli"S     WAU. 


00.'. 


hn  thought  he  iitid  killed,  cunie  Hying  at  him 

like  a  ilr.iL'oli  ;  l.ill  this  hilppeiied  to  he  fair 
ill  >\'^U{  III'  llh'  iiiiiuil  that  were  set  to  keep 
till'  pii^oiu'i's,  who,  s|i_viii}{  Toloson  anil 
(illni-.  iImI  were  lollowiiig  liiiii,  111  the  very 
sca^onalile  jiineliire  nia.le  a  shot  upon  tlioni, 
and  resi'iieil  llieir  laplain  ;  thoii^li  he  was  in 
no  Miiall  dau!,'!'!-  (Vom  his  friends'  Imllels,  for 
si'iiie  of  llieni  eanie  so  near  him  that  lu' 
ihoiifiiil  he  felt  the,  wind  ii!  them.  Tlio  skir- 
iiiisli  lii'iiig  over,  they  g;itliered  their  prison- 
ers togellnr,  and  found  the  nninlier  they  had 
kilh'd  and  taken  was  one  luiiidred  .'iiid  seveii- 
ty-lliree,  (the  prisoners  wliieh  they  took  over 
liijlhl  iiiehideil)  whoaflerlhe  skirmish, came 
to  tlielil  as  they  were  oidered. 

Now  having  no  provisions  but  what  they 
took  from  the  enemy,  they  hastened  to 
iiiiclgwater,  sending  an  express  belore  to  pro- 
vide I'or  them,  their  lonipaliy  being  now  very 
iHiiih  ions.  'llie.  gentlemen  of  Itridgwater 
iiiel(.'aplain  ( 'laircli  with  great  expressions  of 
lioiinr  and  thanks,  and  received  him  and  his 
arniy  w  lib  all  due  resp.'et  and  kind  treatment. 

t'aplain  t'lniicli  drove  his  prisoners  that 
night  into  Hridgwater  poniid,  and  set  his  In- 
dian soldiers  to  guard  llie.ii.  'I'liev  being 
Well  treated  with  victuals  and  drink,  tliey  had 
a  merry  night;  an. I  the  prisoners  laughed  as 
loud  as  the  sol.licrs,  not  being  so  treated  u 
long  time  before. 

^sonie  of  tile  lii.lians  now  sai.l  to  Captain 
(..'hiireli.  Sir,  you  have  now  "i;i.le  I'hilip  ready 
to  die,  tor  yuii  have  ina.lc  him  as  poor  and 
miserable  as  h.j  iised  to  make  the  English; 
for  M'U  ba\.  limv  killed  oi'  taken  all  his  re- 
lations. That  they  believed  he  would  now 
soon  have  his  heail,  and  that  this  bout  had  al- 
Miosi  broke  his  heart. 

'I'lie  next  day  Captain  Church  moved  and 
arrived  with  all  his  prisoners  safi?  at  I'ly- 
nioulli.  The  great  baiglish  army  was  now 
at  'raunlon,  and  Maj.ir  Talcot,  wilh  the 
Coiiiieetieut  forces,  being  in  these  parts  of 
the  country,  did  considerable  spoil  upon  the 
enemy. 

Now  Captain  Church  being  arrived  at  I'ly- 
month  received  thanks  from  the  government 
for  his  giiod  service,  ijcc.;  many  of  his  soldiers 
were  disbanded  ;  and  he  thought  to  rest  him- 
self awhile,  being  much  fatigued,  and  his 
health  impaireil  by  excessive  heals  and  colds, 
aii'l  wa.ling  through  rivers,  A:c.  Hut  it  was 
not  long  before  he  was  called  upon  to  rally, 
upon  ailvice  that  some  of  the  enemy  were 
discovered  in  Darlmoulh  woods,  lie  took 
his  Indians,  aii.l  as  m.my  English  volunteers 
as  presented,  to  go  with  him  ;  and  scalter- 
iiii;  into  small  piircels,  Mr.  .labez  Howlaiid 
(who  was  now,  and  ofleii,  his  lieiilenant,  and 
a  worthy  good  soldier)  hail  the  fortune  to  dis- 
cover and  imprison  a  jiarcel  of  the  eiieiiiy. 
In  the  evening  they  nut  together  at  an  ap 
|ioiiited  place,  and  by  exiimining  the  prison- 
ers, they  g.ihied  inlelligence  of  Totoson's 
Il  Hint ;  and  being  brisk  in  the  morning,  tiny 
soon  gained  an  advantage  of  Totosoirs  eom- 
p.inv,  though  he  himself  with  his  son  of  about 
eii;lit  years  old  iiuulo  their  escape,  and  one 
old  sipiaw  wilh  them,  to  Agawoin,  his  own 
eoinilry  ;  but  Sam  Harrow,  as  noted  a  rogue 
as  any  among  the  enemy,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  iMiglish  at  this  time.  Captain  Church 
told  him,  that  because  of  his  inliiiman  mur- 
ders ttiid  barbarities,  the  court  had  allowed 


him  no  (juiirtor,  but  wu.s  to  lie  forlhwith  put} 
to  death,  and  therefore  he  was  to  prepare  Ibr 
il.  Harrow  replied,  that  the  .sentence  of 
ileath  against  him  was  Just,  and  that  imlei'd 
he  was  aslian  .1  to  live  any  longer,  and  de- 
sired no  more  favour  than  to  smoke  a  uhilVof 
lobacco  before  his  execution.  When  he  had, 
taken  a  few  w hills,  he  said  he  was  ready  ; 
upon  which  one  of  ('ap>aiii  Church's  Indians 
sunk  his  hatchet  info  jii.s  brains.  'I'lie  fa- 
mous Totosoii  arriving  at  Agawom,*  his  son, 
which  was  tlu;  last  that  was  left  of  the  family, 
(Captain  Church  liaving  destroyed  all  the 
rest)  fell  sick;  the  wretch,  rcllecling  upon 
the  miserable  Oondition  he  had  brought  him- 
self into,his  heart  became  a  stone  w  illiin  him, 
and  died.  'J'liu  old  sipiaw  filing  a  few  leaves 
and  brush  over  him,  and  came  into  Sand- 
wich, and  gave  this  account  of  his  death,  and 
ofli  fed  to  show  them  where  she  left  his  body  ; 
but  never  had  the  opportunity,  fiir  she  imiiie- 
dialely  fell  sick  and  died  also. 

Caplain  C'hnrcii  being  now  at  I'lymouth 
again, weary  and  worn, would  have  gone  home 
to  his  will!  and  family,  but  the  government 
being  solicitous  to  engage  him  in  the  service 
until  I'hiliu  was  slain,  and  promising  satis- 
fiietioii  and  redress  for  some  mistreatmi'iit 
that  he  had  met  wilh  ;  he  fixes  f'or  another 
exiiedition.  Jle  had  soon  volunteers  enough 
to  make  up  the  company  he  desired,  and 
marched  through  the  woods  uiilil  he  came  to 
I'oeasset;  and  not  seeing  or  hearing  of  any  of 
the  enemy  they  went  over  the  ferry  to  Uhode- 
Islai'.d,  to  refresh  themselves.  The  captain 
with  about  half  a  dozen  in  iiis  company,  look 
horse  and  rid  about  eight  miles  down  the 
island,  to  Mr.  Sanford's,  where  he  hail  left 
his  w  ife  ;  who  no  .sooner  saw  him  but  f'aiiited 
with  surprise;  and  by  that  lime  she  was  a 
little  revived,  they  spied  two  horsemen  com- 
ing a  great  pace.  Captain  jL'liurch  told  his 
eonipany  that  those  men  (by  their  riding) 
eaii.e  with  tidings.  When  they  came  up 
they  proved  to  be  Major  Sandlord  and  Cap- 
tain (iolding;  who  immciliately  asked  Cap- 
tain Church,  what  he  would  give  to  hwr 
some  news  of  "liilip  ;  He  replied,  that  was 
what  he  wante.l.  They  told  him,  they  had 
rid  hanl  wilh  some  lio|ies  of  overtaking  him, 
ami  were  imw  come  on  purpose  to  iiiloriii 
liiiii,  that  there  w.is  just  now  tidings  from 
Moiint-llopc  ;  an  Indian  came  down  from 
thence  iwlicie  I'liilip's  camp  now  was)  on 
to  Sand-point,  over  a'jainst  Trip's  and  hal- 
looed, an. I  ma.le  signs  to  be  fetchcil  over;  and 
being  felchcil  over,  he  reportcil  th.'it  he  was 
lied  from  I'hilip,  who  (suid  he)  has  killol 
my  biother  just  belbre  I  came  away,  liir  giv- 
ing some  a.lviee  tli.it  displcaseil  him.  And 
said,  he  was  (led  for  fear  of  meeting  wilh  the 
same  his  brother  had  met  with.  'I'ol.l  them 
also,  that  I'hilip  was  now  in  Monnl-llope 
neck.  Captain  Church  thanked  lliem  for 
their  good  news,  and  sai.l,  he  hoped  by  to- 
morrow morning  to  have  tin  rogui''s  head. 
The  horses  that  he  ami  his  company  came 
on,  standing  at  the  door,  (liir  tliey  had  not 
been  unsa.l.llcd)  his  wife  must  coiilcnt  her- 
self with  a  short  visit,  when  such  game  was 
aliea.l ;  ihcy  imniediately  mounted,  set  spurs 
to  their  horses,  and  away. 


°  Scveriil  place."  wi'io  called  A.jawimi ;  ns  at  Ips- 
wich, lunl  Spriiiglit'ld.  This  Ajjawoui  lies  in  Wiire- 
ham. 


The  two  genlleiiieii  that  brought  him  thu 
liiliiigs,  told  him,  they  would  gladly  wail  up- 
on him  lo  see  the  event  of  the  exp.'.lilioi,  ;  hi' 
lliaiike.l  lliem,  ami  toM  them,  he  should  be 
as  loll. I  of  iheir  company  as  any  men's;  and 
(in  short)  they  went  wilh  him.  And  tiny 
Were  soon  at  Trip's  ferry  (with  Caj.lain 
Chnrch's  eomp.iny)  where  the  deserter  was  , 
who  was  a  li'llow  of  goo.l  sense,  and  lol.i 
his  story  h.uidsomely.  lie  olli'red  Captain 
(.'liiireh  lo  pilot  him  lo  I'hilip,  and  to  help 
to  kill  him,  that  he  might  revenge  his  bro- 
ther's death.  'I'old  him,  that  l'liili|)  was 
now  upon  a  little  spot  of  upland,  lli.'it  was 
in  the  soulh  end  of  the  miry  swamp,  just  at 
the  foot  of  till'  .Mount,  which  was  a  spot 
of  grouini  that  C.iplain  Chiinli  was  well 
acipiainteil  with.  Hy  that  lime  they  were 
got  over  the  ferry,  and  came  near  the  ground, 
half  the  night  was  spent.  The  captain  coni- 
mandsahalt,  and  bringiii;;  the  I'ompany  toge- 
ther, he  asked  M.ijor  Saiidl'onl's  and  Cap- 
tain (folding's  advice,  what  metl  oil  was  best 
to  take  in  making  the  onsi'l,  but  they  declin- 
ed giving  him  any  a.lviee,  idling  him,  that 
his  great  experience  and  success  forbid  their 
taking  upon  theiii  to  give  aihice.  Then 
Captain  Chiireh  otrered  Captain  (lol.ling  lli.il, 
he  should  have  the  honour  (if  11.'  woul.l  please 
to  accept  of  it)  lo  beat  up  I'liilip's  head  ipiar- 
ters.  lie  aeeeple.l  the  ollir,  and  had  his 
allotted  number  drawn  out  to  him,  and  the. 
pilot.  Captain  Chuiili's  iiistrmlions  lo  him 
were,  lo  be  vi'i'y  careful  in  his  appixi.nh  lo 
the  enemy,  and  be  sure  not  to  show  himselt' 
imlil  by  daylight  they  might  see  ami  discern 
their  own  men  from  Ih.'  enemy  ;  told  him 
also,  that  his  custom  in  like  eases  w.c,  to 
creep  wilh  his  company  on  their  bellies,  un- 
til they  came  as  near  as  they  coiil.l  ;  i.ii.l 
thai  as  soon  as  the  enemy  discovered  tin 'u 
they  woiil.l  cry  out  ;  and  that  was  the  word 
for  Ills  men  to  lire  an. I  fall  on.  Hirecleil  him 
when  the  enemy  slioid.l  start  ainl  lake  into 
the  swamp,  they  should  pursue  with  speed, 
every  man  shouting  ami  '.naking  what  noise 
they  colli. 1  ;  (iir  he  woiiM  give  onlcis  to  his 
ambuscade  to  fire  on  any  that  should  come 
silently. 

Captain  Church  knowing  that  it  was  I'hi- 
lip'scustom  to  be  foremost  in  the  flight,  went 
down  to  the  swamp,  ami  gave  Captain  Wil- 
liams of  Sciliiale  the  command  of  the  right 
wing  of  the  ambush,  and  placed  an  i'^nglish- 
iiian  and  an  In.liau  together  behin.l  such 
shelters  of  trees,  iVcthal  he  coiil.l  find,  and 
took  care  to  place  them  at  such  distance 
that  none  might  pass  midisc.ivi  re.l  belweeii 
them,  charge. I  them  to  be  earctiil  of  them- 
selves, and  of  hurting  their  frien.ls.  an. I  l.i 
lire  at  any  that  should  come  silenlly  tliron.jh 
the  swamp;  but  being  somewhat  fuiilur 
throngli  the  swam))  than  he  w.'is  aware  of,  he 
wante.l  men  to  make  up  his  ainbiiscail.'. 
Having  pl.'iecil  what  iiieii  he  lia.l,  he  look 
.Maj.ir  Sandford  by  the  h.ind,  said.  Sir,  1 
have  so  placed  them  that  it  is  scarce  pos- 
sible  I'hilip  should  escape  tli.'m  The  same 
moment  a  shot  w  histle.l  over  their  bi'als,  .in.l 
llicn  the  noise,  of  a  gun  towar.ls  I'liilip's 
camp.  Captain  Cliur.'h  at  first  thought  it 
niijlht  be  some  gun  fired  by  acci.lenl  ;  but 
bet. ire  he  could  speal',  a  whole  volley  follow- 
e  I,  which  was  ear  "iir  than  he  expected.  One 
of  Philip's  gang  going  forth  tu  eu.s«>  himself, 


I 

I 


608 


KING  PHILIP'S  WAR. 


when  he  had  doiit!,  louliud  roiiiiil  him,  iiiul 
Ciiptiiiii  (ioldiiii;  tlioiiiciit  till!  liKliiiii  lodki'il 
ri^lit  at  him,  (tli(>iii;h  prolmlily  it  wii?  Inn  his 
I'liiioeit)  S(i tired  at  him,  uriil  iijion  hi^^  liiiii^^lhc 
wholu  conipaii)'  that  wcii:  with  him  tired  U|>(iii 
the  enciiiies'  slielter,  hefcire  the  liKhaiii'  liail 
limo  to  risi^from  their  shep,  and  so  over.-hot 
ihi'ui.  Uiit  their  shehiT  wad  upeii  on  that 
oiih!  next  thesvTuntp,  hnilt  ^u<ai  pinpose  tor 
tile  coiwoniencu  ol'tlii;ht  on  occasion.  They 
weru  8oon  in  liie  6Wamp,  and  I'hihp  tlie  I'ore- 
nioAt,  vvlui  »tnrtui<r  ut  thu  first  i;un,  threw  his 
petiiiik,  and  puwt1e:-liorii  over  his  head, 
uatehed  up  his  i;un,  and  ran  as  t°a.<t  as  he 
eonid  scamper,  without  any  more  clutlies 
tl'an  his  small  hreeclies  and  stocUini;s,  and 
ran  directly  on  two  of  Captain  Church's 
itaihn:jh  ;  they  let  him  cunic  fair  witliin  shot, 
nnd  the  Englishman's  t^un  nnssing  tire,  he 
l)id  tiru  Indian  tire  away,  and  he  did  so  to 
pin'pose,  sent  one  mnsket  bnllet  liu'ou<rh  )iis 
lieart,  and  another  not  ubovc  two  inches  from 
■t ;  he  fell  upon  his  face  in  the  mud  and  water 
tvithhis^niitnider  him.  liy  this  time  the  ene- 
my perceived  they  were  waylaid  on  the  east 
side  of  the  swamp,  tucked  short  ahont.  Oin; 
of  thee  lieniy,  who  seenn.'d  to  be  a  areat,  surly 
old  fellow,  hallooed  with  a  Itnid  voice,  and  ol- 
ten  called  out,  lootash,  lootash.  Captain 
Church  culled  to  his  Indian,  l'eter,aiidaske<i 
him  who  that  was  that  calh^d  so  ]  lie  answer- 
ed, it  was  old  .Vnmiwon,  Fhilip's  j^reat  captain, 
culling  on  his  soldiers  to  stand  to  it,  and  ii<;ht 
stoutly.  Kow  the  enemy  tindini;  that  place 
of  the  swamp  which  was  not  andaished,  nni- 
ny  of  ihein  made  their  escape  in  the  Kn<.dish 
tracks.  The  man  that  hail  shot  down  I'hilip, 
r.ni  with  all  speed  to  Captain  Church,  and  in- 
fornied  him  of  his  exploit,  who  commanded 
him  to  be  silent  about  it,  and  let  no  man  more 
know  it,  until  they  hail  drove  llie  swamp 
clean  ;  but  when  they  had  drove  the  swamp 
through,  and  found  the  enemy  had  escap 
ed,  or  at  least  the  most  of  them,  and  the  sun 
now  up,  ond  so  the  dew  gone,  that  they  could 
not  easily  truck  them,  the  whole  compuny 
met  together  ut  the  place  where  the  enemies 
night-shelter  was  ;  and  then  Captaii.  Church 
gave  them  the  news  nf  I'Inlip's  death  ; 
upon  which  the  whole  army  gave  three  loud 
hn/.zas.  Captain  Church  ordered  his  body  to 
he  pidled  out  of  the  nilru  mi  to  the  upland,  so 
some  of  Captain  Church's  Indians  look  hold 
of  him  by  his  stockings,  and  some  by  his 
small  breeches,  (being  otherwise  naked)  and 
drew  him  through  the  mud  to  the  upland, 
and  a  doleful,  great,  naked,  dirty  beast  he 
looked  like.  Captain  Church  then  said, 
that  forasmuch  us  he  had  caused  nniny  uii 
(Englishman's  body  to  be  unburied,  and  to 
rut  above  ground,  that  not  one  of  his  bones 
should  be  buried.  And  calling  his  old  In- 
dian executioner,  bid  him  behead  and  quar- 
ter him;  accordingly  he  came  villi  his 
luitchet  and  stood  over  him,  but  before  he 
struck  ho  made  a  small  speech,  directing  it 
to  Philip,  ond  said,  he  Inid  been  a  very  great 
man,  and  had  made  many  a  nuinufriiidofhini, 
but  so  oig  as  be  was  he  would  now  chop  his 
arse  for  him  ;  and  so  he  went  to  work,  and 
did  as  he  was  ordered.  I'hiiip  having  one 
very  remarkable  hand,  being  iiiuch  scarred, 
occasioned  by  the  splitting  of  a  |)istol  in  it 
formerly  ;  Cuptaiii  Cliurch  gave  the  head  nnd 
that  hand  to  Alderman,  the  Indian  who  shot 


,  him,  to  show  to  such  I'riiHi'inen  as  wiiiild  be- 
|Stow  graliiiliib  upon  him;  and  aecoidiiigly 
!  Ill'  got  many  a  pinny  by  it. 

This   being  on  the  last  day  of  the  week, 
jlhe  captain  with  his  eompaiiy  ritnnied  to  the 
I  island,  tarried  there  until  'I'uesilay  ;  and  thin 
iwentotrand  ranged  through  all  the  woods  to 
j  i'l\  moiilh,  and  received  their  preniiinn,  w  hieb 
was  thirty  shillings  per  head,  tor  the  eneniies 
which  they  had  killed  or  taken,  instead  nf  nil 
wages  ;  and  I'hilip's  head  went  at  the  same 
|)rice.     ftlethinks    it    i.«   scanty   reward  and 
poor  encouragement ;  though    it  was  better 
than  what  had  been  for  sonic  time  before. 
For  this  imirch  they  received  fmir  shillings 
and  sixpence  a  man,  w  Inch  was  all  the   re- 
ward they  had,  except  the   honour  of  killing 
Philip.     This  was  in  the  latter  end  of  Au- 
gust, 1G70, 

Captain  Church  hud  been  but  n  little  while 
ut  Plymouth,  before  u  post  from  liehobolb 
came  to  inform  the  government,  that  old  An- 
nawon,  Philip's  chief  ciiptnin,  was  willi  his 
coinpjiny  ranging  about  their  woods,  and 
was  very  olVonsive  and  i)crnicious  to  l?eho- 
holli  nnd  Swunsey.  Captain  Church  was 
immediately  sent  for  again,  and  'rented  with 
to  engage  in  one  expedition  more  ;  he  told 
them,  their  encouragement  was  so  poor,  he 
feared  bis  soldiers  would  he  dull  about  going 
again  ;  but  being  a  hearty  friend  to  the  cause, 
he  rallies  again,  goes  to  iMr.  Jabe/  ilowland, 
his  old  lieutenant,  and  some  of  his  soldiers 
that  used  to  go  out  with  him;  told  them  how 
the  case  was  circumstanced,  and  that  he  had 
intelligence  of  old  Amiawoii's  wallt  and 
haunt,  and  wanted  hands  to  hunt  him;  they 
dill  not  want  much  entreating,  but  told  him, 
tli:v  would  go  w  ilh  him,  us  long  as  there  was 
an  Indian  lert  in  the  woods,  lie  moved  and 
ranged  thro'igh  the  woods  to  Poeassi  t. 

It  biiiig  the  latter  end  of  the  week,  he  pro 
|insed  to  go  on  to  Ithode  Island,  and  rest 
until  Monnity  ;  but  on  llie  Lord's  duy  morn- 
ing, there  came  u  post  to  inform  the  captain, 
that  early  the  same  morning  a  canoo  w  ith 
several  Indians  in  it  passed  from  J'riiilence  Is- 
land loPoppusquash-Neck.*  Captain  Church 
thought,  if  he  could  possibly  sur()rise  them, 
he  might  probably  gain  some  intelligence  of 
more  game;  therefore  he  made  all  possible 
speed  after  them.  The  ferry- boat  being  out 
of  the  way,  he  made  use  of  canoes;  by  that 
time  they  had  made  two  freights,  and  had 
got  over  the  captain,  and  about  tifteen  or  six- 
teen of  his  Indians,  the  wind  sprung  up  with 
such  violence  that  canoes  could  no  more  pass. 
The  Captain  seeing  it  was  impossible  lor 
any  more  of  his  soldiers  to  come  to  him, 
he  told  his  Indians,  if  they  were  willing  to 
go  with  him,  he  would  go  to  Poppastpiush, 
und  see  if  they  could  cutcli  some  of  the  ene- 
my Indiuns.  They  were  willing  to  go,  but 
were  sorry  they  hud  no  English  soldiers ;  so 
they  marched  through  the  tliicl(ets  that  they 
might  not  be  discovered,  until  they  came  un- 
to the  suit  mendow,  to  the  northwurd  of  Bris- 
tol town,  thut  now  is.  Then  they  heard  n 
gun,  the  cuptuin  looked  ubout,  not  knowing 
but  it  might  be  some  of  his  own  company  in 
the  rear;  so  halting  till  they  ull  came  up,  he 
found  it  WHS  none  of  his  own  company 
that   tired.     Now  though  he  had  but  a  few 


*  On  tlie  wcel-«ido  of  Urietol 


men,  was  minded  tu  send  simie  of  tin  in  mil 
on  u  scout,  lie  inovrd  il  to  Caplain  Li^hr- 
foot  to  go  with  three  nioie  on  a  semit  ;  he 
said  he  wastvilhng,  pri;\iilid  the  itiplan's 
man  iN'albaiiiel,  (w  hieb  was  an  lliih.iii  tiny 
hud  lately  taken)  might  be  one  of  ihini,  ln- 
caiise  he  was  well  acipiainied  with  the  iiirk, 
and  eoming  lately  I'roni  aniong  tin  in,  knew 
how  to  call  them.  The  eiiplain  hal  hiiii 
elioose  his  three  eompaniims,  and  un  ;  and 
iftheyeiiine  across  any  of  llii'ininiy,  not 
to  kill  them  if  ihey  could  possibly  l:ike  ihiiii 
alive  ;  thut  they  might  gain  inlelligeiice  eon- 
cerning  Aiinawon.  The  enplain  with  the 
rest  of  his  compuny  innveil  lint  a  lillle  \t  ay 
further  toward  l'o|ipasipnish,  In  line  ilny 
heard  another  giin,  wliieh  sii  nn  d  to  he  ihi- 
same  way  with  the  other,  but  fnrtlii  r  i  If; 
but  they  made  no  halt  until  tiny  eanie  on  to 
the  narrow  of  I'oppasipiasli  i\icU  ;  where 
Captain  Church  left  three  men  mine,  to 
watch  if  any  should  come  out  of  the  nirk, 
and  to  inform  the  scout  when  they  reliirni  (I 
which  way  he  wns  gone. 

Ilepurted  the  reniuinder  of  his  einnpnnv, 
half  on  OIK!  side  of  the  neck,  und  the  othi  r 
wilh  himself  went  on  the  other  side  of  ihe 
neck,  until  they  met;  and  meeting  iieillier 
with  I  ndiuiis  nor  eu  noes,  returned  big  wilh  in - 
pectations  of  tidings  by  their  scout ;  Init  «  In  ii 
they  came  back  to  the  threi'  men  at  the  inir- 
row  of  the  neck,  they  told  their  ca|)liiin  the 
scout  was  not  returned,  had  heard  nor  seen 
anything  of  them:  this  tilled  them  with 
tlionghts  of  what  should  become  of  ilnni  ; 
by  the  lime  they  hud  sut  und  wuiled  an  Innir 
longer,  it  was  very  dark,  und  they  dispainil 
of  their  returning  to  them,  f-'ome  of  ilie  In- 
diuns told  their  captain,  ihey  feared  his  m w 
man  Nathaniel  had  met  with  his  ohi  Minirit- 
Ilope  friends,  and  was  turned  rogue.  TInv 
concluded  to  make  no  tires  that  night  (anil 
indeed  they  had  no  great  need  of  uiiy)  for 
tliey  hud  no  victuals  to  cook,  had  not  sonijch 
us  a  morsel  of  bread  with  them. 

They  took  up  their  lodging  scattering, 
that  if  possibly  their  seontshould  come  in  the 
night,  and  whistle  (which  was  their  sign) 
some  or  other  of  them  might  hear  them 
They  lind  a  very  solitary,  hungry  night ;  and 
as  soon  as  the  day  broke  they  drew  oti 
through  the  brush  to  a  bill  without  the  neck, 
and  looking  ubout  them  they  espied  one  In- 
dian man  come  running  soinewlmt  towuids 
them  ;  the  cuptaiii  ordered  one  uinii  to  step 
out  and  shew  himself.  Upon  this  the  In- 
diiiii  ran  right  to  him,  nnd  who  should  it  bo 
hut  Captain  Light-foot,  to  their  great  joy. 
Cuptuin  Church  asked  hint,  whut  news? 
lie  answered,  Good  news,  they  were  till  well, 
nnd  had  cutehed  ten  Indiuns,  und  thut  Ihey 
guurdeii  them  all  night  to  one  of  the  Hunkers 
uf  the  old  English  garrison ;  that  their  pris- 
oners were  part  of  Annuwon's  compuny,  and 
that  they  hud  left  their  families  in  u  swamp 
above  Mattnpoisct  Neck.*  And  ns  they  were 
nmi'ching  towards  the  old  garrison,  Linbl- 
foot  gave  Cuptuin  Church  a  parlicnlur  ae- 
coiint  of  their  exploit,  vi/,.  that  presently  af- 
ter they  left  him,  ihey  heard  another  gun, 
which  seemed  towards  the  Indian  hnr^'ing 
place,  nnd  moving  that  way,  they  iliscovereil 
two  of  the  enemy   tleeing  on   ahorse.     'I'he 

'  In  Swniizcy.  There  is  uiiotlier  fllattapoisfl  hi 
Rochester. 


KINO  PHILIP'S  WAR. 


C07 


sitwu;  <it'  iIjiiii  tiiil 
(•    KM   II    Ml  lit  ;    lit! 

Ill<  ll    lIlC      <'ll|ll||.||'!l 

ii>  Mil  liiili.iii  [Itiy 
r  iilic  III'  llii  III,  III'- 
led  widi  llir  III  ck, 
imii^    llii  111,  Kiirw 

cii|iUiiii  liiil  liiiii 
cms,  lllul  i;o  ;  imd 
I"  llif  <iii  iin  ,  nut 
H)s^il)lv  liilir  iIkiii 
II  iiiltlli^iiicf  loll- 

i-ii|itiiiii  \iiili  tlio 
I'll  liiit  a  Hull'  tiny 
lll^ll,    iMliiri-    iliiy 

SI  run  ll  III  III'  ijii,' 
,  lillt  I'llrllii  I-  I  ll'; 
I  liny  ciiiiii'  on  III 
isli  Ai'cK  ;    » III  re 

'    inrn    iimri',    in 

I'll!    ol'llll'    nirii, 

Inn  lln'v  riliuni  (I 

■r  of  Ills  i'(iin|innv, 
'(-•k,    iiinl  till'  ollit  r 

mill  T  sitif  III'  ilio 
[|  nii'cliiijr  nciihir 
tiirncd  llii;  Willi ,  \- 
•ir  si'onl;  liiit  win  n 
•Of  iiicii  III  lilt'  nnr- 

llnir  cii|iliiin  tin; 
mil  liciii'd  iiMi'  seen 

lillt'd    tlnin    niili 

ln'fonio  of  ilii'in  ; 
iiid  wniU'il  nil  lionr 
iind  tlii'y  (!i>|iiiiii  ll 
Sonic  oI'iIh'  In- 
liry  Crnrcd  Ins  in  «■ 
illi  Ills  old  Miiiint- 
iM'd  ro^nc.  'I'In-v 
I's  llint  iiifilit  (nnil 
t  iifi'd  of  uny)  I'or 
k,  hud  iiul  suiiijuii 
tlii'in. 

I(i(li;in<r  f-cmti'riiiir, 
slioiild  conii'  ill  tliu 
i;li  wns  llii'ir  sijiii) 
iiii^lit  liciir  tlii'in 
Imnjrry  iii{>lit ;  nnil 
ilu!  llicy  drew  oil 
I  u'illioiit  the  neck, 
hoy  I'spicd  om;  Iii- 
iiomewhat  towards 
d  one  man  to  step 
I'poM  this  the  lu- 
ll who  slioiild  it  ho 
to  their  ^'rent  joy. 
him,  what  news? 
they  were  all  well, 
ans,  and  that  tliey 
one  of  the  Hunker.' 
1) ;  that  their  pris- 
m's company,  and 
milies  in  a  swamp 
And  ns  they  were 
d  fjarrisoii,  I,ii;lii- 
li  a  partiuiiliir  m'- 
thnt  presenllj  af- 
nrd  iiniither  sun, 
le  Indian  hiir^in^ 
y,  they  discovered 
on  n  horse,  'I'lie 
iiullier  Alultapout'i,  In 


gi'oiit  cliip|iil)|r  Into  till)  hriisli,  Nathaniel  hid 
tlii'in  sit  lowii,  and  he  would  presenlly 
cull  all  the  Indians  therealiont  unto  him. 
'I'liry  hill,  and  he  went  a  little  distani'i'  hack 
rioiii  tliein,  and  set  'ip  his  note,  and  howled 
like  a  Willi'.  One  of  llic  two  immediitily 
lift  his  horse  and  eaine  riinniiiifto  see  who 
was  tlnre  ;  hiit  Nathaniel  howling  liiwi'r  and 
linver  drew  liini  in  lietween  those  that  lay  in 
wait  for  liiiii,  who  seized  him;  Nathaniel 
contiiiiiiiii;  the  same  note,  the  other  left  the 
horse  also,  fi)llowin>r  liis  mate,  and  met  with 
lliesanie.  When  they  caught  these  two  they 
examined  tlieiii  apart,  and  found  them  tn 
iiitree  in  their  story,  that  there  wi're  eight 
mure  of  llieiii  come  down  into  the  ni'ck  to 
(ret  provisions,  and  had  agri.'ed  to  meet  at 
the  limy  inn  place  that  evening.  These  two 
beiiii;  siime  of  Nathaniel's  old  acipiaintanee, 
he  hill  gri^iit  intlnenue  upon  them,  and  with 
liis  enticing  story,  (telling  what  a  liiiive  cap- 
tain he  had,  how  tiravely  he  lived  since 
he  had  heeii  with  him,  and  how  much  tlii'y 
miirlit  hi'tter  their  conditior,  liy  turning  to 
liiiii,  kVc.)  pei'siiadcii  and  engaged  them  to 
he  on  Ins  side,  which  indeed  now  hegan  to 
he  the  hetler  side  of  the  hedge.  They  waited 
hut  a  lillle  while  hi'fore  they  espied  the  rest 
of  theirs  coming  np  lo  the  hiirying  place,  ami 
Nailiaiiii'l  soon  howled  them  in  as  he  had 
doll!'  llii'ir  mail's  liel'ore. 

\\'lii'ii  (.'aplaiii  Chinch  came  to  the  garri- 
son  he   met   his   lieutenant  and   the   rest   of|  him,  whet 


ti'lling  thiin,  what  they  iiinsi  ini.-l  lo  if  they 
told  false  sloriis.  lie  a-kiil  tin  yonn;;  vii- 
man,  what  (Company  they  eanie  fioin  last  ) 
.She  sail),  from  Capli.m  Aniiawon's.  He 
asked  her,  how  niiiiy  wi  re  in  eonipany  with 
him  whin  she  hit  liiin  !  She  said  llfiy  or 
si.vtv.  lie  asked  lier,  how  inaiiv  miles  it  was 
111  tiie  place  wlnre  -he  left  liiin  !  She  said, 
she  dill  nut  nndei'slaiid  iiiilis,  lull  he  was    np 


seiitly,  I 
then.'  Iiy 
jfoini;  ! 


ill  .Si|iianiiac'iiiili  swaiiip.*  The  old  man 
who  had  liieii  oiie  of  l'liili|i's  coiliieil,  npoli 
examination,  gave  exaelly  the  same  aceonnl. 
("aptain  ('hmch  askid  liiiii,  if  liny  eonld  get 
there  that  lii^htf  lie  i-  lid,  if  liny  went  pie- 
ii!  Iravelli'il  slinilly,  thi'V  might  gel 
aiiiset.  lie  a-kril,  wliillier  he  was 
lie  answri'i'il,  that  Aiiiiawun  had 
sent  him  down  lo  luuk  fur  smiie  Inilians,  thai 
were  iroiie  down  into  .Muniil-llope  iieek  lo 
kill  some  provisions.  ('ii;iliiiii  <'liureli  let 
him  know  thai  lliose  Indians  wire  all  his 
prisoners,  l>v  lliis  lime  came  llie  Indian 
soldier  and  hioniilit  his  fither  and  one  In- 
dian more.  Till'  captain  was  now  in  great 
strait  iif  mind  what  lo  do  next,  he  had  a 
miiidtoifive  .Aiinawon  a  \isit,  nmv  he  knew 
where  to  find  him  ;  lint  his  lompany  was 
very  small,  hut  half  a  ilo/en  men  liiside  J^im- 
self,  nnil  was  iindrr  a  necessity  lo  send  sonie- 
hiiily  hack  nnil  aeipiaiiit  his  lieuleiiaiit  anil 
eompaiiy  wilh  his  prueredings.  However, 
he  asked  his  small  eonipany  that  were  with 
ihi'V  would   willinglv  iro  with 


his  company;  iind  then  making  iii|  good  fires 
they  fell  to  ronr.tiiig  their  horse-heef,  enough 
to  last  tliem  the  whole  day,  hut  had  not  a 
morsel  ofhriad  ;  tlionuh  salt  they  had,  which 
they  always  earned  in  tlieir  pockets,  which, 
111  this  limi!  was  very  acceptahle  to  them. 
Tliiir  next  motion  was  towards  the  ph.ce 
\vlieri'  the  prisoners  told  them  ihey  had  left 
ihi'ir  women  and  cliililr<'ii,  and  surprised  them 
all,  and  some  iilhers  ilmt  were  newly  come 
to  lliein.  And  upon  examination  they  held 
lo  one  story,  that  it  was  hard  to  tell  where  lo 
Iind  Annawon,  for  he  never  roosled  twice  in 
n  place.  .Now  a  eirlain  Indian  soldier  that 
C>aptain  Church  had  irnined  over  to  he  on  hid 
side,  prayed  that  he  might  have  liherty  to  go 
und  (etc'li  in  his  father,  who,  he  said,  was 
ahoiit  four  miles  iVoir.  that  place,  in  a  swamp, 
with  no  other  than  a  young  sipiaw.  (Jap- 
tain  Cliuich  inclined  to  go  with  him,  think- 
ing it  might  he  in  liiswav  lo  gain  some  iiilel- 
ligeiici'  of  Annawon;  and  sotakinirone  I'.ii- 
(;lishinaii  and  u  fetv  Indians  with  him,  leav- 
ing the  rest  there,  he  went  with  his  new  sol- 
dier to  loiik  for  his  father.  When  he  came  to 
the  swamp  he  hid  the  Indian  go  to  see  if  he 
could  find  his  fallier;  he  was  no  sooner  gone 
lint  <'aptain  Chureh  discovi'red  a  track  cnin- 
in:r  down  out  of  the  wiiod.^,  upon  wliieli  he 
mill  his  lillle  company  lay  close,  some  on  or  ' 
side  of  the  track,  and  some  on  tlie  ol'  er. 
They  heard  the  Inilian  soldier  make  a  howl- 
ing for  lii.s  father;  and  at  length  some- 
body answered  him,  hut  while  they  were 
listeniiiir,  they  ihouirht  they  heard  some- 
hody  coming  towards  them,  presently  saw 
III)  old  man  cominir  np  with  a  gun  on 
Ills  shoulder,  and  a  young  woman  following, 
in  the  track  w  liioli  they  lay  hy.  They  let 
themcomc  up  lietween  them,  and  then  started 
up  and  laid  hold  of  them  hnlh.  Captain 
Church  imincdintely  examined  them  apart, 


liim,  and  :;ive  Annawon  a  vi-ii  (  Tlie\  loM 
him,  liny  were  always  ready  to  oliey  his 
eommands,  iVe,,  lint  withal  lolil  him,  that 
they  knew  this  Captain  Aimawnn  was  a  great 
soldier;  that  he  had  heeii  a  valiant  cnplaiii 
under  Asidimi'ipiin,  I'liillp's  father,  and  that 
he  had  lieen  I'hilip's  iliiil'iain  all  this  war ;  a 
very  sniille  man,  ami  'if  i;reat  resiilniion,  and 
hail  often  said,  that  lie  would  never  he  taken 
alive  hv  the  I'^ngli.-h  ;  and  moreover  lliey  knew 
that  the  men  that  wi  re  wilh  him  weii.'  reso- 
Inle  fellows,  sonii'  of  I'hilip's  chief  soldiers  ; 
and  therefore  feareil  whether  it  was  praeliea- 
lile  lo  make  an  attenijit  upon  him  with  so 
small  a  handful  of  assistants  as  were  now 
wilh  him :  told  him  fiirilier,  that  it  wonlil  he  a 
pily  that  afti'r  all  tliein-eat  things  he  had  done, 
lie  should  throw  away  his  life  at  last.  I'p- 
oii  which  he  replied,  that  he  donliled  not  An- 
nawon was  asiililleand  valiant  man  :  thai  he 
had  a  loiii;  time  hat  in  vain  sought  for  him, 
and  ni'vertill  imw  eonld  iind  his ipiarlers;  and 
he  was  very  loath  In  nii>- of  the  ii|ipi)rliiiiily  ; 
and  douhled  not  hill  if  they  woiilil  eheerfnlly 
iro  with  him,  the  same  Almighiy  I'rovideiiee 
that  had  hilheilo  protected  anil  lirliieiiiled 
them  would  do  so  still,  iVe.  l|ioiitliis  with 
wilh  one  consent  lliev  said,  they  wiinld  go. 
Captain  (^Imreh  then  tmiied  lo  one  Cook,  of 

rivmonlh,  (ll ly   l',iii;lisliniaii  then   with 

him)  and  asked  him,  what  he  lliiiniiht  of  it? 
Who  replied,  ."<ir,  1  am  never  afiaid  of  going 
anv  where  when  von  are  with  me.  'J'licn 
Captain  Chiireh  a-ked  the  old  Indian,  il  h 
eonld  carry  his  horse  w  iili  him  ]  (I'nr  he  con- 
veyed a  horse  tlias  far  wilh  him.)  lie  replied, 
llnit  it  was  impossihle  lor  a  Imrsi  to  pass  the 
swamps:  therefore  he  sent  away  his  new  In- 
ill.in  soldier  with  his  filherand  the  captain's 
horse  to  his  lieutenant,  and  orders  for  him 
to  move  to  Tannton  w  itii  tin  prisoners  to  se. 


cine  them  there,  mid  tn  come  out  in  thn 
morning  in  the  llehohoth  road,  in  uliieii  lie 
might  expect  to  meet  him,  if  In:  were  alive 
and  had  snecess. 

The  "aptain  then  llskeil  the  old  fellnw,  if 
he  wonlil  pilot  him  iiiito  .Xnii.iu  on  (  lie 
answered,  that  he  having  i;i\eii  him  lii^  life, 
he  was  iihh<reil  to  serve  him.  He  hid  him 
move  on  then,  mid  they  I'lilliiwiil.  The  ehl 
inaii  would  out-travel  llieiii  .-o  far  MimilimeH 
that  they  were  almost  ont  of  sinlil  ;  looking 
over  his  shiinliler,  and  sei  iiig  llniii  lirhiml,  he 
would  halt.  .Iiist  as  the  smi  was  selling,  the 
old  man  iiiaile  a  full  slop  and  sal  down,  llie 
company  eoiiiin^  np  iil>o  sat  iluw  n,  heiiii;  nil 
Weary.  Caplain  Clmrih  asked,  what  news? 
He  answered,  that  alioiil  that  lime  in  tin! 
eveninir  Captain  Annauon  sent  on  I  his  sconl.s 
111  see  if  the  coast  was  clear,  and  as  siiini  ii.s 
it  hegan  to  grow  dark  the  seonls  n  turned 
And  iheli  (said  he)  we  may  move  iii;,'iin  se- 
cnrelv.  When  il  hegan  to  grow  d.irk  the  olil 
man  stood  np  ng.'iin.  Captain  Cliiireh  n.-ked 
him,  if  he  Wonld  lake  a  gun  nnil  light  for 
linn  ?  He  hiiwed  very  low  and  prayed  him 
not  to  iinpose  siieh  a  tliinu  upon  him,  ;i>  lo 
li^ht  aiiain.-t  Captain  Annawon  his  old  I'm  lid 
lint  says  he,  I  will  go  aloni;  with  mhi  and  he 
helpful  to  yon,  and  will  lay  hands  on  any 
man  that  shall  iilfer  to  hurt  yon.  Ii  hiiiig 
now  pretty  dark  they  iniived  close  logeiher  ; 
an.in  they  heard  a  noise  ;  the  caplain  slaved 
the  old  mini  witll  his  hand,  and  aske.l  liin 
wii  men  what  noise  tliev  iIioiimIiI  it  iiiiijhl 
e  ?  They  eonehliled  il  lo  he  llie  ponniling 
of  a  mortar.  The  old  man  had  given  ('ap- 
tain Church  a  description  of  the  place  when; 
Annawon  now  lay,  and  of  the  dilhenliv  of 
getting  at  him.  Ileing  seiisihli,'  that  lin  v 
were  pretty  near  lliein,  with  two  of  lll^  In 
ilians  he  creeps  lo  the  edge  of  the  rock.-, 
from  whence  he  could  see  their  camps.  He 
saw  three  companies  of  Indians  at  n  lillle 
distance  from  each  other,  heing  easy  lo  lie 
discovered  hy  the  light  of  their  fires.  He 
saw  also  llie  great  .\nnawiin  and  !,is  coinp.i- 
ny,  who  had  formed  his  camp  or  kennelliiii;- 
place,  hy  falling  a  tree  miller  the  .-ide  of  the 
great  clefts  of  rocks,  and  seltiii:;  n  row  of 
larch  hushes  up  against  il,  w  here  I  e  himsilf, 
his  son,  and  some  of  his  chiefs  had  <.iki  n  ii|> 


their  lodginij  and  'iiade  great  fins  willioiH 
lliein,  and  had  their  |iiits  and  keltlis  b.iiliiig, 
.iiiil  spits  roasting  ; 


•  Sioalliuiisterly  pari  of  lleliuliolli 


their  arms  nf-o  he  ilisei 
vered,  all  set  logeiher  in  a  place  lilted  for  the 
purpose,  standing  up  an  end  iiL'ainst  a  slick 
lodged  in  two  crotches,  and  a  mat  placid 
over  llieni,  lo  keep  them  from  the  wi  I  nr  {\iw. 
The  old  .Vnnawon's  feet  and  his  son's  In  nil, 
were  so  near  the  arms  ns  almost  to  lotnh 
ilieiii  ;  hat  the  rocks  were  so  sleep  that  it 
was  impossihle  to  get  down,  hut  ns  liny 
lowered  ihemselves  hy  the  hoiiuhs  mill  llii: 
Imslies  that  grew  in  the  cracks  of  the  rocks. 
Captain  (Jhnrcli  ereepinu  hack  again  to  li.e 
old  man,  ashed  !iim  if  lliere  was  no  po-filn',- 
ty  of  geltinir  at  them  some  iilln  r  way  ?  I  .' 
an.'avered,  no:  that  he  and  nil  that  In  Ioh'^mI 
to  .Vnnawon  were  ordered  lo  come  that  w.iy, 
and  noiii'  eonld  coiiie  any  other  way  witlnail 
dillicnlly  or  danger  of  heiiiL''  shot. 

Caplain  <'liiinli  then  orihrnl  llie  old  man 
and  his  ilaii;;iiler  to  no  dow  11  foirniosl  with 
ilieir  haski  Is  nt  their  hacks,  that  w  hen  Alilia- 
voi!  saw  till  III   wilh  their  liask'  ts  he  should 


i<lJiWil 


i 


I! 


s 


C08 


KINB    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


nnf  mistnut  tlii'  iiitrii/iii'.     Ciiptaiii  Cliiircli 
mill  Ills   liiiiiiiriil  1)1'  ^iildii'i'.'*  >'ri'|)t  down   -.ilan 
iitiilir  till'  '•liiiiliiw  iif'lii'ir  two  mill  tlirir  Ims- 
liL'tH,  mill  till'  tM|il.iiii  liiiiisi.'ll'  cri'pt  floMi,'  lic- 
liiiiil    tin:  olil   iiian,    witli  Ills    liiilclirt   ill  liis 
li.'iliil,  mill  >lr|i|iril  orrr  tlii'  yoiliiu:  iiimi'.-i  Inviil 
to  till'  iiniis  ;   till'  yoiiii:;  Aiiiiawoii  iliscovcr- 
iiiir  ol'liiiii,  \vlii|ip>'il  III"  liliiiiki't  over  Ills  lii'.'iil 
mill  mIii'iimU  up  III  M  III  Mp.     'i'lii'  olil  Ciiptaiii 
Aiimiwoii    ^l;ii'li'il     up    (III    Ills  liri.'1'cli,    miil 
ci'icil   oiu  llowoli,  mill  ili'.'imiriiig  nfcitciipi', 
tliri'tv  liiiiisi'ir  liMck  ii;;.'iiu,  iiiul  lay  xlU'iit  un- 
til (Jnpliiiii  Cliurclt  liiiil  seciirt'd  nil  the  arms, 
iVi'.      Anil  li.'ivini;  si'cureil  that  coinpmiy,  In' 
si'iit  his  Indian  soMiiTs  to  the  othur  liri's  and 
roinpanirs,  i;iv  in;;  tlii'iii  instructions,  what  to 
do    and    sav.      Ai:cordiiii;ly,  they  went  into 
the  iniilst  ot"  llieni.      When   they  diseoviied 
tlii'iiiselvi'3  who  they   were,   told    tlieiii  thai 
their   (^'aptain   Annawun  was  taken,  and   it 
would   he  liest  for  them  (|uietly  and  peacea- 
lily  to    surrender    tlieniselvos,   which    woulij 
procure  ^ood  i|iiarti'r  for  Jieni:  otherwise,  it 
ilies'  should  pr.'li'iid  to  resist   or  luake  their 
escape,  it  would  he  in  vain,  anil  they  could 
expect    no    other  Imt    that  Captain   (hiircli 
\('itli    his  irreat  army,  who  had   now  entrap- 
ped them,    would  cut  them  tn    )iiece.s  ;  tohl 
tliem  also  it°  they  would  suhmit  themselves, 
mid   deliver  all    their  arms  unto  them,  and 
keep   every  man  his  place  until  it  was  day, 
lliey  w  nnlil  assure  iheiii  that  ('apt:iin  Church, 
who   had    1) .ell   so   kind  to  themselves  when 
tliey  smreiiihri'd  to  liim,  should  he  as  kind 
unto  them.      .Now  they    hein/  old  aciiuaiiit- 
iiiice,  and  many  ol'lliem  relations,  did  much 
the  readier  ;;ive  heed  to  what  tlicy  said,  com- 
plied and    surrindered   up  their  arms  unto 
tlii'iii,  hotli  their  ;;uii>  and  hate.hets,  iVc,  anil 
were  rorlliwitli  carried  to  Captain  Cliiirch. 

'I'liiii^s  hiiiiir  '"•  tar  settled.  Captain 
Church  asked  Aiinawon,  What  he  had  lor 
si|]iper?  For  (s-iiil  he)  lam  come  to  sup 
with  von.  Taiiliiit  (saiil  Annawon)  with  a 
biiT  voice  ;  and  lookiiiir  about  upon  his  wo- 
•neii,  hid  them  hasten  and  tret  (Captain 
Cliurcli  ai:  '  his  company  somesnp|)cr  ;  then 
turned  to  Captain  t^liurch  and  asked  him, 
whether  he  would  eat  cow-lioet"  or  horse 
I'oct";  the  captain  told  him  cow-heef  would  he 
most  acci'ptalile.  It  was  soon  !;ot  ready,  am 
piillin;;  his  little  ha;;  of  salt  out  of  his  pocket, 
which  was  all  the  prnvision  he  brought  with 
him;  this  seasoned  his  cow-beef  so  that  with 
it  mill   the  dried  !;reiii  com,   which  llie  old 


lies,  whicli  liiMvus  wont  to  iiilorn  liiinself  with 

ulnn  lie  sat  in  state.      That  lii'tliiiii:;lit  liini 

self  happy  that  he  ImiI  an  opportmii'.y  lo  pi  r- 

sent  llieiii  toJ'aptaiii  Clinreh,   who  had  wnii 

them,  iVc  ,  i-pent  the  leinaiiider  of  the    iiii:hl 

leeoniit  of  w  hat 

niierly    in    wars 

iiii>hl  III  line  ;  till. I  Ills  iiii'ii  that  if  they  woiilil    a<.'ainst    many  nations   ofliidian^,  when   he 

let  him  ship  two  hours,  liny  should  sleep  all   served  Asuhmeipiiii,  Philip's  father,  iVe.      In 

the  morniii!;,  as  soon  as  It  was  li^ht,  the  eap- 
laiii    marched  with   his  prisoners  out  ui'  lli.it 


have  ^ood  ipiarler,  mid  that  In.'  would  curry 
tlieiii  III  'I'lnnloii,  w  here  they  might  see  their 
friends  ai'mii,  iVc. 

'I'lie  nii'sseni'ir  n  tnnieil,  that  the  Indians 
yielded   to   Ins   |M'opos,ils.     Capl;ijii  Clinreh 
liion:;lit  It    was    now  time  for  linn  to   lake    a '  in  di-eoiirse  ;   mid  L'ave  an 
nap,  haviiii;  had  no  sleep  in  two  days  mill  one    niii;lilv    sneeess    he    had    f 


sipiaw    was  poiiniliii<;   ii 


tl 


tl 


lev  were  sll 


lin<;  ill) 


tl 


le  mortar,  wliih 
le  rocks,   he  madi 


n  very  hearty  supper.  And  this  poumlin:; 
in  the  mortar  piovei!  lucky  for  Captain 
Church's  i;ettiiii;  down  the  rocks  ;  for  when 
the  old  sipiaw  pounded,  they  moved,  and 
when    she    ceased    to   tun;    the    corn,    tliev 


cri'epinz,    the    noise  o 


f  till 


mortar 


prevented  the  eiiemv's  hearing  their  erei'p- 
iiiL'.  Am!  the  corn  bein;;  now  dressed 
ipplied    the  want  of  bread,  and  ^ave  a  line 


relish  with  the  eow-heet. 


upper 


lemi;  over, 


('aptain  Clinreh  sent  two  ol  his   men  to  in- 


form the  other  eoinpanie; 


that  I: 


le  had  killed 


Philip,  and  had  taken  their  friends  in  Aloniit- 
Jfope  neck,  but  had  spared  their  lives,  and 
that  ho  hail  subdiied  now  all  the  enemy  (he 
supposed)  excepting  this  company  of  Aniia- 
vvoii's,  mill  now  if  they  would  be  orderly  and 
kceji  their  placed  until  morning,  they  slinnid 


the  rest  of  the  ni<>lil.      lie  l.iid  himself  iliiwii 
illd  eiideavonred  lo  sleep,  but  all  disposition 
to    sleep  ili'parli  il  frinii    him.      .\l'ler  he  bad 
lain  a  little   while    he    looked  up  to  see    bow 
his  watch  liiaiia;;i'il,    hut  'nillid  them    all  fast 
asleep.      .\ow  Captain  Chrieli  bad  told  Cap- 
tain  Aiina-von's  cmiipaiiy,  as  he  had  order- 
ed his  Indians  to  tell   the   oihers,   that  their 
lives  sholllil  all  be  spared,  e\eeptiii<;  Captain 
Annawon'ii,  and    it  was    not  in  his  power  lo 
priaiiisc  him  his  lite,  hiil   he   must  carry  him 
to  Ins  iiiadters  at  I'lyinonlh,  ami  he  w  oiild  en- 
treat them  for  bis  life.     .Now   w  hen   Captain 
('linrch    found  nut  only  bis  own  men,   but  all 
the  Inil  ia  lis  fast  ash"  p,  Annawon  only  except- 
ed, whom  he  perceived  was  as  broad  awake  as 
himself ;  and  so  they    lay    looking;  one  upon 
the  other  perhaps  an  Imur.     Captain  Cliureh 
said  nothiii^r  to  him,  for   lie  could  not  speak 
Indian,    and    thoii^rlit   Annawon    eiinid    not 
speak   I'li^lisb  ;   at    leiii;tli  Annawon    raised 
liiinself  lip,  east  ol)' his  blanket,  and  with  no 
more  elolhes  than  his  small  breeches,  walked 
a  little  way  back  iroiii   tin'    company;   Cap- 
tain  Cliureh    ll:iiil;:lit    no  other    hut  that    he 
was    tiled     \\>(li     lyini;    still    so     loii^,     and 
wished  to  walk   a   little  to  stretch  bis  limbs 
but  by    and  by  be  was  i;oiie  out  of  si;;lil  and 
liearini;,  .mil  then  Captain  Clinreh  hen^aii  lo 
suspect  some  v\   ih  si:;ii   in  him,   mid    i;ot  all 
the  ^'uiis  close  to  him,  iind  crowded   himself 
close     under    voiin;;    Annawon,    that    if   he 
should  any   where   u'et  a    i;iiii  he  should  nut 
make'  a    shot   ai    him   witboiil   eiiilan!;eriiii; 
his  son  ;  lyiiii;  very  still  a 
the  event ;  at  leiii;lli,  heard   somebody  com 
iiii;  the  same  way  that  AnnaMon  went.     The 
moon    now  shiiiini;  hriiiht,  be  .'aw   him   at  ii 
istance  comiiii;  with  somelbiiii;  ill  his  liiinds. 


swampy  country,  towards  Taiinton,  met  his 
lieutenant  mid  company  about  four  niihs  out 
of  town,  who  expressed  ii  L'leal  deal  of  Joy 
til  see  him  a{;aiii,  and  said,  it  was  liiori.. 
than  ever  he  expected.  'J'liey  Went  iiilo 
'J'aunton,  were  civilly  and  kiinlly  treat- 
ed by  the  inbabitmits,  refiesbed  and  rested 
themselves  that  niiflil.  Marly  next  morning;, 
the  caplain  took  old  .Annawon,  am!  half  a 
ilo/eii  of  his  Indian  soldiers,  and  bis  own 
mail,  and  went  to  Ulmde  IslamI,  sendin;;  the 
rest  of  his  company  and  his  prisoners  by  his 
lieiilenanl  to  Plymoiilli.  Tarruiii;  Iwo  or 
three  days  upon  the  island,  he  then  went  to 
I'lymomb,  and  carried  his  wife  and  bis  two 
children  with  him. 

Captain  Church  bad  been  but  a  little  while 
.It  Plyinoulb,  when  ho  was  iiiforined  of  a 
parcel  of  Indians  who  had  haiinled  the 
woods  between  Plymouth  and  Sippican,  that 
did  ureal  ilaiiiiii;e  lo  the  l''iiulisli,  in  killin:' 
their  cattle,  liorse.i,  and  swine  ;  the  c.iptaiii 
was  &OOII  in  pursuit  of  them  :  went  out 
from  Plymoiali  the  iie.xt  Monday  in  the  af 
ternoon  ;  next  muriiing  early  they  discover- 
ed a  track  ;  the  cajitain  sent  two  Indians  on 
the  track  to  see  what  they  could  discover, 
whilst  he  and  bis  company  followed  <:eiitly 
after,  Imt  the  Iwo  Indians  soon  returned  w  illi 
tidin;;s  that  they  discovered  the  enemy  sittini; 
round  their  tires,  in  a  thick  place  ol' hiiisli. 
M'liei.  tliev  caiiie  prelly  near  the  place,  the 
while,  wailing  <  l  captain  ordered  every  man  lo  creep  as  he  did 
andsnrionnd  I  be  in  by  eiei  piny;  as  inarastln  y 
could,  till  they  slioiild  hi'  d.seovered,  and  linn 
to  run  oil  upon  them  and  lake  them  alive, 
if  possible,  (for  their  prisoners  were  their 
pay  :)  they  did  so,  took  "very   one  that  was 


and    coiiiim;  up  to  Captain  Clmrrli,    be  fell 

upon  his  knees  before  him,  and  ofiered  him  „(  the  fires,  not  one  escapiiii;.  I  p(>n  ex 
w  hat  be  had  bron^'lit,  and  speakini;  in  |)laiii !  mninalion  they  a;L;reed  in  their  story,  that  they 
I'.iiL'lisli,  said,  (ireat  captain,  you  have  killed  ■  |„.|i,in;,.d  to  Tispaipiin,  who  was  ^oiie  w  itJi 
Philip,   and    conquered    his  country;   for   I  |  John   ISump,  uiid    one   more,   to    Ai;awom* 

ippican,j:  to  kill  horses,  and  were    not 


1)1  lievi'   lli.it  I  mid   my  company  are  thi'    last 
that  war  a!;ainst  the  I'.iiL'bsb,  so  suppose  tin 


war  IS  cm 


Ion 


till 


led 
thill 


)V   ^•ollr   means 


Illd   then 


iiiL'   unto    von. 


Then 


lit  Phili 


opeiiiii;;  Ins  pack,  he  pulled  oil 

enrioiislv  wroiiL'bt  with  wmnpiim,  lieiiiy:  nine 

inches  broad,  wroii^'lit  with  black  mid  white 

w.impi in  various  fi;;iiresaiiil  flowers,  and 

beasts.      This, 
11  (.'hnrcb's  shoulders. 


pictures  ol    many  lards 


when  hiin;;  iiiioii 


died  1 


Captii 


cles  ; 


mill  another  he 


It  of' 


piim  be    presented  him  with,   w  rouL'ht    after 
the  former  manner,  which    IMiilip  was  wont 


lo  put     lipilll 


bis     III 


it  Ii 


ad  Iwo  lla!;s  on 


the  back 


aiiotln 


part. 


which  Iniii!;  down  on  bis  back, 

•  mall  belt  with  a  star  upon  the 

end  ofit.wbieb  he  used  to  li.ini;  on  his  breast; 

I'd  hair,  which 
.Mil 


till 


ith  r 


\niiawon  said  they  y;iit  in  til    .»loho!;  s  coiin- 

ry.     Then  be  pulled   out  two  horns  of  ghiz- 

eil    powder,    and  a  red    cloth    blanket       lie 


told  Captain  Cburclnhesc  were  Philip  sro; 


oyul- 


expected  hack  in  two  or  three  days. 
This   same 


laqii 


n   a  great 


ipt 


caiitaiii,   mil 


was  such   a    i; 


I    the    Indians  reported  that   he 
rent    I'miwaii,  that   no    bullet 


lid 


enter  liini,  iVc. 


Capti 


lin  Chni'cb  said, 


he  would  not  have  liiiii  killed,  for   there  was 
a  war  broke   out  in  the   eastern   part  of  tin 


coiiiitrv,  uikI  lie  Moul, 


hi 


d    tfi 


!;o  with  him  to  fi^lit  the  eastern  Imiimis. 
.Agreeably  lie  left  two  old  sipinws  of  the  pris- 
oners, and  bid  them  tarry  there  iiniil  their 
Captain  Tispaqiiin  returned,  and  loiell  him 


that  (  hiirch  bad  been  tliei 


lid    bad  taken 


his  wife  and  cbildren,  and  conipany,  and  car- 
ried tlienidownto  I'lymoutli;  and  would  spare 
all  their  lives  and  his  too,  if  he  would  come 
down  to  them,  and  brins;  the  other  Iwo  that 


ith  lii 


mid  tliev   should  be  his  sol- 


iliers,  &c..  Captain  Church  then  reluriitd  to 
•  AVareliaai.    t  Rocheiter. 


luliirii  liiiiiKcIf  willi 
Lit  III'  tliiiiii:lit  liiiii 
i|i|Mjiliiin!y  111  |ii  I- 
rcli,  «  Iki  iiail  "iPii 
liul.Tof  till'  iiiylil 
1,  Tcmiit  III"  "  liiit 

r.  II  liirll/  III  wins 
liiiliiiii-,  ttlifii  lie 
liillii  r,  iVi:.  Ill 
H;irt  li;.'lil,  thr  oii|>- 

.-nlltTS  lllll   ot    lll'l' 

'r.iiiiiiiiii,  iiu't  i>i* 

Hint   I'lllll'  mill  H  (lilt 

irri  ill   ilriil  "t'  j'ly 

111!,    il   wiia    iiiiiri; 

'J'licy    wrut    iiilo 

lllll    Uiiiilly    tri'iit- 

rir.''lii'il  >iliil    nslril 

riv  iK'.vt  iiiiiriiiiii;, 

iiwoii,  Mini    liiilf  a 

lici's,  ami  Ills   iiwii 

UIiiikI,  sniiliiiif  tlio 

i.-i  |irisiiiiiis  liy  Ilia 

'rmniiii;  Iwo  (ir 

il,  lie  tlii'ii  wi'iit   to 

s  wll'u  iiml  lii!<  Iwu 

I'll  lllll  a  Hull'  uliile 
t'liri    iiir<irim'(l   (if  a 

liail    liaiiiiti'il    tliL' 

and  f«ip|iiciiii,  lliMt 
l''.ii<;lisli,  ill  killiii!'' 
w'iiii!  ;  till'  caplaiii 

tlii'iii :  went  out 
MoiiiImv  ill  the  at' 
ailv  llii'y  ilisc'over- 
I'lit  two  Imliaiis  oil 

V  coilKI  ilisnivi'l", 
iiv  I'lilliiwril  ijriilly 
siioii  I'cliii'iii'il  Willi 
il  llir  riH'iiiy  i-illiii^ 
rU  |ilai'i'  of  liiii.-li. 
mar  llii'  |ilacr,  llic 
II  to  cri'ip  as  III'  (lid 
|iiii;r  as  maiasllicy 
lisciivcri'd,  ami  lliiii 
id  lake  tlii'iii  alive, 
isoiiers  were  tlieir 
■very  one  lliiit  was 
capiiiir.  r|i(>ii  ex 
llieir  story,  that  lliey 
wliii  was  ijoiie  willi 
lore,  to  Afiawoin* 
irses,  and  were  not 
hree  days. 
I  liad  been  a  great 
IIS  reported  lliat  lit; 
an,  tliat  no  Inillet 
aptain  Cliiiieli  said, 
illed,  lor  tliiie  was 
rasterii  part  of  tiic 
have  liini  saved  to 
lie  eastern  Indians. 
1  sipiaws  of  the  pris- 
TV  then'  niilil  tlieir 
lied,  and  to  tell  hiin, 
lere,  and  had  taken 
I  company,  and  ear- 
iitli;  and  would  spare 
),  if  he  would  come, 
g  the  other  two  that 
y  should  he  his  sol- 
rcli  then  returned  to 

Koclieater. 


K  i\<;  I'll  n, IP'S  \v  A  II. 


r,oi 


Plyilioiith,  leaviiii;  tin'  old  squaws  well  pro- 
vided fur,  and  liiseult  iiir  'rispaipiin  when  hi' 
ri'lnrni'd  :  'rilliiii:  his  soldii  rs  that  lie  ihinlit' 
eil  not  hut  he  had  laid  a  Map  lliat  winild  lake 
liini.  ('aplain  (  hiireli,  two  diivs  al'ier,  went 
to  |{ii«tiiii,  (llie  eiinimlssiiimTS  linn  sitlini;) 
and  wailed  iipnn  the  hoininrahle  liovirmir 
l.i'veiell,  who  ihen  lav  sick  ;  who  reipiisied 
(' iplaiii  ('liureli  to  give  him  some  ai'eonnl 
of  the  war;  who  readily  ohlured  Ins  limiour 
tlii'i'i'in,  to  his  great  satisfaetioii,  as  he  was 
pleased  to  express  himself;  taking  him  liy 
tliu  hand,  and  telling  him,  if  It  pleased  (ioil 
he  livid,  he  would  make  it  a  hrace  of  a  hiiii' 
died  pounds  ailvaiitai;i'  to  him  out  of  the  .Mas- 
saeliiisells  colony,  and  would  endeavour  that 
the  rest  of  the  (polonies  should  do  proportion 
alily  ;  lint  he  died  williin  a  fortnight  after,  and 
so  I'liliinj;  was  done  of  that  nature.  'I'he 
sain.' day  'rispaipiin  came  in,  and  lliose  ill  il 
were  Willi  him  ;  hut  when  Captain  Clinreh 
relumed  from  Itoston,  he  found  to  his  irrlif, 
the  heads  of  Annowan,  Tispaipiin,  <.Ve.  eiil 
III)',  Mhieh  was  llie  last  of  I'lnllp's  friends. 
'J'lie  U;eneial  eoiirt  of  I'lymonih,  then  sillliiir, 
sent  fur  t'aplaln  Chnrcii,  who  walled  upon 
llii'in  ae>'i,rdiii<;ly,  and  reeeived  llnir  thanks 
for  Ills  ^iiiid  service,  which  lliey  niiaiiimou>U 
viiieil,  wliieh  were  all  llial  '.'aptain  Church 
liail  for  his  .iforesaid  service. 

Aflerwarils,  in  llie  year  I(i7(i,  in  the  moiil 


oners  as,  liy  llie  lilcssiiig  of  (iod,  the  said 
captain  and  eompany,  or  any  of  lliem,  shall 
lake,  loL'ellnr  w  illi  llieir  arm.-  and  oiln  r  plilii 
der,  rihill  he  llieir  own,  and  to  he  dislnlmleil 
aiiioiii.'-l  iheiii.-rlvis,  aeiiirdiliL''lo  such  iiyri  e- 
iiieiit  IS  lliey  niav  he  at  one  w  nil  aiioiher:  .\iid 

II  sliall  he  lawful,  and  is  In  rehy  warranlahle, 
for  him  and  tin  in  to  make  sale  of  such  pris- 
oners as  their  perpiiiial  slaves;  or  oiheiwlM' 

III  relaiii  and  i.reji  tjieiii  as  they  lliiiik 
meet,  (lliey  lieini;  .-iich  as  the  law  allows  to 
he  kepi.)  I'iii.illy,  the  said  Caplain  Cliureh 
herein  improving'  his  hot  jiiil<.'iiieiit  and  dis- 
ereiion,  and  ulnio^t  aliilily,  f  iitlil'iilly  to  serve 
ihe  inlerest  of  (iiid,  his  majesty's  interest, 
and  the  inlerest  of  the  culony  ;  and  carefully 
1,'ovei'iiiiii:  lii.s  said  com|iaiiy  al  home  and 
aliroad  ;  'I'liese  shall  t>e  iiiilo  linn  full  and  am- 
jile  coniniissloii,  warrant,  and  diseli  ir^o'.  <ilv- 
eii  miller  llie  piihlii'  se.il,  .lanii  irv  loili,  IliTli. 

Per  JOSI All  WI.N.SLOW,  (.'ov. 

-\ccordliii.'ly,  Caplain  Church,  accoinp.i- 
iiied  wIlli  sever.d  genii, 'men  and  others,  went 
out,  and  look  divirs  p.irlies  of  Indians;  anil 
ill  one  of  which  parlies  there  was  ii  certain 
old  iiiaii  whom  Caplain  (liili'cli  sceiiied  to 
lake  parlicniar  noilce  of,  and  asking'  him 
v\Iii're  lie  heloiiinil,  he  told  lilni  to  .'«waii/i'V  ; 
llie  captain  asked  his  naiae,  who  replied  his 
iianie  was  Cimseieiice  ;    (.'onscicnee,  said  the 


:if  .lanilary,  t'aptam  Church  received  a  com-  'captain,  siiiilliiL',  then  the  war  is  over,  for  llial 
inissliiii  from  (iovernor  Winslow,  III  scour  llie  was  what  lliey  wen-  searching  for,  il  heini; 
woods  of  some  of  the  Inrkinu;  enemy,  which  much  wauled  ;  and  then  returned  llie  said 
liny  Were  well  informed  were  there.  Which  Conscience  to  his  postaizaia  al  Swan/.ey,  to  a 
commission  is  as  follows: —  cerlaln  person  ihe^aid  Inillan  desired  to  he 

sold  III,  and  so  retarned  lioiin;. 
lieiiiii  well  informed  thai  tlicru  are  certain 

[)arlles  iif  our  Indian  enemies  (renialns  of  the'  

people   or  allies  of  Philip,    lale    Sachem   of 

.Moniil  Hope,  onr  mortal  enemy)  that  are  \  i  ri:riif.ii  .\rcoi'\r  or  riii;  .\crio\.s  i\'  riir. 
slill  lin  kinil  in  the  woods,  near  soiiie  of  onrj  Mom;  i..\tk  w.mi.s  .voMNsr  tiik  commo.n 
|ilaiitatioiis,  that  go  on  to  disiurli  the  peaci'|  i:.m;mv  .\xi>  i.niiia.v  iii:iiki,s,  i.v  tiii;  CAsr- 
of  Ills  majesty's  sniijiels  in  this  and  the  t.ii.v  i'.\urs,  u.voi.it  riii;  i'i.mma.m.  op  'nil: 
lii'iL'lilionriiiir  colonies,  hy  their  frequent  roll-  Aldi!i>Ai!i  (  mt  vi.n  iirv.i  v\u\  riuinii. 
Iirries,  and  oilier  insolences:   Caplain  Iieiija- 

inlii  Church  is  iherefon.'  Iierehy  iioinlnaled.  i  In  the  time  of  .^Ir  I'diiinnil  .\ndross'.'- 
onlered,  coniinlssion.ed,  and  empowered  to  governnieiit,  heiraii  thai  lilooily  war  in  llie 
raise  a  company  of  volunteers,  consisiliii;  of  eastern  parts  of  .New  I'.n^laial  ;  so  that  ini- 
KiiLdlsli  and  Indians,  so  many  as  he  shall  iiiedialely  Sir  IMiiiniid  sent  an  e.\pre.-s  for 
jiidLc  necessary  to  im prove  in  the  present  ex-  ('aptain  Clnirch  ;  w  ho,  then  lieiiig  al  l.illle- 
pi'dillon,  and  can  ohtaiii  :  .Vnd  of  tliein  lo  Coinptoii,  received  It  on  a  Lord's  day.  In  llie 
take  llie  command  and  eondnct,  and  to  lead  aflernoon  ineeliin;' ;  ijoliiu  lionie  afler  miel- 
llirin  forth  iliilo  such  place  or  plaei's,  wllliin  inir,  took  his  horse  and  set  mil  for  Iloslon, 
tills  or  llie  iiei;:liliini!in!r  colonies,  as  lie  shall  as  ordered  ;  and  hy  sunrisi-  ne.\t  inornln;;  uul 
think  lit,  and  as  the  provideiiciMif  (lllll,  and  to  liraintree,  where  he  met  wllli  Ciiloiiel 
Ills  intellliicnce,  may  lead  him  ;  to  discover,  Paire  on  liorseliack,  iroiiii  to  Weynionlh  and 
piiisiic,  linlit,  surprise,  deslroy,  and  snhdiie  llin:;liaiii  to  raise  forces  to  go  east;  who 
onr  said  Indian  enemy,  or  any  party  or  par-  said  lie  was  lilad  to  see  liliii.  and  that  his  ex- 
tics  of  ilicni,  that,  hy  the  providence  of  (iod,  cellency  would  he  as  ulad  lo  see  liini  in  !!os- 
ihey  may  meet  with  :  Or  them,  or  any  of  ton  so  earlv  :  So  pariliig  he  soon  irot  to  l!os- 
them,  to  receive  to  mercy,  if  he  see  cause;  Ion,  and  walled  upon  his  excellency;  »  ho 
(provided  tln.'y  he  not  iiinrderoiis  roirnes,  or  informed  him  of  an  unhappy  war  hroke  oiil 
Biicli  as  have  heeii  principal  actors  in  those  in  the  easiern  purls  :  iind  said  he  was  goliii; 
villanies.)  And  for  the  prosecution  of  this  himself  in  person,  and  llial  he  wauled  his 
design,  lilierty  is  hereliy  granted  to  the  said  com|iany  with  liiiii  ;  l!ut  Caplain  Church 
Caplain  ('Imrch,  and  others,  to  arm  and  set  not  lindins  himself  in  llii'  same  spirit  he  used 
out  such  of  our  friendly  Indians  as  he  is  wil-  lo  have,  said  he  hoped  his  excellency  would 
linir  to  entertain. — And  forasmuch  as  ail  these  !:lve  him  lime  to  coii.-lder  of  it.  I  le  lohl  him 
our  enemies  that  have  lieeii  taken,  or  at  any  he  ini^hl  ;  aid  also  said  that  he  iniisl  come 
time  may  ho  taken  hv  our  forces,  have,  liv  and  dine  wiili  linn.  Capiain  Clinrch  hav  in;; 
onr  courts  and  councils,  licen  rendered  law-  many  aeqnainlance  in  liostmi,  w  ho  made  il 
fill  captives  of  war,  and  condemned  to  per-  their  liusiness  some  to  encourai.o'  and  others 
peliial  .•ervilude  ;  this  council  do  also  deler-  to  (lisconra!;e  him  froiii  l'oIiil'"  i'h  his  e.xci  1- 
niiiie,  iiiul  hereby  (leclare, 'I'lmt  all  such  pris-,  leiicy  :     So  afler  dinner  his  exnllency  toi  k 


liim  iiilo  liii<  rooin  and  discoursed  freily  ; 
sav  iiii;,  that  he  haviiii;  knowleil:;e  of  hi-  lin'- 
nier  acllons  and  sncces-es  ;  iind  ihiii  he  nin-t 
now  lib  him,  and  he  his  second,  w  llli  olhi  r 
I  nconrai'i  ineiiis.  Itiil  in  slmrl,  llie  said  (  up- 
tain  Cliureh  did  not  accept,  so  Wiis  dismissed 
and  went  lioine. 

Soon  afler  I'lis  was  the  nvoKilloii,  and  ihe 
oilier  uovernmeiit  reassniiied  ;  aiil  lien 
(lovernor  Itradslreet  sent  for  Caplain  Cliureh 
to  come  to  Itoston  as  soon  as  his  liusini  ss 
would  permit;  whereupon  he  went  In  I'os- 
toll,  and  wailed  upon  Ins  honour;  uholuld 
him  he  was  reqiiesled   liv  llie  ciiiineil  lo  send 

for  him,  to  see    if  III llil  he  pri  tailed    willi 

to  raise  volnnleers,  hoih  I'null-li  ami  linlians, 
lo  i;o  easi  ;  for  llie  eiislw  anl  linliaiis  had  dene 
:;ri  at  spoil  upon  llie  l',ni;li>li  In  lliose  pans; 
L'lv  iiiL' him  ail  aeeonnl  of  ihe  miseries  anil 
snlleriliL's  of  ihe  people  there.  Capl.iiii 
Chiireli'ssplrils  lieiii;.'  atreeted,  said  If  he  ei mid 
do  any  sert  lee  for  his  honour,  ilie  eoiinliy  and 
llieir  relief  he  was  ready  and  u  illiii;;.  lie 
was  asked  how  he  would  a"l  ?  lie  said,  lie 
would  lake  w  nil  linn  as  many  of  los  old  sol- 
diers as  he  einild  net,  bolli  Tainhsh  aiiil 
Indians.  'I'he  I'enilemen  of  l!osloii  re- 
qiiesled liiiii  to  ill)  III  lEIiode  Island  loivern- 
iiieiit  lo  ask  llieir  asslslance  :  ."''o  ^i*  Imr  him 
llnir  li'tler  and  ahonl  forlv  shilliii:;-  in  nionet , 
he  look  leave,  and  Weill  hniiie  lo  ItrisN  I  on  a 
Saturday,  and  ilie  next  Aloinlay  niornin:i  he 
Went  over  lo  Itlioile  Isl  mil,  and  wailed  iipun 
their  iiovernor,  dilivering  llie  leller  ii-  ordi  i- 
eil  ;  prayed  his  liononr  for  a  speedy  aiisin  r  : 
\Vlio  said  lliey  ciiiild  not  ■;ive  an  answer  pre- 
.seiitly  ;  so  he  w.ailed  on  them  llll  he  hail  lie  ir 
answer;  and  when  hi'  had  oliialned  il,  he 
earriid  it  to  the  Hoston  ai  nllenien  ;  u  ho  de- 
sired him  lo  raise  wlial  velnnliers  he  could 
in  Plymonlli  colony,  and  II hod.'  Island  ::ii\. 
ernmeiit,  and  «  hat  was  wantiii!.'  lliey  wiiiild 
make  up  oiil  of  llieirs  that  was  alreadv  oiil 
III  the  (astern  pans.  'I  he  s  ininier  hi  nig  f.ii 
spent,  Caplain  Clinreh  iiiaili  w  hat  ih  spali'h 
he  could,  and  raised  alioiil  Iw  '  hundred  and 
liflv  men,  volnnleers,  and  nei  ,ed  his  com- 
inisslon  frniii  (■'overnor  llineM.  v,  whlehis 
as  followelh,  vi/  : — 

**  '/'/o'  (%'iiiifil  iif  war  III  llnir  }fi!]tsli/:i^ 
rntdiii/  III'  \i  ir  I'li/Diniif/i,  in  .\iw  i'.iii; 
IiiikI,  III  Miijiir  linijiviiin  C/iiirc/i,  Com- 
moitiUr-in-Cliiif. 

"  Whereas  llie  Keiineheek  and  easlel  i  In- 
dians, willi  llieir  coiifederales,  have  openly 
made  war  upon  llnir  ninjeslvs'  siili|ei'is 
of  lllll  provinces  of  .Maine,  Mew  llampshire, 
and  llie  .MassaclinseUs  colony,  having'  eoiii- 
niilKil  iiiaiiy  harharoiis  innrders,  spoils  am! 
rapines  upon  their  persons  and  (stales  :  .\nii 
whereas  lln  re  are  some  forces  of  -oldli  rs, 
r'n^rlish  and  Indians,  now  raised  and  ih  lailn'i! 
(llll  of  the  several  n  ^imenls  and  plaei  >  w  iililii 
this  colony  iif.New  rivmoulh,  lo  ^o  forili  lolhe 
assistance ofonr  neii;lilioiirs  and  frleiidsol  llii; 
aforesaid  |iroviiices  and  colony  of  llie  .Miissa- 
chnselts,  snlijeels  of  one  and  llie  same  crow  n, 
and  to  join  with  their  forces  for  lln  repi  lliiig 
and  destruction  of  llie  eominon  eniiiiy  : 
.Villi  whereas  you,  Itenjamin  (lurch,  are  ap- 
)ioiiited  lo  lie  major  and  coininai'lcr  in-chief 
of  all  the    forces.    I'.nelish    and    Indian  ;,  dc- 


i  i  i' 


]  ;. 


TtO 

Iiii'ImmI  Millilii  lliM  Cdloiiy,  Cur  tlio  Dcrvicc  of 
tic  ir  Mi.ij  •■•Urn  iilons.iiil  :  tlicsf  iiir  in  llicir 
liiMii'silcH  iiiiiiii'  to  iiiitliiii'j/c  mill  i'i'(|iiiri'  )iiii 
•ii  t:\ir  iiilii  ymir  iMrc  iiiiil  oniiiliicl  nil  llic 
siilil  I'lHVrii,  liiiirliMli  mill  liiilimis,  iiiiil  tlili- 
^I'lilly  Id  iiIIi'MiI  iIimI  N<'r\i(M',  liy  Icmliii^  iiiiil 
ivri'cisiiiij  (il'yiiur  iiilirjiir  oirntcrrt  miil  mil- 
tih'i'i,  i'iiiiiMi:iiiiljii;r  iliciii  til  iilii'V  you  ii.«lliiir 
cliji'l'  uiiiiiiiiiinilri';  mill  to  |mii'!1||i',  ti<;lit,  tiiki 
kill,  or  ili'-'imy  tin-  siiiil  i'lii'iiiicii,  llirir  iiiilrrs 
liiiil  iilii'lliiis,  liy  nil  llir  ui'.ys  mill  iiii'iiih  you 
c:iii,  Ml*  you  .sliiill  lliivi;  o|)|ioi'tUMitv.  Aiul 
yuil  me  to  olisi'in'  miil  olii'y  all  sucii  onlris 
mill  iiistrucliiiiis  as  IVoiii  tiuii;  to  tiiiiu  you 
kIiiiII  rriM'ivr  iViiiii  \\iv  <:oimiiiti!<iourrii  of  tliu 
coloiili's,  llic  ciiuiit'il  of  wiir  of  this  roloiiv,  or 
t  II'  jiiiviiiioi-  mill  fiiuiicil  of  tliu  MiisHiicliu- 
siIIm'  coliiiiy.  Ill  Irstiiiioiiy  wlirrnif  tin-  piili- 
lir  si'iil  of  till'  Hiiiil  colony  of  iViw  I'lyiiioulli 
is  lirnuiito  iillivi'il.  Diitcil  iu  I'lyiiioiitli,  llii; 
•■ixili  iliiy  of  .Sr|it('iiilii'r,  Anni)  Dnm.  I68U. 
Aiiiitiiiiir  Irani  Jlri^h  el  llcgiiias  Willivliui  et 
ftliiii,!'  Aiifilxr,  &c.  I'l-imo. 

J  IIO.M AS  IIINKLKY,  Prcs't. 

Anil  now  imii'i'liiii;;  tlicm  nil  down  to  llos- 
liiii,  llii'ii  ifCi'iMil  Ins  fiirtlii-r  orders  mid  iii- 
•Iruelions,  which  are  na  foliowetli: 

/Jos/d/i,  Srpt.  XCth,  108!). 
'  ']\t  all  shvrilf.i,   miirshah,  constaliles,  and 
(jtliir  iijiiirs  milihiri/  and  civil,  in  their  ma- 
jislii's  piorinci'  of  Maine, 

"  Wheirns,  |iiirsuiint  to  mi  iiirrcciiietit  of 
till'  coniniissioiii'i's  of  ||ic  iiiiiii'd  coloiiii  s, 
IMiijnr  llriijmiiiii  Cliiirch  is  coiiiiiiis!'ioiii'<l 
I'oiiiiiiiiiiili'r  ill  chief  over  that  part  of  their 
Mnjeslies  forces  (levied  for  the  proseiil  cxpe- 
riiiion  a^taiiist  the  ciiinmoii  uiicmy)  whoso 
lieail-(iuarters  ore  nppniutcd  to  be  at  I'lil- 
Mioiiih,  ill  Caseo  liny:  In  tiicir  Majesties 
II  inns,  you,  auil  every  one  of  you  are  re- 
(piirnl  to  he  aidiiij:  mid  assistiior  to  the  said 
AInjor  t'hureh  in  his  pursuit  of  the  enemy, 
us  any  einer^reiiey  sli.ill  re(|uire;  mid  so  im- 
press hoats,  or  other  vessels,  carts,  carriaires, 
liurses,  o.vcii,  pri. vision,  and  aniniuiiition,  mid 
men  for  ituides,  ite.,  as  you  shall  receive 
wnrraiils  I'nnii  the  said  chief  commander,  or 
his  liiutenmit  so  to  do:  you  may  not  fail  to 
do  the  same  speedily  and  ellectually,  as  you 
will  ansiver  your  iie;.r|eet  mid  contempt  of  thiir 
iMnjrslies  authority  and  service  at  your  iitt<'r- 
ninst  peril,  (iiveii  uniler  my  hand  and  seal 
till'  day  and  year  ahove  written.  Annoque. 
lir^ni  RigisKllicgina:  U'illiclniinnd  iMaritf, 
I'limii. 

15y  Thomas  Danfortli,  President 
of  the  province  of  Maine, 

III/  the  governor  and  council  of  the  iMassachii- 
sells  colony  :    to  Major  Benjamin  Church. 

NVhereas,  you  are  appointed  mid  coinniis- 
.slmied  hy  the  council  of  war,  of  the  colony  of 
'\rw  I'lymoutli,  conimaiider  in  chief  of  the 
fiiires  raised  within  the  sai<l  colony,  ai;aiiist 
the  common  Inilian  enemy,  now  ordered 
into  the  eastern  parts,  to  join  with  some  of 
(he  forces  of  this  colony  ;  for  the  prosecution, 
repelliiiir,  and  suhduing  of  the  siiid  enemy  ; 
It  h  therefore  ordered  that  Cnptuin  Simon 


KING    IMIILIF'S    W  A  I{. 

Wilhird,  mid  «'nptaiii  Nathiiniel  Hall,  with 

the   two    eonipami's    of   soldn  rs    uniler  llieir 

I  several  eonimind,   heloniiiiiij  to   this  eohiiiy, 

I  now    in  or    nliinit    Caseo    liny,   lie,    mid  are 

I  heiehy  put  iiii.Irr  you,  as  llii'ir  eoininmider  ill 

chief  for  this   present    e\pi  dilioii.      And    in 

piirsnanee  of  the  eomiiiis.'.iiiiis  severally  ijiven 

to  eilhiT  of  tliiiii,  they  are  onlered  In  olisi  rve 

and  ohey  ymir  iiideis  mid  ilireelions  iis  llieir 

commanili  r  in  chief  iiniil  I'lirlher  order  IVoin 

the  ixoverimr  and  eoiineil,  or  llie  eomniission- 

ers  of  llie  eolonles.     Dnieil  in  llostnn,  the  I7lli 

day  ofSeptendiir,  .1h»i)  Doni,  Ki-il.   Annoi/nr 

Uigni  liigisil  llii^intr,  (^nilhehni  ft  iMiiriii', 

Angliii:  1.^'c.  t'riiiio. 

S.  r)it\iisiiir.KT,  (iov. 
Past  in  ('oinicil, 
Attest.  Isaac  Aildiii!j;lon,  Seer. 

liy  the  Commissioners  of  Ihe  colonics  of  the 
Massachnselts,  I'ti/monlh  and  Connecticut, 
for  managing  the  present  war  against  the 
common  enemy. 

"  Instrnelions  for  !Major  lienjamiii  Church, 
eomiiimider  iiiehief  oflhe  I'lvnioulh  forces, 
wilh  olhers  of  ihe  Slassaehiisetts,  put  un- 
der his  command, 

"  In  pnrsuaneeoftheeonimission  rrivenyoii, 
for  their  iMa|e>lies  service  in  the  present  ejl- 
pedition  a;;aiii>t  the  eoimnon  Indian  eiien  y, 
their  aiders  and  alienors;  reposiiiif  eonfnieiice 
in  your  wisdom,  prndeiiiM'  and  liilelilv  in  the 
trust  eommilled  lo  yim,  for  the  honour  of 
•  ■oil,  yood  of  his  piople,  and  the  seemity  of 
the  inli  rest  of  Cliiisl  in  his  ehurehes,  ex- 
pectin:;  and  piayinur  ihal  in  your  depeiiileiice 
upon  him,  you  may  he  lielped  and  assi.-ted 
with  all  lliat  <,'raee  and  wisiloin  which  is  re- 
(piisile  for  carryiiif^  you  on  with  success  in 
this  diiricult  rcrvice;  and  tlioui;li  much  is 
and  must  he  left  to  your  diserelion,  as  I'rovi- 
denco  and  opportunity  may  present  from  time 
to  time  in  places  of  atteinlaiice :  yet  th(!  fol- 
lowing' instrnelions  are  coininemled  unto 
your  ohservation,  and  Iu  he  allended  to  so 
far  as  the  slate  of  mailers  with  yon  In  such 
a  transaction  will  admit.  Von  are  wilh  all 
possihle  speed  lo  take  care  that  the  I'lyiiioulh 
forces,  holli  Kn^lish  and  Indians,  under  vonr 
command,  he  fixed  and  ready,  and  the  first 
opportiinity  of  wind  and  weather,  lo  ^ni  on 
hoard  such  vessels  as  are  provided  to  trans- 
port you  and  iheni  to  ('a^^co,  where,  if  it  shall 
please  (Jod  you  arrive,  you  are  to  take  under 
your  care  and  eommmid  the  companies  of 
Cupt.  IS'athaniel  Hall,  and  ('apt.  .<*imou  Wil- 
lnril,whnareor>lered  loaltend  your  command, 
whom,  together  wilh  the  I'lyiiioulh  forces, 
and  such  as  from  time  lotimi'  may  he  added 
unto  yon,  you  are  lo  improvi?  in  such  a  way 
as  you  shall  see  meet,  for  the  discovering, 
pursuinjr,  suhduiii;.',  and  de.slroyinj  the  said 
common  enemy,  hy  all  opportunities  you  are 
eapahle  of;  always  intemlin!!  the  preservinjr 
of  any  of  llie  near  towns  from  incursions,  and 
destruclion  of  the  enemy,  yet  chielly  improv- 
iniryour  men,  for  thefiiiilin<r  and  followinirtlie 
said  eiieinv  ahroail,  and  if  possihle  to  find 
out  and  attack  their  head  qunrtprs  and  ])riii- 
cipnl  rondezvons,  if  you  iind  you  are  in  a 
rational  capacity  for  so  doiiijf.  The  better  to 
enable  vou  thereto,  wo  hiive  ordeied  two  men- 


lof-wnr  iiloopa,  niid  other  iinnll  vexselit  for 
iransporliilioii  to  attend  yon,  for  some  eiiii' 
siderahle  time,  )'oU  are  lo  see  thai  your 
soldiers  arms  he  always  tlxed,  and  that  lliey 
I  he  furnished  wiih  aniiniinilion,  pro\isioiiii 
and  oilier  neeissmies,  that  so  they  iiiiiy  he  in 
a  readiness  to  repel  and  altairk  llii'  enemy. 
In  your  pursuit  you  are  lo  lake  special  cure 
to  avoid  danger  hy  iiniliiishiiieiils,  or  lieini; 
drawn  under  any  ili»iidvanta|.'e  hy  the  enemy 
ill  your  marches,  keeping;  nut  seoiiis  and  a 
forlorn  hope  before  your  iiiiiin  body,  and  hy 
all  possihle  nieans  rndeavonrint;  to  surprise 
some  of  the  eneiiiy,  that  so  you  may  ^ain 
iiitelli|;eiice.  Vou  are  to  suppress  all  inniiiiieii 
and  disorderH  ainoii<;  your  sohlier.s,  us  much 
as  ill  you  lies,  and  to  punish  such  as  disobey 
your  oflicers,  according  to  the  rules  of  w  ai 
herewith  friveii  you. 

"  You  are,  acconliiif;  to  your  opporliinily, 
or  any  occasion  more  than  ordinary  occur- 
iujr,  to  bold  corri'spondence  wilh  Major 
Swiiine,  and  lo  yield  mutual  assistmiec  w  hen 
and  as  you  are  capalile  of  it,  and  you  may 
have  reason  to  judi;e  it  will  he  of  most  public 
service  ;  and  it  will  be  meet  you  and  h<'  should 
a(,rrce  of  tiome  sijinal  whereby  your  IndiaiiS 
may  be  known  from  the  enemy.  Yon  are  to 
encourage  your  soldiers  to  he  indiislrioiis, 
viijorous,  mid  venturous  in  their  service,  to 
search  out  iiiid  destroy  the  ciieiiiy,  iieipiaint- 
iiif;  thiMii,  it  is  agreeil  liy  the  several  colonies, 
that  they  .shall  have  the  benefit  oflhe  captives, 
and  all  lawful  plunder,  and  the  reward  of 
llight  Pounds  per  bead,  for  every  fif;lilin» 
Indian  man  slain  by  them,  over  and  above 
their  stated  wat;es  ;  the  same  heiiiir  made  ap- 
pear to  the  conimaiider  in  cliii'f,  or  such  as 
shall  be  appointed  to  take  care  therein.  If 
your  cominission  officers,  or  any  of  tlieni 
should  be  slain,  <ir  otherwise  uiicapable  of 
Beivice,  and  for  sncli  riasoii  dismissed,  you 
are  to  appoint  <illiers  in  their  room,  who  shall 
have  the  like  wii<;es,  mid  a  eomniissioii  sent 
upon  notice  given,  you  toi;ive  them  coinmls- 
sioiis  in  the  mean  time.  Von  are  to  take  ef- 
fectual care  that  the  worship  of  IJod  be  ki  pt 
up  in  the  army,  inornini;  ami  evenini;  prayei 
intended  as  far  ns  may  he,  and  as  the  einer 
ireiicies  <if  your  alTairs  will  admit,  to  see  that 
the  holy  .sabbath  be  duly  sanctified.  Vou  arc 
to  take  care  as  much  as  may  be,  to  prevent 
or  punish  drunkeiiness,  sweiirinjr,  cuisiii<r,  oi 
such  other  sins,  as  do  provoke  the  ani'ir  ol 
(lod.  You  are  to  advise  with  your  chief  of- 
ficers in  iiiiy  matters  of  momfuit,  asyoii  shall 
have  opportunity.  You  are  from  time  totinie 
lo  fiive  intelliirenee  and  advice  to  the  governor 
and  council  of  the  Massachusetts,  or  commis- 
sioners of  the  colonies,  of  your  proceedings 
and  occurences  tbiit  iniiy  happen,  and  how  it 
shall  iilease  the  Lord  to  deal  with  you  in  this 
present  expedition. 

"  If  you  find  tlie  vessels  arc  not  likely  to 
to  be  serviceable  to  you,  dismiss  them  ns  suoii 
ns  you  mny. 

"  Captain  Sylvnnus  Davis  is  n  prudent 
innn,  and  well  acqiniinted  with  the  atTairs 
of  those  parts,  and  is  writ  unto  to  ndvise  mm 
inform  you  all  he  can. 

"  Such  further  instructions  ns  we  shall  see 
reason  to  send  unto  you,  you  are  carefully  to 
nttend  mid  observe,  and  in  the  absence  of  tho 
commissioners,  you  simll  observe  the  orders 


iiimll    vmceli'    fur 

II,  I'cir   Hiiliii'   cull- 

ici  KIT  tliiit  your 

I'll,  mill  lliiil  ilii) 

liliiiii,    iiiiivi:"iiiii» 

sii  liny  limy  lir  in 

iltnrk   llir   I'llrliiy. 

tiikr  H|ii'riiil  nirr 

liiiii'iil.i,  or  lirini! 

ilii^T  liy  llii'  t'liriny 

Dill  Hi'iiiilH   mill  a 

mill  liiiily,  mill  l>y 

iiii'iii)!  til  tiiii'prii'o 

Hii  you    iiiiiy   ^iiiii 

ipiiri'SH  all  iiiiitiiiirst 

Hiililii  rH,  lis  liiiirli 

ill  riiicli  MS  (lisiilicy 

llio   riiliM  111"  w III 

your  opporlunily, 

II  oriliiiiiry  orc.tir- 

iii'n    Willi    Miijor 

il  Mssistiiliri!  ulirll 

it'  it,  mill  you  limy 
ill  III'  (if  most  piililic 
■tyoii  mill  lie  slioiilil 
it'i'i'liy  your  iiiili;iii3 
■luiiiy.  Voii  nil'  to 
I  to  ill'  iiiiliislrioiiH, 
I  ill  tlii'ir  srrvii'f,  to 
K!  iMii'liiy,  iioqiliiiiit- 
tlii'  srvi'nil  roloiiirs, 
I'lii'lh  ot'tlic  cnplivi'S, 
mill  llic  iTWiiril  of 
I,  lor  rvi'ry  lii;liliii!.' 
I'lii,  ovtr  mill  iiliovi! 

slllllf  lliilljt  lllllllr  iip- 

iii  cliirf,  or  such  us 

lii!  cmt'  llniriii.  It 
ITS,  or  liny  of  iliiiu 
lii'rwisi'  iiiiciipiililu  of 
tUHOM  (liHiiiissnl,  you 

tliL'ir  ri)oiii,"lio  sliiill 
ml  n  coiiiiiiissioii  sriit 

lofrivc  lliriii  coiiiiiiis- 
.  You  iirr  to  tiilu-  rl- 
irsliip  of  (Joil  lie  ki  pt 
in  mid  cvciiiiif;  priiyn 

III',  mill  as  till'  ciiirr 
will  admit,  to  sii'  lliiit 
y  saiictilU'd.  You  iiic 
IS  limy  he,  to  prcvriit 
,  swi'iirinir,  ciirsiiifr,  oi 

provoke  the  miirir  ot 
ise  with  your  eliiifof- 
f  monieiit.iiByou  sliiill 
III  are  from  time  totime 
1  advice  to  the  iroveriior 
sachusetts,  or  coiiiiiiis- 
:,  of  your  proceediiifrs 
my  liappeii,  and  how  il 
o  deal  with  you  in  this 

?8se!s  arc  not  likely  to 
u,  dismiss  them  as  soon 

9  Davis  is  a  prudent 
linted  with  the  iifTiiirs 
writ  unto  to  advise  aiiu 

•uctions  as  we  sliall  see 
iu,  you  are  carefully  to 
id  in  the  absence  of  tho 
hnll  observe  the  orders 


mill   inaWMliOlli  directed  unto  ymi  from  (In: 
i;ovi.'rnor  nnil  Roiiiiril  of  the  ,Miiss:ii;liii.4i'll-i, 
(•itrii  iiiiiirr  our  Imnils  in  Itosloii,  Sept, 
H,  llHK. 
'I'liiiA.  IliiiLli  I/,     VViiiwKU  l)itnfiirl/i,  I'ith. 
./«/i/i  ll'dllii/,         Ijlin/ia  t.'iiiiLr, 
Samiiil  Miiion,      W'iltifiiii  I'Ukin. 


KiN(;  I'll  iMi"s  \\  \  n. 

eral 


71t 


'nir.  I'lKsT  i:xi>i:iiirioN  kaht. 

IJeiiiir  ready.  Major  (/liiirch  eiiiliurked 
with  his  foriM'H  oil  hiiiiril  tin;  vesselit  providi'd 
to  li'iiiisport  them  lor  (yiiseo,  Imviii^  ii  liriive 
fr.ile  lit  S,  W.,  mid  on  Friday  iihoiit  tliree 
o'cloek,  they  j;ot  in  si;r|it  df  Ciiseo  Imrhoiir  ; 
mill  disi'.iinriiii;  two  or  three  siimll  ships 
lliere,  not  kiiowiii!;  whether  ihey  were  friends 
or  eiieniies  ;  wliereiipmi  the  siiid  eoiiimmi. 
der,  iMiijor  <'liiireli,  j;MVe  ordi;rs  tliiit  every 
iiiiiii  tliiit  was  iililis  should  make  ready,  mid 
all  lie  elose,  ;;ivin;;  orders  how  tliev  shmilil 
Met  ill  ease  they  were  em  lilies.  Me  ^oin;; 
ill  the  iMary  sloop,  toirether  with  the  Kes". 
Iiltlon,  wi'iit  fii  first,  heiii:;  hiitli  well  litt  ,1 
with  ifiiiis  mill  men  ;  eominifto  the  first,  Inil- 
ed  them,  who  said  they  were  friends,  present- 
ly iiimined  their  lioiil,  hroui,dit  to,  mid  so 
came  aloiii;  side  of  them  ;  who  ^iivi.'  the  said 
Church  nil  account,  that  yesterday  there  was 
II  vrry  i;ieat  army  of  Indians  mid  I'reiicli 
with  them  upon  the  island,  at  the  fioiiii;  ruit 
of  the  liarlioiir,  mid  that  they  wen:  come  on 
'iiirposi!  to  take  ('iisco  fort  and  town  ;  liki'- 
ivise  iiiforiiied  him  that  they  had  irnt  a  cap- 
tive winiian  ilioard  (Major  Walden's  daiiL'h- 
ter  of  I'lst.alaipia)  that  could  |rive  him  a  full 
account  of  their  mimlier  and  intentions:  lie 
bid  them  i;ive  his  service  to  their  ciiplaiii, 
and  tell  him,  he  would  wait  upon  him  after 
he  had  lieeii  on  slioi'i'  and  given  some  orders 
,iiiil  illieelions.  lieliifi  come  pretty  near,  he 
ardered  all  the  men  still  to  keep  close,  iriviiii.' 
nil  account  of  the  news  he  had  received,  and 
then  went  ashore,  where  were  several  of  the 
chief  men  of  the  town  who  met  him,  lieiii:; 
irjail  that  he  came  so  happily  to  their  relief; 
told  him  the  news  Mrs,  Lee  had  i;iveii  them, 
(leiiiiT  the  woman  aforesuid.  lie,  !;oiii;r  to 
('ii|itain  Davis's  to  get  some  refreshment, 
liavini;  not  eat  a  morsel  since  hi>  came  hv 
Itostoii  castle  ;  and  now  liavini;  inipiired  in- 
to the  state  of  the  town,  fotiiid  them  in  a 
poor  condition  to  defend  themselves  against 
such  a  iiumhi'r  of  enemies :  lie  <;ave  them 
an  aceomit  of  his  orders  and  instriii'tions, 
and  told  thi-iii  what  forces  In:  had  hroii<;lit, 
and  that  when  it  was  dark  they  should  all  land, 
and  not  before,  lest  the  enemy  should  dis- 
cover them.  And  tlien  he  wi.'iit  on  board  the 
privateer,  who  were  Dutchmen  ;  but  as  he 
went,  called  aboard  every  vessel,  and  order- 
ed the  otHcers  to  take  eare  that  their  men 
nii;>lit  hi;  all  fitted  and  provided  to  fi^lit,  for 
the  people  of  the  town  'xpeeted  the  enemy 
to  fall  upon  them  every  minute,  but  withal 
charifin;;  them  to  ki.'ep  undiscovered  ;  and 
coniiii!;  on  board  said  privateer  was  kindly 
treated,  discoursed  with  Mrs.  Li'e,  who  in- 
forined  him  that  the  company  she  came  with 
had  fourscore  canoes,  and  that  there  were 
more  of  them  whom  she  had  not  seen,  which 
i;aiiie  from  other  places,  and  that  tiiey  told 
her  wnen  they  came  all  to:;etlier,  they  should 
I, lake  lip  seven  hundred  men.  lie  asked 
hor  whether  Cast;en   was  with  them  ?     tjhe 


I  answered, that  there  Wi  re  neveral  i' renulimeii 
luitli  them,  hut  did  not  know  whether  Cas- 
leen    was   there    or    liol.       He    tliiii    havin;; 

I  cot  what  liilelli<(enee  .>lie  eiiiilil:4Ue  him, 
{went   iishiire  iiiiil   viewed  ihe   fort  and  town, 

dineoiir.'-nii;  Willi  the  (.nnileiiii'ii  ilirre  iiecnr- 
diiii;  to  Ills  iiistriie.tions ;  mid  i.lien  it  bei;aii 
III  );row  dark,  he  ordered  the  vessels  lo  ciiiiii' 
us  near  the  liirt  as  nni>lit  lie,  and  land  the 
soldiers  wjlli  as  Utile  muse  as  |ios-,ilple  ;  or- 
deriii);  them  as  lliey  landed  lo  <,'ii  Into  llie  fort 
and  houses  that  sloinl  near,  that  so  they 
niiiflit  be  ready  upon  oeeasion  ;  haviiiu:  or- 
dered provisions  for  tin  in,  went  to  every 
company  and  orderiiiu'  them  to  i;et  every 
tiling'  ready  ;  tin  y  thai  had  no  powder-lionis 
orsliot  lia<;s,  >hoiilil  immediatelv  make  lliein; 

orderiii!;     the    ollicers   to   lake    s| iai    eare 

that  they  were  ready  to  iiianli  into  the 
woods  an  hour  before  day:  And  alsii  direel- 
iiii;  the  waleli  to  call  him  two  hours  lieliire 
day  ;  so  he  hastened  In  lied  lo  net  some  res'. 
At  till.'  time  preliveil  he  was  ealliil,  iiiiil 
preseiilly  orderiiii;  the  coinpaiiies  to  make 
ready  ;  and  ahmit  half  an  liniir  bet'ore  ilav 
lliey  mo  !.  Several  of  the  towns  people 
went  with  tli''  m  into  a  thick  place  of  lini~li,  j 
about  half  ii  mile  from  the  town  ;  now  i 
orderiii!;  tliem  to  send  out  their  scouts,  as 
they  ii-ed  to  do,  and  seeini;  ihein  all  settled 
at  |l  I  work,  .1.  went  in'  .  iwn  by  sunrise 
ai.,'aiii,  and  desired  I'le  iiilmbilants  to  take 
rare  of  them-  Ives,  till  his  men  had  lilted 
ihemsidves  nn'.i  Home  necessaries:  For  his 
Indian-''  i  'ost  of  them  wanted  bolli  liaL:.->  and 
horn '  ;  so  In-  ordered  them  to  make  ba<rs  like 
wallets,  to  put  powder  in  one  end,  and  shot 
ill  the  other.  .^;j  most  of  them  were  reailv 
for  action,  (vi'Z.  )  the  .Sieonet  India. is,  but 
the("a|ii!  Indians  were  very  bare.  Kin., r  ^,i 
loiii;  at  lloston  before  they  iinbarked,  tliiil 
they  li.id  sold    iverytliiii!;    ihey  eoiild    make 

II  penny  of;  some  tyiiii;  ^llot  and  powder  in 
the  corners  of  their  blankets.  He  beiiiif  in 
town,  just  <;oiii|r  to  breaklasl,  there  was  an 
alarm,  so  he  ordered  all  llie  soldiers  in  town 
to  move  away  as  fast  as  tiny  eoiilil,  where 
the  firini;was;  and  lii',willi  what  ineii  iiiore 
were  with  liiiii  of  Ins  xilflier.-,  mined  imme- 
diately, and  mielliii;  u  itii  Caplain  Itraeket's 
sons,  who  told  him  their  fallier  was  taken, 
and  that  they  saw  a  irreat  aiinv  of  the  In- 
dians in  their  father's  orchard,  liy  this  lime 
our  Indians  that  wanted  hairs  and  horns 
were  fitteil,  but  wauled  more  mnniiiiiitlon, 
I'resently  came  a  iiiessi'iiu:er  to  him  IVoiii  the  | 
town  and  informed  him,  that  lliey  hail  knock- 
ed out  the  beads  of  several  ca.-ks  of  biillets, 
anil  they  were  all  too  bi;r,  IniiiLT  iniisket  bul- 
lets, and  would  not  lit  llieir  iiiins,  and  that 
if  he  did  not  Lm  bai'k  liiinseh'a  ^M'e.'it  part  of 
ihe  army  would  be  kept  b.ick  from  service 
for  want  of  siiilabli:  Inillels, 

He  ran  back  and  ordered  every  vessel  to 
send  asliori,'  all  their  casks  ofliiillets;  bciii^f 
broi|i;lit,  knocked  out  llieir  heads,  and  turned 
them  all  out  upon  the  irreeii  by  the  fort,  and 
set  all  the  people  in  the  town,  that  were  able, 
to  make  sliii;s  ;  beiii!,'  most  of  lliein  too  larye 
for  their  use,  w  liicb  bad  like  to  have  been  the 
overthrow  of  their  whole  army  :  be  (in  ling 
some  small  bullets,  and  what  sIiil's  were 
ni.'ide,  and  three  knapsacks  of  powder,  went 
immcdi  ilely  to  llii?  army,  who  wen!  very 
hotly  u 'Imaged  ;  but  coming  lo  the  river  tin.' ! 


tide  wiin  np  ;  he  ealled  to  his  nicii  tinil  wera 

entca;;ed,  I'licoiiraeiii^  tin  ni,  mid  tidil  tlniii 
he  Imd  bronubt  more  aiiiiniiiiiiioii  fur  tin  in. 
An  Indian  called  I'aplaiii  l,i<:liiroiil,  laid 
down  Ills  t;iiii,  and  cinn'owr  tin'  iimi,  l.iKiii^ 
the  powder  iipini  Ins  bead,  and  a  killle  ol 
bullets  in  each  hand,  and  uol  safe  lo  Ins  Ii  I- 
low  Noldiers,  He  pirceiMiiii;  cnat  liiiiii; 
upon  that  side  he  was  of,  went  lo  see  ubo 
they  were,  and  foilinl  tin  in  lo  be  two  of 
.Major  ('hnreh's  ciiiii|iiiiiics,  one  of  l'.n;i|i>li 
and  the  olln  r  of  Indians,  In  iiii;  in  all  aliniit 
fourscore  men,  that  bid  noi  ::ot  over  llie  rivir, 
but  lay  liriii;;  over  our  nn  n's  Iniids  m  tl.i) 
enemy  ;  he  preseiilly  orderid  them  lo  rally, 
and  come  all  toirciher;  ami  ;riivi'  llie  woril 
for  a  (.'iisco  inaii ;  so  one  .'■•uiiriini,  a  .ler.-ev- 
man,  appcarinir,  who  he  could  hardly  iindi'r> 
stand  ;  he  asked  him  how  far  it  was  to  tlm 
head  of  the  river,  or  wlietln  r  lliere  was  any 
place  to  i;ct  over?  he  said  lliere  was  a  Inidiiu 
about  three  ipiarlers  (if  a  mile  ii{i,  w  here  ijn  y 
iniirbl  ifi'i  liver;  .So  be,  ealliiiij  In  In*  .-oldn  rs 
en^.'iired  on  llie  other  side,  liiM  them  llial  Ini 
Would  soon  be  w  illi  lliein  over  the  bridge,  anil 
come  upon  the  backs  ol'llie  eneiiiy  ;  \\  hicli  put 
new  (■oiira^e  inlii  llieiii  ;  so  lliey  iiniin dialrly 
moled  lip  towards  ibe  bridite,  inarcliiii;r  very 
thin,  lieinjr  wilhiiir  to  make  ubal  -bow  lliev 
eoiilil,  .slionliiii;  as  they  marehed  :  tiny  .saw 
the  I'liemy  riinniiiir  I'loin  ilie  river-sidi-,  wlicrii 

they  had  made  siainl ,  wiili    w I  lo  pri'vent 

anybody  from  coming'  over  the  river;  mid 
eoiiiin:;  to  the  bridi;e,  liny  saw  on  ihe  oilier 
side  that  the  enemy  bad  laid  loirs  .ind  sliii'k 
birch  brush  aloii;;  t(,  |||,|,..  iliemsclvcs  from 
our  view. 

He  ordci'd  the  company  to  come  allo> 
irelher,  biilc.m;  them  all  to  run  aflei-  bini, 
who  would  /o  lirst,  mid  that  is  soon  as  lliey 
iiot  over  the  bridire  lo  scatter,  that  so  liny 
miirlit  not  be  all  shot  down  toireihcr.  expect- 
ing the  eiieiny  to  be  at  their  si  mils  ;  ..^  i  niii- 
niii:.riiplollie>iaiids,  foil  nil  nnintlnre, fur  lliey 
Were    )i.-t  (Tcine,    the  irionnd  Iniii;:  ^»r\\  lliey 

tumbled  with  them   In  I I  llie   laid  siainls. 

He  ordered  the  Captain  ullh  his  company  of 
l''ii:;lisli  to  march  down  to  our  men  i  iiir.'iged, 
and  that  they  slioiilil  keep  iiloni;  upon  lln: 
eiliri;  of  the  niarsb,  and  liiinsi  If  willi  his  In- 
dian soldiers  would  niarcli  down  lliriiiii.>li  ilm 
lirnsli  :  and  eoniin<rto  a  parcel  of  low  irroiind, 
which  bad  beeii  formerly  biiriil,  llnold  briisli 
heinir  fallen  down  lay  \<i'y  ibiek,  and  llie 
voiliii;  brll^il  bein^  ;r|'ii\vn  up  nnnlc  it  bml 
Iravellinif  ;  but  coniin;;  ncarihc  biick  of  the 
enemy,  one  of  iii'>  nieii  calleil  iiiilo  him  llieir 
commander  and  said,  iliat  the  enemy  ran 
westward  t.  (ret  betwren  lis  and  the  bridire, 
and  he,  lookini;  that  way,  saw  iiieii  rnnniiiir, 
and  niakiii<!;  a  small  slop,  licird  no  liriiiLr, 
but  a  irreat  clioppin!>  with  lialcheN;  so  con- 
eluding  that  the  li;;lil  was  over,  made  the  lie>t 
of  their  way  to  the  briti;:,.  iiirnii,,  lot  tlm 
enemy  should  fiet  over  the  bridire  into  the 
town,  the  ineii  beiiiir  most  of  them  out 
(our  animnnilion  lay  exposed)  cominir  tn  the 
bridge  where  he  left  six  Indians  I'm-  nn  mil- 
hlls(^'lde  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  that  if 
any  <.'neiiiy  olVered  to  conn'  over,  they  should 
lire  at  them,  which  would  i/wr  him  noiice, 
so  would  col  le  to  llieir  a>sislaiice  ;  (but  in  ibu 
way  lia\iiii.r  he;ird  no  fjinir  nor -1101111111;,  I'lm- 
eluded  the  enemy  wir,'  drawn  oil)  he  a.-ki  i| 
the   ambuscade,  v.hi'llnr  tin  v  law   any    In- 


7n? 


KIN(;    I'lril.  IP'S    WAR. 


Vi 


:f 


Ml' 


iliantil  TIk-v  siiiil  yv*,  iihiiiuliinco.  Il<> 
lli^Ui'il  lliriii  wliiM't;.''  'I'licy  iiiisvKrrid,  lliiit 
llicy  mil  OKI'  tlir  lii'iiil  of  llic  river  by  llic 
ct'iliir  s\v'Miii{i,  iiiul  WL'ru  riiiiiiiii;r  iiitii  tlir 
liL'cU  louiircls  lilt;  ti)«ii. 

'I'licri!  Iirjiiir  |)iit  (iiii!  Mii!;lisliiiiaii  willi 
liiiii,  lie  bid  liiK  liuiiiin  siililitrs  suattir,  run 
viy  lliii;  to  |insi'rvo  llll'llls('lvl'^l,  iiiid  lie 
tliu  lii'ttur  mIiIi:  to  liiiikr  ii  discovery  of  the 
cm  my ;  mid  soon  eoiiiiii;;  to  l.ieiiteiiiiiit 
Cl.'irli's  field,  on  llie  .south  side  of  tli(!  iieeU, 
mill  seeiiii;  tliu  e.;ittl(;  feeding;  quietly ,  uiiii 
pireeiviiiif  no  truck,  eonchided  the  miiliiis- 
eitde  had  tolil  them  a  fiilsehooii  ;  they  hastily 
returned  hack  to  the  said  hrid;;;i!,  perceiving 
there  was  no  iioisu  of  the  enemy,  lie  heariiii; 
several  ^reai  i;niis  lire  at  the  town,  eoiie.iiided 
that  they  were  either  assaulted,  or  that  lliey 
had  discovered  tiie  enemy :  lie  liaviiiii;  ordi'icd 
that  ill  case  such  .should  be,  that  they  shoiilil 
lire  some  of  tliei,'  ijreat  f;tliis  to  (jive  liiiii 
noiii'e  ;  he  briii^  .1  straii;;er  to  the  country, 
eiiiicluded  tlii!  (.neiiiy  had  by  some  other  way 
::iit  to  the  town  ;  whereupon  he  seist  hi-,  men 
to  ilie  town,  ami  himself  ftoin;;  to  the  river, 
near  where  the  finht  had  been,  ii-ked  them 
liDW  they  did,  and  what  was  becoini.'  of  the 
enemy  f  Who  int'ormed  him  that  the  enemy 
drew  oil'  ill  less  than  an  hour  after  he  left 
them,  and  had  not  fired  a>;un  at  them  since. 
lie  tidd  them  he  had  been  within  little  more 
ill  111  a  ^iin  shot  of  the  back  of  tlii!  enemy,  and 
h:id  l-eeii  upon  ilieni  had  it  not  been  for  thick 
biiishv  irronnil,  &.c.  Now  some  of  his  men 
relnriiiii^  iVom  the  town  ijavi;  him  the  iic- 
coiint,  that  they  went  while  they  saw  the 
C'lloiii's  iftandiii^  and  ini'ii  waikiii<;  about  as 
not  nii/lesteil.  lie  pri'sontly  ordered  that  all 
his  aniiv  should  pursue  the  enemy  ;  hut  they 
lul  I  him  that  most  of  them  had  spent  their 
.■inimiiMition,  and  that  if  the  eni'iny  hail  eii- 
^.'.■i.'e  '  them  a  liltli!  loiiirer  they  miirht  have 
eoiiie  anil  knoekeil  them  on  tlie  head;  and 
that  some  of  their  Imllets  weri'  so  niisi/eable 
that  some  of  iliem  were  forced  to  make  slui;s 
while  llii'V  were  eiiL'aired.  lie  then  ordered 
tlein  to  iret  over  all  the  woiindeil  and  dead 
111^  II,  .iiid  to  leave  none  behind  ;  which  was 
(liiiie  bv  some  canoes  they  had  ijot.  Captain 
Hall  and  his  iiii'ii  beill^■  first  enaraired,  did 
iireat  sirvice,  ami  siillered  the  iri'eale,;t  loss  in 
his  iiirii;  but  (Viplaiii  Soiilhworih  with  his 
eompanv,  ami  Captain  .\uinposli  with  the 
Sreonet  linlian<,  and  the  most  of  the  men 
beloii'jfin^  to  the  town,  all  coniiii|f  suddenly 
t'l  his  reliel',  pri'Veiiled  him  and  his  whole 
comp.iiiy  from  beiiivT  cut  oil". 

Hy  this  lime  iIk-  day  was  far  spent,  nnd 
mareliiii^  into  town  about  sunset,  caryinir  in 
all    ilieir  wounded   and    dead  men,  liein;;  all 

sen^ihli-  of  (lod's  irooilni'ss  to  tl i,  in  ;;iviii:x 

lliein  the  viclory,  and  eansiinr  the  enemy  to 
tlv  with  shame,  wliii  never  ^ave  one  shout  at 
their  drawiiiir  oil'.  'I'lie  poor  inliabitiints 
wondi'ifiilly  I'ejoieed  that  the  Alniiirbtv  had 
f  ivoered  iheni  so  iiiiieb  ,  sayiiiL',  that  if  Major 
Cbiireli,\vilh  his  I'orees,  had  not  come  at  thai 
iuiictnre,  tlii'V  hail  been  all  cut  olV;  and  said 
lurlber,  thai  it  wa-i  the  first  time  that  ever  the 
ea-twaid  Indiiiis  had  been  put  to  IliL'bt,  mid 
the  said  Chnreli  with  his  voliinleers  were 
woiiderfnllv  presi^rved,  bavin;;  never  a  man 
killed  oiiiriiili!,  and  hut  one  Indian  morl.illy 
nimiiileil,  \t  h'l  dir'd,  several  more  heiiiL;  badly 
Wiaiiided,  bill  recovered. 


After  this  iaii;a^eiueiit  iMnjor  Church,  with 
bis  forces,  raii;;in;;  all  the  country  thercaboilt, 
in  pursuit  of  the  enemy  ;  and  visilin;;  all  the 
garrisons  at  ISIack  I'oini,  Spiirwink,  nnd 
ISIilc  Point,  and  went  up  Keiinebeuk  river, 
but  to  littl.i  ellecl.  .Villi  now  winter  drawing; 
near,  he  r  'leived  orders  from  the  i;overiiment 
of  the  iM.issachnsetts  Itay,  to  .settle  all  the 
garrisons,  and  put  in  suitable  olficers  aecord- 
in<;  to  his  best  discretion,  and  to  send  home 
all  his  soldiers,  volunteers  nnd  transports; 
which  orders  he  presently  obeyed.  Uein^ 
obliirt'd  to  buy  him  a  horse  tn  ^o  homo  by 
land,  that  so  he  niii>bt  the  better  comply  with 
his  orders.  The  poor  people,  the  inhabitants 
of  Casco,  and  places  adjacent,  when  they 
saw  he  was  f;oin;r  away  from  them,  lamented 
sadly,  and  be^r^red  earnestly  that  lie  would 
sull'er  ihein  to  come  away  in  the  transports  ; 
sayin;:,  that  if  he  left  tlieiii  there,  that  ill  tl.c 
spring  of  the  year  the  enemy  would  come 
and  ilestroy  them  ami  their  families.  So  by 
their  earnest  request  the  said  jMiijor  Church 
promised  them,  that  if  the  i;overiiiiients  tliiit 
had  now  sent  liini,  would  send  him  the  next 
sprinjr,  he  would  ei'rlainly  come  with  his 
volunteers  and  Indians  to  their  relief:  and 
that  as  soon  as  he  had  been  home,  and  taken 
a  little  care  of  his  ow  ii  business,  he  would 
certainly  wait  upon  the  ireiitlemeii  oflioston, 
and  inform  them  of  the  promise  h<^  had  made 
to  them  ;  and  if  they  did  not  see  cause  to 
send  them  relief,  to  inlreat  their  honors 
seasiinably  to  draw  them  olF,  that  they  mii;lit 
not  be  11  prey  to  the  barbarous  eiiemv. 

'I'akiii;;  his  leave  of  lliose  poor  inhabitants, 
some  of  the  chief  men  there  waited  upon  him 
to  itlack  Point,  to  (^aptaiii  Scottawav's  iiar- 
risoii  ;  coming  till  re,  they  prevailed  with  the 
said  Captain  .*>eottawiiy  to  ijo  with  him  to 
Itoston,  wliicli  he  reaililv  complied  with, 
providid  the  said  Cliiirch  woiih!  put  another 
into  commanil  the  garrison;  which  beiii^ 
done,  and  taUiiiu  their  leave  one  of  another, 
tliev   set  out  and    travelled   tliroiiirh    all   the 


oil",  ntlierwiso  they  would  uertiiliily  he  de- 
stroyed, 'riieir  iinswer  was,  they  could  do 
nothiii!;  till  8ir  I'idmnnd  was  <;oiie.  Waiting 
iberi!  three  weeks  upon  i;reat  I'xpenses,  l.j 
concluded  to  draw  up  some  of  the  circnin- 
stances  of  Ciiseo,  iiinl  phiees  adjacent,  aiid 
to  leave  it  upon  tlie  ('oiincil  Hmird,  befori! 
the  Governor  and  Council;  jiaviii;;  pol  it 
done,  obtained  liberty  to  ^o  up  where  tliu 
(iovernor  nnd  Council  were  sitting,  lie  in- 
formed tlieir  hoiiiu's,  that  he  had  waited  till 
hiii  piiticiice  WHS  worn  out,  so  had  drawn  up 
the  mutter  to  leave  upon  the  ISoard  hcforu 
them,  wliicli  is  as  follows: 

To  the  honored  Governor  nnd  Council  of  the 
Massachustth. 

Genti.kmkn, 
Whereas,  by  virtue  of  yours,  with  Ply- 
inontli's  desires  and  commands,  I  went  east- 
ward ill  the  late  expedition  a<;aiiist  the  com- 
mon Indian  enemy,  wliere  Providence  so 
ordered  that  we  altiieked  their  jrreatest  body 
f  forces,  coiniii!;  tlieii  for  tlie  destruction 
of  Falinoutli,  which  we  know  marebed  of)', 
repulsed  with  cmisidernble  (Iaiiia4;e,  leiivini; 
the  ground,  and  never  since  seen  there,  or 
in  any  place  adjacent:  the  time  of  the  year 
beini;  then  too  latt?  to  prosecnle  any  fiirtbir 
desif;n,  nnd  other  accidents  fallin>;  conlraiy 
to  my  expectation,  impedinir  the  desired 
success.  Upon  my  llieii  removal  from  the 
province  of  Maine,  the  inhabitants  were  very 
solicitous  that  this  enemy  niiirht  he  further 
irosecnted ;  williiifi  to  veiitnre  their  lives 
and  fortunes  in  the  said  enterprise,  wherein 
they  miitlit  serve  (lod,  their  kin;:  and  coun- 
try, and  enjoy  quiet  and  peaceable  habita- 
tions; upon  which  I  promised  to  siunily  tlie 
same  to  yourselves,  ami  willin^r  to  venture 
that  little  which  Providence  hath  entrusted 
I7ie  with,  on  the  said  account.  The  season 
of  the  year  bein;;  such,  if  some  speedy  action 
he  not  performed  in  a'laekinn;  them,  they 
will  certainly  he  upon     s   in  our  out  low  iis. 


himself  to  ibe  utmost  to  fiillii  Ins  instruelioiis 
last  received  from  linstoii  ^jentlinien,  which 
cost  him  about  a  moiilli's  service  over  and 
above  what  he  had  pav  for  from  the  I'lymouth 
;;eiitleiiieii  :  and  in  bis  travel  homeward  sev- 
eral ^reiitli'men  waited  upon  the  said  Major 
Clinrcb,  who  was  olilii;ed  to  bear  their  ex- 
pellees. When  be  came  to  15ostoii  ^reiitle- 
iiieii,  he  iid'ormed  llieiii  of  the  miseries  those 
poor  people  wire  in  by  bavin:;-  their  |irovi- 
sioiis  taken  frnm  them  by  order  ol'tlie  Pre- 
sident— then  went  home;  stavial  not  loiii; 
there  before  be  relnnied  to  |{oslon,  w  here 
:  aplaiii  Si^oitaway  waited  for  his  comiiii;, 
that  be  niijlit  have  the  delerminatioii  of  the 
i;overnineiit  of  lio>iiin  lo  earrv  home  with 
him  ;  and  it  beiiin'  the  lime  of  llie  smallpox 
there,  and  .Alajnr  Chnreli  not  bavin;;  had  it, 
takiii;;  up  his  lodiiim;  near  the  <'oiirl-liouse, 
took  the  fust  opporiuiiiiv  to  inform  those 
!;eiitlemeii  of  the  Court  bis  business  ;  who 
said  they  were  very  busy  in  sendinu  home 
.•^ir  Kilmiiiid,  the  sliip  beinu  ready  to  sail. 
The  said  .Major  Church  still  waiting;  upon 
them,  nnd  at  every  opportunity  entreatiiiL' 
ibiKC  i;i'iitleineil  in  beliilfofthe  poor  people 
of  Caseo,  iiiforiniii;;  the  necessity  of  taking; 
care  of  llii'in,  eillnr  by  sendiil';:  llieni  relief 
earl\  in  the  spriii',',  or  suli'riii;;  them  to  draw 


coiinlry,  home  to  Hosioii;   haviiiu^  employed  i<ioil  knows  where,  and  the  inhabitants  tliere 

not  liein:;  able  to  defend  themselves,  without 
dmibt  many  souls  may  be  cut  idV,  iis  our 
last  year's  experience  wofully  hath  declared. 
The  iiibabitants  there  trust  to  your  protee- 
lioii,  liaviii;;  nndertaken  <;overnineiit  ami 
your  priqiriety ;  if  nothing;  be  performed  on 
the  said  account,  the  best  way  (under  cor- 
rection) is  to  demolish  the  ;;arrison,  and 
draw  olT  the  inliahitants,  that  they  may  not 
be  left  to  a  merciless  eiieniy  ;  and  thai  the 
arms  and  amninnilion  may  not  be  there  for 
the  fitrenslheniii;;  of  the  eneiiiy  ;  who  willi- 
oiit  doubt  have  need  enoui;li,  jiaviii;;  ex- 
hausted their  greatest  store  in  this  winter 
siasoii,  I  have  performed  my  promise  to 
them,  ami  acqiiittei!  myself  in  speeifvni;;  the 
same  to  yourselves :  not  that  I  desire  to  be 
ill  any  aelion,  iiltliou;;b  willing;  to  serve  my 
king  ami  eonntry,  nnd  may  pass  under  tin; 
censure  of  seandalons  longnes  in  the  last 
expedition,  w  liicli  I  hope  they  w  ill  aineiid  nil 
the  first  opportiinily  of  service.  I  leave  lo 
mature  consideration,  the  loss  of  trade  ami 
lisliei  ■  ;  the  war  hronght  lo  the  doors  ;  w  li.it 
a  triumph  it  will  he  to  the  enemy,  derision 
lo  iiiir  iiei^rhbors,  besides  dishonor  lo  (Joil 
and  onr  nation,  and  grounds  of  frowns  froiii 
our  prince,  the  frusiraiioii  .if  lho>e  wli'e 
eyes  are  U|iiin  you  for  lielji,  who  ini^ht  li.ivo. 


ctTtuiiily  111'  lit- 
is, tlicy  CDiikl  do 

IS  rr.)IIC.      Wllitillg 

1 
rent  expense.'-,   t.J 

lie  <il'  tiio  circmii- 

ces  iidjiiceiit.  iiiul 

i^il    Hoiiril,  heroro 

il ;    liiiviii;;  pol  it 

ijo  ii|i  wlieie   the 

re  silliiif:,  lie  iii- 

le  IiikI  \v:iiteil   till 

so  liiiil  (Ir.iwii  ii|i 

the   Itiiard  before 

vid  Council  offhe 
(Is. 

voiirs,  willi  Ply- 
tiiuls,  I  went  eiisl- 
1  ii<;Miiist  tlie  etiiii- 
re  I'loviileiiec!  so 
lieir  ^ienle>t  liody 
ir  the  dcslniclioii 
iiKiw  iniirelied  olV, 

d.inuii.'e,  Iciiviiic; 
licr  seen  there,  or 
e  time  of  ilie  yeiir 
isicnte  any  filltlier 
ta  fiiliiim  conlniry 
edinjr  llie  desired 
reinoviil  IVoin  llic. 
iidiitiiiits  were  very 
'  niiulit  he  i'lirliier 
.eiitiire  their  hves 
nlerprise,  wherein 
ir  itiii^  iinil  conn- 
peiiceahii^  hiihila- 
iiised  to  siu'iiily  the 
wilhiifr  lo  ven'.iire 
nee  hath  cnlrnsted 
oiint.  The  season 
some  spi'edy  aelicni 
ii''!\iiiijr  them,  Ihey 
<  in  our  oiil  towns, 
le  inhahitants  there 
themselves,  without 
he  iMit  off,  as  onr 
fully  hath  deelaied. 
1st  to  year  protee- 
I  jxoveninieiit  and 
i<;  he  perfiaiiied  on 
■St  way  (iiiichr  ecn- 
tlie  (.'arrisiin,  and 
,  that  they  may  not 
einy  ;  and  that  tin; 
iiv  not  hc^  there  for 
cneiny  ;  who  with- 
iioiiuh,  haviii!,'  ex- 
tore  in  this  winter 
led  my  promise  lo 
■If  ill  speiilynif;  the 
that  I  desire  to  ho 
iviHin;r  to  serve  my 
may  pass  under  the 
iMi<;nes  in  the  last 
they  w  ill  anieiul  on 
erviee.  I  leave  lo 
e  loss  of  trade  iind 
lo  the  doors  ;  wlnU 
llie  enemy,  derision 
s  dishonor  to  ti'oil 
inds  of  frowns  froiu 
ion  ,d'  those  wh'."e 
■l|i,  who  might  luiMO 


iiiilo  yon,  that  I  iniiilit  disclmr/ie  myself  in 
•ii\  triisl  from  yourselves,  and  promise  lo  the 
inhaliilaiits  of  llie  province,  hut  espeeially 
i\iv  iliity  lotiod,  her  majesty,  and  my  nation, 
liniviii^  for  your  honors'  prosti'^rity,  sidi- 
iiCfilie,  Your  servant, 

BKNJ.  CIIUKCir. 
.■1  true  copi/  given  in  at  JSosto'i,  this  Vit/i  of 
Vcbruary,  KW'J,  at  the  Council  Board. 
Attest.     T.  S. 

Major  Church  aaid,  moreover, 'Imt  in  tliiis 
Join<;  in;  had  complied  with  liis  Droniisu  to 
those  poor  people  of  Casco,  and  should  he 
quit  from  the  gnilt  of  their  hlood.  Tlie 
Covurnor  was  pleased  tn  thank  him  for  his 
care  and  |Miins  taken ;  then  takini;  his  leave 
of  them  went  home,  and  left  Captain  Scolla- 
way  in  a  very  sorrowful  condition,  who  nv 
lii  lied  home  some  lime  after  with  only  a 
copy  of  what  was  left  on  the  hoard  hy  the 
said  Clnireh.  Major  Chinch  not  lieariii<; 
any  thini;  (ill  May  followiii>;,  and  then  was 
inforimd,  that  those  poor  people  of  Casco 
were  cut  off  hy  the  barbarous  enemy  ;  and 
lliat  altlioii;;li  they  made  llieir  terms  -.villi 
Monsieur  Castcn,  who  was  commander  of 
those  enemies,  yet  he  suffered  those  merci- 
less s.ivaijes  to  massacre  and  destroy  the 
most  of  them.  To  conclude  this  first  e.vpe- 
Jilion  east ;  I  shall  just  ^ivu  you  a  hint  how 
^lajor  Church  was  treated,  although  he  was 
eonimaiider-in-eliief  of  all  the  forces  out  of 
riyiuoiitli  and  Itoston  governnient,  lifter  he 
eiiine  home,  for  I'lyinoiitli  fri.'iitleinen  paid 
liiiii  but  f>v>y-tw'o  pounds;  telling  him,  he 
niiist  go  to  Uostou  gentlemen  for  the  rest, 
who  were  his  employers  us  well  as*  they. 
U"  whom  he  never  had  one  penny  for  all 
travel  and  expenses  in  raising  volunteers, 
and  services  done  ;  except  forty  shillings  or 
thereabout,  fm'  going  from  Itoston  to  Rhode 
Island  on  their  business,  and  back  to  Itoston 
again  ;  also,  for  sending  a  man  to  Provi- 
dence for  4'aptaiii  lidiniinds,  who  raised  a 
company  in  tiiose  parts,  and  went  cast  with 
theiii. 


intended 

that    night  at   li''  (iraylionnd,    in 

and    that    in   tli.     moriiiiii;  w<mld 

I'ollard's  at  the  sou'h  end  of   Ilos- 


KIXG    IMlILir'S    WAR 

otiierw'ist:  applied    tlK'iiiselv(:<i  to  their  king. |\>'itli  a  message,  that  the  uovernor  and  ciniii- 
(lenllemen,  liiis  I  Ibonght  humbly  to  propose  led  wanted  to  have  some  discourse  with  him. 
■    '        ■'     '  '"  '     "J'lie  answer  relnnied  was,    dial  ln'    intend 

to  lodge 
Uoxbnry 
come   to 

Ion;  which  aeeordingly  In:  did.  Soon  af'.er 
he  eaiiH!  thither  received  a  letter  front  the 
honorable  Captain  .'^ewall,  to  i>'i)nesl  him  to 
the  council;  the  aiisurr  he  retiiriK-il  bv  the 
bearer  was,  that  he  llioii<;lit  lliire  W'ls  no 
need  of  his  lia/.ardini;  liiinself  so  niiieli  us  to 
conio  11  nd  speak  with  lliom  ;  not  that  lie  was 
nfriiid  of  his  lifi>,  hut  because  be  had  ro  laliiil 
to  he  concerned  ;  and  farther  by  reason  lliey 
would  not  hearkin  to  him  about  the  poor 
lieople  of  (^asco.  Itiit  immediately  came 
Mr.  iMa.vlield  to  liim,  savin/,  that  the  conn- 
eil  bid  him  tell  tli  said  (Jhnrcii,  that  if  he 
would  take  bis  horse  and  ride  along  the 
middle  of  the  street,  there  iiiighl  he  no  daii- 
irer,  they  were  then  silting  '.n  council  :  he 
bid  them  go  and  teil  his  mai.lers,  not  to 
trouble  thi^mselves,  «lietl  er  he  came  upon 
his  hi'ad  or  feet,  he  was  coaling:  however, 
t'linkiiiii  the  return  was  sometliing  rude, 
called  him  back  to  drink  a  glass  of  wine,  and 
then  he  woiil',1  go  with  hiir..  So  eoining  to 
the  coiineil,  they  were  very  tliankfiil  to  liini, 
anil  'old  him  ilia',  the  occasion  of  their  send- 
ing for  him  was,  that  lliere  was  a  captive 
come  ill  who  gave  them  an  account,  that  the 
iailians  wer.:  come  down,  anil  had  taken 
.lossession  of  ihe  stone  fort  at  Pejepsco;,  so 
that  they  wnnted  his  advice  and  t.'ioiights 
iihoiit  the  matter;  wlieihrr  lliey  would  tarry 
and  keep  in  the  fort  or  no';  and  wlietiier  it 
was  not  expedient  lo  send  -inne  I'oiees  to  do 
some  spoil  upon  them;  and  rnrlliir  le  know 
whether  he  could  no',  he  prevailed  with  lo 
raise  some  volunteers  and  no,  to  ilo  some 
spoil  upon  them  ?  lie  answered  them,  he 
was  unwilliiiLr  lo  be  coacerned  any  more;  it 
being  very  dirtieiilt  and  ehargealile  lo  raise 
volunteers,  as  be  foiiiul  by  experience  in  tlie 
last  expedition,  lint  lliev  using  iiiaav  arsjii- 
ineiits  prevailed  so  fir  w  itii  liiiii,  that  if  the 
government  of  I'lyiiKMith  saw  cause  to  send 
him,  be  ivoiild  ^ro,  lliinkiiig  the  expedilion 
would  he  short;  look  his  leave  of  llieiii  anil 
went  home.  .\iid  in  a  slnat  time  after,  there 
came  an  express  from  (loKrn.ir  I'.inkley,  to 
reipiest  Major  Chiireh  lo  come  to  Harnstable 
lo  bini — he  having  reeeivi  il  a  leltir  iVomlhe 
government  of  l!o>toii  lo  r.iise  some  forces 
to  go  east:  whirinpoii  the  said  INIiijor 
('liiireb  went  the  iiex;  {\:\y  to  Ihirnstable,  as 
ordered;  fnidiiit'  llie  uovirnor  and  some  of 
the  eonneil  of  war  there,  diseinirsed  him, 
eoneliiiliiig  that  he  slmnld  take  his  Indian 
soldiers,  and  two  l^'n^lisli  eaplaiiis,  with  w  hat 
volunteers  could  he  raised  ;  anil  that  one 
captain  slnndd  go  out  of  I'lvniontb  ami 
I  tar  II  slalile  eon  Illy,  and  llie  oilier  out  of  It  ris- 
lol  eonnty,  with  vvliat  forces  he  naild  raise, 
eonelildinu'  to  have  but  {\\v  olfieers,  lo  save 
charge.  The  said  Chinch  was  at  !;real 
charge  and  expense  in  raisiiii;  of  forces. 
(JoviTiior  lliiikley  promised  that  he  would 
lake  care  lo  provide  vessels  to  transport  the 
said  army  with  animiniilion  ami  provisions, 
by  the  time  pri'lived  hv  bim-elf,  for  the  no- 
vernnient  id"  l!o>lon  hul  ohliire,!  them>elves 
by  tliiir  lelier,  to  provide  any  llilnir  lliiit  was 
wanting;    so    at    the    time,    Majnr    Cliiireh 


703 


Tin;  sf:cond  expedition  E.tsr. 


In  the  year  1090,  was  the  expedition  lo 
Clanad.i,  and  Major  Walley  often  reipiested 
Major  ('liiircb,  that  if  he  would  not  i>o  him- 
self in  thai  expedition,  that  he  would  not 
hinder  others  :  he  aiiswereil  the  said  Walley, 
that  he  slionld  hinder  none  hill  his  old  sol- 
diers, that  used  to  I'll  along  with  him.  And 
the  said  Chnrcli  uoim;  down  to  (^harlestown, 
lo  lake  his  leave  of  some  of  his  relations 
and  friends,  who  were  u:oiiig  into  that  expe- 
dition, promised  his  wife  and  finiily  not  to 
go  into  Ihiston,  the  sinall-pox  being  very  rife 
tliere.  (nniiing  lo  Charleslown,  several  of 
his  friends  in  Itoston  came  over  lo  see  him  ; 
and  the  next  day  after  the  said  Church  came 
there.  Major  Wiilley  ciime  lo  him,  and  in- 
formed him,  iliat  the  governor  and  council 
wanted  to  speiik  with  liiiii :  he  answered 
him,  that  he  had  promised  his  wife  and 
family  not  to  ltii  into  Itoston  ;  saying,  if  they 
had  anv  business,  lliey  could  write  lo  him, 
.iiid  iliMl  he  would  send  them  liis  answer. 
Lion  al'ii  r  came  over  two   other  gentleinen 


inarclied  down  all  liis  sidiliers  out  of  Itri'-tol 
(laintv  to  I'lymonlli,  as  or.li  n  d  ;  ami  beng 
Come,  found  it  not  as  he  evpeeled,  lor  lliero 
Were  neilher  provi>ioiis,  animiiiiilion,  nor 
transports;  so  be  iiiiiiiedialely  si  iit  an  ex- 
press to  the  i;i  '. enior  w  liii  H  as  .11  liai  ii-lable, 
lo  give  ir>m  an  aeconiil  that  he  w  illi  llie  nii-n 
were  come  lo  I'lymonlli,  ami  foliiiil  nothing 
ready;  in  his  reliirn  to  the  said  Chnreli, 
gave  him  an  aceoiint  of  his  disappoint- 
ineMs ;  and  sent  .lohn  l.iiilirup  of  Itarnsia- 
blu  in  u  vessel  with  scme  ammunition  and 
prevision  on  hoard,  to  liim  at  I'lymonih  ; 
Ills.)  sent  him  word  that  lliire  wa«  more  on 
board  of  Saniiiel  .\ilin<;  of  Itai  n>lali|e,  who 
was  to  go  lor  a  transport,  and  that  he  IiIiiim  If 
would  he  at  Plyinonlh  iiexl  day;  bill  .'Jliiig 
never  cnme  near  him,  bin  went  to  liiihiii^s. 
gale,  at  Cape  Cod,  as  be  was  infoniiid 
The  governor  heing  come,  said  to  .Major 
Church  that  he  iinist  take  some  of  the  open 
sloops,  and  maUc  spar  deejts  to  them,  anil 
lay  platforms  for  the  soldier-'  lo  lie  iipini ; 
wliicli  delays  were  very  expc^n.-ive  lo  ihe  saiil 
(hiircli  ;  bis  soldiers  hi  iiii;  all  voliinleers, 
daily  ex|iecled  to  be  treated  by  him,  and  the 
Indians  always  he<>giii!r  for  iiionev  to  ^et 
drink  ;  but  be,  using  his  ntniosi  dili:.'eiii'e, 
made  what  dispatch  lie  could  to  he  gone, 
being  ready  lo  embark,  received  his  eonimis- 
sion  nnd  instriielions  from  (loveriior  llinli- 
ley,  which  are  as  follow iili,  >i/.. 

The  Council  III  \\<ir  iif  lluii  Hfojrslii s'  co- 
limti  nf  IS'iir-l'li/mniit/i,  in  yiw-Hnnliind: 
To  Miijiw  linijiimin  Church,  Cunimandii- 
in-Chiil\  J^'c. 

Wberer.s,  the  Keiiiielieel.  and  I'astw.ird 
tndians,  with  the  I'Veneli,  tliilr  einifi  diralei; 
have  openly  made  war  upon  iheir  majeslie;' 
siibjeets  of  the  proviiiies  of  .Maine,  .\ew 
llamp^hiie,  and  of  the  .Massaeliiiselis  eolo- 
iiy,  liaviiii;  eoinmitteil  manv  barbarous  mur- 
ders, spoil.<,  and  rapines  upon  t;:eir  perMOis 
and  estates:  and  w  larea-,  there  are  somo 
forces  of  soldiers,  I'liigll.-li  and  liiillaiis,  imw 
raised  and  detiiebed  oiil  of  the  several  legi 
ments  and  places  within  this  colony  of  .\ew- 
I'lymoutb,  lo  go  forlli  to  the  as^isIallce  of 
onr  neighbors  and  friends  of  the  aloresaiil 
provinces  and  colony  of  the  iMii>»aihiiMlls, 
snhjecls  of  one  nnd  the  same  crown:  anil 
whereas  yon,  Itenjamln  Clinnli,  are  ap- 
pointed mijor  and  comniander-iiieliief  of  all 
the  forces,  {''iigli-b  and  Indians,  ilelaehi  (I 
wiiliin  ibis  colony,  loj.'i  ther  willi  siieli  other 
of  their  majesties'  snhjeets  as  i  Isew  here  sh.ill 
enlist  tin  mselvcs,  t\y  shall  be  orili  riv  pat 
under  your  eommand  for  llie  service  of  their 
majesties,  as  aforesaid.  These  are  ill  their 
majesties'  name  to  aiitliorl/e  and  reipiire  Mni 
lo  take  into  your  care  iiinl  eoinhiei  all  lliii 
said  forces,  Knglish  and  liidian;>,  and  dili- 
gently to  iiitend  that  service,  hv  leadiiiL'  and 
exercising  yonr  inferior  ollieers  and  siddlirs, 
eommamling  tlieiii  lo  ohev  von  as  Hit  ii  ehli  f 
commaiKler :  and  to  pnrsne,  IimIiI,  lake,  kill 
or  deslroy  the  said  enemies,  llii  Ir  aiders  and 
abettors  hy  all  the  ways  and  means  yon  cm, 
as  you  shall  have  (  pportiiiiily,  and  lo  accept 
lo  mercy,  or  L'raii;  piarlirand  favor  to  sncli 
or  so  many  of  said  enemies  as  you  >liall  fiml 
needful  lor  promoting;  ibe  design  aloresaiil: 
anil  yon  are  to  observe  and  olii  v  all  sacU 
orders  and  inslrii' lion  .,  m,  iVoin  liiee  to  tiuH! 


roi 


KING    PHILIP'S    \VAR. 


von  sliiill  ri'ceive  from  the  cnriiniissioiieis  <>(" |to  disiiiiss  lliriii,  or  iiiiv  nm;   of  Ilium,  which 


the  colonics,  (-r  the 


CdllllCI 


1   of 


ciih>iiv  "f  NcM-l'lviiiDiilh,  or  from  the  thai  ll 


war  of  ihells  (hslred   lo  he.    (hiiic  llie   llr.-t  opfiorliinity 


rrvici.'  will  iiiliuit. 


t  on  iire  to  SIC 


govcniiir  aiiil  ciiiiiioil   of  the  iMassuchilsi  ttb>.!  that  viiiir  sohhcrii'  anus  he  alwiivs  fixe 


In   ti'sliiiionv   whireot'  is  allivcd   tin 


itllilii 


ll'  lliis  I 


Dated 


I' 


VIIKIIIIh,  llic 


second  day  ol  S'eiilcnnher,  Anno  Doiii 


iwm. 


Aniioi|nc  ic'jrni  Ileijis  et  Ueginic  Williehni  el 
AIaii:i>,  i&e.  Secniuhi. 

Tito.  IIINKLEY,  President. 


vy    pi 


idcd 


Willi    aniinnniluin,  and  oilier 


varies,  llial  llic 


to  r<'|Ml  or    attack    ihi:   tiirniy. 


he   aUvays  ready 


1  ou  are  to 
till 


take  special  car(^  to  avoid  dan<;er  in  tlie  pur- 
suit of  Iheeneiny  hy  ke('pini;out  scouts,  and 
a  forlorn,  to  prevent  llie  anihnshiiicnts  of  tliu 


for  Major   lien 


Chi, 


Iiislruelini 

CiiiainaiKlir-tn-llticf  nj  the  I'li/inuut/i 
fnrccs,  with  other  of  the  Massachusetts  put 
under  hh  cummaird. 

In  pursuance  of  the  commission  n;iveii  yon 
for  III -ir  M  ijislii's'  service,  in  llic  present  ex- 
pedition aL'ainsl  thi'  eoiiimon  enemy,  Indian 
an  I  French,  their  aiders  and  alienors,  on  the 
re(|iiest  of  our  hrilliren  ami  friends  of  the 
Rlassachnsells  colony,  siilijecis  of  one  and 
the  same  crown  of  lliiiilaiid  |  for  our  assis- 
tance of  iheni  tiiereiii :  repiisiiif;  confidence 
in  vcinr  wis  loin,  (niidence,  pr(mencss  and 
faithfulness  in  the  trust  under  (iod  commit- 
ted to  voii  for  the  honor  of  his  iiaiiie,  the 
interest  of  ('hrisi  in  these  chinches,  ami  the 
jjood  of  the  whole  people  ;  prayiiifr  and  ex- 
pectimf  that  in  your  defieudence  on  him,  you 
ni:iy  he  helped  and  assisted  with  all  ihal 
j.'race,  wisdom  and  coiira;;e  necessary  for  the 
cirrvin;;  <d'  voii  on  with  succi'ss  in  this  dilli- 
ciill  stTviee;  and  thoii^'h  much  is  anil  iniisl 
ll"  lel'i  to  voiir  diseretioii,  with  your  ci>  iiicil 
of  otIlL'ers,  as  I'rovidi'iice  and  opporlnnity 
iiiav  |)reseiit  IVom  time  to  lime  in  places  of 
action:  yel  the  followini;  instriielions  are 
commended  to  you  to  In.'  oliserved  ami  ni- 
tendcil  to  liv  ymi.so  far  ns  tlii>  stale  and  cir- 
cnnislaiie.es  of  that  atl'air  will  admit. 

"  Yon  are  with  all  possihle  speed  to  take 
care  that  the  Plyinonth  forces,  both  liiiulish 
aiiil  Indians,  ninlcr  your  command,  he  (ixed 
itiid  readv  on  ilu'  lirsl  opporliinily  of  wind 
and  we.illier.  Ill  j:o  ou  hoard  such  vessels,  ns 
lire  provided  to  transpml  you  lo  Piscalaipia  ; 
and  there  lo  take  under  yonr  care  and  com- 
inand  such  companies  of  thr  .Massaclinsilts 
cnloiiv,  as  shall  hv  lliein  he  ordi'i'ed  and  ad- 
ded to  vou  there,  or  elsewhere  from  lime  to 
time;  all  which  yiiii  are  lo  improve  in  sneli 
wav,  and  from  place  lo  place,  as  w  illi  the  ad- 
vice of  your  conned,  consislinir  of  the  coin- 
missioii  ollicers  of  the  .Massachnsetis  colony, 
mill  IMvmonth,  under  yonr  conduct,  shall 
snni  iiiret,  for  llie  findiii!:  out,  pnisninif, 
tukiiii;  or  deslroyiiiL'  of  said  common  enemy, 
iin  all  opporlniiilies,  aecordiiijr  to  conimis- 
xioii,  and  sill  ll  further  orders  and  instrnc- 
tioiis  as  vou  have  or  may  receive  from  the 
(iovernor  and  ("oiineil  of  the  .Massaelinsells, 
ill  ■  (Iinniiiissioiiirs  for  the  United  colonies, 
or  the  (iovernor  and  Conncil  of  i'lymonth  ; 
so  fir  as  vou  may  he  capahle,  inlendiiiL'  what 
von  can  the  preservin;r  of  the  ne:.r  towns  from 
the  ineiir>ions  and  destriictioio;  of  the  en- 
cniv  ;  hill  ehiilly  lo  inieiid  the  lindinu'  out, 
destrovint;  ihe  eneniv 


enemy  on  your  mam  hoilv  in  llieir  iiiarclies, 


till 


And  hy    al 


)f  1 1 


possihle  means  lo  surprise  some 


le   enemy,  that  so  you  may  gniu   Uetter 


iiitelli 

"  Yon  are  to  take  efl'eclnal  care  that  llie 
worship  of  (lod  he  kept  up  in  the  nriuy,  that 
luorninj;  and  evenini;  prayer  he  attended, 
and  the  holy  sahli  illi  duly  sanclified,  as  the 
enieri;eiicy  of  your  afl'airs  will  admit. 

"  Y'ou  are  to  take  strict  care  to  prevent  o, 
punish  drunkenness,  ciirsini;,  sweariii<r,  iiiid 
all  oilier  vices,  lest  the  an^er  of  God  be  lliero- 
hy  provokeil  to  fiijiit  ajrainst  you.  You  are, 
from  lime  to  lime  lo  f;ive  init  llijieiicc  and 
advice  to  lilt"  (iovernor  id'  the  iMassachiisetla, 
and  to  us,  of  ymir  proceediniis  and  occur- 
rences that  may  attend  you.  Ami  in  case  of 
a  failure  of  any  commission  officers,  you  are 
lo  appoint  others  in  iheir  slead.  And  when, 
with  the  advice  of  yonr  council  aforesaiii, 
you  shall  afler  some  trial,  see  yonr  service 
not  like  to  I.. I  ndvanta:;eoiis  to  ihe  accimi- 
plislimi'iit  of  the  puiilic  end  aforesaid;  that 
then  you  return  home  with  the  forces  ;  es- 
pecially if  yon  shall  receive  any  onlers  or 
directions  mi  to  do  fnnn  the  Massachiisetls,  or 
from  us.  (iiven  unoer  my  ha, id,  at  Ply- 
mouth, the  second  day  of  .Sepleinhcr,  Anno 
Dum.  :(i!)0. 

TllO.  IIIMvLKY,  (in.  &  President. 

Now  hayiiis:  a  fair  wind  Major  Church 
soon  licit  to  Piscalaoua,  who  was  to  apply 
himself  to  Major  I'llie,  a  worlhy  t'enlleman, 
who  said  lie  liad  advice  of  his  coiniii!;  from 
ISoston  ;.'eiilleniei'  ;  nisi?  he  had  received  di- 
rections that  what  men  Ihe  said  Church 
should  want  iiin-^t  he  rdsed  out  of  llaiiip- 
sliire,  out  of  the  several  towns  and  irarrisons  ; 
.Major  I'ike  asked  him  how  many  men  he 
should  want?  lie  said  enoiii;li  to  make  up 
his  forces  that  lie  lirou<;lit  with  him,  DUO  at 
least,  and  not  niore  than  '>\'t^^.  And  so  in 
aliiinl  nine  days'  lime  he  was  siipplieil  with 
two  compilliii'S  of  soldiers.  Ilr  havilli;  heeii 
■It  ahoni  twenty  sliilliiii;.-.  \\  day  idiarfje  in  ex- 
perisis  whilst  there.  .Now  lip  ri-ceived  Maiiir 
I'ike's  iii.-trnetions  ;  w  Inch  are  as  followetii : 

I'orstinnnlh,  \ew  llKiiiji^liire,  Sept.'.},  KiOO. 

To  Major  lirojaniiii  Chiirrh,  ('oiiimtiiiilcrin- 
Chiif  of  t/ii  ir  Mdjislii!,'  forces  now  de- 
.«/i,'"<'/  upon  Ihe  present  etpedition  east- 
word,  mid  now  resident  iit  t'ortsmonlh. 

The  (iovernor  and  Conneil  of  tlio  Rlas- 
sachnsetts  Colony  reposini;  a:reat  trust  and 
pnisuiii;:,  laliiai',  ami  ilestrovint;  ine  enemy  conliileiice  in  your  loyally  and  valor,  from 
ahroal,  and  if  possihle  to  attack  them  in  ■  e.vpeririiee  of  your  former  actions,  iind  of 
their  head  ipiailers  and  principal  rendezvous,  (iod's  presence  with  yon  in  the  same;  in 
if  v  on  are  III  a  ralioiial  capacity  of  so  doiii<j  ;  i  pnrsnanee  of  ail  order  received  fiiim  them, 
.anil  fi'r  the  lietiir  eiiahhier  vou  ihereunlo,  j  eommandini:  it :  these  are  in  their  niajislies' 
we  have  aiipoiiited  the  vessels  that  Iransporl  !  names  to  empower  nnd  reipiire  you,  as  coni- 
viiii,  and  the  priivi<ion<,  Ac.  to  alieml  yonr '  niaiiil"r-in-eliiil'.  to  take  into  yonr  care  and 
'million  and  order,  niilil  yon  ■-hall  sei' can-e  I  conilnet   lhe>e    forces  now    liero    present   al 


tlicir  rendezvous  nt  Portgniuiilli ;  nnd  they 
are  alike  required  In  obey  you  :  and  with 
them  to  sail  eastward  hy  the  lirsl  opportnnilv 
to  Ciiaco,  or  places  luljaeent,  thin  iniiv  he 
most  coiiiliiodious  for  landing;  wiin  salety 
and  secresy  ;  and  lo  visit  the  French  and  Iii 
diaiis  at  their  liead-(|uarlers  at  Aineras-coupii, 
Pejepscot,  or  any  other  place,  iiccordiiiii  iis 
you  iniiy  liavfi  hope  or  iiilidliiicnce  of  the 
residence  of  llie  enemy  ;  iisiiif;  always  your 
utmost  endeayour  ilir  tiie  |)reservalion  of 
your  own  men,  and  llie  killin<;,  deslroyinir, 
and  utterly  looting;  out  of  ihe  enemy,  w  liere- 
soever  they  may  he  fmiud  ;  iiinl  also  as  much 
as  may  possibly  he  done  for  the  redeeminifor 
recoveriiifj  of  our  caplives  in  any  |daces. 

You  hviui;  there  arrived,  and  underslnnd- 
iiiij  your  way,  to  take  your  journey  back 
airaiu  either  by  hind  or  water,  as  you  shall 
jiid{f<!  most  convenient  for  the  accomplish- 
in:;  of  the  end  intended  ;  nnd  lo  ^'ive  Intel 
liiience  iilwnys  of  yonr  motion  whe.isoevci 
you  can  with  safely  and  cimvenience. 

Lastly,  in  all  to  consult  yonr  council,  llie 
commanders  ur  commission  oflicers  of  yoiii 
sevtnid  companies,  when  it  may  be  obtained, 
the  greater  part  of  w  limii  lo  delerniine  :  and 
so  the  Lord  of  Hosts,  ihe  (Jod  of  armies,  jro 
aloiiir  with  you,  and  he  your  conduct,  (iiven 
under  my  hand  the  day  and  year  above- 
said.  Per   nOHEUt  PIKE. 

Heiiijr  ready,  they  look  the  first  o|>porl'.i- 
iiily,  and  made  the  best  of  their  way  to  Pe- 
jepscot fort,  where  they  found  nothiiia;. — 
From  thence  they  marched  to  Anieras-coj;eii, 
nnd  wlieii  they  came  near  the  fori.  Major 
Church  inadi;  a  hall,  orderinir  the  captains  to 
draw  out  of  their  several  companies  sixty 
of  their  ineaiiest  men,  to  he  a  i;iiard  lo  Ihc 
doctor  and  knapsacks,  beiiii;  not  a  mile  from 
said  fort;  and  then  inovini;  towards  the  fori, 
they  saw  youn^r  Honey  and  his  wife,  with 
two  Kniilisli  captives.  The  said  Diniey 
made  his  escape  lo  the  fort,  his  wife  was  shot 
down,  and  so  the  two  poor  captives  were  re- 
leased out  of  their  hondafie.  'I'lie  said  Major 
Church  and  Captain  ^Valloll  made  no  slop, 
inakiiifr  the  best  of  their  way  to  the  fori,  «  ith 
some  of  the  army,  in  hopes  of  irellinn  to  the 
fort  before  youii!»  Doney;  but  the  river, 
ihrontrli  w  hich  they  must  pass,  beiiii;  as  dei^p 
as  their  armpits;  however,  iMaj.  Church,  as 
soon  as  he  was  pot  over,  stripped  lo  his  shirt 
and  jacket,  leavinj;  his  hreeches  '"lond,  ran 
directly  lo  the  fort,  haviiii;  an  eye  lo  see  ii 
yontiir  Honey,  who  ran  on  the  other  side  o, 
the  river,  should  fret  there  before  liiiii.  The 
wind  now  blow  in;;  very  hard  in  their  faces  an 
ihey  ran,  was  some  lielpio  them  ;  forsev.'ial 
of  (Mir  men  (ired  fjiins,  which  lliey  in  the  furl 
dill  not  hear,  so  that  we  had  taken  all  in  the 
fort  had  it  not  been  for  yonn;;  Honey,  who 
irot  to  the  fort  just  before  we  did,  who  ran 
into  the  south  flMv,  and  out  of  the  iiorlh,  all 
of  ibe  men  follo\vin(r  him,  except  one,  who  al 
ran  directly  down  to  the  jirvM  river  and  f.illj. 
The  said  Church  and  his  forces,  beinj;  cimin 
pretty  near,  he  ordered  llie  said  Walton  lo  run 
direclly,  with  some  forces,  into  the  fort,  and 
himself,  with  the  rest,  ran  down  lo  the  rivet 
after  the  enemy,  who  ran  some  of  tlieiii  into 
the  river,  nnd  the  rest  under  the  firent  falls; 
those  who  ran  into  llie  river  were  killed  ;  for 
he  baw  hut  one   man  ^et  oyer,  and  he  only 


omil ;  nnd  ilit-y 

Mill  :    Mlul     WItll 

tiisl  (ippfjctiiiiily 
111,   tliin    I'liiy  111' 

in;;   witn   s:ilVty 

Flrlicll  iillll   III 
It  Aiiitrns-t'oiiiii, 
iicciiriliii^  11:1 
Uilli^i'iice  iif  llii: 
iiiig  nlwiivs   yciiif 

liresiTViilidii    of 

iii^,  (Icslroyiiiji:, 
le  iiiciiiy,  « lirii'- 
iiiiil  aliio  as  iniu'li 

tilt'  redcciiiiny  ur 
in  any  jilacLS. 

aiKJ  iiiul('i>tiiii(I- 
iir  jmiinry  back 
Hit,  as  ymi  ^llail 

llie  ac';oiii|ilis!i- 
mil  111  ^'ive   iiilcl 

Itillll     wllt'.iSIIUVCI 

nvi'iiiriicc. 

yiiiir   L'liiiiicil,  the 

III  (ifliiMTs  of  yciiii 

may  lie  olilaitii'd, 
(I  (li'lirminc  :  and 
liiid  nl°  arniit'S,  ^u 
ir  ciiiidiict.  (liven 

and  vciir  aliiive- 
lUatt  IMKIL 

llie  first  o|)|)oif.i- 
llieir  way  to  I'c- 
fmiiid  iM'tliiiiir. — 
I  to  Ameras-cojjL'ii, 
ar  llie  fcrt,  3laji)f 
iiiir  llie  caplaiiis  to 
coiii|iaiiies   sixly 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


705 


I 

lie  a  ^nard  to  llit 
iii^  not  a  mile  fioin 
li;  towards  llie  loll, 
:iiiil    liis    wife,  with 

Tlie  said  Doiiey 
t.  Ids  wife  was  shot 
ir  captives  were  re- 
re.  The  said  Major 
Itoli  maile  no  stop, 
vay  loilie  fori,  with 
lea  of  ^'elliiiy  lo  the 
■y;  hilt  the  rinr, 
pass,  heiliil  as  deep 
T,  iMaj.  ("hiiieli,  as 
stripped  to  his  shirt 
reeelies  '"loiid,  ran 
11^  an  eye  lo  see  il 
on  llii.'  oilier  side  oi 
e  liefoii'  liini.  'I'lio 
iird  in  their  faces  as 
1)  llieiii  ;  for  several 
liell  they  in  llie  fori 
lad  laUeii  all  in  llic 
■oiin;;  Doiiey,  wlin 
re  we  did,  who  ran 
lilt  of  the  norlli,  all 

except  one, w  ho  al 
ureal  river  and  falls;. 

forces,  lieiiifT  coiiln 
:;  said  >Valloii  to  run 
',  into  the  fori,  and 
11  down  to  the  rivei 

some  of  them  into 
tdiT  t'le  frreiil  falli^ ; 
ver  were  killed  ;  tor 
I  over,  and  liu  only 


crept  up  the  hank,  and  llicre  lay  in  open 
bi.'lil  ;  and  those  that  ran  under  the  fallit 
they  made  no  discovery  of,  nof.vithstaiidinjr 
several  of  his  men  went  ill  under  the  said 
falU,  and  were  itoiie  some  considerahle  time, 
could  not  Itiid  them  ;  so,  Icaviii;!;  a  watch 
tliore,  returned  up  to  the  fort,  where  he  found 
hut  one  man  taken,  and  several  women  and 
children,  itinon^  whom  was  Captain  llakins's 
wife  and  Worumhos's  wife,  llie  Siiclieni  of 
that  fort,  with  tlieir  children  ;  the  said  Iln- 
kins  was  Sachem  of  I'eniiiicook,  who  de- 
stroyed Alajor  Waldeii  and  his  family,  some 
time  before.  The  said  two  woiiien,  viz.  Hu- 
kiiis's  and  Worumhos's  wives,  requested  the 
said  Church  that  he  would  spare  them  and 
their  children's  lives,  proinisin<;,  upon  that 
coiidilion,  he  should  have  all  the  captives 
that  were  taken,  and  in  the  Indians'  hands. 
lie  asked  them  how  many.  They  said  alioiit 
fourscore  :  so  upon  that  condition,  lie  pro- 
mised tliem  their  lives.  And  in  the  said  fort 
then;  were  several  Eajrlisli  captives,  who 
weri^  ill  a  miserahle  cmioilion  ;  aiiiony;  them 
w  as  Captain  lliickiiigs's  wife,  of  Oyster-river. 
Major  ('liurcli  proceeded  to  examine  the  man 
taken,  who  ^ave  him  an  account  that  most 
of  llie  fijihtiiii;  men  were  gone  to  Winter- 
h  irhor,  to  provide  provisions  for  the  Bay  of 
I'liiidy  Indians,  who  were  to  come  and  join 
IV  illi  them  to  flight  the  English.  The  soldiers 
hriiiit  very  rude,  would  hardly  spare  the  In- 
dian's llie,  while  in  eifaminatioii,  intending 
when  helmdduiie  that  he  should  be  executed; 
hut  Captain  lluckin<;s's  wife,  and  another 
Woman  went  down  on  their  knees  and  begged 
for  him,  sayiii;;,  "  lie  had  been  u  means  to 
save  their  lives  and  a  great  many  more,  and 
liail  helped  several  to  opportt'iiities  to  run 
away  and  make  tlieireseape  ;  and  that  never, 
since  he  came  among  them,  had  fought 
aiiaiiisl  llie  l''.ii!<risli,  but  being  related  to  lia- 
kiiis's  wife,  kept  at  llie  fort  with  them,  lie 
liiuiin;  been  there  two  years  ;  but  his  living 
was  to  llie  wesiward  of  Boston."  So,  u|)on 
their  reqin^t,  his  life  was  spared.  Next  day 
the  said  ('liiireh  ordered  that  all  their  corn 
should  be  deslroyed,  being  ii  great  quantity. 
Bavin;;  a  little  fur  the  two  old  Squaws  which 
he  desi;;iii'd  lo  leave  at  the  fort,  to  give  an 
aeconiit  who  he  was,  and  from  whence  he 
came  ;  the  rest  being  knocked  on  the  head, 
except  the  aforementioned,  for  an  example, 
onlering  them  all  to  be  buried.  Having 
inquired  w  here  all  their  best  beaver  was,  they 
said  il  was  carried  away  to  make  a  present  to 
the  Hiiv  of  rundy  Indians,  who  were  com- 
ing lo  iheir  assistancr, 

j\ow  beimj:  ready  lo  draw  off  from  thence, 
lie  called  the  two  old  Squaws  to  him,  and 
gave  each  of  lliiiii  a  ki  llie  and  some  biscuits, 
biddiii:;  llieni  to  tell  the  Indians  when  they 
came  bonie.ihal  he  was  known  by  the  name 
of  Captain  ('hiireli,  and  lived  in  the  westerly 
part  of  riynioiilh  government;  and  that 
those  iiidi  ins  thai  eaiiie  with  him  w-re  for- 
merly Kin:;  I'hilip's n,  and  that   he  bad 

met  Willi  tlii'in  ill  I'hilip's  war,  and  drew 
llieni  oil'  from  him  to  fi^ht  for  the  Knglisli, 
auainst  the  saiil  I'hilip  and  his  associates, 
who  then  promised  hiii  I  tight  for  the  l'<n- 
ghsh  as  loll!;  as  they  bad  one  enemy  left  ; 
and  said  that  they  did  not  qiieslioii  hut  be- 
foK'  Indian  corn  was  ripe  lo  have  Philip's 
heuil,  iiotwillii<tanilin>(  lie  had  twice  as  iiiaiiv 
l<i 


men  as  were  in  their  country ;  and  that  they 
had  killed  nnd  taken  one  thousand  three 
hundred  and  odd  of  Philip's  men,  women 
nnd  children,  nnd  Philip  himself,  with  several 
other  Sachems,  and  that  they  should  tell 
ilakins  and  Worumbos,  that  if  they  had  a 
mind  to  see  their  wives  and  children  they 
should  come  to  Wells'  garrison,  nnd  that 
there  they  might  hear  of  them.  Major 
Church  having  done,  moved  with  all  his 
forces  down  to  Mequait,  where  the  transports 
were  (but  in  the  way  some  of  his  soldiers 
threatened  the  Indian  man  prisoner  very 
much,  so  that  in  a  thick  swamp  he  g.tve  them 
the  slip  nnd  got  away),  nnd  when  they  all  got 
on  hoard  the  transport,  the  wind  being  fair, 
made  the  best  of  tlieir  way  for  Winter-har- 
bor, and  the  next  morning  before  day,  nnd 
as  soon  ns  the  day  appeared,  they  discovered 
some  smoke  rising  towards  Skaman's  gar- 
rison. He  immeiiiately  sent  nwiiy  n  scout  ofl 
sixty  men,  nnd  followed  presently  with  the  I 
whole  body;  the  scout  coming  near  n  river 
discovered  the  enemy  lo  he  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river.  But  lliree  of  the  enemy  were 
come  over  the  river,  to  the  same  side  of  the 
river  which  the  scout  was  of;  ran  hastily 
down  to  their  cnnoe,  one  of  which  lay  at 
each  end  of  the  canoe,  nnd  the  third  stood 
up  to  puddle  over.  The  scout  fired  at  them, 
and  he  that  paddled  fell  down  upon  the 
canoe,  and  broke  it  to  pieces,  so  that  all 
three  perished.  The  firing  put  the  eiiemyi 
to  the  run  who  leA  their  canoes  nnd  pro-| 
visions  to  ours;  nnd  old  Uoiiey,  and  one, 
Thomas  Baker,  an  Englishman,  who  was  n 
prisoner  amongst  them,  were  up  nt  ihc  fulls, 
nnd  heard  the  guns  fire,  expected  iho  other 
Indians  were  come  to  their  assistance,  so 
cnine  down  the  river  in  n  canoe  ;  but  when 
they  perceived  that  there  were  English  as 
well  as  Indians,  old  Doney  run  the  canoe 
ashore,  and  ran  over  Baker's  head,  and  fol- 
lowed the  rest,  and  then  Baker  come  to  ours 
and  gave  an  account  of  the  beiiver  hid  nt 
Pejepscot  plain,  nnd  coming  to  the  place 
where  the  plunder  was,  the  major  sent  a 
scout  to  Pejepscot  fort,  to  see  if  they  could 
make  any  discovery  of  the  enemy's  tracks, 
or  could  discover  any  coming  up  the  river  ; 
who  returned  and  said  ihey  saw  nothing  but 
old  tracks  at  tiie  said  fort. 

Now  having  got  some  plunder,  one  of  the 
captains  said  it  was  lime  to  go  home,  and 
several  others  were  of  the  same  mind  ;  and 
the  major  being  much  disturbed  at  the  mo- 
tion of  theirs,  expecting  the  enemy  would 
come  in  n  very  short  time,  where  they  might 
have  a  great  advantage  of  tluui.  Notwilh- 
standiiig  all  he  could  say  or  do,  he  was 
obliged  to  call  a  council,  according  to  his  in- 
structions, wherein  he  was  out-voteil.  Tlie 
said  commander  seeing  he  was  put  by  of  his 
intentions,  proffered  if  sixty  men  would  stay 
with  him,  he  would  not  embark  as  yet ;  liut 
all  he  could  say  or  do  could  not  prevail  ; 
then  they  moved  to  the  vessels  andemharked, 
and  as  they  were  going  in  the  vessels,  on  the 
back  side  of  Rlayr-point,  they  discovered 
eight  or  nine  canoes,  who  turned  short  about 
and  went  up  the  river  ;  neiiig  tlie  same  In- 
dians that  the  major  expected,  and  wouhl 
have  waited  for  ;  and  the  aforesaid  caplain 
jiiring  niiiell  disliirbed  at  what  the  major  had 
Uaid  to  him,  drew  off  from  the   lleet,  and  in 


the  night  ran  aground.  In  ilie  moriiin(;An' 
tlioiiy  Bracket,  having  been  advised  and 
directed  by  the  Indian  ihal  had  made  his 
escape  from  our  forces,  came  down  near 
where  the  aforesaid  vessel  lay  naround,  and 
got  nhoiird,  who  has  proved  a  good  pilot  and 
captain  for  his  coiinlry.  The  next  day  be- 
ing very  calm  and  misty,  so  lliat  they  were 
nil  day  getting  down  from  Maqiiait  to  Per- 
podnck  ;  and  the  masters  of  the  vessels  think- 
ing it  not  safe  piiltin^  out  in  the  night,  so 
late  in  the  year,  aii.hoied  there  at  I'erpo- 
dack.  The  vessels  being  much  crowded, 
the  major  ordered  that  three  companies 
should  goon  shore,  and  no  more,  himself  with 
Captain  Converse  went  with  them  to  order 
tlieir  lodging,  and  finding  just  houses  con- 
venient fiir  them,  vi/..  two  barns  and  one 
house  ;  so  seeing  them  all  settled  nnd  their 
watches  out,  the  major  and  (^apiain  Converse 
returned  to  go  on  board,  and  coining  near 
where  the  boat  was  (it  was  pretty  dark)  they 
discovered  some  men,  hut  did  not  know 
what  or  who  they  were.  The  major  ordered 
those  that  were  with  him  nil  to  clap  down 
and  cock  their  guns,  and  he  calleil  out  and 
asked  them  who  they  were.  And  they  said, 
Indians.  He  asked  them  whose  men  they 
were?  They  said.  Captain  Soiitbworlb's. — 
He  asked  them  where  they  intended  to  lodge. 
They  said,  in  those  little  huts  that  the  enemy 
made  when  they  took  that  garrison.  The 
major  told  theiii  they  must  not  make  uny 
fires,  for  if  lliey  did,  the  enemy  would  be 
down  upon  them  before  day.  They  laughed, 
and  said,  our  major  is  afraid.  Having  giv- 
en them  their  dneetions,  he,  with  ('apt.  ('on- 
verse  went  on  board  the  Mary  sloop;  de- 
signing to  write  home,  and  send  away  in  the 
morning  the  two  sloops  which  had  the  siniiil 
pox  on  board.  But  before  day  our  Iiidiaiik 
began  to  make  fires,  and  to  sing  and  dance  ; 
so  the  major  called  to  Captain  Sonthworlh 
to  go  ashore  and  look  after  his  men,  for  the 
enemy  would  he  upon  them  by  and  by.  He 
ordered  the  boat  to  be  hauled  up  to  carry 
him  ashore,  and  called  Captain  Converse  to 
go  with  him,  and  just  as  the  day  began  to 
appear,  as  the  major  was  getting  into  the  boat 
to  go  ashore,  the  enemy  fired  upon  our  men  ; 
the  Indians,  iiotwithstandiiig  that  one  Philip, 
an  Indian  of  ours,  who  was  out  iijioii  iho 
watch,  heard  a  man  cough,  and  the  slieks 
crack;  who  gave  the  rest  an  aee<Miiif,  that 
be  saw  Inilians;  which  they  would  not  be- 
lieve, but  said  lo  him,  "  You  are  afraid." — 
His  answer  was,  that  liny  might  see  llieni 
conic  creeping.  They  laughed,  and  said, 
they  were  hogs.  "Aye,"  said  he,  "and 
they  will  bite  yon  by  and  by."  So  pri  seiiily 
lliey  did  fire  upon  our  men,  but  the  niorniii^' 
being  misty  their  guns  did  not  go  oil'  ipiicU, 
so  that  our  men  had  all  time  to  fall  down  be- 
fore their  guns  went  ofl",  and  saved  lln  iii- 
selves  from  that  volley,  except  one  man,  w  ho 
was  killed. 

This  sudden  firing  upon  our  Indian  sol- 
diers  surprised  them  so  that  tin  y  hl'i  llnir 
arms,  but  soon  recovered  iheiii  au:iiiii,  and 
got  down  the  bank  which  was  but  lo«-.  The 
major,  with  all  the  forces  on  board,  l.iiidi  d 
as  fast  as  ihey  could,  the  enemy  firiiii;  sniarl- 
ly  at  them  ;  liowever  all  got  safe  a>liori  . — 
'I'be  enemy  had  a  great  advantiige  of  oa-- 
forces,  who  were  between  (he   siiiiii.an:^  rani 


f  i 


706 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


!; 


Ihe  enemy,  so  that  if  ii  iiinii  put  up  liis  lieiid  or 
hand  they  couhl  see  it,  luid  wouhl  tire  lit  it. 
However  some,  with  the  iiiiijor,  irot  up  the 
blink  hehind  stiiiiipH  and  rocks,  to  hiive  the 
ndvantii^u  of  lirin;;  at  the  enemy  ;  bill  when 
the  sun  was  risen  the  major  shpped  (h)\vn  the 
bank  iiijain,  wliere  all  the  forces  wereorih'red 
to  observe  his  inoti  )n,  viz.  tiiat  he  wouUI  <i\ve 
three  shouts,  and  then  all  of  them  should 
run  with  him  up  the  bunk.  So,  when  he 
had  ^iven  the  third  shout,  ran  up  the  bank, 
and  Captain  Converse  with  him,  but  when  the 
said  Converse  perceived  that  the  forces  did 
not  follow  as  commanded,  called  to  the  ma- 
jor anil  told  him  the  forces  did  not  follow  ; 
who,  notwithstandin!;  the  enemy  fired  smartly 
at  him,  i;ot  safe  down  the  bank  aj^ain,  and 
rallyin<r  the  forces  up  the  bank,  soon  put  the 
enemy  to  (liitht,  and  followiii;;  so  close,  that 
they  took  thirteen  canoes,  and  one  Instyinan, 
who  had  .(oseph  Uanisdel's  scalp  by  his  side, 
wild  was  taken  by  two  uf  our  Indians,  anil 
having  his  deserts  was  himself  scalped. — 
'i'liis  bein:;  a  short  and  smart  fi:;lit,  some  of 
our  men  were  killed  and  several  woniided. 
Some  time  after  an  Englishman,  who  was 
pi-isoaer  ainoiii;st  them,  iiave  an  account  that 
(iiir  forces  had  killed  and  wounded  several  of 
Uie  enemy,  for  they  killed  several  prisoners 
according  Cc  custom. 

After  this  action  was  over,  our  forces  em- 
b  irlu'd  for  I'iscataqua,  and  the  innjnr  went 
to  Wells,  and  removed  the  captain  there, 
and  put  in  Captain  Andros,  who  had  been 
Willi  him  and  knew  the  discourse  left  with 
the  two  old  squaws  at  Ameras-cogen,  for 
llakins  and  Worumbos  to  come  there  in 
fourteen  days,  if  they  had  a  mind  to  bear  of 
llieir  wives  and  children.  Who  did  then,  or 
soon  after,  come  with  a  flag  of  truce  to  said 
W>  lls's  garrison,  and  had  leave  to  come  in, 
and  more  appearing  came  in,  to  the  num- 
ber of  eight,  without  any  terms,  beint; 
all  chief  sachems,  and  were  very  pleased 
to  hear  of  the  women  and  children,  viz.  Ha- 
kitis's  and  Wornmbos's  wives  and  children  ; 
who  all  said  three  severid  times  that  they 
would  never  fiiiht  against  the  Env'lish  any 
more,  for  the  French  made  fools  of  them. — 
Tney  saying  as  they  did,  the  said  Amlros  let 
th  !m  !io.  Major  Church  being  come  to  I'is- 
cataipia,  and  two  of  his  tranK|)orts  having 
the  small-pox  on  bor.nl,  and  several  of  the 
men  havinir  got  iireat  colds  by  their  liardscr- 
vii-e,  piiieiided  they  were  going  to  have  the 
siiiall-piix,  thinking  by  that  means  to  be  sent 
liMiiie  speedily.  The  major  being  willing  to 
trv  them,  went  to  the  gentlemen  there,  and 
ilcsind  lliein  to  provide  a  house,  for  some 
of  his  mi'ii  expected  they  should  have  the 
siinll'pox;  who  readily  did,  and  told  him 
ill. It  ihe  people  belonging  to  it  were  just  re- 
ciiviT.^d  of  the  small-pox,  and  had  bi'en  nil 
a;  ineetinst.  The  major,  returning  to  his  ofli- 
ivrs,  milered  them  to  draw  out  all  their  men 
lliMt  were  lining  to  have  the  small-pox,  for  he 
hid  provided  an  hospital  for  them.  So  they 
ilri'W  out  seventeen  men,  that  had,  as  they 
••liil,  all  the  symptoms  of  the  small-pox. — 
lie  ordered  them  all  to  follow  him,  and  cum- 
in;; to  the  house  he  asked  them  how  they 
iilii'd  it  I  They  said  very  well.  Then  he 
mid  them  that  the  people  in  the  said  house 
Jul  all  had  she  small-pox,  mid  were  reco- 
•■eriil  ;   and  that  if  they  went    in  they   iiinst 


not  come  out  till  they  all  had  it ;  whereupon 
they  all  presently  began  to  grow  better,  and 
to  make  exci'.si^s,  except  one  man  who  de- 
sired to  stay  out  till  night  before  he  went  in. 
The  major  u'"'ng  to  the  gentlemen  told  them, 
that  one  thing  more  would  work  a  pi.'rfect 
cure  upon  his  men,  which  was  to  let  them  go 
home  ;  which  diil  work  a  cure  upon  all,  ex- 
cept one,  and  he  had  not  the  small-pox.  80 
he  ordered  the  ]>lnnder  should  be  divided 
forthwith,  and  sent  away  all  the  Plyiiiouth 
forces.  Hilt  the  gentlemen  there  desired 
him  to  stay,  and  they  would  be  assisting  to 
him  in  raising  new  forces,  to  the  number  of 
what  was  sent  away  ;  and  that  they  would 
send  to  ISoston  for  provisions,  which  they 
did,  and  sent  Captain  Plaisted  to  the  Gover- 
nor and  Council  at  Boston.  And  in  the 
mean  time  the  major  with  those  gentlemen 
went  into  all  these  parts  and  raised  a  sufli- 
cient  number  of  men,  both  officers  nnd  sol- 
diers; who  all  met  at  the  bank  on  the  same 
day  that  Captain  Plaisted  ieturned  from  Bos- 
ton ;  whose  return  from  the  Boston  gentle- 
men was,  that  the  Canada  expedition  hail 
drained  them  so  that  they  could  do  no  more  : 
so  that  iMajor  Church,  notwitlistanding  he 
had  been  at  considerable  expenses  in  raising 
said  forces  to  serve  his  king  and  country, 
was  obliged  to  give  them  u  treat  und  dismiss 
them.  Taking  his  leave  of  them  caine  home 
to  Boston,  in  the  INIary,  sloop,  Mr.  Alden 
master,  and  Captain  Converse  with  him,  on 
a  Saturday  ;  nnd  waiting  upon  the  Gover- 
nor and  some  of  the  gentlemen  in  Boston, 
they  looked  very  strange  n])on  them,  which 
not  only  troubled  them,  but  put  them  in  some 
consternation  what  the  matter  should  be,  that 
after  so  much  toil  nnd  hard  service  could  not 
have  so  much  as  one  jileasant  word,  nor  any 
money  in  their  pockets  ;  for  Major  Church 
had  but  eight  pence  left,  nnd  Captain  Con- 
verse none,  as  he  said  afterwards.  Major 
Church  seeing  two  gentlemen  who  he  knew 
had  money,  asked  them  to  lend  him  forty 
shillings,  telling  them  his  necessity:  yet 
they  lefnsed.  So  being  bare  of  money  was 
obliged  to  lodge  at  Mr.  Alden's  three  nights, 
and  the  next  Tuesday  morning  Captain  Con- 
verse came  to  him,  not  knowiiiir  each  others 
(nrcnnistances  as  yet,  nnd  said  lie  would 
walk  with  him  out  of  town  ;  so  coming  near 
Pollard's  at  the  south  end,  they  had  some 
discourse  ;  that  it  was  very  hard  that  they 
should  part  with  dry  lips.  Major  Church 
told  Captain  Converse  that  he  had  hut  eight 
pence  left,  nnd  could  not  Ivirrow  any  money 
to  carry  him  home.  And  the  said  Converse 
said,  that  he  had  not  a  |)enny  left,  so  thry 
were  obliged  to  part  without  going  to  Pol- 
lard's. The  said  Captain  ('imverse  returned 
back  into  town,  and  the  said  Church  went 
over  to  Hoxburv  ;  and  at  the  tavern  he  met 
with  Stephen  Braton,  of  Bhode-Islaiid,  n 
drover  ;  who  was  glad  to  see  him,  the  said 
Church,  and  he  as  ijlad  to  see  his  neighbour  ; 
whereupon  Major  ('hiircli  called  for  an  eight- 
penny  tankard  of  drink,  and  let  the  said 
Braton  know  his  circumstances,  asked  him 
wheiher  he  would  lend  him  forty  shillings  ? 
fie  answered,  vcs,  forty  pounds,  if  he  want- 
ed it.  So  he  thanked  him,  and  said  lie  would 
have  but  forty  shilliiiiis,  whieh  he  freely  lent 
him.  And  prcsenlly  afler  Mr.  Chnreli  was 
told  that  iiis  'irnihir,  Caleb  Chircli,  of  \\i\- 


tertown  was  coining  with  n  spare  horse  for 
him,  having  lieard  the  night  before  that  hia 
brother  was  come  in  ;  by  which  means  the 
said  Major  Church  got  home.  And  for  all 
his  travel  and  expenses  in  raising  soldiers, 
and  service  done,  never  had  but  JCI4  of 
Plyinonth  gentlemen,  nnd  not  a  penny  of 
Boston,  notwithstanding  he  had  worn  out  all 
his  clothes,  nnd  run  himself  in  delit,  so  that 
he  was  obliged  to  sell  half  a  share  of  land 
iu  Tiverton,  for  about  £00,  which  is  now 
worth  £300  more  and  above  what  he  had. 

Having  not  been  at  home  long,  before  ho 
found  out  the  reason  why  Boston  gentlemen 
looked  sodisnfl'ected  on  him,  as  you  may  see 
by  the  sequel  of  two'  letters  Major  Church 
sent  to  the  gentlemen  in  the  eastward  parts  ; 
which  are  as  followeth  : — 

Bristol,  November  27,  1090. 
WonTiiY  Gentlemen: 

According  to  my  jiromise  when  with  you 
last,  I  waited  upon  the  (iovernor  at  Boston, 
upon  the  Saturday,  (Captain  Converse  being 
with  me.  The  (iovernor  informed  us  that 
the  Council  was  to  meet  on  the  Monday  fol- 
lowing in  the  aflernoon,  at  wliicli  time  we 
both  there  waited  upon  them,  and  gave  them 
nil  account  of  the  state  of  your  country,  nnd 
great  necessities.  They  informed  us,  that 
their  General  Court  was  to  convene  tlio 
Wednesday  following,  at  which  time  they 
would  debate  and  consider  of  the  matter ; 
myself  being  bound  home, Captain  Converse 
was  ordered  to  wait  upon  them,  nnd  bring 
you  their  resolves.  I  tlicn  took  notice  of  the 
Council  that  they  looked  upon  tne  with  an  ill 
aspect,  not  judging  rae  worthy  to  receive 
tliankb  for  the  service  I  had  done  in  your 
parts,  nor  as  much  as  asked  me  wlieihtr  I 
wanted  money  to  bear  my  expenses,  or  a 
horse  to  carry  me  home.  But  I  was  fnreed, 
for  want  of  money,  beinir  far  from  iVii'iids, 
to  go  to  Roxhnry  on  foot,  hut  niceliiiii  iIk  re 
with  a  Rhode  Island  gentleinan,  aeipiaiiilcil 
him  of  my  wants,  who  Inidend  me  ten 
pounds,  whereby  I  was  accnniniodaled  li,r 
my  journey  home.  And  being  come  liiuni', 
I  went  to  the  minister  of  our  town,  and  gjve 
him  an  account  of  the  transactions  of  the 
great  iiff'airs  I  had  beeti  employed  in,  ami  of 
the  great  favour  God  was  pleased  to  »how 
me,  and  my  company,  and  the  bein  lit  I 
hoped  would  accrue  to  yourselves,  and  de 
sired  him  to  return  public  thanks  ;  but  at  ilii> 
same  interim  of  time  n  paper  was  presenii  il 
unto  him  from  a  Court  of  I'lyinonih,  wliicli 
was  liolden  before  I  came  home,  10  eoiiimaiiil 
a  day  of  humiliation  through  the  \\  hole  ^>>^ 
vernment,  because  of  the  frown  of  Gud  upon 
those  forces  sent  under  my  coiiimaiid,  ami 
the  ill-success  we  had,  for  want  of  iiood  rnn- 
duct.  All  which  was  caused  by  those  (mNc 
reports  which  were  posted  home  by  those  ili- 
aff'ected  otiieers  that  were  under  my  em;- 
duet,  especially  one  which  yourselves  very 
well  Know,  who  had  the  advantage  of  briii." 
at  home  a  week  before  nie,  beins;  sick  of  ac 
tioii,  and  wanting  the  iidvnntaue  to  he  at  tin; 
bank,  which  he  every  day  was  mindful  of, 
more  than  figliling  the  eiiijiiiy  in  their  own 
I  country. 

I       After  I  came    home,  lieiiii:  iiil'urmed    of  i- 

General  Court  at   PIvinoiith,  and  net  fiirun 

I  ting  my  faithful  promise  to  yon,  and  the  dii.y 


KING    PIIILir'S    AVAR 


707 


a  spare  horse  for 
lit  hcTore  tliiit  his 
wliicli  nii'ans  tlio 
line.  Anil  for  all 
I  laisiiiu  soldiers, 
had    hut  £14   of 

I   iiiit    a   priiiiy  of 

had  worn  out  all 

If  in  (leht,  so  tlint 

f  a  share  of  land 

(iO,  which  is  now 

ve  what  he  had. 

no  lonji,  before  ho 
IJoston  {gentlemen 

in),  ns  you  may  see 
Ts  Major  Church 

he  eastward  parts  ; 


wmbcr  27,  1 090. 

se  when  with   you 

)vernor  at  Boston, 

in  Converse  heini; 

r  informed    ns  that 

in  the  iNlonday   fol- 

at    which  lime   we 

lem,  and  travc  tlieni 

f  your  country,  and 

'   informed  us,  that 

na  to   convene    the 

It  which  time  tiiey 

dcr  of  the   nmtter  ; 

e, Captain  Converse 

>n  them,  and  hring 

n  took  notice  of  the 

upon  me  with  an  ill 

worthy  to  receive 

I  had  doni^  in  your 

isked   me   wliiMliir  I 

my  expenses,  or  a 

.     15nt  I  was  loiecd, 

nir  far  from  iVicmls, 

)l,  hut  mceiiiiir  ilirrc 

ntlenian,  ae(|iiMint('il 

0  ti'nderi'd    me    leii 
nccoMinioclaleil    for 

il  heiiisr  come  homi', 
r  our  town,  and  i.Mve 
transactions  of  I  he 
employed  in,  and  of 
ras  ))leased  to  show 
,    and    the    hrnefit    I 

1  yourselves,  anil  de 
ic  ihaidis  ;  hut  al  tli6 
paper  was  [iresepilrd 
of  I'lymouih,  wliicli 
e  home,  to  eonim.iiid 
ronsih  the  whole  yi' 
e  frown  of  (iod  ii|iiiii 
r  mv  eommanil,  ninl 
or  want  of  uood  eon- 
lalised  hy  those  f;d<e 
ed  h(une  hy  those  dl- 
tore  under  my  coi:- 
hich  yourselves  very 
V  advanla;:e  of  heinji 
me,  iM'inj;  sick  of  nc 
rivnntaiie  to  he  at  the 
day  wa:<  mindful  of, 
enemy  in   their    own 

heiiiit  informed  of  p 
oiHJi,  and  net  foruri 
•  to  you,  and  llu-  dn.y 


I  lay  under,  I  went  thither,  where,  waiting; 
upon  them,  I  iirave  them  an  account  of  my 
eastward  transactions,  and  made  them  sen- 
sihle  of  the  falseness  of  those  reports  that 
were  posted  to  them  hy  ill  hands,  anil  found 
siiine  small  favorahle  acceplance  with  ihem, 
so  far  tliat  1  was  credited.  I  presented  your 
thanks  to  them  for  their  aeasonahly  sending 
those  forces  to  relieve  you,  with  that  expense 
and  charge  they  had  been  at;  which  thanks 
they  irratefully  received,  and  said  a  faw  lines 
from  yourself  would  have  been  well  accept- 
ed. I  then  gave  them  an  account  of  your 
);reat  necb~-,ities,  by  bein^  imprisoned  in 
yinir  garrisons,  and  the  great  mischief  that 
would  attend  the  public  concerng  of  this 
country  hy  the  loss  of  their  Majesties*  inte- 
rest, and  so  much  good  estate  of  yours  and 
your  iieighhours,  ns  doubtless  would  be  on 
the  deserting  of  your  town.  I  then  moyed 
fur  a  free  contribution  for  your  relief,  which 
they  with  tireat  forwardness  promoted,  and 
then  ordered  a  day  of  thaidisgiving  through 
the  government,  upon  the  Stith  day  of  this 
instant — upon  which  day  a  collection  was 
ordered  for  your  relief  (and  the  places  near 
adjacent)  in  every  respective  town  in  this 
govermneat ;  and  for  the  good  management 
of  it,  that  it  might  be  safely  conveyed  unto 
your  hands,  they  appointed  a  man  in  each 
county  for  the  receipt  and  conveyance  there- 
of The  persons  nouiinated  and  accepted 
thereof,  are  :  for  the  county  of  I'lymouih, 
Captain  .\utlianiel  Thomas  of  Marshlield  ; 
for  the  county  of  ISariistahle,  Captain  Joseph 
Lathrop  of  liarnstahle  ;  and  for  the  county 
of  Bristol,  myself.  Which,  when  gathered 
you  will  have  a  particular  account  frmn  each 
person,  with  orders  of  advice  how  it  may  he 
disposed  of  for  your  best  advantage,  with  a 
co;;y  of  the  Court's  order.  The  gentlemen 
(he  elfecls  are  to  he  sent  to,  are  yourselves 
that  I  now  write  to,  viz.  .lohii  Wheelwright, 
Ksi|.,  Captain  John  Littlefield, and  Lieutenant 
Joseph  Story.  1  deferred  wrilinf^,  expecting 
every  day  to  hear  from  you  concerning  the 
Indians  comiii!;  to  treat  about  their  prison- 
ers that  we  had  taken.  The  discourse  I  made 
with  lliem  at  Aineras-cogen,  I  knew  would 
have  that  effect  as  to  bring  them  to  a  treaty, 
which  I  would  have  thought  myself  happy 
to  have  been  improved  in,  knowing  that  it 
would  have  made  much  for  your  good,  Uut 
no  intelligence  coming  to  me  fnnii  any  gen- 
th'iniMi  in  your  parts,  and  hearing  nothing 
but  by  accident,  and  that  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  wi'i.'k,  hy  some  of  ours  coming  from  I!os- 
ton,  iiifiirmedme  that  the  Indians  were  come 
into  your  town  to  seek  for  piNice,  and  that 
there  was  to  he  a  treaty  speedily,  hut  the  time 
they  knew  not.  I  took  my  horse,  and  upon 
the  Aloiiday  set  out  for  ISoston,  expecting  the 
treaty  had  been  at  your  town,  as  rationally  it 
should  ;  hut  on  'I'ucsd.iy  night  coming  to 
Hostoii,  there  met  with  Captain  Elislm  An- 
dros,  who  informed  me  that  the  place  of 
treaty  was  Sacaty-hi>ck,and  that('aptain  .VI- 
den  was  gone  from  Hoston  four  days  before  I 
canic  ihire,  and  had  carried  all  tlii!  Imlian 
prisoners  with  hiiii,  and  that  all  the  forces 
were  drawn  out  of  your  parts,  exce|)t  twelve 
men  in  your  town,  and  twelve  in  I'iscataqmi, 
which  news  did  so  amuse  me,  to  see  that 
wisdom  I'.as  taken  from  the  wise,  and  such 
ioi|)i  u<iu.*iue  iu  their  aciioiiij  as  to  be  deluded 


by  Indians,  and  to  have  a  treaty  so  far  from 
any  English  town,  and  to  draw  off  the 
forces  upon  what  pretence  soever,  to  me  looks 
very  ill.  My  fear  is  that  they  will  deliver 
those  that  we  have  taken,  which,  if  kept, 
would  have  been  greatly  for  your  security, 
in  keeping  them  in  awe,  and  preventing  them 
from  doing  any  hostile  action  or  mischief,  I 
knowing  that  the  English  being  abroad  are 
very  earnest  to  go  home,  and  the  Indians  arc 
very  tsdious  in  their  discourses,  and  by  that 
means  will  have  an  advantage  to  have  their 
captives  at  very  low  rates,  to  your  great 
damage.  Gentlemen,  as  to  Rhode  Island,  I 
have  not  concerned  myself  as  to  any  relief 
for  you,  having  nothing  in  writing  to  show 
to  tliem  ;  yet  upon  discourse  with  some  gen- 
tlemen there,  they  have  signified  a  great  for- 
wardness to  promote  such  a  thing.  I  lying 
under  great  reflections  from  some  of  yours 
in  the  eastward  parts,  that  I  was  a  very 
covetous  person  and  came  there  to  enrich 
myself,  and  that  I  killed  their  cattle  and  bar- 
relled them  up  and  sent  them  to  Boston,  and 
sold  them  for  plunder,  and  made  money  to 
put  into  my  own  pocket ;  and  the  owners  of 
them,  being  poor  people,  begged  for  the  hides 
and  tallow  with  tears  in  their  eyes,  and  that 
I  was  so  cruel  as  to  deny  them,  which  makes 
me  judge  myself  incapable  to  serve  you  in 
that  matter.  Yet  I  do  assure  you,  that  the 
people  are  very  charitable  at  the  island,  and 
forward  in  such  good  actions,  and  therefore 
advise  you  to  desire  some  good  substantial 
person  to  take  the  management  of  it,  and 
write  to  the  government  there,  which  I  know 
will  not  be  labor  lost.  As  for  what  I  am  ac- 
cused of,  you  all  can  witness  to  the  contrary, 
ami  I  should  take  it  very  kindly  from  you  to 
do  mo  that  just  right,  as  to  vindicate  my 
reputation  ;  for  the  wise  man  says,  "A  good 
name  is  as  precious  ointment."  ^^  heii  I 
hear  of  the  eflects  of  the  treaty,  and  have  an 
account  of  this  contribution,  1  Intend  ngnin 
to  write  to  you,  being  very  desirous,  and 
should  think  myself  very  happy  to  be  fa- 
vored wiih  a  few  lines  from  yourselves,  or 
any  gentlemen  in  the  eastward  parts.  Thus, 
leaving  you  to  the  protection  and  guidance 
of  the  great  God  of  heaven  and  earth,  who 
is  able  to  protect  and  supply  you  in  your 
greai  difficulties,  and  to  give  you  deliverance 
in  his  own  due  time. 
I  remain,  gentlemen. 

Your  most  ossured  friend, 

To  serve  you  to  my  utmost  power, 

BENJAMIN  CHURCH. 

Pojtscript.  Esquire  Wheelwright,  Sir,  I 
entr'iat  you,  after  the  perusal  of  these  lines, 
to  communicate  the  same  to  Captain  John 
Littlefield,  liieutenant  Joseph  Story,  and  to 
any  other  gentleman  as  in  your  judgment 
you  see  fit, — with  the  tenders  of  my  respects 
to  you,  and  to  Major  Vauglian,  and  his  good 
lady  and  family.  To  Captain  Fryer  and 
good  Mrs.  Fryer,  with  hearty  thanks  for  their 
kindixcss  whilst  iu  those  parts,  and  good  en- 
tertainment from  them.  My  kind  respects 
to  Major  Frost,  Captain  Walton,  Lieutenant 
Honeywell,  and  my  very  good  friend,  little 
liieutenant  I'laisted.  With  due  respects  to 
all  gentleineii  my  friends  iu  the  eastward 
parts,  as  if  particularly  imniod.   Farewell. 

Ik  C. 


ToMaJnrPikc. 

JJnstol,  Nov.  27.  ICOO. 
Honored  Sia  : 

These  come  to  wait  upon  you,  to  briny 
you  the  tenders  of  my  hearty  service  toymir- 
self  and  lady,  with  due  acknowledgeiiieiit  oi 
thankfulness  for  idl  the  kindness  and  I'lvor  1 
received  from  you  in  the  eastward  parts, 
when  with  you.  Since  I  came  from  those 
parts,  I  nm  informed  by  Captain  Andros, 
that  yourself  ond  all  the  forces,  are  drawn 
off  from  the  eastward  parts.  I  ailmire  at  il, 
considering  that  they  had  so  low  esteem  of 
what  was  done,  that  they  can  apprehend  the 
eastward  parts  so  safe  before  the  enemy  were 
brought  into  subjection,  I  was  iu  hopes, 
when  I  came  from  iheiice,  that  those  who 
were  so  desirous  to  have  my  room,  would 
have  been  very  brisk  in  my  absence,  to  have 
got  thrmseJvcs  some  honor,  which  they  very 
much  gaped  after,  or  else  they  would  not 
have  spread  so  many  false  reports  to  defame 
me — which  had  I  known  before  I  left  ihe 
bank,  I  would  have  had  satisfaction  of  them. 
Your  honor  was  pleased  to  give  me  some 
small  account,  before  I  left  the  hank,  of  some 
tilings  that  were  ill  represented  to  yon,  con- 
cerning the  eastward  cxpedili.in,  which  being 
rolled  home  like  a  snow-ball  through  botii 
colonies,  was  got  to  such  a  bigness  that  it 
overshadowed  me  from  the  influence  of  all 
comfort,  or  good  acceptance  among  my 
friends  iu  my  journey  homeward.  But  through 
God's  goodness  am  come  home,  finding  all 
well,  and  myself  in  good  health,  hoping  that 
these  reports  will  do  me  the  favor  to  quit  mo 
from  all  other  public  actions,  that  so  I  may 
the  more  peaceably  and  quietly  wait  upon 
God,  and  be  a  comfort  to  my  own  family,  in 
this  dark  time  of  trouble  ;  being  as  one  hid, 
till  his  indignation  is  overpast.  I  shall  take 
it  as  u  great  favor  to  hear  of  your  welfare. 

Subscribing  myself,  as  I  am,  sir, 

Your  most  assured  friend  and  servant, 
BENJAMIN  CilUUCII 

Major  Church  did  receive,  after  this,  an 
swers  to  his  letters,  but  has  lost  them,  ix 
cept  it  be  a  letter  from  several  of  the  geiille 
men  in  those  parts,  in  June  following,  Hliiel. 
is  as  follows : 

Portsmouth,  June  29,  1G91. 
Major  Benjamin  Church, 
Sir:— 
Your  former  readiness  to  expose  yourself 
in  the  service  of  the  country,  against  the 
common  enemy,  and  particularly  the  late 
obligations  you  have  laid  upon  us,  in  these 
eastern  parts,  leaves  us  under  a  deep  and 
grateful  sense  of  your  favor  therein  ;  nml, 
forasmuch,  as  you  was  pleased,  when  last 
here,  to  signify  your  ready  inclination  to  fur- 
ther service  of  this  kind,  if  occasion  should 
call  for  it,  we  therefore  presume  confiilenlly 
to  promise  ourselves  compliance  accordingly, 
and  have  sent  this  mcssengf-r  on  purpose  to 
you,  to  let  you  know  that,  notwithstanding 
the  late  overture  of  peace,  the  cHemy  have 
proved  themselves  as  perndions  as  ever,  and 
are  almost  daily  killiiiir  and  destroying  upon 
all  our  frontiers.  The  governor  and  coun- 
cil of  the  Massaehuselts  have  been  pleased 
to  order  the  raising  of  one  hiim'.red  .ind  fifty 
men,  to  be  fortlnviih  dispatched  into  ihoso 


709 


KINO    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


parts;  niul,  ns  wu  uiitlcrstand,  liiivu  written 
to  your  <;ov(  rin>r  niiil  cipiiiiril  of  i'lymoiilli 
for  fiirllicr  iissisitmici',  \vliii:li  «c  piMv  voii  to 
|iri)iiioti',  li(>{iiiii:  it'  voii  imii  ohciln  iiboiit  two 
liiiiuli'i'il  iiii'ii,  l^iL'llsli  iiiul  liidiaiiM,  to  vMt 
t!i<'iii  lit  soiiK!  o('  tlii'ii'  licMcl  qiiarlt'rs  up 
Ivriiiii'l)cck  livir,  or  tlscivlicrt',  wliicli,  lor 
want  of  iii'crsHiU'ic's,  wiis  omitted  lust  jcur,  it 
iiiiiy  l»e  of  •;r«'iit  ailvaiitiigu  to  us.  We  oft'er 
iiotliiiii;  of  ailvioe  as  to  what  uictliods  are 
most  proper  to  lie  takeu  in  this  alVair,  your 
acquaintance  will)  our  eircumstanees  as  well 
IIS  the  enemies',  will  direct  you  therein.  We 
leave  the  conduct  thereof  to  your  own  ilis- 
cretion,  hut  that  the  want  of  provision,  i&'C. 
may  he  noreinora  to  your  motion,  you  may 
please  to  know  Mr.  (Jeaft'onl,  one  of  our 
]irincipal  inhahilanls,  luiw  residin<;  in  ISos- 
ton,  both  promised  to  take  care  to  supply  to 
liiu  value  of  two  or  three  hundred  pounds,  if  receive 
occasinn  require.  We  (iray  a  few  lines  liy 
the  bearer  to  ifive  us  a  prospect  of  what  we 
may  expect  for  oar  further  eacouragemeut, 
and  remain,  sir. 

Your  obliged  friends  and  servants, 
William  Vaiig/iaii,       Richard  ^Ir.rtyv, 
Nalhanicl  I''ri/cr,         Vi'iiham  Fernald, 
Francis  Ilookc,  Charles  Frost, 

John  Wincol,  Robert  FAliott. 

A  true  copy  of  the  oriiiiual  letter — which 
letter  was  presented  to  mu  by  Captain  Hutch, 
who  came  express. 


Major  Church  scut  them  his  answer,  the 
contents  whereof  was,  that  he  had  <;one  often 
enough  for  notliiu!;,  and  especially  to  be  ill- 
treated  with  scandals  and  false  reports,  when 
Inst  out,  whicli  he  could  not  forget;  and  sig- 
nitied  to  liiem,  that  doubtless  some  amont; 
them  thoU!;ht  they  could  do  without  him. — 
And  to  make  sliort  of  it,  they  did  go  nut,  and 
meeting  with  tin:  enemy  at  Maquait,  were 
most  shamefully  beaten,  as  I  have  been  ia- 
furmed. 


To  Jtcnjamin  Church,  (Jcnt,  lireetiiif^. 

lieposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in 
your  l<iyaliy,  courage,  and  good  conduct,  I 
tio  by  lh(si'  presents  eonstilnte  and  appoint 
you  to  be  iMajor  of  the  sc'veral  companies  of 
militia,  detached  for  their  iMajesties'  service 
against  their  French  and  Indian  enemies. — 
You  are  therefore  authorized  and  required  iii 
their  Majesties'  names,  to  discharge  the  duty 
of  a  major,  by  leading,  ordering,  and  exer- 
cising the  said  several  companies  in  iiriiis, 
both  inferior  officers  and  soldiers,  keeping 
them  in  good  order  and  discipline,  eoin- 
inandiitg  them  to  obey  you  as  their  major; 
and  diligently  to  intend  the  said  service,  for 
the  prosecr.ting,  pursuing,  killing,  and  de- 
stroying of  the  said  common  enemy  ;  and 
yourself  to  observe  and  follow  such  orders 
and  directions  as  you  shall  from  time  to  time 
from  myself,  according  to  the  rules 
and  discipline  of  war,  pursuant  to  the  trust 
reposed  in  you  for  their  Maje.«tie8'  service. — 
(liven  under  my  hand  and  seal  nt  Itoston, 
the  25tli  day  of  July,  l&M,  in  the  fourth  year 
of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  and  lady 
William  and  Mary,  by  the  grace  of  (Jod, 
King  and  Queen  of  England,  Scotland, 
France  and  Ireland,  defenders  of  the  faith. 
WILLIAM  PHIPS. 

Hy  !iis  Excellency's  coininand, 

Isaac  Addinutun,  Secretary. 


niB  Tiinin    EXPEmTioN  east. 

This  was  in  the  year  1()9'2.  In  the  time  of 
Sir  William  Phips's  government,  Major  Wal- 
ley  being  at  IJostoii,  was  nquested  iiy  his 
fxcelleney  to  treat  with  .Major  Church  ab<iiit 
going  east  with  liiin.  .Major  Walley  coming 
lionie,  did  as  ilesiri  J  ;  and  to  encourage  the 
said  .Major  Cnurcli,  told  him  that  now  was 
the  time  to  have  recompense  for  his  former 
great  expenses,  saying  also,  that  the  country 
could  not  give  him  less  than  two  or  three 
hundred  pnuiids.  So  upon  his  excellency's 
request  Major  Church  went  down  to  Hoston, 
and  waited  upon  him,  who  said  he  was  glad 
to  see  him,  and  alter  some  discourse  told  the 
said  Church  that  he  was  going  cast  himself, 
Hiid  that  he  should  be  his  second,  and  in  his 
absence  command  all  the  forces.  .And  being 
requested  by  his  excellency  to  raise  what 
volunteers  h*^  eoiild  of  his  old  soldiers  in  the 
county  of  Kristol,  both  English  and  Indians, 
received  his  commission,  whicii  is  ns  fol- 
lows : 

Sir  William  I'hips,  Knight,  Captain  Gen- 
eral and  Govcrnor-in-Chief  in  and  over 
hit  Majrsti/'s  province,  of  the  Massachu 
Htl's  Day  in  New  England, 


Reltirning  home  to  the  county  nforesnid, 
he  soon  raised  a  sufficient  number  of  volun- 
teers, both  English  and  Indians,  and  officers 
suitable  to  command  them,  marched  them 
down  to  liostoii.  IJut  there  was  one  thing  I 
would  just  mention,  which  was,  that  Major 
Church,  being  short  of  money,  was  forced  to 
borrow  six  pounds  in  money  of  Lieutenant 
Woodman,  in  Litllc-Conipton,  to  distribute 
by  a  shilling  and  a  hit  at  a  time  to  tlic  In- 
dian soldiers,  who,  without  such  nlluremeiits, 
would  not  have  marched  to  I'oston.  This 
money  Major  Church  put  into  the  hands  of 
Mr.  William  Fobes,  who  was  going  out  their 
commissary  in  that  service,  who  was  ordered 
to  keep  a  just  account  of  what  each  Indian 
had,  so  that  it  might  be  deducted  out  of  their 
wages  at  their  return  home.  Coming  to 
IJoston,  his  excellency  having  got  things  in 
a  readiness,  they  embarked  on  board  their 
transports,  his  excellency  going  in  person 
with  them,  being  bound  to  IVmequid,  hut  in 
their  way  stopped   at  Casco,  and  buried  the 


excellency  di<l,  and  gave  Major  Church  his 
orders,  wiiicli  lU'e  as  followi  lb  : 

liyhiseieelLncySir  William  I'hips,  Knight, 
Captain  General  and  Govcrnor-in-Chiif, 
in  and  over  their  Majesties''  province  of  the 
Massachusetts  Hay,  in  New  England. 

Instructions  for   Major  lienjamin    Church. 

Wherens  you  are  IMajor,  and  so  chief  offi- 
cer of  n  body  of  men  detached  (Uit  of  the 
militia  appointed  for  an  expedition  against 
the  Frencli  and  Indian  enemy,  yon  are  duly 
to  observe  the  following  instructions  : 

Imprimis.  You  are  to  take  care  that  the 
worship  of  God  he  duly  anilei/ristaiilly  main- 
tained and  kept  up  among  you,  aiitl  to  suffer 
no  swearing,  cursing,  or  other  prolanalion  ol 
the  holy  name  of  (iod  ;  and  as  iiiiich  as  in 
you  lies,  to  deter  and  hinder  all  other  vices 
amongst  your  s(ddiers. 

2dly.  Yon  arc  to  proceed  with  the  sol- 
diers under  your  cominaiid,  to  Penobscot, 
and  with  what  privacy  and  nndiseoverable 
methods  you  can,  there  to  huid  your  men, 
and  take  the  best  measures  to  surprise  the 
enemy. 

3dly.  You  are,  by  killing,  destroying,  and 
all  other  means  p'issible,  to  endeavor  the 
destruction  of  the  ei.cmy  ;  ::■  pursuance 
whereof,  being  satisfied  of  your  coiiraiie 
and  conduct,  I  leave  the  same  to  your  dis- 
cretion. 

4thly.  You  nre  to  endeavor  the  taking 
what  captives  you  cr  ,  either  men,  women, 
or  children,  and  ihe  ame  safely  to  keep  and 
convey  them  unto  me. 

othly.  Since  it  is  not  possible  to  jiidire 
how  iiffairs  may  be  circumstanced  with  y.m 
there,  I  shall  therefore  not  limit  your  return, 
but  leave  it  to  your  prudence,  only  that  you 
make  no  longer  stay  than  yon  can  improve 
for  advantage  against  the  enemy,  or  may 
reasoinibly  hope  for  the  same. 

Cthly.  You  are  also  to  take  care  ami  bu 
very  induslrions  by  all  possibli;  means  to  find 
out  and  destroy  all  the  enemies'  corn,  iiiid 
other  provisions  in  idl  places  where  you  can 
come  at  the  same. 

7lhly.  You  are  to  return  from  Penobscot 
and  those  eastern  pans,  to  make  all  dispatch 
hence  for  Ketineheek  river,  and  tln^  placis 
adjacent,  and  there  prosecute  all  advaiilage« 
against  the  enemy  as  aforesaid. 

Sibly.     If   any    soldier,    officer,  or   otliei 


bones  of  the  dead  people  there,  and  took  off'  shall  be  disobedient  to  you  as  their  eomiiiaii. 
the  great  guns  that  were  tliere ;  then  went  to  der-in-chief,  or  other  their  superior  <ifficer, 
Pemeqiiid — coining  there,  his  exceMency  '  or  make  or  cause  any  mnliny,  eiaiimit  other 
asked  Major  (Jliurch  to  go  ashore  r.iid  give  J  offence  or  disorders,  yon  shall  ee.ll  a  council 
his  judgment  about  erecting  a  fort  there. —  1  of  war  amongstyonr  officers, ami  having  tried 
He  answered,  '.hat  his  genius  did  not  incline  him  or  them  so  offending,  intlict  sneb  pun- 
that  way,  for  he  never  had  any  value  (or 
them,  being  only  nests  for  destructions, — 
His  excellency  said,  he  had  a  special  order 
from  their  Majesties  King  William  und 
Queen  JIary,  to  erect  a  fort  there.  Then 
they  went  ashore  and  spent  some  time  in  the 
projection  thereof.  Then  his  excellency  told 
iMajor  Church  that  he  might  take  all  the 
forces  with  him  except  one  company  to  stay 
with  him  and  work  about  the  fort.  The 
Major  answered,  that  if  his  excellency 
pleased  he  might  keep  two  companies  with 
iiim,  and  he  would  go  with  tin;  rest  to  I'e- 
nobscot,   and  places  adjacent.     Which   his 


ishnient  as  the  merit  of  the  offriiee  requiri  s, 
death  only  excepted,  which,  if  any  shall  de- 
serve, you  are  to  secure  the  person,  and  sig- 
nifv  the  crime  unto  me  by  the  first  oppor- 
tunity. 

Given  under  my  hand  this  lllli  day  of 
August,  Hi'M. 

WILLIAM  PHIPS 

Then  the  miijor  iind  his  forces  embarked 
and  made  the  best  of  their  way  to  PeimK 
scot;  anil  coming  tc  an  i>lai'.il  in  these  \mit< 
in  the  evening,  landeil  his  forces  at  one  en. I 
of  the  said    island.     Then  the   major    I'.iok 


or  Cliiirch  hia 


J'/iips,  A'»(i,'/i<, 
cnior-iiiChirf, 
troviiicr  of  llie 

(imin    Church. 

(I  so  chief  iiflj. 
ictl  <lllt  lit"  lliu 
ilitloii  ii<;!iiiist 
villi  lire  iliily 
icliiiiis  : 

an-  lliiit  tlii> 

iiislniilly  iiiiiin- 

Mini  to  siiU'cr 

|ll'llfllllMlillM  <if 

lis  iniu-li  IIS  ill 
ill   (lllltT    vici'd 

ll    witll  till!  8ol- 

to  IViiolisciit, 
iiiiiliscoVL'i'iiblu 
iiikI  ymir  iiicii, 
to  f^iiipiise  tliu 

(Itslrovmir,  iiml 

1   fiKJriivor  tin; 

i:i     |iiii'siianci' 

vmir    rutirii!.'!' 

iiif   to  viiiir  ilis- 

nvor  the  tnliiiia 
r  IIICII,  woiiirn, 
My  to  ki'i'j)  iiiul 

nssililo  to  jiidire 
t.'iiici'ii  with  you 
mil  your  rttiirn, 
i',  only  tliut  you 
I'oii  onii  iiii|ii'ovu 
ciiciiiy,  or  iniiy 

ike  can;  anil  lie 
ill.'  means  to  tiinl 
riiiies'  corn,  and 
<  uliere  you  can 

from  I'l'iioliscol 
imIu'  nil  ijii'iiatcli 

ami  till'  |ilac(  s 
Ic  all  advaiita<;r4 
lid. 

oiliccr,  or  otiiri 
s  ilii'ir  conitiiaii- 
Mipcrior  oiliccr, 
iy,  commit  oilier 
ill  call  a  Cdiiiicil 
and  liavinu  tried 
iillict  siicli  piiii- 
ort'riicc  reijuires, 
if  any  ^^liall  de- 
person,  and  siii- 

tlic  fnst  o|ipnr- 

liis  Ilth    day  of 

ws\  I'nirs 

orces  eniliarkiil 
■  way  to  I'eniiK 
id  in  tin  SI'  piti:-' 
nrrch  at  one  i-i,,| 
till,'   major   ImoK 


KINO     IMII  LIP'S     WAU. 


:03 


part  of  his  forces  nnd  moved  towiiid  day  to 
tlio  other  end  of  tlui  said  i>land,  where  the\ 
fiiiind  two  Frenchmen  and  tluir  families  in 
their  houses,  and  that  one  or  both  of  them 
liiid  Indian  women  to  their  wives,  and  had 
thililr.'ii  liy  them.  The  major  presently  ex- 
'laiiiiin;;  the  Frenchmen  wlicn;  the  Indians 
Were,  they  told  him  that  there  was  a  };reat 
coaipaiiy  of  them  upon  an  island  just  hy, 
uiid  sliowiiii;  liiui  llie  island,  presently  dis 
(overcd  several  of  them.  Major  Church  nnd 
his  forces  still  kecpini;  undiscovered  to  them, 
iiskud  the  (''renchnieii  where  their  passiii<; 
place  was,  which  they  readily  showed  them, 
so  presently  they  placed  an  amiiiiscade  to 
take  any  that  should  conic  over,  then  sent 
orders  for  all  the  rest  of  the  forces  to  cuuie, 
xcndini;  them  an  account  of  what  he  had 
seen  and  met  withal,  strictly  cliar<;iiiK  them 
to  keep  themselves  undiscovered  by  the 
(Mieniy,  The  ambuscade  did  not  lie  lon^ 
bet'ore  an  Indian  man  and  woman  came  over 
in  a  canoe,  to  the  place  for  landing;,  where 
the  ambuscade  was  laid,  who  hauled  up  their 
ciinoe,  anil  came  ri;;lit  into  the  Ininds  of  our 
iimhiiscMde,  who  so  suddenly  surprised  them 
that  they  could  not  fiive  any  notice  to  the 
others  from  whence  they  came  ;  the  major 
orderinir  that  none  of  his  should  ntfcr  to 
meddle  with  the  canoe,  lest  they  should  be 
discovered,  bopiiii;  to  take  the  most  of  them, 
if  his  forces  came  ns  ordeie'd,  he  expecting 
thcni  to  come  as  directed  ;  but  the  first  news 
lie  had  of  them  was,  that  they  were  all  com- 
in<r,  though  not  privately,  as  ordered  ;  but 
the  vessels  fair  in  siulil  of  the  enemy,  which 
soon  put  them  all  to  t1i<.dit;  and  our  forces 
n^t  haviiiir  boats  snilahle  to  pursue  them, 
they  i{ot  all  away  in  their  canoes,  which 
caused  Major  Clinich  to  say,  be  would 
never  iro  out  n:rain  wilhoiit  asiitllcient  num- 
ber of  whale-boats,  which  for  want  of,  was 
the  mill  of  thataciion.  Then  .Major  (burcb, 
accordinir  to  bis  iiistrnctinn,  raiii;ed  all  those 
parts,  to  find  all  their  corn,  and  carried  a- 
board  their  vessels  what  he  tboiiiiht  conve- 
nient, and  deslroyed  the  rest.  Also,  finding 
considerable  (piantilies  of  plunder,  vi/,.  bea- 
ver, moose-skins,  <."tc.  Ilavi  ijr  done  what 
service  they  could  in  those  parts,  he  returned 
back  to  his  excellency  at  I'emeipiid  ;  where 
bcin;^  come,  staid  not  Ioiil',  they  bcini;  short 
of  bread,  bis  excellency  intended  home  for 
lioslon,  for  mori!  provisions;  but  before  i{o- 
in^t  with  Major  Church  and  bis  I'orces  to  Keu- 
nebcck  river,  and  eomiinj  there,  j;avc  bin: 
farther  orders,  which  are  as  follows: 

liy  Ills  Iltcilkntij  llic  Governor, 
To  JTajor  liciijam'.ii  Church. 

You  bavinir  already  received  former  in- 
i-lructions,  are  now  further  to  proceed  with 
the  soldiers  under  your  command  for  Ken- 
iiebcck  river,  and  the  places  ailjaceiit,  and 
use  your  utmost  endeavors  to  lull,  destroy, and 
take  captive  tin;  Kreneli  and  Inili.in  enemy 
wheresoever  yon  shall  Iiml  any  of  them;  and 
lit  your  return  to  I'eiinipiid  (which  you  are  to 
do  as  soon  as  you  can  conveniently,  after 
yoiirliest  endeavor  done  against  the  enemy, 
nnd  bavinir  destroyed  their  corn  and  other 
provisions.)  you  arc  to  stay  with  all  your  sol- 
diers and  otlicers,  nnd  set  them  to  witrk  on 
llie  fort  ;  and   make  what  dispatch  you  can 


in  that  business,  staying  there  until  my  fur-  considerably  loiii,'er.     liein;;  n<AV  at    Huston 
ihcr  order.  he  received  his  commission  and  instructions; 


WlLLiAM  PIIIPS. 

Then  Ilis  excellency  takinij;  lenvo  went  for 
noston,  and  soon  after  Alajor  Church  and 
hia  force  had  a  smart  fii;lit  with  the  enemy 
in  Keiinsbock  river,  pursued  them  so  Imrd 
that  they  left  their  canoes,  and  ran  up  into 
the  woods,  still  pursued  them  up  to  their  fort, 
at  Taconock,  which  the  enemy  perceiving 
set  fire  to  their  houses  in  the  fort,  nnd  ran 
away  by  the  light  of  them  ;  and  when  Major 
(^'liiircb  came  to  the  said  fort  found  about  half 
their  bouses  standing  and  the  rest  burnt ; 
also  found  great  (piantities  of  corn,  put  up 
into  Indian  cribs,  which  be  and  his  forces 
destroyed  as  ordered. 

Having  dune    what  service  lie  could    in 


which  are  us  follows  ; 

William  Stoughlon,  Esquire,  Lieutenant  Go. 
vcrnor,  and   Comm  iitiler-iii-Chirf,    in  and 
uvt)    his   Afdjesty'a  jirorliiit:  of  t/ic   Maa 
suchuaells  liny,  in  Xcw  Eufjar.d, 

To  Major licnjumin  Church,  Greeting: 

AVhcrens,  there  nre  several  compaiiicd 
raised,  consisting  of  P.nglishmen  auil  In- 
dians, for  his  majesty's  service,  to  go  forth 
upon  the  encouragement  given  by  the  great 
and  general  court,  or  asseinbly  of  this,  his 
majesty's  province,  convened  at  IJoston,  the 
the  27lh  day  of  May,  KiUli,  to  prosecute  the 
French  and  Indian  enemy,  &e.  Ami  you, 
having   offered   yourself  to    take    the    coin- 


those  parts,  returned  to  I'emequid,  and  cnm-lniand  and  conduct  of  the  said  several  com- 


ing lliere  employed  his  forces  according  to 
Ilis  instructions.  Being  out  of  bread,  his  ex- 
cellency not  coming.  Major  Church  was 
obliged  to  borrow  bread  of  the  captain  of 
the  man-of-war  that  was  then  there,  for  all 
the  forces  under  bis  coinmaiid,  his  excellency 
not  coming  as  expected  ;  but  at  length  liis 
excellency  came  and  brought  very  little  bread 
more  than  would  pay  what  was  borrowed  of 
the  man-of-war ;  so  that  in  a  short  lime 
liter  Major  Church,  with  his  forces,  retu'-ti>.d 
tome  to  Boston,  and  had  their  wages  for 
their  good  service  done.  Only  one  thing  by 
the  way  I  will  just  mention,  that  is,  about 
the  six  pounds  iMajor  Church  borrowed  as 
aforementioned,  niid  ])Ut  into  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Fobes,  who  distributed  the  said  money, 
all  but  thirty  shillings,  to  the  Indian  soldiers, 
IS  directed,  which  was  deducted  out  of  their 
wages,  and  the  country  bad  credit  for  the 
same  ;  and  the  said  Fobes  kept  the  thirty 
shillings  to  himself,  which  was  deducted  out 
of  his  wages;  whereupon  Major  Walley  and 
saiil  Fobes  had  some  words.  In  short,  Alajor 
Church  was  obliged  to  expend  about  six 
pounds  of  his  own  money  in  marching  down 
the  forces  both  Kiiglish  and  Indians,  to  Bos- 
ton, having  no  drink  allowed  them  upon  the 
road  ;  so  that  instead  of  Major  Church's 
having  the  allowances  aforeiiienlioned  hy 
Major  Walley,  be  was  out  of  pocket  about 
twelve  poniiils  over  and  aliove  what  he  had  ; 
all  which  had  not  been,  had  not  bis  excellency 
been  gone  out  of  the  country. 


THE  FOURTH  i:xpi;niTioN  east. 


panics;  by  virtue  therefore  of  the  power 
and  authority  in  nnd  by  bis  majesty's  royal 
commisssion  to  me  granted,  reposing  special 
trust  and  confidence  in  your  loyally,  pru- 
dence, courage,  and  good  eoinliiel,  I  do  bv 
these  presents  constitute  anil  appoint  yon  to 
he  major  of  the  said  several  compaiiies,  both 
Englishmen  and  Indians,  raised  for  his 
majesty's  service  upon  the  enconrairi  uient 
al'oresaid.  Yon  arc  therefori!  carifnily  and 
diligently  to  perforin  the  duly  of  your  place, 
by  leading,  ordering,  and  excrci.-iiiir  the  said 
SI  eral  companies  in  arms,  both  inferior  of- 
ficers and  soldiers,  keeping  tbein  in  good  or- 
der nnd  discipline,  coinnianding  them  to 
obey  you  as  their  major:  and  yourself  dil- 
igently to  intend  his  majesty's  xrvice  for  the 
prosecuting,  taking,  killing,  or  destroyiii<r  the 
said  enemy  by  sea  or  land  ;  and  to  olisiTve 
all  such  orders  and  instructions  as  you  shall 
from  time  to  time  receive  from  myself,  oi- 
commander-iu-chief  for  the  time  being,  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  and  discipline  of  war; 
[lursuantto  the  trust  ri  posed  in  you.  (liveii 
under  my  hand  and  seal  at  arms,  at  Boston, 
the  third  day  of  August,  Ki'.MJ,  in  the  cigbih 
vear  of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  Wil- 
liam the  Third,  by  the  grace  of  d'od,  of 
Fiiglaiid,  Scotlnnd,  France,  and  Ireland, 
king,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c. 

WILLIAM   .»iT(»l  <;HTON. 
By  cumniand  of  the  Lieut,  (iov.  «kc. 

Isaac   Aduinoton,   Secretarv. 


Province  of  the  .}fassachusrtls  Hoy. 

By  the  liiglit  Ifonorablr  the   Lieutenant  Go- 
vernor and  Cummandrr-in-Chief. 

Instructions  for  Major  Benjamin  Church, 
Commander  of  the  forces  raised  fer  his 
M<ijesty''s  service,  against  the  French  and 
Indian  enemy  and  ribels  : 
Pursuant  to  the  commission  giu'iiyoii,  yon 
whale-boats,  and  other' are  to  emiinrk  the  forces  now  furnished  nnd 
he    would. 


In  1091),  Alajor  Cbm'cli  being  at  Boston, 
and  iu'lonsjing  to  the  bouse  of  representa- 
tives, several  gentlemen  re(|iiested  him  to  go 
cast  again,  and  the  general  court  having j 
made  nets  of  cncoiiraiiement,  he  told  them, 
if  they  would  provide 

necessaries  einiveiiicnt,  he  would.  Being' eipiipped  for  bis  majesty's  services  on  the 
also  requested  bv  the  said  general  court,  be  j  present  expeilition,  to  the  la.-tcrn  parts  o( 
proceeded  to  raise  volunteers,  ami  made  it! this  |)rovince,  and  wiili  tbciii,  and  such 
ilis  whole  business,  riding  liolli  east  and  1  others  as  shall  offer  themselves  to  go  forth  on 
west  ill  onr  province  and  Connecticut,  al;iliesaid  service,  to  sail  unto  risealaipia,  to 
:;reat  c!iari;'e  and  expenses  ;  anil  in  about  a  jjoln  those  lalely  di.-palebed  ihitlicr  for  tlie 
month's  time  raised  a  .-nllicieiit  number  out; same  expedition  to  await  your  coming;  and 
of  those  parts,  and  marched  tlicni  down  tol with  all  care  anil  diligence  to  improve  tlio 
Boston;  where  he  had  the  promise  that  vessels,  boats,  and  men  under  your  coni- 
everv  thing  should  lie  ready  in  tliri'c  weeks  inaiid,  in  search  for,  prosecution  and  pursuit 
or  a  month's  time,  but  was    obliged  to   stay  |of,  the  said  enemy,  at  such  places  where  you 


■no 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


(nay  be  informed  of  their  iilioile  or  resort,  or 
where  yon  iimy  proluilily  cxpict  lo  fliul,  or 
liicKt  with  lliiMii,  mill  take  nil  iidviiuliisri'-' 
'.(irgiiii.tt  llii'ui  »liieli  iiroviiUiicL'  rliiill  favor 
you  willi. 

Yon  are  not  to  list  or  aecept  iiny  solilicrs 
tliat  are  alreaily  in  liis  iniijesly'.s  pay,  i 
|io.«t  tl  at  any  town  or  L'arrison  williin  llus 
jij'oviiice,  wiiliont  ^pecial  order  from  my- 
self. 

You  arc  to  require  luul  j;ive  strict  orders 
tliiit  tliu  (liitiex  of  reliiiioii  lie  atteiuied  on 
huiird  the  several  ve^duls,  and  in  the  several 
companies  under  your  command,  hy  daily 
prayers  unto  God,  and  remlin^;  liis  licdy  word, 
uiid  ohservaiice  of  the  Lord's  day,  to  the  ut 
most  you  can. 

You  are  to  see  that  your  soldiers  have  their 
due  allowance  of  provisions  and  other  ne- 
cessaries, und  that  the  sick  or  wounded  he 
iicconiinodated  in  the  liest  manner  your  cir- 
cumstances will  admit.  And  that  ^ood  or- 
der and  command  may  he  kept  up  and  main- 
tained in  the  several  companies,  and  all  dis- 
orders, drnidienness,  profane  cnr^in;;,  swear- 
inir,  disuhedieiice  to  ollicers,  mutinies,  omis- 
sions, or  neglect  of  doty,  he  duly  punished 
uccordini!  to  the  laws  martial.  And  yini  are 
lo  retpiire  the  captain  or  chief  ofUeer  of  each 
company,  with  the  clerk  of  the  same,  to  keep 
an  exact  jonrnal  of  all  iheir  proceedinirs  from 
lime  to  lime. 

In  case  any  of  the  Lidian  enemy  and 
rehels  offer  to  swhmit  themselves,  yon  are  to 
receive  them  oidy  at  discretion  ;  hut  if  yon 
think  lit  to  improve  any  of  them,  or  any 
others  which  you  may  happen  to  taKe  pri- 
soners, you  may  eneonra<;i!  them  to  In-  faith- 
ful hy  the  promise  of  their  lives,  which  shall 
be  granted  upon  approhation  of  their  li- 
delily. 

You  are  carefully  to  look  after  the  Indians 
which  you  have  out  of  the  prison,  so  that 
they  may  not  have  opportunily  to  esca|)e, 
but  otherwise  improve  them  to  what  advan- 
tnge  you  can,  and  return  them  hack  a^ain  to 
this  place. 

You  are  to  advise,  as  you  can  have  occa- 
sion, with  Ca|>tain  .lohn  (lorham,  who  ac- 
companies ytni  in  this  expedition,  and  is  to 
take  your  command  in  case  of  your  death. 
A  copy  of  these  instructions  you  are  to  leave 
with  him,  and  to  i;ive  me  an  account  from 
time  to  time  of  vour  proceediu'.'s. 

WILLIAM  .STOUGIITON. 

Boston,  Aujiust  l-.ith,  IG'JU. 

In  the  time  Major  Church  lay  at  Roston, 
the  news  came  of  I'emequid  fort  heinjj;  taken  ; 
it  came  hy  u  shallop  that  hroU!;ht  some  pri- 
soners to  Boston,  who  ^ave  an  account  also, 
that  there  was  a  Krencli  ship  at  Mouiit- 
Desart,  who  had  taken  a  ship  of  ours  ;  so' 
the  discourse  was  that  they  would  send  the 
man-of-war,  with  other  forces  to  take  the  said 
French  ship,  and  retake  ours.  Itut  in  the 
mean-time  Major  Church  and  his  forces  hc- 
ini;  ready,  einharked,  and  on  the  L>thday 
of  Auunst  set  sail  for  Piscatacpia,  where! 
more  men  were  to  join  them,  hut  hefore  they 
left  Boston,  Major  CImreh  discoursi.'d  with 
the  captain  of  the  maii-of  war,  who  promised 
him,  if  he  went  to  Monnt-Desart,  in  pnrsiiil 
of  the  I'Venchship,  iIieiI  he  woidd  call  for  Inm 
and  his  forces  at  Piscataqim,  cxpectiag  that 


the  French  nnd  Indians  mi);lit  not  he  far 
from  the  said  French  ship,  so  that  he  inii;ht 
have  an  opportunity  to  fi^ht  them  wliilif  he 
was  eii^aijcd  with  the  French  ship.  ISoon 
al'ler  the  forces  arrived  at  I'iscatai|ini,  the 
major  sent  his  Indian  soldiers  to  ('nloiiel 
(iiilney,  at  York,  to  he  assisliiii;  for  the  <le- 
fiiiee  id'  those  places  ;  who  jjave  them  a 
uood  comnoMid  lor  iheir  ready  and  willini; 
servicvs  (hnie,  in  scoulini;,  and  the  like. — 
Lyiiij;  at  l'iscata(pia  with  the  rest  (d'  our 
forces  near  a  week,  waitin;^  for  more  forces 
who  were  to  join  them,  to  n\ake  up  their 
complement,  in  all  which  time  heard  never 
a  word  of  the  man-of-war.  On  the  22d  of 
Auijust  they  idl  end)arked  for  Piscataqim, 
and  when  they  came  against  Y'ork,  the 
major  went  ashore,  sending  Captain  Gorhain 
with  some  forces,  in  two  hrigantines  and  a 
sloop  to  M'inter-llarhnur,  orderinj;  him  to 
send  out  scouts,  to  see  if  they  could  make 
any  discovery  of  the  enemy,  and  to  wait 
there  till  he  came  to  them.  Major  Church 
coming  to  York,  {'(doiiel  Gidney  told  him 
'  is  opinion  was,  that  the  enemy  was  drawn 
olf  from  those  parts,  for  that  the  seoals 
coidd  not  discover  any  of  them,  nor  their 
tracks.  So  having  done  his  husim--  there, 
went,  with  what  forces  he  had  there,  to^Via- 
ter-llarhoio',  where  he  had  the  same  aeconnt 
from  (^'aptain  (lorliam,  that  they  luid  not  dis- 
covered any  of  the  enemy,  nor  any  new 
tracks;  so,  concluding  they  were  gcnie  from 
those  parts  towards  l'enol)scot,  llii'  major  or- 
dered all  the  vessels  to  sail  and  make  the  hest 
of  their  way  to  Monhegin,  wliicli  laing  not 
far  from  I'enohscot,  where  the  nniin  hody  of 
our  enemies  was  living  ;  heini;  in  trreat  hopes 
to  come  up  with  the  army  of  French  and  In- 
dians, hefore  they  had  scattered  and  were 
gone  past  Penohsciit,  or  Monnt-Desart, 
which  is  the  chief  place  of  their  departure 
from  each  other  after  such  actions;  and  hav- 
ing a  fair  wind,  made  the  hest  of  their  way, 
nd  early  next  morning  they  got  into  Mon- 
hegin, ami  there  lay  all  <lay  fitting  their  hoals 
and  other  necessaries  to  embark  in  the  night 
it  .Mnssel-neck  with  thi'ir  boats  ;  lying  there 
all  day  to  keep  undiscovered  from  the 
enemy  ;  ut  night  the  major  ordi'ied  the  ves- 
sels all  to  come  to  sail,  and  carry  the  forces 
over  the  hay,  near  I'enohscot,  hat  haviiij;  lit- 
tle wimi  he  ordered  all  the  soldi<'rs  lo  emhark 
on  hoard  the  boats  with  eight  days' provision, 
and  sent  the  vessels  hack  to  iMonhegin,  that 
they  might  not  be  discovered  hy  the  enemy  ; 
giving  them  orders  when  and  where  they 
should  come  to  him.  'i'lie  forces  being  all 
ready  in  their  boats,  rowi'g  very  hard,  got 
ashore  at  a  point  near  P<  ""hseot,  just  as  the 
day  broke  and  hid  tin  hoals,  and  keeping 
a  good  look  out  hy  sea,  and  sent  scouts  (Uil 
by  land  ;  hut  could  not  discover  either  ca- 
noes or  Indians  ;  what  tracks  and  fire  places 
they  saw  were  judged  to  he  seven  or  eiiiht 
days  hefore  they  came.  As  soon  as  night 
came,  that  they  might  be  undiscovered,  got 
into  their  boats,  and  went  by  Mussel-neck, 
and  so  amongst  Penobscot  Islands,  looking 
very  sharp  as  they  went  for  fires  on  the  shore, 
and  for  canoi's,  but  found  neither;  getting  up 
to  M  al  behest  licks  hi  I  Is,  day  coming  <m,  landed, 
ami  hid  their  boats,  looking  out  for  xhv  en- 
emy, as  tlicday  hefore,  but  to  liltle  purpose. 
Night  coining  on,  to  their  ours  again,  working 


very  hard,  turned  the  night  into  day  ;  made 
several  of  their  new  sohliers  griimlile,  hiit 
lelliiig  them  they  hoped  lo  eonie  up  ipiirMy 
willi  the  enemy,  put  new  lil'i'  into  idem,  and 
hy  day-li'lht  lliey  got  inio  llie  iiionlh  of  ihe 
river,  when'  landing,  I'niinil  many  rendc/vuiis 
and  fire  places  where  the  Indians  liad  in  in, 
hill  at  the  same  space  of  lime  as  belnji'  men- 
lioned;  anil  no  canoes  pa.-sed  op  llie  rivi  r 
that  day.  Thiir  pilot,  .losepli  York,  in- 
formed the  major  that  ")(»  or  (i(»  miles  up  llial 
river,  at  the  great  falls,  the  enemy  had  a  great 
rendezvous,  and  planted  a  great  (luantily  of 
corn,  when  he  was  a  )iris<mer  willi  them, 
four  years  ago,  and  that  he  was  very  well  ac- 
quainted there  ;  this  gave  great  enconnige- 
inent  to  have  some  consiiU'rable  adviiii- 
tage  of  the  enemy  at  that  place  ;  so  using 
their  utmost  endeavours  lo  get  up  ihere  un- 
discovered, and  coining  tlier<'  found  no  en- 
emy, nor  corn  planted,  they  having  descried 
the  |tlace.  And  ranging  about  the  falls  oh 
both  sides  of  ihe  river,  leaving  men  on  the 
east  side  of  the  said  river,  and  the  lioals  just 
below  the  falls,  willi  a  good  guard  lo  secure 
llieni,  and  to  la!\e  llie  enemy  if  they  came 
down  the  river  in  their  canoes.  'J'he  west 
side  beiiii;  the  placid  where  the  enemy  lived, 
and  best  lo  travel  on,  they  resolveil  lo  range 
as  privately  as  they  conld  ;  a  mile  or  two 
above  the  fills  discovered  a  birch  canoe  com- 
ing down  wilh  two  Indians  in  it,  the  major 
sent  wio'd  immedialely  hack  to  ihose  at  the 
falls,  to  lie  very  close,  and  lei  iheiii  pass 
down  the  fills,  and  lo  lake  them  alive,  that 
he  might  have  inlellij,'eliee  where  ihi'  enemy 
was,  wliieli  winild  liavi^  been  a  great  advan- 
lage  to  them,  lint  a  f'ooli-hsiddier  seeing  them 
passinghy  him,  shot  all  hem,  colli  rarylo  orders 
given,  which  preveiiled  them  Toing  into  the 
ambuscade  that  was  laid  for  them  ;  where- 
upon several  more  of  our  men  being  near, 
shot  at  them  ;  so  thai  one  of  tlieiii  could  not 
stand  when  he  got  ashore,  but  crept  awiiy 
into  the  brush,  the  oilier  stepped  out  of  the 
canoe  with  his  paddle  in  his  hand,  and  ran 
about  a  rod,  and  llien  llirew  down  his  paddle, 
and  turned  hack  and  look  up  his  gnii,  so  es- 
ca|ieil.  One  of  onr  Iniliaiis  swam  over  the 
river,  nnd  telehed  Ihe  eaiioe,  wherein  was  a 
considerable  (pianlily  of  blood  on  llie  seals, 
that  the  Indians  sat  on  ;  llie  canoe  having 
several  holes  shot  in  her.  'I'lny  stopped  llio 
holes,  and  then  Captain  Bracket,  wilh  an  In- 
dian soldier,  went  over  llie  river,  who  Iraeked 
them  by  the  blood  about  half  a  mile,  found 
his  gnu,  took  it  op,  and  seeing  the  blood  no 
farther,  concluded  ilial  he  slopped  his  blood, 
and  so  got  away.  In  the  mean-lime  anolher 
canoe  with  three  men  were  eoining  dow  n  llie 
river,  were  fired  at  hy  some  id"  onr  forces,  ran 
ashore,  ami  left  two  of  their  gnus  in  the  ca- 
noe, which  were  taken,  and  also  a  h Hit  fioiii 
a  priest  to  (^asteen,  that  gavi'  liiiii  an  account 
of  the  French  and  Indians  reliirning  over  the 
lake  to  Moiiiil-Koyal,  and  of  their  little  ser- 
vice done  upon  llie  Maqiias  Indians  west 
warii,  only  ilemolishing  one  fort,  and  ciit- 
tiiiir  down  some  corn,  lie  desiring  to  heal 
of  the  proceedings  of  Dehorahiiel,  and  the 
French  inaii-ofwar;  and  informed  him  lliiit 
there  well'  several  canoes  coming  wilh  work- 
men from  {|nehec,  lo  St.  .loliii's,  w  lieresinet^ 
we  coneliidi'd,  it  was  lo  I  iiild  a  fori  iit  llic 
'iver's  mouth,  where  the   great  giins   wero 


KING    PIIILII'VS    WAIt. 


71 1 


lit 


I  (luy ;  nmilf 
!:iuiiili!i-,  Imt 
ii;i  ijuiiMv 
Id  iIh'Im,  mill 
iiiiiili  III'  llii' 

,■    ll'lllll /.Millst 

IS  IkiiI  Iii'cii, 
1  licliilr  liirii- 
ii|>  llir  iImt 
li  VnlU,  111- 
inili'K  ii|i  lliiit 
y  li:iil  II  ^'iciit 
it  qiiiilillly  of 
r  with  tlu'iii, 
vi'iy  well  ac- 

lllCdlll'lllJl'- 

iilile    ail\  un- 
ci' ;  so  iisiiit; 
lip  llii'ir   iiii- 
Coiiiiil  no  111- 
\iiig  iliscrlfd 
llii'  ImIIs   iih 
it  iiirii    on  llii; 
I  till'  liiiiils  just 
mini  lo  sntiiro 
iC  llnv    caiiii! 
rs.      'J'iic    wi'st 
1'  riiriiiy    livril, 
siilvcii  to  l!ilii;i! 
I    mile   oi'  two 
icli  niiiiic  i'(im- 
1  il,  tin;   niiijor 
til  lliiisi.'  at  the 
let    tliriii    |iass 
lii'lll  lilivi',  that 
Inri'  llir  cnciiiy 
a  ijlriit  Milvaii- 
ilic  rsriili;,'  tlirm 
ontrnry  loordira 
II  ';iiiii<;   into  tlio 
r   tlirin  ;   wlicre- 
nrli   lii'iii^  nriir, 
llii'in  could  not 
lint   crept  iiwiiy 
pped  out    of  tliu 
s   liaiid,  and    tan 
lou  II  liis  paddle, 
)   liis  i;iiii,  so  es- 
1  swiiiii   over  lilt; 
,  wherein  was  a 
lod  on  the  seals, 
le  canoe   haviiif; 
liev   stopped  the 
cUet,  Willi  an  la- 
yer, w  ho  iracliiil 
df  a  mile,  fiiiind 
hi;  the  hlood    no 
opped  his  lilood, 
'aii-tinie  another 
•oniiiiir  down  llic 
il'  our  forces,  ran 
r  irnns  in  the  ca- 
iilso  a  letter  fiom 
'  him  an  acciiniit 
itnrniii;;  ovir  tho 
if  their  little  ser- 
s    Indians    wcel 
c   fort,   and   cut- 
ilesirin^  to  heat 
oraliiiel,  and    the 
ifiirined   him  that 
iiniiiif  willi  work' 
Ill's,  w  lii'l'esiiK'c 
ild  a   fort  iit   lli<: 
;reiit   [•aim    wero 


tukuii.  It  bciiijr  Just  iii<r|it,  the  otViriMs  were 
cnilud  t());ctlier  to  lulviHc,  and  I  heir  pilot,  Yorli, 
tiifornied  theiii   of  a  tort   up   lli;it    river,  and 


It    was   limit  on   a 


liitl 


e    islam 


III  Unit    river, 


to  do,  concliidin!;  that   the  enemy,  liy   some  i  lliein   (piarter  if  they   asked  it.     Our  forei  > 
means    or    oilier   had    received    some    iiilel-    soon  took  three   I'l'iiicliuien,  ulio,  upon  i  x- 


liiieiiceof  their  liiiiiii  come  oiil  aLMin-l  llieni. 


amiiiiilioii, 


<l,  Ihi 


liidi 


ins    were   iiU 


and  there  was  no  <ri'tliii<;  to  il  lint  in  canoes, 

or  on  tin;  ice  in  llie  wiiiler  time.  This,  wilh  j  now  lieinufal.  'I'liey  linn  aij;reeil  to!:o  fir  east 
the  certain  kiii>wledi;e  that  we  were  dis  jaiid  employ  lliemselves,  llnit  the  eiieinv  he- 
covered  hy  the  eiieiny  tliat  escaped  out  ofj  liiii;>iii;r  lo  those  parts  miiilit  think  that 
the  upper  ciiinic,  coiicliideil  il  not  proper,  at  they  were  i;iine  home.  Ilavini!  some  dis- 
thal  nine,  to  proceed  any  fiirlher  up,  ami  that ,  course  iihoiit  <;oiii<r  over  to  St.  .lohii's  ;  hut 
thi're  was  no  );cUin;;  nay  fnrlher  wilh  (iiir|'.lii;  inaslers  of  the  vessels  said,  he  had  as 
liiials  ;  ai.'d  the'  enemy  liciiiu;  alarmed  would  |  i;ood  carry  them  lo  old  France,  \\  liicli  put  olV 
eirlainly  lly  from  llicni,  and  do  as  tiiey  did  that  ih'sii;n,  lliey  cnneludiiiLf  that  the  rrciich 
four  vears  a^o  at  their  fort  lit  'racoiioi^k  ; 
having  8oii^;ht  tlieiil  in  Keiiiieliecl.  river,  and 
/iiirsiied    til 


and  that    they  were  in    no  necessily  lo  come  ^  run  into  the  woods.      The   rreneli  fired  Hcv- 
down  lo  the  sea  side  as  yet,  inoose  and  heaver  '  eral    nuns   at  our   forces,  and  ours  at  llieiii  ; 


alioiit  thirty  miles  to  Taco- 
iiocU  ;  for  lliey  tlien  set  their  tort  on  tire, 
and  ran  away  hy  the  lii;lit  of  it,  our  forces 
not  heiiii;  alili.'  to  come  up  with  them  at  thai 
place.  iMajor  Church  then  encoiira^in:;  his 
soldiers,  told  theiil.  In;  hoped  they  shoiilil 
meet  wilh  part  of  the  enemy  in  I'eiiohscot 
I5av,  or  at  .Monnt-Desarl,  where  tin;  French 
ships  were,  .^o,  notwillislaiidin^  lliey  had 
herii  rowiiii;  seveial  niiihts  liefore,  wilh  ninch 
toil,  liesides  were  short  of  provisions,  they 
chei.'rfnlly  emharked  on  hoard  their  hoals, 
and  went  down  tlu;  river,  liolli  with  and 
against  the  tide  :   and  next  inornin;;  came  to 


their  vessels,  where   the   major   had  ordereil  j  Cawley,  was  a  i;reat   (hiniai;(!  to  them,   vv 
tlieiii  to  meet  him,  who  could  <:ive  him  no  in-  knew  all   those    parts:    however,    Mr.   .loliii 
teiligcnoo  of  any  eni-niy.  Where  heiiij;  come,' Alden,  iiiUBtcr  of  tin?   brigaiitine   l^-ndcKvor, 

piloted  them  up  tlie  hay  to  Seimotacii ;  and 
coiiiiii;;  to  (irindslone-point,  iK'iiii;  not  far 
from  Seneelaca  ;  then  came  lo  willi  all  the 
vessels,  and  early  next  inornini;  came  lo  sail, 
and  ahoiit  sun-rise  iiot  iiilo  town  ;  hut  it  hi!- 
in^  so  late  liefoie  we  landed,  that  llic  enemy, 
most  of  them,  tiiaile  their  escape,  and  as  il 
happened  landed  where  the  IVeiich  and  In- 
dians had  some  time  hifore  killed  l.ieiilenant 
Jolin  I'aine,  and  .seviial  of  Captain  i^iniih- 
son's  men,  that  were  with  said  I'aine.  They, 
seeing  our  forces  cominij,  took  the  oppor- 
liinilr,  tired  several  <;uiis,  and  so  niii  all  into 
the  wood;!,  carryinu;  all  or  most  part  of  their 
il'oods  with  them.  One  .larinaa  lirid;rway 
came  runiiiiii;  towards  our  lorees,  wiili  a  iiiiii 
in  one  hand,  and  his  c.'irtridi;< -liox  in  the 
the  other,  calling  lo  our  forces  lo  slop,  that  hi' 
iiiii,'lit  speak  wilh  them  ;  hut  Major  Chiircli 
ihinkiii!;  it  was  that  ihey  nii^lit  hav(;  some 
advanla^e,  ordered  ihem  to  run  on  ;  when 
the  said  liridirway  saw  they  would  not  stop, 
turned  iiiid  ran,  hut  the  major  called  iiiiio 
him,  and  hid  him  stop,  or  he  would  In;  shot 
down  ;  some  of  our  forces  lieiii^'  near  to  the 
said  llriiljiway,  said  it  was  the  (ieneral  that 
called  to  him.  lie  iiearin;:  that,  stopped  and 
turned  ahoiit,  layiiii;down  his  <:un,  stood,  lil! 
the  major  came  np  lo  him  ;  his  desire  was 
that  the  commaniler  woiilil  make  haste  w  illi 
him  to  his  iiotise,  lest  tin 


hut  lliiy  heiiiir  Ik  llir  acipiaiiileil  with  tho 
w  ooils  tliaii  ours,  i;ol  away.  Tlie  inajnr  took 
the  aforesaid  .larmaii  Itriduwiiy  for  a  pilot, 
end  \villi  some  of  his  lorees  went  over  n 
river,  to  several  of  their  liousis,  lint  ihe  peo- 
ple were  i;one  and  carried  their  udoils  wall 
them;  in  raii<,'in<;  the  woods  foiiuil  several 
Inilian  houses,  their  tires   heiii<;jiist  ml,  hut 

ships   were   there.     Then  the  major    moved  i  no  Indiuns.  f^pendin:;  that  dav  in   ranuiii^  to 

for  ifoiii^  over  the  hay,  towards  l.ahaiie,  and  j  iiiiil    fro,  found  considerahle  of  their   l'oiiiIs, 

towards  the  nut  of  Cancer,  w  here  was  anolli-  I  and  lint  (fw  people;   at  iiiiilil  llie  niiijor  wiit 

er   considerahle    fort   of  Indians,    who  often    a   leller,  and  seal  out  two   French  prisoners, 

cairn;    to    the    assistance  of  our   enemy,   the 

harharous    Indians;   sayin<:  that  hy  the  lime 

llicy  should  return  ai;aiii,  the  enemy  lieloii:;- 

in^  to  iliese  parts  would    coiiii'  (low  n   iifiain, 

expeclini;  that    we  are  •,'oiic    home,      lint  in 

short,  could   not  prevail  wilh  the  inaslers    of 

the  open  sloops  to    venture  across  the    hay  ; 

who  said  it  was  very  (lani;erous  so  late  in  the 

year,  and  as  niiicli  as  their  lives  were  worth. 

Then    they  concluded  and    ri'solved  lo  <ro   to 

Senactaca,  wherein  there  was  a  ready  com- 
pliance, hut  the    want   of  their  pilot,  Holiert 


lliey  refreshed  thcmaelves  ;  ineelin^  then 
with  another  disappoinlmenl,  forllieir  pilot, 
York,  not  heiii;!  acipiainled  any  furlher,  lie- 
jjan  to  lament  the  loss  of  one  Uoliert  <'aw- 
lev,  who  they  cliietly  di  peiided  on  liir  all  the 
service  to  he  done  now  eastward  ;  he  having: 
been  taken  away  from  them  the  iiii;lit  hefore 
tliev  set  sail  from  Itosloii  (and  was  on  hoard 
Mr.  Thorp's  sloop)  ami  put  mi  hoard  the  iiiati- 
of->Viir,  unknown  to  .Major  Church  ;  nolwilli- 
standiii!;  he  had  liceii  at  tin'  char:;!'  and  Irou- 
lile  of  prociiriiii;  him  Then  the  major  w.is 
olili"ed  lo  one  Uoril,  procured  hy  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Aldeii,  who  heini;  aci|iiainled  in  those 
purls,  to  h'iive  his  vessel,  and  !;o  wilh  him  in 
the  hoals,  which  he  readily  complied  with, 
and  so  went  to  Naskel-point ;  »  here  heinif 
informed  was  a  likely  place  lo  meet  wilh  the 
ciieinv  ;  coiiiiii;;  there  fouinl  several  liou.-cs 
and  small  lields  of  corn,  the  fires  liaviiiir 
lieeii  out  several  days,  mid  no  new  tracks. — 
lint  upon  l'enolis(!ol  i-laml  lliey  found  several 
Indian  houses,  corn  and  liirnips,  lliinii;li  the 
enemy  slill  heiii^  all  iroiie,  .-is  hefore  iiien- 
lioneil.  'J'lieii  lliey  diviiled  and  sent  their 
hoats  some  one  way,  and  .some  another, 
thinking;  that  if  iiiiy  strair^iiini;  Indians,  or 
(jiisteen  himself,  shonlil  he  iherealiont,  they 
lui^dit  find  them,  hut  il  proved  all  in  vain. — 
Himself  and  siveral  hoals  wi'iit  to  Mouiit- 
Desart,  to  sec  if  the  I'reneh  ships  were  irone, 
and  wliether  any  of  the  enemy  niijiht  he 
there,  hut  to  no  purpose,  the  ships  heiiiir  irone, 

Hiid  the  eiieinv  also.  They  lieiiii;  now  ;;ot  j  The  major  asked  the  said  UridiiW  ay  w  hellier 
several  leagues  to  llie  weslwaril  of  their  yes-  there  were  any  Indians  ainoiii;  llieiii,  and 
dels,  and  seeing  that  the  way  was  clear  for  when;  they  lived;  he  shook  his  head,  ami 
their  vessels  lo  pass,  and  all  their  exlreine  isaid,  he  durst  not  tell,  for  if  he  diil  lliey 
rowiiiu',  and  lravelliii;r  hy  land  and  wall  r,  j  would  take  an  opporliinily  ami  kill  him  and 
niirht  and  dav,  to  he  iiH  in  vain,  the  enemy  i  his  ;  so  all  that  could  he  ;:ol  out  of  him  w  as, 
liaviii!;  left  lliosc  parts,  as  lliey  jiidned,  ahoni '  that  they  wen^  run  into  tln^  w  oods  w  ilh  the 
ciirht  or  ten  davs  hefore.      And  then  relurniii!.' ■  rest.      Then  onlers  were   !.nveii  lo  pursue  the 


avaues  sliiaild  kill  j  wen.' 


wherein  was  siiinilied,  that  if  tliev  woiih 
eonie  in,  lliey  should  have  <rooil  tpiarlers. — 
The  next  day  several  ciiliie  in,  which  did 
heloiii;  lo  that  part  of  llie  town  where  our 
forces  first  landed,  who  had  eiicourap  ineiils 
ifivcii  them  hy  our  coniinainler,  that  if  they 
would  assist  him  in  lakiiii;  those  liiiliaiis 
which  heloni;ed  to  those  parts,  they  should 
have  their  ^oods  returned  lo  lli'iii  ai;aiii,  and 
their  eslales  sliunld  not  he  damnilied  ;  \\  lin  h 
lliey  refused.  Then  the  major  and  his  forces 
pursued  their  desii.'ii,  and  Went  I'lirllier,  ran;;- 
ini;  their  country,  loiind  several  iin'ie  houses, 
hut  the  people  tied,  and  carrii  d  t\hal  ilny 
Inuliiwiiy ;  but  in  a  en  ek  fi.iiiid  a  prize  hark, 
that  was  hroni;lit  in  tlii'n'hy  a  French  priv.i- 
K  er.  Ill  ran^inir  the  woods  look  some  pri- 
soners, who  upon  eMiminalion  trave  our 
eoinmander  an  account,  ihat  there  were  soiiin 
Indians  upon  a  neck  of  hunl,  towards  Mi'- 
nis  ;  so  n  parly  of  men  was  sent  iiilo  llioHe 
woods,  and  in  their  raniiini;  alioni  tln^  said 
neck  foniiil  some  plunder,  and  a  considerahle 
ipianlity  of  w  horlleherries,  luilli  •:ni'ii  and 
dry,  which  were  j;allierid  hy  llie  Indians, 
and  had  like  to  have  taken  tw  ii  Indians,  w  ho, 
hy  the  help  of  a  hireli  I'anoe,  jjol  our  the. 
riv'.'r,  and  made  their  escape.  Also  lliey 
found  two  harrels  of  powiler,  and  near  half 
a  hiishel  of  hnllels  ;  llie  I'n'iich  deiiyinjr  it 
lo  he  theirs,  saiil  lliey  were  the  sjiva^'es',  hut 
sure  it  was  a  supply  for  our  enemies;  also 
they  took  fniiii  .larnian  liridifw.'iy  several  har- 
rils  of  powder,  wilh  hullels,  .-hot,  spears,  and 
knives,  anil  other  supplies  to  relieve  our 
enemies;  he  ow  niii:;  that  he  hail  heen  trad- 
iiii;  wilh  those.  Indians  alon;i  Cape-Sahlu 
shore,  with  I'eler  Assnow,  in  sloop  our 
forces  took  from  him  ;  ami  that  there  he  met 
with  llie  l''reiieli  ships,  and  went  aloiip;  willi 
lliem  lo  .Si,  John's,  ami  helped  lliem  lo  nii- 
load  the  said  ships,  and  carrieil  up  ihe  river 
provisions,  ammiinilion,  and  other  !;oods  to 
Vilhoon's  lorl. 

The   major  liavini;  raii^'ed    all    places  that 
tlioii<ilil    pniper,  reliiriieil    hack  lo   the 


to   tiii'ir  vessels,  the   ciMiimaniler  calling;   his 
orticoru  tJirether,  to  cuiisult  irid  resolve  what 


his  father  and  niolher,  who   wcie  upward    ofi  place    where  liny    tirst    landed,    and    lindini; 

fourscore  yi'iiis    of  ai^e  and    could  not  j;o.— |  several  prisoners  come  in,  who  were  trouhled 

lo  see  their  callle,  sheep,  lioijs,  and  dojrs  ly- 
iiiir  dead  ahoiil  their  houses,  eliopped  iilid 
hacked  uilli  lialehels  ;  which  was  done  willl- 
oiit  onler  I'loiii  the  major,  liowi  ver  he  told 
llielii  it  was  nolhini!  lo  w  lial  our  poor  l'',n;;lisii, 
in  our  frontier  low  lis,  wi  re  forced  lo  look 
upon;  for  men,  w  omen,  and  children  wero 
eliopped  iiiiil  hacked  so,  and  left  half  deini, 
wilh  all  llieir  scalps  taken  olV,  and  that  they 
and  their  Indiain  served   ouib   so  ;  uiid  uur 


enemy,  and  to  kill    what  Indians  they   could 
find,  and   tiiUe  the   French   nlive,  and   give 


713 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


1^ 


naviigi'i*  would  be  gliid  to  siTve  tliein  hu  ti)ii,< 
it'   III'   wiiiilil   |ii'i'iiiit   tliiMii  !    wliirli    ritii4(>(l 
tluMM  Id  lie    iiiiulit)'   Fiil)iiiiH!<ivf,  anil    l)i';;<;('d 

lilt'    lllljdr  lllllt     III]    would    not     ll't  lIlU   HIIVII^rrN 

Bei'vc  llii'iii  »i>.  Our  Iniliaiis  liuiii;;  hoiiRwIiiit ' 
slIi«iIiIi'  oI'  llic  d^courM',  di'sired  to  liiivc'' 
.soiiii'  ol'  lliriii  to  roii^t,  Mild  .>'ii  liiiiki  II  iImiici'  ; 
mid  ilMiiciii<;  ill  a  liiilt'oii.s  inaiiiii'r,  In  trrriiy  j 
tliiiin,  "iiiil,  tliat  iIr'V  could  tut  iiny  »ort  of 
ll.'.sli,  nod  lllllt  s".<mt'  ol'  tliiiiii  would  Minium 
tliuir  lii'iii't!!  strong;  Ht('|i|iin<;  ii|i  to  hoiiio  ol' 
tilt!  |ii'inoni'r!>,  Haul,  tliey  uiuat  liiivu  tlniir 
M'ul|):4,  wlilcli  iiiucli  ti'i'i'Ui).'d  tliu  (innr  pri- 
KonL'1'.x,  who  lifg!;i'il  for  tlii.'lr  llvx'ii.  The 
major  told  tlioiii  he  did  not  ilu!>i;^ii  the  riiv- 
ugc'd  tihoiild  hurl  liii.'in  ;  hut  it  was  to  let  them 
nee  a  little  wliiit  the  poor  r,njj;li.'«li  felt,  saving', 
it  was  not  their  sealps  he  wanted,  hut  the 
yavnL'eH,  t'or  he  Hhoiild  uet  nothing  hy  them  ; 
iind  tuld  iheiii,  that  their  i'iilliei'!<,  the  friarx 
and  {fovernors,  eiitoiiraijed  tliiir  smviiiie.",  and 
pivu  ihi'iii  money  to  sieiilp  our  KiiuIikIi,  iiot- 
wilhijluuding  they  were  with  them  ;  which 
several  of  our  Kiigliiih,  there  present,  did  '.es- 
tify  to  their  faee.i,  that  their  fathers  and 
mothers  were  nerved  so  in  their  sl<;lit.  l!ut 
the  major  hid  them  tell  their  fathers,  the  fri- 
ars and  {jovernors,  ihatif  they  still  persisted, 
and  let  their  wretehed  savaijes  'till  and  de- 
stroy the  poor  Knglish  at  that  rate,  he  would 
come  with  some  hundreds  of  savaijces,  and 
h't  them  loose  among  them,  who  would  kill, 
sealp,  and  carry  away  every  Freneli  person 
ill  uil  those  parts,  for  they  were  the  root  from 
whence  all  the  briinulies  came  that  hurt  us  ; 
for  the  Indians  could  not  do  us  any  harm, 
if  they  did  not  relieve  and  supply  them. — 
«  The  French  being  sensible  of  the  major's 
kindness  to  them,  kissed  his  hand,  and  were 
very  thankful  to  him  for  his  favour  to  tliein 
in  saving  their  lives  ;  owned  that  their  priests 
were  nt  the  taking  of  IVmeipiid  foil,  and 
were  now  gone  to  Layhone,  with  some  of  the 
Ti>dians,  to  meet  the  French  ships,  but  for 
what  they  would  not  tell.  The  coiiiinnnder 
with  his  forces,  having  done  all  they  could  in 
those  parts,  roncliided  to  go  to  8t.  John's 
river,  to  do  further  service  for  their  king  aod 
coiiutrv,  embarked  all  on  board  their  trang- 
ports  ;  and  having  a  fair  wind,  soon  got  to 
MonoLieiiest  which  lies  a  little  ilistanue  from 
till.'  inoiilliof  St.  John's  river.  JN'e.vt  morning 
early,  the  miijor,  with  his  forces  lauded  to 
gee  what  discovery  they  could  make,  tra- 
velled across  till.'  woodstolhe  old  fort  or  falls 
nt  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river,  keeping 
tlieiiiselvcs  nniliscovered  from  the  enemy  ; 
tinding  that  there  were  several  men  at  work, 
and  having  Inl'ornii.'il  themselves  as  much  as 
they  could,  the  enriiiy  being  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river,  could  not  eonie  at  them,  return- 
ed hauk,  but  iiiglil  coming  on,  and  dark  wet 
weilllicr,  wilii  bad  travelling,  was  obliged  to 
slop  in  the  woods  until  towards  day  next 
morning,  and  then  went  on  board  ;  soon  af- 
ter the  major  ordered  all  the  vessels  to  come 
to  sail,  and  go  into  the  mouth  of  the  river; 
bi'ing  done,  it  was  not  long  before  the  major 
and  his  forces  landi'd  on  the  eastside  of  the 
river,  the  Freiieh  tiring  briskly  at  them,  but 
did  them  no  liariii ;  and  running  fiercely  up- 
on the  enemy,  they  soon  ded  into  the  woods. 
The  niiijur  ordered  a  brisk  parly  to  run  across 
a  neck  to  cut  them  oti'  from  their  canoes, 
which  tlie  clay  befuie  thuy  hud  made  a  dis- 


covery of;  so  the  commander,  with  the  rest, 
ran  directly  towards  the  new  fort  they  were 
building,  not  knowing'  but  they  had  some 
ordiianee  moiintcil.  'J'lie  eiieiny  running! 
diirclly  to  their  canoes,  were  nut  by  our 
forces,  who  tired  at  tlieni,  and  killed  one,  and 
Hounded  Corporal  ('anion,  who  was  taken, 
the  rest  threw  down  what  they  had  and  ran 
into  the  woods,  'i'lie  said  prisoner,  Canton, 
being  brought  to  tint  iniijor,  told  him,  if  he 
would  let  his  surgeon  dress  his  wound  and 
cure  him,  he  would  he  serviceable  to  him  as 
long  as  he  lived  ;  so,  being  dressed,  he  was 
examined,  who  gave  the  iiiajor  an  account  of 
the  twelve  great  guns  which  were  hid  in  the 
beach,  below  hlf{li  water  mark  ;  the  car- 
riages, shot,  and  wheelbarrows,  some  flour 
and  -pork,  :il!  hid  in  the  woods.  And  the 
next  morning  the  oflicers  being  all  ordered 
to  ineet  togi'ther  to  consult  about  going  to 
't'ilboon's  fort,  and  none  amnngst  them  being 
acqiiaiiited  but  the  Alliens,  who  said  the  wa- 
ter in  the  river  was  very  low,  so  tint  they 
could  not  get  up  to  the  fort,  and  the  prisoner, 
Canton,  told  the  commander,  that  what  the 
Aldeus  said  was  true  ;  so  not  being  willing 
to  make  a  Canada  expedition,  concluded  it 
was  not  practicable  to  proci^il.  Then  or- 
dered some  of  the  forces  to  get  the  great 
guns  on  hoard  the  open  sloops,  and  the  rest 
to  range  the  woods  for  the  enemy,  who  took 
one  prisoner,  and  brought  in  ;  who  in  their 
ranging  found  there  a  shallop  haled  in  a 
creek,  and  a  day  or  twii  afler  there  came  in 
a  young  soldier  to  our  forces,  who,  up. in  ex- 
amination, gave  an  iicconnt  of  two  more 
which  he  left  in  the  woods  at  K";iie  distance  ; 
so  immediately  the  major  with  some  (,f  his 
forces  went  in  pursuit  of  tlrjm,  t:'.hi;ig  the 
said  priso!:er  with  them,  who  conveyed  tiiei;; 
to  t!ie  place  where  he  left  thera,  but  they 
were  gone.  Then  asked  the  prisoner,  wheth- 
er there  were  any  Indians  in  llinse  parts. — 
iSaid  no,  it  was  as  hard  for  Vilhoon,  their < 
governor,  to  get  an  Indian  down  to  the  wa- 
ter side,  as  it  was  for  him  to  carry  one  of 
those  great  guns  ujKin  his  back  to  his  fort; 
for  they  having  had  iiitellig''nce  by  a  |>risoner 
out  id'  Itostoii  gaol,  that  gave  them  an  i;:- 
coiint  of  Major  (^liiircb  and  his  forces  com- 
ing out  against  them.  Now  having  with  a 
great  deal  of  pains  and  trouble  got  all  the 
guns,  shot,  and  other  stores  aboard,  intended 
oil  our  design  wliieli  we  came  out  first  for,  but 
the  w  iiid  not  servinir,  the  commander  sent  out 
his  scouts  into  the  woods,  to  seek  for  the 
enemy,  and  fmir  of  our  Indians  came  11)1011 
three  Frenchmen  undiscovered,  who  con- 
cluded that  if  the  French  should  <liscover 
them,  woulil  fire  nt  them,  and  might  kill  one 
or  more  of  them,  which  to  prevent,  tired  nt 
the  French,  killed  one,  and  took  the  other 
two  prisoners;  and  it  happened  that  he  who 
was  killed  was  Shanelere,  the  chief  man 
there.  The  same  day  they  mended  their 
wbale-honts,  and  the  shallop  which  they  took, 
fitting  her  to  row  with  eight  oarSi  tliat  she 
might  be  helpful  to  their  prosecuting  their  in- 
tended design  against  the  enemy  in  their  re- 
turning homeward.  'I'lien  the  commander 
ordering  all  the  olRcers  to  come  togi'ther,  in- 
t'ormed  them  of  his  intentions,  and  ordered 
that  no  vessels  should  depart  i'loni  the  fleet, 
hut  to  attend  the  motions  of  their  com- 
modore, as  formerly,  except  they  were  part- 


ed   by   storms,  or  thick  fogs,   and   if  so   it 
should    happen  that  any  did  part,  when  they 
Inline    to  I'assameqilaily,  shoiilil  slop  tlieriil 
while,  for   there  lliiy    ioteiiilnl    to  slop,  and 
do    b:isiiiess    with    the   help    of    tin  ir    tioals 
n^:aiiist  the  eneiiiv,  and  if  they  inisseil    llini. 
to    slop  at    IMiiehias  ;    which    was    the    ne\l 
place  he    intended  to  slop    at,  baviiiir  an  in  • 
count    by  the   prisoners  taken,  lliat    .Mr.  l-a- 
teril  was  there    trading;   with    the  Indians   in 
that   river.      F.ncouraging  them  sanl,  he  did 
not    doubt  hut  to    have  a    good  booly  there  ; 
and  if  they  should  pass  those  two   pl.iees,  he 
sure    not  to  go   past  Naskege-poiiit,  hut    to 
stop  there    till   he    came,  and    not  In  depart 
thence  in  aforlnight  wilhonl  his  orders,  hav- 
ing  great   service   to  do    in   and  about    I'e- 
nobscot.     Then   the  major    iliseoiirsed  willi 
(!?aptaiu     llrackit,    Caplain    lliinewell,    and 
Captain  Larking,  with  iheirlieiiteiiMiils,  com- 
manders  of  the  forces  belonging  lo  the  east- 
ward parts,  who  were  to  iliseoiirse  tbcir  sol- 
diers about  their  proceeding,  w  ben  ibey  eaine 
to  Penobscot  ;   and  the  loiijor  himself  was  lo 
discourse  his  Indian  soldiers,  ami  their  eap- 
tiiins  :  who  with  all  the  rest  readily  eoinpliid. 
The  proji'clioii   heiiii;  such,  that  whin   liny 
came  to  I'eiiobscot,  the  eommander  designed 
lo  take  what  ]irovisions  eonid   be  spared  out 
of  all  the  .'-loops,  and  put   on  board  llie  two 
briiianlines,  and  lo  send  all  (be  sloops    home 
with  Koine  of  the  oflicers  and  men  that  want- 
ed to  hi;  lit  home  ;  iind  then  willi  those  forees 
aforementimied    to    wit.    the   easlvirard    men 
anil    all  the  Indians  ;  and  to  take   what  pro- 
visions  and  ammunition  was   needful,    nnd 
to  march  with  himself  up  into  the  Penobscot 
coiinlry,  in  search    for  the    enemy,    and    if 
possible  to  take  that  fort  in  Peiiobs.'ot   river. 
Captain    Itraekit,  iiiforining   the  inajur.  lliit 
when    the    water  was  low  they    cmild    w.idi! 
ovi'i',  wliie!:  was  (at  that  time)  the  lowest  that 
had  been  known  in  a  long  time.     And  being 
there,  to  ran»c   tlirongli  that   coiintiy   ilowi: 
to   Pemeqnid  ;   where   he    intended    the   iwc 
brigantines    should    meet   iliem  ;    iinil    iiDiii 
thence  taking   more   provisimis,  viz.    bread 
salt,  and  aminuiiilion  suitable  (lo  send  those 
two  vessels  home  also)  to  travel  ihroiigh   ihe 
coiintiy  to  Neriiriwaek,  mid   from    ihiiice  'o 
Aineriis-cogen  fort,  and  so   down   where  tat! 
enemy  used  to  plant,    not  doubling  bin  ilial 
in  all   this  travel   lo  niei  t   willi  many   of  ibe 
enemy  before  lliey  should  get  to  I'lseiitnipia. 
All  which  intenlions  were  very  aeeeplalile  lo 
the  forces  that  were  to  undertake  it,  ulio  re- 
joiciiiif,  said,  they   had    ralher  go   limne    by 
land  than  by  water,  provided  their  comniaii- 
iler   would  go   with  them  ;   who,  lo  try    lliiir 
fiilelity,    said,    he    was    grown    ancient   and 
might    fail   them;  they   all  said    they  would 
not  leave  him,  and  when  he  could    nol  ir.iM  I 
any  further,  they  would  carry  liini.      Ibnin;; 
done  what    service  they    could  at  and  about 
the    mouth    of  St.  John's  river,   resolved   on 
their  intended  design  ;  and  the  iie.vt  morning 
having  but   little  wind,  came  all   to   sail,  llii^ 
wind    coming    against    them,  I  hey    put   into 
Mnsliqiiash-Cove,  and  the  next  day,  llii'  v.  iiid 
still  being  against  them,  the  major  willi  part 
of  his    force's  landed,  and    employeil   ilieni- 
selves  in  ranging  the  ciMinlry  for  the  eiieoiy, 
hut  to  no  purpose;   and   in    the    niiibi.    llie 
wind   came   pretty    fair,   ai.d    at    1:^  o'clock 
they  came  to  suil,  mid  had  not  been  long  bo- 


KINO     I' INI,  IP'S    WAR, 


riu 


{S,    iiiul    if  HO    it 

|>nrt,  wiii'ti  liny 

iilllll  hl<)|(  lliiTr  n 

ll  cl    III    Sllljl,  i 

(if  lliiir  '"liiN 
lirv  mi^^'cil  lliiii. 
1  '\\:\7t  llic  lll\l 
ll,    ll.lvillL'   I'll    "'  • 

(11,  iliMi    .Mr.  1.11- 
till'  lii(liMii?<   ill 

lll'lll    Mini,    III'     lilli 

noil  liiiiiiy  lliiiT  ; 
SI'  two   phicc!',  111! 

l'jr('.|ll)il!t,  llllt  lit 
ml  llllt  to  llr|lill't 
111  liis  (iiilrrs,  liiiv- 
II   mill  iiliiiiit   I'l- 

•    ilisODIIlsrll  Willi 

I  lliiiii'wrll,    mill 
lii  iiti'iimil'',  ciiiii- 

ii;;ili;,'  ti)  tin'  •H"'- 
lim-iilllci'  llirir  •"iil- 
ir,  wliiii  till  y  riiimi 
jiir  hiiiisilf  WHS  to 
•IS,  mill  lliiir  i-iij)- 
t  rriiilily  riiiniiliiil. 
ll,  tliiit  hIiiii  tliry 
iiiiiimiiirr  ilisiiiiird 
iilil  III'  spmi'il  llllt 
nil  liiiiinl  llii^  iwii 

II  (III'   sllllips     llllllli' 

111(1  men  ihiit  wmit- 
II  willi  tliosr  rorcfs 
till!   I'lisHviiril    iiirii 

I  to  liiki:   wliiit  piii- 
wiis    iit'i'iiriil,    iiiiii 
iiil'i  tli«  rriiolisciit 
11!   iiieiiiy,  mill   if 
ill  I'i'iiiilisfot  liviT. 
insf   tin;  iiiiijiir.  iliit 
V  tliry    I'liiilil    w.-iili: 
illii')  till'  Inwcat  Unit 
i;  tiiiic.     .'^iiil  lit'iiil? 
tliiit   ciiUMliy   (liiwi; 
•    iiitriuK'il    till'    iwc 
t   llirm  ;    mnl    IV'Hii 
ivisiiins,  viz.    Iirtiul 
itiilik'  (ill  ."^I'lnl  ill""''' 
)  tiiivi'l  tliriiii;;li   iliv! 
mill   from   tlniici?  l'> 
so    ildWii    w  here  Un: 
It  (IlilllHillL'    llllt    lll'll 
t    with  iiiiiiiy    iif  llif 

III  j;it  to  risciiliupiii. 
rv,  wry  ticcrpiiiMi'  to 
iiiiliilnlu'  il,  wliii  in- 
liilliir  po  llllllli'  I'X 
iilllll   thrir  I'dimiiiiii- 

II  ;  wliii,  to  try  llirir 
fiiiiwii  miiMi-iil  mill 
nil  sniil    tlii'y  woiilil 

I  In;  coiilil  mil  II"1M  I 
(;iirry  liim.  Illl^illl; 
r  cmilil  at  mnl  r.lniiit 
I's  river,  rrMilvnl  mi 
mil  till'  iKXt  iiir.riiiii;,' 
ciiiiie  nil  to  siiil,  tin; 
tliLiii,  llwy  put  intii 
lie  next  iliiy,  lln'  wiinl 
,tlit!  iiiiijor  Willi  pmt 
mil  cmployi'il  llirm- 
iiiiiliy  I'lir  tin;  riirniy, 

III  ill  till'  liiL'lil.  llif 
,  lu.d  at  i'i  o'l-Uitl; 
liad  not  bt'cu  long  bo- 


fofij  limy  spycil  tlirci)  HiiH  of  vi;sst'L< ;  iixpecl-  bi-.uk  to  St.  .lolm'H,     'I'lirii  iliiiuoiirMiiijf  \vilh|tliiiu);li  it  proved  in  llii;  eoiitrary  ; 

M<(  tlleiil  til  Ih;  I'Vi'iicli,  lllleil  In  ili  rnid  tliem-  ('iilimel  lliillioriii',  !;iive    liim   mi   iiei'iiiiiit  i>f|Wiiiil  up  with  ii  jiisl  liiiil  of  w  lint    I 

ui:lves,  Ml   (iiimiii^;    iieiir,  limlid    iIiimii  ;    wlio  wliiit  lliey  InnI  ilmie  ill  St.  .Inliu's,  vi/..  lliiit  iis 

fiillinl  llii'iii  III  lie  II  iiimi-iil'-wiir,  tin;  I'rovliii'L'-  to  ileiiinlislim^  lln;  in\v  I'nrt  liny  liiiil  iloin  it, 

<■  cilli'y,  mill    iiM    .Mr.  Alli'ii   in  a  slimp,  with   iiinl  ^rni  ^11  tin  ir  Liriat  L'mis  mnl  .-Inrei  iilmmd 

moil.'  lor(!i;s,  ('iilmiel    lliilliiiriiu  ciiimiiainler.  {llieir  vessels;   mnl  llnii  if  il  Innl  not  liceii  ilnii 

Maiiir  i  liin'<:li  wi'iit  liliiianl    tin;  ciiimiiinliiri',  tin;  wati;rs  weii.'  so  low  would  have  tiiUiii  tlie 

wliero  ('i)liiiiel  llallioriii;    was,  who  yavehiiii  fort  up  the  river  also    liifore   lie  ciiiiie  away  ; 

(111   accoiiiit  of  !us   eoimiiis.sioii   anil    n,  :lers.  [tiild  liim  iiImi  that  mii'  of  llie  prisoiierH  w  Inch 

mill  read  llieiii  to  liiiii.      'I'lieii  his  lioiiiir  told'liu  had   taKi;ii  ill    ."^i.  .Inliii's,  upon   exaiiiiiia- 

iMajor    Church,  thai  there   was  a    particuliir|tioii,  (;oiiueriiiiiL;  the    linliiiiis  in  those   purls, 

order  oil   hoitrd  (Jiiptui,'   Soiitliback  for  him,  told  him   it  was   a.-i  hard    for   Vilhooii,   their 

!;overiiiir,  to  ;;el   oiii;  of  their   liidiaiiH  down 

to  the   water  side,  at  to  carry    oin;   of  those 

ureal  !<:uiis   iipim    his    hack  ;   mid   that   ihev 
'had  ail  iiecoiiiil  of  him  and  his  forces  eoiiiiiiL' 


wiiicli  is  uii  follows : . 

liostoii,  Scpiumbu.-Otli,  lOOO. 


Siii; 
Uii  .Majesty's    xliip  Orford  hiiviiif,'    iiilely  to  those  parts    liy  a   prisoner  out   of  IJostoii 
siirprisi'd  a  French  shiillop,  with  tweiily-li..''i'C'  iraol  ;   also    told  his  lioiinr,  thai  if  they  went 
of  tin;   soldieis   heli.ii;riii;;  to   lln;   f)rt   upon  :  hack  it  would  wholly  ilisiippoiiit  iheiu  of  their 


HO  itlinll 

nippi'Ui  tl 
It  their  eotiiini;  lioiiie  In  liii'-loii.  .Vl'lir  all 
llii'ir  hard  sertire  liolli  iiiL'hl  and  ilav,  ihu 
iroveMiiiieiit  toiik  away  all  the  i:iiMt  uiiiis, 
and  warlike  stores,  and  itaM'  tlnin  not  ii 
penny  for  llieiu,  except  il  was  sonii'  puwdir, 
and  that  they  i.'ave  w  hat  lliey  plensril  I'nr ;  iiiiil 
he.-iiles  ihe  assrinlily  p.issi  il  a  vole  lli.il  liny 
should  have  llllt  hall'  pay;  hm  his  linmirlhii 
lleuUMiaiit  irnvennir  heiii;;  iiiinh  ili-lmlud  at 
their  so  doiii!;,  went  iiilo  l;',i  low  n-lioiise, 
where  the    represinl.ilives   wiie    silliii;:,  mnl 

told   them,   except   liny    did    re    is>i llial 

vole,  which  was  toeiil  .Mainr  Climili  and  hin 
forces  oil'  their  lialf-pa\ ,  liny  slnmlil  >ii  there 
till  tin;  next  spriii:;.  \\  Inreiipoii  it  was  re- 
assuiiied  ;  so  that  liny  had  yt>\  tin  ir  hare 
wiiu'cs.      i!iit  ns  vet  never  had  iiiiv  alliiwnnee 


liihii's    river,  ill   .\ova-Scotia,  toifether   with  ;iliiiii!r   any    fiirlher    .service,  which   was  that  fur  the  irreat   amis  and   sion  s  ;   iniiher   h, 
\illiiiu,  their  eaptain,  I'rovideiico    nceiiis  lo'lhey    imiiic    for  to  I'eiioliscot,  and   placesad- 
eiie.ouraife    lln;  foriiiiui,' of  all  expeilitioii    to  jaceiit  ;   hut  all  wiis  to  no  purpose,  his  honor 
iillack  that   fort,  and  to   disre.-'t  and   ri'iiiovo ,  Iclliiiir  the  iiiajor  that  he  iiiiisl  attend  his  iir- 
llie  enemy   frnm  that  post,  which  is  the  chief  ilers  then  received.      .And    to  encouraiji;   the 


sinirci;  from  wdienci;  ihi;  most  of  our  tlisas-  officers  mnl  soldiers  tuld  lliein,  tliev  should 
tirs  do  issue,  mnl  also  to  favour  with  an  op-,  lie  wholly  at  the  luajcir's  orderiiiir  mid  coiii- 
l>'irlmiily  for  f;  liniiiij  out  of  their  hands  the  nimiil  in  the  wlioh'  aetiiia  ;  mnl  to  he  short 
nrdn.iiici',  arldlery,  and  other  warlike  .stores,  [did  jjo  hack,  and  llie  ivent  ii.  ay  Ik;  seen  in 
mid  provisiniis,  lately  supplied  tn  them  friiiii '('olnnel  llalliorin's  .liniriial  of  the  said  ac- 
I'rance,  for  ereetiii'r  a  new  fort  near  the  lion.  Only  I  iinist  oliserve  one  tliinir  hv  the 
river's  iiioiith,  wlnrehy  they  will  he  i;reatlyw'ay  which  was,  that  when  they  drew  olf  to 
slren^thi'ued,  and  the  rediicinitof  them  reii-  coim;  down  the  river  iiuaiii.  Colonel  llalli- 
ihreil  more  ditfijiilt.  I  have  ihereforc  or- ' oriie  ciiiue  oft"  and  left  lliu  major  heliind  to 
dered  a  detachiiiciit  of  two  new  coiiipaiiies,|scL'  that  all  the  forces  were  drawn  off;  and 
consistinij  of  alioiit  an  liundred  men  to  join  coniiii!;  down  tin;  riviT,  in  or  near  the  rear, 
the  force's  now  wiili  yon  for  tliiit  expedition,  in  the  niirlil  heard  a  person  halliiw  ,  not  know- 
and  li.ive  ciiimnissioned  Lieutenant  Colonel  in:;  at  first  hut  it  mi;;lit  lie  a  snare  to  draw 
ilolin  llathonii',  one  of  the  members  of  his  then)  into;  hut  upon  consideratinn,  sent 
Majesty's   council,  who   i.-i    acquainted  with  to  see  who  or  wiiat  he  was,  found   liiiii   to  he 

thai  river,  and   in  whose    coura<;e   and  con-  a  iie^rro  iiimi   lii'liinuini;  to  Marlileliead,  that  sokilled  in  cool  M I.     .Ml  whieli,  w  illi  soiiu; 

due'.  I  repose  special  tnisl,  to  lake  the  chief  had  been  taken,  and  kept  a  prisoner  miiiini; 
e.ommand  of  the  whole  dmin;;  that  service, '  them  for  some  time.  The  major  asked  him 
lieintr  well  assuri'il  thai  yoiii' yoiid  aflcclioiis  whether  lie  could  unve  any  account  of  llii' 
mill  /.eal  fur  his  .M.ijr-ty's  s(  rvicc  will  indiicu  IndimiR  in  those  pi:rls.  lie  said,  ye;',  they 
your  ready  cinupliaiice  and  assistance  there-  were  or  had  heeu  all  drawn  off  from  lln;  sea 
in,  which,  I  hope,  will  t:ik<;  up  no  lull!;  time,  Coast,  up  into  the  woods,  near  an  liundred 
nil. I  lie  of  Hi'eat  lienetit  and  iidvantajri'  to  miles,  liaviii<r  had  an  aecoiinl  hy  a  prisoner 
these  his  .Majesty's  territories,  if  it  please' out  of  Boston  i;iiol,  that  Major  Chnreli  and 
(ioil  to  succeed  the  same.  IJesides,  il  is  very'  his  forces  were  coiiiin;.'-  out  a;;ainsl  them  in 
piohalile  to  he  the  fairest  opportunity  that  lour  liriiraiitines,  and  four  .-loops,  wiili 
cmi  In;    offered   unto   yourself  mid   men,  of  twcnly-four     peliiaiiijers,    meaninij     wliale- 


.Major  C'liiireh  had  any  allowaiiii'  for  all  lii;< 
Iravel  and  jireat  i  xpeiises  in  rm.-iii^  lie'  saiil 
forces  volunteers. 


TlIK  FIFTH    ANO    l..\;iT  rXfllirriON    |;\KT. 

In  the  year  I70.'l-I,  IMiijnr  Chiinh  had  an 
account  of  tin;  iniseralile  divaslalions  maili; 
on  Deerfield,  a  tow  n  in  the  >ve.-lward  parts  if 
this  province,  innl  the  hiirilile  harharilies  aid 
crileltie.s  cxer('i.-(d  on  those  poor  imnu'ent 
people,  hy  the  French  .-iinl  Indiiins,  espeeinllv 
of  their  cruellies  toward.s  tl.at  Hinlliy  Liinile- 
woman  .Mrs.  Willimiis,  and  several  ollnrs, 
whom  they  marched  in  that  exlrenie  siasi  n  ; 
forciiiii  them  to  cany  iinal  loarls,  and  m  lieu 
uiiy  of  them  hy  tin  ir  h  ird  u;  i;ie  eenhl  not 
hear  Willi   It,  were  Uinickeil  on  llie  hiinl,  ami 


other  hiirrilile  instances  done  hy  ihuse  1i:m'- 
baroiis  .savages,  which  Majnr  Climch  hioi. 
self  was  an  eye-wilness  In  in  his  former  tra- 
vel in  the  easlward  parts,  did  iniicli  asloiiish 
him.  To  see  a  woman  thai  iIiom'  liarli.iroii:' 
savai-es  had  taken  and  killed,  exposed  in  a 
most  lirutish  inamier  (as  can  he  expressed) 
with  ;:yiiiiiii;  eliild  seized  I'asl  w  ill.  slrinirs  to 
her  lireast ;  which  infant  had  no  ti|ip.'ireiil 
wiiiind,  which  iloiililh  ss  was  lel'l  alite  to  siiek 
its  dead  molher's  liieasi,  mnl  so  iiiiseraMv  to 


doiiiHr  exeeiiiion  upon  the  luilian  enemy  and   boats,  which  put  theiii  into  a  fright,  that  iiol- ;  |ierisli  and  die. 
riliil.s,  who  may   nasoirililv    he  expected  to 
be  drawn  In  the  defeiici;  of  that  fort.     I  have 
also  ordered  his  .Majesty 's  ship  .Aniiidel,  mid 


tin;    I'roviiiee  (I'alley,  to   iiltend   this  .service. 

Colonel  llathorii';  will  comniiinicate  unto 
you  the  contenls  of  'ni.s  coiiimission  and  in- 
htriictions  received  from  my.self  for  this  ex- 
pcdilioii,  which  I  expect  and  order  that  your- 
self, iilHcers,  and  soldiers,  now  under  you, 
yield  ohedieiiee  unto,  lie  is  to  advise  with 
yourself  and  others  in  all  weighty  allcmpts. 
I'ravini;  for  a  hlessin;;  from  Heaven  upon 
tin;  said  enterprise,  and  that  all  eil>;;aired  in 
the  .same  may  be  under  the  special  protee- 
lioii  of  the  Aliiiiu:hty, 

1  mil  your  loviii<;  friend, 

\VII,I,1.\.M  STOUGIITOX. 

The  Major  h'lvini;  read  his  last  orders. 
Olid  coiisiderins;  his  commission,  found  that 
bo    wm    ohlij'eil   to    attend    all  orders,    was 


Also  to  see  oilier  poor  eliil. 
willistandini;  tlnv  were  so  far  up  in  theldreu  hanuini''  upon  fences  dead,  of  eilliet 
woods,  were  afraid  to  make  tires  hv  day,  lest  sex,  ill  their  own  poor  rau's,  not  worlli  llnii 
he  and  his  forces  slioiild  ili-eover  llie  sinokes. 


lrilipin;r    lliem    oil',    in    seoni 


(I    ill  li  ion. 


mill  in  the  ni<;lit 
One  tliiiiu  more 


le>l  ihev  •should  si'c  the  lij;lil.  I  .Anoiher   in»lmiee    was,  of  a    sliaL:;;liH:;    si 
I    woiilil  just  i;ive  a  hint  of,  ilier  who  was    I'nniiil  at  Caseo,  exiinsid    in 


shameful  and  harliaroiis  inanner;  his  body 
heiiiir  staked  lip,  his  In. id  ent  otf,  and  a 
ho;;'s  head  set  ill  the  rooin,  hi-  lioily  ripped 
up,  and  his  lii'arl  and  inwaiils  taken  onl,  and 
hiiii<:'  with  hells  of  their  own,  the  inwards  at 
the  side  III'  his  body,  in  scorn  mnl  derision  ot' 
then  i;oiiin;  all  diiuii  the  river,  ihe  l",ni;lisli  soldiers.  These  and  siieh  like 
went  lioniew  aril  ;   eiilv  by  the   harharilies  caused  Major   ( 'liiireh  In  expri's.s 

ilirpose,  ihal  i''  In;  were  eom- 
'  of  these  provhiees,  he  w  onld 
Midi,  put  mi  end  to  those  liarliariliis  done  by 
ihe  barbarons  enemy,  by  niakiii;:  it  his  win  lu 
business  to  fii;lil  and  deslroy  those  sa\ai;es, 
as  they  did  our  poor  neighbors  :  w  liieli  donbl- 
li'ss  iiii;:lit  have  been  iloiie  if  ri^lilly  ma- 
mured,  and  that  in  a  short  tiiiie.  So  that 
these,  with  the  late    iiihiinianilies  dciie  ii|iih 


that  is,  how  the  I'reiieh  in  the  eastward  p.iri 
wen;  much  surprised  at  the  inolioii  of  the 
whale-boats  ;  said,  lliere  was  no  iihidiiiif  for 
llieiii  in  that  comilrv  ;  an.!  I  have  I ii  in- 
formed since,  thai  soon  al'lef  !liis  expeililion, 
ihey  drew  oil'  from  ."-t.  ,lolin's  Iinl  and  river. 
Itiit  to  retiiri 
embarked  m 

way,  candid  reader,  I  would  lei  you  know  of  hini.-elf  to  tin.' 
Iwii  thiiiiis  that  proved  very  prejudicial  to  mander-iii-ehi 
.Major  Climch  and  liiu  forces.  The  llrsl 
was,  that  the  uovernnicnt  sliould  miss  il  so 
iiiiich  as  to  send  any  prisoner  away  from 
liostoii  before  the  expeililion  was  over.  ."Se- 
condly, thai  tliev  .'^lioiild  send  (.'ololiel  Ila- 
lliorne   In   take  them    from    the    service   and 


inufcb  concerned  lb, it   he  and  his  were   pre- 1  bufines.s  they  Went  to  do;  who,  with  subniis 

vented  ill  ihcir  intended  projeclioit,  if  carried  I  sion,  doubllesE  lliought  thry  did  fur  tlic  beet,  ihu  iiihabiinn'..';  of  Decrfield,  iiinile  such  an 


7U 

imprt'fiMiiiti  oil  liU  lii'iirt  iih  eiiiini>t  woll  be  ux- 
|ilrH!«'il  ;  I'll  llril  Ills  liliiiiil  liiiilnl  wiljiiii  liilii, 
niaUiii^  Illicit  iiii|iiil.->i's  (III  his  iiiiiiil,  tliiit  lii' 
I'lirtinl    ull    riiniirr    trriitllirlltM,    wliiuli     urri' 

i'iiiiiii.''i  i<i  liiiiilir  liny  iiiiiii,  eg|a'ciiilly  ilii' 
Huiil  .Miijiii'  C  liiircli,  iViiiii  (luiii);  iiiiy  I'lirdiL'r 
ticrvlcr,  i\iiin'illi^tiiii<liii|j;  all  wliicli,  liiiviii); 
u  iiiinil  til  liilti'  Miiiii!  Hiitistiiciiiiii  iiii  llic 
L'liriiiv,  Ills  lii'iirt  lii'ini;  full,  tniik  jiix  liiiive 
liiiil  wi'iit  Iriiiii  Ills  iiwii  lialiitiitiiiM,  iieiir 
Hrvi'iity  mill's,  In  wiiit  ii|iiiii  IiIh  uxci'llriicy, 
mill  oUV'ri'd  liiH  fii'i'vici:  tii  tlio  ()iu'l'ii,  Iiid  ex- 
ci'lleiicv,  ami  tin;  ciiiiiitry  ;  wliicii  lii-i  I'X- 
Ctili-'iu'y  leiiilily  uccrpli'il  of,  iiikI  ili^ircil 
31iijor  Cliiircli  III  ilrinv  ii  kcIil'iiic  for  tin-  ■  mmii- 
iti<{  iicliiui,  iir  aclimis;  an  iakiii<;  Iriivti  W(.-iit 
iiiiiiK',  iiiitl  tli'evr  it ;   » liicli  is  iih  t(illii\V!<  : 

Tifirtiiii,  I'lhriKiri/  ii,  1703-1. 
Mui/  it  phuic  ytiiir  Kxiiltniii/, 

Accoriliii;;  to  yniir  r(M|ii«'»t,  wlicii  I  was  last 
with  viiiirsulf,  mill  in  nlicilit'iici'  thi'ri'iiiitii,  I 
|ir('.«i'nt  yiiii  with  iliiv<r  riillii\viii<;  lines,  that 
tiiiii'iM'ii  till!  iiri|iariitiiiii  fur  iiuxt  spriii^j's 
t'\'|iL'ililiiiii  to  attack  tin.'  rnt'iny.  Acuoriliiii.' 
to  my  riinnrr  ilint  iimi,  lor  it  is  jjnod  to  liavt; 
n  I'lill  slrolu;  at  lliiiii  first,  lii'loru  tlify  have 
iipportnniiy  to  riin  for  it  ;  fur  the  first  of  our 
iiciion  will  lie  our  opportunity  to  destroy  tlieni, 
mid  to  prcvnit  tlitir  rnnnini:  awiiy,  in  way- 
iM'iiii;  i>vt'ry  piissa:.:^  ;  and  iiiiiku  tlieni  know 
wi'  are  in  {{ood  i  iiniesi,  and  so  we  lieine  in  ii 
ilili<:i'iit  U!iu  of  melius,  we  may  hope  for  a 
iilessiiii;  from  tlie  Aliiiiirlity,  and  that  lie  will 
III'  pleased  to  put  a  dnad  ill  their  hearts,  that 
tlii'v  may  fall  before  us  and  perish,  l''iir  my 
iidviee  is, 

I  St.  'J'liiit  ten  or  twelve  liundred  fjood  able 
soldiers  well  I'lpiipped,  he  in  ii  readiness  fit 
for  action,  liy  the  lirst  of  April  at  farthest,  fur 
thin  will  lie  the  time  to  he  upon  action. 

tldly.  'I'liiit  live  and  forty,  or  fifty  jroiid 
whale-lioats  he  had  ready,  well  fitted,  with 
live  iiiiod  oars,  mmiI  twelve  or  fifteen  flood 
paddles  to  every  boat;  and  iipoii  the  wale  of 
rucli  bout  five  pieces  of  stroiif;  leuther  be 
f'nstunod  on  oacli  side,  to  (-lip  five  pmall  ash 
Lnrs  tliroiiifh,  tlnit  so,  wheiieviT  they  land, 
tlie  men  may  step  overboard,  and  slip  in  said 
bars  across,  and  take  up  said  boat,  that  she 
r"iy  not  bo  hint  airaiiist  the  rocks  ;  and  that 
I  I  suitable  brass  kettles  bo  jirovided  to  be- 
lonir  to  each  boat,  !o  dress  the  men's  victuals 
111,  to  make  their  lives  comfortable. 

;MIv.  That  foiii-  or  five  hundred  pair  of 
fjDod  Indian  shoes  be  made  ready,  fit  for  the 
siriice,  for  the  Kniilish  and  Indians,  that 
iiiiist  improve  the  whale-boats,  and  bireli  ca- 
noes, for  tliey  will  be  very  proper  and  safe 
for  lliat  service  ;  'iinl  lit  there  he  a  ifood  store 
of  eoH-liides,  well  tanned,  for  a  supply  of 
such  sillies  ;  and  lieiiip  to  make  thread,  and 
wax,  to  iiieiid  and  make  more  such  shoes 
when  wanted,  and  a  uooil  store  of  awls. 

4ililv.  That  there  be  an  liundred  lari;e 
haieliils,  or  liiilit  axes,  made  pri'tty  broad, 
mid  steeled  with  the  best  steel  that  can  he 
gut,  and  made  by  jrood  workmen,  that  may 
i:iit  well  anil  liolil,  that  the  lieliiloek  knots 
m.iv  not  brc^k  or  turn  them,  to  widen  the 
landiii!;  place  up  the  falls,  for  it  may  bap|)en 
that  we  may  fret  i.p  with  some  of  our  wliale- 
LdiUs  to  their  falls  or  headquarters. 

otlily.  That  there  be  a  siiiiiiblc  quantity 
cf  Bluull  bugs,  or  wuiluta  provided,  tliut  every 


KING    Pill  LIP'S    WAU, 


nmii  that  waiitii  may  bavu  uiic,  to  put    up 

his  bullets  ill,  of  such  a  ni/.u  as  will  lit  Ins 
Klin,  mill  not  be  served  as  at  C'liseo.  Tlial 
livery  man's  ba^  bi.'  so  marked  that  lie  iiiiiy 
not  eliaiii;e  it  :  for  if  so,  it  will  make  ii  iinal 
confusion  in  action  ;  that  every  mail's  store 
of  ball  be  wei;;lied  to  hiin,  that  so  he  niiiy  be 
aecountable,  and  may  not  sipiaiider  it  iiwiiy  : 
iind  also  his  store  of  powder,  tiiat  so  lie  iiiiiy 
try  Ills  powder  mid  ^uii  before  action.  And 
that  every  particular  cunipaiiy  iiiiiy  have  a 
iiarrel  of  powder  to  themselves,  nnd  so 
marked  that  it  may  by  no  means  be  cbaii);rd  ; 
that  men  may  know  beforehand,  and  may 
not  be  cheated  out  of  their  lives,  by  liavin^ 
bad  powder,  or  not  kiiowin<;  how  to  use  it : 
and  this  will  prove  a  i;reat  advaiitago  to  the 
action. 

(itiily.  That  Colonel  John  (iiorhniii,  if  he 
may  be  prevailed  with,  may  be  concerned  in 
the  iminaireineiit  of  tlie  whale-boats,  he  liav- 
iiiir  been  formerly  concerned  in  the  enstern 
parts,  and  experienced  in  that  iiifair.  And 
whale-men  then  will  be  very  Berviceabli;  in 
this  expediliiin,  which  liavini!  a  promise  iiiniie 
to  them,  that  they  shall  be  released  in  uixii! 
season,  to  ^o  home  ii  wlialini;  in  the  fall, 
your  escelieney  will  have  iiii'n  eiioujrii. 

7tlily.  That  there  ni.iy  be  raised  for  this 
service  three  hiindred  linliaiis  at  least,  and 
more  if  they  may  be  had  ;  fori  know  cer- 
tainly of  my  own  kiiowledire,  that  they  ex- 
ceed most  of  our  Kii<;lisli  in  limitini;  mid 
sknlkini!  in  the  woods,  beiiii;  always  used  to 
it ;  and  it  must  Uv  jiractised  if  ever  we  intend 
to  destroy  those  Indian  enemies. 

btlily.  'I'liat  the  soldiers  already  out  east- 
ward in  the  service,  men  of  known  jiidi;ineiit, 
iiiay  take  a  survey  of  them  and  their  amis  ; 
and  see  if  their  arms  be  i;ooil,  nnd  that  they 
know  how  to  use  them,  in  shootini;  riplit  at 
a  mark  ;  and  that  they  be  nun  of  j^rood  rea- 
son and  sense,  to  know  how  to  manaiic  them- 
selves in  so  di'lienlt  a  piece  of  service,  as 
this  Indian  hnntiii!;  is;  for  bad  men  arc  lint 
a  clog  mid  hindrance  to  an  uniiy,  beini;  a 
trouble  nnd  vi.'xation  to  t'ood  comninndcni, 
and  so  many  iiriuths  to  devour  the  country's 
provision,  mid  a  hindrance  to  all  good  ac- 
tion. 

Ollily.  That  special  care  be  had  in  takiiiL' 
lip  the  whale-boats,  that  they  he  good  and  til 
fur  that  service  ;  so  that  the  country  be  not 
cheated,  as  formerly,  in  having  rotten  boats; 
and  as  much  care  that  the  owners  may  have 
good  satisfaction  for  thiiii. 

lOllily.  That  the  tenders  or  transports, 
vessels  to  be  improved  in  this  action,  be  good 
decki'd  vessels,  not  too  big,  because  of  goiiiif 
up  several  rivers;  having  four  or  six  small 
iriiiis  a  piece  for  defence,  and  the  fewer  men 
will  defend  them.  And  there  are  enough 
such  vessels  to  be  had. 

lllhly.  To  conclude  all,  if  your  excel- 
lency will  be  pleased  to  make  yourself  great, 
and  IIS  a  lia|ipy  people,  as  to  the  destroying 
uf  our  enemies,  and  easing  of  our  taxes,  &c. 
lie  pleased  to  draw  forth  all  those  forces  now 
in  pay  in  ullthe  laslward  parts,  both  at  .Saco 
and  CiiBCo-lJay  ;  fur  those  two  trading  houses 
never  did  any  good,  nor  ever  will,  and  are 
not  worthy  the  name  of  (iiieen's  forts;  and 
the  first  bnildini;  of  them  liad  no  other  effect, 
but  to  lay  us  under  tribite  to  that  wretched 
pugnii  crew ;  uiid  Ihope  never  will  be  wanted 


for  lliiit  they  were  first  built  for;  but  sure  it 
i«,  they  are  very  sen  iceable  to  them,  fur  they 
get  many  a  good  advaiila^e  of  us  to  ih  rlroy 
our  men,  and  laugh  at  us  for  our  f'ollv,  that 
\vu  should  be  at  so  iiiiich  cost  and  troiihle  to 
do  11  thing  that  does  lis  so  iiineli  hanii,  and 
no  milliner  of  good.  Hut  to  the  emiiraiy, 
when  lliey  »ce  all  our  forces  driiwii  forlh,  and 
ill  the  pursuit  of  them,  they  will  think  that 
we  begin  to  be  roiisial  up,  and  to  be  awake, 
nnd  will  not  be  siilisfied  with  what  they  have 
pleased  fo  leave  lis,  but  are  resolved  to  ntiiku 
from  them,  that  they  took  formerly  from  iis, 
and  drive  tiicni  out  of  their  coiiiitry  also. 
Tlio  which  being  done,  then  to  build  n  fort 
nt  a  suitable  lime,  and  in  a  coiiveiiieiit  place  ; 
and  It  will  be  very  lioiioruble  to  your  ex- 
cellency, and  of  great  service  to  her  iimjesly, 
and  to  the  enlargement  of  her  niajesly's 
government;  (the  place  meant  being  at  I'orl- 
lloyal.) 

I'Jilily.  That  the  objection  made  ii<;aliist 
drawing  off  the  forces  in  ilie  easlwaril  purls 
will  be  no  damnge  to  the  iiihaliitaiils  ;  fur 
former  expi'rience  teaehetli  us,  lliiil  so  suoii 
as  drawn  into  their  country,  they  will  pre- 
sently forsake  ours  to  lake  eiire  of  their  own. 
And  that  there  be  no  failure  in  makinir  pre- 
paration of  these  things  aforenieiitiunrd,  for 
many  times  the  want  of  small  thiniis  pre- 
vents the  completing  of  great  a.'liiiiis  ;  and 
that  every  thing  be  in  readiness  hefuie  the 
f'  rces  be  raised,  t.i  prevent  charges,  and  ihc 
enemy  having  intelligence.  .And  tlial  the 
general  court  be  moved  to  make  suitable  nets, 
for  the  encouraging  both  F.nglisli  mid  In- 
dians ;  that  so  men  of  business  may  freely 
offer  estates  mid  concerns  to  serve  the  piililie. 

Thus  hoping  what  I  have  taken  the  paiiiA 
to  write  in  the  sincerity  of  my  hi'iirt  and 
good  all'ection,  will  lie  well  accepted,  I 
make  bold  to  subscribe,  na  I  am,  your  ex- 
cellency's most  devoted  biimble  servant, 
J5i;NJAS..NCliriUII. 

Then  reluming  to  bis  excellency  presented 
the  snid  Eclicmc,  which  Iiis  rxcelleney  ap- 
proved of,  ond  returned  it  again  to  Alajur 
C'hnrch,  and  desired  liiin  to  see  that  eviiv 
thing  was  provided,  tellii.g  him  that  he  should 
have  mi  order  from  the  eoinmissary  griieral 
to  proceed.  Then  returned  home  and  made 
it  his  whole  business  to  provide  oars  and  pad- 
dles, and  a  vessel  to  carry  tlieni  runi.vl  ;  and 
then  returned  again  to  his  exeilli'iiey,  who 
!;ave  liiin  a  comininission.  Whieli  is  as 
follows : 

Joseph  Viiillfi/,  Esq.,  Captain  (levrral  ami 
(j'ui-eriior-in-Cliirf  ill  anil  ovir  Inr  Mnjis 
ty's  Provinces  of  the  Massarhnsi  /ts-  Unit 
and  NciB-IIanipshirr,  in  Ne.io-lhinliiiiil,  In 
America,  and  \'icc-Adtniral  of  llir  miinr. 

To  Benjamin  Church,  Esq.,  (Incline  : 

IJv  virtue  of  the  power  and  iiiilhiHiiy,  in 
and  by  her  majesty's  ruyal  cnmiiiissiun,  to 
me  granted,  I  do  by  these  presents,  ri  posiii;; 
special  trust  nnd  euiilideiice  in  yunr  lu\aliy, 
courage,  and  good  condnct,  consiitnle  iiiid 
appoint  you  to  be  colonel  of  all  the  furees 
raised,  and  to  be  raised  for  her  majesty's  ser- 
vice, against  the  I'Veiich  and  Indian  enemy 
and  rebels,  that  shall  lie  improved  in  t'le  ser- 
vice to  the  eastward  of  Casco-Bay  ;  and  tu 


KIN  (J     I'll  I  LIP'S    \Y\U. 


TtS 


('(ir :  but  Mill'  it 
II  tlii'iii,  Inr  liny 
cil'  lis  III  lit  rtniy 
'  imr  I'lillv,  tli^il 

I  mill  li'iiiililr  III 
iiiicli  liiinii,  mill 

II  till'     CllllllMIV. 

Iriivvii  fiii'lli,  mill 
will  lliiiik  iliiit 

ml  III  1)1  iiHiiUi', 
wliiit  llir.v  liiivi! 

solvi'll  III  IrlllKl.' 

iriiu'dy  rinm  "'', 
ir  ciiiiiilry  mImi. 

I     to    llllllll     II    I'lllt 

ili»  riiiriil  |iliii'r  ; 
lili!  to  yiiiir  ix- 
!•  Ill  Iter  liiiijri'ly, 
r     licr    lllllj^^ly'!^ 

lilt  lii'iii;;iil  I'ori- 

loli  iniidi'  iit!»ilift 
•  (•ii>l\VMril  |iiirl>! 
iiiliiiliiliiiils  !   Inr 

I    IIS,  lllHl  Sll  sunn 

y,  liny  will  |iir- 
■mr  of  llirir  II"  II. 
•0  ill  iiiiiKiiiir  |iri" 
il'Cliiflllliiliril,  lor 

llllllll  tilings  |iri' 
cut  iii'lioiis  ;  mill 
lilicss  llllllll'  I  In: 
cliiiriri'S,  Mini  ilio 
'.     Anil    lli.'it   lli>^ 

iiiiUfSiiiliililr  iirls, 
KiijLtlisli   mill    In- 

siiK.'ssi  iiniy  iVrily 
o  serve  till'  pnlilir. 

,■<!  tulu'ii  till'  inline 
of  my  liemt  mnl 
well    iiccepteil,    I 

lis  I   mil,  your  ex- 

iinlili'  serviiiil, 

..NCIIIHCII. 

icelleiicy  prppeiUe>l 
Ills  cxci'llem'y  iip- 
it  iiiriiin  to  Miijor 
to  see  lliiil  every 
him  lliiit  III'  slioiilil 
omiiiif^siiiy  t"'innil 

I'll  llOIIII'  Mini    IIIMlUl 

)viile  UMTS  mill  piiil- 
'  tlicm  liiiii.'il  ;  ninl 
is  exeelliiiey,  wlio 
III.       Wliieli    is    MS 


plain  (inirriil  and 
md  orn-  Inr  Miijis 
Mtissarliiisi  tfs-  lliii) 
t«  New-I'iii:ltiii)l,  ill 
niral  of  llif  siiinr. 

Ksq.,  (Jrvetiiiii : 

r  nml  millioriiy,  in 
yal  comiiiissiiiii,  in 
!  presiiits,  ri  posiiii: 
nee  in  your  Inyiiliy, 
liiet,  eoiislitiite  mill 
L'l  of  all  llie  foiees 
ir  her  iiniji'sty's  sir- 
mill  liiiliiiii  <'iiemy 
iniproveil  in  I'lc  sor- 
Cusco-Biiy ;  and  to 


III-  ciiptiiiii  of  the  first  coiiipiiiiy  of  the  siiid  .liiiiiK  very  well  miiisliiil  in  hi^  iipinioii,  tliiit 

fori'  n.  Yon  lire  ihireliireeMnfiilly  mill  (lili-  ttllhllie  lilessiiii.' of  (Jml,  with  winit  fnrees 
geiillv  In  pi'll'iMin  the  ililtv  of  II  eoliinel  mnl  llii  V  liiiil  or  slinlijil  hiive  ;  mill  »  hiile-hiiMis 
i:iip;i.iii,  hv  hiiihiii.',  onleriii;;,  mnl  exereisliii;  so  mil  liiiiil  wilh  nais  mnl  pMihlhs,  mh  they 
t!i:' siilil  I'liiiijiiiny  mill  rr<>inii'iil  III  nriiis,  liolh  Iniil  Willi  thiiii  iiiiL,'lil  he  stiirniiiit  lo  hiive 
i'.ll'.rinr   ollieers    :iliil    sohlnrs  ;   mill    In   keep' tiiUell    it.        His     i  xrelli  iiey,     Innkiiiu     lipiiil 

them  ill  >i I  iiriler  mill   ilisciphne.      Iliri  liy  i  Coliniel  <'hiireli,  riplnil,  he  iniihl  not  inlinll 

eoniiiiiiiilini;  thrill  111  iiliiy  you  iis  their  col- 1  of  tliiit,  liy  reason  lie  hiiil  liy  the  iiilviee  of 
iiiiel  mill  I'liplam  ;  ami  with  llniii  In  ilo  mnl  her  miiji'sly's  eomn.'il,  writ  to  her  imijesly 
iMTiile  nil  iiels  of  hoslihlv   ii^rainst  the  saiil  i  alioiit  the  liikin>;  of  I'nrt-ltoval  fori,  mnl  how 


ciii'inv  mill  ri'hels.  Ami  ymi  are  to  ohserve 
mill  fiillnw  siieli  onlerH  ami  ilireetioiisas  you 
hIiiiII  l'l  e.eim  from  myself,  or  other  your  su- 
perior ollieer,  aecoriliii^  to  the  rules  ami  ilis- 
ripliiie  of  war,  pursuant  to  the  trust  repiiseil 
ill  you.  (liven  umler  my  limnl  niil  seal  at 
iirnis,  lit  liosliiii,  the  I81I1  ihiy  of  iMareh,  in 
•he  ihiril  year  of  her  iiiiiji'sIv'h  leigii.  Anno 
Doin.  1TU:M. 

J.  DIJDLKY. 
liy  his  Kxeelleiiey  s  commami. 

Is  VAC   AiiDiNO'l'UN,  .Secretary. 

Colonel    ('hiircli    no   sinnier   received    his 
eoinmi'sioii,    lint  procei.'deil    to   the    raising 
of    volmileirs,   hy    fioiii;;    into  every   town 
vvllliin   the   lline  eouiitirs,  which    were   for- 
inei'lv  I'lviiiniith  irovi'rniiient ;  lulvisiiii;  with 
the   chief  ollicir  of  each   cinnpaiiy,  to   call 
1  -  eiiinpaiiv  to^retlier,  that  so  he  mi^lit  have 
ho   III  ttiT    opporliiiiity  to  iliscoiirsi:  ami  eii- 
Uonra:;u  them  to  serve  iheir  ((ileell  ami  ciiiiii- 
try;    ireiiiin:;  llieiii    with  ilriiik  eoiivenient, 
tiilil    them  he    diil  not   doiilit  lint   with  iiod's 
lilessiu;;  to  hriiii;  them  all  home  aifaiii.     All 
w  hieh,  with  many  other  arii;iinieiits,  animated 
their    iiearls    to   do    service,   no  that   Colonel 
CIniri'.li  enlisted  out  of  some  coiiipailies  iiear 
tvvi'iilv  mill,  and   iilhers  fifteen.      lie  liaviii>r 
ruiseil  a  siillicii'iil  miiiiher  of  lln^ilisli  soldiers, 
proceeileil  to  the  enlisting  of  Indians   in   all 
those   (larts   where  they   dwelt,   which  was  a 
(;iee/.  fatiifiie    and  expense  ;   lieiiij;   a  people 
that    need    much    ireatini;,    especially    with 
drink.      Ilavini;  enlisled  tlie  most  of  his  sol- 
diers in  those  parts,  who  daily  lay  upon  him, 
was  not  less  tliaii  ."1/.  per  day  expenses,  some 
ilavs,  ill  viclnals   and  drink  ;  who  douhtless 
iliiiii!>lit,     especially    the     I'iii^lish,    that    tlie 
conntrv  vvonld  have  reimbursed  it  airain.otlier- 
wi:-c  they  would   hardly   have  accepted   it  of 
liiin.      Colonel  Chnreh's    soldiers   hiitli    Kn^'- 
lish  mid  Indians  in  those  parts  lieiiii;  raised, 
mari'hed    them    all   down  in   Nantasket,  ac- 
eordini;  lo  his  exceiieney's  direclioiis;  where 
biiiiij  come,  till.'   follovunj;   piulemeii   were 
Coinmissinned  lo    lie    coinmmiilers  of  eacii 
particular  eompaiiy,  vi/..  Lieiileiiaiit  ("oliinel 
Gorhaiii,   Captains   .lohii    Brown,    Constant 
Churcli,  •Imiies  Cole,  .liihn  Dyer,  .liihn  ('ook, 
Caleh  Williamson,  and    Kilwanl   Church,  of 
the   forces   raisi'd   hy    ('nloiiel  Churcli,  eaeli 
company    liiiii!;   filled   up   with  l'jiii;lisli  mid 
Inihaiis  as    they   aiireed    ainiin<;   themselves, 
and    hy    the    coloiiers    directions  ;     Captain 
Llllllll,  and  Ciiptinu  iMirick's  company,  who 
were    raised    hy    his    excellency's   direction, 
were   ordered  to  join   those  aforesaid,  under 
the  eommaiul  of  Colonel   (Church.     Matters 
liciiii;   lii'ou;;ht  thus  far  on.  Colonel  Church 
wiiiti'd    iii>oii    his    excellency    at    Boston    to 
ki  nvv    his   pleasure,  what  further   measures 
were    to   he   taken  ;    iind  did    hiimhly  move 


it  hIioiiIiI  he  disposed  of  when  taken.  How- 
ever (Joloiiel  CJmreli  proeeedinj;  to  ){et  every  1 
tliiiijj  ready  forllie  forces  down  at  Naiitaskel, 
which  was  llii'  place  of  parade.  He  liiip- 
pi'iiin^;  one  day  to  he  at  Captain  Belcher's, 
when;  his  excellemy  happened  to  come ; 
who  wiiH  pleased  to  order  Colonel  Church  to 
put  on  his  swiii'il,  mid  walk  with  him  up  the 
common,  which  he  n  iidily  complied  with. 
W  here  lieiiii;  come  lie  saw  two  inorlar  pieces 
wilh  shells,  and  an  eimineer  Iryiiin  with 
them  lo  throw  a  sliill  tVoiii  them  lo  any  apot 
of  jrniiiiiil  wheri'  he  said  it  Hhoiihi  fall. 
^^  Inch,  when  Coloinl  (.'liureli  had  seen  done, 
ijave  him  ^reat  encniirai,n'ineiit  and  hopes 
that  it  W'Kild  promiite  their  f^oiii;;  to  I'ort- 
Koyiil,  which  he  had  solicileil  for  ;  and  re- 
turnini;  from  tlienei  ,  afier  they  Imil  seen 
them  tried  hy  the  .-aid  eii!,'iiieer,  and  per- 
formini;  what  was  proposed,  coiniii!;  near  to 
Captain  William  IJIark's  house,  over  ai;aiiist 
the  horse-shoe,  his  excellency  was  invited  liv 
(.'a|itain  Clark  lo  walk  over  ami  take  a  ^rlass 
of  wine  ;  which  he  was  pleiised  to  accept  of, 
and  took  (Hilonel  Church  with  iilin  ;  iind  in 
lliu  time  they  were  taking  a  glass  of  wine. 
Colonel  (.'hiircli  once  more  presumed  to  miv 
to  his  excellemy,  "  .Sir,  I  hope  that  now  we 
shall  i;o  to  I'ort-lioyal  in  order  to  lake  it ; 
those  mortars  lieinj,'  very  siiilahle  for  such  an 
enterprise."  His  excellency  was  pleased  to 
re|)ly  :  "('oloiiel  (,'liurch  yon  nilist  say  no 
more  of  that  mailer,  for  the  letter  I  told  you 
of  1  writ  hy  the  advice  of  her  majesty's 
cuiincil,  now  lies  at  home  on  tin'  hoard  lie- 
fore  the  lords  ciimniissioners  if  her  majesty's 
foieiiin  plantatiiins."  Afler  so.;--  davs  everv 
thiiijj  heiiiy:  ready  to  emhaik,  (Colonel  Chureii 
received  his  instructiuns,  which  arc  as  fol- 
lows ; — 

Bjl  his  Eicrllnici/  Jnsrph  Diullri/,  llsi/., 
Ctijitain-iitiiiial  (iiul  (iiiiuriiiir-in-C/iii  f 
ill  anil  »('(;•  Inr  Mnjisli/'s  I'lnviiirc  nf  the 
ilassachiisilh-ISiii/,  i\'c.,  in  .\iw  Ihiglaiiil, 
and  Vice-Admiiiii  of  the  same. 

fnslructions  for  Cnliinil  liciijamin     Church, 
in  the  pns'  nt  llrjiiditioii. 

Ill  piirsuaiiee  of  the  ciimmissinii  i.riveii  von 
to  take  the  chief  cnnimmiil  of  the  land  and 
sea  forces  liy  mi'  raised,  eipiipped,  and  set 
liirlli  on  her  majesty's  service,  against  her 
open  declared  enemies  the  I''reiieli  mid  In- 
dian rebels,  you  me  to  observe  the  folliiwinir 
insiriictioiis : 

First,  you  are  to  lake  eare,  that  the  duties 
of  religion  he  attended  on  hoard  the  several 
vessels,  and  in  the  several  compmiii  s  under 
your  comniaml,  by  daily  prayers  iiiitn  (loil, 
and  readin;>  his  iiiily  word  ;  and  that  the 
Lord's  day  be  ohsirveil  and  duly  sanctified 
to  the   utmost  of  your   power,   ns  far  as   tin 


thai  ihey  iiiii;lit  nave  liberty  in   their  instriic-:  cireuinslances   and    necessity  of  the  service 
lions  to  tniike  nii  utlack  upon  I'ort-Royitl ; {can  admit, that  so yuu  may  have  the  presence 


of  (ioil  with,  Iind  ohlain  his  blessing  on  yuiil 
iindertakinu'' 

Villi  are  to  take  eaie  I'lal  Minr  soldiei'* 
have  their  due  allowaiiie  of  pi'iivi>iiiiis  ami 
other  neeessarii's ;  that  their  anus  be  well 
fixed,  and  kept  III  for  service,  mnl  lliat  lliey 
be  furiii>lied  Willi  a  siiilahli' ipiaiilily  of  pii  V- 
der  and  ball,  and  be  always  in  nadim.-:)  tn 
pass  upon  duly. 

'I'liiit  guild  order  and  di>i'iphiie  be  iiiaiii- 
tiiined  ;  and  all  ilisnrdeis,  ilrnnkeiiiiess,  prn- 
fane  Kwearinir,  eiirsiiiir,  omi<>iiiii  or  niijleet 
of  duty,  disohedieiice  to  nUieers,  inuliny, 
deseriiim  ami  sedilion  be  duly  piiiii-hed  lu- 
cording  to  the  rules  and  arlieles  of  war  ;  iht) 
which  you  are  inici.'  a  nionlli,  or  nl'iemr,  to 
cause  to  be  |iiililislieil  and  made  known  lo 
your  ollieers  and  soldiers  for  llnir  oliMrvancn 
nml  direeliim  in  their  duly.  Let  iioliirioii'i 
illiil  capital  oireliders  be  sent  away  In  lliis 
next  garrisons,  there  to  be  iiiipri-oned  iiniil 
they  can  he  proceeded  Willi. 

Let  till'  sick  and  woiiinled  he  can  fully 
looked  iifler,  and  aei'nmmiiiliileil  iiller  llie 
best  inminer  your  eireiiiii^lanei  s  will  iidiiiit 
of,  mill  be  sent  eillnr  lo  Ca>iii-l'ort,  or  to 
Mr.  I'eperil's  at  Kiltery,  vvhieli  may  bo 
easiest,  so  soon  hs  you  can. 

You  are  fnrlliwilh  to  send  away  llie  fmces 
and  stores  ly  the  trmispnrls,  willi  llir  wliale- 
biiats  to  I'iscalaipia,  on  Killi  ry  side,  ilii  re  to 
altelid  your  ciillliiiL' ;  whiller  ynll  are  In  fol- 
low them  wilh  all  expeihtinti. 

You  are  to  iinhark  in  the  l'riiviin'e-(ialley, 
Caplain  .'"ioiitlibaek,  ei  niiiiainl.r,  and  let 
Lieleiiiiiit  Colonel  (lorlnim  go  on  board  Ci\\t- 
tain  (ialliip  ;  u  Im  are  bnili  ilineted  In  Mlleinl 
your  iiioliiin  on  the  l''reiieii  .'-iile,  afier  wlneli 
they  are  to  reliirii.  Let  the  eipMimanders  of 
nil  the  store  sloops  and  traii>ports  know  that 
they  sail,  anchor,  and  serve  at  your  dnec 
lion. 

When  you  sail  from  IMsealaipia,  Keep  at 
such  distanee  olV  the  shnre,  that  yon  be  not 
observed  hv  tbi' enemy  lo  alarm  I  Iniii.  ."^lop  at 
Moiitiiiiciis,  nml  tlier  embark  the  forei  sinllic 
whale-boats  for  the  main.  In  rani;i'  tbal  part  of 
the  country,  in  search  of  the  em  my,  10  .Minint- 
Desart,  sending  llie  vessels  In  ini  1  t  voiilln  re  ; 
nml  after  having  refn  shed  and  reniiiled  vmir 
soldiers,  |iroi'eed  to  .Maeliia.-,aiiil  frmn  lliincc 
to  I'assanieipiado  ;  and  liavmi.'  1  H'leleil  what 
spoils  yon  possibly  may  iipnn  ihe  eneiiiv  in 
those  parts,  embark  on  yniir  vessels  for  Me- 
liis  and  .''i^'iieclii,  lo  rnrl-lloyal  (i'lit  ;  anil 
use  all  pns.-ihle  melhnds  fur  llie  biiriiiiii;  and 
desli'nyinir  of  llie  enemy's  Iiiiiims,  mnl  hii  ak- 
in:; the  dams  of  their  eorii  eroniiils  in  the 
said  several  places,  and  make  what  oilier 
spoils  you  can  upon  llieni,  and  liriiiL'  away 
the  prisoners.  In  lonrriliirii  call  al  l*i  nob 
seol,  mill  do  wlial  you  can  lliire,  and  mi  pro- 
ceed westward. 

'!'!.;s  will  probably  emplnv  vmi  a  niontli 
or  six  weeks,  when  yon  will  ilruiv  loi;elher 
mraiii,  anil  by  the  latter  end  of  .liine  con- 
sider whethi'tyoii  can  niareli  In  .Vnrri^vvaek, 
or  oilier  parts  of  their  plaiiiiiiij,  lo  ili^troy 
their  corn  ami  selllemenls.  ami  keep  ibe  ex 
peditioii  on  foot  until  tin.'  miilille  of  Aiii.'iisi 
next. 

\(  twilhstandinir  the  |iioiii'nlari!y  of  l!  1: 
afori'Loin^  inslriielions,  I  lav  vnii  iiiiilir  no 
restraint,  because  I  am  well  assured  of  voiir 
courage,  care,  caution,   and  industry  ;   but 


718 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


refer  you  to  your  own  rosiilvcs,  by  the  iid 
vice  of  your  ciiiiiiiiis:iioii  olHceri>,  not  under 
tlic  (li'iirce  of  c;i|)liiiiis,  iind  tliu  sen  com- 
mission  uiipluiiis  (ivlioiu  you  will,  iis  often  as 
you  can,  iiilvise  with)  iiucording  to  tlie  intel- 
lijrencc  you  amy  receive,  or  us  you  may  find 
nei.iiful  U|ioM  liie  siiot. 

V'oii  are  hy  every  opportunity,  nnd  once  a 
«('e.k  cerlaialy,  liy  some  nieiiiiii,  cither  liy 
Cujci),  I'lsciitaiiua,  4>r  ullierwisu  tu  acquaint 
nie  of  your  proeeedin<!8  and  all  occurrences, 
and  what  may  lie  further  necessary  for  the 
service.  And  to  observe  such  further  and 
other  instructions  us  you  shall  receive  from 
myself. 

As  often  as  you  may,  advise  with  Captain 
Smith  and  Captain  Itogcrs,  conimander.s  of 
lier  majesty's  ships. 

Let  your  minister,  comissnry,  and  sur- 
geons be  treated  witii  just  respects.  I  pray 
tu  (jod  tu  preserve,  prosper,  and  succeed 
you. 

(i  ivcii  under  my  hand  at  Boston,  the  fourth 
d.iv  of  Jlay,  1704. 

J.  DUDLEY. 

I'lirsiiiim  to  ids  instructions  he  sent  away 
liis  transports  and  fin'ces  to  Piscatucjuu,  bat 
was  oliliifi'd  himself  to  wait  upon  his  excel- 
lency by  land  to  Piscataqua,  in  order  to  raise 
more  forces  in  the  way  thither;  and  did  raise 
a  company  under  the  cotnmand  of  Captain 
Ilarriilon;  taking  care  also  to  provide  u 
pilot  for  lliem  in  the  bay  of  Fundy  ;  Colo- 
nel ("liurcli  liein^  directed  to  one  Fellows, 
wlioiii  he  met  with  itt  Ipswich.  And  goiiijir 
fiimi  tlii'iiee  to  Piscataqua  with  his  cxcel- 
leiicv,  was  tlirre  met  by  that  worthy  (fentle- 
nian  Alajor  Wiiithrop  llilton,  who  ••':<?  very 
lii'l|il'ul  to  liim  in  the  whole  expedition  whose 
name  and  memory  oni;lit  not  tu  be  foigot, 
Ijiiiiif  rciidy  to  einliarU  from  Piscataqua, 
('olonel  CImreli  reipiested  the  cnuiinnnders 
of  her  maji'sly's  ships.  Captain  Smith  and 
('a|iiaiii  Rogers  to  tarry  at  Piscataqua  u  fort- 
iii^rlit,  that  SI)  they  ini^'ht  not  be  discovered 
by  the  enemy  before  he  had  done  some  spoil 
upon  them.  Then  moving  in  their  traiis- 
porls,  as  directed,  ^ot  safe  into  Montinicus, 
umliscovcrcd  by  the  enemy.  IVext  morning; 
e.irly,  filled  out  two  whale-boats  with  men, 
(^'aplaiii  .liilin  Cooke  in  one,  and  Captain 
('oMsiant  Church  in  the  other;  and  sent 
them    to  (iieeii-Island,    upon   a    discovery; 

and    c iiii;  there   tlii'y  parted,  one  went  to 

OIK!  part,  and  the  oilier  to  the  other  part, 
that  so  tlii'V  mi^dit  not  miss  of  what  could  be 
discovered;  where  they  met  with  old  Lafaure 
with  Ills  two  soiiM  'riiomas  and  Timothy,  and 
a  Canada  Indian.  The  eiieniy  seeing  that 
llii'y  were  discovered,  threw  down  their  ducks 
and  eggs,  having  a  eoiisiderahle  quantity  of 
each,  and  ran  to  their  canoes,  getting  into 
tlirm,  stoiid  diri'ctly  fur  the  JMain  ;  looking 
l>eliind  llicie  perceived  the  whale-boats  to 
gain  so  fast  upon  ihein,  clapt  side  by  side, 
and  all  lour  got  into  one  canoe,  which  proved 
of  llllle  ailvniitairc  to  them,  for  the  whale-boats 
g'liiied  so  nineh  upon  them,  and  got  so  near 
that  ("iiptaiii  '"cuds,  tiring  at  the  steer's-nnin, 
tile  liidian,  and  happened  to  irraze  his  sk.dl, 
and  ipiite  f.poilt'd  Ills  paddling:  upon  which 
ilil  Lafaure  and  sons,  seeing  their  compa- 
nion's condition,  soon  begged  for  (juarter, 
nnd  IkkI  it  grunteJ.     The  two  ca|>tuina  witli 


their  success  presently  returned  tu  tlieircom 
nntnder,  taking  care  that  their  captives  should 
iKit  discourse  togetluT  before  they  were  ex 
amined  ;  when  brought  to  Colonel  ('hurch, 
he  ordered  them  to  be  apart,  and  first  pro 
ceeded  to  examine  old  Lafaure,  whom  he 
found  to  be  very  surly  and  cross,  so  that  lie 
could  gain  no  manner  of  intelligence  by 
him  ;  upon  which  the  commander  was  re- 
solved to  put  in  practice  what  lis  had  for 
merly  dune  at  Seneeto  ;  ordering  the  Indiiins 
tu  make  twu  large  heaps  of  dry  wood,  at  some 
distance  one  from  the  other,  and  to  set  a  large 
stake  in  the  ground,  close  to  each  heap  ;  then 
ordered  the  two  sons,  Thonuis  nnd  Timothy, 
to  he  brought,  and  tube  bound  to  the  stakes; 
also  ordering;  bis  Indians  to  paint  themselves 
with  cidoui!,  which  they  bad  brought  fur  thi.t 
use.  Then  the  colonel  proceeded  to  exam- 
ine tirst  Timothy  ;  and  told  him,  lie  had  ex- 
amined his  father  idready  ;  and  that  if  ho 
told  him  the  truth  he  would  save  his  life,  nnd 
time  liioi  into  his  service  ;  nnd  tiiat  hesli<.<uld 
have  good  pay  and  live  well.  He  answered, 
that  he  would  tell  him  the  truth ;  nnd  gave 
him  an  accoutu  of  eveiy  tiling  lie  knew  ; 
which  was  all  minuted  down :  he  being  asked 
whether  his  brother  Thomas  did  nut  know 
more  than  liet  ills  answer  was,  yes,  for  his 
brother  'i'homas  bad  n  commission  sent  him 
from  the  governor  of  Canada,  to  comnnd  n 
cuinpany  of  Indians,  who  were  gathered 
together  at  a  place  where  some  French  gen- 
tlemen lately  arrived  from  Canada,  who  were 
officers  to  command  the  rest  that  were  to  go 
westward  to  light  the  English,  and  that  there 
was  sent  to  his  father  and  brother  Tom,  n 
considerable  quantity  of  fiuur,  fruit,  nininu- 
nitioii  nnd  s  ores,  for  t!ie  supply  of  the  said 
army.  He  >eing  asked,  whether  he  could 
piibt  our  forces  t;:  t!:em  ?  Said  no ;  but  his 
brother  Tom  could,  for  he  had  hid  it,  nnd 
that  he  was  not  tliLii  with  him.  The  colonel 
asked  him,  what  gentlemen  those  were  that 
came  from  Canada]  He  answered  Monsieur 
Gourdnn,  and  Mr.  8harkee.  Being  nsked 
where  they  were!  Answered  at  Piissuuic- 
quado,  building  n  fort  there.  Being  also 
asked,  what  number  of  Indians  and  French 
there  were  at  Penobscot  1  He  answered, 
there  were  several  families,  hut  they  lived 
scatterini;.  Asked  him  further,  if  he  would 
pilot  our  forces  thither?  answered,  he  would 
if  the  comniiiiider  would  not  let  the  savages 
roast  him.  Upon  which  the  colonel  ordered 
liiin  to  be  loosed  from  the  stake,  n<id  took 
him  by  the  band,  told  him,  he  wonhl  be  as 
kind  to  him  as  his  own  father;  at  which  he 
seemed  to  be  very  thankful.  And  then  the 
colonel  proceeded  to  examine  his  hroti"  r 
Tom,  and  told  him  that  he  had  examined  his 
father  and  brother,  and  that  his  brother  had 
told  him  «very  tittle  he  knew,  and  that  he 
knew  more  than  bis  brother  Timothy  did  ; 
and  that  if  he  would  be  ingenuous  and  con- 
fess all  be  knew,  he  should  fare  as  well  as 
his  brother  ;  hut  if  not,  the  savages  should 
roast  him.  U'hereupmi  'he  solemnly  pro- 
mised that  he  would,  and  that  he  would  pilot 
him  to  every  thing  he  knew,  to  the  value  of 
a  knife  and  sheath  (wliieli  with  doubt  he 
did.)  Then  the  colonel  immediately  gave 
orders  for  the  whale-boats  to  be  ready,  and 
went  directly  over  wImm'o  the  said  goods  and 
stores  were,  and  found   them  as  iiifurined, 


tuok  them  on  board  the  boats,  and  returneii 
tu  their  transports  ;  luid  ordering  provisions 
to  be  put  into  every  man's  knapsack  for  six 
or  eight  days  ;  so  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening 
left  their  transports,  with  orders  liov/  they 
should  act;  and  went  directly  for  the  main 
land  of  Penobscot,  and  mouth  of  that  river, 
with  their  pilots  Tom  and  Timothy,  who 
carried  them  directly  to  every  place  and  lin- 
hitatiun,  both  of  French  and  Indian  therea- 
bouts, with  the  nssislunce  of  one  De  Young, 
whom  they  curried  out  of  Boston  gaol  for  the 
sumo  purpose,  who  was  very  serviceable  to 
them.  Being  there  we  killed  and  took  every 
one,  both  French  and  Indians,  not  knowing 
that  any  one  did  escape  in  all  Penobscot ; 
uinnng  tliose  that  were  taken  was  ISt.  Caa- 
teen'g  daughter,  who  said  that  her  husband 
was  gone  to  France,  to  her  father  Monsieur 
Casteen.  She  having  liercbildreii  with  lier,tbo 
commander  was  very  kind  to  her  and  them 
All  the  prisoners  that  were  then  taken,  hefd 
to  one  story  in  general,  which  they  had  from 
Lafaure's  sons ;  that  there  were  no  iiiort 
Indians  thereabouts,  but  enough  of  them  et 
Passainequado  ;  upon  which  Sbey  soon  re- 
turned tu  their  transports  with  their  prisoners 
nnd  plunder.  The  commander  giving  order 
inmediutely  for  the  soldiers  in  the  whale- 
boats  to  have  a  recruit  of  provisions  for  a 
further  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  giving  orders 
to  the  transports  tu  stay  a  t\:w  days  more 
there,  and  then  go  to  Mount-Desart  (and 
there  to  stay  for  her  majesty's  ships,  who 
were  directed  to  come  thither)  nnd  tlii'ie  to 
wait  his  further  order.  Then  Colonel  Church 
with  his  forces  immediately  embarked  on 
board  their  whale-boats,  and  proceeded  to 
scour  the  coast,  nnd  to  try  if  they  cuiild  dis- 
cover any  of  the  enemy  coining  from  Passu- 
mequado;  making  their  stops  in  the  day- 
time ut  all  the  points  and  w  here  they  were 
certain  the  enemy  would  land,  or  come  by 
with  their  canoes,  nnd  at  night  to  their  pad- 
dles. Then  coming  near  where  the  vessels 
were  ordered  tu  come,  having  made  no  (lis- 
cuvery  of  the  enemy,  went  directly  to  Mount 
Desart,  where  the  transports  were  just  come ; 
and  taking  some  provisions  for  his  soldiers, 
gave  direction  for  the  slii|is  and  transports  in 
six  days  to  come  directly  to  I'assaniequndu, 
where  they  should  find  him  and  his  forcciJ. 
Then  immediately  moved  away  in  the  uhalo 
boats,  and  miule  diligent  search  along  shore 
as  formerly,  inspecling  all  plaos  where  ilu 
enemy  was  likely  to  lurk:  piini('iil<irl\  lU 
iMachins  ;  but  found  neither  fires  iiiir  Irneks 
Coming  afterwards  to  the  wi'st  harbour  a! 
l'assaine(|uado,  where  they  entered  upon 
action  ;  nn  account  whereof  Colnnel  Church 
did  communicr.te  to  his  excelleiiey,  being  us 
followeth : 

ifaif  it  please  your  Ezetllcnci;, 

I  received  yours  of  ibis  instant,  Oelobt 
0th,  with  the  twoeneloseil  inforniatioiiH,  tliiit 
concern  my  actions  at  Passaiiieipiado,  wliieli 
I  will  give  a  just  and  true  aeeoiiiit  of  as  mar 
as  possibly  I  can,  viz.  on  tlieTtb  of  .Iniie  last, 
I7U4,  In  the  evening  we  entered  in  at  the 
westward  harbour  nt  said  Passainequado ; 
coming  up  said  harbour  to  nn  islmid,  where 
lauding,  we  came  to  n  French  house,  and 
tuok  It  French  woman  and  children  ;  the  wo- 
man   upon  her  cxuuiination  said,  her  bus- 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


717 


III!   |)llicrs  wlirn 


bund  WHS  iibroiid  fishing.  1  asked  licr  wlibthiT,  thuir  Imtcliets,  and  not  firu  a  puw.  This  or* 
thurc  were  any  liuliniis  therealtoiits.  8hu  iler  I  always  gave  nt  hiridiii<!,  telling  them 
said  ye;i,  tlicre  were  a  great  iniiiiy,  and  sev-  the  iiieoiiveiiieiicy  of  firing,  in  that  it  might 
I'ral  on  lliat  island.  I  asked  her  wheili;:'  he.  first,  dangerous  to  themselves,  they  being 
slu'  ciiidil  |)ilot  me  to  them.  Said  no,  they  I  many  of  them  yonng  s(ddiers,  as  I  had 
hid  iii  the  woods.  I  asked  her  wlic'i  she  saw  i some  time  observe>l  that  one  or  two  guns 
them.     Answered,  just  iioT,  or  a  little  while  being   fired,    many    others    would    fire,   at 


smee.  I  asked  her  whei.lif£  she  knew  where 
they  had  laid  the  canoes.  '  Sr-o  aiisw-.^r' H,  no, 
they  carried  their  canoes  in  'Me  sor.-'i;  with 
thi'Mi.  We  then  hastened  i.way  ait. '<g  shore, 
sei/.ing  what  prisoners  we  -^ould;-'  iking  old 
Lolrii!  a!id  his  fa'»''y. 

This  intelligence  caused  me  to  leave  Col- 
onel (iorham,  and  a  considerah/e  pnrt  of  my 
men  and  boats  with  him,  nt  th>it  island,  partly 
to  guard  and  secure  those  prisoners,  being  sen- 
sible it  would  be  u  great  trouble  to  have  them 
to  secure  mid  guard  at  our  next  landing, 
wli'jre  I  did  really  expect,  and  hoped  to  have 
an  opportunity  to  tight  our  Indiun  enemies; 
for  all  our  i'reucli  prisoners  that  we  had 
taken  at  Penobscot,  and  alongshore,  had  in- 
formed us,  that  when  we  came  to  the  place 
where  these  Canada  gentlemen  lived,  we 
should  certainly  meet  with  the  savages  to 
figlit  us,  those  being  the  only  men  that  set 
the  Indians  against  us,  or  upon  us,  and  were 
newly  come  from  Canada,  to  manage  the 
war  against  us,  ^pleading  in  this  account  and 
information  their  own  iniiucency)  and  partly 
ill  hopes  that  he,  the  said  Colonel  tiorham, 
would  have  a  good  opportunity  in  the  morn- 
ing to  destroy  some  of  those  our  enemies, 
(we  were  informed  by  the  said  French  woman 
as  above,)  with  the  use  of  his  boats,  as  I  had 
given  direction.  Ordering  also  Major  Hilton 
to  pass  over  to  the  next  island,  that  lay  cast 
of  us,  with  a  small  party  of  men  and  boats, 
to  surprise  and  destroy  any  of  the  enemy 
that  in  their  canoes  might  go  here  and  there, 
from  any  place,  to  make  their  flight  from  us, 
and,  as  he  had  opportunity,  to  take  any 
French  prisoners.  We  then  immediately 
iiiovi^l  up  the  river,  in  the  dark  night,  through 
great  diffie.nlties,  by  reason  of  the  eddies  and 
whirlpools,  made  with  the  fierceness  of  the 
current.  And  here  it  may  he  hinted,  that 
we  had  information  that  Lotriel  liad  lost  part 
of  his  family  passing  over  to  the  iie.xt  island, 
t'alliiig  into  one  of  those  edilies  were  drowned, 
which  the  two  pilots  told  to  discourage  me. 
But  I  said  nothing  of  that  nature  shall  do  it ; 
for  I  was  resolved  to   venture  up,  and  tliere- 


tliey  knew  not  what,  as  happened  |)rejeiitly 
lifter,  and  it  would  alarm  the  enemy,  and 
give  them  opportunity  to  make  their  es- 
cape ;  and  it  might  alarm  the  whole  country, 
and  also  prevent  all  further  action  from 
taking  •■(feet.  Orders  being  thus  passed,  we 
moved  directly  towards  the  woods,  Le  Faver's 
son  directing  us  to  a  little  hut  or  wigwam, 
which  we  inimediat"ly  surrounded  with  a 
few  men,  the  rest  marching  directly  up  into 
the  woods,  to  see  what  wigwams  or  huts 
they  could  discover;  myself  made  u  little 
stop,  ordering  the  pilot  to  tell  them  in  the 
hut  that  they  were  surrounded  with  uii  army, 
and  that  if  they  would  come  forth  and  sur- 
render themselves,  they  slumld  have  good 
quarter,  hut  if  not,  they  should  all  be  knocked 
on  the  head  and  die.  One  of  them  showed 
himself;  I  asked  who  he  was.  He  said, 
Gourdan,  and  begged  for  quarter.  I  told 
him  he  should  have  good  quarter;  adding 
further,  that  if  there  were  any  more  in  the 
house,  they  should  come  out.  Then  came 
out  two  men  ;  (jourdan  said  they  were  his 
sons,  and  asked  (piarter  for  them,  which  was 
also  granted.  Tlieu  came  out  a  woman  and 
a  little  boy  ;  she  fell  upon  her  knees,  begged 
quarter  for  herself  and  children,  and  tliat  I 
would  not  siilfer  the  Indians  to  kill  them.  I 
told  them  they  shoulil  have  good  quarter, 
and  not  be  hurt.  After  wliicli  I  ordered  a 
small  guard  over  them,  and  so  moved  (ire- 
seiitly  up  with  the  rest  of  my  company,  after 
them  that  were  gone  befcre  ;  but  looking  on 
my  right  hand,  over  a  little  run,  I  saw  some- 
thing look  black  just  by  me,  stopped,  and 
heard  a  talking,  stepped  over,  and  saw  a  lit- 
tle hut  or  wigwum,  with  a  crowd  of  peojile 
round  about  it,  which  was  contrary  to  my 
firmer  directions.  Asked  them  what  they 
were  doing.  They  replied,  there  were  some 
of  the  enemy  in  a  house,  and  would  not 
come  out.  I  asked,  what  house.  They  said 
a  bark  house.  I  hastily  bid  them  pull  it 
down,  and  knock  them  on  the  head,  never 
asking  whethiM' they  were  French  or  Indians, 
they  being  all  enemies  alike  to   me.     A.'id 


I    direction,    expo.-iii!;     tli 


em- 


hole  army  to  niter  ruin,  by 


fiH-e,  forthwith  paddling  our  boats  as  ])ri-  passing  then  to  them,  anil  seeing  them  in 
vately  as  we  c<iuld,  and  with  as  much  ex-  great  disorder,  so  many  of  the  army  in  a 
pedilion  as  we  could  make  with  <iur  paddles,  crowd  together,  acting  so  contrary  to  my 
and  the  liidp  of  a  strong  tide,  we  came  up 
to  Monsieur  Courdan's  a  little  before  day  ; 
where  taking  notice  of  the  shore,  and  tinding 
it  somewhat  open  and  clear,  I  ordered  Cap- 
tain Miriek  and  Captain  Cole,  having  Eng- 
lish compiinies,  to  tarry  with  several  of  the 
boats  to  be  ready,  that  if  any  of  the  enemy 
should  come  down  out  of  the  brush  into  the 
bay,  (it  being  very  broad  in  that  place)  with 
their  canoes,  they  might  take  and  destroy 
llinm;  ordering  the  remainder  of  the  army 
lii'ing  landed,  with  myself  and  the  other 
odii'rrs,  to  march  up  into  the  woods,  with  a 
wide  front,  anil  to  keep  nt  a  considerable 
diitaiice,  for  that  if  they  should  run  in  heaps 
the  enemy  would  have  the  greater  ndvan- 
(.igc ;  and  further  directing  them  that,  if 
pu.isiLle,  they  sliuulJ  destroy  the  enemy  with 
4 


command    am 
selves   and  the 

their  so  disorderly  crowding  thick  togelliir; 
(had  an  enemy  come  u|ion  lliem  in  that  in- 
terim, and  fired  a  volley  anioiii;st  llieni,  they 
could  not  have  missed  a  shot  ;)  and  whiilly 
neglecting  their  duty,  in  nut  attending  my 
orders,  in  searching  ililigintly  for  our  lurk- 
ing enemies  in  their  wigwiiiiis,  or  by  their 
fires  where  I  had  great  hopes,  and  real  ex- 
pectations to  meet  w  ith  tliiiii. 

I  most  certainly  know  that  1  was  in  an  ex- 
ceeding great  passion,  but  not  with  those 
poor  miserable  enemies  ;  for  I  took  no  no- 
lice  of  half  a  dozen  of  the  enemy,  when  nt 
the  same  lime,  I  expeeled  to  be  engaged  with 
some  hundreds  of  lliein,  of  whom  we  bad  a 
continued  account,  who  were  e,\|'ecled  from 


Port-Roynl  side.  In  this  heat  of  acti,>ii,  every 
word  that  I  then  spoke,  I  eaniiot  give  an  ac- 
count of,  and  I  presume  it  is  impossible,  I 
stopped  but  little  here,  but  went  ilinelly  up 
into  the  wooiU,  hoping  to  be  bcller  eioplnyrd, 
with  the  rest  of  the  army.  I  listeneil  lo  lieiir, 
and  looked  earnestly  to  see  what  iniulit  be 
the  next  action;  but  meeting  with  many  of 
the  soldiers,  they  told  nie  they  had  discovered 
nothing,  we  fetching  a  small  compass  round, 
cnmc  down  again.  It  being  prelly  dark,  I 
took  notice,  1  saw  two  men  l.-iy  dead,  as  1 
thought,  nt  the  end  of  the  bouse  where  the 
door  was,  and  immediately  I  be  guns  went 
off,  and  they  fired  every  man,  as  I  tlioiii;lil, 
and  most  towards  that  place  where  I  left  the 
guard  with  Monsieur  (ionrdan.  1  hud  iiiiich 
ado  to  stop  their  firing,  and  told  iheni  I 
thought  they  were  inn  ',  and  I  lieliived  they 
had  not  killed  and  woundi^d  It  :■>  man  ftaiy 
or  fifty  of  our  own  men.  And  I  asked 
them  what  they  shot  ill.  They  answered, 
at  a  Frenchman  tiiiit  ran  nway.  I!ut  lo  nd- 
miriition  no  man  was  killed,  but  he,  and  one 
of  our  men  wounded  in  the  leg;  and  I  turn- 
ing about,  a  Frenchman  spoke  lo  ine,  ...'iil  ( 
gave  him  quarter.  Daylight  coining  on,  mid 
no  discovery  made  of  the  enemy,  I  went  lo 
the  place  where  I  had  left  IMoiisieiir  (■'oiirdan, 
to  examine  him  and  bis  sons,  who  agr.'eil  in 
their  examinations;  told  me  two  of  ilieir 
men  were  uliroail.  It  proved  a  damage  ; 
and  further  told  me,  that  Monsieur  ^*hariten 
lived  several  leagues  up  at  llie  head  of  the 
river,  at  the  falls,  and  all  the  Indians  were 
fishing,  anil  tending  their  corn  l!iei'e ;  and 
that  Monsieur  Sharket^  had  sent  down  to 
him  to  come  up  to  him,  to  advise  about  the 
Indian  army  that  was  lo  g.i  weslward  ;  but 
he  had  returned  him  answer,  his  business 
wns  urgent,  and  he  could  not  come  up  ;  and 
that  8harkee  and  the  Indians  would  ceruiiuly 
be  down  that  day,  or  tin'  next  at  the  farthest, 
to  come  to  conchnle  of  lliiit  mailer.  This 
was  a  short  night's  action,  and  all  sensililu 
men  do  well  know,  that  aclions  done  in  llio 
dark  (being  in  the  night  as  alincsnid)  nmler 
so  many  difliculties,  as  we  then  labored  un- 
der, as  before  related,  was  a  very  hard  task 
for  one  man,  mattiM's  being  eirennistanced  loi 
ill  this  action;  wliieli  woiiM  not  admit  of 
calling  a  council,  and  at  that  lime  eoiild  no', 
be  confined  therennlo  ;  at  uliieb  lime  i  ujs 
transported  above  fear,  in'  .iiiy  sort  of  ilreiid  ; 
yet  being  sensible  of  the  (i.iri;;er  in  my  .ir- 
inies  crowding  so  thick  logelber,  ami  of  the 
great  duly  iiiciimhent  on  me  lo  preserve  tliini 
from  all  the  danger  !  pii.>si!)ly  eoiilil,  lia'  I'lii- 
llier  improvement  in  tlii^  distriK^rnin  oi  our 
implacable  enemies  ;  inn  ready  to  eimelnde, 
that  I  was  very  ipiiek  iiiid  alisuliite  in  titing 
such  coinniands  and  ordris,  as  I  then  iippre- 
liended  most  proper  and  adtaiilaueoiis.  And 
had  it  not  hei'U  for  the  inlelligenee  I  had  re- 
ceived from  the  French  we  took  at  I'eiiob- 
scot,  as  hefiire  liiiited,  and  the  false  report 
the  French  woman  first  look  uave  me,  I  had 
not  been  in  such  liiisle.  I  (pieslion  not  but 
those  Frenchmen  that  were  slain,  bad  the 
same  good  quarler  of  other  prisoners.  ]tnt 
I  ever  looked  on  it  ii  good  providence  of 
Almighty  (iod,  that  simie  few  of  imr  erin  I 
and  bloody  enemies  were  ii  ide  sriisilile  id" 
their  bloody  cruellies,  jierj  etraled  on  my  dear 
uiid  luvinir  friends  and  couiilryincn  ;  and  lliiil 


718 


KING     PHILIP'S    WAR. 


tile  f  Hill!  luciisiiri',  ill  |iiirt,  nit'ti'd  to  tlii'iii, 
its  llii'v  li:iil  lii'i'ii  guilty  t>r  ill  II  liiirbiii'Dii^ 
lu.'iiiiicr  at  Di.'i'j'lii'lil,  iiiiii  1  lio|U'  jiistlv.  I 
licp|ir  iiin\  .Miiiinhiy  will  accr[it  lu'ivdl',  al- 
lliir.i^li  it  liiav  iMit  III!  eli^ililc  to  our  rrciicli 
iiii,iiliU!alili'  riiriiiii's,  iiiid  siicli  otlicrs  a.s  aiv 
liiu  oiii- Irit'iids.  The  t>iri'<;oiii!;  jiiiiriial,  and 
tills  sliort  iiiiiioMiitMit  1  tlioii^lit  It  my  duty  to 
cxliiliit,  tor  tliu  siili^fautioii  of  my  tViciids  and 
(.'oiiiitrymt'li,  whom  1  very  laitliliiily  and 
willingly  scrvt'd  in  tlie  late  cxpt'ditioii ;  and 
t  lio|n:  will  find  acfO|)taiioc'  wiili  your  i-xcil- 
Iciicy,  tilt;  lioiioiiralilu  council  and  ri'proscn- 
tativTM  now  assembled,  ils  licini;  done  from 
till'  vu'iil  I  liad  in  tlie  said  Hrrvice  of  lier 
majesty,  ami  lirr  y:ood  subjects  liere. 
I  ri'iiiiiiii  your  most  iinnible, 
And  oliciiicnt  servant, 

iil;\jaminciiuucii. 


Tliis    iii:rlii's  siTvicc 


(liati'lv  Colonel  Clinreli  leaves  ii  sntlicient 
^niard  u  itii  (■oiirdan  and  the  otlier  prisoneri!, 
niovi'd  in  some  wliale-lioats  with  tlie  rest, 
and  as  tliey  were  <roiii!l  spieil  a  small  tliiiiij 
ii|ioii  tlie  water,  at  ii  >i;reat  distance,  wliieb 
proved  to  Ik;  a  bind)  canoe  with  two  Indians 
ill  lier.  The  colonel  presently  ordered  the 
liulitest  boat  he  hail  to  make  the  best  of  her 
\ay  and  ent  them  otV  from  the  shore  ;  but 
I'le  Indians  perceiviiijr  their  design,  run  their 
e.inoi'  ashore  and  tied,  (^oloiiel  Clinreh  tear- 
injithey  v.oiiM  run  directly  to  Sharliee,  made 
all  the  expedition  iiiiai,Mnable  ;  hut  it  biiii;; 
ehl)  and  the  water  low,  wasoblip'd  to  land, 
iiiid  make  tlie  best  of  their  way  tliriMiixb  the 
Woods,  liopini;  to  intcrci'pt  the  Inilians,  and 
fret  to  Sliarkee's  house  before  iliem  ;  which 
was  two  mill':*  from  where  our  forces  landed. 
The  colonel  heinj;  ancient  and  unwieldy,  de- 
sir.id  serjiMiit  Ivlee  to  run  with  him,  and 
comiii!;  to  several  Irei's  talleii,  wliieli  he  could 
not  creep  under  or  readily  ^et  over,  would  lay 
his  breast  aijainst  the  tree,  the  said  Kdee 
Inrnini;  him  over,  fienerally  had  cat-hick, 
fallinir  on  his  feet,  by  which  means  kept  in 
the  front ;  and  comlnir  near  to  Sharkee's 
liniise,  discovered  some  French  and  Indians 
iiiakiiiiT  a  wi^ar  in  the  river,  and  presently 
ili<(!over(<d  the  two  Imlians  aforementioned, 
w  ho  ealleil  to  them  at  work  in  the  river  ;  tidd 
tliini  there  was  an  army  of  l''ii<;lisli  and  In- 
dians just  by  ;  who  immediately  left  their 
work  and  ran,  endiavorini;  to  fjet  to  Shar- 
kei''s  house,  who,  hearing;  the  noise,  took  his 
lady  and  child,  and  ran  into  the  woods. 
Our  iiieii  riinniiiji  briskly  tired  and  killed  one 
of  tin:  Indians,  and  took  the  rest  prisoners. 
Then  lioinir  to  .Sharkee's  lioilse  foiiiiil  a 
Woman  and  child,  to  whom  they  trave  uooil 
;|iiarler  ;  and  lindiii!;  that  .Madame  Sliarkee 
jail  Irl't  her  silk  clothes  and  line  linen  behind 
Iier,  onr  I'orces  were  ilesirons  to  have  pursued 
and  taken  her  ;  but  (!7olonel  Clinrcb  forbade 
tliein,  saying  he  would  have  her  run  and  suf- 
fer, that  she  iiiii;ht  bo  made  sensible  what 
Iliirdships  our  poor  people  hail  siitiVred  by 
them.  Then  proceeded  to  exiimine  the  pri- 
Nonerii  in  wly  taken,  who  <;ave  him  the  same 
iiecoiint  he  had  before  of  the  Indiiiiisi  lieiiii; 
up  al  the  i'ulU'.  It  beiii;.'  just  iiiidit  prevented 
uiir  allacki  il'  of  ihem  that  iiii,dit  ;  but  next 
lliornin;;  e  irly  liny  innved  iiji  to  the  falls, 
Wliirb  was  about  a  mile  hiirber.      Uiil  doiibl- 


twoaforesiiid  Indian?,  before  our  forces cumu, 
811  that  they  all  jrot  <i4i  the  other  side  of  the 
river,  and  hit  some  of  their  ij;iioda  by  the 
water-side  to  decoy  (uir  nieii,  that  so  they 
niiifht  lire  upon  them,  which  indeed  they 
iii'ected  ;  hilt  tlirouf;h  the  providence  of  (lod 
iii!ver  a  man  of  oiir^  was  killed,  and  but  one 
slightly  wounded.  After  a  short  dispute, 
Colonel  Clinrch  ordered  that  every  iiiaii 
ini<;ht  take  what  they  plcaiied  of  the  fish 
wliicli  lay  bundled  up,  and  to  burn  the  rest, 
which  was  a  frreut  quantity.  The  enemy 
seeinjr  what  our  liirces  were  about,  and  that 
their  stock  of  tisli  was  destroyed,  and  the 
season  beiii"  over  for  fteltiiii;  any  more,  set 
i:p  a  hideous  cry,  and  so  ran  all  nvvay  into 
the  woods  ;  who  bein>!;  all  on  the  other  side 
of  the  river,  ours  coulil  not  follow  them. 
Ilavin<r  done,  our  forces  niarched  down  to 
Itlieir  boats  at  Sharkee's,  and  took  their  pri- 
bein-;   over,    imnie-lsoners,  beaver,  and  other  plunder  which  tliey 


Icbn  the  enemy  \\m\  boiiiu  inlelh^'i  nco  by  tlie|lo\vt<: 


had  ffot,  and  put  it  into  their  boats,  and  went 
down  to(iourdan's  house,  w  here  they  had  left 
l.ieutenant  ('ohniel  (iorliam  and  Major  Hil- 
ton, with  part  of  the  forces  to  j:nard  the  pri- 
soners, and  kept  a  <;oo(l  look-out  for  more 
of  the  enemy,  who,  upon  the  Colonel's  re- 
turn, irave  him  an  account  that  they  had 
made  no  discovery  of  the  enemy  since  he 
left  them,  .lust  then  lur  majesty's  ships  and 
transports  arrivin;;,  the  coinmanders  of  her 
majesty's  ships  told  ('(iloiiel  Church  that 
they  had  orders  to  ::o  directly  for  I'ort-Hoyal 
(Jilt,  and  wait  the  eoniinir  of  some  store- 
ships,  which  were  expecliil  at  i'ort-Hoyal 
from  France  ;  and  (.'olonel  Church  lulvisinj; 
with  them,  proposed  that  it  was  very  ex- 
pedient and  serviceable  to  the  Crown,  that 
Captain  .Soiithbaek  in  the  Province  (jjalley 
sliimid  iiccompany  them,  which  they  did 
readily  ncipiicsee  with  him  in.  Upon  which 
the  colonel  iinniediately  embarked  his  Itirces 
on  board  the  transports,  and  liiinself  on 
board  Captain  Jarvis  ;  orderiiitr  the  com- 
missary of  the  stores,  the  minister,  siirijeons, 
and  pilots  all  to  embark  on  board  the  same 
vessel  wiih  him  ;  orderinj;  all  the  whale- 
boats  to  be  put  on  board  the  transporlH,  and 
then  to  come  to  vail.  'J'lie  ships  standing 
away  for  I'ort-lloyal  (iiit,  and  (^oloind 
Clinreh  with  the  transports  for  Menis.  In 
till  ir  way  the  colonel  iinpiired  of  their  pilot 
l'ello«s,  what  depth  of  water  lliere  was  in 
the  creek,  near  the  town  of  Menis.  He 
answered  him  tliiit  there  was  water  en<i;i>'-b 
near  the  town  to  lloat  that  vessel  they  were 
in  at  low  water.  So  when  comiiii;  near, 
Cidonel  Church  observed  n  woody  island 
between  tiiem  and  the  town,  that  they  run 
lip  on  the  back  side  of  ilie  said  island,  with 
all  their  transports  ninlisi  overed  to  the  enemy, 
and  came  to  anchor.  Then  the  colonel  and 
all  his  forces  embarked  in  the  whale-boats, 
it  beiiiii  late  in  the  day,  moved  directly  tor 
the  town,  and  in  the  way  asked  for  tlie  pilot, 
whom  he  expcelril  was  in  one  of  the  boats  ; 
but  III!  had  <;iveii  liiiii  the  slip,  and  tarried 
behind.  The  eidoiiel  not  knowing;  the 
dilii(ailties  that  nii<>lit  attend  their  !;oin<r  up 
to  the  town,  immediately  sent  Lieutenant 
(lilesj  who  could  speak  I'reneh,  \tilli  a 
lla<;  of  trnee  up  to  the  town,  with  a  siini- 
iiions,  wliieli  was  wrole  bifure  tliev  landiil, 
expecliiij;  their  siirreiidrr;   which  is   as   fol- 


Aboarti  Ifer  Majesti/s  Ship  Adventure,  vtar 
the  Out  I))  JUtiiis,  June  'M,  1704. 

An  agreement  made  hi/  the  FieUl  Oj/iccn 
commanding  lier  Majesty's  force!'  for  (he 
present  expedition  against  the  jyr.nr.lt  ene- 
mies, and  Indian  rehils ; 

AanKKD, 

Tliiit  a  declaration  or  suminnns  be  fient  on 
shore  at  Menis  and  rort-Koyal,  under  ii  Hag 
of  truce. 

Particularly, 

Wo  do  declare  to  you  tlic  many  rrue)lie» 
and  barbiiritiea  that  you  and  iIh'  Indians  have 
been  fjnilly  of  towards  us,  in  layintr  waste 
oiir  country  here  in  the  east,  al  ('asco,  and 
the  places  adjacent;  particularly,  the  horrid 
iiclion  at  Deertield,  this  last  winter,  in  killiiiji, 
massacreini;,  murderintr,  and  scalpini;,  with- 
out ;;ivin<;  any  notice  at  all,  or  opporlnniiy 
to  ask  tpiarter  at  your  hands  ;  and,  after  all, 
carryini;  the  remainder  into  captivity  in  the 
heiirht  of  winter,  of  which  they  killed  many 
ill  the  journey,  and  exposed  the  rest  to  the 
hardships  of  cold  and  famine,  worse  than 
death  itself.  Which  ernillies  we  are  yei 
every  day  exposed  unto,  and  exercised   w  itii. 

We  do  also  declare,  that  we  have  alreaily 
made  somi!  be<;iniiini!s  of  killing'  and  scalp- 
ing some  Canada  men,  (which  we  have  not 
been  wont  to  do  or  allow)  i;  re  now  come 
with  n  i;reat  number  ol   Lr  iiid  Indians, 

all  volunteers,  with  resolntioii.  .  .  siibiliieyoti, 
and  make  you  .sensible  of  yo'ir  criiellies  to 
us,  by  treatiiif:  you   after  the  same   manner 

At  this  time  we  expect  our  men-of-war 
anil  trnns|iort  ships  to  be  at  I'ort-Hoyal 
\\'<-  liaviiii;  but  lately  parted  with  them. 

In  the  last  place,  we  do  tieclare  to  ymi, 
•  liat  inasmuch  as  some  of  yon  have  shewn 
kindness  to  our  captives,  and  expresseil  it 
love  to,  and  a  desire  of  beinu  under  the 
English  frovernnienl,  we  do  therefore,  i  ot- 
witlistandiii<;  all  this,  i;ive  you  timely  notice, 
and  do  demand  a  surrender  immediately,  by 
the  layintr  down  your  arms,  upon  which  we 
promise  very  ^otn\  i|iiarler  ;  if  ;iol,  you  must 
expect  the  utmost  severily. 

Uknjamin  i'lif  lieu,  Ciiionrl. 

.loiiN  (ioiiiiAM,  Lieutenant  Colonel. 

WiNTiiitor  Hilton,  Major. 

To  the  Chief  Cominander  of  ilie  town  of 
Menis,  and  the  inhabilanls  thereof,  anil  wc 
expect  your  answer  positively,  williin  an 
hour. 

Then  niovin<;  to  the  creek,  expeclin|{  to 
have  had  water  enoniili  for  the  boats,  as  llie 
pilot  had  informed  iheiii,  lint  found  not  watei 
enoniih  for  a  canoe  ;  so  were  oblijied  to  land, 
intendini;  to  have  been  up  at  the  tow  n  before 
the  lioiirwasont,tliiit  the  summonsexpressed, 
(for  their  relurii  was,  that  if  oiir  forces 
would  not  hurt  their  estates,  then  they  would 
surrender,  if  otherwise  itilended,  they  should 
tijlhlfor  them,)  but  meetinawilb  several  creeks 
near  twenty  or  thirty  feet  deep,  which  were 
very  mnildy  and  dirty,  so  that  the  army  could 
not  \iv\  over  them,  was  obliL'cd  to  return  to 
their  boats  atraiii,  and  wait  till  within  iiijilt 
before  the  tide  servi  d  them  to  ^o  up  to  the 
town,  and  then  inteinli  il  tnp-oiip,  and  not  in 
I'lll  to  till  inoniiii;;,  lit  ill'.'  in  liiipi;.  that  tliii 
banks  of  tlie  en  i  ks  woiilil  sin  III  r  them  fruui 
the  I'liemy  ;  but  tin:  tides  rising  so  high,  ex 


Iii[>  Adventure,  mar 
lutif  20,  1704. 
Ilic   rUld    OJficcn 
ist^'s  fiircci  Jhr  the 
iiist  the  Frritck  cnc- 


mmmoRs  lie  sent  on 
lloyiil,  Uliilvr  11  lliig 

l!ie  iiinny  criiollip* 
iiul  (Ih-  lii(liiiii!<liiive 

us,  in  l:i.vih!i  was'tc! 

(■list,  lit  ('asc(.,  mill 
iru-,iiliirly,tlif  lioiriil 
list  winlir,  in  killing, 
,  mill  sciiliiint!,  witli- 
t  III),  or  ii|i|iiiiliiiiii.v 
iinds  ;  mill,  n(u-r  nil, 

into  ciiiitiviiy  in  llic 
cU  liny  lulliil  many 
losftl  llir   li'sl  to  llie 

ramini',  Miiisf  tliiiii 
rncllics    «<■    aii'    \v\ 

and  t'MTci.'^fd   with. 

hat  wi-  liiivi:  alicliily 
[if  lulling'  mid  scalp- 

(whicli  \M'  liavi-  not 
i)  I,  it'  now  come 
I'.i'  iiid  Indians, 

iitioii siilidiicyoii, 

of  yi.'ir  ciiifllifs   to 
rr  till'  smiKi   nianiu'i- 
ii'C.t  our    iiu'ii-of-war 
(   111'    at    I'ort-Koyiil 
irtrd  with  llirin. 
V  do  dfclan;   to   yovi, 
I  of  you   have   slit'Wii 
rs,   and   rx|iri'ssi'd    u 
of   lirini:    under    tlit! 
,vu    do  llirirfoii',    I  ot- 
vt>  you  timely  notice, 
■iider  iiiiMiediately,  liy 
linns,  upon  wliieli  w«.' 
rier;  if  .lot,  yon  must 
iiy. 

nil,  {'inoiirl. 
Liciitinaut  Colonel. 
TON,  Major. 
imider  of  I  lie  town  of 
laiils   thereof,  mid  we 
posilivily,    wiliiiii    an 


i>  ereeU,  expecliii),'  to 
[h  for  the  hoals,  as  ihe 
111,  hilt  found  not  watei 
11  were  oliliiii'd  to  land, 
I  lip  at  the  town  I.eforo 
le  siiniinonsexpressed, 
s,  that  if  our  foreet; 
stales,  then  they  would 
•intended,  they  slioiihl 
liimwilli  several  creeks 
feet  deep,  wliicli  wer.i 
so  that  the  army  could 
IIS  ohIiL'id  to  return  to 
wait  till  uilliiii  ni)!l  t 
I  them  to  «"  lip  to  the 
li  il  to  jr(i  up,  and  not  la 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


710 


lll'J    Ml     liopil 


that   till) 


<aild  sh<  her  ihein  fnuil 
ides   rising  !*o  high,  tX 


pu»i-d  tlieiii  all  to  the  eiit-iiiy,  who  had  the 
truus  and  woods  to  hefrieiid  them.  And  so 
came  down  in  tlic  niuilit  and  fired  smartly 
at  our  forces  ;  hut  (Colonel  (Jliurch  liciii^  in 
a  piniiiice  tliat  had  a  small  uaniioii  placed 
ill  tlie  lieiicl,  or<lered  it  to  hi!  i;liari;ed  several 
limes,  with  biillels  ill  small  hai,'s,  and  tired  at 
tliu  enemy,  which  made  such  ii  riittliiig 
iimongsl  the  trees,  that  caused  the  enemy  to 
draw  oil;  and  hy  the  j;reat  providence  of 
Almiillity  (Jod,  not  one  of  our  forces  was 
hurt  that  ni<>lit  ;  hut,  as  I  have  hcen  informed, 
ihcv  hud  one  Indian  killiMl,aiid  some  others 
wuiiudcd,  which  was  some  discoura<;ement 
to  the  enemy.  Next  morniii!;,  hy  break  ol 
day.  Colonel  (^liiirch  ordered  all  his  forces, 
and  placed  Major  Hilton  on  the  ri<;lit  win^, 
to  run  all  up,  driviii<;  the  enemy  before  them, 
who  leaving  tlieir  tuvvii  to  our  forces,  but  hud 
carried  away  the  best  of  their  goods,  which 
were  soon  found  by  our  soldiers.  The  hulk 
of  tbeeneiny  happening  to  lieagainst  our  right 
winir,  caiiseil  iIk;  hottest  dispute  there,  who 
lav  behind  logs  and  trees,  till  our  forces,  and 
Major  Hilton  who  led  them,  came  on  upon 
them,  and  lorced  tlieui  to  run  ;  and  notwitli- 
standiug  the  sharp  tiring  of  the  enemy,  by 
the  ri^peated  providence  of  (iod,  there  was 
never  a  man  of  ours  killed  or  wounded. 

<^>ur  soMicrs  not  having  been  long  in  town 
before  thev  found  considerable  quantities  of 
strong  drink,  both  brandy  and  claret,  mid 
being  >erv  gri.'edy  alter  it,  especially  the  In- 
dians, were  very  disorderly,  tiring  ut  every 
pig,  turkev,  or  low  I  they  saw,  of  which  there 
were  verv  plenty  in  the  town,  which  endan- 
gireil  oiir  own  men.  ('oloiiel  Church  per- 
ceiving the  dis(Hder,  mid  tiring  of  his  own 
ineii,  ran  to  put  a  stop  to  it,  ban  several  shot 
uiiiiie  verv  mar  him  ;  and  lindiiig  what  had 
occasioned  this  disorder,  commanded  his 
oflicers  to  knock  out  the  heads  of  every  cask 
of  strong  iiipior  they  could  llnd  in  the  town,  to 
prevent  any  further  disturbance  amongst  bis 
armv  ;  know  iiig  it  was  impossible  to  huv"  kept 
ilfriun  tlieiii,  especially  the  Indians,  if  it  was 
saved,  'riieii  some  of  the  army,  who  wen 
desirous  to  pursue  the  enemy,  liaviiig  lieiird 
them  driviiiiraway  their  cattle,  requested  the 
colonel  to  let  them  go  ;  w  ho  did  and  gave 
them  their  orders. — ("aplaiii  ('oidte  and  Cap- 
tain ("liiirch  to  lead  the  two  wings,  iini 
Ijeilteiiaiit  Itarker,  who  led  the  colouel's 
coinpiiiiy,  in  the  centre;  and  tin;  said  (^ip- 
lain  Cooke  and  ('aplain  Church  desirei 
lieiileuaiit  ISarker  not  to  move  too  fast,  si 
that  he  iniulit  hiive  the  benefit  of  tlieii  assis 
taiice,  if  he  bad  occasion  ;  but  the  said 
lieutenant  not  being  so  careful  as  he  slioul 
have  been,  or  at  least  was  too  eager,  was  shot 
down,  mill  another  laan  ;  wliieh  were  all  the 
men  that  were  killed  iii  the  whole  expedition. 
Towards  night  (^oloiiel  (Jhiirch  ordered  some 
of  his  I'lirces  to  pull  down  someof  the  liiiuseH, 
and  others  to  get  lo!;s  iinil  make  a  fortiflca- 
tiim  for  his  whole  army  to  lodge  in  that  night, 
tliat  so  they  iiiighl  be  together:  and  just 
belore  uiL'lit  ordered  some  of  bis  liieli  to  go 
Mild  see  if  lliere  were  any  men  in  any  of  the 
lioa.'<>'s  ill  the  town  ;  if  not,  to  set  them  all  on 
lire,  wliicli  was  done,  and  the  whole  town 
si'i'iai'il  to  be  on  tire  all  a.  once.  The  next 
iiioriiing  the  colonel  gavi  orders  to  bis  men 
\i<  di<r  (hiwii  the  dams,  a  id  let  the  tide  in  to 
d'"-'4ivall   t.'stir  corn,  a  id  every   tliinj  that 


was  good,  according  to  lii»  instructions,  iind 
to  burn  the  fortification  which  they  bad  built 
the  ilay  before,    and    when  the  tide  served  to 
put  all  their  pluiiiler  which  they  hail  got  into 
llie   boats.     Then    ordering    his    soldiers   to 
march  at  a  good  distance  one  from  another; 
wliicii  caused  the   enemy  to  think  that  there 
were  no   less  than  a  thousand   men,  as  tliey 
said    afterwards,   and  that   their   burning  of 
the  fortifiuution,  and  doing  us  they  did, caused 
the  enemy  to  think  that  they  were  gone  clear 
olf,  and  not  tu  return  again.     Hut  it  proved 
to  the  contrary,  for  Colonel   (Church  and  his 
forces  only  went  aboard  their  transports,  and 
there  staid  till    the  tide  .served  ;   in  the   night 
embarked  on  board  their  whale-boats,  landed 
some  of  his  men,  expecting  they  might  meet 
with  some  of  the  eiieiny  mending  iheirdiiins  ; 
which  they  did,  and  with    their  boats   went 
up  iiiiother  branch  of  the  river,  to  another 
town  or  village  ;   upon  sucli   a  surprise  took 
IS  many  prisoners  as  they  could  desire.     And 
it   happened  that  Colonel  Church  was  at  the 
IVeiicb  captain's  house  when  two  gentlemen 
came  post  from  the   governor  of  I'ort-iSoyal 
to   him,  who    was  the   chief  coimiiamler   at 
Menis,  with   an   e.vpri'ss   to  send   away   two 
coinpaiiies  of  men  to  defend  the   king's  fort 
there,  and  to  give  him  an  account,  tlial  there 
were  three    English    men-of-war   come   into 
I'ort-Uoyid   (iiit    or    harbor;    and    that  the 
men    sent  for   iiiiist  be  posted  away  with  all 
s|>eed.     Colonel  Church,  as  was  said  before, 
being  there,  tn  ated  the  two  gentlemen    very 
handsomely,  and  told   ibein,  be  would   send 
them  back  again  post  to  their   master  on  his 
business  ;  and  bid  lliein  give  him   his  hearty 
thanks  for  sending  him  such  good  news,  that 
part   of  his   lleet   was  in  so   good    a  harbor. 
Tlieii  reading  the  summons  to  them  that  he 
had  sent  to   Meiiis,  further   added,  that  their 
master,  the    governor   of    Port-Koyal,  must 
immediately  send  away  a  post  to  the  gover- 
nor of  Canada,  at    l|iiebec,  to   prevent  his 
further  sending   any  of  his  cruel  and  bloody 
rreiich   and  savages,  as  he    bad  done  lately 
upon    Deerlield,  where   they  had    committed 
such  horrible  and  bloody  outrages  upon  those 
poor  people  that  never  did  them  any  liariii,  as 
is  intolerable  to  think  of;  and  that  for  the  fii- 
liire,  if  any  such  hostilities  were  made  upon 
our  fi'Mitier  towns,  or  any  of  them,  be  would 
come    nut     with    a    thousand     savages    and 
whale-hoals  coiiveiiieiil,   and   turn  his    hack 
upon   tlieni,  and    let   his   savages  scalp   and 
roast  the  French  ;    or  at   least  treat    them  as 
their    savages  bad    treated   ours.      Also  gave 
llieiii   an  account  of  part  of   that   action   at 
I'assameqaado,    and    that    his    soldiers    had 
killed  ami  scalped    some  ('auada  men  there, 
mid    would  he    glad   to   serve  llieiii   so  too,  if 
be  would  permit  them,  whiidi  lerrilied    them 
very    niiicli.     The    two    I'reiieli    gentlemen 
that  came  post,  made   solemn   |iroinises  that 
they  would  punclilally  do  the  colonel's  mes- 
saire  to   their  governor,     .'•o   with  the   desire 
of  the  I'reiicb  pi  opie  there  that  the  governor 
might  have  this  iiitilligenee,  ('olonel  l^buieli 
dismissed  them,  and  sent  I  hem  away  ;   telling 
the  same  story    to  several   of  tin;   prismiers, 
and  what   they  must   expect  if  some    speedy 
course  was  not  taken  to  prevent   lumber  out- 
rages   upon    the    I'jiii;lisb.      The   number   of 
prisouirs  then  present,  which  wiMe  eoiisidrr- 
able,   did    iiiianimously    entreat    uf  (.'olonel 


Church  that  he  would  lake  them  under  tho 
protection  of  till- crown  of  llii^daiid  ;  niik- 
ing  great  promises  of  their  lidehly  to  the 
same,  begging  wiili  .'ireiit  agony  of  spirit  in 
sa\e  their  lives,  and  ;o  proleel  llieiii  from  hit 
savages,  whom  they  exiiemely  dreaded.  As 
to  the  matter  of  the  savages,  he  told  them,  it 
would  he  just  retaliiitiim  for  liini  to  permit 
his  savages  to  treat  the  French  in  the  saiiii; 
manner  ns  the  French  with  their  savages 
treated  our  friends  in  oiir  frontier  towns  ;  but 
as  to  his  taking  them  under  the  protection  of 
the  crown  of  England,  he  utterly  rel'iised  it, 
urging  to  them  their  former  |ierliilioiisness; 
they  also  urging  tu  him  that  il  would  he  im- 
possible fur  any  French  to  live  any  where  in 
the  Uiiy  of  Fuiidy,  if  they  were  not  taken 
under  the  I'.nglish  governinenl ;  for  with  ihii 
benefit  of  whale-boats,  as  the  Kiighsb  call 
them,  they  could  lake  and  destroy  nil  tlieir 
people  in  the  town  of  Meiiis,  in  one  niiilit. 
ISiit  he  replied  to  them,  it  should  never  be  ; 
alleging  to  them  that  when  they  were  so 
before,  when  Port-Koyal  was  taken  by  llni 
I'lnglisli,  that  it  proved  of  very  ill  conse- 
quence to  the  crown  of  F.nglaiid,  and  tin; 
subjects  thereof  in  our  froiiiiirs  ;  for  tliat 
our  Knglish  traders  supplying  them,  eiiahli  d 
them  (wliicli  opporliinily  they  improved)  to 
supply  the  Indians,  our  bloody  enemies  ;  and 
tberelbre  he  could  make  no  oilier  terms  of 
peace  with  them  than  that,  if  the  I'n  luh  a 
Meiiis,  Signecto,  and  Canada,  would  keep  at 
home  willi  their  bloody  savages,  and  not 
commit  any  hostilities  upon  any  of  our  trim- 
tiers, we  would  return  home  and  leave  lliem  ; 
for  that  we  lived  at  a  great  dlstiiiice  oil",  and 
bad  not  conic  near  them  to  hurt  them  now, 
had  not  the  blood  of  our  poor  friends  and 
bretlireii  In  all  the  frontiers  of  oiir  province 
cried  for  vengeance  ;  especially  that  late  iiii- 
heard-of  harbarity  eonimitted  upon  the  town 
of  Deerlielil  ;  which  wrought  so  generally 
on  the  lieiirts  of  our  pLiiple,  that  our  fnrees 
came  out  with  that  nnanimily  id  spirit,  botli 
among  the  F.nglish  mid  our  savages,  that  Me 
had  not,  nor  needed  a  pressed  man  among 
them.  The  colonel  also  tellini;  tliein,  that 
if  ever  hereafter  any  of  our  liontii  rs,  nisi 
or  west  were  molested  by  lliem,  as  formeilv, 
that  he  wiiiild,  if  (iod  spared  his  life,  reliirn 
upon  tliem  with  a  tlioiisaiid  of  his  sava::es, 
if  he  v.  anted  them,  all  volunteers,  wiib  mir 
whale  bonis,  and, Mould  pursue  them  to  llie 
last  extreinily.  The  eiduinrs  warm  dis- 
course with  tlit-m  wrought  such  a  consierii  i- 
tioii  in  tliem,  which  they  discovered  bv  llieir 
tears,  their  hearts  sensibly  healing,  and  rising 
lip  as  it  Mere  ready  to  choke  them  ;  eonfessed 
ihey  were  all  bis  prisoners,  and  beirgi'd  nf 
hiiii,  for  Jesus'  sake,  to  save  their  lives,  and 
ibi.'  lives  of  their  poor  families,  mIiIi  siieb 
melting  terms,  as  wrought  nleiiliiigs  in  the 
colonel's  breast  towards  them  ;  but  however, 
he  told  thein,  that  liis  intent  Mas  to  carry 
as  many  |>ris;-:;ers  i:oiiie  as  m:  could,  hit 
that  he  hiid  taken  so  niaiiV  I'ney  wi  re  morn 
llian  he  had  occasion  for,  iioi  di  sired  aiiv 
more,  and  therefore  he  wonlil  leave  tin  in. 
The  colonel  resolving  the  next  day  to  com- 
plete all  bis  action  at  JSIeiiis  and  to  draw  olV, 
iiccordi.iiily,  sent  his  nnli  is  In  Colonel  (ior- 
ham  and  Major  llilloii,  with  all  ilie  I'.nglisli 
coinpniiies,  liiiih  iiU'icers  ami  soldiers,  exeepl 
bome   few,  which  he  llioiight   he  might  liuvo 


720 


KING    PHILIP'S    WAR. 


occasion  tor,  to  go  with  tlio  Indinns  in  tlie 
wimli'-lioiits  up  the  (Mistward  river,  where  n 
ihli'il  part  of  the  iiiliahitiints  hvei] ;  that  so 
ho  Jiii<rht  prevent  any  rclloclioii  made  on 
thini,  III    hNuiii^  any  part  of"  the  serviee  uii 


lier  majesty's  suhjeets  to  act  us  ahove  men- 
tinned.  Thomiis  Smith, 
George  Rogers,       (^yjiriaii  Soiithack. 

After  this,  they  coiiehidtui  wliat  shonid  he 


dime.     And  therefore  in  the  evening  or(h"ied  i  next  ihiiio  ;  which  was,  that  the  ships  should 


all  the  whale-hoats  to  be  laid  ready  for  the 
night's  service;  and  accordingly,  when  the 
tide  served,  he  went  with  his  Indians  np  the 
river,  where  they  did  some  spoil  upon  the 
enemy  going  np.  In  the  min'iiing  several  of 
their  iraiispiirts  caniu  to  meet  them,  to  tlieir 
gri'iit  njoieiiig,  whom  they  went  on  hoard, 
and  soon  came  np  with  the  whole  fleet,  with 
whiim  they  joined,  hending  their  einirse 
diieevly  towards  Port-Uoyal,  where  they  were 
ordered.  Coming  to  Port-Royal  (iut,  where 
their  ships  were,  and  calling  a  council  ac- 
cording to  his  instructions,  drew  up  their  re- 
sult, which  is  as  follows  : — 

Present  all  the  Field  Officers,  and  Captains 
vf  the  land  forces. 

Aboard  the  Province  Galley,  Ath  Juli/,  1704, 
in  Port-Royal  harbour, 

^Ve  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed, 
having  deliberately  cinisidered  the  cause  in 
hand,  whetlii'r  it  be  proper  to  land  nil  onr 
forces,  to  olVend  and  destroy  Uj  much  as  we 
can  at  Port-Royal,  all  or  any  part  of  the  in- 
hahitaiits  thereof,  and  their  estates,  we  are 
of  opinion,  that  it  is  not  lor  our  interest  and 
honor,  and  the  country's  whom  we  serve,  to 
land  or  expose  ourselves  ;  but  quit  it  wholly, 
and  go  on  about  our  other  business  we  have 
to  do,  tor  this  reason,  that  we  judge  ourselves 
inferior  to  the  strength  of  the  enemy  ;  and 
therefore  the  danger  and  risk  we  run,  is 
greater  than  the  advantage  we  can,  or  are 
likely  to  obtain,  seeing  the  enemy  hutli  such 
timely  notice,  and  long  opportunity  to  pro- 
vide themselves  against  us,  by  our  ships  lying 
here  in  the  road  about  twelve  days,  bel'ore 
we  could  join  them  from  Meiiis,  where  we 
were  during  that  time,  and  being  so  very 
meanly  provided  with  necessaries  convenient 
for  such  an  undertaking  with  so  small  a  iinin- 
ber  of  men,  not  being  above  four  hundred 
capable  and  tit  for  service  to  land  ;  and  iiii- 
derstaiuliiig  by  all  the  Intelligence  we  can 
get  from  both  I'jiiglish  and  l''reiieli  prisoners, 
that  the  fort  is  exceedingly  strong. 

John  (iorbain,  Lieut.  Col. 

Winthrop  Hilton,  Major. 


Ji.s.  Rrowii, 
James  (jole, 
John  Cook, 
Isaac  iMyrick, 
John  llarradcH), 
Having,     pursuant 


Constant  Church, 
John  Dyer, 
Joshua  Lamb, 
Caleb  Williamson, 
Ldward  Church, 
to    my    iiistrnctions. 


taken  the  advice  rd' the  gentlemen  above  snb- 
(cribed,  and  considering  the  weight  of  their 
reasons,  I  do  concur  therewith. 

HENJ.  CHURCIL 


Whereas  Colonel  Chnrch  hath  desired  our 
opinions,  as  to  the  landing  the  forces  at  P<H't 
Royal,  they  being  but  four  hundred  eftective 
men  to  land,  and  by  all  the  information  both 
of  Krei.cli  Mild  Lnglisb  prisoners,  the  enemy 
having  a  tin'alej-  nniiiber  (>f  men,  and  mneh 
b:'l''r  proviiled  to  receive,  than  I  hey  are  to'icMpossiM 
attack  them,  \Ve  do  believe  it  is  for  the  sit-  llie    I'liijl 


tay  some  days  longer  at  Port-Royul  Gut, 
and  then  go  over  to  Moiint-Desart  harbour, 
and  there  stay  till  Colonel  Church  with  his 
transports  came  to  them.     Being  all  ready, 
(be  cidonel  with   his  transports  and   forces 
went   up  the   bay  to    Signecto,  where   they 
needed  not  a  pilot,  being  several  of  them  well 
aeqiiaiiited  there  ;  and    hail  not  met  with  so 
niany  dilliculties  at   Menis,  had   it   run  been 
that  their   pilot  deceived   tliein ;   who  knew 
notliing  cd'  the  matter,  kept  out  of  the  way 
and  landed  not  with  them.     And  coming  to 
Signecto,  the  enemy  were  all  in  arms  ready 
to  receive  lliem.     Colonel  Church    landing 
his  men,  the  coniin;ir..ier  of  the  enemy  wav- 
ing his  swi-rd  over  his  .'lead,  bid  a  challenge 
to  tliera.  The  cohciei  ordering  bis  two  wings 
to   march   np   a   pace,   and   eoine  upon   the 
hacks  of  the  enemy,  himself  being   in  the 
centre,  and  the  enemy  knowing  him,  having 
been  there  before,  shot  chiefly  at   him  ;  but 
through   God's  goodness  received   no  harm, 
neither  had  he  mie  man  killed,  nor  hut  two 
slightly  wounded,  and  then  all   ran   into  the 
woods,  and    left  their  town  with   nothing  in  ' 
it,   having   bad  liinely  notice  of  onr  forces, 
had  carried  all  away  out  of  the  reach  of  our 
army  ;   for  Colonel  Cnnrcli  while  there  with 
part  of  his  forces  ranired  the  woods,  hut  to  no 
purpose.     Then   returning  to  the  town,  did 
them  what  spoil   he  could,  according  to   his 
instructions,  and   so  drew  olf,  and  made  the 
best  of  their  way    for   Passametiuado,   and 
going  in,  in  a  great   fog,  one  of  their  trans- 
ports ran  upon  a  rock,  hut  was  soon  got  off 
again.     Then  Colonel  Cliiireh  with  some  of 
his  forces  embarked  in  lliiir  ■.vhale-boats,  and 
went  amongst  llie  islands,  with  an  intent  to 
:;o  to  Sharkre's,  where   they  had  destroyed 
the  (isli ;  but  observing  a  springy  place  in  n 
cove,  Went   on  shore  to  get   some  water  to 
drink  ;   it  beiii!;  a  sandy  hcaeli,  they  espied 
tra.ks,  the  colonel  presently  ordered  bis  men 
to   scatter,   ami    inaki.'    search  ;  soon   found 
l)e   Roisse's  wife,  who    had   formerly  been 
Colonel    ("hiireli's   prisoner,   and   carried  to 
Rostnn  ;   but  returned,  who  seemed   glad   lo 
set!   him.     !SIm!   had  with    her  two  sons  that 
were  near  men  !»rown.    'I'lie  eolonel  ordering 
them  apart,  examined  the  wrmian  first,  who 
gave    him   this  ai'eount  following,  that  she 
had   lived    tlii'reabonts  ever   since   the   fleet 
went  by,  anil  lliat   she  hail   never  seen   but 
two  Indians  since,  who  (^anie  in  a  canoe  from 
Norrlgwock  ;  who  asked  her,  what  made  her 
to  he  there  alone  1     She  told  them,  she  had 
not  oeen  a  Frenchman  nor  an  Indian,  except 
(hose  two  since  the   lingiisb  ships  went  by. 
Then   the    Indians  told    her   there   was  not 
one  Indian  left  except  those  two,  who  belong 
to  the  Gut  of  Canso,  ini  tins  siile  of  Canada  ; 
for  those  friars  coming  diiwii  with   the   In- 
dians   to     IVI.    (ionrdans,    and     linding    the 
Frenchmen    slain,   anil    their    hair  spoiled, 
being  sealprd,   put  llieni   iiilo  a   great   coii- 
nternalinn  ;   and   the  friars  told   thein   it  was 
for   llii'iii  to   \\\i'.   ihi'reahonts,  for 
li    with   llnir    whale-boats    would 


vic>)  of  Iho   .'rown,  and  the  preservation  ofi serve  them  all  so  ;   upon  which  they  all  went 


to  Norrlgwock  :  also  told  tier  that  when  tlio 
English  came  alone  tlirongh  PiHiobscot,  they 
had  swept  it  of  the  inhabitants,  as  if  it  Inid 
been  swept  with  a  hioom,  neither  French 
nor  Indians  escaping  them  :  further  told  heri 
that  when  their  fathers,  the  friars,  and  the 
Indians  met  together  at  Norrlgwock  they 
called  It  council,  and  the  friars  t(>ld  rlie  In. 
dinns,  that  they  must  look  out  for  some  other 
country,  for  that  it  was  impossible  tor  llicni 
to  live  there ;  also  told  them  there  was  a  river 
called  Mossippee,  where  they  might  live 
quietly,  and  no  English  come  near  them — it 
being  as  far  beyond  Canada,  as  it  was  to  it, 
and  if  they  would  go  and  live  there,  they 
would  live  and  die  with  them,  but  if  not  they 
would  leave  them,  and  never  come  near  them 
again.  Wli«reupon  they  all  agreed  to  go 
away  ;  which  they  did,  nnd  left  their  ro  ;.1| 
household  stuff,  nnd  corn  behind  them,  and 
went  nil,  except  those  two  for  Canada.  Also 
her  sons  giving  the  same  intelligence,  so  wo 
had  no  reason  to  think  hut  that  it  was  true. 

Colonel  Chiireh  having  done  what  he 
could  there,  embarked  on  board  the  trans- 
ports, and  went  to  RIount-Uesart,  t'onnd  no 
ships  there,  but  a  rnndlet  rid  off"  by  a  line  in 
the  hnrbour,  which  he  ordered  to  be  taken 
np,  and  opening  of  it  found  a  letter,  whieli 
gave  him  an  account  that  the  ships  were 
gone  home  for  lloston.  Then  he  proceeded 
and  went  to  Penobscot ;  where  being  come, 
made  diligent  search  in  those  jiarts  for  the 
enemy,  but  could  not  find  or  make  any  dis- 
covery of  them,  or  that  any  had  been  lliere 
since  be  left  those  parts,  which  caused  him 
to  believe  what  De  Roisse'a  wife  had  told 
him  was  true. 

I  will  only  by  the  way  just  give  a  hint  of 
what  we  heard  since  of  llie  eft"ects  of  this  ex- 
pedition, and  then  proceed:  First,  that  the 
English  forces  that  went  to  Norrlgwock, 
found  that  the  enemy  was  gone,  and  had 
left  their  rough  household  sliilV  and  corn  be- 
hind tliein;  also  not  long  after  this  expedi- 
tion, there  were  several  gentlemen  sent  down 
from  Canada,  to  concert  with  onr  governor 
about  the  settling  of  a  cartile  for  the  ex- 
change of  prisoners ;  and  that  the  governor 
of  Canada  has  never  since  sent  (hiwii  an 
army  upon  onr  frontiers,  except  sometimes  a 
scout  of  Indians  to  take  siniie  prisoners,  that 
he  might  lie  inforinid  of  our  state,  and  what 
we  were  acting;  and  always  look  cine  that 
the  prisoners  so  taken  should  be  civilly  treat- 
ed, and  safely  returned,  as  I  have  been  in- 
l"orined  ;  that  some  of  tluf  prisoners  that  were 
taken  gave  an  aeeoiint;  so  that  we  have 
great  cause  to  believe  that  the  message  Colo- 
nel Clinreh  sent  by  the  two  French  gi  nilemen 
from  Rleiiis,  lo  the  governor  of  I'ort-Roynl, 
look  eftecl,  and  was  a  means  to  Iiring  pence 
in  our  borders.  Then  C^olonel  Chnrch  with 
his  forces  embarked  on  board  the  transportti, 
and  went  to  Casco-l5ay,  where  they  met  with 
Captain  (lallop,  in  a  vessel  from  lloston. 
who  had  brought  Colonel  Chiireh  furthcp 
orders  ;  which  was  lo  send  somt.'  of  his  forces 
up  to  Norrrigwock,  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy; 
hut  he  being  sensible  that  the  enemy  were 
out,  and  fatigne'd  in  llie  hard  serviee  they 
had  already  done,  and  naiitrd  lo  get  home, 
called  a  eonneil,  nnd  agreed  all  to  go,  which 
iiecoidingly  they  did,  tlius  iMKliiig  this  ex- 
pedition. 


r  tliiit  when  tlio 
I'lMiobscot,  lliey 
Its,  IIS  if  it  liiid 
K'illitT  French 
'iirtiicr  told  lier, 
fiiiii'ii,  iiiitl  the 
iirinwdck.  they 
irs  t(>liJ  rhe  In- 

tor  some  other 
)ssiblc  for  them 
lit're  wns  a  river 
ley  niiijlit  live 
;  netir  them — it 

11^  it  WHS  to  it, 
live  tiiere,  they 
,  but  if  not  ihey 
jonie  nenr  tiieiii 

I  agreed  to  go 
left  their  ro  ;.Ii 
hind  them,  and 
•  raiiada.  Also 
.'llijrencc,  fo  wo 
lilt  it  was  true, 
done  wliat  he 
onrd  the  trans- 
esiirt,  I'ound  no 
off  by  a  line  in 
ed  to  be  tnUeti 

a  letter,  wliieli 
the  siiips  were 
;n  he  proceeded 
■re  being  come, 
<e  ])arts  for  the 
r  make  any  dis- 

had  been  there 
icli  ciiiiBod   him 

II  wife   had  told 

t  iiive  a  hint  of 
ffects  of  this  ex- 
:  First,  that  the 
to    Norrigwock, 

^one,  and  had 
ntr  and  corn  be- 
fler  this  expedi- 
lemen  sent  down 
ith  onr  governor 
•tile  for  the  ex- 
lat  the  governor 
i  sent  (lown  an 
cept  sometimes  a 
le  prisoners,  liiat 
r  state,  mid  what 
8  took  care  that 
d  lie  civilly  treat- 

I  have  been  in- 
isoners  that  were 
io  that  we  have 
le  message  Colo- 
'reiich  gcnilemen 
ir  of  I'orl-lJoynl, 
IS  to  liriiig  peace 
inel  Church  willi 
rd  the  transports, 
ere  they  met  with 
el    from    lloston. 

Church  further 
!onie  of  bis  forces 
(lit  of  the  enemy  ; 

the  enemy  were 
an!  service  they 
nil  il  lo  get  home, 
d  nil  to  go,  which 

emling  this  ex- 


